bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of XRCC6 C1310G and LIG4 T9I polymorphisms of NHEJ DNA repair pathway with risk of colorectal cancer in the Polish population
Authors: Balinska Kinga , Wilk Damian , Filipek Beata , Mik Michal , Zelga Piotr , Skubel Pawel , Dziki Łukasz , Dziki Adam , Mucha Bartosz , Kabziński Jacek , Majsterek Ireneusz
Published: May 2019

Introduction: Colorectal cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide. DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are the most dangerous lesions which can lead to carcinogenesis. Nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) is an important pathway, that allows for recovering DNA by direct end joining. The XRCC6 and LIG4 genes encode respectively Ku70 protein and human ATP-dependent DNA ligase, which are the components of the NHEJ repair pathway. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of XRCC6 C1310G and LIG4 T9I genes polymorphisms on colorectal cancer risk among Polish population.
Materials and method: Genotyping was performed using TaqMan probes based on analysis of PCR products amplified in Real Time PCR. The research has been carried out on the material obtained from 100 patients with colorectal cancer and 100 cancer-free individuals who were age and sex-matched as a control group. The results were developed using the chi – squer test and odds ratio (OR).
Results: Odd ratio analysis indicates reduced risk of colorectal cancer for LIG4 T9I polymorphism in heterozygotus model C/T (OR= 0.2717 95% CI= 0.1247-0,5918) and homozygous model T/T (OR= 0.3593 95% CI= 0.1394-0.9266). Similar situation we observed for XRCC6 C1310G gene polymorphism, which indicated on heterozygotus variant C/G (OR= 0.1181 95% CI= 0.0145-0.964) and homozygotus variant G/G (OR= 0.0972 95% CI= 0.0097-0.9713) to decrease the risk of colorectal cancer.
Conslusions: Our research revealed XRCC6 C1310G and LIG4 T9I polymorphisms are associated with diminished risk of colorectal cancer. However, to confirm obtained results, a further investigations should be carried out.
HiPPOs (Highest Paid Person’s Opinion) in the Swedish Media Industry on Innovation: A Study of News Media Leaders’ Attitudes towards Innovation
Authors: Appelgren Ester , Nygren Gunnar
Published: May 2019

Decades of change in the media landscape and technological innovation have brought several uncertainties to media leadership. In this study, we build on the upper echelons theory to discuss the possible isomorphic behaviour of media leaders. Based on a survey of 372 Swedish media leaders, our results indicate that while innovation is considered to be a strength at media companies, innovation work may still stand in contrast to the institutional perspective. We found that Swedish media leaders perceive innovation as highly important and something they are good at. The perceived ability to work with innovation inside the organizations (rather than introducing knowledge from outside expertise) is undermined by the fact that, during the average work week, the majority of leaders set aside very little time for developing their own competences, individual talks with their employees, and time to reflect on their own work. Thus, in line with upper echelons theory, we find a paradox of trust in in-house innovative strength and, at the same time, media leaders fall back on their own experiences, limiting the inflow of new ideas into their strategic work.
Economia e opções energéticas
Authors: Rodrigues Manoel Gonçalves , Pereira da Costa Fernando José
Published: May 2019

A economia globalizada condiciona cada vez mais em volume e intensidade, a exploração dos energéticos de base fóssil e não só notadamente petróleo, gás natural e eletricidade. Isto acarreta impactos sobre o meio ambiente, de modo a pôr em xeque parte significativa dos esforços voltados para o delineamento, promoção e execução de modelos mais sustentáveis em termos de crescimento e desenvolvimento socioeconômico. A ordem do sistema global, bem como suas implicações de modo econômico, geopolítico e geoestratégico, impõe escolhas equivocadas em termos energéticos, e também restrições aos países detentores dos recursos naturais, definindo modelos intensos com relação à exploração dos mesmos, fruto da inserção dos países em desenvolvimento no processo da globalizada de mercados, de modo a provocar consequências a nível do meio ambiente e do próprio modelo de desenvolvimento desses países, com impactos extremamente adversos em termos socioambientais.
Valoração e percepção ambiental: estudo de caso no baixo curso do rio Cocó, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil
Authors: Machado Alves de Almeida Beatriz França , Mendonça Kamila Vieira de , Matos Fábio de Oliveira
Published: May 2019

O rio Cocó possui um dos principais recursos hídricos da Região Metropolitana de Fortaleza e contendo múltiplos usos ao longo do seu curso e manguezal. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo teve como objetivos estimar o valor econômico ambiental de um trecho do rio localizado em seu baixo curso e verificar a percepção ambiental dos moradores e frequentadores do local. A DAP média encontrada foi de R$ 1,93 per capita por mês e o valor médio mensal de R$ 82.175,54 considerando a população total dos entornos da área estudada. De acordo com a percepção ambiental dos entrevistados, o bem-estar e o lazer são os principais benefícios do trecho à Fortaleza, além disso, 79% não consome o pescado da região atribuído ao aspecto visual do rio e poluição do mesmo.
Un marco de referencia para las Enseñanzas Artísticas Visuales en dispositivos móviles
Authors: Ramón Verdú Alfredo José , Cuervo Pando Alfredo , Ruiz Llamas María Gracia
Published: May 2019

La irrupción de los dispositivos móviles en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en educación, acaecido en los últimos años, ha permeado en todos los sectores educativos, y consecuentemente, ha requerido la incorporación en cada disciplina de nuevas metodologías de trabajo, o la adecuación de las existentes. En todos los casos, la incorporación de esta tecnología está demandando la concreción de estructuras organizativas capaces de adaptase a las potencialidades inherentes de los propios dispositivos móviles, y a los diversos enfoques conceptuales del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje.

En el presente trabajo se propone un modelo de estructura para las Enseñanzas Artísticas Visuales que integra las distintas fases y actuaciones necesarias para llevarlo a cabo, manteniendo al alumnado como eje central del proceso. El modelo se fundamenta por un lado, en la definición del escenario de aprendizaje, de la planificación estratégica, y de la fase operativa, y por otro lado en los contextos y los espacios de trabajo desde los que organizar las formas de intervención en las Enseñanzas Artísticas Visuales. Como resultado, el diseño de la instrucción de los dispositivos móviles, determina la planificación de las acciones en espacios de aprendizaje autónomo y auténtico, en los que la educación artística visual se desenvuelve. Finalmente se plantea la definición del prototipo, prueba, evaluación, e implementación, de la estrategia en el momento de producción.

The entry of mobile devices into the teaching-learning process in education, occurred during the last years, has permeated all educational sectors, and has consequently required the incorporation in every discipline of new working methodologies or the adjustment of the existing ones. In any event, the incorporation of this kind of technology is demanding the implementation of organizational structures capable of adapting to the inherent potentialities of mobile devices, as well as to the different conceptual approaches in the teaching-learning process.

In this work we propose a model of structure for the Visual Arts Education, which integrates the different phases and the necessary actions to be carried out, while considering learners as the central axis of the process. This model is based, on the one hand, on the definition of the learning setting, the strategic planning and the operational phase, and on the other hand, on the contexts and the working spaces from where the forms of intervention in the Visual Arts Education may be organised. As a final result, the instructional design of the mobile devices determines the planning of the actions in spaces of autonomous and authentic learning in which Visual Arts Education takes place. Finally, we propose the definition of the prototype, the test, the evaluation and the implementation of the strategy at the moment of production.
"Hvor nu? Hvem nu?"
Authors: Blanchot Maurice
Published: May 2019

Oversat af Jacob Lund Pedersen
Tale til Martin Heideggers 80-års fødselsdag
Authors: Arendt Hannah
Published: May 2019

Oversat af Poul Kragh Jensen
Hegels idealistiske Spinoza
Authors: Macherey Pierre
Published: May 2019

Oversat af Mogens Lærke
Visioner om global orden - Schmitt, Aron og verdensåndens embedsmand
Authors: Müller Jan-Werner
Published: May 2019

Oversat af Mikkel Thorup og Paw Hedegaard Amdisen
Perversionens palæontologi - apropos Barbara Cassin
Authors: Holm Andreas Beck
Published: May 2019

Den europæiske filosofis tradition opstod i opgøret med sofistikken og definiterede sig fra første færd i modsætning til denne.
Psykoterapiens grundspørgsmål
Authors: Jung C. G.
Published: May 2019

PSYKOTERAPIENS GRUNDSPØRGSMÅL (1951)
Évaluation formative et autorégulation des apprentissages des élèves : propositions méthodologiques pour l’analyse de processus in situ
Authors: Lepareur Céline , Grangeat Michel
Published: May 2019

La recherche concerne l’étude des effets de différentes modalités d’évaluation formative sur l’autorégulation des apprentissages des élèves, dans le cadre de l’enseignement scientifique fondé sur l’investigation. Des indicateurs nous permettant d’analyser les processus in situ sont construits et deux situations d’enseignement sont comparées. La première porte sur l’évaluation formative que les enseignants mettent en oeuvre dans leur pratique quotidienne. La seconde concerne l’évaluation formative mise en oeuvre par les mêmes enseignants l’année suivante, à la suite d’un travail réflexif avec des chercheurs. Après avoir confirmé, par le biais d’une analyse statistique, que les enseignants mettent en oeuvre différentes modalités d’évaluation formative d’une année à l’autre, nous décrivons les pratiques évaluatives des enseignants et leurs effets sur les élèves. Nous observons un meilleur équilibre dans l’usage des différentes modalités d’évaluation formative par les enseignants dans la seconde situation ainsi qu’une autorégulation plus efficace des comportements des élèves dans la tâche proposée.
La RSE des PME : l’étude du contexte marocain
Authors: Elbousserghini Jalila , Berger-Douce Sandrine , Jamal Youssef
Published: May 2019

La dépendance de la RSE des PME aux spécificités locales est intense, et la nature de leurs pratiques responsables diffère d’un contexte à un autre en raison du fort encastrement qui les caractérise. À travers cet article, nous explorons les institutions formelles et informelles qui définissent la RSE des PME et nous en identifions ses facteurs déterminants dans le contexte marocain. Nous proposons une étude de contextualisation qui posera les jalons de la recherche sur la RSE des PME dans les contextes spécifiques des pays du Sud en général, et au Maroc en particulier.
Analyse typologique des investisseurs participant au financement d’un rachat d’entreprise par son propriétaire : une étude exploratoire1
Authors: Meniaoui Jihène , Ben Larbi Sami
Published: May 2019

Notre étude cherche à identifier, dans un cadre théorique articulant les approches juridico-financières et cognitives de la gouvernance, le profil-type des investisseurs participant au financement d’un rachat d’entreprise par son propriétaire (owner buy out, OBO). En nous appuyant sur une grille d’analyse regroupant les facteurs explicatifs d’une prise de participation dans le cadre d’un OBO, nous avons procédé à une analyse typologique fondée sur une classification hiérarchique ascendante en deux étapes (two-step cluster analysis).

Nos résultats, obtenus grâce à une enquête administrée auprès d’un échantillon de 42 investisseurs financiers spécialisés opérant en France, ont fait émerger deux classes d’investisseurs présentant des caractéristiques clairement différenciées. La différence entre les deux classes est d’ordre disciplinaire et cognitif et concerne essentiellement la perception qu’ont les investisseurs des enjeux stratégiques d’une opération OBO et la nature des indicateurs conduisant à la maîtrise du couple risque/rentabilité caractérisant un tel montage.
Quel(s) rôle(s) peuvent jouer les artefacts dans l’amélioration de l’intercompréhension entre partenaires au sein des alliances asymétriques ?
Authors: Bahri Korbi Fadia , Saïd Karim , Chouki Mourad
Published: May 2019

L’objectif de ce papier est d’analyser le rôle des artefacts dans la réduction des problèmes d’intercompréhension au sein des alliances asymétriques. En nous appuyant sur une étude qualitative fondée sur l’analyse de six cas d’alliances entre des PME tunisiennes et des multinationales européennes, nous mettons en évidence que des frontières d’ordre culturel, terminologique, linguistique, managérial, et géographique nuisent à la compréhension mutuelle entre les partenaires. Nos résultats font ressortir que la mise en place d’artefacts manuels et numériques au sein de ces alliances génère un double effet. D’une part, ces artefacts permettent aux partenaires des alliances asymétriques de prévenir d’éventuelles situations conflictuelles pouvant générer des problèmes. D’autre part, lorsqu’ils sont associés aux mécanismes de gestion des alliances stratégiques, ces outils contribuent à réduire significativement les difficultés d’intercompréhension et à résoudre les éventuels conflits rencontrés entre partenaires, permettant par là même de pérenniser leur relation.
L’explicitation et la reconstruction des arguments pratiques dans l’enseignement
Authors: Fenstermacher Gary D. , Richardson Virginia
Published: May 2019

Les auteurs examinent s’il y a moyen d’élargir la capacité de l’enseignante ou de l’enseignant à faire un usage réfléchi de la recherche et de l’enseignement, en se fondant sur une conception normative de ce qu’une éducation significative et humaine peut être. L’argument pratique (cette notion remonte à Aristote) est décrit ici en termes de stratégie de formation auprès des enseignants, pour les aider à articuler et à reconstruire leurs convictions relatives à leur propre action en classe, de sorte qu’ils puissent décider de modifier leur raisonnement pratique et leurs pratiques subséquentes. Une étude de cas est alors présentée, celle d’une enseignante qui a participé à ce processus d’explication d’arguments pratiques. Les auteurs en induisent que ce processus d’explication permet aux enseignants de mieux contrôler leurs justifications personnelles et, ainsi, d’agir de façon plus responsable.
L’enseignement en contexte d’inclusion : proposition d’un modèle d’analyse des pratiques d’adaptation
Authors: Nootens Pascale , Debeurme Godelieve
Published: May 2019

Cet article a pour visée première de contribuer à la réflexion portant sur l’adaptation de l’enseignement en contexte d’inclusion d’élèves en difficulté d’apprentissage au primaire. L’inclusion est aujourd’hui la voie d’éducation privilégiée au Québec (Bélanger, 2006), où l’adaptation de l’enseignement est essentielle à la réussite de ces élèves (Vienneau, 2006). Or, les pratiques d’adaptation de l’enseignement restent peu explorées. L’absence d’assises conceptuelles soutenant l’analyse de ces pratiques semble en partie en cause. Ainsi, le présent article rappelle d’abord la problématique actuelle de l’adaptation de l’enseignement en contexte d’inclusion. Ensuite, prenant appui sur les contributions de certains auteurs à l’élaboration d’éléments conceptuels en la matière (Switlick, 1997; Schumm, 1999; Friend et Bursuck, 1999; Vienneau, 2006), il propose les premiers jalons d’un modèle pouvant soutenir l’analyse de pratiques d’adaptation de l’enseignement.
Identité fluide dans la correspondance de Zola et la pratique de l’autoportrait
Authors: De Viveiros Geneviève
Published: May 2019

Zola n’est pas étranger à l’art du portrait : journaliste, il a signé de nombreux textes où il met en scène ses contemporains. La correspondance, parce qu’elle permet l’autoréflexion à travers le dialogue avec l’autre, est également le lieu d’expression chez Zola, de portraits et d’autoportraits. Nous cherchons à montrer, dans notre article, en parcourant différents exemples d’autoportraits accueillis par la correspondance du romancier, comment il se présente comme épistolier. L’identité qu’assume le romancier dans ses lettres est souvent fluide, changeante, dépendante des rapports qu’il entretient avec le monde littéraire. Ceci est surtout vrai en ce qui concerne les échanges épistolaires entretenus avec d’autres acteurs du champ littéraire, écrivains, critiques et journalistes.
De la vie dans son art, de l’art dans sa vie
Authors: Collington Tara
Published: May 2019

Publié en 2008, le recueil De la vie dans son art, de l’art dans sa vie (Paris, Seuil) reproduit la correspondance entre la comédienne et écrivaine Anny Duperey et la peintre Nina Vidrovitch sur une période de cinq ans, de 1993 à 1998. La présente étude examine d’abord la naissance de cette correspondance et puis la genèse du projet de publication, tout en soulignant quelques aspects formels de l’oeuvre en question. Les deux épistolières abordent une variété de sujets dans leurs échanges, mais un fil conducteur réunit toutes les lettres reproduites dans le livre : la question d’assumer son identité en tant que « femme artiste ». Nous nous penchons sur trois thèmes incontournables de ce recueil : d’abord, la question de la bonne gestion de son image en tant que femme artiste ; ensuite la question de l’imbrication des vies privées et publiques des deux femmes ; et finalement le rapport entre la création artistique et la pratique épistolaire.
Pascale Roze à Léon Tolstoï
Authors: Schwerdtner Karin
Published: May 2019

Dans Lettre d’été (Paris, Albin Michel, 2000), Pascale Roze s’adresse à Léon Tolstoï sur le ton d’une « vraie confidence », ce qui lui permet « d’écrire cette expérience-là » (avoir frôlé la mort) qui, sans l’écriture, serait restée secrète, cachée, inexpliquée. Par ailleurs, hantée par des questions sur la mort auxquels son destinataire ne peut répondre, l’auteure tente d’interroger à la fois l’image de lui-même et la philosophie que le grand écrivain a pu élaborer au fil de ses écrits publiés et papiers privés. Cette tentative d’interrogation l’amènera, d’une part, à établir entre eux certaines « correspondances » ou affinités et, d’autre part, à rendre sensible une différence importante d’attitude devant la vie et la mort, différence que sa très grande admiration pour le romancier russe aurait pu censurer. Selon notre hypothèse, pour l’auteure de Lettre d’été, s’adresser à Tolstoï, lui poser ses questions les plus intimes, reviendrait à incarner, par rapport à son destinataire, le semblable et le différent à la fois.
La France malade et ses récits
Authors: Gagnon Alex
Published: May 2019

Dans l’imaginaire social français du xxie siècle naissant, l’islam devient, selon Raphaël Liogier, « la figure centrale de l’altérité indésirable ». Intrusive, sa présence est souvent considérée comme doublement menaçante, sur les plans sécuritaire et identitaire. Le phénomène n’est pas nouveau, mais il connaît, depuis le milieu des années 2000, une aggravation inédite, alors que les thèmes de l’« islamisation » de la société et de la « radicalisation » des individus alimentent de nouvelles peurs et nourrissent un récit sociétal, celui d’une invasion étrangère qui marquerait le déclin possible d’un Occident menacé. Dans la foulée, on voit apparaître, depuis quelques années, des fictions romanesques qui, s’appropriant ces thèmes, interagissent directement avec ce récit, dans une double dynamique de reprise et de rupture narratives. À partir d’une lecture du discours médiatique visant, dans un premier temps, à reconstruire ce récit sociétal de l’invasion musulmane, cet article analyse, dans un deuxième temps, cinq romans qui, parus en France entre 2012 et 2016, mettent en récit l’islamisation de la société occidentale et/ou la radicalisation ou « djihadisation » d’un personnage converti à l’islam. Il retrace ainsi divers types de transformation que la littérature contemporaine fait subir au récit sociétal : alors que certains textes s’approprient le récit d’invasion pour l’exacerber, racontant ou bien la résistance héroïque d’une Civilisation indestructible ou bien, au contraire, la déliquescence inéluctable d’une France agonisante, d’autres le mettent à distance et, en insistant sur le naufrage d’un Occident délétère, rattachent moins la barbarie à une invasion étrangère qu’à une détérioration intérieure.
Fonctionnements du festival littéraire dans les espaces culturels franco-canadiens minoritaires
Authors: Paré François
Published: May 2019

Dans cette étude, nous nous penchons sur le phénomène des festivals littéraires (à distinguer des salons du livre) depuis le milieu des années 1990 et leur mode de fonctionnement dans le cas des communautés francophones minoritaires au Canada. Après un bref aperçu de l’histoire du festival littéraire en Amérique du Nord, l’analyse se déplace vers deux événements festivaliers qui s’imposent au Canada francophone par leur impact, leur valeur symbolique et leur longévité relative : le Festival acadien de poésie (Caraquet, Nouveau-Brunswick) et Thin Air/Livres en fête (Winnipeg, Manitoba). Nous verrons que ces deux festivals oscillent entre un souci d’autonomie institutionnelle et linguistique et, faute de public suffisant, la nécessité de négocier une place, même marginale, dans la programmation des festivals littéraires canadiens-anglais. En dernier lieu, nous proposons une réflexion théorique sur la fonction identitaire du festival littéraire dans les cultures périphériques, à savoir celle d’affirmer par la mise en scène de la voix performative de l’écrivain la vitalité de la communauté minoritaire et d’assurer la transmission intergénérationnelle du patrimoine littéraire.
Draw on me : bilinguisme minoritaire et relais littéraires franco-canadiens
Authors: Leclerc Catherine
Published: May 2019

Après s’être atomisé à la suite de la nationalisation de la littérature québécoise, l’espace littéraire franco-canadien semble être en voie de se reconstituer, sur de nouvelles bases. Le présent article fait l’étude de ce phénomène à partir de deux traits que les littératures des minorités francophones du Canada ont en partage : le bilinguisme et la minorisation. Ces deux traits sont précisément ceux dont le Québec s’est délesté au moment où il se constituait en culture nationale. Aujourd’hui, pourtant, ils se voient octroyer une nouvelle valeur. Or, les transformations en cours dans l’espace littéraire franco-canadien et dans les idéologies linguistiques sur le contact du français avec l’anglais coïncident. Alors que le Québec s’était servi du bilinguisme minoritaire comme repoussoir, ce bilinguisme gagne à présent en statut, jusqu’à servir de modèle. S’ensuit un réaménagement des rapports hiérarchiques existant entre les divers espaces littéraires franco-canadiens, voire à l’intérieur de chacun d’eux, de même que des relais inédits des uns aux autres. Le présent article retrace ce réaménagement en se penchant sur certains textes franco-canadiens hétérolingues clés des dernières décennies, ainsi que sur leur réception.
Un théâtre en trois D dans l’Ouest canadien
Authors: Nolette Nicole
Published: May 2019

Dans cet article, Nicole Nolette explore le potentiel du concept de « différenciation solidaire » pour l’analyse intertextuelle entre les littératures francophones de l’Ontario et de l’Ouest canadien. Les grandes figures des « trois D » de l’Ontario français (Patrice Desbiens, Robert Dickson et Jean Marc Dalpé), rejetées par la génération de Louis Patrick Leroux, réapparaissent dans la dramaturgie de Marc Prescott au Manitoba et de Gilles Poulin-Denis, originaire de la Saskatchewan. Nicole Nolette identifie les traces des trois D dans la langue, la route, la ville minière et les animaux représentés par Prescott et Poulin-Denis pour montrer comment la solidarisation littéraire de l’Ouest et de l’Ontario francophones peut également signifier une différenciation régionale.
DRUŠTVENA ULOGA SINDIKATA U VREMENU POSTSOCIJALISTIČKE TRANZICIJE
Authors: VIDAKOVIĆ Davor
Published: May 2019

Sindikat i sindikati su simbol jednog vremena koje je ovjekovječeno u borbi za radnička prava i slobode od industrijske revolucije kao prekretnice u poimanju rada i ubrzanog razvoja društva pa do postindustrijskog društva. Položaj sindikata u vremenu poslije Drugog svjetskog rata i vladavini KPJ je bio deklarativno značajan i u društvu je uživao ugled i popularnost, ali nakon od-bacivanja socijalizma, ratnih sukoba u bivšoj Jugoslaviji i postsocijalističke tran-zicije, situacija se promijenila. Sindikat gubi na značaju, a njegova društvena ulo-ga je u najmanju ruku konfuzna, neodređena i blijeda. Budućnost sindikata u vremenu Društva znanja je neizvjesna, te je potrebna dubinska analiza i koraci ka temeljitoj reformi.
Elevated synaptic vesicle release probability in synaptophysin/gyrin family quadruple knockouts
Authors: Raja Mathan K , Preobraschenski Julia , Del Olmo-Cabrera Sergio , Martinez-Turrillas Rebeca , Jahn Reinhard , Perez-Otano Isabel , Wesseling John F
Published: May 2019

Synaptophysins 1 and 2 and synaptogyrins 1 and 3 constitute a major family of synaptic vesicle membrane proteins. Unlike other widely expressed synaptic vesicle proteins such as vSNAREs and synaptotagmins, the primary function has not been resolved. Here, we report robust elevation in the probability of release of readily releasable vesicles with both high and low release probabilities at a variety of synapse types from knockout mice missing all four family members. Neither the number of readily releasable vesicles, nor the timing of recruitment to the readily releasable pool was affected. The results suggest that family members serve as negative regulators of neurotransmission, acting directly at the level of exocytosis to dampen connection strength selectively when presynaptic action potentials fire at low frequency. The widespread expression suggests that chemical synapses may play a frequency filtering role in biological computation that is more elemental than presently envisioned.

Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
IFNγ induces epigenetic programming of human T-bethi B cells and promotes TLR7/8 and IL-21 induced differentiation
Authors: Zumaquero Esther , Stone Sara L , Scharer Christopher D , Jenks Scott A , Nellore Anoma , Mousseau Betty , Rosal-Vela Antonio , Botta Davide , Bradley John E , Wojciechowski Wojciech , Ptacek Travis , Danila Maria I , Edberg Jeffrey C , Bridges S Louis , Kimberly Robert P , Chatham W Winn , Schoeb Trenton R , Rosenberg Alexander F , Boss Jeremy M , Sanz Ignacio , Lund Frances E
Published: May 2019

Although B cells expressing the IFNγR or the IFNγ-inducible transcription factor T-bet promote autoimmunity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)-prone mouse models, the role for IFNγ signaling in human antibody responses is unknown. We show that elevated levels of IFNγ in SLE patients correlate with expansion of the T-bet expressing IgDnegCD27negCD11c+CXCR5neg (DN2) pre-antibody secreting cell (pre-ASC) subset. We demonstrate that naïve B cells form T-bethi pre-ASCs following stimulation with either Th1 cells or with IFNγ, IL-2, anti-Ig and TLR7/8 ligand and that IL-21 dependent ASC formation is significantly enhanced by IFNγ or IFNγ-producing T cells. IFNγ promotes ASC development by synergizing with IL-2 and TLR7/8 ligands to induce genome-wide epigenetic reprogramming of B cells, which results in increased chromatin accessibility surrounding IRF4 and BLIMP1 binding motifs and epigenetic remodeling of IL21R and PRDM1 loci. Finally, we show that IFNγ signals poise B cells to differentiate by increasing their responsiveness to IL-21.
Predominance of cis-regulatory changes in parallel expression divergence of sticklebacks
Authors: Verta Jukka-Pekka , Jones Felicity C
Published: May 2019

Regulation of gene expression is thought to play a major role in adaptation, but the relative importance of cis- and trans- regulatory mechanisms in the early stages of adaptive divergence is unclear. Using RNAseq of threespine stickleback fish gill tissue from four independent marine-freshwater ecotype pairs and their F1 hybrids, we show that cis-acting (allele-specific) regulation consistently predominates gene expression divergence. Genes showing parallel marine-freshwater expression divergence are found near to adaptive genomic regions, show signatures of natural selection around their transcription start sites and are enriched for cis-regulatory control. For genes with parallel increased expression among freshwater fish, the quantitative degree of cis- and trans-regulation is also highly correlated across populations, suggesting a shared genetic basis. Compared to other forms of regulation, cis-regulation tends to show greater additivity and stability across different genetic and environmental contexts, making it a fertile substrate for the early stages of adaptive evolution.
Silicone oil-induced ocular hypertension and glaucomatous neurodegeneration in mouse
Authors: Zhang Jie , Li Liang , Huang Haoliang , Fang Fang , Webber Hannah C , Zhuang Pei , Liu Liang , Dalal Roopa , Tang Peter H , Mahajan Vinit B , Sun Yang , Li Shaohua , Zhang Mingchang , Goldberg Jeffrey L , Hu Yang
Published: May 2019

Understanding the molecular mechanism of glaucoma and development of neuroprotectants is significantly hindered by the lack of a reliable animal model that accurately recapitulates human glaucoma. Here, we sought to develop a mouse model for the secondary glaucoma that is often observed in humans after silicone oil (SO) blocks the pupil or migrates into the anterior chamber following vitreoretinal surgery. We observed significant intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation after intracameral injection of SO, and that SO removal allows IOP to return quickly to normal. This simple, inducible and reversible mouse ocular hypertension model shows dynamic changes of visual function that correlate with progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss and axon degeneration. It may be applicable with only minor modifications to a range of animal species in which it will generate stable, robust IOP elevation and significant neurodegeneration that will facilitate selection of neuroprotectants and investigating the pathogenesis of ocular hypertension-induced glaucoma.
HSV-1 single-cell analysis reveals the activation of anti-viral and developmental programs in distinct sub-populations
Authors: Drayman Nir , Patel Parthiv , Vistain Luke , Tay Savaş
Published: May 2019

Viral infection is usually studied at the population level by averaging over millions of cells. However, infection at the single-cell level is highly heterogeneous, with most infected cells giving rise to no or few viral progeny while some cells produce thousands. Analysis of Herpes Simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection by population-averaged measurements has taught us a lot about the course of viral infection, but has also produced contradictory results, such as the concurrent activation and inhibition of type I interferon signaling during infection. Here, we combine live-cell imaging and single-cell RNA sequencing to characterize viral and host transcriptional heterogeneity during HSV-1 infection of primary human cells. We find extreme variability in the level of viral gene expression among individually infected cells and show that these cells cluster into transcriptionally distinct sub-populations. We find that anti-viral signaling is initiated in a rare group of abortively infected cells, while highly infected cells undergo cellular reprogramming to an embryonic-like transcriptional state. This reprogramming involves the recruitment of β-catenin to the host nucleus and viral replication compartments, and is required for late viral gene expression and progeny production. These findings uncover the transcriptional differences in cells with variable infection outcomes and shed new light on the manipulation of host pathways by HSV-1.
miR-193a-5p Inhibits Migration and Invasion of Colorectal Cancer Cells Via Targeting Vimentin
Authors: Noorolyai Saeed , Baradaran Behzad
Published: May 2019

Background and Purpose: Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. MicroRNAs are a group of post-transcription regulators whose expression are altered in various cancers and affect the expression of different genes and contribute to cancer progression. According to studies, the expression of miR-193a-5p in some cancers, including colorectal cancer, is reduced. But so far, the main effects and mechanisms of miR-193a-5p in colorectal cancer are ambiguous and unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of miR-193a-5p mimic transfection on HT-29 cell line and investigate the expression of vimentin molecule on these cells. Materials and Methods: First, the HT-29 cell line from colorectal cancer was cultured in RPMI-1640 culture media. Then, miR-193a-5p was transfected with Jet-PEI reagent and using the qRT-PCR technique, the expression of miR-193a-5p and vimentin gene was evaluated in miR-193a-5p transfected HT-29 cells and control group. Statistical analyzes were performed using GraphPad Prism 6 statistical software. Results: In this study, the simultaneous effect of miR-193a-5p mimic on HT-29 cells was investigated. Expression levels of miR-193a-5p was increased after transfection, and then, vimentin expression was altered, which was evaluated by using qRT-PCR. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that miR-193a-5p may act as a tumor-suppressor by affecting the molecules such as vimentin. This microRNA has an important role in tumor metastasis. Therefore, it may be suggested as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
Knowledge of Senior Dental Students on Odontogenic Infections
Authors: Arta Seyed Ahmad , Yazdani Javad , Ghanizadeh Milad , Seyvani Shahrzad , Ghavimi Mohamad Ali
Published: May 2019

Odontogenic infections are the most common infections that require early diagnosis and proper treatment. Given the sensitivity of the issue, the dental community needs to have correct information about the current status. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the knowledge of students in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences about the treatment of odontogenic infections in 2017. In this descriptive‒analytical study, all the senior students of Tabriz Faculty of Dentistry were evaluated. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of 20 questions related to students’ awareness about the treatment of odontogenic infection. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and chi-squared test. The results indicated that the mean knowledge score of the students was 8.64±2.6. Knowledge of 77.4 % of students was low, 20.8 % had moderate knowledge and 1.8 % had a high level of knowledge. There were no significant differences in knowledge between male and female students. Knowledge of senior dental students in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences was poor, with no difference between male and female students.
Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy in Critically Ill Patients: Lack of Promising Evidence for Physiologically Sound Approaches
Authors: Sabzevari Tara , Emamvidri Masoumeh
Published: May 2019

The sick euthyoid syndrome, also known as nonthyroidal illness syndrome, refers to changes seen in patient thyroid function tests administered in the medical intensive care unit during episodes of critical illness(1). Low serum T3 is the most common abnormality in euthyroid sick syndrome. Both low T3 and low T4 syndrome are reported in critically ill patients and low serum T4 is related with worst outcome. These features in laboratory findings of sick euthyroid patients have been explained by circulating thyroid binding hormone inhibitor (2). Thyroid hormone signalling regulates crucial biological functions, including energy expenditure, thermogenesis, development and growth. Fliers et al. (3), in their review “Thyroid function in critically ill patients”, concluded that routine thyroid hormone replacement therapy is not recommended in non-thyroid illness syndrome in critically ill patients. As we know, decreased plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones, especially T3, in critically ill patients represent the severity of the disorder and are associated with poor outcomes. On the other hand, thyroid hormone administration has been reported to be associated with improved hemodynamics, increased cardiac output, decreased ICU length of stay, reduced need for inotropic agents and mechanical devices, decreased incidence of myocardial ischaemia and decreased incidence of atrial fibrillation and pacemaker therapy (4-6). There are some studies reported the link between low levels of thyroid hormone and sarcopenia which leads to critical ill weakness (7.8). So it may be a rational to use hormone replacement therapy in selected critically ill patients with sick euthyroid syndrome.Not to implement physiologically sound approaches just because “evidence is lacking” might be disadvantageous for these patients over time as it might probably take years until clinical evidence become available. Subsequently, based on previous trials that have introduced effectiveness or at least no effects of hormone replacement therapy for non-thyroid illness syndrome, it seems that critically ill patients without limiting conditions such as advanced age or cardiac dysfunction (e.g. CHF or ACS) might benefit from thyroid replacement therapy and depriving these patients from what they might have benefited seems unethical.As we mentioned sick euthyroid syndrome occurs with different faces in critically ill patients with some good and some bad characteristics. Tolerating the early onset hibernation response with its concomitant changes in thyroid hormone parameters seems to be beneficial and safe. But the other type of sick euthyroid syndrome which develops later during prolong ICU admission may have a different face and needs some interventions as it has impact on patients outcome.
The Effectivity of Mirror Therapy on Arm Motoric Improvement in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients
Authors: Tammasse Jumraini , Bintang Machyono Andi Kurnia
Published: May 2019

Cerebrovascular diseases (stroke) ranked the second cause of death worldwide. This research aimed at investigating the effectiveness of mirror therapy on artery therapy by ARAT (ARAT) score. The research was carried out by the clinical trials study towards 32 acute ischemic stroke patients who were divided into an experimental group got the combination of mirror therapy and standard therapy, and the control group only got the standard therapy. The level of the motor action was tested by Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) score. The research then compared the ARAT score difference between the two groups. The result of the research reveals that the ARAT score differences on the group who gets the combination of mirror therapy and standard therapy (15.56±4.38) higher than the group who only gets the standard therapy (7.69±1, 66). By using T-test, it is obtained the significant difference of P <0.05 (0.001).
Motivation and Foreign Language Learning: Exploring the Rise of Motivation Strategies in the EFL Classroom
Authors: Alshenqeeti Hamza
Published: May 2019

Students facing difficulties in learning English because of a range of factors and issues are often demotivated to learn. This has a direct impact on the entire learning process. Research into motivation in the EFL classroom has discovered that certain strategies can encourage learners to think more positively and thus be more motivated in their language learning process. This paper critically discusses types of motivation strategies in the EFL classroom and their increase in popularity. Following this, it critically considers ways in which motivation strategies are still lacking and hence presents some approaches to better promote these from the perspective of students, teachers and policy makers. Along with providing specific recommendations for further research on L2 motivation, the paper concludes by calling on for adopting a range of motivational strategies that can improve student foreign language learning.
The Effect of Gender on the Verbal Proceses of Ideational Metafunction in Missing Soluch and Suvashun
Authors: Sahba Forugh , Gharbi Zahra
Published: May 2019

Gender linguistics focuses on the diversity of male and female’s speech. In functional grammar, it is assumed that language expresses individuals’ worldview and ideology through the ideational metafunction. Considering gender and worldview, each individual uses a particular manner of expression which shows his/her thoughts, feelings, and experiences. The present study, focusing on the ideational metafunction, compares and explains the frequency and manner of using verbal processes such as “command and order”, “expressing emotions and feelings”, “swearing and insulting”, “damn and curse”, through considering the gender of the authors and the characters of their novels: Missing Soluch and Suvashun. The results indicated that the speaker and addressee’s gender are the most influential factors in verbal differences, which, by its own account, is affected by the atmosphere of the story. In fact, the power and the superior social status of men allow them to use more imperious, hostile, and impolite verbal processes. In addition, the feminine emotions and fragility, the fear raised from an inferior position in the community, and the cultural stereotypes dominating the setting of the story demanded the female characters to be obedient and silent, and sometimes use damn and curse.
Assessing Collocational Competence by Probating Emotioncy: Testing the Mediating Role of Gender in Educational Dimensions
Authors: Hajebi Mustapha , Ghaffary Sadegh
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this paper was to examine at shedding more light into the effectiveness of emotioncy on gender in assessing Persian EFL learners’ collocational competence. This study used quantitative methods and the learners were from both intermediate and advanced proficiency groups. The results indicated that male participants who received emotioncy levels performed more efficiently on C-test and open ended test in comparison with females who recorded better performance on cloze test. The study suggested important results for EFL instructors that teacher’s experiences showed Iranian EFL learners generally have inadequate knowledge of English collocations in particular of restricted collocations. Moreover, some participants in this study believed that collocations could not be regarded as something that EFL learners could acquire without any instruction; therefore, it was essential to incorporate collocation instruction into EFL reading classes. The findings could help teachers and curriculum designers to classify errors in a continuum ranging from the least to the most problematic ones.
Oppression and Emancipation of African American Women in Suzan Lori Parks’ Venus
Authors: Jasim Muhannad Hassan , Janoory Lajiman
Published: May 2019

The aim of this paper is to critically explore various challenges faced by oppressed and suppressed African American women in the western societies. It also explores the varied emancipatory efforts they make when striving to absolve themselves of the forces of oppression and dehumanization as portrayed by Suzan Lori Parks in her play, Venus. The paper uses the postcolonial feminist theory of the Subaltern as the basis for the analysis to thoroughly examine the play extrinsically and intrinsically. In her play, Suzan- Lori Parks portrays African American women facing the turbulence of racism, discrimination and inequality in the western socio-geographical setting. She confidently and aesthetically reveals various challenges hindering the progress and life fulfilment of the African American women through the heroine of her play. The paper traces the history of Venus, unveils the cruelty of the European mentality and racial discrimination against African women. It also shows the rights of African women and identifies new ways for them to express their identities. Finally, the paper reveals that despite the obvious and prevalent acts of discrimination for African women for over the years, the problem persists. However, unlike the pre–Civil Rights era, today’s discrimination is less readily identifiable.
The Effects of the Instruction of Self-regulation Strategies and Critical Thinking Strategies on the Second Language Vocabulary Achievement among Iranian EFL Learners
Authors: Hashamdar Mohhamad , Maleki Maryam
Published: May 2019

The present study was set to investigate the effects of the instruction of self-regulation strategies (SSs) and critical thinking strategies (CTSs) on the second language (L2) vocabulary achievement among Iranian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. In so doing, ninety intermediate level adult female students in a language institute in Tehran were selected as the main participants of the study according to their performance on the Preliminary English Test (PET). The participants were divided into three equal and homogenized groups (i.e., one control group and two experimental groups). The learners in all groups underwent pretesting, intervention, and post testing. The experimental groups were provided with the instruction of self-regulation strategies and critical thinking strategies, whereas the control group did not receive any instruction in self-regulation or critical thinking strategies. The effects of the two experimental interventions on the L2 vocabulary achievement of the EFL learners were measured. Furthermore, the degree of the improvement of both of these strategies was also studied via comparing the students’ achievement scores on pre- and post-tests of CTSs and SSs. Analyses of one-way ANOVA, post-hoc Scheffe’s tests, and paired-samples t-tests were used to analyze the collected data. The results of data analyses revealed that applying critical thinking strategies as instructional aid had a significant impact on EFL learners’ L2 vocabulary achievement. Likewise, the findings revealed that the instruction of self-regulation strategies significantly improved EFL learners’ vocabulary achievement. Moreover, it was found that self-regulation strategies were more effective than critical thinking strategies in helping the EFL learners develop their L2 vocabulary.
Effectiveness of E-learning Mode for Teaching English Language in Arab Universities
Authors: Zakarneh Bilal Mohd
Published: May 2019

E-learning is increasingly being embraced by the traditional academic institutions, hybrid educational organizations and newly established online organizations for teaching English and other subjects in universities in the Arab world. The present study investigated the effectiveness of using e-learning platform to teach the English language to students in Arab universities. Data was collected using a questionnaire and analysed using excel data analysis tool. Results revealed that e-learning platform is an effective platform for teaching English language. Participants held that they learned better via e-learning and that all English language courses should be taught through the e-learning mode. They consider e-learning platform as appropriate and better means for acquiring vocabulary, developing speaking skills, English language grammar, reading skills, writing skills, listening skills, and as a better mode of enhancing performance in English than the traditional classroom mode. They see e-learning as a better tool for testing and evaluation and prefer it to other traditional methods. Conclusion: e-learning can be more effective in learning English than the face-to-face classroom system.