bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mamihlapinatapai: Games People (Might) Play
Authors: Dwyer Peter D.
Published: February 2015

With a focus on Melanesia, game theory is used to model the logical structure of strategic interactions between actors who engage in exchange transactions and to identify paradoxes, opportunities and uncertainties that confront those actors. It is argued that these exchanges are of three types which are named sharing, barter‐trade and prestige‐service. The first has the form of the classic game known as Prisoner's Dilemma and the expectation of non‐cooperation inherent in this game is resolved by trust. The second has the form of a game known as Chicken and the high risk inherent in this game is resolved by social manipulations that transform the payoff structure into Prisoner's Dilemma. The third is always an n‐person game. It has the form of a prestige game with an unconventional logical structure that is contingent on the existence of a parallel set of service games, each having the form of Chicken. The paper concludes by attempting to restore some realism to models that were over‐simplified abstractions. Some reinterpretations of conventional understandings are suggested.
Cults and Christianity among the Enga and Ipili
Authors: Jacka Jerry
Published: February 2015

In this article, I examine the continuities between early‐contact cult activities and present day Christianity among the western Enga and eastern Ipili of highlands Papua New Guinea. Christians today see the cults as early attempts to ‘open the road’ for the coming of whites and missionization. Cult leaders are currently understood as prophets who had received messages from God and were sent out to herald the coming new era of social change. The ritual killing of a young man in the 1940s by cult leaders is conceptualized as the local version of the crucifixion of Jesus. The data herein illustrate the creative means by which Ipili and Enga in this region have indigenized Christianity and located their own regional histories and practices in the broader scope of world history.
Singing about the Land among the Biangai
Authors: Halvaksz Jamon
Published: February 2015

This paper examines Biangai (Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea) expressions and transformations of environmental imaginaries through women's mourning songs (yongo ingi) and the songs of string bands. Biangai personhood, once intimately connected to garden lands and trees, hunting and forest paths, is increasingly influenced by global capitalism. Through their songs, they betray an increased tension between acting as an individual person and acting in terms of kin based relationality. Whileyongo ingistill memorialize the social spaces and land rights of the deceased, they also express conflicts in Biangai engagement with gold mining. Biangai string bands emerged just prior to Papua New Guinea's Independence in 1975, with the first band recording and releasing a national cassette in 1982. Dominated by young men, they depict the intersection of local music with a Melanesian modernity composed of compensation payments, gold mining, love, travel, and marketing. Bothyongo ingiand string bands inform each other and provide insight into how local music engages images of both global economy and global ecology. By examining the uses, meanings, and performative contexts of these songs, this paper contributes to our understanding of the role of such expressive forms in connecting persons and their environment.
Scotty Martin's Jadmi Junba: a Song Series from the Kimberley Region of Northwest Australia1
Authors: Treloyn Sally
Published: February 2015

Barwick (1990) finds that, in Central Australian performance, whilst text and melody in isolation are relatively fixed, ‘there is immense variability in their combination, which is accomplished by what may be crudely characterised as a process of expansion and contraction of the melody to accommodate texts of different lengths’ (Barwick 1990:61). Following musicological examinations by both Barwick (Barwick 1989, 1990 and 1995) and Keogh (Keogh 1995) which focus on identifying principles that underlie this process of expansion and contraction, the paper presented here looks at songs of the junba genre, composed and performed by Ngarinyin elder, Scotty Martin, in the North central Kimberley. In addition, it is suggested in this paper that the style of musicological analysis developed by Barwick and Keogh has relevance beyond the discipline of musical analysis, as its results allow the analyst and reader to begin to trace relationships between creative processes active in the moment of performance with ‘patterns and rules’ evident in other aspects of the music‐makers' ways of being in the world.
The Missing Rib: Mobilizing Church Women for Change in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Dickson‐Waiko Anne
Published: February 2015

This paper examines the particular shape taken by a modern instance of ‘Third World’ feminism. In Papua New Guinea, an emerging nexus between grassroots female activism and Christian churches is helping to liberate and empower some female citizens in a state which in practice has neglected women's interests and gender relations despite early national rhetoric about the importance of women to nation‐building. Tracing the origins of modern women's fellowship groups to the early work of female missionaries with indigenous women, the paper considers the increasing politicization of women's organizations during the last two decades as they expand their ‘traditional’ preoccupation with spiritual, domestic, and welfare matters to embrace wider social, political, and human rights issues. In the course of surveying church women's groupings in Papua New Guinea, the paper looks specifically at the National Council of Women, women's groups in East New Britain Province, the United Church Women's Fellowship, and women's involvements in the developing ecumenical movement. The paper concludes by contrasting the class dimensions of grassroots Christian women's activism to official denial of the existence of class differentiation or exploitation in this purportedly egalitarian Melanesian state.
Petztorme Women: Responding to Change in Lihir, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Macintyre Martha
Published: February 2015

The goldmining project on Lihir Island in New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea, has brought dramatic socio‐economic changes. In this matrilineal society, while women's economic contributions were substantial, their political status was not. Women's participation in decision‐making about the mine has been restricted, mainly because men have excluded them. The mining company established a women's section that has supported the development of women's organizations and a range of economic development projects. The women's organizations provide the context for new political roles for women but have experienced many setbacks that are common in such groups across Papua New Guinea. Through the Lihir experience in the first five years of the mine, this paper examines the tensions and divided loyalties that constrain women's organizations and often lead to the failure of income‐generating women's projects in Papua New Guinea.
REVIEWS
Authors: Graig Barry
Published: February 2015

Oceania: World Views of the South Seas. By Michaela Appel Munich: Staatliches Museum für Völkerkunde 2005. 182 pages, 189 colour and mono plates. Euro 22.50
Rigidity of poly‐L‐glutamic acid scaffolds: Influence of secondary and supramolecular structure
Authors: Nickels Jonathan D. , Perticaroli Stefania , Ehlers Georg , Feygenson Mikhail , Sokolov Alexei P.
Published: February 2015

Poly‐l‐glutamic acid (PGA) is a widely used biomaterial, with applications ranging from drug delivery and biological glues to food products and as a tissue engineering scaffold. A biodegradable material with flexible conjugation functional groups, tunable secondary structure, and mechanical properties, PGA has potential as a tunable matrix material in mechanobiology. Recent studies in proteins connecting dynamics, nanometer length scale rigidity, and secondary structure suggest a new point of view from which to analyze and develop this promising material. We have characterized the structure, topology, and rigidity properties of PGA prepared with different molecular weights and secondary structures through various techniques including scanning electron microscopy, FTIR, light, and neutron scattering spectroscopy. On the length scale of a few nanometers, rigidity is determined by hydrogen bonding interactions in the presence of neutral species and by electrostatic interactions when the polypeptide is negatively charged. When probed over hundreds of nanometers, the rigidity of these materials is modified by long range intermolecular interactions that are introduced by the supramolecular structure. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2909–2918, 2015.
Scaffold materials from glycosylated and PEGylated bovine serum albumin
Authors: Wang Kai , David Allan E. , Choi Young‐Suk , Wu Yonnie , Buschle‐Diller Gisela
Published: February 2015

Bovine serum albumin has been PEGylated and glycosylated to create mimetic materials for the extracellular matrix (ECM) with potential tissue engineering applications. Different surfaces for cell adhesion were achieved by crosslinking the initial albumin product and forming either a coating or a sponge‐like three‐dimensional morphology to mimic the mesh structure of natural ECM. The biocompatibility of the albumin matrix with mammalian cells was evaluated using cell culture assays with NIH 3T3 cells. The results indicated that glycoprotein composition and specific morphology of the assembly can improve the cell growth environment. These ECM mimetic structures might eventually be considered to serve as alternatives for the more expensive collagen and elastin based ECM substances currently in use in tissue engineering. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2839–2846, 2015.
PH responsive polypeptide based polymeric micelles for anticancer drug delivery
Authors: Zhao Dongping , Li Bingqiang , Han Jiaming , Yang Yue , Zhang Xinchen , Wu Guolin
Published: February 2015

A pH‐responsive polymeric micelle based on poly(aspartamide) derivative was explored as an efficient acid‐triggered anticancer drug delivery system. Poly(α,β‐l‐asparthydrazide) (PAHy) was prepared by aminolysis reaction of polysuccinimide with hydrazine hydrate. Poly(ethylene glycol) and aliphatic chain (C18) were conjugated onto PAHy to afford an amphiphilic copolymer with acid‐liable hydrazone bonds. The structure of the resulting copolymer and its self‐assembled micelles were confirmed by 1H NMR, FTIR, DLS, and TEM. Furthermore, doxorubicin (DOX) was loaded into the polymeric micelles via the hydrophobic interaction between the C18 group and DOX molecules, and the π‐π staking between the hydrazone conjugated DOX and free DOX molecules. Results showed that the DOX loaded nanoparticle (NP) was relatively stable under physiological conditions, while the DOX was quickly released in response to acidity due to the shedding of mPEG shells and dissociating of C18 segments because of the pH‐cleavage of intermediate hydrazone bonds. In addition, the DOX loaded micelles presented a high cytotoxic activity against tumor cells in vitro. This pH responsive NP has appeared highly promising for the targeted intracellular delivery of hydrophobic chemotherapeutics in cancer therapy. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 3045–3053, 2015.
Review of deep inspiration breath‐hold techniques for the treatment of breast cancer
Authors: Latty Drew , Stuart Kirsty E. , Wang Wei , Ahern Verity
Published: February 2015

Radiation treatment to the left breast is associated with increased cardiac morbidity and mortality. The deep inspiration breath‐hold technique (DIBH) can decrease radiation dose delivered to the heart and this may facilitate the treatment of the internal mammary chain nodes. The aim of this review is to critically analyse the literature available in relation to breath‐hold methods, implementation, utilisation, patient compliance, planning methods and treatment verification of the DIBH technique. Despite variation in the literature regarding the DIBH delivery method, patient coaching, visual feedback mechanisms and treatment verification, all methods of DIBH delivery reduce radiation dose to the heart. Further research is required to determine optimum protocols for patient training and treatment verification to ensure the technique is delivered successfully.
Modeling of low‐frequency noise in advanced CMOS devices
Authors: Balestra F. , Ghibaudo G. , Jomaah J.
Published: February 2015

The modeling and characterization of low‐frequency noise and noise variability in various regimes of operation are investigated for the main advanced complementary metal–oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technologies. Novel materials and innovative device architectures from 0.5 μm to 20 nm gate lengths are studied. The impact of gate stack, realized with ultrathin oxides, polysilicon gate and high‐k/metal gate is analyzed. The influence of alternative channel materials, in particular ultrathin body silicon‐on‐insulator layers, strain Si and III–V materials is addressed. The comparison of low‐frequency noise in advanced device architectures, including bulk Si, fully depleted SOI, FinFET, junctionless, and multi‐gates structures, is shown. Accurate noise models, taking into account the main physical mechanisms, are proposed for all these very advanced technologies, which will be needed for the nanoelectronics of the next decade. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of atmospheric conditions associated to CHACO events of the Low Level Jet East of the Andes and their implications for regional transport
Authors: Castañeda María Elizabeth , Ulke Ana Graciela
Published: February 2015

The low level jet (LLJ) east of the Andes in South America plays a key role in the transport of heat and water vapour from tropical to subtropical latitudes. It also plays a major role in the regional transport of pollutants and biological matter. This study examines the main spatial variability modes of the LLJ whose exit area reaches the La Plata Basin with no precipitation associated (which would remove aerosols) – Chaco Jet 1 (CJ1). The events were identified by applying the modified Bonner's criteria on the 850 and 700 hPa wind fields of the period 2001–2005 from GDAS (NCEP). With the help of an hybrid approach to Principal Component Analysis T‐mode applied on the JRA‐25 Reanalysis from the Japan Meteorological Agency, the main spatial patterns were identified during CJ1 episodes. Selected variables are geopotential height, specific humidity, equivalent potential temperature and the zonal and meridional wind components at 850 hPa.

The first two PC components explained 35.64% of the variance. The significant fields show the entrance of the CJ1 to high (first PC) and middle (second PC) latitudes. The first component, with an explained variance of 21.1%, identifies episodes of moisture transport into high latitudes, and an intense flow north of 40°S. To the south, the most noticeable features for this component are moister conditions and weaker winds over Patagonia. The second component describes the situations where the flow turns towards the Atlantic Ocean at mid‐latitudes, causing moisture to peak over the province of Buenos Aires and the north of Patagonia; with a stronger and more zonally oriented flow at high latitudes. The present analysis contributes to better understand the atmospheric circulation associated with CJ1 episodes and its implications on the regional transport of heat, moisture, pollutants and biological matter into La Plata Basin.
Electromechanical reshaping of ex vivo porcine trachea
Authors: Hussain Syed , Manuel Cyrus T. , Protsenko Dmitriy E. , Wong Brian J. F.
Published: February 2015

Objectives

The trachea is a composite cartilaginous structure particularly prone to various forms of convexities. Electromechanical reshaping (EMR) is an emerging technique used to reshape cartilaginous tissues by applying electric current in tandem with imposed mechanical deformation to achieve shape change. In this study, EMR was used to reshape tracheal cartilage rings to demonstrate the feasibility of this technology as a potentially minimally invasive procedure to alter tracheal structure.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study using ex vivo porcine tracheae.

Methods

The natural concavity of each porcine tracheal ring was reversed around a cork mandrel. Two pairs of electrodes were inserted along the long axis of the tracheal ring and placed 1.5 millimeters from the midline. Current was applied over a range of voltages (3 volts [V], 4V, and 5V) for either 2 or 3 minutes. The degree of EMR‐induced reshaping was quantified from photographs using digital techniques. Confocal imaging with fluorescent live and dead assays was conducted to determine viability of the tissue after EMR.

Results

Specimens that underwent EMR for 2 or 3 minutes at 4V or 5V were observed to have undergone significant (P < .05) reshaping relative to the control. Viability results demonstrated that EMR reshaping occurs at the expense of tissue injury, although the extent of injury is modest relative to conventional techniques.

Conclusion

EMR reshapes tracheal cartilage rings as a function of voltage and application time. It has potential as a minimally invasive and cost‐efficient endoscopic technology to treat pathologic tracheal convexities. Given our findings, consideration of EMR for use in larger ex vivo tracheal segments and animal studies is now plausible.

Level of Evidence

N/A. Laryngoscope, 125:1628–1632, 2015
Thick (~1 μm) p‐type InxGa1–xN (x ~ 0.36) grown by MOVPE at a low temperature (~570 °C)
Authors: Yamamoto A. , Hasan T. Md. , Kodama K. , Shigekawa N. , Kuzuhara M.
Published: February 2015

This paper reports the post‐growth annealing effects of low‐temperature grown Mg‐doped InGaN. By using MOVPE, 1 μm‐thick Mg‐doped InxGa1–xN (x ~ 0.36) films are grown at 570 °C. In order to activate the Mg acceptors, grown samples are treated by the conventional furnace annealing (FA) or the rapid thermal annealing (RTA). In the case of the FA at 650 °C for 20 min, the InGaN film is phase‐separated. On the other hand, the RTA at a temperature higher than 700 °C enables us to get p‐type samples. By using the RTA at 850 for 20 s, p‐type samples with a hole concentration 1018–1019 cm−3 are successfully obtained without phase separation.
Rational Design of Metal Nanoframes for Catalysis and Plasmonics
Authors: Fang Zhicheng , Wang Youcheng , Liu Chenxuan , Chen Sheng , Sang Wei , Wang Chao , Zeng Jie
Published: February 2015

Recently, metal nanoframes have received increased attention due to their unique spatial and physicochemical, e.g., catalytic and plasmonic properties. So far, a variety of synthetic procedures have been developed to fabricate metal nanoframes with different shapes, sizes and compositions. Typical synthesis of metal nanoframes involves two stages: 1) formation of solid nanocrystals and 2) hollowing out the interiors and side faces. In this review, solution‐phase synthetic strategies are summarized, based on galvanic replacement reactions, oxidative etching, the Kirkendall effect, electrodeposition, and template‐assisted growth, as well as one‐pot synthesis. Their potential applications in catalysis and optical sensing are overviewed as well.
New lager yeast strains generated by interspecific hybridization
Authors: Krogerus Kristoffer , Magalhães Frederico , Vidgren Virve , Gibson Brian
Published: February 2015

The interspecific hybrid Saccharomyces pastorianus is the most commonly used yeast in brewery fermentations worldwide. Here, we generated de novo lager yeast hybrids by mating a domesticated and strongly flocculent Saccharomyces cerevisiae ale strain with the Saccharomyces eubayanus type strain. The hybrids were characterized with respect to the parent strains in a wort fermentation performed at temperatures typical for lager brewing (12 °C). The resulting beers were analysed for sugar and aroma compounds, while the yeasts were tested for their flocculation ability and α-glucoside transport capability. These hybrids inherited beneficial properties from both parent strains (cryotolerance, maltotriose utilization and strong flocculation) and showed apparent hybrid vigour, fermenting faster and producing beer with higher alcohol content (5.6 vs 4.5 % ABV) than the parents. Results suggest that interspecific hybridization is suitable for production of novel non-GM lager yeast strains with unique properties and will help in elucidating the evolutionary history of industrial lager yeast.
Characterization of nanoparticle transport through quartz and dolomite gravels by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Lakshmanan S. , Holmes W. M. , Sloan W. T. , Phoenix V. R.
Published: February 2015

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has tremendous potential for revealing transport processes in engineered and geologic systems. Here, we utilize MRI to image nanoparticle (NP) transport through a saturated coarse-grained system. Commercially available paramagnetically tagged NPs are used; the paramagnetic tag making the NP visible to MRI. NP transport was imaged as NPs migrated through packed columns of quartz and dolomite gravel. Changes in T2-weighted image intensity were calibrated to provide fully quantitative maps of NP concentration at regular time intervals (T2being the spin–spin relaxation time of1H nuclei). Transport of nanoparticles was significantly retarded in dolomite compared to quartz due to electrostatic attraction between nanoparticle and dolomite surfaces. NP concentration profiles were evaluated with the CXTFIT computer package to estimate nanoparticle transport parameters at multiple points along the length of the column. This provided temporally resolved parameters that standard breakthrough curve analysis cannot provide. Particle–surface interaction energy profiles were described through Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory. While dispersion coefficients and fast deposition rate constant (kfast) were found to increase with distance, deposition rate constant (k) and collision efficiency (α) were found to decrease with distance. These length-dependant variations have significant scaling-up implications for transport models used to predict NP transport in natural and engineered coarse-grained systems, such as sustainable urban drainage systems and river beds.
Patterns of dietary behaviours identified by latent class analysis are associated with chronic uninvestigated dyspepsia
Authors: Keshteli Ammar Hassanzadeh , Feizi Awat , Esmaillzadeh Ahmad , Zaribaf Fatemeh , Feinle-Bisset Christine , Talley Nicholas J. , Adibi Peyman
Published: February 2015

To our knowledge, no study has assessed the relationships between patterns of dietary behaviours, identified by latent class analysis (LCA), and chronic uninvestigated dyspepsia (CUD). The present study was conducted to determine the association between the patterns of dietary behaviours, identified by LCA, and CUD in a large sample of adults. In a cross-sectional study conducted on 4763 Iranian adults, we assessed the patterns of dietary behaviours in four domains, including ‘meal patterns’, ‘eating rate’, ‘intra-meal fluid intake’ and ‘meal-to-sleep interval’, as identified by LCA, using a pre-tested comprehensive questionnaire. Patients with CUD were identified using the Rome III diagnostic criteria. CUD was prevalent in 15·2 % (95 % CI 14·4, 16·2 %; n 723) of patients. Early satiation occurred in 6·3 % (n 302) of patients, bothersome postprandial fullness in 8·0 % (n 384) of patients and epigastric pain in 7·8 % (n 371) of patients. We defined two distinct classes of meal patterns: ‘regular’ and ‘irregular’. For eating rates, three classes were defined: ‘moderate’, ‘moderate-to-slow’ and ‘moderate-to-fast’. Participants were identified as ingesting fluid with meals in two major classes: ‘moderate intra-meal drinking’ and ‘high intra-meal drinking’. In terms of the interval between meals and sleeping, two distinct classes were identified: ‘short meal-to-sleep interval’ and ‘long meal-to-sleep interval’. After controlling for potential confounders, the ‘irregular meal pattern’ was significantly associated with a greater odds of CUD (OR 1·42, 95 % CI 1·12, 1·78) compared with a ‘regular meal pattern’. Individuals with a ‘moderate-to-fast eating rate’ were more likely to have CUD compared with those who had a ‘moderate eating rate’ (OR 1·42, 95 % CI 1·15, 1·75). Patterns of the ‘meal-to-sleep interval’ and ‘intra-meal fluid intake’ were not significantly associated with CUD. In conclusion, the ‘irregular meal pattern’ and the ‘moderate-to-fast eating rate’ were significantly associated with a greater odds of CUD. Further prospective investigations are warranted to confirm this association.
Strangers in the Village? Colonial policing in rural Bengal, 1861 to 1892
Authors: GIULIANI ERIN M.
Published: February 2015

The chief concern of this article is the organization and administration of rural policing in colonial Bengal during the last 40 years of the nineteenth century. It connects its design and implementation with the consolidation of India's colonial police force, while highlighting the ongoing negotiations made by the Bengal police in a wider colonial model. The article argues that the police administration of rural Bengal was shaped initially by the ordinary constraints of the colonial state which underpinned the design of the Indian police—namely its frugality and preference for collaborating with local intermediaries, a manifestation of salutary neglect. Yet, it highlights the role of Bengal's largely British police executive in renegotiating customs of governance and, ultimately, as an established model of policing in India. The article focuses, therefore, on ongoing and at times informal police reforms which were based upon notions contradictory to an official discourse about policing in India. This article thus contextualizes the development of rural police administration in Bengal in a strong tradition of police-led reform in the province. In so doing, the article redresses a traditional historiographical focus on the political origins and coercive function of the police, and problematizes current research which situates Indian policing within customs of British governance in the subcontinent.
The effectiveness of psychoeducational family intervention for patients with schizophrenia in a 14-year follow-up study in a Chinese rural area
Authors: Ran M.-S. , Chan C. L.-W. , Ng S.-M. , Guo L.-T. , Xiang M.-Z.
Published: February 2015

Background

It is unclear if the impact of psychoeducational family intervention for patients with schizophrenia can be sustained over 10 years. In this study, we explored the 14-year effect of psychoeducational family intervention for patients with schizophrenia in a Chinese rural area.

Method

The data from a cluster randomized control trial (CRCT) study of psychoeducational family intervention in a 14-year follow-up was analyzed. All patients with schizophrenia (n = 326) who participated in the CRCT drawn from six townships in Xinjin County of Chengdu in 1994, of whom 238 (73.0%) who were still alive, and their informants were followed up in 2008. The Patients Follow-up Scale, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Global Assessment of Functioning were used in the follow-up study.

Results

There were no significant differences of marital status, mean scores of PANSS positive symptoms, negative symptoms, general mental health, and total scores among the psychoeducational family intervention, medication, and control groups in 2008. The psychoeducational family intervention group had a significantly higher rate of antipsychotic medication and a higher level of work ability than other two groups. The control group had a significantly higher rate of never-treated (26.0%) than psychoeducational family intervention group (6.5%).

Conclusion

Psychoeducational family intervention might be still effective in the 14-year follow-up, especially in patients’ treatment adherence/compliance and social functioning. Psychoeducational family intervention might be more effective in places where family members frequently participated in patients’ care and had a lower level of knowledge on mental illness. Family intervention should be considered when making mental health policy and planning mental health services.
Language contact in Shetland Scots and Southern Irish English
Authors: Nevitt Drew
Published: February 2015

English is a product of contact with other languages (Hickey, 2010a). This essay explains the major effects of language contact on the languages or dialects involved, using examples from Shetland Scots, which has been influenced by contact with Norn, and from Southern Irish English (S.I.E.), which has been influenced by contact with Irish Gaelic. The focus is on the borrowing of lexical items between Norn and Shetland Scots and of grammatical features between Irish Gaelic and S.I.E. The essay begins with a brief overview of language contact in general and then give examples of the effects of contact from each dialect. Throughout the essay the claim is made that language contact is an ongoing and fluid process and that the examples given merely illustrate the effects of contact necessitated by the particular situation in question, not universal effects of language contact.
THE SIXTEEN-FOOTVIOLONEIN CONCERTED MUSIC OF THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES: ISSUES OF TERMINOLOGY AND FUNCTION
Authors: CHAPMAN DAVID F.
Published: February 2015

Recent performance projects have called into question the use of the sixteen-footviolonein a wide range of instrumental and concerted vocal works, particularly those by J. S. Bach. In performances of music by Bach and his contemporaries, artists have on occasion opted to exclude sixteen-foot participation in the bass line, often citing terminological issues as a reason. While acknowledging that the use of the termviolonein scores and parts from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries is problematic, this article casts doubt on the conclusions reached by these performers and on the scholarly writings underpinning them. A careful examination of instrumental designations employed in autograph parts and scores provides important clues as to the proper employment of a sixteen-foot contrabass instrument in many works. Further illumination on this matter is provided by terminology in contemporary treatises. Analysis of this material shows that the function of the bass line to which the termviolone(or any of its regional variants) was assigned was a crucial determining factor in interpreting that part as either an eight- or sixteen-foot bass line. In other words, modern determinations should be made according to whether the designation indicates a non-transposing instrument serving primarily as the bass member of an instrumental choir or a transposing instrument whose main purpose is reinforcing the continuo line at the lower octave.
BLAINVILLE'S NEW MODE, OR HOW THE PLAGAL CADENCE CAME TO BE ‘PLAGAL’
Authors: MUTCH CALEB
Published: February 2015

The plagal cadence has long been a significant concept within musical discourse, but that discourse contains no convincing explanation of why the progression should be characterized as ‘plagal’. This article elucidates the meaning of the term ‘plagal cadence’ by examining its introduction into a mid-eighteenth-century Parisian debate over the nature of what would come to be called tonality instigated by Charles-Henri de Blainville's proposal of the ‘mixed mode’, a supplement to the major and minor modes. Owing to the properties of his new mode's scale, which corresponds to the Phrygian mode, Blainville identified the plagal cadence as the proper conclusion for pieces in the mixed mode. Curiously, although Blainville's work appears to contain the first published articulation of the term, he employs it as if his readers were already familiar with the ‘plagal cadence’. This article explains that oddity, finding that Blainville misread earlier accounts of plainchant as saying that plagal modes were characterized by the interval of the descending fourth. In conclusion, consideration of the controversy regarding the mixed mode and plagal cadence reveals that those historical disagreements bear striking similarities to current debates over the significance and function of the plagal cadence in theories of harmony.
GENERATIONEN: GEORG PHILIPP TELEMANN UND CARL PHILIPP EMANUEL BACH: IMPULSE – TRANSFORMATIONEN – KONTRASTE MAGDEBURG, 17–18 MARCH 2014
Authors: EXNER ELLEN
Published: February 2015

This conference continued a series of meetings (biennial since 1994) dedicated to Telemann scholarship and held in Magdeburg, city of the composer's birth and home of the Zentrum für Telemann-Pflege und -Forschung. The theme of the conference linked it to a host of international events dedicated to Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach on the occasion of his three hundredth birthday. The close relationship of Telemann to the second oldest Bach son (Telemann was his godfather) provided ample reason to bring together leading authorities on these two composers and their musical cultures. Twenty-five presentations across two days reflected what has already been written about Emanuel Bach and Telemann, what is currently being learned and what topics might fruitfully be explored in future.
THE MELODRAMATIC MOMENT, 1790–1820 KING’S COLLEGE LONDON, 27–29 MARCH 2014
Authors: HAMBRIDGE KATHERINE , HICKS JONATHAN
Published: February 2015

This conference, a collaboration between the two projects ‘French Theatre of the Napoleonic Era’ at Warwick University and ‘Music in London, 1800–1851’ at King's College London, was intended to foster interdisciplinary dialogue about early melodrama. In particular, the aim was to investigate the relationship between melodramatic techniques (spoken word over or alternated with instrumental music), melodramatic aesthetics (such as strong contrasts between good and evil and extremes of emotion) and the generic category of melodrama (given to various concert and theatrical forms). While discussion necessarily engaged with phenomena either side of the thirty years specified by the title, participants focused on the period in which melodrama came to prominence as a stage genre, a period in which several of the key European traditions coincided.
Regional differences in birth size: a comparison between the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study and contemporaneous births on the Åland Islands
Authors: Sandboge S. , Fellman J. , Nilsson P. M. , Eriksson A. W. , Osmond C. , Eriksson J. G.
Published: February 2015

The Åland Islands were recently ranked as Finland’s healthiest region with lower prevalence of several non-communicable diseases compared with the national mean. We have compared birth characteristics of 1697 individuals born on the Åland Islands between 1937 and 1944 with contemporaneous data from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study (HBCS;n=11,808). This is a first step towards a potential future analysis of Ålandic health from a life-course perspective. Mean birth weight and length were calculated for both cohorts. Birth weight was entered into a multiple linear regression model with sex, maternal age, marital status and birth year as predictors. Mean birth weight in the Åland cohort was 3499 g, 87 g (95% CI 62; 111) higher compared with the HBCS. Sex and maternal marital status were the strongest predictors of birth weight. More detailed studies are needed to explore the potential effects of this difference in average birth weight between cohorts.
Reversible monolayer-to-crystalline phase transition in amphiphilic silsesquioxane at the air-water interface
Authors: Banerjee R. , Sanyal M. K. , Bera M. K. , Gibaud A. , Lin B. , Meron M.
Published: February 2015

We report on the counter intuitive reversible crystallisation of two-dimensional monolayer of Trisilanolisobutyl Polyhedral Oligomeric SilSesquioxane (TBPOSS) on water surface using synchrotron x-ray scattering measurements. Amphiphilic TBPOSS form rugged monolayers and Grazing Incidence X-ray Scattering (GIXS) measurements reveal that the in-plane inter-particle correlation peaks, characteristic of two-dimensional system, observed before transition is replaced by intense localized spots after transition. The measured x-ray scattering data of the non-equilibrium crystalline phase on the air-water interface could be explained with a model that assumes periodic stacking of the TBPOSS dimers. These crystalline stacking relaxes upon decompression and the TBPOSS layer retains its initial monolayer state. The existence of these crystals in compressed phase is confirmed by atomic force microscopy measurements by lifting the materials on a solid substrate.
A General Design Rule to Manipulate Photocarrier Transport Path in Solar Cells and Its Realization by the Plasmonic-Electrical Effect
Authors: Sha Wei E. I. , Zhu Hugh L. , Chen Luzhou , Chew Weng Cho , Choy Wallace C. H.
Published: February 2015

It is well known that transport paths of photocarriers (electrons and holes) before collected by electrodes strongly affect bulk recombination and thus electrical properties of solar cells, including open-circuit voltage and fill factor. For boosting device performance, a general design rule, tailored to arbitrary electron to hole mobility ratio, is proposed to decide the transport paths of photocarriers. Due to a unique ability to localize and concentrate light, plasmonics is explored to manipulate photocarrier transport through spatially redistributing light absorption at the active layer of devices. Without changing the active materials, we conceive a plasmonic-electrical concept, which tunes electrical properties of solar cells via the plasmon-modified optical field distribution, to realize the design rule. Incorporating spectrally and spatially configurable metallic nanostructures, thin-film solar cells are theoretically modelled and experimentally fabricated to validate the design rule and verify the plasmonic-tunable electrical properties. The general design rule, together with the plasmonic-electrical effect, contributes to the evolution of emerging photovoltaics.
A flexible lab-on-a-chip for the synthesis and magnetic separation of magnetite decorated with gold nanoparticles
Authors: Cabrera Flávio C. , Melo Antonio F. A. A. , de Souza João C. P. , Job Aldo E. , Crespilho Frank N.
Published: February 2015

The preparation of controlled amounts of magnetite nanoparticles decorated with gold nanoparticles without organic solvents, surfactants, or heat treatment is presented. For this, natural-rubber-based microfluidic device (NRMD) was used as a flexible lab-on-a-chip.
Surface modification of polyamide composite membranes by corona air plasma for gas separation applications
Authors: Zarshenas Kiyoumars , Raisi Ahmadreza , Aroujalian Abdolreza
Published: February 2015

Corona air plasma was successfully used to modify the surface of dual-layer PA6/PES composite membranes in order to improve their gas separation performance.
Enhanced tumor-targeted gene delivery by bioreducible polyethylenimine tethering EGFR divalent ligands
Authors: Lee Duhwan , Lee Yeong Mi , Kim Jihoon , Lee Myung Kyu , Kim Won Jong
Published: February 2015

This work demonstrates successful delivery of a gene to EGFR-overexpressed cancer cells by using a rationally designed branched GE11 peptide as a targeting ligand.
Spirocyclic, macrocyclic and ladder complexes of coinage metals and mercury with dichalcogeno P2N2-supported anions
Authors: Nordheider Andreas , Hüll Katharina , Athukorala Arachchige Kasun S. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Woollins J. Derek , Thirumoorthi Ramalingam , Chivers Tristram
Published: February 2015

Reactions of the dianions [tBuN(E)P(μ-NtBu)]22− (E = Se,S) with M(i) reagents (M = Ag, Au) or HgCl2 produce complexes of [tBu(H)N(E)P(μ-NtBu)2P(E)NtBu]− with spirocyclic, macrocyclic or ladder structures.
Correction: Titin-mimicking polycyclic polymers with shape regeneration and healing properties
Authors: Schuetz Jan-Hendrik , Peng Wentao , Vana Philipp
Published: February 2015

Correction for ‘Titin-mimicking polycyclic polymers with shape regeneration and healing properties’ by Jan-Hendrik Schuetz et al., Polym. Chem., 2015, DOI: 10.1039/c4py01458h.
Characterizing spatial distributions of astrocytes in the mammalian retina
Authors: Jammalamadaka Aruna , Suwannatat Panuakdet , Fisher Steven K. , Manjunath B. S. , Höllerer Tobias , Luna Gabriel
Published: February 2015

Motivation: In addition to being involved in retinal vascular growth, astrocytes play an important role in diseases and injuries, such as glaucomatous neuro-degeneration and retinal detachment. Studying astrocytes, their morphological cell characteristics and their spatial relationships to the surrounding vasculature in the retina may elucidate their role in these conditions.

Results: Our results show that in normal healthy retinas, the distribution of observed astrocyte cells does not follow a uniform distribution. The cells are significantly more densely packed around the blood vessels than a uniform distribution would predict. We also show that compared with the distribution of all cells, large cells are more dense in the vicinity of veins and toward the optic nerve head whereas smaller cells are often more dense in the vicinity of arteries. We hypothesize that since veinal astrocytes are known to transport toxic metabolic waste away from neurons they may be more critical than arterial astrocytes and therefore require larger cell bodies to process waste more efficiently.

Availability and implementation: A 1/8th size down-sampled version of the seven retinal image mosaics described in this article can be found on BISQUE (Kvilekval et al., 2010) at http://bisque.ece.ucsb.edu/client_service/view?resource=http://bisque.ece.ucsb.edu/data_service/dataset/6566968.

Contact:  arunaj@ece.ucsb.edu or manj@ece.ucsb.edu

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Accelerated phenology of blacklegged ticks under climate warming
Authors: Levi Taal , Keesing Felicia , Oggenfuss Kelly , Ostfeld Richard S.
Published: February 2015

The phenology of tick emergence has important implications for the transmission of tick-borne pathogens. A long lag between the emergence of tick nymphs in spring and larvae in summer should increase transmission of persistent pathogens by allowing infected nymphs to inoculate the population of naive hosts that can subsequently transmit the pathogen to larvae to complete the transmission cycle. In contrast, greater synchrony between nymphs and larvae should facilitate transmission of pathogens that do not produce long-lasting infections in hosts. Here, we use 19 years of data on blacklegged ticks attached to small-mammal hosts to quantify the relationship between climate warming and tick phenology. Warmer years through May and August were associated with a nearly three-week advance in the phenology of nymphal and larval ticks relative to colder years, with little evidence of increased synchrony. Warmer Octobers were associated with fewer larvae feeding concurrently with nymphs during the following spring. Projected warming by the 2050s is expected to advance the timing of average nymph and larva activity by 8–11 and 10–14 days, respectively. If these trends continue, climate warming should maintain or increase transmission of persistent pathogens, while it might inhibit pathogens that do not produce long-lasting infections.
Social learning augmented by social media: creating better organizations for a better world
Authors: L. Conner Marcia
Published: February 2015

Purpose

– Social media provides a modern approach to working and learning with people across vast distances as easily as if they were side by side. The new tools foster a new type of social learning, offering leaders an opportunity to transform their organizations into rich learning labs where new knowledge and innovative practices emerge in real-time.

Design/methodology/approach

– Based on my book published in 2010, and the work I have done with more than 100 companies on social media’s use for fostering social learning.

Findings

– Social technologies should be used to replace outmoded education programs with more effective and mobile means. With these tools, learners can reframe learning from a passive activity done to learners to an active and very human activity that enables people to build upon their individual and collective potential.

Originality/value

– Written for this publication, yet based on the learnings since and research done originally for The New Social Learning.
As learning systems go digital and social, can we keep up?
Authors: Moore Helena
Published: February 2015

Purpose

– This case study aims to show how one award winning organization, Bromford in the UK, has engaged with and implemented multiple social media strategies that have positively impacted the very fabric and culture of the organization.

Design/methodology/approach

– The author shares the lessons learned in Bromford’s social media journey so far – a journey that has resulted in numerous social media awards.

Findings

– The article describes the impact that social media has had on the organization in five areas: internal relationships; working with suppliers; leadership development; what the organization now measures; and organizational culture.

Originality/value

– This paper will be of value to all directors, leaders, managers and learning and development (L&D) professionals who are grappling with the rapid changes brought about by the ever-moving social media landscape. The experiences and advice of the author are shared in an accessible and practical way.
New roles and challenges within the healthcare workforce: a Heideggerian perspective
Authors: Wilson Anthea
Published: February 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore insights based on the phenomenology of Martin Heidegger, on the dynamic relationships between human experience and work roles.

Design/methodology/approach

– Drawing on the findings of a hermeneutic phenomenological study of nurse mentors, the topics of new roles and role challenges are explored, along with a consideration of their relevance to wider issues of workforce redesign. Heidegger’s philosophy of Dasein, in particular his concepts of inauthentic and authentic self, provided an interpretational lens. This paper applies these philosophical concepts to challenges associated with a changing workforce.

Findings

– Concepts elaborating human existence as proposed by Heidegger may offer analytic structures for understanding shifts in the lived experience of a changing workplace. In particular, the concepts could help managers to explore the implications of introducing novel work roles or extending roles. The understanding gained can also extend to situations where work practices may need to be challenged.

Originality/value

– As work roles and skill mix undergo rapid shifts, this paper offers an original way of understanding the experience of work roles.