bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Staphylococcal Food Poisoning in the Manchester Area
Authors: Parker M.T.
Published: March 2007

Outbreaks of staphylococcal food poisoning recorded in the Manchester area in the four years 1949-1952 are analysed. The majority were caused by prepared foods contaminated by manufacturers or caterers, and sixteen of the twenty were due to meat products. An unusual feature of the series is the occurrence of four outbreaks due to food from freshly-opened tins. The conditions under which the causative bacteria gained access to the various foods and multiplied in them are described.

The food handlers in the establishments involved in thirteen of the outbreaks were examined for the " epidemic type " of Staphylococcus aureus. It was isolated from the hands of one or more persons in twelve outbreaks, but most of the hand carriers did not have the same strain in their nose swabs. Persons working together tended to carry the same strain on their hands.

In the general population, hand carriage is unusual except in nose carriers, and the type present in the nose and on the hands is usually the same. The unusual findings in food handlers are probably due to the frequency with which they receive minor injuries to the hands and the ease with which hand-to-hand transfer of bacteria occurs under poor hygienic conditions.

It is almost impossible to prevent the contamination of many food products with S. aureus. Although it is desirable to minimize this contamination, the most reliable methods of preventing staphylococcal food poisoning are those designed to prevent the multiplication of the organism in food.
Lessons to be learned: a case study approach Finger discoloration due to silver nitrate exposure
Authors: Sankar Nagamanickam Sai , Donaldson David
Published: March 2007

A 29 year-old lady attended the Accident and Emergency Department of a District General Hospital complaining of increasing black discoloration of the tip of her left middle finger; the appearance resembled that of gangrene. However, it was established that she had been applying silver nitrate to her finger, as prescribed by her general practitioner for the treatment of a small granuloma. Hence, the true diagnosis was of localised tissue necrosis, secondary to application of the silver nitrate sticks. On early discontinuation of the therapy, there was complete recovery. In consequence, it is recommended that the practice of unsupervised local application of silver nitrate to the fingers should be discontinued. Opportunity is taken herein to review the uses of silver nitrate in clinical situations - and of silver in any of its many other forms - together with their respective adverse effects.
Primary health care provision for people with learning disabilities: a survey of general practitioners
Authors: Stanley R.
Published: March 2007

The delivery of primary health care to people with learning disabilities living in the community has come under increasing scrutiny. Concerns have been raised over both the current quality of this care and its future organization. A postal questionnaire was sent to 153 general practitioners (GPs) to elicit their views and opinions concerning the delivery of primary health care to people with learning disabilities; the response rate was 57% (88 responses). The majority of respondents appeared to have no idea of the number of patients they had with learning disabilities. There was no consensus as to the workload generated by this population group. Most GPs claimed to undertake health promotion activities for their patients with learning disabilities. Many GPs' knowledge of health needs affecting people with learning disabilities appeared inadequate, and this was reflected in their degree of confidence in meeting medical needs. Many GPs felt that the lead responsibility for dealing with the general medical needs of people with learning disabilities did not belong with them. These findings support difficulties identified elsewhere in the literature: less frequent surgery attendance of people with learning disabilities, people with learning disabilities do not mention their symptoms to carers/GPs, lack of interest/knowledge of GPs, and a difficulty for GPs in reaching a diagnosis. There was a broad acknowledgement of a problem within primary care, but little consensus as to a solution.
Primary health care provision for people with learning disabilities: a survey of parents
Authors: Stanley R. , Ng J.
Published: March 2007

A survey on the accessibility and experience of primary health care by parents of people with learning disabilities was conducted. A postal questionnaire was sent to 40 parents of clients with a learning disability (aged 4-56) to elicit views and opinions concerning the delivery of primary health care to people with learning disabilities in the UK. The response rate was 34 (85%). It was reported that most primary health care services do not use alternative communication systems. Parents of moderately disabled children were found to be able to access referral for specialist treatment more easily, and are expressing a higher level of satisfaction. In spite of a number of wide-ranging services identified, the focus of primary health care was upon generic general practice and dental services. Specialist services, such as the community learning disability nurse, were not being heavily involved in primary health care.
Think of the children: growing up with parents who have learning difficulties
Authors: Booth T. , Booth W.
Published: March 2007

This paper summarizes the findings of a research study that set out to explore how people who were brought up in a family headed by a parent or parents with learning difficulties managed the transition to adulthood. The authors focus on four key issues arising from their research: resilience in children, the notion of parental competence, the importance of family and the effects of social exclusion. Implications for policy and practice are also addressed.
Joel
Authors: Coggins Richard
Published: March 2007

Much recent study of Joel has been concerned with its setting within the 'Book of the Twelve' Minor Prophets. This article assesses this develop ment, noting especially the relevance of studies of inner-biblical exegesis and intertextuality. New questions relating to the unity of the book are con sidered. The distinctive literary features of Joel are assessed, with particular reference to its place in the development of Second Temple Judaism. Vari ous understandings of the locusts are noted, plus the importance of 'the day of the Lord'. Finally, brief attention is given to the history of interpretation of Joel, especially in the New Testament.
Development of a 100% Solids Urethane Fabric Coating Process - Rheological Problems
Authors: Zemlin John C.
Published: March 2007

A process has been developed by Bostik Division, USM Corporation by which solvent-free (100% solids) liquid urethanes can be dispensed by simple equipment and applied by standard coating techmques on fabrics or transfer paper to yield high quality urethane-coated fabrics. The final products are thermoset urethanes. Important to the process is precise control of the rheological characteristics of the coating mixture. Details of rheological requirements for knife coating and heat curing are presented. The process is limited to "thick coatings" of over about 3 mils and can be used for very heavy coatings applied in a single pass.
Polypropylene Upholstery Fabrics
Authors: Morley D.J.
Published: March 2007

Polypropylene fabric is replacing cotton in many applica tions, for example, carpet backing. Polypropylene yarns are produced from extruded sheet which is then split. The process is cheaper than hot melt spinning and has attracted a number of smaller firms Color soiling is a problem and care should be exercised in manufacturing polypropylene upholstery with too high a proportion of white yarns.
The Influence of Overloads on the Fatigue Life of Nylon Tire Cord
Authors: Luchini J.R.
Published: March 2007

Laboratory studies were carried out to investigate the effect of single overloads on subsequent fatigue life of typical nylon tire cord. A simplified method was developed for fabricating end grips for tensile load ing of tire cords. Test results showed little influence of significantly large overloads on the subsequent fatigue life of nylon tire cord.
Technology Update On Tethered Aerostat Materials Developments
Authors: Keen Larry B.
Published: March 2007

Tethered aerostat systems of today are complex flexible structures that must operate under extreme environmental conditions and in winds of at least 70 knots. Aerostat life times of ten years are expected while twenty years are desired under continuous around-the-clock opera tion in worldwide weather conditions. Lighter weight vehicles are needed to increase payload capacity. These requirements are placing new demands on the materials engineer to develop materials and materials technology to meet the needs of today. This paper deals primarily with aerostat hull materials. Recent history, the state of the art, and advanced material concepts are covered. In addition, Sheldahl's qualification test program is discussed, including several previously unreported innovations in aerostat material testing.
Ratio Sensitivity in Two-Component Coatings
Authors: Clayton David B.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the development of the statistics for pre dicting the ratio sensitivity of polymer chain length in cross-linked two- component polymer systems. Experimental evidence is presented to sup port the theoretical conclusion that the chain length obtained when poly merizing two tri-functional monomers is very insensitive to the ratio of component A to component B. These results have considerable practical implications for the possible growth of two-component coatings' use.
Coated Foam Yarns: a New Concept for Textile Specialties
Authors: Worrall James D.
Published: March 2007

Polyester yarns coated with a vinyl plastisol con taining an unactivated foaming agent may be woven into fabrics which are heat finished causing the vinyl to expand into a foam structure and causing the yarns to flatten. These fabrics are stable due to strong bonding at yarn crossover points, lightweight, have good coverage with very open constructions, and retain most of the other properties of those fabrics made from non-foam vinyl/ polyester yarns.
School Self-evaluation in Practice
Authors: Glover D.G.
Published: March 2007

The acceptance of self-evaluation as normal routine has been a force for change in this secondary school. The case-study shows changes in attitudes and processes from the first self- evaluation (1980-81) to the next (1986-87).
The Zoning Decision
Authors: Sutcliffe Charles , Board John
Published: March 2007

The allocation of children to secondary schools has proved difficult and contentious. This article argues for the use of Goal Programming a flexible tool which can be adapted to the needs of local policy-makers to achieve balanced intakes.
The Dawn of a New ERA? The Education Reform Act, 'Race' and LEAs
Authors: Ball Wendy , Troyna Barry
Published: March 2007

This article analyses the history and ideology of the Education Reform Act to understand its threat to anti-racist initiatives. It suggests an alternative view of public accountability which would assist anti-racist and wider political action. The authors are at the University of Warwick in, respectively, the Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations and the Department of Education.
Reflections of a Parent Governor
Authors: Tipton B.F.A.
Published: March 2007

How should the role of parent governor be performed? Even if you are in the University of London Institute of Education, action doesn't necessarily follow from theory.
Re-inventing the Flat Tyre
Authors: Ormston Mike
Published: March 2007

One has to believe that education managers are a different species from managers per se, who need not care about the product that their firm produces: it might be chocolate bars or chips, of any variety. What they are concerned about is productivity, efficiency and effectiveness. Education managers, however, are concerned with education, the transmission of culture, the enabling of people to play a full part in a liberall democratic society, with all that entails in terms of values like respect for persons, empathy and care. The present government, in managerialist mode, appear more to foster the role of the manager per se than the education manager in what, no doubt, we shall learn to call the education industry and, in ideological mode, press the virtues of free markets and competition rather than a cooperative social system.

Behind this paper is a plea that education managers do not respond entirely to the thrills, excitement and power of the coming era, but remember and be true to the core mission of schooling.
Are Academic Administrators to be Trusted?
Authors: Van de Pitte Margaret
Published: March 2007

In her opening sentence the author sadly admits that in her experience academic administrators are not generally trusted by those they are expected to adrninister. As a Professor of Philosophy and Associate Dean of Arts at the University of Alberta, she asks if such distrust, accorded often before one has had a chance to earn it, is justified. In an elegant examination of the issues she draws upon one of the oldest theories of administration in the Western tradition, that of Plato in The Republic. She claims, surely correctly, that although only university administration is discussed in her paper, its analysis and conclusions are relevant to other administrative and educational contexts.
Effective and Ineffective Schools: An International Perspective on the Role of Research
Authors: Harber Clive
Published: March 2007

In this article, Clive Harber, Senior Lecturer in Education at the University of Birmingham, argues that research has established many of the characteristics that go to make up an 'effective school'. He uses three case studies from Britain, Africa and Thailand to explore different contexts for school administration, and, in particular, how the resulting administrative reality can contribute to school ineffectiveness. The author concludes that only by understanding such reality can schools be made more effective in the future.
Children Are Clients: What Have Primary Pupils Got to Say about Equal Opportunities?
Authors: Morgan Graham
Published: March 2007

Graham Morgan argues that educationalists should try to see children as clients. If we listen to what they have to say about their school experience this will energise quality assurance systems in schools. He suggests that the quality approach known as BSI 5750 provides a rich resource of how to use such client perceptions. A worker in a Local Authority Equal Opportunity Unit, in this article he explores the views of primary pupils in two schools on efforts to move from equal opportunity policy to practice.
Staff Appraisal: Personal, Professional and Organisational Development?
Authors: Hutchinson Barry
Published: March 2007

Dr Barry Hutchinson is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of In- Service Education of the University of Ulster at Jordanstown. Staff appraisal in schools and universities, he argues, has been introduced amidst feelings of apprehension and resentment. In his paper, he reports upon a study of the appraisal scheme introduced at his university. It examines the tensions which may be created between the desire of 'management' to ensure the achievement of the policies and Plans of the organisation and the wishes of individual staff to pursue their career development as they deem appropriate, and he considers how far and in what ways such tensions might be resolved.
Über die stochastische Fundierung des psychophysischen Gesetzes
Authors: Pfanzagl J.
Published: March 2007

Let P (x, y) be the probability that stimulus x is discriminated as larger than y. Conditions are given under which P (x, y) can be represented in the form P (x, y) = H (m)(x) — m(y). If such a representation is possible, m(x) can be used as a measure for the sensation corresponding to stimulus x. Finally similar to the procedure usual in psychophysics, the stochastic Weber function w (x, p) is defined by P (w (x, p), x) = p. Conditions are given under which there exists a function m (x) such that m (w (x, p)) — m (x) = h (p).
Outstanding practical problems in emulsion polymerisation with particular reference to dienic hydrocarbons
Authors: Duck E. W.
Published: March 2007

The incentives and problems associated with 100W conversions of polymerisation are discussed with reference to the heterogeneity produced by emulsion polymerisation of styrene‐butadiene rubbery copolymers. Stereospecific problems are also considered together with the influence of latex particle size and particle size distribution on viscosity and solids content and film‐forming properties.
Emulsion polymerisation of vinyl acetate in relation to the chemical structure of polyvinyl alcohol
Authors: Noro K.
Published: March 2007

The effects of content and sequence distribution of residual acetyl groups in the polymer chain, and carbonyl content of polyvinyl alcohol, on the emulsion polymerisation of vinyl acetate in the presence of polyvinyl alcohol were investigated.

Properties of modified polyvinyl alcohol grades as a protective colloid were also studied.

Results show that the viscosity, particle size, stability and the freeze‐thaw stability of the emulsion are determined largely by the fine chemical structure of the polyvinyl alcohol used in the polymerisation.
Crosslinked phenol‐formaldehyde sulphonates as cation exchangers
Authors: Makar S. M.
Published: March 2007

The suspension polycondensation of phenol sulphonic acid and its homologues with formaldehyde, to produce a satisfactory cation exchanger in the bead form in the presence of sulphuric acid catalyst, was investigated. The various reaction conditions for bead formation, using an organic liquid suspending medium in the presence of a suspension stabiliser, such as the nature and quantity of the suspension stabilisers, the quantity of water added, the nature and quantity of the organic suspending medium and the rate of mixing, were studied.

o‐Dichlorobenzene was the best organic suspending liquid and a chemically peptised colloidal kaolin suspension was a good suspension stabiliser in the presence of a wetting agent. The optimum reaction conditions were given.

The best exchangers were obtained in good yields using a molar ratio of phenol: HCHO:H2SO4 of 1·0:2·5:1·5 or a mixture of equimolecular amounts of phenol and resorcinol in a molar ratio of mixed phenols: HCHO: H2SO4 of 1·0:1·0:1·5.

The efficiency of all the products obtained was measured by determination of their total exchange capacity.
Reaction of Thiophosphoryl Trichloride with N,N'-Diphenylthiourea
Authors: Dastychová Lenka , Příhoda Jiří , Taraba Jan
Published: March 2007

New heterocyclic thiophosphoric compounds containing the N-C-N sequence in the ring were prepared by the reaction of thiophosphoryl trichloride (PSCl3) with N,N'-diphenylthiourea. Depending on the reaction conditions, two types of heterocyclic compounds were obtained, namely 2-chloro-1,3-diphenyl-1,3,2λ5-diazaphosphetidine-2,4-dithione (1) and 2-chloro-1,3,5-triphenyl-1,3,5,2λ5-triazaphosphinane-2,4,6-trithione (2). N,N',N″-Triphenylguanidinium chloride (3) was identified in the reaction mixture as a by-product in all cases. The course of reactions was followed by 31P NMR spectroscopy and compound 3 was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
Recovering the Historical Rechtsstaat
Authors: Bhat Girish
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author discusses the historical development of the concept of the Rechtsstaat in both Germany and elsewhere in continental Europe and North America, and seeks to argue that the term, for reasons empirical and ideological, has become excessively vague and, therefore, almost meaningless as a historically descriptive word and form of legal polity. The article urges a return to a rigorously historical understanding of the Rechtsstaat in order to restore centrality to the role of political authority and state power in the broad sweep of German life and, by extension, throughout continental Europe, and in order to maintain distinctions among western legal ways and traditions, in this case the important difference between the continental, civil law notion of the Rechtsstaat and the Anglo-American, common law theory of the rule of law. The argument proceeds along two major tracks. First, the author explores the eighteenth and nineteenth-century origins of the Rechtsstaat idea and its powerfully state-centered identity amidst countervailing liberal and democratic currents, and how such statism has persisted in German history and intellectual life up through the contemporary era. Historical, legal, and philosophical writings on the Rechtsstaat, both within and beyond German borders, constitute the focus of the analysis. The argument's second principal line of exposition is a consideration of the influence of the Rechtsstaat concept on the west's study of the history of Russian law and legal development, especially in the late imperial era. In delineating the course of western academics' interpretation of Russia's recent modernizing past—particularly in contrast to the writings of pre-revolutionary Russians—the author discusses the gradual merging of Rechtsstaat principles with indigenous Russian legal values and European intellectual borrowings, the eventual, post-1945 global triumph of Anglo-American expectations for modern, developed legal life, and finally the assimilation of the Rechtsstaat idea to the now globally broadcast standards and values of the rule of law model.
How Inter-firm Co-operation Depends on Social Embeddedness: A Vignette Study
Authors: Rooks Gerrit , Raub Werner , Selten Robert , Tazelaar Frits
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the effects of the social context of economic exchange on the governance of transactions in buyer-supplier relations between firms. We distinguish three dimensions of social embeddedness of transactions, namely, repeated exchange between the partners (temporal embeddedness), relations with third parties such as other firms (network embeddedness) and social institutions that allow for credible agreements and commitments (institutional embeddedness). Together with transaction characteristics, social embeddedness shapes trust problems in economic exchange and how firms mitigate such trust problems through contractual planning. More precisely, we analyse how transaction characteristics and social embeddedness affect effort invested in contractual planning. We argue that social embeddedness provides alternatives for costly contractual planning, such as reciprocity and conditional co-operation. Forty purchase managers participated in a factorial survey. Virtual transactions were presented. Each transaction was represented by a vignette composed of eight characteristics, the levels of which were varied randomly. Three characteristics represented 'economic' features of transactions, namely, transaction-specific investments, monitoring problems and volume of the transaction. Five vignette characteristics represented social embeddedness: the history of previous transactions between the partners, expected future transactions, voice and exit networks and a rough indicator of institutional embeddedness. The purchase managers had to judge how much time negotiations would take, and also how many departments would be involved. Results show that social embeddedness leads a purchase manager to put less effort into the management of the transaction. While one-sided specific investments. monitoring problems and the volume of a transaction induce more negotiation efforts, such efforts decrease if transactions are embedded 'better' in a temporal or network sense, or if buyer and supplier can rely on more institutional embeddedness.
Income Inequality in Sweden and the United Kingdom: a Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Guy Peters B.
Published: March 2007

This article compares the reduction of income inequality in Sweden and the United Kingdom over the periods of 1920-1969 and 1880-1969 respectively. The independent variables used by Cutright were reduced by factor analysis to two dimensions. The first measures the availability of an economic surplus and the second measures concentration of power in the hands of an elite. Each was found to have significant effects on the level of income inequality in the two countries. The power factor was more important in explaining inequality in both countries for the total time period, as might be expected from Lenski's discussion of stratifica tion. A division of the United Kingdom sample into equal halves showed a pattern ot transformation with the power factor being important in the first half and the economic surplus factor in the second. From this, inferences concerning the nature of inequality in post-industrial societies are drawn.
Gerontology: Towards a General Theory and a Research Strategy
Authors: Christoffersen Tor
Published: March 2007

Man's course of life consists of several principal individual and social phases. The aging phase is characterized by a natural reduction in the individual and social functional capacity. A socio-political task is the prevention of a too early or unnecessarily rapid reduction in the functional capacity due to sickness or other causes. The elderly have fewer resources than the young and require an increasing degree of aid from others to meet their needs. Analytically, gerontological research can occur from three different points of view: from the elderly's point of view (the "I/we" perspective); from "the others' " points of view ("the others" perspective) and from the collective point of view ("us all" perspective). Research should determine to what degree society, technically and organisationally, is capable of satisfying everyone; also the elderly with their reduced functional capacity. The elderly will often be treated as an "outgroup", and not as fully integrated members of society. The elderly in our culture have little power, and must to a great degree adjust to the terms set by the younger generation. Research concerning integration can be organized according to Levy's ten "functional requisites": Provision for an adequate physiological relationship to the setting and for sexual recruitment; role differentiation and role assignment; communication; shared cognitive orientation; a shared articulated set of goals; regulation of the choice of means; regulation of affective expression; adequate socialization; effective control of disruptive forms of behavior; adequate institutionalization.
Division of Labour, Class Stratification, and Cognitive Development
Authors: Dahlström Edmund
Published: March 2007

The significance of higher education and research (HER-system) as re gards class structure is explored. Class has its basis in the production system with its hierarchy based on control of means of production (owner ship) and division of labour. The distribution of knowledge and qualifica tion structure is also important to division of labour, and is dependent on the educational system, especially the HER-system. The control of knowledge is to a large extent collective through organizations and profes sions. Reduction of the vertical division of labour presupposes both a change of ownership through self-management and of the HER-system strengthening knowledge development in the periphery. This is especially pertinent to knowledge of society and social relations. The establishment of professions has implied suppression of peripheral knowledge, e.g. the male culture of professions has suppressed the female culture of repro duction.
Time-perspectives amongst Criminals
Authors: Persson Malin
Published: March 2007

Criminologists often consider traditional criminals as being oriented to the present. Here, it will be argued that this view gives a simplified and partially misleading picture. Because of the nature of the criminal world, criminals are forced to fast decisions, vital for their future. Furthermore, 'hanging around' is necessary in order for them to take advantage of opportunities that suddenly arise. Criminals often demand more indepen dence than most other groups and thus more manipulative time for them selves. Finally, it is argued that a special kind of constant orientation to the future is more common among groups that lead an irregular, unpredictable life.
Frames of Meaning: the Rationality in Organisational Cultures
Authors: Spybey Tony
Published: March 2007

In the light of increasing interest in the study of culture in organisations, this paper advocates the use of 'frames of meaning' as a concept for the study of forms of rationality in such cultures or sub-cultures. Some aspects of the social science treatment of rationality are examined and particular attention is paid to the work of March and Simon on 'bounded rationality'. Then reference is made to phenomenology, anthropology, and the sociology of knowledge in order to develop an adequate definition of the term, 'frame of meaning' Finally, the concept is located in its place in Giddens's theory , of social structuration and related to some recent contributions to organi sation theory.
The Study of Culture: Cultural Studies and British Sociology Compared
Authors: Baron Steve
Published: March 2007

In this paper the emergence of Cultural Studies is traced and its current place in British intellectual life assessed. Throughout a companson is drawn between Cultural Studies and British Sociology. In the first part of the paper the 'original curriculum' of Cultural Studies is analysed in its making of a sharp break from previous disciplinary practices The foundation of Cultural Studies on theoretically defined grounds is then described In the second part of the paper the changes in Cultural Studies since its inception are described and the current critical potential of the practice assessed. On a pessimistic note the paper ends by noting the threat to the survival of Cultural Studies from the current round of rationalizations of British Higher Education.
Decentralized Welfare Capitalism: The Case of Employment and Industrial Policies
Authors: Jørgensen Henning , Lind Jens
Published: March 2007

The article has a threefold aim: At first we argue against a generalized, ahistorical and functionalistic welfare state concept which cannot dif ferentiate between different policy arenas and national 'destinies' We then argue for the fact that for more than a decade the Nordic welfare states have been under transformation towards increased decentralized and municipal policy responsibility We try to demonstrate concretely the implications of this for welfare state policies in the employment and industrial policy areas. State interventionism is being overtaken by a municipal interventionism , which operates more market orientated, bargaining organized and inequality making. Politically-administratively this decentralized welfare capitalism develops a permanent coordination and control deficit. It is concluded finally that welfare state objectives must be differentiated according to the national, regional and local will and ability to realize them.
Feminist Research: In Search of a New Paradigm?
Authors: Saarinen Aino
Published: March 2007

There is a strong feeling among feminist researchers that the work they. are doing represents a significant paradigmatic challenge within the social sciences. This scientific revolution will mean a thorough revision of the normative, theoretical, conceptual and methodological rules of social research The article emphasizes the central role that the feminist movement and the dialogue between the movement and feminist researchers has played in the growth of this challenge.
Sex/Gender, Power and Politics: Towards a Theory of the Foundations of Male Authority in the Formally Equal Society
Authors: Jónasdóttir Anna G.
Published: March 2007

In this article I summarize some main points from a larger study which I am doing on theoretical conceptualization of the formal/equal patriarchy of today Although I see myself as a socialist feminist, applying historical materialist method to feminist questions, I am critical of contemporary socialist feminist theory for not taking the issues raised by radical feminists seriously enough; for clinging too closely to the specific Marxian prob lematique of political economy and class, and for not stating the basic problem as one of power transactions in the relationship between women and men as socio-sexual beings My position is that in order to develop a feminist theory of patriarchy, we must transcend the 'field of knowledge' of economy, class and work much more decisively than the socialist feminist theory of today does We must establish a specific theoretical problematique ( field of knowledge), that of 'political sexuality', socio-sexual relationship, and love In doing this we can very well use historical materialism as guiding threads' Characterizing patnarchy as a political sex/gender system, the core of my theory is constructed in terms of a specific sex/gender exploitation, which is essentially non-economic but social and human-matenal.
The Social Consequences of the Differentiation of Agriculture and Forestry. A Case Study of Two Villages in Finnish Forest Periphery
Authors: Oksa Jukka , Rannikko Pertti
Published: March 2007

This article discusses observations on the differentiation process in the Finnish forest periphery and some of its links to Finnish society. Observations are based on the field studies of two villages in North Karelia. The two villages represent two different ways of combining agriculture with forestry: the peasant form of economy and the lumberman-smallholder economy. During a rapid reorganisation of Finland's position in the International division of labour, accompanied by a profound restructuring of the country's internal division of labour, both these forms of economy in the forest periphery began to crumble with somewhat different social consequences. The lumberman-smailholding economy has already met its demise, and the transformation of the peasant form of economy is still going on.
Integrated Medicine - a Challenge to the Health-care System
Authors: Launsø Laila
Published: March 2007

In Denmark people react by exit to unsatisfactory aspects of the officially high-praised 'socialized' health-care system More than 20 per cent of the total adult population in Denmark and Sweden use alternative therapists outside the health-care system In recent years centres for integrated medi one have been established on private initiative in Denmark In these centres authorized health personnel and alternative therapists co-operate The demand for alternative ways of understanding and handling disease could be interpreted as a reaction to developmental trends within the conventional health-care system. In this paper, a theoretical perspective on these trends is outlined and the paradigm of conventional medicine is opposed to a paradigm of integrated medicine
Modernization and Political Instability: Coups d'Etat in Africa 1955-85
Authors: Lunde Tormod K.
Published: March 2007

This article studies African coups d'etat during the period from 1955 to 1985. It applies quantitative methods to the study of African history, and examines whether coups d'etat can be explained by structural factors. The starting point is a replication of Jackman's ( 1978) seminal study of political instability m Africa The purpose of this replication is to establish whether Jackman's findings hold when continuous-time hazard models of event history data are used instead of the panel regression approach utilized by Jackman The event history approach is more appropriate, since it focuses on the rate of coup d'etat over time rather than some index of coup d'etat. Substantively the article has three separate aims The first is to consider the effect of modernization on political $instability. The second is to study the influence of social contagion and the history of political instability on the Afncan continent on the likelihood that a coup d'etat will occur in a given country The third is to study how the likelihood of a coup depends on time. The results lend some support to modernization theory, but also lead to some minor reformulations of the model adopted from previous research The social contagion hypothesis and the density hypothesis formulated in this article are also supported Finally, the results indicate that the likelihood of a coup strongly depends on time This result in particular points to the necessity of studying coups d'etat by means of event history analysis in future research.
Evictions in the Welfare State - an Unintended Consequence of the Swedish Policy?
Authors: Stenberg Sten-Åke
Published: March 2007

Despite a remarkable improvement in the general welfare of the Swedish population since the 1960s, the rate of housing evictions has rapidly increased in the same period This paper presents an analysis of factors associated with the growth in the eviction rate The main hypothesis models eviction rate growth as the unintended effect of Swedish housing policy, otherwise viewed as highly successful We also speculate about the relationship between homelessness and the evictions, suggesting that for Sweden the eviction rate and the prevalence of homelessness are negatively connected, i e. a high eviction rate is associated with a small number of homeless individuals. Data from two time periods, 1915-37 and 1950-81, are analyzed using ARIMA time series The period 1976-80 is, in addition, analyzed with pooled cross-section, time-series analysis.
Divorce, the Law and Social Context
Authors: Castles Francis G. , Flood Michael
Published: March 2007

This paper seeks to establish the extent to which the incidence of divorce and the character of the law regulating the legal dissolution of marriage can be accounted for by historical continuities and cultural traditions in distinctive 'families of nations' The research brings together the diverse traditions of comparative law and comparative sociology, and uses both to come to grips with the questions of why divorce rates vary from country to country and why there has been such a massive increase in the divorce rate in the postwar era. A multivariate model of cross-national divorce outcomes suggests the strong influence of historical continuities within distinctive 'families of nations' on divorce outcomes in the 1960s and a much enhanced influence of social context variables on the character of the law in the following two decades
Habermas on Foucault Critical Remarks
Authors: Isenberg Bo
Published: March 2007

The relation between the œuvres of Jurgen Habermas and Michel Foucault constitutes an important reference point to several aspects of contemporary social research and philosophical discussion. In this paper I give an account of Habermas's critique of Foucault, a critique which operates on three levels-methodology, empirical descnptions, and political implications. I also make some commentaries on the critique, where I propose that Habermas and Foucault work within different ensembles of theories, concepts and discourses. This means, consequently, that on several occasions Habermas's critique is confusing and misses the point.
Causal Explanation of Social Action
Authors: Ekström Mats
Published: March 2007

Causal explanations of social actions are central to modern as well as to classic sociology Even in its revised form. the most influential causal theory - the covering law theory- has not proved particularly fruitful for the study of social action. But there are alternative and potentially more fruitful theories. This article presents Weber's methodology and critical realism as two different contributions to a generative view of causality in social science which both try to transcend the protracted controversy between a hermeneutic interpretive sociology and a positivistic causal-explanatory sociology. From the generative standpoint, causal explanations are directed not towards the production of empirical correlations between variables or towards the making of predictions on the basis of empirical laws, but towards the uncovering of causal properties and the processes whereby social actions arise out of the complex interaction of internally related mental dispositions, meanings. intentions, social contexts and structures
Studying Employers and Their Employees: Comparative Approaches
Authors: Kalleberg Arne L.
Published: March 2007

This introductory article discusses some issues related to the collection and analysis of data on employers and their employees Some of the main charactenstics of data sets that are useful for examining issues about employment relations are discussed first. Two major research designs that have been utilized to collect such data are then descnbed One approach begins with a sample of organizations and then selects employees within them; the other uses a sample of individual; to obtain an organizational sample. Both approaches are useful for generating multilevel data on organizations and individuals. These two approaches are illustrated by the data sets used by the authors of articles in this special issue, which addresses substantive issues such as: earnings differences, work autonomy, firm internal labor markets, organizational commitment, and selection methods.
The End of Class Politics? Structural Cleavages and Attitudes to Swedish Welfare Policies
Authors: Svallfors Stefan
Published: March 2007

Sweden, by many regarded as the archetypal welfare state, has recently experienced severe problems of weak economic performance, sharply rising unemployment and cutbacks in social pohcies. In this paper, data from national surveys over the last decade are analysed in order to assess whether recent changes in the political arena point to more long-term problems of legitimacy for Swedish welfare policies. The purposes are (a) to track the overall attitudes to various aspects of Swedish welfare policies in order to assess which, if any, parts and aspects of the welfare state have experienced a fall in public support, and (b) to analyse what changes have taken place in how various structural cleavages are linked to attitudes It has been argued, from a variety of theoretical perspectives, that the former class-based conflicts around welfare policies are increasingly diluted, or superseded, by other conflicts emanating from gender, sector employment, client status, housing conditions or other possible sources of identity and interests. The results in this paper indicate that such claims are exaggerated, and that stability, in aggregate responses, attitudinal patterns and social cleavages, characterizes attitudes to Swedish welfare policies.
Review Essay : Personal Identity and Social Change: Some Theoretical Considerations
Authors: May Carl , Cooper Andrew
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we explore some of the points of contact between Giddens' theory of self- identity and late modernity, and the broader constituency of post-modem theories of subjectivity. We take as our focus some recent work by Anthony Giddens, who has set out an account of what it means to live in 'late modernity'. This account, we argue, resonates with a parallel 'post-modern' account of subjectivity. We express reservations about the way in which both late- and post-modern subjects appear in these theoretical accounts to be disconnected from their 'real' social and political contexts. Similarly, we point to the way in which social action is increasingly seen as having broken free from material and political interests. We point to the dangers of losing sight of material conditions and political circumstances in theoretical debates about modernity and post- modernity. Moreover, we set out some broad critical propositions intended to counter this tendency.
Getting Ahead in the GDR
Authors: Völker Beate , Flap Henk
Published: March 2007

This paper deals with the returns to social capital in occupational attainment in the GDR, once a communist showcase. It examines the extent to which getting ahead in an industrial communist society depends on social capital, which by existing research was shown to be the case in agrarian communist and capitalist industrial societies. Industrial technology and a Marxist ideology supposedly both impede particularism, suggesting that social capital is not that important for getting ahead. In addition, the relationship between the use of and access to social resources is explored. Retrospective data from two random samples collected in 1992 and 1993 in Leipzig and Dresden have been used to test our expectations. Although universalism seemingly dominated the attainment process, as a person's education was more important than his father's resources, nearly half of the employed got their jobs through some informal channel. Yet, the use of informal resources only led to a better job if the contact person had high occupational prestige. Part of the influence of human capital on occupational achievement should be attributed to the effect of a person's social capital, i.e. a contact person with high prestige. Access to occupations through informal ties did not imply that these ties were used. Although one reached higher occupational ranks through weak ties (acquaintances), access through strong ties (friends or relatives) was crucial for finding a contact person with high prestige. This probably reflects the high damage potential of using illegal particularistic ties under communism. Using a high prestige contact person was far more important for getting a better job than having access to higher occupations.
Interaction of Research Programmes in Social Science Studies of the Commons
Authors: Hønneland Geir
Published: March 2007

Social science studies of the commons are characterized by two relatively clear-cut theoretical traditions, here labelled 'the tragedy of the commons' and 'co-operative action theory'. These differ substantially both in their basic assumptions and epistemological prescriptions; or 'hard cores' and 'protective belts', to use Lakatos's (1974) tools for evaluating scientific research programmes. It is suggested that 'the tragedy of the commons' tradition scores higher on Lakatos's criterion of coherence, whereas 'co-operative action theory' has been more successful in the production of novel empirical findings. Furthermore, the contrasting effect between the two traditions is believed to have contributed to an overall growth of knowledge within the field of study.
Who Is He?
Authors: Holland Kenneth
Published: March 2007

The foreign students who comprise the educa tional and cultural exchange population are diverse in the coun tries from which they come, the interests which they pursue, and the levels of experience and competence they have at tained. Many United States citizens go abroad each year to learn and to teach, but the foreign students in the United States constitute the most thoroughly studied segment of the exchange population. A great proportion of the foreign stu dents in the United States come from the Far East. Slightly over half the foreign students are undergraduates. The field of study in which there is the highest concentration is engi neering. Among American students abroad, there is a tend ency to enroll at a few foreign universities, especially in the European and English-speaking countries and in Mexico. Nearly half are in the humanities, and a significant portion study medicine or related fields. The number of American undergraduates abroad is increasing. The exchange of pro fessors and scholars is heavily underwritten by the Department of State. Foundations also contribute to the exchange, par ticularly on the level of advanced studies. Short-term ex changes, as distinguished from the traditional academic year exchange period, are gaining emphasis. It can generally be said that the participants in the exchange programs are per sons able to adapt themselves to new situations to the mutual benefit of both sides involved.—Ed.