bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Shale Reservoir and Sweet Spot Identification of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in Northwestern Hunan Province, China
Authors: QIN Mingyang , CAO Zheng , GUO Jianhua , HUANG Yanran , SUN Lianpu , DONG Li
Published: May 2019

The accumulation and productivity of shale gas are mainly controlled by the characteristics of shale reservoirs; study of these characteristics forms the basis for the shale gas exploitation of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation (Fm), Southern China. In this study, core observation and lithology study were conducted along with X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and electronic scanning microscopy (SEM) examinations and liquid nitrogen (N2) adsorption/desorption and CH4 isothermal adsorption experiments for several exploration wells in northwestern Hunan Province, China. The results show that one or two intervals with high‐quality source rocks (TOC>2 wt%) were deposited in the deep‐shelf facies. The source rocks, which were mainly composed of carbonaceous shales and siliceous shales, had high quartz contents (>40 wt%) and low clay mineral (<30 wt%, mainly illites) and carbonate mineral (<20 wt%) contents. The SEM observations and liquid nitrogen (N2) adsorption/desorption experiments showed that the shale is tight, and nanoscale pores and microscale fractures are well developed. BJH volume (VBJH) of shale ranged from 2.144×10–3 to 20.07×10–3 cm3/g, with an average of 11.752×10–3 cm3/g. Pores mainly consisted of opened and interconnected mesopores (2–50 nm in diameter) or macropores (>50 nm in diameter). The shale reservoir has strong adsorption capacity for CH4. The Langmuir volume (VL) varied from 1.63 to 7.39 cm3/g, with an average of 3.95 cm3/g. The characteristics of shale reservoir are controlled by several factors: (1) A deep muddy continental shelf is the most favorable environment for the development of shale reservoirs, which is controlled by the development of basic materials. (2) The storage capacity of the shale reservoir is positively related to the TOC contents and plastic minerals and negatively related to cement minerals. (3) High maturity or overmaturity leads to the growth of organic pores and microfractures, thereby improving the reservoir storage capacity. It can be deduced that the high percentage of residual gas in Niutitang Fm results from the strong reservoir storage capacity of adsorbed gas. Two layers of sweet spots with strong storage capacity of free gas, and they are characterized by the relatively high TOC contents ranging from 4 wt% to 8 wt%.
Geochemistry, Paleoenvironment and Mechanism of Organic‐Matter Enrichment in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation Shale in the Sichuan Basin, China
Authors: CHEN Zhipeng , CUI Junping , REN Zhanli , JIANG Shu , LIANG Xing , WANG Gaocheng , ZOU Chen
Published: May 2019

To investigate the mechanism of the organic‐matter enrichment in the Lower Longmaxi Formation shale, the geochemistry and total organic carbon (TOC) of the Longmaxi Formation black shales in the Jiaoshiba, Zhaotong, and Weiyuan areas of the Sichuan Basin were analyzed. Paleoproductivity proxy parameters (Babio, Siex, and Ni/Al), clastic influx proxies (TiO2 and Ti/Al), redox indices (V/Cr, Ni/Co, V/(V+Ni), and U/Th), and hydrothermal indicators (Fe, Mn, and Y concentrations; Fe/Ti ratio and a Ni‐Zn‐Co diagram) were employed to decipher the paleoenvironment of the Lower Longmaxi Formation shales. TiO2 and Ti/Al indicated low terrigenous detrital influx in all three areas. However, Babio, Siex, and Ni/Al indicated high productivity in the Jiaoshiba area. V/Cr, Ni/Co, and U/Th indicated higher oxygen content with larger fluctuations in the Zhaotong and Weiyuan areas. Fe, Mn, and Y concentrations and the Fe/Ti ratio implied greater active hydrothermal activity in the Weiyuan area. These heterogeneities were considered to be closely related to the paleoenvironment and paleogeography, and the large basement faults that developed during the Chuanzhong paleo‐uplift could have provided vents for deep‐hydrothermal‐fluid upwelling. The redox indices (V/Cr, Ni/Co, and U/Th) and a paleoproductivity proxy (Ni/Al) displayed a significant correlation with the TOC, suggesting that both excellent preservation conditions and high paleoproductivity were the controlling factors for the enrichment of organic matter in the Longmaxi Formation shale. There was no obvious correlation between the clastic influx proxy (Ti/Al) and the TOC due to the extremely low supply of terrigenous debris. The hydrothermal indicator (Fe/Ti) was negatively correlated with the TOC in the Weiyuan area, indicating that hydrothermal activity may have played a negative role in the accumulation of organic matter. This study suggests that the enrichment of organic matter in the Longmaxi Formation marine shale varied according to the paleogeography and sedimentary environment.
Molecular Structure of Kerogen in the Longmaxi Shale: Insights from Solid State NMR, FT‐IR, XRD and HRTEM
Authors: WANG Xiaoqi , ZHU Yanming , LIU Yu , LI Wu
Published: May 2019

Kerogen plays an important role in shale gas adsorption, desorption and diffusion. Therefore, it is necessary to characterize the molecular structure of kerogen. In this study, four kerogen samples were isolated from the organic‐rich shale of the Longmaxi Formation. Raman spectroscopy was used to determine the maturity of these kerogen samples. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy were conducted to characterize the molecular structure of the shale samples. The results demonstrate that VReqv of these kerogen samples vary from 2.3% to 2.8%, suggesting that all the kerogen samples are in the dry gas window. The macromolecular carbon skeleton of the Longmaxi Formation kerogen is mainly aromatic (fa'=0.56). In addition, the aromatic structural units are mainly composed of naphthalene (23%), anthracene (23%) and phenanthrene (29%). However, the aliphatic structure of the kerogen macromolecules is relatively low (fal*+falH=0.08), which is presumed to be distributed in the form of methyl and short aliphatic chains at the edge of the aromatic units. The oxygen‐containing functional groups in the macromolecules are mainly present in the form of carbonyl groups (fac=0.23) and hydroxyl groups or ether groups (falO=0.13). The crystallite structural parameters of kerogen, including the stacking height (Lc=22.84 Å), average lateral size (La=29.29 Å) and interlayer spacing (d002=3.43 Å), are close to the aromatic structural parameters of anthracite or overmature kerogen. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals that the aromatic structure is well oriented, and more than 65% of the diffractive aromatic layers are concentrated in the main direction. Due to the continuous deep burial, the longer aliphatic chains and oxygen‐containing functional groups in the kerogen are substantially depleted. However, the ductility and stacking degree of the aromatic structure increases during thermal evolution. This study provides quantitative information on the molecular structure of kerogen samples based on multiple research methods, which may contribute to an improved understanding of the organic pores in black shale.
Fracability Evaluation of Shale of the Wufeng‐Longmaxi Formation in the Changning Area, Sichuan Basin
Authors: HUANG Cheng , XU Tianyang , JU Yiwen , ZHU Hongjian , JU Liting , LI Wuyang
Published: May 2019

The fracturing technology for shale gas reservoir is the key to the development of shale gas industrialization. It makes much sense to study the mechanical properties and deformation characteristics of shale, due to its close relationship with the fracability of shale gas reservoir. This paper took marine shale in the Changning area, southern Sichuan Basin of China as the research object. Based on field profile and hand specimen observation, we analyzed the development of natural fractures and collected samples from Wufeng Formation and Longmaxi Formation. Combining with the indoor experiment, we investigated the macroscopic and microscopic structural features and the remarkable heterogeneity of shale samples. Then we illustrated the mechanics and deformation characteristics of shale, through uniaxial compression test and direct shear test. The shale has two types of fracture modes, which depend on the angular relation between loading direction and the bedding plane. Besides, the Wufeng shale has a higher value of brittleness index than the Longmaxi shale, which was calculated using two methods, mechanical parameters and mineral composition. Given the above results, we proposed a fracability evaluation model for shale gas reservoir using the analytic hierarchy process. Four influence factors, brittleness index, fracture toughness, natural fractures and cohesive force, are considered. Finally, under the control of normalized value and weight coefficient of each influence factor, the calculations results indicate that the fracability index of the Wufeng Formation is higher than that of the Longmaxi Formation in Changning area, southern Sichuan Basin.
Geochemical and Geological Characterization of Marine‐Continental Transitional Shale: A Case Study in the Ordos Basin, NW China
Authors: WEI Zhifu , WANG Gen , WANG Yongli , MA Xueyun , ZHANG Ting , HE Wei , YU Xiaoli
Published: May 2019

The organic‐rich shale of the Shanxi and Taiyuan Formation of the Lower Permian deposited in a marine‐continental transitional environment are well developed in the Ordos Basin, NW China, which is considered to contain a large amount of shale hydrocarbon resources. This study takes the Lower Permian Shanxi and Taiyuan shale collected from well SL# in the Ordos Basin, NW China as an example to characterize the transitional shale reservoir. Based on organic geochemistry data, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) observations, the desorbed gas contents of this transitional shale were systematically studied and the shale gas potential was investigated. The results indicate that the Lower Permian Shanxi and Taiyuan shale has a relatively high total organic carbon (TOC) (average TOC of 4.9%) and contains type III kerogen with a high mature to over mature status. XRD analyses show that an important characteristic of the shale is that clay and brittle minerals of detrital origin comprise the major mineral composition of the marine‐continental transitional shale samples, while the percentages of carbonate minerals, pyrite and siderite are relatively small. FE‐SEM observations reveal that the mineral matrix pores are the most abundant in the Lower Permian shale samples, while organic matter (OM) pores are rarely developed. Experimental analysis suggests that the mineral compositions mainly govern the macropore development in the marine‐continental transitional shale, and mineral matrix pores and microfractures are considered to provide space for gas storage and migration. In addition, the desorption experiments demonstrated that the marine‐continental transitional shale in the Ordos Basin has a significantly potential for shale gas exploration, ranging from 0.53 to 2.86 m3/t with an average value of 1.25m3/t, which is in close proximity to those of terrestrial shale (1.29 m3/t) and marine shale (1.28 m3/t). In summary, these results demonstrated that the Lower Permian marine‐continental transitional shale in the Ordos Basin has a significantly potential for shale gas exploration.
Does Fair Value Accounting Contribute to Systemic Risk in the Banking Industry?
Authors: Khan Urooj
Published: May 2019

I investigate whether fair value accounting can contribute to the banking industry's systemic risk. I focus on the adoption of Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 115 (SFAS No. 115), which required available‐for‐sale (AFS) securities to be recognized at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in equity through accumulated other comprehensive income. SFAS No. 115 increased banks' regulatory risk because, at the time, calculation of regulatory capital closely conformed with GAAP equity. I find that systemic risk increased following the adoption of SFAS No. 115. Furthermore, following a subsequent regulatory amendment—which excluded unrealized gains and losses on AFS securities from regulatory capital but did not change their GAAP treatment—systemic risk decreased. Taken together, the evidence suggests that fair value accounting has the potential to increase systemic risk through the explicit inclusion of volatile fair value estimates in regulatory bank capital adequacy assessments. I do not, however, find evidence of fair value accounting impacting systemic risk in its information role; that is, by providing information to a bank's external stakeholders about its financial position and performance. I also show that higher fair value volatility of investment securities, lower bank capital, and larger AFS security holdings increase banks' marginal contribution to systemic risk. My findings should interest regulators and policymakers, as recent regulatory changes in light of Basel III recommendations require unrealized gains and losses on AFS securities to be included in regulatory capital for advanced approaches banks.
Are skin senescence and immunosenescence linked within individuals?
Authors: Waaijer Mariëtte E. C. , Goldeck David , Gunn David A. , van Heemst Diana , Westendorp Rudi G. J. , Pawelec Graham , Maier Andrea B.
Published: May 2019

With advancing age, many organs exhibit functional deterioration. The age‐associated accumulation of senescent cells is believed to represent one factor contributing to this phenomenon. While senescent cells are found in several different organ systems, it is not known whether they arise independently in each organ system or whether their prevalence within an individual reflects that individual's intrinsic aging process. To address this question, we studied senescence in two different organ systems in humans, namely skin and T cells in 80 middle‐aged and older individuals from the Leiden Longevity Study. Epidermal p16INK4a positivity was associated with neither CD4+ nor CD8+ T‐cell immunosenescence phenotype composites (i.e., end‐stage differentiated/senescent T cells, including CD45RA+CCR7‐CD28‐CD27‐CD57+KLRG1+ T cells). Dermal p16INK4a positivity was significantly associated with the CD4+, but not with the CD8+ immunosenescence composite. We therefore conclude that there is limited evidence for a link between skin senescence and immunosenescence within individuals.
A history of ethanol drinking increases locomotor stimulation and blunts enhancement of dendritic dopamine transmission by methamphetamine
Authors: Tschumi Christopher W. , Daszkowski Anna W. , Sharpe Amanda L. , Trzeciak Marta , Beckstead Michael J.
Published: May 2019

Ethanol and psychostimulant use disorders exhibit comorbidity in humans and cross‐sensitization in animal models, but the neurobiological underpinnings of this are not well understood. Ethanol acutely increases dopamine neuron excitability, and psychostimulants such as cocaine or methamphetamine increase extracellular dopamine through inhibition of uptake through the dopamine transporter (DAT) and/or vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2). Psychostimulants also depress dopamine neuron activity by enhancing dendritic dopamine neurotransmission. Here, we show that mice with a previous history of ethanol drinking are more sensitive to the locomotor‐stimulating effects of a high dose (5 mg/kg), but not lower doses (1 and 3 mg/kg) of methamphetamine or any tested dose of cocaine (3, 10, and 18 mg/kg), compared with water‐drinking controls. We next investigated the impact of a history of ethanol drinking, in a separate group of mice, on methamphetamine‐ or cocaine‐induced enhancement of dendritic dopamine transmission using whole‐cell voltage clamp electrophysiology in mouse brain slices. Methamphetamine, applied at a concentration (10 μM) that affects both DAT and VMAT2, enhanced D2 receptor‐mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents (D2‐IPSCs) in both groups, but this effect was blunted in mice with a history of ethanol drinking. As methamphetamine action at VMAT2 disrupts dopamine neurotransmission, these results may suggest enhanced action of methamphetamine at VMAT2. Furthermore, there were no differences in low‐dose methamphetamine or cocaine‐induced enhancement of D2‐IPSCs, suggesting intact DAT function. Disruption of methamphetamine‐induced enhancement of dendritic dopamine transmission would result in decreased inhibition of dopamine neurons, ultimately increasing downstream release and the behavioral effects of methamphetamine.
An Emic Approach to Ethics: Doing Video‐Cued Ethnography with Children in a Chinese Preschool
Authors: Liu Chang
Published: May 2019

This article uses two examples from a video‐cued ethnography conducted in a Chinese preschool to illustrate the ethical complexities of studying children in cross‐cultural settings. Moments that raise ethical concerns also pose methodological questions and challenge the anthropologist's understanding of and sensitivity to the emic perspectives and practices of the local culture.
Predicting Transport‐Related Walking in Chinese Employees by Integrating Worksite Neighbourhood Walkability and Social Cognition
Authors: Zhang Ru , Zhang Chun‐Qing , Gan Yiqun , Li Danyang , Rhodes Ryan E.
Published: May 2019

Background

As an accessible and inexpensive activity in daily life for employees, transport‐related walking is a promising focus of physical activity initiatives. The purpose of this study was to integrate worksite neighbourhood walkability with the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to predict transport‐related walking in Chinese employees using a longitudinal design.

Methods

A sample of 157 employees (Mage = 33.26 years; SD = 7.18) reported their social cognition and worksite neighbourhood environment perceptions at the baseline. Self‐reported transport‐related walking was measured at two time points, 1 month apart.

Results

Path analyses revealed that intention had a direct effect on walking, while attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control had indirect effects on walking via intention. Past behaviour had a significant effect on walking, attenuating the intention–behaviour effect substantially. However, there was no indirect effect from perceived worksite neighbourhood walkability on walking through the TPB constructs. Furthermore, perceived neighbourhood walkability did not moderate the intention–walking relationship.

Conclusions

Perceived worksite neighbourhood walkability had limited effects on transport‐related walking, which seems to be a motivated and habitual behaviour. Habit‐based interventions may be a priority over social cognitive and environmental change interventions, and future experimental studies are needed.
Re‐vitalizing money demand in the Euro area. Still valid at the zero‐lower bound
Authors: Dreger Christian , Gerdesmeier Dieter , Roffia Barbara
Published: May 2019

The analysis of monetary developments has always been a cornerstone of the ECB's monetary analysis and, thus, of its overall monetary policy strategy. In this respect, money demand models provide a framework for explaining monetary developments and assessing price stability over the medium term. It is a well‐documented fact in the literature that, when interest rates are at the zero‐lower bound, the analysis of money stocks become even more important for monetary policy. Therefore, this paper re‐investigates the stability properties of M3 demand in the euro area in the light of the recent economic crisis. A cointegration analysis is performed over the sample period 1983 Q1 and 2015 Q1 and leads to a well‐identified model comprising real money balances, income, the long‐term interest rate and the own rate of M3 holdings. The specification appears to be robust against the Lucas critique of a policy dependent parameter regime, in the sense that no signs of breaks can be found when interest rates reach the zero‐lower bound. Furthermore, deviations of M3 from its equilibrium level do not point to substantial inflation pressure at the end of the sample. Excess liquidity models turn out to outperform the autoregressive benchmark, as they deliver more accurate CPI inflation forecasts, especially at the longer horizons. The inclusion of unconventional monetary policy measures does not contradict these findings.
Does Industry‐Conducted All‐Case Surveillance of Newly Approved Oncology Drugs Contribute to the Revision of Package Inserts in Japan?
Authors: Suzuki Akiyuki , Sato Hitoshi , Sasaki Yasutsuna
Published: May 2019

In Japan, the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency requires all‐case surveillance studies (ACSS) for many novel oncology drugs as a condition for approval. However, this is a major burden on the pharmaceutical industry and clinicians. The objective of this analysis was to investigate whether ACSS can contribute essential new information on severe adverse drug reactions, which are necessary to revise the package inserts of drugs. All oncology drugs for which ACSS were required from January 2006–September 2015 found on the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency website were reviewed, and the influence of ACSS on the package insert content was evaluated. Most of the package insert revisions regarding serious treatment‐related adverse events were based on spontaneous reports from clinicians. The contribution of ACSS results to the revision of package inserts is limited and comes at the cost of financial resources and labor. An alternative, more efficient adverse‐event reporting system is necessary.
The Effects of Inattentive Responding on Construct Validity Evidence When Measuring Social–Emotional Learning Competencies
Authors: Steedle Jeffrey T. , Hong Maxwell , Cheng Ying
Published: May 2019

Self‐report inventories are commonly administered to measure social‐emotional learning competencies related to college and career readiness. Inattentive responding can negatively impact the validity of interpreting individual results and the accuracy of construct validity evidence. This study applied nine methods of detecting insufficient effort responding (IER) to a social‐emotional learning assessment. Individual methods identified between 0.9% and 20.3% of respondents as potentially exhibiting IER. Removing flagged respondents from the data resulted in negligible or small improvements in criterion‐related validity, coefficient alpha, concurrent validity, and confirmatory factor analysis model‐data fit. Implications for future validity studies and the operational use of IER detection for social–emotional learning assessments are discussed.
Why do sub‐Saharan Africans present late for HIV care in Switzerland?
Authors: Hachfeld A , Darling K , Calmy A , Ledergerber B , Weber R , Battegay M , Wissel K , Di Benedetto C , Fux CA , Tarr PE , Kouyos R , Ruggia LS , Furrer HJ , Wandeler G ,   the Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Published: May 2019

Objectives

Late presentation (LP) to HIV care disproportionally affects individuals from sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). We explored the reasons for late presentation to care among this group of patients in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study.

Methods

The prevalence of LP was compared between patients from Western Europe (WE) and those from SSA enrolled between 2009 and 2012. Patients were asked about HIV testing, including access to testing and reasons for deferring it, during face‐to‐face interviews.

Results

The proportion of LP was 45.8% (435/950) among patients from WE, and 64.6% (126/195) among those from SSA (P < 0.001). Women from WE were slightly more likely to present late than men (52.6% versus 44.5%, respectively; P = 0.06), whereas there was no sex difference in patients from SSA (65.6% versus 63.2%, respectively; P = 0.73). Compared with late presenters from WE, those from SSA were more likely to be diagnosed during pregnancy (9.1% versus 0%, respectively; P < 0.001), but less likely to be tested by general practitioners (25.0% versus 44.6%, respectively; P = 0.001). Late presenters from SSA more frequently reported ‘not knowing about anonymous testing possibilities’ (46.4% versus 27.3%, respectively; P = 0.04) and ‘fear about negative reaction in relatives’ (39.3% versus 21.7%, respectively; P = 0.05) as reasons for late testing. Fear of being expelled from Switzerland was reported by 26.1% of late presenters from SSA.

Conclusions

The majority of patients from SSA were late presenters, independent of sex or education level. Difficulties in accessing testing facilities, lack of knowledge about HIV testing and fear‐related issues are important drivers for LP in this population.
Diagnosis and management of pregnancies complicated by haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets syndrome in the tertiary setting
Authors: Jayawardena Lulusha , Mcnamara Elly
Published: May 2019

Background

Haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome occurs in one to six per 1000 pregnancies; maternal death has been reported in 1–24% of cases. Vague presentation is common; hypertension and proteinuria which characterise pre eclampsia are often absent when HELLP syndrome presents. Physicians are often called on to review gravid patients with unexplained symptoms or abnormal laboratory results, and it is vital that these clinicians are aware of the myriad of ways in which HELLP syndrome may present and evolve.

Aim

To describe the natural history of HELLP syndrome by providing contemporary data from our 8‐year experience at The Royal Women’s Hospital in Melbourne.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of the clinical and biochemical changes presentation, natural history and outcomes for 43 women whose delivery was complicated by HELLP syndrome according to Sibai criteria.

Results

There were two stillbirths and no neonatal or maternal deaths. Most (79%) women delivered by caesarean section. Fourteen per cent were asymptomatic at diagnosis; epigastric pain was the most common presenting symptom. Hypertension was absent at presentation for more than one‐third of patients. Laboratory tests showed improvement after delivery, with platelet count showing most rapid recovery postpartum.

Conclusion

Misdiagnosis and delayed recognition of HELLP syndrome are common due to vague and varying presentation. When HELLP syndrome is identified delivery is required to avoid catastrophic maternal and neonatal outcomes. We hope to provide guidance for general and obstetric physicians by providing contemporary evidence of the presentation and clinical course of pregnancies complicated by HELLP syndrome.
Should Contact Recreation Water Quality Standards be Consistent across Hydrological Extremes?
Authors: Gregory Lucas F. , Gitter Anna , Muela Stephen , Wagner Kevin L.
Published: May 2019

Water quality standards are developed to protect and define when waterbodies support their designated uses including public water supply, recreational use, aquatic life use, and others. Recreational use categories include various activities that typically do not occur under similar hydrologic conditions making protection of all uses challenging. This paper presents a case study where Escherichia coli concentrations were grouped by flow rate to demonstrate potential effects of developing use‐specific water quality standards for contact recreation. Adopting this approach requires a shift from current water quality policy which applies to all hydrologic conditions; however, it also requires additional data collection on actual usage types and occurrence before it can be implemented. This paper demonstrates that implementing an alternative water quality standards approach can still reasonably protect human health while minimizing taxpayer cost to restore impaired waterbodies.
Groundwater Seeps: Portholes to Evaluate Groundwater’s Influence on Stream Water Quality
Authors: O’Driscoll Michael , DeWalle David , Humphrey Charles , Iverson Guy
Published: May 2019

Recent legal cases have suggested that contaminated seeps and/or springs that have measurable impacts on adjacent surface water quality may fall under the jurisdiction of the Clean Water Act (CWA). An improved understanding of the effects of groundwater seeps on surface water quality is needed to support the evolving legal and regulatory environment. Surface seeps or seepage zones are locations where upwelling groundwater saturates the surface. Seeps can provide groundwater that may be transported to nearby surface waters along surface and shallow subsurface flowpaths. From a water quality perspective, seeps can provide portholes to observe groundwater quality. Here we consider examples of seeps as contaminant sources or sinks across a range of watershed disturbance and synthesize the seep water quality literature to help answer the questions: Why do seeps act as contaminant sinks in some cases and contaminant sources in others? What areas of seep water quality research can help apprise the legal and policy discussion on the role of the CWA to address groundwater contamination that is conveyed to streams? Overall, the case studies and literature review indicated that seep water quality data can provide valuable insights into the effects of stream‐groundwater interactions on stream water quality. Future work on seep‐surface water interactions is needed to characterize seep water quality behavior across a range of hydrogeological, meteorological, and land‐use conditions to better understand the locations where seeps are more likely to convey contaminants to streams and affect stream water quality.
Cultural Narratives on Constraints to Community Engagement in Urban Water Restoration
Authors: Pradhananga Amit , Davenport Mae , Green Emily
Published: May 2019

Natural resource professionals increasingly recognize that water protection and restoration efforts require not only technical solutions, but also the active engagement of stakeholders who live and work in the local community. People of color, and those of lower income brackets, are frequently underrepresented in water‐related programming or decision‐making, although they are often disproportionately affected by water problems. Effective engagement of diverse community members in water programs and projects requires understanding and addressing constraints to action. We conducted 25 interviews with community members who live or work in a highly urbanized Minnesota watershed to explore perceived obstacles to community engagement in local water resource protection and restoration. Based on self‐reported race, ethnicity, and general community engagement level, interviewees were assigned to one of three “stakeholder groups” for comparative analysis: formal decision‐makers, active white community members, and active community members of color. Qualitative analysis of responses revealed perceived constraints to engagement common to all three groups: inaccessibility and invisibility of water, lack of local leadership in water issues, and limited community dialogue about water problems and solutions. Additional constraints were perceived uniquely by community members of color: cultural constraints around water uses, recreation, action, and inequities or disenfranchisement in community decision‐making processes and water programming. Study findings suggest partnership building is needed for collaboration in designing civic engagement programs and improving water protection and restoration projects.
Antioxidant activities of sunflower protein hydrolysates treated with dual‐frequency ultrasonic: Optimization study
Authors: Dabbour Mokhtar , He Ronghai , Mintah Benjamin , Ma Haile
Published: May 2019

In this study, ultrasound pretreatments of sunflower‐meal protein (SMP) to yield high antioxidant capacity from its hydrolysates by response surface methodology were optimized. Optimization of experimental conditions was achieved to examine the impact of temperature, solvent‐solid ratio and sonication time on antioxidant capacities of SMP hydrolysates with Box–Behnken's design. Quadratic models of DPPH‐scavenging activity (DPPHSA), hydroxyl‐radical scavenging activity (HRSA), and Cu2+ and Fe2+ chelating activity (Cu2+‐CA and Fe2+‐CA) were developed, and their coefficients observed from multiple‐regression analysis. ANOVA indicated that time was highly significant (p < .01) on all experimental responses. The best experimental point of DPPHSA, HRSA, Cu2+‐CA, and Fe2+‐CA was accessed at 42.50°C, 18.16 mL/g and 26.52 min and the predicted data for these responses were 52.09, 70.05, 50.85, and 43.35%, respectively. Outcome of verification experiment was reliable with predicted data for all responses. Additionally, DPPHSA, HRSA, Cu2+‐CA, and Fe2+‐CA of pretreated hydrolysate improved (p < .05) by 17.41, 20.00, 14.72, and 26.41%, respectively over nonsonicated hydrolysate. Amino acid content and hydrophobicity of SMP hydrolysate at the optimum sonication condition were analyzed. Analyses indicated that ultrasonication could facilitate the releasing/unfolding of hydrophobic amino acids from SMP over nonsonicated samples during enzymolysis with high antioxidative capacity.

Practical applications

Sonication pretreatment has been presented to have notable impacts on the antioxidant's capacities of protein hydrolysates. Sunflower‐meal protein is an abundant and low‐cost residue of oil industries, and is considered a potential bioactive peptides source, such as antioxidants. In this research, sonication pretreatment has been illustrated to be an effectual technique for the production of hydrolysates with antioxidant capacity from SMP. So, optimization of ultrasonication conditions is vital to examine the antioxidant capacities in SMP hydrolysates, which could be applied in large‐scale food system and future pharmaceutical activity research.
Response to “Potentially Inappropriate Medication Prescriptions for Older Adults with Painful Conditions and Association with Return Emergency Department Visits”
Authors: Lisi Donna M.
Published: May 2019

See the Reply by Chukwulebe et al.
Prevalence of factors associated with edentulousness (no natural teeth) in adults with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Kinnear D. , Allan L. , Morrison J. , Finlayson J. , Sherriff A. , Macpherson L. , Henderson A. , Ward L. , Muir M. , Cooper S. A.
Published: May 2019

Background

Poor oral health is largely preventable. Prevention includes toothbrushing and regular dental checks. Oral health has important consequences for general nutrition, chewing, communication, wider systemic disease, self‐confidence and participation in society. This study investigated the prevalence of edentulousness (no natural teeth) in adults with intellectual disabilities (IDs) compared with the general population and associated factors.

Methods

An adult cohort with IDs residing in Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Scotland, underwent detailed health assessments between 2002 and 2004. Between 2004 and 2006, a subsample had an oral check. Data on edentulousness in the cohort were compared with adult participants from Greater Glasgow and Clyde in the 2008 Scottish Health Survey. Within the IDs cohort, binary logistic regression analyses investigated potential relationships between edentulousness and demographic and clinical factors.

Results

Five hundred sixty adults with IDs were examined [53.2% (298) male, mean age = 46.3 years, range 18–81 years] and compared with 2547 general population: edentulousness was 9% vs. 1% aged 25–34 years; 22% vs. 2% aged 35–44 years; 39% vs. 7% aged 45–54 years; 41% vs. 18% aged 55–64 years; and 76% vs. 34% aged 65–74 years. In both groups, edentulousness increased with age. After stratification for age, rates of edentulousness were consistently higher in the ID cohort. Odds ratios within age strata were not homogenous (Mantel–Haenszel test, P < 0.0001). Edentulousness was more likely in those with more severe IDs (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.36; 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.23 to 4.51]); those taking antipsychotics (AOR = 2.09; 95% CI [1.25 to 3.51]) and those living in the most deprived neighbourhoods (AOR = 2.69; 95% CI [1.11 to 6.50]). There was insufficient evidence for associations with sex, type of accommodation/support, antiepileptics, problem behaviours or autism.

Conclusions

Adults with IDs have a high prevalence of edentulousness and need supported daily oral care to reduce the need for extractions. Despite previous reports on poor oral care and the move towards person‐centred care, carers and care‐giving organisations need greater support to implement daily oral care. Prescribers need awareness of the potentially contributory role of antipsychotics, which may relate to xerostomia.
Heritage Prospecting and the Past as Future(s) in Peru
Authors: Cox Hall Amy
Published: May 2019

En febrero de 2008 un paro de 48 horas estalló en la ciudad de Cuzco, Perú, sobre dos leyes que se habían aprobado desde la ciudad de Lima. Estas dos leyes dieron concesiones a organizaciones que prometieron a desarrollar el patrimonio de la nación. Los manifestantes entendieron que las leyes afectarían los restos arqueológicos. Este artículo examina el paro a través del concepto de “prospección de patrimonio” a demostrar que el patrimonio hoy es un recurso politizado y flexible que se forma constantemente, y que está siempre en desarrollo y expansión. En vez de entender el paro como una crítica del neoliberalismo, o política sobre entendimientos del espacio, o una afirmación de los derechos indígnenos, el paro es mejor entendido como una lucha por prospección a reclamar el patrimonio, uno de los recursos más importantes en el Perú. Esto sugiere que el valor del patrimonio es la posibilidad de su potencial, ni tradición o historia.
“The Mountain Ate His Heart”: Agricultural Labor and Animate Land in a Protestant Andean Community
Authors: Sheild Johansson Miranda
Published: May 2019

La conversión al bautismo en la comunidad de P'iya Qayma en mediados de los años 1980s puso fin al culto abierto de la tierra animada. Sin embargo, mientras que las prácticas religiosas previas pueden haber cambiado, la muerte misteriosa de un campesino expuso una creencia continua en, y compromiso con, los poderes de la tierra local. El artículo sostiene que esta comunidad rural protestante experimentó una continuidad cosmológica posterior a la conversión porque la tierra no estaba animada por la práctica religiosa, sino a través de actividades agrícolas cotidianas. Este análisis de las continuidades y rupturas de los procesos de conversión, contribuye a nuestra comprensión de la producción dinámica y vernácula de las relaciones humanas y no humanas en los Andes. [Andes, Protestantismo, Pueblos indígenas, Tierra, Trabajo agrícola]
Clinical pregnancy after deceased donor uterus transplantation: Lessons learned and future perspectives
Authors: Chmel Roman , Pastor Zlatko , Novackova Marta , Matecha Jan , Cekal Milos , Fronek Jiri
Published: May 2019

Aim

To describe our first clinical pregnancy following a uterus transplant from a brain‐dead donor and to discuss current issues with deceased donor uterus transplantation as they relate to obstetrical success.

Methods

In August 2016, a 26‐year‐old woman with Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser syndrome was the fourth person worldwide to receive a uterine transplant from a deceased donor and was the second in our trial. in vitro fertilization treatments using the long gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist protocol preceded the transplantation procedure. Frozen embryo transfers were performed in months 12, 13, 16, 19 and 23 after transplant.

Results

Recovery of the uterus of a 24‐year‐old brain‐dead nulliparous donor and the transplant procedure itself was uncomplicated. No abnormalities were revealed on Pap smears, which were performed every 6 months during the post‐transplant period, and cervical biopsies showed no epithelial dysplasia. The fifth frozen embryo transfer resulted in a clinical pregnancy. Three weeks after embryo transfer, an intrauterine gestational sac containing an embryo with a heartbeat was detected. One week later, signs of a missed abortion were revealed by ultrasound. Two weeks later, spontaneous bleeding occurred, and an ultrasound examination performed a week later confirmed an empty uterine cavity.

Conclusion

In light of present research, both deceased donor uterine procurement and transplantation surgeries are technically feasible; however, more experience is needed to determine the pregnancy success rate associated with this method. Thus, additional trials of deceased donor uterine transplantation should be performed in the future to continue research related to this promising concept for the treatment of absolute uterine factor infertility.
At the crossroads of oral health inequities and precision public health
Authors: Gansky Stuart A. , Shafik Sarah
Published: May 2019

Objectives

This paper reviews the precision public health literature pertaining to oral health, identifies possible threats that could inadvertently increase health inequities, and proposes potential opportunities that precision public health could utilize to reduce oral health inequities.

Methods

The health sciences literature was reviewed and supplemented with new data to identify important issues relating to precision medicine, precision oral health, precision public health, and health equity.

Results

Examples from general health and oral health were provided to illustrate salient concepts.

Conclusions

Future precision public health should utilize multifactorial, multi‐level conceptual frameworks and conceptual causal models with upstream social determinants and downstream health effects, as well as a proportionate universalism perspective; and proper analytic methods, including sufficient sample sizes, appropriate statistical competitors, health disparity indices, causal modeling, and internal and external validation.
Dentist and hygienist smoking cessation counseling and awareness of Medicaid benefits
Authors: Brown Elizabeth M. , Hayes Kim A. , Olson Lindsay T. , Battles Haven , Ortega‐Peluso Christina
Published: May 2019

Objectives

Integrating smoking cessation interventions into dental care is an efficient way to intervene with smokers. This study of dentists and dental hygienists who provide dental care to Medicaid‐insured patients explores awareness of Medicaid smoking cessation benefits, awareness of Quitline resources, beliefs about perceived role in providing tobacco interventions, and behaviors around clinical intervention.

Methods

In 2015, we conducted a survey of dentists and hygienists who serve Medicaid patients in New York State.

Results

A total of 182 dentists and 92 hygienists completed the survey. Ninety percent reported that helping patients quit smoking is part of their role, while 51.0 percent reported feeling confident in their ability to counsel a patient about quitting. Most respondents (73.4 percent) asked patients about tobacco use, 83.7 percent advised smokers to quit, and 49.1 percent assisted with quit attempts. We found that 26.7 percent were aware that dentist smoking cessation counseling is covered by Medicaid, and 15.5 percent were aware that hygienist smoking cessation counseling is covered. A total of 38.9 percent were aware of any Medicaid coverage for smoking cessation. Awareness of the Medicaid smoking cessation benefit was associated with intervention behaviors of asking and assisting.

Conclusions

Most dental care providers see smoking cessation as part of their role, but few are aware of the Medicaid benefits available to help patients. Expanding coverage of and promoting Medicaid benefits for smoking cessation have the potential to increase the reach and quality of smoking cessation interventions for Medicaid‐insured smokers, a population disproportionately affected by tobacco use.
Perceiving Revelation Here and Now: Insights from Walter Ong and Hans Urs von Balthasar
Authors: Arnold Alec
Published: May 2019

This essay argues that the research of Walter J. Ong, S.J. (d. 2003) is an important supplement for theological aesthetics, especially of the sort espoused by Hans Urs von Balthasar. Although Ong wrote relatively little theology proper, there is a surprising degree of confluence between Ong’s leading ideas in media/communication theory and Balthasar’s ideas about how our perception of beauty is of a piece with divine revelation. I relate their respective insights in three particular areas: (1) the phenomenology of spiritual perception; (2) the role of technology vis‐à‐vis revelation; and (3) the theology of the Word of God as word.
Analyzing the Muddles of Analysis: (Some of) What Analytic Theologians Can Learn from the History of Analytic Feminism
Authors: Rutledge Jonathan C.
Published: May 2019

Analytic theologians have ironically experienced difficulties in precisely defining the meaning of ‘analytic’ with respect to their style of theology. In this article, I turn to the history of a similar research project, analytic feminism, to see how it went about defining ‘analytic’ in relation to the typically non‐analytic subject area of feminist studies. I then consider two commonly referred to attempts to define analytic theology, one methodological and the other socio‐historical, and discuss shortcomings of each. I close with a new definition of analytic theology that aims to incorporate all the insights in the discussions which precede it.
Evidence of developmental escape from transcriptional gene silencing in MESSI retrotransposons
Authors: Sanchez Diego H. , Gaubert Hervé , Yang Weibing
Published: May 2019

Transposable elements (TEs) are ubiquitous genomic features. ‘Copy‐and‐paste’ long‐terminal‐repeat (LTR) retrotransposons have been particularly successful during evolution of the plant kingdom, representing a substantial proportion of genomes. For survival in copious numbers, these TEs may have evolved replicative mobilization strategies that circumvented hosts’ epigenetic silencing. Stressful circumstances are known to trigger the majority of known mobilizing plant retrotransposons, leading to the idea that most are activated by environmental signals. However, previous research revealed that plant developmental programs include steps of silencing relaxation, suggesting that developmental signals may also be of importance for thriving parasitic elements.

Here, we uncover an unusual family of giant LTR retrotransposons from the Solanum clade, named MESSI, with transcriptional competence in shoot apical meristems of tomato. Despite being recognized and targeted by the host epigenetic surveillance, this family is activated in specific meristematic areas fundamental for plant shoot development, which are involved in meristem formation and maintenance.

Our work provides initial evidence that some retrotransposons may evolve developmentally associated escape strategies to overcome transcriptional gene silencing in vegetative tissues contributing to the host's next generation.

This implies that not only environmental but also developmental signals could be exploited by selfish elements for survival within the plant kingdom.
Brain death interval and relationship to outcomes of pediatric cardiac transplantation
Authors: Grosshuesch Craig , Johnson William K. , DeVogel Nicholas , Yin Ziyan , Wang Tao , Kindel Steven J. , Woods Ronald K.
Published: May 2019

Background

We sought to analyze brain death interval and outcomes of pediatric cardiac transplantation using national registry data.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated a pediatric cohort from the UNOS registry from 2005 to 2014. We restricted the donor cohort to those with a primary central nervous system event as the cause of hospitalization. Brain death interval (BDI) was defined as the time between hospital admission and organ procurement. Primary outcomes were recipient and graft survival time. Logistical regression modeling was used for multivariable analysis.

Results

The donor cohort included 2565 cases. Multivariable analysis demonstrated no relationship between BDI and recipient or graft survival time. For patient survival time, the lowest HR was 0.94 (0.63‐1.39), P = 0.531; for graft survival time, the lowest HR was 0.89 (0.53‐1.49), P = 0.563. We obtained similar results using a non‐restricted donor cohort.

Conclusions

There was no clear relationship between BDI and recipient or graft survival after pediatric cardiac transplantation.