bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LONELINESS AS RELATED TO VARIOUS PERSONALITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES: RESEARCH WITH THE GERMAN ADAPTATION OF THE UCLA LONELINESS SCALE
Authors: Stephan Ekkehard , Fäth Matthias , Lamm Helmut
Published: May 2006

Two hundred and forty-seven students at a large West German city university were presented with the UCLA Loneliness Scale (a 20-item questionnaire; Russell, Peplau, & Cutona, 1980), with the Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI; Fahrenberg, Selg, & Hempel, 1978;a personality
assessment instrument widely used in German-speaking countries), and with various other questions. Loneliness was found to be correlated with several of the personality subscales of the FPI (psychosomatic complaints, depression, and neuroticism; negative correlations with social skills, self-esteem,
extraversion, and masculinity). As in our prior research, a negative correlation was found with self-rated physical attractiveness. Participants giving internal and stable attributions of any loneliness they experienced had higher loneliness scores than did participants giving different attributions.
Also, some relationships with social environmental variables were found (e.g., residential mobility was associated with loneliness). A subsample of students being clients at the University Psychological Advisory Service (n = 27) were also investigated. Our results by and large corroborate
the findings from prior loneliness research with US samples.
RULE- AND NORM-RELATED BEHAVIOR AND THE INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL CRISIS IN COMPETITIVE SITUATIONS: THEORY AND RESEARCH FINDINGS
Authors: Bar-Eli Michael , Tenenbaum Gershon
Published: May 2006

Four modes of behavior considered contrary to expectations and all associated with rules and norms of competition are investigated in this study within the context of psychological crisis. These behaviors are against the rules of the competitive situation and are (a) either fair or
unfair, and (b) either called or not called by the officials. Twent-eight basketball experts responded to a “rule- and norm-related behavior” questionnaire. The experts were asked to assess the crisis relevance of the four behavioral modes. The Bayesian likelihood ratio (diagnosticity)
was applied for assessing each behavior mode. Results revealed that officials' calls and fairness of violations substantially influence the diagnostic relevance of behaviors contrary to expectations with regard to competitive psychological crisis. Theoretical and practical aspects are
discussed by the authors.
ACTORS AND OBSERVERS: ARE THEIR DESCRIPTIONS OF BEHAVIOR INDICATIONS OF THEIR CAUSAL ATTRIBUTIONS?
Authors: O'Connor Brian P.
Published: May 2006

Although much of the support for the actor-observer causal attribution hypothesis comes from behavior description studies, the difference between behavior description and causal attribution has been neglected in actor-observer research. Behavior descriptions (e.g., trait ratings) are
affected by the size and complexity of one's cognitive schemata about the person being described, which may be unrelated to causal attributions. To test this possibility, pairs of subjects engaged in a brief conversation and then made either trait ratings or causal attributions about
their own or the other person's behavior. Although observers made more extreme trait ratings than did actors (supporting the schema complexity notion), observers also made stronger external causal attributions than did actors (contradicting the actor-observer hypothesis). It is concluded
that actor-observer differences in descriptions of behavior do not necessarily reflect differences in causal perceptions.
A PSYCHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF AGGRESSION AND CONFLICT-RESOLUTION BEHAVIOR IN BLACK ADOLESCENT MALES
Authors: Boone Sherle L. , Flint Charley
Published: May 2006

The present study tests the effectiveness of the Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS) and an adaptation of the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI) to differentiate between aggressive and nonaggressive inner city Black adolescent males. The CTS provided measures of conflict-resolution behavior
toward “others” except siblings and parents; the adapted version of the BDHI provided measures of aggression toward “friends” and “strangers”. The sample consisted of 83 males, ranging in age from 12 to 17 with a mean age of 13.9 years, who were classified
as institutionalized aggressive subjects, noninstitutionalized aggressive subjects, and noninstitutionalized nonaggressive subjects on the basis of their behavior before the CTS and adapted version of the BDHI were administered. The results indicated that the adapted version of the BDHI discriminated
between the aggressive and nonaggressive subjects as well as institutionalized and noninstitutionalized subjects. The results showed that the verbal physical aggression scales of the CTS differentiated between the institutionalized aggressive and noninstitutionalized nonaggressive subjects.
Positive correlations were obtained between the CTS and subscales of the adapted version of the BDHI The results indicated that the scales may be useful for assessing aggression and conflict-resolution behaviour among inner-city Black adolescent males.
ATTITUDES TOWARDS RAPE VICTIMS: EFFECTS OF VICTIM STATUS, SEX OF VICTIM, AND SEX OF RATER
Authors: Burczyk Katherine , Standing Lionel
Published: May 2006

Attitudes towards rape victims were investigated as a function of the rater's sex, the rated individual's sex, and victim versus non-victim status. Student subjects (72 male, 72 female) were given a disguised questionnaire, and required to rate a profiled person (John'
or `Carol on 12 evaluative traits (both positive and negative) using a 7-point scale, under male profile/female profile and victim/non-victim conditions. The subjects also rated themselves on 60 sex role traits, using the Bem Sex Role Inventory. Finally, they indicated briefly
their perception of the major influence controlling the rated individual's life situation. The results showed three main trends: (1) a `sympathy effect' (i.e. more positive rating of the profiled person) occurred for female victims, with both male and female raters; (2) masculine
and undifferentiated raters showed a sympathy effect whereas feminine and androgynous subjects did not; (3) victims were attributed an internal locus of causality significantly more often than were non-victims, especially by male raters.
PERCEPTION OF THE ARGUMENTATIVENESS TRAIT IN INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP SITUATIONS
Authors: Waggenspack Beth M. , Hensley Wayne E.
Published: May 2006

The desired association with argumentative or nonargumentative individuals in interpersonal relationships was assessed utilizing the Infante and Rancer (1982) scale of argumentativeness. Seven potential areas of social interaction were presented to college students (N = 420) to judge their likelihood of desired interaction with an argumentative or nonargumentative person. Factor analysis revealed two primary dimensions: “social-emotional,“ involving heavy reliance on social interaction, and “negotiator/ombudsman,” requiring interaction where one might serve as agent for another. Results indicated that these two dimensions account for almost half (48%) the variance of the decisional structure used in opting to associate with argumentative or nonargumentative others. There was a preference for association with a nonargumentative person in situations, which are low in conflict and nonaggressive. Also, males and females respond in a similar fashion in reporting their preferences to associate with argumentative or nonargumentative persons in various interpersonal situations.
COULD DIFFERENCES IN THE INTERPRETATION OF BEHAVIOR BE A REASON FOR LOW RATING-BEHAVIOR, SELF-PEER, AND PEER-PEER PERSONALITY CORRELATIONS?
Authors: O'Connor Brian P. , Day Russell
Published: May 2006

Low rating-behavior, self-peer, and peer-peer correlations have been a concern to personality researchers, especially because they could be an indication that behavior is inconsistent. The possibility that individuals simply interpret behavior differently, which would prevent strong
correlations, has been neglected. In this study the amount of variation in a large group of subjects' judgments of the same behavior was examined. Subjects observed target persons on videotape and rated both the targets and themselves on five dimensions. For three dimensions there was
significantly more variance in the group's target ratings than in the group's self-ratings. There were no significant differences on two other dimensions. This considerable variation in perceptions of the same behavior suggests that low personality correlations should not be considered
indications that behavior is inconsistent. Differences in the interpretation of behavior may also be a reason why aggregation increases personality correlations. The relationship between self-rated personality and perceptions of the targets was also examined.
SUBJECT POOL SIGN-UP PROCEDURES: A THREAT TO EXTERNAL VALIDITY
Authors: Jackson Jeffrey M. , Procidano Mary E. , Cohen Carrie J.
Published: May 2006

The extent to which introductory psychology students' self-selection into experiments produced biased samples was assessed in two experiments. As part of the normal sign-up procedure, students chose between apparently different experiments with quite different descriptions and
between individual and group sign-up slots. Upon arriving at the laboratory, all students filled out personality questionnaires. Results demonstrated that students sorted themselves into experiments as well as into individual group sign-up slots in relation to personality dimensions. The resulting
samples in each experiment were thus non-representative of even the restricted introductory psychology subject population. Implications and recommendations for the use of such populations were discussed.
IS THERE A HOME FIELD DISADVANTAGE IN PROFESSIONAL SPORTS CHAMPIONSHIPS?
Authors: Benjafield John , Liddell William W. , Benjafield Ian
Published: May 2006

Recent research has suggested that home teams tend to lose decisive championship games in professional sport. We present data, which suggests that this result is only true for championship series involving the New York Yankees, the Boston Celtics and the Montreal Canadiens. We argue
that the home audiences of recurrent champions expect their teams to win. This pressure is communicated to the members of recurrent championship teams, and is the source of their performance decrements in decisive championship contents.
BEHAVIORAL IMPLICATIONS OF ADAPTION INNOVATION: I. MANAGERIAL EFFECTIVENESS AS A FUNCTION OF SEX DIFFERENCES IN ADAPTION-INNOVATION
Authors: Skinner Nicholas F.
Published: May 2006

Three studies investigated the relationship between effective management and the positions of male and female managers on Kirton's cognitive style dimension of adaption (doing things better) vs. innovation (doing things differently). Both sexes equated innovation with effective
male management and adaption with effective female management. The role in management style of characteristic sex-specific differences in adaption-innovation is discussed.
DETERMINANTS OF PERCEIVED DEFICIENCY OF AUTONOMY AMONG ELEMENTARY SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS'
Authors: Gaziel Haim H.
Published: May 2006

Job autonomy found to be, as an important factor in job performance and in job satisfaction. However, the question whether permitted job autonomy is related to autonomy need of the employee is less investigated. This study was designed to find out the determinates of the perceived deficiency
of autonomy of school administrators, (PDA). Grounded on an Israeli sample it was found, that a combination of sex, professional orientation and students' SES are the best predictors of the PDA (as criterion). The educational policy implication is that job autonomy may have an effect
upon job performance and satisfaction only if it is matched with perceived need of autonomy.
THE EFFECT OF COMPETITIVE TASKS ON LIKING OF SELF AND OTHER
Authors: Deberry Stephen T.
Published: May 2006

To investigate changes in how people like themselves and their partners after working together, thirty-two subjects, 8 male pairs and 8 female pairs worked in competitive and non-competitive conditions. The final four block designs from the WAIS constituted the task. Likability was
measured by rating self and partner, using the 30 most meaningful words from the Anderson Likableness Rating Personality-Trait Word List. Subjects were tested before the task and after the task. As hypothesized, competitors liked themselves and their partners less than non-competitors (p <
.01). Significant sex differences, especially a male “loser effect” were also found.
EFFECTS OF INCONGRUENCE BETWEEN THE PERCEIVED SELF AND THE IDEAL SELF ON EMOTIONAL STABILITY OF STRIPTEASERS
Authors: Peretti Peter O. , O'Connor Patrick
Published: May 2006

Self-evaluations are made with reference to the perceived self and the ideal self. In the present research, an attempt was made to determine the extent to which low or high selfdiscrepancy between the perceived self and ideal self of stripteasers affected their emotional stability. It examined the possibility of low or high levels of emotional stability based on the degree of the discrepancy. Results indicated the emotional stability variables andthe effect of the different levels of self-discrepancyon them.
“ATTITUDES VERSUS ACTIONS“: LAPIERE'S (1934) CLASSIC STUDY REVISITED
Authors: Dockery Terry M. , Bedeian Arthur G.
Published: May 2006

LaPiere's (1934) seminal research into the attitude-behavior relationship has been commonly misinterpreted as pointing out a discrepancy between attitudes and behavior. In fact, the actual discrepancy uncovered was between true attitudes – the tendency to act in a certain
way – and that which is measured by an attitude questionnaire. LaPiere's primary concern was to point out the danger of assuming that questionnaire-assessed “attitudes” lead to actual behavior in specific situations. The present paper theoretically and methodologically
critiques LaPiere's classic study.
CAUSAL ATTRIBUTIONS FOR TURNOVER B SUPERVISORY AND NON-SUPERVISORY PERSONNEL
Authors: Krausz Moshe , Bizman Aharon , Weiss Itzhak
Published: May 2006

The present study examined the causal attributions for turnover of employees by supervisory and non-supervisory employees. It was hypothesized that only among non-supervisors but not among supervisors, causes of turnover will be related to the respondents' own job attitudes. One
hundred and seven supervisors and 155 non supervisors rated the extent of their agreement which each of the following two reasons for employee turnover: Employees leave because they were dissatisfied with their work. 2. Employees leave because of external causes such as family matters. In
addition, participants' attitudes and commitment toward their organization were measured. Contrary to expectations, causal attributions of both supervisory and non-supervisory respondents were found to be related to their job attitudes: Those who were less satisfied tended more to attribute
turnover to dissatisfaction of the leaver. The findings were discussed and compared to those of Mowday (1981), and implications for supervisory management in organizations were suggested.
SELF-MONITORING AND LOCUS OF CONTROL AS DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION: A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
Authors: Hamid P Nicholas
Published: May 2006

Research on the relationship between self-monitoring and locus of control has consistently shown low correlations. This study examined social cognitive orientations of high and low self-monitors having either an external or infernal locus of control through analysis of their social
interaction patterns. The low correlation between self-monitoring and locus of control was upheld while consistent differences emerged between the four groups. High self-monitors who were external maintained a wide range of numerous contacts while high and low internals preferred a moderate
level of intimate or task related contacts. Low self-monitoring externals clearly maintained a restricted and unsatisfying range of contacts. The results were interpreted as evidencing motivational differences important for the understanding of the relationship between the two constructs.
AN INVESTIGATION OF ROMANTIC JEALOUSY AMONG BLACK UNDERGRADUATES
Authors: Mcintosh Everton G.
Published: May 2006

This study examined the relationship between jealousy and self-esteem, insecurity, external locus of control and sex. The sample consisted of 128 undergraduates who completed four self report inventories. A step-wise multiple regression analysis indicated that self-esteem and insecurity
accounted for 28% of the total variance in jealousy. Contrary to prediction, however, external locus of control did not account for a significant amount of the variance in jealousy. Results are discussed in terms of the contributing roles of each predictor variable.
TELEVISION VIOLENCE AND AGGRESSION: A GENOTYPE-ENVIRONMENT, CORRELATION AND INTERACTION THEORY
Authors: Lynn Richard , Hampson Susan , Agahi Edwina
Published: May 2006

A study of siblings was run to obtain data on the relationships between aggression, the viewing and enjoyment of TV violence, and the personality traits of extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism. The results failed to support the theory of a causal effect of the amount of viewing
of TV violence on aggression. The correlations between siblings for aggression were very low, indicating an absence of shared family environmental effects including the amount of family viewing of TV violence; and there were no within family correlations between the amount of viewing of TV
violence and aggression, suggesting the absence of a causal relationship. It was proposed that a genotype-environment correlation and interaction theory would be more consistent with the data. The theory would posit genotypic differences in psychoticism generating differences in aggression
and the enjoyment of TV violence, which could augment aggression.
PMS AND THE WORKPLACE
Authors: Phillips Antoinette S. , Bedeian Arthur G.
Published: May 2006

Surprisingly, few studies have been reported regarding the effects of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in the workplace. Given the increasing number of working women, it is important to ask whether PMS has any significant effect on work behavior. The purpose of this review is to consider
selected PMS research in order to integrate the more relevant work-related findings and suggest how employers might best use this knowledge.
REPRESSION-SENSITIZATION AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL LOCUS OF CONTROL
Authors: Man Anton de , Ratti Lucie Lemay
Published: May 2006

Thirty-five men and 35 women participated in a study of the relationships among repression-sensitization and Levenson's three dimensions of perceived contingency (internal, powerful others, and chance). Results indicate moderate associations between sensitization and the two external
orientations, but for men only. Male sensitizers tend to believe in chance control and control by powerful others. The relationship between sensitization and belief in powerful others appears to depend on the presence of a belief in chance control.
SEX ROLE COMPLEMENTARITY IN JOB STEREOTYPY
Authors: Koenig Esther J.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of gender and sex role on the perceived suitability of hypothetical job applicants for sex-typed jobs. Six descriptions of applicants were presented to 605 college students, who were asked to rank order them on suitability for different
jobs. The questionnaire each student received had five applicants with masculine first names and one with a feminine first name. Results showed no main effect due to either job sex-type, sex role of applicants, or gender of either applicant or student-rater. Interactional analyses, however,
showed that for specific applicant job pairings where male applicants were ranked differently than female applicants, a complementarity of gender and sex role was evident. Specifically, the applicant with stereotypically masculine traits was ranked high when presented as a woman, while the
applicant with stereotypically feminine traits was ranked high when presented as a man. It is suggested that this interaction effect is best explained by positing that gender-related stereotypes are implicity generated and that they complement sex role characteristics of the other sex. Thus,
a woman with male sex role characteristics, or a man with female sex role characteristics, is seen as more adaptable or well-rounded than applicants whose sex roles are consonant with their gender.
COLLEGE STUDENTS' PERCEPTION OF AIDS VICTIMS
Authors: Bailey Roger C. , Reynolds Francine , Carrico Michael
Published: May 2006

Male and female college students (N=60) provided baseline ratings on the appearance, personality and characteristics of a male target projected on a screen. Afterwards, subjects read one of five scenarios, four of which identified the target person as contacting the AIDS disease by
one of the following means: homosexual contact. heterosexual contact, intravenous drug use, or a blood transfusion. A fifth control scenario identifying the target as having an unspecified genetic deteriorating disease. Following presentation of scenarios, again subjects rated the target (Non-deteriorated
Condition) as well as after viewing the male model cosmetically doctored to appear near death (Near Death Condition). Results indicated that in the non-deterioration condition, targets who contracting the AIDS disease via sexual encounters or illicit drug injection (internal causes) were perceived
to be less trustworthy, less moral, and less desirable as a prospective friend than the target described as contracting the disease from a blood transfusion (external cause) A “sympathy effect” did not occur when victims physically deteriorated, as predicted, and even the blood
transfusion AIDS victim came to be socially rejected in the near death condition.
BLACK ADOLESCENTS' SIGNIFICANT OTHERS
Authors: Juhasz Anne Mccreary
Published: May 2006

The significant others of 113 Black 10–14 year olds were compared. Differences between males and females, and older (12–14) and younger (10–11) subjects revealed gender and developmental variation.
ANDROGYNY AND OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE IN A CHINESE POPULATION
Authors: Hong Ivy , Rust John
Published: May 2006

Androgyny and openness to experience were both investigated in a population of 100 Chinese people living in England. Androgyny was measured by the Bem scale, and openness to experience by the a scale developed by Coan. It was found that the androgynous subjects showed more openness to experience. However it was also noted that the scores for the Chinese subjects deviated from the US norms in a manner which suggested that the conceptualizationofandrogyny may vary both theoretically and empirically between cultures.
MODELS FOR STUDENT DRINKING AND SMOKING: PARENTS OR PEERS
Authors: Standing Lionel , Nicholson Bruce
Published: May 2006

The drinking and smoking patterns of 259 college and university students were surveyed by means of a self-report questionnaire. This questionnaire also required the respondent to give information concerning the drinking and smoking habits of his/her parents and friends. Analysis
of partial correlations indicated that the respondents' level of drinking corresponded to the behavior of their parents for the first two years on campus, and then shifted to that of their friends. By contrast, smoking behavior did not show this chronological trend. Both drinking and
smoking showed evidence of negative modeling among male subjects with a dominant father.
DISTINGUISHING ATTRIBUTIONS OF CAUSALITY, MORAL RESPONSIBILITY, AND BLAME: PERCEIVERS' EVALUATIONS OF THE ATTRIBUTIONS
Authors: Bell Brad E.
Published: May 2006

The present study investigated perceivers' evaluations of attributions of causality, moral responsibility, and blame. Subjects read two scenarios with either mild or severe consequences, and then rated the perpetrators on either causality, moral responsibility, or blame. Subjects
subsequently rated the attributions on several evaluative dimensions. Attributions of moral responsibility were generally judged by perceivers to be more complex than attributions of causality and blame, suggesting that the process of attributing of blame may not involve the subprocess of
evaluating moral responsibility. Excuses were not consistently judged to be more important for any particular type of attribution.
EFFECTS OF CHILD INTERVIEW METHOD ON ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS OF SEXUAL ABUSE INFORMATION RECALL
Authors: Edwards Claudia A. , Forman Bruce D.
Published: May 2006

To determine if there were differences between using anatomically correct dolls, drawings, or verbal descriptions in the accuracy and completeness of information,45 girls ages 9 to 10 were studied. The children were shown a 12-minute videotape designed to provide information on sexual
abuse and its prevention. Subjects were interviewed individually and requested to tell everything they remembered about the videotape using one of the three methods. Results indicated that the children in the group using either dolls or drawings obtained higher scores, but the differences
between groups were not statistically significant.
COPING WITH DISABILITY: THE INDIVIDUAL OR A FAMILY MEMBER'S
Authors: Vincent Ken R.
Published: May 2006

This article proposes that there are stages of coping with disability that are common to all disabilities. The process unfolds in the same sequence for the disabled individual or their family members who must also adjust and cope. The stages of coping with disability are presented and
elaborated as well as a rationale for their inclusion in the process.
INFORMATIONAL SOURCE, IMPLICATIONAL VALUE, AND THE ATTRIBUTION OF ATTITUDES
Authors: Croxton Jack S. , Miller Arthur G.
Published: May 2006

Perceivers were asked to integrate two contradictory pieces of information when making an attribution, each piece varying in its implicational relationship to the attitude to be inferred. One source of information, supplied by the target person, was a set of attitude responses, which
were either strongly or weakly predictive of the target's attitude. A second source of information, supplied by a third person, was in the form of an attribution based upon an essay that the target had purportedly written. The essay was described as having been written under either high
or low constraint. The impact of either of the two pieces of information on perceivers' attributions was directly related to its diagnosticity. The effect of the response set was generally greater when it was unambiguous rather than ambiguous. The observer's attribution had more
influence when the essay was written under choice rather than constraint conditions. However, even the attribution based upon the low freedom essay had some impact. This research demonstrates that attributions of attitude can be a source as well as a target of informational influence.
ANXIETY AND AFFILIATION (OR ISOLATION?): A NOTE ON TEICHMAN'S STUDY
Authors: Albas Cheryl Mills
Published: May 2006

Teichman (1987) designed and executed an experiment in which she tested the hypothesis that specific ego threats under conditions of high trait anxiety will produce isolation. Her subjects were groups of students who had either already been accepted into or were competing for entrance
to graduate school. On the basis of the results she concluded that anxiety (resulting from a specific ego threat) leads to negative affiliation. A longitudinal participant observational study of university students which had as one of its major foci the affiliative behavior of students immediately
prior to writing examinations (specific ego threat) found results opposite to those of Teichman (Albas & Albas, 1984). It is suggested that these polar findings can be reconciled by Rofe and Lewin's (1988) more general explanation that anxiety leads to behavior which strives to minimize
stress which, in turn, may be either affiliation or isolation depending upon other intervening variables.
HEALTH VALUE, HEALTH LOCUS OF CONTROL, AND THE PREDICTION OF HEALTH PROTECTIVE BEHAVIORS
Authors: Weiss Gregory L. , Larsen Daniel L.
Published: May 2006

In order to clarify the effects of health locus of control and value placed on participation in health protective behaviors, a questionnaire was formulated that included (a) a 20-item shortened version of the Lau and Ware multidimensional HLC Scale, (b) the 4-item health value index
used by Seeman and Seeman, and (c) a 10-item index of health protective behaviors. Interviews were conducted with 213 undergraduate, college students. Results of a multiple regression are presented for the entire sample and separately for those low and high in health value. For the entire
sample, health value is a stronger predictor than HLC of participation in HPBs. For the separate equations, a more internal HLC substantially increases participation in HPBs for those high in health value but not for those low in health value. Furthermore, respondents with high health value
and internal HLC appear most likely to engage in HPBs.
REPRESSION-SENSITIZATION AND MEASURES OF ADJUSTMENT
Authors: Man Anton F. de
Published: May 2006

Sixty undergraduate university students participated in a study of the relationship between repression-sensitization and selected measures of adjustment, namely, degree of conflict, self-esteem, alienation, anomy, and locus of control. Results indicated that sensitizers tend to report
lower levels of self-esteem; greater alienation, anomy, and conflict; and externality. Further analyses identified alienation and particularly self-esteem as best predictors of defensive orientation.
THE FACTORIAL DOMAIN OF INTERPERSONAL SKILLS
Authors: Spitzberg Brian H. , Brookshire Robert G. , Brunner Claire
Published: May 2006

A total of 168 naturally occurring dyadic conversations in and around a large Midwest metropolitan city were interrupted and the interactants were surveyed on their impressions of their partners' communicative skills. Given several extant, competing models for the factorial structure
of interpersonal behavior evaluation, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were applied to ascertain the best fit of current theoretical models and the optimal model for social conversations among acquaintances. Results recommend either a four- or five-factor model, depending upon
one's preference for factor definition.
ELDERLY-ANIMAL FRIENDSHIP BONDS
Authors: Peretti Peter O.
Published: May 2006

Studies have been done which have found attachments between people and their pets. The present study was conducted to determine the variables of the elderly-animal friendship bond. The study focused on self-perceived criteria of the aged regarding their intimate association with their
dogs. Results indicated self-perceived variables of companionship, emotional bond, usefulness, loyalty and no negotiation. There were significant differences in responses between the male and female Ss with regard to the variables of loyalty and no negotiation.
ATTRIBUTIONS FOR BLAME AND RESPONSIBILITY AMONG FEMALE INCEST VICTIMS
Authors: Heath Kathleen Carson , Donnan Hugh , Halpin Gerald W.
Published: May 2006

Attributions concerning blame and responsibility for incest were assessed prior to therapy among 40 female victims. Also, relationships between causal attributions and emotional distress were investigated. Assessments of blame as attributed to “offender”, “victim”,
“society”, and “situation” were obtained and correlated with measures of anxiety, depression, and hostility. Beliefs about responsibility for resolution of the incest problem were assessed and delineated also. An ANOVA on blame scores revealed a significant main effect
(F = 78.62, df = 3, 117 p < .0001). Comparison procedures indicated the victims blamed the offender (p < .01) more than society, the situation, or the victim. However, there was no difference between societal and situational blame. Society and the situation
were blamed (p < .01) more than the victim. No significant correlations between the blame attributions and distress levels were found. Victims' beliefs concerning responsibility for resolution of the incest problem were analyzed. An ANOVA performed on “offender”,
“victim”, “society”, and “situational” responsibility items did not yield a significant main effect.
THE INFLUENCE OF FACIAL HAIR ON IMPRESSION FORMATION
Authors: Reed J. Ann , Blunk Elizabeth M.
Published: May 2006

The influence of facial hair on the perception of a job applicant by persons in business was examined in this study. Subjects were 228 persons in management positions who made hiring decisions. Subjects were shown ink sketches of six male job applicants. The sketches varied on three
facial hair dimensions-clean shaven, moustached, and bearded. Sketches were evaluated on semantic differential scales. Results indicated consistently more positive perceptions of social/physical attractiveness, personality, competency, and composure for men with facial hair.
RIGIDITY: A COMPARISON BY AGE AND GENDER
Authors: Vollhardt Lawrence T.
Published: May 2006

This study compared personality rigidity in young adults (ages 17 to 21), older adults (21 to 72), male and female groups. A probability sample of 295 community-college psychology students were administered a 39-item, true false rigidity questionnaire. The following research hypotheses were formulated: Rigidity is related functionally to age and gender, with males being more rigid than females, young being more rigid than old, and young male and young female groups being more rigid than old male and old female groups. Measures of central tendency and dispersion as well as one-tailedttests were used to analyze the data. The following significant differences at the .05 level were found: The male group was more rigid than the female group; and the young male group was more rigid than the young female group. Since no significant differences existed between old males and old females, it was concluded that rigidity differences may diminish with age.
STRESSFUL EVENTS AND ASSIMILATION LEVEL OF REFUGEES
Authors: Cernovsky Zack Z.
Published: May 2006

Thirty-eight Czechoslovak refugees completed a questionnaire measure of assimilation in the host country and measures of post-escape life stress. Persons who reported a greater number of stressful events within a 10-year period following their escape tended to obtain lower scores on
the assimilation scale.
SEX ROLES AND SOCIAL-SEXUAL EFFECTIVENESS
Authors: Quackenbush Robert L.
Published: May 2006

The investigation examined the relationship between male sex-role orientation and perceived social effectiveness in the context of dating and sexual relating. One hundred and thirty-three undergraduate males completed the Bem Sex-Role Inventory and the Male Social-Sexual Effectiveness
Scale (MSSES). Results revealed androgynous males indicated the greatest degree of comfort and confidence in dating sexual situations. Undifferentiated males indicated the least social-sexual effectiveness, while masculine sex-typed males scored midrange. The results support the criterion
validity of the MSSES, and provide further evidence in favor of the analysis of sex roles as, essentially, instrumental and expressive social competencies.
EVALUATIONS OF SPANISH- AND ORIENTAL-ACCENTED ENGLISH SPEAKERS
Authors: Podberesky Rosita , Deluty Robert H. , Feldstein Stanley
Published: May 2006

The study investigated the evaluations received by individuals who speak English with a Spanish or Oriental accent. The judges in the study were 134 American college students (60 males, 74 females) who listened to one of six different audiotapes containing the speech sample of an individual
(male or female) who spoke either unaccented English, Spanish -accented English, or Oriental-accented English. The speech samples were matched for degree of accent, intensity level, and speech rate. After listening to a tape, each judge was asked to rate the speaker using 16 personality scales.
The results of a multivariate analysis of variance did not support the hypothesis that accented speakers are perceived as having less positive traits; however, significant main effects for gender of speaker and gender of judge, as well as a significant interaction between type of speech and
gender of judge, were found.
RE-EVALUATION OR REINFORCEMENT?: A NEW LOOK AT COGNITIVE EVALUATION THEORY
Authors: Rummel Amy , Feinberg Richard
Published: May 2006

Cognitive Evaluation Theory was developed to explain the detrimental effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation, a phenomenon contrary to Reinforcement Theory prediction. However, it was suggested that if a person's intrinsic or extrinsic motivational orientation was
taken into account, Reinforcement Theory might be able to explain this phenomenon. A 2 (extrinsic x intrinsic motivational orientation) by 2 (competence feedback x controlling feedback) was employed to examine the effect of motivational orientation on intrinsic motivation. Use of the Jonckheere
Test of Order suggested that the detrimental effect of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation might be explained within the reinforcement paradigm.
ASCH FAILS AGAIN
Authors: Lalancette Marie-France , Standing Lionel
Published: May 2006

The social conformity paradigm of Asch (1956) was modified to make the test stimuli more ambiguous, and thus to increase the likelihood of obtaining conformity. With the same aim, both anonymous and individuated conditions were used. As with a previous attempt to replicate Asch (Perrin
& Spencer, 1981), no conformity was observed. The Asch effect appears to be an unpredictable phenomenon rather than a stable tendency of human behavior.
MOTIVATION AND CLASS MOBILITY IN ENGLAND: LONGITUDINAL EVIDENCE OF A CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP
Authors: Littig Lawrence W.
Published: May 2006

Relationships between motive to avoid failure and long-term occupational social class mobility were examined. Individuals low in motive to avoid failure, operationalized as test anxiety, were upwardly mobile in social class level of occupational attainment from 1966 to 1985; individuals
high in motive to avoid failure were not. A cause-effect relationship was inferred; a strong avoidance motive inhibited upward occupational class mobility. The data suggest that individuals with high motive to avoid failure reach a ceiling occupational class level at a relatively early age
whereas individuals with low motive to avoid failure continue longer to achieve further upward mobility. Implications of motive causality are discussed.
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN CATEGORY WIDTH AND FAIRNESS PERCEPTION OF SELECTION DECISIONS
Authors: Singer Ming
Published: May 2006

The study examined the effect of individual differences in category width on fairness perception of selection decisions. The hypothesis was that narrow categorizers would have more exaggerated perceptions of fairness than broad categorizers. Subjects completed Pettigrew's (1958)
Category-Width Scale and a questionnaire designed to assess fairness perceptions of selection outcomes. Although the results of individual differences in fairness perception were consistent and were in the same directions as hypothesized, the main effect of “categorizer” did not
reach statistical significance. The results also showed that merit-based selections were perceived as fair. Selections involving preferential treatment were perceived as equally unfair as conventional discrimination against minority candidates.
CHANGING ATTITUDES REGARDING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING FOR TREATING DEPRESSION
Authors: Neimeyer Greg J. , Metzler April E. , Dongarra Tracy
Published: May 2006

This study examined the impact of depression on attitude formation concerning the effectiveness of cognitive restructuring as a treatment technique. Based on the Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion (Petty & Cacioppo, 1981a), we predicted that mild depression would enhance
peripheral precessing by minimizing message elaboration. Subjects in the mixed-sex sample of 101 individuals were assigned to one of eight conditions which varied the quality of the persuasive intervention (high or low), the credibility of the source (high or low), and the level of depression
reported by the subject (non-depressed, depressed). Consistent with predictions, depression enhanced peripheral processing. More highly depressed individuals responded more to the peripheral cue (source credibility) than did non-depressed subjects, although the quality of the interventions
had an impact under both conditions. As with other recent studies, however, this attitudinal change did not generalize to behavioral indicators. The implications of these findings for further research and application are discussed.
THE RADIATING EFFECTS OF A PERSON'S RELIGIOUSNESS'
Authors: Bailey Roger C. , Cross Daryl L.
Published: May 2006

Previous research has indicated that physical attractiveness can “radiate” or spill over onto an interaction partner. This study examined the possible radiating effect of a newly discovered social stereotype, religiousness. Males (N=56) and females (N=119) college students
initially rated the religiousness of a male target and then each subject read one of five scenarios describing the male's dating partner's religious background. The female's religious background was described in four ways: 1) Always religious, 2) Recent religious convert, 3)
Recent religious heretic, 4) Never religious, and a fifth control condition which omitted information on the female's religious background. Following presentation of the scenarios, subjects again rated the boyfriend's religiousness. Analysis of pre- vs. post- scenario change scores
indicated the boyfriend's religiousness increased following knowledge of the girlfriend's long-term or recent religious involvement (positive radiation effect) but decreased following knowledge of the girlfriend's long-term or recent nonreligious involvement (negative radiation
effect). It was concluded that the radiation effects identified can serve to further expand our understanding of the interpersonal perceptions people hold of the religious and nonreligious.
HUSBAND'S MASCULINITY, WIFE'S POWER, AND MARITAL CONFLICT
Authors: Harrell W. Andrew
Published: May 2006

A survey of 104 husbands married and living with a working spouse identified a number of predictors of marital conflict. Non-traditional masculine orientation tended to reduce arguments over the expression of affection. This dimension of masculinity also decreased episodes of insulting/swearing
and stomping out of the house by increasing the amount of conversation between husbands and wives. Relative high income for a wife increased marital conflict by decreasing a husband's job and family satisfaction. In contrast, relatively high education in a wife enhanced communication
and, thereby, reduced conflict.
PERCEIVED SOCIAL INFLUENCE IN MENTAL HEALTH: THE PROFESSIONALS' PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Neimeyer Greg J. , Walling Curtis C.
Published: May 2006

The response to a national survey of mental health professionals, 25 clinical psychologists, 36 counseling psychologists, 20 psychiatrists, and 21 social workers (N=102) rated their own and each of the other groups along the Counselor Rating Form (Barak & Lacrosse, 1977).
Results indicated that counseling psychologists and social workers were viewed as more attractive but less expert than clinical psychologists and psychiatrists, and that clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists, and social workers were viewed as more trustworthy than psychiatrists.
Interactions along each of the three variables, however, qualified the findings. For instance, in no case did any professional group rate another as significantly more attractive, trustworthy or expert than itself, suggesting the operation of an ingroup-outgroup bias.
PARENTAL ATTITUDES AMONG RURAL INDIAN WOMEN: A STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Singh Satvir , Man Anton De
Published: May 2006

Using the Hindi version of the Parental Attitude Research Instrument, this study investigated the factorial structure of parental attitudes of 100 rural Indian mothers. Principal component analysis with varimax rotation identified three factors: that is, democratic attitudes; authoritarian,
suppressive, and restricting patterns; rejection of the maternal role and hostility toward husband and children. Results are compared with findings for American, French-Canadian, and urban Indian samples.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONALITY DISORDERS, NORMALITY AND HEALTHY PERSONALITY: PERSONALITY ON A CONTINUUM
Authors: Vincent Ken R.
Published: May 2006

The relationship between personality disorders, normality and healthy personality is discussed from a developmental and normative perspective. Psychological traits unique to the individual are seen as coexisting and continuing throughout the life span of personality development and
across the traditional boundaries of personality disorders, normal personality, and healthy personality. This paper attempts to extend the pioneering work of Millon into the realm of healthy personality. Healthy personality is conceived of as an extension of a three-factor model with: mystical,
hardy, and self-actualized personalities composing the healthy end of the spectrum.
AN INTERACTIONAL APPROACH TO ATTRIBUTIONAL DIMENSIONS IN DYSPHORIA
Authors: Eschen Janet E. , Glenwick David S.
Published: May 2006

To investigate the possible contributions to dysphoria of interactions among attributional dimensions, 105 freshmen and sophomores were administered the Attributional Style Questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory. Analyses examined the relationship to dysphoria of (a) the traditional
composite score; (b) multiple regression analyses including interactions among the various dimensions; and (c) indices of behavioral self-blame, characterological self-blame, and external blame. The results provided modest support for the specific hypothesized interactional model and, to a
large extent, appeared to support the validity of the standard manner in which dysphoric attributional style is viewed. Refinements of the traditional model are suggested, involving the self-blame construct, the possible role of the stability dimension, and the relationship between controllability
and positive event attributions.
EGOCENTRISM AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMATOLOGY IN YOUNG ADULTS
Authors: Baron Pierre , Hanna Jayne
Published: May 2006

The intent of the present study is to examine the relationship between egocentrism and depressive symptoms in young adults. One hundred and fifty-two undergraduate students (53 males, 99 females) from the University of Ottawa (Canada), whose ages ranged from 18 to 25 years, completed
the Adolescent Egocentrism and Sociocentrism Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. As predicted, young adults with high egocentrism showed significantly more depressive symptoms than those with low egocentrism. Results are discussed in light of the literature on depression in young people.
ESCAPE STRESS, SLEEP DISORDERS, AND ASSIMILATION OF REFUGEES
Authors: Cernovsky Zack Z.
Published: May 2006

Questionnaire data from 38 Czechoslovak refugees living in Switzerland indicated that repetitive nightmares about escaping the exhomeland were more frequent in refugees who described their real life act of escape as more frightening or risky. The level of satisfaction with life in the
host country was unrelated to the incidence of escape nightmares but was inversely related to incidence of other sleep problems (restless sleep and difficulties falling asleep).
BLACK-WHITE DIFFERENCES IN REACTION TIMES AND INTELLIGENCE
Authors: Lynn Richard , Holmshaw Manda
Published: May 2006

350 black South African 9-year-old children were compared with 239 white British children on the Standard Progressive Matrices and 12 reaction time tests giving measures of decision times, movement times and variabilities in tasks of varying complexity. The black children obtained a mean IQ of approximately 65. They also had slower decision times and greater variabilities than the white children, but they had faster movement times. The magnitude of the white advantage on decision times was 0.68 of a standard deviation, about one-third of the white advantage on the Progressive Matrices. The result suggests that around one-third of the white advantage on intelligence tests may lie in faster information processing capacity.