bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La variable ambiental en el eje relacional centro-periferia según la perspectiva teórica Análisis de Sistema-Mundo. Un análisis en los roles de América Latina en su relación con los países centrales del sistema mundial
Authors: Vásquez Bustamante Juan Pablo
Published: November 2019

Este artículo propone incorporar la crisis ambiental como variable en el eje relacional centro-periferia según la perspectiva teórica Análisis de Sistema-Mundo, en la búsqueda de identificar posibles cambios en sus flujos y en los roles de América Latina como región periférica. A través de un análisis bibliográfico, se buscan las principales referencias planteadas en la perspectiva teórica Análisis de Sistema-Mundo respecto al fenómeno de la crisis ambiental; se identifican y describen los principales elementos que definen el eje relacional centro-periferia según la perspectiva teórica Análisis de Sistema-Mundo; se identifican y describen algunos efectos y consecuencias de la crisis ambiental planteados por intelectuales latinoamericanos vinculados a la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), que pudiesen constituirse en factores de cambio en las relaciones entre centro y periferia, y se intenta establecer una asociación entre ellos y determinados antecedentes, elementos y problemáticas a partir del caso de la propuesta ecuatoriana denominada Iniciativa Yasuní ITT.
Lógica da (In)apropriação? Os problemas do construtivismo na análise do alargamento da União Européia
Authors: Mielniczuk Fabiano Pellin
Published: November 2019

Muitos construtivistas na área de Integração Européia oferecem explicações sobre o processo de alargamento da UE a partir da lógica da apropriação, opondo-a a explicações baseadas na lógica da conseqüência. A primeira seria fundada em uma ontologia construtivista, indicando a prevalência das normas na determinação do comportamento dos atores. Já a segunda é associada a uma ontologia racionalista, com atores que interagem a partir de identidades pré-definidas, não constituídas pelas normas dos contextos de interação. Na medida em que os candidatos do leste da Europa foram incorporados ao processo de adesão, esperava-se a adequação de suas condutas às normas que conferiam identidade à União Européia. O problema é que a lógica da apropriação pressupõe a existência de normas institucionalizadas, de modo que as ações dos não-membros pudessem ser comparadas a elas e consideradas “apropriadas” ou não. Isso implica, também, que os membros da UE deveriam reproduzir em suas ações o que prescrevem para que novos candidatos fossem aceitos. Todavia, uma breve análise do trato conferido às minorias indica que essas duas condições não foram satisfeitas durante o processo de alargamento. O artigo elabora os motivos teóricos e políticos para essa inconsistência, e propõe que o modelo construtivista é inapropriado.
La cooperación descentralizada y las estructuras institucionales para la internacionalización de los gobiernos no centrales: Los casos de Bogotá y Ciudad de México
Authors: Grandas Estepa Denisse Amara
Published: November 2019

La cooperación descentralizada es una modalidad a través de la cual los Gobiernos No Centrales (GNC) han promovido sus asuntos internacionales y de cooperación. Por esta razón, muchos de estos gobiernos han impulsado la institucionalización a través de la vinculación de áreas dedicadas a tal fin y la definición de políticas y estrategias como medios para legitimar las relaciones con sus socios internacionales. Bajo este contexto, el artículo tiene como objetivo examinar los factores explicativos de los procesos de institucionalización de la cooperación descentralizada de Bogotá y Ciudad de México, con el propósito de identificar similitudes, diferencias, tendencias y oportunidades más representativas. Para lograr este propósito, se revisaron fuentes primarias y secundarias y se realizaron entrevistas a funcionarios de los gobiernos de Bogotá y Ciudad de México entre el 2016 y 2017. El planteamiento principal considera que la tendencia a institucionalizar estos procesos viene de la mano de prácticas comunes y patrones preestablecidos que ayudan a mantener y legitimar los campos organizacionales dedicados a los asuntos internacionales.
ANALISE DE TEXTOS MATEMÁTICOS: IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE UMA PROBLEMÁTICAESTUDO DE CASO EM UMA ESCOLA DE ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL DA REDE PÚBLICA
Authors: Souza Bruno Serafim de , Silva Jardel Pereira da
Published: November 2019

O presente estudo, exploratório, qualitativo, visa discorrer sobre os aspectos metodológicos que envolvem a dificuldade apresentada pelos alunos na interpretação dos textos matemáticos, sob o contexto das avaliações externas, que se tornaram tendência atual na avaliação do ensino. Este estudo trata-se de uma pesquisa realizada com 05 (cinco) estudantes da rede pública de Ensino Fundamental do município de Brejo Santo-CE. Os resultados retratam uma dificuldade por parte dos educandos em interpretar situações problemas em matemática, o que acarreta na dificuldade ou incapacidade de solucionar tal problema.
Reflexões acerca do Educandário Nogueira de Faria e Bioética: agenciamento de menores na Ilha de Cotijuba-Pará no início do século XX
Authors: Macedo Adriana Elisa de Alencar , Corrêa Liliane da Silva França
Published: November 2019

Este artigo é resultado de uma investigação em percurso de doutoramento pela Universidade Federal do Pará no programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia. Serão analisados os agenciamentos das práticas no Educandário Nogueira de Faria na ilha de Cotijuba no início do século XX, relacionado ao conceito contemporâneo de bioética. Para isso,a análise principal será focada em trechos das três entrevistas realizadas com dois ex-funcionários que possuíram uma relação direta com os menores que por ali passaram e que agenciaram o funcionamento do Educandário e um exeducando, contribuindo para uma reflexão sobre a história da infância abandonada e desvalida na Amazônia paraense em interface com a bioética, em uma época que vigorava a primeira República, na qual, as discussões sobre a institucionalização da infância no Brasil estava em seu auge.
Currículo e Relações Étnico-Raciais: a identidade da criança negra na Educação Infantil na Amazônia Bragantina
Authors: Santos Raquel Amorim dos
Published: November 2019

Este estudo analisa o Currículo e as Relações Étnico-Raciais na Educação Infantil, com foco na identidade da criança negra, a partir das ações realizadas no Projeto de Extensão da Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus Universitário de Bragança sobre Formação de Professores para a Educação das Relações Étnico-Raciais e para o Ensino de História e Cultura Afro-Brasileira e Africana na Educação Básica em Bragança-PA e do Seminário de Educação Infantil sobre o Brincar, criar e inovar: refletindo o currículo e práticas educativas na Educação Infantil, realizado em parceria com a Secretaria Municipal de Educação de Bragança-PA. O referencial teórico-metodológico baseia-se em Cavalleiro (2006), Coelho (2009) e Santos (2009) para a discussão sobre relações étnico raciais e Educação Infantil e para a incursão sobre identidade negra nos balizamos em Gomes (2002). Os resultados do estudo revelam que os professores a partir do Projeto de Extensão e de suas atividades na escola desenvolvem práticas pedagógicas voltadas para afirmação da identidade da criança negra. No entanto, elas se intensificam, sobretudo no mês que celebra a consciência negra. Concluímos que as práticas pedagógicas antirracista necessitam ser inserido, no: projeto pedagógico, currículo escolar, planejamento de ensino, instrumentos didáticopedagógicos e, sobretudo nas brincadeiras e interações das crianças da Educação Infantil, pois podem contribuir para a construção da identidade positiva da criança negra e para subversão de práticas racistas, preconceituosas e discriminatórias. A ausência das relações étnico raciais no currículo da Educação Infantil pode impedir a promoção de boas relações étnicas e contribuir para o silêncio que envolve as relações étnico raciais nas diversas instituições sociais, inclusive a escola.
The Ultimate of Reality: Reversible Causality
Authors: Abdoullaev Azamat Sh.
Published: November 2019

Metaphysics is the search for an ultimate principle by which all real things and relations are ordered. It formulates fundamental statements about existence and change. A reversible (absolute) causality is thought to be the ultimate of reality. It is argued that a real (causal) process relating changes of any nature (physical, mental) and any sort (quantitative, qualitative, and substantial) reverses the order of its agency (action, influence, operation, producing): real causation must run in the opposite direction, or change to the opposite effect. A reversible process is a cyclical process, and all cyclical processes are reversible. The world is becoming active because it produces reversible processes; reversible processes organize the world. The world is the totality of interrelated cyclic processes occurring with all kinds of agents (objects, substances, and things).
Phenomenology of the Spirit
Authors: Makharov Yegor
Published: November 2019

The idea of spirit in its highest form takes a gathering character, where all is attracted by what Hegel called the world idea, an absolute spirit, and by what modern science understands as human psychological and social (consciousness) recognition. Included in this are unusual abilities like extrasensory perception, clairvoyance, telepathy, etc. The sensibility of the pointed problems can be more fruitfully realized within a new phenomenology of the spirit. This is distinguished from Hegel by the fact that spirit is considered as non-destroyed attribute or matter’s property (quality). If Hegel considered the absolute idea as the outcoming principle or substantial base of being, then a new phenomenology of spirit must be abstracted from the question stated of the primary and secondary character of the material and ideal in a global plan. But this conception of the materialistic philosophy should be over comprehended, where spiritual is considered as the secondary phenomenon, so as the secondary in comparison with the material side of being. This new phenomenology of the spirit is based on the Hegelian and Marxist traditions’ overcomprehension in a quality of the main idea which takes up the subjective content and spiritual material base — its material-ideal nature.
Pluralism and the Being of the Between
Authors: Mann Mark H Grear
Published: November 2019

In this paper I attempt to reassess the age-old problem of conflicting religious truth-claims by utilizing the fundamental metaphysical insights of William Desmond. I first outline and critique ways that philosophers have traditionally attempted to address this issue, focusing my critique on the standard model (viz., exclusivism, inclusivism and pluralism) used to describe different ways of making claims about truth. I then develop Desmond’s "fourfold sense of being" (the univocal, equivocal, dialectical and metaxological) as an alternative approach. My conclusion is that Desmond’s metaphysics provides a constructive model for addressing conflicting truth-claims, while also avoiding the pitfalls inherent in the traditional typological approach.
Classic Philosophy and some Negative Characteristics of Contemporary Culture
Authors: Mazanka Pavel , Morawiec Edmund
Published: November 2019

This paper attempts to answer the question: "In what way could classical philosophy be useful to overcome shortcomings of the contemporary culture?" A response to this question is preceded by considerations about the meaning of the world "culture" as well as delineating such features of the contemporary culture and their origins which, in common opinion, are evidence of its crisis. If it is proposed to return to classical philosophy in order to remedy the contemporary culture and humanity, it is because this philosophy, due to its specific character, through the acceptance of real truth and real goodness as reasons for justifying both the order of cognition and the moral order, establishes that which is called culture on the bases of realism and secures its bases against subjectivism, relativism and pragmatism. Within classical philosophy, humankind learns an essential truth about itself, namely that human beings are not exclusively happening events because of human nature and essence, but that humans are persons which constitute a certain ontic fundament for historic processes and guarantee identity of being.
Natural Necessity, Objective Chances and Causal Powers
Authors: McCullagh C. Behan
Published: November 2019

Are the relations between the property of a thing and its related disposition to react in certain ways, and between the triggering of that disposition and the consequent effect, necessary? Harré and Madden, in their analysis of causal powers, said they are, but their arguments are not persuasive. Humeans like Simon Blackburn deny it. I criticize the Humean position, and argue afresh for their necessity. I note that David Lewis' analysis of causation requires their necessity, though as a confessed Humean he has not admitted this.
Descartes’ Daydream and the Mind-Body Problem
Authors: Schuller Peter
Published: November 2019

After exhorting us to wake up from our ‘daydreaming’ and revolutionize our modality of thought to that of conceptualization, Descartes seems to forget about this crucial matter of a discontinuous leap. So, too, it seems has the profession generally and this has infected philosophical research and teaching. It is urged here that discontinuous processes are crucial in the universe, in human life, in human thinking. Such ontological events cannot be handled by dualism, materialism or postmodernism. Concentration on such discontinuous processes is urged, an alternative is briefly indicated, and a criterion for ordering levels of human levels of reality is offered. It follows in the line of Cantor and Marx. It is suggested that a human being is a transfinite entity and that such an entity has many levels of being, among which are cognitive processes, imaginative processes and physical processes. A person is ‘not other than’ these without being ‘nothing but’ any of these.
Kant's Reply to Hume in the Second Analogy
Authors: Steinhoff Gordon
Published: November 2019

In the Second Analogy, Kant argues that we must presuppose, a priori, that each event is determined to occur by some preceding event in accordance with a causal law. Although there have been numerous interpretations of this argument, we have not been able to show that it is valid. In this paper, I develop my own interpretation of this argument. I borrow an insight offered by Robert Paul Wolff. In Kant's argument, our need to presuppose that the causal determination of each event rests not upon our need to impose a 'necessary' and 'irreversible' temporal order upon representations of the states of an object, as Kant is usually interpreted, but upon our need to generate a comprehensive representation that includes a certain a priori conception of events in the world around us. Although the argument I attribute to Kant is valid, it cannot compel the Humean skeptic to accept the necessity of presupposing the causal determination of each event: Kant has not successfully responded to Hume in the Second Analogy.
The Metaphysics Of Performance
Authors: Tassi Aldo
Published: November 2019

Something extraordinary has happened to metaphysics. At the very moment when philosophy is focusing its efforts at bringing metaphysics to an 'end,' metaphysics finds itself flourishing in the theatre, which speaks of itself as 'metaphysics-in-action' and publishes treatises carrying such titles as The Act of Being: Toward a Theory of Acting. The irony of the situation appears to have been lost on postmodern philosophers. What this paper sets out to do is explore the potential consequences of the metaphysical weight that has been acquired by the theatre for the practice of philosophy. It argues that the theatrical performance is in fact an 'enactment' of the performance of being and that, as such, it is possible to extend our understanding of this performance from the theatrical stage to the 'theatre of the world.' Finally, in doing so, we can establish the context for a metaphysics that does not privilege presence.
Vagueness and Identity
Authors: Torrago Loretta
Published: November 2019

The view that identity can be vague holds that there are statements of identity which are neither true nor false. The view that composition can be vague holds that unities can have borderline constituents — that is, elements that are neither parts nor non-parts of some larger unity. The case for vague identity is typically made by way of an argument for the vagueness of composition. In this paper, however, I argue that the thesis that composition can be vague is actually incompatible with the thesis of vague identity. The argument for the incompatibility of these two views arises out of a demonstration of the way in which constituency facts (even vague constituency facts) are grounded in the other facts about how a larger unity is configured. Thus, I show that composites that are allegedly vaguely identical are actually different configurations. Hence, the alliance of vague composition with vague identity is taken to be all that is needed in order to show that compositional vagueness is indefensible.
Metaphysical Premises And Types Of Liberal Ideology
Authors: Yevlampiev Igor I.
Published: November 2019

The problem of choosing the way for our country unavoidably brings us to a discussion of the problem of liberalism. At first glance, this should not be a problem since liberal principles underlie Western society and are the basis of the modern world order. But this opinion is not shared by all intellectuals in Russia. First is the specificity of the Russian mentality, social consciousness and social life. The idea of 'Russia's own way' is much referred to by various political movements of pronounced nationalist color, but we have to study this idea at its deepest level rather than oversimplify reality. Yet even most thinkers who are oriented to the West and have insisted on the adoption of Western values and standards have also strongly criticized European civilization. Secondly, liberalism does not have a simple meaning. It connotes a number of complex ideological systems transformed over time both in theory and in political practice. Therefore, it is important to analyze the metaphysical premises of liberal doctrines and systems. I will examine assessments of liberal ideas made by Russian religious philosophers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries such as P. Struve, N. Novgorodtsev, I. Iliin, and S. Frank who all considered liberalism primarily a metaphysical rather than a legal or political phenomenon, and interpreted it as an empirical manifestation of the deep nature of the human spiritual reality.
La Cultura y la Mercancía
Authors: Bolognesi Mário Fernando
Published: November 2019

Adorno and Horkheimer adopted the notion of the fetishism of commodities for the analysis of art and culture. Material, physical goods are not identical with symbolic ones. In spite of being predominant, the culture industry cannot be taken as the prototype for all analyses of culture. One cannot reduce all cultural products in the market economy to market products. The plurality of artistic and cultural practices found in countries such as Brazil calls into question the Frankfurtian framework.
Concerning the Relationship Between Non-Spatiotemporality and Unknowability of Things in Themselves in Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason
Authors: Bonaccini Juan Adolfo
Published: November 2019

In the present paper is analyzed the relationship between Kant's theses concerning unknowability and non-spatiotemporality of things in themselves. First of all, it is argued that even by taking for granted that the Unknowability Thesis does not contradict the Non-Spatiotemporality Thesis, because the former can be thought as a consequence of the latter, this is not enough to avoid another problem, namely, that the Non-Spatiotemporality Thesis is not sufficient to abolish the possibility of thinking consistently of space and time as empirical or material. It is also remembered that this point has already been partially envisaged for the first time by H.A. Pistorius (and later by A. Trendelenburg) and raised as the objection of the "third possibility" or "neglected alternative." Furthermore, it is maintained that although Kant tries to eliminate this possibility in the Metaphysical Expositions of Space and Time (but not in the Antinomies), by attempting to prove that space and time are only formal necessary conditions of sensibility, he cannot do it successfully. Hereafter it is argued that his circumstance is not due to the above objection itself, but to another difficulty that can only be grasped through the analysis of Kant's main argument in the Metaphysical Expositions of Transcendental Aesthetic. Ultimately, in order to show this difficulty, it is argued first that insofar as the Non-spatiotemporality Thesis supposes the validity of the Singularity Thesis, and this supposes the validity of the Apriority Thesis, the whole force of proof reposes on this latter. Secondly, it is shown that, despite his effort, Kant could not justify satisfactorily his claim to the formal apriority of space and time because of his failure to demonstrate necessarily the Apriority Thesis.
Hegel and Kant on the Ontological Argument
Authors: Borges Maria de Lourdes
Published: November 2019

I intend to present Kant's refutation of the ontological argument as confronted by Hegel's critique of Kant's refutation. The ontological argument can be exposed in a syllogistic way: everything I conceive as belonging clearly and distinctly to the nature or essence of something can be asserted as true of something. I perceive clearly and distinctly that existence belongs to the nature or essence of a perfect being; therefore, existence can be stated as true of a supremely perfect being, that is, perfect being exists. I intend to argue that Kant criticizes both the major and minor premises. To the major premise, he objects that there is an unqualified passage from the logical to the ontological level. To the minor premise, he objects that existence is not a concept predicate. Finally, I will show how Hegel criticizes Kant's refutation. To the former, Kant's critique is naïve as he could prove that existence is not inherent to a finite being's concept, which is not the concept of God.
Paideia as Bildung in Germany in the Age of Enlightenment
Authors: Giacomoni Paola
Published: November 2019

There have been many interpretations of Bildung in the history of German philosophy, from the Medieval mystics to the secularization of the Enlightenment. Wilhelm von Humboldt's work at the end of the 18th century is a good example. He placed the idea of Bildung at the center of his work because it was rooted in a dynamic, transforming idea of the natural and human worlds while also being oriented toward a model of balance and perfection. Von Humboldt's interpretation of modernity is characterized by a strong emphasis on change as well as the need to find criteria for guiding such a transformation that has no intrinsic or predetermined end. Love of classical antiquity was not merely nostalgia for a lost world, a normative current that placed the idea of perfection and balance foremost in order to achieve the ideal of Humanitas in an attempt to overcome the unilaterally of modernity.
Nietzsche et Kant: Philosophie, Critique et Morale
Authors: Marton Scarlett
Published: November 2019

Il s'agit d'examiner premièrement les conceptions de la philosophie que Nietzsche et Kant embrassent. Tandis que Kant considère que la philosophie et le système s'identificient, Nietzsche envisage la philosophie surtout en tant que création des valeurs. D'après Kant, Nietzsche ne serait peutêtre qu'un dissipateur du savoir; celui qui se propose de faire des essais avec la pensée et qui assume, par conséquent, de différentes perspectives pour aborder la même question ne pourrait se prendre en tant que philosophe. Selon Nietzsche, Kant ne serait qu'un fonctionnaire du savoir; celui qui se limite à fonder des valeurs déjà établies ne serait qu'un "ouvrier philosophique." Pourtant, Nietzsche et Kant se mettent d'accord, quand ils attribuent un rôle privilégié à la critique, mais bien vite reapparaîssent les divergences entre eux. D'après Kant, la critique doit être considérée comme une discipline philosophique, non pas dans le sens d'un domaine du savoir, mais d'une "éducation" de la raison humaine, puisqu'il faut que celle-ci reconnaisse ses limites pour bien opérer dans ses différents usages. Selon Nietzsche, la critique entreprise par Kant n'a aucune légitimité, dans la mesure où elle opère de façon à accorder à la raison le double rôle de juge et d'accusé. Le but que nous poursuivons dans notre texte est cului d'examiner, à partir de ces résultats-là, la position prise par Nietzschhe vis-à-vis de la philosophie kantienne.
En Torno al Círculo Cartesiano y al Genio Maligno
Authors: Moreno Romo Juan Carlos
Published: November 2019

Se aborda aquí el problema del circularidad en tanto que principal objeción y dificultad del pensamiento cartesiano, y de la posibilidad de una posición racional o cognoscitiva sólida en general. Se exponen las sucesivas versiones de esta objeción elaboradas por los contemporáneos de Descartes (circularidad Dios-cogito, Dios-evidencia, Dios-memoria), relacionándolas con sus correspondientes posturas de nuestros días. Para enfrentar este problema se retoma la duda metódica en su momento decisivo, el de la hipótesis del genio maligno, de la que se extraen, en diálogo de nuevo con la tradición y con los especialistas, las últimas consecuencias. Se exploran en seguida las posiciones fideístas o prerracionalistas que encuentran fuera de la razón el fundamento de la racionalidad, para concluir oponiendo a la salida fideísta, y por lo tanto escéptica, la apertura a la evidencia que, fundada en efecto en un acto preracional, volitivo, es perfectamente compatible, se muestra, con la autofundación de la racionalidad, siempre que no hablemos de una racionalidad meramente formal, siempre que partamos con Descartes de la evidencia presente a la conciencia.
Leibniz on Material Things
Authors: Repo Arto
Published: November 2019

My paper is about two at least apparently conflicting stands in Leibniz's arguments concerning the nature of material things. The first strand is phenomenalist in character, connecting the ontological status of material things with harmony between the perceptions of monads. According to the other strand, material things are understood to be aggregates of monads. These descriptions are different, but it is difficult to decide whether they are incompatible or not. Could Leibniz coherently claim that material things are phenomena, mental things, in some sense, and at the same time constituted by real substances? I consider Leibniz's view of relations, because this helps us to understand the move. Against R. Adams (following P. Hoffman) I argue that the interpretation of Leibnizian phenomena as intentional objects does not help either. My thesis is that it is possible to see the two strands as compatible only by taking the phenomenalist account as the primary and by interpreting the aggregate account as derivative. The result is an interpretation of Leibniz's theory of matter as fundamentally phenomenalistic.
Some Esential Points in Reading The Critique of Pure Reason
Authors: Shore Eduardo
Published: November 2019

(1) Things are not to be found in the Critique (real things also called physical objects-an epoché 'avant la lettre' as in Husserl). The things as appearances are only Vorstellungen (representatio, B376). Confusion arrives because Kant calls these objects with the same names employed in the language of common sense for designating the things. (2) Due to the absence of these things, nothing is said concerning the relation between things and empirical objects (things as appearances, Erscheinungen). (3) Things in themselves, considered in the abstraction of sensible receptivity, are for this very abstraction, unknowable. Consequently, they cannot be considered as the origin of appearances. (4) I propose an explanation of the relation mentioned in (2). (5) What is the use of the Critique of so strange a conception as the thing in itself instead of simply mentioning real things and their representations in the subject? (6) Mind is not an adequate translation of the German gemüt. I think subject is better.
Restoration of Art and Restoration of Nature
Authors: Light Andrew
Published: November 2019

Robert Elliot's "Faking Nature," represents one of the strongest philosophical rejections of the ground of restoration ecology ever offered. Here, and in a succession of papers defending the original essay, Elliot argued that ecological restoration was akin to art forgery. Just as a copied art work could not reproduce the value of the original, restored nature could not reproduce the value of nature. I reject Elliot's art forgery analogy, and argue that his paper provides grounds for distinguishing between two forms of restoration that must be given separate normative consideration: (1) malicious restorations, those undertaken as a means of justifying harm to nature, and (2) benevolent restorations, or, those which are akin to art restorations and which cannot serve as justifications for the conditions which would warrant their engagement. This argument will require an investigation of Mark Sagoff's arguments concerning the normative status of art restorations.
El Problem de la Comunicacion y Sus Relaciones con el Lenguaje
Authors: Máculus Liliana
Published: November 2019

Adviértase que no es caprichosa la elección de los acápites que guiarán el presente trabajo. Ambos, expresan un sentido de verdad respecto de sus propias disciplinas: la filosofía y la poesía, materias singularmente destacadas por M. Heidegger en cuanto a la custodia del instrumento más valioso en poder el hombre. Instrumento, herramienta, morada, condensados en la palabra humana que, a su vez, es propiedad de todos según Montale. La brevedad de las páginas que seguirán intentarán enforcar los problemas de la comunicación desde el lenguaje, la filosofía y la literatura, no sólo como hilo conductor para desarrollar el tema, sino como tributo que se rinde a quienes pasaron su vida inmersos en tales problemas, dedicados a resolverlos y a ahorrar al resto de la humanidad las consecuencias íntimas y externas de ese debatirse.
Paideia: Moral Education in the University?
Authors: Beaty Michael
Published: November 2019

Does the title of the World Congress of Philosophy, Paideia: Philosophy Educating Humanity, reflect hubris, irony or a pragmatic optimism? How is it possible for philosophy to educate the human community in the twenty-first century? More specifically, at a time when few people besides academic philosophers read philosophy, in what sense can philosophy educate humanity? In this essay I examine one possible way philosophy can educate humanity advanced by Derek Bok, former president of Harvard University. In a variety of public lectures, published essays and books Bok insists that America's leading colleges and universities ought to recommit themselves to moral education as one of their central tasks. I argue that recommitment to this task on the part of these elite universities is far more difficult than Bok admits. Indeed, I contend that as long as America's elite educational institutions retain the intellectual and structural commitments that displaced paideia, Bok's vision for moral education has little chance of success.
The Problem of Particularity in Kant’s Aesthetic Theory
Authors: Chignell Andrew
Published: November 2019

In moving away from the objective, property-based theories of earlier periods to a subject-based aesthetic, Kant did not intend to give up the idea that judgments of beauty are universalizable. Accordingly, the "Deduction of Judgments of Taste" (KU, § 38) aims to show how reflective aesthetic judgments can be "imputed" a priori to all human subjects. The Deduction is not successful: Kant manages only to justify the imputation of the same form of aesthetic experience to everyone; he does not show that this experience will universally occur in response to the same objects. This is what I call Kant’s Problem of Particularity. After critiquing Anthony Savile’s attempt to overcome this Problem by linking Kant’s aesthetics to the theory of rational ideas, I elucidate the concept of (the oft-unnoticed) aesthetic attributes (§ 49) in a way that allows us to solve the Problem of Particularity.
The Structure of Possibility
Authors: Reese William L.
Published: November 2019

I call attention to the following theses concerning possibility. 1) Anything that has become actual must have been possible in the period of time immediately preceding its actualization. 2) The logically possible is a conception, and conceptions exist within the mind. 3) The possible is not a mere name. 4) The possible is not a mental entity and that alone. 5) Every possibility, whether mental entity or not must be, or image, an ontological entity, real although not (yet) actual. 6) For all we know logical possibility is the sufficient condition of ontological possibility. 7) Philosophers who lack the category of ontological possibility nonetheless refer to it as an implicit, if hidden, feature of their systems. 8) In some part of the period of time preceding its actualization, an ontological possibility becomes a nascent actuality, and external consistency a necessary condition for nascency. 9) The rise or fall of energy level through directed energy vectors, on human and nonhuman levels, is the third condition for the actualizing of possibilities, or for their failure to actualize.
Untimely Thoughts on the Public Market
Authors: Clohesy William W.
Published: November 2019

The marketplace as an institution enjoys widespread popularity today. Many economists hold that most of society’s problems could be best solved by applying the market mechanism to them. Government, by contrast, is widely considered to be a problem rather than a solution. Some would like to see the government restructured along market lines so that policies would follow voter choice, as products follow that of consumers. Some, myself included, believe that a world in which all relationships are rendered matters of private choice would lack the "public happiness" that comes from participation in public discourse and concerted action. In this paper I address what it would mean for the market to be truly public. A market that is truly public will discourage speculative investment so that managers of various firms can concentrate on the long term good of creating a social institution through which the concerted efforts of various stakeholders are coordinated. In this way, stakeholders can enrich the world through their work.
International Development Ethics
Authors: Crocker David
Published: November 2019

I discuss the nature and genesis of international development ethics as well as its current areas of consensus, controversies, challenges, and agenda. A relatively new field of applied ethics, international development ethics is ethical reflection on the ends and means of socioeconomic change in poor countries and regions. It has several sources: criticism of colonialism and post-World War II developmental strategies; Denis Goulet's writings; Anglo-American philosophical debates about the ethics of famine relief; and Paul Streeten's and Amartya Sen's approaches to development. Development ethicists agree that the moral dimension of development theory and practice is just as important as the scientific and policy components. What is often called "development" (e.g., economic growth) may be bad for people, communities, and the environment. Hence, the process of development should be reconceived as beneficial change, usually specified as alleviating human misery and environmental degradation in poor countries.
Trading Lives
Authors: Fair Frank
Published: November 2019

Recently, unrestrained consequentialism has been defended against the charge that it leads to unacceptable trade-offs by showing a tradeoff accepted by many of us is not justified by any of the usual nonconsequenlist arguments. The particular trade-off involves raising the speed limit on the Interstate Highway System. As a society, we seemingly accept a trade-off of lives for convenience. This defense of consequentialism may be a tu quoque, but it does challenge nonconsequentialists to adequately justify a multitude of social decisions. Work by the deontologist Frances Kamm, conjoined with a perspective deployed by several economists on the relation between social costs and lives lost, is relevant. It provides a starting point by justifying decisions which involve trading lives only for other lives. But the perspective also recognizes that using resources in excess of some figure (perhaps as low as $7.5 million) to save a life causes us to forego other live-saving activities, thus causing a net loss of life. Setting a speed limit as low as 35 miles per hour might indeed save some lives, but the loss of productivity due to the increased time spent in travel would cost an even greater number of lives. Therefore, many trade-offs do not simply involve trading lives for some lesser value (e.g., convenience), but are justified as allowing some to die in order to save a greater number.
Las Antinomias de la Democracia Liberal
Authors: Kohn W. Carlos
Published: November 2019

I criticize the liberal foundations of democracy on two counts: (1) the impossible defense of a "neutral" model of the state; and (2) the individualist foundation of its moral and political philosophy. I suggest as well that political liberalism reduces the emancipatory chances of the democratic project by pursuing the goal of Hobbes. Leviathan-that is, by seeking to establish a well-ordered society that endorses an overlapping consensus favoring the ruling classes. The guiding dictum of the "demoliberal" theory seems to be-to paraphrase Adam Smith and Hegel-the invisible hand which regulates the market is the cunning reason of democracy, or, the key of its governability. Are we approaching the end of history as longed for by Fukuyama? I will analyze the premises which sustain his thesis.
The Preconditions of Social Identity of a Small State in Transition to Democracy
Authors: Morkuniene Jurate
Published: November 2019

The definition of social identity consists of two parts. First, it means protection against threats to the nation’s existence and well-being. Second, it means the search for measures and possibilities to achieve the goals of social development and improvement. Social identity implies the creation and preservation of conditions in which each citizen can develop as educated, creative and responsible persons. Today, especially for nations throughout the former Soviet Union, the chief danger to social identity lies in the adverse conditions of continued underdevelopment. It follows that for these nations, identity means first of all development. The essential condition for a small nation’s identity and survival is based on the people’s resolution to rely on themselves and to envision the potential for their own country. The modern strategy for ensuring social identity would essentially rely on the principle that every citizen is part of the national identity, i.e., its active agent. For this reason, of central importance is the creation of equal starting possibilities (equality of opportunities) for everyone.
Le Theme de l’Unite et de l’Harmonie de l’Homme chez Friedrich Schiller
Authors: Dumitrescu Petre
Published: November 2019

This study demonstrates that Schiller's philosophical work is not limited only to the explanation of the artistic phenomenon as such, and that, for him, art represents the premise of philosophizing, of elaborating an original conception of the world and of humanity. I emphasize the way in which the poet and playwright uses art as a philosophical method with a view to penetrating meaning in the world and in life and to identifying a solution to the crisis confronted by modernity. In this context, based on the conviction that the historical and rationalistic methods are the only ones valid for human understanding and achievement, Schiller, due to his artistic genius and his beginning from Kant's ideas concerning the compatibility of the theoretical and the ethical by means of the aesthetic, advances a way of raising nature (the sensible) to the level of morality with the help of the artistic creation interpreted as a game. What radically distinguishes and confers originality on Schiller's versus Kant's conception is the modality of solving the problems of the relation between necessity and liberty, sensibility and intelligibility, and individuality and liberty, thus offering the image of a person able to aspire to resonance with the exactingness of the Great Time, when evolution may become self-evolution, and history transhistory.
Understanding Human Nature
Authors: Amilburu María G.
Published: November 2019

Ours is not the first time philosophers have looked to art for examples to illustrate their arguments. One example would be Kierkegaard, who turned to Mozart's operas in an attempt to expose what he called the aesthetic realm of existence. I hold that if Kierkegaard lived today, he would consider the main character of Nikita Mikhalkov's Dark Eyes (1987) as a prototype of the aesthetic way of existence. In order to support my thesis, I first discuss Kierkegaard's theory of the three spheres of existence. I look especially at what he considers to be the main feature of the aesthetic stage, as well as the figure of Don Giovanni in Mozart's opera. Second, I will look at the character of Romano Podroni in Dark Eyes. Finally, I will point out what makes these two characters prototypes of the aesthetic existence: the inhuman way in which they live the temporal dimension of human existence.
The Nature and Possibility of Philosophical Anthropology
Authors: Kim Chin-Tai
Published: November 2019

Philosophers cannot avoid addressing the question of whether philosophical anthropology (that is, specifically philosophical inquiry about human nature and human phenomenon) is possible. Any answer must be articulated in the context of the nature and function of philosophy. In other words, philosophical anthropology must be defined as an account of the nature of the subject of philosophical thinking. I argue that if philosophical thinkers admit that they are beings in nature, culture, and history, then the possibility of a uniquely philosophical theory of human nature and human phenomenon should be discarded. Rather, philosophy's catalytic and integrative role in human cognition should be stressed.
Philosophical-Anthropological Approach to Historic-Cultural Research
Authors: Tchernaya Lioudmila
Published: November 2019

This approach holds that the problem of humanity determines the history of culture. On the basis of theory developed by Max Scheler, I try to work out the main characteristics of cultural process, the typology of culture, and the periodization of culture. The humanities in Russia are in the midst of a methodological crisis now, and I hope that this approach will help us obtain a fuller understanding of culture.
Autonomy in Determinism
Authors: Wandschneider Dieter
Published: November 2019

There are good reasons for determinism — the option for pure freedom of will proves to be a non-tenable position. However, this collides with the everyday experience of autonomy. The following argument will attempt to show that determinism and autonomy are compatible. (1) A first consideration going back to MacKay makes clear that I myself cannot foresee in principle my own determination; hence fatalism has lost its grounds. (2) From the perspective of physical determination, I show that quantum-physical indetermination is not at all in a position to explain autonomy, while from the perspective of systems theory physical determination and autonomy is well-compatible. (3) The possibility of knowledge denotes a further increase of such autonomy. From this perspective, acting is something like designing-oneself or choice-of-oneself. (4) Consciousness of not being fixed in principle now becomes a determining condition of my acting, which appears to be determined by autonomy. This explains the ineradicable conviction that freedom of will is essential for human beings. (5) I conclude that the autonomy of acting is greater the more that rational self-determination takes the place of stupid arbitrariness.
Human Nature and the Digital Culture
Authors: Weiss Dennis M.
Published: November 2019

Within contemporary Western philosophy, the issues of human nature and our place in the cosmos have largely been ignored. In the resulting vacuum, the various subcultures that have grown up around the digital computer (the so-called "digital culture") have been actively defining and shaping popular conceptions of what it means to be human and the place of humanity in the digital era. Here one finds an implicit view of human nature that includes recurrent themes such as: an emphasis on mind as information independent of the physical body, the obsolescence of the human body, the elimination of human particularity, the malleability of human nature, and the logic and orderliness of the computer as a metaphor for the cosmos. This view of human nature shares important characteristics with Cartesian and Christian views of human nature long rejected by philosophers. A renewal of the philosophical anthropology movement — devoted to the issues of human nature and humanity's place in the cosmos — permits us to see the inadequacy of the conception of human nature implicit in the digital culture.
Metaphilosophical Pluralism and Paraconsistency
Authors: Benado M.E. Orellana , Bobenrieth Andrés , Verdugo Carlos
Published: November 2019

In a famous passage, Kant claimed that controversy and the lack of agreement in metaphysics — here understood as philosophy as a whole — was a ‘scandal.’ Attempting to motivate his critique of pure reason, a project aimed at both ending the scandal and setting philosophy on the ‘secure path of science,’ Kant endorsed the view that for as long as disagreement reigned sovereign in philosophy, there would be little to be learned from it as a science. The success of philosophy begins when controversy ends and culminates when the discipline itself as it has been known disappears. On the other hand, particularly in the second half of the twentieth century, many have despaired of the very possibility of philosophy constituting the search for truth, that is to say, a cognitive human activity, and constituting thus a source of knowledge. This paper seeks to sketch a research program that is motivated by an intuition that opposes both of these views.
On Using Metaphors in Philosophy
Authors: Peres Constanze
Published: November 2019

This paper deals with the question of whether metaphors are sufficient for the fulfillment of philosophical tasks, and, if they are, which cognitive or methodological place metaphors can have within philosophical discourse. We can distinguish three attitudes toward metaphors. First is the general rejection of metaphors in philosophy. Second is the unrestricted affirmation of metaphors as ‘absolute’ and as compensating for metaphysics. This conception will be analyzed critically and shown to be self-contradictory. The third position can be described as the restricted affirmation of using metaphors. According to this view, metaphors can be characterized as-strictly speaking-non-philosophical but extrinsic to constitutive forms in constructing theories. In this view, their function is not to explain, and they cannot be used as arguments. But, often they contain numerous implications with value for innovation, as they can anticipate holistic projections which are not yet fulfilled by theoretical analysis.