The third Met Office Unified Model-JULES Regional Atmosphere and Land Configuration, RAL3
Authors: Bush Mike , Flack David L. A. , Lewis Huw W. , Bohnenstengel Sylvia I. , Short Chris J. , Franklin Charmaine , Lock Adrian P. , Best Martin , Field Paul , McCabe Anne , Van Weverberg Kwinten , Berthou Segolene , Boutle Ian , Brooke Jennifer K. , Cole Seb , Cooper Shaun , Dow Gareth , Edwards John , Finnenkoetter Anke , Furtado Kalli , Halladay Kate , Hanley Kirsty , Hendry Margaret A. , Hill Adrian , Jayakumar Aravindakshan , Jones Richard W. , Lean Humphrey , Lee Joshua C. K. , Malcolm Andy , Mittermaier Marion , Mohandas Saji , Moore Stuart , Morcrette Cyril , North Rachel , Porson Aurore , Rennie Susan , Roberts Nigel , Roux Belinda , Sanchez Claudio , Su Chun-Hsu , Tucker Simon , Vosper Simon , Walters David , Warner James , Webster Stuart , Weeks Mark , Wilkinson Jonathan , Whitall Michael , Williams Keith D. , Zhang Hugh 
Published: November 2024

Abstract. The third version of the Regional Atmosphere and Land (RAL3) science configuration is documented. Developed through international partnership, RAL configurations define settings for the Unified Model atmosphere and Joint UK Land Environment Simulator when applied across timescales with kilometre and sub-km scale model grids. The RAL3 configuration represents a major advance compared to previous versions by delivering a common science definition suitable for application to tropical and mid-latitude regions. Developments within RAL3 include the introduction of a double-moment microphysics scheme and a bi-modal cloud scheme, replacing use of a single-moment scheme and different cloud schemes for mid-latitudes and tropics in previous versions. Updates have been implemented to the boundary layer scheme and a consolidation of land model settings to be more consistent with Global Atmosphere and Land (GAL) science configurations. Physics developments aimed to address priorities for model performance improvement identified by users. This paper documents the RAL3 science configuration, including a series of iterative revisions delivered since its first release, and their characteristics. Evidence is provided from the variety of assessments of RAL3, relative to the previous version (RAL2). Collaborative development and evaluation across organisations has enabled evaluation across a range of domains, grid-spacing and timescales. The analysis indicates more realistic precipitation distributions; improved representation of clouds and of visibility; a continued trend to more realistic representation of convection; and reduced near-surface wind speeds, but a persistent cold temperature bias. Overall the convective-scale verification scores and climatological model distributions relative to observations improve for the majority of variables. Ensemble results show improvements to the spread-error relationship. User feedback from subjective assessment activities has also been positive. Differences between RAL3 revisions and RAL2 are further illustrated through process-based analysis of a convective system over the UK. The latest RAL3 configuration (RAL3.3) is therefore recommended for research, operational numerical weather prediction and climate production at km and sub-km scales.