bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From fatigued to fit: an investigation of the impact of physical exercise in the management of radiotherapy-induced fatigue in prostate cancer patients
Authors: Kelly Sarah , Shepherd Paul Henry , Flood Terri
Published: August 2020

Aim:

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of physical exercise in managing fatigue during radiotherapy for prostate cancer patients. It explores the impact of various physical exercise regimes and their role in the prevention and management of fatigue to help inform best practice.

Method:

A literature search was conducted on OVID Medline database with a follow-up search on google scholar to include relevant references found during the initial search. Relevant systematic reviews and randomised controlled trials (RCTs) arising from this search were reviewed.

Findings:

There is evidence to support the notion that physical exercise in all its forms is an effective and safe intervention for fatigue management for prostate cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Although widely studied, there is limited evidence of fatigue management strategies being clearly implemented into current radiotherapy practice for patients with prostate cancer. This information is essential to enable therapeutic radiographers to educate prostate cancer patients regarding effective exercise strategies and ensure that fatigue is managed optimally.

Conclusion:

Further research is required into the optimum physical exercise prescription to reduce radiation-induced fatigue, and standardised best practice guidelines should be developed nationally. A future move toward patient education into physical exercise and wellbeing should be a central component of the therapeutic radiographer role with specialist advice offered by review radiographers, empowering patients to become more physically active during treatment. Therapeutic radiographers have a unique opportunity to educate and promote physical exercise through a holistic wellbeing approach that aims to mitigate fatigue and improve quality of life.
Childhood trauma and suicidal ideation among Chinese university students: the mediating effect of Internet addiction and school bullying victimisation
Authors: Lu Li , Jian ShengYan , Dong Min , Gao Jie , Zhang TianTian , Chen XueQin , Zhang YuFang , Shen HongYi , Chen HongRu , Gai XiangYun , Liu Shou
Published: August 2020

Aims

The factors associated with suicidal ideation among adolescents have been extensively characterised, but the mechanisms underlying the complexities of the relationship between experiences of childhood trauma and suicidal ideation have been less studied. This study examined the direct effect of childhood trauma on suicidal ideation on the one hand and whether school bullying victimisation and Internet addiction mediate the association between childhood trauma and suicidal ideation on the other hand.

Methods

This school-based mental health survey was carried out in Qinghai Province in Northwest China in December 2019. We employed standardised questionnaires to collect sociodemographic and target mental health outcomes. Hierarchical multiple logistic regression and structural equation modelling were performed for the data analyses.

Results

This study included 5864 university students. The prevalence of lifetime suicidal ideation and Internet addiction were 34.7% and 21.4%, respectively. Overall, 16.4% and 11.4% of participants reported experiences of childhood trauma and school bullying victimisation, respectively. There were direct effects of childhood trauma, school bullying victimisation and Internet addiction on suicidal ideation. The total effect of childhood trauma on suicidal ideation was 0.201 (p< 0.001). School bullying victimisation and Internet addiction mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and suicidal ideation. Internet addiction played a mediating role between school bullying and suicidal ideation.

Conclusions

Childhood trauma had both direct and indirect effects on suicidal ideation; these effects were mediated by school bullying victimisation and Internet addiction in Chinese university students. Elucidating these relationships will therefore be useful in developing and implementing more targeted interventions and strategies to improve the mental well-being of Chinese university students.
Manual for a Better Medicine
Authors: Burton Christopher
Published: August 2020

One of the many achievements of Kate Brown's remarkable new book is to relocate the Chernobyl disaster and its official medicine internationally, but Manual for Survival also certainly illuminates the particularities of Soviet and post-Soviet medicine. The Soviet Union had a penchant for secret medicine with regard to radiation. Brown's readers learn early of Angelina Gus΄kova, who was the first expert in Moscow to be called by the accident-stricken staff at the reactor, had treated more patients with radiation sickness than anyone else in the world, and had written the Soviet manual on the subject. Yet she did this having been forbidden to ask any patient directly about their exposure.
H. pylori-assoziierte Gastritis: Diagnostik, Therapie und Nachsorge
Authors: Bionda Marion , Kapoglou Ioannis , Wiest Reiner
Published: August 2020

Zusammenfassung. Helicobacter pylori infiziert selektiv den menschlichen Magen und stellt die chronische Infektion mit weltweit höchster Prävalenz dar. Dabei verursacht H. pylori bei nahezu 100 % der Infizierten eine chronische Gastritis und ist die Hauptursache für die Entwicklung relevanter Erkrankungen wie die atrophe Gastritis, peptische Ulkuskrankheit und Magenkrebs (klassifiziert von der WHO als Klasse I Karzinogen). Aus diesem Grunde repräsentiert die Helicobacter-pylori-assoziierte Gastritis gesundheitsökonomisch ein «high-impact» Pathogen mit signifikanter Morbidität und Mortalität. In diesem Übersichtsartikel soll daher das Wesentliche zu Diagnostik, Therapie und Nachsorge dieser Entität zusammengefasst werden.
Compositional Heterogeneity of Impact Melt Rocks at the Haughton Impact Structure, Canada: Implications for Planetary Processes and Remote Sensing
Authors: Greenberger Rebecca N. , Ehlmann Bethany L. , Osinski Gordon R. , Tornabene Livio L. , Green Robert O.
Published: August 2020

Connecting the surface expression of impact crater‐related lithologies to planetary or regional subsurface compositions requires an understanding of material transport during crater formation. Here, we use imaging spectroscopy of six clast‐rich impact melt rock outcrops within the well‐preserved 23.5‐Ma, 23‐km diameter Haughton impact structure, Canada, to determine melt rock composition and spatial heterogeneity. We compare results from outcrop to outcrop, using clasts, groundmass, and integrated clast‐groundmass compositions as tracers of transport during crater‐fill melt rock formation and cooling. Supporting laboratory imaging spectroscopy analyses of 91 melt‐bearing breccia and clast samples and microscopic X‐ray fluorescence elemental mapping of cut samples paired with spectroscopy of identical surfaces validate outcrop‐scale lithological determinations. Results show different clast‐rich impact melt rock compositions at three sites kilometers apart and an inverse correlation between silica‐rich (sandstone, gneiss, and phyllosilicate‐rich shales) and gypsum‐rich rocks that suggests differences in source depth with location. In the target stratigraphy, gypsum is primarily sourced from ~1‐km depth, while gneiss is from >1.8‐km depth, sandstone from >1.3 km, and shales from ~1.6–1.7 km. Observed heterogeneities likely result from different excavation depths coupled with rapid quenching of the melt due to high content of cool clasts. Results provide quantitative constraints for numerical models of impact structure formation and give new details on melt rock heterogeneity important in interpreting mission data and planning sample return of impactites, particularly for bodies with impacts into sedimentary and volatile‐bearing targets, e.g., Mars and Ceres.
Coupling Mars Ground and Orbital Views: Generate Viewsheds of Mastcam Images From the Curiosity Rover, Using ArcGIS® and Public Datasets
Authors: Nachon M. , Borges S. , Ewing R. C. , Rivera‐Hernández F. , Stein N. , Van Beek J. K.
Published: August 2020

The Mastcam (Mast Camera) instrument onboard the NASA Curiosity rover provides an exclusive view of Mars: High‐resolution color images from Mastcam allow users to study Gale crater's geologic terrains along Curiosity's path. These ground observations complement the spatially broader views of Gale crater provided by spacecrafts from orbit. However, for a given Mastcam image, it can be challenging to locate the corresponding terrains on the orbital view. No method for locating Mastcam images onto orbital images had been made publicly available. The procedure presented here allows users to generate Mastcam image viewsheds, using ArcGIS® software, its built‐in Viewshed tool®, and public Mars datasets. This procedure locates onto Mars orbital view the terrains that are observed in a given Mastcam image. Because this procedure uses public datasets, it is applicable to available Mastcam images and to the future ones that will be acquired along the Curiosity rover's path. This procedure can be used by the public to assess scientific questions regarding Martian surface processes and geologic history. In addition, this procedure can be utilized as pedagogic GIS material by the Geosciences or Planetary Sciences communities, for enhancing students' skillsets in GIS and provide students with experience working with datasets from both orbiter and rover Mars missions.
Understanding Earthquakes Caused by Hydraulic Fracturing
Authors: Schultz Ryan
Published: August 2020

A better understanding of how earthquakes are caused by hydraulic fracturing is an important part of building better practices to manage and mitigate their risks.
Effects of Low‐Velocity Fault Damage Zones on Long‐Term Earthquake Behaviors on Mature Strike‐Slip Faults
Authors: Thakur Prithvi , Huang Yihe , Kaneko Yoshihiro
Published: August 2020

Mature strike‐slip faults are usually surrounded by a narrow zone of damaged rocks characterized by low seismic wave velocities. Observations of earthquakes along such faults indicate that seismicity is highly concentrated within this fault damage zone. However, the long‐term influence of the fault damage zone on complete earthquake cycles, that is, years to centuries, is not well understood. We simulate aseismic slip and dynamic earthquake rupture on a vertical strike‐slip fault surrounded by a fault damage zone for a thousand‐year timescale using fault zone material properties and geometries motivated by observations along major strike‐slip faults. The fault damage zone is approximated asan elastic layer with lower shear wave velocity than the surrounding rock. We find that dynamic wave reflections, whose characteristics are strongly dependent on the width and the rigidity contrast of the fault damage zone, have a prominent effect on the stressing history of the fault. The presence of elastic damage can partially explain the variability in the earthquake sizes and hypocenter locations along a single fault, which vary with fault damage zone depth, width and rigidity contrast from the host rock. The depth extent of the fault damage zone has a pronounced effect on the earthquake hypocenter locations, and shallower fault damage zones favor shallower hypocenters with a bimodal distribution of seismicity along depth. Our findings also suggest significant effects on the hypocenter distribution when the fault damage zone penetrates to the nucleation sites of earthquakes, likely being influenced by both lithological (material) and rheological (frictional) boundaries.
Variations of TEC Over Iberian Peninsula in 2015 Due to Geomagnetic Storms and Solar Flares
Authors: Morozova A. L. , Barlyaeva T. V. , Barata T.
Published: August 2020

The total electron content (TEC) over the Iberian Peninsula was studied using data from two locations obtained both by Global Navigation Satellite System receivers and an ionosonde. The principal component analysis applied to the TEC data allowed us to extract two main modes. Each mode is characterized by a daily TEC variation of a certain type (principal component [PC]) and its amplitude for each of the studied days (given by the empirical orthogonal functions [EOFs]). The variations of these modes as well as the original TEC data were studied in relation to four strongest geomagnetic storms of 2015 and three geomagnetic disturbances of lower amplitude observed during the same months. EOFs were found to correlate well with space weather parameters characterizing solar UV and XR fluxes, number of the solar flares, parameters of the solar wind, and geomagnetic indices. Multiple regression models were constructed to fit EOFs using combinations of the space weather parameters with a lag from 0 to 2 days. Combining the regression models of EOFs with the corresponding PCs, we reconstructed TEC variations as a function of space weather parameters observed in previous days. The possibility to use such reconstructions for the TEC forecasting was also studied.
Protracted Shearing at Midcrustal Conditions During Large‐Scale Thrusting in the Scandinavian Caledonides
Authors: Giuntoli Francesco , Menegon Luca , Warren Clare J. , Darling James , Anderson Mark W.
Published: August 2020

During continental collision, large tracts of crust are mobilized along major shear zones. The metamorphic conditions at which these zones operate, the duration of thrusting, and the deformation processes that facilitated hundreds of km of tectonic transport are still unclear. In the Scandinavian Caledonides, the Lower Seve Nappe displays a main mylonitic foliation with thickness of ~1 km. This foliation is overprinted by a brittle‐to‐ductile deformation pattern localized in C‐ and C′‐type shear bands proximal to the tectonic contact with the underlying Särv Nappe. Thermobarometry of amphibolites and micaschists suggests a first high‐pressure stage at 400–500°C and 1–1.3 GPa recorded in mineral relics. The main mylonitic foliation developed under epidote amphibolite facies conditions along the retrograde path from 600°C and 1 GPa to 500°C and 0.5 GPa. Age dating of synkinematic titanite grains in the amphibolites indicates that this mylonitic fabric formed at around 417 ± 9 Ma but older ages spanning 460–430 Ma could represent earlier stages of mylonitization. The shear bands developed at lower metamorphic conditions of 300–400°C and ~0.3 GPa. In the micaschists, the recrystallized grain size of quartz decreases toward the shear bands. Monomineralic quartz layers are eventually dismembered to form polyphase aggregates deforming by dominant grain size sensitive creep accompanied by slip in muscovite and chlorite. Plagioclase zoning truncations suggest that the shear bands originated by fracturing followed by ductile deformation. The results suggest protracted and long‐lasting shearing under amphibolite to greenschist facies conditions during the juxtaposition, stacking, and exhumation of the Lower Seve Nappe.
Broccoli extract increases drug-mediated cytotoxicity towards cancer stem cells of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Elkashty Osama A. , Tran Simon D.
Published: August 2020

Background

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are malignant neoplasms with poor prognosis. Treatment-resistant cancer stem cell (CSC) is one reason for treatment failure. Considerable attention has been focused on sulforaphane (SF), a phytochemical from broccoli possessing anticancer properties. We investigated whether SF could enhance the chemotherapeutic effects of cisplatin (CIS) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) against HNSCC–CSCs, and its mechanisms of action.

Methods

CD44+/CD271+FACS-isolated CSCs from SCC12 and SCC38 human cell lines were treated with SF alone or combined with CIS or 5-FU. Cell viability, colony- and sphere-forming ability, apoptosis, CSC-related gene and protein expression and in vivo tumour growth were assessed. Safety of SF was tested on non-cancerous stem cells and in vivo.

Results

SF reduced HNSCC–CSC viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Combining SF increased the cytotoxicity of CIS twofold and 5-FU tenfold, with no effects on non-cancerous stem cell viability and functions. SF-combined treatments inhibited CSC colony and sphere formation, and tumour progression in vivo. Potential mechanisms of action included the stimulation of caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway, inhibition of SHH pathway and decreased expression of SOX2 and OCT4.

Conclusions

Combining SF allowed lower doses of CIS or 5-FU while enhancing these drug cytotoxicities against HNSCC–CSCs, with minimal effects on healthy cells.
Transcriptome sequencing supports a conservation of macrophage polarization in fish
Authors: Wentzel Annelieke S. , Petit Jules , van Veen Wouter G. , Fink Inge Rosenbek , Scheer Marleen H. , Piazzon M. Carla , Forlenza Maria , Spaink Herman P. , Wiegertjes Geert F.
Published: August 2020

Mammalian macrophages can adopt polarization states that, depending on the exact stimuli present in their extracellular environment, can lead to very different functions. Although these different polarization states have been shown primarily for macrophages of humans and mice, it is likely that polarized macrophages with corresponding phenotypes exist across mammals. Evidence of functional conservation in macrophages from teleost fish suggests that the same, or at least comparable polarization states should also be present in teleosts. However, corresponding transcriptional profiles of marker genes have not been reported thus far. In this study we confirm that macrophages from common carp can polarize into M1- and M2 phenotypes with conserved functions and corresponding transcriptional profiles compared to mammalian macrophages. Carp M1 macrophages show increased production of nitric oxide and a transcriptional profile with increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators, includingil6, il12andsaa. Carp M2 macrophages show increased arginase activity and a transcriptional profile with increased anti-inflammatory mediators, includingcyr61,timp2bandtgm2b. Our RNA sequencing approach allowed us to list, in an unbiased manner, markers discriminating between M1 and M2 macrophages of teleost fish. We discuss the importance of our findings for the evaluation of immunostimulants for aquaculture and for the identification of gene targets to generate transgenic zebrafish for detailed studies on M1 and M2 macrophages. Above all, we discuss the striking degree of evolutionary conservation of macrophage polarization in a lower vertebrate.
A bifunctional DNA probe for sensing pH and microRNA using a nanopore
Authors: Zhang Yun , Song Peng , Guo Bingyuan , Hao Wenying , Liu Lei , Wu Hai-Chen
Published: August 2020

We have developed a bifunctional probe based on triplex molecular beacons for the measurement of environmental pH and quantification of microRNA-10b using a nanopore.
Ru(ii)-Catalyzed and acidity-controlled tunable [5+1]/[5+2] annulation for building ring-fused quinazolines and 1,3-benzodiazepines
Authors: Yang Yurong , Zhang Kaixin , Yang Jian , Zhu Guoxun , Chen Weijie , Zhang Chao , Zhou Zhi , Yi Wei
Published: August 2020

Ru(ii)-Catalyzed and acidity-controlled tunable [5+1]/[5+2] annulation for the divergent synthesis of ring-fused quinazolines and 1,3-benzodiazepines has been developed.
High electron mobility single-crystalline ZnSnN2on ZnO (0001) substrates
Authors: Gogova D. , Olsen V. S. , Bazioti C. , Lee I.-H. , Prytz Ø. , Vines L. , Kuznetsov A. Yu.
Published: August 2020

Making a systematic effort, we have developed single-crystalline ZnSnN2on ZnO (0001) by reactive magnetron co-sputtering.
Removal of H2S to produce hydrogen in the presence of CO on a transition metal-doped ZSM-12 catalyst: a DFT mechanistic study
Authors: Mudchimo Tanabat , Kamchompoo Suparada , Injongkol Yuwanda , Rattanawan Rattanawalee , Kungwan Nawee , Jungsuttiwong Siriporn
Published: August 2020

The Cu–ZSM-12 catalyst is the most promising catalyst for H2S removal together with producing hydrogen gas (a potentially useful fuel), with kinetically and thermodynamically favorable at ambient condition.
CuICuII and AgIp-isocyanobenzoates as novel 1D semiconducting coordination oligomers
Authors: Reguera Leslie , Cano Arely , Rodríguez-Hernández Joelis , Rivera Daniel G. , Van der Eycken Erik V. , Ramírez-Rosales Daniel , Reguera Edilso
Published: August 2020

Novel CuICuII and AgI 1D coordination oligomers based on the μ-η1:η1-p-isocyanobenzoate ligand form microfibers with interesting semiconducting properties.
Supported heterogeneous nanocatalysts in sustainable, selective and eco-friendly epoxidation of olefins
Authors: Sharma Anuj S. , Sharma Vinay S. , Kaur Harjinder , Varma Rajendra S.
Published: August 2020

A review on sustainable and selective epoxidation carried out using supported metal nanocatalysts has been explored.
Nitric oxide-dependent biodegradation of graphene oxide reduces inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Peng Guotao , Montenegro Marcelo F. , Ntola Chifundo N. M. , Vranic Sandra , Kostarelos Kostas , Vogt Carmen , Toprak Muhammet S. , Duan Tianbo , Leifer Klaus , Bräutigam Lars , Lundberg Jon O. , Fadeel Bengt
Published: August 2020

Graphene oxide (GO) undergoes nitric oxide (NO)-dependent degradation leading to reduced infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) in the GI tract.
The transcription factor USF1 promotes glioma cell invasion and migration by activating lncRNA HAS2-AS1
Authors: Wang Juntong , Gu Jingshun , You Aiwu , Li Jun , Zhang Yuyan , Rao Guomin , Ge Xuehua , Zhang Kun , Li Jianfeng , Liu Xiaohui , Wang Qianchao , Lin Ting , Cheng Ling , Zhu Mengjiao , Wu Xiaotang , Wang Dongchun
Published: August 2020

Objective: The role of lncRNAs in tumor has been widely concerned. The present study took HAS2-AS1 (the antisense RNA 1 of HAS2) as a starting point to explore its expression in glioma and its role in the process of migration and invasion, providing a strong theoretical basis for mining potential therapeutic targets of glioma.

Methods: Clinical data of glioma were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and differentially expressed lncRNAs were analyzed by edgeR. The hTFtarget database was used to predict the upstream transcription factors of HAS2-AS1 and the JASPAR website was used to predict the binding sites of human upstream transcription factor 1 (USF1) and HAS2-AS1. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expressions of HAS2-AS1 and USF1 in glioma tissues and cell lines. The effects of silencing HAS2-AS1 on the migration and invasion of cancer cells were verified by wound healing and Transwell invasion assays. The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and dual luciferase reporter assays were applied to demonstrate the binding of USF1 and HAS2-AS1 promoter region. Western blot was used to detect the expressions of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins.

Results: HAS2-AS1 was highly expressed in glioma tissues and cells, and was significantly associated with poor prognosis. Silencing HAS2-AS1 expression inhibited glioma cell migration, invasion and EMT. USF1 was highly expressed in glioma and positively correlated with HAS2-AS1. The transcription of HAS2-AS1 was activated by USF1 via binding to HAS2-AS1 promoter region, consequently potentiating the invasion and migration abilities of glioma cells.

Conclusion: These results suggested that the transcription factor USF1 induced up-regulation of lncRNA HAS2-AS1 and promoted glioma cell invasion and migration.
Generalistik – was ändert sich in den Ausbildungsbetrieben?
Authors: Wilhelm Tina
Published: August 2020

Mit dem Inkrafttreten des neuen Pflegeberufegesetzes stehen Ausbildungsstätten für pflegerische Berufe vor der Herausforderung, die „neue“ generalistische Pflegeausbildung umzusetzen. Wie die pflegerische Ausbildung zukünftig gestaltet werden kann, wird im folgenden Beitrag erläutert. Dabei werden die Möglichkeiten für Interessenten der Kinderkrankenpflege beispielhaft betrachtet.
Risikofaktoren beim Intensivtransport
Authors: Wiegmann Katharina
Published: August 2020

Wartezeiten zum Lernen nutzen – das ist die Idee der One Minute Wonder. Wir stellen in loser Reihe OMWs zu verschiedenen Themen vor.
Otodectes cynotis bei der Katze – Therapie mit ätherischen Ölen
Authors: Thoonsen Yvonne
Published: August 2020

Die Anwendung von ätherischen Ölen bei Katzen und Frettchen erfordert sehr viel Fingerspitzengefühl und Vorsicht, ist aber durchaus möglich. Selbst die für diese Tierarten eher „nicht geeigneten“ ätherischen Öle können bei ausreichend niedriger Konzentration, weiten Anwendungsintervallen und kurzer Behandlungsdauer zum Einsatz kommen. Als Trägersubstanz dienen fette Öle wie Johanniskraut- oder Kokosöl. Wie immer „macht auch hier die Dosis das Gift“. Nur Teebaumöl darf auf keinen Fall verwendet werden. Bei achtsamem Umgang können jedoch einige ätherische Öle auch bei streng karnivoren Spezies eine sichere, gut verträgliche Alternative darstellen.
Antiviral Medicinal Plants of Veterinary Importance: A Literature Review
Authors: Zitterl-Eglseer Karin , Marschik Tatiana
Published: August 2020

Viruses have a high mutation rate, and, thus, there is a continual emergence of new antiviral-resistant strains. Therefore, it becomes imperative to explore and develop new antiviral compounds continually. The search for pharmacological substances of plant origin that are effective against animal viruses, which have a high mortality rate or cause large economic losses, has garnered interest in the last few decades. This systematic review compiles 130 plant species that exhibit antiviral activity on 37 different virus species causing serious diseases in animals. The kind of extract, fraction, or compound exhibiting the antiviral activity and the design of the trial were particularly considered for review. The literature revealed details regarding plant species exhibiting antiviral activities against pathogenic animal virus species of the following families–Herpesviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Parvoviridae, Poxviridae, Nimaviridae, Coronaviridae, Reoviridae, and Rhabdoviridae–that cause infections, among others, in poultry, cattle, pigs, horses, shrimps, and fish. Overall, 30 plant species exhibited activity against various influenza viruses, most of them causing avian influenza. Furthermore, 30 plant species were noted to be active against Newcastle disease virus. In addition, regarding the pathogens most frequently investigated, this review provides a compilation of 20 plant species active against bovine herpesvirus, 16 against fowlpox virus, 12 against white spot syndrome virus in marine shrimps, and 10 against suide herpesvirus. Nevertheless, some plant extracts, particularly their compounds, are promising candidates for the development of new antiviral remedies, which are urgently required.
Balancing Altered Calcium Metabolism with Bone Health in Sarcoidosis
Authors: Zhou Ying , Lower Elyse E.
Published: August 2020

Abnormal calcium metabolism in sarcoidosis patients can lead to hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, and kidney stones. Hypercalcemia in sarcoidosis is usually due to increased activity of 1α-hydroxylase in macrophages of pulmonary granulomata, resulting in low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and high levels of calcitriol. Vitamin D supplementation may be dangerous for some sarcoidosis patients and is recommended only for those with decreased 25-hydroxyvitamin D and reduced or normal calcitriol level. Diagnosis, treatment of osteoporosis, and maintenance of bone health are complex issues for sarcoidosis patients. An approach to diagnosis and treatment of bone fragility is presented.
Sarcoidosis-Associated Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Huitema Marloes P. , Mathijssen Harold , Mager Johannes J. , Snijder Repke J. , Grutters Jan C. , Post Marco C.
Published: August 2020

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a well-known complication of sarcoidosis, defined by a mean pulmonary artery pressure of ≥25 mm Hg. Since both PH and sarcoidosis are rare diseases, data on sarcoidosis-associated PH (SAPH) is retrieved mostly from small retrospective studies. Estimated prevalence of SAPH ranges from 3% in patients referred to a tertiary center up to 79% in patients awaiting lung transplant. Most patients with SAPH show advanced parenchymal disease as the underlying mechanism. However, some patients have disproportional elevated pulmonary artery pressure, and PH can occur in sarcoidosis patients without parenchymal disease. Other mechanisms such as vascular disease, pulmonary embolisms, postcapillary PH, extrinsic compression, and other sarcoidosis-related comorbidities might contribute to SAPH. The diagnosis of PH in sarcoidosis is challenging since symptoms and signs overlap. Suspicion can be raised based on symptoms or tests, such as pulmonary function tests, laboratory findings, electrocardiography, or chest CT. PH screening mainly relies on transthoracic echocardiography. Right heart catheterization should be considered on a case-by-case basis in patients with clinical suspicion of PH, taking into account clinical consequences. Treatment options are considered on patient level in a PH expert center, and might include oxygen therapy, immunosuppressive, or PH-specific therapy. However, qualitative evidence is scarce. Furthermore, in a subset of patients, interventional therapy or eventually lung transplant can be considered. SAPH is associated with high morbidity. Mortality is higher in sarcoidosis patients with PH compared with those without PH, and increases in patients with more advanced stages of sarcoidosis and/or PH.
Debris and Smear Layer Removal from Oval Root Canals Comparing XP-Endo Finisher, EndoActivator, and Manual Irrigation: A SEM Evaluation
Authors: Alakshar Asmaa , Saleh Abdul Rahman Mohammed , Gorduysus Mehmet Omer
Published: August 2020

Objective This study aimed to assess and compare XP-Endo Finisher (XP) cleaning efficiency with respect to the amount of remaining debris and smear layer versus Max-I-Probe needle (CI), EndoActivator device (EA), and combination of XP-Endo Finisher file with EndoActivator device (XP+EA) in oval root canals.

Materials and Methods This in vitro study was performed on 36 extracted single root/canal mandibular premolars. Radiographic images were taken in buccolingual and mesiodistal projections to evaluate the shape of the root canal and determine whether it met exclusion criteria. All teeth were decoronated and prepared using Reciproc (R40). The samples were divided randomly into four groups: CI, EA, XP, and XP + EA. The root canals were irrigated with 5 mL of 17% EDTA and 2.5% NaOCl, respectively. Apart from the CI group, both solutions were activated by using the tested techniques for 1 minute.

The teeth were split longitudinally, and the best visible identified sections of the roots were used as the representing samples for scanning electron microscope (SEM) evaluation. Each half was divided into the following three parts: 1 mm from the anatomic apex and a standardized photomicrograph with 500x and 1500x magnifications for debris and smear layer were obtained. A five-grade scoring system was utilized to quantify the results at the coronal, middle, and apical regions. Statistical analysis was performed by using the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests.

Results Group differences in debris and smear layer scores were found statistically significant for all locations as well as for overall assessment, except for the coronal third. Intragroup comparison of debris and smear layer in CI, EA, and XP had the minimum score at the middle third, with no significant difference compared with the coronal and apical thirds. XP + EA had less debris and smear layer score at the coronal third, significantly different from apical third.

CI and EA had less debris and smear layer compared with XP and XP + EA at all locations with a significant difference at the middle and apical third (p < 0.05).

Conclusion EA and CI showed less debris and smear layer than XP and XP + EA in the middle and apical third. The use of the XP in conjunction with the present irrigation protocol failed to have debris-free dentin surface in the apical portion of most of the root canals.
Study of the Clinical Efficiency of an Interdisciplinary Approach to the Treatment of Orofacial Pain and Temporomandibular Joint Disorders in Patients with Complete or Partial Edentulism
Authors: Dzalaeva Fatima , Chikunov Sergey , Bykova Marina , Deev Mikhail , Okromelidze Mariami
Published: August 2020

Objective The aim of this study is to improve the safety and efficiency of prosthodontic treatment of patients with dental defects. It is necessary to perform a comprehensive assessment of the dentofacial system disorders, including the analysis of the features of pain manifestations. This study also supports to improve the efficiency of prosthodontic rehabilitation of patients with complete dental reconstruction on the basis of an assessment of the severity of orofacial pain manifestations.

Materials and Methods The study was a single-site prospective open nonrandomized study with the examination and treatment of 452 patients (age = 44.3 ± 15.2 years, including 282 men and 170 women) with partial or total edentulism. The patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (control) of 218 patients treated with a standard prosthodontic approach and group 2 (study) of 234 patients treated which the proposed interdisciplinary approach to prosthodontic rehabilitation.

Results  The study establishes higher safety and clinical efficiency of the proposed interdisciplinary approach. The patients undergoing full-mouth reconstruction with the use of the interdisciplinary approach demonstrated statistically significant decrease in the rate of pain in muscles of the maxillofacial area on palpation, pain, and spasms in the neck area, statistically significantly less frequent pains in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) during chewing, pain during opening and closing the mouth.

Conclusion The application of the developed comprehensive approach to prosthodontic rehabilitation planning makes it possible to improve essentially the results of treatment at the expense of reduction of pain manifestations in the area of maxillofacial muscles and pain sensations associated with functioning of the TMJ.
A Brief History of Audiology at Mayo Clinic
Authors: Olsen Wayne O. , Rose Darrelle E. , Hedgecock LeRoy D.
Published: August 2020

Audiometric hearing tests were conducted at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester at the beginning of the 1930s. The list price for one of its audiometers at that time was $3,500, which translates into approximately $37,000 in 2003 currency. Physicians and residents in training were responsible for conducting hearing tests in the 1930s and 1940s. In the early 1940s a registered nurse was trained as an audiometrist to assist for some of the audiometric testing. The first "consulting audiologist" at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester was hired in 1949, early in the development of audiology as a profession. Growth in demand for audiologic services for larger numbers of patients and in the variety of services provided to them led to marked increases in personnel, space, and specialization over the years. En la Clínica Mayo en Rochester, se Ilevaron a cabo estudios auditivos desde el inicio de la década de los treintas. El precio de lista, en ese momento, de uno de sus audiómetros fue de $ 3.500, que corresponde en el año 2003 a cerca de $37.000. Los médicos y los residentes en entrenamiento eran responsables de conducir estas pruebas auditivas en los treintas y cuarentas. A inicios de la década de los cuarentas se entrenó una enfermera graduada como audiometrista, para que ayudara en la elaboración de estas evaluaciones audiométricas. El primer "audiólogo consultor" en la Clinica Mayo de Rochester fue contratado en 1949, en etapas tempranas del desarrollo de la audiología como profesión. Un incremento en la demanda de servicios audiológicos para un número mayor de pacientes y un incremento en la variedad de servicios ofrecidos a ellos, Ilevó con los años a un marcado aumento en el personal, en el espacio de trabajo y en la especialización.
Clinical Observations with Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions at Mayo Clinic
Authors: Robinette Martin S.
Published: August 2020

Clinical applications of transient evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE) measures began in 1989 at Mayo Clinic Rochester. Normative data indicates: a) greater TEOAE level for women and right ears beginning in the teen years, b) mean TEOAE levels remain relatively stable through the first seven decades of life, c) between subject EOAE level variability for normal hearing adults is high (up to about 30 dB) while within subject variability is low (about 4 dB), suggesting EOAEs should not be used to estimate pure-tone thresholds but are valuable in monitoring hearing status. Good frequency specificity of TEOAEs is demonstrated across high frequency hearing loss. Examples of TEOAEs in differential diagnosis are provided for cases of sudden hearing loss, auditory neuropathy and eighth nerve tumors including pre and post operative testing assessing changes in auditory function related to surgical procedures. Finally, our experience with TEOAEs in newborn hearing screening is described.
Double Checking the Cross-Check Principle
Authors: Turner Robert G.
Published: August 2020

The cross-check principle was proposed by Jerger and Hayes over 20 years ago. Actually, the cross-check principle consists of a concept and a specific test protocol. The concept, that one test result confirms another test result, is still in use. Their specific protocol is essentially forgotten. The cross-check protocol they described, however, differs from more traditional test protocols. From the design of their cross-check protocol we can extract two unique testing strategies. The first strategy requires agreement between both tests before a decision can be made. This strategy can significantly improve testing performance; however, the "cost" of this strategy is a population of individuals for whom no decision is possible because the two tests disagree. The cross-check protocol uses a third test when the first two tests disagree, Essentially, the cross-check protocol employs an intermediate criterion, the second unusual strategy. Somewhat surprisingly, this intermediate criterion has the ability to simultaneously increase protocol hit rate and decrease protocol false alarm rate relative that of the individual tests in the protocol. The more traditional protocol criteria cannot do this. Each strategy offers some interesting and important advantages and should be considered by audiologists when using multiple tests.
Acoustic Analysis of Speech through a Hearing Aid: Perceptual Effects of Changes with Two-Channel Compression
Authors: Hickson Louise , Thyer Nick
Published: August 2020

Compression amplification significantly alters the acoustic speech signal in comparison to linear amplification. The central hypothesis of the present study was that the compression settings of a two-channel aid that best preserved the acoustic properties of speech compared to linear amplification would yield the best perceptual results, and that the compression settings that most altered the acoustic properties of speech compared to linear would yield significantly poorer speech perception. On the basis of initial acoustic analysis of the test stimuli recorded through a hearing aid, two different compression amplification settings were chosen for the perceptual study. Participants were 74 adults with mild to moderate sensorineural hearing impairment. Overall, the speech perception results supported the hypothesis. A further aim of the study was to determine if variation in participants' speech perception with compression amplification (compared to linear amplification) could be explained by the individual characteristics of age, degree of loss, dynamic range, temporal resolution, and frequency selectivity; however, no significant relationships were found.
Early Detection of Ototoxicity Using 1/6th-Octave Steps
Authors: Fausti Stephen A. , Helt Wendy J. , Phillips David S. , Gordon Jane S. , Bratt Gene W. , Sugiura Karen M. , Noffsinger Douglas
Published: August 2020

The National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research has developed a protocol to provide early identification of ototoxicity for patients receiving ototoxic medications. The initial work involved patients with relatively good high-frequency hearing and resulted in the use of an individualized, sensitive frequency range separated by 1/16th-octave intervals. This protocol tested puretone frequencies at 1/6th-octave steps above 9 kHz, but only conventional audiometric frequencies were tested below 9 kHz. More recently, the testing protocol was expanded to include 1/6th-octave testing below 9 kHz. The primary question of interest was to determine whether adding 1/16th-octave test frequencies below 9 kHz would increase the ototoxicity detection rate for patients with poorer hearing. Results indicated 76 of the 210 (36.2%) ears that demonstrated initial ototoxic hearing change would have been missed or detected later if only conventional frequency testing was conducted. Therefore, for individuals with poorer hearing, expanding the use of the 1/16th-octave test protocol provides earlier identification of ototoxicity.
Hearing Loss and Hearing Handicap in Users of Recreational Firearms
Authors: Stewart Michael , Pankiw Rebecca , Lehman Mark E. , Simpson Thomas H.
Published: August 2020

This investigation sought to establish the prevalence of hearing loss and hearing handicap in a population of 232 recreational firearm users. Hearing handicap was calculated based on four methods using pure-tone threshold data from the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, and American Speech-Language and Hearing Association in addition to the self-report Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults-Screener (HHIA-S). Subjects (45 female and 187 male) ranging in age from 13 to 77 years (mean = 40 years, SD = 15.1) completed a short questionnaire regarding demographics and shooting practices followed by pure-tone air audiometry at Occupational Safety and Health Administration test frequencies of 500 to 6000 Hz. A total of 177 who exhibited varying degrees of hearing loss also received a face-to-face administration of the HHIA-S. Audiometric and HHIA-S results revealed that both high-frequency hearing loss and hearing handicap varied significantly as functions of age and occupation. Significant gender effects were observed audiometrically but not as a function of hearing handicap. HHIA-S scores varied significantly as a function of high-frequency (1000–4000 Hz) hearing loss. Correlation coefficients between the four different pure-tone methods of calculating hearing handicap and the self-reported HHIA-S were highest for pure-tone methods that do not employ 500 Hz in the calculation.
Sources of the Scalp-Recorded Amplitude-Modulation Following Response
Authors: Kuwada Shigeyuki , Anderson Julia S. , Batra Ranjan , Fitzpatrick Douglas C. , Teissier Natacha , D'Angelo William R.
Published: August 2020

The scalp-recorded amplitude-modulation following response (AMFR)” is gaining recognition as an objective audiometric tool, but little is known about the neural sources that underlie this potential. We hypothesized, based on our human studies and single-unit recordings in animals, that the scalp-recorded AMFR reflects the interaction of multiple sources. We tested this hypothesis using an animal model, the unanesthetized rabbit. We compared AMFRs recorded from the surface of the brain at different locations and before and after the administration of agents likely to enhance or suppress neural generators. We also recorded AMFRs locally at several stations along the auditory neuraxis. We conclude that the surface-recorded AMFR is indeed a composite response from multiple brain generators. Although the response at any modulation frequency can reflect the activity of more than one generator, the AMFRs to low and high modulation frequencies appear to reflect a strong contribution from cortical and subcortical sources, respectively.
Prevalence and 5-Year Incidence of Tinnitus among Older Adults: The Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study
Authors: Nondahl David M. , Cruickshanks Karen J. , Wiley Terry L. , Klein Ronald , Klein Barbara E. K. , Tweed Ted S.
Published: August 2020

Tinnitus (ringing or buzzing in the ear or head) can range from barely noticeable to debilitating. Although a few studies have estimated the prevalence of this condition in adult populations, we know of no population-based estimates of incidence. As part of a population-based study of hearing loss in adults aged 48 to 92 years at baseline in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, self-reported data on tinnitus were obtained at the baseline examination (1993–1995; N = 3753) and again 5 years later (1998–2000; N = 2800). A person was classified as having tinnitus if their tinnitus was at least moderate in severity or caused difficulty in falling asleep. The prevalence of tinnitus at baseline was 8.2 percent. The 5-year incidence of tinnitus among the 2513 participants at risk was 5.7 percent. Risk factors for prevalent and incident tinnitus were evaluated. The results suggest that tinnitus is a common problem for older adults and is associated with some modifiable risk factors.
Auditory Brainstem Response, Middle Latency Response, and Late Cortical Evoked Potentials in Children with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Purdy Suzanne C. , Kelly Andrea S. , Davies Merren G.
Published: August 2020

Auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) and behavioral tests were used to evaluate auditory processing in 10 children aged 7 to 11 years who were diagnosed as learning disabled (LD). AEPs included auditory brainstem responses (ABRs), middle latency responses (MLRs), and late cortical responses (P1, N1, P2, P3). Late cortical responses were recorded using an active listening oddball procedure. Auditory processing disorders were suspected in the LD children after a psychologist found phonologic processing and auditory memory problems. A control group of 10 age- and gender-matched children with no hearing or reported learning difficulties was also tested. Teacher ratings of classroom listening and SCAN Competing Words and Staggered Spondaic Word scores were poorer in the LD children. There were minor ABR latency differences between the two groups. Wave Na of the MLR was later and Nb was smaller in the LD group. The main differences in cortical responses were that P1 was earlier and P3 was later and smaller in the LD group.
Handedness Effects on Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions in Schoolchildren
Authors: Driscoll Carlie , Kei Joseph , McPherson Bradley
Published: August 2020

Handedness, as a potentially influencing, nonpathologic factor, has not been investigated in relation to transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs). The present study aimed to examine the effects of handedness on the TEOAE spectrum in entry-level schoolchildren, with attention also to possible ear asymmetry. A total of 228 subjects (114 males, 114 females, mean age = 6.3 years) were tested using the ILO292 Otodynamics Analyzer (Quickscreen mode) in quiet rooms in 22 schools. For statistical analysis, subjects were matched for factors such as handedness, gender, age, and history of recent ear infection. The results from subjects with passing TEOAE, pure-tone screening, and tympanometry revealed no significant handedness effect overall, although a significant ear asymmetry effect on the measurement parameters of AB difference, noise level, response level, whole-wave reproducibility, band reproducibility, and signal-to-noise ratios was found.