bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Third molars and periodontal damage of second molars in the general population
Authors: Kindler Stefan , Holtfreter Birte , Koppe Thomas , Mksoud Maria , Lucas Christian , Seebauer Christian , Völzke Henry , Kocher Thomas , Johnson Kimberly , Langner Sönke , Albers Martin , Metelmann Hans‐Robert , Ittermann Till
Published: August 2018

Aim

The aim of this study was to clarify the association between impacted or erupted third molars and periodontal pathology, assessed by probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment levels (CAL), in adjacent second molars.

Materials and Methods

Data from the population‐based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) was used. This is the first project with whole‐body magnetic resonance imaging (WB‐MRI) application in a general population setting with dental issues. Calibrated and licensed dentists measured PD and CAL with a periodontal probe.

Results

In the mandible, individuals with erupted third molars had a 1.45‐fold higher odds ratio (CI:1.03; 2.05; p = 0.031) and individuals with impacted third molars had a 2.37‐fold higher odds ratio (CI:1.45; 3.85; p < 0.001) to have higher PD values in the adjacent distal site of second molar than individuals with missing third molars in the total population. These significant associations were even more pronounced in the population free of periodontitis disease. In participants with periodontitis in the maxilla, there was an association of erupted third molars with an increased PD of adjacent molars.

Conclusion

In particular, in the mandible, those findings could guide dental practitioners more in the direction to remove the third molars after having evaluated the periodontium of the adjacent teeth.
Assessment of energy expenditure using doubly labeled water, physical activity by accelerometer and reported dietary intake in Japanese men with type 2 diabetes: A preliminary study
Authors: Yoshimura Eiichi , Ohkawara Kazunori , Ishikawa‐Takata Kazuko , Yamada Satoru , Tokui Mikiya , Funae Osamu , Takimoto Hidemi , Katsukawa Fuminori
Published: August 2018

The aim of the present study was to determine the total energy expenditure, physical activity and dietary intake of men with type 2 diabetes mellitus and control participants without type 2 diabetes mellitus who were matched for age and body mass index. The participants in the present study were 12 well‐controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and 10 controls, aged 40–75 years, with a body mass index <30 kg/m2. Total energy expenditure under free‐living conditions was assessed using the doubly labeled water method, and physical activity was measured using a triaxial accelerometer. Dietary intake was assessed using a self‐recorded food intake diary during the measurement period. Participants were instructed to record their dietary intake over 3 days, including 2 weekdays. Total energy expenditure was not significantly different between the groups (P = 0.153), nor were energy (P = 0.969) or macronutrient intakes. In conclusion, when age and body mass index are matched, total energy expenditure and self‐reported energy intake are not significantly different between type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and healthy controls.
The in vitro and in vivo effect of tannic acid on Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in zebrafish (Danio rerio) to treat ichthyophthiriasis
Authors: Alavinia Seyed Jalil , Mirzargar Seyed Saeed , Rahmati‐Holasoo Hooman , Mousavi Hosseinali Ebrahimzadeh
Published: August 2018

The in vitro antiparasitic effect of polyphenol tannic acid (TA) on Ichthyophthirius multifiliis theronts and tomonts was evaluated. In vitro antiparasitic assays revealed that TA in a dose‐ and time‐dependent pattern through the damage of parasite plasma membrane could be 100% effective against I. multifiliis theronts at concentrations of 8 and 11 ppm during all the exposure times (45–270 min). The tomonts proliferation was completely inhibited by penetrating TA (at least 15 ppm for 22‐hr exposure) into encysted tomont across the cyst wall. However, 10 ppm TA could result in a ninefold decrease in the population of live tomonts compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Although at theront concentrations of over 6,000 per zebrafish (Danio rerio), a 100% prevalence of ichthyophthiriasis during a 5‐day exposure was recorded, results of in vivo tests showed that the parasite that pretreated up to 10 ppm TA for 70 min had not any capability to infect the studied zebrafish population. The acute toxicity (96 hr‐LC50) of TA for zebrafish was 19.51 ppm. Thus, TA can be considered as a natural therapeutant to safely and efficiently improve the health of aquatic systems by controlling ichthyophthiriasis.
Z‐Guggulsterone attenuates astrocytes‐mediated neuroinflammation after ischemia by inhibiting toll‐like receptor 4 pathway
Authors: Liu Tianlong , Liu Minna , Zhang Tiejun , Liu Wenxing , Xu Hang , Mu Fei , Ren Danjun , Jia Na , Li Zhengjun , Ding Yi , Wen Aidong , Li Yuwen
Published: August 2018

Inflammatory damage plays a pivotal role in ischemic stroke pathogenesis and may represent one of the therapeutic targets. Z‐Guggulsterone (Z‐GS), an active component derived from myrrh, has been used to treat various diseases. The traditional uses suggest that myrrh is a good candidate for anti‐inflammatory damage. This study was to investigate the anti‐inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of Z‐GS following cerebral ischemic injury, as well as the exact mechanisms behind them. Rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model and in vitro astrocytes oxygen‐glucose deprivation (OGD) model were adopted to simulate ischemic stroke. Z‐GS (30 or 60 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally immediately after reperfusion, while astrocytes were maintained in 30 or 60 μM Z‐GS before OGD treatment. The results indicated that Z‐GS significantly alleviated neurological deficits, infarct volume and histopathological damage in vivo, and increased the astrocytes viability in vitro. Moreover, the treatment of Z‐GS inhibited the astrocytes activation and down‐regulated the mRNA levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the activated TLR4‐NF‐κB signaling pathways induced by MCAO or OGD were significantly suppressed by Z‐GS treatment, which was achieved via inhibiting the phosphorylation of JNK. Our results demonstrated that Z‐GS exerted neuroprotective and anti‐inflammatory properties through preventing activation of TLR4‐mediated pathway in the activated astrocytes after ischemia injury. Therefore, Z‐GS could be considered as a promising candidate for the treatment of ischemic stroke.

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Short vs. Standard Laser‐Microgrooved Implants Supporting Single and Splinted Crowns: A Prospective Study with 3 Years Follow‐Up
Authors: Guarnieri Renzo , Di Nardo Dario , Gaimari Gianfranco , Miccoli Gabriele , Testarelli Luca
Published: August 2018

Purpose

The aim of this study was to compare survival rates, marginal bone loss (MBL), and peri‐implant soft tissue parameters between short and standard laser‐microgrooved implants supporting single or splinted crowns 3 years after loading.

Materials and Methods

30 subjects received 1 short ( and 1 standard length ( laser‐microgrooved implant in adjacent sites of the premolar and molar regions of the mandible or maxilla. Peri‐implant soft tissue parameters and intraoral radiographs were recorded at the delivery of definitive crowns (baseline) and 3 years later. Cumulative survival rate (CSR) and marginal bone loss (MBL) in relation to crown/implant (C/I) ratio, implant length, location, type of antagonist, and type of prosthetic design (single or splinted), were evaluated.

Results

CSR of short implants was 98%, compared to 100% for standard implants, without significant statistical difference. MBL was not significantly different over the observation period, with an average of 0.23 ± 0.6 mm and 0.27 ± 0.3 mm for short and standard implants, respectively. No statistical differences were found between short and standard implants regarding plaque (14.7% vs. 15.7%), number of sites BOP (8.3% vs. 5.9%), probing depth (1.13 ± 0.6 mm vs. 1.04 ± 0.8 mm), and mean mucosal recession (0.18 ± 0.3 mm vs. 0.22 ± 0.3 mm). Analyzing MBL in relation to the C/I ratio, implant length, location, type of antagonist, and type of prosthetic design, no statistically significant differences were found.

Conclusion

Regardless of C/I ratio, implant length, location, type of antagonist, and type of prosthetic design, short and standard laser‐microgrooved implants had similar survival rates, MBL, and peri‐implant soft tissue conditions over the observation period of 3 years.
Medication error trends and effects of person‐related, environment‐related and communication‐related factors on medication errors in a paediatric hospital
Authors: Manias Elizabeth , Cranswick Noel , Newall Fiona , Rosenfeld Ellie , Weiner Carlye , Williams Allison , Wong Ian CK , Borrott Narelle , Lai Jerry , Kinney Sharon
Published: August 2018

Aim

This study aimed to examine reported medication error trends in an Australian paediatric hospital over a 5‐year period and to determine the effects of person‐related, environment‐related and communication‐related factors on the severity of medication outcomes. In particular, the focus was on the influence of changes to a hospital site and structure on the severity of medication errors.

Methods

A retrospective clinical audit was undertaken over a 5‐year period of paediatric medication errors submitted to an online voluntary reporting system of an Australian, tertiary, public teaching paediatric hospital. All medication errors submitted to the online system between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2015 were included.

Results

A total of 3340 medication errors was reported, which corresponded to 0.56% medication errors per combined admissions and presentations or 5.73 medication errors per 1000 bed days. The most common patient outcomes related to errors requiring monitoring or an intervention to ensure no harm occurred (n = 1631, 48.8%). A new hospital site and structure had 0.354 reduced odds of producing medication errors causing possible or probable harm (95% confidence interval 0.298–0.421, P < 0.0001). Patient and family involvement had 1.270 increased odds of identifying medication errors associated with possible or probable harm compared with those causing no harm (95% confidence interval 1.028–1.568, P = 0.027). Interrupted time series analyses showed that moving to a new hospital site and structure was associated with a reduction in reported medication errors.

Conclusion

Encouraging child and family involvement, facilitating hospital redesign and improving communication could help to reduce the harm associated with medication errors.
What exposures in early life are risk factors for childhood obesity?
Authors: Mihrshahi Seema , Baur Louise A
Published: August 2018

Globally, estimates show that 41 million children younger than 5 years of age are affected by overweight and obesity. In many regions of the world, these prevalence rates have increased dramatically, especially in low‐ and middle‐income countries, making childhood obesity a global policy issue. Recent data show that many children are already affected by overweight or obesity by the time they start school; hence, the examination of early exposures, with interventions around these exposures, is warranted. In this review, we outline the main modifiable exposures in early life that can lead to an increased risk of obesity. These exposures can be broadly categorised into parental factors such as obesity and gestational diabetes; dietary exposures in early life, including breastfeeding and complementary feeding and feeding behaviours; physical activity, sedentary behaviours and sleep; and environmental exposures such as maternal exposure to tobacco. We also identify research gaps and opportunities for further research.
Preparation, characterization and antimicrobial activity of inclusion complex of biochanin A with (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin
Authors: Nikolic Ivana Lj , Savic Ivan M , Popsavin Mirjana M , Rakic Srdjan J , Mihajilov-Krstev Tatjana M , Ristic Ivan S , Eric Suzana P , Savić-Gajic Ivana M
Published: August 2018

Objectives

An inclusion complex of biochanin A (BCA) with (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) was prepared in the ethanol solution to improve its water solubility.

Methods

Using the FTIR, 1H-NMR, XRD, DSC and SEM methods, the structural characterization of the prepared complex was analysed.

Key findings

The phase-solubility study has shown that the solubility of BCA was increased twofold in 42% (v/v) ethanol solution after complexation with HP-β-CD. The complex between BCA and HP-β-CD was prepared in the molar ratio of 1 : 1. The antibacterial activity of the inclusion complex was investigated against the various bacteria, fungus and yeast using the microdilution method. The minimal inhibitory concentration values for the analysed strain of bacteria were in the range of 0.84–1.69 mg/cm3, whereby the prepared inclusion complex exhibited less effect on the reduction of the number of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae species compared to pure BCA. The inclusion complex of BCA was significantly more active against Candida albicans than pure BCA. Biochanin A and its inclusion complex has not expressed the activity against Aspergillus niger.

Conclusions

Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the antimicrobial activity of BCA was remained unchanged after complexation.
Peri‐pharyngeal muscle response to inspiratory loading: comparison of patients with OSA and healthy subjects
Authors: Oliven Ron , Cohen Guy , Somri Mostafa , Schwartz Alan R. , Oliven Arie
Published: August 2018

Upper airway patency to airflow and the occurrence of obstructive sleep apnea involve a complex interplay between pharyngeal anatomy and synergic co‐activation of peri‐pharyngeal muscles. In previous studies we observed large differences in the response to sleep‐associated flow limitation between the genioglossus and other (non‐GG) peri‐pharyngeal muscles. We hypothesized that similar differences are present also during wakefulness. In the present study we compared the response to inspiratory loading of the genioglossus electromyogram and four other peri‐pharyngeal muscles. Studies were performed in eight obstructive sleep apnea patients, seven age‐matched healthy subjects and five additional younger subjects. Electromyogram activity was evaluated over a range of negative oesophageal pressures and expressed as % of maximal electromyograms. In healthy subjects, the slope response to inspiratory loading (electromyogram/pressures) was similar for the genioglossus and non‐GG muscles studied. However, the electromyogram responses were significantly higher in the young subjects compared with older subjects. In contrast, in the obstructive sleep apnea patients, the electromyogram/pressure response of the non‐GG muscles was similar to that of the age‐matched healthy subjects, whereas the slope response of the genioglossus electromyogram was significantly higher than non‐GG muscles. We conclude that both age and the presence of obstructive sleep apnea affect the response of peri‐pharyngeal muscles to inspiratory loading. In patients with obstructive sleep apnea the genioglossus seems to compensate for mechanical disadvantages, but non‐GG muscles apparently are not included in this neuromuscular compensatory mechanism. Our current and previous findings suggest that attempts to improve obstructive sleep apnea with myofunctional therapy should put added emphasis on the training of non‐GG muscles.
How dangerous is a Drosera? Limb autotomy increases passive predation risk in crickets
Authors: Cross A. T. , Bateman P. W.
Published: August 2018

Autotomy, the voluntary shedding of body parts, is a strategy employed by many organisms to evade predation and escape entanglement. Although this strategy may allow an individual to survive one threat encounter it can come at significant cost, with studies indicating that autotomized individuals exhibit reduced fitness and increased susceptibility to active predators. However, little is known about the interplay between autotomy state and passive predation risk. We explored this interaction experimentally using prey of different size and autotomy state (laboratory‐raised crickets) exposed to a sessile predator (the carnivorous plant Drosera collina). Data indicated a strong relationship between capture likelihood and autotomy state, with capture likelihood increasing from 6% in intact crickets (those retaining both hind legs) to 31% in single autotomized and 44% in double autotomized individuals. A weaker, though still strong, relationship was observed between capture likelihood and prey size, with smaller crickets (7–32 mg) paying a markedly greater cost for limb loss than larger crickets (100–280 mg). Capture likelihood for small crickets after single‐ or double‐autotomy was increased by 56 and 72% respectively compared to intact individuals, while this risk only increased by 2 and 13% respectively for large crickets. Our results further highlight the costs of autotomy to fitness and the long‐term survival of individuals, suggesting not only that this strategy may markedly increase the susceptibility of organisms to future passive predation but also that the cost is higher for earlier ontogenetic stages.
Introduction: The literatures of early modern Ireland
Authors: Connolly Ruth , McAreavey Naomi
Published: August 2018

This is an introduction to recent scholarship on the literatures of early modern Ireland, focusing mainly on literatures written in the English language. It outlines the key developments in the field over the past twenty years. It summarises the findings of the eleven papers published in the special double issue and it outlines the new approaches and methodologies that those papers propose for early modern Irish literary studies.
Biotic consequences of a shift in invertebrate ecosystem engineers: Invasion of New Zealand rocky shores by a zone‐forming ascidian
Authors: Davis Andrew R. , Walls Katherine , Jeffs Andrew
Published: August 2018

The pervasive effects of invasive ecosystem engineers, that is those species that modify their environment, are well documented, but rarely have the broader impacts of one foundation invertebrate species being replaced by another been examined. In New Zealand, green‐lipped mussels, Perna canaliculus, commonly dominate wave‐exposed rocky shores. The recent appearance of an invasive ecosystem engineer, the ascidian Pyura doppelgangera, at the very northern tip of New Zealand now threatens to exclude these bivalves from this habitat. Here, we report major shifts in assemblages associated with the invader and chronicle its continued spread. We examined epibiota associated with clumps of mussels and clumps of Pyura from two rocky shore habitats—pools and emergent substrata at two locations. We detected some differences in species richness in biota associated with the two foundation species, but faunal abundance only differed between the locations. These minor changes were dwarfed by the shift in species composition within clumps of each foundation species. Molluscs, particularly gastropods, and crustaceans dominated the assemblage within mussels. In contrast, tubicolous polychaetes dominated the fauna associated with the ascidian. Sessile epifauna, notably barnacles and calcareous tube‐dwelling polychaetes, were common on mussels, but never encountered on the ascidian. Multivariate analysis revealed marked dissimilarity (>80%) between the characteristic mussel and ascidian faunas with virtually no overlap. This biotic shift overshadowed any differences between habitats and locations. The broader implications of these faunal shifts for local and regional patterns of biodiversity, as well as ecosystem function, remain unclear, but deserve further attention.
Chess and the conscious mind: Why Dreyfus and McDowell got it wrong
Authors: Montero Barbara Gail
Published: August 2018

Is it possible to deliberate consciously during a 1‐min‐per‐player chess game? I argue that, in contrast to views of the philosophers Hubert Dreyfus and John McDowell, even 1‐min‐per‐player chess games involve conscious thought and deliberation. In making my case, I rely on experimental results from two small‐scale studies I conducted on chess players, chess players' first‐person reports, and theoretical considerations that distinguish automatic skills from consciously controlled skills. This work bolsters Yu‐Hsuan Chang and David Lane's 2016 study suggesting that simultaneous chess exhibitions and speed chess allow time for calculation. It also aims to inspire future, larger‐scale studies investigating the role of declarative thought in 1‐min‐per‐player games.
Gorillas in the missed (but not the unseen): Reevaluating the evidence for attention being necessary for consciousness
Authors: Kozuch Benjamin
Published: August 2018

The idea that attention is necessary for consciousness (the “Necessity Thesis”) is frequently advocated by philosophers and psychologists alike. Experiments involving inattentional and change blindness are thought to support the Necessity Thesis, but they do so only if subjects failing to notice the target stimulus are also not conscious of it. This article uses commonsense phenomenological observations supplemented with empirical data to argue that some subjects failing to notice the target stimulus nonetheless experience its color. Since subjects not noticing the target are commonly assumed to be not attending to it, these scenarios would be instances of consciousness without attention: instead of inattentional and change blindness supporting the Necessity Thesis, they would present counterexamples to it.
SpoVID functions as a non‐competitive hub that connects the modules for assembly of the inner and outer spore coat layers in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Nunes Filipa , Fernandes Catarina , Freitas Carolina , Marini Eleonora , Serrano Mónica , Moran Charles P. , Eichenberger Patrick , Henriques Adriano O.
Published: August 2018

During sporulation in Bacillus subtilis, a group of mother cell‐specific proteins guides the assembly of the coat, a multiprotein structure that protects the spore and influences many of its environmental interactions. SafA and CotE behave as party hubs, governing assembly of the inner and outer coat layers. Targeting of coat proteins to the developing spore is followed by encasement. Encasement by SafA and CotE requires E, a region of 11 amino acids in the encasement protein SpoVID, with which CotE interacts directly. Here, we identified two single alanine substitutions in E that prevent binding of SafA, but not of CotE, to SpoVID, and block encasement. The substitutions result in the accumulation of SafA, CotE and their dependent proteins at the mother cell proximal spore pole, phenocopying a spoVID null mutant and suggesting that mislocalized SafA acts as an attractor for the rest of the coat. The requirement for E in SafA binding is bypassed by a peptide with the sequence of E provided in trans. We suggest that E allows binding of SafA to a second region in SpoVID, enabling CotE to interact with E and SpoVID to function as a non‐competitive hub during spore encasement.
Anopheles arabiensis oviposition site selection in response to habitat persistence and associated physicochemical parameters, bacteria and volatile profiles
Authors: Eneh L. K. , Fillinger U. , Borg Karlson A. K. , Kuttuva Rajarao G. , Lindh J.
Published: August 2018

A better understanding of the oviposition behaviour of malaria vectors might facilitate the development of new vector control tools. However, the factors that guide the aquatic habitat selection of gravid females are poorly understood.

The present study explored the relative attractiveness of similar artificial ponds (0.8 m2) aged at varying lengths prior to opening in such a way that wild Anopheles arabiensis could choose between ponds that were freshly set up, or were aged 4 or 17 days old, to lay eggs. Physicochemical parameters, bacterial profile and volatile organic compounds emitted from ponds were investigated over three experimental rounds.

Fresh ponds contained on average twice as many An. arabiensis instar larvae (mean 50, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 29–85) as the ponds that had aged 4 days (mean = 24, 95% CI = 14–42) and 17 days (mean = 20, 95% CI: 12–34). Fresh ponds were associated with a significantly higher turbidity combined with higher water temperature, higher nitrite levels and a lower pH and chlorophyll level than the older ponds. Round by round analyses suggested that bacteria communities differed between age groups and also that 4‐heptanone, 2‐ethylhexanal and an isomer of octenal were exclusively detected from the fresh ponds.

These characteristics may be useful with respect to developing attract and kill strategies for malaria vector control.
Explaining Differences in Men and Women's Use of Unethical Tactics in Negotiations
Authors: Pierce Jason R. , Thompson Leigh
Published: August 2018

Emerging evidence suggests that competitiveness and empathy explain men's greater willingness to use unethical tactics in negotiations. We tested whether and how robustly they do with three distinct studies, run with three distinct populations. Simultaneous mediation analyses generally, but not completely, confirmed our expectations. In Study 1, only competitiveness mediated sex differences in unethical negotiation tactics among Chilean business students. Although empathy also explained willingness to use unethical negotiation tactics, the Chilean men and women did not differ in this regard. In Study 2, competitiveness and empathy both mediated sex differences in American business students’ intentions to lie to a client, but competitiveness explained greater variance. In Study 3, both factors explained sex differences in lying to bargaining partners for real stakes by working‐age Americans. Our findings suggest that competitiveness and empathy each explain sex differences in willingness to use unethical tactics, but the former does so more consistently.
Chloroplast‐localized BICAT proteins shape stromal calcium signals and are required for efficient photosynthesis
Authors: Frank Julia , Happeck Ricardo , Meier Bastian , Hoang Minh Thi Thanh , Stribny Jiri , Hause Gerd , Ding Haidong , Morsomme Pierre , Baginsky Sacha , Peiter Edgar
Published: August 2018

The photosynthetic machinery of plants must be regulated to maximize the efficiency of light reactions and CO2 fixation. Changes in free Ca2+ in the stroma of chloroplasts have been observed at the transition between light and darkness, and also in response to stress stimuli. Such Ca2+ dynamics have been proposed to regulate photosynthetic capacity. However, the molecular mechanisms of Ca2+ fluxes in the chloroplasts have been unknown.

By employing a Ca2+ reporter‐based approach, we identified two chloroplast‐localized Ca2+ transporters in Arabidopsis thaliana, BICAT1 and BICAT2, that determine the amplitude of the darkness‐induced Ca2+ signal in the chloroplast stroma.

BICAT2 mediated Ca2+ uptake across the chloroplast envelope, and its knockout mutation strongly dampened the dark‐induced [Ca2+]stroma signal. Conversely, this Ca2+ transient was increased in knockout mutants of BICAT1, which transports Ca2+ into the thylakoid lumen. Knockout mutation of BICAT2 caused severe defects in chloroplast morphology, pigmentation and photosynthetic light reactions, rendering bicat2 mutants barely viable under autotrophic growth conditions, while bicat1 mutants were less affected.

These results show that BICAT transporters play a role in chloroplast Ca2+ homeostasis. They are also involved in the regulation of photosynthesis and plant productivity. Further work will be required to reveal whether the effect on photosynthesis is a direct result of their role as Ca2+ transporters.
Hijacking a host scaffold protein, RACK1, for replication of a plant RNA virus
Authors: Hyodo Kiwamu , Suzuki Nobuhiro , Okuno Tetsuro
Published: August 2018

Receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) is strictly conserved across eukaryotes and acts as a versatile scaffold protein involved in various signaling pathways. Plant RACK1 is known to exert important functions in innate immunity against fungal and bacterial pathogens. However, the role of the RACK1 in plant–virus interactions remains unknown.

Here, we addressed the role of RACK1 of Nicotiana benthamiana during infection by red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV), a plant positive‐stranded RNA virus. NbRACK1 was shown to be recruited by the p27 viral replication protein into endoplasmic reticulum‐derived aggregated structures (possible replication sites). Downregulation of NbRACK1 by virus‐induced gene silencing inhibited viral cap‐independent translation and p27‐mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, which are prerequisite for RCNMV replication.

We also found that NbRACK1 interacted with a host calcium‐dependent protein kinase (NbCDPKiso2) that activated a ROS‐generating enzyme. Interestingly, NbRACK1 was required for the interaction of p27 with NbCDPKiso2, suggesting that NbRACK1 acts as a bridge between the p27 viral replication protein and NbCDPKiso2.

Collectively, our findings provide an example of a viral strategy in which a host multifaceted scaffold protein RACK1 is highjacked for promoting viral protein‐triggered ROS production necessary for robust viral replication.
The role of the integuments in pollen tube guidance in flowering plants
Authors: Lora Jorge , Laux Thomas , Hormaza José I.
Published: August 2018

In angiosperms, pollen tube entry into the ovule generally takes place through the micropyle, but the exact role of the micropyle in pollen tube guidance remains unclear. A limited number of studies have examined eudicots with bitegmic micropyles, but information is lacking in ovules of basal/early‐divergent angiosperms with unitegmic micropyles.

We have evaluated the role of the micropyle in pollen tube guidance in an early‐divergent angiosperm (Annona cherimola) and the evolutionarily derived Arabidopsis thaliana by studying γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) in wild‐type plants and integument‐defective mutants.

A conserved inhibitory role of GABA in pollen tube growth was shown in A. cherimola, in which AGPs surround the egg apparatus. In Arabidopsis, the micropyle formed only by the outer integument in wuschel‐7 mutants caused a partial defect in pollen tube guidance. Moreover, pollen tubes were not observed in the micropyle of an inner no outer (ino) mutant in Arabidopsis, but were observed in homologous ino mutants in Annona.

The similar distribution of GABA and AGPs observed in the micropyle of Arabidopsis and Annona, together with the anomalies from specific integument mutants, support the role of the inner integument in preventing multiple tube entrance (polytubey) in these two phylogenetically distant genera.
EMP18 functions in mitochondrial atp6 and cox2 transcript editing and is essential to seed development in maize
Authors: Li Xiu‐Lan , Huang Wen‐Long , Yang Huan‐Huan , Jiang Rui‐Cheng , Sun Feng , Wang Hong‐Chun , Zhao Jiao , Xu Chun‐Hui , Tan Bao‐Cai
Published: August 2018

RNA editing plays an important role in organellar gene expression in plants, and pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins are involved in this function. Because of its large family size, many PPR proteins are not known for their function and roles in plant growth and development.

Through genetic and molecular analyses of the empty pericarp18 (emp18) mutant in maize (Zea mays), we cloned the Emp18 gene, revealed its molecular function, and defined its role in the mitochondrial complex assembly and seed development.

Emp18 encodes a mitochondrial‐localized DYW‐PPR protein. Null mutation of Emp18 arrests embryo and endosperm development at an early stage in maize, resulting in embryo lethality. Mutants are deficient in the cytidine (C)‐to‐uridine (U) editing at atp6‐635 and cox2‐449, which converts a Leu to Pro in ATP6 and a Met to Thr in Cox2. The atp6 gene encodes the subunit a of F1Fo‐ATPase. The Leu to Pro alteration disrupts an α‐helix of subunit a, resulting in a dramatic reduction in assembly and activity of F1Fo‐ATPase holoenzyme and an accumulation of free F1‐subcomplex.

These results demonstrate that EMP18 functions in the C‐to‐U editing of atp6 and cox2, and is essential to mitochondrial biogenesis and seed development in maize.
Vitamin D deficiency in patients with aggressive periodontitis
Authors: Anbarcioglu Emrah , Kirtiloglu Tugrul , Öztürk Ayla , Kolbakir Filiz , Acıkgöz Gökhan , Colak Ramis
Published: August 2018

Objectives

Vitamin D deficiency is a frequent health problem worldwide, especially as fewer people spend much time in the sun. Vitamin D deficiency is linked to several infectious and inflammatory conditions, including periodontal disease. However, its role in aggressive periodontitis (AgP) has not been well studied. We evaluated the association between vitamin D concentration and periodontal disease, both AgP and chronic (CP) periodontitis.

Method and Materials

Forty‐seven AgP 55 CP and 27 control subjects participated. All patients were tested for serum vitamin D concentration (25(OH)D), parathyroid hormone, and serum bone‐related biomarkers (alkaline phosphatases, calcium, and phosphorus) regulated by vitamin D.

Results

The patients with AgP had lower serum 25(OH)D concentration (11.22 ± 4.8 ng/ml) than controls (16.9 ± 6.4 ng/ml) and patients with CP (16.13 ± 8.3 ng/ml; overallpvalue 0.0002). These associations remained significant after adjustment for age and gender (p = 0.002). No significant differences were observed in any bone‐related biomarker among the three groups, and no association was observed with periodontal disease indices.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that vitamin D deficiency may be a potential risk factor for AgP. Given the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in AgP patients, routine screening for vitamin D status may be advisable in these subjects.
Poor patient compliance with instructions for continuous sialogogues after 131I therapy
Authors: Wu Di , Khorjekar Gauri , Kharazi Pejman , Moreau Shari , Kulkarni Kanchan , Burman Kenneth D. , Wartofsky Leonard , Van Nostrand Douglas
Published: August 2018

Objectives

To analyze the role of patient compliance as a factor in evaluating the effectiveness of continuous sialogogues to prevent salivary side effects from 131I therapy in differentiated thyroid cancer patients.

Methods

Differentiated thyroid cancer patients who were clinically scheduled for an 131I therapy at MedStar Washington Hospital Center between 2012 and 2013 were given instructions for continuous sialogogues per standard clinical protocol. The prospective survey was given at multiple time points.

Results

Ninety‐nine patients consented to participate of whom 94 participants had complete data. The mean prescribed 131I activity was 121 ± 50 mCi (4.5 ± 1.9 GBq), range 27.5–288 mCi (1.0–10.7 GBq ). Overall, only 10% (9/94) of patients were compliant with continuous sialogogues. Even though all patients took sialogogues on the first day of post‐therapy, 17% of participants did not continuously take sialogogues during the first day, 60% during the first night, and 72% on the second day despite rigorous instructions to continue for two days.

Conclusion

Despite repetitive instructions to use sialogogues continuously, most patients (90%) were not compliant. In future studies, strict monitoring and evaluation of patient compliance will be crucial when assessing the effect of continuous versus intermittent or delayed initiation of sialogogues.
Pediatric ocular lichen planus and lichen planopilaris: One new case and a review of the literature
Authors: Bevans Stephanie L. , Theos Amy J. , Fowler Priscilla G. , Pavlidakey Peter G. , Stoll Matthew , Sami Naveed
Published: August 2018

When lichen planus involves the scalp, it is known as lichen planopilaris, and when it involves the eye, it is known as ocular lichen planus; both are rare. Early detection and targeted therapy are crucial in preventing hair loss and scarring conjunctivitis. Little is known regarding appropriate treatment for lichen planopilaris. The objective of this case study is to present a new case of pediatric ocular lichen planus and lichen planopilaris and to identify all reported cases of pediatric lichen planopilaris, highlighting disease involvement, treatment, and response to treatment.
Localized infantile hemangiomas of the face and scalp: Predilection for the midline and periorbital and perioral skin
Authors: Haggstrom Anita N. , Baselga Eulalia , Chamlin Sarah L. , Drolet Beth A. , Garzon Maria C. , Holland Kristen E. , Horii Kimberly A. , Lauren Christine , Lucky Anne , Mancini Anthony J. , Mathes Erin , McCuaig Catherine C. , Morel Kimberly , Newell Brandon , Pope Elena , Powell Julie , Puttgen Kate , Rahnama‐Moghadam Sahand , Song Wei , Frieden Ilona J.
Published: August 2018

Background/Objectives

Infantile hemangiomas are common vascular tumors. Identifying sites of predilection may provide insight into pathogenesis. Previous studies have suggested a predilection for the boundary of facial metameres. The objective was to observe patterns of localized hemangiomas on the face and scalp, determine sites of predilection, and place these patterns in a developmental context.

Methods

A retrospective review of photographic archives at 10 Hemangioma Investigator Group pediatric dermatology centers identified localized infantile hemangiomas of the face and scalp. Heat map software was used to identify areas of predilection. Dot maps were used to assess frequency, and densities of infantile hemangiomas were compared between facial units using t‐testing. The scalp was divided into quintiles to assess relative frequencies.

Results

Four thousand one hundred fifty‐three focal face and scalp infantile hemangiomas were mapped, of which 2962 (71%) were mapped to a frontal facial template. On the face, 73.8% (2186/2962) of hemangiomas occurred along the midline axis or perpendicularly across the ocular axis in a cross‐shaped area of predilection intersecting at the glabella. Scalp hemangiomas show a predilection for the midline, with 149/295 (50.5%) noted on the top of the scalp at the midline (P < 0.001). Localized hemangiomas do not demonstrate a preferential laterality.

Conclusion

The distribution of localized infantile hemangiomas of the face and scalp is not random. There is preferential involvement of the midline face and scalp and the ocular axis. The regions corresponding to the boundaries between the embryonic facial segments, including the maxillary and mandibular metameres, are not accentuated in the distribution of infantile hemangiomas.
An atypical presentation of herpes simplex virus infection in Harlequin ichthyosis
Authors: Yang Shelley , Bayart Cheryl , Brandling‐Bennett Heather
Published: August 2018

We present an atypical presentation of herpes simplex virus infection in a patient with Harlequin ichthyosis, which we attribute to abnormal cornification.
Remission of seizures with immunosuppressive therapy in Parry‐Romberg syndrome and en coup de sabre linear scleroderma: Case report and brief review of the literature
Authors: Anderson L. Elizabeth , Treat James R. , Licht Daniel J. , Kreiger Portia A. , Knight Andrea M.
Published: August 2018

Parry‐Romberg syndrome (PRS) is characterized by progressive atrophy of facial skin, soft tissues, muscle, and bone. En coup de sabre syndrome is a form of linear scleroderma (LS) involving the skin of the frontoparietal forehead and scalp. Both conditions can be associated with neurologic findings, including seizures. We explore a case in which skin findings and seizure burden improved with methotrexate therapy.
The value of full‐body skin examination: Poland syndrome diagnosed as an incidental finding
Authors: Bazewicz Christopher G. , Goldenberg Michael D. F. , Hollins L. Claire , Foulke Galen T.
Published: August 2018

Poland syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by agenesis of the pectoralis major muscle. It is generally unilateral, right‐sided, and can be associated with a myriad of thoracic and upper limb defects. Knowledge of this disorder can lead the astute clinician to prompt diagnosis and referral to surgical specialists for further workup. Surgery is often performed for either esthetic or functional concerns.
Ulcerated congenital plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor: Case report and literature review
Authors: Nieto Daniel , Feito Marta , Rueda José M. , Rodríguez Ana , Berjón Alberto , López Juan C. , de Lucas Raúl
Published: August 2018

A newborn boy presented with a progressively infiltrating and painful congenital ulcerated plaque on the back of his left foot. A partial excision was performed and histopathologic examination confirmed a diagnosis of a plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor. This rare tumor usually appears in children and adolescents, with congenital presentations even more uncommon. This case details the exceptional presentation of a congenital ulcerated plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor with a review of the current literature.
Sinecatechins ointment for the treatment of warts in children
Authors: Deeb Maya , Levy Rebecca , Pope Elena , Lara‐Corrales Irene
Published: August 2018

Background

Sinecatechins ointment, a green tea derivative, is a novel agent approved for the treatment of anogenital warts in immunocompetent adults and has been reported to be effective in treating extragenital warts as well. Data are lacking in children. We sought to determine the efficacy and tolerability of sinecatechins ointment for treating warts in children.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted of children with anogenital and/or extragenital warts treated with sinecatechins ointment for at least 1 month. The primary outcome was frequency of complete response (total resolution of warts at follow‐up). Secondary outcomes included frequency of partial response (reduction in number and/or size of warts) and adverse events. There was no control group for comparison.

Results

Of 24 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 14 (58.3%) had anogenital warts, 7 (29.2%) had extragenital warts, and 3 (12.5%) had both anogenital and extragenital warts. Mean age at treatment initiation was 8.0 years (SD = 3.9). Median duration of warts at treatment initiation was 1.2 years (range 0.09‐12.62). Sixteen patients (66.7%) experienced a reduction in the number and/or size of the warts. Four patients (16.7%) had complete resolution. Median treatment duration was 4.5 months (range 0.6‐21.8) overall. Median time to complete resolution was 2.9 months (range 1.3‐7.7). Fifty‐four percent of patients used sinecatechins ointment as prescribed. Adverse events were limited to mild local irritation (7 patients; 29.2%).

Conclusion

Sinecatechins ointment is a promising therapy for warts in children, and its use should be evaluated in prospective controlled clinical trials.
Vancomycin‐induced red man syndrome presentation in a preterm infant
Authors: Martini Silvia , Alessandroni Rosina , Arcuri Santo , Faldella Giacomo
Published: August 2018

A male infant born at 32 weeks’ gestation with a birthweight of 1030 g was started on intravenous vancomycin for a femoral osteomyelitis. On day 7 of treatment, he developed an erythematous flushed rash, rapidly spreading from the head to trunk and extremities, and became markedly irritable; vancomycin infusion was promptly stopped, with subsequent skin clearance. Given the wide use of vancomycin for the treatment of neonatal infections, a good awareness of red man syndrome signs and symptoms in the neonatal population is fundamental to recognize this adverse drug reaction and manage its rare but possible life‐threatening complications.
Terminal osseous dysplasia presenting with intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in digital fibromas
Authors: Gontijo Joao R. V. , dos Santos Wandilza F. , Gontijo Bernardo , Happle Rudolf
Published: August 2018

Terminal osseous dysplasia is a rare, X‐linked syndrome, presumptively embryonic lethal in males, which has recently been described with highly characteristic skin findings. The presence of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in fibroblasts has been considered an exclusive finding of infantile digital fibromatosis. This is the first report documenting digital fibromas with intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in a classic case of terminal osseous dysplasia.
The impact of diaper design on mitigating known causes of diaper dermatitis
Authors: Gustin Jennifer , Gibb Roger , Maltbie David , Roe Donald , Waimin Siu Susana
Published: August 2018

Background

Diapers play a critical role in infant health. In addition to providing sanitary methods of disposing of urine and feces, they can also directly impact skin health. Prolonged exposure to wetness and fecal matter has been shown to be a key driver of diaper dermatitis. This study sought to evaluate how diaper construction can affect absorption of stool.

Methods

Methods included laboratory testing of stool absorbency as well as an at‐home diaper evaluation study, which examined a diaper's ability to keep fecal matter from the skin. Breastfed infant stool was given special consideration, as its properties make it difficult to contain.

Results

Laboratory results demonstrated that a meshlike aperture diaper was better able to absorb fecal matter. The at‐home diaper evaluation study confirmed that a meshlike aperture diaper design resulted in fewer instances of stool being present on skin during diaper changes.

Conclusion

Diapers with a meshlike aperture topsheet may represent a better way to mitigate known causes of diaper dermatitis through their superior ability to absorb fecal matter.
What factors of early‐stage innovative projects are likely to drive projects’ success? A longitudinal analysis of Korean entrepreneurial firms
Authors: Noh Heeyong , Siepel Josh , Kim You‐Eil , Seo Jinny , Son Jong Ku , Lee Sungjoo
Published: August 2018

Previous studies have identified the factors affecting successful technology commercialization as outcomes of R&D projects. However, most of them have used cross‐sectional data, whereas there is a dearth of literature using longitudinal data analysis. Longitudinal analysis is essential for investigating the characteristics of early‐stage innovative projects due to the inherent time lag between project evaluation and commercialization. Therefore, this study examines the early‐stage project characteristics that can be used as meaningful evaluation criteria for predicting success, particularly in technology commercialization. We collected data on the ex‐ante evaluation results and ex‐post commercialization results of R&D projects pursued by entrepreneurial firms. We then conducted a logistic regression analysis and identified three market‐related factors as significant in driving technology commercialization success in the early stages of technology development: market potential, commercialization plan, and market condition.
The Educational Consequences of Adolescent Childbearing and Union Formation in Brazil
Authors: Marteleto Letícia J. , Villanueva Aida
Published: August 2018

While Brazil has high rates of adolescent fertility for its below‐replacement total fertility rate, we know little about the causal effects of adolescent childbearing and adolescent union formation for women's education. In this paper, we examine unique data from the 2013 School‐to‐Work Transitions Survey to address the consequences of adolescent childbearing and adolescent union formation on educational outcomes of Brazilian young women. We apply several analytical strategies to address the endogeneity between adolescent childbearing and educational outcomes. Our findings suggest that childbearing during the teenage years is detrimental to the educational attainment of Brazilian women, and that educational disadvantages persist once we take into account mother's selection into adolescent childbearing. The penalty for adolescent mothers ranges from −1.66 to −1.80 fewer years of schooling and from 41 to 35 percent difference in the probabilities of graduating from high school. Additional findings show that marital unions among adolescent mothers have a compounding role at further hindering women's educational progress. Combined, our findings suggest that young mothers, particularly those in a marital union, face additional layers of disadvantages, demonstrating that early family formation is a meaningful stratifier for women in an already highly‐stratified society.