bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Section 1031 Like-Kind Exchanges: Review of the Past and Proposal for the Future
Authors: Schnee Edward J. , Stinson Shane R.
Published: February 2015

Congress created the tax-free exchange of like-kind property over 90 years ago and has since made several revisions to the law to prevent tax abuse and limit its application. However, the like-kind exchange rules, now governed by Section 1031, are expanding over time. In this article, we review the legislative history of Section 1031 and recently proposed changes to the law. In line with recent proposals, we recommend that Congress eliminate the special tax treatment granted to like-kind exchanges. However, in the event that Congress is unable or unwilling to make such a change, we also offer policy suggestions to limit current abuses of the like-kind provision relating to exchanges of investment property, the use of qualified intermediaries in non-simultaneous exchanges, and exchanges involving dual-use property.
Network Analysis and Visualization of the Complexity of an Individual Tax Return
Authors: Luttman Suzanne M. , Monarchi David E. , Nagy Balázs
Published: February 2015

Tax professionals who work with the Internal Revenue Code are well aware of its volume and complexity. They also have an abstract sense of the interrelatedness of its many provisions. However, the brain soon limits our ability to comprehend the relationships involved in a tax problem. Data visualization can present a coherent representation of the degree of difficulty of comprehending the Code. We graphically illustrate the morass of interconnected Code sections directly and indirectly required to complete a simple tax return. We conclude by suggesting how this technique may be useful in developing and analyzing future tax reform proposals.
The Church and the Tax Law: Keeping Church and State Separate
Authors: Hofmann Mary Ann
Published: February 2015

In a democracy characterized by the separation of church and state, what role does the federal government play in regulating the activities and the financial transactions of churches and other religious nonprofit organizations? What are the current federal requirements regarding tax exemption for churches, tax deductibility of donations to churches, and political activity by churches, and are these requirements justified? Rather than interfering with the free exercise of religion, does the federal government actually come closer to violating the establishment clause of the First Amendment by providing inappropriate tax benefits to churches and clergy? This paper discusses tax laws and federal court decisions relating to these and other issues.
Implications of Cost Behavior for Analysts' Earnings Forecasts
Authors: Ciftci Mustafa , Mashruwala Raj , Weiss Dan
Published: February 2015

Recent work in management accounting offers several novel insights into firms' cost behavior. This study explores whether financial analysts appropriately incorporate information on two types of cost behavior in predicting earnings—cost variability and cost stickiness. Since analysts' utilization of information is not directly observable, we model the process of earnings prediction to generate empirically testable hypotheses. The results indicate that analysts “converge to the average” in recognizing both cost variability and cost stickiness, resulting in substantial and systematic earnings forecast errors. Particularly, we find a clear pattern—inappropriate incorporation of available information on cost behavior in earnings forecasts leads to larger errors in unfavorable scenarios than in favorable ones. Overall, enhancing analysts' awareness of the expense side is likely to improve their earnings forecasts, mainly when sales turn to the worse.

JEL Classifications: M41; M46; G12.
The Effect of DPT-1 Intravenous Insulin Infusion and Daily Subcutaneous Insulin on Endogenous Insulin Secretion and Postprandial Glucose Tolerance
Authors: Hao Wei , Greenbaum Carla J. , Krischer Jeffrey P. , Cuthbertson David , Marks Jennifer B. , Palmer Jerry P.
Published: February 2015

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of parenteral insulin therapy on endogenous insulin secretion in the Diabetes Prevention Trial–Type 1 (DPT-1).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In the parenteral insulin arm of DPT-1, subjects without diabetes at high risk of future type 1 diabetes randomized to active treatment received a yearly 4-day intravenous insulin infusion (IV-I) and daily subcutaneous insulin (SC-I). To examine the effects of these insulin therapies on endogenous insulin secretion, C-peptide and glucose levels were compared during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) performed on and off IV-I and SC-I. Forty-six paired OGTTs were performed in 30 subjects from DPT-1 to determine the effect of IV-I. Twenty paired OGTTs were performed in 15 subjects from DPT-1 to determine the effect of SC-I.

RESULTS

IV-I suppressed fasting and OGTT-stimulated C-peptide (62% and 40%, respectively), and it significantly lowered fasting glucose (67.4 ± 4.5 mg/dL during IV-I vs. 90.9 ± 1.8 mg/dL off insulin; P < 0.05). By contrast, post-OGTT glucose levels were significantly higher during IV-I: Glucose during IV-I versus off insulin at 120 min was 203.9 ± 15.1 vs. 151.6 ± 10.2 mg/dL, respectively (P < 0.05); 49% of OGTTs became transiently diabetic (>200 mg/dL at 120 min) when receiving IV-I. Fasting glucose was significantly lower when receiving SC-I versus when off insulin (85 ± 3 vs. 94 ± 2 mg/dL, respectively; P < 0.05), but SC-I did not significantly alter fasting or OGTT-stimulated C-peptide compared with being off insulin.

CONCLUSIONS

These data demonstrate that the IV-I used in the DPT-1 markedly suppressed endogenous insulin secretion, which was frequently associated with postprandial glucose intolerance. SC-I, however, did not.
Nickel-containing superalloy laser weld qualities and properties
Authors: Allen Chris , Shaw-Edwards Robert , Nijdam Thijs
Published: February 2015

Hot section jet engine and elevated temperature corrosion-resistant applications can both require high integrity welding of nickel-containing superalloy components, both in original fabrication and subsequent repair operations. However, it is recognized that there can be a number of difficulties when welding these alloys, including the introduction of cracks, pores, distortion, and/or the degradation of mechanical properties. Laser welding, being a low heat input process, has potential for low distortion fabrication. However, concerns remain around the weld qualities that can be achieved in these materials [Khan et al., “Meeting weld quality criteria when laser welding Ni-based alloy 718,” in ICALEO, Anaheim, USA (2012), Paper No. 1707], and the effect laser welding could have on material properties. In this work, TWI and NLR have examined the development and application of fiber laser welding for a number of superalloys, of different grades and thicknesses. The weld qualities and microstructures were evaluated (e.g., using X-ray radiography, metallographic sectioning, and microscopic examination). Selected static and dynamic mechanical properties were also measured, both at room temperature and at elevated temperatures, more representative of service conditions. In this way, the relative qualities, tensile strengths, ductility, and low cycle fatigue behaviors of a range of different laser welds have been compared.
Design, processing, and characterization of nickel titanium micro-actuators for medical implants
Authors: Hagemann Ronny , Noelke Christian , Rau Thomas , Kaierle Stefan , Overmeyer Ludger , Wesling Volker , Wolkers Wim
Published: February 2015

Cochlear implants (CI) are complex medical implants used as a common therapeutic measure for deaf people who suffer from damage to the inner ear. The success of CI insertion, a manual surgery procedure, is highly dependent on the surgeon's experience. Additionally, more precise positioning of the electrode close to the membrane structures could increase the effectiveness of frequency selectivity and stimulus conduction. To overcome these limitations, the degree of deformation of the electrode during its insertion has to be controllable. This ability can be achieved by integrating micro-actuator elements of a nickel titanium (NiTi) shape memory alloy (SMA) inside the electrode. These elements are manufactured using selective laser micromelting (SLμM). Initially, different concepts of activation mechanisms for SMA actuators for CI electrodes are discussed. Following the rules of additive manufacturing on a microscale, the corresponding actuator design and manufacturing strategies are presented. Suitable SLμM process parameters to achieve high spatial resolution are identified. Due to the high process temperatures, material chemical properties, respectively, its functional behavior, may be affected using SLμM. Therefore, analyses of SLμM NiTi parts manufactured using carrier gas hot extraction as well as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are carried out. Force measurements verify the available recovery forces of the produced micro-actuators activated thermally by one way effect. A suitable additive manufacturing strategy that allows the repeatable production of micro-actuators at a resolution of less than 100 μm could be evaluated. Different anatomical geometries could be transferred from clinical data model to the manufacturing process. The processed NiTi parts meet the requirements of the ASTM F2063 concerning oxygen inclusion, which is an important condition to preserve shape memory functionality. DSC analyses reflect stable functional properties of the processed NiTi alloy independent of the adjusted laser parameters. Phase transformation of actuators could be actively proved using electrical current and passively using an external heat source.
Method for evaluating the behavior of laser welded dissimilar material seams in single overlap configuration under impact loads by the example of twinning induced plasticity steels
Authors: Behm Velten , Hoffmann Gerd-Albert , Trzebiatowski Jürgen von , Springer André , Kaierle Stefan , Overmeyer Ludger
Published: February 2015

Due to increasingly more stringent environmental and safety regulations as well as the globally increasing but locally different customer demands, automanufacturers are in search of measures to meet these requirements. In order to do so, research and development departments particularly focus on sustainable, light weight solutions. Based on material and load adapted design, an economic way of using new materials must be realized. This integral method of construction results in a diversified use of materials in automobiles. Consequently, dissimilar material combinations are increasing in number and importance, including crash-relevant structural parts. Concerning joining technology, light weight design is a challenge, because the ability to join dissimilar material combinations is often accompanied by small tolerance windows for the production process. In other words, minimum variation of process parameters may lead to a significant quality change of the properties of the seam. The present study deals with an experiment which aims at evaluating the influence of process parameters on the mechanical properties of overlap joints under impact loads. Its setup is based on the Charpy impact test and evaluated by means of laser beam welded overlap specimens of austenitic high manganese twinning induced plasticity steels and ferrite low carbon steels.
Laser polishing of additive laser manufacturing surfaces
Authors: Rosa Benoit , Mognol Pascal , Hascoët Jean-yves
Published: February 2015

The additive laser manufacturing (ALM) technique is an additive manufacturing process which enables the rapid manufacturing of complex metallic parts and the creation of thin parts so as, for example, to decrease parts weight for biomechanical or aeronautic applications. Furthermore, compared with selective laser sintering technology, the ALM process allows creating more huge parts and material gradient. However, for aesthetic or tribological functions, the ALM surfaces need an additional finishing operation, such as the polishing operation. Polishing processes are usually based on abrasive or chemical techniques. These conventional processes are composed by many drawbacks such as accessibility of complex shape, environmental impact, high time consumption and cost, and health risks for operators. In order to solve these problems and to improve surface quality, the laser polishing (LP) process is investigated. Based on melting material by laser, laser polishing process enables the smoothing of initial topography. However, the ALM process and the laser polishing processes are based on laser technology. In this context, the laser ALM process is used directly on the same machine for the polishing operation. Moreover, an alternation between both processes can be established during the manufacturing operation in order to treat nonaccessible surfaces. Currently, few studies focus on laser polishing of additive laser manufacturing surfaces, and it tends to limit the industrial use of additive manufacturing technology. The proposed study describes an experimental investigation of laser polishing surfaces obtained by additive laser manufacturing process. The investigation results in the improvement of complete final surface quality, according to laser polishing parameters. This experimental study introduces the laser polishing of thin section parts, in order to develop laser polishing applications. According to a manufacturing chain context, the final objective is to create a multiprocess mastery in order to optimize the final topography and productivity time.
Laser drilling of micro-hole arrays in tantalum
Authors: Patwa R. , Herfurth H. , Bratt C. , Christophersen M. , Phlips B. F.
Published: February 2015

X ray collimator optics for space application require an array of high aspect ratio holes of 60:1 with a minimal tantalum (Ta) thickness of ≥2 mm and a very high open area fraction (hole versus wall fraction) of 70% to achieve high collimator efficiency. Each collimator with a drilled area of 110 mm × 70 mm contains several million holes and need a fast drilling process. Laser percussion drilling was performed using an IR pulsed disk laser in a 1 and 2 mm thick Ta plate. A tightly spaced hexagonal closed packed pattern was used to maximize open area fraction with hole-to-hole spacing as small as 80 μm. However, this resulted in a high concentration of debris and a thick recast layer on the remaining walls between the holes. Different process gases were investigated to minimize debris formation and reduce the recast layer thickness. Ramping of pulse energy during the drill cycle was investigated to minimize the adhesion between the substrate and recast layer. Chemical etching was used to remove the debris and recast from the top surface and the inside of the laser-drilled holes. Hole cross sections showed that a high aspect ratio was achieved with a hole diameter of about Ø50 μm in 2 mm thick Ta. To achieve the shortest drilling time of 200 ms per hole, the process parameters were optimized and a hybrid nozzle, with both horizontal and vertical gas flow, was developed and implemented.
Application of self-mixing interferometry for depth monitoring in the ablation of TiN coatings
Authors: Demir Ali Gökhan , Previtali Barbara , Magnani Alessandro , Pesatori Alessandro , Norgia Michele
Published: February 2015

Among possible monitoring techniques, self-mixing interferometry stands out as an appealing option for online ablation depth measurements. The method uses a simple laser diode, interference is detected inside the diode cavity and measured as the optical power fluctuation by the photodiode encased in the laser diode itself. This way, self-mixing interferometry combines the advantages of a high resolution point displacement measurement technique, with high compactness and easiness of operation. For a proper adaptation of self-mixing interferometry use in laser micromachining to monitor ablation depth, certain optical, electronical, and mechanical limitations need to be overcome. In laser surface texturing of thin ceramic coatings, the ablation depth control is critically important to avoid damage by substrate contamination. In this work, self-mixing interferometry was applied in the laser percussion drilling of TiN coatings. The ∼4 μm thick TiN coatings were drilled with a 1 ns green fiber laser, while the self-mixing monitoring was applied with a 785 nm laser diode. The limitations regarding the presence of process plasma are discussed. The design criteria for the monitoring device are explained. Finally, the self-mixing measurements were compared to a conventional optical measurement device. The concept was validated as the measurements were statistically the same.
Study of carbide dissolution into the matrix during laser cladding of carbon steel plate with tungsten carbides-stellite powders
Authors: Zanzarin Simone , Bengtsson Sven , Molinari Alberto
Published: February 2015

High power diode laser with coaxial powder injection was used to deposit single tracks of cobalt alloys with tungsten carbides on to a carbon steel plate in order to study carbide dissolution in the metallic matrix. Two kinds of cobalt alloy powders (Stellite 12 and Stellite 21) having different content of tungsten and carbon were used. Processing parameters were changed to obtain different cladding conditions, and effect of substrate preheating was evaluated too. Carbides dissolution, measured with image analysis and EDXS analysis, increases with the increase in the laser power. A low carbon and the absence of tungsten in the matrix powder promote carbides dissolution. Substrate preheating also leads to a higher dissolution. Matrix microhardness of the Stellite 21 increases with the increase in carbides dissolution, while matrix microhardness of the Stellite 12 does not change. Hardness of the coatings is slightly influenced by the dissolution phenomena.
The Effect of Above-Ground Medium Voltage Power Lines on Displaying Site Selection of the Great Bustard (Otis Tarda) in Central Hungary
Authors: Lóránt Miklós , Vadász Csaba
Published: February 2015

Our study was conducted in the Upper-Kiskunság region, Central Hungary, which hosts the largest Pannonian population of the Great Bustard (Otis tarda). The influence of the presence of aboveground medium voltage power lines on displaying site selection of Great Bustard males was investigated. The results revealed that displaying males totally reject the sites located within 350-400 m or closer to medium voltage power lines as displaying sites and show relative rejection towards potential displaying sites located at a distance between 500 and 1000 m far from power lines. Surprisingly, the overall negative effects influence much larger part of the potential displaying grounds, up to the distance to 3500 m from power lines. It can be declared that power lines reduce the extent of suitable displaying sites of the Great Bustards in the Upper-Kiskunság region. Accordingly, installation of new above-ground power lines (and other kind of wires, such as high voltage power lines, optical cables etc.) would further reduce the extent of suitable displaying sites.
Effect of 28-day oral administration of silver nanocolloid on the peripheral blood leukocytes in mice
Authors: Małaczewska J.
Published: February 2015

Silver nanoparticles, which have found a wide range of applications owing to their antimicrobial properties, are also recommended as dietary supplements in alternative medicine. Studies on rodents confirm that nanosilver is absorbed from the digestive tract into the bloodstream, which implies its possible interactions with leukocytes. The objective of the experiment discussed herein has been to determine the effect of 28-day oral administration of different doses (0.25, 2.5, 25 ppm) of commercial silver nanocolloid on hematological parameters, percentages of particular lymphocyte populations and activity of the peripheral blood leukocytes in mice. All the tested colloid doses decreased the counts of monocytes in the animals’ blood and induced phenotypic modifications among lymphocytes: an increase in CD4+/CD8+ T cell distribution, a decrease in NK and NKT cell distribution (doses of 0.25 and 2.5 ppm) and an increased CD4+:CD8+ ratio (25 ppm). Silver nanocolloid also affected the activity of cells, depressing the proliferation of lymphocytes (0.25 ppm) and stimulating phagocytosis as well as the respiratory burst of granulocytes and monocytes (all doses). The results verify the influence of orally administered silver colloid on the peripheral blood leukocytes, at the same time implying the potential risk of developing an inappropriate immune response of an organism exposed to prolonged administration of this substance
Immunohistochemical evaluation of superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) concentrations in erythrocytes of dairy cattle and farm-raised deer by a computer-assisted analysis of microscopic images
Authors: Paździor-Czapula K. , Gesek M. , Rotkiewicz T. , Kluciński W. , Kołodziejska J. , Kleczkowski M. , Fabisiak M.
Published: February 2015

The effectiveness of the immunohistochemical method in determining Cu/Zn SOD concentrations in red blood cells of dairy cattle and farm-raised deer was evaluated by a computer-assisted analysis of microscopic images and scanning technique. Superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) concentrations in erythrocytes were determined in smears of whole blood samples collected from 16 Polish Holstein-Friesian cows and 22 farm-raised deer in spring. Mouse anti-bovine SOD (Cu-Zn) monoclonal antibodies (2F5, Serotec) were used in 1:50 dilution. The degree of immunostaining for SOD in red blood cells was determined with the use of the MIDI 3DHistech Panoramic Scanner (Hungary) and 3DHistech Panoramic Viewer, NuclearQuant and MembraneQuant software. Our findings indicate that the immunohistochemical method is a useful technique for evaluating Cu/Zn SOD concentrations in red blood cells of cattle and deer
Assessment of serum levels of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E in different seasons and breeds in healthy horses
Authors: Wilkołek P.M. , Pomorski Z.J.H. , Szczepanik M.P. , Adamek Ł. , Pluta M. , Taszkun I. , Gołyński M. , Rozwód A. , Sitkowski W.
Published: February 2015

The present study was designed to asses specific IgE towards environment allergens in 42 healthy horses. Determination of this immunoglobulin in serum serve as diagnostic tools in allergic diseases to improve efficacy of the treatment and proper allergen selection to specific immunotherapy. Serum levels of allergen specific IgE were measured with equine monoclonal antibody, using 15 individual and 5 mix allergens in North European Panel. The study revealed season dependent increased levels of allergen specific IgE in normal horses. It is noteworthy that healthy horses show high percentage of positive reactions, most commonly towards to domestic mites D. farinae (80%), D. pteronyssinus (35.71%) and storage mites T. putrenscentiae (42.86%), Acarus siro (40.48%). These allergens play an important role in equine, canine and feline atopic dermatitis. We also demonstrated high IgE levels in the group of horse specific insect allergens. Tabanus sp. (35.71%), Culicoides sp. (28.57%) and Simulium sp. (26.19%) were the most frequent insect positive reaction allergens. No positive reactions in all groups of allergens were found in winter season, low and merely detectable levels of antibodies have been found relating to D. farianae and T. putrescentiae allergen. We observed elevated mould-IgE levels in horses that live in stables, while outdoor living horses showed very low levels. Amongst all positive reactions we observed only weak and moderate reactions but no strong positive reactions were found. No significant differences were observed between three breeds of horses with the exception of moulds and D. pteronyssinus allergens
Rapid detection of Chlamydia/Chlamydophila group in samples collected from swine herds with and without reproductive disorders
Authors: Rypula K. , Kumala A. , Lis P. , Niemczuk K. , Płoneczka-Janeczko K. , Pejsak Z.
Published: February 2015

The study was carried out in seven reproductive herds of pigs. In three of them reproductive disorders were observed. Three herds consisted of 10-50 and four consisted of 120-500 adult sows and they were called small and medium, respectively. Fifty-seven adult sows were randomly selected from herds. Serum samples were tested using the complement fixation test and swabs from both eyes and from the vaginal vestibule were examined using real-time PCR. All serum samples were negative. Infected sows were present in each of the study herds. In total, there were 28 positive samples (53%, 28/48) in real-time PCR in sows with reproductive disorders and 35 (53%, 35/66) in sows selected from herds without problems in reproduction. One isolate proved to be Chlamydophila pecorum, whereas all the remaining were Chamydia suis
Chicken intestinal microbiota function with a special emphasis on the role of probiotic bacteria
Authors: Cisek A.A. , Binek M.
Published: February 2015

Bacterial colonization of the chicken gut by environmental microbes begins immediately after hatching. Composition of the intestinal microbiota is dependent on the surrounding environment, diet variation, pathological conditions, antibiotic therapy, and others. The genomes of all these intestinal microbes form a microbiome which by far outnumbers the host’s genome. As a consequence, the microbiome provides additional metabolic functions to the host, including nutrient utilization and absorption, fermentation of non-digestible dietary fiber, synthesis of some vitamins, biotransformation of bile acids, and the well-being of their chicken host. Microorganisms can also directly interact with the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, which may alter the physiology and immunological status of the bird. Since newly hatched broiler chickens demonstrate delayed commensal colonization and low bacterial diversity, the most effective and harmless method available to control the development and composition of the intestinal microbiota is a competitive exclusion treatment by applying probiotic bacteria. Additionally, recent research has shown that probiotic bacteria have a variety of beneficial effects, including counteraction of dysbiosis, promotion of gut health and homeostasis, enhancement of immune defenses and antagonization of infectious agents
Cytomorphometry of canine cutaneous histiocytoma
Authors: Paździor-Czapula K. , Otrocka-Domagała I. , Rotkiewicz T. , Gesek M.
Published: February 2015

A morphometric analysis of tumoral Langerhans cells and activated macrophages was conducted using canine cutaneous tumors (65 cases of canine cutaneous histiocytoma and 7 cases of pyogranuloma). The histiocytic origin of the tumor cells was confirmed using immunohistochemistry. The parameters of the morphometric analysis included cellular and nuclear size and shape and the nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio; the variability of these features was calculated separately for each tumor. The canine cutaneous histiocytoma group was divided into four stages of regression depending on the intensity of the lymphocytic infiltration. Statistical analysis revealed that the anisocytosis, anisokaryosis and cellular pleomorphism of tumoral Langerhans cells increased, while the cellular circularity and nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio decreased with tumor regression. Activated macrophages of the pyogranuloma were significantly larger, and had larger nuclei, than tumoral Langerhans cells. Furthermore, these activated macrophages showed greater anisocytosis and anisokaryosis and a lower nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio than tumoral Langerhans cells in the first stages of tumor regression. These results indicate that tumoral Langerhans cells undergo morphologic changes during the regression of canine cutaneous histiocytoma, reflecting their maturation and differentiation. Morphometry can be a useful method for distinguishing activated macrophages from tumoral Langerhans cells.
B-cell and T-cell values in peripheral blood in Polish mixed-breed rabbits with addition of blood of meet breeds
Authors: Tokarz-Deptuła B. , Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P. , Hukowska-Szematowicz B. , Adamiak M. , Trzeciak-Ryczek A. , Deptuła W.
Published: February 2015

In Poland, rabbit is a highly valued animal, due to dietetic and flavour values of its meat, but above all, rabbits tend to be commonly used laboratory animals. The aim of the study was developing standards for counts of B-cells with CD19+ receptor, T-cells with CD5+ receptor, and their subpopulations, namely T-cells with CD4+, CD8+ and CD25+ receptor in the peripheral blood of mixed-breed Polish rabbits with addition of blood of meet breeds, including the assessment of the impact of four seasons of the year and animal sex on the values of the immunological parameters determined. The results showed that the counts of B- and T-cells and their subpopulations in peripheral blood remain within the following ranges: for CD19+ B-cells: 1.05 - 3.05%, for CD5+ T-cells: 34.00 - 43.07%, CD4+ T-cells: 23.52 - 33.23%, CD8+ T-cells: 12.55 - 17.30%, whereas for CD25+ T-cells: 0.72 - 2.81%. As it comes to the season of the year, it was observed that it principally affects the values of CD25+ T-cells, while in the case of rabbit sex, more changes were found in females.
Toltrazuril (Baycox®) treatment against coccidiosis caused by Eimeria sp. in Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
Authors: Sokół R. , Gesek M. , Raś-Noryńska M. , Michalczyk M.
Published: February 2015

Coccidiosis is the most predominant parasitic disease affecting Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) in commercial farms. Coccidiosis as a subclinical infection is difficult to diagnose without parasitological examinations. Oocysts of two Eimeria species, E. bateri and E. tsunodai, were determined in the analysed quail flock. Infected birds were administered Baycox 2.5% at the dose of: group I - 7 mg toltrazuril/kg BW per day provided in drinking water (1.5 ml/0.5 l H2O) that was available 24 h for 2 days, group II - 14 mg/kg BW (3 ml/0.5 l H2O), and group III - 24.5 mg/kg BW (5 ml/0.5 l H2O); in groups II and III, the solutions were available 8 h/24 h for 2 days. After the first day of the treatment, the number of excreted oocysts (OPG - oocysts per gram) increased, a steady decrease in oocyst counts began on the second day of Baycox administration and lasted until a three-day period when no oocyst were determined in faecal samples. Regardless of the dose applied, toltrazuril (Baycox) completely eliminated E. bateri coccidia and led to a highly significant reduction in the number of E. tsunodai oocysts. The results suggest that the effectiveness of toltrazuril varies depending on coccidia species and developmental stages of the parasite. From the clinical point of view, the treatment applied significantly reduces the number of coccidia oocysts in commercial flocks of Japanese quails.
Modeling the effect of temperature on survival rate of Salmonella Enteritidis in yogurt
Authors: Szczawiński J. , Szczawińska M. E. , Łobacz A. , Jackowska-Tracz A.
Published: February 2015

The aim of the study was to determine the inactivation rates of Salmonella Enteritidis in commercially produced yogurt and to generate primary and secondary mathematical models to predict the behaviour of these bacteria during storage at different temperatures. The samples were inoculated with the mixture of three S. Enteritidis strains and stored at 5oC, 10oC, 15oC, 20oC and 25oC for 24 h. The number of salmonellae was determined every two hours. It was found that the number of bacteria decreased linearly with storage time in all samples. Storage temperature and pH of yogurt significantly influenced survival rate of S. Enteritidis (p < 0.05). In samples kept at 5oC the number of salmonellae decreased at the lowest rate, whereas at 25°C the reduction in number of bacteria was the most dynamic. The natural logarithm of mean inactivation rates of Salmonella calculated from primary model was fitted to two secondary models: linear and polynomial. Equations obtained from both secondary models can be applied as a tool for prediction of inactivation rate of Salmonella in yogurt stored under temperature range from 5 to 25°C; however, polynomial model gave the better fit to the experimental data.
The use of magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosing equine deep digital flexor tendinopathies – own experience
Authors: Jaskólska M. , Adamiak Z. , Holak P. , Zhalniarovich Y. , Przyborowska P. , Peczyński Z.
Published: February 2015

Deep digital flexor tendinopathy is a common problem in horses of different athletic disciplines. Nowadays, the use of magnetic resonance imaging is considered to be a noninvasive and superior choice for recognizing bone and soft tissue pathologies especially related to difficult to access structures within the hoof capsule.
Effect of dietary supplementation with Echinacea purpurea on vaccine efficacy against infection with Flavobacterium columnare in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Guz L. , Puk K. , Walczak N. , Oniszczuk T. , Oniszczuk A.
Published: February 2015

The effect of dietary Echinacea purpurea (EP) on the response of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to a Flavobacterium columnare vaccine was investigated. Two hundred D. rerio with an average weight of 290 ± 40 g were selected and fed different levels of E. purpurea (5 g kg-1 diet - group 1, 10 g kg-1 diet - group 2, 20 g kg-1 diet - group 3, 30 g kg-1 diet - group 4, and 0 g kg-1 diet - group 5). Experimental feeding was begun 3 weeks prior to bath immunization and continued until the end of the experiment. Twenty-eight days after immunization the fish were challenged by bath immersion with F. columnare at a concentration of 1x106 CFU/ml. The relative percent survival of the experimental groups (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) was 5.0, 6.0, 30.0, 36.0 and 5.0, respectively. In conclusion, diet supplementation with E. purpurea may effectively enhance the response of zebrafish to a F. columnare vaccine.
A 34-year retrospective study of equine viral abortion in Poland
Authors: Bażanów B.A. , Frącka A.B. , Jackulak N.A. , Staroniewicz Z.M. , Ploch S.M.
Published: February 2015

The purpose of the present review was a comparison of the abortions caused by EAV and EHV-1 viruses over the 34 years. A total of 452 tissues samples from aborted fetuses (347) or foals (105) stillborn or newborn that died within 72 hours were investigated. The material for the examinations came from different farms located throughout Poland. The tissue homogenates were examined by using virus isolation test in RK-13 and Vero cell lines and the cytopathic agent was confirmed as EHV-1 by the direct fluorescent antibody test or as EAV by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. The study indicated that EAV was isolated (104 cases, 23%) almost as equally often as EHV-1 (116 cases, 25.6%). Both, equid herpesvirus-associated abortion and the abortion induced by EAV were characterized by cyclicity. The percentage of EAV and EHV-1 isolation alternately reduced and increased, but the increase of isolation of one virus was accompanied by the decrease of the other. The domination of one virus over the other occurred in cycles of a few years.
Values of white and red blood cell parameters in Polish mixed breed rabbits in the annual cycle
Authors: Tokarz-Deptuła B. , Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P. , Adamiak M. , Hukowska-Szematowicz B. , Trzeciak-Ryczek A. , Deptuła W.
Published: February 2015

The aim of the study was to develop reference values for such haematologic values as haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit value, volume of erythrocytes, thrombocytes, leucocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils and monocytes in peripheral blood in Polish mixed-breed rabbits, considering the impact of the season (spring, summer, autumn, winter), and sex of the animals. The results reveal, that the season of the year has a small impact in Polish mixed-breed rabbits, and it principally referred to spring and summer. Finally it was shown, that sex has average impact on the studied values of haematological parameters.
Circulating immune complexes and markers of systemic inflammation in RAO-affected horses
Authors: Niedźwiedź A. , Jaworski Z. , Kubiak K.
Published: February 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of circulating immune complexes (CICs) and concentration of haptoglobin, fibrinogen and C-reactive protein in the serum of horses with recurrent airway obstruction and healthy controls. The study was conducted on a group of 14 adult Polish Konik horses, kept in uniform environmental and living conditions. Horses were divided into two groups: 7 horses were not affected by any respiratory problem (control group) and 7 horses had a history of recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) (study group). A clinical and laboratory evaluation, endoscopic examination and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were performed in all horses. Levels of circulating immune complexes were significantly (p=0.0057) increased in heaves-affected horses compared to healthy controls (median [25th - 75th percentiles]) (3.96 [3.96 - 4.43] vs. 7.46 [5.13 - 11.9]). No significant difference was observed in the levels of the examined acute phase proteins between the groups. Moreover, all results were within the reference range established for horses. The results of this study indicate that heaves in horses is associated with the formation and high level of CICs. Haptoglobin, fibrinogen and C-reactive protein failed as markers of early stage systemic inflammation in the course of RAO.
Small interfering RNA treatment can inhibit Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 associated cell death in vitro
Authors: Adamek M. , Rauch G. , Brogden G. , Steinhagen D.
Published: February 2015

A Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infection of carp induces a disease which causes substantial losses in carp culture. Here we present the use of a possible strategy for the management of the virus infection RNA interference based on small interfering RNAs. As a result of in vitro studies, we found that a mixture of short interfering RNAs specific for viral DNA enzyme synthesis and capsid proteins of the CyHV-3 can be a potential inhibitor of virus replication in fibroblastic cells. This gives the basis for the development of a combinatorial RNA interference strategy to treat CyHV-3 infections.
Influenza virus proteins as factors involved in interspecies transmission
Authors: Góra I.M. , Rożek W. , Żmudziński J.F.
Published: February 2015

Influenza A viruses cause recurrent epidemics and global pandemics. One of the unique features of influenza virus is the ability to overcome interspecies barrier. Reassortment of viral genes and the accumulation of mutations contribute to the emergence of new influenza virus variants. The replication of influenza A virus in a specific host depends on many factors e.g. activity of viral proteins, host response system and environmental conditions. In this review the role of viral proteins as a condition for crossing the species barriers is discussed.
In the trap: detectability of fixed hair trap DNA methods in grizzly bear population monitoring
Authors: Rovang Sarah , Nielsen Scott E. , Stenhouse Gordon
Published: February 2015

A significant challenge to monitoring wildlife that are secretive, wide ranging, and at low densities is the need to achieve adequate detection rates. Knowledge of spatial patterns in occupancy and the spatial and/or temporal patterns in detectability allows for stratification of traps and improved detection rates. This study investigated how local variation in habitats affected the detectability of grizzly bears in west—central Alberta when monitored with a fixed DNA hair snag design. Bear hair samples were collected in 2011 at 60 sites across 1500 km2 over six sessions, each 14 days in length, between June and August. Microsatellite analysis of hair samples revealed grizzly bear detections at 25 of 60 sites and 21 individual bears. We investigated occupancy and detectability of grizzly bears at the patch and landscape scales using detection histories and program PRESENCE. At the patch scale, grizzly bear detection was highest when sites were placed near streams with clover and in intermediate levels of forest crown closure. At the landscape scale, probability of detection increased near streams and oil and gas wellsites, especially when food resources and wellsite density in the surrounding area was low. Our results highlight the importance of considering local food resources and habitat conditions during placement of fixed DNA hair snag sites. Detectability was not found to vary over time, suggesting that sampling in west—central Alberta can occur at any time between June and August.
Hyponatremia and poor cognitive outcome following pediatric brain tumor surgery
Authors: Williams Cydni N. , Riva-Cambrin Jay , Presson Angela P. , Bratton Susan L.
Published: February 2015

OBJECT

Pediatric intracranial neoplasms are common and cause substantial neurological morbidity. Postoperative hyponatremia is also common and may exacerbate neurological injury. The authors performed an exploratory analysis to evaluate an exposure-response relationship between hyponatremia severity and cognitive function at discharge.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort of patients 0–19 years old who underwent a first intracranial neoplasm surgery at a pediatric tertiary care hospital was reviewed. Outcome was assessed by Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category (PCPC) score of 1–6 at hospital discharge. Poor outcome was defined as PCPC score 3–6, corresponding to moderate or worse disability.

RESULTS

Of 319 total children, 80 (25%) had poor outcomes. One hundred thirty-seven children (43%) had serum sodium concentrations ≤ 131–135 mEq/L and 39 (12%) had serum sodium concentrations ≤ 130 mEq/L. Lower nadir sodium concentration and longer duration of hyponatremia were significantly associated with worsening PCPC score (p < 0.001). Rapid sodium decreases and more hyponatremic episodes were also significantly associated with worsening PCPC score (p < 0.001). After adjustment for patient factors, tumor characteristics, and measures of sodium disruption, multivariable analysis revealed noncortical tumor locations and lower nadir sodium concentration (adjusted odds ratio 0.86, 95% confidence interval 0.78–0.95) were important independent risk factors for poor cognitive outcome.

CONCLUSIONS

Neurocognitive disability and hyponatremia are common in children undergoing surgery for intracranial neoplasms. This study found a significant association between severity of hyponatremia and worsened cognitive outcome, with an apparent exposure-response relationship. These data support the need for careful postoperative monitoring of serum sodium. Further research is needed to determine if prevention and treatment of hyponatremia can improve outcomes in these children.
Suture retraction technique to prevent parent vessel obstruction following aneurysm tandem clipping
Authors: Rayan Tarek , Amin-Hanjani Sepideh
Published: February 2015

With large or giant aneurysms, the use of multiple tandem clips can be essential for complete obliteration of the aneurysm. One potential disadvantage, however, is the considerable cumulative weight of these clips, which may lead to kinking of the underlying parent vessels and obstruction of flow. The authors describe a simple technique to address this problem, guided by intraoperative blood flow measurements, in a patient with a ruptured near-giant 2.2 × 1.7–cm middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysm that was treated with the tandem clipping technique. A total of 11 clips were applied in a vertical stacked fashion. The cumulative weight of the clips caused kinking of the temporal M2 branch of the bifurcation with reduction of flow. A 4-0 Nurolon suture tie was applied to the hub of one of the clips and was tethered to the dura of the sphenoid ridge by a small mini-clip and reinforced by application of tissue sealant. The patient underwent intraoperative indocyanine green videoangiography as well as catheter angiography, which demonstrated complete aneurysmal obliteration and preservation of vessel branches. Postoperative angiography confirmed patency of the bifurcation vessels with mild vasospasm. The patient had a full recovery with no postoperative complications and was neurologically intact at her 6-month follow-up. The suture retraction technique allows a simple solution to parent vessel obstruction following aneurysm tandem clipping, in conjunction with the essential guidance provided by intraoperative flow measurements.
Demolitions and Amendments: Coping with Cultural Recognition and Its Denial in Southern Israel
Authors: McKee Emily
Published: February 2015

This article examines how social preferences, in the form of cultural politics, become concretised in land laws. In Israel, Bedouin Arabs in unrecognised villages and Jewish farmers of individual farmsteads each faced governmental eviction orders and responded by seeking recognition of their land-use practices as legal. However, whereas Jewish farmers successfully mobilised place-based identities to gain legalisation, Bedouin Arabs' dwelling practices were not recognised as the legitimate basis for land claims, and their attempts to assert place-based identities have been denied. Instead, Bedouin Arabs faced pressures of 'de-cultural accommodation' and continued evictions. Ethnographic comparison of these two cases of 'illegal' settlement demonstrates how cultural identities - as former nomads or pioneer farmers - matter for land claims.
The Largest Ebola Outbreak What Have We Learned So Far
Authors: Das Debashish , Guerin Philippe J , Leroy Sandrine , Sayeed Abdullah Abu , Faiz M Abul
Published: February 2015

Abstract not available DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jom.v16i1.22363 J MEDICINE 2015; 16 : 1-4
Cardiovascular Disease in Women with Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Okenzere Nwamaka Chiji , Okeke Chukwubike Udoka
Published: February 2015

Objective: Patients with chronic renal failure have high burden of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study was carried out to investigate the development of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal failure among female patients on dialysis treatment in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 adult female subjects participated in this study. 20 of them were apparently healthy and served as control group while the rest 20 were female patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) on dialysis treatment. Fasting blood samples were collected and their lipid profile, Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C), Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C), and Very Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (VLDL-C) were estimated using enzymatic methods. The percentages of these parameters in circulation were obtained. The cardiovascular risk ratios (TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C) were calculated. Result: The lipid profile of the chronic renal failure patients (TC 5.70±0.80mmol/l, TG 1.46±0.40mmol/l, LDL-C 3.50±0.2mmol/l, and VLDL-C 0.67±0.2mmol/l) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of control group (TC 4.03±0.13mmol/l, TG 1.10± 0.3mmol/l , LDL-C 1.85±0.5mmol/l, and VLDL-C 0.50± 0.01mmol/l) except HDL-C. HDL-C of the CRF patients (1.40±0.2mmol/l) was significantly lower (p<0.05) than that of healthy women (HDL-C 1.70± 0.04mmol/l). These depict no difference in the percentage of VLDL-C & TG in circulation between the control (VLDL C 5% and TG 45%) and chronic renal failure patients (VLDL C 5% and TG 44%). In CRF group, it was observed that 28% of the total plasma lipid (12.73mmol/l) was LDL-C but in healthy women, percentage of LDL-C in circulation (out of 9.18mmol/l) was 20%. It was also observed that 11% of the total plasma lipid (12.73mmol/l) in CRF patients was HDL-C but in healthy subjects, the percentage of HDL-C in circulation (out of 9.18mmol/l) was 19%. The cardiovascular risk indices (TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C) of the CRF patients (TC/HDL-C 3.91±0.24 and LDL-C/HDL-C 2.50±0.01) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of the healthy subjects (TC/HDL-C 2.40±0.09, LDL-C/HDL-C 1.10±0.08). Conclusion: These results indicate that chronic renal failure is a risk factor to development of cardiovascular disease in female patients on dialysis.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jom.v16i1.22382 J MEDICINE 2015; 16 : 14-17