bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foliar Nitrogen Loss and CO2Equilibrium as Influenced by Three Soybean (Glycine max) Postemergence Herbicides
Authors: Weiland R. T. , Stutte C. A. , Talbert R. E.
Published: May 2019

‘Forrest’ soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] infested with entireleaf morningglory [Ipomoea hederacea(L.) Jacq. var.integriusula Gray] were treated in the field with three postemergence herbicides, dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol), sodium salt of acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid}, and 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid]. Foliar nitrogen (N) loss, transpiration, and CO2equilibrium concentrations were measured from 4 to 148 h after treatment. In morningglory foliar N loss was increased by dinoseb, decreased by acifluorfen, and first increased and then decreased by 2,4-DB treatments. Transpiration in this weed species was decreased by all three herbicides. In soybean, N loss was increased and transpiration decreased with dinoseb; acifluorfen did not affect either activity; and 2,4-DB decreased both processes during one sampling period. In both plant species dinoseb increased the CO2equilibrium concentration within 4 h after treatment. Treatments with acifluorfen and 2,4-DB initially increased the CO2concentration in morningglory with major increases noted at the onset of chlorosis 52 h after treatment. In soybean, some significant decreases in CO2equilibrium concentrations occurred with the lowest rate of all three herbicides.
Inhibition of Glyphosate Phytotoxicity
Authors: Stahlman P. W. , Phillips W. M.
Published: May 2019

Effects of seven herbicides and two herbicide formulations on the phytotoxicity of glyphosate {[N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine]} were studied in the greenhouse. All herbicide formulations tested reduced glyphosate toxicity; the degree of reduction among herbicides varied. Type of formulation did not alter the reducing effects of propazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] or propachlor (2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide). Liquid formulations of cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazin-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropionitrile} and linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea] caused less reduction than the wettable powder formulations, but the liquid formulation of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] caused greater reduction than the wettable powder. Inert ingredients of the herbicide formulations were primarily responsible for reduced glyphosate toxicity.
Phytotoxic Effect of Decaying Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) Residues
Authors: Toai T. V. , Linscott D. L.
Published: May 2019

We studied the effects of temperature (5, 10, 20, and 30 C) on the phytotoxic activity of decaying quackgrass [Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.] leaves and rhizomes that were incubated in soils for 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seeds were grown for 96 h in water, water extracts of control soils, and water extracts of soil with quackgrass rhizomes or leaves. Dried quackgrass rhizomes and leaves contained water-soluble toxins that inhibited alfalfa seedling development and growth. There was a strong interaction between incubation time and temperature on the development of additional toxins by decomposing quackgrass. High incubation temperature (30 C) accelerated toxin formation and ultimate decay. Intermediate temperature (20 C) delayed toxin formation and decay. Low incubation temperatures (5 C and 10 C) prevented formation of additional toxin. In all extracts of quackgrass and soil that had been incubated for 6 weeks, normal alfalfa seedling number equaled that in water. However, seedling growth varied with incubation temperatures.

Treatment of quackgrass with glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] in the greenhouse did not influence the toxicity of decaying quackgrass leaves. The highest toxic effect was noted after 1 week of decay on the soil surface.
Response of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) to Dicamba
Authors: Hamilton K. C. , Arle H. F.
Published: May 2019

Single over-the-top and directed applications of dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) were made to cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Deltapine 16′). Dicamba applied over-the-top of cotton caused foliage malformation for about 6 weeks. Dicamba (32 g/ha) applied to cotton foliage 3 to 15 weeks after emergence reduced average cotton yields. Applications of 16 to 64 g/ha of dicamba over-the-top of cotton before bloom had less effect on cotton foliage, yield, boll components, and fiber properties than application at bloom. Directed applications of dicamba to the soil or to the base of cotton and soil caused foliage malformation but did not affect cotton yield, boll components, and fiber properties.
Effects of Herbicides on Weeds and Sweetcorn (Zea mays) Grown on Coarse-Textured Soils
Authors: Ogg A. G. , Drake S.
Published: May 2019

Alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] at 3.4 kg/ha, EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) + R-25788 (N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide) at 4.5 + 0.4 and 9.0 + 0.8 kg/ha, vernolate (S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate) + R-25788 at 4.5 + 0.4 and 9.0 + 0.8 kg/ha, metolachlor [2-chloroN-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] at 1.7 and 3.4 kg/ha, and metolachlor + procyazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(cyclopropylamino)1,3,5-triazine-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile} at 1.3 + 1.3 kg/ha were preplant incorporated. These herbicides controlled 95% or more of the barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv.], common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), Powell amaranth (A. powelliiS. Wats.), and yellow foxtail [Setaria lutescens(Weigel) Hubb.] without injuring sweetcorn (Zea maysL. ‘Golden Jubilee’) or reducing corn yields or quality. Similar results were obtained with preplant incorporated applications of butylate (S-ethyldiisobutylthiocarbamate) + R-25788 at 4.5 + 0.2 kg/ha followed by a postemergence application of the amine salt of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] at 0.6 kg/ha. Metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one] at 0.3 and 0.6 kg/ha and metribuzin + alachlor at 0.6 + 2.2 kg/ha applied preplant and incorporated reduced corn stands, primary ear production, and corn yields significantly. None of the herbicides significantly affected total sugars, reducing sugars, soluble solids, moisture content, or succulence of the corn.
The Persistence of Fluridone in Various Soils under Field and Controlled Conditions
Authors: Banks P. A. , Ketchersid M. L. , Merkle M. G.
Published: May 2019

The concentration of fluridone {1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4(1H)-pyridinone} residue in Miller clay and Lufkin fine sandy loam was determined at various intervals following incorporated and nonincorporated applications in the field. Low levels of fluridone were present in Miller clay after 250 days while up to 25% remained in Lufkin fine sandy loam 385 days after treatment. Incorporation of fluridone increased its persistence in, Lufkin fine sandy loam but not in Miller clay. Fluridone degradation in Miller clay and Lufkin fine sandy loam was more rapid in the field than under controlled conditions. Fluridone degradation in sterilized Brennan fine sandy loam and Hidalgo sandy clay loam was significantly slower than in nonsterilized soil kept under the same conditions. These differences were not observed in Lufkin fine sandy loam and Miller clay.
Effects of Metolachlor on Germination, Growth, Leucine Uptake, and Protein Synthesis
Authors: Pillai P. , Davis D. E. , Truelove B.
Published: May 2019

The effect of metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] on the germination and growth of 14 plant species was investigated. A 10-3M concentration of the herbicide did not reduce germination as much as 10% for corn (Zea maysL. ‘Pioneer 3369A’), English pea (Pisum sativumL. ‘Thomas Laxton’), sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL.), or wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Coker 68–15′) but reduced germination of oat (Avena sativaL. ‘Coker 227′) to 0, lettuce (Lactuca sativaL. ‘Grand Rapids’) to 11%, and peanut (Arachis hypogaeaL. ‘Florunner’) to 14%. A 10-6M concentration did not affect the germination of any species tested. A 10-5M concentration did not significantly decrease length or fresh weight of corn, morningglory, or wheat roots but had at least some adverse effect on all other species tested. At this concentration root length was less than 2/3 of the control for English pea, cucumber (Cucumis sativusL. ‘Ashley’), radish (Raphanus sativusL. ‘Scarlet Globe’), sicklepod, and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Ransom’]. Metolachlor was supplied to germinating seeds of barley (Hordeum vulgareL. ‘Barsoy’), English pea, and corn either only in the shoot, seed, or root zone, or to all parts. One kg/ha applied in the shoot zone of barley and corn significantly reduced seedling height and dry weight but had no effect when applied in either the seed or root zone. Application in all zones was approximately twice as detrimental as when applied in only the shoot zone. Application of 4 kg/ha in only the shoot, seed, or root zones of English pea did not decrease seedling height or dry weight but application in all zones decreased these values about 98%. A 10-5M concentration of metolachlor decreased leucine uptake by cucumber root tips but not its incorporation into protein. A 10-4M concentration strongly reduced leucine uptake and slightly decreased leucine incorporation into protein.
Weed Control in Immature Pecan (Carya illinoensis) and Peach (Prunus persica) Plantings
Authors: Arnold C. E. , Aldrich J. H.
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were conducted in 1974 and 1975 to evaluate the effect of seven herbicides applied preemergence and two herbicides applied postemergence on weed growth around 7-yr-old pecan [Carya illinoensis(Wang.) K. Koch ‘Elliott’ and ‘Desirable’] and 3-yr-old peach [Prunus persica(L.) Batsch ‘June Gold’] and to observe herbicidal tolerance as noted from visually expressed phytotoxicity. After 12 weeks, the best control of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.], purple nutsedge(Cyperus rotundusL.), and wild blackberry (Rubus cuneifoliusPursh) was obtained with glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine], napropamide [2-(α-naphthoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide] + glyphosate, and napropamide + terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) + paraquat (1,1′dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion). The most effective overall control of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.), camphorweed [Heterotheca subaxillaris(Lam.) Britt. & Rusby], dogfennel [Eupatorium capillifolium(Lam.) Small], large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop.], and Florida pusley (Richardia scabraL.) resulted from napropamide + terbacil + paraquat. Herbicides used caused no visible toxicity to the immature pecan or peach trees.
Control of Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) in Overseeded Bermudagrass (Cynodonspp.) Golf Greens
Authors: Dickens Ray
Published: May 2019

Ethofumesate, [(+)-2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl methanesulfonate] applied preemergence provided selective control of annual bluegrass (Poa annuaL.) in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.) overseeded on dormant bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. XC. transvaalensisBurtt Davy ‘Tifdwarf’] golf greens. Control in excess of 95% was obtained with single applications at the 2.2 kg/ha rate in 2 of 3 yr, but multiple applications were required when ethofumesate was applied at 1.1 kg/ha or less. Ethofumesate caused temporary cessation of bermudagrass growth when applied in the fall. February applications slowed the spring transition to bermudagrass.
Response of Certain Crops to Glyphosate in Irrigation Water
Authors: Comes R. D. , Kelley A. D.
Published: May 2019

Six crop species were irrigated with water that contained up to several times more glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] than would be expected in irrigation water as a result of spraying ditchbank vegetation. In June or July 1976, sugarbeets (Beta vulgarisL.), alfalfa (Medicago sativaL., ‘Vernal’), grain sorghum [Sorghumbicolor (L.) Moench], field beans (Phaseolus vulgarisL., ‘Pinto’), tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentumMill., ‘Roza’), and squash [Cucurbita moschata(Duch.) Duch. ex Poir.] were sprinkler-irrigated with water that contained glyphosate at 0, 0.02, 0.22, or 2.2 ppmw. These concentrations were applied continuously for 8 h to make total applications of 0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.1 kg/ha, respectively. No injury symptoms developed in any of the crop plants. Yields of treated crops were equal to those produced by untreated plants.
Interference of Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and Robust Foxtail (Setaria viridisvar.robusta-albaor var.robusta-purpurea) in Soybeans (Glycine max)
Authors: Orwick P. L. , Schreiber M. M.
Published: May 2019

Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) and robust foxtail [Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv. var.robusta-albaSchreiber (RWF) orSetaria viridisvar.robusta-purpureaSchreiber (RPF)] were investigated regarding their ability to interfere with soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Amsoy 71′] at different weed densities and soybean row spacing throughout two growing seasons. Final weed densities for each species tended to reach a common value because of intraspecific interference regardless of the initial density. With cultivation, a narrow soybean row spacing (38 cm) resulted in less weed growth than did a wide row spacing (76 cm) but with no cultivation, the trend was reversed. Soybeans provided less interference to foxtail than to pigweed during both growing seasons. Interference from foxtail adversely affected soybean yield components and soybean seed yield more than did pigweed interference. Water-stress conditions in 1976 increased the intensity of weed interference and reduced soybean seed yield more severely than in 1975 when moisture was adequate throughout the growing season.
A Technique for Estimating Weed Seed Populations in Cultivated Soil
Authors: Standifer Leon C.
Published: May 2019

A technique is described for removing seed from soil samples. The soil was poured as a water slurry over 0.841 mm and 0.58 mm sieves. The retained seeds were placed in a laboratory seed blower which was adjusted to remove light debris and seed coats without embryos. The remaining seeds were separated, identified, and counted. The technique was used with a 2-yr study which monitored soil weed seed populations in three vegetable cropping systems.
An Analysis of the Growth Inhibitory Characteristics of Alachlor and Metolachlor
Authors: Deal Luanne M. , Hess F. D.
Published: May 2019

The effects of varying concentrations and duration of alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] and metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] treatment on root growth, cell division, and cell enlargement were studied. Peas (Pisum sativumL. ‘Alaska’) and oats (Avena sativaL. ‘Victory’) were treated from 0 to 48 h with concentrations ranging from 1 × 10-8to 1 × 10-3M of each herbicide. After 48 h, average growth rates were significantly inhibited at concentrations of 1 × 10-7M alachlor and 5 × 10−8M metolachlor, and 5 × 10−7M alachlor and 1 × 10-6M metolachlor for peas and oats, respectively. When growth inhibitions were examined across time at concentrations greater than these, the degree of growth inhibition was a function of both concentration and duration of treatment. Often the greatest decrease in growth occurred between 0 and 12 h. Mitotic indices of root tip squashes from pea roots and paraffin sections from oat roots were determined. There was a significant reduction in the mitotic indices of pea roots treated for 48 h with 5 × 10−6M alachlor or 1 × 10-5M metolachlor. After a 30-h treatment, the mitotic indices of oat roots were significantly reduced by 1 × 10−7M metolachlor and 1 × 10−6M alachlor. Significant inhibition of elongation of etiolated oat coleoptiles were observed at 5 × 10−6M alachlor (27%) and 5 × 10−5M metolachlor (30%). Inhibition of pea hypocotyl elongation did not occur at concentrations below 5 × 10−4M. It was concluded that the growth inhibition of plants caused by alachlor and metolachlor results from both an inhibition of cell division and cell enlargement.
Performance of Six Substituted Dinitrobenzamine Herbicides Applied at Layby of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: Miller J. H. , Carter C. H.
Published: May 2019

Six substituted dinitrobenzamine herbicides, including butralin [4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N-(1-methylpropyl)-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine], dinitramine (N4,N4-diethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2,4-diamine), fluchloralin [N-(2-chloroethyl)-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline], pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine], profluralin [N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine], and trifluralin (α,α,α,-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), were evaluated as directed broadcast sprays applied and soil incorporated at time of last cultivation (layby) of cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Acala SJ-2’). At the rates used, all herbicides provided more than 90% control of annual grasses. During 1976 and 1977, control of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) and smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridusL.) ranged from 90 to 100% and none of the herbicides differed significantly in their effect. However in 1975, butralin at 1.1 kg/ha did not improve pigweed control when compared to the untreated control. None of the herbicides consistently controlled black nightshade (Solanum nigrumL.) and except pendimethalin, none caused detectable cotton injury. In 2 of 3 yr, pendimethalin caused enlarged growth of the cotton stem in the cotyledonary node area contacted by the herbicide spray. Stem breakage following wind occurred in about 5% of the cotton plants; however, the injury was not manifested by reduced yield. None of the herbicides influenced cotton yield. Residues from soil samples collected 4 months after herbicide application reduced growth of Japanese millet [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. var.frumentacea(Link) Wright]3and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench] 24 to 49%.
RED AND WHITE IN OVID’S METAMORPHOSES: THE MULBERRY TREE IN THE TALE OF PYRAMUS AND THISBE
Authors: Rhorer †Catherine Campbell
Published: May 2019

Throughout the Metamorphoses Ovid draws special attention to the colors red and white. Red (rubor, rutilus, rubesco, puniceus, purpureus, ‘ red ’ or ‘purple ’) is, of course, the color of blood, of a blush, of ripening fruit, Tyrean dye, and the sky at dawn. White is the color of marble, ivory, lilies, and the sky at noon. If we examine this pair in erotic contexts, however, we will find that white is associated with innocence and chastity, with the frigid absence of sexual feeling and with emotional and physical death. Red is associated with pudor, that sense of shame that afflicts the innocent whose eyes have just been opened to erotic reality, and with the heat of violence, both the violence of feeling (furor) and the violence of rape.
HOMER’S CATALOGUE OF WOMEN
Authors: Northrup Mark D.
Published: May 2019

‘Son of Laertes, sprung from Zeus, Odysseus of many devices, no longer now remain unwilling in my house. But first you must complete another journey and come to the halls of Hades and dread Persephone to consult the shade of Theban Teiresias, the blind seer whose mind abides steadfast. . .and he will tell you the way and the measures of your path and your return, how you may go over the fish–laden deep. ’
LE RADICI DEL FRAZIONISMO E IL VOTO DI PREFERENZA
Authors: Pasquino Gianfranco
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Il dibattito sul rapporto fra proporzionalismo come sistema elettorale all'interno dei partiti e proliferazione di correnti (o fazioni) all'interno degli stessi partiti ha toccato finora, come era inevitabile e giusto, una gamma di argomenti molto piú vasta della semplice influenza di un tipo di sistema elettorale sulla formazione della leadership nei partiti. Ma le prime differenze sono subito chiare. Infatti, mentre Sartori imputa sostanzialmente i mali del nostro sistema politico proprio all−incapacità dei due partiti piú grossi della coalizione di centro-sinistra di eleggere una leadership solida e in grado di imporre le scelte governative alle frazioni di minoranza, Passigli sembra sottolineare piuttosto le caratteristiche di funzionalità del sottosistema di frazioni per il nostro sistema politico che rischierebbe di crollare se esse venissero bruscamente cancellate, e Giovanna Zincone rileva a sua volta come le frazioni dato (e non concesso2 a mio avviso) che abbiano aumentato la conflittualità intrapartitica, purtuttavia « hanno ridotto la conflittualità interpartitica, non in termini di competizione elettorale, ma sotto il profilo dell−immagine che il partito offre agli aderenti dei partiti avversari ».
LA DEMOCRAZIA PROCEDURALE
Authors: Dahl Robert A.
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Se si accettano certi requisiti minimi di un'associazione di esseri umani, si deve anche accettare — sosterrò in questo saggio — la ragionevolezza di certi criteri per valutare come quell'associazione si governa. Tali criteri riguardano le procedure democratiche, e un'associazione che li soddisfi tutti sarà pienamente democratica nelle sue procedure.
LE ELEZIONI DEL 1977 E LE PROSPETTIVE DELLA NUOVA DEMOCRAZIA IN GRECIA
Authors: Agosta Antonio
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

La vita politica greca è sempre stata molto travagliata, in particolare negli ultimi quarant'anni. Sottoposta al regime fascista di Metaxas nel 1936, aggredita per ironia della sorte da un altro paese fascista, l'Italia, nel 1940 e successivamente occupata dai nazisti, la Grecia conobbe l'esperienza di una lunga guerra di resistenza, condotta dal Fronte di liberazione nazionale (EAM) costituito e guidato in prevalenza da comunisti. Dopo la liberazione avvenuta nel 1944, il paese visse l'esperienza traumatica della guerra civile, dovuta da un lato all'esigenza degli inglesi e delle forze di destra di estromettere completamente dal potere il partito comunista e TEAM e dall'altro alla volontà dei comunisti di riprendere il controllo di una situazione divenuta per loro inaccettabile, malgrado avessero contribuito, con gli accordi di Caserta e di Varkiza, a far subentrare di fatto il governo monarchico e le forze britanniche nella conduzione della gestione politica.
LA SINISTRA NEI SISTEMI PARTITICI EUROPEI (1917–1978): UNA ANALISI COMPARATA DELLA SUA DIMENSIONE E COMPOSIZIONE E DEI PROBLEMI DI SVILUPPO ELETTORALE
Authors: Bartolini Stefano
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Nella sua originale analisi dello sviluppo storico della struttura dei sistemi partitici europei Stein Rokkan sottolinea che la frattura di classe originata dalla rivoluzione industriale è quella che ha reso i sistemi partitici europei piú simili tra loro per quanto riguarda il «paesaggio» partitico. Infatti, se «la maggior parte della variazione tra i sistemi» può essere interpretata in base alla natura dei cleavages preindustriali, i cui decisivi contrasti hanno modellato la costellazione partitica di ogni sistema nazionale, la presenza pressoché ovunque di partiti socialisti e comunisti costituisce il piú evidente tratto comune degli stessi sistemi partitici europei.
ANALISI ECOLOGICA DEL VOTO DEL MSI-DN ALLE ELEZIONI POLITICHE DEL 20 GIUGNO 1976
Authors: Bartolini Barbara
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

L'elemento che piú di ogni altro ha caratterizzato la consultazione elettorale del 20 giugno 1976 è stato il forte aumento della polarizzazione dei suffragi intorno ai due partiti principali, DC e PCI, e, soprattutto, la forte avanzata del secondo che in una sola tornata elettorale ha registrato un incremento di poco inferiore alla somma di quelli registrati tra il 1946 e il 1972. Di conseguenza, l'attenzione dei commentatori che in questi ultimi tre anni si sono occupati dell'argomento è andata quasi esclusivamente a questi due protagonisti della vita politica italiana, e poco agli altri partiti.
AZIONE E DECISIONE POLITICA. NELL'APPROCCIO DECISIONALE PROSPETTIVE CONCORRENTI
Authors: Balducci Massimo
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Durante gli ultimi decenni, nelle scienze sociali americane si è assistito ad una fioritura di studi dedicati al problema decisionale. Sostanzialmente molti autori sembrano voler fare di quello decisionale il paradigma principe su cui fondare lo studio del comportamento umano, nelle sue piú varie manifestazioni, da quelle che hanno luogo nella sfera economica a quelle che si hanno nelle sfera psicologica, sociale, o politica. Va subito detto che, di solito, si presta piú attenzione all'aspetto quantitativo che a quello qualitativo della decisione, generalmente tralasciando di investigare la natura del fenomeno decisionale. Questo non significa che gli autori americani che si rifanno all'approccio decisionale non abbiano una loro concezione della «decisione», quanto che questa concezione non viene esplicitata. Questa mancanza di chiarezza finisce, ad ogni buon conto, per esercitare le sue influenze negative piuttosto sulle scienze sociali italiane — che del bagaglio concettuale della teoria decisionale americana fanno notevole uso — che su quelle americane.
GRUPPI DI INTERESSE E GRUPPI DI PRESSIONE NELLA DEMOCRAZIA MODERNA. UNO SCHEMA DI INTERPRETAZIONE
Authors: Fisichella Domenico
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Per delimitare in termini corretti il ruolo e l'azione dei gruppi di interesse (o gruppi di pressione: la distinzione terminologica sarà precisata successivamente) nella democrazia moderna, occorre individuare preventivamente i caratteri essenziali di tale forma politica e cogliere come essa affronta il problema dell'interesse generale.
LA FRATTURA TRA VALORI E SCELTE POLITICHE IN ITALIA
Authors: Calvi Gabriele
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Lo studio dei rapporti fra i valori in cui gli italiani credono e le scelte politiche dei medesimi consente di scoprire solo una debole coerenza fra i due piani. Ciò significa che l'opzione per un partito viene espressa secondo un'immagine «illusionale» di esso o per l'influenza d'interessi contingenti che mal collimano con i valori personali, o con quelli tipici del partito, o con entrambe le dimensioni. Trattandosi di valori, il dato potrebbe nascondere un significato piú preoccupante: lo smarrimento della capacità progettuale. Partiti e cittadini, in tal caso, si troverebbero in una sorta di labirinto, in cui si cercherebbero a vicenda in un gioco senza fine di consensi ed appoggi reciproci, soddisfatti di ciò e incapaci di proporsi un'uscita. Con il presente contributo intendo fornire un minimo di supporto empirico alle precedenti affermazioni tanto gravi. A questo fine attingerò i dati da una recente indagine campionaria. Data la mia competenza, mi atterrò quanto piú possibile ad una griglia psicosociale di lettura dei fenomeni rilevati, consapevole di limitare fortemente, con ciò, l'ambito dell'analisi.
UN PARADIGMA PER L'INGEGNERIA SOCIALE
Authors: Podgòrecki Adam
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Il termine ≪ ingegneria sociale ≫ è stato coniato in ragione della pressante ricerca di soluzioni di urgenti bisogni sociali. Quando Gunnar Myrdal analizzò il problema della minoranza negra negli Stati Uniti con l'intento di proporre qualche raccomandazione, egli era probabilmente il primo a usare consapevolmente questo termine in maniera metodologica: ≪ Si crede comunemente che la ricerca pratica che coinvolge una pianificazione razionale — quella che abbiamo osato chiamare “ingegneria sociale” — sia essenzialmente di natura emotiva. Ciò è errato. Se vengono introdotte premesse di valore in maniera completa e razionale, la pianificazione di un cambiamento sociale indotto non è per sé piú emozionale della progettazione di un ponte o di un censimento. Anche prima dello studio dell'ingegneria sociale vera e propria, il tener chiaramente conto nella ricerca delle proprie premesse di valore de-emozionalizza la ricerca. Emozione e irrazionalità portano tutto il loro peso nella scienza proprio quando le valutazioni vengono tenute coperte o rimangono nascoste nei cosiddetti “fatti” ≫. E ancora: ≪ Dal punto di vista delle scienze sociali questo significa, fra l'altro, che vi sarà una crescente richiesta di ingegneria sociale. Diverse cose che per molto tempo sono state soprattutto problemi di adattamento individuale, verranno sempre piú determinate da decisioni politiche e da regolamentazioni pubbliche. Entriamo in un'epoca in cui teorie operazionali e teorie scientifiche dei rapporti causali saranno considerate mezzi di pianificazione del cambiamento sociale controllato ≫.
POTERE, INTENZIONE E INTERESSE
Authors: Stoppino Mario
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Il potere è un rapporto di causazione sociale. O, per dir meglio, il potere ≪ sociale ≫ è un rapporto di causazione sociale. Poiché è ovvio che si può esercitare potere anche sopra animali o sopra oggetti o fenomeni inanimati della natura; mentre il potere di cui qui ci interessiamo è quello che intercorre tra uomini (individui o gruppi). Il nesso causale può essere attuale o potenziale, dal momento che è potere tanto l'avvenuta determinazione di comportamenti altrui quanto la capacità di determinarli. Nel primo caso (potere attuale) v'è un nesso causale tra due comportamenti compiuti di A e di B; nel secondo caso (potere potenziale) v'è un nesso causale potenziale tra un comportamento di A, possibile o probabile, e un comportamento probabile di B. Nell'analisi che segue prenderò in considerazione, per semplicità, il solo potere attuale o esercizio di potere. è tuttavia evidente che tutto ciò che si predica del potere attuale si può agevolmente estendere, mutatis mutandis, al potere potenziale.
IL FINANZIAMENTO PUBBLICO DEI PARTITI IN FINLANDIA
Authors: Pesonen Pertti
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Il Parlamento finlandese decise nell'autunno del 1966 di aggiungere al bilancio preventivo dello stato per il 1967 uno stanziamento di dieci milioni di marchi per sostenere le attività dei partiti politici. Lo stanziamento è stato da allora rinnovato annualmente e portato a sedici milioni di marchi nel bilancio per il 1973. Il sistema del finanziamento pubblico fu costituito nonostante alcune avversità. L'idea di fornire un sostegno statale ai partiti politici era decisamente impopolare e i membri del Parlamento erano consci di questa impopolarità; nel bilancio che concedeva il denaro per il 1967 veniva per la prima volta fatta menzione e per la prima volta venivano riconosciuti i partiti politici nella legislazione finlandese e la decisione finale venne presa in modo inconsueto, come conseguenza di un progetto fiscale, preparato in segreto da un deputato, senza previa inclusione nel bilancio preventivo del governo.
AUTONOMIA DELLA SCIENZA POLITICA: LIMITI E PROSPETTIVE
Authors: Fisichella Domenico
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Se si accoglie la distinzione tracciata alcuni anni fa da Pietro Piovani tra ≪ storia delle dottrine ≫ e ≪ storia delle idee ≫; se si conviene, cioè, che la prima finisca per risolversi in ≪ storia di opinioni scolastiche o prammatiche al servizio di questa o quella forza storica ≫ mentre la storia delle idee — in quanto tesa a esplorare un materiale duttile e mobile che per sua natura rifiuta di vestire i panni canonici delle tesi precostituite — presenta un carattere aperto e per ciò stesso problematico; se ciò vale, non v'è dubbio che i due ampi volumi, testé usciti, della Storia delle idee politiche, economiche e sociali diretta da Luigi Firpo, vadano ascritti a questa seconda classe storiografica, e per motivi che vanno ben oltre la mera (seppure significativa) consonanza onomastica.
LE FAMIGLIE POLITICHE NELL'ELETTORATO EUROPEO
Authors: Sani Giacomo , Shabad Goldie
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

La recente elezione diretta del parlamento europeo ha acuito l'interesse di osservatori e studiosi nei confronti dell'emergente sistema partitico della comunità. Quale tipo di sistema finirà col prevalere dipende da diversi fattori tra i quali: il potere decisionale che l'assemblea avrà nel futuro, i temi di dibattito che verranno posti all'ordine del giorno, la forza dei diversi gruppi politici, la distanza tra gruppo e gruppo e la relativa omogeneità interna delle diverse formazioni. È evidente che in tutti questi rispetti le élites giocheranno un ruolo fondamentale e che le caratteristiche dell'emergente sistema partitico europeo dipenderanno dalle decisioni strategiche e tattiche dei dirigenti di partito, sia a livello nazionale che a livello comunitario. E ciò spiega perché la maggior parte degli studiosi nell'affrontare il tema abbia concentrato l'attenzione sul fenomeno a livello di élites, sottoponendo ad analisi manifesti e programmi elettorali dei diversi gruppi, o utilizzando interviste con deputati al parlamento europeo, o studiando i comportamenti e le prese di posizione delle diverse federazioni di partito.
IMPERATIVI ORGANIZZATIVI, CONFLITTI INTERNI E IDEOLOGIA NEI PARTITI COMUNISTI
Authors: Panebianco Angelo
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Sono assai discutibili e rischiano di essere scientificamente poco produttivi quegli approcci che pretendono di ricondurre le proprietà strutturali di un attore alla «definizione» che di sé offre l'attore stesso. Se si ritenesse possibile, per esempio, dedurre in toto caratteristiche e funzionamento di un regime politico da ciò che dice la sua costituzione scritta oppure dai discorsi pubblici del capo dello Stato o del primo ministro non occorrerebbe scomodare la scienza politica: il diritto costituzionale è la storia del pensiero politico offrirebbero da soli tutti i necessari strumenti di comprensione. È il permanente scarto fra la definizione che di se stessi e delle proprie finalità danno i diversi soggetti politici e le loro caratteristiche organizzative e finalità effettive a giustificare e a rendere proficua l'indagine politologica. Lo studio delle organizzazioni dei partiti politici non può sottrarsi a questa regola: spiegare la fisionomia organizzativa di un partito utilizzando come principale, o addirittura esclusiva, variabile indipendente l'ideologia professata significa precisamente partire dalla «auto-definizione» dell'attore, da ciò che il partito (e cioè la sua élite dirigente) dice di essere e di volere. Ma la teoria organizzativa dei partiti politici, da Michels e da Ostrogorski in poi da una parte e la sociologia delle organizzazioni complesse dall'altra, ci hanno insegnato a diffidare di questa prospettiva e delle sue molte varianti.
STRUTTURE E FUNZIONI DEI SINDACATI
Authors: Zannoni Paolo
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Uno dei fenomeni piú caratteristici della vita delle società industriali avanzate è l'accresciuta importanza del com portamento politico delle organizzazioni sindacali. Ma ne possediamo una conoscenza assai scarsa. La maggior parte delle analisi finora condotte sono di natura giuridica ed economica. In sede di scienza politica i sindacati sono stati analizzati dagli studiosi neo-pluralisti, preoccupati piú di dimostrare la validità del concetto di gruppo come concetto base della politica, che non di studiare i singoli gruppi. Noi ci proponiamo invece di esaminare i problemi che si pongono a chi voglia analizzare le organizzazioni sindacali dall'interno, con particolare riguardo alla loro fisionomia e alla natura del loro processo politico.
45. Spectral Classifications and Multi-Band Colour Indices
Authors: Westerlund B. E.
Published: May 2019

During the past three years there has been much activity in the field of spectral classification by photographic and photoelectric techniques. The general tendency of the spectral classification has been one of refinement of the criteria applied in visual classification, the more frequent appearance of criteria based on equivalent widths measured in higher-dispersion spectra and the use of narrowband photometry on individual often rather weak spectral lines. In the area of objective prism classification important extensive programmes are under way at many observatories. Here, the increased interest in and importance of automation of data available on spectral plates is perhaps most obvious.
Working Group for Collection of Photometric and Spectroscopic Data
Authors: Hauck B.
Published: May 2019

This Group was formed during the meeting of the General Assembly in Brighton on August 22, 1970 with the following members: B. E. Westerlund, W. P. Bidelman, M. Barbier and B. Hauck. In the beginning of 1972 C. O. Jaschek was asked to join this group as he is also a member of the IAU Working Group on Numerical Data.

The first work of our Group was to establish a list of catalogues recently published or in preparation. For this purpose a circular letter was sent to all members of our Commission. Dr Crawford, President of Commission 25, kindly sent our letter to the members of his Commission. The first list was published in the ‘Bulletin d'lnformation no. 1 du Centre de Donnees Stellaires de Strasbourg’. A complement has been published in the second issue of this bulletin. We thank all colleagues who have contributed, and we hope that many colleagues will contribute to the success of a second list sending us their information and data.
The Reduction of Calling-Out Behaviour in a Grade One Class through the Implementation of Behaviour Management Procedures
Authors: Tapiolas Louise , Presland Ian
Published: May 2019

A program aimed at improving the quality and quantity of oral exchanges between teacher and pupils during oral language sessions was examined. The particular program devised and implemented focused on reducing pupil call-outs by means of a group contingency procedure where time spent on listening to a story being read was contingent on keeping below a particular call-out rate. The study involves the use of Grade Seven pupils as data gatherers and suggests that beneficial social ‘spin-offs’ resulted between the Grade Seven and Grade One pupils. The reduction in the rate of call-outs during both treatment phases was statistically significant. Reinforcement (i.e., story reading), either partial or maximum, was obtained 80% of the time.
Supporting and Informing Parents of the Handicapped: The Toowoomba SPELD Parent Information Centre
Authors: Bailey Jeff
Published: May 2019

In a recent article in this journal (1979, pp. 23–24), Dr. Jim Irvine argued a case that parents should not only be fully informed in decision-making processes related to their handicapped children but they should act as co-ordinators of services. From a SPELD viewpoint, this case is timely and quite appropriate. Many professionals whose major interest is in meeting the needs of the clients of service systems, viz., children and their parents, would strongly support such a case. Those who are more interested in organisation-maintenance or status-protection, and less in client service, would probably resist such an orientation. From my experience as a parent and as an educator, there are far too many professionals dealing with parents who direct most of their professional energies to protecting their organisation and/or their own status – to the detriment of the parents and the children concerned.
The Study of Acousmatic Listening Behaviours
Authors: Marty Nicolas
Published: May 2019

In 1989, after ten years of research, François Delalande presented for the first time the idea of ‘listening behaviours’, distinguishing several ways to listen to the same piece of music. The methods did not allow for many conclusions, but the approach started a new field of research, where diverse listening behaviours could serve as a basis for diverse, exclusive (or even contradictory) analyses of the same work. Furthermore, Delalande’s preliminary research based on an extract from Pierre Henry’s music is still one of the few instances of research into acousmatic music listening that addresses actual listeners. The last 20 years have seen the reproduction and extension of Delalande’s results, as well as a growing interest in listening in musicological circles. For this reason, it seemed necessary to review research about listening behaviours to evaluate their operational validity and to propose a robust theoretical framework for their study and description. This paper addresses this problem using the elicitation interview for the description and interpretation of listeners’ testimonies. Drawing on testimonies from five listeners about a single extract of acousmatic music, it seems that, for Delalande’s model to be able to describe various listening experiences, it should be further detailed and completed with attention management processes. Further investigation is needed to allow the model to include some listening behaviours which were not recurrent enough here to make sense of them.
Hearing How It Feels to Listen: Perception, embodiment and first-person field recording
Authors: Findlay-Walsh Iain
Published: May 2019

This article explores recent theories of listening, perception and embodiment, including those by Mark Grimshaw and Tom Garner, Salomé Voegelin, and Eric Clarke, as well as consequences and possibilities arising from them in relation to field recording and soundscape art practice. These theories of listening propose auditory perception as an embodied process of engaging with and understanding lived environment. Such phenomenological listening is understood as a relational engagement with the world in motion, as movement and change, which grants access to the listener’s emerging presence, agency and place in the world. Such ideas on listening have developed concurrently with new approaches to making and presenting field recordings, with a focus on developing phonographic methods for capturing and presenting the recordist’s embodied auditory perspective. In the present study, ‘first-person’ field recording is defined as both method and culturally significant material whereby a single recordist carries, wears or remains present with a microphone, consciously and reflexively documenting their personal listening encounters. This article examines the practice of first-person field recording and considers its specific applications in a range of sound art and soundscape art examples, including work by Gabi Losoncy, Graham Lambkin, Christopher Delaurenti and Klaysstarr (the author). In the examination of these methods and works, first-person field recording is considered as a means of capturing the proximate auditory space of the recordist as a mediated ‘point of ear’, which may be embodied, inhabited, and listened through by a subsequent listener. The article concludes with a brief summary of the discussion before some closing thoughts on recording, listening and the field, on field recording as practice-research and on potential connections with other fields in which the production of virtual environments is a key focus.
Decolonization and Social Science Research: The Case of Tunisia
Authors: Zghal Abelkader , Karoui Hachmi
Published: May 2019

The historic appearance of the social sciences as an intellectual activity seeking to be scientific is directly tied to the birth and development of industrialization in Europe and in other areas taken over by Europeans, notably North America. If one opens a treatise on sociology, for example, one sees that all the founding fathers of the discipline are men of European culture. It is true that in the last few years Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) had often been cited as one of the forerunners of scientific thought, but he is a forerunner, and not a founding father like Conte, Durkheim, Marx, etc. The principal preoccupations of these figures were obviously those of their society, which at that time was going through a phase of upheavels connected with industrialization. But with the colonial expansion, which is one of the principle concequences of that industrialization, the curiousity of European scholars in social sciences overflowed the limits of their own society; thus was born ethnography, ethnology, and later, anthropology.
Non–target site based resistance to the ALS-inhibiting herbicide mesosulfuron-methyl in American sloughgrass (Beckmannia syzigachne)
Authors: Wang Mingliang , Liu Bingqi , Li Yihui , Luo Xiaoyong , Li Lingxu
Published: May 2019

American sloughgrass [Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fernald] is one of the most predominant and troublesome weeds in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fields rotated with rice (Oryza sativa L.) in China. Mesosulfuron-methyl is one of the main herbicides used to selectively control B. syzigachne in winter wheat fields in China. After many years of application, mesosulfuron-methyl failed to control B. syzigachne in Yutai County. The objectives of this study were to determine the resistance level to mesosulfuron-methyl and other acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors in the B. syzigachne population collected from Yutai County (R) and identify the mechanism of resistance. The results indicated that the R population was 4.1-fold resistant to mesosulfuron-methyl and was cross-resistant to pyroxsulam (600-fold), imazethapyr (4.1-fold), flucarbazone (12-fold), and bispyribac-sodium (12-fold). In vitro assays revealed that ALS in the R population was as sensitive as that in a susceptible (S) population. Gene sequence analysis identified no known resistant mutations in the ALS gene of the R population. Furthermore, real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR experiments indicated that the expression level of the ALS gene in the R population was not different from that of the S population. However, the cytochrome P450 inhibitor malathion reversed the R population's resistance to mesosulfuron-methyl. The result of ultraperformance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS) spectral analysis indicated that the metabolic rates of mesosulfuron-methyl in the R population were significantly faster than in the S population. Therefore, non-target resistance to mesosulfuron-methyl has been demonstrated in the R population. The resistance was very likely caused by enhanced herbicide metabolism.
Dissolved Organic Matter Composition in a Marsh‐Dominated Estuary: Response to Seasonal Forcing and to the Passage of a Hurricane
Authors: Letourneau Maria L. , Medeiros Patricia M.
Published: May 2019

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a large and complex mixture of compounds with source inputs that differ with location, season, and environmental conditions. Here, we investigated drivers of DOM composition changes in a marsh‐dominated estuary off the southeastern United States. Monthly water samples were collected at a riverine and estuarine site from September 2015 to September 2016, and bulk, optical, and molecular analyses were conducted on samples before and after dark incubations. Results showed that river discharge was the primary driver changing the DOM composition at the mouth of the Altamaha River. For discharge higher than ~150 m3/s, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and the terrigenous character of the DOM increased approximately linearly with river flow. For low discharge conditions, a clear signature of salt marsh‐derived compounds was observed in the river. At the head of Sapelo Sound, changes in DOM composition were primarily driven by river discharge and possibly by summer algae blooms. Microbial consumption of DOC was larger during periods of high discharge at both sites, potentially due to the higher mobilization and influx of fresh material to the system. The Georgia coast was hit by Hurricane Matthew in October 2016, which resulted in a large input of carbon to the estuary. The DOC concentration was ~2 times higher and DOM composition was more aromatic with a stronger terrigenous signature compared to the seasonal maximum observed earlier in the year during peak river discharge conditions. This suggests that extreme events notably impact DOM quantity and quality in estuarine regions.
Big Data Help Paint a New Picture of Trace Element Cycling
Authors: Cook Terri
Published: May 2019

A new framework for understanding the suite of processes acting on marine particulate trace metals exemplifies how alternative analyses can maximize the information that large data sets provide.