bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decays of electron Bernstein waves near plasma edge
Authors: Xiang Nong , Cary John R.
Published: December 2011

Nonlinear wave-wave couplings near the upper hybrid resonance are studied via particle-in-cell simulations. It is found that the decay of an electron Bernstein wave (EBW) depends on the ratio of the incident frequency and electron cyclotron frequency. For ratios less than two, parametric decay into a lower hybrid wave (or an ion Bernstein wave) and EBWs at a lower frequency is observed. For ratios larger than two, the daughter waves could be an electron cyclotron quasi-mode and another EBW or an ion wave and EBW. For sufficiently high incident power, the former process may dominate. Because of the electron cyclotron quasi-mode, electrons can be strongly heated by nonlinear Landau damping. As a result, the bulk of the incident power can be absorbed near plasma edge at high power. The increase in number of decay channels with frequency implies that the allowable power into the plasma must decrease with frequency.
Covariant Dirac operators on quantum groups
Authors: Harju Antti J.
Published: December 2011

We give a construction of a Dirac operator on a quantum group based on any simple Lie algebra of classical type. The Dirac operator is an element in the vector space \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$U_q(\mathfrak {g}) \otimes \mathrm{cl}_q(\mathfrak {g})$\end{document}Uq(g)⊗ cl q(g), where the second tensor factor is a q-deformation of the classical Clifford algebra. The tensor space \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$U_q(\mathfrak {g}) \otimes \mathrm{cl}_q(\mathfrak {g})$\end{document}Uq(g)⊗ cl q(g) is given by a structure of the adjoint module of the quantum group and the Dirac operator is invariant under this action. The purpose of this approach is to construct equivariant Fredholm modules and K-homology cycles. This work generalizes the operator introduced by P. N. Bibikov and P. P. Kulish [J. Math. Sci. (N.Y.) 100, 2039–2050 (2000)].
Experimental observations of surface roughness in uniaxially loaded strained Si microelectromechanical systems-based structures
Authors: Escobedo-Cousin E. , Olsen S. H. , Pardoen T. , Bhaskar U. , Raskin J.-P.
Published: December 2011

Surface roughness in uniaxially loaded strained Si has been studied experimentally using high-resolution atomic force microscopy and a microelectromechanical systems-based on-chip loading device. A reduction in rms roughness from 0.29 nm to 0.07 nm has been identified as strain increases from 0 to 2.8% (stress from 0 to 4.9 GPa). The correlation length of the roughness, also known to affect carrier mobility, increases with increasing strain up to 1.7% before reducing at larger levels of strain. These results partly explain the high-field mobility observed in strained Si, indicating that a modified correlation length should also be considered in transport modelling of strained Si.
Airtight container for the transfer of atmosphere-sensitive materials into vacuum-operated characterization instruments
Authors: Gaume Romain M. , Joubert Lydia-Marie
Published: December 2011

This paper describes the design and operation of a simple airtight container devised to facilitate the transfer of atmosphere-sensitive samples from a glovebox to the vacuum chamber of an analytical instrument such as a scanning electron microscope. The use of this device for characterizing the microstructure of highly hygroscopic strontium iodide ceramics by scanning electron microscopy is illustrated as an application example.
Operating principle and integration of in-plane gate logic devices
Authors: Komatsuzaki Y. , Saba K. , Onomitsu K. , Yamaguchi H. , Horikoshi Y.
Published: December 2011

Logic devices based on in-plane gate (IPG) transistors are realized and their electrical characteristics and integration are investigated. We present logic devices based on lateral gate structures using an additional IPG transistor as a load resistance. These logic devices show clear input-output characteristics and voltage transfer curves as a logic device and the Hi/Low ratio is high enough for reliable logic operations. Furthermore, the IPG logic devices operate at low current levels. Monolithic NOT-gate is demonstrated and the number of terminals and wiring are considerably reduced by using our IPG logic devices compared to logic devices based on CMOS transistors.
Thermo-optic plasmo-photonic mode interference switches based on dielectric loaded waveguides
Authors: Hassan K. , Weeber J.-C. , Markey L. , Dereux A. , Pitilakis A. , Tsilipakos O. , Kriezis E. E.
Published: December 2011

We demonstrate an efficient thermo-optic dielectric loaded surface plasmon polariton waveguide (DLSPPW) 2 × 2 switch using a high thermo-optic coefficient polymer and a dual mode interference configuration. Unlike previous configurations relying on single-mode waveguide circuitry, the switch we consider is based on the interference between a plasmonic and a low-damping photonic mode of the DLSPPW, thus leading to the minimization of insertion losses of the device. Switching extinction ratios of 7 dB are measured for a compact 119 μm-long device. The overall device performances are in good agreement with numerical simulations performed using the beam propagation method.
Medium-Resolution s-process Element Survey of 47 Tuc Giant Stars
Authors: Worley C. C. , Cottrell P. L.
Published: December 2011

Medium-resolution (R ∼ 6500) spectra of 97 giant stars in the globu lar cluster 47 Tucanæ (47 Tuc) have been used to derive the C- and N-abundance sensitive index, δC, and to infer abundances of several key elements (Fe, Na, Si, Ca, Zr and Ba) for a sample of 13 of these stars with similar effective temperature ( Teff) and surface gravity (log g). These stars have stellar properties similar to the well-studied 47 Tuc giant star, Lee 2525, but with a range of CN excess (δC) values which are a measure of the CN abundance. The δC index is shown to be correlated with Na abundance for this sample, confirming previous studies. Fe, Ca, Si and the light and heavy s-process (slow neut ron capture) elements, Zr and Ba, respectively, have a narrow range of abundance values, indicative of a homogeneous abundance within this population of stars. The constancy of many element abundances (Fe, Si, Ca, Zr, Ba) and the δC and Na abundance correlation could imply that there has been a second era of star formation in this cluster that has revealed the products of CNO-cycle burning via hot bottom burning (depletion of C, enhancement of N and the production of Na for high δC population). But there is no overall metallicity change across the range of δC values at a given position in the HR diagram as has been seen in some other globular clusters.
Forkhead box transcription factor FoxC1 preserves corneal transparency by regulating vascular growth
Authors: Seo Seungwoon , Singh Hardeep P. , Lacal Pedro M. , Sasman Amy , Fatima Anees , Liu Ting , Schultz Kathryn M. , Losordo Douglas W. , Lehmann Ordan J. , Kume Tsutomu
Published: December 2011

Normal vision requires the precise control of vascular growth to maintain corneal transparency. Here we provide evidence for a unique mechanism by which the Forkhead box transcription factor FoxC1 regulates corneal vascular development. Murine Foxc1 is essential for development of the ocular anterior segment, and in humans, mutations have been identified in Axenfeld–Rieger syndrome, a disorder characterized by anterior segment dysgenesis. We show that
FOXC1
mutations also lead to corneal angiogenesis, and that mice homozygous for either a global (
Foxc1
−/−
) or neural crest (NC)-specific (NC-
Foxc1
−/−
) null mutation display excessive growth of corneal blood and lymphatic vessels. This is associated with disorganization of the extracellular matrix and increased expression of multiple matrix metalloproteinases. Heterozygous mutants (
Foxc1
+/−
and NC-
Foxc1
+/−
) exhibit milder phenotypes, such as disrupted limbal vasculature. Moreover, environmental exposure to corneal injury significantly increases growth of both blood and lymphatic vessels in both
Foxc1
+/−
and NC-
Foxc1
+/−
mice compared with controls. Notably, this amplification of the angiogenic response is abolished by inhibition of VEGF receptor 2. Collectively, these findings identify a role for FoxC1 in inhibiting corneal angiogenesis, thereby maintaining corneal transparency by regulating VEGF signaling.
Genomic analysis, cytokine expression, and microRNA profiling reveal biomarkers of human dietary zinc depletion and homeostasis
Authors: Ryu Moon-Suhn , Langkamp-Henken Bobbi , Chang Shou-Mei , Shankar Meena N. , Cousins Robert J.
Published: December 2011

Implementation of zinc interventions for subjects suspected of being zinc-deficient is a global need, but is limited due to the absence of reliable biomarkers. To discover molecular signatures of human zinc deficiency, a combination of transcriptome, cytokine, and microRNA analyses was applied to a dietary zinc depletion/repletion protocol with young male human subjects. Concomitant with a decrease in serum zinc concentration, changes in buccal and blood gene transcripts related to zinc homeostasis occurred with zinc depletion. Microarray analyses of whole blood RNA revealed zinc-responsive genes, particularly, those associated with cell cycle regulation and immunity. Responses of potential signature genes of dietary zinc depletion were further assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. The diagnostic properties of specific serum microRNAs for dietary zinc deficiency were identified by acute responses to zinc depletion, which were reversible by subsequent zinc repletion. Depression of immune-stimulated TNFα secretion by blood cells was observed after low zinc consumption and may serve as a functional biomarker. Our findings introduce numerous novel candidate biomarkers for dietary zinc status assessment using a variety of contemporary technologies and which identify changes that occur prior to or with greater sensitivity than the serum zinc concentration which represents the current zinc status assessment marker. In addition, the results of gene network analysis reveal potential clinical outcomes attributable to suboptimal zinc intake including immune function defects and predisposition to cancer. These demonstrate through a controlled depletion/repletion dietary protocol that the illusive zinc biomarker(s) can be identified and applied to assessment and intervention strategies.
Web-Based Electronic Health Records Improve Data Completeness and Reduce Medical Discrepancies in Employee Vaccination Programs
Authors: Salazar Monica , Stinson Kaylan E. , Sillau Stefan H. , Good Linda , Newman Lee S.
Published: December 2011

A Web-based electronic health record (EHR) system was compared with traditional paper-based documentation and vaccination tracking during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. In a cohort of 8,411 healthcare network employees, EHRs improved completeness of self-reported contraindication data and reduced medical discrepancies. Vaccination program quality and accuracy are enhanced by EHRs.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33(1):84-86
Ce-emerin and LEM-2: essential roles inCaenorhabditis elegansdevelopment, muscle function, and mitosis
Authors: Barkan Rachel , Zahand Adam J. , Sharabi Kfir , Lamm Ayelet T. , Feinstein Naomi , Haithcock Erin , Wilson Katherine L. , Liu Jun , Gruenbaum Yosef
Published: December 2011

Emerin and LEM2 are ubiquitous inner nuclear membrane proteins conserved from humans to Caenorhabditis elegans. Loss of human emerin causes Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD). To test the roles of emerin and LEM2 in somatic cells, we used null alleles of both genes to generate C. elegans animals that were either hypomorphic (LEM-2–null and heterozygous for Ce-emerin) or null for both proteins. Single-null and hypomorphic animals were viable and fertile. Double-null animals used the maternal pool of Ce-emerin to develop to the larval L2 stage, then arrested. Nondividing somatic cell nuclei appeared normal, whereas dividing cells had abnormal nuclear envelope and chromatin organization and severe defects in postembryonic cell divisions, including the mesodermal lineage. Life span was unaffected by loss of Ce-emerin alone but was significantly reduced in LEM-2–null animals, and double-null animals had an even shorter life span. In addition to striated muscle defects, double-null animals and LEM-2–null animals showed unexpected defects in smooth muscle activity. These findings implicate human LEM2 mutations as a potential cause of EDMD and further suggest human LEM2 mutations might cause distinct disorders of greater severity, since C. elegans lacking only LEM-2 had significantly reduced life span and smooth muscle activity.
Transformations for the compression of FASTQ quality scores of next-generation sequencing data
Authors: Wan Raymond , Anh Vo Ngoc , Asai Kiyoshi
Published: December 2011

Motivation: The growth of next-generation sequencing means that more effective and efficient archiving methods are needed to store the generated data for public dissemination and in anticipation of more mature analytical methods later. This article examines methods for compressing the quality score component of the data to partly address this problem.

Results: We compare several compression policies for quality scores, in terms of both compression effectiveness and overall efficiency. The policies employ lossy and lossless transformations with one of several coding schemes. Experiments show that both lossy and lossless transformations are useful, and that simple coding methods, which consume less computing resources, are highly competitive, especially when random access to reads is needed.

Availability and implementation: Our C++ implementation, released under the Lesser General Public License, is available for download at http://www.cb.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp/asailab/members/rwan.

Contact:  rwan@cuhk.edu.hk

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Improved mean estimation and its application to diagonal discriminant analysis
Authors: Tong Tiejun , Chen Liang , Zhao Hongyu
Published: December 2011

Motivation: High-dimensional data such as microarrays have created new challenges to traditional statistical methods. One such example is on class prediction with high-dimension, low-sample size data. Due to the small sample size, the sample mean estimates are usually unreliable. As a consequence, the performance of the class prediction methods using the sample mean may also be unsatisfactory. To obtain more accurate estimation of parameters some statistical methods, such as regularizations through shrinkage, are often desired.

Results: In this article, we investigate the family of shrinkage estimators for the mean value under the quadratic loss function. The optimal shrinkage parameter is proposed under the scenario when the sample size is fixed and the dimension is large. We then construct a shrinkage-based diagonal discriminant rule by replacing the sample mean by the proposed shrinkage mean. Finally, we demonstrate via simulation studies and real data analysis that the proposed shrinkage-based rule outperforms its original competitor in a wide range of settings.

Contact:  tongt@hkbu.edu.hk
Concomitant Gastroparesis Negatively Affects Children With Functional Gallbladder Disease
Authors: Chumpitazi Bruno P. , Malowitz Stanton M. , Moore Warren , Gopalakrishna G.S. , Shulman Robert J.
Published: December 2011

Objectives:

The aim of the present study was to determine whether concomitant gastroparesis and biliary dyskinesia (BD) occur in children, and if so, to determine whether concomitant gastroparesis affects clinical outcome in children with BD.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective chart review of children with BD (ejection fraction <35% on cholescintigraphy, with no other metabolic or structural cause) who completed a solid‐phase gastric emptying scintigraphy scan within 12 months of abnormal cholescintigraphy. Children were classified into 1 of 4 clinical outcome groups (excellent, good, fair, poor).

Results:

Thirty‐five children with a mean follow‐up time of 23.1 ± 17.3 (standard deviation) months were included. Twenty (57%) children were identified as having concomitant gastroparesis (GP) with BD. Children with concomitant GP were more likely to have a poor clinical outcome compared with those with BD alone (P < 0.005). In children undergoing cholecystectomy, those with concomitant GP were more likely to have a fair or poor clinical outcome compared with those with BD alone (P < 0.01). Factors predicting a more favorable clinical outcome were having BD alone and not having limitations in activity (eg, school absences) at the time of presentation.

Conclusions:

Concomitant GP may occur in children with functional gallbladder disorders. Concomitant GP may negatively affect clinical outcome in children with BD.
Early Chloride Intake Does Not Parallel That of Sodium in Extremely‐Low‐Birth‐Weight Infants and May Impair Neonatal Outcomes
Authors: Kermorvant‐Duchemin Elsa , Iacobelli Silvia , Eleni‐Dit‐Trolli Sergio , Bonsante Francesco , Kermorvant Christopher , Sarfati Gilles , Gouyon Jean‐Bernard , Lapillonne Alexandre
Published: December 2011

Background and Objective:

Accurate data on the optimal chloride (Cl) intake in premature infants are scarce. The aim of the present study was to describe Cl intakes in the first 10 days of life and to assess the relations between high Cl intakes and corrected serum Cl level or markers of severe acidosis in infants <28 weeks' gestation.

Methods:

Retrospective cohort study including all of the infants <28 weeks admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit during a 3‐year period and cared for from birth until day 10 or more.

Results:

Fifty‐six infants were included. Cumulative total Cl intakes reached 9.6 ± 3.7 mmol/kg at day 3 and 49.2 ± 13.5 mmol/kg at day 10. Inadvertent intakes (from intravenous fluids other than parenteral nutrition) represented on average 70% of total Cl intakes in the first 3 days. Difference between Cl and sodium intakes reached 7.8 ± 4.8 mmol/kg at day 10 and mainly originated from parenteral nutrition. By multivariate analysis, cumulative Cl intake >10 mmol/kg during the first 3 days was an independent risk factor of base excess <−10 mmol/L. Cumulative Cl intake >45 mmol/kg during the first 10 days was an independent risk factor of corrected chloremia >115 mmol/L and of base excess <−10 mmol/L.

Conclusions:

Cumulative Cl intake >10 mmol/kg during the first 3 days (ie, 3.3 mmol · kg−1 · day−1 on average) and >45 mmol/kg during the first 10 days (ie, 4.5 mmol · kg−1 · day−1 on average) may have unwanted metabolic consequences and should be avoided. Imbalance between electrolytes provided by the parenteral nutrition solution need to be detected and corrected.
The Art of science: a ‘Rediscovery’ of the Lister Copperplates
Authors: Roos Anna Marie
Published: December 2011

In 1712 Martin Lister bequeathed the collection of more than 1000 copperplates to the University of Oxford that he used for his
Historiae Conchyliorum
, the first comprehensive study of conchology. In the mid-eighteenth century, William Huddesford, keeper of the Bodleian Library, used the copperplates to create another edition of
Historiae
, but after that they are not mentioned again in the published literature. I recently ‘rediscovered’ the plates in the Bodleian Library, since their transfer from the Ashmolean Museum in 1860. I use historical analysis, as well as a selective study of the copperplates with X-ray fluorescence techniques, to examine a portion of the plates and the process of their production. I show that Martin Lister's daughter engraved a paper for
Philosophical Transactions
, and demonstrate that she was among the first female scientific illustrators to use a microscope. Furthermore, one of the Lister copperplates may be the last survivor of those engraved for
Philosophical Transactions
, the rest having been surrendered to the nation in World War I. The significant intellectual and artisanal challenges presented to a skilful naturalist in the transformation of a field specimen into an aesthetically pleasing illustration as well as a scientific object conveying taxonomic information are delineated.
Characterization of the interaction between hepatitis C virus NS5B and the human oestrogen receptor alpha
Authors: Hillung Julia , Ruiz-López Elena , Bellón-Echeverría Itxaso , Clemente-Casares Pilar , Mas Antonio
Published: December 2011

The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5B) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is part of the viral replicative complex and plays a crucial role in HCV replication. It has been described that NS5B interacts with cellular proteins, and that interactions between NS5B and host proteins are crucial for viral replication. Some of the host factors involved in the HCV replication cycle include the oestrogen receptor alpha (ESR1), protein kinases (c-Src) and chaperones (Hsp70). In this report, we determine the requirements for the interplay between NS5B and the domain C of ESR1 (ESR1C) by using Förster Resonance Energy Transfer. NS5B–ESR1C and ESR1C–ESR1C interactions are dependent on ionic strength, indicating that contacts are mainly electrostatic. Additionally, NS5B residues involved in NS5B oligomerization were also essential for NS5B–ESR1C interaction. The study of the interactions among viral and host factors will provide data to establish innovative therapeutic strategies and the development of new antiviral drugs.
Intracellular trafficking of RNASET2, a novel component of P‐bodies
Authors: Vidalino Laura , Monti Laura , Haase Albrecht , Moro Albertomaria , Acquati Francesco , Taramelli Roberto , Macchi Paolo
Published: December 2011

Background information

The ribonucleases (RNases) constitute a heterogeneous group of enzymes, which exert diverse and specific biological functions. Several RNases have been shown to control gene expression and cell differentiation. RNASET2, a novel member of the Rh/T2/S family of RNases, exerts micro‐environmental control of malignancy in different experimental models with a general onco‐suppressor activity, since it prevents cancer proliferation. Indeed, RNASET2 was found to be downregulated at the transcript level in several primary ovarian tumours or cell lines and in melanoma cell lines. Although recent works shed light on the biological role of RNASET2 in delaying tumour growth, its trafficking within the cell is still poorly understood. RNASET2 seems to play diverse biological roles including turnover of tRNA in yeast as well as rRNA degradation in zebrafish.

Results

Here, we have studied the intracellular trafficking of RNASET2 in mammalian cells. RNASET2 co‐localizes with markers for the trans‐Golgi network (TGN), which is the central sorting and processing station of the secretory pathway. Moreover, using the temperature‐sensitive vesicular stomatitis glycoprotein, we demonstrate that RNASET2 undergoes delivery to the plasma membrane. In contrast to other RNA‐interacting proteins, RNASET2 does not accumulate in stress granules upon metabolic stress in mammalian cells. Surprisingly, RNASET2 shows co‐localization with processing bodies (P‐bodies), which increases upon metabolic stress. Finally, cells lacking RNASET2 show a reduced numbers of P‐bodies.

Conclusions

In this study, we have identified two distinct cellular pools of RNASET2‐containing granules. One pool undergoes membrane delivery using the TGN, and it is released to the extracellular environment. The second pool is recruited into P‐bodies, suggesting a possible involvement of RNASET2 in P‐body formation in mammalian cells.
pH modulation differs during sunflower cotyledon colonization by the two closely related necrotrophic fungi Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Authors: BILLON‐GRAND GENEVIÈVE , RASCLE CHRISTINE , DROUX MICHEL , ROLLINS JEFFREY A. , POUSSEREAU NATHALIE
Published: December 2011

During pathogenesis on sunflower cotyledons, Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum show a striking resemblance in symptom development. Based on pH change profiles, the colonization process of both fungi can be divided into two stages. The first stage is associated with a pH decrease, resulting from an accumulation of citric and succinic acids. The second stage is correlated with a pH increase, resulting from an accumulation of ammonia. In this article, we also report that oxalic acid is produced at the late stage of the colonization process and that ammonia accumulation is concomitant with a decrease in free amino acids in decaying tissues. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum produces eight‐fold more oxalic acid and two‐fold less ammonia than B. cinerea. Consequently, during sunflower cotyledon colonization by B. cinerea, pH dynamics differ significantly from those of S. sclerotiorum. In vitro assays support the in planta results and show that decreases in pH are linked to glucose consumption. At different stages of the colonization process, expression profiles of genes encoding secreted proteases were investigated. This analysis highlights that the expression levels of the B. cinerea protease genes are higher than those of S. sclerotiorum. This work suggests that the overt similarities of S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea symptom development have probably masked our recognition of the dynamic and potentially different metabolic pathways active during host colonization by these two necrotrophic fungi.
Defining the prognosis of early stage chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients
Authors: Pepper Chris , Majid Aneela , Lin Thet Thet , Hewamana Saman , Pratt Guy , Walewska Renata , Gesk Stefan , Siebert Reiner , Wagner Simon , Kennedy Ben , Miall Fiona , Davis Zadie A. , Tracy Ian , Gardiner Anne C. , Brennan Paul , Hills Robert K. , Dyer Martin J. S. , Oscier David , Fegan Chris
Published: December 2011

Approximately 70% of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) patients present with early stage disease, therefore defining which patients will progress and require treatment is a major clinical challenge. Here, we present the largest study of prognostic markers ever carried out in Binet stage A patients (n = 1154) with a median follow‐up of 8 years. We assessed the prognostic impact of lymphocyte doubling time (LDT), immunoglobulin gene (IGHV) mutation status, CD38 expression, ZAP‐70 expression and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) cytogenetics with regards to time to first treatment (TTFT) and overall survival (OS). Univariate analysis revealed LDT as the most prognostic parameter for TTFT, with IGHV mutation status most prognostic for OS. CD38 expression, ZAP‐70 expression and FISH were also prognostic variables; combinations of these markers increased prognostic power in concordant cases. Multivariate analysis revealed that only LDT, IGHV mutation status, CD38 and age at diagnosis were independent prognostic variables for TTFT and OS. Therefore, IGHV mutation status and CD38 expression have independent prognostic value in early stage CLL and should be performed as part of the routine diagnostic workup. ZAP‐70 expression and FISH were not independent prognostic markers in early stage disease and can be omitted at diagnosis but FISH analysis should be undertaken at disease progression to direct treatment strategy.
Adipose tissue IL‐8 is increased in normal weight women after menopause and reduced after gastric bypass surgery in obese women
Authors: Alvehus Malin , Simonyte Kotryna , Andersson Therése , Söderström Ingegerd , Burén Jonas , Rask Eva , Mattsson Cecilia , Olsson Tommy
Published: December 2011

Objective  The menopausal transition is characterized by increased body fat accumulation, including redistribution from peripheral to central fat depots. This distribution is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease that are linked to low‐grade inflammation. We determined whether postmenopausal women have higher levels of inflammatory markers, compared with premenopausal women. We also wanted to determine whether these markers are reduced by stable weight loss in obese women.

Design and methods  Anthropometric data, blood samples and subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were collected from normal weight premenopausal and postmenopausal women and obese women before and 2 years after gastric bypass (GBP) surgery. Serum protein levels and adipose tissue gene expression of inflammatory markers were investigated.

Results  IL‐8 expression in adipose tissue and circulating levels were higher in postmenopausal vs premenopausal women. IL‐8 expression was associated with waist circumference, independent of menopausal status. IL‐6 expression and serum levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1 were higher in postmenopausal vs premenopausal women. Two years after GBP surgery, adipose expression of IL‐8, tumour necrosis factor‐α and MCP‐1 decreased significantly. Serum insulin levels were associated with inflammation‐related gene expression before GBP surgery, but these associations disappeared after surgery.

Conclusion  Postmenopausal women have an increased inflammatory response in the subcutaneous fat and circulation. Inflammatory markers in adipose tissue decreased significantly after surgery‐induced weight loss. This effect may be beneficial for metabolic control and reduced cardiovascular risk after weight loss.
The experiences of Chinese patients with coronary heart disease
Authors: Zhu Lixia , Ho Shuk Ching , Sit Janet Wing Hung
Published: December 2011

Aim.  To explore the experiences of patients with coronary heart disease in China.

Background.  The morbidity and mortality rates of people with coronary heart disease have been growing rapidly in the past decades in China, yet little is known about the experiences of Chinese patients with the disease.

Design.  A qualitative descriptive study.

Methods.  Face‐to‐face semi‐structured interviews were employed in this study. Using a purposive sample, 11 participants who had been diagnosed with coronary heart disease for at least one month were recruited. A content analysis was used to identify themes.

Results.  Three themes were identified from the data: experiencing a life‐threatening illness, strategies for adapting to living with coronary heart disease and help‐seeking behaviour.

Conclusion.  Chinese patients with coronary heart disease experienced the disease as a life‐threatening illness related to chest pain. Chinese culture, values and beliefs influenced their adaptation strategies and help‐seeking behaviour. Their misconceptions about coronary heart disease and the information needs for lifestyle changes were evident in this study. This study highlights the need for health education to support coronary heart disease patients in China.

Relevance to clinical practice.  The findings provide useful information for Chinese health professionals to develop interventions for Chinese patients with coronary heart disease.
A comparison of the effects of a special gynaecological garment and music in reducing the anxiety related to gynaecological examination
Authors: Kocabaş Pembegül , Khorshid Leyla
Published: December 2011

Aim and objectives.  To investigate the effect of a special gynaecological garment and music plus the special gynaecological garment on reducing the state anxiety related to gynaecological examination.

Background.  Gynaecological examination is one of the most common anxiety‐producing medical procedures and causes embarrassment and discomfort. Few studies have focused on the effect of a gynaecological garment on anxiety associated with gynaecological examinations.

Design.  The patients were allocated to one of three groups, one control and two experimental. While the patients in the control group were subjected to the normal outpatient procedure, the patients in the first experimental group were dressed in a special gynaecological garment. In the control group, gynaecological examinations were performed with a traditional one‐piece drape. In addition to wearing the special gynaecological garment, the women in the garment + music group listened to music during the gynaecological examination. The State Anxiety Inventory Form was applied to the patients in all three groups before and after gynaecological examination.

Results.  The state anxiety level after gynaecological examination in patients in the control group was found to be higher, but it was found to be lower in patients in both the first experimental group (garment) and the second experimental group (garment + music). The state anxiety level was found to be more reduced in the experimental groups than in the control group. The state anxiety level after gynaecological examination was found to be higher in single patients in the second experimental group.

Conclusion.  The special gynaecological garments are effective in reducing the state anxiety associated with gynaecological examination.

Relevance to clinical practice.  It should be taken into consideration that women perceived state anxiety during the gynaecological examinations. To allay anxiety associated with gynaecological examination in women, a special garment may be considered.
Protease inhibitor nafamostat mesilate attenuates complement activation and improves function of xenografts in a discordant lung perfusion model
Authors: Tagawa Tsutomu
Published: December 2011

Tagawa T. Protease inhibitor nafamostat mesilate attenuates complement activation and improves function of xenografts in a discordant lung perfusion model. Xenotransplantation 2011; 18: 315–319. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Background:  Anti‐complement activity of nafamostat mesilate (FUT‐175) is strong including its variety of pharmacological effects. The effect of FUT‐175 for xenografts in an ex vivo guinea pig‐to‐rat lung perfusion model was evaluated.

Methods:  Heparinized Lewis rat blood was used to perfuse the lungs in three groups (n = 6 each). Group I used Lewis rat left lung for donor, Group X used guinea pig left lung for donor, and Group XF used guinea pig left lung for donor, which was perfused with Lewis rat blood with 0.2 mg/ml of FUT‐175. Complement activity causing 50% hemolysis (CH50) in the perfusion blood and pulmonary function either before or during perfusion were serially measured. Pathological assessments of the lungs were also carried out after perfusion.

Results:  The duration of satisfactory pulmonary function was significantly increased in Group XF. Complement activity causing 50% hemolysis in Group XF decreased more significantly compared to Group X. FUT‐175 suppressed both the increase in pulmonary arterial pressure and airway resistance, and the decrease in dynamic lung compliance. In Group X, pathology showed intra‐alveolar hemorrhage, perivascular edema, and medial thickening with endothelial swelling of the pulmonary arteries. In Group XF, less changes were observed compared to Group X. Group X showed deposition of IgM, IgG, and C3 at the endothelium of arteries, which was fewer in Group XF, and even fewer in Group I.

Conclusions:  This study suggests that FUT‐175 inhibited complement activation and improved lung xenograft function. FUT‐175 ameliorates hyperacute rejection in a guinea pig‐to‐rat ex vivo xenogeneic lung perfusion model.
Transplantation of human cells in the peritoneal cavity of immunodeficient mice for rapid assays of hepatitis B virus replication
Authors: Kumar Mukesh , Bandi Sriram , Cheng Kang , Gupta Sanjeev
Published: December 2011

Kumar M, Bandi S, Cheng K, Gupta S. Transplantation of human cells in the peritoneal cavity of immunodeficient mice for rapid assays of hepatitis B virus replication. Xenotransplantation 2011; 18: 380–389. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Background:  Studies of natural hepatitis B virus infection must be restricted to humans or primates due to viral species‐specificity. Alternative hepadnavirus animal models, e.g., woodchuck hepatitis virus in captive woodchucks, are not convenient, while in transgenic mice hepatitis B virus or viral proteins are expressed permanently through integrated genomes. Availability of small animal models that are easily produced and permit rapid assays will be quite helpful.

Aims:  We examined whether transplantation of human cells in the peritoneal cavity of mice will generate an appropriate mass of cells with hepatitis B virus replication.

Methods:  HepG2 2.2.15 cells were transplanted intraperitoneally into NOD/SCID mice. Replication of hepatitis B virus and viral gene expression was determined by analysis of blood and transplanted tissues with viral DNA and hepatitis B core antigen expression. Interruption of viral replication was examined.

Results:  After intraperitoneal transplantation with microcarrier scaffolds, 2.2.15 cells engrafted and proliferated in the peritoneal cavity of NOD/SCID mice. Hepatitis B virus replicated in transplanted 2.2.15 cells as shown by hepatitis B core antigen expression. Moreover, viral particles were secreted into the blood. Hepatitis B virus replication was susceptible to conventional antiviral drug therapy, such as lamivudine, as well as experimental antiviral gene therapy with a synthetic mimic of an antiviral cellular microRNA.

Conclusions:  Intraperitoneal transplantation of human cells rapidly provided reservoirs of hepatitis B virus in mice. This simple xenotransplantation approach will be effective and convenient for studies of hepatitis B and other human viruses in vivo.
African Wild Dogs as a Fugitive Species: Playback Experiments Investigate How Wild Dogs Respond to their Major Competitors
Authors: Webster Hugh , McNutt John W. , McComb Karen
Published: December 2011

It has been suggested that African wild dogs Lycaon pictus need exceptionally large home ranges (and hence occur at such low densities) because they are limited by competition with larger sympatric carnivores, namely lions Panthera leo and spotted hyenas Crocuta crocuta. To investigate this relationship at a proximate level and explore which factors mediate it, we conducted audio playback experiments examining how wild dogs responded to the simulated proximity of either lions or hyenas. The principle finding was that wild dogs consistently moved directly away from lion roars, but when played hyena whoops either stood their ground or, later, moved off in a random direction. These results suggest that lions represent an immediate high‐level threat to wild dogs that is invariably best avoided, whilst the threat from hyenas may not be so great or perhaps is simply unavoidable. Wild dogs appeared to make some assessment of ambush risk during interactions with lions, illustrated by the varying latency to their retreat in habitats of differing vegetation density (and hence ambush potential). Additionally, packs with younger pups were more likely to alarm call and exhibited a slower rate of retreat in the hour following exposure to lion roars. Other variables investigated (competitor group size, lion sex, presence of pups) failed to explain variation in wild dogs’ responses.
Identification of candidate gene–based SSR markers for lysine and tryptophan metabolic pathways in maize (Zea mays)
Authors: Babu Banisetti K. , Agrawal Pawan K. , Gupta Hari S. , Kumar Anil , Bhatt Jagadeesh C.
Published: December 2011

With 3 figures and 5 tables

Identification of candidate gene–based SSR markers is extremely useful in genetic enhancement of crop plants. A total of twenty‐four SSR loci were developed for the candidate genes of lysine and tryptophan metabolic pathways and for opaque2 (o2) modifiers. Of the 24 SSR loci, 23 yielded amplicons of expected size; however, fifteen were found polymorphic among the 22 maize genotypes including normal and quality protein maize inbreds from India and exotic inbreds from CIMMYT, Mexico. The polymorphism information content of primers was in the range of 0.16–0.72, with a mean of 0.49. The gene diversity ranged from 0.17 to 0.75, and the inbreeding coefficient was in the range of 0.48–1.0. The candidate genes of lysine metabolism showed higher polymorphism levels and genetic diversity than other candidate genes. The SSR loci developed from the candidate genes of aspartate kinase 2 and homoserine dehydrogenase were found to have high potential. Thus, the SSR loci identified in this study added useful markers for fine mapping and high‐density mapping of opaque2 modifiers.
Discovery of critical host factor, IL‐28B, associated with response to hepatitis C virus treatment
Authors: Mizokami Masashi
Published: December 2011

Chronic hepatitis C affects 2.2–3.0% of the world population (130 million–170 million). Pegylated interferon‐α (PEG‐IFN‐α) in combination with ribavirin (RBV), the approved and standard therapy, leads to viral eradication in about 50% of treated patients. In 2009, genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) identified host genetic variation to be critical for predicting treatment response and spontaneous clearance in patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). A correlated set of polymorphisms in the region of the interleukin‐28B (IL‐28B) gene on chromosome 19, coding for interferon (IFN)‐λ3 were associated with clearance of genotype 1 hepatitis C virus (HCV) in patients treated with PEG‐IFN‐α and RBV. The same polymorphisms were subsequently associated with spontaneous clearance of HCV in untreated patients. In addition, prediction of viral response to PEG‐IFN‐α and RBV therapy of patients with recurrent HCV infection after orthotopic liver transplantation depends on the IL‐28B genotype of both recipient and donor tissues. Diagnosis of a patient's IL‐28B genotype is likely to aid in clinical decision making with standard‐of‐care regimens. Future studies will investigate the possibility of individualizing treatment duration and novel regimens according to IL‐28B genotype. As GWAS yield unexpected data, this approach could lead to the development of novel drug therapy, such as already appears promising with IFN‐λ. In this Okuda lecture, I present the current understanding in regard to the relationship between host variations and clinical outcome of hepatitis C.
Self‐reported seafood intake and atopy in Japanese school‐aged children
Authors: Kunitsugu Ichiro , Okuda Masayuki , Murakami Natsuko , Hashimoto Michio , Yamanishi Rintaro , Bando Noriko , Sasaki Satoshi , Terao Junji , Sugiyama Shinichi , Hobara Tatsuya
Published: December 2011

Background:  The effects of fish consumption and n‐3 poly‐unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels on atopic disorders are inconsistent in previous reports, but few studies have investigated the effects of both fish and n‐3 PUFA. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether erythrocyte fatty acids and the consumption of fish are associated with atopic diseases in pre‐ and early adolescents.

Methods:  A total of 135 students with eczema, 136 students with asthma, and 137 healthy control students were selected from fifth and eighth grades in Shunan, Japan. Atopic disorders and dietary intake were evaluated with questionnaires, and total serum IgE was measured using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, erythrocyte membrane levels of PUFA were assessed via gas chromatography.

Results:  Total IgE was significantly elevated in the atopic subjects (P < 0.001). The intake of fatty and dried fish or seafood was significantly associated with eczema (odds ratios of the highest quartiles: 0.46, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.22–0.94; 0.34, 95%CI: 0.16–0.71, respectively). Additionally, only erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) level had a negative association with eczema (P= 0.048). For asthma, the effect of fish consumption was not significant.

Conclusions:  Fish consumption was related to a low prevalence of eczema, but not asthma in Japanese pre‐ and early adolescents. EPA may be involved in this mechanism.
Monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 in the aqueous humour of patients with age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Kramer Michal , Hasanreisoglu Murat , Feldman Anna , Axer‐Siegel Ruth , Sonis Paulina , Maharshak Idit , Monselise Yehudit , Gurevich Michael , Weinberger Dov
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Background:  To investigate the role of inflammation in age‐related macular degeneration by measuring the levels of cytokines in the aqueous humour.

Methods:  Samples of aqueous humour were collected from 34 patients with age‐related macular degeneration and 16 age‐matched control subjects undergoing cataract surgery. Age‐related macular degeneration stage was determined clinically, before surgery. Levels of cytokines were measured using Luminex X‐MAP technology, and positive results were verified by Western blot.

Results:  Age‐related macular degeneration was moderate in 18 patients and advanced in 16. The advanced age‐related macular degeneration group was further divided into patients with active choroidal neovascularization (n = 7), disciform scar (n = 7) or central geographic atrophy (n = 2). Higher‐than‐normal levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 in the aqueous humour were associated with advanced age‐related macular degeneration (200 ± 140 pg/mL vs. 100 ± 61 pg/mL; P = 0.03), especially active choroidal neovascularization (255 ± 155 pg/mL; P = 0.02), Western blot analysis verified the monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 findings. Patients with disciform scar showed a trend of abnormally high levels of interleukin‐12 (p70) (1.7 ± 2.4 pg/mL vs. 0.2 ± 1 pg/mL; P = 0.07), tumour necrosis factor‐α (1.8 ± 2.4 pg/mL vs. 0.3 ± 1 pg/mL; P = 0.06) and interleukin‐12 (4.7 ± 6.4 pg/mL vs. 1.2 ± 2.1 pg/mL; P = 0.08).

Conclusion:  Elevated levels of inflammation‐related cytokines in the aqueous humour in various stages of age‐related macular degeneration may suggest a pathogenic role of inflammation. Monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 may be indicative of the angiogenic phase. Further corroborative studies are required.
Anterior chamber depth and its associations with ocular and general parameters in adults
Authors: Jonas Jost B , Nangia Vinay , Gupta Rajesh , Khare Anshu , Sinha Ajit , Agarwal Shubhra , Bhate Karishna
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Background:  To investigate the normative data of anterior chamber depth and its associations in adults in rural Central India.

Design:  Population‐based study.

Participants:  The Central India Eye and Medical Study included 4711 subjects aged 30+ years (response rate 80.1%).

Methods:  The subjects underwent an ophthalmological examination including measurement of the anterior chamber depth by sonography.

Main Outcome Measure:  Anterior chamber depth.

Results:  Mean anterior chamber depth was 3.22 ± 0.34 mm. In multivariate analysis, a shallow chamber depth was significantly associated with higher age (P < 0.001), female gender (P < 0.001), shorter body stature (P = 0.003), hyperopic refractive error (P < 0.001), higher lens thickness (P < 0.001) and shorter axial length (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:  In the rural Central Indian population, a shallow anterior chamber was associated with higher age, female gender, short body stature, hyperopia, thick lens and shorter axial length. Compared with population‐based data from East Asia (China), the anterior chamber was markedly deeper in India. The data may be helpful to explain anatomic relationships of the anterior segment of the eye, to elucidate risk factors of angle‐closure glaucoma and to explain ethnic differences in the prevalence of angle‐closure glaucoma.