bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Limit distributions of the maximum size of a tree in a random recursive forest
Authors: Pavlov Yu.L. , Loseva E.A.
Published: February 2016

We consider the set of forests consisting of N recursive non-rooted trees with n vertices where the uniform probability distribution is defined. We give the complete description of the asymptotic behaviour of the maximum size of a tree in a forest as n → ∞.
On the functional complexity of a two-dimensional interval search problem
Authors: Gasanov E.E. , Kuznetsova I.V.
Published: February 2016

We suggest a modification of the Bentley-Maurer algorithm which solves a twodimensional interval search problem. This modification allows us to decrease the initially logarithmic average search time to constant, retaining the logarithmic worst-case search time. This algorithm depends on a parameter whose change results in variation of the needed memory from Ϭ(k
On analytical conjugacy of Ton chard polynomials and the polynomials quasi-orthogonal to them
Authors: Kuzmin O.V. , Leonova O.V.
Published: February 2016

We consider the Touchard polynomials, which are extensions of the Bell polynomials, and the P-polynomials which, together with the Touchard polynomials, form a quasi-orthogonal system. We establish analytical conjugacy of the Touchard polynomials and the P-polynomials, which allows us, in particular, to find a series of new recurrence relations for the P-polynomials.
Limit distributions of the number of collections of H -equivalent segments in the triangular array scheme of equiprobable polynomial trials
Authors: Shoitov A.M.
Published: February 2016

In this paper we study random variables which characterise collections of segments in an equiprobable polynomial scheme related by the H-equivalence. We give an upper bound for the variation distance between the distribution of the random variable ξ
The loops of order six
Authors: Shchukin K.K. , Gushan V.V.
Published: February 2016

The automorphism groups, the anti-isomorphism classes and the generators of the groups of inner permutations for loops of order six are found.
On 2-regular graphs whose girth is one less than the maximum
Authors: Knyazev A.V.
Published: February 2016

We say that a digraph is 2-regular (dichotomous) if the out-degrees d

In this paper we prove that for odd n ≥ 13

G(n, 2, (n- 1)/2) = P(n, 2, (n- 1)/2),

any graph in G(n, 2, (n -1)/2) has a circuit of length (n + 1)/2, and for any Г ∈ G(n, 2, (n- 1)/2) the inequality

is true.
On permanents of random doubly stochastic matrices and asymptotic estimates of the nom hers of Latin rectangles and Latin squares
Authors: Timashov A.N.
Published: February 2016

We consider the class A
Improved Differential Evolution for Combined Heat and Power Economic Dispatch
Authors: Jena C. , Basu M. , Panigrahi C. K.
Published: February 2016

This paper presents an improved differential evolution to solve non-smooth non-convex combined heat and power economic dispatch (CHPED) problem. Valve-point loading and prohibited operating zones of conventional thermal generators are taken into account. Differential evolution (DE) exploits the differences of randomly sampled pairs of objective vectors for its mutation process. Consequently the variation between vectors will outfit the objective function toward the optimization process and therefore provides efficient global optimization capability. However, although DE is shown to be precise, fast as well as robust, its search efficiency will be impaired during solution process with fast descending diversity of population. This paper proposes Gaussian random variable instead of scaling factor which improves search efficiency. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been verified on four test systems. The results of the proposed approach are compared with those obtained by other evolutionary methods. It is found that the proposed improved differential evolution based approach is able to provide better solution.
“The Philosophical Thesis of the Identity of Thinking and Being is Just the Opposite of What it seems to be.” Kierkegaard on the Relations between Being and Thought
Authors: da Silva Gabriel Ferreira
Published: February 2016

Kierkegaard is often regarded as an opponent of metaphysics per se. However, he not only implicitly espouses metaphysical positions, but also his understanding of existence rests upon an explicit metaphysical differentiation between being qua actuality and being qua thought, which results in a difference between actuality (Virkelighed) and reality (Realitet). I begin by analyzing an apparent contradiction between two of Kierkegaard’s statements on the relations between being and thought, which leads me both to inquire into that distinction and to retrace the roots of Kierkegaard’s account. Finally, I present Kierkegaard’s final positions and point out some of their existential consequences
The Posited Self: The Non-Theistic Foundation in Kierkegaard’s Writings
Authors: Rosenberg Larsen Rasmus
Published: February 2016

We may correctly say that Søren Kierkegaard is one of the most influential Christian-religious thinkers of the modern era, but are we equally justified in categorizing his writings as foundationally religious? This paper challenges a prevailing exclusive-theological interpretation that contends that Kierkegaard principally writes from a Christian dogmatic viewpoint. I argue that Kierkegaard’s religion is better understood as an outcome of his philosophical analysis of human nature. Conclusively, we should appreciate Kierkegaard first as a philosopher, whose aim is the explication of human subjectivity, and not primarily as an orator of Christian orthodoxy
O2 can do? Kierkegaard and the Debate on Divine Omnipotence
Authors: Schulz Heiko
Published: February 2016

The present article aims at giving a survey of Kierkegaard’s view(s) on divine omnipotence. In addition, an attempt is made to contextualize his view by trying to incorporate it into an overall typological scheme of (mostly) current approaches to the problem. Finally, the scope, significance and viability of Kierkegaard’s account will be assessed. The article arrives at three major conclusions: (1) Kierkegaard’s view of divine omnipotence is best understood in light of (a particular reading of) the notorious claim that “all things are possible for God”; moreover, in Kierkegaard the latter gives rise to a distinction between two essential forms of omnipotence, O
Much Ado About (Almost) Nothing: In Defense of “Magister Kierkegaard”
Authors: Conway Daniel
Published: February 2016

Kierkegaard’s account of Socratic irony in The Concept of Irony is often criticized for neglecting the “positive” articulation of “mastered” irony. Scholars regularly cite the superior authority of Johannes Climacus, who, in Concluding Unscientific Postscript, chides “Magister Kierkegaard” for this precise lapse. In this essay, I develop an interpretation of Socratic irony that is faithful both to the account elaborated in The Concept of Irony and to the wider contemporaneous reception of Socratic irony. The most plausible explanation for this reception is that the irony of Socrates was exclusively negative-just as “Magister Kierkegaard” proposed in The Concept of Irony
The Truth Behind the Text: Rachel Bespaloff as a Reader of Kierkegaard from “the Most Torn-Apart Backdrop of History”
Authors: Fox-Muraton Mélissa
Published: February 2016

Although Rachel Bespaloff published only two short studies of Kierkegaard’s works (1934-1935), her work, some of the first critical analyses of his philosophy, had a profound impact on Kierkegaard’s reception in France. Despite the fact that she published no studies of Kierkegaard’s works after 1935, her essays and letters nevertheless attest to a continued interest in the Danish philosopher, in whom she seeks a new source for philosophy. As a Jewish intellectual writing in a historically troubled context, Bespaloff’s readings are critically engaged and question how Kierkegaard’s philosophy can be received and appropriated in the context of the 20
A Matter of Mimesis: Kierkegaard and Ricoeur on Narrative Identity
Authors: Garff Joakim
Published: February 2016

The overall aim in this text is to make clear the relationship between Kierkegaard and Ricoeur with regard to the notion of narrative identity. Thus, I would like to demonstrate that Ricoeur’s idea of mimesis becomes highly present in Kierkegaard’s writings in the very moment one recognizes the importance of the narrative in his authorship and takes the existential implications of these narratives into account. In unfolding some of these implications, I will emphasize the crucial difference between identifying oneself with one’s own history and the individual’s identification with an extraneous story. At the end of my text, I will use Kierkegaard to articulate some conflicts implied in Ricoeur’s idea of the third mimesis and its relation to the notion of an imitatio Christi
An Overview of Kierkegaard’s Nachlass. Part Two: the Editions
Authors: Stewart Jon
Published: February 2016

The present article explains the principles behind the different Danish editions of Kierkegaard’s Nachlass. Particular attention is given to the new Danish edition, Søren Kierkegaards Skrifter. An attempt is made to evaluate critically each of these editions and the way in which they present the materials from the Nachlass to the reader. It is argued that while Søren Kierkegaards Skrifter makes some very significant contributions, there still remain problems to be solved
The Potential of International Cooperation in the Digitization of Chinese Ancient Books
Authors: Chen Mei , Liu Jiazhen
Published: February 2016

This paper probes the particularities of Chinese ancient books (the global dissemination, the complexity of versions, the embrittlement of the paper, and the special methods of binding) and the problems in the existing digitization projects (non-uniformity of retrieval languages and non-uniformity of description standards). The paper reveals the necessity for the digitization of Chinese ancient books and the importance of large-scale international cooperation. The authors finally make recommendations for database models and for the focus of international cooperation.
Studies on the Conservation of Verdigris on Paper
Authors: Hofmann Christa , Hartl Andreas , Ahn Kyujin , Faerber Ina , Henniges Ute , Potthast Antje
Published: February 2016

Verdigris (copper acetate) has been frequently used in manuscripts, early printed books and on maps. Dyes and pigments from plants have been added to modify the colour. Depending on the mode of application, paper quality, size and environmental factors like light and humidity the green colour of verdigris can discolour to brown tones and chemically damage the paper carrier. Treatment options include the application of solutions to stabilize cellulose chemically and mechanical reinforcement of the brittle or broken papers with Japanese paper and adhesives. Samples of copper acetate in gum arabic on rag paper were pre-aged to induce moderate degradation of cellulose. Deacidification, antioxidant and complexing solutions were applied by airbrush or by brush. Japanese tissue papers were coated with different aqueous or non-aqueous adhesives and applied by activation with water, ethanol or heat. The effect of the coated tissue papers was visually and mechanically evaluated before and after ageing. This contribution gives an overview of the project and focuses on mechanical stabilization and the implications of results for conservation.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance as a Probe for Metal Ions and Radicals in Paper
Authors: Zoleo Alfonso , Speri Laura , Bronzato Maddalena
Published: February 2016

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) is a technique devoted to the identification and characterization of paramagnetic species, i.e. chemical species with unpaired electrons. Very common paramagnetic species which can be detected through EPR in historic paper are Fe(III), Mn(II), Cu(II) ions and radicals, where Fe(III), Cu(II) and radicals play a relevant role in paper degradation. Specifically, Fe(III) is almost ubiquitous in historic paper. Here we propose an overview of the EPR signals in historic and artificially aged paper, and in particular, we would like to show how a deep analysis of EPR signals from paper could provide useful information about the paper’s origin and unique indications of the degradation and oxidation level of the paper.
Cellulose Acetate Lamination: A Literature Review and Survey of Paper-Based Collections in the United States
Authors: McGath Molly , Jordan-Mowery Sonja , Pollei Mark , Heslip Steven , Baty John
Published: February 2016

Cellulose acetate (CA) lamination, a technique to strengthen documents by sealing them between sheets of thermoplastic film, was widespread from the 1930s to the 1990s. Its use gradually stopped in the 1980s amid concerns about the physical and chemical instability of the laminate and the degradation risks posed to the treated document. Despite concerns about CA lamination, no coordinated effort has taken place to establish the various materials and techniques used in cellulose acetate laminations or to determine the number and present condition of CA laminated documents in US collections. In this paper, we review the chemistry and methods used in CA lamination. We then report results of a survey of 52 US institutions with significant laminated collections. We find that at least 2.9 million laminated documents exist in US collections, and most of those documents are observed to be in stable condition. A majority of the institutions used cellulose diacetate (CDA) as the laminating film and as few as 0.6% CDA laminated documents have been delaminated. The results should aid institutions in determining the cost benefit in the management of these significant collections.
Evaluation of serum endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 levels and carotid intima-media thickness in patients with ankylosing spondylitis / Ankilozan spodilitli hastalarda serum endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 ve karotis intima media kalınlığının değerlendirilmesi
Authors: Türkön Hakan , Gökmen Ferhat , Uysal Sema , Akbal Ayla , İnceer Beşir Şahin , Reşorlu Mustafa , Gökmen Esra , Reşorlu Hatice
Published: February 2016

Objective: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease and the increased mortality in these patients is largely caused by cardiovascular diseases. Endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 (ESM-1) is a novel marker to assess endothelial dysfunction and expressed by the vascular endothelium. In this study, the serum ESM-1 levels in patients with AS and the possible association between serum ESM-1 and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) as a marker of atherosclerosis was evaluated.

Methods: A total of thirty-seven patients with AS and thirty healthy control subjects were included in this study. ESM-1, erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR),C-reactive protein (CRP) and CIMT were measured in all subjects. ESM-1 levels were measured by ELISA method. The disease activity of patients with AS were assessed using questionnaires Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI).

Results: Serum ESM-1 levels were lower in AS patients than in healthy controls. However, there was no statistically significant difference between ESM-1 levels (304.3±185.2 vs. 373.9±206.9 ng/L, respectively; p=0.064). Patients with AS had significantly higher CIMT levels compared with controls (0.77±0.16 vs. 0.53±0.09 mm, respectively; p<0.001). While a statistically significant positive correlation was detected in all subjects between CIMT levels and ESR, CRP (r=0.378, p=0.002, r=0.547, p<0.001, respectively), no significant correlation was detected between serum ESM-1 levels and ESR, CRP, BASDAI, BASFI and CIMT.

Conclusion: The results showed that CIMT values in AS patients were increased when compared to control group. There was no correlation among ESM-1 levels, disease activity and CIMT. In order to reveal the pathological role of the ESM-1 levels in patients with AS need more studies.
Lignocellulose-degrading enzyme production by Pleurotus sapidus WC 529 and its application in lignin degradation / Lignoselüloz-çözücü enzim üretiminde Pleurotus sapidus WC 529 ve lignin parçalanmasındaki uygulamaları
Authors: Asgher Muhammad , Ijaz Amna , Bilal Muhammad
Published: February 2016

Objective: Cost-effective production of industrially important enzymes is a key for their successful utilization on large scale. Present study was conducted to appraise Pleurotus sapidus WC 529 potential to produce oxidative (lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, laccase) and hydrolytic (endoglucanase, exoglucanase and β-glucosidase) enzymes, grown on wheat straw, corn cobs, corn stover, rice straw, banana stalk and sugarcane bagasse in solid state fermentation (SSF) process. The crude extract thus produced was used for the delignification of various agro-industrial residues.

Methods: Different agricultural wastes were assessed for lignocellulolytic enzymes production. The process parameters were optimized through response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) for maximum enzyme production.

Results: P. sapidus secreted lower levels of hydrolytic enzymes but expressed high laccase, MnP and LiP activities in SSF (228.25, 153.45 and 59.20 UmL-1 respectively) of banana stalk. The optimal conditions for yielding highest enzyme activities were: initial pH, 4; temperature, 35°C; moisture level, 60%; inoculum size, 4 mL, and incubation time, 120 h. The enzyme extract removed 56.54, 51.08, 65.81 and 57.4% lignin from rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, corn cobs and wheat straw, respectively, after 48 h at 35°C.

Conclusion: High ligninolytic activities were obtained in SSF of banana stalk by P. sapidus. The enzyme production was considerably improved by optimization through RSM. The results suggest that lignocellulolytic enzymes could be produced using cost-effective carbon sources and implicated to digest lignocellulosic biomass.
Synthetic cannabinoid (“bonsai”) induced rhabdomyolysis; two case reports / Sentetik kannabinoid (“bonzai”) kullanımına bağlı rabdomiyoliz: İki olgu sunumu
Authors: Oğuz Ebru Gök , Okyay Gülay Ulusal , Bulut Cengiz , Canbakan Başol , Aylı Deniz
Published: February 2016

Synthetic cannabinoid (SC) products are called “Spice” in Europe, “K2” in the United States and “Bonsai” in Turkey and sold under the counter. Widespread uses of these substances and lack of specific regulations about them cause serious problems. It is not very clear what these psychoactive products contain and how much and how often they can be given. Their metabolic effects are not known well either. There is not much known about the effects of SCs other than the ones on the neurological and cardiovascular systems. In this report, we presented two cases of rhabdomyolysis developing after bonsai consumption and requiring dialysis. Two bonsai users have been brought to our emergency department in an unconscious state. Their physical examinations were normal except tachicardia. Laboratory investigations revealed increased urea, serum creatinine, creatinine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase and transaminase levels. The histories of the cases suggested that they had rhabdomyolysis due to cannabinoid use. A single session hemodialysis was performed for both cases. Their clinical appearance reached to stabilisation in the second hospital day and blood tests were normalised in one week. The patients were discharged at the end of the week with the normal laboratory results and psyciatric recommendations. These two cases underline the risk of rhabdomyolysis development, apart from well-known side effects of SCs.
Macro-aspartate aminotransferase (AST): a case report / Makro aspartat aminotransferaz (AST): Bir olgu takdimi
Authors: Can Ümmügülsüm , Sayar Ersin , Serdar Muhittin A.
Published: February 2016

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) macroenzyme leads to an increase in AST without the presence of any disease. In present report, an isolated increase of AST was detected in a 6-year old girl following the investigations prior to tonsillectomy. As to her history, physical examination and other laboratory test results, no abnormal findings were detected. AST levels were measured as 591 IU/L and 585 IU/L after repeated tests. While found as <5.4 IU/L (recovery <0.8%, reference interval 42.0-82.2%) after polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, AST was determined as 561 IU/L (recovery 95.4%) as a result of the assessment performed with non-specific human antimouse antibodies (HAMA). No diseases were encountered in the patient, and reason for the increase of AST was considered to be macroAST. Because continuously increased enzyme value may lead to various invasive and expensive diagnostic tests, macroAST should be taken into account in the evaluation process.
A Comparison of Athletic Movement Among Talent-Identified Juniors From Different Football Codes in Australia: Implications for Talent Development
Authors: Woods Carl T. , Keller Brad S. , McKeown Ian , Robertson Sam
Published: February 2016

Woods, CT, Keller, BS, McKeown, I, and Robertson, S. A comparison of athletic movement among talent-identified juniors from different football codes in Australia: implications for talent development. J Strength Cond Res 30(9): 2440–2445, 2016—This study aimed to compare the athletic movement skill of talent-identified (TID) junior Australian Rules football (ARF) and soccer players. The athletic movement skill of 17 TID junior ARF players (17.5–18.3 years) was compared against 17 TID junior soccer players (17.9–18.7 years). Players in both groups were members of an elite junior talent development program within their respective football codes. All players performed an athletic movement assessment that included an overhead squat, double lunge, single-leg Romanian deadlift (both movements performed on right and left legs), a push-up, and a chin-up. Each movement was scored across 3 essential assessment criteria using a 3-point scale. The total score for each movement (maximum of 9) and the overall total score (maximum of 63) were used as the criterion variables for analysis. A multivariate analysis of variance tested the main effect of football code (2 levels) on the criterion variables, whereas a 1-way analysis of variance identified where differences occurred. A significant effect was noted, with the TID junior ARF players outscoring their soccer counterparts when performing the overhead squat and push-up. No other criterions significantly differed according to the main effect. Practitioners should be aware that specific sporting requirements may incur slight differences in athletic movement skill among TID juniors from different football codes. However, given the low athletic movement skill noted in both football codes, developmental coaches should address the underlying movement skill capabilities of juniors when prescribing physical training in both codes.
Breast Cancer–Related Lymphedema and Resistance Exercise: A Systematic Review
Authors: Nelson Nicole L.
Published: February 2016

Nelson, NL. Breast cancer–related lymphedema and resistance exercise: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 30(9): 2656–2665, 2016—Breast cancer–related lymphedema (BCRL) is characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial tissues in the arm, shoulder, neck, or torso and attributed to the damage of lymph nodes during breast cancer treatments involving radiation and axillary node dissection. Resistance exercise training (RET) has recently shown promise in the management of BCRL. The aims of this review were twofold: (a) To summarize the results of recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effect of resistance exercise in those with, or at risk for, BCRL. (b) To determine whether breast cancer survivors can perform RET at sufficient intensities to elicit gains in strength without causing BCRL flare-up or incidence. A search was performed on the electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, SPORT Discus, and Science Direct, up to July 10, 2015, using the following keywords: breast cancer–related lymphedema, strength training, resistance training, systematic review, and breast cancer. Manual searches of references were also conducted for additional relevant studies. A total of 6 RCTs, involving 805 breast cancer survivors, met the inclusion criteria and corresponded to the aims of this review. The methodological quality of included RCTs was good, with a mean score 6.8 on the 10-point PEDro scale. The results of this review indicate that breast cancer survivors can perform RET at high-enough intensities to elicit strength gains without triggering changes to lymphedema status. There is strong evidence indicating that RET produces significant gains in muscular strength without provoking BCRL.
Comparison of Two Fluid Replacement Protocols During a 20-km Trail Running Race in the Heat
Authors: Lopez Rebecca M. , Casa Douglas J. , Jensen Katherine A. , Stearns Rebecca L. , DeMartini Julie K. , Pagnotta Kelly D. , Roti Melissa W. , Armstrong Lawrence E. , Maresh Carl M.
Published: February 2016

Lopez, RM, Casa, DJ, Jensen, K, Stearns, RL, DeMartini, JK, Pagnotta, KD, Roti, MW, Armstrong, LE, and Maresh, CM. Comparison of two fluid replacement protocols during a 20-km trail running race in the heat. J Strength Cond Res 30(9): 2609–2616, 2016—Proper hydration is imperative for athletes striving for peak performance and safety, however, the effectiveness of various fluid replacement strategies in the field setting is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate how two hydration protocols affect physiological responses and performance during a 20-km trail running race. A randomized, counter-balanced, crossover design was used in a field setting (mean ± SD: WBGT 28.3 ± 1.9° C). Well-trained male (n = 8) and female (n = 5) runners (39 ± 14 years; 175 ± 9 cm; 67.5 ± 11.1 kg; 13.4 ± 4.6% BF) completed two 20-km trail races (5 × 4-km loop) with different water hydration protocols: (a) ad libitum (AL) consumption and (b) individualized rehydration (IR). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Paired t-tests compared pre-race–post-race measures. Main outcome variables were race time, heart rate (HR), gastrointestinal temperature (TGI), fluid consumed, percent body mass loss (BML), and urine osmolality (Uosm). Race times between groups were similar. There was a significant condition × time interaction (p = 0.048) for HR, but TGI was similar between conditions. Subjects replaced 30 ± 14% of their water losses in AL and 64 ± 16% of their losses in IR (p < 0.001). Ad libitum trial experienced greater BML (−2.6 ± 0.5%) compared with IR (−1.3 ± 0.5%; p < 0.001). Pre-race to post-race Uosm differences existed between AL (−273 ± 146 mOsm) and IR (−145 ± 215 mOsm, p = 0.032). In IR, runners drank twice as much fluid than AL during the 20-km race, leading to > 2% BML in AL. Ad libitum drinking resulted in 1.3% greater BML over the 20-km race, which resulted in no thermoregulatory or performance differences from IR.
Postnatal pituitary and follicular activation: a revisited hypothesis in a sheep model
Authors: Torres-Rovira Laura , Succu Sara , Pasciu Valeria , Manca Maria Elena , Gonzalez-Bulnes Antonio , Leoni Giovanni Giuseppe , Pennino Maria Grazia , Spezzigu Antonio , Gallus Marilia , Dattena Maria , Monniaux Danielle , Naitana Salvatore , Berlinguer Fiammetta
Published: February 2016

The importance of postnatal pituitary activation as regards female reproductive development is not yet understood. By taking advantage of the experimental model developed in a previous study, i.e. ewe lambs expressing markedly different ovarian phenotypes at 50 days of age, we designed this study to determine whether differences found in ovarian status during the early prepubertal period are due to different patterns of postnatal pituitary activation, and to assess whether these differences have long lasting effects on subsequent reproductive performance. Results showed that ewe lambs with high antral follicle count (AFC) at 50 days of age had significantly lower plasma FSH concentrations and higher anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) concentrations during the first 9 weeks of age compared with low AFC ewe lambs (P<0.0001). With a longitudinal experiment we showed that a high AFC in the early prepubertal period is associated with consistently higher AMH concentrations and numbers of antral follicles up to the postpubertal period, and with higher pregnancy rates in the first breeding season. In addition, the effect of age in decreasing AMH concentrations was more marked in the low AFC group. Results of the present study demonstrate that ewe lambs undergo different patterns of postnatal pituitary activation. A high AFC at 50 days of age indicates an advanced phase of ovarian maturation, which was accompanied by constantly higher AMH concentrations up to the postpubertal period, a greater ovarian response to FSH stimulation and by higher pregnancy rates at first mating, as compared with the low AFC group.
Maternal diabetes promotes mTORC1 downstream signalling in rabbit preimplantation embryos
Authors: Gürke Jacqueline , Schindler Maria , Pendzialek S Mareike , Thieme René , Grybel Katarzyna J , Heller Regine , Spengler Katrin , Fleming Tom P , Fischer Bernd , Navarrete Santos Anne
Published: February 2016

The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is known to be a central cellular nutrient sensor and master regulator of protein metabolism; therefore, it is indispensable for normal embryonic development. We showed previously in a diabetic pregnancy that embryonic mTORC1 phosphorylation is increased in case of maternal hyperglycaemia and hypoinsulinaemia. Further, the preimplantation embryo is exposed to increased L-leucine levels during a diabetic pregnancy. To understand how mTOR signalling is regulated in preimplantation embryos, we examined consequences of L-leucine and glucose stimulation on mTORC1 signalling and downstream targets inin vitrocultured preimplantation rabbit blastocysts andin vivo. High levels of L-leucine and glucose lead to higher phosphorylation of mTORC1 and its downstream target ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) in these embryos. Further, L-leucine supplementation resulted in higher embryonic expression of genes involved in cell cycle (cyclin D1;CCND1), translation initiation (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E;EIF4E), amino acid transport (large neutral amino acid transporter 2; Lat2: geneSLC7A8) and proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen;PCNA) in a mTORC1-dependent manner. Phosphorylation of S6K1 and expression patterns ofCCND1andEIF4Ewere increased in embryos from diabetic rabbits, while the expression of proliferation markerPCNAwas decreased. In these embryos, protein synthesis was increased and autophagic activity was decreased. We conclude that mammalian preimplantation embryos sense changes in nutrient supply via mTORC1 signalling. Therefore, mTORC1 may be a decisive mediator of metabolic programming in a diabetic pregnancy.
Emprendedurismo en Costa Rica: estancamiento en la transición a la innovación
Authors: Chaves Núñez Manuel , Fonseca Hernández Raúl
Published: February 2016

Costa Rica está estancada en una fase de desarrollo de transición entre una economía basada en eficiencia y una economía basada en innovación, sin promover adecuadamente las condiciones de emprendedurismo que le permitan llevar a cabo dicha  transformación. Mientras tanto, otros países de la región se ubican en mejor posición para fomentar emprendimientos de este tipo. Ante esta situación resulta importante cuestionarse ¿cuáles son las condiciones sobre emprendedurismo en Costa Rica que podrían mejorar la transición hacia una economía basa en la innovación?

Para mejorar esta situación el país debe desarrollar un programa de apoyo interinstitucional tendiente a generar atracción de inversión extranjera directa, encadenamientos productivos, mejorar el capital humano y los servicios capacitación, incubación, aceleración y financiamiento, así como la articulación de la política pública.
Evaluación de la toxicidad del aceite esencial de Aloysia triphylla britton (cedrón) y de la actividad anti-Trypanosoma cruzi del citral, in vivo.
Authors: Rojas Armas Juan , Palacios Agüero Olga , Ortiz Sánchez José Manuel , López de la Peña Leavit
Published: February 2016

Introducción: Existe escasa investigación en enfermedades olvidadas. Las plantas medicinales son una potencial fuente de compuestos antimicrobianos. Objetivos: Determinar la toxicidad del aceite esencial de Aloysia triphylla y la actividad del citral contra Trypanosoma cruzi en ratones. Diseño: Estudio experimental preclínico in vivo. Institución: Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú. Material: Ratones albinos. Intervenciones: La toxicidad aguda oral a dosis única fue evaluada en ratas albinas. Para la actividad tripanocida se utilizaron ratones asignados a los siguientes grupos: infectados y no tratados (G1), infectados y tratados con citral en dosis de 50, 150 y 300 mg/kg/día (G2, G3 y G4, respectivamente), infectados y tratados con benznidazol 100 mg/kg (G5) y no infectados y no tratados (G6). La parasitemia fue determinada individualmente cada 2 días por microscopia directa. En los días 14, 21 y 28 post infección, cinco ratones de cada grupo fueron sacrificados y los corazones procesados para análisis histopatológico. Principales medidas de resultados: Signos de toxicidad y mortalidad, y parasitemia. Resultados: La dosis límite de 2 000 mg/kg no provocó signos ni síntomas de toxicidad y los estudios anatomopatológicos macroscópicos y microscópicos no mostraron alteración de los órganos estudiados. La parasitemia fue reducida significativamente con la dosis de 300 mg/kg en los días 16° 18° y 20° post infección (p < 0,05). El número de nidos de amastigotes y de infiltrados inflamatorios en corazón fueron reducidos en 67,7% y 51,7%, respectivamente, con 300 mg/kg en el día 28°. Conclusiones: El aceite esencial de Aloysia triphylla es calificado como no tóxico y el citral en dosis de 300 mg/kg tuvo actividad contra Trypanosoma cruzi en ratones.
Desnutrición crónica y anemia en niños menores de 5 años de hogares indígenas del Perú – Análisis de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar 2013.
Authors: Flores Bendezú Janet , Calderón Juan , Rojas Betty , Alarcón Matutti Edith , Gutiérrez César
Published: February 2016

Introducción: La desnutrición crónica y anemia infantil son un problema importante de salud pública, cuyas consecuencias se manifiestan a lo largo de todo el ciclo vital. El Estado peruano se caracteriza por albergar una de las mayores riquezas etnoculturales del continente americano, siendo la Amazonía Peruana la región que posee la mayor diversidad de grupos indígenas del país. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de desnutrición crónica y anemia en niños menores de 5 años de hogares indígenas del Perú. Diseño: análisis secundario de los datos de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES) 2013, del Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI). Institución: Segunda Especialidad en Nutrición Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marco. Lima, Perú. Participantes: Niños menores de 5 años de hogares de la región natural selva en los cuales el idioma principal es una lengua indígena. Principales medidas de resultados: Desnutrición crónica (<-2 DE para valores Z de talla para la edad) y anemia (<11 g/dL de hemoglobina ajustado por altitud). Resultados: La desnutrición crónica afectó al 43,0%y la anemia al 43,5% de los niños menores de 5 años de hogares indígenas. No existió una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre desnutrición crónica con el sexo ni edad del niño, ni entre la anemia y sexo del niño. Sin embargo, sí se encontró asociación entre la edad del menor y la anemia (p <0,001). Conclusiones: La desnutrición crónica y anemia resultaron elevadas en niños menores de 5 años de hogares indígenas en la selva del Perú, siendo evidentes las grandes desigualdades en la situación de pobreza, servicios básicos y salud de los niños indígenas.
Editorial
Authors: Pacheco Romero José
Published: February 2016

Se ha publicado recientemente la tercera edición de las Guías para el tratamiento de la malaria, de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, que hace énfasis en los siguientes puntos: el diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento pronto y efectivo de la enfermedad; el empleo racional de los antimaláricos para asegurarse de que solo los casos confirmados de tener malaria reciban los agentes antimaláricos; el uso de terapia combinada para prevenir o demorar el desarrollo de resistencia; y la dosificación apropiada de los antimaláricos en base al peso, de manera de asegurar una vida terapéutica útil y la oportunidad de cura igual para todos los pacientes. Las Guías incluyen recomendaciones sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la malaria no complicada y de la malaria severa, en especial en las poblaciones en riesgo (los niños pequeños, gestantes, pacientes con tuberculosis o VIH/sida y viajeros no inmunes), en situaciones tales como epidemias y emergencias humanitarias, y sobre el empleo de medicamentos para prevenir la malaria en grupos en riesgo (1).
Aceite esencial de Thymus vulgaris L (tomillo), su combinación con EDTA contra Cándida albicans y formulación de una crema
Authors: Rojas Armas Juan , Ortiz Sánchez José , Jáuregui Maldonado José , Ruiz Quiroz Julio , Almonacid Román Robert
Published: February 2016

Introducción: El Cándida albicans puede causar infecciones invasivas graves y frecuentes lesiones superficiales. Los fármacos usados en el tratamiento presentan inconvenientes y es necesario buscar alternativas. Objetivos: determinar la actividad del aceite esencial (AE) de Thymus vulgaris y de su combinación con EDTA sobre Cándida albicans, y formular una crema con el AE suplementado con derivados terpénicos naturales. Diseño: Estudio experimental in vitro y toxicidad in vivo. Lugar: Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú. Material biológico: Cepa de Cándida albicans para las pruebas in vitro y conejos para la toxicidad dérmica. Métodos: La actividad antifúngica se determinó por el método de difusión en pozo de agar; la concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM), por el método de microdilución en caldo. La crema se formuló con el AE al 1% y otra suplementada con carvacrol, timol, citral y EDTA. La toxicidad dérmica se determinó en conejos. Principales medidas de resultados: Halos de inhibición, CIM, signos de toxicidad. Resultados: El AE a 100 mg/mL inhibió el crecimiento de Cándida albicans con halos de inhibición de 30,33 ± 0,58 mm, mientras que la adición de EDTA produjo halos de 35,33 ± 0,58 mm. La CIM para el AE y AE + EDTA fue de 8 mg/mL y 0,5 mg/mL, respectivamente. La crema con AE 1% produjo halos de inhibición de 13,33 ± 0,58 mm, mientras que la adición de EDTA, timol, carvacrol y citral aumentó el halo hasta 24,33 ± 0,58 mm. No se evidenció signos de toxicidad dérmica en conejos. Conclusiones: El AE de Thymus vulgaris presentó actividad inhibitoria sobre Cándida albicans y el EDTA incrementó dicha actividad; asimismo, el aceite esencial, EDTA, carvacrol, timol y citral formulados en una crema mostraron efecto sinérgico y sin signos de toxicidad dérmica. Palabras clave: Thymus, tomillo, Cándida albicans, EDTA, crema, conejos.
Síndrome de Lady Windermere como causa de tos crónica. A propósito de un caso
Authors: León Valdivies Yusbiel José , Sánchez de la Osa Reinaldo B. , Fernández García Sergio , Herrera Liliana Osés
Published: February 2016

Las micobacterias no tuberculosas son poco reconocidas hoy en el mundo, incrementándose su prevalencia a punto de partida de su sospecha en inmunodeprimidos o en enfermedades crónicas, como la fibrosis quística. Se presenta el caso de una paciente con diagnóstico de síndrome de Lady Windermere a punto de partida de un cuadro de tos crónica. Se realizó tomografía computarizada donde se evidenciaron bronquiectasias en el segmento lingular del pulmón izquierdo y en los lóbulos medio e inferior del derecho. Mediante la broncoscopia se aisló el complejo Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. La falta de sospecha de micobacterias atípicas en pacientes sin factores predisponentes, con un cuadro de tos crónica, conduce al retraso en el diagnóstico y el deterioro clínico del paciente.
Editorial
Authors: Pacheco Romero José
Published: February 2016

El hongo diploide, polimorfo, Cándida albicans es uno de los más importantes hongos patogénicos del hombre. Puede crecer, proliferar y coexistir como comensal encima o dentro del huésped por largo tiempo. Las alteraciones en el ambiente del huésped lo pueden hacer virulento. Existe una conversación inmunológica cruzada entre el C. albicans y el sistema inmune innato del hombre que puede verse afectado por estresores como la nutrición limitada, el pH, fiebre, entre otros, que ocasionan los mecanismos de respuesta y evasión del hongo (1). Es decir, el estilo de vida del C. albicans depende de su habilidad de modificarse genética y epigenéticamente de manera rápida en respuesta a señales específicas del ambiente (2). Esta habilidad de convertir sus formas celulares contribuye a su capacidad de infectar nichos diferentes del huésped y regular estrictamente el programa de apareamiento sexual (3). Por ello puede causar infecciones agudas molestosas en piel y mucosas, así como infecciones invasivas graves, muchas asociadas a enfermedades que disminuyen la inmunidad. En búsqueda de alternativas a los medicamentos antifúngicos y sus efectos secundarios, el artículo Aceite esencial de Thymus vulgaris L (tomillo), su combinación con EDTA contra Cándida albicans y formulación de una crema, determina la actividad del aceite de tomillo y de su combinación con EDTA sobre el Cándida albicans, así como formula una crema con el aceite suplementado con derivados terpénicos naturales. El aceite esencial solo y con EDTA - formulados en la crema - inhibió el crecimiento de Cándida albicans, sin signos de toxicidad dérmica en conejos.
Editorial
Authors: Pacheco Romero José
Published: February 2016

Dos noticias han tenido impacto científico en las últimas semanas. El primero se refiere a las correlaciones genéticas con las enfermedades humanas (1). La identificación de una correlación genética entre características complejas y las enfermedades del ser humano puede devenir en una visión etiológica útil que ayude a priorizar una probable relación causal. Hasta ahora no se había podido establecer esta correlación porque no se conocía la información del genotipo completo de un individuo en particular y existe amplia superposición de la muestra en los metaanálisis. Pero, ahora se ha utilizado una técnica de regresión del puntaje LD del cruce de características que solo requiere un resumen estadístico del estudio de asociación en el genoma completo (genome-wide association study - GWAS) y que no tiene el sesgo de superposición de la muestra. Con este método, los investigadores han llegado a estimar 300 correlaciones genéticas entre 25 características, con un total de más de 1,5 millón de mediciones de fenotipos únicos, habiendo hallado correlaciones genéticas entre anorexia nervosa y esquizofrenia/índice de masa corporal y logros educacionales, con varias enfermedades. Los resultados expresan el poder del análisis del genoma completo, pues hasta el momento no se había encontrado polimorfismos de nucleótido simple (SNP) que se asociaran a la anorexia nervosa y solo tres SNP para logro educacional (2).
Progresión clínica de la tiroiditis autoinmune en niños y adolescentes atendidos en el Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño
Authors: Núñez Almache Oswaldo , Del Aguila Villar Carlos , Chavez Tejada Eliana , Espinoza Robles Oscar , Pinto Ibárcena Paola , Calagua Quispe Martha , De los Santos La Torre Miguel
Published: February 2016

Introducción. La tiroiditis autoinmune, es la causa más frecuente de hipotiroidismo adquirido en la edad pediátrica. El cuadro clínico al diagnóstico depende de la condición bioquímica en la que se encuentre y el seguimiento es fundamental para adoptar las medidas terapéuticas que garanticen un adecuado crecimiento y desarrollo. Objetivo. Describir la progresión clínica de la tiroiditis autoinmune en niños y adolescentes. Diseño. Estudio de serie de casos, longitudinal y retrospectivo. Lugar. Servicio de Endocrinología del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima, Perú (institución docente). Participantes. Niños y adolescentes con tiroiditis autoinmune. Intervenciones. Sesenta y cinco pacientes con tiroiditis autoinmune (58 mujeres y 7 varones), menores de 18 años, atendidos entre los años 2000 y 2012, tuvieron seguimiento por más de un año, con evaluaciones clínicas y bioquímicas periódicas. Se excluyó del estudio a los portadores de síndromes genéticos o diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Principales medidas de resultados. Progresión clínica de la tiroiditis autoinmune. Resultados. El bocio (78,5%) fue el signo predominante y a la vez factor de riesgo para evolucionar a hipotiroidismo establecido (adquirido) en quienes debutaron con hipotiroidismo subclínico. Al ingreso, el 48% de prepúberes presentó disfunción tiroidea frente al 26,6% de los púberes. De la población total, 46% presentó hipotiroidismo establecido, 26% hipotiroidismo subclínico y 23% estado eutiroideo. El 27% de eutiroideos y 47% de hipotiroideos subclínicos evolucionaron a hipotiroidismo establecido. No hubo diferencia estadística significativa de los puntajes Z promedio de talla o IMC al diagnóstico o durante el seguimiento. Conclusiones. Los niños y adolescentes con tiroiditis autoinmune que debutan en estado eutiroideo o hipotiroideo subclínico tienen alto riesgo de evolucionar a hipotiroidismo establecido, siendo importante monitorizar periódicamente la función tiroidea para iniciar oportunamente la terapia de reemplazo hormonal.
Conocimiento y prácticas de prevención sobre el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) en universitarios de la Sierra Sur, Oaxaca
Authors: Bustamante Ramos Gisela Mayra , Martínez-Sánchez Abisai , Tenahua-Quitl Inés , Jiménez Concepción , López Mendoza Yarely
Published: February 2016

Introducción: El virus del papiloma humano (VPH) ocasiona la infección de transmisión sexual más importante en el mundo y se le considera como el principal agente para el desarrollo del cáncer cervicouterino. Los jóvenes constituyen la población más vulnerable debido al inicio de las  relaciones sexuales usualmente sin métodos de protección. Objetivos: Describir el conocimiento para la prevención del virus del papiloma humano en universitarios de la sierra sur, Oaxaca. Diseño: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo de corte transversal. Lugar: Sierra Sur de Oaxaca, México. Participantes: Estudiantes universitarios de diferentes licenciaturas que expresaron tener na vida sexual activa. Intervenciones: Se construyó un cuestionario de respuesta cerrada que se aplicó de manera autoadministrada a los universitarios. Medidas de resultados: El instrumento fue dividido en los apartados sociodemográficos, académicos, aspectos sexuales, conocimiento sobre el VPH y prácticas de prevención sobre el virus. Resultados: Los participantes masculinos iniciaron su vida sexual más temprano que las mujeres (χ2=25,7; p=0,048) y tuvieron un mayor número de parejas (χ2=34,09; p=0,002). Cerca de la mitad no utilizaba el preservativo durante sus relaciones sexuales. Desconocían que el virus está relacionado al cáncer cervicouterino (χ2=17,5; p<0,001) y ambos géneros ignoraban que el VPH puede provocar cáncer en el hombre (χ2=0,09, p=0,760), Tampoco conocían las principales manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad (χ2=1,7; p=0,415). Los estudiantes del área de la salud tuvieron un mayor conocimiento en el diagnóstico del VPH. La edad no influyó en el conocimiento del virus. Conclusiones: El presente estudio reveló que la mayor parte de los estudiantes desconocía con certeza la clínica, manejo y tratamiento de la infección y como consecuencia estuvieron inadvertidos ante la importancia del contagio. Es necesario otorgar mayor importancia a la educación sexual de los universitarios y concientizarlos sobre las repercusiones que conlleva la infección del VPH, divulgando los mecanismos de transmisión, métodos de prevención y características clínicas.