bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generation times of some free-living nematodes cultured at three temperatures
Authors: Vancoppenolle Bart , Borgonie Gaetan , Coomans August
Published: March 2012

Generation times of 21 species of free-living nematodes were determined at
three different temperatures. All 21 species are Secernentea, including
Cephalobina, Rhabditina, and Diplogastrida, and can be cultured in
laboratory conditions. Considerable differences in generation time and
optimal temperature were found among species and genera. Duree du cycle de
quelques nematodes libres eleves a trois temperatures - La duree du cycle de
21 especes de nematodes libres eleves a trois temperatures a ete determinee.
Les 21 especes appartiennent aux Secernentea et comprennent Cephalobidae,
Rhabditina et Diplogastrida; elles peuvent toutes etre elevees au
laboratoire. Des differences considerables dans la duree du cycle et la
valeur de la temperature optimale sont observees entre especes et
genres.
A revised polytomous key for the identification of species of the genus Longidorus Micoletzky, 1922 (Nematoda: Dorylaimoidea). Supplement 1
Authors: Loof Pieter A.A. , Chen Qi-Wen
Published: March 2012

The codes for thirteen species of Longidorus, described since the acceptance
for publication of the revised polytomous key (Chen et al., 1997) are given;
together with notes on L. pisi, L. latocephalus and L. apuloides, and a
correction of the original explanation of the code. L. chikmagalurensis is
proposed as a junior synonym of L. psidii, and L. latocephalus as a junior
synonym of L. pisi. Clef polytomique revisee pour l'identification des
especes du genre Longidorus Micoletzky, 1922 (Nematoda: Dorylaimoidea).
Supplement 1 - Les codes sont donnes pour treize especes de Longidorus
decrites depuis l'acceptation pour publication de la clef polytomique
revisee (Chen et al., 1997) avec des notes sur L. pisi, L. latocephalus et
L. apuloides, et une correction du code original. L. chikmagalurensis est
considere comme synonyme mineur de L. psidii et L. latocephalus comme
synonyme mineur de L. pisi.
Exploring Working-Class Consciousness: A Critique of the Theory of the ‘Labour-Aristocracy’*
Authors: Post Charles
Published: March 2012

The notion of the labour-aristocracy is one of the oldest Marxian explanations of working-class conservatism and reformism. Despite its continued appeal to scholars and activists on the Left, there is no single, coherent theory of the labour-aristocracy. While all versions argue working-class conservatism and reformism reflects the politics of a privileged layer of workers who share in ‘monopoly’ super-profits, they differ on the sources of those super-profits: national dominance of the world-market in the nineteenth century (Marx and Engels), imperialist investments in the ‘colonial world’/global South (Lenin and Zinoviev), or corporate monopoly in the twentieth century (Elbaum and Seltzer). The existence of a privileged layer of workers who share monopoly super-profits with the capitalist class cannot be empirically verified. This essay presents evidence that British capital’s dominance of key-branches of global capitalist production in the Victorian period, imperialist investment and corporate market-power can not explain wage-differentials among workers globally or nationally, and that relatively well-paid workers have and continue to play a leading rôle in radical and revolutionary working-class organisations and struggles. An alternative explanation of working-class radicalism, reformism, and conservatism will be the subject of a subsequent essay.
From the Depths: Rich Pickings of Principles of Sustainable Development and General International Law on the Ocean Floor—the Seabed Disputes Chamber’s 2011 Advisory Opinion
Authors: French Duncan
Published: March 2012

In February 2011, the Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea handed down its Advisory Opinion in Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with respect to Activities in the Area. Although primarily focused on governance of the deep seabed beyond national jurisdiction (‘the Area’), the Opinion has wider relevance for both international environmental law and general international law. More specifically, although sustainable development is not directly referenced in the Opinion, this article argues that it goes a long way towards strengthening many of the emerging normative rules associated with it. Using the International Law Association’s 2002 New Delhi Declaration of Principles of International Law relating to Sustainable Development as a framework, this article specifically analyses the Advisory Opinion’s contribution to the sustainable use of natural resources, the precautionary approach, common but differentiated responsibilities, and the principle of good governance.
Integrated Coastal Management and the Advent of New Ocean Governance in Korea: Strategies for Increasing the Probability of Success
Authors: Chang Young-Tae , Hong Seoung-Yong
Published: March 2012

Korea may be considered to be in the vanguard of the inexorable shift towards the integrated management of marine and coastal affairs. The Korean Government established the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (MOMAF) on 8 August 1996, integrating the ocean-related functions from ten government authorities in order to ensure consistent and effective marine policy. The main objective of this paper is to delineate the current issues of marine policy in Korea within the context of the changing global environment, and to discuss the chances for success of Korea's emerging marine policy. Special emphasis will be placed on the rapidly changing framework within which Korea's marine policy is devised, due to the establishment of the new ocean-related ministry.
The Adequacy of the Management Regime for the Coastal and Marine Environment in the People's Republic of China
Authors:   Huming Yu
Published: March 2012

Progress and problems in coastal and marine environment management are identified and evaluated with regard to decision-making mechanisms, coastal management regime, policy and law, technical standards and selected programme areas. Based on the evaluation, recommendations are made in each of these aspects. Giving priority to the local governments in the application of integrated coastal management (ICM) system is considered as an important workable strategy.
Current Issues of Marine and Coastal Affairs in Malaysia
Authors: Hamzah B.A. , Wong Jenny L.P.
Published: March 2012

The maritime sector has been identified as one of the significant economic sectors which will help propel Malaysia to developed status by the year 2020. Although Malaysia is highly dependent on the seas for many of its economic and resource-exploitation activities, transportation, communication and security needs, the country has yet effectively and efficiently to tap the full potential of its maritime sector. This paper presents a review of the status of, and issues facing, several important maritime sectors such as fisheries, shipping ports, shipbuilding, oil and gas development and maritime environmental management. Policies and legislation drawn up by the Malaysian Government to overcome some of the problems facing these sectors are also discussed.
The International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
Authors: Maffei Maria Clara
Published: March 2012

Since the moratorium on commercial whaling decided by the International Whaling Commission (IWC) in 1982, its activity has been characterised by measures which aim at protecting whales instead of encouraging their exploitation. After recalling some of the features of the 1946 International Convention on the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW) and the problems concerning its implementation, the article deals with some recent developments in the framework of the IWC's practice. It illustrates the different positions of the IWC's members who want to whale the abundant species and of those who want to ban whaling for good. Finally, the article contains some tentative comments about this difference of opinion and its consequences.
Updating the International Seafarers' Code: Recent Developments
Authors: Politakis George P.
Published: March 2012

Maritime labour matters have traditionally been of particular importance as far as the ILO's standard-setting function is concerned. To date, the ILO has adopted a total of 39 conventions and 30 recommendations-a body of labour standards known as the International Seafarer's Code-addressing the specific problems related to the working and living conditions of seafarers. The 84th (Maritime) session of the International Labour Conference, held in October 1996, undertook to revise core issues of this body of standards in the light of rapidly changing practices and needs of the maritime sector. This article traces briefly the negotiating history and highlights some of the most salient aspects of the new conventional instruments such as the setting of the minimum age for seafarers at 16 years, the adoption of a convention for the first time on labour inspection, the establishment of daily and weekly limitations on hours of work, the extension of port state control (as provided for in ILO Convention 147) in matters concerning hours of work and manning, or the recognition of private placement services for seafarers.
Prospecting for Marine and Coastal Biodiversity: International Law in Deep Water?
Authors: Verhoosel Gadtan
Published: March 2012

Although formally covered by the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD), the protection of marine and coastal ecosystems has been somewhat neglected in the post-UNCED era. The Jakarta Mandate has redirected attention to marine and coastal biodiversity. The CBD had conceived benefit-sharing as an economic incentive for the goals of conservation and sustainable use to be implemented by developing countries. Benefit-sharing can only be implemented if developing countries can control their marine and coastal genetic resources with regard to bioprospecting activities through prior informed consent, and if developed states are legally obliged to take the necessary measures with the aim of sharing the revenues from the utilisation of marine and coastal genetic resources and transferring biotechnology. This article examines the potential impact of the relevant LOS Convention provisions concerning marine scientific research and technology transfer on the benefit-sharing regime for marine and coastal genetic resources.
Squaring Indigenous Circles: The Making of Nicaragua’s Indigenous Communal Property Regime
Authors: Arraiza José-María
Published: March 2012

International standards on indigenous peoples contain a theoretical promise of spatial empowerment and traditional governance as part of autonomy which in practice is not absent of conflict and human rights concerns. Western “square” individual property rights conceptions are confronted with “circular” communal property relations. Legitimate interests of indigenous communities conflict with non-indigenous ones. The communal administration of the land is to be balanced with environmental protection. This article problematizes these dilemmas by analyzing the development of a communal property system within the Atlantic Coast Autonomy of Nicaragua. It identifies essentialist and constructivist ideas on indigenous identity and other policy assumptions behind it, the technical answers given to indigenous claims (de facto restitution, participatory demarcation and titling, conflict resolution mechanisms) and their consequences. It argues that a set of norms which is considered legitimate by all communities and which respects the rights of non-indigenous persons, including a fair dispute resolution mechanism, is needed for its success in protecting environmental and social stability and preventing violence. To achieve such objective in this or similar scenarios, an open minded approach to group identities and to available options (inclusive of others or exclusive to a community, collective or individual rights) in the design of special property regimes would be useful.
Implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 in the Care and Protection of Unaccompanied Asylum Seeking Children: Findings from Empirical Research in England, Ireland and Sweden
Authors: Shamseldin Lisa
Published: March 2012

This article presents the findings of socio-legal comparative research into the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 (UNCRC 1989) in the care and protection of unaccompanied asylum seeking children (UASC) in England, Ireland and Sweden. This article begins by giving the background to the research and explaining the empirical methods used. The findings are reported in relation to one primary research question: what are the key barriers to implementation of the UNCRC 1989 in the care and protection of UASC in England, Ireland and Sweden. Analysis of the empirical data identifies three key barriers to implementation: indeterminacy of the best interest principle, ill-defined and implemented special protection and assistance measures, and lack of defined service objectives. The article concludes with recommendations for the further development of the implementation of the UNCRC 1989 in the care and protection of UASC in the three states and more generally.
Children’s Right to Be Heard: What Children Think
Authors: Bosisio Roberta
Published: March 2012

This article analyses the implementation in Italy of the children’s right to be heard in judicial and administrative proceedings and investigates children’s point of view about this right. The article is organized in two sections. In the first I present an overview of Italian law on children’s hearing in legal proceedings in the civil law context, and the opinion of legal professionals about child’s hearing. In the second I present some findings of a research aiming at identifying children’s perceptions and opinions on the right to be listened to if their parents decide to separate.
Epigenesis of the Monstrous Form and Preformistic 'Genetics' (Lémery - Winslow - Haller)
Authors: Monti Maria Teresa
Published: March 2012

The present essay analyzes an eighteenth-century phase of the querelle des monstres and highlights two main points. 1) As the cases of Lémery and Winslow demonstrate, in the period when preformation was the dominant view, the dispute over the origin of monsters carried into the very field of preformation the contrast which had originally opposed it to the now defeated model of epigenesis, namely the alternative between mechanical genesis and pre-existence of the monstrous form itself. 2) One of the most important episodes in the shift of teratology from a primarily theological or metaphysical issue to a purely natural one was due to Albrecht von Haller. Haller shifted the dispute from anatomy to embryology; and it is on an embryological base and not on metaphysics that he built his own demonstration of the original nature of the monster. He was furthermore the only scientist of authority who dealt with teratology from an epigenetic standpoint. His numerous changes of view in the field of embryology did in fact never affect his early adherence to the thesis of original monstrosity.
The Vernacularization of Science, Medicine, and Technology in Late Medieval Europe: Broadening Our Perspectives
Authors: Crossgrove William
Published: March 2012

The following article is the concluding piece of a series on the vernacularization of science, medicine, and technology in the Late Middle Ages inaugurated in 1998 with a special issue of ESM (III,2) and continued with two articles in ESM (IV,2) in 1999, featuring papers selected by William Crossgrove and Linda Ehrsam Voigts. All of these articles grew out of a series of papers presented at the Thirty-Second International Congress on Medieval Studies at Western Michigan University in May 1997, a series which now concludes with the present
Immanentistic beliefs in God: an elite response to secularisation
Authors: Pieterse Hennie
Published: March 2012

This article reports the results of three empirical surveys on the reaction to modernity of white Dutch Reformed Church members of the higher socio-economic group in the eastern suburbs of Pretoria over the past twenty years. It deals with secularisation, especially rationalisation on the individual level, and has to do with a change of belief in God in the sense that there is some evidence of a fading away of a transcendent view of God. Whereas C J Alant found in the sixties that 90 per cent of this group still professed a manifest supernaturalism as far as the person of God was concerned, I spotted a tendency towards an innerworldly view of God among a specific group of modal members of the white Dutch Reformed Church in the eastern suburbs of Pretoria.
Assumptions in Historical-Jesus Research: Using Ancient Biographies and Disciples' Traditioning as a Control
Authors: Keener Craig S.
Published: March 2012

Presuppositions of one sort or another are inevitable, but one way to control our assumptions in the interest of common dialogue is to consider how we would read the Gospels if they were not texts used by a current world religion. The majority of Gospels scholars see the Gospels as ancient biographies. Although ancient biographies varied in their historiographic practice, in the early Empire biographies about figures who lived in the generation or two before the biographer included substantial historical information about the figure. This observation may be particularly relevant for biographies about sages. Schools often preserved considerable information about their founders' teachings; ancient memory practices exceeded what is typical today, and disciples often preserved and passed on considerable information. Researchers should neither treat the Gospels more skeptically nor demand from them greater precision than we would from comparable works of their era.
Christian Faith and the Study of the Historical Jesus: A Response to Bock, Keener, and Webb
Authors: Levine Amy-Jill
Published: March 2012

This paper responds to three essays on historical-Jesus research which claim that an explicitly confessional Christian perspective need not compromise participation in historical research. Responding to Darrell Bock, it notes that evangelicals are new to embrace the methods associated with such study but questions whether this shift advances discussion. Responding to Craig Keener, it questions both the value of using biographies of Roman officials to determine the reliability of Gospel portraits and the use of data derived from late rabbinic sources to determine Second Temple practices. Responding to Robert Webb, it suggests that his 'methodological-naturalistic' view regarding causation of events will be most productive in conservative settings where there is no preliminary argument as to whether the events in question actually happened.
Winning the Battle by Losing the War: The Lautsi Case and the Holy Alliance between American Conservative Evangelicals, the Russian Orthodox Church and the Vatican to Reshape European Identity
Authors: Annicchino Pasquale
Published: March 2012

The compulsory display of crucifixes in Italian public schools does not violate the European Convention on Human Rights. The victory before the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights in the Lautsi judgment of a variegated coalition of actors ranging from the strong alliance between the Vatican and the Italian Government to the Russia of the New Orthodoxy as well as to American Conservative Evangelicals, promises to change our understanding of church-state relationship in Europe and signals the emergence of a ‘new ecumenism’ in which the religious groups of different traditions work together toward common political goals. But was this judgment a real success for the Holy Alliance that successfully overturned the first Lautsi decision? I will argue that the March 2011 decision may result in a pyrrhic victory. The continuous reliance on State support to defend majority religious privileges may endanger, rather than benefit, religious vitality.
Lautsi: A Case of “Metaphysical Madness”?
Authors: de Been Wouter
Published: March 2012

As a piece of doctrinal argument the 2009 ruling on Lautsi v. Italy by a Chamber of the Second Section of the ECHR may have been more elegant and convincing. Yet, elaborating doctrinal logic does not exhaust the task of an international court. Hence, even though the recent Grand Chamber reversal displays less doctrinal finesse, it is a more prudent decision appropriately sensitive to the social context.
Shifting Visions about Indoctrination and the Margin of Appreciation Left to States
Authors: Henrard Kristin
Published: March 2012

Lautsi II underscores that one cannot yet speak of a steady trend to reduce (de facto) the margin of appreciation of states in relation to the place of religion in public education.
Evolution of hematophagy in “non-biting midges” (Diptera: Chironomidae)
Authors: Azar Dany , Nel André
Published: March 2012

Modern Chironomidae (Nematocera, Culicomorpha) are broadly distributed on all continents. Although almost all recent adults feed on nectar and honeydew, the two living generaAustrochlusandArchaeochlushave well-developed mouthparts. The study of fossil Chironomidae with mandibulate and functional mouthparts is of great interest for the understanding of the history of the evolution of this structure in this group. Hematophagy in insects and its evolution in Chironomidae are discussed, and a hypothesis for the loss of this type of feeding in recent chironomids is given.
The challenges of OSCE electoral assistance in the former Soviet Union
Authors: Bader Max
Published: March 2012

Electoral assistance by the OSCE in the undemocratic states of the post-Soviet area is faced with a number of serious challenges: there has been no improvement in the quality of elections over the past decade; recommendations by the OSCE to improve electoral legislation are routinely disregarded in most countries; and, within the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the undemocratic countries have stepped up a range of alternative electoral assistance activities that replicate and in large part contradict comparable OSCE efforts. This article discusses these three challenges and considers possible changes to the practice of OSCE electoral assistance that may contribute to its continued relevance and effectiveness.
Not that bad: looking back on 65 years of nuclear non-proliferation efforts
Authors: van der Meer Sico
Published: March 2012

From the moment that their enormous destructive capacity was first shown to the world, nuclear weapons are universally considered as the most cruel weapons that exist. Nevertheless, several countries developed nuclear weapons since then. At the same time, much international efforts have been put into stopping the spread of nuclear weapons and, eventually, reaching complete nuclear disarmament. Looking in retrospective, how successful have these efforts been in the last 65 years? After a concise comparison between forecasts and outcomes of the nuclear proliferation process, this article analyses a variety of non-proliferation efforts, and also compares them to the accomplishments in the field of chemical and biological weapons.
Kosovo: what the EU should not be expected to do
Authors: Ducasse-Rogier Marianne
Published: March 2012

Kosovo currently seems to be caught in an impasse, which is going beyond the mere status issue and has to do with its capacity to function as a state. In order to address those challenges, comprehensive reforms have to be launched. This article aims at examining critically the role of the EU in this regard. It is questioning the assumption that the EU would be the best suited actor to promote those reforms, and wonders whether the EU can really provide the (political) incentives to convince Kosovo leaders to achieve what will amount to a (potentially painful) reorganisation of the country.
Hobbes's Artifice as Social Construction
Authors: Prokhovnik Raia
Published: March 2012

The paper argues that Leviathan can be interpreted as employing a constructionist approach in several important respects. It takes issue with commentators who think that, if for Hobbes man is not naturally social, then man must be naturally unsocial or naturally purely individual. First, Hobbes's key conceptions of the role of artifice and nature-artifice relations are identified, and uncontroversially constructionist elements outlined, most notably Hobbes's conceptualisation of the covenant. The significance of crucial distinctions in Leviathan, between the civil and the social, between science and philosophy, between mankind's nature and the human condition, is developed. A constructionist reading of the argument of Leviathan is then advanced. The interpretation focuses on the contribution of nature-artifice relations, and of Hobbes's notion of civil philosophy, in understanding the critical issues of the state of nature and individual subjectivity. This reconstruction of the meaning of the text highlights the necessarily social character of human life in Leviathan, expressed in the way that the social' gives meaning to the 'natural', as well as because for Hobbes we live in a mind-affected world of perception and ideas. Leviathan can be interpreted as, in particular, a political social construction, because both social and individual identity logically require the social order and arrangements that only a strong government can supply. The social world, in Leviathan, cannot exist prior to the generation of a political framework, in civil society, the commonwealth, and law.
Liberty and Contractual Obligation in Hobbes
Authors: Eggers Daniel
Published: March 2012

The paper critically discusses the deontological interpretation of Hobbesian contractual obligation which has been advocated by commentators such as Brian Barry, D. D. Raphael and Bernd Ludwig. According to this interpretation, the obligation to comply with contracts and covenants is fundamentally different from the obligation to observe the laws of nature. While the latter is taken to be a prudential obligation that is logically dependent upon the individual aim of self-preservation, the former is viewed as an absolute or unconditional moral obligation that solely follows from the fact that the individual has bound himself to the performance or omission of certain actions. As can be shown, the deontological interpretation suffers from inherent problems and does not provide an appropriate interpretation of the Hobbesian texts. In particular, it can be demonstrated that the attempt to use Hobbes's concept of 'freedom as deliberation' in order to explain how obligations arise from contractual agreements faces serious difficulties.
We'll Always Have Chengdu: East Meets West on the Silver Screen
Authors: Vernezze Peter
Published: March 2012

From 2006 to 2008, Peter J. Vernezze served as a Peace Corps volunteer at Sichuan Normal University in Chengdu, taking a two-year leave of absence from his regular job as a philosophy professor. During this time he facilitated a film series for his Chinese undergraduate students which showed classic and contemporary American films – everything from Casablanca to the Marx brothers to Brokeback Mountain. The goal of the series was "to use film in order to shed light on and increase the understanding of American culture and values." This essay is a personal account of the discussions which took place after the screenings and what this American and these Chinese students may or may not have learned from each other about universalities and differences in cultures.
A descriptive study on the barriers and facilitators to implementation of the NSW (Australia) Healthy School Canteen Strategy
Authors: Ardzejewska K , Tadros R , Baxter D
Published: March 2012

Objective:

The study investigated the barriers and facilitators to, and the extent of the implementation of, the New South Wales (Australia) ‘Healthy School Canteen Strategy’.

Design:

A purposeful sample was used and data were collected using a mixed method approach.

Setting:

Two primary and two secondary government schools from a low socio-economic region in Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Method:

An audit of the available food and beverage items was followed by interviews with the school principal/deputy principal and the canteen manager.

Results:

This descriptive study found that, although positive changes to canteen menus are evident, there are varying levels of implementation of the strategy with a number of poor nutritional choices regularly available. Implementation is influenced by the local context, school type, canteen management practices, meal type and the student body – in particular, their religious practices.

Conclusion:

Concerns are raised about the effectiveness of a policy that does not take into consideration the local context.
Effect of two educational interventions on pharmacy students’ confidence and skills in dealing with adolescents with asthma
Authors: Donnelly Amy , Shah Smita , Bosnic-Anticevich Sinthia
Published: March 2012

Objectives:

The aim of this study was: (1) to investigate the feasibility of incorporating the Triple A programme into the undergraduate pharmacy curriculum; (2) to compare the effect of the Triple A programme versus problem-based learning methods on the asthma knowledge of final-year pharmacy students and their perceived confidence in dealing with adolescents with asthma; and (3) to evaluate the effectiveness of a pharmacy student-led Triple A education on the asthma knowledge of adolescents with asthma.

Design:

Prospective, randomized parallel group design.

Setting:

Final year undergraduate bachelor of pharmacy degree.

Methods:

The study used a parallel group design. One hundred and fifty seven final-year pharmacy students were randomly assigned to work through the asthma problem-based learning (PBL) case (group A, n = 62) or undergo Triple A educator training (group B, n = 95). Asthma knowledge (AK) and confidence in managing asthma (AC) were tested through questionnaires before and after training and analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Pharmacy student Triple A educators delivered the programme to a volunteer group of year 11 students ( n = 8) from one Sydney metropolitan high school. Year 11 student asthma knowledge before and after the Triple A programme was similarly tested through questionnaires and analyzed using paired t-tests.

Results:

There was no statistically significant difference between group A and group B at baseline in either the AK or AC scores (24.6 ± 0.5 vs. 24.5 ± 0.6 and 21.0 ± 0.4 vs. 20 ± 0.6 respectively, p > 0.05, n = 157, Mann-Whitney U Test). Both AK and AC scores significantly improved following training in both groups, but the increase in AC scores was higher in group B (increase of one for group A and increase of six for group B, p < 0.05, n = 157, repeated measure ANOVA). Furthermore, there was a significant improvement in the asthma knowledge of the year 11 students who participated in the Triple A programme (an increase from 14.86 ± 6.25 to 22.57 ± 2.64, n = 8, p < 0.05 paired samples t-test).

Conclusion:

Both the Triple A programme and PBL were effective in improving pharmacy students’ asthma knowledge, but the Triple A programme was more effective in improving students’ confidence about managing asthma. The programme thus appears feasible and appropriate to incorporate into an undergraduate pharmacy curriculum. Furthermore, as the asthma knowledge of year 11 students was significantly improved by the delivery of the Triple A programme by trained pharmacy students, it appears feasible to have pharmacy students continue to participate in the Triple A programme.
Modernity at the Margins: Paul Bowles’ Let It Come Down, The Spider’s House, and Moroccan Collaborations
Authors: Moore Lindsey
Published: March 2012

Literary representations of Morocco sometimes challenge specific colonial, national, and nationalist epistemologies. The work of Paul Bowles, in particular, problematizes conventional categories, not only through the extra-national yearnings of protagonists of his fiction, but also due to the hybrid products of collaborations with Moroccan artists. This article grapples with the contested status of an author profoundly engaged with non-Western epistemology and experience, yet susceptible to Orientalist desire. I focus on Bowles’ novels Let It Come Down and The Spider’s House and then on ways in which the author participated in the emergence of a postcolonial Moroccan body of “texts”. Edward Said’s contrapuntal methodology (2004) and the notion of teleological retrospect (Currie 2007) provide an analytical framework, and Said’s emphasis on labyrinthine and occluded literary relations a rationale for analyzing contexts beyond those directly affected by British colonialism. I argue that Bowles increasingly deprivileges expatriate sensibility and anticipates a critical rereading of colonial history; it is also underpinned by an ambivalent view of writing. While his Moroccan corpus repeatedly enacts the difficulty of “telling the other”, it is nevertheless thematically, structurally, and philosophically invested in the challenges of transcoding, translation, and transvaluation. As such, it illuminates interfaces between colonial discourse, late modernist expatriate/travel writing, and early postcolonial production.
Between two worlds: The predicament of Dalit Christians in Bama’s works
Authors: Christopher K. W.
Published: March 2012

Bama’s work in Tamil has for the first time brought to focus the lived experience of the Dalit Christian community that has been pushed to the margins of Indian society. Dalit Christians are doubly victimized, first because of their religion and second because of their caste, and Bama’s work captures and articulates this. However, the Dalit Christian specificity of the author tends to be underplayed and her work is read unproblematically as Dalit literature. There is also a tendency among critics to introduce a split in Dalit Christian subjectivity, rendering the Dalit and Christian elements of identity as separate spheres. This paper seeks to problematize such hegemonic readings and situate Bama’s work in the historical, theological, and social contexts of Dalit Christianity.
Dealing with Income Inequality during the Bachelet Administration
Authors: Camargo Ricardo
Published: March 2012

The notoriety that income inequality has achieved in the Chilean political debate since the presidential election of 2006 can be explained as a response discursively produced by Chilean political elites to a sense of frustration of people’s expectations as a consequence of the unsatisfactory results reached after 21 years of the application of failed inequality-reducing policies. The discursive stratagems ranged from a recalling of the “authoritarian enclaves” inherited from Pinochet’s regime to the thesis that inequality can only be resolved by improving the quality of education. This latter stratagem became a technocratic mantra for the struggle against income inequality among Chilean political elites during the Bachelet administration and gave rise to the ideological exclusion of any political proposal that defended a more redistribution-oriented approach to the problem, an exclusion deeply rooted in the traumatic memory of those elites.

La notoriedad alcanzada por la desigualdad de los salarios chilenos en el debate político a partir de la elección presidencial de 2006 se puede ver como una respuesta discursiva por parte de las élites chilenas a la frustración de la ciudadanía dados los magros resultados de 21 años de políticas de balance fallidas. Las estratagemas discursivas han propuesto desde suspender los “enclaves autoritarios” heredados del régimen pinochetista hasta teorizar que la desigualdad sólo se puede resolver incrementando la calidad de la educación. Esta última estratagema se convirtió en un mantra tecnocrático contra la desigualdad entre las élites políticas durante la administración de Bachelet y dio lugar a la exclusión ideológica de cualquier propuesta política que defendiese un enfoque orientado hacia la redistribución, una exclusión muy arraigada en la memoria traumática de estas élites.
Suburbanizing Jim Crow
Authors: Benjamin Karen
Published: March 2012

During the 1920s, elites in southern cities capitalized on rapid population growth to heighten residential segregation through vast school building programs. In Raleigh, North Carolina, the board of education ignored popular protests when it relocated the district’s premier schools to new racially restricted suburbs on the city’s northwest side, knowing development would follow. Simultaneously, the board refused to build even a single school for the black middle-class suburbs located outside the heavily segregated southeastern section of town, despite numerous requests. The legacy of these school board actions shifted the city center northwest of Capitol Square and left black communities on the southeast side economically and politically isolated from the rest of the city. When Raleigh faced court-ordered busing in 1971, black and white students lived on opposite sides of downtown. As a result, meaningful integration had become an impossible task without extensive busing, as was true in metropolitan areas across the nation.
Building Inequality
Authors: Erickson Ansley T.
Published: March 2012

This article examines how school and municipal planning practices contributed to segregated schools and segregated neighborhoods well after Brown. In Nashville, Tennessee, a consolidated city–county municipality, federal urban renewal and housing initiatives and federal education guidelines linked with local practices to favor suburban space, neglect urban space, and reinforce segregation in both housing and schooling. School construction policies served the interests of suburban real estate development and helped to concentrate poor black children and families in the central city. The range of policies and market forces at work in linking schools and housing proves the falsity of the de jure–de facto framework courts and historians often applied to school segregation. An uneven distribution of educational resources shaped over decades by local and federal policy led to an uneven distribution of the burdens that came with busing, an inequality made to seem normal by spatial ideology that favored the predominantly white suburbs.
From the “Phoenix of Legends” to the “Ultimate Monument” of the Times
Authors: Lewis Robert W.
Published: March 2012

This article analyzes the renovation and construction of the Parc des Princes and the Stade de France in post-Second World War Paris. The history of the two stadia testifies to a shift in the envisioned role of stadia in the Parisian basin between the late 1960s and the end of the twentieth century and stands as evidence for the emergence of new urban planning actors. Both stadia were also critiqued as symbols of broader problems with Parisian urbanization, notably as manifestations of anti-democratic planning processes. At the same time, the Parc and the Stade also reflected an emerging consensus over the role of spectator sport in society, accompanied by attempts to re-envision mass sporting spectatorship as a more democratic and familial practice. This article thus situates the two stadia within the history of Parisian urbanization and within broader global urbanizing processes.
Engaging with super-diversity: New migrant businesses and the research–policy nexus
Authors: Ram Monder , Jones Trevor , Edwards Paul , Kiselinchev Alexander , Muchenje Lovemore , Woldesenbet Kassa
Published: March 2012

Growing population diversity, referred to as ‘super-diversity’, has transformed the UK landscape, yet many areas of social science and policy appear reluctant to engage with the phenomenon. This article examines the ‘research–policy’ nexus as it applies one area of super-diversity: that is, businesses run by new migrants. Based on a year-long collaboration with a regional business support intermediary, the study investigate how policymakers, working with academics, handle the complexities that attend super-diversity in relation to enterprise. The study adopts an ‘engaged scholarship’ approach comprising participant observation and interviews with community-based intermediaries and business owners from 22 new migrant communities. It finds that policymakers and practitioners struggle to cope with the complexities that attend the processes of super-diversity. The danger of this is a perpetuation of a form of ‘ethnic managerialism’. However, by working collaboratively, academics and practitioners can deploy complementary bodies of knowledge to develop constructive intervention to support new migrant businesses.
Is there anything new to say about Émile Durkheim and Marcel Mauss?
Authors: Fournier Marcel
Published: March 2012

This review essay presents Marcel Fournier’s work on the French school of sociology: the first biography of Marcel Mauss, the edition of Mauss’s Écrits politiques, the annotated edition of Émile Durkheim’s Lettres à Marcel Mauss and a new biography of Durkheim. The author analyses the status of biography in the social sciences, discusses the difficulty of this kind of work and presents some results of his research. To the question: ‘is there anything new to say about Durkheim and Mauss?’, the response is: yes.
Provincial Europe
Authors: Melegh Attila
Published: March 2012

This review essay argues that József Böröcz reverses explanations that have served as the basis not only for Eurocentric accounts of global social change and the ‘rise’ of Europe but also for the latter’s critics coming from Marxist, postcolonial and world-systems perspectives. Most notably, the review considers why on the basis of Böröcz’s work we have to reject the classic question of how and why Europe and the West have become rich and/or ‘progressive’. The essay considers the wide implications of Böröcz’s novel analysis which focuses on weights of different political entities that he sees as crucial in understanding geopolitical manoeuvring of wide-ranging historical and present-day actors such as the European Union, western colonial powers, as well as state socialist countries and blocs, thus offering a fresh and provocative perspective on global social change.
Effects of climate change on mass movements in mountain environments
Authors: Stoffel Markus , Huggel Christian
Published: March 2012

Changes in temperature and precipitation have a range of impacts, including change of glacier extent, extent and duration of snow cover, and distribution and thermal properties of permafrost. Similarly, it is likely that climatic changes affect frequency and magnitude of mass movements, such as shallow landslides, debris flows, rock slope failures, or ice avalanches. However, so far changes in mass-movement activity can hardly be detected in observational records. In this progress report we document the role of climate variability and change on mass-movement processes in mountains through the description and analysis of selected, recent mass movements where effects of global warming and the occurrence of heavy precipitation are thought to have contributed to, or triggered, events. In addition, we assess possible effects of future climatic changes on the incidence of mass-movement processes. The report concentrates on high-mountain systems, including processes such as glacier downwasting and the formation of new ice-marginal lakes, glacier debuttressing and the occurrence of rock slope instability, temperature increase and permafrost degradation, as well as on changing sediment reservoirs and sediment supply, with a clear focus on studies from the European Alps.
Tibial Tubercle–Posterior Cruciate Ligament Distance
Authors: Seitlinger Gerd , Scheurecker Georg , Högler Richard , Labey Luc , Innocenti Bernardo , Hofmann Siegfried
Published: March 2012

Background: In patients with patellar instability, a pathological tibial tubercle–trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance is a risk factor. However, the TT-TG distance gives no information about the location of the malformation.

Hypothesis: Not all patients with a pathological TT-TG distance (≥20 mm) had lateralization of the tibial tubercle.

Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.

Methods: Fifty-eight knees in 49 patients with 2 or more patellar dislocations and 60 knees in 30 volunteers with no history of dislocation were analyzed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The tibial tubercle–posterior cruciate ligament (TT-PCL) distance was defined as the mediolateral distance between the tibial tubercle midpoint and the medial border of the posterior cruciate ligament. The distance was measured parallel to the dorsal aspect of the proximal tibia (dorsal tibia condylar line). Three observers performed the measurements. Significant differences in the TT-PCL distance between the patient and the control group were estimated using an unpaired t test. The inter- and intraobserver variability of the measurement was performed.

Results: The intraclass correlation coefficients for inter- and intraobserver variability of the TT-PCL distance were higher than 0.74 and 0.93, respectively. A statistically significant difference ( P < .05) was found between the TT-PCL distance in the control group (mean [SD], 18.4 [3.35] mm) and in patients (21.9 [4.30] mm). The mean (SD) TT-TG was 18.9 (5.16) mm in the patient group and 11.9 (4.67) mm in the control group ( P < .05). In the control group, 95% had a TT-PCL distance <24 mm. In the patient group, 22 of 58 knee joints (38%) had a TT-PCL distance ≥24 mm. Seventeen of 40 knee joints (43%) with a TT-TG distance ≥20 mm had a TT-PCL distance <24 mm.

Conclusion: Only 57% of the patients with a pathological TT-TG distance (≥20 mm) had lateralization of the tibial tubercle in relation to the posterior cruciate ligament. The TT-PCL distance is an alternative method for determining the position of the tibial tubercle.
Comparison of Partial Versus Complete Arthroscopic Repair of Massive Rotator Cuff Tears
Authors: Iagulli Nicholas D. , Field Larry D. , Hobgood E. Rhett , Ramsey J. Randall , Savoie Felix H.
Published: March 2012

Background: Complete repair of massive rotator cuff tears can be limited by tendon retraction and poor tissue quality. When a complete repair cannot be accomplished, a significant partial repair may be possible.

Hypothesis: A partial repair will yield comparable outcomes to complete repair of massive rotator cuff tears in this specific patient population.

Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods: All consecutive arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs done at the authors’ institution over a 2-year period were identified. A retrospective chart review was performed. Inclusion criteria required that each patient have a massive rotator cuff tear (30 cm2 or greater). Patients were categorized as either partial or complete repair. The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder scores were used to measure patient outcomes at an average follow-up of 24 months (10-40 months).

Results: Of 1128 consecutive arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs, 97 (9%) patients were noted intraoperatively to have massive tears measuring 30 cm2 or greater. Complete repair was achieved in 52 patients, whereas partial repair was possible in 45 patients. Eleven patients were lost to follow-up. The 41 remaining patients with only partial repair achieved a postoperative mean UCLA score of 29.49, and the 45 patients with complete repair achieved a mean UCLA score of 29.64, yielding significant improvement in both the partial repair group ( P = .0001) and the complete repair group ( P = .0001) compared with preoperative UCLA scores. However, no statistically significant differences in postoperative outcomes were noted when the 2 groups were compared with one another ( P = .89).

Conclusion: Partial repair of massive rotator cuff tears yielded outcomes comparable with complete repair of massive tears.