bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taxonomic Review of the Tribe Tenebrionini (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) in Korea
Authors: KIM Jin Ill , KIM Su‐Yeon
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
The tribe Tenebrionini of Korean Tenebronidae is reviewed taxonomically. Five species, Encyalesthus violaceipennis (Marseul), Menephilus lucens Marseul, Neatus ventralis (Marseul), Tenebrio molitor Linné, Tenebrio obscurus Fabricius, are recognized in Korea. A key to diagnosis of the genera and species, and figures of these species are presented.
Lysozyme as Pathogen‐Recognition Protein in the Hemolymph of Galleria mellonella
Authors: LEE In Hee
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Recognition of invading micro‐organisms into hemolymph is a pivotal event for triggering diverse immune mechanisms in insects. It has been known that this recognition was mediated by the binding of hemolymph proteins to pattern‐molecules on the cell surface of microbes. Recently, I found that the lysozyme in the G. mellonella hemolymph has binding affinity to cell‐walls of Gram (‐), (±) bacteria and fungus (Candida albicans). After the hemolymph was incubated with heat‐killed microbes and treated with acidic buffer containing high concentration of NaCl, several plasma proteins detached from microbes were detected by reverse phase HPLC and SDS‐PAGE analyses. Of binding proteins, it was assumed that the major one might be a lysozyme, which was previously characterized in the G. mellonella hemolymph. Furthermore immunoblot analysis performed with antiserum to G. mellonella lysozyme revealed that it was a lysozyme.
Isolation of Lysozyme from the Hemolymph of Sweet Potato Hornworm,Agrius convolvuliLarvae
Authors: KIM Jong‐Wan , YOE Sung Moon
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTLysozyme plays a central role in initiating and maintaining the antibacterial defense response of insect. A new family member of insect lysozyme, an antibacterial peptide, has been isolated from the hemolymph of the fifth instar larvae ofAgrius convolvuli. Vaccination was proceeded withE. coliK12 D21 (4x106cells of log phase) injection into the abdomen of the larvae.Agriuslysozyme was isolated by cation‐exchange chromatography and RP‐FPLC, and sequenced by HPLC system. It was observed that the purifiedAgriuslysozyme was heat‐stable and had a molecular weight of approximately 15 kDa by SDS‐PAGE. The N‐terminal amino acid sequence ofAgriuslysozyme is K‐H‐F‐S‐R‐C‐G‐L‐V‐Q‐E‐L‐F‐W‐Q‐G‐F‐P with the highest similarity to that ofHeliothis virescence, and it has been identified that theAgriuslysozyme belongs toctype lysozyme.
Fine Structure of Female Accessory Reproductive Gland in the Mealworm Beetle, Tenebrio molitor
Authors: KIM Tae‐Hyun , MOON Myung‐Jin
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
The fine structure of female accessory reproductive gland (FARG) of the adult mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor is studied with light and electron microscopes. The FARG is a simple tubular organ that composed of two kinds of cells‐secretory epithelial cells and duct forming cells. The lumen of FARG is lined with a thin cuticle and filled with secretory materials. Each secretory epithelial cell has its peculiar end apparatus in addition to well‐developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), mitochondria, and secretory vesicles. They are forming basal infolding along the plasma membrane. Along the inner surface of the plasma membrane, numerous secretory vesicles are seen. The glandular secretions of the epithelial secretory cells are synthesized via rER to Golgi apparatus, and are stored in the extracellular cavity in the epithelial cell. These secretions are drained to the lumen through the end apparatus and this type of glandular secretion in the insects is type III. Histochemical reactions reveal the major component of these glandular secretions is an acid mucopolysaccharide.
Phenoloxidase Activity in Hemolymph of Plasmodium‐Melanizing and Nonmelanizing Strains of Anopheles gambiae
Authors: CHUN Jaesun
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Phenoloxidase (PO) activity was compared in two strains of the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, one of which melanotically encapsulates and kills malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.) and a second which permits normal development of these parasites. The enzyme assay, based on the formation of dopachrome from L‐dopa, was linear with respect to enzyme concentration and time and was as inhibitable by phenylthiourea. There were no significant differences in the Km or Vmax of hemolymph samples taken from 3 days old naive mosquitoes of each strain. An age course demonstrated that PO activity was slightly higher in the refractory strain on Days 1 and 2 after emergence but decreased to similar stable levels in both strains by Day 3. PO activity differed in the two strains following an uninfected blood meal. While PO activity significantly increased by 48 h post blood feeding in Plasmodium‐susceptible strain, activity remained level or slightly decreased in the Plasmodium‐refractory strain. Finally, protease inhibitors and proteases were tested for effects on PO activity. Leupeptin, TLCK, and TPCK all inhibited PO activity in both strains. PO in both strains was activated by bovine trypsin but not by bovine chymotrypsin.
Insect Immune Activation by Recombinant Apolipophorin‐III and Its Application to Pest Control in Hyphantria cunea
Authors: KANG Young‐Jin , KIM Hong‐Ja , SEO Sook‐Jae
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Apolipophorin‐III is a hemolymph protein whose function is to facilitate lipid transport in an aqueous medium. Recently, apolipophorin‐III in Galleria mellonella larvae showed to play an unexpected role in insect immune activation. We identified the cDNA sequence of Hyphantria cunea apolipophorin‐III by oligonucleotide‐primed amplification, and 5′‐ and 3′‐RACE PCR. Since H. cunea has an unusually low level of apolipophorin‐III in the hemolymph, a recombinant apolipophorin‐III was overexpressed using a baculovirus expression system to investigate its biological activity. Recombinant apolipophorin‐III and E. coli were injected into the hemocoel of last instar larvae, and the changes in apolipophorin‐III in hemolymph was determined by Western blot. Injection of apolipophorin‐III induced a slight increase of apolipophorin‐III in the recipients'hemolymph. While E. coli injection led to remarkably increased concentration of apolipophorin‐III in hemolymph. To investigate the induction of antimicrobial peptide by the injection of recombinant apoLp‐III and E. coli, Northern blot was performed. Apolipophorin‐III injection as well as bacterial injection into the larvae showed the induction on the expression of lysozyme gene. Apolipophorin‐III is apparently related to the immune response through an unknown mechanism. The role of apolipophorin‐III in insect immunity should be related to the activation of transcription factor of antimicrobial peptide.
Immature Stages of Paropsides duodecimpustulatus (Gebler) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Chrysomelidae) from Korea
Authors: PARK Jin Young , LEE Jong Eun
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
The morphological description and illustrations on all immature stages of Paropsides duodecimpustulatus (Gebler) are presented herein for the first time from Korea. Some remarks on their taxonomy and biology are also given.
Two New Species of Afronurus (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) from Vietnam
Authors: Van NGUYEN Vinh , BAE Yeon Jae
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Two new species of the heptageniid mayfly genus Afronurus Lestage, Afronurus meo sp. n. and Afronurus mnong sp. n., are described from Vietnam with line‐drawings of key characters. The larvae of A. meo can be characterized by rowed minute spines in the posterior margin of the abdominal terga 1‐9 and distinct markings on anterior head, dorsal femora, and abdominal terga. The larvae of A. mnong can be characterized by scattered simple stout setae on the anterior margin and dorsal surface of femora, rowed acute spines on the posterior margin of abdominal terga 1‐9, and plain brown body color. Their diagnoses, material data, distributions, and habitat and biological data are provided.
Redescription of Graptomyza ihai Shiraki (Diptera, Syrphidae), First Recorded Genus and Species in Korea
Authors: CHOI Deuk‐Soo , HAN Ho‐Yeon
Published: March 2007

Graptomyza ihai of the tribe Volucellini (Diptera: Syrphidae) was discovered for the first time in Korea. This species was previously described only from a single female specimen, but, this time, we were able to collect a number of Korean specimens with both sexes. We provide the descriptions of both sexes with discussion about their sexual dimorphism. This species is the first member of the genus Graptomyza recorded in Korea.
Postendocytic Provitellin Processing in the Growing Oocyte of the Short Horned Grasshopper, Oxyajaponicajaponica (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: CHO Sae Youll , PARK Yong Chul
Published: March 2007

Polyclonal antibodies made against 86 kDa (86 k), 80 kDa (80 k) and 54 kDa (54 k) vitellins of Oxya japonica japonica are used for Western blotting. Anti‐80k vitellin antibody is cross‐reacted with a 95 kDa (95 k) vitellin. While 95 k vitellin is present both in the female hemolymph and in the oocyte, 80 k vitellin is detected only in the oocyte and the laid egg. In the growing oocytes, as 95 k vitellin is faded out gradually, 80 k vitellin is accumulated increasingly, indicating postendocytic processing of 95 k vitellin brings 80 k vitellin. Further conforming the hypothesis, partial digestion of 95 k vitellin with pepsin and α‐chymotrypsin makes several protein bands of molecular weight around 80 kDa. Thus, the 95k vitellin may have a cleavage site (s) to produce 80 k vitellin which forms fairly stable tertiary structure. In the reduced condition (20 mM glutathion), both 95 k and 80 k vitellins were digested throughly by endogenous proteinase at pH 4. Both 86 k and 54 k vitellins, respectively, show no apparent molecular weight changes in the growing oocyte and in the hemolymph.
A New Species of Halophilous Collembola (Insecta) from Korea
Authors: PARK Kyung‐Hwa
Published: March 2007

Three species of interstitial Collembola in Entomobryidae were identified from South Korean coast. One of them, Sinella (Coecobrya) maritima, is new to science. So far 21 halophilous species in 10 families of Collembola, including the new species in this paper, were reported from the Korean peninsula.
A New Species of Theridion Walckenaer (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Korea
Authors: SEO Bo‐Keun
Published: March 2007

A new species, Theridion longipili sp. nov. (Theridiidae), is described from Korea. It is easily distinguished from other congeners by the structure of conductor, radix, median apophysis, and the female epigynum and internal genitalia.
Purification and Properties of Ferritin from the Last Instar Larval Hemolymph of Protaetia brevitarsis (Coleoptera)
Authors: KIM Eun Young , LEE Chang Seok , KIM Hak Ryul
Published: March 2007

Ferritin, an iron storage protein, has been purified from the last larval hemolymph of Protaetia brevitarsis (coleoptera) by KBr density gradient ultracentrifugation and resource Q (anion exchange chromatography) using fast performance liquid chromatography (FPLC) system. The iron content of ferritin was determined by atomic emission spectroscopy and FereneS stain. Ferritin of P. brevitarsis is shown to have two different subunits presented on a SDSPAGE in normal (N) and ironinjected (I) hemolymph. SDS PAGE revealed that the ferritin consists of two major polypeptides of 27 and 28 kDa in normal hemolymph. Interestingly, however, 30 kDa subunit was substituted for 28 kDa when iron was injected into the hemolymph. Apporximate isoelectric points of 27 kDa, 28 kDa, and 30 kDa ferritin subunits were 6.7, 6.75, and 6.8, respectively. Ferritin of P. brevitarsis was detected by FereneS stain and confirmed by Western blotting using its polyclonal antibody. Other characteristics such as amino acid composition and Nterminal amino acid sequence were investigated. Amino acid composition of ferritin (N and I) was rich in alanine, glycine, glutamine or glutamic acid and serine, but poor in histidine, arginine, methionine and phenylalanine.
Taxonomic Note on Tridrepana crocea (Leech) (Lepidoptera: Drepanidae) in Korea
Authors: CHOI Sei‐Woong
Published: March 2007

One species of Drepaninae, Tridrepana crocea (Leech), is added to the Korean fauna. Up to now, 23 species of Drepaninae are known in Korea. Diagnosis and the photographs of male and female genitalia of T. crocea are provided.
Taxonomic Review of the Genus Eudorylas Aczél (Diptera: Pipunculidae) in Korea
Authors: KOZÁNEK Milan , SUH Sang Jae , KWON Yong Jung
Published: March 2007

The Korean species of the genus Eudorylas Aczél have been studied. A total of 16 species are arranged herein. Among them, E. paraappendiculatus sp. nov. is new to science, and E. nomurai Morakote et Yano, 1990 is newly recorded in the Korean fauna.
Effects of Brain‐Derived Neurotrophic Factor on Neurite Growth of Deutocerebral Neurons in Brain of the Silk Moth Bombyx mori
Authors: KIM Jin Hee , PARK Chan Woo , SONG Hwa Young , KIM Mi Young , CHOI Chang Ok , LEE Bong Hee
Published: March 2007

This study was conducted to investigate effects of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on the neurite growth of deutocerebral neurons in vitro, and production of BDNF‐like neuropeptide from brain of the silk moth, Bombyx mori. In primary culture of antennal lobe (AL) neurons with BDNF, it promoted a significant neurite extension of putative AL projection neurons and an outgrowth of branches from principal neurites of putative AL interneurons. Results from immunolabeling of brain and retrocerebral complex showed that BDNF ‐like neuropeptide labeled in brain was synthesized by median and lateral neurosecretory cells, then transported to corpora allata for storage.
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Transferrin from Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella
Authors: HAN Jikhyon , NAM Kyung‐Pil , SEO Sook Jae , YUN Chi‐Young
Published: March 2007

Complete mRNA sequence of transferrin from Galleria mellonella was obtained, and compared with those of other species. Until now, two types of insect transferrin were reported. Transferrins in cockroach and termite have two iron binding sites while those in most other insect groups, studied for the protein, have only one. It was suggested that the presence of two types of transferrin was related with transferrin evolution, because vertebrate transferrins have two iron binding sites, called N and C terminal lobe. It was shown that G. mellonella transferrin also has only one iron binding site (N terminal lobe), and the deduced amino acid sequence was most similar to those of Manduca sexta and Bombyx mori.
Taxonomic Review of the Genus Ceropria (Laporte et Brulle) of Korean Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae, Diaperinae)
Authors: KIM Jin , JUNG Boo Hee
Published: March 2007

The four Korean tenebrionid species of the Genus Ceropria of tribe Diaperini in Tenebrionidae are examined. They involved not only three already recorded species, C. laticollis Fairmaire, 1903, C. induta induta (Wiedemann, 1819), and C. striata, Lewis, 1894, but also one newly recorded species which is called C. sulcifrons Harold, 1877. We provide a comparative table, description, feeding fungi and photos for them.
Purification of Major Hemolymph Protein of Great Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella
Authors: JOE Jun‐Ho , YUN Hwa Kyung
Published: March 2007

Major hemolymph protein (MHP) was purified from larval hemolymph of Galleria mellonella by KBr density gradient ultracentrifugation, ion exchange chromatography (DEAE‐Trisacryl M), YM‐50 ultrafiltration and gel permeation chromatography (Sephadex G‐100). MHP is composed of two subunit (MHP‐1 and MHP‐2). The molecular weights of each subunit were determined (MHP‐1 = 86 kDa and MHP‐2 = 84 kDa). MHP is present in both hemolymph and fat body during developmental stages, indicating this protein is carrying out some functions different from other major protein such as storage protein and lipophorin.
Taxonomic Note on Littoral Aleochara Gravenhorst Species in Korea (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae)
Authors: PARK Jong‐Seok , AHN Kee‐Jeong
Published: March 2007

A taxonomic note of the littoral Aleochara Gravenhorst species in Korea is presented. Five species are recognized from intertidal zone. Aleochara trisulcata Weise and A. fucicola Sharp are reported for the first time in Korea and southern Korea, respectively. A key, a checklist of Korean littoral Aleochara species, and drawings of median lobes and spermathecae are provided.
A Taxonomic Study on the Larvae of the Genus Pyrrhalta Joannis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) from Korea
Authors: PARK Jin Young , LEE Jong Eun
Published: March 2007

Last instar larvae of Pyrrhalta annulicornis, P. fuscipennis, P. humeralis, P. lineola and P. maculicollis are described and illustrated for the first time in Korea. Their taxonomic remarks, tubercle patterns and a key are also given.
A Taxonomic Revision of Illiberis Walker (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae: Procridinae) in Korea
Authors: KIM Sung‐Soo , SOHN Jae‐Cheon , CHO Soowon
Published: March 2007

The Korean species of Illiberis Walker are revised. A total of 10 species are recognized, including four species new to Korea: I. rotundata Jordan, I. psychina (OberthÜr), I. consimilis Leech, and I. hyalina (Staudinger). The identities of I. cybele Leech and I. assimilis Jordan, the two ambiguously defined Korean species, are reconfirmed with the examination of type specimens and additional materials. Photos of the adults and type materials are provided, and male and female genitalia of each species are illustrated. Biology and distribution for each species are briefly discussed with the larval host records from Korea.
Two Clip Domain Family of Serine Proteases and a Serine Protease Homolog from the Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea; cDNA Cloning and Characterization
Authors: PARK Doo‐Sang , PARK Ho‐Yong
Published: March 2007

Two types of serine proteases and a serine protease homologue cDNAs were isolated from Hyphantria cunea larvae induced immune response due to an injection of a microorganism through RT‐PCR and cDNA library screening, and their characteristics were examined. The isolated cDNAs are composed 2.1 kb, 2.2 kb, and 2.5 kb nucleotide each, which encoded 388, 390, 580 amino acid residues, and were designated as HcPE‐1, HcPE‐2 and HcPE‐3, respectively. They were revealed as serine proteases or a serine protease homologue with the clip domain through a database search. The deduced amino acid sequence comparison showed high homology of 72‐78% among them. Six Cys residues of the N‐terminal clip domain forming the disulfide bond, Cys residues of the catalytic domain, and Cys residues forming inter‐bridge between clip domain and catalytic domain were also well preserved. Three amino acid residues, His, Asp, and Ser, within the active site were perfectly conserved in HcPE‐2 and HcPE‐3, however, His was replaced with Gln178 in HcPE‐1. The Arg residues (HcPE‐1, Arg132; HcPE‐2, Arg134; HcPE‐3, Arg325) known as the activation sites by proteolytic cleavage were preserved well in all three types of protein. In case of HcPE‐3, three continuous clip‐like domains existed in the N terminal. As the result of phylogenetic analysis, three clip domain family of protein from H. cunea make groups with arthropod proclotting enzyme precursor. Northern blot analysis showed all three genes were induced through an injection of Escherichia coli, but expression patterns were varied.
Cloning of Immune Protein Hemolin cDNA from the Indianmeal Moth, Plodia interpunctella, and its High Induction During Development and by Bacterial Challenge
Authors: AYE Tin Tin , LEE Kyeong‐Yeoll , KWON Yong Jung
Published: March 2007

Partial cDNA of hemolin, an insect immune protein, was cloned from indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella, and the rates of hemolin mRNA expression were demonstrated in each stage of development and also by bacterial injections. A deduced amino acid sequence from the cloned hemolin cDNA was approximately 44‐54% similar to hemolins of 5 other moths. During development the level of hemolin mRNA was the highest at the time of the larval‐pupal matamorphosis. Hemolin was also rapidly induced by the injection of bacteria into the 4th or the 5th instar larvae. Hemolin induction rate by bacterial challenge was higher in the 5th instar larvae than in 4th instars. Our results suggest that hemolin could have multiple roles that act both on cellular processes during development and on the immune reactions for the resistance to pathogen invasion.
A New Species of Poorly Known Mayfly Genus Paegniodes Eaton (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) from Vietnam
Authors: NGUYEN Van Vinh , BAE Yeon Jae
Published: March 2007

A heptageniid mayfly species Paegniodes dao sp. nov. (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) is described from Vietnam. The larva is distinguished by round anterolateral margins of pronotum, triangular‐shaped labrum, rudimentary lamella and well developed fibrillae of gills 1, and light brown body that lacks distinct markings. Diagnosis, line drawings, material, and habitat data are provided.
Effects of Cricket Extract on Lipid Metabolism and Body Fat Content in High‐ Fat Diet Fed Rats
Authors: HWANG Seock‐Yeon , PARK Jong‐Bae , HAN Jikhyon , SEO Dong‐Hwan , KOH Sang‐Kyun , KIM Yun‐Bae , YUN Chi‐Young
Published: March 2007

The effect of cricket extract on high‐fat diet fed rat was observed. It was shown that cricket extract prevented the increment of body weight by high‐fat diet. The extract also decreased the value of AST in liver. The most significant effect of the extract was shown on lipid metabolism. The contents of total lipid and total cholesterol in liver and feces were reduced by the extract on dose‐dependent. These statistically significant results were clear in 3% extract treated group (HFD3) while were slight in 1% extract treated group (HFD1). The same result was also shown in body fat content.
Lipophorin and its Receptor in Lepidoptera
Authors: KIM Hak Ryul
Published: March 2007

Lipophorin (Lp) has an approximate native molecular weight of 730 kDa for Bombyx mori and consists of ApoLp‐I and ApoLp‐II with molecular weights of 250 kDa and 90 kDa for B. mori and 230 kDa and 80 kDa for Hyphantria cunea and 230 kDa and 49 kDa for Lymantria dispar, respectively. Lipid in Lp was mostly composed of neutral lipid. Lp of B. mori maintains constant level during larval and pupal stages but greatly increases during adult stage in both male and female. Lp of H. cunea appeared in great amounts in protein yolk bodies of ovary when vitellogenesis is actively taking place and was present in testicular fluid but not in the peritoneal sheath and cysts of testis. ApoLp‐III of B. mori has a molecular weight of 17 kDa and similar amino acid composition as those of other species Lp. H. cunea apoLp‐III has a molecular weight of 18 kDa and was present in all stages and in the protein body of ovary and in the cyst of testis. ApoLp‐III is synthesized in larval and adult fat body. cDNA sequence of Spodoptera litura apoLp‐III encodes a 188 amino acid polypeptide including a 22 amino acid leader peptide. Galleria mellonella Lp receptor has an approximate molecular weight of 97 kDa and 110 kDa under non‐reducing and reducing conditions, respectively and bound HDLp specifically. Lp receptor cDNA of G. mellonella showed th pattern of the VLDL receptor belonging to the LDL receptor family. The variant Lp receptors were expressed in the fat body of G. mellonella; one is a Lp receptor which lacks 84 bp of O linked sugar domain and the other is a full length form of the Lp receptor. The Lp receptor from the fat body of G. mellonella was differently expressed depending on the tissue and the developmental stages with specific abundance in prepupal stage.
New Records and Reference Collection of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) on Jeju Island, Republic of Korea
Authors: KIM Heung Chul , WILKERSON Richard C. , PECOR James E. , LEE Won Ja , LEE John S. , O'Guinn Monica L. , KLEIN Terry A.
Published: March 2007

Mosquito collections were carried out during 2003‐2004 on Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. Eighteen species of mosquitoes in 7 genera were collected, including three new records, Culex (Culex) mimeticus, Culex (Culiciomyia) sasai and Ochlerotatus (Finlaya) nipponicus. Based on the available information, a total of 28 species representing 7 genera have been recorded from Jeju Island. Larval habitat characteristics, collection sites, bionomics, and vector potential for each of these species are described.
Isolation of Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria from Fungus Termites
Authors: GOMATHI V. , RAMALAKSHMI A. , RAMASAMY K.
Published: March 2007

Biological nitrogen fixation by the microorganisms in the gut of termites is one of the singularly important symbiotic processes, since termites invariably thrive on nitrogen poor diet. Two isolates of free living aerobic and facultative anaerobic N fixing bacteria were obtained from the guts of fungus cultivating termite, Macrotermes sp. Among the total bacterial isolates from termite gut, the per cents of N fixing aerobes viz., Azotobacter and Beijerinckia spp were 49% and 37% from the salivary gland while facultative N fixing anaerobe viz., Klebsiella and Clostridium contributed (51% and 93%). The free living aerobic bacteria were identified as Azotobacter spp (19 x 104 CFU mL‐1) and Beijerinckia (13.2 x 104 CFU mL‐1) from the salivary gland of the termite; interestingly, foregut, mid gut and hind gut registered a low population of these bacteria. The isolates of Azotobacter were smooth, glistening, vicid in nature, rods, gram negative and cyst forming. Isolates of Beijerinckia sp. produced copious slime, tenacious, rods, gram negative with no cyst formations. Both the isolates emitted green fluorescence and produced acid. Facultative N fixing anaerobes were harbored in the hind gut. The isolates were identified as Klebsiella (20 x 104 CFU mL‐1) and Clostridium pasteurianum 39.1 x 104 CFU mL‐1. Klebsiella were straight rods arranged singly or in pairs, non‐motile, gram negative, whereas Clostridium pasteurianum was viscoid, motile with terminal spores. A positive correlation was observed between the extractable polysaccharides of these isolates and soil aggregation. The aggregates formed by the isolates increased soil aeration, porosity, water holding capacity and helped in better plant growth. Thus, the gut microflora of termite, apart from harnessing nitrogen from the atmosphere, also helps improving soil fertility.
Management of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of the Most Perishable Fruits
Authors: KHAN Muhammad Ahsan , ASHFAQ Muhammad , AKRAM Waseem , LEE Jong‐Jin
Published: March 2007

We investigated to minimize the dependency on the use of chemicals and thus develop safe and environmental friendly control program for the most perishable fruits i.e., apple,‘ber’, guava and mango. Our findings on the composition of fruit fly species reveal that Bactrocera dorsalis was dominant on apple (33.96% existence), Corpomya incompleta on‘ber’(51.91% existence) and Bactrocera zonata on guava (49.62% existence) and mango (74.66% existence). The correlation between population and infestation percentage was non‐significant in apple orchards, whereas positive and highly significant in between population and infestation, as well as on the cumulative basis in‘ber’, guava and mango orchards during 1998‐1999. Hoeing, baiting and methyl eugenol were statistically equal resulting about 77% decrease in infestation. The maximum control of 91.68% was observed where all four‐control operations including Dipterex® were integrated together. Weather factors, when computed together, had maximum effect on population fluctuation and infestation with rainfall contributing the major role. For guava fruits, the months of August (14.06A individuals/trap/day) and September (13.81A individuals/trap/day) were important, resulting in maximum infestation percentage of 10.76 to 14.74%, respectively.
Contribution to the Tribes Diaperini Doyen in Korea (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Diaperinae)
Authors: KIM Jin Ill , JUNG Boo Hee
Published: March 2007

A taxonomic review of six genera of Korean Diaperini is presented. Seven species in Korea are described here. We provide a key to the Korean species and genera, diagnoses and photos for them.
Four Species of Theridiid Spider (Araneae) from Korea with a Description of New Species, Robertus naejangensis
Authors: SEO Bo‐Keun
Published: March 2007

Four species of the family Theridiidae, Robertus naejangensis sp. nov., Chrysso pulcherrima (Mello‐Leitao), Neottiura herbigrada (Simon) and Theridion longipalpum Zhu, are described with illustrations of their diagnostic features. The latter three species are newly recorded in the Korean spider fauna.
Effect of Cordyceps, Paecillomyces sp., Cordyceps pruinosa and Paecillomyces japonica, on the Development of Domestic Silkworm, Bombyx mori
Authors: Jae‐Su YUN
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT This study was carried out to investigate pathogenicity of cordyceps on the silkworm larva, Bombyx mori. For experiment, Cordyceps, Pacillomyces sp. strain collected from Chiak mountain area in Gangwon Province and Pacillomyces japonica collected from dead silkworm larva at the rearing room in Sangju National University were used. Spores of cordyceps were propagated on sterile PDA (potato dextrose agar 39g, water 1,000mL) at 25°C for 21 days. Spores of cordyceps isolated from media were inoculated on integuments of 3rd instar newly exuviated silkworm for pathogenicity on the silkworm larvae. The cordyceps used in this study was highly infectious to the silkworms. Virulence of cordyceps was different depending on species. Pacillomyces japonica was the most efficacious with 70% mortality on silkworm larvae. Cordyceps had adverse effect on the overall rearing from larval period to mounting of matured silkworm larvae, cocoon making, pupation and moth emergence. The result suggests that cordyceps used in this study may be useful for the tracking of biocontrol.
Characterization of Tissue‐Ferritin Purified from Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella
Authors: Ji‐Eun YUK , Dong‐Hwan SEO , Chi‐Won CHOI , Jikhyon HAN , Hye‐Kyoung CHOI , Jong‐Bae PARK , Seock‐Yeon HWANG , Sang Kyun KOH , Chi‐Young YUN
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT Tissue‐ferritin was homogeneously purified from the hemolymph‐free whole body of Galleria mellonella larvae. Tissue‐ferritin was composed of four subunits, 26, 30, 32 and 34 kDa. The 34 kDa subunit among them was specifically found in tissue ferritin while its N‐terminal sequence of 19 amino acid residues was identical to that of 32 kDa hemolymph‐ferritin subunit. It was observed that the 32 and 34 kDa subunit of tissue‐ferritin were glycosylated like 32 kDa subunit of hemolymph‐ferritin. It suggests that the 34 kDa subunit is an isoform of 32kDa ferritin subunit according post‐transcriptional modification. By semi quantitative RT‐PCR, the distribution of 32 kDa ferritin subunit mRNA was observed in fat body, Malpighian tubules, integument, and muscle, but found in a very small amount in silk gland or not found in gut. On the other hand, 26 kDa subunit mRNA was found in all organs tested although it was in a small quantity found in gut and silk gland. By dietary Hg treatment, 34 kDa subunit of tissue‐ferritin was clearly up‐regulated.
Four New Species of Symphypleona (Collembola) from Korea
Authors: Jin‐Sun KANG , Byung‐Hoon LEE , Kyung‐Hwa PARK
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT Four new species of Symphypleona, Ptenothrix plumiseta, Deuterosminthurus serratus, Sminthurus annulatus, Smithurinus distinctus, are described from Korea. Especially two genera, Deuterosminthurus and Sminthurinus are new record to Korea. Korean Collembola Symphypleona add up to 18 species, 11 genera in 6 family.
Effects of within‐plant Variation in Leaf Quality on the Ecology of G. viridula
Authors: Ohseok KWON
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT In order to find out the relationship between the leaf quality of R. obtusifolius and the ecology of G. viridula, a series of experiments was carried out. The effects of leaf age on rates of growth of instars of G. viridula showed that the leaf age was closely related to the development of the larvae of G. viridula. Also, the results showed quite clearly that the N concentration of R. obtusifolius leaves have significant effects on the growth rates of G. viridula larvae. It is suggested that C: N ratio of food plant plays an important role in the population dynamics of phytophagous insects. A small increase in leaf N concentration in a nutrient poor habitat will substantially increase the G. viridula population.
Purification and Characterization of Apolipohorin‐III in Cabbage Butterfly, Artogeia rapae
Authors: Sung‐Jun YANG , Hye‐Kyoung CHOI , Sang Dae LEE
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT The apoLp‐III in the adult hemolymph of Artogeia rapae can associate reversibly with lipophorin. The apoLp‐III was purified from the adult and larval hemolymph by KBr density gradient ultracentrifugation, gel permeation chromatography anion exchange chromatography and preparative electrophoresis (Prep Cell). ApoLp‐I, ApoLp‐II and apoLp‐III have the molecular weights of 212 kDa, 80 kDa respectively. N‐terminal sequence of apoLp‐III were determined. The N‐terminal amino acid sequence of apoLp‐III shows 50‐57% identity with those of other lepidopteran insects. apoLp‐III has the antibacterial activity. Injection of bacteria increase the concentration of apoLp‐III in the hemolymph, indicating that apoLp‐III plays a role in insect immunity. Immunological analysis was also investigated with the anti‐apoLp‐III.
Employee voice regimes and the characteristics of conflict: an analysis of the 2003 survey of employment tribunal applications
Authors: Urwin Peter , Murphy Richard , Michielsens Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

This article investigates the extent to which the characteristics and outcomes of Employment Tribunal Applications (ETAs) differ according to whether (1) unions have a role in workplace voice and whether (2) HR departments have a role in workplace voice. We find that ETAs from workplaces with a union presence are less likely to result in an adverse ruling against the employer. Interpreting the judgement of employment tribunals as an evaluation of the effectiveness of workplace voice regime, this finding suggests that Employment Tribunals (and the employment legislation they consider) provide unions with a framework within which they contribute to workplace performance.
Business strategic decision making: the role and influence of directors
Authors: Kelly James , Gennard John
Published: March 2007

Drawing on interviews with HR, finance and marketing directors, this article examines the locus of strategic decision making in organisations, who makes those decisions and the characteristics and competencies of strategic decision makers. The article finds that strategic formulation takes place in the Chief Executive Officer Group (CEOG). Board of director membership is unnecessary to be influential on the strategic decisions made in organisations. The article also concludes that even if directors are not members of the main board of directors and/or of the CEOG, there exists in organisations informal channels through which they can exert influence in the formulation of strategy. A third conclusion is that strategic decision makers are business‐focused general managers rather than advocates of their management speciality. The article concludes by considering the implications of its findings for management education and for the research agenda and management academics.
The Three Basic Types of Residuals for a Linear Model
Authors: Haslett John , Haslett Stephen J.
Published: March 2007

We consider residuals for the linear model with a general covariance structure. In contrast to the situation where observations are independent there are several alternative definitions. We draw attention to three quite distinct types of residuals: the marginal residuals, the model‐specified residuals and the full‐conditional residuals. We adopt a very broad perspective including linear mixed models, time series and smoothers as well as models for spatial and multivariate data. We concentrate on defining these different residual types and discussing their interrelationships. The full‐conditional residuals are seen to play several important roles.
Governance, Democracy and Poverty Reduction: Lessons Drawn from Household Surveys in Sub‐Saharan Africa and Latin America
Authors: Herrera Javier , Razafindrakoto Mireille , Roubaud François
Published: March 2007

Public statistics face quite a challenge when it comes to measuring new dimensions of development (institutions, governance, and social and political participation). To take up this challenge, modules on Governance, Democracy and Multiple Dimensions of Poverty have been appended to household surveys by National Statistics Institutes in twelve African and Latin American developing countries. This paper presents the issues addressed and the methodological lessons learnt along with a selection of findings to illustrate this innovative approach and demonstrate its analytic potential. We investigate, for instance, the population's support for democratic principles, the respect for civil and political rights and the trust in the political class; the ‘need for the State’, particularly of the poorest; the extent of petty corruption; the reliability of expert surveys on governance; the perception of decentralization policies at local level; the level and vitality of social and political participation, etc. The conclusive appraisal made opens up prospects for the national statistical information systems in the developing countries. The measurement and tracking of this new set of objective and subjective public policy monitoring indicators would benefit from being made systematic.
Postnatal androgen deprivation dissociates the development of smooth muscle innervation from functional neurotransmission in mouse vas deferens
Authors: Brock J. A. , Handelsman D. J. , Keast J. R.
Published: March 2007

The pelvic autonomic nervous system is a target for circulating androgens in adults, with androgen exposure or deprivation affecting the structure and function of urogenital tract innervation. However, the critical period for androgen exposure to initially establish pelvic autonomic neuromuscular transmission has not been determined. We have examined the sympathetic innervation of the vas deferens in hypogonadal (hpg) mice that are deprived of androgens after birth but undergo normal prenatal sexual differentiation and remain androgen responsive throughout life. In vasa deferentia from hpg mice, purinergic excitatory junction potentials and contractions could not be elicited by electrical stimulation and P2X1 purinoceptors could not be demonstrated by immunofluorescence. Moreover, a novel inhibitory nitrergic transmission developed. Administering testosterone to adult hpg mice restored purinergic excitatory transmission and P2X1 purinoceptor immunofluorescence, and nitrergic inhibitory transmission was lost. Despite the deficit in excitatory neurotransmission in hpg mice, their vasa deferentia were innervated by numerous noradrenergic axons and pelvic ganglia appeared normal. In addition, noradrenergic contractions could be elicited by electrical stimulation. This study has revealed that postnatal androgen exposure has a profound effect on the development of excitatory transmission in vas deferens smooth muscle, primarily by a postjunctional action, but is not essential for development of the structural innervation of this organ. Our results also indicate that there is no postnatal critical period for androgen exposure to establish neuroeffector transmission and that postnatal androgen exposure can be delayed until adulthood, with little consequence for establishment of normal sympathetic neurotransmission.
Hyperammonaemia in V1a vasopressin receptor knockout mice caused by the promoted proteolysis and reduced intrahepatic blood volume
Authors: Hiroyama Masami , Aoyagi Toshinori , Fujiwara Yoko , Oshikawa Sayuri , Sanbe Atsushi , Endo Fumio , Tanoue Akito
Published: March 2007

An analysis of arginine‐vasopressin (AVP) V1a receptor‐deficient (V1aR−/−) mice revealed that glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism were altered in the mutant mice. Here, we used V1aR−/− mice to investigate whether the deficiency of the V1a receptor, which led to altered insulin sensitivity, affected protein metabolism. The serum 3‐methylhistidine levels were increased in V1aR−/− mice under feeding conditions, indicating that proteolysis was enhanced in muscle tissue from V1aR−/− mice. Furthermore, serum amino acid profiling revealed that the amino acid levels, including glycogenic and branched‐chain amino acids, were reduced in V1aR−/− mice. In addition, an alanine‐loading test showed that gluconeogenesis was enhanced in V1aR−/− mice. Blood ammonia, which is a by‐product of amino acid catabolism, was two times higher in V1aR−/− mice without hepatopathy under the feeding and fasting conditions than in wild‐type mice. Amino acid profiling also revealed that the amino acid pattern was not typical of a urea‐cycle enzymatic disorder. An ammonia tolerance test and an indocyanine green elimination test showed that V1aR−/− mice had lower ammonia clearance due to a decreased intrahepatic circulating blood volume. Metabolic acidosis, including lactic‐ and keto‐acidosis, was not observed in V1aR−/− mice. These results provide evidence that proteolysis promotes the production of glucose in the muscles of V1aR−/− mice and that hyperammonaemia is caused by promoted protein catabolism and reduced intrahepatic blood volume. Thus, our study with V1aR−/− mice indicates that AVP plays a physiological role via the V1a receptor in regulating both protein catabolism and glucose homeostasis.
G protein‐independent neuromodulatory action of adenosine on metabotropic glutamate signalling in mouse cerebellar Purkinje cells
Authors: Tabata Toshihide , Kawakami Daisuke , Hashimoto Kouichi , Kassai Hidetoshi , Yoshida Takayuki , Hashimotodani Yuki , Fredholm Bertil B. , Sekino Yuko , Aiba Atsu , Kano Masanobu
Published: March 2007

Adenosine receptors (ARs) are G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediating the neuromodulatory actions of adenosine that influence emotional, cognitive, motor, and other functions in the central nervous system (CNS). Previous studies show complex formation between ARs and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in heterologous systems and close colocalization of ARs and mGluRs in several central neurons. Here we explored the possibility of intimate functional interplay between Gi/o protein‐coupled A1‐subtype AR (A1R) and type‐1 mGluR (mGluR1) naturally occurring in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Using a perforated‐patch voltage‐clamp technique, we found that both synthetic and endogenous agonists for A1R induced continuous depression of a mGluR1‐coupled inward current. A1R agonists also depressed mGluR1‐coupled intracellular Ca2+ mobilization monitored by fluorometry. A1R indeed mediated this depression because genetic depletion of A1R abolished it. Surprisingly, A1R agonist‐induced depression persisted after blockade of Gi/o protein. The depression appeared to involve neither the cAMP‐protein kinase A cascade downstream of the alpha subunits of Gi/o and Gs proteins, nor cytoplasmic Ca2+ that is suggested to be regulated by the beta‐gamma subunit complex of Gi/o protein. Moreover, A1R did not appear to affect Gq protein which mediates the mGluR1‐coupled responses. These findings suggest that A1R modulates mGluR1 signalling without the aid of the major G proteins. In this respect, the A1R‐mediated depression of mGluR1 signalling shown here is clearly distinguished from the A1R‐mediated neuronal responses described so far. These findings demonstrate a novel neuromodulatory action of adenosine in central neurons.
Excessive Angiogenesis Inhibits Tumor Growth
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: March 2007

Understanding the signals that control blood vessel growth has allowed new therapies for treating solid tumors based on inhibition of angiogenesis. However, some tumors are resistant to the inhibitory effects of the antiangiogenesis agents that target vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) signaling. Noguera-Troise
et al
. and Ridgway
et al
. report that selective inhibition of Notch signaling in endothelial cells, with agents that disrupt the interaction between Notch and Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4), reduces tumor size in mouse models even for tumors resistant to agents targeting VEGF signaling. Surprisingly, inhibition of endothelial Notch signaling resulted in enhanced vascular density in the tumors because of increased vessel sprouting. However, perfusion studies indicated that these vessels were nonfunctional and that the tumors showed increased regions of hypoxia. Systemic application of the Notch-Dll4 inhibitors did not cause side effects associated with nonselective Notch inhibition, such as loss of the crypt stem cells in the intestine. Thus, endothelial Notch signaling appears to serve as a negative regulator of vessel growth, and disruption of this pathway in tumors causes the production of nonfunctional vessels and regression of the tumor.

I. Noguera-Troise, C. Daly, N. J. Papadopoulos, S. Coetzee, P. Boland, N. W. Gale, H. C. Lin, G. D. Yancopoulos, G. Thurston, Blockade of Dll4 inhibits tumour growth by promoting non-productive angiogenesis.
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[PubMed]

J. Ridgway, G. Zhang, Y. Wu, S. Stawicki, W.-C. Liang, Y. Chanthery, J. Kowalski, R. J. Watts, C. Callahan, I. Kasman, M. Singh, M. Chien, C. Tan, J.-A. S. Hongo, F. de Sauvage, G. Plowman, M. Yan, Inhibition of Dll4 signalling inhibits tumour growth by deregulating angiogenesis.
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[PubMed]