bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Land and Stream Salinity
Authors: El‐Ashry Mohamed T.
Published: October 2011

Soil salinity and salinity in water supplies are two major problems facing agricultural production in many arid and semi‐arid regions of the world. Salt, in varying concentrations, occurs naturally in both soils and aquifers. However, salinity problems usually result from man's interference with natural processes and disturbance of the hydrologic balance. For example, the clearing of trees in southwestern Australia and the breaking of native sod on the Great Plains of North America for wheat cropping have reduced evapotranspiration. At the same time, over irrigation in dry regions concentrates dissolved salts in the soil profile, while irrigation return flows add to downstream salinity problems. These problems are of great economic significance, and opportunities are being sought for improved drainage and for interception and disposal of saline groundwater. However, these structural solutions are capital‐intensive and quite expensive to say the least. The most cost‐effective measures, but also the most challenging, are in the areas of improved on‐farm water management to reduce losses, modified cropping patterns, selected retirement of marginally productive lands, and basin‐wide water resource management with regard to both quantity and quality objectives.
1982 AGU Fall and ASLO Winter Meeting Report
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

There were more than 2400 papers presented, with more than 3250 attendees registered at the 1982 Fall Meeting in San Francisco. This was the largest AGU meeting ever. Changes to the program and additional, late and revised abstracts are printed below.
FY 1984 Science Budget overview
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Astronomy, engineering, and the physical sciences as a whole were among the best funded programs in the fiscal 1984 budget that President Ronald Reagan sent to Congress last week. In addition, science education got a shot in the arm: The Reagan proposal includes plans for the nation's universities to upgrade scientific instrumentation and to attract and support high caliber scientists and engineers.

Reagan proposes that federal funding for research and development, including R&D facilities, total $47 billion in fiscal 1984, up 17% from the fiscal 1983 level. Defense research and development programs would be increased 29%; nondefense R&D would be increased 0.4%. Total basic research would be boosted 10%.
Metromex: A Review and Summary
Authors: Cadet D.
Published: October 2011

As stated in the title, this book reviews the Metropolitan Meteorological Experiment (Metromex) and summarizes the results obtained from an effort conducted over a 6‐year period by several institutions. Five authors, including J . Changnon, a well‐recognized expert in the field, as an editor, contributed to this monograph. The experiment was designed to know how a large metropolitan area (St. Louis) in the humid continental climate zone of the central United States affects the summer atmosphere and how these alterations change the weather and influence man. The authors can be credited in writing a complete and detailed book in which the results are presented in a very deductive manner. Each chapter begins with an abstract that summarizes the main results.
Advances in core drilling technology
Authors: Holdsworth G.
Published: October 2011

Some notable technical advances in drill design were reported at the meeting, held in Canada August 30–September 1, 1982, at the University of Calgary. Chief amongst these was a battery powered, computer assisted electromechanical core drill which has recently been used by the Danes in Greenland to continuously core to the base of the ice sheet at 2038 m. This is the deepest coring operation so far on the Greenland ice sheet. (The record for deep glacier drilling is held by the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory for the continuous coring through 2164 m of ice to bedrock at Byrd Station, Antarctica, in 1968). In early 1982, a current Soviet core drilling operation was reported to be at a depth of 2000 m at Vostok station, Antarctica, where the total ice thickness is about 4000 m; the goal of core drilling the entire ice thickness there could be achieved before the end of 1983.
Causes and effects of stratospheric ozone reduction: An update
Authors: Brasseur Guy
Published: October 2011

In 1976, the National Academy of Sciences released a report entitled Halocarbons: Effects on Stratospheric Ozone. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the likely effect of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) on the ozone layer in the atmosphere. A number of publications on the same subject have been prepared since then by different official bodies (NASA, World Meteorological Organization, European communities, the British government, etc.). The opinions expressed in these reports were not always in agreement and even sharply differed in certain cases.
Methane ice on Pluto and Triton
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Methane (CH4), the simplest of organic compounds, is found in the form of a gas associated with many solar system objects. Methane as a gas in the atmospheres of the Jovian planets and satellites and as a liquid on some of their surfaces probably formed in a primordial chemical reaction between hydrogen and carbon, not as a result of biological processes. Of interest to planetary scientists is the predicted occurrence of solid, crystalline methane as an important mineral phase. So far, the solid phases on the icy surfaces of the cold planets and their satellites have been identified as water (H20) ice. Recently, astronomers from the University of Hawaii and from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory have discovered crystalline methane on the surfaces of the distant planet Triton, which is a large satellite of Neptune, and on Pluto. These are the only bodies within the solar system so far that may have observable methane ice, although others may have methane mixtures.
Remembering earlier days
Authors: Lang Joseph W. , Whitten Charles A. , Droessler Earl G.
Published: October 2011

My connection with AGU began in 1939 following a regional seminar and meetings in Oklahoma City. The late Dr. Nelson Sayre sponsored my membership, just as I was embarking on a career in water resources investigation. Then, after about 4 years with the Texas Board of Water Engineers, I served 32 years with the U.S. Geological Survey in hydrological and geophysical studies in several states and at national headquarters as a staff scientist and administrator before retirement in 1973, after which I've done some consulting work. A long association with the growth and development of geophysics has allowed me to see the dynamic part AGU played in the growth and development.
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

This is a summary of SEAN Bulletin, 8(1), January 3, 1983, a publication of the Smithsonian Institution. The complete Mt. St. Helens, Ol Doinyo Lengai, and Usu reports are included. The earthquake and meteorite fall reports are excerpts. The complete bulletin is available in the microfiche edition of Eos as a microfiche supplement or as a paper reprint. Subscriptions to the SEAN Bulletin are also available. For the microfiche, order document E83‐002 at $2.50 from AGU Fulfillment, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20009. For reprints, order SEAN Bulletin (give dates and volume number) through AGU Separates; $3.50 for one copy of each issue number for those who do not have a deposit account; $2 for those who do; additional copies of each issue number are $1.00. For a subscription, order SEAN Bulletin from AGU Fulfillment. The price is $18.00 for 12 monthly issues mailed to a United States address; $28.00 (U.S.) if mailed elsewhere. Order must be prepaid.
Methane ocean on Titan?
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

There was an impressive list of names on a recent scientific communication that argues for the existence on Titan of an ocean of liquid methane (CH4) perhaps several hundred meters deep. C. Sagan and S. Dermott with helpful comments by S. Oter, S. Ostro, S. Peale, C. Yoder, W. Thompson, S. Squyres, G. Pettengill, P. Gierasch, and B. Khare speculate that such a methanic ocean, with its Saturnian tides and its tholinian floor, should exist all over Titan's surface; it should unless, they conclude, there is the ‘distracting coincidence [that] … the position of the surface of Titan [is] … near the liquidus in the CH4phase diagram [and, consequently, there is] …almost no methane ocean at all’ (Nature, 300, 731, 1982).

We know very little about Titan and its surface; the way of checking into Sagan and Dermott's ideas appears to rest on the interpretation of radar reflectivity data. Preliminary attempts to obtain radar data were made in 1979 with the 305‐m Arecibo telescope, but only broad limits resulted. The next opportunity for a measurement at Arecibo comes in the 1990's. Of course, the ideal circumstance would be to send spacecraft equipped with a radar reflectometer for a Titan flyby.
PNW region holds joint meeting
Authors: Royer C. , Johnson Walter R.
Published: October 2011

The twenty‐ninth AGU Pacific Northwest Regional Meeting was held September 15–16, in Fairbanks, Alaska. This was the first time that the meeting was held in Alaska, which, incidently, has the highest per capita AGU membership in the United States. The thirty‐third meeting of the Alaska Science Conference (AAAS) was convened jointly (September 16–18) with the AGU meeting. Approximately 550 participants attended the AAAS portion and presented 220 papers; about 150 attended the AGU segment and presented 63 papers. Carl Benson chaired a joint plenary session on ‘Geophysics of Alaska's South Coast.’
Meteorite samples
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The more than 5,000 meteorite samples recovered from the Antarctic ice sheet since 1969 are available for study, it was recently announced. The samples, which include rare types and fragments suspected to originate from sources other than the asteroid belt, were collected with support from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and are curated in a joint program of NSF, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the Smithsonian Institution.

Send your request for samples to the Secretary, Meteorite Working Group, Curator's Branch, SN2, NASA, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058.
New geothermal gradient data map
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A new, multicolor, geothermal gradient map of the continental United States has been produced as a joint publication of the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) and the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The map, which replaces the 1980 version published by LANL, presents a compilation of more than 1,700 wells that have been measured for temperature at depths greater than 50 m. Temperature/depth profiles are linear or are composed of linear segments reflecting changes in the thermal conductivity of the rocks. The data are displayed on two sheets, one for the east and one for the west, at a scale of 1:2,500,000. The location, depth, and gradient of each well is noted with a single, color‐coded symbol. Each well also is numbered and keyed to a table showing latitude, longitude, well depth, gradient, heat flow (where available), thermal conductivity (where available), and a reference.
Earthquake Prediction Techniques: Their Application in Japan
Authors: Kisslinger Carl
Published: October 2011

Japan is serious about solving the earthquake prediction problem. A well‐organized and well‐funded program of research has been under way for almost 20 years in pursuit of the national goal of protecting the dense population of this earthquake‐prone country through reliable predictions.

This rather amazing book, edited by Toshi Asada, retired director of the Geophysical Institute of the University of Tokyo, has been written by 10 scientists, each of whom has made important contributions to earthquake science, but who have not been known in the past as principal spokesmen for the Japanese earthquake prediction program. The result is a combination of a very readable tutorial presentation of basic earthquake science that will make the book understandable to the nonspecialist, a good summary of Japanese data and research conclusions, and a bare‐knuckles appraisal of current philosophy and strategy for prediction in Japan.
Tectonics—One year later
Authors: Holoviak Judy C.
Published: October 2011

In its first year Tectonics was a smashing success. It surpassed all standard projections for a new journal. Changes are in store for 1983 that will make Tectonics an even more attractive place for geologists and geophysicists to publish their work.

In June 1981 the AGU Council approved the creation of Tectonics, a journal devoted to a narrowly defined area of geophysics. Eight years had passed since AGU had created its last new journal, Geophysical Research Letters. During those years, the Council members and Publications Committee members had wrestled with the complex problems of how best to serve the evolving information needs of the membership and how to respond to criticisms of the current journals program.
Mechanics of fluids in porous media
Authors: Bear Jacob , Corapcioglu M. Yavuz
Published: October 2011

Transport of quantities such as mass component of a phase and/or heat occurs in fields as diversified as petroleum reservoir engineering, groundwater hydraulics, soil mechanics, industrial filtration, water purification, wastewater treatment, soil drainage and irrigation, and geothermal energy production. In all these areas, scientists, engineers, and planners make use of mathematical models; these models describe the relevant transport processes that occur within controlled porous medium domains and enable forecasting of the future behavior of these domains in response to planned activities. The mathematical models, in turn, are based on the understanding of phenomena, often within the void space, and on theories that relate these phenomena to measurable quantities.

Because of the pressing needs in areas of practical interest such as the development of groundwater energy storage and geothermal energy production, a vast amount of research in all these fields has contributed, especially in the last two decades, to our understanding and ability to describe transport phenomena in porous media. In recent years these research efforts have been significantly accelerated, attracting scientists from many disciplines. The practical needs of solving boundary value problems in heterogeneous domains, irregular boundaries, coupled phenomena and multiple dependent variables led to the development of a variety of powerful numerical techniques. The realization that fields are highly heterogeneous and that the degree of heterogeneity depends on the scale of the problem led to the introduction of stochastic concepts as an additional tool for the description of phenomena.
UCAR group urges STORM program
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

A blue‐ribbon panel of scientists has proposed a decade‐long, $1 billion program to improve forecasting operations and research of regional and local hazardous weather. The panel, appointed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), believes that the program could reduce the $20‐billion annual cost of damage from severe weather by $1 billion per year.

The primary aim of the program is to ‘enable weather services, public and private, to observe and predict stormscale weather phenomena— such as squall lines, thunderstorms, flash floods, local heavy snows, or tornadoes—with the accuracy and reliability to protect the public, serve the national economy, and meet defense requirements,’ as explained in the report, The National STORM (Stormscale Operational and Research Meteorology) Program: A Call to Action. Stormscale phenomena also include nonviolent weather: freezing rain, dense ground fog, low‐lying clouds that disrupt ground or air traffic, persistent temperature inversions, and strong nocturnal cooling that may produce killing frost.
Long Valley earthquakes wane
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The intense swarm of earthquakes that began January 6, 1983, in the Long Valley region of eastern California continues to abate. The rate of earthquakes of magnitude 1 or greater (Richter scale) fell to 24 per day by February 8, compared to 100 per day in late January and 1000 tremblers recorded on January 7. Prior to the current swarm, the average daily number of magnitude 1 or greater quakes was 8–10. The area has experienced more than eight seismic swarms since the four magnitude 5.6–6.1 earthquakes of May 25–27, 1980, that occurred in the southern part of the Long Valley caldera. Early ground deformation measurements indicate limited movement of magma deep within the earth.
Induced particle precipitation
Authors: Hartle R. E.
Published: October 2011

Preliminary results were recently reported from the Navy's Stimulated Emission of Energetic Particles (SEEP) satellite regarding detection of stimulated magnetospheric electron precipitation from ground based Navy VLF transmitters (Eos, January 18, 1983). The results, first released at the AGU Fall Meeting, were obtained on passes during mid‐August 1982, using coded transmitter pulses with a duty cycle of 3 s ‘on,’ 2 s ‘off.’

We note here that a similar experiment was conducted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) using low‐cost, recoverable rocket payloads from Wallops Island, Virginia, during late June and early July 1982. These flights also used the Navy VLF transmitter (NSS) at Annapolis, Maryland, with the same coding as that used for the later SEEP experiment. Participants in the NASA experiment included scientists from Goddard Space Flight Center, Denver University, and Cornell University. The results of this experiment, also reported at the AGU Fall Meeting, show evidence for pulsed electron precipitation patterns with the same period as the transmitted VLF pulses. These results were accomplished by sensing the bremsstrahlung X rays produced when the electrons reenter the atmosphere. A zenith‐viewing, wide angle X ray detector was stabilized with a slow descent aboard a parachutehung payload; this permitted a statistical build‐up of the X ray signals over thirty 5‐s cycles, a benefit not afforded by a fast moving satellite. Cross correlation analyses of the X ray data with the transmitted signal clearly demonstrated the existence of this effect at a detectable level under nighttime conditions. The SEEP results, which measured the precipitating electrons in situ, are consistent with these earlier NASA findings.
Distribution of elements in sea water
Authors: Quinby‐Hunt M. S. , Turehian K. K.
Published: October 2011

The purpose of this report is to provide a basis for predicting the composition of elements at any depth or location in the world oceans. Our aim is not to assess the importance of variations in elemental concentrations but only to provide a method of estimating them. The method, however, provides no entry into the problem of estimating the effects of local releases from sediments or of human activity.

The salinity of the open ocean ranges between 33‰ and 38‰ Dittmar [1884] showed that despite this variation in total salt concentration the proportions of the different ions making up most of the salt content were remarkably constant. In that sense these ions are identified as being ‘conservative’; that is, their variation is ascribed exclusively to the addition or subtraction of pure water to a saline solution of fixed elemental proportions. The concentrations of certain trace elements also have been shown to correlate with chlorinity within analytical errors and these too can be classified as behaving conservatively.
More on Pentagon funding ties
Authors: Emerman Steven H. , De Bremaecker J‐Cl.
Published: October 2011

Richard Altrock's recent letter on Air Force funding of geophysical research (Eos, March 22, 1983, p. 114) raises a number of questions in my mind and I am sure in the minds of many others. Dr. Altrock states that ‘funding is determined purely on relevance, availability of funds, and our estimate of the quality of the proposed research’ (emphasis mine). Relevant to whom? I assume that the Air Force seeks research relevant to its long‐range interests which I regard as contrary to the long‐range interests of the human race.
Volcanic event in Soviet Arctic?
Authors: Kienle J. , Roederer J. G. , Shaw G. E.
Published: October 2011

An unusual, high‐altitude plume originating at Bennett Island (Ostrov Bennetta) (76.7°N, 149.3°E) in the high Soviet Arctic, reminiscent of a volcanic eruption, was discovered during a routine scan of NOAA‐6 infrared imagery by the National Weather Service in Anchorage (Bruce Webster, personal communication, 1983). On the cover is an image acquired during satellite pass No. 18943 (NOAA‐6) on February 18, 1983, at 06:15:56 UT. The plume originated over the northeastern corner of Bennett Island. The horizontal cross section over the source region is approximately 10 km and the observable length is 250 km. The fine structure of the plume's initial segment suggests the possibility of a multiple source. Three distinct puffs corresponding to separate explosions make up the distal part of the plume.
Great Lakes Lab
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) would close under President Reagan's fiscal year 1984 budget proposal issued on January 31, 1983. GLERL, established in 1974, conducts experimental research in the field and laboratory on the physics, chemistry, and biology of the Great Lakes, their watersheds, sediments, and overlying atmosphere. Closing the lab would represent a cut of more than $3.6 million from the ocean research program, which is part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NO A A) ocean and coastal programs activity. Also, it would mean dismissing a staff of 90, according to Eugene Aubert, director of GLERL.
Shell funds chair
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Shell Companies Foundation, Inc., of Houston, Tex., has given $750,000 to the University of Texas at Austin to establish the Shell Distinguished Chair in Geophysics. The 5‐year, $150,000‐per‐year grant will support the studies of John G. Sclater. Sclater, currently a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has accepted a joint position that begins July 1 in the geological sciences department and in the Institute for Geophysics at UT Austin.

Sclater's research into the formation of ocean basins has applications for understanding the way petroleum deposits mature. He has studied the reconstruction of movements of the continents and the subsidence of ocean basins. He is considered an expert in the interpretation of geothermal and seismic data.
Fisica de la Tierra
Authors: Lomnitz Cinna
Published: October 2011

This brief introductory textbook fills a definite need. There have been no accessible references in Spanish on general geophysics. The level of the book requires only a knowledge of high school physics, according to the preface; however, this is not so much a high school text as a reference guide for the general reader.

The book contains four chapters: (1) Gravity and the Shape of the Earth, (2) Earthquakes and the Interior of the Earth, (3) The Magnetic field, and (4) Origins and Evolution of the Earth. The latter chapter contains most of the relevant information on plate tectonics and dynamics of the lithosphere. The sequence of chapters is somewhat awkward, since the idea of lithospheric plates is already introduced in Chapter 2. In fact, the discussion of plate tectonics contains several inconsistencies: in Figure 4‐4, for example, volcanoes are shown as plumes rising from the Benioff zone and erupting offshore, on the continental slope. The text compounds the confusion: ‘Because of the dip angle of the sinking plate, these volcanoes are found behind the coast line. Continental rocks in the collision zone are pushed up to form large mountain ranges in some places, such as the Andes.’
Core models
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Newly formulated models of the earth's core have been described recently as ‘simultaneously provocative and vexing’ (R. Jeanloz, Nature, 299, 108, 1982). Part of the reason for this is that concepts about the earth's core are being rapidly updated.

That there is knowledge at all of a core results from the analysis of seismic data; such analysis is model‐dependent. Further analysis of more extensive data results in new models; alternative approaches to the problems from theoretical geochemical considerations result in another type of model. The conjunction of such models may seem incongruous, but not so. A great deal is being learned about the geochemistry of processes that have a bearing on core formation. Significantly, there has been a simultaneous surge of improved seismic data and analysis.
IUGG travel grants
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

AGU has awarded $57,722 to 84 scientists as travel support for U.S. participation in the 18th General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), to be held in Hamburg, F.R.G., August 15–27. The 84 awardees were selected from 276 applicants. Funding is for approximately 90% of the group air fares for which AGU contracted, through Passage Tours, with Northwest Orient Airlines. The National Science Foundation supplies the travel grant funds; AGU administers the grant process.
Committees: The backbone of AGU
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Committees are the backbone of AGU; they serve in a variety of indispensable roles. They serve as consultants to the Council and as sources of ideas; they also provide continuing guidance to the staff. Committees review ongoing and proposed programs and suggest new ones. Reports presented to the Council for decisions on programs usually include an integration of staff and committee information. Committees may also act as operating extensions of staff capabilities, especially in cases where staffing is not financially feasible. AGU could not operate effectively without the strong core of volunteer help that participates in committee activities and on the Council. This participation provides the spirit that in turn serves as the example that allows any voluntary association to draw further vitality from its community.
U.S. streams in March, April
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

March streamflow conditions were generally above average over most of the United States, and much of the eastern United State; was awash in April, with record and near‐record flows being set on streams from Maine to Louisiana, according to monthend checks on the nation's water‐resource conditions by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). About 90% of the key index gaging stations nationwide reported average to above‐average flow: in April.

USGS hydrologists said that new record high streamflows were set on the Amite, Tan gipahoa and Natalbany rivers and the Bogue Chitto in Louisiana and the Wolf and Biloxi rivers and Red Creek in Mississippi.
Pioneer 10 leaves solar system
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The National Aeronautical and Space Administration's (NASA) unmanned spacecraft, Pioneer 10, was expected to leave the outer reaches of our solar system on June 13, 1983. (The division between the solar system and outer space is defined as the edge of the sheath of influence of the solar wind; this sheath is called the heliosphere.) On its way to space beyond our solar system, Pioneer 10 will pass close enough to Neptune and Uranus to obtain data which may be useful in determining whether or not “Planet X” exists. Planet X is the hypothetical cause of Neptune's and Uranus' perturbed motion, so far unexplained by earth observation. In addition, as it leaves the heliosphere, scientists hope Pioneer 10 will map the apex of the solar wind teardrop.
Merger at MIT
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

On July 1, the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences a n d the Department of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) merged to form the Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences. This new department will deal with researc in climatology, geochemistry, geology, geophysics, meteorology, oceanography, and planetary science. W. F. Brace, former chairman of the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, will head the new department.

The new department contains a Center for Meteorology and Physical Oceanography, which will coordinate all efforts in these closely related areas. In addition, the center will serve as a focus for MIT's participation in the physical oceanography portion of the Joint Program in Oceanography with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The director of the new center is Peter H. Stone, former head of the Department of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography.
Waldo E. Smith receives first award of his namesake medal
Authors: Smith Waldo E.
Published: October 2011

This evening marks the first presentation of the American Geophysical Union's Waldo E. Smith Award. While all other AGU awards and honors are given for excellence in scientific research in one or another of the geophysical disciplines, this award is different. The Waldo E. Smith Award is given for dedicated and extraordinary service to geophysics and AGU. It is the principal purpose of this citation to show why it is particularly appropriate that an award for service to American geophysics should be called the Waldo E. Smith Award. A secondary objective, aimed at those present tonight, is to introduce the first recipient of this award, Waldo E. Smith, Executive Director Emeritus of AGU.
Biological transformation of organic pollutants in groundwater
Authors: Wilson John T. , McNabb James F.
Published: October 2011

Recent investigations have discovered surprisingly high numbers of microorganisms in shallow water‐table aquifers. Evidence is accumulating that these microorganisms may, under certain circumstances, transform many of the organic pollutants that enter the subsurface environment. These transformations can lead to total destruction of the pollutant or to the production of new organic pollutants.
Recruiting astronauts
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is recruiting candidates for its 1‐year training and evaluation program for space shuttle pilots and mission specialists. Applications will be accepted between October 1 and December 1, 1983; selections will be made by May 1984, and successful candidates will begin their training in July 1984.

Candidates for mission specialist must have a bachelor's degree from an accredited institution in engineering, in the biological or physical sciences, or in mathematics. The degree must be supplemented by at least 3 years of related professional experience. An advanced degree is desirable and may be substituted for all or part of the experience requirement.
Krakatau 1883: A classic geophysical event
Authors: Simkin Tom , Fiske Richard S.
Published: October 2011

This week marks the 100th anniversary of Krakatau's 1883 eruption, perhaps the most famous volcanic event in recorded history. During a 23‐hour period on August 26 and 27, 1883, more than 18 km3 of volcanic debris thundered upward from Krakatau, resulting in the death of more than 36,000 people and causing widespread devastation to the surrounding area. Moreover, the 1883 events at Krakatau caused geophysical phenomena that were observed around the world, making it (at least up until Mount St. Helens' 1980 eruption) the household word for a classic volcanic catastrophe.

One hundred years ago, Krakatau was a 5×9 km island in the Sunda Straits, between Java and Sumatra in the Dutch East Indies. It was a familiar landmark, both to the tens of thousands of nearby coastal residents and to the crews of thousands of ships from Europe and the Americas that passed through the Straits each year on their way to and from the far east. The volcano had last erupted in 1681 and was not regarded as a likely site for renewed and catastrophic activity.
Radioactive waste study released
Authors: Dowhaluk Bohdan
Published: October 2011

A National Research Council (NRC) panel has concluded that the technology for safely storing radioactive waste is ready for confirmation in a test facility. At the same time, the panel proposed safety standards that are more stringent than standards currently proposed by some government agencies. The report, Study of the Isolation System for the Geologic Disposal of Radioactive Wastes, was funded by the Department of Energy as part of its effort to comply with a Congressional mandate to open a national radioactive waste storage facility by the end of the century.

The Waste Isolation Panel of the NRC's Board on Radioactive Waste Management did not choose a specific site for the first U.S. repository because the state of current technology does not allow the U.S. to design, construct, and safely operate a full‐fledged site. However, the panel's chairman, Thomas H. Pigford, of the University of California at Berkeley, believes that the goal established by Congress can be met.
Carbon Dioxide: Friend or Foe?
Authors: Muller C.
Published: October 2011

Carbon Dioxide: Friend or Foe is a short rnonograph on the so‐called carbon dioxide greenhouse effect. The author challenges the established view that the present CO2 increase would, in the long term, lead to a global ground temperature increase. S. B. Idso, from four sets of observations, has deduced that the temperature response to an increased received energy at the ground should be less than or equal to 0.113 K (W/m2). If this result is combined with the 2.28 W/m2 of increased radiation expected from CO2 doubling, he finds a temperature increase of 0.26 K, which cannot be distinguished form the natural temperature fluctuation. This conclusion is in disagreement with virtually all the current mathematical models that predict a ground temperature response of an order of magnitude or more higher.
Seismicity and surface deformation of Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii
Authors: Decker R. W. , Koyanagi R. Y. , Dvorak J. J. , Lockwood J. P. , Okamura A. T. , Yamashita K. M. , Tanigawa W. R.
Published: October 2011

Changing patterns of seismicity and surface deformation indicate that magma is being injected and stored in a shallow reservoir beneath the summit, and that the probability of an eruption is increased.

Mauna Loa is a 4169‐m‐high shield volcano on the Island of Hawaii. Its latest two eruptions occurred on the southwest flank in 1950 [Macdonald, 1954] and, mainly within the summit caldera, in 1975 [Lockwood el al., 1976]. The oval summit caldera is 3 by 5 km in diameter, with cliffs as much as 180 m high (Figure 1). It is elongate in the direction of two principal rift zones that extend northeastward and southwestward from the summit. These rift zones, which are commonly vents for flank eruptions, form the gently sloping ridges that give Mauna Loa its Hawaiian name—Long Mountain.
Geoscientists surveyed
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A sociological survey of men and women geoscientists has been prepared by the Association for Women Geoscientists (AWG) in conjunction with the University of Colorado. AWG, which will mail the survey questions to its members in October, invites interested men and women who are not AWG members to request and fill out the questionnaire; it will be available October 1 from Sigrid Asher, 586 South Williams Street, Denver, CO 80209, and must be returned by October 31, 1983.

The survey will cover both career facts and job attitudes, and the results will be analyzed by survey specialists at the University of Colorado. AWG hopes that, besides being useful for designing AWG programs to meet the needs of those queried, the survey will provide employment statistics previously unavailable.
Mobile VLBI transfer
Authors: Mader Gerald L.
Published: October 2011

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has agreed to transfer Mobile Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) equipment and operations to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA will use these mobile systems to create and maintain a National Crustal Motion Network (NCMN) and to support NASA's Crustal Dynamics Project. Consisting of several fixed VLBI sites across the United States, and 40 to 50 additional sites established by mobile VLBI, the NCMN will provide a basic terrestrial coordinate system throughout the United States that has been referenced to the inertial system defined by the fixed VLBI stations. While monitoring crustal deformation across the United States, the NCMN will also establish base stations in the National Networks of Geodetic Control that will also provide accuracy criteria for use with differential and interferometric Global Positioning System receivers. This NCMN will gain further importance as the burden of geodetic observations shifts increasingly to satellite‐based techniques in the future.
Nor Any Drop To Drink
Authors: Lehr Jay H.
Published: October 2011

In Nor Any Drop To Drink author William Ashworth displays an exceptional grasp of the hydrologic cycle for one trained as a writer rather than as an earth scientist. Especially remarkable for a popular book is the no‐nonsense manner in which he handles popular misconceptions about underground water. Authors of similar books generally mollify readers who hold fallacious, mysterious beliefs concerning groundwater flow. Ashworth gets their attention with the proverbial two‐by‐four between the eyes by declaring such fallacies to be 100% hogwash. He describes the groundwater system in an exceptionally accurate manner using precise analogies which benefit from his literary skill.
Molecular‐orbital experiments
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Molecular orbitals (MO) are theoretical entities created to describe probability functions of bonding electrons in molecular groups. Whereas one‐electron wave functions that describe atomic orbitals have been measured for decades by spectrographic techniques, bonding electrons in molecules have been less discrete objects to measure directly. The ultimate hopes of those engaged in applied MO theory in the field of mineral physics ride on being able to deduce the nature of bonding electrons precisely.

A new application of the so‐called Penning ionization principle may make these hopes realizable; it offers the first opportunity to obtain by direct measurement quantitative electron densities within the outer orbitals. Called a Penning ionization electron spectroscopy (PIES) technique, this potentially major breakthrough in molecular orbital studies was developed by Koichi Ohno, Hideki Mutoh, and Yoshiya Harada of the University of Tokyo. As described recently, the results of the University of Tokyo group have shown that “ … a spectroscopic technique can provide information about individual molecular orbitals and that … [the technique] … is most sensitive to the outer most orbitals” (Chemical and Engineering News, August 1, 1983).
More quakes, fewer deaths
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

During the first half of 1983 there were more significant earthquakes but fewer resulting deaths worldwide than during the same period last year, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. The number of significant earthquakes increased to 31 from 29 for the same period in 1982, while deaths decreased to 154 from 167. Only one significant earthquake and no deaths were reported in the United States this year. Significant earthquakes are defined as shocks that register as 6.5 or more on the Richter scale or those that register lower yet still cause casualties or considerable damage.
Correction [to “STARE System looks at ULF magnetics”]
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

…an inadvertent reference was omitted to the source of the observations…
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Principles of Forest Hydrology has been written to accompany class lectures for students pursuing training in forestry, wildland resources, environmental sciences, and geography. The book introduces basic principles and concepts of hydrology and it does this quite well.

Principles of Forest Hydrology is a revision of an earlier book, An Outline of Forest Hydrology, coauthored with Wade L. Nutter. The new version is quite similar to the original with some important additions in the areas of precipitation, subsurface water, and evapotranspiration. Metric units are used in the examples and problems, and the soil water potential terminology has been updated.
Principles of Forest Hydrology
Authors: Engman Edwin T.
Published: October 2011

Principles of Forest Hydrology has been written to accompany class lectures for students pursuing training in forestry, wildland resources, environmental sciences, and geography. The book introduces basic principles and concepts of hydrology and it does this quite well.

Principles of Forest Hydrology is a revision of an earlier book, An Outline of Forest Hydrology, coauthored with Wade L. Nutter. The new version is quite similar to the original with some important additions in the areas of precipitation, subsurface water, and evapotranspiration. Metric units are used in the examples and problems, and the soil water potential terminology has been updated.
Section candidates
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Eos is carrying biographies and photographs of all candidates for President‐elect, General Secretary, and Foreign Secretary of the Union and for President‐elect and Secretary of each Section. In addition, statements by the candidates for Union offices and for Section President‐elect will appear. The material for the Atmospheric Sciences Section appears below. The material for the Geodesy, the Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism, and the Planetology sections appeared in the August 30 issue. The slate of candidates for all offices was carried in the June 21 issue.
The geodetic activities of the Department of Defense under IGY programs
Authors: Williams Owen W. , Daugherty Kenneth I.
Published: October 2011

The International Geophysical Year (IGY) programs have special significance to geodesists. The IGY witnessed the launching of the first manmade earth satellite and the beginning of the era of global geodesy. It is no wonder that the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) with its global geodesy requirements developed an early interest in satellite geodesy. Specifically, this led to the use of early satellites of opportunity (and subsequently of dedicated satellites) for worldwide navigation, geodetic positioning, and gravimetric investigations. In conjunction with other civilian satellite programs under the IGY, DoD played a major role in the achievement of geodetic goals perhaps far beyond that which was envisioned originally. An early satellite program was the project ANNA with the basic concept originating from the DoD. ANNA, a truly cooperative effort, involved the three defense services, NASA, and other civilian agencies. Other examples under satellite programs included many camera and electronic measuring techniques, especially the U.S. Navy's Doppler system, the Army's SECOR, and the pioneering development of laser illuminating and ranging experiments by the Air Force. On this occasion marking the 25th anniversary of the IGY, this article recalls some of the DoD activities of the initial years that fulfilled the geodetic objectives of the IGY and highlights those activities that grew out of the IGY to become today's technology.
Travel grants to IGC
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The U.S. National Committee for Geochemistry is seeking funding for its Travel Grant Program to the 27th International Geological Congress to be held in Moscow August 4–14, 1984. In cooperation with other organizations, the committee seeks to ensure appropriate U.S. participation by providing 10–20 travel grants to enable geochemists residing in the United States to attend. Travel grants are to be awarded based in part on a screening subcommittee's ranking of abstracts submitted for presentation at the congress. Special consideration will be given to younger geochemists and those judged to benefit most by participating in this important international congress.
Mount St. Helens Eruptions of 1980: Atmospheric Effects and Potential Impact
Authors: Reiter R.
Published: October 2011

This clearly and uniformly arranged little book reports the results of a NASA workshop held November 20–21, 1980, in Washington, D.C , on the atmospheric effects of the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruptions.

It is divided into the following six chapters: (1) Volcanological Description of the May 18, 1980, Eruption of Mount St. Helens, (2) Transport and Dispersion, (3) Chemical and Physical Measurements of the Volcanic Cloud Made In Situ, (4) Remote Sensing of Mount St. Helens Effluent, (5) Chemistry of the Mount St. Helens Effluent, and (6) Influence of Mount St. Helens and other Volcanoes on Climate and Weather. Each chapter closes with conclusions and references.
Acid rain trends
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Analyses of 10 to 15 years of water quality records for 47 headwater streams across the country suggest a decline in the acidity of precipitation in the northeastern United States and an increase in acidity in most other regions. These results, published by two U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists, lend a new perspective to the debate on whether increased sulfur emissions from Midwest powerplants increase the acidity of precipitation in the Northeast.

The apparent regional trends in the acidity of precipitation are expected to be reflected as changing levels of sulfate and alkalinity on streams across the country, say USGS scientists. “Because we lack long‐term, nationwide data on changes in the quality of the precipitation itself, the next best possibility is to detect any changes in the quality of the receiving waters—streams and lakes—that can be attributed to changes in the acidity of the precipitation they receive,” explained Richard A. Smith, USGS hydrologist and senior author of the new report. Richard B. Alexander coauthored the report.
First Spacelab flight
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA) are combining efforts to place Spacelab into earth orbit for its first mission. (Originally scheduled for October 28, the flight has now been postponed for 1 to 3 months.) This mission will be the first in a series o f flights of a working laboratory in space to utilize the region outside of the earth's atmosphere. Scientists will be in the Spacelab to do experiments on a range of disciplines.
NSF budget for fiscal 1984
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Although the fiscal 1984 budget for the National Science Foundation (NSF) was signed into law in mid July, the agency only recently distributed the appropriations to the various directorates. NSF's total appropriation is for $1320.3 million, an increase of 20.7% over the fiscal 1983 budget of $1093.5 million. Here are highlights of the NSF appropriations levels and how the agency plans to distribute the funds for the fiscal year that began on October 1.

The final conference between the House of Representatives and Senate did not specify appropriations for all of the NSF research directorates (see Table 1), but it set an overall appropriation level for research and related activities and made general recommendations. NSF officials, using the appropriation level and reports from House and Senate committees as guidelines, established program levels for the directorates.
NOAA data service
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Beginning this month, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has a new source of information for scientists seeking information on environmental assessment and impact studies, facility site planning, research program planning, project data tracking and management, and new data.

The agency's new National Environmental Data Referral Service (NEDRES) is an electronic catalog that identifies the existence, location, characteristics, and availability of conditions of environmental data. NOAA expects NEDRES to develop into a national network serving federal, state, and private organizations. NEDRES now contains about 13,000 data files.