bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IMPLEMENTASI PERATURAN PEMERINTAH (PP) NOMOR 12 TAHUN 2019 TENTANG PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN DAERAH DALAM PENYUSUNAN ANGGARAN PENDAPATAN DAN BELANJA DAERAH (APBD) TAHUN 2020 DI PROVINSI SUMATERA SELATAN
Authors: Maulydiana Bertha , Simangunsong Fernandes
Published: December 2021

This research aims to review and analyze on the implementation of government regulation Number 12 / 2019 years about regional financial management in the APBD preparation. To know and analyze advocates and implementation of the regulations that the government in South Sumatra. Theory used is the model implementation seen in three factors (3), productivity, the: linearitas, and efficiency. This study use of inductive qualitative descriptive approach.Data collection technique used is interview, observation and documentation. Based on the research he stated that the implementation of the regulation in the south sumatra been done well, but some obstacles in the implementation a lack of coordination between the legislative and executive, awareness clerk to studies and more detailed regulations about regional financial management have renewed new including regulations minister to their derivatives and arrange in technical.
SECURITY CULTURE IN THE FUNCTION OF CREATING A CULTURE OF PEACE
Authors: BJELAJAC ŽELJKO
Published: December 2021

The current crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, which has destroyed many lives and economies of many countries around the world, has shown, more than ever, how much the need for security has become more pronounced. Due to uncertainty, fear of the unknown and permanent concern about how the crisis will affect them, their loved ones and their existence in general, people are trying to regain predictability, order and control in their lives. Of course, this includes all aspects of “security”: emotional security, physical security, financial security, the effectiveness of law and justice, freedom from fear, social stability, security of property, health and well-being. stress, and even today they face a life in which there is little order and predictability. Although rational beings, they have not yet adopted a security culture as a kind of skill of living, which is a precondition for creating cultures of peace and non-violence, which is key to human existence and prosperity.
CRIMINOLOGICAL ASPECT OF YOUTH VIOLENCE
Authors: MERDOVIĆ BORO , VUJOVIĆ RAJKA
Published: December 2021

There is no society and time epoch in the development of a civilization that was not characterized by violence and aggression. Once upon a time it was justified as a global and desirable characteristic of a society and a state, today, aggression and violence is a phenomenon that should be opposed in all ways. Incriminated in almost all laws of modern states, violent behavior and aggression require a multidisciplinary approach in explanation, etiology, phenomenology, and ways of confrontation. The aim of this paper is to point out the problem of youth violence, which is expanding and which affects all aspects of children's existence, starting with the family, school, social environment and society as a whole. The consequences of violent and aggressive behavior of young people will also be discussed, regardless of whether they are in the role of the perpetrator of a violent crime or a victim, as well as the possibilities and needs of preventive action. We will try to answer several important questions regarding youth violence, such as: are young people more victims of violence or committing acts of violence themselves, what are the main causes of violence among young people and what are the most common forms of youth violence.
METHODOLOGY OF DETECTION OF COMPUTER CRIME OFFENSES
Authors: MATIJAŠEVIĆ JELENA , DRAGOJLOVIĆ JOKO
Published: December 2021

Computer crime is characterized by an exceptional phenomenological diversity that complicates its unique and precise conceptual definition, and the permanent intensive development of computer technologies contributes to the constant expansion of its forms and poses increasing challenges to the authorities responsible for combating it. After a brief review of the concept and importance of criminology as a science, and criminological methodology as a branch of criminology, and the conceptual definition and basic characteristics of crime in general, and computer crime, the paper analyzes the most important aspects of crime detection methodology in this area. The conclusion is that the basic characteristics of computer crime, difficult detection, complicated proving and ineffective prevention certainly encourage potential perpetrators to make a decision on taking criminal acts in this area, which again indicates in which direction to move in order to eliminate difficulties in the methodology of detection and collection of evidence in criminal offenses of computer crime.
CRIMINALISTICS - FORENSIC PROCESSING OF THE PLACE OF A CRIMINAL EVENT
Authors: NINČIĆ ŽELJKO
Published: December 2021

Every person who commits a criminal offense tries both to cover up his criminal activity and to remove traces at the place of execution that would be incriminating for him and could bring him in connection with the criminal offense. However, despite such efforts the place where a certain criminal event took place, in most cases is a place where it is possible to find different types of traces and objects related to the crime. Most of these traces and objects, often have their origin and are related to a specific crime. However, traces and objects can be found that are not related to the specific crime and perpetrator or have some remote connection but are not crucial for its elucidation. Resolving such a dilemma implies determining the relevant relationship between the traces and objects found at the scene of the criminal event and the criminal act and its perpetrator. In that case, criminal (forensic) processing of the crime scene is an activity that is crucial for establishing legally relevant facts and for the success of criminal proceedings.
The paper discusses the specifics of criminal – forensic processing of the crime scene. The existence of different types of traces at the crime scene is pointed out and the importance of their finding, fixing, interpretation and packaging is emphasized. Special emphasis is placed on the need to determine the causal consequential links between the traces and objects found and the specific criminal offense and the perpetrator, i.e., their probative credibility in the context of the outcome of the criminal proceedings.
LIMITATIONS OF MASS MEDIA IN CREATING A CULTURE OF PEACE
Authors: FILIPOVIĆ ALEKSANDAR
Published: December 2021

The mass media, and the media in general, play an extremely important role in every society, as well as in people's daily lives.
This role was crucial even before the number and type of media, and thus the way they work, were multiplied by digitalization and migration to online digital spaces. Today, we have a situation where a certain number of people prefer to be informed through social rather than traditional media, even about issues that affect life and health. With all this in mind, it is logical to think that the media can act for the purpose of achieving any proclaimed goal, and that this action will be successful, and without significant limits in the possibilities of their action. However, when we talk about creating and promoting a culture of peace, by analyzing the most important elements, such as the ontological and phenomenological nature of peace, and war as the opposite, by analyzing and defining the ethics of peace and war, we conclude that human nature, and beyond, the nature of life on Earth, as well as history and inherited experiences from the past, in juxtaposition with the phenomenological and ontological features of the media, shows significant limitations of the media of mass communication in order to achieve this humane and desirable goal. These limits are deeply rooted in the phenomenon of peace, in the phenomenon of war, in the nature of people and society, as well as in the nature of the mass media. However, what the media can do and are not limited to is the promotion of elements of a culture of peace and non-violence, such as tolerance, dialogue, public discourse that promotes and respects differences, as well as other elements that work to calm tensions and promote a nonviolent approach to conflict prevention and resolution.
TRIAL WITHIN A REASONABLE TIME IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA
Authors: STAMENKOVIĆ GORAN
Published: December 2021

Trial within a reasonable time is a legal standard established to shorten lengthy court proceedings that have become a global problem. Their purpose is to create the most efficient judicial system possible without compromising the principle of fairness. A significant step towards that goal is the Law on the Protection of the Right to Trial within a Reasonable Time, which was passed in the Republic of Serbia in 2015. By applying this law, a combined system of protection of this right was adopted, in which protection is realized during the duration of the procedure but also after the end of the procedure. The aim of this paper is to consider the level of protection of this right in Serbia due to the adoption of the Law on Protection of the Right to Trial within a Reasonable Time.
NEED AND REASONS FOR INSURANCE OF NOTARY PUBLICS DURING NOTARY ACTIVITY
Authors: RADULOVIĆ DEJAN , ZARUBICA SARA
Published: December 2021

In this paper, the authors investigate the needs and reasons for securing notaries when performing notary activities. The paper should investigate and answer, what is the interest of the state, notaries and parties, in connection with performing notarial activity, legal basis and manner of conducting professional liability insurance of notaries, determining the amount of the insured case, the occurrence of the insured case, comparative legal solutions rights. The paper deals with persons who are participants in insurance (insured, insurer, injured party and other persons covered by insurance), the concept and subject of insurance, in this case professional liability insurance, the risk it carries, protection of the injured party and protection of property.
THE IMPORTANCE OF POLICE ETHICS FOR THE REPUTATION OF THE POLICE IN SOCIETY
Authors: BIKAREVIĆ DARKO
Published: December 2021

Legal state is a democratic creation that is based on legal certainty and rule of law and is a form of state in which all subjects are bound by the law, where it is crucial that this refers to state authorities that have a monopoly over power and directly encroach the sphere of human rights.
Acting according to the principle of legally is brought before the police as an imperative of great importance. Although this principle is, without a doubt, primary in the police work, it will not be the central topic of this paper. The goal of the author is to move focus of the paper towards the importance of adhering to ethical principles and standards, basic principles of democratic work of the police, as well as strengthening trust of citizens in the police in order to create safe community with accessible and ethically inclined police that responsibly act together with the community in identifying and solving security issues.
PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN KOMIK MATEMATIKA SISWA KELAS V SD BERBASIS BUDAYA
Authors: SULISTYORINI ENDAH
Published: December 2021

This research is aiming for design learning media that can increase students ' interest in learning mathematics and help learners understand math problems in the form of story problems. This Learning media product contains material that covers the standards of competency to understand the material of class V SD. The research method used is ASSURE, consisting of: (1) Analyze learner characteristics; (2) State performance objectives; (3) Select, modify or design media, (4) Utilize Technology, Media, and Material; (5) Require learner response; and (6) Evaluate and revision. The subject in this study was a student of class V elementary School 16 Pondok Labu, the respondent in this study of 20 Students for field trials on comic media mathematics. Data collection instrument in the form of validation sheet for field experts (practitioners), linguists, material experts, media experts, development experts, and student field test results of class V elementary School. The results of this study indicate that: (1) The resulting comic media Based on the Math learning Class V Elementary School; (2) Mathematics comic Media developed very good category for use by students in class V, and (3) learning with the Learning Media Mathematics comic can make it easier for learners to understand the story and can Motivation to learn learners

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendesain media pembelajaran yang dapat meningkatkan minat peserta didik dalam belajar matematika dan membantu peserta didik dalam memahami soal matematika dalam bentuk soal cerita. Produk media pembelajaran ini memuat materi yang mencangkup dalam standar kompetensi untuk memahami materi kelas V SD. Metode Penelitian yang digunakan adalah ASSURE, yang terdiri dari : (1) Menganalisis Karakteristik Pembelajaran; (2) Menentukan Standard dan Tujuan; (3) Memilih Strategi, Teknologi, Media dan Bahan ajar, (4) Menggunakan Teknologi, Media dan Bahan Ajar; (5) Mengembangkan Partisipasi Peserta Didik; dan (6) Mengevaluasi dan Merevisi. Subyek dalam penelitian ini adalah peserta didik kelas V SD Negeri 16 Pondok Labu, responden dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 20 peserta didik untuk uji coba lapangan terhadap media komik matematika. Instrumen pengumpulan data berupa lembar validasi untuk ahli bidang studi (praktisi), ahli bahasa, ahli materi, ahli media, ahli pengembangan, dan hasil uji lapangan peserta didik kelas V SD. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa: (1) Dihasilkan media komik berbasis Budaya pada pembelajaran matematika kelas V SD; (2) Media komik matematika yang dikembangkan berkategori sangat baik untuk digunakan oleh peserta didik SD kelas V, dan (3) pembelajaran dengan media pembelajaran komik matematika dapat mempermudah peserta didik dalam memahami soal cerita serta dapat meningkatkan motivasi belajar peserta didik.
APPLICATION OF THE FICTITIOUS DOMAIN METHOD FOR ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Authors:   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University e-mail: syrym.kasenov@mail.ru, Kasenov S. , Temirbekov A.N. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Satybaev A.ZH. ,   Osh Technological University, Osh, Kyrgyzstan, Temirbekova L.N. ,   Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty
Published: December 2021

The article shows the ways of applying the method of fictitious domains in solving problems for ordinary differential equations. In the introduction, a small review of the literature on this method, as well as methods for the numerical solution of these problems, is made. The problem statement for the method of fictitious domains for ordinary differential equations is considered. Further, the inequality of estimates was shown. The solution of the auxiliary problem approximates the solution of the original problem with a certain accuracy. The inequality of estimates is obtained in the class of generalized solutions. For the purpose of visual application of the fictitious domain method in problems, a boundary value problem for a one-dimensional nonlinear ordinary differential equation is considered. The problem was written in the form of a difference scheme and led to a solution using the sweep method. In the numerical solution of the problem, numerical calculations were carried out for various values of the parameter included in the auxiliary problem, based on the method of fictitious domains. The numbers of iterations, execution time, and graphs of these calculations are presented and analyzed.
Effect of inductance on the parameters of the plasma focus in a pulsed coaxial accelerator
Authors:   Mаnash Kozybaev North Kazakstan University, Petropavlovsk, Kazakhstan. E-mail: buseinov@gmail.com, Useinov B.M. , Solodovnik A.A. ,   Mаnash Kozybaev North Kazakstan University, Petropavlovsk, Kazakhstan, Diachenko L.A. ,   Mаnash Kozybaev North Kazakstan University, Petropavlovsk, Kazakhstan, Bayanova Y.N. ,   Mаnash Kozybaev North Kazakstan University, Petropavlovsk, Kazakhstan
Published: December 2021

The article considers some pedagogical and methodological aspects of the transition from the traditional system of education to teaching on the updated content of education in the framework of classroom and distance forms. The main objectives of the research were to study the effectiveness of using of criteria-based assessment, develop optimal short-term lesson plans and methodological materials for them. At the same time, the main attention is focused on the analysis of formative and summative assessment using interactive methods. As a result of the research, systematic methodological materials for physics lessons of various types were developed. The criterion of their effectiveness was a pedagogical experiment conducted in several schools in the Petropavlovsk. In the article presents diagrams of the results of determining the effectiveness of the new developed materials using interactive teaching methods during the criterion assessment of student success. During the pedagogical experiment the study of physics in high grades of the secondary school occurred in synchronous and asynchronous formats of distance learning. The results of the pedagogical experiment allow to speak about the positive influence of these methods on the progress of students.
METHODOLOGY OF DEVELOPING CRITICAL THINKING OF FUTURE TEACHERS
Authors:   Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International KazakhTurkish University Turkestan, Kazakhstan, Sultanbek M.Zh. , Sadvakas G.T. ,   Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University Almaty, Kazakhstan, Аkzholova А.Т. ,   Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Published: December 2021

The article describes the methodology of the development of critical thinking of the individual in the conditions of the university. The essence, the hierarchy of the categories "criticism", "critical thinking" are analyzed from the philosophical, psychological and pedagogical points of view. The levels of development of critical thinking of future teachers (initial level, intermediate level, high level) are characterized. The content of the methodology for the development of critical thinking of future teachers is offered on the model of the elective course program "Fundamentals of critical thinking" for students of 2-3 courses of higher education institutions. The content of the elective course, which we offer in the article, covers several topics. These are: "the content of normative legal acts related to the development of critical thinking of future teachers"; the philosophical Genesis of the concept of "critical thinking"; psychological and pedagogical features of the development of critical thinking; the main categories of the concept of critical thinking ("criticism", "thinking", etc.); the concept of D.D. Kluster's The methodological significance of the development of critical thinking of the individual; the principles of the development of critical thinking through reading and writing; critical thinking – a means of forming a methodological base; identification of critical thinking, special diagnostics". The methodology proposed in the article is intended for students and university teachers, including 15 hours of lectures, 30 hours of practical classes.
THE ROLE OF PRESCHOOL EDUCATION IN CHILDREN'S LIVES
Authors:   Kazakh national women's pedagogical university Almaty, Kazakhstan, Meterbayeva K.M. , Adilbekkisi G. ,   Kyrgyz national University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, Elkeyeva A.B. ,   Kazakh national women's pedagogical university Almaty, Kazakhstan
Published: December 2021

The article is devoted to modern problems of education of preschool children. The authors describe the educational environment, its psychological safety and parental attitudes, which play an important role in the development of preschool children. Stages and features of development of preschool children, signs of psychological crises in children are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the orientation of the child's upbringing in the family and defines such important conditions for the psychological safety of preschoolers as friendship, trust, attention and respect, psychological support, concern for the safety of each member of the team and a humanistic approach to the upbringing of the child's personality. Based on the above, recommendations for the education of a modern preschool child are formulated.
ON NUMERICAL MODELING OF THE INVERSE EPIDEMIOLOGY PROBLEM
Authors:   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Bektemessov Zh.М. , Kabanikhin S.I. ,   Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics SB RAS, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia, Kasenov S.E. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University. E-mail: syrym.kasenov@mail.ru
Published: December 2021

The article examines a mathematical compartment model of the spread of the COVID-19 coronavirus. The article consists of six paragraphs. In this study, epidemic outbreaks are studied from an interdisciplinary point of view using an extension of the susceptible-infected-recovered-deceased (SEIRD) model, which is a mathematical chamber model based on the average behavior of the studied population group. Many infectious diseases are characterized by an incubation period between exposure and the appearance of clinical symptoms. Subjects exposed to infection are much more dangerous to the public compared to subjects who have clinical symptoms. A nonlinear system of SEIRD differential equations is considered. For the numerical solution of a direct problem, the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method is considered. In modeling, the relationship is derived based on the laws of the subject area and allows you to determine the nature of changes in the framework of the work, depending on its parameters. The inverse problem is posed to determine the coefficients of this system. The inverse problem was solved by the method of a genetic algorithm. The method of the genetic algorithm is described. Numerical results are obtained and a comparative analysis with accurate data is made.
A MODULE OF A GEOINFORMATION SYSTEM BASED ON NUMERICAL MODELING OF INVERSE PROBLEMS OF GEOCHEMISTRY BY REGULARIZING ALGORITHMS
Authors:   Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty e-mail: laura-nurlan@mail.ru, Temirbekova L.N. , Temirbekov N.M. ,   National Engineering Academy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Los V.L. ,   PA "Academy of Mineral Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan", Almaty, Kazakhstan, Imangaliyev Ye.I. ,   National Engineering Academy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Baigereyev D.R. ,   S. Amanzholov East Kazakhstan University, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan, Nurmangalieva M. B. ,   D. Serikbayev East Kazakhstan Technical University, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan
Published: December 2021

Currently, due to the rapid development of computer technology in geology, methods and approaches of scientific visualization based on additional data analysis are being intensively developed. The general concept is that the main data field on the daily surface and additional conditions are set at the input. Further, methods of mathematical geophysics are used for their analysis and processing, as a result of which new information is obtained for deep surveys. Then, in the information system, visualization tools are applied to the new information received and to the main data field. Thus, the information system is based on the synthesis of visual representation methods and methods of mathematical geophysics, computational mathematics from different branches of knowledge. This paper presents a description of the software module of the geoinformation system, based on the methods of intelligent detection of anomalies of hidden deposits, for deep predictive and search modeling of deposits. The functioning of the software module is based on the application of the theory of inverse problems of mathematical geophysics with elements of artificial intelligence using geological data on the earth's surface, geophysical measurements and geochemical analyses as input data. The program module for the inverse problem of the continuation of potential fields in the direction of disturbing masses is used for real data of a specific mineral deposit.
CHARACTERISTIC FUNCTION OF THE SYSTEM D–EQUATIO
Authors:   Kostanay Regional University named after A. Baitursynov, Kostanay. E-mail: ismagulr@mail.ru, Ysmagul Р. С. , Zhumartova B.O. ,   Kostanay Regional University named after A. Baitursynov, Kostanay
Published: December 2021

This paper is devoted to the problems of studying the multiperiodic solution of some evolutionary equations. The article also discusses the existence and uniqueness of a multiperiodic solution with respect to vector functions for an evolutionary reduced equation. Studies have been conducted on the characteristic function of a certain system of the evolutionary equation. Some properties of the vector function are proved. They can be used in the further study of oscillatory bounded solutions of evolutionary equations. Based on the argumentation of the theorem on the existence and uniqueness of an almost multiperiodic solution of the specified system, considered using the method of shortening the characteristic function. All estimates of the characteristic function are based on the enhanced Lipschitz condition, first introduced by academician K. P. Persidskiy. The results will also be useful in the study of periodic solutions of evolutionary equations of mathematical physics
ABOUT ONE WAY OF ORGANIZATION UNIFIED SYSTEM FOR REGISTRATION OF SPACE RAYS
Authors:   Satbayev University, Institute of Physics and Technology, Almaty, Mukashev К.М. ,   al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty.  E-mail: mukashev.kms@gmail.com, Stepanov A.V. ,   Tien Shan high-mountain scientific station in the Republic of Kazakhstan, Branch of the Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Almaty, Sadykov T.Kh. ,   Satbayev University, Institute of Physics and Technology, Almaty, Argynova A. К. ,   Satbayev University, Institute of Physics and Technology, Almaty, Zhukov V.V. ,   Satbayev University, Institute of Physics and Technology, Almaty; Tien Shan high-mountain scientific station in the Republic of Kazakhstan, Branch of the Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Almaty, Umarov F.F. ,   Kazakh-British Technical University, Almaty, Iskakov B.A. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty
Published: December 2021

At present, at the high-mountain scientific station for the study of the physics of cosmic rays, various, independently operating unique experimental installations are used. The article discusses the ways and methods of combining these installations into a single system, which includes networks of scintillation detectors of the "carpet" type for registration of the electron-photon component, ground and underground monitors for registration of neutron components, calorimeters, Cherenkov detectors, a scintillation spectrometer and a number of other subsystems. The newly created unified system for registering cosmic rays based on the achievements of modern technology and scientific thought will have a high resolution, with a common databank with synchronization in time of operation of separate, independently operating experimental installations. The solution to this problem will make it possible to perform a detailed analysis of the recorded events from a single position, to carry out complex calculations of the spatial distribution, mass composition, and also the energy structure of cosmic rays with a high degree of accuracy.
APPLICATION OF MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS FOR CLASSIFICATION OF WEED VARIETIES
Authors:   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University,Almaty, Kazakhstan. E-mail: zholdas_87@mail.ru, Buribayev Zh. A. , Amirgaliyeva Zh. E. ,   Institute of Information and Computational Technologies,Almaty, Kazakhstan, Ataniyazova A.S. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University,Almaty, Kazakhstan, Melis Z. M. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University,Almaty, Kazakhstan, Dauletiya D. D. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University,Almaty, Kazakhstan
Published: December 2021

The article considers the relevance of the introduction of intelligent weed detection systems, in order to save herbicides and pesticides, as well as to obtain environmentally friendly products. A brief review of the researchers' scientific works is carried out, which describes the methods of identification, classification and discrimination of weeds developed by them based on machine learning algorithms, convolutional neural networks and deep learning algorithms. This research paper presents a program for detecting pests of agricultural land using the algorithms K-Nearest Neighbors, Random Forest and Decision Tree. The data set is collected from 4 types of weeds, such as amaranthus, ambrosia, bindweed and bromus. According to the results of the assessment, the accuracy of weed detection by the classifiers K-Nearest Neighbors, Random Forest and Decision Tree was 83.3%, 87.5%, and 80%. Quantitative results obtained on real data demonstrate that the proposed approach can provide good results in classifying low-resolution images of weeds.
DETERMINING THE CONTENT OF TEACHING FUTURE COMPUTER SCIENCE TEACHERS OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING USING INFOGRAPHICS
Authors:   Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University Almaty, Kazakhstan. E-mail: bekezhanovaaltynshash@gmail.com, Bekezhanova A.A. , Bidaybekov E.Y. ,   Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University Almaty, Kazakhstan, Bosova L.L. ,   Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia
Published: December 2021

The article considers the issue of teaching object-oriented programming courses for future teachers of computer science and the content of the course. The authors substantiate the role and importance of teaching object-oriented programming in the training of future teachers of computer science. The main idea of ​​this work is the use of infographics in the teaching of object-oriented programming. As a result of the analysis of foreign experience, literary sources, the authors identified the main problems of teaching object-oriented programming, as well as considered the work of various scientists who offer different methods and techniques of teaching OOP.
Tracking aerosols and SO2 clouds from the Raikoke eruption: 3D view from satellite observations
Authors: Gorkavyi Nick , Krotkov Nickolay , Li Can , Lait Leslie , Colarco Peter , Carn Simon , DeLand Matthew , Newman Paul , Schoeberl Mark , Taha Ghassan , Torres Omar , Vasilkov Alexander , Joiner Joanna
Published: December 2021

Abstract. The 21 June 2019 eruption of the Raikoke volcano (Kuril Islands, Russia; 48∘ N, 153∘ E) produced significant amounts of volcanic aerosols (sulfate and ash) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas that penetrated into the lower stratosphere. The dispersed SO2 and sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere were still detectable by multiple satellite sensors for many months after the eruption. For this study of SO2 and aerosol clouds we use data obtained from two of the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite sensors on the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership satellite: total column SO2 from the Nadir Mapper and aerosol extinction profiles from the Limb Profiler as well as other satellite data sets. We evaluated the limb viewing geometry effect (the “arch effect”) in the retrieval of the LP standard aerosol extinction product at 674 nm. It was shown that the amount of SO2 decreases with a characteristic period of 8–18 d and the peak of stratospheric aerosol optical depth recorded at a wavelength of 674 nm lags the initial peak of SO2 mass by 1.5 months. Using satellite observations and a trajectory model, we examined the dynamics of an unusual atmospheric feature that was observed, a stratospheric coherent circular cloud of SO2 and aerosol from 18 July to 22 September 2019.
Utilizing an electrical low-pressure impactor to indirectly probe water uptake via particle bounce measurements
Authors: Fischer Kevin B. , Petrucci Giuseppe A.
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA), formed through oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), displays complex viscosity and phase behaviors
influenced by temperature, relative humidity (RH), and chemical composition. Here, the efficacy of a multi-stage electrical low-pressure impactor
(ELPI) for indirect water uptake measurements was studied for ammonium sulfate (AS) aerosol, sucrose aerosol, and α-pinene-derived SOA. All
three aerosol systems were subjected to greater than 90 % chamber relative humidity, with subsequent analysis indicating persistence of particle
bounce for sucrose aerosol of 70 nm (initial dry diameter) and α-pinene-derived SOA of number geometric mean diameters between 39 and
136 nm (initial dry diameter). On the other hand, sucrose aerosol of 190 nm (initial dry diameter) and AS aerosol down to
70 nm (initial dry diameter) exhibited no particle bounce at elevated RH. Partial drying of aerosol within the lower diameter ELPI impaction
stages, where inherent and significant RH reductions occur, is proposed as one explanation for particle bounce persistence.
A kriging-based analysis of cloud Liquid Water Content using CloudSat data
Authors: Lalande Jean-Marie , Bourmaud Guillaume , Minvielle Pierre , Giovannelli Jean-François
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Spatiotemporal statistical learning has received increased attention in the past decade, due to spatially and temporally indexed data proliferation, especially collected from satellite remote sensing. In the mean time, observational studies of clouds are recognized as an important step to improve cloud representation in weather and climate models. Since 2006, the satellite CloudSat of NASA carries a 94 GHz cloud profiling radar and is able to retrieve, from radar reflectivity, microphysical parameter distribution such as water or ice content. The collected data is piled up with the successive satellite orbits of nearly two hours, leading to a large compressed database of 2 Tb (http://cloudsat.atmos.colostate.edu/). These observations give the opportunity to extend the cloud microphysical properties beyond the actual measurement locations using an interpolation and prediction algorithm. In order to do so, we introduce a statistical estimator based on the spatiotemporal covariance and mean of the observations known as kriging. An adequate parametric model for the covariance and the mean is chosen from an exploratory data analysis. Beforehand, it is necessary to estimate the parameters of this spatiotemporal model; This is performed in a Bayesian setting. The approach is then applied to a subset of the CloudSat dataset.
Extreme metrics from large ensembles: investigating the effects of ensemble size on their estimates
Authors: Tebaldi Claudia , Dorheim Kalyn , Wehner Michael , Leung Ruby
Published: December 2021

Abstract. We consider the problem of estimating the ensemble sizes required to characterize the forced component and the internal variability of a number of extreme metrics. While we exploit existing large ensembles, our perspective is that of a modeling center wanting to estimate a priori such sizes on the basis of an existing small ensemble (we assume the availability of only five members here). We therefore ask if such a small-size ensemble is sufficient to estimate accurately the population variance (i.e., the ensemble internal variability) and then apply a well-established formula that quantifies the expected error in the estimation of the population mean (i.e., the forced component) as a function of the sample size n, here taken to mean the ensemble size. We find that indeed we can anticipate errors in the estimation of the forced component for temperature and precipitation extremes as a function of n by plugging into the formula an estimate of the population variance derived on the basis of five members. For a range of spatial and temporal scales, forcing levels (we use simulations under Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5) and two models considered here as our proof of concept, it appears that an ensemble size of 20 or 25 members can provide estimates of the forced component for the extreme metrics considered that remain within small absolute and percentage errors. Additional members beyond 20 or 25 add only marginal precision to the estimate, and this remains true when statistical inference through extreme value analysis is used. We then ask about the ensemble size required to estimate the ensemble variance (a measure of internal variability) along the length of the simulation and – importantly – about the ensemble size required to detect significant changes in such variance along the simulation with increased external forcings. Using the F test, we find that estimates on the basis of only 5 or 10 ensemble members accurately represent the full ensemble variance even when the analysis is conducted at the grid-point scale. The detection of changes in the variance when comparing different times along the simulation, especially for the precipitation-based metrics, requires larger sizes but not larger than 15 or 20 members. While we recognize that there will always exist applications and metric definitions requiring larger statistical power and therefore ensemble sizes, our results suggest that for a wide range of analysis targets and scales an effective estimate of both forced component and internal variability can be achieved with sizes below 30 members. This invites consideration of the possibility of exploring additional sources of uncertainty, such as physics parameter settings, when designing ensemble simulations.
Storylines of weather-induced crop failure events under climate change
Authors: Goulart Henrique M. D. , van der Wiel Karin , Folberth Christian , Balkovic Juraj , van den Hurk Bart
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Unfavourable weather is a common cause for crop failures all over the world. Whilst extreme weather conditions may cause extreme impacts, crop failure commonly is induced by the occurrence of multiple and combined anomalous meteorological drivers. For these cases, the explanation of conditions leading to crop failure is complex, as the links connecting weather and crop yield can be multiple and non-linear. Furthermore, climate change is likely to perturb the meteorological conditions, possibly altering the occurrences of crop failures or leading to unprecedented drivers of extreme impacts. The goal of this study is to identify important meteorological drivers that cause crop failures and to explore changes in crop failures due to global warming. For that, we focus on a historical failure event, the extreme low soybean production during the 2012 season in the midwestern US. We first train a random forest model to identify the most relevant meteorological drivers of historical crop failures and to predict crop failure probabilities. Second, we explore the influence of global warming on crop failures and on the structure of compound drivers. We use large ensembles from the EC-Earth global climate model, corresponding to present-day, pre-industrial +2 and 3 ∘C warming, respectively, to isolate the global warming component. Finally, we explore the meteorological conditions inductive for the 2012 crop failure and construct analogues of these failure conditions in future climate settings. We find that crop failures in the midwestern US are linked to low precipitation levels, and high temperature and diurnal temperature range (DTR) levels during July and August. Results suggest soybean failures are likely to increase with climate change. With more frequent warm years due to global warming, the joint hot–dry conditions leading to crop failures become mostly dependent on precipitation levels, reducing the importance of the relative compound contribution. While event analogues of the 2012 season are rare and not expected to increase, impact analogues show a significant increase in occurrence frequency under global warming, but for different combinations of the meteorological drivers than experienced in 2012. This has implications for assessment of the drivers of extreme impact events.
Breaking down chipping and fragmentation in sediment transport: the control of material strength
Authors: Bodek Sophie , Jerolmack Douglas J.
Published: December 2021

Abstract. As rocks are transported, they primarily undergo two breakdown mechanisms: fragmentation and chipping. Fragmentation is catastrophic breakup by
fracture in the bulk – either by subcritical crack growth under repeated collisions, or from a single high-energy (supercritical) collision – and
produces angular shards. Chipping is a distinct low-energy mechanism of impact attrition that involves shallow cracking; this process rounds river
pebbles in a universal manner under bed-load transport. Despite its geophysical significance, the transition from chipping to fragmentation is not
well studied. Here, we examine this transition experimentally by measuring the shape and mass evolution of concrete particles of varying strength,
subject to repeated collisions in a rotating drum. For sufficiently strong particles, chipping occurred and was characterized by the following:
attrition products were orders of magnitude smaller than the parent; attrition rate was insensitive to material strength; and particles experienced
monotonic rounding toward a spherical shape. As strength decreased, we observed the onset of a subcritical cracking regime associated with
fragmentation: mass of attrition products became larger and more varied; attrition rate was inversely proportional to material strength; and shape
evolution fluctuated and became non-monotonic. Our results validate conceptual and numerical models for impact attrition: chipping follows
“Sternberg's law” of exponential mass loss through time; for fragmentation, the lifetime of particles increases nonlinearly with material
strength, consistent with “Basquin's law” of fatigue failure. We suggest that bedrock erosion models must be clarified to incorporate distinct
attrition mechanisms, and that pebble or bedrock-channel shape may be utilized to deduce the operative mechanism in a given environment.
Robustness of neural network emulations of radiative transfer parameterizations in a state-of-the-art general circulation model
Authors: Belochitski Alexei , Krasnopolsky Vladimir
Published: December 2021

Abstract. The ability of machine-learning-based (ML-based) model
components to generalize to the previously unseen inputs and its impact on
the stability of the models that use these components have been receiving a lot
of recent attention, especially in the context of ML-based
parameterizations. At the same time, ML-based emulators of existing
physically based parameterizations can be stable, accurate, and fast when
used in the model they were specifically designed for. In this work we show
that shallow-neural-network-based emulators of radiative transfer
parameterizations developed almost a decade ago for a state-of-the-art
general circulation model (GCM) are robust with respect to the substantial
structural and parametric change in the host model: when used in two 7-month-long experiments with a new GCM, they remain stable and generate
realistic output. We concentrate on the stability aspect of the emulators'
performance and discuss features of neural network architecture and training
set design potentially contributing to the robustness of ML-based model
components.
The CSTools (v4.0) Toolbox: from Climate Forecasts to Climate Forecast Information
Authors: Pérez-Zanón Núria , Caron Louis-Philippe , Terzago Silvia , Van Schaeybroeck Bert , Lledó Llorenç , Manubens Nicolau , Roulin Emmanuel , Alvarez-Castro M. Carmen , Batté Lauriane , Delgado-Torres Carlos , Domínguez Marta , von Hardenberg Jost , Sánchez-García Eroteida , Torralba Verónica , Verfaillie Deborah
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Despite the wealth of existing climate forecast data, only a small part is effectively exploited for sectoral applications. A major cause of this is the lack of integrated tools that allow the translation of data into useful and skilful climate information. This barrier is addressed through the development of an R package. CSTools is an easy-to-use toolbox designed and built to assess and improve the quality of climate forecasts for seasonal to multi–annual scales. The package contains process-based state-of-the-art methods for forecast calibration, bias correction, statistical and stochastic downscaling, optimal forecast combination and multivariate verification, as well as basic and advanced tools to obtain tailored products. Due to the design of the toolbox in individual functions, the users can develop their own post-processing chain of functions as shown in the use cases presented in this manuscript: the analysis of an extreme wind speed event, the generation of seasonal forecasts of snow depth based on the SNOWPACK model and the post-processing of data to be used as input for the SCHEME hydrological model.
In-stream Escherichia coli modeling using high-temporal-resolution data with deep learning and process-based models
Authors: Abbas Ather , Baek Sangsoo , Silvera Norbert , Soulileuth Bounsamay , Pachepsky Yakov , Ribolzi Olivier , Boithias Laurie , Cho Kyung Hwa
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Contamination of surface waters with microbiological pollutants is a major concern to public health. Although long-term and high-frequency Escherichia coli (E. coli) monitoring can help prevent diseases from fecal pathogenic microorganisms, such
monitoring is time-consuming and expensive. Process-driven models are an
alternative means for estimating concentrations of fecal pathogens. However,
process-based modeling still has limitations in improving the model accuracy
because of the complexity of relationships among hydrological and
environmental variables. With the rise of data availability and computation
power, the use of data-driven models is increasing. In this study, we
simulated fate and transport of E. coli in a 0.6 km2 tropical headwater catchment located in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) using a deep-learning model and a process-based model. The deep learning
model was built using the long short-term memory (LSTM) methodology, whereas
the process-based model was constructed using the Hydrological Simulation
Program–FORTRAN (HSPF). First, we calibrated both models for surface as
well as for subsurface flow. Then, we simulated the E. coli transport with 6 min time steps with both the HSPF and LSTM models. The LSTM provided accurate
results for surface and subsurface flow with 0.51 and 0.64 of the
Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) values, respectively. In contrast, the NSE values yielded by the HSPF were −0.7 and 0.59 for surface and subsurface
flow. The simulated E. coli concentrations from LSTM provided the NSE of 0.35,
whereas the HSPF gave an unacceptable performance with an NSE value of −3.01
due to the limitations of HSPF in capturing the dynamics of E. coli with land-use
change. The simulated E. coli concentration showed the rise and drop patterns
corresponding to annual changes in land use. This study showcases the
application of deep-learning-based models as an efficient alternative to process-based models for E. coli fate and transport simulation at the catchment
scale.