bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlation between Intraocular Pressure and Visual Field Loss in Primary Open Angle and Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Raji VR , Philip Susan , S Ambily
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Glaucoma is characterised by structural damage to optic nerve head with corresponding visual field defects and often associated with increased Intraocular Pressure (IOP). It may be broadly classified as Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma (PACG) and Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG). It is one of the leading causes of global blindness, and a major proportion occurs in Indian population. Aim: To study the correlation between pretreatment IOP and extent of visual field loss in PACG and POAG. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out in Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India from April 2016 to May 2017. Newly diagnosed cases of PACG (25 patients-13 males, 12 females, mean age 58.72±10.07 years) and POAG (85 patients- 45 males, 40 females, mean age 60.28±10.42 years) underwent a detailed glaucoma evaluation which included IOP measurement with Goldmann applanation tonometer and visual field testing using Humphrey Field Analysis (HFA) 24-2 pattern. Mean Deviation (MD), Pattern Standard Deviation (PSD) and Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Score (AGIS) score was calculated from reliable visual field test result. All data were coded and entered in to statistical software, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 for analysis. The correlation between pretreatment IOP and visual field loss in patients with PACG and POAG was determined by Pearson Correlation of Coefficient. Results: Amongst the total 110 patients of this study, 25 patients were of PACG while POAG were in 85 patients. A significant correlation between pre treatment IOP and the extent of visual field loss in PACG was noted. There was no significant correlation in POAG. Linear regression analysis demonstrated a significant positive correlation between IOP and AGIS score in PACG (Pearson correlation coefficient(r)=0.805, p<0.001), not in POAG (r=0.026, p=0.816). Correlation between IOP and MD is statistically significant in PACG (r=0.812, p<0.001) but not in POAG (r=0.058, p=0.597). The correlation between IOP and PSD is not statistically significant in both groups (p-value >0.450). Conclusion: A significant correlation between IOP and visual field loss in PACG indicates that extent of visual field damage can be controlled by controlling IOP alone in PACG. The correlation between the pretreatment IOP and visual field loss in POAG is not statistically significant which agrees with the current proposed pathophysiology of optic neuropathy in which multiple factors influence in addition to IOP.
Point Zero Charge Determination and Fluoride Adsorption on Natural Red Ash (Metal Oxide)
Authors: Dagnaw Lejalem Abeble , Cherie Dessie Almaw
Published: June 2021

The PZC is essential parameter for the characterization of certain materials used for the treatment of organic or inorganic wastes in the environment, particularly from waste water and industrial sludge. Potentiometric titration and batch experimentation method was used to determine PZC value and type of adsorption isotherm behavior observed.  Red ash is the natural metal oxides collected from the rift valley of Ethiopia which have PZC values of 3.35 for 0.5g, 1g and 1.5g adsorbent dose studied. On the adsorbent surface, monolayer and homogeneous adsorption process of fluoride observed. Therefore, based on the interest of the researcher and the adjustment of the pH of red ash solution might used for the treatment of ionic wastes.
Influence of N:P:K Ratios in Soils on Growth, Nutrient Availability and Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Bakare A. O. , Osemwota I. O.
Published: June 2021

This study was undertaken in two distinct ecological zones of Edo state of Nigeria to determine the effects of N:P:K ratios applied to the soils on the availability of N, P, K and on yield of maize. The sites used were Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria (RRIN) Iyanomo (Rain forest) and the Teaching and Research Farms of Ambrose Alli University, Emaudo, Ekpoma (derived savanna). Soils from both sites were analyzed for both physical and chemical properties before the commencement of the experiments. The experiments were carried out as: Pot and Field experiments. Each of the experiments had ten treatments (adjusted ratios) that were fitted into randomized complete block design and replicated three times, with maize as the test crop. Results from pot experiment in the screen house revealed that N:P:K ratio 4:1:1 had the highest dry matter yield for both locations, (RRIN; 7.10 g/pot and Emaudo; 6.33 g/pot) but these values were not significantly different (P < 0.05) from what were obtained from N:P:K ratio 3:1:1 and 2:1:1, respectively. The N:P:K ratio in soil had influence on the availability of N,P and K. Under field conditions, N:P:K ratio 3:1:1 had the highest grain yield for both locations (RRIN; 5.54 ton/ha and Emaudo; 5.25 ton/ha). The N:P:K ratio 3:1:1 was the best ratio with the highest yield for both locations and is therefore suggested for these soils.
Assessment of the Relationship between Cerebrospinal Meningitis and Climate Variables in Kaduna State, Nigeria
Authors: Nchom Joyce Imara , Abubakar A. S. , Arimoro F. O. , Mohammed B. Y.
Published: June 2021

This study examines the relationship between Meningitis and weather parameters (air temperature, maximum temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall) in Kaduna state, Nigeria on a weekly basis from 2007–2019. Meningitis data was acquired weekly from Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), Bureau of Statistics and weather parameters were sourced from daily satellite data set National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI). The daily data were aggregated weekly to suit the study. The data were analysed using linear trend and Pearson correlation for relationship. The linear trend results revealed a weekly decline in Cerebro Spinal Meningitis (CSM), wind speed, maximum and air temperature and an increase in relative humidity and rainfall. Generally, results reveal that the most important explanatory weather variables influencing CSM amongst the five (5) are the weekly maximum temperature and air temperature with a positive correlation of 0.768 and 0.773. This study recommends that keen interest be placed on temperature as they play an essential role in the transmission of this disease and most times aggravate the patients' condition.
Self-assessment of the Master's Degree in Nursing: Tutoring an Axis in the International Experiences of Students
Authors: Franco Laura Valdez , Juarez Graciela Gonzalez
Published: June 2021

Aims: To recover the international experiencies of the tutors of the master’s degree in Nursing of National Autonomous University of Mexico to identify the vision and attitudes they show towards the international development of students in training.

Metodology: Descriptive, non-experimental, and transactional research involved both program descriptive information and interview with five tutors selected for their international career, mentoring and availability.

Results: It was identified that the main task of the tutor is to know the interests, motivations, and limitations of each student to achieve their profesional skills and promote them towards internationalization and multidisciplinary collaboration in their career. With these findings it is posible to identify the decisions that tutors can make, as well as gaps within the same tutoring to promote international studies among tutoring.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that the figure of the tutor certainly ceases to be only a professional guide, to become a motivating entity that seeks for the student to overcome and reach different goals that are much more demanding among them; therefore, the personal and professional experiences of the tutor and his/her own perspective of the tutoring become the pillars of the metamorphosis that occurs in the stuent during the period of his/her master’s                   degree.
Susceptibility Pattern of Pathogens Causing Blood Stream Infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Two-year Retrospective Study from Southern Nigeria
Authors: Ekeng Bassey Ewa , Emanghe Ubleni Ettah , Monjol Bernard Ekpan , Iwuafor Anthony Achizie , Ochang Ernest Afu , Ereh Simon Edward , Abraka Bode Akashie
Published: June 2021

Aim: Bloodstream infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The prevalence of causative microorganisms varies from one geographical region to another. This study was aimed at determining the etiological agents prevalent in our environment and their susceptibility profile.

Study design: This is a retrospective study carried out at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria.

Methodology: Blood culture results of patients documented over a two-year period were retrieved and analyzed. Blood culture positive isolates were detected using conventional method and Oxoid signal blood culture systems. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests were carried out by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative Staphylococcus species (CoNS) was detected by disk diffusion method using 30 µg cefoxitin disk. ESBL production was detected by phenotypic confirmatory disc diffusion test (PCDDT) and the double disc synergy test (DDST).

Results: A total of 413 blood culture antimicrobial susceptibility test results were analyzed, of which 116 (28.09%) were identified as culture positive. Sixty-nine (59%) of the positive isolates were from female patients. Out of 116 positive cultures, 58.62% (68/116) were Gram positive organisms, 40.52% (47/116) were Gram negative organisms, non albicans Candida accounted for 0.86% (1/116).  Staphylococcus aureus (n=41, 35.3%) was the predominant isolate and showed high sensitivity to levofloxacin (100%), Linezolid (100%) and Amikacin (100%). Twelve isolates of S. aureus were methicillin resistant, while 1 isolate was inducible clindamycin resistant. Of the 116 isolates identified in this study, forty-three (43) were multidrug resistant with highest number of multidrug resistant isolates from Staphylococcus aureus (n=20). 21.28% (n=10) of the Gram-negative isolates were positive for extended spectrum beta lactamases.

Conclusion: A high rate of antimicrobial resistance is observed among microorganisms causing blood stream infections. This emphasizes the need for antimicrobial sensitivity testing in the management of blood stream infections.
Esophageal Perforation After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy and Paraesophageal Hernia Repair Managed by Transhiatal Drainage
Authors: Philip Sunu , Kole Kerry
Published: June 2021

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG) was first established as a 2-stage procedure in high-risk patients undergoing gastric bypass or biliary pancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. It has since become increasingly used as a primary bariatric procedure. The 2 significant postoperative complications after this procedure are anastomotic staple line leakage or bleeding. True esophageal leaks after sleeve gastrectomy are extremely uncommon. We present a case of contained esophageal perforation after a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and paraesophageal hernia repair managed successfully with laparoscopic-assisted transhiatal drainage. We review the literature on the management of this uncommon but highly morbid complication in patients undergoing bariatric surgery.
Iatrogenic Port Site Parasitic Myoma; Case Report and Literature Review.
Authors: Tasdemir Nicel , Abali Remzi , Akkus Didem , Dogru Mucahit , Tasdemir Ufuk Goker
Published: June 2021

Introduction

We report a case of iatrogenic parasitic myoma of the anterior abdominal wall and discuss the differential diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of complication with relevant literature.

Case Report

A 33-year-old woman presented with anterior abdominal wall mass 3 years after initial laparoscopic myomectomy surgery. A mass with a 38 × 26 mm diameter was observed in the anterior abdominal wall at the site of inferior left side port of previous surgery. It was excised from the anterior abdominal wall outside of the peritoneum, below the fascia. The pathologic examination of the excised mass revealed cellular myoma. This case is the 4th port site parasitic myoma in literature.

Conclusion

The risk of implantation and subsequent growth of minute myoma fragments should be kept in mind during morcellation procedures and, in order to avoid such complications, all fragments should be tracked during morcellation. The inspection of trocar sites after the removal of trocars for retained fragments would prevent such recurrences.
Convergence of Machine Vision and Melt Electrowriting
Authors: Mieszczanek Pawel , Robinson Thomas M. , Dalton Paul D. , Hutmacher Dietmar W.
Published: June 2021

Melt electrowriting (MEW) is a high‐resolution additive manufacturing technology that balances multiple parametric variables to arrive at a stable fabrication process. The better understanding of this balance is underscored here using high‐resolution camera vision of jet stability profiles in different electrical fields. Complementing this visual information are fiber‐diameter measurements obtained at precise points, allowing the correlation to electrified jet properties. Two process signatures—the jet angle and for the first time, the Taylor cone area—are monitored and analyzed with a machine vision system, while SEM imaging for diameter measurement correlates real‐time information. This information, in turn, allows the detection and correction of fiber pulsing for accurate jet placement on the collector, and the in‐process assessment of the fiber diameter. Improved process control is used to successfully fabricate collapsible MEW tubes; structures that require exceptional accuracy and printing stability. Using a precise winding angle of 60° and 300 layers, the resulting 12 mm‐thick tubular structures have elastic snap‐through instabilities associated with mechanical metamaterials. This study provides a detailed analysis of the fiber pulsing occurrence in MEW and highlights the importance of real‐time monitoring of the Taylor cone volume to better understand, control, and predict printing instabilities.
Facile Transformation of Murine and Human Primary Dendritic Cells into Robust and Modular Artificial Antigen‐Presenting Systems by Intracellular Hydrogelation
Authors: Lin Jung‐Chen , Hsu Chung‐Yao , Chen Jui‐Yi , Fang Zih‐Syun , Chen Hui‐Wen , Yao Bing‐Yu , Shiau Gwo Harn M. , Tsai Jeng‐Shiang , Gu Ming , Jung Meiying , Lee Tong‐Young , Hu Che‐Ming J.
Published: June 2021

The growing enthusiasm for cancer immunotherapies and adoptive cell therapies has prompted increasing interest in biomaterials development mimicking natural antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) for T‐cell expansion. In contrast to conventional bottom‐up approaches aimed at layering synthetic substrates with T‐cell activation cues, transformation of live dendritic cells (DCs) into artificial APCs (aAPCs) is demonstrated herein using a facile and minimally disruptive hydrogelation technique. Through direct intracellular permeation of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG‐DA) hydrogel monomer and UV‐activated radical polymerization, intracellular hydrogelation is rapidly accomplished on DCs with minimal influence on cellular morphology and surface antigen display, yielding highly robust and modular cell–gel hybrid constructs amenable to peptide antigen exchange, storable by freezing and lyophilization, and functionalizable with cytokine‐releasing carriers for T‐cell modulation. The DC‐derived aAPCs are shown to induce prolonged T‐cell expansion and improve anticancer efficacy of adoptive T‐cell therapy in mice compared to nonexpanded control T cells, and the gelation technique is further demonstrated to stabilize primary DCs derived from human donors. The work presents a versatile approach for generating a new class of cell‐mimicking biomaterials and opens new venues for immunological interrogation and immunoengineering.
Dry Reforming of CH4/CO2by Stable Ni Nanocrystals on Porous Single‐Crystalline MgO Monoliths at Reduced Temperature
Authors: Cheng Fangyuan , Duan Xiuyun , Xie Kui
Published: June 2021

Dry reforming of CH4/CO2provides a promising and economically feasible route for the large‐scale carbon fixation; however, the coking and sintering of catalysts remain a fundamental challenge. Here we stabilize single‐crystalline Ni nanoparticles at the surface of porous single‐crystalline MgO monoliths and show the quantitative production of syngas from dry reforming of CH4/CO2. We show the complete conversion of CH4/CO2even only at 700 °C with excellent performance durability after a continuous operation of 500 hours. The well‐defined and catalytically active Ni‐MgO interfaces facilitate the reforming reaction and enhance the coking resistance. Our findings would enable an industrially and economically viable path for carbon reclamation, and the “Nanocrystal On Porous Single‐crystalline Monoliths” technique could lead to stable catalyst designs for many challenging reactions.
Designing Cation–Solvent Fully Coordinated Electrolyte for High‐Energy‐Density Lithium–Sulfur Full Cell Based On Solid–Solid Conversion
Authors: Yang Huijun , Qiao Yu , Chang Zhi , He Ping , Zhou Haoshen
Published: June 2021

Sulfur chemistry based on solid–liquid dissolution‐deposition route inevitably encounters shuttle of lithium polysulfides, its parasitic interaction with lithium (Li) anode and flood electrolyte environment. The sulfurized pyrolyzed poly(acrylonitrile) (S@pPAN) cathode favors solid‐solid conversion mechanism in carbonate ester electrolytes but fails to pair high‐capacity Li anode. Herein, we rationally design a cation‐solvent fully coordinated ether electrolyte to simultaneously resolve the problems of both Li anode and S@pPAN cathode. Raman spectroscopy reveals a highly suppressed solvent activity and a cation‐solvent fully coordinated structure (molar ratio 1:1). Consequently, Li electrodeposit evolves into round‐edged morphology, LiF‐rich interphase, and high reversibility. Moreover, S@pPAN cathode inherits a neat solid‐phase redox reaction and fully eliminated the dissolution of lithium polysulfides. Finally, we harvest a long‐life Li‐S@pPAN pouch cell with slight Li metal excessive (0.4 time) and ultra‐lean electrolyte design (1 μL mgS−1), delivering 394 Wh kg−1energy density based on electrodes and electrolyte mass.
Polyoxometalates‐Based Semi‐flexible Metal‐Semiconductor Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Low Frequency and Small Amplitude Mechanical Energy Harvesting
Authors: Ma Chunhui , Wang Ting , Li Fengrui , Guan Hongyu , Chen Weichao , Zhang Lu , Zheng Yuxiao , Wang Chunlei , Tang Qingxin , Chen Weilin
Published: June 2021

The development of high‐performance and low‐cost durable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) is essential for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. Many organic polymer friction materials used widely have thermal stability problems, which makes TENGs with semiconductors as friction materials stand out. Here, we report a semi‐flexible TENG based on metal and TiO2modified by polyoxometalates (POMs) as pure inorganic friction materials. Six different POMs are firstly selected to modify the friction materials of TENGs, and the output performance of TENGs with different POMs‐modified semiconductors and different metals as friction materials are tested. Compared with the unmodified TENGs, the open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of the optimal Ag‐K6P2Mo18O62(P2Mo18)/TiO2TENG device is increased by more than 4 times, which is mainly attributed to the strong electron‐accepting and storage capabilities of POMs. This study has demonstrated that TENGs modified by POMs have potential application prospects and provided a new method for increasing the electrical output of TENGs.
Synergistic Effects of Self‐Assembled Monolayers in Solution‐Processed 6,13‐Bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)Pentacene Transistors
Authors: Sattari‐Esfahlan S. M. , Lee Eun‐Cheol , Kim Chang‐Hyun
Published: June 2021

Organic semiconductors are highly interface‐sensitive, and therefore chemical functionalization using self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) is often adopted to tailor their properties. This study clarifies the synergistic effects of electrode and dielectric SAMs on the behavior of solution‐processed organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs). Utilization of a self‐consistent device model enables a physically robust treatment of the measured electrical characteristics of the OFETs, thus providing highly reliable materials, interface, morphology, and transport parameters. These parameters are further extended and correlated to build a comprehensive picture on trap energy and injection‐transport relationship, finally revealing a set of fundamental insights into chemically modified OFETs.
Multiparametric Analyses of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Somatic Mouse Models and Their Associated Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Taranto Daniel , Ramirez Christel F.A. , Vegna Serena , de Groot Marnix H.P. , de Wit Niels , Van Baalen Martijn , Klarenbeek Sjoerd , Akkari Leila
Published: June 2021

The rising incidence and increasing mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), combined with its high tumor heterogeneity, lack of druggable targets, and tendency to develop resistance to chemotherapeutics, make the development of better models for this cancer an urgent challenge. To better mimic the high diversity within the HCC genetic landscape, versatile somatic murine models have recently been developed using the hydrodynamic tail vein injection (HDTVi) system. These represent novel in vivo tools to interrogate HCC phenotype and response to therapy, and importantly, allow further analyses of the associated tumor microenvironment (TME) shaped by distinct genetic backgrounds. Here, we describe several optimized protocols to generate, collect, and experimentally utilize various samples obtained from HCC somatic mouse models generated by HDTVi. More specifically, we focus on techniques relevant to ex vivo analyses of the complex liver TME using multiparameter flow cytometric analyses of over 21 markers, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and histochemistry. We describe the transcriptional assessment of whole tissue, or of isolated immune subsets by flow‐cytometry‐based cell sorting, and other protein‐oriented analyses. Together, these streamlined protocols allow the optimal use of each HCC murine model of interest and will assist researchers in deciphering the relations between cancer cell genetics and systemic and local changes in immune cell landscapes in the context of HCC progression. © 2021 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Generation of HCC mouse models by hydrodynamic tail vein injection

Basic Protocol 2: Assessment of HCC tumor progression by magnetic resonance imaging

Basic Protocol 3: Mouse sacrifice and sample collection in HCC mouse models

Support Protocol 1: Preparation of serum or plasma from blood

Basic Protocol 4: Single‐cell preparation and HCC immune landscape phenotyping by flow cytometry

Alternate Protocol 1: Flow cytometric analysis of circulating immune cells

Support Protocol 2: Generation, maintenance, and characterization of HCC cell lines

Support Protocol 3: Fluorescence‐activated cell sorting of liver single‐cell preparation

Basic Protocol 5: Preparation and immunohistochemical analysis of tumor tissues from HCC‐bearing liver

Alternate Protocol 2: Preparation and analyses for immunofluorescence staining of HCC‐bearing liver

Support Protocol 4: Liver‐specific phenotypic analyses of liver sections

Support Protocol 5: Immunohistochemical quantification in liver sections

Basic Protocol 6: Preparation of snap‐frozen tumor tissue from extracted liver and transcriptional analyses of bulk tumor or sorted cells

Alternate Protocol 3: Protein analyses from HCC samples and serum or plasma
Investigation on Arsenic−Antimony‐ and Arsenic−Bismuth Bond Containing Interpnictogen Chain Molecules
Authors: Ritter Christian , Michel Nick , Rinow Alina , Ringler Benjamin , von Hänisch Carsten
Published: June 2021

The stepwise synthesis of novel As−Sb and As−Bi bond containing molecules is described. The binary interpnictogen compounds tBu2EAs(H)tBu (E=Sb (1), P (4)) were prepared by reaction of tBu2ECl with tBuAs(H)Li ⋅ 1,4‐dioxane. Subsequent lithiation yields the dimeric compounds [tBu2EAsLi(thf)tBu]2 (E=Sb (2), E=P (5)). Compound 2 as well as tBu2SbAs(tBu)SiMe3 (3) are not suitable as synthons for longer chains due to non‐selective reactions. In contrast, compound 5 was successfully used for the preparation of chains with three (tBu2PAs(tBu)E′tBu2 (E′=P (6), As (7), Sb (8), Bi (9)) and even four adjacent group 15 elements (tBu2PAs(tBu)E′′ (tBu)N(H)tBu (E′′=P (12), As (13), Sb (14)). Finally, the diarsane (tBu2PAstBu)2 (15) was synthesised by reaction of 5 with 1,2‐dibromoethane. The obtained compounds were characterised by mass spectrometry, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and by single crystal X‐ray diffraction in the case of 2, 5–9 and 12–15.
Translation role of circRNAs in cancers
Authors: Lu Yaqin , Li Zhe , Lin Chen , Zhang Jian , Shen Zhisen
Published: June 2021

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) constitute a class of covalently closed RNA molecules. With the continuous advancement of high‐throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics tools, many circRNAs have been identified in various human tissues and cell lines. Notably, recent studies have indicated that some circRNAs have translational functions. Internal ribosome entry sites and the N6‐methyladenosine modification mediate cap‐independent translation. This review describes these two translation mechanisms and verification methods at the molecular level. Databases (including ORF Finder, Pfam, BLASTp, CircRNADb, CircBase, CircPro, CircCode, IRESite, IRESbase) were used to analyze whether circRNAs have the structural characteristic of translation. CircRNA minigene reporter system containing green fluorescent protein (GFP) confirmed the translation potential of circRNAs. Also, we briefly summarize the roles of proteins/peptides encoded by circRNAs (circFBXW7, circFNDC3B, circLgr4, circPPP1R12A, circMAPK1, circβ‐catenin, circGprc5a, circ‐SHPRH, circPINTexon2, circAKT3) that have been verified thus far in human cancers (triple‐negative breast cancer, colon cancer, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, bladder cancer, glioblastoma). Those findings suggest circRNAs have a great implication in translation of the human genome.
Microbial halophilic lipases: A review
Authors: Qiu Junjie , Han Rui , Wang Chuan
Published: June 2021

Microbial lipases are commercially significant due to their versatile catalytic function of hydrolysis triacylglycerol. Among these, lipases from extremophiles are optimal for industrial application. Halophilic microorganisms living in a high salinity environment, such as the ocean, salt lakes, salt wells, and so on, produce halophilic lipases. In recent decades, many remarkable achievements have been made related to the properties and application of halophilic lipases. This review offers information collected over the last decades on halophilic lipase sources as well as advances in production, factors influencing activity, stability under various conditions, structural characteristics, progress in industrial applications such as food flavor modification, biodiesel production, and waste treatment, to provide theoretical and methodological references for the research in this direction.
Modified Transpterygoid Approach to Sphenoid Meningoencephaloceles: A Shorter Run for a Longer Slide
Authors: Sreenath Satyan B. , Tang Dennis M. , Ting Jonathan Y. , Illing Elisa A. , Recinos Pablo F. , Soni Pranay , Kshettry Varun R. , Cohen‐Gadol Aaron , Woodard Troy D. , Sindwani Raj
Published: June 2021

Objectives

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks and meningoencephaloceles originating in the lateral recess of the sphenoid sinus can be challenging. The traditional transpterygoid approach through the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) is time consuming and places important structures at risk, which can lead to significant morbidity. We report a multi‐institutional experience using a simplified, endoscopic modified transpterygoid approach (MTPA), which spares the PPF contents in the management of lateral sphenoid sinus meningoencephaloceles and CSF leaks.

Study Design

Multi‐Institutional, Retrospective Case Series.

Methods

Patients with lateral sphenoid recess CSF leaks and meningoencephaloceles between 2014 and 2020 who underwent the MTPA at two academic medical centers were identified. Repair techniques and outcomes were evaluated.

Results

Thirty‐three patients underwent the MTPA for management. Skull base reconstruction was performed using a free mucosal graft (24/33, 72.7%), nasoseptal flap (4/33, 12.1%), bone grafts (3/33, 9.1%), and abdominal fat grafts (2/33, 6.1%). Lumbar drains and perioperative intracranial pressure measurements were routinely employed. Postoperative complications were uncommon and included three patients (9.7%) with temporary V2 anesthesia, one patient (3.2%) with prolonged V2 anesthesia, and one patient (3.2%) with subjective dry eye, all of which resolved at 9 months postoperatively. There were no recurrent CSF leaks resulting in a 100% success rate. Average follow‐up was 13 months.

Conclusion

The MTPA reduces morbidity and greatly simplifies access to the lateral sphenoid sinus for the management of CSF leaks and meningoencephaloceles, without compromising exposure. This technique avoids the need for extensive PPF dissection and should be considered for the management of benign lesions involving the lateral sphenoid sinus.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 131:2224–2230, 2021
Recent progress of continuous intraocular pressure monitoring
Authors: Xu Jiandong , Li Ruisong , Xu Haokai , Yang Yi , Zhang Sheng , Ren Tian‐Ling
Published: June 2021

Glaucoma, a chronic optic neuropathy, is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) has been considered to be the major contributor to glaucoma for a long time and is currently proved to be the only modifiable risk factor for the progression of optic neuropathy. IOP fluctuates throughout the day with a circadian rhythm change and is affected by body gesture changes. Moreover, the IOP spike usually occurs at night or in the early morning. Therefore, the current clinical practice of single and static measurements of IOP during office hours is not conducive to the early diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma. This review focuses on current advances in implantable and noninvasive IOP sensors for obtaining 24‐hour continuous IOP profiles. The content summarizes and classifies IOP sensors based on their working principles and provides representative examples of the sensors for IOP monitoring. Finally, the review further analyzes the challenges of current IOP sensors for clinical practice and puts forward the prospect of IOP sensors in the future.
Causes of Death Following Nonmetastatic Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis in the U.S.: A Population-Based Analysis
Authors: Afifi Ahmed M. , Elmehrath Ahmed O. , Ruhban Inas A. , Saad Anas M. , Gad Mohamed M. , Al-Husseini Muneer J. , Bekaii-Saab Tanios , Sonbol Mohamad Bassam
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Because of the improved colorectal cancer (CRC) survival in the U.S., patients may live long enough after CRC diagnosis to the point where non–cancer-related comorbidities may considerably impact their overall survival. In this study, we perform a long-term analysis of causes of death (CODs) following nonmetastatic CRC with respect to different demographic and tumor-related criteria.

Materials and Methods

We gained access to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data to review patients diagnosed with nonmetastatic CRC during 2000–2015. We calculated standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for each COD following CRC. SMRs represented the change of risk of a specific COD following CRC diagnoses when compared with the risk in the general U.S. population.

Results

We reviewed 302,345 patients, of whom 112,008 died during the study period. More deaths (68.3%) occurred within 5 years following nonmetastatic CRC diagnosis, with 76,486 deaths. CRC was the most common COD (51.4%) within 5 years of diagnosis followed by heart disease (15.2%) and other cancers (8.4%). As time passed after diagnosis, the number of CRC deaths decreased, and other noncancer causes increased to the point that after 10 years only 10.4% of deaths were attributed to CRC, 15.3% were attributed to other cancers, and 34.2% were secondary to heart disease.

Conclusion

Following nonmetastatic CRC diagnosis, most deaths remain secondary to CRC. Other causes, including other cancers and cardiovascular disease, represent a significant number of deaths, especially in the 5 years following initial CRC diagnosis. Our findings help guide counseling patients with CRC regarding future health risks.

Implications for Practice

Most common causes of death following nonmetastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) are heart diseases, other cancers, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cerebrovascular diseases. Physicians should counsel patients regarding survivorship with cancer screening and focus on prevention of noncancer deaths. These findings should be considered by physicians who give care for survivors of nonmetastatic CRC.
Recent Advances in Pathology: the 2021 Annual Review Issue of The Journal of Pathology
Authors: Herrington C Simon , Poulsom Richard , Koeppen Hartmut , Coates Philip J
Published: June 2021

The 2021 Annual Review Issue of The Journal of Pathology contains 14 invited reviews on current research areas of particular importance in pathology. The subjects included here reflect the broad range of interests covered by the journal, including both basic and applied research fields but always with the aim of improving our understanding of human disease. This year, our reviews encompass the huge impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic, the development and application of biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitors, recent advances in multiplexing antigen/nucleic acid detection in situ, the use of genomics to aid drug discovery, organoid methodologies in research, the microbiome in cancer, the role of macrophage‐stroma interactions in fibrosis, and TGF‐β as a driver of fibrosis in multiple pathologies. Other reviews revisit the p53 field and its lack of clinical impact to date, dissect the genetics of mitochondrial diseases, summarise the cells of origin and genetics of sarcomagenesis, provide new data on the role of TRIM28 in tumour predisposition, review our current understanding of cancer stem cell niches, and the function and regulation of p63. The reviews are authored by experts in their field from academia and industry, and provide comprehensive updates of the chosen areas, in which there has been considerable recent progress. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Demonstrating the vital role of physiatry throughout the health care continuum: Lessons learned from the impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on inpatient rehabilitation
Authors: Whiteson Jonathan H. , Escalón Miguel Xavier , Maltser Susan , Verduzco‐Gutierrez Monica
Published: June 2021

COVID White Paper Series
Demonstrating the vital role of physiatry throughout the health care continuum: Lessons learned from impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the disability community
Authors: Chandan Priya , Kirschner Kristi L. , Prokup Jessica , Blauwet Cheri A.
Published: June 2021

COVID White Paper Series
Solvent‐Free CO2 Fixation Reaction Catalyzed by MOFs Composites Containing Polycarboxylic Acid Ligands
Authors: Tang Yihan , Chen Wang , Liu Ruoxi , Wang Leyao , Pan Yating , Bi Ruimin , Feng Xuejun , He Mingyang , Chen Qun , Zhang Zhihui
Published: June 2021

Metal‐Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have been used to catalyze the conversion of CO2 to cyclic carbonates through cycloaddition reaction. A series of MOFs composites based on Cu‐BTC (H3BTC, 1,3,5‐Benzenetricarboxylic acid) were screened out by adjusting the ligands and loaded materials. Among them, Cu‐BTC@ZnFe2O4 achieved good yields in this reaction, and after several catalytic cycles, the yield also remained above 90 %. The larger the steric hindrance of epoxides used, the lower the yields of cycloaddition reaction. In addition, computational chemistry was used to explain this catalytic process. After adding the catalyst, the energy barrier of the initial step of the reaction was effectively reduced.
Radiographic and MRI characteristics of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in a cat presented with a painful chronic ambulatory paraparesis
Authors: Llanos Cesar , Rau Friederike , Uriarte Ane
Published: June 2021

A 9‐year‐old, male neutered Maine Coon was presented with a several month chronic and progressive weakness in the pelvic limbs, difficulties jumping and increasing aggressiveness towards members of the family. A proprioceptive pelvic limb ataxia, ambulatory paraparesis with postural deficits in both pelvic limbs and severe spinal hyperaesthesia were observed during the neurological examination. Radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine were compatible with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH), chronic spinal cord compression and foraminal stenosis. Mild improvement of the general discomfort without neurological amelioration was seen following 5 months of conservative management. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case report describing the radiographic and MRI characteristics of DISH in a feline patient.
Reliability‐based topology optimization for offshore wind farm collection system
Authors: Pérez‐Rúa Juan‐Andrés , Lumbreras Sara , Ramos Andrés , Cutululis Nicolaos A.
Published: June 2021

An optimization framework for global optimization of the cable layout topology for offshore wind farm (OWF) is presented. The framework designs and compares closed‐loop and radial layouts for the collection system of OWFs. For the former, a two‐stage stochastic optimization program based on a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed, while for the latter, a hop‐indexed full binary model is used. The purpose of the framework is to provide a common base for assessing both designs economically, using the same underlying contingency treatment. A discrete Markov model is implemented for calculating the cable failure probability, useful for estimating the time under contingency for multiple power generation scenarios. The objective function supports simultaneous optimization of (i) initial investment (network topology and cable sizing), (ii) total electrical power loss costs and (iii) operation costs due to energy curtailment from cable failures. Constraints are added accounting for common engineering aspects. The applicability of the full method is demonstrated by tackling three differently sized real‐world OWFs. Results show that (i) the profitability of either topology type depends strongly on the project size and wind turbine rating. Closed loop may be a competitive solution for large‐scale projects where large amounts of energy are potentially curtailed. (ii) The stochastic model presents low tractability to tackle large‐scale instances, increasing the required computing time and memory resources. (iii) Strategies must be adopted in order to apply stochastic optimization for modern OWFs, intending analytically or numerically simplification of mathematical models.
Localization matters: nuclear-trapped Survivin sensitizes glioblastoma cells to temozolomide by elevating cellular senescence and impairing homologous recombination
Authors: Reich Thomas R. , Schwarzenbach Christian , Vilar Juliana Brandstetter , Unger Sven , Mühlhäusler Fabian , Nikolova Teodora , Poplawski Alicia , Baymaz H. Irem , Beli Petra , Christmann Markus , Tomicic Maja T.
Published: June 2021

To clarify whether differential compartmentalization of Survivin impacts temozolomide (TMZ)-triggered end points, we established a well-defined glioblastoma cell model in vitro (LN229 and A172) and in vivo, distinguishing between its nuclear and cytoplasmic localization. Expression of nuclear export sequence (NES)-mutated Survivin (SurvNESmut-GFP) led to impaired colony formation upon TMZ. This was not due to enhanced cell death but rather due to increased senescence. Nuclear-trapped Survivin reduced homologous recombination (HR)-mediated double-strand break (DSB) repair, as evaluated by γH2AX foci formation and qPCR-based HR assay leading to pronounced induction of chromosome aberrations. Opposite, clones, expressing free-shuttling cytoplasmic but not nuclear-trapped Survivin, could repair TMZ-induced DSBs and evaded senescence. Mass spectrometry-based interactomics revealed, however, no direct interaction of Survivin with any of the repair factors. The improved TMZ-triggered HR activity in Surv-GFP was associated with enhanced mRNA and stabilized RAD51 protein expression, opposite to diminished RAD51 expression in SurvNESmut cells. Notably, cytoplasmic Survivin could significantly compensate for the viability under RAD51 knockdown. Differential Survivin localization also resulted in distinctive TMZ-triggered transcriptional pathways, associated with senescence and chromosome instability as shown by global transcriptome analysis. Orthotopic LN229 xenografts, expressing SurvNESmut exhibited diminished growth and increased DNA damage upon TMZ, as manifested by PCNA and γH2AX foci expression, respectively, in brain tissue sections. Consequently, those mice lived longer. Although tumors of high-grade glioma patients expressed majorly nuclear Survivin, they exhibited rarely NES mutations which did not correlate with survival. Based on our in vitro and xenograft data, Survivin nuclear trapping would facilitate glioma response to TMZ.
Splicing and editing of ionotropic glutamate receptors: a comprehensive analysis based on human RNA-Seq data
Authors: Herbrechter Robin , Hube Nadine , Buchholz Raoul , Reiner Andreas
Published: June 2021

Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) play key roles for signaling in the central nervous system. Alternative splicing and RNA editing are well-known mechanisms to increase iGluR diversity and to provide context-dependent regulation. Earlier work on isoform identification has focused on the analysis of cloned transcripts, mostly from rodents. We here set out to obtain a systematic overview of iGluR splicing and editing in human brain based on RNA-Seq data. Using data from two large-scale transcriptome studies, we established a workflow for the de novo identification and quantification of alternative splice and editing events. We detected all canonical iGluR splice junctions, assessed the abundance of alternative events described in the literature, and identified new splice events in AMPA, kainate, delta, and NMDA receptor subunits. Notable events include an abundant transcript encoding the GluA4 amino-terminal domain, GluA4-ATD, a novel C-terminal GluD1 (delta receptor 1) isoform, GluD1-b, and potentially new GluK4 and GluN2C isoforms. C-terminal GluN1 splicing may be controlled by inclusion of a cassette exon, which shows preference for one of the two acceptor sites in the last exon. Moreover, we identified alternative untranslated regions (UTRs) and species-specific differences in splicing. In contrast, editing in exonic iGluR regions appears to be mostly limited to ten previously described sites, two of which result in silent amino acid changes. Coupling of proximal editing/editing and editing/splice events occurs to variable degree. Overall, this analysis provides the first inventory of alternative splicing and editing in human brain iGluRs and provides the impetus for further transcriptome-based and functional investigations.
Definition und Behandlung der A.-mesenterica-superior-Revaskularisations- und -Dissektions-assoziierten Diarrhö (SMARD-Syndrom) in Deutschland
Authors: Téoule Patrick , Tombers Katharina , Rahbari Mohammad , Sandra-Petrescu Flavius , Keese Michael , Rahbari Nuh N. , Reißfelder Christoph , Rückert Felix
Published: June 2021

Hintergrund

Die A. mesenterica superior (AMS) wird im Rahmen von Pankreasresektionen (PR) und mesenterialen Gefäßeingriffen (MG) freigelegt und disseziert. Eine dadurch entstandene Schädigung des umliegenden ex- und intrinsischen vegetativen Nervenplexus kann zu einer passageren oder therapierefraktären Diarrhö führen.

Fragestellung

Die vorliegende Studie soll einen Überblick über den derzeitigen Stellenwert der AMS-Revaskularisations- und -Dissektions-assoziierten Diarrhö („superior mesenteric artery revascularisation and dissection-associated diarrhea“[SMARD]-Syndrom) in Deutschland geben.

Material und Methoden

Nach selektiver Literaturrecherche (SLR) mit der Fragestellung, ob und wie häufig eine postoperativ neu aufgetretene Diarrhö nach PR und MG vorkommt, wurde eine Onlineumfrage versendet.

Ergebnisse

Die SLR (n = 4) bestätigte, dass eine postoperativ neu aufgetretene Diarrhö eine häufige Komplikation nach Präparation zur Revaskularisation (RV) bzw. Dissektion (DIS) der AMS ist (Inzidenz ca. 62 %). Therapierefraktäre Verläufe sind selten 14 %. 54 von 159 Zentren beteiligten sich an der Umfrage. 63 % gaben an, eine AMS-RV/-DIS im Rahmen von PR oder MG durchzuführen. Der Durchschnitt an PR pro Zentrum lag 2018 bei 47 und bei 49 im Jahr 2019. Fünf MG erfolgten durchschnittlich in beiden Jahren pro Zentrum. Drei Patienten litten durchschnittlich am SMARD-Syndrom.

Diskussion

Diese Umfrage erfasst erstmals den derzeitigen Stellenwert des SMARD-Syndroms in Deutschland. Bisher fehlen Empfehlungen zur Therapie einer solchen Diarrhö. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass zunächst eine symptomatische Therapie erfolgen sollte. Aufgrund der Komplexität der Pathophysiologie sind kausale Therapieansätze bislang nicht entwickelt.
Integration of Formal Proof into Unified Assurance Cases with Isabelle/SACM
Authors: Foster Simon , Nemouchi Yakoub , Gleirscher Mario , Wei Ran , Kelly Tim
Published: June 2021

Assurance cases are often required to certify critical systems. The use of formal methods in assurance can improve automation, increase confidence, and overcome errant reasoning. However, assurance cases can never be fully formalised, as the use of formal methods is contingent on models that are validated by informal processes. Consequently, assurance techniques should support both formal and informal artifacts, with explicated inferential links between them. In this paper, we contribute a formal machine-checked interactive language, called Isabelle/SACM, supporting the computer-assisted construction of assurance cases compliant with the OMG Structured Assurance Case Meta-Model. The use of Isabelle/SACM guarantees well-formedness, consistency, and traceability of assurance cases, and allows a tight integration of formal and informal evidence of various provenance. In particular, Isabelle brings a diverse range of automated verification techniques that can provide evidence. To validate our approach, we present a substantial case study based on the Tokeneer secure entry system benchmark. We embed its functional specification into Isabelle, verify its security requirements, and form a modular security case in Isabelle/SACM that combines the heterogeneous artifacts. We thus show that Isabelle is a suitable platform for critical systems assurance.