bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary algorithms for global parametric fault diagnosis in analogue integrated circuits
Authors: Jantos P. , Grzechca D. , Rutkowski J.
Published: April 2012

Evolutionary algorithms for global parametric fault diagnosis in analogue integrated circuits

An evolutionary method for analogue integrated circuits diagnosis is presented in this paper. The method allows for global parametric faults localization at the prototype stage of life of an analogue integrated circuit. The presented method is based on the circuit under test response base and the advanced features classification. A classifier is built with the use of evolutionary algorithms, such as differential evolution and gene expression programming. As the proposed diagnosis method might be applied at the production phase there is a method for shortening the diagnosis time suggested. An evolutionary approach has been verified with the use of several exemplary circuits - an oscillator, a band-pass filter and two operational amplifiers. A comparison of the presented algorithm and two classical methods - the linear classifier and the nearest neighborhood method - proves that the heuristic approach allows for acquiring significantly better results.
Rapid antenna design optimization using shape-preserving response prediction
Authors: Koziel S. , Ogurtsov S. , Szczepanski S.
Published: April 2012

Rapid antenna design optimization using shape-preserving response prediction

An approach to rapid optimization of antennas using the shape-preserving response-prediction (SPRP) technique and coarse-discretization electromagnetic (EM) simulations (as a low-fidelity model) is presented. SPRP allows us to estimate the response of the high-fidelity EM antenna model, e.g., its reflection coefficient versus frequency, using the properly selected set of so-called characteristic points of the low-fidelity model response. The low-fidelity model, corrected by means of SPRP, is subsequently used to predict the optimal design. The design process is cost efficient because most operations are performed on the low-fidelity model. Performance of our technique is demonstrated using a dielectric resonator antenna and two planar wideband antenna examples. In all cases, the optimal design is obtained at a cost corresponding to a few high-fidelity simulations of the antenna under design.
Calculation of interval damping ratio under uncertain load in power system
Authors: Xing J. , Chen C. , Wu P.
Published: April 2012

Calculation of interval damping ratio under uncertain load in power system

The problem of small-signal stability considering load uncertainty in power system is investigated. Firstly, this paper shows attempts to create a nonlinear optimization model for solving the upper and lower limits of the oscillation mode's damping ratio under an interval load. Then, the effective successive linear programming (SLP) method is proposed to solve this problem. By using this method, the interval damping ratio and corresponding load states at its interval limits are obtained. Calculation results can be used to evaluate the influence of load variation on a certain mode and give useful information for improvement. Finally, the proposed method is validated on two test systems.
A New Approach to Assessment of Infrastructure Projects on Urban Transport Systems
Authors: Griskeviciene Daiva , Griskevicius Algirdas , Griskeviciute-Geciene Ausrine
Published: April 2012

A New Approach to Assessment of Infrastructure Projects on Urban Transport Systems

The scientific analysis of currently used assessment principles of the development on urban transport systems; subsystems on vehicles, passenger and freight transportations, special public services, pedestrian and bicyclists has been carried out. Each subsystem needs technical infrastructure, the set of informational and traffic control means. Moreover quantitative and qualitative development of transport infrastructure is necessary for appropriate operating of whole communication system. Unfortunately an increase in the level of automobilization, growing transport flows in urban territories and decreasing investment for the development of transport infrastructure are the main barriers for urban development. An uncontrolled increase in automobilization changed the character of the usage of urban territories, urban structure, stimulated the process of agglomeration and formed new problems.

The results of expert evaluation and statistical analysis highlighted the influence of each subsystem on the sustainable development of whole urban transport system by technical, traffic safety, social-economic, environmental and other specific aspects. Objects of technical infrastructure that should be treated as infrastructure of urban road transport system were identified. The results of statistics analysis allowed determine features of separate objects necessary to evaluate; assess and adjust separate stages, key principles and quantitative and qualitative criteria of assessment of the development on urban transport systems infrastructure.
Airport Benchmarking and Spatial Competition: A Critical Review
Authors: Dmitry Pavlyuk
Published: April 2012

Airport Benchmarking and Spatial Competition: A Critical Review

During the last two decades the European airport industry is liberalised and turned to competitive market environment. This fact attracts an increasing scientific and practical interest to analysis of airport efficiency and its determinants, as well as different aspects of airport competition. This paper contains a critical review of existing researches in these two areas - airport efficiency and spatial competition among airports. We analysed modern approaches to airport benchmarking, their advantages and shortcomings, and systematised a wide range of related academic studies. We paid special attention to empirical researches of spatial competition as a factor affecting airport efficiency. Despite the fact of a well-developed theory of spatial competition and signs of its growing effects in the airport industry, we discovered a lack of studies devoted to the relationship between airport efficiency and spatial competition.
The Research on Competitiveness of Road Transport Enterprises: Lithuanian Case
Authors: Lazauskas Jonas , Bureika Gintautas , Valiūnas Valdas , Pečeliūnas Robertas , Matijošius Jonas , Nagurnas Saulius
Published: April 2012

The Research on Competitiveness of Road Transport Enterprises: Lithuanian Case

In the paper, various opinions of Lithuanian and foreign authors of scientific publications are reviewed and the criteria for assessing competitiveness of road transport are discussed upon. On assessment of competitiveness of services provided by Lithuanian road transport enterprises, not only technical options are taken into account. It is proposed to assess competitiveness of enterprises upon taking into consideration the total set of services provided as well as their quality and the marketing level of the enterprise. In the paper, the factors impacting competitiveness of road transport are discussed upon and the research works required for objective assessment of competitiveness of road transport are foreseen. A model for assessing competitiveness of road transport enterprises realized by the authors is provided. In the end of the paper, conclusions and recommendations are provided.
Influence of ridge cultivation and phacelia intercrop on weed infestation of root vegetables of the Asteraceae family
Authors: Błażewicz-Woźniak Marzena , Konopiński Mirosław
Published: April 2012

The field experiment focused on three high-inulin vegetable crops: chicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. sativum Bisch), black salsify (Scorzonera hispanica L.) and common salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius L.), and took into account two cultivation methods (flat soil and ridges) and a phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia L.) intercrop, the biomass of which was mixed with the soil during pre-winter ploughing. Cultivation without an intercrop served as the control. The studies aimed at evaluating the influence of ridge cultivation using a phacelia intercrop on the species composition and population of vegetable weeds as compared to traditional flat-soil cultivation with no intercrop. In total, 24 taxa in the primary and 31 taxa in the secondary weed populations (mostly characteristic for vegetable crops) were recorded in high-inulin species plantations. Monocarpic species such as Senecio vulgaris, Chenopodium album and Lamium amplexicaule dominated in the spring, while Stellaria media, Capsella bursa-pastoris and Urtica urens were most numerous at the end of the vegetation period. Applying phacelia as the intercrop and ploughing its biomass before winter significantly reduced the primary weed population for all of the cultivated crop species as compared to the no-intercrop cultivations. Phacelia grown as the intercrop reduced the occurrence of Senecio vulgaris, while favouring the development of Lamium amplexicaule. The cultivation system affected the primary weed infestation of vegetables, whereas it had no impact on the level of secondary weed infestation. At the beginning of the vegetation periods, fewer weeds grew in ridges than in the flat soil system. The crop species had no effect on the primary weed infestation, while it influenced weed numbers in the secondary. The lowest number of weeds was recorded in the secondary weed infestation of chicory, the well-developed leaf rosettes of which efficiently eliminated most of the weeds.
Effects of selected agronomical factors on the content of health-promoting compounds in spaghetti squash (Cucurbita pepo L. subsp. pepo)
Authors: Wadas Wanda , Mioduszewska Halina , Kalinowski Krzysztof
Published: April 2012

The study examined the effects of the sowing date (5, 15 and 25 May) and plant spacing (1 × 0.6 m, 1 × 0.8 m and 1 × 1 m) on the content of carotenoids and L-ascorbic acid in the fruits of two cultivars of spaghetti squash (‘Makaronowa Warszawska' and ‘Pyza’). The field experiment was carried out in central-eastern Poland. Fully mature spaghetti squash fruits were harvested from the beginning of September to the beginning of October. The content of total carotenoids and β-carotene was the greatest in the fruits of plants sown on 15 May. The sowing date did not affect the content of L-ascorbic acid. Increasing the plant spacing from 1 × 0.6 m to 1 × 1 m resulted in an increase of total carotenoid content, particularly for the spaghetti squash sown on 25 May. Plant spacing did not have a significant effect on the content of β-carotene and L-ascorbic acid. Fruits of the ‘Makaronowa Warszawska’ with light orange flesh contained more total carotenoids and β-carotene than fruits of the ‘Pyza’ with cream-coloured flesh. The content of L-ascorbic acid in the fruits of both cultivars did not differ significantly.
Airflow resistance in soybean
Authors: Kenghe R. , Nimkar P. , Shirkole S. , Shinde K.
Published: April 2012

Airflow resistance in soybean

Resistance of material to airflow is an important factor to consider in the design of a dryer or an aeration system. The airflow resistance of soybean was determined with the modified airflow resistance apparatus. It was found that pressure drop increased with increase in airflow rate, bulk density, bed depth and decreased with moisture content. Modified Shedd equation, Hukill and Ives equation and modified Ergun equation were examined for pressure drop prediction. Airflow resistance was accurately described by modified Shedd equation followed by Hukill and Ives equation and modified Ergun equation. The developed statistical model comprised of airflow rate, moisture content and bulk density could fit pressure drop data reasonably well.
Effects of thermal treatment on colour and texture of Typha latifolia L.
Authors: Zhang Min , Zhou Yun-hua , Wang Shaojin , Tang Juming
Published: April 2012

Effects of thermal treatment on colour and texture of Typha latifolia L.

Through the analysis of the residual activity of peroxidase (POD), chromatic aberration, shear intensity and shear power, the effects of different thermal treatment times at 100°C on the POD, surface colour and texture of Typha latifolia L. were evaluated. The results showed that the activity of POD decreased with the increasing thermal treatment time at 100°C. The regeneration amount of POD increased first for some time and then started to decrease with the treatment time. Thermal treatment times 1.0 and 1.5 min at 100°C exhibited maximum regeneration of POD for the samples stored at 20 and 37°C, respectively. The sample had acceptable texture and surface colour when they were treated at 100°C for 4 min because the POD in the sample was inactivated to an acceptable level.
New trends for reference evapotranspiration and climatic water deficit
Authors: Paltineanu C. , Chitu E. , Mateescu E.
Published: April 2012

New trends for reference evapotranspiration and climatic water deficit

The paper deals with the trend for Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration and climatic water deficit during the first decade of the 21st century in Southern Romaniavsthe 20th century. For the first half of the year the monthly evapotranspiration values were higher for the first decade of the 21st centuryvsthe means of the 20th century. However, the trend reverses for the second half of the year, but for the whole year the totals were higher for the first decade of the 21st centuryvsthe totals of the 20th century. The yearly temperature means in the first decade of the XXI century showed an increase in the three locations studied, respectively,vscentury XX. This warming is responsible to a great extent for the increase in evapotranspiration, and the relationship between evapotranspiration and temperature was highly significant. Water deficit decreased in Constanta and Pitesti, but there was a slight increase in water deficit in the same period in Bucharest-Baneasa. Water deficit increased in the first half of the year and decreased in the second half during the first decade of century XXI in all the three locations investigatedvscentury XX.
Simulation of magnetic field effect on a seed embryo cell
Authors: Socorro A. , García F.
Published: April 2012

Simulation of magnetic field effect on a seed embryo cell

The plant seed embryo tissue cell, including the cell membrane and the intracellular and extracellular regions, was modelled as a spherical body. Equations for the three components in spherical coordinates were developed to calculate potassiumions flux in the presence of a stationary magnetic field. Simultaneous mathematical simulations of radial flux for potassium, calcium and chloride ions as well as membrane potential and osmotic pressure were calculated. Results obtained by computerized simulation showed that a magnetic field of 200 mT provoked some changes in cellular ionic concentration with respect to exposure time during first 30 s, which also impacted on the membrane potential and osmotic pressure values.
Evaluation of chosen fruit seeds oils as potential biofuel
Authors: Agbede O. , Alade A. , Adebayo G. , Salam K. , Bakare T.
Published: April 2012

Evaluation of chosen fruit seeds oils as potential biofuel

Oils available in mango, tangerine and African star seeds were extracted and characterized to determine their fuel worthiness for biofuel production. Furthermore, the fuel properties of the three oils were within the range observed for some common oil seeds like rapeseed, soybean and sunflower, which are widely sourced for the production of biodiesel on an industrial scale. The low iodine values of the oil extend their applications as non-drying oil for lubrication purposes, however, the fuel properties exhibited by the oils enlist them as potential oil seeds for the production of biofuel and further research on the improvement of their properties will make them suitable biofuel of high economic values.
Residual stress relaxation of hydroxyapatite/316L asymmetrical functionally gradient material fabricated by hot-pressing
Authors: Zou Jianpeng , Chen Li'
Published: April 2012

A composite combining hydroxyapatite with varying ratios of 316L to form an asymmetrical functionally gradient material was successfully prepared using a hot-pressing technique. The results show obvious macroscopic gradient changes in the functionally gradient material. Although the components change continuously on a microscopic scale, the interfaces between gradient layers remain tightly integrated. The addition of 316L powder changes the fracture modes of the composites and improves their mechanical properties. The hydroxyapatite content in the composites varies with different gradient layers, which is in keeping with the composite design. The phases of hydroxyapatite and 316L dissolve into each other to some degree during hot-pressing and the combining mechanism of the two phases in the gradient layers is dissolving behavior. Thermal stress relaxation calculation indicates that the gradient structure of the asymmetrical HA/316L functionally gradient material has a significant impact on the relaxation of residual thermal stress.
Experimental and thermodynamic study of nickel (30 wt.%Cr) – based alloys containing between 2.5 and 5.0 wt.% carbon
Authors: Berthod Patrice , Souaillat Elise , Hestin Ophélie , Aranda Lionel
Published: April 2012

Six {Ni-30 wt.% Cr}-based alloys containing from 2.5 to 5 wt.% C, were elaborated by casting and heat treated at 1000, 1100, and 1200°C for 50 h to achieve stabilization. Their melting ranges and the phase surface fractions were established. These results were compared to thermodynamic calculations. All microstructures are hyper-eutectic and carbides are either Cr7C3 or Cr3C2. The carbide fraction increases with the carbon content and graphite appears for carbon contents higher than 4 wt.% C. The experimental solidus and liquidus temperatures are several tens of degrees lower than the calculated ones but their evolution versus the carbon content are well represented by calculations. There is a good agreement between experiments and calculations concerning graphite. The hardness is about 300 HV and decreases when the heat-treatment temperature increases.
Optimized angiographic computed tomography with intravenous contrast injection: an alternative to conventional angiography in the follow-up of clipped aneurysms?
Authors: Gölitz Philipp , Struffert Tobias , Ganslandt Oliver , Saake Marc , Lücking Hannes , Rösch Julie , Knossalla Frauke , Doerfler Arnd
Published: April 2012

Object

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of an optimized angiographic CT (ACT) program with intravenous contrast agent injection (ivACT) in the assessment of potential aneurysm remnants after neurosurgical clipping compared with conventional digital subtraction angiography (DSA).

Methods

The authors report on 14 patients with 19 surgically clipped cerebral aneurysms who were scheduled to undergo angiographic follow-up. For each patient, the authors performed ivACT with dual rotational acquisition and conventional angiography including a 3D rotational run. The ivACT and 3D DSA data were reconstructed with different imaging modes, including a newly implemented subtraction mode with motion correction. Thereafter, the data sets were merged by the dual-volume technique, and freely rotatable 3D images were obtained for further analysis. Observed aneurysm remnants were electronically measured and classified for each modality by 2 experienced neuroradiologists.

Results

Digital subtraction angiography and ivACT both provided high-quality images without motion artifacts. Artifact disturbances from the aneurysm clips led to a compromised, but still sufficient, image quality in 1 case. The ivACT assessed all aneurysm remnants as true-positive up to a minimal size of 2.6 × 2.4 mm in accordance with the DSA findings. There was a tendency for ivACT to overestimate the size of the aneurysm remnants. All cases without aneurysm remnants on DSA were scored correctly as true-negative by ivACT.

Conclusions

By using an optimized image acquisition protocol as well as enhanced postprocessing algorithms, the noninvasive ivACT seems to achieve results comparable to those of conventional angiography in the follow-up of clipped cerebral aneurysms. The authors have shown that ivACT can provide reliable diagnostic information about potential aneurysm remnants after neurosurgical clipping with high sensitivity and specificity, sufficient for clinical decision making, at least for aneurysms in the anterior circulation located distal to the internal carotid artery. These preliminary results may be a promising step to replace conventional angiography by a noninvasive imaging technique in selected cases after aneurysm clipping.
Inversion of IceBridge gravity data for continental shelf bathymetry beneath the Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctica
Authors: Cochran James R. , Bell Robin E.
Published: April 2012

A possible cause for accelerated thinning and break-up of floating marine ice shelves is warming of the water in the cavity below the ice shelf. Accurate bathymetry beneath large ice shelves is crucial for developing models of the ocean circulation in the sub-ice cavities. A grid of free-air gravity data over the floating Larsen C ice shelf collected during the IceBridge 2009 Antarctic campaign was utilized to develop the first bathymetry model of the underlying continental shelf. Independent control on the continental shelf geologic structures from marine surveys was used to constrain the inversion. Depths on the continental shelf beneath the ice shelf estimated from the inversion generally range from about 350 to 650 m, but vary from <300 to >1000 m. Localized overdeepenings, 20-30 km long and 900-1000 m deep, are located in inlets just seaward of the grounding line. Submarine valleys extending seaward from the overdeepenings coalesce into two broad troughs that extend to the seaward limit of the ice shelf and appear to extend to the edge of the continental shelf. The troughs are generally at a depth of 550-700 m although the southernmost mapped trough deepens to over 1000 m near the edge of the ice shelf just south of 68° S. The combination of the newly determined bathymetry with published ice-draft determinations based on laser altimetry and radar data defines the geometry of the water-filled cavity. These newly imaged troughs provide a conduit for water to traverse the continental shelf and interact with the overlying Larsen C ice shelf and the grounding lines of the outlet glaciers.
Seismic activity and surface motion of a steep temperate glacier: a study on Triftgletscher, Switzerland
Authors: Dalban Canassy Pierre , Faillettaz Jérôme , Walter Fabian , Huss Matthias
Published: April 2012

The tongue of Triftgletscher, Switzerland, is particularly susceptible to major break-off events due to its steep slope. In order to detect precursors of such an event, we monitored the local seismic activity and detected 2426 icequakes with sources located in an area ranging between 2050 and 2350ma.s.l. Events triggered by cracks and icefalls were recorded, but no precise distinction between the two sources was possible using duration or frequency criteria. Clusters of seismic activity were located and confirmed by visual observations. We performed a surface motion analysis and found that surface motion was driven significantly by runoff changes at a timescale of 2-3 days. By means of a statistical analysis, a power-law behaviour of the released seismic energy distribution was discerned at certain times during the period investigated. Variations in power-law exponent values indicated that low- and high-energy events predominantly occurred during phases of enhanced and reduced surface motion, respectively. Substantial releases of seismic energy likely to signal the glacier recoupling were detected during phases of decreasing runoff. Clues to potential seismic precursors of break-off events are discussed.
Discrete Integrals and Axiomatically Defined Functionals
Authors: Klement Erich Peter , Mesiar Radko
Published: April 2012

Several discrete universal integrals on finite universes are discussed from an axiomatic point of view. We start from the first attempt due to B. Riemann and cover also most recent approaches based on level dependent capacities. Our survey includes, among others, the Choquet and the Sugeno integral and general copula-based integrals.
Theory of Dirac Electrons in Organic Conductors
Authors: Suzumura Yoshikazu , Kobayashi Akito
Published: April 2012

The dynamical property of electrons with the tilted Dirac cone was examined using the tilted Weyl equation. The polarization function exhibits cusps and nonmonotonic structures by varying both the frequency and the momentum. A pair of tilted Dirac cones exhibits a new plasmon for the intermediate magnitude of momentum owing to the combined effects of two tilted cones. Dirac electrons with the zero-gap state (ZGS) in organic conductor α-(BEDT-TTF)2I3 are examined by calculating the Berry curvature, which displays the peak structure for a pair of Dirac particles between the conduction band and the valence band. The ZGS is theoretically predicted for α-(BEDT-TTF)2NH4Hg(SCN)4 under uniaxial pressure. Examining the band structure of the stripe charge ordered state of α-(BEDT-TTF)2I3 under pressure, we have found a topological transition from a conventional insulator to a new phase of a pair of Dirac electrons with a finite mass. Further, investigating the zero-energy (N = 0) Landau level under a strong magnetic field, we propose ferromagnetism breaking the SU(2) valley-pseudo-spin symmetry, and the phase fluctuations of the order parameters leading to Kosterlitz-Thouless transition at lower temperatures.
The Effect of Additional Mooring Chains on the Motion Performance of a Floating Wind Turbine with a Tension Leg Platform
Authors: Ren Nianxin , Li Yugang , Ou Jinping
Published: April 2012

In this study, two types of floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) systems were proposed: a traditional tension leg platform (TLP) type and a new TLP type with additional mooring chains. They were both based on the National Renewable Energy Laboratory 5 MW offshore wind turbine model. Taking the coupled effect of dynamic response of the top wind turbine, tower support structure and lower mooring system into consideration, not only were the 1/60 scale model tests for the two floating wind turbine systems done in HIT’s wind-wave tunnel according to the typical design conditions in IEC61400-3 code, but also the numerical simulations corresponding to the scaled model tests were performed by advanced numerical tools. As a result, the numerical results displayed good agreement with the test data. Moreover, the additional mooring chains could play an active role in reducing the surge displacement, surge acceleration and typical tension leg force responses of the FOWT system, which is very beneficial for ensuring the good operational performance and the safety of the FOWT system.
Aristolactam-Type Alkaloids from Orophea enterocarpa and Their Cytotoxicities
Authors: Nayyatip Sanchai , Thaichana Pak , Buayairaksa Mongkol , Tuntiwechapikul Wirote , Meepowpan Puttinan , Nuntasaen Narong , Pompimon Wilart
Published: April 2012

A new aristolactam, named enterocarpam-III (10-amino-2,3,4,6-tetramethoxy phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid lactam, 1) together with the known alkaloid stigmalactam (2), were isolated from Orophea enterocarpa. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of interpretation of their spectroscopic data. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited significant cytotoxicities against human colon adenocarcinoma (HCT15) cell line with IC50 values of 1.68 and 1.32 μM, respectively.
Na+, K+-ATPase Subunit Composition in a Human Chondrocyte Cell Line; Evidence for the Presence of α1, α3, β1, β2 and β3 Isoforms
Authors: Mobasheri Ali , Trujillo Elisa , Arteaga Mari-Francis , Martín-Vasallo Pablo
Published: April 2012

Membrane transport systems participate in fundamental activities such as cell cycle control, proliferation, survival, volume regulation, pH maintenance and regulation of extracellular matrix synthesis. Multiple isoforms of Na+, K+-ATPase are expressed in primary chondrocytes. Some of these isoforms have previously been reported to be expressed exclusively in electrically excitable cells (i.e., cardiomyocytes and neurons). Studying the distribution of Na+, K+-ATPase isoforms in chondrocytes makes it possible to document the diversity of isozyme pairing and to clarify issues concerning Na+, K+-ATPase isoform abundance and the physiological relevance of their expression. In this study, we investigated the expression of Na+, K+-ATPase in a human chondrocyte cell line (C-20/A4) using a combination of immunological and biochemical techniques. A panel of well-characterized antibodies revealed abundant expression of the α1, β1 and β2 isoforms. Western blot analysis of plasma membranes confirmed the above findings. Na+, K+-ATPase consists of multiple isozyme variants that endow chondrocytes with additional homeostatic control capabilities. In terms of Na+, K+-ATPase expression, the C-20/A4 cell line is phenotypically similar to primary and in situ chondrocytes. However, unlike freshly isolated chondrocytes, C-20/A4 cells are an easily accessible and convenient in vitro model for the study of Na+, K+-ATPase expression and regulation in chondrocytes.
Beyond Bayes: On the Need for a Unified and Jaynesian Definition of Probability and Information within Neuroscience
Authors: Fiorillo Christopher D.
Published: April 2012

It has been proposed that the general function of the brain is inference, which corresponds quantitatively to the minimization of uncertainty (or the maximization of information). However, there has been a lack of clarity about exactly what this means. Efforts to quantify information have been in agreement that it depends on probabilities (through Shannon entropy), but there has long been a dispute about the definition of probabilities themselves. The “frequentist” view is that probabilities are (or can be) essentially equivalent to frequencies, and that they are therefore properties of a physical system, independent of any observer of the system. E.T. Jaynes developed the alternate “Bayesian” definition, in which probabilities are always conditional on a state of knowledge through the rules of logic, as expressed in the maximum entropy principle. In doing so, Jaynes and others provided the objective means for deriving probabilities, as well as a unified account of information and logic (knowledge and reason). However, neuroscience literature virtually never specifies any definition of probability, nor does it acknowledge any dispute concerning the definition. Although there has recently been tremendous interest in Bayesian approaches to the brain, even in the Bayesian literature it is common to find probabilities that are purported to come directly and unconditionally from frequencies. As a result, scientists have mistakenly attributed their own information to the neural systems they study. Here I argue that the adoption of a strictly Jaynesian approach will prevent such errors and will provide us with the philosophical and mathematical framework that is needed to understand the general function of the brain. Accordingly, our challenge becomes the identification of the biophysical basis of Jaynesian information and logic. I begin to address this issue by suggesting how we might identify a probability distribution over states of one physical system (an “object”) conditional only on the biophysical state of another physical system (an “observer”). The primary purpose in doing so is not to characterize information and inference in exquisite, quantitative detail, but to be as clear and precise as possible about what it means to perform inference and how the biophysics of the brain could achieve this goal.
4-{[(4-Bromophenyl)imino]methyl}-3-hydroxyphenyl 4-(Hexadecanoyloxy)benzoate
Authors: Ha Sie-Tiong , Yeap Guan-Yeow , Boey Peng-Lim
Published: April 2012

A new Schiff base ester, 4-{[(4-bromophenyl)imino]methyl}-3-hydroxyphenyl 4-(hexadecanoyloxy)benzoate was synthesized and its IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and MS spectroscopic data are presented.
Anti-Tumour Promoting Activity and Antioxidant Properties of Girinimbine Isolated from the Stem Bark of Murraya koenigii S.
Authors: Kok Yih Yih , Mooi Lim Yang , Ahmad Kartini , Sukari Mohd Aspollah , Mat Nashriyah , Rahmani Mawardi , Ali Abdul Manaf
Published: April 2012

Girinimbine, a carbazole alkaloid isolated from the stem bark of Murraya koenigii was tested for the in vitro anti-tumour promoting and antioxidant activities. Anti-tumour promoting activity was determined by assaying the capability of this compound to inhibit the expression of early antigen of Epstein-Barr virus (EA-EBV) in Raji cells that was induced by the tumour promoter, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. The concentration of this compound that gave an inhibition rate at fifty percent was 6.0 µg/mL and was not cytotoxic to the cells. Immunoblotting analysis of the expression of EA-EBV showed that girinimbine was able to suppress restricted early antigen (EA-R). However, diffused early antigen (EA-D) was partially suppressed when used at 32.0 µg/mL. Girinimbine exhibited a very strong antioxidant activity as compared to a-tocopherol and was able to inhibit superoxide generation in the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced differentiated premyelocytic HL-60 cells more than 95%, when treated with the compound at 5.3 and 26.3 µg/mL, respectively. However girinimbine failed to scavenge the stable diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH)-free radical.
The Rotational Barrier in Ethane: A Molecular Orbital Study
Authors: Quijano-Quiñones Ramiro F. , Quesadas-Rojas Mariana , Cuevas Gabriel , Mena-Rejón Gonzalo J.
Published: April 2012

The energy change on each Occupied Molecular Orbital as a function of rotation about the C-C bond in ethane was studied using the B3LYP, mPWB95 functional and MP2 methods with different basis sets.Also, the effect of the ZPE on rotational barrier was analyzed. We have found that σ and π energies contribution stabilize a staggered conformation. The σs molecular orbital stabilizes the staggered conformation while the stabilizes the eclipsed conformation and destabilize the staggered conformation. The πz and molecular orbitals stabilize both the eclipsed and staggered conformations, which are destabilized by the πv and molecular orbitals. The results show that the method of calculation has the effect of changing the behavior of the energy change in each Occupied Molecular Orbital energy as a function of the angle of rotation about the C–C bond in ethane. Finally, we found that if the molecular orbital energy contribution is deleted from the rotational energy, an inversion in conformational preference occurs.
Templated Formation of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles from Self-Assembled Nanogels Containing Tricarboxylate Groups
Authors: Sasaki Yoshihiro , Yamane Setsuko , Kurosu Kei , Sawada Shin-Ichi , Akiyoshi Kazunari
Published: April 2012

Nanosized hydroxyapatite (HAp) materials have received much attention in the context of their advanced biomedical applications, including tissue engineering and drug delivery systems. Hybridization of nanosized HAp with organic molecules is a promising approach to facilitate the preparation of HAp nanomaterials. Here, templated mineralization using self-assembled nanogels modified with tricarboxylate groups was performed to yield the hybrid HAp nanomaterial. In the pH gradient method, the nanogel acted as an excellent template for the formation of well-dispersed HAp particles. Transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction patterns and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy of these particles revealed that amorphous nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate formed first, followed by transformation to crystalline hydroxyapatite.
Scenario Archetypes: Converging Rather than Diverging Themes
Authors: Hunt Dexter V. L. , Lombardi D. Rachel , Atkinson Stuart , Barber Austin R. G. , Barnes Matthew , Boyko Christopher T. , Brown Julie , Bryson John , Butler David , Caputo Silvio , Caserio Maria , Coles Richard , Cooper Rachel F. D. , Farmani Raziyeh , Gaterell Mark , Hale James , Hales Chantal , Hewitt C. Nicholas , Jankovic Lubo , Jefferson I. , Leach J. , MacKenzie A. Rob , Memon Fayyaz Ali , Sadler Jon P. , Weingaertner Carina , Whyatt J. Duncan , Rogers Christopher D. F.
Published: April 2012

Future scenarios provide challenging, plausible and relevant stories about how the future could unfold. Urban Futures (UF) research has identified a substantial set (>450) of seemingly disparate scenarios published over the period 1997–2011 and within this research, a sub-set of >160 scenarios has been identified (and categorized) based on their narratives according to the structure first proposed by the Global Scenario Group (GSG) in 1997; three world types (Business as Usual, Barbarization, and Great Transitions) and six scenarios, two for each world type (Policy Reform—PR, Market Forces—MF, Breakdown—B, Fortress World—FW, Eco-Communalism—EC and New Sustainability Paradigm—NSP). It is suggested that four of these scenario archetypes (MF, PR, NSP and FW) are sufficiently distinct to facilitate active stakeholder engagement in futures thinking. Moreover they are accompanied by a well-established, internally consistent set of narratives that provide a deeper understanding of the key fundamental drivers (e.g., STEEP—Social, Technological, Economic, Environmental and Political) that could bring about realistic world changes through a push or a pull effect. This is testament to the original concept of the GSG scenarios and their development and refinement over a 16 year period.
A Novel Experience of Antiviral Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis B in Renal Transplant Recipients
Authors: Hu Tsung-Hui , Tsai Ming-Chao , Chien Yu-Shu , Chen Yen-Ta , Chen Te-Chuan , Lin Ming-Tzung , Chang Kuo-Chin , Chiu King-Wah
Published: April 2012

Background

Entecavir (ETV) is a potent inhibitor of viral replication in chronic hepatitis B. There is no published data concerning ETV therapy in nucleoside analogue (NUC)-naive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive renal transplant recipients (RTRs).

Methods

We prospectively treated 27 HBsAg-positive RTRs with ETV since 2007. Serial HBV DNA was assessed at baseline and weeks 12, 24, 52 and 104 after treatment. A cohort of 19 patients who received 2-year lamivudine (3TC) therapy during 2004–2007 was used as a historical control.

Results

Of the 27 RTRs, 18 (67%) were NUC-naive patients and 9 (33%) were 3TC-experienced without YMDD mutations. HBV DNA levels became undetectable in 70%, 74%, 96% and 100% of patients after 12, 24, 52 and 104 weeks, respectively, of ETV treatment without viral resistance. There was no change of glomerular filtration rate, and no lactic acidosis or myopathy during treatment. By comparison with the 19 3TC-treated patients, ETV-treated RTRs presented higher rates of undetectable HBV DNA than 3TC-treated RTRs (32%, 37%, 63% and 63% at 12, 24, 52 and 104 weeks; P<0.005). In an analysis excluding 9 patients from the ETV group who were also 3TC-experienced, the remaining 18 ETV-naive RTRs exhibited a better virological response at 52 and 104 weeks than 19 3TC-treated RTRs ( P<0.05). Even in the 9 patients who overlapped in two cohorts, ETV exhibited a more rapid virological response than 3TC did, especially at 12 and 24 weeks ( P=0.009).

Conclusions

ETV is effective in treating chronic hepatitis B in RTRs. ETV is safe with regards to renal graft function, lactic acidosis, myopathy and virological resistance.
Des mots pour la maladie mentale des parents
Authors: Rojas Rafael
Published: April 2012

Résumé Les enfants de parent en souffrance psychique sont confrontés à la toxicité de la pathologie parentale et ils peuvent d’autant moins s’en protéger qu’ils la comprennent peu ou mal. Ils la subissent. Les professionnels de la santé ont une responsabilité d’aide et de protection des enfants dans ces cas-là. Ils peuvent leur expliquer les troubles pathologiques et leurs effets sur la parentalité, avec l’accord et la participation des parents malades. Cette démarche, qui nécessite beaucoup de préparation, de prudence et de continuité, pourra permettre à ces enfants de moins subir la pathologie parentale et d’être actifs dans la construction d’un environnement suffisamment bon.
Dynamique transférentielle, famille et institution
Authors: Houssier Florian
Published: April 2012

Résumé La parole du psychanalyste avec un patient psychotique peut être vécue comme porteuse d’une dangereuse altérité, ouvrant la voie d’un travail d’errance, voire de souffrance ; elle prend le risque de dire ce que le patient ne peut entendre. À partir de la psychothérapie engagée avec un patient adulte psychotique au sein d’un hôpital de jour, l’article explore trois registres différenciés mais liés de la problématique de ce patient : la dynamique transférentielle, l’environnement familial et l’institution soignante. La référence aux travaux de W. Bion permet d’illustrer les concepts de confusion et d’identification projective.
Esquives et disputes conjugales
Authors: Berthou Aurelien
Published: April 2012

Résumé Comment les conjoints tentent-ils d’esquiver une dispute conjugale ? Dans quelles conditions et pour quelle réussite ? Lorsqu’un désaccord éclate entre les conjoints, devenant si intense qu’une dispute est sur le point de venir bousculer le paisible cours de l’interaction, l’idée d’y participer n’est pas toujours du goût de chacun d’entre eux. L’objectif d’esquiver la dispute peut alors devenir un idéal à atteindre à travers de nombreux procédés. À partir d’une vingtaine d’entretiens semi-directifs menés auprès de jeunes conjoints, nous montrerons que le jeu sur l’affectif, les divers types d’excuses, les proches peuvent constituer des tentatives d’esquive de la dispute conjugale. Mais qui dit tentative ne dit pas réussite…
Le socius : un espace de figuration et de reprise psychique
Authors: Blanquet Brigitte , Menut Xavier
Published: April 2012

Résumé La clinique contemporaine confronte à des problématiques psychiques qui s’exportent, se mettent en scène hors des murs institutionnels. Le champ social, premier dépositaire, constitue une surface élective de projection de ces problématiques, en vue d’une figuration. La souffrance psychique des sujets s’adresse à l’autre, à plus d’un autre, avec comme objectif une réappropriation subjective de ce qui jusqu’alors est resté en panne, énigmatique et insensé. Cet article vient interroger le socius en tant qu’espace de reprise, espoir pour ces problématiques que l’adresse à l’autre accompagne le traitement des pannes subjectives. Il montre comment le dispositif « hébergement accompagné » opère auprès d’adolescents et relance, en appui sur les liens d’une équipe « psychoéducative », un travail d’élaboration.
Approche interculturelle de la dépression post-partum
Authors: Diop Ismahan S.
Published: April 2012

Résumé La dépression post-partum est un épisode dépressif majeur. L’article s’interroge sur les causes de ce trouble et sur ses différents aspects selon les cultures. À travers l’analyse d’un cas clinique et de la littérature, il tente de reconnaître les origines de ce trouble dans l’enfance. Il semble en effet que la structuration de la personnalité féminine, notamment au sortir du complexe d’Œdipe, ainsi que les interactions mère-bébé seraient des facteurs déterminants pour l’acceptation par la femme de son rôle de mère. La culture serait une variable importante dans la gestion de ce trouble.
Autorité parentale légale, autorité parentale légitime
Authors: Benghozi Pierre
Published: April 2012

Résumé Après avoir distingué la notion d’autorité parentale légitime par rapport à l’autorité parentale légale dans une référence psychanalytique du lien, l’auteur illustre, à partir d’exemples de TFP et de situations psychosociales, l’intérêt de l’écoute d’une telle distinction dans la compréhension de l’émergence des processus de violence intra-familiale et institutionnelle. L’auteur explicite les enjeux des secrets familiaux à l’interface entre la construction du lien et la référence à la loi dans les familles incestueuses.
Odyssées au sein d'un dispositif trans-institutionnel
Authors: Barraband Maryvonne
Published: April 2012

Résumé Le remaniement pubertaire suscite une réactivation de l’agir impulsif, fortement déstabilisateur et potentiellement destructeur quand il fait effraction dans l’appareil groupo-familial. C’est le temps des passages à l’acte qui conduisent la famille devant la justice. Ces adolescents, véritables contrebandiers de matériel excitant, n’entendent pas la loi, ils détruisent les lieux éducatifs, mettent en péril les placements familiaux classiques, et ignorent les lieux de soin. La création d’un dispositif trans-institutionnel, reposant sur des espaces transitionnels offerts par des familles d’accueil bénéficiant d’une écoute analytique, permet de soigner les manifestations désorganisatrices avant de les traiter. Ce dispositif représente aussi, pour les éducateurs soumis aux projections violentes et confusionantes, « une aire de décontamination psychique ».
L'adoption : entre fantasmes familiaux et réalité juridique
Authors: Féres-Carneiro Terezinha , Levy Lidia
Published: April 2012

Résumé Tout projet d’adoption révèle, parallèlement au désir explicite d’avoir un enfant, des nécessités spécifiques de chacun des conjoints, des reflets de leur histoire psychique, qui vont se répercuter dans la relation qu’ils établiront avec cet enfant. Dans cet article, les auteurs considèrent la question de l’adoption à partir de la discussion sur l’établissement du sentiment de filiation, la spécificité du lien d’adoption et la fantasmatique qui se développe avec l’arrivée de l’enfant adoptif. Ils présentent et discutent aussi quelques données sur le processus d’adoption au Brésil et plus spécifiquement dans la ville de Rio de Janeiro.
Le groupe dans le soin institutionnel en psychiatrie
Authors: Koepp Maeva
Published: April 2012

Résumé Les mécanismes du soin institutionnel sont étudiés à travers l’observation des réunions patients-soignants dans un service de psychiatrie pour adolescents. Les effets thérapeutiques de la prise en charge groupale, de la fiabilité du cadre, du travail d’équipe, sont mis en relation avec les problématiques des limites, du narcissisme, des identifications, et le besoin particulier des adolescents d’un étayage fiable mais qui doit rester discret.
L'adolescence : une manière de se défaire tout en se faisant
Authors: Gonzalès Jean-Pierre
Published: April 2012

Résumé À partir de l’exemple d’une situation de thérapie familiale psychanalytique, l’auteur montre le poids du secret familial transgénérationnel comme facteur désorganisateur et inhibiteur du processus de séparation psychique et réelle de l’adolescent d’avec sa famille. L’infantile des parents figé et fixé, en l’occurrence par le secret du père, se déploie à travers le processus thérapeutique (transfert du groupe familial et contre-transfert de l’analyste) jusqu’à retrouver une dynamique créatrice. Ainsi, la reprise élaborative des “messages énigmatiques” par la libre circulation fantasmatique familiale retrouvée, redonne sécurité, et réorganise l’espace familial groupal, la place et le rôle de chacun.
Les jeux vidéo en famille
Authors: Fichez Élisabeth , Gellereau Michèle
Published: April 2012

Résumé Au sein de la famille, les parents sont davantage préoccupés par leur rôle d’éducateur que par son rôle de médiateur capable de comprendre le rapport de leurs enfants au jeu. Il s’ensuit que, certes, les enfants jouent physiquement dans l’espace familial, mais le partage du plaisir et les relations sociales tissées par le jeu se vivent principalement en dehors de la sphère familiale, à travers d’autres médiations et par le biais d’autres médiateurs.
La place des écrans dans la vie familiale : une enquête sociologique
Authors: Pasquier Dominique
Published: April 2012

Résumé Cet article présente les résultats pour la France d’une enquête comparative européenne sur les pratiques médiatiques des 6 / 17 ans. Il analyse les transformations sociologiques liées à l’usage de plus en plus intensif des écrans (télévision, ordinateur, consoles de jeu) et s’interroge sur leur impact sur les relations familiales dans différents milieux sociaux. Ces transformations, comment sont-elles gérées dans les relations familiales ?