bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A “Living Cell Method” for Testing the Early Effects of Antispermatogenic Compounds: Model Experiments with Two Alkylating Agents ThioTepa and Nitrogen Mustard
Authors: Parvinen Leena‐Maija , Parvinen Martti
Published: May 2008

An accurate identification of stages of spermatogenesis in freshly isolated unstained seminiferous tubules is possible by a simple transillumination. Physiologically, the acrosome and maturation phase spermatids are arranged in bundles or as a continous layer and give rise to light absorption patterns characteristic for different cell associations. The damaged and dying cells cause alterations in the light absorption pattern which helps their specific selection for further analyses by morphological and biochemical methods.

In model experiments, we have analyzed the early stage‐specific effects of two alkylating anticancer agents, nitrogen mustard and ThioTepa. Increased light absorption was seen in segments V–VI caused by degenerating early spermatids and mid‐pachytene spermatocytes, and in segments XII–I caused mainly by pachytene spermatocytes. Phase contrast microscopy proved to be valuable in analysis of the phagocytosing function of the Sertoli cells. Electron microscopy revealed that probably the earliest observable alterations were disintegrations of the developing acrosomic system, of the chromatoid body in early spermatids and of the spermatid nuclei during the late acrosome phase. Biochemical analyses revealed an inhibition of physiological DNA and RNA syntheses and an activation of unscheduled repair‐DNA synthesis.

The “living cell method” gives new possibilities for combined morphological and biochemical analyses of specific effects of antifertility and anticancer drugs on different stages of mitotic and meiotic cell cycles during spermatogenesis.
Chlorinated Sugars: A Biochemical Approach to the Control of Male Fertility
Authors: Ford W. C. L. , Waites G. M. H.
Published: May 2008

6‐Chloro‐6‐deoxyglucose (120 μmol; 24 mg kg b.wt.), 6‐chloro‐6‐deoxyfructose (< 240 μ 48 mg/kg b.wt.), 6‐chloro‐6‐deoxysucrose (240 μmol; 85 mg/kg b.wt.), ′6‐chloro‐′6‐deoxysucrose (< 240 μmol; 85 mg/kg b.wt.) and 6.′6‐dichloro‐6,′6‐dideoxysucrose (240 μmol; 89 mg/kg b.wt.) administered to male rats daily, by oral gavage, render them infertile after 7 days treatment. The effect is sustained through at least 4 weeks of treatment and is reversed 3 to 6 weeks after treatment is withdrawn. Spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis of treated rats oxidize only 10% as much glucose as spermatozoa from controls and their ATP and total adenine nucleotide content fall more rapidly during incubation with 2 mM [U14C]D‐glucose. These biochemical effects are associated with a more rapid decline in cell motility. The LD50 for 6‐chloro‐6‐deoxyglucose in the rat is > 16 g/kg b.wt.

Administration of [36Cl] ′6‐chloro‐′6‐deoxysucrose has shown this compound to be extensively dechlorinated in vivo.

Chlorodeoxy sugars are discussed as potential male antifertility agents worthy of further investigation.
In Vitro Metabolism of [3H]Progesterone in Testicular Tissue Derived from Seven Males Treated with Oestrogens
Authors: Kjessler B. , Berg A. Å:son , Fritjofsson Å
Published: May 2008

Oestrogens administered to adult males are known to suppress the synthesis of androgens in the testicles. A main effect of this treatment on testicular steroid metabolism in vitro seems to be a significant reduction of 17α‐hydroxylase activity. A concomitant increase in the 20α‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was, however, observed in four young oestrogen‐treated transsexual males (Rodriques et al. 1976).

We have analysed the metabolism of [3H]progesterone in vitro in testicular tissue incubates derived from six males on current oestrogen treatment and from one male 19 weeks after cessation of oestrogen therapy.

The metabolism in general of [3H]progesterone in vitro was observed to be decreased in all males on oestrogen treatment as compared to control subjects. The metabolite 20α‐dihydroprogesterone was found to constitute between 85–91 per cent of all metabolites formed in the patients under treatment.

On the contrary, the metabolic pattern observed in the previously treated male, appeared to be fully consistent with the patterns observed in non‐treated control subjects. Thus, the main alterations in intratesticular progesterone‐metabolism caused by exogenous administration of oestrogens, at least for 23 consecutive weeks, seem to be completely reversible.
Gonadotrophin Changes in Male Rats Following a Sterilizing Dose of α‐Chlorohydrin
Authors: Morris I. D. , Jackson C. M.
Published: May 2008

A single oral sterilizing dose of α‐chlorohydrin (80 mg/kg) produced obstructive retention cysts in the caput epididymis and ductuli efferentes of the male rat with resultant destruction of the spermatogenic epithelium. The weights of androgen dependent organs other than the epididymidis were not changed by the treatment, suggesting that androgen secretion was not impaired. Serum prolactin was elevated for several weeks after α‐chlorohydrin possibly correlated with a diuretic action. LH secretion was unchanged for 4 days, significantly elevated at 7 days, then slowly declined to normal, a result which could not be correlated with the other endocrine changes. Serum FSH was significantly elevated by day 4 and remained high for the period of the experiment. The results support the idea of separate controlling mechanisms for LH and FSH secretion. The rapid and persistent rise in FSH supports the view that a hormonal factor (inhibin) is normally produced by the seminiferous epithelium. The possibility that inhibin is normally absorbed via the epididymis and in these experiments fails to reach the systemic circulation because of the epididymal lesion is discussed.
Effect of Two Methylxanthine Derivatives and Four Prostaglandins on the Motility of Spermatozoa from Volunteers and Oligozoospermic Patients
Authors: Read M. D. , Schnieden H.
Published: May 2008

Caffeine has a dose dependant effect in vitro on the motility of human spermatozoa obtained from volunteers. In doses of 6 mM and 60 mM it delayed the fall in motility with time of spermatozoa when added within an hour of ejaculation. 6 mM caffeine had similar effects on the motility of spermatozoa obtained from oligozoospermic patients. However, 6 mM caffeine was ineffective in modifying the motility of previously cryopre‐served spermatozoa. In vitro theophylline 6 mM was effective in delaying the fall in motility with time of human spermatozoa obtained from volunteers and oligozoospermic patients within one h of ejaculation. In the doses used (prostaglandin E1, 25 μg/ml, E2, 25 μg/ml, F1α. 5 μg/ml and F2α, 5 μg/ml) none of the prostaglandins delayed the fall in in vitro motility with time of human spermatozoa obtained from volunteers or oligozoospermic patients, in fact prostaglandins E1, E2, and F2α caused an inhibition of the motility of spermatozoa obtained from volunteers.
Abnormal Epididymal Spermatozoa Two to Thirty‐five Days after a Brief Experiment Cryptorchidism in the Rabbit
Authors: Plöen Leif , Håkansson Nils
Published: May 2008

Spermatozoa from the middle and the terminal segments of the rabbit epididymis were examined 2 to 35 days after experimental cryptorchidism for 24 h. Prominent changes were found in the nucleus, the acrosome and the tail. Many bent and broken tails were seen and it is suggested that tail breaks always occur in the same direction, perpendicular to a plane through the central pair of the axial filament complex. Back‐calculations to determine what stage of development the cells were in when exposed to abdominal temperature indicated that spermatogonia were not affected and that primary spermatocytes were the most heat sensitive germ cells. Tail abnormalities occurred in spermatozoa that were in the proximal part of the epididymal duct during the experimental cryptorchidism.
Hypothalamic Control of the Testis in the Ram
Authors: Lincoln G. A.
Published: May 2008

Adult Soay rams were maintained under an artificial lighting schedule which induced a seasonal cycle in testicular activity every 8 months. At 3 stages of the testis cycle (regressed, developing and active) the episodic nature of LH secretion was assessed from blood samples collected at frequent intervals. At the same time the LH release in response to 3 doses of LH‐RH (50, 250 and 1000 ng) was measured. The endogenous release of LH‐RH was then deduced from the episodic pattern of LH secretion using the dose response to synthetic LH‐RH as a standard. The result showed that in the ram LH‐RH secretion is episodic, and the hypothalamus regulates release by changing both the frequency and magnitude of the episodes of secretion.
The Ultrastructure of the Rete Testis and Its Permeability Barrier Before and After Efferent Ductule Ligation
Authors: Osman D. I.
Published: May 2008

The rete testis of the bull, ram, boar, goat, rabbit, cat and rat was lined with a simple epithelium that varied in height from flat to tall columnar. The ultrastructure of the rete epithelium did not indicate protein secretion. The presence of many microvesicles in the rete epithelium suggested that these cells might be involved in transport of substances across the epithelium. A few spermatozoa were observed within the cytoplasm of the apical part of the cells. Neighbouring cells were attached together by desmosomes and adluminal tight junctions. Intraepithelial lymphocytes were frequently observed between the rete cells near the basal lamina. The adluminal tight junctions between the rete cells efficiently blocked lanthanum from reaching the lumina of the rete channels. Efferent ductule ligation had no harmful effect upon the permeability of the blood‐testis barrier in the rete testis as judged by lanthanum technique. A few myoid cells were found in the connective tissue of the mediastinum near the rete channels.
Seminal Pepsinogen: Quantitation and Correlation with the Spermiogram
Authors: Hirsch‐Marie H. , Delafontaine D.
Published: May 2008

The statistical correlation between the concentrations of seminal pepsinogen (Pg III) and the spermiograms of 84 normozoospermic, oligozooazoospermic subjects were studied.

A large dispersion of the concentrations of Pg III was noted: ranging from 0.28 units Pg III per ejaculate (E) – the minimal value found in one polyzoospermic subject – to 31.8 units Pg III/E, the maximal value found in one oligozoospermic semen.

The seminal pepsinogen levels were above 10 U Pg III/E in almost half of the cases of oligozoo‐and polyzoospermia, demonstrating and suggesting that consumption of this proenzyme may occur in inverse relationship to the number of spermatozooa.

The activities of Pg III were equivalent in the different parts of fractionated ejaculates, suggesting that Pg III is produced by both the seminal vesicles and the prostate.
Hydrocele: A Frequently Overlooked Complication after High Ligation of the Spermatic Vein for Varicocele
Authors: Wallijn E. , Desmet R.
Published: May 2008

In a series of 114 operations for varicocele using the high ligation technique, the authors noticed hydrocele formation on the ipsilateral side in 7% of cases. Hydrocele therefore is considered a frequent complication which may be due to damage caused by the ligature of the lymphatic vessels running together with the spermatic vein. Since hydrocele formation may impair the recovery of spermatogenesis after varicocelectomy, the operation should involve as little trauma as possible and the tissues around the veins should be spared. However a higher frequency of recurrent varicocele may be a possible consequence of such a surgical approach.
Seasonal Change in Fine Structure and Function of Leydig Cells in the Blue Fox (Alopex lagopus)
Authors: Andersen Kjell
Published: May 2008

The correlation between ultrastructural alterations and presumptive change in endocrine activity was studied in the Leydig cells of 17 blue foxes castrated at different times of the year.

In the reproductive season (March and April), with high concentrations of plasma testosterone and very active spermatogenesis the Leydig cells had large and light nuclei, few lipid droplets, ovoid mitochondria with tubular cristae, and a well developed agranular endoplasmic reticulum (AER). During early regression the mitochondria became large and pleomorphic, and the AER was arranged in concentric whorls. Later, when the activity seemed to have reached basal levels, the nuclei were small and dark, the number of lipid droplets increased, the mitochondria were rod‐shaped with lamellar cristae, and the whorls of AER decreased. During the period of increasing activity the nuclei enlarged, the endoplasmic reticulum displayed both granular and agranular profiles, the mitochondria were sometimes dark and cup‐shaped, and the number of lipid droplets decreased gradually.
Comparison of Colprimetric and Fluorometric Methods for Estimation of Sperm Concentration in Human Ejaculate and Rat Epididymal Sperm
Authors: (Frenkel) G. Paz , Homonnai Z. T. , Kornblum Halina , Kraicer P. F.
Published: May 2008

Estimation of sperm concentration with ethidium bromide was found to be simple and rapid. The estimated value of DNA per human spermatozoon, 2.7 pg, agreed with published values. The method is also applicable to rat epididymal spermatozoa, although the apparent concentration of DNA is only 1.5 pg/spermatozoon. In spectrophotometry, falsely high values were noted. These were, however, reproducible and did not interfere with sperm estimation.

Although fluorometry is not more sensitive than spectrephotometry, it is simpler, avoiding corrosive reagents, and more rapid.

A standardized method is outlined and calibration equations, based on correlation analysis, are presented.
Index of Longevity — A new Definition of an Index for Sperm Quality Evaluation
Authors: Makler Amnon
Published: May 2008

A new index by which sperm longevity can be evaluated quantitatively is suggested for a routine semen analysis, and was calculated in seminal specimens of 50 donors. This index of longevity is defined according to each one of 2 different characteristics of sperm motility analyzed by the MEP method:

ILM — the ratio between per cent of motile sperm measured four h and one h after ejaculation.

ILV — the ratio between sperm velocity measured four and one h after ejaculation.

The ratio clearly shows whether motility, tested in vitro, is stable or drops rapidly with time.

ILM was found to range between 0.2 and 1.3 with average 0.8. ILV ranged from 0.5 to 1.8 and average 1.14. Neither ILM nor ILV showed any correlation with sperm concentration, abnormal forms, initial per cent of motility or initial sperm velocity and thus it was impossible to predict sperm longevity from any known sperm characteristics. However. a coefficient of correlation of 0.44 was found between ILM and ILV which means that to a certain extent, cases with well‐preserved percentage of motility may also reveal a well‐preserved sperm velocity.

With the aid of this index it is possible to investigate if there is any correlation between sperm longevity and fertility rate, sperm survival in various media, alleged sperm stimulants or treatment given to the male.
Presence of Sperm Agglutinating Antibodies in Infertile Men and Inhibition of in vitro Sperm Penetration into Cervical Mucus
Authors: Jager S. , Kremer J. , van Slochteren‐Draaisma Tiny
Published: May 2008

The relation between presence of antispermatozoal antibodies in infertile men and the inhibition of the in vitro sperm penetration into cervical mucus (CM) was studied with the sperm cervical mucus contact (SCMC) test. The tests were performed with semen from infertile men and from semen donors. The CM used permitted good penetration of normal spermatozoa. The so called “shaking phenomenon”, the result of a specific interaction of spermatozoa and CM, was expressed in the shaking percentage (S%).

The S% did not change beyond the experimental error within 30 min after mixing semen and CM. The S% was 30 at the most in 194 out of 198 SCMC tests with normal donor semen and normal pre‐ovulatory CM. Significant negative correlations (P < 0.005) were found between the readings of the sperm penetration meter (SPM) test on one hand and the S%, the sperm agglutination titer in the serum and the sperm agglutination titer in the seminal plasma (SP) on the other hand. Significant positive correlations (P < 0.005) were found between the S% and the sperm agglutination titer in the SP. The sperm agglutination titer in serum and in SP correlated significantly better (P < 0.02) with the S% in the SCMC test than with the readings of the SPM test.

It was concluded that: 1. A high S% is highly specific for the presence of antispermatozoal antibodies in infertile men, 2. The SCMC test is more suited than the SPM test for studying the effect of antispermatozoal antibodies on the penetration and migration of spermatozoa into CM,
The Effect of Cyproterone Acetate on Myo‐Inositol Uptake and Secretion in the Reproductive Tract of the Male Rat
Authors: Lewin L. M. , Yannai Y. , Kraicer P.
Published: May 2008

A procedure is described for evaluating the uptake of myo‐inositol by measuring the radioactivity (dpm/mg wet weight of tissue) in the male reproductive accessory glands after injection of (2‐3H)myo‐inositol into bilaterally nephrectomized rats. The rate of secretion of the labelled inositol was assessed by measuring the total dpm in fluids expressed from the seminal vesicles and coagulating glands after injection of the tritiated inositol.

Cyproterone acetate treatment (15 mg/day), for 2 to 7 days, inhibited secretion of radioactive inositol by the seminal vesicles and decreased the uptake capacity to a greater extent than it inhibited the rate of inositol accumulation into these glands. It had a similar effect on the coagulating glands after 7 days of treatment. The prostate was the least affected by the cyproterone acetate treatment.
Relation between Abnormalities of Human Sperm Flagella and Respiratory Tract Disease
Authors: Camner Per , Afzelius Björn A. , Eliasson Rune , Mossberg Björn
Published: May 2008

Nineteen men with viable spermatozoa of a reduced motility were divided into two groups according to the morphology as seen in light microscopy; one with less (group A) and one with more (group B) than 50 % abnormal sperm tails. These men were eamined with regard to history and symptoms of respiratory tract diseases. Spermatozoa and cilia from the respiratory tract were examined with electron microscopy. Tracheobronchial clearance was evaluated with labelled teflon particles. Five men (group C) with the “immotile‐cilia syndrome”, primarily selected because of respiratory tract symptoms, were also studied with regard to sperm motility and morphology.

There was a close correlation between immotility or very poor motility of the spermatozoa and ciliary dysfunction only when the spermatozoa had a normal configuration. Poor sperm motility coupled with abnormalities in the sperm tails, as evaluated with light microscopy, was rarely associated with ciliary dysfunction. The reason for this could be that the spermatozoa from these men (in group B) all had abnormal fibrous sheath and/or mitochondria: structures not present in cilia from the respiratory tract.

Nine of the 12 men with immotile sperm tails (group A, B, and C) had the immotile‐cilia syndrome and a complete or partial lack of dynein arms in the sperm tails. Two other men with the immotile‐cilia syndrome had spermatozoa with some motility; spermatozoa from one had both inner and outer dynein arms and spermatozoa from the other lacked the outer arms.

Respiratory tract cilia were studied in four men with the immotile‐cilia syndrome (from groups A and C). Inner and outer dynein arms were missing in the spermatozoa and cilia from three men, but in the same cells from the fourth man only the inner arms were absent.
Effect of Fetal Irradiation on Testicular Receptors and Testosterone Response to Gonadotrophin Stimulation in Adult Rats
Authors: Rich Kathryn A. , de Kretser D. M.
Published: May 2008

The amount of [125I]human chorionic gonadotrophin bound by testicular membrane preparations from adult male rats with germinal cell aplasia induced by x‐irradiation in utero was significantly reduced in comparison to that of normal males. The in vivo serum testosterone response to an injection of human chorionic gonadotrophin was significantly decreased in the x‐irradiated rats. Paradoxically, the in vitro maximal secretory response to gonadotrophin stimulation was markedly increased. It is concluded that a decrease in the number of receptors on Leydig cells subjected to chronically elevated serum levels of LH does not limit the capacity of the testis for steroid biosynthesis.
The Routine Spermiogram in the Assessment of Male Fertility
Authors: Brotherton Janet , Koch U. J. , Hammerstein J.
Published: May 2008

An analysis has been made of 1214 consecutive unselected first spermiograms obtained from a male infertility clinic. At least 30 pieces of information were obtained for each specimen. Spermiograms were classified using the system of the Comité Internacional de Andrologia which was found to be unwieldy. In addition the degree of oligozoospermia was assigned to grades based on the sperm count. There were indications of an abnormality in the glands of the reproductive tract in 43% of the spermiograms so indicating the large role infection inflammation/congenital abnormality still plays in male infertility. No relationship could be found between the presence of a glandular abnormality and any specific abnormality in the morphology and motility characteristics of the spermatozoa. The decrease in percent normal spermatozoa with sperm count was more marked than the decrease in percent motility, speed or vitality. Spermatozoa died at the same rate regardless of sperm count. Useful additions to the routine spermiogram are probably an accurate counting of leucocytes and a cytological examination of the prostatic fluid. Measurement of semen pH was a useful parameter provided precautions were taken not to lose carbon dioxide. Acid pH, low volume and low fructose indicated the absence of a contribution from the seminal vesicles. In the differential spermiogram it was necessary only to determine the proportion of normal spermatozoa, abnormal spermatozoa and immature germ cells. Repeat determinations of motility, speed, avital spermatozoa and fructose provided no useful additional information.
Adrenal Androgens and their Effect on Human Semen Quality
Authors: Homonnai Z. T. , Henig I. , Paz G. F. , Gilat Susan , Chayen R.
Published: May 2008

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the relationship between the sperm quality (concentration, motility, vitality and morphology) and elevated 17‐ketosteroids (17KS) and their metabolites; Androsterone (A). Etiocholanolone (E), Dehydroepiandrosterone (D) and Pregnanediol (P2). 162 men with normally fractionated urinary 17KS but with different degrees of sperm quality were evaluated. Statistical analysis did not reveal any correlation between sperm quality and levels of the metabolites. The same evaluation was performed on 36 men with elevated abnormal fractionated urinary 17KS metabolites. Here too, no correlation could be indicated. Eight men with pathological fractionated metabolites underwent adrenal gland stimulation by the ACTH test and suppression by dexamethasone concomitant with stimulation by hCG. All the 8 men responded normally. 4 men with abnormal urinary metabolites were treated with dexamethasone (0.5 mg/day) for 3 months. Sperm quality and urinary metabolites were checked during every month of treatment. No improvement in sperm quality was observed, although adrenal function was suppressed. However, 2 wives of the treated men conceived during treatment.

No correlation could be established between the metabolites of androgens in the urine, sperm quality and male fertility.
Carnitine Acyl Esters of Human Semen
Authors: Lewin L. M. , Holzman G. , Fahimi F. , Choi Y. , Bieber L. L.
Published: May 2008

Carnitine derivatives, including short‐chain acylcarnitines, were detected in human semen by a bioautographic method using a carnitine requiring mutant of the yeast, Torulopsis bovina. Acylcarnitines formed approximately 55% of the total carnitine content of semen from fertile males, whereas the acylcarnitine fraction of semen from infertile males comprised only 25%, and that of postvasectomy semen comprised 65%. Gas chromatographic analysis of the fatty acids liberated from acylcarnitine derivatives demonstrated the presence of acetyl, propionyl, isobutyryl, butyryl, and isovaleryl derivatives in postvasectomy semen and semen from fertile and infertile males.
Diagnosis of Accessory Gland Infection and its Possible Role in Male Infertility
Authors: Comhaire F. , Verschraegen G. , Vermeulen L.
Published: May 2008

The diagnosis of male adnexitis is difficult and the influence of this condition on fertility is still a matter of debate.

With the intention to define diagnostic criteria a comprehensive study of biochemical and morphological features of semen, plus culture for microorganisms, was performed in patients who were assessed for infertility during a four year period.

The following parameters were considered of diagnostic value:

a) history of urogenital infection and/or abnormal rectal palpation.

b) significant alterations in the expressed prostatic fluid and/or urinary sediment after prostatic massage.

c) 1. Uniform growth of more than 103 pathogenic bacteria, or more than 104 non‐pathogenic bacteria per ml, in culture of diluted seminal plasma.

c) 2. Presence of more than 106 (peroxidase positive) leucocytes per ml of ejaculate.

c) 3. Signs of disturbed secretory function of the prostate or seminal vesicles.

The diagnosis of infection is accepted if either of the following combinations is found: a + b, a + c (1 or 2 or 3), b + c (1 or 2 or 3), c1 + c2, c1 + c3, c2 + c3.

Many studies have been devoted to the question whether infection of the accessory sex glands can cause male subfertility; results are however discrepant and no final conclusion has yet been reached. Indeed, no controlled prospective study has been performed on subfertile men with infection, comparing the fertility outcome with or without treatment. This is, to a great extent, due to the confusion concerning the diagnosis of infection. Some authors diagnose infection as soon as pathogenic bacteria are cultured in the seminal plasma (Mobley 1975; Dahlberg 1976); some consider the number of bacteria per ml of ejaculate as an important diagnostic criterion (Clavequin et al. 1971; Drach 1975; Fari et al. 1977; Eneroth et al. 1978); others stress the diagnostic value of cytological examination of the expressed prostatic fluid (Eliasson 1968; Johannisson &Eliasson 1978); whereas some investigators consider certain changes in sperm morphology and in the biochemical composition of the seminal plasma of great importance (Anderson & Fair 1976; Blacklock & Beavis 1974; Eliasson i970; Lindholmer & Eliasson 1972).

Since infection is defined on the basis of such different criteria, the reported incidence in subfertile men greatly varies from one series to another, and the results of treatment are very divergent (Marberger et al. 1972).

The aim of this study is to report the results of our investigations on different parameters of infection of the accessory sex glands in male partners of childless couples, and to try to define diagnostic criteria.
Testicular Function after Combined Chemotherapy for Metastatic Testicular Cancer
Authors: Fosså Sophie Dorothea , Klepp Olbjørn , Aakvaag Asbjorn , Molne Kaare
Published: May 2008

In 10 patients cured for metastatic testicular cancer by combination chemotherapy serum hormone levels and serum agglutinating antibodies were analysed 12 to 35 months after discontinuation of the treatment. Together with these examinations sperm analysis was done. All patients had increased levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Serum testosterone was usually in the lower part of the normal range (below 20 nmol/***l). In eight patients the serum agglutinating antibodies were normal, while two patients had increased levels. In all patients azoospermia was observed, indicating long‐lasting infertility in patients testicular cancer treated by combination chemotherapy. The possible importance of cryopreservation prior to start of chemotherapy is discussed.
Physico‐Chemical Characterization of the Soluble 3α‐Hydroxysteroid Oxidoreductase in the Rat Testis and Prostate
Authors: Hastings Cetra D. , Brekke Inger , Attramadal A. , Hansson Vidar
Published: May 2008

The present paper describes some physicochemical properties of the soluble 3α‐oxidoreductases in the rat testis and prostate, and comparison with rat epididymal 3α‐oxidoreductase, published previously (Hastings & Hansson 1979). The testicular enzyme shows properties very similar to that in the epididymis (size, stability, pH optium) except for minor differences in charge (iso‐electric point). The prostatic enzyme revealed a slightly higher molecular weight, and was more sensitive to heating than those in the testis and epididymis, whereas the iso‐electric point was the same as that in the testis (pI‐5.25). The enzymes in all tissues exhibit very similar shapes (f/fo 1.14‐1.17).

The similar properties of the testicular and prostate 3α‐oxidoreductases to those previously reported for that in the epididymis may indicate that these enzymes represent identical peptide chains. The small differences observed in size, temperature stability and change may be due to their presence in different environments.
Trial of High‐dose Testosterone Undecanoate in Treatment of Male Infertility
Authors: Kloer H. , Hoogen H. , Nieschlag E.
Published: May 2008

The effectiveness of high‐dose testosterone undecanoate administered orally in suppressing spermatogenesis and eliciting the rebound‐phenomenon was investigated in an uncontrolled clinical trial. Five men with fertility disturbances were treated for 10–12 weeks with 3 times 80 mg testosterone undecanoate daily. One patient achieved azoospermia and 2 oligospermia below 10 mill/ml, 1 suppressed to 27 mill/ml and 1 patient showed no effect. After cessation of treatment, 3 patients showed an increase in sperm concentration to greater than 50% of control values, one showed an increase of 35% and one showed a decrease in sperm count. The preliminary data suggest that although complete suppression of spermatogenesis is not uniformly achieved, a controlled study on the effects of high doses of testosterone undecanoate in male infertility may now be warranted.
Influence of Seminal Plasma on the Chromatin Stability of Ejaculated Human Spermatozoa
Authors: Kvist Ulrik , Eliasson Rune
Published: May 2008

Nuclear chromatin decondensation (NCD) of human ejaculated spermatozoa exposed to sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) has been studied. A high proportion of NCD reacting spermatozoa was only found in semen samples with a relatively low activity of some prostatic factor(s) (i.e. zinc/fructose ratio below 0.18) in the seminal plasma. Exposure to SDS for one h was found sufficient to reveal the main proportion of spermatozoa undergoing NCD in such a solution.

Addition of seminal plasma with an apparently normal composition to a sperm population with a high NCD reactivity restored the sperm SDS resistance to normal, i.e. blocked the NCD‐response. Other results indicated that NCD reactivity was decreased or abolished upon prolonged storage of the spermatozoa in the seminal plasma.

The various results indicated that some factor(s) in the seminal plasma can preserve the nuclear chromatin stability of human spermatozoa and that this factor most likely is of prostatic origin.,
Stimulatory Effect of Dihydrotestosterone on the Acetylcholinesterase Activity of Rat Adenohypophysis
Authors: Owasoyo Joseph O. , Iramain Carlos A.
Published: May 2008

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the adenohypophysis of adult orchidectomized rats, and of orchidectomized rats treated with 100 μ/100 g b.w. of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), was determined by a spectrophotometric method. Our result shows a significant increase in AChE activity of the adenohypophysis of orchidectomized rats treated with DHT.
Quality of Semen Obtained from 627 Fertile Men
Authors: Homonnai Z. T. , Paz G. , Weiss J. N. , David M. P.
Published: May 2008

Six hundred and twenty seven men, whose wives conceived within 6 month of their semen analysis, were included in this study. Attention was focused on 516 men where conception occurred within 3 months of semen analysis. The quality of the seminal plasma (volume pH, fructose and calcium concentrations) and the spermatozoal characterization (concentration, motility, vitality and morphology) are given in details. It was concluded that spermatozoal motility and morphology are the most crucial factors in determining its fertilizing capacity. Measurement of vitality is important only in hypokinetic specimens. Sperm density is a limiting factor only below 10 million/ml.

A widely scattered range of sperm concentration was found among the fathered men which may indicate that the incidence of pregnancy is a multifactorial statistical probability which increases when the quality of the semen is high.
The Lipid Composition of Human Epididymis
Authors: Sheriff D. Sultan
Published: May 2008

In the present study the lipid composition of human epididymidis is reported. The total lipids represented 1.25 per cent of the total wet weight of the tissue. The phospholipids formed 64 per cent, cholesterol 12 per cent and glycerides 24 per cent of the total lipids. In patients with obstruction of efferent ducts, the total lipids were increased due to the significant increases observed in glycerides and cholesterol of the epididymidis. There was a marked fall in epididymal phospholipids due to a fall in phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine.
PGE1 and hCG Responsive Adenylyl Cyclases in Interstitial Cells from Rat Testis: Biphasic Effects of Calcium
Authors: Gordeladze Jan Oxholm , Jahnsen Tore , Purvis Ken , Hansson Vidar
Published: May 2008

The effects of PGE1 (10 μg/ml), hCG (10 mIU/ml) and Ca2+ (0–10 mM) on rat interstitial cell adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity have been investigated. Like hCG, PGE1 also stimulated membrane bound AC, and both hormonal effects proved to be influenced by Ca2+. Low concentrations of Ca2+ (0.3 mM) enhanced hormonal stimulation, while high concentrations (up to 10 mM) suppressed AC activity. Relative stimulations caused by PGE1 and hCG were maximal in the presence of 0.6 mM Ca2+. Ovine FSH (NIH‐S12), at concentrations causing maximal activation of AC in seminiferous tubules (12.5 μg/ml), had no effect on AC in interstitial cells. Germinal cell membranes displayed insignificant AC activity. We therefore conclude that the AC activity stimulable by PGE1 is located on Leydig cell membranes and that both PGE1 and hCG activities are susceptible to regulation by Ca2+.
The Success of A.I.D. and Semen Characteristics: Study on 1489 Cycles and 192 Ejaculates
Authors: David G. , Czyglik F. , Mayaux M. J. , Schwartz D.
Published: May 2008

A comparison was made between successful (167) and unsuccessful (1322) insemination cycles in order to evaluate the role in conception of different semen characteristics. The most important semen variable was found to be post‐thaw motility: the success rate per cycle increased from 7% when post‐thaw motility was ≤ 40% to 17% when it was ≥ 63%. Multiple inseminations in a cycle increased the success rate primarily when semen quality was poor. The results of this study show how and to what degree efficacy in A.I.D. can be improved by a judicious choice of the semen to be utilized and the number of inseminations to be practiced.
Distribution of Normal and Abnormal Forms among Motile, Non‐Motile, Live and Dead Human Spermatozoa
Authors: Makler Amnon
Published: May 2008

The distribution of normal and abnormal forms among motile, non‐motile, live, and dead spermatozoa was investigated. For this purpose samples from each specimen of 100 fertile and infertile patients was photographed twice: once with the aid of the multiple exposure photography (MEP) technique and again by an ordinary high‐speed phase‐contrast photomicrography. From enlarged projected photographed images, percentage of abnormal forms in both, non motile fraction and in the whole sperm population were determined. By using a simple formula the percentage of abnormal forms among motile spermatozoa has been easily calculated.

An average of 42% abnormal forms among all 100 analyzed specimens was found. However, this rate was not distributed equally among the two sperm populations: only 22% abnormal forms were among motile spermatozoa, contrary to 59% among non‐motile spermatozoa. In 30 specimens that have been further analyzed by the combined supravital staining and the MEP method, percentage of abnormal forms among non‐motile‐live spermatozoa was found to be 32, and 67 among the fraction of dead spermatozoa.

The importance of studying the distribution of normal forms among motile spermatozoa, and the question of any relationship of this parameter to the fertilization capacity of the semen, is discussed.
Effects of an Intra‐Epididymal and Intra‐Scrotal Copper Device on Rat Spermatozoa
Authors: Chinoy N. J. , Sanjeevan A. G.
Published: May 2008

The effects of implantation of an intra‐epididymal (IECD) and intrascrotal (ISCD) copper device on rat testicular and epididymal spermatozoa and the copper contents in its various reproductive tissues were studied and compared with another group of animals bearing the copper device and fed supplemental ascorbic acid. The motility of cauda epididymal spermatozoa in vitro in the presence of different concentrations of copper ions was also investigated. The results revealed that the in vitro decrease in motility was more rapid with increasing concentrations of copper sulphate solutions and the addition of ascorbic acid inhibited the motility of the spermatozoa much more rapidly than the copper sulphate solution alone, probably due to the strong acidic properties of ascorbic acid which caused a rapid fall in pH.

In the copper device bearing rats, the count, motility, fertilizing capacity, and metabolism of epididymal spermatozoa were reduced which has been correlated with alterations in their morphology. An accumulation of copper occurred in several reproductive tissues, but recovery to almost normal levels was obtained by feeding ascorbic acid to copper implanted rats. The data supports the view that ascorbic acid has a beneficial effect in copper toxicity. Although the intraepididymal copper implantation was found to be a more effective male contraceptive device than the intra‐scrotal, further work is necessary in terms of reversibility of the effects and easy removal of the device.
The origin and classification of testicular germ cell tumours
Authors: Pugh R. C. B. , Parkinson Constance.
Published: May 2008

The histological appearances which must be considered in the differential diagnosis of in situ carcinoma and the interpretation of atypical intratubular cells are discussed. The two areas where new techniques are casting doubts on the validity of existing tumour classification are identified and a plea is made for a prospective study and full correlation of clinical laboratory findings.
Cell surface molecules of human teratoma cell lines
Authors: McIlhinney R. A. J.
Published: May 2008

Conventional antisera, monoclonal antibodies and lectins have been used to investigate the cell surface composition of several human teratoma‐derived cell lines. This review summarizes our current knowledge obtained from such investigations and uses the information available on murine teratocarcinoma systems as a framework for discussion to compare and contrast the human and murine systems. The potential application of antibodies directed against cell surface molecules in such techniques as in vivo tumour imaging and drug targeting is also discussed.
Cryptorchidism and non‐seminomatous testis cancer
Authors: Herman James G. , Hawkins Nigel V. , Rider W. D.
Published: May 2008

An analysis of 107 cases of cryptorchidism and non‐seminomatous germ cell cancer treated between 1960 and 1976 is presented. The incidence of cryptorchidism in patients with testicular cancer is 9.8%.

Eighty patients presented with ipsilateral inguinal tumours, 12 with contralateral intrascrotal tumours and 15 with abdominal tumours. There were 52 embryonal, 36 teratocarcinoma, 9 teratoma, and 10 choriocarcinoma tumours. The 5 year survival for all patients was 52.3%. The age distribution, pathology and stage of the patients was similar to non‐seminomatous tumours not associated with cryptorchidism.
Signs and symptoms of adult testicular tumours
Authors: Nilsson Stig. , Anderström Claes. , Hedelin Hans. , Unsgaard Bertil.
Published: May 2008

Seven per cent of the testicular tumour population of 292 men gave a history of undescended testes, an incidence figure not effected by orchidopexy. The main feature of seminomas (140 patients, median age 44.2 years) was testicular swelling whereas local pain and back pain prevailed in patients with non‐seminomatous tumours (152 men, median age 29.8 years), although they had a shorter history. In about 25 per cent of cases, the examining physician made an erroneous diagnosis, by confusing the lesion with epididymitis, hydrocele or torsion. The first presenting feature in 16 patients was attributed to metastases and in 5 cases the testicular mass was found incidentally during routine physical examination.
Serum and tissue markers of testicular tumours
Authors: Lange Paul H.
Published: May 2008

This article reviews the value of the tumour markers alpha‐foetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) in the management of patients with testicular germ‐cell tumours, especially non‐seminomatous tumours. Recent developments in their use, such as metabolic decay rate analysis, are discussed. Possible new markers for testicular cancer, particularly SP‐1 and placental alkaline phosphatase, are reviewed.
Immunohistochemical demonstration of tumour associated antigens in carcinoma‐in‐situ of the testis
Authors: Jacobsen Grete Krag , Jacobsen Marianne. , Clausen Per Prætorius , Pedersen Nils Strandberg
Published: May 2008

Atypical germ cells or so‐called carcinoma‐in‐situ of the testis are often found in the tissue adjacent to germ cell tumours. The present study was performed to investigate if tumour associated antigens demonstrated immunohistochemically in the tumours could also be demonstrated in the carcinoma‐in‐situ. Using indirect immunoperoxidase technique 39 orchidectomy specimens were examined for the presence of a series of antigens: alpha‐foetoprotein (AFP), alpha1‐antitrypsin (A1AT), human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). specific pregnancy β‐glycoprotein (SP1), human placental lactogen (hPL), carcino‐embryonic antigen (CEA) and ferritin (FER).

FER was demonstrated in the atypical cells in 24/29 cases of carcinoma‐in‐situ of the testis. HCG was demonstrated in intratubular syncytiotrophoblast‐like cells in one case and in atypical germ cells in another specimen. No staining reaction was found for the other antigens investigated Normal germinal epithelium and germinal epithelium in non‐malignant pathological changes of the testis were never stained.

These findings which indicate that FER may be a possible marker of carcinoma‐in‐situ of the testis is of utmost interest, however investigation of a larger series is mandatory.
Regional differences in distribution of surface proteins over the bull spermatozoa
Authors: Vierula Matti , Rajaniemi Hannu
Published: May 2008

Surface‐radioiodinated bull spermatozoa were ultrasonicated and fractionated by Percoll‐gradient centrifugation. The different fractions obtained were solubilized and analyzed by SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Three fractions containing sperm heads, midpieces, and membranes and small fragments of the principal pieces were obtained. The electrophoresis revealed 5 main peaks representing the radioiodinated surface proteins with molecular weights of 80000–90000 (Ia), 68000–75000 (Ib). 42000–47000 (II), 33000–37000 (III) and 15000–18000 (V) from the intact spermatozoa as well as from each sperm fragment fraction. The major differences between fractions were in the relative magnitudes of the peaks. The peak II characteristically dominated in the head fraction, but was very small in the midpiece fraction. The results from the present study suggest that the peak II seen in the intact spermatozoa is mainly located on the head plasma membrane and that the differences in the sperm surface properties may be due to the uneven distribution or surface exposure of the proteins.
Short‐term increase of sperm output under metoclopramide administration
Authors: Jecht E. , Kleissl H. P. , Pache U.
Published: May 2008

Nine volunteers were treated with metoclopramide (10 mg T.D.S.) for 4 weeks. Prolactin levels rose both in serum and in seminal plasma 1 week following the initiation of metoclopramide administration. At this point in time, sperm density and total sperm count increased about twofold. Thereafter, levels of prolactin slowly decreased while sperm density and total sperm count fell back to initial values.
Cellular localization of the Mn2+‐dependent adenylyl cyclase (AC) in rat testis
Authors: Gordeladze J. O. , Purvis K. , Clausen O. P. F. , Rommerts F. F. G. , Hansson V.
Published: May 2008

In the present study we have examined the exact cellular localization of the Mn2+‐dependent adenylyl cyclase (AC) in the rat testis. Several pieces of evidence indicate that this testis specific enzyme is exclusively localized to haploid cells in the testis: firstly, the appearance of the Mn2+‐dependent adenylyl cyclase coincides in time with the occurrence of haploid cells (1C) in the rat testis. Secondly, testes of tfm rats and mice, in which little or no haploid cells are found, exhibit negligible Mn2+‐dependent AC activity. Finally, separation of various testicular cells by BSA gradient sedimentation (Staput fractionation), revealed that this enzyme activity follows the location of haploid cells; the highest specific AC activities being found in the fractions containing elongated spermatids. Some activity found in the primary spermatocyte fraction (4C cells) can to a large extent be explained by the contamination of haploid cells in this fraction.
Preliminary physico‐chemical characterization of the soluble Mn2+‐dependent adenylate cyclase in the rat testis
Authors: Gordeladze Jan O. , Andersen Drude , Hansson Vidar
Published: May 2008

This paper reports some physico‐chemical properties of the Mn+‐dependent adenylate cyclase (AC) of the rat testis. The AC activity in the crude cytosol (106 000 ×g) migrates as a single peak in a linear sucrose gradient (5–20%) with a sedimentation coefficient (S20, w) of 4,1. The enzyme exhibits an Einstein‐Stokes radius (rs) of 30.6 Å as assessed by gel filtration (Kav= 0.50) on a calibrated Sephadex G‐200 column. The molecular shape is close to spherical (f/fo= 1.25). Isoelectric focussing of the AC peak (Kav= 0.50) from the Sephadex G‐200 column revealed a pI of 5.7. Ion exchange chromatography of the crude cytosol on a Whatman DE‐52 column gave a single peak eluting between 0.13‐0.17 M NaCl. Electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels resulted in a migrating AC peak with an apparent Rf of 0.40 relative to bromophenol blue. The Mn2+‐dependent AC is not retained on a Con‐A Sepharose 4B column indicating that the enzyme molecule does not contain sugars possessing α‐D‐manno‐ or α‐D‐glucopyranosyl terminal groups. (NH4)2SO4 precipitates the AC activity (4°C) between 30–60% saturation. The yield approximates 85% of total AC activity with the specific activity reaching a plateau (110 pinoles cAMP/mg protein/min.) at 50% saturated (NH4)2SO4. The soluble Mn+‐dependent AC of the rat testis thus appears to be relatively symmetrical with a size of approximately 52 000 D and a negative charge at physiological pH. Apparently it does not contain sugar moieties and it exhibits little molecular heterogeneity.