bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Utilization of Electrolytic Manganese Residues in Production of Porous Ceramics
Authors: Wu Fang‐Fang , Li Xue‐Ping , Zhong Hong , Wang Shuai
Published: November 2015

Electrolytic manganese residues (EMR) are one of industrial by‐products generated during the production of electrolytic manganese metal. To reduce the EMR hazard to environment and invent value‐added materials, porous ceramics were prepared by the pore‐forming method with EMR and various additives. The influences of the incorporation of different additives, sintering temperature, and molding pressure on properties of porous ceramics were investigated. Properties such as apparent porosity, water absorption, bulk density, and compression strength have been measured. The EMR‐based porous ceramics were also characterized by XRD, SEM, BET‐specific surface area, and BJH pore size distribution measurement. It revealed that the appropriate mode was the sample containing 20 wt% carbon powder, 7.5 wt% dolomite, and 5 wt% kaoline, under which the ceramics with the properties of high apparent porosity (69.70%), high compressive strength (6.97 MPa), and good acidity–alkali stability were obtained successfully. The comprehensive performance of EMR‐based porous ceramics makes them advantageous to use as nonhazardous and valuable materials showing promising potential applications, which not only is a promising new approach to improve the resource utilization of EMR but also can promote the manganese industry's sustainable and healthy development and protect and improve ecological environment.
Altered expression of keratin 14 in lesional epidermis of autoimmune skin diseases
Authors: Wei Xiaoying , Fricker Katharina , Enk Alexander H. , Hadaschik Eva N.
Published: November 2015

Background

Keratin 14 (K14) is an intermediate filament protein that is mainly expressed in the basal layer of healthy stratified epithelia. K14 has been identified as an autoantigen in the autoimmune‐mediated skin disease of Scurfy mice and patients with the “immune dysregulation polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, and X‐linked” syndrome.

Objectives

To examine whether K14 is a target protein in autoimmune skin diseases (ASD), we analyzed the expression pattern of K14 in lesional skin of patients with lichen ruber, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, graft‐versus‐host disease, psoriasis, and pemphigus vulgaris, and evaluated the reactivity of patient sera with recombinantly expressed and epidermis‐derived K14.

Methods

K14 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry on paraffin‐embedded tissue sections of 17 healthy individuals and 58 patients with ASD. Sera from 10 healthy individuals and 41 patients with ASD were analyzed by Western blot for the presence of anti‐K14 autoantibodies.

Results

In skin of patients with ASD, K14 expression is retained in suprabasal layers. In ASD with interface dermatitis, we observed focal loss of K14 within the basal layer and in hair follicles as well. A scattered dot‐like K14 staining is seen in papillary dermis, most prominently in cutaneous lupus erythematosus and lichen ruber. Using Western blot, we show that sera of different patients with ASD recognize recombinantly expressed K14.

Conclusion

We show focal loss of K14 in the basal epidermis correlating with interface dermatitis and hair follicle involvement. Moreover, enhanced reactivity of sera of patients with atopic dermatitis with K14 suggests K14 may function as an autoantigen in ASD.
Requirement for vitamin D supplementation in patients using photoprotection: variations in vitamin D levels and bone formation markers
Authors: Bogaczewicz Jaroslaw , Karczmarewicz Elzbieta , Pludowski Pawel , Zabek Jakub , Wozniacka Anna
Published: November 2015

Background

Avoiding sun exposure is obligatory in photodermatoses; however, the need for oral supplementation with vitamin D appears unrecognized. The aim of the study was to investigate the seasonal variation of vitamin D level and bone formation markers in healthy individuals and to compare it with vitamin D status in patients using photoprotection.

Methods

Thirty‐four healthy inhabitants of the Lodz region, Poland, a country in central Europe (51° and 52° north latitudes), were examined at the baseline visit within 2 weeks of peak sun exposure during recreational activity on vacation, after 8, and after 16 weeks. The group of patients using photoprotection comprised 104 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Serum 25(OH) vitamin D, procollagen type I N‐terminal propeptide (PINP), and osteocalcin levels were measured.

Results

The serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentration was lower and vitamin D deficiency more common in patients using photoprotection than in healthy individuals during the warm and the cold season (P < 0.05). In healthy individuals, vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent after 8 and 16 weeks than at baseline assessment (P < 0.001). PINP level was 39.56 (30.51–53.22) ng/ml, and elevated in 50% of individuals, whereas osteocalcin was 18.88 (13.52–21.33) ng/ml, and within reference range.

Conclusions

Diagnoses of vitamin D deficiency and oral supplementation in patients using photoprotection need to be included in practice. Peak 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels are probably achieved from vitamin D skin synthesis during the summertime and fall over time, starting from August. Elevated levels of PINP appear in line with the process of bone remodeling related to age.
Leishmaniasis in Yemen: a clinicoepidemiological study of leishmaniasis in central Yemen
Authors: Al‐Kamel Mohamed A.
Published: November 2015

Background

Leishmaniasis is a serious public health problem in Yemen.

Objectives

This study was designed to identify clinical and epidemiological features of leishmaniasis in Yemen.

Methods

The study was conducted at the Regional Leishmaniasis Control Center in central Yemen. Data sourced from the medical records of 152 patients with confirmed active leishmaniasis, managed during April–August 2013, were analyzed.

Results

A total of 94.1% of patients were rural residents. Al Bayda was the most endemic governorate (59.9%). Children represented the group at highest risk (57.2%), followed by adult females (32.9%); together these groups accounted for 90.1% of all patients. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis was the most prevalent form (49.3%), followed by cutaneous leishmaniasis (47.4%), and visceral leishmaniasis (3.3%). The wet ulcer was the most common type of lesion (49.7%) and the single lesion (69.4%) represented the most common presentation. All patients were ignorant of the nature of the disease, and 55.9% had a history of using “popular” treatments.

Conclusions

Cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniases have significant endemicity in Yemen, especially in central areas. Al Bayda is the governorate with the highest endemicity, and rural children and women represent the populations at highest risk. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis seems to be the most prevalent form and a single wet ulcer is the most common presentation. Infected refugees may represent new foci for imported Leishmania species. Ecology, geography, climate change, cultural gender‐ and age‐specific duties, urban night activities, and use of popular treatments are among proven risk factors.
Quality of life in South African Black women with alopecia: a pilot study
Authors: Dlova Ncoza C. , Fabbrocini Gabriella , Lauro Carlo , Spano Maria , Tosti Antonella , Hift Richard H.
Published: November 2015

Background

Alopecia has been shown to have a significant impact on quality of life (QoL), particularly in women. However, there are no data for African populations. This study was conducted to pilot an original questionnaire and a model‐based methodology to measure QoL and its determinants in a sample of South African Black women of African ancestry with alopecia.

Methods

Fifty participants aged 21–79 years were randomly chosen from patients presenting to dermatologists with alopecia. We used an original questionnaire consisting of 24 items grouped into those assessing the respective impacts of subjective symptoms, objective signs, and relationship issues, measured on a four‐level scale. These were then combined using component‐based structural equation modeling to return a QoL index (QLI) and to rank the factors contributing to this.

Results

On a scale ranging from 0 (high QoL) to 100 (severely decreased QoL), we found a mean QLI of 67.7. The negative impact of alopecia on QoL was higher in younger patients than older patients. The factors with the highest impact were those relating to the subjective experience of alopecia and self‐image (56.3%), followed by those relevant to relationships and interaction with other people (34.8%). The presence of objective symptoms and signs such as pruritus was of minor importance (8.9%).

Conclusions

Although not a life‐threatening condition, alopecia may seriously impair QoL, particularly by inducing anxiety and reducing self‐esteem among African women. Healthcare practitioners should be mindful of this and intervene appropriately to mitigate these effects.
Contact allergy in cheilitis
Authors: O'Gorman Susan M. , Torgerson Rochelle R.
Published: November 2015

Background

Recalcitrant non‐actinic cheilitis may indicate contact allergy.

Objectives

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of allergic contact cheilitis (ACC) in patients with non‐actinic cheilitis and to identify the most relevant allergens.

Methods

We used an institutional database to identify patients with non‐actinic cheilitis who underwent patch testing between January 1, 2001, and August 31, 2011, and conducted a retrospective review of patch test results in these patients. Additional data were obtained from institutional electronic medical records.

Results

Ninety‐one patients (70 [77%] female; mean age: 51 years) were included in the study. Almost half (41 [45%]) had a final diagnosis of ACC. Patch testing was performed in line with universally accepted methods, with application on day 1, allergen removal and an initial reading on day 3, and the final reading on day 5. The allergens of most significance were fragrance mix, Myroxylon pereirae resin, dodecyl gallate, octyl gallate, and benzoic acid. Nickel was the most relevant metal allergen.

Conclusions

Contact allergy is an important consideration in recalcitrant cheilitis. Fragrances, antioxidants, and preservatives dominated the list of relevant allergens in our patients. Nickel and gold were among the top 10 allergens. Almost half (45%) of these patients had a final diagnosis of ACC. Patch testing beyond the oral complete series should be undertaken in any investigation of non‐actinic cheilitis.
Clinical study of 20 patients with incontinentia pigmenti
Authors: Poziomczyk Claudia S. , Bonamigo Renan R. , Santa Maria Fernanda D. , Zen Paulo R. G. , Kiszewski Ana E.
Published: November 2015

Background

Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is a rare genodermatosis with early prenatal lethality in affected males. Clinical manifestations are usually more exuberant in sporadic than in familial cases. Cutaneous manifestations occur in all sporadic cases and about 96% of familial cases. As well as the skin, other tissues arising from the neuroectoderm may be affected.

Objectives

This study was designed to evaluate dermatologic, dental, neurologic, and ophthalmologic manifestations in patients with IP.

Methods

Findings in IP patients and family members also diagnosed with IP in Porto Alegre, Brazil, during 2003–2012, were analyzed.

Results

Thirteen children and seven relatives were diagnosed with IP; 38.4% of cases were familial, and 61.5% were sporadic. Mean ± standard deviation follow‐up was 46.08 ± 39.47 months. Frequencies of 100% and 85.7% for dermatologic manifestations, 23.0% and 0% for neurologic manifestations, 62.5% and 71.4% for dental manifestations, and 11.1% and 42.8% for ophthalmologic manifestations were found in affected children and relatives, respectively. Associated diseases include Wilms’ tumor, myasthenia gravis, Still's syndrome, and congenital hypothyroidism.

Conclusions

These findings reinforce the heterogeneity of dermatologic findings and the numerous extracutaneous manifestations requiring a multidisciplinary approach. The follow‐up of patients with IP is important in the detection of serious associated diseases. The relationships between these disorders and IP raise the need for additional longitudinal studies with longterm monitoring of these patients. The management of IP in clinical practice may benefit from early efforts to detect associated diseases.
Daily, seasonal, and latitudinal variations in solar ultraviolet A and B radiation in relation to vitamin D production and risk for skin cancer
Authors: Grigalavicius Mantas , Moan Johan , Dahlback Arne , Juzeniene Asta
Published: November 2015

Background

Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation varies with latitude, time of day, and season. Both spectral UV composition and ambient UV dose lead to different health outcomes at different latitudes. Finding the optimal time for sun exposure, whereby the positive effects of UV exposure (vitamin D) are facilitated and the negative effects (skin cancer, photoimmunosuppression) avoided are the most important consideration in modern skin cancer prevention programs.

Objectives

This paper focuses on the latitude dependency of UVB, UVA, vitamin D production, and skin cancer risk in Caucasians.

Methods

Biologically effective UVB (280–315 nm) and UVA (315–400 nm) doses were calculated using radiative transfer models with appropriate climatologic data for selected locations. Incidences of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and cutaneous melanoma (CM) were retrieved from cancer registries and published articles.

Results

Annual doses of UVA radiation decrease much less with increasing latitude than annual doses of UVB. Incidences of CM also decrease less steeply with increasing latitude than incidences of SCC. As SCC is caused mainly by UVB, these observations support the assumption that UVA plays an important role in the development of CM. The variations in UVA (relevant to CM) and UVB (relevant to vitamin D production) over 1 day differ: the UVB : UVA ratio is maximal at noon.

Conclusions

The best way to obtain a given dose of vitamin D with minimal carcinogenic risk is through a non‐burning exposure in the middle of the day, rather than in the afternoon or morning.
Stanniocalcin1 gene expression in patients with acute leukemia: impact on response to therapy and disease outcome
Authors: Abaza H. M. H. , Elmougy M. I. , El Maraghy H. M. A. , Mahmoud H. M.
Published: November 2015

Introduction

Stanniocalcin1 (STC1) is a hormone that regulates cell growth and survival; this study aimed to evaluate the STC1 gene expression in patients with acute leukemia and assess its prognostic significance.

Methods

Seventy‐six patients with acute leukemia were enrolled for determination of mRNA STC1 by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction at diagnosis and at day 28.

Results

Median STC1 gene expression was 16.2 and 4.43 in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and 9.67 and 2.37 in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia on days 0 and 28, respectively. A cutoff level for STC1 gene expression was established subdividing patients into high‐ and low‐STC1 gene expression groups. Median STC1 gene expression at days 0 and 28 was significantly higher among patients who were nonresponders to therapy than among those who were therapy responders in both groups. Patients achieving complete remission had significantly lower baseline STC1 gene expression than those in relapse. High STC1 gene expression was associated with shorter overall and disease‐free survival times.

Conclusion

STC1 gene expression at diagnosis might be a useful prognostic marker for clinical outcome and monitoring therapeutic response in patients with acute leukemia.
Mindray BC‐6800 body fluid mode, performance of nucleated cells, and differential count in ascitic and pleural fluids
Authors: Buoro S. , Mecca T. , Azzarà G. , Seghezzi M. , Candiago E. , Gianatti A. , Crippa A. , La Gioia A.
Published: November 2015

Introduction

An accurate and rapid analysis of cells in body fluids (BFs) is important for diagnosis and follow‐up in many pathological conditions. We evaluated the analytical performance of the module BF Mindray BC‐6800 (BC‐6800‐BF) for cytometric analysis of ascitic and pleural fluids.

Methods

A total of 99 ascitic and 45 pleural samples were collected and assessed with BC‐6800‐BF and optical microscopy. This study also includes the evaluation of limit blank (LoB), limit detection (LoD), limit quantitation, (LoQ), carryover, linearity, and diagnostic concordance between the two methods.

Results

For TC‐BF, LoB was 1 × 106 cells/L, LoD was 3 × 106 cells/L, and LoQ was 4 × 106 cells/L. Linearity was excellent (r2 = 0.99) and carryover was negligible. TC‐BF performed with the two methods showed Pearson's correlation of 0.99 (P < 0.0001), Passing–Bablok regression y = 1.04x − 1.17, and bias 33.7 cells. In ascitic fluids, polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) showed an area under curve (AUC) of 0.98 (P < 0.0001). In pleural fluids, mononuclear cells (MN) and PMN % displayed an AUC of 0.79 (P < 0.0001) and 0.93 (P < 0.0001), respectively.

Conclusions

BC‐6800‐BF in ascitic and pleural fluids offers rapid and accurate cell and differential counts in clinically relevant concentration ranges. The use of BC‐6800‐BF may allow to replace routine optical counting, except for samples displaying abnormal cell counts or abnormal DIFF scattergram.
Management of Indigenous patients presenting with non ST‐segment elevation acute coronary syndrome in South Australia: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Roe Y. L. , Esterman A. , McDermott R. , Zeitz C.
Published: November 2015

Aim

Using Australian guidelines for management of acute coronary syndromes, we assessed the probability of an Indigenous patient receiving interventional and therapeutic care after presenting in two metropolitan hospitals.

Methods

A retrospective case note review of patients admitted through two Adelaide public tertiary hospital emergency departments from December 2007 to December 2009. The study cohort was 488 patients with high‐risk clinical features without ST‐segment elevation.

Results

Indigenous patients were significantly younger, present later in the disease process and have a higher burden of cardiovascular risk factors when compared with non‐Indigenous patients. Indigenous patients were 54% more likely to receive angiography (Risk ratios (RR) = 1.54; 95% CI 1.31; 1.81) than non‐Indigenous patients, however, this difference disappeared after adjustment for age, sex and propensity score. Indigenous patients were 20% more likely to receive the recommended medications (RR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.01; 1.40) compared with non‐Indigenous patients. Patients over 65 years were 53% less likely to receive an angiogram (RR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.38; 0.56) and were 35% less likely to receive the recommended medications (RR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.54; 0.78) than a patient at the ages of 18–49. Women were almost 20% less likely to receive an angiogram (RR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.66; 0.99) and 20% less likely to receive the recommended medications (RR = 0.80, 95% CI 0.71; 0.91) when compared with men. The likelihood of receiving medications on discharge was significantly influenced by age, gender, ethnicity, comorbid burden and revascularisation.

Conclusions

The younger age and significantly higher‐risk profile of Indigenous adults presenting to SA hospitals with acute coronary syndromes appears to lead to different management decisions, which may well be led by patient factors. Many of these risk conditions can be better managed in the primary care setting.
Adhesive systems for restoring primary teeth: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of in vitro studies
Authors: Lenzi Tathiane Larissa , Gimenez Thais , Tedesco Tamara Kerber , Mendes Fausto Medeiros , Rocha Rachel de Oliveira , Raggio Daniela Prócida
Published: November 2015

Aim

To systematically review the literature for in vitro studies that evaluated the immediate or after ageing bond strength of etch‐and‐rinse and self‐etch adhesive systems to enamel and dentin of primary teeth.

Design

The search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, SciELO, Lilacs, and Scopus databases with no publication year or language limits, following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses (PRISMA) statement. From 459 potentially eligible studies, 39 were selected for full‐text analysis, and 5 were identified in reference lists, with 36 considered in the meta‐analysis. Two reviewers independently selected the studies, extracted the data, and assessed the risk of bias. Pooling bond strength data was calculated using random effects analysis method, comparing two categories of adhesives (etch‐and‐rinse versus self‐etch systems) when applied in different types and conditions of substrate (α  =  0.05).

Results

No statistical significant difference in bond strength between both categories was observed in caries‐affected dentin at immediate evaluation and in sound dentin after ageing. Etch‐and‐rinse adhesives, however, performed better in sound enamel and dentin substrates considering immediate bond strength. None study assessed the long‐term adhesive effectiveness to sound or demineralized enamel.

Conclusion

Although the articles included in this meta‐analysis showed high heterogeneity and high risk of bias, the in vitro literature suggests superior performance of etch‐and‐rinse adhesives in primary teeth in comparison with self‐etch systems.
Expression of inflammatory cytokines and MMPs on replanted teeth at different extra‐alveolar time: an ex vivo and in vivo study
Authors: Ahn Hyo Jung , Nam Ok Hyung , Lee Hyo‐Seol , Kim Eun‐Cheol , Cohenca Nestor , Choi Sung Chul
Published: November 2015

Background

Immediately after the avulsed tooth is replanted, a complex inflammatory response ensues. As part of the periodontium healing process, the extracellular matrix macromolecules are essential to create the cellular environment required during healing and morphogenesis.

Aim

This study was designed to evaluate the correlation between different extra‐alveolar dry times and inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as part of the periodontal ligament (PDL) gene expression.

Design

The first phase of the study aimed testing human PDL cells ex vivo. Extracted teeth were dried for 15 and 30 min. The PDL cells were extracted and analyzed by qRT‐PCR. The second phase was performed in vivo, and 36 Sprague Dawley rat first maxillary molars were extracted and replanted after 15, 30, and 60 min extra‐alveolar time. We tested the levels of inflammatory cytokines and MMPS in periodontal tissue at 3, 7, and 28 days after tooth replantation. The replanted area was dissected, grounded, and analyzed by RT‐PCR.

Results

Expressions of IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, and MMP‐3 and MMP‐9 were significantly higher in the replanted teeth. Extended dry time had a direct correlation with induction of pro‐inflammatory cytokine and MMPs in PDL cells.

Conclusion

Our study showed that pro‐inflammatory cytokines were more significantly expressed in the tissues surrounding the replanted teeth. Future research must be undertaken to additionally confirm the release of these cytokines and be focused on the inhibition of these cytokines to reduce inflammation of replanted teeth.
A population‐based estimate of the economic burden of influenza in Peru, 2009–2010
Authors: Tinoco Yeny O. , Azziz‐Baumgartner Eduardo , Rázuri Hugo , Kasper Matthew R. , Romero Candice , Ortiz Ernesto , Gomez Jorge , Widdowson Marc‐Alain , Uyeki Timothy M. , Gilman Robert H. , Bausch Daniel G. , Montgomery Joel M. ,   the Peru Influenza Cohorts Working Group
Published: November 2015

Introduction

Influenza disease burden and economic impact data are needed to assess the potential value of interventions. Such information is limited from resource‐limited settings. We therefore studied the cost of influenza in Peru.

Methods

We used data collected during June 2009–December 2010 from laboratory‐confirmed influenza cases identified through a household cohort in Peru. We determined the self‐reported direct and indirect costs of self‐treatment, outpatient care, emergency ward care, and hospitalizations through standardized questionnaires. We recorded costs accrued 15‐day from illness onset. Direct costs represented medication, consultation, diagnostic fees, and health‐related expenses such as transportation and phone calls. Indirect costs represented lost productivity during days of illness by both cases and caregivers. We estimated the annual economic cost and the impact of a case of influenza on a household.

Results

There were 1321 confirmed influenza cases, of which 47% sought health care. Participants with confirmed influenza illness paid a median of $13 [interquartile range (IQR) 5–26] for self‐treatment, $19 (IQR 9–34) for ambulatory non‐medical attended illness, $29 (IQR 14–51) for ambulatory medical attended illness, and $171 (IQR 113–258) for hospitalizations. Overall, the projected national cost of an influenza illness was $83–$85 millions. Costs per influenza illness represented 14% of the monthly household income of the lowest income quartile (compared to 3% of the highest quartile).

Conclusion

Influenza virus infection causes an important economic burden, particularly among the poorest families and those hospitalized. Prevention strategies such as annual influenza vaccination program targeting SAGE population at risk could reduce the overall economic impact of seasonal influenza.
Warmth and competence in animals
Authors: Sevillano Verónica , Fiske Susan T.
Published: November 2015

Social‐perception dimensions may explain human‐animal relationships because animals show intent toward humans (social perception's warmth dimension) and, consequently, their potential effect on humans is relevant (competence dimension). After reviewing current literature about perceptions of animals’ ascribed intentions and abilities, three studies tested the Stereotype Content Model (SCM) (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu, 2002) and the Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes Map (Cuddy, Fiske, & Glick, 2007) regarding animal targets. Study 1 found a four‐cluster SCM structure. Warmth and competence judgments predicted specific emotions and behavioral tendencies toward animals (Study 2). Study 3 supported associations between animals and social groups based on their respective perceived warmth and competence. Taken together, results showed the relevance of SCM dimensions for social perception of animals.
Shaping species with ephemeral boundaries: the distribution and genetic structure of desert tortoise (Gopherus morafkai) in the Sonoran Desert region
Authors: Edwards Taylor , Vaughn Mercy , Rosen Philip C. , Meléndez Torres Cristina , Karl Alice E. , Culver Melanie , Murphy Robert W.
Published: November 2015

Aim

We examine the role biogeographical features played in the evolution of Morafka's desert tortoise (Gopherus morafkai) and test the hypothesis thatG. morafkaimaintains genetically distinct lineages associated with different Sonoran Desert biomes. Increased knowledge of the past and present distribution of the Sonoran Desert region's biota provides insight into the forces that drive and maintain its biodiversity.

Location

Sonoran Desert biogeographical region; Sonora and Sinaloa, Mexico and Arizona, USA.

Methods

We examined wild tortoises from Mexico (n = 155) and Arizona (n = 78), spanning their known distribution. We used mtDNAsequences to reconstruct matrilineal relationships and 25 microsatellite (STR) loci for Bayesian analyses of gene flow. We performed clinal analyses on both mtDNAandSTRloci to determine the position and amount of introgression where lineages co‐occur. We usedGISto assess the association of genetic structuring with ecological features. We used these data in a hypothesis‐driven approach to assess different models of how genetic diversity is maintained and distributed inG. morafkai.

Results

Gopherus morafkaiwas found to comprise genetically and geographically distinct ‘Sonoran’ and ‘Sinaloan’ lineages. Both lineages occurred in a relatively narrow zone of overlap in Sinaloan thornscrub, where it transitions into Sonoran desertscrub. Limited introgression occurred at the contact zone. The best‐fit model suggests that these lineages diverged in parapatry where the distribution of genotypes is environment‐dependent and introgression is inhibited by exogenous selection.

Main conclusions

The historically shifting ecotone between tropical deciduous forest and Sonoran desertscrub appears to be a boundary that fostered divergence between parapatric lineages of tortoises. The sharp genetic cline between the two lineages suggests that periods of isolation in temporary refugia due to Pleistocene climatic cycling influenced divergence. Despite incomplete reproductive isolation, the Sonoran and Sinaloan lineages ofG. morafkaiare on separate evolutionary trajectories.
A meta‐analysis of XPC Lys939Gln polymorphism and melanoma susceptibility
Authors: Jiang W. , Zhang H. , Chen Q.W. , Xie S.
Published: November 2015

Background

It has been reported that polymorphisms of XPC Lys939Gln may affect the risk of melanom. However, the results have been inconsistent.We performed a comprehensive meta‐analysis to determine the association between XPC Lys939Gln polymorphism and melanoma susceptibility.

Methods

Based on comprehensive searches of the MEDLINE, EMBASE and ISI Web of knowledge, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang Database, we identified eligible studies about the association between XPC Lys939Gln polymorphism and melanoma risk.

Results

A total of 4631 cases and 5111 controls in studies were included in this meta‐analysis. All studies were conducted in Caucasian populations. Allele model (Gln vs. Lys: P = 0.22; OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.96–1.18), and homozygous model (Gln/Gln vs. Lys/Lys: P = 0.66; OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.91–1.17) did not show increased risk of developing melanoma. Similarly, dominant model Gln/Gln and Gln/Lys vs. Lys/Lys: P = 0.07; OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.99–1.40) and recessive model (Gln/Gln vs. Gln/Lys and Lys/Lys: P = 0.67; OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.90–1.19) failed to show increased risk of developing melanoma.

Conclusion

Our pooled data suggest that there was no evidence for a major role of XPC Lys939Gln polymorphism in the pathogenesis of melanoma.
Collecting and Pooling Assessment and Outcome Data in Couple and Family Therapy Training Clinics: Reasons to Do It, Common Problems, and Some Suggestions for Avoiding Them
Authors: Wampler Karen S. , Bartle‐Haring Suzanne
Published: November 2015

The article by Johnson et al. (2015) is an excellent example of many of the advantages and challenges of collecting data in clinics associated with Couple and Family Therapy training programs. In the hopes of encouraging more use of clinic datasets for research, we suggest some ways to improve the feasibility, quality, and value of routinely collecting such data.
Contractual Practice and Land Conflicts: The ‘Plant & Share’ Arrangement in Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Colin Jean‐Philippe
Published: November 2015

This paper tackles the broad issue of agrarian contracts, property rights and conflicts in the context of rural Côte d'Ivoire. Since the beginning of the 2000s, a new type of contractual arrangement has been developing rapidly: the ‘Plant & Share’ contract. Through such a contract, a landowner provides the land to a farmer who develops a perennial tree crop plantation; when production starts, the plantation, the plantation and the land, or the product is shared. The aim of the paper is to discuss the conflictive features of the arrangement. I argue that this contract, in spite of its potential for tensions and conflicts, constitutes an alternative to the much more conflictive land sales that currently dominate extra‐familial land transfers in the country.
Evidence of an evolutionary‐developmental trade‐off between drag avoidance and tolerance strategies in wave‐swept intertidal kelps (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae)
Authors: Starko Samuel , Martone Patrick T.
Published: November 2015

Kelps are a clade of morphologically diverse, ecologically important habitat‐forming species. Many kelps live in wave‐swept environments and are exposed to chronic flow‐induced stress. In order to grow and survive in these harsh environments, kelps can streamline (reducing drag coefficient) to avoid drag or to increase attachment and breakage force to tolerate it. We aimed to quantify the drag tolerance and streamlining strategies of kelps from wave‐swept intertidal habitats. We measured drag coefficient and tenacity of populations from eight kelp species over a wide range of sizes to determine whether kelps avoid dislodgement by reducing drag coefficient or by increasing tenacity as they grow, and whether these traits are traded off. We employed phylogenetic comparative methods to rule out potentially confounding effects of species' relatedness. There was a significant negative relationship between drag avoidance and tolerance strategies, even after incorporating phylogeny. Kelps that were more tenacious were less able to reduce drag, resulting in a continuum from “tolerators” to “streamliners,” with some species demonstrating intermediate, mixed strategies. Drag and tenacity were correlated with geometric properties (i.e., second moment of area) of the stipe in large kelps. Results presented in this study suggest that kelps are either strong or streamlined, but not both. This continuum is consistent with avoidance and tolerance trade‐offs that have been documented in many different biological systems and may have widespread implications for the evolution of large macroalgae, perhaps driving morphological diversity within this group.
Effects of periodontal treatment on inflammation and oxidative stress markers in patients with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Torumtay G. , Kırzıoğlu F. Y. , Öztürk Tonguç M. , Kale B. , Calapoğlu M. , Orhan H.
Published: November 2015

Background and Objective

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a combination of risk factors (e.g. impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia) that significantly contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of nonsurgical periodontal treatment (NSPT) on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in individuals with MetS and systemically healthy (SH) who were chronic periodontitis (CP).

Material and Methods

A total of 50 patients with chronic periodontitis (25 with MetS and 25 SH) were included. Clinical periodontal measurements were recorded, and serum and whole‐saliva samples were collected from all patients at baseline, and 3 and 6 mo following NSPT. The levels of fasting plasma glucose, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), triglyceride (TRG), total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were analysed. The levels of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐10 were determined using ELISA kits, and total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels were measured.

Results

After NSPT, significant and similar improvements of all periodontal parameters were observed in both groups compared with baseline measurements. There were decreases in the levels of serum hs‐CRP and IL‐6, whereas increases in serum IL‐10 were found in both groups, at all time points. Serum TOS and OSI showed no significant change in either group at any time point. Compared with the SH group, serum TAC levels were higher in the MetS group at baseline but lower at the 3‐mo time‐point. There was no difference in TAC levels between the groups at 6 mo. Saliva IL‐6 was higher in the MetS group than the SH group at all time points. The levels of IL‐6 and OSI in saliva decreased following NSPT in both groups, whereas salivary TAC concentrations increased. In the MetS group, TRG and HbA1c levels decreased significantly at 3 mo.

Conclusion

NSPT decreased oxidative stress and the inflammatory status of patients with MetS and chronic periodontitis. Although similar periodontal improvements were achieved in both groups, the decreases in levels of hs‐CRP and IL‐6 in the MetS group did not reach the levels in the SH group. Based on these results, NSPT could be more effective in the control of systemic inflammation in patients with MetS in the short‐term.
The histopathological and morphometric investigation of the effects of systemically administered humic acid on alveolar bone loss in ligature‐induced periodontitis in rats
Authors: Çalışır M. , Akpınar A. , Poyraz Ö. , Göze F. , Çınar Z.
Published: November 2015

Background

Humic acid is a soil extract found widely around the world. This product includes some trace elements important for human's health. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the morphometric and histopathological changes associated with an experimental periodontitis model in rats in response to systemic administration of humic acid.

Material and Methods

Thirty‐eight male Wistar rats were divided into five experimental groups: non‐ligated (NL, n = 6) group; ligature‐only (LO, n = 8) group; ligature + systemic administration of humic acid (20, 80 and 150 mg/kg body weight per day for 15 d respectively) (S‐20, S‐80 and S‐150) groups. 4/0 silk ligatures were placed at the gingival margin of lower first molars of the mandibular quadrant. The animals were killed at the end of 15 d. Changes in alveolar bone levels were clinically measured, using a stereomicroscope (× 25), as the distance from the cementoenamel junction to the alveolar bone crest. Tissues were histopathologically examined to assess the differences of osteoclast numbers, osteoblastic activity and inflammatory cell infiltration among the study groups. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐10 levels in serum and gingival homogenates were evaluated.

Results

At the end of 15 d, the alveolar bone loss was significantly higher in the LO group compared to the NL, S‐80 and S‐150 groups (p < 0.05). In addition, the alveolar bone loss in the S‐80 group was significantly lower than the LO and S‐20 groups (p < 0.05). The osteoblastic activity in the S‐80 and S‐150 groups was significantly higher than the other groups (p < 0.05). The osteoclast number in the LO group was significantly higher than the NL, S‐80 and S‐150 groups (p < 0.05). Inflammatory cell infiltration was significantly higher in LO and S‐20 groups than the other groups (p < 0.05). The highest serum and gingival homogenate IL‐10 levels were determined in the S‐80 group (p < 0.05). The serum and gingival homogenate IL‐1β levels in the LO group were significantly higher than the other groups (p < 0.05). Both 80 and 150 mg/kg dosages of humic acid significantly reduced the periodontitis‐related bone loss and inflammation, but the differences between these two groups were not statistically significant (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

Within the limits of this study, it can be suggested that humic acid, when administered systemically as an 80 mg/kg dose, may prevent alveolar bone loss and reduce inflammation in the rat model.
Xenogeneic collagen matrix for periodontal plastic surgery procedures: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Atieh M. A. , Alsabeeha N. , Tawse‐Smith A. , Payne A. G. T.
Published: November 2015

Several clinical trials describe the effectiveness of xenogeneic collagen matrix (XCM) as an alternative option to surgical mucogingival procedures for the treatment of marginal tissue recession and augmentation of insufficient zones of keratinized tissue (KT). The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to evaluate the clinical and patient‐centred outcomes of XCM compared to other mucogingival procedures. Applying guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta analyses statement, randomized controlled trials were searched for in electronic databases and complemented by hand searching. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool and data were analysed using statistical software. A total of 645 studies were identified, of which, six trials were included with 487 mucogingival defects in 170 participants. Overall meta‐analysis showed that connective tissue graft (CTG) in conjunction with the coronally advanced flap (CAF) had a significantly higher percentage of complete/mean root coverage and mean recession reduction than XCM. Insufficient evidence was found to determine any significant differences in width of KT between XCM and CTG. The XCM had a significantly higher mean root coverage, recession reduction and gain in KT compared to CAF alone. No significant differences in patient's aesthetic satisfaction were found between XCM and CTG, except for postoperative morbidity in favour of XCM. Operating time was significantly reduced with the use of XCM compared with CTG but not with CAF alone. There is no evidence to demonstrate the effectiveness of XCM in achieving greater root coverage, recession reduction and gain in KT compared to CTG plus CAF. Superior short‐term results in treating root coverage compared with CAF alone are possible. There is limited evidence that XCM may improve aesthetic satisfaction, reduce postoperative morbidity and shorten the operating time. Further long‐term randomized controlled trials are required to endorse the supposed advantages of XCM.
Ankaferd blood stopper enhances healing after osseous grafting in patients with intrabony periodontal defects
Authors: Pamuk F. , Cetinkaya B. O. , Keles G. C. , Balli U. , Koyuncuoglu C. Z. , Cintan S. , Kantarci A.
Published: November 2015

Background and Objective

The aim of this clinical study were to compare the clinical efficacy of ankaferd blood stopper (ABS) when used in combination with autogenous cortical bone graft (ACB) in the treatment of intrabony periodontal defects.

Material and Methods

The study was planned as a split‐mouth design. Fifteen patients with chronic periodontitis at 30 sites (six men, nine women; 42 ± 7 years) were included. Treatment sites had probing pocket depths (PPD) of ≥ 6 mm and osseous defect depths of ≥ 4 mm as radiographically assessed. Following the initial periodontal therapy, patients were randomly assigned to two treatments in contralateral areas of the dentition: ACB + ABS or ACB alone. At baseline and 6 mo after surgery, clinical parameters of plaque index, gingival index, PPD, clinical attachment level and gingival recession (GR) were recorded. The primary outcome variable was the change in clinical attachment level between baseline and 24 wk after surgery. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected immediately before surgery and at 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 wk after the surgery. Gingival crevicular fluid volume was calculated and vascular endothelial growth factor levels in gingival crevicular fluid were measured.

Results

PPD decreased, clinical attachment level improved and gingival index decreased significantly in response to both modes of treatment (p < 0.05). Both treatment modalities resulted in a significant gain in radiographic bone levels compared to baseline (p < 0.05). Intergroup comparisons showed that there was a significantly higher gain in clinical attachment level in the ABS/ACB group compared to ACB group (p < 0.05) with significantly less GR (p < 0.05). Similarly, vascular endothelial growth factor concentration in gingival crevicular fluid was significantly higher in the ABS/ACB group at postoperative weeks 2 and 4 compared to the ACB group (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

The findings suggest that ABS enhances the soft tissue healing during the periodontal defect fill by the ACB by stimulating angiogenesis and vascular endothelial cell function, prevents GR and thereby increases the clinical attachment gain.
Tanshinone IIA treatment alleviated the rat gingival connective tissue overgrowth induced by cyclosporine A
Authors: Ma S. , Liu W. , Liu P. , Liu J. , Chen L. , Qin C.
Published: November 2015

Background and Objective

The use of cyclosporine A induces fibrous enlargement of the gingival connective tissue. Existing treatment modalities, although effective, do not necessarily prevent the recurrence of the lesion. Emerging evidence indicates that tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) could effectively attenuate a variety of fibrotic diseases. The present research aims to assess whether Tan IIA can effectively alleviate the gingival fibrous overgrowth induced by cyclosporine A.

Material and Methods

Forty‐five Wistar rats were divided into the no‐treatment control group, cyclosporine A‐treated group and the group treated with a combination of cyclosporine A and Tan IIA. Paraffin‐embedded sections of mandibular first molar regions were selected for hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson's trichrome staining, picro‐sirius red staining and immunohistochemistry analyses of transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1 (TIMP‐1) and matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1). The gingival connective tissue area was measured and numbers of the TGF‐β1‐, TIMP‐1‐ and MMP‐1‐positive cells were counted. The analysis of variance for factorial designs for testing the overall differences and Fisher least significant difference test for post hoc analysis were used to determine the significance levels.

Results

Cyclosporine A treatment led to overgrowth of gingival connective tissue in rats. In the cyclosporine A‐treated rats, the expression of TGF‐β1 and TIMP‐1 was significantly upregulated, whereas expression of the MMP‐1 was downregulated, along with thicker and denser collagen fibers. In rats treated with a combination of cyclosporine A and Tan IIA, the cyclosporine A‐induced changes were alleviated.

Conclusions

Cyclosporine A enhanced gingival fibrous overgrowth via upregulation of the TGF‐β1 and TIMP‐1 expression, and downregulation of MMP‐1 expression. Tan IIA can effectively prevent cyclosporine A‐induced gingival fibrous overgrowth in rats by downregulating TGF‐β1 and TIMP‐1 expression, and upregulating MMP‐1 expression.
Right‐Sided Congestive Heart Failure in North American Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Neary J.M. , Booker C.W. , Wildman B.K. , Morley P.S.
Published: November 2015

Background

Anecdotal reports suggest the incidence of right‐sided congestive heart failure (RHF) in feedlot cattle is increasing; however, the rate of occurrence and risk factors are largely unknown.

Objective

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the risk of RHF over time and among feedlots, to characterize some of the risk factors for RHF, and to investigate how risk factors may affect the timing of RHF occurrence.

Animals

The population at risk consisted of 1.56 million cattle that were placed in 10 Canadian feedlots during the years 2000, 2004, 2008, and 2012, and 5 US feedlots during the year 2012.

Methods

A retrospective observational study was conducted. Variables, including year of feedlot entry, were evaluated for association with RHF using zero‐inflated negative binomial and logistic regression models. Factors affecting time to RHF were evaluated using Cox proportional hazard regression analyzes. Death from digestive disorders (DD) served as a control.

Results

The risk of RHF in Canadian feedlots doubled from the year 2000 to the year 2012 (P = .003). For every 10,000 cattle entering US feedlots in 2012, 11 cattle died from RHF and 45 cattle died from DD. The median time to RHF was 19 weeks. Cattle treated for bovine respiratory disease were 3 times more likely to die from RHF, and they died earlier in the feeding period.

Conclusions

A doubling of the incidence of RHF over a short time period is concerning, particularly for US feedlots situated at moderate altitudes in the High Plains.