bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medical student awareness of sexual health is poor
Authors: Fayers Tessa , Crowley Tessa , Jenkins Julian M , Cahill David J
Published: May 2003

The aim of the study was to assess sexual health knowledge of medical students. Participants from the student population of an English Medical School (University of Bristol) were asked to fill in a questionnaire on the Internet about sexual health issues. The number of correct responses to each question was analysed according to participants' gender and medical school year. While certain issues relating to sexually transmitted infections, contraception and confidentiality in HIV testing were well understood, there was poor knowledge about the failure rate of condoms, abortion rates and prevalence of chlamydia. Women knew more about the contraceptive pill than men. Although increased years of medical training had some benefit in improving the accuracy of knowledge, this effect was surprisingly small. Most medical students have inaccurate factual knowledge about certain important sexual health issues. We consider this to reflect poorly on sexual health awareness in young people in general. There is need for greater sexual health education for future doctors and for the general public.
Analysing process in healthcare: the methodological and theoretical challenges
Authors: Calnan Michael , Ferlie Ewan
Published: May 2003

English

There has been a growing demand for analysis of healthcare process as it has become increasingly recognised that patients, professionals and managers tend to value aspects of process as much as healthcare outcomes. The articles in this special section of Policy & Politics aim to consider the methodological and theoretical challenges involved in exploring the questions addressed in process analysis and process evaluation. This introductory article provides an overview of the general questions that need to be explored and how the articles inform these questions. These general questions are organised around the following five analytical themes: theory building and process analysis; interface with policy and practice; epistemiological and methodological rigour and transparency; the analysis of context; and the need for greater external validity and cumulation.
Premarket Notifications and Patents for Breast Pumps Before and After the ACA
Authors: Adetunji Oluwarantimi , Pemmireddy Pallavi , Beleche Trinidad , Parasrampuria Sonal
Published: January 2024

This study investigates whether ACA policies to increase access to breast pumps and lactation care were associated with innovation in the market for breast pumps.
Association of Glutamate Infusion With Risk of Acute Kidney Injury After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
Authors: Holm Jonas , Vanky Farkas , Svedjeholm Rolf
Published: January 2024

Importance

Acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and measures to prevent AKI have had limited success. Glutamate has been reported to enhance natural postischemic recovery of the heart, but not among animals and humans with diabetes.

Objective

To summarize pooled results from the GLUTAMICS (Glutamate for Metabolic Intervention in Coronary Surgery) trials regarding the effect of glutamate on postoperative AKI among patients without diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Data on a total of 791 patients without diabetes from 2 prospective, randomized, double-blind multicenter trials performed at 5 cardiac surgery centers in Sweden between October 4, 2005, and November 12, 2009, and between November 15, 2015, and September 30, 2020, were pooled. Patients had acute coronary syndrome, left ventricular ejection fraction of 0.30 or less, or a European System for Cardiac Risk Evaluation II score of 3.0 or more and underwent CABG with or without additional valve procedure. Statistical analysis was performed from May to November 2023.

Interventions

Intravenous infusion of 0.125-M l-glutamic acid or saline at 1.65 mL/kg/h for 2 hours during reperfusion, after which the infusion rate was halved and an additional 50 mL was given.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary end point was AKI, defined as postoperative increase of plasma creatinine of 50% or more, corresponding to the Risk stage or higher in the Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End-Stage kidney disease (RIFLE) criteria.

Results

A total of 791 patients without diabetes (391 who received glutamate [mean (SD) age, 69.3 (9.1) years; 62 women (15.9%)] and 400 controls [mean (SD) age, 69.6 (9.5) years; 73 women (18.3%)]) were randomized. Baseline data did not differ between groups. Glutamate was associated with a significantly lower risk of AKI (relative risk, 0.49 [95% CI, 0.29-0.83]). Dialysis was required for 2 patients in the glutamate group and 5 patients in the control group. In multivariable analysis, glutamate remained significantly associated with a protective effect against AKI (odds ratio, 0.47 [95% CI, 0.26-0.86]). In the glutamate and control groups, the rate of postoperative mortality at 30 days or less was 0.5% (2 of 391) vs 1.0% (4 of 400), and the rate of stroke at 24 hours or less was 0.8% (3 of 391) vs 1.8% (7 of 400).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this pooled analysis of 2 randomized clinical trials, infusion of glutamate was associated with a markedly lower risk of AKI after CABG among patients without diabetes. The findings are exploratory and need to be confirmed in prospective trials.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT00489827 and NCT02592824
In Utero Exposure to Maternal COVID-19 Vaccination and Offspring Neurodevelopment at 12 and 18 Months
Authors: Jaswa Eleni G. , Cedars Marcelle I. , Lindquist Karla J. , Bishop Somer L. , Kim Young-Shin , Kaing Amy , Prahl Mary , Gaw Stephanie L. , Corley Jamie , Hoskin Elena , Cho Yoon Jae , Rogers Elizabeth , Huddleston Heather G.
Published: January 2024

Importance

Uptake of COVID-19 vaccines among pregnant individuals was hampered by safety concerns around potential risks to unborn children. Data clarifying early neurodevelopmental outcomes of offspring exposed to COVID-19 vaccination in utero are lacking.

Objective

To determine whether in utero exposure to maternal COVID-19 vaccination was associated with differences in scores on the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, third edition (ASQ-3), at 12 and 18 months of age.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This prospective cohort study, Assessing the Safety of Pregnancy During the Coronavirus Pandemic (ASPIRE), enrolled pregnant participants from May 2020 to August 2021; follow-up of children from these pregnancies is ongoing. Participants, which included pregnant individuals and their offspring from all 50 states, self-enrolled online. Study activities were performed remotely.

Exposure

In utero exposure of the fetus to maternal COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy was compared with those unexposed.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Neurodevelopmental scores on validated ASQ-3, completed by birth mothers at 12 and 18 months. A score below the established cutoff in any of 5 subdomains (communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem solving, social skills) constituted an abnormal screen for developmental delay.

Results

A total of 2487 pregnant individuals (mean [SD] age, 33.3 [4.2] years) enrolled at less than 10 weeks’ gestation and completed research activities, yielding a total of 2261 and 1940 infants aged 12 and 18 months, respectively, with neurodevelopmental assessments. In crude analyses, 471 of 1541 exposed infants (30.6%) screened abnormally for developmental delay at 12 months vs 203 of 720 unexposed infants (28.2%; χ2 = 1.32; P = .25); the corresponding prevalences at 18 months were 262 of 1301 (20.1%) vs 148 of 639 (23.2%), respectively (χ2 = 2.35; P = .13). In multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression models adjusting for maternal age, race, ethnicity, education, income, maternal depression, and anxiety, no difference in risk for abnormal ASQ-3 screens was observed at either time point (12 months: adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 1.14; 95% CI, 0.97-1.33; 18 months: aRR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.72-1.07). Further adjustment for preterm birth and infant sex did not affect results (12 months: aRR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.98-1.36; 18 months: aRR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.71-1.07).

Conclusions and Relevance

Results of this cohort study suggest that COVID-19 vaccination was safe during pregnancy from the perspective of infant neurodevelopment to 18 months of age. Additional longer-term research should be conducted to corroborate these findings and buttress clinical guidance with a strong evidence base.
Predicting disability and mortality in CV2/CRMP5‐IgG associated paraneoplastic neurologic disorders
Authors: Uysal Sanem P. , Li Yadi , Thompson Nicolas R. , Milinovich Alex , Abbatemarco Justin R. , Cohen Jeffrey A. , Conway Devon S. , Ontaneda Daniel , Morren John A. , Kunchok Amy
Published: January 2024

Background

We aimed to investigate the prognostic factors associated with clinical outcomes in CV2/Collapsin response‐mediator protein 5 (CRMP5)‐IgG paraneoplastic neurologic disorders (PND).

Methods

This is a retrospective study of patients with CV2/CRMP5‐IgG PND evaluated between 2002–2022. We examined the association of clinical variables (including age, clinical phenotype [autoimmune encephalopathy, myelopathy, polyneuropathy/radiculopathy, MG, cerebellar ataxia, chorea, optic neuropathy], cancer) with three clinical outcomes (wheelchair dependence, modified Rankin Scale [mRS], mortality) using univariate logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards modeling. Kaplan–Meier estimates were used to determine the probability of survival.

Results

Twenty‐seven patients (56% female) with CV2/CRMP5‐IgG PND were identified with a median follow‐up of 54 months (IQR = 11–102). An underlying tumor was identified in 15 patients (56%) including small cell lung cancer (SCLC) (8, [53%]), thymoma (4, [27%]), and other histologies (3, [20%]). At last follow‐up, 10 patients (37%) needed a wheelchair for mobility and this outcome was associated with myelopathy (HR = 7.57, 95% CI = 1.87–30.64, P = 0.005). Moderate–severe mRS = 3–5 was associated with CNS involvement (encephalopathy, myelopathy, or cerebellar ataxia) (OR = 7.00, 95% CI = 1.18–41.36, P = 0.032). The probability of survival 4 years after symptom onset was 66%. Among cancer subtypes, SCLC (HR = 18.18, 95% CI = 3.55–93.04, P < 0.001) was significantly associated with mortality, while thymoma was not.

Interpretation

In this retrospective longitudinal study of CV2/CRMP5‐IgG PND, patients with CNS involvement, particularly myelopathy, had higher probability of disability. SCLC was the main determinant of survival in this population.
Tracking control design for cyber‐physical systems with disturbances and input delays: An interval type‐2 fuzzy approach
Authors: Sakthivel R. , Anusuya S. , Kong F. , Chen Wenbin
Published: January 2024

The underlying intention of this work is to devise a tracking control protocol for the nonlinear cyber‐physical systems that are prone to external disturbances, time‐varying input delays and deception attacks. To be more precise, the modified repetitive tracking controller is formulated for ensuring the asymptotic tracking outcomes of the assayed system with the aim of addressing the impacts caused by external disturbances as well as input time‐varying delays. First of all, the nonlinearities of the investigated cyber‐physical systems are efficaciously approximated by the interval type‐2 fuzzy model approach. Further, the predictor technique is utilized in this study to mitigate the influence of input delays and specifically, the extended Smith predictor approach is employed. That is, the transfer function is inserted into the conventional Smith predictor's main feedback channel. In parallel, the active disturbance rejection technique is executed to reject and estimate the external disturbance impacts on the assayed system. Notably, the improved equivalent‐input‐disturbance estimator approach is tied up and more precisely, the estimated disturbances obtained from the afore‐said estimator are incorporated into the proposed controller. Whilst the deception attacks are characterized as a stochastic distributed random variable that are governed by the Bernoulli distribution. With all of this as a backdrop, the appropriate delay‐dependent constraints are expressed in the context of linear matrix inequalities by employing the Lyapunov stability theory. In line with the predetermined criteria, the relations for computing the required gain matrices are also formulated. Ultimately, the simulation analysis is carried out using two distinct numerical examples to confirm the importance of the proposed control mechanism from the perspective of theory as well as practice.
Ensemble average of enhanced generalized envelope spectrum for fault detection of rolling element bearings
Authors: Zhu Danchen , Liu Yinan , Zhu Qunwei
Published: January 2024

Since bearing defects usually occur which threaten the stable operation of the machinery, bearing fault detection is of great importance. However, the bearing fault signals inevitably exhibit strong interference components due to the complex structures of the real equipment, which leads to difficulty in fault feature detection. To address the problem, a fault diagnosis method based on the ensemble average of enhanced generalized envelope spectrum (EAEGES) was constructed. First, to suppress the irrelevant components, the optimal analysis frequency band was determined based on the variable frequency band division criteria. Second, the optimal signal was divided into numerous sub‐signals, the EAEGES was established based on the principles of the generalized envelope spectrum to strengthen the capability in detecting bearing fault features, while the improved pulse extraction operator was utilized as the target. Finally, abundant fault information can be distinguished in the feature map acquired using the proposed technique. This technique shows high effectiveness in extracting the defect signatures of the rolling element bearing, which is demonstrated using the simulation and experimental signals and can be applied to real applications.
ABC‐Auxetics: An Implicit Design Approach for Negative Poisson's Ratio Materials
Authors: Ebert Matthew , Adhikari Riddhi , Hasan Md Kamrul , Lupo Kai , Akleman Ergun , Pharr Matt , Krishnamurthy Vinayak R.
Published: January 2024

A novel methodology is introduced for designing auxetic (negative Poisson's ratio) structures based on topological principles and is demonstrated by investigating a new class of auxetics based on two‐dimensional (2D) textile weave patterns. Conventional methodology for designing auxetic materials typically involves determining a single deformable block (a unit cell) of material whose shape results in auxetic behavior. Consequently, patterning such a unit cell in a 2D (or 3D) domain results in a larger structure that exhibits overall auxetic behavior. Such an approach naturally relies on some prior intuition and experience regarding which unit cells may be auxetic. Second, tuning the properties of the resulting structures is typically limited to parametric variations of the geometry of a specific type of unit cell. Thus, most of the currently known auxetic structures belong to a selected few classes of unit cell geometries that are explicitly defined in accordance with a specified topological (i.e., grid structure). Herein, a new class of auxetic structures is demonstrated that, while periodic, can be generated implicitly, i.e., without reference to a specific unit cell design. The approach leverages weave‐based parameters (A–B–C), resulting in a rich design space for auxetics that is previously unexplored.
Microstructure and Oxidation Behavior of C‐HRA‐5 Austenitic Heat‐Resistant Steel in Air at the Temperature Range of 650–750 °C
Authors: Jia Jianwen , Li Hui , Du Huayun , Ren Juanna , Liang Huimin , Hou Lifeng , Wei Huan , Hou Hua , Liu Xiaoda , Wei Yinghui , Guo Zhanhu
Published: January 2024

This study investigates the oxidation behavior and microstructure characterization of C‐HRA‐5 (i.e., a new austenitic heat‐resistant steel) in the air at temperatures ranging from 650 to 750 °C over a 1000‐hour duration. The oxidation behavior and mechanism are analyzed using gravimetric evaluation, thermodynamic analysis, microscopic morphology, and microstructure characterization. The results indicate that the oxidation behavior follows a parabolic law at each temperature. With increasing temperature, the oxide film gradually grows and transforms from small lump particles to strips and needles, eventually covering the entire substrate surface over time. Moreover, long‐term oxidation exposure promotes the formation of various phases, including M23C6, σ, MX, Z, nanosized Cu‐rich, and Laves phases, within the metallic substrate. Considering potential applications in new‐generation power plants, this study provides a solid foundation to disclose the possible oxidation of C‐HRA‐5 austenitic heat‐resistant steel at high temperatures.
Mechanical Response of Open‐Cell Metal Foams with Single‐ and Multilayer Shell during Uniaxial Compression Test
Authors: Jalilzadeh Erfan , Rohani Nejad Salar , Khiabani Arash , Mirbagheri Seyed Mohammad Hossein
Published: January 2024

Metal foams are one of the unique materials that need more attention in terms of mechanical and microstructural characterizations. Herein, different kinds of metal foams such as Ni, Cu, and a novel type of multilayered metal foam with Ni–Cu and Cu–Ni coating layer orders are produced and characterized in terms of mechanical response and microstructure of these novel materials during a uniaxial compression test. These multilayered metallic foams have a strong mechanical adhesion at the interface due to the nature of electroforming process and the effect of solid‐solution area at these interfaces. Besides, multilayered metal foams are superior to Ni and Cu pure metal foams in terms of mechanical response; applying a multilayered metallic coat with 60 and 69 μm diameter for Ni and Cu improves the yield point of the Ni and Cu single‐layer metallic foams by 3 and 7 times, respectively. Moreover, in terms of energy absorption density, the multilayered metallic shell improves the energy absorption density by 3 and 5.5 times compared to Ni and Cu metal foams, respectively. This study shows that applying multi layered coatings to metal foams with Ni as the first layer has superior characteristics compared to single‐layer metal foams.
Giant Emission Enhancement from Hybrid Manganese Bromide Via Pressure‐Induced Band‐Edge Carrier Reconfiguration
Authors: Li Zhi‐Gang , Li Kai , Gao Fei‐Fei , Chen Yong‐Qiang , Li Wei , Bu Xian‐He
Published: January 2024

Pressure‐induced emission enhancement (PIEE) is a novel phenomenon in contrast to conventional pressure‐induced emission quenching, and has attracted considerable attention owing to the potential application of materials with this effect as optical pressure‐sensing devices. The urgent need and significant significance lie in the design and exploration of systems that possess high‐efficiency PIEE. Here, a large PIEE in a novel zero‐dimensional (0D) hybrid manganese bromide is realized, (BPPH)2MnBr4·1.5CH3CN [BPPH+ = bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium]. The experimental and theoretical results demonstrate that such emission enhancement is primarily attributed to the pressure‐induced reconfiguration of electronic band alignment and resultant redistribution of band‐edge excitons. Under compression, the electronic bandgap of (MnBr4)2− experiences a more rapid reduction compared to that of the organic cations. Consequently, this leads to the gradual closure of the charge transfer pathway from (MnBr4)2− to BPPH+. This progression results in a higher retention of excitons on (MnBr4)2−, amplifying the efficiency of Mn2+ d–d transitions, and leading to a substantial enhancement in emission. This study not only offers fresh insights into the behavior of carrier dynamics induced by pressure in hybrid manganese halides but also presents a promising avenue for the advancement of PIEE systems.
Interfacial H2O Structure Matters: Realizing Stable Zinc Anodes with Trace Acesulfame‐K in Aqueous Electrolyte
Authors: Li Pengfei , Zhang Jie , Chen Yazhou , Zhang Li , Zhao Zhiwei , Peng Zhangquan
Published: January 2024

The stability of Zinc metal anodes (ZMAs) significantly limits the electrochemical performance and practical application of aqueous Zn‐ion batteries (ZIBs). An efficient and economical solution is the use of trace additives. However, efforts on trace additives are sparse, and essential uncertainties remain concerning their role in the stabilization of ZMAs. Herein, a low‐cost ZnSO4‐based aqueous electrolyte containing trace amounts of Acesulfame‐K (AK) (only 1.0 mg mL−1) is reported, which effectively suppresses the parasitic reactions occurring on the ZMA surface to realize a dendrite‐free Zn2+ deposition process, an ultra‐long cycle life over 1600 h and a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.86%. Accordingly, the practical Zn//NH4V4O10 full cell with AK also exhibits a high discharge capacity and capacity retention. In situ spectroscopies coupled with theoretical calculations reveal that the trace AK tends to accumulate at the ZMA/electrolyte interface to alleviate electrolyte corrosion. More importantly, the adsorbed AK can regulate the interfacial H2O structures (i.e., disrupting the interfacial H‐bonds to form more isolated H2O) to reduce the proton/hydroxides transport, thus suppressing the parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction and improving low‐temperature acclimation. This study provides design inspiration for trace additives expected to enable low‐cost and practical ZIBs with long lifespans.
Multifunctional On‐Demand Removability Hydrogel Dressing Based on in Situ Formed AgNPs, Silk Microfibers and Hydrazide Hyaluronic Acid for Burn Wound Healing
Authors: Chen Jueying , Zhao Xin , Qiao Lipeng , Huang Ying , Yang Yutong , Chu Dake , Guo Baolin
Published: January 2024

Elevated temperatures can deactivate tissues in the burn wound area, allowing pathogenic bacteria to multiply on the wound surface, ultimately leading to local or systemic infection. An ideal burn dressing should provide antibacterial properties and facilitate painless dressing changes. Silk microfibers coated with poly (2, 3, 4‐trihydroxybenzaldehyde) (referred to as mSF@PTHB) to in situ reduce AgNO3 to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in a hydrazide hyaluronic acid‐based hydrogel are utilized. The findings indicate a more homogeneous distribution of the silver elements compared to directly doped AgNPs, which also conferred antioxidant and antibacterial properties to the hydrogel. Moreover, hydrogels containing pH‐responsive dynamic acylhydrazone bonds can undergo a gel‐sol transition in a weak acid environment, leading to the painless removal of adhesive hydrogel dressings. Notably, the on‐demand replaceable self‐healing antioxidant hydrogel dressing exhibits antibacterial effects and cytocompatibility in vitro, and the wound‐healing performance of the hydrogel is validated by treating a burn mouse model with full‐thickness skin defects. It is demonstrated that hydrogel dressings offer a viable therapeutic approach to prevent infection and facilitate the healing of burn wounds.
A Modular Microfluidic Organoid Platform Using LEGO‐Like Bricks
Authors: Carvalho Daniel J. , Kip Anna M. , Tegel Andreas , Stich Matthias , Krause Christian , Romitti Mírian , Branca Carlotta , Verhoeven Bart , Costagliola Sabine , Moroni Lorenzo , Giselbrecht Stefan
Published: January 2024

The convergence of organoid and organ‐on‐a‐chip (OoC) technologies is urgently needed to overcome limitations of current 3D in vitro models. However, integrating organoids in standard OoCs faces several technical challenges, as it is typically laborious, lacks flexibility, and often results in even more complex and less‐efficient cell culture protocols. Therefore, specifically adapted and more flexible microfluidic platforms need to be developed to facilitate the incorporation of complex 3D in vitro models. Here, a modular, tubeless fluidic circuit board (FCB) coupled with reversibly sealed cell culture bricks for dynamic culture of embryonic stem cell‐derived thyroid follicles is developed. The FCB is fabricated by milling channels in a polycarbonate (PC) plate followed by thermal bonding against another PC plate. LEGO‐like fluidic interconnectors allow plug‐and‐play connection between a variety of cell culture bricks and the FCB. Lock‐and‐play clamps are integrated in the organoid brick to enable easy (un)loading of organoids. A multiplexed perfusion experiment is conducted with six FCBs, where thyroid organoids are transferred on‐chip within minutes and cultured up to 10 d without losing their structure and functionality, thus validating this system as a flexible, easy‐to‐use platform, capable of synergistically combining organoids with advanced microfluidic platforms.
Towards Negative Emissions: Hydrothermal Carbonization of Biomass for Sustainable Carbon Materials
Authors: Yu Shijie , He Jiangkai , Zhang Zhien , Sun Zhuohua , Xie Mengyin , Xu Yongqing , Bie Xuan , Li Qinghai , Zhang Yanguo , Sevilla Marta , Titirici Maria‐Magdalena , Zhou Hui
Published: January 2024

The contemporary production of carbon materials heavily relies on fossil fuels, contributing significantly to the greenhouse effect. Biomass is a carbon‐neutral resource whose organic carbon is formed from atmospheric CO2. Employing biomass as a precursor for synthetic carbon materials can fix atmospheric CO2 into solid materials, achieving negative carbon emissions. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) presents an attractive method for converting biomass into carbon materials, by which biomass can be transformed into materials with favorable properties in a distinct hydrothermal environment, and these carbon materials have made extensive progress in many fields. However, the HTC of biomass is a complex and interdisciplinary problem, involving simultaneously the physical properties of the underlying biomass and sub/supercritical water, the chemical mechanisms of hydrothermal synthesis, diverse applications of resulting carbon materials, and the sustainability of the entire technological routes. This review starts with the analysis of biomass composition and distinctive characteristics of the hydrothermal environment. Then, the factors influencing the HTC of biomass, the reaction mechanism, and the properties of resulting carbon materials are discussed in depth, especially the different formation mechanisms of primary and secondary hydrochars. Furthermore, the application and sustainability of biomass‐derived carbon materials are summarized, and some insights into future directions are provided.
Inorganic Phosphate as “Bioenergetic Messenger” Triggers M2‐Type Macrophage Polarization
Authors: Sun Xiaoqing , Li Zhiyu , Wang Xiang , He Jing , Wu Yao
Published: January 2024

The effects of calcium phosphate (CaP) materials on macrophage polarization state vary with their physicochemical properties. The study aims to elucidate the impact of phosphate ion‐mediated energy metabolism on M2 macrophage polarization and the corresponding regulatory mechanism. The phosphate ions released from CaP ceramic as bioenergetic factor is identified; its concentration is closely associated with the polarized state. After being taken up by the sodium‐dependent phosphate transporter 1, extracellular phosphate ions produce energy via oxidative phosphorylation by facilitating tricarboxylic acid flux, thereby contributing to M2 macrophage polarization. Further mechanistic analysis reveals that the elevation of the bioenergetic basis can drive macrophage M2 polarization via the AMP‐activated protein kinase‐mammalian target of rapamycin (AMPK‐mTOR) axis. Another regulatory effect is that of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a signaling molecule. Intracellular ATP is released into the extracellular space and degraded to adenosine, which serves as a signaling molecule through the A2b adenosine receptor to activate the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathway, thereby promoting M2 macrophage polarization. Overall, these findings may transform the existing knowledge on cell metabolism and energy homeostasis from bystanders to pivotal factors guiding M2 macrophage polarization and have implications for the future design of biomimetic CaP scaffolds.
Defect Engineering Promoted Ultrafine Ir Nanoparticle Growth and Sr Single‐Atom Adsorption on TiO2 Nanowires to Achieve High‐Performance Overall Water Splitting in Acidic Media
Authors: Zhu Heng , Wang Yongjie , Jiang Zhongqing , Deng Binglu , Xin Yue , Jiang Zhong‐Jie
Published: January 2024

This work reports the use of the metal‐support interaction strengthening through defect engineering and single atom adsorption to the supports to increase the catalytic activities of metals. Specifically, the plasma treated TiO2 nanowires with the Ir nanoparticle growth and the Sr single atom adsorption (the Ir@Sr‐p‐TiO2 NWs) are synthesized and demonstrated to be efficient catalysts for OER and HER. They only need overpotentials of 250 and 32 mV to drive 10 mA cm−2 for OER and HER, respectively. Their OER and HER activities are much higher than the commercial IrO2 and Pt/C. The high activities of the Ir@Sr‐p‐TiO2 NWs mainly arise from the strengthened metal‐support interactions between the Ir nanoparticles and the p‐TiO2 NWs, achieved by the plasma generated oxygen defects (Vo·) and the Sr adsorption on the p‐TiO2 NWs. Analysis and DFT calculations indicate that the Vo· and Sr adsorption can promote the charge transfer from the p‐TiO2 NWs to the Ir nanoparticles, optimizing the adsorptions of the OER and HER intermediates on the O‐ and H‐covered Ir nanoparticles. Additionally, the strong metal‐support interactions can increase the stabilities of the Ir NPs against the chemical corrosions, increasing the OER and HER durabilities of the Ir@Sr‐p‐TiO2 NWs.
Synergistic Coupling of Tribovoltaic and Moisture‐Enabled Electricity Generation in Layered‐Double Hydroxides
Authors: Sohn Sang‐Hyun , Choi Geon‐Ju , On Ba‐Da , Park Il‐Kyu
Published: January 2024

Ubiquitous energy harvesting technologies require new types of renewable, sustainable, and clean energy to solve the problems of fossil fuels. Although various nanogenerators have been developed over the last decade, low current density, requirements for complicated management circuits, generation of direct current (DC) outputs, and significant performance degradation under humid atmospheres have been problems limiting practical applications. This paper reports that the tribovoltaic and moisture‐enabled electricity generation effects can be achieved in a layered double hydroxide (LDH) by applying a metal brushing mode. The ZnAl‐LDH shows enhanced tribovoltaic nanogenerator (TVNG) performance even in a high‐humidity environment coupled with the moisture‐enabled electricity generated by the concentration gradient of a water molecule through the interlamellar structures of the LDHs. The spontaneous dissociation of water in the interior of LDHs removes the hole generated by the tribovoltaic effect, allowing high efficiency of an output voltage of 693.38 mV and current density of 65.48 mA m−2 even under low‐applied force (≈3.5 mN) at relative humidity 80%. The proposed TVNG provides a proof of concept for an all‐in‐one device consisting of a generator and capacitor because the LDH reveals a spontaneous charging performance similar to that of a capacitor.
RETRACTED: Synthesis and characterization of polypyrrole/graphitic carbon nitride/niobium pentoxide nanocomposite for high‐performance energy storage applications
Authors: Xavier Joseph Raj
Published: January 2024

Graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) has been employed as a supercapacitor electrode because of its high carbon‐to‐nitrogen ratio and flexible structure. However, its low surface area and poor conductivity continue to be obstacles for practical usage. GCN's electrochemical characteristics are enhanced by the hybrid structure it forms with polypyrrole and Nb2O5. The synthesized polypyrrole (Ppy)/GCN/niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) (Ppy/GCN/Nb2O5) nanocomposite electrode was tested for supercapacitance by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Alternating current impedance techniques in 6 M Potassium hydroxide(KOH) electrolyte. The Ppy/GCN/Nb2O5 is linked to a network of agglomerated GCN and Nb2O5 nanoparticles with additional spherical shapes. The specific capacitance of Ppy/GCN/Nb2O5 was determined to be 1177 Fg−1 at a current density of 5 Ag−1. The Ppy/GCN/Nb2O5 electrode in KOH has average specific energy and specific power densities of 33 Wh kg−1 and 2991 W kg−1, respectively. The electrode showed excellent capacitance‐retention ability of 97% after 10,000 cycles. The results demonstrate the high stability and efficient performance of the Ppy/GCN/Nb2O5 electrode employed in supercapacitors. The performance of the Ppy/GCN/Nb2O5 electrode was found to be superior to those reported for other carbon‐based materials.
Tuneable Vertical Hysteresis Loop Shift in Exchange Coupled La0.67Sr0.33MnO3‐SrRuO3 Bilayer
Authors: Bansal Manisha , Anna de h‐Óra Muireann , Akram Wasim , Giri Samir Kumar , Li Weiwei , MacManus‐Driscoll Judith L. , Maity Tuhin
Published: January 2024

Harnessing extra degrees of freedom at the heterostructure interface is of crucial importance to bring additional functionalities in modern spintronic devices. Here, a vertical hysteresis loop shift (vertical bias) is demonstrated in an exchange biased system of ferromagnetic thin film heterostructure of La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (10 nm)‐SrRuO3 (SRO) (20 nm), after field cooling with ±1 T below 100 K close to the Curie temperature (TC) ≈125 K of SRO and loop sweeping under ±1 T field. Besides, a positive exchange bias (HEB) is also observed below TC ≈125 K showing a maximum ≈11 mT at 2 K. The vertical shift is modeled closely using micromagnetic simulations and the layers’ thickness dependency is demonstrated. The reason for the shift is attributed to the simultaneous role of the interfacial antiferromagnetic interaction and the hard anisotropy of SRO against the Zeeman energy. Finally, from the experimental and simulation results, a generalized model of controllable and tunable vertical shift is proposed applicable for other material systems possessing glassy phases, uncompensated/canted spins, absent interfacial exchange coupling, etc., and hence can be informative for the use of vertical shift in future spintronic devices.
Environmental drivers of flowering in the genus Zostera and spatio‐temporal variability of Zostera muelleri flowering in Australasia
Authors: Lekammudiyanse Manuja U. , Saunders Megan I. , Flint Nicole , Irving Andrew , Aiken Christopher , Clark Dana E. , Berthelsen Anna , Hindmarsh Breanna , Hooks Rachel , Connolly Rod M. , Sievers Michael , Rasheed Michael A. , Smith Timothy M. , Glasby Tim M. , Sherman Craig D. H. , Jackson Emma L.
Published: January 2024

Seed‐based seagrass restoration strategies demand precise understanding of the environmental drivers influencing flowering. Flowering varies across diverse spatial and temporal scales, yet environmental drivers' effects on these dynamics have received less attention. Lack of knowledge regarding this life‐history stage limits the advancement of seed‐based restoration efforts, especially the establishment of shore‐based seagrass nurseries to enhance seed production.

A systematic literature review on the flowering of the genus Zostera was conducted to develop a conceptual model that links influential environmental drivers with flowering. Additionally, a case study using existing survey data supplemented by additional field surveys was designed to explore the spatio‐temporal variability of flowering along the latitudinal gradient in Australasia for the species Zostera muelleri. Predictive models for flowering times were developed using regional climatic variables, following hypotheses generated from long‐term mesocosm observations.

The review identified the direct and/or indirect effects of temperature, light, tidal variation, nutrients, salinity and grazing pressure on flowering dynamics. Four categories of flowering variables were identified based on their implications on restoration, namely, timing, abundance, the ratio between reproductive and vegetative growth and morphological characteristics. The spathe densities varied significantly among sites along the latitudinal gradient. While first (r2 = 0.71) and peak (r2 = 0.68) flowering times showed significant correlation with latitude, first flowering was equally predicted by mean winter air temperature and mean winter solar radiation (r2 = 0.73), whereas peak flowering time was best predicted by mean winter air temperature (r2 = 0.60).

Accurate predictions of flowering times can improve conservation outcomes by enabling restoration practitioners to forecast flowering times and subsequent wild seed harvesting. The strong correlation between flowering times and climatic variables suggests future shifts in flowering times under climate change are likely, which is crucial knowledge for maintaining the contribution of restoration projects to seagrass conservation.
Exosomal miR‐122, miR‐128, miR‐200, miR‐298, and miR‐342 as novel diagnostic biomarkers in NAFL/NASH: Impact of LPS/TLR‐4/FoxO3 pathway
Authors: Samy Ahmed M. , Kandeil Mohamed A. , Sabry Dina , Abdel‐Ghany A. A. , Mahmoud Mohamed O.
Published: January 2024

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver disorder affecting a quarter of the global residents. Progression of NAFL into nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) may cause cirrhosis, liver cancer, and failure. Gut microbiota imbalance causes microbial components translocation into the circulation, triggering liver inflammation and NASH‐related fibrosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression via repressing target genes. Exosomal miRNAs are diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for NAFL and NASH liver damage. Our work investigated the role of the gut microbiota in NAFLD pathogenesis via the lipopolysaccharide/toll‐like receptor 4/Forkhead box protein O3 (LPS/TLR‐4/FoxO3) pathway and certain miRNAs as noninvasive biomarkers for NAFL or its development to NASH. miRNA expression levels were measured using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) in 50 NAFL patients, 50 NASH patients, and 50 normal controls. Plasma LPS, TLR‐4, adiponectin, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPAR‐γ), and FoxO3 concentrations were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In NAFL and NASH patients, miR‐122, miR‐128, FoxO3, TLR‐4, LPS, and PPAR‐γ were upregulated while miR‐200, miR‐298, miR‐342, and adiponectin were downregulated compared with the normal control. The examined miRNAs might distinguish NAFL and NASH patients from the normal control using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Our study is the first to examine these miRNAs in NAFLD. Our findings imply that these are potentially promising biomarkers for noninvasive early NAFL diagnosis and NASH progression. Understanding the LPS/TLR‐4/FoxO3 pathway involvement in NAFL/NASH pathogenesis may aid disease management.
Bauen mit R‐Beton – Auswirkungen auf die Bemessung und Konstruktion von Stahlbetonbauteilen
Authors: Sinning Annkathrin , Adam Viviane , Claßen Martin , Hegger Josef
Published: January 2024

Neben der drastischen Reduktion von CO2‐Emissionen bei der Zementherstellung ist ein effizienter Umgang mit knapper werdenden natürlichen Ressourcen wie Sand und Kies unumgänglich, um die Betonindustrie umweltfreundlicher zu gestalten. In diesem Zusammenhang erscheint die Verwendung rezyklierter Gesteinskörnung als sinnvolle Alternative zu natürlicher Gesteinskörnung in herkömmlichem Beton. Seit 1998 ist der Einsatz rezyklierter Gesteinskörnung in Konstruktionsbeton in Deutschland nach der Richtlinie des Deutschen Ausschusses für Stahlbeton (DAfStb) möglich. In der Neuauflage des Eurocode 2 (FprEC2) werden erstmals Regelungen für die Verwendung von Beton mit rezyklierter Gesteinskörnung (R‐Beton) aufgenommen. In diesem Beitrag wird zunächst auf die Eigenschaften von R‐Beton im Vergleich zu Beton mit natürlicher Gesteinskörnung eingegangen. Anschließend werden die aktuellen Regelungen zur Bemessung einander gegenübergestellt und ein Ausblick auf zukünftige Forschung gegeben, die nicht nur den Ressourcenschutz, sondern auch die wirksame Reduktion der CO2‐Emissionen in der Betonproduktion im Fokus hat.
Transitioning from static to suspension culture system for large‐scale production of xeno‐free extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stromal cells
Authors: dos Santos Natália Cristine Dias , Bruzadelle‐Vieira Paula , de Cássia Noronha Nádia , Mizukami‐Martins Amanda , Orellana Maristela Delgado , Bentley Maria Vitória L. B. , Covas Dimas Tadeu , Swiech Kamilla , Malmegrim Kelen Cristina Ribeiro
Published: January 2024

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have shown increasing therapeutic potential in the last years. However, large production of EV is required for therapeutic purposes. Thereby, scaling up MSC cultivation in bioreactors is essential to allow culture parameters monitoring. In this study, we reported the establishment of a scalable bioprocess to produce MSC‐EV in suspension cultures using spinner flasks and human collagen‐coated microcarriers (3D culture system). We compared the EV production in this 3D culture system with the standard static culture using T‐flasks (2D culture system). The EV produced in both systems were characterized and quantify by western blotting and nanoparticle tracking analysis. The presence of the typical protein markers CD9, CD63, and CD81 was confirmed by western blotting analyses for EV produced in both culture systems. The cell fold‐increase was 5.7‐fold for the 3D culture system and 4.6‐fold for the 2D culture system, signifying a fold‐change of 1.2 (calculated as the ratio of fold‐increase 3D to fold‐increase 2D). Furthermore, it should be noted that the total cell production in the spinner flask cultures was 4.8 times higher than that in T‐flask cultures. The total cell production in the spinner flask cultures was 5.2‐fold higher than that in T‐flask cultures. While the EV specific production (particles/cell) in T‐flask cultures (4.40 ± 1.21 × 108 particles/mL, p < 0.05) was higher compared to spinner flask cultures (2.10 ± 0.04 × 108 particles/mL, p < 0.05), the spinner flask culture system offers scalability, making it capable of producing enough MSC‐EV at a large scale for clinical applications. Therefore, we concluded that 3D culture system evaluated here serves as an efficient transitional platform that enables the scaling up of MSC‐EV production for therapeutic purposes by utilizing stirred tank bioreactors and maintaining xeno‐free conditions.
A systematic literature review of the human papillomavirus prevalence in locally and regionally advanced and recurrent/metastatic head and neck cancers through the last decade: The “ALARM” study
Authors: Agelaki Sofia , Boukovinas Ioannis , Athanasiadis Ilias , Trimis Georgios , Dimitriadis Ioannis , Poughias Lazaros , Morais Edith , Sabale Ugne , Bencina Goran , Athanasopoulos Charalampos
Published: January 2024

Aims

The aim of this systematic literature review was to provide updated information on human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence in locally and regionally advanced (LA) and recurrent/metastatic (RM) head and neck cancer (HNC) worldwide.

Methods

Electronic searches were conducted on clinicaltrials.gov, MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, and ASCO/ESMO journals of congresses for interventional studies (IS; Phase I–III trials) as well as MEDLINE and Embase for non‐interventional studies (NIS) of LA/RM HNC published between January 01, 2010 and December 31, 2020. Criteria for study selection included: availability of HPV prevalence data for LA/RM HNC patients, patient enrollment from January 01, 2010 onward, and oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) included among HNC types. HPV prevalence per study was calculated as proportion of HPV+ over total number of enrolled patients. For overall HPV prevalence across studies, mean of reported HPV prevalence rates across studies and pooled estimate (sum of all HPV+ patients over sum of all patients enrolled) were assessed.

Results

Eighty‐one studies (62 IS; 19 NIS) were included, representing 9607 LA/RM HNC cases, with an overall mean (pooled) HPV prevalence of 32.6% (25.1%). HPV prevalence was 44.7% (44.0%) in LA and 24.3% (18.6%) in RM. Among 2714 LA/RM OPC patients from 52 studies with available data, mean (pooled) value was 55.8% (50.7%). The majority of data were derived from Northern America and Europe, with overall HPV prevalence of 46.0% (42.1%) and 24.7% (25.3%) across studies conducted exclusively in these geographic regions, respectively (Northern Europe: 31.9% [63.1%]). A “p16‐based” assay was the most frequently reported HPV detection methodology (58.0%).

Conclusion

Over the last decade, at least one quarter of LA/RM HNC and half of OPC cases studied in IS and NIS were HPV+. This alarming burden is consistent with a potential implication of HPV in the pathogenesis of at least a subgroup of HNC, underscoring the relevance of HPV testing and prophylaxis to HNC prevention and management.
Proximate and fatty acid compositions oft en wild‐caught and farmed fish species in mato grosso state, brazil
Authors: Mariotto Sandra , Moriely Ramos Prado Railine , Nascimento Edgar , Rodrigues de Souza Xisto , de Abreu Sousa Demétrio
Published: January 2024

This study analyzed ten fish species (three farmed and seven wild‐caught) to determine their centesimal composition (assessed by AOAC methods) and lipid profile (analyzed by GC‐MS). Notably, “tambatinga” (farmed) and “piraputanga” (wild‐caught) stood out with 28.66 % and 26.44 % protein content and 2.32 % and 3.71 % lipid content, respectively. Across all species, oleic acid was the predominant fatty acid, followed by linoleic acid. The sum of PUFAs ranged from 17.84 % in “matrinchã” to 7.85 % in “piraputanga”. SFA varied from 49.93 % in “tambacu” to 39.90 % in “matrinchã”, while MUFAs ranged from 44.34 % in “palmito” to 38.39 % in “tambaqui”. “Matrinchã” had the highest average ω6 acid content (16.83 %), while “cachara” had the highest average for ω3 acids (5.73 %). “Piraputanga”. “cachara”, and “pincachara” exhibited the lowest ω6 levels. The analysis shows that fish have excellent nutritional values (proximate compositions) with few differences between species. “Pacu”, “matrinchã”, and “cachara” (wild‐caught) demonstrated positive attributes, while “pincachara” (farmed) exhibited the highest nutritional quality in terms of fatty acid fraction. Based on quality indices (H/H), “pacu”, “matrinchã” and “pincachara” are recommended choices for a healthy diet. This study adds valuable insights into the nutritional composition of fish species, which is essential for promoting regional development and local aquaculture.
Two New Isocoumarins Isolated from the Marine‐Sponge‐Derived Fungus Setosphaeria sp. SCSIO41009
Authors: Pang Xiaoyan , Yang Bin , Zhou Xuefeng , Wang Junfeng , Yang Jie , Liu Yonghong
Published: January 2024

Two new dihydroisocoumarins, exserolides L and M (1 and 2), along with six known compounds (3–8) were isolated from the extract of the marine‐sponge‐derived fungus Setosphaeria sp. SCSIO41009. Their structures were established by spectroscopic analyses. The absolute configurations of two new compounds were determined by modified Mosher's method and ECD data. Compounds 1 and 4 showed significant antiviral activities against A/Puerto Rico/8/34 H274Y (H1 N1) with IC50 values of 4.07±0.76 μM and 20.06±4.85 μM, respectively.