bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE USTILAGINALES: XIII. OBSERVATIONS ON THE STRUCTURE AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF 4-O-β-D-MANNOPYRANOSYL-D-ERYTHRITOL
Authors: Gorin P. A. J. , Haskins R. H. , Spencer J. F. T.
Published: December 2009

D-Glucose-6-C14, D-erythrose-4-C14, and D-erythritol-4-C14were used as precursors in the biosynthesis of 4-O-β-D-mannopyranosyl erythritol by Ustilago sp. PRL 627 and the patterns of C14labelling in the products determined. The disaccharide appears to be formed by direct transformation of D-glucose to a D-mannose unit which is then attached to C-4 of D-erythritol.* The labelling of the D-erythritol † portion shows that 80% of C-4 of the molecule is derived from the 6-position of D-glucose.
EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO COLD ON ACETYLATION IN THE RAT
Authors: Campbell James , Green Gordon R. , Socol Harvey
Published: December 2009

Acetylation of p-aminobenzoic acid in rats was decreased by exposure to cold. The result suggests that in these animals competition for active acetate by heat-yielding processes may limit its availability for acetylation.
A COLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR MEASURING INDICAN
Authors: Marko A. M. , Reynolds F. B.
Published: December 2009

A qualitative test for indican (indoxyl-O-sulphate, usually as the potassium salt) has been adapted for the quantitative measurement of indican. The method involves the condensation of indican and p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in the presence of acid to yield an orange-colored compound. When an excess of sodium acetate is added, the orange-colored reaction product is converted to a cherry-red derivative. The effects of time, acids, temperature, and concentration of reagents on the reaction have been studied and optimum conditions have been selected to obtain a standard curve.Unsatisfactory analytical results are obtained when this method is applied directly to urine samples and a method for the quantitative elution of indican from charcoal columns has, therefore, been devised. With this modification quantitative recoveries have been achieved with indican alone and with indican added to urine samples.In addition a review of the literature pertaining to indican measurement and indigoid pigments is presented.
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS DENATURANTS ON THE HAEMOGLOBINS OF ADULT AND CORD BLOOD: II. UREA AS A DENATURANT
Authors: White F. D. , Kerr Audrey , Ferguson R. B. , Hull A. R.
Published: December 2009

The action of urea upon the haemoglobins of human adult and cord blood has been studied spectrophotometrically under varying conditions of temperature, urea concentration, and pH, and the velocity constants of the reaction determined at different temperatures and at different molar concentrations of urea.Breaks appeared in the reaction curves of adult blood at all temperatures studied and at urea concentrations greater than 4 M, but not in the case of cord blood, the corresponding rates of which are much lower than those of adult blood. It is suggested that these breaks may be indicative of the formation of an intermediate product, and only become apparent when the reaction attains a critical velocity, determined by conditions of temperature or urea concentration.The product of the urea reaction at pH 8.5, and that of alkali denaturation at pH 11.9, both give absorption curves whose dissimilarity in shape has been shown to be due to the difference in pH. The absorption curve of alkaline globin haematin (the product of alkali denaturation) when adjusted to pH 8.5, is indistinguishable from that produced by the urea reaction. It is therefore concluded that since the products of these reactions are spectroscopically identical, the action of urea upon oxyhaemoglobin appears to be a true denaturation.
STUDIES ON THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF DEFATTED FISH FLOUR
Authors: Morrison A. B. , Campbell J. A.
Published: December 2009

In studies on the nutritional value of defatted fish flour, groups of male weanling rats were given otherwise adequate diets containing 7%, 10%, or 15% protein supplied by fish flour or casein. After 4 weeks, protein efficiency ratio (P.E.R.) values found for 7% and 10% fish flour were significantly higher than those for comparable levels of casein, but similar values were found for both proteins at the 15% level. The kidneys of the animals given diets containing 15% protein were significantly heavier than those of the animals fed the other diets, but level or source of dietary protein had no significant effects on liver and adrenal weights, or liver lipid levels.In further studies, fish flour was added to whole wheat flour or to white bread prior to baking, and the resulting mixtures were fed to growing male rats at the 10% protein level. Addition of 2, 4, or 6 lb of fish flour per 100 lb of whole wheat flour increased the P.E.R., in a stepwise manner, from 1.49 to 2.80 but had no effect on organ weights or liver lipid levels. Addition of 10% fish flour to white bread made with or without 4.2% milk solids increased the P.E.R. values by 82%, and 198% respectively, and significantly decreased liver lipid levels. The P.E.R. values for bread and flour diets were found to be a direct function of the lysine content of the protein.It was concluded that defatted fish flour is an excellent source of high quality protein, and should be of particular value in supplementing diets deficient in lysine.
THE EFFECT OF INTERMITTENT INDOOR COLD EXPOSURE ON WHITE RATS
Authors: Héroux O.
Published: December 2009

Recently it has been shown that when white rats are kept in individual cages and exposed indoors to constant cold temperature or when they are exposed in groups to the outdoor winter conditions, they develop similar degrees of cold resistance and similar metabolic adjustments but they differ in endocrine, insulative, and peripheral adjustments.In an attempt to determine whether variations in temperature alone could be responsible for the type of adjustments developed outdoors, white rats were kept at 30 °C for 4 weeks but exposed to 6 °C for a few hours every day. Through these intermittent cold exposures, the animals developed the same type of acclimation as the one produced indoors by continuous exposure to a constant temperature, but to a lesser degree. Adrenals tended to hypertrophy, body and muscle growth tended to decrease, and over-all insulation appeared to decrease. In contrast to continuously exposed rats, however, they showed no cold injury, no change in ear vascularization, and no thickening of the ear epidermis, probably because the skin was never cooled long enough at any given time for the cold temperature to produce cellular alterations that could not be corrected during the warm periods.
FORMATION IN VIVO OF 16-EPIESTRIOL AND 16-KETO- ESTRADIOL-17β FROM ESTRIOL BY THE LAYING HEN AND OCCURRENCE OF EQUOL IN HEN'S URINE AND FECES
Authors: MacRae H. F. , Dale D. G. , Common R. H.
Published: December 2009

Estriol-16-C14was administered intravenously to a laying hen furnished with exteriorized ureters. Urine and feces were collected separately and estrogens were extracted by a method that included acid hydrolysis but avoided a highly alkaline pH (> 10.5) for the extract. The urine secreted in the first 24-hour period after injection contained radioactive estriol, radioactive 16-ketoestradiol-17β, and radioactive 16-epiestriol. No other radioactive metabolite was detected in the urine. The feces excreted in the first 24-hour period after injection contained radioactive estriol and radioactive 16-epiestriol, but little, if any, radioactive 16-ketoestradiol-17β. The feces did contain small amounts of a radioactive metabolite less polar than estradiol-17β. Reasons are advanced in support of the view that this metabolite was present in consequence of bacterial action in gut or feces. Comparison of blackening of radioautograms showed that a high proportion of the injected estriol was excreted by the fecal route, and that the greatest single fraction of radioactivity present was in 16-epiestriol. The urine and feces for the second 24-hour period contained insignificant amounts of radioactive estrogens as compared with those excreted in the first 24-hour period.The lipophilic and hydrophilic fractions of estrogen extracts both from urine and feces contained amounts of equol that were large relative to the amounts of the various estrogens excreted, as judged by staining of the chromatograms. Extracts from the first and from the second 24-hour periods contained about the same amount of equol.
INFLUENCE OF VARIATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE ON THE ACUTE TOXICITY OF RESERPINE AND CHLORPROMAZINE IN MICE
Authors: Dandiya P. C. , Johnson Gordon , Sellers E. A.
Published: December 2009

The acute toxicity of chlorpromazine in mice is 18 times higher in an environment of 4 °C than in a thermoneutral environment of 30 °C. Under similar conditions the acute toxicity of reserpine increases about 1200 times. These findings confirm the earlier suggestion that these drugs cause hypothermia by different mechanisms of action. Increased acute toxicity of these drugs was also noticed at a higher temperature (36 °C).At 4 °C, after chlorpromazine, death occurred earlier than after reserpine. Reserpine produced a transient increase in oxygen consumption (in rats) which helped maintain body temperature but resulted in a more rapid loss of heat from the body. This would explain the difference in time of death and might explain the difference in ultimate mortality between the animals treated with these two drugs.
A MICROMETHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SULPHATE BY FLAME PHOTOMETRY
Authors: Robinson G. A.
Published: December 2009

A micromethod for the determination of 0.1 to 3.5 μg of sulphate is described. Acidified barium chloride solution is added to samples containing free and esterified sulphate, and the resultant mixtures are dried at 95 °C. Soluble materials are redissolved with a 90% solution of acidified ethanol, 0.1 N for hydrochloric acid, containing 250 μg lithium per milliliter. After addition of the ethanol solution, approximately eight hours are required for the establishment of equilibrium (as indicated by a radiosulphur label) between solid and dissolved barium sulphate. Barium present in solution is then determined quantitatively by flame photometry, with the ethanol–lithium medium increasing the primary emission of the barium by 15 times. The sulphate content of the sample is read from a standard curve. Estimations on microgram quantities of some organic and inorganic sulphur-containing compounds are given.
ELECTROPHORETIC PROPERTIES OF CRYSTALLINE GLOBULIN FROM CUCURBIT SEEDS
Authors: Anderson David Gene , McCalla A. G. , McCalla D. R.
Published: December 2009

Crystalline globulins from squash and pumpkin seed yielded two distinct electrophoretic components at pH 4.8 but those from cucumber and watermelon seed yielded only one. Each yielded a single component at pH 4.6 but at pH values below 3.5 there was a tendency for a second component to appear. At pH 2.3 all showed two components although separation was not complete nor was it uniform among species. There was a tendency for two components to appear at pH values above the isoelectric range.The results support the conclusion that the globulins from closely related species differ less than those from more distantly related species. They suggest that the crystalline globulins are not each a single homogeneous protein.
THE ENZYME 5-PHOSPHORYLRIBOSE PYROPHOSPHOKINASE IN FISH MUSCLE
Authors: Tarr H. L. A.
Published: December 2009

The enzyme 5-phosphorylribose pyrophosphokinase was found in the muscles, and in certain of the organs, of marine teleost fish. It was considerably purified at between 0 and −1 °C by a simple, rapid procedure which involved extraction of the muscle with water, precipitation of the active fraction at pH 5.5, re-solution of the precipitate in 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.0, and removal of about half the inactive protein from the solution by treatment with alumina Cγ gel. The enzyme was found to be very unstable, purified preparations losing activity quite rapidly even when stored at less than −50 °C. The requirement of the enzyme for ATP, R5P, Mg++, and glutathione, and its pH–activity relationship, were investigated. The lithium salt of PRPP was prepared in good yield and in a comparatively high state of purity using the purified muscle enzyme from lingcod.
NUTRITION AND METABOLISM OF MARINE BACTERIA: IX. ION REQUIREMENTS FOR OBTAINING AND STABILIZING ISOCITRIC DEHYDROGENASE FROM A MARINE BACTERIUM
Authors: MacLeod Robert A. , Hori Aiko , Fox Sylvia M.
Published: December 2009

When cells of a marine bacterium were washed and suspended in 0.05 M MgCl2, no isocitric dehydrogenase could be demonstrated in the extract prepared, although all other tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes had been shown to be present. Failure to detect the enzyme was traced to the presence of halide as the sole anion in the solution used to suspend the cells. Sulphate or phosphate salts gave rise to an active enzyme. These relations applied to extracts prepared by sonic treatment, alumina grinding, and lysis by versene and lysozyme. Evidence was obtained suggesting that halides fail to prevent the denaturation of the enzyme after its release from the cells. Tested under optimum conditions, the specific activity of isocitric dehydrogenase in the extract was found to be proportional to the ionic strength of the solution used to suspend the cells (maximum activity at 0.4 to 0.5 μ). In the presence of low concentrations of an anion giving rise to an active enzyme, halide salts were found capable of contributing to these ionic strength requirements. The addition of Mg++to the extract in the presence of a suitable anion at least doubled the storage life of the enzyme at 4 °C.
THYROID ENLARGEMENT PRODUCED BY PROLONGED ADMINISTRATION OF IODINE IN THE MOUSE
Authors: Isler H. , Nadler N. J. , Arboit T. , Johnston N. , Peter W. , Tucker E.
Published: December 2009

Mice were fed diets containing a low level of sodium chloride and 0.2, 1.0, and 5.0 μg iodine per gram respectively for 72 and 142 days. At 142 days, the thyroids weighed 1.6, 3.0, and 4.2 mg per lobe respectively. To determine which thyroid tissue components were responsible for the increase in gland weight, quantitative measurements were performed on histological sections of the thyroid. At the lowest and highest iodine levels, the colloid weights were 1.0 and 3.0 mg per lobe and the epithelium weights were 0.39 and 0.88 mg per lobe respectively. Thus, the change in colloid accounted for 77% and the change in epithelium for 19% of the increase in thyroid weight. Follicular diameter increased by 40%. The goiter induced by iodine proved to be due essentially to an enlargement of follicle size and not to an increase in the number of follicles. Kidney inflammation was observed in animals ingesting large amounts of iodine.
THE EFFECT OF THE PROLONGED INTAKE OF ETHYLENE- DIAMINETETRAACETATE ON THE UTILIZATION OF CALCIUM AND IRON BY THE RAT
Authors: Larsen B. A. , Hawkins W. W. , Leonard Verna G. , Armstrong Joan E.
Published: December 2009

The dihydrate of disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) was added at levels of 0.3 and 1.5% to the diet of young rats to produce molar ratios EDTA:Ca:Fe of 1:49:0.8 and 1:9.8:0.16. These diets did not affect the excretion of calcium or its concentration in blood serum or femur. In both cases the concentration of iron in serum was increased, and in spleen decreased; and with the higher dietary level of EDTA the concentration of iron in the liver was decreased. Other animals were given 0.5 or 3.0 mg of the EDTA compound per day intraperitoneally. The only difference in any of the same measurements noted above was a decrease in the concentration of iron in the spleen in the animals which received the larger dose. There was no effect in any case on the size of the liver, spleen, or femur, or upon growth. All the measurements were made after 110 – 112 days. The larger amounts of EDTA which were used were near the maxima which the animals would tolerate for a long period.
THE CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF HOMOLOGOUS PHOSPHATIDES
Authors: Baer Erich , Buchnea Dmytro , Grôf Tibor
Published: December 2009

The feasibility of separating homologous phosphatides by paper chromatography has been established. Evidence is presented for the chromatographic separation of members of homologous series of glycerolphosphatides differing by eight, four or two carbon atoms per fatty acid substituent.
SYNTHESIS OFL-α-CEPHALINS CONTAINING FATTY ACIDS OF SHORTER CHAIN LENGTH: WATER-SOLUBLE GLYCEROLPHOSPHATIDES II
Authors: Baer Erich , Gróf Tibor
Published: December 2009

L-α-(Dihexanoyl)cephalin has been synthesized by the phosphorylation of D-α,β-dihexanoylglycerol with phenylphosphoryl dichloride and pyridine, esterification of the reaction product, viz. dihexanoyl-L-α-glycerylphenylphosphoryl chloride, with N-carbobenzoxyethanolamine, and simultaneous removal of the protective groups of dihexanoyl-L-α-glycerylphenylphosphoryl-N-carbobenzoxyethanolamine by catalytic hydrogenolysis. The L-α-(dihexanoyl)cephalin is soluble in water.Infrared evidence supports the inner-salt structure of cephalins in chloroform solution.
EVALUATION OF PROTEIN IN FOODS: VI. FURTHER FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PROTEIN EFFICIENCY RATIO OF FOODS
Authors: Middleton E. J. , Morrison A. B. , Campbell J. A.
Published: December 2009

Diets containing two levels of protein (10 and 15%) and two levels of fat (10 and 20%) were tested in all possible combinations in a 4-week rat growth assay. Protein was supplied by casein or a mixture of plant proteins. The protein efficiency ratio (P.E.R.) for casein found with a diet containing 10% protein and 10% fat was slightly greater than that found with a diet containing 15% protein and 20% fat, approximating the levels found in the "average" Canadian diet. The value for plant protein was similar under both conditions. Efficiency of carcass protein synthesis was much greater in animals fed casein than in those fed plant protein. With both sources of protein, the efficiency of carcass protein synthesis was similar with diets containing 10% protein and 10% fat to those with 15% protein and 20% fat.In additional studies, no effect of Chlortetracycline or source of carbohydrate on P.E.R. of casein was observed.It was concluded that P.E.R. determinations carried out on a 10% protein diet furnish a valid estimate of the nutritive value of protein and have several practical advantages.
A SIMPLE CAPACITOR TRANSDUCER FOR MEASURING BLOOD PRESSURE IN SMALL EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS
Authors: Dowd Gerald F. , Crevier Marc
Published: December 2009

A simple capacitor transducer for measuring blood pressure in small experimental animals has been constructed. A hypodermic needle closed at its collar end by a brass diaphragm was used as the cell of the transducer. A thin plastic sheet was used as the dielectric, inserted between the diaphragm and a slightly convex brass rod serving as the other plate of the capacitor. The whole assembly constitutes a capacitor whose capacity varies inversely with the pressure as the space between the two plates changes. The transducer can be coupled directly to a conventional R. F. generator, preamplifier, and pen-writing oscillograph assembly. Results show that this simple transducer is very rugged and has a high degree of zero stability. Its sensitivity is very great, accompanied by a very small resolution time. Its accuracy is well demonstrated by the detailed recordings of the central pulse contour in normal and hydralazine-treated rats.
BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF IRRADIATION ON LIVER REGENERATION
Authors: Myers D. K.
Published: December 2009

Little change in the total weight, number of cell nuclei, and amounts of protein, ribonucleic acid, and deoxyribonucleic acid occurs in rat livers after local irradiation of the liver region. However, irradiation of the normal liver before partial hepatectomy does retard subsequent DNA accumulation and increase in number of cell nuclei. These effects appear to be due to a localized action of the radiation on the liver cells. The lag in DNA accumulation is not accompanied by a marked accumulation of acid-soluble purine–deoxyribose derivatives.
UNIT STUDY OF THE TRIGEMINAL PROJECTIONS IN THE RETICULAR FORMATION OF THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA IN THE CAT
Authors: Lamarche Guy , Langlois J. M. , Héon Maurice
Published: December 2009

The projections of the trigeminal nerve in the bulbar reticular formation of the cat have been investigated by recording unit activity after physiological stimulation of the face, in 50 "encéphales isolés" preparations. No somatotopical arrangement was found. The units susceptible to trigeminal afferents are widespread in the reticular formation of the medulla and are responsive to large areas of stimulation, mostly bilaterally symmetrical.
THE METABOLISM OF INOSITOL IN SALMON: I. THE DISTRIBUTION OF RADIOACTIVITY IN ACID-SOLUBLE EXTRACTS OF COHO SALMON FOLLOWING INTRAPERITONEAL AND INTRA-ARTERIAL INJECTIONS OF 2-C14-MYOINOSITOL
Authors: Tsuyuki H. , Idler D. R.
Published: December 2009

Male coho salmon held in captivity for only a few days were injected intra-peritoneally and intra-arterially with 2-C14-myoinositol. Several hours later the cohoes were anesthetized and frozen in dry ice. After overnight storage, perchloric extracts were made of the major organs and tissues and the relative C14content of the extracts was determined. Most of the radioactivity of the extracts was not adsorbed by charcoal. Only the liver and to a lesser extent the flesh and kidney contained radioactivity in the nucleotide fraction. Of the material not adsorbed to charcoal, most of the radioactivity of the kidney, milt, and gut extracts were not held by Dowex-1-formate while that of the head and liver extracts was about equally divided between the water and formic acid eluants of the column. The two methods of injection resulted in no major differences in the relative amounts of C14labelling in the various tissue components.
THE METABOLISM OF INOSITOL IN SALMON: II. THE ROLE OF NUCLEOTIDES IN RELATION TO THE METABOLISM OF 2-C14-MYOINOSITOL IN COHO LIVER
Authors: Tsuyuki H. , Idler D. R.
Published: December 2009

Though radioactivity is distributed throughout the entire spectrum of coho liver nucleotide fractions, the UDP-uronic acid fraction was found to be one of the more active. Most of the radioactivity was present in the glucuronic acid and glucuronolactone formed when UDP-uronic acid was hydrolyzed with acid. UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, and UDP-N-acetylhexosamine did not contain any measurable activity. In C14-coho II another major concentration of activity was found in fraction A5, which has not yet been investigated. These results are discussed in relation to the known biochemical reactions of inositol and sugar nucleotide interconversions in plants.
THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE NITRIFYING ORGANISMS: PART 7. THE PHOSPHATE COMPOUNDS OF NITROBACTER AND THE UPTAKE OF ORTHOPHOSPHATE BY THE ORGANISM
Authors: Butt W. D. , Lees H.
Published: December 2009

The phosphate compounds present in the cells of the chemosynthetic autotrophic bacterium Nitrobacter were fractionated by means of successive extractions with cold 5% trichloracetic acid, ethanol, ethanol:ether, and dilute alkali. It was found that about 50% of the total cell phosphate was soluble in dilute alkali and, of this, 76% was acid-labile. Treatment of the alkali extract with Norit reduced the content of non-labile phosphate without affecting the acid-labile component; this labile compound was identified as a polyphosphate. By the use of32P-labelled orthophosphate, it was shown that the cells absorbed orthophosphate from the medium at a slow rate during nitrite oxidation.
THE ACTIVATION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF UTERINE MUSCLE DURING STRETCH-INDUCED CONTRACTION
Authors: Daniel Edwin E.
Published: December 2009

The electrical and mechanical activity of uterine strips from human beings, cats, rats, and rabbits was studied using glass pore surface electrodes and isometric recording of tension. Uterine strips from animals treated with estrogen, or with estrogen and progesterone, were compared with those from pregnant animals. Marked differences in both electrical and mechanical activity were found among the various strips studied. Strips from estrogen or pregnant cats were activated primarily by propagated "ail-or-none" action potentials. Propagated action potentials were recorded from rat uterine strips of all types, but they originated from several sites during the same burst, and did not spread over the entire uterus or even a few millimeters in some strips. Mechanical strain appeared to play a role in activation in rat uterus. In strips from uteri of nonpregnant rabbits, action potentials were small, and propagation was slow and limited in extent. Action potential conduction played a minor role in activation in these tissues. Uterine strips from pregnant rabbits resembled those from cats and rats. Action potentials similar to those of animal uteri were recorded from strips of pregnant human uterus. Progesterone pretreatment and pregnancy increased the number of action potentials and duration of contraction. Progesterone pretreatment reduced the sensitivity of cat uterus to stretch. The effect of reduction of external sodium concentration on propagation of uterine action potentials was studied. The results are discussed in relation to the mechanisms underlying electrical activity and to the question of whether electrical activity is a determinant of mechanical activity in the uterus.
THE INFLUENCE OF ADRENALECTOMY AND INDIVIDUAL STEROID HORMONES UPON THE METABOLISM OF ACETATE-1-C14 BY RAT LIVER SLICES: III. RESPIRATORY EFFECTS
Authors: Willmer J. S. , Foster T. S.
Published: December 2009

The oxidation of acetate-1-C14 by rat liver slices was found to be raised above the control level in both sham-operated and adrenalectomized animals. Deoxycorticosterone further increased substrate oxidation in the adrenalectomized group, but had no effect upon sham-operated animals. No other hormone investigated influenced the oxidation of acetate. The respiratory rate of liver slices was elevated by adrenalectomy: cortisone and deoxycorticosterone lowered the respiratory rate of sham-operated animals. A comparison has been made with the effects of certain esterified steroids. These were, in general, observed to be less stimulatory in effect than the corresponding alcohols, and in some cases caused considerable inhibition of respiration.
CARDIAC OUTPUT IN ACUTE EXPERIMENTAL METHEMOGLOBINEMIA
Authors: Gowdey C. W.
Published: December 2009

Methemoglobinemia induced in normal anesthetized dogs by intravenous infusions of aniline resulted in a decreased arterial oxygen content and a marked increase in cardiac output. Heart rate, arterial pressure, blood viscosity, and oxygen consumption increased, while total peripheral resistance and arteriovenous oxygen difference decreased. The elevation of cardiac output occurred in spite of the fact that the hematocrit level and blood viscosity increased. Ganglion-blocking doses of pentolinium bitartrate did not significantly alter the cardiovascular responses to the methemoglobinemia.
LACTIC ACID METABOLISM OF THE SUBMAXILLARY GLAND OF THE CAT
Authors: Strömblad B. C. R.
Published: December 2009

The decrease in oxygen uptake earlier found in the submaxillary gland of the cat after previous section of the chorda tympani is not associated with an increased lactic acid output. The differences in oxygen uptake found with different secretory rates from the normal gland are, at least partly, compensated for by an increase in lactic acid formation. At high concentrations of lactic acid in the blood the gland can metabolize lactic acid.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON METABOLIC ALTERATIONS IN THE HYPOTHERMIC RAT
Authors: Beaton John R.
Published: December 2009

Further observations on metabolic alterations in fasted rats cooled under ice to rectal temperatures approximating 15 °C are reported. In the hypothermic rats, metabolism of injected lactic acid does not appear to be impaired. There is however: increased concentration of inorganic phosphorus in blood but not in liver; increased concentration of glutathione in liver but not in blood; increased plasma chloride concentration; decreased red cell potassium concentration; increased red cell water content; decreased plasma water content. Hypothermia, under these conditions, did not alter concentrations of liver acid-extractable glycogen, red cell sodium, plasma sodium, plasma potassium, nor serum calcium. Administration of urea in saline prior to cooling elevated plasma sodium and potassium concentrations in hypothermic rats. These observations are discussed in relation to previously reported effects of hypothermia on carbohydrate metabolite levels.
A STUDY OF THE PERMEABILITY BARRIER TO β-GALACTOSIDES IN ESCHERICHIA COLI B
Authors: Holmes R. , Sheinin Rose , Crocker Bruce F.
Published: December 2009

Investigation of the β-galactosidase activity of Escherichia coli B has confirmed the view that the access of β-galactosides to the intracellular site of enzyme activity is limited by a permeability barrier. Evidence presented indicates that passage of β-galactosides across this barrier is effected by the combined action of a process of physical diffusion and that of an enzyme-like transport system.
DIFFERENT RESPONSES TO THE PRODUCTION OF DIETARY AND ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS IN "WISTAR" RATS FROM TWO SOURCES
Authors: Gillespie R. J. G. , Lucas C. C.
Published: December 2009

Rats said to be of the same strain, but obtained from different suppliers, have exhibited considerable difference in choline requirement and especially in their tendency to develop dietary cirrhosis when fed a deficient ration.
THE ANDROGENIC ACTIVITY OF 11-KETOTESTOSTERONE: A STEROID IN SALMON PLASMA
Authors: Idler D. R. , Schmidt P. J. , Biely Jacob
Published: December 2009

The androgenic activity of 11-ketotestosterone, which occurs at a high concentration in the plasma of postspawned male sockeye salmon, has been compared with that of testosterone propionate. The potency of 11-ketotestosterone was 58% as compared with standard testosterone propionate when a chick comb growth assay was employed.
SKINFOLD NEUTRAL FAT IN OBESE RATS
Authors: Boyd Eldon M.
Published: December 2009

Increasing levels of water, phospholipid, and free cholesterol were found positively correlated with increasing levels of neutral fat per unit nonlipid dry weight of skinfold in albino rats. Increasing levels of skinfold neutral fat were in turn positively correlated with storage in skinfold of increasing percentages of body neutral fat. These results suggest that storage of neutral fat is an active, primary function of skinfold and that the more active this function the greater the percentage of body fat stored in skinfold. Correlation was, in general, greater in females than in males. In addition, levels of skinfold neutral fat in females were positively correlated with levels of skinfold ester cholesterol.
EXTRACELLULAR GLUCOSE-1-PHOSPHATE IN ACETOBACTER XYLINUM AND ITS ROLE IN CELLULOSE SYNTHESIS
Authors: Colvin J. Ross , Martin S. M. , Dearing G. G.
Published: December 2009

Extracellular glucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P) was identified and isolated from suspensions of intact, washed, glucose-metabolizing cells of Acetobacter xylinum. The presence of this extracellular hexose phosphate was closely correlated with active glucose metabolism of the cells but the compound was not the immediate precursor of bacterial cellulose. The extracellular G-1-P was not a degradation product of uridine diphosphate glucose but could have been a fragment of a still larger, more complex molecule. Possible modes of transport of the ester across the bacterial cell membrane are discussed.
PROGRESS AND RATE OF ABSORPTION OF RADIOPHOSPHORUS THROUGH THE INTESTINAL TRACT OF RATS
Authors: Cramer C. F.
Published: December 2009

Rates of absorption and the movement of P32through the intestine of adult rats were measured. These two measurements were combined mathematically to estimate the effective contribution of each segment of the intestinal tract toward normal absorption of phosphorus. All parts of the intestinal tract were able to absorb P32. The rate of absorption was greatest at the duodenum, followed by the jejunum, ileum, colon, and stomach in decreasing order. However, since P32passed rapidly through the duodenum and jejunum, less material was available to be absorbed, with the result that absorption was less effective in these segments than it was in the ileum. When the progress and rate of absorption was combined quantitatively, the greatest effective absorption was found to occur in the ileum (which absorbed 38% of the total), followed by the duodenum (29%), jejunum (25%), and colon (8%). Two factors were found to limit P32absorption: (a) movement of the isotope into gut segments having slower absorption rate, and (b) decreased absorption of P32in each gut loop with time. Similar factors had been found previously to limit Sr89absorption.
CHROMATOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME AROMATIC COMPOUNDS OF BIOLOGICAL INTEREST
Authors: McGeer E. G. , Robertson M. C. , McGeer P. L.
Published: December 2009

Paper chromatographic data are reported on 220 aromatic compounds of biological interest, including phenolic acids, indoles, imidazoles, purines, pyrimidines, and some miscellaneous substances. Rf data in four solvent systems and color reactions with 12 spray reagents are tabulated. Some correlations between structure of these compounds, relative Rf, and color with various spray reagents are noted.
ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE BREAKDOWN AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO POLYNUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHORYLASE IN THE CROWN-GALL TUMOR INDUCING ORGANISM AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS
Authors: Vardanis A. , Hochster R. M.
Published: December 2009

Cell-free extracts of the crown-gall tumor inducing organism Agrobacterium tumefaciens (strain B6) have been shown to convert ATP to ADP relatively slowly. An adenylate kinase of only moderate activity has been found.Crude extracts of this organism contain an extremely active polynucleotide phosphorylase which rapidly catalyzes the synthesis of polyadenylate from ADP, releasing Piin stoichiometric proportions. Extracts are also shown to exhibit some phosphodiesterase activity towards the polyadenylate so formed.Even though the enzymatic conversions of adenosine and of IMP to hypoxanthine are shown to occur readily it has not been possible to demonstrate any metabolic link between AMP and either adenosine or IMP. Extracts of A. tumefaciens have the unusual property of being unable to metabolize further AMP or other similar mononucleotides (with the exception of IMP).It is shown also that polynucleotide phosphorylase is active not only in extracts of crown-gall tumor inducing organisms but also in those of at least one related non-tumorogenic species of Agrobacterium.
THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN SULPHONYLUREA DRUGS ON PANTOTHENIC ACID METABOLISM IN THE RAT
Authors: Middleton E. J. , McLaughlan J. M.
Published: December 2009

Small amounts of chlorpropamide in the diet (125 mg/kg) did not affect the growth response of rats given pantothenic acid deficient or normal diets. The growth-retarding effect of 1000 mg chlorpropamide/kg of diet was not overcome by the addition of excess pantothenic acid to the diet. The hypoglycemic responses of normal and pantothenic acid deficient animals to insulin were similar, but the effect of tolbutamide on blood sugar levels was significantly less in pantothenic acid deficient animals than in normal controls. The acetylation of an intraperitoneally administered dose of sulphanilamide was significantly lowered when normal rats were given a concomitant oral dose of tolbutamide or propylthiouracil, but was unaffected by phenformin or insulin. Although pantothenic acid deficient animals acetylated less sulphanilamide than normal animals, the percentage of acetylation was not reduced further by treatment with tolbutamide.It was concluded that tolbutamide and chlorpropamide apparently influence certain aspects of pantothenic acid metabolism in the rat, but is unlikely to influence significantly the over-all requirements for the vitamin.
ANTIBODIES TO ESTRONE-PROTEIN CONJUGATES: II. ENDOCRINOLOGICAL STUDIES
Authors: Goodfriend L. , Sehon A. H.
Published: December 2009

It was demonstrated that (i) antiserum to estrone-17-carbamido-HSA neutralized the 6-hour uterotropic activity of exogenous estrone in immature rats, and (ii) the estrone-17-carbamido-proteins were devoid of estrogenic activity at the 5.0-mg dosage level in immature female rats.
THE CAUSE OF THE DISAPPEARANCE OF ARGININE FROM THE BLOOD OF RATS WITH ACUTE HEPATIC NECROSIS INDUCED BY DIETARY MEANS
Authors: Emery Guy N. , Beveridge J. M. R.
Published: December 2009

One hundred and fifteen male weanling rats of the Sprague–Dawley strain were placed on a basal ration designed to deplete their tissue reserves of vitamin E and selenium. They were then placed on a diet capable of precipitating acute hepatic necrosis within a few days. At 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 78, 84, 90, 96, 114, 120, 132, 144, and 160 hours, groups of rats, including any which showed obvious signs of liver damage, were anesthetized with pentobarbital and blood samples were taken from the aorta via a syringe. Determinations of arginase activity of the plasma showed that greatly elevated values occurred only at the time of development of the acute liver damage. It is concluded that the disappearance of arginine from the blood of rats in which acute liver necrosis has developed is due to the liberation of arginase from the dead and dying liver cells thus destroying the amino acid.
RESOLUTION OF THE APOENZYME AND COENZYME OFL-GLUTAMIC ACID DECARBOXYLASE FROM SUNFLOWER COTYLEDONS
Authors: Smith J. E. , Waygood E. R.
Published: December 2009

Methods for the resolution of glutamic acid decarboxylase of sunflower cotyledons into the apo- and co-enzyme moieties are described. The apoenzyme can be separated from codecarboxylase by repeated acid – ammonium sulphate treatment with about 90% resolution and 40–50% inactivation. A codecarboxylase factor can be isolated as the barium salt following denaturation and precipitation of the protein by trichloracetic acid.
AN IMPROVED TWO-DIMENSIONAL SCANNER FOR RADIOCHROMATOGRAMS
Authors: Perkins Harold J. , Tyrrell C.
Published: December 2009

An improved scanner for two-dimensional radiochromatograms has been designed. This scanner prints permanent facsimiles on electrosensitive paper in considerably less time than is required for conventional X-ray film autoradiography. The practical limit of detection is of the order of 35 c.p.m. above background for C14 although compact spots assaying as low as 20 c.p.m. can be readily detected visually on the facsimile.
CHANGES IN GLUTAMIC ACID – OXALOACETIC ACID – TRANSAMINASE ACTIVITY IN THE LIVER AND KIDNEYS ON THE EFFECT OF HIGH DOSES OF PYRAMIDON (AMINOPYRINE)
Authors: Fazekas I. Gy. , Fazekas Á. Gy. , Rengei B.
Published: December 2009

On each of 5 days, rabbits were given subcutaneously 75% of the single lethal dose of Pyramidon (aminopyrine), divided into three daily doses. The animals were killed on the 6th day and the degree of glutamic acid – oxaloacetic acid – transaminase activity of the liver and kidneys was examined. It could be established that activity in the liver increased by 41% and that of the kidneys by 87%. These values are correlated with the lesions which were previously noted in these organs. The increased seral activity as well as the ratio of activity of the organs of the treated and untreated animals is attributed to increased permeability and necrosis in hepatic and renal cells.
EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE ON PENTYLENETETRAZOL CONVULSIONS IN CORPUS CALLOTOMIZED WHITE RATS
Authors: Seguin J. J. , Fretz N. A. , Stavraky G. W.
Published: December 2009

Following section of the corpus callosum, white rats become more sensitive than sham-operated animals to the action of pentylenetetrazol. This is shown by an increase in the duration of convulsions and incidence of clonic, tonic, and repeated convulsions which are significantly greater in corpus callotomized rats than in control animals. In addition, in the corpus callotomized rats the effects of pentylenetetrazol appear more quickly than they do in the controls.It was shown in the present investigation that exposure of the corpus callotomized and sham-operated rats to extremes of environmental temperature for 1-week periods resulted in an increased excitability and convulsibility of control animals. This effect was obtained following exposure to either low (4 °C) or tropical (34 °C) temperatures. Under similar conditions, corpus callotomized animals showed little change in convulsibility or excitability, as defined in the present study, since they had apparently reached almost a maximal state of sensitivity due to the preceding section of the commissural fibers and partial denervation of the cerebral cortical neurones; however, these animals did have a greater number of repeated convulsions when exposed to the tropical temperature, a result which may be interpreted as being due to some further increase in their sensitivity to pentylenetetrazol.
HYDROLYSIS OF SOME DEOXYRIBONUCLEOSIDES BY WHEAT LEAF JUICE
Authors: Roberts D. W. A.
Published: December 2009

Enzymes present in wheat leaf juice convert deoxyadenosine into adenine and deoxyribose, deoxycytidine into deoxyuridine, and 5-methyldeoxycytidine into thymidine.
MARINE STEROLS: IX. BIOSYNTHESIS OF 24-METHYLENECHOLESTEROL IN CLAMS
Authors: Fagerlund U. H. M. , Idler D. R.
Published: December 2009

Clams (Saxidomus giganteus) are able to transform injected cholesterol-4-C14into radioactive 24-methylenecholesterol in vivo. The highest rate of conversion was observed when the radioactive sterol was injected into the digestive gland. The findings suggest a possible pathway in the biosynthesis of C28-sterols and throw some light on the question of the origin of C28-sterols in lamellibranchs.
THE PARTICIPATION OF THE LIVER IN THE FORMATION OF POSTHEPARIN ESTERASES
Authors: Kohout J. , Korbová L. , Skořepa J.
Published: December 2009

The task of the study was to ascertain the participation of the liver in the formation of postheparin esterases. The chronic experiments were carried out on dogs with acrylic vascular cannulas placed into the hepatic vein and vena portae according to London. The modified operation is described in the paper in detail. Heparin was administered in the dose of 200 I.U. per 1 kg body weight into vena portae or one of the hepatic veins. Blood was drawn from these veins at short simultaneous intervals and the activity of postheparin esterases was determined in it. The activity of serum esterases was estimated by the Cherry–Crandall method. Control trials were carried out to study the activity of serum esterases after the administration of saline. The results suggest that postheparin esterases originate in the liver.
DEVELOPMENT OF OIL IN THE SEED OF HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.
Authors: Hopkins C. Y. , Chisholm Mary J.
Published: December 2009

Sunflower seed (Helianthus annuus L.) was collected from growing plants at weekly intervals. Analyses of the seed, the oil, and the fatty acids were made, the latter by gas chromatography. Oil formation began about 10 days after flowering and continued at a steady rate for 7 weeks. There was no evidence that any intermediate substance accumulated in the seed for subsequent conversion to oil.The weight of individual fatty acids per 100 seeds was determined at each stage of development. Except for one sample, the amount of each acid increased to maturity. Oleic acid accumulated most rapidly at first but at the mid-point of oil development it was overtaken by linoleic acid, which became the major component. The possibility that some oleic acid was converted to linoleic acid is discussed. The absence of any marked change in amounts of long-chain saturated acids suggests that they were not involved in the synthesis of the unsaturated fatty acids.
THE EFFECT OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY IN RETARDING THE AGEING PROCESS OF THE LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE OF THE RAT
Authors: Hall Michael C.
Published: December 2009

Hypophysectomy and subsequent growth hormone administration have been reported to have an effect on mucopolysaccharide metabolism. A technique is described by which comparative measurements are made of the ability of subcutaneous connective tissue to retain saline injected into it. This technique has been used in the examination of a group of hypophysectomized rats. Their tissue was found in this regard to have the character of that expected of normal rats about 100 days younger than those examined. This was the interval between the hypophysectomy and the examination of the tissues, and it is therefore suggested that hypophysectomy has an effect, specific or non-specific, that retards the ageing process of common connective tissue.
CHANGES IN LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE OF THE MALE RAT FOLLOWING CASTRATION
Authors: Hall Michael C.
Published: December 2009

The rate of loss of fluid from gelatinous bullae made in male rats 106 days postcastration has been compared with the rate in control rats. It has been shown to be diminished. Although the animals did not gain weight as rapidly as the controls, the hypodermis of their pelts was physically and histologically more dense.
STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF VALERATE-1-C14 BY UREDOSPORES OF WHEAT STEM RUST
Authors: Reisener H. , McConnell W. B. , Ledingham G. A.
Published: December 2009

When uredospores of Puccinia graminis var. tritici race 15B were shaken in a medium containing M/30 phosphate buffer, pH 6.2, and valerate-1-C14, 97% of the radioactivity was removed from the solution in a period of 3 hours. Fifty-five per cent of the carbon-14 was released as carbon dioxide, and 42% was incorporated into the spores. Carbon-14 was found in many cellular components but the water-soluble fraction accounted for 48% of the tracer in the spores. About two thirds of the water-soluble carbon-14 was in a fraction containing amino acids, amides, and peptides, with glutamic acid, glutamine, and γ-aminobutyric acid being highly radioactive. Carbon-5 of glutamic acid and carbon-1 of γ-aminobutyric acid were particularly radioactive. In addition carbon-1 of glutamic acid was appreciably radioactive. The results are consistent with the view that γ-aminobutyric acid was formed by decarboxylation of glutamic acid and that glutamic acid became labelled as a result of β-oxidation of the valerate-1-C14 to yield acetate-1-C14 which in turn was metabolized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
FATE OF PHENYLALANINE-C14AND CINNAMIC ACID-C14IN MALUS IN RELATION TO PHLORIDZIN SYNTHESIS
Authors: Avadhani P. N. , Towers G. H. N.
Published: December 2009

Both phenylalanine-C14and cinnamic acid-C14were utilized in the synthesis of phloridzin-C14by Malus leaf disks, although this synthesis could be demonstrated only with young leaves. Two compounds, tentatively identified as a cinnamyl-glucose ester and a p-coumaryl-glucose ester, were formed in appreciable quantities when either phenylalanine or cinnamic acid was administered. Smaller amounts of p-coumaryl-quinic and chlorogenic acids were also synthesized. Although radioactive p-coumaric acid was identified in each experiment, phloretic acid was never labeled. The significance of these results in relation to the biogenesis of phloridzin in Malus is discussed.