bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Complex Interaction of Mitochondrial Genetics and Mitochondrial Pathways in Psychiatric Disease
Authors: Cuperfain Ari B. , Zhang Zhi Lun , Kennedy James L. , Gonçalves Vanessa F.
Published: May 2018

While accounting for only 2% of the body’s weight, the brain utilizes up to 20% of the body’s total energy. Not surprisingly, metabolic dysfunction and energy supply-and-demand mismatch have been implicated in a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Mitochondria are responsible for providing the brain with most of its energetic demands, and the brain uses glucose as its exclusive energy source. Exploring the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the etiology of psychiatric disease is a promising avenue to investigate further. Genetic analysis of mitochondrial activity is a cornerstone in understanding disease pathogenesis related to metabolic dysfunction. In concert with neuroimaging and pathological study, genetics provides an important bridge between biochemical findings and clinical correlates in psychiatric disease. Mitochondrial genetics has several unique aspects to its analysis, and corresponding special considerations. Here, we review the components of mitochondrial genetic analysis – nuclear DNA, mitochon­drial DNA, mitochondrial pathways, pseudogenes, nuclear-mitochondrial mismatch, and microRNAs – that could contribute to an observable clinical phenotype. Throughout, we highlight psychiatric diseases that can arise due to dysfunction in these processes, with a focus on schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Asleep Deep Brain Stimulation Reduces Incidence of Intracranial Air during Electrode Implantation
Authors: Ko Andrew L. , Magown Philippe , Ozpinar Alp , Hamzaoglu Vural , Burchiel Kim J.
Published: May 2018

Background: Asleep deep brain stimulation (aDBS) implantation replaces microelectrode recording for image-guided implantation, shortening the operative time and reducing cerebrospinal fluid egress. This may decrease pneumocephalus, thus decreasing brain shift during implantation. Objective: To compare the incidence and volume of pneumocephalus during awake (wkDBS) and aDBS procedures. Methods: A retrospective review of bilateral DBS cases performed at Oregon Health & Science University from 2009 to 2017 was undertaken. Postimplantation imaging was reviewed to determine the presence and volume of intracranial air and measure cortical brain shift. Results: Among 371 patients, pneumocephalus was noted in 66% of wkDBS and 15.6% of aDBS. The average volume of air was significantly higher in wkDBS than aDBS (8.0 vs. 1.8 mL). Volumes of air greater than 7 mL, which have previously been linked to brain shift, occurred significantly more frequently in wkDBS than aDBS (34 vs 5.6%). wkDBS resulted in significantly larger cortical brain shifts (5.8 vs. 1.2 mm). Conclusions: We show that aDBS reduces the incidence of intracranial air, larger air volumes, and cortical brain shift. Large volumes of intracranial air have been correlated to shifting of brain structures during DBS procedures, a variable that could impact accuracy of electrode placement.
Recent Advances in the Genetics of Schizophrenia
Authors: Avramopoulos Dimitrios
Published: May 2018

The last decade brought tremendous progress in the field of schizophrenia genetics. As a result of extensive collaborations and multiple technological advances, we now recognize many types of genetic variants that increase the risk. These include large copy number variants, rare coding inherited and de novο variants, and over 100 loci harboring common risk variants. While the type and contribution to the risk vary among genetic variants, there is concordance in the functions of genes they implicate, such as those whose RNA binds the fragile X-related protein FMRP and members of the activity-regulated cytoskeletal complex involved in learning and memory. Gene expression studies add important information on the biology of the disease and recapitulate the same functional gene groups. Studies of alternative phenotypes help us widen our understanding of the genetic architecture of mental function and dysfunction, how diseases overlap not only with each other but also with non-disease phenotypes. The challenge is to apply this new knowledge to prevention and treatment and help patients. The data generated so far and emerging technologies, including new methods in cell engineering, offer significant promise that in the next decade we will unlock the translational potential of these significant discoveries.
Cytoplasmic RNA Granules in Somatic Maintenance
Authors: Moujaber Ossama , Stochaj Ursula
Published: May 2018

Cytoplasmic RNA granules represent subcellular compartments that are enriched in protein-bound RNA species. RNA granules are produced by evolutionary divergent eukaryotes, including yeast, mammals, and plants. The functions of cytoplasmic RNA granules differ widely. They are dictated by the cell type and physiological state, which in turn is determined by intrinsic cell properties and environmental factors. RNA granules provide diverse cellular functions. However, all of the granules contribute to aspects of RNA metabolism. This is exemplified by transcription, RNA storage, silencing, and degradation, as well as mRNP remodeling and regulated translation. Several forms of cytoplasmic mRNA granules are linked to normal physiological processes. For instance, they may coordinate protein synthesis and thereby serve as posttranscriptional “operons”. RNA granules also participate in cytoplasmic mRNA trafficking, a process particularly well understood for neurons. Many forms of RNA granules support the preservation of somatic cell performance under normal and stress conditions. On the other hand, severe insults or disease can cause the formation and persistence of RNA granules that contribute to cellular dysfunction, especially in the nervous system. Neurodegeneration and many other diseases linked to RNA granules are associated with aging. Nevertheless, information related to the impact of aging on the various types of RNA granules is presently very limited. This review concentrates on cytoplasmic RNA granules and their role in somatic cell maintenance. We summarize the current knowledge on different types of RNA granules in the cytoplasm, their assembly and function under normal, stress, or disease conditions. Specifically, we discuss processing bodies, neuronal granules, stress granules, and other less characterized cytoplasmic RNA granules. Our focus is primarily on mammalian and yeast models, because they have been critical to unravel the physiological role of various RNA granules. RNA granules in plants and pathogens are briefly described. We conclude our viewpoint by summarizing the emerging concepts for RNA granule biology and the open questions that need to be addressed in future studies.
Ipsilateral Breast Tumor Reappearance and Contralateral Breast Cancer after Primary Breast Cancer Treatment: A Comprehensive Retrospective Study of 15,168 Patients
Authors: Corso Giovanni , Maisonneuve Patrick , Santomauro Giorgia Irene , De Scalzi Alessandra Margherita , Toesca Antonio , Bassi Fabio Domenico , Farante Gabriel , Caldarella Pietro , Intra Mattia , Galimberti Viviana , Veronesi Paolo
Published: May 2018

Objective: The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the risk factors for developing ipsilateral breast tumor reappearance (IBTR) and de novo contralateral breast cancer (BC) after primary BC treatment. Methods: Retrospectively, 15,168 consecutive patients with primary monolateral BC were enrolled in this monocentric study (from June 1994 to December 2006). Clinicopathological features, follow-up, and survival at 15 years were considered for statistical analysis. Results: Significant associations of increased risk for IBTR were verified with metastatic axillary lymph nodes (HR 1.37 [1.15–1.62], p = 0.0004), high tumor grade G2 (HR 1.35 [1.05–1.74], p = 0.02) and G3 (HR 1.35 [1.01–1.79], p = 0.04), luminal B (HR 1.51 [1.25–1.82], p < 0.0001), and HER2-positive (HR1.66 [1.14–2.41], p = 0.008) and triple-negative subtype (HR 1.54 [1.07–2.21], p = 0.02). Older age (HR 1.44 [1.08–1.91], p = 0.01) and positive family history (HR 1.85 [1.47–2.32], p < 0.0001) were risk factors for contralateral BC. Significant protective factors for IBTR were hormonotherapy (HR 0.71 [0.59–0.85], p = 0.0003), chemotherapy (HR 0.72 [0.60–0.87], p = 0.001), and radiotherapy (HR 0.73 [0.61–0.87], p = 0.0005). Hormonotherapy was also confirmed as a protective factor for contralateral second BC (HR 0.43 [0.30–0.60], p < 0.0001). Conclusions: We classified factors for IBTR and contralateral BC in high- and low-risk groups. In the high-risk group, breast surgery still remains more important than in the low-risk group, which seems to benefit more from adjuvant treatments.
Traumatic Lumbosacral Spondyloptosis in a Pediatric Patient: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Yamaki Vitor Nagai , Morais Barbara Albuquerque , Brock Roger Schmidt , Paiva Wellingson Silva , de Andrade Almir Ferreira , Teixeira Manoel Jacobsen 
Published: May 2018

A 4-year-old girl was admitted to the emergency department after having been buried beneath a wall. A computed tomography scan revealed anterior grade V L5–S1 spondylolisthesis, and magnetic resonance imaging showed a traumatic rupture of the fibrous annulus of the L5–S1 intervertebral disc and lesion of the anterior longitudinal and yellow ligaments. The patient underwent anterior and posterior fixation. Four months later she was able to walk independently, despite a persistent left foot drop. Additionally, we conducted a literature review on lumbosacral spondyloptosis in the pediatric population published between 1990 and 2017. We found 16 cases, 86.6% of which were male, with a mean patient age of 16 ± 5.05 years. Most patients underwent spine instrumentation. Based on the data reviewed, the neurological status at admission might be a valid predictor of outcome. Pedicle screws are a safe and reliable procedure for stable fixation of the spine in these cases. The removal of screws is discouraged.
MicroRNAs Associated with Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Can Be Targeted to Inhibit Peritoneal Dissemination of Human Scirrhous Gastric Cancers
Authors: Takei Yoshifumi , Shen Guodong , Morita-Kondo Ayami , Hara Toshifumi , Mihara Keichiro , Yanagihara Kazuyoshi
Published: May 2018

Objectives: Scirrhous gastric cancers grow rapidly, and frequently invade the peritoneum. Such peritoneal dissemination properties markedly reduce patient survival. Thus, an effective means for inhibiting peritoneal dissemination is urgently required. Methods: We previously established a cell line, HSC-58, from a scirrhous gastric cancer patient, and further successfully isolated a metastatic line, 58As9, in nude mice upon orthotopic inoculation. Using the lines, we examined the mechanism underlying peritoneal dissemination from the viewpoint of microRNA (miRNA) expression. Results: miRNA array and qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expressions of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated miRNAs such as miR-200c and miR-141 were significantly low in 58As9. Using 58As9 with stably overexpressing miR-200c, miR-141, or both, together with a luciferase reporter assay, we found that miR-200c targeted zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) and miR-141 targeted ZEB2. The overexpressed lines reversed the EMT status from mesenchymal to epithelial in 58As9, and significantly reduced the invasion activity and peritoneal dissemination for a significant prolongation of survival in the orthotopic tumor models in nude mice. Conclusions: EMT-associated miRNAs such as miR-200c and miR-141 and their target genes ZEB1/ZEB2 have good potential for antiperitoneal dissemination therapy in patients with scirrhous gastric cancers.
Determinants of Monocyte Apoptosis in Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 1
Authors: Breglia Andrea , Virzì Grazia Maria , Pastori Silvia , Brocca Alessandra , de Cal Massimo , Bolin Chiara , Vescovo Giorgio , Ronco Claudio
Published: May 2018

Background: Cardiorenal syndrome type 1 (CRS type 1) is characterized by a rapid worsening of cardiac function leading to acute kidney injury (AKI). Its pathophysiology is complex and not completely understood. In this study, we examined the role of apoptosis and the caspase pathways involved. Material and Methods: We enrolled 40 acute heart failure (AHF) patients, 11 of whom developed AKI characterizing CRS type 1. We exposed the human cell line U937 to plasma from the CRS type 1 and AHF groups and then we evaluated apoptotic activity by annexin-V evaluation, determination of caspase-3, -8 and -9 levels, and BAX, BAD, and FAS gene expression. Results: We observed significant upregulation of apoptosis in monocytes exposed to CRS type 1 plasma compared to AHF, with increased levels of caspase-3 (p < 0.01), caspase-9 (p < 0.01), and caspase-8 (p < 0.03) showing activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Furthermore, monocytes exposed to CRS type 1 plasma had increased gene expression of BAX and BAD (intrinsic pathways) (p = 0.010 for both). Furthermore, strong significant correlations between the caspase-9 levels and BAD and BAX gene expression were observed (Spearman ρ = – 0.76, p = 0.011, and ρ = – 0.72, p = 0.011). Conclusion: CRS type 1 induces dual apoptotic pathway activation in monocytes; the two pathways converged on caspase-3. Many factors may induce activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways in CRS type 1 patients, such as upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and hypoxia/ischemia. Further investigations are necessary to corroborate the present findings, and to better understand the pathophysiological mechanism and consequent therapeutic and prognostic implications for CRS type 1.
Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Influences Epidermal Homeostasis of Living Skin Equivalents through Affecting Fibroblast Phenotypes and Functions
Authors: Yang Lujun , Zhang Dangui , Wu Hongjuan , Xie Sitian , Zhang Mingjun , Zhang Bingna , Tang Shijie
Published: May 2018

Aims: To elucidate the possible mechanisms of how basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) influences epidermal homeostasis in a living skin equivalent (LSE) model. Methods: Several wound healing-related growth factors were analyzed at protein and mRNA levels for dermal fibroblasts of induced alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-positive or α-SMA-negative phenotypes. During culturing an LSE model by seeding normal human keratinocytes on a fibroblast-populated type I collagen gel, bFGF or neutralizing antibody for keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) was added to investigate its effects on fibroblast phenotypes and, subsequently, epidermal homeostasis by histology and immunohistochemistry. Results: The α-SMA-positive phenotype of fibroblasts induced by transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) markedly suppressed the expression of KGF and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and slightly upregulated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and TGF-β1 at mRNA and protein levels, compared with α-SMA-negative fibroblasts treated with bFGF. α-SMA expression of fibroblasts at the epidermal-mesenchymal junction of the LSEs was suppressed by the addition of bFGF, and a better-differentiated epidermis was presented. The abrogation of KGF from fibroblasts by the addition of the KGF neutralizing antibody disenabled the LSE culturing system to develop an epidermis. Conclusions: bFGF, through affecting the phenotypes and functions of fibroblasts, especially KGF expression, influenced epidermal homeostasis in an LSE model.
Influence of an Adapted Physical Activity Program on Self-Esteem and Quality of Life of Breast Cancer Patients after Mastectomy
Authors: Landry Sébastien , Chasles Guillaume , Pointreau Yoann , Bourgeois Hugues , Boyas Sébastien
Published: May 2018

This study aimed to assess the influence of an adapted physical activity program on self-esteem and quality of life in breast cancer patients. Twenty-three women diagnosed with breast cancer and treated by mastectomy formed 2 groups. The experimental group practiced adapted physical activity for 12 weeks, while the control group did not. All participants answered questionnaires regarding their self-esteem and quality of life at the beginning of the program and 6 and 12 weeks after that. Self-esteem, physical self-perception, quality of life, global health status, pain, and breast symptoms were improved only in the group which practiced adapted physical activity.
Severe Acute Axonal Neuropathy Induced by Ciprofloxacin: A Case Report
Authors: Popescu Cyprian
Published: May 2018

Fluoroquinolones increase the risk of peripheral neuropathy. The present work aims to report a case of fluoroquinolone-related severe axonal neuropathy. The subject of this study was a 62-year-old man who exhibited generalized sensory disturbances 4 days after treatment by ciprofloxacin prescribed for urinary infection. Electrodiagnostic studies revealed severe motor-sensory axonal neuropathy with widespread fibrillation potentials in support of generalized motor polyradiculopathy. There was no evidence of conduction blocks or albuminocytologic dissociation in favor of an autoimmune inflammatory reaction. The only pathological biomarker was the reduction of serum folate. According to this case, we suggest that folate level could be routinely measured and supplementation should be performed in patients with fluoroquinolone-induced neuropathy.
Celiac Disease and Wheat Allergy: A Growing Association?
Authors: Micozzi Sarah , Infante Sonsoles , Fuentes-Aparicio Victoria , Álvarez-Perea Alberto , Zapatero Lydia
Published: May 2018

Introduction: Celiac disease and wheat allergy (WA) are infrequent diseases in the general population, and a combination of the 2 is particularly rare. Celiac disease occurs in around 1% of the general population and WA in around 1% of all children. Case Report: We report 2 patients with celiac disease and a gluten-free diet who developed WA consistent in anaphylaxis and an eyelid angioedema, respectively, through accidental wheat exposure. A serum study and an intestinal biopsy confirmed celiac disease. Both patients were studied with a skin prick test and serum-specific IgE, with a diagnosis of WA. Discussion: In patients with celiac disease, the trace amounts of cereals present in gluten-free food could act as a sensitization factor, and probably patients with persistent symptoms (despite a gluten-free diet) are experiencing WA symptoms rather than celiac disease symptoms. The number of patients diagnosed with celiac disease has increased in the recent decades: the association between celiac disease and WA, exceedingly rare to date, could increase as well, prompting special attention to the possibility of inadvertent intake of cereals.
Circulating MicroRNA-21 Correlates With Left Atrial Low-Voltage Areas and Is Associated With Procedure Outcome in Patients Undergoing Atrial Fibrillation Ablation
Authors: Zhou Qifeng , Maleck Carole , von Ungern-Sternberg Saskia N.I. , Neupane Balram , Heinzmann David , Marquardt Jonathan , Duckheim Martin , Scheckenbach Christian , Stimpfle Fabian , Gawaz Meinrad , Schreieck Jürgen , Seizer Peter , Gramlich Michael
Published: May 2018

Background:

Atrial fibrosis is a hallmark of arrhythmogenic structural remodeling in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) and is negatively correlated with procedure outcome in patients undergoing ablation. However, noninvasive methods to determine the extent of atrial fibrosis are limited. Here, we used microRNA (miRNA) expression analysis to detect markers of left atrial low-voltage areas (LVAs) in patients with persistent AF undergoing catheter ablation.

Methods:

We performed 3-dimensional voltage mapping in 102 patients (average age 62.1±13.1 years, CHA
2
DS
2
-VASc score of 2.3±1.6, LA size 41.5±5.7 mm) undergoing ablation for persistent AF and determined the extent of left atrial low-voltage. LVAs were defined if bipolar electrogram amplitudes were <0.5 mV during sinus rhythm. Before ablation, we obtained a blood sample, isolated miRNAs, and profiled them on a miRCURY LNA Universal RT microRNA PCR Human panel.

Results:

Sixty-nine miRNAs were identified in all samples, with an average of 123 miRNAs detectable per sample. We found that the serum concentration of miR-21, a miRNA that has been previously linked to cardiac fibrosis development, was strongly associated with the extent of LVAs determined by voltage mapping. We could confirm that LVAs were negatively correlated with ablation success in a 1-year follow-up. In addition, miR-21 serum levels were associated with AF-free survival after catheter ablation.

Conclusions:

Circulating miR-21 correlates with left atrial LVAs and is associated with procedure outcome in patients with persistent AF undergoing ablation.
Neighborhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Care After Myocardial Infarction in the National Cardiovascular Data Registry
Authors: Udell Jacob A. , Desai Nihar R. , Li Shuang , Thomas Laine , de Lemos James A. , Wright-Slaughter Phyllis , Zhang Wenying , Roe Matthew T. , Bhatt Deepak L.
Published: May 2018

Background:

Patients living in disadvantaged neighborhoods are at high risk for adverse outcomes after acute myocardial infarction (MI). Whether residential socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with quality of in-hospital care among patients presenting with MI is unclear.

Methods and Results:

Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between SES, quality of care, and in-hospital cardiovascular outcomes among patients with MI from diverse SES neighborhoods from July 2008 to December 2013, at 586 participating hospitals in the Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network Registry–Get With The Guidelines quality improvement program. Patients were categorized according to which SES summary measure group they resided in through linkage with US census block data. Outcomes were in-hospital mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events. Quality of MI care was assessed with the defect-free care measure that delineates the proportion of eligible patients who received all acute and discharge guideline-recommended therapies. Among 390 692 patients, there was a substantially longer median arrival-to-angiography time in lower SES neighborhoods (lowest 8.0 hours, low 5.5 hours, medium 4.8 hours, high 4.5 hours, highest 3.4 hours;
P
<0.0001), and a higher proportion of ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction patients treated with fibrinolysis (lowest 23.1%, low 20.2%, medium 18.0%, high 14.2%, highest 5.9%;
P
<0.0001). However, after adjustment for clinical risk factors, insurance status, and hospital characteristics, socioeconomic disadvantage was not associated with lower rates of guideline-recommended defect-free acute care. Patients presenting from more disadvantaged neighborhoods had a progressively higher independent risk of in-hospital mortality (
P
global
=0.03) and major bleeding (
P
global
<0.001), along with lower quality of discharge care.

Conclusions:

In this national registry of MI, patients living in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods received equitable in-hospital care compared with advantaged neighborhoods. However, they experienced substantial delays in receiving angiography. Furthermore, patients living in disadvantaged neighborhoods remain at higher risk of adverse in-hospital outcomes after MI, including mortality. These observations suggest there are further opportunities for improvement in acute and discharge MI care.
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Markers of Vascular Function: A Systematic Review and Individual Participant Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Beveridge Louise A. , Khan Faisel , Struthers Allan D. , Armitage Jane , Barchetta Ilaria , Bressendorff Iain , Cavallo Maria Gisella , Clarke Robert , Dalan Rinkoo , Dreyer Gavin , Gepner Adam D. , Forouhi Nita G. , Harris Ryan A. , Hitman Graham A. , Larsen Thomas , Khadgawat Rajesh , Marckmann Peter , Mose Frank H. , Pilz Stefan , Scholze Alexandra , Shargorodsky Marina , Sokol Seth I. , Stricker Hans , Zoccali Carmine , Witham Miles D.
Published: May 2018

Background

Low 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, but the effect of vitamin D supplementation on markers of vascular function associated with major adverse cardiovascular events is unclear.

Methods and Results

We conducted a systematic review and individual participant meta‐analysis to examine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on flow‐mediated dilatation of the brachial artery, pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, central blood pressure, microvascular function, and reactive hyperemia index. MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and
http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov
were searched until the end of 2016 without language restrictions. Placebo‐controlled randomized trials of at least 4 weeks duration were included. Individual participant data were sought from investigators on included trials. Trial‐level meta‐analysis was performed using random‐effects models; individual participant meta‐analyses used a 2‐stage analytic strategy, examining effects in prespecified subgroups. 31 trials (2751 participants) were included; 29 trials (2641 participants) contributed data to trial‐level meta‐analysis, and 24 trials (2051 participants) contributed to individual‐participant analyses. Vitamin D3 daily dose equivalents ranged from 900 to 5000 IU; duration was 4 weeks to 12 months. Trial‐level meta‐analysis showed no significant effect of supplementation on macrovascular measures (flow‐mediated dilatation, 0.37% [95% confidence interval, −0.23 to 0.97]; carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity, 0.00 m/s [95% confidence interval, −0.36 to 0.37]); similar results were obtained from individual participant data. Microvascular function showed a modest improvement in trial‐level data only. No consistent benefit was observed in subgroup analyses or between different vitamin D analogues.

Conclusions

Vitamin D supplementation had no significant effect on most markers of vascular function in this analysis.
Use of Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers for Geriatric Ischemic Stroke Patients: Are the Rates Right?
Authors: Brooks John M. , Chapman Cole G. , Suneja Manish , Schroeder Mary C. , Fravel Michelle A. , Schneider Kathleen M. , Wilwert June , Li Yi‐Jhen , Chrischilles Elizabeth A. , Brenton Douglas W. , Brenton Marian , Robinson Jennifer
Published: May 2018

Background

Our objective is to estimate the effects associated with higher rates of renin‐angiotensin system antagonists, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (
ACEI
/
ARB
s), in secondary prevention for geriatric (aged >65 years) patients with new ischemic strokes by chronic kidney disease (
CKD
) status.

Methods and Results

The effects of
ACEI
/
ARB
s on survival and renal risk were estimated by
CKD
status using an instrumental variable (
IV
) estimator. Instruments were based on local area variation in
ACEI
/
ARB
use. Data abstracted from charts were used to assess the assumptions underlying the instrumental estimator.
ACEI
/
ARB
s were used after stroke by 45.9% and 45.2% of
CKD
and non‐
CKD
patients, respectively.
ACEI
/
ARB
rate differences across local areas grouped by practice styles were nearly identical for
CKD
and non‐
CKD
patients. Higher
ACEI
/
ARB
use rates for non‐
CKD
patients were associated with higher 2‐year survival rates, whereas higher
ACEI
/
ARB
use rates for patients with
CKD
were associated with lower 2‐year survival rates. While the negative survival estimates for patients with
CKD
were not statistically different from zero, they were statistically lower than the estimates for non‐
CKD
patients. Confounders abstracted from charts were not associated with the instrumental variable used.

Conclusions

Higher
ACEI
/
ARB
use rates had different survival implications for older ischemic stroke patients with and without
CKD
.
ACEI
/
ARB
s appear underused in ischemic stroke patients without
CKD
as higher use rates were associated with higher 2‐year survival rates. This conclusion is not generalizable to the ischemic stroke patients with
CKD
, as higher
ACEI
/
ARBS
use rates were associated with lower 2‐year survival rates that were statistically lower than the estimates for non‐
CKD
patients.
A new species of Osornophryne (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Andean highlands of northern Ecuador
Authors: GLUESENKAMP ANDREW G. , GUAYASAMIN JUAN M.
Published: May 2018

We describe a new species of the genus Osornophryne from the vicinities of Laguna de Puruanta and Laguna de San Marcos in the Andean highlands of northeastern Ecuador. The new species is the largest known member of the genus (female snout-vent length = 40.5–47.1 mm; males unknown) and is remarkable for having a smooth dorsal skin lacking conical tubercles and interspersed with numerous glandular pustules. The new species has a clutch size of about 30 eggs and is likely nocturnal.
On the first terrestrial ostracod of the Superfamily Cytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): description of Intrepidocythere ibipora n. gen. n. sp. from forest leaf litter in São Paulo State, Brazil
Authors: PINTO RICARDO L. , ROCHA CARLOS E.F. , MARTENS KOEN
Published: May 2018

Of the three superfamilies of Ostracoda present in fresh water, only the Cytheroidea had thus far no records in terrestrial environments. Here, we report on a new genus and species, Intrepidocythere ibipora n. gen. n. sp., of the ostracod superfamily Cytheroidea, from forest leaf litter in São Paulo State, Brazil. Judging from morphological similarities, this new genus is believed to be closely related to the genus Elpidium. Possible pathways that led to the colonisation of terrestrial habitats are discussed, and an overview is given on the distribution of the known terrestrial ostracod lineages. The present findings strengthen the idea that terrestrial ostracods are more common than previously thought, at least in tropical areas.
The Competing Effects of Stability and Humidity on Subtropical Stratocumulus Entrainment and Cloud Evolution from a Lagrangian Perspective
Authors: Eastman Ryan , Wood Robert
Published: May 2018

The evolution of subtropical stratocumulus clouds and the boundary layer is studied on daily time scales from the Lagrangian perspective, following the flow. Measures of humidity above the boundary layer and of inversion strength are obtained from reanalysis data, and their effects on the Lagrangian evolution of cloud cover and the boundary layer are compared. An analysis that disentangles these variables and tests their effects independently is developed. Increased inversion strength and increased humidity above the boundary layer lead to anomalously persistent cloud cover and slower Lagrangian deepening of the boundary layer. These parameters affect the stratocumulus boundary layer in different ways: inversion strength controls the buoyancy difference across the inversion, while humidity differences affect both the radiation balance and rate of cloud drop evaporation at cloud top. The relative strengths of the two effects of humidity are compared using two products: the entraining humidity in the layer directly above the inversion and the radiating humidity, which is the mean humidity in the column above the entraining humidity. Results show that the variability in the radiating humidity is the primary driver of Lagrangian boundary layer depth changes, but entraining humidity variation is mostly responsible for altering cloud lifetime.
Impact of Rossby and Kelvin Wave Components on MJO Eastward Propagation
Authors: Wang Lu , Li Tim , Nasuno Tomoe
Published: May 2018

There are contrasting views concerning the impact of Rossby wave component of MJO flow on its eastward propagation. One view (called “drag effect”) argues that because Rossby waves propagate westward, a stronger Rossby wave component slows down the eastward propagation. The other view (called “acceleration effect”) argues that a stronger Rossby wave enhances east–west asymmetry of moist static energy (MSE) tendency and thus favors the eastward propagation. This study aims to resolve this issue through diagnosis of both idealized aquaplanet simulations and 26 models from the MJO Task Force/GEWEX Atmospheric System Studies (MJOTF/GASS). In the aquaplanet experiments, three sets of zonally uniform, equatorially symmetric SST distributions are specified. The MJO phase speed is faster in the presence of a narrower SST meridional profile, in which both the Rossby and the Kelvin wave components are stronger and the east–west asymmetry of MSE tendency is larger. A further analysis of the 26 general circulation models reveals that the MJO propagation skill and phase speed are positively correlated to both the Rossby wave and the Kelvin wave strength in the lower free atmosphere (above 800 hPa). Models that have a stronger Rossby and Kelvin wave component tend to simulate realistic and faster eastward propagation. Therefore, both the aquaplanet and the multimodel simulations support the Rossby wave acceleration effect hypothesis.
On Estimating the Surface Wind Stress over the Sea
Authors: Mahrt Larry , Miller Scott , Hristov Tihomir , Edson James
Published: May 2018

Our study analyzes measurements primarily from two Floating Instrument Platform (FLIP) field programs and from the Air–Sea Interaction Tower (ASIT) site to examine the relationship between the wind and sea surface stress for contrasting conditions. The direct relationship of the surface momentum flux to U2 is found to be better posed than the relationship between and U, where U is the wind speed and is the friction velocity. Our datasets indicate that the stress magnitude often decreases significantly with height near the surface due to thin marine boundary layers and/or enhanced stress divergence close to the sea surface. Our study attempts to correct the surface stress estimated from traditional observational levels by using multiple observational levels near the surface and extrapolating to the surface. The effect of stability on the surface stress appears to be generally smaller than errors due to the stress divergence. Definite conclusions require more extensive measurements close to the sea surface.
Bonding and Bridging Relationships in Collaborative Forums Responding to Weather Warnings
Authors: Nohrstedt Daniel
Published: May 2018

Collaborative forums involving multiple stakeholders responding to natural hazards are prevalent, yet there is little conclusive evidence of how stakeholders exchange information across such forums and how different patterns of information exchange influence forum goals. This study analyzes information exchange among representatives of 51 organizations across 50 collaborative forums in response to weather warnings in Sweden, 2011–15. Using coded transcripts from forum meetings, the study estimates exponential random graph models to document the prevalence of network configurations of organizations across these forums. The results show that actors avoid engaging in information exchanges within closed subgroups and that no specific type or organization was particularly active in exchanging information. The study suggests that the forum structures are consistent with short-term operational goals as well as the long-term objective of these forums to sustain collaboration over time. The study discusses potential explanations for these patterns and implications for forum performance in relation to natural hazards management.
Overrepresentation of Indigenous youth in Canada’s Criminal Justice System: Perspectives of Indigenous young people
Authors: Cesaroni Carla , Grol Chris , Fredericks Kaitlin
Published: May 2018

The central purpose of this study was to provide a platform for Indigenous young peoples’ opinions regarding the overrepresentation of Indigenous young people in the criminal justice system. Specifically, the study sought (a) their thoughts on broader issues that contribute to the overrepresentation of young people, and (b) strategies on how to reduce the overrepresentation of young people in the future. Results mirrored themes and findings from the research literature. However, the results are themes that are derived from the lived and observed experiences of Indigenous young people and the Anishinaabe, Haudenosaunee, and Métis communities.
Prospective sensemaking, frames and planned change interventions: A comparison of change trajectories in two hospital units
Authors: Konlechner Stefan , Latzke Markus , Güttel Wolfgang H , Höfferer Elisabeth
Published: May 2018

Changing organizations is difficult. In this article, we analyze how sensemaking that follows the initiation of change projects relies on the interplay of prospective and retrospective aspects, and we elucidate how organization members’ frames develop over time based on this interplay. Our data, 38 in-depth interviews with nursing and medical staff held at four different points in time, reveal how expectations impact the dynamics of meaning construction in change processes. Our findings demonstrate that the frames through which actors make sense of change initiatives develop continuously, although the expectations embedded in them are ‘sticky’ to some extent. The degree of ‘stickiness’ depends on expectations that are formed through initial prospective sensemaking, as these expectations influence actors’ tolerance regarding dissonant cues. Change initiatives fail when this tolerance becomes exhausted. Our study contributes to theory on sensemaking and change by elaborating on the undertheorized role of prospective sensemaking during change processes.
Reputation, concessions, and territorial civil war
Authors: Bormann Nils-Christian , Savun Burcu
Published: May 2018

Barbara Walter’s application of reputation theory to self-determination movements has advanced our understanding of why many separatist movements result in armed conflict. Walter has shown that governments of multi-ethnic societies often respond to territorial disputes with violence to deter similar future demands by other ethnic groups. When governments grant territorial accommodation to one ethnic group, they encourage other ethnic groups to seek similar concessions. However, a number of recent empirical studies casts doubt on the validity of Walter’s argument. We address recent challenges to the efficacy of reputation building in the context of territorial conflicts by delineating the precise scope conditions of reputation theory. First, we argue that only concessions granted after fighting should trigger additional conflict onsets. Second, the demonstration effects should particularly apply to groups with grievances against the state. We then test the observable implications of our conditional argument for political power-sharing concessions. Using a global sample of ethnic groups in 120 states between 1946 and 2013, we find support for our arguments. Our theoretical framework enables us to identify the conditions under which different types of governmental concessions are likely to trigger future conflicts, and thus has important implications for conflict resolution.
Regional Plans and Regional Plants: Jens Jensen’s Vernacular Landscape and Metropolitan Planning in Chicago, 1904-1920
Authors: Kling Samuel
Published: May 2018

This article traces the origins of regional planning in Chicago through the work of landscape designer Jens Jensen. It argues that the city’s first regional planning efforts, led by Jensen, developed in conversation with ideas of the vernacular landscape and plant behavior at the turn of the twentieth century. Jensen’s embrace of Chicago’s “native” landscape encouraged him to adopt a regional scale of planning that celebrated urban diversity and addressed the needs of workers. His efforts, backed by the city’s social reform community, spanned the successful 1904 Forest Preserve plan and the failed 1918 Greater West Park System project. Marked by contradictions, Jensen’s work reveals a reform tradition distinct from the 1909 Plan of Chicago, which promoted the Forest Preserves as part of its comprehensive redevelopment program. It fused ecological metaphors with social concerns, inspiring some of the first public projects envisioned for a regional community, not an urban one.
Spontaneous Ectopic Choroid Plexus with Sclerosis in Adult Beagle Dogs
Authors: Pardo Ingrid D. , Shoieb Ahmed M. , Garman Robert , Mirsky Michael , Santos Rosemary , Houle Christopher
Published: May 2018

Microscopic examination of the brain of adult Beagle dogs from four different general toxicity studies revealed the presence of ectopic choroid plexus tissue in six individual dogs (4 females and 2 males) with ages ranging from 12 to 18 months. In each dog, this finding was characterized by a well-circumscribed mass localized to a region above and along the corpus callosum without any apparent compression of adjacent brain tissue. Each mass was composed of columnar ependymal cells forming tubular structures surrounded by variable amounts of fibrovascular connective tissue and had the appearance of small rests of ependymal cells that had been penetrated by the leptomeninges during neural development. There were no associated clinical signs or macroscopic correlates. Based on morphologic appearance, a diagnosis of spontaneous ectopic choroid plexus with secondary sclerosis was made. To the authors’ knowledge, ectopic choroid plexus has not been reported in Beagle dogs and is rare in humans and horses.
Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Points to Consider: Data Visualization for Clinical and Anatomic Pathologists
Authors: Troth Sean P. , Everds Nancy E. , Siska William , Knight Brian , Lamb Martin , Hutt Julie
Published: May 2018

Assessment and communication of toxicology data are fundamental components of the work performed by veterinary anatomic and clinical pathologists involved in toxicology research. In recent years, there has been an evolution in the number and variety of software tools designed to facilitate the evaluation and presentation of toxicity study data. A working group of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee reviewed existing and emerging visualization technologies. This Points to Consider article reviews some of the currently available data visualization options, describes the utility of different types of graphical displays, and explores potential areas of controversy and ambiguity encountered with the use of these tools.
Ethnic Composition of Schools and Students’ Educational Outcomes: Evidence from Sweden
Authors: Brandén Maria , Birkelund Gunn Elisabeth , Szulkin Ryszard
Published: May 2018

We examine the impact of ethnic school composition on students’ educational outcomes using Swedish population register data. We add to the literature on the consequences of ethnic school segregation for native and immigrant students by distinguishing social interaction effects from selection and environmental effects through one- and two-way fixed effects models. Our findings demonstrate that native and immigrant students’ grades are relatively unaffected by social interaction effects stemming from the proportion of immigrant schoolmates. However, we find nontrivial effects on their eligibility for upper secondary school. Immigrants’ educational outcomes are weakly positively affected by the proportion of co-ethnics in school.
Palestinian refugee children: Violence in school and family
Authors: Kortam Marie
Published: May 2018

This article employs a Foucauldian perspective to examine how Palestinian refugee children are governed through dominance and control strategies in social spaces, such as school and family. Each of these institutions is dedicated to the control and regulation of the development of both the body and mind of Palestinian refugee children through regimes of discipline, learning, development, maturation and skill. Such institutions exert symbolic violence, domination and manipulation on their users, to the point that even physical violence – school teachers hitting students – is embodied by the staff of these institutions.
Determining the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a stroke instructional and educational DVD in a multinational context: a randomized controlled pilot study
Authors: Jones Kelly M , Bhattacharjee Rohit , Krishnamurthi Rita , Blanton Sarah , Barker-Collo Suzanne , Theadom Alice , Thrift Amanda G , Wolf Steven L , Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy , Parmar Priya , Maujean Annick , Ranta Annemarei , Cadilhac Dominique , Sanya Emmanuel O , MacKay-Lyons Marilyn , Pandian Jeyaraj D , Arora Deepti , Obiako Reginald O , Saposnik Gustavo , Balalla Shivanthi , Bornstein Natan M , Langhorne Peter , Norrving Bo , Brown Nita , Brainin Michael , Taylor Denise , Feigin Valery L
Published: May 2018

Objective:

To assess the feasibility of conducting a randomized controlled trial of an instructional and educational stroke DVD and determine the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of this intervention in a multinational context.

Design:

Non-funded, pilot randomized controlled trial of intervention versus usual care.

Setting:

International, multicentre, community-based.

Participants:

Community-living adults up to three years post stroke with moderate to severe disability and their nominated informal caregivers.

Interventions:

Intervention patients viewed and practised rehabilitation techniques demonstrated in the DVD over six weeks.

Main measures:

Trial feasibility by number of active recruitment sites, recruitment efficiency, randomization and follow-up. Intervention feasibility by patient and caregiver impressions. Preliminary efficacy by the quality of life – 5-level EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) health status measure, General Health Questionnaire and Centre for Epidemiological Studies–Depression at two months.

Results:

In total, 14 recruitment sites were established across eight countries. Recruitment was achieved at nine (64%) sites. Over 16 months, 66 participants were recruited (mean (SD) age = 63.5 (12.47) years) and randomized to intervention ( n = 34) and control ( n = 32) groups. In total, 54 (82%) completed a follow-up assessment. Patient and/or caregiver comments about the benefits and barriers to accessing the intervention were mixed. There were no significant between-group differences in outcomes at two months ( P > 0.05).

Conclusion:

Conducting a multinational trial of a stroke DVD requires full funding. The intervention was acceptable to some patients and their caregivers, yet a generalized education approach did not fully meet their needs and/or expectations. A more individualized method may be required to meet peoples’ changing needs during stroke recovery.
Investigating the combined effect of pelvic floor muscle exercise and mindfulness on sexual function in women with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Mosalanejad Fatemeh , Afrasiabifar Ardashir , Zoladl Mohammad
Published: May 2018

Objective:

To evaluate the combined effect of pelvic floor muscle exercise and mindfulness on sexual function in women with multiple sclerosis.

Design:

It was a three-arm parallel randomized clinical trial study.

Setting:

Outpatient clinic.

Subjects:

Patients with multiple sclerosis.

Interventions:

Participants in the intervention groups completed an eight-week program consisting of pelvic floor muscle exercise, mindfulness, and pelvic floor muscle exercise along with mindfulness.

Main measures:

The main measure was the Female Sexual Function Index.

Results:

In total, 70 patients completed the study. The results showed that the total mean scores of the participants’ sexual function in pelvic floor muscle exercise group before interventions (i.e. baseline), 8 weeks after the baseline, and 12 weeks after the baseline were 18.8 ± 6.3, 23.7 ± 5.1, and 22.3 ± 4.7, respectively, while total mean scores obtained for the sexual function of mindfulness group were 19.5 ± 6.4, 26.9 ± 4.8, and 25.6 ± 4.5, respectively. Moreover, mean scores obtained for pelvic floor muscle exercise along with mindfulness were 19.6 ± 5.9, 25.3 ± 5.4, and 25 ± 4.8, respectively. There was no significant difference in their effects on sexual function ( P > 0.05).

Conclusion:

Mindfulness and pelvic floor muscle exercise do not have any significant impact upon sexual dysfunction of people with multiple sclerosis.