bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Domestic Birds as Source of Cryptococcus deuterogattii (AFLP6/VGII): Potential Risk for Cryptococcosis
Authors: Siqueira Nathan P. , Favalessa Olívia C. , Maruyama Fernanda H. , Dutra Valéria , Nakazato Luciano , Hagen Ferry , Hahn Rosane C.
Published: November 2021

Cryptococcosis is an infection caused by encapsulated basidiomycetous yeasts belonging to the Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii species complexes. It is acquired through inhalation of infectious propagules, often resulting in meningitis and meningoencephalitis. The ecological niche of these agents is a wide variety of trees species, as well as pigeon, parrot and passerine excreta. The objective of this study was to isolate Cryptococcus yeasts from excreta of commercially traded parrots and passerines. The 237 samples were collected between October 2018 and April 2019 and processed using conventional methodologies. Nineteen colonies with a dark brown phenotype, caused by phenol oxidase activity, were isolated, suggesting the presence of pathogenic Cryptococcus yeasts. All isolates tested positive for urease activity. URA5-RFLP fingerprinting identified 14 isolates (68.4%) as C. neoformans (genotype AFLP1/VNI) and 5 (26.3%) as C. deuterogattii (genotype AFLP6/VGII). Multi-locus sequence typing was applied to investigate the relatedness of the C. deuterogattii isolates with those collected globally, showing that those originating from bird-excreta were genetically indistinguishable from some clinical isolates collected during the past two decades.
Lubrication–Contact Interface Conditions and Novel Mixed/Boundary Lubrication Modeling Methodology
Authors: Liu Shuangbiao , Wang Q. Jane , Chung Yip-Wah , Berkebile Stephen
Published: November 2021

Under severe conditions, solid contacts take place even when parts are lubricated. Precise mathematical conditions are needed to describe the interior interface between fluid lubrication and solid-contact zones. In order to distinguish the conditions for this interface from conventional lubrication boundary conditions, they are named lubrication–contact interface conditions (LCICs). In this work, mathematical LCICs are derived with local flow continuity from the continuum mechanics point of view and pressure inequality across the interface. Numerical implementations are developed and tested with problems having simple geometries and configurations, and they are integrated into a new mixed/boundary elastohydrodynamic lubrication solver that uses a new method to determine solid-contact pressures. This solver is capable of capturing film thickness and pressure behaviors involving solid contacts.
Cardiovascular risk prediction in healthy older people
Authors: Neumann Johannes T. , Thao Le T. P. , Callander Emily , Chowdhury Enayet , Williamson Jeff D. , Nelson Mark R. , Donnan Geoffrey , Woods Robyn L. , Reid Christopher M. , Poppe Katrina K. , Jackson Rod , Tonkin Andrew M. , McNeil John J.
Published: November 2021

Identification of individuals with increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) is important. However, algorithms specific to the elderly are lacking. Data were analysed from a randomised trial involving 18,548 participants ≥ 70 years old (mean age 75.4 years), without prior cardiovascular disease events, dementia or physical disability. MACE included coronary heart disease death, fatal or nonfatal ischaemic stroke or myocardial infarction. Potential predictors tested were based on prior evidence and using a machine-learning approach. Cox regression analyses were used to calculate 5-year predicted risk, and discrimination evaluated from receiver operating characteristic curves. Calibration was also assessed, and the findings internally validated using bootstrapping. External validation was performed in 25,138 healthy, elderly individuals in the primary care environment. During median follow-up of 4.7 years, 594 MACE occurred. Predictors in the final model included age, sex, smoking, systolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), non-HDL-c, serum creatinine, diabetes and intake of antihypertensive agents. With variable selection based on machine-learning, age, sex and creatinine were the most important predictors. The final model resulted in an area under the curve (AUC) of 68.1 (95% confidence intervals 65.9; 70.4). The model had an AUC of 67.5 in internal and 64.2 in external validation. The model rank-ordered risk well but underestimated absolute risk in the external validation cohort. A model predicting incident MACE in healthy, elderly individuals includes well-recognised, potentially reversible risk factors and notably, renal function. Calibration would be necessary when used in other populations.
Control of Anisotropic Crystallographic Texture in Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing of Metals and Ceramics—A Review
Authors: Hagihara Koji , Nakano Takayoshi
Published: November 2021

Additive manufacturing (AM) enables the production of complex, net-shape geometries. Additionally, in AM of metal and ceramics, which has received less attention, the microstructure and texture of the product can be arbitrarily controlled by selecting appropriate process parameters, thereby enabling unprecedented superior properties. This paper discusses recent progress pertaining to texture evolution mechanisms and control methods, with an emphasis on selective laser melting. One of the unique characteristics of AM is that the texture can be varied as a function of position within the product by controlling the scan strategy. The transient behavior of the texture and the factor used to control it via the scan strategy are discussed. In addition, the texture evolution behavior of face- and body-centered cubic as well as noncubic materials is discussed. The importance of the crystallographic “multiplicity” of the preferential crystal growth direction is described to understand the evolution behavior of the texture in such materials.
New Laboratory and Pilot Techniques Applied at Mintek in Aid of Furnace Containment System Designs
Authors: Steenkamp Joalet Dalene , Banda Kondwani Wesley , Bezuidenhout Pieter Johannes Andries , Denton Glen Michael
Published: November 2021

The Pyrometallurgy Division at Mintek is known internationally for the development of applications of direct current (DC) arc furnace technology in smelting applications, more specifically in the smelting of primary resources, i.e., chromite, ilmenite, titanomagnetite, nickel laterite and ores containing precious group metals, and secondary resources, i.e., furnace slag or dust. From a furnace containment perspective, either an insulating or a conductive design philosophy can be applied, irrespective of the raw material being processed. In the initial stages of a project, desktop studies are typically conducted which include the selection of a furnace containment design philosophy, specific to the application. To lower the risk associated with incorrect selection of a design philosophy and/or furnace containment system components, it is prudent to conduct tests on laboratory and pilot scale and to transfer the knowledge gained to industrial applications. The paper presents examples of the laboratory and pilot techniques utilized.
Hilfen aus einer Hand
Authors: Knuth Nicole , Struck Norbert
Published: November 2021

Der Beitrag gibt eine Gesamteinschätzung zu den Änderungen des SGB VIII durch das KJSG aus der Sicht eines Fachverbandes der erzieherischen Hilfen. Er bilanziert, dass der sozialpädagogische Grundgedanke des Kinder- und Jugendhilfegesetzes erhalten geblieben ist und die Beratungs‑, Beteiligungs- und Beschwerderechte der Adressat_innen ausgebaut wurden. Außerdem wurden zentrale Stolpersteine im Übergang ins Erwachsenenleben angegangen und vor allem der Grundgedanke „Hilfen aus einer Hand“ auch im Hinblick auf Leistungen einer inklusiven Kinder- und Jugendhilfe umgesetzt.
Acrocomia spp.: neglected crop, ballyhooed multipurpose palm or fit for the bioeconomy? A review
Authors: Vargas-Carpintero Ricardo , Hilger Thomas , Mössinger Johannes , Souza Roney Fraga , Barroso Armas Juan Carlos , Tiede Karen , Lewandowski Iris
Published: November 2021

Acrocomia spp., a genus of wild-growing palms in the neotropics, is rapidly gaining interest as a promising multipurpose crop. Diverse products can be derived from various components of the palm, the oils being of highest interest. Acrocomia shows similar oil yield and fatty acid composition to the African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). It is, however, able to cope with a wider range of environmental conditions, including temporary water scarcity and lower temperatures, thus potentially a more sustainable alternative to its tropical counterpart. Acrocomia’s research history is recent compared to other traditional crops and thus knowledge gaps, uncertainty, and challenges need to be addressed. This review attempts to assess the acrocomia’s preparedness for cultivation by highlighting the state-of-the-art in research and identifying research gaps. Based on a systematic literature search following a value web approach, it (a) provides a comprehensive overview of research topics, (b) shows the development of publication activities over time and the drivers of this development, and (c) compiles main findings to assess the acrocomia’s preparedness for commercial cultivation. Our results confirm its multipurpose characteristic as a potential feedstock for manifold sectors. Research has continued to increase over the last decade, especially on A. aculeata and is driven by the interest in bioenergy. Increasing knowledge on botany has contributed to understanding the genetic diversity and genus-specific biology. This has enabled applied research on seed germination and propagation toward domestication and initial plantation activities, mostly in Brazil. Main research gaps are associated with genotype–environment interaction, planting material, crop management, and sustainable cropping systems. Overall, we conclude that acrocomia is at an early phase of development as an alternative and multipurpose crop and its up-scaling requires the integration of sustainability strategies tailored to location-based social-ecological conditions.
Open science, data sharing and solidarity: who benefits?
Authors: Staunton Ciara , Barragán Carlos Andrés , Canali Stefano , Ho Calvin , Leonelli Sabina , Mayernik Matthew , Prainsack Barbara , Wonkham Ambroise
Published: November 2021

Research, innovation, and progress in the life sciences are increasingly contingent on access to large quantities of data. This is one of the key premises behind the “open science” movement and the global calls for fostering the sharing of personal data, datasets, and research results. This paper reports on the outcomes of discussions by the panel “Open science, data sharing and solidarity: who benefits?” held at the 2021 Biennial conference of the International Society for the History, Philosophy, and Social Studies of Biology (ISHPSSB), and hosted by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL).
SHANN: an IoT and machine-learning-assisted edge cross-layered routing protocol using spotted hyena optimizer
Authors: Dhiman Gaurav , Sharma Rohit
Published: November 2021

In the case of new technology application, the cognitive radio network (CRN) addresses the bandwidth shortfall and the fixed spectrum problem. The method for CRN routing, however, often encounters issues with regard to road discovery, diversity of resources and mobility. In this paper, we present a reconfigurable CRN-based cross-layer routing protocol with the purpose of increasing routing performance and optimizing data transfer in reconfigurable networks. Recently developed spotted hyena optimizer (SHO) is used for tuning the hyperparameters of machine-learning models. The system produces a distributor built with a number of tasks, such as load balance, quarter sensing and the development path of machine learning. The proposed technique is sensitive to traffic and charges, as well as a series of other network metrics and interference (2bps/Hz/W average). The tests are performed with classic models that demonstrate the residual energy and strength of the resistant scalability and resource.
A topological approach to inferring the intrinsic dimension of convex sensing data
Authors: Wu Min-Chun , Itskov Vladimir
Published: November 2021

We consider a common measurement paradigm, where an unknown subset of an affine space is measured by unknown continuous quasi-convex functions. Given the measurement data, can one determine the dimension of this space? In this paper, we develop a method for inferring the intrinsic dimension of the data from measurements by quasi-convex functions, under natural assumptions. The dimension inference problem depends only on discrete data of the ordering of the measured points of space, induced by the sensor functions. We construct a filtration of Dowker complexes, associated to measurements by quasi-convex functions. Topological features of these complexes are then used to infer the intrinsic dimension. We prove convergence theorems that guarantee obtaining the correct intrinsic dimension in the limit of large data, under natural assumptions. We also illustrate the usability of this method in simulations.
Numerical Analysis of Microchannels Designed for Heat Sinks
Authors: McCormack Matthew , Fang Fengzhou , Zhang Jufan
Published: November 2021

Conjugate heat transfer is numerically investigated using a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics approach in various microchannel geometries to identify a high-performance cooling method for piezoelectric ceramic stacks and spindle units in high-precision machines. Straight microchannels with rectangular cross sections are first considered, showing the performance limitations of decreasing the size of the microchannels, so other solutions are needed for high applied heat fluxes. Next, many microchannel designs, focusing on streamwise geometric variation, are compared to straight channels to assess their performances. Sinusoidally varying channels produce the highest heat transfer rates of those studied. Thus, their optimization is considered at a channel width and height of 35 and 100 μm, respectively. Heat transfer increases as the amplitude and spatial frequencies of the channels increase due to increased interfacial surface area and enhanced Dean flow. The highest performance efficiencies are observed at intermediate levels of amplitude and frequency, with efficiency decreasing as these geometric parameters are increased further at the onset of flow separation. The sinusoidal channel geometries are then optimized with respect to minimizing the system’s pressure drop for all applied heat fluxes between 5690 and 6510 kW/m2. Doing so created an optimal geometry curve and showed that all geometries in this region had amplitudes close to 40 μm. Therefore, imposing a fixed heat flux requirement for a case study of cooling piezoelectric ceramics, the optimized sinusoidal geometry decreases the system pressure drop by 79% relative to a straight channel while maintaining a larger minimum feature size.
Describing limits of integrable functions as grid functions of nonstandard analysis
Authors: Bottazzi Emanuele
Published: November 2021

In functional analysis, there are different notions of limit for a bounded sequence of$$L^1$$L1functions. Besides the pointwise limit, that does not always exist, the behaviour of a bounded sequence of$$L^1$$L1functions can be described in terms of its weak-$$\star $$⋆limit or by introducing a measure-valued notion of limit in the sense of Young measures. Working in Robinson’s nonstandard analysis, we show that for every bounded sequence$$\{z_n\}_{n \in \mathbb {N}}$${zn}n∈Nof$$L^1$$L1functions there exists a function of a hyperfinite domain (i.e. a grid function) that represents both the weak-$$\star $$⋆and the Young measure limits of the sequence. This result has relevant applications to the study of nonlinear PDEs. We discuss the example of an ill-posed forward–backward parabolic equation.
The influence of preconditioning with low dose of LPS on paraquat-induced neurotoxicity, microglia activation and expression of α-synuclein and synphilin-1 in the dopaminergic system
Authors: Kuter Katarzyna Z. , Śmiałowska Maria , Ossowska Krystyna
Published: November 2021

Background

Prolonged inflammation, oxidative stress, and protein aggregation are important factors contributing to Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathology. A known ROS generator, pesticide paraquat (PQ), was indicated as an environmental substance potentially increasing the incidence of PD and is used to model this disease. We investigated if a combination of inflammation and oxidative stress in subthreshold doses would exacerbate the modelled neuropathology.

Methods

We examined the late effects of acute or repeated peripheral inflammation induced by low dose of LPS (10 μg/kg,ip) on PQ toxicity in the rat nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway, microglial activation markers and expression of major Lewy bodies proteins, α-synuclein and synphilin-1.

Results

We observed that LPS increased, while PQ decreased body temperature and microglia CD11b expression in the SN. Single LPS pretreatment, 3 h before repeated weekly PQ injections (4×) slightly aggravated neuronal degeneration in the SN. Moreover, degeneration of dopaminergic neurons after weekly repeated inflammation itself (4×) was observed. Interestingly, repeated LPS administration combined with each PQ dose counteracted such effect. The expression of α-synuclein decreased after repeated LPS injections, while only combined, repeated LPS and PQ treatment lowered the levels of synphilin-1. Therefore, α-synuclein and synphilin-1 expression change was influenced by different mechanisms. Concomitantly, decreased levels of the two proteins correlated with decreased degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and with a normalized microglia activation marker.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that both oxidative insult triggered by PQ and inflammation caused by peripheral LPS injection can individually induce neurotoxicity. Those factors act through different mechanisms that are not additive and not selective towards dopaminergic neurons, probably implying microglia. Repeated, but small insults from oxidative stress and inflammation when administered in significant time intervals can counteract each other and even act protective as a preconditioning effect. The timing of such repetitive insults is also of essence.
Supporting the role of universities in leading individual and societal transformation through education for sustainable development
Authors: Price Elizabeth A. C. , White Rehema M. , Mori Kate , Longhurst James , Baughan Patrick , Hayles Carolyn S. , Gough Georgina , Preist Chris
Published: November 2021

There is growing recognition of the value of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) for all learners, and of the unique role that universities play in the transformation of individuals, institutions and societies towards more sustainable futures. Universities engage and even lead in several areas: education, research and community engagement, all of which are essential in this transformation. Further, given their focus and influence, universities are pivotal to action needed to realise the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) but, to date, UK university integration of ESD and engagement with the SDGs is relatively limited. In recognition that a more urgent and meaningful response is needed to deliver the 2030 targeted socio-economic transformation outlined by the SDGs, the UK ESD Guidance has been comprehensively revised to support universities to deliver education which enables students to acquire sustainability competencies, equipping them to play leadership roles in an increasingly uncertain world. In this case study, we critically analyse the role of universities and explore why ESD needs to be more urgently integrated in teaching and learning. We review the barriers to achieving ESD in UK universities at political and institutional levels. Finally, we explore the policy-practice interface and outline how the new UK ESD Guidance can support universities in leading individual and societal transformation through ESD and act as a stimulus for embedding ESD in university curricula in both UK and international contexts. We conclude that universities have as yet unfulfilled potential to explore and facilitate ESD for sustainability leadership.
Tumour microenvironment: a non-negligible driver for epithelial−mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer
Authors: Han Lei , Wang Shuyi , Wei Chen , Fang Yan , Huang Sihao , Yin Tailang , Xiong Bin , Yang Chaogang
Published: November 2021

Cancer remains the leading cause of death worldwide, and metastasis is still the major cause of treatment failure for cancer patients. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been shown to play a critical role in the metastasis cascade of epithelium-derived carcinoma. Tumour microenvironment (TME) refers to the local tissue environment in which tumour cells produce and live, including not only tumour cells themselves, but also fibroblasts, immune and inflammatory cells, glial cells and other cells around them, as well as intercellular stroma, micro vessels and infiltrated biomolecules from the nearby areas, which has been proved to widely participate in the occurrence and progress of cancer. Emerging and accumulating studies indicate that, on one hand, mesenchymal cells in TME can establish ‘crosstalk’ with tumour cells to regulate their EMT programme; on the other, EMT-tumour cells can create a favourable environment for their own growth via educating stromal cells. Recently, our group has conducted a series of studies on the interaction between tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) and colorectal cancer (CRC) cells in TME, confirming that the interaction between TAMs and CRC cells mediated by cytokines or exosomes can jointly promote the metastasis of CRC by regulating the EMT process of tumour cells and the M2-type polarisation process of TAMs. Herein, we present an overview to describe the current knowledge about EMT in cancer, summarise the important role of TME in EMT, and provide an update on the mechanisms of TME-induced EMT in CRC, aiming to provide new ideas for understanding and resisting tumour metastasis.
Render unto Caesar Just a Little Bit Longer: The Relationship between Constitutional Reforms and Executive Survival
Authors: Maboudi Tofigh , P. Nadi Ghazal , Eisenstadt Todd A.
Published: November 2021

Since the third wave of democracy, term limits have become a popular fixture of most constitutions intended to constrain the executive. Yet, recent constitutional reforms around the world show that presidents seeking re-election sometimes overturn the entire constitutional order to extend their power. What is the impact of these constitutional manipulations on the longevity of the executive in office? Using survival analysis of all political leaders and national constitutions from 1875 to 2015, this article demonstrates, for the first time, that when ‘authoritarian-aspiring’ presidents remove constitutional term limits, they increase their stay in office by more than 40%. Our findings contrast with a widely held position in the comparative authoritarian literature suggesting that dictators survive longer under institutional constraints. On the contrary, we argue that by removing constitutional barriers, rulers consolidate more power at the expense of their most ambitious allies and can stay in power longer.
Electroconvection near an ion-selective surface with Butler–Volmer kinetics
Authors: Li Gaojin , Townsend Alex , Archer Lynden A. , Koch Donald L.
Published: November 2021

We study the effects of interfacial kinetics on the electro-hydrodynamics of ion transport near an ion-selective surface using a combination of linear stability analysis and numerical simulation. The finite kinetics of the electrolyte–electrode interface affects the ion transfer and electroconvection in many ways. On a surface of fixed topography, such as a metal surface of slow and stable ion deposition or covered by a polymer membrane, the finite kinetics reduces the current in one-dimensional ion diffusion/migration, increases the critical voltage for the onset of the electroconvective instability, changes the dynamics of the electroconvection and the overlimiting current, and enhances the lateral ion diffusion within the interfacial layer. The first three effects are indirectly caused by the reaction kinetics and can be characterized by an effective voltage difference across the liquid electrolyte. In comparison, the last effect is controlled by a direct interplay between kinetics and nonlinear electroconvection. Scaling laws for ion transport and features of electroconvection are proposed. We also analyse the linear stability of a surface which evolves under ion deposition and find that the finite kinetics decreases the growth rate of both electroconvective and morphological instabilities and therefore modifies the wavenumber of the most unstable mode.
Permuted proper orthogonal decomposition for analysis of advecting structures
Authors: Ek Hanna M. , Nair Vedanth , Douglas Christopher M. , Lieuwen Timothy C. , Emerson Benjamin L.
Published: November 2021

Flow data are often decomposed using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of the space–time separated form,$\boldsymbol {q}'\left (\boldsymbol {x},t\right )=\sum _j a_j\left (t\right )\boldsymbol {\phi }_j\left (\boldsymbol {x}\right )$, which targets spatially correlated flow structures in an optimal manner. This paper analyses permuted POD (PPOD), which decomposes data as$\boldsymbol {q}'\left (\boldsymbol {x},t\right )=\sum _j a_j\left (\boldsymbol {n}\right )\boldsymbol {\phi }_j\left (s,t\right )$, where$\boldsymbol {x}=(s,\boldsymbol {n})$is a general spatial coordinate system,$s$is the coordinate along the bulk advection direction and$\boldsymbol {n}=(n_1,n_2)$are along mutually orthogonal directions normal to the advection characteristic. This separation of variables is associated with a fundamentally different inner product space for which PPOD is optimal and targets correlations in$s,t$space. This paper presents mathematical features of PPOD, followed by analysis of three experimental datasets from high-Reynolds-number, turbulent shear flows: a wake, a swirling annular jet and a jet in cross-flow. In the wake and swirling jet cases, the leading PPOD and space-only POD modes focus on similar features but differ in convergence rates and fidelity in capturing spatial and temporal information. In contrast, the leading PPOD and space-only POD modes for the jet in cross-flow capture completely different features – advecting shear layer structures and flapping of the jet column, respectively. This example demonstrates how the different inner product spaces, which order the PPOD and space-only POD modes according to different measures of variance, provide unique ‘lenses’ into features of advection-dominated flows, allowing complementary insights.
Exact solutions for steady granular flow in vertical chutes and pipes
Authors: Barker T. , Zhu C. , Sun J.
Published: November 2021

Vertical chutes and pipes are a common component of many industrial apparatus used in the transport and processing of powders and grains. Here, a typical arrangement is considered first in which a hopper at the top feeds the chute and a converging outlet at the bottom controls the mass flux. Discrete element method (DEM) simulations reveal that steady uniform flow is only observed for intermediate flow rates, with jamming and unsteady waves dominating slow flows and non-uniform wall detachment in fast flow. Focusing on the steady uniform regimes, a progressive idealisation is carried out by matching with equivalent DEM simulations in periodic cells. These investigations justify a one-dimensional continuum modelling of the problem and provide key test data. Novel exact solutions are derived here for vertical flow using a linear version of the ‘

$\mu(I),\varPhi(I)$

-rheology’, for which the bulk friction

$\mu$

and steady solid volume fraction

$\varPhi$

depend on the inertial number I. Despite not capturing the full nonlinear complexities, the solutions match important aspects of the DEM flow fields and reveal simple scaling laws linking many quantities of interest. In particular, this study clearly demonstrates a linear relation between the chute width and the size of the shear zones at the walls. This finding contrasts with previous works on purely quasi-static flow, which instead predict a roughly constant shear zone width, a difference which implies that finite-size effects are minimal for the inertial flows studied here.
Institutional Investors, Households, and the Time-Variation in Expected Stock Returns
Authors: Weber Rüdiger
Published: November 2021

I document a new stylized fact: The higher the degree of institutional ownership (IO) in a portfolio, the more time-varying expected returns rather than changes in expected cash flows drive changes in its valuation. Empirical evidence suggests that institutions’ time-varying sensitivity to the risk of holding stocks translates into time-varying expected returns on high-IO stocks. In my model, imperfect risk sharing between different types of investors generates cross-sectional differences in return predictability based on ownership, even among a priori identical stocks. My findings suggest an economic rationale for weak return predictability of small stocks and predictability reversals of stocks and real estate investment trusts.
Moscow’s Golden Mask Festival: The Russian Case (Online, 2021)
Authors: Shevtsova Maria
Published: November 2021

The team running the Russian Case as part of Moscow’s annual Golden Mask Festival pulled off a major feat in 2021 by organizing a five-day programme online. Deeply disappointed that the Russian Case had been cancelled in the preceding year due to the Covid pandemic, this group made it its mission to succeed in adverse circumstances; and succeed it did by providing works varied enough to engage its habitual audience, as well as people coming to the event for the first time, albeit digitally. In a departure from established practice, several productions that were performed too late to compete for the awards of the 2021 Festival appeared in this year’s Russian Case. The overview offered here gathers some works out of the choices made by Maria Shevtsova, Editor of New Theatre Quarterly, whose most recent book is Rediscovering Stanislavsky (Cambridge University Press, 2020).
Superior colliculus projections to target populations in the supraoculomotor area of the macaque monkey
Authors: May Paul J. , Bohlen Martin O. , Perkins Eddie , Wang Niping , Warren Susan
Published: November 2021

A projection by the superior colliculus to the supraoculomotor area (SOA) located dorsal to the oculomotor complex was first described in 1978. This projection’s targets have yet to be identified, although the initial study suggested that vertical gaze motoneuron dendrites might receive this input. Defining the tectal targets is complicated by the fact the SOA contains a number of different cell populations. In the present study, we used anterograde tracers to characterize collicular axonal arbors and retrograde tracers to label prospective SOA target populations in macaque monkeys. Close associations were not found with either superior or medial rectus motoneurons whose axons supply singly innervated muscle fibers. S-group motoneurons, which supply superior rectus multiply innervated muscle fibers, appeared to receive a very minor input, but C-group motoneurons, which supply medial rectus multiply innervated muscle fibers, received no input. A number of labeled boutons were observed in close association with SOA neurons projecting to the spinal cord, or the reticular formation in the pons and medulla. These descending output neurons are presumed to be peptidergic cells within the centrally projecting Edinger–Westphal population. It is possible the collicular input provides a signaling function for neurons in this population that serve roles in either stress responses, or in eating and drinking behavior. Finally, a number of close associations were observed between tectal terminals and levator palpebrae superioris motoneurons, suggesting the possibility that the superior colliculus provides a modest direct input for raising the eyelids during upward saccades.
Financial shocks and inflation dynamics
Authors: Abbate Angela , Eickmeier Sandra , Prieto Esteban
Published: November 2021

We assess the effects of financial shocks on inflation, and to what extent financial shocks can account for the “missing disinflation” during the Great Recession. We apply a Bayesian vector autoregressive model to US data and identify financial shocks through a combination of narrative and short-run sign restrictions. Our main finding is that contractionary financial shocks temporarily increase inflation. This result withstands a large battery of robustness checks. Negative financial shocks help therefore to explain why inflation did not drop more sharply in the aftermath of the financial crisis. Our analysis suggests that higher borrowing costs after negative financial shocks can account for the modest decrease in inflation after the financial crisis. A policy implication is that financial shocks act as supply-type shocks, moving output and inflation in opposite directions, thereby worsening the trade-off for a central bank with a dual mandate.
Extra Care Housing: The Current State of Research and Prospects for the Future
Authors: Darton Robin A.
Published: November 2021

Extra care housing aims to meet the housing, care and support needs of older people, while maintaining their independence in self-contained accommodation. Evidence from several studies suggests that it has benefits for residents in terms of costs and outcomes, and can provide a supportive environment for people with dementia, although the benefits for residents with greater care needs are less clear. Budgetary pressures and increasing eligibility criteria are altering the balance of care between residents and resulting in more task-focused, less personalised care. An increasing shortfall in provision and incentives for developers to concentrate on ‘lifestyle’ provision raise questions about the long-term viability of the model for supporting local authority-funded residents. Responses to the coronavirus pandemic also raise questions about future housing and care arrangements, and these need to be addressed in the government’s long-delayed plans for social care.
ON THE CHOW THEORY OF PROJECTIVIZATIONS
Authors: Jiang Qingyuan
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we prove a decomposition result for the Chow groups of projectivizations of coherent sheaves of homological dimension
$\le 1$
. In this process, we establish the decomposition of Chow groups for the cases of the Cayley trick and standard flips. Moreover, we apply these results to study the Chow groups of symmetric powers of curves, nested Hilbert schemes of surfaces, and the varieties resolving Voisin maps for cubic fourfolds.
Previous disorders and depression outcomes in individuals with 12-month major depressive disorder in the World Mental Health surveys
Authors: Roest Annelieke M. , de Vries Ymkje Anna , Al-Hamzawi Ali , Alonso Jordi , Ayinde Olatunde O. , Bruffaerts Ronny , Bunting Brendan , Caldas de Almeida José Miguel , de Girolamo Giovanni , Degenhardt Louisa , Florescu Silvia , Gureje Oye , Haro Josep Maria , Hu Chiyi , Karam Elie G. , Kiejna Andrzej , Kovess-Masfety Viviane , Lee Sing , McGrath John J. , Medina-Mora Maria Elena , Navarro-Mateu Fernando , Nishi Daisuke , Piazza Marina , Posada-Villa José , Scott Kate M. , Stagnaro Juan Carlos , Stein Dan J. , Torres Yolanda , Viana Maria Carmen , Zarkov Zahari , Kessler Ronald C. , de Jonge Peter
Published: November 2021

Aims

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterised by a recurrent course and high comorbidity rates. A lifespan perspective may therefore provide important information regarding health outcomes. The aim of the present study is to examine mental disorders that preceded 12-month MDD diagnosis and the impact of these disorders on depression outcomes.

Methods

Data came from 29 cross-sectional community epidemiological surveys of adults in 27 countries (n = 80 190). The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used to assess 12-month MDD and lifetime DSM-IV disorders with onset prior to the respondent's age at interview. Disorders were grouped into depressive distress disorders, non-depressive
distress disorders, fear disorders and externalising disorders. Depression outcomes included 12-month suicidality, days out of role and impairment in role functioning.

Results

Among respondents with 12-month MDD, 94.9% (s.e. = 0.4) had at least one prior disorder (including previous MDD), and 64.6% (s.e. = 0.9) had at least one prior, non-MDD disorder. Previous non-depressive distress, fear and externalising disorders, but not depressive distress disorders, predicted higher impairment (OR = 1.4–1.6) and suicidality (OR = 1.5–2.5), after adjustment for sociodemographic variables. Further adjustment for MDD characteristics weakened, but did not eliminate, these associations. Associations were largely driven by current comorbidities, but both remitted and current externalising disorders predicted suicidality among respondents with 12-month MDD.

Conclusions

These results illustrate the importance of careful psychiatric history taking regarding current anxiety disorders and lifetime externalising disorders in individuals with MDD.
Challenges and solutions for application and wider adoption of wearable robots
Authors: Babič Jan , Laffranchi Matteo , Tessari Federico , Verstraten Tom , Novak Domen , Šarabon Nejc , Ugurlu Barkan , Peternel Luka , Torricelli Diego , Veneman Jan F.
Published: November 2021

The science and technology of wearable robots are steadily advancing, and the use of such robots in our everyday life appears to be within reach. Nevertheless, widespread adoption of wearable robots should not be taken for granted, especially since many recent attempts to bring them to real-life applications resulted in mixed outcomes. The aim of this article is to address the current challenges that are limiting the application and wider adoption of wearable robots that are typically worn over the human body. We categorized the challenges into mechanical layout, actuation, sensing, body interface, control, human–robot interfacing and coadaptation, and benchmarking. For each category, we discuss specific challenges and the rationale for why solving them is important, followed by an overview of relevant recent works. We conclude with an opinion that summarizes possible solutions that could contribute to the wider adoption of wearable robots.
Efforts to Prevent Railway Suicides in Denmark
Authors: Erlangsen Annette , la Cour Nils , Larsen Christian Ørbæk , Karlsen Susanne Skadhauge , Witting Simon , Ranning Anne , Wang August G. , Ørnebjerg Karen , Schou Benedicte , Nordentoft Merete
Published: November 2021

Abstract: Background: Reviews of camera surveillance systems have demonstrated ambivalent behaviors among people who die by railway suicide. Yet, only few preventive measures have been evaluated. Aims: We aimed to review incidents of suicidal behavior at a Danish railway station, install preventive measures, and monitor subsequent calls to a telephone helpline and reports of suicidal incidences. Method: Suicide incidents at Valby Station during 2012–2018 were reviewed to identify options for preventive measures. Based on these findings, signs encouraging help-seeking and other measures were implemented. Calls to the Danish helpline for suicide prevention and suicidal events at the station were subsequently monitored. Results: The review revealed locations where measures were meaningful and signs, physical barriers, and motion-sensitive lights were installed. Over the following 14 months, no suicide deaths occurred, and the signs were mentioned in 14 calls to the helpline, some of which were made by callers who were evaluated to be at high risk of suicide. Limitations: No direct link between implemented measures and observed outcomes could be established. Conclusion: Installing measures, including signs, at appropriate locations at railway platforms may encourage people in crisis to seek support.
Numerical Simulations of the Apollo S‐IVB Artificial Impacts on the Moon
Authors: Rajšić A. , Miljković K. , Wójcicka N. , Collins G. S. , Onodera K. , Kawamura T. , Lognonné P. , Wieczorek M. A. , Daubar I. J.
Published: November 2021

The third stage of the Saturn IV rocket used in the five Apollo missions made craters on the Moon ∼30 m in diameter. Their initial impact conditions were known, so they can be considered controlled impacts. Here, we used the iSALE‐2D shock physics code to numerically simulate the formation of these craters, and to calculate the vertical component of seismic moment (∼4 × 1010 Nm) and seismic efficiency (∼10−6) associated with these impacts. The irregular booster shape likely caused the irregular crater morphology observed. To investigate this, we modeled six projectile geometries, with footprint area between 3 and 105 m2, keeping the mass and velocity of the impactor constant. We showed that the crater depth and diameter decreased as the footprint area increased. The central mound observed in lunar impact sites could be a result of layering of the target and/or low density of the projectile. Understanding seismic signatures from impact events is important for planetary seismology. Calculating seismic parameters and validating them against controlled experiments in a planetary setting will help us understand the seismic data received, not only from the Moon, but also from the InSight Mission on Mars and future seismic missions.
Magnetospheric Source and Electric Current System Associated With Intense SAIDs
Authors: Wang Wenrui , Yang Jian , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Sun Weiqin , Wei Dong , Zhang Fei , Toffoletto Frank R. , Wolf Richard A. , Sazykin Stanislav , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Cui Jun
Published: November 2021

Subauroral Ion Drifts (SAIDs) are fast azimuthal plasma flows in the ionosphere. In this study, we use the Rice Convection Model to simulate an extremely intense SAID event which may trigger atmospheric emission phenomenon by specifying consecutive low‐entropy bubble injections. The results show strong SAID flow faster than ∼5,000 m/s that lasts longer than 100 min. Our model indicates that SAIDs map to the sharp inner edge of a strongly enhanced partial ring current, which connects to a Region‐2 downward field‐aligned current (FAC). The simulation predicts that the peak of the SAIDs, the center of the downward FAC, the subauroral boundary, the plasmapause, the inner edge of the proton and electron partial ring current, and the maximum azimuthal drift in the magnetosphere are pressed tightly within 0.5° latitude or 0.2 Re in the equatorial plane.
Drawdown of Atmospheric pCO2 Via Variable Particle Flux Stoichiometry in the Ocean Twilight Zone
Authors: Tanioka Tatsuro , Matsumoto Katsumi , Lomas Michael W.
Published: November 2021

The strength of the biological soft tissue pump in the ocean critically depends on how much organic carbon is produced via photosynthesis and how efficiently the carbon is transferred to the ocean interior. For a given amount of limiting nutrient, phosphate, soft tissue pump would be strengthened if the carbon (C) to phosphorus (P) ratio of sinking organic matter increases as the remineralization length scale of C increases. Here, we present a new data compilation of particle flux stoichiometry and show that C:P of sinking particulate organic matter (POM) in the ocean twilight zone on average is likely to be higher than the C:P ratio of surface suspended POM. We further demonstrate using a physics‐biology coupled global ocean model combined with a theory from first principles that an increase in C:P export flux ratio in the ocean's twilight zone can lead to a considerable drawdown of atmospheric pCO2.
Estimating the Effect of Cooling Rate on the Acquisition of Magnetic Remanence
Authors: Nagy Lesleis , Williams Wyn , Tauxe Lisa
Published: November 2021

The effect of cooling rate on the magnetization of rocks must be accounted for when estimating ancient magnetic field strengths. Calculating this effect is not trivial, even for uniformly magnetized grains. Here, we present an open‐source package to compute the behavior of uniaxial single‐domain grains for different temperature and magnetic fields. We revisit the problem of thermal remanence acquisition as a function of cooling rate and find that our predictions are broadly in agreement with those of Halgedahl et al. (1980, https://doi.org/10.1029/jb085ib07p03690) but differ significantly from those of Dodson and McClelland‐Brown (1980, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB085iB05p02625). We also find that remanence acquisition curves correspond well with recent experimental observations. Cooling rate corrections made using our model are at the upper limit suggested by Halgedahl et al. (1980, https://doi.org/10.1029/jb085ib07p03690) but can reduce slightly for larger (single‐domain) grains, very slow cooling rates of the original thermal remanence and large field strengths.
Significant Increase of Continental Freeboard During the Early Paleoproterozoic: Insights From Metasediment‐Derived Granites
Authors: Lu Gui‐Mei , Spencer Christopher J. , Tian Yang , Wang Wei
Published: November 2021

Subaerial continental crust plays a fundamental role in modulating the composition of the ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere, but the timing and rate of continental emergence above sea level remain unclear. Here, we use the zircon oxygen isotopic compositions of early Paleoproterozoic metasediment‐derived granitoids from the southwestern Yangtze Block to constrain the rapidity of continental emergence. Statistical analyses of compiled igneous and detrital zircon oxygen isotopic database show a rapid increase in zircon δ18O at ∼2.36 Ga. We suggest that this isotopic shift is best explained by a significant increase of continental freeboard between ∼2.43 and ∼2.36 Ga due to the increasing strength of the continental lithosphere since the late Archean, concomitantly yielding a high‐δ18O sedimentary reservoir. Subsequent melting of these high‐δ18O sediments in a variety of tectonic regimes results in high zircon δ18O.
Multipoint Measurement of Fine‐Structured EMIC Waves by Arase, Van Allen Probe A, and Ground Stations
Authors: Matsuda S. , Miyoshi Y. , Kasahara Y. , Blum L. , Colpitts C. , Asamura K. , Kasaba Y. , Matsuoka A. , Tsuchiya F. , Kumamoto A. , Teramoto M. , Nakamura S. , Kitahara M. , Shinohara I. , Reeves G. , Spence H. , Shiokawa K. , Nagatsuma T. , Oyama S. , Mann I. R.
Published: November 2021

We examined the growth and propagation of fine‐structured electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves related to time‐varying density irregularities using multipoint measurement data observed by Arase, Van Allen Probe A, and two ground‐based induction magnetometers (Gakona and Dawson) during a field line conjunction event on April 18, 2019. We analyzed the wave data obtained by the aforementioned spacecraft and stations, and found that the appearance of fine structures in the observed EMIC waves clearly coincided with the ambient electron density irregularities in the magnetosphere, which can cause periodic wave growth and waveguiding on their propagation. Furthermore, we found that the latitudinal widths of the EMIC wave activity region and the wave propagation duct were ∼185 km and less than 80 km at an auroral altitude of 100 km, respectively. We also found thermal ion heating ( eV/q) during the EMIC wave activity.