bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SCAR knockouts in Dictyostelium: WASP assumes SCAR’s position and upstream regulators in pseudopods
Authors: Veltman Douwe M. , King Jason S. , Machesky Laura M. , Insall Robert H.
Published: August 2012

Under normal conditions, the Arp2/3 complex activator SCAR/WAVE controls actin polymerization in pseudopods, whereas Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) assembles actin at clathrin-coated pits. We show that, unexpectedly, Dictyostelium discoideum SCAR knockouts could still spread, migrate, and chemotax using pseudopods driven by the Arp2/3 complex. In the absence of SCAR, some WASP relocated from the coated pits to the leading edge, where it behaved with similar dynamics to normal SCAR, forming split pseudopods and traveling waves. Pseudopods colocalized with active Rac, whether driven by WASP or SCAR, though Rac was activated to a higher level in SCAR mutants. Members of the SCAR regulatory complex, in particular PIR121, were not required for WASP regulation. We thus show that WASP is able to respond to all core upstream signals and that regulators coupled through the other members of SCAR’s regulatory complex are not essential for pseudopod formation. We conclude that WASP and SCAR can regulate pseudopod actin using similar mechanisms.
Clathrin promotes centrosome integrity in early mitosis through stabilization of centrosomal ch-TOG
Authors: Foraker Amy B. , Camus Stéphane M. , Evans Timothy M. , Majeed Sophia R. , Chen Chih-Ying , Taner Sabrina B. , Corrêa Ivan R. , Doxsey Stephen J. , Brodsky Frances M.
Published: August 2012

Clathrin depletion by ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) impairs mitotic spindle stability and cytokinesis. Depletion of several clathrin-associated proteins affects centrosome integrity, suggesting a further cell cycle function for clathrin. In this paper, we report that RNAi depletion of CHC17 (clathrin heavy chain 17) clathrin, but not the CHC22 clathrin isoform, induced centrosome amplification and multipolar spindles. To stage clathrin function within the cell cycle, a cell line expressing SNAP-tagged clathrin light chains was generated. Acute clathrin inactivation by chemical dimerization of the SNAP-tag during S phase caused reduction of both clathrin and ch-TOG (colonic, hepatic tumor overexpressed gene) at metaphase centrosomes, which became fragmented. This was phenocopied by treatment with Aurora A kinase inhibitor, suggesting a centrosomal role for the Aurora A–dependent complex of clathrin, ch-TOG, and TACC3 (transforming acidic coiled-coil protein 3). Clathrin inactivation in S phase also reduced total cellular levels of ch-TOG by metaphase. Live-cell imaging showed dynamic clathrin recruitment during centrosome maturation. Therefore, we propose that clathrin promotes centrosome maturation by stabilizing the microtubule-binding protein ch-TOG, defining a novel role for the clathrin–ch-TOG–TACC3 complex.
Whole-genome sequencing identifies recurrent somatic NOTCH2 mutations in splenic marginal zone lymphoma
Authors: Kiel Mark J. , Velusamy Thirunavukkarasu , Betz Bryan L. , Zhao Lili , Weigelin Helmut G. , Chiang Mark Y. , Huebner-Chan David R. , Bailey Nathanael G. , Yang David T. , Bhagat Govind , Miranda Roberto N. , Bahler David W. , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Lim Megan S. , Elenitoba-Johnson Kojo S.J.
Published: August 2012

Splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL), the most common primary lymphoma of spleen, is poorly understood at the genetic level. In this study, using whole-genome DNA sequencing (WGS) and confirmation by Sanger sequencing, we observed mutations identified in several genes not previously known to be recurrently altered in SMZL. In particular, we identified recurrent somatic gain-of-function mutations in NOTCH2, a gene encoding a protein required for marginal zone B cell development, in 25 of 99 (∼25%) cases of SMZL and in 1 of 19 (∼5%) cases of nonsplenic MZLs. These mutations clustered near the C-terminal proline/glutamate/serine/threonine (PEST)-rich domain, resulting in protein truncation or, rarely, were nonsynonymous substitutions affecting the extracellular heterodimerization domain (HD). NOTCH2 mutations were not present in other B cell lymphomas and leukemias, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL; n = 15), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL; n = 15), low-grade follicular lymphoma (FL; n = 44), hairy cell leukemia (HCL; n = 15), and reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (n = 14). NOTCH2 mutations were associated with adverse clinical outcomes (relapse, histological transformation, and/or death) among SMZL patients (P = 0.002). These results suggest that NOTCH2 mutations play a role in the pathogenesis and progression of SMZL and are associated with a poor prognosis.
Probing the activation sequence of NMDA receptors with lurcher mutations
Authors: Murthy Swetha E. , Shogan Tamer , Page Jessica C. , Kasperek Eileen M. , Popescu Gabriela K.
Published: August 2012

N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation involves a dynamic series of structural rearrangements initiated by glutamate binding to glycine-loaded receptors and culminates with the clearing of the permeation pathway, which allows ionic flux. Along this sequence, three rate-limiting transitions can be quantified with kinetic analyses of single-channel currents, even though the structural determinants of these critical steps are unknown. In inactive receptors, the major permeation barrier resides at the intersection of four M3 transmembrane helices, two from each GluN1 and GluN2 subunits, at the level of the invariant SYTANLAAF sequence, known as the lurcher motif. Because the A7 but not A8 residues in this region display agonist-dependent accessibility to extracellular solutes, they were hypothesized to form the glutamate-sensitive gate. We tested this premise by examining the reaction mechanisms of receptors with substitutions in the lurcher motifs of GluN1 or GluN2A subunits. We found that, consistent with their locations relative to the proposed activation gate, A8Y decreased open-state stability, whereas A7Y dramatically stabilized open states, primarily by preventing gate closure; the equilibrium distribution of A7Y receptors was strongly shifted toward active states and resulted in slower microscopic association and dissociation rate constants for glutamate. In addition, for both A8- and A7-substituted receptors, we noticed patterns of kinetic changes that were specific to GluN1 or GluN2 locations. This may be a first indication that the sequence of discernible kinetic transitions during NMDA receptor activation may reflect subunit-dependent movements of M3 helices. Testing this hypothesis may afford insight into the activation mechanism of NMDA receptors.
SLOW RISE AND PARTIAL ERUPTION OF A DOUBLE-DECKER FILAMENT. I. OBSERVATIONS AND INTERPRETATION
Authors: Liu Rui , Kliem Bernhard , Török Tibor , Liu Chang , Titov Viacheslav S. , Lionello Roberto , Linker Jon A. , Wang Haimin
Published: August 2012

We study an active-region dextral filament that was composed of two branches separated in height by about 13 Mm, as inferred from three-dimensional reconstruction by combining SDO and STEREO-B observations. This “double-decker” configuration sustained for days before the upper branch erupted with a GOES-class M1.0 flare on 2010 August 7. Analyzing this evolution, we obtain the following main results. (1) During the hours before the eruption, filament threads within the lower branch were observed to intermittently brighten up, lift upward, and then merge with the upper branch. The merging process contributed magnetic flux and current to the upper branch, resulting in its quasi-static ascent. (2) This transfer might serve as the key mechanism for the upper branch to lose equilibrium by reaching the limiting flux that can be stably held down by the overlying field or by reaching the threshold of the torus instability. (3) The erupting branch first straightened from a reverse S shape that followed the polarity inversion line and then writhed into a forward S shape. This shows a transfer of left-handed helicity in a sequence of writhe–twist–writhe. The fact that the initial writhe is converted into the twist of the flux rope excludes the helical kink instability as the trigger process of the eruption, but supports the occurrence of the instability in the main phase, which is indeed indicated by the very strong writhing motion. (4) A hard X-ray sigmoid, likely of coronal origin, formed in the gap between the two original filament branches in the impulsive phase of the associated flare. This supports a model of transient sigmoids forming in the vertical flare current sheet. (5) Left-handed magnetic helicity is inferred for both branches of the dextral filament. (6) Two types of force-free magnetic configurations are compatible with the data, a double flux rope equilibrium and a single flux rope situated above a loop arcade.
Sheath and arc-column voltages in high-pressure arc discharges
Authors: Benilov M S , Benilova L G , Li He-Ping , Wu Gui-Qing
Published: August 2012

Electrical characteristics of a 1 cm-long free-burning atmospheric-pressure argon arc are calculated by means of a model taking into account the existence of a near-cathode space-charge sheath and the discrepancy between the electron and heavy-particle temperatures in the arc column. The computed arc voltage exhibits a variation with the arc current I similar to the one revealed by the experiment and exceeds experimental values by no more than approximately 2 V in the current range 20–175 A. The sheath contributes about two-thirds or more of the arc voltage. The LTE model predicts a different variation of the arc voltage with I and underestimates the experimental values appreciably for low currents but by no more than approximately 2 V for I ≳ 120 A. However, the latter can hardly be considered as a proof of unimportance of the space-charge sheath at high currents: the LTE model overestimates both the resistance of the bulk of the arc column and the resistance of the part of the column that is adjacent to the cathode, and this overestimation to a certain extent compensates for the neglect of the voltage drop in the sheath. Furthermore, if the latter resistance were evaluated in the framework of the LTE model in an accurate way, then the overestimation would be still much stronger and the obtained voltage would significantly exceed those observed in the experiment.
Reversibility in electric field-induced transitions and energy storage properties of bismuth-based perovskite ceramics
Authors: Viola G , Ning H , Reece M J , Wilson R , Correia T M , Weaver P , Cain M G , Yan H
Published: August 2012

The effects of temperature and electric field-induced structural modifications on the energy storage properties of 0.95[0.94Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–0.06BaTiO3]–0.05K0.5Na0.5NbO3 (BNT–BT–5KNN) ceramics were investigated. X-ray diffraction performed on unpoled and poled ceramics in the temperature range 25–500 °C suggested an increment in the rhombohedral phase intensity peaks and in the tetragonal distortion after electrical poling. The rhombohedral phase content reduced with increasing temperature in both unpoled and poled ceramics. In the unpoled ceramic, the rhombohedral phase eventually disappeared, while it survived in the poled specimen up to 500 °C. The stabilization of the rhombohedral ferroelectric phase by dc poling produced remarkable differences in the temperature dependence of permittivity, loss, current–polarization–electric field loops and energy density. As a consequence of a reversible transition induced by an alternating electric field, competitive energy densities (0.39–0.51 J cm−3 in the range 25–175 °C) with those of lead-based and lead-free bulk ceramics recently developed was obtained, indicating bismuth-based perovskites as potential lead-free systems for energy storage applications.
CHIMERIC FLORAL ORGANS1, Encoding a Monocot-Specific MADS Box Protein, Regulates Floral Organ Identity in Rice
Authors: Sang Xianchun , Li Yunfeng , Luo Zengke , Ren Deyong , Fang Likui , Wang Nan , Zhao Fangming , Ling Yinghua , Yang Zhenglin , Liu Yongsheng , He Guanghua
Published: August 2012

The control of floral organ identity by homeotic MADS box genes is well established in eudicots. However, grasses have highly specialized outer floral organs, and the identities of the genes that regulate the highly specialized outer floral organs of grasses remain unclear. In this study, we characterized a MIKC-type MADS box gene, CHIMERIC FLORAL ORGANS (CFO1), which plays a key role in the regulation of floral organ identity in rice (Oryza sativa). The cfo1 mutant displayed defective marginal regions of the palea, chimeric floral organs, and ectopic floral organs. Map-based cloning demonstrated that CFO1 encoded the OsMADS32 protein. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CFO1/OsMADS32 belonged to a monocot-specific clade in the MIKC-type MADS box gene family. The expression domains of CFO1 were mainly restricted to the marginal region of the palea and inner floral organs. The floral organ identity gene DROOPING LEAF (DL) was expressed ectopically in all defective organs of cfo1 flowers. Double mutant analysis revealed that loss of DL function mitigated some of the defects of floral organs in cfo1 flowers. We propose that the CFO1 gene plays a pivotal role in maintaining floral organ identity through negative regulation of DL expression.
6‐Hydrogen‐8‐Methylquinolones Active Against Replicating and Non‐replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Tabarrini Oriana , Sabatini Stefano , Massari Serena , Pieroni Marco , Franzblau Scott G. , Cecchetti Violetta
Published: August 2012

The screening of an in‐house quinolones library against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv, followed by a first cycle of optimization, yielded 6‐hydrogen‐8‐methyl derivatives endowed with good potency. The antitubercular activity also encompassed the bacteria in a non‐replicating state (NRP‐TB) with minimum inhibitory concentration values lower than those of the reference agent, moxifloxacin. Among the best compounds, 11w and 11ai, characterized by a properly substituted piperidine at the C‐7 position, were active against single‐drug‐resistant (SDR‐TB) Mtb strains, maintaining overall good potency also against ciprofloxacin‐resistant Mtb. This study expands the body of SAR around antitubercular quinolones leading to reconsider the role played by the usual fluorine atom at the C‐6 position. Further elaboration of the 6‐hydrogen‐8‐methylquinolone scaffold, with a particular focus on the C‐7 position, is expected to give even more potent congeners holding promise for shortening the current anti‐TB regimen.
Effects of Turbidity and Visual vs. Chemical Cues on Anti‐Predator Response in the Endangered Fountain Darter (Etheostoma fonticola)
Authors: Swanbrow Becker Lily J. , Gabor Caitlin R.
Published: August 2012

Altered turbidity resulting from anthropogenic stressors is a global problem. Threatened by climate change, pollution, and increased recreational usage, the streams and rivers of central Texas are no exception. The impacts of turbidity include behavioral effects as turbidity degrades visual information, which can impair an animal's ability to accurately detect and respond to a predator. Here, we tested the impact of simulated turbidity on anti‐predator response in the endangered fountain darter, Etheostoma fonticola. We examined the response of E. fonticola to four predator cue treatments (chemical, visual, chemical and visual, and no cues) using a native predator, the green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus). All cue treatments were tested across two vision levels: clear and impaired, to simulate the visual effects of low turbidity (~30 NTU). Our results indicate that E. fonticola requires a combination of visual and chemical stimuli to respond to a native fish predator. In the absence of one or the other sensory modality, E. fonticola did not show an anti‐predator response. Also, anti‐predator response to a combination of visual and chemical stimuli was only present at the clear vision level. When vision was impaired owing to simulated turbidity, a combination of visual and chemical stimuli did not produce a significant anti‐predator response. These results indicate that blocked or compromised vision hampers anti‐predator response in E. fonticola, which may be of concern regarding the future management of this endangered species.
Testosterone exerts selective anti‐inflammatory effects on human skin mast cells in a cell subset dependent manner
Authors: Guhl Sven , Artuc Metin , Zuberbier Torsten , Babina Magda
Published: August 2012

Androgens are known to exert anti‐inflammatory effects but their impact on mast cells (MCs) remains to be determined. Here, we show that MCs isolated from human foreskin samples (male) and those from breast skin (female) express the androgen receptor, albeit with a 10‐fold difference between the subsets. While fundamental MC properties (FcεRI, c‐Kit, tryptase; histamine release upon FcεRI cross‐linking) were unaffected or slightly reduced (chymase) by testosterone, the hormone had a more profound impact on the production of cytokines, with IL‐6 being a target (reduction by 53%). Interestingly, this effect was limited to breast skin MCs (15 of 16 donors displayed this phenomenon), but was not reproduced by foreskin MCs. Collectively, effector functions of human skin MCs are modulated by androgens in a gene‐selective and MC subset‐specific fashion. Possibly, MCs from women are more susceptible to testosterone. We also demonstrate that MC IL‐6 production is highly variable among individuals.
Expression and localization of Artemis serine 516 phosphorylation in human scalp skin
Authors: Wu Xian‐Jie , Jing Jing , Zhu Jian‐Wei , Xue Dan , Liu Hai , Böhm Markus , Lu Zhong‐Fa , Zheng Min
Published: August 2012

Artemis phosphorylation at serine 516 (Ser516) has important regulatory functions in the repair of radiation‐induced DNA damage, V(D)J recombination, p53‐dependent apoptosis and cell cycle control. Accordingly, Artemis mutations can lead to Omenn syndrome, which is associated with human radiosensitive severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome and alopecia. In this study, we investigated the expression of Ser516 phosphorylation of Artemis in the epidermis and epidermal appendages in normal human scalp skin. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed Ser516 phosphorylation of Artemis in the upper and middle portion of anagen hair follicle [including outer root sheath (ORS), inner root sheath but not stratum basale], hair matrix, sebaceous glands (secretory and ductal portions), eccrine sweat glands (secretory and ductal portions) and epidermis (stratum basale and stratum granulosum), respectively. Artemis phosphorylation at Ser516 was most prominent in ORS keratinocytes. Therefore, we suggest that phosphorylation of Artemis at Ser516 could be involved in regulation of human epidermal appendages.
Ribavirin modulates the conversion of human CD4+ CD25−T cell to CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+T cell via suppressing interleukin‐10‐producing regulatory T cell
Authors: Kobayashi Tamaki , Nakatsuka Katsuhisa , Shimizu Masumi , Tamura Hideto , Shinya Eiji , Atsukawa Masanori , Harimoto Hirotomo , Takahashi Hidemi , Sakamoto Choitsu
Published: August 2012

Because regulatory T (Treg) cells play an important role in modulating the immune system response against both endogenous and exogenous antigens, their control is critical to establish immunotherapy against autoimmune disorders, chronic viral infections and tumours. Ribavirin (RBV), an antiviral reagent used with interferon, is known to polarize the T helper (Th) 1/2 cell balance toward Th1 cells. Although the immunoregulatory mechanisms of RBV are not fully understood, it has been expected that RBV would affect T reg cells to modulate the Th1/2 cell balance. To confirm this hypothesis, we investigated whether RBV modulates the inhibitory activity of human peripheral CD4+ CD25+ CD127− T cells in vitro. CD4+ CD25+ CD127− T cells pre‐incubated with RBV lose their ability to inhibit the proliferation of CD4+ CD25− T cells. Expression of Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) in CD4+ CD25− T cells was down‐modulated when they were incubated with CD4+ CD25+ CD127− T cells pre‐incubated with RBV without down‐modulating CD45RO on their surface. In addition, transwell assays and cytokine‐neutralizing assays revealed that this effect depended mainly on the inhibition of interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) produced from CD4+ CD25+ CD127− T cells. These results indicated that RBV might inhibit the conversion of CD4+ CD25− FOXP3− naive T cells into CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ adaptive Treg cells by down‐modulating the IL‐10‐producing Treg 1 cells to prevent these effector T cells from entering anergy and to maintain Th1 cell activity. Taken together, our findings suggest that RBV would be useful for both elimination of long‐term viral infections such as hepatitis C virus infection and for up‐regulation of tumour‐specific cellular immune responses to prevent carcinogenesis, especially hepatocellular carcinoma.
A programme evaluation of theFamilyCrisisInterventionProgram (FCIP): relating programme characteristics to change
Authors: Al Channa M. W. , Stams Geert Jan J. M. , Asscher Jessica J. , van der Laan Peter H.
Published: August 2012

This study evaluated theFamilyCrisisInterventionProgram (FCIP), focusing on crisis, child safety, family functioning and child behaviour problems. Questionnaires were completed by 183 families in crisis and theirFCIPworker. AfterFCIP, the crisis had decreased and child safety had increased. Although problematic family functioning persisted after intervention, improvements were found in parent–child interaction, parenting stress, parental competence and child behaviour problems. Crisis change, safety change and improved family functioning were associated with programme characteristics, especially the therapeutic relationship, analysis of the crisis situation, duration of the intervention and the solution‐focused approach. The discussion addressed implications of this study with regard to outcome measures in the evaluation of family crisis intervention and the importance of particular programme characteristics.
Storage stability and pasting properties of hydrothermally treated pearl millet flour
Authors: Yadav Deep N. , Kaur Jaspreet , Anand Tanupriya , Singh Ashish K.
Published: August 2012

Hydrothermal treatment (30 ± 2% moisture and steaming at 1.05 kg m−2 for 0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 min) was given to whole and pearled pearl millet grains. Flour obtained after each treatment was evaluated for physical, functional and pasting properties. Flour obtained from steamed before pearling (SBP, 20 min) and steamed after pearling (SAP, 15 min) grains exhibited no lipase activity and acceptable physical, functional and pasting properties. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) reduction (28.65%) was observed in total phenol content after pearling. Tannins content of control flour was 120.3 ± 2.15 mg, and a reduction of 25.2% and 16.5% was observed after 20 and 15 min of steaming in SBP and SAP samples, respectively. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in bulk density, functional properties and decrease in pasting properties of treated flour samples was observed with increase in duration of steaming. Selected flour samples (SBP, 20 min and SAP, 15 min) were found acceptable for 50 days when stored in polyethylene pouches (75 μ) at ambient conditions (15–35 °C).
Physicochemical properties of sugar beet pulp pectin by pulsed electric field treatment
Authors: Ma Sen , Yu Shu‐juan , Zhang Bin , Wang Zhong‐he
Published: August 2012

This research focused on pulsed electric field (PEF) modification of pectin from sugar beet pulp. Experimental parameters including electric field intensity (18–30 kV cm−1) and pulse time (806–2418 μs) were used, and the physicochemical properties of PEF‐treated pectin were evaluated by various instrumental techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the degree of esterification, viscosity average molecular weight and particle size of pectin decreased with the increase in electric field intensity and pulse time. Meanwhile, some sharp interstices were shown on the surface of pectin, and its crystalline regions were destroyed after being treated with PEF. Results revealed that PEF technology is an effective method to obtain low‐molecular‐weight pectin with different degrees of esterification and obtain a desired production in food application.
An improvised process of isolation, purification of steviosides from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves and its biological activity
Authors: Rao Adari B. , Reddy Goka R. , Ernala Prasad , Sridhar Sundergopal , Ravikumar Yerrapragada V. L.
Published: August 2012

The food industry has traditionally used sugar (sucrose) as a sweetening agent; however the dietary and health demands are continuing to expand the market for sweeteners as an alternative to sucrose. The leaves of Stevia rebaudiana are rich source of glycosides that have sweet taste with low calorific value. The study highlights extraction of steviosides from leaves using pressurised hot water extractor, followed by purification and concentration of the sweet glycosides through ultra (UF) and nano (NF) filtration membrane in obtaining high purity steviosides. After the final purification process the stevioside content was 9.05 g per 100 g and rebaudioside A 0.2 g per 100 g stevia leaf, with total purity of stevioside 97.66% by HPLC at total operation time of 7 h. This process also improved the potency of sweetness and palatability profile when compare with other commercially available steviosides. Thus, the methodology developed establishes simple, in‐expensive and eco‐friendly process in obtaining pure steviosides.
A comparison of methods for assessing dough and gluten strength of durum wheat and their relationship to pasta cooking quality
Authors: AbuHammad Wesam A. , Elias Elias M. , Manthey Frank A. , Alamri Mohammed S. , Mergoum Mohamed
Published: August 2012

The best rheological test to differentiate dough and gluten strength and predict cooking quality of different durum wheat cultivars is not recognised yet. Sixteen durum wheat cultivars were grown at three locations in North Dakota using a randomised complete block design to compare different methods for measuring dough/gluten strength and to relate their results to pasta cooking quality. Different rheological tests were used to distinguish the weak, medium strong, strong and very strong gluten cultivars. Alveograph, gluten index and glutograph were the only tests that could differentiate between medium strong and strong gluten samples. Alveograph was the best method to predict gluten strength where few samples are available for assessment. In comparison with alveograph, the gluten index was faster and required less semolina and gave similar results as the alveograph. All tests had significant correlation with cooked spaghetti firmness and negative correlation with cooked weight.
Salivary peptide profile and its association with early childhood caries
Authors: Ribeiro Thyciana Rodrigues , Dria Karl J. , de Carvalho Cibele Barreto Mano , Monteiro André Jalles , Fonteles Manassés Claudino , de Moraes Carvalho Krishnamurti , Fonteles Cristiane Sá Roriz
Published: August 2012

Background

As dietary management during early childhood is a great barrier in caries control, there is a need for the identification of intrinsic risk factors, capable of allowing the use of a more cost‐effective approach to early childhood caries (ECC).

Objective

To evaluate the salivary peptide profile of children with and without ECC and its association with caries experience.

Methods

One hundred and six 10‐ to 71‐month‐old children participated in the study. Caries experience was determined through the visual/tactile method, based on the number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth, and surface scores (dmft/dmfs). Whole saliva was collected for mutans streptococci (MS) detection and peptide analysis.

Results

Chromatograms from CF (children without caries experience, n = 58) and CE (children with caries experience, n = 48) saliva pools expressed different patterns. Identification of molecular masses suggested the presence of nine peptides. Three of them were significantly related with caries experience. HNP‐3 (α‐defensin 3) (P = 0.019) and HBD‐3 (β‐defensin 3) (P = 0.034) reduced the chances of experiencing ECC. Proline‐rich peptides IB‐4 significantly increased caries experience (P = 0.035). Age (P = 0.020) and MS counts (P = 0.036) increased caries experience; however, gender was not associated with dental caries (P = 0.877).

Conclusion

Specific salivary peptides of CF or CE children in early childhood predispose to a higher or lower risk of caries experience.
The effect of GIC‐brand on the survival rate of proximal‐art restorations
Authors: Bonifácio Clarissa Calil , Hesse Daniela , Raggio Daniela Prócida , Bönecker Marcelo , van Loveren Cor , van Amerongen W. Evert
Published: August 2012

Background

Laboratory studies show diverse behaviour of different brands of glass–ionomer cements (GIC).

Aim

This study investigated the clinical performance [survival rate (SR)] of three GIC brands applied to proximal atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) restorations. Additionally, the SR of the tooth was evaluated.

Design

Proximal cavities of 262 primary molars were restored. The patients had been randomly allocated to two operators and three GIC brands: Fuji IX, Hi‐Dense, and Maxxion R. Restorations were evaluated after 1, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months. Failed restorations were, if possible, repaired or replaced. Linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the effect of GIC brand, operator, and surface of restoration. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and log‐rank test were performed for both restoration survival and tooth survival (α = 5%).

Results

After 3 years, 82.4% of the restorations were evaluated. The SR of the restorations was 24.4%, and there was no difference among GIC brands (log‐rank test, P = 0.6). In the first 18 months, a significant operator effect and significantly higher failures in distal surfaces were found. The SR of the tooth was 81.7%.

Conclusions

The SR of proximal ART restorations was relatively low when compared with the SR of the tooth. There are no differences in the performance among the GIC brands used in the study.
Key components of a service model providing early childhood support for women attending opioid treatment clinics: an Australian state health service review
Authors: Harvey Susan R , Schmied Virginia , Nicholls Daniel , Dahlen Hannah
Published: August 2012

Aims and objectives.  To report the findings of a service review – specifically the strategy to provide early childhood services ‘on site’ at opioid treatment clinics to address access difficulties.

Background.  Child and family health nurses are skilled in the assessment and support of families during early childhood. However, women with a history of substance abuse are often cautious when engaging with universal and other health services, with the result that the infant may miss recommended developmental screening and early referral to improve health outcomes.

Design.  In 2006, an internal review was undertaken of the integration of early childhood and parenting services at opioid treatment clinics in a large Area Health Service of New South Wales, Australia.

Methods.  A qualitative study design, using semi‐structured interview questions was used. Data were collected via six focus groups (4–15 participants in each group) and individual interview of child and family health nurses, nurse unit managers and clinical staff (n = 58).

Results.  Three key components of a model for providing early childhood support in collaboration with opioid treatment services were identified. First, the importance of building a trusting relationship between the woman and the child and family health nurses, second, maintaining continuity of care and a multidisciplinary/multiagency approach, and finally the importance of staff education, support and professional development.

Conclusion.  The provision of early childhood and parenting services on site, as part of a multidisciplinary ‘one stop shop’ approach to service delivery was a clear recommendation of the review.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Reduction of access difficulties to specialised early childhood support is of benefit to clients, community health services attempting to provide a service to this difficult to reach population and to drug and alcohol services seeking to provide a high level of holistic care for clients.
Finding straight answers: identifying the needs of parents and service providers of adolescents with type 1 diabetes to aid in the creation of an online support intervention
Authors: Holtslander Lorraine , Kornder Nola , Letourneau Nicole , Turner Hollie , Paterson Barbara
Published: August 2012

Aims and objectives.  To explore the needs and preferences of parents and service providers of adolescents with type 1 diabetes in an online support intervention.

Background.  Parents experience stress during this time of transition as adolescent conflict is common and the consequences of risk‐taking behaviour in combination with type 1 diabetes can be severe. Parents are in need of social support and desired an online intervention. Online support interventions have not been previously designed from the perspective of the users of these interventions.

Methods.  Participatory, qualitative design. Fourteen group interviews across Canada (n = 60).

Results.  Participants identified four main themes (Finding straight answers, Making transitions, Struggling with parenting and Connecting with others) within the context of accessibility. Parents described their needs for credible Canadian information, support from other parents, fostering positive family dynamics while shifting parenting roles during adolescence. Connecting with others included finding a social support system and venue to share stories and resources.

Discussion.  These findings are innovative as these experienced participants desired a blend of professional information and peer informal knowledge and support in an accessible, online format.

Conclusion.  The results of this study will form the foundation of an online support intervention while providing unique insight into the experiences of parents of adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Parents and service providers indicate the need for information that is trusted, accurate and on a wide range of topics, within a preferred online environment. Supporting parents during this difficult time includes directing them to appropriate and accessible resources, facilitating a positive, healthy process of transition to interdependence, in their parenting of adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
Radiographic evaluation of marginal bone maintenance around tissue level implant and bone level implant: a randomised controlled trial. A 1‐year follow‐up
Authors: Fernández‐Formoso N. , Rilo B. , Mora M. J. , Martínez‐Silva I. , Díaz‐Afonso A. M.
Published: August 2012

The etiologic factors associated with crestal bone loss have not been comprehensively clarified. Several theories exist as to the reason for the observed changes in crestal bone height following implant restoration. In the 1990s, the wide‐diameter implants were commercially introduced. Initially, the implants were restored with standard‐diameter abutments because of lack of matching prosthetic components. Long‐term radiographic follow‐up of these ‘platform‐switched’ restored wide‐diameter dental implants has demonstrated a smaller‐than‐expected vertical change in the crestal bone height around these implants that is typically observed around implants restored conventionally with prosthetic components of matching diameters. The aim of this randomised controlled study was to assess radiographically marginal bone level alterations in implants restored according to the platform‐switching concept compared with traditionally restored implants. Fifty‐four subjects to participate in this randomised controlled study were selected. Two groups were assigned at random: control group (56 implants were restored with standard matching‐diameter abutments) and test group (58 implants were restored with medialised abutments). X‐ray explorations were taken for peri‐implant bone level at the minute the last cementing of the prosthesis and at 1‐year follow‐up. NHI Image was used to digitally process and manipulate the radiographic images and perform the measurements. Mean of bone loss with platform‐switching implants was −0·01 mm, and the mean of bone loss with standard platform implant was 0·42 mm. Outcomes of this study indicated that the platform‐switching design could preserve the crestal bone levels to 1‐year follow‐up. There was a statistically significant difference in marginal bone loss.
Multi‐locus species delimitation in closely related animals and fungi: one marker is not enough
Authors: DUPUIS JULIAN R. , ROE AMANDA D. , SPERLING FELIX A. H.
Published: August 2012

Despite taxonomy’s 250‐year history, the past 20 years have borne witness to remarkable advances in technology and techniques, as well as debate. DNA barcoding has generated a substantial proportion of this debate, with its proposition that a single mitochondrial sequence will consistently identify and delimit species, replacing more evidence‐rich and time‐intensive methods. Although mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has since been the focus of voluminous discussion and case studies, little effort has been made to comprehensively evaluate its success in delimiting closely related species. We have conducted the first broadly comparative literature review addressing the efficacy of molecular markers for delimiting such species over a broad taxonomic range. By considering only closely related species, we sought to avoid confusion of success rates with those due to deeply divergent taxa. We also address whether increased population‐level or geographic sampling affects delimitation success. Based on the results from 101 studies, we found that all marker groups had approximately equal success rates (∼70%) in delimiting closely related species and that the use of additional loci increased average delimitation success. We also found no relationship between increased sampling of intraspecific variability and delimitation success. Ultimately, our results support a multi‐locus integrative approach to species delimitation and taxonomy.
Divergent landscape effects on population connectivity in two co‐occurring amphibian species
Authors: RICHARDSON JONATHAN L.
Published: August 2012

The physical and environmental attributes of landscapes often shape patterns of population connectivity by influencing dispersal and gene flow. Landscape effects on movement are typically evaluated for single species. However, inferences from multiple species are required for multi‐species management strategies increasingly being applied in conservation. In this study, I compared the spatial genetic patterns of two amphibian species across the northeastern United States and estimated the influence of specific landscape features on the observed genetic structure. The spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) and wood frog (Rana sylvatica) share many ecological attributes related to habitat use, phenology and site fidelity. However, I hypothesized that important differences in their movement patterns and life history would create distinct genetic patterns for each species. Using 14 microsatellite loci, I tested for differences in the level of genetic differentiation between the two species across 22 breeding ponds. The effects of eight landscape features were also estimated by evaluating 32 landscape resistance models. Spotted salamanders exhibited significantly higher genetic differentiation than wood frogs. Different landscape features were also identified as potential drivers of the genetic patterns in each species, with little overlap in model support between species. Collectively, these results provide strong evidence that these two amphibian species interact with the landscape in measurably different ways. The distinct genetic patterns observed are consistent with key differences in movement ability and life history between A. maculatum and R. sylvatica. These results highlight the importance of considering more than one species when assessing the impacts of the landscape matrix on population connectivity, even for ecologically similar species within the same habitats.
Do people really know what makes a family history of cancer?
Authors: Lim Jennifer N. W. , Hewison Jenny
Published: August 2012

Background

Family history is often referred to as a family tree in casual everyday conservations, but it carries a different connotation in medicine. This study is the first to investigate people's understanding of ‘family medical history’ and the concept of ‘family’ in the context of inherited cancer.

Methods

Three hundred and nine staff at the Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds completed an online web survey.

Results

Not all respondents understood or knew what makes a family history of cancer. Only 54% knew exactly the type of information required to make a family history. Apart from blood relatives, adopted and step‐siblings, step parents, in‐laws, spouses, friends and colleagues were also named as ‘family’ for family history taking. Personal experience of living with cancer and academic qualification were not significant in influencing knowledge of family history.

Conclusions

There is misunderstanding and poor knowledge of family history of cancer and the type of information required to make a family history even in a sample of people teaching and researching medicine and health issues. Public understanding of the value of family medical history in cancer prevention and management is important if informed clinical decisions and appropriate health care are to be delivered.
Xtr, a plural tudor domain‐containing protein, is involved in the translational regulation of maternal mRNA during oocyte maturation in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Ohgami Hiroki , Hiyoshi Masateru , Mostafa Md. Golam , Kubo Hideo , Abe Shin‐Ichi , Takamune Kazufumi
Published: August 2012

Xtr in the fertilized eggs of Xenopus has been demonstrated to be a member of a messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complex that plays a crucial role in karyokinesis during cleavage. Since the Xtr is also present both in oocytes and spermatocytes and its amount increases immediately after spematogenic cells enter into the meiotic phase, this protein was also predicted to act during meiotic progression. Taking advantage of Xenopus oocytes’ large size to microinject anti‐Xtr antibody into them for inhibition of Xtr function, we examined the role of Xtr in meiotic progression of oocytes. Microinjection of anti‐Xtr antibody into immature oocytes followed by reinitiation of oocyte maturation did not affect germinal vesicle break down and the oscillation of Cdc2/cyclin B activity during meiotic progression but caused abnormal spindle formation and chromosomal alignment at meiotic metaphase I and II. Immunoprecipitation of Xtr showed the association of Xtr with FRGY2 and mRNAs such as RCC1 and XL‐INCENP mRNAs, which are involved in the progression of karyokinesis. When anti‐Xtr antibody was injected into oocytes, translation of XL‐INCENP mRNA, which is known to be repressed in immature oocytes and induced after reinitiation of oocyte maturation, was inhibited even if the oocytes were treated with progesterone. A similar translational regulation was observed in oocytes injected with a reporter mRNA, which was composed of an enhanced green fluorescent protein open reading frame followed by the 3′ untranslational region (3′UTR) of XL‐INCENP mRNA. These results indicate that Xtr regulates the translation of XL‐INCENP mRNA through its 3′UTR during meiotic progression of oocyte.
Frequency of recurrent spontaneous abortion and its influence on further marital relationship and illness: The Okazaki Cohort Study in Japan
Authors: Sugiura‐Ogasawara Mayumi , Suzuki Sadao , Ozaki Yasuhiko , Katano Kinue , Suzumori Nobuhiro , Kitaori Tamao
Published: August 2012

Aims:  The aim of this study was to examine the influence of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) on marital relationships, and the association between past/present illness and RSA.

Material and Methods:  A total of 2733 Japanese women who underwent a medical examination responded to the questionnaire.

Results:  The frequency of recurrent miscarriage and two or more consecutive RSA were 0.88% and 4.2%, respectively. Women with a history of miscarriages (hazard ratio: 1.596) and RSA (hazard ratio: 3.103) were at a higher risk of their relationships ending as compared with the women without a history of miscarriage. Existence of a relation was seen between a history of RSA and the occurrence of gastric ulcer, gastritis, fatty liver, and atopic dermatitis. Overall, 89.5% of the women with RSA experienced cumulative live births.

Conclusions:  Miscarriage was found to be a severe life event with an influence on marital relationships, and to be associated with an elevated risk of gastric disease or atopic dermatitis.
Uteroneovaginal cannulation using Pezzer catheter in patients with vaginal agenesis and functional uterus
Authors: Ghafarnejad Marzieh , Adabi Khadijeh , Moosavi Seyed Akbar
Published: August 2012

Aim:  The aim of this study was to introduce a method for uterus preservation in patients with vaginal agenesia and functional uterus.

Material and Methods:  Six patients with vaginal agenesia and one patient with cervicovaginal agenesis with functional uterus were enrolled in the study. Laparoscopy, vaginal reconstruction, laparatomy, hematocolpos evacuation and cannulation were carried out between atretic cervix and neovagina using a Pezzer catheter. No sutures or grafts were used. Patients were trained to use a vaginal mold regularly. Pezzer catheter remained in place for 6 months to maintain menstrual drainage and avoid orifice obstruction.

Results:  The surgical procedure was successful in all cases. Menses returned and abdominal pain was relieved in all patients. Three patients faced stenosis and two cases suffered from infection. One patient became pregnant and delivered at term. Self‐image and quality of life were improved in all cases.

Conclusions:  Uteroneovaginal cannulation using a Pezzer catheter relieves pain, restores regular menses and fertility and reduces symptoms related to retrograde menstruation in patients with vaginal agenesis and functional uterus.
Prediction of women's long‐term cardiometabolic risks using glycemic indices during pregnancy
Authors: Tam Wing Hung , Ma Ronald Ching Wan , Yang Xilin , Ko Gary Tin Choi , Lao Terence Tzu Hsi , Sahota Daljit Singh , Chan Michael Ho Ming , Lam Christopher Wai Kei , Cockram Clive Stewart , Chan Juliana Chung Ngor
Published: August 2012

Aims:  To study the prediction of abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT), diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HT) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) among Chinese women using glycemic indices in the mid‐trimester of pregnancy.

Methods:  A cohort of Chinese women who had had either normal glucose tolerance or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) during a pregnancy were assessed at a median of 8 and 15 years post‐delivery. All women underwent a 50‐g glucose challenge test (GCT) and a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test in the mid‐trimester of the index pregnancy. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to assess the prediction of AGT, DM, HT and MetS.

Results:  All glycemic indices were significant predictors of AGT and DM, and the 2‐h plasma glucose (PG) and GCT were predictive of HT, at both 8 and 15 years post‐delivery. MetS can only be predicted by the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and was confined to 15 years post‐delivery. After adjustment for confounding variables, all glycemic indices were still independent predictors of AGT and DM at both 8 and 15 years post‐delivery, except for FPG in predicting DM at 8 years, while only the 2‐h PG remains an independent predictor of HT at 15 years. The optimal cut‐off values for FPG, 2‐h PG and GCT are 4.2 mmol/L, 7.2 mmol/L and 7.7 mmol/L, respectively; all are lower than the current cut‐off thresholds for the screening and diagnosis of GDM.

Conclusions:  Women who had a glycemic level below the criteria for a positive screening test and below the diagnostic threshold for GDM still have a significant cardiometabolic risk.