bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mood and Behavioural Changes with Progestational Agents
Authors: Kane Francis J. , Daly Robert J. , Ewing John A. , Keeler Martin H.
Published: August 2008

Steroid hormones may produce a wide variety of psychiatric syndromes (1), (2), and the progestational steroids are no exception. We were alerted to this by the occurrence of an acute schizophrenic psychosis following the withdrawal of 30 mg. Enovid (Enavid) daily, which was being used to control endometriosis (3). The patient's psychotic symptoms showed remission with drug replacement and relapse on placebo.
The Effects of LSD on Body Sway Suggestibility in a Group of Hospital Patients
Authors: Middlefell R.
Published: August 2008

In carrying out short term therapy involving one to six sessions with doses of 75 μg. to 200 μg. of LSD, the author gained a definite clinical impression that suggestibility was influenced by LSD, although there is little mention of such a parameter in the classification of LSD effects. Remarks meant to be helpful sometimes proved much more effective whilst patients were influenced by LSD than when they had been given in ordinary interview. Classification of the phenomena of LSD intoxication may have therapeutic orientation and dynamic concepts or it may draw on purely descriptive terms with symptomatic significance.
The Ecology of Suicidal Behaviour
Authors: McCulloch J. W. , Philip A. E. , Carstairs G. M.
Published: August 2008

For over a decade the Maudsley MonographSuicide in London(Sainsbury, 1955) has been the most authoritative source of information about the contribution of certain social factors to the incidence of suicide in a British urban population. Sainsbury's investigation tested the hypothesis “that where social mobility and social isolation are pronounced, community life will be unstable, without order or purpose, and that this will be reflected to a greater or less degree in the suicide rates”. Much of his work stems from the pioneer work of Durkheim (1897). Using a combination of sociological and psychiatric methods he correlated rates of suicide and indices of social characteristics for London Boroughs derived from a social survey, the 1931 Census and other studies (Burt, 1944). He found significant differences in suicide rates among the boroughs, which remained consistent over 30 years despite considerable changes in the composition of their populations. Comparing suicide rates with other social factors he found significant correlations with social isolation, social mobility, divorce and illegitimacy. He suggested that suicide tended to be higher in the middle class and to diminish with poverty, but found no correlation with unemployment and overcrowding. He stated that suicide rates increased with age, particularly among males, there being a preponderance of over 55 year olds in his sample. A seasonal variation was observed, with the peak incidence in May. In his sample there were twice as many men as women. Six per cent. of his group were definitely alcoholic. Nine per cent. had made a previous attempt at suicide. Almost half of the group were seen to be psychiatrically ill or abnormal in personality.
Extramural Psychiatric Care and the Elderly
Authors: Hoenig J. , Hamilton Marian W.
Published: August 2008

To keep psychiatric patients as much as possible in the community rather than have them admitted to mental hospital is a policy which has become more and more favoured and has been shown to work (Leyberg, 1959; Silverman, 1961; Sainsbury et al., 1963 and Hoenig et al., 1965, etc.). This type of management cannot be expected to be equally successful with all groups of patients and is perhaps most open to question as regards the illnesses that affect the elderly.
Personality and Obsessional Neurosis
Authors: Rosenberg C. M.
Published: August 2008

It is generally accepted that the obsessional personality (obsessoid, anal-erotic character) is the premorbid personality most frequently associated with obsessional neurosis. Freud (1908) described the triad of traits of orderliness, parsimoniousness and obstinacy which characterizes this personality. He considered that these traits were due to reaction formation against and sublimation of anal-erotic activities and aggressive impulses into socially acceptable forms of behaviour. According to this view the anal-erotic character and obsessional neurosis share a common developmental basis—the neurosis represents a failure of repression, the regression to the anal-sadistic level of libidinal organization and the use of defences against excessive hostility.
The Independence of Neurotic and Endogenous Depression
Authors: McConaghy N. , Joffe A. D. , Murphy B. , Kingston W. R. , Stevenson H. G. , Atkinson I. , Cole E. , Fennessy L. A.
Published: August 2008

This paper presents a replication of a study by Kiloh and Garside (1963). These workers carried out a factor analysis of 35 clinical features of 143 depressed patients. They demonstrated the presence of a factor which showed strong positive loadings with the clinical features classically accepted as characterizing neurotic depression and strong negative loadings with the clinical features characterizing endogenous depression. Of the 143 patients, 92 were diagnosed as more definitely suffering from endogenous or neurotic depression. Correlation coefficients were calculated between the diagnosis in these 92 cases and each clinical feature.
Subjective Ideas of Sexual Change in Female Schizophrenics
Authors: Gittleson N. L. , Dawson-Butterworth K.
Published: August 2008

A previous study of the incidence of subjective ideas of sexual change in male schizophrenics has briefly noted the lack of precise quantified data in the literature and the standard English language teaching texts (Gittleson and Levine, 1966). There are no controlled studies of these ideas in female schizophrenics. The studies of Klaf and Davis (1960), Planansky and Johnston (1962) and Lukianowicz (1963) refer only to males.
Psychological Characteristics Associated with XYY Sex-Chromosome Complement in a State Mental Hospital
Authors: Hope K. , Philip A. E. , Loughran J. M.
Published: August 2008

In a recent survey of males detained in a State hospital for dangerous, violent and criminal psychiatric patients, seven subjects with an XYY sex-chromosome constitution were discovered (Jacobs et al., 1965). Further investigation (Price et al., 1966) yielded two more patients with this abnormality. Psychological testing of these same patients was undertaken in order to detect cognitive or clinical features which distinguish them from other men in the same hospital.
Symptom Rating Test Scores in Neurotics and Normals
Authors: Kellner R. , Sheffield B. F.
Published: August 2008

The Symptom Rating Test (S.R.T.) was designed to assess changes in symptoms in non-psychotic patients. Previous studies suggest that the test is a measure of recently experienced neurotic distress. Scores were found to change markedly with changes in the clinical state of patients during treatment, and in anxious neurotics the scores were found to be correlated with psychiatrists' rating of anxiety.
A Phenomenological Test of a Theory of Depersonalization
Authors: Gittleson N. L.
Published: August 2008

The view that depersonalization experiences can “be regarded as occupying a position somewhere between the delusional and the non-delusional” was first suggested by Ackner (1954) who gave as an example the depressive's experience of malaise. If this is accepted into the normal framework of experience it will be attributed to illness or fatigue. If it is accepted and organized into a delusional framework, the depressive delusion that the body is rotting away (for example) may be exhibited. If, however, the experience cannot be accepted into either a normal or a delusional framework it will remain peculiar, foreign, strange, and unreal and will appear as depersonalization. Ackner commented that if delusions should develop, experiences of change “will tend to be included” within them, and thus not appear as depersonalization. Discussing depressive depersonalization in particular, he considered that “with delusional development, the unreality feeling tends to recede”.
Transvestism and Fetishism: Clinical and Psychological Changes during Faradic Aversion
Authors: Marks Isaac M. , Gelder Michael G.
Published: August 2008

New methods of treatment often prove to be valuable tools of clinical investigation. The advent of antidepressant drugs enhanced knowledge about depressive disorders, while the introduction of psychoanalytic techniques yielded a rich harvest from the field of psychopathology. Yet another technique which can throw fresh light on psychopathology is electric aversion, a method now used increasingly in the treatment of certain sexual disorders. With this method separate symptoms can be treated in turn, and their interrelations can thus be changed and studied. With careful clinical control and measurement we can examine the importance of various aspects of sexual disorders hitherto open to observation but not to detailed modification.
Controlled Evaluation of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide in the Treatment of Chronic Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Kline N. S. , Barclay G. L. , Cole J. O. , Esser A. H. , Lehmann H. , Wittenborn J. R.
Published: August 2008

On 30 March, 1966, at the Symposium “Enzymes in Mental Health” sponsored by the Carl Neuberg Society for International Scientific Relations, A. Hoffer (1) described the apparently successful treatment in 13 of 17 (acute and chronic) schizophrenic patients in 3 to 5 days by the daily oral use of 1 to 2 grams of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), better known as diphosphopyridinenucleotide (DPN). Widespread publicity given to this announcement attests to the need of more effective treatment for this illness. It also occasioned frequent and persistent inquiry from schizophrenic patients and their relatives as to the suitability of this treatment in their own instance. Rapid confirmation of the findings would justify widespread efforts to evaluate this preparation, whereas failure of confirmation would provide reasonable grounds for a more cautious approach to its use. The members of the Council of the American College of Neuropsycho-pharmacology decided that, as a group of impartial scientists, it would be appropriate for them to carry out such an investigation as rapidly as was compatible with adequate determination of the usefulness of the preparation.
A Follow-up Study of Obsessional Neurotics in Hong Kong Chinese
Authors: Lo W. H.
Published: August 2008

The study of the natural history of a mental illness is important because it may contribute to the diagnosis, management and prognosis of the illness and provide a means of evaluating the effect of therapy. Chapman (1963) has enumerated the difficulties which are responsible for the scanty extensive follow-up studies in neurotic patients. In recent years various new drugs have been introduced to the field of psychiatry and many are claimed to be effective in the treatment of neurosis, but their treatment results cannot be convincingly gauged until the course and prognosis of neurosis are better known. As far as obsessional neurosis is concerned there have been a few major follow-up studies carried out in European countries by Lewis (1936), Müller (1953), Rüdin (1953), Pollitt (1957), Ingram (1961a) and Kringlen (1965), but it would not be legitimate to transfer their findings without qualification or caution to Asian countries in view of racial and cultural differences.
A Manic Depressive Psychotic with a Persistent Forty-eight Hour Cycle
Authors: Jenner F. A. , Gjessing L. R. , Cox J. R. , Davies-Jones A. , Hullin R. P. , Hanna S. M.
Published: August 2008

Richter (1960) reviewing knowledge about biological “clocks” in medicine and psychiatry, emphasized the incidence of 48-hour cycles of physical and mental symptoms. He considers that the mental symptoms are not specific and can be manic depressive or schizophrenic. Menninger-Lerchenthal (1960), in his book on periodicity in psychopathology, devoted a section to 48-hour rhythms and lists references to 48-hour cycles in the literature.
Chlorpromazine and the Untreated Chronic Schizophrenic: A Long-Term Trial
Authors: Letemendia F. J. J. , Harris A. D.
Published: August 2008

Although chlorpromazine was the first of the phenothiazine drugs to be used in psychiatry, and has since been the subject of an extensive literature, there is a surprising dearth of information about the nature of its effect in chronic schizophrenia. Some early reports indicated that it produced a beneficial change, but before this could be examined and documented the attention of most psychiatrists was diverted to newer and supposedly more potent analogues. The present trial was undertaken with three factors in mind, which had not been fully taken into account of in previous studies. These were:
The Clinical Effects on a Population of Chronic Schizophrenic Patients of Administrative Changes in Hospital
Authors: Letemendia F. J. J. , Harris A. D. , Willems P. J. A.
Published: August 2008

The factors leading to the fall in the mental hospital population which started in England in 1954 are not fully agreed. By some, the introduction of the phenothiazine drugs was held to be of first importance: other writers have stressed the role of social and administrative factors—of energetic rehabilitation and discharge policies together with measures to provide community services for discharged patients.
Some Characteristics of Mental Hospital Absconders
Authors: Antebi R.
Published: August 2008

It is becoming increasingly important, in the administration of psychiatric units, to single out the likely absconder from the rest of the hospital community. The following study has been embarked upon partly to outline a sketch of a hypothetical absconder, and partly to lay down a method of study which could be applied to other institutions with similar problems. The problem of absconding is of comparatively recent origin, as the “open door policy” has become generally adopted in British mental hospitals.
Stereotypy, Social Responsiveness, and Arousal in a Case of Catatonia
Authors: Adams F. R.
Published: August 2008

Observations have been made on the stereotyped behaviours of a group of autistic children by means of one-way mirrors; Hutt and Hutt (1965) systematically varied the complexity of the situations in which the children were placed and noted the incidence and severity of the stereotyped behaviours exhibited. Jones (1965) also attempted the quantification and classification of stereotyped behaviours in a group of adult schizophrenic patients. In this experiment the observer was present in the same room. In both experiments the stereotyped behaviours were shown to be responsive to social influences.
An Indicator of Tension during Reciprocal Inhibition
Authors: Seager C. P. , Brown B. H.
Published: August 2008

Wolpe (1958) has described the technique of treating phobias by reciprocal inhibition. The patient is encouraged to relax by appropriate procedures, and is then asked to fantasy a series of situations which he has previously arranged in order of their ability to evoke anxiety. This personal hierarchy of situations is put to him for short periods in ascending order.
The Modified Word Learning Test and the Aged Psychiatric Patient
Authors: Bolton N. , Savage R. D. , Roth M.
Published: August 2008

This paper reports primarily the use of the MWLT (Walton and Black, 1957) on aged subjects with a variety of clinical conditions. Earlier studies by Walton (1958), Walton, White, Black and Young (1959) and Walton and Mather (1961) demonstrated that the MWLT identified over 80 per cent. of organics without any misclassification of non-organics. More recently, Orme, Lee and Smith (1964) found that 81 per cent. of organics were correctly classified, but only 69 per cent. of non-organics. Misclassification was particularly serious with schizophrenics (70 per cent.). Other reports, including Newcombe and Steinberg (1964), White and Knox (1965), have found as few as 47 per cent. of the organic group correctly classified. These recent studies cast some doubt upon the original claims of the MWLT as a diagnostic test of generalized brain damage. We hope to present further evidence on the efficiency of the MWLT; particularly on its use with elderly subjects.
Psychological Screening of Potential Donors in a Renal Homotransplantation Programme
Authors: Cramond W. A. , Court J. H. , Higgins B. A. , Knight P. R. , Lawrence J. R.
Published: August 2008

The first human renal homotransplantation was performed in 1936. Recently, with the introduction of improved immuno-suppressive techniques, this operation has been carried out on an increasing number of occasions. The first renal homotransplantation in South Australia was performed in February, 1965. The donor was related by marriage to the patient and was not consanguineous. The patient is still alive and at work sixteen months later (June, 1966).
The Biochemistry of Affective Disorders
Authors: Coppen Alec
Published: August 2008

The title of this review would be regarded by some psychiatrists as provocative; they would relegate the biochemical concomitants of depression and mania to a secondary position and deny that biochemical changes have any place in the aetiology of these conditions. However, in my view, the weight of evidence, although it is by no means conclusive, suggests that biochemical changes are most important in the aetiology of affective disorders. A biochemical aetiology implies that there are certain biochemical changes in the brain which need to be restored to normal before the patient's clinical condition will improve. This does not deny that psychological and environmental events may precipitate and maintain the biochemical events which in turn lead to the affective disorder. The study of these biochemical events is clearly at too early a stage for speculations about the interrelationship between environmental and endogenous elements to be fruitful; this study must wait until the biochemical aetiology is clearer than at present.
Suicide and Community Care
Authors: Walk David
Published: August 2008

In recent years there has been a considerable shift towards the treatment of psychiatric patients outside hospital; and although progress in the expansion of such services as hostels, day centres and social work has in many places been slow, the idea of a Community Service based on home care whenever possible has become a popular one and forms the basis of official planning in this country (16). Doubts have, however, been expressed as to the wisdom of so great an emphasis on this untried method of management (13, 34, 39); the proper evaluation of Community Care is therefore of great importance.
A Comparison of the Effects of Oxypertine and Trifluoperazine in Withdrawn Schizophrenics
Authors: Hunt P. V.
Published: August 2008

There is a growing body of evidence that oxypertine (Win. 18,501), a recently developed indolylalkyl-phenyl-piperazine (1, 9), is of value in the treatment of schizophrenia (6). Oxypertine has been described as superior to trifluoperazine in its effect on certain aspects of schizophrenic behaviour (2, 5).
The use of Pericyazine and Chlorpromazine with Disturbed Mentally Subnormal Patients
Authors: Weir T. W. H. , Kernohan G. A. , Mackay D. N.
Published: August 2008

This report describes a clinical trial in which pericyazine and chlorpromazine were used with 45 disturbed patients resident in a hospital for the mentally subnormal. The patients, who comprised a clinically heterogeneous sample, were randomly allocated by the hospital pharmacist to two major groups; in one, half the patients were given pericyazine for a 12-week period and an inert preparation for a further 12-week period while the remaining patients had the inert preparation during the first period and pericyazine during the second. In the other group, which was given chlorpromazine, the same procedure was followed. Prior to the trial proper, there was a six-week period during which all drugs except anti-convulsants were tapered off. All preparations were in syrup form and were indistinguishable from each other by taste or smell. Only the pharmacist was aware of what syrup a given patient received.
Some Influences on the Intercounty Variation in Irish Psychiatric Hospitalization Rates
Authors: Walsh Dermot , Walsh Brendan
Published: August 2008

An earlier commentary on the level and regional variation of Irish hospitalized psychiatric illness was limited by the absence of age-specific and standardized data (Walsh and Walsh, 1968). The present paper presents age- and sex-standardized rates by county for 1959, and then suggests some socioeconomic influences in [partial explanation of the variation in these rates. Psychiatric services in Ireland are provided on a county basis: in eleven instances one hospital serves a single county, in six cases there is one hospital to two counties and the remaining hospital serves three counties.
Emotional and Cognitive Disturbance in the Early Puerperium
Authors: Kane Francis J. , Harman William J. , Keeler Martin H. , Ewing John A.
Published: August 2008

Pregnancy and the post-partum period are generally regarded as maturational crises equal in importance to those of adolescence and the menopause. Stresses undergone during this period include (a) endocrine changes, (b) activation of unconscious psychological conflicts pertaining to pregnancy and (c) the intrapsychic reorganization of becoming a mother. In light of this, it seems likely that clinically significant interactions of psychosocial and endocrine factors will be found in the aetiology of these disorders. The first month post-partum shows the greatest incidence of overt mental illness (7, 9), and this has led many to relate this disturbance to the termination of placental function and the metabolic and/or endocrine changes accompanying this.
The Quality of Survival after Rupture of an Anterior Cerebral Aneurysm
Authors: Logue Valentine , Durward Marjorie , Pratt R. T. C. , Piercy Malcolm , Nixon W. L. B.
Published: August 2008

There have been numerous reports on the survival rate after rupture of an intracranial aneurysm, but the actual quality of survival amongst those who recover has been little studied. In this paper the physical, emotional, and intellectual state of a group of 79 survivors from rupture of an anterior cerebral aneurysm is recorded.
The Pathology of a Cross-over Trial (Thiazesim—A New Anti-depressant Drug)
Authors: Berry Rowland , Turner Paul
Published: August 2008

The work described in this paper began as just another drug trial. The authors' interest was aroused by the possibility of a new, fast-acting anti-depressant, unrelated to the monoamine oxidase inhibitors or tricyclic compounds.
The Proverbs Test in Schizophrenia
Authors: Reed J. L.
Published: August 2008

The ability to interpret the meaning of metaphorical proverbs has been used not only in intelligence testing but also to investigate abnormalities of thinking in schizophrenia; mainly the theories that schizophrenics are either “concrete” or “overinclusive” in their thinking. The theory of concreteness has been proposed mainly by Goldstein (1946), who held that schizophrenics were unable to adopt the “abstract attitude”, and, having lost the ability to form normal abstract concepts, formed concrete ones instead. Cameron (1946) described overinclusion as one of several abnormalities found in schizophrenic thinking. This abnormality has been adopted by Payne and his co-workers (1957, 1959, 1960, 1962, and 1966) as the basic disorder of schizophrenic thinking. Schizophrenics showing this disorder appear unable to maintain the boundaries of a problem, and so form overbroad concepts. Overinclusion, however, is found in only about 50 per cent. of acute schizophrenics and has also reported in other psychiatric conditions (Payne and Hirst, 1957; Payne and Frielander, 1962; Sturm, 1965).
Treatment of a Compulsive Horse Race Gambler by Aversion Therapy
Authors: Goorney A. B.
Published: August 2008

References to compulsive gambling are found in the psychiatric literature as early as 1914 (von Hattingberg) and 1920 (Simmel). These and subsequent literature on the psychodynamics and treatment by analytical methods were summarized by Harris in 1964. In the past year references have been made to the treatment by aversion therapy of isolated cases of horse race gamblers and of a “one-armed bandit” gambler (Barker and Miller, 1966b, Seager et al., 1966, Barker and Miller, 1966a). A further case of a compulsive horse race gambler treated by aversion therapy seems worth presenting, in view of the sparse literature on treatment of the condition by this method, and also because in this case, the therapy was immediately followed by remission of a longstanding marital disharmony which is believed to have been one major precipitating cause of the gambling.
Brain Damage in Relation to Psychiatric Disability After Head Injury
Authors: Lishman W. A.
Published: August 2008

The extent to which psychiatric disability after head injury depends upon the brain damage which has occurred remains a problem of considerable practical and theoretical interest. In 1904 Adolf Meyer saw the need for caution in approaching this question since there was “no direct measure of the damage of a concussion”; similarly in 1945 Denny-Brown saw that the most serious obstacles to better understanding still lay in the difficulty of obtaining a reliable estimate of the severity of injury to the brain and in the impossibility of differentiating clinically between simple skull fracture, laceration or contusion of the brain.
Aetiological Factors in Young Schizophrenic Men
Authors: Costello A. J. , Gunn J. C. , Dominian J.
Published: August 2008

Schizophrenia still offers the psychiatrist one of his greatest challenges, in spite of the volume of research that has been lavished on it, and the many important therapeutic improvements that have been achieved.
A Retrospective Examination of Psychiatric Case Records of Patients who Subsequently Committed Suicide
Authors: Flood R. A. , Seager C. P.
Published: August 2008

Psychiatrists have frequently pointed out that in a high proportion of individuals who commit suicide it is apparent that there is pre-existing psychiatric illness. It has been further shown that many of these people have received medical care and have been attending their doctor within four weeks of their death (Motto and Greene, 1958; Seager and Flood, 1965). The implication of these findings is that doctors do not always recognize psychiatric illness in their patients and are certainly not attuned to the possibility of suicide, even when the patient frankly states that he finds life is not worth living and that he has considered ending his life. Such straightforward information is not accepted at its face value. The doctor may hold the mistaken view that people who talk about suicide do not in fact commit the act. This statement is manifestly incorrect. It has been shown (Robins et al., 1959) that 70 per cent. of suicides have declared their intention of committing the act days or weeks beforehand.
The Clinical Evaluation of Unilateral Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Levy∗ Raymond
Published: August 2008

Electroconvulsive therapy (E.C.T.), first introduced in 1937, rapidly became accepted as playing an important part in the treatment of depression. Since its introduction, there have been few modifications of the technique that have stood the test of time. The most important has been the use of muscular relaxants to modify the convulsion. Most recent advances have been directed towards the development of reliable criteria for the selection of patients most likely to respond to treatment, but little attention has been paid to improvements in the method of treatment as such.
The Reliability and Validity of the Psychiatric Assessment of the Child: I. Interview with the Child
Authors: Rutter Michael , Graham Philip
Published: August 2008

Surprisingly little has been written on the interview with the child as a diagnostic tool, in contrast to the voluminous literature on the therapeutic interview. Whereas standard texts on child psychiatry usually include a discussion of the physician-child relationship and of the use of play situation, it is rare for there to be any systematic account of the interview with the child as a diagnostic procedure.
Measures of the Occipital Alpha Rhythm in Normal, Subnormal and Autistic Children
Authors: Hermelin Beate , O'Connor Neil
Published: August 2008

Clinical observation as well as experimental results have indicated abnormalities in the responses to sensory stimulation in autistic children. Observers have noted occasional over-responsiveness in the absence of any obvious sensory defect, though more frequently under-responsiveness to visual or painful and particularly to sound stimulation is reported. Thus, Goldfarb (1961) observed the frequent absence of startle responses to sound in autistic children, and Anthony (1958a) and Rutter (1967) also noted a lack of reaction to auditory stimuli. Hermelin and O'Connor (1964) and O'Connor and Hermelin (1965) found marked under-responsiveness to sound, if compared with the response to light and touch, though they also reported impairment of visual discrimination.
Eysenck Personality Inventory Scores of Patients with Depressive Illnesses
Authors: Kendell R. E. , DiScipio W. J.
Published: August 2008

The Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) and its successor the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) are frequently used to assess the personalities of psychiatric patients, and Eysenck advocates their routine administration as an aid to both diagnosis and treatment. However, a fundamental requirement of any personality test given to patients is that it should be relatively independent of the patient's mental state and reflect his personality rather than his illness. In depressive illnesses at least, it is doubtful whether this requirement is met. Coppen and Metcalfe (1965) administered the MPI to 39 patients with severe depression while they were depressed and again after recovery. Their mean N (neuroticism) score fell from 30.5 to 18.7 on recovery, and their mean E (extraversion) score rose from 17.3 to 20.6. Both changes were statistically significant. Assuming that the true scores were those obtained after recovery, it follows that the mean N score increased 63 per cent. and the E score decreased 19 per cent. during the episode of depression. The customary definition of personality as the relatively stable and enduring aspects of an individual's behaviour precludes such gross changes from being interpreted as changes in personality. One can only conclude, therefore, either that N and E scores obtained in the presence of severe depression are meaningless, or that they are a reflection of something other than the individual's personality. In the case of Coppen and Metcalfe's findings the most obvious explanation is that although patients are enjoined in the test instructions to rate their “usual way of acting or feeling” they do not in practice do so, but remain preoccupied with their current state of mind. Several MPI questions like “Does your mind often wander while you are trying to concentrate?” and “Have you often lost sleep over your worries?” are clearly relevant to the mental state of depression and probably attract positive replies from most patients regardless of their normal feelings.
The Prevalence of Menstrual Symptoms in Spanish Students
Authors: Théano Ginette
Published: August 2008

In a random sample of 500 British women Coppen and Kessel (1963) found that certain menstrual symptoms—those of the premenstrual syndrome—i.e. depression, irritability, swelling, as well as menstrual irregularity, were positively correlated with Neuroticism on the Maudsley Personality Inventory. In a further study on the prevalence of menstrual symptoms in psychiatric patients (Coppen, 1965), a high incidence of menstrual symptoms was found in all groups, particularly neurotic women. Both these surveys were conducted by means of a menstrual questionnaire completed by each woman. This approach allows different groups to be investigated and compared, using a standardized measuring instrument. The purpose of this investigation was to see if cultural factors have any influence on the prevalence or severity of menstrual symptoms by administering a translation of the menstrual questionnaire to a sample of Spanish college students.
A Controlled Trial of Fluphenazine Enanthate in Hospitalized Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Haider Ijaz
Published: August 2008

The need for a long-acting phenothiazine has been long recognized, especially since it has been shown (Parkeset al., 1962; Rentonet al., 1963; Kline, 1964; Willcoxet al., 1965; Wilson and Enoch, 1967) that a high proportion of schizophrenic patients do not take their prescribed medicines.
A Controlled Trial of Haloperidol in Children
Authors: Barker Philip , Fraser Ian A.
Published: August 2008

A number of observations have appeared in the literature indicating that haloperidol may be of value in the treatment of children with certain types of behaviour disorder (Haberlandt, 1963; Rogers, 1965). There has, however, been a dearth of controlled observations to support these impressions, though there is evidence that the drug is of value in the tics of Gilles de la Tourette's disease (Connell et al., 1967). The present paper reports a controlled pilot study of haloperidol in overactive and aggressive children.
Census of a Reception Centre
Authors: Edwards Griffith , Williamson Valerie , Hawker Ann , Hensman Celia , Postoyan Seta
Published: August 2008

In the second half of the fourteenth century, the whole problem of poverty became in England for the first time a matter of government concern. The contractual relationship between landlord and villein which had prevailed during the Middle Ages, was breaking down, and the Black Death hastened this process. Statutes dealing with vagrancy and poverty were promulgated in 1349, 1351 and 1388: the able-bodied beggar was punished in the stocks and generally repression was the keynote, but despite harsh laws vagrancy increased. In a series of statutes from 1531–1601 the Tudor sovereigns initiated a system of local relief based on the Parish unit. In 1576, Houses of Correction were established:

“to the intent youth may be accustomed and brought up in labour and work, and then not likely to grow to be able rogues, and to the intent that such as be already grown up in idleness and so rogues at this present, may not have any just excuse in saying that they cannot get any service of work”.

(De Schweinitz, 1943).
Preliminary Psychiatric Observations in Egypt
Authors: Okasha A. , Kamel M. , Hassan A. H.
Published: August 2008

In the following paper a short clinical, descriptive account is given of the first 1,000 patients attending Ain Shams University Psychiatric Clinic from the beginning of 1966. Although the clinic is in the centre of Cairo, its catchment area extends all over Egypt. Patients are referred through three channels; either general practitioners send them for a psychiatric opinion or they come from other medical out-patient clinics at the University. The third group represents those who come independently and ask for psychiatric examination. Usually these are patients from the countryside who have tried lay therapy in their villages but without improvement. This group represents a deficit in the organization of referral, as many of them, having been examined at the psychiatric clinic may have to be referred to another medical out-patient clinic because of a non-psychiatric organic pathology.
On the Significance of a Broken Home in Ethiopia
Authors: Giel R. , Van Luijk J. N.
Published: August 2008

In European and American psychiatry, catastrophes like divorce and death of parents occurring in childhood are considered to be important factors, contributing to the psychogenesis of emotional disturbances. However, while dealing with neurotic Ethiopian students, the authors were struck by the conflicting role played by the apparent instability of marriage in this country, the frequency of death of one or both parents and the early departure from home of a child to get proper education. On the one hand there were such observations as the obvious unhappiness about his past of a neurotic student, who was deserted by his mother and left in a hospital for more than a year when her husband abandoned her. Later his mother accepted him once more, and he was called “the one who died and came back to life”. His father even started to visit his first wife again, among other things to tell her that the children of his second wife were so much more clever. Are these experiences exceptional and significant, or is the next observation more representative? Two small children were examined during a home visit, and afterwards directed to return to their mother. Without the slightest doubt and with evident affection they chose their grandmother, while their own mother, a next-door neighbour since she had taken another husband, stood looking at the scene with nothing more than neighbourly interest. It is obvious that the significance of a broken home (by which is meant death of one or both parents and permanent separation) needs to be reconsidered under the circumstances prevailing in a country like Ethiopia. One way of approaching the problem could be provided by a child's behaviour at school as related to the occurrence of above-mentioned catastrophes. Sherwin and Schoelly (1965) name the school-community as one “reference group” providing standards of normal behaviour. Employing the native teachers as observers would include an additional advantage. We, as European observers, might run the risk of introducing cultural biases when we judge a child's behaviour ourselves.
Learning and Human Development
Authors: Clarke A. D. B.
Published: August 2008

Last December I received one of the most surprising letters of my life—an invitation to give the next Maudsley Lecture before this Association. I am deeply grateful for this honour, all the more so since I stand in considerable debt to the hospital which Henry Maudsley founded and which bears his name, having spent two fruitful years there as a research student.
A Controlled Study of the EEG in Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Crisp Arthur H. , Fenton George W. , Scotton Leila
Published: August 2008

The nutritional disturbance in anorexia nervosa almost invariably leads to striking physiological changes, which include amenorrhoea, bradycardia, hypotension and relative hypothermia with reversal of the usual diurnal temperature rhythm (Bliss and Branch, 1960; Mayer-Grosset al., 1960; Crisp and Roberts, 1962; Crisp, 1967a). Crisp (1965a, 1967a) has commented on the characteristic and excessive alertness, restlessness and insomnia displayed by anorexia nervosa patients, whom he regards as showing a specific type of malnutrition associated with carbohydrate starvation. Russell (1967) has also recently demonstrated that patients with this illness restrict especially their carbohydrate intake.
A Comparative Trial of Imipramine and Chlorpromazine in Depressed Patients
Authors: Paykel E. S. , Price J. S. , Gillan R. U. , Palmai G. , Chesser E. S.
Published: August 2008

The majority of controlled trials of imipramine against placebo in the treatment of depression have indicated the general efficacy of the drug (9). Recently there has been renewed interest in the use of the phenothiazines in depression, and the question has been raised as to how far the actions of the imipramine-like drugs and of the phenothiazines can be differentiated. Structurally, the iminodibenzyl nucleus of imipramine closely resembles the phenothiazine nucleus, the only difference being replacement of the sulphur atom bridging the two benzyl rings in the latter by a CH2–CH2group in the iminodibenzyl nucleus. Two controlled trials have suggested that in depressed patients the phenothiazines may be more valuable than has been previously realized and similar in overall efficacy to imipramine. Finket al.(3) found both chlorpromazine and imipramine significantly better than placebo in the treatment of depressives, with only minor and insignificant differences between them. Similarly, in a relatively large collaborative trial, Overallet al.(11) found thioridazine as effective as imipramine. These authors subsequently employed a special statistical classification technique to stratify their patients into three subtypes according to initial symptom profiles (8). With respect to a variety of symptom ratings, this stratification revealed significant differences in drug effects. Imipramine proved superior in “retarded” depressives and thioridazine in “anxious” depressives, while no differences were found in “hostile” depressives.
Emotionality, Extraversion and Aggression in Paranoid and Nonparanoid Schizophrenic Offenders
Authors: Blackburn R.
Published: August 2008

Investigations of schizophrenia have shown that the presence or absence of primary paranoid delusions is correlated with differences in dealing with information from the environment (Venables, 1964; Silverman, 1964) which may well relate to stable personality characteristics. Claridge (1967) has recently proposed a psycho-physiological model in which it is hypothesized that paranoid schizophrenics are more sympathetically reactive, but show lower levels of cortical modulation of subcortical functions than non-paranoid schizophrenics. At the descriptive level of behaviour, this theory would predict greater emotionality (neuroticism) and extraversion in the former group, and this proposition was examined in a sample of psychiatric offenders. Since aggressive behaviour is prominent in this population, it was also predicted from Claridge's theory that the paranoids would more frequently have a history of aggressive behaviour and would show higher attitudinal hostility. However, since extreme (i.e. homicidal) aggression appears to occur in individuals who are not characteristically aggressive (Megargee, 1966), it was predicted that such offences would be more frequent among the non-paranoid schizophrenics.
Physical Illness in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Maguire G. P. , Granville-Grossman K. L.
Published: August 2008

The practice of psychiatry overlaps appreciably that of the other branches of Medicine. A high incidence of psychiatric illness has been found in out-patients attending medical and surgical clinics (Shepherd, Davies and Culpan, 1960; and Davies, 1964), and among in-patients in general medical and surgical wards (Meyer and Mendelson, 1960; Fleminger and Mallett, 1962; Eilenberg, 1965; Granville-Grossman, 1967). Other studies have shown an appreciable incidence of physical illness in out-patients attending psychiatric clinics (Davies, 1965), in psychiatric in-patients in a teaching hospital (Marshall, 1949; and Herridge, 1960), and in patients with mental disturbance attending general practitioners (Shepherd, Cooper, Brown and Kalton, 1964, 1966). The extent to which ordinary psychiatric in-patient practice involves dealing with non-psychiatric problems does not appear to have been extensively studied, although Davies, D. W. (1964) has indicated the presence of considerable physical morbidity within a psychiatric hospital population. We here describe an investigation into the incidence of physical morbidity among in-patients admitted to a general hospital psychiatric unit with a total responsibility to a catchment area population of 90,000, and into some of the factors affecting this incidence.
Towards Chronic Mental Illness
Authors: Mezey Alex G. , Evans Eileen
Published: August 2008

The aim of this study was to examine the factors leading to prolonged stay in hospital of patients admitted with mental disorder. It is part of a larger investigation on the interaction between the services provided for the same area by the psychiatric hospital and the psychiatric unit in the general hospital.
Manic-Depressive Psychosis: An Alternative Conceptual Model
Authors: Court J.H.
Published: August 2008

The traditional concept of manic-depressive psychosis has been either a bi-polar or a circular one, used interchangeably. The psychoanalytic school has invoked the polarity of much of human behaviour as an appropriate analogy. For example “The tragedy is succeeded by the satyr play: after the serious worship of God comes the merry fair… On the same basis the same sequence is represented by the cycle of guilt feelings and unscrupulousness, later by the sequence of guilt feelings and forgiveness…. The manic-depressive cycle is a cycle between periods of increased and decreased guilt feelings: … this cycle, in the last analysis, goes back to the biological cycle of hunger and satiety in the infant” (Fenichel, 1946, p. 409).
Metabolic Balance Studies on the Effect of Lithium Salts in Manic-Depressive Psychosis
Authors: McDonald R. , Dransfield G. A. , Hullin R. P. , Swinscoe J. C.
Published: August 2008

The specific therapeutic effect of lithium salts in the treatment of the manic phases of manicdepressive psychosis was first reported by Cade (1949) and has been confirmed in a number of studies since (Schou, Juel-Nielson, Strömgren and Voldby, 1954; Maggs, 1963; Hartigan, 1963). In view of the claims made by Baastrup (1964) and more recendy by Baastrup and Schou (1967) that lithium also has a prophylactic action against both manic and depressive phases of manic-depressive psychosis it is likely that lithium salts will be used increasingly by psychiatrists.
Sleep Patterns During Afternoon Naps in the Young and Elderly
Authors: Lewis S. A.
Published: August 2008

Recently there has been interest in the nocturnal sleep of the elderly. The studies by McGhie and Russel (1962), Weiss et al. (1962), Kales et al. (1967) demonstrated that, compared with young adults, elderly people have a reduced total sleep time, more awakenings following sleep onset and a moderate reduction in REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. In other words, elderly people have a more disturbed sleep. While this group have a shortened night's sleep, they are given to taking afternoon naps, and it may be that through these they can compensate for their insomnia at night.
Alcoholism in North-East Scotland: Its Treatment and Outcome
Authors: McCance C. , McCance P. F.
Published: August 2008

Concern has been expressed in many quarters about the size of the problem of alcoholism in Great Britain, although there are no figures available from a direct count in the general population. Morrison (1964) has adduced evidence that the size of the problem doubled between 1956 and 1961 and that alcoholism is perhaps four or five times more prevalent in Scotland than in England and Wales. Existing treatment facilities have been criticized and the establishment of special units for the treatment of alcoholics has been advocated (Ministry of Health, 1962). One such unit was opened in Edinburgh in 1963 (Waltonet al., 1966), and the opening of further units in Scotland is being considered (Scottish Home and Health Department, 1965).
Relationship of Personality Measures to the Alpha Rhythm of the Electroencephalogram
Authors: Broadhurst Anne , Glass A.
Published: August 2008

The relationship of electroencephalographic (EEG) differences to personality measures aroused early interest (see Hill, 1963). For example, Adrian (1935) considered that EEG variations between subjects might correspond to differences in emotional constitution, and contrasts have been found in the personalities of patients with high and those with low alpha indices (McAdam and Orme, 1954).