bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrafine AuPd nanoparticles supported on amine functionalized monochlorotriazinyl β-cyclodextrin as highly active catalysts for hydrogen evolution from formic acid dehydrogenation
Authors: Liu Xue , Gao Dawei , Chi Yue , Wang Hongli , Wang Zhili , Zhao Zhankui
Published: July 2020

Au0.3Pd0.7/A-M-β-CD exhibits remarkable catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution from formic acid, which is attributed to strong metal–support interaction.
Biomimetic nonbiofouling polypyrrole electrodes grafted with zwitterionic polymer using gamma rays
Authors: Jeong Jin-Oh , Kim Semin , Park Junggeon , Lee Sanghun , Park Jong-Seok , Lim Youn-Mook , Lee Jae Young
Published: July 2020

A nonbiofouling conductive polymer (i.e., polypyrrole [PPy]) bioelectrode was fabricated by grafting zwitterionic methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine polymer (MPC) using gamma radiation.
Gold nanoparticle-engineered electrochemical aptamer biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of thrombin
Authors: Chen Ying , Xiang Junyi , Liu Bin , Chen Zhengbo , Zuo Xia
Published: July 2020

An electrochemical aptasensor for the ultrasensitive determination of TB based on sandwich-type structure-triggered signal amplification.
Stable melt formation of 2D nitrile-based coordination polymer and hierarchical crystal–glass structuring
Authors: Das Chinmoy , Ogawa Tomohiro , Horike Satoshi
Published: July 2020

2D nitrile-based coordination polymer crystal shows over 110 °C of windows of liquid state and it forms a glass monolith.
Design and synthesis of aryl-functionalized carbazole-based porous coordination cages
Authors: Rowland Casey A. , Lorzing Gregory R. , Bhattacharjee Rameswar , Caratzoulas Stavros , Yap Glenn P. A. , Bloch Eric D.
Published: July 2020

Straightforward coupling reactions give access to aryl-functionalized ligands for the synthesis of porous coordination cages with tunable properties and increased stability.
Bismuth activated full spectral double perovskite luminescence materials by excitation and valence control for future intelligent LED lighting
Authors: Wei Yi , Yang Hang , Gao Zhiyu , Xing Gongcheng , Molokeev Maxim S. , Li Guogang
Published: July 2020

Wide two-dimensional photoluminescence tuning and single-composition white emission with varied CCTs in La2Mg1.14Zr0.86O6:Bi3+,Eu3+ phosphors for future intelligent LED applications.
Synthetic strategy towards halometallates with imidazo[1,5-a]pyridinium-based counterions
Authors: Vassilyeva Olga Yu. , Buvaylo Elena A. , Linnik Rostyslav P. , Nesterov Dmytro S. , Trachevsky Vladimir V. , Skelton Brian W.
Published: July 2020

The interaction between formaldehyde, amine and 2-pyridinecarbaldehyde with MXn (X = halide) in the presence of HX enables creation of a large range of chemical and structural variations for systematic investigation of the entailing properties.
Ring stacking and laddering in ammonium carboxylate salts: extension to secondary ammonium salts
Authors: Odendal James A. , Bruce Jocelyn C. , Koch Klaus R. , Haynes Delia A.
Published: July 2020

A combined CSD and experimental study shows that the ring stacking and laddering principle, an ionic model, gives insight into the crystal structures of secondary ammonium carboxylate salts.
Seed-triggered solid-to-solid transformation between color polymorphs: striking differences between quasi-isomorphous crystals of dichloro-substituted salicylideneaniline regioisomers
Authors: Zhang Zaixiang , Suzuki Masahiro , Yang Yu , Yoshikawa Isao , Yin Qiuxiang , Houjou Hirohiko
Published: July 2020

The title compound exhibited two color polymorphs, of which the yellow form transformed to the orange form during heating, and this peculiar phase transition behavior was explained in relation to the pseudo-symmetry of its molecular structure.
Why small proteins tend to have high denaturation temperatures
Authors: Graziano Giuseppe
Published: July 2020

Small proteins have high Td because ΔSd is small since large surface-to-interior ratio implies long-wavelength vibrational modes in the N-state.
Adsorption geometry and self-assembling of chiral modifier (R)-(+)-1-(1-naphthylethylamine) on Pt(111)
Authors: Attia Smadar , Spadafora Evan J. , Schmidt Marvin C. , Schröder Carsten , Baumann Ann-Katrin , Schauermann Swetlana
Published: July 2020

A mechanistic study on interaction of a chiral modifier – (R)-(+)-1-(1-naphthylethylamine) (R-NEA) – with a single crystalline Pt(111) surface is reported.
Tailoring aromatic ring-terminated edges of g-C3N4nanosheets for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution with simultaneous antibiotic removal
Authors: Chen Zhihong , Li Shanshan , Peng Yannan , Hu Chun
Published: July 2020

A promising “one stone three birds” route to enhance photocatalytic H2production with simultaneous organic pollutant removal activity.
Oxidative dehydrogenation of propane on the oxygen adsorbed edges of boron nitride nanoribbons
Authors: Rajbanshi Biplab , Saha Supriya , Fricke Charles , Ammal Salai Cheettu , Heyden Andreas
Published: July 2020

A N2O/NOx-type site on the boron nitride nanoribbon edge is proposed as highly selective, active site for the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane.
Homogeneous cobalt-catalyzed deoxygenative hydrogenation of amides to amines
Authors: Papa Veronica , Cabrero-Antonino Jose R. , Spannenberg Anke , Junge Kathrin , Beller Matthias
Published: July 2020

Herein, the first general and efficient homogeneous cobalt-catalyzed deoxygenative hydrogenation of amides to amines is presented.
d-orbital energy levels in planar [MIIF4]2−, [MII(NH3)4]2+and [MII(CN)4]2−complexes: the nature of M–L π bonding and the implications for ligand field theory
Authors: Deeth Robert J.
Published: July 2020

The ‘coordination voids’ above and below the molecular plane exert significant σ and π ligand field effects.
Lithium degradation in lithium–sulfur batteries: insights into inventory depletion and interphasial evolution with cycling
Authors: Nanda Sanjay , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: July 2020

Anode-free full cells enable a quantitative estimate of lithium inventory loss rates, which is correlated with the growth of an electrolyte decomposition layer, even as metallic lithium stays intact with cycling.
Oxyresveratrol extracted fromArtocarpus heterophyllusLam. inhibits tyrosinase and age pigmentsin vitroandin vivo
Authors: Li Jun , Lin Zhenyu , Tang Xudong , Liu Guo , Chen Yunjiao , Zhai Xiaoxiang , Huang Qingrong , Cao Yong
Published: July 2020

Oxyresveratrol could strongly inhibit tyrosinase activity and decrease melanin productionin vitroandin vivo.
AI on a chip
Authors: Isozaki Akihiro , Harmon Jeffrey , Zhou Yuqi , Li Shuai , Nakagawa Yuta , Hayashi Mika , Mikami Hideharu , Lei Cheng , Goda Keisuke
Published: July 2020

The excellent synergy between artificial intelligence and lab-on-a-chip technology is described with applications.
Ultrasonic microstreaming for complex-trajectory transport and rotation of single particles and cells
Authors: Ma Zhichao , Zhou Yinning , Cai Feiyan , Meng Long , Zheng Hairong , Ai Ye
Published: July 2020

We present a versatile ultrasonic microstreaming based manipulation method that enables active and precise control of transport and rotation of individual microscale particles and biological cells in microfluidics.
Structural divergence in binuclear Cu(ii) pyridoxal Schiff base complexes probed by co-ligands: catecholase mimetic activity and sulphide ion sensing
Authors: Chakraborty Moumita , Mondal Antu , Chattopadhyay Shyamal Kumar
Published: July 2020

Three Cu(ii) complexes showing efficient catecholase activity, with pronounced solvent sensitivity, S2−sensing ability in micromolar concentrations, and coligand dependent denticity of the pyridoxal Schiff base ligand are reported.
A cationic Zr-based metal organic framework with enhanced acidic resistance for selective and efficient removal of CrO42−
Authors: Jiang Chao , Sun Ruopei , Du Ziyao , Singh Vikramjeet , Chen Suwen
Published: July 2020

A Zr-based cationic metal organic framework shows high acidic resistance and selectivity to the anion contaminant, CrO42−.
Mechanically robust, UV screener core–double-shell nanostructures provide enhanced shielding for EM radiations over wide angle of incidence
Authors: Bhattacharjee Yudhajit , Bapari Sambit , Bose Suryasarathi
Published: July 2020

Herein, first, of its kind core–double shell nanostructure material were synthesized in which ferrite (Fe3O4) acts as a diffused shell around conducting core (carbon nanosphere, CNS) separated by a dielectric spacer SiO2 for various applications.
Pressure and temperature-dependent optical properties of TiTa2O7
Authors: Hu Yuxin , Zhou Qiang , Li Liang , Jia Shufan , Ouyang Shunli , Cui Tian , Zhu Pinwen , Li Fangfei
Published: July 2020

Polycrystalline TiTa2O7 entered amorphous phase at 10.5 GPa and the SEM images indicate that the porosity of the sample were decreased.
A CO2-responsive smart fluid based on supramolecular assembly structures varying reversibly from vesicles to wormlike micelles
Authors: Xiong Chunming , Wei Falin , Zhou Qiang , Peng Kang , Ye Zhengrong , Yang Haiyang
Published: July 2020

CO2-responsive smart fluids have been widely investigated in the past decade. In this article, we reported a CO2-responsive smart fluid based on supramolecular assembly structures varying from vesicles to wormlike micelles.
Ni foam electrode solution impregnated with Ni-FeX(OH)Y catalysts for efficient oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline electrolyzers
Authors: Sengupta Dipanjan , Privitera Stefania M. S. , Milazzo Rachela Gabriella , Bongiorno Corrado , Scalese Silvia , Lombardo Salvatore
Published: July 2020

Modification of Ni foam electrode by FeCl3·6H2O and HCl, towards superior oxygen-evolving electrocatalyst for water splitting process.
Synthesis of polyhydroquinolines and propargylamines through one-pot multicomponent reactions using an acidic ionic liquid immobilized onto magnetic Fe3O4 as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst under solvent-free sonication
Authors: Nguyen Hai Truong , Truong Vy Anh , Tran Phuong Hoang
Published: July 2020

A nano-sized Fe3O4-supported Lewis acid ionic liquid catalyst for the synthesis of polyhydroquinolines and propargylamines under ultrasound irradiation has been developed.
Predicting the chemical reactivity of organic materials using a machine-learning approach
Authors: Lee Byungju , Yoo Jaekyun , Kang Kisuk
Published: July 2020

Stability and compatibility between chemical components are essential parameters that need to be considered in the selection of functional materials in configuring a system.
Power to the protein: enhancing and combining activities using the Spy toolbox
Authors: Keeble Anthony H. , Howarth Mark
Published: July 2020

A peptide with simple and selective reactivity expands the function of proteins, from single molecule analysis to potential clinical application.
New directions of activity-based sensing forin vivoNIR imaging
Authors: East Amanda K. , Lucero Melissa Y. , Chan Jefferson
Published: July 2020

In vivoimaging is a powerful approach to study biological processes.
A robust flame retardant fluorinated polyimide nanofiber separator for high-temperature lithium–sulfur batteries
Authors: Luo Xiang , Lu Xianbo , Chen Xiaodong , Chen Ya , Song Chunyu , Yu Chunyang , Wang Nannan , Su Dawei , Wang Chengyin , Gao Xiaochun , Wang Guoxiu , Cui Lifeng
Published: July 2020

A multifunctional fluorinated polyimide nanofiber separator for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries.
Energizing hybrid supercapacitors by using Mn2+-based active electrolyte
Authors: Yan Lei , Huang Jianhang , Dong Xiaoli , Guo Zhaowei , Wang Zhuo , Wang Yonggang
Published: July 2020

Supercapacitors have high power density and a long lifespan but poor energy density in contrast with rechargeable batteries, restricting their widespread applications.
The origin of chemical inhomogeneity in garnet electrolytes and its impact on the electrochemical performance
Authors: Brugge Rowena H. , Pesci Federico M. , Cavallaro Andrea , Sole Christopher , Isaacs Mark A. , Kerherve Gwilherm , Weatherup Robert S. , Aguadero Ainara
Published: July 2020

The intrinsically defective nature of garnet-type electrolytes is revealed, probing the chemistry of the surface, grains and grain boundaries.
A crystallographic approach to the short-range ordering problem in V1−xMoxO2 (0.50 ≤ x ≤ 0.60)
Authors: Davenport Matthew A. , Allred Jared M.
Published: July 2020

Local structure in V1−xMoxO2 (x ∼ 0.5) solved using combined total and single X-ray scattering.
Conjugated donor–acceptor star molecules: a new concept for substantial dielectric breakdown strength improvement in PVDF films
Authors: Lu Yong , Chen Hui , Lim Song Kiat Jacob , He Xuehan , Wang Mingfeng , Hu Xiao
Published: July 2020

Star-shaped molecules with donor–acceptor structures can significantly improve the BDS of PVDF terpolymer films.
Multiligamentäre Kniegelenkverletzungen – Therapieempfehlungen für die Frührehabilitation
Authors: Stein Thomas , Schoch Wolfgang , Niederer Daniel
Published: July 2020

Multiligamentäre Kniegelenkverletzungen gehören zu den schwerwiegenden Verletzungen der unteren Extremität. Sie sind aufgrund ihrer Komplexität und Heterogenität kaum miteinander zu vergleichen. Daher gibt es keine evidenzbasierten einheitlichen Therapieempfehlungen – aber Erfahrungswerte, an denen sich Sport- und Physiotherapeuten orientieren können, um in der Nachbehandlung ein optimales Ergebnis für den Patienten zu erzielen.
Wie unterscheiden sich Bedürfnisse und Versorgung in der SAPV in Abhängigkeit von der Grunderkrankung? Auswertungen aus dem Nationalen Hospiz- und Palliativregister
Authors: Kaiser Florian , Zimmermann Sandra , Jansky Maximiliane , Andreas Stefan , Alt-Epping Bernd
Published: July 2020

Hintergrund Patienten mit nicht-malignen Grunderkrankungen gelten in den Strukturen der spezialisierten Palliativversorgung als unterrepräsentiert, und es steht zur Diskussion, welches Strukturformat am ehesten dem spezifischen Unterstützungsbedarf dieser Patienten entgegenkommt.

Methodik Wir analysierten daher 8078 (bzw. 6913 verwertbare) Datensätze aus den Jahren 2011–2018 aus dem Nationalen Hospiz- und Palliativregister von Patienten, die in der Spezialisierten Ambulanten Palliativversorgung mitbetreut wurden und differenzierten je nach Grunderkrankung. Die Auswertung erfolgte statistisch deskriptiv.

Ergebnisse Bei allen Gruppen von Grunderkrankungen zeigten sich ein vergleichbares Spektrum an physischen Symptomen und psychosozialen Belastungen, mit einigen (wenigen) grunderkrankungsspezifischen Differenzen sowie vergleichbaren Besserungen mancher Symptome innerhalb des Versorgungszeitraums. Bei der Dokumentation des Sterbeorts zeigte sich eine deutliche Dominanz onkologischer Patienten in Palliativstationen und Hospizen.

Diskussion Bei einem vielfach homogenen Bild zeigen sich nur wenige Differenzen zwischen dem Unterstützungsbedarf von Patienten mit nicht-malignen Grunderkrankungen im Vergleich zu Krebspatienten. Diese Befunde sollten dennoch bei der Ausgestaltung palliativmedizinischer Strukturen berücksichtigt werden.
Synthetic Advances in the C–H Activation of Rigid Scaffold Molecules
Authors: Senge Mathias O. , Grover Nitika
Published: July 2020

The remarkable structural and electronic properties of rigid non-conjugated hydrocarbons afford attractive opportunities to design molecular building blocks for both medicinal and material applications. The bridgehead positions provide the possibility to append diverse functional groups at specific angles and in specific orientations. The current review summarizes the synthetic development in CH functionalization of three rigid scaffolds namely: (a) cubane, (b) bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP), (c) adamantane.

1 Introduction

2 Cubane

2.1 Cubane Synthesis

2.2 Cubane Functionalization

3 Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP)

3.1 BCP Synthesis

3.2 BCP Functionalization

4 Adamantane

4.1 Adamantane Synthesis

4.2 Adamantane Functionalization

5 Conclusions and Outlook
Factors Associated with the Success Rate of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography with Standard Technique followed by Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in the Management of Choledocholithiasis: A Single-Center Experience
Authors: Konsue Chayanon , Eurboonyanun Chalerm , Ruangwannasak Somchai , Eurboonyanun Kulyada , Srisuk Tharatip , Satitkarnmanee Egapong , Aphinives Potchavit , Sripanuskul Anan
Published: July 2020

Background Choledocholithiasis is the most common benign biliary disease. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has been the first-line therapy in recent years, although laparoscopic common bile duct exploration has promising results. This retrospective study aimed to define the factors associated with biliary clearance by standard ERCP technique and conversion rate of LC.

Materials and Methods We retrospectively evaluated the records of 217 choledocholithiasis patients who had undergone ERCP with stone removal by the standard technique from 2010 to 2018. A failed ERCP was defined when the first ERCP session could not remove the stones . The number of patients who later underwent open cholecystectomy or LC was also recorded. Conversion was defined when LC had to be converted OC.

Statistical Analysis Student’s t-test was used for the comparison of continuous variables. Nominal variables were analyzed using Pearson’s chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. Binary logistic regression was performed for multivariate analysis.

Results The rate of successful biliary clearance was 81.1%. Of the patients, 109 (50.2%) had difficult stones. Increasing age (p = 0.004), increasing number (p = 0.001), and increasing size of stone (p < 0.001) were the three significant factors that were associated with the failure of biliary clearance. The difficult stone group had a higher failure rate of ERCP and a higher conversion rate of LC compared with the easy stone group (p = 0.001 and p = 0.027, respectively).

Conclusions ERCP with the standard technique is a highly effective and safe management option for patients with common bile duct (CBD) stones. The difficult stone group was found to be an independent risk factor that affected the success rate of both ERCP and the following LC. Difficult stone criteria should be assessed to identify a patient who might benefit from laparoscopic CBD exploration.
Limiting spectral and angular characteristics of multilayer relief – phase diffraction microstructures
Authors: Greisukh G.I. , Ezhov E.G. , Antonov A.I. , Danilov V.A. , Usievich B.A.
Published: July 2020

Methods for estimating the parameters of relief – phase diffraction microstructures (local and integral Q-factors) are extended to the case of multilayer double-relief sawtooth microstructures, which makes it possible to select the best combinations of optical materials for multilayer microstructures at a very low computational burden. An approach to the study of multilayer microstructures is proposed, based on the combined use of Q-factors and the method of rigorous analysis of coupled waves, which allows one to estimate the limiting spectral and angular characteristics of multilayer microstructures of various types.
Phase-shift speckle-shearing interferometry
Authors: Vishnyakov G.N. , Ivanov A.D. , Levin G.G. , Minaev V.L.
Published: July 2020

We have numerically simulated the process of measuring stress – strain states by the method of speckle-shearing interferometry using the phase-shift technique. A computer model with the possibility of setting its strain and roughness is developed, which includes a model of a diffusely reflecting test object corresponding to the characteristics of a real membrane, as well as a speckle interferometer model that allows speckle interferograms to be obtained for different speckle sizes and angles between interfering beams. The process of reconstructing the object surface topogram from model speckle interferograms by the phase-shift technique is implemented. Using the developed models, a two-dimensional shearogram are obtained, which is a derivative of the strain field of a circular membrane. Comparison of the results of numerical simulation with experimental data shows that the differences (rms deviations) do not exceed 0.02 μm. It is also shown that the error of interferogram reconstruction by the phase-shift technique increases significantly when the test object strains exceed 12 μm.
Holographic wavefront sensors
Authors: Venediktov V.Yu. , Gorelaya A.V. , Krasin G.K. , Odinokov S.B. , Sevryugin A.A. , Shalymov E.V.
Published: July 2020

A brief historical review of the first designs of holographic wavefront sensors (WFS’s) and the concepts lying in their basis is presented. The main directions in the development of these sensors are highlighted and considered. One of these directions implies a two-stage transition from the use of several separate measuring channels with holograms filtering only one Zernike mode: first to the use of one channel with a multiplexed hologram filtering several first Zernike modes, and then to filtering the entire set of Zernike modes with the aid of one combined multiplexed hologram. Another line of research in this field (related to the first one) is the optimisation of the filter hologram structure in order to reduce cross-modulation interferences, increase multiplexing level, etc. One more line of research implements principles of dynamic holography by introducing spatial light modulators into the WFS composition. Hence, the advantages of time multiplexing of holograms can be used. The approach developed by G. Andersen’s team, aimed at adapting the holographic WFS design for operation as an element of adaptive optical system with a zonal corrector, as well as an approach implying development of hybrid holographic sensors, are considered separately. The results of the authors’ studies of holographic WFS’s with application of the methods of Fourier holography (i.e., holography of focused beams, in particular, using diffuse scatterers in a hologram recording channel) are also reported.
Methods and algorithms for computer synthesis of holographic elements to obtain a complex impulse response of optical information processing systems based on modern spatial light modulators
Authors: Zlokazov E.Yu.
Published: July 2020

The possibilities of designing optical devices for data processing and imaging based on the manipulation of coherent light beams by means of spatial light modulators (SLMs) are investigated. A review of commercially available SLMs is presented and the limitations of their complex modulation characteristics are analysed. The main problem of using present-day SLMs is the lack of the ability to modulate directly all states within a unit circle in the complex plane. In this regard, the characteristics of current methods for the synthesis of holographic elements are described that implement a given complex impulse response of the optical system and are optimal for using SLMs with purely amplitude, purely phase, and hybrid amplitude – phase modulation.
Features of correlation measurements of the parameters of pulsed hyperspectral optical fields using an asymmetric interferometer
Authors: Kulya M.S. , Katkovnik V.Ya. , Egiazarian K. , Petrov N.V.
Published: July 2020

Differences in correlation measurements of the parameters of pulsed hyperspectral optical fields using symmetric and asymmetric interferometers are considered. It is shown analytically that the resulting cross-correlation function is sensitive to phase perturbations in the original wave field. The considered setup, which contains a telescopic reflective 4f system of parabolic mirrors in one arm, demonstrates that in the case of an asymmetric interferometer, the presence of aberrations leads to degradation of the reconstructed image, whereas in the case of symmetric interferometers these aberrations do not affect the result.
Three-colour digital holographic microscopy based on a Mach – Zender interferometer and a solid-state RGB laser
Authors: Lyashenko A.I. , Pol’shchikova O.V. , Machikhin A.S. , Vlasova A.G. , Pozhar V.E. , Kozlov A.B.
Published: July 2020

We have developed a facility for recording colour digital holograms involving a Mach – Zender interferometer and a pulsed solid-state RGB laser, which radiates simultaneously at three wavelengths: 451, 532, and 634 nm. These wavelengths are obtained in the conversion of the radiation of a pulsed Nd3+ : YAG laser (1064 nm), which operates in the regime of intracavity parametric oscillation at a wavelength of 1570 nm, with the subsequent conversion of its frequencies to the red, green, and blue spectral regions in nonlinear KTP-crystal elements. The combination of this three-wavelength pulsed light source with the Mach – Zender interferometer provides the simultaneous recording of three spectral digital holograms with one matrix RGB radiation detector. Pulsed three-colour digital holography shows promise for the analysis of fast processes and rapidly varying colour phase objects.
Bragg grating inscription in photosensitive materials by an optical replication process
Authors: Odinokov S.B. , Zherdev A.Yu. , Shishova M.V. , Solomashenko A.B. , Lushnikov D.S. , Markin V.V.
Published: July 2020

This paper examines the feasibility of producing multiplexed Bragg gratings for use as diffractive optical elements (DOEs) by coherent optical replication of a surface-relief phase grating into thick-film photosensitive materials. The use of such DOEs in light guide plates (LGPs) for optical imaging systems ensures energy-efficient light input into and output from LGPs and allows one to minimise their weight and size. We present simulation results for the interference structure fabrication process and recording of a series of multiplexed diffraction gratings in photosensitive materials.
Limiting the number of quantisation levels of a harmonic lens as a method for improving the quality of the generated image
Authors: Skidanov R.V. , Ganchevskaya S.V. , Vasil’ev V.S. , Kazanskiy N.L.
Published: July 2020

The characteristics (modulation transfer functions) of harmonic lenses made by direct laser patterning of resist are experimentally studied. The influence of technological errors in the manufacture of lenses on the formation of the point spread function is modelled for harmonic lenses with 32 and 256 quantisation levels. Direct laser writing is used to produce lenses with these numbers of levels. It is experimentally shown that the modulation transfer function of the harmonic lens with 32 quantisation levels is significantly greater at high spatial frequencies (50 mm−1).
Ostwald ripening in macro- and nanoemulsions
Authors: Koroleva Marina Yu. , Yurtov Evgeny V.
Published: July 2020

Characteristic features of the Ostwald ripening in oil-in-water and water-in-oil macro- and nanoemulsions are analyzed. Methods for reducing the ripening rate are considered. It is shown that Ostwald ripening is especially relevant for nanoemulsions, and this is often the main process leading to degradation of nanoemulsions, thus limiting their practical applications. Considerable attention is paid to the debatable issue of the role of surfactants in the mass transfer between the droplets of the dispersed phase. Analysis of published sources shows that if the solubility of the dispersed phase substance in the dispersion medium is not extremely low, then the major contribution to Ostwald ripening is made by molecular diffusion. If the solubility of the dispersed phase substance is very low, then micelles and nanodroplets are the most likely carriers of the substances through the dispersion medium. Nanodroplets and slightly larger droplets are formed on the surface of droplets of the starting emulsion because of the interfacial instability (Marangoni effect).

The bibliography includes 204 references.
Extracellular proteolytic cascade in tomato activates immune protease Rcr3
Authors: Paulus Judith K. , Kourelis Jiorgos , Ramasubramanian Selva , Homma Felix , Godson Alice , Hörger Anja C. , Hong Tram Ngoc , Krahn Daniel , Ossorio Carballo Laura , Wang Shuaishuai , Win Joe , Smoker Matthew , Kamoun Sophien , Dong Suomeng , van der Hoorn Renier A. L.
Published: July 2020

Significance

The secretion of papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) is an important component of the immune response across the plant kingdom. Here we show that immune protease Rcr3, a secreted PLCP of tomato, is activated by secreted subtilisins, which are common serine proteases in plants. Subtilase P69B activates proRcr3 by cleaving after aspartates in the junction between the autoinhibitory prodomain and the protease domain of the Rcr3 precursor, thereby activating Rcr3. Subtilases of a different subfamily facilitate proRcr3 processing in a tobacco relative, indicating that this proteolytic cascade might be common in plants. Thus, pathogens that secrete subtilisin inhibitors may indirectly prevent the activation of immune proteases.
Panama, the 'affordable exotic destination': planned tourism success and its unplanned consequences.
Authors: Montero Carla Guerrón
Published: July 2020

Based on long-term anthropological research with Afro-Antillean populations, this chapter documents how Panamanian governments and tourism mediators have created a thriving tourism industry with positive and detrimental consequences in the country. It is argued that due to its wide variety of cultural, ethnic, geographical and ecological attractions, affordable costs, relative safety and well-developed infrastructure, Panama is considered one of the most captivating tourism destinations in Latin America. Close attention is given to the role of ethnic populations such as indigenous peoples and peoples of African descent as hosts and mediators. It is concluded that tourism development has created few tangible improvements in the lives of ethnic minorities and members of the lower socio-economic strata and therefore has not transformed Panama's profoundly unequal distribution of resources based on class, race and ethnicity.
Peru and Nicaragua: tourism development in post-conflict eras.
Authors: Monterrubio Carlos , Andriotis Konstantinos , Stylidis Dimitrios , Babb Florence E.
Published: July 2020

Based on long-term and local-level ethnographic research, this chapter examines post-conflict tourism in Peru and Nicaragua. It analyses the ways in which both countries attempted to shield visitors from the recent past of conflict, violence and even revolution, and turned instead to cultivating cultural and heritage tourism, as well as other forms of tourism considered safe for tourist consumption. The chapter documents how both countries rebranded themselves as safe and healthy places for travel and advanced plans to bring back tourism after political conflict. It is then argued that when nations are undergoing periods of conflict and instability, tourists might best seek alternative ways to stand in solidarity, as has been true for the countries studied and for others in Latin America.
Coherent gravitational waveforms and memory from cosmic string loops
Authors: Aurrekoetxea Josu C , Helfer Thomas , Lim Eugene A
Published: July 2020

We construct, for the first time, the time-domain gravitational wave strain waveform from the collapse of a strongly gravitating Abelian Higgs cosmic string loop in full general relativity. We show that the strain exhibits a large memory effect during merger, ending with a burst and the characteristic ringdown as a black hole is formed. Furthermore, we investigate the waveform and energy emitted as a function of string width, loop radius and string tension Gμ. We find that the mass normalized gravitational wave energy displays a strong dependence on the inverse of the string tension E
GW/M
0 ∝ 1/Gμ, with

E

GW

/

M

0

∼
O

(

1

)

%

at the percent level, for the regime where Gμ ≳ 10−3. Conversely, we show that the efficiency is only weakly dependent on the initial string width and initial loop radii. Using these results, we argue that gravitational wave production is dominated by kinematical instead of geometrical considerations.
Monte Carlo simulations of protein micropatterning in biomembranes: effects of immobile nanofeatures with reduced diffusivity
Authors: Arnold Andreas M , Reismann Alexander W A F , Sevcsik Eva , Schütz Gerhard J
Published: July 2020

Nanoscopic features of reduced diffusivity have long been suggested to contribute to plasma membrane heterogeneity. Two prominent examples of this are highly dynamic lipid-mediated assemblies (‘membrane rafts’) and shells of annular lipids surrounding transmembrane proteins. Here, we simulated a micropatterning experiment, where such nanoscopic features are immobilized in specific areas within the live cell plasma membrane. We evaluated the effect of patterned nanofeatures of different sizes and diffusivities on the spatial distribution and two-dimensional mobility of tracer molecules. From this, we derive empirical models that describe the long-range tracer mobility as a function of the nanofeature density. In turn, our results facilitate the determination of nanofeature dimensions from micropatterning experiments.
Parametric investigation of the fluid mechanic performance of an AC dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator
Authors: Grosse Sylvain , Angland David
Published: July 2020

The aim of this work is to systematically quantify and rank the effects of nine different design parameters on the fluid mechanic abilities of a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma actuator supplied with an alternating current. The ranking and quantification not only consider the parameters themselves but also their interactions with each other. In order to perform this ranking, a Design of Experiment approach is used. This allows the most significant design parameters for the thrust generation, power consumption and thrust to power consumed ratio (force efficiency) of DBD actuator performance to be determined in a systematic way. The results show that the thrust generation is driven by the voltage, distance between the electrodes, AC frequency, and geometry of the exposed electrode, in that order. A high voltage and high frequency, with a thin dielectric, a narrow inter-electrode gap, and a thin and narrow air-electrode results in an increase in the thrust generation.The thrust to power ratio of a DBD is employed as a proxy for the fluid mechanic efficiency. The analysis of the force efficiency shows that the voltage, frequency, distance between the electrodes, and geometry of the air electrode have significant effects. The higher force efficiency is obtained for a high voltage, low frequency, short inter-electrode gap, thin dielectric of low permittivity with a narrow and thin exposed electrode. Finally, two actuators are investigated to determine the best scaling laws for the power consumption as a function of voltage and frequency. In these experiments, the power consumption was a function of voltage to the power of 2.5 and frequency to the power of 1.5. This systematic study of the parameters and their interactions allows general guidelines to be obtained for the best fluid mechanic performance of a DBD, viz. its thrust generation and force efficiency.
Water and xenon ECR ion thruster—comparison in global model and experiment
Authors: Nakagawa Yuichi , Koizumi Hiroyuki , Naito Yuki , Komurasaki Kimiya
Published: July 2020

Gridded ion thrusters are one of the most commonly used types of electric propulsion, and alternative propellants have been studied for miniature ion thrusters to meet the demand of propulsion systems for micro-/nano-satellites. Water is a candidate as an alternative non-pressurized propellant for a CubeSat thruster. It is consistent with the CubeSat concept of short-term and low-cost development. In this paper, the characteristics of a miniature water ion thruster were compared with those of a xenon one using a global model and experiments. The dependence of the performance on the mass flow rate and the input microwave power was examined, and the effects of dissociation and doubly charged ions were directly measured by a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The estimates on the model were compared against experimental results for both propellants, and the performance of the thruster operating on xenon propellant was compared to the performance operating on water propellant. In the comparison between the estimates and the experimental results, the two differences were discussed: the one between water and xenon and the other from the experimental result in both cases. A performance decrease in the propellant utilization efficiency and the specific impulse cannot be avoided when using water as a propellant in an ion thruster. However, the ion production cost did not increase, and it showed the capability of water ion thruster for CubeSat application taking advantage of safety, low cost, non-pressurized system, and human-friendliness of water when used as a propellant.
Understanding interface properties in 2D heterostructure FETs
Authors: Nagashio Kosuke
Published: July 2020

Fifteen years have passed since graphene was first isolated on the substrate from bulk graphite. During that period, two-dimensional (2D) layered materials with intrinsic band gaps have been realized. Although many exciting results have been reported for both their fundamental physics and applications, the discussion of 2D electron device application to the future integrated circuit is still based on the expectation of the inherently high properties that 2D materials ideally possess. This review article focuses on the gate stack property, which is one of most important building blocks in the field effect transistor. Starting from the comparison of the 2D/SiO2 interface properties with the conventional SiO2/Si interface properties, recent advances in the studies of gate stack properties for bilayer graphene and MoS2 field-effect transistors are discussed. In particular, the advantages and disadvantages of the 2D heterostructures with 2D insulator of h-BN are emphasized. This review may provide conceptual and experimental approaches for controlling the 2D heterointerface properties.
Analysis of overload-based cascading failure in multilayer spatial networks*
Authors: Zhang Min , Wang Xiao-Juan , Jin Lei , Song Mei , Liao Zhong-Hua
Published: July 2020

Many complex networks in real life are embedded in space and most infrastructure networks are interdependent, such as the power system and the transport network. In this paper, we construct two cascading failure models on the multilayer spatial network. In our research, the distancelbetween nodes within the layer obeys the exponential distributionP(l) ∼ exp(–l/ζ), and the lengthrof dependency link between layers is defined according to node position. An entropy approach is applied to analyze the spatial network structure and reflect the difference degree between nodes. Two metrics, namely dynamic network size and dynamic network entropy, are proposed to evaluate the spatial network robustness and stability. During the cascading failure process, the spatial network evolution is analyzed, and the numbers of failure nodes caused by different reasons are also counted, respectively. Besides, we discuss the factors affecting network robustness. Simulations demonstrate that the larger the values of average degree 〈k〉, the stronger the network robustness. As the lengthrdecreases, the network performs better. When the probabilitypis small, asζdecreases, the network robustness becomes more reliable. Whenpis large, the network robustness manifests better performance asζincreases. These results provide insight into enhancing the robustness, maintaining the stability, and adjusting the difference degree between nodes of the embedded spatiality systems.
Research on Variation Law and Prediction Model of Working Viscosity of Salt Resistant Polymer
Authors: Sun Gang , Li Ya , Li Dan , Xia Huifen , Wang Lihui
Published: July 2020

Using seepage experiments and theoretical methods, the effects of injection fluid viscosity and injection speed on the change of working viscosity of salt-resistant polymers in porous media with different permeability are studied. And developed a working viscosity prediction model. The results show that as the permeability and viscosity of the injection fluid increase, the working viscosity of the salt-resistant polymer in the porous medium increases; as the injection speed increases, the polymer exhibits viscoelasticity, and the working viscosity decreases first and then increases; under the same conditions, the working viscosity of the salt-resistant polymer is higher than that of the ordinary polymer; in the gray correlation analysis, the correlation coefficient of the injection fluid viscosity and working viscosity is 0.958, the permeability is 0.954, and the injection speed is 0.709; a multivariate statistical regression method is used to give a prediction model for the working viscosity of salt-resistant polymers. The average deviation between the predicted value and the actual calculated value is only 4.40%.
Analysis on anti-corrosion and anti-scaling technology of water injection well in oil production plant
Authors: Dong Yuning
Published: July 2020

Petroleum resources are an important resource used in modern industrial production and a very widely used resource. In the current oil extraction plant, the phenomenon of corrosion and scaling of water injection wells is an important issue affecting the efficiency of oil extraction. The application of anti-corrosion and anti-scaling technology for water injection wells can not only reduce the scaling phenomenon of water injection wells, but also help the exploitation of the current petroleum industry. In this paper, the author analyzes the causes of corrosion and scaling in long oil-injection wells based on specific examples, and puts forward the application of anti-corrosion and scaling technology in wells of oil production plants.
Study on the method of improving fracturing effect by waterflooding in extra high water cut stage
Authors: Zhao Li
Published: July 2020

After the oil field enters the stage of “double ultra-high” development, the development potential turns to the reservoir with worse development, and it is more difficult to identify the remaining oil. In order to meet the requirements of potential tapping under the new situation and achieve accurate potential tapping, the conventional fracturing technology has been continuously developed and improved by strengthening the analysis of remaining oil, optimizing the scheme design and other methods, effectively making up for the decline of production of old wells. At the same time, on the basis of conventional fracturing technology, aiming at the characteristics of reservoir and well pattern, the new high-efficiency fracturing technology represented by fracture controlled sand body fracturing and three types of reservoir pressure flooding is explored, which realizes the breakthrough of low production well productivity in poor reservoir and expands the fracturing technology.
Response characteristics of organic carbon storage in sandy soil to sandstone
Authors: Guo Zhen , Cao Tingting , Yang Chenxi
Published: July 2020

The soil structure and quality can be improved by the improvement of the sand by using the weathered material of the sandstone. In this study, four kinds of mixed soils with mixed sandstone and sand ratios of 0: 1 (CK), 1: 5 (C1), 1: 2 (C2), and 1: 1 (C3) were selected as research objects. The results showed that the soil organic carbon showed a difference only in the 10-20 cm soil layer. Compared with the CK treatment, the content of organic carbon in the sandstone treatment was significantly reduced by 30.06% -46.36%. The bulk density in each soil layer increases with the increase of the proportion of sandstone. There was no significant difference in soil organic carbon storage in each soil layer. The organic carbon storage in C1 treatment was 13.87% lower than that in CK treatment, and the organic carbon storage in C2 and C3 treatments increased by 4.40% and 3.22% respectively compared to CK treatment. Therefore, when the mixed ratio of sandstone and sand is 1: 2, the improvement effect on sandy soil is better.
Intelligent Evaluation of Crack detection with Laser Ultrasonic technique
Authors: Li Kesi , Sui Hao , Dong Xun , Guo Liang , Gao Hongli
Published: July 2020

In this paper, an intelligent evaluation method is proposed to quantitatively characterize surface-breaking cracks based on laser ultrasonic technique and the quantized particle swarm optimized support vector regression algorithm. Based on the physical model analysis, interactions between laser-generated surface acoustic waves (SAWs) and different cracks is numerically investigated. By selecting crucial features of the transmissions and reflections after interacting with cracks, the crack depth is evaluated with the optimized algorithm. To verify the proposed method, experimental datasets containing twelve different depths were used to size the surface-breaking cracks with incomplete prior knowledge. Evaluation results showed the high accuracy of the proposed evaluations, demonstrating the feasibility of this intelligent method for various applications in industry.
Experimental study on wettability of crude oil on the surface of plastic alloy pipe in an oilfield field
Authors: Wu Yan , Ding Haopeng , Liu Wei , Wen Ziyan , Deng Zhian , Miao Kun
Published: July 2020

Non-metallic pipe is widely used in oilfield development in recent years because of its excellent corrosion resistance. In this paper, the wetting properties of the plastic alloy tube surface based on the contact angle of crude oil in some oil fields in Xinjiang Oilfield were experimentally studied. The wettability of the plastic alloy tube surface and its influence on the flow resistance were discussed. The wettability of metal surfaces was compared. This experimental study is helpful for the oilfield to make reasonable pipe selection.
Automatic gas leak detection system
Authors: Wang Shuai , Gong Bin , Liu Yang , Li Wankun
Published: July 2020

With the development of submarine oil and gas resources, people pay more and more attention to the safety of pipeline transportation. Once an oil and gas leak occurs in the submarine transportation pipeline, it will not only cause direct economic loss but also damage the marine ecology. Therefore, it is particularly important for underwater gas leak detection research. Due to the difficult underwater detection operation and the high labor cost, an embedded module with automatic gas leak detection function is designed and completed in this paper. This paper analyzes the imaging characteristics of multi-beam sounding sonar images, and designs a set of underwater gas leak detection algorithms. The algorithm mainly includes: median filtering, bottom detection, top-hat processing, maximum entropy image segmentation, connected area labeling, nearest neighbor interpolation based on backward mapping, linear upward trend estimation based on Hough transform, and testing of 120 images, With an accuracy rate of more than 98%.
Experimental research on proportioning of similar materials for coal and gas outburst simulation
Authors: Dai Linchao
Published: July 2020

Coal and gas outburst similar materials are the basis for coal and gas outburst simulation experiments. The study of similar materials helps to more accurately reduce the phenomenon of coal and gas outburst. By using the pulverized coal, sodium humate and river sand as raw materials, through the orthogonal experimental design, outburst coal similar materials are studied, and the physical mechanics such as the uniaxial compressive strength, elastic modulus and density of similar materials under different mixing ratios are obtained. The results show that under the molding pressure of 20MPa, the uniaxial compressive strength range is 1.335 to 2.527 MPa, the elastic modulus range is 117.45 to 302.00 MPa and the density range of similar materials is 1.308 to 1.438 g/cm3. Sodium humate content and pulverized coal ratio are the main influencing factors controlling the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of similar materials, while river sand content is the main influencing factor controlling the density of similar materials.