bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A sanitary safe method for screening mosquito repellents on Anopheles pseudopunctipennis and Aedes aegypti
Authors: Costa Agustín Alvarez , Gonzalez Paula Valeria , Harburguer Laura Vanesa , Masuh Hector Mario
Published: May 2022

One of the main vectors for malaria in Latin-America is Anopheles pseudopunctipennis (Theobald), whereas Aedes aegypti (L.) is the primary vector of dengue, yellow fever, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. The use of repellents is recommended as personal protection method against these vectors (or mosquitoes), however there are very few studies evaluating the effect of repellents on An. pseudopunctipennis. The use of a Petri dish to study repellence has been applied by several authors on flies, cockroaches, kissing bugs and mosquitoes, being a valuable technique for species that are difficult to breed under laboratory conditions, such as An. pseudopunctipennis, which could be infected by parasites. In the present study we evaluated the repellence of the essential oil of E. nitens, its main component (1,8-cineole) and the commercial repellent DEET on An. pseudopunctipennis and Ae. aegypti females using the plaque repellency method coupled to EthoVision XT10.1 video-tracking software. Repellent effect and locomotor activity were studied through a repellence index (RI) together with an axis constructed from the behavioral variables obtained using the tracking software. DEET repellent effect was observed at 0.01mg/mL for Ae. aegypti and 0.01 and 0.1mg/mL for An. pseudopunctipennis. In addition, the essential oil showed significant repellence at 1 and 10 mg/mL for Ae. aegypti, and 1, 5, 10 and 25 mg/mL for An. pseudopunctipennis, no significant response was detected to 1,8-cineole at any concentration for neither of the two species. This is the first study that evaluates these compounds on An. pseudopunctipennis females and quantify their effects on the activity of both species.
A novel domain duplication SlitFAR3 involved in sex pheromone biosynthesis in Spodoptera litura
Authors: Zhang Biyun , Li Fengqi , Qu Cheng , Fu Yuejun , Luo Chen
Published: May 2022

Fatty Acyl reductases (FARs) are key enzymes that participate in sex pheromone biosynthesis by reducing fatty acids to fatty alcohols. Lepidoptera typically harbor numerous FAR gene family members. While the FAR gene of moth is involved in the biosynthesis of sex pheromone, the key FAR gene of Spodoptera litura is still unclear. In this work, we predicted 30 FAR genes from S. litura genome. A special domain duplication was found with gene SlitFAR3, which exhibited high and preferential expression in the sexually mature female pheromone glands, and its expression pattern was rhythmic during the scotophase of sex pheromone production. Functional expression in yeast cells combined with comprehensive gas chromatography (GC) indicates that SlitFAR3 gene was able to catalyze four methyl ester precursors into corresponding fatty alcohol products. The domain duplication FAR genes were further found to exist in 11 species of the other 19 Lepidoptera insect. The phylogenetic tree showed SlitFAR3 was grouped with the other six FAR with domain duplication under the pgFAR subfamily clade, which is important candidate FAR genes participating in sex pheromone biosynthesis, and the other eight FAR domain duplication genes of 7 species were scattered in different clades. Domain duplications may facilitate the evolutionary diversification of protein sequences, which played diverse roles. This study is the first to focus on the special phenomenon of FAR domain duplication, which will advance understanding the biosynthesis-related genes from the perspective of evolutionary biology.
Variation in Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics of Yam Zygotic Seeds Raised in Drip System Hydroponics
Authors: OSSAI Chukwunalu Okoile , Shonde Temitope E. , Edemodu Alexandar , Udofia Adetutu F. , Olusola Theresa , Balogun Morufat O.
Published: May 2022

Yam is traditionally propagated using the tuber part (seed yam) as the use of yam seed is constrained by the non-synchronization of flowering and the rare occurrence of zygotic seed production will generate segregation in the offsprings (not true-to-type) theoretically. However, there is dearth of information on the validation of this theory in practical terms. This study, thus evaluates individual zygotic seeds of 2 improved open pollinated improved varieties (TDr 98/00917 and TDr 95/00893 x TDr 95/00903) and one landrace (TDr 3010). Ten zygotic seeds of the three accessions were planted in hydroponics trough containing buffered and moistened cocopeat substrate. The individual plants were phenotyped following standard operating procedures. DNAs were extracted from young fresh leaves at 6 weeks old and were used for Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with 10 codominant SSR markers. The PCR bands were scored based on presence and absence. The phenotypic and genotypic scores were used to generate a dendogram and principal clusters. Result obtained revealed varied clustering arrangements among the individual plants, irrespectively of the accessions in both phenotypic and genotypic dendograms. This reveals the differences that exists between individual plants of same accession.
Transcription factor myc2-like, binding to ABRE element of OsCYP2 promoter, enhance salt tolerance in Oryza sativa
Authors: Liu Hongbo , Cui Peng , Zhang Bingxin , Zhu Jinbo , Liu Cui , Li Qingyang
Published: May 2022

Cyclophilins, a type of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, function as an important molecular chaperone in series of biological processes. However, the expression pattern and signal transduction pathway of cyclophilins is still unclear. Hereby, it was clarified that the promoter of OsCYP2 is a constitutive expression pattern which by GUS staining in transformants with pOsCYP2:GUS genetic transformation. Simultaneously, it is found that the sequence of promoter had not only core elements but also contained inducible elements. Then, the ABA responsive element was used to cDNA library screening, a transcription factor myc2-like was identified by yeast one hybrid and confirmed though electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Furthermore, the relative expression showed that myc2-like was induced by abscisic acid. In addition, myc2-like overexpression could enhance salt tolerance in transformants and partial restore cyp2-RNAi line. Together, we explored a novel transcriptional signal mediated by myc2-like, a potential regulator of salt stress physiological processes in rice.
Impact of increased UV curing time on the curing depth of photosensitive resins for 3D Printing
Authors: Guttridge Callum , Shannon Alice , O’Sullivan Aidan , O’Sullivan Kevin J. , O’Sullivan Leonard W.
Published: May 2022

Background
3D printing (3DP) photosensitive resins are commonly used to produce patient-specific solutions in the fields of medicine and dentistry. These resins are toxic in their liquid state. To ensure that all resin has solidified and parts are safe for use, post-processing must be carried out after printing. Parts are first washed in IPA, allowed to dry, and then post-cured under ultra-violet light (UV), and sometimes heat. As 3DP is commonly utilised for its ability to create custom and rapid solutions, it is expected that a different geometry will be produced almost every time. Currently, post-processing guidance is supplied specific to a material, with the caveat that post-curing times should be extended for larger or complex parts. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of extending post-curing times for photosensitive resin printed parts.
Method
Two commercially available vat-polymerisation 3DP systems were used to print hollow 60mm diameter spheres. Two opaque white, two opaque black, and two translucent amber resins were used. The spheres were filled with liquid resin, then UV post-cured at intervals of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500% of the recommended guidance. The spheres were sectioned along the centreline and radial measurements taken of the cured depth.
Results
The results showed that both translucent amber materials cured to full depth at the 100% interval, whereas none of the white or black opaque materials cured to full depth, even at 500% of the recommended guidance.
Conclusions
This suggests opacity has a considerable effect on the depth of cure in photosensitive resins, and that the use of opaque resins increases the possibility of uncured resin remaining inside parts.
Disaster preparedness knowledge and its relationship with triage decision-making among hospital and pre-hospital emergency nurses- Ardabil, Iran
Authors: Azizpour Islam , Mehri Saeid , Soola Aghil Habibi
Published: May 2022

Objective: Hospital and pre-hospital emergency nurses are at the forefront of disaster response. This study was conducted to determine the level of "disaster preparedness knowledge" and its relationship with "triage decision-making" among hospital and pre-hospital emergency nurses in Ardabil province.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 472 hospital and pre-hospital emergency nurses in Ardabil Province in the northwest of Iran, using a convenience sampling method. Data were collected using valid and reliable self-reported questionnaires, including the "Emergency Preparedness Information questionnaire" and "Triage Decision-making inventory". Results: Multiple linear regression analysis showed; triage decision-making, age, city of residence, training in disaster preparedness, Working on duty during a disaster, and training organization variables as predictors of disaster preparedness knowledge in hospital and pre-hospital emergency nurses (p<0.05).Conclusion: Hospital and pre-hospital emergency nurses who have higher disaster preparedness knowledge, have higher triage decision-making skills. It is suggested that the managers of educational and medical centres and professional organizations provide conditions for training and increasing disaster preparedness of Hospital and pre-hospital emergency nurses according to their age and place of residence.
Improving Biogas Production from Animal Manure By Batch Anaerobic Digestion
Authors: Mohammed Muetaz , Belkair Ahmad , Hassan Razena , Jirhiman Abraheem , Ahmeedah Ali
Published: May 2022

This study presents the improved biogas production by determining optimum pH and insulation reactor from cow, sheep, and poultry manure (which are the most available in our location). The experiment was carried out in 2000 mL digester put in bath water at 37 0C. The mixing ratio of animal manure and water used was 1:1 in 12 days of Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT). Produced gas was measured by the volumetric water replacement method. In the first phase, the best pH will be chosen in the experimental test with different pH ranges. Three set-ups were prepared with different pHs (6.5, 7, 7.5). The results showed that the pH had significant effects on biogas yield, where pH 7 had the highest biogas production and pH 6.5 is the lowest. In the second phase, investigated the effect of insulation of reactor on the biogas yield. The biogas was produced from an insulated reactor higher than the photoreactor because of the growth of algae which produces oxygen in the photoreactor. Therefore it is given that the study which gave a maximum yield of biogas from the batch digestion process might be met the future energy demand.
Combining a nanoparticle-mediated radioimmunotherapy with dual blockade of LAG3 and TIGIT improves the treatment efficacy in anti-PD1 resistant lung cancer
Authors: Hu Yun , Paris Sébastien , Bertolet Genevieve , Barsoumian Hampartsoum , He Kewen , Sezen Duygu , Chen Dawei , Wasley Mark , SILVA Jordan DA , Mitchell Joylise A , Voss Tiffany A , Masrorpour Fatemeh , Leyton Claudia Kettlun , Yang Liangpeng , Leuschner Carola , Puebla-Osorio Nahum , Gandhi Saumil , Nguyen Quynh-Nhu , Cortez Maria Angelica , Welsh James W.
Published: May 2022

Background: While improvements in radioimmunotherapy have made significant headway in improving outcomes for cancer patients, this treatment approach has nevertheless proven ineffective at controlling the majority of malignancies. One of the mechanisms of resistance to radioimmunotherapy is that immune cells may be suppressed via the myriad of different immune checkpoint receptors. Therefore, simultaneous blockade of multiple immune checkpoint receptors may enhance the treatment efficacy of radioimmunotherapy.Methods: We combined NBTXR3-enhanced localized radiation with the simultaneous blockade of three different checkpoint receptors: PD1, LAG3, and TIGIT and tested the treatment efficacy in an anti-PD1 resistant lung cancer model in mice. 129Sv/Ev mice were inoculated with fifty thousand αPD1-resistant 344SQR cells in the right leg on day 0 to establish primary tumors and with the same number of cells in the left leg on day 4 to establish the secondary tumors. NBTXR3 was intratumorally injected to the primary tumors on day 7, which were irradiated with 12 Gy on days 8, 9, and 10. Anti-PD1 (200 mg), αLAG3 (200 mg), and αTIGIT (200 mg) were given to mice by intraperitoneal injections on days 5, 8, 11, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42. Results: This nanoparticle-mediated combination therapy is effective at controlling growth of treated and distant untreated tumors, enhancing animal survival and is the only one that led to complete destruction of both tumors in approximately 30% of treated mice. Corresponding with this improved response is a robust activation of the immune response, as manifested by increased numbers of immune cells along with a transcriptional signature of both innate and adaptive immunity within the tumor. Furthermore, mice treated with this combinatorial therapy display immunological memory response when rechallenged by the same cancer cells, preventing tumor engraftment.Conclusions: Our results strongly attest to the efficacy and validity of combining nanoparticle-enhanced radiotherapy and simultaneous blockade of multiple immune check point receptors and provide pre-clinical rationale for investigation into its translation into human patients.
Association between remnant cholesterol and prediabetes and diabetes : a study based on coronary heart disease angina pectoris population
Authors: Wang Yang , Liu Yijia , Yang Rongrong , Li Zhu , Su Jinyu , Yang Tong , Ma Mei , Pan Guangwei , Wang Xianliang , Li Lin , Yu Chunquan
Published: May 2022

Background
It has been reported that remnant cholesterol (RC) is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) and diabetes mellitus(DM). However, there is limited evidence on the association between RC and glucose metabolism status in coronary heart disease (CHD) angina pectoris patients.
Methods
The study collected 11557 patients who were diagnosed with CHD angina pectoris in Tianjin, China. Participants were divided into normal glucose regulation (NGR), prediabetes (Pre-DM) and diabetes mellitus (DM) according to glucose metabolism status. RC was calculated as total cholesterol (TC) minus low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) minus low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Linear regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between glucose metabolism [fasting blood glucose (FBG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)] and RC. Logistic regression was performed to analyze the relationship between the RC and Pre-DM and DM.
Results
Among all participants, 5883 (50.9%) were in DM status, 4034 (34.9%) wre in Pre-DM status and 1640 (14.2%) were in NGR status. FBG levels and HbA1c levels were positively related with RC in all participants (P < 0.001). NGR was used as a reference, multi-adjusted showed that RC was significantly associated with Pre-DM [Odds ratio (OR): 1.365; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.290–1.672; P < 0.001] and DM (OR:1.468; 95% CI 1.290–1.672; P < 0.001). When considering RC as categorical variables (tertiles), using T1(< 1.1) as a reference, T3 had the highest relationship between RC and Pre-DM and DM in crude modle and multi-adjusted modle. The association between RC and pre-DM [(OR: 1.442; 95% CI 1.225–1.696) vs. (OR: 1.264; 95% CI 1.052–1.518)] and DM [(OR: 1.460; 95% CI 1.245–1.713) vs. (OR: 1.406; 95% CI 1.181–1.673)] in females was higher than males. The fully adjusted of OR value in the elderly patients was higher than that in the middle-aged patients in the Pre-DM (OR: 1.401 vs. OR: 1.360) and DM (OR: 1.485 vs. OR: 1.406). The relationship between RC and Pre-DM and DM was statistically significant by the different smoking and drinking stratification analyses (all P < 0.05).
Conclusion
The current study demonstrated that there was a significance association between RC and pre-DM and DM among CHD angina pectoris patients, and and the relationship was higher in females and elderly patients.
FGL2-targeted T cells induced tumor-specific brain resident TRM cells preventing glioblastoma recurrence
Authors: Zhao Qingnan , Kong Ling-Yuan , Jiang Shan , Tian Xiangjun , Wang Jing , Hashizume Rintaro , Hu Jiemiao , Jia Zhiliang , Fowlkes Natalie , Yan Jun , Xia Xeuqing , Yi Sofia , Dao Long , Masopust David , Okada Hideho , Heimberger Amy , Li Shulin
Published: May 2022

Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) specific to previously encountered pathogens have been characterized, but tumor-specific TRM cells in brain have not been reported in the literature. We discovered that T cells armed with FGL2-blocking single-chain variable fragments (T-αFGL2) are able to induce tumor-specific CD8+TRM cells, which prevent glioblastoma recurrence, a major obstacle in achieving long term survivors. These tumor-specific CD8+TRM displayed a unique highly expanded T cell receptor repertoire distinct from that found in peripheral tissues. Notably, these CD8+TRM cells could be transplanted into the brains of either immunocompetent or T cell deficient naïve mice, transforming them to become immune reactive to tumor cells. The mechanism study found T-αFGL2 therapy boosted CD69+CD8+ memory T cells population in tumor bearing brains, which depend on CXCL9/10-CXCR3 signaling. These findings are the first to show tumor-specific brain resident CD8+TRM generation via adoptive cellular treatment and may have promising implications for cancer immunotherapy.
Comparison of the Effects of the Three Methods of Massage, Selected Yoga Exercises and Massage-Yoga Combination on the Depression in Elderly Women
Authors: Elham Piri , Ghasemi Behnam , Shafizadeh Ali
Published: May 2022

Purpose
The present study aims to compare the effects of massage, selected yoga exercises and massage-yoga combination methods on the depression in depressed elderly women.
Methods
According to the research criteria, 60 available samples were selected and randomly divided into three experimental groups and single control one. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was completed by the examinees before the intervention, two months after its beginning and one month after ending. Each experimental group received one of the massage interventions, selected yoga exercises and massage-yoga combination for eight weeks, three sessions per week and for a period of 40 minutes per session. The data were analyzed using 4 (group) × 3 (measurement) factorial analysis of variance method (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc test was employed to compare the intragroup differences in the measurement steps and intergroup ones. The significance level of alpha was considered to be 0.05.
Results
The results showed that there was a significant difference in the level of depression within the three experimental groups of massage (0.001), yoga (0.00) and combination (0.00). There was also a significant difference between the four groups in the depression variable (0.001).
Conclusion
The results indicated that all three intervention methods of massage, selected yoga exercises and a combination of massage and yoga improve the depression in depressed elderly women. However, there was a significant difference between the three approaches and the massage-yoga combinative exercise program was found to have the greatest effect on improving the depression in depressed elderly women.
Can Echocardiographic Parameters Predict the Missing Link between Subclinical Atrial Fibrillation and Permanent Pacemakers? (Echocardiography and subclinical AF in permanent pacemaker)
Authors: EL-Dosouky Ibtesam , Ammar Ahmed Shafie , ElSherbiny Islam A , Mahmoud Mohamed M
Published: May 2022

Background and Objectives: Patients on implanted permanent pacemakers frequently develop atrial fibrillation (AF). We aimed to determine the Echocardiographic and clinical parameters predicting AF in patients with a dual-chamber (DDD) pacemaker.Methods: This retrospective study included 208 patients with permanent pacemaker, classified according to development of AF during follow up into 2 groups: AF (77, 37%) and non AF (131, 63%), baseline: clinical, ECG(P-wave dispersion) and echo {diastolic wall strain (DWS),left arial volume index (LAVI), left ventricular stiffness index(LVSI)} data were assessed.Results: AF group were older with more P wave dispersion, lesser DWS, greater LVSI& LAVI, LVSI at a cut off >0.13 and DWS at a cut off <0.34 were predictors of AF in patients with DDD pacemakers.Conclusion: LVSI and DWS could be used as simple good predictors for AF in patients with DDD pacemakers, for timely initiation of anticoagulants according to CHA2DS2VASc score to decrease ischemic stroke burden.
Quantum Computing Using Chaotic Numbers
Authors: Thakur Usama
Published: May 2022

Quantum Mechanics and Computation has a major problem calledthe measurement problem [7] [19]. This has given physicists a very hardtime over the years when I first looked into the problem my approach wassimple find a new number system that can go with the uncertainty of aQuantum particle the paper deals with the mathematics of uncertaintywhich has solved 2 millenium prize problems [4], [5] and quantum measurementproblem very efficiently. We divide chaos into two parts lowchaos and high chaos then we find the desired value [19] inside the intersectionof both. This helps us find something in a ℵ3 >>> ∞ this takesthe problems around us to the next level if we are able to control a chaosthen we can achieve pretty much anything. This paper is inspired by [22]
A new Radon-Nikodym theorem in locally convex spaces
Authors: Kaliaj Sokol Bush
Published: May 2022

In this paper we present a new Radon-Nikodym theorem for functions taking values in a locally convex space.
Screen time and early children's emotional, behavioural and social development: Findings from the Growing Up in Scotland (GUS) cohort study
Authors: Lee Bohee , Warner Pamela
Published: May 2022

Background
There has been limited evidence supporting the association between the quantity of screen time and children's early development. This study aims to examine how the length of screen time, especially with television, was associated with childhood development by analysing the Growing Up in Scotland (GUS) study.
Methods
We cross-sectionally analysed the GUS birth cohort data of children aged 4 and 6. The Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) score was used to assess the children development. Multivariate binary logistic models were used to evaluate the association between screen time and each SDQ score at ages 4 and 6 and examine the longitudinal impacts of screen time at age 4.
Results
The longitudinal analysis showed that 16.50 hours or more per week at age 4 was significantly associated with hyperactivity/ inattention (Odds ratio (OR): 1.39, 95% CI: 1.05–1.84) and conduct problems (OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.11–1.89) at age 6. A high level of screen time was associated with increased risks of hyperactivity/ inattention problems at age 4 (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.02–1.56) and age 6 (OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.10–1.86). Furthermore, the high level of screen time was associated with conduct problems at age 4 (OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.09–1.82) and age 6 (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.02–1.79).
Conclusions
High TV screen time in early childhood was significantly associated with a high risk of behavioural problems. However, we did not analyse the contents of the screen. Further research is needed to incorporate more potential confounders.
Pathophysiology of COVID-19: SARS-CoV-2 mimics neoplastic cells and The Long COVID-19 Syndrome can be a Warburg Effect and ACE-2 internalization consequence
Authors: Zanella Luiz Gonzaga Francisco de Assis Barros D'Elia
Published: May 2022

This article develops the theory involving the SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiological mechanisms, based on an extensive literature review, and reinforced by two years of dealing with COVID-19 patients in different footages of the natural history of the disease. SARS-CoV-2 mimics the Warburg effect (W.E.), a well-described mechanism in neoplastic cells to obtain energy and substrates to enable cell growth. The W.E. is responsible for characteristic clinical and laboratory findings such as elevated lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), lactate, uraemia, and acidosis, in addition to explaining why a specific profile of patients evolves into severe forms of the disease. This article also exposes a hypothesis for maintaining the inflammatory status after acute SARS-COV-2 infection, "The Long COVID-19 Syndrome". Assessment of PubMed platform followed by evaluation of articles that supported issues regarding COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 AND AEROBIC GLYCOLISIS/WARBURG EFFECT. COVID-19 is a biphasic infectious disease (like Yellow Fever, for example) that causes tenacious immune-metabolic changes that impact the inflammatory status. The hyperlactataemia (type B) in COVID-19 is due to the metabolic shift to aerobic glycolysis (W.E.), and it can differentiate chronic or acute COVID-19 inflammatory status from septic shock hyperlactatemia, especially when associated with negative cultures. This article brings to the light the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 and possibilities for treatment and improvement in the clinical management of patients affected by this severe and catastrophic disease. The COVID-19 signature is the Warburg Effect + ACE-2 + innate response + hypoxia + Phenylalanine (Phe), and Tryptophan (Try) metabolism. The disease’s magnitude is directly proportional to the patient's exposure to hypoxia.
Randomized Clinical Trial - Necessity of Pharyngeal Anesthesia in Pharyngeal Observation during Transoral Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Hayashi Tomoyuki , Asahina Yoshiro , Takeda Yasuhito , Miyazawa Masaki , Takatori Hajime , Kido Hidenori , Seishima Jun , Iida Noriho , Kitamura Kazuya , Terashima Takeshi , Miyagi Sakae , Toyama Tadashi , Mizukoshi Eishiro
Published: May 2022

BACKGROUND
Pharyngeal anesthesia’s role in improving observational ability during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is controversial. No randomized controlled trials have evaluated observational ability with and without pharyngeal anesthesia (PA + vs. PA- group) under sedation with midazolam. We report the non-inferiority of the PA- group in the pharyngeal observation success rate.
METHODS
This prospective, single-blinded, randomized study included 500 patients, randomly allocated to PA + or PA- groups (250 cases/group), undergoing transoral upper gastrointestinal endoscopy under intravenous sedation with midazolam.
RESULTS
The pharyngeal observation success rate was 72.0% and 84.0% in the PA- and PA + groups, respectively; non-inferiority in PA- group was not observed (p = 0.707). In the PA- group, observable sites were fewer (8.33 vs 8.86, p = 0.006), time was longer (67.2 vs. 58.2 s, p = 0.001), and pain scores were higher. Image quality at the posterior wall of oropharynx, vocal fold and pyriform sinus was significantly inferior in PA- group. Subgroup analysis showed a higher sedation level (Ramsay score ≥ 5); no differences in the pharyngeal observation success rate were observed between the groups.
CONCLUSION
Pharyngeal anesthesia may improve pharyngeal observation ability in the hypopharynx and reduce pain. However, this difference may be reduced with deeper sedation.
The SWOT analysis of online medical teaching in the context of "Internet Plus" during epidemic prevention and control
Authors: Duan Nengliang , Gao Zhixiang , Liu Xiaolong , Qian Zhiyuan
Published: May 2022

IntroductionAt the end of 2019, a new coronavirus suddenly swept the world. In order to prevent the epidemic from spreading to the campus, China's Ministry of Education asked all universities to postpone the opening of school. With the rapid development of Internet technology, the Internet has inevitably become an important teaching way during the epidemic. Online face-to-face communication technology and a wide range of medical network open courses provide convenient teaching conditions for medical students and teachers, but also put forward a great challenge to the traditional medical teaching.MethodsBy summarizing the teaching situation of our hospital during the epidemic, SWOT analysis was used to analyze the advantages, disadvantages, opportunities and threats of network medical education, and put forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions.ResultsCompared with traditional medical teaching, internet teaching has its advanced and desirable aspects, which is manifested in obvious teaching convenience and rich resources. However, there are also some defects that are difficult to make up in a short time due to the imperfect network development and the distance between teachers and students.Conclusion"Internet + education" is the inevitable direction of modern medical teaching reform and development, especially in the special period of epidemic prevention and control. In order to ensure the teaching progress and quality, online teaching is bound to become one of the most effective measures at this stage. This requires medical colleges to actively do a good job in epidemic prevention and control, make full use of Internet resources, strengthen the teacher team-building, improve the assessment and evaluation system and the comprehensive quality of medical students.
Land Management Criteria for Green Building Certification Systems in Turkey
Authors: Erdede Sevim Bilge , Bektaş Sebahattin
Published: May 2022

The energy issue is of great importance for energy dependent countries like Turkey. Some legislative regulations such as the Energy Efficiency Law and the Energy Performance Regulation of Building have recently been made in our country. Although the Energy Performance Certificate for buildings has been put into practice, a national green building certification system is not available yet. Worldwide valid certification systems and parts of the certification systems regarding land management that are tried to be established in Turkey were examined to determine the survey questions and in line with this, a literature review was performed. The experts in Turkey were interviewed to gather ideas and insights. By listing the answers from these experts using the AHP method, the criteria and sub-criteria of land method were determined. In this study, a green building certification system to be established in our country was discussed under the category of land management to which great importance has been attached, especially by survey engineers, and the criteria under this category has been identified. A survey was conducted to determine these criteria, and the results were examined. The subcriteria of the category of land management were identified, and their weights were calculated.
The effect of composition on chlorine solubility and behavior in silicate melts
Authors: Thomas Richard W. , Wood Bernard J.
Published: May 2022

We have performed experiments at 1.5 GPa and 1400 °C on 25 different bulk compositions to determine the effects of major element compositions on the Cl contents of silicate melts at known fugacities of Cl2 and O2. The experimental method involved mixing a “sliding” Cl buffer, a mixture of AgCl, AgI, and Ag with the silicate bulk composition and performing the experiment in a graphite capsule together with a source of CO2 (AgCO3). The graphite capsules were sealed inside welded Pt tubes to maintain a CO2-CO atmosphere with oxygen fugacity fixed at the C-CO-CO2 (CCO) buffer. During the experiment, the Cl buffer segregates leaving a Cl-bearing melt, which quenches to a glass. We used the results to define chloride capacity CCl for each melt at the pressure and temperature of the experiment:

C Cl = Cl ( wt% ) f ( Cl 2 ) + f O 2 4

Chloride capacity was found to correlate positively with optical basicity and NBO/T and negatively with ionic porosity and the Larsen index. We combined our new data with the results of Thomas and Wood (2021) to derive an equation describing the composition, pressure and temperature dependence of the chloride capacity:

log ⁡ C C l = 1.604 + ( 4470 X C a − 3430 X S i + 2592 X F e − 4092 X K − 894 P ) / T .

In this equation, XCa, XSi, and so on refer to the oxide mole fractions on a single-cation basis, P is in GPa and T in K. The equation reproduces 58 data points with an r2 of 0.96 and a standard error of 0.089. The addition of literature data on hydrous experiments indicates that the effects of <4.3 wt% H2O are small enough to be ignored. We also performed experiments aimed at determining the conditions of NaCl saturation in melts. When combined with literature data we obtained:

log ⁡ ( C l − ) = log ⁡ ( a N a C l ) + 0.06 − ( 2431 X C a + 3430 X S i − 2592 X F e + 3484 X N a + 4092 X K − 2417 ) / T

where (Cl–) is the Cl content of the melt in wt% aNaCl is the activity of NaCl (liquid) and the other symbols are the same as before. The results indicate that basalt dissolves ~8 times more Cl than rhyolite at a given NaCl activity i.e., Cl is ~8 times more soluble in basalt than in rhyolite.
Conceptual framework of implementing knowledge management system in business organizations
Authors: Oliinyk Olena
Published: May 2022

Knowledge management is especially relevant for modern organizations because how a business receives, disseminates, and uses knowledge is a determining condition for its ability to successfully develop and compete in a knowledge-based economy. The purpose of the study is to develop conceptual foundations for the implementation of knowledge management system to achieve sustainable competitiveness of the organization. The following methods were used in the research process: analysis, synthesis, theoretical generalization - in the process of research of theoretical and methodological developments of domestic and foreign scientists on the definition of "knowledge management system"; comparative analysis - in the study of differences in scientific approaches to the principles of knowledge management; systems analysis - in the development of conceptual foundations for the implementation of knowledge management system. The study resulted in the development of conceptual foundations for the implementation of knowledge management system, which defies the purpose, strategic and tactical goals, general and specific principles, functions, bodies and tools of management, expected results. One of the most important elements of the conceptual framework for implementing a knowledge management system is the choice of management tools, which should be based on the priority functions of knowledge management based on assessing the current state and available opportunities for further development of the organization. A feature of the developed conceptual framework is the knowledge management tools, the list of which contains traditional and innovative methods of working with knowledge. Modern software and online platforms for knowledge management are offered, the most popular of which are Bit.ai, Document360, Tettra, TallyFox Tallium, ProProfs, Zendesk, Helpjuice.
Addition of N-(2-Aminoethyl)naphthalimide and Mercaptopropionic Acid to Increase the Stability of CsFAMA Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Moral Raphael , Hermsdorff Alden , Marchezi Paulo , Germino José , Bonato Luiz , de Araújo Francineide , Nogueira Ana
Published: May 2022

Sustainable energy generation has been a growing concern worldwide due to the alarming effects of climate changes in the last few decades. In this scenario, perovskite solar cells hold great promise in contributing for a greener global energy matrix. Despite the great potential of this technology, several difficulties to deploy perovskite solar panels are yet to be overcome, being their long-term stability one of the most critical. In this sense, this work offers an alternative to improve the long-term, operational stability of the devices by passivating the CsFAMA perovskite active layer with a mixture of N-(2-aminoethyl)naphthalimide and mercaptopropionic acid. These modifications improved the perovskite and device stability under ambient conditions. The solar cells without encapsulation and with post-treatment with 5 mM modifier solution retained ca. 90% of its initial power conversion efficiency (PCE) after 500 h exposed to ambient conditions, while standard solar cells retained ca. 58%. Our approach offers a simple new method to improve the stability of perovskite solar cells using an unexplored combination of passivating molecules.
Do farmers perceive climate change clearly? An analysis of meteorological data and farmers’ perceptions in the sub-Himalayan West Bengal, India
Authors: Datta Pritha , Behera Bhagirath
Published: May 2022

Farmers must clearly perceive climate change to implement autonomous adaptations and support planned adaptation and mitigation initiatives. Based on the primary data collected from 300 farming households of the sub-Himalayan West Bengal of India, the present study compared farmers’ perceptions with meteorological trends obtained through a combination of statistical and graphical tests. Many farmers declared a change in local climate, and farmers’ perceptions mostly cognate the increasing summer temperature and decreasing monsoon precipitation from 1991 to 2020. However, a greater level of imperfect perceptions was observed for the winter temperature rise. Overall, only 23% of farmers were able to clearly perceive all the changes in climatic conditions. A binary logistic regression model was employed to identify the determining factors of farmers’ clear perceptions, and results showed that farmers who are younger, male, read newspapers, and experienced elephant crop-raiding perceived the changes more accurately. Whereas access to television and irrigation facilities decreased the probability of perceiving climate change accurately. The study recommends that bridging the knowledge gap between farmers and stakeholders is necessary for this region, which could be achieved by disseminating accurate weather information in combination with agricultural advice and targeted initiatives, especially for the older and female farmers.
Modeling of suspended sediment concentrations by artificial neural network and adaptive neuro fuzzy interference system method–study of five largest basins in Eastern Algeria
Authors: Zeyneb Tamrabet , Nadir Marouf , Boualem Remini
Published: May 2022

Prediction of suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) in arid and semi-arid areas has aroused increasing interest in recent years because of its primary role in water resources planning and management. Today, given its simplicity and reliability, SSC modeling by artificial neural networks (ANNs) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) are the most developed and widely used methods. The main aim of this study is suspended sediment concentrations modeling using ANN and ANFIS methods at the five largest basins in eastern Algeria: the Constantinois Coastal, Highlands, Kébir-Rhumel, Seybouse, and Soummam basin, which are characterized by high water erosion and a lack of SSC measurements. An application was given for historical time series: liquid flows Ql and solid flows Qs as inputs, and daily SSC as outputs, for the 14 hydrometric stations controlling the entire area. The best models were achieved using a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) feed forward networks (FFN) trained with a Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm for ANN modeling and a first-order Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) FFN with a hybrid learning method for ANFIS modeling. The reliability of the created models was evaluated using five validation criteria: determination coefficient R2, Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient NSE, mean square error MSE, root-mean-square error RMSE, and the mean absolute error MAE. The ANN and ANFIS models showed high accuracy, confirmed by excellent R2 values ranging from 0.77 to 0.98. The NSE ranged from 0.67 to 0.97. The error values were very good, the MAE varies from 0.004 g/L to 0.028 g/L for both models. The comparison of the ANN and ANFIS models revealed that ANN models slightly outperformed the ANFISs; both of them had high accuracy in SSC prediction.
Antimicrobial Benefits of Flavonoids and their Nanoformulations
Authors: Salatin Sara , Bazmani Ahad , Shahi Shahriar , Naghili Behrooz , Memar Mohammad Yousef , Dizaj Solmaz Maleki
Published: May 2022

Nowadays, there is an urgent need to discover and develop long-term and effective antimicrobial and
biofilm-inhibiting compounds. Employing combination therapies using novel drug delivery systems and also
natural antimicrobial substances is a promising strategy in this field. Nanoparticles (NPs)-based materials have
become well appreciated in recent times due to their function as antimicrobial agents or carriers for promoting
the bioavailability and effectiveness of antibiotics. Flavonoids belong to the promising groups of bioactive
compounds abundantly found in fruits, vegetables, spices, and medicinal plants with strong antimicrobial features.
Flavonoids and NPs have the potential to work as alternatives to the conventional antimicrobial agents,
when used alone as well as in combination. Different classes of flavonoid NPs may be particularly advantageous
in treating microbial infections. The most important antimicrobial mechanisms of flavonoid NPs include
oxidative stress induction, non-oxidative mechanisms, and metal ion release. However, the efficacy of flavonoid
NPs against pathogens and drug-resistant pathogens changes according to their physicochemical characteristics
as well as the particular structure of microbial cell wall and enzymatic composition. In this review, we provide
an outlook on the antimicrobial mechanism of flavonoid-based NPs and the crucial factors involved in it.
Potential of 24-Propylcholestrol as Immunity Inducer against Infection of
COVID-19 Virus: In Silico Study Immunomodulatory Drugs
Authors: Kurnia Dikdik , Wiani Ika , Zainuddin Achmad , Windaryanti Devi , Sondang Gabriel Christine
Published: May 2022

Background:

COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) has infected millions of people and caused hundreds
of thousands of deaths worldwide. However, until now no specific drug for SARS-CoV-2 infection
has been found. This prompted many researchers to explore compounds as anti-SARS-CoV-2 candidates.
One of the efforts to deal with the spread of the COVID-19 virus is to increase the body's
immune system (immune). Medicinal plants are known to have the ability as immune-modulators,
one of which is Betel leaf (Piper betle L.) which has good activity as antibacterial, antioxidant, and
anti-viral with other pharmacological effects. An in silico approach in drug development was used
to search for potential antiviral compounds as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro Protein, RBD, and
Non-structural Protein (NSP15).

Objective::

This study aimed to determine the potential of Betel leaf compounds as immunemodulators
and good inhibitory pathways against COVID-19.

Methods:

In this study, a potential screening of steroid class compounds, namely 24-
propilcholesterol was carried out as an anti-SARS-CoV-2 candidate, using an in silico approach
with molecular docking simulations for three receptors that play an important role in COVID-19,
namely Mpro SARS-CoV-2, RBD SARS-CoV-2 and a non-structural protein (NSP15) and were
compared with Azithromycin, Favipiravir and Ritonavir as positive controls.

Results:

Based on the results of molecular docking simulations, compound from Betel leaf, 24-
Propylcholesterol, showed high binding affinity values for spike glycoprotein RBD and nonstructural
protein 15 (NSP15), namely -7.5 and -7.8 kcal/mol. Meanwhile, a native ligand of Mpro,
inhibitor N3, has a higher binding affinity value than 24-propylcholesterol -7.4 kcal/mol.

Conclusion:

24-Propylcholesterol compound predicted to have potential as an anti-SARS-CoV-2
compound. However, it is necessary to carry out in vitro and in vivo studies to determine the effectiveness
of the compound as an anti-SARS-CoV-2.
Comprehensive Update on Synthetic Aspects of Bosentan Derivatives
Authors: Panchal Jigar , Panchal Ashima , Jain Sonika , Jain Pankaj Kumar , Dwivedi Jaya , Sharma Swapnil
Published: May 2022

Bosentan and its analogues were first reported as endothelin (ET) receptor antagonists in
US patent No. 5, 292,740 in 1994. Bosentan synthesis has been reported by employing different
methods from the reaction between (4,6-dichloro-5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-2,2'-bipyrimidine and 4-
(tert-butyl) benzenesulfonamide and 4-(tert-butyl)-N-(6-chloro-5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-[2,2'-
bipyrimidin]-4-yl) benzenesulfonamide in the form of different salts like potassium salt, ammonium
salt, sodium salt, and free, on its reaction with ethylene glycol. Several changes have been observed in
the chemistry of the involved intermediate synthesis, particularly coupling chemistry, to produce
bosentan derivatives with high purity and yield.
Reduction of ACE2 Serum Concentrations by Telbivudine in
Chronic Hepatitis B Patients
Authors: Huang Ya-Hui , Yeh Chau-Ting , Hsu Chao-Wei , Lin Yang-Hsiang
Published: May 2022

Background:

Coronavirus disease 2019, caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has wreaked havoc worldwide since December
2019. Currently, no effective medical treatments have been approved. As the epidemic
continues to spread, SARS-CoV-2 mutants emerge, some of which become more
infectious with increasing vaccine resistance. The main route for SARS-CoV-2 to enter
the host cells is by binding its spike protein to the host receptor, angiotensin-converting
enzyme 2 (ACE2). Besides the membrane-bound form of ACE2, the soluble form of
ACE2 (sACE2) can also bind SARS-CoV-2 for viral endocytosis.

Objective:

Previously, we found that telbivudine reduced the concentrations of ACE1 in
blood. Therefore, we speculated that this drug might also reduce the concentrations of
sACE2.

Methods:

In this retrospective study, serum samples from 39 hepatitis B patients
receiving telbivudine were collected and examined for sACE2 concentrations using an
ELISA kit.

Results:

It was found that the serum concentrations of sACE2 were significantly
declined in chronic hepatitis B patients treated with telbivudine.

Conclusion:

Telbivudine treatment reduced sACE2 concentrations, which could
potentially reduce the infection risk of SARS-CoV-2.