bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Occupational dermatitis in a 10–year material
Authors: Fregert Sigfrid
Published: April 2006

This study included 1,752 patients considered to have occupational dermatoses. The most common diagnosis was contact dermatitis. The dermatitis was of an allergic type in three‐quarters of men and in half of women. One‐fifth of the women with irritant contact dermatitis had an atopic history. Contact dermatitis was localized on the hands in 94 % of women and in 84 % of men. The most common allergens in men were chromium, rubber and plastic, and in women nickel, rubber and chromium. Chromium allergy occurred in four‐fifths of the men in the building, metal and tanning industries. In one‐fifth of the women, nickel allergy developed in cleaning work. Rutter allergy developed in the rubber industry in one‐fifth of the cases. Half of the women with contact dermatitis were engaged in either nursing or cleaning work. A follow‐up 2‐3 years after treatment of 555 patients with contact dermatitis was completed by means of questionnaires. The eczema was healed in tine‐quarter of the patients, on‐Half had periodic symptoms, and one‐quarter had permanent symptoms. The prognosis was the same for those who changed their work or slopped working as it was for those who continued their eczema‐inducing work.
Skin reactions to propylene glycol
Authors: Hannuksela Matti , Pirilä Veikko , Salo Osmo P.
Published: April 2006

Propylene glycol (PG), ethylene glycol (EG), and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) were tested, as is, in a total of 1,556 cases of eczema using the chamber test method. All the year round, the number of positive reactions to PG was 12.5 % to EG 4.9 % and to PEG 400 0.3 %. A total of 30 % of the positive reactions to PG were allergic in appearance. Also the new fatty alcohol‐PG buses of Metosyn® ointment and Topilar® ointment as well as Metosyn® ointment (fluocinonide) itself provoked reactions in a great number of patients with positive reactions to PG, as is. The reactions to PG were considered to be truly allergic in four cases. In them, positive reactions were elicited by testing with high dilutions of PG and by applying the glycol in the patients' armpits as an open test. It is concluded that PG and topical preparations containing it in high concentrations should not be used with occlusion, and that allergic reactions must be watched.
External and internal exposure to the antigen in the hand eczema of nickel allergy
Authors: Christensen Ole B. , Möoller Halvor
Published: April 2006

A provocation study was performed in twelve female patients with contact allergy to nickel and hand eczema of the pompholyx type. Intense handling of nickel‐contaminated metal objects did not induce any visible eczematous activity. Oral administration of nickel in a double‐blind test provoked an aggravation of the hand eczema in nine of the twelve patients, and in seven of the patients this was accompanied by secondary eruptions including outbreaks of earlier, healed eczema. The nickel dose given is probably in the upper limit of the presently known daily intake of the metal, but should be considered to be within the physiologic range. It is concluded that ingestion of small amounts of nickel may be of greater importance in maintaining the hand eczema than external contacts with the metal.
Cosmetic dermatitis due to a perfume
Authors: Larsen Walter G.
Published: April 2006

A patient With perfume dermatitis was patch‐tested to 94 constituents of perfume and was found to have positive reactions to 12 components. An approach with regard to reducing the prevalence of perfume dermatitis is Suggested.
Hypersensitivity to hydrogenated lanolin
Authors: Sugai T. , Higashi J
Published: April 2006

The number of patients with dermatitis from applied betamcthasone‐17‐valerate ointment, which incorporated hydrogenated lanolin, rapidly increased in Japan after 1971. On patch testing, the incidence of hypersensitivity to hydrogenated lanolin is significantly higher than to anhydrous lanolin at the 1% level, that is, 5.20% (26/502) with the former and 1.99% (10/502) with the latter, although sensitivity to both materials is significantly related at the 0.5% level.

The possible explanations considered are that hydrogenated lanolin contains three main allergens: the first is a group of lanolin alcohols which are the common eczematogens in anhydrous lanolin; the second refers to the products of hydrogenation, composed of saturated, easily oxidized, organic substances of low molecular weight; and the third refers to traces of nickel, copper and chromium, as a result of contamination in the hydrogenation process.
Skin hazards from nickel and chromium salts in association with cutting oil operations
Authors: Samitz M. H. , Katz S. A.
Published: April 2006

Under ordinary working conditions in which grinding fluids were used, the presence of nickel or chromates was not detectable by spot testing. Laboratory studies, however, indicate that nickel can be leached from the machined metals.
New resin allergens in shoe contact dermatitis*
Authors: Grimalt Francisco , Romaguera Cahlos
Published: April 2006

Changes in the shoe industry have replaced some of the former allergens and introduced some new ones. In 45 cases of shoe contact dermatitis, the lack of response to known allergens inspired the authors to review present‐day industrial shoe manufacture. Two new resin allergens for shoe dermatitis have been found: dodecyl mercapthane and polyurethanes. The first is used in the plastics industry to arrest the polymerisation process. We suggest the possibility that a certain number of Neoprene sensitizations could be sensitizations to dodecyl mercapthane contained in it. The recommended solution for patch testing is: 0.1 % in toluol.
Value of a new technique of sensitization to dinitro‐2, 4‐chlorobenzene
Authors: Foussereau J. , Herrmann B. , Grosshans E. , Petitjean J. , Maleville J.
Published: April 2006

Experimental sensitization to dtnitro‐2,4‐chlorohenzene (DNCB) is being studied according to different techniques, the variable factors being the concentrations of DNCB, the number of applications and the time between the sensitizing application and the reading of the challenge test. The authors relate and discuss their technique (only one touch of a drop of 10% DNCB in acetone, covered with a cover‐slip and left to evaporate), the results and the advantages; in particular, standardization of the parameters of sensitization, (quantity of DNCB, area and time of application) and reduction in the risk of toxic effects inherent in excessively high concentrations of DNCB. In addition, the authors emphasize the fundamental significance of the length of time needed to acquire experimental sensitization.
Allergic contact dermatitis from phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride Cross‐sensitivity to some related haloatkylamine compounds
Authors: Mitchell J. C. , Maibach H. I.
Published: April 2006

Contact dermatitis from phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride occurred in a woman laboratory technician. Sensitization to this chemical was produced in guinea‐pigs. Cross‐sensitivity to related compounds may be due to the chloroethylamine moiety of the molecule. No cross‐sensitivity was observed to the dichlorodiethylamine compound, nitrogen mustard.
Occupational protein contact dermatitis in food handlers
Authors: Hjorth Niels , Roed‐Petersen Jytte
Published: April 2006

The preparation of food in restaurant kitchens carries a high risk of occupational dermatoses. Analysis of 33 cases revealed four different etiological types. Simple irritant dermatitis was rare (2 cases), plain contact dermatitis was more common (6 cases). Fifteen patients had relevant patch tests and scratch tests; ten had positive scratch tests only to explain the cause of their dermatitis. The last type was termed protein contact dermatitis. The major type IV allergens incriminated were metals, onion and garlic. The major proteinaceous allergens indicated by history and test results were fish and shell‐fish. Open patch tests with the incriminated foods may cause erythema or oedema on normal skin after 20 minutes. Previously eczematous, now normal looking, skin often responds with a crop of dyshidrotic vesicles preceded by erythema and itching 30 minutes after the application of an open test. Examination for specific IgE is not always positive in such cases. Inhalant allergy was rare. The results indicate that food handlers are sensitized by the protein they touch, and then react to later contact with the proteins. Protein contact dermatitis is similarly common among veterinary surgeons, while the importance in other occupational groups remains to be studied.
Allergic contact dermatitis from propellants in deodorant sprays in combination with allergy to ethyl chloride
Authors: Ketel W. G. van
Published: April 2006

Allergic contact eczema from the use of deodorant sprays is sometimes caused by sensitization to the propellants. Positive reactions were seen in three patients when patch testing to Freon 11 (trichloromonofluoromethane). One patient also reacted to Freon 12 (dichlorofluoromethane). Another patient had an eczemulous eruption after ethyl chloride was sprayed on the skin prior to taking biopsy. The two other patients showed strongly positive patch tests with this compound. Further investigations of the sensitizing capacity propellants with chemical resemblance have to be carried out to solve the problem of cross‐sensitization.
Lymphomatoid contact dermatitis A syndrome produced by epicutaneous hypersensitivity with clinical features and a histopathologic picture similar to that of mycosis fungoides
Authors: Gómez Orbaneja J. , Iglesias Diez L. , Sánchez Lozano J. L. , Conde Salazar L.
Published: April 2006

Four cases have been studied which were clinically suggestive of mycosis fungoides because of their infiltrated plaque‐like lesions, but in which the suspicion of a topical hypersensitivity arose when a positive patch test was obtained with the striker part of a box of matches.
Contact dermatitis due to Nyloprint
Authors: Pye R. J. , Peachey R. D. G.
Published: April 2006

The Nyloprint process is becoming more frequently used in Great Britain. We report a case of contact dermatitis in a 60‐year‐old man who was employed in the production of Nyloprint formes. The process is described in detail. Patch tests showed him to be very sensitive to an acrylamide derivative, which is used as a monomer in this process.
Allergic contact dermatitis and conjunctivitis from epinephrine
Authors: Alani Safwat D. , Alani Milhim D.
Published: April 2006

A patient with chronic open‐angle glaucoma was suspected of having allergic dermatitis and conjunctivitis to epinephrine. He was tested with epinephrine and other active substances, the preservatives and antioxidants usually used in the preparation of eye drops, He was also tested with other possible contactants with which he had had contact.

The patient showed positive allergic patch test reactions to the chloride solution of epinephrine. The patient showed an unexpected positive reaction when tested with di‐iso‐propyl fluorophosphate (DFP).

The importance of routine patch testing in ophthalmic practice to detect sensitizers in cases of contact allergy is stressed.
An antigen from Parthenium hysterophorus Linn.
Authors: Lonkar Arvind , Nagasampagi B. A. , Narayanan C. R. , Landge A. B. , Sawalkar D. D.
Published: April 2006

The increasing incidence of contact dermatitis due to the wild growth of the weed Parthenium hysterophorus Linn, in many parts of India has prompted chemical analysis coupled with clinical testing to isolate the offending agent. Results are presented to show that parthenin, a sesquiterpene lactone, is the major antigen which produces contact dermatitis in sensitive human beings.
Cinnamon dermatitis from an ointment
Authors: Calnan C. D.
Published: April 2006

Six patients are reported who had an allergic contact dermatitis from the use of H proprietary antiseptic ointment containing oil of cinnamon. Three were positive and three negative to balsam of Peru; two of these and one other also reacted to cinnamic aldehyde. The history and usage of cinnamon is briefly reviewed.
Transepidermal water loss in adhesive tape induced dermatitis
Authors: Hofmann Heidelore , Maibach Howard
Published: April 2006

As an index of skin barrier function, transepidermal water loss (TEW) was investigated in subjects reactive to adhesive tapes. Tape reactive subjects showed no difference in TEW in untreated skin when compared to non‐reactive subjects. Plastic tape and transparent tape produced varying degrees of dermatitis in reactive subjects; the TEW was increased up to 40‐fold of the baseline values correlating with the degree of dermatitis. Paper tape and plastic film without adhesive did not produce dermatitis and increased water loss. Regeneration of skin damage was accompanied by a decrease of TEW values. The general problem of tape reactors and tape irritation is discussed.
Irritant dermatitis from diallylglycol carbonate monomer in the optical industry
Authors: Lacroix M. , Burckel H. , Foussereau J. , Grosshans E. , Cavelier C. , Limasset J. C. , Ducos P. , Gradinski D. , Duprat P.
Published: April 2006

The diallylglycol carbonate monomer causes dermatitis due to irritation in the optical industry. Cutaneous intolerance may affect as many as 70% of the exposed persons employed.

Almost all control subjects who where patch‐tested showed irritation at a 2% concentration. The histological effects were an acute oedema with inflammation of the papillary dermis, and diapedesis of neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

Experiments on animals confirmed the irritant nature of the product; in the rabbit, a single application produced irritation, but to a lesser degree than in humans. Tests for possible sensitizing effects in the guinea pig have given negative results.

Chemical analysis of the monomer revealed the presence of diallyi carbonate and acrolein. Allyl alcohol was detected in only one case.

Patch tests were carried out in a group of control subjects with acrolein, diallyl carbonate and allyl alcohol. The histological appearance of the lesions caused by acrolein was quite different from that due to diallylglycol carbonate. It is probable that the irritant is the diallylglycol carbonate monomer itself.
Sensitivity to 35 essential oils
Authors: Rudazki Edward , Grzywa Zdzislawa , Bruo Wladvslaw S.
Published: April 2006

Two hundred consecutive patients and 50 subjects positive to balsams were tested with the 35 essential oils most frequently used in Polish cosmetics. The frequency of sensitivity to the particular oils is noted and the index of sensitization calculated as the amount of oil/kg used annually for the production of Polish cosmetics per one patient positive to this oil. The correlation of positive tests to essential oils with positive tests to four balsams of the standard series is shown.
Contact sensitivity to emulsifiers
Authors: Hannuksela Matti , Kousa Merjä , Pirilä Veikko
Published: April 2006

Common emulsifiers were tested in over 1,200 patients with eczema. Triethanolamine stearate tested at 5 % in petrolatum caused irritant reactions in 9.5% of the patients. On the other hand, non‐ionic emulsifying agents tested at 10–20% produced irritation in only a few cases.

Allergic reactions were found in 2.1% of those tested. Lanette, sorbitan sesquioleate, the Spans®, polyoxyethylene oxypropylene stearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitol lanolin derivative, and triethanolamine stearate each elicited allergic reactions in 0.3–0.7% of the cases. The Tweens® caused an allergy in only two cases, but glycerol monostearate caused no reaction at all.

Five out of six patients sensitive to sorbitan sesquioleate reacted positively to the Spans® as well.

The patients allergic to one or more emulsifiers were also sensitive to several other substances included in our routine test series with the exception of four patients who reacted only to the emulsifying agents.
Photoepicutaneous testing
Authors: Suhonen Raimo
Published: April 2006

The effects of various vehicles, the occlusion time and the concentration of the test substances on the phototoxic reactions were studied using the Finn Chamber method in photo‐epicutaneous testing, with methoxsalen and coal tar as test substances. Petrolatum proved to be a suitable base for methoxsalen and carbowax for coal tar. The optimal concentration of coal tar was 5% and that of methoxalen 0.03–0.05%. The optimal occlusion time for methoxsalen was 1–2 hours and for coal tar 24 hours. It was concluded that in order to obtain the most reliable results, these parameters should be determined separately for every photosensitizing compound to be tested.
Allergic contact dermatitis to a salicylic acid plaster
Authors: Rasmussen James E. , Fisher Alexander A.
Published: April 2006

We report two patients who developed allergic eczematous contact dermatitis to a salacid plaster used to treat plantar warts. Both patients were subsequently shown to be allergic to dehydroabietic acid, a resin contained in the plaster.
Occupational eczema from para‐tertiary‐butylphenol formaldehyde resins: A review of the sensitizing resins
Authors: Foussereau J. , Cavelier C. , Selig D.
Published: April 2006

The first cases of allergy due to para‐tertiary‐butylphenol formaldehyde resins (PTBP resins) were found in 195K in the shoe‐making industry. These resins are found in certain neoprene adhesives.

PTBP resin hypersensitivity may be due either to the para‐ tertiary‐butylphenol, to the resin itself, or less frequently to the formaldehyde.

These resins may cause occupational allergy (in the automobile industry and chiefly in the shoe‐making industry) and non‐occupational allergy (footwear and clothing hypersensitivity).

Patients allergic to PTBP resins have been found to show a cross‐reaction to other resins such as Alresen PA 103, Schenectady SP 126 and Schenectady SP 154.

The authors give a reference list of sensitizing neoprene adhesives and PTBP resins to that manufacturers can limit the use of these products as far as possible.
The development of metal hypersensitivity in patients with metal‐to‐plastic hip arthroplasties
Authors: Nater J. P. , Brian R. G. , Deutman R. , Mulder Th. J.
Published: April 2006

Sixty‐sis patients who had to undergo total hip replacement by means of a metal‐to‐plastic Stanmore prosthesis, were patch‐tested prior to and 6 to 12 months after surgery with the standard ICDRG allergens series and with acrylic monomer 5 % in acetone.

In 62 patients the history of metal allergy as well as the patch tests to all tested allergens were negative. One patient with a history of metal allergy reacted negatively before surgery; about 6 months after surgery the patch test to nickel sulphate was positive (2 plus).

Three other patients developed positive patch test reactions after surgery: two reacted positively to nickel sulphate (2 plus) and one to cobalt chloride (2 plus). In none of the 66 patients have local side effects of the prostheses been found to date.
Patch tests with potassium dichromate removed after 24 and 48 hours
Authors: Kudzki Edward , Zakrzewski Zdzislaw , Prokopczyk Grazyna , Kozlowska Anna
Published: April 2006

The rate of release in vitro of four potassium dichromate concentrations (0.5, 0.1, 0.05 and 0.01 %) was determined. In the course of 24 h, 90.1–97.5 % was released of the total K2Cr2O7 amount in 48 h. Out of 30 patients positive to 0.05 % dichromate when the patch lest was done routinely, 29 were also positive when the patch was removed after 24 h. The effect of the earlier removal of the patch test was also noted in seven other patients, when results of tests with lower dichromate concentrations were taken into account.
The chamber‐scarification test for irritancy *
Authors: Frosch Peter J. , Kligman Albert M.
Published: April 2006

A procedure has been designed (the chamber‐scarification test), which possesses greatly increased sensitivity for assessing the irritancy of topically applied materials. A forearm test site is criss‐cross scarified by drawing a 30‐gauge needle over the skin with just enough pressure to cleave the epidermis without drawing blood. The test agent is applied in an aluminum chamber once daily for 3 days.

The advantages of the method over conventional patch testing are: enhanced capacity to measure mild irritants, reduced time (3 days versus 10 to 21 days), less effort, less cost, less discombort for the volunteers and greater reproducibility.
Occupational allergy from 1,2‐benzisothiazolin‐3‐one and other preservatives in plastic emulsions
Authors: Bang Pedersen Niels
Published: April 2006

Two mate employees in an industry producing plastic emulsions acquired contact dermatitis from preservatives. One was sensitized in both components in a preservative, i.e. 1,2‐benzisothiazolin‐3‐one and ethylene diamine. The other man acquired a contact allergy to 1,2‐benzisothiazolin‐3‐one and to another preservative, formaldehyde.
The investigation of quindoxin photosensitivity
Authors: Zaynoun S. , Johnson B. E. , Frain‐Bell W.
Published: April 2006

Quindoxin (quinoxaline di‐N‐oxide) is a photosensitizer capable of producing dermatitis. The study of a group of seven affected subjects has provided evidence of persistent light reaction and “photoallergy”, most probably to the parent substance and not to any photoproduct or contaminant. Clinical and photobiological similarities to the photo‐sensitivity dermatitis and actinic reticuloid syndrome were demonstrated.
Mechanism of cinnamaldehyde sensitization*
Authors: Majeti Vimala A. , Suskind Raymond R.
Published: April 2006

The skin sensitization of cinnamaldehyde is probably initialed by the reaction of cinnamaldehyde with ɛ‐amino groups on protein side chains. α‐Substituted cinnamaldehydes, which are known nottobe skin sensitizers, react very slowly or not at all with amines in comparison with cinnamaldehyde.
Dose response relationships in allergic contact dermatitis: Glutaraldehyde‐containing liquid fabric softener
Authors: Weaver James E. , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

Glutaraldehyde (GTA) is an effective preservative in some consumer products. Because it is a weak cutaneous allergen at certain concentrations, studies were conducted to assess any potential hazard of adding a low level (550 ppm) of GTA to an experimental liquid fabric softener. Allergic contact dermatitis (delayed hypersensitivity) was not elicited in challenge tests of GTA‐sensitive subjects or in repeated insult patch tests of 706 normal human male and female subjects. The subjects were exposed (1) to the experimental formulation, (2) to the formulation with 10 times the normal level of GTA, and (3) to fabrics laundered with the normal use level or with 10 times the normal use level of these expertmental formulations.
Irritant dermatitis during the relining of a blast furnace
Authors: Rycroft R. J. G. , Calnan C. D.
Published: April 2006

An outbreak of dermatitis is reported amongst steel erectors, platers and welders working on the relining of a blast furnace. Evidence is produced for regarding this as an occupational primary irritant contact dermatitis.
Contact dermatitis to PPD rubber in Maleki shoes
Authors: Leppard Barbara J. , Parhizgar B.
Published: April 2006

The Persian cloth shoe (Maleki) which has been in use for more than 800 years has a strong cloth sole and a woven cotton upper. In the last 20 years, used cur tyres have became readily available in Iran and the soles of some shoes are now made from these. A man with the typical picture of rubber dermatitis on the soles of his feet is described. On pinch testing he gave a 2+ positive to PPD rubber and this was thought to be due to the fact that he had worn Maleki shoes for several years.
Skin manifestations of mercury poisoning
Authors: Behnam Basil , Al‐Saleem Tahseen
Published: April 2006

Eight patients with skin lesions attributed to methylmercury exposure are reported. The outbreak of poisoning occurred in Iraq as a result of the handling and ingestion of treated grain find home‐made bread. The skin manifestations were rather rare and varied in severity and histological appearance.
Tobramycin‐neomycin cross‐sensitivity
Authors: Schorr William F. , Ridgway Hal B.
Published: April 2006

Fifty normal control volunteers were patch tested to 20% neomycin as well as tobramycin 1%, 10%, 20% and 30% in white petrolatum. Tobramycin is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic for prescription Ophthalmologic use in the United States.

There were no reactions on any of the control volunteers.

Twenty known and proven neomycin‐allergic patients were then tested to tobramycin 10 % and 20 % in white petrolatum, as well as to neomycin 20 % aqueous and 20 % in white petrolatum.

All 20 reacted with a 2+ or greater response to the neomycin patch tests. Twelve out of the 20 or 60 % of the neomycin‐allergic patients reacted to the 10 % tobramycin in white petrolatum. Thirteen out of 20 or 65 % reacted to 20 % tobramycin in while petrolatum.

From these data, tobramycin (ophthalmic) should not be used to treat known neomycin‐allergic patients without first patch tolling the patient with 20 % tobramycin in white petrolatum. It appears probable that 65 % of neomycin‐allergic patients would react with a dermatitic response to such therapy.
Industrial dermatitis in Northern Ireland
Authors: Burrows D. , Corbet J. R.
Published: April 2006

Industrial injuries and disablement benefits paid for industrial dermatitis (PD 42) in Northern Ireland are analyzed by age, industry and substance responsible. The most significant trend is a decrease in the number of cases due to cement and an increase in the number of nickel cases.
Contact urticarial skin responses to cinnamaldehyde
Authors: Nater J. P. , De Jong M. C. J. M. , Baar A. J. M. , Bleumink E.
Published: April 2006

A patient suffering from an eczema of the right hand showed after routine patch testing an immediate urticarial reaction to cinnamaldehyde.

The same reaction could be noted in three out of eight control persons. Laboratory investigations revealed cinnamaldehyde to have a histamine liberating effect, a fact not previously mentioned in reports on untoward reactions to this compound.
Contact and bacterial allergy in children with atopic dermatitis*
Authors: Angeltni G. , Meneghinei C. L.
Published: April 2006

Cell‐mediated immunity to bacterial antigens was studied by intradermal testing, and to contact antigens (cosmetics, environmental chemicals and topical medicaments) by patch testing in 270 children with atopic dermatitis. The incidence of delayed‐type immune cutaneous reactions in these patients was lower than in the controls. Contact allergy is a rare finding in the first 4 years of life but its incidence increases subsequently. In subjects with atopic dermatitis the incidence of sensitization by contact with allergens contained in topical medicaments proved to be lower than in subjects with eczema of other types.

The data collected points to a reduced cell‐mediated immune reactivity in a proportion of subjects with atopic dermatitis.
Allergic contact dermatitis to a photopolymerizable resin used in printing
Authors: Calas E. , Castelain P. Y. , Raulot Lapointe H. , Ducos P. , Caveler C. , Duprat P. , Pottou P.
Published: April 2006

Organic photopolymerizable resins increasingly used in printing make it possible to produce flexible, lighter plates. A certain number of skin lesions and general symptoms appeared upon manipulation of plates made by the Letterflex® process. In the workshop where this study was carried out, 12 out of 15 people suffered various degrees of skin lesions. The epicutaneous tests and biopsies performed indicate an allergic type reaction to one of the resin's constituents, polythiol. Experiments with animals confirm the strong allergenicity of this compound.
Immediate reactions to patch tests with balsam of Peru
Authors: Forsbeck Margit , Skog Erik
Published: April 2006

Closed patch tests with balsam of Peru gave rise to nine immediate reactions among 121 patients with different dermatoses and to 10 reactions among 57 patients with chronic urticaria. Among compounds of balsam of Peru, cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamic acid, benzole acid and benzaldehyde also gave the same reactions. The reactions could not passively be transferred with serum from patients. They were abolished by antihislamine given before testing, and by pretreatment with compound 48/80.

Balsam of Peru and cinnamic aldehyde did not provoke new symptoms when given orally to patients.
Role of thermography in allergic contact dermatitis
Authors: Raskin Michael M. , Zies Peter M.
Published: April 2006

Several investigators have attempted to quntitate the degree of skin reaction as a temperature difference between the area of reaction and the surrounding skin in scratch test reactions involving immediate sensitivity (Kaufman 1967, Phipatankul & Slavin 1972).
Letterflex photoprepolymer sensitization in newspaper printers due to penta erythritol tetrakis 3 mercaptopropionate and 3 mercaptopropionic acid
Authors: Malten K. E.
Published: April 2006

The Letterflex urethane photopolymer mixture contains eight components. The curing agent penta erythritol‐tetrakis‐3 mercaptopropionate and an auxiliary subtance present separately, namely 3 mercaptopropionic acid, gave positive reactions in five patients suffering from occupational contact allergic dermatitis. The mixture contains third substance to which contact sensitization in n single patient has been described in the literature. This substance did not play any role in the patients dermatitis. The ways in which the workers come into contact with the liquid form of the prepolymer, which is the sensitizing form of the mixture, are described. Safety measures and complete labelling are advised.
Patch testing with low molecular oligomers of epoxy resins in humans
Authors: Fregert Sigfrid , Thorgeirsson Arnar
Published: April 2006

Thirty‐four patients sensitive to epoxy resin were patch tested with oligomers of epoxy resin. All reacted when tested with MW 340 oligomer. Twenty‐three were tested with MW624 and MW908 oligomers and seven with MW 1392 oligomer; none reacted. Eight patients tested with commercial mixtures of epoxy resins with an average MW 1280 and MW 1850 reacted to these resin mixtures which contained the MW 340 oligomer. The MW 340 oligomer seems to be the main ingredient responsible for contact allergy to epoxy resins in humans.
Multiple concomitant positive patch test reactions
Authors: Mitchell J. C.
Published: April 2006

Thirty‐five patients who showed 90 one plus (+) patch test reactions to 28 patch test chemicals at Day 2 (D2) were retested to the chemicals at D7. On retesting, 60 % (54/90) reactions were positive but 42 % (38/90) were negative at D9, suggesting that false positive patch test reactions were common when more than one positive reaction was obtained by concomitant patch testing. On retesting, the total % positivity was reduced from 344 to 241 suggesting that the true index of sensitivity was falsely exaggerated by concomitant testing.
Photoepicutaneous testing UV‐induced protection against photoxic reactions in normal and vitiliginous skin: A clinical and histological study
Authors: Suhonen Raimo , Niemi Kirsti‐Maria
Published: April 2006

The effect of erythemic UV irradiation on the phototoxic reactions caused by topical methoxsalen + UVA exposure was studied on normal skin, normal‐looking skin of vitiligo patients, and vitilginous skin.

Although only slight historical changes were delectable 9 days after irradiation with 5 MED of erythemic UV, this pre‐irradiation did induce protection against phototoxic reactions in all skin types. This protection WHS clinically equal in all skin types; the slight differences were not statistically significant.

Histological evaluation, however, showed a most conspicuous protective effect on vitiliginous skin. In all skin types the influence of UV pre‐irradiation was confined to epidermal protection; the dermal phototoxic changes were unaffected.
Gut eczema in slaughterhouse workers
Authors: Hjorth Niels
Published: April 2006

In Danish bacon factories workers eviscerating and cleansing gut casings commonly develop a vesicular eczema starting in the finger webs, from where it spreads in the sides of the fingers. Tile eruption is called “gut eczema” or “fat eczema” by the workers. It is self‐limiting, lasts for 1–2 weeks, and can recur at intervals of months or years. The etiology is unknown. Prick tests with extracts of ascaris and several organs of the pigs were negative.
Contact urticaria provoked by balsam of Peru
Authors: Tiemesvári E. , Soos Gy. , Podányi B. , Kovács I. , Nemeth I.
Published: April 2006

Six patients with chronic urticaria are described in whom immediate type hypersensitivity to balsam of Peru was proven by patch test.
An investigation of the possible immunological relationship between allergen extracts from birch pollen, hazelnut, potato and apple
Authors: Andersen Klaus E. , Løwenstein Henning
Published: April 2006

In a retrospective study on a selected group of patients, the coincidence of birch pollen allergy and a clinically relevant positive prick test reaction to apples and potatoes was confirmed.

Immunochemical comparison using the crossed line immunoelectrophoresis technique (CLIE) confirmed partial identity between birch pollen and hazelnut. By the same method no partial immunological identity between birch pollen and extracts and fresh peel from apples and potatoes was found. However, both apples and potatoes gave rise to non‐immunological affinity precipitates. On this basis it is discussed, whether the active agents from apples and potatoes were extremely labile allergens, plant lectins, or low molecular weight substances with a direct or indirect histamine release effect.
Concentrations of patch test allergens: Are we comparing the same things?
Authors: Benezra C. , Andanson J. , Chabeau C , Ducombs G. , Foussereau J. , Lachapelle J. M. , Lacroix M. , Martin P.
Published: April 2006

A new way of expressing the concentrations of patch test allergens solutions (or emulsions) is proposed. From these new expressions it can be seen that apparently similar concentrations (0.5 % chromium, 1 % formaldehyde) can actually be in the ratio 1 to 15 as expressed at the molecular level.
Occupational allergic contact dermatitis to virginiamycin, an antibiotic used as a food additive for pigs and poultry
Authors: Tennstedt D. , Dumont‐Fruytier M. , Lachapelle J. M.
Published: April 2006

A warehouseman aged 31 working in a pharmaceutical factory got an occupational contact dermatitis to virginiamycin (factor M), an antibiotic used as a food additive for pigs and poultry.

A review is made of contact dermatitis to virginiamycin and to pristinamycin.
Immunological activity of parthenin and its diasteriomer in persons sensitized by Parthenium hysterophorus L.
Authors: Rao P. V. Subba , Mangala A. , Towers G. H. N. , Rodriguez Eloy
Published: April 2006

Persons suffering from allergic dermatitis caused by direct contact with Parthenium hysterophorus (Compositae) showed delayed immunologic reaction to the sesquiterpene lactone parthenin but not to its diasteriomer, hymenin.
Histologic aspects of patch test reactions in allergic contact dermatitis
Authors: Rantuccio F. , Sinisi D. , Scardigno A. , Conte A.
Published: April 2006

Twenty subjects with allergic contact dermatitis were patch tested with the responsible allergen appliedtofour fixed points on the back. Skin biopsies of the four sites were obtained after 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours, fixed in neutral formalin and twined with hematoxylin‐eosin, Giemsa and toluidine hint. Sections were examined and lymphomonocytes, mast cells, eosinophils and basophils counted. In all cases the infiltrate consisted mainly of lymphomonocytes (80–82 %); mast cells (5 %) and basophils (0.2 %) do not present clear variations within the given time. Eosinophils showed a definite numerical increase in six cases out of 20.
Release of nickel from cooking utensils*
Authors: Christensen Ole B. , Möller Helvor
Published: April 2006

The release of nickel to boiling water from new and used saucepans of different material was measured. No nickel was released from aluminium, teflon and enamel. Certain amounts of nickel were released from stainless steel, but only al acid pH.
Contact urticaria from Synthetic cassia oil and sorbic acid limited to the face
Authors: Rietschel Robert L.
Published: April 2006

A patient with contact urticaria with skin and respiratory symptoms was found to be sensitive to both sorbic acid and synthetic oil of cassia. The contact urticaria was only elicitable on intact skin of the face by open testing. The source of the patient's contactants was her shampoo and toothpaste.
Comparison between 24‐ and 48‐hour exposure time in patch testing
Authors: Skog Eril , Forsbeck Margit
Published: April 2006

A pilot study was performed to compare the results obtained by leaving the test substances recommended by ICDRG on the backs of the patients for 24 and 48 h, respectively. The Pirilä chamber test method was used. We got different results between the two methods of application time as reported, and intend to continue the study.
Photocontact allergy to 6‐methylcoumarin
Authors: Kaidbey Kays H. , Kligman Albert M.
Published: April 2006

A proprietary sunscreen‐induced photosensitivity reactions in a small number of users. Laboratory study revealed that the reactions were of the photoallergic type and were due to the presence of a synthetic fragrance, 6‐methylcoumarin. By photomaximization testing 6‐meihyicoumarin was found to be a potent photocontact allergen.
Contact dermatitis from ethylenediamine
Authors: White Marion I.
Published: April 2006

This study of seven patients with an allergic contact dermatitis from ethylenediamine has shown that sensitisation to topical antihislamines and disodium eihylenediamine tetra‐acetate is not inevitable in allergic contact dermatitis from ethylenediamine.
The Duhring chamber
Authors: Frosch Peter J. , Kligman Albert M.
Published: April 2006

For assessing skin reactions in irritants and allergens, chambers which confine the test substance to the site of application are much superior to conventional patch tests. Because the concentration and volume do not change appreciably, the method allows for quantification and yields more reproducible results.

A new aluminum chamber has been designed which is more useful than its predecessor, the Finn chamber, mainly because of its increased capacity. Data are given to show that the intensity of irritant and allergic reactions is dependent on the quantities applied.
Allergy to lanolin
Authors: MORTENSEN TOVE
Published: April 2006

The purpose of the present study wastocompare the frequency of lanolin allergy during two periods and to assess the adequacy of testing with one standard allergen. Among 1230 consecutive patients with eczema who were standard patch tested, 33 (2.7 %), 21 females and 12 males, gave a positive reaction to wool alcohols. Among 899 consecutive patients with eczema standard patch tested and also tested with the lanolin derivatives hydrogenated lanolin 30% in soft yellow paraffin. Amerchol L 101®, and a mixture of lanolin derivatives, 60 patients (6.6 %), 48 females and 12 males, gave a positive reaction to lanolin and/or its derivatives. The results show that testing with one standard lanolin allergen is inadequate for detecting lanolin allergy.
Cyanoacrylate dermatitis
Authors: Calnan C. D.
Published: April 2006

An outbreak of irritant dermatitis from a cyanoacrylate glue among a group of electronic assembly workers is described. It was caused by vaporization of monomer under conditions of low relative humidity. No further outbreak occurred when the humidity of the working environment was raised above 55 %.
Delayed irritation: Hexanediol diacrylate and butanediol diacrylate
Authors: Malten K. E. , den Arend J. A. C. J. , Wiggers R. E.
Published: April 2006

Ephemeral topical contact with hexanediol diacrylate and butanediol diacrylate may cause delayed irritant dermatitis. During 4 years' observation of 20 workers utilizing these substances in the electron beam coming department of a door factory, contact sensitization did not occur. The characteristics of delayed contact irritancy are enumerated. The disease must be distinguished from allergic contact dermatitis, acute irritant dermatitis and cumulative irritant dermatitis.
Contact allergy to lidocaine
Authors: Fregert Sigfrid , Tegner Eva , Thelin Ingrid
Published: April 2006

Two cases of contact allergy to lidocaine are reported. They also reacted to chemically related anesthetics of the amide type: one to bupivacaine, mepivacaine and prilocaine and the other to mepivacaine only. The patients also reacted to the chemically nonrelated cincaine, an anesthetic of the ester type. The lidocaine metabolites o‐toluidine and m‐xylidine gave negative reactions.
Epidemiological survey of occupational contact dermatitis of the hands in Belgium
Authors: Lachapelle J. M. , Tennstedt D.
Published: April 2006

A total of 400 patients suffering from hand eczema were patch tested to 25 chemicals (20 from the standard series of the ICDRG plus five from the Tri‐Contact of Belgium); 197 (49.2%) had a positive patch lest to one or more substances, and there was no significant difference in the prevalence between males and females. Potassium dichromate and PPD mix were statistically more frequently involved as skin allergens in males than in females, whereas nickel sulphate, thiuram mix and neomycin sulphate gave a significantly higher number of positive responses in women than in men. Results of this epidemiological survey are discussed in the light of similar studies from the literature.
Polyvinyl chloride work boots in the management of shoe dermatitis in industrial workers
Authors: Mathias C. G. Toby , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

A sugar refinery worker developed allergic contact dermatitis of his feet secondary to rubber accelerators in his work boots. The dermatitis resolved when polyvinyl chloride work boots were substituted. The importance of controlling hyperhidrosis in the management of foot dermatitis in workers is discussed.
Penetration of protective gloves by epoxy resin
Authors: Pegum J. S.
Published: April 2006

A gas jointer developed dermatitis from epoxy resin of Bisphenol A type. This substance penetrates plastic and rubber gloves. The man was compelled to change his job. There is a need for new types of gloves which are impermeable. The wearing of the existing types of glove by those not sensitised may be worthwhile because it probably lessens the dose of allergen absorbed and hence lessens the incidence of sensitisation.
Allergy to rubber condom urinals and medical adhesives in male spinal injury patients
Authors: Bransbury Anthea J.
Published: April 2006

In the National Spinal Injuries Unit at Stoke Mandeville Hospital, rubber condom urinals, kept on the penis with a medical adhesive, are used for incontinent male patients where possible. However, contact allergy to rubber condoms and/or the adhesives is a common problem and can cause considerable morbidity in paralysed patients. This paper investigates the rubber chemicals and adhesives most commonly implicated in causing contact allergy. The survey was divided into two parts:

Patch testing symptomatic inpatients

A questionnaire sent to new patients from January 1974 to ascertain the overall incidence of contact allergy.

It was found that allergy to mercaptobenzthiazole (MBT)‐ and thiuram‐containing condoms was relatively common and that latex/petroleum tube medical adhesives most commonly caused adhesive allergy. It is suggested that a condom made of the least allergenic: rubber and an adhesive causing the least number of allergic reactions should be used from the outset for paralysed patients requiring a condom urinal.
Nickel cobalt and chromium sensitivity in patients with pompholyx (dyshidrotic eczema)
Authors: Vien Niels K. , Kaaber Knud
Published: April 2006

Sixteen patients with negative routine patch tests were challenged orally in a controlled trial with 2.5 mg nickel, I nig cobalt, and 2.5 nig chromium given as salts of the respective metals. All of the patients had symmetrical, vesicular hand dermatitis and in some cases also foot involvement. The dermatitis of two patients flared after challenge with cobalt; in two patients flare occurred following chromate ingestion.

Prior to the oral challenge all the patients were patch tested with nickel sulphate, cobalt. chloride and potassium dichromate after adhesive tape stripping. Solutions of the same metal salts were used for intradermal testing. The intradermal test sites were read after 20 minutes and 48 hours, the patch tests, after 4Nh. Skin test reactivity correlated poorly to the results of the oral challenge, possibly due to nonspecific skin test reactivity.

It is concluded that oral challenge is it valuable adjunctive diagnostic procedure in patients with pompholyx. Who have negative routine patch tests.
Antibodies against nickel‐albumin in rabbits and man
Authors: Veien N. K. , Christiansen A.H. , Svejgaard E. , Kaaber K.
Published: April 2006

Five albino rabbits were immunized every 2 weeks by intradermal injections of a nickel rabbit‐albumin complex and during alternate weeks by occluded cutaneous applications of 5% nickel sulphate in petrolatum. After 6 weeks of immunization, passive immunodiffusion disclosed precipitating antibodies against the nickel‐albumin complex in the serum of all the rabbits. The specificity of these antibodies was substantiated by the precipitation of anti‐albumin antibodies with rabbit albumin prior to immunodiffusion.

Passive immunodiffusion was used to examine serum from 14 nickel‐sensitive patients for precipitating antibodies against a nickel human‐albumin complex. Five of the patients had widespread erythematous, nun‐eczematous reactions following oral challenge with 2.5 mg nickel us nickel sulphate, while five others suffered an aggravation of their nickel dermatitis. Precipitating antibodies were found in three patients, all of whom had experienced rapid‐onset erythema after oral challenge. A weak precipitate was seen in one of nine controls. The specificity of the precipitates was substantiated by reproducibility and by negative immunodiffusion after precipitation in the positive sera with the antigen.
Nickel in food: The role of stainless‐steel utensils
Authors: Brun Robert
Published: April 2006

Nickel may be found in prepared foods (tinned foods) at markedly higher concentrations than the safe threshold laid down for hypersensitive patients. Some foodstuffs cooked in stainless‐steel utensils attack the metal and thus contain much more nickel than when enamel or aluminum saucepans are used. Among the natural organic acids which may be responsible for dissolving stainless‐steel, oxalic acid is the most active at equivalent concentrations.
Petechial reaction following patch testing with cobalt
Authors: Schmidt H. , Larsen F. Schultz , Larsen P. Ølholm , Søgaard H.
Published: April 2006

A total of 132 patch tested patients reacted with petechial reactions to cobalt chloride 1 % in petrolatum; 23 were retested with various concentrations of cobalt. In about 60% of those retested the petechial reaction could be reproduced. Histopathological examination showed slight perivascular tymphocytic infiltration, swollen endothelium and extravasation of erythrocytes but no signs of vasculitis.

It is suggested that in predisposed patients the petechial reaction following patch testing could be the result of primary irritation.