bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 p12IExpression Increases Cytoplasmic Calcium To Enhance the Activation of Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells
Authors: Ding Wei , Albrecht Björn , Kelley Robert E. , Muthusamy Natarajan , Kim Seung-Jae , Altschuld Ruth A. , Lairmore Michael D.
Published: September 2002

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) establishes persistent infection and is associated with lymphoproliferative or neurodegenerative diseases. As a complex retrovirus, HTLV-1 contains typical structural and enzymatic genes, as well as regulatory and accessory genes encoded in the pX region. The early events necessary for HTLV-1 to establish infection in lymphocytes, its primary target cells, remain unresolved. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of regulatory and accessory gene products in determining this virus-host interaction. Among these, pX open reading frame I, which encodes two proteins, p12Iand p27I, is required for establishing persistent infection in vivo and for infection in quiescent primary lymphocytes. In addition, p12Ilocalizes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) andcis-Golgi apparatus and associates with a calcium binding protein, calreticulin. We recently reported that p12Iexpression induces the calcium-responsive T-cell transcription factor, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), in the presence of phorbol ester activation. Based on these studies, we hypothesize that p12Imay modulate calcium release from the ER. Here, we report that p12Iexpression increases basal cytoplasmic calcium and concurrently diminishes calcium available for release from the ER stores. Overexpression of calreticulin, a calcium buffer protein, blocked p12I-mediated NFAT activation independently of its ability to bind p12I. Chemical inhibition studies using inhibitors of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor and calcium release-activated calcium channels suggest that inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor in the ER membrane and calcium release-activated calcium channels in the plasma membrane contribute to p12I-mediated NFAT activation. Collectively, our results are the first to demonstrate the role of p12Iin elevating cytoplasmic calcium, an antecedent to T-cell activation, and further support the important role of this accessory protein in the early events of HTLV-1 infection.
A Zebrafish Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor Homologue Interacts with Coxsackie B Virus and Adenovirus
Authors: Petrella JenniElizabeth , Cohen Christopher J. , Gaetz Jedidiah , Bergelson Jeffrey M.
Published: September 2002

In this study, a zebrafish homologue of the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) protein was identified. Although the extracellular domain of zebrafish CAR (zCAR) is less than 50% identical to that of human CAR (hCAR), zCAR mediated infection of transfected cells by both adenovirus type 5 and coxsackievirus B3. CAR residues interacting deep within the coxsackievirus canyon are highly conserved in zCAR and hCAR, which is consistent with the idea that receptor contacts within the canyon are responsible for coxsackievirus attachment. In contrast, CAR residues contacting the south edge of the canyon are not conserved, suggesting that receptor interaction with the viral “puff region” is not essential for attachment.
Effects of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) Directed against a Single Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Gag CTL Epitope on the Course of SIVmac239 Infection
Authors: Allen Todd M. , Jing Peicheng , Calore Briana , Horton Helen , O'Connor David H. , Hanke Tomas , Piekarczyk Marian , Ruddersdorf Richard , Mothé Bianca R. , Emerson Carol , Wilson Nancy , Lifson Jeffrey D. , Belyakov Igor M. , Berzofsky Jay A. , Wang Chenxi , Allison David B. , Montefiori David C. , Desrosiers Ronald C. , Wolinsky Steven , Kunstman Kevin J. , Altman John D. , Sette Alessandro , McMichael Andrew J. , Watkins David I.
Published: September 2002

Vaccine-induced cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have been implicated in the control of virus replication in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-challenged and simian-human immunodeficiency virus-challenged macaques. Therefore, we wanted to test the impact that vaccine-induced CTL responses against an immunodominant Gag epitope might have in the absence of other immune responses. By themselves, these strong CTL responses failed to control SIVmac239 replication.
Insertions in the Reverse Transcriptase Increase both Drug Resistance and Viral Fitness in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolate Harboring the Multi-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Resistance 69 Insertion Complex Mutation
Authors: Quiñones-Mateu Miguel E. , Tadele Mahlet , Parera Mariona , Mas Antonio , Weber Jan , Rangel Héctor R. , Chakraborty Bikram , Clotet Bonaventura , Domingo Esteban , Menéndez-Arias Luis , Martínez Miguel A.
Published: September 2002

Recent studies have shown that the accumulation of multiple mutations associated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) resistance may be grouped as multi-NRTI resistance (MNR) complexes. In this study, we have examined the viral fitness of recombinant viruses carrying the reverse transcriptase (RT) of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) primary isolate harboring mutations comprising the MNR 69 insertion complex. Different RT mutants were prepared in the sequence context of either the wild-type RT sequence of the HIV-1BH10isolate or the sequence found in a clinical HIV-1 isolate with the MNR 69 insertion mutation. As expected, in the presence of zidovudine, recombinant viruses harboring the MNR RT from the patient were more fit than wild-type viruses. However, in the absence of drug, the virus with the RT from the original clinical isolate (SS) was more fit than (i) the wild-type virus with an engineered serine insertion between residues 69 and 70 (T69SSS) and (ii) the recombinant virus with the MNR RT where the insertion was removed (2S0S). These results suggest that RT insertions, in the right sequence context (i.e., additional mutations contained in the MNR 69 insertion complex), enhance NRTI resistance and may improve viral fitness. Thus, comparing complex mutation patterns with viral fitness may help to elucidate the role of uncharacterized drug resistance mutations in antiretroviral treatment failure.
A CONSTRUCTION FOR WEIGHTS ON C*-ALGEBRAS: DUAL WEIGHTS FOR C*-CROSSED PRODUCTS
Authors: QUAEGEBEUR J. , VERDING J.
Published: September 2002

A method for constructing densely defined lower semi-continuous weights on C*-algebras is presented. The method can be used to construct a "dual weight" on the C*-crossed product A×αG of a C*-dynamical system (A,G,α), starting from a relatively α-invariant densely defined lower semi-continuous weight on A. As an application we show that the Haar measure on the quantum E(2) group is a C*-dual weight.
BIMAXIMAL MIXINGS FROM THE TEXTURE OF THE RIGHT-HANDED MAJORANA NEUTRINO MASS MATRIX
Authors: SINGH N. NIMAI , PATGIRI MAHADEV
Published: September 2002

We study the origin of neutrino masses and mixing angles which can accommodate the LMA MSW solutions of the solar neutrino anomaly as well as the solution of the atmospheric neutrino problem, within the framework of the see-saw mechanism. We employ the diagonal form of the Dirac neutrino mass matrices with the physical masses as diagonal elements in the hierarchical order. Such a choice has been motivated from the fact that the known CKM angles for the quark sector, are relatively small. We consider both possibilities where the Dirac neutrino mass matrix is either the charged lepton or the up-quark mass matrix within the framework of SO(10) GUT with or without supersymmetry. The nonzero texture of the right-handed Majorana neutrino mass matrix M R is used for the generation of the desired bimaximal mixings in a model independent way. Both hierarchical and inverted hierarchical models of the left-handed Majorana neutrino mass matrices are generated and then discussed with examples. The see-saw mass scale which is kept as a free parameter, is predicted in all the examples.
Role of PI3-kinase–dependent Bad phosphorylation and altered transcription in cytokine-mediated neutrophil survival
Authors: Cowburn Andrew S. , Cadwallader Karen A. , Reed Benjamin J. , Farahi Neda , Chilvers Edwin R.
Published: September 2002

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase)–dependent phosphorylation of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bad has been proposed as an important regulator of apoptotic cell death. To understand the importance of this pathway in nontransformed hematopoietic cells, we have examined the effect of survival cytokines on PI3-kinase activity and Bad expression and phosphorylation status in human neutrophils. Granulocyte macrophage–colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) both reduced the rate of apoptosis in neutrophils cultured in vitro for 20 hours. Coincubation with the PI3-kinase inhibitor LY294002, which in parallel experiments abolished GM-CSF–primed, fMLP-stimulated superoxide anion production and GM-CSF–stimulated PtdIns(3,4,5)P3accumulation, inhibited the GM-CSF and TNF-α survival effect. In contrast, the MAP kinase kinase (MEK1/2) inhibitor PD98059 and the protein kinase A inhibitor H-89 had only a marginal effect on GM-CSF–mediated neutrophil survival. GM-CSF substantially increased Bad phosphorylation at Ser112 and Ser136 and increased the cytosolic accumulation of Bad. GM-CSF also regulated Bad at a transcription level with a marked decrease in mRNA levels at 4 hours. TNF-α caused a biphasic effect on the rate of morphologic apoptosis, which corresponded to an early increase, and a late inhibition, of Bad mRNA levels. LY294002 inhibited GM-CSF– and TNF-α–mediated changes in Bad phosphorylation and mRNA levels. These data suggest that the survival effect of GM-CSF and TNF-α in neutrophils is caused by a PI3-kinase–dependent phosphorylation and cytosolic translocation of Bad, together with an inhibition of Bad mRNA levels. This has important implications for the regulation of neutrophil apoptosis in vivo.
V H gene analysis of splenic marginal zone lymphomas reveals diversity in mutational status and initiation of somatic mutation in vivo
Authors: Zhu Delin , Orchard Jennifer , Oscier David G. , Wright Dennis H. , Stevenson Freda K.
Published: September 2002

Tumors of the splenic marginal zone can present in spleen or blood. The maturational status of the neoplastic B cells from each site appears heterogeneous, with either unmutated or mutated variable-region heavy chain (VH) genes. To determine an influence of tissue location, we assessed matched blood and splenic tumor cells from 4 patients and found them identical. However, one patient with unmutated VH genes in blood and spleen developed a clonally related diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the chest wall. Strikingly, this subclone had undergone significant somatic mutation, with clear intraclonal heterogeneity. To our knowledge, this is the first case of a B-cell tumor showing initiation of somatic mutation in vivo. The finding emphasizes that the tissue microenvironment can influence tumor cell behavior and possibly affect disease progression. Importantly, because several replacement mutations were located within or close to the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), it raises the question of a role for antigen in driving tumor growth.
Evidence that the number of hematopoietic stem cells per animal is conserved in mammals
Authors: Abkowitz Janis L. , Catlin Sandra N. , McCallie Monica T. , Guttorp Peter
Published: September 2002

Humans and larger mammals require more blood cells per lifetime than mice because of their larger size and longer life expectancy. To investigate this evolutionary adaptation, we calculated the total number of nucleated marrow cells (NMCs) per cat, observing the distribution of 59Fe to marrow, then multiplied this value (1.9 ± 0.9 × 1010 [mean ± SD]) times the frequency of feline hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) (6 HSCs/107 NMCs) to derive the total number of HSCs per cat (11 400 ± 5400). Surprisingly, when the total number of HSCs per mouse was calculated with a similar experimental and computational approach, the value was equivalent. These data imply that the output of differentiated cells per feline HSC must vastly exceed that of murine HSCs. Furthermore, if the total number of human HSCs were also equivalent to the total number of HSCs in cat and mouse, the frequency of human HSCs would be 0.7 to 1.5 HSCs/108 NMCs, a frequency that is 20-fold less than estimated by the NOD/SCID repopulating assay.
Iron transporter Nramp2/DMT-1 is associated with the membrane of phagosomes in macrophages and Sertoli cells
Authors: Jabado Nada , Canonne-Hergaux François , Gruenheid Samantha , Picard Virgine , Gros Philippe
Published: September 2002

Nramp2 (DMT1) is a pH-dependent divalent cation transporter that acts as the transferrin-independent iron uptake system at the intestinal brush border and also transports iron released from transferrin across the membrane of acidified endosomes. In this study, RAW264.7 macrophages and 2 independently derived murine Sertoli cells lines, TM4 and 15P-1, were used to further study the subcellular localization of Nramp2/DMT1 in phagocytic cells, including possible recruitment to the phagosomal membrane. Nramp2/DMT1 was localized primarily to the EEA1-positive recycling endosome compartment, with some overlapping staining with Lamp1-positive late endosomes. After phagocytosis, immunofluorescence analysis and in vitro biochemical studies using purified latex bead-containing phagosomes indicated Nramp2/DMT1 recruitment to the membrane of Lamp1, cathepsin D, and rab7-positive phagosomes. Nramp2/DMT1 was also found associated with erythrocyte-containing phagosomes in RAW macrophages and with the periphery of sperm-containing phagosomes in Sertoli cells. These results suggest that, as for the macrophage-specific Nramp1 protein, Nramp2/DMT1 may transport divalent metals from the phagosomal space.
Placental/umbilical cord blood for unrelated-donor bone marrow reconstitution: relevance of nucleated red blood cells
Authors: Stevens Cladd E. , Gladstone Jessica , Taylor Patricia E. , Scaradavou Andromachi , Migliaccio Anna Rita , Visser Jan , Dobrila N. Ludy , Carrier Carmelita , Cabbad Michael , Wernet Peter , Kurtzberg Joanne , Rubinstein Pablo
Published: September 2002

Placental/umbilical cord blood (PCB) is a source of hematopoietic stem cells for bone marrow reconstitution. Engraftment speed and survival are related to the total nucleated cell (TNC) dose of the graft. This study explored the possible influence on engraftment of nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs) in the graft. Automated hematology analyzers were used to enumerate TNCs. NRBCs were counted by visual examination or by using an automated analyzer. Hematopoietic progenitor cells were enumerated as either colony-forming cells or CD34+ cells. Transplant centers reported on transplant outcome in 1112 patients given PCB grafts through September 2001. NRBCs correlated with progenitor cell numbers. Both white blood cell and NRBC dose were independently predictive of myeloid engraftment speed. Because NRBC dose predicted engraftment speed, inclusion of NRBCs in the TNC count does not reduce the effectiveness of the prefreezing TNC count as an index of the quality of a PCB unit as a graft. The correlation between the number of NRBCs and the number of hematopoietic progenitor cells probably reflects the involvement of early stem cells in erythroid responses.
Anabolic Actions of Parathyroid Hormone during Bone Growth Are Dependent on c-fos
Authors: Demiralp Burak , Chen Hen-Li , Koh Amy J. , Keller Evan T. , McCauley Laurie K.
Published: September 2002

PTH has anabolic and catabolic actions in bone that are not clearly understood. The protooncogene c-fos and other activating protein 1 family members are critical transcriptional mediators in bone, and c-fos is up-regulated by PTH. The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanisms of PTH and the role of c-fos in PTH-mediated anabolic actions in bone. Mice with ablation of c-fos (−/−) and their wild-type (+/+) and heterozygous (+/−) littermates were administered PTH for 17 d. The +/+ mice had increased femoral bone mineral density (BMD), whereas −/− mice had reduced BMD after PTH treatment. PTH increased the ash weight of +/+ and +/−, but not −/−, femurs and decreased the calcium content of −/−, but not +/+ or +/−, femurs. Histomorphometric analysis showed that PTH increased trabecular bone volume in c-fos +/+, +/− vertebrae, but, in contrast, decreased trabecular bone in −/− vertebrae. Serum calcium levels in +/+ mice were greater than those in −/− mice, and PTH increased calcium in −/− mice. Histologically, PTH resulted in an exacerbation of the already widened growth plate and zone of hypertrophic chondrocytes but not the proliferating zone in −/− mice. PTH also increased calvarial thickness in +/+ mice, but not −/− mice. The c-fos −/− mice had lower bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin (OCN), but unaltered PTH-1 receptor mRNA expression in calvaria, suggesting an alteration in extracellular matrix. Acute PTH injection (8 h) resulted in a decrease in osteocalcin mRNA expression in wild-type, but unaltered expression in −/−, calvaria. These data indicate that c-fos plays a critical role in the anabolic actions of PTH during endochondral bone growth.
Further Notes on European Taxa of the Lichen Genus Leptogium, with Emphasis on the SmallSpecies
Authors: Jørgensen Per M.
Published: September 2002

Leptogium imbricatum P.M. Jorg. sp. nov. and L. intermedium (Arnold)Arnold are established as the correct names for two fairly widespread, small species:L. imbricatum has an arctic–alpine distribution. Leptogium intermedium was previously mostly named L. minutissimum (Florke) Fr., the type of which is L. subtile (Schrader) Torss., a distinct species usually growing on rotting wood or debris. Leptogium magnussonii Degel. & P.M. Jorg, mainly from maritime rock outcrops in Norway and Sweden, is described as new. The species complexes of L. plicatile (Ach.) Leighton and L. schraderi (Bernh.) Nyl. are discussed. The differences between L. byssinum (Hoffm.) Nyl. and L. biatorinum (Nyl.) Leighton are given, and L. aquale (Arnold) P.M. Jørg. comb, nov., a taxon related to the latter, is considered to be a distinct species growing in mountain brooks in Central Europe. Leptogium rivale Tuck, is recorded as new to Europe, from Romania. Leptogium bellopratense Hy is shown to be a synonym of L. brebissonii Mont. New records for L. coralloideum (Meyen & Flotow) Vainio, L. massiliense Nyl. and L. rivulare (Ach.) Mont, are given.A preliminary key to the small European species (north of the Alps) is appended. The following names have been lecto– or neotypified: Collema byssinum Hoffm., Collema pulvinatum Hoffm., Leptogium bellopratense Hy., Leptogium crenulatum Watson, Leptogium massiliense Nyl., Leptogium minutissimum var. intermedium Arnold, Leptogium minutissimum f. plumbeum Zwackh ex Arnold, Leptogium pusillum var. aquale Arnold, Leptogium rivulare var. crenatulum Nyl., Leptogium scotinum var. crenatum Nyl., Lichen byssinus Hoffm., Lichen minutissimus Flöurke, Lichen schraderi Bernh., Lichen subtilis Schrader and Parmelia scotina var. lophaea Ach.
Effect of Nitrate and Ammonium Ions on the Pigment Content (Xanthophylls, Carotenes and Chlorophylls) of Ramalina Capitata
Authors: Sanchez-Hoyos M. A. , Manrique E.
Published: September 2002

Thalli of Ramalina capitata were sprayed with deionized water, 10 mM solutions of KNO3 or NH4Cl, or maintained without any water supply, for 10 days under controlled conditions. The lichens without a water supply showed an increase n antheraxanthin, lutein and β-carotene. The samples treated with deionized water showed a significant increase in violaxathin, antheraxanthin and β-carotene. The lack of a significant difference in zeaxanthin could indicate the absence of de-epoxidation of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin via antheraxanthin. Those samples treated with nitrate solution showed a significant increase in all pigments except for antheraxanthin. In contrast, ammonium treatment did not induce changes compared to water alone, except that antheraxanthin decreased. The lichens treated with nitrate exhibited a significant increase in both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, but ammonium affected only chlorophyll b.
What Shall we do with the Blue-Green Counterparts?
Authors: Jørgensen Per M.
Published: September 2002

Lichens are troublesome organisms for taxonomists because of their special ‘ double nature ’ i.e. being composed (normally) of two partners. Only recently has it been understood properly that the same fungus can take different photosynthetic partners and develop into quite different-looking organisms, for example Lobaria amplissima and Dendriscocaulon umhausense. The taxonomic problem is to show that two totally different-looking lichens in fact contain the same fungus. This is possible to demonstrate when mixed stands are available, but is now best done with molecular methods. Since the international code of nomenclature rules that the name of a lichen species is the name of the fungus, two different organisms with the same fungus must under the Code carry the same name, which is most impractical. To remove this unintentional complication, one must either make an exception in the Code for these cases, or establish an informal system to take care of them. The latter seems to be preferable.
Molecular Systematics of Lecanora Subgenus Placodium
Authors: Arup Ulf , Grube Martin
Published: September 2002

A first hypothesis for the phylogeny of Lecanora subgen. Placodium is presented by using molecular data. Previous evolutionary ideas and classification concepts for this group with non-molecular data are re-investigated using DNA sequence data from the nuclear ITS and 5.8S regions. Using Protoparmelia as an outgroup, the Lecanora subfusca group together with the L. rupicola group appear as a sister group to assemblages with lobate species. Subgen. Placodium as currently accepted, is not monophyletic. Molecular data suggest that the Lecanora dispersa group and the L. polytropa group are widened by lobate species and there is evidence from the ITS data that the monotypic genus Arctopeltis Poelt is closely related to the L. dispersa group. A congruence between molecular data and secondary chemistry supports the broader concept of the L. dispersa group suggested by the molecular data.
The Distribution of Selected Diagnostic Characters in the Lecanorales
Authors: Rambold Gerhard , Hagedorn Gregor
Published: September 2002

Traditional classification concepts in lichenology are often, but not always, supported by molecular results. Molecular data should be compared and correlated with micro-morphological and ultrastructural information before systematic rearrangements are undertaken. Visualization of the distribution of morphological and other characters in specified groups is considered as a desirable result per se, but it is also important to discover whether correlating characters are dependent on each other or not; and if not, whether their distribution in a group might support existing classification concepts. A data set for lecanoralean and other lichenized and lichenicolous genera, comprising 90—mostly multi-state— characters was used to store morphological, chemical and ecological data, and to test character correlations. Several examples of such analyses are presented. The following pairs of characters show some degree of dependence: ascospore septation and number per ascus, ascospore wall type and pigmentation, ascospore and epihymenium pigmentation. Several authors postulated that ascus types are good phylogenetic markers. Ascus types have been widely used for classification concepts of the Lecanorales. Two-dimensional correlation queries of ascus types with the following morphologcal characters were made: substratum preference, thallus growth form and ascospore septation. These correlations supply characteristic profiles for the various ascus types, which have to be compared with forthcoming phylogenetic hypotheses based on molecular data.
New Species or Interesting Records of Foliicolous Lichens. IV. Porina Pseudoapplanata (Lichenized Ascomycetes: Trichotheliaceae), A Remarkable New Species with Phyllophiale-Type Isidia
Authors: Lücking Robert , Cáceres Marcela E. S.
Published: September 2002

Porina pseudoapplanata Lücking & Cáceres sp.nov. is characterized by its foliicolous growth habit, a thin, nitidous thallus without crystals, applanate, yellowish red perithecia narrowly bacillar, 7-septate ascospores, and the presence of previously unrecognized isidi belonging to the Phyllophiale-type, here formally described as P. viridis Lücking & Cáceres sp.nov. The interpretation of Phyllophiale representing isidia of Porina species is discussed. Porina pseudoapplanata is similar to species in the P. rufula group, i.e. P. monocarpa (Kremp.) F. Schill., P. cupreola (Müll. Arg.) F. Schill., P. planiuscula Vêzda and, in particular, P. applanata Vain. However, it seems most closely related to P. mirabilis Lücking & Vězda in the P. epiphylla group, from which it differs by the complete absence of crystals in the thallus and perithecia. This gives a further insight into systematic relationships within the Trichotheliaceae. Keys are presented to distinguish P. pseudoapplanata from similar and related species, as well as to the known species of Phyllophiale.
Santessoniella Rosettiformis, A New Species From South America With Notes On S. Pulchella (Pannariaceae)
Authors: Henssen Aino
Published: September 2002

The new species Santessoniella rosettiformis Henssen is described from a temperate Nothofagus forest in southern Chile and compared with the superficially similar S. pulchella P. M. Jørg. In both species, the thallus is corticate on all surfaces, the characteristic feature separating Santessoniella from Parmeliella. In the blue iodine reaction of the hymenium and the presence of smooth spores, S. rosettiformis corresponds to the closely related S. chilensis (Hue) Henssen whereas S. pulchella with warty spores and reddish brown hymenium in iodine is related to S. polychidioides (Zahlbr.) Henssen, the type species of the genus. A key to the species of Santessoniella is provided; the delimitation of the genus is discussed.
Rinodina Turfaceoides, a New Corticolous, Blastidiate Species from the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Giralt M. , Mayrhofer H. , van den Boom P. P. G. , Elix J. A.
Published: September 2002

A new corticolous lichen, Rinodina turfaceoides, is described from the Serra de Estrela (Portugal). It is characterized mainly by the blastidiate thallus, large apothecia covered by a thick, yellow-orange pruina, large Physcia-type ascospores and chemistry. The new species is compared with the closely related but mainly muscicolous, R. turfacea, as well as with other corticolous Rinodina species with vegetative propagules, including R. colobinoides and R. disjuncta. Habit photographs of the new species and illustrations of its ascospores are also provided.
Variation in the ribosomal ITS-sequence of the lichens Buellia Frigida and Xanthoria Elegans from the Vestfold Hills, Eastern Antarctica
Authors: Dyer P. S. , Murtagh G. J.
Published: September 2002

Thalli of the lichens Buellia frigida and Xanthoria elegans were collected from five different locations each 5-15 km apart in the Vestfold Hills, Princess Elizabeth Land, eastern Antarctica. A further collection was made from Mawson Station, Mac Robertson Land, eastern Antarctica, 660 km away. DNA was extracted from whole thalli and the ribosomal ITS region amplified by PCR using fungal specific primers. Resulting products were sequenced to gain an indication of whether or not variation was present within populations of lichen-forming fungi from continental Antarctica, and therefore of the availability of genetic resources to react to pressures such as climate change. Three genotypes of B. frigida and two of X. elegans were detected in the Vestfold Hill collections. However, these differed by only one nucleotide position suggesting the presence of relatively little genetic variation, if the ITS region is indicative of the overall genome. Buellia frigida collected from Mawson Station had an identical ITS region sequence to the most common Vestfold Hills genotype, indicating that this species may have a low level of genetic variation across much of eastern Antarctica. In contrast, X. elegans collected from Mawson showed considerable genetic variation from the Vestfolds thalli, differing at 14·2% of nucleotide positions and had an identical ITS region sequence to an isolate from maritime Antarctica 4960 km away. Samples from the Vestfold Hills formed a distinct cluster in a phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences from a worldwide collection of X. elegans isolates.
The lichen vegetation associated with areas of late snow-lie in the Scottish Highlands
Authors: Fryday Alan M.
Published: September 2002

The lichen vegetation associated with areas of late snow-lie in the Scottish Highlands is described and three lichen-dominated communities recognized; from the tops of large boulders, from small pebbles, and from damp soil. The first of these is exclusive to this habitat throughout the Highlands, whereas the other two are restricted to areas of late snow-lie in the Eastern Highlands but are of more widespread occurrence further west. The community from damp soil has affinities with the Solorinion croceae Klement, which occupies a similar ecological niche in Central Europe, but the two other communities are apparently undescribed. The importance of the eu-oceanic climate of the Western Highlands in determining the distribution of these communities is emphasized. The new combination Micarea cinerea f. tenuispora (D. Hawksw. & Poelt) Fryday is made for the anamorph of M. cinerea (Schaer.) Hedl.
Further records of foliicolous lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Australasia, with an updated checklist for continental Australia
Authors: Lücking Robert , Streimann Heinar , Elix John A.
Published: September 2002

Based on collections gathered by H. Streimann and J. A. Elix in Papua New Guinea, Australia (including Tasmania), and Vanuatu, five new foliicolous lichen species are described: Calenia bullatinoides Lücking, Eremothecella cyaneoides Lücking, Fellhanera tasmanica Lücking & Elix, Fellhaneropsis australiana Lücking, and Porina vanuatuensis Lücking. In addition, the following new combinations are proposed: Coenogonium isidiiferum (Lücking) Lücking [Bas.: Dimerella isidiifera Lücking], Coenogonium lisowskii (Vězda) Lücking [Bas.: Dimerella lisowskii Vězda], Coenogonium queenslandicum (Kalb & Vězda) Lücking [Bas.: Dimerella queenslandica Kalb & Vězda], Echinoplaca tetrapla (Zahlbr.) Lücking [Bas.: Gonolecania tetrapla Zahlbr.], and Porina subepiphylla var. australiensis (Lücking & Vězda) Lücking [Bas.: Porina lucida var. australiensis Lücking & Vězda]. Coenogonium piliferum (Vězda) Kalb & Lěcking [Bas.: Dimerella pilifera Vě zda] is placed into synonymy with Coenogonium epiphyllum Vain. An updated checklist of foliicolous lichens from Australia includes 202 species and excludes five previously reported taxa.
Fellhanera gyrophorica, a new European species with conspicuous pycnidia
Authors: Sérusiaux E. , Coppins B. J. , Diederich P. , Scheidegger C.
Published: September 2002

Fellhanera gyrophorica Sérus., Coppins, Diederich & Scheidegger is described as new from Europe Austria, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Switzerland and Ukraine. It is a sterile corticolous species with conspicuous and sometimes shortly stalked pycnidia whose outer walls produce gyrophoric acid. Its position in the genus Fellhanera (Pilocarpaceae) is tentative and further studies may necessitate its transfer to another genus.
Parmeliopsis ambigua and P. hyperopta (Parmeliaceae): species or chemotypes?
Authors: Tehler Anders , Källersjö Mari
Published: September 2002

ITSl and ITS2 regions were sequenced from a number of Parmeliopsis ambigua and P. hyperopta specimens from Uppland, Sweden. The data were analysed cladistically and the ITS region was found to contain enough variation to support the hypothesis that the taxa should be regarded as species rather than chemotypes.
Gelatinopsis roccellae (Leotiales, Ascomycota), a new lichenicolous fungus on Roccella from NW Spain
Authors: Etayo Javier , Paz-Bermúdez Graciela , Diederich Paul
Published: September 2002

The new lichenicolous fungus Gelatinopsis roccellae is described from NW Spain, where it grows on Roccella fuciformis and R. phycopsis. It differs from G. ericewrum, which grows on Dibaeis, by the shorter ascospores, smaller ascomata, and the absence of an olivaceous excipular and epihymenial pigment.
Genetic Variability and its Geographical Distribution in the Widely Disjunct Cavernularia Hultenii
Authors: Printzen C. , Ekman S.
Published: September 2002

The fruticose lichen Cavernularia hultenii exhibits a strongly disjunct distribution between north-western North America, Newfoundland and north-western Europe. An investigation of its population structure, based on nuclear ITS and IGS DNA sequences, shows that western North America has a higher number of haplotypes than the two other areas. Most of the haplotypes confined to this region are rare and occur outside the area that was affected by Pleistocene glaciations. Three haplotypes are common in all three areas. The high number of haplotypes in western North America might be due to a combination of events during the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs, viz. increased lineage survival by repeated fragmentation of populations and reduced lineage extinction through rapid postglacial expansion and population growth.
Implications of the Radiocarbon Timescale for Ice-Sheet Chronology and Sea-Level Change
Authors: Tushingham A. Mark , Peltier W. Richard
Published: September 2002

A new extended radiocarbon calibration curve has allowed a reexamination of relative sea-level data based on pre-Holocene dates. At sites located far from any Late Pleistocene ice sheet, the effect of employing this new calibration curve is that the calibrated data (with ages up to 17,100 14C yr B.P.) now agree with the corresponding relative sea-level curve predicted by the ICE-3G deglaciation model. An important implication of this new calibration curve is that the last glacial maximum (ca. 18,000 14C yr B.P.) is inferred to have occurred 22,000-21,000 cal yr B.P. This allows for additional ice to be incorporated in a revised deglaciation model than suggested by ICE-3G. The predicted relative sealevel curves of this new model match the relative sea-level data as well as those of ICE-3G. Further, the total sea-level rise of 124 m at Barbados since the last glacial maximum predicted by this new model agrees with the estimated value of 121 ± 5 m obtained from the depths of drowned reef-crest corals.
Wisconsinan Pre-Pleniglacial Biotic Change in Southeastern New Mexico
Authors: Harris Arthur H.
Published: September 2002

Interpretation of a 1.5-m mid- to late- Wisconsinan stratigraphic sequence containing fossil vertebrates from the Animal Fair Site in Dry Cave, Eddy County, New Mexico, suggests a progression of habitats, all cooler and moister than today. Mid-Wisconsinan semiarid, moderately warm grasslands or grassy woodlands initially were replaced by cooler, more mesic, grassy woodlands; these were followed by cool, relatively dense sagebrush-grassland-woodland with elements from mixed-coniferous forest. A minor reversal of trend toward earlier, warmer conditions appears at the top of the section. Species collected from each level were basically harmonious until climatic deterioration, documented by invasion of new biotic elements at the end of the mid-Wisconsinan, permitted incursion of taxa associated with more boreal areas; these replaced most of the local fauna but failed to dislodge several taxa with southern affinities.
Rainfall Reconstruction Using Wood Charcoal from Two Archaeological Sites in South Africa
Authors: February ED C.
Published: September 2002

Major components of most southern African archaeological sites are stone, bone, and charcoal. A new technique for climate reconstruction utilizes measurements of vessel size and frequency in the cross-sectional xylem anatomy of archaeological charcoal from Collingham Shelter and Mhlwazini Cave in the Natal Drakensberg. Previous wood anatomical studies have shown that links exist among vessel diameter, vessel frequency and climate. The present study demonstrates that in relation to rainfall, vessel diameter in the speciesProtea caffraandProtea roupelliae correlated positively, whereas vessel frequency correlated negatively. InP. roupelliae, mean vessel diameter increases from 46 to 62 μm along a rainfall gradient ranging from 760 to 1665 mm. The significant correlations between rainfall and tangential vessel diameter for a charred sample ofP. roupelliaesuggest that such measures on an archaeological charcoal sample may be used to reconstruct rainfall patterns through time. Using nine assemblages of archaeological charcoal, generalized patterns of wetter and drier periods can be postulated. Comparison with contemporary values indicates that at 200 and 2400 yr B.P. the area near the archaeological sites was wetter than at present. A dry phase occurred between 1300 and 300 yr B.P. Values for the contemporary wood sample are the lowest observed, indicating that present conditions are much drier than those at any time within the last ca. 2000 yr. Dating resolution however, is insufficient to allow more-detailed interpretation of rainfall conditions over the past 2000 yr.
Dendroclimatic Reconstruction of Summer Temperatures in Northwestern Canada since A.D. 1638 Based on Age-Dependent Modeling
Authors: Szeicz Julian M. , MacDonald Glen M.
Published: September 2002

Ring widths from five Picea glauca stands at the alpine treeline in northwestern Canada are used to investigate climate-growth responses and to develop a long reconstruction of summer temperatures. Response function and linear regression analyses indicate that the radial growth response of these trees to climate varies with age and site. At most sites, the period of significant positive response to growing season temperatures declines with tree age. Age-dependent and standard (age independent) models are then used to develop two reconstructions of June-July temperatures for northwestern Canada extending back to A.D. 1638. Calibration statistics were similar for both models, but the standard model performed poorly during verification. The reconstruction produced using age-dependent modeling suggests June-July temperatures were cooler than present throughout most of the past 350 years, with the exception of the late 18th century. Particularly cool periods occurred at ∼1700 and in the mid-19th century. In constast, the standard model suggests that temperatures were similar to or warmer than present during the last 350 years. The age-dependent reconstruction compares favorably with other proxy climate records from northern North America. Age-dependent dendroclimatic modeling can provide a sensitive record of recent climatic change that allows the inclusion of previously rejected sites into dendroclimatic analyses.
Late-Holocene Formation of Lake Michigan Beach Ridges Correlated with a 70-yr Oscillation in Global Climate
Authors: Delcourt Paul A. , Petty William H. , Delcourt Hazel R.
Published: September 2002

A radiocarbon-dated series of 75 beach ridges, formed at regular intervals averaging 72 yr over the past 5400 yr, provides further support for the existence of a 70-yr oscillation in Northern Hemisphere climate, postulated recently from instrument data representing less than two cycles of this climate oscillation. Results from this study lend support to the interpretation that internal variations in the ocean–atmosphere system are an important factor in climate fluctuations on a decadal–centennial time scale. A temperature oscillation with a period of about 70 yr has been a previously unrecognized but fundamental part of the global climate system since at least the middle Holocene.
Holocene Paleohydrology of the Tropical Andes from Lake Records
Authors: Abbott Mark B. , Seltzer Geoffrey O. , Kelts Kerry R. , Southon John
Published: September 2002

Two century-scale time series in northern Bolivia constrain the ages of abrupt changes in the physical, geochemical, and biological characteristics of sediments obtained from lakes that formed during deglaciation from the late Pleistocene glacial maximum. The watersheds of Laguna Viscachani (16°12′S, 68°07′W, 3780 m) and Lago Taypi Chaka Kkota (16°13′S, 68°21′W, 4300 m), located on the eastern and western slopes of the Cordillera Real, respectively, contain small cirque glaciers. A high-resolution chronology of the lake sediments is provided by 23 AMS14C dates of discrete macrofossils. Late Pleistocene glaciers retreated rapidly, exposing the lake basins between 10,700 and 970014C yr B.P. The sedimentary facies suggest that after 890014C yr B.P. glaciers were absent from the watersheds and remained so during the middle Holocene. An increase in the precipitation–evaporation balance is indicated above unconformities dated to ∼230014C yr B.P. in both Lago Taypi Chaka Kkota and Laguna Viscachani. An abrupt increase in sediment accumulation rates after 140014C yr B.P. signals the onset of Neoglaciation. A possible link exists between the observed millennial-scale shifts in the regional precipitation–evaporation balance and seasonal shifts in tropical insolation.
Multivariate Analysis of Remains of Molluscan Foods Consumed by Latest Pleistocene and Holocene Humans in Nerja Cave, Málaga, Spain
Authors: Serrano Francisco , Guerra-Merchán Antonio , Lozano-Francisco Carmen , Vera-Peláez José Luis
Published: September 2002

Nerja Cave is a karstic cavity used by humans from Late Paleolithic to post-Chalcolithic times. Remains of molluscan foods in the uppermost Pleistocene and Holocene sediments were studied with cluster analysis and principal components analysis, in bothQ and R modes. The results from cluster analysis distinguished interval groups mainly in accordance with chronology and distinguished assemblages of species mainly according to habitat. Significant changes in the shellfish diet through time were revealed. In the Late Magdalenian, most molluscs consumed consisted of pulmonate gastropods and species from sandy sea bottoms. The Epipaleolithic diet was more varied and included species from rocky shorelines. From the Neolithic onward most molluscs consumed were from rocky shorelines. From the principal components analysis inQ mode, the first factor reflected mainly changes in the predominant capture environment, probably because of major paleogeographic changes. The second factor may reflect selective capture along rocky coastlines during certain times. The third factor correlated well with the sea-surface temperature curve in the western Mediterranean (Alboran Sea) during the late Quaternary.
Late Pleistocene Glacial Events in the Central Apennines, Italy
Authors: Giraudi Carlo , Frezzotti Massimo
Published: September 2002

The study of glacial evidence in the Gran Sasso Massif of the Central Apennines, Italy, has allowed the last maximum advance and the subsequent stadial phases to be dated and the mean annual temperature and quantity of precipitation in the form of snow to be assessed for a number of periods. The glaciers probably reached their maximum extension (Campo Imperatore Stade) ca. 22,600 14C yr B.P. and started to retreat ca. 21,000 yr B.P., leaving behind three recessional moraines. After a first interstade (Fornaca Interstade), the Fontari Stade appears to have taken place shortly after 16,000 yr ago. Ca. 15,000 yr ago the glacier started retreating, leaving behind four more recessional moraines. An interstade (Venacquaro Interstade) preceded the Mount Aquila Stade, datable at ca. 11,000 yr B.P. A strong correlation is evident between the glacial phases on land and the isotopic variations in cores from the Tyrrhenian Sea.
Holocene Driftwood Incursion to Southwestern Victoria Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, and Its Significance to Paleoceanography and Archaeology
Authors: Dyke Arthur S. , Savelle James M.
Published: September 2002

Holocene driftwood is found on postglacial raised beaches of Wollaston Peninsula, Victoria Island. The highest driftwood appears on the 12- to 13-m beach, which formed about 4000 yr B.P., and is common on beaches 12–6 m in elevation. The earliest Paleoeskimo dwelling features also occur on the 12- to 13-m beach. Wood increases on the 5- to 6-m beach, which formed about 2000 yr B.P., and is abundant below that level. Thus, zonation of wood suggests the following hypotheses: (1) that the coastal Mackenzie Current, the source of modern driftwood, did not operate before 4000 yr B.P. and lacked its present vigor or persistence until 2000 yr B.P.; and (2) that the apparent sudden influx of driftwood at 4000 yr B.P. may have provided a fuel resource and (or) may have been related to conditions that enabled first peopling. Radiocarbon ages indicate that (1) the first wood arrived about 4700 yr B.P.; (2) little wood arrived from 4700–2000 yr B.P.; and (3) influx of wood was episodic after 2000 yr B.P. Much of the wood that arrived after 1100 yr B.P. was redistributed by people and scattered on higher beaches. Explanation of the evident correlation between highest wood and highest dwelling features must await archaeological studies.
The Last Interglacial to Glacial Transition, Togiak Bay, Southwestern Alaska
Authors: Kaufman Darrell S. , Manley William F. , Wolfe Alexander P. , Hu Feng Sheng , Preece Shari J. , Westgate John A. , Forman Steve L.
Published: September 2002

An 18-m-high coastal bluff at Togiak Bay (northwestern Bristol Bay, southwestern Alaska) exposes marine, lacustrine, fluvial, glacial, volcanic, and organic deposits that record the ∼50,000-year-long transition from the peak of the last interglaciation to the early Wisconsin glaciation. The base of the section is dominated by stratified sand and silt extending up to 4.3 m above sea level; marine diatoms are present, and pollen assemblages are characterized by relatively high percentages of Picea, Alnus, and Betula and low percentages of Poaceae and Cyperaceae. The marine sediment was probably deposited during the peak of marine oxygen-isotope stage (OIS) 5e. An infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) age of 151,000±13,000 yr from near the base of the exposure is permissive of this correlation. The marine sand and silt are overlain by 0.8 m of peaty silt with diatoms that record a transition from marine to lacustrine conditions. During this interval, Poaceae and Cyperaceae dominate the pollen assemblages, and Picea and shrubs are nearly absent, suggesting that herb tundra occupied the landscape. This interval probably encompasses OIS 5d on the basis of the herb tundra and an IRSL age of 119,000±10,000 yr from 60 cm below the marine/lacustrine transition. The organic mud is overlain by 3.1 m of stratified sand and organic silt that apparently record shallowing of the lake; reappearance of spruce and shrubs (=OIS 5c?); and subsequent deepening of the lake (=OIS 5b?); followed by aggradation of a floodplain (=OIS 5a?), which was dry at the time basaltic lava buried the site. Thermoluminescence analyses on lava-baked sediment indicate that the eruption occurred 70,000±10,000 yr ago. Sometime thereafter, but prior to 53,600 14C yr B.P. an outlet of the Ahklun Mountains ice cap advanced over the site and deposited ∼7 m of bouldery ice-contact drift. The sedimentary sequence contains at least four tephra beds. Major- and trace-element chemistry provide a basis for correlating two of the tephras with tephra beds at nearby sites. The tephras, luminescence ages, and correlations with marine isotope stages provide the geochronological control to place the Togiak Bay section into a global context. The site serves as an important new reference section for late Pleistocene paleoenvironmental change in eastern Beringia.