bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fortalecimiento del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de la Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria en Iberoamérica
Authors: Coppolillo Fernando , Jure Humberto , Ciuffolini Maria Beatriz , Yuruhán Diana
Published: October 2016

El proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje en Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria es analizado desde la perspectiva de las etapas del ciclo profesional: la formación de grado universitario, la especialización en el posgrado y por ultimo la educación permanente en servicio. Para cada una de estas etapas se analizan las dimensiones de los contenidos y compentencias clínicas que se deben desarrollar, los escenarios del proceso enseñanza aprendizaje y las competencias de los docentes para cada una de las mismas. Este análisis permite orientar al fortalecimiento global de los especialistas en medicina familiar y comunitaria con una practica clínica de alta calidad, centrada en la persona, orientada en la familia y basada en la comunidad.
Certificación, Recertificación y Acreditación en Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria en Iberoamérica
Authors: Cabrera Reyes Haydee , Yuruhán Mohrbach Diana , Vargas Patricia , López Vásquez Nancy del R. , Montalvo Vázquez Johanna
Published: October 2016

Objetivo: Conocer el estado de la Certificación, Recertificación y Acreditación en los países de la región de Iberoamérica como seguimiento a la primera encuesta realizada en la V Cumbre Iberoamericana de Medicina Familiar en 2014 en Quito, Ecuador. Métodos: Diseño transversal descriptivo. La población estuvo conformada por diez países: Ecuador, Perú, Chile, Venezuela, México, Brasil, Paraguay, Colombia, Puerto Rico y Costa Rica. A los presidentes de las Asociaciones de Medicina Familiar, se les envió por e-mail una encuesta estructurada de doce preguntas acerca de la Certificación, Recertificación y Acreditación; la respuesta se recibió por la misma vía. Se efectuó un análisis estadístico descriptivo, frecuencias simples y relativas. Resultados: Las Sociedades Científicas participan en los procesos de Certificación, Recertificación y Acreditación en los países en los cuáles están instalados. La certificación se realizó en 60% de los países encuestados, este proceso fue voluntario en 40%. La Recertificación está instalada y es operativa en 30% de los países participantes, este proceso es voluntario en 80% y lo ejecutan diferentes organismos, entre los cuales están las sociedades científicas, actuando solas o como parte de un equipo evaluador. De estos países, 50% de los países realizan la Acreditación de los programas de medicina familiar a través de las Universidades. Conclusiones: La Certificación todavía no se instaura en algunos países de Iberoamérica, es voluntaria. Un menor porcentaje de países tienen implementado el proceso de Recertificación, el cual también es voluntario en su mayoría. Apenas la mitad de los países efectúan el proceso de Acreditación de las Unidades Formadoras.
Investigación en Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria en Iberoamérica
Authors: Serrudo de Domínguez Noris Margarita , Ponzo Jacqueline , Ramírez Aranda José Manuel , Argudo Haro Carla Alexandra , Riveros Ríos Miriam Elisa , Vargas Villarreal Pablo , Ariel Franco Juan Víctor , Adrián Terrasa Sergio , Perozo García Juan Carlos , Costa Días María Cristina da , Torres Toala Fausto Gady , Flete González Roberto
Published: October 2016

El grupo de trabajo # 4 de la VI Cumbre Iberoamericana de Medicina Familiar en San José, Costa Rica, 2016 se conformó para lograr contribuir al desarrollo de la investigación en Medicina Familiar y Atención Primaria en Iberoamérica, así como para consolidar la Red IBIMEFA. Estuvo integrado por 54 médicos de 21 países. Se nombraron 2 coordinadores generales y 10 coordinadores para dirigir los cinco subgrupos. El trabajo realizado por este grupo durante ocho meses, obtuvo como resultado la identificación de líneas activas y prioritarias de investigación en medicina familiar, la necesidad de realizar estrategias para promover la producción científica, tales como: a) desarrollo de pasantías de investigación en diferentes regiones; b) identificación de fuentes de financiamiento; c) lograr una plataforma virtual, soporte para asesorías y foros de investigación coordinados por IBIMEFA.
Prevención Cuaternaria: Ética Médica, Evaluación y Eficiencia en los Sistemas de Salud
Authors: Pizzanelli Miguel , Almenas Marina , Quirós Robert , Pineda Carlos , Cordero Esteban , Taureaux Niurka , Rojas María de Lourdes , Kopitowski Karin , La Valle Ricardo , Nivelo Mónica , Menares Verónica , Piñero Agustina , Ortiz Sonia , Herrera Rolando , Correa Taja Alexis
Published: October 2016

La prevención Cuaternaria consiste en desarrollar cuidados de salud y de ejercer la medicina, priorizando los cuidados centrados en la persona. Su marco conceptual se sustenta en aspectos éticos y filosóficos centrales en el ejercicio de la medicina, en aspectos epistemológicos y de carácter social. Su objeto es proteger fundamentalmente a los pacientes, pero también a los integrantes del equipo de salud, de los excesos de la medicalización y de los excesos o prácticas innecesarias o dañinas. El presente artículo es el resultado de la síntesis de los documentos de trabajo, discusión y propuestas llevadas adelante por un amplio grupo de comprometidos profesionales de CIMF, con interés particular sobre la Prevención Cuaternaria. Los materiales se produjeron en forma colaborativa por medio de un largo y complejo proceso de trabajo a distancia, realizado durante los foros preparatorios de la VI Cumbre Iberoamericana de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria. A estos materiales se sumaron los documentos de trabajo elaborados durante la misma cumbre en San José de Costa Rica, en el mes de abril de 2016. El cometido de este artículo es difundir el estado de desarrollo y de compromiso actual con este enfoque y el destacado impulso que ha tenido en Iberoamérica en los últimos cinco años. Por su relevancia, se pretende estimular una mayor difusión del concepto: la implementación de contenidos relacionados con él en la formación y en el nivel académico. A nivel político promover su consideración en la toma de decisión, en políticas de salud pública. Difundir a nivel poblacional y promover la elaboración de contenidos de calidad. Ofrecer pistas de reflexión y herramientas concretas para su aplicación.
Carta de San José
Authors: Llorca Castro Fernando , Sáenz Madrigal María del Rocío , Kidd Michael , Anderson María Inez Padula , Meoño Martin Thomas
Published: October 2016

Durante los días 12 y 13 de abril del 2016 en la ciudad de San José, Costa Rica, se realizó la VI CumbreIberoamericana de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria bajo el lema: “Universalidad, Equidad y Calidad en los Sistemas de Salud: Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria como Eje”
Health Services Research
Authors: Dinan Michaela A. , Hirsch Bradford R. , Abernethy Amy
Published: October 2016

Overview

Health services research (HSR) describes a diverse group of research strategies and fields that seek to evaluate the impact of health care on patients and populations and has been a critical component of understanding the use, outcomes, and costs associated with oncology care since its inception over 100 years ago. In modern times, physicians and researchers often tout “bench to bedside” innovations as the goal of biomedical research. However, patients, physicians, and health care systems in the real world are subjected to a host of factors that impact patient care before, during, and after an intervention occurs at the bedside. Although HSR is a complex and evolving concept, a basic understanding of the key principles of HSR is needed to accurately assess, quantify, and optimize the real‐world impact of progress in oncology today and in the future.
Electrospun Nanomaterials for Supercapacitor Electrodes: Designed Architectures and Electrochemical Performance
Authors: Lu Xiaofeng , Wang Ce , Favier Frédéric , Pinna Nicola
Published: October 2016

Electrospinning is the most facile and highly versatile approach to produce 1D polymeric, inorganic, and hybrid nanomaterials with a small diameter, controllable dimensions, and designed architectures. In particular, with large surface area, high porosity, low density, good directionality, and tunable composition, electrospun nanofibers and mats are regarded as ideal candidates for various kinds of electrochemical energy storage devices such as supercapacitors (SCs). In this review, the recent progress in electrospun electrode materials for SCs is presented, covering the architecture design and their electrochemical performance. After a brief introduction about SCs, the basic principles of the electrospinning technique are discussed. Following, attention is paid to the discussion of various electrospun nanofibers and mats including 1D carbons, metal oxides, metal sulfides, metal nitrides, conducting polymers and composite nanomaterials with various types of architectures as electrodes for SCs. The relationship between the composition, architecture, and the electrochemical performance is discussed in detail. Finally, some challenges and perspectives of future research of the electrospun nanofibers and mats for high performance SCs are highlighted. It is anticipated that this review would provide the researchers some inspiration for constructing new types of energy storage devices.
Preliminary fMRI findings concerning the influence of 5‐HTP on food selection
Authors: Ioannou Stephanos , Williams Adrian L.
Published: October 2016

Objective

This functional magnetic resonance imaging study was designed to observe how physiological brain states can alter food preferences. A primary goal was to observe food‐sensitive regions and moreover examine whether 5‐HTP intake would activate areas which have been associated with appetite suppression, anorexia, satiety, and weight loss.

Methods and Procedure

Fourteen healthy male and female participants took part in the study, of which half of them received the supplement 5‐HTP and the rest vitamin C (control) on an empty stomach. During the scanning session, they passively observed food (high calories, proteins, carbohydrates) and nonfood movie stimuli.

Results

Within the 5‐HTP group, a comparison of food and nonfood stimuli showed significant responses that included the limbic system, the basal ganglia, and the prefrontal, temporal, and parietal cortices. For the vitamin C group, activity was mainly located in temporal and occipital regions. Compared to the vitamin C group, the 5‐HTP group in response to food showed increased activation on the VMPFC, the DLPFC, limbic, and temporal regions. For the 5‐HTP group, activity in response to food high in protein content compared to food high in calories and carbohydrates was located in the limbic system and the right caudomedial OFC, whereas for the vitamin C group, activity was mainly located at the inferior parietal lobes, the anterior cingulate gyri, and the left ventrolateral OFC. Greater responses to carbohydrates and high calorie stimuli in the vitamin C group were located at the right temporal gyrus, the occipital gyrus, the right VLPFC, whereas for the 5‐HTP group, activity was observed at the left VMPFC, the parahippocampal gyrus bilaterally, the occipital lobe, and middle temporal gyri.

Discussion

In line with the hypotheses, 5‐HTP triggered cortical responses associated with healthy body weight as well as cerebral preferences for protein‐rich stimuli. The brain's activity is altered by macronutrients rich or deprived in the body. By reading the organisms physiological states and combining them with memory experiences, it constructs behavioral strategies steering an individual toward or in opposition to a particular food.
Paving the way to a bioresorbable technology: Development of the absorb BRS program
Authors: Perkins Laura E. Leigh , Kossuth Mary Beth , Fox Julia C. , Rapoza Richard J.
Published: October 2016

Bioresorbable scaffolds (BRS) combine attributes of the preceding generations of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) devices with new technologies to result in a novel therapy promoted as being the fourth generation of PCI. By providing mechanical support and drug elution to suppress restenosis, BRS initially function similarly to drug eluting stents. Thereafter, through their degradation, BRS undergo a decline in radial strength, allowing a gradual transition of mechanical function from the scaffold back to the artery in order to provide long term effectiveness similar to balloon angioplasty. The principles of operation of BRS, whether of polymeric or metallic composition, follow three phases of functionality reflective of differing physiological requirements over time: revascularization, restoration, and resorption. In this review, these three fundamental performance phases and the metrics for the nonclinical evaluation of BRS, including both bench and preclinical testing, are discussed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of invasive imaging in acute and long‐term assessment of bioresorbable scaffold technology
Authors: Chamié Daniel , Garcia‐Garcia Hector , Costa Ricardo A. , Onuma Yoshinobu , Abizaid Alexandre , Serruys Patrick W.
Published: October 2016

Fully bioresorbable scaffolds (BRS) represent a novel approach for the percutaneous treatment of coronary artery stenosis, providing temporary vessel scaffolding with drug‐eluting capability during the restenosis‐prone phase of the vascular healing. Beyond this initial critical period, when mechanical scaffolding support is no longer necessary, the device is bioresorbed, restoring the normal vascular physiology with the aim to eliminate the long‐term safety concerns related to permanent metallic implants. Nonetheless, current BRS technology suffers from limited mechanical properties as compared to available metallic platforms, requiring careful attention to lesion preparation, accurate vessel sizing, and implantation technique. Intravascular imaging has played an important role in providing knowledge on the acute effects after BRS deployment, and it helped refine the current technique of BRS implantation. In addition, extensive work with multiple intravascular imaging modalities have also contributed to the understanding of the unique dynamic vascular changes that are experienced in the treated segment from post‐implantation up to complete device bioresorption. In this manuscript, we review the role of invasive imaging modalities—from angiography to sound‐ and light‐based techniques—to guide BRS implantation procedures, to assess its acute results postimplantation, and the changes experienced in the long‐term until complete bioresorption has ensued. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Regiodivergent Substitution of Propargylic Carbonates
Authors: Locascio Theresa M. , Tunge Jon A.
Published: October 2016

The palladium(0)‐catalyzed, ligand‐controlled, regioselective addition of diaryl acetonitrile pronucleophiles to propargylic carbonates is reported. Selective formation of either terminal 1,3‐dienyl or propargylated products is proposed to arise from a change in reaction mechanism controlled by the denticity of the coordinating ligand.
Investigation of N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Supported Group 12 Triflates as Pre‐catalysts for Hydrosilylation/Borylation
Authors: Roy Matthew M. D. , Ferguson Michael J. , McDonald Robert , Rivard Eric
Published: October 2016

N‐Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes of Cd and Hg triflates (OTf) were prepared and their attempted conversion into rare cadmium and mercury hydrides was explored. In contrast to zinc, which forms stable [ZnH]+ complexes with NHCs, the heavier Cd and Hg congeners could not be formed; the increased instability of Cd‐H and Hg‐H units was rationalized with the aid of computations. It was also discovered that the dimeric adduct [IPr⋅Cd(μ‐OTf)2]2 (IPr=[(HCNDipp)2C:]; Dipp=2,6‐iPr2C6H3) is an active precatalyst for the hydrosilylation and hydroborylation of hindered aldehydes and ketones. The related zinc congener was inactive as a catalyst highlighting a distinct advantage of using heavy Group 12 metals to promote catalytic hydrosilylation/borylation.
Light‐Harvesting Phthalocyanine–Diketopyrrolopyrrole Derivatives: Synthesis, Spectroscopic, Electrochemical, and Photochemical Studies
Authors: Molina Desiré , El‐Khouly Mohamed E. , El‐Kemary Maged , Fukuzumi Shunichi , Fernández‐Lázaro Fernando , Sastre‐Santos Ángela
Published: October 2016

A new family of light‐harvesting zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc)–diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) hybrids have been synthesized and characterized. The absorption spectral measurements showed that the major absorptions of DPP (450–600 nm) are complementary to those of zinc phthalocyanine (300–400 and 600–700 nm). Therefore, the designed hybrids absorb over a broad range in the visible region. The geometric and electronic structures of the dyads were probed by initio B3LYP/6‐311G methods. The majority of the HOMOs were found to be located on the ZnPc, while the majority of the LUMOs were on the DPP units. The DPP units serve as the antenna, which upon excitation undergo efficient singlet–singlet energy transfer to the attached ZnPc units. The formed singlet ZnPc, in turn, donates its electron to the electron‐deficient DPP forming the low‐lying radical ion pairs ZnPc.+–DPP.− (energy=1.44–1.56 eV as calculated from the electrochemical measurements). The excited‐state events were confirmed by using a transient absorption technique in the picosecond–microsecond time range, as well as a time‐resolved emission technique. The rates of energy transfer from the singlet DPP to ZnPc were found to be extremely fast >1010 s−1, while the rates of electron transfer from the singlet excited state of ZnPc to DPP were found to be 3.7–6.6×109 s−1.
Synthesis of Cobalt Sulfide/Sulfur Doped Carbon Nanocomposites with Efficient Catalytic Activity in the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Qian Huayu , Tang Jing , Wang Zhongli , Kim Jeonghun , Kim Jung Ho , Alshehri Saad M. , Yanmaz Ekrem , Wang Xin , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: October 2016

Cobalt sulfide/sulfur doped carbon composites (Co9S8/S‐C) were synthesized by calcining a rationally designed sulfur‐containing cobalt coordination complex in an inert atmosphere. From the detailed transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses, the electrocatalytically active Co9S8 nanoparticles were clearly obtained and combined with the thin sulfur doped carbon layers. Electrochemical data showed that Co9S8/S‐C had a good activity and long‐term stability in catalyzing oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline electrolyte, even better than the traditional RuO2 electrocatalyst. The excellent electrocatalytic activity of Co9S8/S‐C was mainly attributed to the synergistic effect between the Co9S8 catalyst which contributed to the oxygen evolution reaction and the sulfur doped carbon layer which facilitated the adsorption of reactants, prevented the Co9S8 particles from aggregating and served as the electrically conductive binder between each component.
Enhanced Sensitivity and Piezochromic Contrast through Single‐Direction Extension of Molecular Structure
Authors: Gao Zhao , Wang Kai , Liu Fangming , Feng Cunfang , He Xin , Li Jinyu , Yang Bing , Zou Bo , Lu Ping
Published: October 2016

Two piezochromic materials containing phenanthro[9,10‐d]imidazole and tetraphenylethylene (M1 and M2) were developed. A supra‐amplification piezochromic effect originating from their various long‐to‐short axis ratios was discovered in high‐pressure experiments. Based on the linear relationship between applied pressure and emission‐peak wavelength during pressurizing and depressurizing cycles, quantitative sensitivity for piezochromism could be denoted. M2 displayed higher piezochromic contrast (102 nm) and better sensitivity (11.19 nm GPa−1) than M1 (69 nm and 6.12 nm GPa−1), which helps to develop a more comprehensive general strategy to evaluate pressure‐responsive performance.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed C−H Arylation of Benzoic Acids and Indole Carboxylic Acids with Aryl Halides
Authors: Simonetti Marco , Cannas Diego M. , Panigrahi Adyasha , Kujawa Szymon , Kryjewski Michal , Xie Pan , Larrosa Igor
Published: October 2016

Herein we report the first Ru‐catalyzed C−H arylation of benzoic acids with readily available aryl (pseudo)halides. The reaction, which does not require the use of silver salt additives, allows the arylation of previously challenging hindered benzoic acids and the use of generally unreactive ortho‐substituted halorarenes. Furthermore, our new protocol can efficiently be applied to indole carboxylic acids, thus allowing access to C7‐, C6‐, C5‐ and C4‐arylated indole compounds, a departure from the classical enhanced reactivity of the C2 and C3 positions of indole.
Micellen als chemische Nano‐Laboratorien
Authors: Langhals Heinz
Published: October 2016

Das Konzept, chemische Lehr‐Versuche zu einem aktuellen Forschungsgebiet ohne Einsatz jeglicher Gefahrstoffe zu entwickeln, hat zu beladenen nanomicellaren Strukturen in Wasser mit potentieller Verwendung in der Kosmetik geführt, etwa für Sonnenschutz und der Behandlung von Sonnenbrand. Solche micellaren Systeme in Wasser können „Nano‐Laboratorien“ bilden, z.B. um lipophile funktionale Substanzen auch in Wasser einsetzen zu können. Dies wurde am Beispiel von Fluoreszenzfarbstoffen und pH‐Indikatoren demonstriert. Schließlich wurden supramolekulare Funktionaleinheiten in solchen Strukturen stabilisiert und zur Funktion gebracht. Solche Micellen lassen sich vielfältig für Versuche in der chemischen Grundausbildung bis zur Ausbildung von fortgeschrittenen Studenten verwenden.
„Power to Gas“ – ein Baustein zur schulpraktischen Umsetzung der Energiewende
Authors: Rubner Isabel , Grofe Theodor , Oetken Marco
Published: October 2016

Die Energiewende ist nicht nur deutschlandweit ein großes Thema. Die Energieversorgung und Energiespeicherung stellen eine der zentralen Herausforderungen besonders für die nachfolgenden Generationen dar. Daher ist es immens wichtig, diese Inhalte in Schule und Hochschule zu implementieren. Im nachfolgenden Beitrag wird das Power to Gas‐Konzept als eine Möglichkeit der Energiespeicherung regenerativ erzeugter Energien vorgestellt. Dabei werden zwei Varianten dargestellt, diese hochrelevante Reaktion experimentell in der Schule umzusetzen. Zudem werden verschiedene Möglichkeiten angeführt, die Reaktionsprodukte zu identifizieren bzw. diese zu unterscheiden.
Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐Bindungen knüpfen lernen – ein Modellexperiment zum konzeptbasierten Problemlösen
Authors: Trabert Andreas , Eckert Florian , Schween Michael
Published: October 2016

Der Aufbau komplexer funktionaler Verbindungen mit Kohlenstoffgerüsten ist das große Syntheseziel in der Organischen Chemie. Von Studierenden werden solche Kohlenstoffgerüste oftmals als „gegeben“ hingenommen und nicht hinterfragt – dabei ist ein umfassendes Wissen zum selektiven Knüpfen von C‐C‐Bindungen eine Kernkompetenz. Die Erzeugung von Enolaten und deren Nutzung als C‐Nucleophile ist einer der klassischen Synthesewege zur C‐C‐Verknüpfung. Mit einem neuen zweistufigen Modellversuch erschließen wir diesen Weg für die Ausbildung von Studierenden des gymnasialen Lehramts (L3) auch experimentell. Die Bildung von Enolat‐Ionen aus einer C‐H‐aciden Verbindung und ihr Verbrauch in einer SN2‐Reaktion mit einem C‐Elektrophil werden dabei modellhaft mit Nitronat‐Ionen nachgestellt. Auf diese Weise kann der Reaktionsverlauf anhand von Farb‐ und Leitfähigkeitsänderungen beobachtet und schlüssig gedeutet werden. Dieses Deuten macht ein prozessorientiertes, reaktionsmechanistisches Denken unter vernetzter Anwendung der Konzepte der Organischen Chemie notwendig. Ein solcher Ansatz bildet den Schlüssel zum erfolgreichen Bewältigen organisch‐chemischer Fragestellungen. Daher erwarten wir von dem dargestellten Lernangebot einen positiven Einfluss auf das Problemlösungsverhalten und das Konzeptwissen angehender Lehrkräfte.
Renewable High‐Performance Fibers from the Chemical Recycling of Cotton Waste Utilizing an Ionic Liquid
Authors: Asaadi Shirin , Hummel Michael , Hellsten Sanna , Härkäsalmi Tiina , Ma Yibo , Michud Anne , Sixta Herbert
Published: October 2016

A new chemical recycling method for waste cotton is presented that allows the production of virgin textile fibers of substantially higher quality than that from the mechanical recycling methods that are used currently. Cotton postconsumer textile wastes were solubilized fully in the cellulose‐dissolving ionic liquid 1,5‐diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non‐5‐enium acetate ([DBNH]OAc) to be processed into continuous filaments. As a result of the heterogeneous raw material that had a different molar mass distribution and degree of polymerization, pretreatment to adjust the cellulose degree of polymerization by acid hydrolysis, enzyme hydrolysis, or blending the waste cotton with birch prehydrolyzed kraft pulp was necessary to ensure spinnability. The physical properties of the spun fibers and the effect of the processing parameters on the ultrastructural changes of the fibers were measured. Fibers with a tenacity (tensile strength) of up to 58 cN tex−1 (870 MPa) were prepared, which exceeds that of native cotton and commercial man‐made cellulosic fibers.
Optimization of mass cytometry sample cryopreservation after staining
Authors: Sumatoh Hermi R. , Teng Karen Wei Weng , Cheng Yang , Newell Evan W.
Published: October 2016

The advent of mass cytometry has facilitated highly multi‐parametric single‐cell analysis allowing for the deep assessment of cellular diversity. While the data and analytical power of this approach are well described, associated technical and experimental hurdles remain. Issues like equipment breakdown and sampling of large‐scale batches, which may require multiple days of data acquisition, are minor but critical obstacles that prompt a technical solution, especially when dealing with precious samples. An ability to cryopreserve mass cytometry samples that have already been stained would alleviate numerous technical limitations we face with currently used sample‐handling approaches. Here, we evaluated two protocols for freezing of already‐stained and fixed cellular samples and compared them with standard sample refrigeration in staining buffer. A comprehensive human T cell staining phenotypic and functional profiling panel was used and the signal intensity and reliability of each marker was assessed over a 4‐week period. In general, cellular viability, DNA Ir‐Intercalator and barcode staining were minimally affected by freezing compared to refrigeration, and the signal intensities for cell surface markers and receptors were not compromised. Intracellular cytokine staining did show some decreases in signal intensity after freezing, with the decreases more prominent in a methanol‐based protocol compared to a protocol involving the use of 10% DMSO in FBS. We conclude that freezing already‐stained samples suspended in 10% DMSO in FBS is practical and efficient way to preserve already‐stained samples when needed. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Climate change adaptation to escape the poverty trap: role of the private sector
Authors: Cao Shixiong , Zheng Heran
Published: October 2016

Climate change adaptation and poverty alleviation call for an integrated strategy, because poverty exacerbates the vulnerability to climate change and vice versa. The private sector, which has traditionally been excluded from adaptation planning, may contribute greatly to the development of an integrated strategy. Here, we identify the differences in adaptation trajectories between the private sector and communities by proposing a conceptual framework and report on a case study in a dryland area of China, where the private sector led a successful adaptation and poverty alleviation project. We found that their win–win strategy achieved both climate change adaptation and development, thereby helping a disadvantaged community to escape the poverty trap and achieve sustainable development. The private sector played a dominant role in the response, as this sector can adapt in ways that are not possible for governments or communities. We suggest that participatory governance that includes private‐sector stakeholders is more likely to achieve sustainable development.
CD46 accelerates macrophage‐mediated host susceptibility to meningococcal sepsis in a murine model
Authors: Wang Xiao , Zhang Ding , Sjölinder Mikael , Wan Yi , Sjölinder Hong
Published: October 2016

CD46, a membrane cofactor expressed on all nucleated human cells, plays an essential role in suppressing autoimmune reactions and protecting host cells from complement‐mediated attack. Human transgenic CD46 homozygous mice (CD46+/+) are prone to lethal sepsis upon infection with Neisseria meningitidis (N. meningitidis). However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we determined thatCD46+/+ mice produce large numbers of M1 type macrophages with enhanced surface expression of MHC II and production of pro‐inflammatory mediators such as IL‐6, TNF, IL‐12, and IL‐1β In the presence of M‐CSF or GM‐CSF, CD46 signaling enhances monocyte‐macrophage differentiation. Additionally, CD46+/+ macrophages rapidly undergo apoptosis upon LPS challenge or meningococcal infection, which could contribute to uncontrolled bacterial dissemination in vivo. Adoptive transfer of CD46+/+ peritoneal macrophages aggravated septic responses in wild‐type mice, but the depletion of macrophages partially alleviated septic reactions in CD46+/+ mice after N. meningitidis infection. Our findings reveal a novel role of CD46 in accelerating inflammatory responses upon meningococcal infection or LPS stimulation by regulating the functional polarization and survival of macrophages.
Discharge Capacity Estimation for Lithium–Ion Battery Packs with Cells in Parallel Connection Based on Current Prediction of In‐Pack Cells
Authors: Cheng Long , Sun Quan
Published: October 2016

Discharge capacity estimation for battery packs is one of the most essential issues of battery management systems. Precision of the estimation will affect maintenance policy and reliability estimation of the battery packs. Due to different manufacturing processes and use conditions, the performance of each cell in a battery pack may be significantly different. Such differences mean that a certain amount of capacity is not extracted from the in‐pack cells. For lithium‐ion battery packs with cells connected in parallel, a method is provided herein to predict the discharge current of the cells. Based on this method, an estimation of the discharge capacity of the pack can be obtained. An experiment is then conducted from which the cell current cannot be measured to validate the applicability of the method. The results show that the proposed method can be used to estimate the discharge capacity of battery packs with high accuracy. This method is significant for the grouping of lithium‐ion battery packs, as well as the maintenance and replacement policy of battery packs.
Application of software to study the impact of transportation sectors' greenhouse gas emissions reduction on climate change
Authors: Kalita Neelnayana , Xu Zonghua , Kumar Ashok
Published: October 2016

The study of environmental pollution has been significantly aided through computerized tools and models over the last several decades. There are enormous social and economic benefits of using software for studying the climatic impact of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper presents an approach to examine the climatic impact of emissions from the transportation sector by identifying available software (namely, MOVES, GREET, and mixed‐use trip generation model) for projecting future GHG emission levels. This process is followed by the quantification of GHG emissions with variations in the temperature considering that temperature change at any given geographical region directly influences the projections of climate change. This study presents the application of relevant software in examining the various GHG emission reduction strategies, which can play an important role in understanding possible variations in the projected temperature variations for the transportation sector within a geographical region. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 1559–1565, 2016
CO2 activation of olive bagasse for hydrogen storage
Authors: Bader Najoua , Abdelmottaleb Ouederni
Published: October 2016

Hydrogen is considered as the most promising future fuel, as its combustion generates only water vapor besides energy. However, finding efficient, safe and low‐cost storage methods is the basic impediment for the adoption of hydrogen as fuel. For this purpose, an ultramicroporous activated carbon was successfully synthesized from low‐cost biomass residues; olive bagasse. The carbon material was prepared throw physical activation, using carbon dioxide as activating agent, under controlled thermal conditions. Then, it was tested as hydrogen storage material at cryogenic and room temperature conditions. The textural characterizations showed a highly tailored porous texture adequate for gas adsorption. The totality of the created microporosity is of narrow range (d < 0.7 nm). Interestingly, the measured median pore width was about 0.65 nm, likely the optimum pore size for hydrogen adsorption. This feature accorded the AC with exceptional H2 storage capacity, achieving 3.34 wt % at liquid nitrogen temperature. It has outperformed Zeolites and MOFs. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 315–324, 2017
Nature and origin of dolomitization associated with sulphide mineralization: new insights from the Tappehsorkh Zn‐Pb (‐Ag‐Ba) deposit, Irankuh Mining District, Iran
Authors: Boveiri Konari Mina , Rastad Ebrahim
Published: October 2016

Several types of dolomitization are observed in the Lower Cretaceous carbonate sequence of the Tappehsorkh deposit, Irankuh Mining District, Iran: 1) regional and extensive early diagenetic dolomitization (D1), and 2) localized hydrothermal dolomitization (D2 and D3). D1 regional dolomite, which partly to completely replace limestone, is characterized by fine‐grained euhedral to subhedral dolomite rhombs. There is no evidence for Zn‐Pb sulphide mineralization associated with this type of dolomite. Medium to coarse‐grained D2 and D3 hydrothermal dolomites occur along the syn‐sedimentary Gushfil‐Baghabrisham normal fault, about 40 m above the Lower Cretaceous sequence within black siltstone, dolostone, and crystal lithic tuff and lava rocks. Hydrothermal dolomite cross‐cuts and brecciates the host rocks. This dolomite was replaced by quartz and sulphide minerals of the main ore stage. D1 regional dolomite has average values of ‐7.37‰ and 2.20‰ for δ18O and δ13C, respectively. The δ13C values of this dolomite fall well within the range of the Lower Cretaceous carbonates. D2 hydrothermal dolomite has average δ18O and δ13C values of ‐7.92‰ and 2.93‰, respectively. The respective δ18O and δ13C values of D3 hydrothermal dolomite are ‐12.27‰ and 2.39‰. The δ18O values of D2 and D3 dolomites are more negative than those of D1 regional dolomite; this can be due to their hydrothermal origin. Fluid inclusion studies on D3 dolomite and quartz show temperatures of 170‐260 °C. The concentrations of Fe and Mn in D1 regional dolomite are very similar to those of limestone, suggesting that they likely precipitated from the same fluid (seawater), whereas those of D2 and D3 dolomites are relatively high, in agreement with the hydrothermal origin for these dolomites. Precipitation of gypsum, which is ubiquitous in the study area, could have lowered the Ca/Mg ratio of seawater. While the extensive regional dolomitization formed from low‐temperature (evolved) seawater during the early diagenesis, D2 and D3 dolomites associated with the main stage of sulphide mineralization were formed by high‐temperature hydrothermal fluids moving along the Gushfil‐Baghabrisham Fault. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Therapist and Client Interactions in Motivational Interviewing for Social Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Romano Mia , Arambasic Jelena , Peters Lorna
Published: October 2016

Objective

The aim of the present study is to assess the bidirectional associations between therapist and client speech during a treatment based on motivational interviewing (MI) for social anxiety disorder.

Method

Participants were 85 adults diagnosed with social anxiety who received MI prior to entering cognitive behavioral therapy. MI sessions were sequentially coded using the Motivational Interviewing Skill Code 2.5.

Results

Therapist MI‐consistent behaviors, including open questions as well as positive and negative reflections, were more likely to be followed by client change exploration (change talk and counter‐change talk). Therapist MI‐inconsistent behaviors were more likely to precede client neutral language. Client language was also found to influence therapist likelihood of responding in an MI‐consistent manner.

Conclusion

The findings support the first step of the MI causal model in the context of social anxiety and direct future research into the effect of therapist and client behaviors on MI treatment outcome.
Orexin‐A increases the firing activity of hippocampal CA1 neurons through orexin‐1 receptors
Authors: Chen Xin‐Yi , Chen Lei , Du Yi‐Feng
Published: October 2016

Orexins including two peptides, orexin‐A and orexin‐B, are produced in the posterior lateral hypothalamus. Much evidence has indicated that central orexinergic systems play numerous functions including energy metabolism, feeding behavior, sleep/wakefulness, and neuroendocrine and sympathetic activation. Morphological studies have shown that the hippocampal CA1 regions receive orexinergic innervation originating from the hypothalamus. Positive orexin‐1 (OX1) receptors are detected in the CA1 regions. Previous behavioral studies have shown that microinjection of OX1 receptor antagonist into the hippocampus impairs acquisition and consolidation of spatial memory. However, up to now, little has been known about the direct electrophysiological effects of orexin‐A on hippocampal CA1 neurons. Employing multibarrel single‐unit extracellular recordings, the present study showed that micropressure administration of orexin‐A significantly increased the spontaneous firing rate from 2.96 ± 0.85 to 8.45 ± 1.86 Hz (P < 0.001) in 15 out of the 23 hippocampal CA1 neurons in male rats. Furthermore, application of the specific OX1 receptor antagonist SB‐334867 alone significantly decreased the firing rate from 4.02 ± 1.08 to 2.11 ± 0.58 Hz in 7 out of the 17 neurons (P < 0.05), suggesting that endogenous orexinergic systems modulate the firing activity of CA1 neurons. Coapplication of SB‐334867 completely blocked orexin‐A–induced excitation of hippocampal CA1 neurons. The PLC pathway may be involved in activation of OX1 receptor–induced excitation of CA1 neurons. Taken together, the present study's results suggest that orexin‐A produces excitatory effects on hippocampal neurons via OX1 receptors. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polyphenol‐rich virgin olive oil reduces insulin resistance and liver inflammation and improves mitochondrial dysfunction in high‐fat diet fed rats
Authors: Lama Adriano , Pirozzi Claudio , Mollica Maria Pia , Trinchese Giovanna , Di Guida Francesca , Cavaliere Gina , Calignano Antonio , Mattace Raso Giuseppina , Berni Canani Roberto , Meli Rosaria
Published: October 2016

Scope

Virgin olive oil is an essential component of the Mediterranean diet. Its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties are mainly linked to phenolic contents. This study aims to evaluate the beneficial effects of a polyphenol‐rich virgin olive oil (HPCOO) or olive oil without polyphenols (WPOO) in rats fed high‐fat diet (HFD).

Methods and results

Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into four groups based on the different types of diet: (I) standard diet (STD); (II) HFD; (III) HFD containing WPOO, and (IV) HFD containing HPCOO. HPCOO and WPOO induced a significant improvement of HFD‐induced impaired glucose homeostasis (by hyperglycemia, altered oral glucose tolerance, and HOMA‐IR) and inflammatory status modulating pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐1, and IL‐10) and adipokines. Moreover, HPCOO and less extensively WPOO, limited HFD‐induced liver oxidative and nitrosative stress and increased hepatic fatty acid oxidation. To study mitochondrial performance, oxidative capacity and energy efficiency were also evaluated in isolated liver mitochondria. HPCOO, but not WPOO, reduced H2O2 release and aconitase activity by decreasing degree of coupling, which plays a major role in the control of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species emission.

Conclusion

HPCOO limits HFD‐induced insulin resistance, inflammation, and hepatic oxidative stress, preventing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progression.
Zinc supplementation augments TGF‐β1‐dependent regulatory T cell induction
Authors: Maywald Martina , Meurer Steffen K. , Weiskirchen Ralf , Rink Lothar
Published: October 2016

Scope

Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a pivotal role in immune regulation. For proper immune function, also trace elements such as zinc, and anti‐inflammatory cytokines, including transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1) and interleukin (IL)‐10 are indispensable. Hence, in this study the influence of TGF‐β1, IL‐10, and zinc supplementation on Treg cells differentiation was investigated.

Methods and results

A synergistic effect of a combined zinc and TGF‐β1 treatment on Foxp3 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) was found by performing Western blot analysis. Additionally, combined treatment causes elevated Smad 2/3 phosphorylation, which plays an important role in Foxp3 expression. This is due to a TGF‐β1‐mediated increase of intracellular‐free zinc measured by zinc probes Fluozin3‐AM and ZinPyr‐1. Moreover, zinc as well as TGF‐β1 treatment caused significantly reduced interferon (IFN)‐γ secretion in MLC.

Conclusion

Combined zinc and TGF‐β1 treatment provoked an increased Treg cell induction due to a triggered intracellular zinc signal, which in association with an increased Smad 2/3 activation leads to a boosted Foxp3 expression and resulting in an ameliorated allogeneic reaction in MLC. Thus, zinc can be used as a favorable additive to elevate the induction of Treg cells in adverse immune reactions.
Ellagic acid improves endogenous neural stem cells proliferation and neurorestoration through Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Liu Qing‐Shan , Li Shu‐Ran , Li Keqin , Li Xu , Yin Xiaoying , Pang Zongran
Published: October 2016

Scope

The aim of this study is to research the effects of the polyphenol ellagic acid (EA) on brain cells and to explore its mechanism of action, and to evaluate whether EA can be safely utilized by humans as a functional food or therapeutic agent.

Methods and results

A photothrombosis‐induced model of brain injury in rats was created, and EA was administered intragastrically to rats on 7 consecutive days post‐venous ischemia. An oxygen–glucose deprivation and re‐perfusion model was established in neural stem cells in order to research the effects on proliferation after 2 days of EA treatment in vitro. The administration of EA improved the rats' nerve‐related abilities, remedied infarct volumes and morphological changes in the brain, and enhanced the content of nestin protein in the brain semidarkness zone. The proliferation of NSCs and the expression of β‐catenin and Cyclin D1 genes were also increased in primary cultured NSCs.

Conclusions

EA administration can improve brain injury outcomes and increase the proliferation of NSCs through the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway. The presented results represent new insights on the mechanisms of the brain cell protective activity of EA. Thus, EA may be used in functional foods or medicines to help treat nerve dysfunction, neurodegenerative disease and aging.
Phylogenetic profile of gut microbiota in healthy adults after moderate intake of red wine
Authors: Barroso Elvira , Muñoz‐González Irene , Jiménez Esther , Bartolomé Begoña , Moreno‐Arribas M. Victoria , Peláez Carmen , del Carmen Martínez‐Cuesta María , Requena Teresa
Published: October 2016

Scope

There is growing interest in understanding how human colonic microbiota can be modified by dietary habits. We examined the influence of moderate red wine intake on the colonic microbiota of 15 healthy volunteers, related to the high concentration of polyphenols present in this beverage. The volunteers were classified into high, moderate, and low polyphenol metabolizers (metabotypes) due to their ability to metabolize polyphenols and the results were compared with that of five control (no wine intake) subjects.

Methods and results

We analyzed the composition, diversity, and dynamics of their fecal microbiota before and after 1 month of wine consumption. The 16S rDNA sequencing allowed detection of 2324 phylotypes, of which only 30 were found over the 0.5% of mean relative frequency, representing 84.6% of the total taxonomical assignments. The samples clustered more strongly by individuals than by wine intake or metabotypes, however an increase in diversity, after the wine intake, was observed.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest an increase in the global fecal microbial diversity associated to the consumption of red wine, confirm the high variability of the microbiota from different individuals, and show the stability of their singular microbiota composition to small and short‐term dietary changes.
High efficiency radiofrequency power amplifier module for parallel transmit arrays at 3 Tesla
Authors: Twieg Michael , Griswold Mark A.
Published: October 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to develop an in‐bore radiofrequency (RF) power amplifier (RFPA) module with high power efficiency and density for use in parallel transmit (pTX) arrays at 3 Tesla.

Methods

The modules use a combination of current mode class D, class S, and class E amplifiers based on enhancement‐mode gallium nitride‐on‐silicon field‐effect transistors. Together the amplifiers implement envelope elimination and restoration to achieve amplitude modulation with high efficiency over a wide operating range. The static nonlinearity and power efficiency of the module were measured using pulsed RF measurements over a 37 dB dynamic range. Thermal performance was also measured with and without forced convection cooling.

Results

The modules produces peak RF power up to 130 W with an overall efficiency of 85%. When producing 100 W RF pulses at a duty cycle of 10%, maximum junction temperatures did not exceed 80 °C, even without the use of heatsinks or forced convection.

Conclusion

The small size and low cost of the modules promise lower cost implementation of pTX systems compared with linear RFPAs located remotely. Further work must be done on control of the RF output in the presence of nonlinearities and coupling. Magn Reson Med 78:1589–1598, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.