bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Slavic Peoples
Authors: Hoeres Peter
Published: May 2019

Hubertus F. Jahn examines Russia’s self-concept (Selbstbild ) and enemy-concept (Feindbild) through an analysis of the views expressed by individuals, interest groups, and mass media. Multiple sources including politicians’ private correspondence and several genres of art and culture are studied in order to determine Russian perceptions of themselves and their enemies during the First World War..
All Quiet on the Eastern Front
Authors: Horn Eva
Published: May 2019

After reviewing aspects of Germany and Austria-Hungary’s political dispositions regarding the eastern front, Peter Hoeres examines the Central Powers’ cultural perceptions of their Slavic enemies. Adducing evidence from numerous sources including German soldiers’ published letters, journalists’ writings, and the works of cultural commentators, the chapter analyzes stereotypes of the “barbaric” peoples of the east.
War Exhibitions
Authors: Beil Christine
Published: May 2019

Christine Beil examines German war exhibitions staged during the First World War to shape civilian perceptions of the conflict. These immensely popular exhibitions―which included mockups of trenches and dioramas presenting stereotypical images of enemy soldiers―used the power of the visual to prove Germany’s military and cultural superiority. Such a successful fusion of propaganda, entertainment, and education, the chapter argues, was later taken to new heights by the National Socialists..
Suppressed Remembrances
Authors: Janeke Kristiane
Published: May 2019

Kristiane Janeke traces the history of the Moscow Brothers’ (Soldiers’) Cemetery, using the specific case of this memorial to wartime fallen as a springboard to a wider discussion of suppressed memories of the First World War in Russia. The chapter argues that remembrance of the war was deliberately stifled as part of the Bolshevik project of creating a new ideological identity for the fledgling Soviet regime. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, however, there have been efforts to restore Russians’ collective memory of the First World War.
The Unknown Soldier
Authors: Rother Rainer
Published: May 2019

Rainer Rother traces the symbolic meaning of the Unknown Soldier of the First World War. Describing national ceremonies of the interment of the Unknown Soldier, primarily those of Britain and France, the chapter explores the significance of the Unknown Soldier in terms of his connection to the ethnographic concept of ritual, particularly rites of passage.
Rusch in Winter
Authors: McDonald Andrew T. , McDonald Verlaine Stoner
Published: May 2019

The twilight of Rusch’s years are highlighted in Chapter 8, beginning with distinguishing honors Rusch received during the 1970s. Rusch’s health became increasingly frail as KEEP confronted various crises. The Kiyosato Farm School closed for lack of applicants, the consequence of a changing Japanese economy. There was scandal at KEEP, as Ryo Natori was accused of misappropriating funds sent from America. Then cancer began to cast a shadow over Rusch’s life, as his dearest friend, Karl Branstad, succumbed to the disease. The ailment also took the life of three of Rusch’s other protégés at KEEP, most painfully Ryo Natori, who passed away from liver cancer. Because Rusch was unable to travel and raise money owing to his ill health, the prospects for KEEP looked grim until Eli Lilly Jr. bequeathed over $2 million in Lilly stock to KEEP. Rusch died of cancer at the age of seventy-nine at St. Luke’s International Hospital in Tokyo.
The Legacy of Paul Rusch
Authors: McDonald Andrew T. , McDonald Verlaine Stoner
Published: May 2019

The final chapter begins with the reading of Paul Rusch’s last will and testament at Kiyosato Educational Experiment Project (KEEP). His will suggested that Rusch was not the man many thought he was; while some believed he lived the high life, he died with little monetary worth and virtually no possessions. He was a man of contradictions, as he often implored people to do as he said but not as he did in life. Rusch achieved a great deal through KEEP, especially when it came to bringing food, faith, health, and hope to the people of highland Japan after World War II. But this chapter highlights the mixture of failures and successes of his vision when it comes to those four elements of the organization’s mission. Nonetheless, the legend of Rusch’s personality inspires people of the next generation to embark on new ventures in environmental sustainability, peacemaking, and international friendship and outreach.
No More Cubas
Authors: Allcock Thomas Tunstall
Published: May 2019

The majority of this chapter is dedicated to exploring the most controversial and destructive incident of Johnson’s management of Latin American policy, the intervention in the Dominican Republic in April 1965. By considering the decision to intervene, the period of occupation, and the Organization of American States (OAS)–supervised elections that followed, the impact and significance of the first use of US forces in the hemisphere since the 1930s can be thoroughly unpacked. A turning point in Johnson’s presidency, the intervention was in some respects a success, with few casualties and the eventual election of a US-friendly government. However, it also severely damaged relations with Congress and the press, alienated masses of Latin Americans, undermined trust in the OAS, and convinced Thomas Mann to leave government service after more than twenty years. This use of force occurring at the same time as American troops were introduced in Vietnam, its relevance is readily apparent.
New Alliances
Authors: Allcock Thomas Tunstall
Published: May 2019

The final chapter considers the period following the Dominican Republic intervention and Mann’s departure from the government. Rarely explored by historians, these years witnessed an increasingly embattled administration attempting to repair the damage done by its actions in the Caribbean while facing an escalating conflict in Southeast Asia and an ever more hostile Congress. The 1967 Summit of the Presidents of the Americas, which Johnson played a leading role in organizing, is considered in depth as reflective of a revised approach to the hemisphere. In particular, Johnson’s emphasis on integration—both physical, through the development of inter-American infrastructure, and economic, through the envisaged expansion of common markets—is used as evidence of a relatively coherent vision and a potentially more viable framework for modernization than the initial direct-aid-centered efforts of the Alliance. Although undermined by continued political instability, these genuine efforts nonetheless challenge the traditional narrative of an administration that had all but given up on Latin America after 1965.
The Struggle Is Eternal
Authors: Fitzgerald Joseph R.
Published: May 2019

Using an extensive body of sources, including more than thirty interviews, this biography details and analyzes the life of human rights activist Gloria Richardson, leader of the Cambridge movement in Maryland during the 1960s. Because her radical and uncompromising positions on black liberation were highly influential on the Black Power wave of the black liberation movement, this book depicts Richardson as a progenitor of Black Power who served in its leadership vanguard. This book also moves the geographic borders of Black Power’s roots south to Maryland’s Eastern Shore, detailing the Cambridge movement’s social justice campaign for more jobs and improvements in housing, health care, and education. Activists in Cambridge used the vote and armed self-defense to achieve their goals, and Black Power activists embraced these same strategies and tactics in the mid-1960s, seeing Richardson as a transitional human rights leader and role model. In addition to examining Richardson’s social, economic, and political philosophies—secular humanism, socioeconomic egalitarianism, and gender egalitarianism—and how they impacted her human rights activism, this book analyzes the gendered interpretation of Richardson’s activism and discusses how she was both similar to and different from other national civil rights leaders. Readers also get an insider’s view of her personal life before and after the 1960s, including her marriages, motherhood, and careers and her assessments of recent social justice movements.
Introduction
Authors: Fitzgerald Joseph R.
Published: May 2019

The introduction discusses Gloria Richardson’s social, economic, and political philosophies, particularly her secular humanism, on which her human rights activism was based. Attention is paid to how scholars have discussed and interpreted Richardson’s activism in the Cambridge movement and her philosophies, and why it is important to expand those interpretive frameworks, specifically with regard to gender dynamics as they pertain to her role as a civil rights leader of national stature.
Get Up, Stand Up
Authors: Fitzgerald Joseph R.
Published: May 2019

Focusing on Richardson’s childhood, this chapter details how Gloria’s family socialized her according to gender norms for middle-class black girls yet allowed her to be her own person. They supported her when she displayed strong personality traits, such as standing up for herself against perceived injustices. Richardson’s family taught her to respect the black working class, who were so important to her family’s financial success, and she was expected to carry on the tradition of race service. Richardson’s family also played an influential role in the development of her philosophies on race and class, her political leadership, and her secular humanism, all of which would play a part in her civil rights activism.
Michèle Valerie Cloonan. The Monumental Challenge of Preservation: The Past in a Volatile World.
Authors: Fisher Katherine
Published: May 2019

Michèle Cloonan’s wide-ranging study of cultural heritage preservation opens with the premise that preservation is an unavoidably complex endeavor. Collaborative and interdisciplinary approaches are needed to confront threats to heritage, whether from war and genocide, resource limitations, business interests, or apathy. Cloonan—current professor and dean emerita at the Simmons School of Library and Information Science, and a former conservator, preservation librarian, and special collections curator—takes an expansive view of monuments, including in her definition not only physical edifices but also texts, artworks, collections, natural landscapes, and intangible heritage. In doing so, she emphasizes the highly contextual nature of preservation, which has social, historical, and political valences. These influences, along with legal, technological, and financial factors, shape understandings of what constitutes preservation and what can and should be preserved in any given set of circumstances.
Young People in Transition: The National Identity of Minority Youth
Authors: Heath Anthony , Jacob Konstanze , Richards Lindsay
Published: May 2019

This chapter uses CIL4EU data to investigate strength of identification with the nation and with the ethnic group. It explores how these vary across ethnic and religious groups, generations, and destination countries and how far these differences can be explained by processes of social integration on the one hand or perceptions of being excluded on the other hand. The key findings are that young people with a migration background are less likely than those without a migration background to identify strongly with their country of residence. This holds true more or less irrespective of their ethnic group or religion. Differences between European and non-European minority groups, and between Muslims and members of other non-Christian religions were generally modest in size, rarely reached statistical significance and were dwarfed by the overall gap between minorities and the majority.
Reconsidering the Immigration–Crime Nexus in Europe: Ethnic Differences in Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: Kroneberg Clemens
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines inter-ethnic differences in juvenile delinquency in the four CILS4EU countries. I employ a finer-grained and more comparable breakdown by generational status and ethnic origin than previous research. Although in some countries certain generations and groups exhibit greater prevalence rates, there is no general pattern of intergenerational differences and most group differences are statistically insignificant. The most consistent finding is the greater prevalence of high offending among minority boys in all four countries. With the exception of England, this pattern is largely due to differences in students’ self-control, moral beliefs and routine activities. Finally, I examine how language use and majority-group friendships relate to delinquency among minority students. Results show that in all countries having more majority-group friends tends to be associated with lower rates of delinquency. This casts into doubt the idea that minority students’ integration into native peer cultures puts them at risk.
Introduction
Authors: Xu Ting , Clarke Alison
Published: May 2019

This Introduction is divided into three sections. The first section sets out the context, significance and themes of this volume. The second section reviews the spread and potential reach of communal property, exploring the eclectic mix of institutions, resources and patterns of resource use and management which can be brought under the ‘communal property’ banner. The third section emphasises the importance of examining the nature of communities and highlights the possibilities and challenges of vesting the power of governing communal resources in communities.
Pelagius did not Invent Anything: All the Teachings in His Writings Had Already Been Widely Disseminated in Ascetic Paraenesis (Parts II and III)
Authors: Bonner Ali
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the writings of Jerome, showing that he was a lifelong advocate of free will, that he interpreted predestination as God’s foreknowledge of autonomous human actions, that he stated that grace was given in accord with merit, and that he consistently referred to perfection as the goal of ascetic endeavour and as achievable. It analyses Jerome’s uncomfortable attempt to change his interpretation of Scripture in around AD 414 in order to meet accusations of heresy, since he had taught for decades the ideas now suddenly being labelled heretical. The chapter explores Ambrosiaster’s Commentary
on the Pauline Epistles and shows that it asserted free will and interpreted predestination as God’s foreknowledge of autonomous human actions, in order to preserve God’s justice.
The Template
Authors: Parau Cristina E.
Published: May 2019

This chapter analyses the origin and evolution of the Network Community’s transnational Judiciary design Template, which has now become settled public policy in post-Communist Central and Eastern Europe, and beyond. Consisting of the Constitutional Court, the Judicial Council, and the Magistrates’ Training Academy, the Template is rooted in US Judiciary practice insofar as judicialization in the USA inspired contemporary paradigmatic thinking in Europe. The Template has maximally empowered the Judiciaries of CEE with the attributes of supremacy and autonomy, whilst disempowering all other political actors to make public policy in defiance of judicial preferences, even on issues that do not touch the essential judicial values of the guilt or innocence of those subject to State power. The long-term goal is the anti-majoritarian revision of public policy and society. Yet the Template enjoys little popular legitimacy, having been propagated into post-Communist CEE to practically no resistance from people and nations unsure how to govern themselves. Since then, the Network Community has shown zero tolerance of national movements to revisit the Template.
Introduction: English Identity and Institutions in a Changing United Kingdom
Authors: Kenny Michael , McLean Iain , Paun Akash
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines whether, why and with what consequences there has been a disentangling of England from Britain in terms of its governance and national identity. The assumption has been that to distinguish between England and Britain risks destabilising the Union. However, the English seem dissatisfied with how they are governed, as demonstrated by support for Brexit, and less content for their nationhood to be poured into the larger vessel of Britishness. In response, the major UK political parties appear more willing to appeal to English national sentiment. But England has yet to engage in a reflective national conversation about its changing identity and its relationship with the rest of the UK and wider world. The fragmentary character of national consciousness in England, and deep divisions in its political culture, make it impossible to draw simple conclusions. This chapter sketches the outlines of a prospective research agenda on these issues.
English Nationalism in Historical Perspective
Authors: Kenny Michael
Published: May 2019

This chapter proposes that much current talk of ‘English nationalism’ and its role in the vote for Brexit in 2016 is either empirically misinformed or conceptually misleading. Instead it proposes a historically informed perspective via an engagement with three different characterisations of the genesis of Englishness: the contention that the English are doomed to be ‘little Englanders’ until they cast off the shackles associated with the British state; the notion that it is empire above all that has moulded the character of English nationhood; and, finally, evolutionist accounts which trade upon familiar forms of national exceptionalism. Drawing selective insights from these accounts, while also questioning aspects of each, the author concludes that the ingrained habit of conflating Englishness with Enoch Powell’s anti-immigrant and anti-EU nationalism has stunted our understanding of this lineage of national sentiment and its politically contingent character.
Influencia del perfil sociodemográfico del profesor universitario sobre la inteligencia emocional y el burnout
Authors: Suárez Martel María José , Martín Santana Josefa D.
Published: May 2019

Las directrices educativas, derivadas de la convergencia del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES), exigen nuevas competencias al Personal Docente e Investigador (PDI). Estas demandas generan retos o dificultades personales a los docentes, ya que el entorno laboral puede sobrepasarlos pudiendo ocasionar la aparición del síndrome de estar quemado o burnout. Gran parte de ese malestar está asociado a expectativas laborales no cumplidas y a un desajuste entre las competencias y demandas emocionales requeridas como docentes. La inteligencia emocional actúa como factor preventivo del malestar laboral, explicando por qué hay docentes que son más resistentes a los factores estresantes propios de la profesión. En este estudio se evalúa el estado emocional y el burnout del PDI en el contexto de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), basándose en los instrumentos TMSS-24 y MBI-GS a la vez que es analizada la influencia del perfil sociodemográfico del PDI sobre ambos constructos. Los resultados del modelo SEM indican que la inteligencia emocional percibida ejerce un efecto negativo y significativo sobre el agotamiento y positivo y significativo sobre la eficacia profesional. También, señalar que el efecto del agotamiento sobre el cinismo es positivo y significativo. Por otra parte, a partir de la información analizada, se da paso a una reflexión sobre la situación emocional y laboral que vive el profesorado universitario, donde destacan principalmente las diferencias según el género, presentando las mujeres mayores niveles de comprensión y regulación emocional pero también mayor agotamiento y cinismo, así como las diferencias en torno al área de conocimiento, donde el PDI de Arte y Humanidades presenta altos niveles de percepción emocional pero también de agotamiento y cinismo. Cabe destacar los resultados relacionados con la experiencia laboral, donde se puede observar que el mayor número de años de experiencia origina un mayor nivel de cinismo.
Estudio comparativo entre educación superior y media: efecto del apoyo social percibido, el autoconcepto y la inteligencia emocional en el rendimiento académico
Authors: Fernández-Lasarte Oihane , Ramos-Díaz Estibaliz , Goñi Palacios Eider , Rodríguez-Fernández Arantzazu
Published: May 2019

El rendimiento académico constituye en la actualidad una temática de gran interés en el ámbito de la educación por su relevante papel en el ajuste del alumnado. El apoyo social percibido, el autoconcepto y la inteligencia emocional son variables potencialmente relacionadas e influyentes sobre el rendimiento académico. Así, los objetivos de esta investigación son los siguientes: en primer lugar, analizar las relaciones entre el apoyo social percibido, el autoconcepto y la reparación emocional con el rendimiento académico del alumnado de educación superior y de educación media; en segundo lugar, examinar la capacidad predictiva de las variables citadas sobre el rendimiento académico. Participan en la investigación un total de 831 estudiantes de educación superior (50.1%) y de educación media (49.9%). Se administran los instrumentos de evaluación TCMS, AFA-R, AUDIM, TMMS-24 y EBAE-10. Se procede con análisis correlacionales y de regresión lineal múltiple. Los resultados confirman relaciones significativamente positivas entre el apoyo social percibido, el autoconcepto y la reparación emocional con el rendimiento académico, así como la capacidad predictiva del apoyo del profesorado, el autoconcepto y la reparación emocional sobre el rendimiento académico. Se concluye que el apoyo del profesorado es el principal predictor del rendimiento académico del alumnado universitario, seguido del autoconcepto, mientras que en la educación secundaria es el autoconcepto la variable con mayor peso explicativo, seguido del apoyo del profesorado y la reparación emocional. Por tanto, se proponen buenas prácticas educativas por parte del profesorado en ambas etapas educativas para la mejora del apoyo social percibido, el autoconcepto, la reparación emocional y el rendimiento académico del alumnado.
La influencia de la educación y otras variables relevantes en la decisión de emprender: Dos casos de estudio comparados de estudiantes universitarios de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas de España y México
Authors: Contreras Cueva Angélica Beatriz , González-Morales Olga
Published: May 2019

Los informes del Global Entrepreneurship Monitor indican que la tasa de iniciativa emprendedora española es baja respecto de la de otros países como es el que caso mexicano. Esta tasa se calcula en función del porcentaje de población emprendedora sobre el total de población adulta. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar si esta situación se reproduce en el segmento de población universitaria. Se estudia la influencia de variables sociodemográficas (sexo, titularidad del centro educativo pre-universitario, si el estudiante trabaja o no, titulación universitaria que estudia) y del entorno (antecedentes de familiares empresarios, niveles educativos de los padres) sobre la decisión de emprender en el futuro, comparando dos casos de estudio: la Universidad de La Laguna (España) y la Universidad de Guadalajara (México). La población analizada es el conjunto de estudiantes que cursan titulaciones de la Rama de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas. Se elabora un cuestionario que recoge información sobre: las variables mencionadas, si está decidido o no a emprender en el futuro (variable dependiente), y las actitudes emprendedoras que permiten evaluar también aspectos subjetivos y de control. La muestra es de 1.102 estudiantes. Los resultados se tratan con análisis estadísticos descriptivo, prueba Chi-cuadrado y modelo logit. Los resultados indican que los estudiantes mexicanos están más decididos a emprender que los españoles. Las variables influyentes varían según el país. Dos de las variables no tienen influencia (si el estudiante trabaja o no, nivel educativo de la madre). Para el caso español, las variables influyentes son: 1) la titularidad del centro educativo pre-universitario, 2) la titulación en la que cursan sus estudios, 3) el nivel educativo del padre. Para el caso mexicano: 1) el sexo, 2) la titulación, 3) familiares empresarios.
Hidrelétricas nos rios formadores do pantanal: ameaças à conservação e às relações socioambientais e econômicas pantaneiras tradicionais
Authors: Calheiros Débora Fernandes , Castrillon Solange Ikeda , Bampi Aumeri Carlos
Published: May 2019

O estudo analisa e questiona a implantação de usinas hidrelétricas no planalto circundante à planície pantaneira. Foram identificados 165 empreendimentos, dentre os que estão em operação (45), outorgados (11), eixo disponível (56), Plano Básico Ambiental aceito (47) e com registro (02), além de empreendimentos suspensos (02) e revogados (02). Desse montante, 116 empreendimentos estão em processo de análise, em especial no Mato Grosso, responsável pela maior parte da água que supre todo o sistema da Bacia do Alto Paraguai/Pantanal mato-grossense. Observa-se que, para a implantação dos empreendimentos, inexiste planejamento na bacia hidrográfica no tocante à questão ecológica, às populações pré-existentes e suas atividades socioeconômicas. Do total de 169 empreendimentos, a maioria é de pequenas centrais hidrelétricas, muitas em um mesmo rio. Há apreensão na sociedade civil e na comunidade científica, pois os gestores públicos privilegiam a atividade de geração de energia hidrelétrica, alegando a crescente demanda do país, favorecendo o setor elétrico em detrimento da existência dos demais usos preponderantes e tradicionais da região que possuem como economia a pesca profissional-artesanal e a de subsistência, o turismo – em suas várias vertentes (ecológico, de pesca, cultural, rural, de base comunitária, de aventura etc.) e a pecuária tradicional, práticas que convivem com o equilíbrio ambiental do bioma quanto ao seu funcionamento hidro ecológico e dele usufruem. Tais atividades são as principais responsáveis pela geração de emprego e renda na região, além da pesca garantir a segurança alimentar das populações tradicionais. Conclui-se que a implantação das Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas (PCHs) trará agravos e implicações socioambientais a um ambiente frágil e de elevada importância social e sua preservação deve ser garantida pela legislação. Propõe-se diálogo e alternativas ao modelo de desenvolvimento de exploração energética.
GENERATION OF RADICALS IN FERROUS-PERSULFATE SYSTEM USING KRCL EXCILAMP
Authors: Popova Svetlana A. , Matafonova Galina G. , Batoev Valeriy B.
Published: May 2019

Generation of sulfate radical anion (SО4•–) and hydroxyl radical (•OH) in the ferrous-persulfate system (UV/PS/Fe2+), activated with KrCl excilamp (222 nm) radiation, was studied. To detect radicals and evaluate levels of their action, degradation experiments were conducted using the probe compounds, which trap the target radicals – terephtalic acid (TPA) and p-chlorobenzoic acid (pCBA). Deionized water (DW), natural water (NW) and wastewater (WW), containing a probe compound, were sequentially treated by direct UV, UV/PS and UV/PS/Fe2+ systems. The ferrous-persulfate system was shown to be the most efficient in terms of radical generation within the same water matrix: UV/PS/Fe2+ > UV/PS > UV. Comparing different water matrices, the lowest radical generation was observed in WW. Since TPA and pCBA were unsuitable compounds to assess the contributions of SО4•– and •OH by comparison of degradation degree with and without methanol and tert-buthanol, herbicide atrazine (ATZ) was taken as a model organic pollutant with comparable reaction rate constants with SО4•– and •OH. Scavenging experiments with ATZ and alcohols showed a major contribution of SO4•– during UV/PS/Fe2+ treatment of DW (79%) and NW (60%), whereas SO4•– and •OH contributed equally in WW. Direct UV irradiation (without persulfate and Fe2+) indicated the •OH production in WW, presumably, due to high photoreactivity of dissolved organic substance (DOM).
Transfer of military power in Mauritania: from Ecouvillon to Lamantin (1958–1978)1
Authors: Evrard Camille
Published: May 2019

Camille Evrard discusses the transfer of military power in Mauritania during a long process of decolonization (between 1956 and 1977). Her approach links the history of institutions and politics, defined through state and system, with the perspectives held by individuals, notably by former military officers who served in the Sahara. The Mauritanian example, where French troops were over two decades actively engaged in counter-insurgency at the service of and in partnership with the Mauritanian government, is particularly instructive for an interpretation of the direct consequences of military decolonization. Evrard’s interpretation offers a scenario that had implications for actors on both sides, Mauritanian and French. On the one hand, French officials had to interact with local issues, and entered into what may be described as an experimental process of reorganizing their presence on the ground. On the other hand, they contributed to the Mauritanian vision of their own independence, to the ‘national identity’ of Mauritania, and to Mauritanian relations with neighbouring Morocco.
French coopération in the field of education (1960–1980): a story of disillusionment
Authors: Mesli Samy
Published: May 2019

Sami Mesly investigates the cultural dimension of continuities between France and various states of ‘Francophone Africa’, as expressed through the co-operation agreements between the independent governments and the French state under the Fifth Republic. These latter guaranteed, initially, a steady exchange between the partners in the field of education. As France’s former colonial territories in sub-Saharan Africa were suddenly confronted with a greatly reduced public budget, French financial help was crucial, in the early years after independence, both for the physical construction of a school infrastructure and for the deployment of thousands of coopérants who became an important part of the staff in African schools. As late as the early 1980s, this French presence remained very significant. It spanned the whole of school education, including the primary and secondary sector, technical education, and higher education (French funding was instrumental in the creation of African universities). Mesly points out that while it is obvious that the French effort has made a major contribution to the growth of the education sector on the African continent, French aid in education offers nevertheless an ambivalent picture. The programmes implemented were poorly adapted to local realities, which in the end led to the installation of a system conditioned by the French view of African populations and not by local needs.
Jacques Foccart, Eminence grise for African affairs
Authors: Bat Jean-Pierre
Published: May 2019

Jean-Pierre Bat proceeds to the heart of Franco-African networking after the independences of the former colonies, and evaluates the influence of a particular individual who held a major part of the responsibilities for the scandal-ridden realities of French influence in various African countries during the 1960s and 1970s: Jacques Foccart. Charles de Gaulle’s ‘Mr Africa’ did everything possible to create his own legend, and he was the object of attacks and a source of astonishment in his own ranks. Called “Rasputin” and the “grey eminence – éminence grise - of the General”, amongst other nicknames, it is challenging to carve the role of Foccart out of the legend surrounding him. Essential for an understanding of Foccart’s influence is the analysis of his effective control over France’s African policies, combined with his role in, the intelligence services, from the SAC to the SDECE. Bat’s study will thus give a new account of a system largely dominated by one great player, and investigate Foccart’s impact on the Franco-African networks beyond his time as Secretary for African and Malagasy Affairs.
A transnational decolonisation: Britain, France and the Rhodesian problem, 1965–1969
Authors: Warson Joanna
Published: May 2019

Southern Rhodesia turned, in the 1960s and 1970s, into a very complex problem. Joanna Warson discusses the ways in which France’s African diplomacy attempted to have a role in the processes concerning a former British colony. She analyzes this unknown facet of a French Rhodesian policy and its effects on the British vision of decolonization. According to Warson, these French activities existed both at a state and private level, being comprised of direct military, financial, diplomatic and cultural involvement, and were crucial to the course of events on the ground and to the wider story of Anglo-French relations in the post-war era. In this context, France’s Rhodesian policy was (at least in part) shaped by its own experiences of decolonization in Francophone Africa, and thus closely intertwined with forces that crossed the Channel and the artificial national boundaries in Africa.
Introduction
Authors: Woodin Tom
Published: May 2019

During the 1970s, working-class writers entered the cultural landscape in ever greater numbers. ‘Ordinary’ people formed writing and publishing workshops in which they explored ideas, histories and feelings. A great variety of people started writing, including school children, housewives, black and minority groups, unemployed people, retired workers as well as those still in work. Writers of all ages were examining personal experience with fresh eyes and renegotiating their place in the world. Over the coming decades, thousands of publications would be produced, with an estimated readership in the millions. Autobiography, poetry, short stories and drama were consumed avidly by those within the writer’s immediate vicinity as well as by more general readerships. In 1976, the working-class writing and publishing groups, which were proliferating across the country, established a national network, the Federation of Worker Writers and Community Publishers (FWWCP or ‘the Fed’), that would later add the strapline ‘to make writing and publishing accessible to all’....
Alternative publishing and audience participation
Authors: Woodin Tom
Published: May 2019

The forms of publishing pursued by workshops built upon an intense local interested in the histories and experiences of ordinary people. It was also well received among radical and labour movement networks. It gave rise to an evangelism to encourage more people to take up writing. However, this model of a responsive readership was to be challenged in the 1980s with the weeding out of alternatives and the imposition of a limited idea of the market which served to marginalise one version of working class writing in the face of new demands for ‘quality’ writing. However, this was a two-way street in which there was an exchange of ideas between formal and informal approaches. It highlights the varied nature of markets and the way that, in certain circumstances, they could be moulded to democratic needs as well as face writers as an alien force.
Habitual drunkards and metaphysics: case studies from the Victorian period
Authors: Earnshaw Steven
Published: May 2019

Through four ‘case studies’ this chapter identifies behaviours, attitudes and representations which hint at the emergence of a new figure, and suggest significant moments in the transition from the nineteenth-century’s stereotyping of the habitual drunkard to the twentieth-century’s Existential drinker. Mary Thompson was a habitual drunkard discussed in a Parliamentary Report who rejected all attempts to make her respectable, preferring to live the life of a drunkard; George Eliot’s tale ‘Janet’s Repentance’ provides an unusually sympathetic religious/philosophical apprehension of somebody determined to drink; Zola’s novel L’Assommoir describes the drinker’s response to the modern, alienating city; van Gogh’s painting ‘Night Café at Arles’, along with a letter he wrote to his brother, introduces a self which is perched dangerously close to ruin, transformation, or oblivion. The figures encountered here, both real and fictional, are largely ‘ordinary’ people, rather than (Romantic) ‘others’ or self-avowed ‘philosopher-drinkers’, and offer glimpses of the themes and representations which in the twentieth century contribute to the figure of the Existential drinker that is discussed in the following chapters.
William Kennedy, Ironweed (1983): fugitive souls and free spirits
Authors: Earnshaw Steven
Published: May 2019

This chapter is the first in the final section of The Existential Drinker, and notes that while the novel has many features of an Existential drinker text, it is also beginning to look to other ways of representing characters who commit to drinking. Although the novel is set in Depression-Era America its portrayal of down-and-outs in Albany is implicitly a counterblast to the greed of the 1980s. It has identifiable Existential elements, but these compete with other responses to the puzzle of existence, including a kind of spiritual comportment to the world which overlaps with some of the religious (Catholic) aspects of the book, and an occasional deterministic outlook. As well as the central character, Francis Phelan, the chapter also gives due consideration to his sometime girlfriend Helen, who lives in an arguably more wholehearted Existential manner than Francis.
A. L. Kennedy, Paradise (2004): love
Authors: Earnshaw Steven
Published: May 2019

This chapter identifies A. L. Kennedy’s novel Paradise as having many of the elements of the Existential drinker text – a protagonist, Hannah Luckraft, who commits to drinking, coupled with questions around how to exist in an essentially meaningless universe – yet also shows signs of surrendering this understanding to a hedonism that eventually becomes indistinguishable from complete oblivion. A distinctive feature of the novel is that it presents the reader with two drinkers who are in love with each other and for large portions of the novel remain committed to their drinking. Another feature of the novel is its paralleling of events with the Stations of the Cross and associated meanings, usually treated in ironic fashion. Throughout the novel, notwithstanding the potential for love and religion to provide purposefulness for Hannah, this is another novel which ultimately eschews any meaning-making framework.
Conclusion
Authors: Earnshaw Steven
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers the decline of representations of the Existential drinker figure, partly a consequence of Existentialism’s fading from view as its ideas became assimilated, diluted, or discredited, and its major proponents faded away. It also notes an increasing antagonism towards the writer-drinker, once a staple of twentieth century literature. The change in the philosophical, literary and cultural landscape is seen in a number of texts where the protagonist is a committed drinker: Ivan Gold’s Sams in a Dry Season (1990), John O’Brien’s Better (2009, published posthumously) and Patrick de Witt’s Ablutions (2009). The acceptance of a neo-liberal world devoid not just of meaning but the search for meaning often characterises the nihilistic and hedonistic impulses of these novels.
Indonesia: Political violence and counterterrorism: Disputed boundaries of a postcolonial state
Authors: Laksmana Evan A. , Newell Michael
Published: May 2019

This chapter argues that, contrary to the rhetoric of the War on Terror, Indonesia’s counterterrorism policies are neither specific responses to transnational terror networks, nor are they simply a byproduct of the post-9/11 era. We argue, instead, that counterterrorism policies in Indonesia cannot be disentangled from historical state reactions to internal security challenges—ranging from social violence to terrorism and secessionism—since the country’s independence in 1945. While these different conflicts had diverse political, ideological, religious and territorial characteristics, they are united as disputes over the basic institutions and boundaries of the state. In light of this history, the Indonesian state’s response to contemporary political violence—such as the 2002 Bali bombings and the threat of transnational terrorism, allegedly centered on the Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) group—should be reexamined as part of these broader, historical trends in state responses to internal violence. We further argue that while the state, in seeking to maintain its territorial integrity and defend its institutions, has responded in a variety of ways to these conflicts, the particular domestic tools of coercion and repression used in President Suharto’s authoritarian New Order—from arbitrary imprisonment to forced disappearances and an all-out military campaign—have contributed to the rise of JI and its splinter groups and left a legacy of mixed responses to terror. Our examination of the evolution of internal political violence and state counterterrorism demonstrates that terrorism and counterterrorism in Indonesia are rooted within this context of the disputed postcolonial state. As such, state responses to terrorism and political violence in Indonesia have taken both a different form and function when compared to the reactions of the United States and United Kingdom. While the latter states committed their militaries abroad in an effort to exterminate foreign militants, our analysis demonstrates that the state has crafted responses to various sources of domestic violence—including different secessionist movements and JI—on an ad hoc basis and, in doing so, has utilized different security institutions, from the military to the police.
Pakistan: Countering terrorism in Pakistan: Challenges, conundrum and resolution
Authors: Feyyaz Muhammad
Published: May 2019

Pakistan has achieved significant success in countering terrorism without however, defeating it. The violence thus persists. Not only the countervailing policies have lacked a coherent vision underpinned by a balanced blend of soft and hard approaches, the ongoing mainly the military led effort has also been subverted by important actors in Pakistani state, politics and society. Apart from idiosyncratic national security landscape characterized by a complex set of geopolitical dynamics and foreign interventions, the conundrum resides in a multitude of conflicting viewpoints, policy attitudes and reactions against terrorism. Ironically, the extant terrorism and conflict literature has not systematically sought to understand the causes germinating this peculiar security setting of an important South Asian country which not only deprives critical input to research about non-western responses to terrorism but also hinders in developing objective understanding about sociopolitical conditions and constraints impacting such responses, at times leading to uninformed perceptions. This chapter helps to fill this void.
Algeria: Algeria’s response to violent extremism
Authors: Joffé George
Published: May 2019

Since the 1980s Algeria has had to respond to political extremism. In the wake of the ‘Berber Spring’ in 1980, it had to react to the Bou Yali rebellion. Then, in October 1988, countrywide discontent and an organised Islamist movement challenged the single official political party’s claim to embody the legitimacy of the Algerian revolution by leading the struggle for national independence. In late 1991, the Algerian army, fearing that the Islamist movements might win legislative elections, took control. Within a year it faced a complex insurrection in which some groups sought to restore the electoral process and others attempted to replace the state with a caliphate. Algeria’s strategy and tactics in this struggle have evolved from counter insurgency during its 1990s civil war to suppression of ‘residual terrorism’ afterwards. Although this forced the groups concerned into the Sahara and the Sahel, it did not eliminate them, so Algeria has been forced to attempt to influence group behaviour in Northern Mali, despite pressure from the United States and, latterly, France for direct engagement. One approach has been to organise a regional response despite the tensions between Algeria and Morocco over the Western Sahara. However, the Libyan crisis has forced direct Algerian intervention and pushed the country into reluctant engagement with Western paradigms of confronting non-state terrorism and violence.
Conclusion
Authors: Crowder Susannah
Published: May 2019

Although the Catherines and Claude slowly passed from memory, their performances and those of the women around them continued to represent their interests. The book concludes with an integrated portrait of women’s performance in fifteenth-century Metz that emphasises four significant themes: the production of history, collaboration, material and bodily practice, and continuity. The discussion traces interactions among the actions of the Catherines and Claude and explores the echoes of their practices over time. From a Pucelle character in the fifteenth-century Mystère de Saint Clément de Metz to a modern depiction of Joan of Arc at the church of St-Martin, female performance remained relevant to local constructions of identity and history. The section closes by suggesting that Performing women, having transformed female performance from “rare” to representative within Metz, offers a model for discovering the hidden histories of other urban centers and regions.
Cooking up a revolution
Authors: Parson Sean
Published: May 2019

On Labor Day in 1988 two hundred hungry and homeless people went to Golden Gate Park in search of a hot meal, while fifty-four activists from Food Not Bombs, surrounded by riot police, lined up to serve them food. The riot police counted twenty-five served meals, the legal number allowed by city law before breaking permit restrictions, and then began to arrest people. The arrests proceeded like an assembly line: an activist would scoop a bowl of food and hand it to a hungry person. A police officer would then handcuff and arrest that activist. Immediately, the next activist in line would take up the ladle and be promptly arrested. By the end of the day fifty-four people had been arrested for “providing food without a permit.” These arrests were not an aberration but part of a multi-year campaign by the city of San Francisco against radical homeless activists. Why would a liberal city arrest activists helping the homeless? In exploring this question, the book uses the conflict between the city and activists as a unique opportunity to examine the contested nature of urban politics, homelessness, and public space, while developing an anarchist alternative to liberal urban politics, which is rooted in mutual aid, solidarity, and anti-capitalism.
The war against the homeless: Frank Jordan, broken windows, and anti-homeless politics in San Francisco
Authors: Parson Sean
Published: May 2019

Chapter 4 discusses Mayor Frank Jordan’s (1992–1995) revanchist Matrix Quality of Life Program, which sought to enforce a broken-windows policing system in San Francisco. The impact of the policy was felt largely by the visible homeless in downtown San Francisco, who were regularly harassed and arrested by the police and forced out of the city. Because quality-of-life policing desires to sanitize the public space of disruptive and asocial behaviour, the public meals of Food Not Bombs near City Hall resisted the city’s attempt to criminalize homelessness. This chapter argues that the city attempted to construct the homeless as anti-citizens and exclude them from the political and physical spaces of the city.
‘Bounded Europeanisation’: the case of Ukraine
Authors: Bureiko Nadiia , Moga Teodor Lucian
Published: May 2019

Nadiia Bureiko and Teodor Lucian Moga’s chapter on Ukraine is the first of three chapters which consider the position of those states who are ‘in-betweeners’ - i.e. pulled between the EU and Russia. They depict a country which is divided over its future direction, attempting to pursue a multi-vector foreign policy out of necessity and which contains differences over its adherence to European identity. For the authors, the experience of being an ‘in-betweener’ is a key limitation on the effectiveness of EU-isation