bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Persatuan dan Kesatuan dalam Rasa Bhineka Tunggal Ika Melawan Pandemi Covid 19
Authors: Ananda Sheren Mega Fitri
Published: October 2021

Indonesia merupakan negara yang memiliki banyak suka,ras dan budaya didalamnya. Melihat banyaknya keberagaman maka perlu adanya rasa persatuan dan kesatuan antar warganya. Rasa persatuan dan kesatuan dalam kebhinnekaan tunggal ika ini yang akan menjadi landasan sebuah perjuangan pemerintah dan masyarakat untuk Bersama-sama mewujudkan Indonesia bebas covid 19. Efek yang dapat dirasakan akibat pandemi ini, tak jarang menimbulkan perpecahan. Maka dari itu, dengan menerapkan semboyan Bhinneka Tunggal Ika diharapkan menjadi landasan pejuangan pemerintah dan masyarakat untuk memperkokoh persatuan serta kesatuan Negara Republik Indonesia dalam menghadapi pandemi Covid-19. Apabila persatuan dan kesatuan tidak ada, maka konplik akan selalu ada terlebih dimasa pandemi saat ini. Persatuan dan kesatuan ini merupakan kekuatan untuk mewujudkan cita-cita nasional, memajukan kesejahteraan, mencerdaskan kehidupan nasional dan menjaga perdamaian nasional. Dengan demikian tidak akan ada lagi permasalahan antar masyrakat hanya karena selisih pendapat dan kepentingan untuk menggapai keutamaan pribadi, sehingga tercipta sikap persatuan dan kesatuan dalam lingkungan sosial. Dalam kondisi pandemi seperti ini, persatuan dan kesatuan dapat menciptakan dukungan sosial antar warga negara tanpa melihat perbedaan yang ada. Dengan adanya dukungan sosial yang baik maka akan tercipta lingkungan yang baik pula. Pandemi ini menimbulkan suasana yang beragam banyak yang merasa stress atau keadaan emosi yang tidak stabil, maka persatuan dan kesatuan warga negara sangat perlu untuk tercipta.
Pengaruh Persatuan Dan Kesatuan Terhadap Kepatuhan Menjaga Protokol Kesehatan
Authors: Dewi Etha Oktavia Puspita
Published: October 2021

Persatuan mengandung arti bersatunya macammacam corak yang beraneka ragam menjadi satu kebulatan yang utuh dan serasi. Kesatuan adalah keEsaan, sifat tunggal atau keseutuhan. Tingkat kepatuhan masyarakat terhadap protokol kesehatan 5M secara konsisten terus meningkat secara nasional. Dengan skala 1-10, skor kepatuhan memakai masker meningkat dari 7,72 menjadi 7,88 di 20 Agustus hingga 3 September 2021. Skor kepatuhan menjaga jarak juga meningkat dari 7,53 menjadi 7,75 pada periode 20 Agustus-3 September 2021. Sedangkan skor kepatuhan mencuci tangan meningkat dari 7,64 menjadi 7,86 pada periode 20 Agustus - 3 September 2021. Kepatuhan ini terus di prioritaskan oleh pemerintah untuk menekan angka kejadian positif covid-19. Masyarakat menjadi komponen utama dalam menjalankan kepatuhan protokol kesehatan. protokol kesehatan ini dikenal dengan sebutan 5M. Protokol kesehatan 5M di terapkan untuk membantu pencegahan penularan virus Covid-19. Pembentukan protocol kesehatan ini berfungsi untuk menghindarkan masyarakat dari virus.
Pupillary correlates of individual differences in long-term memory
Authors: Robison Matthew Kyle , Trost Jamie , Schor Daniel , Gibson Bradley , Healey Karl
Published: October 2021

The present study is the first to examine individual differences in long-term memory, arousal dysregulation, and intensity of attention within the same experiment. Participants (N = 106) completed 28 lists of an immediate free recall task while their pupil diameter was recorded via an eye-tracker during the encoding period. Two main pupillary measures were extracted: intraindividual variability in pre-list pupil diameter and evoked pupillary responses during item encoding. Variability in pre-list pupil diameter served as a measure of arousal dysregulation, and evoked pupillary responses served as a measure of intensity of attention. Based on prior work, we hypothesized that there would be a positive association between intensity of attention and recall ability, and that there would be a negative association between arousal dysregulation and recall ability. Collectively these two measures accounted for 19% of interindividual variance in recall, with 5% attributable uniquely to intensity of attention and 12% attributable uniquely to arousal regulation. The findings demonstrate that there are sources of individual differences in long-term memory that can be revealed via pupillometry, notably the amount of effort deployed during item encoding and the degree to which people exhibit dysregulated arousal. Both findings are consistent with recent theorizing regarding the role of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system’s role in goal-directed cognition. Specifically, the LC governs both moment-to-moment arousal and NE release to cortical regions subserving cognitive processing. Among people for whom this system operates most optimally, long-term memory retention is superior.
A Mirror-image Analysis of Psychiatric Hospitalisations among People with Serious Mental Illness using Independent Supported Housing
Authors: Adamus Christine , Zürcher Simeon Joel , Richter Dirk
Published: October 2021

Background: Evidence on the effectiveness of Independent Supported Housing (ISH) for non-homeless people with severe mental illness primarily comes from observational cohort studies, which have high risk of bias due to confounding by time-invariant sample characteristics. The present study proposes an alternative study design known from pharmacology to overcome this bias and strengthen evidence. Methods: We conducted a retrospective mirror-image analysis with medical records of 144 ISH service users to assess the effectiveness of ISH in reducing the number and duration of hospitalisations. Outcomes occurring in equal periods before and during ISH utilisation were compared for every ISH user. Differences between the periods were tested with incidence rate ratios (IRR). Results: Included service users were on average 38.2 years old, female (54%) and predominately had an affective (28.5%) or a schizophrenic or psychotic (22.9%) disorder with ISH utilisation days ranging from 36-960. Fewer admissions (IRR=0.41, 95%-CI 0.27-0.64) and fewer person-days hospitalised (IRR=0.38, 95%-CI 0.35-0.41) were observed during ISH utilisation compared to prior to their ISH utilisation. While the reduction in psychiatric admissions may be somewhat confounded by time-variant characteristics, the substantial reduction in hospitalised bed-bays represents at least partially an intervention effect. Conclusions: The mirror-image study design allowed for a cost-effective investigation of ISH effectiveness in reducing hospitalisation without confounding by time-invariant sample characteristics. We provide recommendations for the design’s application and suggest further research with larger samples.
A functional account of stimulation-based aerobic glycolysis and its role in interpreting BOLD signal intensity increases in neuroimaging experiments.
Authors: Theriault Jordan E. , Shaffer Clare , Dienel Gerald A. , Sander Christin Y. , Hooker Jacob M. , Dickerson Bradford C. , Barrett Lisa Feldman , Quigley Karen S.
Published: October 2021

In aerobic glycolysis, oxygen is abundant, and yet cells metabolize glucose without using it, decreasing their ATP per glucose yield by 15-fold. During task-based stimulation, aerobic glycolysis occurs in localized brain regions, presenting a puzzle: why produce ATP inefficiently when, all else being equal, evolution should favor the efficient use of metabolic resources? The answer is that all else is not equal. We propose that a tradeoff exists between efficient ATP production and the efficiency with which ATP is spent to transmit information. Aerobic glycolysis, despite yielding little ATP per glucose, may support neuronal signaling in thin (< 0.5 µm), information-efficient axons. We call this the efficiency tradeoff hypothesis. This tradeoff has potential implications for interpretations of task-related BOLD “activation” observed in fMRI. We hypothesize that BOLD “activation” may index local increases in aerobic glycolysis, which support signaling in thin axons carrying “bottom-up” information, or “prediction error”—i.e., the BIAPEM (BOLD increases approximate prediction error metabolism) hypothesis. Finally, we explore implications of our hypotheses for human brain evolution, social behavior, and mental disorders.
Is a non-evolutionary psychology possible?
Authors: Nettle Daniel , Scott-Phillips Thom
Published: October 2021

The last thirty years has seen the emergence of a self-styled ‘evolutionary’ paradigm within psychology (henceforth, EP). EP is often presented and critiqued as a distinctive, contentious paradigm, to be contrasted with other accounts of human psychology. However, little attention has been paid to the sense in which those other accounts are not also evolutionary. We outline the core commitments of canonical EP. These are, from least distinctive to most: mechanism, interactionism, functionalism, adaptationism, and functional specialization. We argue that the minimal requirement for an approach to psychology to qualify as evolutionary in an important sense is functionalism. This is because the notion of functional design in organismal structures presupposes a history of evolution by natural selection. On this criterion, we argue, most, perhaps all of psychology qualifies as evolutionary, either implicitly or explicitly. We review several approaches that are typically contrasted with EP, showing that these are all evolutionary too by our criteria. We suggest that the EP/non-EP dichotomy be retired. However, though all psychology is evolutionary, psychologists do not always need to foreground evolution in their research, just as is true for biologists. At the same time, more space for evolution does not mean any less space for environment, context, culture, meaning or agency.
Affect Dynamic Signatures of Psychosis Risk Across Multiple Timescales and Contexts
Authors: Li Lilian Yanqing , Schiffman Jason , Martin Elizabeth A
Published: October 2021

There is a critical need for identifying time-sensitive and cost-effective markers of psychosis riskearly in the illness course. One solution may lie in affect dynamics, or the fluctuations of affect across time, which have been demonstrated to predict transitions in psychopathology. Across three studies, the current research is the first to comprehensively investigate affect dynamics in relation to subthreshold positive symptoms (perceptual aberration and magical ideation) and negative symptoms (social anhedonia) of the psychosis spectrum. Across multiple timescales and contexts, affect dynamics were modeled from inexpensive laboratory paradigms and social media text. Findings provided strong evidence for positive symptoms linked to heightened magnitude and frequency of affective fluctuations in response to emotional materials. Alternatively, negative symptoms showed modest association with heightened persistence of baseline states. These affect dynamic signatures of psychosis risk provide insight on the distinct developmental pathways to psychosis and could facilitate current risk detection approaches.
Large-scale study of speech acts' development in early childhood
Authors: Nikolaus Mitja , Maes Eliot , Auguste Jeremy , Prévot Laurent , Fourtassi Abdellah
Published: October 2021

Studies of children's language use in the wild (e.g., in the context of child-caregiver social interaction) have been slowed by the time- and resource- consuming task of hand annotating utterances for communicative intents/speech acts. Existing studies have typically focused on investigating rather small samples of children, raising the question of how their findings generalize both to larger and more representative populations and to a richer set of interaction contexts. Here we propose a simple automatic model for speech act labeling in early childhood based on the INCA-A coding scheme (Ninio, Snow, Pan, & Rollins, 1994). After validating the model against ground truth labels, we automatically annotated the entire English-language data from the CHILDES corpus. The major theoretical result was that earlier findings generalize quite well at a large scale. Further, we introduced two complementary measures for the age of acquisition of speech acts which allows us to rank different speech acts according to their order of emergence in production and comprehension.Our model will be shared with the community so that researchers can use it with their data to investigate various question related to language use both in typical and atypical populations of children.
Make the Economy Scream? U.S. Banks and Foreign Firms During the Cold War
Authors: Aldunate Felipe , Gonzalez Felipe , Prem Mounu
Published: October 2021

U.S. foreign policies during the Cold War are well documented, but less is known about the role of non-state actors and their impact on foreign firms. We use novel firm-level data from Chile to document a substantial decrease in financial relations with U.S. banks after socialist Salvador Allende took office in 1970. An analysis of links with banks from other countries reveals that part of the decrease was related to credit risk and another was specific to the U.S. Financial data from business reports and the stock market suggest that firms were mostly unaffected by the destruction of links with U.S. banks. Substitution of financial relations towards state-owned banks appears to be the key mechanism to explain these findings.
Razvoj pravne zaštite građana putem žalbe u upravnom sporu u Hrvatsko
Authors: Đanić Čeko Ana
Published: October 2021

Cilj je rada povijesnopravnom metodom i normativnom analizom propisa koji su bili na snazi od 1874. do 1991. ispitati ulogu i značenje instituta žalbe u upravnom sporu u Hrvatskoj. Uz mogućnost izjavljivanja žalbe vezuje se i pitanje organizacije tijela koja su vodila upravne sporove. Stoga su prikazane organizacija i struktura sudstva nadležnog za vođenje upravnih sporova. Osobit se naglasak stavlja na povijesna razdoblja u razvoju upravnog spora u kojem je postojala mogućnost izjavljivanja žalbe. Normativna je analiza usmjerena na žalbeni postupak, dopuštenost odnosno ograničenja izjavljivanja žalbe te posebice na ovlasti nadležnih sudova pri odlučivanju o žalbi. Svrha je rada uputiti na izvorišne osnove pravnog normiranja žalbe u upravnom sporu te iznijeti specifičnosti i iznimke utvrđene u povijesnom razvoju, a koje mogu poslužiti kao smjernice za daljnji razvoj i povećanje učinkovitosti žalbenog odlučivanja na Visokome upravnom sudu Republike Hrvatske
Petty Offences in Poland Between Criminal Law and Administrative Law
Authors: Kulik Marek , Błotnicki Maciej
Published: October 2021

This paper provides a commentary on the evolution and position of petty offence law in the Polish legal system. For the sake of order, it should be noted that the nature of petty offences is ambiguous and not one-dimensional. Their status and role depend on the assumptions of the legislator, who may emphasise their various aspects. A petty offence may be an element of criminal law in the broad sense, as a “small crime” or an administrative tort. More-over, the development of Polish petty offence law and the arguments supporting the choice of specific legal solutions are presented. The probable future of Polish petty offence law was also indicated, aiming at the conclusion that the most serious petty offences would become crimes, and the rest would become administrative torts.
Paradygmat analiz ubóstwa i wykluczenia społecznego
Authors: Broda-Wysocki Piotr
Published: October 2021

Poverty and social exclusion are notions present in the public sphere, as well as in scientific analysis. Their application is usually not accompanied by adequate definition. This article formulates the thesis that there is one (it is debatable) complex paradigm of poverty and social exclusion. It consists of four levels (called as paradigm elements in this article): (1) history and culture, (2) political concepts, (3) new concepts and attempts of their operationalisation, and (4) discursiveness. This division is based on the multidisciplinary criterion, which means that it may not be quite precise. The development of potential effective programmes to combat poverty and social exclusion requires prior (conceptually appropriate and taking into account their complex nature) defining these phenomena.
Polityczne uwarunkowania integracji europejskiej z perspektywy bezpieczeństwa
Authors: Gryz Jarosław
Published: October 2021

The contemporary form of security in the European Union is undergoing profound changes. The solutions adopted in the first decade of the 21st century no longer meet the needs of this organisation and the EU Member States. New solutions that would functionally change the form of relationships between institutions have not been conceptually worked out. The European Union, struggling with numerous economic, social, and political crises, enters the next stage. Soon it will be decided, in which direction the organisation and its member states will develop. This article focuses on the current form of organisational and functional solutions of the EU by subjecting them to a critical review. The author evaluates, what is created in terms of decision-making processes and their results in the areas of foreign policy, security, and defence. Consequently, the article demonstrates the conditions that determine the form of the EU’s activities at the threshold of the second decade of the 21st century. Its result is the identification of change processes in security that determine the projection of the development of the European Union.
The effect of pre-sowing lupin-oat mixture treatment with ozone and a biological product on the productivity formation and product quality
Authors: Morozova Т. M.
Published: October 2021

There have been presented the study results on the effect of pre-sowing seed ozonation of narrowleaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) and common oat on their germination energy, germination capacity, productivity and product quality. The study was carried out in the period from 2018 to 2020 in laboratory and field conditions of the Kostroma RIA, the branch of the FSBSI “Russian Potato Research Center named after A.G. Lorkh”. The purpose of the current study was to find out the efficiency of pre-sowing seed treatment with an ozone-air flow and treatment with a biological product for their germination energy, germination capacity, productivity and product quality. The objects of the study were the common oats variety ‘Yakov’ and the narrowleaf lupin variety ‘Belozerny 110’. The seeds of the lupin-oat mixture were ozonized at a dose of 5.0 mg/m3 for 15 minutes and 30 minutes using an RIOS-10(20)-0.5 ozonizer. For comparison, the seeds were treated with the biological product ‘Fitosporin-M’. Ultimately, there were identified the best parameters of the pre-sowing seed treatment of the lupin-oat mixture. On average, over the years of study, pre-sowing seed ozonation greatly improves the germination energy of agricultural crops on 4.8–8.3%, laboratory germination was improved on 3.0–5.0%. The largest green mass productivity of lupin-oat mixture during pre-sowing seed treatment for three years was 26.1 t/ha in the variant with an ozone dose of 5.0 mg/m3 for 15 minutes, which was more than control on 29.2%. In the variant with ozonation time increase to 30 minutes, the average productivity was 23.2 t/ha, which was 14.8% more than in the control. Pre-sowing seed ozonation contributed to dry matter increase on 14.2–19.0%; crude protein yield increased on 32.8–53.2%; crude protein percentage in grain increased on 14.1–16.8%; metabolizable energy increased on 3.7–5,1%; fodder units increased on 4.3–6.5% compared to control. When treating seeds with a biological product ‘Fitosporin-M’, the average productivity was 22.8 t/ha, which was on 12.9% more than control, an increase in dry matter was on 16.6%, an increase in crude protein yield was on 19.6%, an increase in crude protein percentage in grain was on 0.8%, an increase in metabolizable energy was on 1.9%, an increase in fodder units was on 1.0%.
Inheritance of some quantitative traits in the hybrid generations ‘Kuboyar × Gagat’
Authors: Kostylev P. I. , Krasnova E. V. , Sirapionov G. A.
Published: October 2021

Rice is an important food for humans. In the world, for food purposes white-grain rice varieties are mainly used, but there are varieties in which kernel pericarp is of red, brown, purple or black color. Such rice is more beneficial for health promotion. The current paper has presented the results of genetic analysis of the inheritance of a number of variable quantitative traits in rice hybrid populations of the first and third generations obtained by the hybridization of the varieties ‘Kuboyar’ and ‘Gagat’. The variety ‘Kuboyar’ is medium-sized, with a compact erect panicle, an oval caryopsis and white pericarp. The variety ‘Gagat’ is tall, with a long drooping panicle, a long kernel and black pericarp. The work was carried out on the territory of the OP ‘Proletarskoe’ of the Rostov region in 2018–2020. The analysis of the inheritance of some quantitative traits that have a direct impact on the rice productivity made it possible to establish new inheritance regularities. According to the trait ‘plant height’ there has been identified partial dominance of the largest values of the trait in the hybrids F2 and F3. Allelic differences of 3 pairs of genes were identified in parental forms. The trait ‘panicle length’ showed overdominance of the trait in F2, it was absent in F3, and there were digenic differences in parental forms. The trait ‘number of spikelets per panicle’ demonstrated overdominance of large values and positive transgression. According to the trait ‘1000-grain weight’, the hybrids of both generations were split by the digenic scheme in a ratio of 1:4:6:4:1. There was no dominance in the trait ‘kernel length’; the initial varieties had differences in 2 pairs of genes. According to the trait ‘kernel width’, there was identified incomplete dominance of smaller values, and there was monohybrid split. There have been selected the best plants F3 with a black pericarp, average values of the traits ‘plant height’, ‘panicle length’, ‘1000-grain weight’ and an increased number of grains per panicle for the further breeding process.
The Two Faces of Social Science
Authors: Wolfe Alan
Published: October 2021

From biology in the late nineteenth century to information theory in the late twentieth, the social sciences have turned to the natural sciences for inspiration. Yet the expectations have never fully been satisfied. After more than one hundred years of effort, the ability of social scientists to say anything with certainty about human behavior is not very impressive. We remain close to where we started, developing theories, trying to test them against data, arguing about methodology, and disputing conclusions. The social sciences have neither the public legitimacy nor the self-confidence that comes from the practice of "real" science.
Farm Servants, Family Formation the Rural Economy Flanders and France 1800–1860
Authors: Mendels Franklin
Published: October 2021

Tocqueville observed that among aristocratic societies servants formed a distinct class from that of their masters. The two classes are « superposed one above the other, always distinct... There is permanent inequality of conditions... There are hereditary families of servants, and the same families of servants adhere for several generations to the same families of masters (like two parallel lines, which neither meet nor separate). » In democratic societies, on the other hand, « at any moment a servant may become a master... The servant always considers himself the sojourner in the dwelling of his masters. »
Individual Investments in Family Relationships over the Coming Decades
Authors: Goode William J.
Published: October 2021

This is a speculative, theoretical inquiry into a problem that has occupied contemporary analysts: Within the « fully » industrialized nations what kinds of further changes can we expect? We have described the last several hundred years in the Western nations by saying that they have been moving from Gemeinshaft toward Gesellschaft, toward rationality, materialism, hedonism, bureaucratization, formalism, contract, self-interest, and so on.
Tocqueville on the Family
Authors: Matsumoto Reiji
Published: October 2021

In the second volume of Democracy in America, Alexis de Tocqueville discussed the influences of democracy upon the family. In this sociological reflection, he praised highly the American family and the American woman. The principal characteristics which Tocqueville found in the family life of Jacksonian America were good morals, marriages always based on love (mercenary or forced marriages were rarely seen as in Europe), the absence of obstacles to intermarriage between classes, children’s independence, young girls’ self-determination, wives’ voluntary subordination to their husbands, and so on.
Analysis of Time-Resolved Thermal Responses in Lock-In Thermography by Independent Component Analysis (ICA) for a 3D Spatial Separation of Weak Thermal Sources and Defects
Authors: Kögel Michael , Brand Sebastian , Große Christian , Altmann Frank , Jacobs Kristof J. P. , De Wolf Ingrid
Published: October 2021

Lock-In Thermography is an established nondestructive method for analyzing failures in microelectronic devices. In recent years, a major improvement made it possible to acquire time-resolved temperature responses of weak thermal spots, greatly enhancing defect localization in 3D stacked architectures. One limitation, however, is in the method used to determine defect depth, which is based on the numerical estimation of the delay between excitation and thermal response inferred from the value of the lock-in phase. In structures where the region between the origin of the defect and sample surface is partially or fully transparent to infrared signals, interference between radiated and conducted signal components largely falsifies the phase value on which the classical depth estimation relies. In the present study, blind source separation based on independent component analysis was successfully used to separate interfering signal components arising from direct thermal radiation and conduction, resulting in a precise estimation of the defect depth.
Failure Analysis Challenges of Phase Change Memory Test Structures with Two Case Studies
Authors: Demarest J. , Arnold N. , Brew K. , Chan V. , Cote A. , Gordon T. , Iwatake M. , Lian G. , Li J. , OK I. , McDermott S. , Saraf I. , Saulnier N. , Tierney L. , Varghese A.
Published: October 2021

There are several variants of artificial intelligence (AI) hardware structures that are under study by the semiconductor industry for potential use in complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) designs. This paper discusses some of the failure analysis challenges that have appeared in discrete test structures and test arrays developed as part of an exploratory phase-change memory (PCM) program at IBM's Albany AI Hardware Research Center.
SRAM Bitcell Defect Identification Methodology Using Electrical Failure Analysis Data
Authors: Kim Hyungtae , Kim Geonho , Li Yunrong , Jeong Jinyong , Kim Youngdae
Published: October 2021

Static random access memory (SRAM) can occupy up to 90% of the die surface in a microprocessor and is often laid out with even more aggressive design rules than logic circuitry, which makes it more prone to manufacturing defects and more sensitive to process variations. As a result, SRAM is often chosen to be the process qualification vehicle during technology development and the yield learning vehicle during product manufacturing. Consequently, fast and accurate analysis of SRAM failure is critical to success on many levels. In this paper, we present a defect identification method that combines design for test (DFT) features, direct bitcell access (DBA), and nondestructive fault isolation techniques. With examples and case studies, it is shown how the approach makes use of electrical failure analysis data to greatly reduce the cycle time of root cause identification in the early stages of new technology development.
Vector Magnetic Current Imaging of an 8 nm Process Node Chip and 3D Current Distributions Using the Quantum Diamond Microscope
Authors: Oliver Sean M. , Martynowych Dmitro J. , Turner Matthew J. , Hopper David A. , Walsworth Ronald L. , Levine Edlyn V.
Published: October 2021

The adoption of 3D packaging technology necessitates the development of new approaches to failure electronic device analysis. To that end, our team is developing a tool called the quantum diamond microscope (QDM) that leverages an ensemble of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, achieving vector magnetic imaging with a wide field-of-view and high spatial resolution under ambient conditions. Here, we present the QDM measurement of 2D current distributions in an 8-nm flip chip IC and 3D current distributions in a multi-layer PCB. Magnetic field emanations from the C4 bumps in the flip chip dominate the QDM measurements, but these prove to be useful for image registration and can be subtracted to resolve adjacent current traces in the die at the micron scale. Vias in 3D ICs display only Bx and By magnetic fields due to their vertical orientation and are difficult to detect with magnetometers that only measure the Bz component (orthogonal to the IC surface). Using the multi-layer PCB, we show that the QDM’s ability to simultaneously measure Bx, By, and Bz is advantageous for resolving magnetic fields from vias as current passes between layers. We also show how spacing between conducting layers is determined by magnetic field images and how it agrees with the design specifications of the PCB. In our initial efforts to provide further z-depth information for current sources in complex 3D circuits, we show how magnetic field images of individual layers can be subtracted from the magnetic field image of the total structure. This allows for isolation of signal layers and can be used to map embedded current paths via solution of the 2D magnetic inverse. In addition, the paper also discusses the use of neural networks to identify 2D current distributions and its potential for analyzing 3D structures.
Photon Emission Microscopy of HfO2 ReRAM Cells
Authors: Stellari Franco , Wu Ernest Y. , Ando Takashi , Frank Martin M. , Song Peilin
Published: October 2021

In this paper, we discuss the use of spontaneous photon emission microscopy (PEM) for observing filaments formed in HfO2 resistive random access memory (ReRAM) cells. The setup employs a CCD and an InGaAs camera, revealing photon emissions in both forward (set) and reverse (reset) bias conditions. Photon emission intensity is modeled using an electric-field equation and inter-filament distance and density are determined assuming a uniform spatial distribution. The paper also discusses the use of high frame rate and prolonged photon emission measurements to assess lifetime and reliability and explains how single filament fluctuations and multiple filaments in a single cell were observed for the first time.
Plasma Etching Pre-treatment for a TEM Lamella Preparation of 3D NAND with High Aspect Ratio
Authors: Chen Yu-Chih , Li Bing-Chang , Hsu Pei-Ling , Lin Tsung-Yi , Chen I-An , Lin Chun-Hung , Hsu Hsin-Cheng , Yeh Chin-Chih , Lian Nan-Tzu , Yang Ta-Hone , Chen Kuang-Chao
Published: October 2021

This paper evaluates the use of plasma etching for preparing TEM specimens to analyze high aspect ratio 3D NAND integrated circuits. By controlling plasma etching parameters, a relatively high material removal rate could be obtained. Moreover, through the control of etch time, the top region of the test specimens could be completely removed down through the expected number of layers, making it possible to resolve details throughout the entire sample, particularly in the middle region of the 3D NAND, using TEM cross-section analysis.
Plasma FIB Delayering and Nanoprobing with EBIRCH for Localizing Metal Shorts in DRAM
Authors: Kim Euiseok , Lee Jaeyun , Lee Jihyun
Published: October 2021

This paper explains how to localize metal-to-metal short failures in DRAM using mechanical grinding, plasma FIB delayering, and electron beam induced resistance change (EBIRCH) analysis. Experiments show that the slope created during grinding is compensated by PFIB delayering, producing a high-quality planar surface in the target layer and site. Target layers can thus be prepared at any location (site-free), likewise, defective areas can be delayered to any depth without damage (layer-free). After delayering, exposed surfaces are generally flat enough to allow an electron beam to evenly penetrate the device for precise EBIRCH analysis. With the use of more advanced device preparation methods, EBIRCH analysis has a higher chance of successfully localizing metal line/via shorts even in large regions that include the aluminum layer.
Submicron Noncontact Simultaneous Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy for Challenging Failure Analysis
Authors: Lo Michael K. F. , Anderson Jay , Dillon Eoghan P. , Kansiz Mustafa , Marcott Curtis A.
Published: October 2021

This paper discusses the use of optical photothermal infrared (O-PTIR) spectroscopy combined with Raman analysis. The new technique overcomes many of the limitations of conventional FTIR and Raman spectroscopy when used alone. It is based on an infrared-visible pump-probe system that incorporates a wavelength-tunable IR laser that emits a pulsed beam that is combined colinearly with the output of a 532-nm green laser. As the paper explains, infrared radiation is partially absorbed by the test target when the wavelength of the laser resonates with the vibrational mode of the material. This excitation process causes the area under the infrared spot to heat up, in turn, causing local expansion along with changes in the refractive indices. These photothermal effects cycle on and off in synch with the pulsed IR beam and the amplitudes of the on-off states are captured by the co-located visible beam and plotted as a function of wavelength over the tunable range of the IR laser. The diffraction limited spot size of the visible beam is approximately 416 nm, corresponding to a spatial resolution of about 1 μm, which is 30 times more precise than conventional FTIR. In addition, by measuring photothermal effects in localized regions, it is possible to identify chemicals in quantities of matter as small as 0.4 pg. By comparison, the sensitivity of transmission mode FTIR is significantly less at around 100 pg.
Resolution of Customer Return Non-Volatile Memory Data Retention Bit Failures through Bit Map Verification and Bit Cell Characterization by Nanoprobe Analysis
Authors: Mulder Randal
Published: October 2021

This paper explains how nanoprobe analysis was used to determine the cause of data retention failures in nonvolatile memory (NVM) bitcells. The challenge with such memory cells is that they consist of two transistors with a single control gate in series with a programmable floating gate connected by a shared source/drain active area. With such a layout, there is no way to isolate the control gate from the floating gate, meaning that characterization must be performed simultaneously on both transistors. Having to characterize two transistors connected in series increases the number of potential electrical signature effects not by a factor of two, but rather the power of two, which makes interpreting the results much more difficult. As discussed in the paper, however, the authors used an atomic force probe to verify the bit map of the faulty device and then analyze the failing bit to confirm the programming error and reveal the possible failure mechanism. The failure mechanism was determined based on its electrical signature and a physical analysis of the bitcell location.
Pulsing Test for Defect of Resistive Word Line in DRAM Main Cell using WGFMU (Waveform Generator Fast Measurement Unit)
Authors: Lee JaeYun , Kim EuiSeok , Lim JunYeal , Oh SeokHoon , Park YoungHa
Published: October 2021

In this paper, we describe the difference between oscilloscope pulsing tests and waveform generator fast measurement unit (WGFMU) tests in analyzing high-resistance defects in DRAM main cells. Nanoprobe systems have various constraints in terms of pulsing whether it involves an oscilloscope or pulse generator. There are certain types of devices, such as DRAM cells, for which these systems are ineffective because saturation currents are too small. In this paper, we address this constraint and propose a new way to conduct pulsing tests using the WGFMU's arbitrary linear waveform generator in combination with an electro-optical nanoprobe.
Chip Recombination Method in Planar Deprocessing – A Solution for Failure Analysis on Chip Edge Defects
Authors: Cheong Kah Chin , Pragay Gabriel , Wudjud Wiwy , Lainez Rafael
Published: October 2021

Planar deprocessing is a vital failure analysis technique for semiconductor devices. The basic concept is to expose an area of interest (AOI) by removing unnecessary material while maintaining planarity and surface evenness. Finger deprocessing is a widely used material removal technique, particularly for fin field-effect transistors (FinFETs). Here, success depends on certain factors, one of which is the location of the AOI. If the AOI is near the edge of the chip, finger deprocessing can be very difficult because material removal rates are much higher there than at the center of the chip. Plasma focused ion beam (PFIB) planar deprocessing is the preferred solution in such cases, but many labs cannot afford a PFIB system. To address this challenge, a sample preparation method has been developed that uses dummy chips to effectively eliminate edges. With dummy chips placed edge-to-edge with test chips, planar deprocessing can be achieved using conventional finger deprocessing techniques. This paper describes the newly developed method, step by step, and presents two examples demonstrating its use.
Creative Approaches for Thermal Hot Spot Identification on Analog IC
Authors: Khoo Chun Haur , Lau Zhi Jie
Published: October 2021

Thermal hotspot (THS) fault isolation is an effective technique for detecting heat-generating failure modes, especially those involving excessive current or resistance. The normal approach for modulation mode THS analysis is to connect a power supply to the leakage pin of the device under test through the modulation switch on the instrument. There are instances, however, where this may not work. This paper discusses two such cases: one in which the output terminal of the modulation switch is connected to the failing device through a series resistor in order to limit current, and one where a voltage divider is used to connect the unit under test to the modulation switch in order to create ramping sequences that mimic IQ current spikes for THS analysis.
Quantitative Evaluation of Bonded Silicon Wafer by Scanning Acoustic Tomography
Authors: Kikukawa Koutaro , Sugaya Natsuki , Ohno Shigeru , Tomita Yoshihiro
Published: October 2021

This paper assesses the capabilities of scanning acoustic tomography (SAT) for the analysis of bonded silicon wafers. In order to quantitatively evaluate detectability and resolution, the authors acquired images from samples prepared with artificial voids. The samples consisted of two wafers, a cap wafer and a base wafer with dry-etched pits on a silicon-oxide layer. Cap wafers of different thicknesses were used along with transducers of appropriate focal length. The paper describes the experimental setup and test procedures in detail as well as the results.
Charged Particle Systems: Fundamentals and Opportunities
Authors: Principe Edward
Published: October 2021

This presentation covers ion beam analytical tools, their capabilities, and uses. It provides an overview of ion sources, examines emerging trends in surface analysis, and assesses the potential of ultrafast lasers for panoscopic patterning, athermal ablation, and elemental analysis. It compares and contrasts liquid metal, gas field, and plasma sources and presents examples highlighting the capabilities of FIB-SIMS and FIB-SEM Auger/XPS surface analysis techniques. It also introduces computationally guided microspectroscopy (CGM) and assesses its potential impact on multi-variant analysis, point spread deconvolution, and compressed sensing.
Characterization of Asynchronous Telemedice Consultation for Pulmonology In Colombia
Authors: Amórtegui Henry
Published: October 2021

Background Among the modalities of asynchronous telemedicine used in Colombia, there exists the teleconcepto, through which a medical response from a specialist is provided within certain time. Currently, there is no data about the characteristics of teleconceptos directed to the pulmonology service. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out to identify the characteristics of teleconceptos aimed at pulmonology. Data was obtained from the clinical record of each teleconcepto, taking into account date and time of the request, vital signs, ICD-10 diagnosis, present illness, and the reason for consultation, as well as date and time of response from pulmonology and type of recommendation, either a diagnosis or a treatment. Subsequently, the frequency and the percentage of the qualitative, quantitative, average and standard deviation variables were described. Results 766 teleconceptos were studied, the mean age was 60 years. The cities with the highest number of requests were Ibague (7.4%) and Bogotá (7.3%). Mainly reported symptoms in the present illness were dyspnea (47%) and coughing (44.1%); the main preceding condition associated with pulmonary pathology was chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (31.6%). Conclusions Coughing and dyspnea were the most frequently found symptoms in the patients referred to pulmonology by teleconcepto and COPD was the preceeding condition which was most frequently associated with pulmonary pathology. On the other hand, spirometry and flow-volume curve were the most requested tests by the physician and the pulmonologist. Finally, the average time in hours from the request to the teleconcepto response was 9.1 hours.
Influence of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Circuit on Nutritional Supplements
Authors: Thiara AS
Published: October 2021

Background The main function of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is to provide systemic perfusion and gas exchange for patients with severe, acute respiratory or cardiac illness. The ECMO system consists of blood pump and a membrane oxygenator. ECMO oxygenator fibers, blood pump and tubing may bind circulating compounds such as drugs and nutritional components during ECMO support. Any loss of vital nutrients due to adsorption to the ECMO circuits may lead to further nutritional debilitation in critical ill patients. Objective The purpose of study is to analyze the amount of nutritional supplements adsorbed to the ECMO circuit under controlled ex vivo conditions Methods Six identical ECMO circuits were primed with fresh human whole blood and maintained under physiological conditions at 36°C for 24 hours. A dose of nutritional supplement calculated for a 70 kg patient was added. 150 mL volume was drawn from priming bag for control samples and kept under similar conditions. Blood samples were obtained at predetermined time points and analyzed for concentrations of vitamins, minerals, lipids, and proteins. Statistical analyses were performed using mixed models with robust standard errors, which allows for repeated samples within each setup and incomplete data. Results No significant differences were found between the ECMO circuits and controls for any of the measured variables: cobalamin, folate, vitamin A, glucose, concentration of minerals, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and total proteins. There was an initial decrease and then and increase in the concentration of cobalamin and folate. Vitamin A concentrations decreased in both groups over time. There was a decrease in concentration of glucose and an increased concentration of lactate dehydrogenase over time in both groups. Conclusion There were no changes in the concentrations of nutritional supplements in an ex vivo ECMO circuit compared to control samples, indicating that parenteral nutrition can be given during ECMO support. However, the time span of this study was limited, and the design made it impossible to investigate any functional and structural changes over time in nutritional supplements which lead to diminished effects through the ECMO circuit.
Phage Therapy, The Best Choice To Overcome Antibiotic Resistance, But Can Never Replace Antibiotics
Authors: Paul G. Sunil
Published: October 2021

within the bacteria. Phage therapy is the clinical use of these bacteriophages to treat infections caused by superbugs (bacteria that have acquired resistance against antibiotics). Phages when administered in to bacteria, causes the lysis of the bacterial cells in the lytic phase of phage life cycle. Phage therapy has acquired its importance in the recent years after their successful use in managing some life threatening infections and helped in saving lives. Phage therapy is currently being used as the antimicrobial therapy in some western countries. this paper mainly discusses about using phage therapy in treating infections caused by superbugs, and also discusses on what measures should be taken by different countries to successfully introduce the phage therapy in clinical use. Apart from this phage therapy has got some disadvantages which shows that phage therapy can never be an effective alternative for antibiotics. We conclude that phage therapy can be the best choice for treating infections caused by superbugs, where antibiotics can’t work but can’t be used again once used before in a particular patient.
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Burden in Central India: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Sridevi Parikipandla , RB Singh Kshitij , Lekshmi KK Sree , Manasingh Diptimayee , Badajena Srusti
Published: October 2021

Background: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine syndrome with the disproportionate activity of androgen. This study is intended to determine attitudes with respect to the present names for the syndrome and acuities held by women regarding the main clinical features of PCOS. The study compares the status of PCOS patients and reproductive-aged tribal women prone to PCOS in the population of Central India at Amarkantak. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in which a sample size of 500 females by random sampling was considered for the study and a well-validated questionnaire following the Rotterdam criteria for the diagnosis of PCOS was administered. Data collected relating to PCOS risk factors and the status of disease burden in society were analyzed using SPSS v 25. Results: The prevalence of the PCOS was around 6.6% owing to wretched lifestyle practices. Midst them, the risk factors were depression/anxiety in 32.2%, obesity in 28.4%, diabetes in 7.6% and infertility in 1.8%. 86.6% of people were unaware of the disorder and 41.8% of them were prone to PCOS. Conclusion: Early detection and tracking of risk factors can help in the management of PCOS symptoms. A population-based program of screening and awareness including treatment modalities may be beneficial for the management of the disease.