bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparison of the diagnostic ability of large language models in challenging clinical cases
Authors: Khan Maria Palwasha , O’Sullivan Eoin Daniel
Published: August 2024

Introduction

The rise of accessible, consumer facing large language models (LLM) provides an opportunity for immediate diagnostic support for clinicians.

Objectives

To compare the different performance characteristics of common LLMS utility in solving complex clinical cases and assess the utility of a novel tool to grade LLM output.

Methods

Using a newly developed rubric to assess the models’ diagnostic utility, we measured to models’ ability to answer cases according to accuracy, readability, clinical interpretability, and an assessment of safety. Here we present a comparative analysis of three LLM models—Bing, Chat GPT, and Gemini—across a diverse set of clinical cases as presented in the New England Journal of Medicines case series.

Results

Our results suggest that models performed differently when presented with identical clinical information, with Gemini performing best. Our grading tool had low interobserver variability and proved a reliable tool to grade LLM clinical output.

Conclusion

This research underscores the variation in model performance in clinical scenarios and highlights the importance of considering diagnostic model performance in diverse clinical scenarios prior to deployment. Furthermore, we provide a new tool to assess LLM output.
Enhanced fingerprint classification through modified PCA with SVD and invariant moments
Authors: Balti Ala , Hamdi Abdelaziz , Abid Sabeur , Ben Khelifa Mohamed Moncef , Sayadi Mounir
Published: August 2024

This research introduces a novel MOMENTS-SVD vector for fingerprint identification, combining invariant moments and SVD (Singular Value Decomposition), enhanced by a modified PCA (Principal Component Analysis). Our method extracts unique fingerprint features using SVD and invariant moments, followed by classification with Euclidean distance and neural networks. The MOMENTS-SVD vector reduces computational complexity by outperforming current models. Using the Equal Error Rate (EER) and ROC curve, a comparative study across databases (CASIA V5, FVC 2002, 2004, 2006) assesses our method against ResNet, VGG19, Neuro Fuzzy, DCT Features, and Invariant Moments, proving enhanced accuracy and robustness.
The environmental model of mindfulness
Authors: Meaden James
Published: August 2024

This paper introduces the environmental model of mindfulness, a novel perspective that conceptualizes mindfulness as an adaptive set of cognitive styles influenced by specific socioecological contexts. Extending upon existing conceptualizations of mindfulness as a cultivated trait or practice, the environmental model describes how mindfulness can also result from cognitive adaptations to immediate-return environments. Through an interdisciplinary synthesis of cognitive psychology, anthropology, and environmental studies, four key factors are identified that foster mindful cognitive styles in immediate-return environments: immediate feedback, observational learning, nature exposure, and interconnected self-construal. By examining Indigenous communities living in immediate-return environments, this paper demonstrates how modern, delayed-return environments may inadvertently suppress innate mindful awareness, suggesting that mindfulness practices might be attempts to recalibrate toward more natural cognitive styles. The environmental model bridges Western medical and Eastern ethical perspectives on mindfulness, offering a unifying framework that acknowledges cognitive, environmental, and cultural influences. This approach not only enriches our understanding of human cognitive functioning but also broadens cultural perspectives on mindfulness, highlighting its manifestations across diverse sociocultural contexts. The model has profound implications for mindfulness research and interventions, providing a foundation for more ecologically valid and culturally sensitive approaches to fostering wellbeing. It invites a fundamental reconsideration of the relationship between human cognition and the environment, potentially revolutionizing our approach to mental health and cognitive enhancement in an increasingly complex world. This paper stands as a call to action for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers to rethink fundamental assumptions about human cognition and design environments that support our innate capacity for mindful awareness.
Becoming ‘Swiss’: waste management integration among Ethiopian and Eritrean migrants in Zürich, Switzerland
Authors: Tucho Gudina Terefe , Kalina Marc , Tilley Elizabeth
Published: August 2024

For Swiss cities, connecting new migrants to basic services, like waste management, has emerged as an essential challenge toward their social and civic integration. Drawing on an ethnographic approach, this study investigates solid waste management integration within Zürich’s Ethiopian and Eritrean migrant communities. Our findings suggest that new arrivals learn quickly and are driven by a motivation to integrate and adapt to expected norms. However, learning is often characterized by trial and error and accompanied by expensive mistakes. Barriers include a lack of translated informational material and insufficient opportunity for asylum seekers to learn rules and norms on waste management. We recommend making standardized materials available and ensuring clear communication in a language that newly arriving migrants can understand. We also recommend targeted training on life skills, including waste management behaviors for asylum seekers at residential processing centers so that refugees can be trained on expected norms before transitioning into an independent living situation.
Being Perceived as a Vital Force or a Burden: The Social Utility-Based Acceptance/Rejection (SUBAR) Model
Authors: Dambrun Michael
Published: August 2024

This paper proposes a new theoretical model to explain the acceptance/rejection of agents (co-workers) and various social groups (people with mental disorders or disabilities, the elderly, the unemployed/poor, ethnic minorities) in a given social system: the social utility-based acceptance/rejection (SUBAR) Model. Based on a social utility approach, it is proposed that human social cognition evaluates and reacts to agents/groups in a social system on the basis of the perceived strengths and significant contributions they bring to the system (upward forces; e.g., skills, resources, willingness) and the perceived weaknesses that may harm the system (downward forces; e.g., use of social benefits, dependence). While the perception of upward forces for the system (i.e., vital forces) is accompanied by acceptance (positive attitudes and behaviors), the perception of downward forces (i.e., burdens on the system) promotes rejection (negative attitudes and behaviors). The combination of the two indicators predicts that low vital forces/high burden targets will be the most rejected and high vital forces/low burden targets will be the most accepted. The high burden/high vital forces and low vital forces/low burden targets should be evaluated at an intermediate level between the other two. This naive calculation of the forces exerted by agents/groups in a social system is moderated by various variables (scarcity of economic resources, values) and responds to a functional attempt to regulate individual and collective interests, themselves dependent on the efficiency of given systems. Finally, the relationship of the SUBAR model to other relevant theories will also be discussed.
Spatial distribution of plasma density and magnetic field amplitude in the dayside magnetosheath as a function of the IMF orientation
Authors: Michotte de Welle B. , Aunai N. , Lavraud B. , Génot V. , Jeandet A. , Nguyen G. , Ghisalberti A. , Smets R.
Published: August 2024

The properties of the magnetosheath are of pivotal importance in determining the coupling between the magnetosphere and interplanetary medium. In particular, the magnetic flux pileup and plasma depletion layer (PDL) modify the boundary conditions of magnetopause reconnection. However, the spatial distribution of the magnetic field strength and plasma density in the magnetosheath and their functional dependence on the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation remain poorly understood. This study characterizes these aspects in detail through the statistical processing of decades of data from Cluster, Double Star, THEMIS, and Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) missions. The first part of this study focuses on the poorly known variations across the magnetosheath, from the shock to the magnetopause. The magnetic pileup and PDL are significantly correlated, with a strong dependence on the IMF cone angle. Their dependence on the IMF clock angle is found only near the magnetopause, consistent with the expected effect of magnetic reconnection. The second part of this study examines the asymmetry in the magnetic field amplitude and density between the quasi-parallel and quasi-perpendicular sides of the equatorial magnetosheath. These asymmetries are characterized for different relative distances to the magnetopause and bow shock boundaries and for different IMF orientation. The magnetic field amplitude, observed to be higher on the quasi-perpendicular side of the magnetosheath, becomes more symmetric as it approaches the magnetopause. The quasi-parallel magnetosheath exhibits a higher plasma density near the magnetopause. However, this asymmetry reverses at approximately the mid-magnetosheath with a decreasing IMF cone angle.
Sprinting to the top: comparing quality of distance variety and specialization between swimmers and runners
Authors: Born Dennis-Peter , Romann Michael , Lorentzen Jenny , Zumbach David , Feldmann Andri , Ruiz-Navarro Jesús J.
Published: August 2024

Objectives

To compare performance progression and variety in race distances of comparable lengths (timewise) between pool swimming and track running. Quality of within-sport variety was determined as the performance differences between individual athletes' main and secondary race distances across (top-) elite and (highly-) trained swimmers and runners.

Methods

A total of 3,827,947 race times were used to calculate performance points (race times relative to the world record) for freestyle swimmers (n = 12,588 males and n = 7,561 females) and track runners (n = 9,230 males and n = 5,841 females). Athletes were ranked based on their personal best at peak performance age, then annual best times were retrospectively traced throughout adolescence.

Results

Performance of world-class swimmers differentiates at an earlier age from their lower ranked peers (15–16 vs. 17–20 year age categories, P < 0.05), but also plateaus earlier towards senior age compared to runners (19–20 vs. 23 + year age category, P < 0.05), respectively. Performance development of swimmers shows a logarithmic pattern, while runners develop linearly. While swimmers compete in more secondary race distances (larger within-sport variety), runners specialize in either sprint, middle- or long-distance early in their career and compete in only 2, 4 or 3 other race distances, respectively. In both sports, sprinters specialize the most (P < 0.05). Distance-variety of middle-distance swimmers covers more longer rather than sprint race distances. Therefore, at peak performance age, (top-) elite female 200 m swimmers show significantly slower sprint performances, i.e., 50 m (P < 0.001) and 100 m (P < 0.001), but not long-distance performances, i.e., 800 m (P = 0.99) and 1,500 m (P = 0.99). In contrast, (top-) elite female 800 m middle-distance runners show significantly slower performances in all their secondary race distances (P < 0.001). (Top-) elite female athletes specialize more than (highly-) trained athletes in both sports (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The comparison to track running and lower ranked swimmers, the early performance plateau towards senior age, and the maintenance of a large within-sport distance variety indicates that (top-) elite sprint swimmers benefit from greater within-sport specialization.
Sustainability assessments of commercial urban agriculture – a scoping review
Authors: Milestad Rebecka , de Jong Annelise , Bustamante Maria J. , Molin Elvira , Martin Michael , Malone Friedman Carrie
Published: August 2024

The field of urban agriculture has seen an increase in development and attention in recent years, with a large share of literature addressing whether urban agriculture may pose a solution for food insecurity and combat environmental impacts. However, few studies have examined the many sustainability claims of urban agriculture systems, especially for urban farms intended for larger output and commercial ends. In this study, we analyze sustainability assessments of urban agriculture for commercial implementation. We do this by exploring the methods employed for conducting sustainability analyses, outlining the different urban agriculture cultivation systems, analyzing which sustainability aspects are considered, looking into what the sustainability analyses conclude, and studying how authors anticipate the knowledge gained from their sustainability assessments can be used. Environmental aspects of sustainability were more often assessed than other sustainability aspects, and LCA research practice was used for the majority of environmental assessments. Some studies compared the environmental benefits of different types of urban agriculture systems, but this was not conclusive overall as to what systems would be more environmentally beneficial. This suggests that urban agriculture’s sustainability cannot be universally categorized but should be assessed in relation to specific environmental conditions and urban contexts. Future research should aim to develop more nuanced frameworks for evaluating the environmental, social, economic and governance impacts of urban agriculture.
A Survey of Aero-Engine Blade Modeling and Dynamic Characteristics Analyses
Authors: Zhang Yaqiong , Wang Fubin , Liu Jinchao , Zhao Heng , Fu Chao , Zhai Weihao , Lu Kuan
Published: August 2024

The rotating blade is a key component of an aero-engine, and its vibration characteristics have an important impact on the performance of the engine and are vital for condition monitoring. This paper reviews the research progress of blade dynamics, including three main aspects: modeling of blades, solution methods, and vibration characteristics. Firstly, three popular structural dynamics models for blades are reviewed, namely lumped-mass model, finite element model, and semi-analytical model. Then, the solution methods for the blade dynamics are comprehensively described. The advantages and limitations of these methods are summarized. In the third part, this review summarizes the properties of the modal and vibration responses of aero-engine blades and discusses the typical forms and mechanisms of blade vibration. Finally, the deficiencies and limitations in the current research on blade modeling and vibration analysis are summarized, and the directions for future efforts are pointed out. The purpose of this review is to provide meaningful insights to researchers and engineers in the field of aero-engine blade modeling and dynamic characteristics analysis.
Effect of High Dietary Iron on Fat Deposition and Gut Microbiota in Chickens
Authors: Yang Ting , Chen Shihao , Qiu Lingling , Guo Qixin , Wang Zhixiu , Jiang Yong , Bai Hao , Bi Yulin , Chang Guobin
Published: August 2024

To meet the demand of consumers for chicken products, poultry breeders have made improvements to chickens. However, this has led to a new problem in the modern poultry industry, namely excessive fat deposition. This study aims to understand the effects of dietary iron supplementation on fat deposition and gut microbiota in chickens. In this study, we investigated the effects of iron on the growth performance, fat deposition, and gut microbiota of silky fowl black-bone chickens. A total of 75 7-week-old silky fowl black-bone chickens were randomly divided into three groups (five replicates per group, five chickens per replicate) and fed them for 28 days using a growing diet (control group), a growing diet + 10% tallow (high-fat diet group, HFD group), and a growing diet + 10% tallow + 500 mg/kg iron (HFDFe500 group), respectively. We detected the effects of iron on the growth performance, fat deposition, and gut microbiota of silky fowl black-bone chickens using the growth performance index test, oil red O staining, and HE staining, and found that the high-fat diet significantly increased liver and serum fat deposition and liver injury, while the addition of iron to the diet could reduce the fat deposition caused by the high-fat diet and alleviate liver injury. In addition, 16S rDNA sequencing was used to compare the relative abundance of gut microbiota in the cecal contents in different feeding groups. The results showed that the high-fat diet could induce gut microbiota imbalance in chickens, while the high-iron diet reversed the gut microbiota imbalance. PICRUSt functional prediction analysis showed that dietary iron supplementation affected amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, cofactors, and vitamin metabolism pathways. In addition, correlation analysis showed that TG was significantly associated with Firmicutes and Actinobacteriota (p < 0.05). Overall, these results revealed high dietary iron (500 mg/kg) could reduce fat deposition and affect the gut microbiota of silky fowl black-bone chickens, suggesting that iron may regulate fat deposition by influencing the gut microbiota of chickens and provides a potential avenue that prevents excessive fat deposition in chickens by adding iron to the diet.
Effects of Substituting Cassava Pulp with Broken Rice and Cassava Chips in Crossbred Holstein Diets: Rumen Fermentation, Enteric Methane Emission, and Energy Utilization
Authors: Kabsuk Jiraporn , Nusri-un Jenwit , Binsulong Bhoowadol , Gunha Thidarat , Sommart Kritapon
Published: August 2024

This study evaluates the effects of substituting cassava pulp with broken rice and cassava chips in the total mixed ration silage diets of beef cattle on feed composition, ensiling quality, digestibility, and energy utilization. Fifteen Holstein Thai native crossbred (89% Bos taurus × 11% Bos indicus) steers in the fattening phase, with an average age of 2.5 ± 0.1 years and an initial body weight of 603.7 ± 14.3 kg, were used in the energy balance trial. Using a randomized complete block design with five replications, the steers received one of three treatments. The three dietary treatments included substituting cassava pulp with cassava chips and broken rice on a dry matter basis with ratios of 50:0:0, 30:20:0, or 10:20:20. The results show that broken rice is a superior nutrient source and provides greater energy balance (p < 0.01). Despite the cost implications, substituting cassava pulp and chips positively impacts the ensilage pH and reduces the acetic acid concentration (p < 0.01). There was an increase in the lactic acid bacteria count (p < 0.05) and a reduction in the rumen ammonia, propionate, and butyrate concentrations (p < 0.05) without adverse effects (p > 0.05) on digestibility, blood metabolites, or enteric methane emissions. These findings suggest that broken rice is a promising alternative grain-rich ruminant feed. Future research should explore on-farm long-term feeding and economic evaluations to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the practical implications.
Microbiological and Molecular Investigation of Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Western Romanian Dairy Farms: An Epidemiological Approach
Authors: Hutu Ioan , Lungu Bianca Cornelia , Spataru Ioana Irina , Torda Iuliu , Iancu Tiberiu , Barrow Paul Andrew , Mircu Calin
Published: August 2024

Antimicrobial therapy is the most frequently used medical intervention for bovine mastitis in the dairy industry. This study aims to monitor the extent of the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) problem in Staphylococcus aureus in the dairy industry in Western Romania. Twenty farms were selected by random sampling in a transverse epidemiological study conducted across four counties in Western Romania and divided into livestock units. This study assessed the association between the resistance genes to phenotypic expression of resistance and susceptibility. Isolates of S. aureus were identified and q-PCR reactions were used to detect antibiotic resistance genes. One hundred and fifty bovine and 20 human samples were positive for S. aureus. Twenty five percent of bovine isolates (30/120) and none(0/30) of the human isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). All isolates were susceptible to fosfomycin, ciprofloxacin, netilmicin, and resistant to ampicillin and penicillin. S. aureus isolates regarded as phenotypically resistant (R) were influenced by the origin of the samples (human versus bovine, χ2 = 36.510, p = 0.013), whether they were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (χ2 = 108.891, p < 0.000), the county (χ2 = 103.282, p < 0.000) and farm of isolation (χ2 = 740.841, p < 0.000), but not by the size of the farm (χ2 = 65.036, p = 0.306). The multiple antibiotic resistance index was calculated for each sample as the number regarded as phenotypically resistant (R)/total antibiotics tested (MARI = 0.590 ± 0.023) was significantly higher (p < 0.000) inmethicillin-resistant S. aureus (0.898 ± 0.019) than non-methicillin-resistant S. aureus (0.524 ± 0.024) isolates. For the antibiotics tested, the total penetrance (P%) of the resistance genes was 59%, 83% for blaZ, 56% for cfr, 50% for erm(B), 53% for erm(C), 57% for mecA and 32% for tet(K). Penetrance can be used as a parameter for guidance towards a more accurate targeting of chemotherapy. P% in S. aureus was strongly positively correlated with the multiple antibiotic resistance index (r = +0.878, p < 0.000) with the potential to use the same limit value as an antibiotic management decision criterion. Considering cow mastitis, the penetrance value combined with the multiple antibiotic resistance index suggests that penetrance could serve as a useful parameter for more precise targeting of chemotherapy for S. aureus.
The Effects of Two Selected Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of the Fatty Acid Synthase Gene on the Fat Content and Fatty Acid Profile of Cow’s Milk from the Polish Holstein–Friesian Red-and-White Breed versus Two Polish Red-and-White and Polish Red Conservation Breeds Kept in Poland
Authors: Przybylska Paulina , Kuczaj Marian
Published: August 2024

Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is a metabolic enzyme responsible for the synthesis of fatty acids in milk and meat. The SNPs g.841G/C and g.17924A/G of the FASN gene significantly influence the fat and fatty acid content of milk from cows of various breeds. Therefore, these SNPs were selected for this study. This study aimed to analyze the relationship of SNPs and their genotypes with the fat content and fatty acid profile of milk from Polish Red-and-White (ZR), Polish Red (RP), and Polish Holstein–Friesian Red-and-White (RW) cows. Milk samples were obtained during a milking trial. SNP genotyping was performed using the real-time PCR (HRM) method. It was shown that SNPs (with specific genotypes) were significantly associated with the presence of fatty acids such as C18:1n9t and C18:2n6c in milk. In addition, it was found that the milk fat from the ZR (genotypic variant A/G, AA) and RP (genotypic variant GG, A/G) breeds often exhibited a more attractive fatty acids profile than the milk fat from RW cows. This information can be used by both cattle breeders and people interested in consuming functional foods.
Moderate Genetic Diversity of MHC Genes in an Isolated Small Population of Black-and-White Snub-Nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti)
Authors: Yan Jibing , Song Chunmei , Liang Jiaqi , La Yanni , Lai Jiandong , Pan Ruliang , Huang Zhipang , Li Baoguo , Zhang Pei
Published: August 2024

Genetic diversity is an essential indicator that echoes the natural selection and environmental adaptation of a species. Isolated small populations are vulnerable to genetic drift, inbreeding, and limited gene flow; thus, assessing their genetic diversity is critical in conservation. In this study, we studied the genetic diversity of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) using neutral microsatellites and five adaptive major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes. Two DQA1 alleles, two DQB1 alleles, two DRB1 alleles, two DRB5 alleles, and three DPB1 alleles were isolated from a population. The results indicate that neutral microsatellites demonstrate a high degree of heterozygosity and polymorphism, while adaptive MHC genes display a high degree of heterozygosity and moderate polymorphism. The results also show that balancing selection has prominently influenced the MHC diversity of the species during evolution: (1) significant positive selection is identified at several amino acid sites (primarily at and near antigen-binding sites) of the DRB1, DRB5, and DQB1 genes; (2) phylogenetic analyses display the patterns of trans-species evolution for all MHC loci. This study provides valuable genetic diversity insights into black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys, which dwell at the highest altitude and have experienced the harshest environmental selection of all primates globally since the Pleistocene. Such results provide valuable scientific evidence and a reference for making or amending conservation strategies for this endangered primate species.
Impact of Heat Stress on Oocyte Developmental Competence and Pre-Implantation Embryo Viability in Cattle
Authors: Gómez-Guzmán Javier A. , Parra-Bracamonte Gaspar M. , Velazquez Miguel A.
Published: August 2024

Rectal and vaginal temperatures are utilised in both in vivo and in vitro models to study the effects of heat stress on oocyte competence and embryo viability in cattle. However, uterine temperature increases by only 0.5 °C in heat-stressed cows, significantly lower than simulated increases in in vitro models. Temperature variations within oviducts and ovarian follicles during heat stress are poorly understood or unavailable, and evidence is lacking that oocytes and pre-implantation embryos experience mild (40 °C) or severe (41 °C) heat stress inside the ovarian follicle and the oviduct and uterus, respectively. Gathering detailed temperature data from the reproductive tract and follicles is crucial to accurately assess oocyte competence and embryo viability under realistic heat stress conditions. Potential harm from heat stress on oocytes and embryos may result from reduced nutrient availability (e.g., diminished blood flow to the reproductive tract) or other unidentified mechanisms affecting tissue function rather than direct thermal effects. Refining in vivo stress models in cattle is essential to accurately identify animals truly experiencing heat stress, rather than assuming heat stress exposure as done in most studies. This will improve model reliability and aid in the selection of heat-tolerant animals.
Machine Learning and Image Processing-Based System for Identifying Mushrooms Species in Malaysia
Authors: Lim Jia Yi , Wee Yit Yin , Wee KuokKwee
Published: August 2024

Malaysia, a country with a tropical climate characterized by consistent warmth and year-long high humidity, houses the perfect conditions for mushroom growth. Recently, there has been a surge in back-to-nature activities in Malaysia. However, many participants lack prior knowledge about the local flora and fungi, leading to a rise in mushroom poisoning cases, some of which have been fatal. Despite thorough research, there is a notable lack of identification studies specifically focused on mushroom species in Malaysia. Identifying these species is crucial for medical providers to effectively counteract the toxins from ingested mushrooms and also serves as an important educational tool. This study aims to determine the most suitable architecture for mushroom identification, focusing specifically on mushroom species found in Malaysia. A dataset of these mushrooms was curated, augmented, and processed through multiple variants of Vision Transformers (ViTs) and ResNet models, with uniform hyperparameters to ensure fairness. The results indicate that the ViT-L/16 model achieved the highest accuracy at 90.47%.
A Review of Options and Costs for Mitigating GHG Emissions from the U.S. Dairy Sector
Authors: Lei Yuhong , Cheng Muxi , McCarl Bruce , Cessna Jerry
Published: August 2024

The U.S. dairy sector is a significant emitter of methane and nitrous oxide, with the US EPA estimating it produced around 90 Tg CO2 eq. in 2021. This paper reviews the literature on and evaluates various mitigation actions for reducing GHG emissions in the U.S. dairy sector, focusing on both direct and indirect emission sources. We conducted a narrative literature review based on the cradle to gate life-cycle assessment method, covering the entire dairy supply chain up until milk enters retail establishments, including dairy and feed producing farm practices, processing, transportation, and their associated emissions/costs. The papers included were selected over a three year process depending on discussions with experts and issues mentioned in the emerging literature. We review significant opportunities for the U.S. dairy sector to reduce emissions, particularly through improved enteric fermentation and manure management practices. Additionally, we cover the potential for mitigating indirect emissions from feed production, processing, and transportation, areas less frequently covered in existing studies. This review also covers a gap in the literature by integrating economic findings including cost analysis and incentives to mitigate based on the social value of emissions reductions.
Parameter Study of Geoeffective Active Regions
Authors: Miteva Rositsa , Nedal Mohamed , Veronig Astrid , Pötzi Werner
Published: August 2024

Geomagnetic storms (GSs) are major disturbances in the terrestrial atmosphere caused by the reconnection process between the incoming plasma ejecta in the solar wind and the planetary magnetosphere. The strongest GSs can lead to auroral displays even at lower latitudes, and cause both satellite and ground-based infrastructure malfunctions. The early recognition of geoeffective events based on specific features on the solar photosphere is crucial for the development of early warning systems. In this study, we explore 16 magnetic field parameters provided by the Space-weather HMI Active Region Patch (SHARP) database from the SDO/HMI instrument. The analysis includes 64 active regions that produced strong GS during solar cycle (SC) 24 and the ongoing SC25. We present the statistical results between the SHARP and solar parameters, in terms of Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, and discuss their space weather potential.
Unique Seasonal Variation in Rainfall Diurnal Features on the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau
Authors: Chai Ruo , Yuan Weihua
Published: August 2024

Based on hourly precipitation observations, the diurnal variation in precipitation and its seasonal evolution over the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau (YGP) were analyzed. The results indicate that the seasonal variation in hourly rainfall in the western part of the YGP is unique. The rainfall reaches its hourly maximum during the late afternoon in spring (March–April) and during nighttime in summer (July–August), which contrasts with the pattern in most of eastern China. By further classifying the rainfall into short-duration (1–3 h) and long-duration (more than 6 h) events, the unique seasonal variations in the western YGP are found to mainly be comprised of short-duration rainfall. The long-duration rainfall shares similar diurnal peaks year-round for both the western and eastern parts of the YGP. The short-duration rainfall in the western part of the YGP shows a year-round afternoon peak, which is different from that of the eastern YGP, which peaks from midnight to early morning in spring and in the late afternoon in summer. The surface maximum daily temperature and low-level instabilities reach their annual maximum in spring over the western YGP and are also higher than in other parts of the YGP, together providing favorable conditions for convection to be triggered in spring afternoons over the western YGP.
The Impact of Climate Change on Solar Radiation and Photovoltaic Energy Yields in China
Authors: Hua Yaping , Wei Mingbang , Yuan Jun , He Wei , Chen Long , Gao Yang
Published: August 2024

Solar photovoltaics is a direct use of solar resources to generate electricity, which is one of the most important renewable energy application approaches. Regional PV output could be affected by the regional patterns of temperature and irradiance, which are impacted by climate change. This study examines the impact of climate change on the energy yields from solar PV across China in the future under the medium-emission scenario (SSP245) and high-emission scenario (SSP585) by calculating PV potential using the data of solar radiation on a tilted surface and temperature. Generally, under the SSP245 scenario, solar radiation increased by 0.8% and 2.15%, and PV energy yields increased by 0.28% and 1.21% in 2020–2060 and 2061–2099, respectively; under the SSP585 scenario, solar radiation increased by 0.73% and 1.35%, and PV energy yields increased by 0.04% and −1.21% in 2020–2060 and 2061–2099, respectively. Under both scenarios, PV energy potential showed an obvious increase in southeast and central China and a significant decrease in northwest China, Tibet, and Inner Mongolia. Therefore, it is suggested that under the medium-emission scenario, climate change could increase the PV energy potential, while under the high-emission scenario, it could inhibit the PV energy potential in China.
The Effects of Compression Pants on Oxygen Consumption and Heart Rate during Long-Distance Running
Authors: Craig-Jones Andrew , Greene Daniel R. , Gilbert Haley L. , Giddens Priya L. , Ruiz-Ramie Jonathan J.
Published: August 2024

The purpose of this study was to compare average rate of oxygen consumption (VO2), slow component of oxygen consumption (VO2 drift), heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) while wearing compression pants vs. a control garment during long-distance running. Methods: Nine injury-free and recreationally active participants (32 ± 11 years) were recruited for this study. Participants ran in full-leg compression pants (COMP) and a loose-fitting control garment (CON). Participants ran in each condition for 40 min at a preferred submaximal speed. The rate of oxygen consumption (VO2) was measured continuously via a metabolic cart throughout each condition. Both HR and RPE were recorded every 5 min during each condition. Oxygen consumption was averaged across the entirety of the steady state during the 40 min conditions for analysis. Additionally, the average from the first five minutes of the steady state was subtracted from the average of the last five minutes to assess VO2. A paired t-test was used to assess for differences for both variables. Both HR and RPE were each compared between conditions using 2 (garment) × 8 (time) repeated measure ANOVAs (α = 0.05). Results: There were no differences between VO2 or VO2 drift while running with full-leg compression pants vs. the control garment (p > 0.05). Neither RPE nor HR were influenced by the garments (p > 0.05) or time (p > 0.05) during each condition. Conclusion: Wearing compression pants did not result in reduced VO2, VO2 drift, HR or RPE during a long-distance run. Although measured performance variables were not aided using compression pants, there were no negative effects to the use of compression pants.
Research on Monitoring Technology for Frame Piers of Continuous Box-Girder Bridges Constructed by the Cantilever Method
Authors: Liu Fanggang , Gu Lixiong , Fu Haishan , Li Xinping , Zhao Xiaolong , Ma Niujing , Liu Shixun
Published: August 2024

This paper focuses on the analysis of the stress state of a large-span frame pier-continuous box girder bridge with pier crossbeams anchored by pier crossbeams on the main pier of the Guangfo-Zhao Expressway. The bridge is constructed by the cantilever method, and a refined finite element model of the entire bridge is established using the finite element software Midas/FEA to analyze the stress state of the frame pier during the cantilever construction process. It is found that under the possible combined action of an unbalanced load during construction, the torsional resistance of the frame pier crossbeam does not meet the requirements of the design code. In order to eliminate the torsion of the frame piers, counterweights were used to monitor the frame piers during the construction of the box girders. In this paper, the theoretical calculation formula of the inclination angle of the end section of the frame pier crossbeam with the change of unbalanced bending moment, the calculation formula of the relationship between the horizontal displacement of the frame pier and the unbalanced bending moment, and the calculation formula corresponding to the relationship with the water tank counterweight are derived using the structural mechanics method. Two monitoring methods for the frame pier are proposed. In the construction monitoring of the bridge, the numerical fitting formula obtained by finite element numerical analysis calculation is compared with the calculated formula obtained by substituting the design parameters of the frame pier into the theoretical formula. The basic constants in both formulas are basically equal, verifying the correctness of the monitoring calculation formula proposed in this paper for the torsional resistance of the frame pier crossbeam. The applicability of the two monitoring methods is also compared and analyzed. This paper takes the main pier of Chaoyang overpass’s mainline bridge as the engineering background, which adopts the framework pier with a large-span prestressed concrete continuous box girder bridge. It analyzes the torsional state of the beam of the framework pier during the bridge construction process and conducts research on the construction monitoring of the framework pier crossbeam, providing valuable references for the construction monitoring of framework pier crossbeams in the construction of large-span framework pier continuous bridges in the future. The research results of this paper can provide assistance for the construction monitoring of similar projects. This paper’s innovation primarily resides in employing structural mechanics methods to compute the torsion of frame piers. On this basis, a simplified beam torsion calculation formula is proposed to strengthen its practical application in construction monitoring. The findings of this paper can help in the construction monitoring of similar projects.
A Retrospective Analysis of Breast Cancer Mortality among Jewish and Muslim Arab Women in Israel: The Role of Sociodemographic Factors
Authors: Pinchas-Mizrachi Ronit , Bouhnik Dan
Published: August 2024

Breast cancer mortality rates vary across ethnic groups in Israel, where protective factors such as high fertility and breastfeeding rates may be moderated by socioeconomic factors and mammography rates. We aim to investigate disparities in breast cancer mortality between Jewish and Muslim Arab women in Israel and examine how sociodemographic variables and number of children are associated with mortality. Our retrospective follow-up study uses data from the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics and multivariable Cox regression models, adjusting for age, number of children, country of origin, locality size, and socioeconomic status. Compared to Jewish women, Muslim Arab women exhibited lower breast cancer mortality rates. However, after adjusting for multiple sociodemographic variables, no significant differences persisted between Jewish and Muslim Arab women. Having more than three children was associated with lower mortality among Muslim Arab women but not among Jewish women. European/American origin, larger localities, and medium socioeconomic status were associated with higher mortality. Sociodemographic factors may therefore explain the disparities in breast cancer mortality between Jewish and Muslim Arab women in Israel. Targeted intervention programs that consider the unique characteristics and risk factors of different ethnic groups are needed to reduce disparities and improve outcomes.
Elevated Salt or Angiotensin II Levels Induce CD38+ Innate Immune Cells in the Presence of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor
Authors: Smith Hannah L. , Goodlett Bethany L. , Navaneethabalakrishnan Shobana , Mitchell Brett M.
Published: August 2024

Hypertension (HTN) impacts almost half of adults, predisposing them to cardiovascular disease and renal damage. Salt-sensitive HTN (SSHTN) and angiotensin II (A2)-induced HTN (A2HTN) both involve immune system activation and renal innate immune cell infiltration. Subpopulations of activated [Cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38)] innate immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), play distinct roles in modulating renal function and blood pressure. It is unknown how these cells become CD38+ or which subtypes are pro-hypertensive. When bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMDMs) were grown in granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and treated with salt or A2, CD38+ macrophages and CD38+ DCs increased. The adoptive transfer of GM-CSF-primed BMDMs into mice with either SSHTN or A2HTN increased renal CD38+ macrophages and CD38+ DCs. Flow cytometry revealed increased renal M1 macrophages and type-2 conventional DCs (cDC2s), along with their CD38+ counterparts, in mice with either SSHTN or A2HTN. These results were replicable in vitro. Either salt or A2 treatment of GM-CSF-primed BMDMs significantly increased bone marrow-derived (BMD)-M1 macrophages, CD38+ BMD-M1 macrophages, BMD-cDC2s, and CD38+ BMD-cDC2s. Overall, these data suggest that GM-CSF is necessary for the salt or A2 induction of CD38+ innate immune cells, and that CD38 distinguishes pro-hypertensive immune cells. Further investigation of CD38+ M1 macrophages and CD38+ cDC2s could provide new therapeutic targets for both SSHTN and A2HTN.
Systematic First-Principles Investigations of the Nucleation, Growth, and Surface Properties of Al11RE3 Second-Phase Particles in Al-Based Alloys
Authors: Yin Wei , Liu Yuming , Lin Lan , Wang Yiru , Chen Leyi , Li Zhaoting , Peng Honghu , Fan Touwen , Wu Yuanzhi , Deng Yuanxiang , Liu Xiong , Chen Dongchu
Published: August 2024

At room temperature, Al alloys have excellent mechanical properties and are widely used in automotive, electronics, aerospace and other fields, but it is difficult to maintain this advantage in the middle and high temperature ranges. To address this issue, second-phase Al11RE3 (RE represents rare earth element) was introduced into a Al-Mg-RE alloy as its primary constituent. By incorporating RE elements as additives, this material exhibits exceptional mechanical and thermal properties at elevated temperatures. Based on first principles and quasi-harmonic approximation (QHA), the nucleation growth mechanism and surface properties of second-phase Al11RE3 were studied in this paper. The interfacial energy γα/β, strain energy ΔECS and chemical driving force ΔGV of Al11RE3 were obtained. Models1, 4, and 6 have better properties of para-site connections than inter-site connections. It is found that the resistances of particle nucleation, interface energy γα/β and strain energy ΔECS, first increase and then decrease with increased atomic number REs, but they are much smaller than the chemical driving force ΔGV. A reduced chemical driving force and a diminished nucleation radius R* are more favorable for the process of nucleation. The addition of Sc is the most unfavorable for nucleation, and La has the strongest nucleating ability, which gradually decreases as the atomic number of the lanthanide element increases. The nucleation ability of the Al11RE3 phase decreases with increasing temperature, which is consistent with the experiments. The nucleation radius R* also increases with increasing temperature, indicating that the nucleation ability decreases as the atomic number of the lanthanide elements increases. Since the smaller the nucleation radius R* the easier the nucleation, compared with model4 and 6, model1 has a smaller nucleation radius R* and the smallest increment. Thus, model1 is more prominent in the nucleation mechanism. In the particle growth study, the smaller the diffusion activation energy Q, the faster the diffusion rate in the Al matrix, and hence the higher the coiling rate, which promotes the growth of second-phase particles. The diffusion activation energy Q decreases sequentially from La to Ce and then increases with atomic number. The coarsening rate KLSW of the Al11RE3 phase in models1, 4, and 6 increased with increasing temperature, which promoted the growth of particles. This paper is intended to provide a solid theoretical basis for the production and application of aluminum alloy at high temperatures.
Investigation of Piezoelectric Properties of Wurtzite AlN Films under In-Plane Strain: A First-Principles Study
Authors: Qin Guoqiang , Zhao Ziyuan , Wang Ao , Wang Wentao , Qin Shengjian , Wu Hongya , Yang Zhigang , Yu Gang , Zhang Guanglei
Published: August 2024

This research article presents a comprehensive first-principles study on the piezoelectric properties of Wurtzite Aluminum Nitride (AlN) films under in-plane strain conditions. By calculating the piezoelectric tensor coefficients (e33, e31, and e15), we investigate the variation patterns of these constants with respect to in-plane strain. Our results indicate significant changes in the piezoelectric constants within the range of in-plane strain considered, exhibiting a linear trend despite opposite trends for e33 compared to e31 and e15. This study highlights the extreme sensitivity of AlN films’ piezoelectric performance to in-plane strain, suggesting its potential as an effective means for tuning and optimizing the piezoelectric properties of AlN-based devices.
Pectin and Alginate Functional Biopolymers: Factors Influencing Structural Composition, Functional Characteristics and Biofilm Development
Authors: Van Rooyen Brandon , De Wit Maryna , Van Niekerk Johan
Published: August 2024

Various natural polymers have been explored for their specific and desirable functional properties. Biopolymers have been found to hold the potential to satisfy many current environmental and health needs from a natural food packaging perspective. With a drive towards a more sustainable and plastic-free future, polymers like pectin and alginate have been considered key to reducing traditional plastic packaging usage in the food industry. These well-established, commercially available biopolymers display unique functional properties that can be manipulated in the development of biofilms that possess specific physical–mechanical properties. Pectin and alginate have also proven successful in the biomedical applications of encapsulation, drug delivery, wound healing and tissue engineering, greatly due to their ability to form biofilms and coatings. The structural and consequent functional properties of pectin and alginate have been investigated, although rarely concurrently with one another, focusing on biofilm development. Research has specifically identified and highlighted the importance of pectin and alginate in developing biofilms due to their versatile and charged structural nature. This review article discusses and highlights factors responsible for the specific properties displayed by pectin and alginate biofilms from a chemical and film development perspective.