bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Purification Process of Poly Methyl Methacrylate Products Made with Suspension Polymerization Techniques
Authors: Ariyanto Maria Angelina , Zulfa Ifada , Hernugrahanto Kukuh Dwiputra , Ferdiansyah  , Trisanti Prida Novarita , Sumarno
Published: February 2021

Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA) is a commodity polymer produced from Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) monomer. This applied in various industries such as automotive and in the manufacture of artificial bones. Suspension polymerization techniques are able to produce polymer powders in micron size, uniform molecular weight and desired particle size distribution. This research was initiated by conducting polymerization process by heating Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA, dispersant)/aqua dest (H2O) mixture accompanied by nitrogen gas purging and stirring, then MMA and Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO, initiator) was added. The results of the polymerization process produce PMMA products in the form of powders which are suspected to still contain MMA, BPO, and PVA so that the washing process is required for PMMA products. Therefore, PMMA products resulting from the polymerization process are washed with water solvent with stirring, then the results of washing PMMA products are filtered and dried. The results of final PMMA products in the form of white powder which are then analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed that product there is still a residual MMA. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis which results produce spheres of varying size and average particle size of 64.45 µm. Particle Size Analyzer result presents the average size of 62.05 µm.
Bioethanol Purification from Fermentation of Suweg Starch Using Two Stage Distillation Method
Authors: Hargono H , Jos B , Purwanto P , Sumardiono S , Zakaria MF
Published: February 2021

This study aims to employ two-stage distillation in the purification of fermented ethanol. Furthermore, 200g/L Suweg starch was fermented by Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) method using StargenTM 002 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae at a concentration of 1.5% (w/w) and 1.10% (w/w), respectively. Therefore, 99.52 g/L or 13.82% bioethanol was produced and further purified through a distillation method. Subsequently, the first stage was performed in a column without filling material, while the second was in a column with glass ball-shaped material (marbles). This two phase exposure was conducted to expand the contact between the bioethanol-water vapor mixture and the suffing material. In addition, the temperature was set at 78ºC, while the duration was varied at 45, 60, 75, and 90 minutes. Therefore, the samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the maximum yield of 94.6% was produced at 75 minutes.
Influence of microwave power and temperature on the silica leaching process
Authors: Hidayati N , Jelita R , Jefriadi  , Wicakso D R , Fitrila N A , Rachmadiyani W A , Asshifa  , Rosanti W , Mirwan A
Published: February 2021

This research presents a study for the silica leaching from peat clay in alkalic sodium hydroxide under microwave-heated condition. Microwave bases leaching was implemented using the Iwaki Pyrex glass reactor in a modified microwave oven. The characterization of peat clay was specified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis. An investigation was made of the influence of microwave power, temperature, and reaction time on the silica leaching recovery. An enhancement on the silica recovery for 12 M sodium hydroxide, solid/liquid ratio 0.03 g/mL, and 15 min reaction time was obtained 30.62 %-wt and 27.85%-wt for 900 W and 90 °C respectively. The microwave assisted leaching is more efficient regarding overall silica dissolution.
Study on Ultrafiltration of Hospital Wastewater Treatment Effluent
Authors: Mahirullah M , Widiasa I N
Published: February 2021

The Ultrafiltration (UF) membrane is beneficial in the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), including the hospital WWTP. The formation of fouling deposits is often encountered on the membrane surface. Pretreatment and cleaning strategy are needed to maximize flux recovery for the fouled membrane. Therefore, the investigation were conducted for the membrane UF in terms of performance and the cleaning of the UF membrane in terms of cleaning efficiency. Pretreatment of sedimentation and cloth media filtration (CMF) is recommended because the flux reduction rate of 3.3% - 8.2%. The cleaning procedure with NaOCl was carried out under various concentrations with pH 12.6. The cleaning duration was determined as 4 h. The best result of membrane cleaning for the experiment with pretreatment required 100 ppm NaOCl to achieve 96.43% flux recovery, 77.77% fouling removal and hydraulic cleanliness criterion 0.037. Meanwhile, the experiment without pretreatment required 500 ppm NaOCl to achieve 80.59% flux recovery, 51.85% fouling removal and hydraulic cleanliness criterion 0.24.
Selection and Cultivation of Microalgae for CO2 Biofixation
Authors: Widayat  , Suzery M , Satriadi H , Wahyudi  , Philia J
Published: February 2021

Climate change has become the main focus of the world which caused various negative impacts throughout the earth. Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases that effect on climate change and environmental pollution. One of the promising opportunities to reduce CO2 emissions in the atmosphere is bio fixation by microalgae. Many species of microalgae have the ability to capture carbon dioxide as its carbon source for the photosynthetic process. This research aimed to cultivate many species of microalgae in the carbon dioxide incubator and study its CO2 bio-fixation capability. Microscopic analysis was occurred to identify microalgae morphology. The optical density measured representing growth rate of microalgae. Tetraselmis sp. and Navicula sp. are suitable for CO2 biofixaton due to the good adaptation to the existence of CO2 in the medium.
Thermodynamics and Kinetics Study of Diethyl Carbonate (DEC) Synthesis from CO2, Ethanol, and Epoxides with Various Catalysts
Authors: Wiguno A , Tetrisyanda R , Anggerta L A , Liemen K D R , Rahma S W , Wibawa G
Published: February 2021

Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been the main contributor for global warming over the past decades. However, it can potentially be utilized as raw material of valuable products, such as organic carbonate compound namely diethyl carbonate (DEC). Formation of DEC via indirect route from CO2 and ethanol is accompanied with epoxides as dehydrating agent. This work has been devoted to study thermodynamics and kinetics of indirect DEC synthesis using ethylene oxide (EO), propylene oxide (PO), and butylene oxide (BO) with various catalysts. Data from scientific journals and previous experiments conducted at Laboratory of Thermodynamics, ITS were analyzed in this study. Based on the value of (ΔG), it was found that indirect synthesis using EO is the most spontaneous reaction, followed by BO and PO, respectively. Simulation using Aspen HYSYS V8.8 also reveals that reactant and product system after 3 hours of reactions falls into vapor-liquid region and superheated region. Meanwhile, kinetics evaluation of experiment using PO and KI/EtONa catalyst showed that the aforementioned reactions are exothermic due to decreasing value of reaction constant upon reaching certain temperature. Based on Arrhenius equation while presuming that the reaction is elementary and non-elementary, activation energy was estimated as 55.62 kJ/mol and 54.80 kJ/mol, respectively. Furthermore, the use of KI/EtONa as catalyst resulted the highest yield among other catalysts namely KI, KI/CeO2, and KI/Zeolite.
Improving the performance of crushed limestone concrete utilizing supplementary cementitious materials: A case study in Iraq
Authors: Muhsin Adnan A. , Al-Saati Nabeel Hameed , Heil Suad Mohammed , Hashim Khalid , AlKhayyat Ahmed H.
Published: February 2021

This paper presents an experimental work conducted to study the properties of concrete incorporating (0-100) % of local (in Iraq) crushed limestone (CLS) as a partial replacement of coarse aggregate. Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM) such as High Reactivity Metacaoline (HRM) and Rice Husk Ash (RHA) were added to the mixtures to improve the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. The selective mixtures in this study were arranged into three groups, the first without (SCM), the second with (RHA), and the third with (HRM). Each of them (being with different ratios of (CLS) as a coarse aggregate) was tested for comparison with the reference mixtures. The slump and air contents were evaluated for the fresh concrete. The absorption as well as compressive strength (CS) and flexural strength (FS) were evaluated for the hardened specimens after 7 and 28 days. According to the results, the concrete with CLS as a coarse aggregate gained less performance than the ordinary concrete but the (SCM) improved the properties of the concrete mixtures. The results show that the HRM was more effective than the RHA with respect to the mechanical properties.
Mitigation of wastewater biological pollution using the electrocoagulation method
Authors: Dosh Zinah K. K. , Maslookhi Ammar K. A. , Al-Saidi Alyaa N. , Alenezi Basel , Amoako-Attah Joseph
Published: February 2021

Biological pollution of water and wastewater is a global grave concern, especially in developing countries due to insufficient treatment and sanitation. Additionally, the poor economy of the majority of the developing countries limits both applications of advanced treatment technologies and modern monitoring systems, which intensifies the problem of biological pollution. In this investigation, the electrocoagulation method, which is in situ production of coagulation agents by passing electric current via metallic electrodes, has been used as an affordable treatment method for the removal of bacteria from municipal wastewater (E. coli as an indicator). Wastewater sample was collected from Al-Rustamyiah wastewater treatment plant, Baghdad city, Iraq. In this investigation, the electrocoagulation unit was supplied with iron electrodes (Fe-ELE). The impacts of current density (CD) and electrodes gapping (EG) on the performance of the Fe-ELE performance were optimized to attain the best activation percentage. The obtained results showed that the Fe-ELE achieved full deactivation of the E. coli after 45 minutes of treatment at EG of 5 mm, CD of 2 mA/cm2, and an initial pH of 6.0.
Using SF and CKD as cement replacement materials for producing cement mortar
Authors: Abdulredha M , Muhsin Adnan A. , Al-Janabi Abduljaleel , Alajmi Bader N. , Gkantou M. , Amoako-Attah Joseph , Al-Jumeily Dhiya , Mustafina Jamila , AlKhayyat Ahmed
Published: February 2021

When considering binding materials, cement mortar is thought to be one of the most conventional and effective materials. The cement mortar is mainly containing cement, sand (fine and rough), and water. In fact, there are many environmental and economical limitations to the usage of raw materials in mortar blends. For considering these limitations, many researchers studied the ability to incorporate waste-materials to fully or partially replace conventional raw materials. In this research, compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) will be studied by incorporating (SF) and (CKD) of mortar specimens and study the effect after 7,14, and 28 days. The obtained results from the collected samples (M1, M2, and M3) were compared with the reference mortar samples that contain ordinary Portland cement (OPC) only. The collected results showed that samples with CKD and SF have less compressive strength than ones with OPC with 28 days of curing. In addition, with higher CKD content, lower compressive strength was obtained. Samples (M1, M2) have the highest (UPV) values at different curing periods.
Numerical study of concrete-filled aluminium alloy tubular columns under eccentric compression
Authors: Ali Shafayat Bin , Kamaris George S. , Gkantou Michaela , Kansara Kunal , Hashim Khalid
Published: February 2021

Concrete-filled aluminium tubular (CFAT) columns have numerous benefits, such as aesthetic appearance, less self-weight and good corrosion resistance, over conventional concrete-filled tubular columns. A limited body of research exists for CFAT columns, and the research on the behaviour of CFAT columns under eccentric loading is rather rare. Therefore, the present study aims at investigating the eccentric compressive response of CFAT columns by means of numerical analysis. The numerical models were developed considering nonlinear behaviour of the materials. The models were validated against experimental data obtained from concentric compression tests of CFAT columns. The columns used in the experiments were 6082-T6 heat-treated aluminium alloy square tubes filled with 30 MPa cube strength concrete. The validated models were used to study the influence of different loading eccentricities on the behaviour of CFAT columns. The results are discussed in terms of ultimate strengths and load-lateral displacement responses. A comparison is drawn between the column capacities obtained from the numerical analysis and calculated by European standards. It is found that the design formulae provided in Eurocode are conservative for the eccentrically loaded CFAT columns.
Aluminium alloy cross-sections under uniaxial bending and compression: A numerical study
Authors: Georgantzia Evangelia , Gkantou Michaela , Kamaris George S. , Kansara Kunal , Hashim Khalid
Published: February 2021

The current study numerically investigates the structural behaviour of aluminium alloy square and rectangular hollow cross-sections under compression and uniaxial bending. Material and geometric nonlinear responses were carefully considered within finite element modelling. Geometric imperfections were also included through the execution of an initial eigenvalue buckling analysis. A thorough parametric study was carried out over a range of width-to-thickness ratios used in practice. Different initial loading eccentricities were examined generating various ratios of compressive axial load and bending moment at failure. The relatively new 6082-T6 heat-treated aluminium alloy, which is increasingly employed in structural applications owing to its high strength, was selected for this study. Based on the obtained numerical capacities, the EN 1999-1-1 design interaction curves were assessed providing rather conservative predictions, particularly for the stockiest cross-sections. The simplified Continuous Strength Method was, also, evaluated exhibiting slightly more accurate with less scattering strength provisions.
Determining the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) of Cement Mortar with Partial Replacement of OPC with CKD and SF
Authors: Hashim Raad , Al-Ameeri Abbas , Diwan Alaa Ali , Alajmi Saad , Yeboah David , Al-Jumeily Dhiya , Mustafina Jamila , AlKhayyat Ahmed
Published: February 2021

A significant number of researches pointed to the serious environmental and health effects of the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), including the harmful emissions and alkaline wastewaters. Therefore, the development of eco-friendly alternatives for the OPC is one of the priorities of nowadays studies. However, the suggested eco-friendly alternatives to the OPC might possess negative influences on the properties of the concrete. This research aims at investigating the applicability of by-product materials, such as cement kiln dust (CKD) and silica fume (SF), as an alternative to OPC in the cement mortars. The mortar specimens were mixed with 0 to70% CKD with SF (equal values) as a partial replacement for cement. The hardening samples have been tested by the UPV test at ages 1 week to 4 weeks. The results indicated that high ratios of CKD and SF replacements result in a slight decrease in the pulse velocity of specimens, while small replacement ratios show improvement in these properties. Time of curing is very important in improving the properties of the hardening mortars. Using a small amount of CKD and SF (20-30%) could improve the durability of cement mortars and it seems to be reasonable value in mixers.
Statistical analysis of groundwater quality parameters in selected sites at Kirkuk governorate/Iraq
Authors: Ibrahim Ahmed Khaleel , Ahmed Salwa Hadi , Radeef Ahmed Yasir , Hazzaa Massod Muhsin
Published: February 2021

This study aims to clarify the distribution of groundwater qualitative characteristics in Daqouq district within Kirkuk governorate, the study included 14 wells that were selected in the area located in the southern part of Kirkuk province, and which included different activities such as agricultural, industrial and residential to the north in the Daqouq district. Water samples were collected from the wells once every two months from December 2016 to April 2017. The physical tests were performed such as electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and chemical tests that included pH, cations such as calcium and magnesium, anions such as sulphates, nitrates and chlorides and concentrations of trace elements such as lead, cadmium and zinc were measured using standard methods. The three- dimension contour maps were drawn to illustrate the distribution of the above properties in the study area. The wells showed that the highest rate of electrical conductivity was 1600μs/cmin W4 and the highest concentration of calcium in W5 was 260 mg/L and the highest rate of lead was 2.2μg/Lin W13, and they showed that the difference in the quality of water was according to land use, agricultural, residential or industrial, in the properties of electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, nitrates, chlorides, and trace elements.
Concrete Erosion Modelling by Water Jet using Discrete Phase Method
Authors: Ismaeil Rawaa H. , Hilo Ali N. , Al-Gasham Thaar S. , Abd Ali Hameed
Published: February 2021

To a great extent, for hydraulic structures,the durabilityrelies upon the resistance that the concrete surface offers to mechanical wear. The surface damage caused by the process of uninterrupted material removal,induced by the impact of the water-borne solid particles, is termed hydro-abrasion. In nearly all hydraulic structures, this kind of progressive deterioration of the concrete surfaces is observed, in different intensities. Obviously, such hydro-abrasive concrete wearing normally results in areduction in the service life of the hydro-technical facility, and consequently because of the repairs required, thenon-functioning of the facility during the repair period results in an expenditurespike. The influence exerted by the flow inclination angle was determined in this study. Numerical estimations were made of the four different angles (30°, 45°, 60°and 90°) employing the ANSYS software and discret phase model (DPM) to simulate the fluid particles. From the findings of numerical investigations, it was clear that the maximum erosion rate can be reached when the flow inclination angle is 45° while the lowest rate can be achieved at a flow inclinationangle of 30°.
Laboratory assessment of performance of WMA containing Sasobit
Authors: Joni Hasan H , Alkhafaji Aqeel Y M
Published: February 2021

Over the time, comparing with the traditional hot mix asphaltic (HMA) mixture, the warm mix asphaltic (WMA) mixture has become extremely widespread in the construction projects of highways because the WMA mixture provides the possibility of manufacturing asphalt mixes at a lower temperature than the traditionally utilized HMA. Thus, it reduces energy consumption, decreases CO2 emissions and improves the quality of the environment. The goal of this research was to determine the impact of the Sasobit addition on the sensitivity of mixes to permanent deformation and moisture. Under the framework of this study, four percentages of Sasobit were added are 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 % to investigate the effect of increasing Sasobit content on the moisture and rutting resistance of asphalt mixtures. In summary, the rut of WMA, which was tested in the Hamburg Wheel Tracking Device (HWTD), was decreased as compared to the control HMA, while the rut depth was even lower at 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 % than that of 4.0 % Sasobit. The moisture resistance was decreased (as compared to conventional HMA) by Sasobit addition, as shown by reducing the tensile strength ratios (TSR), but it was still higher than the minimum of 80%.
Decolorization and Mycoremediation of Methyl Orange using Beauveria bassiana
Authors: Karaghool Haneen A. Kh. , Hashim Khalid
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the application of Beauveria bassiana in the decolorization and degrade of Methyl Orange (MO) as a model sulfonated azo dye from aqueous solution. B. bassiana was acclimated to higher concentration of MO dye (25 – 250 mg/L) in MSM after repeated sub-culturing. B. bassiana could completely decolorize of MO in a large variety up to 100 mg/L of MO concentration, at 28 °C and pH 8. This study showed that methyl orange is fully decolorized by Beauveria bassiana at optimized operational conditions within 7 days of incubation period.
Digital Era Influence on Neighbourhood Planning
Authors: Farhan Sabeeh Lafta , Mutaz T , Alyasari Haider I , Zubaidi Salah L , Hashim K S
Published: February 2021

New human needs have an impact on settlements planning and spatial organization. These human needs were subjected to new era requirements. The research aims to solve the knowledge gab about determining the change in neighborhood space planning caused by the digital revolution. The neighborhood is represented by smallest planning module (horizontal –vertical) that has services centre allocates about 10 minutes walking from neighborhood boundary which provides social interaction among residents. The digital revolution is defined as set of computer tests models through making a connection between reality and futuristic production. The research analyses the urban spaces that changed from physical to digital manner through the relations between neighborhood planning and digital revolution. Preliminary results demonstrate good performance on a global project tested.
Free-form geometries in contemporary architecture – dimensional rules of Folded, Blob and Formlessness architecture
Authors: Majeed Anas Hameed , Al-Alwan Huda , Oukaili Nazar
Published: February 2021

The style of Free-form Geometry (FFG) has emerged in contemporary architecture within the last three decades around the world through the progress of digital design tools and the development of constructive materials. FFG is considered as the hard efforts of several contemporary architects to release their products from familiar restrictions to discover new and unfamiliar styles under the perspective of innovation. Many contemporary architects seek to recognize their forms and facilitate dealing with according to specific dimensional rules. The main research problem is the lack of knowledge, in the field of architecture, in previous literature about the formation processes in achieving FFG in contemporary architecture as a response to the new requirements that make architecture more flexible in the final expression and breaking away from regularity. Thus, this paper aims to establish a theoretical framework to determine dimensional rules as formation techniques and utilize them as tools in designing processes, to finally benefit to attain several free-form geometries in architecture now and in the future. The research results confirm the importance of dimensional rules in the designing processes as an effective contribution to achieving FFGs in contemporary architecture.
Study of Distribution Ice-Forming reagent in the Boundary layer of the atmosphere When Exposed by Ground Aerosol Generators NAG-07M
Authors: Kadhim Qasim S. , Abdulkareem Iqbal H. , Ibraheem Nagham T.
Published: February 2021

The paper describes the technical means, methods, and results of experimental studies of the spread of ice-forming agents in the boundary layer of the atmosphere under the action of ground-based aerosol generator NAG-07M. Comparison of the data on sampling by an AVA 3-240-01S probe mounted aboard Vilga-35A aircraft with aerosol propagation calculations using a 3-D SeedDisp model shows 1. The concentration of silver iodide measured in the atmosphere was above background one to a height of 1200 m at distances of 3 to 9 km from the place of the generator installation. 2. The developed SeedDisp numerical model in general qualitatively correctly describes the distribution of silver iodide aerosols in the boundary layer and the free atmosphere under the action of ground-based aerosol generator NAG-07M. Thus, the coefficient of correlation of the measured and calculated by model values of the silver iodide particles concentration in the sub-cloud layer exceeded the value of 0.7.
The Threshold of Urban Sustainability within the Traditional Cities: Traditional Alnajaf city as a case study
Authors: Adelphi Hussam S. O. , Farhan Sabeeh Lafta , Alshamari Haitham A. H.
Published: February 2021

Successful urban interventions in traditional cities must be thoughtful, accurate and wise intervention, so the research assumed that urban sustainability represents a contemporary development intervention that tries to regulate the performance of urban products (components - dimensions) in traditional cities within three factors which are, the right time, right place, and positive performance. The traditional Alnajaf city in Iraq was taken as a case study, morphologically; the general shape of the city was classified into five main parts and examined them with physical dimension that was depended on the concepts of sustainability threshold according to the descriptive data. From this analysis the research determined the right, time and place to achieve the best sustainable intervention. The research found that there is a variation in the level of sustainability in traditional Alnajaf city resulting from the different type of intervention at the level of the constituent parts of the urban fabric. Thus, it is possible to take advantage of the limits of urban sustainability (The Threshold) in creating a balance between the type of urban intervention and the needs of the original city to preserve the traditional cities, including traditional Alnajaf city.
Passive air-conditioning of domestic using a hybrid system of solar updraft tower and a geothermal in Tikrit city-Iraq
Authors: Abed Fayadh M , Zaidan Maki H , Hussein Yousif H , Jassim Abdullah K
Published: February 2021

In constructing a hybrid solar updraft tower with an underground heat exchanger, this study provides a theoretical and experimental investigation. A valuable function that lowers energy consumption in the case of domestic buildings is the Underground Tube Heat Exchanger. The submerged underground heat exchanger tube for heating in winter season and cooling in summer and the air is to be supplied by the influence of solar updraft tower to the building. The findings show that at 3 m depth from the earth, which is called buried depth at a 152 mm outer diameter, the maximum efficiency of the underground heat exchanger system. In comparison, with rising velocity of air, the temperature of the outlet air from the ground heat exchanger increases, varying from (22.2- 28 °C) and also increases with increasing pipe diameter and decreases with increasing tube length. The difference between the findings of the theoretical and the experimental tests was 1.8 %. The combined geothermal heat exchanger and solar updraft tower system is used as an air conditioning system and was satisfactory efficient for thermal building loads.
Texture descriptors for better face recognition performance
Authors: Hamd Muthana H. , Naji Saba K.
Published: February 2021

Due to, the great electronic development, which reinforced the need to define people’s identities, different methods, and databases to identification people’s identities have emerged. In this paper, we compare the results of two texture analysis methods: Local Binary Pattern (LBP) and Local Ternary Pattern (LTP). The comparison based on comparing the extracting facial texture features of 40,401 and 10 subjects taken from ORL, UFI and Self-Created databases respectively. As well, the comparison has taken in the account using three distance measurements such as; Manhattan Distance (MD), Euclidean Distance (ED), and Cosine Distance (CD). Where the maximum accuracy of the LBP method (99.23%) is obtained with a Manhattan and ORL database as standard database, while the LTP method attained (98.76%) using the same distance and database. While, the facial database of UFI shows low quality, which is satisfied 75.98% and 73.82% recognition rates using LBP and LTP respectively with Manhattan distance. Hereby, the LBP based biometric system performs excellence recognition accuracy even with difficult face images that contain different expressions, different poses, and varied illumination like the UFI dataset.
Seasonal characterization of municipal solid waste in the city of Jammu, India
Authors: Alam Pervez , Mazhar Mohd. Aamir , Khan Afzal Husain , Khan Nadeem A , Mahmoud Alaa El Din
Published: February 2021

Increasing municipal solid waste (MSW) of different forms on account of rise in population has demonstrated the need of studying the seasonal characterization of municipal solid waste in residential area of Jammu city, India. This work analyses the characteristics of MSW for three diverse periods of a year (winter, spring and summer) collected directly from the families at three diverse economic levels of selected residential area. Weighing machine was used to weight the waste material separated in tarpaulin sheet. For all the three socioeconomic levels, the average measure of waste produced was 2.96 kg/capita/day. The lowest income groups generated about 2.36 to 2.71 kg/capita/day of waste while the highest income groups generated about 2.4 to 3.7 kg/capita/day of waste. We found that summer season has the highest of waste generation whereas winter has the lowest. The characterization values of the weighed municipal solid waste shows organic fraction of 82.73% followed by the plastic waste with 6.78% and then the combination of paper and cardboard with 6.78%. Other wastes viz metals, glass etc. were found to be 2.51 % in total.
Theoretical and numerical study for unsteady tube expansion using hemispherical dies
Authors: Khalaf Hazim Khaleel , Ismail Azal Rifaat , Jasim Yusra Abdullah
Published: February 2021

Unsteady hemispherical die expansion process was investigated theoretically and numerically, using a 48 mm base diameter die. Brass specimens of 32 mm inner diameter, and 1.5, 2, and 3 mm initial wall thickness were simulated using Coulomb’s friction concept with a coefficient of 0.1. The governing equation was derived, and solved for the perfect plastic condition. Reasonable agreement was found between the theoretical and the finite-element results for the relation between forming stress vs. expansion ratio which was noticed to be less affected by the wall thickness. The wall plastic bending at the die entrance was developed to wall curling and waving for all cases. The three components of strains were also studied using the finite-element method. It was noticed that the circumferential strain is always tensile, whilst the radial strain is compressive at the expanded end but turns to tensile at the die entrance. The complexity of expansion process was reflected clearly through the longitudinal strain distribution, it begins as a compressive strain at the expanded end with increasing compressive strain until it reaches its maximum compressive value at a distance about 5 mm from the expanded end, then vanishes at the die entrance.
The Role of Urban Planning and Urban Design on Safe Cities
Authors: Al-Ghiyadh Mohammed Abdul-Kadhum , Al-Khafaji Saba J. Neamah
Published: February 2021

Cities are exposed to many security threats in urban areas due to crime and violence, insecurity of tenure and forced eviction, and natural and human-made disasters. Cities have witnessed many challenges and problems, such as: increasing population numbers, housing density, migration to cities, unemployment, poverty, deteriorating infrastructure, unhealthy environment, wars, terrorism and political conflicts. The purpose of this study is to define safe cities and clarify the role of urban planning and design and their elements on safe cities. This paper analyses the role of urban planning and urban design to increase security in safe cities. The research provides an overview of the theories that explain the relationship between urban planning and design and their elements on crime, in addition, it describes the most important planning and design elements that reduce the opportunities for crime like: street planning, land use, building density, and role of management and good governance, in addition to urban design concepts: defensible space, territoriality, access control, surveillance, target hardening, building Image, activity support, and maintenance.
Simulating a Stochastic Signal of Urban Water Demand by a Novel Combination of Data Analytic and Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Zubaidi Salah L. , Al-Bugharbee Hussein , Muhsin Yousif Raad , Gharghan Sadik Kamel , Hashim Khalid , Ridha Hussein Mohammed , Alkhaddar Rafid , Kot Patryk , Abdellatif Mawada
Published: February 2021

In this research, a new methodology is presented to forecast the stochastic component of urban water demand for Baghdad City from 2003 to 2014. The methodology contains data preprocessing to analyse raw time series of water via Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) technique and select the best scenario of independent variables by a stepwise regression method. Artificial neural network (ANN) is integrated by Backtracking Search Algorithm (BSA) to find the best factors of the ANN model. The outcomes reveal that data pre-processing can detect the stochastic signal of water data and choice the best model input’s scenario. BSA successfully determines the parameters of the ANN model. The methodology accurately simulated the stochastic signal of water time series depend on different statistical criteria such as coefficient of determination and mean absolute relative error equal to 0.99 and 0.0208, respectively.
Reducing peak to average power ratio (PAPR) of OFDM systems using complex BIFORE precoding transform
Authors: Saleh Mohanad A. , Hamood Mounir T , Ahmed Mohammed Sh
Published: February 2021

Due to its valuable features, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is utilized extensively with the modern communication systems. In despite, such employment is impacted with some drawbacks that has been received a great interest in the recent studies. One of the negative ramifications owing to the supersession of transmitted signal through inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) is the large values of peak to average power ratio (PAPR). Consequently, reducing PAPR has received a good effort in the current studies. Owing to an efficient data rate and low computational complexity further to reduce PAPR without distortion, precoding OFDM system is employed in the recent information transmission techniques. This paper proposed the complex BIFORE transform (CBT) as a precoding scheme for OFDM systems and compared with Walsh Hadamard transform (WHT). In the sequel, the CBT achieved more PAPR reduction than WHT when employing as a precoding transform with the OFDM systems because of reducing superposition of the transmitted signals. As clearly shown in the simulation results, the CBT can be considered as an efficient precoding transform with OFDM systems for reducing PAPR.
A study on effective adsorption of lead from an aqueous solution using Copper Oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Zaidi Rumman , Khan Saif Ullah , Azam Ameer , Farooqi Izharul Haq
Published: February 2021

In this work, the co-precipitation method was used to prepare copper oxide nanoparticles, which were found 21.6 nm in size, as calculated from the Debye-Scherrer equation. The prepared material was characterized using XRD and UV-Visible spectroscopy and further evaluated for its efficiency in adsorptive removal of Pb(II). To optimize the adsorption process was tried in the range: nanoparticle dosage (0.1-1 g/L), reaction time (0.5-2 hour), initial pH of the solution (2-6), and initial concentration of Lead (5-15 ppm). A linear fitting of equilibrium data to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms was also explored and carried out. The results indicated that data obtained from the experiment fit better with the Freundlich isotherm model, attaining qmaxfor lead ions as 97 mg/g. Kinetic studies showed better fitting with a pseudo-second-order kinetic model signifying the mechanism of adsorption as chemisorption. The result advocate that synthesized adsorbent proved useful in adsorbing led from water.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Mefenamic acid using Metol reagent by Oxidative Coupling Reaction
Authors: Rashad Istabraq Qahtan , Bakir Mohsin Hamza
Published: February 2021

A simple, sensitive, and accurate spectrophotometric method for the determination of Mefenamic acid is described. The method is oxidative coupling reaction of Mefenamic acid with metol using potassium periodate as an oxidizing agent in alkaline medium to form a water-soluble product, that is stable and has a maximum absorption at 533 nm. Beer’s law is obeyed in a concentration range of 2.4-24 μg/ml Mefenamic acid with a molar absorptivity of 7.2x103 L/mol.cm. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of Mefenamic acid in various pharmaceutical preparations.
Application of salicylaldehyde based-metal binuclear dithiocarbamate complexes for iron and copper removal from wastewater
Authors: Hamooda Elaf S. , Al-Fahdawi Aeed S.
Published: February 2021

This research includes synthesization and characterization of dinuclear transition metal(II) macrocyclic dithiocarbamate complexes (DTC) of the general formula [M(L)]2, where M(II) could be Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn, while L is the potassium mono-dithiocarbamate. Then, these complexes were used to remove iron and copper from wastewater. DTC complexes are prepared via a one-pot reaction by mixing secondary amine, CS2, KOH, and metal chloride. All compounds are characterized by FTIR, UV-visible, mass spectra, magnetic moment, conductance, melting point, mass spectroscopy, and 1H-, 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The complexes of divalent metal ions appear to be tetrahedral geometry for Fe(II), Co(II), and Zn(II) complexes, while octahedral geometry is suggested for Mn(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) complexes. The ligands showed effective Cu and Fe removal efficiency of up to 75.96, 48.9% from wastewater.
Living cool: An approach for Architectural “COOL ROOF” to Decrease the Electricity Consumption in Iraq
Authors: Alnuaimi Saad F , Mohammed Wasan M
Published: February 2021

One of the most important problems in Iraq is the insufficient and inefficiency of the electrical power generating station, that is causing many problems in the availability of electricity in public and private buildings. This problem is leading to use privet power generators, causing air pollution and highly energy consumption. The second exploratory symposium “the reality of power in Iraq and its impact on the society” which had been held on May 2011 in Iraq proposed a large number of recommendations, a standout amongst these proposals was: urge the utilization of the thermal insulation in the building’s roofs to reduce the energy consumption. This study will prompt to the new idea of “living cool” in the Iraqi houses and different types of buildings throughout the day without the electricity’s power using by utilizing the new thermal insulation technology. This study eventually examines the idea of the “COOL ROOF” innovation to Iraqi’s houses and public buildings. The problem of the energy consumption might be the critical issue over the world generally, what’s more done Iraq specially. The transmission of the energy through top roofs might be more than (50%) starting with those general transmission energies through the other surfaces. Roofs with “high solar reflection”, high daylight reflection and high thermal emittance “high heat radiant” are remaining unflappable throughout the day. Previous researches approved that “the roof surfaces with low thermal emittances properties and high solar reflection might also remain cool in the sun and throughout the day. Use this type of roofs (cool roof) will reduce cooling electricity power in the different types of buildings in Iraq. Cool roofs can also reduce the citywide encompassing air temperature over summer by decreasing those gigantic number for air-conditioning equipment, abating ozone framing furthermore, eventually expanding human comfort demands by using the nature and minimum requirements to reach human comfortable zones. This research has been used practical details to apply the cool roof technology in Iraq.
Catalytic Demetalization of Ni+2 Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Two Types of Activated Carbon
Authors: Ibrahim Suha Anwer , Abbas Mohammed Nsaif , Abudi Zaidun Naji , Ibrahim Thekra Atta
Published: February 2021

Heavy metals are dangerous contaminants due to their toxic effects on all components of the environment as well as their high toxicity to humans when entering the food chain. The current study aims to investigate the potency of nickel ions demetalization in both practical and statistical parts. The practical portion included the use of two types of activated carbon, namely the ordinary granular activated carbon (GAC) and promoted granular activated carbon loaded with sulfur namely (S-GAC), to complete the demetalization process of nickel from aqueous solutions via batch mode, while the statistical aspect dealt with the representation of the data obtained by multiple regression model using a statistical package STATDISK program. The practical results showed the possibility of demetalization of nickel by GAC and S-GAC adsorbents. The percentage of demetalization efficiency is inversely proportional to the initial concentration of nickel while it was directly proportional to the pH, temperature, agitation speed, the dose of GAC and S-GAC adsorbents and the contact time. The maximum percentage demetalization efficiency reaches to 78.41% and 90.75% for GAC and S-GAC respectively. The results of statistical part show that identical with the practical results and the correlation coefficient R2 values were (0.9988 and 0.9997) and p-values were (3.8×10−7 and 4.45×10−7) in case of GAC and S-GAC catalysts respectively.
Prediction of Carbon Dioxide Solubility in Monoethylene Glycol /Water Mixtures Employing SRK and PR-EOS with Two Different Mixing Rules
Authors: Hadi Arkan Jasim
Published: February 2021

A thermodynamic models of binary system carbon dioxide (1) - mixture (monoethylene glycol (MEG)/water) (2) at pressure up to 5 bar and temperatures (288-348 K) are established using SRK and PR equation of state (EOS). Modified van der Waal’s and quadratic mixing rules are coupled with the two Equation of state. Prediction of carbon dioxide in pure water and MEG were studied as well using same equations. Average absolute deviation in liquid-phase compositions percentage AADx % used for adjustable parameter optimization. The predicted results are showed very good agreement with the experimental data in all the systems examined. Quadratic mixing rule in all systems gives AADx % lower than Modified van der Waal’s and the values differences can be ignored.
Assessment of Skin Lesions Segmentation on Database ISIC 2018 by Bee Colony Link
Authors: Aljanabi Mohanad , Abdullah Ahmad S. , Mohammed Jabbar K. , Alanı Nadia
Published: February 2021

Skin tumours are the utmost public form of cancer and characterizes 50% of completely novel cancers noticed each time. But, if distinguished at a premature step, simple and economic handlings can treatment record skin cancers. Correct skin lesion segmentation is serious in mechanical skin tumour premature detection and analysis schemes. In this study, we present a simulation and optimization of automatic segmentation of skin lesions images on database ISIC 2018 based Median filter (MF) performance with bee colony link. The projected technique can notice the lesion automatically with situation constraints and primary principles by trial and error. Associated to outcomes from our previous study, MF performance gives similar accurateness for without difficulty segmented images and much improved outcomes for images with either developed noise side by side and very minor dimensions lesions. The determination of this paper is to suggest an algorithm for skin tumour analysis and optimize that can categorize lesions as (unhealthy or healthy or suspension) nevi automatically. Our outcomes on examples of skin lesions confirmation that the technique achieves quite healthy and might be useful to automatic fitting of feature ideas for border detection in biomedical images.
Performance Analysis of Quantum Repeaters Based Hybrid Communications Networks
Authors: Kadhim Marwa Hameed , Hasan Jawad A. K. , Alhumaima Raad S.
Published: February 2021

Towards offering efficient optical networks with regards to the cost and delay, the adaptation of quantum and classical communications can offer a solution to reduce high generated cost of implementing the bare quantum repeaters-based networks. In this paper, the performance of hybrid (classical-Quantum) networks that uses quantum repeaters is analysed and compared with bare quantum repeater network. In a distance, these repeaters are removed and replaced with classical base station. Several network metrics have been evaluated after modelling both quantum and hybrid networks, such as the latency, data rate, energy efficiency, scalability, power consumption and cost of implementation. The results show that the hybrid networks can offer faster connectivity, reduced cost, less required cost of operation and higher scalability. In contrary, the bare quantum repeater network showed higher data rate and higher energy efficiency.
Data Disseminated Energy-Efficient Clustering Algorithm For Avoid Load and Bandwidth Consumption In WSN Integrated IoT Platform
Authors: Jasim Alshamary Haider Ali , Salman Emad Hmood , Allbadi Yousif
Published: February 2021

In the current scenario, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are embedded in the “Internet of Things (IoT) ” platform where sensor nodes automatically link and use the Internet to communicate and execute their activities. WSNs are well suited for the collection of long-term IoT representation environmental data. The WSNs includes wireless communication capabilities, computation process, and nodes with sensing capabilities. Data dissemination methods, power management, and many routing procedures have been mainly designed for WSNs integrated IoT platform. Also, we consider load and bandwidth consumption as an essential issue in our design. Hence, this paper introduces a data disseminated energy-efficient clustering algorithm using multiple parameter decision-making for selecting an optimal clustering algorithm. For the cluster head selection process, we consider different kinds of parameters such as Initial Energy, Average Energy of the Network, Energy Consumption Rate, and Residual Energy. By considering these factors, nodes are continually monitored, and the cluster header is selected according to the maximum energy value. The respective cluster members are chosen in the cluster coverage area using the swarming techniques. In other words, we used swarm techniques as a cluster head selection process to avoid load and bandwidth consumption. The excellence of the system is evaluated using simulation results which show that this introduced method is more effective in terms of preventing bandwidth and load consumption. In this context, we use network simulator 2 (NS2) to simulate different kinds of metrics such as a packet delivery ratio, network lifetime, and energy consumption.