bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Empson in the Round
Authors: Bevis Matthew
Published: November 2023

Empson was not one for straightforward introductions. ‘I have noticed that, when you give a party, the best thing is not to rush at everybody and try to force them to talk to each other; in a party that goes unexpectedly well (in the way of making disparate groups talk to each other) you often notice that the host has been stuck away in the corner most of the time, talking to some expert about a technical point he is really interested in’ ( A 109). One can imagine parties that might not go particularly well if the host adopted this method (is he merely ‘stuck away’ in the corner, or has he stuck the expert there, cornering him on a point of detail? And meanwhile, although those ‘disparate groups’ should perhaps not be ‘forced’ to talk, they may need to be coaxed if they are to feel a little less disparate.) Still, Empson has a point, and his noticing in some ways hints at the shape of his own career and critical influence: playing the not-quite-genial host to different groups and interests, encouraging the openness of ‘talk’ yet defending the need to get ‘technical’. Indeed, his comment is part of a discussion about ‘the co-operative work of critics’: ‘As to co-operation, I hope I don’t refuse it, but I have noticed that, when you give a party . . . ’ An invitation to the Empson party is an invitation to the unexpected. Guests should be ready for combat as well as for courtship.
Argufying and the Generation Gap
Authors: Bowman Deborah
Published: November 2023

In a letter of 1732, Thomas Bentley recorded a bitter argument with his uncle, Milton’s editor Richard Bentley, over Paradise Lost : ‘I told him I would never object again, since I saw he would not bear it for I know he can’t forbear talking of Milton, & I can’t bear the nonsense & absurdities he puts upon him.’ Uncle and nephew differed in their interpretations of Milton, but a striking sequence of words in Thomas’s letter shows a likeness: ‘he would not bear for I know he can’t forbear I can’t bear.’ Lack of patience seems to have been a family characteristic, the younger Bentley’s inability to ‘bear’ his uncle’s theories repeating the elder’s inability to ‘bear’ objections to them; Thomas’s ‘for I know’ partially prefiguring, in recognizing, Richard’s inability to ‘forbear’ talking. Their exchange brings to the surface two tricky facts: first, that much forbearance is needed but not always used when dealing with forbears, both literary and familial, and second, that the consequent arguments may be as liable to demonstrate likenesses as differences.
Empson’s God
Authors: Griffiths Eric
Published: November 2023

As the poem starts, we find ourselves already in the thick of things, if, that is, we find ourselves at all, for there is no pronoun to show who it is who is, or should be, ‘not wrongly moved’. An old habit of contrast, opposition even, helps us guess at a ‘we’ from the ‘they’ of ‘they fought’. And yet old habits, however die-hard, are not a reliable guide amid the novelties to be expected from a poem first published as ‘Machine Age’ and so perhaps wondering, right up-to-date with Herbert Read, ‘Has [the artist] any function in a machine.
Alice and Ulysses’s Bough: Nonsense in Empson
Authors: Haughton Hugh
Published: November 2023

Empson’s essay on Lewis Carroll’s Alice books, ‘The Child as Swain’, is probably the single most influential essay on those nineteenth-century classics, and one of the great essays of twentieth-century literary criticism. Freudian psychoanalysis, Surrealism, and literary modernism, had all opened new doors on to the peculiar territory of nonsense colonized by Carroll and Lear, with authors as different as James Joyce, T. S. Eliot, Louis Aragon, Breton, and Nabokov, taking up their legacy. Dodgson is an avatar of the father figure of Finnegans Wake and T. S. Eliot projected a book called Inventions of the March Hare.
Empson’s Tact
Authors: Creasy Matthew
Published: November 2023

William Empson is not famous for his tact. When the poet and social commentator Charles Madge asked for his appraisal of some unpublished literary critical material in March 1936, Empson did not pull his punches. He listed Madge’s strengths, then rounded upon his weaknesses: ‘the shape of the book I think is bloody insolent I advise you very heartily not to publish this as it stands.’ Commenting on these harsh judgements, Empson noted: I smack this out in a state of moderate beer assuming that you are not appallingly sensitive.
An Interview with William Empson
Authors: Norris Christopher , Wilson David B , Wilson David B , Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

In the autumn of 1970 I was temporarily over from Finland. I had been commissioned by my publishers to produce a language course for Finnish schools based on authentic recordings of English teenagers. For this purpose I had been provided with a state-of-the-art portable tape recorder. It was also my intention, whilst in London, to collect material for a study of William Empson as a poet-critic. At that time I was rather pleased with myself as I had just had accepted for publication a piece on John Donne which began, with Empsonian insouciance, ‘Anyone who has read John Donne’s “The Flea” in a French translation will have noticed . . . ’ It went on to argue, quite wrong-headedly, that Donne’s poem was a nexus of occluded French puns (puce, pucelle, pucelage, dépuceler , and the subjunctive puisse ), clearly derived from the poems collected as La Puce de Mme Desroches (1583). I had originally entitled the article ‘Donne the Puce Man’, but for some reason the editor wouldn’t allow this. I didn’t go quite so far as to suggest that Donne had been secretly and bigamously married to Mme Desroches’s beautiful daughter, Catherine, between whose breasts a flea had been seen rapturously parquée . But that was only because Empson had not yet shown the way with the example of his Marvell essays in Using Biography . (I later learned thatmy piece had been accepted for publication, not because of its Empsonian cleverness, but because it was thought to be the work of a certain elderly and respected Ronsard scholar who had to be humoured and happened to have the same name as myself.)
St Paul’s School
Authors: Campbell Gordon , Corns Thomas N
Published: November 2023

St Paul’s School is now a major public school in West London (Barnes), to which it moved from Hammersmith in 1968. For many centuries, however, it was a one-room school that stood on the north side of the old St Paul’s Cathedral, a short walk from Milton’s house. The school and all its records, together with the cathedral and much of the City, perished in the Great Fire of 1666, so the earliest record of Milton’s attendance there is the admissions book of Christ’s College, Cambridge. No extant record includes the dates of his attendance at St Paul’s; he must have left near the end of 1624, but he may have entered the school any time between 1615 and 1621.
The First Civil War
Authors: Campbell Gordon , Corns Thomas N
Published: November 2023

Milton’s marriage very quickly took an unsatisfactory turn. The early biographers broadly agree, though Cyriack Skinner and Edward Phillips wrote long after the event, albeit that the former was probably reporting events he witnessed and the latter was certainly living in his uncle’s household over this period. Phillips was probably John Aubrey’s only source for that part of his narration. All agree that Mary Milton returned to her family home in Forest Hill.
The Road to Regicide
Authors: Campbell Gordon , Corns Thomas N
Published: November 2023

Life records are singularly sketchy for the period from the death of Milton’s father in March 1647 to the publication of The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates in February 1649, which marks his open engagement with the act of regicide. The complex legal process associated with Richard Powell’s estate, discussed above, continued. In September or October 1647, presumably because his household was now reduced by the death of his and Mary’s fathers and by the removal of his mother-in-law and the dependant children that had accompanied her, Milton moved once more, quitting ‘his great House in Barbican’ for ‘a smaller in High Holbourn, among those that open backward into Lincolns-Inn Fields’, as Edward Phillips recalled.
The Purged Parliament
Authors: Campbell Gordon , Corns Thomas N
Published: November 2023

Milton’s career as a public servant originated in the constitutional and administrative innovations which followed the purging of the Long Parliament and the subsequent trial and execution of Charles I. Before 1649 much of the day-to-day running of the country and fighting the war had been invested in successive high-level committees: the Committee of Safety, followed in 1644 by the Committee of Both Kingdoms (which also served to coordinate the combined endeavours of England and Scotland), and finally in 1648 by the Derby House Committee (or ‘the Committee of Both Houses’), whose role and title changed to reflect the breach with the Scots.
The Sunlit Uplands
Authors: Campbell Gordon , Corns Thomas N
Published: November 2023

Two intertwined issues dominated English politics from late 1667 to the end of Milton’s life: toleration (and repression) and Anglo-Dutch relations; a third, the increasing odium in which Charles’s audaciously outrageous court was held by most of the political nation, provided an ever-present background. Milton’s engagement with events on the national scale was for the most part tenuous, but he still had friends close to power (and from 1673 his engagement became closer). Arthur Annesley, since 1661 earl of Anglesey, remained a privy counsellor, intermittently holding high office, as treasurer of the navy and Lord Privy Seal, though for some of the time a senior role in the administration of Ireland kept him abroad.
On Form
Authors: Leighton Angela
Published: November 2023

What is form? Why does form matter? In this imaginative and ambitious study, Angela Leighton assesses not only the legacy of Victorian aestheticism, and its richly resourceful keyword, ‘form’, but also the very nature of the literary. She shows how writers, for two centuries and more, have returned to the idea of form as something which contains the secret of art itself. She tracks the development of the word from the Romantics to contemporary poets, and offers close readings of, among others, Tennyson, Pater, Woolf, Yeats, Stevens, and Plath, to show how form has provided the single most important way of accounting for the movements of literary language itself. She investigates, for instance, the old debate of form and content, of form as music or sound-shape, as the ghostly dynamic and dynamics of a text, as well as its long association with the aestheticist principle of being ‘for nothing’. In a wide-ranging and inventive argument, she suggests that form is the key to the pleasure of the literary text, and that that pleasure is part of what literary criticism itself needs to answer and convey.
Mapping Population Movement
Authors: Carroll Maureen
Published: November 2023

Information on the origins of those who died was included in many epitaphs, and this can be used, albeit imperfectly, to study physical mobility in the Roman empire. These details might reveal the voting district in which the person was registered, the city or province of origin, or, in the case of non-citizens, the ethnic origin and tribal affiliation of the deceased. A legionary soldier, for example, from Calagurris in northern Spain might end up being posted in Nijmegen on the German frontier, giving us insight into the movement of someone who chose to pursue a military career. A merchant from Syria might follow his business interests and end up residing in Gaul on the Saone river, dealing in goods from Lyon and Aquitania.
The Lists Of Calatores For The Years ad 101 and 1021
Authors: Rüpke Jörg
Published: November 2023

Alongside the various arval acta that have survived in the form of inscriptions, the acta of the secular games of 17 bc and ad 204, the list of vicomagistri of the schola on the via Marmorata, and the dedication of the curatores regionum for ad 134, not to forget the tablet belonging to Agrippinilla’s Dionysus club, the lists of calatores of ad 101 and 102 are among the single documents of Roman religious his- tory that are the most rich in names so far as religious specialists are concerned. After an initial controversy be- tween Alfred von Domaszewski and Georg Wissowa, Edmund Groag in a 1918 article provided a summary that advanced the subject in many ways.
Mimesis: ancient Greek literary theory
Authors: Nightingale Andrea
Published: November 2023

The discipline of literary criticism did not exist until literature itself came into being. This occurred when poetic and verbal artworks—originally performed orally—were encoded in written texts. In the Western tradition, this took place in ancient Greece, in the sixth and fifth centuries bce. Literacy spread very slowly in Classical Greece, and the primary medium of communication remained oral up to the end of the fourth century. Gradually, the Greeks began to inscribe their great poems in written texts, and in the fifth and fourth centuries developed the art of prose literature. In this period, most written texts functioned as scripts for performance; but, for the educated élite, written texts took on a life of their own: these individuals began to read and evaluate literature in the privacy of their homes, outside the realm of public performance. Verbal artworks thus became literature, and this, in turn, led to literary criticism.
I. A. Richards
Authors: Banfield Ann
Published: November 2023

A. Richards’s critical activity spans the period from Modernism—Principles of Literary Criticism appeared in 1924—to French structuralism. Richards reviewed a structuralist analysis of Shakespeare by his Harvard colleague, the Russian linguist Roman Jakobson, in 1970. He also commented on generative grammar in two articles published in 1967–8. He thus recalls a time when criticism acknowledged the importance of language and the existence of linguistics. Yet that acknowledgement also meant severing the academic study of literature from Germanic philology, which had ushered in the study of English literature over classics through the history of English: the chair of Anglo-Saxon at Cambridge was first occupied in 1878 by W. W. Skeat, editor of Beowulf.
The New Criticism
Authors: Matterson Stephen
Published: November 2023

The New Criticism was extraordinarily influential from the end of the 1930s on into the 1950s. It is widely considered to have revolutionized the teaching of literature, to have helped in the definition of English Studies, and to have been a crucial starting-point for the development of critical theory in the second half of the twentieth century. However, it is in some respects an unusual critical theoretical movement. It is not dominated by any single critic, it has no manifesto, no clearly defined and agreed-upon starting-point, and there is no clear statement of its aims, provenance, and membership. The label that we have for it was first formally applied in 1941, in a book with that title by the American poet and critic John Crowe Ransom; yet Ransom’s book was as much about the need for a certain kind of critic as it was about identifying New Criticism. There is no typical ‘New Critic’. The critics whom Ransom examined in his 1941 book promptly rejected the label and dissociated themselves from what he was calling New Criticism, while the critics who are now usually designated New Critics were hardly mentioned by Ransom at all.
Writing excess: the poetic principle of post-literary culture
Authors: Wilson Scott
Published: November 2023

The poetry of paradoxical equivalence: money equals poetry; poetry equals money. Beauty equals efficiency. Capitalism equals war. War equals desire. Desire equals machine. People equal shit. The latter equation was the controversial slogan of the nu-metal band Slipknot, and the title of one of the tracks of their 1999 Iowa album, acclaimed by a music critic as ‘the Sgt Pepper of negativity’. The slogan also appears as part of a signifying assemblage that features on much of their merchandise: posters, T-shirts, hoodies, and so on.
Introduction
Authors: Chappell Timothy
Published: November 2023

After twenty-four centuries, Aristotle’s influence on our society’s moral thinking remains profound even when subterranean. Much of the finest work in recent ethics has been overtly Aristotelian in inspiration, especially, of course, in the area of virtue ethics— but not only there. Many writers who would officially distance themselves from Aristotle and his contemporary followers are none the less indebted to him, sometimes in ways that they do not even realize.
The Admirable Life and the Desirable Life
Authors: Zagzebski Linda
Published: November 2023

Recently virtue ethicists have given a lot of attention to the connection between two senses of a good life: the moral sense and the sense of a happy or flourishing life. Socrates insisted that a virtuous life is both necessary and sufficient for happiness, a claim that is as hard for us to accept as it was for the jury in Socrates’ trial. Still, many moral philosophers continue to exercise their ingenuity in arguing that the moral life is at least necessary for the happy life, even if not sufficient, but even this weaker claim is unconvincing to many. It seems to me that whenever someone makes a claim that stretches credibility and it continues to influence countless reflective persons for millennia, it is worth examining the motives behind it.
Can Nietzsche be Both an Existentialist and a Virtue Ethicist?
Authors: Swanton Christine
Published: November 2023

I shall argue that the existentialist and virtue-ethical strands of Nietzsche’s thought can be reconciled by showing that Nietzsche’s allusions to virtue and vice have a common theme. later built on by both existentialist writers and the psychoanalytic dissection of the inferiority complex. The theme is escape from self— its uniqueness, its freedom, its creativity, its suffering, its memories, its impotence, its vulnerability. Throughout his writings Nietzsche emphasizes this feature, for example:
‘Like the Bloom on Youths’: How Pleasure Completes our Lives
Authors: Brännmark Johan
Published: November 2023

Life with little or no pleasure would be a bleak affair. One might even wonder whether such a dreary life would be worthwhile at all. Some, the philosophical hedonists, go so far as to say that pleasure is the sole thing that can make a life go well. Perhaps that is going too far; but if you are going to be a monist about the human good, then hedonism’s account of this one good is a very natural one. Even if it is not where all of us end up, it is where most of us start. This suggests that hedonism is a position that should be taken more seriously than it usually is among philosophers today.
Postcolonial Norway? Ibsen’s Cultural Resources
Authors: Moi Toril
Published: November 2023

Ibsen’s biographers have been cowed by his self-representation as a man who never read a book, a genius untouched by the artistic and intellectual culture of his time, a writer influenced by nothing and nobody. They have also happily followed Ibsen’s lead when it comes to the importance of his nationality. The result is a picture of Ibsen the Norwegian, a natural genius emerging from the wild mountains of his homeland, uninfluenced by European cultural and intellectual life. This picture may have suited Ibsen (it would have protected him against more serious inquiries into his cultural and intellectual allegiances), but it has little to do with the truth. Since there is no intellectual biography that places Ibsen in relation both to the cultural situation in Norway and to the larger European cultural movements of his century, I begin by providing some elements towards a biographical analysis of Ibsen’s cultural position. I shall begin by asking what we are to make of his nationality.
Introduction
Authors: Hornblower Simon , Morgan Catherine
Published: November 2023

About five hundred years ago, there was a heavy snowfall one winter in Florence. Piero de’ Medici, heir to the great Lorenzo, made Michelangelo build what was surely the best snowman the world has ever seen. This story is told by Vasari in his Lives of the Artists. In some ways, much ancient Greek epinikian poetry may seem to resemble Michelangelo’s snowman: great art, but ephemeral. It is inconceivable that the only praise poems composed for victors in the games in the sixth and fifth centuries BC were the forty-four by Pindar and the dozen of so by Bacchylides which happen to survive.
Fame, Memorial, and Choral Poetry: The Origins of Epinikian Poetry—an Historical Study
Authors: Thomas Rosalind
Published: November 2023

His odes also tend to portray the victor in a generalized—and so all the more powerful and seductive—aura of blessedness and happiness, a felicity which is often quite explicitly linked by the poet to the victor’s ancestors and a hereditary excellence born from past heroes. This is a central aristocratic ideal, and the epinikian odes do much to elevate these victors, even while they mention the victor’s toil. Most victors must have hailed from the very wealthiest echelons of Greek society.
Epinikian Eidography
Authors: Lowe N J
Published: November 2023

What we do not know about epinikian poetry would fill many unwritten volumes. Even if we leave aside the issues of commissioning and performance that dominate discussion, it is uncomfortable to reflect how many still more basic questions about the epinikian genre remain unanswered: how much of this poetry there originally was; who composed it, and what proportion of their output (and living) it represented; to what extent, and on what criteria, it was recognized as a distinct category in the fifth century; and how, whence, and on what principles it was collected and categorized by the Alexandrian editors, not all of them firmly identifiable, to whom we owe the survival of such texts as we have.
Elite Mobility in the West
Authors: Antonaccio Carla M
Published: November 2023

Pindar’s patrons were located all over the Greek world, from Thessaly and Macedon to Cyrene, from Sicily and Italy to Ionia. He was particularly favoured, however, by patrons in the west. Of forty-five poems in four books of Pindaric epinikian, seventeen were commissioned for victors from what is customarily called ‘Western Greece’ or Magna Graecia (Fig. 54). Most of the epinikia for these so-called western Greeks, moreover, were composed for Sicilians—only two celebrated south Italian victories, both of Hagesidamos of Epizephyrian Lokroi (Olympian 10 and 11), a victor in boys’ boxing in 476.
Minoritarian sensibilities
Authors: Patke Rajeev S
Published: November 2023

Poetry that speaks of and for the experience of islanders, aboriginal inhabitants, and recently migrated ethnic minorities in settler countries shares two features: it shows how the struggle for equality of rights and opportunities at once both motivates and delimits writing; it also shows how ‘postcolonial’ both applies to, and needs qualification in respect to, certain communities and their predicaments. In a broad sense, all postcolonial writing addresses predicaments of accumulated cultural and literary disadvantage. Islanders add a specific nuance to this broad commonality. Either they feel dominated by a mainland culture that happens to be in close proximity, or they are distant from any kind of mainland culture, in which case poets end up feeling isolated from any kind of tradition they can call their own. Aboriginal inhabitants find themselves marginalized within the region where their race has been displaced by later settlers and colonists. Finally, those who migrated to settler regions well after the establishment of societies and cultures of European derivation, find themselves writing from the position of an ethnic minority struggling to find representation and recognition in a cultural environment that discriminates directly or indirectly against them. In each case, poetry addresses a form of contemporary colonization that persists in the wake of Empire.
After the ‘post-’
Authors: Patke Rajeev S
Published: November 2023

This book has been written under the premise that the currency of ‘postcolonial’ will meet with a natural datedness when societies shed postcolonial dependency and move closer to their dream of cultural autonomy. For the time being, ‘postcolonial’ retains contingent utility. It has been used in this book to refer to a dual recognition: as a shifting temporal marker, and as referring to a variety of situations that represent the literary, cultural, and socio-political consequences of colonialism. This dual sense constitutes a provisional field of literary production in which poetry can be analysed for how it shows the development of new creative possibilities and traditions from the demise of Empire.
Workplace-researcher relationship: early research strategy and avoiding the ‘data dearth’
Authors: Amick III Benjamin C , Bigelow Phil , Cole Donald C
Published: November 2023

Designing and implementing sound evaluations of occupational health and safety (OHS) interventions is a challenge. Employers are generally uninterested in allowing workers to take time off work to participate in evaluations and many wince at randomization, where some workers receive an intervention and others do not. If it is the intent of researchers also to collect cost, productivity and other data, the challenges become even more daunting: not only must they convince workplace parties (management and labour) to participate, but they must also identify interested employers who have adequate data on health, productivity outcomes, and costs, or who are able and willing to collect it.
Suggestions for a reference case
Authors: Tompa Emile , Culyer Anthony J , Dolinschi Roman
Published: November 2023

A key feature of both Gold et al (1996) and NICE (2004) is their provision of methodological guidance and best practice in the form of a reference case. The purpose of a reference case is to ensure that methods are based on sound economics and to help ensure that these soundly-based principles are consistently applied in economic evaluations, regardless of the intervention or the sector in which the evaluation is undertaken. The primary benefit of standardization is that it makes the results from different studies more readily comparable. Having a reference case does not preclude analysts undertaking other types of analysis or supplementing the guidance embodied in the reference case in other ways. However, departures from the reference case should be justified on the basis of potential shortcomings of the reference case for a specific context. In this chapter we synthesize the summaries, conclusions, challenges, and recommendations from the preceding chapters to formulate a reference case for economic evaluations in occupational health and safety (OHS). We think it is worth trying to build such a professional scientific consensus, and our prescriptions are intended to serve as a starting point. Our proposed reference case provides a minimal set of criteria for planning, assembling, and reporting economic evaluations of OHS interventions.
Parasites and behaviour
Authors: Perrot-Minnot Marie-Jeanne , Cézilly Frank
Published: November 2023

The occurrence of parasitic species in the environment is a major evolutionary constraint for a whole range of living organisms. From this viewpoint any form of behaviour may potentially contribute to reducing or increasing the risk and/or consequences of infection. Each individual is regularly exposed to parasites during its life cycle, be it when feeding, breeding, interacting with its fellows, or even right from the time it develops as an embryo. Likewise, the fate of parasites, through their survival, development, or dispersion in the environment is more often than not tied to the behaviour of their hosts.
Happiness, Well-Being, and the Good Life: A Primer
Authors: Haybron Daniel M
Published: November 2023

There may be a philosophical topic more in need of clarification than happiness, but nothing comes to mind. So star-crossed is this territory that you will be hard-pressed to publish even an article on the subject without dedicating several pages to explaining what you are talking about. Whereupon you can count on a fair proportion of your audience to assume, nevertheless, that you are talking about something else. The trouble, we will see, is that the word has multiple meanings that are not easily distinguished, and which express closely related, and difficult, concepts. Thinking clearly about happiness requires mastering a number of subtle distinctions that frequently confound even professional philosophers. This chapter will lay out the conceptual and theoretical landscape, while the next explains the methods that will be needed to guide our inquiry into the nature and significance of happiness.
Needle guidance techniques
Authors: Marhofer Peter
Published: November 2023

As we have seen, there are two different needle guidance techniques used for ultrasound-guided nerve blocks: out-of-plane (OOP) and in-plane (IP). These techniques describe the position of the needle relative to the ultrasound probe. In principle, both techniques can be used for most blocks, but anatomical implications require that each specific block technique should be preferentially performed with IP or OOP.
Who’s afraid of the transcendental subject?
Authors: Berthoz Alain , Petit Jean-Luc , Macann Christopher
Published: November 2023

From now on we shall be comparing two problems, a classical philosophical problem and a problem in the cognitive sciences of today. The classical philosophical problem is the problem of knowledge, of how we gain access to an object that does not belong to the subject, an external object. We are going to try and compare this philosophical problem with a problem in the cognitive sciences, which is that of determining how a brain, with its own anatomy, can develop within itself the mechanisms needed for objective knowledge.
The constitution of the own body
Authors: Berthoz Alain , Petit Jean-Luc , Macann Christopher
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we shall first explain why we have to ask the reader to consider in depth the problem of the body and more specifically our ‘own body’.

A major difficulty for the working out of a theory of action consists of the fact that an essential part of the mechanism of control for movement and perception is completely inaccessible to consciousness. This is what explains, in part, the fact that one continues to recognize only five senses—vision, touch, smell, hearing, and taste—overlooking muscular and articular proprioception and the vestibulary system, which figure among the fundamental kinaesthetic senses; that is, that ‘sense’, or that ‘knowledge’, the body has of its own activity.
Reign of the Snow Queen
Authors: Brasier Martin
Published: November 2023

Schiehallion is a mountain like no other. Over two hundred years ago, this ‘Fay hill of the Caledonians’ which rises volcano-like from the flanks of Loch Tay, was used to weigh the Earth, and hence the Sun and planets, for the very first time. Soon after, it became the first to be mapped with contours. Just to make sure, that geological genius John Playfair mapped it and weighed it yet again. This place has a gravity all of its own.
Foraging Economics
Authors: Goulson Dave , Osborne Jullet L
Published: November 2023

Insect foraging behaviour is an area in which knowledge has advanced rapidly in recent years, and much of this research has focussed on bumblebees. There are a number of reasons why bumblebees are excellent organisms for studies of foraging behaviour: they are abundant in the northern hemisphere where most researchers are based; they are conspicuous, docile and easily observed without causing interference; and they forage ceaselessly, even under cool, cloudy conditions when other insects are inactive (a particular advantage if you happen to live in Scotland!). Furthermore, studies of pollinator behaviour are of particular interest because the majority of flowering plants rely on insects to mediate pollen transfer.
Choice of Flower Species
Authors: Goulson Dave
Published: November 2023

Although current plant-pollinator mutualisms represent the result of approximately 100 million years of co-evolution, extreme specialization is unusual (reviewed in Waser et al. 1996). There are a small number of plant species which depend on a single or very few pollinator species throughout their range; examples include the Yucca (Yucca sp.) (Bogler et al. 1995), Figs (Ficus sp.) (e.g. Wiebes 1979), various orchids such as Ophrys speculum (Orchidaceae) (Nilsson 1992), and a guild of red-flowered plants found in the Fynbos of South Africa which are pollinated by the butterfly Aeropetes tulbaghia (Marloth 1895; Johnson and Bond 1992). Examples in which an insect depends exclusively on one plant species for all of its nectar or pollen requirements appear to be even more scarce (Waser et al. 1996), and at present include a handful of species of bee (Westrich 1989). Interestingly, three bumblebee species are known that are each almost entirely dependent on one species or genera of flowers, at least in some populations or parts of their range; B. consobrinus on Aconitum septentrionale , B. gerstaeckeri on Aconitum spp. and B. brodmannicus on Cerinthe spp. (Løken 1973; Rasmont 1988; Konovalova 2007). All three are alpine species with short colony duration, which presumably allows them to specialize.
Bumblebees as Pollinators
Authors: Goulson Dave
Published: November 2023

Darwin was fascinated by pollination and by bees, and particularly by bumblebees (or humble-bees, as he knew them). His prodigious correspondence is littered with descriptions of his observations on the interactions between bees and flowers; the quote above follows his inaccurate prediction that nectar-robbing honeybees on clover might have shorter tongues than those visiting the flowers legitimately. A great deal of what we know today about pollination is based on Darwin’s somewhat obsessive studies of the plants and insects in his garden in Kent.
Conservation
Authors: Goulson Dave , Darvill Ben
Published: November 2023

1996; Buchmann and Nabhan 1996; Westrich 1996; Westrich et al. 1998; Sarospataki et al. 2005; Goulson et al. 2008a). Unfortunately, detailed information on the abundance and distribution of most species is not available, and so it is difficult to accurately estimate the extent of this decline. The most comprehensive records available are from the United Kingdom, where detailed surveys of the distribution of bumblebee species have been carried out under the Bumblebee Distribution Maps Scheme (Alford 1980). Between 1970 and 1974, data were collected on the bumblebee fauna of 2,317 10-km grid squares, comprising most of the British Isles. This can be compared with a considerable body of ‘pre 1960’ records (see Williams 1982). This comparison, which is already 30 years out of date, revealed a dramatic decline in the distributions of many bumblebee species (Williams 1982). More recent data, albeit for a restricted group of species, are available from the studies of the Bumblebee Working Group (see Edwards 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001) and the Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society (BWARs). These data suggest that the declines documented by Williams (1982) have continued.
Introduction
Authors: Shawcross Teresa
Published: November 2023

Never did Alexander or Charlemagne or King Louis lead such a gloriousexpedition, nor could the valiant lord Aimeri or Roland with his warriors winby might, in such noble fashion, such a powerful empire as we have wonߣ (vv.73–9).Writing in Greece in the summer of 1205, the troubadour Raimbautde Vaqueiras celebrated the Fourth Crusade by comparing its achievements with the greatest deeds known to history or legend. Another poet also gloried in the exploits performed by himself and his companions, and marvelled at the fabulous wealth that had subsequently fallen into their hands. ߢ Once we had succeeded in vanquishing our enemiesߣ , Hugues de Berzeߣ recalled, ߢ we were raised from poverty and surrounded by riches—emeralds and rubies, silks and purple, lands, gardens, and handsome marble palaces’ (vv.454–62).
The Versions
Authors: Shawcross Teresa
Published: November 2023

This is the Book of the Conquest of Constantinople, the Empire of Romania, and the Land of the Principality of Morea that was found in a book formerly belonging to the noble baron, Sir Bartolomeo Ghisi, the Grand Constable; which book he had in his castle of Thebes.’ These words, which form the title of the sole manuscript of the French version of the Chronicle of Morea (Brussels, Bibliothèque royale de Belgique, 15702), have been characterized as containing the ‘only real information’ available to us regarding the early history of the Chronicle. The ‘castle of Thebes’ (‘chastel d’Estives’) referred to should be identified with the Frankish castle of Saint-Omer-les-Thèbes, an especially important stronghold situated within the Duchy of Athens, and one that changed hands on a number of occasions. These transfers of ownership of Saint-Omer-les-Thèbes, together with the dates when they occurred, are of significance in determining the precise period by which a text of the Chronicle had come into being. Probably built by a close kinsman of the Dukes of Athens, Nicolas II de Saint-Omer, using the fabulous wealth derived from his first wife, Marie d’Antioche, the castle had been the seat of the Saint-Omer family until the Catalan Company’s destructive arrival on the scene in the early fourteenth century. This Company, a powerful group of mercenaries hired by the Duke of Athens, Gautier V de Brienne, in order to protect his interests, had quickly grown dissatisfied with the conditions of its employment, and consequently, in 1311, rebelled and took up arms, not only killing the Duke himself and many of his vassals in a battle fought at the mouth of the Almyros river, but seizing the lands of the vanquished for its own.
Chantry, Chronicle, Cockpit
Authors: Walsh Brian
Published: November 2023

In representing the reigns of English monarchs from the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries on the late-sixteenth-century stage, Shakespeare helped to define the past as ‘other’ from the present. While Shakespeare’s history plays do not aim toward periodization in our sense of the term, his so-called first and second tetralogies do isolate a span of time characterized within the plays through a range of representational strategies, as distinct from the performative present of the 1590s. Henry V, the play that caps Shakespeare’s exploration of the pre-Tudor English monarchy, stands out in this regard, and is thus the most inviting site in his canon to examine Shakespeare as a historical thinker. The play, particularly through its Chorus figure, is famous for explicitly commenting on the practice of historical representation, and is the basis here for my investigation of how Shakespeare represented the relation between his Elizabethan present and what has come to be called the medieval past.
‘For They Are Englishmen’
Authors: Perry Curtis
Published: November 2023

Though most scholars agree that fully fledged nationalism is a modern phenomenon, it is often seen to have important roots in sixteenth-century England. Liah Greenfeld, in her well-known comparative study of the emergence of modern nationalist sentiment, finds its first intimation in the England of Henry VIII, and several influential recent studies have discussed the role played by literature in a distinctively early modern cultural program that Richard Helgerson has named ‘the Elizabethan writing of England’. There have been a number of interesting recent discussions of nationalisms in medieval England, too, and these have vigorously challenged the idea that the nation is an exclusively modern phenomenon. But even if one can find striking examples of nation-conjuring in medieval documents, surely the extent of the early modern fascination with the ‘imagined community’ of England, to borrow Benedict Anderson’s ubiquitous phrase, is unprecedented.
King Lear and the Summons of Death
Authors: O’Connell Michael
Published: November 2023

Among playwrights contemporary with him, Shakespeare’s interest in what we call medieval drama is striking and in many ways unique. He wouldn’t have known it as ‘medieval’—for him it was theater that had endured and continued into his own lifetime—but he recognizes its character as belonging to an earlier and aesthetically distinct period. Significantly, he is fascinated by what it accomplished and the ways in which he can transmute it in his own theater. While he appears sometimes to judge its traditions as naive, he at the same time accords it a certain power and attraction that allow his allusions to it to ground or shade his own art. While I want to develop an argument about King Lear and its relation to the morality tradition, I shall first advance a suggestion why Shakespeare was more affected than other contemporary playwrights by what we identify as medieval drama. Because of his generational and geographic positioning, he bears among those contemporaries a unique and particular relation to the tradition of mystery plays. John Lyly, born around 1554; Robert Greene, Thomas Kyd, and George Peele, all born in 1558; and Christopher Marlowe, born the same year as Shakespeare, 1564, were old enough, as boys and adolescents, to have experienced the final performances of the great cycles of fifteenth-century Corpus Christi and Whitsuntide plays.
Round and rectangular in the Romano–British Iron Age
Authors: Harding D W
Published: November 2023

It would be easy to assume that the transition from pre-Roman to Roman Iron Age in southern Britain marked the change from predominantly circular building plans to rectangular ones, and that this architectural change marked a signiWcant shift in the social ordering of domestic space. Both inferences need to be examined critically, since both could prove to be simplistic if not simply wrong.
Experimental reconstruction: a case study of Wessex round-houses
Authors: Harding D W
Published: November 2023

A popular perception of experimental archaeology invariably involves people dressed in what passes for period costume re-enacting aspects of life in the prehistoric past, whether hauling stones from South Wales to Stonehenge to prove how labour-intensive it must have been, or ‘living in the Iron Age’ for television to demonstrate the squalor of life without modern amenities. Such exercises contribute very little to scientiWc experimental archaeology, though the programme of experimental archaeology that was launched at Butser Hill in Hampshire by the late Dr Peter Reynolds more than thirty years ago showed that genuine archaeological research and public presentation were not incompatible. The basic objectives of scientiWc experimental archaeology are, Wrst, to test archaeological interpretations by empirical experiment and replication and, second, to conduct such tests in a way that permits feedback into excavation practice, data retrieval, and analysis.
Forbidden Drugs 3E
Authors: Robson Philip
Published: November 2023

Recreational drug use is a world-wide phenomenon. Despite the best efforts of governments, the public fascination with drugs shows no signs of abating. With media accounts of illegal drug use often verging on the hysterical, this book provides a refreshingly balanced and honest account of drug use throughout the world, one based on scientific fact, and not dogma. The book examines all the drugs currently used throughout the world, looking at their effects and side-effects. Why do people use drugs? Why do they become addicted? What are the lessons to be learned from making drugs illegal? Updated for the third edition with chapters rewritten to take account of scientific, epidemiological and political developments since the second edition, and with a new section on the present and future US drug policy from high-profile contributors, the book provides a much needed rational approach to the problem of drug use.
The consequences of drug use
Authors: Robson Philip
Published: November 2023

An individual’s reaction to a drug is shaped by many factors: the pharmacology of the drug including its potential to induce dependence, its purity and the presence or absence of contaminants or adulerants, the route by which it is taken, the way it is metabolized and stored in the body, and possibly by the person’s unique pre-existing biological make-up; the individual’s personality and experience, mood, and expectations when the drug is taken; and the physical and social environment in which the experience happens. The existence of so many variables explains the unpredictability of drug effects, and why a particular drug may affect a person differently from one occasion to another. This will be discussed further in Chapter 13.
Ecstasy and other ‘party drugs’
Authors: Robson Philip
Published: November 2023

Multiple drug use has always been much more prevalent within the world-wide dance club subculture which emerged from the ‘rave’ scene of the 1980s in comparison with other young people. For example, a recent British survey revealed that whereas 50% of 16 to 29 year-olds had used an illicit drug at least once in the past, the figure for ‘clubbers’ was 79%. For many of these, drug taking might only be an occasional event, but 44% agreed that ‘taking drugs is an integral part of my social life’. The breadth of drug use is also staggering. A group of Scottish dance club attenders interviewed in the 1990s had each consumed an average of 11 different drugs. Drug use within the past year was as follows: alcohol 96%; cannabis 96%; Ecstasy 87%; tobacco 86%; LSD 79%; amphetamine 77%; cocaine 59%; nitrite ‘poppers’ 51%; psilocybin 47%; temazepam 39%; diazepam 26%; codeine 19%; heroin 11%; ketamine 7%; solvents 6%; and buprenorphine 6%.
Tranquillizers and sleeping pills
Authors: Robson Philip
Published: November 2023

Insomnia, or at least the subjective impression that one is not getting enough sleep, is a perennial human blight. Modern surveys suggest that between 30–40% of the adult population of Europe, the US, and Japan are experiencing poor sleep at any one time, and half of these have measurable daytime deficits in performance as a result. Herbal potions, opium, and alcohol have all served as sleeping-draughts in their time. In the middle of the 19th century, the sleep-inducing property of bromide was discovered, and its derivatives became very popular. It was not until the 1930s that recognition of their neurotoxic effects led to their disappearance.
Why religion is nothing special but is central
Authors: Bloch Maurice
Published: November 2023

This paper reconsiders how we should approach the study of the evolution of religion. The discussion leads me, however, to a more general consideration of the way social cognition has been approached in recent literature. This reconsideration bears in mind the kind of problems that Colin Renfrew has called the ‘sapient paradox’. The paper proposes a cognitively and neurologically more probable scenario for the development of religion than certain recent theories that are questioned by the problems he highlights.
Anonymous Work
Authors: Chambers E K
Published: November 2023

[Here I bring together, giving them the same treatment as the individual works in ch. xxiii, pieces of which the authorship, as regards the whole or a large part, is unknown or conjectural. They are grouped as (A) Plays, (B) Masks, (C) Receptions and Entertainments. It has been convenient, for the sake of classification, to include in the third group a few which might alternatively have been brought into ch. xxiii under the name of a part-author or describer.]