bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Absorption of Bacterial Antigen from Diphtheric Toxin and Toxoid by Magnesium Hydroxide
Authors: Parfentjev I. A. , Waldschmidt A. , Weil A. J.
Published: January 2023

Under properly chosen quantitative conditions, treatment of diphtheric toxin (and toxoid) with magnesium hydroxide can be directed in such a way that a selective absorption of bacterial antigen is effected without substantial loss of toxin (or toxoid) and without impairment of antigenicity.
Specific Precipitation
Authors: Hershey A. D.
Published: January 2023

A quantitative theory of specific precipitation based on the lattice-hypothesis and the principle of kinetic selection has been found to agree reasonably well with experimental data of Heidelberger and Kendall for ovalbumin-precipitations. No arbitrary constants are necessary for the quantitative application of the theory.

The formulation of the theory is not yet rigorous, but has at least the value of bringing to light several new considerations implicit in the lattice-hypothesis.

The results achieved probably should not be taken as a confirmation of the lattice-hypothesis itself. However, if the independent evidence for the lattice-hypothesis is accepted, the restricted theory makes several contributions to the theory of the immune reaction. These are notably: A method for the measurement of immunological valence.A method for the measurement of equilibrium-constants and their thermodynamic consequences (13).The conclusion that the antibody of individual rabbit antisera and the surface of the antigen are sensibly homogeneous.The conclusion that nonspecific aggregation does not conspicuously disturb the course of reaction in the system studied.
On the Site of Formation of Diphtherial Toxin
Authors: Morton Harry E. , Gonzalez Luis M.
Published: January 2023

Diphtherial toxin, one of the classical examples of an exotoxin, has been found within the cells of C. diphtheriae.

The toxin present in the sonic extracts of well washed diphtherial cells gave positive skin reactions in normal rabbits but no reaction in the skin of rabbits which had been passively immunized with diphtherial antitoxin.

The toxic sonic extracts flocculated with standard flocculating diphtherial antitoxin. From these experiments we believe that at least one of the sites of formation of an exotoxin, if not the site of formation, is within the bacterial cell.
The Influence of Non-Specific Protein on the Heat Inactivation of Antibody to Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Krejci Laura E. , Jennings Robert K. , Smith Louis Despain
Published: January 2023

The electrophoretic patterns of casein and of the antibody to Type I pneumococcal polysaccharide were practically unaltered by heat treatment of the individual solutions.

Heat treatment of a mixture of these two substances led to loss of precipitability of the antibody by the homologous polysaccharide and to a change in the electrophoretic pattern. Part of the alpha casein and part of the antibody (gamma globulin) migrated with the beta casein after heat treatment; this change appeared to result from interaction of the two constituents after partial denaturation. The interaction was probably responsible for the inactivation.

Precipitative tests on the fractions separated by electrophoresis of the unheated mixture afforded additional evidence that alpha casein is the constituent responsible for the inactivation of the antibody.

By electrophoretic fractionation of the heated mixture it was possible to separate the antibody of unchanged mobility from that which had been modified by heat treatment. Under these conditions the unchanged antibody was still precipitable by polysaccharide.
Specific Molecular Valence of Antigen and Antibody
Authors: Hooker Sanford B. , Boyd William C.
Published: January 2023

Evidence bearing on the molecular valence of antigen and antibody is presented and discussed. Antigenic proteins having a molecular weight of about 35,000 seem to have a minimal functional valence of 5, with an upper limit less than 30; larger molecules can have much higher valences, plausibly in proportion to their surface. Much speculation and an as yet inadequate body of experimental data indicate that ordinary antibody is univalent, or perhaps divalent.
The Correlation Between Anatomical Changes and the Allergic State in Tuberculous Guinea Pigs
Authors: Woodruff C. Eugene , Kelly Ruby G.
Published: January 2023

The reversal, during the past year, in the long-continued downward trend in deaths due to tuberculosis emphasizes the fact that the medical profession does not have for this chronic disease any positive method of control such as has been applied, for instance, in stamping out diphtheria. Before tuberculosis can be controlled successfully fundamental concepts concerning reactions of the host to the infectious agent must be clarified. Perhaps the most important of these concepts is the relation between the hypersensitive or allergic response and immunity.

In a comprehensive review of the literature upon hypersensitivity in infectious disease Rich (1), after discussing the data presented by numerous experimental workers in this field, states that “… up to the present, hypersensitive inflammation has never been satisfactorily shown to be necessary for the successful operation of acquired immunity at any stage of any infection under any condition whatsoever.”
Agglutination by Anti-Hog Cholera Hyperimmune Sera of an Antigen Obtained from the Spinal Fluid of Pigs Infected with Hog Cholera and Adsorbed on B. Prodigiosus
Authors: Weil A. J.
Published: January 2023

The spinal fluids of pigs infected with hog cholera virus contain an antigen which reacts specifically with an antibody present in hyperimmune serum and possibly to a lesser degree also in immune serum. The antibody-antigen reaction can be made visible by an agglutinative reaction of prodigiosus suspensions which had been brought into contact with concentrates of spinal fluids.
The Type-Specific Agglutinin Response of Infants and Children with Pneumococcal Pneumonias
Authors: Finland Maxwell , Shuman Harold I. , Barnes Mildred W.
Published: January 2023

Tests for agglutinins were carried out with homologous and heterologous types of pneumococci in 366 sera obtained from 116 infants and children with pneumococcal pneumonia who were treated with sulfapyridine and recovered.

Homologous type-specific agglutinins were demonstrated for 17 of the 19 types encountered. They were found to develop more frequently and in higher titers against the types which are most common in the pneumonias of adults, namely types 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8, than against the other higher types, including type 14 which was the most frequent type encountered in infants and young children. This was true irrespective of the age of the patient.

For all the types, homologous agglutinins were demonstrated more frequently and in higher titers in children 3 years of age or older than in infants and children less than 3 years old.

Homologous agglutinins were demonstrated about as often in patients in whom the pneumococci were obtained only from sputum or pharyngeal cultures as they were in patients from whom the organisms were recovered from blood cultures or purulent exudates.

Heterologous agglutinins were encountered in 8 patients. In 4 of these 8 patients the same titer was found in both acute and convalescent phase sera. The possible significance of these findings has been discussed.
Typhoid Vaccine Studies. VI
Authors: Longfellow Don , Luippold George F.
Published: January 2023

A study has been made of the degree of demonstrable cross-immunity which a monovalent Typhoid, Para A, and Para B vaccine will produce in experimental animals toward the two heterologous organisms of this trio of intestinal pathogens. The polyvalent protective potency of a few sera from humans initially vaccinated with monovalent typhoid vaccine, against five common types of Salmonella, was also determined.

In one phase of this study, three respective groups of mice were actively immunized with each of the three vaccines, and each group was subsequently tested for immunity to graded doses of E. typhosa, S. paratyphi, and S. schottmuelleri.

The results of these tests for active immunity showed that mice immunized with a relatively large dose of Typhoid vaccine acquired thereby sufficient hetero-immunity to survive 10 MLD of S. schottmuelleri; and that the same dosage of Para B vaccine protected mice against the same multiple of the MLD of E. typhosa. However, neither of these two organisms, when prepared as vaccines and inoculated into mice, produced a significant degree of immunity in these animals to S. paratyphi; nor did Para A vaccine, inoculated into mice, produce in them any significant degree of immunity to E. typhosa or to S. schottmuelleri.

In the second phase of this work, respective groups of mice were passively immunized by the intraabdominal administration of Typhoid-, Para A-, and Para B-immune rabbits' sera, and each group was subsequently subjected to the administration of graded doses of E. typhosa, S. paratyphi, and S. schottmuelleri in order to measure the degree of immunity to each of these organisms that was conferred on the animals by each of the immune sera.

These measurements of passive immunity demonstrated that when rabbits were inoculated with a vaccine prepared with any one of these three organisms, the resultant serum, when administered to mice in 0.1 ml amounts, conferred on them a high degree of immunity to the heterologous organisms. This was especially true of the cross-immunity demonstrated between E. typhosa and S. schottmuelleri, and to only a slightly lesser degree between S. paratyphi and each of the other two organisms.

The immune substances produced in human sera by monovalent typhoid vaccination are apparently of the same order as those produced in rabbits by the same procedure, and possess a demonstrable protective potency against antigenically related types of Salmonella.

It is difficult to say which of the two determinations—active or passive immunization-tests—is the more reliable criterion for the appraisal of cross-immunity between the organisms used in these experiments. It is believed, however, that in an investigation of this kind, both types of tests should be made and reported in order to present the complete immunological relationship. The somewhat conflicting results do not detract from the value of the experimental work, but amply illustrate how conflicting conclusions could be drawn if two independent workers employed different methods, instead of both methods.
The Effect of Ninhydrin Upon Rabbit-Serum-Protein and Antibodies
Authors: Eggerth Arnold H.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Ninhydrin acts upon rabbit-serum-proteins and antibodies to produce altered proteins and antibodies having new and different physical and chemical characteristics. In rabbit immune serum, the typhoid H-agglutinins are increased twofold to fourfold in titer; the typhoid O-agglutinins and the pneumococcal antibodies are unchanged in titer when the ninhydrinization is not too prolonged. These ninhydrin-antibodies may be considerably concentrated in certain serum fractions.
Neutralization Tests with Fractions of Poliomyelitis Antiserum (Horse)
Authors: Toomey John A. , McKhann Charles F. , Fahey Kathleen
Published: January 2023

An antipoliomyelitic horse serum has been partially fractionated by salting-out and isoelectric precipitative methods. Neutralizing antibodies were not found throughout all globulins of the serum tested; they were concentrated in that portion of the globulin fraction on the borderline between pseudoglobulin and euglobulin.
Review
Authors: Weil A. J.
Published: January 2023

A considerable amount of new and significant data concerning bacillary dysentery has accumulated during the last fifteen years. The need for a review of these accretions is clearly indicated by the fact that relatively little of it has been put to use for the furtherance of the medical and public health aspects of dysentery.

A report like this one can obviously not be a substitute for an up-to-date and comprehensive presentation of the whole subject—a presentation that would be highly desirable to possess.

The outstanding monograph by Manson-Bahr (1) is written with emphasis on the peculiarities of dysentery in tropical countries. The compilations in the (English) “System of Bacteriology” (2) and in the “Handbuch der pathogenen Mikrorganismen” (3) are obviously not any more up-to-date. Many aspects of our subject are covered in the monographs by Bojlen (4) and by Waaler (5), but neither of these is easily accessible.
Antibody Response to Hemoglobin Adsorbed on Aluminum Hydroxide
Authors: Holford Frances E. , Ludden J. B. , Stevens William H.
Published: January 2023

Hemoglobin of each species tested—human, sheep, rabbit, dog and guineapigfr3—is adsorbed by aluminum hydroxide. The degree of adsorption is conditioned chiefly by the relative proportions in which the hemoglobin and aluminum hydroxide are mixed, secondarily by the H-ion concentration and the character of the adsorbent (sulfate-containing preparations having less adsorptive capacity than sulfate-free). Human hemoglobin adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide is antigenic in rabbits. Administered in one or more series of small intraabdominal injections adsorbed hemoglobin is a more effective antigen than hemoglobin solution administered in the usual manner.
Histologic Studies of Reactions to Intracutaneous Tests in Allergy of Infection in Humans
Authors: Pascher Frances , Sulzberger Marion B. , Satenstein David L.
Published: January 2023

The histopathologic response to the intracutaneous injections of O.T.K., P.P.D., Oidiomycin and Trichophytin was found the first ten days after injection, to be uniform, banal and not characteristic of any particular extract. The histologic response at two weeks to five weeks after the injection of the specific antigens varied. Tubercles and tuberculoid structures were elicited with O.T.K. and P.P.D. but not with oidiomycin or trichophytin (except in one instance, in response to trichophytin, where the histopathologic picture was suggestive of tuberculoid structure). At least two weeks was required for the formation of tubercles and tuberculoid structures. The histologic reactions at O.T.K. and P.P.D. test sites in some instances resembled lupus vulgaris, in others erythema induratum and in one instance granuloma annulare. Tubercles or tuberculoid structures, cannot be regarded as the typical histopathologic response to injections of specific antigens in all forms of allergy of infection.
A Case of Spurious Linkage, As Claimed for the Classical Blood Groups and Allergy
Authors: Bernstein Felix , Borison Herbert L. , Finkel Sidney
Published: January 2023

D. J. Finney (1940) claimed on the basis of the family material of Zieve, Wiener and Fries (1936) that the factors for the ABO blood groups and allergy are linked. Previously, on testing the observed factors for linkage, Zieve, Wiener, and Fries (1936), using Wiener's method, came to the tentative conclusion that the genes for the blood groups ABO and allergy are independently inherited and to the definite conclusion that the factors for the agglutinogens M and N and allergy are independently inherited.

The purpose of this paper is to show that Finney's claim cannot be substantiated because of a probable inherent inaccuracy which was not taken into account when the data were analyzed.

The hereditary scheme for allergy as proposed by Wiener, Zieve, and Fries (1936), which was also accepted and applied by Finney, considers the presence of allergy before the onset of puberty (age limit is taken as ten years) as homozygote recessive.
Persistence of Leptospira Antibodies in the Circulating Blood of Patients Recovered One to Over Twenty Years from Weil's Disease
Authors: Packchanian A. , Tom Nylah
Published: January 2023

Eight individuals who had recovered from Weil's disease from two to over 20 years still had agglutinins for type I Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae present in their circulating blood in significantly high titer. The average level of agglutinative titer during the active phase of the disease in seven cases was 1:23,000—. The minimal dilution in which agglutination occurred between two and 20 years after complete recovery from the disease was 1:100, while the maximal was over 1:30,000.
Immunizing Potency in Man of a Purified Antigenic Material Isolated from Eberthella Typhosa
Authors: Morgan Herbert R. , Favorite Grant O. , Horneff J. Arthur
Published: January 2023

A purified antigenic material isolated from E. typhosa cultured in a synthetic medium in total dosage of 0.1 mg administered by subcutaneous injection in man has been demonstrated to produce mouse-protective antibody in greater amounts than 2.5 ml of two standard bacterial vaccines. This response was attained with less local and constitutional reactions than those following the use of the bacterial vaccines. The intracutaneous administration of bacterial vaccines was found less effective than the subcutaneous route. Certain advantages of this purified antigen are discussed.
Studies on Tetanal Toxin
Authors: Friedemann Ulrich , Hollander Alvin
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The antitoxin-requirements for 20 lethal doses of 7 tetanal toxins have been investigated with the aid of the direct and indirect intraventricular tests in rabbits and guinea-pigs. These investigations have led to the unexpected result that in the direct test in guinea-pigs 20 lethal doses of toxins from various sources are neutralized by entirely different amounts of antitoxin. The antitoxin-requirements were found to be 100 times higher for toxins 641B and 1175H than for toxin 388. The indirect test, therefore, reveals spectacular qualitative differences between toxins derived from different strains of Cl. tetani. These differences are not apparent in the direct test in guinea-pigs. Contrary to the findings in guinea-pigs, in the rabbit the antitoxin-requirements in the indirect test are identical for 10 lethal doses of toxins derived from various strains of Cl. tetani. In the direct test in rabbits, however, the antitoxin-requirements are different for the individual toxins. The explanation of these findings calls for further investigations which will be reported in a subsequent paper.
Genic Control of Species-Specific Antigens of Serum
Authors: Cumley R. W. , Irwin M. R. , Cole L. J.
Published: January 2023

Qualitative differences in serum antigens specific for Senegal were observed in the serums of backcross birds resulting from matings to Ring dove of species- and backcross-hybrids from the cross of Senegal/Ring dove. These antigens have been found to segregate within the backcross families in accordance with genetic expectation. There is evidence that the genes which control the serum antigens are on different chromosomes from those that control the Senegal specific corpuscular antigens. These findings are similar to those resulting from studies of other species crosses.
On the Occurrence of Forssman Antigen in Trichinella Spiralis
Authors: Rose Harry M.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

In seventeen cases of trichinosis the titers of agglutinins and hemolysins for sheep's erythrocytes were found to be within normal limits. Similar findings were obtained in two rabbits infected with Trichinella spiralis.

Rabbits immunized against sheep's erythrocytes and guinea-pig's kidney did not develop precipitins for trichinella-antigen.

The evidence available at present does not warrant the conclusion that Trichinella spiralis contains the Forssman antigen.
Detection of the Virus of Mouse Encephalomyelitis in the Intestines of Normal Kangaroo Rats
Authors: Melnick Joseph L.
Published: January 2023

An infectious agent capable of producing encephalomyelitis in mice has been detected in the intestines of normal kangaroo rats. These rats had been quartered for over a year in a laboratory which had also been inhabited by normal and poliomyelitis-infected monkeys and by albino mice proven to be intestinal carriers of Theiler's mouse encephalomyelitis virus. By means of cross immunity tests and complement fixation reactions this virus has been shown to be immunologically related to the FA strain of mouse encephalomyelitis virus.
The Complement-Fixation Test with Human Sera against the Viruses of St. Louis Encephalitis and Equine Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Howitt Beatrice F.
Published: January 2023

Of 137 sera tested from cases of encephalitis, 34 or 24.8 per cent, showed both complement-fixing and neutralizing antibodies for the St. Louis virus alone, 23 or 16.7 per cent for the western equine strain alone and 17 or 12.4 per cent for both viruses. Of these 137 sera, therefore, 73 or 54.0 per cent showed complete correlation between the complement-fixation and the neutralization-tests.

With the other 64 sera, there was more tendency for the complement-fixation test to be positive for the St. Louis virus than for the equine, particularly if the neutralization-tests were positive for both the strains.

Eleven or 8.02 per cent of the sera gave positive complement fixation with the St. Louis antigen when the neutralization-tests were negative to both strains.

Of 42 sera obtained during the first 2 weeks after the onset of disease, 100 per cent neutralized one or the other of the viruses while only 73.8 per cent reacted to complement fixation.

Neutralizing antibodies for the western equine strain appeared earlier in the disease than those fixing complement, while the reverse was observed for the St. Louis virus. During the later periods there was not much difference between the presence of either antibody for the 2 strains, except that the complement-fixing reaction remained positive longer for the western equine virus than for the St. Louis.

Complement-fixing antibodies for the western equine strain as well as neutralizing substances were found in a serum at least 2 years after the onset of the disease, while those for the St. Louis strain were demonstrated after 10 to 14 months.

The complement-fixing ability of a serum may be attenuated after prolonged storage but if the specimen is not anticomplementary or bacterially contaminated, significant reactions may be obtained even after 2 years in the refrigerator. A negative one, however, may not be of value.

Of a total of 257 specimens examined by both methods, 120 or 46.7 per cent reacted negatively. 47 of the sera came from the non-endemic Bay Region and 73 from the endemic San Joaquin Valley. 66 of the latter were from cases of poliomyelitis.

Complement-fixing as well as neutralizing antibodies were found in sera from a small group of contacts to frank cases of encephalitis.

Of 70 sera in the Bay Region tested against the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus 4 or 5.7 per cent gave a positive complement fixation and only 3 (4.2 per cent) of these a correspondingly positive neutralization-test.

Of 121 sera examined none showed complement-fixing antibodies against the eastern equine strain of encephalomyelitis, while 4 out of 86 (4.3 per cent) reacted to a normal mouse brain antigen. The latter sera were likewise positive with the other antigens used.

It would be of value to use both the complement-fixation and the neutralization-test for the most accurate differentiation of human cases of encephalitis.
Quantitative Determination of Antigen, Antibody and Complement in Precipitates
Authors: Haurowitz Felix , Yenson M. Mutahhar
Published: January 2023

Immune sera to arsanil-azo-globulin were precipitated by small and by large amounts of antigen, in the presence of active and of inactivated guinea-pig serum. Gravimetric analysis of the precipitates demonstrated: The weight of the precipitate obtained with active guinea-pig serum is greater. Maximally 0.15 to 0.20 mg of complement-protein were fixed per ml of guinea-pig serum. The amount of complement protein in the precipitate was independent of the antigen-antibody ratio and equaled about 20 per cent of the weight of the precipitates. Neither the antigen-antibody ratio nor the absolute amount of antigen or antibody in the precipitate is altered by complement fixation. Hemolysis of a single red cell requires approximately 10−11g, i.e. more than 1010 molecules of saponin or of sodium oleate. The same effect is produced by 1.5 × 10−14g, i.e. 60000 molecules of complement-protein. The much higher efficiency of complement supports the enzyme theory of complementary action.
The Validity of the “Percentage Law” in Bactericidal Reactions
Authors: Morris Marion C.
Published: January 2023

In previous communications (1, 2) we have reported experiments showing the effect of dilution on mixtures of pneumococcus type 1 and its specific antibody. Our findings led us to conclude that dilution does not cause an appreciable dissociation of antibody, although similar findings of various others with virus-antiserum mixtures have led to the conclusion either that there is no “in vitro” union of virus and neutralizing antibody, or that the union is freely reversible (3). Because the pneumococcus, in contradistinction to viruses, can be grown on artificial media, we were able to interpret our results somewhat more accurately than can be done with viruses. The use of a bacterial-antibody system thus becomes a useful “tool” in attempting to reconcile the differences which appear to exist in the laws governing immune reactions with bacteria on the one hand, and viruses on the other.
Studies on Influenzal Infections in the Chick-Embryo
Authors: Sigurdsson Björn
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary

Infections in the chick-embryo with two recently isolated human strains of influenzal virus and two strains of swine-virus have been studied with relation to the influence of the temperature of incubation and the age of the host. The findings indicate that the temperature is of considerable importance and that 35–36 C is more suitable than 39–40 C for titrational purposes, as titrations carried out at 39–40 C gave very low and irregular 50-percent-infectivity endpoints. The explanation seems to be that a larger dose of virus was needed to infect at the higher temperature, and further that in many infected eggs the concentration of virus was not high enough to give positive red-cell agglutination. Both these factors contributed to the low endpoints obtained in the titrations at 39–40 C. This would probably be less conspicuous with strains having a higher agglutinin/infectivity ratio. Whether some intermediate temperature might be more suitable than 35–36 C has not been tested. Incubation at 37 C as used by Hirst for purposes of titration and isolation is obviously satisfactory. How 37 C compares with 35–36 C as to susceptibility of the embryo and amount of virus produced would have to be clarified by direct comparison.

The strains tested killed the embryos regularly at the lower temperature and infections and deaths were prevented by immune sera. The swine-strains also killed at 39–40 C but a few survivors were found with the human strains at that temperature. The report (24) that H. influenzæ suis is necessary in addition to the swine-virus if high mortality is to result from the infection is probably to be explained by differences in the strains of virus used.

The 7- and 12-day embryos apparently did not differ markedly in their resistance although the 7-day eggs were probably slightly more susceptible.

The route of inoculation (on the chorioallantoic membrane or into the amnion) and the amount of virus used did not greatly affect the rate of increase of virus in the fluids with strains TW 772 and V 15 strain 2. Strain TW 771, on the other hand, seemed to depend more on the route of inoculation and the size of the inoculum, the concentration rising quicker after a large inoculum.

Finally, the effect of Na-sulfadiazine on the infection was tested. It was found that 20 mg of Na-sulfadiazine per embryo did not reduce the number of positive infections in critical virus-dilutions; or in other words, titrations in eggs containing this amount of the drug did not show a lower infectivity-endpoint than did titrations in normal control eggs. Should it be desired to use an antibacterial agent with inocula that are not completely free of bacteria, Na-sulfadiazine would seem to be suitable as far as the virus is concerned.
Antigenic Relationships of Shigella Paradysenteriae
Authors: Wheeler K. M.
Published: January 2023

In a serological study of the mannitol fermenting, lactose negative paradysentery group of bacteria, type-specific antigens for types V, W, Z, 88, 103 and P119 in the Flexner group were identified by means of specific agglutinins of sufficient strength to provide a practical means of strain identification. Specific antigens also were readily identified in cultures of Boyd types 170, P288, P274, D1, D19, P143. In the case of X and Y types only weak specific agglutinins were obtained and it seems likely that these cultures are degraded types as Boyd has proposed. Strains of types 170 and P274 isolated in the U. S. appeared to be identical with the stock strains. Extension of serological identification to include the less common Boyd types, 170, P288, P274, D1, D19 and P143, will provide a means of studying the significance of these strains in dysenteric disease.

Major group-antigens were identified among types in the Flexner group which were of sufficient importance for use in strain identification. By adsorption, serums were obtained showing group-components common to V-Z-103, V-W-Y-88, W-Y, V-88, X-Z-P119-W1268, X-Z-W1268, V-P119 and V-W1268-X-Z-P119 cultures.

The same type-specific antigen was found in combination with more than one set of group-antigens, e.g. the stock strain of type 103 had the major groupantigen of V and Z cultures while other strains of 103 lacked this but shared an antigen with the W and Y types. Different group-antigens were combined with the same specific antigen in the case of W strains, one sharing a major group-antigen with V, Y and type 88 strains the other with X, Z, and P119 strains. One type P119 culture was found which had some of the antigen of W-Y strains in addition to the principal group-antigen of the stock P119 strains.

The classification of Flexner types as outlined by Boyd provides a practical method of classification which has the advantage of pointing out the close serological relationships among the Flexner types. Some modifications based on the distribution of group-components among the types are desirable. Many of the broad antigenic relationships are of no differential value. Although Boyd types 170, P288, P274, D1, D19 and P143 possess little or none of the “Flexner” group-antigen the scheme of classification can eventually be extended to include these types.
Studies on Virus Immunity
Authors: Friedemann Ulrich , Hollander Alvin , Bornstein Siegbert
Published: January 2023

The mechanism of immunity was studied in the case of the viruses of equine encephalomyelitis and rabies. The antibody contents of the immune sera were determined by injecting a mixture of a constant dose of virus and varying doses of immune serum into the intraventricular space of guinea-pigs. These experiments were designated as direct tests and the minimal neutralizing doses of immune serum as Ad. The capacity of the immune sera to confer passive immunity was measured by injecting the same dose of virus into the intraventricular space and varying doses of immune serum intravenously. These experiments were designated as indirect tests and the minimal neutralizing doses of immune serum as Ai. The ratio Ai/Ad was found to be at least 1280 for the virus of rabies and approximately 10 for the virus of equine encephalomyelitis. In the case of the virus of equine encephalomyelitis Ad is the same for non-incubated mixtures and mixtures incubated for 20 hours at room-temperature. In the case of the virus of rabies Ad is considerably lower for incubated mixtures. The virus of equine encephalomyelitis and its antibody do not combine in vitro once the immune serum is diluted to more than 1:4. On the contrary, the virus of rabies and its antibody combine in vitro even if the immune serum is highly diluted.
The Production of Antibrain Antibodies in the Monkey
Authors: Kopeloff Lenore M. , Kopeloff Nicholas
Published: January 2023

Antibrain antibodies have been produced in the serum of the rhesus monkey. The method employed for immunization with alcoholic organ extracts was an adaptation of the Freund adjuvant-technic.

Organ-specificity was demonstrated by complement-fixation, flocculation, and absorptive tests.

Cross-reactions with testicle, and to a lesser degree with kidney, were noted.
Influence of Temperature of Incubation of the Increase of Influenzal Virus B (Lee Strain) in the Chorio-Allantoic Fluid of Chick Embryos
Authors: McLean I. W. , Beard Dorothy , Taylor A. R. , Sharp D. G. , Beard J. W. , Feller A. E. , Dingle John H.
Published: January 2023

Studies were made on the rate of increase of infectivity and hemagglutinative activity of the influenzal virus B (Lee strain) in the chorio-allantoic fluid of chick embryos incubated for various periods at 35, 37 and 39 C. The rate of virus increase in the first 24 hours of incubation at 35 C was essentially the same as that in the same period at 37 C. The maximal level of infectivity at 35 C, reached at the 48-hour period of incubation, was about six times that at 37 C attained at 36 to 48 hours' incubation. Hemagglutinative activity seemed definitely greater at 35 C than at 37 C. From the present experiments it is evident that the temperature 39 C was unsuitable for the cultivation of influenzal virus B. Not only was the ultimate level of the total amount of virus low, but the infectivity and hemagglutinative activity found in the earlier periods of incubation at this temperature were rapidly lost later.
Titration of Tetanal Toxins and Toxoids by Flocculation
Authors: Moloney P. J. , Hennessy Joan N.
Published: January 2023

In 1926 G. Ramon and P. Descombey (1) described the phenomenon of flocculation which takes place in mixtures of tetanal toxin and tetanal antitoxic serum. In the same communication Ramon and Descombey reported that with certain sera “abnormal” flocculations may occur. Other workers have also reported, in the case of tetanus, similar “abnormal” flocculations, that is flocculations which occur in zones which do not correspond to true toxin-antitoxin neutralization. In order to overcome the difficulty presented by false zones of flocculation a number of solutions have been proposed.

In 1937 Ramon (2) reported that he had prepared a serum which flocculated in a single zone. This was accomplished by rapidly immunizing horses with the filtrate from broth cultures of tetanus which had been incubated for only a few days.

Prévot (3) claimed that true and false flocculation could be distinguished by a method based on graphic representation.
Studies on Plague Immunity in Experimental Animals
Authors: Jawetz E. , Meyer K. F.
Published: January 2023

Introduction. Comparatively few and limited observations have been made concerning the immunity mechanism in bubonic plague. Exhaustive reviews of the earlier literature on the subject have been given by Dieudonné and Otto (1). Petrie (2) and Pollitzer (3). The earliest investigators, Kolle and his associates (4) and Markl (5), studied particularly the influence of normal and immune serum inoculated simultaneously with the infecting plague bacilli into experimental animals and found bacteriolysis or phagocytosis or both. While these workers investigated the mechanism of passive immunity, Rowland (6) compared the progress of plague infection in normal and vaccinated animals and observed that the essential factor in active plague immunity was one which affected the rate of multiplication of the bacillus. Virulent bacilli multiplied as slowly in immune rats as avirulent organisms in normal ones, while the virulent infection of normal animals progressed very rapidly.
Diagrammatic Representation of the Human Blood-Group Reactions
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Karowe Harris E.
Published: January 2023

A diagrammatic method of visualizing the blood-group factors and reactions has been presented, based on the current views concerning antigen-antibody reactions.
Immunologic Studies in Rheumatic Fever
Authors: Taran Leo M. , Jablon James M. , Weyr Helen N.
Published: January 2023

Cutaneous reaction to the M fraction of 25 known Griffith types of hemolytic streptococcus was studied in rheumatic children, their normal siblings, and normal children. The incidence of positive cutaneous reaction in normal children is 65 per cent as compared with 83 per cent in rheumatic children.5 The incidence of positive cutaneous reaction in the normal siblings of these rheumatic children is the same as in rheumatic children. The cutaneous reactions of normal children are of a significantly milder degree than those of rheumatic children and their siblings; the highest degree of reactivity was found in the normal siblings of rheumatic children. The incidence and the degree of cutaneous reaction to the M fraction of the hemolytic streptococcus is not influenced by the age of the child, between the ages of 6 and 16, or by the rheumatic status: active cases do not show a higher incidence or degree of cutaneous reactivity. Cutaneous reactivity to specific M fraction in rheumatic children diminishes only slightly with the lapse of time following an acute rheumatic episode.
The Anticomplementary Activity of Serum Gamma Globulin
Authors: Davis Bernard D. , Kabat Elvin A. , Harris Ad , Moore Dan H.
Published: January 2023

Electrophoretically separated gamma globulin from a number of normal human sera was highly anticomplementary, as little as 0.04 mg of protein giving complete inhibition of hemolysis under the conditions used. Purified Wassermann antibody, prepared by dissociation of the specific precipitate, was anticomplementary in similar amounts.

The anticomplementary action was decreased by heating at 56 C for ½ hour, and was abolished by addition of approximately equal amounts of albumin or beta globulin.

It is suggested that the data offer the first evidence of an easily dissociable compound between complement and antibody, postulated by Heidelberger, Weil, and Treffers in their theory of the mechanism of complement fixation.
Failure to Sensitize Guinea Pigs Passively with Equine Antisera That Fix Guinea-Pig Complement
Authors: Follensby Edna M. , Hooker Sanford B.
Published: January 2023

Equine anti-ovalbumin and equine antihemocyanin, both capable of fixing guinea-pig complement, did not sensitize guinea pigs passively, or did so but feebly. Equine antihemocyanin did not confer passive anaphylaxis in the rabbit so that fatal shock occurred. Rabbits' blood was not passively sensitized in vitro by either equine or rabbit-antihemocyanin. An increase of histamine was not found in the blood of guinea pigs sensitized with equine antihemocyanin. An increase of histamine was found in the blood of some guinea pigs sensitized with rabbit-antihemocyanin. The blood of some guinea pigs sensitized with rabbit-antihemocyanin contained a skin-blanching substance. Guinea-pig antihemocyanin caused a positive Prausnitz-Küstner reaction in the guinea pig's skin but not in the human skin. Digested equine antihemocyanin evoked the Arthus reaction in rabbits that had been immunized with this material. The Arthus reaction to normal horse-serum was more marked than the reaction to digested material. The probable and actual mathematical relationships between the antibody in the sensitizing dose and the antigen in the shocking dose have been discussed, and, also, the bearing of such relationships upon the problem of passively sensitizing guinea pigs with equine antisera.
Studies on the Technic of Collodion Agglutination
Authors: Cavelti Philip A.
Published: January 2023

Studies with regard to the influence of several factors on the sensitivity and specificity of serological reactions with collodion particles have been reported. The size and age of the particles, as well as the proportions of admixture of antigen and collodion to serum, have been found to be important for the optimal performance of the reactions.
Neutralization Tests with Certain Neurotropic Viruses
Authors: Lennette Edwin H. , Koprowski Hilary
Published: January 2023

The relative lack of sensitivity of intracerebral virus-neutralization tests in mice, and their consequent limitations when applied to the investigation of certain epidemiologic or immunologic problems, is generally recognized.

Inasmuch as the ability to detect or quantitate neutralizing antibodies in a serum is largely determined by the route by which the serum-virus mixtures are injected into the animal,3 it would appear that a more sensitive test might be achieved by inoculating the mixtures by a route other than the cerebral. In order to do so, however, mice of known age must be employed, as susceptibility to peripheral inoculation, unlike that to cerebral inoculation, usually diminishes markedly with increasing age.
Experimental Study of the Sensitized Cholera Antigen
Authors: Miura Y.
Published: January 2023

Knowing that ordinary heated vaccine has no complete prophylactic action upon experimental typhoid fever, Besredka (1), in 1902, first used the so-called sensitized vaccine, which was made by combining the living typhoid bacilli with the useful constituents of immune serum. Later he investigated with Metchnikoff (2) its prophylactic value against experimental typhoid fever, and they found it effective and not dangerous to the human body. In 1914 Ichikawa, in Japan, experimented with the non-heated sero-vaccine upon typhoid fever patients with good results. In 1916, when the outbreak of cholera was at its height in Japan, the cholera sensitized vaccine was prepared by Shiga and his associates (3) and favorable results were obtained. Later Yabe published an article on cholera vaccine, its weak reaction and rapid development of antibodies, as compared with the ordinary vaccine.

We regret, however, that the sensitized vaccine in solution is not stable, and thus it cannot be kept for a long time in soluble form.
The Antigenic Properties of Globin, with a Note on the Independence of the Properties of Serum and Tissue Proteins, as Exemplified by the Absence of Antibody from the Globin of an Immunised Animal
Authors: Browning C. H. , Wilson G. Haswell
Published: January 2023

Globin can act as an antigen. In addition to two antisera for guinea-pig's globin, two antisera for ox globin have also been obtained from rabbits. With these antisera and a number of different specimens of the homologous globins powerful complement-fixation reactions have been obtained. The obtaining of the reaction depends on suitable quantitative relationships between antigen and antibody and also, as was shown previously, on a suitable hydrogen-ion concentration. Only certain rabbits apparently respond to injections of globin by the production of complement-fixing antibodies. The injections of globin caused no obvious toxic effects in rabbits. Hemoglobin seems to elicit antibody production more rarely. The reactions with antisera show, in certain cases, marked species-specificity of globin; thus the antiserum to guinea-pig's globin does not fix complement with ox globin. On the other hand, anti-ox globin fixes complement along with goat, duck and guinea-pig globin but not with rabbit globin; no explanation is offered of the contradictory behavior of ox and guinea-pig globins in the crossed experiments. But the results taken together seem to exclude bacterial contamination as the cause. The evidence points to the phenomena being due to a genuine antibody to globin and not to adventitious protein contamination. Further recorded facts (namely, that anti-guinea-pig globin does not contain hemolytic immune body for guineapig corpuscles and does not react with guinea-pig's hemoglobin, serum or acid serum-albumin, and that guinea-pig globin does not react with antihuman serum) also exclude the probable contaminations which might arise in the course of preparation of the globin solutions.
Serological Relationships of Liver and Kidney
Authors: Fleisher Moyer S. , Hall T. G. , Arnstein Natalie
Published: January 2023

The subject of immune bodies against various tissues has occupied considerable space in the literature of immunity and especially has emphasis been laid in the discussions on the question of the “specificity” of the antibodies produced against organs. It is particularly with this latter phase of the subject that our experiments have dealt; the results we wish to report here concern however only liver and kidney. We do not desire to go into the literature (1) on this subject at the present time and will only briefly review some of the work which has appeared bearing most directly upon the antibodies produced against renal or hepatic tissue.

Bierry (2) and his co-workers, using so-called (3) nucleo-proteins of various organs (liver and kidney) for immunization, state that following injection of these antisera into animals of the same species as those whose organs had been used for immunization, definite and more marked changes occurred in the organs corresponding to the antiserum injected.
The Value of the Intra-Palpebral Mallein Test in the Diagnosis of Glanders
Authors: Mason Edward H. , Emmons R. V. B.
Published: January 2023

There are certain factors that should be taken into consideration in interpreting these serological results. The fact that the sera of all the suspicious horses and controls were heated at 56°C. for one-half hour would tend to cut down the agglutinating titer of those sera. However, as the same technic was carried out in both test and control animals the results have a true relative significance. This fact may account for the absence of agglutinins in such a large percentage of the normal control horses.

The results definitely indicate that in horses giving a suspicious intra-palpebral mallein reaction of this type the complement fixation test is of more value than the agglutination reaction. In the former 75.4 per cent were positive while in the latter only 57.4 per cent were positive, even when all the borderline cases were included.

These observations agree fairly well with published statistics. In Povitzky's recent article (this Journal, 1918, 3, 463) she records work done in the laboratories of the New York City Department of Health on 123 horses which were proven at autopsy to have glanders. The complement fixation reaction was positive in 75.6 per cent of these cases, while the agglutination reaction was positive in 64.2 per cent. In her work she used horse sera which had not been heated to 56°C. for one-half hour, but again this would be partly neutralized by her using a titer of 1:1000 as necessary for a positive result. The consensus of opinion is that the agglutination reaction gives higher positive results in acute cases, while in chronic or subacute cases the complement fixation is the more reliable.
Comparison of Smear, Culture and Complement Fixation in Chronic Gonorrhoea in Women
Authors: Smith James D. , Wilson M. A.
Published: January 2023

Clinical. The clinical material, serums and film preparations on which this report is based, were obtained from patients under treatment on the Venereal Disease Service of the Department of Health Hospitals of New York City. Ninety per cent of these patients are public prostitutes, the remainder being of the clandestine type. Their ages range from sixteen to sixty, the average being in the early twenties.

For convenience in outlining treatment and presenting the necessary data for the bacteriologist, the cases on admission are divided into three general classes, acute, subacute and chronic.

Acute. Vulva. Active inflammation and swelling of the parts. Involvement of Bartholin glands with or without abscess formation, but exhibiting some evidence of inflammation in the duct.

Urethra. Evidence of active inflammation as witnessed by mucopurulent or purulent discharge and swelling of the mucous membrane at the mouth of the urethra and ability to express a drop of purulent material on massaging Skenes glands.