bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Machine learning-based classification reveals distinct clusters of non-coding genomic allelic variations associated with Erm-mediated antibiotic resistance
Authors: Tan Yongjun , Scornet Alexandre Le , Yap Mee-Ngan Frances , Zhang Dapeng
Published: July 2024

The erythromycin resistance RNA methyltransferase (
erm
) confers cross-resistance to all therapeutically important macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins (MLS phenotype). The expression of
erm
is often induced by the macrolide-mediated ribosome stalling in the upstream co-transcribed leader sequence, thereby triggering a conformational switch of the intergenic RNA hairpins to allow the translational initiation of
erm
. We investigated the evolutionary emergence of the upstream
erm
regulatory elements and the impact of allelic variation on erm expression and the MLS phenotype. Through systematic profiling of the upstream regulatory sequences across all known
erm
operons, we observed that specific
erm
subfamilies, such as
ermB
and
ermC
, have independently evolved distinct configurations of small upstream ORFs and palindromic repeats. A population-wide genomic analysis of the upstream
ermB
regions revealed substantial non-random allelic variation at numerous positions. Utilizing machine learning-based classification coupled with RNA structure modeling, we found that many alleles cooperatively influence the stability of alternative RNA hairpin structures formed by the palindromic repeats, which, in turn, affects the inducibility of
ermB
expression and MLS phenotypes. Subsequent experimental validation of 11 randomly selected variants demonstrated an impressive 91% accuracy in predicting MLS phenotypes. Furthermore, we uncovered a mixed distribution of MLS-sensitive and MLS-resistant
ermB
loci within the evolutionary tree, indicating repeated and independent evolution of MLS resistance. Taken together, this study not only elucidates the evolutionary processes driving the emergence and development of MLS resistance but also highlights the potential of using non-coding genomic allele data to predict antibiotic resistance phenotypes.

IMPORTANCE

Antibiotic resistance (AR) poses a global health threat as the efficacy of available antibiotics has rapidly eroded due to the widespread transmission of AR genes. Using Erm-dependent MLS resistance as a model, this study highlights the significance of non-coding genomic allelic variations. Through a comprehensive analysis of upstream regulatory elements within the
erm
family, we elucidated the evolutionary emergence and development of AR mechanisms. Leveraging population-wide machine learning (ML)-based genomic analysis, we transformed substantial non-random allelic variations into discernible clusters of elements, enabling precise prediction of MLS phenotypes from non-coding regions. These findings offer deeper insight into AR evolution and demonstrate the potential of harnessing non-coding genomic allele data for accurately predicting AR phenotypes.
Nanopore guided annotation of transcriptome architectures
Authors: Abebe Jonathan S. , Alwie Yasmine , Fuhrmann Erik , Leins Jonas , Mai Julia , Verstraten Ruth , Schreiner Sabrina , Wilson Angus C. , Depledge Daniel P.
Published: July 2024

Nanopore direct RNA sequencing (DRS) enables the capture and full-length sequencing of native RNAs, without recoding or amplification bias. Resulting data sets may be interrogated to define the identity and location of chemically modified ribonucleotides, as well as the length of poly(A) tails, on individual RNA molecules. The success of these analyses is highly dependent on the provision of high-resolution transcriptome annotations in combination with workflows that minimize misalignments and other analysis artifacts. Existing software solutions for generating high-resolution transcriptome annotations are poorly suited to small gene-dense genomes of viruses due to the challenge of identifying distinct transcript isoforms where alternative splicing and overlapping RNAs are prevalent. To resolve this, we identified key characteristics of DRS data sets that inform resulting read alignments and developed the nanopore guided annotation of transcriptome architectures (NAGATA) software package (
https://github.com/DepledgeLab/NAGATA
). We demonstrate, using a combination of synthetic and original DRS data sets derived from adenoviruses, herpesviruses, coronaviruses, and human cells, that NAGATA outperforms existing transcriptome annotation software and yields a consistently high level of precision and recall when reconstructing both gene sparse and gene-dense transcriptomes. Finally, we apply NAGATA to generate the first high-resolution transcriptome annotation of the neglected pathogen human adenovirus type F41 (HAdV-41) for which we identify 77 distinct transcripts encoding at least 23 different proteins.

IMPORTANCE

The transcriptome of an organism denotes the full repertoire of encoded RNAs that may be expressed. This is critical to understanding the biology of an organism and for accurate transcriptomic and epitranscriptomic-based analyses. Annotating transcriptomes remains a complex task, particularly in small gene-dense organisms such as viruses which maximize their coding capacity through overlapping RNAs. To resolve this, we have developed a new software nanopore guided annotation of transcriptome architectures (NAGATA) which utilizes nanopore direct RNA sequencing (DRS) datasets to rapidly produce high-resolution transcriptome annotations for diverse viruses and other organisms.
Involvement of 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatases in facilitating resilience against ionic and osmotic stress in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Awasthy Chinmayee , Hefny Zeinab Abdelmoghis , Van Genechten Wouter , Himmelreich Uwe , Van Dijck Patrick
Published: July 2024

The
Saccharomyces cerevisiae DOG
genes,
DOG1
and
DOG2
, encode for 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatases. These enzymes of the haloacid dehalogenase superfamily are known to utilize the non-natural 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate as their substrate. However, their physiological substrate and hence their biological role remain elusive. In this study, we investigated their potential role as enzymes in biosynthesizing glycerol through an alternative pathway, which involves the dephosphorylation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate into dihydroxyacetone, as opposed to the classical pathway which utilizes glycerol 3-phosphate. Overexpression of
DOG1
or
DOG2
rescued the osmotic and ionic stress-sensitive phenotype of
gpp1∆ gpp2∆
or
gpd1∆ gpd2∆
mutants, both affected in the production of glycerol. While small amounts of glycerol were observed in the
DOG
overexpression strains in the
gpp1∆ gpp2∆
background, no glycerol was detected in the
gpd1∆ gpd2∆
mutant background. This indicates that overexpression of the
DOG
enzymes can rescue the osmosensitive phenotype of the
gpd1∆ gpd2∆
mutant independent of glycerol production. We also did not observe a drop in glycerol levels in the
gpp1∆ gpp2∆ dog1∆ dog2∆
as compared to the
gpp1∆ gpp2∆
mutant, indicating that the Dog enzymes are not involved in glycerol biosynthesis. This indicates that Dog enzymes have a distinct substrate and their function within the cell remains undiscovered.

IMPORTANCE

Yeast stress tolerance is an important characteristic that is studied widely, not only regarding its fundamental insights but also for its applications within the biotechnological industry. Here, we investigated the function of two phosphatase encoding genes,
DOG1
and
DOG2
, which are induced as part of the general stress response pathway, but their natural substrate in the cells remains unclear. They are known to dephosphorylate the non-natural substrate 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate. Here, we show that overexpression of these genes overcomes the osmosensitive phenotype of mutants that are unable to produce glycerol. However, in these overexpression strains, very little glycerol is produced indicating that the Dog enzymes do not seem to be involved in a previously predicted alternative pathway for glycerol production. Our work shows that overexpression of the DOG genes may improve osmotic and ionic stress tolerance in yeast.
Plasma Response of a Metallic “Grating” Metasurface on a Substrate
Authors: Sokolova M. S. , Dzhikirba K. R. , Astrakhantseva A. S. , Kukushkin I. V. , Muravev V. M.
Published: July 2024

The transmission of electromagnetic radiation through a silicon substrate with a square metallic grid deposited on one side has been studied experimentally. It has been established that the electrodynamic response of the structure is equivalent to the excitation of a transverse electromagnetic plasma mode in it with the plasma frequency determined by the geometric parameters of the grating, as well as by the thickness and relative permittivity of the substrate. A theoretical model has been developed to qualitatively describe the experimental results obtained.
Commonalities and differences in injured patient experiences of accessing and receiving quality injury care: a qualitative study in three sub-Saharan African countries
Authors: Kennedy Ciaran , Ignatowicz Agnieszka , Odland Maria Lisa , Abdul-Latif Abdul-Malik , Belli Antonio , Howard Anthony , Whitaker John , Chu Kathryn M , Ferreira Karen , Owolabi Eyitayo O , Nyamathe Samukelisiwe , Tabiri Stephen , Ofori Bernard , Pognaa Kunfah Sheba Mary , Yakubu Mustapha , Bekele Abebe , Alyande Barnabas , Nzasabimana Pascal , Byiringiro Jean-Claude , Davies Justine
Published: July 2024

Objectives

To understand commonalities and differences in injured patient experiences of accessing and receiving quality injury care across three lower-income and middle-income countries.

Design

A qualitative interview study. The interviews were audiorecorded, transcribed and thematically analysed.

Setting

Urban and rural settings in Ghana, South Africa and Rwanda.

Participants

59 patients with musculoskeletal injuries.

Results

We found five common barriers and six common facilitators to injured patient experiences of accessing and receiving high-quality injury care. The barriers encompassed issues such as service and treatment availability, transportation challenges, apathetic care, individual financial scarcity and inadequate health insurance coverage, alongside low health literacy and information provision. Facilitators included effective information giving and informed consent practices, access to health insurance, improved health literacy, empathetic and responsive care, comprehensive multidisciplinary management and discharge planning, as well as both informal and formal transportation options including ambulance services. These barriers and facilitators were prevalent and shared across at least two countries but demonstrated intercountry and intracountry (between urbanity and rurality) variation in thematic frequency.

Conclusion

There are universal factors influencing patient experiences of accessing and receiving care, independent of the context or healthcare system. It is important to recognise and understand these barriers and facilitators to inform policy decisions and develop transferable interventions aimed at enhancing the quality of injury care in sub-Saharan African nations.
Randomised pilot study comparing a coach to SMARTPhone reminders to aid the management of heart failure (HF) patients: humans or machines
Authors: Eynan Rahel , Petrella Robert , Forchuk Cheryl , Zwarenstein Merrick , Calvin James
Published: July 2024

Ambulatory management of congestive heart failure (HF) continues to be a challenging clinical problem. Recent studies have focused on the role of HF clinics, nurse practitioners and disease management programmes to reduce HF readmissions. This pilot study is a pragmatic factorial study comparing a coach intervention, a SMARTPHONE REMINDER system intervention and BOTH interventions combined to Treatment as USUAL (TAU). We determined that both modalities were acceptable to patients prior to randomisation. Fifty-four patients were randomised to the four groups. The COACH group had no readmissions for HF 6 months after enrolment compared with 18% for the SMARTPHONE REMINDER Group, 8% for the BOTH intervention group and 13% for TAU. Medium-to-high medication adherence was maintained in all four groups although sodium consumption was lower at 3 months for the COACH and combined (BOTH) groups. This pilot study suggests a beneficial effect on rehospitalisation with the use of support measures including coaches and telephone reminders that needs confirmation in a larger trial.
Untangling the relationships between age, gender, type of sport, perfectionistic self-presentation and motivation on body satisfaction: a cross-sectional study on aesthetic and non-aesthetic female and male athletes aged 10 to 22 years
Authors: Lundqvist Carolina , Kolbeinsson Örn , Asratian Anna , Wade Tracey D
Published: July 2024

Objectives

To explore the relationships between age, gender, type of sport, perfectionistic self-presentation and motivation on body satisfaction among young athletes in one aesthetic sport (gymnastics) and one non-aesthetic sport (basketball). The study hypothesise that (1) age, gender and type of sport (aesthetic or non-aesthetic) will predict body satisfaction scores, (2) autonomous motivation will positively be related to body satisfaction and (3) perfectionistic self-presentation will negatively be related to body satisfaction.

Design

Cross-sectional.

Method

209 athletes (132 gymnasts and 77 basketball players) aged 10–22 (median=13) years were recruited. After data screening, 200 athletes were included in analyses (females: n=155; males: n=45). Participants completed an online survey, which assessed demographic information, athlete motivation (Behavioural Regulation in Sport Questionnaire), perfectionistic self-presentation (Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale—Junior Form) and body satisfaction (Body Appreciation Scale-2).

Results

Hierarchical multiple regression showed age, self-assigned gender, and two facets of perfectionistic self-presentation (ie, perfectionistic presentation and non-disclosure of imperfection) to predict reported levels of body satisfaction significantly. Subsequently, adding motivational variables did not improve the model. A moderation analysis showed that the relationship between non-disclosure of imperfection and body satisfaction was significantly moderated by gender.

Conclusions

Two facets of perfectionistic self-presentation were associated with reported body satisfaction. Additionally, the relationship between non-disclosure of imperfection and body satisfaction appears to differ between female and male athletes. Researchers should move beyond sport types and identify factors (eg, perfectionistic self-presentation) at the individual and environmental levels that can protect young athletes’ body satisfaction.
Measuring the impact of specific surgical complications after ovarian cancer cytoreductive surgery on short-term outcomes
Authors: Mohammad Arwa , Ainio Chiara , Narasimhulu Deepa Maheswari , McGree Michaela , Weaver Amy L , Kumar Amanika , Garbi Annalisa , Mariani Andrea , Aletti Giovanni , Multinu Francesco , Langstraat Carrie , Cliby William
Published: July 2024

Objective

We sought to measure the impact of specific peri-operative complications after primary cytoreductive surgery on relevant patient outcomes and use of resources.

Methods

A cohort of patients with advanced ovarian cancer who underwent primary cytoreductive surgery at two institutions (2006–2016) were studied. Specific known complications (‘exposures’) within 30 days of surgery were evaluated to determine the impact on outcomes. Exposures included bowel leak, superficial surgical site infection, deep surgical site infection, venous thromboembolic event, and cardiac event. Outcomes were prolonged lengths of stay, readmission or non-home discharge, reoperation, organ failure, delay to adjuvant chemotherapy, and 90-day mortality. Population attributable risk (PAR) was used to estimate the proportion of adverse outcomes that could be prevented by elimination of a causal exposure and considers both the strength of the association and the prevalence of the complication; adjusted PARs (aPAR) were calculated using adjusted relative risks (aRR) adjusted for stage (IIIC vs IV) and American Society of Anesthesiology score (<3 vs ≥3).

Results

A cohort of 892 patients was included. Each of the evaluated exposures had an impact on readmission/non-home discharge (aPAR range 5.3 to 13.5). A venous thromboembolic event was significantly associated with 90-day mortality (aRR=2.9 (95% CI 1.3 to 6.7); aPAR=8.6 (95% CI −1.8 to 19.1)) and organ failure (aRR=4.7 (95% CI 2.3 to 9.5); aPAR=13.9 (95% CI 2.8 to 25.1)). Similarly, a cardiac event was most strongly associated with organ failure and was very impactful (aPAR=19.0 (95% CI 6.8 to 31.1)).

Bowel leak was a major contributor to poor outcome, including reoperation (aPAR=45.5 (95% CI 34.3 to 56.6)), organ failure (aPAR=13.6 (95% CI 2.6 to 24.6)), readmission/non-home discharge (aPAR=5.3 (95% CI 1.6 to 9.0)), delay to adjuvant chemotherapy (aPAR=5.9 (95% CI 2.3 to 9.4)), and prolonged lengths of stay (aPAR=13.0 (95% CI 9.1 to 16.9)).

Conclusion

Going beyond reporting complications using common scales to measure their genuine impact provides important information for providers, patients, and payers. We report that less frequent exposures, including a venous thromboembolic event, cardiac events, and bowel leaks, have a high impact on patients and use of resources.
Molecular classification of endometrial carcinoma on endometrial biopsy: an early prognostic value to guide personalized treatment
Authors: Restaino Stefano , Poli Alice , Arcieri Martina , Mariuzzi Laura , Orsaria Maria , Tulisso Angelica , Pellecchia Giulia , Paparcura Federico , Petrillo Marco , Bogani Giorgio , Cianci Stefano , Capozzi Vito Andrea , Biasioli Anna , Buda Alessandro , Mauro Jessica , Fanfani Francesco , Fagotti Anna , Driul Lorenza , Scambia Giovanni , Vizzielli Giuseppe
Published: July 2024

Objective

Molecular features are essential for estimating the risk of recurrence and impacting overall survival in patients with endometrial cancer. Additionally, the surgical procedure itself could be personalized based on the molecular characteristics of the tumor. This study aims to assess the feasibility of obtaining reliable molecular classification status from biopsy specimens collected during hysteroscopy to better modulate the appropriate surgical treatment.

Methods

This monocentric, retrospective, observational study was conducted on 106 patients who underwent a biopsy procedure followed by radical surgery for endometrial cancer, with concurrent molecular investigation. The molecular classification was determined through immunohistochemical staining for p53 and mismatch repair proteins, along with gene sequencing for POLE.

Results

Overall, 106 patients underwent molecular investigation, which was finally achieved on 99 patients (93.4%). Among these, the molecular analysis was conducted in 71 patients (67%) on the pre-operative endometrial biopsy and on the final uterine specimen in 28 patients (26.4%). Most of the endometrial biopsies were performed using Bettocchi hysteroscopy (66%). Molecular analysis was not possible in seven patients (6.6%), with six cases due to sample inadequacy and one case attributed to intra-mucosal carcinoma. The molecular results showed that the copy number low sub-group was the most common, and five cases of ‘multiple classifiers’ were observed in the low-risk category.

Conclusion

Our experience in obtaining molecular information from biopsy samples underscores the feasibility and efficacy of this technique, even in small tissue samples. This capability helps define the prognostic group of patients, facilitates timely decision-making, and develops a personalized strategy for each patient.
Use of social media for academic and professional purposes by gynecologic oncologists
Authors: Bhandoria Geetu Prakash , Jayraj Aarthi S , Tiwari Shyamji , Migliorelli Federico , Nelson Gregg , van Ramshorst Gabriëlle H , Kacperczyk-Bartnik Joanna , Angeles Martina Aida , Nair Navya , El Hajj Houssein , Bizzarri Nicolò
Published: July 2024

Objective

To investigate the prevalence and patterns of social media use among gynecologic oncologists for professional and academic purposes.

Methods

A prospective online survey between November and December 2022 targeted gynecologic oncology practitioners (gynecologic oncologists, surgical oncologists, medical oncologists, radiation/clinical oncologists, and onco-pathologists/pathologists). The survey, distributed via various social media platforms, included 40 questions to capture qualitative and quantitative data on social media use.

Results

Of 131 respondents from 32 countries, 106 (80.9%) were gynecologic oncologists and affiliated with academic institutions (84.7%). Facebook (n=110, 83.9%), Twitter (n= 108, 82.4%), and Instagram (n=100, 76.3%) were the most used platforms. Respondents used social media to stay updated (n=101, 77.1%), network (n=97, 74%), learn about conferences and webinars (n=97, 74%), and engage in academic discussions (n=84, 64.1%). Following the COVID-19 pandemic, 100/129 (77.5%) reported increased social media use. However, only 32 (24.4%) used it to connect with patients, and concerns were raised about privacy and the need for separate professional and personal accounts. A quarter of respondents hesitated to share their opinions on social media due to the fear of controversy, with 26 (20%) experiencing cyberbullying, yet 120/130 (92.3%) believed it enabled junior professionals to express their views. Concerns about differentiating valid content, information reliability, and the professional perception of sourcing knowledge from social media were noted. Gender, age, specialty, and income level influenced patterns of social media use, with variations in preferences for platforms, content engagement, and purposes, highlighting a complex landscape of social media interaction among gynecologic oncologists.

Conclusion

While the use of social media among gynecologic oncologists is prevalent, particularly for academic and professional development, challenges such as cyberbullying, privacy concerns, and the need for formal training in social media navigation persist. Tailored training programs and guidelines could enhance social media’s effective and ethical use in this field, promoting a safe environment for professional expression and engagement.
Extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer in patients receiving atezolizumab plus carboplatin–etoposide: stratification of outcome based on a composite score that combines gene expression profiling and immune characterization of microenvironment
Authors: Tosi Anna , Lorenzi Martina , Del Bianco Paola , Roma Anna , Pavan Alberto , Scapinello Antonio , Resi Maria Vittoria , Bonanno Laura , Frega Stefano , Calabrese Fiorella , Guarneri Valentina , Rosato Antonio , Pasello Giulia
Published: July 2024

Purpose

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive disease with a dismal prognosis. The addition of immune checkpoints inhibitors to standard platinum-based chemotherapy in first-line setting achieves a durable benefit only in a patient subgroup. Thus, the identification of predictive biomarkers is an urgent unmet medical need.

Experimental design

Tumor samples from naive extensive-stage (ES) SCLC patients receiving atezolizumab plus carboplatin–etoposide were analyzed by gene expression profiling and two 9-color multiplex immunofluorescence panels, to characterize the immune infiltrate and SCLC subtypes. Associations of tissue biomarkers with time-to-treatment failure (TTF), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), were assessed.

Results

42 patients were included. Higher expression of exhausted CD8-related genes was independently associated with a longer TTF and PFS while increased density of B lymphocytes correlated with longer TTF and OS. Higher percentage of M2-like macrophages close to tumor cells and of CD8+T cells close to CD4+T lymphocytes correlated with increased risk of TF and longer survival, respectively. A lower risk of TF, disease progression and death was associated with a higher density of ASCL1+tumor cells while the expression of POU2F3 correlated with a shorter survival. A composite score combining the expression of exhausted CD8-related genes, B lymphocyte density, ASCL1 tumor expression and quantification of CD163+macrophages close to tumor cells, was able to stratify patients into high-risk and low-risk groups.

Conclusions

In conclusion, we identified tissue biomarkers and a combined score that can predict a higher benefit from chemoimmunotherapy in ES-SCLC patients.
Intercurrent infection as a risk factor for disease flares in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: el Hadiyen Fatma , Tsang-A-Sjoe Michel W P , Lissenberg-Witte Birgit I , Voskuyl Alexandre E , Bultink Irene E M
Published: July 2024

Objective

To determine whether intercurrent infections are a risk factor for subsequent disease flares in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods

Demographic and clinical characteristics of 203 patients with SLE participating in the Amsterdam SLE cohort were collected at baseline and during follow-up. Collection of data on infections and SLE flares was registry-based and infections and flares were categorised as minor or major, based on predefined criteria. Proportional hazard models with recurrent events and time-varying covariates were used to estimate the HR of SLE flares.

Results

The incidence rates of major and minor infections were 5.3 per 100 patient years and 63.9 per 100 patient years, respectively. The incidence rates of flares were 3.6 and 15.1 per 100 patient years for major flares and minor flares, respectively.

In the proportional hazard model, intercurrent infections (major and minor combined) were associated with the occurrence of SLE flares (major and minor combined; HR 1.9, 95% CI: 1.3 to 2.9). The hazard ratio for a major SLE flare following a major infection was 7.4 (95% CI: 2.2 to 24.6). Major infections were not associated with the occurrence of minor flares.

Conclusions

The results of the present study show that intercurrent infections are associated with subsequent SLE flares, which supports the hypothesis that infections may trigger SLE flares.
Exposure to fibres and risk of pleural mesothelioma in the Norwegian Offshore Petroleum Workers cohort
Authors: Berge Leon Alexander Mclaren , Shala Nita Kaupang , Barone-Adesi Francesco , Hosgood H Dean , Samuelsen Sven Ove , Bråtveit Magne , Kirkeleit Jorunn , Silverman Debra , Friesen Melissa C , Babigumira Ronnie , Grimsrud Tom K , Veierød Marit B , Stenehjem Jo S
Published: July 2024

Objectives

Pleural mesothelioma is a rare respiratory cancer, mainly caused by inhalation of asbestos fibres. Other inorganic fibres are also suggested risk factors. We aimed to investigate the association between exposure to asbestos or refractory ceramic fibres (RCFs) and pleural mesothelioma among male Norwegian offshore petroleum workers.

Methods

Among 25 347 men in the Norwegian Offshore Petroleum Workers (NOPW) cohort (1965–1998), 43 pleural mesothelioma cases were identified through the Cancer Registry of Norway (1999–2022). A case–cohort study was conducted with 2095 randomly drawn non-cases from the cohort. Asbestos and RCF exposures were assessed with expert-made job-exposure matrices (JEMs). Weighted Cox regression was used to estimate HRs and 95% CIs, adjusted for age at baseline and pre-offshore employment with likely asbestos exposure.

Results

An increased risk of pleural mesothelioma was indicated for the highest versus lowest tertile of average intensity of asbestos (HR=1.21, 95% CI: 0.57 to 2.54). Pre-offshore asbestos exposure (vs no such exposure) was associated with increased risk of pleural mesothelioma (HR=2.06, 95% CI: 1.11 to 3.81). For offshore workers with no pre-offshore asbestos exposure, an increased risk of pleural mesothelioma was found for the highest tertile of average intensity of asbestos (HR=4.13, 95% CI: 0.93 to 18), versus the lowest tertile. No associations were found between RCF and pleural mesothelioma.

Conclusions

Associations between JEM-based offshore asbestos exposure and pleural mesothelioma were confirmed in the NOPW cohort. Pleural mesothelioma risk was also associated with asbestos exposure before work in the offshore petroleum industry.
Association between socioeconomic deprivation, ethnicity and health outcomes in preschool children with recurrent wheeze in England: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Lo David , Lawson Claire , Gillies Clare , Shabnam Sharmin , Gaillard Erol A , Pinnock Hilary , Quint Jennifer K
Published: July 2024

Background

Preschool-aged children have among the highest burden of acute wheeze. We investigated differences in healthcare use, treatment and outcomes for recurrent wheeze/asthma in preschoolers from different ethno-socioeconomic backgrounds.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study using data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink linked to Hospital Episode Statistics in England. We reported number of acute presentations and hospitalisations stratified by index of multiple deprivation (IMD) and ethnicity; and factors associated with treatment non-escalation, and hospitalisation rates using multivariable logistic and Poisson regression models.

Results

194 291 preschool children were included. In children not trialled on asthma preventer medications, children from the most deprived IMD quintile (adjusted OR 1.67; 95% CI 1.53 to 1.83) and South Asian (1.77; 1.64 to 1.91) children were more likely to have high reliever usage and where specialist referral had not occurred, the odds of referral being indicated was higher in the most deprived quintile (1.39; 1.28 to 1.52) and South Asian (1.86; 1.72 to 2.01) children compared with the least deprived quintile and white children, respectively.

Hospitalisation rates for wheeze/asthma were significantly higher in children from the most deprived quintile (adjusted IRR 1.20; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.27) compared with the least, and in South Asian (1.57; 1.44 to 1.70) and black (1.32; 1.22 to 1.42) compared with white children.

Conclusions

We identified inequalities in wheeze/asthma treatment and morbidity in preschool children from more deprived, and non-white backgrounds. A multifaceted approach to tackle health inequality at both the national and local levels, which includes a more integrated and standardised approach to treatment, is needed to improve health outcomes in children with preschool wheeze/asthma.
Performance of a Savonius vertical axis wind turbine installed on a forward facing step
Authors: Rabiei Arezoo , Paraschivoiu Marius
Published: July 2024

This study investigates the effects of installing a Savonius turbine on a forward-facing step to increase the power efficiency. Since the flow is disturbed by the step, the turbine may benefit from the accelerated flow found on top of the step. The flow field is solved using computational fluid dynamics in a 3D computational domain. The finite volume method is used to solve the Reynolds average Navier–Stokes governing equations and the SST k-ω turbulence equations. This simulation includes both rotating turbine and the step. The novelty of this work is to study this configuration with a power law wind velocity distribution as inlet velocity, which is more realistic in common applications, and to investigate a different turbine. The study shows that the Savonius turbine generates up to 73% more power when installed on a 5 m step. However, in case of a very high step, or a different turbine no improvement has been observed.
Contrasting observables related to the $$N^*(1535)$$ from the molecular or a genuine structure
Authors: Li Hai-Peng , Song Jing , Liang Wei-Hong , Molina R. , Oset E.
Published: July 2024

In this work we compare the predictions for the scattering length and effective range of the channels $$K^0 \Sigma ^+, K^+ \Sigma ^0, K^+ \Lambda $$

K
0

Σ
+

,

K
+

Σ
0

,

K
+

Λ

and $$\eta p$$

η
p

, assuming the $$N^*(1535)$$

N
∗

(
1535
)

state as a molecular state of these channels, or an original genuine state, made for instance from three quarks. Looking at very different scenarios, what we conclude is that the predictions of these two pictures are drastically different, to the point that we advise the measurement of these magnitudes, accessible for instance by measuring correlation functions, in order to gain much valuable information concerning the nature of this state.
Zeeman spectroscopy of cadmium lines
Authors: Rathi S. , Sobolewski Ł. M. , Sharma L. , Kwela J.
Published: July 2024

A Fabry–Perot interferometry was used to measure with a precision of about $$10^{-4}$$

10

-
4

the Landé factor values of the levels issued from the 5s5p, 5s6d, 5s6s and 5s7p configurations of cadmium. Fully relativistic MCDHF calculations taking into account Breit and QED effects were performed to interpret the results of the experiment performed on the cadmium isotope 114. In addition to the four experimental Landé $$g_J$$

g
J

values, new theoretical results for 12 levels are reported for the first time.

Graphic Abstract
Towards a 1010 n/s neutron source with kHz repetition rate, few-cycle laser pulses
Authors: Osvay K. , Stuhl L. , Varmazyar P. , Gilinger T. , Elekes Z. , Fenyvesi A. , Hideghethy K. , Szabo R. E. , Füle M. , Biró B. , Halász Z. , Korkulu Z. , Kuti I. , Molnár R. , Ébert A. , Polanek R. , Buzás E. , Nagy B. , Singh P. K. , Hussain S. , Börzsönyi A. , Fülöp Zs. , Tajima T. , Mourou G. , Szabó G.
Published: July 2024

A project has been launched for the development of a laser-based neutron source with the few-cycle lasers available at ELI ALPS. Here we show the first experiments, when deuterons were accelerated from ultrathin deuterated foils at 1 Hz repetition rate with the use of 12 fs, 21 mJ laser pulses. The energy spectra of the accelerated deuterons were measured with Thomson ion spectrometers both in forward and backward directions. The accelerated deuterons induced 2H + 2H fusion reaction in a deuterated polyethylene disk. The resulting fast neutrons were measured with a time-of-flight (ToF) detector system, within which each detector consisted of a plastic scintillator and a photomultiplier, at four different angles relative to the normal of the neutron converter disk. We found good agreement with the simulated angular distribution and energy spectra. Here, we also present preparations for the next phases when the repetition rate is increased to 10 Hz. The developed flat liquid jet was demonstrated to accelerate protons over 0.6 MeV cutoff energy with a stability better than 4% for 15 min. We developed two further neutron measurement techniques: a liquid scintillator, the ToF signal of which was evaluated with the pulse shape discrimination method, and a bubble detector spectrometer calibrated against a conventional PuBe source. One of the first upcoming applications is the irradiation of zebrafish embryos with laser-generated ultrashort bunch neutrons. As this experiment needs to be implemented in vacuum, the steps of careful preparation and calibration measurements are also discussed.
Lithography Lights a New Path
Authors: Greengard Samuel
Published: July 2024

Pursuing advances in the printing of circuits.
MAB-BMC: A Formal Verification Enhancer by Harnessing Multiple BMC Engines Together
Authors: Ghosh Devleena , Ghosh Sumana , Banerjee Ansuman , Gajavelly Raj Kumar , Surendran Sudhakar
Published: July 2024

In recent times, Bounded Model Checking (BMC) engines have gained wide prominence in formal verification. Different BMC engines exist, differing in their optimization, representations and solving mechanisms used to represent and navigate the underlying state transition of the given design to be verified. The objective of this article is to examine if combinations of BMC engines can help to combine their strengths. We propose an approach that can create a sequencing of BMC engines that can reach better depth in formal verification, as opposed to executing them alone for a specified time. Our approach uses machine learning, specifically, the Multi-Armed Bandit paradigm of reinforcement learning, to predict the best-performing BMC engine for a given unrolling depth of the underlying circuit design. We evaluate our approach on a set of benchmark designs from the Hardware Model Checking Competition (HWMCC) benchmarks and show that it outperforms the state-of-the-art BMC engines in terms of the depth reached or time taken to deduce a property violation. The synthesized BMC engine sequences reach better depths than HWMCC results and the state-of-the-art technique, super_deep, for more than 80% of the cases. It also outperforms single engine runs for more than 92% of the cases where a property violation is not found within a given time duration. For designs where property violations are found within the given time duration, the synthesized sequences found the property violation in a lesser time than HWMCC for all the designs and outperformed both super_deep and single engine runs for more than 87% of the designs.
Anti-Biofouling Effect of Nanoporous Gold Electrode on Nonspecific Signal Reduction for Electrochemical Biosensors
Authors: Noguchi Taiga , Nishitani Shoichi , Sakata Toshiya
Published: July 2024

Noise signals based on nonspecific adsorptions of interfering species (biofouling) should be reduced in electrochemical biosensors to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. Here, we demonstrate the effect of the structure of nanoporous gold (np-Au) electrodes on anti-biofouling in electrochemical biosensors. A np-Au electrode is fabricated by a gold–silver alloy corrosion process. The pore size of the np-Au electrode is controlled within 10–50 nm by adjusting the time of corrosion of silver. The np-Au electrode, the pore size of which is slightly larger (15–30 nm) than the size of proteins such as human serum albumin (HSA), notably shows the suppression of the nonspecific adsorption of HSA on its surface in cyclic voltammetry (CV), resulting in the anti-biofouling effect. In particular, the peak current in CV with the np-Au electrode is maintained at about 80% even for a long-term incubation of 60 min after the addition of human serum and plasma as well as HSA, whereas that with the bare gold electrode is reduced to about 25%–60%. The anti-biofouling effect of the np-Au electrode is discussed on the basis of the balance between its pore size and protein size, including the electrostatic repulsion with proteins.
Strategies for Reducing the Ohmic Resistance in a Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis Cell
Authors: Song Jie , Guo Zhiyuan , Xu Guizhi , Zhu Yuting , Hou Kun , Ke Shaojie , Xu Chao
Published: July 2024

Ohmic polarization caused by the contact resistance between components and their own bulk resistance is the main polarization loss in proton exchange membrane electrolysis cells. To investigate this, we adopted an electrolysis cell with an active area of 25 cm2 and explored methods of reducing ohmic resistance. First, two kinds of polar plate were designed to investigate the contact area between transport layer and catalytic layer. The results showed that the polar plate with the higher ridge area made the transport layer and catalytic layer achieve good contact, resulting in an ohmic resistance decreases of 17.5 mΩ cm2 when the contact area increases from 16.85 to 21.6 cm2. Second, Pt coating was used to prevent oxidation of the titanium felt and improve electrolytic performance. Sputtering titanium felt exhibits the best performance with the electrolysis voltage of 1.814 V at 2 A cm−2. Finally, we studied different proton exchange membranes and analyzed the performance and hydrogen permeation rate with the self-made membrane electrode, finding that the electrolytic voltage of the Solvay E98–05 S reaches 1.733 V at 2 A cm−2 due to the minimum thickness and the highest conductivity, and the H2 permeation current density is only 2.184 mA cm−2.
Electrochemical CO2 Reduction at Surface Modified Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Trevino Isabella M. , Pan Shanlin
Published: July 2024

CO2 capture and transformation into chemical fuels presents a useful carbon-neutral energy source to curb the effects of global warming if the electrocatalyst used is highly active, exhibits sufficient product selectivity, and is energetically efficient. Metal nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as a promising class of catalysts for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) and their product selectivity are expected to be further improved through surface modification with different ligands. The primary objective of this work is to compare the use of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) and Rotating Ring Disk Electrode (RRDE) to study CO2 reduction at silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) modified with amino acids (cysteine and tryptophan) and Ag NPs synthesized by a citrate reduction method. RRDE studies showed the onset potential for CO2RR was earlier for both the Ag NPs with cysteine and Ag NPs with tryptophan than those with citrate. SECM showed earlier onset potentials for CO2RR than the RRDE experiment for every type of Ag NP as well as higher sensitivity in detecting the major CO2RR products such as formate and CO. SECM also showed less hydrogen formation for the Ag NPs with cysteine and Ag NPs with tryptophan.
Co3+ Doped CdFe2O4 Nanoparticles: Structural, Optical, Magnetic, and Electrical Properties
Authors: Satayanarayana Goud G. , Venkatesh Nakiraboina , Ravi Kumar D. , Ismail Ahmad Syed , Veerasomaiah P.
Published: July 2024

Through the citrate-gel auto-combustion technique, we synthesized Co-doped cadmium nano ferrites (NFs) with the formula CoxCd1−xFe2O4 (where 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0 with increments of 0.2). The synthesized materials underwent comprehensive analysis utilizing X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Magnetic and electrical properties were evaluated using a vibrating sample magnetometer and LCR meter, respectively. XRD analysis confirmed the spinel phase structure and FD3M space group. SEM analysis revealed agglomerations of nanoparticles and grain boundaries. Elemental analysis of the synthesized nanomaterials was provided by energy dispersive spectroscopy. FTIR spectroscopy identified two main broad bands corresponding to the tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites, confirming the spinel structure. Magnetic properties such as magnetic saturation, coercivity, and remanent magnetization were characterized using VSM. Additionally, the LCR meter assessed frequency and temperature-dependent dielectric parameters, including AC conductivity (σAC), dielectric permittivity, dielectric loss (tan δ), and impedance spectra. An increase in AC conductivity (σAC) was observed with increasing temperature and frequency.
Distributed Source Localization Based on TOA Measurements in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Qiu Wanzhi , Skafidas Efstratios
Published: July 2024

We study the problem of source localization in multihop wireless sensor networks. A fully distributed algorithm based on sensor measurements of time of arrivals (TOAs) is proposed. In contrast to centralized methods where all TOA measurements are transmitted via certain routes to a central location (the sink) for processing, the proposed method distributes the processing among the relay nodes on the routes to the sink. Fusion strategies are proposed so that the raw and intermediate data are progressively processed, and only the refined results are further relayed. As a result, the proposed scheme has improved flexibility and scalability since it does not impose any special requirements on the sink node. The proposed distributed strategy also has the potential to save energy and bandwidth due to reduced radio transmissions.
Influence of Critical Shoulder Angle and Rotator Cuff Tear Type on Load‐Induced Glenohumeral Biomechanics: A Sawbone Simulator Study
Authors: Genter Jeremy , Croci Eleonora , Müller Andreas M. , Mündermann Annegret , Baumgartner Daniel
Published: July 2024

Glenohumeral (GH) biomechanics after rotator cuff (RC) tears are not fully understood. The purpose of our study was to determine if the critical shoulder angle (CSA), type of RC tears, and level of weight bearing increase GH translation, instability based on the instability ratio, muscle forces and joint reaction force (JRF), and shifts the center of force (CoF) superiorly. A GH simulator with muscle‐mimicking cable systems was used to simulate 30° abduction in the scapular plane. A Sawbone humerus and five specimen‐specific scapular anthropometries were used to test six types of RC tears, three weight‐bearing loads, and the native and adjusted (to different CSAs) deltoid origin sites. Linear mixed effects models (CSA, RC tear type, and weight bearing) with random effects (specimen and sex) were used to assess differences in GH biomechanics. With increasing CSA, GH translation increased, JRF decreased, and the CoF position was more inferior. RC tears did not significantly alter GH translation but shifted the CoF position superiorly, close to where glenoid erosion occurs in patients with RC tears with secondary osteoarthritis. Weight bearing significantly increased GH translation and JRF. RC and deltoid muscle forces increased with the presence of RC tears and increased weight bearing. The remaining RC muscles of intact tendons compensated for the torn RC tendons but not for the altered CoF position. GH translation remained comparable to shoulders with intact RC. These findings highlight the importance of early detection, clinical management, and targeted rehabilitation strategies for patients with RC tears.
Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Is Associated With Smaller Brain Volumes in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Claesson Tor-björn , Putaala Jukka , Shams Sara , Salli Eero , Gordin Daniel , Mutter Stefan , Tatlisumak Turgut , Groop Per-Henrik , Martola Juha , Thorn Lena M.
Published: July 2024

Introduction: Type 1 diabetes has been linked to brain volume reductions as well as to cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD). This study concerns the relationship between normalized brain volumes (volume fractions) and cSVD, which has not been examined previously.

Methods: We subjected brain magnetic resonance imaging studies of 187 adults of both sexes with Type 1 diabetes and 30 matched controls to volumetry and neuroradiological interpretation.

Results: Participants with Type 1 diabetes had smaller thalami compared to controls without diabetes (p = 0.034). In subgroup analysis of the Type 1 diabetes group, having any sign of cSVD was associated with smaller cortical (p = 0.031) and deep gray matter volume fractions (p = 0.029), but a larger white matter volume fraction (p = 0.048). After correcting for age, the smaller putamen volume remained significant.

Conclusions: We found smaller thalamus volume fractions in individuals with Type 1 diabetes as compared to those without diabetes, as well as reductions in brain volume fractions related to signs of cSVD in individuals with Type 1 diabetes.