bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deux Chemicals Inc. Goes Just-in-Time
Authors: Dror Moshe , Smith Kenneth R. , Yano Candace Arai
Published: August 2009

Deux Chemicals Inc. (a pseudonym) decided to offer its customers reliable just-in-time delivery to reduce the customers' need to hold chemicals that are difficult and expensive to store. Although its manufacturing facilities are reliable, they occasionally require unscheduled repairs that could take up to three weeks to complete. To ensure reliable supply to its customers, Deux Chemicals holds safety stock; however, it needed to determine how much additional storage capacity it would require to support its just-in-time promise. We present a methodology to determine safety-stock levels and storage capacity requirements to achieve high levels of customer service, and a production control policy that helps to minimize safety stock and storage needs. The methodology enabled Deux Chemicals to identify an economical strategy for safety stock and its storage that will allow the company to significantly reduce its risk of shortages.
Battle of the Retail Channels: How Product Selection and Geography Drive Cross-Channel Competition
Authors: Brynjolfsson Erik , Hu Yu (Jeffrey) , Rahman Mohammad S.
Published: August 2009

A key question for Internet commerce is the nature of competition with traditional brick-and-mortar retailers. Although traditional retailers vastly outsell Internet retailers in most product categories, research on Internet retailing has largely neglected this fundamental dimension of competition. Is cross-channel competition significant, and if so, how and where can Internet retailers win this battle? This paper attempts to answer these questions using a unique combination of data sets. We collect data on local market structures for traditional retailers, and then match these data to a data set on consumer demand via two direct channels: Internet and catalog. Our analyses show that Internet retailers face significant competition from brick-and-mortar retailers when selling mainstream products, but are virtually immune from competition when selling niche products. Furthermore, because the Internet channel sells proportionately more niche products than the catalog channel, the competition between the Internet channel and local stores is less intense than the competition between the catalog channel and local stores. The methods we introduce can be used to analyze cross-channel competition in other product categories, and suggest that managers need to take into account the types of products they sell when assessing competitive strategies.
Around the Circuit
Authors: Lumholdt Jan
Published: August 2009

Cannes Film Festival, 1324 May 2009 A report by Jan Lumholdt
Steam Purity Determination by Tracer Techniques
Authors: Coulter E. E. , Campbell T. M.
Published: August 2009

The experiences, techniques, and results of both laboratory and field tests in the use of natural sodium and radioactive phosphate (P32) as tracer materials for the determination of steam purity are described. Carry-over results using tracer techniques are compared to those obtained by the standard electrical conductivity method. These tests illustrate that tracers provide extreme sensitivity for measurement of steam purity. Although the use of the radioactive tracer technique is restricted to small scale tests because of excessive costs, the sodium tracer technique appears to offer a promising method for measuring mechanical carry-over in industrial applications.
Education in Engineering: A Perspective
Authors: Walker Eric A.
Published: August 2009

Most of our troubles with engineering education stem, it sometimes seems to me, from the fact that our programs have never really been designed but have, like Topsy, just growed. I think that Robert Hutchins overstated the case when he said that “We do not know what education could do for us, because we have never tried it.” But I do feel we have failed to apply the same sort of scientific approach in devising our educational programs that we expect engineers to use in solving their other problems. We have, for instance, failed to find out, with any real precision, what is expected as the output of the educative process in our colleges of engineering. In fact, even where we do have some information, we have not paid much attention to it. Take the matter of communication—that is, the process of getting an idea from one brain to another. The ability to communicate effectively either heads the list or is close to the top in every survey I have seen of the skills needed by engineers in industry and government. Yet we are still attempting to satisfy it, insofar as I know, in the same way we were attempting to satisfy it in 1900—we require our engineering students to take—and pass—a freshman composition course. This method has not worked in the past, and I see no reason to expect it to work without change in the future. Why hasn't it worked? After all, this is the same method we use to give our students a solid background in the basic mathematical disciplines, and, with math, it does seem to work. At any rate, every employer fully expects the young engineer he hires, if he is a product of a “scientific curriculum,” to have developed considerable skill in the use of such basic tools as algebra and calculus—and he is almost never disappointed in this expectation. Is it possible that, although our students are capable of learning to use mathematics effectively as a tool for reasoning and communicating, they are not capable of learning to use language with equal facility for the same purposes?
Viewpoint of the Civil Engineer
Authors: Lepper Henry A.
Published: August 2009

Education in Materials for the civil engineer has posed a continuing problem for those of us engaged in teaching both specific work in materials and the professional design courses. The problems arise from the number and the diversity of characteristics in the materials the civil engineer uses and from the fact that these materials all are complex in composition and structure. Our interests extend from basic theories of behavior of materials in their simplest form through the mechanics of the relations of properties to the strength and stiffness of large structures. Our problem lies in the selection of the pertinent subject matter to prepare the civil engineer for his functions. In this instance the question is how best to give him the necessary understanding of principles and methods of application that will enable him to keep abreast of and contribute to new developments throughout his career. These problems are not new nor do they differ in principle from what they always have been. In the entire history of engineering education we have had an expanding body of technical knowledge. New theories and new materials, new principles, new applications, have always been present; what is accepted as a routine matter today was once in the forefront of research. The new theories of today, when proven as to their validity and utility to the engineer, will also become an accepted part of our engineering education. Educational requirements in materials must be based upon recognition of the role the subject will play in the student's career. The civil engineer must be prepared to choose a particular material for a given situation and then, having selected the material, he must decide how to use it under the conditions of loading and environment that are anticipated. What material to use, and how to use it satisfactorily, are the questions to be answered. His answers to these questions are reached by weighing all the evidence that is available to him concerning properties. This evidence comes from basic science, the materials and structural laboratories, experience with materials in service, and analyses which relate measured properties of the material to the forces and environment acting on the structure. From this synthesis of information we arrive at design decisions.
Distribution and Storage Problems with Diesel Fuels
Authors: Moore C. C. , Lakin W. P.
Published: August 2009

Last year over 6 billion gallons of diesel fuel were required to satisfy the domestic United States demand. It is estimated that at least 8 million separate product movements were required to get this fuel into the tanks of the ultimate consumers. In fact, the actual number of product movements is probably much higher. For example, in many cases heating oils and diesel fuels are identical products and move through the same distribution systems. Heating oil sales amount to about 15 billion gallons and certainly require at least an additional 15 million product deliveries. These estimates point up the complexity of the problem of distributing diesel fuels. In some cases where the system is relatively straightforward, the fuel is carried in large volume carriers, railroad tank cars, or tank wagons directly from the refinery to the supply tanks of the consumer. In many other cases, the initial delivery is made by tank ship to a marine terminal; from this terminal the fuel is carried by tank car or tank wagon to a bulk plant; from the bulk plant the fuel is transported to service stations; and from the service stations it is sold in small quantities for use on the road. All of these shipments and product movements must be handled in such a way as to minimize inventories, and also to minimize the number of tanks and the number of pieces of mobile equipment required. The optimum choice must be made between two types of systems: (1) delivery of large volumes requiring large-scale tankage and long hauls, and (2) a large number of shorthaul deliveries of small volumes into smaller scale tankage. Furthermore, it is not a case of handling one single product but a multiplicity of products. Generally, at least two or three diesel fuels are involved, and in many cases a separate delivery system for heating oil is also required. This vast number of product movements and the number of times that each product is handled are of great importance, since diesel fuels have very limited tolerance as regards contamination. Everyone is thoroughly familiar with the fact that dirt or abrasive materials of all types must be excluded from diesel fuel oil. However, not as much thought has been given to the fact that there are many other types of contamination which can adversely affect the performance of diesel fuels. These contaminants include water, gasoline, other fuel oils, in fact almost anything else. Unfortunately, a great many people take all too seriously statements regarding the diesel engine's ability to burn “anything that can be pumped.” They do not realize that this statement is figurative rather than literal, as far as the vast majority of diesel equipment is concerned.
Survey of Diesel Fuel Oils Available at Roadside Filling Stations
Authors: Howe William A.
Published: August 2009

For two years, 1952 and 1953, the Gulf Oil Corp. conducted a diesel fuel survey of fuels available at highway truck stops. This survey was conducted in the following manner: in each of Gulf Oil Corp.'s 107 districts, in 39 states, instructions were given to secure samples of two to four brands of high-volume diesel fuels available on the main trucking routes. The instructions also stipulated that if more than one grade of fuel was available at any one truck stop a sample of each grade should be secured. From April to June of 1952, some 400 such samples were secured and analyzed, and in August, September, and October, 1953, 327 samples were secured and analyzed. This survey was conducted to determine what grades and types of diesel fuels are actually available to over-the-road truckers when it is necessary for them to refuel en route or between terminals. The results of the survey also indicated, but to a somewhat lesser extent, the grades and types of diesel fuels available to bus and truck fleet terminals. It was considered that the survey was necessary due to presumptions on the part of some diesel engine manufacturers and diesel engine operators that certain classes of fuels were available rather generally, whereas it was believed that the contrary was the case. The samples were analyzed for various data, but for this discussion only sulfur, cetane index, and the end point of the fuels are under consideration. In Table I are given the results on these items for 1952 and 1953.
Significance of the Test for Normal Consistency of Hydraulic Cement
Authors: Dise J. R.
Published: August 2009

The Vicat Test for Normal Consistency was devised in France approximately 150 years ago and has been in use as a standard ASTM method of test for hydraulic cements since 1904. Much has been learned about the relationship between normal consistency and various other properties of these materials from the numerous studies of related questions that have been carried out over the years. A summation of the information that has been developed concerning time of setting, autoclave soundness and tensile strength tests, and other subjects of potential interest to those engaged in the development of specifications and methods of test for cements, is presented in this review.
The Air Entrainment Test for Cement, C 185
Authors: Dolch W. L.
Published: August 2009

The ASTM C 185 test is described and discussed. Persistent difficulties with the test have been experienced by some users. These problems have usually taken the form of high values of the test result and have frequently caused rejection of the cement. Efforts to determine the cause of the difficulty are described. Contaminants on the sand have been strongly suspect but work to establish their nature has been inconclusive. False set of the cement may be important. Details of the test method itself have been studied. Water content, sand grading, and mixing time were shown to be most important. The work so far has failed to show clearly any reasons for the difficulties with the test.
A Comparison of ISO and ASTM Tests for Cement Strength
Authors: Foster B. E. , Blaine R. L.
Published: August 2009

A comparison of compressive strength tests of six portland cements shows that the proposed ISO procedures gave results from 25 to 95 per cent higher than ASTM C 109, depending upon strength level, test age, and cement fineness. The testing sand is seen as the major problem in developing a truly international standard for cement strength, and it is concluded that the selection of equivalent sands is complicated by the prescribed mechanical compaction, which causes forced bleeding. ISO tests using Ottawa-type, round-grain sands are described.
Introduction
Authors: Waller H. F.
Published: August 2009

ASTM Test for Quantitative Extraction of Bitumen from Bituminous Paving Mixtures (D 2172-67) describes four procedures for determining the amount of bitumen in bituminous mixture. While these procedures have the advantage of a relative simplicity and of having been used for many years, they are extremely time consuming to perform, and the results obtained are often of questionable value, especially when single tests are made. With the high production capacity of modern day asphalt plants, it is essential that test methods be available that can provide an accurate measure of bitumen content within minutes if a meaningful degree of control is to be employed. It is not uncommon for a modern plant to produce 100 to 200 tons of mixture per hour. Therefore, one readily may visualize the possible difficulties that could arise if three or four hours were required to obtain a test result. The problem could be complicated even further if a check test or tests were necessary. By this time several hundred tons of mixture would be laid and compacted, thereby making appropriate adjustments in bitumen content impossible for the mixture already placed on the grade. Perhaps the most commonly used of the four procedures described in Method D 2172-67 is the Rotarex Extraction Procedure. This procedure involves separation of the bitumen-aggregate mixture by use of a solvent; the liquid is then removed by a centrifuge type device. This test presents a number of operational problems including a time factor for completion. Added to the matter of the time required for performance of the test (usually one to four hours) is the relatively high standard deviation associated with the procedure. Most technologists agree that under normal operating conditions, a standard deviation (σ) in the order of 0.25 percent will be about the lowest that can be expected. When one considers the fact that most bituminous paving specifications allow an operating tolerance on bitumen content of ± 0.3 to ± 0.5 percent from the target value, it can be seen that the degree of assurance related to only one or two test results is very low. This, then, suggests that several tests should be performed before adjustments are made in the bitumen or aggregate percentages. Recognizing the dilemna facing the materials and testing engineer, this symposium was develped to explore alternate means of rapid measurement of bitumen content that may have a greater level of reliability, that is, lower standard deviation. It was hoped that a method or methods would be disclosed that would strike a proper balance between: (1) accuracy of test results, (2) cost of equipment, (3) speed with which the test can be performed, and (4) technician training required. To be of optimum value, such a method must be readily adaptable to field use as well as use in a central control laboratory.
Vacuum Extraction of Bitumen from Pavement Mixtures
Authors: Jones G. M. , Wiley M. L. , Smith R. F.
Published: August 2009

Analysis of the Vacuum, Rotarex and Reflux Extraction procedures show the superiority of the Vacuum method over the other two. The advantages are: improved accuracy, reduced testing time and lower cost. The Vacuum Extractor is especially useful in bituminous paving construction control.
The History and Theory of Triaxial Testing, and the Preparation of Realistic Test Specimens—A Report of the Triaxial Institute
Authors: Endersby V. A.
Published: August 2009

A brief review of the history of the development of the triaxial test for road work, up to current practice, is given, together with a discussion of the stress forms in road pavements and the applicability of triaxial methods thereto. The nature of the Mohr diagram as an interpretation is given, with mention of other methods of use and interpretation. The reasons for the formation of the Triaxial Institute are discussed, and research on the fundamental problem of forming test specimens properly to represent materials as laid in pavements is described.
Some Concepts Concerning Triaxial Compression Testing of Asphaltic Paving Mixtures and Subgrade Materials
Authors: Hveem F. N. , Davis Harmer E.
Published: August 2009

Clear-cut concepts readily applicable to the everyday problems of structures composed of granular materials have been relatively slow to develop, in comparison with knowledge of the mechanics for the more homogeneous materials of construction. This is due in part to lack of suitable experimental techniques by which to explore and evaluate such theory as has been evolved. In recent years, an accelerated groping for means of controlling the behavior of granular mixtures has led to a vast amount of experimentation and the accumulation of much uncoordinated data. In a sense, this accumulation of information has outstripped the capacity of existing theory to explain. It seems most timely, then, that attempt should be made to take stock of theoretical concepts, experimental procedures, and performance records and to assess their significance as a basis for further development. During the past two decades, independent but almost parallel lines of thought have developed among those who have been concerned with soils and among those who have been concerned with bituminous mixtures. In keeping with the symposium idea, wherein each participant contributes by presenting his views or experiences on the central theme, an attempt is made to summarize in this paper some of the thoughts, doubts, and developments which have come out of the exchange of ideas and cooperative efforts of a small group of men on the West Coast who have been debating the problems of stability of bituminous mixtures.
Application of Triaxial Testing to the Design of Bituminous Pavements
Authors: McLeod Norman W.
Published: August 2009

On the basis of the triaxial test, the development of a rational approach to the design of bituminous paving mixtures is outlined. The influence of the rate of deformation employed for the triaxial test, on the reported stability values of bituminous mixtures, is reviewed. It is demonstrated that data from the triaxial test enable an evaluation to be made of the amount of lateral support that bituminous pavements can develop under load in the field. Triaxial data make it possible to determine the influence of frictional resistance between pavement and tire and between pavement and base on the stability of bituminous pavements. It is shown that this factor has a very marked effect on the ability of bituminous pavements to support stationary and moving loads and to resist braking and acceleration stresses. The influence of pavement thickness on pavement stability is indicated. The treatment of the subject matter is entirely quantitative and is accompanied by equations and illustrated by graphs.
Triaxial Testing Adapted to Soils, Flexible Base, and Foundations
Authors: Hank R. J.
Published: August 2009

The paper gives the reasons for entering into triaxial testing of various soil materials and for designing special equipment to accomplish this purpose. The materials to be tested include disturbed, remolded soils, with and without aggregate, or flexible base, in which maxium particle size is limited to 2 in., and undisturbed cores of foundation materials. The specially designed equipment is described and the procedure is defined in some detail in the interest of reproducibility. The application of the test data to the design of flexible bases and to the analysis of foundation problems is discussed.
Application of Triaxial Compression Test Results to Highway Soil Problems
Authors: Barber E. S. , Sawyer C. L.
Published: August 2009

The solution of many highway problems requires a knowledge of the stress-strain relationships to be found in various parts of the highway structure including not only the pavement and base course but also the subgrade and foundation soils. Examples of the utilization of this knowledge will be found in the design of retaining walls and bridge abutments (1), the design of cuts and fills (3, 4, 6, 7), the computation of bearing values (5, 8), and the design of flexible pavements (9). One commonly used method of evaluating the stress-strain characteristics of soils, flexible bases, and bituminous pavements is the triaxial compression test. The essential features of this test have been described in detail elsewhere (2).
Interpretation of Triaxial Compression Tests on Granular Mixtures
Authors: Housel William S.
Published: August 2009

This paper is in substance a report submitted to the Civil Aeronautics Administration Technical Development and Evaluation Center at Indianapolis, Ind., in response to its request for an analysis of experimental data obtained by the Soils and Surfacing Branch of the Airport Development Division. In preparation of this report the author was serving as a consultant and with permission of the CAA is presenting this paper for publication. It is understood that opinions expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the conclusions of the Civil Aeronautics Administration. The paper deals with some fundamental inconsistencies in the interpretation of triaxial compression tests on granular mixtures. Experimental data are presented as reported by the CAA. Analysis of these data will be used as a basis of demonstrating that the Coulomb equation and the Mohr stress envelope which is the graphical representation of that equation violates the basic laws of static equilibrium when used with triaxial compression. This equation cannot therefore be properly applied to internal stability of granular materials.
The Unified Rock Classification System
Authors: Williamson Douglas A. , Kuhn C. Rodney
Published: August 2009

The Unified Rock Classification System (URCS) makes possible the initial assessment of geotechnical rock conditions in the field by verifiable and reproducible means. The URCS is flexible in regard to the scale and scope of the project. In addition, the URCS provides for further refinement by as much laboratory testing as is required to meet the cost and risk considerations of the project. The URCS defines by simple or refined procedures four fundamental properties: Weathering, Strength, Discontinuity, and Density of rock materials or rock masses for analysis and documentation. To be effective, a rock classification for civil engineering or engineering geology purposes must meet the criteria of Objectivity, Reliability, Validity, Sensitivity, Comparability, and Utility. The URCS was designed to meet these criteria. The system has been used for over 27 years in a wide variety of geotechnical investigations for the design and construction of civil engineering projects. Results have demonstrated that the URCS does meet these criteria.
The Rock Mass Rating (RMR) System (Geomechanics Classification) in Engineering Practice
Authors: Bieniawski Z. T.
Published: August 2009

This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of the Geomechanics Classification of rock masses, also known as the RMR System. Developed by the author in 1972–1973, and modified and improved as more case histories became available, the latest version of the system was published in 1979. This paper discusses the principles and philosophy of the RMR System and describes its varied applications. Although originally directed to tunneling in rock, subsequent applications and extensions featured the use of the RMR System in hard rock mining, coal mining, rock slope stability, foundations in rock, rock boreability, and others. These applications necessitated some adjustments to the classification ratings, and these aspects are presented in the paper. The strengths and limitations of the Geomechanics Classification are pointed out. It is emphasized that rock classifications are useful aids in engineering design, but that they form only a part of the design process.
Case Histories of Groundmass Characterization for Excavatability
Authors: Kirsten H. A. D.
Published: August 2009

A classification system that has been developed for the characterization of the excavatability of soils and rocks is reviewed briefly. The system comprises an adaption of the Norwegian Q classification developed for the characterization of tunnel support. It enables a through-going classification of geotechnical materials from soft soils to hard rocks to be made. Characterization with regard to single tine ripping and bucket hoeing is also provided. The system has been applied for a number of years to a variety of problems and has generally enabled reasonably accurate predictions to be made of mechanical excavatability. Several case histories are described in the paper. These include the diggability of a 30 km long trench for a 2.3 m diameter pipeline, the rippability and dozability of construction materials from shallow borrow pits in geological deposits of limited depth, the excavatability of the terraces for two 50 ML bulk water storage reservoirs, and the excavatability by ripping and blasting of a railway cutting of some 850 000 m3 in volume. It is demonstrated that the variable conditions in each of the examples could be reasonably accurately characterized for excavatability by means of the classification system; the latter is based on the rockmass parameters which affect ploughsharing or equivalent comminution processes.
Marine Atmosphere Exposure of Galvanic Couples Involving Magnesium
Authors: Gallaccio A. , Cornet I.
Published: August 2009

The need for additional information to aid in the selection of metals, dissimilar metal couples, and protective systems in military communication and associated equipment is recognized from commonly high incidences of corrosion failure of such equipment under environmental conditions of coastal installations and beachheads. Marine environments apparently are among the most severe conditions encountered in service. Experiences have indicated that the central and northern California coastal areas represent the most problematic situations relative to signal equipment protection within the United States because of frequent heavy fog conditions and prevailing westerly winds. It has been proposed that galvanic couples which can withstand the corrosive environments there will provide satisfactory service under natural environments elsewhere. A project was undertaken to evaluate galvanic couples of magnesium with other metals and protective systems, simulating constructions and mountings of communication equipment and usual fabricating practices. A coastal site in the vicinity of San Francisco was acquired for the exposure of specimens. It was recognized that the project would be of an exploratory nature, since only partial information was found in the published literature (1) regarding protective systems for magnesium couples in atmospheric exposures, and since it was decided to employ visual observations in this earlier phase. Emphasis was desired on information which would be useful as a practical guide to design and development engineers of signal and associated equipment. The objectives of the work undertaken were: (1) to perform a preliminary evaluation of corrosion behavior of magnesium coupled with various other metals as untreated, pretreated, and painted systems, when exposed to marine atmosphere in the San Francisco area, and (2) to report the findings of the evaluation to serve as a guide for design and development engineers of signal and ordnance equipment.
Glass Laser Materials Testing at Naval Research Laboratory
Authors: McMahon John M.
Published: August 2009

Active laser tests have been performed on Owens-Illinois and French neodymium laser glass using a CGE VD320 glass laser. Both the damage characteristics and the laser properties were studied. The Owens-Illinois glass damaged internally at levels between 16 and 24 J/cm2 while the CGE glass exhibited no damage at these levels. The induced emission cross sections and losses were also measured for these glasses.
Race, Class, and the Basis of Group Alignment: An Analysis of Support for Redistributive Policy among Privileged Blacks
Authors: Shelton Jason E. , Wilson George
Published: August 2009

Sociological research has not adequately assessed levels of support for redistributive policy among African Americans. This oversight is particularly notable considering the dispersion of blacks across the American class structure. This article seeks to fill this gap in our understanding by addressing two concerns: (a) whether blacks with higher versus lower socioeconomic status espouse disparate policy preferences and (b) whether a privileged class position matters in the same way in structuring black and white beliefs about the role of government. Results from pooled data from the 1996 through 2006 General Social Surveys indicate that blacks more strongly support government efforts to ameliorate inequality than whites. However, black policy preferences fluctuate after controlling for intraracial socioeconomic differences. Privileged blacks are less supportive of racially-neutral opportunity-enhancing and outcome-based policies; these same respondents espouse contrasting levels of support for racially-specific policies. The implications for these findings are discussed, as well as suggestions for future research.
Metaphorically speaking
Authors: Holmgreen Lise-Lotte
Published: August 2009

The Danish financial sector is one among many in Danish society in which the male occupation of managerial positions still predominates, with women tending to occupy lower-ranking jobs. Previous studies in this area have pointed to biological and cultural forces as determining factors in men’s and women’s unequal positions. However, this position has been partly rejected by recent research within socialconstructivism, which holds that in interaction men and women are positioned in certain ways due to dominant gendered discourses that can either be upheld or be negotiated through the adoption of gendered subject positions. The article takes its starting point in this discussion, presenting an analysis of how in the pursuit of careers, men and women in the financial sector may metaphorically and discursively construct career possibilities and constraints, and with that the concepts of sex and gender. Furthermore, the article assesses the extent to which this construction may influence their chances of obtaining a managerial position. The data for the analysis consist of three sets of focus group data obtained in a large Danish bank.
What do women want?
Authors: van Compernolle Rémi A.
Published: August 2009

This article examines young French women’s perceptions with regard to the grammatical feminization of professional titles, drawing from data collected during semi-guided one-to-one interviews. A qualitative analysis of the interviews is presented, focusing specifically on three recurring themes: (i) feminization as a move toward equality between men and women, (ii) the questioning of the existence of feminized neologisms, and (iii) the role of the French government in legislating linguistic change. It is argued that feminization is not a matter of pro- versus anti-feminization arguments; rather, a complex of sociocultural and linguistic factors is at work, which has not been fully teased out in previous quantitative studies. In concluding, the results are discussed within the broader context of ongoing linguistic changes in the French language and directions for future research are proposed.
Men and emotion talk
Authors: Charteris-Black Jonathan , Seale Clive
Published: August 2009

Evidence is presented supporting the view that serious illness is often interpreted by men as an opportunity for emotional expressivity, contrasting with language and gender ideologies that stress men’s deficiencies in this realm. Comparative analysis of a large matched corpus of male and female interviews concerning the experience of a wide range of illnesses is reported. Illness experience prompts a process of biographical disruption for men resulting in a highly varied verbal repertoire. The analysis focuses on the use of adjectives, showing that, when compared with women discussing similar experiences, some men express high levels of frustration, rely on conventional strategies for expressing emotion such as swearing and a problem-solving attitude towards health - while others use a more self-conscious ‘women’s language’ of feelings that enables them to construct new identities. Such men associate this with the capacity for new and, paradoxically, more powerful performances of masculine identity.
Dianmachaerota serratiphalla, a New Genus and Species of Machaerotini from China (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Machaerotidae)
Authors: Nie Jing , Liang Ai-Ping
Published: August 2009

A new tube spittlebug genus and species, Dianmachaerota serratiphalla gen. nov., sp. nov., is described from Yunnan Province, southwestern China. A checklist of Machaerotinae from China and a key to genera of Machaerotini are provided. A new method combining computer software and hardware to illustrate morphological characters is used.
Phylogenetic Analysis ofCosmopterosis(Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Glaphyriinae) with Discussions on Male Secondary Sexual Characters and Larval Feeding onCapparis(Capparaceae) in the Pyraloidea and Lepidoptera (Insecta)
Authors: Solis M Alma , Metz Mark A , Janzen Daniel H
Published: August 2009

New species of Cosmopterosis Amsel were discovered feeding on Capparis L. (Capparaceae) during exploration for caterpillars in the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Costa Rica. Cosmopterosis is revised and now includes four species. Three new species, C. hispida, C. jasonhalli, and C. spatha, and the immatures of C. spatha and biology for two species, C. jasonhalli and C. spatha, are described; the type species, C. thetysalls (Walker), is redescribed. A key and illustrations for the identification of the species is provided. We propose a hypothesis for the relationship between species in Cosmopterosis and the placement of Cosmopterosis in the subfamily. The cladistic analysis, the first such analysis in the Glaphyriinae, included 21 morphological characters one of which, the radiodiscal process, a male secondary sexual character and presumably an androconial scent pouch is described and considered a autapomorphy for the genus. Male secondary sexual characters and larval feeding on Capparis in Pyraloidea and Lepidoptera is discussed.
Phylogenetic Relationships ofNotaticus(Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) Based on Larval Morphology
Authors: Michat Mariano C , Alarie Yves
Published: August 2009

Larvae of all three instars of the diving-beetle species Notaticus fasciatus Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) are described and illustrated in detail, with particular emphasis on chaetotaxy and morphometry, and the phylogenetic relationships of the genus Notaticus Zimmermann within Dytiscidae are investigated based on a cladistic analysis of 66 larval characters. Including Notaticus in its own subfamily, as is sometimes done, would result in Dytiscinae paraphyletic with respect to Aubehydrinae. Notaticus is found to be distinctive within Dytiscinae, being characterized by several apomorphies, including pore FRf and occipital suture absent, seta AN1 inserted distally on antennomere 3, seta MX8 subapical and pore MXh submedial on galea, pore LAc basal on labial palpomere 2, and abdominal segment VII completely sclerotized ventrally in instar I. Inclusion of Notaticus in a distinct tribe (Aubehydrini) seems warranted. A subordinate position of Notaticus within Dytiscinae is proposed, with Aubehydrini being part of a clade along with Hydaticini, Aciliini, and Eretini. Support is presented for a clade Aubehydrini + Aciliini + Eretini based on the presence in these taxa of a gibbous larva, short rounded spinulae on antennomere one in instar I, and a strongly developed and spiniform galea with the seta MX9 inserted subapically on it. It is postulated that Aubehydrini is sister to the clade Aciliini + Eretini. A key separating larvae of the tribes of Dytiscinae is presented.
Efficient Mass-Trapping Method As an Alternative Tactic for Suppressing Populations of Leopard Moth (Lepidoptera: Cossidae)
Authors: Hegazi E , Khafagi W E , Konstantopoulou M , Raptopoulos D , Tawfik H , El-Aziz G M Abd , El-Rahman S M Abd , Atwa A , Aggamy E , Showeil S
Published: August 2009

The leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina (L.) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), is a xylophagous species that has become a serious pest in the olive (Olea spp.) orchards in Egypt. Both chemical and biological control have scored poorly against this pest and additional methods are needed. A simple, but efficient UV-light-pheromone sticky trap (“Hegazi model”) was devised for leopard moth mass trapping. Activity of leopard moth and efficiency of pheromone-baited, light, and pheromone and light traps were evaluated. The combination of light and sex pheromone was optimally attractive to leopard moth populations in olive orchards. A comparison between light traps baited with sex pheromone in mass-trapping method and conventional controls (insecticidal and physical removal of larvae) in heavily infested plots was carried out between 2002 and 2005. Leopard moths have long flight period, starting in mid-May and lasting until early November. Females of leopard moths were rarely trapped, but all had eggs. In mass-trapping plot, the seasonal captures and active galleries diminished from one year to the next, which may indicate the effectiveness of the method. From May 2003 to October 2005 greater reduction in total counts of active galleries was observed in mass-trapping plot compared with those recorded in the control field, in which chemical sprays and manual killing were performed. Yield from trees in mass-trapping field was significantly increased in comparison to control trees. The study strongly recommends the use of mass-trapping method instead of pesticides against the leopard moths, not only to control them but also to mass trap and monitor other lepidopterous pests of olive trees.
Species Diversity and Intraspecific Genetic Variation of Reticulitermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) Subterranean Termites in Woodland and Urban Environments of Missouri
Authors: Pinzon Olga P , Houseman Richard M
Published: August 2009

We examined the diversity, habitat preferences, and intraspecific variation of Reticulitermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) populations within Missouri. Approximately 600 subterranean termite colonies were sampled from paired urban and woodland environments plus home infestations throughout the state. Samples were first identified to species using morphological characters and morphometrics. In addition, a portion of ≈428 bp from the 16S rRNA from 365 samples was sequenced to confirm morphology-based species identifications and to describe intraspecific genetic variability of Reticulitermes populations in Missouri. Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), Reticulitermes virginicus (Banks), Reticulitermes tibialis Banks, and Reticulitermes hageni Banks were found in Missouri. Twenty-one haplotypes of R.flavipes were identified, which represents one of the highest haplotype diversities reported for this species from a single state. Moreover, nine of these 21 haplotypes have not been reported in the United States before this study. Three haplotypes of R. hageni, five haplotypes of R. tibialis, and four haplotypes of R. virginicus were identified. The most abundant haplotypes of R.flavipes and R. hageni occur in woodlands, urban environments, and home infestations, suggesting a probable local origin for most of the subterranean termite infestations occurring in Missouri.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF WESTMINSTER STATION ON THE JUBILEE LINE EXTENSION.
Authors: BAILEY R P , HARRIS D I , JENKINS M M
Published: August 2009

Creating Westminster station on the Jubilee Line Extension involved construction of the deepest box excavation in London and complete renewal of an operational Underground station with only minor disruptions to service. The task was further complicated by the need to provide foundations for a New Parliamentary Building above the station, which required lowering the District and Circle Line tracks by 300 mm. The control of ground movements was also of paramount importance since one of the world's most famous landmarks—Big Ben clock tower—is within 30 m of the 39 m deep station.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE AT-GRADE SECTION OF THE JUBILEE LINE EXTENSION.
Authors: LEGGETT D J , ARTHEY P V W
Published: August 2009

The eastern end of the Jubilee Line Extension comes out of the ground at Canning Town and runs for 3·5 km at ground level to Stratford via West Ham. The extremely confined route meant that the engineering challenges on the at-grade section were no less than those on the tunnelled sections. The construction meant closing the North London line for a year while it was rebuilt alongside the extension and literally sliding a 25001 elevated platform in between two live railways at Canning Town. This paper discusses the complex advance works required throughout the route and then focuses on the design and construction of Canning Town station.
Plexins and Neuropilins Regulate Integrin Conformation and Trafficking in Endothelial Cells
Authors: Serini Guido , Valdembri Donatella , Bussolino Federico
Published: August 2009

Integrin the are major extracellular matrix receptors and their functional state
with respect to the affinity for extracellular matrix proteins is pivotal for their biological
activities in physiologic and pathological settings. Integrins’ machinery depends on the
dynamic regulation of their adhesive function in space and time. In cells, integrins exist in
different conformations which determine their affinity for extracellular matrix proteins and
are continuously endocytosed, trafficked through endosomal compartments, and recycled
back to the plasma membrane. Therefore real-time modulation of cell - extracellular matrix
adhesion can result from two interconnected phenomena: the regulation of integrin
conformation and traffic in response to extracellular stimuli. This review summarizes recent
data highlighting the different mechanisms by which semaphorins and their receptors
plexins and neuropilins regulate integrin functions in vascular system.
The Role of Osteopontin in Angiogenesis
Authors: Leali Daria , Naldini Antonella
Published: August 2009

Osteopontin (OPN) is a phosphorylated acidic (Arg-Gly-Asp) RGD-containing
glycoprotein, which exists both as an immobilized extracellular matrix component and as a
soluble molecule. The biological functions of OPN are extensively regulated on the posttranscriptional
and post-translational levels and many of the signaling pathways mediated by
secreted OPN are activated by ligation of the integrin and CD44 families of receptors. Such a
multifaceted glycoprotein, that is expressed by numerous different cells and tissues, is expected
to exert pleiotropic functions. Indeed, OPN is implicated in tumor metastases, tissue
remodeling, inflammation, and cell-mediated immunity. Recently, substantial evidence
suggests that OPN positively regulates angiogenesis. However, the mechanisms that define the
role of this molecule in angiogenesis are incompletely understood. The following review will
discuss the biochemical and biological properties of OPN in the context of its role in the
modulation of angiogenesis.
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasite and Self-Prevention Behaviors of Villagers in a Rural Village After Opisthorchis viverrini Control Program, Mahasarakam Province Thailand
Authors: Wiwanitkit Viroj , Chunhapran Puangpen , Suwansaksri Jamsai
Published: August 2009

Opisthorchis viverrini is an important trematode infection in the Northeastern Region of
Thailand.Following a number of epidemiology studies and trial projects, the national liver fluke control program has
been developed and operated under different National Public Health Development Plans. Presently, the program is
being operated and focused on the northeastern provinces of Thailand. A survey in Non Sam Ran village, Borabue
District, Mahasarakam Province where the high prevalence of opisthorchiasis was mentioned, was performed during
October 1999. The setting was a village under the control program with annual praziquantel distribution. A brief
survey of self-prevention behaviors towards intestinal parasite infection of the villagers was performed. Purposive
sampling of 56 villagers from each available house in the village was performed. According to the questionnaires,
all villagers admitted wearing shoes, avoiding eating raw food and using toilet. However, some (44.6 %) still
disclosed using hand without washing before eating. In interest, most (89.3 %) replied self-prescribing
antihelminthic drug to get rid of their own intestinal parasites. Furthermore, we also performed stool examination in
all 56 sampled villagers (16.2 %). In interest, there was no case of opisthorchiasis. However, 7 cases (12.5 %) of
Ascaris lumbricoides infection and 7 cases (12.5 %) of Entamoeba spp infection were detected. Comparing to other
nearby setting without previous control program, low prevalence of trematode infection in our studied community is
detected. However, the high prevalence of nematode and protozoa infections in this setting was still observed.
Nevertheless, some poor hygienic practice such as using hands without washing before eating, due to the traditional
belief are still detected.