bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contribution of preferential flow to tile drainage varies spatially and temporally
Authors: Pluer William T , Macrae Merrin , Buckley Aaron , Reid Keith
Published: June 2020

Tile drainage of agricultural fields is a conduit for nutrient losses. Preferential flow in the soil can more directly connect surface runoff with tile drainage compared with matrix flow, which may also increase P losses. In this study, water temperature was monitored in surface runoff and tile drainage and electrical conductivity (EC) was measured in tile drainage at two sites in southern Ontario with different soil types (i.e., clay and loam). These data were used to estimate the percentage of preferential flow in tile drainage based on end member mixing. Estimates using temperature were compared with estimates using EC, and both were evaluated across seasons and hydrographs and compared with P concentration and load data. There was strong correlation (r = .83) between estimates of preferential flow using the two methods, but due to variability in surface temperatures, EC provided a less flashy estimate for preferential flow (Durbin–Watson statistics of 0.34 for temperature and 0.09 for EC). Preferential flow accounted for a higher percentage of tile drainage flow in clay soil than loam, but percentages were not significantly different between seasons or timing within events. Phosphorus concentrations and loads were weakly correlated with preferential flow, suggesting that P transport was influenced by other factors as well. Although further work is necessary to calibrate these methods for estimating preferential flow from continuously monitored temperature and EC, this technique can be applied to already collected data to model and test posited explanations of observed phenomena in P, other nutrients, and water transport from tile‐drained agricultural land.
The use of machine learning in sport outcome prediction: A review
Authors: Horvat Tomislav , Job Josip
Published: June 2020

The increase in the volume of structured and unstructured data related to more than just sport events leads to the development and increased use of techniques that extract information and employ machine‐learning algorithms in predicting process outcomes based on input but not necessarily output data. Taking sports into consideration, predicting outcomes, and extracting valuable information has become appealing not only to sports workers but also to the wider audience, particularly in the areas of team management and sports betting. The aim of this article is to review the existing machine learning (ML) algorithms in predicting sport outcomes. Over 100 papers were analyzed and only some of these papers were taken into consideration. Almost all of the analyzed papers use some sort of feature selection and feature extraction, most often prior to using the machine‐learning algorithm. As an evaluation method of ML algorithms, researchers, in most cases, use data segmentation with data being chronologically distributed. In addition to data segmentation, researchers also use the k‐cross‐evaluation method. Sport predictions are usually treated as a classification problem with one class being predicted and rare cases being predicted as numerical values. Mostly used ML models are neural networks using data segmentation.

This article is categorized under:

Technologies > Machine Learning

Technologies > Prediction
Understanding the mechanisms of silica nanoparticles for nanomedicine
Authors: Li Ziyuan , Mu Yingwen , Peng Cheng , Lavin Martin F. , Shao Hua , Du Zhongjun
Published: June 2020

As a consequence of recent progression in biomedicine and nanotechnology, nanomedicine has emerged rapidly as a new discipline with extensive application of nanomaterials in biology, medicine, and pharmacology. Among the various nanomaterials, silica nanoparticles (SNPs) are particularly promising in nanomedicine applications due to their large specific surface area, adjustable pore size, facile surface modification, and excellent biocompatibility. This paper reviews the synthesis of SNPs and their recent usage in drug delivery, biomedical imaging, photodynamic and photothermal therapy, and other applications. In addition, the possible adverse effects of SNPs in nanomedicine applications are reviewed from reported in vitro and in vivo studies. Finally, the potential opportunities and challenges for the future use of SNPs are discussed.

This article is categorized under:

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Governing the Work–Welfare Relationship
Authors: Ramia Gaby
Published: June 2020

Establishing that social policy and employment relations have developed largely separately, this chapter reviews the two concepts and their associated international literatures. It discusses the consequences of the separation for the interpretation of the Australian and New Zealand social protection paths over the long term. Emphasis is placed on Francis Castles’ ‘wage-earners’ welfare state’ framework and Karl Polanyi’s concept of social protection. The chapter also outlines and defends the book’s methodology and establishes its central argument.
A Relationship Dominated by Employment Relations
Authors: Ramia Gaby
Published: June 2020

An identifiable relationship between employment relations and social policy began in earnest in Australia and New Zealand before anywhere else, during the quarter-century before World War I. The relationship was not one with equal partners, as the two arms of social protection had different starting points. In his account of the wage-earners’ welfare state, Castles (1985) makes that clear. His narrative misses key aspects of protection, however, which were to prove important both within the period and as each national regime developed into the future. The objective of this chapter is to account for the employment relations and social policy dimensions of social protection in the Australian and New Zealand settings with reference to the period from the 1890s until the War.
Consolidating the Relationship
Authors: Ramia Gaby
Published: June 2020

An important objective in a long historical analysis is to demonstrate the importance of incremental change over time. The purpose of this chapter is to compare social protection in Australia and New Zealand during the period from the 1910s to the 1940s. The significance of that period stems from two pivotal developments. The first was the establishment of the welfare state in the 1930s and 1940s in both countries, though social protection in general was significantly more comprehensive in New Zealand. The second development was the consequent consolidation of the traditional pattern of employment relations–social policy interplay. Based on the comparison, the principal finding of the chapter is that, though arbitration was important to each of the two regimes throughout the period, it is the greater institutional and political precarity of the arbitration system in New Zealand that explains most of the similarities and differences in social protection.
Complicating the Relationship
Authors: Ramia Gaby
Published: June 2020

Whereas New Zealand built the more comprehensive welfare state prior to World War I, the two regimes gradually converged on an incrementalist social policy model in the decades after World War II. Social protection was being tested. Would the welfare state continue to grow in two exceptionalist countries where, unlike Western Europe, employment relations was the central arm of social protection? As it turned out, not only was the welfare state incrementalist, but so were the arbitration system’s decisions on wages. This fuelled anti-arbitration sentiment among sections of the trade union movements of both countries. However, this chapter finds that, beneath these overarching similarities, social protection in New Zealand faced the more serious long-term challenges.
Meeting in the Middle
Authors: Ramia Gaby
Published: June 2020

Over the last two decades Australia and New Zealand have become similar again, mirroring the closeness they shared when they first instituted social protection regimes a century ago. Their current closeness, however, is based on very different regimes to those they began with 130 years ago. Differences remain between them despite the re-convergence. Comparative accounts which cover the two regimes for the entire period since the mid-1990s are few, but those that exist tend to come from either the employment relations or the social policy perspective. Countering the increasing consensus that the re-convergence has been due mainly to material interests acting within the increasingly globalised economy, this chapter argues that traditional institutions have been most important.
International Implications
Authors: Ramia Gaby
Published: June 2020

The primary objective of the book was to examine the relationship between social policy and employment relations in Australia and New Zealand. This final chapter provides a summary of the main findings, though more importantly, it re-connects with the opening chapter in examining the wider international applicability of the case study countries. Implications are drawn from the Australian and New Zealand analysis for methodology in comparative policy analysis, and for the broader international literature on social protection.
Translation of curative therapy concepts with T cell and cytokine antibody combinations for type 1 diabetes reversal in the IDDM rat
Authors: Jörns Anne , Arndt Tanja , Yamada Shinichiro , Ishikawa Daichi , Yoshimoto Toshiaki , Terbish Taivankhuu , Wedekind Dirk , van der Meide Peter H. , Lenzen Sigurd
Published: June 2020

Proinflammatory cytokines released from the pancreatic islet immune cell infiltrate in type 1 diabetes (T1D) cause insulinopenia as a result of severe beta cell loss due to apoptosis. Diabetes prevention strategies targeting different cytokines with antibodies in combination with a T cell antibody, anti-TCR, have been assessed for therapy success in the LEW.1AR1-iddm(IDDM) rat, an animal model of human T1D. Immediately after diabetes manifestation, antibody combination therapies were initiated over 5 days with anti-TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor), anti-IL-1β (interleukin), or anti-IFN-γ (interferon) together with anti-TCR for the reversal of the diabetic metabolic state in the IDDM rat. Anti-TCR alone showed only a very limited therapy success with respect to a reduction of immune cell infiltration and beta cell mass regeneration. Anti-TCR combinations with anti-IL-1β or anti-IFN-γ were also not able to abolish the increased beta cell apoptosis rate and the activated immune cell infiltrate leading to a permanent beta cell loss. In contrast, all anti-TCR combinations with anti-TNF-α provided sustained therapy success over 60 to 360 days. The triple combination of anti-TCR with anti-TNF-α plus anti-IL-1β was most effective in regaining sustained normoglycaemia with an intact islet structure in a completely infiltration-free pancreas and with a normal beta cell mass. Besides the triple combination, the double antibody combination of anti-TCR with anti-TNF-α proved to be the most suited therapy for reversal of the T1D metabolic state due to effective beta cell regeneration in an infiltration free pancreas.

Key messages

Anti-TCR is a cornerstone in combination therapy for autoimmune diabetes reversal.

The combination of anti-TCR with anti-TNF-α was most effective in reversing islet immune cell infiltration.

Anti-TCR combined with anti-IL-1β was not effective in this respect.

The combination of anti-TCR with anti-TNF-α showed a sustained effect over 1 year.
Neodymium as an alternative contrast for uranium in electron microscopy
Authors: Kuipers Jeroen , Giepmans Ben N. G.
Published: June 2020

Uranyl acetate is the standard contrasting agent in electron microscopy (EM), but it is toxic and radioactive. We reasoned neodymium acetate might substitute uranyl acetate as a contrasting agent, and we find that neodymium acetate indeed can replace uranyl acetate in several routine applications. Since neodymium acetate is not toxic, not radioactive and easy to use, we foresee neodymium will replace uranyl in many EM sample preparation applications worldwide.
Plasma cells, plasmablasts, and AID+/CD30+ B lymphoblasts inside and outside germinal centres: details of the basal light zone and the outer zone in human palatine tonsils
Authors: Steiniger Birte S. , Raimer Linda , Ecke Anja , Stuck Boris A. , Cetin Yalcin
Published: June 2020

Plasma cells (PCs) in human palatine tonsils are predominantly located in the germinal centres (GCs), in the subepithelial space and near the deep connective tissue septa surrounding each crypt. We analysed the location, phenotype, and proliferation of GC PCs by immunohistology comparing them to PCs in the other two locations. Most PCs in GCs were strongly positive for CD38, CD138, CD27, IRF4, and intracellular (ic) IgG. They often accumulated in the basal light zone, but could also be found scattered in the entire light zone. In addition, rows of PCs occurred at the surface of the GC bordering the mantle zone, i.e., in the outer zone, and at the surface of the dark zone. The latter cells were often continuous with PCs in the extrafollicular area. The vast majority of GC PCs were negative for Ki-67. Only a few Ki-67+plasmablasts, predominantly icIgG+or icIgM+, were found inside GCs. In certain GCs PCs accumulated around capillaries and the adjacent perikarya of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). Newly formed PCs might migrate from the basal to the superficial part of the light zone and then back to the dark zone surface to leave the GC. This guarantees an even distribution of secreted Ig for exchange with immune complexes on FDCs. The surface of the dark zone may also be an exit site for Ki-67+CD30+B lymphoblasts, which seed perifollicular and extrafollicular sites. We speculate that these cells tend to downmodulate CD20 and activation-induced deaminase and further up-regulate CD30 when developing into pre-plasmablasts.
Cellular organization and histogenesis of adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas: evidence supporting the squamous metaplasia concept
Authors: Boecker Werner , Tiemann Katharina , Boecker Joerg , Toma Marieta , Muders Michael H. , Löning Thomas , Buchwalow Igor , Oldhafer Karl J. , Neumann Ulf , Feyerabend Bernd , Fehr Andre , Stenman Göran
Published: June 2020

Adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas (ASCAP) is characterized by conventional pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and squamous carcinoma components with at least 30% of the tumour showing squamous differentiation. To get further insight into the histogenesis of these lesions, we analysed the cellular organization of ASCAP compared to PDACs. Using Immunohistochemistry and triple immunofluorescence labelling studies for keratins, p63, p40, MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, Ki67, and EGFR we demonstrate that many ASCAPs contain a transitional zone between the K8/18-positive adenocarcinomatous component and the p63+ /p40+ /K5/K14+ squamous component initiated by the expression of p63 in K8/18+ adenocarcinomatous cells and the appearance of basally located p63+ K5/14+ cells. p63+ K5/14+ cells give rise to fully developed squamous differentiation. Notably, 25% of conventional PDACs without histologically recognizable squamous component contain foci of p63+ p40+ and K5/14+ cells similar to the transitional zone. Our data provide evidence that the squamous carcinoma components of ASCAPs originate from pre-existing PDAC via transdifferentiation of keratin K8/18-positive glandular cells to p63-, p40-, and keratin K5/14-positive squamous carcinoma cells supporting the squamous metaplasia hypothesis. Thus our findings provide new evidence about the cellular process behind squamous differentiation in ASCAPs.
The evolution of pulmonary pathology in fatal COVID-19 disease: an autopsy study with clinical correlation
Authors: Bösmüller Hans , Traxler Selina , Bitzer Michael , Häberle Helene , Raiser Wolfgang , Nann Dominik , Frauenfeld Leonie , Vogelsberg Antonio , Klingel Karin , Fend Falko
Published: June 2020

The pandemia of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused more than 355,000 confirmed deaths worldwide. However, publications on postmortem findings are scarce. We present the pulmonary findings in four cases of fatal COVID-19 with a spectrum of lung pathology reflecting disease course and duration, invasive therapies, and laboratory features. Early disease is characterized by neutrophilic, exudative capillaritis with microthrombosis and high levels of IL-1beta and IL-6. Later stages are associated with diffuse alveolar damage and ongoing intravascular thrombosis in small to medium-sized pulmonary vessels, occasionally with areas of infarction equivalents, accompanied by laboratory features of disseminated intravascular coagulation. In late stages, organizing pneumonia with extensive intra-alveolar proliferation of fibroblasts and marked metaplasia of alveolar epithelium can be observed. Viral RNA is encountered in the lung, with virus particles in endothelial cells and pneumocytes. In many patients, multi-organ failure with severe liver damage sets in finally, possibly as consequence of an early-onset pro-inflammatory cytokine storm and/or thrombotic microangiopathy.
Helminths of urban rats in developed countries: a systematic review to identify research gaps
Authors: Gliga Diana S. , Pisanu Benoît , Walzer Chris , Desvars-Larrive Amélie
Published: June 2020

Although black (Rattus rattus) and brown (Rattus norvegicus) rats are among the most widespread synanthropic wild rodents, there is a surprising scarcity of knowledge about their ecology in the urban ecosystem. In particular, relatively few studies have investigated their helminth species diversity in such habitat. We followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guideline to synthesize the existing published literature regarding the helminth fauna of urban rats in developed countries (North America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand and Japan). We aimed at describing the species diversity and richness of urban rat helminths, the species prevalence and associations, the methods of investigation, the pathological changes observed in the hosts, the risk factors of infection and the public health significance of rat-borne helminthiases. Twenty-three scientific papers published between 1946 and 2019 were reviewed, half of them were conducted in Europe. Twenty-five helminth species and eight genera were described from the liver, digestive tract, lungs and muscles of urban rats. The most commonly reported parasite was Calodium hepaticum. Prevalence and risk factors of helminth infection in urban rats varied greatly between studies. Observed pathological findings in the rat host were generally minor, except for C. hepaticum. Several rat helminths can parasitize humans and are therefore of public health significance. The lack of references to identification keys and the rare use of molecular tools for species confirmation represent the main limitation of these studies. Knowledge gap on this topic and the needs for future research are discussed.
Teachers’ views on effective classroom management: a mixed-methods investigation in Western Australian high schools
Authors: Egeberg Helen , McConney Andrew , Price Anne
Published: June 2020

Teachers’ views about teaching, learning and school experiences are important considerations in education. As the central participants in classroom interactions, students and teachers naturally have strong views about what it takes to manage learning and surrounding behaviours effectively. With this in mind and because we believe that ignoring the thinking of either of these stakeholders would be to the detriment of teaching and teacher education, we focused on hearing and understanding teachers’ voices about teaching, learning and classroom management. Our aim was to further clarify teachers’ perspectives on how educators create quality learning environments as well as gathering their views of various disciplinary interventions, their perceptions of challenging students and their sense of efficacy for classroom management in order to inform both policy and practice in teacher education. A survey was conducted with 50 secondary school teachers to capture their views on their classroom experiences. Follow up interviews with teachers identified by students as effective in their classroom management provided consistent reports that effective classroom managers build positive relationships with their students, manage their classrooms by establishing clear boundaries and high expectations, and engage students in their learning.
Effects of Serratia marcescens (SM1) and its interaction with common biocontrol agents on the termite, Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki)
Authors: Fu Renjie , Zhou Luxiang , Feng Kai , Lu Xiaoyu , Luo Jian , Tang Fang
Published: June 2020

Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki), a black-winged subterranean termite, is a common forest pest. A red pigment-producing bacterial strain isolated from the termite was identified as Serratia marcescens and named SM1. A bioassay of SM1 on O. formosanus show that the LD50 ranged from 1.77 × 104 to 10.82 × 104 cells/termite over 21–39 h. Three biological control agents, Beauveria bassiana (2 × 1010 cells/mL), Metarhizium anisopliae (1 × 1010 cells/mL) and Bacillus thuringiensis (1.6 × 108 IU/mL), were used for an O. formosanus bioassay. The results show that the insecticidal effect of B. bassiana was stronger than that of M. anisopliae. In addition, two mixtures were obtained by combining B. bassiana (2 × 1010 cells/mL) with SM1 (1.5 × 1010 cells/mL), and M. anisopliae (1 × 1010 cells/mL) with S. marcescens (SM1) (1.5 × 1010 cells/mL) in equal volumes. The results show that B. bassiana and SM1 was less effective than SM1 alone. However, the insecticidal effect of M. anisopliae and SM1 was better than that of M. anisopliae or SM1 individually. These studies provide an important contribution for termite biocontrol.
Design, evaluation, and implementation of a model-predictive control approach for a force control in friction stir welding processes
Authors: Meyer Stefan P. , Bernauer Christian J. , Grabmann Sophie , Zaeh Michael F.
Published: June 2020

Friction press joining is an innovative joining process for bonding plastics and metals without additives in an overlap configuration. A model-based approach for the design of an axial force controller for friction press joining is presented in this paper. A closed-loop control was set up on the machining center, in which the plunge depth was used as the controlling variable. In order to support the controller development, a nonparametric dynamic process model was developed via a data-based system identification. Subsequently, various control concepts were designed off-line and verified on the actual system. The most promising ones, a proportional controller, a controller created with the pole placement method, and a model predictive controller, were selected for further investigations. The three controllers were re-evaluated and compared by means of a defined input of disturbance variables and reference variables. The model predictive control (MPC) approach as well as the proportional controller were also tested for model uncertainties. For this purpose, different material combinations were joined using the different controllers. Thereby, it was shown that the MPC controller resulted in smaller standard deviations when encountering large model uncertainties. The investigations demonstrated the high potential of friction press joining of plastic components with metals. The results form the basis for future research, whereby the force can be specified as an additional input parameter instead of the plunge depth.
Cardiac Imaging After Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack
Authors: Camen S. , Haeusler K.G. , Schnabel R.B.
Published: June 2020

Purpose of Review

Cardiac imaging after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) is used to identify potential sources of cardioembolism, to classify stroke etiology leading to changes in secondary stroke prevention, and to detect frequent comorbidities. This article summarizes the latest research on this topic and provides an approach to clinical practice to use cardiac imaging after stroke.

Recent Findings

Echocardiography remains the primary imaging method for cardiac work-up after stroke. Recent echocardiography studies further demonstrated promising results regarding the prediction of non-permanent atrial fibrillation after ischemic stroke. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography have been tested for their diagnostic value, in particular in patients with cryptogenic stroke, and can be considered as second line methods, providing complementary information in selected stroke patients.

Cardiac imaging after ischemic stroke or TIA reveals a potential causal condition in a subset of patients. Whether systematic application of cardiac imaging improves outcome after stroke remains to be established.
Time Course of Hemostatic Disruptions After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Fletcher-Sandersjöö Alexander , Thelin Eric Peter , Maegele Marc , Svensson Mikael , Bellander Bo-Michael
Published: June 2020

Almost two-thirds of patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) develop some form of hemostatic disturbance, which contributes to poor outcome. While the initial head injury often leads to impaired clot formation, TBI is also associated with an increased risk of thrombosis. Most likely there is a progression from early bleeding to a later prothrombotic state. In this paper, we systematically review the literature on the time course of hemostatic disruptions following TBI. A MEDLINE search was performed for TBI studies reporting the trajectory of hemostatic assays over time. The search yielded 5,049 articles, of which 4,910 were excluded following duplicate removal as well as title and abstract review. Full-text assessment of the remaining articles yielded 33 studies that were included in the final review. We found that the first hours after TBI are characterized by coagulation cascade dysfunction and hyperfibrinolysis, both of which likely contribute to lesion progression. This is then followed by platelet dysfunction and decreased platelet count, the clinical implication of which remains unclear. Later, a poorly defined prothrombotic state emerges, partly due to fibrinolysis shutdown and hyperactive platelets. In the clinical setting, early administration of the antifibrinolytic agent tranexamic acid has proved effective in reducing head-injury-related mortality in a subgroup of TBI patients. Further studies evaluating the time course of hemostatic disruptions after TBI are warranted in order to identify windows of opportunity for potential treatment options.
Die inklusive Schule
Authors: Rohrmann Albrecht , Weinbach Hanna
Published: June 2020

Zur Umsetzung von Inklusion in der Schule werden zunehmend Schulbegleitungen eingesetzt. Es handelt sich um eine Einzelfallhilfe im Rahmen der Eingliederungshilfe nach dem SGB VIII oder IX. Ihre Position und ihre Aufgaben im Schulgeschehen sind weitgehend ungeklärt. In dem Beitrag wird zur Diskussion gestellt, wie durch Neuregelungen der Grundlagen des Einsatzes von Schulbegleitungen und der Kooperation mit anderen Akteuren ein Beitrag zur Entwicklung inklusiver Bildungsangebote geleistet werden kann.
Recurrence equation and integral representation of Apéry sums
Authors: Uhl Michael
Published: June 2020

Various methods are used to investigate sums involving a reciprocal central binomial coefficient and a power term. In the first part, new functions are introduced for calculation of sums with a negative exponent in the power term. A recurrence equation for the functions provides an integral representation of the sums using polylogarithm functions. Thus polylogarithms and, in particular, zeta values can be expressed via these functions, too. In the second part, a straightforward recurrence formula is derived for sums having a positive exponent in the power term. Finally, two interesting cases of double sums are presented.
Barriers and facilitators of child and guardian attendance in task-shifted mental health services in schools in western Kenya
Authors: Meza Rosemary D. , Kiche Sharon , Soi Caroline , Khairuzzaman Alya N. , Nales Cristian J. Rivera , Whetten Kathryn , Wasonga Augustine I. , Amanya Cyrilla , Dorsey Shannon
Published: June 2020

Background

Globally, nearly 140 million children have experienced the death of one or both parents, and as a result many experience higher rates of mental health problems. Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) delivered by lay counselors has been shown to improve mental health outcomes for children experiencing traumatic grief due to parental loss; however, challenges with treatment attendance limit the public health impact of mental health services. This study used qualitative methods to assess barriers and facilitators of child and guardian attendance of school-based lay counselor delivered TF-CBT.

Methods

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 36 lay counselors (18 teachers; 18 community health volunteers) who delivered TF-CBT to explore their perceptions of barriers of facilitators of child and guardian attendance of group-based sessions delivered in schools.

Results

Counselors identified attendance barriers and facilitators related to the delivery setting, resources, participant characteristics, intervention characteristics and counselor behaviors. The findings revealed a greater number of facilitators than barriers. Common facilitators included participant and counselor resources, counselor commitment behaviors and communication efforts to encourage attendance. Barriers were less frequently endorsed, with participant resources, child or guardian illness and communication challenges most commonly mentioned.

Conclusions

Attention to barriers and facilitators of attendance in the context in which mental health interventions are delivered allows for identification of ways to improve attendance and treatment engagement and achieve the potential promise of providing accessible mental health services.
Associations between feeding practices in infancy and fruit and vegetable consumption in childhood
Authors: Moss Katrina M. , Dobson Annette J. , Tooth Leigh , Mishra Gita D.
Published: June 2020

A diet rich in fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of chronic diseases. However, in many countries, the majority of children do not eat the recommended quantities of fruits and vegetables. The present study aimed to understand associations between feeding practices in infancy (breast-feeding and first complementary food) and fruit and vegetable consumption in childhood (frequency and variety). Data were from the national, observational, cross-sectional Mothers and their Children’s Health study conducted in 2016/2017, a sub-study of the national Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health. Mothers completed a written survey on feeding practices in infancy (breast-feeding duration, use of formula, first complementary food) and children’s fruit and vegetable frequency (number of times eaten) and variety (number of different types eaten) in the past 24 h, using the Children’s Dietary Questionnaire. Children (n 4981, mean 7·36 (sd 2·90) years) ate vegetables 2·10 (sd 1·11) times and fruits 2·35 (sd 1·14) times and ate 3·21 (sd 1·35) different vegetables and 2·40 (sd 1·18) different fruits, on average. Compared with breast-feeding for <6 months, breast-feeding for ≥6 months was associated with higher vegetable variety. Compared with cereal as the first complementary food, fruits or vegetables were associated with higher vegetable frequency and variety, and higher fruit frequency. Overall, infancy is a window of opportunity for dietary intervention. Guidance to parents should encourage the use of fruits and vegetables at the beginning of complementary feeding.
Liberty Time in Question: Historical Duration and Indigenous Refusal in Post-Revolutionary Bolivia
Authors: Winchell Mareike
Published: June 2020

This article examines revolutionary discourses of national historical transformation in Bolivia and tracks the ways those discourses are appropriated, contested, and recast by farmers in the rural agricultural province of Ayopaya. During fieldwork carried out with Quechua-speaking farmers in Ayopaya between 2011 and 2012, I learned about people's enduring concerns with a recent hacienda past. Against governmental declarations that Bolivia's colonial past was dead or had passed, farmers meditated on the duration of earlier histories of colonial land dispossession and violations of indigenous sovereignty. Talk about the region's oppressive history here allowed people to assess deficient state aid and resources but also to oppose unwelcome state interventions pushing a legal model of bounded collectivity. I trace the ways that farmers and villagers mobilized the hacienda past to address inequitable land tenure, violated sovereignty, and women's marginalization from political life, and thereby raise new questions about the critical possibilities opened up by the re-politicization of this colonial history. Rural support for Bolivia's Movement Toward Socialism party government eroded nearly a decade ago, and this complicates both triumphalist and defeatist accounts of President Evo Morales’ 2019 resignation, which tend to paint Morales’ rural indigenous supporters as innocent and naïve.
Between Ordinary and Extraordinary: A Deweyan Approach to Ordinary, Aesthetic, and Cultic Experience
Authors: Dahl Espen
Published: June 2020

The relation between the everyday and the religious cult has traditionally been regarded as one of opposition, like the profane and the sacred. Since such a conception comes with a high price—rendering the cult esoteric and the everyday bereft of religious significance—this article proposes a more complex dynamic between the two. Drawing on Dewey’s idea of aesthetic experience as an intensification of ordinary experience, the article argues that a similar structure should be applied to the cult, or, more specifically, cultic play. In cultic play, there is admittedly discontinuity from ordinary life, owing to play’s distinct settings and rules. Nevertheless, such discontinuity reveals a deeper continuity, in which ordinary experience becomes present in new, sacred ways. In a dialectical manner, cultic play draws on ordinary experience, discloses and intensifies it through the context of play, and thus points forward to possibilities for inhabiting the everyday in richer ways.
Fiscal Deficits, Bank Credit Risk, and Loan-Loss Provisions
Authors: Silva Felipe Bastos Gurgel
Published: June 2020

Fiscal deficits represent an important variable for banks’ aggregate credit risk, revealing governments’ ability to curb banks’ losses in bad states, either with direct cash infusions or with macroeconomic stabilization policies. Deteriorating deficits are associated with increasing financial distress of the banking sector and higher levels of loan-loss provisions. The effect is more pronounced for banks with a strong aversion to underprovisioning and is robust to a battery of tests and to the identification of fiscal shocks using military-spending data. This association represents an additional source of negative comovement between provisions and economic conditions, with implications for financial stability.
Governance Changes through Shareholder Initiatives: The Case of Proxy Access
Authors: Bhandari Tara , Iliev Peter , Kalodimos Jonathan
Published: June 2020

We study a regulatory change that led to over 300 shareholder proposals to instate proxy access and more than 250 firms adopting proxy access from 2012 to 2016. The firms expected to benefit most from proxy access have the most positive market reaction to receiving a proposal, but adoptions are not concentrated at these firms. We find that proposing and voting shareholders do not discriminate between firms that would or would not benefit and that management resists proxy access at the firms that stand to benefit most. This process results in the concentration of adoptions at large, already-well-governed firms.
Effectiveness, efficacy, and safety of wearable cardioverter-defibrillators in the treatment of sudden cardiac arrest – Results from a health technology assessment
Authors: Aidelsburger Pamela , Seyed-Ghaemi Janine , Guinin Christian , Fach Andreas
Published: June 2020

Objectives

To assess the effectiveness, efficacy, and safety of a wearable cardioverter-defibrillator (WCD) in adult persons with high risk for sudden cardiac arrest and for which an implantable cardioverter is currently not applicable.

Methods

We performed a systematic literature search in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and CRD-databases. Study selection was performed by two reviewers independently. Data were presented quantitatively; due to heterogeneity of studies no meta-analysis was performed.

Results

One randomized-controlled trial (RCT), one non-randomized comparative trial, and forty-four non-comparative trials were included. The RCT reported an overall mortality of 3.1 percent in the WCD group versus 4.9 percent in controls (relative risk [RR]: .64; 95 percent confidence interval [CI], .43–.98, p = .04), but no significant effect on arrhythmia-related mortality. The RR for arrhythmia-related mortality amounted to .67 (95 percent CI, .37–1.21, p = .18) as assessed in the RCT. Appropriate shocks were observed in 1.3 percent of patients in both comparative studies, and inappropriate shocks in .6 percent of patients in the RCT. Termination of ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) was successful in 75 to 100 percent of appropriate shocks in all studies. Adverse events assessed in the RCT showed a lower incidence of shortness of breath (38.8 percent vs. 45.3 percent; p = .004), higher incidence of rash at any location (15.3 percent vs. 7.1 percent; p < .001), and higher incidence of itching at any location (17.2 percent vs. 6.4 percent; p < .001) for WCD.

Conclusions

Available evidence demonstrates that the WCD detects and terminates VT/VF events reliably and shows a high rate of appropriate shocks in mixed patient populations. Data of large registries confirm that the WCD is a safe intervention.
Developing, Analyzing and Sharing Multivariate Datasets: Individual Differences in L2 Learning Revisited
Authors: Saito Kazuya , Macmillan Konstantinos , Mai Tran , Suzukida Yui , Sun Hui , Magne Viktoria , Ilkan Meltem , Murakami Akira
Published: June 2020

Following the trends established in psychology and emerging in L2 research, we explain our support for an Open Science approach in this paper (i.e., developing, analyzing and sharing datasets) as a way to answer controversial and complex questions in applied linguistics. We illustrate this with a focus on a frequently debated question, what underlies individual differences in the dynamic system of post-pubertal L2 speech learning? We provide a detailed description of our dataset which consists of spontaneous speech samples, elicited from 110 late L2 speakers in the UK with diverse linguistic, experiential and sociopsychological backgrounds, rated by ten L1 English listeners for comprehensibility and nativelikeness. We explain how we examined the source of individual differences by linking different levels of L2 speech performance to a range of learner-extrinsic and intrinsic variables related to first language backgrounds, age, experience, motivation, awareness, and attitudes using a series of factor and Bayesian mixed-effects ordinal regression analyses. We conclude with a range of suggestions for the fields of applied linguistics and SLA, including the use of Bayesian methods in analyzing multivariate, multifactorial data of this kind, and advocating for publicly available datasets. In keeping with recommendations for increasing openness of the field, we invite readers to rethink and redo our analyses and interpretations from multiple angles by making our dataset and coding publicly available as part of our 40th anniversary ARAL article.
Outliers in L2 Research in Applied Linguistics: A Synthesis and Data Re-Analysis
Authors: Nicklin Christopher , Plonsky Luke
Published: June 2020

Data from self-paced reading (SPR) tasks are routinely checked for statistical outliers (Marsden, Thompson, & Plonsky, 2018). Such data points can be handled in a variety of ways (e.g., trimming, data transformation), each of which may influence study results in a different manner. This two-phase study sought, first, to systematically review outlier handling techniques found in studies that involve SPR and, second, to re-analyze raw data from SPR tasks to understand the impact of those techniques. Toward these ends, in Phase I, a sample of 104 studies that employed SPR tasks was collected and coded for different outlier treatments. As found in Marsden et al. (2018), wide variability was observed across the sample in terms of selection of time and standard deviation (SD)-based boundaries for determining what constitutes a legitimate reading time (RT). In Phase II, the raw data from the SPR studies in Phase I were requested from the authors. Nineteen usable datasets were obtained and re-analyzed using data transformations, SD boundaries, trimming, and winsorizing, in order to test their relative effectiveness for normalizing SPR reaction time data. The results suggested that, in the vast majority of cases, logarithmic transformation circumvented the need for SD boundaries, which blindly eliminate or alter potentially legitimate data. The results also indicated that choice of SD boundary had little influence on the data and revealed no meaningful difference between trimming and winsorizing, implying that blindly removing data from SPR analyses might be unnecessary. Suggestions are provided for future research involving SPR data and the handling of outliers in second language (L2) research more generally.
The Initial Prehospital Management of Traumatic Brain Injuries in Kigali, Rwanda
Authors: Rosenberg Ashley , Mukeshimana Leoncie , Uwamahoro Alphosine , Dworkin Myles , Nsengimana Vizir , Kankindi Eugenie , Niyonsaba Mediatrice , Uwitonze Jean Marie , Kabagema Ignace , Dushime Theophile , Jayaraman Sudha
Published: June 2020

Introduction:

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are an important cause of mortality and disability around the world. Early intervention and stabilization are necessary to obtain optimal outcomes, yet little is written on the topic in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The aim is to provide a descriptive analysis of patients with TBI treated by Service d’Aide Medicale Urgente (SAMU), the prehospital ambulance service in Kigali, Rwanda.

Hypothesis/Problem:

What is the incidence and nature of TBI seen on the ambulance in Kigali, Rwanda?

Methods:

A retrospective descriptive analysis was performed using SAMU records captured on an electronic database from December 2012 through May 2016. Variables included demographic information, injury characteristics, and interventional data.

Results:

Patients with TBIs accounted for 18.0% (n = 2,012) of all SAMU cases. The incidence of TBIs in Kigali was 234 crashes per 100,000 people. The mean age was 30.5 (SD = 11.5) years and 81.5% (n = 1,615) were men. The most common mechanisms were road traffic incidents (RTIs; 78.5%, n = 1,535), assault (10.7%, n=216), and falls (7.8%, n=156). Most patients experienced mild TBI (Glasgow Coma Score [GCS] ≥ 13; 83.5%, n = 1,625). The most common interventions were provision of pain medications (71.0%, n = 1,429), placement of a cervical collar (53.6%, n = 1,079), and administration of intravenous fluids (48.7%, n = 979). In total, TBIs were involved in 67.0% of all mortalities seen by SAMU.

Conclusion:

Currently, TBIs represent a large burden of disease managed in the prehospital setting of Kigali, Rwanda. These injuries are most often caused by RTIs and were observed in 67% of mortalities seen by SAMU. Rwanda has implemented several initiatives to reduce the incidence of TBIs with a specific emphasis on road safety. Further efforts are needed to better prevent these injuries. Countries seeking to develop prehospital care capacity should train providers to manage patients with TBIs.
Penta‐notched UWB Monopole Antenna Using EBG Structures and Fork‐Shaped Slots
Authors: Modak Sumon , Khan Taimoor , Laskar Rabul Hussain
Published: June 2020

In this paper, an ultra‐wideband (UWB) monopole antenna with penta‐notched rejection characteristics is proposed. The first three rejected bands, 2.6 GHz (LTE band), 4.0 GHz (C‐band satellite downlink), and 8.0 GHz (X‐band satellite uplink), are obtained using two fork‐shaped slots embedded on the radiating patch, respectively. However, additional two notched frequencies for 5.5 GHz (WLAN band) and 6.5 GHz (C‐band IEEE INSAT) applications are achieved by spiral line electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures. The designed antenna is fabricated over FR4 substrate and has a compact size of 31.3 × 34.9 × 1.6 mm3 and is covering the impedance bandwidth of 2.9–10.5 GHz. Moreover, the suggested antenna has efficient notch controlling capabilities, and its performance characteristics are evaluated and analyzed in terms of rejecting frequencies, surface current distributions, radiation patterns, etc.
Using Unsupervised Machine Learning to Characterize Capillary Flow and Residual Trapping
Authors: Ni Hailun , Benson Sally M.
Published: June 2020

Recent research has highlighted the impact mesoscale heterogeneity can have on larger‐scale multiphase fluid flow properties. However, currently, there is no consensus on how to quickly and reliably analyze coreflooding experimental data to gain insights into mesoscale capillary‐dominated flow behaviors and how rock petrophysical properties affect such behaviors. In this study, we combine a machine learning‐based clustering method with physics‐based hypothesis testing to analyze multistage steady‐state coreflooding experimental data. By examining five different sets of coreflooding data, we have found that under capillary‐dominated flow regimes, voxel‐level CO2 saturation fields are much more heterogeneous as capillary equilibrium is approached. CO2 saturation time series behaviors are distinctively different between high and low permeability voxels. However, the effect of mesoscale permeability greatly diminishes under viscous‐dominated flow regimes. By computing the maximum and optimal number of clusters on the CO2 saturation time series data, we are able to differentiate between these two flow regimes. Through this analysis method, it is now also possible to identify regions within a sandstone core with capillary heterogeneity trapping behaviors. It is confirmed that capillary heterogeneity trapping indeed occurs upstream of capillary barriers. Furthermore, we have discovered a new type of capillary heterogeneity trapping—one that occurs within the capillary barrier itself, which can cause parts of the core to achieve residual CO2 saturations much higher than expected based on existing models of residual gas trapping.