bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exogenous interleukin‐33 targets myeloid‐derived suppressor cells and generates periphery‐induced Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in skin‐transplanted mice
Authors: Gajardo Tania , Morales Rodrigo A. , Campos‐Mora Mauricio , Campos‐Acuña Javier , Pino‐Lagos Karina
Published: May 2015

Interleukin‐33 (IL‐33) has been a focus of study because of its variety of functions shaping CD4+ T‐cell biology. In the present work, we evaluated the modulatory effect of IL‐33 on suppressor cells in an in vivo transplantation model. C57BL/6 wild‐type mice were grafted with syngeneic or allogeneic skin transplants and treated with exogenous IL‐33 daily. After 10 days of treatment, we analysed draining lymph node cellularity and found in allogeneic animals an increment in myeloid‐derived suppressor cells, which co‐express MHC‐II, and become enriched upon IL‐33 treatment. In line with this observation, inducible nitric oxide synthase and arginase 1 expression were also increased in allogeneic animals upon IL‐33 administration. In addition, IL‐33 treatment up‐regulated the number of Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells in the allogeneic group, complementing the healthier integrity of the allografts and the increased allograft survival. Moreover, we demonstrate that IL‐33 promotes CD4+ T‐cell expansion and conversion of CD4+ Foxp3− T cells into CD4+ Foxp3+ Treg cells in the periphery. Lastly, the cytokine pattern of ex vivo‐stimulated draining lymph nodes indicates that IL‐33 dampens interferon‐γ and IL‐17 production, stimulating IL‐10 secretion. Altogether, our work complements previous studies on the immune‐modulatory activity of IL‐33, showing that this cytokine affects myeloid‐derived suppressor cells at the cell number and gene expression levels. More importantly, our research demonstrates for the first time that IL‐33 allows for in vivo Foxp3+ Treg cell conversion and favours an anti‐inflammatory or tolerogenic state by skewing cytokine production. Therefore, our data suggest a potential use of IL‐33 to prevent allograft rejection, bringing new therapeutics to the transplantation field.
Pathways among Caregiver Education, Household Resources, and Infant Growth in 39 Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries
Authors: Bornstein Marc H. , Putnick Diane L. , Bradley Robert H. , Lansford Jennifer E. , Deater‐Deckard Kirby
Published: May 2015

Caregiver education is known to relate to the growth of children, but possible mediation mechanisms of this association are poorly characterized and generally lack empirical support. We test whether instructional capital (caregiver education) leads to improved infant growth through availability of physical capital (household resources) across a wide swath of low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC). Using the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, we explore relations among caregiver education, household resources, and infant (M age = 0.99 years) growth in 117,881 families living in 39 LMIC. Overall, household resources mediated 76% of the small association between caregiver education and infant growth. When disaggregated by countries characterized by low, medium, and high levels of human development (as indexed by average life expectancy, education, and gross domestic product), household resources mediated 48–78% of the association between caregiver education and infant growth. Caregiver education had effects on infant growth through household resources in countries characterized by low, medium, and high levels of human development; for girls and boys; and controlling for indexes of infant feeding and health.
Interfacial Reactions Between BaAl2Si2O8 and Molten Al Alloy at 850°C
Authors: Adabifiroozjaei Esmaeil , Koshy Pramod , Pardehkhorram Raheleh , Rastkerdar Ebad , Sorrell Charles C.
Published: May 2015

A corrosion cup test was undertaken using BaAl2Si2O8 and Al4.1Zn3.2Mg alloy, heated in air for 150 h at 850°C. Electron probe microanalysis, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy were used to identify the mineralogical and microstructural changes at the interfaces. The microstructural results revealed three microstructural areas: (1) Spinel layer with large numbers of Al alloy channels; (2) interfacial area with mainly alumina, spinel, and BaAl2Si2O8; and (3) interdiffusion zone chemically close to barium hexaaluminate. The principal observations are:

BaAl2Si2O8 was highly resistant to molten Al alloy corrosion owing to sluggish kinetics, as evidenced by the observation of unreacted BaAl2Si2O8 grains in the interfacial area.

The nature of the microstructure, particularly an interdiffusion zone instead of a continuous layer of precipitated alumina at the interface between the Al alloy channels and the unreacted BaAl2Si2O8 supports the conclusion that the corrosion mechanism is governed by interdiffusion (Si/Ba and Al/Mg) and substitution.

The formation and limited retention of an MgO layer at the metal‐ceramic interface played a critical role in alloy oxidation and the consequent interfacial phenomena.
A qualitative study of nurses’ clinical experience in recognising low mood and depression in older patients with multiple long‐term conditions
Authors: Waterworth Susan , Arroll Bruce , Raphael Deborah , Parsons John , Gott Merryn
Published: May 2015

Aims and objectives

To explore how nurses’ recognise depression in older patients with multiple long‐term conditions and the strategies they use to support the patient.

Background

Depression decreases an older person's quality of life and sense of wellness, and increases functional impairment. The positive role of nurses working with patients with long‐term conditions is now being recognised internationally; however, there is a gap in the research about how nurses recognise depression in older patients and how this impacts on their practice.

Design

This is a qualitative study informed by a constructivist grounded theory approach.

Methods

In‐depth telephone interviews were conducted with 40 nurses working in geographically diverse areas in New Zealand.

Results

Having the conversation with older patients about their low moods, or specifically about depression was not something that all the nurses had, or felt they could have. While some nurses knew they could provide specific advice to patients, others believed this was not their responsibility, or within the scope of their role.

Conclusion

Faced with an increasing number of older people with long‐term conditions, one of which maybe depression itself or as a result of living with other long‐term conditions, ongoing monitoring and support pathways are necessary to prevent further decline in the older person's quality of life and well‐being.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurses in primary health care can build on current knowledge and skills to increase their capability to promote ‘ageing well’ with older people who have long‐term conditions and depression.
Biosciences in nurse education: is the curriculum fit for practice? Lecturers' views and recommendations from across the UK
Authors: Taylor Vanessa , Ashelford Sarah , Fell Patricia , Goacher Penelope J
Published: May 2015

Aims and objectives

This study aims to review the biosciences component of preregistration nursing programmes in higher education institutions across the UK through the experiences and perceptions of lecturers involved in nursing education.

Background

Studies suggest that some qualified nurses lack confidence in explaining the bio‐scientific rationale for their clinical practice. Biosciences can be difficult to understand and integrate into clinical decision‐making and require protected time within preregistration nurse education. In the absence of explicit national guidelines, it is unclear as to the depth and extent biosciences are taught across different institutions and the level achieved at the point of registration.

Design

A survey approach was adopted to generate quantitative and qualitative feedback.

Methods

Data were collected using a semi‐structured questionnaire seeking the experiences and views of lecturers involved in teaching biosciences to nursing students across the UK. Data received from 10 institutions were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis.

Results

Lecturers reported that the hours of taught biosciences ranged from 20–113 hours, principally within the first year. This represents between 0·4–2·4% of time within a preregistration nursing programme (4600 hours). Large group lectures predominate, supplemented by smaller group or practical work, and online materials. The biosciences are assessed specifically in half the institutions surveyed and as part of integrated assessments in the rest. In relation to student feedback, all respondents stated that students consistently requested more time and greater priority for biosciences in their programme.

Conclusions

This survey suggests that the number of hours spent teaching biosciences is minimal and varies widely between higher education institutions. All respondents expressed concern about the challenges of teaching difficult bio‐scientific concepts to large groups in such a limited time and called for greater clarity in national guidelines to ensure that all nurses are adequately educated and assessed in bioscience subjects.

Relevance to clinical practice

Failure to understand the biosciences underpinning care has implications for safe and competent nursing.
Invited Forum: Bridging the “Language Gap”
Authors: Avineri Netta , Johnson Eric , Brice‐Heath Shirley , McCarty Teresa , Ochs Elinor , Kremer‐Sadlik Tamar , Blum Susan , Zentella Ana Celia , Rosa Jonathan , Flores Nelson , Alim H. Samy , Paris Django
Published: May 2015

This Forum provides a range of voices on the Language Gap, as our aim is to shed light on the need for more critical dialogue to accompany the proliferation of political initiatives, policymaking, educational programs, and media coverage. We highlight some relevant background on the Language Gap and describe some of the research used to support the concept. The diverse slate of Forum contributions that we have assembled approach the Language Gap topic from a range of linguistic anthropological perspectives—theoretical, empirical, political, ethnographic, personal, and experiential. Based on an acknowledgment of the need to improve educational access for economically and culturally diverse students, the subsequent discussions provide a range of perspectives designed to move away from denouncing and altering home language skills as a panacea for academic woes and social inequity. Linguistic anthropology's focus on language learning ecologies, and the sophistication therein, provides a novel perspective on the Language Gap. The contributions included below problematize existing ideologies, demonstrate the wealth of resources within various communities, and propose new directions for school practices and policymaking in an effort to bridge the “language gap” toward a more inclusive and discerning view of linguistic practices across diverse groups.

Video Abstract
Taxonomy and Taboo: The (Meta)Pragmatic Sources of Semantic Abstraction in Avoidance Registers
Authors: Fleming Luke
Published: May 2015

The mother‐in‐law speech registers of AboriginalAustralia are notable for both pragmatic and semantic peculiarities of their organization. In their sociopragmatics, mother‐in‐law registers represent a rare recipient‐focal type of social indexicality. In the mere copresence of certain categories of affinal relations everyday lexical forms are tabooed, with speakers instead using an alternative avoidance vocabulary. In their lexical semantics, these registers are notable for the taxonomic relationships that adhere between avoidance vocabularies and associated everyday speech forms. Avoidance repertoire items are more generic than the everyday forms for which they substitute, with one avoidance form standing in for many everyday words—the so‐called “one‐to‐many correspondence” between avoidance and everyday lexemes first noted inDixon (1971). Far from unique to mother‐in‐law registers, a range of other speech registers—from male‐initiate registers to specialized speech styles used in the highlands ofPapuaNewGuinea while harvesting pandanus nuts—are shown to exhibit these linked properties of lexical tabooing and one‐to‐many lexical correspondences between registers. Drawing on these data the article shows how the pragmatic particularities of context‐bound lexical tabooing give rise to lexicon asymmetries, and how these lexicon asymmetries, in turn, become the basis for dialectical structure‐ideology relationships that further reshape register repertoires.
Effects of Light Quality on the Interaction between Cucumber Mosaic Virus and Nicotiana tabacum
Authors: Chen Li‐Juan , Zhao Fei‐Fei , Zhang Meng , Lin Hong‐Hui , Xi De‐Hui
Published: May 2015

Light is an important environment factor controlling plant growth, development, and nutritional quality and is also one of the most important factors inducing plant defence. In this study, we assayed the potential effects of light quality on the interaction between Nicotiana tabacum and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Our results indicated that white light‐treated N. tabacum plants displayed obvious symptoms at early stage postinoculation, while the symptoms were significantly inhibited under red light and blue light. Western blotting and quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) analyses showed that blue light and red light can effectively delay the replication of CMV compared with white light. The activities of various reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐scavenging enzymes and reducing substances [reduced glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (ASA)] were increased under blue light and red light. In addition, hormone measurements and qRT‐PCR analyses revealed that salicylic acid (SA)‐mediated signalling pathway plays positive role in the related regulation, and cytokinin (CTK) may also participate in them. Furthermore, we found that the formation of dark green islands (DGIs) was significantly suppressed in plants under red light and blue light at 30 days postinoculation (Dpi). However, the accumulation of virus in plants under different light conditions had no notable differences at later stage of postinoculation. Taken together, these results indicated that red light and blue light could effectively delay symptom expression and replication of CMV on N. tabacum at the relatively earlier stage postinoculation.
RpoS and quorum sensing control expression and polar localization of Vibrio cholerae chemotaxis cluster III proteins in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Ringgaard Simon , Hubbard Troy , Mandlik Anjali , Davis Brigid M. , Waldor Matthew K.
Published: May 2015

The diarrheal pathogen Vibrio cholerae contains three gene clusters that encode chemotaxis‐related proteins, but only cluster II appears to be required for chemotaxis. Here, we present the first characterization of V. cholerae's ‘cluster III’ chemotaxis system. We found that cluster III proteins assemble into foci at bacterial poles, like those formed by cluster II proteins, but the two systems assemble independently and do not colocalize. Cluster III proteins are expressed in vitro during stationary phase and in conjunction with growth arrest linked to carbon starvation. This expression, as well as expression in vivo in suckling rabbits, is dependent upon RpoS. V. cholerae's CAI‐1 quorum sensing (QS) system is also required for cluster III expression in stationary phase and modulates its expression in vivo, but is not required for cluster III expression in response to carbon starvation. Surprisingly, even though the CAI‐1 and AI‐2 QS systems are thought to feed into the same signaling pathway, the AI‐2 system inhibited cluster III gene expression, revealing that the outputs of the two QS systems are not always the same. The distinctions between genetic determinants of cluster III expression in vitro and in vivo highlight the distinctive nature of the in vivo environment.
Quorum‐sensing regulators in Gram‐positive bacteria: ‘cherchez le peptide ’
Authors: Monnet V. , Gardan R.
Published: May 2015

Gram‐positive bacteria can regulate gene expression at the population level via a mechanism known as quorum sensing. Oligopeptides serve as the signaling molecules; they are secreted and then are either detected at the bacterial surface by two‐component systems or reinternalized via an oligopeptide transport system. In the latter case, imported peptides interact with cognate regulators (phosphatases or transcriptional regulators) that modulate the expression of target genes. These regulators help control crucial functions such as virulence, persistence, conjugation and competence and have been reported in bacilli, enterococci and streptococci. They form the rapidly growing RRNPP group. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology, Hoover et al. (2015) highlight the group's importance: they have identified a new family of regulators, Tprs (Transcription factor regulated by a Phr peptide), which work with internalized Phr‐like peptides. The mechanisms underlying the expression of the genes that encode these internalized peptides are poorly documented. However, Hoover et al. (2015) have provided a new insight: an environmental molecule, glucose, can inhibit expression of the Phr‐like peptide gene via catabolic repression. This previously undescribed regulatory pathway, controlling the production of a bacteriocin, might influence Streptococcus pneumonia's fitness in the nasopharynx, where galactose is present.
Integrating small molecule signalling and H‐NS antagonism in Vibrio cholerae, a bacterium with two chromosomes
Authors: Dorman Charles J.
Published: May 2015

H‐NS is a well‐established silencer of virulence gene transcription in the human pathogen Vibrio cholerae. Biofilm formation aids V. cholerae in colonizing both its host and its external environments, and H‐NS silences biofilm gene expression. Cyclic‐di‐guanosine monophosphate acts through the DNA binding proteins VpsR and VpsT to overcome H‐NS‐mediated repression of biofilm genes, driving a transition between a planktonic and a colonial/biofilm lifestyle. The H‐NS binding pattern has now been charted on both chromosomes in V. cholerae, but whether or not this abundant DNA‐binding‐and‐bridging protein plays any roles in nucleoid organization in this bacterium remains an open question.
Sugars and obesity: Is it the sugars or the calories?
Authors: Choo V. L. , Ha V. , Sievenpiper J. L.
Published: May 2015

Sugars containing fructose are emerging as the dominant public health targets for their role in the epidemic of overweight and obesity. This position is largely supported by ecological observations, rodent models of overfeeding and select human trials. Higher level evidence from systematic reviews and meta‐analyses of controlled dietary trials has yet to show convincingly that fructose‐containing sugars behave differently from any other forms of energy (especially refined starch and fat). Prospective cohort studies, which provide the strongest observational evidence, have shown an association between risk of overweight and obesity and fructose‐containing sugars consumed as sugar‐sweetened beverages but not as total sugars or other important sources of added sugars such as cakes, pastries and sweets. Comparative analyses show that high intakes of other highly palatable foods such as refined grains, processed meats, red meats, French fries and potato products, as well as physical inactivity may play an equal or greater role in weight gain and the risk of overweight and obesity. The contributions of these factors are also difficult to disentangle from that of sugar‐sweetened beverages owing to their collinearity with sugar‐sweetened beverages as part of a Western dietary pattern and lifestyle. Attention needs to remain focused on decreasing overconsumption of all foods associated with overweight and obesity. Sugar‐sweetened beverages and foods are certainly an important place to start but should not draw attention away from the issue of overconsumption in general.
New tools for personalised nutrition: The Food4Me project
Authors: Ryan N. M. , O'Donovan C. B. , Forster H. , Woolhead C. , Walsh M. C.
Published: May 2015

Personalised nutrition can be considered on three levels, with nutritional advice tailored according to an individual's dietary intake, phenotype or genotype. Personalised nutrition has the potential to become an effective strategy for improving dietary behaviours, with numerous studies demonstrating that personalised advice is more effective than generic advice. Although personalised nutrition is in its early stages, recent advances in technology and research innovation have led to an evolution in both the assessment and delivery of personalised nutrition advice. This report outlines some of the various techniques being explored as part of the Food4Me project.
Urinary Kidney injury molecule‐1 can predict delayed graft function in living donor renal allograft recipients
Authors: Yadav Brijesh , Prasad Narayan , Agrawal Vikas , Jaiswal Akhilesh , Agrawal Vinita , Rai Mohit , Sharma Raj , Gupta Amit , Bhadauria Dharmendra , Kaul Anupama
Published: May 2015

Aim

Delayed graft function is an early complication leading to impaired creatinine clearance, urine formation and determinant of long term graft outcome. The aim of the present study was to determine the earliest predictive cut‐off value of uKIM‐1 level in patients with delayed graft function and acute tubular necrosis.

Methods

We have determined the serial urinary KIM‐1 normalized to urinary creatinine (uKIM‐1, pg/mg) level at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 48 h of post‐transplant by ELISA methods.

Result

The normalized uKIM‐1 and AUC‐ROC, of uKIM‐1 were progressively increased up to 48 h in both delayed graft function (DGF) and immediate graft function (IGF). The u KIM‐1 values were significantly high at 6, 12, 18, 24 and 48 h in patients with DGF as compared to that of IGF except at half an hour post‐transplant values. Although, progressive increase in uKIM‐1 values were observed in both groups of patients; there was an overlap of values between two groups up to 12 h. The earliest non‐overlapping values of uKIM‐1 between the groups were observed at 18 h onwards and minimum difference of 923.43 pg/mg. The earliest predictive AUC‐ROC of uKIM‐1 in patients with DGF without overlap with IGF was also observed at 18 h post‐transplant with specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 89.9%.

Conclusion

Serial uKIM‐1 measurement can be used as non‐invasive diagnostic biomarkers to predict the incident of DGF in living donor renal transplant recipients. At 18th post‐transplant hour uKIM‐1 can predict DGF with 100% specificity and 89.9% sensitivity with a cut‐off value of normalized KIM‐1 of 923.43 pg/mg.
Coordination of physiological traits involved in drought‐induced mortality of woody plants
Authors: Mencuccini Maurizio , Minunno Francesco , Salmon Yann , Martínez‐Vilalta Jordi , Hölttä Teemu
Published: May 2015

Accurate modelling of drought‐induced mortality is challenging. A steady‐state model is presented integrating xylem and phloem transport, leaf‐level gas exchange and plant carbohydrate consumption during drought development.

A Bayesian analysis of parameter uncertainty based on expert knowledge and a literature review is carried out. The model is tested by combining six data compilations covering 170 species using information on sensitivities of xylem conductivity, stomatal conductance and leaf turgor to water potential.

The possible modes of plant failure at steady state are identified (i.e. carbon (C) starvation, hydraulic failure and phloem transport failure). Carbon starvation occurs primarily in the parameter space of isohydric stomatal control, whereas hydraulic failure is prevalent in the space of xylem susceptibility to embolism. Relative to C starvation, phloem transport failure occurs under conditions of low sensitivity of photosynthesis and high sensitivity of growth to plant water status.

These three failure modes are possible extremes along two axes of physiological vulnerabilities, one characterized by the balance of water supply and demand and the other by the balance between carbohydrate sources and sinks. Because the expression of physiological vulnerabilities is coordinated, we argue that different failure modes should occur with roughly equal likelihood, consistent with predictions using optimality theory.
Dominant gain‐of‐function mutations in transmembrane domain III of ERS1 and ETR1 suggest a novel role for this domain in regulating the magnitude of ethylene response in Arabidopsis
Authors: Deslauriers Stephen D. , Alvarez Ashley A. , Lacey Randy F. , Binder Brad M. , Larsen Paul B.
Published: May 2015

Prior work resulted in identification of an Arabidopsis mutant, eer5‐1, with extreme ethylene response in conjunction with failure to induce a subset of ethylene‐responsive genes, including AtEBP. EER5, which is a TREX‐2 homolog that is part of a nucleoporin complex, functions as part of a cryptic aspect of the ethylene signaling pathway that is required for regulating the magnitude of ethylene response.

A suppressor mutagenesis screen was carried out to identify second site mutations that could restore the growth of ethylene‐treated eer5‐1 to wild‐type levels.

A dominant gain‐of‐function mutation in the ethylene receptor ETHYLENE RESPONSE SENSOR 1 (ERS1) was identified, with the ers1‐4 mutation being located in transmembrane domain III at a point nearly equivalent to the previously described etr1‐2 mutation in the other Arabidopsis subfamily I ethylene receptor, ETHYLENE RESPONSE 1 (ETR1). Although both ers1‐4 and etr1‐2 partially suppress the ethylene hypersensitivity of eer5‐1 and are at least in part REVERSION TO ETHYLENE SENSITIVITY 1 (RTE1)‐dependent, ers1‐4 was additionally found to restore the expression of AtEBP in ers1‐4;eer5‐1 etiolated seedlings after ethylene treatment in an EIN3‐dependent manner.

Our work indicates that ERS1‐regulated expression of a subset of ethylene‐responsive genes is related to controlling the magnitude of ethylene response, with hyperinduction of these genes correlated with reduced ethylene‐dependent growth inhibition.
Expression of umami‐taste‐related genes in the tongue: a pilot study for genetic taste diagnosis
Authors: Shoji N , Kaneta N , Satoh‐Kuriwada S , Tsuchiya M , Hashimoto N , Uneyama H , Kawai M , Sasano T
Published: May 2015

Objective

Expression of taste‐related genes in the tongue was analysed to develop a technique for genetic diagnosis of umami taste disorders.

Materials and methods

Tissue samples were collected from healthy volunteers by scraping the foliate papillae of the tongue. Immunocytochemistry staining of gustducin, a taste‐cell‐specific G protein, and gene expression analysis by real‐time polymerase chain reaction of β‐actin, gustducin (GNAT3) and umami receptors (T1R1, T1R3 and mGluR1) were performed. Changes in umami receptor expression following application of umami substances onto the tongue were analysed.

Results

Gustducin‐positive cells were observed in the samples, indicating the presence of taste cells. Gene expression of β‐actin, GNAT3, T1R1 and T1R3 was detected in all seven samples tested, while that of mGluR1 was detected in four samples. Sequence analysis by NCBI Blast showed that each polymerase chain reaction product had a 99% rate of identification of its target sequence. Stimulation of the tongue with monosodium glutamate significantly upregulated the gene expression levels of T1R1 and T1R3, indicating that this method can detect alterations in umami‐related gene expression.

Conclusion

Evaluation of the expression of the umami receptor genes, T1R1 and T1R3, in the tongue may be clinically useful for objective genetic diagnosis of umami taste disorders.
Green Light to Plant Responses to Pathogens: The Role of Chloroplast Light‐Dependent Signaling in Biotic Stress
Authors: Delprato María Laura , Krapp Adriana R. , Carrillo Néstor
Published: May 2015

Light has a key impact on the outcome of biotic stress responses in plants by providing most of the energy and many signals for the deployment of defensive barriers. Within this context, chloroplasts are not only the major source of energy in the light; they also host biosynthetic pathways for the production of stress hormones and secondary metabolites, as well as reactive oxygen species and other signals which modulate nuclear gene expression and plant resistance to pathogens. Environmental, and in particular, light‐dependent regulation of immune responses may allow plants to anticipate and react more effectively to pathogen threats. As more information is gathered, increasingly complex models are developed to explain how light and reactive oxygen species signaling could interact with endogenous defense pathways to elicit efficient protective responses against invading microorganisms. The emerging picture places chloroplasts in a key position of an intricate regulatory network which involves several other cellular compartments. This article reviews current knowledge on the extent and the main features of chloroplast contribution to plant defensive strategies against biotic stress.
Birthweight and Childhood Cancer: Preliminary Findings from the International Childhood Cancer Cohort Consortium (I4C)
Authors: Paltiel Ora , Tikellis Gabriella , Linet Martha , Golding Jean , Lemeshow Stanley , Phillips Gary , Lamb Karen , Stoltenberg Camilla , Håberg Siri E. , Strøm Marin , Granstrøm Charlotta , Northstone Kate , Klebanoff Mark , Ponsonby Anne‐Louise , Milne Elizabeth , Pedersen Marie , Kogevinas Manolis , Ha Eunhee , Dwyer Terence ,   International Childhood Cancer Cohort Consortium
Published: May 2015

Background

Evidence relating childhood cancer to high birthweight is derived primarily from registry and case–control studies. We aimed to investigate this association, exploring the potential modifying roles of age at diagnosis and maternal anthropometrics, using prospectively collected data from the International Childhood Cancer Cohort Consortium.

Methods

We pooled data on infant and parental characteristics and cancer incidence from six geographically and temporally diverse member cohorts [the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (UK), the Collaborative Perinatal Project (USA), the Danish National Birth Cohort (Denmark), the Jerusalem Perinatal Study (Israel), the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (Norway), and the Tasmanian Infant Health Survey (Australia)]. Birthweight metrics included a continuous measure, deciles, and categories (≥4.0 vs. <4.0 kilogram). Childhood cancer (377 cases diagnosed prior to age 15 years) risk was analysed by type (all sites, leukaemia, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and non‐leukaemia) and age at diagnosis. We estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from Cox proportional hazards models stratified by cohort.

Results

A linear relationship was noted for each kilogram increment in birthweight adjusted for gender and gestational age for all cancers [HR = 1.26; 95% CI 1.02, 1.54]. Similar trends were observed for leukaemia. There were no significant interactions with maternal pre‐pregnancy overweight or pregnancy weight gain. Birthweight ≥4.0 kg was associated with non‐leukaemia cancer among children diagnosed at age ≥3 years [HR = 1.62; 95% CI 1.06, 2.46], but not at younger ages [HR = 0.7; 95% CI 0.45, 1.24, P for difference = 0.02].

Conclusion

Childhood cancer incidence rises with increasing birthweight. In older children, cancers other than leukaemia are particularly related to high birthweight. Maternal adiposity, currently widespread, was not demonstrated to substantially modify these associations. Common factors underlying foetal growth and carcinogenesis need to be further explored.
Flash Flood Risks and Warning Decisions: A Mental Models Study of Forecasters, Public Officials, and Media Broadcasters in Boulder, Colorado
Authors: Morss Rebecca E. , Demuth Julie L. , Bostrom Ann , Lazo Jeffrey K. , Lazrus Heather
Published: May 2015

Timely warning communication and decision making are critical for reducing harm from flash flooding. To help understand and improve extreme weather risk communication and management, this study uses a mental models research approach to investigate the flash flood warning system and its risk decision context. Data were collected in the Boulder, Colorado area from mental models interviews with forecasters, public officials, and media broadcasters, who each make important interacting decisions in the warning system, and from a group modeling session with forecasters. Analysis of the data informed development of a decision‐focused model of the flash flood warning system that integrates the professionals’ perspectives. Comparative analysis of individual and group data with this model characterizes how these professionals conceptualize flash flood risks and associated uncertainty; create and disseminate flash flood warning information; and perceive how warning information is (and should be) used in their own and others’ decisions. The analysis indicates that warning system functioning would benefit from professionals developing a clearer, shared understanding of flash flood risks and the warning system, across their areas of expertise and job roles. Given the challenges in risk communication and decision making for complex, rapidly evolving hazards such as flash floods, another priority is development of improved warning content to help members of the public protect themselves when needed. Also important is professional communication with members of the public about allocation of responsibilities for managing flash flood risks, as well as improved system‐wide management of uncertainty in decisions.
Contribution ofClostridium difficileinfection to the development of lower gastrointestinal adverse events during autologous stem cell transplantation
Authors: Apewokin S. , Goodwin J.A. , Lee J.Y. , Erickson S.W. , Sanathkumar N. , Raj V.R. , Zhou D. , McKelvey K.D. , Stephens O. , Coleman E.A.
Published: May 2015

Background

Lower gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events (LGAE) are common afflictions of patients undergoing stem cell transplantation (SCT). Unfortunately, the pathophysiology remains poorly characterized. Emerging data suggest a prominent role of intestinal microbiota; however, contributions of pathogenic gut microbiota such asClostridium difficileare not well defined. We performed a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) to investigate clinical and genetic factors associated with development ofLGAE.

Methods

A total of 972 patients undergoing autologousSCTwere graded forLGAEbased on Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (v 4.0). GermlineDNAmaterial was obtained from leukapharesis products and genotyped using Illumina®Whole Genome Genotyping Infinium chemistry and HumanOmni1‐Quad Bead chips containing over 1.1 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (Illumina, San Diego, California,USA). Statistical models incorporating clinical factors, genetic factors, and a combination of clinical plus genetic factors were utilized to compare patients who developed severeLGAE(grade 2 or above) and others.

Results

Among 972 patients, 459 (47.2%) developed severeLGAE. Baseline hemoglobin and hematocrit, estimated glomerular filtration rate, β2‐microglobulin, protocol type, andC. difficileinfection (CDI) were associated with severeLGAEon univariate analysis, Genomic comparisons between groups did not reveal anySNPs associated with severeLGAEand neither did incorporation of genetic factors into the clinical model. In addition, 11 candidateSNPs associated with upperGImucositis were evaluated, alongside clinical factors in a multivariate model. OnlyCDIwas found to be associated with severeLGAEin all models.

Conclusion

CDIis a prominent factor in the development ofLGAEin patients undergoing autologousSCT.
Sorting of Clathrin‐Independent Cargo Proteins Depends on Rab35 Delivered by Clathrin‐Mediated Endocytosis
Authors: Dutta Dipannita , Donaldson Julie G.
Published: May 2015

Clathrin‐mediated endocytosis (CME) and clathrin‐independent endocytosis (CIE) co‐exist in most cells but little is known about their communication and coordination. Here we show that when CME was inhibited, endocytosis by CIE continued but endosomal trafficking of CIE cargo proteins was altered. CIE cargo proteins that normally traffic directly into Arf6‐associated tubules after internalization and avoid degradation (CD44, CD98 and CD147) now trafficked to lysosomes and were degraded. The endosomal tubules were also absent and Arf6‐GTP levels were elevated. The altered trafficking, loss of the tubular endosomal network and elevated Arf6‐GTP levels caused by inhibition of CME were rescued by expression of Rab35, a Rab associated with clathrin‐coated vesicles, or its effector ACAPs, Arf6 GTPase activating proteins (GAP) that inactivate Arf6. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown of Rab35 recreated the phenotype of CME ablation on CIE cargo trafficking without altering endocytosis of transferrin. These observations suggest that Rab35 serves as a CME detector and that loss of CME, or Rab35 input, leads to elevated Arf6‐GTP and shifts the sorting of CIE cargo proteins to lysosomes and degradation.
Dermoscopic features in 12 cats with dermatophytosis and in 12 cats with self‐induced alopecia due to other causes: an observational descriptive study
Authors: Scarampella Fabia , Zanna Giordana , Peano Andrea , Fabbri Elisabetta , Tosti Antonella
Published: May 2015

Background

Dermoscopy is a noninvasive technique allowing rapid magnified in vivo observation of the skin and structures that lie beneath the skin surface. Various congenital and acquired hair shaft abnormalities may also be evaluated by dermoscopy. Additionally, characteristic features of Microsporum canis‐induced tinea capitis and trichotillomania in humans have been reported.

Objectives

To describe the dermoscopic findings observed in cats with patchy alopecia due to M. canis infection and in cats with self‐inflicted hair loss.

Animals

Twenty‐four client‐owned cats presented at a veterinary referral practice.

Methods

Dermoscopy was performed with a hand‐held nonpolarized light dermoscope at 10‐fold magnification. The glass plate of the dermoscope was applied gently to the lesions and no sedation was required.

Results

Twelve cats were diagnosed with dermatophytosis and 12 with self‐induced alopecia due to other causes. At 10‐fold magnification, the most characteristic findings observed in circumscribed lesions of cats with dermatophytosis were opaque, slightly curved, broken hairs of a homogeneous thickness (comma‐like structures) and a variable amount of brown‐to‐yellow greasy scales. In cats with self‐induced alopecia, multiple hairs with a normal shaft cleanly broken at different lengths, short tufts of hairs broken at an equal level and hook‐like and coiled hairs were observed.

Conclusions and clinical importance

This observational descriptive study suggests that dermoscopy may represent a helpful noninvasive in vivo technique in the differential diagnosis of patchy alopecia in cats.
Mountainous genus Anterastes (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae): autochthonous survival across several glacial ages via vertical range shifts
Authors: Çıplak Battal , Kaya Sarp , Boztepe Zehra , Gündüz İslam
Published: May 2015

Although the high‐latitude range margins in Europe and North America are intensively studied, attention is gradually turned towards the taxa/populations inhabiting glacial refugia. Here, we evaluate the genealogical history of the cold‐adapted Anatolio‐Balkan genus Anterastes especially to test the possible effects of intrarefugial vertical range shifts during climatic oscillations of the Quaternary. Using concatenated data from sequences of COI+16S and ITS1–5.8S–ITS2, intrageneric relationships and the time of speciation events were estimated. Thirteen different demographic analyses were performed using a data set produced from sequences of 16S. Different phylogenetic analyses recovered similar lineages with high resolution. The molecular chronogram estimated speciation events in a period ranging from 5.60 to 1.22 Myr. Demographic analyses applied to 13 populations and five lineages suggested constant population size. Genetic diversity is significantly reduced in a few populations, while not in others. Fixation indices suggested extremely diverged populations. In the light of these data, the following main conclusions were raised: (i) although glacial refugia are the biodiversity hotspots, species level radiation of the cold‐adapted lineages is mainly prior to the Mid‐Pleistocene transition; (ii) heterogeneous topography provides refugial habitats and allows populations to survive through vertical range shifts during climatic fluctuations; (iii) prolonged isolation of refugial populations do not always result in reduced intrapopulation diversity, but in high level of genetic differentiation; (iv) the cold‐adapted lineages with low dispersal ability might have not colonised the area out of Anatolian refugium during interglacial periods; and (v) populations of invertebrates may have restricted ranges, but this does not mean that they have small effective population size.
Transient Response of an Oscillating Heat Pipe by a Pulsed Heating in a High Magnetic Field Environment
Authors: Smoot C. D. , Hathaway A. A. , Ma H. B. , Crawford M. T. , Huhman B. M. , Sobel Annie
Published: May 2015

An experimental investigation of a compact, triple-layer oscillating heat pipe (OHP) has been conducted to determine the fast-transient heating effect on the heat transport capability of an OHP in a high magnetic field environment. The OHP has dimensions of 1.3 cm thick, 22.9 cm long, and 7.6 cm wide embedded with two-independent closed-loops forming three layers of channels. The OHP was directly clamped to a railgun system in a medium caliber launcher (MCL) and subjected to high current electric discharges occurring over several microseconds. The experimental results show that the OHP is capable of significantly reducing peak temperatures during a pulsed heating event over pure copper, even in the presence of relatively high magnetic fields.
Smart Knee Brace Design With Parallel Coupled Compliant Plate Mechanism and Pennate Elastic Band Spring
Authors: Jun Seungkook , Zhou Xiaobo , Ramsey Daniel K. , Krovi Venkat N.
Published: May 2015

Recent research on exoskeletons and braces has examined the ways of improving flexibility, wearability or overall weight-reduction. Part of the challenge arises from the significant loading requirements, while the other part comes from the inflexibilities associated with traditional (rigid link-moving joint) system architectures. Compliant mechanisms offer a class of articulated multibody systems that allow creation of lightweight yet adjustable-stiffness solutions for exoskeletons and braces, which we study further. In particular, we will introduce the parallel coupled compliant plate (PCCP) mechanism and pennate elastic band (PEB) spring architecture as potential candidates for brace development. PCCP/PEB system provides adjustable passive flexibility and selective stiffness to the user with respect to posture of knee joint, without need for mediation by active devices and even active sensors. In addition to the passive mode of operation of the PCCP/PEB system, a semi-active design variant is also explored. In this semi-active design, structural stiffness reconfigurability is exploited to allow for changes of preload of the PEB spring to provide force and torque customization capability. The systematic study of both aspects (passive and semi-active) upon the performance of PCCP/PEB system is verified by a lightweight 3D printed physical brace prototype within a ground-truth (optical motion tracking and six degrees-of-freedom (6DOF) force transducer) measurement framework.
Force–Deflection Modeling for Generalized Origami Waterbomb-Base Mechanisms
Authors: Hanna Brandon H. , Magleby Spencer P. , Lang Robert J. , Howell Larry L.
Published: May 2015

The origami waterbomb base (WB) is a single-vertex bistable mechanism that can be generalized to accommodate various geometric, kinematic, and kinetic needs. The traditional WB consists of a square sheet that has four mountain folds alternating with five valley folds (eight folds total) around the vertex in the center of the sheet. This special case mechanism can be generalized to create two classes of waterbomb-base-type mechanisms that allow greater flexibility for potential application. The generalized WB maintains the pattern of alternating mountain and valley folds around a central vertex but it is not restricted to eight total folds. The split-fold waterbomb base (SFWB) is made by splitting each fold of a general WB into two “half folds” of the same variety as the parent fold. This study develops kinematic, potential energy, and force–deflection models for the rigid-foldable, developable, symmetric cases of the generalized WB and the SFWB, and investigates the relative effects of numbers of folds and split-fold panel size, on device behavior. The effect of selected key parameters is evaluated, and equations are provided to enable the exploration of other important parameters that may be of interest in the design and analysis of specific mechanisms. The similarities and differences between the two general forms are discussed, including tunability of the bistable and force–deflection behavior of each.
Chromosomes: Let me be your guide
Authors: Hurtley Stella M.
Published: May 2015

Microtubule detyrosination works as a navigation system for kinetochore-based chromosome motility during cell division.
Rethinking myelin-reactive T cells in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Colmone Angela
Published: May 2015

Myelin-reactive T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis are proinflammatory.
Nationwide Surveillance of Azole Resistance in Aspergillus Diseases
Authors: Vermeulen Edith , Maertens Johan , De Bel Annelies , Nulens Eric , Boelens Jerina , Surmont Ignace , Mertens Anna , Boel An , Lagrou Katrien
Published: May 2015

Aspergillus
disease affects a broad patient population, from patients with asthma to immunocompromised patients. Azole resistance has been increasingly reported in both clinical and environmental
Aspergillus
strains. The prevalence and clinical impact of azole resistance in different patient populations are currently unclear. This 1-year prospective multicenter cohort study aimed to provide detailed epidemiological data on
Aspergillus
resistance among patients with
Aspergillus
disease in Belgium. Isolates were prospectively collected in 18 hospitals (April 2011 to April 2012) for susceptibility testing. Clinical and treatment data were collected with a questionnaire. The outcome was evaluated to 1 year after a patient's inclusion. A total of 220
Aspergillus
isolates from 182 patients were included. The underlying conditions included invasive aspergillosis (
n
= 122 patients), allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (APBA) (
n
= 39 patients), chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (
n
= 10 patients),
Aspergillus
bronchitis (
n
= 7 patients), and aspergilloma (
n
= 5 patients). The overall azole resistance prevalence was 5.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.8 to 10.2%) and was 7.0% (4/57; 95% CI, 2.3 to 17.2%) in patients with APBA, bronchitis, aspergilloma, or chronic aspergillosis and 4.6% in patients with invasive aspergillosis (5/108; 95% CI, 1.7 to 10.7%). The 6-week survival in invasive aspergillosis was 52.5%, while susceptibility testing revealed azole resistance in only 2/58 of the deceased patients. The clinical impact of
Aspergillus fumigatus
resistance was limited in our patient population with
Aspergillus
diseases.