bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sacrement de mariage et miséricorde de Dieu
Authors: Bordeyne Philippe
Published: February 2015

Peut-on résoudre les problèmes pastoraux soulevés par les échecs conjugaux en faisant appel à la miséricorde divine ? Cette question disputée laisse souvent de côté le fait que le sacrement de mariage peut être pensé théologiquement à la lumière de la miséricorde de Dieu. Dans l’encyclique Dives in misericordia , saint Jean-Paul II voit dans la révélation le point culminant de la miséricorde divine. Tant la théologie biblique que la configuration actuelle des liens amoureux conduisent à interpréter l’entrée dans le mariage comme l’événement d’une rencontre personnelle avec le Dieu miséricordieux et comme un engagement à pratiquer la miséricorde en réponse à son amour. Cette double perspective peut inspirer la préparation au mariage et la pastorale familiale. Elle permet également de placer les échecs apparents tout autant que les réussites sous la lumière inaugurale de la miséricorde divine. Celle-ci a le pouvoir de réintroduire de la continuité dans les histoires humaines souvent marquées par les accrocs et les ruptures.
Analysis of Temporalis and Masseter adaptation after routine dental treatment in the horse via surface electromyography
Authors: Williams J.M. , Johnson C. , Bales R. , Lloyd G. , Barron L. , Quest D.
Published: February 2015

Limited knowledge of how routine dental treatment (rasping) alters the mastication cycle exists. To our knowledge, Masseter and Temporalis muscle activity after rasping has not been previously evaluated. A descriptive, experimental study compared muscle activity pre- and post-routine dental treatment using surface electromyography (sEMG) to investigate the hypothesis that Masseter activity would increase and Temporalis activity decrease, over a 6 week time period after routine dentistry. Motor unit action potential amplitude (MUAP) and peak amplitude contraction (PAC), for 5 chewing cycles, were measured using sEMG in the right and left Masseter and Temporalis muscles of 10 horses, selected opportunistically due to their dental pathology that required routine rasping (week 0). Routine dental treatment was undertaken and sEMG measurements repeated at 1, 3 and 6 weeks post treatment. Mean MUAP and PAC were calculated for each week and compared both across the cohort and for each horse. For the cohort: Temporalis MUAP fluctuated after rasping, but was only significant in the left muscle between weeks 0 and 6, and weeks 1 and 6 (P<0.02). PAC did not differ significantly, with the exception of a decrease occurring on the left from week 0 to 1 (P<0.01). Masseter activity varied throughout the investigation, but few significant differences were found. A non-significant but consistent reduction in magnitude of PAC was found. For the individuals: MUAP and PAC in the Masseter and Temporalis muscles varied (increased / decreased) on an individual basis throughout the six weeks post rasping, although only MUAP fluctuations between weeks were significant (P<0.01). Adaptation occurs in the Masseter and Temporalis of individual horses after routine rasping; this appears to be associated with kinematic changes within the chewing cycle and is still occurring 6 weeks post-treatment.
“Why Can’t I Pass These Exams?”: Providing Individualized Feedback for Nursing Students
Authors: Wiles Lynn L.
Published: February 2015

The nursing literature on examination remediation and testing feedback strategies focuses primarily on NCLEX-RN success and remediation, rather than on the course examinations taken by students throughout program curricula. Students deemed at risk for NCLEX-RN failure likely have displayed poor performance on examinations long before graduation and licensure testing. Individualized examination feedback that identifies students’ specific weaknesses is superior to correct answer feedback. The feedback grid described in this article demonstrates one method of providing structured, individualized feedback using the nursing process, Bloom’s taxonomy, and NCLEX-RN blueprints. The feedback grid helped students to identify patterns in knowledge gaps, determine the correct answers to missed examination questions, and improve test scores in a critical care nursing course. [
J Nurs Educ
. 2015;54(3, Suppl.):S55–S58.]
Gains and Development of Undergraduate Nursing Students During a 2-Year Community Service Program
Authors: Lai Claudia K.Y. , Chan Joyce H. , Wong Ivy Y.P. , Fung Jeff T.S. , Pang Phyllis C.P. , Fung Keith H.K. , Kwok Carol P.S.
Published: February 2015

Service–learning has long been regarded as a teaching strategy that promotes student learning while simultaneously contributing to the community. This article reports the service–learning experience of undergraduate nursing students who participated in a project with two nongovernmental organizations that enabled students to visit disadvantaged older adults on a regular basis. Fifty-two students were recruited to join the study. A content analysis of their reflective journals regarding their service–learning experience was performed. The texts were compared on the basis of their differences and similarities, sorted into categories, and then abstracted into themes. Four themes were identified: “I have learned a lot,” “I have changed over time,” “My perception of older people has changed,” and “I have learned through experience.” The students gained valuable experience from this project during a 2-year period. The main learning outcome was improved communication skills. The experience also promoted students’ personal growth and professional development. [
J Nurs Educ
. 2015;54(3, Suppl.):S21–S25.]
Cognitive Load, Emotion, and Performance in High-Fidelity Simulation Among Beginning Nursing Students: A Pilot Study
Authors: Schlairet Maura C. , Schlairet Timothy James , Sauls Denise H. , Bellflowers Lois
Published: February 2015

Establishing the impact of the high-fidelity simulation environment on student performance, as well as identifying factors that could predict learning, would refine simulation outcome expectations among educators. The purpose of this quasi-experimental pilot study was to explore the impact of simulation on emotion and cognitive load among beginning nursing students. Forty baccalaureate nursing students participated in teaching simulations, rated their emotional state and cognitive load, and completed evaluation simulations. Two principal components of emotion were identified representing the pleasant activation and pleasant deactivation components of affect. Mean rating of cognitive load following simulation was high. Linear regression identiffed slight but statistically nonsignificant positive associations between principal components of emotion and cognitive load. Logistic regression identified a negative but statistically nonsignificant effect of cognitive load on assessment performance. Among lower ability students, a more pronounced effect of cognitive load on assessment performance was observed; this also was statistically non-significant. [
J Nurs Educ
. 2015;54(3, Suppl.):S5–S11.]
Learning Among Nursing Faculty: Insights from a Participatory Action Research Project About Teaching International Students
Authors: Fabbro Letitia Del , Mitchell Creina , Shaw Julie
Published: February 2015

It is imperative that nursing education addresses the issues arising from globalization. The adjustment challenges faced by international nursing students globally highlight the need to understand how nursing faculty experience and teach nursing classes with a mix of domestic and foreign students. This article reports on a participatory action research (PAR) study to examine and enhance the scholarly teaching of international nursing students. The overarching research question for this PAR was: How did participation in a PAR study contribute to shared learning and professional development of nursing faculty teaching international students? Five major themes were identified across the PAR: creating sharing spaces, recognizing and respecting diversity, developing and acknowledging teaching capabilities, utilizing precious time, and valuing the research. In summary, PAR was a useful approach to engage faculty in research by providing a process and a space to address concerns about the teaching and learning of international students. [
J Nurs Educ
. 2015;54(3):153–158.]
Exploring Masculinity and Marginalization of Male Undergraduate Nursing Students’ Experience of Belonging During Clinical Experiences
Authors: Sedgwick Monique G. , Kellett Peter
Published: February 2015

Aggressive recruitment strategies used in Canadian undergraduate nursing programs have enjoyed only moderate success, given that male students represent a small percentage of the student population. To determine whether there were gender differences in their sense of belonging, undergraduate nursing students (
n
= 462) in southern Alberta were surveyed using the Belongingness Scale–Clinical Placement Experience questionnaire. No significant gender differences were found on two of the subscales. However, male students demonstrated significantly lower scores on the efficacy subscale (
p
= 0.02). This finding suggests that some men experience feelings of marginalization and discrimination. Nurse educators and students are encouraged to explore their worldviews related to gendered performances and teaching practices that create bias. Practice environments are encouraged to deinstitutionalize policies and procedures that accentuate femininities of care. Finally, men entering into the nursing profession are encouraged to reflect on how their gender performance may facilitate or detract from their feelings of belonging. [
J Nurs Educ.
2015;54(3):121–129.]
Changing the Learning Environment in the College of Engineering and Applied Science Using Challenge Based Learning
Authors: Gaskins Whitney Brooke , Johnson Jeffrey , Maltbie Cathy , Kukreti Anant
Published: February 2015

Over the past 20 years there have been many changes to the primary and secondary educational system that have impacted students, teachers, and post-secondary institutions across the United States of America. One of the most important is the large number of standardized tests students are required to take to show adequate performance in school. Students think differently because they are taught differently due to this focus on standardized testing, thus changing the skill sets students acquire in secondary school. This presents a critical problem for colleges and universities, as they now are using practices for and have expectations of these students that are unrealistic for the changing times. High dropout rates in the colleges of engineering have been attributed to the cultural atmosphere of the institution. Students have reported a low sense of belonging and low relatability to course material. To reduce negative experiences and increase motivation, Challenge Based Learning (CBL) was introduced in an undergraduate Basic Electric Circuits (BEC) course. CBL is a structured model for course content with a foundation in problem-based learning. CBL offers general concepts from which students derive the challenges they will address. Results show an improved classroom experience for students who were taught with CBL.
Hybrid Cooperative Energy Detection Techniques in Cognitive Radio Networks
Authors: Umar Raza , Mohammed Fahham , Deriche Mohamed , Sheikh Asrar U. H.
Published: February 2015

Cognitive Radio (CR) has emerged as a smart solution to spectrum bottleneck faced by current wireless services under which licensed spectrum is made available to unlicensed Secondary Users (SUs) through robust and efficient Spectrum Sensing (SS). Energy Detection (ED) is the dominantly used SS approach owing to its low computational complexity and ability to identify spectrum holes without requiring a priori knowledge of primary transmission characteristics. In this chapter, the authors present an in-depth analysis of the ED test statistic. Based on the double threshold ED, they analyze the performance of a Hybrid PSO-OR (Particle Swarm Optimization and OR) algorithm for cooperative SS. The sensing decision of “fuzzy” SUs is optimized using PSO and the final collective decision is made based on OR rule. The idea of using two thresholds is introduced to reduce the communication overhead in reporting local data/decision to the fusion center, which also offers reduced energy consumption. The Hybrid PSO-OR algorithm is shown to exhibit significant performance gain over the Hybrid EGC-OR algorithm.
Sensing Orders in Multi-User Cognitive Radio Networks
Authors: Misra Rakesh , Kannu Arun Pachai
Published: February 2015

In multi-channel Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs), when the cognitive radio receivers cannot simultaneously sense more than one out of the many possible (groups of) channels, an important challenge is to determine a sensing order for each Cognitive User (CU) so as to optimize a given performance metric. The sensing-order problem is compounded in multi-user CRNs where the multiple users in the network could collide with each other. With the focus on multi-user CRNs, this chapter uses cognitive-throughput maximization as the performance metric and describes how the optimal sensing orders can be computed for different contention management strategies used by the network. In general, the optimal procedures involve a computationally expensive brute-force search, so the chapter also discusses several heuristic-based near-optimal procedures that can be used in practice.
PRL-3 Mediates the Protein Maturation of ULBP2 by Regulating the Tyrosine Phosphorylation of HSP60
Authors: Leung Wai-Hang , Vong Queenie P. , Lin Wenwei , Bouck David , Wendt Susanne , Sullivan Erin , Li Ying , Bari Rafijul , Chen Taosheng , Leung Wing
Published: February 2015

Many malignant cells release the NKG2D ligand ULBP2 from their cell surface to evade immunosurveillance by NK cells and CD8 T cells. Although the shedding mechanism remains unclear, various inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases have been shown to efficiently block the release of soluble ULBP2. The clinical use of these inhibitors, however, is limited because of adverse side effects. Using high-throughput screening technique, we identified a specific inhibitor of phosphatase of regenerating liver 3 (PRL-3) that could reduce the level of soluble ULBP2 in the culture supernatant of various cancer cell lines. Inhibition or gene knockdown of PRL-3 did not reduce ULBP2 shedding, but rather suppressed posttranslational maturation of ULBP2, resulting in intracellular retention of immature ULBP2. We then found that ULBP2 was constitutively associated with heat shock protein HSP60. Complete maturation of ULBP2 required tyrosine phosphorylation of HSP60 which was mediated by PRL-3.
Transient Blockade of Delta-like Notch Ligands Prevents Allograft Rejection Mediated by Cellular and Humoral Mechanisms in a Mouse Model of Heart Transplantation
Authors: Wood Sherri , Feng Jiane , Chung Jooho , Radojcic Vedran , Sandy-Sloat Ashley R. , Friedman Ann , Shelton Amy , Yan Minhong , Siebel Christian W. , Bishop D. Keith , Maillard Ivan
Published: February 2015

Rejection remains a major clinical challenge limiting allograft survival after solid organ transplantation. Both cellular and humoral immunity contribute to this complication, with increased recognition of Ab-mediated damage during acute and chronic rejection. Using a mouse model of MHC-mismatched heart transplantation, we report markedly protective effects of Notch inhibition, dampening both T cell and Ab-driven rejection. T cell–specific pan-Notch blockade prolonged heart allograft survival and decreased IFN-γ and IL-4 production by alloreactive T cells, especially when combined with depletion of recipient CD8+ T cells. These effects were associated with decreased infiltration by conventional T cells and an increased proportion of regulatory T cells in the graft. Transient administration of neutralizing Abs specific for delta-like (Dll)1/4 Notch ligands in the peritransplant period led to prolonged acceptance of allogeneic hearts, with superior outcome over Notch inhibition only in T cells. Systemic Dll1/4 inhibition decreased T cell cytokines and graft infiltration, germinal center B cell and plasmablast numbers, as well as production of donor-specific alloantibodies and complement deposition in the transplanted hearts. Dll1 or Dll4 inhibition alone provided partial protection. Thus, pathogenic signals delivered by Dll1/4 Notch ligands early after transplantation promote organ rejection through several complementary mechanisms. Transient interruption of these signals represents an attractive new therapeutic strategy to enhance long-term allograft survival.
Histone Lysine Methyltransferase Ezh1 Promotes TLR-Triggered Inflammatory Cytokine Production by Suppressing Tollip
Authors: Liu Yiqi , Zhang Qian , Ding Yuanyuan , Li Xia , Zhao Dezhi , Zhao Kai , Guo Zhenhong , Cao Xuetao
Published: February 2015

Histone modifications play critical roles in the regulation of gene expression; however, their roles in the regulation of the innate response remain to be fully investigated. Using transcriptome analysis of mouse immature dendritic cells (DCs) and LPS-induced mature DCs, we identified that Ezh1 was the most upregulated histone methyltransferase during DC maturation. In this study, we investigated the role of Ezh1 in regulating the innate immune response. We found that silencing of Ezh1 significantly suppressed TLR-triggered production of cytokines, including IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-β, in DCs and macrophages. Accordingly, TLR-activated signaling pathways were impaired in Ezh1-silenced macrophages. By transcriptome analysis of Ezh1-silenced macrophages, we found that Toll-interacting protein (Tollip), one well-known negative regulator of TLR signaling, was upregulated. Silencing of Tollip rescued TLR-triggered cytokine production in Ezh1-silenced macrophages. The SET domain of Ezh1 is essential for its enhancing effect on the TLR-triggered innate immune response and downstream signaling, indicating that Ezh1 promotes a TLR-triggered innate response through its lysine methyltransferase activity. Finally, Ezh1 was found to suppress the transcription of Tollip by directly targeting the proximal promoter of tollip and maintaining the high level of trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 there. Therefore, Ezh1 promotes TLR-triggered inflammatory cytokine production by suppressing the TLR negative regulator Tollip, contributing to full activation of the innate immune response against invading pathogens.
SHIP1 Intrinsically Regulates NK Cell Signaling and Education, Resulting in Tolerance of an MHC Class I–Mismatched Bone Marrow Graft in Mice
Authors: Gumbleton Matthew , Vivier Eric , Kerr William G.
Published: February 2015

NK cells are an important component of host immune defense against malignancy and infection. NK cells are educated by MHC class I ligands to ensure self-tolerance while also promoting lytic competency against altered self and damaged self targets. However, the intracellular molecular events that culminate in tolerance and functional competency of educated NK cells remain undefined. Mice with germline deficiency in SHIP1 were shown to have a defective NK cell compartment. However, SHIP1 is expressed in all hematopoietic lineages, and consequently several hematolymphoid phenotypes have already been identified in certain cell types that are the result of SHIP1 deficiency in cells in separate and distinct lineages, that is, cell-extrinsic phenotypes. Thus, it was previously impossible to determine the NK cell–intrinsic role of SHIP1. In the present study, through the creation of an NK cell–specific deletion mouse model of SHIP1, we show that SHIP1 plays a profound NK lineage–intrinsic role in NK cell homeostasis, development, education, and cytokine production. Moreover, we show SHIP1 expression by NK cells is required for in vivo–mismatched bone marrow allograft rejection as well as for NK memory responses to hapten.
Osteolytic bone lesions – A rare presentation of AML M6.
Authors: N. Geetha , KP Sreelesh , Jacob Priya Mary , VS Lali , Nair Rekha A
Published: February 2015

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) M6 is a rare form of AML  accounting  for < 5 % of all AML.  Extramedullary involvement  is very rarely seen in this entity.  Skeletal lesion has not been described in AML M6 before. We discuss the case of  a 17 year old boy with AML M6 who presented with  osteolytic lesion of right humerus.  He was treated with  induction and consolidation chemotherapy. The present case is the first report in literature of AML M6 presenting with skeletal lesions.
Characterization of forest fire smoke event near Washington, DC in summer 2013 with multi-wavelength lidar
Authors: Veselovskii I. , Whiteman D. N , Korenskiy M. , Suvorina A. , Kolgotin A. , Lyapustin A. , Wang Y. , Chin M. , Bian H. , Kucsera T. L. , Pérez-Ramírez D. , Holben B.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. The multi-wavelength lidar technique was applied to the study of a smoke event near Washington, DC on 26–28 August 2013. Satellite observations combined with transport model predictions imply that the smoke plume originated mainly from Wyoming/Idaho forest fires and its transportation to Washington, DC took approximately 5 days. The NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) multi-wavelength Mie–Raman lidar was used to measure the smoke particle intensive parameters such as extinction and backscatter Ångström exponents together with lidar ratios at 355 and 532 nm wavelengths. For interpretation of the observed vertical profiles of the backscatter Ångström exponents γβ at 355–532 and 532–1064 nm, numerical simulation was performed. The results indicate that, for fine-mode dominant aerosols, the Ångström exponents γβ(355–532) and γβ(532–1064) have essentially different dependence on the particle size and refractive index. Inversion of 3 β + 2 α lidar observations on 27–28 August provided vertical variation of the particle volume, effective radius and the real part of the refractive index through the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and the smoke layer. The particle effective radius decreased with height from approximately 0.27 μm inside the PBL to 0.15 μm in the smoke layer, which was situated above the PBL. Simultaneously the real part of the refractive index in the smoke layer increased to mR ≈ 1.5. The retrievals demonstrate also that the fine mode is predominant in the particle size distribution, and that the decrease of the effective radius with height is due to a shift of the fine mode toward smaller radii.
Formation of hydroxyl radicals from photolysis of secondary organic aerosol material
Authors: Badali K. M. , Zhou S. , Aljawhary D. , Antiñolo M. , Chen W. J. , Lok A. , Mungall E. , Wong J. P. S. , Zhao R. , Abbatt J. P. D.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. This paper demonstrates that OH radicals are formed by photolysis of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) material formed by terpene ozonolysis. The SOA aerosol is collected on filters, dissolved in water containing a radical trap (benzoic acid), and then exposed to ultraviolet light in a photochemical reactor. The OH formation rates, which are similar for both α-pinene and limonene SOA, are measured from the formation rate of p-hydroxybenzoic acid as measured using offline HPLC analysis. To evaluate whether the OH is formed by photolysis of H2O2 or organic hydroperoxides (ROOH), the peroxide content of the SOA was measured using the horseradish peroxidase-dichlorofluorescein (HRP-DCF) assay, which was calibrated using H2O2. The OH formation rates from SOA are five times faster than from the photolysis of H2O2 solutions whose concentrations correspond to the peroxide content of the SOA solutions assuming that the HRP-DCF signal arises from H2O2 alone. The higher rates of OH formation from SOA are likely due to ROOH photolysis. This result is substantiated by photolysis experiments conducted with t-butyl hydroperoxide and cumene hydroperoxide which produce over three times more OH than photolysis of equivalent concentrations of H2O2. Relative to the peroxide level in the SOA, the quantum yield for OH generation from α-pinene SOA is 0.8 ± 0.4. This is the first demonstration of an efficient photolytic source of OH in SOA, one that may affect both cloudwater and aerosol chemistry.
Impact of gas-to-particle partitioning approaches on the simulated radiative effects of biogenic secondary organic aerosol
Authors: Scott C. E. , Spracklen D. V. , Pierce J. R. , Riipinen I. , D'Andrea S. D. , Rap A. , Carslaw K. S. , Forster P. M. , Kulmala M. , Mann G. W. , Pringle K. J.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. The oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) gives a range of products, from semi-volatile to extremely low-volatility compounds. To treat the interaction of these secondary organic vapours with the particle phase, global aerosol microphysics models generally use either a thermodynamic partitioning approach (assuming instant equilibrium between semi-volatile oxidation products and the particle phase) or a kinetic approach (accounting for the size-dependence of condensation). We show that model treatment of the partitioning of biogenic organic vapours into the particle phase, and consequent distribution of material across the size distribution, controls the magnitude of the first aerosol indirect effect (AIE) due to biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA). With a kinetic partitioning approach, SOA is distributed according to the existing condensation sink, enhancing the growth of the smallest particles, i.e., those in the nucleation mode. This process tends to increase cloud droplet number concentrations in the presence of biogenic SOA. By contrast, a thermodynamic approach distributes SOA according to pre-existing organic mass, restricting the growth of the smallest particles, limiting the number that are able to form cloud droplets. With an organically medicated new particle formation mechanism, applying a thermodynamic rather than a kinetic approach reduces our calculated global mean AIE due to biogenic SOA by 24%. Our results suggest that the mechanisms driving organic partitioning need to be fully understood in order to accurately describe the climatic effects of SOA.
Data assimilation of satellite retrieved ozone, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide with ECMWF's Composition-IFS
Authors: Inness A. , Blechschmidt A.-M. , Bouarar I. , Chabrillat S. , Crepulja M. , Engelen R. J. , Eskes H. , Flemming J. , Gaudel A. , Hendrick F. , Huijnen V. , Jones L. , Kapsomenakis J. , Katragkou E. , Keppens A. , Langerock B. , de Mazière M. , Melas D. , Parrington M. , Peuch V. H. , Razinger M. , Richter A. , Schultz M. G. , Suttie M. , Thouret V. , Vrekoussis M. , Wagner A. , Zerefos C.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Daily global analyses and 5 day forecasts are generated in the context of the European Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate (MACC) project using an extended version of the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). IFS now includes modules for chemistry, deposition and emission of reactive gases, aerosols, and greenhouse gases, and the 4-dimensional variational data assimilation scheme makes use of multiple satellite observations of atmospheric composition in addition to meteorological observations. This paper describes the data assimilation setup of the new Composition-IFS (C-IFS) with respect to reactive gases and validates analysis fields of ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) for the year 2008 against independent observations and a control run without data assimilation. The largest improvement in CO by assimilation of MOPITT CO columns is seen in the lower troposphere of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) Extratropics during winter, and during the South African biomass burning season. The assimilation of several O3 total column and stratospheric profile retrievals greatly improves the total column, stratospheric and upper tropospheric O3 analysis fields relative to the control run. The impact on lower tropospheric ozone, which comes from the residual of the total column and stratospheric profile O3 data, is smaller, but nevertheless there is some improvement particularly in the NH during winter and spring. The impact of the assimilation of OMI tropospheric NO2 columns is small because of the short lifetime of NO2, suggesting that NO2 observations would be better used to adjust emissions instead of initial conditions. The results further indicate that the quality of the tropospheric analyses and of the stratospheric ozone analysis obtained with the C-IFS system has improved compared to the previous "coupled" model system of MACC.
Global distributions of overlapping gravity waves in HIRDLS data
Authors: Wright C. J. , Osprey S. M. , Gille J. C.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Data from the HIRDLS instrument on NASA's Aura satellite are used to investigate the relative numerical variability of observed gravity wave packets as a function of both horizontal and vertical wavenumber, with support from the SABER instrument on TIMED. We see that these distributions are dominated by small vertical and large horizontal wavenumbers, and have a similar spectral form at all heights and latitudes, albeit with important differences. By dividing our observed wavenumber distribution into particular subspecies of wave, we demonstrate that these distributions exhibit significant temporal and spatial variability, and that small-scale variability associated with particular geophysical phenomena such as the monsoon arises due to variations in specific parts of the observed spectrum. We further show that the well-known Andes/Antarctic Pensinsula gravity wave hotspot during southern winter, home to some of the largest wave fluxes on the planet, is made up of relatively few waves, but with a significantly increased flux per wave due to their spectral characteristics. These results have implications for the modelling of gravity wave phenomena.
Yearly changes in surface solar radiation in New Caledonia
Authors: Blanc P. , Coulaud C. , Wald L.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. New Caledonia experiences a decrease in surface solar irradiation since 2004. It is of order of 4% of the mean yearly irradiation over the 10 years period: 2004–2013, and amounts to −9 W m−2. The preeminent roles of the changes in cloud cover and to a lesser extent, those in aerosol optical depth on the decrease in yearly irradiation are evidenced. The study highlights the role of data sets offering a worldwide coverage in understanding changes in solar radiation and planning large solar energy plants such as the ICOADS (International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set) of the NOAA and MACC (Monitoring Atmosphere Composition and Climate) data sets combined with the McClear model.
Pigment signatures of phytoplankton communities in the Beaufort Sea
Authors: Coupel P. , Matsuoka A. , Ruiz-Pino D. , Gosselin M. , Marie D. , Tremblay J.-É. , Babin M.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Phytoplankton are expected to respond to recent environmental changes of the Arctic Ocean. In terms of bottom-up control, modifying the phytoplankton distribution will ultimately affect the entire food web and carbon export. However, detecting and quantifying changes in phytoplankton communities in the Arctic Ocean remains difficult because of the lack of data and the inconsistent identification methods used. Based on pigment and microscopy data sampled in the Beaufort Sea during summer 2009, we optimized the chemotaxonomic tool CHEMTAX (CHEMical TAXonomy) for the assessment of phytoplankton community composition in an Arctic setting. The geographical distribution of the main phytoplankton groups was determined with clustering methods. Four phytoplankton assemblages were determined and related to bathymetry, nutrients and light availability. Surface waters across the whole survey region were dominated by prasinophytes and chlorophytes, whereas the subsurface chlorophyll maximum was dominated by the centric diatoms Chaetoceros socialis on the shelf and by two populations of nanoflagellates in the deep basin. Microscopic counts showed a high contribution of the heterotrophic dinoflagellates Gymnodinium and Gyrodinium spp. to total carbon biomass, suggesting high grazing activity at this time of the year. However, CHEMTAX was unable to detect these dinoflagellates because they lack peridinin. In heterotrophic dinoflagellates, the inclusion of the pigments of their prey potentially leads to incorrect group assignments and some misinterpretation of CHEMTAX. Thanks to the high reproducibility of pigment analysis, our results can serve as a baseline to assess change and spatial or temporal variability in several phytoplankton populations that are not affected by these misinterpretations.
Living (Rose Bengal stained) benthic foraminiferal faunas along a strong bottom-water oxygen gradient on the Indian margin (Arabian Sea)
Authors: Caulle C. , Mojtahid M. , Gooday A. J. , Jorissen F. J. , Kitazato H.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Rose Bengal stained foraminiferal assemblages were analysed along a five-station bathymetric transect across the core and the lower part of the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) on the Indian margin of the Arabian Sea. Sediment cores were collected using the manned submersible Shinkai 6500 during RV Yokosuka cruise YK08-11 in the post-monsoon season (October 2008) at water depths ranging from 535 to 2000 m, along a gradient from almost anoxic to well-oxygenated (0.3 to 108 μM) bottom waters. Stained foraminiferal densities were very high in the OMZ core (535 m) and decreased with depth. The faunas were dominated (40–80%) by non-calcareous taxa at all stations. These were mainly species of Reophax and Lagenammina but also included delicate monothalamous taxa (organic-walled "allogromiids", agglutinated saccamminids, psammosphaerids and tubular forms). These new data from the Indian margin are compared to previous studies from the Murray Ridge, the Pakistan margin and the Oman margin. The fact that similar species were found at sites with comparable bottom-water oxygen concentrations but with very different surface water productivity suggests that, within the strongly developed Arabian Sea OMZ, bottom-water oxygen concentration, and not the organic flux to the sea floor, is the main factor controlling the species composition of the foraminiferal communities. Several foraminiferal species (e.g. Praeglobobulimina sp. 1, Ammodiscus sp. 1, Bolivina aff. dilatata) were confined to the core of the OMZ and are presently known only from the Arabian Sea. Because of their association with extremely low-oxygen concentration, these species may prove to be good indicators of past OMZ variability in the Arabian Sea.
Volcanic synchronization of Dome Fuji and Dome C Antarctic deep ice cores over the past 216 kyr
Authors: Fujita S. , Parrenin F. , Severi M. , Motoyama H. , Wolff E.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Two deep ice cores, Dome Fuji (DF) and EPICA Dome C (EDC), drilled at remote dome summits in Antarctica, were synchronized to better understand their chronology. A total of 1401 volcanic tie points were identified covering the past 216 kyr. DFO2006, the chronology for the DF core characterized by strong constraining by the O2/N2 age markers, was compared with AICC2012, the chronology for 5 cores including the EDC core, and characterized by glaciological approaches combining ice flow modelling with various age markers. The age gaps between the two chronologies are within 2 kyr, except at Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5. DFO2006 gives ages older than AICC2012, with peak values of the gap of 4.5 and 3.1 kyr at MIS 5d and MIS 5b, respectively. Accordingly, ratios of duration DFO2006/AICC2012 are 85% at a period from the late stage of MIS 6 to MIS 5d and 114% at a period from MIS 5d to 5b. We then compared the DFO2006 with another chronology of the DF core, DFGT2006, characterized by glaciological approaches with weaker constraining by age markers. Features of the DFO2006/DFGT2006 age gaps are very similar to those of the DFO2006/AICC2012 age gaps. This fact lead us to hypothesize that a cause of the systematic DFO2006/AICC2012 age gaps at MIS 5 are associated with differences in the dating approaches. Besides, ages of speleothem records from China agreed well with DFO2006 at MIS 5c and 5d but not at MIS 5b. Thus, we hypothesize at least at MIS 5c and 5d, major sources of the gaps are systematic errors in surface mass balance estimation in the glaciological approach. Compatibility of the age markers should be carefully assessed in future.
Geothermal resources and reserves in Indonesia: an updated revision
Authors: Fauzi A.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. More than 300 high- to low-enthalpy geothermal sources have been identified throughout Indonesia. From the early 1980s until the late 1990s, the geothermal potential for power production in Indonesia was estimated to be about 20 000 MWe. The most recent estimate exceeds 29 000 MWe derived from the 300 sites (Geological Agency, December 2013).

 This resource estimate has been obtained by adding all of the estimated geothermal potential resources and reserves classified as "speculative", "hypothetical", "possible", "probable", and "proven" from all sites where such information is available. However, this approach to estimating the geothermal potential is flawed because it includes double counting of some reserve estimates as resource estimates, thus giving an inflated figure for the total national geothermal potential.

 This paper describes an updated revision of the geothermal resource estimate in Indonesia using a more realistic methodology. The methodology proposes that the preliminary "Speculative Resource" category should cover the full potential of a geothermal area and form the base reference figure for the resource of the area. Further investigation of this resource may improve the level of confidence of the category of reserves but will not necessarily increase the figure of the "preliminary resource estimate" as a whole, unless the result of the investigation is higher. A previous paper (Fauzi, 2013a, b) redefined and revised the geothermal resource estimate for Indonesia. The methodology, adopted from Fauzi (2013a, b), will be fully described in this paper. As a result of using the revised methodology, the potential geothermal resources and reserves for Indonesia are estimated to be about 24 000 MWe, some 5000 MWe less than the 2013 national estimate.
INFLUENCE OF STRAIN AMPLIFICATION NEAR CRACK TIP ON THE FRACTURE RESISTANCE OF CARBON BLACK–FILLED SBR
Authors: Liu Chang , Dong Bin , Zhang Li-Qun , Zheng Qiang , Wu You-Ping
Published: February 2015

Singularity of strain field at the crack tip of elastomeric material has recently attracted considerable attention. For SBR filled with four different types of carbon black, the strain distribution at the crack tip of the single-edge notched tension specimens are investigated using digital image correlation (DIC) and finite element analysis (FEA). Both DIC and FEA results demonstrate that the larger the carbon black particle size, the less strain amplification at the crack tip of SBR. However, the strain amplification region obtained from FEA simulation is much smaller than the strain amplification observed from DIC, and the reasons are discussed. Critical J-integral (JIC) and tearing modulus (TR) are calculated via J-integral method and are connected to crack initiation and propagation resistance of the SBR, respectively. With increasing carbon black particle size, both JIC and TR decrease. Similar trends also occur for tearing energy deduced from the dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. These results are in agreement with the prediction based on strain amplification at the crack tip.
Selective Solid-Phase Extraction of Zinc(II) from Environmental Water Samples Using Ion Imprinted Activated Carbon
Authors: Moniri Elham , Panahi Homayon Ahmad , Aghdam Khaledeh , Sharif Amir Abdollah Mehrdad
Published: February 2015

A simple ion imprinted amino-functionalized sorbent was synthesized by coupling activated carbon withiminodiacetic acid, a functional compound for metal chelating, through cyanoric chloride spacer. The resulting sorbent has been characterized using FTIR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetricanalysis and evaluated for the preconcentration and determination of trace Zn(II) in environmental watersamples. The optimum pH value for sorption of the metal ion was 6–7.5. The sorption capacity of the functionalized sorbent was 66.6 mg/g. The chelating sorbent can be reused for 10 cycles of sorption-desorption without any significant change in sorptioncapacity. A recovery of 100% was obtained for the metal ion with 0.5 M nitric acid as the eluent. Compared with nonimprinted polymer particles, the preparedZn-imprinted sorbent showed high adsorption capacity, significant selectivity, and good site accessibility for Zn(II). Scatchard analysis revealed that the homogeneous binding sites were formed in the polymer. The equilibrium sorption data of Zn(II) by modified resin were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Redlich-Peterson models. Based on equilibriumadsorption data, the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin constants were determined as 0.139, 12.82, and 2.34, respectively, at 25°C.
Determination of V, Cr, Cu, As, and Pb Ions in Water and Biological Samples by Combining ICP-MS with Online Preconcentration Using Impregnated Resin
Authors: Wang Shuo , Dong Xv , Dai Bingye , Pan Mingfei , He Shaoyuan , Wang Junping
Published: February 2015

A method was developed for detection of V, Cr, Cu, As, and Pb in water and biological samples by combining online flow injection and preconcentration with inductively coupled plasma-MS. The 2-nitroso-1-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid (Nitroso-S) impregnated MCI GEL CHP20P resin was prepared as an enrichment sorbent. Some parameters affecting the efficiency of the preconcentration process were investigated in the experiment, including the pH and volume of sample solution, the flow rate for sample loading, the type and concentration of eluent, and the influence of co-existing ions. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the enrichment factor and LOD (3s) of chosen metal ions V, Cr, Cu, As, and Pb were in the ranges of 71–268 and 4.89–23.76 ng/L, respectively. Based on 11 repeated measurementsof standard solutions (1.0 μg/L), the RSD ofthe ions ranged from 1.2 to 2.9%. The detection procedure was also performed for analyzing two certifiedreference materials, GBW 08607 (water) and GBW 10052 (green tea), as well as environmental water and biological samples. Good agreement with certified valuesand high recoveries have demonstrated improved accuracy of the proposed method.
Application of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with Fluidized Bed Enrichment and Chemometrics to Detect Low Concentration of β-Naphthalenesulfonic Acid
Authors: Li Wei , Zhang Xuan , Zheng Kaiyi , Du Yiping , Cap Peng , Sui Tao , Geng Jinpei
Published: February 2015

A fluidized bed enrichment technique was developed to improve sensitivity of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy with features of rapidness and large volumesolution. D301 resin was used as an adsorption material to preconcentrate β-naphthalenesulfonic acid in solutions in a concentration range of 2.0–100.0 μg/mL, and NIR spectra were measured directly relative to the β-naphthalenesulfonic acid adsorbed on the material. An improved partial least squares (PLS) model was attained with the aid of multiplicative scatter correction pretreatmentand stability competitive adaptive reweighted sampling wavenumber selection method. The root mean squareerror of cross validation was 1.87 μg/mL at PLS factor of 7. An independent test set was used to assess the model, with the relative error (RE) in anacceptable range of 0.46 to 10.03% and mean RE of 3.72%. This study confirmed the viability of the proposed method for the measurement of a low content of β-naphthalenesulfonic acid in water.
Multi-residue Determination of Polar Veterinary Drugs in Livestock and Fishery Products by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Kanda Maki , Nakajima Takayuki , Hayashi Hiroshi , Hashimoto Tsuneo , Kanai Setsuko , Nagano Chieko , Matsushima Yoko , Tateishi Yukinari , Yoshikawa Soichi , Tsuruoka Yumi , Sasamoto Takeo , Takano Ichiro
Published: February 2015

Residues of 37 polar veterinary drugs belonging to six families (quinolones, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, sulfonamides, and others) in livestock and fishery products were determined using a validated LC-MS/MS method. There were two key points insample preparation. First, extraction was performed with two solutions of different polarity. Highly polar compounds were initiallyextracted with Na2EDTA-McIlvaine's buffer (pH 7.0). Medium polar compounds were then extracted from the same samples with acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid. Secondly, cleanup was performed using a single SPE polymercartridge. The first extracted solution was applied to the cartridge. Highly polar compounds were retained on the cartridge. Then, the second extracted solution was applied to the same cartridge. Both highly and medium polar compounds were eluted from the cartridge. This method satisfied the guideline criteria for 37 out of 37 drugs in swine muscle, chicken muscle, bovine muscle, prawn, salmon trout, red sea bream, milk, and honey; 35 out of 37 in egg; and 34 out of 37 in flounder. The LOQ ranged from 0.1 to 5 μg/kg. Residues were detected in 24 out of 110 samples and analyzed using the validated method.
Religion, Language and Community in the Roman Near East
Authors: Millar Fergus
Published: February 2015

This book explores the way in which different ethnic, religious and linguistic communities co-existed and conflicted in the Roman Near East in the three centuries between the conversion of the Emperor Constantine to Christianity in 312 and the beginning of Muhammad's preaching in about 610. In the fourth century, a major role was played by Greek-speaking pagans, most notably the great orator, Libanius, from Antioch in Syria. After about 400, however, the public observance of pagan rituals died away under the pressure of Christianity. But the Greek language, as used in the Church, remained dominant. Pagan Aramaic is curiously invisible in this period, but the dialect of Aramaic used by Jews in Palestine is found in very extensive use, along with Hebrew, in a mass of religious literature. Outside Palestine, the most notable development in the culture of the region was the emergence of Syriac (a particular dialect and script of Aramaic) as a language of Christian culture and belief. ‘Syrians’ however were not a distinct ethnic group. The group which was most distinct from the others was made up of the unsettled and warlike peoples on the fringes of the Empire whom almost invariably, call ‘Arabs’, but who in Late Antiquity were far more often referred to as ‘Saracens’. By the end of the period, many of them had converted to Christianity. The major puzzle which the book poses is what is the relation between this process of conversion and the rise of Islam.
Dignity Rather than Rights
Authors: Milbank John
Published: February 2015

This chapter argues that the yoking together of ‘dignity’ and ‘rights’ is unstable, reflecting the ongoing incompatibility of respectively the liberal and the Catholic traditions of human rights. Both traditions adopt an ‘internal’ and ‘external’ understanding of dignity. The liberal tradition aporetically focuses on subjective right and on circumstances of convenience or pleasure. The Catholic tradition reconciled the ancient but uneasy melding of ‘dignity’ as ‘internal’ reserve and as ‘external’ work or social exchange through reference to persona—the adoption of a role in relationship to God. This discourse of ‘dignity’ is perpetuated in Catholic social teaching. The chapter finally suggests the Catholic tradition must continue, through its blend of corporatism and personalism, to emphasize both hierarchy and social role, contrary to the liberal tradition, as central to the dignity of persons.