bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efecto de melatonina exógena en guanacos (Lama guanicoe) bajo un fotoperiodo de días largos
Authors: Correa L. M. , Urviola A. , Riveros J.L.
Published: February 2016

La adición de melatonina exógena, mediante implantes subcutáneos, es capaz de restaurar la respuesta al fotoperiodo de manera dependiente de la duración y adición de la hormona e independiente de la época del año. Este estudio evaluó la respuesta al tratamiento con melatonina exógena en guanacos  ya se mencionó el nombre científico del guanaco en el título, y se debe obviar en el resumen en cautiverio, bajo un fotoperiodo de días largos (16L/8O). El estudio se realizó en la zona mediterránea de Chile. Se estudiaron 14 guanacas adultas. Se midieron las concentraciones basales máximas y mínimas de melatonina. Posteriormente, se asignaron dos grupos al azar: grupo control (GC; n=7) y grupo tratamiento (GT; n=7), al que se le aplicó dos parches de melatonina, cada 23 días por 6 semanas, para bloquear el efecto de la luz ambiental. Se colectaron muestras de sangre, pre y post aplicación de los parches, 3 veces por semana en el día, durante 6 semanas. La concentración de melatonina se midió a través de ELISA competitivo. La concentración basal promedio en el día fue de 16.07pg/mL y en la noche de 52.14 pg/mL. La concentración media de melatonina en GC fue de 9.02pg/mL y en GT fue de 216.58pg/mL (organizador P<0.001). Las concentraciones promedio del GT fueron 25 veces mayores al GC. Los resultados obtenidos son similares a los observados en otras especies. En conclusión, el tratamiento con melatonina exógena en guanacos bajo un fotoperiodo de días largos (16L/8O), es efectivo y provoca un incremento en la concentración basal en sangre.
Efecto de tres niveles de glicerol y tiempos de equilibramiento sobre la viabilidad de espermatozoides de llama (Lama glama) post- descongelado.
Authors: Delgado P. , Quispe Y.
Published: February 2016

Los intentos de criopreservar semen de camélidos sudamericanos  hasta la fecha han dado resultados insatisfactorios, esto debido a características propias del semen, la técnica de colección, la filancia y uso de dilutores, el presente trabajo pretendió determinar el efecto de tres concentraciones de glicerol (6%, 7% y 8%) y tres tiempos de refrigeración (2, 3 y 4 horas) en el porcentaje de motilidad y de espermatozoides vivos de llama pre y post-congelados utilizando el dilutor citrato - yema de huevo-glucosa. Se realizó 42 colecciones de semen por vagina artificial y se destruyó la filancia con extracto de piña. La motilidad espermática y el porcentaje de espermatozoides vivos antes de la congelación no fue afectada por las concentraciones de glicerol ni por los tres tiempos de refrigeración, presentando un promedio general de 64,4% y 71,44% respectivamente. De la misma manera la motilidad espermática y el porcentaje de espermatozoides vivos después de la congelación no fue afectada por las concentraciones de glicerol ni por los tres tiempos de refrigeración, presentando un promedio general de 22.51% y 38,46% respectivamente. Por lo que es indiferente la utilización de 6%, 7% y 8% de glicerol, tampoco influye mantener en equilibrio al semen diluido de llama durante 2, 3 o 4 hrs pues se obtendrá similares resultados.
Welcome to Veterinary Evidence from RCVS Knowledge Chair
Authors: Molyneux Jacqui
Published: February 2016

I am delighted to see the launch of our portal Veterinary Evidence. As a practising veterinary surgeon I, along with many others, recognise the emerging importance of Evidence Based Veterinary Medicine and I believe it will become more and more important as time goes on. We all wish to do the best for our patients but how do we find out what the current ‘best’ is? That’s where this portal will become so useful. Not only will we publish articles that directly help practising vets and nurses to answer that question, we will also collect Knowledge Summaries. These represent a summary of the current level of evidence available to answer a clinically based question. You will also find links to other sites who are doing similar things; we recognise that this is too big a subject for one small organisation to do on our own. That’s also why we have developed an international network of people interested in the subject of EBVM we currently have 1,040 members in 44 countries.One of the most important aspects of Knowledge Summaries is that they can, with suitable training, be produced by practitioners and nurses; many of the necessary aspects of that training can be found on this portal - a whole toolkit for professionals to learn how to formulate a suitable question, how to search for evidence and how to write a Knowledge Summary. Please get involved – that’s the only way we will create exponential growth of the number of summaries available – along the lines of the volunteers who have developed the wealth of information available from the Cochrane collaboration.In addition we will help practitioners to bring EBVM alive in their practices, perhaps by running Journal Clubs – an excellent way of involving the whole practice team in becoming more critical of the evidence presented to them. There is a paper in this first issue which tells you how to do this.We intend this portal to be dynamic and rapidly moving forward but to be able to do this we need people to get involved. If you want to know more please contact Richard Evans, Editor-in-Chief richard@rcvsknowledge.orgFinally if we have whetted your appetite come to Veterinary Evidence Today:  The 2016 EBVM Network conference in Edinburgh on 1st-3rd November. I guarantee you will come away fired with enthusiasm for the subject.I look forward to seeing you thereJacqui MolyneuxChair RCVS Knowledge
Acculturation And Its Relation To Asian-Indian Immigrants Perceptions Of Advertisements
Authors: Khairullah Durriya Z.
Published: February 2016

This study attempts to determine whether the perceptions of Asian-Indian immigrants in the U.S. towards Indian print versus American print advertisements vary within and across stages of acculturation. Our results show that tow and moderate acculturated respondents had a greater preference for Indian advertisements while high acculturated Asian-Indians had a greater preference for American advertisements. Our findings imply that an understanding of the effect of acculturation could aid in planning and executing appropriate advertising programs in order to effectively cater to specific subsegments of the immigrant market.
Effects Of Matching And Mismatching Corporate Employees Perceptual Preferences And Instructional Strategies On Training Achievement And Attitudes
Authors: Dunn Rita , Ingham Joanne , Deckinger Lawrence
Published: February 2016

This study analyzed the: (a) effects of matching and mismatching instructional strategies on the training-achievement test scores of employee classified according to their learning style perceptual preferencesauditory, visual, tactual, kinesthetic, or non-preferenced and (b) results each strategy produced on attitudes toward each of the two instructional strategiesauditory/visual and tactual/kinesthetic/visual. The perceptual preferences of 314 Route Sales Representatives were identified. Advanced driving-safety training materials were translated into two lessonsone auditory strategy with visuals, and one tactual/kinesthetic strategy with visualswhich the subjects received during a one-month period. A semantic differential scale assessed attitudes toward each of the two strategies. Four 3 x 2 ANOVAS for the identified, and then matched and mismatched, perceptual preferences were employed. Dependent variables of achievement and attitude toward instruction were assessed for each of the two training sessions. Significant differences emerged when subjects were matched and mismatched with instructional strategies congruent and incongruent with their diagnosed perceptual preferences. Achievement scores were significantly higher (p>.0001) for both sessions, as were attitudes (p>.0001) for Session 2, in complementary instructional treatments.
Strategic Investment, Uncertainty And Distribution Reform In The P.R. China: Why A Gradual Reform Strategy Works
Authors: Wing Clement Chow Kong
Published: February 2016

This paper attempts to provide an explanation to the success of the gradual reform strategy of China by showing that such a strategy can minimize the uncertainty created in the process of transition from a centrally-planned economy to a market economy. In a commitment versus flexibility game, low uncertainty motivates enterprises to adopt a strategy of pre-committing their investment which is crucial in sustaining a faster growth rate in the industry. In addition, Chinas successful use of market forces of competition and entry is also an important factor in the transition process.
Auditors Influence On Earnings Management: Evidence From The Alternative Minimum Tax
Authors: Burilovich Linda S. , Kattelus Susan C.
Published: February 2016

New alternative minimum tax provisions in 1986 gave managers a strong incentive to choose income decreasing accruals to lower financial net income and tax liability. This study of seventy-two stock life insurance firms from 1984 to 1989 shows that income decreasing discretionary accruals differs significantly across companies audited by (then) Big Eight audit firms, and the firms with the greatest market share appear to allow great client discretion in determining accruals.
Foreign Currency Risk Management Practices In U.S. Multinationals
Authors: Makar Stephen D. , Huffman Stephen P.
Published: February 2016

Todays multinational companies face potentially significant economic exposure to changing exchange rates. One way to manage such currency risk is through the use of foreign exchange derivatives. This paper examines how foreign exchange derivatives are used by U.S. multinationals. Recent studies report that the use of foreign exchange derivatives varies across U.S. multinationals and may depend on a variety of influences, including industry membership. We develop a model to explain these variations in the amounts of derivatives used in terms of differences in foreign currency exposure. The results are consistent with our expectations. In particular, the evidenced pertaining to a sample of 654 U.S. multinationals for the 1990-1994 period indicates that the notional amounts of foreign exchange derivatives are positively associated with the degree of foreign involvement, which proxies foreign currency exposure. Moreover, the results are not sensitive to industry membership or other interfirm differences. The findings of this paper are important because they contribute to a better understanding of the foreign currency risk management practices in U.S. multinationals.
Upward Mobility In Public Accounting: A Gender-Specific Student Perspective
Authors: Larkin Joseph M.
Published: February 2016

This paper reports the results of a survey of 552 accounting majors from seven colleges and universities. Respondents were asked their opinions in four areas: general interest in entering public accounting, factors influencing progress toward partnership, expected overtime hours and the perceived importance of critical success factors and requisite capabilities necessary for ascendency to partnership. Given that approximately 50 percent of todays accounting graduates are female, the results were analyzed across gender to discern any significant differences. Among the most notable difference found was that females rated nine of the 11 critical success factors as more important than their male counterparts. The results should be of interest to educators. Although not bound by student perceptions, it is helpful to be aware of them. Where their expectations are unrealistic, educators can provide counsel and a clearer understanding of the requisite skills and capabilities necessary for success in public accounting.
The Interaction Of Implied Contracts And Organizational Turbulence With Managers Base Pay
Authors: Stroh Linda K. , Reilly Anne H. , Baumann Joseph P.
Published: February 2016

This study sampled 403 managers from 20 Fortune 500 companies to investigate whether there is a relationship between the type of implied contracts existing in an organization and the salary increases managers receive following periods of organizational turbulence. We hypothesized that after a period of turbulence, organizations which offer relational implied contracts to their managers (compared to transactional implied contracts) would reward these managers with larger base pay increases to compensate them for their loss of job security. A competing hypothesis based on traditional economic theory was also tested. The results support our hypotheses. We also examine the relation of implied contracts with base pay, regardless of the level of organizational turbulence.
Activity-Based Costing And The Theory Of Constraints: Using Time Horizons To Resolve Two Alternative Concepts Of Product Cost
Authors: Fritzsch Ralph B.
Published: February 2016

Activity-based costing and the Theory of Constraints have generated a substantial literature that reflects the importance of these topics with practitioners. These two methods appear to represent conflicting viewpoints of product cost. Rather than trying to resolve the question of whos right, each method is examined with respect to its implicit assumptions about time horizons. The Theory of Constraints emerges as a short-run decision tool while Activity-Based Costing has its primary application in strategic planning and control. The problems associated with these methods if time horizons change are examined and suggestions for an integrated approach incorporating elements of both methods are presented.
Testing Convergence And Divergence: The Data From Greece
Authors: Mavroudeas Stavros , Syriopoulos Costas
Published: February 2016

The convergence hypothesis is a popular tenet in modern discussions in macroeconomics and regional economics. It derives from the very fundamental properties of the neoclassical single-sector growth model; and its assumption of diminishing returns to scale. Following this theoretical framework a number of empirical tests (or unconditional or conditional -convergence) has been developed. This paper tests unconditional and conditional -convergence for the Greek economy. Three issues are being considered: (i) if there is regional convergence, (ii) if there is a North-Southern divide, (iii) if Greece is converging with the other economies taking part in the European integration project. Our empirical results reject the convergence hypothesis in all case. These findings, together with similar findings for many other economies, post significant problems for the theoretical assumptions of the neoclassical growth model with exogenous technical change.
Informativeness And Predictability Of Cash Flows
Authors: Wang Zhemin , Eichenseher John
Published: February 2016

This study investigates the relationship between the informativeness and the predictability of cash flow data. Predictability is defined as the ability of an accounting variable to predict future cash flows. Using a two-signal capital asset pricing model, this study predicts that the incremental informativeness of cash flows is an increasing function of its predictability and a decreasing function of the predictability of earnings. The empirical evidence is consistent with this prediction. This study contributes to the cash flow/earnings literature in that it identifies a context in which cash flow data possess significant incremental information content beyond that reflected in earnings. The research findings of this study also have methodological implications for other incremental information content studies. Specifically, it suggests that the informativeness of alternative information is an important factor in examining the incremental information of an accounting variable.
References and Bibliography: Citing the Internet
Authors: Farris II M. Theodore , Maes Jeanne D. , Bunz Ulla K.
Published: February 2016

Over the past six years scholars have found the Internet to be a source of quick information. While the quality of information on the Internet may be questionable, nonetheless, sources of online studies are beginning to merge with library-based research. This article discusses the history of the Internet; concerns of using the Internet as a source, the importance of citing sources and how to cite electronic sources.
Unit Price Contracts: A Practical Framework For Determining Competitive Bid Prices
Authors: Burnett John E. , Wampler Bruce M.
Published: February 2016

A general analytical framework within which to solve the competitive bidding problem is developed by considering a unit price contract. By viewing the problem in the standard capital budgeting framework and exploiting the linearity of the firms objective function and constraints, the problem can be formulated as a standard linear programming (LP) application whose solution is the optimal bid. We also investigate a so-called unbalanced bidding strategy as an effective way for bidding firms to hedge the risk, or uncertainty, inherent in may unit price contracts.
Stock Return Characteristics In A Thin Incipient Stock Market
Authors: Ayadi O. Felix , Blenman Lloyd P. , Obi C. Pat
Published: February 2016

This paper examines the distributional properties of stock returns in the Nigerian stock market. Because emerging stock markets present several institutional, political and economic barriers, we hypothesize that the structural adjustment program begun in 1986 resulted in a sustained increase in the variability of stock returns. Conventional variance homogeneity tests could not reject the hypothesis of changing volatility in the security returns process. However, the Lagrange multiplier test reveals the presence of autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) effect in the stock returns.
An Empirical Test Of The View Of Inventory As A Liability In Explaining Financial Distress: A Comment
Authors: Kee Robert C. , Dugan Michael T.
Published: February 2016

In a recent article appearing in this journal, Foster, Sullivan, and Ward (FSW) examined the assertion of the theory of constraints (TOC) and just in time that holding inventory is harmful or a liability to a firms operations. In this comment we demonstrate that inventory is not inherently a liability but rather is a symptom of more fundamental problems within many firms operations. Therefore, addressing these problems rather than inventory per se is the primary means of relieving a firms financial distress. In this comment we also examine the FSW assertion that more detailed inventory information should be reported to enable financial statement users to construct the performance measures of the TOC. The performance metrics of the TOC are short-term measures of economic performance and represent a small subset of the information used to guide managerial decisions. Consequently, external financial statement users who have a longer decision horizon and who do not have access to the firm specific information with which the TOC is used would derive limited benefit from TOC performance measures.
Abductive Networks For Two-Group Classification: A Comparison With Neural Networks
Authors: Agarwal Anurag
Published: February 2016

In this study, a new Artificial Intelligence technique for non-linear mapping called Abductive Networks is used for two-group classification of firms. The results are compared with Neural Networks, another AI technique, which has been shown to perform better than the traditional statistical techniques such as multivariate discriminant analysis and logit. In empirical tests, Abductive Networks perform as well or better than Neural Networks on various criteria of measurement such as Type 1 / Type II accuracy criteria and Distance Between Centroids.
Financial Reporting Differences Under SFAS 125
Authors: Cocco Anthony F. , Moores Tommy
Published: February 2016

SFAS 125 was fully effective after December 31, 1997. The main issues covered by the standard are transfers and servicing of financial assets and recognition of liabilities. This article focuses on the differential financial statement effects and ratio impact of recording transfers as sales versus as secured borrowings. An example illustrates the income and ratio manipulation possibilities afforded by the standard.
Market Reaction To Firm Inclusion On The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation Underfunding List
Authors: Godwin Norman H. , Key Kimberly G.
Published: February 2016

This study investigates stock market reaction to a firms inclusion on the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporations (PBGC) Top 50 list of firms with the most underfunded pension plans. The PBGCs use of the list to put pressure on firm managers to increase pension funding has been controversial. Abnormal returns calculated around press release dates are not statistically significant, inconsistent with the PBGCs implicit goal of having third parties exert pressure on firm managers to increase funding. However, for one list that is report by The Wall Street Journal, reaction is statistically positive. The positive reaction is consistent with the theory that firms with underfunded pension obligations have a put option with respect to the PBGC.
Perceptions Of Undergraduate Business Students Toward Online Courses In Higher Education Expanded And Revisited: Do Gender, Age, And/Or Past Experiences Make A Difference?
Authors: Tanner John R. , Noser Thomas , Langford Hal
Published: February 2016

This study analyzes the perceptions and preferences of a group of undergraduate business students with respect to taking on-line or distance education courses. In this last decade, distant learning programs have become very popular, and the number of offerings continues to increase.  The growing popularity of this medium for instruction is due to a combination of factors.  Technological advances have made the availability both economical and practical. The economic advantages of distributing scarce resources, geographically and temporally, to students in remote locations provide a broader market for distance education. Additionally, the increasing demand from students to acquire education at times that are convenient given their busy schedules and personal commitments makes distance education attractive to working learners (Roberts 1998). The new opportunities distance learning has provided have enabled students to create an atmosphere for learning at home.

 

The distance debate usually focuses on issues related to student learning and outcomes and student attitudes as compared to traditional classroom-based settings (Phillips, 1998; Webster & Hackley, 1997).  This study attempts to address these and other topics such as what is distance learning, what are the advantages and disadvantages, and what changes can be made to improve this type of learning.  This research is intended to give students a realistic expectation of what to anticipate from distance learning courses based on information we have found and studies we have done.  It is important that students have a realistic perception of the distant learning experience.
Implications Of Mixed Results With Cointegration Models In International Studies
Authors: Al-Shanfari Hatem , Foote Paul Sheldon
Published: February 2016

While cointegration models have been used extensively in many fields (such as in testing for stock market predictability), there have been mixed results from using cointegration models in international studies.  For example, one study attempted to regress the levels of the general stock market price indexes of Norway, Mexico, Venezuela, and of Oman on the levels of interest rate and oil prices variables during the period 1992 to 1999.  Attempts to explain mixed results have included distinguishing developed markets versus less developed markets and differences in the volatilities of markets. Another approach has been attempts to improve cointegration methods.  Some studies have included both bivariate and multivariate methods of cointegration.  Others have employed augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root tests of the residuals.  The extent of mixed results in international studies has implications for earlier studies in single countries.  It is possible that many earlier studies in business and in economics will need to be replicated using newer techniques developed by international researchers.  The purpose of this study is to explain the attempts to improve cointegration methods, the mixed results in international studies, and the implications for earlier studies relying upon cointegration models.
Education, English Language Proficiency, And Earnings Of Male Immigrants In The U.S. Labor Market
Authors: Kim Jongsung
Published: February 2016

Using samples of male Mexican and Chinese immigrants taken from 1990 Census PUMS data, this paper investigates the determinants of English language proficiency (ELP) and its effect on male immigrants’ earnings.  The findings are: 1) the educational attainments are crucial in improving ELP; 2) the effects of ELP on earnings are significant for both Chinese and Mexican immigrants and among all educational categories.  The importance of educational attainment and ELP on the immigrants’ economic success is reestablished.
Student Evaluations Of Online Classes Versus On-Campus Classes
Authors: Loveland Karen A. , Loveland John P.
Published: February 2016

Some schools have reported that student evaluations of teaching for online/Internet classes are significantly lower that the evaluations given for traditional/on-campus classes.  While many institutions appear to use the same (or similar) rating forms for online and on-campus classes, some people question the validity of using forms designed for on-campus classes to evaluate online classes. 

 

The authors of this paper contend that the same general characteristics of effective teaching apply equally to online and on-campus courses.  However, students in online classes interpret these factors differently when evaluating the instructor (e.g., the relative importance of the instructor's oral versus written communication skills is different in online versus on-campus courses). 

 

Specifically, this paper identifies ten factors that are frequently measured by student evaluation forms: (1) Knowledge of the Subject, (2) Communication Skills/Ability, (3) Enthusiasm for the Subject, (4) Encouragement of Student Participation, (5) Rapport with Students, (6) Fairness in Grading, (7) Timeliness in Providing Feedback, (8) Organization of Class, (9) Adequacy of Textbook and Other Learning Materials, and (10) Instructor's Preparation for Class.  The paper then discusses the differences between how online and on-campus students may interpret these factors when completing student evaluations.  The paper concludes with suggestions for improving student evaluations of online classes.
Inflation Target In Emerging Countries: Modeling Exchange Rate Issues
Authors: Reyes Javier A.
Published: February 2016

The idea of inflation targeting in emerging countries is not a new one. There have been papers that favor or reject the idea of implementing such a system in these countries for mainly institutional reasons. This paper does not deal with these normative arguments. Emerging countries are implementing IT regimes and therefore it is necessary to understand how it should be done and what problems can arise. Therefore this paper focuses on exchange rate issues for inflation targeting. These issues have their root in the basic relation that exists in emerging countries between inflation and the exchange rate, a relation known as the “pass through effect”. The simple setup used in this paper shows how the monetary authorities implementing an IT regime must intervene in the exchange rate market in order to comply with the inflation target. The central bank intervenes in order to avoid exchange rate movements that would affect the overall inflation rate through the pass-through effect. These results mean that the dirty floating or fear of floating hypothesis should be modified when applied to countries implementing IT, since their intervention (or dirty floating activities) may be justified.
Currency Risk Hedging With Time-Varying Correlations
Authors: Guo Binbin
Published: February 2016

This paper studies currency risk hedge when volatilities and correlations of forward currency contracts and underlying assets returns are all time-varying.  A multivariate GARCH model with time-varying correlations is adopted to fit the dynamic structure of the conditional volatilities and correlations. The conditional risk-minimizing hedge strategies are estimated for an international portfolio of the US, UK and Switzerland stocks, for the period of February of 1973 to March of 2002. The empirical results show that the optimal dynamic hedging strategies can capture partially the currency fluctuations, and greatly reduce the currency risk and enhance the risk-adjusted returns of the portfolio with significant foreign currency exposures.
Patient Rights At The End Of Life: Provider Attitudes Toward End Of Life Decisions
Authors: Rutsohn Phil , Yates Jean
Published: February 2016

As a society we have recognize that an individual should have the right to provide informed consent regarding his or her care. This right extends to end of life decisions as long as they do not contradict current legal mandates (for example assisted suicide).  Virtually all 50 states have passed legislation which allows patients to refuse life support and at the Federal level the Patient Self-Determination Act (1990) promotes this right at least within an Health Maintenance Organization environment.
Accounting For Stock Options: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Carruth Paul J.
Published: February 2016

In recent years stock options have become one of the most dominant and controversial forms of executive compensation.  Stock options are controversial not only because of the sheer magnitude of some executive option grants, but also because of the method used to account for them.  Currently, the fair value of stock options does not have to be reported as compensation expense on the income statement.  Critics maintain this approach results in an inflated and misleading amount of reported net earnings.  This paper addresses the role of stock options as an effective means of employee compensation and traces the historical development of the accounting treatment of stock options.  In addition, the current reporting requirements for options are discussed along with recommendations for improving the manner in which stock options are accounted  for.        
Terrorist Strategy And Global Economic Implications
Authors: Cosgrove Michael
Published: February 2016

This paper attempts to show that Al Qaeda leaders follow a basic model of utility maximization constrained by their available resources. Their resource constraints led to what appears to be a relatively flat transnational organizational model design in an attempt to challenge the U.S. military pyramid and free market American system. It is suggested that the 911 attacks were meant to serve as a catalyst to induce the U.S. to respond in a manner that might move the terrorists closer to their objectives. That may not have occurred but the 911 attacks were cost effective in creating large dollar costs on the U.S. and global economy. The direct costs of the attacks for the U.S. were much less important than the cumulative costs accruing to the U.S. and global economy from, in part, the post 911 U.S. response to the attacks.

 

Longer run expected economic costs of 911 attacks range from increased private and public sector expenditures, a slowing of growth in global trade, to expected adverse effects on potential output and increased volatility of business cycles. The U.S. response to terrorist activity in terms of increased outlays and tighter security measures appears to be based on the assumption that terrorists may plan to use weapons of mass destruction at some point and/or the U.S. is extrapolating an annual terrorist event of a magnitude equivalent to the 911 casualties and costs. Otherwise, historical civilian casualty numbers resulting from terrorist actions over the past several decades may not warrant this sizeable U.S. response. But U.S. consumers and taxpayers seem willing to pay higher costs to reduce the threat of terrorist attacks in the U.S. Other countries, in comparison, seem to rely more on historical civilian casualties in formulating their response. Of course, free-rider benefits do accrue to our Allies from U.S. military actions abroad.
Calendar Anomalies In Kuwait Stock Exchange: Anomalous Evidence
Authors: Alshimmiri Turki
Published: February 2016

Calendar anomalies such as January and weekend effects were found to exist in many international stock markets. Explanations of these anomalies are vast and so far are not robust. This paper examines these anomalies in a distinct emerging market, Kuwait stock market (KSE). With Kuwait joining the World Trade Organization treaty (WTO) and by opening its stock market to foreign investors, it becomes important to investigate stock behavior in KSE. The study finds interesting regularities in trading patterns of investors related to the weekend as well as to the day of the week. That is, there exists a weekend effect and is robust to the methodology applied. However, this effect is different from that uncovered in other developed stock markets in the sense that the first trading day (Saturday in KSE) shows positive returns and the second trading day (Sunday in KSE) shows negative returns. Other days show no systematic behavior and if detected, it is insignificant. On the other hand, January effect is not detected in KSE and returns in January are mot different from those in other months. However, returns during summer months (May-September) tend to be significantly higher than returns during other months of the year (October-April) in what is termed as summer effect. The most plausible elucidation relates to human factors as investors in KSE sense no unhealthy information about firms over the weekend and hence make their portfolio acquisition decisions in Saturdays and reverse these decisions on next day to capitalize on their marginal profits.
The Future Of Affirmative Action After Grutter v. Bollinger
Authors: Becker Paula Alexander
Published: February 2016

The future of affirmative action was the subject of a pair of consolidated cases decided by the United States Supreme Court in June 2003.  Whether the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits the use of race in the admission of students to a University or whether diversity can provide a compelling government interest sufficient to meet Fourteenth Amendment standard was the controversy decided by the Supreme Court.  This case will affect the future of affirmative action not only in higher education, but also in the employment arena as well.
Elimination Of Double Dividend Taxation: How Will It Change Corporate Financial Behavior? A Case Study
Authors: Trierweiler Jack , Breczinski Carl
Published: February 2016

In December of 2002 President George W. Bush introduced an economic stimulus package which the administration claims will encourage increased business spending and that will encourage economic growth to lift the United States out of it’s jobless economic recovery.  The proposed package entails over $670 billion worth of tax relief over the next decade including $98 billion over the next 16 months.  The major points of the proposal include: speeding up the 2001 tax cuts to increase the pace of recovery and job creation, encouraging job-creating investment in America’s businesses by ending the double taxation of dividends and giving businesses incentives to grow, and providing help for unemployed Americans, including extending unemployment benefits and creating new re-employment accounts to help displaced workers get back on the job The stimulus package is intended to provide the necessary bolstering to the economy to recover growth in GDP as well as creation of jobs.  The portion of the proposed economic stimulus package eliminating the double taxation of dividends issued by corporations has come under extensive criticism as not being stimulus for job creating investment. It is the objective of this study to evaluate the legitimacy of the proposal by investigating the impact that the proposed changes would have on corporations’ financial position.  The procedure will be to evaluate if it is in the best interest of the individual corporations to return corporate savings to the stockholders in the form of dividends. The procedure will be to evaluate the liquidity position of four selected corporations and their resulting equity values.  Chosen for the case analysis were  General Electric, Microsoft, eBay, and Daktronics.  A dividend, or additional dividend, for the corporations was calculated based on an assumed fixed yield on current share price, for each corporation for fiscal years 1999, 2000, and 2001.  From the calculated dividends the balance sheets and cash flow statements were revised for each fiscal year to evaluate changes to the corporations’ financial situation, specifically their liquidity position and their equity values.
A Comparative Study Of Online Retailing: U.S. Vs. E.U. Consumer Attitudes Toward Product Country Of Origin
Authors: Pence Norman E. , Scott Judith DeLouche , Scott C. Richard
Published: February 2016

As a first-mover into the use of the Internet for e-commerce, many U.S. retailers have found another tool that it has added to the plethora of methods it can use to reach customers.  Although in an early stage of development, the growth of e-commerce is likely to mushroom.  Trailing the U.S. in Internet marketing, retailers in the European Union (E.U.) are quickly realizing its potential to increase revenues and profits.  This study focuses on two aspects of online retailing by contrasting the perceptions of U.S. and E.U. consumers on the use of the Internet for shopping, and contrasting their views with respect to where a product originates.  The study surveyed 268 people from either the U.S., E.U., and from a handful of other locations.  From the gathered data set findings and conclusions were made that should be of interest to professionals in academe or the commercial business sector.
An Activity-Based Costing Model For Dental Schools: Is ABC A Feasible Costing Alternative?
Authors: Robinson-Backmon Ida
Published: February 2016

Few studies related to activity-based costing (ABC) and health-care settings have investigated useful models for the health-care intellectual environment. This focus study targets one area within a dental school, the Restorative Department. The objective of the research is to determine the appropriateness of an activity-based costing system for costing departmental teaching, research and service activities by designing a comprehensive model that describes procedures associated with implementation. The results of the study indicate that there are potential benefits associated with the successful implementation of an ABC system within a health-care intellectual environment. Some of the benefits include cost savings opportunities, enhanced budgetary processes and improved assessment of the efficiency of faculty performances. 
The Relationship Of Learning Orientation To Organizational Performance
Authors: Preziosi Robert , McLaughlin Heidi M. , McLaughlin Gregory C.
Published: February 2016

The fundamental premise of successful firms possessing resources that are superior to those of their competitors has been prevalent in the related literature.  This has fostered a wealth of research to determine the source, as well as the necessary maintenance of these resources.  Resources should possess certain characteristics that would benefit the firm, given that effective strategic deployment of resources at any time is moderated by time, the actions of competitors, and the dynamics of the external environment.

 

It is through this ongoing process of competing and ultimately succeeding through ideocyncratic resources that provides the catalyst for superior financial performance.  These capabilities, which are developed over time, provide a source of advantage that must be continually protected and improved.  As the external environment changes, dynamism in the environment requires a departure from established organizational strategies; the entrepreneurial firm pursues competitive advantage through innovation, considered essential to competitive advantage.  The competitive marketplace becomes the impetus for innovation, and innovation in turn becomes a key form of organizational learning.
How To Implement Online Surveying And A Comparison With Traditional Surveys
Authors: Calluzzo Vincent J. , Cante Charles J. , Ryan Huldah A.
Published: February 2016

This paper is divided into two parts.  The first part will discuss the techniques needed to implement a web-based survey.  Part two will present the results that the authors have obtained using web-based surveying verses the traditional return by mail/fax surveys.

 

A number of issues need to be addressed before a web-based survey can be implemented.  Those issues are: selection of an Internet Service Provider, selection of server software, selection of Web creation software, building the web site, creating the form, and linking the website to a database.

 

The authors have conducted five major surveys over the last three years.  The last three surveys have given the respondents the option of filling out the survey and mailing/faxing it back or responding online.  The results reveal a bias against the web.  We will discuss some of the reasons we believe this to be the case.
Wireless: Will Wi-Fi Replace Cell Phones?
Authors: Rose Chris
Published: February 2016

Wireless cellular telephones are extremely popular, especially now that they incorporate text messaging and picture capabilities. At the same time the speeds of cellular networks keep increasing with the establishment of 3G networks and the recent announcement of soon to be deployed 4G networks which will have speeds up to 1.5 megabits per second. However, advancements in established 802.11 Wi-Fi mesh networking technology could overtake the cellular phone system by providing a more efficient and cheaper network while  providing a faster, more flexible, more reliable and more useful network. Perhaps the idea of a Wi-Fi portable SIP phone, using VoIP, which is connected to the regular Internet at speeds up to 6 megabits per second and which can be used anywhere in the world where there is a Wi-Fi network might be  more appealing to the consumer.
Long-Term Capital Gains Tax Strategies: Correlated Protective Put Strategy
Authors: Aulerich John R. , Molloy James
Published: February 2016

A reduction in the long-term capital gains tax rate provides investors with new strategies to minimize taxes and protect investment gains.  One such opportunity exists when an investor decides to sell a profitable stock with a holding period of less than one-year, resulting in short-term ordinary taxes.  The investor would find it more beneficial to sell the stock after one-year lapses, resulting in lower long-term capital gain taxes, although the longer holding period exposes the investor to the uncertainty of stock price movement.  A strategy to extend the holding period without excess risk would be to use the protective put option strategy, sometimes referred to as “investment insurance”.  The strategy involves the purchase of a put option to protect against the possible decline in the stock price, to take advantage of the lower long-term capital gains tax rate, and to preserve the upside potential of the stock.  Pursuant to IRS Publication 550, the IRS does not allow the use of a protective put to extend the holding period on the same security considered for sale.  Since the IRS does not allow a direct protective put hedge, this study will explore an alternative strategy involving the purchase of a put on a highly correlated investment to extend the holding period to recognize lower capital gains tax rates.  The paper presents example situations when an investor benefits from utilizing the correlated protective put option strategy.
Hospital Cost Shifts As A Result Of Changes In Auto Insurance Regimes
Authors: Owings-Edwards Stephanie
Published: February 2016

This paper seeks to determine if moving from a no-fault auto insurance system to a tort system will necessarily result in hospitals being faced with more unpaid bills. The answer is found to depend upon legal regulation of the medical insurance industry, the percent of drivers operating without auto insurance, the proportion of drivers who are without medical insurance and the percent of drivers who purchase Med Pay.
Taking a Leadership Position In The IT Business Environment
Authors: Ulferts Gregory W. , Howard Terry L. , Ulferts Ryan C.
Published: February 2016

Well-defined Industrial economics have been based upon internal, specialized, and proprietary business models.  Success in that economy has been dependent upon the ability to produce and distribute products and services faster, better, and cheaper than competitors (Economy of Scale).  The opportunity for such competition translates into executable capabilities primarily by building specialized plants, jobs, and workers that support that opportunity.  Then, and only then, an Economy of Scope will develop when those capabilities have been established.  The business value is heavily dependent upon that ability to leverage an existing business infrastructure with a launch of a new opportunity.  Job specialization, hierarchical supervision, and assembly line approaches have been techniques that have successfully leveraged a launch with an existing business structure.  Those models have had little success in the Information Age.  For example, a need has risen to leverage supply and distribution with existing business models.  Therefore, a new infrastructure must be created to develop and execute external proprietary strategies and capabilities.
Applying Succession Management Benefits For Leadership Continuity
Authors: Reid Maisie
Published: February 2016

Faced with increasing numbers of employees retiring and dwindling replacements, corporations are implementing succession management programs at all levels of the organization to build structural leadership for internal employee advancement, and ensure leadership continuity. There is a need for succession planning management in public service agencies. This article discusses succession management benefits, and incorporation of strategic human resource management tools for leadership continuity in anticipation for retirements and replacements, and suggests future research directions.
The Joint Effect Of Task Characteristics And Organizational Context On Job Performance: A Test Using SEM
Authors: Folami Lookman Buky , Jacobs Fred
Published: February 2016

Prior research document significant relationships between task characteristics and employee affective outcomes. However, there have been difficulties with implementing the findings of this task characteristics research in real life due to the absence of organizational context variables in these studies. The argument has been made that effective job design should emphasize task design (task characteristics) that is in congruence with surrounding organizational context and subsystems. The current study proposes an integrated task context model and then tests a subset of the model using organizational inflexibility and perceived environmental uncertainty to proxy for organizational context. The results of structural equation modeling confirm the existence of a joint effect of task characteristics and perceived environmental uncertainty on job performance among public accountants.