bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calculating structural and geometrical parameters by laboratory experiments and X-Ray microtomography: a comparative study applied to a limestone sample
Authors: Luquot L. , Hebert V. , Rodriguez O.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The aim of this study is to compare the structural, geometrical and transport parameters of a limestone rock sample determined by X-ray microtomography (XMT) images and laboratory experiments. Total and effective porosity, surface-to-volume ratio, pore size distribution, permeability, tortuosity and effective diffusion coefficient have been estimated. Sensitivity analyses of the segmentation parameters have been performed. The limestone rock sample studied here have been characterized using both approaches before and after a reactive percolation experiment. Strong dissolution process occured during the percolation, promoting a wormhole formation. This strong heterogeneity formed after the percolation step allows to apply our methodology to two different samples and enhance the use of experimental techniques or XMT images depending on the rock heterogeneity. We established that for most of the parameters calculated here, the values obtained by computing XMT images are in agreement with the classical laboratory measurements. We demonstrated that the computational porosity is more informative than the laboratory one. We observed that pore size distributions obtained by XMT images and laboratory experiments are slightly different but complementary. Regarding the effective diffusion coefficient, we concluded that both approaches are valuable and give similar results. Nevertheless, we wrapped up that computing XMT images to determine transport, geometrical and petrophysical parameters provides similar results than the one measured at the laboratory but with much shorter durations.
Glaciological and geodetic mass balance of ten long-term glaciers in Norway
Authors: Andreassen L. M. , Elvehøy H. , Kjøllmoen B. , Engeset R. V.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The glaciological and geodetic methods provide independent observations of glacier mass balance. The glaciological method measures the surface mass balance, on a seasonal or annual basis, whereas the geodetic method measures surface, internal and basal mass balances, over a period of years or decades. In this paper, we reanalyse the 10 glaciers with long-term mass balance series in Norway. The reanalysis includes (i) homogenisation of both glaciological and geodetic observation series, (ii) uncertainty assessment, (iii) estimates of generic differences including estimates of internal and basal melt, (iv) validation, and (v) partly calibration of mass balance series. This study comprises an extensive set of data (454 mass balance years, 34 geodetic surveys and large volumes of supporting data, such as metadata and field notes). In total, 21 periods of data were compared and the results show discrepancies between the glaciological and geodetic methods for some glaciers, which in part are attributed to internal and basal ablation and in part to inhomogeneity in the data processing. Deviations were smaller than 0.2 m w.e. a−1 for 12 out of 21 periods. Calibration was applied to seven out of 21 periods, as the deviations were larger than the uncertainty. The reanalysed glaciological series shows a more consistent signal of glacier change over the period of observations than previously reported: six glaciers had a significant mass loss (14–22 m w.e.) and four glaciers were nearly in balance. All glaciers have lost mass after year 2000. More research is needed on the sources of uncertainty, to reduce uncertainties and adjust the observation programmes accordingly. The study confirms the value of carrying out independent high-quality geodetic surveys to check and correct field observations.
How the soil chemical composition is affected by seven tree species planted at a contaminated and remediated site
Authors: Marañón T. , Navarro-Fernández C. M. , Domínguez M. T. , Madejón P. , Murillo J. M.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Trees modify the physico-chemical and biological properties of the soil underneath. Here we present results for seven tree species planted at a site that was contaminated by a mine spill – after which soil was cleaned up and remediated – and later was afforested. We studied the chemical composition (24 elements) in five ecosystem compartments (leaves, forest floor, roots, topsoil and deep soil). The variation in chemical concentration was highest at the level of canopy leaves and lowest at deep soil. The identity of tree species significantly affected the composition of all elements in the canopies but none in the deep soil underneath. Although the observed tree effects on topsoil chemistry were weak, the footprint is expected to be reinforced with age of the plantation, contributing to the phytostabilization of contaminating elements and to the carbon sequestration.
"En las cavernas" (1912), de Emilia Pardo Bazán, con un breve panorama de la paleoficción literaria española
Authors: Martín Rodríguez Mariano
Published: November 2015

Los descubrimientos paleontológicos realizados en el siglo XIX propiciaron el auge de un tipo de narraciones en que se trataba de reconstruir el modo de vida de los antepasados de la edad paleolítica. Este género también se cultivó en España. Emilia Pardo Bazán publicó en 1912 En las cavernas, que es una recreación hipotética, mediante la ficción, del origen del hombre y de su civilización desde un punto de vista ambiguo en lo referido a los supuestos beneficios de esa civilización, mediante la narración de las peripecias amorosas de una pareja paleolítica contrariada por su medio social. A esta importante obra de Pardo Bazán siguieron cuentos de escritores como Antonio de Hoyos y Vinent o José María Pemán, cuyas historias se pueden considerar también parábolas fantásticas sobre nuestros orígenes culturales. En cambio, novelas como El Rey de los Trogloditas (1925), de Jesús Carballo, perseguían conferir cierto realismo a sus fábulas de la cultura, sin olvidar su dimensión aventurera ni su significado alegórico. Posteriormente, la Guerra Civil de 1936 influyó en un nuevo planteamiento de la paleoficción española en la posguerra, a la que seguirá un período casi vacío para el género hasta la llegada de la novela prehistórica comercial.
El hermafrodito: a propósito de la monstruosidad en la obra de Cristóbal de Castillejo
Authors: Martínez Navarro María del Rosario , Loeza Alejandro
Published: November 2015

En la polifacética y satírica obra de Cristóbal de Castillejo es posible encontrar, entre los numerosos temas, el de la monstruosidad del hermafrodito. El tema, abordado en uno de sus poemas, permite conocer los conceptos y tratados de la época, así como la tradición desde la que se trazan una serie de elementos propios de la literatura, cultura y estética del siglo xvi.
Diseño y proyección del espacio dramático en "Los amantes" de Andrés Rey de Artieda
Authors: Sáez Raposo Francisco
Published: November 2015

En el presente trabajo se analiza la manera en la que el dramaturgo valenciano Andrés Rey de Artieda diseñó los diferentes espacios dramáticos por los que transcurre la acción de su única pieza teatral conocida: Los amantes. Compuesta poco después de 1577, se trata de una obra deudora de los parámetros dramatúrgicos de su tiempo, pues el componente literario del texto dramático predomina claramente sobre el espectacular. Estamos ante un tipo de teatro fundamentado en la palabra y muy poco en lo visual.Sin embargo, ya se perciben en el texto ciertos rasgos de innegable modernidad, que es el asunto que me ha interesado a la hora de acercarme a él. Mi objetivo será demostrar el dinamismo con el que se producen los cambios de espacio dramático a lo largo de la trama argumental para subrayar que Rey de Artieda tenía ya asumidas algunas de las innovaciones que desembocarán en el teatro nacional español unas décadas más tarde.
A decomposition of pairwise continuity via ideals
Authors: Noiri T. , Rajamani M. , Maheswari M.
Published: November 2015

In this paper, we introduce and study the notions of (i, j) - regular - ℐ -closed sets, (i, j) - Aℐ -sets, (i, j) - ℐ -locally closed sets, p- Aℐ -continuous functions and p- ℐ -LC-continuous functions in ideal bitopological spaces and investigate some of their properties. Also, a new decomposition of pairwise continuity is obtained using these sets.
Surfaces family with common Smarandache asymptotic curve
Authors: Saffak Atalay Gulnur , Kasap Emin
Published: November 2015

In this paper, we analyzed the problem of constructing a family of surfaces from a given some special Smarandache curves in Euclidean 3-space. Using the Frenet frame of the curve in Euclidean 3-space, we express the family of surfaces as a linear combination of the components of this frame, and derive the necessary and sufficient conditions for coefficients to satisfy both the asymptotic and isoparametric requirements. Finally, examples are given to show the family of surfaces with common Smarandache curve.
Existence of solutions for a fourth order eigenvalue problem with variable exponent under Neumann boundary conditions
Authors: Ben Haddouch Khalil , El Allali Zakaria , Tsouli Najib , El Habib Siham , Kissi Fouad
Published: November 2015

In this work we will study the eigenvalues for a fourth order elliptic equation with $p(x)$-growth conditions $\Delta^2_{p(x)} u=\lambda |u|^{p(x)-2} u$, under Neumann boundary conditions, where $p(x)$ is a continuous function defined on the bounded domain with $p(x)>1$. Through the Ljusternik-Schnireleman theory on $C^1$-manifold, we prove the existence of infinitely many eigenvalue sequences and $\sup \Lambda =+\infty$, where $\Lambda$ is the set of all eigenvalues.
Homotopy Analysis Method to determine Magneto Hydrodynamics flow of compressible fluid in a channel with porous walls
Authors: Mohammadyari Reza , Rahimipetroudi J. , Rahimipetroudi Iman , Rahimi Esboee Mazaher
Published: November 2015

In this article magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) boundary layer flow of compressible fluid in a channel with porous walls is researched. In this study it is shown that the nonlinear Navier-Stokes equations can be reduced to an ordinary differential equation, using the similarity transformations and boundary layer approximations. Analytical solution of the developed nonlinear equation is carried out by the Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM). In addition to applying HAM into the obtained equation, the result of the mentioned method is compared with a type of numerical analysis as Boundary Value Problem method (BVP) and a good agreement is seen. The effects of the Reynolds number and Hartman number are investigated.
The Origin of Dark Energy and Cosmic Expansion and Contraction
Authors: Liang Bin
Published: November 2015

This article proves that the photons of lower energy are annihilated into dark energy due to the destructive interference of light, and the increase of dark energy makes the universe expand, the Hubble formula could be derived based on it. The energy level of matter reduces, more and more matter becomes the dark matter in the process. The universe stops expanding and starts to contract in the action of gravity when the energy density of radiation field becomes small enough in it.
Verwerping beroep omkeringsregel
Authors: Jongkind M.
Published: November 2015

Verwerping beroep omkeringsregel

Ouders stellen de camping aansprakelijk voor gehoorschade van hun zoon. Op 12 juni 2003 zou de zoon in het zwembad van de camping besmet zijn geraakt met de PA-bacterie. Daarna is geconstateerd dat een filter van het zwembad defect was. De ouders stellen dat de camping haar zorgplicht heeft geschonden, alsmede dat de camping risicoaansprakelijk is op grond van artikel 6:175, 6:174 of 6:173 BW. Met betrekking tot het causaal verband wordt een beroep gedaan op de omkeringsregel. Het gerechtshof oordeelt dat geen sprake is van risicoaansprakelijkheid ex artikel 6:175 BW. Het beroep op de omkeringsregel wordt verworpen.
De opzetclausule in de AVP-polis
Authors: Wansink J.H.
Published: November 2015

De opzetclausule in de AVP-polis

Centraal in deze uitspraak staat de uitleg van de opzetclausule zoals deze naar aanleiding van het Aegon/Van der Linden-arrest van de Hoge Raad van 6 november 1998 in 2000 in de AVP-polis is gereviseerd. Een revisie waartoe verzekeraars besloten omdat de door de Hoge Raad voorgestane uitleg in hun visie de reikwijdte van de uitsluiting te vergaand beperkte en daardoor te veel ruimte liet voor dekking van crimineel gedrag. Een steeds weer terugkerend geschilpunt tussen partijen ziet op de vraag of de clausule dekking biedt voor met uitsluitend voorwaardelijk opzet veroorzaakte schade; dit veelal in het licht van het gegeven dat opzettelijke gedragingen kunnen leiden tot qua ernst en omvang in relatie tot de schadeveroorzakende gedraging buitenproportionele schadelijke gevolgen. Het door verzekeraars beoogde correctief daarvoor biedt de redelijkheid en billijkheid overeenkomstig artikel 6:248 lid 2 BW.
Reading a Scientific Paper for Psychology and the Social Sciences: A Critical Guide
Authors: Cordeiro Pedro , Ortuño Victor E. C. , Paixão Maria Paula , Marôco João
Published: November 2015

Aim

A critical review of a journal article is a comprehensive evaluation of the article content, formal structure and methodological approach. Success in this task requires students to develop analytic and reflexive skills as pre-requisites to identify key research question(s), relevant findings and main conclusions reached. Critical skills are also an important aspect of a student’s academic and future professional life, yet this has been a largely overlooked component of academic training. This paper aims to provide undergraduate students with a simple and straightforward set of guidelines for reading, analysing and interpreting research articles. Content, structure and common mistakes in research papers are addressed, along with the most relevant standards for review.

Conclusion

With this reference guide we hope students will be able to more thoroughly analyse and critically discuss the strengths and weaknesses of a research article.
What is my Baby Like? Representations Concerning the Baby in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy
Authors: Pedreira Marta , Leal Isabel
Published: November 2015

Aim

To investigate if during the third trimester of pregnancy fantasies emerge in the baby representations based on the information that pregnant women have on their real babies through ultrasound techniques.

Method

A qualitative, descriptive and exploratory research based on a sample of 30 pregnant Portuguese women, whose average age is 32 years old, was developed. A socio-demographic questionnaire and a semi-directive interview entitled "Interview of Maternal Representations During Pregnancy – Revised Version" (IRMAG-R, Ammaniti & Tambelli, 2010) were employed.

Results

Baby representations are immersed in a fantasy dimension, which means that the imaginary baby is quite present in this phase of pregnancy. Pregnant women mainly attribute psychological characteristics to the babies, rather than physical characteristics. Regardless of the type of characteristics analysed, the preference for these characteristics emerges based on their wishes. Secondly, characteristics of the parents may also emerge. Fetal movements and information from ultrasound have no significant influence on the characterization of the baby.

Conclusion

Despite the development of ultrasound techniques, the imaginary baby defines parents representations about the baby on the third trimester of pregnancy. Consequently, a new understanding of how pregnant women experience the transition to the postnatal phase has to be considered.
Burnout in Formal Caregivers of Elderly and Chronically Ill – Current Affairs
Authors: Vicente Carla Susana , Oliveira Rui Aragão
Published: November 2015

Objetivo

O estudo visa explorar qual das dimensões associadas ao burnout apresenta maior relevância e a influência de fatores ambientais e relacionais no desenvolvimento desta síndrome.

Método

Utilizou-se uma metodologia mista. O estudo inclui uma amostra de conveniência com 15 participantes (93.3% do género feminino), selecionados de acordo com critérios de Burnout (n = 7) e índices elevados de Exaustão Emocional (n = 8). A média de idades situa-se entre os 41.6 (SD = 8.92) e 37.2 (SD = 11.54). O Inventário de Burnout de Maslach (MBI-HSS) foi aplicado para a avaliação quantitativa, e a entrevista semiestruturada para explorar indicações clínicas, problemas, aspetos satisfatórios e constrangimentos vividos no trabalho. As entrevistas foram transcritas, codificadas e analisadas através da análise de conteúdo (Bardin, 2011) por um júri de dois investigadores.

Resultados

A manifestação clínica do burnout mais frequentemente mencionada foi a exaustão emocional. Os fatores mais frequentemente reportados foram o lidar com a fragilidade do outro, impacto da morte, os conflitos interpessoais, o fraco suporte social, o investimento excessivo no trabalho e o não corresponder às expectativas. Os modelos teóricos que melhor se adequam à compreensão do burnout nesta amostra são os que enfatizam a dinâmica intrapessoal e relacional.

Conclusão

A exaustão emocional é a dimensão mais frequentemente referida pelos participantes para a ocorrência de fenómenos de burnout em profissionais que cuidam de população idosa na amostra estudada. No contexto em estudo, fatores como as relações interpessoais e as vivências/significado atribuído ao trabalho parecem ter maior influência no desenvolvimento do burnout, do que fatores organizacionais.
Function Shapes Content: DNA-Methylation Marker Genes and their Impact for Molecular Mechanisms of Glioma
Authors: Lydia Hopp  , Edith Willscher  , Henry Löffler-Wirth  , Hans Binder
Published: November 2015

Glioma is a clinically and biologically diverse disease. It challenges diagnosis and prognosis due to its molecular heterogeneity and diverse regimes of biological dysfunctions which are driven by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. We discover the functional impact of sets of DNA methylation marker genes in the context of brain cancer subtypes as an exemplary approach how bioinformatics and particularly machine learning using self organizing maps (SOM) complements modern high-throughput genomic technologies. DNA methylation changes in gliomas comprise both, hyper- and hypomethylation in a subtype specific fashion. We compared pediatric (2 subtypes) and adult (4) glioblastoma and non-neoplastic brain. The functional impact of differential methylation marker sets is discovered in terms of gene set analysis which comprises a large collection of markers related to biological processes, literature data on gliomas and also chromatin states of the healthy brain. DNA methylation signature genes from alternative studies well agree with our signatures. SOM mapping of gene sets robustly identifies similarities between different marker sets even under conditions of noisy compositions. Mapping of previous sets of glioma markers reveals high redundancy and mixtures of subtypes in the reference cohorts. Consideration of the regulatory level of DNA methylation is inevitable for understanding cancer genesis and progression. It provides suited markers for diagnosis of glioma subtypes and disentangles tumor heterogeneity.
Nanodiagnostic and Nanotherapeutic Molecular Platforms for Cancer Management
Authors: A. Lyberopoulou  , E.P. Efstathopoulos  , M. Gazouli
Published: November 2015

Over the last ten years rapid progress is being made regarding the incorporation of nanoparticles in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Besides the limitations that have to be addressed, there are various research studies suggesting some promising nanodiagnostic and nanotherapeutic platforms for cancer managment. Nanotherapeutic platforms are based on the localized application of nanoparticles using targeting moieties, most usually antibodies, in order to in vivo direct nanoparticles to cancer cells. Thereafter, either nanoparticles react to external stimulus, for example under radiofrequency waves nanoparticles generate thermal energy, or they are used for targeted drug-delivery platforms, which allows the augmentation of drug concentration in the cancerous site of the body and thus minimizing side effects and increasing the efficacy of the drug. Regarding nanodiagnostics, particular focus is paid on nanoparticles that can act as contrast agents in cancer imaging for in vivo nanodiagnostics and on nanobiochips and nanobiosensor, devices that incorporate the lab on a chip notion for in vitro nanodiagnostics. In this review, several advanced nanodiagnostic and nanotherapeutic platforms are discussed, on the development of more effective and targeted molecular techniques in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Multiple abiotic stimuli are integrated in the regulation of rice gene expression under field conditions
Authors: Plessis Anne , Hafemeister Christoph , Wilkins Olivia , Gonzaga Zennia Jean , Meyer Rachel Sarah , Pires Inês , Müller Christian , Septiningsih Endang M , Bonneau Richard , Purugganan Michael
Published: November 2015

Plants rely on transcriptional dynamics to respond to multiple climatic fluctuations and contexts in nature. We analyzed the genome-wide gene expression patterns of rice (Oryza sativa) growing in rainfed and irrigated fields during two distinct tropical seasons and determined simple linear models that relate transcriptomic variation to climatic fluctuations. These models combine multiple environmental parameters to account for patterns of expression in the field of co-expressed gene clusters. We examined the similarities of our environmental models between tropical and temperate field conditions, using previously published data. We found that field type and macroclimate had broad impacts on transcriptional responses to environmental fluctuations, especially for genes involved in photosynthesis and development. Nevertheless, variation in solar radiation and temperature at the timescale of hours had reproducible effects across environmental contexts. These results provide a basis for broad-based predictive modeling of plant gene expression in the field.
De novo centriole formation in human cells is error-prone and does not require SAS-6 self-assembly
Authors: Wang Won-Jing , Acehan Devrim , Kao Chien-Han , Jane Wann-Neng , Uryu Kunihiro , Tsou Meng-Fu Bryan
Published: November 2015

Vertebrate centrioles normally propagate through duplication, but in the absence of preexisting centrioles, de novo synthesis can occur. Consistently, centriole formation is thought to strictly rely on self-assembly, involving self-oligomerization of the centriolar protein SAS-6. Here, through reconstitution of de novo synthesis in human cells, we surprisingly found that normal looking centrioles capable of duplication and ciliation can arise in the absence of SAS-6 self-oligomerization. Moreover, whereas canonically duplicated centrioles always form correctly, de novo centrioles are prone to structural errors, even in the presence of SAS-6 self-oligomerization. These results indicate that centriole biogenesis does not strictly depend on SAS-6 self-assembly, and may require preexisting centrioles to ensure structural accuracy, fundamentally deviating from the current paradigm.
Optimal level activity of matrix metalloproteinases is critical for adult visual plasticity in the healthy and stroke-affected brain
Authors: Pielecka-Fortuna Justyna , Kalogeraki Evgenia , Fortuna Michal G , Löwel Siegrid
Published: November 2015

The ability of the adult brain to undergo plastic changes is of particular interest in medicine, especially regarding recovery from injuries or improving learning and cognition. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been associated with juvenile experience-dependent primary visual cortex (V1) plasticity, yet little is known about their role in this process in the adult V1. Activation of MMPs is a crucial step facilitating structural changes in a healthy brain; however, upon brain injury, upregulated MMPs promote the spread of a lesion and impair recovery. To clarify these seemingly opposing outcomes of MMP-activation, we examined the effects of MMP-inhibition on experience-induced plasticity in healthy and stoke-affected adult mice. In healthy animals, 7-day application of MMP-inhibitor prevented visual plasticity. Additionally, treatment with MMP-inhibitor once but not twice following stroke rescued plasticity, normally lost under these conditions. Our data imply that an optimal level of MMP-activity is crucial for adult visual plasticity to occur.
Characterization of oxygen vacancy defects in Ba1−
xCaxTiO3 insulating ceramics using electron paramagnetic resonance technique
Authors: Lu Da-Yong , Yuan Long-Fei , Liang Wei-Na , Zhu Zhao-Bin
Published: November 2015

The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique was employed to detect oxygen vacancy defects in the tetragonal Ba1−

x
Ca
x
TiO3 (x = 0.03) ceramics (BCa3T) prepared via the mixed oxide route at 1300–1500 °C. In the rhombohedral phase below −100 °C, an EPR signal at g = 1.955 appeared in the insulating BCa3T with an electrical resistivity of 108 Ω cm and was assigned to ionized oxygen vacancy defects. BCa3T prepared at 1300 °C showed a temperature-stable X6S dielectric specification (ε′ = 1750). Three types of vacancy defect, namely, Ba, Ti, and O vacances, could coexist in BCa3T owing to the partial Ti-site occupation by Ca2+.
Impact of thermal oxygen annealing on the properties of tin oxide films and characteristics of p-type thin-film transistors
Authors: Zhong Chia-Wen , Lin Horng-Chih , Liu Kou-Chen , Huang Tiao-Yuan
Published: November 2015

In this work, we study the properties of tin oxide films, which were annealed in oxygen ambient for various periods. The as-deposited tin oxides are tin-dominant and, from the Hall measurements, they are of the n-type with high electron concentrations (>1019 cm−3) and would change to the p-type when the oxygen annealing is sufficiently long. We have also found that changes in the structure and crystallinity of the channel layer can be clearly observed by X-ray diffraction analysis and optical microscopy. On the basis of the observations, a physical scheme is proposed to describe the evolution of the electrical performance of oxygen-annealed devices. A hole mobility of 3.24 cm2 V−1 s−1, a subthreshold swing of 0.43 V/dec, a threshold voltage of 1.4 V, and an on/off current ratio larger than 103 are obtained as the channel is transformed into SnO.
A questionnaire study of injections prescribed and dispensed for patients diagnosed with mild/moderate community-acquired pneumonia in Mongolia
Authors: Dorj Gereltuya , Hendrie Delia , Parsons Richard W. , Sunderland Bruce
Published: November 2015

Purpose.The study aimed to determine the extent of and factors influencing the prescribing of injections for the treatment of mild/moderate community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Mongolia.

Methods.Questionnaires were developed and administered to medication providers (34 Pharmacists, 27 pharmacy technicians) and prescribers (22 general doctors and 49 medical specialists) working in Mongolia.

Results.Cefalosporins were prescribed for patients with mild pneumonia and doctors tended to prescribe injectable cefalosporins (cefazolin) rather than oral dosage forms. This was supported by the questionnaire study with pharmacists and pharmacy technicians. Additionally, 23 pharmacists and pharmacy technicians indicated that OTC injectable cefalosporins (37.7%) and injectable aminopenicillins (33,9%) were frequently sold by pharmacies for the treatment of mild/moderate CAP. Doctors and particularly pharmacists in the questionnaire studies indicated choosing an injection was to avoid non-compliance problems.

Conclusion.High levels of injectable prescribing of antibiotics were found in non-hospitalized patients with CAP in Mongolia. This prevalence level indicated that inappropriate injection prescribing is a public health hazard for Mongolia and requires consideration by the appropriate authorities.
Pathways from marine protected area design and management to ecological success
Authors: Rudd Murray A.
Published: November 2015

Using an international dataset compiled from 121 sites in 87 marine protected areas (MPAs) globally (Edgar et al., 2014), I assessed how various configurations of design and management conditions affected MPA ecological performance, measured in terms of fish species richness and biomass. The set-theoretic approach used Boolean algebra to identify pathways that combined up to five ‘NEOLI’ (No-take,Enforced,Old,Large,Isolated) conditions and that were sufficient for achieving positive, and negative, ecological outcomes. Ecological isolation was overwhelming the most important condition affecting ecological outcomes butOldandLargewere also conditions important for achieving high levels of biomass among large fishes (jacks, groupers, sharks). Solution coverage was uniformly low (<0.35) for all models of positive ecological performance suggesting the presence of numerous other conditions and pathways to ecological success that did not involve the NEOLI conditions. Solution coverage was higher (>0.50) for negative results (i.e., the absence of high biomass) among the large commercially-exploited fishes, implying asymmetries in how MPAs may rebuild populations on the one hand and, on the other, protect against further decline. The results revealed complex interactions involving MPA design, implementation, and management conditions that affect MPA ecological performance. In general terms, the presence of no-take regulations and effective enforcement were insufficient to ensure MPA effectiveness on their own. Given the central role of ecological isolation in securing ecological benefits from MPAs, site selection in the design phase appears critical for success.
Prediction of cancer cell sensitivity to natural products based on genomic and chemical properties
Authors: Yue Zhenyu , Zhang Wenna , Lu Yongming , Yang Qiaoyue , Ding Qiuying , Xia Junfeng , Chen Yan
Published: November 2015

Natural products play a significant role in cancer chemotherapy. They are likely to provide many lead structures, which can be used as templates for the construction of novel drugs with enhanced antitumor activity. Traditional research approaches studied structure-activity relationship of natural products and obtained key structural properties, such as chemical bond or group, with the purpose of ascertaining their effect on a single cell line or a single tissue type. Here, for the first time, we develop a machine learning method to comprehensively predict natural products responses against a panel of cancer cell lines based on both the gene expression and the chemical properties of natural products. The results on two datasets, training set and independent test set, show that this proposed method yields significantly better prediction accuracy. In addition, we also demonstrate the predictive power of our proposed method by modeling the cancer cell sensitivity to two natural products, Curcumin and Resveratrol, which indicate that our method can effectively predict the response of cancer cell lines to these two natural products. Taken together, the method will facilitate the identification of natural products as cancer therapies and the development of precision medicine by linking the features of patient genomes to natural product sensitivity.
Intensity of bouted and sporadic physical activity and the metabolic syndrome in adults
Authors: Robson Jordan , Janssen Ian
Published: November 2015

Background.Physical activity guidelines for adults only recognize the health benefits of accumulating bouted moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), or MVPA occurring over at least 10 consecutive minutes. There is a lack of evidence supporting the health benefits of other patterns and intensities of activity including sporadic MVPA (i.e., MVPA occurring in periods of fewer than 10 consecutive minutes) and light intensity physical activity (LIPA). The objective of this study was to examine the health benefits associated with physical activity that does not meet the physical activity guidelines criteria for bouted MVPA. Specifically, we examined the association between sporadic MVPA and bouted and sporadic LIPA with the metabolic syndrome.

Methods.We studied a representative cross-sectional sample of 1,974 adults aged 20 years and older from the 2003–2006 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Physical activity was measured over 7 days using Actigraph AM-7164 accelerometers. Each minute over the 7-day measurement period was classified as being of a sedentary, light, or moderate-to-vigorous intensity. A 10 min threshold differentiated bouted activity from sporadic activity. Average minutes/day of sporadic LIPA, sporadic MVPA, bouted LIPA, bouted MVPA, and embedded MVPA (MVPA occurring within bouts of primarily LIPA) were calculated. Metabolic syndrome status was determined using established criteria. Associations were examined using logistic regression and controlled for relevant covariates.

Results.For every 30 min/day of physical activity, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of the metabolic syndrome was reduced by 4% (1–7%) for bouted LIPA, 64% (51–71%) for bouted MVPA, and 57% (45–67%) for embedded MVPA. Sporadic LIPA was not independently associated with the metabolic syndrome. We could not examine the association between sporadic MVPA and the metabolic syndrome because participants accumulated such a marginal amount of this type of activity (i.e., median = 2 min/day, only 11% of participants accumulated ≥5 min/day).

Conclusion.The intensity of non-bouted activity is important, as embedded MVPA had a stronger association with the metabolic syndrome than sporadic LIPA and a comparable association to bouted MVPA.
Ranking, selecting, and prioritising genes with desirability functions
Authors: Lazic Stanley E.
Published: November 2015

In functional genomics experiments, researchers often select genes to follow-up or validate from a long list of differentially expressed genes. Typically, sharp thresholds are used to bin genes into groups such as significant/non-significant or fold change above/below a cut-off value, andad hoccriteria are also used such as favouring well-known genes. Binning, however, is inefficient and does not take the uncertainty of the measurements into account. Furthermore,p-values, fold-changes, and other outcomes are treated as equally important, and relevant genes may be overlooked with such an approach. Desirability functions are proposed as a way to integrate multiple selection criteria for ranking, selecting, and prioritising genes. These functions map any variable to a continuous 0–1 scale, where one is maximally desirable and zero is unacceptable. Multiple selection criteria are then combined to provide an overall desirability that is used to rank genes. In addition top-values and fold-changes, further experimental results and information contained in databases can be easily included as criteria. The approach is demonstrated with a breast cancer microarray data set. The functions and an example data set can be found in the desiR package on CRAN (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/desiR/) and the development version is available on GitHub (https://github.com/stanlazic/desiR).
Learning from a provisioning site: code of conduct compliance and behaviour of whale sharks in Oslob, Cebu, Philippines
Authors: Schleimer Anna , Araujo Gonzalo , Penketh Luke , Heath Anna , McCoy Emer , Labaja Jessica , Lucey Anna , Ponzo Alessandro
Published: November 2015

While shark-based tourism is a rapidly growing global industry, there is ongoing controversy about the effects of provisioning on the target species. This study investigated the effect of feeding on whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) at a provisioning site in Oslob, Cebu, in terms of arrival time, avoidance and feeding behaviour using photo-identification and focal follows. Additionally, compliance to the code of conduct in place was monitored to assess tourism pressure on the whale sharks. Newly identified sharks gradually arrived earlier to the provisioning site after their initial sighting, indicating that the animals learn to associate the site with food rewards. Whale sharks with a long resighting history showed anticipatory behaviour and were recorded at the site on average 5 min after the arrival of feeder boats. Results from a generalised linear mixed model indicated that animals with a longer resighting history were less likely to show avoidance behaviour to touches or boat contact. Similarly, sequential data on feeding behaviour was modelled using a generalised estimating equations approach, which suggested that experienced whale sharks were more likely to display vertical feeding behaviour. It was proposed that the continuous source of food provides a strong incentive for the modification of behaviours, i.e., learning, through conditioning. Whale sharks are large opportunistic filter feeders in a mainly oligotrophic environment, where the ability to use novel food sources by modifying their behaviour could be of great advantage. Non-compliance to the code of conduct in terms of minimum distance to the shark (2 m) increased from 79% in 2012 to 97% in 2014, suggesting a high tourism pressure on the whale sharks in Oslob. The long-term effects of the observed behavioural modifications along with the high tourism pressure remain unknown. However, management plans are traditionally based on the precautionary principle, which aims to take preventive actions even if data on cause and effect are still inconclusive. Hence, an improved enforcement of the code of conduct coupled with a reduction in the conditioning of the whale sharks through provisioning were proposed to minimise the impacts on whale sharks in Oslob.
Inoculating the urban poor in the late eighteenth century
Authors: MAY MAISIE
Published: July 2002

Historical accounts of the practice of smallpox inoculation in
the
late eighteenth century
invariably make a distinction between the widespread general inoculations
carried out
within small rural parishes and the partial inoculations in urban centres
such as London, Manchester, Newcastle and Leeds.
This distinction, moreover, is generally reinforced by
concluding that the rural inoculation programmes were ‘highly
effective’ or ‘successful’ in
contrast with the urban inoculation schemes, which are often seen as
‘marginally effective’
or indeed ‘failing’. Success or failure tends to be judged
by the impact which inoculation
had upon reducing mortality from smallpox, but as a result of this
demographic focus the
motives behind the implementation of urban inoculation have been
overlooked. My paper
readjusts this balance by looking more closely at motives and by judging
success in relation
to aims. To achieve this I have taken a new approach towards the history
of smallpox
inoculation as a whole, and portray the basic idea of giving a
person smallpox in order to
confer subsequent immunity as being modified in the hands of different
people throughout
the course of the century. Hence it is possible to trace the development
of inoculation from
a folk practice carried out within the home with the aim of protecting
individuals, to large-scale general inoculations of an entire community,
which aimed to eradicate the disease altogether.
ABSTRACTS OF COMMUNICATIONS Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Meeting of the Agricultural Research Modellers' Group
Authors: FRANCE J.
Published: July 2002

This group, which is concerned with the applications of mathematics
to agricultural science, is sponsored by
the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council. It was formed in
1970, and has since met at
approximately yearly intervals in London for one-day meetings. The
twenty-ninth meeting of the group,
chaired by Professor R. H. Ellis of the Department of Agriculture,
University of Reading, was held in the
Wellcome Meeting Room at the Royal Society, 6 Carlton House Terrace,
London on Friday, 21 March 1997, when the following papers were read.
Effects of cowpea, crotalaria and sorghum crops and
phosphorus fertilizers on maize productivity in
semi-arid West Africa
Authors: MULEBA N.
Published: July 2002

Cowpea and sorghum grain crops, fertilized with 26 kg of phosphorus
(P) per ha from either a
P-soluble (SP) or a slightly P-soluble fertilizer (Kodjari, a natural rock
phosphate (RP) indigenous to
Burkina Faso), and cowpea and crotalaria (Crotalaria retusa) green
manure crops, either unfertilized
or fertilized with 26 kg P/ha from RP; were studied for their effects
as preceding crop treatments for
maize. The experiment was conducted in semi-arid West Africa (SAWA) at
Farako-Bâ in Burkina
Faso in 1983–86. Nitrogen (N) and soluble P fertilized and unfertilized
subtreatments, applied to
maize the following year, allowed the effects of the preceding crop treatments
in improving soil
fertility and the direct effects of P and N fertilizers applied to the
maize crop to be assessed. Maize
productivity was increased both by P fertilization and by soil improvements
following cowpea and
crotalaria; N fertilization in excess of 60 kg N/ha was not beneficial.
Cowpea grain crop treatments,
especially when fertilized with a P-soluble source, maximized maize yields,
whereas cowpea and
crotalaria green manure treatments were either similar to the cowpea grain
treatment fertilized with
RP or were intermediate between the latter and the sorghum treatment fertilized
with SP. Sorghum,
regardless of the source of P-fertilizer used, appeared not to be a suitable
preceding crop for maize
in SAWA.
Assessment of Sinapis alba, Brassica napus and
S. alba×B. napus hybrids for resistance to cabbage
seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus assimilis
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: McCAFFREY J. P. , HARMON B. L. , BROWN J. , BROWN A. P. , DAVIS J. B.
Published: July 2002

Canola (Brassica napus L.), yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and intergeneric crosses of S. alba×B.
napus were assessed for resistance (antixenosis) to the cabbage seedpod weevil (Ceutorhynchus
assimilis Paykull). Pod trichomes did not appear to be a major factor in the resistance of S. alba to
weevils. The number of feeding punctures and eggs per pod in S. alba was not significantly different
in pods with trichomes than in those where the trichomes had been removed. Choice and no-choice
laboratory tests examining feeding punctures and eggs laid per pod suggested that resistance in S. alba
is not conferred in the intergeneric cross, S. alba×B. napus. Similar data on feeding and weevil
oviposition were found in field test plots. However, despite many eggs being laid in S. alba×B. napus
hybrid plants, fewer cabbage seedpod weevil larvae developed to exit the intergeneric hybrid pods.
Glucosinolate analyses of leaves, pods and seeds showed that S. alba plants have a high concentration
of p-hydroxybenzyl glucosinolate in all three plant parts, but B. napus has no p-hydroxybenzyl.
Interestingly the intergeneric hybrid examined in this study had 62% and 60% of p-hydroxybenzyl
concentration in the leaves and seeds, respectively, than was found in the S. alba parent. However,
pod tissues contained very little (3%) compared with the S. alba parent. It is possible, therefore, that
the adult cabbage seedpod weevil feeds on the pods of the intergeneric hybrid and lays eggs in the pod,
because of the low concentration of p-hydroxybenzyl glucosinolate, but the larvae then fail to develop
as they feed on the seeds containing high concentrations of p-hydroxybenzyl glucosinolate. It should
be noted also that this hybrid produced pods that were more similar in physical shape to canola pods
and that this may also be a factor determining cabbage seedpod weevil feeding and subsequent egg
laying. In addition, both B. napus and the intergeneric hybrid produced 3-butenyl and 4-pentenyl
glucosinolates in their pods, and degradation products (3-butenyl, and 4-pentenyl isothiocyanates)
from these glucosinolate types, are known to be stimulatory kairomones that attract cabbage seedpod
weevil. Further studies are being conducted to examine these factors in more detail.
Irrigation strategy, nitrogen application and fungicide
control in winter wheat on a sandy soil. I. Yield, yield
components and nitrogen uptake
Authors: OLESEN J. E. , MORTENSEN J. V. , JØRGENSEN L. N. , ANDERSEN M. N.
Published: July 2002

A three factor experiment with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was carried out during two years
on a coarse sandy soil in Denmark. The factors comprised four irrigation strategies including no
irrigation, three nitrogen levels providing 67, 83 or 100% of the recommended nitrogen rate, and two
strategies for control of leaf diseases (with and without fungicides). Different varieties were used in
the two years, Pepital in the first year and Hussar in the second year. Mildew dominated the trial in
the first year, but was almost absent in the second year. Septoria occurred in both years, but most
severely in the second year. Irrigation increased grain yield, but there were no significant differences
between the three strategies, where irrigation was applied. The effect of irrigation on yield was almost
solely via an effect of increased transpiration, whereas water use efficiency and harvest index was
unaffected. There was a significant interaction for grain yield between irrigation and nitrogen
strategies with higher irrigation effects at higher nitrogen rates. This interaction was absent at high
disease levels. Increasing nitrogen rate increased grain yield in the second year, but not in the first
year. This was attributed to an increasing mildew incidence with increasing nitrogen rate. Irrigation
also increased mildew incidence. This caused significant interactions for grain yield between fungicide
application and nitrogen rate and between fungicide application and irrigation strategy. Septoria was
also significantly affected by both nitrogen and irrigation strategies, but to a lesser degree and not in
a consistent manner. The main effect of disease on grain yield was through a reduction in harvest
index and a reduction in grain weight. Increasing nitrogen rates slightly reduced harvest index both
on a dry matter and on a nitrogen basis. The interaction effects were smaller than the effects of the
main factors, and the effect of changes in irrigation or nitrogen strategy on disease incidence could
not substitute for the effective disease control obtained by fungicides. The results do, however,
indicate possibilities of improving the efficiency of current decision support systems for both fungicide
control by better timing of application and irrigation scheduling by reducing water application.