bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How to Identify Innovative Grammatical Constructions
Authors: Gildea Spike
Published: November 2023

This chapter lays the theoretical groundwork for the hypothesis to be defended in this book. Grammaticalization theory has advanced rapidly in recent years, with a number of recent books discussing the creation of grammar from different perspectives. This chapter does not offer a summary of the recent work in grammaticalization theory, but rather it applies selected insights from various works directly to the questions at hand: first, how can you recognize innovative grammar in a given synchronic language, and second, given appropriate comparative information, how can you reconstruct innovative grammatical constructions to their etymological sources? Although I believe my use of grammatical terminology falls within the mainstream tradition of functional-typological linguistics (cf. Comrie 1981; Giv6n 1984, 1990; Shopen 1985), given the variation in terminology endemic to modern linguistics, I begin by introducing my own use of grammatical terminology.
Set I as Conservative and the Rest as Innovative
Authors: Gildea Spike
Published: November 2023

Chapter 2 summarizes the primary identifying characteristics of the seven different verbal systems, shows how the systems distribute themselves in modern Cariban languages, and points out that the number of logically possible scenarios that could give rise to such a distribution is huge. Chapter 3 presents the basic principles of grammaticalization theory to guide an investigation into the origins of these systems. In this chapter, I return to the distributional data with the guidance of these principles and sketch out the arguments that will be supported in parts II and III of this book. The pattern of evidence is conclusive: Set I must be reconstructed to Proto-Carib as a verbal system, and all of the rest are more recently reanalyzed from deverbal forms in various types of predicate nominal constructions. In 4.1 I summarize the patterns of evidence. In 4.2 I argue for the hypothesis that Set I is the oldest of the systems; since my hypothesis contradicts an alternative hypothesis offered in other published work on the language family, I review the arguments given in support of the alternative hypothesis and point out the flaws and gaps.
The Morphosyntax of Proto-Carib Nominalizations
Authors: Gildea Spike
Published: November 2023

Most nominalizers in Cariban languages are suffixes. I illustrate the forms of the suffixes in section 7.1, then show the ergative morphosyntax of nominalized clauses in 7.2. In 7.3 I discuss the lone exception to the generalizations given in 7.1 and 7.2, nominalizations formed with the idiosyncratic O nominalizing prefix*n-(mentioned in 4.3.2). Although there are many nominalizing suffixes, only a small subset is relevant for the discussion in this study, that is, those that evolve into Set II TAM markers or are components in complex innovative TAM morphology. These suffixes are *-ri Action Nominalizer’; *-tupu-ru ‘O or Action Nominalizer, Past Tense’; *topo ‘Place/ Instrument nominalizer’; -ne’A Nominalizer’; and *-sapo ‘O Nominalizer, Completive’. These forms are reconstructed based on the cognate sets in table 7.1.
Reanalysis, Typology, Classification, and Fieldwork
Authors: Gildea Spike
Published: November 2023

At this point, the various arguments in favor of the hypothesis have been presented, and the exposition and synthesis of the comparative data are also completed. In this final chapter, I present some brief remarks on how the innovations in modern Cariban grammar can shed light on a number of current issues in linguistics, including reanalysis and actualization (15.1); the semantic connection between the type of source nominalizer and the type of the resultant TAM value (15.2); Cariban counterexamples to two putative universals of split ergativity (15.3 and 15.4); the value of grammatical evidence for genetic classification of the Cariban language family (15.5); and finally, some remarks about the pressing need for more-and more detailed-fieldwork on Cariban languages (15.6).
Introduction and Overview
Authors: Earley P Christopher
Published: November 2023

In a recent Larry King Live interview on CNN ( June 24, 1996), a caller asked the night’s guest, Ted Koeppel, host of ABC’s Nightline news show, what Koeppel’s most emotional reaction to a story happened to be during the more than 15 years that Nightline had been on the air. After a few moments of reflection, Koepzpel said that a simple but poignant story illustrated his emotional moment. A number of years earlier, Koeppel had interviewed an 18-year-old, Eurasian woman who had recently come to the United States from her homeland of Thailand.
Implementing Information Ecology
Authors: Davenport Thomas H , Prusak Laurence
Published: November 2023

Chances are you haven’t ever thought about the subject of information use in quite this fashion. You may be wondering, “What has to happen in order for the ecological approach to thrive?” “What will it feel like if I’m successful?” “What if I fail?” These are all valid-if anxiety-producingquestions. In this concluding chapter, I’ll bring the visionary aspects of information ecology down to earth, focusing on the most pragmatic ways to rethink information management. Then I’ll wind up with a story about what an ideal information ecology can accomplish-how a fictional company might put into practice many of the specific initiatives I’ve discussed here.
Self-Regulation in Broker-Dealer Firms
Authors: Mccaffrey David P , Hart David W
Published: November 2023

Broker-dealer firms in the U.S. securities industry-firms like Merrill Lynch, PaineWebber, Goldman Sachs, and Salomon Smith Barney-sell brokerge and investment banking services and trade for their own accounts. A three-tiered regulatory system governs the industry under federal securities laws. Basically, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) oversees self-regulatory organizations (SROs) such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD) but has the authority to control the SROs directly if required. The SROs oversee, and similarly can set rules for, the broker-dealers who are members of the SROs because they need access to the SROs’ markets. The SEC and the SROs rely heavily on the firms’ supervisory systems to prevent securities law violations on the grounds that the firms are in the best position to oversee their own operations. Firms may be fined, or worse, if their internal regulatory systems fail in some important way. This book examines how this regulatory system operates, the types of regulatory problems with which broker-dealer firms must deal, why some firms have more problems than others, and what the experience suggests about the conditions aiding and inhibiting effective self-regulation generally.
The Journal’s War
Authors: Procter Ben
Published: November 2023

Enrique Dupuy de Lome, the Spanish minister in Washington, had a difficult task representing his country, especially with the Journal and the World infecting the American public daily with an anti-Spanish virus. An experienced and dedicated diplomat, a proud, ‘chilling person;’ to some a “vision of [past] empire and faded glories,” he did not understand, and “had grown to hate” William McKinley-and therein lay his down fall.The president, in presenting his annual State of the Union message to Congress early in December, 1897, had devoted considerable space to U.S.Spanish relations regarding Cuba. Although detailing the history of the 1895 rebellion, its horrors and affronts to the civilized world, he advised caution and patience while being purposely vague in the administration’s recommendations. But de Lome, reacting badly to the message, wrote an indiscreet private letter to a friend. Within the next month Cuban spies in Havana intercepted his note and, realizing the explosive nature of the contents, sent it to the Cuban Junta in New York City, who exultantly offered a translated version to the press.
Political Activist
Authors: Procter Ben
Published: November 2023

In 1898, with the conclusion of what U.S. Ambassador to Britain John Hay called “a splendid little war;’ the American people basked-and reveled-in the resounding victory over Spain, in the wondrous glories of an emerging empire, in the triumphant applause for a vibrant New World democracy. The idea of Manifest Destiny, of American chauvinism and expansion, surely held sway. On July 7, 1898, President McKinley signed a measure that annexed the Hawaiian Islands, thereby extending American civilization and influence into the Pacific. Then, by the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898, the United States acquired even more territory. Spain agreed to relinquish Cuba, to cede Puerto Rico and an island in the Ladrones (ultimately Guam) to the United States, and to allow the Americans to occupy “the city, bay, and harbor of Manila” until some final disposition of the Philippines could be decided. And on February 6,1899, with the treaty ratified by the Senate, the United States officially became a world power. Hence, such key words as auty” and aestiny” seemed to characterize, to be emblematic 0£ American foreign policy, with the unfurling of “Old Glory” over foreign lands signifying an extension of democracy.
Running for President
Authors: Procter Ben
Published: November 2023

Beginning in 1901, William Randolph Hearst was fast approaching a crossroads in his life. Although the owner and editor-in-chief of four powerful newspapers in the United States, with a daily circulation approaching the two-million mark, he was, to a certain extent, at loose ends within the Hearst publishing empire. For the first time in fourteen years, since first rehabilitating the San Francisco Examiner in 1887, he had no specific duties, no all-encompassing routine. He had removed himself as the hands-on leader of the Morning Journal with the appointment of Arthur Brisbane to that position late in 1899. He had then applied his astounding energies and organizational talents to the election of a Democratic president in 1900, but to no avail. And he gradually realized, as the campaign continued to its inexorable conclusion, that no one, other than himself, would-or could-shoulder the domestic and foreign policies that he had advocated over the past two years and that were paramount, he believed, to the betterment of the United States and the American people.
Learning froin Experience
Authors: Hitt Michael A , Harrison Jeffrey S , Ireland R Duane
Published: November 2023

General Electric, through frequent acquisitions, has built a portfolio of businesses ranging from financial services to medical systems to aero­ space. In 1998 alone, GE completed 47 acquisitions, making it the most active acquirer of the year. I Among the deals were the $599 million purchase of UIS, the $897 million acquisition of Marquette Medical Systems, and the $500 million deal for Kemper Reinsurance. This was not an unusual year for GE. In 1997, the company also made 47 acquisitions.2 The relatively poor performance of conglomerates is well documented and understood. As we have detailed in this book, acquisitions also have the potential to reduce corporate performance.
Glucose Metabolism and Systemic Glucose Balance
Authors: Cryer Philip E
Published: November 2023

Because glucose is a critical metabolic fuel for the brain that must be derived from the circulation, the prevention or rapid correction of hypoglycemia is critical to survival (Chapter 1). The arterial plasma glucose concentration, which determines glucose delivery to the brain, is the result of glucose influx into the circulation (endogenous glucose production, exogenous glucose delivery, or both) and glucose effiux from the circulation (tissue glucose utilization since external losses are normally negligible).
Hypoglycemia in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Cryer Philip E
Published: November 2023

The prevention or rapid correction of hypoglycemia is critical to survival of the brain, and thus the individual (Chapter 1). Systemic glucose balance (Chapter 2) is normally maintained by various hormonal, neural, and substrate glucoregulatory factors (Chapter 3) that are activated or inactivated in response to decreasing plasma glucose concentrations (Chapter 4). Normally these factors very effectively prevent or correct hypoglycemia and thus assure a continuous supply of glucose to the brain (Chapter 5). Indeed, these physiological glucose counterregulatory mechanisms are so effective that hypoglycemia is, in general, a distinctly uncommon clinical event (Chapter 6). The stark exception to this generalization is in people who require medications that lower plasma glucose levels, specifically insulin or a sulfonylurea, to prevent or correct the symptoms and short-term metabolic complications and prevent or delay the long term complications of diabetes mellitus. Hypoglycemia is common among these individuals (Frier and Fisher, 1993; Cryer, 1994; Cryer et al., 1994).
Hypoglycemic Disorders
Authors: Cryer Philip E
Published: November 2023

Because of the effectiveness of the physiological mechanisms that normally maintain systemic glucose balance and prevent or rapidly correct hypoglycemia (Chapter 5), clinical hypoglycemia (Chapter 6) is a distinctly uncommon event except in individuals who must use plasma glucose-lowering drugs such as insulin or a sulfonylurea to treat diabetes mellitus (Chapter 7). Nonetheless, a variety of disorders can cause glucose utilization to exceed endogenous glucose production in the postabsorptive state or to exceed the sum of endogenous glucose production and exogenous glucose delivery in the postprandial state and thus cause clinically important hypoglycemia (Service, 1995; Marks and Teale, 1996). These disorders of systemic glucose balance are discussed in this chapter.
“Not quite right”: Second-Language Acquisition and Markedness
Authors: Sroda Mary Sue
Published: November 2023

No One Contests the assertion that acquiring a second language as an adult is an arduous and extremely complex process. This chapter considers one part of that complex process-the acquisition of native-like use of a second language, also known as pragmatic ability or pragmatic competence.1 I propose that reanalysis through the markedness model (Myers-Scotton 1993b) yields an explanatory account of the complexity of second language use through a simple cognitive mechanism underlying complex sociopragmatic effects.
Adverbs and Functional Heads
Authors: Cinque Guglielmo
Published: November 2023

One of the world’s leading syntacticians presents evidence for locating Adverb Phrases in the specifiers of distinct functional projections within a novel and well articulated theory of the clause. In this theory, both adverbs and heads, which encode the functional notions of the clause, are ordered in a rigid sequence. Cinques cutting-edge proposal suggests that the structure of natural language sentences is much richer than previously assumed.
Is the Idea of Human Rights Ineliminably Religious?
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

The idea of human rights-the idea that has emerged in international law in the period since the Second World War-is complex. In this book, I mean to explore all e main constituents of the idea. In this chapter, however, I am interested only in one constituent-albeit, a foundational one: the conviction that every human being is sacred. Who is right: those, like R.H. Tawney, who believe that the conviction that every human being is sacred is inescapably religious, or those, like Ronald Dworkin, who believe that there can be secular versions of the conviction as well as religious ones? For reasons I develop in this chapter, I conclude that Tawney is right and Dworkin, wrong: There is no intelligible (much less persuasive) secular version of the conviction that every human being is sacred; the only intelligible versions are religious.
Guru
Authors: Wren Daniel A , Greenwood Ronald G
Published: November 2023

We end where we began-with the importance of invention and innovation for business success in a competitive environment. The questioning process is one of seeking solutions to problems or issues, and it is vital that the right questions be asked. This attitude is an ingredient of technological innovation as well as important for finding better ways of doing tasks, finding new markets, or opening new opportunities. Our subject is Peter F. Drucker, undoubtedly the most widely quoted management writer, recognized by academics and practitioners alike.
The Emergence of Value and the Nature of Moral Reasoning
Authors: Rosenthal Sandra B , Buchholz Rogene A
Published: November 2023

The pragmatic understanding of value will be introduced by first approaching it in terms of the broad historical trends that it rejects. The belief in absolute or transcendental values and the desire for certitude in knowledge are deeply entrenched and deeply intertwined with each other. Both of these are rejected by pragmatism; all knowledge is fallible, to be tested by consequences in experience. Knowledge emerges through intelligent reflection on experience within nature. Our experience within nature undergoes continual change, and while some aspects of experience are relatively stable, other aspects are unstable. The desire is strong for some value to hold onto as a permanent basis of security in an uncertain world, and hence it is all too easy to focus on certain value aspects of experience and then falsely project them into an absolute, unchanging reality.
Neo-Pragmatism without Pragmatism: A Look at Rorty
Authors: Rosenthal Sandra B , Buchholz Rogene A
Published: November 2023

While the position of classical American pragmatism is, with a few exceptions, strangely silent in the area of business ethics, the neopragmatism of Richard Rorty has gained some significant inroads within the field and is usually taken as representative of the pragmatic position in general. But, while Rorty’s position embodies some key pragmatic themes, his neopragmatism loses fundamental features of classical American pragmatism. This leads to differences which are both wide and deep and which contextualize in a radically different way what similarities the two positions do seem to manifest, because they structure two very opposed understandings of the way in which humans are situated in the world. A discussion of Rorty in relation to classical pragmatism, therefore, should provide an opportunity to highlight further the significance of some key themes of classical pragmatism and sever the classical position from its unfruitful linkage with Rorty’s neopragmatism.
Business in its Technological Environment
Authors: Rosenthal Sandra B , Buchholz Rogene A
Published: November 2023

Technology is, of course, an important aspect of modem culture and has effects on the environment far beyond what anyone would have thought possible even a few years ago. Discussions of technology provide various definitions which, taken together, offer no unified understanding of the term but instead illustrate the elusive nature of just what is intended. At the same time, all the definitions are indeed speaking of “the same thing,” in some sense. In light of such diverse nuances of interpretation given to that which everyone understands in common in some general way, this chapter will offer its own “definition” of just what is at issue. Within the general pragmatic framework being used, technology can be understood as productive engagement with the world through the creation and use of tools. These tools are used to resolve problematic or potentially problematic situations by producing consequences that lead to contextual integration through reconstruction of the situation or the infusion of experience with enriched meaningfulness. This activity pervades, and partially constitutes, human experience in general.
Pragmatism and Contemporary Business-Ethics Perspectives on the Corporation
Authors: Rosenthal Sandra B , Buchholz Rogene A
Published: November 2023

In chapter 1, pragmatism was viewed in relation to traditional ethical theories which have been appropriated in business ethics, theories to which pragmatism is largely antithetical. In this chapter, pragmatism will be viewed in relation to contemporary perspectives, most of which have developed exclusively within and for ethical issues in business,1 and which are leading toward new understandings of the firm and its relation to society at large. It will be seen that the pragmatic position not only harmonizes with these contemporary perspectives but in some cases can also offer additional theoretical support.
Corporate Leadership
Authors: Rosenthal Sandra B , Buchholz Rogene A
Published: November 2023

The understanding of the corporation as a community leads to the importance of community leadership. However, after their careful survey of empirical studies, Van Fleet and Yukl have indicated that as the result of decades of research on leadership, we are merely left with a bewildering mass of findings, a claim that lends confirmation to similar conclusions by other scholars. Perhaps the depth of the problem is best stated by James MacGregor Burns in his claim that: “Without a powerful modern philosophical tradition, without theoretical and empirical cumulation, without guiding concepts, and without considered practical experiences, we lack the very foundations” for understanding leadership. Burns’s work incorporates important empirical and theoretical dimensions, but the “powerful modern philosophical tradition needed to develop what he calls a “school of leadership” has not been forthcoming. Meanwhile, the long-standing implicit philo­sophical underpinnings are inadequate for new understandings of lead­ership emerging in the current literature.
Today’s Japanese Women
Authors: Renshaw Jean R
Published: November 2023

What is the situation of women in Japan today? Two views from women managers illustrate differing perceptions: Be ambitious. To dream is necessary for success. Be very sure of your possibilities. Women are on the way. Interview with Ryoko Akamatsu, minister of education, ambassador to Uruguay, author of Japan’s equal employment opportunity legislation There is increasing consciousness in the society to promote women executives especially after the enactment of the equal employment law for men and women. There are women executives now and positions created in some companies. Unfortunately, compared to women in the States or any other nation, Japanese females have a lot of room to grow up. In other words, they are immature--dependent on others, especially men, and lack self-esteem for success or independent status.
Samurai and Women Warriors Creating Businesses, Reinventing Systems
Authors: Renshaw Jean R
Published: November 2023

Warlords and samurai provided the models for current management in Japanese male-defined corporations. When women don’t find the models working for them, they are faced with choices described earlier of adapting, adopting, transforming, or leaving. An increasing number of women are choosing to leave and start their own businesses, creating organizations and adapting systems to fit their own visions of the world, and they are succeeding. They are evolving models of management and organization out of their own history and life experiences. This chapter describes the overall situation for Japanese women entrepreneurs, the paths taken by women business owners, and their successes and challenges, then compares their situation with that of American women entrepreneurs.
The Men in Their Lives at Work and Home Finding Rewards in Uncharted Roles
Authors: Renshaw Jean R
Published: November 2023

On the surface, it would appear that Japanese men had achieved the best of the modern world. Personal incomes are at an all-time high. Men seem firmly in charge of the economy and government; 99 percent of boards of directors and 91 percent of corporate managers are male. Former Prime Minister Hashimoto’s 1997 cabinet was 99 percent male. Japan’s per person gross domestic product is at an all-time high, higher than that of the United States, and Japanese stores are still filled with luxury goods from all over the world. And yet, all is not well. There are cracks beneath the surface. The recession just won’t go away in spite of all the usual stimuli. The security of lifetime employment is wavering. Young men are having difficulty getting married, and the number of divorces for those over fifty-five has increased often initiated by the wife. Many wives, daughters, and even mothers are questioning the established order at home and work. Men are also increasingly aware of and uneasy and dissatisfied with, the incongruities of assigned gender roles, as is apparent from the following comments: There is no such thing as lovers in Japan. There are only women and oversize (male) babies.
Prologue The Challenge of Classical Legal Thought
Authors: Wiecek William M
Published: November 2023

During the half-century between 1886 and 1937, a distinctive outlook dominated the thinking of American lawyers and judges. It was an ideology as defined by the historian Eric Foner: a “system of beliefs, values, fears, prejudices, reflexes, and commitments - in sum, the social consciousness - of a social group.”1 Scholars have designated this ideology by various phrases: “legal orthodoxy,” “classical legal thought,” “legal formalism,” “the orthodox ideology.” I call it “legal classicism” because I seek a label that is as neutral as possible yet that retains some descriptive and suggestive content. “Formalism” is excessively narrow and potentially misleading, while ‘‘orthodoxy” carries pejorative connotations for some readers.
The Emergence of Legal Classicism, 1860-1890
Authors: Wiecek William M
Published: November 2023

In the generation after the Civil War, classical legal thought emerged and attained its greatest authority. By the turn of the twentieth century, classicism had become the authentic expression of American law. Classicism provided an explanation of what law was, what its sources and sanctions were, why it could command the obedience of all, how it animated society and directed the economic order. Classical thought identified the legal ideals that directed the course of American national destiny. Classical legal thought integrated society, economy, and law as it sanctioned the status quo of the American social order. Classicism subordinated state to society and governmental power to individual liberty. It selectively constrained state authority, yet blessed the application of state power for certain purposes, justifying the subordination of some groups of Americans and their domination by others.
Managing Through Incentives
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R
Published: November 2023

Incentives are the most powerful tools executives can use to improve worker performance. This is particularly true in today's empowered workplace, where incentives can ensure that workers apply their initiative toward company goals. Now, in this groundbreaking book, Richard McKenzie and Dwight Lee show how to select the right incentives and how to use them for best results. Generously illustrated with examples from business, industry, government, academia, and professional sports, this superb volume offers a comprehensive overview of incentives, both in theory and in practice, providing a wealth of ideas managers can use to get employees to work harder, smarter, and more cooperatively. Much of the book is quite eye-opening. For instance, while McKenzie and Lee recognize that money is the prime motivator, they urge managers not to overlook the power of non-monetary incentives, carefully evaluating such motivators as fringe benefits, psychological incentives, education, and training. And they examine a host of other issues, including how to take advantage of executive "overpayment" to increase profits; the limits of piece-rate and other pay-for-performance schemes; finding the right balance between current pay and a more generous pension plan; the value of tough bosses; and hostile takeovers as a form of managerial incentive. How workers are rewarded is often more important than how much they are rewarded, say the authors. The job of good managers is getting the incentives right. Managing Through Incentives shows managers how to apply proven motivators to help any size firm energize the work force, increase its profits, and meet the awesome challenges of today's fiercely competitive global economy.
The Value of’’Mistreating” Customers
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R
Published: November 2023

Have You Ever heard of a business consultant recommending to her clients that they mistreat their customers? Probably not. The standard recommendation is to give customers what they want, pamper them, treat them as individuals, and never attempt to force them to do things they don’t want to do. Most of the time, this is surely sound advice. But not always. More often than most business consultants seem to realize, business can provide more value to their customers by mistreating them-by giving them what they individually don’t want, by ignoring their individual desires, by requiring that they do things they would not voluntarily do, and by charging them high prices for frills that cost more than they are worth.
Profits vs. Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R
Published: November 2023

Former Scott Paper Ceo Al Dunlap, known for revitalizing dying companies by aggressively cutting jobs, perks, and corporate charity, argues that corporate executives should “mean business” in a book by that title.1 He minces few words in denouncing his predecessors at the companies he has revitalized for sloppy management practices that ignore this maxim: Executives should single mindedly focus their corporations’ efforts on making money for their shareholders.
The Organization of Prosecution
Authors: Johnson David T
Published: November 2023

Because prosecutors make decisions within the scope of an organization, one should study their decision-making within that context. In Japan, prosecution has three key organizational features: a national and hierarchical structure; a core task defined as “uncovering and constructing the truth” and a division of roles among operators, managers, and executives. Operators perform the procuracy’s core task, the construction of truth through the composition of dossiers. Managers coordinate and control operators. This is a critical function because an organization is, at root, a system of consciously coordinated activities. Executives secure autonomy and resources for the organization so that operators and managers can perform their roles effectively. On the surface, the organizations of prosecution in Japan and in America may look much alike: they are bureaucratic; they distinguish between operator, manager, and executive roles; they function as criminal justice gatekeepers; they promote workers on the basis of some combination of merit and seniority; and they confront analogous problems of compliance, resources, and autonomy. However, these surface similarities must not obscure deep differences in how core tasks are defined, mission is cultivated, operators are controlled, and autonomy is gained. In the end, the procuracy’s organizational features shape Japanese criminal justice by channeling prosecutor practice in specific ways.
Corrections
Authors: Johnson David T
Published: November 2023

Gary was a blue-eyed, sandy-haired, twenty-five-year-old Australian resident of Japan. At his arrest in late 1992 he was six feet, four inches tall and weighed 253 pounds. At his release, after four months of detention and four weeks of interrogation, he was 55 pounds lighter and the toes of both feet were numb with frostbite caused by exposure to the air in his unheated cell. Gary detested the conditions of his confinement: the solitude for all but half an hour per day; the rule requiring him to stay seated in an upright position unless he gained explicit permission to lie down; the 10 percent of guards who were “mean”; the lack of exercise; and the February cold. “Don’t ever commit a crime in Japan,” he advised me during the first interrogation for which I translated.
Exploiting Asia to Beat Japan: Production Networks and the Comeback of U.S. Electronics
Authors: Barrus Michael
Published: November 2023

International competition in electronics has always been a story about market rivalry between firms with distinctive national identities, U.S. firms confronting Japanese or German firms, each firm acting in ways characteristic of its national origin. Market outcomes have been a function of how well the strategies and organizational traits originating in one domestic market generated competitive advantage in other national markets.1 These national firms trading on the basis of local factors eventually became so-called multinational corporations (MNCs), who in vested abroad but retained a characteristic national identity.
Beauty’s Apostle
Authors: Baker Thomas N
Published: November 2023

Shortly into the New Year’s season of 1828, Connecticut’s once-ballyhooed bard James Gates Percival spied yet another fair-haired boy on America’s poetic firmament. “You have a new star in your horizon, N. P. Willis, Esq.,” he ribbed a friend back in Boston, “and I presume your wise men of the East have gone to worship Jest or no, this observation was apt. Since its publication the previous October, Sketches, a thin volume of the twenty-two-year-old poet’s Romantic verse, had sold well, generating considerable enthusiasm around New England and as far south as Athens, Georgia. Fans particularly esteemed the volume’s lyrical revisions of biblical episodes (written over the signature “Roy”), several of which had already won monetary prizes for their affecting imagery and refined religious sentiments. Chiefly on the merits of these “Scriptural Sketches,” Henry Ware Jr. of the Unitarian Christian Examiner now pronounced “Roy,” though still a learner, a “poet, one who thinks, feels, and writes for himself, with a quiet and delicate beauty, and occasional touches of deep pathos which give most encouraging promises of future eminence.” So respected was Ware’s judgment around New England that soon Willis was, to his own happy amazement, “deluged with notifications to be present at new places” and “treated with attention by the Governor, Solicitor-General, Attorney General n+ 500 others.
The Cultural Life Of Capital Punishment: Responsibility And Representation In Dead Man Walking And Last Dance
Authors: sarat Austin
Published: November 2023

For death must be somewhere in a society; if it is no longer (or less intensely) in religion, it must be elsewhere; perhaps in this image which produces Death while trying to preserve life. Our own death is indeed unimaginable, and whenever we make the attempt to imagine it we can perceive that we really survive as spectators. Every death agony expresses a certain truth. Hence the insatiable curiosity that drove spectators to the scaffold to witness the spectacle of sufferings truly endured; there one could decipher crime and innocence, the past and the future, the here below and the eternal. It was a moment of truth that all the spectators questioned: each word, each cry, the duration of the agony, the resisting body, the life that clung desperately to it, all this constituted a sign.
Microspora
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid
Published: November 2023

Microspora is a large Phylum, containing about 120 genera, that belongs to the kingdom Archetista (Sprague et al.1992). All the genera of Microspora are obligatory intracellular organisms; most species are parasites of invertebrates, a few of vertebrates, and even fewer of humans. Zoologically, Microspora is characterized by (1) the presence of minute spores; (2) the existence in the spores of an apparatus to extrude the infective stage into cells; (3) the presence of one or two abutted nuclei; (4) the presence of 70s ribosomes; and (5) at least one chitinous layer of the wall of the spores. It has been suggested that Microspora may belong to the fungi, but there are not sufficient data to support this assumption (Muller, 1997). Microspora is divided into two Classes; one of these, the Microsporea, contains the order Microsporida, which includes all the genera and species affecting humans (Corliss, 1994). Microsporida has two groups: one in which the spores are formed individually in the cell, the Apansporoblastina, the other in which spores develop in packages within vesicles or membranes, the Pansporoblastina. Species belonging to both groups are known to occur in humans.
Free-Living Amebae
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid
Published: November 2023

The amebae parasitizing humans belong to two phyla of the kingdom Protozoa. (1) the phylum Percolozoa, comprising primitive organisms some of which may be ameboflagellates that form transitory flagella, lacking a Golgi apparatus, with mitochondria or hydrogenosomes and peroxisomes, and (2) the phylum Rhizopoda, characterized by having pseudopodia for locomotion and feeding, mitochondria generally with tubular cristae, and a free-living existence for most species (Corliss, 1994). Further subdivisions of these two phyla are shown below to illustrate their interrelationships and only because of the importance of these organisms in human medicine.
Oxyurida-Enterobius Vermicularisenterobiasis Or Oxyuriasis
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid
Published: November 2023

The family Oxyuridae, has the order Oxyurida, which contains two genera with parasitic species in humans: Enterobius and Syphacia. The most important species is E. vermicularis, referred to commonly as pinworm because of the characteristic needle-like posterior end of the female. Another species, E. gregorii, was characterized on the basis of minute morphologic differences of the spicule (part of the copulatory organ of the male) (Hugot, 1983; Hugot, Tourte Schaefer, 1985). However, careful study has shown that the differences in the spicules are due to differences in the worm’s age (Hasegawa et al. 1998). Enterobius occurs in every place where it has been searched for, always in coinfections (sympatrically) with E. vermicularis (Ashford et al. 1988; Chittenden, Ashford, 1987; Hasegawa, Kinjo, 1996). The genus Syphacia is parasitic in mice; in only one case, worms and eggs of S. obvelata were recovered from a child in the Philippines (Riley, 1919).
Investing in IT to Enable Change
Authors: Lucas Henry C
Published: November 2023

Management may invest in IT to change a process, or to change the entire organization. Some changes happen by accident, whereas in other instances they are planned. Planned changes may affect just one work group, for example, a department adopts a project management package or decides to use groupware to coordinate its activities. In other instances, the technology has an impact on the structure and operations of the organization as a whole. In this chapter, we look at examples of investments in technology that are associated with major structural changes in organizations.
Implications for the IT Investment Decision
Authors: Lucas Henry C
Published: November 2023

At this point I hope this book has presented sufficient evidence to establish that: there is value from investing in information technology; each type of investment has a potentially different opportunity for a payoff, and for some applications, we may not be able to show a quantitative return; the process of moving from the investment to an actual IT initiative is filtered by conversion effectiveness; there have been widely varying degrees of success in developing applications from IT investments.
Regional Patterns And Bilingualism
Authors: Brown Cecil H
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes regional patterns of lexical acculturation. As discussed in chapter 1, Voegelin and Hymes ‘s (1953) comparative study of nine Amerindian languages suggests that languages of Latin America have tended to borrow European terms for introduced items, whereas languages of non-Hispanic North America have tended to coin terms and only very occasionally have borrowed European labels. Similarly, Bright (1960a) reports that Indian languages of Hispanic California have heavily borrowed (Spanish) te1ms for introduced domesticated animals, whereas languages of non-Hispanic (northern) California have typically produced native terms for these creatures.
Casting and Harvesting the Nets
Authors: Cole Robert E
Published: November 2023

Even amid the confusion of earlier efforts to respond to the Japanese challenge, organizational learning was taking place. Managerial leaders came to realize the much larger scope of the quality challenge after their initial denial and early feeble responses proved ineffective and motivational programs based on individual improvement proved insufficient. Quality improvement by management exhortation and directive did not work. Crosby ‘s approach stalled after a few years. Yet all these failures laid the foundation for questioning the strategic policy beliefs, preferences, and ultimately practices that hindered a more thoroughgoing response to the Japanese quality challenge. Gradually, an emergent institutional infrastructure linking managers within and across firms and industries speeded the flow of information about the nature and methodology of quality improvement. The sharing of trial-and-error experiences built up valuable assets that could be applied in different firms and industries.
Introduction
Authors: Matoesian Gregory M
Published: November 2023

During the William Kennedy Smith rape trial, I heard legal-media commentators assess the defense and prosecution’s examination of witnesses with expressions such as “scored some points,” “did some damage,” “tore her apart,” “ripped her to shreds,” “hammered the witness,” “demolished the witness,” “didn’t shake her story,” “devastating examination,” “hasn’t put a glove on her,” to mention but a few. In this book, I raise something fundamental relative to these assessments. How are such anecdotal impressions or vernacular glosses of trial practice generated? Where do such interpretations come from? This book focuses on the linguistic devices and cultural presuppositions that attorneys and other courtroom participants use to foster an impression of “scoring some points” and to create a sense of “devastatingness.” I investigate how language use, or discourse, constitutes legal realities in the social construction of rape’s legal facticity. A central premise of the book is that language is not the mere passive vehicle for the imposition or transmission of law but actually constitutes and transforms evidence, facts, and rules into relevant objects of legal knowledge.
Rhythms of Domination and the Gender of Inconsistency
Authors: Matoesian Gregory M
Published: November 2023

In Diane Sawyer’s posttrial interview with Patricia Bowman, the interviewer’s question underscored an inconsistency between the victim’s statement that she had no sexual interest in the defendant, on one hand, and the fact that she went to his home, walked on the beach, and exchanged kisses with him, on the other. The victim’s claim, as Sawyer suggests, does not “fit the logic” of sexual indifference characteristic of friendly or “innocent” encounters. To claim otherwise, to claim that the interaction between Bowman and Smith was friendly and nothing more, is simply not rational—not credible—and thus raises a reasonable doubt. Indeed, in the trial the defense attorney imposed precisely this form of logic on the victim’s actions and emotions during the rape incident to generate glaring inconsistencies in her account and thereby to gain an acquittal for his client.
Production Media and lntertextual Authority in Reported Speech
Authors: Matoesian Gregory M
Published: November 2023

As chapter 4 demonstrated, trial discourse rests on a theory of intertextuality, decontextualizing speech from one speech event and recontextualizing it in a new one, to constitute its evidentiary and epistemological field. I examined how courtroom participants mobilized reported speech to shape evidence in testimony, project a particular social identity for themselves and for each other, and naturalize their discursive authority. In this chapter, I shift my focus. I examine intertextuality and linguistic ideology in a special type of trial discourse: the dynamic yet covert relationship between the reporting context and electronically mediated reported speech. I analyze how audiotapes of police statements are first contextualized and then inserted into the current stream of cross-examination to create inconsistency in the witness’s speech. I explore how this intertextual practice mobilizes an evaluative, hierarchical ordering of recipient footings to accomplish strategic interactional tasks in the trial and how these practices are implicated in the cultural and discursive construction of affect—the verbal and nonverbal display of emotion. Following Goffman, I hope to show that when courtroom participants contextualize the tape, they align the recipients and genres of reported speech within a configuration of distinct interactional footings. Going beyond Goffman, I not only describe the complex participation frames embedded in intertextual discourse; I also reveal how social power is naturalized within those frames. Although Goffman delineates the recipient footings in talk, he never explains how these may be related to forms of discursive power.
Types of Systems and Models
Authors: Ackoff Russell L
Published: November 2023

Whatever one considers systems to be, thesre are obviously different ways of classifying them. They can be classified in many different ways, for example, by size, by discipline (physical, chemical, biological, psychological, and so on), by location, and by function. The choice of a classification scheme depends on how one intends to use it. For my purposes-examining the consequences of mismatching systems and the way we think about them-the critical classifying variable is purpose, and purpose can only exist where there is choice, and choice is of either means or ends, that is, desired outcomes. An entity is purposeful if it can select both means and ends in two or more environments.
Means Planning: How to Get There
Authors: Ackoff Russell L
Published: November 2023

Idealized design produces the vision of the organization and its behavior currently most desired. The gaps between what the organization is and is now doing and where it wants to be and to be doing, as revealed by its idealized redesign, constitute the problems to be solved independently by means planning. Therefore, the first step in means planning is to identify these gaps. Means planning determines how the gaps are to be closed or reduced. In architecture, this corresponds to preparation of working drawings once an acceptable design of the building has been prepared. These drawings constitute a set of instructions that enable a contractor to build the building. It makes possible realization of the vision or the closest possible approximation to it. Means planning is the preparation of the design’s “working drawings,” which provide the instructions required to close or reduce the gaps.
Social Psychology
Authors: Liebkind Karmela
Published: November 2023

In dealing with language and ethnic identity, we touch upon two major concepts within the social sciences which have been given numerous different definitions: ethnicity and identity. Ethnicity is often seen as the focus of identity. All people are members of one ethnic group or another, but ethnic-group membership is more often associated with minority than with majority group status.
Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Obeng Samuel Gyasi , Adegbija Efurosibina
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the nature of the relationship between language and ethnic identity in sub-Saharan Africa. First, we examine the correlation be tween language and ethnic identity before colonial rule. Second, we investigate the interplay between language and ethnic identity during colonial rule. Third, we examine the period after colonial rule, paying attention to such issues as language in education, prejudices and stereotypes, language in the mass media and in religion, and how language and ethnic identity are pertinent to the important question of the selection of national languages in densely multilingual sub-Saharan African countries.