bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adapting the Computed Tomography Criteria of Hemorrhagic Transformation to Stroke Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Neeb Lars , Villringer Kersten , Galinovic Ivana , Grosse-Dresselhaus Florian , Ganeshan Ramanan , Gierhake Daniel , Kunze Claudia , Grittner Ulrike , Fiebach Jochen B.
Published: August 2013

Background: The main safety aspect in the use of stroke thrombolysis and in clinical trials of new pharmaceutical or interventional stroke therapies is the incidence of hemorrhagic transformation (HT) after treatment. The computed tomography (CT)-based classification of the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS) distinguishes four categories of HTs. An HT can range from a harmless spot of blood accumulation to a symptomatic space-occupying parenchymal bleeding associated with a massive deterioration of symptoms and clinical prognosis. In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) HTs are often categorized using the ECASS criteria although this classification has not been validated in MRI. We developed MRI-specific criteria for the categorization of HT and sought to assess its diagnostic reliability in a retrospective study. Methods: Consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients, who had received a 3-tesla MRI before and 12-36 h after thrombolysis, were screened retrospectively for an HT of any kind in post-treatment MRI. Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator was given to all patients within 4.5 h. HT categorization was based on a simultaneous read of 3 different MRI sequences (fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, diffusion-weighted imaging and T2* gradient-recalled echo). Categorization of HT in MRI accounted for the various aspects of the imaging pattern as the shape of the bleeding area and signal intensity on each sequence. All data sets were independently categorized in a blinded fashion by 3 expert and 3 resident observers. Interobserver reliability of this classification was determined for all observers together and for each group separately by calculating Kendall's coefficient of concordance (W). Results: Of the 186 patients screened, 39 patients (21%) had an HT in post-treatment MRI and were included for the categorization of HT by experts and residents. The overall agreement of HT categorization according to the modified classification was substantial for all observers (W = 0.79). The degrees of agreement between experts (W = 0.81) and between residents (W = 0.87) were almost perfect. For the distinction between parenchymal hematoma and hemorrhagic infarction, the interobserver agreement was almost perfect for all observers taken together (W = 0.82) as well as when experts (W = 0.82) and residents (W = 0.91) were analyzed separately. Conclusion: The ECASS CT classification of HT was successfully adapted for usage in MRI. It leads to a substantial to almost perfect interobserver agreement and can be used for safety assessment in clinical trials.
Cardiovascular RNA Interference Therapy
Authors: Poller Wolfgang , Tank Juliane , Skurk Carsten , Gast Martina
Published: August 2013

Understanding of the roles of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) within complex organisms has fundamentally changed. It is increasingly possible to use ncRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in medicine. Regarding disease pathogenesis, it has become evident that confinement to the analysis of protein-coding regions of the human genome is insufficient because ncRNA variants have been associated with important human diseases. Thus, inclusion of noncoding genomic elements in pathogenetic studies and their consideration as therapeutic targets is warranted. We consider aspects of the evolutionary and discovery history of ncRNAs, as far as they are relevant for the identification and selection of ncRNAs with likely therapeutic potential. Novel therapeutic strategies are based on ncRNAs, and we discuss here RNA interference as a highly versatile tool for gene silencing. RNA interference-mediating RNAs are small, but only parts of a far larger spectrum encompassing ncRNAs up to many kilobasepairs in size. We discuss therapeutic options in cardiovascular medicine offered by ncRNAs and key issues to be solved before clinical translation. Convergence of multiple technical advances is highlighted as a prerequisite for the translational progress achieved in recent years. Regarding safety, we review properties of RNA therapeutics, which may immunologically distinguish them from their endogenous counterparts, all of which underwent sophisticated evolutionary adaptation to specific biological contexts. Although our understanding of the noncoding human genome is only fragmentary to date, it is already feasible to develop RNA interference against a rapidly broadening spectrum of therapeutic targets and to translate this to the clinical setting under certain restrictions.
New and TALENted Genome Engineering Toolbox
Authors: Campbell Jarryd M. , Hartjes Katherine A. , Nelson Timothy J. , Xu Xiaolei , Ekker Stephen C.
Published: August 2013

Recent advances in the burgeoning field of genome engineering are accelerating the realization of personalized therapeutics for cardiovascular disease. In the postgenomic era, sequence-specific gene-editing tools enable the functional analysis of genetic alterations implicated in disease. In partnership with high-throughput model systems, efficient gene manipulation provides an increasingly powerful toolkit to study phenotypes associated with patient-specific genetic defects. Herein, this review emphasizes the latest developments in genome engineering and how applications within the field are transforming our understanding of personalized medicine with an emphasis on cardiovascular diseases.
Regulation of Cardiac L-Type Ca
2+
Channel Ca
V
1.2 Via the β-Adrenergic-cAMP-Protein Kinase A Pathway
Authors: Weiss Sharon , Oz Shimrit , Benmocha Adva , Dascal Nathan
Published: August 2013

In the heart, adrenergic stimulation activates the β-adrenergic receptors coupled to the heterotrimeric stimulatory G
s
protein, followed by subsequent activation of adenylyl cyclase, elevation of cyclic AMP levels, and protein kinase A (PKA) activation. One of the main targets for PKA modulation is the cardiac L-type Ca
2+
channel (Ca
V
1.2) located in the plasma membrane and along the T-tubules, which mediates Ca
2+
entry into cardiomyocytes. β-Adrenergic receptor activation increases the Ca
2+
current via Ca
V
1.2 channels and is responsible for the positive ionotropic effect of adrenergic stimulation. Despite decades of research, the molecular mechanism underlying this modulation has not been fully resolved. On the contrary, initial reports of identification of key components in this modulation were later refuted using advanced model systems, especially transgenic animals. Some of the cardinal debated issues include details of specific subunits and residues in Ca
V
1.2 phosphorylated by PKA, the nature, extent, and role of post-translational processing of Ca
V
1.2, and the role of auxiliary proteins (such as A kinase anchoring proteins) involved in PKA regulation. In addition, the previously proposed crucial role of PKA in modulation of unstimulated Ca
2+
current in the absence of β-adrenergic receptor stimulation and in voltage-dependent facilitation of Ca
V
1.2 remains uncertain. Full reconstitution of the β-adrenergic receptor signaling pathway in heterologous expression systems remains an unmet challenge. This review summarizes the past and new findings, the mechanisms proposed and later proven, rejected or disputed, and emphasizes the essential issues that remain unresolved.
Freshwater crabs from eastern Panamá: a new species of Potamocarcinus H. Milne Edwards, 1853, and new records of two little-known species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pseudothelphusidae, Trichodactylidae)
Authors: MAGALHÃES CÉLIO , CAMPOS MARTHA R. , TÜRKAY MICHAEL
Published: August 2013

A small collection of freshwater crabs from eastern Panamá revealed a new species of pseudothelphusid crab, Potamocarcinus darienensis n. sp., which is described and illustrated. The new species is characterized by an unusual arrangement of distal processes in the male first gonopod, in which the mesial lobe is folded in a latero-cephalic direction over the apex and the apex is broadened by a rounded protuberance in its caudo-lateral surface, the cephalic surface having a small, conical median cephalic process, and a large, prominent, subtriangular proximal cephalic process. New records of two little-known species described from eastern Panamá, Spirocarcinus garthi (Pretzmann, 1971) (Pseudothelphusidae) and Melocarcinus meekei (Pretzmann, 1968) (Trichodactylidae), are listed and the first gonopod of S. garthi is redescribed.
Discovery of the genus Paraleuctra (Plecoptera: Leuctridae) from Palearctic China, with description of P. qilianshana sp. nov.
Authors: KONG FANBIN , YANG DING , LI WEIHAI
Published: August 2013

A new species of the genus Paraleuctra, P. qilianshana sp. nov., is described from Mt. Qilianshan, Gansu Province, China. The new species is the first representative of Paraleuctra discovered in the Palearctic Region of China. The new species is compared with its regional congeners.
Mixing State of Submicrometer Sea Spray Particles Enriched by Insoluble Species in Bubble-Bursting Experiments
Authors: Park Ji Yeon , Lim Sungil , Park Kihong
Published: August 2013

Measurements of size distribution, hygroscopicity, and volatility of submicrometer sea spray particles produced by the bubble busting of artificial and natural seawater were conducted to determine their mixing state and volume fractions of hygroscopic and nonhygroscopic species or volatile and nonvolatile species. The particles sprayed from artificial seawater having insoluble silica particles were found to be an external mixture of two groups of particles having hygroscopic growth factors (HGFs) of 1.33 (an internal mixture of nonhygroscopic silica particles and hygroscopic salt species) and 1.68 (a similar mixture having more salt species) when the mass ratio of insoluble particles to dissolved salts was higher than 2. For sea spray particles from natural seawater, the external mixing was not significantly observed because of a high concentration of dissolved salts. The HGFs of sea spray particles (80–140 nm) from natural seawater were in the range of 1.70–1.76, which were lower than from pure artificial seawater (1.87), and the HGFs had no change before and after membrane filtration of seawater, suggesting that the sea spray particles from natural seawater contained a significant amount of nonhygroscopic dissolved organic matter in addition to hygroscopic salt species. The volume fraction of the nonhygroscopic species ranged from 20% to 29%, and the highest value was observed for seawater samples from the site where strong biological activity occurred, suggesting that biological materials played an important role in the formation of nonhygroscopic organic matter. Volatility measurements also identified the existence of volatile organic species in single particles from natural seawater, with the volume fraction of volatile species evaporated at 100°C being 4%–5%.
Renegotiating environments to achieve participation: A metasynthesis of qualitative chronic disease research: Restructurer les environnements pour favoriser la participation / Une métasynthèse de la recherche qualitative sur les maladies chroniques
Authors: Hand Carri L. , Wilkins Seanne , Letts Lori J. , Law Mary C.
Published: August 2013

Background.

Qualitative studies describe environmental influences on participation in adults with chronic disease, but translating these findings into practice can be difficult.

Purpose.

This study sought to synthesize qualitative research findings regarding the influence of environmental factors on participation among adults with chronic disease.

Methods.

Searching revealed 31 articles that describe the link between environment and participation for adults with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and/or depression. Study findings were analyzed using metasynthesis methods to identify themes.

Findings.

For adults with chronic disease, renegotiating their environments and occupations to achieve, maintain, or rework their participation involves understanding support processes, being ordinary and able, navigating systems, and navigating physical environments.

Implications.

Key areas that occupational therapy interventions can target are facilitating constructive collaboration between client and support person, fostering connections with others, recognizing cultural pressure to be ordinary and able, and advocating for supportive policy and practice.
Utilizing Data to Combat Absenteeism and Decrease Dropout Rates
Authors: Genao Soribel
Published: August 2013

Students across the nation are encountering more and more difficulties in their transition to high school. Not only are a significant number of students dropping out, but those who stay are also leaving high school without the skills they need to become productive citizens. Several intervention strategies are recommended to help students make a successful transition. From better academic preparation to structural reforms, probably all of them are needed and have an important place. In 2008, central office administrators and principals of a New Jersey school district, gathered to brainstorm about methods of early intervention strategies. The middle and secondary school principals recognized and agreed on the urgency to address these strategies by collecting data and searching for possible solutions. This article discusses the use of student data to develop a warning system, an “at risk” indicator for the 2008-2009 freshman class in one of New Jersey’s school districts.
The Inoculating Effect of Message Sidedness on Adolescents’ Binge Drinking Intentions
Authors: Cornelis Erlinde , Cauberghe Veroline , De Pelsmacker Patrick
Published: August 2013

In this study, we assess an alternative strategy for health interventions, namely, two-sided messages. A 3 × 2 between-subjects factorial experimental design investigates the effect of three different anti-binge drinking messages (i.e., one-sided, two-sided non-refutational, and two-sided refutational) on strongly and weakly issue-involved adolescents’ binge drinking intentions after exposure to peer pressure. A sample of 185 adolescents between the age of 15 and 19 participated in the experiment. The results show that when adolescents’ involvement with binge drinking is strong, a two-sided refutational as well as non-refutational message result in lower binge drinking intentions than a one-sided message. When adolescents’ involvement with binge drinking is weak, binge drinking intentions are not influenced by message sidedness.
Music Teacher Assessment and Race to the Top
Authors: Perrine William M.
Published: August 2013

Race to the Top is the latest in a line of federal programs reshaping K–12 education. This article traces the history and goals of Race to the Top, with particular attention paid to the means by which practicing classroom teachers are evaluated and held accountable for student learning as measured by standardized tests. Implications for music educators are examined through the state of Florida’s efforts to design arts assessments in compliance with Race to the Top regulations. A discussion of the possible long-term effects of Race to the Top concludes that the program will likely have a significant effect on reshaping the behavior and approaches of classroom teachers.
Learner-Created Podcasts
Authors: Bolden Benjamin
Published: August 2013

This article describes uses for podcasts in music education, focusing on learner-created podcasts as an opportunity for students to construct and represent knowledge. The author outlines a podcast assignment that enables secondary and postsecondary students to examine and more deeply understand the meaning music holds for them and the role it has played in their lives. Using audio editing technology, students describe significant music experiences and combine spoken-word narration with illustrative music excerpts to create an audio documentary. Student benefits of engaging in the podcast creation process (e.g., opportunities for active music listening, enhanced reflection, self-expression, enriched communication, increased self-knowledge, and creativity) are addressed in the conclusion.
The hegemony of the liberal–secular master narrative in Orhan Pamuk’s Snow
Authors: Ahmet Alver
Published: August 2013

This work will examine the juxtaposition between political and novelistic intentions that distinguish Orhan Pamuk’s treatment of secularism. While Pamuk’s work can be read as a fierce critique of state-imposed secularism in Turkey, he is simultaneously a great champion of a liberal secularist ideology, on which his texts are based even as they claim to be dialogic and polyphonic. This paper will set out the ways in which Pamuk frames the competing political claims of secularism and Islam – key issues on a global scale as well as in Turkish politics – in order to decipher its implications for the contemporary world and the future.

Given Pamuk’s status as a global writer, it is essential that his texts are analysed for their ideological underpinnings, so that any conclusions drawn from them are problematized and seen in a broader context. By analysing Snow, along with a selection of Pamuk’s other novels and writings, this article will explore Pamuk’s view of secularism generally, and specifically its function in Turkish society, and in doing so will draw out the tensions in his case for liberal secularism. In order to do this, it will draw upon some recent critical scholarship on secularism including Ziaudddin Sardar, Talal Asad, Saba Mahmood and T. N. Madan.
Prototypical Weighting
Authors: Strijbis Oliver
Published: August 2013

Bias in inferences from samples constitutes one of the main sources of error in macrosociological studies. The problem is typically understood as one of “selection bias.” What constitutes the population available for selection, by contrast, is rarely thought of as being problematic. This article works to remedy this oversight and to demonstrate that this factor is not to be overlooked—suggesting that the categorization of cases constitutes another important source of biased inferences. This article argues that, because the boundaries of most macrosociological concepts are fuzzy, samples formed according to the logic of crisp-set categorization might lead to “categorization bias.” In order to avoid such a categorization bias, we argue that cases should be weighted depending on how strongly they resemble the prototypes of the categories for which one wants to arrive at generalizations. This article further argues that, by weighting for prototypicality, the logic of fuzzy boundaries of concepts and comparative and statistical methods can be combined. In the process, we provide an example of how weighting by prototypicality can be applied in the area of ethnic studies.
The concept of socialrace
Authors: Hardimon Michael O.
Published: August 2013

Explication of the concept of socialrace: the concept variously refers to (1) a social group that is taken to be a racialist race, (2) the social position occupied by a particular social group that is a socialrace and (3) the system of social positions that are socialraces. Socialrace is distinguished from other more familiar forms of social construction. The sense in which socialrace counts as a race concept is explained. The advantages of the term ‘socialrace’ are discussed. The desiderata for a conception of socialrace are articulated. The concept socialrace is contrasted with other similar concepts.
A human cry
Authors: Ezekiel Anna
Published: August 2013

This article is concerned with what Nietzsche claims about particular kinds of suffering that can emerge in encounters with others. I maintain that, even taking into account statements of Nietzsche’s that contradict or modify his language of solitude, hardness and domination, his acknowledgement of the capacity of witnessing others’ suffering to cause pain does not indicate an intersubjective notion of self-affirmation, but is an instance of a tension he identifies between our inescapable implication in social ways of being, and our need to create ourselves independently to overcome self-alienation. I argue that Nietzsche’s claims about pity are a particular instance of this tension – that is, that while he recognizes that we feel pity, he treats this as an unfortunate affect to be overcome, to be appropriated on an individual basis, rather than as an invitation to be authentically with others – as indicating the possibility of a mutual project of self-affirmation.
Where do we go from here? Climate change as a human affair
Authors: Bradatan Cristina
Published: August 2013

Although climate change has slowly emerged in academic, media and political debates as an important social issue, it might be too slow for something to change significantly before it is too late. As such, it is probably a good time for social scientists to get more involved in understanding and explaining how this entirely human affair can be tackled and how it will affect our lives. The three books reviewed here address the sociology of climate change from different perspectives.
The Gendered Burden of Development in Nicaragua
Authors: Neumann Pamela J.
Published: August 2013

The recent political “left turn” in Latin America has led to an increased emphasis on social policy and poverty alleviation programs aimed at women. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork and interviews in a rural village in Nicaragua, I argue that one of the consequences of such programs is an increase in women’s daily workload, which I call the gendered burden of development. By exploiting women’s unpaid community care labor, these non-governmental organizations (NGO) and state-led programs entrench established gender roles and responsibilities. Furthermore, through their selective interventions, these programs reinforce the neoliberal ideal of self-sufficiency in women’s everyday lives, contributing to the formation of a particular kind of developmental subject who assumes responsibility for her own hardships. Although these programs have produced some tangible improvements in women’s lives, they ultimately do little to alter the structural conditions affecting the precariousness of women’s survival.
The theoretical root of Karl Jaspers’ General Psychopathology. Part 2: The influence of Max Weber
Authors: Kumazaki Tsutomu
Published: August 2013

The present study explores and compares Jaspers’ methodology of psychopathology with Weber’s methodology of sociology. In his works, Weber incorporated the arguments of many other researchers into his own methodology. Jaspers respected Weber as a mentor and presented arguments that were very similar to Weber’s. Both Weber and Jaspers began from empathic understanding, but at the same time aimed for a rational and ideal-typical conceptualization. In addition, their methodologies were similar with respect to their detailed terminology. Such similarities cannot be seen with any other scholars. This suggests that Weber may have played an integral role as a mediator between his contemporary scholars and Jaspers. Thus, Weber may have had the most significant influence on Jaspers.
The Bavarian royal drama of 1886 and the misuse of psychiatry: new results
Authors: Häfner Heinz , Sommer Felix
Published: August 2013

The deaths of King Ludwig II of Bavaria and Bernhard von Gudden, Professor of Psychiatry in Munich, in Lake Starnberg near Munich on 13 June 1886 have often been mentioned in the psychiatric-historical literature and in fiction. Von Gudden had written a psychiatric assessment of the King, rating him permanently mentally ill and incapable of reigning. Ludwig II was declared legally incapacitated, dethroned and psychiatrically interned. We will report on an interdisciplinary research project conducted at the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities. Information was collected from state, local and private archives in Germany and abroad on: (1) the correctness of the psychiatric assessment in form and content; (2) the constitutional basis of the deposition; and (3) its background, motives and execution. The results show that the psychiatric assessment was incorrect in substance and form. They highlight how those in power used psychiatry for their own purposes.
Flexor Digitorum Brevis Transfer for Floating Toe Prevention after Weil Osteotomy
Authors: Lee Lydia C. , Charlton Timothy P. , Thordarson David B.
Published: August 2013

Background:

A floating toe deformity occurs in many patients who undergo Weil osteotomies. It is likely caused by the failure of the windlass mechanism in shortening the metatarsal. For patients who require a proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint arthroplasty or fusion in addition to a Weil osteotomy, the transfer of the flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) tendon to the PIP joint might restore the windlass mechanism and decrease the incidence of floating toes.

Methods:

Fourteen cadaveric foot specimens were examined to determine the effects of changing metatarsal length as well as tensioning the FDB tendon on the angle of the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint as a measure of a floating toe.

Results:

Shortening and lengthening the second metatarsal resulted in a significant change in MTP angle ( P = .03 and .02, respectively), though there was no clear relationship found between the amount of change in metatarsal length and the change in MTP angle. Transferring the FDB to a PIP arthroplasty site plantarflexed the MTP joint and corrected floating toes; the change in angle was significant compared with the control and shortening groups ( P = .0001 and .002, respectively).

Conclusion:

This study supports the theory that change in length of the metatarsal, possibly via the windlass mechanism, plays a role in the pathophysiology of the floating toe deformity. Tensioning and transferring the FDB tendon into the PIP joint helped prevent the floating toe deformity in this cadaveric model.

Clinical Relevance:

Continued research in this subject will help to refine methods of prevention and correction of the floating toe deformity.
Are State Tax Amnesty Programs Associated with Financial Reporting Irregularities?
Authors: Buckwalter Neal D. , Sharp Nathan Y. , Wilde Jaron H. , Wood David A.
Published: August 2013

This article investigates the relation between state tax amnesties and financial reporting irregularities. State tax amnesty programs, which potentially signal a lax regulatory enforcement environment, provide a unique setting in which to examine the effects of state tax authorities on non-tax financial reporting behavior. The results suggest that firms headquartered in states offering a tax amnesty program are more likely to begin engaging in a financial reporting irregularity during the amnesty period. Furthermore, the results show that the observed increase in financial reporting irregularities occurs only during periods of repeat, not initial, amnesty programs. These findings suggest state tax amnesties have previously unexplored adverse effects on managers’ behavior.
Factors shaping effective utilization of health information technology in urban safety-net clinics
Authors: George Sheba , Garth Belinda , Fish Allison , Baker Richard
Published: August 2013

Urban safety-net clinics are considered prime targets for the adoption of health information technology innovations; however, little is known about their utilization in such safety-net settings. Current scholarship provides limited guidance on the implementation of health information technology into safety-net settings as it typically assumes that adopting institutions have sufficient basic resources. This study addresses this gap by exploring the unique challenges urban resource-poor safety-net clinics must consider when adopting and utilizing health information technology.

In-depth interviews (N = 15) were used with key stakeholders (clinic chief executive officers, medical directors, nursing directors, chief financial officers, and information technology directors) from staff at four clinics to explore (a) nonhealth information technology-related clinic needs, (b) how health information technology may provide solutions, and (c) perceptions of and experiences with health information technology.

Participants identified several challenges, some of which appear amenable to health information technology solutions. Also identified were requirements for effective utilization of health information technology including physical infrastructural improvements, funding for equipment/training, creation of user groups to share health information technology knowledge/experiences, and specially tailored electronic billing guidelines. We found that despite the potential benefit that can be derived from health information technologies, the unplanned and uninformed introduction of these tools into these settings might actually create more problems than are solved.

From these data, we were able to identify a set of factors that should be considered when integrating health information technology into the existing workflows of low-resourced urban safety-net clinics in order to maximize their utilization and enhance the quality of health care in such settings.
“I miss the care even though I know it’s just a machine”: An explorative study of the relationship between an Internet-based smoking cessation intervention and its participants
Authors: Brandt Caroline L , Dalum Peter , Thomsen Tine T
Published: August 2013

This study aimed to investigate how users perceive the different elements of an internet based smoking cessation intervention and to see if the program meet needs and expectations of people in a smoking cessation process. Nine semi-structured interviews were conducted in February 2010. Participants were recruited via the homepage of the smoking cessation program Dit Digitale Stopprogram (Your Digital Quit Program) operated by the Danish Cancer Society. The main result was that participants established a relationship to the program which influenced their smoking cessation process. Participants perceived the program as caring and found it supportive. However, the program also created feelings of frustration, disappointment and anger. Some participants in the last phase of cessation experienced text messages from the program as smoking cues. The study concluded that individual interpretations of the different elements in an Internet-based smoking cessation intervention can have both positive and negative impact on the smoking cessation process of participants.
Detection of defects in wind turbine composite blades using statistically enhanced Lock-In Thermography
Authors: Manohar Arun , Lanza di Scalea Francesco
Published: August 2013

Delaminations are a common type of defect that occurs in composite structures such as wind turbine blades. In this study, a nondestructive testing technique based on Lock-In Thermography is proposed to detect skin–skin delaminations and skin–core delaminations present in a 9-m CX-100 wind turbine blade. A set of image processing algorithms and multivariate outlier analysis were used in conjunction with the classical Lock-In Thermography technique to counter the “blind frequency” effects and to improve the defect contrast. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to quantify the gains obtained by using multivariate outlier analysis. Experiments were performed on a set of 16 defects of various sizes that were incorporated during the construction of the CX-100 wind turbine blade at different locations and depths.
Efficacy of Higher Dose 13.3 mg/24 h Rivastigmine Patch on Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Grossberg George , Cummings Jeffrey , Frölich Lutz , Bellelli Giuseppe , Molinuevo José L. , Krahnke Tillmann , Strohmaier Christine
Published: August 2013

Background:

Stabilizing/reducing decline in the ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) is important in management of Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

Methods:

Post hoc analysis of OPtimizing Transdermal Exelon In Mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease (OPTIMA), a double-blind trial comparing 13.3 and 9.5 mg/24 h rivastigmine patch in patients with AD demonstrating functional and cognitive decline with 9.5 mg/24 h patch. Efficacy on Alzheimer’s disease Cooperative Study-instrumental ADL (ADCS-IADL) items, higher level function (HLF), and autonomy factors was assessed.

Results:

The ADCS-IADL, HLF, and autonomy factors favored 13.3 mg/24 h patch at all time points, reaching significance from weeks 16 to 48, 24 to 48, and 32 to 48, respectively. Higher dose patch demonstrated significantly greater efficacy on 10 of 17 ADCS-IADL items at 1 or more time points ( P < .05 vs 9.5 mg/24 h patch). More adverse events were observed with higher dose patch; study discontinuations were similar between the doses.

Conclusions:

Greater efficacy of 13.3 versus 9.5 mg/24 h patch on ADL, including autonomy and HLF factors, supports this additional dosing option to prolong patients’ independence.
The Yoga of Critical Discourse
Authors: Hyde Andrea M.
Published: August 2013

This article offers a comparative self-reflection on two seemingly disparate teaching practices: hatha yoga and critical social theories of education. As some have already discovered, the two enacted fields share many core principles and practices; deal with strikingly similar content; and are primarily self-reflective. As an instructor/facilitator of each, I find myself teaching practices and enacting teaching practices that are critical transformative. In this article, I explain how I use contemplative practices in my teaching about contentious issues. In particular, I recognize how the “adjustments” that I make and the “home practice” that I assign in teaching philosophy of education, for example, parallels those I use in teaching hatha yoga. Finally, I describe how my teaching enacts a yogic philosophy, making it a specific ethical practice.
Ramifications of Single-Port Laparoscopic Surgery
Authors: Conway Nathan E. , Romanelli John R. , Bush Ron W. , Seymour Neal E.
Published: August 2013

Introduction. Single-port laparoscopic surgery imposes unique psychomotor challenges. We used surgical simulation to define performance differences between surgeons with and without single-port clinical experience and examined whether a short course of training resulted in improved performance. Methods. Study participants were assigned to 3 groups: resident group (RES), experienced laparoscopic surgeons with (SP) and without (LAP) prior single-port laparoscopic experience. Participants performed the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery precision cutting task on a ProMIS trainer through conventional ports or with articulating instruments via a SILS Port (Covidien, Inc). Two iterations of each method were performed. Then, 6 residents performed 10 successive single-port iterations to assess the effect of practice on task performance. Results. The SP group had faster task times for both laparoscopic ( P = .0486) and single-port ( P = .0238) methods. The LAP group had longer path lengths for the single-port task than for the laparoscopic task ( P = .03). The RES group was slower ( P = .0019), with longer path length ( P = .0010) but with greater smoothness ( P = .0186) on the single-port task than the conventional laparoscopic task. Resident performance task time ( P = .005) and smoothness ( P = .045) improved with successive iterations. Discussion. Our data show that surgeons with clinical single-port surgery experience perform a simulated single-port surgical task better than inexperienced single-port surgeons. Furthermore, this performance is comparable to that achieved with conventional laparoscopic techniques. Performance of residents declined dramatically when confronted with the challenges of the single-port task but improved with practice. These results suggest a role for lab-based single-port training.
Games for Persuasion
Authors: Ferrara John
Published: August 2013

The greatest threat to the success of serious games is inattention to the quality of the player experience. The gamification fad endorses a canard that games can be strip-mined for “useful” bits that, when tacked onto conventional applications, should be expected to have the same effects as true games. This lie exposes a disdain for play and an incapacity to perceive games themselves as useful and worthwhile endeavors. Creating games that achieve great things in the real world while remaining enjoyable experiences instead requires working with the prodigious strengths inherent to the medium. This presentation explores how the native procedurality of video games makes them a potentially ideal way to persuade people to adopt a particular point of view. It will cover the history and modern theory of persuasive games, offer guidelines for crafting arguments based in gameplay, and present a case study of the design of a persuasive game.
Results From a Controlled Study of the iPad Fractions Game Motion Math
Authors: Riconscente Michelle M.
Published: August 2013

Although fractions knowledge is essential for future success in mathematics, data show that most U.S. students fail to become proficient in fractions. With the advent of mobile technologies such as iPad tablets, new kinds of interactions with subject matter have become possible that have potential for improving learning. The present study used an experimental repeated measures crossover design to investigate whether the iPad fractions game Motion Math would improve fourth graders’ fractions knowledge and attitudes. In results from 122 participants, students’ fractions test scores improved an average of over 15% after playing Motion Math for 20 min daily over a 5-day period, representing a significant increase compared to a control group. In addition, children’s self-efficacy for fractions, as well as their liking of fractions, each improved an average of 10%, representing a statistically significant increase compared to a control group. Implications for the design and study of interactive games are discussed.
“Like Taking Away His Lifeline”
Authors: Miller Julie
Published: August 2013

Children with autism spectrum diagnoses often seek specific sensory input that provides a calming or regulating purpose. This article considers the impact that sensory regulating strategies have on a child’s nutrition, encourages clinicians to consider how some foods are currently being used for regulation, and presents challenges associated with overall feeding progress when a primary means of regulation is food related. Two case studies present conflicting situations, one child whose use of food leads to concern for obesity and the other whose continued use of the bottle prevents him from falling off of his weight and growth curves. A team approach for intervention is encouraged to ensure that all needs that affect feeding progress are supported.
The Curveball as a Risk Factor for Injury
Authors: Grantham W. Jeffrey , Iyengar Jaicharan J. , Byram Ian R. , Ahmad Christopher S.
Published: August 2013

Context:

The curveball is regarded by many as a potential risk factor for injury in youth baseball pitchers.

Objective:

To critically evaluate the scientific evidence regarding the curveball and its impact on pitching biomechanics and the overall risk of arm injuries in baseball pitchers.

Study Type:

Systematic review.

Level of Evidence:

Level 3.

Data Sources:

Ovid MEDLINE from 1946 to 2012.

Study Selection:

Ten biomechanical studies on kinematic or electromyographic analysis of pitching a curveball were included, as well as 5 epidemiologic studies that assessed pain or injury incidence in pitchers throwing the curveball.

Data Extraction:

When possible, demographic, methodology, kinetics, and kinematics variables and pain/injury incidence were compiled.

Results:

Two biomechanical studies found greater horizontal adduction of the shoulder at ball release and less shoulder internal torque during the curveball pitching motion. Two studies demonstrated less proximal force and less torque at the elbow as the arm accelerated when throwing a curveball compared with a fastball, as well as greater supination of the forearm and less wrist extension. Electromyographic data suggested increased activity of extensor and supinator muscles for curveballs. No studies found increased force or torque about the elbow or shoulder. Three epidemiologic studies showed no significant association between pitching a curveball and upper extremity pain or injury. One retrospective epidemiologic study reported a 52% increase in shoulder pain in pitchers throwing a curveball, although this may have been due to confounders.

Conclusion:

Despite much debate in the baseball community about the curveball’s safety in youth pitchers, limited biomechanical and most epidemiologic data do not indicate an increased risk of injury when compared with the fastball.
Chronic ulcers: MATRIDERM® system in smoker, cardiopathic, and diabetic patients
Authors: De Angelis Barbara , Gentile Pietro , Agovino Annarita , Migner Alessia , Orlandi Fabrizio , Delogu Pamela , Cervelli Valerio
Published: August 2013

Diabetic ulcers and pressure ulcers represent a more frequent cause of chronic wounds in aging populations. It is estimated that approximately 15% of the diabetic population will develop diabetic ulcers during their life and over half of these patients develop an infection, often osteomyelitis, with 20% requiring amputation.

The authors report a case of a 65-year-old woman affected by a post-traumatic loss of substance due to road accidents with soft tissue exposure (comprising muscle tendon) of the left knee combined with the fracture of the right fibula previously subjected to surgery and reconstruction of muscle tendon.

The patient was affected by diabetes type II, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease.

In 2008, she underwent a double bypass surgery and coronary angioplasty.

Initially, the patient was treated with cycles of advanced dressings, with fibrinolytic ointments, hydrocolloid, and subsequently, when the bottom began granulated with fibrinolytic and idrocellulosa, Hydrofibra-Ag, and Ag-alginate, three times a week for 30 days.

In the second step, the authors decided to treat the ulcer with the MATRIDERM system and auto skin graft.

Following the first treatment, 7 days after the procedure, the authors found the reduction of the loss of substance until its complete closure.

The wound’s infection was evaluated by a buffer negative confirmation performed every 2 weeks four times. We obtained decrease of limb edema and full functional rehabilitation. The skin appeared renovated, with volume restoration and an improvement of the texture.
Social Competence in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Yeates Keith Owen , Bigler Erin D. , Abildskov Tracy , Dennis Maureen , Gerhardt Cynthia A. , Vannatta Kathryn , Rubin Kenneth H. , Stancin Terry , Taylor H. Gerry
Published: August 2013

This study examined the associations among brain volumes, theory of mind (ToM), peer relationships, and psychosocial adjustment in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Participants included 8- to 13-year-old children, 82 with TBI and 61 with orthopedic injuries (OIs). Children completed three measures of ToM. Classmates provided ratings of participants’ peer relationships, acceptance, and friendships. Parents rated children’s psychosocial adjustment. MRI was used to determine brain volumes. Brain volumes were associated with ToM, which in turn was associated with peer rejection/victimization. Peer rejection/victimization in the classroom was associated with peer acceptance, friendship, social withdrawal, and general psychopathology. Brain volumes, ToM, peer relationships, and social adjustment show significant links among children with TBI and those with OI. The findings support a multilevel model of social competence in childhood TBI.
Cerebellar Morphology and Procedural Learning Impairment in Neuroleptic-Naive Youth at Ultrahigh Risk of Psychosis
Authors: Dean Derek J. , Bernard Jessica A. , Orr Joseph M. , Pelletier-Baldelli Andrea , Gupta Tina , Carol Emily E. , Mittal Vijay A.
Published: August 2013

Despite evidence suggesting a role for cerebellar abnormalities in the pathogenesis of psychosis, the structure has yet to receive attention in individuals at ultrahigh risk for psychosis (UHR). Accumulating research has suggested that the cerebellum helps modulate cognition and movement, domains in which UHR individuals show impairment; understanding putative markers of risk, such as structural abnormalities and behavioral correlates, is essential. In this study, participants underwent a high-resolution structural brain scan and participated in a pursuit rotor experiment. Cerebellar regions associated with movement (anterior cerebellum) and cognition (crus I) were subsequently analyzed. UHR participants showed impaired performance on the pursuit rotor task, learned at a slower rate, and showed smaller cerebellar volumes compared with control participants. Left crus I volume was significantly associated with poor rate of learning. The present results suggest that cerebellar abnormalities and their behavioral correlates (poor learning and motor control) precede the onset of psychosis.
Development of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia in Down syndrome is associated with sequential epigenetic changes
Authors: Malinge Sébastien , Chlon Tim , Doré Louis C. , Ketterling Rhett P. , Tallman Martin S. , Paietta Elisabeth , Gamis Alan S. , Taub Jeffrey W. , Chou Stella T. , Weiss Mitchell J. , Crispino John D. , Figueroa Maria E.
Published: August 2013

Key Points

DNA methylation changes during the development of DS-AMKL occur in sequential waves of opposing losses and gains of methylation. Each wave of DNA methylation abnormalities targets specific gene networks that contribute to distinct biological features of the disease.
Effectiveness and reach of a directed-population approach to improving dental health and reducing inequalities: a cross sectional study
Authors: Brewster Lynn , Sherriff Andrea , Macpherson Lorna
Published: August 2013

Background

Childsmile School adopts a directed-population approach to target fluoride varnish applications to 20% of the primary one (P1) population in priority schools selected on the basis of the proportion of enrolled children considered to be at increased-risk of developing dental caries. The study sought to compare the effectiveness of four different methods for identifying individuals most in need when a directed-population approach is taken.

Methods

The 2008 Basic National Dental Inspection Programme (BNDIP) cross-sectional P1 Scottish epidemiological survey dataset was used to model four methods and test three definitions of increased-risk. Effectiveness was determined by the positive predictive value (PPV) and explored in relation to 1-sensitivity and 1-specificity.

Results

Complete data was available on 43470 children (87% of the survey). At the Scotland level, at least half (50%) of the children targeted were at increased-risk irrespective of the method used to target or the definition of increased-risk. There was no one method across all definitions of increased-risk that maximised PPV. Instead, PPV was highest when the targeting method complimented the definition of increased-risk. There was a higher percentage of children at increased-risk who were not targeted (1-sensitivity) when caries experience (rather than deprivation) was used to define increased-risk, irrespective of the method used for targeting. Over all three definitions of increased-risk, there was no one method that minimised (1-sensitivity) although this was lowest when the method and definition of increased-risk were complimentary. The false positive rate (1-specificity) for all methods and all definitions of increased-risk was consistently low (<20%), again being lowest when the method and definition of increased-risk were complimentary.

Conclusion

Developing a method to reach all (or even the vast majority) of individuals at increased-risk defined by either caries experience or deprivation is difficult using a directed-population approach at a group level. There is a need for a wider debate between politicians and public health experts to decide how best to reach those most at need of intervention to improve health and reduce inequalities.