bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Appraisal and Social Referencing: Two Components of Affective Social Learning
Authors: Clément Fabrice , Dukes Daniel
Published: June 2017

Social learning is likely to include affective processes: it is necessary for newcomers to discover what value to attach to objects, persons, and events in a given social environment. This learning relies largely on the evaluation of others’ emotional expressions. This study has two objectives. Firstly, we compare two closely related concepts that are employed to describe the use of another person’s appraisal to make sense of a given situation: social appraisal and social referencing. We contend that social referencing constitutes a type of social appraisal. Secondly, we introduce the concept of affective social learning with the hope that it may help to discriminate the different ways in which emotions play a critical role in the processes of socialization.
Putting Social Referencing and Social Appraisal Back Together Again
Authors: Walle Eric A. , Reschke Peter J. , Knothe Jennifer M.
Published: June 2017

We are encouraged by the attention paid to fundamental aspects relating to the interpersonal functions of emotion. In continuing this discussion, we consider two arguments used to distinguish social referencing and social appraisal, namely the role of ostension and the absence of prior appraisals of the individual. We contend that neither element is essential to social referencing.
Characteristics of multiwalled carbon nanotubes-rhenium nanocomposites with varied rhenium mass fractions
Authors: Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz Anna D , Wolany Weronika , Łukowiec Dariusz , Jurkiewicz Karolina , Niedziałkowski Paweł
Published: June 2017

The purpose of the article is to discuss the process of oxidation of carbon nanotubes subsequently subjected to the process of decoration with rhenium nanoparticles. The influence of functionalization in an oxidizing medium is presented and the results of investigations using Raman spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy are discussed. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes rhenium-type nanocomposites with the weight percentage of 10%, 20% and 30% of rhenium are also presented in the article. The structural components of such nanocomposites are carbon nanotubes decorated with rhenium nanoparticles. Microscopic examinations under transmission electron microscope and scanning transmission electron microscope using the bright and dark field confirm that nanocomposites containing about 20% of rhenium have the most homogenous structure.
A Hands-On Guide to Conducting Psychological Research on Twitter
Authors: Murphy Sean C.
Published: June 2017

The rising popularity of social media has created valuable opportunities for researchers to quickly and cheaply tap large amounts of data on naturalistic social interactions. One of the most useful and accessible sources of social media data is Twitter. Although Twitter data are free to access, however, the programming tools required to collect and analyze these data are likely to create a barrier for many psychologists. The goal of this article is to reduce that barrier by explaining what data are available from Twitter and providing code and step-by-step instructions to retrieve them. I also review approaches to deriving psychological insight from these data, the accompanying challenges, and potential solutions, providing code to make these tasks easier. Particularly for researchers without access to large participant pools, overseas collaborators, or online panels, Twitter can be an important source of psychological insight.
The Fluid Perception of Racial Identity
Authors: Cooley Erin , Brown-Iannuzzi Jazmin L. , Agboh Darren , Enjaian Brian , Geyer Rachel , Lue Nicole , Wu Stephanie
Published: June 2017

Scholars view racial identity as a fluid social construction that can shift with time and context. But outside of academia, do people intuitively see racial identity as fluid or fixed? Four studies reveal that people see racial identity as varying flexibly with the social context—in particular, assimilating to the race of one’s friends. Participants perceived the same Black–White Biracial men as identifying as more Black (Study 1) and wanting to be perceived as more stereotypically Black (i.e., athletic; Study 3c) when with Black friends than when alone. Conversely, Biracial men were perceived as identifying as more White (Study 2) and wanting to be perceived as more stereotypically White (i.e., competent and well-spoken; Studies 3a, 3b) when with White friends. Fluid inferences of racial identity also extended to Monoracial people (Studies 4a, 4b). We conclude that people perceive others’ racial identity as shifting with the social context—eliciting distinct biases.
The Seasonal Workers Directive
Authors: Zoeteweij-Turhan Margarite Helena
Published: June 2017

The Seasonal Workers Directive, harmonising Member States’ laws regarding the entry, residence and certain labour rights of seasonal workers, entered into force in 2014 and should be implemented by Member States (except for the UK, Ireland and Denmark) by 30 September 2016. According to Article 23 of the Directive, in principle, third-country nationals coming to a Member State as seasonal workers are entitled to equal treatment with nationals of the host Member State. However, what does ‘equal treatment’ mean when there are almost no nationals doing seasonal work for comparison? Also, the Directive allows Member States to diverge from the principle with regard to family and unemployment benefits and education and vocational training. Furthermore, the Directive does not provide for family reunification, even though seasonal workers are allowed to work for periods of up to nine months per year in the host Member State. Considering the limitations to the principle of equal treatment, and the broad measure of discretion given to the Member States in the implementation of the Directive, can the Directive really improve the precarious position of seasonal workers? What is to be expected of the effectiveness of the Directive? Could the Directive also be attractive for application by countries (inside the EU or outside) that are not bound by the Directive? This article will try to answer these questions by critically analysing the Directive, setting it in historical perspective and comparing it other EU legal instruments on labour migration, focusing particularly on the content of a select number of rights. The article furthermore discusses the issue of gender equality in the (effects of the) EU regulation of labour migration. It finally also addresses the question of the attractiveness of the Directive for adoption by States that are not bound by it, in particular Switzerland, where the seasonal worker has remained a hot topic after officially having ‘disappeared’ from the radar in 2002.
Lumbar spondylolysis: A report of four cases from two generations of a family
Authors: Yurube Takashi , Kakutani Kenichiro , Okamoto Koji , Manabe Michihiko , Maeno Koichiro , Yoshikawa Masaho , Sha Norihide , Kuroda Ryosuke , Nishida Kotaro
Published: June 2017

Spondylolysis is a major cause of back pain in children and adolescents. The prevalence of spondylolysis depends on the sex, race, and congenital abnormality. These biases suggest hereditary predisposition as an etiology of spondylolysis. However, no conclusive evidence still exists regarding the inheritance for spondylolysis. Herein, we report rare cases with familial occurrence of lumbar spondylolysis. In two generations of a Japanese family, three brothers including identical twins complained of back pain related to sports activities. Clinical, radiographic, and computed tomographic examinations identified spondylolysis at L4 and L5 in all these boys. The father experienced long-term back pain and had spondylolisthesis at L4–L5 and healed spondylolysis at L5. The daughter and mother did not show any lumbar spondylolysis. The frequent development of spondylolysis at L4, a rarely affected segment, in four of six family members (66.7%) support that lumbar spondylolysis has an underlying genetic etiology, primarily autosomal dominant inheritance.
Lateral Meniscus Posterior Root and Meniscofemoral Ligaments as Stabilizing Structures in the ACL-Deficient Knee: A Biomechanical Study
Authors: Frank Jonathan M. , Moatshe Gilbert , Brady Alex W. , Dornan Grant J. , Coggins Ashley , Muckenhirn Kyle J. , Slette Erik L. , Mikula Jacob D. , LaPrade Robert F.
Published: June 2017

Background:

The biomechanical effects of lateral meniscal posterior root tears with and without meniscofemoral ligament (MFL) tears in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)–deficient knees have not been studied in detail.

Purpose:

To determine the biomechanical effects of the lateral meniscus (LM) posterior root tear in ACL-intact and ACL-deficient knees. In addition, the biomechanical effects of disrupting the MFLs in ACL-deficient knees with meniscal root tears were evaluated.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Ten paired cadaveric knees were mounted in a 6-degrees-of-freedom robot for testing and divided into 2 groups. The sectioning order for group 1 was (1) ACL, (2) LM posterior root, and (3) MFLs, and the order for group 2 was (1) LM posterior root, (2) ACL, and (3) MFLs. For each cutting state, displacements and rotations of the tibia were measured and compared with the intact state after a simulated pivot-shift test (5-N·m internal rotation torque combined with a 10-N·m valgus torque) at 0°, 20°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of knee flexion; an anterior translation load (88 N) at 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of knee flexion; and internal rotation (5 N·m) at 0°, 30°, 60°, 75°, and 90°.

Results:

Cutting the LM root and MFLs significantly increased anterior tibial translation (ATT) during a pivot-shift test at 20° and 30° when compared with the ACL-cut state (both Ps < .05). During a 5-N·m internal rotation torque, cutting the LM root in ACL-intact knees significantly increased internal rotation by between 0.7° ± 0.3° and 1.3° ± 0.9° (all Ps < .05) except at 0° ( P = .136). When the ACL + LM root cut state was compared with the ACL-cut state, the increase in internal rotation was significant at greater flexion angles of 75° and 90° (both Ps < .05) but not between 0°and 60° (all Ps > .2). For an anterior translation load, cutting the LM root in ACL-deficient knees significantly increased ATT only at 30° ( P = .007).

Conclusion:

The LM posterior root was a significant stabilizer of the knee for ATT during a pivot-shift test at lower flexion angles and internal rotation at higher flexion angles.

Clinical Relevance:

Increased knee anterior translation and rotatory instability due to posterior lateral meniscal root disruption may contribute to increased loads on an ACL reconstruction graft. It is recommended that lateral meniscal root tears be repaired at the same time as an ACL reconstruction to prevent possible ACL graft overload.
Effects of urban street spatial parameters on sound propagation
Authors: Hupeng Wu , Kang Jian , Hong Jin
Published: June 2017

Many studies have demonstrated that the effect of urban street spatial shape on sound propagation cannot be ignored. Most previous studies are based on idealised spatial models and but not systematically and comprehensively examine the real and complex street space. This paper takes the actual streets of a high-density city as research objects, select reliable spatial parameters, obtain the acoustic propagation data using computer simulation, identify the sound propagation characteristics and establish sound propagation models of urban streets. In total, 144 samples have been tested, 13 spatial parameters, including the width information, height information, section information and plan information of streets, have been selected, and three acoustic indices, which include the sound attenuation, reverberation time and early decay time, have been analysed in this paper. The sound propagation in the urban street is consistent with the propagation characteristics of the semi-free sound field, i.e. the sound attenuation is linearly correlated with the logarithm of the sound propagation distance. This linear correlation becomes more pronounced for the greater Plan enclosure degree and more even distribution of façades. The trend of sound attenuations decreases with the increasing Cross-sectional enclosure degree, increasing Plan enclosure degree in the Near Zone or decreasing Vehicle lane width. Reverberation time is primarily distributed between 1.0 s and 3.0 s and tends to be stable when the propagation distance increases. The mean reverberation time increases with the increasing Mean façade height, Sidewalk width, Cross-sectional enclosure degree in the Near Zone or Standard deviation of Plan enclosure degree in the Near Zone. The typical early decay time distribution curve is clearly divided into two areas along the propagation direction. In the first area, the early decay time value is notably small and nearly equals zero. With a sudden increase, the early decay time maintains at a relatively stable value in the second area (stable area) of 0 to 3.0 s. The mean early decay time in the stable area increases with the increasing Vehicle lane width, increasing Cross-sectional enclosure degree or decreasing Standard deviation of Plan enclosure degree in the Near Zone.
A Feminist Peep into Public Art in India’s Northeast
Authors: Barooah Samhita
Published: June 2017

Based on participant observation, symbolic interactionism and feminist analysis of diverse art forms available in the public domain, the article focuses on the stereotyped notion of masculinity, which gets projected into the urban landscape of modern cities in Northeast India. It takes a critical stance on some of the prominent mascots, symbols and identities which are attached to products, services and ideologies predominantly rooted in patriarchy and gender-based discrimination. The observations shared in the article are drawn from the researcher’s field experiences and do not hold any offence to any particular agency, group, denomination or individual. It attempts to bring forth a subaltern narrative which is gradually getting erased from public memory from a queer feminist lens of locating oneself in a public space. It also questions the gender-normative imagination of modern India, which is rapidly engulfing all forms of diversity into its monoculture of development.
The Insider Voice about Prostitution
Authors: Sahu Arti , Mondol Reshma , Khatoon Fatima , Chettry Neelam , Khatoon Nageena
Published: June 2017

This piece* has been put together by drawing from Red Light Despatch (RLD), a monthly newsletter brought out by Indian anti-sex trafficking organization Apne Aap Women Worldwide. RLD is for the women of the red-light area by the women of the red-light area. Women, girls and men trapped in prostitution from the red-light areas of Bihar, Delhi, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and West Bengal write the Despatch. They write for each other and share information, dreams, struggles and hopes in solidarity from different corners of India. They try to address the gaps in mainstream media that often do not cover information that is relevant to the poor and the marginalized. RLD also serves as a mouthpiece for prostituted women and survivors to end sex trafficking. The narratives in RLD reveal that prostitution is a form of violence against women and the only way to end it is by internalizing the Gandhian principles of ahimsa (non-violence) and antyodaya (uplift of the last). The narratives speak of how the prostituted child and woman is always originally trafficked and that she is the victim of structural violence as a female, as a person from the countryside, as a person from a scheduled caste/scheduled tribe or other backward classes and of unequal and lopsided development; and how difficult it is to exit prostitution.
Exploring the global landscape of genetic variation in coagulation factor XI deficiency
Authors: Asselta Rosanna , Paraboschi Elvezia Maria , Rimoldi Valeria , Menegatti Marzia , Peyvandi Flora , Salomon Ophira , Duga Stefano
Published: June 2017

Key Points

Exome-data analysis revealed that FXI deficiency is from 2 to 20 times more frequent than expected in most populations. Exome-data analysis evidenced novel recurrent and ethnic-specific mutations other than the well-known type II and type III defects.
Evaluation of the Temple Touch Pro, a Novel Noninvasive Core-Temperature Monitoring System
Authors: Evron Shmuel , Weissman Avi , Toivis Vadim , Shahaf Dana Baron , You Jing , Sessler Daniel I. , Ezri Tiberiu
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND:

The Temple Touch Pro (TTP) is a novel system that estimates core temperature from skin over the temporal artery. We tested the hypothesis that this noninvasive system estimates core temperature to an accuracy within 0.5°C.

METHODS:

Core temperature was continuously monitored in 50 adult and pediatric surgical patients by positioning the sensor patch of a TTP over one temporal artery. The sensor consists of a thermistor array near the skin surface, another set of thermistors above an insulator, and a second insulator between the upper unit and the environment. The sensor measures skin temperature and heat flux, from which the monitor unit estimates core temperature from a proprietary algorithm. Reference core temperature was measured from the esophagus or nasopharynx. We conducted agreement analysis between the TTP and the reference core temperature measurements using the 95% Bland-Altman limits of agreement for repeated measurement data. The proportion of all differences that were within 0.5°C and repeat measures concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) were estimated as well.

RESULTS:

TTP and the reference core temperature measurements agreed well in both adults and pediatric patients. Bland-Altman plots showed no evidence of systematic bias or variability over the temperature from 35.2°C to 37.8°C. The estimated 95% lower and upper limits of agreement were −0.57°C (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.76 to −0.41) and 0.57°C (95% CI, 0.44 to 0.71), indicating good agreement between the 2 methods. Ninety-four percentage (95% CI, 87% to 99%) of the TTP temperatures were within 0.5°C of the reference temperature. Good agreement was also supported by an estimated repeated measures CCC of 0.82 (95% CI, 0.66 to 0.91). The TTP core temperature measurements also agreed well with nasopharyngeal reference temperatures.

CONCLUSIONS:

The noninvasive TTP system is sufficiently accurate and reliable for routine intraoperative core temperature monitoring.
Perioperative Low Arterial Oxygenation Is Associated With Increased Stroke Risk in Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Dunham Alexandra M. , Grega Maura A. , Brown Charles H. , McKhann Guy M. , Baumgartner William A. , Gottesman Rebecca F.
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND:

Both patient characteristics and intraoperative factors have been associated with a higher risk of stroke after cardiac surgery. We hypothesized that poor systemic oxygenation in the perioperative period is associated with increased risk of stroke following cardiopulmonary bypass.

METHODS:

In this study of 251 adult patients who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass procedures at a single center from 2003 to 2006, cases (patients with a postoperative stroke at least 24 hours after surgery) were matched 1:2 to controls without stroke. Minimum and average partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (Pao
2) values, from arterial blood gas values during and up to 24 hours after surgery, were evaluated as continuous and categorical predictors. Conditional logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders (demographics, comorbidities, and intraoperative variables) were used to evaluate associations between Pao
2 variables and stroke status.

RESULTS:

Lower nadir Pao
2 values were associated with postoperative stroke, with estimated odds of stroke increasing over 20% (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07–1.41) per 10 mm Hg lower nadir Pao
2, and similarly increased odds of stroke per lower quartile of nadir Pao
2 (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.19–2.16). When average Pao
2 was considered, odds of stroke was also increased (adjusted OR, 1.39 per lower quartile of mean Pao
2; 95% CI, 1.05–1.83). Having a nadir Pao
2 value in the lowest versus any other quartile was associated with an estimated 2.41-fold increased odds of stroke (95% CI, 1.22–4.78). Quartile of nadir but not average Pao
2 results remained significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons.

CONCLUSIONS:

Odds of stroke after cardiac surgery are increased in patients with a low minimum Pao
2 within 24 hours of surgery. Results should be validated in an independent cohort. Further characterizing the underlying etiology of hypoxic episodes will be important to improve patient outcomes.
Is One Innovation Enough? Leaders, Covariation, and Language Change
Authors: Waters Cathleen , Tagliamonte Sali A.
Published: June 2017

Do the people who lead in one linguistic change, lead in others? Previous work has suggested that they do not, but the topic has not been addressed extensively with nonphonological, spoken data. This article answers this question through an examination of lexical, morphosyntactic, and discourse-pragmatic changes in progress in Canadian English as spoken in the largest urban center of the country, Toronto. Close scrutiny of the behavior of individuals across multiple linguistic variables (i.e., covariation) and using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient tests the use of incoming variants both by the community of speakers as a whole and by those who are leading change. The innovative variants of quotatives (be like), intensifiers (really, so), deontic modality (have to), stative possession (have), and general extenders (and stuff) demonstrate that the leaders of these multiple linguistic changes have common social characteristics (e.g., women lead more than one change), but it is not the case that any one individual in a community will be at the forefront of more than one change.
Journal of Uncollectable Journeys: Edson Chagas’s Found Not Taken Series and Other Works
Authors: de Oliveira Ana Balona
Published: June 2017

This essay examines Edson Chagas’s Found not Taken series (2008–), taking into account some of its main contexts of production and reception (from London and Newport to Luanda; from Luanda to Venice and London) while placing it in the broader framework of the artist’s production to date, including Oikonomos (2011–2012), Tipo Passe (2012–2014), and Desacelera O Mambo: Celebrating Life by Slowing Down Perception (2015). Chagas examines the multiple ways in which bodies and identities, objects and commodities, images and imaginations dwell in the urban spaces of the global North, the global South, and in between. Discarded objects become critical signifiers of the fever of waste-producing consumerism—notably, though not exclusively, in the postwar, fast-growing Luanda where Chagas currently lives. By rearranging these objects into new configurations, Chagas is also pointing toward the possibility of reinventing alternative relations with(in) the city. Drawing upon a theoretical framework indebted to postcolonial, diaspora, globalization, area, and urban studies, this essay also explores more or less acknowledged art historical affiliations of Chagas’s work with American minimalism and Angolan contemporary artistic practice, which allow for a more thorough understanding of his photography as spatial, material, quasi-sculptural, and performative. Chagas’s work defies geographical, cultural, art historical, and artistic categorizations. While indeed departing from the experience and memory of the urban space of Luanda through a photographic and performative interaction with its objects, it speaks of the complexities and contradictions inherent to the contemporary condition of dwelling in the global city.
Insights into cortical microtubule nucleation and dynamics in Arabidopsis leaf cells
Authors: Yagi Noriyoshi , Matsunaga Sachihiro , Hashimoto Takashi
Published: June 2017

Plant microtubules (MTs) are nucleated from the γ-tubulin-containing ring complex (γTuRC). In cortical MT arrays of interphase plant cells, γTuRC is preferentially recruited to the lattice of preexisting MTs, where it initiates MT nucleation in either a branch- or bundle-forming manner, or dissociates without mediating nucleation. In this study, we analyzed how γTuRCs influence MT nucleation and dynamics in cotyledon pavement cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that γTuRC nucleated MTs at angles of ∼40° toward the plus-ends of existing MTs, or in predominantly antiparallel bundles. A small fraction of γTuRCs was motile and tracked MT ends. When γTuRCs decorated the depolymerizing MT end, they reduced the depolymerization rate. Non-nucleating γTuRCs associated with the MT lattice promoted MT regrowth after a depolymerization phase. These results suggest that γTuRCs not only nucleate MT growth but also regulate MT dynamics by stabilizing MT ends. On rare occasions, a non-MT-associated γTuRC was pushed in the direction of the MT minus-end, while nucleating a new MT, suggesting that the polymerizing plus-end is anchored to the plasma membrane.
Preparation of Bridged Polysilsesquioxane Membranes from Bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]amine for Water Desalination
Authors: Yamamoto Kazuki , Koge Sayako , Sasahara Kenji , Mizumo Tomonobu , Kaneko Yoshiro , Kanezashi Masakoto , Tsuru Toshinori , Ohshita Joji
Published: June 2017

Bridged polysilsesquioxane membranes containing amine units were prepared from bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]amine (BTESPA) by a sol-gel process, which consisted of sol formation by hydrolysis/condensation polymerization of BTESPA under neutral conditions and calcination of cast films of the sols on sulfonated polyethersulfone support membrane. A similar treatment of BTESPA, including sol formation under acidic conditions, afforded membrane with ammonium units. Thus-obtained porous BTESPA-based membrane was subjected to reverse osmosis (RO) experiments using 2000 ppm aqueous NaCl solution to examine its water desalination properties. Maximal liquid permeance (1.2 × 10−13 m3/m2·Pa·s) and NaCl rejection (97%) were achieved using the ammonium-containing membrane.
N6-methyladenosine is required for the hypoxic stabilization of specific mRNAs
Authors: Fry Nate J. , Law Brittany A. , Ilkayeva Olga R. , Holley Christopher L. , Mansfield Kyle D.
Published: June 2017

Post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA during oxygen deprivation, or hypoxia, can affect the survivability of cells. Hypoxia has been shown to increase stability of a subset of ischemia-related mRNAs, including VEGF. RNA binding proteins and miRNAs have been identified as important for post-transcriptional regulation of individual mRNAs, but corresponding mechanisms that regulate global stability are not well understood. Recently, mRNA modification byN6-methyladenosine (m6A) has been shown to be involved in post-transcriptional regulation processes including mRNA stability and promotion of translation, but the role of m6A in the hypoxia response is unknown. In this study, we investigate the effect of hypoxia on RNA modifications including m6A. Our results show hypoxia increases m6A content of poly(A)+messenger RNA (mRNA), but not in total or ribosomal RNA in HEK293T cells. Using m6A mRNA immunoprecipitation, we identify specific hypoxia-modified mRNAs, including glucose transporter 1 (Glut1) and c-Myc, which show increased m6A levels under hypoxic conditions. Many of these mRNAs also exhibit increased stability, which was blocked by knockdown of m6A-specific methyltransferases METTL3/14. However, the increase in mRNA stability did not correlate with a change in translational efficiency or the steady-state amount of their proteins. Knockdown of METTL3/14 did reveal that m6A is involved in recovery of translational efficiency after hypoxic stress. Therefore, our results suggest that an increase in m6A mRNA during hypoxic exposure leads to post-transcriptional stabilization of specific mRNAs and contributes to the recovery of translational efficiency after hypoxic stress.
Statistical analysis plan for the WOMAN-ETAPlaT study: Effect of tranexamic acid on platelet function and thrombin generation
Authors: Dallaku Kastriot , Shakur Haleema , Edwards Phil , Beaumont Danielle , Roberts Ian , Huque Sumaya , Delius Maria , Mansmann Ulrich
Published: June 2017

Background. Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is a potentially life-threatening complication for women, and the leading cause of maternal mortality. Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic used worldwide to treat uterine haemorrhage and to reduce blood loss in general surgery. TXA may have effects on thrombin generation, platelet function and coagulation factors as a result of its inhibition on the plasmin.

Methods. WOMAN ETAPlaT is a sub-study of the World Maternal Antifibrinolitic trial (WOMAN trial). All adult women clinically diagnosed with PPH after a vaginal delivery or caesarean section, are eligible for inclusion in the study. Blood samples will be collected at the baseline and 30 minutes after the first dose of study treatment is given. Platelet function will be evaluated in whole blood immediately after sampling with Multiplate® tests (ADPtest and TRAPtest). Thrombin generation, fibrinogen, D-dimer, and coagulation factors vW, V and VIII will be analysed using platelet poor plasma.

Results. Recruitment to WOMAN ETAPlaT started on 04 November 2013 and closed on 13 January 2015, during this time  188 patients were recruited. The final participant follow-up was completed on 04 March 2015. This article introduces the statistical analysis plan for the study, without reference to unblinded data.  

Conclusion. The data from this study will provide evidence for the effect of TXA on thrombin generation, platelet function and coagulation factors in women with PPH.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00872469; ISRCTN76912190
Thinking About Measures and Measurement in Positivist Research: A Proposal for Refocusing on Fundamentals
Authors: Burton-Jones Andrew , Lee Allen S.
Published: June 2017

We challenge two taken-for-granted assumptions about measurement in positivist research. The first assumption is that measures and measurements are relevant for quantitative, but not qualitative, research. We explain why they apply to both types of research. The second assumption we challenge is that existing measurement practices are unproblematic, even if researchers sometimes vary in how well they enact them. We explain why current norms (both espoused and enacted) are deficient in some important ways because they fail to emphasize the fundamental issues of measures and measurements. Drawing on symbolic logic, we provide a framework to help positivist researchers to assess efforts in measuring and measurement regardless of their quantitative or qualitative orientation. The framework provides more parsimonious and broadly applicable guidance than available to date and suggests the need to refocus on measurement fundamentals.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2017.0704 .
The reforming appeal of distributed leadership
Authors: Beirne Martin
Published: June 2017

With a systematic literature review, this article examines the significance of distributed leadership in healthcare, assessing the extent to which it reflects a consistent set of values, meanings, practices and outcomes. It identifies key mediating factors and their importance in enabling or constraining distributive leadership processes. The findings indicate that clinicians without formal leadership titles are inspiring change and driving improvements, although countervailing pressures are limiting this in practice. Distributed leadership is evident in the way that clinical teams function, and more could be made of this for the modernisation of healthcare. At present, this potential tends to be constrained, and subject to competing interpretations that reflect distinct occupational identities. Greater attention could be given to educational and developmental programmes that claim space for distributed influence among current and aspiring leaders, and for enabling arrangements that can help ‘ordinary leaders’ to feel less vulnerable and more confident about this aspect of their practice. Established approaches to leader development could be usefully refocused to prioritise collective processes and refine relational abilities, ideally with more inclusive, joint venture initiatives that bring formal and informal leaders together for mutual learning and effective engagement.
Cardiovascular assessment for non-cardiac surgery: European guidelines
Authors: Gilbert-Kawai Edward , Montgomery Hugh
Published: June 2017

In 2014, a joint task force involving the European Society of Cardiology and European Society of Anaesthesiology assembled ‘Guidelines on non-cardiac surgery: cardiovascular assessment and management’. The guidelines, subsequently published in the European Heart Journal, are intended for physicians and collaborators involved in the perioperative care of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery, in whom heart disease is a potential source of complications. While the guidelines are an extremely relevant and useful aid for most, if not all, medics within the hospital environment, the sheer size of the document (49 pages) renders it a feat to read and digest. Given the importance of the document for optimizing patient care, this article condenses the guidelines down to help highlight the important details.
Parathyroid surgery: from inception to the modern day
Authors: Sethi Neeraj , England R James A
Published: June 2017

Parathyroid surgery has undergone great changes since its inception less than a century ago. It is still the only definitive option available to cure primary or tertiary hyperparathyroidism. This review details the development of parathyroid surgery, our understanding of hyperparathyroidism and the treatment options available. It also discusses the technological advances that have enabled parathyroid localization and prediction of surgical success.
Eosinophilic oesophagitis: an otolaryngologist's perspective
Authors: Gnanasekaran T , Gnanasekaran S , Wood JM , Friedland P
Published: June 2017

Eosinophilic oesophagitis is a diagnosis that is being made more frequently in the assessment of dysphagia in both adults and children. It is unclear whether this is a result of increased prevalence or improved diagnostic methods. Children present commonly to paediatric institutions with foreign body impaction. Research indicates that food impaction may predispose to eosinophilic oesophagitis. This article presents eosinophilic oesophagitis from an otolaryngologist's point of view. It details the clinical features present in the disease as well as how it is diagnosed and managed. It illustrates early signs of eosinophilic oesophagitis so that primary physicians and emergency physicians know when to refer on to otolaryngologists.
Attitudes towards attrition among UK trainees in obstetrics and gynaecology
Authors: Gafson Irene , Currie Jane , O'Dwyer Sabrina , Woolf Katherine , Griffin Ann
Published: June 2017

Physician dissatisfaction in the workplace has consequences for patient safety. Currently in the UK, 1 in 5 doctors who enter specialist training in obstetrics and gynaecology leave the programme before completion. Trainee attrition has implications for workforce planning, organization of health-care services and patient care. The authors conducted a survey of current trainees' and former trainees' views concerning attrition and ‘peri-attrition’ – a term coined to describe the trainee who has seriously considered leaving the specialty.

The authors identified six key themes which describe trainees' feelings about attrition in obstetrics and gynaecology: morale and undermining; training processes and paperwork; support and supervision; work–life balance and realities of life; NHS environment; and job satisfaction. This article discusses themes of an under-resourced health service, bullying, lack of work–life balance and poor personal support.
Effective telephone triage methods
Authors: Sikveland Rein Ove , Stokoe Elizabeth
Published: June 2017

This article reports on the results of two studies into telephone calls from patients to receptionists at three different UK GP surgeries. The research shows how staff can drive the telephone call forwards to benefit both the practice and patients
Elítur á Íslandi – einsleitni og innbyrðis tengsl
Authors: Torfason Magnús Þór , Einarsdóttir Þorgerður , Rafnsdóttir Guðbjörg Linda , Sigurðardóttir Margrét Sigrún
Published: June 2017

Á Íslandi hefur það gjarnan verið trú fólks að félagslegur og efnahagslegur jöfnuður einkenni þjóðina og að hvers konar elítur séu lítt áberandi. Engu að síður eru vísbendingar um að elítur séu til staðar, og ennfremur að þær séu styrkjast og ójöfnuður að aukast. Markmið greinarinnar er að greina viðskiptaog atvinnulífselítuna á Íslandi árin 2014 og 2015 út frá tengslum hennar við aðrar elítur sem og innbyrðis tengslum. Slík greining gefur vísbendingar um hversu opin elítan er, tengsl hennar við almenning, og um lýðræðislega uppbyggingu hópsins. Byggt er á tveimur gagnasöfnum; Vald og lýðræði – elíturannsókn og Kynjajafnrétti við stjórn atvinnulífsins: stefna, þróun og áhrif. Til að fá myndræna sýn á innbyrðis tengsl elítuflokka var notast við hugbúnaðarpakkann igraph fyrir R. Niðurstöðurnar sýna talsverð innbyrðis tengsl á milli einstaklinga sem mynda viðskipta- og atvinnulífselítuna. Einsleitni í búsetu, mælt í póstnúmerum er sterk, einkum meðal karla og þeirra sem eldri eru. Búsetueinsleitni þeirra sem eru í forystuhlutverki stjórnmálanna er fjórum sinnum meiri en þeirra sem ekki taka þátt í slíku starfi. Svipað mynstur sést þegar tengslin við íþróttahreyfinguna eru skoðuð; eftir því sem þátttaka einstaklings í íþróttastarfi er meiri, þeim mun meiri er búsetueinsleitnin. Niðurstöðurnar benda til þess að íslenska þjóðfélagið sé lagskipt og að tiltekin gjá sé á milli elítunnar og almennings. Það gefur til kynna að mikilvægt sé að huga að því hversu lýðræðisleg uppbygging hópsins er og hvort hætta sé á að einsleitni í ákvarðanatöku verði of mikil.
Alþingi og framkvæmdarvaldið
Authors: Arnþórsson Haukur
Published: June 2017

Samskipti og staða Alþingis gagnvart framkvæmdarvaldinu kemur oft til umræðu. Hér er rannsakað með eigindlegum aðferðum hvernig þingmenn og ráðherrar upplifa aðstöðu þessara þátta ríkisvaldsins við lagasetningu. Fram kemur að Alþingis hefur virkt neitunarvald. Það er hjá mismörgum aðilum eftir fjölda ríkisstjórnarflokka; hjá þingflokki ráðherrans, samstarfsflokki/samstarfsflokkum hans og hjá stjórnarandstöðunni. Allir beita þeir því valdi í einhverjum mæli eftir aðstæðum bæði fyrir og í þinglegri meðferð mála. Flestir viðmælendur telja sig meðvitaða um mikið vald Alþingis í lagasetningunni. Þingið ætti að geta aukið það enn frekar með upptöku norræna módelsins til fulls (samningalýðræði), sú breyting eykur líka samfélagsleg gæði; það getur líka bætt vinnubrögð stjórnkerfisins sem heildar við lagasetningu með breytingum á staðsetningu verkefna (fært þau fyrr í feril mála), sem ætti ekki að hafa áhrif á völd þess - og styrkt stöðu sína varðandi dagskrá mála.
Viðhorf íslenskra og danskra stjórnenda til starfsumhverfis í ljósi norrænna gilda
Authors: Arnórsdóttir Bergþóra Hlín , Svansson Einar , Joensen Kári
Published: June 2017

Nordic leadership values have gained increased publicity and popularity recently. The paper looks at Icelandic public management. The main research question is if and how Icelandic managers adhere to Nordic leadership values. The research is based on a prior Danish study: Public managers – tasks and opinions. An online questionnaire was sent to 1.685 public managers in Iceland, with 524 respondents so the participation rate is 31%. The main purpose of the research was to highlight the emphasis of Icelandic managers in daily tasks and get their opinions on their working environment and regulatory framework. Another point was to compare the public working environment in Iceland and Denmark regarding the basic values of Nordic leadership. The main findings show that public management in Iceland is characterized by trust, clear work-processes, short chains of command and minimal bureaucracy. Cooperation and social networking at the workplace was positive and reasonable demands towards the managers. At the same time, there seem to be opportunities for the managers to have more influence to enhance performance in their institutions. The main barriers were minimal influence on legislation and the political stakeholders. In comparison, the Danish managers thought bureaucracy too burdensome and that work-processes could be simplified. However, the Danish managers feel they have greater impact and influence on their working environment and political stakeholders. The work-processes and perspectives of Icelandic managers are in line with the Nordic management values: Open communication, critical thinking and care.
Thermal Conductivity and the Unfrozen Water Contents of Volcanic Ash Deposits in Cold Climate Conditions: A Review
Authors: Kuznetsova Elena
Published: June 2017

Layers of volcanic ash and Andosol soils derived from the ash may play an important role in preserving snow and ice as well as in the development of permafrost conditions in (a) the immediate vicinity of volcanoes at high elevations or at high latitudes and (b) land areas that are often distant from volcanic activity and are either prone to permafrost or covered by snow and ice, but have been affected by subaerial ash deposition. The special properties of volcanic ash are critically reviewed, particularly in relation to recent research in Kamchatka in the Far East of Russia. Of special importance are the thermal properties, the unfrozen water contents of ash layers, and the rate of volcanic glass weathering.Weathering of volcanic glass results in the development of amorphous clay minerals (e.g. allophane, opal, palagonite), but occurs at a much slower rate under cold compared to warm climate conditions. Existing data reveal (1) a strong correlation between the thermal conductivity, the water/ice content, and the mineralogy of the weathered part of the volcanic ash, (2) that an increase in the amounts of amorphous clay minerals (allophane, palagonite) increases the proportion of unfrozen water and decreases the thermal conductivity, and (3) that amorphous silica does not alter to halloysite or other clay minerals, even in the Early Pleistocene age (Kamchatka) volcanic ashes or in the Miocene and Pliocene deposits of Antarctica due to the cold temperatures. The significance of these findings are discussed in relation to past climate reconstruction and the influence of volcanic ash on permafrost aggradation and degradation, snow and ice ablation, and the development of glaciers.
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Leading to False Allelic Fraction by Droplet Digital PCR
Authors: Christenson Eric S , Dalton W Brian , Chu David , Waters Ian , Cravero Karen , Zabransky Daniel J , DeZern Amy E , Park Ben H o
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND

Molecular-based diagnostics have great utility for cancer detection. We have used droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) as a platform for identifying mutations in circulating plasma tumor DNA (ptDNA). We present the unexpected finding of a spurious mutant allele fraction that was discovered to be artifactual because of the presence of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in a patient sample.

DESIGN AND METHODS

Probe and primer combinations for the K700 and V701 loci of the SF3B1 spliceosome gene were designed for ddPCR to identify the percentage of mutant and wild-type alleles. Clinical samples from patients with cancer with known SF3B1 mutations were collected and tested to evaluate the assays' ability to detect SF3B1 mutations in ptDNA.

RESULTS

Patient samples showed SF3B1 K700E mutations within the ptDNA of 4 patients with acute leukemia and 3 with myelodysplastic syndrome who were known to harbor this mutation. A blood sample from a patient with lung cancer with a known SF3B1 V701F mutation was also analyzed and this mutation was successfully identified in ptDNA. However, 1 of the patients with a K700E mutation was found to have a mutational burden of 98%. After careful analysis of this locus by Sanger sequencing and ddPCR, this patient was found to have an SNP (R702R), which prevented binding of the ddPCR wild-type probe to its cognate allele.

CONCLUSIONS

These results further support that ddPCR-based assays may be valuable companion diagnostics for the identification and monitoring of patients with cancer, but the results also emphasize the need to identify SNPs at loci that are being analyzed.
Im Bann der Plattformen
Authors: Lovink Geert
Published: June 2017

Die digitale Welt im Post-Snowden-Zeitalter: Wir wissen, dass wir unter Überwachung stehen, aber machen weiter, als ob es nichts zu bedeuten hätte. Obwohl Unternehmen wie Facebook, Google und Amazon unsere Privatsphäre immer stärker infiltrieren, bleibt die Nutzung der sozialen Medien ungebrochen - unterstützt durch immer kleinere Geräte, die sich fest in unseren Alltag eingenistet haben. Wir sind hin- und hergeworfen zwischen Angst vor Abhängigkeit und verdeckter Obsession. Mit diesem fünften Teil seiner laufenden Untersuchungen zur kritischen Internetkultur taucht der niederländische Medientheoretiker Geert Lovink in die paradoxe Welt der neuen digitalen Normalität ein: Wohin bewegen sich Kunst, Kultur und Kritik, wenn sich das Digitale immer mehr in den Hintergrund des Alltags einfügt? Der Band behandelt u.a. die Selfie-Kultur, die Internet-Fixierung des amerikanischen Schriftstellers Jonathan Franzen, das Internet in Uganda, die Ästhetik von Anonymous und die Anatomie der Bitcoin-Religion: Wird die Geldschaffung durch Cyber-Währungen und Crowdfunding zu einer Neuverteilung des Reichtums beitragen oder die Kluft zwischen reich und arm eher vergrößern? Was wird in diesem Zeitalter des Freien das Einkommensmodell der 99% sein? Geert Lovink zeichnet nicht einfach ein düsteres Bild der leeren Wirklichkeit einer 24/7-Kommunikation, sondern zeigt auch radikale Alternativen hierzu auf.
Lesbarkeit und Aneignung von Freiräumen
Authors: Lorberg Frank
Published: June 2017

Frank Lorberg arbeitet in seinem Beitrag heraus, wie die »Gebrauchsfähigkeit« von urbanen Freiräumen durch deren »Lesbarkeit« bestimmt wird, bzw. dass überhaupt erst die verschiedenen »Spuren des Gebrauchs« anderer Nutzer, die sich z.B. in einer bestimmten Vegetation äußern, die Brauchbarkeit eines Freiraums vermitteln. Er weist darauf hin, dass ohne Nutzungsspuren und die Fähigkeit, Freiräume zu lesen, auch kein Konsens und keine Konventionen für die angemessene Nutzung von Freiräumen entstehen können. Freiraumplanung müsse zum einen (wieder) lernen, etablierte Aneignungen und Nutzungsroutinen anhand von Spuren zu lesen, zum anderen sich aber auch um eine entsprechende Lesbarkeit bei Neuplanungen bemühen.
Aneignung pur im Restraum und die Justierung des städtischen Freiraums
Authors: Rummel Dorothee
Published: June 2017

Dorothee Rummel stellt in ihrem Beitrag die Ergebnisse einer Studie zur Nutzung von urbanen »Resträumen« in der Stadt München vor. Sie kategorisiert die von ihr beobachteten Nutzungen auf innerstädtischen Brachen, aber auch Verkehrsrestflächen oder Bahndämmen nach »Spielarten« von Aneignung. Um die Bedeutung dieser nicht geplanten, aber viel genutzten Freiräume in der Stadt beurteilen zu können, fragt sie nach einer »Messbarkeit« der Intensität von Aneignung in diesen Resträumen. Auch in diesem Beitrag wird das Paradox deutlich herausgearbeitet, mit dem Planung konfrontiert wird, wenn sie informelle Aneignung in die Planung miteinbeziehen will. Der Freiraumwert des Restraums scheint nur so lange vorhanden zu sein, wie dieser außerhalb des Blickfeldes offizieller und professioneller Planung bleibt.