bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
γδ T Cells Are Essential Effectors of Type 1 Diabetes in the Nonobese Diabetic Mouse Model
Authors: Markle Janet G. M. , Mortin-Toth Steve , Wong Andrea S. L. , Geng Liping , Hayday Adrian , Danska Jayne S.
Published: April 2013

γδ T cells, a lineage of innate-like lymphocytes, are distinguished from conventional αβ T cells in their Ag recognition, cell activation requirements, and effector functions. γδ T cells have been implicated in the pathology of several human autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and their corresponding mouse models, but their specific roles in these diseases have not been elucidated. We report that γδ TCR+ cells, including both the CD27−CD44hi and CD27+CD44lo subsets, infiltrate islets of prediabetic NOD mice. Moreover, NOD CD27−CD44hi and CD27+CD44lo γδ T cells were preprogrammed to secrete IL-17, or IFN-γ upon activation. Adoptive transfer of type 1 diabetes (T1D) to T and B lymphocyte–deficient NOD recipients was greatly potentiated when γδ T cells, and specifically the CD27− γδ T cell subset, were included compared with transfer of αβ T cells alone. Ab-mediated blockade of IL-17 prevented T1D transfer in this setting. Moreover, introgression of genetic Tcrd deficiency onto the NOD background provided robust T1D protection, supporting a nonredundant, pathogenic role of γδ T cells in this model. The potent contributions of CD27− γδ T cells and IL-17 to islet inflammation and diabetes reported in this study suggest that these mechanisms may also underlie human T1D.
Participation opportunities for persons with disabilities in training interventions in the dti and CIPRO
Authors: Van Niekerk Zelna , Van der Merwe John
Published: April 2013

Orientation:Persons with disabilities (PWD) face daily barriers which often hinder them in fully participating in society or reaching their full potential. They often have little or no exposure to formal education and only are employed at entry-level positions. When employed, they are often not trained or developed.Research purpose:The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which PWD in a public service department were exposed to training and development opportunities valuable for career advancement.Motivation for the study:The primary researcher is living with a disability and has not only experienced discrimination but has also witnessed it throughout her career in the Public Service.Research design, approach and method:The researchers followed a qualitative research design using semi-structured interviews and document analysis. A non-probability, purposive sampling technique was used given the limited number of PWD employed and seven interviews were conducted in the organisations.Main findings:The perceptions of the participants were that they were mainly exposed to repetitive, low-level training leading to little or no career advancement. A document analysis of the number of PWD trained and employees without disabilities trained, showed an unequal distribution.Practical/managerial implications: The organisations need to address the unfairness through their policies, ensuring increased and equally valuable training and development opportunities for PWD.Contribution/value-add:The findings of this study provide an understanding of the exposure of PWD to valuable training and development opportunities and show that inequality still exists and needs to be addressed.
Educação a distância como política de inclusão: um estudo exploratório nos polos do Sistema Universidade Aberta do Brasil em Minas Gerais
Authors: Ferrugini Lilian , Souza Donizeti Leandro , Siqueira Marcio , Castro Cleber Carvalho
Published: April 2013

O objetivo deste artigo é identificar os possíveis impactos que o acesso ao ensino superior pode gerar em municípios mineiros com baixos índices de desenvolvimento municipal, sendo o sistema UAB (Universidade Aberta do Brasil) uma importante política de inclusão, principalmente em municípios menores. Partindo de uma pesquisa exploratória - descritiva através de indicadores socioeconômicos relacionados à renda, escolaridade média e desenvolvimento municipal através do Índice Firjan de Desenvolvimento Municipal – IFDM (2012), em conjunto com um estudo de caso realizado no polo presencial de Santa Rita de Caldas/MG, foi possível identificar prováveis benefícios que a Educação a Distância, através do sistema UAB, pode gerar em municípios mineiros. Identificou-se ainda que a maioria dos polos presenciais do sistema UAB está presente em cidades com até 60 mil habitantes, demonstrando a presença e o potencial dessa modalidade de ensino como instrumento dinamizador de desenvolvimento regional, além de identificar fortes evidências entre os níveis de acesso à educação e desenvolvimento socioeconômico, estando os municípios com maiores índices de acesso ao ensino superior entre os municípios com maior distribuição de renda e desenvolvimento municipal.
Plano de marketing: um olhar mais acurado sobre a adoção em instituições de ensino superior brasileiras
Authors: Gomes Giancarlo , Silveira Amelia , Souza Maria José Barbosa de
Published: April 2013

O objetivo foi analisar a adoção do plano de marketing em instituições de ensino superior (IES) da região sul do Brasil. Envolveu 42 IES. Para tanto, a pesquisa foi exploratória e descritiva, com abordagens qualitativa e quantitativa, respectivamente. Os resultados evidenciam que, embora as IES estudadas desenvolvam planos de marketing, esses ainda carecem de variáveis de controle e de adoção de uma metodologia mais sistemática de mensuração e de avaliação dos resultados. A identificação de segmentos de mercado para desenvolvimento de serviços educacionais diferenciados é ainda baixa, bem como o conhecimento das estratégias de marketing dos concorrentes. Apenas treze destas IES adotam o plano de marketing efetivamente, com predominância em universidades privadas. Entre os resultados estatísticos se comprova que há relação entre a subordinação hierárquica do departamento de marketing aos níveis mais elevados da IES, condicionando assim melhor qualidade no planejamento e no plano de marketing na organização. Há também relação entre a formação acadêmica do responsável pela estrutura de marketing e a qualidade do plano de marketing da organização.
The accommodation coefficient of water molecules on ice – cirrus cloud studies at the AIDA simulation chamber
Authors: Skrotzki J. , Connolly P. , Schnaiter M. , Saathoff H. , Möhler O. , Wagner R. , Niemand M. , Ebert V. , Leisner T.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Cirrus clouds and their impact on the Earth's radiative budget are subjects of current research. The processes governing the growth of cirrus ice particles are central to the radiative properties of cirrus clouds. At temperatures relevant to cirrus clouds, the growth of ice crystals smaller than a few microns in size is strongly influenced by the accommodation coefficient of water molecules on ice, αice, making this parameter relevant for cirrus cloud modeling. However, the experimentally determined magnitude of αice for cirrus temperatures is afflicted with uncertainties of almost three orders of magnitude, and values for αice derived from cirrus cloud data lack significance so far. This has motivated dedicated experiments at the cloud chamber AIDA (Aerosol Interactions and Dynamics in the Atmosphere) to determine αice in the cirrus-relevant temperature interval between 190 K and 235 K under realistic cirrus ice particle growth conditions. The experimental data sets have been evaluated independently with two model approaches: the first relying on the newly developed model SIGMA (Simple Ice Growth Model for determining Alpha), the second one on an established model, ACPIM (Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Interaction Model). Within both approaches a careful uncertainty analysis of the obtained αice values has been carried out for each AIDA experiment. The results show no significant dependence of αice on temperature between 190 K and 235 K. In addition, we find no evidence for a dependence of αice on ice particle size or on water vapor supersaturation for ice particles smaller than 20 μm and supersaturations of up to 70%. The temperature-averaged and combined result from both models is αice = 0.7−0.5+0.3, which implies that αice may only exert a minor impact on cirrus clouds and their characteristics when compared to the assumption of αice =1. Impact on prior calculations of cirrus cloud properties, e.g., in climate models, with αice typically chosen in the range 0.2–1 is thus expected to be negligible. In any case, we provide a well-constrained αice which future cirrus model studies can rely on.
Re-evaluation of the age model for North Atlantic Ocean Site 982 – arguments for a return to the original chronology
Authors: Lawrence K. T. , Bailey I. , Raymo M. E.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Recently, the veracity of the published chronology for the Pliocene section of North Atlantic Ocean Drilling Program Site 982 was called into question. Here, we examine the robustness of the original age model as well as the proposed age model revision. The proposed revision is predicated on an apparent mis-identification of the depth to the Gauss-Matuyama (G/M) polarity chronozone reversal boundary (2.581 Ma) based on preliminary shipboard paleomagnetic data and offers a new chronology which includes a hiatus between ~ 3.2 and 3 Ma. However, an even more accurate shore-based, u-channel-derived polarity chronozone stratigraphy for the past ~ 2.7 Ma supports the shipboard composite stratigraphy and demonstrates that the original estimate of the depth of the G/M reversal in the Site 982 record is correct. Thus, the main justification forwarded to support the revised chronology is not valid. We demonstrate that the proposed revision results in a pronounced anomaly in sedimentation rates proximal to the proposed hiatus, erroneous assignment of marine-isotope stages in the Site 982 Pliocene benthic stable oxygen isotope stratigraphy, and a markedly worse correlation of proxy records between this site and other regional paleoclimate data. We conclude that the original chronology for Site 982 is a far more accurate age-model than that which arises from the published revision. We strongly recommend the use of the original chronology for all future work at Site 982.
Usefulness of the Bolus-Tracking Baseline Scan for the Diagnosis of Hepatic Steatosis in Abdominal Computed Tomography: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Gossner J. , Schäfer S.
Published: April 2013

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common pathology in western societies. Unenhanced computed tomography (CT) of the liver is a valuable tool in determining the presence of steatosis hepatis, but in most departments standard CT protocols of abdomen often do not include unenhanced scans anymore. In a small series of 22 patients the liver density was measured in the acquired low-dose baseline scan for bolus tracking and was compared to the measurement in a regular unenhanced CT scan of the upper abdomen. The mean difference between the unenhanced CT scan and the low-dose baseline scan was 3.4 HU (range 0.2–8.6 HU); the difference between these two scans was 5 HU or smaller in 82% of the patients. There was a significant difference between the two used CT scanners; this has to be kept in mind before implementing this approach into daily practice. All but one patient with fatty liver disease on unenhanced CT were diagnosed using the baseline scan. The baseline scan for bolus tracking may be useful for the diagnosis or in the followup of fatty liver disease.
Women and the Formation of Swedish Folklife Research
Authors: Klein Barbro
Published: April 2013

This assessment of the role of women in Swedish folklife research (or ethnology) begins with the decades before 1900 and ends with the present. Paying special attention to the Nordiska museet in Stockholm (founded 1873) and shifting between portraits of individual actors and comparative generalizations, the article demonstrates that reformist middle-class women were essential in shaping the research topics and exhibitions at the Nordiska museet and other budding institutions within the folklife sphere. Changes set in around 1910, when efforts to professionalize the museums and create a truly scientific discipline began. This entailed a masculinization in which men were hired as the superiors of women who continued working as they had before. Although a few women did earn doctorates in folklife research in the 1950s and 1960s, the first appointment of a woman as a full professor in the field took place as late as 1973, and it was not until 2000 that several women reached top positions. Subsequent developments were rapid; by 2010, the majority of the active full professors of ethnology in Sweden were women (as were their students). The question remains what this speedy feminization will mean for the field.
Effects of Dietary Crude Protein on Performance and Nitrogen Economy of Broilers
Authors: G. A. Malomo , S. A. Bolu , S. G. Olutade
Published: April 2013

This study assessed the effects of dietary crude protein on performance and nitrogen economy of broilers. Chicks were allotted to 22, 20, 18 and 16% crude protein corn-soy diets in a completely randomized design for forty-two days. Several essential amino acids were observed to be deficient compared to recommendations for broiler chicks as the dietary crude protein level reduced. Feed intake, weight gain, feed to gain ratio, faecal nitrogen, nitrogen retention, anthropogenic potential and dressing percentage were influenced (P < 0.05) by the dietary treatments. However, mortality was not significantly different (P > 0.05). Feed intake, weight gain, nitrogen intake and output were significantly (P < 0.05) depressed as the CP level reduced. However, the best (P < 0.05) nitrogen retention and percentage faecal nitrogen was recorded for broilers fed 20% crude protein diet. Serum total protein, albumin, uric acid, creatinine and glucose were affected (P < 0.05) across treatments. It was concluded that there is a limit to which dietary crude protein of broilers could be reduced without any detrimental effects on the performance and nitrogen economy of the birds, even when the requirements for methionine and lysine has been met, as several other amino acids could be limiting. Consequently, to achieve significant improvement in nitrogen economy and reduction in amount of faecal nitrogen, 20% crude protein diets could be fed to broilers. However, there may be need to further manipulate the amino acid profile of the diet so as to improve its performance to be at par with higher crude protein diets.
Soil preferences and morphological diversity of goldenrods (Solidago L.) from south-western Poland
Authors: Szymura Magdalena , Szymura Tomasz H.
Published: April 2013

Invasive plants in their new range can differ from their ancestors, including traits ultimately influencing habitat preferences, competitiveness and dispersal ability. In Europe Solidago species are considered as one of the worst invaders of American origin. In this study the frequency of occurrence of Solidago species, their soil preferences and morphological diversity, in Silesia (south-western Poland, Central Europe) were surveyed. On the basis of phytosociological relevés, made using the Braun-Blanquet method, in 75 plots, we determined the composition of species co-occurring with particular Solidago species. The height of ramets, as well as length and width of inflorescences of Solidago species were measured. We also determined the basic soil properties and noted the presence of trees overshading the ground vegetation. The compositional variation of vegetation and its relation to environmental traits: soil properties (texture, pH, percentage of organic matter, total nitrogen, nitrate, phosphorus, potassium and calcium content) and presence of canopy were analyzed by multivariate ordination methods (CA and CCA). Goldenrod species, in most cases (74.3%) occurred singly, two on one plot – rather rarely (mostly S. canadensis with S. altissima), whereas three Solidago species co-occurred only in three plots. Particular species differed in the height of the plant and inflorescence size, the exception was lack of difference between S. altissima and S. canadensis. S. virgaurea often occurred under trees canopy and the populations were separated from other goldenrod species. The species co-occurring with S. altissima and S. canadensis were the ruderal species, whereas plants from wet meadows occurred in plots with S. gigantea. The distribution of S. graminifolia was very limited, but inside its range it was able to occupy different habitats. The plots, where particular Solidago species occurred, did not differ significantly with respect to soil conditions.
Salt marsh flora and vegetation of the Russian Arctic coasts
Authors: Sergienko Liudmila
Published: April 2013

The flora of open coasts and the estuaries of rivers is an important element of the Arctic flora and represents the littoral halophytic floristic complex. The salt marsh flora includes 113 species of vascular plants (12% of the total amount of Arctic flora), belonging to 62 families. Due to geographical conditions, the partial floras of coastal wetlands of the Russian Arctic have similar taxonomic and typological structure. In the geographical structure of flora-coenotic complex, the Arctic circumpolar species dominate. The Arctic coastlines are subjected to frequent disturbances associated with frost action, storms and ice pressure ridges that affect species richness and the ability of human populations to exploit coastal resources successfully. The dynamic changes of salt-marsh plant communities are site-specific: 1) in the initial stages, vegetation development mostly depends on the physical-chemical substrate properties and tidal action, 2) the spatial-temporal processes of successional change over a long time result in the environment development and changes in edaphic conditions. The time scale of these changes brought about by disturbances is biologically important as there must be sufficient time to allow genetic adaptation in plant and animal populations.
Gleason Score 7 Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate With Lymph Node Metastases: Analysis of 184 Radical Prostatectomy Specimens
Authors: Kryvenko Oleksandr N. , Gupta Nilesh S. , Virani Nilam , Schultz Daniel , Gomez Juan , Amin Ali , Lane Zhaoli , Epstein Jonathan I.
Published: April 2013

Context.—Prostate cancer (PC) with lymph node metastases (LN+) is relatively rare, whereas it is relatively common in disease with a Gleason score (GS) 8 to 10 and virtually never seen in PC with GS 6 or less. It is most variable in GS 7 PC.

Objective.—To determine clinicopathologic features associated with GS 7 PC with LN+ compared with a control group without lymph node metastases (LN−).

Design.—We analyzed 184 GS 7 radical prostatectomies with LN+ and the same number of LN− Gleason-matched controls. The LN+ cases were GS 3 + 4 = 7 (n = 64; 34.8%), GS 4 + 3 = 7 (n = 66; 35.9%), GS 3 + 4 = 7 with tertiary 5 (n = 10; 5.4%), and GS 4 + 3 = 7 with tertiary 5 (n = 44; 23.9%).

Results.—The LN+ cases demonstrated higher average values in preoperative prostate-specific antigen (12.2 versus 8.1 ng/mL), percentage of positive biopsy cores (59.1% versus 42.9%), prostate weight (54.4 versus 49.4 g), number of LNs submitted (12.7 versus 9.4), incidence of nonfocal extraprostatic extension (82.6% versus 63.6%), tumor volume (28.9% versus 14.8%), frequency of lymphovascular invasion (78.3% versus 38.6%), intraductal spread of carcinoma (42.4% versus 20.7%), incidence of satellite tumor foci (16.4% versus 4.3%), incidence of pT3b disease (49.5% versus 14.7%), and lymphovascular invasion in the seminal vesicles (52% versus 30%). There were differences in GS 4 patterns and cytology between LN+ and LN− cases, with the former having higher volumes of cribriform and poorly formed patterns, larger nuclei and nucleoli, and more-frequent macronucleoli. All P ≤ .05.

Conclusion.—Gleason score 7 PC with LN+ has features highlighting a more-aggressive phenotype. These features can be assessed as prognostic markers in GS 7 disease on biopsy (eg, GS 4 pattern, intraductal spread, cytology) or at radical prostatectomies (all variables), even in men without LN dissection or LN− disease.
Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp of the Gallbladder Bearing a Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha Mutation
Authors: Martini Maurizio , Santoro Luisa , Familiari Pietro , Costamagna Guido , Ricci Riccardo
Published: April 2013

The inflammatory fibroid polyp (IFP) is a benign lesion occurring in the digestive tract, mostly in the stomach and small bowel, composed of fibrovascular tissue infiltrated by inflammatory cells including eosinophils and mastocytes. Its pathogenesis has been controversial (reactive versus neoplastic). The recent finding of mutations in platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRA) in most gastric and small intestinal IFPs supported their neoplastic etiology, moreover helping in their differential diagnosis. In the only gallbladder IFP reported so far, the diagnosis was based on morphologic and immunohistochemical grounds, which in current standards would probably be considered not fully conclusive. Conversely, the gallbladder IFP we report shows typical pathologic features supported by a PDGFRA mutation, similar to its usual gastric and small intestinal counterparts, constituting the first report of an unequivocal IFP at gallbladder level. Thus, IFPs must be considered in the differential diagnosis of gallbladder mesenchymal masses, and genetic analysis of PDGFRA is a helpful tool for this purpose.
“A subject dead is not worth presenting”: Cromwell, the Past, and the Haunting of Thomas Carlyle
Authors: McAllister David
Published: April 2013

This essay examines Thomas Carlyle’s painful struggle to write a book on Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan era in the years 1838 to 1845, and seeks to discover why this otherwise prolific author found it so difficult to produce a history of the man who occupied the central place in his pantheon of heroes. It does so by examining his metaphoric conception of the past as a body that could, if treated correctly by the historian, be presented “alive” rather than “dead,” and his feeling that the past and the voices of its “dead heroes” were haunting him like ghosts. The metaphoric construction and progress of this haunting is explored using critical approaches derived from Jacques Derrida and Paul de Man. By placing Carlyle’s crisis of authorship in conversation with these thinkers, I attempt to cast a new light on his relationship to the past and his sense of the difficulties involved in giving voice to the dead. It was only through a subjugation of his own authorial voice to that of his dead subject that Carlyle was able to bring an end to the haunting that had threatened to silence him in the early 1840s.
La métamorphose d’Étienne de Carheil
Authors: Smeesters Aline
Published: April 2013

Le jésuite français Étienne de Carheil est surtout connu pour ses missions auprès des peuples autochtones du Canada. Mais l’ouvrage ici étudié est antérieur à son départ en mission : il s’agit d’un poème latin (Metamorphosis) célébrant la naissance du fils aîné de Louis xiv, le 1er novembre 1661, et composé alors que de Carheil, âgé de vingt-huit ans, était professeur de rhétorique au collège jésuite de Tours. Le poème reçut l’aval de ses supérieurs et fut jugé digne d’être imprimé à Paris ; de Carheil s’en souvient encore dans une lettre envoyée douze ans plus tard à son père, depuis la mission de Saint-Joseph à Goyogouën. À travers l’analyse de ce long poème allégorique (260 hexamètres consacrés à la métamorphose du lys français, rougi par les guerres mais retrouvant sa blancheur à travers la naissance princière), transparaît le bagage littéraire et culturel du jeune de Carheil quelques années avant son départ pour le Canada.
Si la vie vous intéresse
Authors: Boucher Lorraine
Published: April 2013

L’auteure explore les particularités de son engagement personnel dans un contexte de consultation psychosociale en protection de l’enfance. Elle cherche à décrire l’engagement collectif ainsi que l’engagement plus personnel d’une psychanalyste. L’exemple clinique d’une jeune enfant sert à illustrer l’ampleur et la nature de l’engagement partagé en situation périlleuse de survie psychique. Se définit peu à peu le souhaitable engagement bien tempéré.
S’engager dans le monde d’aujourd’hui et d’hier : histoire et psychanalyse
Authors: Mansouri Malika , Moro Marie Rose
Published: April 2013

Cet article a pour objet la mise en perspective d’un intérêt complémentariste favorisant l’engagement de la psychanalyse dans les champs théorico-clinique du traumatisme historique. Si la psychanalyse s’engage dans les débats politiques contemporains, elle doit aussi s’impliquer dans le champ de la recherche en psychologie. C’est le cas, notamment, lorsqu’elle aborde l’aire du traumatisme, car il n’est pas possible d’appréhender l’inconscient sans tenir compte des représentations d’un groupe ayant vécu une catastrophe historique commune : guerres, génocides, esclavage, colonialisme. Nous soutiendrons notre propos par une recherche sur les « émeutes » de l’automne de 2005 en France, lesquelles ont été agies par des adolescents « français » dont la particularité est qu’ils sont nés de l’histoire française et de ses anciennes colonies.
Men and women as perpetrators and victims of sexual aggression in heterosexual and same‐sex encounters: A study of first‐year college students in Germany
Authors: Krahé Barbara , Berger Anja
Published: April 2013

This study examined the prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization in a large convenience sample of N = 2,149 first‐year college students from different universities in Germany. Participants were asked about both victimization by, and perpetration of, sexual aggression since the age of 14. Both same‐sex and heterosexual victim–perpetrator constellations were examined. Prevalence rates were established for different victim–perpetrator relationships (partners, acquaintances, strangers) and for incidents involving alcohol consumption by one or both partners. The overall perpetration rate was 13.2%, for men and 7.6% for women. The overall victimization rate was 35.9% for women and 19.4% for men. A disparity between victimization and perpetration reports was found for both men and women. Perpetration and victimization rates were highest among participants who had sexual contacts with both opposite‐sex and same‐sex partners. Sexual aggression and victimization rates were higher between current or former partners and acquaintances than between strangers. Alcohol consumption by one or both partners was involved in almost 75% of all victimization and almost 70% of all perpetration incidents. The findings portray a comprehensive picture of the scale of sexual aggression and victimization in college students with different sexual lifestyles. Aggr. Behav. 39:391–404, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prediction of normal melting point of pure substances by a reference series method
Authors: Brauner Neima , Shacham Mordechai
Published: April 2013

The “Reference Series” method of Shacham et al. is modified to enable prediction of normal melting point temperatures (Tm) of pure substances within experimental error level. A homologous series for which large amount and high precision Tm data are available is used as a “reference” series. To predict Tm for a “target” series quantitative property‐property relationships (QPPRs) are derived to represent the predicted Tm values of the “target” series in terms of the Tm values of the reference series. Two QPPRs are necessary in order to match the odd and even carbon number (nC) oscillations of Tm in the low nC region. In the high nC region, the QPPR is adjusted to represent correctly the asymptotic behavior of Tm. It is shown that the method is very useful for consistency analysis of Tm data and enables a reliable prediction of Tm in both the low nC and the high nC regions. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 3730–3740, 2013
Oxy‐fuel combustion for CO2 capture using a CO2‐tolerant oxygen transporting membrane
Authors: Wei Yanying , Wang Yanjie , Tang Jun , Li Zhong , Wang Haihui
Published: April 2013

CO2 capture via an oxy‐fuel route through the U‐shaped (Pr0.9La0.1)2(Ni0.74Cu0.21Ga0.05)O4+δ (PLNCG) hollow fiber membrane with 100% CH4 conversion and 100% CO2 selectivity for 450 h has been explored for the first time. X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy characterizations of the spent hollow fiber membrane have also been investigated. All these results indicate that PLNCG hollow fiber membrane shows excellent reaction performance and good stability under oxy‐fuel reaction conditions, which will be a potential rounte for reducing CO2 emissions worldwide. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 3856–3862, 2013
Evaluation of wall boundary condition parameters for gas–solids fluidized bed simulations
Authors: Li Tingwen , Benyahia Sofiane
Published: April 2013

Wall boundary conditions for the solids phase have significant effects on numerical predictions of various gas–solids fluidized beds. Several models for the granular flow wall boundary condition are available in the open literature for numerical modeling of gas–solids flow. A model for specularity coefficient used in Johnson and Jackson boundary conditions by Li and Benyahia (Li and Benyahia, AIChE J. 2012;58:2058–2068) is implemented in the open‐source CFD code‐MFIX. The variable specularity coefficient model provides a physical way to calculate the specularity coefficient needed by the partial‐slip boundary conditions for the solids phase. Through a series of two‐dimensional numerical simulations of bubbling fluidized bed and circulating fluidized bed riser, the model predicts qualitatively consistent trends to the previous studies. Furthermore, a quantitative comparison is conducted between numerical results of variable and constant specularity coefficients to investigate the effect of spatial and temporal variations in specularity coefficient. Published 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 3624–3632, 2013
Surface force arising from adsorbed graphene oxide in alumina suspensions with different shape and size
Authors: Husin Hazlina , Leong Yee‐Kwong , Liu Jishan , Choi Hyoung Jin , Zhang Wen Ling
Published: April 2013

The effects of graphene oxide (GO) on the yield stress‐pH of α‐Al2O3 (alumina) suspensions were investigated. For micron‐sized platelet alumina suspensions, micron‐sized GO additive increased the maximum yield stress by as much as six‐folds. This was attributed to GO‐mediated bridging interactions between the platelet particles. This type of bridging interactions was much less effective with submicron‐sized, spherical, and irregular shape alumina. Adsorption of the anionic GO reflected by the shift of pH of zero zeta potential to a lower pH is particularly high for platelet alumina. The 1.0 dwb % GO concentration added is sufficient to reinforce each platelet particle–particle bond, assisted by a directed GO–platelet interaction configuration. This is, however, not true with submicron‐sized particles as the particle concentration increases sharply with the inverse of the particle diameter to power of 3. Moreover, a GO sheet can adsorb several submicron‐sized particles and this does not produce the right interaction configuration. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 3633–3641, 2013
Thermodynamik der elektrochemischen Lithiumspeicherung
Authors: Maier Joachim
Published: April 2013

Die Thermodynamik der elektrochemischen Lithiumspeicherung wird explizit unter dem Aspekt betrachtet, dass es die Punktdefekte sind, die Speicherung ermöglichen. Während Li‐Defekte beweglich sind, müssen die meisten der anderen Punktdefekte angesichts der im Vergleich zum Schmelzpunkt der Elektrodenmaterialien niedrigen Prozesstemperatur als eingefroren betrachtet werden. Die Betrachtungsebene der Defektchemie ist für das Verständnis der Lade‐/Entladekurven im Gleichgewicht essentiell. Auf dieser Grundlage können Einphasen‐ und Mehrphasenspeichermechanismen bezüglich theoretischer Speicherkapazität und Spannung diskutiert werden. Von außerordentlichem Interesse auf dem Gebiet der Lithiumbatterien sind metastabile Materialien, vor allem nanokristalliner und amorpher Natur. Die Thermodynamik in Bezug auf Speicherung und Spannung, auch an Grenzflächen, verdient dementsprechend eine spezielle Behandlung. Außerdem wird der Zusammenhang zwischen reversibler Zellspannung und Lithiumgehalt für den neuartigen “Job‐Sharing”‐Mechanismus abgeleitet. Für die klassischen Arten der Speicherung werden thermodynamische Unterschiede zwischen Kathoden und Anoden herausgearbeitet. Dies geschieht mit speziellem Fokus auf der Suche nach neuen Materialien. Da sich dieser Aufsatz auf den Gleichgewichtszustand konzentriert, werden Phänomene unter Stromleitung nur am Rande diskutiert.
Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Lithium Storage
Authors: Maier Joachim
Published: April 2013

The thermodynamics of electrochemical lithium storage are examined by taking into account that it is the point defects that enable storage. While the Li defects are mobile, most of the other point defects have to be considered as frozen owing to the performance temperature being low compared to the melting point of the electrode materials. The defect chemistry needs to be considered to fully understand equilibrium charge/discharge curves. On this basis, single phase and multiphase storage mechanisms can be discussed in terms of theoretical storage capacity and theoretical voltage. Of paramount interest in the field of Li batteries are metastable materials, in particular nanocrystalline and amorphous materials. The thermodynamics of storage and voltage, also at interfaces, thus deserve a special treatment. The relationship between reversible cell voltage and lithium content is derived for the novel job‐sharing mechanism. With respect to the classic storage modes, thermodynamic differences for cathodes and anodes are elaborated with a special attention being paid to the search for new materials. As this contribution concentrates on the equilibrium state, current‐related phenomena (irreversible thermodynamics) are only briefly touched upon.
Critical Comments on “One Molecule, Two Atoms, Three Views, Four Bonds?”
Authors: Frenking Gernot , Hermann Markus
Published: April 2013

The argumentsthat are given in the original trialogue in favor of a quadruply bonded C2, in which the bond is claimed to be stronger than that in HCCH, are judged invalid by the authors of this Correspondence. They also disagree with some statements about the stability of molecules and the virtue of chemical research beyond synthetic chemistry.
A study into Stille cross‐coupling reaction mediated by palladium catalysts deposited over siliceous supports bearing N‐donor groups at the surface
Authors: Semler Miloslav , Čejka Jiří , Štěpnička Petr
Published: April 2013

Mesoporous molecular sieve SBA‐15 and conventional silica gel were grafted with 3‐[2‐(diethylamino)ethylamino]propyl groups and used as supports for the preparation of deposited palladium catalysts, which were subsequently evaluated in Stille cross‐coupling reaction of aryl bromides. The highest conversions were achieved with the metal‐saturated catalyst resulting from the modified SBA‐15. Influence of various reaction parameters (solvent, additive, temperature, etc.) on the overall yield and selectivity was studied. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of ferrocene substituents and ferricinium additive on the properties of polyaniline derivatives and catalytic activities of palladium‐doped poly(m‐ferrocenylaniline)‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions
Authors: Chaicharoenwimolkul Laksamee , Chairam Sanoe , Namkajorn Montree , Khamthip Achjana , Kamonsatikul Choavarit , Tewasekson Udomchai , Jindabot Sudarat , Pon‐On Weeraphat , Somsook Ekasith
Published: April 2013

Poly(aniline‐co‐m‐ferrocenylaniline) and ferricinium‐doped poly(aniline‐co‐m‐ferrocenylaniline) were synthesized by a conventional chemical oxidative polymerization, then characterized by spectroscopic techniques and quantitative analyzes. Increasing of the percentages of m‐ferrocenylaniline in the copolymers resulted to a blue shift of UV–Vis absorption spectra. Broader EPR spectra indicated the loss of conjugation and crystallinity of copolymers. 1H NMR spectra confirmed the presence of ferrocene moieties and ferricinium in the polymers. The CV measurements showed that the electron withdrawing power of ferrocene moieties could lead to the decreasing of electron delocalization on the polymer main chain. The VSM results showed that as‐prepared copolymers were soft magnetic materials with very low magnetization. Pd‐doped poly(m‐ferrocenylaniline) as catalysts were utilized in the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions to improve the catalytic activities. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1489–1497, 2013
Predicting audience gender in online content‐sharing social networks
Authors: Xiao Chunjing , Zhou Fan , Wu Yue
Published: April 2013

Understanding the behavior and characteristics of web users is valuable when improving information dissemination, designing recommendation systems, and so on. In this work, we explore various methods of predicting the ratio of male viewers to female viewers on YouTube. First, we propose and examine two hypotheses relating to audience consistency and topic consistency. The former means that videos made by the same authors tend to have similar male‐to‐female audience ratios, whereas the latter means that videos with similar topics tend to have similar audience gender ratios. To predict the audience gender ratio before video publication, two features based on these two hypotheses and other features are used in multiple linear regression (MLR) and support vector regression (SVR). We find that these two features are the key indicators of audience gender, whereas other features, such as gender of the user and duration of the video, have limited relationships. Second, another method is explored to predict the audience gender ratio. Specifically, we use the early comments collected after video publication to predict the ratio via simple linear regression (SLR). The experiments indicate that this model can achieve better performance by using a few early comments. We also observe that the correlation between the number of early comments (cost) and the predictive accuracy (gain) follows the law of diminishing marginal utility. We build the functions of these elements via curve fitting to find the appropriate number of early comments (approximately 250) that can achieve maximum gain at minimum cost.
Studying protein‐reconstituted proteoliposome fusion with content indicators in vitro
Authors: Diao Jiajie , Zhao Minglei , Zhang Yunxiang , Kyoung Minjoung , Brunger Axel T.
Published: April 2013

In vitro reconstitution assays are commonly used to study biological membrane fusion. However, to date, most ensemble and single‐vesicle experiments involving SNARE proteins have been performed only with lipid‐mixing, but not content‐mixing indicators. Through simultaneous detection of lipid and small content‐mixing indicators, we found that lipid mixing often occurs seconds prior to content mixing, or without any content mixing at all, during a 50‐seconds observation period, for Ca2+‐triggered fusion with SNAREs, full‐length synaptotagmin‐1, and complexin. Our results illustrate the caveats of commonly used bulk lipid‐mixing fusion experiments. We recommend that proteoliposome fusion experiments should always employ content‐mixing indicators in addition to, or in place of, lipid‐mixing indicators.
Changes in pericytic expression of NG2 and PDGFRB and vascular permeability in the sensory circumventricular organs of adult mouse by osmotic stimulation
Authors: Morita Shoko , Hourai Atsushi , Miyata Seiji
Published: April 2013

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a barrier that prevents free access of blood‐derived substances to the brain through the tight junctions and maintains a specialized brain environment. Circumventricular organs (CVOs) lack the typical BBB. The fenestrated vasculature of the sensory CVOs, including the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), subfornical organ (SFO) and area postrema (AP), allows parenchyma cells to sense a variety of blood‐derived information, including osmotic ones. In the present study, we utilized immunohistochemistry to examine changes in the expression of NG2 and platelet‐derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRB) in the OVLT, SFO and AP of adult mice during chronic osmotic stimulation. The expression of NG2 and PDGFRB was remarkably prominent in pericytes, although these angiogenesis‐associated proteins are highly expressed at pericytes of developing immature vasculature. The chronic salt loading prominently increased the expression of NG2 in the OVLT and SFO and that of PDGFRB in the OVLT, SFO and AP. The vascular permeability of low‐molecular‐mass tracer fluorescein isothiocyanate was increased significantly by chronic salt loading in the OVLT and SFO but not AP. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates changes in pericyte expression of NG2 and PDGFRB and vascular permeability in the sensory CVOs by chronic osmotic stimulation, indicating active participation of the vascular system in osmotic homeostasis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Vivo Probing of the Temperature Responses of Intracellular Biomolecules in Yeast Cells by Label‐Free Raman Microspectroscopy
Authors: Chiu Yu‐Fang , Huang Chuan‐Keng , Shigeto Shinsuke
Published: April 2013

Environmental temperature is an essential physical quantity that substantially influences cell physiology by changing the equilibria and kinetics of biochemical reactions occurring in cells. Although it has been extensively used as a readily controllable parameter in genetic and biochemical research, much remains to be explored about the temperature responses of intracellular biomolecules in vivo and at the molecular level. Here we report in vivo probing, achieved with label‐free Raman microspectroscopy, of the temperature responses of major intracellular components such as lipids and proteins in living fission yeast cells. The characteristic Raman band at 1602 cm−1, which has been attributed mainly to ergosterol, showed a significant decrease (≈47 %) in intensity at elevated temperatures above 35 °C. In contrast to this high temperature sensitivity of the ergosterol Raman band, the phospholipid and protein Raman bands did not vary much with increasing culture temperature in the 26–38 °C range. This finding agrees with a previous biochemical study that showed that the initial stages of ergosterol biosynthesis in yeast are hindered by temperature elevation. Moreover, our result demonstrates that Raman microspectroscopy holds promise for elucidation of temperature‐dependent cellular activities in living cells, with a high molecular specificity that the commonly used fluorescence microscopy cannot offer.
Revealing the Atomic Structure of Intermetallic GaPd2 Nanocatalysts by using Aberration‐Corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Leary Rowan , de la Peña Francisco , Barnard Jonathan S. , Luo Yuan , Armbrüster Marc , Meurig Thomas John , Midgley Paul A.
Published: April 2013

Aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy was used to elucidate the crystalline nature, morphologies and other catalytically relevant properties (such as defect structures and surface stability) of nanoparticulate Ga–Pd selective hydrogenation catalysts. Atomically resolved and chemically sensitive annular dark‐field (ADF) imaging revealed, directly, the distinct crystalline structures corresponding to the intermetallic compound GaPd2. A disordered over‐layer decorating the surface of the nanoparticles was studied in a spatially resolved manner using ADF imaging and electron energy‐loss spectroscopy. The analysis corroborated a partial decomposition of the intermetallic surface and formation of oxidic islands following exposure of the nanoparticles to ambient conditions. The direct imaging of the nanoparticles, the size of which predominantly falls into the sub‐10 nm range, revealed their morphologies and significant crystalline defects, including five‐fold twinning. The manifestation of the intermetallic compound in the nano‐sized catalysts is intriguing from a crystallographic perspective and the observed deviations from the bulk crystal structure are of catalytic significance.
Activity, Recyclability, and Stability of Lipases Immobilized on Oil‐Filled Spherical Silica Nanoparticles with Different Silica Shell Structures
Authors: Kuwahara Yasutaka , Yamanishi Takato , Kamegawa Takashi , Mori Kohsuke , Yamashita Hiromi
Published: April 2013

Candida antarctica lipase A was immobilized on spherical silica nanoparticles with oil‐filled core and oil‐induced mesoporous silica shell with different silica shell structures. The immobilization of enzymes was achieved by directly adding enzymes to the oil‐in‐water emulsion system under ambient synthesis conditions, and the silica shell structure was controlled by the addition of the cosolvent ethanol to the initial synthesis medium. Detailed structural analysis revealed the formation of oil‐filled spherical silica nanoparticles with 3.4–4.2 nm mesopores randomly arranged in the silica shell; the thickness and pore characteristics of these pores markedly changed with the addition of ethanol. The retention of the enzyme activity during biocatalysis was significantly affected by the structural properties of the silica shells, and it was found that a thick and dense silica shell is essential to afford an active, recyclable, and stable biocatalyst. Furthermore, the oil encapsulated within the core cavity was found to play an important role in achieving a high catalytic efficiency.
Interlocked Porphyrin Switches
Authors: Coumans Ruud G. E. , Elemans Johannes A. A. W. , Rowan Alan E. , Nolte Roeland J. M.
Published: April 2013

We describe the synthesis of a series of interlocked structures from porphyrin–glycoluril cage compounds and bis(olefin)‐terminated viologens by an olefin‐metathesis protocol. The length of the chain connecting the olefin substituents with the viologen has a marked effect on the products of the ring‐closure reaction. Long chains give [2]‐ and [3]catenane structures, whereas short chains give a mixture of [3]‐, [4]‐, and [5]catenanes. For comparison several [2]rotaxane compounds were prepared. The interlocked catenane and rotaxane structures display switching behavior, which can be controlled by the addition of acid and base. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the switching processes have been determined by NMR spectroscopy.
Hydrolysis of Tetravalent Cerium for a Simple Route to Nanocrystalline Cerium Dioxide: An In Situ Spectroscopic Study of Nanocrystal Evolution
Authors: Ikeda‐Ohno Atsushi , Hennig Christoph , Weiss Stephan , Yaita Tsuyoshi , Bernhard Gert
Published: April 2013

Despite the rapid developments in recent nanocrystal research and their expanding applications, the evolution mechanism of nanocrystals remains veiled for the most part due to the lack of appropriate analytical techniques. Here we demonstrate one promising multi‐spectroscopic approach for the in situ investigation of nanocrystal evolution. That is, the formation of nanocrystalline cerium dioxide (NC‐CeO2) has been probed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and high‐energy X‐ray scattering (HEXS). The obtained results indicate that the fine colloidal particles of NC‐CeO2are formed in an acidic aqueous solution simply through the hydrolysis of the initial precursor of small oligomer CeIVspecies. This information on how NC‐CeO2evolves is fundamental to simplifying and alleviating the synthetic strategy for NC‐CeO2production.