bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of preanalytical factors on feline proteinuria
Authors: Giraldi Marco , Paltrinieri Saverio , Rossi Gabriele , Ruggerone Beatrice , Zambarbieri Jari , Ercolani Ambra , Scarpa Paola
Published: July 2021

Background

To date, little information is available about the effect of preanalytical factors on the urinary protein‐to‐creatinine (UPC) ratio in cats.

Objectives

We aimed to evaluate the effect of a commercially available cat litter, creatinine measurements at three different dilutions of urine, and different storage conditions on the UPC ratio in cats.

Methods

Feline urine specimens were prospectively collected. Twenty‐two whole‐urine specimens were placed uncovered and in contact with cat litter for 1 hour; 25 urine supernatants were diluted 1:10, 1:20, and 1:100 for creatinine measurements. The correlation, difference, agreement, and concordance in classifying specimens according to International Renal Interest Society staging were determined. Storage effects on UPC ratios were assessed in specimens stored for 6 hours at +20℃ (n = 20), 1 week at +4℃ (n = 20), and 3 months at −20℃ (n = 25). Specimens were also subjected to four freeze‐thaw cycles (n = 20). Results were compared, and clinical significance was assessed by comparing each UPC ratio to the inter‐assay range of the baseline value.

Results

Exposure to cat litter did not affect UPC ratios. A positive proportional bias was found in the 1:100 dilution compared with the 1:20 dilution; however, concordance was high for all comparisons. At +20, +4℃, and after four repeated freeze‐thaw cycles, UPC ratios were stable. Compared with baseline values, UPC ratios decreased (P < .01) after 8 and 12 weeks at −20℃. However, all UPC ratios were within the inter‐assay variability of the baseline value.

Conclusions

Exposure to cat litter did not affect UPC ratios, but further studies are necessary to evaluate other potential variables. The effects of the dilutions and storage conditions were clinically acceptable, although the 1:20 and 1:100 dilutions were not perfectly comparable.
Locomoção terrestre em pterossauros: uma breve revisão da literatura
Authors: Moraes Marcelo Léda de
Published: July 2021

The pterosaurs had been the first reptiles to fly, however its locomotion in land still are partially unknown and in debate. In history many models had been adopted by them, but, only recently a unique model has being accepted. This work carries through a bibliographical revision on the terrestrial locomotion. The anatomical characteristics of the pterosaurs determine quadruped characteristics like bipedal, as seen by the authors. The feet, the pélvis and the vertebral column would have a capacity to support both models, initially contradictory for its structures. The wings were used in terrestrial locomotion for the pterosaurs, as the ichnofossil leave little doubt. In contrast of that it was postulate for many authors, the wing would have a more important function, since, the gravity center if found forward. In spite of does not have evidences of the real use of the tails in the deambulation, even so its use was possible. Footprints that also indicate bipedal advance or of scaling never had been found what it becomes these possible but not proven forms of locomotion. Thus, the pterossauros could assume a half-erect and plantigrad quadruped position when in low speeds or in rest, and high speed it would assume a digitigrad position bipedal. It is possible, also the presence of fossil registers of terrestrial locomotion of pterosaurs in Brazil, since none was never found and here they meet one of the best fossiliferous basins of pterosaurs of the world. The real determinative factor of which model they would still use are not proven, but new studies and new evidences to establishing a definitive model for these magnificent flying reptiles.
Testate rhizopods as reliable, cost-effective indicators of environmental change
Authors: Scott David B
Published: July 2021

This short paper summarizes some of the techniques that have been developed and perfected over the last 30 years for use as environmental indicators. Very few fossil groups provide the information that benthic foraminifera and thecamoebians can supply because their distributions and environmental preferences are fairly well known from a large amount of work that has been done on modern distributions and these associations can be used as proxies. In this brief paper several examples are given and briefly described where foraminifera and thecamoebians have been used for detecting sea-level change, pollution detection and monitoring, hurricane periodicity, earthquake precursors, paleoclimate studies and freshwater/marine transitions.
Evolution of protists
Authors: Lipps Jere H.
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Molecular and morphological studies of Streptochilus from the Arabian Sea
Authors: Darling Kate , Thomas Ellen , Wade Chris
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Accelerated rates of foraminiferal origination and extinction during the Late Paleozoic Ice Age
Authors: Groves John R.
Published: July 2021

Abstract
3D-imaging of foraminifera by X-ray microtomography
Authors: Baumgartner-Mora Claudia , Baumgartner Peter O. , Baumgartner Lukas
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Taxonomic revision of coarsely ornamented Upper Cretaceous trochospiral planktonic foraminifera
Authors: Georgescu Marius D. , Huber Brian T.
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The wootton bassett mud spings (Wiltshire, U.K.): an unusual Largerstatten for jurassic foraminifera
Authors: Hart Malcolm B. , Henderson Andrew S. , Frayling Timothy
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Primary type specimens of some domestic species in Japan, and their taxonomic status
Authors: Hasegawa Shiro , Abe Kohei , Ishimura Toyoho , Uchida Jun-Ichi
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Gone but not forgotten: casualties of the last global extinction
Authors: Kawagata Shungo , Hayward Bruce W. , Grenfell Hugh R. , Sabaa Aswhaq T.
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Agglutinated foraminifera using coccoliths as building material: grain handling and wall structure
Authors: Thomsen Erik , Rasmussen Tine L.
Published: July 2021

Absctract
A Cretaceous foraminiferal assemblage from West of Kerman area (Iran)
Authors: Vaziri M. R. , Mahanipour A. , Arab A.
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Hydrodynamic behavior of empty larger foraminiferal tests
Authors: Yordanova Elza K. , Hohenegger Johann
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the middle Eocene Pazin Basin (Croatia)
Authors: Zivkovic Sanja
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Reproducibility of species recognition in modern planktonic foraminfera
Authors: Al-Sabouni Nadia , Kucera Michal
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Mangrove foraminifera from western Ilha do Cardoso, south São Paulo State, Brazil
Authors: Dalmora Renata , Dias-Brito Dimas
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Holocenic evolution of Guadiana River estuary (South of Portugal) based on benthic foraminiferal assemblages
Authors: Encarnação Sarita Camacho da
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Foraminifera and bacterial activity in oil spillimpacted mangrove, Guanabara Bay, Brazil
Authors: Fontana Luiz F. , Laut Lázaro L. M. , Figueiredo Jr. A.G. , Crapez M. A. C. , Rosa T. D. L.
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Foraminifera from a mangrove transect at the Cardoso Island (Cananéia-Iguape System/SP), Brazil
Authors: Funo R. H. F. , Semensatto Jr Décio Luis , Brito Dimas Dias , Coelho Jr. C.
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Relationship between foraminifera and bacteria in estuarine sediments from Santa Catarina Island, Brazil
Authors: Laut Lázaro L. M. , Silva F. S. , Bonetti C. , Figueiredo Jr A.G. , Crapez M. A. C.
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Characterization of Guaraguaçú River (Paraná, Brazil) based on the distribution of foraminiferal and thecamoebian assemblages and sedimentological analysis
Authors: Pupo Daniel Vicente , Disaró Sibelle Trevisan
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Paralic foraminifera through time: how they have been used
Authors: Scott David B. , Medioli F. S.
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Agglutinated foraminifera from inner neritic sand and mud facies of the Papuan Lagoon, New Guinea
Authors: Strotz Luke C. , Haig David W.
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Extracellular cracking and content removal of benthic diatoms by intertidal foraminifera
Authors: Austin Heather Anne , Austin William E. N. , Paterson David M
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Roles of benthic foraminifera in carbon cycling at marginal oceans with active tectonic forcing: in situ experiment and observations
Authors: Kitazato Hiroshi , Oguri Kazumasa , Glud Ronnie N. , Nomaki Hidetaka
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Molecular characterization of bacteria and kleptoplast within Virgulinella fragilis
Authors: Tsuchiya Masashi , Toyofuku Takashi , Takishita Kiyotaka , Yamamoto Hiroyuki , Collen John , Kitazato Hiroshi
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Deep-sea environments across the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary in the SE Atlantic Ocean (ODP Leg 208 Hole 1262C, Walvis Ridge)
Authors: Alegret Laia , Thomas Ellen
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The mid-Pleistocene "Stilostomella extinction event" in the southeast Pacific Ocean: a review
Authors: Gavriloff Igor J. C.
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Messinian benthic foraminifera from the Mediterranean
Authors: Kouwenhoven Tanja J. , Zwaan G. J. Van Der
Published: July 2021

Abstract
PETM in a shallow marine environment: benthic foraminiferal Turnover and echinoid bloom (Sidi Nasseur, Tunisia)
Authors: Stassen Peter , Dupuis Christian , Magioncalda Roberto , Schulte Peter , Steurbaut Etienne , Yans Johan , Speijer Robert P.
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Faunal changes of Oligocene benthic foraminifera in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific sites of ODP Leg 199
Authors: Takata Hiroyuki , Nomura Ritsuo , Seto Koji
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Stable isotope composition of Cretaceous benthic foraminifera: biological and environmental effects
Authors: Friedrich Oliver , Schmiedl Gerhard , Erlenkeuser Helmut
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Deep-sea benthic foraminifera faunas and stable isotopes from the Portugal margin
Authors: Griveaud Clementine , Jorissen F. , Michel E. , Anschutz P.
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Bioevents correlation of planktic foraminifers and radiolarians from the Cenomanian to Turonian, southeastern Mexico
Authors: Ornelas-Sánchez María , Navarrete S. Franco , Martinez M. Granados
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Surface distribution of foraminifera from the Morbihan's Gulf, France: study for paleoenvironmental reconstructions
Authors: Perez-Belmonte Lucia , Goubert Evelyne
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Reconstructing changes in upper water habitats during the late Maastrichtian global warm event based on stable isotopes
Authors: Abramovich Sigal , Keller G. , Berner Z. , Stüben D.
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Foraminiferal evidence for the intensification of the east Australia current during the LGM
Authors: Chung-Leong Li , Gallagher Stephen , Bye John
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Planktic foraminiferal assemblages and stable isotope records of the southern Japan Sea during the last 27,000 years
Authors: Domitsu Hanako , Oda Motoyoshi , Ahagon Naokazu , Tsukawaki Shinji , Ikehara Ken , Katayama Hajime
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Adsorção de cloreto e potássio em solos tropicais
Authors: Santos Leandro Victor dos , Polivanov Helena , Alamino Renata De Carvalho Jimenez , Silva Vitor Hugo Gomes da
Published: July 2021

This research is concerned on the analysis of the sorption behavior of chloride and potassium íons, in potassium chloride compounds, by means of batch tests using lateritic soils and kaolinitic materials. The applied methodology consisted on the acquisition of representative samples of latossols, kaolinitic material and laboratorial procedures, where the samples were characterized according to their chemical, physical and mineralogical characteristics. Later on, batch tests were accomplished. The analytical results show that the chloride presents a higher mobility than the potassium for both studied materials. It can be concluded that in most KCl solutions, the kaolinitic material adsorbed a higher amount of potassium than the lateritic soil. This fact can be explained by observing that this material presents the highest values of sortive complex and the supremacy of negative superficial charges.
A paleoautoecologia de Tijubina pontei Bonfim-Júnior & Marques, 1997 (Lepidosauria, Squamata basal da Formação Santana, Aptiano da Bacia do Araripe, Cretáceo Inferior do Nordeste do Brasil)
Authors: Bonfim-Júnior Francisco De Castro , Rocha-Barbosa Oscar
Published: July 2021

Tijubina pontei is a basal lizard found in the Crato Member, Santana Formation, Lower Cretaceous (Aptian), Brazil. It is considered a sister group of Huehuecuetzpalli mixtetus, the only basal lizard previously known, found in Mexico. The paleoautoecology of T. pontei is compatible with a terrestrial animal, omnivorous, which could eventually occupy other ecological niches. Based on their dentition and ecomorphology, their behaviour could be a combination of active forager or a "sit-and-wait" one. It could even perform bipedal locomotion. Comparing T. pontei with Liolaemus lutzae, an extant brazilian lizard, we find many characters and morphological similarities. This suggests that the L. lutzae habits could be extrapolated to the paleoenvironment of T. pontei which, probably, lived in a sandy habitat, with a vegetation that could support variations in salinity and high temperatures.
Análise comparativa das simulações do modelo de mesoescala MM5 e dados meteorológicos observados para a região do Galeão/RJ
Authors: Corrêa Eduardo Barbosa , Cataldi Márcio , Pimentel Luiz Cláudio Gomes
Published: July 2021

The main objective of this study is to analyze the MM5 Mesoscale Model results comparing with observational datasets in surface and altitude from meteorological station of Galeão International Airport- RIO DE JANEIRO. These datasets are used to evaluate wind direction and intensity, temperature and relative humidity in surface and altitude. Simulations for two periods of July 2003 were carried through days 10-12 when a frontal system cross Rio de Janeiro, and days 13-15, characterized by presence of high-pressure system over continent. The 10m wind direction are well simulated, but results had demonstrated a trend of model to underestimate wind intensity. The best model results are in 1-3 m/s intensity band. The simulations got better results in reproducing wind and temperature vertical profiles than dewpoint temperature profiles and relative humidity for the analyzed periods.
Depressões fechadas em relevo cárstico-quartzítico, bacia do Ribeirão Santana, médio vale do rio Paraíba do Sul
Authors: Uagoda Rogério , Avelar André De Souza , Coelho Netto Ana Luiza
Published: July 2021

Karstic features generally develop in carbonatic rocks, but can also occur in siliciclastic rocks, as quartzites. The present research aims to create superficial morphology mapping and reconnaissance of karstic area deposits in quartzitic rocks. The study was developed in the hydrographic basin of the Ribeirão Santana (210 kmÂ²), mid-valley of the Preto river, a tributary of the Paraíba do Sul river, located between the states of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, Brazil. Aerial photographs at 1:25.000 scale were reconstituted in 3D environments, resulting in a planimetric and altitudinal map at 1:10.000 scale. Closed depressions, concavities with and without channels and deposits, were detached from these maps. Precise field topographic surveys at 1:500 scale resulted in planimetric and altitudinal maps related to identified forms. Also, soil samples were collected in the valley basins and depressions and analyzed according to their color, texture and grain morphoscopy criteria. Such study resulted in soil profiles for deposits confined at the bottoms of depressions and schematic representations of sediments from valley bottoms and slopes. The results indicate that the closed depressions a generally positioned at the limit of the drainage. In all sampler from the slope and fluvial valley bottom deposits the sand fraction predominates over fine particles, which were probably carried away in solution. Similar to the literature description, deep organic and/or hydromorphic profiles were found in depressions confined deposits. The present data can contribute to future geologic, hydrologic and geochemical characteristics to interpretet the origin and development of karstic features
Chroococcales em esteiras microbianas em bolha do brejo do Pau Fincado, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
Authors: Silva e Silva Loreine Hermida da , Lopes Frederico Alves dos Santos , Delfino Deise De Oliveira , Feder Fabiane
Published: July 2021

Chroococcales in blister microbial mats at brejo do Pau Fincado, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Brejo do Pau Fincado (22º55' 56,75" S e 42º16' 54,7" W) is a natural natural coastal aquatical body. It is located at the Lagoa de Araruama complex, formed at least 7000 years ago. The local climate is characterized by low precipitation rates and high evaporation rates; due to this, the lagoons tend to become hypersalyne. Microbial mats are organic-sedimentary structures composed mainly of cyanobacteria. Whilst the photosynthesis process cyanobacteria induct an environmental change, which leads to calcium carbonate precipitation. The aim of this study was to typify and identify the cyanobacteria at the blister microbial mat. Samples were processed and analyzed using an optical microscope. The blister mat is composed of twelve species of cyanobacteria disposed in a fragile and amorphous mass. In this structure, both quantitative and qualitative domains belong to Chroococcales Westtein 1924. Measurement has shown that the place is very selective, and cyanobacteria presented great resistance and adaptability, because they are forms which had got success surviving to big changes occurred on Earth since the beginning of life and the evolutionary history.
Jogos educativos na aprendizagem de Paleontologia do Ensino Fundamental
Authors: Sobral Anderson Da Conceição Santos , Siqueira Maria Helena Zucon Ramos de
Published: July 2021

Paleontology has an important role in the formation of critical and participatipe citizens in the society. Educative games allow the development of strategies to the transmission of the Paleontological knowledge of more dynamic and attractive way. The work was carried with students of Basic Education allowing to insert the paleontological knowledge in a ludic way.
Fatores hidrogeológicos no estudo da intrusão salina em aqüíferos costeiros da região litorânea do município de Maricá - RJ
Authors: Almeida Ghislaine M. de , Silva Junior Gerson Cardoso da
Published: July 2021

The oceanic area of Maricá, in the east coast of the Rio de Janeiro State, relies on groundwater as its main source of fresh water supply along with the use of water tank trucks. With the increasing demand of water resources, water supply and contamination problems are foreseen, and sea water intrusion phenomenon is also expected in these aquifers. The groundwater resource of the target area has been submitted to quality degradation due to the advance of the saline wedge, the excess of pumping without control and also the pollution of organic origin. Considering this situation, the study aims to contribute to a better knowledge of the hydrogeological characteristics in order to assist the aquifer management of the coastal area under study. The area comprises a granular aquifer and local geology consists basically of marine and fluvio-marine Quaternary sandbar deposits, overlying a crystalline basement of variable depth. The study included the evaluation of previously existing hydrological data in the area, rainfall data, and a field survey in 41 wells, with measurements of hydrodynamic and physical-chemical parameters (temperature, electric conductivity, hydraulic head). Furthermore, an automatic instrumentation was installed to evaluate the response of the aquifer to recharge. Results indicate that aquifer salinity levels tend to rise in the SE portion, and also, apparently, there has been an increase in aquifer salinization in recent years, demanding urgent management actions. The automatic instrumentation shows that Maricá coastal aquifer gives a rapid response to seasonal factors and climate, showing some vulnerability, but also rapid recharge and dilution capacity.
Influência dos sistemas de altas e baixas pressões e da Temperatura da Superfície do Mar do Atlântico Sul no desenvolvimento de Sistemas Convectivos de Mesoescala sobre o Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Scaglioni Taís Pegoraro , Gomes Roseli Gueths , Marques Julio Renato Quevedo
Published: July 2021

In this work the influences of the positioning of high and low pressures systems centers at South Atlantic Ocean and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies of Atlantic and Pacific Oceans are analysed in association to the occurrence of Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS) in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) State. The selected period involves four years of February (2002-2005). It was utilized geostationary satellite imagery, values of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and pluviometric precipitation data observed on the State. The horizontal fields of atmospheric pressure and streamslines were obtained from simulations made with the mesoscale model MM5. The results showed that for the analysed period there was one rainy February in the State and three months of drought. For the drought months, the number of observed MCS was inferior, up to six times, to the observed one in the rainy month. Still, in the dry months, the MCS presented shorter duration in relation to the ones observed in the rainy February. For all the analysed period, the MCS dissipation occurred to the east of its position of formation, in the majority of the cases. Although the differences found between all the analysed MCS, the preferential time in which they formed, 12 and 18 UTC, predominated in all period. The large scale and mesoscale circulation patterns had shown that in the rainy month, the centers of subtropical high pressure systems located on the Atlantic Ocean were positioned near the SSA coast, where the SST anomalies values were positive. The opposite were observed during the drought months.
Estrutura microfísica das nuvens em diferentes ecossistemas da América do Sul
Authors: Duarte Bruno Muniz , França José Ricardo de Almeida
Published: July 2021

Clouds directly affect meteorological conditions of the planet, by interacting with electromagnetic radiation from the sun, the earth's surface and the atmosphere. Each cloud type interacts in a particular way, being extremely important that the total set of clouds at any location is well represented in atmospheric models, in order to generate more accurate results. The purpose of this paper is to initiate a characterization of cloud types as a function of their microphysical properties and evaluate the dependence on ecosystem and synoptic condition. The data were obtained through remote sensing, using the MODIS sensor and the variables: cloud particle effective radius, optical thickness, pressure and temperature of the cloud top. Several forms of distributions were found for six different ecosystems for the four seasons. It was noted that narrow and concentrated effective radius spectra are linked to deep convection clouds, while broader distributions can be usually associated to cold frontal systems. The amount of events analyzed was not enough to show clear patterns, although the results can lead to other directions in a future and more focused work.
Análise da abordagem do tema paleontologia nos livros didáticos de biologia
Authors: Araújo Júnior Hermínio Ismael de , Porpino Kleberson De Oliveira
Published: July 2021

The textbook is currently one of the main instruments in the process of education and learning. Analyses of the Biology content in these books are essential in order to show problems contained in these publications and allow a more informed choice of books for the teaching of specific contents. In this work, an analysis of the Paleontology content in Biology textbooks was carried out, aiming to evaluate the reability of the presentation of paleontological topics in secondary school books and to provide crucial information for the choice of better texts for use in biology classes regarding the subject of Paleontology. Five Biology textbooks currently adopted in Brazilian secondary schools were chosen for the analysis. Among the textbooks analyzed, four presented a satisfactory approach to paleontological themes, including detailed descriptions of the main topics and reasonable presentations of key concepts. However, pervasive conceptual errors were found. Moreover, we found that new concepts and approaches currently adopted by the scientific community have been scarcely incorporated in these publications. Therefore, we highlight the need to update the books analyzed based on more recent paleontological textbooks, as well as a better articulation between paleontological and correlated biological concepts. In addition, we suggest an improvement in the explanations of complex issues, such as "fossil dating" and "fossilization processes".
Foraminíferos, tecamebas e palinomorfos como indicadores da hidrodinâmica no Estuário do Araguari, Costa Amazônica, Estado do Amapá - Brasil
Authors: Laut Lazaro Luiz Mattos , Ferreira Daniele Esteves da Silva , Santos Valdenira Ferreira , Figueiredo Jr Alberto Garcia , Carvalho Marcelo De Araújo , Machado Odete Fátima
Published: July 2021

The Araguari estuarine dynamics is singular among traditional models of estuaries under tidal regime due to influence of macrotidal and tidal bore. In order to establish estuarine zones in Araguari according foraminifera, thecamoebians, paliynomorphs and physical-chemistry parameters, sixteen sample stations were established along the estuary. Turbidity and temperature were the environmental parameters which allowed determination of the estuarine gradient. Eighteen species of foraminifera, ten of thecamoebians and fourteen of particulate organic matter types were identified. Cluster analysis in R-mode showed three microorganism assemblages and four palynomorph ones. The CCA analyze shows turbidity and total organic matter with the most influence over foraminiferal and thecamoebians distribution at Araguari. Clustering analysis in Q-mode using all data formed four groups suggesting three estuarine zones in Araguari: Zone I composed of thecamoebian species and continental palynomorphs; Zone II - composed by mangrove foraminifera, thecamoebians and all palynomorph assemblages; and Zone III - composed by mangrove and estuarine foraminifera and all palynomorph assemblages.
Estudos dos Processos Sinóticos e Microfísicos Associados a um Sistema Frontal que Atingiu o Extremo Sul do Brasil (Rio Grande do Sul) e Uruguai
Authors: Justo Leonardo Abreu Jorge , França José Ricardo de Almeida
Published: July 2021

The present paper analyses the microphysical and synoptic processes of a storm that hit the extreme south of Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay in order to understand the dynamic, thermodynamic and microphysical mechanisms responsible for its occurrence and also to verify the large scale precursors that were determinant for the microphysical structure found in the storm. The microphysics analysis was performed using vertical profiles of different microphysics parameters derived from the high-precision radar on board CloudSat satellite. The results show that the storm region presenting the higher precipitation rate was associated with high content of ice and large ice crystals near to cloud top. This study has also verified that the observed Mesoscale Convective Complex (MCC) was mainly composed of ice crystals and its microphysics structure was highly influenced by large scale processes.
Uncertainty of Integral System Safety in Engineering
Authors: Ziha Kalman
Published: July 2021

The probabilistic safety analysis evaluates system reliability and failure probability by using statistics and probability theory. However, it cannot estimate the system safety uncertainties due to variabilities of probabilities in different system states. The article first summarizes how the information entropy expresses the probabilistic uncertainties due to nonuniform probability distributions of system states. Next, it argues that the conditional entropy of system operational and failure states appropriately describes both system redundancy and robustness. Finally, the article concludes that the probabilistic uncertainties of reliability, redundancy, and robustness jointly define the integral system safety. The concept of integral system safety allows for more precise definitions of efficient system functional properties, system configuration evaluation, optimal component selection, optimization, and decision making in engineering.
Comparison of the HAZOP, FMEA, FRAM, and STPA Methods for the Hazard Analysis of Automatic Emergency Brake Systems
Authors: Sun Liangliang , Li Yan-Fu , Zio Enrico
Published: July 2021

As autonomous vehicle (AV) intelligence for controllability continues to develop, involving increasingly complex and interconnected systems, the maturity level of AV technology increasingly depends on the systems reliability level, also considering the interactions among them. Hazard analysis is typically used to identify potential system risks and avoid loss of AV system functionality. Conventional hazard analysis methods are commonly used for traditional standalone systems. New hazard analysis methods have been developed that may be more suitable for AV system-of-systems complexity. However, a comprehensive comparison of hazard analysis methods for AV systems is lacking. In this study, the traditional hazard analysis methods, hazard and operability (HAZOP) and failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), as well as the most recent methods, like functional resonance analysis method (FRAM) and system-theoretic process analysis (STPA), are considered for implementation in the automatic emergency braking system. This system is designed to avoid collisions by utilizing the surrounding sensors to detect objects on the road, warning drivers with alerts about any collision risk, and actuating automatic partial/full braking through calculated adaptive braking deceleration. The objective of this work is to evaluate the methods with the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) approach, in terms of their applicability to AV technologies. The advantages of HAZOP, FMEA, FRAM, and STPA, as well as the possibility of combining them to achieve systematic risk identification in practice, are discussed.
Effect of Icing Airfoil on Aerodynamic Performance of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
Authors: Hoang P. H. , Maeda T. , Kamada Y. , Tada T. , Hanamura M. , Goshima N. , Iwai K. , Fujiwara A. , Hosomi M.
Published: July 2021

In this paper, the aerodynamic characteristics are clarified by the airfoil performance test of the model of icing airfoil in wind tunnel. As a result of wind tunnel test, the lift coefficient of model of icing airfoil becomes lower and the drag coefficient becomes higher than those of clean airfoil. With the use of these results, numerical analysis using aeroelastic code was carried out to clarify the influence of icing airfoil on wind turbine performance. As result of the analysis, the rated power with icing airfoil is obtained at higher wind speed than clean one, and the maximum value of output power is decreased by icing airfoil. Compared to clean airfoil, the amplitude of edgewise moment at blade root is increased, which is mainly caused by the effects of mass of icing on the blade.
A Hybrid Adjoint Network Model for Thermoacoustic Optimization
Authors: Schäfer Felicitas , Magri Luca , Polifke Wolfgang
Published: July 2021

A method is proposed that allows the computation of the continuous adjoint of a thermoacoustic network model based on the discretized direct equations. This hybrid approach exploits the self-adjoint character of the duct element, which allows all jump conditions to be derived from the direct scattering matrix. In this way, the need to derive the adjoint equations for every element of the network model is eliminated. This methodology combines the advantages of the discrete and continuous adjoint, as the accuracy of the continuous adjoint is achieved while maintaining the flexibility of the discrete adjoint. It is demonstrated how the obtained adjoint system may be utilized to optimize a thermoacoustic configuration by determining the optimal damper setting for an annular combustor.
Physical Activity Among Preadolescents Modifies the Long-Term Association Between Sedentary Time Spent Using Digital Media and the Increased Risk of Being Overweight
Authors: Engberg Elina , Leppänen Marja H. , Sarkkola Catharina , Viljakainen Heli
Published: July 2021

Background: This study aimed to examine whether sedentary digital media use in preadolescence increases the risk of being overweight 3 years later, and whether this association differs based on preadolescents’ leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) levels. Methods: The authors conducted a 3-year follow-up study among 4661 participants with a mean (SD) age of 11 (1) years at baseline and 14 (1) years at follow-up. A web-based questionnaire assessed sedentary digital media use and LTPA. The authors categorized baseline LTPA duration into 3 levels: 0 to 5 (low), 6 to 8 (moderate), and ≥9 (high) hours per week. In addition, the authors categorized adolescents as normal weight or overweight/obese at follow-up. Results: Greater amounts of sedentary digital media use at baseline associated with an increased risk of being overweight 3 years later even after adjusting for confounders. This only held for preadolescents with low baseline LTPA (OR = 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.05–1.24), but not among those with moderate (OR = 1.02; 0.91–1.15) or high (OR = 0.96; 0.85–1.08) LTPA. Conclusions: Preadolescent LTPA modified the long-term association between sedentary digital media use and being overweight; specifically, 6 hours per week or more of LTPA mitigated the increased risk of being overweight associated with higher amounts of digital media use.
New leadership for S&T Policy fellowships
Authors: Ham Becky , Korte Andrea
Published: July 2021

Former fellow Rashada Alexander wants to expand program's reach
Plant PIEZO homologs modulate vacuole morphology during tip growth
Authors: Radin Ivan , Richardson Ryan A. , Coomey Joshua H. , Weiner Ethan R. , Bascom Carlisle S. , Li Ting , Bezanilla Magdalena , Haswell Elizabeth S.
Published: July 2021

Plant cell growth regulation

Piezo sensors in animal cells are localized in the cell membrane and transduce mechanical signals. The cell membrane of plant cells, unlike that of animal cells, is usually plastered up against a stiff cell wall and does not have much mobility. Much of the cell’s volume is accounted for by a large central vacuole, the membrane of which, the tonoplast, is not so mechanically constrained. Radin
et al
. studied how and where plant cells use Piezo sensors. Plant homologs of the animal mechanosensitive channels are found not in the plasma membrane but rather in the tonoplast. In both moss and the small flowering plant
Arabidopsis
, mutations in plant Piezo sensors altered vacuolar morphology and growth patterns in tip-growing cells. —PJH
lncRNA
SLERT
controls phase separation of FC/DFCs to facilitate Pol I transcription
Authors: Wu Man , Xu Guang , Han Chong , Luan Peng-Fei , Xing Yu-Hang , Nan Fang , Yang Liang-Zhong , Huang Youkui , Yang Zheng-Hu , Shan Lin , Yang Li , Liu Jiaquan , Chen Ling-Ling
Published: July 2021

Keeping the nucleolus a liquid condensate

The nucleolus is a multilayered, membraneless nuclear condensate in which DNA polymerase I (Pol I)–mediated ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcription and pre-rRNA processing occur in fibrillar center and dense fibrillar component (FC/DFC) units. How its biophysical properties are regulated has remained elusive. Wu
et al
. found that the RNA helicase DDX21 forms a shell coating each FC/DFC unit in the nucleolus (see the Perspective by Yamazaki and Hirose). The authors found that a long noncoding RNA called
SLERT
facilitates the transition from the open to the closed configuration of the helicase using a chaperone-like mechanism. DDX21 in the closed conformation forms loose clusters that confer the FC/DFC unit sufficient liquidity and space required for Pol I processivity. In addition, DDX21 within the loose clusters cannot approach and wrap rDNA, thus licensing rDNA for transcription. —DJ
Insulin imports fail to meet many countries' needs
Authors: Sharma Abhishek , Kaplan Warren A.
Published: July 2021

Efforts must be aligned so that insulin gets to all those who need it
Strategies for durable β cell replacement in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Brusko Todd M. , Russ Holger A. , Stabler Cherie L.
Published: July 2021

Technological advancements in blood glucose monitoring and therapeutic insulin administration have improved the quality of life for people with type 1 diabetes. However, these efforts fall short of replicating the exquisite metabolic control provided by native islets. We examine the integrated advancements in islet cell replacement and immunomodulatory therapies that are coalescing to enable the restoration of endogenous glucose regulation. We highlight advances in stem cell biology and graft site design, which offer innovative sources of cellular material and improved engraftment. We also cover cutting-edge approaches for preventing allograft rejection and recurrent autoimmunity. These insights reflect a growing understanding of type 1 diabetes etiology, β cell biology, and biomaterial design, together highlighting therapeutic opportunities to durably replace the β cells destroyed in type 1 diabetes.
Preventing type 1 diabetes in childhood
Authors: Dayan Colin M. , Besser Rachel E. J. , Oram Richard A. , Hagopian William , Vatish Manu , Bendor-Samuel Owen , Snape Matthew D. , Todd John A.
Published: July 2021

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in which the insulin-producing β cells of the pancreas are destroyed by T lymphocytes. Recent studies have demonstrated that monitoring for pancreatic islet autoantibodies, combined with genetic risk assessment, can identify most children who will develop T1D when they still have sufficient β cell function to control glucose concentrations without the need for insulin. In addition, there has been recent success in secondary prevention using immunotherapy to delay the progression of preclinical disease, and primary prevention approaches to inhibiting the initiating autoimmune process have entered large-scale clinical trials. By changing the focus of T1D management from late diagnosis and insulin replacement to early diagnosis and β cell preservation, we can anticipate a future without the need for daily insulin injections for children with T1D.
Human-wildlife conflict under climate change
Authors: Abrahms Briana
Published: July 2021

Climate change is intensifying conflicts between people and wildlife
Complete Genome Sequence of Pseudomonas Phage Zikora
Authors: Ezemokwe Grace Chiemeka , Agwom Francis Maji , Okoliegbe Ijeoma , Okonkwo Francis Obiora , Ngene Anayochukwu Chibuike , Gimba Nanko , Morenikeji Oluwatoyin Ruth , Egwuenu Abiodun , Okonkwo Chinelo Henrietta , Aguiyi John Chinyere , Nnadi Nnaemeka Emmanuel , Resch Grégory
Published: July 2021

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
is a major pathogen in humans and other animals, frequently harboring mechanisms of resistance to commonly used antimicrobials. Here, we describe the isolation of
P. aeruginosa
bacteriophage Zikora. The full 65,837-bp genome was annotated and demonstrates similarity to
Pbunavirus
phages, making Zikora a new member of this genus of the
Myoviridae
family.
Complete Genome Sequence of the Rare Actinobacterium
Kutzneria
sp. Strain CA-103260
Authors: Jørgensen Tue S. , Gren Tetiana , Kontou Eftychia E. , González Ignacio , Román-Hurtado Fernando , Oves-Costales Daniel , Thomsen Emil , Charusanti Pep , Genilloud Olga , Weber Tilmann
Published: July 2021

Here, we report the sequencing, assembly, and annotation of the genome of the rare actinobacterium
Kutzneria
sp. strain CA-103260. The genome of CA-103260 was sequenced using PacBio and Illumina technologies and it consists of a circular 11,609,901-bp chromosome.
Draft Genome Sequence of Serratia rubidaea, a Potential Opportunistic Pathogen Isolated from Food in Italy
Authors: Chiaverini Alexandra , Di Domenico Marco , Del Matto Ilaria , Rossi Franca , Centorotola Gabriella , Cornacchia Alessandra , Cornacchione Nicola , Petrone Domenico , Iannitto Giorgio , Marino Lucio , Cammà Cesare , Pomilio Francesco
Published: July 2021

Serratia rubidaea
has emerged in recent years as an opportunistic nosocomial pathogen. Here, we present the draft genome sequence of an isolate derived from an industrial meat food product purchased in a large-scale retail store that revealed fluoroquinolone, β-lactam, and aminoglycoside resistance genes and two different host-unspecific prophages.
Supplemental Material: Pulsed volcanism and rapid oceanic deoxygenation during Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a
Authors: Bauer Kohen W. , al. et
Published: July 2021

Supplemental methods and figures, and data tables.
Supplemental Material: Zircon (U-Th)/He thermochronology reveals pre-Great Unconformity paleotopography in the Grand Canyon region, USA
Authors: Peak Barra A. , al. et
Published: July 2021

Analytical methods, data tables, thermal history modeling method, and results.
Supplemental Material: Rhabdophane Th-Pb ages indicate reactivation of Mesoarchean structures in west Pilbara Craton during breakup of Greater India and Australia-Antarctica
Authors: Rasmussen Birger , al. et
Published: July 2021

Analytical methods and results, Figure S1, and Tables S1–S3.
Supplemental Material: Illustrating the unknowable: Women paleoartists who drew ancient vertebrates
Authors: Turner Susan , Berta Annalisa
Published: July 2021

Tables S1 and S2: Women paleoartists in the nineteenth century and through the twentieth to twenty-first centuries.
Novel case of Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia: challenges in the management
Authors: Ramzan Amna , Aggarwal Ruchi , Jamal Fariha
Published: July 2021

Coexistence of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (iPD) and schizophrenia can pose great diagnostic and therapeutic challenges because of their pathophysiology. Our case highlights such challenges in management. We present a case of 73-year-old man who had parkinsonism for last several years and was also diagnosed with schizophrenia. Due to lack of collateral information about the onset of symptoms and clinical course, it was difficult to distinguish iPD from neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism. Even though, certain clinical findings may help to differentiate between the two conditions, single positron emission computerized tomography/DatScan was used to confirm the diagnosis of iPD. Treatment of coexisting iPD and schizophrenia can be challenging, and a delicate pharmacologic balance must be maintained to ensure adequate symptomatic control. Current evidence suggests that clozapine is a better choice for managing psychosis in these patients due to its unique receptor profile and better safety data.
Aetiology and severity of childhood pneumonia in primary care in Malawi: a cohort study
Authors: Gallagher Joe , Chisale Master , Das Sudipto , Drew Richard J , Glezeva Nadezhda , Wildes Dermot Michael , De Gascun Cillian , Wu Tsung-Shu Joseph , Ledwidge Mark T , Watson Chris
Published: July 2021

Objective

To determine the aetiology of community acquired pneumonia in children presenting to primary care in Northern Malawi, and to ascertain predictors for identification of children requiring hospitalisation.

Design

The BIOmarkers TO diagnose PnEumonia study was a prospective cohort study conducted from March to June 2016.

Setting

Primary care in Northern Malawi.

Patients

494 children aged 2 –59 months with WHO defined pneumonia.

Main outcome(s) and measure(s)

Number of children with bacterial infection identified and the sensitivity/specificity of WHO markers of severity for need for hospitalisation.

Results

13 (2.6%) children had a bacterium consistent with pneumonia identified. A virus consistent with pneumonia was identified in in 448 (90.7%) of children. 56 children were admitted to hospital and two children died within 30 days. 442 (89.5%) received antibiotic therapy. Eleven children (2.6%) had HIV. WHO severity markers at baseline demonstrated poor sensitivity for the need for hospitalisation with a sensitivity of 0.303 (95% CI 0.188 to 0.441) and a specificity 0.9 (95% CI 0.868 to 0.926). A prediction rule to indicate the need for hospitalisation was developed.

Conclusions and relevance

The low rate of bacterial infection and high use of antibiotics in the setting of high immunisation rates highlights the changing profile of childhood pneumonia. Similarly, the markers of need for hospitalisation may have changed in the setting of extended immunisation. Further studies are required to examine this.
Treatment of tungiasis using a tea tree oil-based gel formulation: protocol for a randomised controlled proof-of-principle trial
Authors: Abrha Solomon , Christenson Julia K , McEwen John , Tesfaye Wubshet , Vaz Nery Susana , Chang Aileen Y , Spelman Tim , Kosari Sam , Kigen Gabriel , Carroll Simon , Heukelbach Jorg , Feldmeier Hermann , Bartholomaeus Andrew , Daniel Mark , Peterson Gregory M , Thomas Jackson
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Tungiasis (sand flea disease or jigger infestation) is a neglected tropical disease caused by penetration of female sand fleas,Tunga penetrans, in the skin. The disease inflicts immense pain and suffering on millions of people, particularly children, in Latin America, the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, there is no standard treatment for tungiasis, and a simple, safe and effective tungiasis treatment option is required. Tea tree oil (TTO) has long been used as a parasiticidal agent against ectoparasites such as headlice, mites and fleas with proven safety and efficacy data. However, current data are insufficient to warrant a recommendation for its use in tungiasis. This trial aims to generate these data by comparing the safety and efficacy of a 5% (v/w) TTO proprietary gel formulation with 0.05% (w/v) potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution for tungiasis treatment.

Methods and analysis

This trial is a randomised controlled trial (RCT) in primary schools (n=8) in South-Western Kenya. The study will include school children (n=88) aged 6–15 years with a confirmed diagnosis of tungiasis. The participants will be randomised in a 1:1 ratio to receive a 3-day two times a day treatment of either 5% TTO gel or 0.05% KMnO4solution. Two viable embedded sandflea lesions per participant will be targeted and the viability of these lesions will be followed throughout the study using a digital handheld microscope. The primary outcome is the proportion of observed viable embedded sand fleas that have lost viability (non-viable lesions) by day 10 (9 days after first treatment). Secondary outcomes include improvement in acute tungiasis morbidities assessed using a validated severity score for tungiasis, safety assessed through adverse events and product acceptability assessed by interviewing the participants to rate the treatment in terms of effectiveness, side effects, convenience, suitability and overall satisfaction.

Ethics and dissemination

The trial protocol has been reviewed and approved by the University of Canberra Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC-2019-2114). The findings of the study will be presented at scientific conferences and published in a peer-reviewed journal.

Trial registration numbers

Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12619001610123); PACTR202003651095100 and U1111-1243-2294.