bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reliability of climate model multi‐member ensembles in estimating internal precipitation and temperature variability at the multi‐decadal scale
Authors: Chen Jie , Brissette François P.
Published: September 2018

Multi‐member ensembles of climate models are used to study the role of internal climate variability and its potential impact on climate change impact studies. The reliability of such ensembles with respect to representing the internal climate variability is generally implicitly accepted. Using the latest version of the Climate Research Unit (CRU) data set as a baseline, this study verifies the reliability of multi‐member ensembles in estimating the internal precipitation and temperature variability at the multi‐decadal scale. To achieve this, multi‐decadal variability calculated using climate model multi‐member ensembles is first compared to that calculated using CRU data. The inter‐member variability of a single climate model is then compared to the multi‐decadal variability of CRU precipitation and temperature. Three climate models, with the number of members ranging between 5 and 40, are used to investigate whether the reliability is dependent upon the number of members of a climate model. The results show that multi‐member ensembles are capable of capturing the observed spatial pattern of multi‐decadal variability for both precipitation and temperature at the global scale. However, multi‐member ensembles perform better over regions with smaller variability. For the variables and timescale investigated, all three multi‐member ensembles show similar performances, suggesting that a five‐member ensemble may be sufficient to estimate the internal multi‐decadal climate variability for the chosen variables. Overall, this study indicates that the multi‐member ensemble of a climate model can be used to estimate the internal climate variability of annual and seasonal precipitation and temperature at the multi‐decadal and regional scales, if long historical records are not available.
A modelling‐based assessment of the imprint of storms on wind waves in the western Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Toomey Tim , Sayol Juan M. , Marcos Marta , Jordà Gabriel , Campins Joan
Published: September 2018

This study analyses the distribution of ocean wind waves in response to extratropical cyclones over the western Mediterranean Sea. To this end we use an ERA40‐based database of atmospheric cyclones and a 3‐hourly wind wave hindcast with high horizontal resolution (1/6°) based on an ERA40 downscaled forcing for the region of study. The imprint of winds on surface waves is evaluated through composites of modelled significant wave height, surface wind and wave peak period collocated under the storms. Results highlight an asymmetric pattern that depends on the translational speed and size of the cyclonic perturbations. Uncertainties of the composites are at most 10% at 95% confidence interval, with an average maximum perturbation of significant wave height near 2 m for those cyclones moving faster than 10 m/s.
Atemporal osseointegration: Early biomechanical stability through osseodensification
Authors: Alifarag Adham M. , Lopez Christopher D. , Neiva Rodrigo F. , Tovar Nick , Witek Lukasz , Coelho Paulo G.
Published: September 2018

Osseointegration, the direct functional and structural connection between device and bone is influenced by multiple factors such as implant macrogeometry and surgical technique. This study investigated the effects of osseodensification drilling techniques on implant stability and osseointegration using trabecular metal (TM) and tapered‐screw vent (TSV) implants in a low‐density bone. Six skeletally mature sheep were used where six osteotomy sites were prepared in each of the ilia, (n = 2/technique: Regular [R] (subtractive), clockwise [CW], and counterclockwise [CCW]). One TM and one TSV implant was subsequently placed with R osteotomy sites prepared using a conventional (subtractive) drilling protocol as recommended by the implant manufacturer for low density bone. CW and CCW drilling sites were subjected to osseodensification (OD) (additive) drilling. Evaluation of insertion torque as a function of drilling technique showed implants subjected to R drilling yielded a significant lower insertion torque relative to samples implanted in OD (CW/CCW) sites (p < 0.05). Histomorphometric analysis shows that the osseodensification demonstrates significantly greater values for bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) and bone area fraction occupancy (BAFO). Histological analysis shows the presence of bone remnants, which acted as nucleating surfaces for osteoblastic bone deposition, facilitating the bridging of bone between the surrounding native bone and implant surface, as well as within the open spaces of the trabecular network in the TM implants. Devices that were implanted via OD demonstrated atemporal biomechanical stability and osseointegration. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2516–2523, 2018.
Scoliosis vertebral growth plate histomorphometry: Comparisons to controls, growth rates, and compressive stresses
Authors: Bylski‐Austrow Donita I. , Glos David L. , Wall Eric J. , Crawford Alvin H.
Published: September 2018

Scoliosis progression in skeletally immature patients depends on remaining growth. Relationships between vertebral growth plate histomorphometry, growth rates, and mechanical stresses have been reported in several animal studies. Hypertrophic zone heights and chondrocyte heights have been used to assess treatments that aim to modulate growth. The purpose of this study was to determine whether human vertebral physeal hypertrophic zone and cell heights differed between two groups: Severe scoliosis and autopsy controls. Severity was defined at time of surgical planning by curve magnitude and curve stiffness. Physeal samples were obtained from the convex side apex, and from the concave side when feasible. Histologic sections were prepared, and digital images were used to measure hypertrophic zone height, cell height, and cell width. Thirteen spinal deformity patients were included, mean curve magnitude 67° (±23). Etiologies were juvenile and adolescent idiopathic, congenital, neurofibromatosis, neuromuscular, and Marfan syndrome. Five age‐matched autopsy specimens without scoliosis served as controls. Results were presented by etiology, then all convex scoliosis specimens were combined and compared to controls. Zone heights for scoliosis, convex side, and controls were 152 µm (±34) and 180 µm (±42) (p = 0.21), cell heights 8.5 µm (±1.1) and 12.8 µm (±1.2) (p < 0.0005), and cell widths 14.9 µm (±1.5) and 15.0 µm (±2.5), respectively. Human values were compared to published animal models and to a quantitative theory of a stress ̶ growth curve. This quantification of vertebral physeal structures in scoliosis may be expected to help assess theories of progression and potential treatments using growth modulation. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2450–2459, 2018.
Comparative efficacy of agricultural by‐products in sequestering mycotoxins
Authors: Greco Donato , D'Ascanio Vito , Santovito Elisa , Logrieco Antonio F , Avantaggiato Giuseppina
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND

Biosorption using agricultural by‐products has been proven as a low‐cost and safe way to sequester mycotoxins. Few agricultural by‐products have been studied for their efficacy in adsorbing simultaneously a large range of mycotoxins. The present work compared the ability of 51 agricultural by‐products to adsorb mycotoxins from liquid mediums simulating physiological pH values, and it studied the mechanism for mycotoxin adsorption by isotherm adsorption experiments.

RESULTS

Grape pomaces, artichoke wastes, and almond hulls were selected as promising biosorbents for mycotoxins, being quite effective towards aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEA), and ochratoxin A (OTA). Their adsorption was not affected by medium pH, and the adsorbed fraction was not released when pH rose from acid to neutral values. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) was adsorbed to a lesser extent, and deoxynivalenol adsorption was not recorded. For the selected biosorbents, maximum adsorption capacity calculated by the best fitting model (Freundlich, Langmuir, or Sips equation) ranged from 1.2 to 2.9 µg mg−1 for AFB1, 1.3 to 2.7 µg mg−1 for ZEA, 0.03 from 2.9 µg mg−1 for OTA, and 0.01–1.1 µg mg−1 for FB1.

CONCLUSION

This study confirms that some agricultural by‐products can find technological applications as feed/food additives for mycotoxin reduction. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
A comparative study of obstetric anal sphincter injuries in vaginal deliveries of twins and singleton pregnancies
Authors: Doumouchtsis Stergios K. , Fahmay Youstina , Sedgwick Philip , Durnea Constantin M.
Published: September 2018

Aims

Increasing numbers of twin pregnancies necessitate investigation of the risk factors associated with obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS). The aims of this study were to establish the incidence of OASIS, and compare women delivering twins to those delivering singletons in risk of OASIS plus maternal, neonatal, and obstetric outcomes.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was undertaken and included women delivering in a tertiary London maternity unit between 1999 and 2015; 51 957 eligible women with singleton and 261 with twin pregnancies were identified. Women delivering twins were compared to those delivering singletons in the occurrence of maternal, neonatal, and obstetric outcomes using unadjusted relative risks. A secondary analysis was performed, and conditional logistic regression used to derive an adjusted relative risk of OASIS. Women delivering singletons were matched to those delivering twins for age, parity, ethnicity, gestation, and mode of delivery in a ratio of 2:1.

Results

Compared to the singleton group, mothers delivering twins had significantly more instrumental deliveries (RR [95%CI] 1.92 [1.67‐2.27]; P < 0.0001), smaller fetuses (2754.1 vs 3383.8 g; P < 0.001), and were older (32.9 vs 31.0 years; P < 0.0001). The twin group was not significantly different to the singleton group in risk of OASIS (RR 0.61 [0.27‐1.33], P = 0.205). The conditional logistic regression demonstrated similar results for the risk of OASIS (adjusted RR = 0.58 [0.22‐1.47]; P = 0.253).

Conclusions

Women delivering twins vaginally were not at a significantly higher risk of sustaining OASIS compared to those delivering singletons.
An adaptive finite element method for a time‐dependent Stokes problem
Authors: Prato Torres Ricardo , Domínguez Catalina , Díaz Stiven
Published: September 2018

In this article, we conduct an a posteriori error analysis of the two‐dimensional time‐dependent Stokes problem with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions, which can be extended to mixed boundary conditions. We present a full time–space discretization using the discontinuous Galerkin method with polynomials of any degree in time and theℙ2 − ℙ1Taylor–Hood finite elements in space, and propose an a posteriori residual‐type error estimator. The upper bounds involve residuals, which are global in space and local in time, and anL2‐error term evaluated on the left‐end point of time step. From the error estimate, we compute local error indicators to develop an adaptive space/time mesh refinement strategy. Numerical experiments verify our theoretical results and the proposed adaptive strategy.
Lifestyle Interventions Limit Gestational Weight Gain in Women with Overweight or Obesity: LIFE‐Moms Prospective Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Peaceman Alan M. , Clifton Rebecca G. , Phelan Suzanne , Gallagher Dympna , Evans Mary , Redman Leanne M. , Knowler William C. , Joshipura Kaumudi , Haire‐Joshu Debra , Yanovski Susan Z. , Couch Kimberly A. , Drews Kimberly L. , Franks Paul W. , Klein Samuel , Martin Corby K. , Pi‐Sunyer Xavier , Thom Elizabeth A. , Van Horn Linda , Wing Rena R. , Cahill Alison G. ,   the LIFE‐Moms Research Group
Published: September 2018

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of varied lifestyle intervention programs designed to ameliorate excess gestational weight gain (GWG) in pregnant women with overweight or obesity compared with standard care, including effects on pregnancy outcomes.

Methods

Seven clinical centers conducted separate randomized clinical trials to test different lifestyle intervention strategies to modify GWG in diverse populations. Eligibility criteria, specific outcome measures, and assessment procedures were standardized across trials. The results of the separate trials were combined using an individual‐participant data meta‐analysis.

Results

For the 1,150 women randomized, the percent with excess GWG per week was significantly lower in the intervention group compared with the standard care group (61.8% vs. 75.0%; odds ratio [95% CI]: 0.52 [0.40 to 0.67]). Total GWG from enrollment to 36 weeks' gestation was also lower in the intervention group (8.1 ± 5.2 vs. 9.7 ± 5.4 kg; mean difference: −1.59 kg [95% CI:−2.18 to −0.99 kg]). The results from the individual trials were similar. The intervention and standard care groups did not differ in preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, cesarean delivery, or birth weight.

Conclusions

Behavioral lifestyle interventions focusing primarily on diet and physical activity among women with overweight and obesity resulted in a significantly lower proportion of women with excess GWG. This modest beneficial effect was consistent across diverse intervention modalities in a large, racially and socioeconomically diverse US population of pregnant women.
Bonding and properties of superatoms. Analogs to atoms and molecules and related concepts from superatomic clusters
Authors: Tlahuice‐Flores Alfredo , Muñoz‐Castro Alvaro
Published: September 2018

Expanding the versatility of well‐defined clusters is a fundamental issue in the design of functional nanostructures. In this sense, the concept of super atoms allows us to gain a deeper understanding and rationalization of the different properties of metallic clusters by invoking more familiar aspects. Recently, the super atoms appear to be intimately connected to other relevant tools of great chemical significance which enhance a rational design of superatomic clusters mimicking more complex structures and networks. Here, we expect to account for the research efforts from Latin American groups in the field, highlighting their valuable contribution to superatomic and related clusters.
Fe2O3‐N‐doped Honeycomb‐like Porous Carbon Derived from Nature Silk Sericin as Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Li Changqing , Zhao Tao , Yassin Hussain Abdalkarim Somia , Wu Yuhang , Lu Mengting , Li Yuwen , Gao Junkuo , Yao Juming
Published: September 2018

A facile method is reported to form a honeycomb‐like porous nanomaterial by intercalation of iron nitrate using nature silk sericin (SS) as nitrogen and carbon source. A series of Fe2O3 nanoparticles anchored on Fe2O3‐N‐doped graphite carbon electrocatalysts (SS‐Fe) were synthesized, exhibits well‐defined pore structure and excellent oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalytic activities. Among these materials, SS‐Fe‐0.5 shows the best performance, the overpotential of SS‐Fe‐0.5 at 10 mA·cm–2 is 440 mV (vs. RHE) and the Tafel slope is only 68 mV·dec–1. The results indicate that it is promising to the preparation of carbon catalyst materials using natural, renewable and abundant resources for electrocatalysis.
Monosubstituted hydrazone β-cyclodextrin derivatives for pH-sensitive complex formation with aromatic drugs
Authors: Majdecki Maciej , Krzak Agata , Żelechowska Kamila , Swiech Olga
Published: September 2018

A new and convenient synthetic pathway was developed to produce monosubstituted cyclodextrins with high yields. Each of the β-cyclodextrin derivatives described in this work has an aromatic substituent connected with cyclodextrin core by a pH-sensitive hydrazone linker and a carbon chain. Carbon chains differ in lengths having one or three carbon atoms. The correlation between water solubility and linker length was determined using UV–Vis spectroscopy, while the dependence of hydrazone bond hydrolysis on the electrolyte pH was confirmed by cyclic voltammetry. The pH-dependent complex-formation ability between the hydrazone derivative of cyclodextrin and anthracycline drug was examined by square wave voltammetry. The significantly big solubility and the appropriate pH, at which the hydrolysis of the hydrazone bond occurs, make the newly synthesized derivatives attractive for pharmaceutical and medical applications.
Direct torque control of dual star induction motor using a fuzzy-PSO hybrid approach
Authors: Boukhalfa Ghoulemallah , Belkacem Sebti , Chikhi Abdesselem , Benaggoune Said
Published: September 2018

This paper presents the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm in conjuction with the fuzzy logic method in order to achieve an optimized tuning of a proportional integral derivative controller (PID) in the DTC control loops of dual star induction motor (DSIM). The fuzzy controller is insensitive to parametric variations, however, with the PSO-based optimization approach we obtain a judicious choice of the gains to make the system more robust. According to Matlab simulation, the results demonstrate that the hybrid DTC of DSIM improves the speed loop response, ensures the system stability, reduces the steady state error and enhances the rising time. Moreover, with this controller, the disturbances do not affect the motor performances.
Inflammation as a central mechanism in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Kinney Jefferson W. , Bemiller Shane M. , Murtishaw Andrew S. , Leisgang Amanda M. , Salazar Arnold M. , Lamb Bruce T.
Published: September 2018

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by cognitive decline and the presence of two core pathologies, amyloid β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Over the last decade, the presence of a sustained immune response in the brain has emerged as a third core pathology in AD. The sustained activation of the brain's resident macrophages (microglia) and other immune cells has been demonstrated to exacerbate both amyloid and tau pathology and may serve as a link in the pathogenesis of the disorder. In the following review, we provide an overview of inflammation in AD and a detailed coverage of a number of microglia‐related signaling mechanisms that have been implicated in AD. Additional information on microglia signaling and a number of cytokines in AD are also reviewed. We also review the potential connection of risk factors for AD and how they may be related to inflammatory mechanisms.
Marxism and Buddhism: Not Such Strange Bedfellows
Authors: PRIEST GRAHAM
Published: September 2018

Buddhism and Marxism may seem unlikely bedfellows, since they come from such different times and places, and appear to address such different concerns. But the two have at least this much in common: both say that life, as we find it, is unsatisfactory; both have a diagnosis of why this is; and both offer the hope of making it better. In this paper, I argue that aspects of each complement aspects of the other. In particular, Buddhism provides a stable ethical base that Marxism always lacked; and Marxism provides a sophisticated political philosophy, which Buddhism never had. I will explain those aspects of each of the two on which I wish to draw, and then explain how they are complementary.
Omissions as Events and Actions
Authors: SILVER KENNETH
Published: September 2018

We take ourselves to be able to omit to perform certain actions and to be at times responsible for these omissions. Moreover, omissions seem to have effects and to be manifestations of our agency. So, it is natural to think that omissions must be events. However, very few people writing on this topic have been willing to argue that omissions are events. Such a view is taken to face three significant challenges: (i) omissions are thought to be somehow problematically negative, (ii) it is unclear where the event of an omission would be located, and (iii) if we accept any omissions as events, it seems like there would be far too much causation involving them. In this paper, I develop a novel view of omissions as events and as actions that provides answers to these challenges.
Border closures and the externalization of immigration controls in the Mediterranean: a comparative analysis of Morocco and Turkey
Authors: Üstübici Ayşen , İçduygu Ahmet
Published: September 2018

This article traces the recent history of border closures in Turkey and Morocco and their impact on human mobility at the two ends of the Mediterranean. Border closures in the Mediterranean have produced new spaces where borders are often fenced, immigration securitized, and border crossings and those facilitating border crossings criminalized. Here, bordering practices are conceptualized as physical bordering practices, border controls, and legal measures. Turkey and Morocco constitute comparable cases for an analysis of border closures insofar as they utilize similar mechanisms of closure, despite having quite different outcomes in terms of numbers. The article’s findings are based on fieldwork conducted at both locations between 2012 and 2014, as well as on analysis of Frontex Risk Assessment Reports from 2010 to 2016. The first part of the article reflects on the concepts of border closure and securitization, together with their implications, and draws for its argument on critical security studies and critical border studies. The second part of the article is an overview of controls over mobility exercised in the Mediterranean from the 1990s onward. Then, in the third and fourth parts, we turn to the particular cases—respectively, Turkey and Morocco—in order to discuss their processes of border closure and the various implications thereof. Through analysis of the two country cases, we show that border closures are neither linear nor irreversible.
Johannes Kreidler, Mein Staat als Freund und Geliebte. Oper Halle.
Authors: Erwin Max
Published: September 2018

Johannes Kreidler has written an opera. This is, alongside Alexander Schubert making Ensemble Intercontemporain sync up to strobe lights and Jennifer Walshe making Lucas Fels do a silly dance, a symptom of the inevitable institutionalisation of former iconoclasts who less than half a decade ago were still being championed as figures who, in Michael Rebhahn's polemic terms, ‘resigned from New Music’. But Kreidler does not seem to feel threatened by this. Indeed, his willingness to adopt the official genre of opera without qualification – in contrast to Ferneyhough's ‘thought opera’, Lachenmann's ‘musik mit Bildern’, and the more common designations of ‘music theatre’ or ‘musical action’ – signifies just how comfortable he is with his position as an established composer.
Beyond the visible policy agenda: problem definitions disappearing from the agenda as nondecisions
Authors: Shpaizman Ilana
Published: September 2018

In the agenda-setting process, prior to the decision-making process, there is a predecisional process whereby some issues are systematically blocked by powerful actors from being placed on the formal agenda. These issues are termed “nondecisions”. This article argues that the predecisional process exists not only at the issue level but also at the level of problem definitions. Because of the empirical challenge of studying problem definitions that are not on the formal agenda, the article suggests examining problem definitions that were on the formal agenda and then disappeared from it. Such problem definitions can be termed nondecisions when their disappearance is due to latent power mechanisms, such as anticipated reactions or information control. The article tests these arguments using two American policy cases: prescription drug prices and child care. In so doing, it sheds light on the predecisional process and expands our understanding of the politics of problem definitions.
Household debt and depressive symptoms among older adults in three continental European countries
Authors: Hiilamo Aapo , Grundy Emily
Published: September 2018

In this comparative study focusing on the population aged 50 and over in three European countries, we investigate the association between household debt and depressive symptoms, and possible country differences in this association, using data from Waves 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 of the Surveys of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) for Belgium, France and Germany. Multi-level regression models with random intercepts for individuals were used to analyse the association between household debt status and number of depressive symptoms (EURO-D score). Country differences in the household debt–depression nexus were tested using country interaction models. After controlling for other measures of socio-economic position and physical health, low or substantial financial debt was associated with a higher number of depressive symptoms in all countries. Housing debt was strongly linked to depressive symptoms for women while the association was weaker for men. The only country difference was that for both sexes substantial financial debt (more than €5,000) was strongly associated with depressive symptoms in Belgium and Germany, but the association was weak or non-significant in France. Associations between financial debt and depression were also evident in analyses of within-individual changes in depressive symptoms for a longitudinal sub-group, and in analyses using a dichotomised, rather than a continuous, measure of depression. The findings indicate that measures of household indebtedness should be taken into consideration in investigations of social inequalities in depression and suggest a need for mental health services targeted at indebted older people.
Quantitative Prediction of Lower Order Faults Based on the Finite Element Method: A Case Study of the M35 Fault Block in the Western Hanliu Fault Zone in the Gaoyou Sag, East China
Authors: Liu Jingshou , Ding Wenlong , Dai Junsheng , Wu Zhonghu , Yang Haimeng
Published: September 2018

Lower order faults (LOFs) are characterized by small‐scale, strong concealment and difficult to identify in seismic data, which affects the accuracy of LOF interpretation. Due to the quality of the seismic data in the M35 fault block of the Gaoyou sag, Subei basin, the direction of the LOFs cannot be accurately identified, leading to the unclear relationship between the injection and production wells in the local oil fields and affecting the development of the remaining oil. In this paper, the formation mechanism of LOFs in the M35 fault block is determined from analysis of the fault activity and tectonic evolution, and a finite element geomechanical model is established to simulate the paleostress field during the formation of the LOFs. Based on the relationship between the areal density of LOFs and the stress parameters, the regions of LOF development are predicted by the minimum principal stress, the maximum and minimum principal stress difference (Δσ), normal stress (σn), and the strain energy density; the shear stresses are used to predict the dip direction of the LOFs. Through the coordinate system transformation of the principal stress directions, the strikes of the LOFs are quantitatively predicted. Finally, the reliability of the prediction results is verified by the latest structural map of the M35 fault block. The method proposed in this paper can be widely applied to the quantitative prediction of multiple parameters of LOFs in complex fault blocks.
Simulating Short‐Term Evolution of Slow Slip Influenced by Fault Heterogeneities and Tides
Authors: Peng Yajun , Rubin Allan M.
Published: September 2018

In this study, we analyze high‐resolution tremor catalogs from northern Cascadia, Guerrero, and northern Kii Peninsula. We find that tremor often occurs in short bursts that repeatedly occupy the same source area within a slow slip event. We hypothesize that these bursts are driven by loading from slow slip in areas surrounding the tremor zone. Adopting a rate‐and‐state friction law with a velocity‐weakening to velocity‐strengthening transition, we develop a finite fault model in which the size of the slow slip zone is larger than that of the tremor zone. Tidal forcing is added. Many asperities are randomly distributed within the tremor zone in order to generate burst‐like slip evolution while maintaining reasonable propagation speeds of the main slow slip front. We successfully reproduce the increasing recurrence intervals of the bursts as the main front moves across the tremor zone, as well as tidally modulated secondary fronts well behind the main front.
Fragmentation of the Adriatic Promontory: New Chronological Constraints From Neogene Shortening Rates Across the Southern Alps (NE Italy)
Authors: Moulin Adrien , Benedetti Lucilla
Published: September 2018

The eastern Southern Alps are located at the northern tip of the Adria microplate, which imposes 2.0–2.5 mm/year of N‐S‐convergence relative to stable Eurasia. We map surface evidence of recent folding/faulting in this area from a 5‐m Digital Elevation Model (DEM). In the eastern part of the belt, observations reveal a 30‐km‐wide zone of active folding composed of at least five growing anticlines. The most recent ones warped the postglacial alluvial surface by <10 m. Combining these findings with published geological and geophysical data allows us to infer that active thrusting occurs along a single deeply rooted thrust, which accommodates the indentation of the Adriatic crust. Resolving the observed pattern of uplift on the inferred fault geometry indicates that NNE‐SSW shortening across the eastern Southern Alps has occurred at a rate of about 1.5 mm/year over the postglacial period. On the other hand, a balanced cross section for the eastern Southern Alps at the scale of the upper crust constrains a minimum of 43 km of finite shortening over the last 14 Ma, yielding a shortening rate of about 3 mm/year, which is 2 times higher than the postglacial shortening rate. This decrease in the shortening rate is associated to the Pleistocene activation of new thrusts that is compatible with a change in the direction of compression. The inferred local change in the kinematics of thrusting during the Pleistocene is consistent with a change from Nubia‐imposed to Adria‐imposed convergence indicating that the fragmentation of the Adriatic promontory could have occurred 1–2 Ma ago.
Rotational Kinematics of Basement Antiformal Stacks: Paleomagnetic Study of the Western Nogueras Zone (Central Pyrenees)
Authors: Izquierdo‐Llavall Esther , Casas‐Sainz Antonio M. , Oliva‐Urcia Belén , Villalaín Juan J. , Pueyo Emilio , Scholger Robert
Published: September 2018

The structure of the Pyrenean Axial Zone laterally transitions from an imbricate thrust system to an antiformal stack displaying downward facing structures in its frontal part (the Nogueras zone). We carried out a paleomagnetic study through this structural transition to better constrain thrust kinematics and better define the factors controlling the occurrence of antiformal stacks. Triassic red beds unconformably overlying the Paleozoic basement were sampled across three main thrust sheets (the Nogueras zone, the Bielsa, and the Orri thrust sheets). From 31 new sites, two meaningful magnetizations were defined, both carried by hematite: (1) the primary magnetization, that unblocks at 660–685 °C and (2) an intermediate‐temperature, syn‐orogenic remagnetization. Paleomagnetic data indicate variable, clockwise vertical axis rotations, with mean, thrust‐scale values that range from 0 to +38°. They increase both from the base to the top of the stacked units and from west to east and display a thrust‐scale directional dispersion that is higher for the lower wavelength thrusts. Results evidence that increasing thrust displacements in the upper thrusts units are a key factor for the formation of antiformal stacks showing downward facing structures. Displacement gradients in the basement are transferred to cover units and can account for important rotations such as those registered by the Mesozoic‐Cenozoic units to the south of the study area.
New Constraints on the Evolution of the Inner Northern Apennines by K‐Ar Dating of Late Miocene‐Early Pliocene Compression on the Island of Elba, Italy
Authors: Viola Giulio , Torgersen Espen , Mazzarini Francesco , Musumeci Giovanni , van der Lelij Roelant , Schönenberger Jasmin , Garofalo Paolo Stefano
Published: September 2018

The Northern Apennines (NA) orogenic wedge formed during Oligocene‐Miocene convergence and westward subduction of Adria beneath the European Plate. Extension ensued in the Mid‐Late Miocene in response to Adria roll‐back, causing opening of the back‐arc Northern Tyrrhenian Sea. Whether extension continues uninterrupted since the Mid‐Late Miocene or it was punctuated by short‐lived compressional events, remains, however, uncertain. We used the K‐Ar method to date a set of brittle‐ductile and brittle deformation zones from the Island of Elba to contribute to this debate. We dated the low‐angle Zuccale Fault (ZF), the Capo Norsi‐Monte Arco Thrust (CN‐MAT), and the Calanchiole Shear Zone (CSZ). The CN‐MAT and CSZ are moderately west dipping, top‐to‐the‐east thrusts in the immediate footwall of the ZF. The CSZ slipped 6.14 ± 0.64 Ma (<0.1 μm fraction) and the CN‐MAT 4.90 ± 0.27 Ma ago (<0.4 μm fraction). The ZF, although cutting the two other faults, yielded an older age of 7.58 ± 0.11 Ma (<0.1 μm fraction). The ZF gouge, however, contains an illitic detrital contaminant from the Paleozoic age flysch deformed in its hanging wall and the age thus is a maximum faulting age. Removal of ~1% of a 300‐Ma‐old contaminant brings the ZF faulting age to <4.90 Ma. Our results provide the first direct dating of brittle deformation in the Apennines, constraining Late Miocene‐Early Pliocene regional compression. They call for a refinement of current NA geodynamic models in the framework of the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea extension.
Bioinspired 3D structures with programmable morphologies and motions
Authors: Nojoomi Amirali , Arslan Hakan , Lee Kwan , Yum Kyungsuk
Published: September 2018

Living organisms use spatially controlled expansion and contraction of soft tissues to achieve complex three-dimensional (3D) morphologies and movements and thereby functions. However, replicating such features in man-made materials remains a challenge. Here we report an approach that encodes 2D hydrogels with spatially and temporally controlled growth (expansion and contraction) to create 3D structures with programmed morphologies and motions. This approach uses temperature-responsive hydrogels with locally programmable degrees and rates of swelling and shrinking. This method simultaneously prints multiple 3D structures with custom design from a single precursor in a one-step process within 60 s. We suggest simple yet versatile design rules for creating complex 3D structures and a theoretical model for predicting their motions. We reveal that the spatially nonuniform rates of swelling and shrinking of growth-induced 3D structures determine their dynamic shape changes. We demonstrate shape-morphing 3D structures with diverse morphologies, including bioinspired structures with programmed sequential motions.
Draft genome sequence of first monocot-halophytic species Oryza coarctata reveals stress-specific genes
Authors: Mondal Tapan Kumar , Rawal Hukam Chand , Chowrasia Soni , Varshney Deepti , Panda Alok Kumar , Mazumdar Abhishek , Kaur Harmeet , Gaikwad Kishor , Sharma Tilak Raj , Singh Nagendra Kumar
Published: September 2018

Oryza coarctata (KKLL; 2n = 4x = 48, 665 Mb) also known as Porteresia coarctata is an extreme halophyte species of genus Oryza. Using Illumina and Nanopore reads, we achieved the assembled genome size of 569.9 Mb, accounting 85.69% of the estimated genome size with N50 of 1.85 Mb and 19.89% repetitive region. We also found 230,968 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 5,512 non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). The functional annotation of predicted 33,627 protein-coding genes and 4,916 transcription factors revealed that high salinity adaptation of this species is due to the exclusive or excessive presence of stress-specific genes as compared to rice. We have identified 8 homologs to salt-tolerant SOS1 genes, one of the three main components of salt overly sensitive (SOS) signal pathway. On the other hand, the phylogenetic analysis of the assembled chloroplast (134.75 kb) and mitochondrial genome (491.06 kb) favours the conservative nature of these organelle genomes within Oryza taxon.
A photonic frequency discriminator based on a two wavelength delayed self-heterodyne interferometer for low phase noise tunable micro/mm wave synthesis
Authors: Kuse N. , Fermann M. E.
Published: September 2018

Low phase noise frequency synthesizers are of paramount interest in many areas of micro-mm wave technology, encompassing for example advanced wireless communication, radar, radio-astronomy, and precision instrumentation. Although this broad research field is not bereft of methods for the generation of either low phase noise micro- or mm waves, no universal system applicable to low phase noise generation for micro and mm waves has yet been demonstrated. Here we propose a new photonic frequency discriminator based on a two wavelength delayed self-heterodyne interferometer which is compatible with such an objective. The photonic frequency discriminator can be a reference both for micro and mm waves to lower their phase noise. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate a low phase noise tunable OEO (6–18 GHz) and locking of a heterodyne beat between two cw lasers (10–400 GHz) with low relative phase noise. The required components for the photonic frequency discriminator are off-the-shelf and can be readily assembled. We believe this new type of photonic frequency discriminator will enable a new generation of universal precision tunable sources for the X, K, V, W and mm-bands and beyond.
The acetylation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 at lysine 33 regulates kinase activity and neurite length in hippocampal neurons
Authors: Lee Juhyung , Ko Yeon Uk , Chung Yuhyun , Yun Nuri , Kim Myungjin , Kim Kyungjin , Oh Young J.
Published: September 2018

Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) plays a pivotal role in neural development and neurodegeneration. CDK5 activity can be regulated by posttranslational modifications, including phosphorylation and S-nitrosylation. In this study, we demonstrate a novel mechanism by which the acetylation of CDK5 at K33 (Ac-CDK5) results in the loss of ATP binding and impaired kinase activity. We identify GCN5 and SIRT1 as critical factor controlling Ac-CDK5 levels. Ac-CDK5 achieved its lowest levels in rat fetal brains but was dramatically increased during postnatal periods. Intriguingly, nuclear Ac-CDK5 levels negatively correlated with neurite length in embryonic hippocampal neurons. Either treatment with the SIRT1 activator SRT1720 or overexpression of SIRT1 leads to increases in neurite length, whereas SIRT1 inhibitor EX527 or ectopic expression of acetyl-mimetic (K33Q) CDK5 induced the opposite effect. Furthermore, the expression of nuclear-targeted CDK5 K33Q abolished the SRT1720-induced neurite outgrowth, showing that SIRT1 positively regulates neurite outgrowth via deacetylation of nuclear CDK5. The CDK5 activity-dependent increase of neurite length was mediated by enhanced transcriptional regulation of BDNF via unknown mechanism(s). Our findings identify a novel mechanism by which acetylation-mediated regulation of nuclear CDK5 activity plays a critical role in determining neurite length in embryonic neurons.
Doxorubicin induces an extensive transcriptional and metabolic rewiring in yeast cells
Authors: Taymaz-Nikerel Hilal , Karabekmez Muhammed Erkan , Eraslan Serpil , Kırdar Betül
Published: September 2018

Doxorubicin is one of the most effective chemotherapy drugs used against solid tumors in the treatment of several cancer types. Two different mechanisms, (i) intercalation of doxorubicin into DNA and inhibition of topoisomerase II leading to changes in chromatin structure, (ii) generation of free radicals and oxidative damage to biomolecules, have been proposed to explain the mode of action of this drug in cancer cells. A genome-wide integrative systems biology approach used in the present study to investigate the long-term effect of doxorubicin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells indicated the up-regulation of genes involved in response to oxidative stress as well as in Rad53 checkpoint sensing and signaling pathway. Modular analysis of the active sub-network has also revealed the induction of the genes significantly associated with nucleosome assembly/disassembly and DNA repair in response to doxorubicin. Furthermore, an extensive re-wiring of the metabolism was observed. In addition to glycolysis, and sulfate assimilation, several pathways related to ribosome biogenesis/translation, amino acid biosynthesis, nucleotide biosynthesis, de novo IMP biosynthesis and one-carbon metabolism were significantly repressed. Pentose phosphate pathway, MAPK signaling pathway biological processes associated with meiosis and sporulation were found to be induced in response to long-term exposure to doxorubicin in yeast cells.
Polymer-Silica Hybrid On-Chip Amplifier with Vertical Pumping Method
Authors: Cao Yue , Lin Baizhu , Sun Yue , Yi Yunji , Liu Yijun , Zheng Jie , Wang Fei , Zhang Daming
Published: September 2018

This article demonstrates a multilayer polymer-silica hybrid on-chip amplifier combining mode division multiplexing method. The multilayer amplifier consists of a pumping silica waveguide and an amplifying polymer waveguide. The pumping waveguide possesses the stability and the high damage threshold. The amplifying waveguide takes the advantages of the high compatibility and the high doping rate. The vertical pump of mode division multiplexing method can introduce the pumping light into the amplifying waveguide at any desired position of the chip. By the isolation method between signal and pumping light, the pumping light can be coupled into the amplifying waveguide, while the signal light cannot be coupled into the pumping waveguide. The parameters of doping rates, waveguide lengths, overlap factors, coupling parameters are calculated to optimize the gain characteristics of the amplifier. The amplifier with three position-optimized pumping light was designed achieving a maximum gain of 33.89 dB/cm with a waveguide length of 6 cm, a signal power of 0.1 mW and a pumping power of 300 mW. This polymer-silica hybrid amplifier is promising for the on-chip loss compensation of the 3D photonic integrated circuits and all optical transistors.
Increased Phosphaturia Accelerates The Decline in Renal Function: A Search for Mechanisms
Authors: Santamaría Rafael , Díaz-Tocados Juan M. , Pendón-Ruiz de Mier M. Victoria , Robles Ana , Salmerón-Rodríguez M. Dolores , Ruiz Erena , Vergara Noemi , Aguilera-Tejero Escolástico , Raya Ana , Ortega Rosa , Felsenfeld Arnold , Muñoz-Castañeda Juan R. , Martín-Malo Alejandro , Aljama Pedro , Rodríguez Mariano
Published: September 2018

In chronic kidney disease (CKD), high serum phosphate concentration is associated with cardiovascular disease and deterioration in renal function. In early CKD, the serum phosphate concentration is normal due to increased fractional excretion of phosphate. Our premise was that high phosphate intake even in patients with early CKD would result in an excessive load of phosphate causing tubular injury and accelerating renal function deterioration. In CKD 2–3 patients, we evaluated whether increased phosphaturia accelerates CKD progression. To have a uniform group of patients with early CKD, 95 patients with metabolic syndrome without overt proteinuria were followed for 2.7 ± 1.6 years. The median decline in eGFR was 0.50 ml/min/1.73 m2/year. Patients with a more rapid decrease in eGFR had greater phosphaturia. Moreover, the rate of decrease in eGFR inversely correlated with the degree of phosphaturia. Additionally, phosphaturia independently predicted renal function deterioration. In heminephrectomized rats, a high phosphate diet increased phosphaturia resulting in renal tubular damage associated with inflammation, oxidative stress and low klotho expression. Moreover, in rats with hyperphosphatemia and metabolic syndrome antioxidant treatment resulted in attenuation of renal lesions. In HEK-293 cells, high phosphate promoted oxidative stress while melatonin administration reduced ROS generation. Our findings suggest that phosphate loading in early CKD, results in renal damage and a more rapid decrease in renal function due to renal tubular injury.
Ion mobility mass spectrometry provides novel insights into the expression and structure of gangliosides in the normal adult human hippocampus
Authors: Sarbu Mirela , Vukelić Željka , Clemmer David E. , Zamfir Alina D.
Published: September 2018

General work-flow for ganglioside analysis by IM-MS.
In vivo measurement of the dynamics of norepinephrine in an olfactory bulb following ischemia-induced olfactory dysfunction and its responses to dexamethasone treatment
Authors: Zhang Yinghong , Li Lijuan , Li Tao , Xin Ying , Liu Junxiu , Ma Furong , Mao Lanqun
Published: September 2018

Information on the dynamics of molecules following olfactory dysfunction remains essential for understanding the molecular events involved in the pathological process of olfactory dysfunction.
Graphene oxide-wrapped dipotassium terephthalate hollow microrods for enhanced potassium storage
Authors: Wang Xuanpeng , Han Kang , Wang Chenyang , Liu Ziang , Xu Xiaoming , Huang Meng , Hu Ping , Meng Jiashen , Li Qi , Mai Liqiang
Published: September 2018

Unique K2TP@GO hollow microrods were synthesised using abundant and renewable organic resource.
Hot electron transfer promotes ion production in plasmonic metal nanostructure assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Yafeng , Cao Xiaohua , Zhan Lingpeng , Xue Jingjuan , Wang Jiyun , Xiong Caiqiao , Nie Zongxiu
Published: September 2018

Experimental evidences are shown that hot electron transfer in LSPR plays a key role in ionizing molecules during laser desorption ionization process.
Copper-catalyzed amination of an α-C(sp3)–H bond in inactivated ethers to synthesize α-aminonitriles
Authors: Yuan Zaifeng , Zhu Chunyu , Ma Zhixian , Xia Chengfeng
Published: September 2018

A copper-catalyzed functionalization of inert cyclic ethers was developed to provide α-aminonitriles via a cascade oxidation/amination/ring-opening/cyanation reaction.
Solid-state chiral resolution mediated by stoichiometry: crystallizing etiracetam with ZnCl2
Authors: Shemchuk Oleksii , Song Lixing , Robeyns Koen , Braga Dario , Grepioni Fabrizia , Leyssens Tom
Published: September 2018

Co-crystallization of racemic etiracetam with ZnCl2 results in a racemic compound or a conglomerate, depending on the amount of ZnCl2; the unprecedented behaviour was investigated through a racetam/ZnCl2/solvent phase diagram.
Bioinspired structural transition of synthetic polymers through biomolecular ligand binding
Authors: Suzuki Seigo , Sawada Toshiki , Ishizone Takashi , Serizawa Takeshi
Published: September 2018

The bioinspired structural transition of thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) was demonstrated by specific ligand binding of artificially evolved peptides to the polymer.
Rhodium(iii)-catalyzed C–H activation at the C4-position of indole: switchable hydroarylation and oxidative Heck-type reactions of maleimides
Authors: Sherikar Mahadev Sharanappa , Kapanaiah Raja , Lanke Veeranjaneyulu , Prabhu Kandikere Ramaiah
Published: September 2018

A Rh(iii)-catalyzed C–H activation of indole at the C4-position leading to novel and switchable functionalization has been reported by employing a weakly co-ordinating COCF3 group as a directing group.
3D shape change of multi-responsive hydrogels based on a light-programmed gradient in volume phase transition
Authors: Jiang Zhen , Pibaque Sanchez Ronny Javier , Blakey Idriss , Whittaker Andrew K.
Published: September 2018

We present a new type of anisotropic oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate hydrogel with multi-responsive and programmable 3D deformation behaviour.