bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of overweight, obesity and metabolic syndrome components in multiple sclerosis patients with significant disability
Authors: Pinhas‐Hamiel O. , Livne M. , Harari G. , Achiron A.
Published: May 2015

Background and purpose

Information about metabolic comorbidities in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) is scarce. Our aim was to examine the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in patients with long duration of MS and significant disability.

Methods

Demographic and clinical data, weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure, and levels of fasting glucose, triglycerides and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) were obtained from 130 MS patients with Extended Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score ≥3.0.

Results

Seventy‐two percent were female, mean ± SD age 55.8 ± 6.0, range 45–65 years, disease duration 18.2 ± 10.1 years, EDSS 5.5 ± 1.0. Obesity [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2] was present in 18.5% and overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2) in 34.6%. The prevalence of the MetS was 30% with no gender difference. Fifty‐six percent had central obesity by waist circumference, 28% treated hypertension, 45.8% elevated blood pressure, 11% type 2 diabetes mellitus, 31.4% treated dyslipidemia, 28.8% elevated triglyceride levels and 31.4% had low HDL‐C. MS patients with MetS were significantly older (59.0 ± 5.5 vs. 53.8 ± 5.5, P < 0.0001) and heavier (BMI 29.0 ± 6.9 vs. 25.1 ± 4.7, P = 0.0009). There were no differences between the groups in neurological disability by the EDSS (5.7 ± 1.0 vs. 5.4 ± 1.0), disease duration (18.4 ± 9.9 vs. 18.2 ± 10.2 years) and number of steroid courses received (6.6 ± 9.5 vs. 6.3 ± 8.4).

Conclusions

Compared to the general population, adult disabled MS patients had lower rates of obesity and overweight, as assessed by BMI. Despite these reduced rates, the prevalence of the MetS was similar to the general population. Specifically higher rates of increased waist circumference were found, suggesting that the lower BMI may be misleading in terms of health risk.
A review of performance criteria to validate simulation models
Authors: Hora Joana , Campos Pedro
Published: May 2015

This study reviews performance criteria adequate to validate simulation models through the comparison of two quantitative data sets, concerning historical and simulated data. The criteria reviewed were organized according to its characteristics into the groups: error‐based measures, information theory measures, information criteria, parametric tests, non‐parametric tests, distance‐based measures and combined measures. Each criterion is reviewed through its mathematic definition, its applications in literature and the identification of its advantages and drawbacks. The features assessed by each criterion are identified and discussed. This study provides a concise outline over the criteria reviewed, which can be used as a guide to help developers of simulation models into the decision on the most appropriate criteria to validate their models.
Cognitive Performance following Lacunar Stroke in Spanish-Speaking Patients: Results from the SPS3 Trial
Authors: Jacova Claudia , Pearce Lesly A. , Roldan Ana M. , Arauz Antonio , Tapia Jorge , Costello Raymond , McClure Leslie A. , Hart Robert G. , Benavente Oscar R.
Published: May 2015

Background

Cognitive impairment is frequent in lacunar stroke patients. The prevalence and pattern among Spanish-speaking patients are unknown and have not been compared across regions or with English-speaking patients.

Aims

The aim of this study was to characterize cognitive impairment in Spanish-speaking patients and compare it with English-speaking patients.

Methods

The baseline neuropsychological test performance and the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment, defined as a z-score ≤ -1·5 on memory and/or non-memory tests, were evaluated in Spanish-speaking patients in the Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes trial.

Results

Out of 3020 participants, 1177 were Spanish-speaking patients residing in Latin America ( n = 693), the United States ( n = 121), and Spain ( n = 363). Low education (zero- to eight-years) was frequent in Spanish-speaking patients (49–57%). Latin American Spanish-speaking patients had frequent post-stroke upper extremity motor impairment (83%). Compared with English-speaking patients, all Spanish-speaking patient groups had smaller memory deficits and larger non-memory/motor deficits, with Latin American Spanish-speaking patients showing the largest deficits median z-score -1·3 to −0·6 non-memory tests; ≤5·0 for Grooved Pegboard; −0·7 to −0·3 for memory tests). The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment was high and comparable with English-speaking patients in the United States and Latin American Spanish-speaking patients but not the Spanish group: English-speaking patients = 47%, Latin American Spanish-speaking patients = 51%, US Spanish-speaking patients = 40%, Spanish Spanish-speaking patients = 29%, with >50% characterized as non-amnestic in Spanish-speaking patient groups. Older age [odds ratio per 10 years =1·52, confidence interval = 1·35–1·71), lower education (odds ratio 0–4 years = 1·23, confidence interval = 0·90–1·67), being a Latin American resident (odds ratio = 1·31, confidence interval = 0·87–1·98), and post-stroke disability (odds ratio Barthel Index <95=1·89, confidence interval = 1·43–2·50) were independently associated with mild cognitive impairment.

Conclusions

Mild cognitive impairment in Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes Spanish-speaking patients with recent lacunar stroke is highly prevalent but has a different pattern to that observed in English-speaking patients. A combination of socio-demographics, stroke biology, and stroke care may account for these differences.
Invariant natural killer T cells and their ligands: focus on multiple sclerosis
Authors: O'Keeffe Joan , Podbielska Maria , Hogan Edward L.
Published: May 2015

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are an innate population of T cells identified by the expression of an invariant T‐cell receptor and reactivity to lipid‐based antigens complexed with CD1d. They account for a small percentage of lymphocytes, but are extremely potent and play central roles in immunity to infection, in some cancers, and in autoimmunity. The list of relevant stimulatory lipids and glycolipid antigens now includes a range of endogenous self‐antigens including the myelin‐derived acetylated galactosylceramides. Recent progress in studies to identify the nature of lipid recognition for iNKT cells in autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis is likely to foster the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at harnessing iNKT cell activity.
Transfer of the human NKG2D ligands UL16 binding proteins (ULBP) 1–3 is related to lytic granule release and leads to ligand retransfer and killing of ULBP‐recipient natural killer cells
Authors: López‐Cobo Sheila , Romera‐Cárdenas Gema , García‐Cuesta Eva M. , Reyburn Hugh T. , Valés‐Gómez Mar
Published: May 2015

After immune interactions, membrane fragments can be transferred between cells. This fast transfer of molecules is transient and shows selectivity for certain proteins; however, the constraints underlying acquisition of a protein are unknown. To characterize the mechanism and functional consequences of this process in natural killer (NK) cells, we have compared the transfer of different NKG2D ligands. We show that human NKG2D ligands can be acquired by NK cells with different efficiencies. The main findings are that NKG2D ligand transfer is related to immune activation and receptor–ligand interaction and that NK cells acquire these proteins during interactions with target cells that lead to degranulation. Our results further demonstrate that NK cells that have acquired NKG2D ligands can stimulate activation of autologous NK cells. Surprisingly, NK cells can also re‐transfer the acquired molecule to autologous effector cells during this immune recognition that leads to their death. These data demonstrate that transfer of molecules occurs as a consequence of immune recognition and imply that this process might play a role in homeostatic tuning‐down of the immune response or be used as marker of interaction.
Delirium: The lived experience of older people who are delirious post‐orthopaedic surgery
Authors: Pollard Cecily , Fitzgerald Mary , Ford Karen
Published: May 2015

Delirium is a common, potentially preventable and reversible cause of postoperative functional disability, morbidity, and mortality. It can lead to increased health‐care use and also poses a substantial challenge for nurses caring for patients who experience delirium after surgery. Predominantly, the published work concentrates on diagnosis, reduction of the modifiable risk factors, and treatments. Compared with this body of published work, the experience of delirium from a patient's perspective has been largely ignored except for a limited number of qualitative research reports. The importance of researching the lived experience of delirium is that a better understanding may lead to more empathic, therapeutic nursing care and help other sufferers to know they are not alone. The aims of the study were to explore and clarify the lived experience of delirium. Eleven patients were recruited to the study following discharge post‐surgery from an orthopaedic ward of a major tertiary hospital. The study used a qualitative descriptive approach and incorporated grounded theory data analysis processes. The findings of this study provide an insight into the incomprehensible emotional pain suffered by patients while they were delirious and the disparate feelings of remorse, guilt, and shame they experienced after the episode of delirium. Following this study, recommendations for nursing practice include formal follow‐up support for patients with post‐delirium episodes and more research into the long‐term impact of the experience of delirium.
Factors influencing engagement with case managers: Perspectives of young people with a diagnosis of first episode psychosis
Authors: Tindall Rachel , Francey Shona , Hamilton Bridget
Published: May 2015

Holistic treatment during a first episode psychosis (FEP) can significantly impact the longevity and chronicity of the illness, as well as reduce the risk of premature death by suicide. However, treatment can only be effective if the young person participates. Given that 19–40% of young people disengage from early intervention services for FEP, this qualitative study aimed to understand how young people experienced engagement with case managers at an early intervention service. Semistructured interviews were conducted with seven young people and themes were identified using interpretive phenomenological analysis. Young people detailed how engagement with a service could be viewed as a process, following different stages between initial referral and discharge. Throughout this process, a number of factors influenced young people's decision to engage with, or disengage from, their case manager. This created a push–pull dynamic with periods of good engagement and poor engagement. Discussion of this dynamic adds nuance to established scholarship about engagement, including shifts over time in the importance of client empowerment and valued features of therapeutic relationships. Awareness and understanding of these concepts may guide changes to early intervention services and address the core issue of engagement.
Life after the Liverpool Care Pathway (LCP): a qualitative study of critical care practitioners delivering end‐of‐life care
Authors: Ramasamy Venkatasalu Munikumar , Whiting Dean , Cairnduff Karen
Published: May 2015

Aim

To explore the experiences, challenges and practices of critical care practitioners since the discontinuation of the Liverpool Care Pathway in critical care settings.

Background

The Liverpool Care Pathway was widely used with an aim to improve communication and care for dying individuals and their relatives. However, widespread media criticism prompted a review, which resulted in the discontinuation of the Liverpool Care Pathway across all UK clinical settings.

Design

A qualitative study.

Method

The study was carried out in two large acute hospitals in England. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 14 critical care practitioners, 6 months after discontinuation of the Liverpool Care Pathway. Transcribed verbatim data were analysed using framework analysis.

Results

Three key themes emerged: ‘lessons learned’, ‘uncertainties and ambivalences’ and ‘the future’. Critical care practitioners reported that life after the Liverpool Care Pathway in critical care settings often involved various clinical ambivalences, uncertainties and inconsistencies in the delivery of end‐of‐life care, especially for less experienced practitioners. Critical care practitioners had ‘become accustomed’ to the components of the Liverpool Care Pathway, which still guide them in principle to ensure quality end‐of‐life care. The Liverpool Care Pathway's structured format was perceived to be a useful clinical tool, but was also criticized as a ‘tick‐box exercise’ and for lacking in family involvement.

Conclusions

This study posits two key conclusions. Despite experienced critical care practitioners being able to deliver quality end‐of‐life care without using the Liverpool Care Pathway, junior nursing and medical staff need clear guidelines and support from experienced mentors in practice. Evidence‐based guidelines related to family involvement in end‐of‐life care planning in critical care settings are also needed to avoid future controversies.
Type 1 diabetes patients have lower strength in femoral bone determined by quantitative computed tomography: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Ishikawa Koji , Fukui Tomoyasu , Nagai Takashi , Kuroda Takuma , Hara Noriko , Yamamoto Takeshi , Inagaki Katsunori , Hirano Tsutomu
Published: May 2015

Aims/Introduction

Previous studies have reported osteoporosis measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry in younger patients with type 1 diabetes. Limitations of 2‐D imaging, however, limit the precision of dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry for the measurement of bone mineral density and bone strength.

Materials and Methods

Three‐dimensional quantitative computed tomography was used to calculate volumetric‐bone mineral density (vBMD) and strength in femoral bone subfractions. A total of 17 male type 1 diabetes patients and 18 sex‐matched healthy controls aged from 18 to 49 years were investigated in the present cross‐sectional study. Patients with overt nephropathy were excluded.

Results

Type 1 diabetes patients had significantly lower cortical vBMD in the femoral neck, and significantly lower total vBMD, cortical thickness and cortical cross‐sectional area (cortical CSA) in the intertrochanter. Bone strength estimated by the buckling ratio (an index of cortical instability) of the intertrochanter was significantly higher in type 1 diabetes patients. The following serum bone markers were comparable between the two groups: bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase, N‐terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen, osteocalcin, pentosidine and homocysteine. Serum insulin‐like growth factor‐1 values were significantly lower in the type 1 diabetes patients than in controls. Serum insulin‐like growth factor‐1values were positively correlated with serum bone formation markers, and the total vBMD of the femoral neck and lumbar spine in type 1 diabetes patients.

Conclusions

The present study is the first investigation by quantitative computed tomography measurement to show cortical instability and lower vBMD in the intertrochanter of young and middle‐aged type 1 diabetes patients. Low insulin‐like growth factor‐1 might be a causative factor for osteoporosis in type 1 diabetes.
Molecular Polymorphism in the MTA and MTB Mating Type Genes of Tetrahymena thermophila and Related Asexual Species
Authors: Booth Laurie , Wolfe Benjamin , Doerder F. Paul
Published: May 2015

Each of the seven mating types of Tetrahymena thermophila is determined by a pair of large genes, MTA and MTB, whose expression peaks at early conjugation. Each protein consists of a mating‐type specific domain and a common transmembrane domain. To assess variation in natural populations, regions of both domains from wild isolates expressing mating types V and VII were analyzed. Corresponding regions of amicronucleates incapable of mating also were examined. MTA and MTB showed high haplotype diversity, with greater sequence variation in MTB. Mating type VII was less variable than mating type V, suggesting more recent origin. No polymorphism distinguished between mat1‐ and mat2‐like alleles encoding different arrays of mating types, nor did polymorphisms give evidence of population structure. MTA and MTB variants have different phylogenies, suggesting independent rather than concerted evolution, and are under weak purifying selection. Codon usage is less biased than for housekeeping genes, and reassigned glutamine encoding stop codons are preferentially used. Amicronucleate T. thermophila and closely related nsp15 and nsp25 have higher levels of nucleotide and amino acid substitution, consistent with cox1 distances. The results suggest that complete sequencing of mating type genes of wild isolates coupled with functional analysis will be informative.
Establishment and characterization of a fish‐cell line from the brain of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus
Authors: Zheng Y. , Peng L. M. , You F. , Zou Y. X. , Zhang P. J. , Chen S. L.
Published: May 2015

A new brain‐cell line derived from Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (POBC) was established. POBC was subcultured for 67 passages over the course of 420 days. The cultured cells were primarily epithelioid‐like. Chromosome analysis revealed the cell line to possess the normal P. olivaceus diploid karyotype of 2n = 48t (telocentric chromosomes). The cells exhibited the astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein by immunocytochemistry, and significant fluorescent signals were observed when the cells were transfected with green fluorescent protein reporter plasmid. The established POBC would be ideal material for the study of function of fish ependyma, the central neuroendocrine system and endocrine disruptors in the marine environment.
Image Segmentation of Bananas in a Crate Using a Multiple Threshold Method
Authors: Hu Meng‐Han , Dong Qing‐Li , Liu Bao‐Lin , Pan Lei‐Qing , Walshaw John
Published: May 2015

In this paper, an automatic segmentation algorithm based on the threshold technique was designed for the image segmentation of bananas in a crate. The pixels of banana and background were selected discretely in the manually segmented regions, and subsequently, nine color features were extracted from RGB, HSV and CIE L*a*b* color space. Three thresholds, which were determined by statistical analysis of B, L* and b* color channel, were used for the design of the automatic segmentation algorithm. The intuitive comparison was applied for the qualitative assessment of segmentation performance. The results showed that the outlines of manually segmented and automatically segmented regions were almost similar to each other. The quantitative evaluation of segmentation performance was carried out by area ratio, and the results demonstrated that the average area ratio of 10 tested samples was more than 80%. These two tested results indicated that the performance of this automatic segmentation algorithm might be acceptable, and this methodology could provide a key technology to realize the real‐time quality monitoring and control system in banana ripening rooms.

Practical Applications

An automatic image segmentation developed in the current study provides the potential of segmenting the bananas in a crate with the plastic bag. The algorithm is designed on the basis of a multiple threshold approach, thus allowing the high segmentation speed and accuracy. The obtained results demonstrated that the proposed multiple threshold‐based segmentation algorithm could be used for achieving in situ quality monitoring and control system in banana ripening rooms.
Clinical significance and prognostic impact of the total diameter of enlarged lymph nodes on preoperative multidetector computed tomography in patients with gastric cancer
Authors: Kawaguchi Tsutomu , Komatsu Shuhei , Ichikawa Daisuke , Kosuga Toshiyuki , Kubota Takeshi , Okamoto Kazuma , Konishi Hirotaka , Shiozaki Atsushi , Fujiwara Hitoshi , Otsuji Eigo
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Background and Aim

This study was designed to evaluate the clinical significance and prognostic impact of the total diameter of enlarged lymph nodes (TDL) on preoperative multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in gastric cancer (GC).

Methods

Of a total of 480 GC patients between 2005 and 2009, 70 patients with a preoperative diagnosis of nodal metastasis on MDCT were included in this study. All regional lymph nodes showing metastatic involvement were preoperatively counted and measured.

Results

The TDL was calculated, and using a receiver operating characteristic curve, a cutoff value of 45 mm in the two groups of large TDL (LTDL) and small TDL was found to be appropriate for TDL. No significant differences were observed in clinicopathological features, except for tumor recurrence, between the two groups. Univariate survival analysis revealed that patients with LTDL had a worse prognosis as well as an upper tumor location, deeper tumor depth, and further advanced pathological stage. Multivariable prognostic analysis identified LTDL as an independent worse prognostic factor (P = 0.0128).

Conclusions

GC patients with the total nodal diameter measuring 45 mm or more on MDCT have a worse prognosis. GC patients with the novel surrogate indicator of worse prognosis for a preoperative imaging diagnosis may have need of multimodal treatment to improve the survival.
Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori‐induced gastritis by serum pepsinogen levels
Authors: Kitamura Yoko , Yoshihara Masaharu , Ito Masanori , Boda Tomoyuki , Matsuo Taiji , Kotachi Takahiro , Tanaka Shinji , Chayama Kazuaki
Published: May 2015

Background and Aim

Gastric cancer develops due to atrophic gastritis induced by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Serum levels of pepsinogen (PG) are known to be excellent markers for evaluating the degree of atrophic gastritis. We investigated whether chronic gastritis could be diagnosed by evaluating serum PG levels.

Methods

A total of 4483 patients (average age, 49.7 years; 2879 men) were included in this study. Fasting serum samples were collected and anti‐H. pylori antibody and PG levels were evaluated. We evaluated the endoscopic atrophy grade or histological extent of gastritis, and calculated the diagnostic capability of this serum marker.

Results

A total of 4483 patients, were diagnosed as being positive (4160) or negative (323) for H. pylori‐induced gastritis. In patients with H. pylori‐induced gastritis, the PG II levels were higher and the PG I/II ratios were lower than among those without H. pylori gastritis. A cut‐off values of (i) PG I/II ≤ 5; (ii) PG II ≥ 10 or PG I/II ≤ 5; (iii) PG II ≥ 12 or PG I/II ≤ 4.5 showed high sensitivity and accuracy (over 90%) for diagnosing H. pylori‐induced gastritis. Moreover, in a mass screening of healthy subjects, a cut‐off value of PG I/II ≤ 4.5 might be better for diagnosing the presence of gastritis because of a sensitivity and specificity > 80%.

Conclusions

The presence of H. pylori‐induced gastritis can be evaluated using serum PG levels.
Hepatic differentiation of human amniotic epithelial cells and in vivo therapeutic effect on animal model of cirrhosis
Authors: Lin Jaymie Siqi , Zhou Lei , Sagayaraj Antony , Jumat Nur Halisah Bte , Choolani Mahesh , Chan Jerry Kok Yen , Biswas Arijit , Wong Peng Cheang , Lim Seng Gee , Dan Yock Young
Published: May 2015

Background and Aim

Human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) have been touted as an ideal stem cell candidate, being ethically neutral, immunologically naïve, plentiful in origin, and retaining plasticity in its fetal stage. We hypothesized that by applying natural physiological signals of the developing liver, hAECs can be coaxed into becoming functional immunopermissive hepatocyte‐like cells. These cells would have tremendous potential for allogenic cellular transplantation in the treatment of chronic liver insufficiency.

Methods

hAECs were obtained from term placentas and subjected to hepatic trans‐differentiation. Hepatic differentiated cells were analyzed with immunophenotyping, electron microscopy, reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction as well as characterized for hepatic metabolic function. In vivo efficacy was tested using intrasplenic transplantation into non‐obese diabetic (NOD) Scid Gamma mice with thioacetamide‐induced chronic liver failure and analyzed for engraftment and improvement in liver indices.

Results

With hepatic differentiation, hAECs assumed a hepatocytic polygonal morphology with upregulation of transcription factors responsible for liver specification. These hepatic differentiated‐hAECs (HD‐AECs) demonstrated bile canaliculi formation, secreted albumin, eliminated indo‐cyanine green, uptook low‐density lipoprotein, and inducible CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 enzymatic activities. Transplantation of HD‐AECs and de novo hAECs in mice model of cirrhosis showed successful in vivo engraftment and differentiation into functional hepatocytes positive for human‐specific albumin. HD‐AEC cells that had undergone hepatic differentiation showed the greatest improvement in albumin function while preserving human leukocyte antigen‐G expression postdifferentiation.

Conclusion

hAECs were able to differentiate into functional hepatocyte‐like cells both in vivo and in vitro. They showed therapeutic efficacy after transplantation in mice model of cirrhosis, offering an exciting source of cells for generation of functionally useful hepatocytes.
Phonological Memory and the Acquisition of Grammar in Child L2 Learners
Authors: Verhagen Josje , Leseman Paul , Messer Marielle
Published: May 2015

Previous studies show that second language (L2) learners with large phonological me‐mory spans outperform learners with smaller memory spans on tests of L2 grammar. The current study investigated the relationship between phonological memory and L2 grammar in more detail than has been done earlier. Specifically, we asked how phonological memory relates to specific L2 grammar skills, after controlling for L2 vocabulary, and using different phonological memory tasks. Participants were 36 Turkish child learners of Dutch and 34 Dutch first‐language (L1) children. All participants completed a Dutch narrative task to assess their production of subject–verb agreement, auxiliaries, and verb placement, and a Dutch vocabulary test. Phonological memory was measured through serial recall of Dutch words, high‐probability nonwords, and low‐probability nonwords. The results show weak correlations between phonological memory and grammar in the L1 group due to ceiling effects. For the L2 group, moderate to strong correlations between phonological memory and grammar were found. Regression analyses showed that word recall significantly predicted all three L2 grammar skills, above and beyond vocabulary. These findings indicate that the ability to temporarily store L2 material in phonological memory is important for L2 grammar learning, but that specifics of the memory tasks also play a role.
The Detection and Primed Production of Novel Constructions
Authors: McDonough Kim , Fulga Angelica
Published: May 2015

Situated within second language (L2) research about the acquisition of morphosyntax, this study investigated English L2 speakers’ detection and primed production of a novel construction with morphological and structural features. We report on two experiments with Thai (n = 69) and Farsi (n = 70) English L2 speakers, respectively, carried out an aural construction learning task that provided low type‐frequency input with the transitive construction in Esperanto—which is marked by accusative case marking (–n) and flexible word order (subject‐verb‐object and object‐verb‐subject)—followed by aural comprehension tests and a priming activity (20 primes and 20 prompts). Results of the aural comprehension tests showed that 23% of the Thai participants (16/69) and 50% of the Farsi participants (35/70) detected the target construction in the input. Results of the primed production task revealed that only those participants who detected the target construction were able to be primed. The findings are discussed in relation to the role of speakers’ previously learned languages in the detection and primed production of novel constructions.
Guidelines for Reporting Quantitative Methods and Results in Primary Research
Authors: Norris John M. , Plonsky Luke , Ross Steven J. , Schoonen Rob
Published: May 2015

Adequate reporting of quantitative research about language learning involves careful consideration of the logic, rationale, and actions underlying both study designs and the ways in which data are analyzed. These guidelines, commissioned and vetted by the board of directors of Language Learning, outline the basic expectations for reporting of quantitative primary research with a specific focus on Method and Results sections. The guidelines are based on issues raised in: Norris, J. M., Ross, S., & Schoonen, R. (Eds.). (2015). Improving and extending quantitative reasoning in second language research. Currents in Language Learning, volume 2. Oxford, UK.
Learner Variables in Second Language Listening Comprehension: An Exploratory Path Analysis
Authors: Vandergrift Larry , Baker Susan
Published: May 2015

Listening comprehension plays a key role in language acquisition, yet little is known about the variables that contribute to the development of second language (L2) listening ability. This study sought to obtain empirical evidence for the impact of some of the learner variables and the degree to which they might predict success in L2 listening. The learner variables of interest included: first language (L1) listening ability, L1 vocabulary knowledge, L2 vocabulary knowledge, auditory discrimination ability, metacognitive awareness of listening, and working memory capacity. Data from 157 Grade Seven students in the first year of a French immersion program indicated a significant relationship among most of the variables and L2 listening ability. A number of path analyses were then conducted, based on hypothetical relationships suggested by current theory and research, in order to uncover relationships between the variables in determining L2 listening comprehension ability. The best fit to the data supported a model in which general skills (auditory discrimination and working memory) are initially important, leading to more specific language skills (L1 and L2 vocabulary) in determining L2 listening comprehension. In positing a provisional model, this study opens up useful avenues for further research on model building in L2 listening.
Embodied L2 Construction Learning
Authors: Eskildsen Søren W. , Wagner Johannes
Published: May 2015

This study uses conversation analysis (CA) to investigate the coupling of specific linguistic items with specific gestures in second language (L2) learning over time. In particular, we are interested in how gestures accompany learning of new vocabulary. CA‐informed studies of gesture have previously shown the importance of embodiment in L2 use and situated learning, substantiating the idea that gestures are ingrained in the ongoing work to achieve and maintain intersubjectivity. We investigate how the relation between talk and related embodied activities develops over time and indicates learning processes. Specifically, we show how gesture‐talk combinations that the co‐participants deploy at a certain point in time to display understanding are reused at later occasions. Examples investigated here are the prepositions under and across, and our data indicate that at least these specific linguistic constructions are deeply embodied in ways that change slowly over time around an iconic core, as the linguistic items are being learned, suggesting a strong link between L2 vocabulary learning and gestures.
Crassulacean acid metabolism: a continuous or discrete trait?
Authors: Winter Klaus , Holtum Joseph A. M. , Smith J. Andrew C.
Published: May 2015

The key components of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) – nocturnal fixation of atmospheric CO2 and its processing via Rubisco in the subsequent light period – are now reasonably well understood in terms of the biochemical reactions defining this water‐saving mode of carbon assimilation. Phenotypically, however, the degree to which plants engage in the CAM cycle relative to regular C3 photosynthesis is highly variable. Depending upon species, ontogeny and environment, the contribution of nocturnal CO2 fixation to 24‐h carbon gain can range continuously from close to 0% to 100%. Nevertheless, not all possible combinations of light and dark CO2 fixation appear equally common. Large‐scale surveys of carbon‐isotope ratios typically show a strongly bimodal frequency distribution, with relatively few intermediate values. Recent research has revealed that many species capable of low‐level CAM activity are nested within the peak of C3‐type isotope signatures. While questions remain concerning the adaptive significance of dark CO2 fixation in such species, plants with low‐level CAM should prove valuable models for investigating the discrete changes in genetic architecture and gene expression that have enabled the evolutionary transition from C3 to CAM.

Contents

Summary
73

I.
Introduction
73

II.
Phenotypic diversity
74

III.
Ecological context
74

IV.
Structure–function context
75

V.
Biochemical–genomics context
76

VI.
Transitional states?
76

VII.
Conclusions – what is a CAM plant?
77

Acknowledgements
77

References
77
Daily Dysfunction of Autonomic Regulation Based on Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Patients with Neurally Mediated Reflex Syncope
Authors: ONISHI YOSHIMI , MINOURA YOSHINO , CHIBA YUTA , ONUKI TATSUYA , ITO HIROYUKI , ADACHI TARO , ASANO TAKU , KOBAYASHI YOUICHI
Published: May 2015

Background

The onset of neurally mediated reflex syncope (NMRS) is associated with dysfunction of the autonomic regulatory system. Yet relatively little is known about the daily conditions of the autonomic regulation system in patients with NMRS. This study elucidated characteristics of daily autonomic function using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and evaluated the utility of ABPM for NMRS diagnosis.

Methods

Patients with syncope underwent the head‐up tilt test (HUT) (80°, 30 minutes). If no syncope occurred, the HUT was repeated with drug loading. ABPM was performed on a different day.

Results

The enrolled subjects were 152 consecutive patients with syncope and 12 controls. Sixty‐four patients with other diseases related to autonomic dysfunction were excluded. HUT with/without drug loading was positive in 40 patients (Group P) and negative in 48 patients (Group N). The average systolic blood pressure (SBP) in daytime was lower in Groups P and N than in the control group (Group C) (P < 0.05). The average diastolic blood pressure in daytime was also lower in Group P than in Group C (P < 0.05). The average standard deviation‐SBP at nighttime was higher in Groups P and N than in Group C (P < 0.05). In heart rate variability analysis, Group P had higher high frequency normalized unit in daytime than Groups C and N (P < 0.05, P < 0.1). Low frequency/high frequency was lower in Group P than in Group N in both daytime and nighttime (P < 0.1, P < 0.05).

Conclusion

This study suggests that patients with NMRS present with daily vagal hyperactivity and sympathetic dysfunction. ABPM may support the diagnosis of NMRS.
One Year Incidence of Atrial Septal Defect after PV Isolation: A Comparison Between Conventional Radiofrequency and Cryoballoon Ablation
Authors: MUGNAI GIACOMO , SIEIRA JUAN , CICONTE GIUSEPPE , HERVAS MARTA SORIANO , IRFAN GHAZALA , SAITOH YUKIO , HÜNÜK BURAK , Ströker ERWIN , VELAGIC VEDRAN , WAUTERS KRISTEL , TONDO CLAUDIO , MOLON GIULIO , ASMUNDIS CARLO DE , BRUGADA PEDRO , CHIERCHIA GIAN‐BATTISTA
Published: May 2015

Background

Transseptal (TS) catheterization is needed to access the left heart during pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) procedures. In the radiofrequency (RF) ablation procedure, left atrial access is commonly achieved with a double TS puncture; cryoballoon (CB) ablation usually requires only a single TS puncture. Our aim was to compare the incidence of iatrogenic septal defect (IASD) between double transseptal conventional RF and CB ablation.

Methods and Results

Individuals having undergone PVI as index procedure by RF or CB ablation and a subsequent transesophageal echocardiography examination during postablation follow‐up in our center were consecutively included. A total of 127 patients formed the study group (92 males; mean age 60 ± 11 years). IASD was present in 17 patients (13.4%) after a mean follow‐up time of 11.6 months. The incidence of IASD at 1‐year follow‐up following PVI was significantly higher in the CB ablation group compared with the RF ablation group (22.2% vs 8.5%; P = 0.03). Mean IASD diameter was larger in the CB group (0.60 cm × 0.50 cm vs 0.44 cm × 0.35 cm) without statistical significance. Only left to right atrial shunt was observed. No adverse events were recorded in these patients during the follow‐up.

Conclusions

the incidence of IASD at 1‐year follow‐up following CB ablation procedure for PVI is significantly higher with respect to RF procedures. Although no adverse clinical events were recorded in patients with persistence of IASD, more detailed echocardiographic examinations might be advised in all individuals exhibiting this finding.
Pocket Hematoma: A Call for Definition
Authors: DE SENSI FRANCESCO , MIRACAPILLO GENNARO , CRESTI ALBERTO , SEVERI SILVA , AIRAKSINEN KARI EINO JUHANI
Published: May 2015

Pocket hematoma is a common complication of cardiac implantable electronic device procedures and a potential risk factor for device infections, especially in patients on oral anticoagulation or antiplatelet treatment. There is a wide variability in the incidence of pocket hematoma and bleeding complications in the literature and the major cause for this seems to be the variability of the used definitions for hematomas. The lack of generally accepted definition for pocket hematoma renders the comparisons across the studies difficult. In this article, we briefly review the current literature on this issue and propose a uniform definition for pocket hematoma and criteria for grading the severity of hematoma in clinical practice and research.
Gene expression and functional analyses in brassinosteroid‐mediated stress tolerance
Authors: Divi Uday K. , Rahman Tawhidur , Krishna Priti
Published: May 2015

The plant hormone brassinosteroid (BR) plays essential roles in plant growth and development, while also controlling plant stress responses. This dual ability of BR is intriguing from a mechanistic point of view and as a viable solution for stabilizing crop yields under the changing climatic conditions. Here we report a time course analysis of BR responses under both stress and no‐stress conditions, the results of which establish that BR incorporates many stress‐related features even under no‐stress conditions, which are then accompanied by a dynamic stress response under unfavourable conditions. Found within the BR transcriptome were distinct molecular signatures of two stress hormones, abscisic acid and jasmonic acid, which were correlated with enhanced endogenous levels of the two hormones in BR‐treated seedlings. The marked presence of genes related to protein metabolism and modification, defence responses and calcium signalling highlights the significance of their associated mechanisms and roles in BR processes. Functional analysis of loss‐of‐function mutants of a subset of genes selected from the BR transcriptome identified abiotic stress‐related roles for ACID PHOSPHATASE5 (ACP5), WRKY33, JACALIN‐RELATED LECTIN1‐3 (JAC‐LEC1‐3) and a BR‐RESPONSIVE‐RECEPTOR‐LIKE KINASE (BRRLK). Overall, the results of this study provide a clear link between the molecular changes impacted by BR and its ability to confer broad‐range stress tolerance, emphasize the importance of post‐translational modification and protein turnover as BR regulatory mechanisms and demonstrate the BR transcriptome as a repertoire of new stress‐related regulatory and structural genes.
Achromobacter xylosoxidans Bacteremia and Cellulitis: A Report of a Case
Authors: Dai Julia , Huen Auris O. , Kestenbaum Lori A. , Sarezky Margaret D. , Coughlin Carrie C. , Yan Albert C.
Published: May 2015

Achromobacter xylosoxidans is a rare, opportunistic infection most commonly encountered in immunocompromised patients during hospitalization. Primary uncomplicated bacteremia, catheter‐associated infections, and pneumonia have been reported as the most common clinical presentations; skin and soft tissue infections from A. xylosoxidans are rare. We describe a case of A. xylosoxidans presenting as cellulitis and bacteremia in an immunocompromised patient.
Phototherapeutic Effect of Low‐Level Laser on Thyroid Gland of Gamma‐Irradiated Rats
Authors: Morcos Nadia , Omran Manar , Ghanem Hala , Elahdal Mahmoud , Kamel Nashwa , Attia Elbatoul
Published: May 2015

One inescapable feature of life on the earth is exposure to ionizing radiation. The thyroid gland is one of the most sensitive organs to gamma‐radiation and endocrine disrupters. Low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) has been used to stimulate tissue repair, and reduce inflammation. The aim of this study was to gauge the value of using Helium–Neon laser to repair the damaged tissues of thyroid gland after gamma‐irradiation. Albino rats were used in this study (144 rats), divided into control, gamma, laser, and gamma plus laser‐irradiated groups, each group was divided into six subgroups according to time of treatment (total six sessions). Rats were irradiated once with gamma radiation (6 Gy), and an external dose of laser (Wavelength 632.8 nm, 12 mW, CW, Illuminated area 5.73 cm2, 2.1 mW cm−2, 120 s, 1.4 J, 0.252 J cm−2) twice weekly localized on thyroid region of the neck, for a total of six sessions. Animals were sacrificed after each session. Analysis included thyroid function, oxidative stress markers, liver function and blood picture. Results revealed improvement in thyroid function, liver function and antioxidant levels, and the blood cells count after LLLT.
Rotation of Boar Semen Doses During Storage Affects Sperm Quality
Authors: Schulze M , Rüdiger K , Waberski D
Published: May 2015

Contents

It is common practice to rotate boar semen doses during storage for prevention of sperm sedimentation. In this study, the effect of rotation of boar semen doses during storage on sperm quality was investigated. Manual turning twice daily and automatic rotation five times per hour resulted in the following effects: alkalinization of the BTS‐extender, loss of membrane integrity at day 3, and loss of motility and changes in sperm kinematics during a thermoresistance test at day 5. Using a pH‐stabilized variant of BTS extender, sperm motility and velocity decreased in continuously rotated samples, whereas membrane integrity and mitochondrial activity remain unaffected. It is concluded that rotation of semen samples adversely affects sperm quality and, therefore, should no longer be recommended for AI practice.
Putting Sociological Knowledge to Good Use
Authors: Blau Judith
Published: May 2015

Sociologists, I propose, have a great deal to contribute to research and theory on human rights, especially owing to the many ways we approach the study of the many aspects of society. In this article I suggest some ways in which sociology can contribute to this mission.
Refighting Pickett's Charge: Mathematical Modeling of the Civil War Battlefield*
Authors: Armstrong Michael J. , Sodergren Steven E.
Published: May 2015

Objective

We model Pickett's Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg to see whether the Confederates could have achieved victory by committing more infantry, executing a better barrage, or facing a weaker defense.

Methods

Our mathematical modeling is based on Lanchester equations, calibrated using historical army strengths. We weight the Union artillery and infantry two different ways using two sources of data, and so have four versions of the model.

Results

The models estimate that a successful Confederate charge would have required at least one to three additional brigades. An improved artillery barrage would have reduced these needs by about one brigade. A weaker Union defense could have allowed the charge to succeed as executed.

Conclusions

The Confederates plausibly had enough troops to take the Union position and alter the battle's outcome, but likely too few to further exploit such a success.
A novel allele, HLA‐DRB1*10:07 was identified in a Chinese individual
Authors: He J.‐J. , Zhang W. , Wang W. , He J. , Zhu F.‐M. , Lv H.‐J.
Published: May 2015

HLA‐DRB1*10:07 shows one nucleotide different from HLA‐DRB1*10:01:01 at position 328 in exon 2.
Teaching creative writing in English in the Chinese context
Authors: DAI FAN
Published: May 2015

This paper attempts to illustrate a pedagogical framework for teaching creative writing in English in the Chinese context. The discussion has been informed by more than three years of teaching to sophomores of the Department of English at Sun Yat‐sen University. Creative writing courses in English are few and far between in Chinese universities at present, but the popularity of such courses may grow as teachers come to see their value in not only improving students’ written proficiency in English, but also in contributing to critical thinking and creativity conducive to students’ education in the widest sense.
Electron emission properties of Cs3Sb photocathode emitters in a panel device
Authors: Jeong Hyo-Soo , Keller Kris , Culkin Brad
Published: May 2015

A Cs3Sb photocathode was deposited on a flat metal surface using a nonvacuum processing technique and in-situ panel devices were fabricated. The technique does not require ultrahigh vacuum conditions as in conventional techniques. The electrical characteristics of the panel devices were investigated by measuring the anode current as functions of devices operation times. Blue light with a 450 nm wavelength was used as an excitation source. The result shows that the Cs3Sb photocathode emitter has the potential of a long lifetime with stable electron emission characteristics in the panel making it a suitable cathode material for panel devices.