bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Costs of Non-Simultaneity of Action
Authors: Goodman D. , Kelso J. A. S. , Southard D. L.
Published: January 2012

Raibert (1978) has pointed out that our limbs are useful tools only if they will do our bidding. While it is abundantly clear that, for the most part, our limbs do indeed do as bidded, what is not clear is how the language of our wishes is translated into a language which motoneurons and muscles understand. A simple example should suffice: “close your eyes and move your hand to grasp the dial and then twist counterclockwise”. Even though this specification gives no explicit information about the requisite muscle forces, the action is carried out as intended. This, in spite of the fact that answers to the question only recently phrased by Stein (1982, in press) as “What muscle variable(s) does the nervous system control in limb movements?” still eludes us. The behavioural approach adopted in the present set of experiments aims to shed some light on the above issue by examining timing constraints. A pervasive finding in movement control and coordination is that the relative or proportional timing of an act remains invariant over a wide range of kinematic changes in the act (e.g. amplitude and force). In previous work (Kelso, Southard and Goodman, 1979) it was shown that even under differing task demands in a two-handed coordination task, the two hands exhibit simultaneity of response. In the present study movement initiation and execution are examined when the timing demands of the task are altered for each hand. Reaction times in the first two experiments were inflated relative to control conditions which required simultaneity of movement. This was taken as preliminary indication of the costs involved in preparing for non-simultaneous action. The third experiment further examined the issue in a choice reaction time paradigm. Either simultaneous or non-simultaneous two handed movements were required. Twelve subjects performed 4 blocks of 48 trials in which they responded to one of two equi-probable stimuli by performing a two-hand response. The costs of non-simultaneity of action are revealed by examining the characteristics of the speed-accuracy relationship. Reaction times were inflated on those trials requiring a non-simultaneous response. However, movement times for the hand striking first (in the non-simultaneous trials) were not significantly different from the movement times of those trials in which a simultaneous response was required. Evidence is provided that timing is intrinsic to the organization (as distinct from the execution) of an act. This regulation of timing and costs incurred by disruption are further discussed from a dynamics perspective.
Advanced Display Concepts for Nuclear Power Plant Applications
Authors: van Cott H. P.
Published: January 2012

Control rooms and systems are being upgraded in response to recognized man-machine problems. The nuclear industry is undergoing a significant technical leap from typical analog displays and hardwired instruments to computer generated, multi-function parametric displays. These advanced display concepts include top down, breakdown structure of the data base, diagnostic applications, operator pattern recognition and have color coded alphanumeric and graphic formatting. What are the behavioral, system, development, evaluation, and regulatory issues? Panel members will represent different points of view: the display designer, the human factors evaluator, the research sponsor, the primary display user and power plant operator, and the government regulator. Panelists will provide substantiating research, opinions, and recommendations for future research and evaluation.
Visual Channel Sensitivity and Pilot Performance in a Flight Simulator
Authors: Kruk Ronald , Regan David M. , Beverley Ken I. , Longridge Thomas M.
Published: January 2012

In previous research significant correlations were found between measures of sensitivity in certain hypothetical visual channels and simulated landing performance under degraded visibility. The present study replicated the earlier findings, and extended the approach to a broader cross section of flight tasks. An additional psychophysical test of superthreshold velocity discrimination was found to exhibit significant correlation with formation flight precision and with manual weapons delivery performance.
Development of a Human Factors Research Laboratory for Off-Road Vehicle Operator Workstation Design
Authors: Duncan J. R. , Wegscheid E. L.
Published: January 2012

A new human factors research laboratory has been developed to provide reliable human-performance data for the design of improved off-road vehicle operator workstations. The principal research tool within this laboratory is a vehicle operations simulator. The simulator consists of a hydraulically driven platform upon which a vehicle operator's enclosure or workstation can be mounted. Under computer control, the simulator is capable of motion with six degrees-of-freedom. With this capability, the simulator's motion can be programmed to reproduce operator workstation vibration experienced in operational field environments. Both field recorded data and mathematical simulations of existing and proposed vehicles can be used to command the simulator motion. In addition to simulating vehicle motion, the simulator is capable of producing realistic control and monitoring tasks for the operator, as well as operator enclosure environmental conditions.

This paper describes the research objectives for which the simulator was built, the specifications used in the design of the vehicle motion simulator system, the hardware selected in implementing that design, and the computer control used to simulate both field and artificial “ride” histories.
Abstract: EVAC Computer Simulation of Personnel Performance in Airplane Evacuation
Authors: Parks Donald L. , Ostrand Robert A.
Published: January 2012

Objectives for the EVAC computer model are to simulate emergency evacuation from aircraft and thus to reduce or replace the practice of conducting live tests with a full passenger load, now required to demonstrate that emergency evacuation from a new airplane configuration meets regulatory criteria. Plans are to develop a model that demonstrates evacuation performance fidelity and credibility to the degree determined to be necessary for acceptance as a valid evacuation “test” method. This is being accomplished by developing a literal step-by-step simulation of the evacuation process. Resulting model performance elements are based on a time-line of evacuation performance events and queuing behavior similarly to task timeline analysis techniques. Features include ability to handle basic variables in the sequence of task events and also to modify performance time according to characteristics that may be individualized (e.g., age, sex, agressiveness) or related to features of the environment or systems (e.g., lights, obstacles, door size, number of slide lanes). Reported are present model features, performance capabilities and level of calibration.
The Tide of Computer Technology
Authors: Williges Robert C.
Published: January 2012

Advances in computer technology mark the beginning of an information revolution which will provide new challenges for human factors. Some of the new application areas that need to be considered include education, the working environment, and consumer services. Professional implications of computer technology for the Human Factors Society involve technical information exchange, professional training, and public awareness.
Tailoring Day Scenarios for Night Simulation of Advanced Aircraft Systems
Authors: Simons John C. , Hottman Stephen B.
Published: January 2012

This effort obtained mission planning factors and flight profiles for a simulator evaluation of a proposed night/adverse weather system. Using two samples of pilots at two stages, generalized day profiles were reduced to a set of specific night profiles for evaluating proposed equipment.

The double interview method used in this study can be applied to similar situations which include diverse operational techniques and strategies, but require a limited (but representative) number of flight profiles for a simulation evaluation of projected equipment. (Acronyms are defined in the glossary at the end of the text.)
Interpreting Guidelines for Nuclear Power Plant Control Rooms
Authors: Voss T. J. , Talley Walter T. , Baker Clifford C.
Published: January 2012

If Human Factors guidelines are not carefully interpreted and applied, control room projects can be degraded. Evaluation guidelines can be misleading when used for designing control room improvements. Guidelines identify what may be adequate, but not the best solutions. The quality of an improvement project depends upon finding the best feasible solution for each problem. Therefore, reliance should be placed not merely upon NUREG guidance, but rather upon the larger body of human factors literature.
Extra_Auditory Temporary Aftereffects of Exposure to Intense Sound
Authors: Ayres Thomas J.
Published: January 2012

Concerts and bars with amplified music expose people to sound intensities far in excess of workplace limits. Such exposure may produce a variety of effects beside potential hearing loss. A survey of 185 college students revealed tinnitus, headaches, and dizziness as occasional aftereffects. Studies are being conducted to determine whether balance-related aftereffects pose a threat to safe driving.
The Design of Motorcycle Helmet Headphones for Emergency Siren Detection
Authors: Smith James C. , Weir David H.
Published: January 2012

In recent years, sophisticated audio systems have been installed on touring motorcycles. One feature of these systems is the provision for headphones on or inside the rider's helmet. With such an installation, the rider must still be able to perceive safety-related sounds such as the siren of an emergency vehicle. This paper describes field and laboratory experiments used to study the rider's ability to detect and localize such warning sirens, in the presence of audio program material presented in various ways. The spectral qualities of sirens and ambient motorcycle noise are considered, as well as the sound attenuation properties of helmets. The results lead to a specification for an audio filter which attenuates the program amplitude in the spectral region of a siren. This permits the rider to hear a siren with adequate warning, yet the desired high level of sound quality can be maintained.
Human Factors in the Year 2000
Authors: Parsons H. McIlvaine
Published: January 2012

The author gazed into his crystal ball and asked 18 other former presidents of the Human Factors Society to do likewise, to forecast the status of human factors in the year 2000. Changes are predicted in the size, quality, acceptance, composition, and emphases of the field.
Time-Compressed Components for Air-Intercept Control Skills
Authors: Vidulich Michael , Yeh Yei-Yu , Schneider Walter
Published: January 2012

The study tested guidelines for the use of microprocessors in training spatial skills for air traffic control. The central issue was the use of time-compressed simulation to aid the development of skill in identifying turn points and rollout headings for aircraft. Two groups of subjects were used. One group trained with a real-time simulation of the task, while the second group trained with a time-compressed version of the task running about 20 times as fast as real-time trials. Both groups were then tested in real-time trials. The results indicate that time compresssion can be a useful technique for increasing the efficiency of training.
Alphabetic Entry Procedure with Small Keypads: Key Layout does Matter
Authors: Francas M. , Brown S. , Goodman D.
Published: January 2012

Two experiments examined the entry of alphabetic characters on an enhanced telephone system. Size constraints with the overall unit resulted in a small keypad which restricted users to a one or two finger typing strategy. The first experiment compared the standard Sholes arrangement of keys (QWERTY), an alphabetically organized keypad (ABC) and a numeric code method of entry (NC) which utilized the touch telephone numeric pad. Thirty naive subjects were randomly assigned to one of the three conditions. Results showed that the NC method was significantly slower than the other approaches and was rated negatively by subjects. It was concluded that such an approach is unacceptable for a consumer product like the enhanced telephone. Experiment 2 further examined performance and preference for QWERTY versus ABC arrangements. Twenty subjects completed standardized text entry tasks on both arrangements with order counterbalanced. Performance was clearly faster on the QWERTY keypad and subjects recorded an overwhelming preference for it over the ABC arrangement, regardless of their previous keyboard experience. These results extend the superiority of QWERTY over ABC to small keypads and a restricted typing strategy.
Specification of the User-System Interface
Authors: Williams Rodney Don
Published: January 2012

This article reviews the various methods for specifying the user-system interface (USI). Systematic procedures for developing and specifying USI requirements are presented. The use of requirements specification is traced through the stages in the design with recommendations for the efficient communication of user-system requirements. Consideration is given to the specification of the dynamics of the system operations as they impact the user-system interface. The use of a User System Interface Design Document (USIDD) is recommended and a suggested format is given.
The Dissociation between Subjective Workload and Performance: A Multiple Resource Approach
Authors: Wickens Christopher D. , Yeh Yei-Yu
Published: January 2012

A theory of the dissociation between subjective measures of mental workload and performance is described. The theory proposes that subjective measures are heavily driven by the number of tasks or task elements that a subject must perform concurrently. However they are relatively less sensitive to whether these tasks compete for common or separate resources, and to the difficulty of a single task, particularly if this difficulty is related to response factors. Performance, on the other hand, is particularly influenced by single task difficulty of both a perceptual and response nature and by resource competition between tasks. A set of three experiments are described to examine the dissociation between subjective difficulty measures and performance. These experiments employ different combinations of three tasks: Tracking, memory search, and a simulated air traffic control problem. The results supported all forms of dissociation predicted by the theory and the implications of results to workload measurement are discussed.
A Model-Experiment Comparison of Loads on the Lumbar Spine
Authors: Marras W. S.
Published: January 2012

Biomechanical models of the trunk may be useful in ergonomic design of equipment, workstations, manual materials handing situation and clinical evaluation. Recently a trunk load analysis method was proposed by Schultz and Andersson (1981). This method was incorporated into a linear programming model to predict the action of the trunk under sagitally symmetric lifting condition. An experiment was performed where twenty male and female subjects were tested under sagitally symmetric isometric and isokinetic lifting condition. Intramuscular electromyographic recordings of the trunk musculature and intra-abdominal pressure measurements were compared with model predictions. The strong and weak points of the analysis method are discussed.
Critical Issues in the Development of a Lifting Standard
Authors: Keyserling W. Monroe
Published: January 2012

In spite of mechanization and automation in the modern industrial environment, manual lifting continues to be a common activity and is a leading cause of work injuries. This paper discusses some of the major variables that define a lifting task and presents several approaches that might be used to establish guidelines for safe lifting.
Ergonomic/Economic Redesign of a Visual Inspection Workplace
Authors: Kleiner Brian M.
Published: January 2012

An aided visual inspection workstation was ergonomically redesigned according to company economic constraints. Predesign research included observational analysis, task analysis and experimentation. The previous poor posture was eliminated by reducing a required 45° angle of the head. This involved supporting the elbows with a flexible mechanism. Workplace aids and a documented training program complimented the entire design effort.
The Effects of Edgeline Presence on Performance in a Driving Simulator under Sober and Alcohol-Dosed Conditions
Authors: Ranney Thomas A. , Gawron Valerie J.
Published: January 2012

Accident studies have identified nighttime conditions on rural roads as particular problems for alcohol-impaired drivers. Uneventful driving is hypothesized to result in progressive degradation of tracking performance and a reduced capability to handle the demands of hazardous locations, such as curves. To address these problems, simulations of continuous roadway treatments (i.e., wide edge lines) and spot treatments for curves (i.e., post delineators, chevron alignment signs, patterned pavement markings, and flashing displays) were evaluated experimentally. Twelve subjects drove a simulator under two conditions of task demand and three levels of BAC (0.0, 0.07, 0.12%). The objectives of the study were to determine the effects of alcohol and task demand on driving performance and to determine if providing enhanced visual information concerning roadway alignment would improve the performance of subjects when sober and/or alcohol-dosed. Alcohol effects were measured in terms of overall scenario performance, which included the number of accidents and speed exceedances, and performance on the approach and negotiation of horizontal curves of varying length and curvature. Curve approach and negotiation behavior were also used to evaluate the effects of the roadway treatments. Specific measures included spot measures of speed and lateral placement taken at eight 100-foot intervals along the curve approach and lateral acceleration and position taken continuously over the fixed portion of the curves.

The results presented pertain to the effects of the presence of standard and wide edgelines. The discussion relates current findings to those from a previously conducted study.
Pilot Performance Measurement Methodology for Determining the Effects of Alcohol and Other Toxic Substances
Authors: Taylor Henry L. , Dellinger John A. , Schilling Robert F. , Richardson Bruce C.
Published: January 2012

Equipment and methodology for determining the effects of toxic substances on pilot performance were evaluated using ethyl alcohol as a reference substance, since its effects on flying performance in a flight simulator are well known. Four levels of ethyl alcohol were administered to eight instrument trained pilots in a Latin Square within subjects design. Significant performance decrements were found on instrument holding pattern, Instrument Landing System (ILS) approach, and Sternberg's choice reaction time tasks.
EMG Power Spectrum Analysis to Assess Muscle Fatigue under Isometric Endurance Work
Authors: Deivanayagam S. , Carmichael T. W.
Published: January 2012

A research experimental study was conducted to make use of EMG power spectrum shift to assess the local muscle fatigue induced by isometric work. Sixteen male volunteer subjects participated in the study. The results indicate that the shift in mean power frequency (MPF) and the time constant of the straight line relationship between in (MPF) and elapsed time are reliable objective measures of local muscular fatigue.
The Training Development Decision Support System: An Aid to the Design of Cost-Effective Training Programs
Authors: Hawley John K. , Frederickson Edward W.
Published: January 2012

The Training Development Decision Support System (TDDSS) is a computer-aided training development and evaluation procedure designed to support the conduct of the instructional systems design process. Training program development using TDDSS is conducted in two phases: (1) Training Design and (2) Training Evaluation. Phase 1 is carried out in three steps: Job Function Analysis, Task Analysis, and Learning Requirements Analysis. The product of Phase 1 is a series of viable Training Program Alternatives (TPAs). In Phase 2, a cost-benefit trade-off analysis is performed on the TPAs. The benefits assessment portion of the trade-off analysis is based upon the use of a flexible multiattribute utility measurement procedure. Resource requirements and associated cost estimates for each TPA also are produced during Phase 2. Following the completion of both analyses—benefits assessment and cost estimation—training program merit and cost indices are integrated leading to the identification of a preferred TPA.
Magic - Riding the Crest of Technology or Do you Believe in MAGIC
Authors: Lizza Gretchen D. , Howard Brian , Islam Carole
Published: January 2012

With the advent of integrated electronics displays in advanced cockpit design, the role of dynamic mockups is becoming increasingly important. The human factors researcher can now evalute dynamic computer generated formats and real-time interactive control methods in preliminary crew station design phases. This ability to prescreen candidate display formats prior to evaluation in high fidelity simulators is very cost effective. Instead of being limited to conventional static capability, the rapid advances in micro-chip technology now allow more sophisticated research at the mockup level. This paper describes the design of a dynamic mockup which incorporates state-of-the-art microprocessors, graphic systems, and voice capability.
The Role of Voice in Office Automation
Authors: Bice Kenneth C.
Published: January 2012

Most people don't think of voice as having a “role” in the office. But at least one study (Knopf 82) shows that 69 percent of an executive's time is spent communicating verbally, either face-to-face or using the telephone. A secretary communicates verbally about 20 percent of the time, mostly on the phone. Other white collar workers range within these times.

These are significant portions of a workday, and prime candidates for support from office automation technology. By identifying the needs of office workers, and the voice communication shortcomings, it is possible to chart out how to bring technology to bear on them.

The first section of this paper will discuss how voice is used now, in the context of the needs of office workers. It will also address some of its shortcomings. The next section will describe a new voice technology available from Texas Instruments that can help solve these voice needs, consequently improving worker productivity. The third section describes how this new technology can extend a worker's voice capabilities beyond how voice is used today, in the context of the automated office.
An Improved Self-Logging Method for Studying Computer System Activities
Authors: Tynan Paul D.
Published: January 2012

Computer designers can use an inexpensive pocket computer to collect data on how people use their products. Users carry the computer with them as they work; at random time intervals it prompts them to enter data about the task they are performing. This technique eliminates most of the tedium and disruption inherent in methods that require observers to keep a log of what they do. In addition, it retains the economy and simplicity of self-logging methods. We are using this system to evaluate users' interaction with computer hardware, software, and documentation.
Increasing Electric Power Plant Productivity through Maintenance Management
Authors: McKeithan Barbara G. , Kfoury Nancy S.
Published: January 2012

A literature search highlighting power plant maintenance objectives and problem areas was conducted. A method for performing a Human Factors Engineering Assessment of a plant maintenance department is suggested, in conjunction with various maintenance management techniques including time control, maintenance standards, maintenance prioritization, reliability management, information management automation, and the establishment of a Maintenance Planner position.
Two Studies Evaluating Learning and Use of QBE and SQL
Authors: Boyle James M. , Bury Kevin F. , Evey R. James
Published: January 2012

Two studies were performed to evaluate learning and use of Query by Example (QBE) and Structured Query Language (SQL) for two user groups - college Business Administration students and secretaries. Test participants were taught each query language using a program controlled training package, and all database queries were performed online. Data on task times and detailed tracking of user performance were collected by an independent computer. Subjective responses were collected on a post-test questionnaire. Overall, both groups learned SQL faster than QBE. The additional learning time for QBE can be attributed to teaching how to manipulate table skeletons on a display screen and explaining the concepts necessary to perform queries involving aggregation, built-in functions, output tables and the QBE Condition Box. Both languages were learned equally well for the lessons on simple queries and queries involving comparisons and logic. Business students learned to write queries using more than one table faster on QBE. On the post-test questionnaire, eight of the twelve Business students, and seven of the eight secretaries preferred SQL over QBE.
Connectivity as a Measure of Problem Complexity in Failure Diagnosis
Authors: Wohl Joseph G.
Published: January 2012

Failure diagnosis is a structured form of problem-solving behavior in which problem difficulty can be directly measured. It is shown that a high degree of component interconnectedness must result in increased difficulty in isolating a failed component. Recent research suggests that if component interconnectedness exceeds a given level (related to human cognitive limitations) then the expected value of diagnostic time can increase without bound.
Visual Superiority Effect in Memory (Pictures are Worth a Thousand Words)
Authors: Thomas Evelyn Blanch
Published: January 2012

A question of current theoretical interest that concerns the nature of both recall and recognition of displayed information is the contention that there is pictorial superiority effect (PSE) in memory. In recent years there has been considerable discussion about the notion that pictures are better retained than their verbal labels. There is a good deal of evidence from a variety of recall, recognition and pair-associate learning tasks that have shown this contention to be true.

Just what do people remember about a picture? Questions concerning the nature of memory for pictures continue to challenge the curiosity of experimental psychologists. Are words and pictures encoded distinctively? That is, does the memory of an item contain information to indicate whether the item was presented as a word or as a picture? Is there a distinctive processing for words and pictures? The purpose of this paper is to discuss studies rendering support to the notion of pictorial superiority in memory.

A number of experiments (e.g., Paivio, 1968, 1966) have shown that picture-pairs are much easier to recognize than pairs comprised of their concrete verbal labels or descriptions. Paivio and Yarmey (1966) obtained support for this hypothesis in a study in which pictures and their noun labels were factorially varied on the stimulus and response side of pairs. Further, Paivio and Yarmey demonstrated that in paired-associate learning, retention appears to function as a single effective dimension that extends from abstract nouns, to concrete nouns to pictures (or objects) in increasing order of effectiveness.

The question of the superiority effect of pictorial memory has been investigated by psychologists in the field of memory research. There appear to be at least three possible explanations relative to the source of pictures/word differences. The first model (processing level model) suggests that there are analogous processing stages for pictures and words, but the time required for processing each stage is less for pictorial input. The second model (sensory semantic model) suggests that pictorial inputs require fewer processing transformations than verbal inputs before semantic processing occurs. Finally, the dual encoding model suggests two separate but interconnected verbal and non-verbal processing or symbolic systems. This model argues that pictorial stimuli generate simultaneous verbal and non-verbal long-term memory codes; whereas, words don't generally elicit their pictorial code.

The finding that memory is generally better for pictorial than verbal labels is not surprising. The sensory and meaning codes for a picture are apparently more differentiating and less susceptible to interferences. Presumably, more associative cues may be attached to stimuli which have rich visual, as well as verbal associates, so that both recall and recognition performance are improved with pictorial stimuli.
Handedness may be More Important than Sex as a Variable Underlying Individual Differences in Visual Performance
Authors: Sloan Gary D.
Published: January 2012

Evidence is presented that there are individual differences in the early stages of information processing which are due, in part, to the criteria adopted by the left and right hemispheres in perceptual organization. Sex differences were found in organization criteria and in the extent that both hemispheres participate in ordering perceptual experience. Of perhaps greater importance in terms of practical implications, significant and dramatic differences were found in perceptual organization for “extreme right-handers” and “right-handers who tend towards mix-handedness.” “Mixed-handers” of both sexes grouped states into perceptual units to a significantly greater extent than their very right-handed counterparts. A method is described for determining the relative location of grouping criteria on the decision axis.
Visual Fatigue and Saccadic Eye Movement Parameters
Authors: Megaw Ted , Sen Tayyar
Published: January 2012

It has been suggested by Bahill and Stark (1975) that visual fatigue can be identified by changes in some of the saccadic eye movement parameters. These include increases in the frequency of occurrence of glissades and overlapping saccades and reductions in the peak velocity and duration of saccades. In their study, fatigue was induced by the same step tracking task that was used to evaluate the changes in saccadic parameters. However, there is evidence that subjects experience extreme feelings of fatigue while performing such a task and that somehow the task is unnatural. The present study was designed to assess whether there are any differences in the various saccadic parameters obtained while subjects perform a step tracking task and a cognitive task involving the comparison of number strings. Both tasks were presented on a VDU screen. The second objective was to establish whether there are any changes in the parameters for either task as a result of prolonged performance. The results showed no major differences in the saccadic eye movements between the two tasks and no consistent changes resulting from prolonged performance.
A Fan in Winter
Authors: Rohles Frederick H. , Jones Byron W.
Published: January 2012

In order to determine the effect of ceiling fans on human thermal comfort under winter indoor conditions, 72 subjects (36 men and 36 women) were exposed to 21°C/40% rh for 3 hours while experiencing still air conditions (0.08 m/s) and air velocities where a ceiling fan was operating in a upward-thrust mode at 2 velocities (0.18 and 0.28 m/s). Two subjective responses, thermal sensation and thermal comfort, were recorded each half hour. The results showed that after 2 hours, which may be assumed to be the maximum period of time that an individual would sit without getting up, the subjects recorded (1) the same neutral thermal sensation when the fan was at the still air condition (0.0 8 m/s) as when it was producing an air velocity of 0.18 m/s, (2) a slightly cool thermal sensation at a velocity of 0.28 m/s and (3) no significant difference in thermal comfort between still air (0.08 m/s) and velocities up to 0.28 m/s. It was concluded that the air movement created by operating the ceiling fan under winter conditions does not contribute to nor detract from human comfort nor did it produce any response resembling wind chill. These results were considered conservative since no temperature stratification existed in the test chamber air space which would be expected in exist in a conventionally heated room space.
Robotic Assistance in Electronic Power Board Assembly
Authors: McTyre John H.
Published: January 2012

Manual assembly of electronic power board assemblies resulted in an error rate that was not acceptable. A concept of “Robotic Assistance” plus the preliminary planning and design ramifications eliminating these difficulties are provided.
Heartrate as an Indicator of Optimum Control Design for Underground Mining Machines
Authors: Helander Martin G. , Schurick Jayne M.
Published: January 2012

Machines used in low seem coal mines use manual hydraulic controls for most functions. This study addressed the optimum design of controls used for tramming (driving) a machine. For such tasks, the operator stoop walks behind the machine while pushing the controls. The study intended to determine at what height the controls should be located for a stoop walking task and what pressure would be considered maximum for control activation. Twelve male subjects were paid for their participation in the experiment. The following variables were manipulated within subjects: control pressure (10 and 20 pounds), seem height (40 and 50 in.), and control height (21, 26, 31, and 36 in.). The experiment was performed on a treadmill with a speed of 75 feet per minute. Each subject participated in 12 conditions, each lasting about 15 minutes for a total of three hours. Heartrate was measured continuously and sampled each minute. Oxygen uptake was analyzed for one subject.

For the 40 in. seem height, the lowest control height (21 in.) and the highest control force (20 lbs) produced the lowest heartrate. For a 50 in. seem height, the lowest control height (26 in.) and the lowest control force (10 lbs) produced the lowest heartrate. The applicability of the results in terms of human factors design of mining machines is discussed.
Computer-Aided Information Seeking: Assessing the Value of Information
Authors: Morehead David R. , Rouse William B.
Published: January 2012

In order for computer-based information systems to evolve beyond index-oriented, keyword searching, it is argued that it will be necessary for the computer to be able to assess online the value of information relative to particular users and specific goals. A general formulation of a value function for characterizing a user's information needs is presented. Issues considered include the applicability of linear and multi-linear models, the effect of various cognitive biases and limitations, and the effects of context. Problems in incorporating the proposed formulation of a value function into an online information system are considered and results of three applications are discussed.
Planning a Field Test for Software Development
Authors: Keller Arthur
Published: January 2012

This paper will describe and discuss the contents of a human factors field test plan in support of software development. Defining control of a test is, as pointed out by Shneiderman, of necessity in field testing to avoid getting volumes of “interesting” data which is neither replicable nor generalizable. In addition, the degree to which the test plan supported the actual test and predicted potential problem areas will be discussed.
Performance Appraisal in a Battle Simulation
Authors: Thomas Gary S. , Cocklin Thomas G.
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this research was to formulate a composite measure of mission accomplishment that could be used to assess simulated combat performance of battalion command groups training command and control procedures in a computer-driven battle simulation. Mission accomplishment was defined in terms of six measurable components or objectives of a covering force/delay mission. Four retired Army officers served as judges for all experiments. Experiment I demonstrated that two objectives could be meaningfully combined into a single measure used in previous research as an index of relative losses by opposing forces. Multiple linear regression was used in Experiment II to describe how the judges assigned mission accomplishment scores to 216 hypothetical battle outcomes including measures of each mission objective. Experiment III compared judges' assessments of 10 actual battle outcomes to the mission accomplishment scores predicted by the regression models derived in Experiment II. Inter-rater agreement was high in the assessments of actual battle outcomes, and individual predictor models accounted for more than 94% of the variance in ratings of these data for three of four judges. A composite model of mission accomplishment accounted for 96% of the variance in the combined assessments of all four judges.
A Theory for Predicting Ability/Skill Relations: An Approach from Automatic and Controlled Processing
Authors: Ackerman Phillip L.
Published: January 2012

The basic phenomena from studies relating Individual differences in cognitive and perceptual-motor abilities to skill development are investigated. A general theory is provided for predicting patterns of correlations between ability measures and performance scores during training. The theory is based on two major perspectives, Automatic and Controlled Processing types and modern hierarchical theories of cognitive abilities. Additional attention is devoted to Performance-Resource characteristics, task difficulty and task content. A short review of supporting data is also provided.
Keyboard Design Variables Evaluated during Dual-Task Mode Selection
Authors: Hansen Mark D.
Published: January 2012

Research was performed to determine the optimal and desirable qualities of a keyboard interfaced with a remote display. The keyboards were two 3 − 3 keyboards, one with buttons 5.16 mm in diameter and the other 12.7 mm square. The experimental task involved subjects centering a set of crosshairs on a cursor on a CRT (with their right hand), while simultaneously selecting modes (with their left hand) on the keyboards without observing the keyboards. The experimental design was as follows: (1) two keyboards; (2) three orientations of the keyboard (0, 15 and 35 degrees) from the horizontal and (3) with and without gloves (approved Air Force flight gloves). This design was conducted as a 3 − 2 − 2 repeated measures factorial design. Performance measures were response time on the keyboards, selection errors on the keyboard and tracking scores.

Results of this study indicate that mean response time was found to be significantly lower on the large keyboard when examining both keyboards as a whole and with and without gloves. However, error rate was not found to be a significant factor across conditions. In addition, tracking scores were found to be significant; the tracking only versus the combined task condition. No specific angle was found to be significant, but pilots had a preference for the 15 degree (75%) over the other two keyboards. Thus the results of this study indicate the use of the enlarged keyboard in the 15 degree orientation when using gloves.
The Impact of Product Hazard Information on Consumer Buying Decisions: A Policy-Capturing Approach
Authors: Schwartz David R. , dePontbriand Rene J. , Laughery Kenneth R.
Published: January 2012

An underlying assumption in providing product warning labels is that consumers will make use of hazard information when buying and using products. The present study demonstrated that the policy-capturing procedure is a useful and applicable approach to examining the effects of hazard information independent of other information in purchasing decisions. The results indicate that hazard information did influence subjects' buying decisions. The policy-capturing procedure also permitted an assessment of the impact of hazard information in terms of the other factors such as product cost and effectiveness.
The Potential of Digital Simulation in Industrial Ergonomics
Authors: Buck James R. , Kachitvichyanukul Voratas
Published: January 2012

This paper describes various ways in which digital computer simulation can be used by ergonomists in the design of industrial systems. Also shown are recent advances in this methodology which make the technique even more effective and features of the technique which require particular concern. A variety of past simulation studies with human factors considerations are cited for detailed use by practitioners.
Optical Flow and Texture Variables Useful for Detecting Changes in Simulated Self Motion
Authors: Owen Dean H. , Hettinger Lawrence J. , Tobias Shirley B. , Wolpert Lawrence , Warren Rik
Published: January 2012

Several methods are presented for breaking linkages among global optical flow and texture variables in order to assess their usefulness in experiments requiring observers to distinguish change in speed or heading of simulated self motion from events representing constant speed or level flight. Results of a series of studies testing for sensitivity to flow acceleration or deceleration, flow-pattern expansion variables, and the distribution of optical texture density are presented. Theoretical implications for determining the metrics of visual self-motion information, and practical relevance for pilot and flight simulator evaluation and for low-level, high-speed flight are discussed.
Computer Assisted Instruction Effectiveness in Maintenance Troubleshooting Training
Authors: Waldrop Grace P. , White V. Tedi , Reynolds Richard E. , Weller Dennis R.
Published: January 2012

The training of maintenance personnel has become a critical issue in recent years due to the rapid technological advancements of the systems to be maintained. The electronic technician must be efficiently trained to effectively troubleshoot faulty equipment. Previous research had indicated that students were not using logical troubleshooting strategies. The current research examined the performance effects of supplementing current technician training with a strategic troubleshooting computer assisted instruction course designed to teach logical troubleshooting strategies. The experimental design included two control groups and the treatment condition. Conclusions are drawn regarding the applicability and effectiveness of the CAI to the current Basic Electricity and Electronics training under study.
Document Design for An Interactive System
Authors: Cohill Andrew , Folley Lisa
Published: January 2012

The user documentation supplied with interactive software is often poorly designed, due to inadequate preparation and lack of understanding of the user needs. More emphasis needs to be placed on user documentation, a vital part of the user-system interface throughout the period of system use. This report describes the document production process for an interactive system in which design decisions were based upon user input and software structure. The UNIXTm system and associated formatting software were used to develop modular documents that are easy to maintain and update. User response to the documentation was favorable.
Performance Assessment, Cognitive Abilities, and Technology: An Application
Authors: Jones Robert J. , Salas Eduardo , Pitts Elizabeth W. , Allen Gary L. , Morgan Ben B.
Published: January 2012

The increasing technological sophistication of organizations and the concomitant requirement for individuals to process large quantities of information has raised questions concerning the efficacy of traditional approaches to performance assessment within the personnel subsystem. Traditional approaches to aptitude testing have focused on relating psychometric profiles to subsequent job performance. These approaches are subject to criticism in that they use static measures (test scores) to predict the dynamic processes of learning and are heavily influenced by prior experience without reflecting the ability to acquire new information. An alternative to traditional psychometric approaches to personnel selection is the use of rate parameters (reflecting change in performance over time) derived from relatively complex cognitive tasks as predictors of training success. The use of microprocessor-administered tasks to assess cognitive skills and abilities is an integral part of this alternative approach. The use of computer-administered Complex Experimental Learning Tasks (CELTS) for the assessment of learning abilities illustrates the computerized, rate-based approach to performance assessment. The purpose of this paper is to describe an initial study to determine the predictability of learning rate measures for performance assessment and to suggest needed future developments in training as well as job performance research.
The Forgiving Stair
Authors: Templer John A.
Published: January 2012

Falls are the major cause of death for those older than 74. Stair falls are a major cause of death and injury. Research directed at stair safety has focused on reducing the number of accidents. The paper suggests that deaths and injuries can be substantially reduced by focusing instead on the causes of stair trauma; the types of falls, the parts of the body that are injured, the magnitude of the forces involved, and the parts of the stair that causes the injury. Using the model of the automobile interior, stairs can be designed without potentially injurious elements, and with an ability to cushion the force of the accident.
Psychological Issues in the Design of Expert Systems
Authors: Hamill Bruce W.
Published: January 2012

Recent advances in the artificial intelligence technology of knowledge-based expert systems have captivated the imaginations of designers, sponsors, and suppliers of computer-based systems in government and industry as well as researchers in university and non-profit laboratories where the technology originated. An expert system is essentially a way to capture the knowledge and expertise of a subject-matter expert and transfer it to a computer program in hopes of creating an “intelligent” computer system that will emulate the problem-solving and decision-making performance of the expert. Such systems are being built to serve as intelligent advisors and decision aids in a wide variety of application areas. We discuss conceptual issues underlying expert system design, with references to current psychological and artificial intelligence literature, and urge Consideration of these issues before undertaking development of expert systems.
Multivariate Evaluation of Workload, Resources, and Performance in Dual Task Data
Authors: Ackerman Phillip L.
Published: January 2012

The problems of evaluating dual and complex task experiments are discussed. Two methods are proposed that provide a metric for measuring and comparing performance and workload in such experiments. The first method is based on derivations of effect size measures, which provide a useful descriptive and a valid inferential tool for dealing with single task, dual task, and multiple response measure situations. The second method involves a new approach to empirical derivation of performance-resource functions. The method is straightforward and testable. Examples and illustrations are presented.