bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OS DIREITOS DA CRIANÇA E A ASSISTÊNCIA SOCIAL
Authors: Barbosa Eni Maria Monteiro
Published: March 2017

Resultado do estabelecimento de uma nova ordem democrática, a Constituição de 1988 garante os direitos do cidadão e incentiva a participação da comunidade na execução das politicas sociais, especialmente aquelas voltadas para a proteção da infancia e da parcela da população menos favorecida. A assistência social passa a ter um conceito mais amplo: sua função inclui a proteção à familia, à maternidade, às crianças e à velhice.A participação comunit~ria é facilitada pelas diretrizes que normatizam a desccntralização, tanto no que se refere a elaboração, quanto à aplicação das politicas sociais do governofederal. Mas não existe ainda uma lei organica para regulamentar as recentes definições constitucionais e levá-las à prática. Falta interesse do Executivo, que teme umaref^orm^u^la^çã^o em seus quadros e na sua polltica centralizadora, além de ter de destinar mais recursos para a população carente.
ASPECTOS JURÍDICOS DA CONCEPÇÃO DE FAMÍLlA NA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA
Authors: Aoki Luiz Paulo Santos , Tardeli Roberto
Published: March 2017

São apresentados, sob o ângulo jurídico, alguns aspectos fundamentais da concepção de fam1ia, tal como esta acabou impondo-se no contexto sócio-cultural brasileiro.Do ponto de vista sincrônico e diacrônico, foram destacados aspectos jurídicos das suas funções, do seu enraizamento antropológico e dos dilemas que, arraigados no passado, afetam a dinâmica da instituição familiar brasileira, nos dias de hoje.
FAMÍLIA: COMUNIDADE DE VIDA E DE AMOR
Authors: Guimarães Frei Almir Ribeiro
Published: March 2017

Através do texto o autor defende a idéia de que a fam~1ia deva ser uma comunidade de pessoas, pois, no mundo de hoje, onde predomina a competição, a discriminação e o individualismo; a fam1ia aparece como lugar de acolhimento afetivo, de expressão de carinho, de aceitação de seus membros e espaço natural de desenvolvimento do ser humano.A partir deste enfoque, o autor faz considerações sobre alguns temas importantes: casamento, amor, sexualidade, filhos e justiça social, como sendo fundamentais para a construção da fam~ia, mola propulsora de uma sociedade humana, solidária, justa e altruísta.
O DESENVOLVIMENTO NORMAL DA PREENSÃO
Authors: Meyerhof Pessia Grywac
Published: March 2017

O presente trabalho apresenta alguns aspectos importantes do desenvolvimento sensório-motor norma] da preensão relacionados com a evolução desta, ~ partir do bebê recém-nascido. São dadas idéias de comc desenvolver a preensão através de vários tipos de objetos, na sequência do amadurecimento neurológico da criança até 12 meses de idade.
A CRECHE ENQUANTO CONTEXTO POSSiVE~ DE DESENVOLVIMENTO DA CRIANÇA PEQUENA
Authors: Gasparetto Simone , Bussab Vera Silva Raad , Vitória Telma
Published: March 2017

O artigo apresenta uma visão compacta da situac,ão atual das creches no Brasil. Compara-a com a de outros países, argumentando a favor da urgente necessidade de pesquisas neste campo. Apresenta um projeto, ainda em desenvolvimento, sobre os processos de adapta,cão de bebês e de suas famílias quando ingressam na creche, considerando-os como resultantes de múltiplos fatores (biológicos, psicossociais e históricos do bebe, da família e da creche). Ilustra com um dos subprojetos, cujo objetivo é investigar o papel mediador dos adulto~ (pais eeducadoras de creche), em relação aos bebês, na apresentação das novas pessoas e situações.
SANEAMENTO BÁSICO E RAÇA
Authors: Rosemberg Fúlvia , Pinto Regina Pahim
Published: March 2017

Com base num modelo interpretativo de segregação racial residencial, este artigo discute as diferenças de acesso de populações brancas e negras (pretos e pardos) a domicíliosque usufruem de condições adequadas de saneamento segundo informações fornecidas por tabulações especiais da PNAD 87.A análise dos dados centra-se em torno de dois eixos: condições de saneamento em que vivem crianças com menos de 7 anos e condições de saneamento em domicílios chefiados por brancose negros (pretos e dardos).
INTERAÇAO PRECOCE MAE-BEBÊ E A CONCEPÇÃO DO DESENVOLVIMENTO INFANTIL INICIAL
Authors: Moura Maria Lucia Seidl de , Ribas Adriana F. P.
Published: March 2017

Este trabalho integra uma linha de investigações que tem tentado articular a perspectiva sócio-cultural com outras vertentes de investigação: a do desenvolvimento infantil inicial e a das interações adulto-bebe Foram identificados elementos que constituem os contextos de interação mãe-bebê (e. g. cenários , atividades , episódios de interação e tentativa de interação e representações) e investigadas relações entre as concepções de mães acerca das competências dos bebes e a natureza de suas atividades e interações com eles. Q uir^Lze díades mãe-bebe recém-nascido foram filmadas durante 20 minutos em suas residências. Foram utilizados uma metodologia de observação e um questionário (QCBR) desenvolvidos pelo próprio grupo de pesquisa. Foi identificada correlação significativa entre o índice de atividade da mãe e o escore total no QCBR. Não foi identificada correlação entre o escore total no QCBR e a variável interação. Tais resultados coníribuem para uma melhor compreensão do desenvolvimento cognitivo como processo inseparável do contexto social.
O IMPLANTE COCLEAR COMO FERRAMENTA DE DESENVOLVIMENTO LINGUÍSTICO DA CRIANÇA SUARDA
Authors: Capovilla Fernando C.
Published: March 2017

Na surdez neurossensorial, as células ciliares da cóclea estão reduzidas ou destruidas. Na perda profunda e na severa, os aparelhos de amplificação são pouco eficazes. O implantecoclear é uma prótese eletrônica computadorizada que estimula diretamente o nervo auditivo na cóclea, desempenhando a função das células ciliares. É indicado em adultos com perda neurossensorial bilateral profunda, ocorrida na fase pós-lingüística (após 2 a 4 anos de idade), mas por menos de dez anos, e que não se beneficiam de aparelhos de amplificação. E também indicado a crianças de 2-17 anos com perda auditiva neurossensorial bilateral profunda ocorridana fase prélingüistica (i.e., antes da aquisição da linguagem oral, de 2-4 anos de idade), ou pos-lingüística, mas desde que há menos de seis anos. Mas só é indicado para crianças apósprograma de reabilitação auditiva de seis meses com adaptação de aparelhos de amplificação que tenha fracassado em produzir reconhecimento de palavras em conjuntos fechados de sentenças. O implante multicanal auxilia na leitura labial e pode produzir compreensão auditiva independente dela. O artigo fornece informações técnicas sobre o aparelho, suas indicações e contra-indicações, procedimentos de avaliação prévia, de implante cirúrgico, de programaçãodo processador da fala, e de reabilitação pós-implante. Discute beneficies e limitações do implante, e ali erece recomendações práticas e informações sobre sua disponibilidade no Brasil.
SERVIÇOS DE SAÚDE MENTAL PARA AFRO-AMERICANOS: UMA PERSPECTIVA CULTURAL/RACIAL
Authors: Dana Richard H.
Published: March 2017

Os afro-americanos vêm progredindo muito em direcào a uma verdadeira cidadania desde 1965. Contudo, os serviços de saúde mental para essa população têm sido tendenciosos,incompletos e deficientes, porque as similaridades com os curo-americanos têm sido enfatizadas, ao passo que as diferenças têm sido largamente ignoradas. Este artigo aborda algumas dessas diferenças, incluindo a identidade cultural/racial e o ‘eu cultural’ que afetam a avaliação, osdiagnósticos psiquiátricos e a psico-terapia ou outras intervençoes. Um modelo de avaliaçãointervenção ilustra como a informação cultural pode melhorar o atendimento aos afro-americanos. Esse modelo exemplifica uma aplicação de psicologia cultural que pode contribuir para uma mudança na prática profissional, no treinamento e na pesquisa dentro de uma sociedade multicultural. Sugestões de diretrizes que emergem desse modelo apontam para áreas que necessitamser enfatizadas no atendimento e na pesquisa.
CONHECIMENTOS, VALORES E VIVÊNCIAS DE ADOLESCENTES ACERCA DAS DOENÇAS DE TRANSMISSÃO SEXUAL E AIDS
Authors: Mandú Edir Nei ¨Teixeira , Corrêa Áurea Christina de Paula , Vieira Maria Aparecida
Published: March 2017

Neste artigo, discutimos conhecimentos, valores e práticas de adolescentes frente às DSTs/AIDS e sua prevenção. A partir de dados de pesquisa, chamamos atenção para a dissociaçãoentre ter informação e a adoção de comportamentos de prevenção. Complementarmente, apresentamos alguns elementos ^fiunda^Tnentais no encaminhamento de práticas educativas junto a adolescentes, levando em consideração a necessidade de integração entre conhecimento, afetividadee aspectos socioculturais.
BINÔMIOS SAUDE-DOENCA E CUIDADO-EDUCAÇAO EM AMBIENTES COLETIVOS DE EDUCAÇÃO DA CRIANÇA PEQUENA
Authors: Amorim Katia S. , Yazlle Cláudia , Rosseffi-Ferreira Maria Clotilde
Published: March 2017

O crescente ingresso de crianças pequenas em instituições de educação coletiva tem recebido sérias críticas, principalmente do setor saúde, por nao serem consideradas ambientesadequados, especialmente às crianças em seus dois primeiros anos de vida. Verifica-se, assim, a necessidade de se debater sobre e lidar com os complexos processos de saúdeidoença e cuidado/ educação em tais ambientes. Discutiremos aqui doenças infecciosas em creches, a partir da perspectiva teórico-metodológica da Rede de dignificações. Esta perspectiva entende saúde/ doença como um processo dinâmico, caracterizado pela dialética relação entre vários fatoresque se esh aturam em uma rede semioticamente constituída, a qual canaliza dignificações e processo. Essa perspectiva lança novos olhares à situação e possibilita a reelaboração de propostas de ação nesses contextos e, mesmo, de constituição dos mesmos em ambientes de qualidade e promotores de saúde.
SEXUALIDADE, AIDS E DROGAS: UM RELATO DE INTERVENÇÃO COM ADOLESCENTES
Authors: Dotta Renata Maria , Alves Paola Biasoli , Koller Silvia Helena , Brito Raquel Cardoso
Published: March 2017

Este artigo apresenta o Programa de Intervenção em Sexualidade, AIDS e Drogas (PISAD) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e um exemplo de atividade de intervenção com adolescentes em situação de risco realizado por ele. São apresentados os pressupostos da Abordagem Ecológica do Desenvolvimento Humano e da Psicologia Comunitária (teorias que apoiam o trabalho do PISAD) e do desenvolvimento adolescente, ressaltando as questões decomportamentos de risco para Sexualidade saudável, HIV/AIDS e drogas. Na intervenção com os adolescentes foi realizado um levantamento de necessidades no inicio e aplicado uminstrumento de sentenças incompletas no final, centrados nas temáticas do PISAD. As informações obtidas foram analisadas e mostram a existência de dúvidas com relação à transmissão e prevenção do HIV, a crença na necessidade de urna rede de apoio sócio-emocional efetiva para a criação e promoção de estratégias que estimulem comportamentos saudáveis e uma associação clara entre as experiências vividas no cotidiano e questões do desenvolvimento adolescente, como autoestima,identidade, grupo de amigos e vida sexual.
A CRIANÇA DE/NA RUA TEM FAMÍLIA: UMA FAMÍLIA EM CRISE
Authors: Ribeiro Moneda Oliveira
Published: March 2017

O artigo apresenta parte dos dados da tese da autora referente à trajetória da vida de um grupo de crianças de na rua, em idade escolar, que frequentavam dois refúgios públicos da cidade de São Pauío. Os dados, coletados por meio de entrevistas, foram analisados segundo as teorias da Representação Social e da Análise de Conteúdo conforme BARDIN e MINAYO. As categorias temáticas destacadas do discurso transcrito foram agrupadas em experiênciassigmficativas para as criamças, entre as quais “a família”. A sintese das categorias analisadas eviden ciou que a violência permeia a vida dessas crianças, resultamdo em experiências que restringem seu pleno desenvolvimento A autora identifica que as crianças fogem de casa quando sua familia fracassa em sua função de provedora de proteção e abeto, e conclui que a solução do problema depende da implementação de Politicas Sociais e de Saúde, sobretudo à criançafamília em situação de risco.
Программная платформа массового суперкомпьютинга, "Доклады Академии наук"
Authors: Биряльцев Е. В. , Галимов М. Р. , Елизаров А.М.
Published: March 2017

Описан опыт создания комплексной программно-аппаратной платформы для организации высокопроизводительных вычислений при решении современных геофизических задач на основе методов полноволновой инверсии. Обсуждены проблемы создания массовых высокопроизводительных программных комплексов для широкого использования в промышленности.
События на рубеже эоцена и олигоцена в средних широтах Центральной Евразии, "Доклады Академии наук"
Authors: Ахметьев М.А. , Гаврилов Ю.О. , Запорожец Н.И.
Published: March 2017

Детализированы разрезы переходных слоев эоцена и олигоцена (приабонский, рюпельский ярусы) Арало-Тургайского, Западно-Сибирского, Волго-Донского регионов и Крымско-Кавказской области [1] c оценкой событий глобального биосферного кризиса на этом рубеже. Вопреки сложившемуся представлению о постепенной регрессии в приабоне с осушением внутренних морских бассейнов установлено, что перед уходом моря происходила повторная трансгрессия, продолжавшаяся около 1 млн лет с потеплением и увлажнением климата. Финальную регрессивную фазу (130-200 тыс. лет) сопровождали частые эвстатические, климатические колебания, перестройкa изотопно-геохими­ческого фона, рекурренция на границе между отделами в некоторых непрерывных разрезах.
Carbon dioxide trends in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere
Authors: Qian Liying , Burns Alan G. , Solomon Stanley C. , Wang Wenbin
Published: March 2017

We investigated trends of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the upper atmosphere, using data from the Atmosphere Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer and from the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry. Recent analyses of these measurements had indicated that CO2 above approximately 90 km appeared to be increasing about twice as fast as it was in the lower atmosphere. Models could not reproduce this differential CO2 trend, calculating instead that the proportional CO2 increase is approximately constant with altitude. We found three issues with the methodologies used to derive trends from CO2 profiles: the way that seasonal changes and sampling are accounted for in the analysis, referred to as deseasonalizing; the registration of profiles in pressure versus altitude coordinates; and data quality indicators. Each of these can have significant effects on the derivation of trends. We applied several deseasonalizing procedures, using both pressure and altitude coordinates, also used a time series fit without deseasonalizing, and applied data quality filters. The derived trends were approximately constant with pressure or altitude, about 5.5% per decade, consistent with lower atmosphere CO2 trends, and consistent with model calculations. We conclude that the difference between the trend of CO2 above the CO2 homopause and the trend in the lower, well‐mixed atmosphere is not statistically significant.
Deformation in the Northern Volcanic Zone of Iceland 2008–2014: An interplay of tectonic, magmatic, and glacial isostatic deformation
Authors: Drouin Vincent , Sigmundsson Freysteinn , Ófeigsson Benedikt G. , Hreinsdóttir Sigrún , Sturkell Erik , Einarsson Páll
Published: March 2017

GPS measurements spanning 2008 to 2014 are used to derive the surface velocity field across the Northern Volcanic Zone (NVZ) of Iceland, a subaerial part of the divergent boundary between the North American and Eurasian plates. No volcanic activity nor magmatic intrusions were detected in the zone during this time period. We infer an extensional rate of 17.4
 mm/yr in direction 292.0
°, consistent with the results of previous studies and current plate motion models including MORVEL2010 and GEODVEL2010. The horizontal velocity field reveals about 50 km wide stretching zone caused by the divergent plate movements. Glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) induces uplift of over 20 mm/yr at the northern edge of Vatnajökull ice cap and 3–4 mm/yr horizontal motion directed away from the ice cap. Deformation in the NVZ between 2008 and 2014 can be reproduced by a combination of models relating to several different processes: (i) Mogi sources for volcanic and geothermal deformation at the Askja and Krafla volcanoes, (ii) scaled version of a velocity field derived from a glacial isostatic model, and (iii) simple arctangent‐based model for secular plate spreading. We find the approximate location of the plate boundary spreading axis as well as its locking depth. The spreading axis lies through the Krafla, Fremrinámar, and Askja central volcanoes, the most active ones in the NVZ. It does not appear to follow the general direction of each fissure swarm but rather to change direction at the central volcanoes. The locking depth is on average within the 7–9 km range.
Do dust emissions from sparsely vegetated regions dominate atmospheric iron supply to the Southern Ocean?
Authors: Ito Akinori , Kok Jasper F.
Published: March 2017

Atmospheric deposition of dust aerosols is a significant source of exogenous iron (Fe) in marine ecosystems and is critical in setting primary marine productivity during summer. This dust‐borne input of Fe is particularly important to the Southern Ocean, which is arguably the most biogeochemically important ocean because of its large spatial extent and its considerable influence on the global carbon cycle. However, there is large uncertainty in estimates of dust emissions in the Southern Hemisphere and thus of the deposition of Fe‐containing aerosols onto oceans. Here we hypothesize that sparsely vegetated surfaces in arid and semiarid regions are important sources of Fe‐containing aerosols to the Southern Ocean. We test this hypothesis using an improved dust emission scheme in conjunction with satellite products of vegetation cover and soil moisture in an atmospheric chemistry transport model. Our improved model shows a twofold increase of Fe input into the Southern Ocean in austral summer with respect to spring and estimates that the Fe input is more than double that simulated using a conventional dust emission scheme in summer. Our model results suggest that dust emissions from open shrublands contribute over 90% of total Fe deposition into the Southern Ocean. These findings have important implications for the projection of the Southern Ocean's carbon uptake.
Bias adjustment of infrared‐based rainfall estimation using Passive Microwave satellite rainfall data
Authors: Karbalaee Negar , Hsu Kuolin , Sorooshian Soroosh , Braithwaite Dan
Published: March 2017

This study explores using Passive Microwave (PMW) rainfall estimation for spatial and temporal adjustment of Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks‐Cloud Classification System (PERSIANN‐CCS). The PERSIANN‐CCS algorithm collects information from infrared images to estimate rainfall. PERSIANN‐CCS is one of the algorithms used in the Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals for GPM (Global Precipitation Mission) estimation for the time period PMW rainfall estimations are limited or not available. Continued improvement of PERSIANN‐CCS will support Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals for GPM for current as well as retrospective estimations of global precipitation. This study takes advantage of the high spatial and temporal resolution of GEO‐based PERSIANN‐CCS estimation and the more effective, but lower sample frequency, PMW estimation. The Probability Matching Method (PMM) was used to adjust the rainfall distribution of GEO‐based PERSIANN‐CCS toward that of PMW rainfall estimation. The results show that a significant improvement of global PERSIANN‐CCS rainfall estimation is obtained.
Effect of cloud microphysics on Indian summer monsoon precipitating clouds: A coupled climate modeling study
Authors: Hazra Anupam , Chaudhari Hemantkumar S. , Saha Subodh K. , Pokhrel Samir
Published: March 2017

The quest for one of the most dominant processes controlling the large‐scale circulations in the tropics is unraveled. The impact of cloud microphysical processes is known to have effects on rainfall and local atmospheric thermodynamics; however, its effect on the prevailing mean circulations is not yet studied. Two sets of coupled global climate model experiments (ICE and NO ICE microphysics) reveal that ice microphysics improves the strength of the Hadley circulation with respect to observation. Results pinpoint that ICE simulation enhances high cloud fraction (global tropics: ~59%, India: ~51%) and stratiform rain (global tropics: ~5%, India: ~15%) contribution. ICE and NO ICE cloud microphysics impacts differently on the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), tropospheric temperature, and surface shortwave and longwave radiation. The effect of ice microphysics reduces OLR, which signifies deeper convection in the ICE run. The global annual average of the net radiation flux (shortwave and longwave) at the surface in ICE run (108.1 W/m2) is close to the observation (106 W/m2), which is overestimated in NO ICE run (112 W/m2). The result of apparent heat source term over the land and ocean surface eventually modifies regional Hadley circulation. Thus, the effect of ice microphysics in the global coupled model is important not only because of microphysics but also due to the radiation feedbacks. Therefore, better ice‐phase microphysics is required in the new generation of climate forecast model, which may lead to improvements in the simulation of monsoon.
Multiple satellite‐based analysis reveals complex climate effects of temperate forests and related energy budget
Authors: Ma Wei , Jia Gensuo , Zhang Anzhi
Published: March 2017

Forest conversion‐driven biophysical processes have been examined in various case studies that largely depend on sensitivity analysis of climate modeling. However, much remains unknown in the real world due to the complicated process and uncertainty in magnitude, especially in the temperate bioclimate regions. This study applied satellite‐based observation to investigate the biophysical climate response to potential forest conversion in China, especially on the spatial and temporal patterns and underlying mechanisms. We evaluated the differences of land surface temperature (ΔLST) between adjacent forest and cropland, in terms of the latitudinal and seasonal patterns. Compared to cropland, the temperate forest to the south of 40°N showed the cooling effect of −0.61 ± 0.02°C (95% confidence interval, and hereafter), and it presented the warming effect of 0.48 ± 0.06°C to the north of 48°N (the transition zone was between 40°N and 48°N). Seasonal analysis further demonstrated that the cooling effects of temperate forest in China in spring (March, April, May), summer (June, July, August), and autumn (September, October, November) were −0.53 ± 0.02°C, −0.55 ± 0.02°C, and −0.30 ± 0.02°C, respectively, while the forest caused the warming effect of 0.10 ± 0.04°C in winter (December, January, February). However, the biophysical climate response to forest conversion in temperate regions was complex and showed highly spatial and temporal heterogeneity. We further assessed the role of two major biophysical processes, i.e., albedo and evapotranspiration (ET), in shaping land surface temperature from surface energy budget perspective. Results showed that the latitudinal, seasonal, and spatiotemporal patterns of ΔLST was determined by the net effect of ET‐induced latent heat changes and albedo‐induced solar radiation absorption changes.
Increasing heat waves and warm spells in India, observed from a multiaspect framework
Authors: Panda Dileep Kumar , AghaKouchak Amir , Ambast Sunil Kumar
Published: March 2017

Recent heat waves have been a matter of serious concern for India because of potential impacts on agriculture, food security, and socioeconomic progress. This study examines the trends and variability in frequency, duration, and intensity of hot episodes during three time periods (1951–2013, 1981–2013 and 1998–2013) by defining heat waves based on the percentile of maximum, minimum, and mean temperatures. The study also explores heat waves and their relationships with hydroclimatic variables, such as rainfall, terrestrial water storage, Palmer drought severity index, and sea surface temperature. Results reveal that the number, frequency, and duration of daytime heat waves increased considerably during the post‐1980 dry and hot phase over a large area. The densely populated and agriculturally dominated northern half of India stands out as a key region where the nighttime heat wave metrics reflected the most pronounced amplifications. Despite the recent warming hiatus in India and other parts of the world, we find that both daytime and nighttime extreme measures have undergone substantial changes during or in the year following a dry year since 2002, with the probability distribution functions manifesting a hotter‐than‐normal climate during 1998–2013. This study shows that a few months preceding the 2010 record‐breaking heat wave in Russia, India experienced the largest hot episode in the country's history. Interestingly, both these mega events are comparable in terms of their evolution and amplification. These findings emphasize the importance of planning for strategies in the context of the rising cooccurrence of dry and hot events.
Spatial domain indirect holographic technique for antenna near‐field phaseless measurements
Authors: Costanzo S. , Di Massa G.
Published: March 2017

A spatial domain formulation of an indirect holographic technique, useful for antenna near‐field phase retrieval, is presented in this paper. The proposed approach is based on the adoption of three synthetic reference signals, giving three sets of amplitude‐only near‐field data. These are directly processed in the spatial domain to accurately retrieve the near‐field phase, from which the antenna radiation features can be subsequently computed. Despite the standard indirect holographic approach, no data processing is required in the spectral (Fourier transform) domain, thus completely avoiding the problem of spectrum overlapping which limits the accuracy of standard method. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated by a numerical test on a linear dipole array, as well as by experimental results on a ridged‐horn antenna.
The variability of low‐latitude ionospheric amplitude and phase scintillation detected by a triple‐frequency GPS receiver
Authors: de Oliveira Moraes Alison , Costa Emanoel , Abdu Mangalathayil Ali , Rodrigues Fabiano S. , de Paula Eurico Rodrigues , Oliveira Kelias , Perrella Waldecir João
Published: March 2017

Ionospheric scintillation is a manifestation of space weather effects that seriously affect the performance and availability of space‐based navigation and communication systems. This paper presents results from an investigation on the characteristics of the phase and amplitude scintillation of Global Positioning System signals at the L1, L2C, and L5 frequencies. Field data obtained by a scintillation monitor installed in São José dos Campos (23.1°S, 45.8°W; dip latitude 17.3°S, declination 21.4°W), Brazil, a station located near the southern crest of the equatorial ionization anomaly, were used for this purpose. The analyzed data were collected during 150 nights from November 2014 to March 2015, an epoch of moderate solar activity close to the recent solar maximum. Only measurements corresponding to an elevation mask of 30° and values above standard threshold levels were used in the analysis. Outstanding characteristics of amplitude and phase scintillation are analyzed and compared in this study. The different characteristics of the scintillation focused in this study include (1) the statistics of their occurrences at the three frequencies; (2) the local time distributions of the amplitude and phase scintillation at different intensity levels; (3) azimuth‐elevation (spatial) distributions at different levels of the standard deviation of phase fluctuations; (4) scintillation enhancement and loss of phase lock conditions due to field‐aligned (longitudinal) propagation; (5) the relationship between amplitude and phase scintillation parameters for the L1, L2C, and L5 frequencies; and (6) the frequency dependence of the amplitude and phase scintillations. Important results on these different characteristics are presented and discussed, and some outstanding problems for future investigations are suggested.
Flare forecasting at the Met Office Space Weather Operations Centre
Authors: Murray S. A. , Bingham S. , Sharpe M. , Jackson D. R.
Published: March 2017

The Met Office Space Weather Operations Centre produces 24/7/365 space weather guidance, alerts, and forecasts to a wide range of government and commercial end‐users across the United Kingdom. Solar flare forecasts are one of its products, which are issued multiple times a day in two forms: forecasts for each active region on the solar disk over the next 24 h and full‐disk forecasts for the next 4 days. Here the forecasting process is described in detail, as well as first verification of archived forecasts using methods commonly used in operational weather prediction. Real‐time verification available for operational flare forecasting use is also described. The influence of human forecasters is highlighted, with human‐edited forecasts outperforming original model results and forecasting skill decreasing over longer forecast lead times.
Cloud heights measured by MISR from 2000 to 2015
Authors: Davies Roger , Jovanovic Veljko M. , Moroney Catherine M.
Published: March 2017

Davies and Molloy (2012) reported a decrease in the global effective cloud height over the first 10 years of Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) measurements on the Terra satellite. We have reexamined their time series for possible artefacts that might especially affect the initial portion of the record when the heights appeared anomalously high. While variations in sampling were shown to be inconsequential, an artefact due to the change in equator crossing time that affected the first 2 years was discovered, and this has now been corrected. That correction, together with the extension of the time series by five more years, yields no significant overall trend in global heights during the first 15 years of Terra operation. The time series is dominated by large interannual fluctuations associated with La Niña events that mask any overall trend on a global scale. On a regional basis, the cloud heights showed significant interannual variations of much larger amplitude, sometimes with fairly direct cancellation between regions. There were unexplained differences between the two hemispheres in the timing of height anomalies. These differences persisted over a large range of extratropical latitudes, suggestive of teleconnections. Within the tropics, there were very strong changes associated with the Central Pacific and Indonesian Maritime Continent regions that oscillated out of phase with each other, with interannual amplitudes that exceeded 1 km.
Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Borges Daniel L.G. , Holcombe James A.
Published: March 2017

Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) enjoys excellent elemental selectivity and widespread usage with documented methodologies for a wide range of samples and matrices. Replacing the traditional flame atomizer with a graphite furnace (or ‘electrothermal atomizer (ETA)’) adds significantly to the flexibility of AAS and provides significantly lower detection limits. The basic principles of atomic absorption (AA) and the use of a graphite furnace as a means of generating the free atoms that are used in the spectrometric analysis are presented in this article. We must begin by understanding the basic chemical and physical transformations that occur from the moment a sample is placed on the graphite surface until the atomic vapors generated by heating of the graphite furnace diffuse from the tube and the absorption signal terminates. The path leading to the production of free gas‐phase atoms within the measurement volume within the graphite tube is a fascinating tale with many twists depending on sample and matrix. The chemical knowledge of various compounds has led to logical and innovative methodologies for particular analytes in specific matrices. All the efforts are in an attempt to permit interference‐free analyses using simple aqueous standards in the preparation of calibration curves. Limits of detection in the parts per billion range (picogram, absolute), microsampling capabilities, and methods for solids and slurries analysis have made this a popular analytical technique for ultratrace metal analysis.
Microfluidic Systems in Analytical Chemistry
Authors: Gómez‐Hens Agustina , Fernández‐Romero Juan M.
Published: March 2017

This article provides an overview of the evolution of the different strategies described to improve the performance of microfluidic systems applied in Analytical Chemistry. The concept of analytical microfluidics here encompasses different approaches designed to implement these miniaturized systems for analytical purposes. The physical phenomena involved in microfluidic systems and the microfabrication techniques and materials used in these systems are briefly described. The strategies and difficulties in integrating the different steps of the analytical process, including sample pretreatment, separation, and detection, on a single microfluidic device are discussed. This article includes the most recent trends in the development of microfluidic analytical systems, such as the availability of new biosensors, the analytical usefulness of paper‐based microfluidic systems, the use of nanotechnology, and the applicability of these miniaturized systems to biochemical, food, and environmental analysis.
Mass Spectrometry‐Based Electronic Nose for Bioanalysis
Authors: Pavón José Luis Pérez , del Nogal Sánchez Miguel , Ferreira Ana M.C. , Cordero Bernardo Moreno
Published: March 2017

The process used to solve many analytical problems involves obtaining information on isolated compounds. Sample treatment is the costliest and most time‐consuming part of the process and a frequent source of errors. However, sometimes it is not necessary to obtain information on individual compounds and profile signals are enough to make decisions. Here, electronic noses (e‐noses) are considered within the possibilities of non‐separative methods and specifically, electronic nose based on mass spectrometry (MS) in the bioanalysis field are discussed. These instrumental configurations are very attractive since sample treatment is eliminated or reduced and no chromatographic steps are required. Chemometric techniques are needed to extract the information from the signals.

Endogenous volatile compounds provide important information about the state of the health of an individual and they can be analyzed with a MS‐based electronic nose. Their use in disease detection is, basically, the adaptation of an ancient practice in medicine.

In this work the main instrumental configurations based on this approach and some applications in the bioanalysis field considering noninvasive biological fluids are described.
Trends for the Development of In Situ Analysis Devices
Authors: Jornet‐Martínez N. , Moliner‐Martínez Y. , Molins‐Legua C. , Campíns‐Falcó P.
Published: March 2017

The aim of this article is to review the analytical devices for in situ analysis developed in the last years. First, the concept in situ in the analytical context is defined. Then, the topic is addressed revising the issues that need to be considered for in situ analytical devices, their advantages compared with methods carried out at laboratory and the limitations associated to the methodologies and devices. In addition, illustrative examples of proposed in situ devices are shown, with special emphasis on optical‐based devices. Finally, the scientific, technological, and social factors involved in the development of the current devices are discussed. Moreover, the key trends that influence the future evolution of in situ analysis are highlighted.
Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed C(sp3)–C(sp3) Bond Forming Cyclization Reactions for the Synthesis of Tetrahydroprotoberberine Derivatives
Authors: Li Jianjun , Qin Cong , Yu Yang , Fan Huaqiang , Fu Yiwei , Li Hao , Wang Wei
Published: March 2017

An efficient Lewis acid‐catalyzed C(sp3)–C(sp3) bond forming annulation reaction has been developed. This strategy serves as a new method for the facile synthesis of tetrahydro‐5H‐isoquinolino[2,1‐g][1,6]naphthyridine derivatives. A wide range of 2‐methylquinoline‐3‐carbaldehydes and 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinolines can be applied for this process to afford structurally diverse tetrahydroprotoberberine derivatives in excellent yields.

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Influence of nitrogen plasma treatment on the wettability of polyetheretherketone and deposited chitosan layers
Authors: Terpiłowski Konrad , Wiącek Agnieszka Ewa , Jurak Małgorzata
Published: March 2017

Wettability properties of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) activated and non‐activated by nitrogen plasma have been investigated. Moreover, the PEEK plates were covered with antibacterial chitosan and its wettability properties were also investigated. Surface topography was determined using SEM and optical profilometry and surface composition by FT‐IR and XPS. For determination of apparent surface free energy, the hysteresis approach (CAH), acid base (LWAB), and Owens–Wendt (O–W) theory were used. The equilibrium contact angles were calculated from the Tadmor theory and further used for apparent surface energy calculation applying the above‐mentioned approaches. Due to the surface plasma activation both the roughness of the surface and the polar component of apparent surface free energy increased. It is shown that nitrogen plasma activation of PEEK surface increases the adhesion of chitosan to the surface due to the combination effect of: (i) the increase in surface roughness, (ii) introducing the polar groups onto the surface.
Evaluation of thermal resistance and mechanical properties of injected molded stereocomplex of poly(l‐lactic acid) and poly(d‐lactic acid) with various molecular weights
Authors: Li Yuzeng , Li Qiao , Yang Gesheng , Ming Ruihao , Yu Minmin , Zhang Huihui , Shao Huili
Published: March 2017

Poly(l‐lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(d‐lactic acid) (PDLA) with various molecular weights (MW) were melt blended in equivalent proportions, and then followed by injection molding to form polylactide stereocomplex (sc‐PLA). The crystalline structures, thermal resistance, and mechanical properties of the formed sc‐PLA were then investigated in detail. The results showed stereocomplex crystallites (sc) were formed predominantly in all the sc‐PLA regardless of the MW of the PLLA or PDLA pellets, and a small amount of homocrystallites (hc) also coexisted in sc‐PLA. The MW of PLLA and PDLA pellets displayed significant effects on the crystallinity, thermal resistance, and mechanical properties of sc‐PLA. PLLA and PDLA with low and similar MW facilitated the formation of sc, and also improved the onset degradation temperature and Vicat softening temperature of sc‐PLA. For a similar degree of crystallinity, high MW was found to be more favorable in improving the thermal performance of sc‐PLA. Although sc‐PLA prepared from PLLA and PDLA with low MW showed decreased mechanical properties, the mechanical properties of sc‐PLA increased with an increase in the MW of the PLLA or PDLA pellet. When PLLA and PDLA pellets with high and similar MW were used, the mechanical properties of sc‐PLA could even exceed those of pure PLLA.
Dynamics of hydrate formation and deposition under pseudo multiphase flow
Authors: Zhao Jiafei , Wang Bin , Sum Amadeu K.
Published: March 2017

Gas hydrate formation is considered one of the major challenges in the flow assurance of deepwater oil and gas pipelines, as their blockage by hydrate can lead to significant production/economic loss and safety risk. Understanding the hydrate formation and deposition processes can improve the management methods in field development and production. This study used a high‐pressure rocking cell to simulate multiphase flow conditions to visually investigate the hydrate formation and deposition from an oil‐gas‐water system. The changing hydrate morphologies, flow pattern and particle distribution during hydrate formation were studied and a conceptual model was proposed. The relative motion of hydrates to the cell wall and the final morphology of the hydrate chunks are found to be two critical parameters for evaluating hydrate deposition characteristics in the flow system. Five types of hydrate deposition morphologies are observed and these are correlated to the hydrate porosity. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 4136–4146, 2017
Effect of amphoteric dispersant on the dispersion properties of nano‐SiO2 particles
Authors: Gao Rui‐Jun , Yao Yan , Wu Hao , Wang Ling
Published: March 2017

An amphoteric polycarboxylate dispersant (APC) was synthesized by copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA), methacryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC), and isopentenol polyoxyethylene ether (IPEG). The molecular structure of APC was characterized by FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, and GPC. Effect of the dosage of APC on the rheological performance of nano‐SiO2 suspension was investigated by measurements of the plastic viscosity. The results indicated that the best dispersion effect of APC was obtained when the dosage of APC was about 10 wt % (by the weight percent of nano‐SiO2), which can maintain the dispersion of nano‐SiO2 suspension uniformly for 4 h without settlement. Meanwhile, the zeta potential value on the surface of nano‐SiO2 particles shows that the better dispersion performance of APC was attributed to the solvation water film formed by the polyoxyethylene side chains and the electrostatic repulsion formed by positively groups (CN+) on the APC structure combined with ‐SiO– groups on the surface of nano‐SiO2 particles. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45075.
Direct solid state polycondensation of tetra‐ and hexa‐methylenediammonium terephthalate: Scaling up from the TGA micro‐reactor to a laboratory autoclave
Authors: Porfyris Athanasios D. , Papaspyrides Constantine D. , Rulkens Ruud , Grolman Eric
Published: March 2017

The direct solid state polycondensation (DSSP) reaction of tetramethylenediammonium and hexamethylenediammonium terephthalate (4 T and 6 T salts) in a laboratory scale autoclave reactor was investigated. The autoclave reactor is 3 orders of magnitude larger than the TGA micro‐reactor we used previously. The larger scale reactor allows more extensive analyses such as analysis of the formed condensate by titration and allows investigation of operating conditions that are important on industrial scale, such as batch (closed system) versus semibatch (open system) operation and flow of nitrogen used. Comparing the two scales has given important insight into the parameters that are important in scaling‐up direct solid‐state polycondensation. Furthermore, the effect of scaling up on the quality of the final semiaromatic polyamide products was determined, by comparing the obtained thermal properties, the solution viscosity and the end‐group concentrations obtained by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. When operating the open reactor with a gentle nitrogen stream, the results show that products of similar properties were obtained from the micro and the laboratory scale reactors if critical parameters like temperature and pressure time profile were kept the same. The solid character of the reacting mass was retained only when maintaining the reactor at atmospheric pressure, allowing the condensation water to be removed. When keeping the autoclave reactor closed, both polyamide (PA) products (i.e., PA4T and PA6T) were agglomerated as a result of a solid melt transition during the direct solid state polycondensation. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45080.
Piecemeal Mechanism Combining Sprouting and Intussusceptive Angiogenesis in Intravenous Papillary Formation Induced by PGE2 and Glycerol
Authors: Díaz‐Flores Lucio , Gutiérrez Ricardo , García M. Del Pino , Sáez Francisco J. , Díaz‐Flores Lucio , Madrid Juan F.
Published: March 2017

Recently, we demonstrated that in human intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH), vein wall vascularization occurs in association with myriad papillae, a large part of which formed in the vascularized vein wall. Previously, using an animal model, we observed that PGE2 and glycerol administration around the femoral vein originates intense vascularization of the vein wall from its intimal endothelial cells (ECs). This vascularization is similar to that in IPEH. The aim of this study is to assess the mechanism of papillary formation, using this model after demonstrating papillary development in neo‐vascularized femoral vein walls. In semithin and ultrathin sections, the sequential vascular and papillary development was as follows: (a) activation of vein intimal ECs, (b) sprouting of intimal ECs towards the vein media layer and microvessel development, (c) interconnection between neighboring microvessels originated elementary loops, which encircled vein wall components and formed papillae. The encircling ECs formed the papillary cover, and the encircled component formed the core. The papillae showed a similar structure to that of folds and pillars in intussusceptive angiogenesis, and (d) origin of secondary and complex loop systems by interconnection of neighboring elementary loops and by splitting of papillae by new loops, with abundant papillary development. In conclusion, the results support a piecemeal angiogenic mechanism in papillary formation, with association of sprouting and intussusceptive types of angiogenesis. Further studies are needed to assess whether the intravascular papillae described in several pathologic processes, including vessel tumors, such as Dabska's tumor, retiform hemangioendothelioma, and angiosarcoma, follow a similar mechanism. Anat Rec, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 300:1781–1792, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the normalization and distributional adjustment of journal ranking metrics: A simple parametric approach
Authors: Ryan Haley M.
Published: March 2017

This paper presents a simple parametric statistical approach to comparing different citation‐based journal ranking metrics within a single academic field. The mechanism can also be used to compare the same metric across different academic fields. The mechanism operates by selecting an optimal normalization factor and an optimal distributional adjustment for the rank–score curve, both of which are instrumental in making sound intermetric and interfield journal comparisons.
Developments in research data management in academic libraries: Towards an understanding of research data service maturity
Authors: Cox Andrew M. , Kennan Mary Anne , Lyon Liz , Pinfield Stephen
Published: March 2017

This article reports an international study of research data management (RDM) activities, services, and capabilities in higher education libraries. It presents the results of a survey covering higher education libraries in Australia, Canada, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and the UK. The results indicate that libraries have provided leadership in RDM, particularly in advocacy and policy development. Service development is still limited, focused especially on advisory and consultancy services (such as data management planning support and data‐related training), rather than technical services (such as provision of a data catalog, and curation of active data). Data curation skills development is underway in libraries, but skills and capabilities are not consistently in place and remain a concern. Other major challenges include resourcing, working with other support services, and achieving “buy in” from researchers and senior managers. Results are compared with previous studies in order to assess trends and relative maturity levels. The range of RDM activities explored in this study are positioned on a “landscape maturity model,” which reflects current and planned research data services and practice in academic libraries, representing a “snapshot” of current developments and a baseline for future research.