bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Establishing a Channel of Communication
Authors: Scharff Sebastian
Published: October 2023

Starting from the observation that an athletic victor from Aphrodisias is praised for the remarkable fact that he received his victor prize ‘from the hands of the emperor’, this chapter asks if, how and why athletic representation changed from the Hellenistic to the Roman imperial period and what part material culture (i.e. victor inscriptions) played in this process. It analyses how Roman emperors of roughly the first three centuries ad used athletic festivals as a means of establishing a channel of communication with the people of the Greek-speaking parts of the empire. It is also looks at the manners in which emperors were present at these festivals and investigates how they intervened in the agonistic circuit. The final section takes the athletes’ perspective and reveals four new trends in the self-presentation of athletes of the Roman imperial period: the expansion of the frame of reference (‘first of the inhabited earth’), an explicit reference to multiple citizenships and council memberships, an emphasis on the victor’s status as part of an empire-wide aristocracy (‘father of senators’), and a prominence of the motif of the athlete’s proximity to the emperor. No doubt, the way athletes of the imperial period wanted their victories to be understood clearly changed in comparison to their predecessors. Athletes were now part of an empire that was composed of almost the entire inhabited earth. Their self-presentation is indicative of this aspect.
Breaking the Domination of the Word over the Human Spirit
Authors: Fritz Peter
Published: October 2023

A case is made for regimenting talk of properties and relations, alongside propositions and modalities, in a formal language. Focusing on properties, a number of desiderata of such a formal language are developed. It is shown that these desiderata are jointly inconsistent, using an analog of the inconsistency of naive set comprehension for properties. One of the desiderata is singled out as the least important one. The remaining desiderata motivate the introduction of a formal language which is a version of higher-order logic in the form of relational type theory. This language is introduced in such a way that its sentences are meaningful, with the relevant metasemantic constraints involving connections to natural language expressions and stipulative logical principles.
A Formal Language
Authors: Fritz Peter
Published: October 2023

A restricted version of the higher-order logic motivated in the previous chapter is introduced. The language includes variables in the position of sentences, and quantifiers binding them; these propositional quantifiers can be used to formalize talk of propositions. Similarly, the language includes variables in the position of sentential operators and quantifiers binding them, which can be used to formalize talk of modalities. The language also provides Boolean connectives and lambda abstraction, and an extension provides a connective for propositional identity. Proof systems for these languages are defined, and a schematic comprehension principle is derived. A general class of possible worlds models are introduced, and a soundness result is established for a suitable subclass. It is noted that model-theoretic consistency results can be seen as relative consistency proofs, and so do not rely on the existence of set-theoretic models.
Metaphysical Necessity
Authors: Fritz Peter
Published: October 2023

The notion of metaphysical necessity is widely appealed to in metaphysics. Nevertheless, a number of authors have questioned whether there is a unique modality which is picked out by talk of metaphysical necessity. It is argued, first, that if there is a broadest notion of necessity, then this is metaphysical necessity. Second, on the basis of the theory Classicism motivated in the previous chapter, it is argued that there is indeed a broadest notion of necessity, which can be defined as being identical to the tautologous proposition. The resulting theory of metaphysical necessity is shown to support the principles of S4 modal logic, as well as propositional versions of the converse Barcan formula and the necessity of identity. It is argued that this way of determining which notion of necessity is at issue in metaphysics cannot be extended to counterfactuals without collapsing counterfactuals to strict conditionals.
A Coarse-Grained World-View
Authors: Fritz Peter
Published: October 2023

The theory motivated in the previous chapters is summed up. What emerges is a familiar modal view of metaphysics, on which a proposition is necessary just in case it is true in all possible worlds, and propositions are identical just in case they are true in the same possible worlds. A number of questions are noted to be left open by the view, including questions of a mathematical character such as higher-order versions of the axiom of choice and the continuum hypothesis. Two general objections to such modal views of metaphysics are considered: The first concerns the central role possible worlds play, which leads to a problem identified by Kaplan. The problem is noted to be much more general, due to a theorem by Prior. The second concerns the challenge of making sense of type-neutral quantification. In response, an extension of standard type theory is sketched which allows relation terms of infinite arity.
Translatio and the Afterlives of Translation in Chrétien de Troyes’s Cligés
Authors: Campbell Emma
Published: October 2023

This chapter considers how the logic of continuity and rupture associated with Benjamin’s definition of translation as textual afterlife illuminates Chrétien de Troyes’s depiction of translatio in Cligés. In a way that critically reflects on such logic, Chrétien’s romance exposes tensions between the model of historical progression associated with translatio and its application to the translational agencies that inform his writing practice and that shape the world of his romance. Exploring translatio’s relationship to historical survival on textual and personal levels, Chrétien raises ethical questions about how far earlier textual models should determine the afterlives of characters as well as texts. Cligés thus engages with issues of translatability and agency such as those in Benjamin’s description of translation as afterlife; yet, it offers a counterpoint to Benjamin’s depersonalized formulation by examining how textual afterlives are experienced on a human scale and involve the agencies of individual characters as well as writers.
Conclusion
Authors: Herd David
Published: October 2023

The conclusion carries the arguments of the book into the present moment as a means of addressing the new politics of expulsion. The book’s origins are located in a property in East London, which, in 2014, housed two men forced to seek asylum in the United Kingdom. The discussion outlines the stories of the two men and shows that they have been systematically failed by contemporary geopolitics, a failure measured by their lived relation to space. The argument considers how the production of such contemporary non-places, the attempt through negative spatiality to produce non-personhood, has led to a new politics of expulsion. The discussion then addresses the implications of dismantling human rights in a UK context. It points back to a discourse in which the principles underpinning such rights were actively at issue and calls for attention to political imaginaries that looked to resist the expulsions of the sovereign and colonial state.
The strategies financiers devise to initiate relationships
Authors: Meyer David R.
Published: October 2023

Experienced financiers possess sophisticated means to reach people they want to initiate a relationship with, either contacting them directly or using one referral. Their personal networks give them access to substantial relational and structural social capital through which they request referrals for initiating a relationship. Financiers’ network contacts accumulate over their career. Colleagues in a firm provide valuable referrals because they possess external networks. Clients offer the best referrals because they personally vouch for the veracity of the person they refer. Cold calling is uncommon because referrals offer a higher probability of successfully reaching a target, although it does work in some contexts. Nevertheless, most financiers in firms with a high reputation/brand and/or a prestigious personal reputation use referrals a majority of the time. Financiers operate in a small world, which allows them to reach almost any target in one referral, that is, two degrees of separation.
The strategies financiers devise to build and maintain relationships
Authors: Meyer David R.
Published: October 2023

Financiers devise strategies to build and maintain relationships. They use non-face-to-face mechanisms such as emails and phone calls and face-to-face meetings. The contexts for building and maintaining relationships in face-to-face settings diverge. Personal encounters may occur in offices or over meals and coffees/teas. Relationships can range from highly personal and deep friendship to purely professional. Financiers employ a tertius gaudens strategy when they are the pivot of networks. They also employ a tertius iungens strategy and bring people together for collaborations. Face-to-face contact always ranks as the best way to build and maintain relationships. To maximize the benefits of relationships, financiers must manage them. The financier’s goal is to strengthen these ties and build relational social capital which they can access. They spend more time and effort on strong ties with valuable contacts and limited time and effort is spent on less valuable contacts.
Barriers to Entailment
Authors: Russell Gillian K.
Published: October 2023

A barrier to entailment exists if you can’t get conclusions of a certain kind from premises of another. One of the most famous barrier theses in philosophy is Hume’s Law, which says that you can’t get normative conclusions from descriptive premises, or in slogan form: you can’t get an ought from an is. This barrier is highly controversial, and many famous counterexamples were proposed in the last century. But there are other barriers which function almost as philosophical platitudes: no Universal conclusions from Particular premises, no Future conclusions from premises about the Past, and no claims that attribute Necessity from premises that merely tell us how things happen to be in the Actual world. Barriers to Entailment proposes a unified logical account of five barriers that have played important roles in philosophy. In the process it shows how to diagnose proposed counterexamples and argues that the case for Hume’s Law is as strong as that for the other barriers.
Can, Should, Will
Authors: Russell Gillian K.
Published: October 2023

This is the first chapter in Part II—on complex logics—and it raises one of the book’s key issues. We study problems for Hume’s Law stemming from the interaction between deontic and modal operators (e.g. ought implies can) by looking at parallel interactions between tense and modal operators, and in particular will implies can. This chapter sharpens these issues by developing a hybrid tense-modal logic which validates these claims. It identifies four possible responses to the counterexample: argue that the premises are really Future, that the conclusion is not Future, deny the validity of the argument and modify the theorem to admit of exceptions.
All the Barriers
Authors: Russell Gillian K.
Published: October 2023

This chapter represents the culmination of the formal work in the book: it brings all the barriers together as proofs about a single complex logic containing quantifiers, indexicals, tense, modal, and deontic operators. Each of the five barriers is a consequence of a single Limited General Barrier Theorem. This completes the part of the book that aims at a unified metalogical proof of the five barriers. It also resolves an issue that has plagued the debate over Hume’s Law: is the negation of a normative sentence always normative? The answer turns out to depend on whether the R-relation used to define the conclusion class—the set of normative sentences—is symmetric.
Energy flow
Authors: Wilkinson David M.
Published: October 2023

The second law of thermodynamics is central to understanding ecology, although it is not discussed in most ecology textbooks. It follows from thermodynamic ideas that all organisms must draw free energy from their environment and return waste products back to their environment. Microorganisms often play a central role in the decomposition of these waste products but are often ignored in food web studies. The possible importance of ideas of maximum entropy production (MEP) to global ecology is also discussed.
Conclusion
Authors: Gustafson Sandra M.
Published: October 2023

The deeply fractious political climate after the Civil War was a negative peace, and barely that. The disquiet that comes through in Abraham Lincoln’s Speech on Reconstruction was not misplaced. Had Lincoln not been assassinated, there is little reason to think that he would have been able to realize the hope that he expressed in his Second Inaugural Address for “a just, and a lasting peace amongst ourselves.” Yet, the substantial achievements of the peace movement during this period are worth holding in mind, for they fed directly into the later, more successful efforts that shaped the world we now inhabit. This short conclusion briefly projects forward to later developments in peace activism and scholarship and then recaps central themes of the book.
Estimation and confidence
Authors: Upton Graham , Brawn Dan
Published: October 2023

Our data is just a sample from a larger population. We are interested in the properties of that population and must use the information provided by the sample to deduce those properties. An obvious estimate of the population mean is the sample mean. In this chapter we examine how accurate that estimate is likely to be. We use the notion of a confidence interval which gives a range of values within which the unknown population parameter is likely to fall. The discussion introduces the so-called normal distribution, which is a consequence of the central limit theorem. The normal distribution is just the first of a number of important distributions that are introduced in this chapter. For handling population proportions, the relevant distribution is the binomial distribution; for events that happen at random points in time and/or space, it is the Poisson distribution that is relevant, with the intervals between random events being described by an exponential distribution. Other distributions introduced here are the chi-squared and Weibull distributions.
Last words
Authors: Upton Graham , Brawn Dan
Published: October 2023

This short chapter gives general advice concerning effective data analysis. The analyst should not expect to run a computer program and obtain a final answer. This is because almost all data sets will have quirks. It is essential that the analyst knows how the data have been obtained and expects that the records are less than 100% accurate. The analyst should expect missing information, unconscious biases, and incorrectly entered data. The use of diagrams to look a sections of the data or particular variables is encouraged.
The Germ of Justice
Authors: Green Leslie
Published: October 2023

The Germ of Justice collects a series of essays that examine three clusters of problems in general jurisprudence: the nature of law, the relations between law and morality, and the demands law makes of its officers and subjects. Leslie Green argues that while law is a social construction, it does not rest on social conventions, and while all law is positive law, there are necessary connections between law and morality. Green defends an instrumentalist theory of law and a sceptical view of law’s pretensions. He examines how far jurisprudence can learn from the social sciences and from feminism, the role of conceptual analysis in the subject, and its prospects for progress. En route, Green subjects to fresh scrutiny the doctrines of Hume, Kelsen, Hart, Dworkin, Finnis, and Raz. This major re-statement and re-examination of legal positivism will be accessible to students and researchers in law, politics, and philosophy.
Law as a Means
Authors: Green Leslie
Published: October 2023

This chapter defends an instrumentalist thesis about law, by showing that it belongs to an instrumental conception of law that is accepted by most legal philosophers, whether they be positivists or not. It then tries to make plausible an interpretation of that conception by showing that influential charges against it cannot stand. At the same time, not all versions of instrumentalism survive unscathed. We have to abandon Hans Kelsen’s view that law is essentially a coercive instrument, as well as Lon Fuller’s supposition that if law were an instrument, then it could only have instrumental value. Other familiar charges against instrumentalism turn out to be a matter of guilt by mistaken association. This provides indirect support for the view that law is a modal, rather than functional kind: its means are more distinctive than its ends.
Procedural Positive Obligation to Investigate
Authors: Stoyanova Vladislava
Published: October 2023

This chapter explains that national authorities are under the positive obligation to conduct effective investigation into allegations that individuals have been harmed. Two types of investigative duties are distinguished. The content of the first type can be formulated as a general obligation of having an effective judicial system so that light can be shed on the course of events that arguably led to harm. The second type can be framed as an obligation that has a more specific content since it requires the State to initiate a specific type of investigation, namely an official criminal investigation. These obligations impose specific requirements that can vary depending on the source of the harm (ie harm inflicted by state actors, by non-state actors, or linked with arguable omissions). These variations also affect how the proceedings at national should be initiated, considered effective, and when they might demand cooperation with other States.
Making Bank
Authors: Eglin John
Published: October 2023

Commercial gaming venues emerged in metropolitan London, and in print and archival sources, from the beginning of the eighteenth century. The late medieval statute under which most gaming was prosecuted in the ‘long eighteenth century’ was not originally aimed at commercial gaming enterprises, which did not yet exist in the sixteenth century, but at recreational facilities like bowling greens or tennis courts. From the later seventeenth century, however, there are descriptions of a very different sort of establishment, in which the facilitation of games of chance was a critical source of profit. By the second decade of a new century, commercial gaming operations focused on ‘banking’ games were sufficiently widespread in public accommodations in the metropolis for authorities to take notice.
The Groom Porter’s Dodge
Authors: Eglin John
Published: October 2023

The relationship between courtly and commercial gaming in Augustan Westminster and elsewhere resulted in real and perceived administrative anomalies. Much of the uncertainty contributing to the nebulous status of gaming in the metropolis emanated from the peculiar status of gaming in the royal household. In Britain as on the continent, gaming was often inflected with courtly privilege, which could overlap or create friction with the institutions and initiatives of government at both the national and local level. The coexistence of licit gaming in the Groom Porter’s lodge in Whitehall Palace and illicit gaming only a few streets away reflected unsettled jurisdictions, contested spaces, and problematic boundaries between public and private.
Introduction
Authors: Sharma Devyani
Published: October 2023

This introductory chapter sets out the wide range of attitudes and characterizations of New Englishes, both in popular discourse and in scholarship. These competing views call for an empirical account based on the full range of types of speakers and types of language use observed in such heterogenous social situations. The chapter outlines methods and data used to explore how early nonnative encounters with colonial British English evolved into established new dialects with millions of native speakers in these two regions. The approach taken integrates perspectives and methods from the study of native dialects, learner language, and language contact to move beyond debates over whether such varieties involve learner deficits or dialect patterns.
Dialect Identity
Authors: Sharma Devyani
Published: October 2023

Turning to the question of dialect self-perception, this chapter looks at how speakers of Indian English respond to contact with American English. One measure of affiliation to a new dialect is how much a speaker adjusts their accent when they encounter a standard, native variety. Indian English speakers show an emergent self-confidence in their accent, regardless of their measurable level of proficiency in English, an indication of their burgeoning endonormative stabilization. Qualitative analysis of expressed attitudes and wider language ideologies shows, however, that this shift to a new Indian dialect identity is only partial and fairly selective. In particular, it shows exonormative conservatism in grammar to secure native speaker rights, alongside more endonormative social indexicality in accent.
Abstraction and Experimentation in Comics
Authors: Borkent Mike
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines abstract and experimental comics that push the notions of abstraction and simplification associated with comics, fundamentally challenging questions of composition, representation, reference, identification, and access. Due to these challenges, they may be said to challenge readerly engagement and by extension the cognitive framework developed so far. How do readers think through such reductions in multimodal expression to come to some form of interpretation of this textuality? This chapter expands the cognitive theory to engage with interpretive possibilities that are generated through improvisational qualities of cognition, including the experience of fictive motion and fictive change that lead to notions of temporality, agentivity, and narrativity in abstract forms. It shows that even in abstract and experimental comics, modal and multimodal glimpses of agency offer opportunities to build meanings that explore the foundations of mediation and expressivity in comics and can even offer political and decolonial implications for readers.
The Chronographic Fallacy of Unilinear Music Theory, Or, Un(Re)productive Temporality in Dichterliebe
Authors: Lee Gavin S. K.
Published: October 2023

This chapter applies the theory of queer temporality to Dichterliebe, showing how previous analyses succumbed to chronographic fallacy—the assumption that one note necessarily leads to another in analytical graphs. Rather than the unilinear Schenkerian graph, the music of Dichterliebe occupies multiple temporalities, seen immediately in the opening song, wherein the non-developmental juxtaposition of minor/major passages, and deferred tonics, split temporality into shards. These temporal shards stand apart from the dual cyclic-linear temporalities that organized the private/public spheres of nineteenth-century Germany, reflecting the queer positionality of the poet in Dichterliebe who fails to achieve love and family. Against this poetic “waste,” several spheres of efficiency can be discerned under the capitalist regime of the past centuries: biopower and the utilitarian view of love and family in terms of the reproduction of the workforce, the resynchronization of the quotidian time of enslaved Africans into plantation production, and the eliminationist tendencies of unilinear Schenkerian theory that permits no deviations and meanderings, neither temporal nor racial. The eliminationism of Schenkerian theory is linked to reproductive heteronormativity and racism.
Introduction
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: October 2023

It is commonplace to reject hypocritical blame. This shows that blame is interpersonal in an important sense. This book aims to 1) cast light on the nature of standing to blame; 2) show why considerations of standing apply to illocutionary acts other than blaming, including acts that do not appeal to moral norms; and 3) use these insights as a basis for making a grand claim about how part of morality is interpersonal in a sense often ignored in discussions of the main first-order moral theories. This chapter sets the stage for the ensuing discussion and provides a thumbnail sketch of the contents of the book. It then argues that the issue of standing is important even if blaming without standing is not a major moral wrong compared to some of the other moral wrongs that occupy moral philosophers (and others).
What, If Anything, Makes Hypocritical Blame Morally Wrong?
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines three different kinds of accounts of why hypocritical blame is wrong. First, it explores distribution-focused accounts, i.e., accounts that explain the wrongness of hypocritical blame in terms of how it distorts the distribution of some good, in casu, esteem. Second, it critically assesses two versions of blamer-focused accounts, i.e., commitment- and wrong-attention-based accounts. Finally, it considers five blamer-blamee-relation-focused accounts: the moral authority, the reciprocity, the moral community, the falsehood, and finally, the moral equality accounts. The last account says that hypocritical blame is wrongful because of how the blamer relates to the blamee as a superior. The chapter argues that the moral equality account—which, note, is an account of a different matter than the moral equality account of standing to blame that we encountered in Chapter 2—offers the best account. However, it does not submit that hypocritical blame cannot be wrong, in part, because of the wrong-making features appealed to by the other accounts.
Praising
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: October 2023

Philosophers analyzing standing to blame have argued that (a) a blamer can lack the standing to blame an agent for an act even if the act is blameworthy; (b) standingless hypocritical blame is pro tanto morally wrongful; (c) several factors other than hypocrisy can undermine standing to blame. However, very little attention has been given to the issue of standing to praise. This chapter defends two main claims. First is the claim that if (a)–(c) are true, then so are (a*)–(c*). The latter are (a*) a praiser can lack the standing to praise someone else for an act even if that act is praiseworthy; (b*) standingless hypocritical praise is pro tanto morally wrongful; (c*) several factors other than hypocrisy can undermine someone’s standing to praise. Facts about standing to blame reflect more general facts about standing to hold responsible. Second is the claim that (a*)–(c*) are true.
Forgiving
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: October 2023

Many philosophers analyzing standing to blame have argued that (a) a blamer can lack standing to blame someone even if what that person did is blameworthy; (b) standingless hypocritical blame is pro tanto morally wrongful; (c) factors other than hypocrisy can undermine standing to blame. Philosophers have yet to address the issue of standing to forgive. This chapter defends two main claims. First, the conditional claim that if (a)–(c) are true, then so are (a*)–(c*). The latter are (a*) a forgiver can lack standing to forgive someone else for an act even if there are reasons why this act is forgivable; (b*) standingless hypocritical forgiveness is pro tanto morally wrongful; (c*) factors other than hypocrisy can annul someone’s standing to forgive. Facts about standing to forgive reflect more general facts about the discretionary exercise of normative powers to change one’s conversational rights to blame and praise. In the course of defending this claim, the chapter introduces the notion of “fromtaking.” This term refers to the discretionary exercise of one’s normative powers to change whether one has the liberty right to praise a particular agent for a particular praiseworthy action (the negative equivalent of forgiving). The second claim for which the chapter argues is the claim that (a*)–(c*) are true.
The Musician's Journey
Authors: Timmons Jill
Published: October 2023

The Musician’s Journey escorts musicians, performing artists, music teachers, and advanced music students along the road toward a successful career, offering a vast array of resources to guide them from envisioning the process to achieving the practical details. Jill Timmons provides key tools throughout the journey, from sources as diverse as the world of myth to current brain research, which illuminate compelling real-world examples of music entrepreneurs who forged their own paths to success. In addition to chapters on careers in higher education, guidance in how to develop a dynamic business plan, and effective time management, the expanded Second Edition includes up-to-date strategies for meeting the challenges of today’s current market place, including a greatly expanded section on grant writing and financial development. Moreover, there are diverse and inspiring stories taken from interviews with a range of successful musicians, along with personal narrative from the author’s work as a professional musician and consultant. The book includes an extensive bibliography of additional resources, and the companion website offers downloadable worksheets and questionnaires to assist the reader in igniting their own thriving musician’s journey.
A Career in Music
Authors: Timmons Jill
Published: October 2023

In today’s world, successfully navigating the challenges of the music industry clearly requires for artists a paradigm shift. Chapter 1 explores an overview of these modern-day challenges and provides an innovative real-world template for how musicians can craft their own inspired career vision and create a dynamic congruent plan to achieve their goals—truly the life of the entrepreneur.
Preparing for Change
Authors: Timmons Jill
Published: October 2023

Chapter 4 takes head head-on the power of change and discovering a new path to a thriving musical career. The underpinning of change resides in how we think and feel about the life of a successful artist. Moreover, adapting to change, exercising one’s imagination, engaging in lifelong learning and creative thinking, and encountering the numinous experience all can lead to artistic self-discovery. The author dives deep in this chapter, exploring how an understanding of brain neuroplasticity can propel one forward in creating all manner of change. Detachment, paradox, nonlinear time, and a quantum view of how we affect our reality are important considerations in looking at the brain, and in particular its neuroplasticity. Drawing upon the science of current brain research along with the insights of philosophers, artists, psychologists, and the like, the author gives us a road map to strategic change.
Creating Your Vision
Authors: Timmons Jill
Published: October 2023

The vision–plan continuum begins with the careful and artful crafting of one’s artistic vision. Chapter 5 delves deeply into the process of answering the soul’s call for authenticity and self-actualization. Exploring myth and metaphor, the author invites the reader to consider the creative process, a nonlinear pilgrimage into self-discovery and artistic creation. Each person’s process will be unique, and one’s inspired artistic vision-quest may have an ephemeral quality to it. Nevertheless, the author provides concrete methodologies and a navigational map to discover long held dreams and ultimately one’s calling.
Grant Writing
Authors: Timmons Jill
Published: October 2023

In Chapter 8, the author turns to the subject of grant writing for musicians, and the unique skills needed to acquire funding for a temporal art form. Here, the author explores the ins and outs of producing a winning funding proposal; understanding the essentials of budgets; discovering key resources that list private foundations; government and corporate funding sources; and identifying the persuasive writing style required. Moreover, the author includes the nonprofit world since most artists at some time during their careers will work with these entities, either as partners in a funding project or even by adding a nonprofit arm to their own work. This chapter is also geared to the artist who is new to grant writing. There is an extensive narrative that includes how to find funding sources; what kind of grants typically support musical projects; how musicians can build their own consortium of support, building on the funding from many sources, and more. Additional scholarly sources are listed in this chapter as well. As the author points out, grant writing is not a special talent but rather a skill; a skill that can be acquired. Chapter 8 prepares you for the development of that skill.
Music Jobs in Higher Education
Authors: Timmons Jill
Published: October 2023

In Chapter 10, the author provides a detailed narrative exploring the process from audition/interview to tenure and promotion. All manner of essential competencies is listed, including those that may not be formally articulated in a job description. Moreover, the author describes in detail the hierarchy found in most institutions of higher education, including those that fall outside of formal power structures. In this chapter you will also discover how, as a response to the post-COVID world, some institutions have remodeled their faculty appointments to include visiting artists/scholars, one- to three-year contracts, professor of practice, part-time positions, and a host of other nontenured positions. The author provides a step-by-step process that can prepare artists and scholars interested in a music job in higher education, including new requirements beyond teaching competency and artistic/scholarly achievement. These include offering career development for students, recruiting for the institution, engaging in expanded service and governance to the institution, and educating and recruiting students with considerations of diversity and inclusion. Lastly, the author calls upon institutions of higher education to revamp traditional music programs. At the center of this a new curriculum must be entrepreneurship training and the ability to continually create new arts models, thereby responding to the ever-changing market place.
Educating the Emerging Entrepreneur
Authors: Timmons Jill
Published: October 2023

From the clarion call in Chapter 10, the author presents, in Chapter 11, an innovative approach to entrepreneurship training in higher education, one that can easily be adapted to most institutions, and at little or no cost to the college, conservatory, or university. Using three strategic curricular modes, students can acquire foundational training in entrepreneurship, all within a four-year degree program. Developing the capacity for creating a personal vision–plan continuum is central to all arts training. It is backed by action. By providing students with experiential activities, they are able to craft their own career vision and plan. Within the applied studio, advising and private instruction is in place. The author suggests that this environment already includes three essential entrepreneurial modes: (1) entrepreneurial advising, (2) the senior capstone project, and (3) entrepreneurial instruction. This chapter outlines this innovative curriculum, providing instructional guidance. Moreover, it shows how this can be independent from administrative permissions, additional budget requests, or increased FTE.
Qualitative Atomism and Life within the 18th-Century Atomistic Perspective
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola , Villani Giovanni
Published: October 2023

This chapter initiates the book’s investigations by closely examining the rise of modern atomism in the 17th century, a time during which modern, post-Aristotelian science was developing and defining its methods and conception of the material world. The chapter will examine how the atomism of philosophers such as Pierre Gassendi, and even the corpuscularianism of René Descartes and Robert Boyle, resulted from the Renaissance revival of ancient atomism in Europe that occurred with the rediscovery of Lucretius’s De Rerum Natura, in which the Roman philosopher extolls the virtues of the particulate conception of matter that he inherited from Epicurus, Leucippus, and Democritus. As we examine the ancient and modern versions of atomism more closely, however, we will note the beginning of a divergence between these two conceptions of fundamental particles. For example, although ancient atomists drew no distinction between the atoms of animate and those of inanimate matter, many early modern thinkers affirmed this dichotomy. The chapter will show that many corpuscular and atomic theories of matter in the 17th century still embraced either a vitalistic or a hylomorphic ontology, so that many early modern natural philosophers embraced a qualitative particulate theory of matter. The chapter will discuss several of the major figures of this period, including Daniel Sennert, Jan Baptista van Helmont, Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis, all of whom rejected a strictly mechanistic, quantitative, and reductionistic conception of fundamental particles.
Newton and the Newtonians
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola , Villani Giovanni
Published: October 2023

In spite of the dominance of mechanistic corpuscularianism, Isaac Newton rejected the Cartesian metaphysical physics. He departed from this view by postulating active principles that included gravitation and that were central to formation of the world of observable phenomena. By adding forces to particles and disengaging space from extension, Newton achieved a better understanding of movement, thereby permitting the shift from kinetics to dynamics. However, the chemist Rudjer Josif Boscovich attempted to move beyond Newton and accomplished what was probably one of the most ambitious attempts to unify 18th-century physics. Boscovich elaborated a unique theory of matter, according to which extended matter is basically a structure of equilibrium between point particles, or what he called punctas. This equilibrium results from the action of ad hoc hypothetical structuring forces that emanate from the points. Chemists of his time, already dissatisfied with the overly qualitative aspects of Paracelsian and post-Paracelsian alchemy and of vitalistic and hylomorphic conceptions of matter, became weary of embracing Boscovich’s nonquantitative conception of punctas. It is precisely this skepticism regarding metaphysical speculations regarding the fundamental nature of matter and the causal role of qualitative properties that motivated Antoine Lavoisier’s reconceptualization of chemistry as a quantitative pursuit, as well as his endorsement of a purely empirical and operational conception of elementary substances. However, Boscovich is today regarded as one of the most distinguished representatives of the 18th-century atomistic perspective, despite the fact that his ideas were quite distant from the atomistic views of his time.
What Is Life? The Chemical Perspective and Its Relation to Other Perspectives
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola , Villani Giovanni
Published: October 2023

In this chapter, we begin by considering Schrödinger's significant book What Is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell, in order to analyze the way in which the chemical and systemic perspective that we propose answers this perennial question. We will attempt to explain why the chemical approach to living beings is so effective with the help of two examples: that of neurotransmitters and that of the immune system. We will also examine the approach of biosemiotics and the processual approach, both of which differ from our own in this book, bearing in mind the philosophical question regarding what entities and processes represent in science. To answer the question “What is life?” we consider the essential distinction in systemics between open and closed systems and discuss Prigogine's analysis in terms of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. After this, we reexamine Morin’s discussion of the relationship of living beings with their environment. Finally, to conclude, we compare two structured emergent systems, the molecule and the cell, from the perspective of the systemic approach that we defend in this book.
Empowering “Responsible Publics” and the Emergence of War Capitalism
Authors: Rosenberg William G.
Published: October 2023

The discussion turns to state and public efforts to address the actualities and effects of scarcity and loss, focusing on well-known institutions and initiatives. It contrasts the ineffective “solutions” of tsarist state power to the policies and perspectives that were part of democratic liberal and socialist historical imaginations. Detailed here are mutual efforts to devolve authority downward from the center to individuals and institutions in the localities familiar with local conditions, a process that would soon distribute authority in problematic ways. The chapter also emphasizes the deepening problems of financing and markets in the distribution of scarce goods. It suggests that efforts to resolve them through state and state-supported private financing created what can be thought of as “war capitalism,” a system that by the end of 1915 had greatly accentuated socioeconomic inequalities and the cultures of social difference.
Seeking Solutions, Drowning in Blood
Authors: Rosenberg William G.
Published: October 2023

Chapter 5 contrasts the experiences of front-line soldiers in the winter and spring of 1916 with the debates about management and malfeasance at the highest levels of officialdom, throughout Russia’s public organizations, and within democratic liberal and socialist organizations. It suggests two polarizing perspectives: confusion and chaos from above, and corruption and malfeasance from below. The role of Rasputin becomes central to the first, the railroads and their cultures of venality and corruption to the second. Anxieties around pricing and rationing become other sources of division, as does the increasingly fraught “labor question.” When Boris Shturmer takes control of the government, “militarization” is increasingly posited as the state’s best “solution.” The exaggerated successes of the renowned Brusilov offensive, an urgent effort to bring the war to an end, are then contrasted to the soldiers’ story of “drowning in blood,” its broader meaning suggested as a “tragic romance.”
Choreographing the Indigenous Body in the Independence Centennial
Authors: Reynoso Jose Luis
Published: October 2023

This chapter focuses on Porfirian ambivalence toward mestizaje and indigeneity during the 1910 Centennial celebrations of Mexican independence. The chapter argues that while designing these festivities, Díaz’s government instrumentalized mestizaje and indigeneity to create state performances of racial difference, tradition, and modernity. Analyses of scientific and philanthropic efforts demonstrate how a re-emerging interest in the indigenous Mesoamerican reimagined Mexico’s live and dead “Indians’ ” as figures of national representation and as objects of rescue and modernization. The chapter uses choreography as an analytical methodology to examine representations of the indigenous and modernity in dance and theater, art contests in print media and visual arts, massive parades, and other public events. While doing so, it provides a context to understand how this resurgent, ambivalent interest in mestizaje and indigenism subsequently integrated into the revolutionary governments’ efforts to institute mestizo and indigenous cultures and histories as foundational to new nation-building projects.
Dates, Authorship, and Historical Contexts
Authors: Gray David B.
Published: October 2023

The first chapter begins by defining the Buddhist tantric traditions in relation to the tantras, the central scriptures that are believed to be revelations by buddhas. It then moves on the discuss the emergence of the Buddhist tantric traditions in India during the seventh century ce, and their dependence on Śaiva Hindu tantric traditions, which emerged approximately two centuries earlier, as well as on earlier Buddhist traditions of ritual magic. Drawing on Western scholarship on scripture, the chapter explores the ways in which the Buddhist tantras were likely composed. It concludes with a survey of the origin myths recounted by Buddhist traditions for these works, suggesting that they shed light on these traditions’ main concerns.
Transgression, Censorship, and Interpretation
Authors: Gray David B.
Published: October 2023

The fifth chapter focuses on transgressive rhetoric in the tantras, arguing that it created an obstacle to their dissemination and translation due to the concerns that this raised. It explores the ways in which this was addressed both by translators and by commentators. The former developed strategies to translate transgressive passages so as to mitigate their impact, while the latter developed creative strategies for explaining this content. This chapter suggests that this rhetoric may have been a direct challenge to Buddhist identity so as to facilitate its transformation in tantric contemplative practice. But it also created considerable resistance to the acceptance of tantric texts and practice traditions, in premodern Asia as well as the contemporary world.
The Unholy Trinity
Authors: Laycock Joseph P. , Harrelson Eric
Published: October 2023

This chapter analyzes the creation and reception of an “unholy trinity” of supernatural horror films: Rosemary’s Baby (1968), The Exorcist (1973), and The Omen (1976). It could be said that The Exorcist was a Catholic response to Rosemary’s Baby while The Omen represented a Protestant response. In each case, directors and producers deployed “metatextual reflection” to suggest to audiences that their film was “cursed” or otherwise connected to literal demonic forces. There is ample evidence that these films shaped the way audiences imagined such topics as the reality of witches and satanic conspiracies, the possibility of demonic possession, and Biblical prophecy.
Introduction
Authors: Troyansky David G.
Published: October 2023

The Introduction lays out the basic themes of the book. They are rooted in social, cultural, and political history as well as gerontology. A study of the careers and retirement demands of French magistrates across the first half of the nineteenth century permits an examination of the emergence of a modern, professional life course in public service. The Introduction reviews the social and cultural histories of retirement and aging and situates the book in a period that saw rapid political changes and attempts by public servants to assert the importance of their careers and their rights to public pensions. The bureaucratic system that emerged provided a model that anticipated the world of the welfare state. The archival material permits both the gathering of empirical evidence about careers and the interpretation of first-person accounts in magistrates’ narratives.