bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
So Many Injections, So Much Waste: Understanding the Environmental Impact of Intravitreal Injections
Authors: Grodsky Jacob D. , Schehlein Emily M. , Chang David F. , Patel Nimesh A. , Scott Nathan L. , Cole Emily D. , Berrocal Audina M. , Kim Judy E. , Emerson Geoffrey G. ,   for the ASRS Sustainability Committee
Published: December 2024

Purpose: To understand the environmental burden associated with intravitreal injections (IVIs) and propose actionable solutions to mitigate this impact. Methods: An analysis of current IVI practices was conducted, focusing on packaging waste, energy consumption, the carbon footprint, and disposal processes. Data on the environmental footprint of IVIs were collected from the literature and industry reports. Sustainable practices were evaluated for their feasibility and impact on reducing waste and emissions. Industry efforts to address these environmental concerns were also surveyed. Results: This study found that the packaging of IVI medications, especially brand-name drugs, generates considerable waste. In addition, transportation and storage of these medications substantially contribute to carbon emissions. Implementing take-back programs, reducing packaging size, and using reusable or biodegradable coolers could significantly decrease waste. Adopting multidose packaging and streamlining injection practices can reduce both waste and costs. Sustainable practices have the potential for considerable environmental and economic benefits without compromising patient care. Conclusions: Addressing the environmental burden of IVIs requires a multifaceted approach involving many different parties. Collaboration among retina specialists, industry partners, and stakeholders is essential to foster sustainable practices, reduce waste, and minimize carbon emissions. This effort will ensure that our commitment to patient care matches our commitment to environmental stewardship.
Association between cannabis use and clinical outcomes in patients with solid malignancies receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors
Authors: Hadid Tarik , Biedny Adam , Mamdani Hirva , Azmi Asfar , Kim Seongho , Jang Hyejeong , Uprety Dipesh , Al Hallak Mohammed Najeeb , Sukari Ammar
Published: December 2024

Background:

Cannabis (CAN) use has risen significantly over the last few decades. CAN has potent immunosuppressive properties, which could antagonize the effect of immunotherapy (IO). The impact of CAN use on clinical cancer outcomes remains unclear.

Objectives:

In this study, we evaluated the clinical effect of CAN use on clinical outcomes among patients with solid malignancies receiving IO.

Design:

This is a retrospective cohort study of all patients with solid malignancies receiving IO between August 2014 and August 2018.

Methods:

Patients were stratified based on CAN use to CAN users and CAN non-users. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS), and the secondary outcomes were progression-free survival (PFS) and disease control rate (DCR). Univariable and multivariable logistic and Cox regression analyses were performed to compare the outcomes between the two groups, adjusting for covariates.

Results:

The records of 106 patients were reviewed, 28 (26%) of whom were CAN users and 78 (74%) were CAN non-users. One patient was excluded. Most CAN users consumed dronabinol (82%). The median follow-up for OS and PFS was 29.2 months. Median OS in the CAN users was 6.7 months compared to 17.3 months in the CAN non-users (HR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.06–2.97; p = 0.029). The median PFS was 4.8 months in the CAN users compared to 9.7 months in the CAN non-users (HR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.09–2.79; p = 0.021). DCR was 11% among CAN users and 38% among CAN non-users (OR, 0.23; 95% CI; 0.06–0.68; p = 0.007). An exploratory racial disparity analysis showed that this negative impact of CAN was primarily seen in White patients.

Conclusion:

In this single institutional experience, CAN use was associated with worse OS, PFS, and DCR among cancer patients receiving IO. Prospective trials are needed to further study this potential antagonistic interaction between CAN and IO and explore the racial disparities related to CAN exposure.
Relationship between chronic endometritis and fallopian tube obstruction and its influence on pregnancy outcome after fallopian tubal recanalization
Authors: Sun Yu , Li Dongyan , Zhao Shuaihong , Yang Mukun , Cui Guangxia , Bai Wenpei
Published: December 2024

Background:

Chronic endometritis (CE), frequently asymptomatic, is associated with female infertility. Fallopian tube obstruction (FTO) is also one of the factors contributing to female infertility. More than 90% of cases of proximal FTO can be successfully treated after fallopian tubal recanalization (FTR) and the spontaneous pregnancy rate of treated women after FTR is only about 30%. Potential factors affecting the success rate of FTR remain unclear. We speculate that CE may be one of the reasons affecting the recanalization of the fallopian tubes.

Objectives:

To identify the correlation between CE and FTO, as well as the influence of CE on pregnancy outcomes following FTR.

Design:

Retrospective observational study.

Methods:

We retrospectively analyzed 498 women of childbearing age who underwent laparoscopy and hysteroscopy surgery for infertility. Endometrial samples were collected during surgery for CD138 immunohistochemistry staining for the diagnosis of CE. Based on the results of the tubal patency test, they were divided into two groups: the fallopian tubal patency group and the proximal FTO group. The prevalence of CE was compared between these two groups. All women with FTO underwent FTR during the operation until successful treatment was achieved. Pregnancy outcomes were assessed after a 12-month follow-up period following the procedures. Logistic regression was used to analyze factors that might affect pregnancy after FTR.

Results:

The prevalence of CE in women with tubal obstruction was 30.5%, which was significantly higher than that in the fallopian tubal patency group (10.75%), p < 0.001. After FTR, the prevalence of CE in non-pregnant women was 40.18%, which was higher than that in pregnant women (40.18% vs 13.11%), and the difference was significant ( p < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis showed that CE was a significant risk factor for FTO (OR: 2.54, 95% CI: 1.368–4.717, p < 0.05). In addition, CE was identified as a risk factor for infertility after FTR (OR: 4.730, 95% CI: 2.012–11.122).

Conclusion:

The presence of CE seems to decrease the likelihood of achieving spontaneous pregnancy following FTR. This observation underscores the clinical importance of early detection and treatment of CE, emphasizing the necessity for immediate intervention to prevent potential fertility complications.
Ternary geopolymer with calcined halloysite: impact on mechanical properties and microstructure
Authors: Yu Ting , Zhang Baifa , Chen Jiarong , Fahimizadeh Mohammad , Pantongsuk Thammaros , Zhou Xiang , Yuan Peng
Published: December 2024

As a natural clay mineral, halloysite (Hal) possesses a distinctive nanotubular morphology and surface reactivity. Hal calcined at 750°C (Hal750°C; 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 wt.%) was used to replace ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS; 50.0, 49.5, 49.0, 48.0, 47.0, 46.0 wt.%) and fly ash (FA; 50.0, 49.5, 49.0, 48.0, 47.0, 46.0 wt.%) for the preparation of geopolymer in this study. The effects of the replacement ratio of Hal750°C on setting time, compressive strength, flexural strength, chemical composition and microstructure of the geopolymer were investigated. The results indicated that Hal750°C did not significantly alter the setting time. The active SiO2 and Al2O3 generated from Hal750°C participated in the geopolymerization, forming additional geopolymer gel phases (calcium (aluminate) silica hydrate and sodium aluminosilicate hydrate), improving the 28 day compressive strength of the geopolymers. When the amount of Hal750°C was 2.0 wt.%, the 28 day compressive strength of the ternary (GGBFS-FA-Hal750°C-based) geopolymer was 72.9 MPa, 34.8% higher than that of the geopolymer without the addition of Hal750°C. The special nanotubular morphology of residual Hal750°C mainly acted like reinforcing fibres, supplementing the flexural strength of the geopolymer. However, excessive Hal750°C addition (>4.0 wt.%) reduced compressive and flexural strength values due to the low degrees of geopolymerization and the porous microstructure in the ternary geopolymer. These findings demonstrate that the appropriate addition of Hal750°C improved the compressive strength of geopolymers prepared using GGBFS/FA, which provides essential data for future research and supports the utilization of low-value Hal-containing clays in geopolymer preparation.
Importance of Ca-rich fluids for the formation of secondary Sc-minerals. An example from a metaluminous pegmatite Kožichovice II, Czech Republic
Authors: Výravský Jakub , Škoda Radek , Novák Milan
Published: December 2024

This work presents the results of an investigation of an assemblage of secondary Sc-minerals from the intraplutonic metaluminous pegmatite Kožichovice II, Třebíč Pluton, Czech Republic. The assemblage was formed by hydrothermally-induced dissolution of primary Sc-enriched (≈1.6 wt.% Sc2O3) columbite-(Mn) followed by in situ reprecipitation of volumetrically dominant fersmite (≈0.16 wt.% Sc2O3) and minor nioboheftetjernite (ScNbO4). Subsequent hydrothermal processes resulted in the formation of fluorcalciomicrolite + Sc-minerals (thortveitite + kristiansenite) + titanite. The mass balance calculations (based on EPMA-derived mineral compositions, mineral proportions obtained from TIMA automated mineralogy and textural observations) revealed that the amount of Sc released from the replaced mass of columbite-(Mn) is significantly higher than the amount of Sc incorporated in the mass of the secondary minerals. This indicates that part of the Sc was mobilised and released to the host rocks (pegmatite and granite). The secondary mineral assemblages indicate elevated Ca activity in the alteration fluids. Other occurrences of Sc-minerals in pegmatites (Baveno Pluton and Heftetjern pegmatite) show remarkable similarities in the paragenetic position of Sc-minerals (late hydrothermal/replacement minerals), including the high activity of Ca in fluids during their formation. The high activity of Ca in fluids during the metasomatic replacement of Sc-enriched precursors causes the formation of the volumetrically dominant Sc incompatible phases, followed by a local supersaturation of Sc resulting in the crystallisation of secondary Sc-minerals.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS BIOFERTILIZERS IN COMPLEX WITH ZEOLITE ON PRODUCTIVITY AND MICROBIOCENOSIS OF BUCKWHEAT
Authors: Degtyareva Irina , Kirillova Nadezhda
Published: December 2024

The research was conducted to assess the effect of biofertilizers on productivity and microbiocenosis of buckwheat. The experiment was conducted in 2023 in a greenhouse in the Republic of Tatarstan on buckwheat of the Nikolskaya variety. The experimental scheme included the following options: without plants (control 1); without fertilizers (control 2); N60P60K60; zeolite from the Tatar-Shatrashan deposit (particle size 0.04 mm) 1 t/ha; soaking seeds in a suspension of a consortium of microorganisms at the rate of 1 l/t per day. preparation; soaking of seeds in suspension of the biological preparation Azolene (Azotobacter vinelandii IB-4) at the rate of 1 l/t of the preparation; consortium of microorganisms + zeolite; Azolene + zeolite. The consortium of microorganisms included strains of nitrogen-fixing (Azotobacter chroococcum and Pseudomonas brassicacearum) and phosphate-mobilizing (Sphingobacterium multivorum and Achromobacter xylosoxidans) rhizobacteria isolated from the soil of Tatarstan, identified and deposited in a 1:1 ratio by suspension weight (bacterial suspension density up to 8,109 CFU/cm3). Buckwheat yields in the variants with zeolite and mineral fertilizer were 1.3 and 1.8 times higher than in the control, respectively. The maximum weight of fruits in the experiment was noted in variants with a consortium of microorganisms in pure form and together with zeolite - 2.5 and 2.9 times higher than in the control. Biofertilizers, NPK and zeolite can be arranged in the following order according to their effectiveness: consortium of microorganisms > consortium of microorganisms + zeolite > NPK > zeolite. The use of Azolene did not lead to an increase in buckwheat yield compared to the control. During the growing season, in variants with a consortium of microorganisms, not only the best representation of agronomically significant microorganisms (ammonifiers, diazotrophs, phosphate mobilizers, actinobacteria) was noted, but also a high respiratory activity of the soil microbiota. A consortium based on autochthonous nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-mobilizing bacteria can serve as the basis for the creation of an integrated biofertilizer for a wide range of crops.
OBTAINING PROMISING STRAINS FROM WILD PLANTS FOR AGRICULTURAL USE
Authors: Islamov Bahtiyar , Shul'ga Elena
Published: December 2024

The studies were conducted to create new consortia of microorganisms obtained from wild plant species (hypericum, oregano, plantain and reed) and to test their ability to be maintained in the soil and rhizosphere. The properties of 216 bacterial isolates that are important for protecting and stimulating plant growth, both in laboratory and field conditions, were determined, namely, enzymatic activity, including phytase, protease, lipase, nitrogenase, cellulase and amylase. In addition, the antagonistic activity of the isolates to the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum was tested. Then isolates were identified by comparing the 16S rRNA gene sequences. Pathogenic bacteria were then screened out and the most promising bacterial isolates were selected based on their enzymatic activities, from which a consortium was assembled to test the possibility of its maintenance in the soil and rhizosphere of Universiade wheat plants. For this purpose, the seeds were treated with the consortium at a dose of ×107 CFU/ml in a 1% carboxymethylcellulose solution and the soil and roots of the control and test plants were washed after 14 days. The presence or absence of the strains under study was determined by polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting. The consortium of microorganisms was better preserved in the soil than on the roots of plants. Its use increased the shoot length of experimental plants, relative to the control, by 38.6% (from 10.6 cm to 14.7 cm), the length of the root system by 22.1% (from 12.2 cm to 14.9 cm) and seed germination by 3.0% (from 87% to 90%). The obtained data can be used for further experiments and practical application in agriculture.
Exercise rehabilitation on patients with non-small cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Xu Sheng-Hui , Xu Hong , Xiao Kai-Wen , Mao Su-Jie
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND

Lung cancer is one of the most common and deadly cancers worldwide. As the disease progresses and due to the side effects of treatment, patients’ physical activity significantly decreases.

AIM

To systematically review and conduct a meta-analysis on the effects of exercise rehabilitation on the physical activity of lung cancer patients and determine the best implementation methods to provide clinical guidance.

METHODS

Literature was searched through multiple electronic databases. A random effects model was used to combine effect sizes through standardized mean difference (SMD). The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess the quality of the literature, sensitivity analysis was used to ensure the robustness of the results, and Egger’s test was used to detect publication bias and asymmetry.

RESULTS

A total of 11 studies involving 541 patients were included in this study. The physical endurance, muscle function and cardiopulmonary function of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients were evaluated. The overall effect size of the six-minute walk test (6MWT) was not statistically significant. However, subgroup analysis found that endurance significantly improved when exercise duration exceeded 0.5 hours (P ≤ 0.05). In terms of muscle function, the overall effect size was SMD = 0.619. Subgroup analysis showed that strength training, respiratory training, and cross-training (XT) significantly improved muscle function. Exercise rehabilitation significantly enhanced cardiopulmonary endurance (SMD = 0.856, P = 0.002), and the effect was better when the single exercise duration was more than 1 hour, age was over 65 years, and the intervention period was more than 3 months.

CONCLUSION

Exercise rehabilitation effectively improved muscle function in NSCLC patients, especially strength training, respiratory training, and cross-training. Cardiopulmonary function also showed improvement, particularly when exercise duration exceeded 1 hour, age was ≥ 65 years, and the intervention period was more than 3 months. A single exercise duration of more than 0.5 hours can enhance patients’ physical endurance. Appropriately increasing exercise duration and selecting suitable exercise forms can effectively improve the physical activity of NSCLC patients.
High-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia: A commentary of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography findings
Authors: Posa Alessandro , Genco Enza
Published: December 2024

Commentary on the role of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography findings in diagnosing high grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasms.
Treatment of thymoma with low-dose glucocorticoids before surgery for significant tumor shrinkage: A case report
Authors: Yao Jin-Kun , He Zi-Yi , Zhu Zheng , Huang Hai-Tao
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND

Thymic epithelial neoplasms are rare malignant neoplasms originating in the thymus gland. There have been case reports of patients with advanced thymomas treated with a methylprednisolone pulse or with glucocorticoid (GCs) shock before surgery, followed by surgical treatment, all of whom achieved good results. The effect of GCs on thymomas is related mainly to the action on GC receptors in thymic lymphocytes and epithelial cells. GC receptor expression has been associated with a better prognosis in patients with thymomas, including those with surgically removed thymomas.

CASE SUMMARY

We report a case of a patient with thymoma who had a significant response to preoperative low-dose GC therapy. A mediastinal tumor was detected in the patient via computerized tomography upon admission. The tumor was initially suspected to be a thymic tumor, but lymphoma could not be ruled out. The tumor shrank significantly after low-dose (5 mg/day) GC therapy. Thoracoscopic thymoma resection was performed after puncture pathology was confirmed. The patient recovered well after the operation and is currently performing well with no recurrence of the tumor.

CONCLUSION

This case highlights that low-dose GCs are effective in the treatment of thymomas, and we believe that GCs should be applied more frequently and studied more thoroughly in the treatment of thymomas.
Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa caused by novel frameshift mutation in the COL7A1 gene: A case report
Authors: Yang Yan , Guan Zhi-Wei , Li Qin-Feng
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND

Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa is characterized by fragile ulcerations of the skin caused by mutations in specific genes. However, genetic typing of this condition is rare.

CASE SUMMARY

An 11-year-old female suffered from recurrent fever, visible ulcerations of the entire skin, and severe malnutrition. Genetic testing revealed a frameshift mutation in the coding region 4047 of the 35th intron region of COL7A1 , and she was diagnosed as malnutrition-type epidermolysis bullosa. Drug therapy (immunoglobulin, fresh frozen plasma), topical therapy (silver ion dressing), fever reduction, cough relief, and promotion of gastrointestinal peristalsis are mainly used for respiratory and gastrointestinal complications. The patient’s condition improved after treatment.

CONCLUSION

Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa caused by a new framework shift mutation in COL7A1 should be taken seriously.
Exploring pioneering efforts in tea breeding and genetic transformation and designing driving innovative strategies for better brewing
Authors: Nivetha D K , Manikanda Boopathi N , Shobhana V G , Ehab A A Salama , Ramya Selvi N , Dinesh Kumar G
Published: December 2024

Tea is the second most consumed drink in the world, following water. It is known for its aromatic allure, sense of refreshment, medicinal values and also nutritional properties, including antioxidants, anti-ageing, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial nature. Tea breeding plays a pivotal role in the development of superior lines which can thrive in wider environmental conditions. However, conventional methods met with limited success, biotechnological interventions have shown their potential to evolve superior cultivars within a short span of time. Plant tissue culture technology allows for in vitro propagation that enables mass multiplication of uniform, elite clones with desirable traits besides serving as basic requirement for all the transgenic endeavours. Advances in omics technologies, coupled with advanced bioinformatics pipelines have led to the elucidation of key genes driving molecular events that confer increased tea yield and quality.  Genetic transformation mediated by Agrobacterium, particle bombardment, and CRISPR-Cas9 facilitate the production of transgenic tea with desirable traits. Inter-disciplinary collaboration among breeders, geneticists, agronomists and biotechnologists holds great promise in addressing the demands of consumers and overcoming the existing and emerging challenges posed by varied biotic and abiotic stress.
Assessment of combining ability and heterosis in bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria L.) for yield and attributes character through line × tester design
Authors: Singh R , Singh B , Prakash S , Kumar M , Kumar A , Kumar M , Singh M , Singh S K , Sachan S
Published: December 2024

General and specific combining ability variance and their effects were studied for thirteen characters in line × tester mating design in bottle gourd. Based on overall per se performance and among the parents, Narendra Dharidar, Punjab Long, and parents Narendra Rashmi were identified as good specific combiners for a maximum of 5 to 6 attributes, including yield for other contributing traits, suggesting that these parents may be used in the hybridization program aimed at the development of superior genotypes/varieties in bottle guard. Tester Arka Bahar and Narendra Madhuri were considered to be good general combiners for 6 to 8 characters. These parents must be utilized in a suitable breeding programme visa-vis selection breeding for improvement productivity of yield and per unit area in bottle gourd. Based on overall results and per se performance, the F1 hybrids, i.e. Pusa Sandesh × Kashi Ganga, IC-321747 × Narendra Madhuri, and NDBG-132 × Narendra Madhuri emerged to be the good specific combiners for maximum traits, including yield, which may be utilized for obtaining transgressive segregants in the next generation. Out of sixty-four cross combinations, only seventeen hybrids revealed superiority over better parents for yield. The seventeen cross combinations that showed more than 24% heterobeltiosis over better parents include: IC-498541×Narendra Madhuri, IC-592210×Arka bahar, Pusa Sandesh×Narendra Madhuri, NDBG-132×Pusa Naveen, Narendra Rashmi×Kashi Ganga, IC-321412×Pusa Naveen, Narendra Rashmi×Arka bahar, Narendra Rashmi×Pusa Naveen, Narendra Dharidar×Narendra Madhuri, Pusa Sandesh×Kashi Ganga, NDBG-132×Arka bahar, NDBG-132×Narendra Madhuri, Punjab long×Narendra Madhuri, Narendra Jyothi×Narendra Madhuri, IC-592210×Arka bahar, IC-338119×Arka bahar and IC- 498541×Kashi Ganga. This suggests that there is a great possibility to produce higher yielding varieties/genotypes.
Physiological, biochemical and soil microbial responses of green gram (Vigna radiata L.) to foliar nutrition of nano- fertilizers
Authors: Ram B , Senthivelu M , Prabukumar G , Gnanachitra M , Prasad VBR , Subramanian KS
Published: December 2024

A field experiment was conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, during the summer of 2024 to determine the physiological, biochemical, and microbial responses of green gram to foliar nutrition of nano-fertilizers. The experiment was carried out in black heavy clay soil (Vertisol). Treatments included recommended doses of fertilizer (RDF) at 100%, 75%, and 50%, each combined with two rounds of foliar sprays using nano urea and nano DAP (first spray and a second spray 15 days later), along with conventional urea and DAP sprays, and a TNAU Pulse Wonder spray. Ten treatments were tested, each replicated three times in a randomized block design (RBD). Physiological (chlorophyll content), biochemical (soluble proteins, nitrate reductase activity), and microbiological (nodule number, microbial population) parameters were recorded at critical growth stages. The combination of 100% RDF with two nano DAP sprays resulted in significantly higher total chlorophyll concentration (increases of 21.4%, 10.7%), soluble protein content (increases of 30.5%, 15.7%), and nitrate reductase activity (increases of 30.1%, 14.7%), with values at par with 75% RDF + nano DAP foliar sprays twice, as well as 100% RDF + TNAU Pulse Wonder in comparison to 100% RDF with conventional DAP sprays, respectively observed after 1st spray. Notably, the 50% RDF + nano DAP significantly increased nodule number and microbial population at critical stages. Overall, the data demonstrated that 75% RDF + foliar spray of nano DAP (twice) has improved physiological and biochemical changes in green gram plants, indicating a potential saving of phosphorus fertilizers by up to 25%. Physiological responses were more pronounced with nano DAP than conventional DAP, likely due to its rapid absorption, quick assimilation and improved use efficiency.
Effective methylene blue dye removal using groundnut shell-activated nanocarbon
Authors: Reddy MTG , Prabu PC , Jothimani P , Devasahayam JSS , Ponnaian V , Kalimuthu R , Shanmugam PM
Published: December 2024

Activated carbon derived from lignocellulose-rich groundnut shells was synthesized through chemical activation using potassium hydroxide (KOH) to enhance its surface area and porosity. The activation process involved impregnation with KOH and carbonization at elevated temperatures, resulting in groundnut shell-activated nanocarbon (GSANC) with highly developed micro and mesoporous structures. The KOH activation significantly improved the materials' surface area, creating numerous active sites that enhanced its adsorption capacity. This material demonstrated excellent compatibility for removing methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions, with its adsorption process being driven by electrostatic interactions, ?-? stacking, and hydrogen bonding. The high affinity of GSANC for MB highlights its potential as an effective adsorbent for wastewater treatment. GSANC exhibited a type I N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm with an H4 hysteresis loop, indicating a mixture of micro and mesopores, a high specific surface area of 665.802 m²/g, and an average pore diameter of 2.97 nm. Its maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) for MB was 212.766 mg/g.
Optimizing land configuration and weed management practices for enhanced productivity of pigeon pea
Authors: Badvel A , Vadivel N , Sivakumar R , Natarajan S , Arunadevi K
Published: December 2024

A field investigation was conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, to evaluate the effects of various land configurations and weed management practices on the productivity of pigeon pea. The study aimed to identify the most effective land configuration and weed management strategy to optimize pigeon pea growth and yield. The experiment comprised 15 treatment combinations arranged in a split-plot design with three replications. It included 3 land configurations (L1- flatbed, L2- ridges and furrows, L3- broad bed furrow (BBF)]. 5 weed management practices were tested: [W1- weedy check, W2- two-hand weeding at 20 and 40 days after sowing (DAS), W3- pre-emergence pendimethalin at 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 followed by hand weeding at 30 DAS, W4- pre-emergence pendimethalin at 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 followed by early post-emergence imazethapyr at 60 g a.i. ha-1, W5- pendimethalin at 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 followed by power weeder at 30 DAS followed by post-emergence quizalofop ethyl at 50 g a.i. ha-1). The results indicated that, in comparison to ridge and furrow (L2) and flatbed (L1) layouts, the BBF (L3) configuration significantly reduced weed biomass and density. This configuration achieved superior Weed Control Efficiency (WCE) and Weed Control Index (WCI), resulting in enhanced crop growth and yield. Among the weed management practices, W5 (pendimethalin at 0.75 kg a.i. ha?¹ followed by power weeder at 30 DAS and post-emergence quizalofop ethyl at 50 g a.i. ha?¹) proved the most effective. It significantly reduced weed population and biomass while promoting robust crop growth. In conclusion, pigeon pea grown under the BBF (L3) configuration, combined with the integrated weed management (IWM) strategy of W5, recorded the highest crop growth and yield. This combination effectively improves pigeon pea productivity by integrating appropriate land configurations with efficient weed management practices.
Prevalence of groundnut root rot and antifungal potential of wild mushroom extracts against Macrophomina phaseolina
Authors: Vijayaragavi K , Revathy N , Yesuraja I , Chandramani P , Merina PK , Mareeswari P
Published: December 2024

Macrophomina phaseolina is an important pathogen threatening groundnut production, with climate change-induced variations in temperature and precipitation resulting in considerable yield reductions. This research provides a comprehensive evaluation of the root rot prevalence and severity in the primary groundnut-cultivating areas of Tamil Nadu. Findings indicate an incidence range of 32.71% to 85.66%. Pathogenic variability testing identified GMP-3 as the most virulent strain. Morphological differences and sporulation patterns were observed and M. phaseolina isolates were confirmed through ITS 1 and ITS 4-sequencing, yielding Polymerase chain reaction amplicons of approximately 560 bp, which were submitted to Gene Bank. Additionally, a survey was conducted to collect various wild mushroom species from different regions in Tamil Nadu. Phenotypic and morphological characterization and molecular confirmation of the mushroom isolates were performed. The efficacy of these isolates against M. phaseolina was evaluated. The Tricholoma equestre (AWM-4) isolate demonstrated the highest inhibition in dual culture assays at 74.33%. Mushroom extracts prepared using various polar and nonpolar solvents were tested using the poisoned food technique to assess the inhibition percentage of M. phaseolina mycelial growth. Methanol extracts exhibited the greatest reduction in mycelial growth, with an inhibition rate of 75.56%. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed to identify the compounds with active antifungal properties.
Sustainable encapsulation of bio-active agents and microorganisms in electrospun nanofibers: A comprehensive review
Authors: Masillamani AKA , Sabarinathan KG , Gomathy M , Kumutha K , Prasanthrajan M , Kannan J , Aishwarya P
Published: December 2024

Nanotechnology is a technological discipline focused on the design, fabrication, and utilization of structures, systems, and devices through the manipulation of atoms and molecules at the nanoscale. A significant advancement in this field is the development of a nanocarrier system for microbe encapsulation using electrospun nanofibers. These nanofibers, characterized by their diameters in the nanometric range, are produced through nanotechnology. The electrospinning technique is a versatile method that fabricates these nanofibers from polymer solutions, including polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, and chitosan, using high voltage. Nanofibers play a crucial role in various fields, including environmental remediation, medicine, agriculture, and textiles. Beneficial microorganisms are microbial cells that aid crops by protecting them from pathogens, supplying essential nutrients, and alleviating both biotic and abiotic stresses. Several techniques have been developed to encapsulate microorganisms within nanofibers, with electrospinning being the most widely applied method. This technique effectively traps microbial cells while preserving their viability for extended periods without causing harm. Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, as well as fertilizers, pesticides, and growth hormones, can be successfully encapsulated within nanofibers. This review provides a comprehensive overview of nanofibers, including their characterization, the polymers utilized (such as chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and alginate), and the electrospinning process with its variations. It also discusses techniques for encapsulating microbial cells within nanofibers and their applications in agriculture in the current context.
Allelic divergence and heritable interrelationship studies for yield and submergence tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Naveen-Kumar  , Sakthivel V , Premnath A , Swaminathan M , Alagarsamy S , Manickam S , Muthurajan R
Published: December 2024

Global low-lying rice cultivation faces a serious threat of flash floods, exacerbated by climate change. Significant progress has been made by plant breeders to introgress Sub1 locus into elite rice background through marker-assisted breeding approaches. The F2 population derived from the ADT 36 × #91-27 (NIL of CO 43 Sub1) was used to identify high-yielding lines that are homozygous for the Sub1 locus and Pi54 gene. INDEL markers, ART 5 and Pi 54, were used for genotyping the Sub1 locus and Pi54 gene, respectively. Out of 83 F2 plants, 21 plants are homozygotes and 45 plants are heterozygotes for the Sub1 locus. Whereas 21 plants are homozygotes and 46 are heterozygotes for the Pi54 gene. Four plants were identified to be homozygotes for the Sub1 locus and Pi54 gene. Genetic analysis of the F2 plants identified that productive tillers (number/plant) and the filled grains (number/panicle) exerted the highest positive effect on the single plant yield and also had the highest heritability. Also, these traits have a significant positive correlation per se. These traits, particularly productive tillers (number/plant), can potentially be used in subsequent generations to select high-yielding submergence tolerance and blast resistant lines of ADT 36 × #91-27 (NIL of CO 43 Sub1).
Screening and assessment of PGP and biocontrol properties of Azotobacter species isolated from agriculture soils of North Karnataka
Authors: Lekhana SM , Sreenivasa MY , Hanumantharaju KN , Anusha MB , Lokesh AC , Rajadurai M , Chennappa Gurikar
Published: December 2024

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are recognized for their ability to produce phytohormones, root-stimulating compounds, anti-fungal compounds and other secondary metabolites, making them potential biocontrol agents in agriculture. In the present study, 85 Azotobacter isolates were isolated from the agricultural soils of Raichur and Chikkabalapura locations. The isolates were further accessed for morphological, biochemical and plant growth-promotion (PGP) properties. All the isolated strains showed brown to black colour colonies on the Waksmann 77 media plate. Similar biochemical results were obtained for all the Azotobacter isolates. The isolates such as Azt-85 recorded the highest N2 fixation (33.36 µgN/mL/Day), Azt-69 produced IAA (24.67 µg/mL), and Azt-51 produced GA (23.7 µg/25mL). The anti-fungal efficacy studies were conducted using the dual culture technique using the efficient PGPR Azotobacter isolates against fungal species (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris and Aspergillus flavus). After the incubation period, the Azt-41 isolate showed the highest zone of inhibition (18 mm) against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini. Similarly, Azotobacter isolates viz., Azt-25, 38 and 41 showed maximum growth inhibition (9 mm) against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris. Similarly, the Azt-31 isolate recorded a moderate (13 mm) zone of inhibition against Aspergillus flavus. Integrating sustainable biocontrol strategies by injecting beneficial microbes like Azotobacter can enhance resilient food production systems and reduce reliance on chemical inputs through PGPR properties.
Agri-Tech startups transforming vegetable supply chains in Coimbatore
Authors: Sarvesh Nambiyar , Kiruthika Natarajan , Vidyavathi Arumugam , Mahendran Kandasamy , Sivasubramanian Karuppasamy
Published: December 2024

This research investigates the transformative role of digital agri-tech startups in optimizing vegetable supply chains in Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India, with an emphasis on improving agricultural productivity and farmer welfare. Despite a marked 45% decline in agri-tech sector investments between the financial years 2021-2022 and 2022-2023, attributed to global interest rate hikes and economic uncertainties, startups such as WayCool, Farmers Fresh Zone and Farm again have demonstrated significant potential in enhancing supply chain efficiency and supporting farmer livelihoods through technological innovations. Employing a mixed-methods approach, this study integrates both qualitative and quantitative data derived from surveys, field visits, and interviews. Key performance indicators analyzed include Price Spread, Marketing Efficiency, Cost-Benefit Ratio and Productivity. Advanced econometric tools, including logistic regression and propensity score matching, were used to assess the impact of technology adoption on farmers’ outcomes. The results reveal that farmers utilizing digital platforms for crops such as onion and tomato achieved higher market prices, improved marketing efficiency and superior financial performance compared to those employing the conventional methods. Despite persisting challenges like resistance to technology adoption and inadequate internet connectivity, the findings emphasize the potential for substantial growth in the sector, driven by technological innovations. The study emphasizes the need to develop user friendly digital platforms, strengthen internet and technological infrastructure, and enhance government support through financial incentives and clear policy frameworks to encourage the broader use of agri-tech solutions. Overall, the research highlights the significant potential of digital agricultural technologies to improve farming practices, increase farmer earnings, and serve as a model that can be adapted to similar agricultural regions.
Characterization of biochar produced from paperboard sludge: A sustainable approach for waste management and resource recovery
Authors: Vaishnavi P , Sherene JRT , Baskar M , Vanniarajan C , Ramjani SA , Senthil K , Selvamurugan M
Published: December 2024

The pulp and paperboard industry are a significant industrial sector that consumes large quantities of fresh water and generates substantial volumes of wastewater. Treating this wastewater produces a considerable amount of sludge, which poses serious environmental challenges. This study proposes a sustainable solution by converting paperboard sludge (PBS) into biochar through slow pyrolysis at temperatures ?00°C, offering an alternative approach to waste management and resource conservation. The physicochemical analysis of paperboard sludge biochar (PBSB) revealed a neutral pH of 7.49, electrical conductivity of 0.09 dS m-1, an organic carbon content of 38.12%, and a calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content of 24.5%. Proximate analysis of PBSB revealed an increased fixed carbon content of 10.27 %, total organic carbon (TOC) of 7.13%, and reduced volatile matter and moisture levels. Micronutrients viz., iron (Fe) (5.06 mg L-1), Manganese (Mn) (419.3 mg L-1), Copper (Cu) (26.3 mg L-1), and Zinc (Zn) (66.1 mg L-1), were also observed in PBSB. FTIR analysis identified various carbon-containing functional groups, including C-Cl, C-N, C-C, H-C=O, C-H, and -C?C-H, indicating substantial chemical transformations during pyrolysis. Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) analysis revealed that PBSB consists of fine particles with a coarse, fluffy, spongy, porous structure, making it ideal for water adsorption. Elemental analysis through x-ray diffraction (XRD) showed high carbon and oxygen content and significant amounts of aluminosilicates, carbonates, and nutrients like phosphorus and potassium, suggesting PBSB as a potential slow-release fertilizer. This research highlights the potential of biochar derived from paperboard waste as a sustainable solution for effective waste management and resource recovery.
Attitude of distance learners towards the bachelor of farm technology degree programme and its impact on agricultural knowledge and practices
Authors: Nivedha C K , Sriram N , Balasubramaniam P , Niramala Devi M , Prahadeeswaran M , Patil Santosh Ganapathi
Published: December 2024

This study assesses the attitudes of graduates of the Bachelor of Farm Technology (B.F. Tech) distance education program offered by Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU). It examines the programs’ effectiveness in enhancing agricultural knowledge and practices. The research surveyed 350 graduates of the B.F. Tech graduates at the TNAU Directorate of Open and Distance Learning (DODL) who completed the course between 2010 and 2018. Participants were selected from three centres—DODL Coimbatore, KVK Tindivanam, and AC&RI Madurai—using proportionate random sampling to ensure representative coverage. Data on learners' attitudes were collected using a Likert-type scale specifically developed and validated by the researchers for measuring attitudes towards Open Distance Learning (ODL). Statistical analysis, including percentage and factor analysis, was applied to interpret the data accurately. The findings revealed that 70 % of participants expressed a positive attitude toward the program, citing its flexibility, accessibility, and relevance to their professional agricultural roles. However, several challenges were identified, such as limited opportunities for face-to-face interaction, technological constraints, and concerns regarding the degree's recognition within the agricultural industry. The study recommended expanding virtual and in-person practical sessions to address these issues, strengthen hands-on skills, and improve learning outcomes.Further, improving technological infrastructure, including developing advanced online platforms and supporting students with limited internet access, could significantly enhance the learning experience. Also, fostering industry partnerships and advocating for broader degree recognition would improve its value and credibility in the agricultural sector. In conclusion, while the B.F. Tech program effectively addresses its students' educational needs; implementing these targeted improvements could significantly elevate its impact and effectiveness in advancing agricultural knowledge and practices.
Harnessing nature’s treasure of bioactive compounds from ethnomedicinal Macromycos Lentinus squarrosulus Mont.
Authors: Ganesh Saravanan K , Thiribhuvanamala G , Praveen T , Mahalakshmi P , Angappan K , Revathy N , Anandham R , Jayakanthan M
Published: December 2024

Mushrooms are low-calorie foods with a high content of proteins, vitamins B and D, minerals, carbohydrates and fibers (1). Many researchers have shown that edible mushrooms contain numerous bioactive compounds with multiple health-promoting effects such as antiulcer, antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory antitumor, anticholesterol, anti-inflammatory and antihaemorrhagic effects (2). There arises a pressing need to tap into the potential of medicinal mushrooms like L. squarrosulus which has ethnomedicinal values and are used in treating anaemia, ulcer, fever, cough, infertility and fungal infections, as well as to reduce the risk of metabolic diseases (3-5). Global multidrug resistance calls for a search for new potential lead compounds as therapeutic agents. Many macromycos still remain understudied as sources of bioactive compounds. Further investigation of bioactive components found in L. squarrosulus, will be informative regarding the biological activity of the organisms as medicinal agents. The ethanol extract of the ethnomedicinal macromycos L. Squarrosulus was subjected to GC-MS analysis for bioactive compounds among these thirteen compounds of hits were achieved with bioactive compounds in the ethnomedicinal macromycos. Of these compounds (2E)-Dodec-2-en-1-yl methyl ether (13.95%) formed the largest number while 1,2-15,16-Diepoxyhexadecane (9.03%) constituted the next high number of such compounds. Other amino acids, fatty acids, ethyl esters and other compounds identified included 2-Methyl-4-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid (2.12%), L-Alanine, N-L-alanyl- (0.94%), Benzofuran, 3-methyl- (1.63%), Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (3.75%) and 2'-Hydroxy-à-naphthoflavone (2.53%). Some of these compounds have antioxidant, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiarthritic, anticoronary and immune suppression as well as cancer preventive activities. The present study has identified bioactive components with therapeutic potential in L. squarrosulus; it forms a basis for screening, isolating and identifying various bioactive compounds which may be valuable in treating a wide range of ailments, disorders and diseases soon.
Report of fifth rotation growth of Pinus patula in Eswatini
Authors: Evans J.
Published: December 2024

Forest plantations are an increasingly important source of industrial timber. In the 1950s and 60s their sustainability was questioned and led to long-term research into the yield in successive rotations of P. patula growing in the Usutu Forest, Eswatini. Early fifth rotation
growth, based on mean height of 22 sample plots (that have been measured at regular intervals since 1969), is superior to that of all previous rotations. Where, for forest protection reasons, stands have been replanted to P. taeda, somewhat slower growth occurs which is not unexpected.
Nothing in this study, spanning more than 50 years, suggests that plantation silviculture is unsustainable in the narrow-sense.
Stakeholders' perceptions of factors affecting timber smuggling in the Hyrcanian forest in Iran
Authors: Moayeri M.H. , Kangarani H. Mohammadi , Abdollahzadeh G. , Shahraki M.R.
Published: December 2024

The Hyrcanian forest in Northern Iran has faced increased incidents of timber smuggling over the last decade caused by multiple interwoven factors. The study analysed factors affecting timber smuggling in order to identify the most appropriate strategies to combat this problem. The
views of a range of stakeholders were sought, including government and local communities. Analysis reveled 16 key classes of factors affecting timber smuggling amongst which, factors within administrative-political, economic-livelihood and law-legal dimensions were shown to be the most effective.
Executive weaknesses, supervision weaknesses, and planning weaknesses within the administrative-political dimension, higher demand for timber, market boom and increase in wood prices, and dependency of local communities' livelihood on forests within the economic-livelihood dimension, and legal
limitations within the law-legal dimension, were found to be the most important key factors affecting timber smuggling. Forest conservation can mitigate the situation by reducing the negative effects of the identified factors.