bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wolbachia‐infected Trichogramma dendrolimi is outcompeted by its uninfected counterpart in superparasitism but does not have developmental delay
Authors: Zhou Jin‐Cheng , Shang Dan , Liu Shi‐Meng , Zhang Chen , Huo Liang‐Xiao , Zhang Li‐Sheng , Dong Hui
Published: November 2022

BACKGROUND

Wolbachia infection increases the superparasitism frequency of Trichogramma females and provides an opportunity for horizontal intraspecific transmission. However, superparasitism may lead to interstrain competition between Wolbachia‐infected Trichogramma offspring and their uninfected counterparts. This study investigated the outcome of interstrain intrinsic competition between Wolbachia‐infected thelytokous strain (W) and uninfected bisexual strain (B) of Trichogramma dendrolimi. To determine the developmental rate of both strains, the sizes of immature stages of T. dendrolimi offspring at different times after parasitisation were measured in single parasitism and superparasitism conditions.

RESULTS

The results reflect increased superparasitism by Wolbachia‐infected females compared with uninfected females. Trichogramma females did not discriminate between host eggs previously parasitised by either B or W females. When the first oviposition was performed by B females, the B offspring outcompeted W offspring deposited later. Although when W offspring was deposited 8 h earlier than the B offspring, it gained no advantage over B offspring. Regardless of parasitism conditions, differences in the development rate between W and B offspring were not significant.

CONCLUSION

The results reconfirmed that W females presented a higher tendency for superparasitism than B females, and showed that B offspring outcompeted W offspring even when the latter was deposited 8 h earlier. The inferiority of Wolbachia‐infected Trichogramma compared with their uninfected counterparts is not due to the developmental delay. This study provides insights into the effects of intrinsic competition on the control efficacy of Wolbachia‐infected Trichogramma against pests in biological control programs. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Enhanced Sensitivity for Tm3+/Er3+‐Based Thermometer Through Dual‐Wavelength Excitation
Authors: Lu Hongyu , Lu Yang , Zhu Jiang , Li Jinxin , Wang Jiayu , Zou Hua
Published: November 2022

How to design the ratiometric thermometer with high sensitivity is a monumental challenge. If the sensitivity can be superposed like the stack of toy bricks, the temperature‐sensing performances will be significantly improved. To achieve sensitivity superposition, a method of dual‐wavelength (980 and 379 nm) excitation in consideration of the sensitivity of integral form is designed and the sensitivity is expected to be manipulated. Herein, compared with conventional 980 nm single excitation, the increase in Er3+ luminescence with dual‐wavelength excitation is attributed to its downshifting luminescence. Under multiple exciting methods (980, 379 nm, and dual‐wavelength excitation), temperature‐sensing behaviors based on thermally (TCL) and nonthermally (NTCL) coupled levels are investigated in the range of 213–683 K. The maximum of relative sensitivity is 2.19% K−1 (based on NTCL) with dual‐wavelength excitation, which is higher than that both with 980 nm single excitation and based on conventional TCL. These results reveal that this dual‐wavelength excitation strategy is effective to enhance sensitivity for Tm3+/Er3+‐based thermometer, which provide new insights into the design of ratiometric thermometer with high sensitivity.
Investigation of cytochrome P450 inhibitory properties of deoxyshikonin, a bioactive compound from Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc
Authors: Zhang Yuanjin , Gao Jing , Xu Yuan , Liu Jie , Huang Shengbo , Li Guihong , Yao Bingyi , Sun Zhenliang , Wang Xin
Published: November 2022

Deoxyshikonin, a natural naphthoquinone compound extracted from Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc (Boraginaceae), has a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti‐tumor, anti‐bacterial and wound healing effects. However, the inhibitory effect of deoxyshikonin on cytochrome P450 (CYP) remains unclear. This study investigated the potential inhibitory effects of deoxyshikonin on CYP1A2, 2B1/6, 2C9/11, 2D1/6, 2E1 and 3A2/4 enzymes in human and rat liver microsomes (HLMs and RLMs) by the cocktail approach in vitro. The single‐point inactivation experiment showed that deoxyshikonin presented no time‐dependent inhibition on CYP activities in HLMs and RLMs. Enzyme inhibition kinetics indicated that in HLMs, deoxyshikonin was not only a competitive inhibitor of CYP1A2 and 2E1, but also a mixed inhibitor of CYP2B6, 2C9, 2D6 and 3A4, with Ki of 2.21, 1.78, 1.68, 0.20, 4.08 and 0.44 μM, respectively. In RLMs, deoxyshikonin not only competitively inhibited CYP2B1 and 2E1, but also exhibited mixed inhibition on CYP1A2, 2C11, 2D1 and 3A2, with Ki values of no more than 18.66 μM. In conclusion, due to the low Ki values of deoxythiokonin on CYP enzymes in HLMs, this may lead to drug–drug interactions (DDI) and potential toxicity.
Tropical‐wave activity and Madden–Julian oscillation termination
Authors: Chrisler Brett , Stachnik Justin P.
Published: November 2022

The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is the dominant mode of intraseasonal variability in the tropics and generates large‐scale precipitation, cloud, and circulation anomalies. Interactions between the MJO and dry and convectively coupled equatorial waves (CCEWs) have been identified in previous works; however, these studies have not focused on MJO events that maintain themselves versus those that decay. Knowledge on how pre‐existing MJO events interact with CCEWs is important for producing more realistic and reliable representations of MJO events in weather forecast and global climate models. This study presents an analysis of intraseasonally varying outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and zonal wind anomalies at 200 and 850 hPa from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) observations and ERA‐Interim reanalysis data respectively, throughout the lifetime of observed MJO events. A climatology of continuing and terminating MJO events is created from an event identification algorithm using common tracking indices including the OLR‐based MJO Index (OMI), filtered OMI (FMO), real‐time multivariate MJO (RMM), and velocity potential MJO (VPM) index. Wheeler–Kiladis power spectra are calculated for each event type to identify predominant wave modes. Symmetric and anti‐symmetric wave spectra are composited and results include the sensitivity of the variables used to define the waves and index choice for identifying the MJO. Our results show fractional differences between continuing and terminating MJO events that are statistically significant at the 95% level. Statistical significance is most prominent within the MJO band where continuing events have higher power, as well as global mixed Rossby–gravity (MRG) waves and tropical depression (TD) waves where terminating events have higher power. These results are mostly robust to meteorological variable and index although the importance of Kelvin waves is amplified in the VPM. A regional analysis including phase separation contains results that are sensitive to variable and domain although westward traveling waves are commonly associated with MJO termination regardless of location.
3D electrochemical technique with biowaste nano zerovalent iron granular electrodes for cationic dyes removal from aqueous solution
Authors: Alnasrawy Shaimaa Taleb
Published: November 2022

In this study, biowaste nano zerovalent iron (NZFe) was synthesized by a simple procedure from banana peel extract and was utilized, for the first time, as granular third electrodes in the 3D electrochemical system for cationic dyes removal. The aim of this study is to detect the efficacy of the synthesized biowaste NZFe as a granular third electrode for cationic dyes removal. The physical and chemical properties of the synthesized NZFe were determined using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis. An electrochemical cell with graphite as anode and stainless steel as cathode was used. A 3D electrochemical system with NZFe as granular third electrodes was found to be more efficient than a 2D electrochemical system for removing cationic dyes from an aqueous solution. The highest removal rates of methyl green and basic blue 41 under the optimum operating conditions (NZFe dose of 2 g/L, pH of 5, electrolysis time of 35 min, 0.3 g/L [Na2SO4], current density of 50 mA/cm2, and dye concentration of 100 mg/L) were 98.8% and 97.1%, respectively. The potential mechanism of the removal of cationic dyes utilizing the 3D electrochemical system with the NZFe as granular third electrodes was proposed.
Interprofessional simulation training for perinatal mental health: A mixed methods study
Authors: Camerlynck Marie‐Frederique , Saunders Aleks , Attoe Chris , Williams Leonie , Cross Sean , Wilson Catherine
Published: November 2022

Objective

To determine the effectiveness of high‐fidelity interprofessional simulation on improving self‐efficacy of healthcare staff caring for individuals with perinatal mental health (PNMH) problems.

Methods

This study employed a mixed methods, quasi‐experimental intervention design. Participants were 240 doctors, nurses, midwives, and other clinical and nonclinical healthcare professionals recruited to partake in the study during their time undertaking the course. The course took place in a simulation centre, re‐creating high fidelity scenarios of a woman's pathway of treatment in perinatal mental health care. The course consisted of six simulated scenarios using trained actors to portray patients with common perinatal mental health presentations. Participants each took part in and observed at least 1–2 scenarios and all subsequently engaged in reflective group debriefs.

Main Outcome Measures

The Human Factor Skills for Healthcare Instrument (HFSHI), measuring self‐efficacy in human factors skills, and a scale developed for this study—the Course Specific Question Scale (CSQ)—to measure changes in knowledge, skills and confidence on course‐specific learning objectives were used for pre‐ and post‐data. A post‐course evaluation form was used for gathering qualitative data on learning and course experience.

Results

Participants expressed improvements in interprofessional collaboration, emotional awareness, reflection, communication and attitudes towards perinatal mental health following the course. Improvements in self‐efficacy alongside skills, knowledge and confidence regarding perinatal mental health care were also found.

Conclusions

Findings suggest potential benefits of simulation training for perinatal mental health to improve self‐efficacy, knowledge and clinical practice. More research is needed to fully assess interprofessional simulation training in PNMH and the long‐term impact of training on clinical practice.
The impact of oocyte death on mouse primordial follicle formation and ovarian reserve
Authors: Umeno Ken , Sasaki Ayana , Kimura Naoko
Published: November 2022

Background

Ovaries, the source of oocytes, maintain the numbers of primordial follicles, develop oocytes for fertilization and embryonic development. Although it is well known that about two‐thirds of oocytes are lost during the formation of primordial follicles through cyst fragmentation and the aggregation of oocytes within the cyst, the mechanism responsible for this remains unclear.

Methods

We provide an overview of cell death that is associated with the oocyte cyst breakdown and primordial follicle assembly along with our recent findings for mice that had been treated with a TNFα ligand inhibitor.

Main Findings

It is generally accepted that apoptosis is the major mechanism responsible for the depletion of germ cells. In fact, a gene deficiency or the overexpression of apoptosis regulators can have a great effect on follicle numbers and/or fertility. Apoptosis, however, may not be the only cause of the large‐scale oocyte attrition during oocyte cyst breakdown, and other mechanisms, such as aggregation, may also be involved in this process.

Conclusion

The continued study of oocyte death during primordial follicle formation could lead to the development of novel strategies for manipulating the primordial follicle pool, leading to improved fertility by enhancing the ovarian reserve.
Fixed‐time output regulation of linear delay systems by smooth time‐varying control
Authors: Li Haifang
Published: November 2022

This article investigates the fixed‐time output regulation problem (FxTORP) for linear systems in the presence of input delay. A linear controller consisting of the linear periodic delayed feedback (PDF) gain and the feedforward gain obtained by solving regulator equations is designed, such that FxTORP is addressed. If only the measurable output can be used for feedback, a linear observer with periodic coefficient and artificial delay is designed so that its state converges to the state of the augmented system at a prescribed finite time. Based on the estimated state, the output regulation problem can also be solved by using observer‐based output feedback. The most significant advantages of this article are that the PDF gain can be taken as smooth and the output regulation problem is achieved within a prespecified regulation time. Finally, a simulation example is given to substantiate the validity of the proposed approaches.
Surface‐Mediated Production of Complexed •OH Radicals and FeO Species as a Mechanism for Iron Oxide Peroxidase‐Like Nanozymes
Authors: Wan Kaiwei , Jiang Bing , Tan Ting , Wang Hui , Liang Minmin
Published: November 2022

Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) with intrinsic peroxidase‐like properties have attracted significant interest, although limited information is available on the definite catalytic mechanism. Here, it is shown that both complexed hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and high‐valent FeO species are attributed primarily to the peroxidase‐like catalytic activity of Fe3O4 NPs under acid conditions rather than only being caused by free •OH radicals generated through the iron‐driven Fenton/Haber–Weiss reactions as previously thought. The low energy barrier of OO bond dissociation of H2O2/•OOH (0.14 eV) and the high oxidation activity of surface FeO (0 eV) due to the reduced state of Fe on the surface of Fe3O4 NPs thermodynamically favor both the •OH and FeO pathways. By contrast, high‐valent FeO species are the key intermediates in the catalytic cycles of natural peroxidase enzymes. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the enzyme‐like activity of Fe3O4 NPs can be rationally regulated by modulating the size, surface structure, and valence of active metal atoms in the light of this newly proposed nanozyme catalytic mechanism.
Zero‐Strain Insertion Anode Material of Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Zhenbang , Tian Fei , Li Yan , Lei Danni , Wang Chengxin
Published: November 2022

The insertion type materials are the most important anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries, but their insufficient capacity is the bottleneck of practical application. Here, LiAl5O8 nanowires with high theoretical capacity and Li‐ions diffusion coefficient are prepared and studied as an insertion anode material, which exhibits zero‐strain properties upon electrochemical cycling. However, the poor electronic conductivity of LiAl5O8 definitely sacrifices the capacity and limits the rate performance. Therefore, compact LiAl5O8 and carbon composite are further synthesized, in which nanosized LiAl5O8 particles are uniformly embedded in an amorphous carbon matrix. It displays a reversible capacity of 490.9 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1, and the capacity rises continuously to 996.8 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles due to the interfacial storage mechanism, that the excess Li+ ions can be accommodated in the grain boundaries and C/LiAl5O8 interfaces.
Demystifying quantum blockchain for healthcare
Authors: Kaushik Keshav , Kumar Adarsh
Published: November 2022

The healthcare industry and the battle against the COVID‐19 pandemic are two areas where blockchain technology might be useful. In this study, blockchain's significance is examined. Blockchain technology and related procedures will be used in future healthcare systems for collecting sensor data, automated patient monitoring, and safe data storage. Because it can store a large amount of data in a dispersed and secure way and provide access whenever and wherever it is needed, this technology greatly simplifies the process of carrying out activities. The advantages of quantum computing, such as the speed with which patients can be found and monitored, may be fully used with the help of quantum blockchain. Quantum blockchain is an additional resource that may be used to safeguard the veracity, integrity, and availability of stored information. Combining quantum computing with blockchain technology may allow faster and more secure medical information processing. In this research, the authors examine the potential uses of blockchain and quantum technology in the healthcare industry. Quantum technologies, blockchain‐based technologies, and other cutting‐edge ICTs (such as ratification intelligence, machine learning, drones, and so on) were investigated and contrasted in this article.
Influence of Fluorine and CaO/Al2O3 Ratio on the Wetting Behavior Between CaO–Al2O3‐Based Mold Flux and Steel Substrate
Authors: Yang Yang , Wang Wanlin , Zhou Lejun , Luo Hao , Zheng Qing , Zhao Ru
Published: November 2022

The wetting behavior of flux melt on the initial solidified shell greatly determines the slag entrapment in the casting product and the sliver defect in the rolled product. Herein, the wetting behavior of CaO–Al2O3‐based mold flux with various fluorine (F) contents and CaO/Al2O3 (C/A) ratio on steel substrate is studied using the sessile drop method. Results show that the contact angle decreases from 71.35° to 59.86° and from 65.96° to 22.73°, meanwhile, the interfacial tension decreases from 1743.02 to 1669.69 mN m−1 and from 1705.40 to 1448.53 mN m−1, with the addition of F and the increase of C/A ratio, respectively. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicates that the addition of F and increase of C/A ratio lead to positive adsorption () of non‐bridging oxygen (O−) and free oxygen (O2−) at the interface, which is the main reason why the interfacial tension between the mold flux and steel is reduced and the wettability of flux droplet on the steel is enhanced.
Wearable respiratory sensors for COVID‐19 monitoring
Authors: Chen Guorui , Shen Sophia , Tat Trinny , Zhao Xun , Zhou Yihao , Fang Yunsheng , Chen Jun
Published: November 2022

Since its outbreak in 2019, COVID‐19 becomes a pandemic, severely burdening the public healthcare systems and causing an economic burden. Thus, societies around the world are prioritizing a return to normal. However, fighting the recession could rekindle the pandemic owing to the lightning‐fast transmission rate of SARS‐CoV‐2. Furthermore, many of those who are infected remain asymptomatic for several days, leading to the increased possibility of unintended transmission of the virus. Thus, developing rigorous and universal testing technologies to continuously detect COVID‐19 for entire populations remains a critical challenge that needs to be overcome. Wearable respiratory sensors can monitor biomechanical signals such as the abnormities in respiratory rate and cough frequency caused by COVID‐19, as well as biochemical signals such as viral biomarkers from exhaled breaths. The point‐of‐care system enabled by advanced respiratory sensors is expected to promote better control of the pandemic by providing an accessible, continuous, widespread, noninvasive, and reliable solution for COVID‐19 diagnosis, monitoring, and management.
Gender discrimination of veterinary students and its impact on career aspiration: A mixed methods approach
Authors: Freestone Katie , Remnant John , Gummery Erica
Published: November 2022

Introduction

As the veterinary profession has become feminised, gender discrimination and its effects have been documented in practicing veterinary surgeons. However, research on gender discrimination experienced by veterinary students and its effects on recruitment and retention remains limited. This study aimed to increase understanding of veterinary students’ experiences of gender discrimination and its impact on their career aspirations.

Methods

A questionnaire including statements with Likert‐style response options and free‐text questions was distributed to students studying veterinary medicine and science at a UK veterinary school in September 2020 (28% response rate). Two focus groups were carried out following the questionnaire to gain a deeper insight into student experiences.

Results

Gender discrimination in a veterinary setting had been experienced by 34% of respondents, the majority (77%) on animal husbandry placements. Female students were more likely to report that their experiences of gender discrimination affected their career aspirations. Seven themes were identified from both the questionnaire and focus group data: stereotyping of certain fields, gender inequality on placements, the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex, plus (LGBTQI+) community, encouraging reporting behaviours, barriers to reporting, education and the placement allocation.

Conclusions

This study highlighted that gender discrimination was prevalent during animal husbandry placements, although reporting was infrequent and perceived negatively by students. Recommendations on how veterinary schools and the wider veterinary profession can support veterinary students are made as an outcome of this work.
Privacy
Authors: Stahl Bernd Carsten , Schroeder Doris , Rodrigues Rowena
Published: November 2022

Privacy and data protection are concerns raised about most digital technologies. The advance of artificial intelligence (AI) has given even higher levels of prominence to these concerns. Three cases are presented as examples to highlight the way in which AI can affect or exacerbate privacy concerns. The first deals with the use of private data in authoritarian regimes. The second looks at the implications of AI use of genetic data. The third concerns problems linked to biometric surveillance. Then follows a description of how privacy concerns are currently addressed via data protection regulation and a discussion of where AI may raise new challenges to existing data protection regimes. Current European data protection law requires data protection impact assessment. This chapter suggests that a broader AI impact assessment could broaden the remit of such an assessment to offer more comprehensive coverage of possible privacy concerns linked to AI.
Dignity
Authors: Stahl Bernd Carsten , Schroeder Doris , Rodrigues Rowena
Published: November 2022

Dignity is a very prominent concept in human rights instruments, in particular constitutions. It is also a concept that has many critics, including those who argue that it is useless in ethical debates. How useful or not dignity can be in artificial intelligence (AI) ethics discussions is the question of this chapter. Is it a conversation stopper, or can it help explain or even resolve some of the ethical dilemmas related to AI? The three cases in this chapter deal with groundless dismissal by an automated system, sex robotsand care robots. The conclusion argues that it makes perfect sense for human rights proponents to treat dignity as a prime value, which takes precedence over others in the case of extreme dignity violations such as torture, human trafficking, slavery and reproductive manipulation. However, in AI ethics debates, it is better seen as an equal among equals, so that the full spectrum of potential benefits and harms are considered for AI technologies using all relevant ethical values.
AI for Good and the SDGs
Authors: Stahl Bernd Carsten , Schroeder Doris , Rodrigues Rowena
Published: November 2022

In 2015, 193 nations came together to agree Agenda 2030: 17 goals ranging from the elimination of poverty to the building of partnerships to achieve those goals. The spirit of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is to leave no one behind. Artificial intelligence (AI) has a great potential to assist in reaching the SDGs. For instance, using algorithms on new and vast agricultural data sets can improve the efficiency of agriculture practices and thereby contribute to SDG 1, “Zero hunger”. However, the high energy consumption, computational resources and levels of expertise required for AI can exacerbate existing inequalities. At the same time, potentially useful AI applications such as seasonal climate forecasting have led to the accelerated laying off of workers in Peru and credit denial to poor farmers in Zimbabweand Brazil. If AI for Good is to be truly realised, AI’s potential to worsen inequality, to overexploit resources, to be undertaken through “helicopter research” and to focus on SDG issues relevant mainly to high-income countries must be overcome, ideally in close collaboration and engagement with potential beneficiaries in resource-limited settings.
ELG National Competence Centres and Events
Authors: Marheinecke Katrin , Grützner-Zahn Annika , Rehm Georg
Published: November 2022

The National Competence Centres (NCCs) in ELG are an international network of 32 regional and national networks, lead by one regional/national representative. The 32 NCCs play a crucial role in ELG, they support the project by bringing in their corresponding regional and national perspective and stakeholders, organising ELG workshops and functioning as regional/national representatives. The chapter explains why, despite a considerable coordination effort, it was worth putting this network together. One important task carried out by the NCCs was to conduct regional/ national dissemination events and to participate in relevant regional/national events and also in the annual META-FORUM conferences, organised by ELG.
Innovation and Marketplace: A Vision for the European Language Grid
Authors: Prinz Katja , Backfried Gerhard
Published: November 2022

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of innovation and the ELG marketplace as core elements for the generation of value and the creation of an active, attractive and vibrant community surrounding the European Language Grid. Innovation is an essential element in making ELG a credible and sustainable undertaking. However, it does not happen by itself nor materialise in a vacuum. Consequently, ELG provides a habitat for various kinds of innovation and a home for the necessary community to put innovation into action. The marketplace is essential for attracting participants supplying and demanding services, resources, components and technologies on a European scale. Innovation and marketplace – as well as the overall business model – are tightly connected and need to be developed and managed in a joint manner. Clearly, this is not a one-off activity, but rather needs to be carried out continuously and extend into the future. ELG is designed and created to promote the excellence and growth of the European LT market, creating new jobs and business opportunities and supporting European digital sovereignty. Encompassing a wide array of technologies and resources for many languages spoken across Europe and in neighbouring regions, it contributes to the Multilingual Digital Single Market as a cross-European driver for innovation.
Sustaining the European Language Grid: Towards the ELG Legal Entity
Authors: Rehm Georg , Marheinecke Katrin , Hegele Stefanie , Piperidis Stelios , Bontcheva Kalina , Hajič Jan , Choukri Khalid , Vasiļjevs Andrejs , Backfried Gerhard , Prinz Katja , Gómez-Pérez Jose Manuel , Germann Ulrich
Published: November 2022

When preparing the European Language Grid EU project proposal and designing the overall concept of the platform, the need for drawing up a long-term sustainability plan was abundantly evident. Already in the phase of developing the proposal, the centrepiece of the sustainability plan was what we called the “ELG legal entity”, i. e., an independent organisation that would be able to take over operations, maintenace, extension and governance of the European Language Grid platform as well as managing and helping to coordinate its community. This chapter describes our current state of planning with regard to this legal entity. It explains the different options discussed and it presents the different products specified, which can be offered by the legal entity in the medium to long run. We also describe which legal form the organisation will take and how it will ensure the sustainability of ELG.
Lingsoft Solutions as Distributable Containers
Authors: Andersson Sebastian , Stormbom Michael
Published: November 2022

Lingsoft is one of the leading language technology and language service providers in the Nordic countries. In the Lingsoft Solutions as Distributable Containers (LSDISCO) project, we packaged our language technology tools for distribution as containerised services via the European Language Grid (ELG). As a result, Lingsoft’s speech recognition, machine translation, proofing, and morphological analysis was made available to users of the European Language Grid. The services primarily cover Finnish (general and healthcare domain), Swedish (also Finland Swedish), Danish, Norwegian bokmål and nynorsk, and English. The distribution as containerised services is a straightforward way of making our tools available and updated on ELG and we intend to continue to update our service offerings on ELG with new tools and languages as we develop them.
Multilingual Knowledge Systems as Linguistic Linked Open Data
Authors: Vasilevich Alena , Wetzel Michael
Published: November 2022

Creation and re-usability of language resources in accordance with Linked Data principles is a valuable asset in the modern data world. We describe the contributions made to extend the Linguistic Linked Open Data (LLOD) stack with a new resource, Coreon MKS, bringing together concept-oriented, language-agnostic terminology management and graph-based knowledge organisation. We dwell on our approach to mirroring of Coreon’s original data structure to RDF and supplying it with a SPARQL endpoint. We integrate MKS into the existing ELG infrastructure, using it as a platform for making the published MKS discoverable and retrievable via a industry-standard interface. While we apply this approach to LLOD-ify Coreon MKS, it can also provide relevant input for standardisation bodies and interoperability communities, acting as a blueprint for similar integration activities.
Sign Language Explanations for Terms in a Text
Authors: Ludwar Helmut , Schuster Julia
Published: November 2022

The ELG pilot project SignLookUp serves the goal of developing a function that makes text documents easier to comprehend for deaf people. This is important as many of them are functional illiterates.
Streaming Language Processing in Manufacturing
Authors: Wiener Patrick , Thoma Steffen
Published: November 2022

Often underestimated, (semi-)structured textual data sources are an important cornerstone in the manufacturing sector for product and process quality tracking. The ELG pilot project SLAPMAN develops novel methods for industrial text analytics in the form of scalable, reusable, and potentially stateful microservices, which can be easily orchestrated by domain experts in order to define quality anomaly patterns, e. g., by analysing machine states and error logs. The results are fully available as open source and integrated into the IIoT toolbox Apache StreamPipes.
Textual Paraphrase Dataset for Deep Language Modelling
Authors: Kanerva Jenna , Ginter Filip , Chang Li-Hsin , Skantsi Valtteri , Kilpeläinen Jemina , Kupari Hanna-Mari , Piirto Aurora , Saarni Jenna , Sevón Maija , Tarkka Otto
Published: November 2022

The Turku Paraphrase Corpus is a dataset of over 100,000 Finnish paraphrase pairs. During the corpus creation, we strived to gather challenging paraphrase pairs, more suitable to test the capabilities of natural language understanding models. The paraphrases are both selected and classified manually, so as to minimise lexical overlap, and provide examples that are structurally and lexically different to the maximum extent. An important distinguishing feature of the corpus is that most of the paraphrase pairs are extracted and distributed in their native document context, rather than in isolation. The primary application for the dataset is the development and evaluation of deep language models, and representation learning in general.
Virtual Personal Assistant Prototype YouTwinDi
Authors: Weber Franz , Jarisch Gregor
Published: November 2022

YouTwinDi is the next step in a digitised world in which the digital twin evolves and interacts with other digital twins and makes autonomous decisions in the interest of its human twin. In this scenario, security and digital ethics assure ethical decisions and IT specialists concur on improving the digital landscape with ethical models. This vision also includes overcoming language barriers. A continuous match of supply and demand as well as tailored searches help human twins to improve their lives in all respects. YouTwinDi uses the most advanced translation and language analysis technologies, allowing the user and its digital twin to interact with all European citizens without being blocked by language barriers.
Using the European Language Grid as a Consumer
Authors: Roberts Ian , Labropoulou Penny , Galanis Dimitris , Calizzano Rémi , Kolovou Athanasia , Gkoumas Dimitris , Lagzdiņš Andis , Piperidis Stelios
Published: November 2022

This chapter describes the European Language Grid cloud platform from the point of view of a consumer who wishes to access language resources or make use of language technology tools and services. Three aspects are discussed: 1. the webbased user interface (UI) for casual and non-technical users, 2. the underlying REST APIs that drive the UI but can also be called directly by third parties to integrate ELG functionality in their own tools, and 3. the Python Software Development Kit (SDK) that we have developed to simplify access to these APIs from Python code. The chapter concludes with a preview of the upcoming payment module that will enable the sale of commercial LT services and resources through ELG, and a discussion of how ELG compares and relates to other similar platforms and initiatives.
Contributing to the European Language Grid as a Provider
Authors: Galanis Dimitris , Labropoulou Penny , Roberts Ian , Deligiannis Miltos , Voukoutis Leon , Gkirtzou Katerina , Calizzano Rémi , Kolovou Athanasia , Gkoumas Dimitris , Piperidis Stelios
Published: November 2022

The ELG platform enables producers of language resources and language technology tools and services to upload, describe, share, and distribute their services and products as well as to describe their companies, academic organisations and projects. This chapter presents the functionalities offered through web-based user interfaces for describing LT resources or related entities with metadata and for managing their publication. It gives a detailed description of the options that providers of LT tools can exploit to integrate them into ELG as ready-to-deploy services and the tools that ELG offers in their support during the preparation, upload and integration phases. The tools and packaging recommendations for resources to be uploaded in ELG are also presented. The chapter concludes with a discussion of functionalities offered to providers by ELG and other related platforms.
Cloud Infrastructure of the European Language Grid
Authors: Kintzel Florian , Calizzano Rémi , Rehm Georg
Published: November 2022

The European Language Grid (ELG) is a cloud-based platform, utilising a variety of software packages as well as infrastructure components and virtual hardware. The additional software components developed by the ELG project are usually provided as open source to facilitate re-use by third parties. This chapter provides an overview of the infrastructural setup used by the ELG cloud platform. The selected architecture also has implications for providers as well as users of the platform, e. g., in terms of the scaling behaviour of individual Language Technology (LT) services.
Einführung
Authors: Hunold Daniela , Singelnstein Tobias
Published: November 2022

Obwohl das Thema Rassismus als Problem der Polizei die gesellschaftliche Debatte in den vergangenen Jahren äußerst intensiv beschäftigt hat, sind Ausmaße und Formen des Rassismus in der deutschen Polizei bisher nur in Ansätzen untersucht. Der vorliegende Band bietet eine Grundlage für die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema, indem er den Forschungsstand aus verschiedenen Disziplinen zusammenführt und systematisch aufarbeitet. Das Buch ist in sechs Abschnitte gegliedert, welche jeweils einen inhaltlichen Schwerpunkt bilden. Angesprochen sind hier begriffliche, rechtliche und historische Grundlagen, Formen und Entstehungszusammenhänge von Rassismus, unterschiedliche polizeiliche Tätigkeitsbereiche, Folgen von Rassismus, Möglichkeiten der wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung sowie der mögliche Umgang mit dem Problem.
Von Einstellungen zu polizeilichen Praxen
Authors: Gutschmidt Daniela , Czudnochowski David
Published: November 2022

In diesem Kapitel wird das Verhältnis zwischen Einstellungen und polizeilichen Praxen beleuchtet. Dabei wird berücksichtigt, dass es häufig zu Diskrepanzen zwischen der Einstellung und den Handlungen eines Individuums kommt und es werden die Entstehungsbedingungen menschlichen Verhaltens skizziert. Ebenso wird argumentiert, dass sich soziale Faktoren auf das Verhalten des Individuums auswirken und es wird dargelegt, welche Ermöglichungsstrukturen für rassistisches Handeln polizeiliche Praxen beinhalten. Daraus folgt, dass neben der individuellen Ebene auch Phänomene auf Gruppen- und Organisationsebene, wie z. B. Kultur(en) in der Polizei, zu berücksichtigen sind.
„Polizeigewalt hat es nicht gegeben“ – Cop Culture als Disposition für Dominanz, Überlegenheit und Grenzüberschreitung im polizeilichen Alltagshandeln
Authors: Behr Rafael
Published: November 2022

Cop Culture übersetzt abstrakt formulierte Erwartungen des Gesetzgebers in konkrete Handlungsanweisungen, und sie bildet den normativen Rahmen dafür, dass Polizist:innen davon überzeugt sein können, auch dann zu den „Guten“ zu gehören, wenn sie gegen offizielle Vorschriften verstoßen. Der Wertekanon, der hinter dieser Haltung steht, beruht auf Dominanzkultur (Rommelspacher 1995). Cop Culture verteidigt den kollektiven Überlegenheitshabitus. Seine Infragestellung durch das Publikum liefert den Grund für überdimensionierten Gewalteinsatz, seine polizeiinterne Überhöhung die für Rassismus und Diskriminierung. Alle drei werden aber in ihrer Ursache, ihrem Umfang und ihrer Wirkung institutionell weitgehend verschleiert und relativiert.
Gefahrenabwehr und Eigensicherung
Authors: Herrnkind Martin
Published: November 2022

Rassistische Funktionsmuster und diskriminierende Praxen zeigen sich real, sind also auch theoretisch kaum zwischen den einzelnen polizeilichen Kernaufgaben Strafverfolgung und Gefahrenabwehr isolierbar. Zudem erfüllt Polizeihandeln häufig doppelfunktionale Zwecke. Hinzu kommt die schleichende Loslösung vom Tatverdacht (bzw. seiner Vorverlagerung) in der Strafprozessordnung und von der konkreten Gefahr in den Polizeigesetzen. Das Gefahrenabwehrrecht belässt der Polizei einen zunehmend breiten Ermessensspielraum, der das Willkürverbot nicht selten leerlaufen lässt.

Demgemäß sucht dieser Beitrag seinen Schwerpunkt in den praktischen Auswirkungen polizeilicher Gefahrenabwehr, bleibt aber nicht vollständig von der Strafverfolgung isolierbar.

Rassistische Vorurteile lassen sich als Wahrnehmen, Fühlen und Denken konzeptualisieren. Praktiken der Diskriminierung werden dahingehend dem Handeln zugeordnet. Aber das greift im Kontext Polizei zu kurz. Polizeirassismus materialisiert sich auch durch Unterlassen, gerade in der Gefahrenabwehr. In Geschichte und Gegenwart verfehlte und verfehlt die Polizei mannigfaltig ihren Schutzauftrag gegenüber bedrohten Minoritäten der Gesellschaft. Diese Rassismen oszillieren auf Mikro-, Meso- und Makroebenen. Neben rassistischen Einstellungsmustern individueller Vollzugskräfte treten Handlungsroutinen von Einheiten und Managemententscheidungen. Letztere können häufig als institutionalisierte Diskriminierung gedeutet werden. Erklären lassen sie sich aber selten ohne eine stillschweigende gesellschaftspolitische Einbettung, mithin einen systemischen (oder strukturellen) Rassismus. Der Pogrom Rostock-Lichtenhagen zählt zu den deutlichen Beispielen. Die Muster zeigen sich aber bis heute.

Die Eigensicherung im Einsatzgeschehen ist – verstärkt in den vergangenen zwanzig Jahren – zu einem politischen Diskurs geronnen. „Gewalt gegen Polizeibeamte“ und „Respektlosigkeit“ sind nur zwei Diskurselemente. Strafrechtsnovellen folgten, passive und aktive Bewaffnung der Polizei wurden massiv angereichert. Zu einem bedeutsamen Teil des Diskurses gehören sogenannte latente oder manifeste „Konflikte der Polizei mit bestimmten Migrant:innen“. Seltener wird erörtert, ob und welche Teile der Verantwortung für diese Konflikte sich die Polizei selbst zuschreiben müsste, welche davon bspw. durch die o. g. Polizeistrategien induziert werden. In diesem Verständnis können gängige Lösungsvorschläge, wie z. B. Körperkameras, kritisch diskutiert werden.
Rassistische Diskriminierung im Kontext polizeilicher Gewaltanwendung
Authors: Espín Grau Hannah , Klaus Luise
Published: November 2022

Die Analyse der empirischen Daten der Studie KviAPol („Körperverletzung im Amt durch Polizeibeamt:innen“) gibt Hinweise auf rassistische Diskriminierungen im Kontext polizeilicher Gewaltanwendung im deutschsprachigen Raum. Personen mit Migrationshintergrund und People of Color sind auf besondere Weise von übermäßiger polizeilicher Gewalt betroffen und tragen andere Folgen davon alsweißePersonen oder Personen ohne Migrationshintergrund. Anhand der empirischen Befunde legt der Beitrag Formen und Folgen rassistisch motivierter polizeilicher Gewaltanwendung dar und erläutert mögliche Auslöser und Erklärungsansätze.
Kriminell oder kriminalisiert? Die Rolle der Polizei bei Verdachtsschöpfung und Konstruktion der „Ausländerkriminalität“
Authors: Walburg Christian
Published: November 2022

Die Polizei spielt bei der Konstruktion und Reproduktion dessen, was gesellschaftlich als Kriminalität verhandelt wird, eine wichtige Rolle. Im Rahmen der Strafverfolgung ergeben sich aus zahlreichen Entscheidungsspielräumen bei der polizeilichen Schöpfung und Weiterverfolgung eines Verdachts Einfallstore für Diskriminierungen zum Nachteil von Minderheitenangehörigen. Studien lassen teilweise individuelle Vorurteile und pauschalisierende institutionelle Wissensbestände erkennen, die sich zuweilen verdachtsbegründend, vor allem aber wohl situativ-verdachtsverstärkend auswirken können. Bei alledem verschränken sich schicht-, geschlechts-, herkunfts- und raumbezogene Annahmen über Abweichung und Gefährlichkeit.
Kritische Rassismusforschung: Theorien, Konzepte, zentrale Befunde
Authors: Karakayalı Juliane
Published: November 2022

Rassismus ist in Deutschland noch immer ein umkämpfter Begriff. Während antirassistische Initiativen, migrantische Verbände und Wissenschaftler:innen seit Jahrzehnten seine Existenz und Effekte nachweisen, beginnt gerade erst eine breitere gesellschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit Rassismus. Der Beitrag reagiert auf dieses Unpassungsverhältnis mit einer Einführung in grundlegende Theorien der kritischen Rassismusforschung und bietet einen Überblick über zentrale Konzepte und Befunde mit Relevanz für den Kontext Polizei. Dazu gehört, Rassismus als gesellschaftliches Verhältnis vorzustellen, Rassismen voneinander zu unterscheiden sowie institutionellen Rassismus zu erläutern.
Rassistisches Polizieren. Erfahrungen, Umgangsweisen und Interventionen
Authors: Thompson Vanessa E.
Published: November 2022

Rassistisches Polizieren produziert vielschichtige Formen von Gewalt, die durch institutionelle Verschränkungen verstärkt werden. Der Beitrag diskutiert auf Grundlage der Wissensbestände und Archive von betroffenen Personen und unterstützenden Initiativen die Erfahrungen, Umgangsweisen und Interventionen gegen rassistisches Polizieren. Am Beispiel von Racial Profiling sowie von Tötungen schwarzer Menschen in Deutschland werden die vielschichtigen und strukturellen Formen institutioneller Gewalt in den Blick genommen und diskutiert. Abschließend werden Umgangsweisen und Interventionspraktiken vorgestellt.
Vertrauens- und Legitimitätsbrüche: Was bedeutet Rassismus durch die Polizei für die Gesellschaft?
Authors: Abdul-Rahman Laila
Published: November 2022

Rassismus durch die Polizei verstößt gegen die Grundsätze des demokratischen Rechtsstaates. Bürger:innen müssen darauf vertrauen können, dass sich staatliche Behörden an Recht und Gesetz halten. Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, wie Rassismus das gesellschaftliche Vertrauen in die Polizei sowie deren Legitimität beeinflusst, und stellt empirische Befunde für Deutschland dar. Anschließend werden rassistische polizeiliche Praktiken in den Blick genommen und in ihrem Zusammenhang mit sozialer Identität analysiert. Danach wird mithilfe der Konzepte prozeduraler bzw. distributiver Gerechtigkeit geklärt, wie Vertrauen in die Polizei gestärkt oder geschwächt werden kann.
Folgen für die gesellschaftliche Wahrnehmung von Kriminalität
Authors: Klimke Daniela
Published: November 2022

Die soziale Konstruktion und konkrete Zuschreibung von Kriminalität dienten Gesellschaften seit jeher auch dazu, das Andere, das Außen der Gesellschaft zu markieren. Immer auch orientieren sich diese Herstellungsprozesse der Nichtzugehörigkeit an generalisierenden und stereotypisierenden Attribuierungen. Eine kulturalisierende Ethnisierung liegt den Konflikten mit Fremden zugrunde. In gesellschaftlichen Diskursen erscheinen sie als Konflikte aufgrund von Fremdheit. Die Polizei nutzt und reproduziert die gesellschaftlichen Fremdheitskonstruktionen.
„Black Box Polizei?“ – Wege der empirischen Forschung
Authors: Kemme Stefanie , Taefi Anabel
Published: November 2022

Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden unterschiedliche Wege der empirischen Näherung an die Phänomene gruppenbezogen-menschenfeindlicher Einstellungen, Kulturen und Handlungen von Polizist:innen vorgestellt und diskutiert. Die bereits in Deutschland umgesetzten Forschungsdesigns und bearbeiteten Fragestellungen werden beschrieben. Zudem werden die künftig methodisch zu beschreitenden Wege, die näher zu beleuchtenden Hypothesen zur Erklärung des Phänomens und die damit einhergehenden Herausforderungen beleuchtet.F
Polizei als uneinsichtige Institution
Authors: Heitmeyer Wilhelm
Published: November 2022

Der Artikel geht von der Grundprämisse aus, dass jede demokratische Gesellschaft ein Anrecht darauf hat zu erfahren, was in den Institutionen vor sich geht, die sie mit Macht und Waffen ausstattet. Die empirischen Entwicklungen in der Polizei machen es notwendig zu analysieren, wie weit Teile der Polizei im rechten Spektrum involviert sind. Die Analysen sind schwierig aufgrund von Abschirmungsstrategien. Deshalb wird es notwendig, dass hypothesengeleitete Untersuchungen mit einem mehrperspektivischen Ansatz in Polizeirevieren in den Mittelpunkt gestellt werden.
Vorhersage von Formen kontraproduktiven Verhaltens und Radikalisierungstendenzen in der polizeilichen Personalauswahl
Authors: Nettelnstroth Wim , Binder Henriette
Published: November 2022

Vor dem Hintergrund der Debatte über nicht hinnehmbare Werthaltungen von Polizeibeamt:innen (u. a. Radikalisierungstendenzen) richtet sich der Blick auch auf die polizeiliche Personalauswahl. Für eine Personalauswahl, die neben erwünschtem Verhalten auch unerwünschte Verhaltensweisen vorhersagen möchte, erweisen sich Komponenten der Persönlichkeit im Vergleich zu situativen Rahmenbedingungen als wichtiger. Dabei gibt es deutliche Hinweise auf drei wesentliche Einflussgrößen für kontraproduktives Arbeitsverhalten: (1) erlebte Ungerechtigkeit, (2) Persönlichkeitsmerkmale und (3) Selbstkontrolle.