bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical microenvironments within macroalgal assemblages: Implications for the inhibition of kelp recruitment by turf algae
Authors: Layton Cayne , Cameron Matthew J. , Shelamoff Victor , Fernández Pamela A. , Britton Damon , Hurd Catriona L. , Wright Jeffrey T. , Johnson Craig R.
Published: February 2019

Kelp forests around the world are under increasing pressure from anthropogenic stressors. A widespread consequence is that in many places, complex and highly productive kelp habitats have been replaced by structurally simple and less productive turf algae habitats. Turf algae habitats resist re‐establishment of kelp via recruitment inhibition; however, little is known about the specific mechanisms involved. One potential factor is the chemical environment within the turf algae and into which kelp propagules settle and develop. Using laboratory trials, we illustrate that the chemical microenvironment (O2 concentration and pH) 0.0–50 mm above the substratum within four multispecies macroalgal assemblages (including a turf‐sediment assemblage and an Ecklonia radiata kelp‐dominated assemblage) are characterized by elevated O2 and pH relative to the surrounding seawater. Notably however, O2 and pH were significantly higher within turf‐sediment assemblages than in kelp‐dominated assemblages, and at levels that have previously been demonstrated to impair the photosynthetic or physiological capacity of kelp propagules. Field observations of the experimental assemblages confirmed that recruitment of kelp was significantly lower into treatments with dense turf algae than in the kelp‐dominated assemblages. We demonstrate differences between the chemical microenvironments of kelp and turf algae assemblages that correlate with differences in kelp recruitment, highlighting how degradation of kelp habitats might result in the persistence of turf algae habitats and the localized absence of kelp.
Strategies for Optical Trapping in Biological Samples: Aiming at Microrobotic Surgeons
Authors: Bunea Ada‐Ioana , Glückstad Jesper
Published: February 2019

Optical trapping and manipulation of objects down to the Ångstrom level has revolutionized research at the smallest scales in all natural sciences. The flexibility of optical trapping methods facilitates real‐time monitoring of the dynamics of biological processes in model systems and even in living cells. Different optical trapping and manipulation approaches allow displacement of nanostructures with subnanometer precision and force measurements with femtonewton precision. Due to inherent constraints of optical methods, most optical trapping experiments are performed in water or simple aqueous solutions. However, in recent years, there is an ever‐growing interest of shifting from simple aqueous media towards more biologically‐relevant media. Precise optical trapping and manipulation, combined with state‐of‐the‐art microfabrication, will enable the development of microrobotic “surgeons” with tremendous potential for biomedical and microengineering applications. This review introduces the basics of optical trapping and discusses its applications for biological samples, with focus on trapping in biological media and strategies for overcoming the challenges of optical manipulation in complex environments as a stepping‐stone for microrobotic “surgeons.”
Molecular diagnosis of somatic overgrowth conditions: A single‐center experience
Authors: Lalonde Emilie , Ebrahimzadeh Jessica , Rafferty Keith , Richards‐Yutz Jennifer , Grant Richard , Toorens Erik , Marie Rosado Jennifer , Schindewolf Erica , Ganguly Tapan , Kalish Jennifer M. , Deardorff Matthew A. , Ganguly Arupa
Published: February 2019

Background

Somatic overgrowth conditions, including Proteus syndrome, Sturge–Weber syndrome, and PIK3CA‐related overgrowth spectrum, are caused by post‐zygotic pathogenic variants, result in segmental mosaicism, and give rise to neural, cutaneous and/or lipomatous overgrowth. These variants occur in growth‐promoting pathways leading to cellular proliferation and expansion of tissues that arise from the affected cellular lineage.

Methods

We report on 80 serial patients evaluated for somatic overgrowth conditions in a diagnostic laboratory setting, including three prenatal patients. In total, 166 tissues from these 80 patients were subjected to targeted sequencing of an 8‐gene panel capturing 10.2 kb of sequence containing known pathogenic variants associated with somatic overgrowth conditions. Deep next‐generation sequencing was performed with the IonTorrent PGM platform at an average depth typically >5,000×.

Results

Likely pathogenic or pathogenic variants were identified in 36 individuals and variants of unknown significance in four. The overall molecular diagnostic yield was 45% but was highly influenced by both submitted tissue type and phenotype. In the prenatal setting, two patients had pathogenic variants identified in cultured amniocytes but in a third patient, the pathogenic variant was only present in post‐natal tissues. Finally, expanding the test to include full gene sequencing of PIK3CA in contrast to targeted sequencing identified likely pathogenic variants in 3 of 7 patients that tested negative on the original panel.

Conclusion

Next‐generation sequencing has enabled sensitive detection of somatic pathogenic variants associated with overgrowth conditions. However, as the pathogenic variant allele frequency varies by tissue type within an individual, submission of affected tissue(s) greatly increases the chances of a molecular diagnosis.
Implementing active care through (cultural) activities of daily living: A person‐centred approach to achieve flourishing
Authors: Ververda Janet , Hauge Solveig
Published: February 2019

Aim

To investigate how participants in the Active Care education programme experienced using their obtained knowledge in practice.

Design

A narrative inquiry as described by Clandinin and Connelly.

Method

A thematic analysis of 20 narratives written by participants in the education programme from 2015–2017.

Results

Three themes appeared to be dominant: the consequences of activity, relationships and positive emotions. These elements reflect the notion of flourishing.
Classification of barberry genotypes by multivariate analysis of biochemical constituents and HPLC profiles
Authors: Gholizadeh‐Moghadam Naser , Hosseini Bahman , Alirezalu Abolfazl
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of edible barberry and their extracts as a source of natural antioxidants in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the biochemical constituents of 18 samples of barberry fruits and classification of barberry genotypes by multivariate analysis.

Methods

Total phenolic, total flavonoid, total anthocyanin, total tannin, total carbohydrate contents and antioxidant activity were determined using Folin–Ciocalteu, aluminum chloride, colorimetric, vanillin, anthron and DPPH (2,2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) assays, respectively. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system is used for quantitative determination of phytochemical constituents. The multivariate data analysis (principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis) and heat map data visualisation techniques were performed to classify barberry genotypes using Minitab and GraphPad Prism software, respectively.

Results

The highest amounts of total phenolics and flavonoids were obtained in fruit extracts of G3 (Berberis vulgaris). The highest total anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity were observed in G8 (B. vulgaris) and G16 (B. vulgaris), respectively. HPLC analysis of phytochemicals (gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid,p‐coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, rutin, apigenin, and quercetin) revealed that gallic acid andp‐coumaric acid were found as the most abundant phytochemical compounds. Based on multivariate analysis and heat map visualisation techniques,Berberisgenotypes were classified into three main clusters.

Conclusions

These results showed that barberry species (especiallyB. vulgarisandB. carataegina) are promising sources of natural antioxidants and biochemical compounds beneficial to be used in the food industry and that the multivariate analysis was a suitable approach to classify the barberry samples.
Utility of Functional Metrics Assessed During Acute Care on Hospital Outcomes: A Systematic Review
Authors: So Conan , Lage Daniel E. , Slocum Chloe S. , Zafonte Ross D. , Schneider Jeffrey C.
Published: February 2019

Objective

Traditionally, illness severity, social factors, and comorbid conditions have been examined as predictors of hospital outcomes. However, recent research in the rehabilitation setting demonstrated that physical function outperformed comorbidity indices as a predictor of 30‐day readmission. The purpose of this study was to review the literature examining the association between acute hospital physical function and various hospital outcomes and health care utilization.

Type

Systematic review.

Literature Survey

A review of the MEDLINE database was performed. Search terms included acute functional outcomes and frailty outcomes. Studies up to September 2017 were included if they were in English and examined how functional metrics collected at acute care hospitalization affected hospital outcomes.

Methodology

Cohort characteristics and measures of associations were extracted from the studies. Outcomes include hospital readmission, length of stay, mortality, discharge location, and physical function post acute care. The studies were assessed for potential confounders as well as selection, attrition, and detection bias.

Synthesis

A total of 30 studies were identified (hospital readmissions: 6; discharge location: 11; length of stay: 4; mortality: 15; function: 6). Thirteen different metrics assessed function during acute care. Lower function during acute care was associated with statistically significant higher odds of hospital readmission, lower likelihood of discharge to home, longer hospital length of stay, increased mortality, and worse functional recovery when compared to patients with higher function during acute care, when adjusted for age and gender. The Barthel Index may be a useful marker for mortality in the elderly whereas the Functional Independence Measure instrument may be valuable for examining discharge location.

Conclusions

There is increasing evidence that function measured during acute care predicts a broad array of meaningful clinical outcomes. Further research would help direct the use of practical, yet parsimonious functional metrics that effectively screen high‐need, high‐cost patients to deliver optimal care.

Level of Evidence

I
Applying behavioral theory to understand fertility consultation uptake after cancer
Authors: Gorman Jessica R. , Drizin Julia H. , Mersereau Jennifer E. , Su H. Irene
Published: February 2019

Objective

The objective of this study was to examine the association between theoretical constructs from the Health Belief Model and fertility consultation status after cancer.

Methods

Reproductive‐aged female cancer survivors self‐reported their use of fertility consultation, perceived severity of and susceptibility to infertility, perceived barriers to and effectiveness of fertility consultation, and cues to action from family/peers and doctors, as well as demographics and cancer characteristics. Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between theoretical constructs and fertility consultation status.

Results

Fertility consultation uptake was more prevalent among survivors with higher incomes, those without children, those who wanted a (another) child, and those who were diagnosed more recently. In the final multivariate model, higher perceived severity of infertility, fewer perceived barriers to fertility consultation, and more cues to action from family/peers and doctors were significantly associated with fertility consultation uptake, controlling for income. Exploratory bivariate analyses of barriers to fertility consultation revealed that cost and trouble accessing services were significantly associated with not having a fertility consultation.

Conclusions

The Health Belief Model is useful for understanding factors associated with fertility consultation uptake. Efforts should be made to reduce financial barriers and improve patient‐centered assessment of family‐building goals.
Enhanced Physiological Stability and Long‐Term Toxicity/Biodegradation In Vitro/In Vivo of Monodispersed Glycerolphosphate‐Functionalized Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles
Authors: Xue Yumeng , Zhang Zengjie , Niu Wen , Chen Mi , Wang Min , Guo Yi , Mao Cong , Lin Cai , Lei Bo
Published: February 2019

Monodispersed bioactive glass nanoparticles (BGNs) have received much attention in various biomedical applications such as tissue regeneration, drug/gene delivery, bioimaging, and cancer therapy. However, the poor dispersion stability of BGNs in a physiological environment has limited their wide biomedical applications. The long‐term in vitro/in vivo toxicity and biodegradation of BGNs are also not clear. Monodispersed glycerolphosphate‐functionalized BGNs (GP‐BGN) are synthesized and their stability under physiological environment in vitro, and long‐term biodegradation behavior in vitro and in vivo are investigated herein. GP‐BGN shows significantly enhanced particles stability in physiological environment, good hemocompatibility and cellular biocompatibility, as well as high cellular uptake ability. GP‐BGN also exhibits long‐term biodegradation behavior in vitro/in vivo and negligible biotoxicity (tissue and blood toxicity). This study demonstrates that monodispersed surface‐functionalized BGNs could be used as biocompatible and biodegradable nanomaterials for long‐term safe bioimaging and disease therapy.
The Synthesis of Chiral Ag4Pd2(SR)8 by Nonreplaced Galvanic Reaction
Authors: Liu Xu , Yuan Jinyun , Chen Jishi , Yang Jinlong , Wu Zhikun
Published: February 2019

Galvanic reaction is a classic reaction and widely applied in nanoscience and nanotechnology. However, it is rarely employed in the synthesis of doped metal nanoclusters with size less than ≈2 nm and remains to be exploited in nanocluster (NC) community. Herein, it is reported the synthesis of chiral Ag4Pd2(SR)8 starting from Ag25(SR)18 NC via a galvanic reaction and the characterization of the as‐obtained NC by multiple techniques such as single crystal X‐ray crystallography and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Selection and characterization of the inheritance of resistance of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to chlorantraniliprole and cross‐resistance to other diamide insecticides
Authors: Bolzan Anderson , Padovez Fernando EO , Nascimento Antonio RB , Kaiser Ingrid S , Lira Ewerton C , Amaral Fernando SA , Kanno Rubens H , Malaquias José B , Omoto Celso
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

Understanding the genetic basis of insect resistance to insecticides can help to implement insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategies. In this study, we selected a strain of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) resistant to chlorantraniliprole using the F2 screen method, characterized the inheritance of resistance and evaluated patterns of cross‐resistance to other diamide insecticides.

RESULTS

The chlorantraniliprole‐resistant strain (Chlorant‐R) was selected from a field‐collected population with an estimated allele frequency of 0.1316. The estimated median lethal concentration (LC50) values were 0.011 and 2.610 µg a.i. cm–2 for the susceptible (Sus) and Chlorant‐R strains, respectively, resulting in a resistance ratio (RR) of 237‐fold. The LC50 values of the reciprocal crosses were 0.155 and 0.164 µg a.i. cm–2, indicating that resistance is autosomally inherited. Resistance was characterized as incompletely recessive and monogenic at concentrations close to the recommended field rates of chlorantraniliprole. Survival of the resistant strain and heterozygous larvae in maize plants treated at the field rate was ∼ 60 (similar to the susceptible strain on untreated maize) and 15%, respectively. The Chlorant‐R strain showed low cross‐resistance to cyantraniliprole (RR ∼ 27‐fold) and very high cross‐resistance to flubendiamide (RR > 42 000‐fold).

CONCLUSIONS

The frequency of chlorantraniliprole resistance allele was moderately high in a field‐collected population of S. frugiperda. The inheritance of chlorantraniliprole resistance was characterized as autosomal, incompletely recessive and monogenic. S. frugiperda showed cross‐resistance to other diamide insecticides. These results provide essential information for the implementation of IRM programs to preserve the useful life of diamide insecticides for controlling S. frugiperda in Brazil. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
A Retrospective Evaluation of Allometry, PopulationPharmacokinetics,andPhysiologically‐Based Pharmacokineticsfor Pediatric Dosing Using Clearance as a Surrogate
Authors: Wu Qier , Peters Sheila Annie
Published: February 2019

Physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic models are increasingly applied for pediatric dose selection along with traditional methods such as allometry and population pharmacokinetic models. We report a retrospective evaluation of the three methods. Pediatric population pharmacokinetic models sourced from literature for a subset of eight compounds were used to predict clearances for children < 2 years when they were within the modeled age range (interpolation,N = 11) or including those outside the modeled age range (interpolation and extrapolation,N = 18). Pediatric/adult clearance ratios were evaluated with a strict performance criterion of 0.8–1.25 and with twofold criteria. For children > 2 years, 58–75% of the clinical studies (N = 10) met the strict criteria, and > 80% of the clinical studies were predicted within twofold by all three methods. For children < 2 years,physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic, allometry with age‐dependent exponents, and pediatric population pharmacokinetic models predict 54%, 82%, and 64% within twofold of the observed, respectively.
New Type of Thermal Moisture Sensor for in‐Textile Measurements
Authors: Schönfisch David , Göddel Michael , Blinn Jörg , Heyde Christian , Schlarb Heiko , Deferme Wim , Picard Antoni
Published: February 2019

The measurement of moisture in textile materials worn on or near the skin can be performed for a variety of reasons, for example, to analyze the amount of perspiration in clothing, wound fluid in bandages or even urine in diapers or bed sheets. Conventional moisture measurement methods, such as electrical resistance or capacitance measurement, can be susceptible to cross sensitivities to electrical fields or ionic impurities, often occurring in measurements close to the human body. The very reliable gravimetric methods are too bulky and difficult to be integrated in portable and online measurements. In this paper, the authors present a “transient heat moisture sensor” (THMS) which is small and comparatively easy to integrate into textiles. The authors describe the measurement principle and present a sensor element manufactured with thin film technologies. The analytical description of the sensor fits to both, experimental data and the result of first numerical analysis (COMSOL Multiphysics). The authors demonstrate how to limit the sensors spatial sensitivity to a thin layer of textile without being influenced by the adjacent environment by proper timing of the signal readout.
A density functional theory study of the free‐radical scavenging activity of aminoguanidine. Comparison with its reactive carbonyl compound and metal scavenging activities
Authors: Ramis Rafael , Casasnovas Rodrigo , Mariño Laura , Frau Juan , Adrover Miquel , Vilanova Bartolomé , Mora‐Diez Nelaine , Ortega‐Castro Joaquin
Published: February 2019

Since protein glycation is related to several human diseases, it is very important to develop molecules that can inhibit its effects. This work adds the reaction of Aminoguanidine (AG) with the methoxy (˙OCH3) and hydroperoxyl (˙OOH) radicals at the UM05‐2X‐SMD/6‐311+G(d,p) level of theory in water and pentyl ethanoate to simulate the physiological aqueous and lipidic environments. At physiological pH, AG is an effective ˙OCH3 and a moderate ˙OOH scavenger in nonpolar solvents (where AG is predominantly neutral), acting exclusively by hydrogen‐atom transfer. However, reactions in a polar solvent (where AG is predominantly cationic) have smaller rate constants. Therefore, the ability of AG to scavenge free radicals seems to depend on the polarity of the environment. Taken together, the results reported herein and in previous works suggest that the scavenging of reactive carbonyl species is the main mechanism of action of aminoguanidine in the context of protein glycation inhibition.
Niobium‐Based Oxides Toward Advanced Electrochemical Energy Storage: Recent Advances and Challenges
Authors: Deng Qinglin , Fu Yanpeng , Zhu Changbao , Yu Yan
Published: February 2019

Niobium‐based oxides including Nb2O5, TiNbxO2+2.5x compounds, M–Nb–O (M = Cr, Ga, Fe, Zr, Mg, etc.) family, etc., as the unique structural merit (e.g., quasi‐2D network for Li‐ion incorporation, open and stable Wadsley– Roth shear crystal structure), are of great interest for applications in energy storage systems such as Li/Na‐ion batteries and hybrid supercapacitors. Most of these Nb‐based oxides show high operating voltage (>1.0 V vs Li+/Li) that can suppress the formation of solid electrolyte interface film and lithium dendrites, ensuring the safety of working batteries. Outstanding rate capability is impressive, which can be derived from their fast intercalation pseudocapacitive kinetics. However, the intrinsic poor electrical conductivity hinders their energy storage applications. Various strategies including structure optimization, surface engineering, and carbon modification are effectively used to overcome the issues. This review provides a comprehensive summary on the latest progress of Nb‐based oxides for advanced electrochemical energy storage applications. Major impactful work is outlined, promising research directions, and various performance‐optimizing strategies, as well as the energy storage mechanisms investigated by combining theoretical calculations and various electrochemical characterization techniques. In addition, challenges and perspectives for future research and commercial applications are also presented.
Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells Processed Under Ambient Conditions Using In Situ Substrate‐Heating‐Assisted Deposition
Authors: Huang Keqing , Li Hengyue , Zhang Chujun , Gao Yaxin , Liu Tianjiao , Zhang Jian , Gao Yongli , Peng Yongyi , Ding Liming , Yang Junliang
Published: February 2019

It is a great challenge to process highly efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs) under ambient conditions, which limits their potential commercialization. Herein, high‐quality triple cation mixtures Cs0.21FA0.56MA0.23(I0.98Br0.02)3 perovskite films are fabricated through two‐step solution processes via in situ substrate‐heating‐assisted deposition under ambient conditions with a relative humidity of about 40%. The in situ substrate temperature during the deposition significantly influences the grain size and compactness of lead iodide films, and therefore greatly affects the morphology, composition, and band gap of resulted perovskite films. Based on the optimization of substrate temperature and the thickness of perovskite layer, PSCs with a planar heterojunction configuration of ITO/SnO2/perovskite/Spiro‐OMeTAD/Ag are fabricated, which deliver a power conversion efficiency up to 18.38%. These results suggest that high‐performance PSCs can be fabricated under ambient conditions instead of an inert environment, providing a fundamental step for accelerating PSC commercialization.
Comparison of aerial survey methods for elk in Arizona
Authors: Bristow Kirby D. , Clement Matthew J. , Crabb Michelle L. , Harding Larisa E. , Rubin Esther S.
Published: February 2019

Elk (Cervus canadensis) populations in Arizona, USA, have historically been managed using estimates of relative abundance. Recent questions related to the influence of large wildfires, habitat alterations, and predator–prey relations have increased the demand for absolute estimates of elk abundance. Between 2014 and 2016, we conducted experimental helicopter surveys of selected areas to compare several methods designed to model elk detection and estimate abundance. We conducted annual autumn helicopter surveys in 3 areas that contained radiocollared elk, and recorded information on covariates affecting both detection (i.e., vegetative cover, vegetation type, burn category, group size, activity, and ambient light) and observer bias (i.e., observer position, pilot experience). We used information theory to rank a set of candidate a priori models to determine which covariates affected detection and select the most parsimonious models among sightability, double‐observer, and hybrid modeling methods. We then used the top model from each method, as well as a simultaneous double‐count method, to calculate annual site‐specific elk abundance estimates for comparison with concurrent mark–recapture abundance estimates, which we assumed best represented the true population size. The best supported models included all detection covariates, with the influence of covariates on elk detection generally adhering to expectations. Relative to mark–recapture estimates, the best performing hybrid model generally provided abundance estimates that were more accurate than double‐observer models and more precise than sightability models. The most economical methods to implement were the simultaneous double‐count and double‐observer methods because these methods did not require model development or presence of marked animals, but they occasionally appeared to provide biased and overly precise abundance estimates. Although the hybrid model required substantial cost to develop, our results suggest that our hybrid model now provides the most cost‐efficient and accurate implementation option for estimating elk abundance in similar habitats and under similar conditions in Arizona. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
Who Receives More Help? The Role of Employer Support in Migration Processes
Authors: Sandoz Laure , Santi Fabian
Published: February 2019

Research on migration usually focusses on the role of states in defining the “wanted” migrants who receive facilitated access to specific national territories. However, many countries apply a demand-driven admission policy in which employers play a central role in selecting candidates for migration. This article investigates the role of employers in the Migration-Mobility Nexus by analysing the relocation support they provide to different groups of migrants. We use a mixed-method approach based on a qualitative analysis of ethnographic data and a quantitative analysis of the Migration-Mobility Survey to observe who has more power to negotiate advantageous relocation conditions and in this sense represents a more “wanted” migrant for profit-oriented actors. Via a logistic regression model, we show that, all other variables being equal, employers tend to favour highly qualified men from Anglo-Saxon countries, whereas non-single women and people of West African and Portuguese origins have a much lower probability of receiving support from their employer. This article adds to the literature on the construction of migrant categories by showing that highly qualified men from rich Anglo-Saxon countries are actively given the possibility to become “expats”, whereas people with similar levels of qualification and experience but with a different gender, nationality or background have fewer opportunities to access employers’ support and migrate. In this sense, the very notion of “expat” is a construction that reflects power relations at a global level.
Does the Recognition of Foreign Credentials Decrease the Risk for Immigrants of Being Mismatched in Education or Skills?
Authors: Pecoraro Marco , Wanner Philippe
Published: February 2019

There is evidence that immigrants experience difficulties in finding a job that matches their human capital endowment upon arrival in the host country. Based on data from the Migration-Mobility Survey 2016, our empirical analysis has two goals. First, it measures the incidence of educational and skills mismatches among different groups of recent immigrants according to their origin and status of foreign credential recognition. Second, it investigates whether the recognition of foreign qualification improves access to the labour market by reducing the risk of being mismatched in education or skills. Results show that recent migrants face the lowest risk of educational and skills mismatches when holding a Swiss diploma or having obtained recognition of foreign credentials. Although our analytical approach does not allow us to identify causal relationships, credential recognition seems to play a beneficial role in the immigrants’ assimilation process.
Prompt neutrinos and intrinsic charm at SHiP
Authors: Bai Weidong , Reno Mary Hall
Published: February 2019

Abstract

We present a new evaluation of the far-forward neutrino plus antineutrino flux and number of events from charm hadron decays in a 400 GeV proton beam dump experiment like the Search for Hidden Particles (SHiP). Using next-to-leading order perturbative QCD and a model for intrinsic charm, we include intrinsic transverse momentum effects and other kinematic angular corrections. We compare this flux to a far-forward flux evaluated with next-to-leading order perturbative QCD, without intrinsic transverse momentum, that used the angular distribution of charm quarks rather than the neutrinos from their decays. The tau neutrino plus antineutrino number of events in the perturbative QCD evaluation is reduced by a factor of about three when intrinsic transverse momentum and the full decay kinematics are included. We show that intrinsic charm contributions can significantly enhance the number of events from neutrinos from charm hadron decays. Measurements of the number of events from tau neutrino plus antineutrino interactions and of the muon charge asymmetry as a function of energy can be used to constrain intrinsic charm models.
Gravitational waves from a Pati-Salam phase transition
Authors: Croon Djuna , Gonzalo Tomás E. , White Graham
Published: February 2019

Abstract

We analyse the gravitational wave and low energy signatures of a Pati-Salam phase transition. For a Pati-Salam scale of M
PS ∼ 105 GeV, we find a stochastic power spectrum within reach of the next generation of ground-based interferometer experiments such as the Einstein Telescope, in parts of the parameter space. We study the lifetime of the proton in this model, as well as complementarity with low energy constraints including electroweak precision data, neutrino mass measurements, lepton flavour violation, and collider constraints.
Management of Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Pugh Dan , Gallacher Peter J. , Dhaun Neeraj
Published: February 2019

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an increasingly prevalent condition globally and is strongly associated with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD). Hypertension is both a cause and effect of CKD and affects the vast majority of CKD patients. Control of hypertension is important in those with CKD as it leads to slowing of disease progression as well as reduced CVD risk. Existing guidelines do not offer a consensus on optimal blood pressure (BP) targets. Therefore, an understanding of the evidence used to create these guidelines is vital when considering how best to manage individual patients. Non-pharmacological interventions are useful in reducing BP in CKD but are rarely sufficient to control BP adequately. Patients with CKD and hypertension will often require a combination of antihypertensive medications to achieve target BP. Certain pharmacological therapies provide additional BP-independent renoprotective and/or cardioprotective action and this must be considered when instituting therapy. Managing hypertension in the context of haemodialysis and following kidney transplantation presents further challenges. Novel therapies may enhance treatment in the near future. Importantly, a personalised and evidence-based management plan remains key to achieving BP targets, reducing CVD risk and slowing progression of CKD.
Factor-Based Structural Equation Modeling with Warppls
Authors: Kock Ned
Published: February 2019

Structural equation modeling (SEM) is extensively used in marketing research. For some years now, there has been a somewhat heated debate among proponents and detractors of the use of the partial least squares (PLS) method for SEM. The classic PLS design, originally proposed by Herman Wold, has a number of advantages over covariance-based SEM; e.g., minimal model identification demands. However, that design does not base its model parameter recovery approach on the estimation of factors, but on composites, which are exact linear combinations of indicators. This leads to adverse consequences, primarily in the form of unacceptable levels of type I and II errors. Recently a new factor-based method for SEM has been developed, called PLSF, which we discuss in this paper. This method has the advantages of classic PLS, but without the problems inherent in the use of composites. For readers interested in trying it, the PLSF method is implemented in the SEM software WarpPLS.
GeneMatch: A novel recruitment registry using at‐home APOE genotyping to enhance referrals to Alzheimer's prevention studies
Authors: Langbaum Jessica B. , Karlawish Jason , Roberts J. Scott , Wood Elisabeth M. , Bradbury Angela , High Nellie , Walsh Trisha L. , Gordon David , Aggarwal Raj , Davis Peter , Stowell Carter , Trisko Lane , Langlois Carolyn M. , Reiman Eric M. , Tariot Pierre N.
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Recruitment for Alzheimer's disease (AD) prevention research studies is challenging because of lack of awareness among cognitively healthy adults coupled with the high screen fail rate due to participants not having a genetic risk factor or biomarker evidence of the disease. Participant recruitment registries offer one solution for efficiently and effectively identifying, characterizing, and connecting potential eligible volunteers to studies.

Methods

Individuals aged 55‐75 years who live in the United States and self‐report not having a diagnosis of cognitive impairment such as MCI or dementia are eligible to join GeneMatch. Participants enroll online and are provided a cheek swab kit for DNA extraction and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotyping. Participants are not told their APOE results, although the results may be used in part to help match participants to AD prevention studies.

Results

As of August 2018, 75,351 participants had joined GeneMatch. Nearly 30% of participants have one APOE4 allele, and approximately 3% have two APOE4 alleles. The percentages of APOE4 heterozygotes and homozygotes are inversely associated with age (P < .001).

Discussion

GeneMatch, the first trial‐independent research enrollment program designed to recruit and refer cognitively healthy adults to AD prevention studies based in part on APOE test results, provides a novel mechanism to accelerate prescreening and enrollment for AD prevention trials.
Nociceptive Primitive Reflexes in Neurologically and Cognitively Healthy Aging Subjects
Authors: Camarda Cecilia , Torelli Paola , Pipia Carmela , Azzarello Delia , Battaglini Iacopo , Sottile Gianluca , Cilluffo Giovanna , Camarda Rosolino
Published: February 2019

Background:To assess the prevalence of three nociceptive primitive reflexes (nPR), i.e., glabellar tap, snout reflex, and palmomental reflex, in neurologically and cognitively healthy (NCH) aging subjects.Objective:To investigate whether nPR are cross-sectionally associated with white matter hyperintensities (WMH), lacunes, atrophy of the caudate nuclei, and global brain atrophy.Methods:A total of 1246 NCH subjects aged 45–91 years were included in the study and underwent standard brain MRI. Atrophy of the caudate nuclei and global brain atrophy were assessed through the bicaudate ratio (BCr) and lateral ventricles to brain ratio (LVBr), respectively. WMH were assessed through visual rating scales. Lacunes were also rated. Association of nPR with vascular risk factors/diseases and imaging findings was evaluated using logistic regression analysis.Results:nPR were exhibited by 33.1% of subjects and increased with age. Subjects with nPR performed less than subjects without nPR in tests evaluating global cognition, executive functions, attention, and language. Snout reflex was the most common nPR, followed by glabellar tap and palmomental reflex. Glabellar tap was associated with parieto-temporal WMH, BCr, and LVBr; snout reflex was associated with frontal lacunes, temporal WMH, BCr, and LVBr; palmomental reflex was associated with parieto-occipital WMH, basal ganglia lacunes, BCr, and LVBr.Conclusions:This study demonstrates that in NCH aging individuals, nPR are associated with WMH, lacunes, BCr, and LVBr and are probably a warning sign of incipient cognitive decline. Therefore, NCH subjects presenting nPR should manage their vascular risk factors/vascular diseases rigorously in order to prevent or delay progression of small vessel disease, and future neurological and cognitive disabilities.
Support the Troops: Gulf War Homecomings and a New Politics of Military Celebration
Authors: Fitzgerald David
Published: February 2019

The celebrations that took place in the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War of 1991 stood out as the largest seen in the United States since the end of World War II, as hundreds of thousands of troops marched in triumphant parades in almost every major American city and in hundreds of small towns. But the pageantry did not simply celebrate American military and technological prowess. Spectators at these parades also engaged in a novel form of patriotism that emphasized unquestioning support for the troops. Representing a crucial moment in the American public's deepening veneration for U.S. soldiers and veterans, the Gulf War celebrations marked a turning point when the Vietnam-era image of the soldier as a broken or rebellious draftee was finally and purposefully eclipsed by the notion of the volunteer service member as hero.
Lynching and the Politics of State Formation in Post-Revolutionary Puebla (1930s–50s)
Authors: Kloppe-Santamaría Gema
Published: February 2019

A number of scholars have analysed lynching in Latin America as a response to the recent upsurge in insecurity and crime in the region. This article turns our attention to historical and deeper socio-political undercurrents behind this practice. Drawing on several cases of lynching that took place in post-revolutionary Puebla, the article argues that, rather than signalling state absence, the occurrence of lynching expressed communities’ reactions towards a state presence that was perceived as intrusive and illegitimate. It furthermore shows that lynchings emulated the brutality and visibility of extralegal forms of violence perpetrated by public officials at the local level.
Metabolic adaptations during negative energy balance and their potential impact on appetite and food intake
Authors: Casanova Nuno , Beaulieu Kristine , Finlayson Graham , Hopkins Mark
Published: February 2019

This review examines the metabolic adaptations that occur in response to negative energy balance and their potential putative or functional impact on appetite and food intake. Sustained negative energy balance will result in weight loss, with body composition changes similar for different dietary interventions if total energy and protein intake are equated. During periods of underfeeding, compensatory metabolic and behavioural responses occur that attenuate the prescribed energy deficit. While losses of metabolically active tissue during energy deficit result in reduced energy expenditure, an additional down-regulation in expenditure has been noted that cannot be explained by changes in body tissue (e.g. adaptive thermogenesis). Sustained negative energy balance is also associated with an increase in orexigenic drive and changes in appetite-related peptides during weight loss that may act as cues for increased hunger and food intake. It has also been suggested that losses of fat-free mass (FFM) could also act as an orexigenic signal during weight loss, but more data are needed to support these findings and the signalling pathways linking FFM and energy intake remain unclear. Taken together, these metabolic and behavioural responses to weight loss point to a highly complex and dynamic energy balance system in which perturbations to individual components can cause co-ordinated and inter-related compensatory responses elsewhere. The strength of these compensatory responses is individually subtle, and early identification of this variability may help identify individuals that respond well or poorly to an intervention.
Individual differencesv.the average patient: mapping the heterogeneity in ADHD using normative models
Authors: Wolfers Thomas , Beckmann Christian F. , Hoogman Martine , Buitelaar Jan K. , Franke Barbara , Marquand Andre F.
Published: February 2019

Background

The present paper presents a fundamentally novel approach to model individual differences of persons with the same biologically heterogeneous mental disorder. Unlike prevalent case-control analyses, that assume a clear distinction between patient and control groups and thereby introducing the concept of an ‘average patient’, we describe each patient's biology individually, gaining insights into the different facets that characterize persistent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Methods

Using a normative modeling approach, we mapped inter-individual differences in reference to normative structural brain changes across the lifespan to examine the degree to which case-control analyses disguise differences between individuals.

Results

At the level of the individual, deviations from the normative model were frequent in persistent ADHD. However, the overlap of more than 2% between participants with ADHD was only observed in few brain loci. On average, participants with ADHD showed significantly reduced gray matter in the cerebellum and hippocampus compared to healthy individuals. While the case-control differences were in line with the literature on ADHD, individuals with ADHD only marginally reflected these group differences.

Conclusions

Case-control comparisons, disguise inter-individual differences in brain biology in individuals with persistent ADHD. The present results show that the ‘average ADHD patient’ has limited informative value, providing the first evidence for the necessity to explore different biological facets of ADHD at the level of the individual and practical means to achieve this end.
Integrating mental health and disaster preparedness in intervention: a randomized controlled trial with earthquake and flood-affected communities in Haiti
Authors: James Leah Emily , Welton-Mitchell Courtney , Noel John Roger , James Alexander Scott
Published: February 2019

Background

Given the frequency of natural hazards in Haiti, disaster risk reduction is crucial. However, evidence suggests that many people exposed to prior disasters do not engage in disaster preparedness, even when they receive training and have adequate resources. This may be partially explained by a link between mental health symptoms and preparedness; however, these components are typically not integrated in intervention.

Methods

The current study assesses effectiveness of an integrated mental health and disaster preparedness intervention. This group-based model was tested in three earthquake-exposed and flood-prone communities (N= 480), across three time points, using a randomized controlled trial design. The 3-day community-based intervention was culturally-adapted, facilitated by trained Haitian lay mental health workers, and focused on enhancing disaster preparedness, reducing mental health symptoms, and fostering community cohesion.

Results

Consistent with hypotheses, the intervention increased disaster preparedness, reduced symptoms associated with depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and functional impairment, and increased peer-based help-giving and help-seeking. Mediation models indicated support for the underlying theoretical model, such that the effect of the intervention on preparedness was mediated by mental health, and that effects on mental health were likewise mediated by preparedness.

Conclusions

The community-based mental health-integrated disaster preparedness intervention is effective in improving mental health and preparedness among community members in Haiti vulnerable to natural hazards. This brief intervention has the potential to be scaled up for use with other communities vulnerable to earthquakes, seasonal flooding, and other natural hazards.
An Elusive Legacy: The Rediscovery of Roman Baths in Eighteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Savani Giacomo
Published: February 2019

In this paper, I investigate how eighteenth-century antiquarians engaged with the remains of Roman bath buildings in Britain and discuss their multifaceted attitude towards the ancient practice of bathing, with a focus on the city of Bath. I also examine the interests and priorities of Georgian scholars in studying Roman baths and their structure, highlighting their sometimes uncritical use of Classical sources and tracking the origins of their misconceptions regarding the components and function of these facilities. Finally, I briefly address the elusive socio-cultural legacy of Roman baths and bathing in eighteenth-century Britain, stressing influences and differences in practice and architecture.
Protective factors that buffer against the intergenerational transmission of trauma from mothers to young children: A replication study of angels in the nursery
Authors: Narayan Angela J. , Ippen Chandra Ghosh , Harris William W. , Lieberman Alicia F.
Published: February 2019

This replication study examined protective effects of positive childhood memories with caregivers (“angels in the nursery”) against lifespan and intergenerational transmission of trauma. More positive, elaborated angel memories were hypothesized to buffer associations between mothers’ childhood maltreatment and their adulthood posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms, comorbid psychopathology, and children's trauma exposure. Participants were 185 mothers (Mage = 30.67 years,SD= 6.44, range = 17–46 years, 54.6% Latina, 17.8% White, 10.3% African American, 17.3% other; 24% Spanish speaking) and children (Mage = 42.51 months;SD= 15.95, range = 3–72 months; 51.4% male). Mothers completed the Angels in the Nursery Interview (Van Horn, Lieberman, & Harris, 2008), and assessments of childhood maltreatment, adulthood psychopathology, children's trauma exposure, and demographics. Angel memories significantly moderated associations between maltreatment and PTSD (but not depression) symptoms, comorbid psychopathology, and children's trauma exposure. For mothers with less positive, elaborated angel memories, higher levels of maltreatment predicted higher levels of psychopathology and children's trauma exposure. For mothers with more positive, elaborated memories, however, predictive associations were not significant, reflecting protective effects. Furthermore, protective effects against children's trauma exposure were significant only for female children, suggesting that angel memories may specifically buffer against intergenerational trauma from mothers to daughters.