bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
{Fe6O2}-Based Assembly of a Tetradecanuclear Iron Nanocluster
Authors: Baca Svetlana G. , Speldrich Manfred , Ellern Arkady , Kögerler Paul
Published: January 2011

The tetradecanuclear FeIII pivalate nanocluster [Fe14O10(OH)4(Piv)18], comprising a new type of metal oxide framework, has been solvothermally synthesized from a hexanuclear iron pivalate precursor in dichlormethane/acetonitrile solution. Magnetic measurements indicate the presence of very strong antiferromagnetic interactions in the cluster core.
Phage Display: Selecting Straws Instead of a Needle from a Haystack
Authors: Vodnik Miha , Zager Urska , Strukelj Borut , Lunder Mojca
Published: January 2011

An increasing number of peptides with specific binding affinity to various protein and even non-protein targets are being discovered from phage display libraries. The power of this method lies in its ability to efficiently and rapidly identify ligands with a desired target property from a large population of phage clones displaying diverse surface peptides. However, the search for the needle in the haystack does not always end successfully. False positive results may appear. Thus instead of specific binders phage with no actual affinity toward the target are recovered due to their propagation advantages or binding to other components of the screening system, such as the solid phase, capturing reagents, contaminants in the target sample or blocking agents, rather than the target. Biopanning experiments on different targets performed in our laboratory revealed some previously identified and many new target-unrelated peptide sequences, which have already been frequently described and published, but not yet recognized as target-unrelated. Distinguishing true binders from false positives is an important step toward phage display selections of greater integrity. This article thoroughly reviews and discusses already identified and new target-unrelated peptides and suggests strategies to avoid their isolation.
Advances in Electronic-Nose Technologies Developed for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Wilson Alphus D. , Baietto Manuela
Published: January 2011

The research and development of new electronic-nose applications in the biomedical field has accelerated at a phenomenal rate over the past 25 years. Many innovative e-nose technologies have provided solutions and applications to a wide variety of complex biomedical and healthcare problems. The purposes of this review are to present a comprehensive analysis of past and recent biomedical research findings and developments of electronic-nose sensor technologies, and to identify current and future potential e-nose applications that will continue to advance the effectiveness and efficiency of biomedical treatments and healthcare services for many years. An abundance of electronic-nose applications has been developed for a variety of healthcare sectors including diagnostics, immunology, pathology, patient recovery, pharmacology, physical therapy, physiology, preventative medicine, remote healthcare, and wound and graft healing. Specific biomedical e-nose applications range from uses in biochemical testing, blood-compatibility evaluations, disease diagnoses, and drug delivery to monitoring of metabolic levels, organ dysfunctions, and patient conditions through telemedicine. This paper summarizes the major electronic-nose technologies developed for healthcare and biomedical applications since the late 1980s when electronic aroma detection technologies were first recognized to be potentially useful in providing effective solutions to problems in the healthcare industry.
"Dancing Around the Ring of Fire": Social Capital, Tourism Resistance, and Gender Dichotomies at up Helly Aa in Lerwick, Shetland
Authors: Finkel Rebecca
Published: January 2011

This article explores the linkages between community events and a rise in community social capital by analyzing a case study of the Up Helly Aa fire festival in Lerwick, Shetland. Through ritually repeated action that now translates as tradition, Up Helly Aa interprets and reinterprets
what it means to be a Shetlander. It relies on personal donations and local businesses for funding, and this financial self-reliance can be seen to permit exclusionary actions towards visitors and reaffirm notions of traditionally constructed gender roles. This article examines the complex
negotiations that take place during the festival surrounding gender, identity, heritage, tourism, and belonging to a place. It concludes that given the physical and social landscape in which the festival occurs, the reutilization of community celebration and fostering of community identity
cannot be discounted despite Up Helly Aa's less than politically correct approaches to inclusionary participation and tourism development.
Reveillon in Rio De Janeiro
Authors: Greenfield Gerald
Published: January 2011

Brazil's extensive Atlantic coastline has profoundly influenced the nation's history, serving as the initial locus for colonial settlement, and, subsequently, the site for almost all its major cities. Rio de Janeiro has long been the nation's dominant international tourist destination.
While Carnival remains the city's most popular event, Reveillon, the New Years Eve celebration on Copacabana beach in honor of the sea goddess, Iemanjá, has become a major tourist draw. A familiar personage in Brazilian popular culture, Iemanjá is a major
deity in African-Brazilian religions. African and African-Brazilian beliefs, historically associated with lower class and mixed race peoples, were long scorned by Brazilian elites as the superstitious practices of ignorant people. The majority of practitioners of African-Brazilian religions
in contemporary Brazil are lower class and visibly of mixed race. The Reveillon evokes and commodifies Brazil's preferred national image as a multicultural, multiracial democracy free of the Western stain of racism. As such, the celebration serves as a confirming ritual for Brazilians
while, at the same time, packaging and presenting that image to tourists.
Emergent Vikings: The Social Ordering of Tourism Innovation
Authors: Jóhannesson Gunnar Thór
Published: January 2011

During the last three decades, Iceland has experienced a rapid growth of tourism, both in regard to international tourist arrivals and in domestic terms. Tourism has increasingly been taken up as an option for economic development not least at regional levels where innovation in the
area has been promoted by public actors. This article focuses on the accomplishment of a particular tourism innovation project, the Gísla Saga project, in the small fishing village of pingeyri. The article follows how the project emerges through the networking practices of key actors.
Particular emphasis is put on exploring how the local village festival, Dýrafjarðardagar, has been related to the innovation project and how that connection plays a part for its accomplishment. Inspired by relational materialism in the form of Actor-Network Theory, the article argues
that it is important to follow the enactment of diverse styles of ordering for gaining insight into the emergent cultural economy of tourism. By tracing the practices through which the project is established, the article illustrates some of the ways in which tourism innovation relates to the
social ordering of local communities.
Mauss et sa vision de l'économie dans les années 1920-1925
Authors: Hart Keith
Published: January 2011

Cet article juxtapose le journalisme financier de Mauss lors de la crise des taux d’intérêt de 1922-1923 et l’argumentaire de l’ Essai sur le don qui fut écrit au cours de la même période. Si Mauss a séparé son travail académique et poltique, les considérer ensemble est révélateur de l’homme et de sa vision économique dans cette période d’immense créativité personnelle et d’optimisme que fut l’immédiat après-Première Guerre mondiale.
Us et abus de la notion de fait social total.
Authors: Wendling Thierry
Published: January 2011

Forgé par Marcel Mauss dans le cadre de l’ Essai sur le don , le concept de fait social total a été repris et appliqué à d’innombrables phénomènes sociaux. L’article s’interroge sur la pertinence d’un concept qui, généralement, ne sert qu’à valoriser l’objet de la recherche ou à revendiquer une approche de type anthropologique. Une relecture des textes de Mauss suggère alors l’importance que relevait pour le fondateur de l’ethnologie française la dimension morphologique du fait social total. Pour Mauss, le fait social total est un événement qui « assemble tous les hommes d’une société ». Pertinente à certains égards, cette définition s’avère cependant problématique dès lors que l’on considère les groupements humains (et entre autres les ethnies) dans une perspective non essentialiste.
Mauss et la religion.
Authors: Gauthier François
Published: January 2011

La religion est au cœur de l’œuvre de Mauss. Cet article interroge l’héritage de ce dernier en en suivant la postérité dans l’œuvre de deux auteurs qui furent contemporains et dont l’influence fut importante, Claude Lévi-Strauss et Georges Bataille. Or, les lectures de ces auteurs ont nourri deux pensées qui s’opposent diamétralement et font système. Reprenant une distinction faite par Paul Ricœur, cet article montre comment Lévi-Strauss, avec le symbolique, radicalise une théorie de la topique tandis que Bataille radicalise à l’inverse une théorie de l’énergétique, versant chacun dans des métaphysiques opposées. Si ce double héritage éclaire l’œuvre de Mauss, c’est également dans un retour à celle-ci que se trouve le germe du dépassement des apories relevées chez ses héritiers en articulant la religion à la problématique du don.
La croisée des chemins.
Authors: Tarot Camille
Published: January 2011

Cet article plaide pour une archéologie des travaux que Marcel Mauss a menés en religiologie aux côtés de Hubert et Durkheim, dans le premier quart du XX e siècle, et qui ont fait prendre aux sciences religieuses un tournant décisif. Revenir à une analyse fine des découvertes de Mauss dans ses trois champs de réflexion, le symbolisme, le sacrifice et le don, ne consiste pas seulement à rendre justice à l’homme de science. Si Mauss est reconnu encore aujourd’hui pour son apport à la sociologie et à l’ethnologie, l’influence du structuralisme mais aussi l’aspect fragmentaire et inachevé de son œuvre ont contribué en effet à occulter l’intérêt exceptionnel de sa reliogiologie. Bien plus que cela, sa reliogiologie permet de repenser, dans le contexte des mutations d’un monde en cours de globalisation, les rapports du religieux, du politique et de l’économique au sein des sociétés modernes.
Le langage et le don
Authors: Pierre Jacques
Published: January 2011

Pour l’être humain, le langage n’est pas une institution parmi d’autres. Le langage constitue non seulement la matrice de toutes les autres sémiotiques humaines mais il démarque aussi la frontière entre l’humanité et les autres espèces animales. La « double articulation » qui caractérise en propre le langage humain lui permet en effet de construire un monde à travers des représentations, lors même que les sémiotiques monoplanes ne font que transmettre de l’information sur le monde où l’animal est immergé. Cette puissance de représentation n’est possible que parce que la double articulation ouvre dans la mise en forme de l’expérience par notre langage un espace de virtualité où les choses, en même temps qu’elles demeurent identiques à elles-mêmes, peuvent à chaque instant être pensées autrement, où la métaphore et la métonymie ne cessent d’inquiéter la catégorisation de la perception, rendre perméable les identités et problématiser notre rapport au réel. Or le don a essentiellement une fonction sémiotique dans la mesure où il nous permet de faire avec une telle expérience paradoxale, à la fois intérieure au langage et impossible à totaliser dans le discours, de surmonter cette béance dans notre rapport à l’autre par un crédit que les uns et les autres s’accordent mutuellement pour parvenir malgré tout à former une communauté langagière.
Le « don amoureux » de la proie est l'autre face de la « chance » du chasseur sibérien
Authors: Hamayon Roberte H.
Published: January 2011

Cet article examine, à la lumière de la théorie du don, la vie de chasse telle qu’elle est conçue et pratiquée dans les petites sociétés autochtones de la forêt sibérienne. Leur conception de la chasse vise à justifier d’en vivre et à nier son aspect meurtrier. Elle consiste en un accord global entre les chasseurs et les esprits des espèces comestibles qu’ils imaginent pour servir de partenaires. Elle est fondée sur l’idée que l’animal gibier, perçu comme femelle, se donne lui-même (sa viande, à savoir son énergie vitale) au chasseur par amour pour lui ; en d’autres termes, la chance du chasseur reflète l’amour de sa proie. La chair du chasseur, à sa mort, nourrira en retour les esprits animaux. En transformant la « prise » humaine prédatrice en « don » de la proie animale dans l’économie de la chasse, cette conception obéit à la « triple obligation » maussienne, bien que de façon seulement partielle et fictive : « donner » est le fait de l’Autre (animal ou esprit), non de soi, et c’est en outre un don forcé et féminin.
L'esprit dans l'œuvre de Durkheim, Mauss et Hertz
Authors: Kwon Heonik
Published: January 2011

Cet article compare la théorie maussienne du don comme moteur des solidarités humaines avec la conception durkheimienne centrée sur la transmission des ancêtres et celle de Hertz qui, au contraire, met l’emphase sur l’aspect créatif des interventions ponctuelles. L’attention est portée sur la manière dont chacun de ces membres fondateurs de l’École française de sociologie comprenait le rapport à l’« esprit », illustrée à travers l’exemple de la coutume vietnamienne du don d’argent aux esprits des ancêtres et des non-ancêtres.
Mauss as an ally in current debates over “neo- Darwinism: ” “Sociality” as Maussian drama
Authors: James Wendy
Published: January 2011

Mauss comme allié au sein des débats actuels sur le « néo-darwinisme » : la « socialité » comme drame maussien Si des avancées considérables se font présentement dans le domaine des sciences de l’évolution, leurs « explications » du comportement humain demeurent partielles et controversées. À contre-courant de cette tendance dominante, les anthropologues du social qui souhaitent un dialogue avec les scientifiques peuvent s’appuyer sur la socialité humaine problématisée par Mauss en tant que théâtre. La « communauté » définie en tant que totalité productrice et reproductrice est le fruit du partage de conventions imaginées et ré-imaginées sur le temps, l’espace, la personne, le genre, ainsi que le fruit des échanges signifiants du langage, du travail et des biens si bien analysés par Mauss.
Le don à l'âge de la mondalisation
Authors: Pulcini Elena
Published: January 2011

Si l’on assume le don comme le « troisième paradigme » entre le holisme et l’individualisme, repenser le don à l’âge de la mondialisation signifie en premier lieu repenser, soit l’individualisme, soit le holisme, pour en souligner les transformations (pathologiques) produites par la globalisation. L’individualisme n’est plus (seulement) définissable à travers le modèle utilitariste de l’ homo oeconomicus caractéristique de la première modernité, mais il prend une configuration entropique et narcissique : que l’on peut résumer par les figures exemplaires du spectateur (insécurité, impuissance) et du consommateur (illimitation, passivité). Le holisme assume la forme inédite du communitarisme, qui présente le plus souvent des configurations tribales, destructives et exclusives, fondées sur l’opposition nous-eux. On assiste donc à une polarisation entre le Moi (insécurité, illimitation, atomisme, indifférence) et le Nous (fusionnalité, entropie, violence) : entre l’absence de lien (et de pathos ) et l’ excès de lien (et de pathos ). Le don peut être vu en tant qu’événement, concret et symbolique, qui permet de recomposer cette polarisation : à la double pathologie de l’individualisme et du communitarisme (obsession du Moi-obsession du Nous), le sujet de don répond avec la relation Moi-Toi  : il reconstruit le lien social dans la conscience de sa propre vulnérabilité et le respect de la singularité de l’autre.
Deux interprétations du bolchevisme : Marcel Mauss et Nikolaï Berdiaev
Authors: Gofman Alexandre
Published: January 2011

Cet article propose une analyse comparative de deux théories du bolchevisme élaborées par Marcel Mauss et Nikolaï Berdiaev. Les deux auteurs ont fondé les mêmes dichotomies théoriques qui sont devenus paradigmatiques, à savoir objet/sujet ; nécessaire/accidentel ; national/non- ou inter-, ou anti-national ; traditionnel/non traditionnel ; volontaire/non volontaire. Mais tandis que Berdiaev insistait sur le premier terme de chaque opposition théorique, chez Mauss prédominaient les jugements mettant l’accent sur le second terme.
Mauss et la naissance de la sociologie du corps
Authors: Le Breton David
Published: January 2011

L’œuvre de Mauss est ici abordé sous l’angle de la sociologie et de l’anthropologie du corps, dont Mauss fut un formidable pionnier. Son travail sur les techniques du corps, l’expression obligatoire des sentiments, ou encore ceux qui préfigurent les recherches de Lévi-Strauss sur l’efficacité symbolique ont profondément marqué les recherches contemporaines sur le corps.
« Mauss et moi... ». Sur le droit des dons
Authors: Hyland Richard
Published: January 2011

Cet article explore les raisons pour lesquelles certains systèmes légaux occidentaux ont été traditionnellement hostiles au don. La loi privée eu égard aux transactions et échanges est généralement centrée sur le marché, avec pour conséquence une difficulté constitutive eu égard aux transactions qui ne sont pas des échanges. Afin de légiférer sur le don, la loi a dû tordre la signification de plusieurs de ses concepts. J’en conclus que certaines prohibitions légales confirment indirectement l’existence de la triple obligation de donner, recevoir et rendre.
L'interdisciplinarité de Mauss : la fécondité de l'indologie
Authors: Allen J.
Published: January 2011

Mauss a étudié le sanskrit avec un savant éminent, et il a enseigné l’indologie. Mais quelle importance cette formation a eu dans son œuvre et dans sa conception de la sociologie ? Cet article passe en revue les essais et les comptes rendus qui sont franchement ceux d’un indologue ; l’emploi de l’Inde dans les contextes qui visent l’histoire mondiale ; et quelques autres références. Grâce à Dumézil et à Dumont, l’orientation philologique de Mauss continue de féconder le comparatisme indo-européen d’aujourd’hui.
Bourdieu, un « héritier » paradoxal ?
Authors: Chanial Philippe
Published: January 2011

Non seulement Bourdieu a souvent évoqué et cité Mauss, mais plus encore son œuvre et les concepts de sa sociologie ne sauraient être compris sans prendre en considération sa lecture de l’anthropologue français, et tout particulièrement de l’ Essai sur le don . Bourdieu n’est peut-être pas « maussien » mais à l’évidence un « héritier », paradoxal.
(Non)-completeness of $ℝ$-buildings and fixed point theorems
Authors: Struyve Koen
Published: January 2011

We prove two generalizations of results of Bruhat and Tits involving metrical completeness and

\mathbb{R}

-buildings. Firstly, we give a generalization of the Bruhat–Tits fixed point theorem also valid for non-complete

\mathbb{R}

-buildings with the added condition that the group is finitely generated. Secondly, we generalize a criterion which reduces the problem of completeness to the wall trees of the

\mathbb{R}

-building. This criterion was proved by Bruhat and Tits for

\mathbb{R}

-buildings arising from root group data with valuation.
EXPANDING OPPORTUNITIES FOR FFA CHAPTER RECOGNITION: A MODEL FOR COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT
Authors: Israel Glenn D. , Hoover Tracy S.
Published: January 2011

This article presents a strategy for integrating community service learning with community development. It builds upon two methods in rural development: needs assessment and incorporating public schools in the development process. The strategy provides a way to have a valid needs assessment using survey research and at the same time keep costs low and involvement of local people high. It also provides students an opportunity to have classroom and experiential learning on community development and needs assessment. This strategy has been pilot tested in Florida. Opportunities abound for agricultural education programs and their respective FFA chapter if they choose to lead in such an endeavor.
EXTENT TO WHICH CULTURAL DIVERSITY IS ADDRESSED IN SECONDARY AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION
Authors: Luft Vernon D.
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which teaching practices addressing cultural diversity were being carried out in secondary agricultural education programs. The population of the study included all secondary agricultural education teachers in Nevada during the 1993-94 school year. Through the use of a mail survey instrument developed by the researcher, teachers were asked to report information about program and minority enrollments, the extent to which they carried out teaching practices related to cultural diversity, and the means by which they gained expertise in multicultural education. The results indicated that most students enrolled in secondary programs and FFA were white, and that the extent to which secondary agriculture teachers carried out cultural diversity practices was often limited and improvement is needed. Teaching practices most frequently carried out were those common to most classrooms regardless of cultural diversity, while those least frequently carried out were practices addressing cultural diversity more specifically. Teachers gained their expertise in multicultural education from a variety of sources.
Simulated enhancement of ENSO-related rainfall variability due to Australian dust
Authors: Rotstayn L. D. , Collier M. A. , Mitchell R. M. , Qin Y. , Campbell S. K.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Average dust emissions from Australia are small compared to those from the major sources in the Northern Hemisphere. However, they are highly episodic, and this may increase the importance of Australian dust as a climate feedback agent. We compare two 160-year coupled atmosphere-ocean simulations of modern-day climate using the CSIRO Mark 3.6 global climate model (GCM). The first run (DUST) includes an interactive treatment of mineral dust and its direct radiative effects. The second run (NODUST) is otherwise identical, but has the Australian dust source set to zero. We focus on the austral spring season, when the correlation between rainfall and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is strongest over Australia. We find that the ENSO-rainfall relationship over eastern Australia is stronger in the DUST run: dry (El Niño) years tend to be drier, and wet (La Niña) years wetter. The ENSO-rainfall relationship is also weaker over north-western Australia in the DUST run. The amplification of ENSO-related rainfall variability over eastern Australia and the weaker ENSO-rainfall relationship over the north-west both represent an improvement relative to observations. The suggested mechanism over eastern Australia involves stabilisation of the surface layer due to enhanced atmospheric heating and surface cooling in El Niño years, and enhanced ascent and moisture convergence driven by atmospheric heating in La Niña years. The results suggest that (1) a realistic treatment of Australian dust may be necessary for accurate simulation of the ENSO-rainfall relationship over Australia, and (2) radiative feedbacks involving dust may be important for understanding natural rainfall variability over Australia.
Elevated aerosol layer embedded with aged soot particles in a polluted urban atmosphere
Authors: Shi G. , Zhang D. , Wang B. , Chen B. , Yamada M. , Niu H.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. A layered structure of aerosol particles from surface to 1080 m was observed in Beijing during daytime on 8 December 2007. Under about 700 m, particles were well mixed vertically. From 700 to 1000 m was an elevated aerosol layer (EAL), in which aerosol concentration was remarkably larger than those in the lower and upper layers. Electron microscopic analysis of particles in the size range of 0.2~1.3 μm at different altitudes revealed that soot particles were predominant in all layers. There were fresh, young and aged soot particles in the lower layer. In contrast, soot particles in the EAL were all well aged, showing the structure of shrunk soot inclusions coated with weak absorbing species (the so-called core-shell structure). The geometric mean equivalent diameter of soot particles in the EAL was approximately 0.4~0.6 μm while that of their soot inclusions was about 0.1 μm. The EAL coincided with the remaining nocturnal layer aloft, which was the residual left by the daytime upward convective mixing in the boundary layer. The lapse rate in the lower part of the EAL had an obvious decrease in the morning, indicating the absorption effect of soot particles there. These results suggest that the fate of soot particles was closely dependent on the evolution of the boundary layer. While particles emitted from surface were efficiently mixed upward in daytime, residual nocturnal layer as a cap lid produced an EAL abundant in well-aged soot particles, in which the aerosols, as a feedback, enhanced the stability of the layer by absorbing solar radiation.
Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen to the Baltic Sea in the period 1995–2006
Authors: Bartnicki J. , Semeena V. S. , Fagerli H.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. The EMEP Unified model has been used to compute atmospheric nitrogen deposition into the Baltic Sea basin for the period of 12 years: 1995–2006. The level of annual total nitrogen deposition into the Baltic Sea basin has changed from 230 Gg N in 1995 to 199 Gg N in 2006, decreasing 13%. This value corresponds well with the total nitrogen emission reduction (11%) in the HELCOM Contracting Parties. However, inter-annual variability of nitrogen depositions to the Baltic Sea basin is relatively large, ranging from −13% to +17% of the averaged value. It is mainly caused by the changing meteorological conditions and especially precipitation in the considered period. The calculated monthly depositions are similar for most of the years showing maxima in the autumn months October and November. The source allocation budget for atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the Baltic Sea basin was calculated for each year of the period 1997–2006. The main emission sources contributing to total nitrogen deposition are: Germany 18–22 %, Poland 11–13% and Denmark 8–11%. There is also a significant contribution from distant sources like the United Kingdom 6–10%, as well as from the international ship traffic on the Baltic Sea 4–5%.
Jet characterization in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS): applications to climatology and transport studies
Authors: Manney G. L. , Hegglin M. I. , Daffer W. H. , Santee M. L. , Ray E. A. , Pawson S. , Schwartz M. J. , Boone C. D. , Froidevaux L. , Livesey N. J. , Read W. G. , Walker K. A.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. A method of classifying the upper tropospheric/lower stratospheric (UTLS) jets has been developed that allows satellite and aircraft trace gas data and meteorological fields to be efficiently mapped in a jet coordinate view. A detailed characterization of multiple tropopauses accompanies the jet characterization. Jet climatologies show the well-known high altitude subtropical and lower altitude polar jets in the upper troposphere, as well as a pattern of concentric polar and subtropical jets in the Southern Hemisphere, and shifts of the primary jet to high latitudes associated with blocking ridges in Northern Hemisphere winter. The jet-coordinate view segregates air masses differently than the commonly-used equivalent latitude (EqL) coordinate throughout the lowermost stratosphere and in the upper troposphere. Mapping O3 data from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) satellite and the Winter Storms aircraft datasets in jet coordinates highlights important advantages in comparison to an EqL-coordinate view: strong PV, tropopause height and trace gas gradients across the subtropical jet are washed out in the latter and clearly highlighted in the former. The jet coordinate view emphasizes the presence of stratospheric ozone well below the tropopause, especially poleward of and below the jet core, and highlights other transport features associated with the upper tropospheric jets. MLS and Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment-Fourier Transform Spectrometer trace gas fields for spring 2008 in jet coordinates show very strong, closely correlated, PV, tropopause height and trace gas gradients across the jet, and evidence of intrusions of stratospheric air below the tropopause below and poleward of the subtropical jet; these features are consistent between instruments and among multiple trace gases. Our characterization of the jets is facilitating studies that will improve our understanding of upper tropospheric trace gas evolution.
In situ detection of atomic and molecular iodine using Resonance and Off-Resonance Fluorescence by Lamp Excitation: ROFLEX
Authors: Gómez Martín J. C. , Blahins J. , Gross U. , Ingham T. , Goddard A. , Mahajan A. S. , Ubelis A. , Saiz-Lopez A.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. We demonstrate a new instrument for in situ detection of atmospheric iodine atoms and molecules based on atomic and molecular resonance and off-resonance ultraviolet fluorescence excited by lamp emission. The instrument combines the robustness, light weight, low power consumption and efficient excitation of radio-frequency discharge light sources with the high sensitivity of the photon counting technique. Calibration of I2 fluorescence is achieved via quantitative detection of the molecule by Incoherent Broad Band Cavity-enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy. Atomic iodine fluorescence signal is calibrated by controlled broad band photolysis of known I2 concentrations in the visible spectral range at atmospheric pressure. The instrument has been optimised in laboratory experiments to reach detection limits of 1.2 pptv for I atoms and 13 pptv for I2, for S/N = 1 and 10 min of integration time. The ROFLEX system has been deployed in a field campaign in northern Spain, representing the first concurrent observation of ambient mixing ratios of iodine atoms and molecules in the 1–350 pptv range.
The atmospheric chemistry box model CAABA/MECCA-3.0gmdd
Authors: Sander R. , Baumgaertner A. , Gromov S. , Harder H. , Jöckel P. , Kerkweg A. , Kubistin D. , Regelin E. , Riede H. , Sandu A. , Taraborrelli D. , Tost H. , Xie Z.-Q.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. We present version 3.0gmdd of the atmospheric chemistry box model CAABA/MECCA. In addition to a complete update of the rate coefficients to the most recent recommendations, a number of new features have been added: chemistry in multiple aerosol size bins; automatic multiple simulations reaching steady-state conditions; Monte-Carlo simulations with randomly varied rate coefficients within their experimental uncertainties; calculations along Lagrangian trajectories; mercury chemistry; more detailed isoprene chemistry; tagging of isotopically labeled species. Further changes have been implemented to make the code more user-friendly and to facilitate the analysis of the model results. Like earlier versions, CAABA/MECCA-3.0gmdd is a community model published under the GNU General Public License (GPL).
On the spatio-temporal analysis of hydrological droughts from global hydrological models
Authors: Corzo Perez G. A. , van Huijgevoort M. H. J. , Voß F. , van Lanen H. A. J.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. The recent concerns for world-wide extreme events related to climate change phenomena have motivated the development of large scale models that simulate the global water cycle. In this context, analyses of extremes is an important topic that requires the adaptation of methods used for river basin and regional scale models. This paper presents two methodologies that extend the tools to analyze spatio-temporal drought development and characteristics using large scale gridded time series of hydrometeorological data. The methodologies are distinguished and defined as non-contiguous and contiguous drought area analyses (i.e. NCDA and CDA). The NCDA presents time series of percentages of areas in drought at the global scale and for pre-defined regions of known hydroclimatology. The CDA is introduced as a complementary method that generates information on the spatial coherence of drought events at the global scale. Spatial drought events are found through CDA by clustering patterns (contiguous areas). In this study the global hydrological model WaterGAP was used to illustrate the methodology development. Global gridded time series (resolution 0.5°) simulated with the WaterGAP model from land points were used. The NCDA and CDA were applied to identify drought events in subsurface runoff. The percentages of area in drought calculated with both methods show complementary information on the spatial and temporal events for the last decades of the 20th century. The NCDA provides relevant information on the average number of droughts, duration and severity (deficit volume) for pre-defined regions (globe, 2 selected climate regions). Additionally, the CDA provides information on the number of spatially linked areas in drought as well as their geographic location on the globe. An explorative validation process shows that the NCDA results capture the overall spatio-temporal drought extremes over the last decades of the 20th century. Events like the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in South America and the pan-European drought in 1976 appeared clearly in both analyses. The methodologies introduced provide an important basis for the global characterization of droughts, model inter-comparison, and spatial events validation.
Parameterization for subgrid-scale motion of ice-shelf calving fronts
Authors: Albrecht T. , Martin M. , Haseloff M. , Winkelmann R. , Levermann A.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. A parameterization for the motion of ice-shelf fronts on a Cartesian grid in finite-difference land-ice models is presented. The scheme prevents artificial thinning of the ice shelf at its edge, which occurs due to the finite resolution of the model. The intuitive numerical implementation diminishes numerical dispersion at the ice front and enables the application of physical boundary conditions to improve the calculation of stress and velocity fields throughout the ice-sheet-shelf system. Numerical properties of this subgrid modification are assessed in the Potsdam Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM-PIK) for different geometries in one and two horizontal dimensions and are verified against an analytical solution in a flow-line setup.
Modeling the thermal dynamics of the active layer at two contrasting permafrost sites
Authors: Weismüller J. , Wollschläger U. , Boike J. , Roth K.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. The thermal and hydraulic dynamics of unsaturated active layers are described in a one-dimensional numerical forward model. Hydraulic and thermal transport processes are coupled in a set of partial differential equations based on Richards' equation, conductive and convective heat flow and a phenomenological description of soil freezing. The model is applied to the detailed data sets of two rather different field sites, one in the Arctic on Svalbard and one on the Tibetan Plateau. Soil temperatures and water contents as well as important quantities like the thaw depth and the duration of the isothermal plateau can be reproduced. To examine the influence of different heat transport processes, three scenarios of different complexity are studied. We show that heat conduction is the dominant process at both sites. While representing this process is sufficient for rough thaw depth estimates, a more detailed representation is necessary for an accurate representation of the active layer thermal dynamics. With our detailed model, characteristic deviations between measurements and simulations can still be observed. As possible explanations we discuss downward vapor migration in the upper soil layer and mechanical deformations.
What do We Mean when we Talk about “Leadership?”
Authors: Rosch David M. , Kusel Michelle L.
Published: January 2011

David Rosch and Michelle Kusel argue that we need more consensus about the concept of “leadership” to guide student leadership development.
Flash‐Memory Effect for Polyfluorenes with On‐Chain Iridium(III) Complexes
Authors: Liu Shu‐Juan , Lin Zhen‐Hua , Zhao Qiang , Ma Yun , Shi Hui‐Fang , Yi Ming‐Dong , Ling Qi‐Dan , Fan Qu‐Li , Zhu Chun‐Xiang , Kang En‐Tang , Huang Wei
Published: January 2011

Polyfluorenes containing Ir(III) complexes in the main chain are demonstrated to have promising application in a polymer memory device. A flash‐memory device is shown whereby a polymer solution is spin‐coated as the active layer and is sandwiched between an aluminum electrode and an indium tin oxide electrode. This device exhibits very good memory performance, such as low reading, writing, and erasing voltages and a high ON/OFF current ratio of more than 105. Both ON and OFF states are stable under a constant voltage stress of −1.0 V and survive up to 108 read cycles at a read voltage of −1.0 V. Charge transfer and traps in polymers are probably responsible for the conductance‐switching behavior and the memory effect. The fluorene moieties act as an electron donor and Ir(III) complex units as the electron acceptor. Furthermore, through the modification of ligand structures of Ir(III) complex units, the resulting polymers also exhibit excellent memory behavior. Alteration of ligands can change the threshold voltage of the device. Hence, conjugated polymers containing Ir(III) complexes, which have been successfully applied in light‐emitting devices, show very promising application in polymer memory devices.
Characterization of lead in US workplaces using data from OSHA's integrated management information system
Authors: Henn Scott A. , Sussell Aaron L. , Li Jia , Shire Jeffrey D. , Alarcon Walter A. , Tak Sangwoo
Published: January 2011

Background

Lead hazards continue to be encountered in the workplace. OSHA's Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) is the largest available database containing sampling results in US workplaces.

Methods

Personal airborne lead sampling results in IMIS were extracted for years 1979–2008. Descriptive analyses, geographical mapping, and regression modeling of results were performed.

Results

Seventy‐nine percent of lead samples were in the manufacturing sector. Lead sample results were highest in the construction sector (median = 0.03 mg/m3). NORA sector, year, OSHA region, number of employees at the worksite, federal/state OSHA plan, unionization, advance notification, and presence of an employee representative were statistically associated with having a lead sample result exceed the PEL.

Conclusions

Lead concentrations within construction have been higher than any other industry. Lead hazards have been most prevalent in the north and northeastern US. IMIS data can be useful as a surveillance tool and for targeting prevention efforts toward hazardous industries. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:356–365, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Respiratory symptoms in firefighters
Authors: Greven Frans E. , Rooyackers Jos M. , Kerstjens Huib A.M. , Heederik Dick J.
Published: January 2011

Background

The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with respiratory symptoms in common firefighters in the Netherlands.

Methods

A total of 1,330 firefighters from the municipal fire brigades of three provinces of the Netherlands were included in the study. All subjects were administered a Dutch web‐based version of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey questionnaire.

Results

General respiratory symptoms were associated with the number of fires fought in the last 12 months with odds ratios between 1.2 (95% CI 1.0–1.4) and 1.4 (95% CI 1.2–1.7) per 25 fires. A strong association was found between an inhalation incident and present respiratory symptoms with odds ratios between 1.7 (95% CI 1.1–2.7) and 3.0 (95% CI 1.9–4.7). Adjustments for smoking, sex, atopy, and age did not change any of the associations. After stratification, atopics showed elevated odds ratios.

Conclusions

It is recommended that firefighters are aware of these elevated healthcare risks associated with exposure to fire smoke and that they increase as much as possible the use of self‐contained breathing apparatus. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:350–355, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Life history traits, maternal behavior and infant development of blue‐eyed black lemurs (Eulemur flavifrons)
Authors: Volampeno M. Sylviane N. , Masters Judith C. , Downs Colleen T.
Published: January 2011

An understanding of recruitment is important for estimating population growth and viability, and their implications for conservation. We present the first results regarding the life history, maternal behavior and infant development of the critically endangered blue‐eyed black lemur (Eulemur flavifrons) of Madagascar. The species breeds seasonally, with births occurring at the end of the dry season, between late August and October. Over two successive birth seasons in 2006 and 2007, we observed a total of 13 lactating females and 22 infants from six groups. We inferred age at first reproduction as 3 years, and calculated the birth rate as 1.0 infant per female per year with a mean inter‐birth interval of 358 ± 24.81 days (319–410 days). Infants spent the first 3 weeks of life constantly with their mothers; locomotor independence and ingestion of solid food began at week 10, and the infants were weaned by week 25. After week 28, infants spent less than 20% of their time in contact with their mothers. Over the study period infant mortality was 22.7%, with predation and sickness observed as causes. Our results suggest that overall recruitment is relatively slow, which has implications for the species' survival, particularly given their restricted and threatened habitat. Am. J. Primatol. 73:474–484, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in Vigabatrin‐exposed patients
Authors: Clayton Lisa M. , Dévilé Marita , Punte Trusjen , Kallis Constantinos , de Haan Gerrit‐Jan , Sander Josemir W. , Acheson James , Sisodiya Sanjay M.
Published: January 2011

Objective:

Vigabatrin‐associated visual field loss (VAVFL) occurs in 25 to 50% of exposed patients and is routinely monitored using perimetry, which has inherent limitations. Using optical coherence tomography (OCT), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning has been described in a small number of vigabatrin‐exposed patients. We explored the relationship between RNFL thickness and visual field size, to determine whether OCT is a suitable tool to use in patients exposed to vigabatrin.

Methods:

Two hundred one vigabatrin‐exposed subjects with epilepsy, divided into 2 groups, and 90 healthy controls participated. Visual fields were obtained using Goldmann kinetic perimetry and quantified using mean radial degrees (MRD). RNFL imaging was performed using either spectral‐domain (Group 1) or time‐domain (Group 2) OCT.

Results:

Thirty‐nine of 201 (19.4%) patients were unable to perform perimetry. Thirteen (6.5%) patients were unable to perform OCT. A total of 51.6% of patients showed VAVFL. Average RNFL thickness was significantly thinner in patients (77.9μm) compared to healthy controls (93.6μm) (p < 0.001). There was a strong correlation between MRD and average RNFL thickness for Group 1 (r = 0.768, p < 0.001) and Group 2 (r = 0.814, p < 0.001). OCT RNFL imaging showed high repeatability.

Interpretation:

OCT provides a useful tool to assess people exposed to vigabatrin, and can provide an accurate estimate of the extent of visual field loss in the absence of a reliable direct measure of the visual field. The strong linear relationship found between RNFL thickness and visual field size provides some evidence that irreversible VAVFL may be related to loss of retinal ganglion cell axons. Ann Neurol 2011;
Cellular immunosenescence in adult male crickets, Gryllus assimilis
Authors: Park Youngjin , Kim Yonggyun , Stanley David
Published: January 2011

Ecological immunity studies in invertebrates, particularly insects, have generated new insights into trade‐offs between immune functions and other physiological parameters. These studies document physiologically directed reallocations of immune costs to other high‐cost areas of physiology. Immunosenescence, recognized as the age‐related deterioration of immune functions, is another mechanism of radically altering immune systems. We investigated the hypothesis that aging brings on immunosenescence in adult males of the cricket, Gryllus assimilis. Our data show that the intensity of melanotic nodule formation decreased with adult age from after 3‐week post‐adult emergence. Circulating hemocyte populations similarly decreased from about 5,000 hemocytes/µl hemolymph to about 1,000 hemocytes/µl hemolymph. The numbers of damaged hemocytes in circulation increased from less than 10% at 1‐week post‐adult emergence to approximately 60% by 3‐week post‐adult emergence. The composition of hemocyte types changed with age, with increasing proportions of granulocytes and decreasing proportions of plasmatocytes. The declines in nodule formation were not linked to the adult age of sexual behaviors, which begin shortly after entering adulthood in this species. We infer that age‐related senescence, rather than cost reallocations, may account for observed declines in various parameters of immune functions in insects, as seen in other animals. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Internalization of Sambucus nigra agglutinins I and II in insect midgut CF‐203 cells
Authors: Shahidi‐Noghabi Shahnaz , Van Damme Els J. M. , De Vos Winnok H. , Smagghe Guy
Published: January 2011

In this project, the uptake mechanisms and localization of two lectins from Sambucus nigra, further referred to as S. nigra agglutinin (SNA)‐I and SNA‐II, into insect midgut CF‐203 cells were studied. SNA‐I is a chimeric lectin belonging to the class of ribosome‐inactivating proteins, whereas SNA‐II is a hololectin devoid of enzymatic activity. Internalization of the fluorescein isothiocyanate‐labeled lectin was investigated using confocal microscopy. Both lectins were internalized into the cytoplasm of CF‐203 cells at similar rates. Preexposure of the insect midgut cells to specific inhibitors of clathrin‐ and caveolae‐mediated endocytosis resulted in an inhibition of lectin uptake in CF‐203 cells and caspase‐induced cytotoxicity caused by SNA‐I and SNA‐II, confirming the involvement of both endocytosis pathways. Further studies demonstrated that the uptake mechanism(s) for both lectins required phosphoinositide 3‐kinases, but did not depend on the actin cytoskeleton. Since the hololectin SNA‐II apparently uses a similar endocytosis pathway as the chimerolectin SNA‐I, it can be concluded that the endocytosis process mainly relies on the carbohydrate‐binding activity of the lectins under investigation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemotherapeutic agents, XXI: Synthesis of π‐deficient pyrimidines as leishmanicides
Authors: Ram Vishnu J.
Published: January 2011

Synthesis of 5‐cyano‐6‐(3‐pyridyl)‐2‐thiouracil (1) has been described from 3‐pyridinecarboxaldehyde, thiourea, and ethyl cyanoacetate. Alkylation of 1 with mono‐ and dihaloalkanes under different conditions, provided 2a,b, 3a,b, and 4a‐i. Halogenation of 4g with POCl3 yielded 5 which underwent nucleophilic substitution with amines to give 6a‐g. Fusion of 4a with aromatic and heterocyclic amines at 160°C gave the substitution products 7a‐c. Some of the compounds were screened for antileishmanial activity but only one of them (6d) demonstrated very significant activity.