bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
YAG Ceramic Nanocrystals Implementation into MCVD Technology of Active Optical Fibers
Authors: Mrázek Jan , Kašík Ivan , Procházková Lenka , Čuba Václav , Girman Vladimír , Puchý Viktor , Blanc Wilfried , Peterka Pavel , Aubrecht Jan , Cajzl Jakub , Podrazký Ondřej
Published: May 2018

Nanoparticle doping is an alternative approach the conventional solution doping method allowing the preparation of active optical fibers with improved optical and structural properties. The combination of the nanoparticle doping with MCVD process has brought new technological challenges. We present the preparation of fiber lasers doped with Er-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) nanocrystals. These nanocrystals, prepared by a hydrothermal reaction, were analyzed by several structural methods to determine the mean nanocrystal size and an effective hydrodynamic radius. The nanocrystals were incorporated into silica frits with various porosity made by the conventional MCVD process. The Er:YAG-doped silica frits were processed into preforms, which were drawn into optical fibers. We studied the effect of the nanocrystal size and frit’s porosity on the final structural and optical properties of prepared preforms and optical fibers. Selected optical fibers were tested as an active medium in a fiber ring laser setup and the characteristics of the laser were determined. Optimal laser properties were achieved for the fiber length of 7 m. The slope efficiency of the fiber laser was about 42%. Presented method can be simply extended to the deposition of other ceramic nanomaterials.
Static and Dynamic Response of FG-CNT-Reinforced Rhombic Laminates
Authors: Ansari Md Irfan , Kumar Ajay , Barnat-Hunek Danuta , Suchorab Zbigniew , Andrzejuk Wojciech , Majerek Dariusz
Published: May 2018

The present study focuses on the static and dynamic response of functionally graded carbon nanotube (FG-CNT)-reinforced rhombic laminates. The cubic variation of thickness coordinate in the displacement field is considered in terms of Taylor’s series expansion, which represents the higher-order transverse cross-sectional deformation modes. The condition of zero-transverse shear strain at upper and lower surface of FG-CNT-reinforced rhombic laminates is imposed in the present formulation. The present two-dimensional model is formulated in a finite element, with the C0 element consisting of seven nodal unknowns per node. The final material properties of FG-CNT-reinforced rhombic laminates are estimated using the rule of mixture. The obtained numerical are compared with the results available in the literature to verify the reliability of the present model. The present study investigates the effect of CNT distribution, loading pattern, volume fraction, and various combinations of boundary constraints by developing a finite element code in FORTRAN.
A Nowcasting Model for Tropical Cyclone Precipitation Regions Based on the TREC Motion Vector Retrieval with a Semi-Lagrangian Scheme for Doppler Weather Radar
Authors: Tang Jingyin , Matyas Corene
Published: May 2018

Accurate observational data and reliable prediction models are both essential to improve the quality of precipitation forecasts. The spiraling trajectories of air parcels within a tropical cyclone (TC) coupled with the large sizes of these systems brings special challenges in making accurate short-term forecasts, or nowcasts. Doppler weather radars are ideal instruments to observe TCs when they move over land, and traditional nowcasts incorporate radar data. However, data from dozens of radars must be mosaicked together to observe the entire system. Traditional single-radar-based reflectivity tracking methods commonly employed in nowcasting are not suitable for TCs as they are not able to capture the circular motion of these systems. Thus, this paper focuses on improving short-term predictability of TC precipitation with Doppler weather radar observations based on: a multi-scale motion vector retrieval algorithm, an optimization technique and a semi-Lagrangian advection scheme. Motion fields of precipitation regions are obtained by a multi-level motion vector retrieval algorithm, then corrected and smoothed by the optimization technique using mass and smooth constraints. Predicted precipitation regions are then extrapolated using the semi-Lagrangian advection scheme. A case study of Hurricane Isabel (2003) shows that the combination of these methods may increase reliable rainfall prediction to about 5 h as the TC moves over land.
Effect of Annealing Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of Cr-Coatings Deposited on AISI 5140 Steel by Brush-Plating
Authors: Hu Jianjun , Jiang Jie , Li Hui , Yang Xian , Xu Hongbin , Jin Yan , Ma Chaoping , Dong Qingshan , Guo Ning
Published: May 2018

Cr-coating was deposited on AISI 5140 steel by electro brush-plating, followed by annealing treatment at different temperatures, from 300 to 1100 °C. The microstructure evolution of the Cr-coating was characterized by backscattered electron imaging (BSEI) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The results show that the brush-plated sample has a nodular shaped microstructure, which is very stable at 300 °C of annealing. At 500 °C of annealing, the constitution of the microstructure changes from nodules to grains. As the annealing temperature further increases, the grains grow significantly. When the temperature reaches 1100 °C, a Cr-Fe solid-solution layer is formed within the original pure Cr-coatings. With increasing annealing temperature, the number of micro-cracks in the coating increases first and then decreases, reaching a maximum at 500 °C. The hardness and wear-resistance of the coating are improved when the annealing temperature increases to 1100 °C, owing to the decrease of micro-cracks that formed during brush-plating.
User Experience in Mobile Augmented Reality: Emotions, Challenges, Opportunities and Best Practices
Authors: Dirin Amir , Laine Teemu H.
Published: May 2018

Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) is gaining a strong momentum to become a major interactive technology that can be applied across domains and purposes. The rapid proliferation of MAR applications in global mobile application markets has been fueled by a range of freely-available MAR software development kits and content development tools, some of which enable the creation of MAR applications even without programming skills. Despite the recent advances of MAR technology and tools, there are still many challenges associated with MAR from the User Experience (UX) design perspective. In this study, we first define UX as the emotions that the user encounters while using a service, a product or an application and then explore the recent research on the topic. We present two case studies, a commercial MAR experience and our own Virtual Campus Tour MAR application, and evaluate them from the UX perspective, with a focus on emotions. Next, we synthesize the findings from previous research and the results of the case study evaluations to form sets of challenges, opportunities and best practices related to UX design of MAR applications. Based on the identified best practices, we finally present an updated version of the Virtual Campus Tour. The results can be used for improving UX design of future MAR applications, thus making them emotionally engaging.
Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy
Authors: Lundstrom Kenneth
Published: May 2018

Applications of viral vectors have found an encouraging new beginning in gene therapy in recent years. Significant improvements in vector engineering, delivery, and safety have placed viral vector-based therapy at the forefront of modern medicine. Viral vectors have been employed for the treatment of various diseases such as metabolic, cardiovascular, muscular, hematologic, ophthalmologic, and infectious diseases and different types of cancer. Recent development in the area of immunotherapy has provided both preventive and therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, gene silencing generating a reversible effect has become an interesting alternative, and is well-suited for delivery by viral vectors. A number of preclinical studies have demonstrated therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy in animal models and furthermore in clinical trials. Several viral vector-based drugs have also been globally approved.
Teager Energy Entropy Ratio of Wavelet Packet Transform and Its Application in Bearing Fault Diagnosis
Authors: Wan Shuting , Zhang Xiong
Published: May 2018

Kurtogram can adaptively select the resonant frequency band, and then the characteristic fault frequency can be obtained by analyzing the selected band. However, the kurtogram is easily affected by random impulses and noise. In recent years, improvements to kurtogram have been concentrated on two aspects: (a) the decomposition method of the frequency band; and (b) the selection index of the optimal frequency band. In this article, a new method called Teager Energy Entropy Ratio Gram (TEERgram) is proposed. The TEER algorithm takes the wavelet packet transform (WPT) as the signal frequency band decomposition method, which can adaptively segment the frequency band and control the noise. At the same time, Teager Energy Entropy Ratio (TEER) is proposed as a computing index for wavelet packet subbands. WPT has better decomposition properties than traditional finite impulse response (FIR) filtering and Fourier decomposition in the kurtogram algorithm. At the same time, TEER has better performance than the envelope spectrum or even the square envelope spectrum. Therefore, the TEERgram method can accurately identify the resonant frequency band under strong background noise. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulation and experimental analysis.
Hybrid Coupled Multifracture and Multicontinuum Models for Shale Gas Simulation by Use of Semi-Analytical Approach
Authors: Cao Maojun , Dai Yu , Zhao Ling , Jia Yuele , Jia Yueru
Published: May 2018

Combining the advantages of multicontinuum and multifracture representations provides an easy-to-use tool to adequately capture the characteristic of the multiscaled fracture system in shale gas reservoir. A hybrid model is established on the basis of simplified conceptual productivity assumption, where the matrix volume is divided into two sub-domains (triple-porosity model and dual-depletion flowing model) and the fracture volume is represented by discrete finite conductivity fracture. In addition, the mechanisms of instant desorption, viscous flow and dual-depletion in matrix are taken into account. The rate transient responses are then obtained by use of semi-analytical approach. Based on the model, type curves are plotted and verified by comparing with alternative reliable methods. Different flow regimes in shale gas reservoirs can be identified and detected. The Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation methodology, based on probabilistic aggregation theory, is employed to integrating those two productivity models together such that the production can be predicted more accurately. A field example is applied to validate the applicability of this new model. Finally, it is concluded that the proposed model can predict the rate and cumulative rate more easily and practically.
Methods for Advanced Wind Turbine Condition Monitoring and Early Diagnosis: A Literature Review
Authors: Hossain Md Liton , Abu-Siada Ahmed , Muyeen S. M.
Published: May 2018

Condition monitoring and early fault diagnosis for wind turbines have become essential industry practice as they help improve wind farm reliability, overall performance and productivity. If not detected and rectified at early stages, some faults can be catastrophic with significant loss or revenue along with interruption to the business relying mainly on wind energy. The failure of Wind turbine results in system downtime and repairing or replacement expenses that significantly reduce the annual income. Such failures call for more systematized operation and maintenance schemes to ensure the reliability of wind energy conversion systems. Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis systems of wind turbine play an important role in reducing maintenance and operational costs and increase system reliability. This paper is aimed at providing the reader with the overall feature for wind turbine condition monitoring and fault diagnosis which includes various potential fault types and locations along with the signals to be analyzed with different signal processing methods.
Improved Synchronous Machine Rotor Design for the Easy Assembly of Excitation Coils Based on Surrogate Optimization
Authors: Yuan Tiejiang , Yang Nan , Zhang Wei , Cao Wenping , Xing Ning , Tan Zheng , Li Guofeng
Published: May 2018

This paper introduces a new rotor design for the easy insertion and removal of rotor windings. The shape of the rotor is optimized based on a surrogate method in order to achieve low power loss under the maximum power output. The synchronous machine with the new rotor is evaluated in 2-D finite element software and validated by experiments. This rotor shows great potential for reducing the maintenance and repair costs of synchronous machines, making it particularly suited for low-cost mass production markets including gen-sets, steam turbines, wind power generators, and hybrid electric vehicles.
Explorative Multidimensional Analysis for Energy Efficiency: DataViz versus Clustering Algorithms
Authors: Cottafava Dario , Sonetti Giulia , Gambino Paolo , Tartaglino Andrea
Published: May 2018

We propose a simple tool to help the energy management of a large building stock defining clusters of buildings with the same function, setting alert thresholds for each cluster, and easily recognizing outliers. The objective is to enable a building management system to be used for detection of abnormal energy use. We start reviewing energy performance indicators, and how they feed into data visualization (DataViz) tools for a large building stock, especially for university campuses. After a brief presentation of the University of Turin’s building stock which represents our case study, we perform an explorative analysis based on the Multidimensional Detective approach by Inselberg, using the Scatter Plot Matrix and the Parallel Coordinates methods. The k-means clustering algorithm is then applied on the same dataset to test the hypotheses made during the explorative analysis. Our results show that DataViz techniques provide quick and user-friendly solutions for the energy management of a large stock of buildings. In particular, they help identifying clusters of buildings and outliers and setting alert thresholds for various Energy Efficiency Indices.
Islanding Detection Method Based on Injecting Perturbation Signal and Rate of Change of Output Power in DC Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System
Authors: Tran Thanh Son , Nguyen Duc Tuyen , FUJITA Goro
Published: May 2018

The emergence of Distributed Generation (DG) in the electric system has brought about the appearance of the islanding phenomenon. In AC networks, there are a lot of Islanding Detection Methods (IDMs) have been studied. However, not too much IDMs in DC networks have been published because of the absence of frequency and reactive power. The hybrid IDM based on injected perturbation signal and rate of change of power output is proposed. This IDM can detect islanding condition not only in the worst case (the power of load and PV are equal) but also in another case (the power of load is greater than the power of PV). It can be applicable to both single and multi-PV operation scenarios. Besides, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulation in Matlab/Simulink.
Active-Reactive Additional Damping Control of a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Based on Active Disturbance Rejection Control
Authors: Ma Yanfeng , Liu Jia , Liu Haihang , Zhao Shuqiang
Published: May 2018

Large-scale wind power interfacing to the power grid has an impact on the stability of the power system. However, with an additional damping controller of the wind generator, new ways for improving system damping and suppressing the low frequency oscillation (LFO) of power systems can be put forward. In this paper, an active-reactive power additional damping controller based on active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) is proposed. In order to improve the precision of the controller, the theory of data driven control is adopted, using the numerical algorithms for subspace state space system identification (N4SID) to obtain the two order model of the ADRC controlled object. Based on the identification model, the ADRC additional damping controller is designed. Taking a 2-area 4-machine system containing the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind farm as an example, it is verified that the active-reactive additional damping controller designed in this paper performs well in suppressing negative-damping LFO and forced power oscillation. When the operation state of the power system changes, it can still restrain the LFO effectively, showing stronger robustness and better effectiveness compared to the traditional proportional–integral–derivative (PID) additional damping controller.
Power System Restoration Planning Strategy Based on Optimal Energizing Time of Sectionalizing Islands
Authors: Abu Talib Dian Najihah , Mokhlis Hazlie , Abu Talip Mohamad Sofian , Naidu Kanendra , Suyono Hadi
Published: May 2018

Common power system restoration planning strategy is based on a ‘build up’ approach, where a blackout system is sectionalized among several islands for parallel restoration prior to resynchronization. In order to speed up the resynchronization of the islands, each island must have similar energizing times. However, there is a huge number of possible combinations of islands that can be formed. Thus, this paper proposes a method to determine optimal islands that have similar energizing times. The method involves identifying transmission lines that should not be connected to form the islands. The proposed method is based on the combination of heuristic and discrete optimization methods. The heuristic technique is proposed to find initial solution that is close to the optimal solution. This solution will guide the optimization technique, which is the discrete Artificial Bee Colony optimization method, to find the optimum solution. The proposed method also considers restoration constraints including black start generator availability, load-generation balance, and the maintenance of acceptable voltage magnitude within each island. The proposed method is validated via simulation using IEEE 39, 118-bus and 89-bus European systems. The advantage of the proposed method in terms of restoration time is demonstrated through a comparison with other literature.
Luxembourg in the Early Days of the EEC: Null Player or Not?
Authors: Mayer Alexander
Published: May 2018

Voters whose yes-or-no decision never makes a difference to the outcome in a simple voting game are known as “null players”. Luxembourg’s role in the Council of Ministers during the first period of the European Economic Community (EEC) is often cited as a real-world case. The paper contrasts the textbook claim that Luxembourg was a null player with a more comprehensive picture of Luxembourg’s role in EEC’s voting system. The assessment of Luxembourg’s voting power is sensitive to the role played by the European Commission in the decision-making procedure and the measurement concepts underlying power evaluations.
Under the Same Sky: Connecting Students and Cultures through Circumpolar Nursing Education
Authors: Norbye Bente , Butler Lorna , Exner-Pirot Heather
Published: May 2018

The recruitment and retention of health professionals in rural, remote, and northern regions is an ongoing challenge. The Northern Nursing Education Network brought together nursing students working in rural and remote regions of the circumpolar north in Innovative Learning Institute on Circumpolar Health (ILICH) events to create opportunities for shared learning and expose both students and faculty to local and traditional knowledge that informs health behaviors specific to regions with Indigenous populations. Using participant experience data extracted from program discussions, evaluations, and reflective notes conducted after ILICH events held in 2015–2017, this paper explores how these two-week institutes can contribute to knowledge that is locally relevant yet transferable to rural areas across the circumpolar north. The findings clustered around experiences related to (1) Language as a barrier and an enabler; (2) shared values and traditions across borders; (3) differences and similarities in nursing practice; (4) new perspectives in nursing; and (5) building sustainable partnerships. Students learned more about their own culture as well as others by exploring the importance of language, cultures, and health inequity on different continents. Shared values and traditional knowledge impacted student perspectives of social determinants of health that are highly relevant for nurses working in the circumpolar north.
Home as a Place of Noise Control for the Elderly? A Cross-Sectional Study on Potential Mediating Effects and Associations between Road Traffic Noise Exposure, Access to a Quiet Side, Dwelling-Related Green and Noise Annoyance
Authors: Riedel Natalie , Köckler Heike , Scheiner Joachim , Van Kamp Irene , Erbel Raimund , Loerbroks Adrian , Claßen Thomas , Bolte Gabriele
Published: May 2018

Urban residents’ need to be in control of their home environment can be constrained by perceived uncontrollability of exposure to road traffic noise. Noise annoyance may indicate a psychological stress reaction due to this uncontrollability perception, thereby undermining the restoration process. Environmental resources, such as having access to a quiet side at home and dwelling-related green, may reduce noise annoyance both directly by shielding acoustically and indirectly by enhancing residents’ perceived noise control. We assessed the potential mediating role of perceived noise control in independent and joint associations of road traffic noise exposure (>65 dB Lden) and of an absent dwelling-related environmental resource (three indicators concerning quiet sides and one indicator concerning dwelling-related green) with noise annoyance. In our cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study on elderly urban citizens (N = 1812), we observed a statistically significant indirect effect of noise exposure on noise annoyance through perceived noise control (39%, 95%CI 26–55%). Statistical mediation between indicators of absent environmental resources and noise annoyance was weaker. The potential indirect effect was confirmed for combinations of noise exposure with each of the four indicators of an absent environmental resource. Our findings may call for mitigating noise levels while fostering quietness and green at residents’ homes.
Melatonin: A Multifunctional Factor in Plants
Authors: Fan Jibiao , Xie Yan , Zhang Zaichao , Chen Liang
Published: May 2018

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxy-tryptamine) is a universal molecule that is present in animals and plants. It has been detected in different kinds of plants and organs in different levels. Melatonin in plants shares the same initial biosynthesis compound with auxin, and therefore functions as indole-3-acetic acid like hormones. Moreover, melatonin is involved in regulating plant growth and development, protecting plants against biotic and abiotic stresses, such as salt, drought, cold, heat and heavy metal stresses. Melatonin improves the stress tolerance of plants via a direct pathway, which scavenges reactive oxygen species directly, and indirect pathways, such as increasing antioxidate enzymes activity, photosynthetic efficiency and metabolites content. In addition, melatonin plays a role in regulating gene expression, and hence affects performance of plants. In this review, the biosynthesis pathway, growth and development regulation, and the environment stress response of melatonin in plants are summarized and future research directions and priorities of melatonin in plants are speculated.
Metabolic Reprogramming by 3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM): A New Perspective to Reverse Obesity through Co-Regulation of Sirtuin 4 and 6 Expression
Authors: Assadi-Porter Fariba M. , Reiland Hannah , Sabatini Martina , Lorenzini Leonardo , Carnicelli Vittoria , Rogowski Micheal , Selen Alpergin Ebru S. , Tonelli Marco , Ghelardoni Sandra , Saba Alessandro , Zucchi Riccardo , Chiellini Grazia
Published: May 2018

Obesity is a complex disease associated with environmental and genetic factors. 3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM) has revealed great potential as an effective weight loss drug. We used metabolomics and associated transcriptional gene and protein expression analysis to investigate the tissue specific metabolic reprogramming effects of subchronic T1AM treatment at two pharmacological daily doses (10 and 25 mg/kg) on targeted metabolic pathways. Multi-analytical results indicated that T1AM at 25 mg/kg can act as a novel master regulator of both glucose and lipid metabolism in mice through sirtuin-mediated pathways. In liver, we observed an increased gene and protein expression of Sirt6 (a master gene regulator of glucose) and Gck (glucose kinase) and a decreased expression of Sirt4 (a negative regulator of fatty acids oxidation (FAO)), whereas in white adipose tissue only Sirt6 was increased. Metabolomics analysis supported physiological changes at both doses with most increases in FAO, glycolysis indicators and the mitochondrial substrate, at the highest dose of T1AM. Together our results suggest that T1AM acts through sirtuin-mediated pathways to metabolically reprogram fatty acid and glucose metabolism possibly through small molecules signaling. Our novel mechanistic findings indicate that T1AM has a great potential as a drug for the treatment of obesity and possibly diabetes.
Synthesis and Characterization of (pyNO−)2GaCl: A Redox-Active Gallium Complex
Authors: Kirsh Jacob M. , Woodside Audra J. , Manor Brian C. , Carroll Patrick J. , Rablen Paul R. , Graves Christopher R.
Published: May 2018

We report the synthesis of a gallium complex incorporating redox-active pyridyl nitroxide ligands. The (pyNO−)2GaCl complex was prepared in 85% yield via a salt metathesis route and was characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction, and theory. UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy and electrochemistry were used to access the optical and electrochemical properties of the complex, respectively. Our discussion focuses primarily on a comparison of the gallium complex to the corresponding aluminum derivative and shows that although the complexes are very similar, small differences in the electronic structure of the complexes can be correlated to the identity of the metal.
Copper Complexes with Tetradentate Ligands for Enhanced Charge Transport in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Michaels Hannes , Benesperi Iacopo , Edvinsson Tomas , Muñoz-Garcia Ana , Pavone Michele , Boschloo Gerrit , Freitag Marina
Published: May 2018

In dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs), the redox mediator is responsible for the regeneration of the oxidized dye and for the hole transport towards the cathode. Here, we introduce new copper complexes with tetradentate 6,6′-bis(4-(S)-isopropyl-2-oxazolinyl)-2,2′-bipyridine ligands, Cu(oxabpy), as redox mediators. Copper coordination complexes with a square-planar geometry show low reorganization energies and thus introduce smaller losses in photovoltage. Slow recombination kinetics of excited electrons between the TiO2 and CuII(oxabpy) species lead to an exceptionally long electron lifetime, a high Fermi level in the TiO2, and a high photovoltage of 920 mV with photocurrents of 10 mA∙cm−2 and 6.2% power conversion efficiency. Meanwhile, a large driving force remains for the dye regeneration of the Y123 dye with high efficiencies. The square-planar Cu(oxabpy) complexes yield viscous gel-like solutions. The unique charge transport characteristics are attributed to a superposition of diffusion and electronic conduction. An enhancement in charge transport performance of 70% despite the higher viscosity is observed upon comparison of Cu(oxabpy) to the previously reported Cu(tmby)2 redox electrolyte.
Triceps Brachii Muscle Strength and Architectural Adaptations with Resistance Training Exercises at Short or Long Fascicle Length
Authors: Stasinaki Angeliki-Nikoletta , Zaras Nikolaos , Methenitis Spyridon , Tsitkanou Stavroula , Krase Argyro , Kavvoura Angeliki , Terzis Gerasimos
Published: May 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate whether resistance training at short or long triceps brachii fascicle length induces different muscular strength and architectural adaptations. Nine young, novice, female participants, were trained for 6 weeks (two sessions/week) performing 6 sets × 6-RM (repetition maximum) unilateral cable exercises either with push-downs at short fascicle length (S) or overhead extensions with the contralateral arm at long fascicle length (L) of triceps brachii. Before and after training, 1-RM elbow extension and triceps brachii muscle architecture were evaluated. Muscle architecture was analyzed at 50% and 60% of the upper-arm length. Two-dimensional longitudinal muscle area of the triceps long head was also analyzed. The results indicated that 1-RM increased 40.1 ± 21.3% and 44.5 ± 20.1% (p < 0.01) after S and L, respectively. Muscle thickness at 50% length was increased 10.7 ± 15.3% (p < 0.05) and 13.7 ± 9.0% (p < 0.01) after S and L, while at 60% it was increased 15.5 ± 18.8% (p < 0.05) and 19.4 ± 16.3% (p < 0.01), respectively. Longitudinal muscle area increased similarly after S and L (p < 0.01). Fascicle angle and length were not altered with training. These results indicate that muscle strength and architecture of elbow extensors adapt similarly during the first six weeks of resistance training at either long or short fascicle length.
#MeToo? Legal Discourse and Everyday Responses to Sexual Violence
Authors: Gash Alison , Harding Ryan
Published: May 2018

Legal consciousness scholars identify the ways in which law is referenced to authorize, define and evaluate behaviors and choices that occur far outside any formal legal framework. They define legality as the “meanings, sources of authority, and cultural practices that are commonly recognized as legal, regardless of who employs them or for what ends.” We use the idea of legality to argue that, in matters of sexual assault and rape, the limits of the law extend beyond the courtroom. Rather than simply influencing or guiding only those who are willing to consult the law in their efforts to seek justice, laws and legal discourse have the potential to frame and constrain any attempt to discuss experiences of sexual violence. #MeToo and other forms of “consciousness-raising” for sexual violence highlight the limiting effects of law and legal discourse on public discussion of sexual violence. We find that, paradoxically, in the case of sexual violence law has the capacity to undermine the goals and benefits of consciousness-raising approaches, privatizing the experience of sexual assault and silencing its victims.
A Polymer Plugging Gel for the Fractured Strata and Its Application
Authors: Fan Xiangyu , Zhao Pengfei , Zhang Qiangui , Zhang Ting , Zhu Kui , Zhou Chenghua
Published: May 2018

Well leakage of fractured strata is a tricky problem while drilling. This unwieldy problem is usually caused by the poor formation of the cementing degree, the staggered-mesh of the fracture, and the low bearing capacity of the formation, which can also lead to a narrow and even unsafe window of drilling fluid density. For fractured strata, the normal plugging material has the disadvantages of unsuitable size and low strength, resulting in unsuccessful first time plugging and an increase in cost. Therefore, we developed a polymer plugging gel for the fractured strata, named XNGJ-3. XNGJ-3 is mainly made of an acrylamide monomer and is accompanied by the reactive monomers of carboxyl and hydroxyl as ingredients. XNGJ-3 has a low viscosity before gelling. At 80 °C it becomes gelled, and the gelling time was controlled within the required time of the practical application. These conditions are beneficial for making the plugging material enter the crossing fracture smoothly and occlude the fracture. XNGJ-3 also has a good deformability and can avoid being damaged during the process of fracture closure. The well leakage simulated experiment revealed that the bearing capacity of this material can reach 21 MPa and the inverse bearing capacity can reach 20 MPa. These strengths are more than twice that of common polymer plugging gels. Finally, three leaked wells in the fractured strata of the Sichuan Basin were used to verify the plugging effect of XNGJ-3. Compared with other common plugging materials, XNGJ-3 has the advantages of having a higher success rate of first time plugging, a lower economic cost, a shorter work time, and so forth, which indicate that this plugging material has a good engineering application value in dealing with well leakage of fractured strata.
Evaluation of the Pharmaceutical Properties and Value of Astragali Radix
Authors: Gong Amy G. W. , Duan Ran , Wang Huai Y. , Kong Xiang P. , Dong Tina T. X. , Tsim Karl W. K. , Chan Kelvin
Published: May 2018

Astragali Radix (AR), a Chinese materia medica (CMM) known as Huangqi, is an important medicine prescribed in herbal composite formulae (Fufang) by Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) practitioners for thousands of years. According to the literature, AR is suggested for patients suffering from “Qi”- and “Blood”-deficiencies, and its clinical effects are reported to be related to anti-cancer cell proliferation, anti-oxidation, relief of complications in cardiovascular diseases, etc. The underlying cell signaling pathways involved in the regulation of these various diseases are presented here to support the mechanisms of action of AR. There are two botanical sources recorded in China Pharmacopoeia (CP, 2015): Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. Var. mongohlicus, (Bge.) Hsiao, and Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. (Fam. Leguminosae), whose extracts of dried roots are processed via homogenization-assisted negative pressure cavitation extraction. Geographic factors and extraction methods have impacts on the pharmaceutical and chemical profiles of AR. Therefore, the levels of the major bioactive constituents of AR, including polysaccharides, saponins, and flavonoids, may not be consistent in different batches of extract, and the pharmaceutical efficacy of these bioactive ingredients may vary depending on the source. Therefore, the present review mainly focuses on the consistency of the available sources of AR and extracts and on the investigation of the biological functions and mechanisms of action of AR and of its major bioactive constituents. Furthermore, it will also include a discussion of the most popular AR composite formulae to further elucidate their chemical and biological profiles and understand the pharmaceutical value of AR.
Numerical Study on the Influence of a Swirling Flow Tundish on Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Mold
Authors: Ni Peiyuan , Ersson Mikael , Jonsson Lage Tord Ingemar , Zhang Ting-an , JÖNSSON Pär Göran
Published: May 2018

The effect of a new cylindrical swirling flow tundish design on the multiphase flow and heat transfer in a mold was studied. The RSM (Reynolds stress model) and the VOF (volume of fluid) model were used to solve the steel and slag flow phenomena. The effect of the swirling flow tundish design on the temperature distribution and inclusion motion was also studied. The results show that the new tundish design significantly changed the flow behavior in the mold, compared to a conventional tundish casting. Specifically, the deep impingement jet from the SEN (Submerged Entry Nozzle) outlet disappeared in the mold, and steel with a high temperature moved towards the solidified shell due to the swirling flow effect. Steel flow velocity in the top of the mold was increased. A large velocity in the vicinity of the solidified shell was obtained. Furthermore, the risk of the slag entrainment in the mold was also estimated. With the swirling flow tundish casting, the temperature distribution became more uniform, and the dissipation of the steel superheat was accelerated. In addition, inclusion trajectories in the mold also changed, which tend to stay at the top of the mold for a time. A future study is still required to further optimize the steel flow in mold.
Transformation Induced Plasticity Effects of a Non-Equal Molar Co-Cr-Fe-Ni High Entropy Alloy System
Authors: Fang Wei , Chang Ruobin , Ji Puguang , Zhang Xin , Liu Baoxi , Qu Xuanhui , Yin Fuxing
Published: May 2018

Metastability-engineering strategy is an important topic for high entropy alloys (HEAs), owing to the transformation-induced plasticity effect (TRIP). In this work, TRIP effects of Co-Cr-Fe-Ni HEAs are investigated. Results indicate the tensile deformation-induced martensitic transformation occurs in Co35Cr25Fe40−xNix (x = 0–15 at %) HEAs. The excellent combination of tensile strength (760 MPa–1000 MPa) and elongation (65–35%) owe to solid solution strengthening of Co and Cr, and the TRIP effect. In non-equal molar Co-Cr-Fe-Ni systems, with the decrease of Ni content, the values of stacking fault energy (SFE) decrease; thus, TRIP phenomena occurs. Based on the experimental investigation in three different regions of the Co-Cr-Fe-Ni multicomponent phase diagram, the face-centered cubic structured Co-Cr-Fe-Ni HEAs with VEC of ~8.0 is more metastable, and TRIP phenomena are more likely to occur.
Simultaneous Measurement of Viscosity and Optical Density of Bacterial Growth and Death in a Microdroplet
Authors: Sklodowska Karolina , Debski Pawel R. , Michalski Jacek A. , Korczyk Piotr M. , Dolata Miroslaw , Zajac Miroslaw , Jakiela Slawomir
Published: May 2018

Herein, we describe a novel method for the assessment of droplet viscosity moving inside microfluidic channels. The method allows for the monitoring of the rate of the continuous growth of bacterial culture. It is based on the analysis of the hydrodynamic resistance of a droplet that is present in a microfluidic channel, which affects its motion. As a result, we were able to observe and quantify the change in the viscosity of the dispersed phase that is caused by the increasing population of interacting bacteria inside a size-limited system. The technique allows for finding the correlation between the viscosity of the medium with a bacterial culture and its optical density. These features, together with the high precision of the measurement, make our viscometer a promising tool for various experiments in the field of analytical chemistry and microbiology, where the rigorous control of the conditions of the reaction and the monitoring of the size of bacterial culture are vital.
Photothermal Effectiveness of Magnetite Nanoparticles: Dependence upon Particle Size Probed by Experiment and Simulation
Authors: Johnson Robert J. G. , Schultz Jonathan D. , Lear Benjamin J.
Published: May 2018

The photothermal effect of nanoparticles has proven efficient for driving diverse physical and chemical processes; however, we know of no study addressing the dependence of efficacy on nanoparticle size. Herein, we report on the photothermal effect of three different sizes (5.5 nm, 10 nm and 15 nm in diameter) of magnetite nanoparticles (MNP) driving the decomposition of poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC). We find that the chemical effectiveness of the photothermal effect is positively correlated with particle volume. Numerical simulations of the photothermal heating of PPC supports this observation, showing that larger particles are able to heat larger volumes of PPC for longer periods of time. The increased heating duration is likely due to increased heat capacity, which is why the volume of the particle functions as a ready guide for the photothermal efficacy.
Performance Assessment of Ordered Porous Electrospun Honeycomb Fibers for the Removal of Atmospheric Polar Volatile Organic Compounds
Authors: Wang Yixin , Tao Hong , Yu Dengguang , Chang Changtang
Published: May 2018

This study explored a new facile method of preparing ordered porous electrospun honeycomb fibers to obtain the most promising composites for maximal adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The self-assembly ordered porous material (OPM) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) were formulated into a blend solution to prepare honeycomb fibers. SEM and TEM images showed that OPM was effectively bonded in PAN fibers because of the composite’s structure. Acetone was used as a model to assess the VOC adsorption performances of electrospun honeycomb fibers with different OPM contents. Experimental results revealed that the adsorption capacity of honeycomb fibers increased with the increase of loaded OPM within the PAN fibers. The highest adsorption capacity was 58.2 μg g−1 by the fibers containing with 60% OPM in weight. After several recycling times, the adsorption capacities of the reused honeycomb fibers were almost the same with the fresh fibers. This finding indicated that the electrospun honeycomb fibers have potential application in removing VOCs in the workplace, and promote the performance of masks for odor removal.
Vitamin D in Vascular Calcification: A Double-Edged Sword?
Authors: Wang Jeffrey , Zhou Jimmy J. , Robertson Graham R. , Lee Vincent W.
Published: May 2018

Vascular calcification (VC) as a manifestation of perturbed mineral balance, is associated with aging, diabetes and kidney dysfunction, as well as poorer patient outcomes. Due to the current limited understanding of the pathophysiology of vascular calcification, the development of effective preventative and therapeutic strategies remains a significant clinical challenge. Recent evidence suggests that traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as left ventricular hypertrophy and dyslipidaemia, fail to account for clinical observations of vascular calcification. Therefore, more complex underlying processes involving physiochemical changes to mineral balance, vascular remodelling and perturbed hormonal responses such as parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) are likely to contribute to VC. In particular, VC resulting from modifications to calcium, phosphate and vitamin D homeostasis has been recently elucidated. Notably, deregulation of vitamin D metabolism, dietary calcium intake and renal mineral handling are associated with imbalances in systemic calcium and phosphate levels and endothelial cell dysfunction, which can modulate both bone and soft tissue calcification. This review addresses the current understanding of VC pathophysiology, with a focus on the pathogenic role of vitamin D that has provided new insights into the mechanisms of VC.
Controlled-Deactivation CB1 Receptor Ligands as a Novel Strategy to Lower Intraocular Pressure
Authors: Miller Sally , Kulkarni Shashank , Ciesielski Alex , Nikas Spyros P. , Mackie Ken , Makriyannis Alexandros , Straiker Alex
Published: May 2018

Nearly half a century has passed since the demonstration that cannabis and its chief psychoactive component Δ9-THC lowers intraocular pressure (IOP). Elevated IOP remains the chief hallmark and therapeutic target for glaucoma, a condition that places millions at risk of blindness. It is likely that Δ9-THC exerts much of its IOP-lowering effects via the activation of CB1 cannabinoid receptors. However, the initial promise of CB1 as a target for treating glaucoma has not thus far translated into a credible therapeutic strategy. We have recently shown that blocking monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), an enzyme that breaks the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), substantially lowers IOP. Another strategy is to develop cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonists that are optimized for topical application to the eye. Recently we have reported on a controlled-deactivation approach where the “soft” drug concept of enzymatic deactivation was combined with a “depot effect” that is commonly observed with Δ9-THC and other lipophilic cannabinoids. This approach allowed us to develop novel cannabinoids with a predictable duration of action and is particularly attractive for the design of CB1 activators for ophthalmic use with limited or no psychoactive effects. We have tested a novel class of compounds using a combination of electrophysiology in autaptic hippocampal neurons, a well-characterized model of endogenous cannabinoid signaling, and measurements of IOP in a mouse model. We now report that AM7410 is a reasonably potent and efficacious agonist at CB1 in neurons and that it substantially (30%) lowers IOP for as long as 5 h after a single topical treatment. This effect is absent in CB1 knockout mice. Our results indicate that the direct targeting of CB1 receptors with controlled-deactivation ligands is a viable approach to lower IOP in a murine model and merits further study in other model systems.
Impact of Appointment-Based Medication Synchronization on Proportion of Days Covered for Chronic Medications
Authors: Dao Nancy , Lee Sun , Hata Micah , Sarino Lord
Published: May 2018

Appointment-based medication synchronization (ABMS) programs have been associated with increased adherence and persistence to chronic medications. Adherence to statin therapy, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and non-insulin antidiabetic medications (NIDM) are used to determine a health plan’s Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Star Rating under a pay-for-performance model. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of implementing an ABMS program on overall pharmacy adherence measures for statins, ACEI/ARBs, and NIDM, as presented through the Electronic Quality Improvement Platform for Plans and Pharmacies (EQuIPP©) platform. This retrospective, pre-post ABMS program study evaluated EQuIPP© generated adherence performance measures, represented as proportion of days covered (PDC), 6-months before and 6- and 12-months after the ABMS service for statin therapy, ACEIs/ARBs, and NIDM. All adherence measures showed statistically significant improvement in PDC percentage post ABMS implementation, except for NIDM percentage in 6-months post-ABMS service. This study shows that a comprehensive medication synchronization program can enhance adherence measures that are important to health plans to increase CMS Star Rating under a pay-for-performance model.
Chemical Design of Functional Polymer Structures for Biosensors: From Nanoscale to Macroscale
Authors: Lee Kyoung Min , Kim Kyung Ho , Yoon Hyeonseok , Kim Hyungwoo
Published: May 2018

Over the past decades, biosensors, a class of physicochemical detectors sensitive to biological analytes, have drawn increasing interest, particularly in light of growing concerns about human health. Functional polymeric materials have been widely researched for sensing applications because of their structural versatility and significant progress that has been made concerning their chemistry, as well as in the field of nanotechnology. Polymeric nanoparticles are conventionally used in sensing applications due to large surface area, which allows rapid and sensitive detection. On the macroscale, hydrogels are crucial materials for biosensing applications, being used in many wearable or implantable devices as a biocompatible platform. The performance of both hydrogels and nanoparticles, including sensitivity, response time, or reversibility, can be significantly altered and optimized by changing their chemical structures; this has encouraged us to overview and classify chemical design strategies. Here, we have organized this review into two main sections concerning the use of nanoparticles and hydrogels (as polymeric structures) for biosensors and described chemical approaches in relevant subcategories, which act as a guide for general synthetic strategies.