Mediation of Racial and Ethnic Inequities in the Diagnosis of Advanced-Stage Cervical Cancer by Insurance Status
Authors: Holt Hunter K. , Peterson Caryn E. , MacLaughlan David Shannon , Abdelaziz Abdullah , Sawaya George F. , Guadamuz Jenny S. , Calip Gregory S. 
Published: March 2023

Importance

Black and Hispanic or Latina women are more likely than White women to receive a diagnosis of and to die of cervical cancer. Health insurance coverage is associated with diagnosis at an earlier stage of cervical cancer.

Objective

To evaluate the extent to which racial and ethnic differences in the diagnosis of advanced-stage cervical cancer are mediated by insurance status.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective, cross-sectional population-based study used data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program on an analytic cohort of 23 942 women aged 21 to 64 years who received a diagnosis of cervical cancer between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2016. Statistical analysis was performed from February 24, 2022, to January 18, 2023.

Exposures

Health inusurance status (private or Medicare insurance vs Medicaid or uninsured).

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was a diagnosis of advanced-stage cervical cancer (regional or distant stage). Mediation analyses were performed to assess the proportion of observed racial and ethnic differences in the stage at diagnosis that were mediated by health insurance status.

Results

A total of 23 942 women (median age at diagnosis, 45 years [IQR, 37-54 years]; 12.9% were Black, 24.5% were Hispanic or Latina, and 52.9% were White) were included in the study. A total of 59.4% of the cohort had private or Medicare insurance. Compared with White women, patients of all other racial and ethnic groups had a lower proportion with a diagnosis of early-stage cervical cancer (localized) (American Indian or Alaska Native, 48.7%; Asian or Pacific Islander, 49.9%; Black, 41.7%; Hispanic or Latina, 51.6%; and White, 53.3%). A larger proportion of women with private or Medicare insurance compared with women with Medicaid or uninsured received a diagnosis of an early-stage cancer (57.8% [8082 of 13 964] vs 41.1% [3916 of 9528]). In models adjusting for age, year of diagnosis, histologic type, area-level socioeconomic status, and insurance status, Black women had higher odds of receiving a diagnosis of advanced-stage cervical cancer compared with White women (odds ratio, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.08-1.29]). Health insurance was associated with mediation of more than half (ranging from 51.3% [95% CI, 51.0%-51.6%] for Black women to 55.1% [95% CI, 53.9%-56.3%] for Hispanic or Latina women) the racial and ethnic inequities in the diagnosis of advanced-stage cervical cancer across all racial and ethnic minority groups compared with White women.

Conclusions and Relevance

This cross-sectional study of SEER data suggests that insurance status was a substantial mediator of racial and ethnic inequities in advanced-stage cervical cancer diagnoses. Expanding access to care and improving the quality of services rendered for uninsured patients and those covered by Medicaid may mitigate the known inequities in cervical cancer diagnosis and related outcomes.