bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surfing Through Hyperspace Understanding Higher Universes in Six Easy Lessons
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Do a little armchair time-travel, rub elbows with a four-dimensional intelligent life form, or stretch your mind to the furthest corner of an uncharted universe. With this astonishing guidebook, Surfing Through Hyperspace, you need not be a mathematician or an astrophysicist to explore the all-but-unfathomable concepts of hyperspace and higher-dimensional geometry. No subject in mathematics has intrigued both children and adults as much as the idea of a fourth dimension. Philosophers and parapsychologists have meditated on this mysterious space that no one can point to but may be all around us. Yet this extra dimension has a very real, practical value to mathematicians and physicists who use it every day in their calculations. In the tradition of Flatland, and with an infectious enthusiasm, Clifford Pickover tackles the problems inherent in our 3-D brains trying to visualize a 4-D world, muses on the religious implications of the existence of higher-dimensional consciousness, and urges all curious readers to venture into "the unexplored territory lying beyond the prison of the obvious." Pickover alternates sections that explain the science of hyperspace with sections that dramatize mind-expanding concepts through a fictional dialogue between two futuristic FBI agents who dabble in the fourth dimension as a matter of national security. This highly accessible and entertaining approach turns an intimidating subject into a scientific game open to all dreamers. Surfing Through Hyperspace concludes with a number of puzzles, computer experiments and formulas for further exploration, inviting readers to extend their minds across this inexhaustibly intriguing scientific terrain.
The Gods Of Hyperspace
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

The White House, Washington, D.C., 9:00 A.M.

You are back in the White House at the exact location the president was last seen alive. A large Persian carpet decorates the floor; along the wall are potted plants and a few chairs. Nothing has changed, except for a large bronze replica of a Liberty Bell someone has moved to a corner of the room for refurbishing. Perhaps Vice President Chelsea Clinton is readying the bell as a gift to Sadaam Hussein who recently renewed his commitment to world peace.
Applications of Appraisal Theory to Understanding, Diagnosing, and Treating Emotional Pathology
Authors: Roseman Ira J , Kaiser Susanne
Published: November 2023

Emotional pathologies, such as mood disorders and anxiety disorders, are among the most prevalent of psychopathologies (Robins et al., 1984). Many clinicians, researchers, and laypersons are interested in understanding their determinants and ameliorating them.
The Conduct of the Study: Sample and Procedures
Authors: Robinson Joann L , McGrath Jude , Corley Robin P
Published: November 2023

Same-sex twin pairs born in the state of Colorado between 1986 and 1990 were recruited as participants. Parents of the twins were initially contacted through a mailing from the Colorado Department of Health. Those parents who ex pressed a willingness to be contacted were sent additional information and enrolled if their twins met health criteria and if they lived within a 2-hr driving radius of the testing site in Boulder, Colorado. More than 50% of the eligible families agreed to participate. Fifty-six percent of the sample of 408 twin pairs had participated in an earlier infant twin study of development in the first year of life but were initially recruited as described above.
Temperament, Mental Development, and Language in the Transition from Infancy to Early Childhood
Authors: Kubicek Lorraine F , Emde Robert N , Schmitz Stephanie
Published: November 2023

Specific temperamental characteristics such as shyness or activity level may affect children’s experiences in ways that contribute to differential outcomes in language and cognitive development. For example, shy children may avoid initiating interactions with unfamiliar peers, thereby limiting the frequency and variety of their social and linguistic experiences. Very active children, on the other hand, may not focus on complex tasks long enough to learn how to complete them successfully.
Early Predictors of Problem Behavior at Age Four
Authors: Schmitz Stephanie , Fulker David W , Emde Robert N , Zahn-Waxler Carolyn
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the antecedents of problem behavior in the MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study, as indicated by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/4–18; Achenbach, 1991) at age four. Specifically, we examined several antece dent characteristics of the child and the measured environment during the second and third years that may impose a risk for the later development of problem behavior. Because the assessment of problem behavior also depends on the rater, mother’s and father’s CBCL ratings were used separately in relationship to the child’s earlier assessments. There is growing interest in clinical and develop mental psychology in the antecedents and correlates of problem behavior in young children. This chapter covers a number of associations previously re ported in the literature and examines them with a young twin sample.
Sensory and Attentional Mediation of Covert Orienting
Authors: Wright Richard D , Ward Lawrence M
Published: November 2023

When a new object appears in our visual field, different types of analysis are carried out as we orient toward, inspect, and identify it. The initial stages of this analysis are sensory. Retinal signals about the object’s presence and approximate location are sent via the optic nerves to the midbrain collicular area and to the occipital lobe for further processing. Only then does attentional analysis of the object occur. Unlike sensory analysis, however, attentional analysis is not mandatory. As Yantis and Jonides (1990) demonstrated, when attention is actively engaged at another location, it will not always be captured by the appearance of a new object. But the object will trigger sensory operations that provide crude shape and location information to higher level processes.
The Magnitudes Of Astronomical Quantities
Authors: Hartquist T W , Dyson J E , Ruffle D P
Published: November 2023

Before continuing on the physics of astronomical winds, bubbles, and explosions, we look briefly at the ranges of sizes and properties of astronomical sources, and in the next chapter at the evolution of stars, which are common sources of winds. Our comprehension of the magnitudes of measurable quantities is largely governed by our everyday experiences. A mile-long stroll is a “short” trip; a flight to Australia from England is a “long” trip. We shiver in a temperature of 0°C; we bask in a temperature of 30°C. A minute goes quickly; a half century passes slowly (at least to begin with).
Regions Of High-Mass Star Formation
Authors: Hartquist T W , Dyson J E , Ruffle D P
Published: November 2023

A high-mass star contains more than about eight solar masses of material. Regions where such stars form differ significantly from those in which only low-mass stars form. High-mass stars are thought to be born in clumps that are magnetically supercritical, whereas clumps in which only low-mass stars appear are probably magnetically subcritical (cf. section 5.3). High-mass stars have more powerful winds than low-mass stars and they evolve into supernovae; consequently they affect much larger volumes of the environments surrounding them. Low-mass stars emit negligible amounts of ultraviolet radiation during their youth and main-sequence phases, whereas high-mass stars ionize large amounts of material and drive motions with the ultraviolet radiation that they emit.
Mood Genes
Authors: Barondes Samuel H
Published: November 2023

We know that the likelihood of developing many physical diseases, such as diabetes, is determined by genes. But can abnormalities in specific genes also play a part in the development of mental disorders? And, if so, can these genes actually be identified and their discovery put to use in prevention and treatment? In Mood Genes, leading psychiatrist and biological researcher Samuel Barondes answers these questions in a way that renders a complex subject both exciting and understandable. Focusing on manic depressive illness, which affects about one percent of the population and has long been known to run in families, Barondes describes the fascinating hunt for genes--called mood genes--that influence the inherited vulnerability to severe mood disorders. He builds the compelling story of this hunt on the histories of two families riddled with manic-depression, explaining what it means to have an inherited predisposition to a severe mood disorder, how to find the mood genes that are responsible, and what will happen as mood genes are found. Not long ago, saying that a behavioral tendency was genetic was generally taken to mean that it was unchangeable. Now we know that finding genes that influence particular behavioral variations may not just be used to foretell our destinies--but also to forestall them.
Some Tools for the Hunt
Authors: Barondes Samuel H
Published: November 2023

Gregor Mendel, Archibald Garrod, and Francis Galton, the three main characters in the story of medical genetics whose contributions I have described so far, lived in that glorious period when great discoveries could be made by amateur scientists working alone and in their spare time. A priest who discovered the basic principles of heredity while spending his summers breeding peas. A physician with a busy practice and an interest in the chemical composition of urine who applied those principles to human diseases. A gentleman-scholar with a passion for counting who developed statistical techniques for estimating the extent to which heredity contributes to complex human traits. Each of them brilliant. All of them amateurs. Once this foundation was laid the next steps required a new breed of scientists: professionals in universities, with access to students, assistants, and specialized instrum1ents. Among them was another great pioneer, Linus Pauling, once described as “the most brilliantly versatile and productive physical chemist of the [twentieth] century; more than a scientist, a force of nature ”.
Grappling With Fate
Authors: Barondes Samuel H
Published: November 2023

The biggest practical consequence of the widely publicized hunt for mood genes is a heightened awareness that there is an inherited vulnerability to manic-depressive illness. As a re sult, many people like Michael or Ana who have relatives with manic-depression are concerned about what this means to themselves and their families. Are they, or their children, also fated to develop a mood disorder? Were manic-depressive illness a simple Mendelian disorder with a known genetic basis-like Huntington’s disease-this question could be answered very precisely on a case-by-case basis. All that would be needed is a sample of a person’s DNA, which could be directly examined to determine whether or not the abnormal allele had been inherited. If it had been, the disease could be confidently expected, provided the person lived long enough for it to make its appearance. If it had not been, there would be no risk of developing the disease.
The Dog-Eat-Dog World of Carnivores: A Review of Past and Present Carnivore Community Dynamics
Authors: Van Valkenburgh Blaire
Published: November 2023

Approximately 2 million years ago, individuals of early Homo began to incorporate meat in their diets, and within 1 million years, they were likely active hunters (cf. Foley 1987; Bunn and Ezzo 1993; Potts 1996; Walker and Shipman 1996). The shift to omnivory with a greater reliance on vertebrate prey placed Homo partially within a dangerous and highly competitive guild, that of large carnivores. Because guilds are groups of coexisting species that share a similar resource, members of the same guild are expected to compete more intensely than those of separate guilds. Predatory guilds, whether invertebrate or vertebrate, often are characterized by both competition and intraguild predation, most often by larger species on smaller (Polis and Holt 1992). Indeed, among mammalian carnivores, intraguild killing might be a more appropriate term, as the victims are often uneaten, suggesting the motivation was competition rather than hunger. Consequently, when Homo took up carnivory, sympatric predators might have expanded their view of Homo from prey item to competitor as well, adding a new incentive for killing them.
VSO and Left-Conjunct Agreement
Authors: Doron Edit
Published: November 2023

VSO word order may on principle be the reflection of very different clause structures. This chapter argues that for many languages where VSO order is attested (Semitic, Celtic, Romance, Greek), it reflects a particular clause structure, which I will call a “VSO clause,” where the subject does not raise out of the c-command domain of the tense head of the clause:

VSO clauses exhibit the pattern of “left-conjunct agreement” observed in Irish by McCloskey (1986), and in Arabic by Aoun, Benmamoun, and Sportiche (1994), where the verb agrees with the leftmost conjunct of a postverbal conjoined subject, rather than with the full conjoined subject.
Mark Twain and Gender
Authors: Harris Susan K
Published: November 2023

Readers have rarely felt as strongly about the issue of gender in Mark Twain's works as they have about, say, issues of gender in Hemingway or D. H. Lawrence's writings. As Shelley Fisher Fishkin notes, most disputes that touch on gender issues have focused on Twain and women, especially on whether or not he created interesting female characters or whether he had deleterious effects on the female family members and women writers with whom he came in contact.
Introduction
Authors: Weiss Robert S , Bass Scott A
Published: November 2023

The post-retirement years are, for many, a time when there is no longer responsibility for childcare nor need for paid employment, the two obligations that would have structured much of preceding life. Many in these retirement years have available to them pensions and savings adequate to maintain middle income styles of life and, in addition, health and energy not much diminished from their later years of employment. Their freedom and resources permit them to enter into any of a very wide range of activities. To an extent remarkable outside the realm of the very rich, they can fashion lives to suit themselves.
The Third Age
Authors: Rubinstein Robert L
Published: November 2023

editors’ introduction Rubinstein focuses his attention on the interval of the Third Age, the span of years between retirement age and the advent of age-imposed limitations. This is a time when adequate resources, adequate health, and few responsibilities provide a context for self-fulfillment, freedom, and purposeful engagement. How long the Third Age lasts varies among individuals, but it is likely to last several years and can extend for two decades or even longer. To be sure, not everyone who is an appropriate age has the health and the financial security that make the Third Age’s freedoms possible. But those who had stable careers, even in blue-collar work, are very likely to meet the financial requisites of Third Age membership.
Dr. Googol’s Prime Plaid
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol was walking down a back road in the beautiful Scottish countryside, wearing a dapper plaid kilt, when he started contemplating various patterns produced by prime numbers. He sat down on a bench at Ardoe House, his hotel, which was a few miles outside Aberdeen. As he gazed longingly at the Scottish baronial hall with turrets, heraldic inscriptions, and ornate ceilings, he began to draw dots on a piece of paper.
Emordnilap Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

About a year ago, Dr. Googol was lecturing a class at Harvard University. “I want someone in the audience to pick any integer, reverse its digits, add the 2 numbers together, and continue to reverse and add.”
The Dudley Triangle
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

After studying Pascal’s triangle in Chapter 54, Dr. Googol became interested in other infinite triangular arrays. He spent many hours contemplating the beauty and intricacy of the less-known and less-understood Dudley triangular array, proposed in 1987 and represented as follows:Can any of you figure how this triangle was generated? Study it before reading further.
Mozart Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Mozart once wrote a waltz in which he specified 11 different possibilities for 14 of the 16 musical bars of the waltz, and 2 possibilities for another bar. How exciting that Mozart gave us such freedom! This gives 2 × ll14 variations of the waltz. What percentage of the number of these waltzes have humans heard? What percentage of the waltzes could a human hear in a lifetime? For more information on the formula for Mozart symphony numbers, see “Further Reading.”
Triangular Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Dr. Googol was lecturing the Spice Girls, a famous all-girl British rock band popular in the late 1990s. The sun shone brightly as they sat together on a bench beside Abbey Road. “Let’s talk about triangular numbers,” Dr. Googol says to Baby Spice, the blond-haired woman in the band. (Dr. Googol speculates she received her nickname because of her innocent, youthful appearance.)
Mr. Fibonacci’s Neighborhood
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Replicating Fibonacci numbers are also sometimes called Keith numbers after their inventor, Michael Keith (see, for example, Journal of Recreational Mathematics, 1994, vol. 26, No. 3.) Dr. Googol finds these numbers fascinating for several reasos. For one thing, they are very hard to find and seem to require exhaustive computer searches. Some techniques are available to speed up the search, but there is no known technique for finding a Keith number “quickly.” They are in some ways reminiscent of the primes in their erratic distribution among the integers. However, Keith numbers are much rarer than the primes—there are only 52 Keith numbers less than 15 digits long. Here they are:
Subject Positions
Authors: Poletto Cecilia
Published: November 2023

In the course of this work, I have examined the AgrS and CP syntactic spaces, analyzing how many projections build up these structural portions and which elements occupy which positions in NIDs. In this chapter, I discuss the problem of the preverbal subject position(s), leaving aside postparticipial subjects, as I am concentrating on the higher portion of the sentence structure. In chapter 2, I propose the idea that what is called the AgrS position in languages like standard Italian corresponds to at least two SCL positions inside IP (the postnegative ones) and that one more position (the one realizing the [+/-speaker] value) is occupied by the inflected verb. Two more types of SCLs are merged inside the CP layer and located higher than the position in which the complementizer is merged.

I now discuss the problem of the preverbal subject position in the light of the structural hypothesis I have made concerning the agreement field, which has been shown to be a discontinuous set of SCL positions, some of which are realized in IP, others in CP.
Moro’S Reflex
Authors: Wennekes Rianne J
Published: November 2023

Ernst Moro was born the youngest of eight children, in Leibach (Austrio-Hungarian Empire) on 8 December 1874.1-3 He planned to study botany but changed his mind and started his medical studies at the University of Graz. Following graduation in medicine, he became assistant to Theodor Escherich (1857-1911), professor of pediatrics. In 1899 he took his doctoral degree and in 1902 he followed Escherich to Vienna. In June 1904 he married Margarete Mathilde Honigswald, and they had one daughter. He returned to Graz in the same year, and became a pediatrician in 1906.
Mobilizing the Home Front
Authors: Rozenblit Marsha L
Published: November 2023

For all the belligerents, World War I was a total war, mobilizing not only young men in the armed forces, but all sectors of society, who regarded work on the “home front” as a significant contribution to the war effort and as an expression of patriotism analogous to the efforts of men on the battlefield. Like Jews in Germany, France, and England, Jews in Austria participated actively on the Austrian home front in the First World War, their actions demonstrating their loyalty to the state in which they lived. They not only sent their sons to die on the field of honor but also gave their money, time, and devotion to help their country fight its enemies. Middle-class Austrian Jews believed that their patriotic war work—buying war bonds, preparing linens and woolens for soldiers, working for the Red Cross, volunteering as nurses, caring for the widows and orphans of the millions of fallen soldiers—demonstrated their support for the Austrian war effort. They hoped that, like valor on the battlefield, war work would dispel anti-Semitism and prove their loyalty to Austria.
Clinging to the Old Identity, 1916–1918
Authors: Rozenblit Marsha L
Published: November 2023

When the old Emperor Franz Joseph died on November 21, 1916 at the age of 86, Manès Sperber’s father sobbed while saying his morning prayers. He declared to his son that “Austria has died with him. He was a good emperor for us. Now everything will be uncertain! It is a great misfortune for us Jews!” At the turn of the century, many had predicted that the Monarchy would dissolve when Franz Joseph died. Eric Fischer, for example, recalled that when he was a child everyone would say, “as long as the old gentleman . . . is alive, the Monarchy will keep together; then it will break up immediately.” The Habsburg Monarchy did not collapse when Franz Joseph died in the middle of World War I, but its future, and the future of the Jews within it, were “uncertain,” as Herr Sperber said.
Persons, Emotional Responses to Situations
Authors: Brandstaätte Hermann , Eliasz Andrzej
Published: November 2023

When Csikszentmihalyi at the University of Chicago (Csikszentmihalyi, Larson, & Prescott, 1977) and Brandstaätter (1977), then at the University of Augsburg, independently started their research on emotional experience in everyday life situations with different kinds of time sampling techniques, emotions were not yet as important a topic of psychological research as they have become in the past 15 years. However, the coincidence of the onset of these two research programs is probably not purely accidental, but somehow indicative of a more general uneasiness about the long-standing neglect of emotions in psychological research.
Positive Psychology, Positive Prevention, and Positive Therapy
Authors: Seligman Martin E P
Published: November 2023

Psychology after World War II became a science largely devoted to healing. It concentrated on repairing damage using a disease model of human functioning. This almost exclusive attention to pathology neglected the idea of a fulfilled individual and a thriving community, and it neglected the possibility that building strength is the most potent weapon in the arsenal of therapy. The aim of positive psychology is to catalyze a change in psychology from a preoccupation only with repairing the worst things in life to also building the best qualities in life. To redress the previous imbalance, we must bring the building of strength to the forefront in the treatment and prevention of mental illness.
Resilience in Development
Authors: Masten Ann S , Reed Marie-Gabrielle J
Published: November 2023

Around 1970, a pioneering group of developmental scientists turned their attention to the observable phenomenon of children at risk for problems and psychopathology who nonetheless succeed in life (Masten, 1999). These investigators argued that understanding such phenomena, the study of “resilience,” held the potential to inform programs, policies, and interventions directed at promoting competence and preventing or ameliorating problems in the lives of children. These pioneers inspired three decades of research on resilience in development that has provided models, methods, and data with implications for theory, research, and intervention.
The Social Construction of Self-Esteem
Authors: Hewitt John P
Published: November 2023

From the psychology of William James to the contemporary industry dedicated to its study and promotion, self-esteem has held a central place in the scholarly and popular understanding of the person in the United States. In this chapter, I will put self-esteem under a new microscope, focusing as much on its cultural resonance as its psychological essence. I will examine self-esteem as an element of a culture that nourishes a belief in the importance of the individual self even while making the self problematic; suggest reasons why the experience and discourse of self-esteem have been socially constructed; and show how this approach to selfesteem adds to our understanding of the individual in contemporary society.
Creativity
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith
Published: November 2023

People are almost universal in their appreciation of creativity (Sternberg & Lubart, 1996). This is true in home and at school, and whether at work or at play. Rarely is creativity perceived as a negative quality for a person to possess. Likewise, people vary considerably in the magnitude of creativity that they can or usually do display. Whereas some students put together rather humdrum papers and projects, others fulfill the same course requirements with impressive imagination and wit. While some inventors may rest content with making minor improvements in already established chnologies, others devise revolutionary inventions that dramatically transform our daily lives.
How We Become Moral The Sources of Moral Motivation
Authors: Schulman Michael
Published: November 2023

The front-page stories in our newspapers pro- vide us, almost daily, with horrific descriptions of murders, assaults, rapes, and tyrannies. Yet there are other stories—usually deeper in the pages of the paper, with smaller headlines—that recount extraordinary acts of moral courage, kindness, and self-sacrifice.
A Scientific Paradigm for Family Psychology
Authors: Pinsof William M , Lebow Jay L
Published: November 2023

Psychology as a science is approximately 100 years old. Family psychology is now approaching its 25th birthday. It is a very young science that is just beginning to come into its own. In this chapter, we present a new scientific paradigm to facilitate and guide the development of family psychology as a science. This paradigm builds on prior work, particularly Pinsof’s (1992) preliminary version of the foundations for a scientific paradigm for family psychology.
The Mismeasure of Therapy: Treatment Outcomes in Marital Therapy Research
Authors: Gottman John , Ryan Kimberly
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to review outcome measures in marital therapy research, to suggest that these measures are fatally flawed, to propose an alter-native measurement package, and to demonstrate that differential treatment and relapse effects are a function of the outcome measurement package. The major construct for assessing the effect of couples’ intervention has been relationship quality, usually assessed by some form of the Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test (MAT; Locke & Wallace, 1959), or the very closely related Spanier Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS; Spanier, 1976).1 Effect sizes in meta-analyses of couple and marital therapy studies have been estimated almost entirely based upon these two scales (Shadish, Montgomery, Wilson, Bright, & Okuwambua, 1993; Shadish, Ragsdale, Glaser-Renita, & Montgomery, 1995; see Hahlweg & Markman, 1988, and Bray & Jouriles, 1995, for a summary of these meta-analyses).
Evolutionary Change of DNA Sequences
Authors: Nei Masatoshi , Kumar Sudhir
Published: November 2023

The evolutionary change of DNA sequences is more complicated than that of protein sequences, because there are various types of DNA regions such as protein-coding regions, noncoding regions, exons, intrans, flanking regions, repetitive DNA sequences, and insertion sequences. It is therefore important to know the type and function of the DNA region under investigation. As mentioned in chapter 1, the mutational change of DNA varies extensively with DNA region. Even if we consider protein coding regions alone, the patterns of nucleotide substitution at the first, second, and third codon positions are not the same. Furthermore, some regions are subject to natural selection more often than other regions, and this also contributes to variation of evolutionary pattern among different regions of DNA.
Phylogenetic Trees
Authors: Nei Masatoshi , Kumar Sudhir
Published: November 2023

Phylogenetic analysis of DNA or protein sequences has become an important tool for studying the evolutionary history of organisms from bacteria to humans. Since the rate of sequence evolution varies extensively with gene or DNA segment (Wilson et al. 1977; Dayhoff et al. 1978), one can study the evolutionary relationships of virtually all levels of classification of organisms (e.g., kingdoms, phyla, families, genera, species, and intraspecific populations) by using different genes or DNA segments. Phylogenetic analysis is also important for clarifying the evolutionary pattern of multigene families (e.g., Atchley et al. 1994; Goodwin et al. 1996; Nei et al. 1997a) as well as for understanding the process of adaptive evolution at the molecular level (e.g., Jermann et al. 1995; Chandrasekharan et al. 1996; Zhang et al. 1998).
Reimagining Indians
Authors: Smith Sherry L
Published: November 2023

Reimagining Indians investigates a group of Anglo-American writers whose books about Native Americans helped reshape Americans’ understanding of Indian peoples at the turn of the twentieth century. Hailing from the Eastern United States, these men and women travelled to the American West and discovered “exotics” in their midst. Drawn to Indian cultures as alternatives to what they found distasteful about modern American culture, these writers produced a body of work that celebrates Indian cultures, religions, artistry, and simple humanity. Although these writers were not academically trained ethnographists, their books represent popular versions of ethnography. In revealing their own doubts about the superiority of European-American culture, they sought to provide a favourable climate for Indian cultural survival in a world indisputably dominated by non-Indians. They also encouraged notions of cultural relativism, pluralism, and tolerance in American thought. For the historian and general reader alike, this volume speaks to broad themes of American cultural history, Native American history, and the history of the American West.
Charles Fletcher Lummis And The Fight For The Multicultural Southwest
Authors: Smith Sherry L
Published: November 2023

Had Charles Fletcher Lummis been born with less ambition, he might have become a pugilist rather than a publisher. As it was, he found a way to combine his literary talents with his combative temperament. Through much of his career Lummis took up not fists but pen to defend Indians and to battle for recognition of the Southwest and California’s diverse archaeological, historical, and cultural heritage. A New Englander by birth and education, Lummis literally walked through the heart of New Mexico, Arizona, and California in 1884. From that point on, his allegiance and his soul belonged to the South-west.
Sisters Of The Southwest: Mary Austin and Anna Ickes
Authors: Smith Sherry L
Published: November 2023

Something about the southwest attracted independent, unconventional women. In part, the desert climate and the landscapes appealed. So too did the open vistas, swept clean of obtrusive vegetation, allowing an unimpeded view of the distant horizon. Most compelling of all, however, were the Indian occupants of the region. In particular, the Pueblos of the Rio Grande fascinated these women who believed that in those small northern New Mexico communities, they had found nearly perfect societies. Agrarian, domestic, seemingly peaceful, rooted, artistically and spiritually vital, the Pueblos attracted the feminine eye. No other geographical region, not the Pacific Northwest, the Northern Rockies, or even California, packed quite the same punch. No other Indian group, not the Blackfeet, Nez Perces, Crow, or Yavapais, had quite the same appeal. Only in the Southwest and among the comparatively sedentary, agricultural Pueblos did women comfortably settle in and join men in reimagining Indians.
Climate-Driven Variability and Change
Authors: Magnuson John J , Benson Barbara J , Lenters John D , Robertson Dale M
Published: November 2023

The dynamics of climate and the differences in how lakes respond to these dynamics are the focus of our North Temperate Lakes Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) on climatic variability and change. We regard climate and climatic variability as external drivers, or, in a sense, signals that impart their mark on the status and dynamics of the lakes (Fig. 5.1). Status is the average conditions of the lake. Variations in solar radiation, cloudiness, air temperature, wind, and humidity cause changes in water temperature, lake mixing, stratification, and ice cover. These variations, along with changes in precipitation, cause changes in the lakes’ water budgets, water levels, and geochemical cycles. The biology and chemistry of the lakes respond, in turn, to these limnological dynamics. Climatic variability affects lakes at all time and space scales. The lakes respond to climatic factors over days, seasons, years, decades, and longer time scales. These lake responses or dynamics have some patterns that are similar among lakes and some that are different among lakes. These patterns of similarities and differences extend between adjacent lakes, across a lake district, and across Wisconsin, the Great Lakes region, and the Northern Hemisphere, in part, owing to differences in cli mate and climate dynamics.
The Politics of Language
Authors: Schmid Carol L
Published: November 2023

Important aspects of the history of language in the United States remain shrouded in myth and legend. The notion of “one nation, one language” is part of the idealized history of the United States, although in its short history it has probably been host to more bilingual people than any other country in the world. Language is more than a means of communication. It brings into play an entire range of experiences and attitudes toward life. Furthermore, language is a potent symbolic issue because it links power and political claims of ownership with psychological demands for group worth. How people belonging to different language and cultural communities live together in the same political community and how political and structural tensions arise to divide them along language lines, are questions addressed in The Politics of Language. This book analyzes the historical background and recent controversy over language in the United States and compares it to two official multilingual societies: Canada and Switzerland. It’s accessibility as a survey of this topic makes it ideal for courses in linguistics, political science, and sociology.
Historical Background of Language Protection and Restriction
Authors: Schmid Carol L
Published: November 2023

English-Only legislation first appeared in 1981 as a constitutional English Language Amendment. The measure has never come to a congressional vote, however. Since 1991, English-Only advocates have promoted a statutory form of Official English, which would apply only to the federal government (Crawford 2000). The Constitution of the United States does not contain a provision giving official status to English. Neither the Articles of Confederation nor the Constitution made English the “official” or “national” language of the United States, nor has any subsequent federal law explicitly legislated English as an official language (Kloss, 1977: 28-33). There have been several recent attempts to pass Official English legislation. English may be the common, de facto national language of the United States; however, it has never been the exclusive language of the country. Chapter 2 provides a historical interpretation of the rising dominance of English—in spite of the fact that, in its short history, the United States has probably been host to more bilingual people than any other country in the world (Hakuta, 1986). The founding fathers and later policy makers held ambivalent attitudes toward languages other than English, ranging from pragmatic acceptance to deliberate policies of forced extermination and assimilation.
Understanding the Origins of Autism and Its Meaning for Development
Authors: Siegel Bryna
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we will begin by exploring the fundamentals of how children with autistic spectrum disorders can be developmentally different from others. One of the first things that I find parents of children with autism grappling to understand is the fact that their children’s brains are developing differently. At first this can sound scary and absolute in a nihilistic way. But, really, it isn’t. All brains are different, just the way everyone’s face is a little different. Infant faces look more similar to one another than 40-year-old faces do because experience and learning are reflected in one’s face. The same process occurs with the brain. Infants are born with different potentials for development: It is not a coincidence that Picasso’s father was a painter, and Mozart’s father was a musician. Children with autism also inherit some predilections from their parents, but some of these things can also direct development in the characteristic ways that we’ve come to call “autism.” In order to understand these things that direct development in characteristically autistic ways, it can be helpful to start at the beginning of development and review what we have come to understand so far about how autism comes to be expressed in a particular child.
Autistic Learning Disabilities of Communication: Treatments for the Preverbal and Nonverbal Child
Authors: Siegel Bryna
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter we discussed the many ways in which the autistic child’s world and what he perceives of it can be altered by specific communication-based autistic learning disabilities. These difficulties, a well as the common compensations children with autism make when they have such difficulties are a road map to treatment. The approach taken here is a developmental one. Children with autism can be seen as having communicative difficulties that may begin with the earliest emerging aspects of nonverbal communication, including difficulties understanding and using paralinguistic systems that should provide amplification to spoken language via the message embedded in gaze, gesture, body language, and vocal tone. Since these deficits, when they exist, are notable even before spoken language should be emerging, I take the point of view that construction of communication skills needs to start from the bottom up and must include teaching these paralinguistic skills as well as words. We start this chapter, therefore, with understanding what typically supports the earliest emerging aspects of communication in typically developing children and how we can use that information to inform therapeutic efforts with children with autism.
Autistic Learning Disabilities in Relating to the World of Objects: Description and Treatment
Authors: Siegel Bryna
Published: November 2023

How the Child with Autism May See the World Differently. In this chapter, we will begin to explore the third and final area of autistic learning disabilities. These are the learning disabilities that result from how children with autism take in information about the world differently from other children. From the point of view of diagnostic symptoms, these disabilities in learning stem from processing sensory information differently, and apparently extracting and processing meaning differently. Children with autistic spectrum disorders may over- or under-respond to different sorts of sensory stimuli: A child with autism may hear something and ignore it; or he may hear something chat is so apparently intense that he covers his ears with his hands or flaps his arms and vocalizes in a frantic perturbed fashion. A child with autism may see something (or someone) and seemingly “look right through” what he sees; or he may seize the object with one hand, hold it to the periphery of his vision with a strong vertical orientation, and stare fixedly at it out of the corners of his eyes, while rotating it slightly back and forth. A child with autism may assiduously ignore strangers, but selectively approach anyone with fluffy hair and grab the hair and smell it.
Model Programs and Exemplary Classes: What Can We Learn?
Authors: Siegel Bryna
Published: November 2023

What’s the best program in the country for children with autism? The answer, which should be apparent by now, is that there isn’t one. What makes a program superior is that it has mechanisms that allow it to be individualized according to a child’s needs. Some programs accomplish this by applying a specific set of methods to varying curricula. Some programs accomplish this by using a range of methods to teach given content in a variety of ways. Some programs vary both method and curriculum on an individual basis. Given the range of autistic learning disabilities, that is, the way different children with autism learn differently because they have different underlying profiles of weakness and strengths, there are some inherent advantages to flexible use of both curriculum and method. A program that can achieve this can match the needs of a range of children.
Putting the “I” Back in IEP: Creating Individualized, Meaningful Learning Experiences
Authors: Siegel Bryna
Published: November 2023

What’s the best kind of program to have? Where does ABA/DTT fit in? Where does TEACCH fit in? Where does integration and inclusion fit in? ABA/ DTT, TEACCH, integrative education, and inclusion are all methods of education. What about content once the method is selected? By now, it should be clear that the autistic spectrum disorders are not one-size-fits-all—not with respect to cause, not with respect to learning differences among children with autism, and so it follows, not with respect to treatment. How then can guidelines be developed to provide a range of services (methods, numbers of hours of treatment, curriculum content) that different children within the autistic spectrum will need? After initial services are in place, how can procedures be developed to ensure that the child is actually getting what is promised? Too often, lack of hoped-for progress is taken as evidence that promised services are not being delivered.
Genetics and Mechanics of Plasticity
Authors: Windig Jack J , Kovel Carolien G F De , Jong Gerdien De
Published: November 2023

All organisms function in variable environments. Each organism is plastic in at least some traits-typically in many traits-and almost all traits are plastic in at least some organisms. Plasticity is thus pervasive and exists in many different forms. The only thing that all plasticities have in common is that the phenotype is induced by the environment; in other words, the environment acts as a cue to form the phenotype. Two different processes, described by Smith-Gill (1983), may be involved in plasticity. Phenotypic modulation is the simple case. Here the environment directly influences the phenotype without active involvement of the organism, for example, when the environment simply forces a different phenotype by the laws of physics. In developmental conversion, the organism is actively involved in the production of the phenotype. Specific receptors may be present to perceive the state of the environment, and a complex “machinery” may produce dramatically different phenotypes. Although these two processes underlying phenotypic plasticity are fundamentally different, plastic phenotypes are, more often than not, shaped by both processes simultaneously. How the evolution of plasticity proceeds has been the subject of considerable debate (see chapter 2). In order to understand the evolution of plasticity, we need to understand the genetics of plasticity. Moreover, we need to identify what similarities and differences exist in the mechanisms of different plasticities, before we can generalize on the genetics of plasticity and its analysis.
The Functional Ecology of Phenotypic Plasticity in Plants
Authors: Dudley Susan A
Published: November 2023

Functional ecology is the study of the interactions of individuals, populations, and species with their environments. This broad definition embraces fields ranging from physiological ecology to evolutionary ecology. These fields are unified in their study of the process of adaptation to different environments and how different properties of the organism confer adaptation to the environment. The observation that an organism’s traits depend on its environment easily leads to the hypothesis that phenotypic plasticity functions as a way of adapting to a variable environment. The different fields comprising functional ecology have all addressed this hypothesis but have followed very different lines of evidence. In evolutionary biology, phenotypic plasticity is assessed in terms of genetic variation and fitness consequences; in physiological ecology, in terms of the functional consequences to stress tolerance and carbon acquisition; and in developmental biology, in terms of the mechanisms by which the environment can affect development of a trait. In this chapter, I describe some of the areas of concordance from these different fields of plant functional ecology, and how they can inform each other to suggest new areas of research on phenotypic plasticity in plants. Bradshaw (1965) and many others have suggested that the sessile nature of plants particularly favors phenotypic plasticity as a mechanism for adaptation to a variable environment. There is considerable evidence that plants defend against predators, cope with stress, and compete and forage for resources through cued patterns of growth and environmentally determined development. Acclimation responses demonstrate that a plant’s ability to tolerate a particular environmental stress is increased by prior exposure to that stress. Transplant and common garden experiments have demonstrated that the environment rather than the genotype causes much of the character variation within a species.
The Genotype-Environment Interaction and Evolution When the Environment Contains Genes
Authors: Wolf Jason B , Brodie Edmund D , Wade Michael J
Published: November 2023

The context in which genes are expressed is often a major determinant of the phenotype (including fitness) associated with a given genotype (Schlichting and Pigliucci 1998; Wolf et al. 2000; chapter I). Contexts that influence genetic effects span a hierarchy that begins within the cell and extends beyond the individual as far as the ecological community. Below the level of the individual, such context dependence is called epistasis, wherein the genetic background provided by other loci influences the effect that a given locus has on the phenotype. Epistasis may also arise when the cytoplasmic environment, provided by organelles such as mitochondria, influences the expression of nuclear genes and vice versa. Beyond the individual, we often think of genotype-environment interaction (GxE) as a result of interactions between the genotype and the context deriving from the abiotic ecological environment. But other contexts include the environment provided by conspecifics in social interactions (e.g., Wade 1980; Moore et al. 1997; Brodie 2000; Wolf 2000) and by other species in community interactions (e.g., Wade 1990; Goodnight 1991 ). Although the tools and perspective of plasticity and GxE research can help us understand the general phenomenon of context-dependent expression, they often ignore the fact that many, if not most, of the ecologically relevant contexts are themselves genetically determined.