bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonographic evaluation in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: clinical and radiological correlation
Authors: Malas Fevziye Ünsal , Kara Murat , Kaymak Bayram , Akıncı Ayşen , Özçakar Levent
Published: October 2013

Aim

To explore the relationship among clinical, radiological and ultrasonographical findings in knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Method

Sixty‐one patients (122 knees) with knee OA were enrolled. Patients' knees were classified into two groups according to symptom severity. Group I consisted of 61 more symptomatic knees and Group II comprised 61 less symptomatic knees. Subjects were clinically assessed for pain and functional status by using a visual analog scale and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC), respectively. Knee radiographs were evaluated by using the Kellgren–Lawrence (K–L) grading system. All knees were also evaluated ultrasonographically for meniscal bulging, distal femoral cartilage thickness, cartilage grading and also for the presence of effusion, Baker's cyst and so on.

Results

Baker's cyst and joint effusion were observed more in Group I when compared with Group II. Positive correlations were found between meniscal bulging and all WOMAC scores (all P < 0.05). K–L grades of the patients were also positively correlated with WOMAC scores (all P < 0.05). Meniscal bulging measurements and K–L grades were positively correlated (P < 0.001). There was a negative correlation between cartilage grades and cartilage thickness measurements (all P < 0.001).

Conclusions

We found that joint space narrowing seemed to be associated with meniscal bulging. Moreover, increased meniscal bulging and presence of Baker's cyst/joint effusion were associated with worse pain or poorer function.
Implantation of Scaffold‐Free Engineered Cartilage Constructs in a Rabbit Model for Chondral Resurfacing
Authors: Brenner Jillian M. , Ventura Nicole M. , Tse M. Yat , Winterborn Andrew , Bardana Davide D. , Pang Stephen C. , Hurtig Mark B. , Waldman Stephen D.
Published: October 2013

Joint resurfacing techniques offer an attractive treatment for damaged or diseased cartilage, as this tissue characteristically displays a limited capacity for self‐repair. While tissue‐engineered cartilage constructs have shown efficacy in repairing focal cartilage defects in animal models, a substantial number of cells are required to generate sufficient quantities of tissue for the repair of larger defects. In a previous study, we developed a novel approach to generate large, scaffold‐free cartilaginous constructs from a small number of donor cells (20 000 cells to generate a 3‐cm2 tissue construct). As comparable thicknesses to native cartilage could be achieved, the purpose of the present study was to assess the ability of these constructs to survive implantation as well as their potential for the repair of critical‐sized chondral defects in a rabbit model. Evaluated up to 6 months post‐implantation, allogenic constructs survived weight bearing without a loss of implant fixation. Implanted constructs appeared to integrate near‐seamlessly with the surrounding native cartilage and also to extensively remodel with increasing time in vivo. By 6 months post‐implantation, constructs appeared to adopt both a stratified (zonal) appearance and a biochemical composition similar to native articular cartilage. In addition, constructs that expressed superficial zone markers displayed higher histological scores, suggesting that transcriptional prescreening of constructs prior to implantation may serve as an approach to achieve superior and/or more consistent reparative outcomes. As the results of this initial animal study were encouraging, future studies will be directed toward the repair of chondral defects in more mechanically demanding anatomical locations.
A mechanistic look at the effects of adversity early in life on cardiovascular disease risk during adulthood
Authors: Loria A. S. , Ho D. H. , Pollock J. S.
Published: October 2013

Early origins of adult disease may be defined as adversity or challenges during early life that alter physiological responses and prime the organism to chronic disease in adult life. Adverse childhood experiences or early life stress (ELS) may be considered a silent independent risk factor capable of predicting future cardiovascular disease risk. Maternal separation (MatSep) provides a suitable model to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms by which ELS increases the risk to develop cardiovascular disease in adulthood. The aim of this review is to describe the links between behavioural stress early in life and chronic cardiovascular disease risk in adulthood. We will discuss the following: (i) adult cardiovascular outcomes in humans subjected to ELS, (ii) MatSep as an animal model of ELS as well as the limitations and advantages of this model in rodents and (iii) possible ELS‐induced mechanisms that predispose individuals to greater cardiovascular risk. Overall, exposure to a behavioural stressor early in life sensitizes the response to a second stressor later in life, thus unmasking an exaggerated cardiovascular dysfunction that may influence quality of life and life expectancy in adulthood.
Epidemiology and potential risk factors of drug‐related problems in Hong Kong paediatric wards
Authors: Rashed Asia N. , Wilton Lynda , Lo Charles C. H. , Kwong Benjamin Y. S. , Leung Suzanne , Wong Ian C. K.
Published: October 2013

Aims

A drug‐related problem (DRP) is ‘an event or circumstance involving drug therapy that actually or potentially interferes with the desired health outcome’. The extent and characteristics of DRPs in children in Hong Kong are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiology of and identify risk factors for DRPs in hospitalized children in Hong Kong.

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study in children aged 0–18 years who were admitted to a medical ward, paediatric intensive care unit or neonatal intensive care unit of seven Hong Kong hospitals, during a 3 month period. Patients' charts, medical records and laboratory data were reviewed daily to identify DRPs; their preventability and severity were assessed. Logistic regression was used to analyse potential risk factors associated with the incidence of DRPs.

Results

Three hundred and twenty‐nine children (median age, 2 years; interquartile range, 0 months to 9 years) were included. In total, 82 DRPs were experienced by 69 patients. The overall incidence of DRPs was 21.0% (95% confidence interval, 16.7–25.8%). The incidence was higher in neonatal and paediatric intensive care units than medical wards. Dosing problems were the most frequently reported DRPs (n = 35; 42.7%), followed by drug choice problems (n = 19; 23.2%) and adverse drug reactions (n = 11; 13.4%). Sixty‐seven (81.7%) DRP cases were assessed as preventable, 42 (51.2%) as minor and 40 (48.8%) as moderate. The number of prescribed drugs and ‘certain infectious and parasitic diseases’ were potential risk factors for occurrence of DRPs.

Conclusions

Drug‐related problems were common in hospitalized children in this study in Hong Kong; the most frequent were dosing and drug choice problems, and the majority of them were preventable. Polypharmacy and ‘certain infectious and parasitic diseases’ were potential risk factors.
Rise of intraocular pressure in a caffeine test versus the water drinking test in patients with glaucoma
Authors: Tran Tuan , Niyadurupola Nuwan , O'Connor Jeremy , Ang Ghee Soon , Crowston Jonathan , Nguyen Dan
Published: October 2013

Background

There is increasing emphasis on the importance of intraocular pressure peaks and fluctuations as risk factors for glaucoma progression. It is well recognized that the water drinking test raises intraocular pressure and there is reasonable evidence that caffeine can also raise intraocular pressure. The aim of this study is to directly compare the effect of a caffeine test to that of the water drinking test on intraocular pressure, in patients with glaucoma.

Design

Prospective, observer‐masked, cross‐over study.

Participants

Fourteen eyes of 14 patients with primary open‐angle glaucoma.

Methods

Patients were initially randomized to either caffeine test or water drinking test. Intraocular pressure was measured in both eyes with a Goldmann applanation tonometer at baseline and every 15 min for 1 h, by a masked examiner. This was repeated the following week at the same time of day for the other test (the cross‐over). Peak intraocular pressure and maximum fluctuation from baseline were compared between groups using paired t‐tests.

Main Outcome Measures

Peak and fluctuation of intraocular pressure, time of maximum frequency of peak intraocular pressure.

Results

The maximum intraocular pressure from the water drinking test (19.7 ± 4.1) was greater than the caffeine test (16.7 ± 4.1) and showed greater fluctuation in intraocular pressure (4.3 ± 2.7 mmHg [27.7%]; P < 0.0001) compared with the caffeine test (1.8 ± 1.9 mmHg [11.7%]); P = 0.004).

Conclusion

The rise in intraocular pressure was greater with water drinking test than the caffeine test. Caffeine does not appear to provide an alternative for patients unable to tolerate the water drinking test.
Effects of TiO2nanotube layers onRAW264.7 macrophage behaviour and bone morphogenetic protein‐2 expression
Authors: Sun S. J. , Yu W. Q. , Zhang Y. L. , Jiang X. Q. , Zhang F. Q.
Published: October 2013

Objectives

To investigate behaviour and osteogenic cytokine expression ofRAW264.7 macrophages grown on TiO2nanotube layers.

Materials and methods

The murine macrophage cell lineRAW264.7 was cultured on TiO2nanotubes of varying diameter; macrophage morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Cell adhesion and viability were assessed with the aid of theMTTmethod andBMP‐2andTGF‐βgene expression were examined byRT‐PCRanalysis. Levels of BMP‐2, TGF‐β1 and ICAM‐1 proteins secreted into the supernatant were measured byELISAassay.

Results

Macrophages cultured on nanotube layers had spread out morphology, the largest (120 nm) nanotube layer eliciting an elongation by 24 h. Macrophages adhered significantly less to 120 nm TiO2nanotubes than to control discs at 4 h after application; after 24 h incubation, macrophages were sufficiently viable (P < 0.05) on 30 and 70 nm nanotube layers. Increasing nanotube diameter led to increased BMP‐2 protein secretion and increased BMP‐2 mRNA expression.

Conclusion

These results demonstrate that nanoscale topography of TiO2nanotube layers can affect macrophage morphology, adhesion, viability and BMP‐2 expression. Macrophages grown on layers of large nanotubes had the highest potential to enhance bone formation during bone healing.
Efficacy of intrapleural instillation of fibrinolytics for treating pleural empyema and parapneumonic effusion: a meta‐analysis of randomized control trials
Authors: Nie Wencheng , Liu Yanru , Ye Jian , Shi Liuhong , Shao Fangchun , Ying Kejing , Zhang Ruifeng
Published: October 2013

Introduction

The effects of intrapleural fibrinolysis for treating pleural empyema and parapneumonic effusion remain uncertain.

Objectives

We conducted a meta‐analysis of published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the efficacy of intrapleural instillation of fibrinolytics for treating pleural empyema and parapneumonic effusion.

Methods

Medline, Web of Science, Ovid and regulatory documents up to June 10, 2012 were searched. We selected RCTs on intrapleural fibrinolysis vs placebo control treatment for pleural empyema and parapneumonic effusion. The meta‐analysis was used to determine the odds ratios (OR) for death, surgical intervention and severe side effects, and weighted mean differences were used to estimate lengths of hospital stays.

Results

Ten trials with a total of 977 patients were included. Compared with a placebo, intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy decreased the OR for surgical intervention [OR = 0.24; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.10–0.60] and the length of hospital stays (weighted mean difference = −6.47; 95% CI: −8.87, −4.08). Intrapleural fibrinolysis was associated with a non‐significant reduction in mortality rate (OR = 1.16; 95% CI: 0.71–1.89) and a non‐significant increase in severe side effects (OR = 1.92; 95% CI: 0.87–4.21). Subgroup analyses indicated that urokinase agents had marked positive effects on reducing surgical intervention (OR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.14–0.78), but neither streptokinase nor tissue plasminogen activator did.

Conclusions

The present results show that intrapleural fibrinolysis with urokinase may be potentially effective for reducing the need for surgery. Intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy is effective for shortening the lengths of hospital stays without increasing the incidence of severe side effects.
Transformation and stabilization of pyrogenic organic matter in a temperate forest field experiment
Authors: Singh Nimisha , Abiven Samuel , Maestrini Bernardo , Bird Jeffrey A. , Torn Margaret S. , Schmidt Michael W. I.
Published: October 2013

Pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) decomposes on centennial timescale in soils, but the processes regulating its decay are poorly understood. We conducted one of the first studies of PyOM and wood decomposition in a temperate forest using isotopically labeled organic substrate, and quantified microbial incorporation and physico‐chemical transformations of PyOM in situ. Stable‐isotope (13C and 15N) enriched PyOM and its precursor wood were added to the soil at 2 cm depth at ambient (N0) and increased (N+) levels of nitrogen fertilization. The carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) of added PyOM or wood were tracked through soil to 15 cm depth, in physically separated soil density fractions and in benzene polycarboxylic acids (BPCA) molecular markers. After 10 months in situ, more PyOM‐derived C (>99% of initial 13C‐PyOM) and N (90% of initial 15N‐PyOM) was recovered than wood derived C (48% of 13C‐wood) and N (89% under N0 and 48% under N+). PyOM‐C and wood‐C migrated at the rate of 126 mm yr−1 with 3–4% of PyOM‐C and 4–8% of wood‐C recovered below the application depth. Most PyOM C was recovered in the free light fraction (fLF) (74%), with 20% in aggregate‐occluded and 6% in mineral associated fractions – fractions that typically have much slower turnover times. In contrast, wood C was recovered mainly in occluded (33%) or dense fraction (27%). PyOM addition induced loss of native C from soil (priming effect), particularly in fLF (13%). The total BPCA‐C content did not change but after 10 months the degree of aromatic condensation of PyOM decreased, as determined by relative contribution of benzene hexa‐carboxylic acid (B6CA) to the total BPCA C. Soil microbial biomass assimilated 6–10% of C from the wood, while PyOM contributions was negligible (0.14–0.18%). The addition of N had no effect on the dynamics of PyOM while limited effect on wood.
Pediatric Migraine: Abortive Management in the Emergency Department
Authors: Sheridan David C. , Spiro David M. , Meckler Garth D.
Published: October 2013

Studies suggest that headache accounts for approximately 1% of pediatric emergency department (ED) visits. ED physicians must distinguish between primary headaches, such as a tension or migraine, and secondary headaches caused by systemic disease including neoplasm, infection, or intracranial hemorrhage. A recent study found that 40% of children presenting to the ED with headache were diagnosed with a primary headache, and 75% of these were migraine. Once the diagnosis of migraine has been made, the ED physician is faced with the challenge of determining appropriate abortive treatment. This review summarizes the most recent literature on pediatric migraine with an emphasis on diagnosis and abortive treatment in the ED.
Capillary malformation–arteriovenous malformation: a clinical review of 45 patients
Authors: Larralde Margarita , Abad María Eugenia , Luna Paula Carolina , Hoffner Mariana Viktoria
Published: October 2013

Background

Capillary malformation–arteriovenous malformation (CM‐AVM) is a recently described autosomal dominant disorder that results from mutations in RASA1. It has been initially described as multiple CMs affecting several members of the same family, associated with fast‐flow malformations in at least one family member.

Objective

To report and analyze clinical data on 45 patients with CM‐AVM assessed at the Department of Pediatric Dermatology, Ramos Mejía Hospital (Buenos Aires, Argentina).

Method

Retrospective clinical review of all the patients clinically diagnosed as having CM‐AVM over a period of eight years.

Results

Forty‐five patients were recorded (24 females and 21 males). The age ranged from one month to 44 years. In 36 patients, the stains were congenital; progressive acquired lesions were observed in 39. Family history was positive in 32 subjects. Well defined, round to oval, pink–purple or reddish‐brown macules were found in all the patients; pinpoint red lesions with a pale halo were found in nine cases. The macules were warmer than normal skin in 15 cases and surrounded by a white halo in 26 cases. Three subjects presented associated overgrowth, lymphatic malformation was present in one case, retinal vascular lesion in one patient, and isolated port wine stain in two cases. Three patients also had infantile hemangioma. We had no cases of fast‐flow vascular malformation or combined vascular syndromes.

Conclusions

CM‐AVM is a heterogeneous disorder with phenotypic variability, from fast‐flow malformation, limb enlargement, or Parkes Weber syndrome to multiple CMs without internal involvement.
The application of virtual microscopy in a dermatopathology educational setting: assessment of attitudes among dermatopathologists
Authors: Brick Katherine E. , Comfere Nneka I. , Broeren Matthew D. , Gibson Lawrence E. , Wieland Carilyn N.
Published: October 2013

Objectives

Whole‐slide imaging with virtual microscopy is increasingly used as a tool in resident education and training, board certification and maintenance of certification examinations, and diagnostic evaluation. The objective of this study was to determine attitudes toward virtual microscopy compared with traditional glass slide microscopy during a continuing medical education dermatopathology workshop.

Methods

Twenty‐three board‐certified, practicing or retired dermatopathologists were given 26 “advanced” cases to review using both virtual microscopy and traditional glass slides. Diagnostic accuracy was not assessed because of the complexity of the cases. Participants were surveyed on: (i) their previous experience with digital imaging; (ii) the quality, ease of use, and speed of slide review; and (iii) overall attitudes toward digital and traditional review.

Results

Equal proportions of participants did and did not have prior experience with digital imaging of histopathologic specimens. Most participants preferred to use both virtual microscopy and traditional microscopy together. The quality of glass slides was rated as better than that of digital images, but virtual microscopy achieved higher ratings for ease of navigation and overall satisfaction.

Conclusions

Virtual microscopy is a useful tool for dermatopathology workshops. Specifically, dermatopathologists with and without prior digital slide review experience responded favorably to viewing slides on a computer monitor. Overall satisfaction was high, and the majority of participants indicated that they would use virtual microscopy in the future. These results show a trend toward the acceptance of digital slide review, which supports the inevitable expansion of this practice in an increasingly digitized world.
Surgical management in patients with pancreatic cancer: a Queensland perspective
Authors: Wylie Neil , Adib Reza , Barbour Andrew P. , Fawcett Jonathan , Hill Alexander , Lynch Stephen , Martin Ian , O'Rourke Thomas R. , Puhalla Harald , Rutherford Leigh , Slater Kellee , Whiteman David C. , Neale Rachel E. ,   Queensland Pancreatic Cancer Study Group
Published: October 2013

Background

Little has been published regarding presenting symptoms, investigations and outcomes for patients with pancreatic cancer in Australia. Data from a series of patients undergoing attempted resection in Queensland, Australia, are presented with the aim of assisting development of consistent strategies in disease management.

Methods

We reviewed the medical records of 121 patients who underwent attempted surgical resection and who took part in a case‐control study between 2007 and 2009. Information relating to symptoms, investigations, surgical procedures and outcomes was captured.

Results

The mean age was 63 years and 60% were men. The most common presenting symptoms were jaundice (64%) and pain (63%). Over 80% of patients had multiple imaging investigations or laparoscopy prior to surgery. Seventy‐eight patients (64%) had a completed resection and 23% of these had involved margins. The presence of metastases and/or involvement of vessels or adjacent structures precluded resection in the remaining patients. The 1‐year survival for patients whose resections were completed was 77% compared with 51% for those whose tumours were not resectable (P = 0.004). There was no 30‐day mortality and 68% of patients were alive 1 year after diagnosis. Resections were performed in 11 different hospitals but over 90% of patients underwent their surgery in one of five high‐volume centres.

Conclusion

The Queensland experience is consistent with that reported internationally. A significant proportion of attempted resections was not completed because preoperative staging underestimated disease extent. Most patients with potentially resectable disease are being treated in high‐volume centres.
VALIDATION OF A SCREENING INSTRUMENT FOR THE FEAR OF INJECTION IN DIALYSIS PATIENTS
Authors: Mulder Margo , Hoog Jeannie Op ‘t , Buytene Sylvia , De Vries Jolanda
Published: October 2013

Background

Very little research has been conducted on the fear of injection (FOI) in patients on dialysis. However, feedback from hospital practice indicate that FOI is widespread.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to develop and validate a screening instrument to assess FOI in dialysis patients.

Method and Design

A group of patients (n = 86) completed the Dialysis Fear of Injection Questionnaire (DFIQ) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). In semi‐structured interviews, these patients were also asked about their FOI, general anxiety and depressive symptoms. Various analyses were used to examine the factor structure, sensitivity, accuracy and cut‐off score.

Results

The most optimal set of items consists of 9 items. These items have the sensitivity of 0.88, a specificity of 0.72 and a cut‐off value of 3.5. The Cronbach's α is 0.87.

Conclusion

The DFIQ appears to be a good predictor for the presence of FOI.

Application to Practice

Nurses can use this validated screening instrument to detect FOI. The cut‐off score provides a good indication for psychological counselling.
The Morphology of Three Loxophyllum Species (Ciliophora, Pleurostomatida) from Southern China, L. lembum sp. n., L. vesiculosum sp. n. and L. perihoplophorum Buddenbrock, 1920, with Notes on the Molecular Phylogeny of Loxophyllum
Authors: Wu Lei , Chen Ruimin , Yi Zhenzhen , Li Jiqiu , Warren Alan , Lin Xiaofeng
Published: October 2013

Two new pleurostomatid ciliates, Loxophyllum lembum sp. n., L. vesiculosum sp. n., and the poorly known L. perihoplophorum Buddenbrock, 1920, isolated from brackish waters in coastal regions of southern China, are described following observations of live cells and protargol‐impregnated specimens. Loxophyllum lembum sp. n. is distinguished by a combination of characters including two macronuclear nodules, 6–9 contractile vacuoles along the ventral margin, 11–14 right and 6–8 left kineties and the presence of cortical granules. Loxophyllum vesiculosum sp. n. differs from its congeners mainly by the unique distribution of contractile vacuoles, several of which lie along the dorsal margin and one on the ventral margin, and 15–21 right and 6–8 left kineties. Loxophyllum perihoplophorum is characterized by its large cell size (350–450 μm long in vivo), 3–5 contractile vacuoles along the dorsal margin in the posterior region of the body, and 19–23 right and 7–9 left kineties. An improved diagnosis of L. perihoplophorum is provided. The SSU rDNA sequence of L. perihoplophorum is reported for the first time and its molecular phylogeny is analyzed. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses of SSU rDNA sequence data recover the monophyly both of the order Pleurostomatida and of the genus Loxophyllum.
Dead branches on living trees constitute a large part of the dead wood in managed boreal forests, but are not important for wood‐dependent lichens
Authors: Svensson Måns , Dahlberg Anders , Ranius Thomas , Thor Göran
Published: October 2013

Questions

How much dead wood in the form of dead branches attached to living trees, compared to other types of dead wood, is present in managed boreal forests? Which lichen species grow on this substrate?

Location

Two areas of managed coniferous forest in southern Sweden.

Methods

We surveyed the numbers and surface areas of attached dead branches and all other major types of dead wood in 80 stands of managed coniferous forests of various ages and wooded mires. In total, we recorded 5546 dead branches attached to 480 living trees. We also recorded the species of lichens growing on 812 of these dead branches.

Results

The surface area of attached dead branches was generally of the same magnitude as that of all other wood types combined. Of the 46 lichen species identified growing on dead branches, 42 were generalist species characteristic of conifer bark and four were wood‐dependent specialists. We found no significant difference in lichen species composition between dead branches of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris, and only small differences in species composition between different stand types and between study areas. There were no clear differences in species composition between the study areas.

Conclusions

Although overlooked, attached dead branches constitute a significant proportion of all dead wood available in boreal forests. However, the lichen communities on these branches mainly consist of generalist species. Lichens on attached dead branches thus do not seem to contribute strongly to the species pool of wood‐dependent lichens in managed boreal forests.
Isolation and characterization of novel soilborne lytic bacteriophages infecting Dickeya spp. biovar 3 (‘D. solani’)
Authors: Czajkowski R. , Ozymko Z. , Lojkowska E.
Published: October 2013

Nine bacteriophages infecting Dickeya spp. biovar 3 (‘Dickeya solani’) were isolated from soil samples collected in different regions in Poland. The phages have a typical morphology of the members of the order Caudovirales, family Myoviridae, with a head diameter of c. 90–100 nm and tail length of c. 120–140 nm. In host range experiments, phage ϕD5 expressed the broadest host range, infecting members of all Dickeya spp., and phage ϕD7 showed the narrowest host range, infecting isolates of Dickeya dadantii and ‘D. solani’ only. None of the phages was able to infect Pectobacterium spp. isolates. All phages were prone to inactivation by pH 2, temperature of 85°C and by UV illumination for 10 min (50 mJ cm−2). Additionally, phages ϕD1, ϕD10 and ϕD11 were inactivated by 5 m NaCl and phage ϕD2 was inactivated by chloroform. Phages ϕD1, ϕD5, ϕD7 and ϕD10 were characterized for optimal multiplicity of infection and the rate of adsorption to the bacterial cells. The latent period was 30 min for ϕD1, 40 min for ϕD5, 20–30 min for ϕD7 and 40 min for ϕD10. The estimated burst size was c. 100 plaque‐forming units per infected cell. The bacteriophages were able to completely stop the growth of ‘D. solani’ in vitro and to protect potato tuber tissue from maceration caused by the bacteria. The potential use of bacteriophages for the biocontrol of biovar 3 Dickeya spp. in potato is discussed.
Role of anti‐CD40 antibody‐mediated costimulation blockade on non‐Gal antibody production and heterotopic cardiac xenograft survival in a GTKO.hCD46Tg pig‐to‐baboon model
Authors: Mohiuddin Muhammad M. , Singh Avneesh K. , Corcoran Philip C. , Hoyt Robert F. , Thomas Marvin L. , Lewis Billeta G. T. , Eckhaus Michael , Dabkowski Nicole L. , Belli Aaron J. , Reimann Keith A. , Ayares David , Horvath Keith A.
Published: October 2013

Background

Recently, we have shown that an immunosuppression regimen including costimulation blockade via anti‐CD154 antibody significantly prolongs the cardiac xenograft survival in a GTKO.hCD46Tg pig‐to‐baboon heterotopic xenotransplantation model. Unfortunately, many coagulation disorders were observed with the use of anti‐CD154 antibody, and recipient survival was markedly reduced by these complications.

Material and Methods

In this experiment, we replaced anti‐CD154 antibody with a more clinically acceptable anti‐CD40 antibody while keeping the rest of the immunosuppressive regimen and the donor pig genetics the same. This was carried out to evaluate the antibody's role in xenograft survival and prevention of coagulopathies. Two available clones of anti‐CD40 antibody were tested. One mouse anti‐human CD40 antibody, (clone 3A8), activated B lymphocytes in vitro and only modestly suppressed antibody production in vivo. Whereas a recombinant mouse non‐human primate chimeric raised against macaque CD40, (clone 2C10R4), blocked B‐cell activation in vitro and completely blocked antibody production in vivo.

Results

The thrombotic complications seen with anti‐CD154 antibody were effectively avoided but the graft survival, although extended, was not as prolonged as observed with anti‐CD154 antibody treatment. The longest survival for the 3A8 antibody group was 27 days, and the longest graft survival in the 2C10R4 antibody group was 146 days. All of the grafts except two rejected and were explanted. Only two recipient baboons had to be euthanized due to unrelated complications, and the rest of the baboons remained healthy throughout the graft survival period or after graft explantation. In contrast to our anti‐CD 154 antibody‐treated baboons, the non‐Gal antibody levels started to rise after B cells made their appearance around 8 weeks post‐transplantation.

Conclusions

Anti‐CD40 antibody at the current dose does not induce any coagulopathies but while effective, had reduced efficacy to induce similar long‐term graft survival as with anti‐CD154 antibody perhaps due to ineffective control of B‐cell function and antibody production at the present dose. More experiments are required to determine antibody affinity and effective dose for inducing long‐term cardiac xenograft survival.
Exercise counteracts the effects of short‐term overfeeding and reduced physical activity independent of energy imbalance in healthy young men
Authors: Walhin Jean‐Philippe , Richardson Judith D. , Betts James A. , Thompson Dylan
Published: October 2013

Key points

Physical exercise significantly improves health but to what extent these benefits depend on altered energy balance remains unclear.

In a human experimental model, we investigated whether daily exercise could counteract the effects of short‐term overfeeding and under‐activity independent of its impact on energy imbalance in healthy young men.

Short‐term positive energy balance from overfeeding and under‐activity resulted in impaired metabolic outcomes and alterations in the expression of several key genes within adipose tissue involved in nutritional balance, metabolism and insulin action.

These changes were mostly prevented by the addition of a daily vigorous‐intensity exercise bout even in the face of a standardised energy surplus.

Abstract  Physical activity can affect many aspects of metabolism but it is unclear to what extent this relies on manipulation of energy balance. Twenty‐six active men age 25 ± 7 years (mean ± SD) were randomly assigned either to consume 50% more energy than normal by over‐consuming their habitual diet for 7 days whilst simultaneously restricting their physical activity below 4000 steps day−1 to induce an energy surplus (SUR group; n= 14) or to the same regimen but with 45 min of daily treadmill running at 70% of maximum oxygen uptake (SUR+EX group; n= 12). Critically, the SUR+EX group received additional dietary energy intake to account for the energy expended by exercise, thus maintaining a matched energy surplus. At baseline and follow‐up, fasted blood samples and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were obtained and oral glucose tolerance tests conducted. Insulinaemic responses to a standard glucose load increased 2‐fold from baseline to follow‐up in the SUR group (Δ17 ± 16 nmol (120 min) l−1; P= 0.002) whereas there was no change in the SUR+EX group (Δ1 ± 6 nmol (120 min) l−1). Seven of 17 genes within adipose tissue were differentially expressed in the SUR group; expression of SREBP‐1c, FAS and GLUT4 was significantly up‐regulated and expression of PDK4, IRS2, HSL and visfatin was significantly down‐regulated (P≤ 0.05). The pAMPK/AMPK protein ratio in adipose tissue was significantly down‐regulated in the SUR group (P= 0.005). Vigorous‐intensity exercise counteracted most of the effects of short‐term overfeeding and under‐activity at the whole‐body level and in adipose tissue, even in the face of a standardised energy surplus.
A cellular memory mechanism aids overload hypertrophy in muscle long after an episodic exposure to anabolic steroids
Authors: Egner Ingrid M. , Bruusgaard Jo C. , Eftestøl Einar , Gundersen Kristian
Published: October 2013

Key points

Training studio folklore suggests that previous strength training, with or without the use of anabolic steroids facilitates re‐acquisition of muscle mass even after long intervening periods of inactivity. This ‘muscle memory’ has previously been attributed to motor learning, but our data suggest the existence of a cellular memory residing in the muscle fibres themselves.

Muscle fibres have multiple nuclei, and the number of nuclei increases when muscle mass increases.

When mice were briefly treated with steroids the muscle mass and number of nuclei increased. The drug was subsequently withdrawn for 3 months and the muscle mass returned to normal, but the excess cell nuclei persisted. When such muscles were subjected to overload they grew by 30% over 6 days while controls grew insignificantly.

Our data suggest that previous strength training might be beneficial later in life, and that a brief exposure to anabolic steroids might have long lasting performance‐enhancing effects.

Abstract  Previous strength training with or without the use of anabolic steroids facilitates subsequent re‐acquisition of muscle mass even after long intervening periods of inactivity. Based on in vivo and ex vivo microscopy we here propose a cellular memory mechanism residing in the muscle cells. Female mice were treated with testosterone propionate for 14 days, inducing a 66% increase in the number of myonuclei and a 77% increase in fibre cross‐sectional area. Three weeks after removing the drug, fibre size was decreased to the same level as in sham treated animals, but the number of nuclei remained elevated for at least 3 months (>10% of the mouse lifespan). At this time, when the myonuclei‐rich muscles were exposed to overload‐exercise for 6 days, the fibre cross‐sectional area increased by 31% while control muscles did not grow significantly. We suggest that the lasting, elevated number of myonuclei constitutes a cellular memory facilitating subsequent muscle overload hypertrophy. Our findings might have consequences for the exclusion time of doping offenders. Since the ability to generate new myonuclei is impaired in the elderly our data also invites speculation that it might be beneficial to perform strength training when young in order to benefit in senescence.
CO2 Flooding to Increase Recovery for Unconventional Liquids-Rich Reservoirs
Authors: Hoffman B. Todd , Shoaib Shehbaz
Published: October 2013

The rising energy demand is causing the petroleum industry to develop unconventional oil reservoirs; however, the primary recovery factor is low in these types of reservoirs. Alternative methods to increase recovery need to be studied. This paper analyzes the impact of CO2 flooding a sector of the Elm Coulee field using reservoir modeling. The sector is two miles by two miles and consists of six original single-lateral horizontal wells. Two different reservoir models are built for the sector: a primary recovery black oil model and a CO2 flood solvent model. They are used to determine the additional recovery due to a CO2 flood. Furthermore, the CO2 flood model is executed with different scenarios to determine the best well locations and injection schemes. The models demonstrate that CO2 flooding horizontal wells in the Elm Coulee field increases production. Comparison of vertical and horizontal injection techniques indicates continuous horizontal CO2 injection is more efficient; it yields higher injection rates, and it is also beneficial for long-term recovery. Focusing on horizontal injection, the best scenario involves the practice of drilling new injectors and producers along with converting existing producers to injection wells. In order to satisfy production requirements, production wells can be drilled such that there is an injector between two producers. This type of arrangement on horizontal injection increases the field recovery factor over 15% after eighteen years of injection.
Construction, Mobility Analysis and Synthesis of Polyhedra With Articulated Faces
Authors: Laliberté Thierry , Gosselin Clément
Published: October 2013

The concept of polyhedra with articulated faces is investigated in this paper. Polyhedra with articulated faces can be described as polyhedral frameworks, whose faces are constrained to remain planar. A mechanical arrangement based on a single type of component is proposed for the construction of the polyhedra. Then, the determination of their infinitesimal and full-cycle mobility is addressed. In some cases, they are rigid structures while in others they are articulated mechanisms. Finally, examples are given, using simulation and physical models, and several new families of articulated polyhedra are synthesized.
Multicenter Prospective Observational Study of the Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Vancomycin versus Teicoplanin in Patients with Health Care-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia
Authors: Yoon Young Kyung , Park Dae Won , Sohn Jang Wook , Kim Hyo Youl , Kim Yeon-Sook , Lee Chang-Seop , Lee Mi Suk , Ryu Seong-Yeol , Jang Hee-Chang , Choi Young Ju , Kang Cheol-In , Choi Hee Jung , Lee Seung Soon , Kim Shin Woo , Kim Sang Il , Kim Eu Suk , Kim Jeong Yeon , Yang Kyung Sook , Peck Kyong Ran , Kim Min Ja
Published: October 2013

The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy and safety of vancomycin to those of teicoplanin for the treatment of adult patients with health care-associated methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(HA-MRSA) bacteremia. A multicenter observational study was prospectively conducted in 15 teaching hospitals in Korea between February 2010 and July 2011. Adult patients (≥18 years old) with HA-MRSA bacteremia who were initially treated with vancomycin (VAN) (
n
= 134) or teicoplanin (TEC) (
n
= 56) were enrolled. Clinical and microbiological responses and drug-related adverse events were compared between the two treatment groups using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. The vancomycin and teicoplanin MICs were determined by Etest. The MRSA-related mortality, duration of fever, and duration of MRSA bacteremia in the treatment groups were not significantly different. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of drug-related adverse events. Among the 190 MRSA isolates, the VAN MICs ranged from 0.5 to 2 μg/ml (MIC
50
and MIC
90
, 1.5 μg/ml), and the TEC MIC ranged from 0.5 to 8 μg/ml (MIC
50
, 3 μg/ml; MIC
90
, 6 μg/ml). In multivariate analyses, the antibiotic type (vancomycin or teicoplanin) was not associated with treatment outcomes. This study indicates that teicoplanin is an effective and safe alternative to vancomycin for the treatment of HA-MRSA bacteremia.
Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates in China
Authors: Zhang Zhijian , Lu Jie , Wang Yufeng , Pang Yu , Zhao Yanlin
Published: October 2013

China is one of the countries with the highest burdens of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant tuberculosis (TB) globally. Nevertheless, knowledge about the prevalence and molecular characterization of FQ-resistantMycobacterium tuberculosisisolates from this region remains scant. In this study, 138M. tuberculosisisolates determined by the agar proportion susceptibility method to be resistant to ofloxacin (OFX) were enrolled from a national drug resistance survey of China. All these strains were tested for susceptibility to ofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, and sparfloxacin using liquid Middlebrook 7H9 medium. The entiregyrAandgyrBgenes conferring FQ resistance were sequenced, and spoligotyping was performed to distinguish different genotypes. Overall, the prevalence of resistance in China was highest for ofloxacin (3.76%), intermediate for levofloxacin (3.18%) and moxifloxacin (3.12%), and lowest for sparfloxacin (1.91%) and gatifloxacin (1.33%). Mutations in thegyrAgene were observed in 89 (64.5%) out of the 138 OFX-resistantM. tuberculosisstrains. Positions 94 and 90 were the most frequent sites of mutation conferring FQ resistance on these strains, accounting for high-level FQ resistance. Furthermore, the Beijing genotype showed no association with high-level FQ resistance or distribution in hot spots in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) ofgyrA. Our findings provide essential implications for the feasibility of genotypic tests relying on detection of mutations in the QRDR ofgyrAand the shorter first-line treatment regimens based on FQs in China.
Improving handovers across a North London Mental Health Trust
Authors: Perry Jennifer , Manghnani Reena , Sommerlad Andrew , Ikkos George
Published: October 2013

The GMC Survey June 2011 highlighted that trainees in Barnet, Enfield and Haringey Mental Health Trust (BEH-MHT) were dissatisfied with the Trust's handover process. At this time there were no Trust guidelines on handovers.

A quality improvement project was developed to create a consistent out of hours handover process and to improve staff satisfaction thereafter. Handover guidelines were implemented throughout the Trust on 1/2/12. An audit was carried out to measure staff compliance with handovers. A questionnaire was sent out to staff before and after implementation of the guidelines to assess satisfaction with handovers.

The audit results highlighted that handovers occurred relatively consistently across the Trust following implementation of the guidelines. The questionnaire results showed an improvement in staff satisfaction with the handover process.

The clinical implication of this project is an improved process of out of hours handover across BEH-MHT.
AC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF MANGANESE DOPED LAYERED Na1.89Li0.10K0.01Ti3O7 CERAMICS
Authors: SHARMA SHRIPAL , SINGH RAKESH , GEETIKA
Published: October 2013

Manganese doped derivatives of polycrystalline Na 1.89 Li 0.10 K 0.01 Ti 3 O 7 bearing 0.01, 0.05 and 1.0 molar % of manganese have been prepared by chemical synthesis. The results of ac electrical conductivity studies in form of log (σT) versus 1000/T plots are reported in the frequency and temperature range of 10 kHz–1 MHz and 350–775 K, respectively. The corresponding plots have been divided into five temperature regions, I, II, III, IV and V. The various conduction mechanisms in different regions have been discussed. The nature of conductivity has been explained by proposing a model about the obtained conductivity σ(ω) which is the sum of three terms arising from three different mechanisms. Moreover, various Na–K–Li–O–Ti–O linkages in Na 2-x-y Li x K y Ti 3 O 7 materials may result special forms of electron clouds. Experimental results of the loss tangent ( tan δ) and relative permittivity (εr) versus temperature at different frequencies have been described. The results of tan δ and εr versus frequency plots at different temperature have also been given for these doped derivatives.
LOCALLY ROTATIONALLY SYMMETRIC BIANCHI TYPE-I COSMOLOGICAL MODEL IN f(T) GRAVITY: FROM EARLY TO DARK ENERGY DOMINATED UNIVERSE
Authors: RODRIGUES M. E. , SALAKO I. G. , HOUNDJO M. J. S. , TOSSA J.
Published: October 2013

We study the locally rotational symmetry Bianchi type-I dark energy model in the framework of f(T) theory of gravity, where T denotes the torsion scalar. A viable cosmological model is undertaken and the isotropization of this latter is checked, yielding a result that reflects the real evolution of our universe. Moreover, still in the anisotropic optic, a more complicated f(T) model is obtained from the cosmological reconstruction scheme and the analysis shows that the universe is more anisotropic at the beginning if the terms of higher order in T are not considered. This means that the nonlinear model should be favored by observational data.
Genotoxic Potential and Physicochemical Parameters of Sinos River, Southern Brazil
Authors: Scalon Madalena C. S. , Rechenmacher Ciliana , Siebel Anna Maria , Kayser Michele L. , Rodrigues Manoela T. , Maluf Sharbel W. , Rodrigues Marco Antonio S. , Basso da Silva Luciano
Published: October 2013

The present study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical parameters and the genotoxic potential of water samples collected in the upper, middle, and lower courses of the Sinos River, southern Brazil. The comet assay was performed in the peripheral blood of fish Hyphessobrycon luetkenii exposed under laboratory conditions to water samples collected in summer and winter in three sampling sites of Sinos River. Water quality analysis demonstrated values above those described in Brazilian legislation in Parobé and Sapucaia do Sul sites, located in the middle and in the lower courses of the Sinos River, respectively. The Caraá site, located in the upper river reach, presented all the physicochemical parameters in accordance with the allowed limits in both sampling periods. Comet assay in fish revealed genotoxicity in water samples collected in the middle course site in summer and in the three sites in winter when compared to control group. Thus, the physicochemical parameters indicated that the water quality of the upper course complies with the limits set by the national guidelines, and the ecotoxicological assessment, however, indicated the presence of genotoxic agents. The present study highlights the importance of combining water physicochemical analysis and bioassays to river monitoring.
Thermodynamical Analysis of the Flow and Heat Transfer over a Static and a Moving Wedge
Authors: Butt Adnan Saeed , Ali Asif
Published: October 2013

The first and second law characteristics of fluid flow and heat transfer over a static and a moving wedge are investigated. With the help of suitable similarity transformations, the governing boundary layer equations for the velocity and temperature fields are transformed into ordinary differential equations and are solved numerically. The velocity and the temperature profiles are obtained for various parameters and are utilized to compute the entropy generation number Ns and the Bejan number Be. The effects of various physical parameters on the entropy generation number and the Bejan number are depicted through graphs and are discussed qualitatively. It is observed that the entropy production rate is less in case of wedge moving in the opposite direction to flow as compared to static wedge.