bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La función de la palabra
Authors: Hernández Rodríguez Juan Camilo
Published: September 2021

Uno de los prejuicios más fuertes al momento de acercarse o enseñar algo de la filosofía de la India ha sido aquel según el cual su pensamiento es exclusivamente religioso, místico o carente de razonamiento abstracto, formal, estructurado y lógico. Naturalmente, una vez realizado dicho acercamiento podemos darnos cuenta desde el comienzo que nada está máslejos de la realidad. Por ello, el propósito de este texto es mostrar cómo a partir de ciertos elementos teóricos de algunas escuelas filosóficas de la India -principalmente, los pramāṇa (प्रमाण) o medios de conocimiento válido- es posible establecer un diálogo a partir de un problema común: el significado y el rol que cumple el lenguaje en la relación pensamientorealidad. Se explicará, además, de forma somera y general, cómo es posible ubicar esas posturas en dos grandes grupos: las filosofías con tendencias realistas, como la nyāya o la sāṁkhya; y las filosofías antirrealistas -no por eso necesariamente idealistas-, como el budismo madhyamaka. Finalmente, se mostrará que dichas tendencias pueden evidenciarse en, si no es que están determinadas por, el tipo de inferencias, el estilo y la forma de la argumentación allí utilizadas: afirmativa (tarka [तर्क]/vāda [वाद]), o negativa (vitaṇḍā [वितण्डा]). Se marca así la diferencia entre concepciones más cercanas a concepciones referencialistas o pragmáticas del lenguaje, respectivamente.
SOCIO-POLITICAL AND ETHNO-DEMOGRAPHIC CONSEQUENCES OF IMMIGRATION IN RUSSIA
Authors:   Institute for Demographic Research FCTAS RAS, Ryazantsev Sergey V. ,   MGIMO-University, Akramov Sharif Yu. ,   Institute for Demographic Research FCTAS RAS, Medved Viktoriya A. ,   Institute for Demographic Research FCTAS RAS,   MGIMO-University, Ryazantsev Nikita S. ,   Institute for Demographic Research FCTAS RAS,   MGIMO-University
Published: September 2021

The article examines the trends of migration to Russia after the collapse of the USSR. The collapse of the Soviet Union turned Russia into one of the most migrant-intensive countries in the world. In terms of the share of immigrants, Russia was in third place in the world, after such countries of classical immigration as the USA and Germany. The features of collecting statistics on population migration in Russia are considered. The ethno-demographic structure of migration flows to Russia is described on the basis of Rosstat data. The impact of migration on the socio-demographic development of the country is described. The socio-political consequences of migration processes in Russia in the context of the development of migration policy are highlighted. Some recommendations are offered for improving the migration policy of Russia.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE GULF COUNTRIES AND THE ROLE OF DIVERSIFICATION
Authors:   RUDN-University, Shkvarya Liudmila V. , Rodin Sergey I. ,   RUDN-University
Published: September 2021

He article presents an analysis of the socio-economic development of the GCC in 2000-2019 as the basis for the formation of a high-tech segment in the regional economy. The authors substantiate the necessity and possibility of high-tech development of the countries of the region and the remaining problems. The authors found that there are tangible achievements in the Persian Gulf countries, such as the emergence of high — and medium-tech industries. Their active development provides the GCC countries with relative stability in the economy and social sphere. The authors of this article note that the hydrocarbon segment still plays an important role in the implementation of the tasks of socio-economic development of the Persian Gulf countries, which, in the context of population growth, including the share of young people, requires new approaches to the formation of the economic structure from the countries of the region.
FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF LEGAL REGULATION OF THE FIGHT AGAINST FAKE NEWS
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Zueva Anna S. , Makaeva Liana A. ,   Lomonosov Moscow State University
Published: September 2021

The article describes the role of the Internet in the modern information society. The negative consequences of the openness of this information and telecommunications network are studied. The paper also substantiates the consequences of the activities of anonymous users who commit offenses. The authors consider the experience of combating fake news in developed countries (Great Britain, Germany, France) and emerging markets (Brazil, Venezuela, Egypt, Qatar, China, Singapore, Turkey). Special attention is paid to such a new phenomenon in the field of spreading false information as "deepfakes". As a result of a comparative legal analysis of regulation in the field of countering the publication of information that does not correspond to reality in online publications, it is concluded that many countries have realized the importance of the threat of spreading fake news. Foreign legislation is formed from the point of view of creating preventive measures in the field of dissemination of unreliable socially significant information. In addition, the authors of the study noted that the adoption of legal measures to combat the spread of fake news at the national level helps to minimize the negative socially significant consequences of the activities of offenders. From this point of view, these actions are absolutely justified and have a positive impact on the regulation of public relations on the Internet.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS IN RUSSIA BEFORE AND DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors:   Institute of Socio-Economic Studies of Population FCTAS RAS, Dobrokhleb Valentina G. ,   Institute for Demographic Research FCTAS RAS
Published: September 2021

The dynamics of international migration in 2020 clearly reflects the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on both population and GDP indicators. In Russia, the situation is quite difficult. The incidence extends to the East of Moscow. One of the essential areas of analysis of the consequences of COVID-19 pandemic is human potential. Our assumptions that the total mortality losses from various causes in 2020 will be higher than before the spread of this infection have been confirmed. A serious demographic challenge for our country is the fact that according to preliminary data, as of January 1, 2021, the total population has decreased by 510,405 people compared to the beginning of 2020. The weakest areas in the field of social development in Russia are: low life expectancy; high level of poverty; widespread gender inequality. All three of these factors are negatively affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. During a pandemic, there is an urgent need for decision makers to find a balance between reasonable restrictions and respect for the rights and freedoms of citizens.
RUSSIAN-SPEAKING POPULATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE MIGRATION POLICY OF THE PRC BEFORE AND DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors:   MGIMO-University, Medved Viktoriya A. ,   Institute for Demographic Research FCTAS RAS, Ange Ange ,   Institute for Demographic Research FCTAS RAS
Published: September 2021

The first cases of COVID-19 were recorded at the end of 2019. In 2020, the pandemic swept the whole world. Most countries have taken appropriate measures to prevent the new coronavirus infection. Demographic losses from coronavirus in China were lower than in Europe and the United States. China effectively coped with a previously unknown virus in a few months. The article examines the impact of COVID-19 on migration processes in the PRC, including the impact on tourism, educational and labor migrants. Changes in the migration policy of China are analyzed, in particular, the tightening of the rules for the entry of foreign citizens and further adjustments in the system of international passenger transportation. Examples of easing the rules of entry in some countries of South-East Asia due to the weakening of the pandemic are given. Particular attention is paid to the situation of the Russian-speaking population in China before and during the COVID-19. The presence of Russians on the territory of China as a formed Russian-speaking community is characterized. It is indicated that the epidemic had a greater impact on life in cities where strict quarantine was introduced. Russian-speaking migrants had to face the same difficulties as local residents. The impact of the pandemic on Russian students, businessmen and labor migrants in the PRC is analyzed. The measures taken by the Russian Federation for the urgent and successful evacuation of Russian citizens from China are analyzed. It is noted what difficulties compatriots faced during the evacuation.
RUSSIAN-SPEAKING COMMUNITIES IN HUNGARY AND CZECH REPUBLIC: CURRENT STATE, DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS, INTERACTION WITH RUSSIA
Authors:   Institute for Demographic Research FCTAS RAS, Ryazantsev Sergey V. ,   MGIMO-University, Khramova Marina N. ,   Institute for Demographic Research FCTAS RAS,   MGIMO-University, Zorin Dmitry P. ,   Institute for Demographic Research FCTAS RAS
Published: September 2021

This article is devoted to the study of features of the formation and the current state of Russian-speaking communities in two countries — Hungary and the Czech Republic. In this article we uses data from the 2011 census, data from the current population registration of Hungary and the Czech Republic, UN data on the foreign population in the countries of the world according to the 2019-revision, materials of Russian-language publications in Hungary and the Czech Republic, as well as the results of a sociological survey of the Russian-speaking population of Hungary, conducted in 2019. We describe the socio-demographic structure and features of the settlement of the Russian-speaking population in Hungary and the Czech Republic. It is shown that an important factor in the consolidation of Russian-speaking communities in these countries is the preservation of the Russian language and possibilities of using it in various daily practices: communication in everyday life, looking for a job, organizing a business focused on the Russian-speaking segment of the national economies of the host countries. In this context, the active position of the Russian state in supporting Russian compatriots abroad is of fundamental importance. The paper analyzes some instruments of interaction between Russia and compatriots in Hungary and the Czech Republic: support and joint activities for the preservation and dissemination of the Russian language, cultural, scientific and educational projects, and projects aimed at increasing the interest of young compatriots to Russia.
Application of Quality Control Circle in Improving the Success Rate of Indwelling Needles in Patients
Authors: Liu Huiling , Heng Baoli , Li Xuling , Zhao Yahui , Wang Huan , Liu Cuiqing
Published: September 2021

Objective: This study aims to assess the effectiveness of quality control circles (QCCs) in improving the success rate of intravenous indwelling needles among patients. Methods: The study included 1136 patients, that were admitted to the kidney and thoracic surgery wards of the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University from June 2019 to December 2019. The patients were using an indwelling needle each. They were divided into two groups: 1) control group (n = 232), where patients received regular nursing interventions; 2) intervention group (n = 904), where patients received QCC nursing intervention. Result: The fishbone diagram analysis revealed that poor training, lack of indwelling needle-related evaluation sheet, and lack of dynamic assessments were the factors that contributed to indwelling failure. In addition, the average indwelling duration of the intervention group was significantly higher than that of the control group. The success rate of indwelling needles in the intervention group (67.8%) was also significantly higher than that of the control group (48.3%), where p < 0.05. Furthermore, the intervention group (seepage = 19.9%; phlebitis = 6.7%) reported a significantly lower prevalence of the main factors of indwelling needle failure than the control group (seepage = 34.5%; phlebitis = 8.6%), where p < 0.05. Conclusion: The implementation of QCC can effectively reduce the occurrence of complications and nursing risks as well as improve the success rate of intravenous indwelling needles among patients.
Fluorosis Mitigation Programmes and its Impact on Health - The Indian Scenario
Authors: Avisek Mukherjee , Yashoda R , Manjunath Puranik
Published: September 2021

In India, the availability of safe potable water remains a challenge in rural settings, where 72% of Indian population reside with high reliance on alternative water sources. In our country, the states having some circumscribed areas of high fluoride levels (endemic fluoride belts with F content in ground water above 4 ppm). Fluorosis mitigation is therefore necessary. Thus, the objective of this narrative review is to discuss various fluorosis mitigation programmes in India.Medline was the primary database used in the literature search. Other databases were also searched for relevant publications. Since the late 1980s, government and non-governmental agencies launched efforts to control fluorosis. However, most of attempts were mainly on defluoridation of water, so it cannot be proposed as the only or most effective solution to mitigate fluorosis.
Maternalmortality in Benghazi: a clinicoepidemiological study
Authors: Legnain M. , Singh R. , Busarira M. O.
Published: September 2021

We conducted a clinicoepidemiological study of 14 maternal deaths out of 79 981 live births at Al-Jamahiriya Hospital, Benghazi between 1993 and 1997. The maternal mortality rate per 100 000 live births was 17.5. The reproductive profile of these women was: mean age 31.5 +/- 6.9 years, mean parity 4.5, mean birth interval 14.6 +/- 7.0 months, mean gestation 27.7 +/- 14.6 weeks and mean haemoglobin 9.3 +/- 2.1 g/dL. None of the women had prebooked their delivery, 50% had preconceptional medical or obstetric risk factors, around 70% were anaemic, almost all were admitted with serious medical conditions and > 50% required surgical intervention. The main underlying medical causes of death were: hypertensive disease of pregnancy [28.6%], haemorrhage [14.3%], pulmonary embolism [14.3%]and brain tumour [14.3%]
Risk factors for eye complications in patients with diabetes mellitus: development and progression
Authors: El Shazly M. , Zeid M. , Osman A.
Published: September 2021

A multicentre case-control study was conducted to identify and quantify risk factors that may influence the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. A total of 200 diabetic patients with nonproliferative retinopathy were compared with 400 diabetic patients without any eye complications with regard to the development of diabetic retinopathy. They were also compared with 200 diabetic patients with major eye complications to study the progression of diabetic eye complications. Results showed that the progression of diabetic eye complications was preventable since all the variables significantly affecting the process of progression, except type of diabetes, were avoidable
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha concentration in severely asthmatic children
Authors: Massoud M. N.
Published: September 2021

We assessed tumour necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-alpha] concentrations in 80 asthmatic children, 26 with severe asthma in early-phase reaction, 26 with severe asthma in late-phase reaction, 28 with severe asthma controlled in between attacks with oral prednisone and 20 matched control children. TNF-alpha was measured in patients’ plasma and in a supernatant of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated [LPS]peripheral blood mononuclear [PBM] cells. TNF-alpha concentrations in plasma and the supernatant of LPS-stimulated cells were positively correlated and the concentration also correlated positively with the time lapse between the start of the asthma attack and the time of blood sampling. TNF-alpha concentration was significantly higher in the late-phase reaction group compared to the other groups, indicating a need to counteract its release and/or effects early in asthma patients
Root caries among Benghazi patients
Authors: Hassan A. K.
Published: September 2021

A total of 420 Benghazi patients were clinically examined for root caries. Root caries was not limited to older patients and the proportion of root caries among young adults was similar to that of the older age groups. Most of the lesions were located proximally and underneath restorations rather than labially or lingually. Our results may serve as baseline data for further studies on root caries in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Ultrasound assessment of normal splenic length and spleen-to-kidney ratio in children
Authors: Al Imam O. , Suleiman A. , Khuleifat S.
Published: September 2021

Splenic lengths in 184 normal Jordanian children were measured through the hilum by ultrasound and compared with data from Hong Kong and the United States of America. The spleen to left kidney ratio was calculated to determine whether it was constant and to establish a ratio above which splenomegaly can be diagnosed. Up to age 15 years, little variation in splenic length was observed, but over 15 years splenic length was slightly lower in Jordanian males. Spleen to left kidney ratio was constant at around 1; splenomegaly is highly probable in ratios >/= 1.25
Childhood behavioural disturbance in a community sample in Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
Authors: Eapen V. , Swadi H. , Sabri S. , Abou Saleir M.
Published: September 2021

The prevalence of behavioural and emotional problems was evaluated among 620 United Arab Emirates nationals aged 6-18 years using the Rutter Parent Questionnaire. Of these children, 11.8% scores above the cut-off point indicating behavioural disturbance. The prevalence of conduct problems was greater among boys, while emotional problems were more common among girls. Certain unspecified chronic life difficulties, parental distress in relation to their children, family history of psychiatric illness and alcohol or drug use in a family member were associated with behavioural disturbance, but no significant association was found with gender, socioeconomic status, family size or recent life events. Our findings suggest that behavioural disturbance exists among a substantial number of school-aged children in the community.
Adult oncology and chronically ill patients: comparison of depression, anxiety and caregiver’s quality of life
Authors: Sherif T. , Jehani T. , Saadani M. , Andejani A. W.
Published: September 2021

A diagnosis of cancer can be devastating for patients and their loved ones. We compared the intensity of anxiety and depression for 30 terminally ill cancer patients and 30 chronically ill patients and the quality of life of their most attendant caregivers. Hamilton depression and anxiety scales were used with the patients and the quality of life scale [family] was used with the caregivers. Cancer patients and their caregivers had significantly higher scores on these scales and suffered more from depression and anxiety than chronically ill patients and caregivers. Cancer patient caregivers also had poorer quality of life than did caregivers of the chronically ill.
Controlling tuberculosis:we can't do it if we don't find the cases
Authors: Enarson D. A.
Published: September 2021

Thecurrent international strategy for the control of tuberculosis emphasizes two different targets: a high success rate for the treatment of tuberculosis cases with an emphasis on positive sputum smear cases and a high case detection rate. Recent analyses indicate that while progress is being made towards successful treatment, targets for case-finding are not being achieved.
Plasmodium falciparum infection during pregnancy in an unstable transmission area in eastern Sudan
Authors: El Ghazali G. , Adam I. , Hamad A. , El Bashir M. I.
Published: September 2021

A 1-year prospective community-based study of malaria during pregnancy was conducted in an area of seasonal and unstable malaria transmission in eastern Sudan. At a village antenatal clinic, 89 non-pregnant controls and 86 pregnant women were enrolled and followed every 2 weeks until 6 weeks after delivery. The incidence of Plasmodium falciparum infection was significantly higher among pregnant than control women [17.4% versus 5.6%] with no difference between primigravidae and multigravidae [22.2% versus 15.2%]. There was no significant difference in the mean haemoglobin concentration between infected and uninfected mothers [9.1 +/- 1.3 versus 9.5 +/- 0.6 g/dL] but the mean birth weight of their babies was significantly lower [2.72 +/- 0.26 versus 2.95 +/- 0.05 kg] despite prompt case management of infected women
Sinergias espeluznantes
Authors: Hernández Vicente Alicia
Published: September 2021

Resumen: El cineasta Roger Corman y el dibujante de cómic Richard Corben son reconocidos por sus aproximaciones a la literatura de Edgar Allan Poe en sus respectivos medios. Entre sus obras se establece una clara correspondencia estética y temática, estudiada en el análisis comparado de las adaptaciones que ambos realizaron del relato La caída de la Casa Usher.

Abstract: The director Roger Corman and the comic artist Richard Corben are well-known for their approach to the Edgar Allan Poe´s literature. The works by both are connected and this article is a research about the comparison between the film and the comic titled The Fall of the House of Usher based on the homonymous tale by Edgar Allan Poe.
La transposición como reescritura:
Authors: Muñoz Nophal Dulce Ivette
Published: September 2021

Resumen: Las investigaciones sobre la adaptación de cómics a la cinematografía desde perspectivas interdisciplinarias han comenzado a justificar su importancia como un objeto de estudio multidimensional que debe observarse como un fenómeno, más allá de su estructura, dentro de un contexto. La finalidad de esta investigación es abordar el fenómeno, más allá de una adaptación, como un proceso de reconfiguración cuyas transformaciones responden a diferentes factores, mismos que confluyen en el momento histórico de la producción. Así, la obra es analizada en términos de transposición, desde la taxonomía de la reescritura aplicada a los trasvases entre distintos formatos, incluyendo el cómic. Para conocer los detalles de estos cambios se parte de la descripción de las similitudes que el cómic y el cine guardan en su narrativa visual. Además de las reflexiones de algunos autores para abordar las posibilidades del relato en la historieta.

Abstract: Research on the adaptation of comics to cinematography from interdisciplinary perspectives has begun to justify its importance as a multidimensional object of study that must be observed as a phenomenon, beyond its structure, within a context. The purpose of this research is to address the phenomenon, beyond an adaptation, as a reconfiguration process whose transformations respond to different factors, which converge in the historical moment of production. Thus, the work is analyzed in terms of transposition, from the taxonomy of rewriting applied to transfers between different formats, including the comic. To know the details of these changes, we start from the description of the similarities that the comic and the cinema have in their visual narrative. In addition to the reflections of some authors to address the possibilities of the story in the comic.
Restos del pasado y la imaginación salvadoreña. Estudios culturales del modernismo a hoy
Authors: García Espada Antonio
Published: September 2021

Restos del pasado, ruinas de antiguos edificios, pedazos de papel, memorias fragmentadas ... es a menudo de lo único que disponemos para reconstruir la historia de algunas de las manifestaciones más originales del genio salvadoreño. Una sociedad sometida a la violencia y la división desde hace mucho tiempo y que quizá por eso es algo olvidadiza. Pero merece la pena recordar que El Salvador es también una ventana privilegiada con vistas a lo mejor de la vanguardia artística, la innovación política, la cultura popular, el mestizaje y la creatividad vernácula.
FACTORS THAT DELAY RETURN TO WORK OF COVID-19 POSITIVE HEALTH CARE WORKERS AT KSMC , MARCH- AUGUST 2020
Authors: Abdulrahiem Dr Juhaina , Zakaria Marwa , Mohammad Isalam , Abdullah Hassan , Amer Hala , Alkheledan Hifa , Alslam Mona , Asad Tasmiya
Published: September 2021

This study about Factors that delay return to work of COVID-19 positive health care workers at King Saud medical city Riyadh Saudi Arabia.2020 Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of RNA viruses that cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV). The aim of this study is to determine the factors that delay return to return to work among COVID-19 positive HCPs also to study the relationship of the associated risk factors and the delay in return to work among positive COVID-19 HCPs and to minimize the delay in return to work among COVID-19 positive HCPs which will maintain staffing levels to provide adequate care to all patients. Health care professional is defined as all staff in the health care facility involved in the provision of care for a COVID-19 infected patient, including those who have been present in the same area as the patient, as well as those who may not have provided direct care to the patient, but who have had contact with the patient’s body fluids, potentially contaminated items or environmental surfaces. Sampling method: The design of the sampling for this study will be Stratified Random Sampling (StRS) cross section study. This study about Factors that delay return to work of COVID-19 positive health care workers at King Saud medical city Riyadh Saudi Arabia mc.2020 Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of RNA viruses that cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV). The aim of this study is to determine the factors that delay return to return to work among COVID-19 positive HCPs also to study the relationship of the associated risk factors and the delay in return to work among positive COVID-19 HCPs and to minimize the delay in return to work among COVID-19 positive HCPs which will maintain staffing levels to provide adequate care to all patients. Health care professional is defined as all staff in the health care facility involved in the provision of care for a COVID-19 infected patient, including those who have been present in the same area as the patient, as well as those who may not have provided direct care to the patient, but who have had contact with the patient’s body fluids, potentially contaminated items or environmental surfaces. Sampling method: The design of the sampling for this study will be Stratified Random Sampling (STRS) cross section study will use SPSS to analysis.
Bias Stress in Organic Thin-Film Transistors Towards Low-Cost Flexible Gas Sensors
Authors: Izquierdo José Enrique Eirez , Oliveira José Diogo da Silva , Nogueira Vinicius Augusto Machado , García Dennis Cabrera , Cavallari Marco Roberto , Kymissis Ioannis , Fonseca Fernando Josepetti
Published: September 2021

This work is focused on the bias stress (BS) effects in Organic Thin-Film Transistors (OTFTs) from poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PBTTT-C14) on both highly-doped Si and glass substrates. While the former had a thermally-grown SiO2 dielectric, the latter demanded an alternative dielectric that should be capable to withstand bottom contact lithography, as well as semiconducting thin-film deposition. In addition, it should represent one more step towards flexible electronics. In order to do that, poly(4-vinylphenol) (PVP) was blended to poly(melamine-co-formaldehyde) methylated (PMF). OTFTs on glass with a cross-linked polymer dielectric had a charge carrier mobility (μ) of 4.0x10-4 cm2/Vs, threshold voltage (VT) of 18 V, current modulation (ION/OFF) higher than 1x102, and subthreshold slope (SS) of -7.7 V/dec. A negative BS shifted VT towards negative values and produced an increase in ION/OFF. A positive BS, on the other hand, produced the opposite effect only for OTFTs on Si. This is believed to be due to a higher trapping at the PVP:PMF interface with PBTTT-C14. Modeling the device current along time by a stretched exponential provided shorter time constants of ca. 105 s and higher exponents of 0.7–0.9 for devices on glass. Due to the presence of increased BS effects, the application of organic TFTs based on PVP:PMF as flexible sensors will require compensating circuits, lower voltages or less measurements in time. Alternatively, BS effects could be reduced by a dielectric surface treatment.
The Speech Act of Cartoon Movie: Spongebob Squarepants’ The Movie
Authors: Sari Ima Frafika
Published: September 2021

This research aims to reveal: the types of speech acts used by the main character in “Spongebob Squarepants’ the movie and the previous studies in speech act analysis for knowing the way of the directives of speech act appears. It employed descriptive qualitative research in the explaining of speech acts types used by the main character. There is still a lack of research about the analysis of speech act categories in cartoon movie or animation movie, it is substantial to be carried out. The finding of this research is the directives speech act is the most frequently in SpongeBob SquarePants the movie with data 118 or 44,36% from a total of 266 or 100% of the whole data. Then, the similarity data found in the three journals about analysis of speech act with data that the directives speech act is the highest utterance in a cartoon movie.
The Impact of Shadowing Technique on Tertiary Students’ English Pronunciation
Authors: Sugiarto Rio , Prihantoro Prihantoro , Edy Sarwo
Published: September 2021

In the realm of English teaching and learning especially for those of non-native English users, English pronunciation instruction always calls for various techniques which can meet students’ conditions that are naturally affiliated with their psychological and cultural complexities. Thus, the present study aimed at examining the impact of one of English pronunciation instruction techniques, the so-called shadowing technique, on tertiary students’ English pronunciation at IAIN Curup, Bengkulu, Indonesia. An experimental study was conducted by engaging 40 tertiary English students selected randomly. They were split into two groups, wherein 20 students were taught English pronunciation using shadowing technique, and the rest 20 students were taught English pronunciation using a conventional technique. This study revealed that shadowing technique had a positive and significant impact on students’ English pronunciation. Their English pronunciation improvement encompassed various components such as monophthongs, diphthongs, triphthongs, semi-vowels, consonants, consonant cluster sounds, strong and weak forms, linking phonemes, syllable stresses, word stresses, sentence stresses, rhythm, pitch and intonation. Further studies are expected to scrutinize the effect of shadowing technique on English pronunciation by involving more samples, making use of gender difference as a moderator variable, and testing the retention of English pronunciation improvement.
Lack of Motivation Factors Creating Poor Academic Performance in the Context of Graduate English Department Students
Authors: Mauliya Islahul , Relianisa Resty Zulema , Rokhyati Umy
Published: September 2021

At the graduate level, students’ poor performance cuts across almost all the compulsory subjects in which English is inclusive. Poor academic performance of students is one problem impeding the smooth actualization of the educational purpose, which is to prepare an individual for mentally serving both himself and society. Therefore, the primary purpose of this research is to discover the internal factors, such as lack of motivation factors contributing to the poor academic performance of graduate students of the English Department. In this research, researchers selected three participants and utilized an interview as the method to collect the data, and interview guidelines as the instrument. The authors analysed the data qualitatively and explained the findings descriptively. Several things will affect students’ academic performance, especially those related to motivation. It starts from within the students themselves, from the family environment, and even lecturers greatly affect student motivation in improving academic performance. It should not only focus on the mistakes made by students, as there must be a cause behind it all. In a nutshell, the results of this study revealed that one aspect of internal factors causing poor academic performance was the lack of motivation derived from two sizeable directions, family and teacher.
The contribution of An Interactive Multimedia in Teaching Simple Present Tense for Junior High Student
Authors: Bimo Djoko Sri
Published: September 2021

Learning English in Junior High School emphasizes on four language skills, they are speaking,writing, reading,and listening. However, it sometimes collides with the complexity of grammar, one of which is learning the present simple present tense in which for some people is acomplicated matter and makes it difficult for them in understanding English. Departing from this problem, a new breakthrough is needed, so that students are interested in learning English. Today’s education emphasizes on how to learn by utilizing technological sophistication, then Multimedia is one of the technologies that can be used to stimulate thoughts, feelings, concerns, and  abilities or skills of  learners. This technology has a very positive impact on students since it can provide solutions and ease in carrying out the learning process. The purpose of the study was to describe the implementation of interactive multimedia and to describe the level of defiance  of the eighth grade students of SMP Muhammadiyah I Surakarta in learning of Simple Present Tense.  The study employed a quantitative research approach, and the type used was an experiment. The experimental design in this study was randomized pre-test post-test design. The sample in this study was class VIII A, assigned as the Experiment Group 1 (EG1) who was taught by using interactive multimedia, while class VIII B, assigned as the Experimental Group 2 (EG2) who was taught by  using the lecturing method and supported by using a handout. After learning was complete, both groups were given the same post-test. The result found that the EG1 who given treatment by using interactive multimedia got higher results than the EG2 who treated by Handout, where the mean score of the EG1 was 83.04, while the mean score of the EG2 was 72.96. Based on the result above, it was indicated that the students of SMP Muhammadiyah I Surakarta was more comprehend in learning The Simple Present Tense by using interactive multimedia better than conventionally, since interactive multimeda can build their creativity power and increase their understanding in English.
Students’ Difficulties in Writing Descriptive Text at the Seventh Grade of SMP Sint Carolus Bengkulu
Authors: Kristiana Nelly , Yunita Wisma , Syahrial Syahrial
Published: September 2021

The objective of this research was to investigate the students’ difficulties in writing descriptive text, the most dominant difficulty faced by the students, and the students’ strategies to overcome these difficulties. This study was conducted at the Seventh Grade of SMP Sint Carolus Bengkulu. This is a descriptive quantitative study. The instruments used in this research were questionnaire and interview. Based on the results, it was found that students experienced difficulties in the three aspects of the study, namely linguistic, psychological, and cognitive difficulties. In each of these aspects, organization is the highest one followed by behaviour, feedback, grammatical items, and vocabulary. In organizations, difficulties in developing ideas are the most difficult. Anxiety is the highest difficulty in behaviour, while the lack of practice is the most difficulty in the feedback. The difficulty in using connectors is the highest point in the grammatical items, and the lack of vocabulary is the most difficulty in the vocabulary. Based on the questionnaire and interview results, organization was the most difficult aspect in writing descriptive text. To overcome the difficulties, the students choose to master vocabulary and learning from other sources such as books or the internet while the others like to read from dictionary. Finally, it is also suggested for other researchers to carry out similar research in a broader scope, as well as a description, especially about the mechanic that get negative results.
Investigating Students’ Perceptions of Language Terms through Technology at Dehasen University
Authors: Febrianti Mariska , Banat Azizatul , Putra Dhanu Ario
Published: September 2021

The Covid-19 pandemic has made various changes in all aspects of life, such as economy, social, politics, lifestyle and education. This can be seen from the government urging the public to limit their activities and enforce self-isolation so as to encourage increased access to technology. Technology has become a very important role and is needed in the current situation because the government urges to reduce social activities. Likewise in the field of education, with the Covid-19 pandemic, all learning processes at all education levels are conducted online. This is the basis for the findings of several previous studies related to the emergence of several new terms used by the government and socialized to the public related to pandemics. From those several previous studies, the researchers saw that there was no research related to the level of public understanding of new terms that appeared during the Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study aims to determine the level of student understanding of new terms that emerged during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study used a survey method for students at University of Dehasen Bengkulu using a questionnaire. From the research result, it can be concluded that most students at University of Dehasen Bengkulu, specifically Physical Education Study Program do not know the new terms. This is because many of Physical Education students are in remote areas which are very affected by the weather and electricity, so accessing information on TV and the internet often faces obstacles.
Demotivating Factors of EFL Learners of Indonesian Undergraduate Students during Pandemic Covid-19: Gender Differences
Authors: Santosa Imam , Riady Yasir
Published: September 2021

Pandemic covid-19 precedes education to adapt with this disruptive situation. The needs of teaching and learning continuity suggests online learning as one of the solutions along with its challenge. This study aim to investigate whether gender differences influence demotivating factors of EFL Learners of Indonesian Undergraduate Student during pandemic covid-19 situation Surveys design was utilized to verify the hypothesis in this research. On the basis of Kikuchi’s (in press) qualitative study, this study employed 34-item questionnaire that consist of five categories;((a) Course Books, (b) Inadequate School Facilities, (c) Test Scores, (d) Noncommunicative Methods, and (e) Teachers’ Competence and Teaching Styles) to gather quantitative data. Having cluster random sampling as sampling technique, the participants were 368 EFL Learners of Indonesian Undergraduate Student from private universities in Jakarta. The findings of the research revealed that gender did not influence demotivation factors on online learning during pandemic situation. However, the finding indicated the absence of face-to-face teacher in online learning significantly influence demotivating factors on learning English, as non-communicative approach and teacher performance being the most cited factors. Additionally, the result of the study can be the basis of further research on demotivating factors in learning English.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Authors: ALI MUHAMMAD , AHMAD MANSOOR , HAFEEZ RASHIDA
Published: September 2021

Objective: To find the value of ultrasound in the management of first trimester vaginal bleeding.Material and Methods: All patients reporting with vaginal bleeding in obstetrics and gynaecology Unit-III, NishtarHospital, Multan were included in the study. Non-pregnant patients and patients with vaginal bleeding due to the causeother than conception were excluded. After history, clinical examination and pregnancy test, ultrasonography was donewith abdominal convex probe (3.5 Mhz) and/or vaginal (5 Mhz) probe to every patient. Results: Overall incidence offirst trimester vaginal bleeding was 12.23%. Disparity between clinical and ultrasonic diagnosis was 17.3% in casesof incomplete abortion, 11.6% in cases of inevitable abortion, 9.7% in cases of threatened abortion, 3.8% in cases ofmissed abortion and 1.9% in cases of blighted ovum and 1.9% in cases of molar pregnancy. The confirmation ofdiagnosis after histopathology of surgically obtained specimen revealed least percentage of misdiagnosis on ultrasoundevaluation. While in ectopic pregnancy no disparity found on clinical, ultrasonographic and surgical results, but it wasmisleading as only late cases with ruptured ectopic pregnancy and obvious clinical signs and symptoms were referredto the hospital. Otherwise USG would have shown increased sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion: Study hasconfirmed the superiority of USG scanning over conventional methods in earlier and more precise diagnosis and thusbetter treatment of patients having first trimester vaginal bleeding. It is more accurate, safe, non-invasive and quick indiagnosis and management. It prevents from undue surgical intervention as well as undue delay in surgery whenrequired. Once bleeding has occurred repeat pregnancy test should he ignored and better not done at all. Thus USGshould he an important diagnostic tool in every emergency unit but importance of clinical diagnosis cannot beoverlooked.
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Authors: CHAUDRY NAYLA TARIQ , NASREEN SABIHA , IHSAN IMRANA
Published: September 2021

Objectives: 1) To study and compare the Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)in middle-aged non-smoker, non-asthmatic males with non-smoker mild asthmatics. 2) To provide a scientific basis forchoice of herbal medicines as bronchodilator for asthmatic patients by standardized PFTs. Setting: Punjab PostgraduateMedical Institute (PGMI), Lahore, Out-Patient Departments of Services Hospital and Asthma Clinic MayoHospital, Lahore. Patients & Methods: Forty male nonsmokers between 30 - 60 years of age, equally divided intocontrol & mild asthmatic groups. PFTs were carried out with Body Plethysmograph (Model 2.2 PK Morgan, UK) before& after administration of the herbal medicine. The baseline value of Forced Expiratory Volume in first second (FEV1)was used as an index for sub-clinical hyper-responsive behavior of asthmatic group. Reversibility was defined asimprovement in FEV1 of 15% or more from baseline after intake of the bronchodilator. Spirometric and volume relatedparameters were measured. The response of asthmatic group was compared with control group before and after intakeof Adhatoda Vasica. Results: There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in the baseline values of FEV1,FEV1%, Forced Expiratory Flow 25~75% (FEF 25~75%), Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR), Thoracic Gas Volume(TGV), Total Lung Capacity (TLC) and Airway Resistance (Raw) amongst asthmatic and control groups. Whereas thedifference became non-significant (p>0.05) after the intake of herbal medicine except for FEV1 which showed asignificant difference (p<0.05). The post-bronchodilator percent change in FEV1 was highly significantly (p<0.01)correlated with percent changes in FVC, PEFR, TGV, TLC and Raw. Conclusion: This study reveals that flow ratesand static lung volumes are helpful in assessing reversibility in airway obstruction after intake of bronchodilators.
ASSESSMENT OF ELBOW FUNCTION AFTER STABLE FIXATION OF AO TYPE C FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL HUMERUS IN ADULTS
Authors: QURESHI KASHIF KHURSHID , YASIN GHULAM , SABIR MUHAMMAD RAFIQ
Published: September 2021

Thirty five patients with AO Type C fractures of the distal humerusreporting to Orthopedic Department were studied over a period of three years from January 2000 to March 2003. Closefractures and Gustilo Grade I and II fractures were included in the study. Age ranged from fifteen years to sixty years.All the patients were operated under general anaesthesia. A comparison b/w transolecranon approach1 and Shahaneand Stanley approach2 was done. At a follow-up of six months the results were evaluated using the Jupiter’smodification of Cassebaum’s rating sytem3. According to it thirteen results were rated excellent, eleven good, six fairand five poor. Complications included tourniquet palsy, infection, stiff elbow and prominent hardware.
HEALTH FACILITIES (BHUS)
Authors: BHATTI MOHAMMAD AYAZ , KHAN SHABBIR AHMAD
Published: September 2021

Objective: To measure the distance of villagesfrom the facility (BHU) and to analyze the geographical location, Pattern of Access and health facility utilization. StudyPurpose: To improve the health status of community, by improving the geographical patterns of access and healthfacility utilization in Pakistan and to provide necessary information to policy makers, planners and health care providersfor improvement of health facility utilization in Pakistan. Study Design: A cross sectional study. Setting: At UnionCouncil Gali Jagir, Tehsil Fateh Jang, District Attock. Period: From 15 Nov 1999 to 31 Dec 2000. Material & Method:Measurement of the distance from the villages to the health facility and the facility record was reviewed to assess theutilization pattern by the village population. Information about mode of travel, time for travel and cost of traveling wascollected by the key informers. Results: 22% of villages and 23% of population was situated at a distance of 3km fromthe BHU. 33% of villages and 30% of population were living within 5km. 67% of villages and 70% of population wassituated at a distance of more than 5km from BHU.The overall health facility utilization of BHU Gali Jagir is 8.34%.Discussion: The health facility utilization decreases as the distance increases. Geographical accessibility up to adistance of 3km is a new finding in the study. We have noted that majority of the villages and populations, 67% villagesand 70% population is uncovered and 33% villages’ and 30%population is under served. Conclusion: The study hasidentified the gaps in the geographical access patterns that an accessible distance is 3km instead of 5km (as acceptedby world health organization). Distance of 3km was accessible for seeking care from a public health care facility. Theover all health facility utilization was 8.32 %, which was alarmingly low.
HAEMORRHOIDS
Authors: SHAUKAT AYESHA , ASLAM MUHAMMAD , Choudhri Aftab A
Published: September 2021

Background: Haemorrhoids is a common disease effecting peopleof all ages and both sexes. Though there is a consensus on the treatment of 3rd and 4th degree haemorrhoids, thereis still confusion regarding the ideal treatment for 1st and 2nd degree haemorrhoids. Objectives: To compare theInjection sclerotherapy and the Daflon for the management of the 1st and 2nd degree haemorrhoids. Design: Prospectivestudy Setting: OPD for Surgery in Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Lahore, Period: From June 2003 to July 2004, Materialand Method: 50 patients of having 1st and early second degree haemorrhoids, presenting in surgical out door, wererandomly subjected to Injection Sclerotherapy and Daflon 500, and outcome of the two groups was compared, regardingimprovement in their presenting complaints and associated symptoms as well as side effects of the treatments. Results:22 patients of Injection sclerotherapy were cured, while in case of Daflon group 18 patients were cured from theirpresenting complaints. Conclusion: our study shows that both the Injection Sclerotherapy and the Daflon are goodmanagement options for 1st and 2nd degree haemorrhoids as out door based treatment.