bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression and other disorders
Authors: Blanco Carlos , Markowitz John C. , Weissman Myrna M.
Published: January 2013

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a time-limited, diagnosis-focused therapy. IPT was defined in a manual. Research has established its efficacy as an acute and chronic treatment for patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) of all ages, as an acute treatment for bulimia nervosa, and as adjunct maintenance treatment for bipolar disorder. The research findings have led to its inclusion in treatment guidelines and increasing dissemination into clinical practice. Demonstration of efficacy in research trials for patients with major depressive episodes (MDEs) has led to its adaptation and testing for other mood and non-mood disorders. This has included modification for adolescent and geriatric depressed patients patients with bipolar and dysthymic disorders; depressed HIV-positive and depressed pregnant and postpartum patients; depressed primary care patients; and as a maintenance treatment to prevent relapse of the depression. Most of the modifications have been relatively minor and have retained the general principles and techniques of IPT for major depression. Non-mood targets have included anorexia, bulimia, substance abuse, borderline personality disorder, and several anxiety disorders. In general, outcome studies of IPT have suggested its promise for most psychiatric diagnoses in which it has been studied, with the exceptions of anorexia, dysthymic disorder, and substance use disorders.

IPT has two complementary basic premises. First, depression is a medical illness, which is treatable and not the patient's fault. Second, depression does not occur in a vacuum, but rather is influenced by and itself affects the patient's psychosocial environment. Changes in relationships or other life events may precipitate depressive episodes; conversely, depressive episodes strain relationships and may lead to negative life events. The goal of treatment is to help the patient solve a crisis in his or her role functioning or social environment. Achieving this helps the patient to gain a sense of mastery over his or her functioning and relieves depressive symptoms.

Begun as a research intervention, IPT has only lately started to be disseminated among clinicians and in residency training programmes. The publication of efficacy data, the promulgation of practice guidelines that embrace IPT among antidepressant treatments, and economic pressures on length of treatment have led to increasing interest in IPT. This chapter describes the concepts and techniques of IPT and its current status of adaptation, efficacy data, and training. The chapter provides a guide to developments and a reference list, but not a comprehensive review.
Family therapy in the adult psychiatric setting
Authors: Bloch Sidney , Harari Edwin
Published: January 2013

The term ‘family therapy’ covers a range of approaches. At one extreme, it is a method which seeks to help an individual patient. At the other extreme, the focus is on the relationships between people; according to this view psychopathology reflects recurring, problematic interactive patterns among family members. Midway between the two positions is one that views the family as acting potentially either as a resource or a liability for an identified patient. In this chapter, we cover the spectrum but confine ourselves to the adult psychiatric setting.
Psychiatric nursing techniques
Authors: Gournay Kevin
Published: January 2013

Psychiatric nursing as an entity has really only evolved since the Second World War. Psychiatric nurses (now often referred to as mental health nurses in the United Kingdom and Australasia) can now be found in most countries of the developed world, although in the developing world, psychiatric nursing is still not defined as a specific discipline. In many countries, psychiatric hospitals are still staffed by untrained ‘Attendants’ who may have some supervision from general trained nurses. Nevertheless, a number of initiatives, notably those of the Geneva Initiative in Psychiatry in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union and the World Health Organization in African countries, have provided specific training in psychiatric nursing techniques. The development of psychiatric nursing across the world needs to be seen in the context of changing and evolving patterns of mental health care. De-institutionalization, with the attendant setting up of community mental health teams, has prompted a range of innovations in psychiatric nursing and the psychiatric nurse of today, who in the United States and Europe is likely to be a university graduate, is a very different person to that of the nurse working in the post-Second World War asylums of 40 years ago. In this chapter, we examine the development of psychiatric nursing in some detail and particularly emphasize the role of psychiatric nurses working in the community. Community psychiatric nursing first developed in the United Kingdom nearly 50 years ago and this model has been followed in countries such as Australia and New Zealand. However, this community role has not developed to any great extent in the United States, where the main presence of psychiatric nursing remains in hospital-based care. Furthermore, in the United Kingdom and Australasia, the development of community initiatives has seen the role of the psychiatric nurse blurring with that of other mental health professionals. Chapters such as this cannot really do justice to the whole range of techniques used by psychiatric nurses; neither can it examine in any detail the differences between psychiatric nursing practices across the world. However, a description of psychiatric nursing in six important areas will provide the reader with an appreciation of the range and diversity of psychiatric nursing skills:♦ Inpatient care ♦ Psychosocial interventions in the community ♦ Prescribing and medication management ♦ Cognitive behaviour therapy ♦ Primary care ♦ Psychiatric nursing in the developing world.
Service needs of individuals and populations
Authors: Slade Mike , Tansella Michele , Thornicroft Graham
Published: January 2013

In this chapter we have emphasized that it is of central importance when planning mental health service for populations, to do so on the basis of (i) the occurrence of mental disorders in that particular population, (ii) the impairments caused by these disorders that require interventions, (iii) the nature and level of needs among these people, (iv) identifying from among these needs those which are unmet, and then (v) prioritizing new service development on the basis of these unmet needs, including a range of social supports and services (such as housing or employment opportunities, outside the mental health system), the requirements for enhanced physical/general health care, as well as improvements in the provision of specific mental health services. For all of these sectors there is an increasingly clear call from service user/consumer groups for involvement in these priority-setting planning exercises. At the level of individuals with mental illness, there is a similar trend to increasingly involve service users/consumers in assessing needs, with emerging evidence that this produces a more comprehensive basis for care planning. Indeed in the last decade there has been an important conceptual shift away from the view that professionals defined ‘needs’ while consumers stated ‘demands’, to a better appreciation of the many advantages to be gained from identifying, as far as possible, unmet needs in a joint and consensual way as a basis for action.
Substance use disorders in older people
Authors: O’Connell Henry , Lawlor Brian
Published: January 2013

This chapter is divided into three main sections, focussing respectively on alcohol use disorders (AUDs), medication use disorders (MUDs), and use of illegal substances and nicotine, in older people. In each section we focus in detail on definitions and diagnosis, epidemiology, aetiology, clinical features, investigations, screening, management, and prognosis. More is known about AUDs in older people, hence this section is the longest, but MUDs in older people is also a significant problem and abuse of illegal drugs may become increasingly important in future years.
Sex in old age
Authors: Kellett John , Oppenheimer Catherine
Published: January 2013

Ageing brings increasing diversity. This certainly applies to sexual behaviour. Those who work in the field of old age psychiatry can help their patients by understanding this diversity, making it safe and acceptable for patients to talk about whatever sexual concerns they have, and helping them in the acquisition of all the information they need. Sex in old age is not the frightening imperative of the teenager, but it can still contribute greatly to the quality of life.
Epidemiology of psychiatric disorder in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Costello E. Jane , Angold Adrian
Published: January 2013

This chapter has covered a lot of ground; from the first stirrings of understanding about childhood psychiatric disorders to the possibility of using molecular genetics to identify gene–environment interactions that can generate psychiatric disorder. There are fuzzy boundaries between epidemiology and developmental psychopathology, life course epidemiology, genetic epidemiology, services research, and clinical psychiatry. It will be important to keep these boundaries pervious, to share a common language where possible, and to learn and use one another's methods.
Assessment in child and adolescent psychiatry
Authors: Bostic Jeff , Martin Andrés
Published: January 2013

The goals of assessment of a child/adolescent are to (1) detect psychopathology and its impacts on the child’s functioning in family, school, and peer domains, (2) allow appropriate intervention targets to be identified and prioritized; and (3) identify relevant variables, including family or school factors that may influence treatment adherence. This chapter covers the distinctive aspects of the psychiatric assessment in children, content and structure of the clinical interview, developmentally sensitive techniques for the psychiatric interview, neuropsychological testing, and laboratory evaluation in the child psychiatric evaluation.
The influence of family, school, and the environment
Authors: Maughan Barbara
Published: January 2013

Like adult disorders, most child psychiatric problems are now regarded as multifactorially determined: both genetic and environmental factors play a role in their development. This chapter provides an overview of some of the key environmental elements in that equation. Subsequent chapters discuss risks for specific disorders; the focus here is on the more general issues that arise when considering the effect of environmental influences on the onset or persistence of psychopathology in childhood.
Psychodynamic child psychotherapy
Authors: Fonagy Peter , Target Mary
Published: January 2013

Psychodynamic psychotherapy for children is based on a range of assumptions concerning mental functioning that have gradually evolved over the past 100 years out of the theories of Sigmund Freud. As these assumptions have been widely reviewed, we provide only a very brief introduction here. Techniques of child therapy differ considerably depending on the degree of pathology manifested by the child. Two sets of technique may be distinguished: those with single diagnosis, usually involving anxiety, are offered what most would recognize as ‘classical’ forms of psychodynamic, insight-oriented therapy. Those with multiple diagnoses, severe behavioural problems and/or emergent personality disorders require a different psychodynamic treatment approach. These will be discussed separately. Indications, contraindications, and the selection of procedures are then covered, as is managing treatment, efficacy, and limitations of the psychotherapeutic approach.
Stalking
Authors: Mullen Paul E.
Published: January 2013

Not a few psychiatrists, at least of my generation, have difficulties with the notion of problem behaviour like stalking being a proper subject for mental health concern. Psychiatry has traditionally been wary of concerning itself directly with criminal and antisocial behaviours. The approach taken in this chapter was, in contrast, to define a pattern of behaviour destructive to the interests of perpetrator and victim and then to examine its origins, effects, and potential therapeutic management. That this is an enterprise with risks for the ethical integrity of psychiatry is undoubted. But recognizing that psychiatry can have a role in assessing and managing problem behaviours, without first performing obfuscating transformations into supposed mental disorders such as paraphilias and impulse control disorders, allows a more clear sighted and effective approach to areas of human activity where our intervention can benefit both the actor and the wider community.
Defining Social Work's Role and Leadership Contributions in Palliative Care
Authors: Blacker Susan , Christ Grace H.
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Palliative Social Work in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: McCormick Andrew J.
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Mental Health Risk in Palliative Care: The Social Work Role
Authors: Walsh Katherine , Hedlund Susan
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Social Work in Pediatric Palliative Care
Authors: Jones Barbara L. , Remke Stacy S. , Phillips Farya
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Palliative Social Work with Older Adults and Their Families
Authors: Gardner Daniel S.
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Social Work, Self-Advocates, and Users of Palliative Care
Authors: Peter Beresford , Suzy Croft
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Social Work and Speech Pathology: Supporting Communication in Palliative Care
Authors: Pollens Robin , Lynn Marie C.
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Palliative Social Work in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Authors: D'Urbano Elena
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Australian Palliative Social Work
Authors: Garrard Julie , Greathouse Julie , Hearn Sue , McKinnon Patricia
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Palliative Care in the Chinese Context: An Integrated Framework for Culturally Respectful Practice
Authors: Leung Pamela Pui Yu , Chan Cecilia Lai Wan
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Palliative Social Work in the United Kingdom
Authors: Payne Malcolm , Reith Margaret
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Advance Directives from a Social Work Perspective: Influence of Culture and Family Dynamics
Authors: Bullock Karen
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Public Policy in Palliative and End-of-Life Care
Authors: Peres Judith R.
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Legacy Building: Implications for Reflective Practice
Authors: Otis-Green Shirley
Published: January 2013

This textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Relating the kick velocities of young pulsars with magnetic field growth time-scales inferred from braking indices
Authors: Güneydaş A. , Ekşi K. Y.
Published: January 2013

A nascent neutron star may be exposed to fallback accretion soon after the proto-neutron star stage. This high-accretion episode can submerge the magnetic field deep in the crust. The diffusion of the magnetic field back to the surface will take hundreds to millions of years depending on the amount of mass accreted and the consequent depth the field is buried. Neutron stars with large kick velocities will accrete less amount of fallback material leading to shallower submergence of their fields and shorter time-scales for the growth of their fields. We obtain the relation τOhm ∝ v−1 between the space velocity of the neutron star and Ohmic time-scale for the growth of the magnetic field. We compare this with the relation between the measured transverse velocities, v⊥, and the field growth time-scales, $\mu /\skew4\dot{\mu }$, inferred from the measured braking indices. We find that the observational data are consistent with the theoretical prediction though the small number of data precludes a strong conclusion. Measurement of the transverse velocities of pulsars B1509−58, J1846−0258, J1119−6127 and J1734−3333 would increase the number of the data and strongly contribute to understanding whether pulsar fields grow following fallback accretion.
Influenza virus budding from the tips of cellular microvilli in differentiated human airway epithelial cells
Authors: Kolesnikova Larissa , Heck Sonja , Matrosovich Tatyana , Klenk Hans-Dieter , Becker Stephan , Matrosovich Mikhail
Published: January 2013

The epithelium of conducting airways represents the main target for influenza virus in mammals. However, the peculiarities of virus interactions with differentiated airway epithelial cells remain largely unknown. Here, influenza virus budding was studied in differentiated cultures of human tracheobronchial epithelial cells using transmission electron microscopy. Budding of spherical and filamentous virions was observed on the apical surfaces of cells with no association with cilia and secretory granules. Quantitative analysis of the distribution of viral buds on the cell surface indicated that the tips of the microvilli represented a prominent site of influenza virus budding in the human airway epithelium. As the microvilli of differentiated cells are involved in many fundamental cell functions, these data will prompt further studies on the biological significance of microvilli-associated budding for virus replication, transmission and pathogenicity.
Functional Characterization of Proanthocyanidin Pathway Enzymes from Tea and Their Application for Metabolic Engineering
Authors: Pang Yongzhen , Abeysinghe I. Sarath B. , He Ji , He Xianzhi , Huhman David , Mewan K. Mudith , Sumner Lloyd W. , Yun Jianfei , Dixon Richard A.
Published: January 2013

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is rich in specialized metabolites, especially polyphenolic proanthocyanidins (PAs) and their precursors. To better understand the PA pathway in tea, we generated a complementary DNA library from leaf tissue of the blister blight-resistant tea cultivar TRI2043 and functionally characterized key enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of PA precursors. Structural genes encoding enzymes involved in the general phenylpropanoid/flavonoid pathway and the PA-specific branch pathway were well represented in the library. Recombinant tea leucoanthocyanidin reductase (CsLAR) expressed in Escherichia coli was active with leucocyanidin as substrate to produce the 2R,3S-trans-flavan-ol (+)-catechin in vitro. Two genes encoding anthocyanidin reductase, CsANR1 and CsANR2, were also expressed in E. coli, and the recombinant proteins exhibited similar kinetic properties. Both converted cyanidin to a mixture of (+)-epicatechin and (−)-catechin, although in different proportions, indicating that both enzymes possess epimerase activity. These epimers were unexpected based on the belief that tea PAs are made from (−)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin. Ectopic expression of CsANR2 or CsLAR led to the accumulation of low levels of PA precursors and their conjugates in Medicago truncatula hairy roots and anthocyanin-overproducing tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), but levels of oligomeric PAs were very low. Surprisingly, the expression of CsLAR in tobacco overproducing anthocyanin led to the accumulation of higher levels of epicatechin and its glucoside than of catechin, again highlighting the potential importance of epimerization in flavan-3-ol biosynthesis. These data provide a resource for understanding tea PA biosynthesis and tools for the bioengineering of flavanols.
1-Chlorofuro[3,2-e][2,1,3]benzoxatellurazole
Authors: Watkins Jennifer M. , Fronczek Frank R. , Zehnder Ralph A. , Junk Thomas
Published: January 2013

The title compound, C8H4ClNO2Te, represents the first reported example of a benzofuran-derived 2,1,3-benzoxatellurazole derivative. While it can be formally described as a nitrosoaryltellurium monochloride, its Te—O and Te—C bond lengths of 2.1421 (14) and 2.0374 (17) Å, respectively, characterize it as a planar tricyclic aromatic containing a Te=C double bond. Its formation suggests that derivatives of 2-cyclohexenone oxime in general react with tellurium dioxide to form aryl-2,1,3-benzoxatellurazoles.
Infinite ladder-like chains organized into a three-dimensional zigzag supramolecular architecture in 9-deazahypoxanthine
Authors: Novotná Radka , Trávníček Zdeněk
Published: January 2013

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C6H5N3O, consists of discrete molecules of 9-deazahypoxanthine [systematic name: 3H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-one]. The structure displays N—H...O hydrogen bonding, connecting the molecules into centrosymmetric dimers. These dimers are then connected by N—H...N hydrogen bonds into a ladder-like chain along thecaxis. The secondary structure is stabilized by weak noncovalent contacts of the C—H...O and C—H...C types, as well as by π–π stacking interactions, which organize the structure into a zigzag architecture.
Tris[2-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl-κN)-1H-benzimidazole-κN3]zinc(II) dinitrate ethanol hemisolvate monohydrate at 100 K
Authors: Oliveira F. L. , Huber P. C. , Almeida W. P. , Sabino J. R. , Aparicio R.
Published: January 2013

The ZnIIcenter in the dicationic complex of the title compound, [Zn(C10H7N3S)3](NO3)2·0.5C2H5OH·H2O, is in a distorted octahedral environment with imperfect noncrystallographicC3symmetry. Each 2-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-1H-benzimidazole ligand coordinates in a bidentate manner, with the Zn—N(imidazole) bond lengths approximately 0.14 Å shorter than the Zn—N(thiazole) bond lengths. Charge-assisted hydrogen bonds connect cations, anions and water molecules. A lattice void is occupied by an ethanol solvent molecule disordered about a crystallographic inversion center and π-stacking is observed between one type of symmetry-related benzene rings.
Accuracy of detection of high‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia using electrical impedance spectroscopy with colposcopy
Authors: Tidy JA , Brown BH , Healey TJ , Daayana S , Martin M , Prendiville W , Kitchener HC
Published: January 2013

Objective

To determine if electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) improves the diagnostic accuracy of colposcopy when used as an adjunct.

Design

Prospective, comparative, multi‐centre clinical study.

Setting

Three colposcopy clinics: two in England and one in Ireland.

Population

Women referred with abnormal cytology.

Methods

In phase 1, EIS was assessed against colposcopic impression and histopathology of the biopsies taken. In phase 2, a probability index and cut‐off value for the detection of high‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (HG–CIN, i.e. grade CIN2+) was derived to indicate sites for biopsy. EIS data collection and analyses were performed in real time and blinded to the clinician. The phase‐2 data were analysed using different cut‐off values to assess performance of EIS as an adjunct.

Main outcome measure

Histologically confirmed HG–CIN (CIN2+).

Results

A total of 474 women were recruited: 214 were eligible for analysis in phase 1, and 215 were eligible in phase 2. The average age was 33.2 years (median age 30.3 years, range 20–64 years) and 48.5% (208/429) had high‐grade cytology. Using the cut‐off from phase 1 the accuracy of colposcopic impression to detect HG–CIN when using EIS as an adjunct at the time of examination improved the positive predictive value (PPV) from 78.1% (95% CI 67.5–86.4) to 91.5%. Specificity was also increased from 83.5% (95% CI 75.2–89.9) to 95.4%, but sensitivity was significantly reduced from 73.6% (95% CI 63.0–82.5) to 62.1%, and the negative predictive value (NPV) was unchanged. The positive likelihood ratio for colposcopic impression alone was 4.46. This increased to 13.5 when EIS was used as an adjunct. The overall accuracy of colposcopy when used with EIS as an adjunct was assessed by varying the cut‐off applied to a combined test index. Using a cut‐off set to give the same sensitivity as colposcopy in phase 2, EIS increased the PPV to detect HG–CIN from 53.5% (95% CI 45.0–61.8) to 67%, and specificity increased from 38.5% (95% CI 29.4–48.3) to 65.1%. NPV was not significantly increased. Alternatively, applying a cut‐off to give the same specificity as colposcopy alone increased EIS sensitivity from 88.5% (95% CI 79.9–94.4) to 96.6%, and NPV from 80.8% (95% CI 67.5–90.4) to 93.3%. PPV was not significantly increased. The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) to detect HG–CIN had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.887 (95% CI 0.840–0.934).

Conclusions

EIS used as an adjunct to colposcopy improves colposcopic performance. The addition of EIS could lead to more appropriate patient management with lower intervention rates.
Human papillomavirus and non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Hsu Nan‐Yung , Lee Hue , Yen Yun , Cheng Ya‐Wen
Published: January 2013

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer‐related deaths in the world, causing more than one million deaths worldwide each year. Human papillomavirus (HPV) are small non‐enveloped DNA viruses that infect squamous epithelial cells. Relevant studies have reported lung cancer‐related HPV infection rates that fluctuate between 10% and 80%, depending on the various research methods and geographical factors. Various scholars gathered statistics from global research reports and found that 22.4% of the patients with lung cancer presented with an HPV infection, which suggested that HPV infection may relate to the tumorigenesis of non‐small cell lung cancer. This article will review the history and discovery of HPV, the correlation between HPV and lung cancer development, and carcinogenesis caused by HPV regulatory genes, such as p53, p21, p16INK4a, and genes related to hypermethylation and genome instability in lung cancer patients with HPV infection. In addition, because studies have highlighted the difference in clinical prognosis for HPV‐positive and HPV‐negative patients, articles demonstrating the correlation between HPV infection and prognosis for lung cancer patients will be reviewed.
Rotavirus, respiratory syncytial virus and non‐rotaviral gastroenteritis analysis of hospital readmissions in England and Wales
Authors: Pockett Rhys D. , Campbell David , Carroll Stuart , Rajoriya Fiona , Adlard Nick
Published: January 2013

Aim

To quantify readmissions with infectious diseases and differences in readmission patterns.

Methods

Using the CHKS database, children <5 years admitted to hospital in England and Wales, between 2000 and 2008, with rotavirus (RV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or non‐rotaviral gastroenteritis (NRV) were identified. All admissions within a 30‐day prior period were similarly identified, and the proportion of readmissions was calculated.

Results

There were 365,693 admissions for RV, RSV and NRV; 17.2% were readmissions. In 36% of cases, the cause of the prior admission was also RV, RSV or NRV, with 64% having a different prior diagnosis. The majority of readmissions were within 5 days of their prior admission, the majority of those with RV (n = 2,566/58.7%) within 3 days, NRV (n = 11 326/53.5%) within 4 days and RSV (n = 18 811/50.2%) within 9 days of prior discharge. Readmission for RV was associated with greater LOS than RSV (p < 0.001) and NRV (p < 0.001), while cost per admission was greater for RV compared to RSV (p < 0.001) and NRV (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Thirty‐six percent of readmissions indicated discharge without resolution from the first admission; nosocomial infection needs to be considered as a cause in the other. Although RSV represented the largest readmission group, higher costs and longer LOS were associated with RV.
A novel method of collection of saliva for estimation of steroid levels in extremely premature infants
Authors: Ng Sze M , Drury Josephine A , Turner Mark A , Didi Mohammed , Victor Suresh , Newland Paul , Weindling A Michael
Published: January 2013

Aim

The major advantage of salivary cortisol sampling is that it is considerably less invasive than taking a blood sample. However, previous methods of obtaining saliva in premature infants have been poorly tolerated and inaccurate. We describe a simple, non‐distressing technique for obtaining saliva samples to assess extremely premature infants' salivary cortisol status.

Methods

We prospectively obtained early morning saliva samples from extremely premature infants. Their gestational age ranged between 23 and 27 weeks. Saliva was obtained using four standard universal swabs by placing one swab at a time in the infant's mouth for 1–2 min. No salivary stimulants were used.

Results

There were 65 infants (36 males). Mean gestation was 25.3 ± 1.3 weeks. This technique had a success rate of 85% in obtaining a mean of 150 μL of saliva (range 50–350 μL) by trained staff. No adverse events were recorded.

Conclusion

We describe a novel, safe, non‐distressing and effective method of saliva collection for salivary cortisol measurement in extremely premature infants.
Macroinvertebrate community structure, secondary production and trophic‐level dynamics in urban streams affected by non‐point‐source pollution
Authors: JOHNSON ROBERT C. , JIN HWA‐SEONG , CARREIRO MARGARET M. , JACK JEFFREY D.
Published: January 2013

1. Despite non‐point‐source (NPS) pollution being perhaps the most ubiquitous stressor affecting urban streams, there is a lack of research assessing how urban NPS pollution affects stream ecosystems. We used a natural experimental design approach to assess how stream macroinvertebrate community structure, secondary production and trophic structure are influenced by urban NPS pollution in six streams.

2. Differences in macroinvertebrate community structure and secondary production among sites were highly correlated with stream‐water specific conductivity and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) concentrations. Macroinvertebrate richness, the Shannon diversity index and the Shannon evenness index were all negatively correlated with specific conductivity. These patterns were driven by differences in the richness and production of EPT and other intolerant taxa. Production of the five most productive taxa, tolerant taxa, non‐insect taxa and primary consumers were all positively correlated with stream‐water DIP.

3. Despite the positive correlation between primary consumer production and DIP, there was no correlation between macroinvertebrate predator production and either total or primary consumer macroinvertebrate production. This was observed because DIP was positively correlated with the production of non‐insect macroinvertebrate taxa assumed to be relatively unavailable for macroinvertebrate predator consumption. After removing production of these taxa, we observed a strong positive correlation between macroinvertebrate predator production and production of available prey.

4. Our results suggest that urban NPS pollution not only affects macroinvertebrate community structure, but also alters secondary production and trophic‐level dynamics. Differences in taxon production in our study indicate the potential for altered energy flow through stream food webs and potential effects on subsidies of aquatic insect prey to riparian food webs.
A Comparison of Data‐Driven Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment Methods
Authors: Sorichetta Alessandro , Ballabio Cristiano , Masetti Marco , Robinson Gilpin R. , Sterlacchini Simone
Published: January 2013

Increasing availability of geo‐environmental data has promoted the use of statistical methods to assess groundwater vulnerability. Nitrate is a widespread anthropogenic contaminant in groundwater and its occurrence can be used to identify aquifer settings vulnerable to contamination. In this study, multivariate Weights of Evidence (WofE) and Logistic Regression (LR) methods, where the response variable is binary, were used to evaluate the role and importance of a number of explanatory variables associated with nitrate sources and occurrence in groundwater in the Milan District (central part of the Po Plain, Italy). The results of these models have been used to map the spatial variation of groundwater vulnerability to nitrate in the region, and we compare the similarities and differences of their spatial patterns and associated explanatory variables. We modify the standard WofE method used in previous groundwater vulnerability studies to a form analogous to that used in LR; this provides a framework to compare the results of both models and reduces the effect of sampling bias on the results of the standard WofE model. In addition, a nonlinear Generalized Additive Model has been used to extend the LR analysis. Both approaches improved discrimination of the standard WofE and LR models, as measured by the c‐statistic. Groundwater vulnerability probability outputs, based on rank‐order classification of the respective model results, were similar in spatial patterns and identified similar strong explanatory variables associated with nitrate source (population density as a proxy for sewage systems and septic sources) and nitrate occurrence (groundwater depth).
Interpretation of a Pumping Test with Interference from a Neighboring Well
Authors: Weber Simon , Chapuis Robert P.
Published: January 2013

In confined aquifers, the influence of neighboring active wells is often neglected when interpreting a pumping test. This can, however, lead to an erroneous interpretation of the pumping test data. This paper presents simple methods to evaluate the transmissivity (T) and storativity (S) of a confined aquifer under Theis conditions, when an interfering well starts pumping in the neighborhood of the tested well before the beginning of the test. These new methods yield better estimates of the T and especially S values than when the interfering well influence is neglected. They also permit to distinguish between interfering wells and other deviations from the Cooper‐Jacob straight line, such as impermeable boundaries. The new methods were then applied on data obtained from a numerical model. The new methods require knowing the pumping rate of the interfering well and the time elapsed since the pumping started in each well, but contrary to previous methods, they do not require the aquifer natural level at the beginning of the test, which is often unknown if the interfering well has started pumping before the tested well.
Management of non‐healable or maintenance wounds with topical povidone iodine
Authors: Woo Kevin Y
Published: January 2013

Although complete healing may appear to be the logical goal for most patients and clinicians, some wounds do not have the potential to heal due to a number of factors such as inadequate vasculature, coexisting medical conditions and medications that prohibit the healing process. Local management of wounds that are considered to have poor potential for healing remains elusive. The purpose of this article is to review the evidence that supports the use of topical antiseptic agents in non‐healable wounds. Retrospective chart audit was conducted to evaluate the use of povidone iodine in the management of wounds that were deemed to have poor healing potential.
A multinational health professional perspective of the prevalence of mood disorders in patients with acute and chronic wounds
Authors: Upton Dominic , Solowiej Kazia , Woo Kevin Y
Published: January 2013

Recent research has started to identify mood disorders and problems associated with acute and chronic wounds, which have been shown to contribute to delayed healing, poor patient well‐being and a reduced quality of life. Furthermore, mood disorders have been shown to have a negative impact on financial costs for service providers and the wider society in terms of treatment and sickness absence. This study aimed to survey a multinational sample of health professionals to explore their perspective and awareness of mood disorders amongst acute and chronic wound patients. Responses were received from n = 908 health professionals working in Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe, North America and South America. A strong awareness of the prevalence of mood disorders appeared to be widespread among the health professionals across the world, in addition to a view on the potential factors contributing to these problems with mood. Despite this, it was thought that few patients were actually receiving treatment for their mood disorders. Implications for clinical practice include the need for health professionals to engage actively with their patients to enable them to learn from their experiences. Studies that explore the benefits of treatments and techniques appropriate for minimising mood disorders in patients with wounds would provide empirical evidence for health professionals to make recommendations for patients with acute and chronic wounds.
Why didn't they See it Coming? Warning Signs, Acceptable Risks and the Global Financial Crisis
Authors: Hindmoor Andrew , McConnell Allan
Published: January 2013

In the immediate aftermath of a crisis, one of the most damning and penetrating questions asked of political leaders and senior state officials by the media, opposition parties and other actors is: ‘why didn't they see it coming?’ The question is often rhetorical, the implication being that warning signs were clear and should have been acted upon. In this article we identify the assumptions underpinning the ‘why didn't they see it coming?’ narrative as it has been expounded in relation to the global financial crisis in the UK and US. Since 2008 commentators have routinely argued that warning signals of an impending financial crisis were ignored by political elites, treasury officials and financial regulators. Such arguments are made in hindsight and we refer to them as backward mapping perspectives. In this article we advance a counter-narrative, from a forward mapping perspective, where the focus is on placing such ‘failures' in the context of the time, without foreknowledge of the crisis that would happen. Accordingly, we argue that warning signals that, with the benefit of hindsight, now seem obvious, were actually ambiguous and fragmented because they were received and interpreted within a very different ideational environment.
Student planners in school and out of school: who is managing whom?
Authors: Lenters Kimberly , McTavish Marianne
Published: January 2013

This paper examines the use of student planners (agendas) with elementary school students. It asks how teachers, students and parents in two classrooms engage in the literacy practice of using student planners. A literacy object originally introduced to manage schoolwork in and out of school for students with learning difficulties, planners are now used widely in school districts across North America. In this cross‐case analysis, planners are shown to be used for a number of functions beyond organising students’ schoolwork. The student planners were tools through which teachers, parents and publishers extended their spheres of influence – objects used to manage others when an individual was not physically present to do so and objects used to gain entry to the classrooms and homes for particular purposes.
Improved Design of Automatic Luminometer for Total Bacteria Number Detection Based on ATP Bioluminescence
Authors: Yue Weiwei , Bai Chengjie
Published: January 2013

An improved design of automatic luminometer for rapid detection of total bacterial number by adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence was developed. To reduce the impact of bioluminescence absorption and scattering, an automatic optical calibration unit was embedded into the luminometer. An automatic injection unit was integrated to add reaction reagents automatically for accuracy of quantitative reagents and reaction time. The original data of bioluminescence intensity were fitted to improve the detection range of the improved luminometer. After calibration using bacterial suspension containing known quantity of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, the improved luminometer was used to measure more than 500 food samples. The results showed a satisfactory linear response (R = 0.858) when comparing with the results of conventional plate count method in the bacterial concentration range from 10 to 108 cfu/mL. The reproducibility of the luminometer was tested by 12 tests of standard E. coli and S. aureus suspension and the coefficient variation was 8.1%.

Practical Applications

Based on the principle of ATP bioluminescence technology, an improved automatic luminometer was presented in this paper to detect bacterial numbers in food samples. Through data fitted based on ATP bioluminescence reaction kinetics and optical calibration, the measurement range of bacterial numbers could be improved to 10–108 cfu/mL. More than 500 actual food samples including meat products, dairy products, drink, condiment, candy, and paddy and so on, were selected and the numbers of bacteria were measured by the luminometer. The results demonstrated a good linear relationship with a correlation coefficient of 0.858. Therefore, we propose that the improved design of luminometer in this paper has good potential to detect bacteria in food products to assist the safety assessment in food industry in practical applications.
Effect of Temperature on the Production of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin and Thermal Inactivation Kinetics of Staphylococcus aureus in Selected Ready‐to‐Eat (RTE) Foods in Korea
Authors: Min Kyung‐Jin , Jung Yang‐Jin , Kwon Kyung‐Yoon , Kim Ju‐Hui , Hwang In‐Gyun , Yoon Ki‐Sun
Published: January 2013

This study quantitatively analyzed staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) produced by Staphylococcus aureus in contaminated ready‐to‐eat kimbabs and sandwiches stored at 17 to 30C. To detect a TECRA SE, visual immunoassay kit and an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay reader was used. The amount of SE in the kimbab was positively correlated with the growth of S. aureus at all storage temperatures except for 17C. The maximum amount of SE in the sandwich did not exceed 0.5 ng/g, regardless of storage temperature. The maximum amounts of SE in the kimbabs and sandwiches were 1.8 ng/g and 0.15 ng/g after 30.5 and 52 h at 30C, respectively, indicating that SE production was dependent on the types of food matrix. In addition, the thermal inactivation of staphylococcal enterotoxin D (SED) producing S. aureus in the kimbabs and broth was determined at temperatures 51 to 63C, and the D‐ and z‐values were calculated. Significant differences in the D‐values between the kimbab and broth were observed at 51 to 63C, but the z‐value was not significantly affected by the model medium.

Practical Application

Staphylococcal enterotoxin production is dependent on the types of food matrix and storage temperature, regardless of the growth of S. aureus in food. Thermal inactivation kinetics of S. aureus, which was obtained in this study, can be used in designing thermal times and temperatures of ready‐to‐eat food during heat processing.
Distribution and Seasonal Variation in Hypothalamic RF‐amide Peptides in a Semi‐Desert Rodent, the Jerboa
Authors: Janati A. , Talbi R. , Klosen P. , Mikkelsen J. D. , Magoul R. , Simonneaux V. , EL Ouezzani S.
Published: January 2013

The jerboa is a semi‐desert rodent, in which reproductive activity depends on the seasons, being sexually active in the spring–summer. The present study aimed to determine whether the expression of two RF‐amide peptides recently described to regulate gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone neurone activity, kisspeptin (Kp) and RF‐amide‐related peptide (RFRP)‐3, displays seasonal variation in jerboa. Kp and/or RFRP‐3 immunoreactivity was investigated in the hypothalamus of jerboas captured in the field of the Middle Atlas mountain (Morocco), either in the spring or autumn. As in other rodents, the Kp‐immunoreactive (‐IR) neurones were found in the anteroventro‐periventricular and arcuate nuclei. RFRP‐3 neurones were noted within the dorso/ventromedial hypothalamus. A marked sexual dimorphism in the expression of Kp (but not RFRP‐3) was observed. The number of Kp‐IR neurones was nine‐fold higher, and the density of Kp‐IR fibres and terminal‐like elements in the median eminence was two‐fold higher in females than in males. Furthermore, a significant seasonal variation in peptide expression was obtained with an increase in both Kp‐ and RFRP‐3‐IR cell bodies in sexually active male jerboas captured in the spring compared to sexually inactive autumn animals. In the arcuate nucleus, the level of Kp‐IR cells and fibres was significant higher during the sexually active period in the spring than during the autumnal sexual quiescence. Similarly, the number of RFRP‐3‐IR neurones in the ventro/dorsomedial hypothalamus was approximately three‐fold higher in sexually active jerboa captured in the spring compared to sexually inactive autumn animals. Altogether, the present study reports the distribution of Kp and RFRP‐3 neurones in the hypothalamus of a desert species and reveals a seasonal difference in their expression that correlates with sexual activity. These findings suggest that these two RF‐amide peptides may act in concert to synchronise the gonadotrophic activity of jerboas with the seasons.