bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Natural Gas Development Trend in Nigeria: The Investor’s Road Map
Authors: Ani G. O. , Ikiensikimama S. S.
Published: July 2020

Natural gas as a cleaner energy is attracting investors across the globe, especially country like Nigeria with huge gas reserves. This paper present the development trend of natural gas in Nigeria from reserves through production, utilization, local demand, gas export, to regulation, Acts and Policies and possible investment indicators. With 200.41 Trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of gas reserves in 2018, Nigeria takes the first position in Africa as total proven gas reserves. However, in production, Nigeria falls to third position and consumption/utilization is minimal, indicating that some of the produced gas was flared. With a total reserve of 182.817 Tcf in 2010, 1.54% of the reserves was produced with 19.33% flared, and in 2017, with reserves of 199.09 Tcf, 1.48% was produced and 11.74% was flared. The present state of the power sector, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) (production and consumption) and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for vehicles, are indicators for investors to aggressively develop the natural gas infrastructure. However, an independent Regulating Agency needs to setup policies to regulate natural gas flaring and prices in order to guaranty a workable partnership and protect consumers and investors.
Burnout syndrome among critical care nursing professionals
Authors: Silva Ana Paula Farias , Carneiro Lucilla Vieira , Ramalho Juliana Paiva Goes
Published: July 2020

Objective: This study aimed at assessing the incidence of Burnout Syndrome among nursing professionals working in the intensive care unit of a public hospital in João Pessoa city, Paraíba State, Brazil, and analyzing the main factors causing this syndrome. Methods: This research with a quantitative approach was performed with both nurses and nurse technicians working in an intensive care unit. Twenty-five professionals with an average age of 37 years old participated in the study, most of them being females working in the area for 18 years on average. Results: Professionals working in hospitals are exposed to different occupational stressors that directly affect their well-being, such as long working hours and constant contact with pain, suffering, and death. Conclusion: From the study results, it was possible to verify the importance of workers' mental health to obtain good professional performance and provide patients with quality care.
Hospital work process and burnout syndrome among nursing professionals
Authors: Silva Amina Regina , Vieira Amanda Nicácio , Padilha Maria Itayra , Petry Stefany
Published: July 2020

Objetivo: Identificar os fatores do processo de trabalho que favorecem o desenvolvimento da Síndrome de Burnout em profissionais de enfermagem na assistência hospitalar. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura, realizada nas bases de dados LILACS, SciELO, MEDLINE e BDENF, obedecendo as etapas metodológicas propostas por Ganong. Resultados: Foram selecionados 11 artigos científicos para compor esta revisão. Estes refletiram sobre a influência diante do aparecimento da Síndrome de Burnout em profissionais de enfermagem, sendo destacadas em quatro categorias: Fatores que desencadeiam a exaustão emocional; Fatores que desencadeiam a despersonalização; Fatores que desencadeiam a baixa satisfação no trabalho e outros fatores facilitadores da Síndrome de Burnout. Conclusão: Os fatores desencadeadores dessa síndrome podem ser evitados de forma geral, oferecendo ao profissional de enfermagem; suporte psicológico, melhoria das condições de trabalho e o exercício dos seus direitos, de modo a exercer sua função em condições físicas e mentais.
Preparation of parents of preterm newborn for hospital discharge: proposal for a protocol
Authors: Silva Fabiana Vargas dos Reis , Gomes Tatiana de Oliveira , Marta Cristiano Bertolossi , Araujo Marcelle Campos , Braga Elzeni dos Santos
Published: July 2020

Objetivo: levantar na literatura os critérios descritos para preparo dos pais para alta do recém-nascido pré-termo e propor um protocolo para esse fim. Metodologia: revisão bibliográfica integrativa, qualitativa e exploratória, com busca a partir da estratégia PICO. Resultados: Emergiram da busca três categorias: educação dos pais quanto aos cuidados ao recém-nascido; limitações e desafios enfrentados pela equipe para o preparo dos pais e estratégias utilizadas pela equipe para o preparo dos pais. Propôs-se o protocolo para o preparo dos pais com orientações sobre alimentação, banho, sono, cuidados com a pele e sinais de alerta quanto a saúde do bebê. Discussão: Os resultados apontam a importância do preparo dos pais para a alta do pré-termo, evidenciando que a manutenção da saúde quando em domicilio, terá uma direta relação com tal preparo. Considerações finais: Diante do discutido, há uma necessidade de se estabelecer um processo sistemático, para a implementação de tal ação.
Educational technologies for cardiopathy
Authors: Farias Maria Sinara , Silva Lúcia Fátima , Silva Aurilene Lima , Barros Lia Furtado , Pinheiro Hugo Souza
Published: July 2020

Objetivo: identificar as tecnologias utilizadas por enfermeiros no processo educativo de pessoas com cardiopatia no ambiente hospitalar. Método: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa realizada nas bases de dados virtuais Pubmed, Scielo e Lilacs. Foram selecionados dez publicações e ao final, foi realizado uma análise dos estudos selecionados a fim de identificar sua relevância e aplicabilidade. Resultados: verifica-se a grande diversidade de tecnologias elaboradas e implementadas, variando entre programas educativos com a utilização de vídeos, questionários e instrumentos, programas de rastreamento, de acompanhamento após alta hospitalar, encontros grupais e momentos educativos direcionados aos pacientes no ambiente da pesquisa. Conclusão: foi identificado uma grande variedade de tecnologias utilizadas por enfermeiros no processo educativo de pessoas com cardiopatia no ambiente hospitalar, o que contribui para diminuição do tempo de internação hospitalar, menores índices de reinternações e reincidências por Doenças Cardiovasculares, atuando ainda na reabilitação cardiovascular do paciente.
Management Approach for Anorexia in Palliative Care: An Integrative Literature Review
Authors: Moura Raquel Bezerra Barbosa de , Melo Ângelo Brito Pereira de , Chaves Thamires Ribeiro , Vaz Luciana Maria Martinez , Barbosa Janine Maciel , Araújo Renan Gondim
Published: July 2020

Objetivo: Identificar as evidências científicas acerca das condutas para o manejo da anorexia em cuidados paliativos. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, cujo levantamento bibliográfico dos dados deu-se através da pesquisa em quatro bases de dados/bibliotecas virtuais. Incluíram-se artigos em português, inglês e espanhol, publicados nos últimos dez anos e com o texto completo disponível. Resultados: Foram elegíveis 25 artigos, e foram atribuídos dois eixos temáticos para melhor ilustrar os dados encontrados: o manejo farmacológico e o não-farmacológico. Corticosteroides, progestinas, anamorelina e dronabinol foram os fármacos mais pesquisados para o controle da anorexia, com maiores evidências de eficácia nos 3 primeiros. No contexto não-farmacológico, o aconselhamento nutricional foi a medida mais indicada, incluindo a fortificação de alimentos e uso de suplementos e a nutrição artificial mais controversa. Conclusão: Os achados desta revisão podem colaborar para a elaboração de protocolos para o manejo da anorexia em cuidados paliativos.
Scientific Production of Dissertations and Theses on Palliative Care and Chronic Diseases: Bibliometric Study
Authors: Paiva Thalis Regina Silva , Oliveira Thaís Costa de , Felisberto Ana Mabel Sulpino , Dias Thainá Karoline Costa , Silva Gerson Ribeiro da , Costa Isabelle Cristinne Pinto
Published: July 2020

Objetivo: Verificar os indicadores bibliométricos de dissertações e de teses publicadas no Brasil sobre cuidados paliativos e doenças crônicas. Método: Estudo bibliométrico realizado através da busca de dissertações e teses, no período de 2009 a 2018, disponibilizadas nas bases de dados Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações, Portal de Teses e Dissertações da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior e Portal Domínio Público. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 36 estudos, sendo 28 dissertações e oito teses. Averiguou-se um maior quantitativo de produções no ano de 2014, com a Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina como instituição de ensino que mais produziu acerca da temática, e o hospital o cenário mais investigado. Conclusão: Os indicadores bibliométricos indicaram que os enfermeiros desenvolveram maior quantitativo dos estudos. A maioria dos estudos se desenvolve por meio da abordagem qualitativa e o cenário com maior quantitativo de pesquisa foi o local hospitalar.
Scientific Evidence on Interventions for Palliative Care Patients With Wound: A Scoping Review
Authors: Lucena Pablo Leonid Carneiro , Costa Solange Fátima Geraldo da , Pereira Maria Auxiliadora , Lucena Carla Mousinho Ferreira , Santana Andrezza Pereira de , Dias Thainá Karoline Costa
Published: July 2020

Objetivo: Mapear as evidências científicas sobre intervenções direcionadas a pessoas com feridas em cuidados paliativos. Método: Revisão de Escopo realizada com estudos em português, inglês e espanhol, provenientes de bases de dados nacionais e internacionais, publicados no período de 2010 a 2019. Resultados: Foram incluídas 41 publicações oriundas de 14 nacionalidades. Os estudos apresentam como principal temática a avaliação e tratamento de feridas de diferentes etiologias. As intervenções foram apresentadas em relação aos aspectos da gestão do cuidado, etapas básicas do cuidado da ferida, aspectos psicossociais e espirituais. Conclusão: É necessária uma avaliação criteriosa do paciente e da ferida. Caso os parâmetros sejam favoráveis à cicatrização, a equipe adotará a terapêutica específica para alcançá-la. Caso contrário, o cuidado deverá incluir realização de técnicas mais conservadoras e menos invasivas, manejo de sinais e sintomas, além de intervenções voltadas aos impactos sociais, psicológicos e espirituais relacionados à ferida.
Yeast‐based reporter assay system for identifying the requirements of intramembrane proteolysis by signal peptide peptidase of Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Kusunoki Kenta , Hoshi Masako , Tamura Tomoko , Maeda Tatsuya , Abe Keiko , Asakura Tomiko
Published: July 2020

Signal peptide peptidase (SPP) is an aspartic protease with two active sites, YD and GXGD, in the transmembrane domain. SPP cleaves signal peptides, and the released fragments play key roles in the immune system, embryo development and protein turnover in cells. Despite SPP having an important function, a general system to identify the requirements of intramembrane proteolysis by SPP has not been developed because proteolysis occurs in the membrane. In this study, we first established a reporter assay system in yeast to verify the cleavage activity of the Arabidopsis thaliana SPP (AtSPP). Next, we screened candidate substrates of AtSPP from A. thaliana pollen and roots. In the pollen, 13 signal peptides with 'pollen' and 'cell wall' as gene ontology terms were selected. In the roots, mutants overexpressing AtSPP were constructed, and gene expression changes were compared with the wild‐type. Nine signal peptides expressed in the roots were selected. Then we used the candidate substrates in our reporter assay system to determine the requirements for proteolysis by AtSPP. Fifteen of 22 signal peptides were cleaved by AtSPP. The absence of the positively charged amino acids, His and Lys on the C terminus of the signal sequence, was observed in cleaved substrates. Moreover, mutation of a helix breaker‐to‐Leu substitution in the intramembrane region in substrates prevented cleavage by AtSPP. These results indicated that substrates of AtSPP required the helix breaker structure to be cleaved.
Hyperoside ameliorates periodontitis in rats by promoting osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs via activation of the NF‐κB pathway
Authors: Xu Tao , Wu Xiao , Zhou Zhou , Ye Yu , Yan Chaoting , Zhuge Nanshan , Yu Jinhua
Published: July 2020

Hyperoside, as an active compound, widely exists in a large number of Chinese herbal medicines and has been reported to possess anti‐inflammatory and diuretic properties. However, the effects and underlying mechanisms of hyperoside on periodontitis have not been previously reported. In this study, we found that hyperoside ameliorates symptoms of periodontitis in a rat model, with improvements in alveolar bone resorption, relief of inflammatory infiltration, increase in orderly arrangement of collagen fibers and increase of osteogenic differentiation. In addition, hyperoside promoted proliferation, up‐regulated EdU‐positive cells, decreased cell‐cycle distribution and increased the protein expression of Ki67 and PCNA in rat bone mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs), as revealed by Cell Counting Kit‐8, EdU, flow cytometry and western blot analysis. Moreover, hyperoside significantly promoted osteogenic differentiation, as shown by quantitative RT‐PCR, western blot and alizarin red staining assays. Furthermore, hyperoside activated the nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) signaling pathway in rBMSCs, similar to the results observed in vivo. Finally, BMS345541, an inhibitor of the NF‐κB signaling pathway, could reverse the effects of hyperoside on the biological functions in rBMSCs. In conclusion, our results suggest that hyperoside has potential therapeutic properties against periodontitis via promotion of proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs via activation of the NF‐κB signaling pathway.
Political Communication: General
Authors: Ross Karen
Published: July 2020

This entry takes both a chronological and a thematic approach to the literature on the awkward and often unhelpful relationship between gender, politics, and news and on gendered political communication. It first discusses the ways in which women have been represented by mainstream news media before turning to consider how digital and social media constitute alternative platforms through which politicians attempt to “speak” to the polity. In the 2010s, gender‐based analyses of online political communication have expanded significantly, especially in exploring how women and men politicians exhibit similar or different behaviors in their take‐up and use of social media as means to communicate with the public. Lastly, the entry discusses some of the ways that citizens are responding to politicians via social media, focusing on abuse and trolling.
Gender Politics and Celebrity
Authors: Hamad Hannah
Published: July 2020

Celebrities are a major part of the way in which we encounter and experience media culture, and they are embodied cultural manifestations of our politics of identity. Within identity politics, gender looms large as an identity formation that is key to how we engage with celebrities, and in turn to how we understand ourselves. Celebrities thus play a meaningful part in enabling our understandings of ourselves and each other in terms of gender, and with regard to how gender informs our sense of identity. As a result, celebrities often feature centrally in debates and discussions about the cultural politics of gender, and about the role of the media in negotiating them at given times and in given contexts.
Feminist Reception Studies
Authors: Press Andrea L. , Johnson Sarah R.
Published: July 2020

This entry details the history of feminist audience and reception studies. We begin with a discussion of film scholarship, the rise of spectator theory in psychoanalytic film theory, and the birth of feminist spectator analysis with the publication in 1975 of Laura Mulvey's seminal “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema.” We continue with discussions of the gendered audience for radio soap operas, and with feminist television audience research highlighting the work of Herzog, Brunsdon, and Press. We discuss historical reception research which has proliferated in feminist film studies. We continue our discussion into the era of quality television, digital media, reality television, and postfeminism. We conclude by highlighting the convergence of these concepts in a conversation about the Kardashians.
Representations of Pregnancy Loss
Authors: Jelen‐Sanchez Alenka
Published: July 2020

Pregnancy loss, including miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, molar pregnancy, and stillbirth, is a pervasive, yet largely silenced health issue. It represents an end of medical attention/narrative and a similar lack of attention can be observed in health communication and media representations. These play an important role in shaping social understanding, meaning, and knowledge around pregnancy loss and instigating cultural and political change. The media commonly represent pregnancy loss in emotional and happy‐ending personal stories from a human‐interest perspective and similar trends can be observed in health public relations activities with a slightly stronger focus on providing information and advocating for breaking the silence. These representations are not always helpful in promoting understanding and capturing the complexity of experiencing pregnancy loss. Both media and health communication representations are infused with pro‐life discourse and symbolism while deeply embedded in conservative patriarchal cultural norms in terms of voicing experience of empowered groups in society, gender role expectations, and a desirability of babies. Trends in contemporary representations of pregnancy loss—albeit making an important progress in visibility and social awareness—urgently call for critical reflexivity from a feminist perspective, particularly in terms of the politics of language intersecting with women's reproductive rights, validating and understanding a range of women's responses to the unborn, and moving from idiosyncratic individual experience to questions of cultural norms, societal expectations, medical attention, symbolic violence, and injustice associated with reproductive health.
3D Bioprinting of Macroporous Materials Based on Entangled Hydrogel Microstrands
Authors: Kessel Benjamin , Lee Mihyun , Bonato Angela , Tinguely Yann , Tosoratti Enrico , Zenobi‐Wong Marcy
Published: July 2020

Hydrogels are excellent mimetics of mammalian extracellular matrices and have found widespread use in tissue engineering. Nanoporosity of monolithic bulk hydrogels, however, limits mass transport of key biomolecules. Microgels used in 3D bioprinting achieve both custom shape and vastly improved permissivity to an array of cell functions, however spherical‐microbead‐based bioinks are challenging to upscale, are inherently isotropic, and require secondary crosslinking. Here, bioinks based on high‐aspect‐ratio hydrogel microstrands are introduced to overcome these limitations. Pre‐crosslinked, bulk hydrogels are deconstructed into microstrands by sizing through a grid with apertures of 40–100 µm. The microstrands are moldable and form a porous, entangled structure, stable in aqueous medium without further crosslinking. Entangled microstrands have rheological properties characteristic of excellent bioinks for extrusion bioprinting. Furthermore, individual microstrands align during extrusion and facilitate the alignment of myotubes. Cells can be placed either inside or outside the hydrogel phase with >90% viability. Chondrocytes co‐printed with the microstrands deposit abundant extracellular matrix, resulting in a modulus increase from 2.7 to 780.2 kPa after 6 weeks of culture. This powerful approach to deconstruct bulk hydrogels into advanced bioinks is both scalable and versatile, representing an important toolbox for 3D bioprinting of architected hydrogels.
Charge Redistribution Caused by S,P Synergistically Active Ru Endows an Ultrahigh Hydrogen Evolution Activity of S‐Doped RuP Embedded in N,P,S‐Doped Carbon
Authors: Liu Xiaoyu , Liu Fan , Yu Jiayuan , Xiong Guowei , Zhao Lili , Sang Yuanhua , Zuo Shouwei , Zhang Jing , Liu Hong , Zhou Weijia
Published: July 2020

Water splitting for production of hydrogen as a clean energy alternative to fossil fuel has received much attention, but it is still a tough challenge to synthesize electrocatalysts with controllable bonding and charge distribution. In this work, ultrafine S‐doped RuP nanoparticles homogeneously embedded in a N, P, and S‐codoped carbon sheet (S‐RuP@NPSC) is synthesized by pyrolysis of poly(cyclotriphosphazene‐co‐4,4′‐sulfonyldiphenol) (PZS) as the source of C/N/S/P. The bondings between Ru and N, P, S in PZS are regulated to synthesize RuS2 (800 °C) and S‐RuP (900 °C) by different calcination temperatures. The S‐RuP@NPSC with low Ru loading of 0.8 wt% with abundant active catalytic sites possesses high utilization of Ru, the mass catalytic activity is 22.88 times than 20 wt% Pt/C with the overpotential of 250 mV. Density functional theory calculation confirms that the surface Ru (−0.18 eV) and P (0.05 eV) are catalytic active sites for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and the according charge redistribution of Ru is regulated by S and P with reverse electronegativity and electron–donor property to induce a synergistically enhanced reactivity toward the HER. This work provides a rational method to regulate the bonding and charge distribution of Ru‐based electrocatalysts by reacting macromolecules with multielement of C/N/S/P with Ru.
Benchmark Performance of Emergency Medicine Residents in Pediatric Resuscitation: Are We Optimizing Pediatric Education for Emergency Medicine Trainees?
Authors: Schoppel Kyle A. , Stapleton Stephanie , Florian Jana , Whitfill Travis , Walsh Barbara M.
Published: July 2020

Background

The majority of children in the United States seek emergency care at community‐based general emergency departments (GEDs); however, the quality of GED pediatric emergency care varies widely. This may be explained by a number of factors, including residency training environments and postgraduate knowledge decay. Emergency medicine (EM) residents train in academic pediatric EDs, but didactic and clinical experience vary widely between programs, and little is known about the pediatric skills of these EM residents. This study aimed to assess the performance of senior EM residents in treating simulated pediatric patients at the end of their training.

Methods

This was a prospective, cross‐sectional, simulation‐based cohort study assessing the simulated performance of senior EM resident physicians from two Massachusetts programs leading medical teams caring for three critically ill patients. Sessions were video recorded and scored separately by three reviewers using a previously published simulation assessment tool. Self‐efficacy surveys were completed prior to each session. The primary outcome was a median total performance score (TPS), calculated by the mean of individualized domain scores (IDS) for each case. Each IDS was calculated as a percentage of items performed on a checklist‐based instrument.

Results

A total of 18 EM resident physicians participated (PGY‐3 = 8, PGY‐4 = 10). Median TPS for the cohort was 61% (IQR = 56%–70%). Median IDSs by case were as follows: sepsis 67% (IQR = 50%–67%), seizure 67% (IQR = 50%–83%), and cardiac arrest 67% (IQR = 43%–70%). The overall cohort self‐efficacy for pediatric EM (PEM) was 64% (IQR = 60%–70%).

Conclusions

This study has begun the process of benchmarking clinical performance of graduating EM resident physicians. Overall, the EM resident cohort in this study performed similar to prior GED teams. Self‐efficacy related to PEM correlated well with performance, with the exception of knowledge relative to intravenous fluid and vasopressor administration in pediatric septic shock. A significant area of discrepancy and missed checklist items were those related to cardiopulmonary resuscitation and basic life support maneuvers.
Smart Magnetic and Fluorogenic Photosensitizer Nanoassemblies Enable Redox‐Driven Disassembly for Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: An Ruibing , Cheng Xiaoyang , Wei Shixuan , Hu Yuxuan , Sun Yidan , Huang Zheng , Chen Hong‐Yuan , Ye Deju
Published: July 2020

Stimuli‐responsive smart photosensitizer (PS) nanoassemblies that allow enhanced delivery and controlled release of PSs are promising for imaging‐guided photodynamic therapy (PDT) of tumors. However, the lack of high‐sensitivity and spatial‐resolution signals and fast washout of released PSs from tumor tissues have impeded PDT efficacy in vivo. Herein, we report tumor targeting, redox‐responsive magnetic and fluorogenic PS nanoassemblies (NP‐RGD) synthesized via self‐assembly of a cRGD‐ and disulfide‐containing fluorogenic and paramagnetic small molecule (1‐RGD) for fluorescence/magnetic resonance bimodal imaging‐guided tumor PDT. NP‐RGD show high r1 relaxivity but quenched fluorescence and PDT activity; disulfide reduction by glutathione (GSH) promotes efficient disassembly into a small‐molecule probe (2‐RGD) and an organic PS (PPa‐SH), which could further bind with intracellular albumin, allowing prolonged retention and cascade activation of fluorescence and PDT to ablate tumors.
Synergistic Anticancer Therapy by Ovalbumin Encapsulation‐Enabled Tandem Reactive Oxygen Species Generation
Authors: Jiang Shuai , Xiao Ming , Sun Wen , Crespy Daniel , Mailänder Volker , Peng Xiaojun , Fan Jiangli , Landfester Katharina
Published: July 2020

The anticancer efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) is limited due to the hypoxic features of solid tumors. We report synergistic PDT/chemotherapy with integrated tandem Fenton reactions mediated by ovalbumin encapsulation for improved in vivo anticancer therapy via an enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation mechanism. O2.− produced by the PDT is converted to H2O2 by superoxide dismutase, followed by the transformation of H2O2 to the highly toxic .OH via Fenton reactions by Fe2+ originating from the dissolution of co‐loaded Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The PDT process further facilitates the endosomal/lysosomal escape of the active agents and enhances their intracellular delivery to the nucleus—even for drug‐resistant cells. Cisplatin generates O2.− in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase and thereby improves the treatment efficiency by serving as an additional O2.− source for production of .OH radicals. Improved anticancer efficiency is achieved under both hypoxic and normoxic conditions.
Responsive Photonic Liquid Marbles
Authors: Anyfantakis Manos , Jampani Venkata S. R. , Kizhakidathazhath Rijeesh , Binks Bernard P. , Lagerwall Jan P. F.
Published: July 2020

Liquid marbles have potential to serve as mini‐reactors for fabricating new materials, but this has been exploited little and mostly for conventional chemical reactions. Here, we uncover the unparalleled capability of liquid marbles to act as platforms for controlling the self‐assembly of a bio‐derived polymer, hydroxypropyl cellulose, into a cholesteric liquid crystalline phase showing structural coloration by Bragg reflection. By adjusting the cholesteric pitch via quantitative water extraction, we achieve liquid marbles that we can tailor for structural color anywhere in the visible range. Liquid marbles respond with color change that can be detected by eye, to changes in temperature, exposure to toxic chemicals and mechanical deformation. Our concept demonstrates the advantages of using liquid marbles as a miniature platform for controlling the liquid crystal self‐assembly of bio‐derived polymers, and their exploitation to fabricate sustainable, responsive soft photonic objects.
Molten‐Salt‐Assisted Synthesis of Bismuth Nanosheets for Long‐term Continuous Electrocatalytic Conversion of CO2to Formate
Authors: Yi Luocai , Chen Junxiang , Shao Ping , Huang Junheng , Peng Xinxin , Li Junwei , Wang Genxiang , Zhang Chi , Wen Zhenhai
Published: July 2020

Two‐dimensional (2D) monometallic pnictogens (antimony or Sb, and bismuth or Bi) nanosheets demonstrate potential in a variety of fields, including quantum devices, catalysis, biomedicine and energy, because of their unique physical, chemical, electronic and optical properties. However, the development of general and high‐efficiency preparative routes toward high‐quality pnictogen nanosheets is challenging. A general method involving a molten‐salt‐assisted aluminothermic reduction process is reported for the synthesis of Sb and Bi nanosheets in high yields (>90 %). Electrocatalytic CO2reduction was investigated on the Bi nanosheets, and high catalytic selectively to formate was demonstrated with a considerable current density at a low overpotential and an impressive stability. Bi nanosheets continuously convert CO2into formate in a flow cell operating for one month, with a yield rate of 787.5 mmol cm−2 h−1. Theoretical results suggest that the edge sites of Bi are far more active than the terrace sites.
Linear‐selective hydroformylation of vinyl ether using Rh (acac)(2,2′‐bis{(di[1H‐indol‐1‐yl]phosphanyl)oxy}‐1,1′‐binaphthalene) – Possible way to synthesize 1,3‐propanediol
Authors: Wan Kefeng , Zhao Jiangui , Qin Song , Zheng Xueli , Fu Haiyan , Li Ruixiang , Chen Hua , Yang Jijun , Yang Chunji
Published: July 2020

Three bidentate phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized, characterized, and employed in Rh‐catalyzed hydroformylation of vinyl ethers. The complex Rh(acac)(2,2′‐bis{(di[1H‐indol‐1‐yl]phosphanyl)oxy}‐1,1′‐binaphthalene} (acac = acetylacetone) (Rh‐L4) was also synthesized and characterized. Rh‐L4 showed good regioselectivity for the hydroformylation of vinyl ethers under mild reaction conditions: 2 MPa of syngas, 1:1 (H2/CO) substrate/catalyst molar ratio 1000:1, and 60 °C. The linear selectivity was up to 98%, and in most cases was about 80%, with no hydrogenation product formation observed, which could be a potential way to synthesize 1,3‐propanediol. A mechanism study including density functional theory computational analysis showed that both Rh–H and CO insertion steps in the hydroformylation of vinyl ether were linear‐preferred in our catalyst system.
Strategies for high‐concentration drug substance manufacturing to facilitate subcutaneous administration: A review
Authors: Holstein Melissa , Hung Jessica , Feroz Hasin , Ranjan Swarnim , Du Cheng , Ghose Sanchayita , Li Zheng Jian
Published: July 2020

To achieve the high protein concentrations required for subcutaneous administration of biologic therapeutics, numerous manufacturing process challenges are often encountered. From an operational perspective, high protein concentrations result in highly viscous solutions, which can cause pressure increases during ultrafiltration. This can also lead to low flux during ultrafiltration and sterile filtration, resulting in long processing times. In addition, there is a greater risk of product loss from the hold‐up volumes during filtration operations. From a formulation perspective, higher protein concentrations present the risk of higher aggregation rates as the closer proximity of the constituent species results in stronger attractive intermolecular interactions and higher frequency of self‐association events. There are also challenges in achieving pH and excipient concentration targets in the ultrafiltration/diafiltration (UF/DF) step due to volume exclusion and Donnan equilibrium effects, which are exacerbated at higher protein concentrations. This paper highlights strategies to address these challenges, including the use of viscosity‐lowering excipients, appropriate selection of UF/DF cassettes with modified membranes and/or improved flow channel design, and increased understanding of pH and excipient behavior during UF/DF. Additional considerations for high‐concentration drug substance manufacturing, such as appearance attributes, stability, and freezing and handling are also discussed. These strategies can be employed to overcome the manufacturing process challenges and streamline process development efforts for high‐concentration drug substance manufacturing.
Surveillance pouchoscopy for dysplasia: Cleveland Clinic Ileoanal Pouch Anastomosis Database
Authors: Lightner A L , Vaidya P , Vogler S , McMichael J , Jia X , Regueiro M , Qazi T , Steele S R , Church J
Published: July 2020

Background

No formal guidelines exist for surveillance pouchoscopy following ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis.

Methods

All adults who had previously had IPAA for ulcerative colitis, and underwent a pouchoscopy between 1 January 2010 and 1 January 2020, were included.

Results

A total of 9398 pouchoscopy procedures were performed in 3672 patients. The majority of the examinations were diagnostic (8082, 86·0 per cent; 3260 patients) and the remainder were for routine surveillance (1316, 14·0 per cent; 412 patients). Thirteen patients (0·14 per cent of procedures) were found to have biopsy-proven neoplasia at the time of pouchoscopy; seven had low-grade dysplasia (LGD) (0·07 per cent; all located in the anal transition zone), none had high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and six (0·06 per cent) had invasive adenocarcinoma (4 in anal transition zone and 6 in pouch). Of the six patients with adenocarcinoma, four had neoplasia at the time of proctocolectomy (2 adenocarcinoma, 1 LGD, 1 HGD); all six were symptomatic with anal bleeding or pelvic pain at the time of pouchoscopy, had a negative surveillance pouchoscopy examination within 2 years of diagnosis of adenocarcinoma, had palpable masses on digital rectal examination, and had visible lesions at the time of pouchoscopy.

Conclusion

Surveillance pouchoscopy is not recommended in asymptomatic patients because significant neoplasia following IPAA for ulcerative colitis is rare.
Systematic failure to operate on colorectal cancer liver metastases in California
Authors: Raoof Mustafa , Jutric Zeljka , Haye Sidra , Ituarte Philip H. G. , Zhao Beiqun , Singh Gagandeep , Melstrom Laleh , Warner Susanne G. , Clary Bryan , Fong Yuman
Published: July 2020

Background

Despite evidence that liver resection improves survival in patients with colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRCLM) and may be potentially curative, there are no population‐level data examining utilization and predictors of liver resection in the United States.

Methods

This is a population‐based cross‐sectional study. We abstracted data on patients with synchronous CRCLM using California Cancer Registry from 2000 to 2012 and linked the records to the Office of Statewide Health Planning Inpatient Database. Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) was used to map liver resection rates to California counties. Patient‐ and hospital‐level predictors were determined using mixed‐effects logistic regression.

Results

Of the 24 828 patients diagnosed with stage‐IV colorectal cancer, 16 382 (70%) had synchronous CRCLM. Overall liver resection rate for synchronous CRCLM was 10% (county resection rates ranging from 0% to 33%) with no improvement over time. There was no correlation between county incidence of synchronous CRCLM and rate of resection (R2 = .0005). On multivariable analysis, sociodemographic and treatment‐initiating‐facility characteristics were independently associated with receipt of liver resection after controlling for patient disease‐ and comorbidity‐related factors. For instance, odds of liver resection decreased in patients with black race (OR 0.75 vs white) and Medicaid insurance (OR 0.62 vs private/PPO); but increased with initial treatment at NCI hospital (OR 1.69 vs Non‐NCI hospital), or a high volume (10 + cases/year) (OR 1.40 vs low volume) liver surgery hospital.

Conclusion

In this population‐based study, only 10% of patients with liver metastases underwent liver resection. Furthermore, the study identifies wide variations and significant population‐level disparities in the utilization of liver resection for CRCLM in California.
Methyltransferase Contingencies in the Pathway of Everninomicin D Antibiotics and Analogues
Authors: Limbrick Emilianne M. , Yñigez‐Gutierrez Audrey E. , Dulin Callie C. , Derewacz Dagmara K. , Spraggins Jeffrey M. , McCulloch Kathryn M. , Iverson T. M. , Bachmann Brian O.
Published: July 2020

Everninomicins are orthoester oligosaccharide antibiotics with potent activity against multidrug‐resistant bacterial pathogens. Everninomicins act by disrupting ribosomal assembly in a distinct region in comparison to clinically prescribed drugs. We employed microporous intergeneric conjugation with Escherichia coli to manipulate Micromonospora for targeted gene‐replacement studies of multiple putative methyltransferases across the octasaccharide scaffold of everninomicin effecting the A1, C, F, and H rings. Analyses of gene‐replacement and genetic complementation mutants established the mutability of the everninomicin scaffold through the generation of 12 previously unreported analogues and, together with previous results, permitted assignment of the ten methyltransferases required for everninomicin biosynthesis. The in vitro activity of A1‐ and H‐ring‐modifying methyltransferases demonstrated the ability to catalyze late‐stage modification of the scaffold on an A1‐ring phenol and H‐ring C‐4’ hydroxy moiety. Together these results establish the potential of the everninomicin scaffold for modification through mutagenesis and in vitro modification of advanced biosynthetic intermediates.
Lanthanide Tagging of Oligonucleotides to Nucleobase for Paramagnetic NMR
Authors: Täubert Sebastian , Zhang Yong‐Hui , Martinez Mitcheell Maestre , Siepel Florian , Wöltjen Edith , Leonov Andrei , Griesinger Christian
Published: July 2020

Although lanthanide tags, which have large anisotropic magnetic susceptibilities, have already been introduced to enrich NMR parameters by long‐range pseudoconact shifts (PCSs) and residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) of proteins, their application to nucleotides has so far been limited to one previous report, due to the high affinities of lanthanides for the phosphodiester backbone of nucleotides and difficult organic synthesis. Herein, we report successful attachment of a lanthanide tag to a chemically synthesized oligonucleotide via a disulfide bond. NMR experiments reveal PCSs of up to 1 ppm and H−H RDCs of up to 8 Hz at 950 MHz. Although weaker magnetic alignment was achieved than with proteins, the paramagnetic data could be fitted to the known structure of the DNA, taking the mobility of the tag into account. While further rigidification of the tag is desirable, this tag could also be used to measure heteronuclear RDCs of 13C,15N‐labeled chemically synthesized DNA and RNA.
Constructing Nitrogen, Selenium Co‐Doped Graphene Aerogel Electrode Materials for Synergistically Enhanced Capacitive Performance
Authors: Chen Jianfa , Lin Chong , Zhang Mengmeng , Jin Tianxiang , Qian Yong
Published: July 2020

In this work, we demonstrate the successful synthesis of nitrogen and selenium co‐doping graphene aerogels (NSeGA) by a convenient and scalable approach. It was found that Se is an effective doping element for improving the energy storage performance of graphene. The synergistic effect between N and Se on improving the performance of supercapacitor was also confirmed. The binder‐free NSeGA electrode exhibited a high specific capacity of 302.9 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1, which is much higher than that of singly Se‐doped graphene aerogel (SeGA, 183.92 F g−1) and singly N‐doped graphene aerogel (NGA, 150.16 F g−1). Even though the current density reached up to 10 A g−1, 90.4 % of its specific capacitance was maintained. The NSeGA also maintained about 94.1 % of the initial capacitance after 12,000 cycles at a current density of 2 A g−1. Moreover, the constructed NSeGA//NSeGA symmetric supercapacitor showed a high energy density of 26.3 W h kg−1 at a power density of 900 W kg−1. Accordingly, as a new type of carbon‐based material, NSeGA has a good prospect in the field of supercapacitors.
Electrografting of Sterically Bulky Tetramethylaniline Groups on Glassy Carbon Electrodes through Aryldiazonium Chemistry: Reasons for the Formation of Multilayers
Authors: Subrata Arnold , Veksha Andrei , Pong Zhi Yi , Lisak Grzegorz , Webster Richard D.
Published: July 2020

Within the field of electrografting with aryldiazonium cations, there are various methods available to graft a monolayer of organic groups onto electrode surfaces. One of these relies on the presence of steric groups or constraints on the aryldiazonium cation itself, which prevent multilayers from being formed by blocking access of the free aryl carbons on the grafted layer to the diazonium cations. Here, we investigate the nature of the layer formed from the electrochemical reduction of bulky 2,3,5,6‐tetramethylaniline monodiazonium cations on glassy carbon (GC) electrodes, to form 2,3,5,6‐tetramethylaniline‐modified GC (GC−TMA), which was subsequently characterized by atomic force microscopy scratching, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Despite the bulky structure of the TMA group, GC−TMA was found to exhibit sparse multilayers, owing to the ability of the precursor to undergo its own electropolymerization under the experimental conditions used.
Thermal Elimination of Ethylene from Cyclobutyl Groups Characterized by X‐ray Crystallography in a Metal–Organic Framework Matrix
Authors: Alkaş Adil , Friche Laurine E. S. , Harris Shikeale N. , Telfer Shane G.
Published: July 2020

Methods to synthesize and characterize aromatic molecules with vinyl substituents are sought after yet limited in the literature. Here, we introduce cyclobutyl groups into a metal–organic framework (MOF) matrix that are poised to produce ethylene upon heating. The expulsion of ethylene produces vinyl groups on an aromatic core, which are isolated by the crystalline matrix of the framework. This enables full characterization of the thermolysis by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Further, we modify the vinyl groups by a bromine addition reaction. Importantly, the two transformations happen in a single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal manner without changing the overall network structure of the parent framework. New insights into the structural and synthetic chemistry of this important class of compound are generated. Installing reactive vinyl tags in materials by the high temperature thermolysis of cyclobutyl groups is a powerful strategy for altering their physicochemical characteristics.
Growth and Atomic‐Scale Characterization of Ultrathin Silica and Germania Films: The Crucial Role of the Metal Support
Authors: Lewandowski Adrián Leandro , Tosoni Sergio , Gura Leonard , Yang Zechao , Fuhrich Alexander , Prieto Mauricio J. , Schmidt Thomas , Usvyat Denis , Schneider Wolf‐Dieter , Heyde Markus , Pacchioni Gianfranco , Freund Hans‐Joachim
Published: July 2020

The present review reports on the preparation and atomic‐scale characterization of the thinnest possible films of the glass‐forming materials silica and germania. To this end state‐of‐the‐art surface science techniques, in particular scanning probe microscopy, and density functional theory calculations have been employed. The investigated films range from monolayer to bilayer coverage where both, the crystalline and the amorphous films, contain characteristic XO4 (X=Si,Ge) building blocks. A side‐by‐side comparison of silica and germania monolayer, zigzag phase and bilayer films supported on Mo(112), Ru(0001), Pt(111), and Au(111) leads to a more general comprehension of the network structure of glass former materials. This allows us to understand the crucial role of the metal support for the pathway from crystalline to amorphous ultrathin film growth.
Oxygen Poisoning in Laboratory Testing of Iron‐Based Ammonia Synthesis Catalysts and its Potential Sources
Authors: Folke Jan , Song Huiqing , Schittkowski Julian , Schlögl Robert , Ruland Holger
Published: July 2020

The influence of oxygen poisoning on a state‐of‐the‐art multipromoted iron‐based industrial catalyst for ammonia synthesis as well as the effectivity of different gas purification methods to prevent oxygen poisoning for experiments on laboratory scale were studied in detail. Additionally, the observed results were compared to a common oxygen poisoning test from literature, which on the one hand confirmed its usability in a wide range of conditions, but on the other hand also demonstrated the limitations of this test.
Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of 2,4‐Diaminoquinazoline Derivatives as Potential Tubulin Polymerization Inhibitors
Authors: Herrera‐Vázquez Frida S. , Matadamas‐Martínez Félix , Aguayo‐Ortiz Rodrigo , Dominguez Laura , Ramírez‐Apan Teresa , Yépez‐Mulia Lilián , Hernández‐Luis Francisco
Published: July 2020

Microtubules are highly dynamic polymers composed of α‐ and β‐tubulin proteins that have been shown to be potential therapeutic targets for the development of anticancer drugs. Currently, a wide variety of chemically diverse agents that bind to β‐tubulin have been reported. Nocodazole (NZ) and colchicine (COL) are well‐known tubulin‐depolymerizing agents that have close binding sites in the β‐tubulin. In this study, we designed and synthesized a set of nine 2,4‐diaminoquinazoline derivatives that could occupy both NZ and COL binding sites. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against five cancer cell lines (PC‐3, HCT‐15, MCF‐7, MDA‐MB‐231, and SK‐LU‐1), a noncancerous one (COS‐7), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The effect of compounds 4 e and 4 i on tubulin organization and polymerization was analyzed on the SK‐LU‐1 cell line by indirect immunofluorescence, western blotting, and tubulin polymerization assays. Our results demonstrated that both compounds exert their antiproliferative activity by inhibiting tubulin polymerization. Finally, a possible binding pose of 4 i in the NZ/COL binding site was determined by using molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) approaches. To our knowledge, this is the first report of non‐N‐substituted 2,4‐diaminoquinazoline derivatives with the ability to inhibit tubulin polymerization.
Voting‐based intrusion detection framework for securing software‐defined networks
Authors: Swami Rochak , Dave Mayank , Ranga Virender
Published: July 2020

Software‐defined networking (SDN) is an emerging paradigm in enterprise networks because of its flexible and cost‐effective nature. By decoupling control and data plane, SDN can provide various defense solutions for securing futuristic networks. However, the architectural design and characteristics of SDN attract several severe attacks. Distributed denial of service (DDoS) is considered as a major destructive cyber attack that makes the services of controller unavailable for its legitimate users. In this research article, an intrusion detection framework is proposed to detect DDoS attacks against SDN. The proposed framework relies on voting‐based ensemble model for the attack detection. Ensemble model is a combination of multiple machine learning classifiers for prediction of final results. In this research article, we propose and analyze three ensemble models named as Voting‐CMN, Voting‐RKM, and Voting‐CKM particularly to benchmarking datasets such as UNSW‐NB15, CICIDS2017, and NSL‐KDD, respectively. For validation of the proposed models, a cross‐validation technique is used with the prediction algorithms. The effectiveness of proposed models is evaluated in terms of prominent metrics (accuracy, precision, recall, and F‐measure). Experimental results indicate that the proposed models achieve better performance in terms of accuracy as compared with other existing models.