bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANÁLISE DA INFLUÊNCIA DA ATUALIZAÇÃO DA ABNT NBR 9062 NO DIMENSIONAMENTO DE CÁLICES EXTERNOS DE FUNDAÇÕES SUBMETIDAS A AÇÕES DE PEQUENA EXCENTRICIDADE
Authors: Delalibera Rodrigo Gustavo , Sousa Gabriel Fernandes
Published: August 2020

Ligações entre pilares e fundações por meio de cálice são as mais utilizadas no Brasil por possuir facilidade na montagem e boa capacidade de transmissão de força normal, bem como, momento fletor. Tal ligação consiste em se embutir uma parte do pilar no elemento de fundação de modo que os esforços provenientes do pilar pré-moldado sejam transferidos para o colarinho do cálice e para a base. Sendo assim, neste artigo foi feito um estudo comparativo entre o dimensionamento do colarinho de um cálice externo proposto pela ABNT NBR 9062:2006 e pela atualização da referida norma, a ABNT NBR 9062:2017. Tal comparação foi realizada por meio do dimensionamento de cálices com interface lisa, rugosa e com chave de cisalhamento submetidos a ação de pequena excentricidade, de modo a se analisar a diferença na força horizontal transferido do pilar para o colarinho e consequentemente a taxa de armadura obtida. Verificou-se que, como a NBR 9062:2017 considera o coeficiente de atrito no cálculo da força lateral transferida, em alguns casos pode-se ter um efeito favorável de modo a reduzir a força horizontal transferida para o cálice e consequentemente a taxa de armadura necessária.
Território da Cidadania do Médio Alto Uruguai: sobre qual pobreza estamos falando?
Authors: Tonin Jeferson
Published: August 2020

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a concepção de pobreza no Programa Territórios da Cidadania no âmbito do Território Médio Alto Médio Uruguai. Essa questão emerge da dificuldade em compreender o fenômeno da pobreza, haja vista a complexidade que lhe é intrínseca e as múltiplas faces que pode englobar. Entender como a pobreza é concebida é fundamental na medida em que as ações decorrentes do programa são construídas justamente a partir desse entendimento. A análise é focada em três momentos: i) durante a formulação do programa; ii) durante a elaboração do plano territorial, e; iii) durante a execução das ações. Para isso, são analisados materiais que descrevem e orientam todas as ações, como o decreto de criação, o plano elaborado pelo território e o conjunto das ações executadas. Os resultados deste artigo demonstram que o termo pobreza está associado ao termo desigualdade social e que, embora o programa busque inicialmente contemplar outras dimensões, a pobreza em si é compreendida desde o início a partir de uma esfera econômica enquanto o termo desigualdade precisa ser incluído para contemplar as demais esferas de atuação.
Editorial
Authors: Hoffmann-Horochovski Marisete Teresinha , Azevedo Natália Tavares
Published: August 2020

Editorial
Kynurenine pathway: the link between depressive disorders and inflammation
Authors: Kubacka Justyna , Stefańska Anna , Sypniewska Grażyna
Published: August 2020

Depression is highly prevalent worldwide and the leading cause of disability. It is believed that currently more than 300 million people of all ages suffer from depression. However, the unambiguous cause of the depression remains unknown. It is suggested that the occurrence of this disease is primarily affected by genetic factors, psychological factors and atypical brain structure or function. Recently, an increasingly important role is attributed to the inflammatory response, which is considered to be the main cause of depression. Activation of the kynurenine pathway (KP) is one of the described mechanisms by which inflammation can induce depression. Kynurenine pathway activation is associated with several neuropsychiatric diseases, including major depression disorder (MDD). The imbalance between the neuroprotective and neurotoxic metabolites in the kynurenine pathway and the associated serotonin and melatonin deficiency, may contribute to the manifestation of depressive symptoms. In this review we discuss the role of the major enzymes of the tryptophan KP: tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and the role of selected kynurenic metabolites in the depressive disorders. Particular attention was also paid to the genetic basis of depressive disorders and to the summary of current knowledge on the effectiveness of treatment and supplementation with tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan in depression.
ANALYSIS OF KINETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF BAROMEMBRANE AND ELECTROBARMEMBRANE SEPARATION OF AMMONIUM NITRATE SOLUTION
Authors: Lazarev Sergey I. , Kovalev Sergey V. , Konovalov Dmitry N. , Kovaleva Olga A.
Published: August 2020

The paper presents a generalized analysis of literature data on the current-voltage, omics characteristics and electrical conductivity of membrane systems. Based on an analysis of the literature, it is noted that electrodialysis is a promising method for the separation of solutions for the production of ammonium nitrate. An analysis of literature revealed that the application of an external constant electric field to the membrane separation of solutions containing charge-transporting components (nitrate ions and ammonium ions) causes the directed transfer of cations and anions through the membranes. The studies revealed that with the baromembrane separation of the studied solutions with increasing transmembrane pressure, the specific output stream increases. This is due to an increase in the driving force of the process. For the OFAM-K anode membrane, with an increase in the current density, with the electrobaromembrane separation of the ammonium nitrate solution, the specific output stream decreases, which is associated with a change in the pH value of the acidified anode permeate. nd for the OPMN-P cathode membrane, the specific output stream increases with a change in the pH of the alkalized cathode permeate. A modified mathematical equation is proposed for theoretical calculation of the specific output stream and the retention coefficient of the OFAM-K and OPMN-P nanofiltration membranes. Experimental studies of membrane systems equipped with the anode OFAM-K and the near-cathode OPMN-P membranes from voltage and transmembrane pressure revealed that for the aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate there are two characteristic periods on the current-voltage, omics characteristics and electrical conductivity of the membrane system (the first period is beyond regime, dissociation of water (H+ and OH-) at the phase boundary with the advent of additional electric current carriers, the second is the degradation of the active layer of a semipermeable membrane). When studying the current-voltage characteristics of a membrane system equipped with an anode OFAM-K and a near-cathode OPMN-P membranes, when separating model and technological solutions, a decrease in the total omics resistance of the system is observed, which is associated with the solution throttling process.
CHRONOVOLTAMMETRIC STUDY OF ANTIRADICAL PROPERTIES OF FLAVONOIDS IN REACTION WITH REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES
Authors: Belaia Natalia I. , Belyi Aleksandr V. , Kletsova Viktoriya A.
Published: August 2020

Using the chronovoltammetric method it was shown that on a mercury film electrode in an acidic medium the reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide in the presence of flavonoids is realized as a reversible electrode process followed by a first-order limiting chemical reaction with the participation of the primary product of the electrode reaction – the hydroperoxyl radical. For this type of reaction, in the case of reduction processes, the peak of potential shifts relative to the reversible half-wave potential in the direction of positive potentials. This shift is the larger then the higher the rate constant of the subsequent chemical reaction and the lower the sweep speed of the polarization voltage. To calculate the constants, the half-wave potential of oxygen electroreduction is determined without the addition of a flavonoid. Its value equals to –0.27 V and can be used both in acidic and alkaline media, since it does not change on mercury electrodes in the pH range of 1–9. The reaction rate constants of flavonoids with hydroperoxyl are a characteristic of their antiradical activity. The flavonone groups are the most reactive towards the radical compounds – morin and myricetin. For all studied compounds, the number of electrons participating in the limiting stage varies from 0.96 to 1. This indicates the occurrence of an elementary chemical act of a flavonoid with a radical and the absence of an effect on the kinetics of the investigated reaction of the products of the conversion of flavonoids. The applicability of the presented method for calculating the rate constants to reactions involving active oxygen forms is confirmed by the presence of a high correlation between the data obtained and the reaction rate constants of flavonoids with 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical.
Legal protection of the Arctic environment related tourism activity
Authors: Kudelkin Nikolai
Published: August 2020

The Arctic continues to attract more and more tourists. In some of the Arctic regions, tourism in general and cruise tourism in particular is becoming one of the fastest growing economic sectors. However, aside from the economic benefit, the Arctic tourism poses a certain threat to the sensitive environment of the Arctic, which currently experiences constantly increasing pressure from economic activity and climate change. Major negative consequences of tourism activity include the pollution of territories and water zones, worry of animals, direct destruction of flora and fauna, loss of the places of habitat due to infrastructure development, etc. The listed facts underline relevance of the selected topic of research, as well as the need for legal protection of the Arctic environment from negative effects caused by tourism. Analysis is conducted on the current situation in the area of Arctic tourism, as well as the questions of Russia’s Arctic policy pertaining to tourism activity. A brief overview is provided to the international legal regulation in this sphere. The author concludes on the insufficiency of legal regulation in the area of Arctic tourism, and gives recommendations on the improvement of Russian legislation. It is noted that tourism is one of the few types of activities in the Arctic that sparks interests of multiple countries, and in which the acceptance of universal standards seems possible.
The ability of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) to penetrate mesh crop covers used to protect potato crops against tomato potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli)
Authors: London Howard , Saville David J. , Merfield Charles N. , Olaniyan Oluwashola , Wratten Stephen D.
Published: August 2020

In Central and North America, Australia and New Zealand, potato (Solanum tuberosum) crops are attacked by Bactericera cockerelli, the tomato potato psyllid (TPP). ‘Mesh crop covers’ which are used in Europe and Israel to protect crops from insect pests, have been used experimentally in New Zealand for TPP control. While the covers have been effective for TPP management, the green peach aphid (GPA, Myzus persicae) has been found in large numbers under the mesh crop covers. This study investigated the ability of the GPA to penetrate different mesh hole sizes. Experiments using four sizes (0.15 × 0.15, 0.15 × 0.35, 0.3 × 0.3 and 0.6 × 0.6 mm) were carried out under laboratory conditions to investigate: (i) which mesh hole size provided the most effective barrier to GPA; (ii) which morph of adult aphids (apterous or alate) and/or their progeny could breach the mesh crop cover; (iii) would leaves touching the underside of the cover, as opposed to having a gap between leaf and the mesh, increase the number of aphids breaching the mesh; and (iv) could adults feed on leaves touching the cover by putting only their heads and/or stylets through it? No adult aphids, either alate or apterous, penetrated the mesh crop cover; only nymphs did this, the majority being the progeny of alate adults. Nymphs of the smaller alatae aphids penetrated the three coarsest mesh sizes; nymphs of the larger apterae penetrated the two coarsest sizes, but no nymphs penetrated the smallest mesh size. There was no statistical difference in the number of aphids breaching the mesh crop cover when the leaflets touched its underside compared to when there was a gap between leaf and mesh crop cover. Adults did not feed through the mesh crop cover, though they may have been able to sense the potato leaflet using visual and/or olfactory cues and produce nymphs as a result. As these covers are highly effective for managing TPP on field potatoes, modifications of this protocol are required to make it effective against aphids as well as TPP.
Sustainable Irrigation through Renovation of Pond: A Case Study on Change of Crop Production, Irrigation, Cropping Pattern and Cropping Intensity Level in Sub Himalayan Terai Region of India
Authors: Das Ganesh , Saha Sankar , Rahman F. H. , Sarkar Surajit , Biswas Sujan , Hembram Sandip , Barman Prashanta , Sultana Samima , Roy Bikash , Ganguly Bablu
Published: August 2020

Terai region of West Bengal fall under high rainfall region but 90% rainfall occurs in kharif season and drought observed during rabi season.  NICRA project started in the Cooch Behar District during 2011. The project area and plan of work were selected on the basis of participatory rural appraisal method. The experimental trial was conducted from 2011 to 2019. The objective of the experiment was to development of sustainable irrigation system through renovation of pond and its impact on crop production. It was found from the study that pond renovation has potential impact on increasing crop yield, cropping intensity, copping system and area of irrigation.
The Use of Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents among Outpatients in Alkharj
Authors: Ahmed Nehad J.
Published: August 2020

Background: Thromboembolic diseases are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Anticoagulants and antiplatelet medications are important therapies in the prevention and treatment of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases. There is a limited data about the prescribing of these medications. 

Aim: This study aims to describe the pattern of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents use among outpatients in Alkharj.

Methodology: This is a retrospective study that includes the electronic prescriptions among outpatients in a public hospital in Alkharj

Results: Aspirin was the most commonly prescribed agent (61.73%) followed by clopidogrel (18.60%) and enoxaparin (69%). Aspirin and clopidogrel was the most commonly prescribed combination (77.27%). Antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants result in improve several benefits but also could result in severe adverse effects and several drug interactions.

Conclusion: The prescribers should ensure that benefit of Antiplatelet and anticoagulant outweigh the bleeding risk before prescribing these medications. It is important also to implement educational interventions to improve their use.
Reversible interaction between Ca2+‐activated neutral protease (CANP) and its endogenous inhibitor
Authors: Imajoh Shinobu , Suzuki Koichi
Published: July 2002

The interaction between the Ca2+‐activated neutral protease (CANP) and its endogenous inhibitor was analyzed. The interaction was completely reversible, and both CANP and the inhibitor regained full activity after dissociation of their complex.
Conformational changes in human fibrinogen after in vitro phosphorylation and their relation to fibrinogen behaviour
Authors: Martin Steven C. , Björk Ingemar
Published: July 2002

The far‐ultraviolet circular dichroism spectra of fibrinogens phosphorylated by protein kinase C or casein kinase II indicated a conformational change corresponding to an increase in ordered secondary structure. The spectra of protein kinase A‐ or casein kinase I‐phosphorylated fibrinogens did not differ substantially from the control. Fluorescence studies indicated changes in the tertiary structure around tryptophan residues for protein kinase A‐ or C‐phosphorylated fibrinogens, but failed to show any such change for fibrinogen phosphorylated by either of the casein kinases. This latter result was also confirmed by circular dichroism measurements in the near‐ultraviolet region. The apparent increase in ordered structure was proposed as an explanation for the slower rate of plasmin degradation seen in fibrinogens after phosphorylation by protein kinase C [6], and casein kinase II, especially as both spectral changes and plasmin degradation rate were unaffected by alkaline phosphatase.
Natural human monocyte gelatinase and its inhibitor
Authors: Opdenakker Ghislain , Masure Stefan , Proost Paul , Billiau Alfons , van Damme Jo
Published: July 2002

Gelatinases produced by stimulated peripheral blood monocytes were detected by substrate zymography and were compared with those derived from tumor cells. Stimulated monocytes were found to produce an 85 kDa gelatinase which co‐migrated upon electrophoretic separation and cross‐reacted in immunoprecipitation experiments with a phorbol ester inducible metalloprotease from human tumor cells. The intact natural gelatinase (85 kDa), a high molecular weight and complexed gelatinase as well as a proteolytic fragment (25 kDa) were purified by substrate‐ and antibody‐affinity chromatography techniques. Aminoterminal sequence analysis showed that natural monocyte gelatinase occurs as a truncated form of tumor cell gelatinase/type IV collagenase. Furthermore, peripheral blood monocytes were found to also produce a tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases (TIMP). TIMP was co‐purified with gelatinase on gelatin sepharose and identified by microsequencing. The balanced and regulated production of gelatinase and TIMP might be important in monocyte migration and tissue remodeling.
Osmoregulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Studies on the osmotic induction of glycerol production and glycerol 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+)
Authors: André Lars , Hemming Anna , Adler Lennart
Published: July 2002

Production of glycerol and a key enzyme in glycerol production, glycerol 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (GPD), was studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultured in basal media or media of high salinity, with glucose, raffinose or ethanol as the sole carbon source. At high salinity, glycerol production was stimulated with all carbon sources and glycerol was accumulated to high intracellular concentration in cells grown on glucose and raffinose. Cells grown on ethanol accumulated glycerol to a lower level but showed an increased content of trehalose at high salinity. However, the trehalose concentration corresponded only to about 20% of the glycerol level, and did not compensate for the shortfall in intracellular osmolyte content. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated an increased production of GPD at high salinity. This increase was osmotically mediated but was lower when glycerol was substituted for NaCl or sorbitol as the stress‐solute. The enzyme also appeared to be subject to glucose repression; the specific activity of GPD was significantly lower in cells grown on glucose, than on raffinose or ethanol.
Peptide display on filamentous phage capsids An new powerful tool to study protein—ligand interaction
Authors: Cesareni Gianni
Published: July 2002

Peptides can be displayed on the surface of filamentous bacteriophages by fusion to phage coat proteins. It was recently shown that vast (108) collections of phages, each exposing a variant of the original peptide, can be constructed and utilized as a general source of peptide ligands. By panning these libraries on a target molecule linked to a solid support it is possible to select, out of the hundreds of millions of clones, those few phages that display a peptide that binds the target molecule. Searching these libraries is a powerful tool to be applied in many areas of fundamental and applied biology.
A 25 kDa α2‐microglobulin‐related protein is a component of the 125 kDa form of human gelatinase
Authors: Triebel Susanne , Bläser Jörg , Reinke Heinz , Tschesche Harald
Published: July 2002

Besides the monomeric mammalian 95 kDa progelatinase, two additional forms, a disulfide‐bridged 220 kDa dimer and a 125 kDa form were isolated from human PMN leukocytes. The 125 kDa progelatinase was identified as a covalently linked, disulfide‐bridged heterodimer formed of the monomer with a 23 kDa protein. This 25 kDa protein was isolated from gelatinase bound to the affinity support of gelatin‐Sepharose and eluted by DTE‐containing buffer. The amino acid sequence of tryptic peptides of this protein revealed homology with an α2‐microglobulin‐related protein from rats, a protein so far unknown in humans.
Evolutionary relationships between yeast and bacterial homoserine dehydrogenases
Authors: Thomas Dominique , Barbey Régine , Surdin-Kerjan Yolande
Published: July 2002

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae HOM6 gene, encoding homoserine dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.3) was cloned and its nucleotide sequence determined. The yeast homoserine dehydrogenase shows extensive homology to the homoserine dehydrogenase domains of the two aspartokinase‐homoserine dehydrogenases from Escherichia coli as well as to the homoserine dehydrogenases from Gram positive bacteria. Sequence alignment reveals that the yeast enzyme is the smallest homoserine dehydrogenase known, owing to the absence of a C‐terminal domain endowed with the l‐threonine allosteric response in Gram positive bacteria. Accordingly, the S. cerevisiae enzyme appears to be a naturally occurring feedback resistant homoserine dehydrogenase. Our results indicate that homoserine dehydrogenase was originally an unregulated enzyme and that feedback control acquisition occured twice during evolution after the divergence between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.
Band 3 protein: Structure, flexibility and function
Authors: Wang Da Neng
Published: July 2002

The electroneutral exchange of chloride and bicarbonate across the human erythrocyte membrane is facilitated by Band 3, a 911 amino acid glycoprotein. The 43 kDa amino‐terminal cytosolic domain binds the cytoskeleton, haemoglobin and glycolytic enzymes. The 52 kDa carboxylterminal membrane domain mediates anion transport. The protein is a functional dimer, in which the two subunits probably interact with one another by an allosteric mechanism. It is proposed that the link between the mobile cytoplasmic and the membrane‐spanning domains of the protein is flexible, based on recent biochemical, biophysical and structural data. This explains the long‐standing puzzle that attachment to the cytoskeletal spectrin and actin does not appear to restrict the rotational movement of the Band 3 protein in the erythrocyte membrane. In the Band 3 isoform from the Southeast Asian Ovalocytes (SAO) this link is altered, resulting a tighter attachment of the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane and a more rigid red blood cell.
Calretinin immunoreactivity in adrenal glands of developing, adult and ageing Sprague‐Dawley rats
Authors: Afework Mekbeb , Burnstock Geoffrey
Published: July 2002

Localization of calretinin immunoreactivity in the rat adrenal gland was studied using immunohistochemical methods. Calretinin‐immunoreactive adrenal chromaffin cells and nerve fibres were found at all of the ages examined from embryonic day 16 up to 2‐yr‐old. Immunoreactive chromaffin cells showed a decrease in number with increasing age, and in the adult and ageing rats they were found among the adrenaline‐storing chromaffin cells. Calretinin immunofluorescence was also observed in a few ganglion cells of the adult and ageing rats, and in most of the cortical cells at embryonic day 16. The density of immunoreactive nerve fibres in the gland showed a progressive increase with age to a peak by day 4 after birth and then a gradual decrease afterwards; they became associated mainly with some of the ganglion cells in the adult rat. As revealed by double labelling of calretinin immunoreactivity in adrenal sections from the adult rat with NADPH‐diaphorase histochemistry, no co‐localization existed between calretinin and NADPH‐diaphorase; however, a small number of neuronal cell bodies which contained nitric oxide synthase were found heavily surrounded with calretinin‐immunoreactive nerve fibres. In ageing rats, an increased density of calretinin‐immunoreactive nerve fibres was seen associated largely with the chromaffin cells.

We conclude from this study that calretinin is found in the rat adrenal gland; the high degree of variability in its expression with age suggests that calretinin may be concerned with age‐related activities in the gland.
Amisulpride in dysthymia: results of a naturalistic study in general practice
Authors: Paes de Sousa M
Published: July 2002

A naturalistic study was conducted in general practice in Portugal on the efficacy and tolerance of low doses of amisulpride in the treatment of dysthymia. A total of 109 patients received low doses (50 – 100 mg) of amisulpride for four weeks. A global evaluation showed good or very good efficacy and tolerance in more than 80% of the patients. The social disability observed at baseline was significantly improved after the four-week treatment period. Few adverse events were observed and only four patients dropped out due to side effects. Our results suggest that low doses of amisulpride might be a safe and effective treatment for dysthymia in clinical practice.
Original involvement of antimicrobial peptides in mussel innate immunity
Authors: Mitta Guillaume , Vandenbulcke Franck , Roch Philippe
Published: July 2002

Recently, the existence and extended diversity of antimicrobial peptides has been revealed in two mussel species. These molecules are classified into four groups according to common features of their primary structure: defensins, mytilins, myticins and mytimycin. In Mytilus galloprovincialis, gene structure reveals synthesis as precursors in circulating hemocytes. Synthesised even in absence of challenge, the precursors mature and the peptides are stored in granules as active forms. The different peptides are engaged in the destruction of bacteria inside phagocytes, before being released into hemolymph to participate in systemic responses. Such involvement in anti‐infectious responses is unique, and apparently more related to those of mammalian phagocytes than to those of insects.
Re‐face stereospecificity of NADP dependent methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase from Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 as determined by NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Hagemeier Christoph H. , Bartoschek Stefan , Griesinger Christian , Thauer Rudolf K. , Vorholt Julia A.
Published: July 2002

MtdA catalyzes the dehydrogenation of N
5,N
10‐methylenetetrahydromethanopterin (methylene‐H4MPT) with NADP+ as electron acceptor. In the reaction two prochiral centers are involved, C14a of methylene‐H4MPT and C4 of NADP+, between which a hydride is transferred. The two diastereotopic protons at C14a of methylene‐H4MPT and at C4 of NADPH can be seen separately in 1H‐NMR spectra. This fact was used to determine the stereospecificity of the enzyme. With (14aR)‐[14a‐2H1]‐[14a‐13C]methylene‐H4MPT as the substrate, it was found that the pro‐R hydrogen of methylene‐H4MPT is transferred by MtdA into the pro‐R position of NADPH.
Functional analysis of the Arabidopsis thaliana GCPE protein involved in plastid isoprenoid biosynthesis
Authors: Querol Jordi , Campos Narciso , Imperial Santiago , Boronat Albert , Rodrı́guez-Concepción Manuel
Published: July 2002

Plastid isoprenoids are synthesized via the 2‐C‐methyl‐D‐erythritol 4‐phosphate pathway. A few years after its discovery, most of the Escherichia coli genes involved in the pathway have been identified, including gcpE. In this work, we have identified an Arabidopsis thaliana protein with homology to the product of this gene. The plant polypeptide, GCPE, contains two structural domains that are absent in the E. coli protein: an N‐terminal extension and a central domain of 30 kDa. We demonstrate that the N‐terminal region targets the Arabidopsis protein to chloroplasts in vivo, consistent with its role in plastid isoprenoid biosynthesis. Although the presence of the internal extra domain may have an effect on activity, the Arabidopsis mature GCPE was able to complement a gcpE‐defective E. coli strain, indicating the plant protein is a true functional homologue of the bacterial gcpE gene product.
The D136A mutation of the V2 vasopressin receptor induces a constitutive activity which permits discrimination between antagonists with partial agonist and inverse agonist activities
Authors: Morin Denis , Cotte Nathalie , Balestre Marie-Noëlle , Mouillac Bernard , Manning Maurice , Breton Christophe , Barberis Claude
Published: July 2002

The substitution, in the human V2 vasopressin receptor, of the aspartate at position 136 by alanine leads to agonist‐independent activation of this mutant V2 receptor. Pharmacological studies of the D136A V2 receptor helped us in characterizing different V2 receptor antagonists. SR‐121463A and OPC‐31260, two non‐peptide antagonists, behaved as inverse agonists, while two cyclic peptides d(CH2)5[d‐Tyr(Et)2,Val4,Tyr‐NH2
9]AVP and d(CH2)5[d‐Ile2,Ile4,Tyr‐NH2
9]AVP known to be V2 antagonists, demonstrated clear partial agonist properties. The finding of a constitutively activated human V2 receptor represents a useful tool in characterizing V2 receptor antagonist ligands.
Progress in understanding structure–function relationships in respiratory chain complex II
Authors: Ackrell Brian A.C
Published: July 2002

Complex II (succinate:quinone oxidoreductase) of aerobic respiratory chains oxidizes succinate to fumarate and passes the electrons directly into the quinone pool. It serves as the only direct link between activity in the citric acid cycle and electron transport in the membrane. Finer details of these reactions and interactions are but poorly understood. However, complex II has extremely similar structural and catalytic properties to quinol:fumarate oxidoreductases of anaerobic organisms, for which X‐ray structures have recently become available. These offer new insights into structure–function relationships of this class of flavoenzymes, including evidence favoring protein movement during catalysis.
Hemispheric function in disorganized type schizophrenia: performance on the Quality Extinction Test
Authors: Spivak B , Elimelech D , Ocring R , Mester R , Kotler M , Weizman A
Published: July 2002

We assessed hemisphere function in right-handed male chronic, disorganized type schizophrenic patients (N = 60, age range 18–45 years) using the Quality Extinction Test (QET), in comparison to 20 right-handed male healthy controls in the same age range. The QET analysis discriminated between the disorganized schizophrenic patients and the controls. QET results indicated that chronic schizophrenic patients were less sensitive to tactile stimuli in both hands as compared to controls. Furthermore, the sensitivity to tactile stimuli of the left hand was less than that of the right hand in the schizophrenic patients. In contrast, in the normal controls the sensitivity was similar in both hands. These results indicate possible right hemisphere dysfunction together with disturbance in interhemispheric transmission through the corpus callosum in chronic, disorganized type schizophrenic patients.
Proteolytic cleavage of Trop2 at Arg87 is mediated by matriptase and regulated by Val194
Authors: Kamble Pradnya R. , Rane Sanjana , Breed Ananya A. , Joseph Shaini , Mahale Smita D. , Pathak Bhakti R.
Published: August 2020

Proteolytic processing is an important post‐translational modification affecting protein activity and stability. In the current study, we investigate the N‐terminal cleavage of Trop2, a protein which is overexpressed in many cancers. We demonstrate that Trop2 is cleaved at Arg87 by a transmembrane serine protease, matriptase. Homology modeling and site‐directed mutagenesis of amino acids in close proximity to the matriptase cleavage site reveal the importance of Val194 in regulating Trop2 cleavage. Co‐immunoprecipitation studies confirm that amino acid substitutions at Arg87, Thr88, Lys189, Val194, and His195 do not affect Trop2 dimerization. However, cleavage of wild‐type Trop2 by matriptase is inhibited when it is allowed to dimerize with a V194A mutant monomer, further confirming the role of Val194 in matriptase‐mediated N‐terminal cleavage.
Couplings of Polarization with Interfacial Deep Trap and Schottky Interface Controlled Ferroelectric Memristive Switching
Authors: Chen Aiping , Zhang Wenrui , Dedon Liv R. , Chen Di , Khatkhatay Fauzia , MacManus‐Driscoll Judith L. , Wang Haiyan , Yarotski Dmitry , Chen Jun , Gao Xingsun , Martin Lane W. , Roelofs Andreas , Jia Quanxi
Published: August 2020

Memristors with excellent scalability have the potential to revolutionize not only the field of information storage but also neuromorphic computing. Conventional metal oxides are widely used as resistive switching materials in memristors. Interface‐type memristors based on ferroelectric materials are emerging as alternatives in the development of high‐performance memory devices. A clear understanding of the switching mechanisms in this type of memristors, however, is still in its early stages. By comparing the bipolar switching in different systems, it is found that the switchable diode effect in ferroelectric memristors is controlled by polarization modulated Schottky barrier height and polarization coupled interfacial deep states trapping/detrapping. Using semiconductor theories with consideration of polarization effects, a phenomenological theory is developed to explain the current–voltage behavior at the metal/ferroelectric interface. These findings reveal the critical role of the interaction among polarization charges, interfacial defects, and Schottky interface in controlling ferroelectric resistive switching and offer the guidance to design ferroelectric memristors with enhanced performance.
Thermally Insulating Nanocellulose‐Based Materials
Authors: Apostolopoulou‐Kalkavoura Varvara , Munier Pierre , Bergström Lennart
Published: August 2020

Thermally insulating materials based on renewable nanomaterials such as nanocellulose could reduce the energy consumption and the environmental impact of the building sector. Recent reports of superinsulating cellulose nanomaterial (CNM)‐based aerogels and foams with significantly better heat transport properties than the commercially dominating materials, such as expanded polystyrene, polyurethane foams, and glass wool, have resulted in a rapidly increasing research activity. Herein, the fundamental basis of thermal conductivity of porous materials is described, and the anisotropic heat transfer properties of CNMs and films with aligned CNMs and the processing and structure of novel CNM‐based aerogels and foams with low thermal conductivities are presented and discussed. The extraordinarily low thermal conductivity of anisotropic porous architectures and multicomponent approaches are highlighted and related to the contributions of the Knudsen effect and phonon scattering.
A Highly Efficient and Stable Blue‐Emitting Cs5Cu3Cl6I2 with a 1D Chain Structure
Authors: Li Jiangwei , Inoshita Takeshi , Ying Tianping , Ooishi Atsushi , Kim Junghwan , Hosono Hideo
Published: August 2020

In the field of photonics, alkali copper(I) halides attract considerable attention as lead‐free emitters. The intrinsic quantum confinement effects originating from low‐dimensional electronic structure lead to high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs). Among them, Cs3Cu2I5 is the most promising candidate, satisfying both high PLQY and air stability. In this study, a strategy to explore a new material meeting these requirements through the use of the mixed‐anions of I− and Cl− is proposed. The expectation is maintained that the large difference in ionic radii between them likely results in the formation of a novel compound. Consequently, Cs5Cu3Cl6I2 with a 1D zigzag chain structure is discovered. This material exhibits blue emission (≈462 nm) with a near‐unity quantum yield of 95%. An electronic structure calculation reveals that the localized nature of the valence band maximum is crucial in obtaining efficient self‐trapped exciton emission. Moreover, the iodine‐bridged 1D connectivity significantly enhances the chemical stability of Cs5Cu3Cl6I2, compared with the pure chloride phase. The present findings provide a new perspective for developing air‐stable alkali copper(I) halides with highly efficient luminescence.
High Photon Upconversion Efficiency with Hybrid Triplet Sensitizers by Ultrafast Hole‐Routing in Electronic‐Doped Nanocrystals
Authors: Ronchi Alessandra , Capitani Chiara , Pinchetti Valerio , Gariano Graziella , Zaffalon Matteo L. , Meinardi Francesco , Brovelli Sergio , Monguzzi Angelo
Published: August 2020

Low‐power photon upconversion (UC) based on sensitized triplet–triplet annihilation (sTTA) is considered as the most promising upward wavelength‐shifting technique to enhance the light‐harvesting capability of solar devices. Colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) with conjugated organic ligands have been recently proposed to extend the limited light‐harvesting capability of molecular absorbers. Key to their functioning is efficient energy transfer (ET) from the NC to the triplet state of the ligands that sensitize free annihilator moieties responsible for the upconverted luminescence. The ET efficiency is typically limited by parasitic processes, above all nonradiative hole‐transfer to the ligand highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). Here, a new exciton‐manipulation approach is demonstrated that enables loss‐free ET by electronically doping CdSe NCs with gold impurities that introduce a hole‐accepting intragap state above the HOMO energy of 9‐anthracene acid ligands. Upon photoexcitation, the NC photoholes are rapidly routed to the Au‐level, producing a long‐lived bound exciton in perfect resonance with the ligand triplet. This hinders hole‐transfer leading to ≈100% efficient ET that translates into an upconversion quantum yield as high as ≈12% (≈24% in the normalized definition), which is the highest performance for NC‐based upconverters based on sTTA to date and approaches the record efficiency of optimized organic systems.
Aggregation‐Induced Emission Luminogens Married to 2D Black Phosphorus Nanosheets for Highly Efficient Multimodal Theranostics
Authors: Huang Jiachang , He Benzhao , Zhang Zhijun , Li Youmei , Kang Miaomiao , Wang Yuanwei , Li Kai , Wang Dong , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: August 2020

Inspired by the respective advantages of aggregation‐induced emission (AIE)‐active photosensitizers and black phosphorus nanomaterials in cancer treatment, the facile construction of novel AIE photosensitizers married to 2D black phosphorus nanosheets and their application for multimodal theranostics are demonstrated. The developed nanomaterial simultaneously possesses distinctive properties and multiple functions including excellent stability, good biocompatibility, intensive fluorescence emission in the NIR region, high‐performance reactive oxygen species generation, good photothermal conversion efficiency, outstanding cellular uptake, and effective accumulation at the tumor site. Both in vitro and in vivo evaluation show that the presented nanotheranostic system is an excellent candidate for NIR fluorescence–photothermal dual imaging‐guided synergistic photodynamic–photothermal therapies. This study thus not only extends the applications scope of AIE and black phosphorus materials, but also offers useful insights into designing a new generation of cancer theranostic protocol for potential clinical applications.
Rational Design of MOF‐Based Hybrid Nanomaterials for Directly Harvesting Electric Energy from Water Evaporation
Authors: Ma Qinglang , He Qiyuan , Yin Pengfei , Cheng Hongfei , Cui Xiaoya , Yun Qinbai , Zhang Hua
Published: August 2020

The continuous exploration of clean‐energy technology is critical for the sustainable development of society. The recent work on the electric energy harvesting from water evaporation has made a significant contribution to the utilization of clean energy for self‐powering systems. Here, a novel metal–organic‐framework‐based hybrid nanomaterial is delicately designed and synthesized by the growth of UIO‐66 nanoparticles on 2D AlOOH nanoflakes. Due to the combined merits from the 2D morphology, which is inherited from the AlOOH nanoflakes, and the high surface potential, which originates from the UIO‐66 nanoparticles, the device made of the AlOOH/UIO‐66 hybrid nanomaterials can harvest electric energy from natural water evaporation. An open‐circuit voltage of 1.63 ± 0.10 V can be achieved on the prototype devices made of the hybrid nanomaterial. As a proof‐of‐concept application, a small electric appliance, e.g., a digital calculator, is powered up by a 3 × 3 device array connected in a combined series–parallel configuration.
Rapid Osseointegration Bestowed by Carbonate Apatite Coating of Rough Titanium
Authors: Shi Rui , Hayashi Koichiro , Ishikawa Kunio
Published: August 2020

Titanium (Ti) implants that realize rapid osseointegration are required for favorable outcomes. Rough implant surfaces favor osseointegration, hence, coating implants with natural bone mineral, i.e., carbonate apatite (CO3Ap), may be effective for osseointegration. To achieve rapid osseointegration, rough‐Ti substrates are coated with CO3Ap (CO3Ap‐Ti) and the effects are evaluated in vitro and in vivo. For comparison, rough‐Ti without coating (rough‐Ti) and calcite‐coated rough‐Ti (calcite‐Ti) substrates are fabricated. The adhesive strengths of calcite and CO3Ap to the substrates are ≈56.6 and ≈76.8 MPa, respectively, being significantly higher than the strength defined in ISO13779‐2 (15 MPa). Calcite and CO3Ap coatings significantly promote preosteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cell proliferation. Additionally, the CO3Ap coating promotes higher osteogenic differentiation activity than the calcite coating. Implantation of CO3Ap‐Ti into rabbit tibia defects prompts bone maturation, compared to calcite‐Ti or rough‐Ti implantation. The bone‐implant contact percentage with CO3Ap‐Ti and calcite‐Ti is higher than that with rough‐Ti. Consequently, CO3Ap‐Ti acquires a robust bond with the host bone at an early stage (4 weeks postimplantation), compared to calcite‐Ti or rough‐Ti: the CO3Ap‐Ti–bone bonding strength is ≈1.9‐ and ≈5.5‐fold higher than that of calcite‐Ti and rough‐Ti, respectively. Thus, CO3Ap coating of Ti implants effectively achieve rapid osseointegration.
Monodisperse Fe2O3 Supraparticles: Eco‐Friendly Fabrication, Gallic Acid Modification, Size‐Dependent Photothermal Conversion Efficiency, and Cellular Uptake
Authors: Ling Jing , Gong Suqin , Xia Yunsheng
Published: August 2020

In this study, the eco‐friendly fabrication system of the hierarchical monodisperse Fe2O3 supraparticles (SPs) is systematically studied. First, by means of urea as pH modulator, monodisperse Fe2O3 SPs with 7 to 90 nm in diameters can be one‐step in situ self‐assembled in 100% water solution. Then, the SPs can be reliably fabricated by various carboxyl stabilizers, indicating the versatility of the proposed fabrication system. Third, by means of gallic acid (GA) modification, the corresponding products (denoted as Fe2O3@GA SPs) can be endowed near‐infrared light‐absorbing properties and photothermal therapy potentials. Fourth, the Fe2O3@GA SPs exhibit size‐dependent photothermal performances and cellular uptake. In terms of 8 nm sized Fe2O3@GA SPs, their photothermal conversion efficiency and cellular uptake are 66.63% and 8.4 pg Fe/cell, both of which are higher than that of 25 and 47 nm sized products.
Electrostatic‐Assembled MXene@NiAl‐LDHs Electrodes with 3D Interconnected Networks Architectures for High‐Performance Pseudocapacitor Storage
Authors: Zhao Zhilin , Wu Xinming
Published: August 2020

Multifarious layered electrode materials are attracting increased attention in the field of energy storage because of their high specific surface and interlayer modifiability. However, the natural tendency to be re‐superimposed and the inherent disadvantages of a single layered electrode significantly affect electronic transport and ion migration. Considering the poor electrochemical performance and low structural stability, a novel MXene@PDDA/NiAl‐LDHs hybrids as supercapacitor electrode via an electrostatic‐assembled approach is elaborately designed. The alternate MXene and PDDA/NiAl‐LDHs layers with 3D interconnected networks architectures could ensure intimate contact to efficiently take advantage of high electron conductivity of MXene and high pseudocapacitance activity of PDDA/NiAl‐LDHs, thus effectively accelerating the ionic/electronic transport rates and improving the electrochemical storage of hybrid electrodes. As a consequence, as an electrode for supercapacitor, the MXene@PDDA/NiAl‐LDHs exhibits a high specific capacitance of 1825.8 F g−1 at a current density of 1.0 A g−1, a remarkable synergetic effect, leading to a high rate capability after 100 cycles at different current densities and long cycling stability with only 0.9% degradation after 5000 cycles at 5.0 A g−1. This work provides a strategy for 2D layered materials to design electrodes with excellent electrochemical performance in the field of energy storage.
Fabrication of Biopassive Surfaces Using Poly(2‐alkyl‐2‐oxazoline)s: Recent Progresses and Applications
Authors: Trachsel Lucca , Romio Matteo , Ramakrishna Shivaprakash N. , Benetti Edmondo M.
Published: August 2020

Poly(2‐alkyl‐2‐oxazoline)s (PAOXAs) are emerging among the most promising nonionic alternatives to poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs), specifically in the modification and functionalization of biomaterials. Due to their chemical tailorability and robustness, coupled to their relatively easy synthesis, PAOXAs are increasingly applied as adsorbates to generate bioinert surfaces that prevent nonspecific contamination by proteins, cells and bacteria. Passivation of medical devices, sensors and cell‐sensitive platforms with PAOXAs enables a nearly quantitative suppression of nonspecific biological contamination, while biopassivity is maintained over longer incubation times than those recorded for more degradable PEG‐based coatings. Thanks to these unique advantages, surface modification strategies involving PAOXAs are expanding to nanomaterials, especially those applied in the fabrication of nanomedicine and bioimaging tools.
Coaxial Cable‐Like Carbon Nanotubes‐Based Active Fibers for Highly Capacitive and Stable Supercapacitor
Authors: Yang Pingping , Xie Jiale , Wang Liuliu , Chen Xiaoying , Wu Fengkai , Huang Yuelong
Published: August 2020

Polyoxometalate (POM) as one pseudocapacitive material could efficiently boost the capacitance of carbon materials. However, POM hydrolysis is a key obstacle in utilizing POM for supercapacitors, causing reduced cycling stability. Here, coaxial cable‐like carbon nanotubes(CNTs)‐based active fibers are synthesized for highly capacitive and stable supercapacitors. The POM layer of PMo12O403− (PMo) is physically protected from the hydrolysis by the external polyaniline (PANI) layer. The optimal CNT/PMo/PANI fibers show a highly specific capacitance of 825 F g−1 at 5 A g−1 and excellent cycling stability (≈85% retention at 6000th cycle). However, the control structure of CNT/PANI/PMo only deliver 486 F g−1 at 5 A g−1 and 64% capacitance retention achieved after 500 cycles. The significant improvements of CNT/PMo/PANI can be attributed to the synergistic effect of CNTs, PMo, and PANI. CNTs serve as a 1D charge transport expressway and anchor through poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) linkers. PMo clusters and PANI serve as the main active centers for fast reversible redox reactions, contributing pseudocapacitance. PANI serves as a shield layer for maintaining the integrity of PMo clusters and thus ensure good stability.