bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation, screening and identification of endophytic antagonistic bacteria toPotato ring rotbacteria
Authors: Hong-Xian Tian , Rui-Xia Wang , Yin-Fan Li , Xiong Wang , Fu-Zai Sun , Jun Yuan
Published: May 2006

Two hundred and forty bacterial strains were isolated from three potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars from eight different sources. On the basis of antagonistic bacteria examinationin vitro, greenhouse and field tests, 22.9% of isolated bacteria were endophytic and antagonistic. Three strains, namely A-10', T3(Bacillussp.) and H1-6 (Pseudomonas fluorescens), were chosen for their suppressive effect on bacterial ring rot (Clavibacter michiganensissubsp.sepedonicus) and their growth promotion. The strain A-10' was an endophytic bacterium with the effects of colonization, plant growth promotion and suppression of the pathogenic bacteria, showing good prospects for commercial use.
LucTrap Vectors Are Tools to Generate Luciferase Fusions for the Quantification of Transcript and Protein Abundance in Vivo
Authors: Calderon-Villalobos Luz Irina A. , Kuhnle Carola , Li Hanbing , Rosso Mario , Weisshaar Bernd , Schwechheimer Claus
Published: May 2006

Proper plant growth and development strongly rely on the plant's ability to respond dynamically to signals and cues from the intra- and extracellular environment. Whereas many of these responses require specific changes at the level of gene expression, in recent years it has become increasingly clear that many plant responses are at least in part also controlled at the level of protein turnover. It is a challenge for signal transduction research to understand how distinct incoming signals are integrated to generate specific changes at the transcript or protein level. The activity of luciferase (LUC) reporters can be detected in nondestructive qualitative and quantitative assays in vivo. Therefore,z LUC reporters are particularly well suited for the detection of changes at the transcript and protein level. To the best of our knowledge, the number of plant transformation vectors for LUC fusions is very limited. In this article, we describe the LucTrap plant transformation vectors that allow generation of targeted and random transcriptional and translational fusions with the modified firefly LUC reporter LUC+. We demonstrate that LucTrap-based fusions can be used to monitor rapid changes in gene expression and protein abundance in vivo.
Reasonable Precautions and Due Diligence
Authors: Roberts David
Published: May 2006

The area of consumer safety is focused on, with regard to food
manufacturers′ and retailers′ responsibilities. A number of judgments in
court cases concerning contraventions of the Food and Drugs Acts,
Consumer Safety Acts and Trade Descriptions Act are described together
with their implications for food manufacturers and retailers. Some of
the most significant provisions of the new Food Safety Act are
addressed.
Food Poisoning: Tracing the Source of Outbreaks
Authors: Cowden John M.
Published: May 2006

The role and methods of descriptive and analytical epidemiology in
the investigation of outbreaks of foodborne disease are described. The
relationship between epidemiological and microbiological investigation
is addressed, and the need for a sensitive surveillance system to detect
outbreaks is shown. Examples are drawn from recent cases or important
outbreaks of salmonellosis in England.
Technology and Food: Aims and Findings of the EC FAST Programme’s Research into the Prospects and Needs of the European Food System
Authors: Traill Bruce
Published: May 2006

The food industry is becoming more science‐based and consumers more
conscious of relations between diet and health. The approach of 1992
will require changes in attitudes and in industry structures. Some of
the findings of the European Community′s FAST programme are reported.
How the food system will develop to the turn of the century and whether
there are new Community‐level actions which might help it develop more
efficiently are questions which are posed. Actions which promote
consumer confidence and those which provide technological support to
small agro‐food firms are suggested.
Gazing down the Milky Way and Waiting for the Cows to Come Home
Authors: Denison Tim
Published: May 2006

An overview of current research on dairy farming is provided with
speculation as to what the future might hold, guided by input from
various research institutes.
Food Poverty – The End of the Line?
Authors: Malseed Jo
Published: May 2006

The adequacy and appropriateness of official responses to food
poverty in 1980s′ Britain are questioned. A qualitative study was
carried out in NW England, 1987/88, exploring the mechanisms behind
social inequalities in eating behaviour, as the basis for the
development of effective social policy. Structural and material
constraints and pressures external to and beyond the control of
low‐income households were found to be largely responsible for their
eating behaviour. The implications of inadequate domestic financial
resources are discussed here.
Nutritional and Sensory Beliefs in Food Choice
Authors: Shepherd Richard
Published: May 2006

Food choice is influenced by a range of factors, including sensory attributes and beliefs about the nutritional value of the foods. It is difficult to determine the relative importance of beliefs about nutritional and sensory attributes to foods. It is necessary to examine these within an overall framework. The attitudes model developed by Fishbein and Ajzen is presented as a framework within which such comparisons can be made. It has been shown to be useful in a variety of studies of food choice. The relative importance of different types of beliefs can be assessed within this approach by examining the relationship between individual beliefs (or groups of beliefs) and either attitude or behaviour. In a number of studies sensory attributes have been found to be more important for table salt use, snack food consumption and consumption of foods contributing highly to fat in the diet. In the case of low‐fat milk consumption, however, nutritional beliefs were found to be more important than beliefs about the sensory attributes of the milks or their suitability for different uses.
Developing and Marketing Dairy Product Brands in Europe
Authors: Wilson Clive H.
Published: May 2006

The development and marketing of diary product brands in Europe in
the 1990s is described, examining the key success factors which will
enable dairy companies to survive, let alone grow profitably
through to the millenium. The contribution of strong branding and new
product development to commercial success is analysed, featuring some
state‐of‐the‐art approaches to segmentation and brand positioning which
are likely to become critical to dairy product companies′ success or
failure in achieving their full added values in the 1990s.
Food Irradiation: The Crystal Ball Clears
Authors: Kilcast David
Published: May 2006

With the recent publication in the UK of draft legislation
referring to the introduction of food irradiation in 1991, the food
industry, consumers and regulatory authorities have at last had the
opportunity to assess the likely impact of this controversial new
process. Food categories to be licensed for irradiation are based on
those under discussion within the EEC, with some modifications of more
direct relevance to the UK. In this article the technological
justifications for food irradiation are examined, together with the
possible applications within the permitted food categories.
″Natural″: A Trading Standards Viewpoint
Authors: Roberts David C.E.
Published: May 2006

The use of the word “natural” in food labelling is
discussed. It is probable that legislation, if it is introduced at all,
may not be very helpful. But self‐regulation by food manufacturers,
labellers and advertisers shows little evidence of a responsible
approach to food labelling.
Dried Grapes: A Case Study in EC Market Disruption
Authors: Harris Simon A. , Swinbank Alan
Published: May 2006

As a result of a badly conceived farm policy the bulk
of the EC′s dried grape crop of 1981/82 was sold
into intervention. Minimum import prices (MIPs)
were introduced, throwing the import trade into
confusion, and distorting the market for dried
grapes. MIPs meant that the competitive advantage
of low cost suppliers was lost, and the importer′s
traditional skills of buying cheap were thwarted.
Failure to distinguish between types of product,
quality and presentation, led to further difficulties.
Even marginal failure to respect the MIP led to the
application of substantial countervailing charges. In
February 1988 a ruling of the European Court gave
some relief to the beleaguered trade.
Determinants of Individuals’ Brand Choices: Attitudinal and Sensory Interactions
Authors: Booth D.A.
Published: May 2006

Consumer motivation is often quite idiosyncratic
in its structure, not just in its position within a
response space common to all customers. The
sensitivity to sensory and conceptual influences
of an individual′s brand choices can be used to
measure the strengths and interactions of those
influences on that person′s choice in the type of
situation tested. Aggregation of the resulting
personal response spaces provides greater
operationalisation and definition of marketing
opportunities than other modelling methods.
Examples are given for drinks sweetened with
sugar or low‐calorie sweetener.
Eco‐balances: The Migros Model
Authors: Jones Bryn
Published: May 2006

Switzerland′s largest retailer′s environmental programme to reduce
the environmental burden of packaging is outlined. It is based on a
system of eco‐balances – analyses from a narrow range of criteria
of strictly quantifiable measurements of energy use, air and water
consumption in raw material extraction and production, carbon dioxide
emissions and landfill volumes.
Saving Energy in Packaging
Authors: Parker Gary
Published: May 2006

The production, distribution and disposal of packaging materials
consumes vast amounts of energy. These costs are quantified and ways in
which they can be reduced are described. Recycling of materials is seen
as offering distinct environmental advantages in terms of energy saving
as part of an overall strategy, together with the use of more efficient
forms of transport. The development of other forms of energy to replace
environmentally harmful fossil fuels is seen as necessary.
Gum Arabic Specifications: Regulatory Revisions and Referrals
Authors: Anderson Douglas
Published: May 2006

A recent Codex Alimentarius decision to refer the Joint
Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) 1990 Revised Specification
for gum arabic (Acacia senegal) for reconsideration has been made
in response to trade interests despite concerned comments by consumer
associations. Although the 1990 JECFA Specification remains in force the
Codex recognises only the 1978 JECFA Specification, which
pre‐dates the introduction of any microbiological requirement to ensure
the absence of Salmonellae and Escherichia coli.
Food Safety Assurance: Revised Specification for Gum Arabic
Authors: Anderson Douglas
Published: May 2006

The objectives of specifications published by the Joint FAO/WHO
Expert Committee on Food Additives are examined, and an explanation is
given of the justification for a recent revision of the specification
for gum arabic (Acacia senegal). Differences from the earlier
version are summarised. The Revised Specification is a considerable
improvement in chemical terms and offers increased protection for
importers, deemed to be the manufacturers of consignments from the
producing countries, and for food processors responsible for making
labelling declarations. Unfortunately the maximum degree of safety
assurance for consumers, which they are entitled to expect, is still not
guaranteed. The revised specification remains inadequate to ensure that
gum arabic in foodstuffs originates from the specified source, or
complies in terms of identity, composition and quality with that of the
test article selected for the toxicological evaluations that led to its
classification as “ADI not specified” in 1983. The loopholes
available to companies which may not be prepared voluntarily to accept
the principles of good manufacturing practice are indicated.
Micro‐technology and Learning in the Public Library
Authors: McCormick Angela
Published: May 2006

The establishment in Troon Public Library, Scotland, by the Marr
Educational Trust of an educational resource facility is recounted. The
microcomputer hardware and software and audio‐visual resources are
described and the nature of the services offered to members of the
public explained. The success of the project and role of such a centre
within the public library are discussed.
Public Libraries and Performance Indicators: Origins,
Developments and Issues
Authors: Midwinter Arthur , McVicar Murray
Published: May 2006

The political background in the United Kingdom leading to the
development of performance indicators for public libraries is discussed.
Corporate planning and value for money models are examined. A survey is
reported of Scottish public library authorities and their use of
performance indicators in relation to planning, budgeting and
evaluation, and the development of public library objectives in Scotland
is outlined. The major problems in applying performance measures to
public libraries are considered.
Planning the Automation of Libraries in Developing
Countries: A Systems Analysis Approach
Authors: Msuya Jangawe
Published: May 2006

Many libraries in developed countries have automated their
housekeeping functions; a few developing countries have already made
moves towards automation while others are still planning for it. The
planning process in library automation is highlighted. Aspects such as
setting objectives; assessing the existing system; evaluating options;
writing specifications for the required system; resources; the human
factor; and maintenance are considered. A note of caution is sounded to
libraries intending to automate, particularly those in developing
countries where resources are scarce.
A Library Essential: Needs Assessment
Authors: Newhouse Robert C.
Published: May 2006

The use of needs assessment is considered as a critical tool for
library organisation and administration. A basic model is examined
together with a realistic rationale for implementation. A three‐stage
process for needs assessment is described in detail from planning to
organising, and concluding with scheduling. Major criteria are suggested
which should relate to direct outcomes.
Preliminary Observations of Non‐traditional University
Students′ Library Skills.
Authors: Garcha Rajinder , Gatten Jeffrey N.
Published: May 2006

A study was undertaken to compare library skills and attitudes of
traditional and non‐traditional students entering Kent State University
during the Spring semester of 1989. It was discovered that
non‐traditional students present a challenge to library instruction due
to a lack of familiarity with and commitment to the academic routine,
and a lack of library experience overall. Freshmen students were
administered a questionnaire prior to receiving any formal library
instruction. Chi‐square tests were used to test significant differences
between the two groups regarding the variables of library skills and
library attitudes. Because of the sample size, the study was limited.
However, some observations were made that merit further study and may
have implications for library instruction programmes which will be
designed to address the growing population of non‐traditional college
students in the 1990s.
Automation and Academic Library Management: A Case Study
Authors: September Peter E.
Published: May 2006

The history of automation in the libraries of the University of
Michigan is outlined and a detailed study is presented of the strategic
planning and implementation of the MIRLYN integrated library system.
Emphasis is also placed on the evolution of new management structures in
the Library to deal successfully with, and driven by, the new system.
Periodical Retrenchment at the University of Ilorin Library
Authors: Olorunsola R. , Ajileye E.O.
Published: May 2006

The numbers and prices of journals have been increasing while library
budgets have remained stable or slowly decreased. The situation at the
University of Ilorin Library in Nigeria is discussed where, following a period
of relative stagnation, the Library journals budget could no longer absorb
existing commitments. The effects of Nigeria′s Structural Adjustment
Programme are also indicated and the need for cuts explained. The steps
taken during the journal cancellation exercise are discussed and the benefits
and problems identified.
Document Reproduction and Supply in East Africa
Authors: Otike J.N.
Published: May 2006

An account is given of the current position in document
reproduction and supply in the three East African states of Kenya,
Uganda and Tanzania. A brief account is given of the region′s
library/information infrastructure and the state of photocopying and
microfilming services is outlined. Factors inhibiting interstate
co‐operation are identified.
Information Management: Overview and Beginners Please
Authors: Oulton Tony
Published: May 2006

The field of information management is defined for the non‐expert.
The origins of information management are outlined, including the Paperwork Reduction Act. The factors which have contributed to the
growth of information management as an area of employment and education
are discussed, including the concept of information as a resource.
Examples are provided of the role of information management,
particularly in the National Health Service, local government and
banking. It is suggested that information management is hospitable to a
range of diverse professionals but that librarians and information
scientists can and should make a significant contribution.
Team Librarianship: The Case for the Branch Librarian
Authors: Fisher Shelagh
Published: May 2006

Existing literature on team librarianship is surveyed and found to
be sparse, fragmented and limited in scope. The argument that team
librarianship offers many benefits to the organisation and to the
individual is examined in the light of a research study. The supposed
benefits of team librarianship are discussed and contrasted with
dysfunctional aspects of team organisation in public libraries. A
counter‐argument is made, supporting the role of the more traditional
branch librarian. It is concluded that a major reason for introducing
team librarianship was to reduce expenditure on staffing.
The Acquisition of Books and Journals in Austere Times: The
Ondo State University Library Experience.
Authors: Akinfolarin W.A.
Published: May 2006

The various methods of acquisition are highlighted for a new
university library where not only are books and journals expensive, but
funds for their purchase are grossly insufficient. Other impediments to
acquisition, apart from funds, are also enumerated and cost‐saving
devices discussed which are aimed at the most judicious spending of the
library′s meagre budget.
Reference Work, Staff Selection and General Knowledge
Authors: Duckett Bob
Published: May 2006

Excellence at reference and enquiry work is not just a matter of
staff training, but of selecting the right staff. One quality needed is
general knowledge. The nature of this quality is considered and moves
are outlined to build general knowledge testing into the selection
procedures for reference library staff at Bradford.
Breaking Through the Information Barrier: Management Development and IT
Authors: Coulson‐Thomas Colin
Published: May 2006

Information technology is becoming a part
of the subject matter of a number of
management disciplines, as functional
applications of IT continue to grow.
However, IT is also emerging as a discipline
in its own right. It is changing the nature of
work and organisations and challenging our
understanding of the learning process. The
future shape of arrangements for delivering
management education and development will
increasingly be defined by the nature of
technology. Certain colleges may face a
“dilemma of scale” through failure to reach
the threshold of sufficient resources to
maintain technological viability and
compatibility.
What Happened to the History of Education? The British Attitude to Business Education
Authors: Black John
Published: May 2006

The author′s study of the history of education
leads him to the conclusion that current
educational policy is taking the same road as
Victorian policy. Then, as now, there was an
obsession with national economic performance, but
it is claimed that the restructuring of state
education pays only lip service to it. The divisive
nature of the British education system is contrasted
with that of Germany and Japan.
Matching the Curriculum to the Needs of Industry
Authors: Nicholson Michael , Moss Dennis
Published: May 2006

A study has been made of employers′
perceptions of the desired skills and values to be
displayed by secondary school leavers in the
Bristol area. Five major companies in a single
locality provided the information by in‐depth
discussions. These perceptions were translated
into 20 identifiable skills. In a case‐study
approach, the staff in a local comprehensive
school were asked to indicate their judgement of
the importance of each skill and asked to assess
how well each skill was achieved in the school.
The extent to which teachers′ ranking of importance
and attainment matched those of industry are
discussed. Schoolteachers tended to emphasise
cognitive skill acquisition at the expense of
affective skills. Skills relating to personal
development and responsibility of the pupil were
attained less well than companies hoped for.
School‐based Work Experience: Practical Guidelines
Authors: Hopkins Keith
Published: May 2006

Much has been written about the theory and
practice of work experience, but mostly in
academic terms and aimed specifically at the
“world of education”. What follows is
presented in practical terms, and is intended
to be of help to industrial colleagues.
It has been written by an experienced
practitioner who has worked at both the
chalk‐face and Local Education Authority
(LEA) level providing work experience for
thousands of students.
Basically, work experience is examined
briefly in terms of its origins in the 1960s.
The mechanics of its delivery are looked at
and an indication of the current picture and
the anticipated future expectations is given: a
practical approach therefore to a very
important curricular development area.
The Retail Partnership Manager Sets About Her Task
Authors: Thomas Annette
Published: May 2006

Partnership managers work within specific industries, extending and
consolidating their industry′s links with education. This account looks
at the experience of the retail sector′s partnership manager. It
examines the process from marketing a concept; the aims and benefits of
partnership to how these are being translated into action. There is also
an account of the United States′ experience of education business
partnerships; included because some of the strategies are similar but
also because it highlights the United Kingdom′s strengths and
advantages.
Education‐business Dialogue? Behind the Language Conventions
Authors: Zakary Bernard
Published: May 2006

Provides an informed, personal view of the process by which
education‐industry links evolve. Points to the culture of the players as
a potential obstacle to meaningful dialogue, with particular reference
to teachers and to manufacturing industry, and calls for a greater
openness in establishing success criteria. Critically appraises the
contributions of the National Curriculum Council to the debate,
suggesting that these are more likely to cloud the issues than
contribute to genuine partnership. An example from industry of a
partnership policy in action is cited to demonstrate that openness about
motives need not mean switching off interest from schools. Calls for a
broadening of the debate on education‐industry links in particular, in
the wake of the “reforms” of the 1988 Act.
Contracting for Quality in Learning
Authors: Coffey John
Published: May 2006

Describes an aspect of the work on quality in open learning
undertaken by the SATURN quality sub‐group. Argues that a key to the
achievement of quality in learning is the setting of clear expectations
of what is required, both of providers and users in learning contracts.
Lists codes of practice for both providers and users and defines
provider and user groups. Discusses the use of the codes in developing
an individual learning contract for the three stages in a learning
contract‐before, during and after.
Promoting Lifelong Learning Through Education Partnership: Part Two
Authors: Berkeley John
Published: May 2006

Claims that mechanisms other than school‐employer collaboration are
needed for effective learning. Argues in favour of systems of recording
achievement and planning individual development. Describes their
background and development and the eventual launch of the National
Record of Achievement (NRA). Reviews some of the key issues for the NRA
from an employer′s perspective. Presents the findings of a preliminary
review of the Rover Group′s work with the NRA.
Swimming Against the Tide: Literacy Dificulties and the Labour Market
Authors: Atkinson John
Published: May 2006

Reports research on the vacancy‐filling process among UK employers
for less skilled jobs, and identifies where and how people with literacy
shortcomings lose out – based on a survey of 2,000 UK employers,
and interviews with 30. Concludes that overt discrimination in hiring is
uncommon. While some unskilled jobs do have a high literacy requirement,
recruiters mostly tend to overestimate this requirement in selection,
particularly if market conditions permit a wide choice of applicants.
Growing an Innovative Workforce: A New Approach to Vocational Education and Training
Authors: Kay Carol , Fonda Nickie , Hayes Chris
Published: May 2006

Describes the work and results of a project to accelerate the pace
of change in vocational education and training, involving college staff,
employers and students. First reviews the approach and then gives
illustrative examples of practice.
Starting Work at BP: Inducting Youth Trainees at BP Chemicals
Authors: Amblin Anna , Wilson Kathy
Published: May 2006

For a number of years, BP Chemicals′ Grangemouth site has
demonstrated the company′s commitment to developing young people by
running a variety of Youth Training programmes. Induction into the
company is mandatory for all employees, and youth trainees are no
exception. The two‐week induction programme introduces trainees to
company and site rules and procedures as do many induction programmes.
This one, however, goes further by beginning training which will help to
integrate trainees quickly into their new jobs. They learn about using
the telephone and about becoming an effective member of a team.
Additionally, they take an active part in selecting their new work
placements by interviewing line managers, for which they receive
training. They are also given guidance in the selection of suitable
dayrelease college courses. The induction programme is reviewed and
assessed on completion. This enables continuing improvement as well as
ensuring that the rest of the two years of the YT programme meets the
needs of trainees, managers and the company.
Quality in Education: Putting Theory into Practice
Authors: Labram Melissa , D′Attorne Caroline , Howson Sarah , Allott Phillipa
Published: May 2006

Four Public Relations students describe unplanned course‐related
work experience arising from their involvement with the 1991 Association
of Education and Training Technology Award Conference.
The Impact of New Learning Technologies in Education
Authors: Kingston Paula , Morgan Jeff , Wagstaff André
Published: May 2006

Discusses the changing role of information technology in education
to where it is now – a tool for use across the curriculum with
increased networking of computers. Reports a 30 per cent increase per
annum since 1985 of computers in schools. Looks at the challenge posed
by the use of new technologies in education and training, the
implications of the National Curriculum, NVQs and local management of
schools. Argues the need for schools and colleges to adopt an
increasingly strategic approach and for ongoing staff development.
New Technologies in Education and Training: An Overview
Authors: Kingston Paula , Wagstaff André
Published: May 2006

An overview of information technology (IT) in education and
training. Discusses what educators have learned and the issues facing
them including: the location and pace of learning; the need for more
support and guidance for teachers and learners; developments such as
CD‐ROM and interactive video; equality of opportunity and access to new
technologies. Examines the role of the National Council for Educational
Technology (NCET) in spreading the use of IT in education and training.
Implementing Training and Development Standards: Part 2: Gaining Centre Approval
Authors: Scholefield Maureen
Published: May 2006

The second in a series of articles. Sets out the seven key areas of
organizational competence described in the City and Guilds Centre
Approval and Monitoring Guidelines for organizations seeking to become
Approved Centres complying with Training and Development Lead Body
standards. Outlines the requirements in each area of competence
including the qualifications by the two classes of staff required, i.e.
Designated Assessors and Designated Internal Verifiers, and makes clear
the distinction between provisional and full approval.
Personal Development Portfolios: A Mechanism for Integrating Quality in Business Education
Authors: McElwee Gerard , Evans Adrian
Published: May 2006

Control of quality is being shifted from academics to other
agencies, particularly employers and Government. Suggests that the role
of students is changing as expectations of, for example, course content
and provision and the quality of that provision become more defined.
This necessitates greater understanding of both the needs and the
demands of students. Describes a Personal Development Portfolio proposed
for use in a new Modular Business Scheme at Teesside Business School
which is intended to meet this need.
An Employee Resource Accounting System Applied to Public House Managers
Authors: Dawson Chris , McAlpine Rod , Woolley Stephen
Published: May 2006

A piece of action research is presented into the area of managerial
decision making on the subject of employee resourcing. Specifically, the
development and application of an “employee resourcing accounting
system” (ERAS) to a particular group of pub managers employed by
Greene, King and Sons, plc, a regional brewer located in East Anglia, is
discussed.
Management Development: A Literature Review and Implications for Future Research – Part I: Conceptualisations and Practices
Authors: Storey John
Published: May 2006

Interest in management development is mushrooming. The number of
articles which address different aspects of it are likewise increasing
apace. This has heightened the need for a broad‐based review which will
pull the material together, give shape to it, evaluate it and draw out
its implications. In this, the first of a two‐part article, this task is
commenced.
The Use of Metaphors to Aid the Process of Creative Problem Solving
Authors: Proctor R.A.
Published: May 2006

Creative problem‐solving techniques such as brainstorming and
lateral thinking are relatively well known. A less well known set of
techniques make use of the metaphor as their primary mechanism for
stimulating insights into problems. Prominent amongst these techniques
is synectics (TM) which has been applied widely in helping to find
creative solutions to difficult problems. This article highlights the
use of Synectics and looks at the use of a number of other
metaphor‐based techniques which can be used to stimulate creative
thinking.
Can Culture be Managed? Working with “Raw” Material: The Case of the English Slaughtermen
Authors: Ackroyd Stephen , Crowdy Philip A.
Published: May 2006

This article questions whether a core objective
of HRM – to manage organisational culture – is
feasible, other than at a most superficial level.
On the basis of an in‐depth case study analysis
the authors argue that the dominant values of
society at large are implicated in what appears to
be the spontaneous formation and character of
occupational cultures. The article raises the
question of whether spontaneously occurring
“cultures of excellence” are gratuitously hijacked
by self‐serving managerial groups, happy to co‐opt
the sub‐culture of work groups when it works
to their advantage.
Third Party Intervention in New Zealand: Part I
Authors: Harris John
Published: May 2006

This is the first of two articles which describes the operation of
third party intervention in New Zealand. It explores the changes that
have occurred to union registration; the Labour Court and Compliance
Orders brought about by the introduction of the Labour Relations Act of
1987. The article also examines some of the implications of the Act on
the practice of industrial relations.
Managing New Technology and Workplace Relations
Authors: Willcocks Leslie , Mason David
Published: May 2006

How have managers handled the industrial relations
ramifications of information technology? There is
a diversity of approaches within an overall
framework of employee acceptance of the need for
technological change. However, the introduction of
new technology is rarely handled strategically in
the industrial relations area, and there is much to
be learnt from approaches adopted by a small
minority of mostly foreign‐owned organisations.
The authors conclude by asking whether or not
patterns will change in the 1990s.
Tackling Organisational Stress within Trade Unions
Authors: Miller Douglas
Published: May 2006

Stress management programmes for trade union
officials still remain underdeveloped. This article
seeks to highlight some of the methodological
problems in trying to mount such programmes
within the political context of contemporary trade
unionism. The author argues that a much more
“holistic” approach towards the “management
of discontent” is necessary.
Canadian Industrial Relations: An Introductory Overview
Authors: Blyton Paul , Goodman John
Published: May 2006

A brief summary of the Canadian industrial relations system is presented. Some of the main social, political and economic dimensions of the system are outlined.
IT and New Forms of Organisation for Knowledge Workers: Opportunity and Implementation
Authors: Coulson‐Thomas Colin
Published: May 2006

Creating a more responsive organisation and
securing flexible access to skill is becoming a
critical success requirement. Large bureaucratic
organisations are becoming aware of the
vulnerability of size where it is not accompanied
by responsiveness and flexibility. Skill shortages
have become a limiting factor. People today have
an unprecedented choice of for whom, how and
where they work. There are many special human
situations which can be addressed by a new pattern
of work such as telecommuting. Organisations
should not impose particular patterns of work on
people. Instead, using information technology as
appropriate, they should allow people to work in
whatever ways best enable them to contribute. To
do this may require a new approach to skill
management strategy. The successful
implementation of a new pattern of work such as
telecommuting requires great care and an
understanding of its distinctive features. Preparation
for telecommuting should involve both the
telecommuters themselves and those who manage
them.
Equal Value: An Alternative Approach
Authors: Skipton Susan M.
Published: May 2006

There are many problems with the British equal
value legislation, mostly the result of its complaint‐driven
nature. Some Canadian provinces
responded to a similar legal inadequacy with
statutory pay equity – an employer‐driven
approach. Most Canadian legislation covers the
public sector; Ontario law also applies to the
private sector. All provinces require pay equity
bargaining in ununionised workplaces. Indications
are that effective pay equity bargaining is separate
and co‐operative, but equity maintenance may be
undermined. However, the initial impact of the
proactive schemes has been positive. For British
women to benefit from this alternative approach,
political will is crucial.
TRAINING STAFF FOR NEWLY INSTALLED AUTOMATED CIRCULATION SYSTEMS
Authors: Thompson Valerie
Published: May 2006

With the aim of discovering the important
factors in training staff to use newly installed
automated circulation systems, libraries in
New Zealand with such systems were sent a
questionnaire in 1988. This asked questions
about how libraries had trained staff to use
the system, and the outcome of this training
in terms of satisfaction with their decisions
regarding training, and of sparseness of
mistakes made by staff after implementation
of the system. Three facets of the administration of
training were vitally important: (1) The
vendor of the system must be heavily
involved in the training; (2) As many staff as
possible must be given a detailed training in
the whole system; (3) As much of the
training as possible must be given before
system implementation.
STAFF TRAINING FOR PRESERVATION
Authors: Feather John
Published: May 2006

Preservation awareness is needed by all staff,
and should be in professional education
curricula and in subprofessional training
courses. Technical training is largely in the
hands of the binding industry, but as a
profession we need to take a greater interest.
QUALITY AND EXCELLENCE IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT: PART I
Authors: Morris Beryl
Published: May 2006

A brief report of a recent conference on quality and excellence in
local government is given. The report includes examples of initiatives
taken by several authorities and describes the work of Tom Peters in
encouraging quality and excellence in organisations. Further examples of
quality in local authorities will be described in a subsequent article.
BUDGETING IN SPECIAL LIBRARIES
Authors: Cropley Jacqueline
Published: May 2006

In times of frequent change, special libraries are facing constant
financial scrutiny. To carry out budgeting effectively librarians
therefore need training in financial management and good accounting
skills. With help from the accounts department the librarian should
investigate cost analysis and value assessment and pursue thorough
effective constant revision of the budget, record‐keeping and data
capture. Properly analysed information and clear presentation, to ensure
senior management has a straightforward exposition of the facts, improve
the chances of success.
AUTOMATION AND NON‐PROFESSIONAL STAFF: THE NEGLECTED
MAJORITY
Authors: Sykes Phil
Published: May 2006

Using data drawn from interviews with staff at South Bank
Polytechnic in 1985, the attitude of non‐professional staff to
automation, the ways in which they can prepare for such a move, and the
effect of automation on job satisfaction are all considered. The
prospect of automation is disturbing to non‐professional staff;
reassurance needs to be given by a systems librarian who is
interpersonally as well as technically skilful. Automation training must
emphasise jobs and purposes rather than technology and hardware; it
should allow for different learning styles, be conducted informally in
small groups, and include hands‐on experience. Automation will succeed
best where participative management is practised, but no single approach
to automation will work in every environment; the manager′s job is to
find the “best fit” between the organisation and the style
of automation adopted.
ZERO‐BASE BUDGETING: THE ASTON EXPERIENCE
Authors: Foskett D.J. , Brindley Lynne
Published: May 2006

A ZBB exercise was carried out at Aston University Library in
1984‐85. Though no experience was available, the exercise proved useful
in analysing in detail all the library tasks and assigning costs to
each. Two other important factors were: a clearly defined development
policy, and acceptable performance indicators.
Gaining Power and Viability in Management Development
Programmes
Authors: Lipshitz Raanan , Popper Micha
Published: May 2006

The history of a management development programme in the Israel
Defence Forces (IDF) is presented. The programme was developed in
response to two problems which handicapped internal consultants in the
IDF, their low power position and the inappropriateness of organisation
development as a paradigm for applying behavioural sciences in this
organisation. Both problems were alleviated by institutionalising a
management development programme in the curriculum of two officer
schools of the IDF, and by changing behavioural scientists′ roles from
consultants to instructors.
Staffing the Self‐managing Work Team
Authors: Flynn Randolph , McCombs Tom , Elloy David
Published: May 2006

The selection process used by an organisation employing the
autonomous work group (AWG) structure is reported. What makes this
company′s approach worthy of consideration is the fact that they now
have more than 14 years of successful experience using the team concept.
Plant personnel and training specialists have identified a group of
salient characteristics which, in their experience, have played a major
role in facilitating high performance and contributing to the
compatibility of the individual within the team structure.
Careers and the Corporate Climbing Frame
Authors: Gunz Hugh
Published: May 2006

A new approach to understanding managerial careers is described in
which the organisation is seen as a kind of climbing frame or
“jungle gym” over which managers scramble to make their
careers. Different kinds of organisations have differently shaped frames
depending on their structures and the way they have grown, making
different kinds of careers possible. Four basic frame shapes are
described, each of which is likely to develop different skills in the
managers scrambling over it. Improved understanding of an organisation′s
frames helps an executive in various ways, including better data for
designing organisational development programmes and executive
recruitment strategies.
Men and Women in the Workplace: Evidence of Occupational Differences
Authors: Savery Lawson K.
Published: May 2006

Findings of a study conducted among the headquarters staff of a major Council in Perth, Western Australia are examined. It was found that women were less satisfied than men with their jobs. Women also appeared to believe that female‐dominated jobs were the first to be reduced during times of economic hardship, because people in authority did not rate their jobs as highly as male‐dominated jobs. Although, there was no difference between males′ and females′ overall occupational stress there were differences when individual occupational stressors were considered. Women were more affected by situations which prevented them growing within their jobs while males′ stress was negatively influenced by factors related to their status within the organisation. Males were less likely to use the social support contacts within the organisation because they appeared to consider such help could be a disadvantage when promotion opportunities arose.
Influence of Political Action on Innovation: Part II
Authors: Frost Peter J. , Egri Carolyn P.
Published: May 2006

Having a good idea, product or system is often not enough to ensure
the adoption and diffusion of an innovation. Using an organisational
power and politics perspective, several published accounts of product
and administrative innovation are analysed. The interplay of political
tactics or games are found to be present at both the observable surface
level and the deep structural level of power relationships in all areas
of activity – individual, group, organisational and societal. The
viability of two overall political influence strategies, “asking
for forgiveness” versus “seeking permission” are
contrasted in terms of their implications for the eventual success or
failure of a proposed product or administrative innovation. Several
propositions and future research directions which focus on the political
nature and processes of innovation are suggested.
The Microskills System for High‐speed Leadership
Authors: Cavaleri Steven A. , DeCormier Ray
Published: May 2006

Organisations must adapt to change more rapidly than ever, with
fewer managers. Practical leadership tools for fast‐paced
“on‐the‐fly” interactions are not widely available. The
Microskills System provides a model for leading which permits leaders to
employ simple skills in various combinations to fit the needs of the
dynamic situations which they encounter.
Praise, Praise and More Praise: Part 2
Authors: DiClaudio Janet
Published: May 2006

The second of five articles is presented on results achieved by use
of positive reinforcement techniques by a US hospital Medical
Information Systems department. The aims were to improve the
department′s performance and win co‐operation from the administration,
other departments, medical staff. The techniques used are described:
recognise individuals; communicate effectively; show appreciation by
gifts, cards, awards, etc.; find out what others′ real needs and
complaints are – and visibly respond; give praise.
The Skills Time Bomb: Part 3: Developing a New Skills Mix
Authors: Sinclair John , Collins David
Published: May 2006

The development of a new skills mix must be seen as part of an
organisational change management strategy. It is only credible when it
adds value to what an organisation does. The role of baseline skills is
examined together with the failure of competency‐based management
philosophies to set the scene for appropriate training and development.
A major factor in the development of a new skills mix is the capability
of workers with regard to self‐management and self‐redesign of work. It
is contended that middle management and the process of management hold
the key to achieving a successful new mix of skills for competitive
advantage.
Participants′ Frustrations in Fast‐track Development
Programmes
Authors: Feild Hubert S. , Harris Stanley G.
Published: May 2006

To enhance the development of individuals for executive positions,
fast‐track management development programmes have been adopted by many
organisations. However, such programmes do not always lead to positive
consequences for the participant. The purpose of the present research
was to investigate the frustrations of participants in an entry‐level
fast‐track programme. Results of the study suggest several important
lessons for those responsible for fast‐track programmes. First,
participants′ major frustrations involved issues regarding ongoing
career guidance, future job assignment uncertainty, and the degree of
challenge, responsibility, and variety inherent in their job
assignments. Second, participants are likely to have high expectations
for themselves and their careers which must be considered. Third,
company executives and programme supervisors may misjudge the
frustrations of participants; therefore, monitoring such frustrations is
important.
Praise, Praise and More Praise: Designing a Creative
Environment in a Health Care Setting
Authors: DiClaudio Janet
Published: May 2006

The application of creative methods and techniques for managing
conflict and change in a stressful environment is described. Praise,
communication methods, a creative problem‐solving model, participative
management, job clarification interviews, and effective listening skills
were used to improve the services in a hectic health care environment.
The number of complaints was drastically reduced and the number of
compliments was significantly increased. The results of employee
involvement in these activities are included here. The use of these
techniques with the administration, the medical staff, and others in the
health care community will be described subsequently.
A Note on the Marginal Efficiency of Investment and Related Concepts
Authors: Anders Gary C. , Ohta Hiroshi , Sailors Joel
Published: May 2006

A simple neo‐classical theory of the demand for capital goods
service is presented to clarify the relationship between the marginal
productivity of capital and Keynes′s concept of the marginal efficiency
of capital. How the latter concept is related to con‐temporary
understanding of the marginal efficiency of investment is illustrated,
while Keynes′s pessimism regarding stagnant investment is explained
within the framework of neo‐classical theory.