bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of elevated storage temperatures on the concentration of active ingredients in 5 commonly used large animal pharmaceuticals
Authors: Ondrak J. D. , Jones M. L. , Fajt V. R. , Deng L.
Published: March 2023

Most veterinary pharmaceuticals are labeled to be stored at or below 77°F (25°C) or 86°F (30°C). Previous work showed that temperatures in ambulatory veterinary practice vehicles frequently exceeded those temperatures. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of higher storage temperatures on the active ingredient concentration of drugs commonly used in large animal practice. Five bottles of dino- prost, flunixin meglumine, gonadorelin, tulathromycin, and xylazine were maintained at room temperature (controls) and 5 additional bottles of each product were maintained in a programmable chamber set to mimic temperatures previously recorded in a veterinary practice vehicle. Samples were collected from all bottles on days 0,40,80, and 120, and were analyzed in duplicate by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Changes in active ingredient concentration were assessed by linear regression, and t-tests were performed to compare slopes of time:concentration curves for control and treatment drugs. Slopes of drug concentrations over 120 days for all 5 drugs were less than 0.04, and there was no statistically significant difference between concentration slopes over time for control vs treatment bottles. No significant effect of elevated storage temperatures on product active ingredient was found in this study. However, due to the limited conditions of this study, practitioners are still advised to follow label recommendations when storing pharmaceuticals.
Intercontinental survey of commercial abattoirs
Authors: Vogel Kurt D. , Lee Tiffany L. , Feinberg Bruce , Loneragan Guy H. , Walker Jennifer , Edwards-Callaway Lily N. , Siemens Michael G. , Thomson Daniel U.
Published: March 2023

A survey was conducted to describe the distribution of 10 advanced health and welfare conditions in cows destined for slaughter within a large, multinational beef supply chain. The survey included 4,211 groups of cows (N = 76,886) from 13 countries in 3 areas of the world [Europe, Brazil, and the United States). Thirty-four commercial abattoirs participated in Europe, 9 in the United States, and 7 in Brazil. The survey was conducted in July, August, and September 2014. The conditions were non-ambulatory (NA), severe lameness [SL), ocular neoplasia (ON), wounds (W), malaise (M), nervous system disorders (NSD), poor udder condition (PUC), active parturition (AP), uterine prolapse (UP), and low body condition score (LBCS). Of all animals evaluated, 2.98% displayed at least 1 condition. The 3 most common conditions were LBCS (45.6% of conditions observed), PUC (20.3% of conditions observed), and SL (16.3% of conditions observed). The combination of "Dairy" and "Mixed Beef and Dairy" groups of cows accounted for 69.6% of the total population, and 82.3% of all conditions observed. The most common conditions observed in Europe and the United States were LBCS, PUC, and SL, while LBCS, NA, and AP were the 3 most common conditions in Brazil.
Geospatial and temporal changes in Wisconsin bovine Salmonella enterica isolates between 2006 and 2014
Authors: Glines Masami N. , Poulsen Keith P. , Aulik Nicole A.
Published: March 2023

Bovine salmonellosis carries a high economic burden for cattle operations and presents a public health risk due to zoonosis. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and concurrent location of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovars isolated in Wisconsin from bovine diagnostic samples submitted to the Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory from 2006 to 2014, by using geographic information system and statistical analysis tools. Salmonella serovars and zip codes of animal location were retrospectively collected. Accessions were limited to bovine fecal and tissue samples that yielded a typeable Salmonella serovar either by culture or polymerase chain reaction. A total of 4,829 accessions were included in the study that yielded definitive Salmonella serovars. The 5 most frequently isolated serovars were Dublin [23%), Cerro (15%), Newport (14%), Kentucky (9%), and Montevideo (9%). After normalization, the region with the highest incidence was the east-central region for all serovars combined. Overall incidence decreased during the 9 years except for Salmonella ser. Cerro, which increased. Incidence of Salmonella serovars in densely populated dairy regions in Wisconsin was variable. Continued study and monitoring of the spatial disease ecology for salmonellosis in Wisconsin is warranted to improve animal health and milk production, and minimize the risk of zoonosis.
Case report
Authors: Middleton Gabe E. , Overton Michael W.
Published: March 2023

150-cow Holstein dairy herd was experiencing a higher than desirable incidence of displaced abomasum (8% all lactations), ketosis (60% lactation 1, 75% lactation 2 and greater), and metritis (70% lactation 1, 30% lactation 2 and greater) in transition cows. The producer initially refused to implement recommended management changes that would have potentially improved transition cow health of the herd. The increased incidence of transition cow disease, along with the producer’s reluctance to make management changes, led the nutritionist and the veterinarian to partner to utilize The Vital 90™ Days risk assessment tool (dRisk) and economic assessment tool (dEconPro) as a way of identifying and motivating management changes. The results from the dEconPro showed a pre-management (1 year prior = group PRE) to post-management (1 year after = group POST) reduction in total cost per calving of $269 due to decreased incidence of ketosis, metritis, and displaced abomasum. There was significant parity-by-group interaction for milk production, with first-lactation POST cows producing more first-test milk than PRE (68.1 vs 63.5 lb [30.9 vs 28.8 kg], P=0.05). There was a tendency for more peak milk and more total 305ME milk for POST vs PRE (84.6 vs 81.0 lb [38.4 vs 36.7 kg], P=0.13 and 25,995 vs 24,953 lb [11,791 vs 11,319 kg], P=0.10 respectively). There was no difference in multiparous cows, and no difference in removals by 60 or 400 DIM for all cows. For reproductive performance, there was a tendency for higher odds of successful first service for POST vs PRE (1.83, P=0.14), but no difference in time to pregnancy through 200 DIM. The results show that The Vital 90 Days dEconPro and dRisk proved to be extremely valuable tools to help motivate positive change on this dairy. The main objective of this case study was to demonstrate how the team approach on a dairy farm could combine with the use of transition cow risk- assessment tools to validate management recommendations and quantify the impact of management changes.
Assessment of selenium supplementation by systemic injection at birth on pre-weaning calf health
Authors: Leslie Ken E. , Nelson Brian , Godden Sandra M. , Duffield Todd F. , DeVries Trevor J. , Renaud David L.
Published: March 2023

The objective of this randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the effect of selenium and vitamin E supplementation by systemic injection on dairy calf health and growth during the pre-weaning period. The study was conducted at 39 dairy farms in Ontario, selected through a convenience sample of farms in close proximity to either Guelph or Kemptville. A total of 835 Holstein heifer calves were enrolled in this study. At birth, calves were randomly allocated to receive selenium and vitamin E supplementation by injection (3 mg sodium selenite and 136 IU dl-a-tocopherol acetate) or a placebo solution. At enrollment, producers recorded time of birth, calving ease, and colostrum feeding status. At weekly visits to the individual dairy farms, trained technicians collected measurements and samples from enrolled calves. Blood was collected from calves that were up to 8 d of age to assess the concentration of serum total protein and selenium. Between 8 and 15 d of age, fecal samples were collected to identify the presence of rotavirus and Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) using a commercially +available lateral immuno-chromatography antigen detection kit. Each enrolled calf was also weighed and assessed for health scores during the first, second, and seventh weeks of life. The average serum selenium concentration (SD) in treated calves was 0.08 μg/mL (0.02), versus 0.06 μg/mL (0.01) in control calves. The incidence of failure of passive transfer (FPT) among study calves was 21%, and did not differ between treatment groups. The mean average daily gain (ADG) for the study period was 1.43 lb (0.65 kg)/day and was not associated with selenium and vitamin E supplement injection. Of the 761 fecal samples tested, 272 (36%) and 118 (16%) tested positive for C. parvum and rotavirus antigen, respectively. Selenium and vitamin E treatment had a protective effect against rotavirus infection. However, there was no effect of experimental treatment on C. parvum infection status. Reduced odds of treatment for diarrhea was also seen in the selenium and vitamin E treatment group. This study suggests that selenium and vitamin E injection at birth could improve pre-weaning health by reducing rotavirus infection and diarrhea.
Effect of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM I-1079) feed additive on health and growth parameters of high-risk heifers in a commercial feedlot
Authors: Theurer Miles E. , Fox J. Trent , Aguilar Angel , Nielsen Henson , Simpson Jim , Lawrence Ty E.
Published: March 2023

Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM I-1079 (live yeast; ProTernative®, Lallemand Animal Nutrition) was evaluated for effects on health and performance in high-risk feeder heifers. A total of 1,274 beef heifers (average body weight = 547 ± 28.7 lb; 248 ± 13.0 kg) were procured from auction markets in the southern United States. Heifers were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) Control (CON; no yeast products) or 2) ProTernative® (PRO) fed at 1 gram/hd/day to provide 20 x 109 CFU/hd/day for the first 45 days-on-feed (8 pens/treatment). After 45 days-on-feed, PRO was removed from the diet and both the PRO and CON treatment groups were fed the same basal diets throughout the rest of finishing. Feeding PRO during the first 45 days decreased bovine respiratory disease first treatment 28.4% compared to CON (P=0.01), and improved average daily gain (P=0.05; +4.5%), feed:gain (P=0.02; -5.0%), cost of gain (P=0.04; -4.7%), percentage USDA quality grade Choice (P<0.01; +6.8%), and reduced A+ liver abscesses (P<0.01; -45.9%). Carcass weight and percentage USDA Choice carcasses decreased (P<0.01) concomitant with increased (P<0.01) percentage USDA Select carcasses as the number of times treated for bovine respiratory disease increased. Addition of PRO to the ration during the first 45 days improved health, performance, and carcass outcomes through closeout in high-risk feeder heifers.
Dose response reduction of aflatoxin M1 in milk of Holstein cows administered an aluminosilicate clay adsorbent
Authors: Allen S. C. , Russo K. , Paulus Compart D. M. , Diaz D. , Ward Stephanie H.
Published: March 2023

Thirty-five Holstein cows were utilized in a completely randomized design to evaluate the efficacy of 2 doses of an aluminosilicate clay at reducing aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) transfer into milk. Cows were stratified by parity, stage of lactation, and milk production. Cows were assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments for 13 days (n = 7): (1) control (CON), basal diet; (2) clay control (4C), CON plus 4 oz clay; (3) aflatoxin (AF) control (AF-CON), CON plus 113 ppb AF; (4) AF-CON diet with 4 oz clay (4C+AF); or (5) AF-CON diet with 8 oz clay (8C+AF). Data  were  analyzed  using  the  GLM  procedure  of  SAS,  and  significance was declared when P ≤ 0.05. Milk yield was greatest in 4C+AF and 8C+AF cows and least in CON. Milk AFM1concentration averaged < 0.01, N/D (< 0.04 ppb), 1.64, 1.26, and 0.90 ppb for CON, 4C, AF-CON, 4C+AF, and 8C+AF diets, respectively. A dose response was observed for AFM1 transfer with a 21.88 and 40.63% reduction in cows consuming 4C+AF and 8C+AF diets, respectively. Feeding aluminosilicate clay to AF challenged Holstein cows resulted in a dose response reduction in AFM1 secretion and improved milk production.
Systemic and local immune responses of weaned beef calves vaccinated post-transportation and at the time of a mild respiratory tract infection
Authors: Cortese Victor S. , Woolums Amelia R. , Karisch Brandi B. , Short Thomas H. , Thoresen Merrilee , Badial Peres
Published: March 2023

To examine the effects of transport stress and concur-rent respiratory infection on bovine vaccine responses, 75 previously weaned beef calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments (n=25/group). Group 1 calves were not transported, but were vaccinated (NTV). Both Groups 2 (vaccinated TV) and 3 (not vaccinated TUV) were transported for 12 h. Twelve h after transport, calves in NTV and TV groups were vaccinated intranasally with modified-live bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine herpesvirus −1 (BHV-1), and parainfluenza virus type 3 (PI3V), and subcutaneously with modified-live bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2 vaccine with Mannheimia hemolytica (Mh) leukotoxoid vaccine. Nasal secretions and serum were collected pre- and post-vaccination for measurement of nasal interferon alpha, beta, and gamma, IgA to BHV-1 and BRSV, and serum neutralizing (SN) titers to BHV-1, BRSV, and BVDV types 1 and 2.

At vaccination some calves had nasal discharge and fever. Pre-vaccination nasal swabs, tested for respiratory viruses, were negative. During the 21-d study, 6 calves developed BRD and eventually recovered. BHV-1 and BVDV 1 and 2 SN titers were significantly higher in vaccinated than nonvaccinated calves on d 14 and 21. BVDV2 titers were significantly higher in TV than NTV. Vaccination stimulated systemic, but not mucosal, antibody responses. Cattle can mount a humoral response to vaccination in spite of transport and mild respiratory disease.
Effect of vaccination with a Mannheimia haemolyticasubunit vaccine on milk yield in lactating dairy cows
Authors: Armfelt Mark A. , Overton Michael W.
Published: March 2023

Vaccination of adult lactating dairy cattle can have a negative impact on milk production. Decreased milk production may occur from a combination of the cow’s immune response, endotoxin level in the vaccine, and the impact of cattle handling. A randomized clinical trial utilized 3 treatment groups to examine changes in milk production following vaccination with a Mannheimia haemolytica subunit vaccine (MHSV; Nuplura PH, Elanco Animal Health) using 972 lactating dairy cows on a single Midwestern dairy: a vaccinated group (MHSV, n=315); a placebo-treated control (saline, n=342); and a negative control group (no injections, n=315). The decline in milk across a 3 d post-treatment period for the saline group was 0.5 lb (0.2 kg) greater than the negative control cows, but the difference was not significant (P=0.57). The decline in milk during the same time period for cows in the MHSV group was 1.5 lb (0.7 kg) more than the negative control, (P=0.02). The declines between the saline group (0.5 lb; 0.2 kg) and the MHSV group (1.5 lb; 0.7 kg) were not significantly different (P=0.17).
Efficacy of a combination modified-live IBR-BVD-PI3-BRSV vaccine + Mannheimia haemolytica toxoid against challenge with virulent BVDV-1b and BVDV-2 viruses in young calves 60 days of age
Authors: Masic Aleksandar , Sobecki Brian , Mahan Suman , Brice Chadwick , Mattern Sally , Peterson Dennis , Barret Peter , Daugherty Colt , Meinert Todd , Correas Ignacio , Moulin Véronique
Published: March 2023

Efficacy of attenuated (att) bovine viral diarrhea virus (types 1 and 2) as antigen fractions in a modified-live multivalent vaccine were evaluated following single, subcutaneous (SC) administration and intranasal (IN) challenge 35 to 38 d after vaccination, with either virulent BVDV-1b (Study 1) or BVDV-2 (Study 2) viruses in young calves. A total of 80 BVDV-seronegative Holstein calves, 53 to 61 d of age at the time of vaccination, were used in 2 separate studies with 40 animals per study. In each study, calves were allocated to 1 of 2 treatment groups (20 animals per group) which received either a single dose of combination modified-live bovine rhinotracheitis (BHV-1)-bovine virus diarrhea-parainfluenza 3-respiratory syncytial virus vaccine + Mannheimia haemolytica toxoid, or corresponding placebo formulation without targeted test antigen fractions attBVDV-1a and attBVDV-2. In the respective studies, multivalent vaccine induced significantly higher virus neutralizing antibody responses and reduced incidence and duration of leukopenia and viremia in vaccinated animals compared to placebo-treated animals. Post-challenge leukopenia, a hallmark of BVDV infection, was observed in 75% and 100% of control calves compared to only 26.3% and 25% in vaccinated animals in Study 1 and Study 2, respectively (p=0.006; p=0.0001). In addition, duration of leukopenia was significantly shorter in vaccinates compared to placebo controls (p=0.0091 Study 1; p<0.0001 Study 2). Furthermore, 100% of placebo-treated calves in both studies were viremic compared to 57.9% (Study 1) and 25% (Study 2) of vaccinated animals, resulting in significant reduction of post-challenge viremia (p=0.0012, Study 1; p=0.0001, Study 2). The duration of viremia was significantly shorter (p<0.0001) in vaccinated groups compared to control calves in both studies. In conclusion, data from the current studies demonstrated vaccine efficacy in 60-day-old calves against BVDV-1b and BVDV-2 infection.
Survey of veterinary involvement in management decisions on Mississippi cow-calf operations
Authors: Jumper W. Isaac , Huston Carla L. , Wills Robert W. , Wills David R.
Published: March 2023

The objective of this study was to describe veterinary involvement in management decisions on Mississippi cowcalf operations. Anonymous surveys were mailed to 1,275 members of the Mississippi Cattlemen’s Association. Multivariable logistic regression using manual forward variable selection was used to test demographic and management factors for association with veterinary involvement outcomes. Significance was defined at alpha=0.05. Three-hundred eight surveys (24%) were returned, with 292 (95%) respondents being active in cow-calf production. Fifty-three (18%) of 289 respondents were located in a county contained in a rural area food animal medicine shortage area designated by the USDA-NIFA in 2020. One-hundred seventeen of 285 (41%) indicated regular veterinary involvement in management decisions on their operation. Of these 117, 56 (48%) said their veterinarian uses their cattle health and production records to provide management recommendations. Seventy-five (27%) of 283 respondents indicated they would consider paying their veterinarian to provide cattle health and production record management services. Factors associated with regular veterinary involvement in management decisions on cow-calf operations were regularly recording of antibiotic treatments (OR=3.2) and herd size (50-99 head: OR= 1.6; ≥100 head: OR=2.5, compared to 1-49 head). Opportunity exists for veterinarians to be more involved in management decisions on Mississippi cow-calf operations.
description of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis outbreaks in West Virginia beef herds
Authors: Glover Caleb H. , Woolums Amelia R. , Berghaus Roy D. , Smith Isiah J. , Carlson Linda
Published: March 2023

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is the most important ocular disease of cattle. Prevention and control of the disease can prove challenging, and the list of potential etiologic agents has expanded in recent years. Little has been recently published characterizing IBK outbreaks at the herd level. This case series investigation was conducted to describe the disease characteristics and management practices in herds affected by IBK outbreaks in 1 practice area in West Virginia in 2019. Seven producers were interviewed: 6 cowcalf producers and 1 stocker producer. Producers were asked questions pertaining to disease severity and management, such as herd health protocols and husbandry. In addition, organisms from each of the herds were identified by culture and/or PCR. Results revealed a range of disease incidence as well as similarities and differences in management practices among herds. The interpretability of results is limited due to small sample size and data collection method; however, results suggest that some herds in the area where producerswere interviewed experienced severe IBK outbreaks, and that some management practices relevant to IBK were similar between herds. Results also suggest that further study to identify poorly characterized IBK risk factors is warranted.
Thematic analysis of comments from a survey on perceptions of gender bias among members of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners in bovine practice in the United States
Authors: Fajt Virginia , Wagner Sarah , Apley Michael
Published: March 2023

The gender composition of food animal practice differsfrom other veterinary practice types, and women are relativelyunderrepresented in food animal practice. The reasonsare unknown, and a possible factor is gender bias. There areno reports specific to bovine practice concerning the extentor perception of gender bias. American Association of BovinePractitioners members in the US were invited to participatein an anonymous online survey regarding gender bias inbovine practice, and thematic analysis was performed on thefree text comments. There were 207 responses (99 womenand 108 men), which included over 1000 comment extractsthat were coded in the thematic analysis. The most commonthemes associated with gender differences in survey commentswere practices not wanting to hire women becauseof lack of strength or stamina, clients asking for the maleveterinarian, and pregnancy- or children-related issues. Theresults of this thematic analysis support the assertion thatgender bias exists in bovine practice in the US.
Livestock fatalities attributed to a massive attack of Psorophora columbiae following Hurricane Laura
Authors: Cecco Bianca , Sasaki Emi , Paulsen Daniel B. , Fontenot Craig , Navarre Christine , Healy Kristen , Langohr Ingeborg M.
Published: March 2023

The objective of this case report is to characterize the sudden fatality of livestock associated with a massive attack of dark rice field mosquitoes (Psorophora columbiae) after the passage of Hurricane Laura in southwest Louisiana late August 2020. In 3 days, approximately 30 deer, 600 beef cattle, 100 sheep and 30 horses died following a brief history of weakness or, in most cases, no clinical signs prior to death. Several on-site visits were performed by veterinarians to evaluate animals and perform necropsies. Two deer were received for necropsy, and tissue samples from 1 bull and 1 horse were evaluated at the Louisiana Animal Diagnostic Disease Laboratory. In addition, postmortem examination was performed on another 15 animals by veterinarians. Similar gross alterations were observed in all necropsies. Lesions included multifocal petechiae and ecchymoses in the skin and the subcutaneous tissues. Both deer also had pale discoloration and accentuated lobular patterns in their livers. Histologically, the livers of the deer and the bull exhibited centrilobular degeneration and hepatocyte dissociation suggestive of severe anemia. The description of this animal fatality event associated with Psorophora colum- biae attack demonstrates the need to establish prevention and/or intervention protocols in areas prone to hurricanes and tropical depressions.
mixed-method pilot study investigating challenges experienced by mixed animal veterinarians in practice and their private practice experiences prior to graduation
Authors: Gibbons Philippa M. , Wells Julia K. , Watson Kylie R.L. , Weale John J. , Roberson Jerry R.
Published: March 2023

The attrition of veterinarians from mixed animal practice is concerning to the industry. The objectives of this pilot study were to describe the experiences that students gain in private practices prior to graduation and to investigate the impact of these experiences on retention in mixed animal practice.  Thirty-six veterinarians within 10 years post-graduation, who were employed in mixed practice as a new graduate, responded to an online questionnaire.  Four of these veterinarians also participated in individual interviews. During veterinary school, 76.% spent time in private practice during pre-clinical years and 97% undertook private practice experiences (externships) in their clinical year. Most frequently reported challenges of mixed practice were working more hours than scheduled followed by weekend work, on call and financial issues equally. Upon graduation, 71.4% of veterinarians remaining in mixed practice felt prepared, whereas all 6 that had left mixed practice felt unprepared for challenges of mixed practice. 85.3% felt that externships prepared them the most for a career as a mixed animal practitioner. Three themes emerged from the interviews: working conditions; versatility of medicine; and business ability and knowledge. This study highlights the role of externships in preparing students for life in mixed animal practice.
Health and performance outcomes from a randomized clinical trial of post-metaphylactic intervals following tildipirosin metaphylaxis for control of naturally occurring BRD in commingled lightweight yearling steers in a commercial feedlot
Authors: Szasz John I. , Bryant Tony C. , Bryant Lonty K. , Streeter Marshall N. , Hutcheson John P. , Renter David G.
Published: March 2023

This study’s objectives were to assess health and performance outcomes in yearling steers randomized to pens with 4-day, 7-day, 10-day, or 13-day postmetaphylaxis intervals (PMI) following arrival administration of tildipirosin (ZuprevoR). The primary objective was to assess linear or non-linear responses to different PMI. Crossbred beef steers (N = 8,160), 648 lb overall mean body weight, were allocated to 40 pens, in 10 blocks, over a 3-week period. Study blocks were defined by arrival and processing date. Data were analyzed using mixed models for a randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit. Across all pens and blocks, the incidence of BRD first pulls, morbidity (temperature > 103.5°F), mortality, and removals were: 11.67%, 9.20%, 0.89% and 0.92%, respectively. During the first 45 days, there were linear relationships between PMI and BRD morbidity (P = 0.006) and BRD first pulls (P = 0.003) indicating that apparent incidence decreased linearly as PMI increased. Over the entire feeding period (mean = 217 days), apparent BRD morbidity also decreased linearly (P = 0.01) as PMI increased; however, there was a quadratic (non-linear) relationship between BRD first pulls and PMI (group means 12.0%, 12.9%, 11.08% and 9.49%, respectively). There were no significant associations (P values > 0.10) between PMI and BRD relapses, first treatment success, case fatality, mortality or any live and carcass performance measures. In this study, longer PMI (fewer days eligible for treatment) led to reduced BRD first treatments, with no evidence for negative impacts on mortality or performance.
Failed transfer of passive immunity is a component cause of pre-weaning disease in beef and dairy calves: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Thompson Alexis C. , Smith David R.
Published: March 2023

Pre-weaned beef and dairy calves that fail to receive mater­nal antibodies are more susceptible to disease. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to evaluate the as­sociation between failed transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) and disease in pre-weaned beef and dairy calves. Three data­bases were searched for relevant studies that evaluated calves diagnosed with FTPI at ≤8 days of age and recorded incidence of disease pre-weaning. Twenty-three, out of 182 identified ref­erences, were relevant and contained 46 studies. Twelve stud­ies evaluated the effect of FTPI on morbidity, 18 on mortality, 8 on diarrhea, and 8 on pneumonia. Forty-two of 46 studies (91.3%) reported greater risk for disease among FTPI calves. The strength of association between FTPI and disease var­ied and was not resolved by subgrouping by outcome, animal type, test, cut-off point, or cumulative incidence of disease. Failed transfer of passive immunity is a component cause of calf disease that may have a greater impact in some popula­tions than others.
Seroprevalence and molecular detection of Anaplasma marginale infected beef herds in Georgia, USA
Authors: Jones A. Lee , Berghaus Roy D. , Kalatari Allen A. , Credille Brenton , Naikare Hemant K. , Heins Bradley , Saliki JeremiahT. , Wilkes Rebecca P.
Published: March 2023

The objective of the study was to conduct and compare serop­revalence and molecular detection of Anaplasma marginale-in­fected beef herds in Georgia, and to identify herd risk factors associated with A. marginale-positive herds. Herd informa­tion from the beef operations was collected from the sampled herds through a questionnaire to determine practices that may affect the risk of herd infections with A. marginale. Blood samples were collected from 1,059 adult beef cattle (≥ 2 years) from 33 herds. Overall, 8.12% of cattle and 42% of herds were cELISA antibody-positive. Seventy-seven percent of plasma samples from a subset of corresponding seropositive samples (n = 73) were PCR positive. All of the 406 seronegative samples were negative by PCR. There was almost perfect agreement by Cohen’s kappa statistics between PCR and cELISA (k = 0.85). Survey response rate was 100%. Surprisingly, 27% of the pro­ducer respondents had not heard of anaplasmosis. Survey also revealed that many producers had management procedures at their operations that could potentially cause mechanical transmission of A. marginale. About 55% of respondents did not always disin­fect tools between animals and 88% of the operations used the same needle to inject more than one animal. Over 80% of the producer respondents had brought in new cattle onto their op­erations in the last 3 years from the time of this study. Given the 8% seroprevalence in Georgia beef cattle and the reported survey findings from this study, educational programs on ef­fective preventive management practices to control bovine anaplasmosis is warranted.
Expanding Immersion Programs: A Leadership Perspective
Authors: Peterson Deborah
Published: March 2023

How best to educate recent immigrants has become more important over the past 30 years as the number of immigrants in our k-12 schools increases. This article presents a phenomenological study of an urban principal in the US who expanded her school’s Spanish immersion program to respond to the needs of immigrant families. This study provides considerations for other school systems looking to expand their immersion programs and implications for school principals leading the change effort. While this study is based on the needs of recent immigrants in the US, the findings apply to schools in other countries working to successfully educate recent immigrants.
Effective Dual Immersion School Transitions: An Expert Panel Synthesis
Authors: Sellards Regula , Block Nicholas , Schneider Stephanie
Published: March 2023

Using the Delphi method, this study was designed and undertaken due to a lack of existing research regarding key factors that support successful transitions of TWI students from elementary to middle and high school. The purpose of this study was first to identify the opinions of experts and practitioners in the field of TWI programs on key factors that support these transitions, and then to rate the importance of these factors as they pertain to the student’s designation as a dual language student. Subsequently, based on the results from the panel of 16 experts, the researchers investigated how a group of parents ranked the key factors that the expert panel identified as most and least important for successful transitions. The experts identified teacher qualification, curriculum and program planning, communication among school personnel, and administrative support as the most important factors to support student transitions. The group of parents rated the factors determined to be important by the panel highly, generally more highly than the expert panel itself, but parents also deemed
Going Big!: The Case of a Large District’s Effort to Maximize the Benefits of Dual Language Programming for their Children
Authors: Willey Craig , Kigamwa James
Published: March 2023

Dual language (DL) programs have been held up as a promising means by which to reach student achievement goals across demographics (Collier & Thomas, 2004). Yet, the social and political risks associated with implementing DL programs are significant. This paper analyzes one large metropolitan school district’s rationale and preparedness for initiating its DL program, as well as the outcomes of its efforts to scale up the DL program to reach thousands of students, most of whom are children of color. The findings suggest that the district personnel used three pillars to rationalize their decision to implement their DL program: legal, research, and student demographics. In addition, the school district administrators, teachers, and parents showed varying levels of preparedness for the mass implementation of the DL program. While a young program with few quantitative data points to showcase its success, the qualitative data revealed that the program’s structure and professional development efforts for the teachers and principals benefited from a clear and ambitious vision and the unwavering support of the district’s executive leadership. In addition to the extensive data compiled from interviews with key stakeholders, case studies of two schools from the district are provided in order to highlight emergent tensions and showcase how the district’s efforts have materialized into intentional and dynamic DL learning environments.
Latina Dual Language Teachers’ Pedagogical Practices: Transnational Perspectives
Authors: Aranda Brenda
Published: March 2023

This ethnographic study explored how the linguistic repertoires of K-2 Latina dual language teachers shape their pedagogical practices within public education on the U.S.-Mexico borderlands, the frontera (Anzaldúa, 1987; Staudt, 2008). Within a transnational context, pedagogical practices related to language use were analyzed drawing from theories of Funds of Knowledge (Moll, Amanti, Neff, & González, 1992; González, Moll, & Amanti, 2005), which values culturally developed pedagogies. The continua model of biliteracy (Hornberger, 2003) offers a theoretical lens through which to see teaching practice in complex bilingual settings. Drawing from sociocultural theory (NLG, 1996; Hornberger, 2004), data collection and analysis of interviews, observations, and artifacts, showed the intertwining of language and identity in practitioners’ narratives and practices. Within the borderlands, bilingualism and biliteracy practices illustrate both structure and agency. Bilingual educators benefit from practice that incorporates the full range of linguistic repertoires. The findings painted a portrait of how DL teachers’ languages, literacies, and identities intertwined to shape their pedagogical practice. The individual and collective stories of DL teachers, indicate that teacher preparation programs need to provide ample opportunities to explore identity formation, develop academic Spanish skills, and increase knowledge about the structure and implementation of bilingual education program models.
Technology-Enhanced Language Education Revisited: A Developmental Perspective
Authors: Khoshnevisan Babak
Published: March 2023

The traditional landscape of education has been widely inundated with an array of technologies and technological tools in recent decades. Technology, if effectively integrated, offers promises to unleash the learners’ full potentials. Multiple researchers have explored the perceptions of language educators and learners alike (e.g., Cheng & Tsai, 2014; Cheng & Tsai, 2016; Author, 2019a). Other researchers have investigated the role of technology on the cognitive achievement of language learners in different language skills. Author (2019a) reiterates that the common thread amongst tools harnessed in technology-enhanced language education is that technology, by and large, enhances comprehension, increases cognitive attainment and motivation level of learners. Research findings imply that technologies exploited in language learning not only motivate learners but also serve as a catalyst in the language learning process (Singhal, Bagga, Goyal, & Saxena, 2012; Ibáñez, Di Serio, Villarán, & Kloos, 2014). Beginning with a chronological review of the advent of technology in the realm of language education, this article will present contradictory, yet scholarly, opinions of researchers documented and corroborated with empirical research concerning the use of technology in language education. To achieve that, the author will embark on detailing how technology affords language teachers. The backbone of the article is an evidence-based discussion regarding the motivational factors ensued by technologies. Having scrutinized the role of technology in language education, the author will delineate technologies recently employed to increase the motivation level of students. This article will also discuss the constraints of technology and shed light on potential challenges that both language educators and learners may encounter including educators’ lack of knowledge about technology and limitations of technologies.
There Is No Monster Outside: It's A Virus! (Spanish)
Authors: Lara-Alecio Rafael , Irby Beverly , Tong Fuhui , Abdelrahman Nahed , Schiller Pam
Published: March 2023

non abstract needed
There Is No Monster Outside: It's A Virus! (Arabic)
Authors: AbdelRahman Nahed , Irby Beverly , Lara-Alecio Rafael , Tong Fuhui , Schiller Pam
Published: March 2023

No Abstract Needed.
There Is No Monster Outside: It's A Virus (Hindi Version)
Authors: Paul Pijush , Irby Beverly , Lara-Alecio Rafael , AbdelRahman Nahed , Tong Fuhui , Schiller Pam
Published: March 2023

We wrote this book for children who are hearing the news about COVID-19 and who may be experiencing fears. Personally, we have heard children’s dreams that include mean people who take them away from their families, strange things that have happened to their classrooms, friends who are going away, or monsters that are coming after them. All of these types of fears have been expressed in dreams or daydreams of children we know. This book is dedicated to our hope of tomorrow-- the children around the world-- and to their families and caregivers who are supporting them. Our desire is that this book will be a comfort for children and will give them a sense of security in these uncertain times. This book is published in several languages to serve a need during this coronavirus pandemic. The book, free of charge, is supported by the Center for Research and Development in Dual Language and Literacy Acquisition, Department of Educational Psychology, College of Education and Human Development at Texas A&M University.

May there be only good inside and outside for our world’s children!Together and respectfully, we can make a difference!
There is No Monster Outside: It's A Virus! (German Version)
Authors: Iris Von , Ebener Richard , Irby Beverly , Lara-Alecio Rafael , AbdelRahman Nahed , Tong Fuhui , Schiller Pam
Published: March 2023

We wrote this book for children who are hearing the news about COVID-19 and who may be experiencing fears. Personally, we have heard children’s dreams that include mean people who take them away from their families, strange things that have happened to their classrooms, friends who are going away, or monsters that are coming after them. All of these types of fears have been expressed in dreams or daydreams of children we know. This book is dedicated to our hope of tomorrow-- the children around the world-- and to their families and caregivers who are supporting them. Our desire is that this book will be a comfort for children and will give them a sense of security in these uncertain times. This book is published in several languages to serve a need during this coronavirus pandemic. The book, free of charge, is supported by the Center for Research and Development in Dual Language and Literacy Acquisition, Department of Educational Psychology, College of Education and Human Development at Texas A&M University.
Editorial Review: Technologies and Second Language Learners
Authors: Davoodi Amin , Lara-Alecio Rafael , Irby Beverly J. , Tong Fuhui , AbdelRahman Nahed , Pashmforoosh Roya , Etchells Matthew J.
Published: March 2023

Editorial Review
Type III mucopolysaccharidosis: literature review and clinical observation
Authors: Gudkov R. A. , Dmitriev A. V. , Fedina N. V. , Petrova V. I. , Zaplatnikov A. L.
Published: March 2023

Introduction. Mucopolysaccharidosis type III (Sanfilippo syndrome) is a rare multi-stem disease caused by the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in the cells of various organs, leading to a violation of their function, specific phentopic signs and progressive neurocognitive disorders. Neurologic manifestations are leading in the clinical picture of the disease, as by the time of manifestation, and by severity. In most patients, in the first and even second years of life, children have normal development or indistinctly pronounced deviations. In the absence of substitute enzyme therapy for this type of MPS, a severe delay in intellectual and speech development develops rapidly, recurrent respiratory episodes in the form of pneumonia and bronchial obstruction are observed, the child is disabled early. Polymorphism and non-specificity of clinical manifestations, lack of alertness of doctors to orphan diseases are a common cause of late diagnosis of MPS. The article presents an overview of data on the prevalence, genetic and phenotypic variants of type III mucopolysaccharidosis, features of patient management and presentation of clinical observation of a child with this pathology.

Clinical observation. We present our own prolonged clinical observation of a type III MPS case in a patient who has been under our supervision for 12 years. The diagnosis was established and confirmed at the age of three years. The disease was manifested by neuropsychiatric regression and systemic somatic manifestations. Motor deficits, cognitive impairments with the development of dementia and recurrent aspiration syndrome progressed in the dynamics of the child.

Conclusions. The classical clinical picture of type III MPS is distinguished by the aggressive development of cognitive and motor disorders at 2–3 years of life, characteristic phenotypic and somatic manifestations of the disease. This case demonstrates the multiplicity of problems and the need for interaction between doctors of various specialties.
The relevance of studying the state of blood circulation of the neurogenic bladder in children
Authors: Romashin M. A. , Guseva N. В. , Nikitin S. S. , Gatkin E. Ya.
Published: March 2023

Neurogenic disorders of the bladder are diverse in their mechanisms and difficult to treat. Researchers around the world have step by step discovered new aspects of the pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for detrusor dysfunction. Naturally, with the understanding of these mechanisms, new lines of therapy appeared, making the treatment of such children more effective and justified. Only complex therapy, considering all pathogenetic mechanisms, can give the best result. To date, the degree of influence and ways to solve the problem of impaired blood supply to the bladder have not been fully studied. For a long time, this issue has not been given due attention, due to the complexity of an objective assessment of the sufficiency of blood supply to the bladder. However, those few studies suggest that it is impossible to count on success in the treatment of such children without including in therapy components aimed at normalizing the angiological factor and, as a consequence, correcting detrusor hypoxia and energy metabolism disorders. Angiological disorders have a multidirectional character from vasospasm and circulatory hypoxia to vasodilation and congestive hyperemia. Therefore, the diagnosis and treatment of blood supply disorders of the bladder is a very important and difficult task. Since neurogenic disorders of the bladder are very common, a universal method of assessing the condition of its vessels is needed, which will be convenient and accessible to doctors in routine practice. Such a method is rheopelviography. The introduction of this method into routine practice will lead to the accumulation of experience and improve the diagnosis and treatment of bladder dysfunctions.
Genetically engineered biologics to treat psoriasis. Experience with ustekinumab in an adolescent with severe psoriasis
Authors: Khobeysh M. M. , Sokolovskiy E. V.
Published: March 2023

Modern pathogenetic therapy of psoriasis is the use of suppressive methods aimed to suppress immune reactions in the dermis, synovia, enthesis and eliminate the imbalance between anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines. Today, genetically engineered biological drugs are one of the most promising pharmacotherapy achievements for the management of psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis in the group of immunosuppressive agents. Knowing the pathogenetic mechanisms that underlie the development of these diseases allows us today to highly selectively target the top key links of the immunopathogenetic cascade using genetically engineered biologicals, while barely affecting the protective factors of the patient’s immune system unlike the standard backbone (what is referred to as traditional) anti-inflammatory therapy. The treatment of psoriasis in children and adolescents practically involves the same drugs and methods as in adults. However, most of them are used in paediatric practice for conditions for which they are not clearly indicated, and studies on their efficacy and safety are still missing. Currently, it is possible to treat children and adolescents with genetically engineered biological drugs. Ustekinumab, etanercept, adalimumab, secukinumab, and ixekizumab are approved for use in moderate to severe psoriasis in the Russian Federation. In paediatric practice, the genetically engineered biological drug ustekinumab is one of the most effective, safe and convenient for the delivery of therapy (short induction cycle, rare infusions of the drug during maintenance therapy). The article describes the case study of the effective treatment of a 17-year-old patient with severe, continuously recurrent psoriasis. The targeted therapy, including the use of genetically engineered biological drugs, is increasingly being used to treat childhood psoriasis. Moreover, there are now more and more supporters among dermatologists who believe that genetically engineered biological drugs can be prescribed as the first-line drugs for the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis in children and adolescents.