bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Further Effects of the Defoliation of Cordia macrostachya (Jacq.) R. and S.
Authors: Simmonds F. J.
Published: January 2010

In connection with an attempt at the biological control of the weed Cordia macrostachya in Mauritius (see Simmonds 1948) information was required as to the effect on the plant of periodic defoliation similar to that caused by leaf-eating beetles, two species of which showed promise for introduction from the West Indies against the weed. In spite of the obvious general importance of the effect that defoliation by insects has on plants very little work has been done to determine in any particular case the manner in which a plant reacts to damage of this nature. With Cordia it was particularly important to ascertain what effect, if any, defoliation has on inflorescence and seed production.
Descriptions of Larvae of Several Species of the Genus Zale (Lepidoptera: Phalaenidae)
Authors: MacKay Margaret R.
Published: January 2010

The larvae of the genus Zale, unlike typical phalaenid larvae, are long and slender, and taper anteriorly and posterioriy. The anterior pairs of abdominal prolegs are reduced in size, and the anal prolegs are usually extended behind the body. The species are closely related to those of the genus Cntocala, with which they should not be confused.

The nomenclature of the conifer-feeding species is that used by McDunnough (1943) in his revision of the obliqua-metatata group, and the species lineosa (Walker) is the species to which Morrison's names galbanata and penna are referable (Franklemont, 1950).
The Specificity of Host Relations in Predacious Insects
Authors: Thompson W. R.
Published: January 2010

It is well known that no living organism can continue to multiply indefinitely. Sooner or later environmental factors combine to slow down the rate of increase and eventually bring it to a halt. This is the phenomenon we call “natural control”. Among the environmental factors responsible for the natural control of insect pests, parasitic and predacious insects sometimes play an important part.
Mordellidae of Prince Edward County, Ontario (Coleoptera)
Authors: Brimley J. F.
Published: January 2010

While rearranging a collection of Mordellidae taken in Prince Edward County, Ontario, during many years of collecting, it was found that records from Canada were few in the publications available. Perhaps the following records will add a little to the knowledge of distribution of this group. The nomenclature and arrangement follow Liljeblad (1945, Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool. Misc. Publ. 62).
On the True Identity of Geophilus huronicus Meinert and the Presence of Geophilus longicornis Leach in North America (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Geophilidae)
Authors: Crabill Ralph E.
Published: January 2010

In 1886 Meinert described a new centipede from New England which he called Geophilus huronicus. This centipede, characterized at some length and with considerable accuracy in the original description. is peculiar in that it is rather unlike any other known North American member of the genus. Perhaps for that reason, as well as because he had never seen huronicus, Attems placed it in his long roster of questionable New World species.
A Study of the GenusParadejeaniaBrauer and Bergenstamm (Diptera: Tachinidae or Larvaevoridae)
Authors: Arnaud Paul H.
Published: January 2010

This study of the genusParadejeaniaBrauer and Bergenstamm was originally undertaken to determine the status to be accorded the western North American representative of this genus. It has been concluded that the single North American species of this genus–rutilioides–is polytypic, so that a new subspecies is proposed for the western North American form. An undescribed species from Colombia has also been available for study, through the kindness of Dr. C. Howard Curran, and is herein described, thus establishing the occurrence of the genusParadejeaniain South America.
The Identity and Generic Position of Chauliodes disjunctus Walker (Megaloptera: Corydalidae)
Authors: Munroe E. G.
Published: January 2010

Walker (1866) described Chauliodes disjunctus on the basis of a single female from Vancouver Island. Davis (1903) identified males and females from California as belonging to this species and noted that the male antennae were pilose and as long as the head and thorax combined. Supposing Davis' observation to have been based on a broken specimen, van der Weele (1910) referred C. disjunctus to Neohermes Banks, 1908, as a close ally and probable synonym of Neohermes californicus (Walker), a species in the male of which the antennae are as long as the body and are provided with segmental whorls of long hair.
A Note on Dipterous Predators of the European Red Mite, Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch)
Authors: Boyce H. R. , LeRoux E. J.
Published: January 2010

During the latter part of August and early in September, 1950, dolichopodid flies were observed feeding on adults of the European red mite on apple foliage, untreated with acaricides, in the Science Service orchard, Harrow, Ontario.

Specimens were determined by Mr. J. R. Vockeroth, Systematic Entomology, Division of Entomology, Ottawa, as follows: Condylostylus sipho (Say), Laxina nigrofemoratus (Wlk.), and Diaphorus or Chrysotus sp.
A Review of the Nearctic Species of Lasiopleura (Diptera, Chloropidae)
Authors: Sabrosky Curtis W.
Published: January 2010

The genus Lasiopleura Becker is peculiar in the family Chloropidae in the unusual development of the chaetotaxy of head and thorax. It is apparently an ancient group, with representatives in all the faunal regions. A number of generic names have been proposed, and a thorough study of the species of the world may show that some of them can be maintained, either as genera or as subgenera, though perhaps on different bases from those on which they were proposed. The group is especially rich in species in Australia and the South Pacific area.
A Technique for Mass-Marking Honeybees
Authors: Smith M. V. , Townsend G. F.
Published: January 2010

The study of honeybee behaviour and activity requires, among other things, some means of positively identifying both individuals and groups of honeybees. Research workers have for years applied quick during paints to the thorax or abdomen of the honeybee for this purpose. However, where large numbers of bees must be marked, the hand application of paints is a rather slow and tedious procedure and at its best allows for the marking of a comparatively small number of insects.
Trends in Research in the Division of Entomology
Authors: Glen Robert
Published: January 2010

The research program of the Division of Entomology is steadily evolving as surely as are the insects themselves. The broad outlines of today's program have been shaped through the years by central administrative policies, by the nature and significance of the problems encountered, and by the pressure of public demand; the detail has been affected primarily by the availability of trained staff and research facilities, by the quality of local leadership, and by pertinent developments in sister sciences. All of these are continuing influences, which, together with important recent developments and some weighty unpredictables, will determine the nature and scope of tomorrow's program. But certain trends in research seem clear. The subject is discussed under three main headings, with a final summarizing statement.
Species of Eupithecia Reared in the Forest Insect Survey in British Columbia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)
Authors: MacKay Margaret R.
Published: January 2010

The majority of specimens on which the following descriptions are based were collected as larvae and reared to maturity in British Columbia in the Forest Insect Survey, Forest Insect Investigations. Though this procedure has certain definite advantages, it presents some difficulties in description, the adults often being darker in colour and smaller in size than those captured in flight. It was also observed that the structures of the genitalia are sometimes more delicate in reared specimens, so that single adults were, at times, difficult to associate with the descriptions and with genitalia mounts in the Canadian National Collection. Five new species, a new subspecies, and the previously unknown female of a sixth species are described in this paper. Brief notes on the biology, the distribution, and host plants of some previously recorded species have also been included.
Organization of a Scientific Paper
Authors: Glen Robert
Published: January 2010

Good organization of a scientific paper benefits both the writer and the reader. It enables the author to develop his subject systematically and logically, and to attain his objective with greater clarity, brevity, and emphasis. It provides the reader with a plan that he can follow and so keeps him attuned throughout to the writer's thought sequence. This contributes to comfortable reading and to better communication of information—worthy objectives in any type of writing. Lack of organization leads to confusion for both writer and reader.
Additions to the List of Ichneumonoidea from Alberta
Authors: Strickland E. H.
Published: January 2010

In 1946, the writer published a list of 482 species of Ichneumonoidea which included all representatives of this group contained in the University collection or which had been elsewhere recorded as occurring in Alberta. As a result of the continued generosity of Dr. H. K. Townes in naming locally collected material for us, we have, subsequently, made consistent efforts to obtain as complete a representation of the Alhertan species in this group as time and opportunity have permitted. It is now possible to add about 170 species to the former list.
New or Noteworthy Records of Canadian Odonata
Authors: Walker E. M.
Published: January 2010

Since the publication of Whitehouse's Catalogue of the Odonata of Canada and Alaska (1) several papers on Canadian Odonata have appeared that have added to our knowledge of the composition and distribution of this order of insects in Canada. Two species have been added to the Canadian list, viz., Celithemis martha Wmsn. from Nova Scotia by Cook (2) and Somatochlora sahlbergi Trybom from the Mackenzie District N.W.T., by Walker (3). Cook adds also the following that are new to Nova Scotia: Enallagma cyathigerum Charp., Gomphus spicatus Hagen, G. ventricosus Walsh, Celithemis elisa Hagen, Libellula pulchella Drury, L. Lydia Drury and L. luctuosa Burm.; and one new to New Brunswick, Aeshna interrupta interrupta Walk. Walker (3) adds two to Labrador (Lestes disjunctus Selys and Libellula quadrimaculata L.), two to Manitoba (Somatochlora septentrionalis Hagen and Leucorrhinia patricia Walk.) and four to the Mackenzie District, N.W.T. (Lestes congener Hagen, Nehallenia irene Hagen, Somatochlora albicincta Burm. and Sympetrum obtrusum Hagen) besides Somatochlora sahlbergi, already mentioned. He also gives a list of 14 species from the Yukon Territory, from which only two species were previously known .
New North American Muscoid Diptera
Authors: Reinhard H. J.
Published: January 2010

The new forms described below constitute an interesting addition to the sarcophagine fauna of several western states and one eastern. I am indebted to the collectors indicated below for the privilege of studying the material accredited to them. Types of the new species based upon Kansas University material are returned for deposit in the Snow Entomological Collections as mentioned under the descriptions; all others are retained by permission in my collection.
Efficiency of Grasshopper Baits in Relation to Time of Day of Application
Authors: Handford R. H. , Putnam L. G.
Published: January 2010

Literature on grasshopper control published hetween 1930 and 1942 stressed the desirability of applying poisoned bait when grasshoppers begin their first main feeding period of the day. Such pubiications include those by Parker (1930). Parker, Walton, and Shotwell (1932), Criddle (1932). Ruggles and Aamodt (1938), and Bird (1940). Parker (1930) found that the lesser migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus mexicanus mexicanus (Sauss.), fed sparingly on baits at air temperatures between 55°F. and 63°F., more actively between 64°F. and 67°F., and most actively between 68°F. and 78°F. A rapid decrease in feeding occurred when air temperature rose above 80°F. or the soil surface temperature above 113°F. Much the same relationship held also for the clear-winged grasshopper, Cammula pellucida (Scudd.). On the basis of such observations it was decided chat an air temperature of 68°F. might be classed as optimum for beginning the application of bait. Parker did not, however, indicate the degree of mortality resulting from such feeding; the other writers gave no experimental data.
The Proventriculus of the Diamond Beetle, Entimus nobilis Oliv. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: January 2010

The diamond beetle, Entimus nobilis Oliv., is a weevil whose larva causes irregular tubercles on the woody tissues of the twining vine Stigmaphyllum littorale Juss., cultivated in the American tropics. Bruch (1932) reports that the adult weevil may be from 10 to 28 mm. in length. The specimens in which the proventriculus was examined were adults 28 mm. long from a series of pinned insects collected in Brazil.
Another Method of Rearing Grasshoppers (Orthoptera) in the Laboratory
Authors: Smith R. W.
Published: January 2010

Numerous methods of rearing grasshoppers under laboratory conditions have been described (Brett, 1947; Carothers, 1937; Haydak, 1942; Parker, 1930). One now used at the Belleville laboratom to provide hosts for small-scale propagation of parasites has been very satisfictory for the rearing of several species of Cyrtacanthacrinae and Oedipodinae. It most closely resembles rhe method described by Haydak (1942), but requires only one type of cage. The rearing is done in a room with a constant temperature of 24°C. and a relative humidity of 50-60 per cent. The method described is dependent upon the use of field-collected eggs.
The Life-History and Galls of a Spruce Gall Midge, Phytophaga piceae Felt (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: Smith C. C.
Published: January 2010

The adults of Phytophaga piceae Felt were described (1) from shoots of white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss., collected in Manitoba by Swaine in 1926. Felt stated that the shoots suggested the galls of Chermes similis Gill., but he did not describe them. The life-history was unknown. Twigs of white spruce showing damage of a similar nature were collected by Swaine at Fort Coulonge, P.Q., in 1919, but no adults were obtained from this sample.
A New Braconid from Mexico
Authors: Martin John C.
Published: January 2010

In revising the genus Triaspis Haliday, as found in North America north of Mexico, the author studied an undescribed species from Mexico. This form is a parasite of Apion godmani Wagner, a weevil of economic importance. This paper provides a name and a description for this new parasite.

The author is most grateful to Dr. V. S. L. Pate of Cornell University for his helpful criticism of the manuscript, and also to Mr. C. F. W. Muesebeck of the U.S. National Museum for the loan of material, and to Dr. Arthur C. Smith of Cornell University for the specimens collected while he was studying the biology of the host in Mexico.
A New Species of Scaphytopius (Cloanthanus), with a Key to the Canadian Species (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
Authors: Beirne Bryan P.
Published: January 2010

The following is a description of a new species of leafhopper from Eastern Canada of the subgenus Cloanthanus of the genus Scaphytopius. A key to the known Canadian species of Cloanthanus is included. Two of these species, angustatus (Osb.) and argutus DeL., do not appear to have been recorded previously for Canada. The key is based primarily on structures of the male genitalia, as these show the most reliable specific characters. External characters of colour, markings, and structure are often unreliable, because of the variation that occurs. There is occasionally some variation in the genitalic characters, notably in the degrees of curvature of the paraphyses, but the general shape of each structure is sufficiently constant to provide reliable specific characters. This subgenus, which was revised by Hepner (1947), is poorly represented in Canada, as the majority of the species have southerly distributions in North America. The
common Canadian species is acutus (Say), followed by latus (Baker); the remaining species are more restricted in their ranges and distributions in Canada.
A Method of Measuring Pollinator Populations on Field Crops
Authors: Smith M. V. , Townsend G. F.
Published: January 2010

The seed production of many field crops, and in particular of legumes, depends to a large degree upon the number of pollinating insects present in the field during the blooming period. A study of the various factors affecting seed production requires, among other things, a knowledge of the population of pollinating insects present, and a ready means of comparing pollinator populations from one field to another. To obtain this information some means must be employed to count and classify the pollinating insects in the field.
New Canadian Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae).I
Authors: Shewell G. E.
Published: January 2010

The following descriptions of new species of black flies are based on material acquired from several sources in the Division of Entomology. The largest collections were made by field parties engaged in the Northern Insect Survey, a project commenced in 1947 and conducted by the Division in co-operation with the National Defence Research Board. Much of the simuliid material accumulated by this survey still remains to he examined and it will be several years before the valuable data on species distribution that it contains can be assembled into a form suitable for publication. Several collections of northern material have also been contributed by officers of the Household and Medical Entomology Unit. The rest of the material is the outcome of rnp own field studies in the Ottawa district, These studies, comnenced in 1949 and still continuing, are on a much smaller scale than the northern work and are designed chiefly to increase my knowledge of the group and to verify or supplement certain aspects of the work done by Twinn (1) in this area.
Timing of DDT Applications for Control of Caterpillars on Cabbage
Authors: Matthewman W. G. , Harcourt D. G. , Perron J. P.
Published: January 2010

Three species of caterpillars commonly attack cabbage at Ottawa, namely, the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.), the larva of the diamondback moth, Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) and the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hbn.). All three species are readily controlled with DDT sprays or dusts but the timing of the applications is imporrant. Growers sometimes begin dusting or spraying too early, wasting one or more applications, or they delay the first application until mid-August, when severe damage has already occurred. This paper is a report on four seasons' experiments at Ottawa, 1947 to 1950, to determine the number and timing of applications of DDT required for control of caterpillars on late cabbage.
Identification of Bombyliid Parasites and Hyperparasites of Phalaenidae of the Prairie Provinces of Canada, with Descriptions of Six Other Bombyliid Pupae (Diptera)
Authors: Brooks A. R.
Published: January 2010

For many years studies of cutworm bionomics and control, especially of pest species, have been carried on in the Prairie Provinces of Canada. During these studies a number of cutworm parasites and hyperparasites of the bombyliid generaPoecilanthraxOsten Sacken,VillaLioy, andHemipentherLoew have been encountered. These species do not appear to be important factors in the natural control of cutworms, for they cause from two to five per cent of the total parasitism. No detailed data are available on the life-history of any of the species.
On Mioctenopsylla Rothschild, a Genus of Siphonaptera (Ceratophyllidae), with Description of a New Species
Authors: Holland George P. , Jellison William L.
Published: January 2010

The formerly monotypic genus Mioctenopsylla Rothschild, 1922, was erected to accommodate an unusual ceratophyllid flea collected from nests of the kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla ssp., during the Norwegian Expedition to Novaya Zemlya in 1921. Although it could be assigned to Jordan's “Group C” of Ceratophyllus s. lat., this species, described as M. arctica Rothschild, differed in many remarkable ways from all other species and genera of the group. The spines of the pronatal ctenidium, large and deeply pigmented in all other Ceratophyllidae, are reduced in Mioctenopsylla to short, pale structures that could easily be overlooked (Fig. 7). Other characters of the genus not found elsewhere in the Ceratophyllidae include denticulate dorsal margins to the abdominal terga, numerous minute punctuations on the sterna, and narrow mid- and hind-coxae, as well as distinctive sexual features.
Facets of Insect Surveys
Authors: Ross Herbert H.
Published: January 2010

I believe that in the main insect surveys have been initiated each because of some definite need. In the case of surveys of pest species, such as the chinch bug, corn borer, or budworms, the need has been the necessity of obtaining accurate knowledge of population densities and areas of infestation, this to serve as a basis for predicting economic losses or extent of needed control operations.

In most instances general faunistic surveys have had a more roundabout motivation. This kind of a surrey usually starts out as an identification service, its aim to tell whether or not suspected insects are injurious or beneficial, and if injurious, how much so, and what is known regarding the control of the species. Here again the desire to predict is uppermost in our mind, as with the case of pest surveys. Difficulties always arise in distinguishing injurious from closely related non-injurious forms, or in being sure how many kinds of insects are involved in one groop or another. In attempting to solve these problems we gradually arrive at the point where we want to know how many kinds of all insects there are in a region, and how to tell them apart.
Some Aphids of the GenusAphisfrom the Maritime Provinces of Canada
Authors: MacGillivray M. E.
Published: January 2010

Several writers (Baker, 1917; Patch, 1917, 1918, 1923) have published descriptions and keys for the aphids of the eastern United States. Many of these aphids are found in the Maritime Provinces of Canada. The only published list of the aphids of the latter area is that of Burnham (1938).

The following is a preliminary list for the Maritime Provinces of the aphids of the genusAphis; collections have been made in various years since 1934. Notes on the dates of collections, hosts, and localities are given for most of the species.
The Spruce Bud Midge, Rhabdophaga swainei Felt (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera)
Authors: Clark J.
Published: January 2010

In May, 1948, numerous malformed buds were collected from young spruce trees at Fredericton, N.B. These enlarged buds were about 7 mm. long and 4 mm. in diameter, with lateral scales reflexed and their rosette-like apices loose and open. Dipterous adults emerged in a few days and their identification as Rhabdophaga swainei Felt was confirmed by G. E. Shewell, Systematic Unit, Division of Entomology, Ottawa.

The only references in the literature are Felt's (1) original description of the adults and a mention of the gall by the same author (2).

The following notes are based on field observations made at intervals through 1948 and early 1949 near Fredericton, N.B.
Hymenopterous Parasites of Choristoneura pinus Free. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Canada
Authors: Walley G. Stuart
Published: January 2010

The following list of hymenopterous parasites of Choristoneura pinus Free. is based on an analysis of two collections that the writer recently received through the kindness of Dr. T. N. Freeman. The first collection consisted of 116 mature larvae and pupae of C. pinus taken by Dr. Freeman at Normandale (Norfolk Co.), Ont., early in July, 1951, in a plantation of Pinus banksiana Lamb. Rearings from this lot, at Ottawa, by Dr. Freeman and the writer yielded 48 moths and 41 specimens of parasites, the latter comprising 10 species. There was a pupal mortality of 27 specimens. The second collection consisted of 75 adult parasites that were reared at Ottawa by Dr. Freeman from a lot of 456 pupae of C. pinus taken by Mr. V. Hildahl at Beauséjour, Man., during July, 1951, on P. banksiana. There were five species of parasites in this collection, three of which are not represented in the Normandale material.
The North American Species of Cicadula (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
Authors: Beirne Bryan P. , Young David A.
Published: January 2010

In routine work on leafhoppers of the genus Cicadula Zetterstedt (1840, p. 296) (=Cyperana DeLong, 1936, p. 218) it was impossible to name many specimens satisfactory. The chief reasons were the inadequacy of the descriptions in the literature and the fact that the extent of the individual and the local variation had not been appreciated. Because of the latter, some species apparently had been described under several names.
A New Type of Coprometer for Laboratory and Field Use
Authors: Green G W. , Henson W. R.
Published: January 2010

It is often desirable to establish the relationship between the amount of feeding of an insect and the prevailing meteorological conditions. With colonial insects, especially, it is difficult to determine visually whether members of a colony are feeding heavily, moderately, or lightly. If periodic measurements of frass drop are made, more reliable information may be obtained, for such measurements have proved to be reliable indicators of the intensity of feeding (Gornitz (1933); Monro (1935; Morris (1949), and Taranukha (1937)).
Notes on the Bionomics of Some Ontario Cercopids (Homoptera)
Authors: Putman Wm. L.
Published: January 2010

When Manns (1939) reported that the meadow spittlebug, Philaenus leucophthalmus (L.), was a vector of peach yellows, the investigations on the bionomics of vectors of peach virus diseases then being carried on in the Niagara Peninsula were expanded to include this species. During the rearing of large numbers of nymphs to determine the host plants and habitats of P. leucophthalmus some other species of cercopids were also encountered.
The Influence of Food on Cold Hardiness of Insects
Authors: Salt R. W.
Published: January 2010

There is ample evidence that many plants overwintering in cold regions undergo a hardening process in the fall that enables them to survive lower temperatures than they otherwise could (Levitt, 1941). It is generally assumed by entomologists that a similar acquisition of cold hardiness protects those insects that require it. It is the purpose of this paper to examine the evidence that insects develop cold hardiness, and to present new evidence regarding its acquisition and loss.
Use of Radioactive Cobalt in Tracing the Movements of the White-Pine Weevil, Pissodes Strobi Peck. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Sullivan C. R.
Published: January 2010

The usefulness of radioactive isotopes as tracers in studies of insect biology has been demonstrated on a number of occasions during the past few years. Tracer techniques have made possible the collection of accurate data on the dispersal and flight range of insects (2), and other specific behaviour traits which would otherwise be difficult or impossible to determine (1).
The Role of Host Selection in the Ecology of Phytophagous Insects
Authors: Thorsteinson A. J.
Published: January 2010

It is a commonplace entomological observation that each phytophagous insect is restricted in its feeding to a small fraction only of the plant species that grow in any area. This phenomenon is generally referred to as “host selection”. The ecological significance of host plant selection among insects is manifest principally in an effect on the geographical distribution of insect species since phytophagous insects can occur only where suitable host plants are available.
Arthropod Teratology
Authors: Malcomson Richard O.
Published: January 2010

This paper deals with a few examples of abnormalities found in a few insects which have come to the writer's observation.

In all the Phyla or major groups of the animal kingdom there are cases of abnormalities, monstrosities, anomalies or whatever term you choose to use which indicates a deviation from the normal trend in the development of an organism. Man himself is not exempt.

From the fact that the external morphology of the organism is noticeably changed, there must also be some internal abnormal conditions to bring about these changes. Each time this occurs in an organ of a specialized organ system it tends to change the symmetry of that particular organ.
Laboratory Studies of DDT-Resistant House Flies (Diptera) in Canada
Authors: Roadhouse L. A. O.
Published: January 2010

Early in the summer of 1949 reports were received that in various parts of Ontario and Quebec, particularly about dairy barns and stables, DDT residual sprays were not controlling the house fly, Musca domestica L. A preliminary investigation of these areas during that summer confirmed chat, in most instances, DDT applied as a residual spray was not giving satisfactory control. The DDT residual applications had been used at these dairy farms since 1946 and, in general, the insecticide had been properly applied. NevertheIess, a decline in control was noticed during 1948, even though the insecticide was applied more frequently than in previous years. Accordingly, studies were conducted on collections of these flies to ascertain whether shains of flies resistant to DDT had developed in Canada and, if so, to what degree.
Notes on the Types of Some American Agromyzidae (Diptera)
Authors: Shewell G. E.
Published: January 2010

It is unfortunate that Frick (1952), in preparing his generic revision of the Agromyzidae, was unable to examine the types of many species described by Loew, Malloch, Frost, and others. In such circumstances, a few mistakes were bound to be made, and the fact that these are not more plentiful is a tribute both to the quality of the descriptions of the authors concerned, especially Malloch, and to the care with which these descriptions have been analysed. In 1949, being interested in the possibility of using Hendel's (1931) European classification for the North American fauna, I examined 71 of the types in question, and was able without difficulty to reconcile most of them wiih Hendel's generic and subgeneric concepts. Of these types, only 13 are now found to conflict with the assignment proposed for the species by Frick.
Some Additions and Corrections to the Species List of North American Agromyzidae (Diptera)
Authors: Frick Kenneth E.
Published: January 2010

Further study, following submission for publication of the generic revision and species list (Frick, 1952), has resulted in changing the generic position of nine species, in making five synonymies, and in the addition of three subgenera and fifteen species to the list.

Malloch (1913, 1914) was reluctant to synonymize many North American species with European species due to the lack of positive identifications. Palaearctic species in the family Agromyzidae are now well defined as a result of the efforts of Hering, de Meijere, and Hendel (Hendel, 1931-1936). Therefore, the writer has not hesitated to snonymize North American species when there was an opporrunity to study specimens, including leaf mines as well as adults, of the species in question.
A Recently Introduced Species of European Grasshopper
Authors: Urquhart F. A. , Beaudry J. R.
Published: January 2010

It is important to record in the literature at this time the occurrence of Roeseliana roeselii (Hag.) in the province of Quebec. The specimens were collected by J. R. Beaudry at Ville Saint-Laurent (12-VII-52, 2 ♂ ♂; 13-VII-52, 3 ♂ ♂) and at Montreal (16-VII-52, 1 ♂; 19-VII-52, 1 ♂).

This particular species is of common occurrence in Europe. Its distribution is given by F. E. Zeuner as “Spain, France, England, central, east, and south-east Europe, southern Ural Mts., Tomsk, and Siberia.”
Whittaker Functions on Real Semisimple Lie Groups of Rank Two
Authors: Ishii Taku
Published: January 2010

We give explicit formulas forWhittaker functions on real semisimple Lie groups of real rank two belonging to the class one principal series representations. By using these formulas we compute certain archimedean zeta integrals.
Tailored Plasmonic Gratings for Enhanced Fluorescence Detection and Microscopic Imaging
Authors: Cui Xiaoqiang , Tawa Keiko , Hori Hironobu , Nishii Junji
Published: January 2010

The ability to precisely control the pattern of metallic structures at the micro‐ and nanoscale for surface plasmon coupling has been demonstrated to be essential for signal enhancement in fields such as fluorescence and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering. In the present study, a series of silver coated gratings with tailored duty ratio and depth and a periodical pitch of 400 nm are designed and implemented. The influence of the grating profile on plasmonic properties and the corresponding enhancement factor are investigated by angular scanning measurement of reflectivity and fluorescence intensity and by finite difference time domain simulation. The application of the substrate in the enhanced fluorescence imaging detection of labeled protein is also investigated. This substrate has a wide range of potential applications in areas including biodiagnostics, imaging, sensing, and photovoltaic cells.
Effect of liming on the convective drying of urban residual sludges
Authors: Huron Y. , Salmon T. , Crine M. , Blandin G. , Léonard A.
Published: January 2010

Sludge liming is largely used in the wastewater industry. This operation, at first realized to stabilize sludge, has also proved to enhance dewatering and to improve the resulting cakes texture. Nevertheless, almost nothing is known about the impact of lime addition on sludge drying behavior. As drying can be considered as a necessary step after mechanical dewatering, it is crucial to evaluate the influence of the sludge pre‐treatments on their drying kinetics. This study shows that both pre‐ and post‐liming exert a positive effect on sludge convective drying behavior. The negative impact of sludge destructuring by pumping is also established. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of new optically active and organosoluble copoly amides containing phthalimide rings as a pendent group
Authors: Faghihi Khalil , Shabanian Meisam , Alimohammadi Hamidreza
Published: January 2010

A series of new optically active and organosoluble copoly aimides 10a–f were synthesized through the direct polycondensation reaction of N‐phthalimido‐L‐aspartic acid 4 with 4,4′‐diamino diphenyl ether 8, 4,4′‐diamino diphenyl sulfone 9 in the presence of adipic acid 5, fumaric acid 6 and terephthalic acid 7 as a second diacid in a medium consisting of N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone, triphenyl phosphite, calcium chloride and pyridine. Phthalimide rings as a bulky pendent group in the polymer chains disturb inter‐ and intrachain interactions and make these PAs readily soluble in polar aprotic solvents such as N,N‐dimethyl acetamide (DMAc), N,N‐dimethyl formamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) and solvents such as sulfuric acid. The resulted polymers were fully characterized by means of FTIR spectroscopy, elemental analyses, inherent viscosity, solubility tests and UV‐vis spectroscopy. Thermal properties of the CoPAs 10d–f were investigated using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of AVL accuracy upon public service bus system performance
Authors: Skomal Edward N.
Published: January 2010

Through an examination of the dependence of several key performance parameters of a public bus system upon Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) estimation accuracy, it becomes possible to place in perspective the value of AVL technology to improved public conveyance performance. Important bus transportation system performance measures dependent upon AVL estimation accuracy are: (1) Headway Control Error; (2) Time‐Of‐Passage Error, and (3) Required Layover Reserve.

An analytical model of the dependence of these bus system performance measures upon AVL estimation error has been constructed. In addition, error models of three basic types of AVL systems, i.e., dead reckoning, proximity, and radio location have been developed and validated by experimental comparisons.

By employing both sets of models, i.e. for the bus transport and AVL systems it becomes possible to recommend appropriate AVL technologies that best meet the performance requirements of a public bus service. The accompanying text synopsizes the noted models and provides an example of their use.
Quantitative evaluation of passenger terminal orientation
Authors: Tošić V. , Babić O.
Published: January 2010

When passenger terminal layout is being decided, one of the important aspects to consider is how the passenger orients himself during his visit to the terminal and his movements through it, i.e. terminal orientation. Among other things, this terminal characteristic results from visibility, or the visual connectivity between elements and spaces.

The paper proposes an amendment and modification to the known method for the quantitative evaluation of terminal orientation which uses an oriented network to describe the connectivity of elements (terminal orientation). The amendment and modification of the method consists of proposing that during evaluation only visual connections that have functional meaning should be considered, rather than all visual connections. A further modification is the introduction of different weights for different connections. The example presented in the paper considers an airport terminal building.
Development of a differential route share model for railroad freight traffic
Authors: Lutin Jerome M. , Kornhauser Alain L.
Published: January 2010

This paper summarizes work undertaken towards development and calibration of a model to predict the distribution of rail freight traffic among competing routes. The model is designed for use in analyzing the traffic effects of changes in the level‐of‐service on selected rail lines.

The model predicts route shares based on the overall network configuration of each railroad participating in a given market. The model selects feasible routes, discards those routes which appear to be too circuitous or costly, and then assigns traffic to the remaining routes in accordance with several network characteristics. It is designed to be sensitive to level‐of‐service changes, and to simulate the response of shippers and railroads to a competitive environment.

A multiple route‐finding algorithm was used to find possible routes based on the number of railroads operating at the originating and terminating end of a market. Multiple routes were determined and matched with observed traffic flows from the ICC One‐Percent Waybill Sample. Physical network characteristics for each route, including distance, junction frequency, and “impedance,” were calculated from the network model and were correlated with the traffic share observed on each route in the market. A two‐stage model was developed to find feasible routes from the set of possible routes and to allocate traffic to feasible routes based on levels‐of‐service. The model was calibrated on 9,793 routes from 1,199 markets with twenty or more carloads from the 1977 One‐Percent Carload Waybill Sample. Model calibration supported the hypothesis that network route characteristics did indeed influence shipper choice of route, and that a normative model could be used to assess relative attractiveness of routes under various railroad corporate ownership restructuring scenarios.
The relations between high speed trains and the organization of regional transport services
Authors: Houee Michel
Published: January 2010

The purpose of this report is to show the importance and the diversity of the levels on which the introduction of a high speed train service may affect the organization of regional transport services.

To do this, two main sources have been used. First, the experience acquired by the regions served or influenced by the South‐East high speed train and, second, the prospective reflections of some regions concerned by present plans for future servicing by high speed trains. In both cases, regional diagnoses or forecasts were conveyed to us by the Regional Amenities Offices within the framework of a discussion group led by the Department of Economic Analysis and of the Plan. It is appropriate here to thank them very much for these contributions, without which the present synthesis would not have been possible.
Forecasting downtime event durations for the Morgantown people mover
Authors: Neumann Edward S. , Dede Abel D. I. , Hendershot Robert B.
Published: January 2010

A model was developed to forecast the duration of emergency shut downs of the Morgantown People Mover. An extensive data base of downtime events for a 2 1/2 year period were analyzed. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) methods were applied to determine the significance of five variables which were hypothesized to influence downtime duration, including physical sub‐system, restartablity, location of failure, number of vehicles in the system, and level of demand. Results of the analysis enable MPM system operators to provide improved information to system users during downtime events. The forecasting methodology also enables operators to evaluate alternative user management strategies during downtimes.
A least absolute deviation critical decision path analysis with transport applications
Authors: Benjamin Julian
Published: January 2010

This paper introduces a method that simultaneously analyzes travel variables from stated preferences that are measured under each of several different assumptions. The method uses least absolute deviation estimators and linear programming solutions and is flexible enough to permit inclusion of constraints for ordinal data and latent variables.

Travel behavior is characterized by different indicators such as travel time, waiting time, mode choice and departure time. Consideration of different response variables simultaneously as part of a stated preference model requires a reclassification of variables as either endogenous or exogenous. This concept was introduced by the author as structural conjoint analysis earlier.

Each endogenous variable may be defined as nominal, ordinal or cardinal and may be either explicitly measured or latent. Current econometric and psychometric techniques cannot accommodate this variety of data.

The procedure is essentially a two‐stage least absolute deviation simultaneous equation regression. The estimation technique is well known as are the various hypothesis tests.

In the method each relationship between endogenous and exogenous variables is formulated separately carefully incorporating assumptions about each type of data. Thus there are different formulations for endogenous variables that are nominal and latent, ordinal and explicit, ordinal and latent, cardinal and explicit and cardinal and latent.

Formulations for nominal latent, ordinal explicit and cardinal explicit variables were tested with simulated data for three separate hypothetical problems. Each problem consisted of at least two different types of variables and the technique was found to be able to reproduce the simulation function coefficients in virtually all cases.
What are we going to do about public transportation?
Authors: Kieffer Jarold A.
Published: January 2010

Traffic congestion in the world's metropolitan areas is going from bad to worse. Urban/suburban transportation has become like the weather; people talk a lot about it but shrug it away as something they can't do much about. This is a world‐wide phenomenon, as motor vehicle use grows, and as urban sprawl continues.
Signalized intersections with variable flow rates: I analysis and simulation
Authors: Rossi Thomas F. , Ceder Avishai
Published: January 2010

One of the most common measures of signalized intersection operation is the amount of delay a vehicle incurs while passing through the intersection. Traditional models for estimating vehicle delay at intersections generally assume fixed signal timing and uniform arrival rates for vehicles approaching the intersection. One would expect that highly variable arrival rates would result in much longer delays than uniform arrival rates of the same average magnitude. Furthermore, one might expect that signal timing that is adjusted according to traffic volume would result in lower delay signal when variations in flow warrant such adjustable timing.

This paper attempts to test several hypotheses concerning the effects of variable traffic arrival rates and adjusted signal timing through the use of simulation. The simulation results corroborate the hypothesis concerning the effect of varying arrival rates. As the variance of the arrival rate over time increases, the average delay per vehicle also increases. Signal timing adjustments based on traffic appear to decrease delay when flow rates vary greatly. As flow variations stabilize, the benefits of signal adjustments tend to diminish.
Development of advanced technology transit modes in Japan
Authors: Kikuchi Shinya , Ohta Katsutoshi
Published: January 2010

Recent advances in transit technology in Japan are noteworthy and unique in many respects. A number of technologically advanced transit systems have been implemented, and many more are being planned. There are many conditions favorable to the development and application of new transit technology in Japan, including congested urban highways, lack of land, subsidy techniques, the development of new towns, and political and administrative considerations. All of the present day Japanese advanced transit systems operate as fixed schedule semi‐rapid transit on a shuttle route with semi‐permanently coupled vehicles. Some recent systems are manned by a driver. This paper discusses the background for the deployment of advanced technology transit in Japan, examines the characteristics of the new transit modes and conducts a critical review of the process of developing advanced technology modes in Japan.
Ground access to Singapore Changi airport
Authors: Fan Henry S. L.
Published: January 2010

The ground access system at Singapore Changi Airport is analyzed. The emphasis is on understanding traffic characteristics and utilization of access facilities. The applicability of typical ground access planning parameters recommended for western airports to Changi Airport is also investigated. Peak traffic levels are found to be manageable. The curbside is the critical link of the access system but congestion in peak periods do not last very long at present. Although the two public car parks together provide enough parking spaces, the closer‐in car park is always full in the evening, while the cheaper car park is usually half empty even though it is only 250 m farther. This suggests convenience is more important than cost to most users.