The structure of the gramicidin A transmembrane channel
Authors: Veatch William 
Published: May 2005

Gramicidin A is a linear polypeptide antibiotic that facilitates the diffusion of monovalent cations across lipid bilayer membranes by forming channels. It has been proposed that the conducting channel is a dimer which is in equilibrium with nonconducting monomers in the membrane. To directly test this model in several independent ways, we have prepared and purified a series of gramicidin C derivatives. All of these derivatives are fully active analogs of gramicidin A, and each derivative has a useful chromophore esterified to the phenolic hydroxyl of tyrosine #11.

Simultaneous conductance and fluorescence measurements on planar lipid bi‐layer membranes containing dansyl gramicidin C yielded four conclusions: (1) A plot of the logarithm of the membrane conductance versus the logarithm of the membrane fluorescence had a slope of 2.0 ± 0.3, over a concentration range for which nearly all the gramicidin was monomeric. Hence, the active channel is a dimer of the nonconducting species. (2) In a membrane in which nearly all of the gramicidin was dimeric, the number of channels was approximately equal to the number of dimers. Thus, most dimers are active channels and so it should be feasible to carry out spectroscopic studies of the conformation of the transmembrane channel. (3) The association constant for dimerization is more than 1,000‐fold larger in a glycerolester membrane with 26 Å‐hydrocarbon thickness than in a 47 Å‐glycerolester membrane. The dimerization constant in a 48 Å‐phosphatidyl choline membrane was 200 times larger than in a 47 Å‐glycerolester membrane, showing that it depends on the type of lipid as well as on the thickness of the hydrocarbon core. (4) We were readily able to detect 10−14 mole cm−2 of dansyl gramicidin C in a bilayer membrane, which corresponds to 60 fluorescent molecules per square μm. The fluorescent techniques described here should be sufficiently sensitive for fluorescence studies of reconstituted gates and receptors in planar bilayer membranes.

An alternative method of determining the number of molecules of gramicidin in the channel is to measure the fraction of hybrid channels present in a mixture of 2 chemically different gramicidins. The single‐channel conductance of p‐phenylazo‐benzene‐sulfonyl ester gramicidin C (PABS gramicidin C) was found to be 0.68 that of gramicidin A. In membranes containing a mixture of these 2 gramicidins, a hybrid channel was evident in addition to 2 pure channels. The hybrid channel conductance was 0.82 that of gramicidin A. Fluorescence energy transfer from dansyl gramicidin C to diethylamino‐phenylazobenzene‐sulfonyl ester gramicidin C (DPBS gramicidin C), provided an independent way to measure the fraction of hybrid channels on liposomes. For both techniques the fraction of hybrid channels was found to be 2ad where a2 and d2 were the fractions of the 2 kinds of pure channels. This result strongly supports a dimer channel and the hybrid data excludes the possibility of a tetramer channel. The study of hybrid species by conductance and fluorescence techniques should be generally useful in elucidating the subunit structure of oligomeric assemblies in membranes.

The various models which have been proposed for the conformation of the gramicidin transmembrane channel are briefly discussed.