bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Use of Imipramine (“Tofranil”) and Other Psychotropic Drugs in Organic Emotionalism
Authors: Lawson Ian R. , MacLeod Robin D. M.
Published: August 2008

Emotionalism, occurring as excessive or inappropriate weepiness or laughter, is a common and distressing symptom of the pseudobulbar state. It interferes with conversation, is socially embarrassing, and occurring during eating or drinking can be dangerous, particularly so in a patient already dysphagia Preliminary and uncontrolled use of imipramine in a few cases of this condition impressed us with its efficacy, and we therefore engaged in a “double-blind” form of therapeutic trial, comparing two dose strengths of imipramine with phenobarbitone and dummy tablets given in random sequence to each patient. Our favourable impression of imipramine being confirmed, we then attempted to assess the effect on this symptom of two other drugs of related pharmacology.
Meissner Corpuscles in Skin Biopsies of Patients with Presenile Dementia: A Quantitative Study
Authors: Hunter Richard , Ridley Alan , Malleson Andrew
Published: August 2008

Neuropathological study of the group of presenile dementias, whether apparendy primarily a degeneration of cortical neurones or secondary to vascular, inflammatory or other disease, has for obvious reasons centered on the brain. However, it is possible that the degenerative process may in certain types also affect the peripheral nervous system. If this were so it would be valuable to recognize it not only from the pathological point of view but also, since peripheral nerves are more easily investigated during life, for differential diagnosis which is often difficult and sometimes impossible on clinical findings alone. While involvement of the lower motor neurone is unlikely to be present without causing physical signs impairment of sensation due to involvement of the primary sensory neurone may be overlooked, more especially because sensory testing is often not possible in demented patients.
“Endogenous” and “Neurotic” Syndromes of Depression: A 5-to 7-Year Follow-up of 104 Cases
Authors: Kay D. W. K. , Garside R. F. , Roy J. R. , Beamish Pamela
Published: August 2008

In a previous paper (Kay et al., 1969) the mode of selection and composition of a sample of 104 depressed patients was described. The present article concerns the follow up of this sample, 5–7 years after the index admission (which was always a first admission). The aims were: (i) To examine and compare outcome in three groups of patients, “endogenous”, “neurotic”, and “undifferentiated”, (ii) The second aim was to study the power of various individual features to predict the course and outcome of the illness. The patients' groups were defined by the factor scores on a first (bipolar) factor which was identifiable in many though not all respects with the “endogenous-neurotic” factor previously described by Kiloh and Garside (1963) and by Carney, Roth and Garside (1965). A full account of the symptoms defining the factor, which was obtained by principal components analysis, and of the method of allocating patients to the diagnostic groupings, was given in the previous paper.
A Clinical and Physiological Relationship between Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Kelly Desmond , Walter C. J. S.
Published: August 2008

There has been a great deal of argument during the past 30 years about the symptomatic differences between anxiety and depressive states. Mapother (1926) thought that anxiety states should be regarded merely as one of the numerous sub-divisions of the manic-depressive illnesses, since they merged through a series of patients into agitated depression. Lewis (1966) too saw no sharp division between anxiety states and depression and classified agitated depression and anxiety states together as one sub-division of the affective disorders. Garmany (1956, 1958) and Mayer-Gross, Slater and Roth (1960), however, felt that anxiety states and depression were basically different forms of illness.
Non-attendance at a Psychiatric Follow-up Clinic
Authors: Nehama V. S.
Published: August 2008

Burgess and Harrington (1964), Hoenig and Ragg (1965), and Errera et al. (1965) studied failure to keep initial appointments at psychiatric clinics. The present study is concerned with non-attendance at a follow-up clinic.
The Morbidity Rate and Environmental Influence in Monozygotic Co-twins of Schizophrenics
Authors: Abe K.
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this paper is to present some of the findings concerning the morbidity rate of monozygotic co-twins of schizophrenics and the possible influence on it of environmental factors. The work is based on a statistical study of the clinical records available at the MRC Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit.
Aspects of Personality of Depressive Patients
Authors: Julian Thelma , Metcalfe Maryse , Coppen Alec
Published: August 2008

The personality of people who develop a depressive illness has been the subject of much controversy. Most of what has been written is based on clinical observations made during the illness and on inferences drawn from symptoms and there are few investigations based on studies of patients when they were not ill. The present investigation was carried out on women after they had recovered from a depressive illness.
The Validity of Certain Tests of Overinclusion
Authors: Romney David
Published: August 2008

Tests of thought-disorder may perhaps all be measuring a common entity, but the degree to which this is true has yet to be established.
The Schizophrenia-like Psychoses of Epilepsy: Relation between Ages of Onset
Authors: Slater Eliot , Moran P. A. P.
Published: August 2008

In a series of papers, Slater, Beard and Glithero (1963) reported on a group of 69 patients who had suffered from a schizophrenia-like psychosis at some time after the onset of an earlier but continuing epilepsy. They gave a number of arguments, which need not be considered here, to support the view that the epileptic and the schizophrenic states were not independent of one another and merely coincidental, but that the pre-existing epileptic state was the direct cause of the schizophrenia-like illness, and that this could in fact be regarded as a special form of an epileptic psychosis, which took on for a time the appearance of a (symptomatic) schizophrenia. One of the arguments on which reliance was placed was that there was a non-random relationship between the ages of onset of the epilepsy and of the schizophrenia, such that the interval between the two varied about a mean of 14 years. The three clinical groups into which the 69 patients were classified had significantly different mean ages of onset of epilepsy of 20·5, 16·3 and 9·3 years respectively; but there was no significant difference between the three clinical groups in respect of the mean interval between onset of epilepsy and onset of psychosis, 15·6, 14·0 and 12·8 years respectively. In fact, in the case of the duration of epilepsy, with an F value of 0·24, between-group variance was only a fraction of the within-group variance.
Relapse in Chronic Schizophrenics following Abrupt Withdrawal of Tranquilizing Medication
Authors: Prien Robert F. , Cole Jonathan O. , Belkin§ Naomi F.
Published: August 2008

Physicians are often faced with the problem of determining whether long-stay schizophrenics require continuous treatment with tranquillizers. Prolonged ingestion of ataractics has both physical and economic disadvantages. Recent reports on oculo-cutaneous changes (3, 13, 20, 27, 28), persistent dyskinesia (6, 18) and sudden deaths (16, 25) have focused attention on the potential dangers of prolonged use of tranquillizing medication. On the other hand, discontinuation of medication may lead to recurrence of acute psychotic behaviour. The literature on drug withdrawal provides no solution to the dilemma. The results from drug discontinuation studies are complex and contradictory. Some investigators report extremely high relapse rates while others report little deterioration even when drugs are withdrawn for long periods of time. A brief review of the literature will give some indication of the contradictory nature of results.
Disorders of Sexual Potency in the Male: A Clinical and Statistical Study of Some Factors Related to Short-term Prognosis
Authors: Cooper Alan J.
Published: August 2008

Although the literature relating to the prognosis of male potency disorders and the factors that influence this is vast, there is a dearth of factual data on the subject. Most of the opinions expressed, without supporting figures, are clinical impressions, and the majority indicate that the outcome of therapy in these disorders is generally favourable (Ellis, 1948; Jones, 1919; Rees 1935; Allen, 1962; Stafford-Clark, 1954; Gutheil, 1959). However, Johnson's (1965b) recent important contribution has challenged this consensus; he suggests that; with or without treatment, the prognosis in disordered potency is much worse than has hitherto been believed.
Subjective and Penile Plethysmograph Responses Following Aversion-Relief and Apomorphine Aversion Therapy for Homosexual Impulses
Authors: McConaghy N.
Published: August 2008

Results with relationship psychotherapy and with behaviour therapy in the treatment of homosexuality have not differed significantly as far as can be assessed, considering the different criteria used to measure response to treatment. Woodward (1956) reported that 36 per cent. and Bieber (1962) that 27 per cent. of their homosexual patients became exclusively heterosexual following psychotherapy; MacCulloch and Feldman (1967) reported a similar response in 33 per cent. of their patient group following behaviour therapy. The last authors also stated that 58 per cent. of their patients became heterosexual on the Kinsey scale (Kinsey et al., 1948). Mayerson and Lief (1965), using a similarly less rigorous definition of heterosexuality, concluded that 50 per cent. of their group achieved this state following psychotherapy. Freund (1960) considered that 18 per cent. of the group he treated showed a satisfactory response in that they had heterosexual intercourse regularly for several years after aversion therapy. He has been the only worker so far to utilize such a long follow-up period, and also the only one to report that some of his patients at later interviews admitted that they had lied about their degree of response at earlier interviews.
An Investigation into some Psychiatric Aspects of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Surridge David
Published: August 2008

The psychiatric aspects of multiple sclerosis (MS) have been given considerable attention in the literature over the past 130 years. There has, however, been little unanimity of opinion as to the incidence, severity and nature of the changes seen in the mental state of sufferers from this disease. Early investigators regarded intellectual deficits as the main disturbance, and noted that emotional lability was not infrequently present.
Personality and Body Composition in Monozygotic Twins with an Affective Disorder
Authors: Abe K. , Coppen Alec
Published: August 2008

In recent years, studies on patients suffering from manic-depressive and depressive illness have shown that these patients have certain psychological and biochemical characteristics and also abnormalities in body-build and body-composition. Some of these characteristics are clearly concomitants of the illness itself, as they revert to normal after clinical recovery. However, some remain abnormal even after recovery, and the question arises: are these constitutional characteristics perhaps genetically determined, or are they the persisting result of the illness itself?
Emotional and Cognitive Changes in Pregnancy and Early Puerperium
Authors: Jarrahi-Zadeh Ali , Kane F. J. , Van De Castlf R. L. , Lachenbruch P. A. , Ewing J. A.
Published: August 2008

Emotional change during pregnancy and the postpartum period is very common (37, 42); mental illness of psychotic proportions occurs more frequently in the postpartum period than in the period of pregnancy (33). These psychotic illnesses occurring in the postpartum period have remained an area of controversy for several reasons. The clinical phenomenology of these psychotic reactions seems unusually rich in confusional and delirious features (19), even when reported by those who contend they are no different from the usual run of psychotic illness (41). The fact that 80 per cent. of these serious reactions occur in the first 30 days postpartum (33) has raised doubt in the minds of some that these reactions merely represent the stress of pregnancy falling on a predisposed personality. An alternative hypothesis might be that the interaction of psychological and endocrine factors at the end of pregnancy makes this a particularly stressful period. The delirious and confusional symptoms might also be better explained as being related to endocrine dysfunction of some kind.
Aetiological Factors in Childhood Neurosis
Authors: Lo W. H.
Published: August 2008

There has been a tendency to dispose of all the problems peculiar to children under ‘Primary childhood behaviour disorders'. This term would, as pointed out by Cameron (1955), have as broad a meaning as the legal term ‘insane’ or the social term ‘delinquent’. Unless there is delimitation of the terminology used, any aetiological investigation is bound to produce confused results. Furthermore, most aetiological studies suffer from lack of a normal control group and many published works apparently dealing with childhood conditions include adolescents in their case material.
Some Implications of the Sleep Patterns of Pregnancy for Postpartum Emotional Disturbances
Authors: Karacan Ismet , Williams Robert L. , Hursch C. J. , McCaulley M. , Heine M. W.
Published: August 2008

Emotional disturbance during pregnancy and the postpartum period is very common and at times leads to serious psychotic reactions. Studies comparing the relative frequency of psychotic breakdown in women during pregnancy or postpartum, or at other times, indicate that there is a greater frequency of psychotic reaction in the postpartum period (Pugh et al., 1963; Ryle, 1961; Tobin, 1957; Strecker and Ebaugh, 1926; Richardson and Guttmacher, 1967).
The Classification of Depression by Numerical Taxonomy
Authors: Pilowsky I. , Levine S. , Boulton D. M.
Published: August 2008

Controversy over the classification of depressive phenomena has been a prominent feature of the psychiatric scene for about forty years and the issues involved have been reviewed on a number of occasions (Partridge 1949; Grinker et al. 1961; Kiloh 1965; Rosenthal and Klerman 1966; Mendels and Cochrane 1968). Briefly it may be stated that a number of attempts have been made to support or refute the validity of classifying depressions into those which are “endogenous” and those which are “reactive” or “neurotic”; using a variety of statistical methods which have included factor analysis, principal component analysis and multiple regression analysis.
Drug Withdrawal in Male and Female Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Abenson M. H.
Published: August 2008

Although the value of phenothiazines is without question in the treatment of acute schizophrenia, their value in chronic schizophrenia is questionable. Cawley (1) states that social and environmental factors become more prominent for symptom relief and social adjustment with increasing chronicity. Both Ekblom and Lassenius (2) and Simon et al. (7), who did long-term follow-up studies on drug-treated schizophrenics, found only slight improvement when compared with control groups. Letemendia and Harris (4) found no significant improvement on phenothiazine treatment of previously untreated chronic schizophrenics when compared with a control group. On the other hand Kelly and Sargant (3) found a distinct improvement after two years in a group of phenothiazine-treated patients, who were compared with earlier admissions to the same hospital before the introduction of drugs. However, whilst Pritchard (6) found the short term prognosis was better for phenothiazine-treated schizophrenics when compared with patients admitted prior to introduction of these drugs, he found the three-year follow-up produced little difference.
The Significance of Age of Onset of Excessive Drinking in Male Alcoholics
Authors: Foulds G. A. , Hassall Christine
Published: August 2008

In an earlier investigation, Hassall and Foulds (1968) demonstrated certain differences between a group of alcoholics of 30 years and under and a matched control group. Such a group is not, of course, representative even of those alcoholics who come to psychiatric treatment. The present investigation was concerned to assess a wider range of such alcoholics, and try to determine whether any differences which might be found within this group could be attributed to chronological age, to age of onset of excessive drinking, or to length of time during which excessive drinking had been taking place.
Phenomenological Aspects of the Alcoholic “Blackout”
Authors: Goodwin Donald W. , Crane J. Bruce , Guze Samuel B.
Published: August 2008

“Blackout”, a confusing term sometimes denoting amnesia and at other times unconsciousness, has come in the alcoholism literature to designate memory loss associated with drinking alcohol. That alcoholics frequently experience amnesic episodes has been recognized since Bonhoeffer's time, and more recently Jellinek (1952) and others have popularized the notion that blackouts are an important predictor of alcoholism, a conclusion based on questionnaire data indicating that blackouts occur early in the course of alcoholism, well before the appearance of other alcoholic symptoms. Jellinek also believed that alcoholics often had blackouts after ingestion of modest, subintoxicating amounts of alcohol.
The Lincolnshire Rehabilitation Scheme
Authors: Price J. H. , Bleaden F. A. , Thomas J. D. , Kerridge D.
Published: August 2008

Industrial rehabilitation of mentally ill patients was pioneered by Early in his highly successful Industrial Therapy Organization at Bristol. In this organization patients are first industrially trained in the hospital and then progress to a training factory situated in the community.
Changes in the Attitudes to Authority of Patients with Behaviour Disorders in a Therapeutic Community
Authors: Miles Agnes
Published: August 2008

One major characteristic of behaviour disorder is persistent hostility towards authority. Those offenders who appear repeatedly before the Courts and are eventually diagnosed as cases of behaviour disorder, almost uniformly exhibit histories of difficulties with authority (8). Indeed, when a study was made of 87 case-notes of patients in a hospital for the mentally subnormal who were admitted as suffering from behaviour disorder, in order to discover those features of their previous histories which were common to all, it was found that every one showed a persistently troublesome relationship with authority figures (9).
The Complete Analysis of a Data Matrix
Authors: Hope K.
Published: August 2008

In the biological and social sciences the research worker is frequently faced with a two-dimensional, entity by variable, matrix of numbers. The matrix may contain scores of persons on tests, judgments of persons or objects by persons, measurements of physical characteristics of insects, economic statistics of areas, party votes in electoral districts, demographic or epidemiological or ecological counts of areas, and so on.
Obsessive Compulsive Neurosis in Identical Twins
Authors: Marks I. M. , Crowe M. , Drewe E. , Young J. , Dewhurst W. G.
Published: August 2008

This paper reports a case which is noteworthy for two unrelated reasons, one genetic and the other therapeutic. The genetic interest lies in the rare instance of an identical twin with obsessive compulsive neurosis whose twin brother had a similar illness. The therapeutic interest focuses on clinical changes which occurred during unsuccessful treatment by desensitization and by aversion relief. These changes aid our understanding of compulsive behaviour and the difficulties in its treatment. At one stage in treatment independence was noted between anxiety and compulsions which suggested that compulsive behaviour need not always be maintained by its anxiety-reducing properties. The case history will first be described and discussed from the genetic point of view. The second part of this paper will focus on the unrelated aspect of treatment.
Remanded in Hospital for Psychiatric Examination
Authors: Binns J. K. , Carlisle J. M. , Nimmo D. H. , Park R. H. , Todd N. A.
Published: August 2008

Section 54 of the Mental Health (Scotland) Act, 1960, enables a court to remand to hospital for psychiatric examination and report persons charged with an offence who also appear to be mentally disordered. This article reviews this section of the Act in its practical aspects as experienced by the consultant staff of one Scottish mental hospital during the two-year period 1965–6.
Psychiatric Referral from a General Practice
Authors: Hopkins Philip , Cooper Brian
Published: August 2008

Referrals for psychiatric specialist treatment under the National Health Service have increased steadily in numbers, until the annual rate for new patients in England and Wales now stands at over 200,000 (Ministry of Health, 1965). The trend has led some critical observers to conclude that, in the words of one of their number, “Partly because it has oversold itself psychiatry has become oversubscribed” (Kessel, 1963). This is a serious charge, but in the absence of proper evaluative studies it must be judged non proven.
Physicians' Preferences in a Blind Trial of Imipramine and Amitriptyline
Authors: Reynolds Evelyn , Craggs D. F. , Joyston-Bechal M. P. , Pritchard M. J. , Tooley P. H. , Weatherall M.
Published: August 2008

Some investigations suggest that the attitude of a psychiatrist to therapy with drugs may affect his patient's response to treatment (Sheard, 1963; Reynolds, Joyce, Swift, Tooley and Weatherall, 1965), though the evidence is far from conclusive and earlier findings have not always been confirmed by further research (Hordern and Hamilton, 1963; Uhlenhuth and Park, 1964). The possibility that a particular drug may be more effective if administered by a physician who believes it to be superior to alternative drugs appears to have received little attention. Such preferences exist in medical practice. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that they have a measurable effect, provided the drug is administered knowingly. The efficacy of the drug of choice of three psychiatrists was therefore compared (a) under single blind and double blind conditions, and (b) with that of alternative medication.
Estimates of Change in a Depressive Patient
Authors: Rowe Dorothy
Published: August 2008

A continuing problem in the care of patients suffering with depression is the assessment of how depressed the patient is, and how the level of depression changes over time. In clinical practice the patient is used as his own control, but the psychiatric assessment often has to be made in ways prone to the errors of subjective assessment. The psychiatrist is interested in how the depressed patient views himself and the world around him, that is, in terms of Kelly Personal Construct Theory, what constructs the patient uses to structure areas of his life and where on these constructs the patient sees himself. Personal Construct Theory and the Repertory Grid Techniques provide a useful framework for idiographic estimates of change.
Tics and Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome: A Follow-up Study and Critical Review
Authors: Corbett J. A. , Mathews A. M. , Connell P. H. , Shapiro D. A.
Published: August 2008

Tics or habit spasms have been described in various ways, but perhaps the most useful definition is that of Kanner (1937) that they are “quick, sudden and frequently repeated movements of circumscribed groups of muscles, serving no apparent purpose”. Children with this symptom not infrequently present to the paediatrician or child psychiatrist with accompanying symptoms of emotional disturbance, and by the age of seven years approximately five per cent of children have a history of such movements (Kellmer Pringle et al., 1967). Less commonly, adolescents who have suffered with tics from an earlier age develop vocal tics and coprolalia (compulsive swearing) symptomatic of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Tiqueurs are rarely seen for treatment in adult life, except in a few well-documented cases where Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome persists (Fernando 1967).
Hysteria: An Evaluation of Specific Diagnostic Criteria by the Study of Randomly Selected Psychiatric Clinic Patients
Authors: Woodruff Robert A. , Clayton Paula J. , Guze Samuel B.
Published: August 2008

In 1962, Perley and Guze introduced specific criteria for the diagnosis of hysteria based on clinical observations made in 1951 by Purtell, Robins and Cohen. A number of reports have been published since 1962 evaluating the limits and usefulness of these criteria. A recent paper by Guze (1967) summarizes a large part of this work and explores various problems of definition and methodology. In 1968, two papers appeared in this journal evaluating the criteria for hysteria by applying them to women with chronic medical illnesses (Woodruff) and to normal women (Farley, Woodruff and Guze). The present study is an extension of the method used in those reports.
The Relationship between Premature Death and Affective Disorders
Authors: Kerr T. A. , Schapira Kurt , Roth Martin
Published: August 2008

The relationship between mental illness and physical disease in elderly patients has been the subject of a number of studies, notably those by Kay and Roth (1955) and Roth and Kay (1956). Stenstedt (1952, 1959) reported a high mortality rate among patients with manic-depressive psychosis and involutional melancholia, which he attributed to ‘the high frequency of suicide and to the fact that several patients had died in a mental hospital’. In a survey of elderly people living in the community, Kay and Bergmann (1966) demonstrated a relationship between physical illness and diminished life expectancy on the one hand and functional psychiatric disorders on the other. Shepherd et al. (1964), in a general practice survey in London, found a 'strongly marked association between psychiatric disorder and chronic organic illness'.
Tryptophan Pyrrolase—A Biochemical Factor in Depressive Illness?
Authors: Curzon G.
Published: August 2008

Reserpine, which depletes brain amines, not infrequently causes depression (Bunney and Davis, 1965), whereas monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) which raise brain amine levels (Macleanet al.,1965) may alleviate depressive symptoms. The alleviation has been reported to be enhanced by tryptophan (Coppenet al.,1967), which is a precursor of the amines 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) and tryptamine. The apparent prophylaxis by tryptophan of an annual episode of depression has also been reported (Hertz and Sulman, 1968). These findings suggest that elevation of one or both of the above amines is responsible for the therapeutic effect of MAOI, and that their insufficiency may be responsible for symptoms of the disease. Defective 5HT synthesis in depressive illness is indicated by a number of findings. (1) Depressed patients responding to the MAOI drug iproniazid were found in two studies (Pare and Sandier, 1959; Praag and Leijnse, 1963), though not in a third (Burgermeisteret al.,1963), to have a lower initial urinary excretion of the 5HT metabolite 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5HIAA) than those who did not respond. (2) Depressed patients have a low content of 5HIAA in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (Ashcroftet al.,1966), which rises on recovery. Although work using animals (Guldberg and Yates, 1968; Ecclestonet al.,1968) shows that changes in brain 5HT are paralleled by changes of 5HIAA in the CSF, the significance of this result is not altogether clear, as lumbar 5HIAA depends not only on brain 5HT metabolism but also on 5HIAA transport within the CSF (Ashcroftet al.,1966). Furthermore, a small group of acute schizophrenics on phenothiazines also had low 5HIAA. (3) There is some direct evidence of low 5HT (Shawet al.,1967) or 5HIAA (Bourneet al.,1968) in the hindbrains of depressive suicides. (4) While single doses of 5-hydroxytryptophan, the immediate precursor of 5HT, do not alleviate depression, the remission of a prolonged episode of severe depression by administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan for five days has been reported (Persson and Roos, 1967).
A Six Year Follow-Up Study of Sixty-Five Adolescent Patients: Predictive Value of Presenting Clinical Picture
Authors: King Lucy J. , Pittman Glen D.
Published: August 2008

Diagnosis of adolescent psychiatric patients is complicated by the absence of history of function in an adult role and by the assumed presence of psychological turmoil, thought to be normal at this age. Information about prognosis, always a useful part of clinical management, is especially important in counselling adolescent patients and their families about the prospects for education, vocation, and marriage.

†Patients came from both rural and urban areas of several neighbouring states. Parents or guardians of approximately one-third were teachers, salesmen, or shopkeepers and of another third, skilled labourers or farmers. The remainder were approximately equally divided between the well-to-do at one extreme and unskilled labourers at the other. That this sample provided a wider distribution among social strata than most private hospitals or most public hospitals is borne out by the fact that some patients who were subsequently hospitalized again were treated in private hospitals while others were admitted to public facilities (state hospitals).
The Relationship between the Maudsley Personality Inventory and the Course of Affective Disorders
Authors: Kerr T. A. , Schapira Kurt , Roth Martin , Garside R. F.
Published: August 2008

The Maudsley Personality Inventory (Eysenck, 1959a) measures the two factors of neuroticism and extraversion, which are considered to be independent and relatively stable aspects of personality in normal subjects. Bartholomew and Marley (1959) tentatively concluded that changes in the mental state did not greatly affect the N and E scores, and Mezey et al. (1963) found that the scores re mained relatively constant during depressive illness, although there was a slight increase in neuroticism. McGuire et al. (1963) noted that the relationship between N and E scores ceased to be orthogonal during illness when the scores became negatively correlated. Knowles (1960) found relatively high test-retest correlations in both a normal group and a neurotic group after a year, although the correlations in the neurotic group were lower than in the normal group; he also found some evidence that fluctuations in clinical state influenced the stability of the N scores. Moreover, on measuring neuroticism and extraversion with the Eysenck Personality Inventory (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1964), Knowles and Kreitman (1965) concluded that N (but not E) scores were influenced to a small but significant degree by changes in the patients' clinical state. Coppen and Metcalfe (1965) found that the mean N score of a group of depressed patients decreased significantly on recovery and that there was an associated significant increase in the mean E score. These changes were most marked in patients with endogenous depression. The scores of the recovered patients were within normal limits. Ingham (1966) demonstrated essentially similar changes over a three year period in a group of neurotic patients.
Relationships between the Eysenck Personality Inventory N Score, the Cornell Medical Index M-R Score, and the Psychogalvanic Reflex
Authors: Verghese Abraham
Published: August 2008

The Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) was designed by Eysenck and Eysenck (1964) to measure two dimensions of personality—extraversion (E) and neuroticism (N). A high N score on the EPI has been found to dis criminate neurotic patients from normals (Knowles and Krietman, 1965; Eysenck and Eysenck, 1964).
Flattening of Affect and Personal Constructs
Authors: McPherson F. M. , Barden Valerie , Hay A. Joan , Johnstone D. W. , Kushner A. W.
Published: August 2008

Affective flattening is a disorder of emotional expression, of which a good definition is ‘a gross lack of emotional response to the given situation’ (Fish, 1962). It is a clinical sign whose assessment depends upon the clinician's intepretation of the patient's facial expression, tone of voice and content of talk (Harris ' Metcalfe, 1956). Although these are subtle cues, it has been shown that experienced clinicians can assess the severity of affective flattening with a high level of inter-rater agreement (Miller et al., 1953; Harris ' Metcaife, 1956; Wing, 1961; Dixon, 1968). The disorder is usually associated with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, although it may occur in other conditions, such as the organic psychoses (Bullock et al., 1951).
A Statistical Study of Departures from a Mental Hospital
Authors: Stern Edward S.
Published: August 2008

Various studies of the numbers of patients in mental hospitals have been made, e.g. Brooke (1963); General Register Office (1960); Gore and Jones (1961); Hassall, Spencer, and Cross (1965); Malzberg (1955); Norris (1959); Norton (1961); Registrar General (1958, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1964); Tooth and Brooke (1961), but little attempt has been made to find whether these numbers are subject to natural law. In this paper I have tried to establish this. These researches have been made on the patients of the Central Hospital, Warwick, which has been in continuous use since 30 June 1852. The case sheets of the older patients are accessible; the recent ones are also personally known.
The Amnesic and Therapeutic Effects of Bilateral and Unilateral ECT
Authors: Costello C. G. , Belton G. P. , Abra J. C. , Dunn B. E.
Published: August 2008

A number of studies have appeared (4, 5, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 28, 31, 32) providing evidence suggesting that unilateral ECT admin istered to the non-dominant hemisphere produces less memory impairment than bilateral ECT. It was also concluded in those studies investigating the problem (i.e. all except 10, 14 and 31) that these two methods of treatment do not differ significantly in their therapeutic effects. Some of the studies included a group of patients receiving unilateral ECT to the dominant hemisphere, but the main emphasis in all has concerned differences between unilateral non-dominant and bilateral ECT.
Psychotherapy with Patients on Chronic Haemodialysis
Authors: De-Nour A. Kaplan
Published: August 2008

The reports on the emotional reactions and adjustment of patients to chronic haemodialysis are often contradictory; nevertheless, all agree that this treatment is stressful.
Concurrence of Turner's Syndrome and Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Forssman Hans , Mellbin Gunnel , Wålinder Jan
Published: August 2008

Many of the links in the chain of circumstances leading to anorexia nervosa are still not clear. Ever since Sir William Gull in 1868 first described and in, 874 named the condition, investigators have put most of the blame for it on psychological circumstances, such as an adverse relationship between mother and daughter. Tolstrup (1967), after reviewing the observations of a long list of authors, concluded that no physical explanation of note was forth-coming. Another of the many adherents of the psychogenetic school is Thomä (1961).
Early Parent Death and Mental Illness
Authors: Birtchnell John
Published: August 2008

Environmentalists have long attempted to demonstrate relationships between various deficiencies in upbringing and adult mental illness. Early parent death is one of the most obvious and one of the most easily measured of such deficiencies, and many investigators have been tempted to the deceptively simple task of comparing the incidence of early parent death in patients and the general population. That there is so little agreement in the findings of the now considerable number of studies is a reflection of the methodological pitfalls which exist.
The Relationship between Attempted Suicide, Depression and Parent Death
Authors: Birtchnell John
Published: August 2008

The present study is one of a series of investigations concerned with the relationship between parent death and mental illness. In previous studies (Birtchnell 1970 a and b) it has been shown that significantly more psychiatric patients, compared with a general population control group, experienced parent death during the first five years of life and during a period of one to five years before admission to hospital. It was further shown (Birtchnell 1970c) that within the patient group, though the incidence of early and recent parent death was similar among depressed and non-depressed patients, the severely depressed compared with the moderately depressed patients experienced sig- nificandy more parental bereavements during the first twenty years of life and during a period of one to twenty years before admission. In a large sample of depressed in-patients, Hill (1969) demonstrated a significant excess of early parent deaths in those who attempted suicide, and he suggested that this might be secondary to the association between early parent death and severe depression.
Crises and Life Changes preceding the Onset or Relapse of Acute Schizophrenia: Clinical Aspects
Authors: Birley J. L. T. , Brown G. W.
Published: August 2008

In a previous publication (Brown and Birley, 1968) we have presented some findings which suggest that life changes and crises frequently precipitate the acute onset, relapse or exacerbation of schizophrenic states. To summarize : consecutively admitted patients diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia were seen at mental hospitals serving a known catchment area. The first fifty whose onsets occurred within three months of admission and could be accurately dated within a week were included. Both the patient and at least one other informant were interviewed about the occurrence of certain previously defined and datable events occurring to the patient or to close relatives. These included such events as moving house, starting or leaving a job, admission to hospital, birth, marriage or death during the twelve weeks prior to onset. These were classified, according to their apparent independence of the patient's control, as ‘independent’ or ‘possibly independent’. The former were those which could be regarded as outside his control, e.g. discovering a burglary or hearing of a brother's serious illness. ‘Possibly independent’ events were those which were considered to have been within the patient's control but which had not been brought about by any unusual behaviour on the patient's part. They were chiefly changes of job, or of opposite sex friends. (Loss of job would, under certain circumstances, be rated as ‘independent’, e.g. when a whole firm closed down).
EEGs in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Abenson M. H.
Published: August 2008

Abnormalities in the EEG of schizophrenics were first described by Lemere (1936) who found schizophrenic EEGs had poor alpha waves. Earlier workers were more interested in frequency abnormalities and Davis (1941) found, from study of the frequencies, the more unstable the EEG in schizophrenia the more unstable the behaviour. This concept is well established and has been confirmed by Brazier (1962) and other workers. However, the study of the different frequencies has shed little or no light upon the aetiology of schizophrenia.
A Controlled Study of LSD Treatment in Alcoholism and Neurosis
Authors: Denson R. , Sydiaha D.
Published: August 2008

Favourable results have been reported from the use of lysergide in a wide variety of psychiatric conditions, but controlled studies (2, 3, 4) have not confirmed the existence of a therapeutic effect. In this experiment, alcoholics and neurotics who had been referred by Saskatoon psychiatrists for LSD treatment were allocated at random to Treatment and Control groups after undergoing a series of psychological tests. The members of the Treatment group were offered up to five LSD experiences at intervals of two weeks, whereas those in the Control group were informed that this type of therapy would be made available to them after a twelve-month waiting period. Accounts of the LSD experiences were sent to the referring psychiatrists, who were expected to continue to provide standard treatment to the members of both groups.
Abnormal Personality
Authors: Walton H. J. , Foulds G. A. , Littmann S. K. , Presly A. S.
Published: August 2008

A distinction has to be made between psychiatric illnesses on the one hand and the various forms of abnormal personality on the other hand.
A Five Year Follow-up of Untreated Psychopaths
Authors: Maddocks P. D.
Published: August 2008

It is often said that psychopaths mature and settle down later in life. Authorities differ as to when this occurs; some say between 25 and the early thirties (Curran and Partridge, 1963); Henderson and Batchelor (1962) say that improvement may occur up to the age of 36; others say about the mid-forties (Davis, 1967); Cleckley (1952) held that the prognosis is almost hopeless. Most of their descriptions are of young adults, and one wonders what happens to them thereafter; do the majority settle down? and if they do not what happens to them?
Pharmacological and Clinical Problems of Lithium Prophylaxis
Authors: Schou M. , Baastrup P. C. , Grof P. , Weis P. , Angst J.
Published: August 2008

Prophylactic maintenance treatment with lithium presents a number of features not shared by conventional therapies. Patients suffering from recurrent affective disorders are offered the possibility of avoiding further psychotic episodes (Baastrup and Schou, 1967; Angstet al.,1970), but the treatment also makes demands on doctors and patients.
Prophylactic Lithium: A Double-Blind Trial in Recurrent Affective Disorders
Authors: Melia P. I.
Published: August 2008

Lithium was first successfully used in the treatment of mania by Cade (1949), and its efficacy in reducing mania was confirmed in double-blind trials by Schouet al.(1954) and Maggs (1963).
Amphetamine Abuse Amongst Psychiatric In-Patients: The Use of Gas Chromatography
Authors: Robinson Ann E. , Wolkind S. N.
Published: August 2008

Amphetamine psychosis and severe amphetamine dependence are now well recognized clinical pictures leading to psychiatric in-patient treatment (Connell, 1964). These pictures, however, are probably seen in only a small proportion of those who take amphetamines. The true assessment of the total incidence of unprescribed amphetamine taking in any group is made difficult by the absence of specific clinical signs (Connell, 1966), denial of drug-taking by the patient (Scott and Willcox, 1965) and the large number of false positives found with the methyl orange screening test (Johnson and Milner, 1966). Gas chromatography for amphetamine substances in the urine (Rowland and Beckett, 1965), though both expensive and time-consuming, provides for the specific detection of amphetamine and many other drugs in the microgram and submicrogram quantities. This paper describes the use of the method to obtain a picture of amphetamine abuse amongst patients in a 20-bedded acute psychiatric ward in a Teaching Hospital.
Development of a Questionnaire-based Decision Rule for Classifying Depressed Patients
Authors: Pilowsky I. , Boulton D. M.
Published: August 2008

In a previous paper (Pilowsky, Levine and Boulton, 1969) the classification of a group of 200 patients on the basis of their responses to a depression questionnaire and certain other attributes was described. The classification was carried out by using a form of numerical taxonomy based on information theory (Wallace and Boulton, 1968). By this technique the 200 patients were grouped into three classes, labelled A, B and C. Class A was regarded as a mixed group of ‘reactive’ depressions, Class B corresponded to ‘endogenous' depression and Class C comprised a non-depressive group.
Basic Psychoanalytic Concepts: III. Transference
Authors: Sandler J. , Dare C. , Holder A.
Published: August 2008

In a previous paper in this series (Sandier, Holder and Dare, 1970a) aspects of the doctor-patient relationship were discussed under the general heading of treatment alliance. It was pointed out that the concept included features which have been at times referred to as ‘transference’, and the purpose of the present paper is to consider some of the further meanings of the latter term.
Themes in a Therapeutic Community
Authors: Clark David H. , Myers Kenneth
Published: August 2008

Introduction The therapeutic community method of treatment was developed by Maxwell Jones at Belmont Hospital (Jones et al., 1952; Jones, 1954; Rapoport, 1960) for the treatment of psychopathic personalities. The method has been applied to an admission unit by Wilmer (1958) and to psychopathic personalities by Craft (1965). Clark (1964) has differentiated between ‘the therapeutic community approach’, of increased activity, freedom and responsibility for all patients in the hospital, and the ‘therapeutic community proper’, the small unit with face-to-face gatherings of all members, social analysis of events, opening of communications, flattening of the authority pyramid and blurring of roles.
Detection of Psychotomimetic N,N-Dimethylated Indoleamines in the Urine of Four Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Tanimukai Hiroshi , Ginther Rowena , Spaide Joanne , Bueno Joao R. , Himwich Harold E.
Published: August 2008

Pollin, Cardon and Kety (18) investigated the effects of large doses of various amino acids in combination with a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor on the behaviour of schizophrenics. They found that methionine in the presence of such an inhibitor was capable of producing behavioural changes which may ‘represent a biochemically induced acute flare-up of a chronic schizophrenic process on the one hand, or a toxic delirium superimposed upon chronic schizophrenia on the other’. Brune and Himwich (8) confirmed the clinical results of Pollinet al.On the basis of their previous work indicating that tryptamine appeared in increased concentrations in the urine before and during the activation of psychotic symptoms, they suggested that under loading conditions the formation of various N,N-dimethylated indoleamines might be facilitated in the body. The tertiary indoleamines so formed might mediate the psychotic effect of methionine with a MAO inhibitor on schizophrenic patients.
Sudden Religious Conversions in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Dewhurst Kenneth , Beard A. W.
Published: August 2008

The ‘religiosity’ of the epileptic has been recognized since the time of Esquirol (1838) and Morel (1860). These, and later French workers (including Marchand and Ajuriaguerra, 1948), have sought to explain the epileptic's religiosity as being the result of his disability, social isolation and his enhanced need for the consolation of religion. A specific conversion experience after a fit was reported by Howden (1872–73). The patient believed that he was in Heaven. He would appear to have been depersonalized, as it took three days for his body to be reunited with his soul. ‘He maintained that God had sent it to him as a means of conversion, that he was now a new man, and had never before known what true peace was…. He assured me that he was a converted man and that he was convinced he would have no more fits.’ Howden also reported on John Engellerecht who, after many years of depression, attempted suicide and appeared to die. After visiting Hell and Heaven, he cast off his depression, and acquired a state of religious ecstasy accompanied by visual and auditory hallucinations. Boven (1919) mentions a 14-year-old boy who after a seizure ‘saw the good God and the angels, and heard a celestial fanfare of music’. He regards the religiosity of the epileptic character as being due to experiences acquired in the course of an epileptic aura and in the subsequent confusional state. Eventually the patient becomes preoccupied with a cure which he believes depends entirely on God, and this belief is the basis of his euphoria. Boven stresses the intensified piety of the epileptic after a severe seizure.