bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION INDUCED BY CORONARY OCCLUSION DURING HYPOTHERMIA IN DOGS AND THE EFFECTS OF QUINIDINE, QUINACRINE, AND OXYTOCIN
Authors: Varma D. R. , Melville K. I.
Published: October 2017

In dogs under pentobarbitone anesthesia, acute occlusion of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery at normal body temperature induced ventricular fibrillation in 30% of the animals, while hypothermia by surface cooling led to fibrillation in 40% of the animals. On the other hand, temporary coronary occlusion with hypothermia at 23 °C oesophageal temperature invariably induced ventricular fibrillation (15 experiments) within an average of 5.4 minutes of occlusion. Prior injections of quinidine and quinacrine protected 40 and 70%, respectively, of the dogs against this type of ventricular fibrillation (10 experiments each). Oxytocin (1–2 i.u./kg) offered no protection (six experiments) nor did it reverse established fibrillation under these conditions. It is concluded that temporary coronary artery occlusion at 23 °C oesophageal temperature in dogs is an effective and consistent method of producing ventricular fibrillation. It is also postulated that reduction of the coronary blood supply to the heart might be a precipitating factor in hypothermic ventricular fibrillation in surgery.
LIPID MOBILIZATION FOLLOWING CARBON TETRACHLORIDE ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Maximchuk Arlene J. , Rubinstein David
Published: October 2017

Null
EFFECTS OF SATURATED FAT IN RATS FED RAPESEED OIL
Authors: Beare Joyce L. , Campbell J. A. , Youngs C. G. , Craig B. M.
Published: October 2017

The effects of increasing the saturated fatty acids in a dietary vegetable oil composed mostly of unsaturated fatty acids were studied in rats. A mixture of palm oil and Swedish rapeseed oil fed for 4 weeks as 20% of a purified diet promoted weight gains which exceeded those obtained with Polish rapeseed oil of a similar content of erucic acid, and altered the proportion of saturated fatty acids in the tissues to reflect that of the diet. When methyl esters of saturated fatty acids were added to Swedish rapeseed oil, similar effects on weight gain were not observed, but methyl esters of fatty acids from corn oil and rapeseed oil were shown to be of less nutritional value than the original glycerides. From fatty acids of olive oil, glycerides containing 3% palmitic acid were prepared, and produced weight gains which did not differ significantly from those of rats fed Polish rapeseed oil with a similar content of palmitic acid and 20% erucic acid. The characteristic effects of rapeseed oil are, therefore, attributed to its low content of saturated fatty acids as well as its high content of erucic acid.
LIPID EXTRACTION AND DISTRIBUTION STUDIES OF EGG YOLK LIPOPROTEINS
Authors: Martin W. G. , Tattrie N. H. , Cook W. H.
Published: October 2017

The three lipoproteins of egg yolk, α- and β-lipovitellin and the low-density fraction (LDF), have been isolated and their lipid compositions determined. α- and β-lipovitellin comprise 22 to 26% lipid, of which 61% is phospholipid, 35% is triglyceride, and 4% is cholesterol and its esters. LDF contains about 89% lipid having 27% phospholipid, 69% triglyceride, and 4% cholesterol and cholesterol esters. The phospholipids of the three lipoproteins are similar, i.e., 74% lecithins, 18% cephalins, and 8% minor phospholipids. The fatty acid compositions of the neutral lipids, lecithins, and cephalins of the α- and β-lipovitellins were also similar, with only minor differences.Gentle extraction of the LDF solutions with ethyl ether readily removes about 85% of the total lipid and 55% of the phospholipid, while subsequent changes are slow. The lipoprotein residue contains 52% lipid which is mostly phospholipid; when the residual ether is removed, five sedimenting components are observed in the ultracentrifuge.
IMPROVED PROCEDURES FOR PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MYROTHECIUM CELLULASE: PART 4. CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVITY TOWARD β-METHYL GLYCOSIDES OF 1 → 4-β-D-OLIGOGLUCOSIDES
Authors: Hanstein Else G. , Whitaker D. R.
Published: October 2017

Two methods for the preparation of β-methyl glycosides of 1 → 4-β-D-oligoglucosides are described. In method I, the parent oligoglucoside is acetylated, acetobrominated, methylated, fractionated on Magnesol, and deacetylated. In method II, an acetolysate of cellulose is acetobrominated, methylated, deacetylated, and fractionated on Darco G60 charcoal.The parameters Kmand k2for the hydrolysis of β-methyl cellotetraoside by purified Myrothecium cellulase at pH 5.0 and 28.6° were estimated to be 4.1 × 10−4 M and 570 minute−1respectively. Kmdecreases and k2increases as the D.P. of the substrate is increased from three to five. The initial hydrolysis products of β-methyl cellotetraoside and β-methyl cellopentaoside indicate that the interior but not the terminal linkages are hydrolyzed by the enzyme.
MECHANISM OF ACTIVATION OF HOG PANCREATIC LIPASE BY SODIUM TAUROCHOLATE
Authors: Fritz Paul J. , Melius Paul
Published: October 2017

A new preparation of hog pancreatic lipase is described which is evidently the most stable one of its kind. From the composition of the reaction mixtures after enzymatic hydrolysis with and without sodium taurocholate, it appears that the hydrolysis of triglyceride to diglyceride is facilitated and the hydrolysis of diglyceride to monoglyceride is depressed in the presence of taurocholate. The differences in the curves showing the rates of hydrolysis of triolein, monoolein, tributyrin, and monobutyrin in the presence and absence of taurocholate also indicate that the taurocholate acts to split the diglyceride–enzyme complex and thus increases the action of the enzyme on the triglyceride ester. The hydrolysis of the triglyceride is a fast reaction whereas the di- and mono-glycerides are hydrolyzed at much slower rates. The activation energy for the lipolysis of the triolein and tributyrin has been calculated in the presence and absence of taurocholate. This was possible because in spite of earlier reports that the lipolysis of triolein was not temperature dependent between 10 and 40 degrees, we found these reactions to be temperature dependent. The lesser activating effect at the highest taurocholate concentrations indicates this is not a simple emulsifying effect.
BIMODAL STIMULATION OF THE RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM BY MYCOBACTERIUM PHLEI
Authors: DiCarlo Frederick J. , Haynes Lloyd J. , Malament Sylvia G. , Phillips George E.
Published: October 2017

A variety of substances which stimulate the reticuloendothelial system (RES) in the mouse were rated in potency by employing active dry bakers' yeast as the reference stimulant. Mycobacterium phlei Halpern was found to be a particularly effective RES stimulant. A single intravenous injection of this microorganism elicited a bimodal stimulation of global phagocytic activity. The peak rates of phagocytosis occurred at 1 and 21 days post administration. M. phlei Halpern also caused pronounced hypertrophy of the liver and spleen. Six weeks elapsed before these organs returned to normal size.
THE INFLUENCE OF DRUGS AND POTASSIUM ON RESPIRATION AND POTASSIUM ACCUMULATION BY BRAIN TISSUE
Authors: Bilodeau Fernand , Elliott K. A. C.
Published: October 2017

When brain cortex slices in which the potassium content has been reduced by cold-pretreatment are incubated aerobically at 38° in a potassium-free glucose-containing medium, addition to the medium of 3.6 mM potassium causes an increase of the oxygen uptake rate (15) accompanied by a reaccumulation of potassium in the tissue and an approximately equal extrusion of sodium. In the absence of added substrate or in a sodium-free medium, little potassium is reaccumulated in the tissue and no increase of the oxygen uptake rate is observed. Malonate (1 mM), pentobarbital (0.5 mM), and protamine (100 μg per ml), which decrease the potassium uptake, and phenobarbital (0.5 mM), chlorpromazine (0.01 mM), atropine (1 mM), and procaine (0.1 mM), which have no effect on potassium uptake, suppress the stimulatory action of 3.6 mM potassium on respiration and markedly reduce the large stimulatory effect of 60 mM potassium. Protoveratrine (0.001 mM) and 2,4-dinitrophenol (0.05 mM) also exert little or no effect on the non-stimulated respiration, but when they are added with potassium (3.6 mM) the respiration is increased more than by potassium alone. When protoveratrine is added before potassium, it depresses the potassium uptake and suppresses the stimulatory action of potassium on respiration. Interrelations of the actions of drugs and potassium are discussed and the similarities between the biochemical actions of diverse agents are noted.
EFFECTS OF ALIPHATIC ALCOHOLS ON THE METABOLISM OF GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE IN RAT LIVER SLICES
Authors: Majchrowicz Edward , Quastel J. H.
Published: October 2017

Ethanol, at concentrations up to 3 mM, whilst having little inhibitory effect on the production of respiratory CO2of rat liver slices, has a marked suppressing action on the formation of labelled CO2from labelled glucose. The suppression of C14O2formation by ethanol from radioactive glucose is independent of the concentration of the latter and amounts to 57% with 3 mM ethanol after 1 hour's incubation. The results are consistent with the conclusion that ethanol gives rise more rapidly than glucose to acetyl CoA and that the large suppressing action of ethanol in rat liver slices is due to isotopic dilution of labelled acetyl CoA derived from the labelled sugars with the unlabelled acetyl CoA derived from ethanol. Ethanol exercises a larger inhibition of the rate of C14O2formation from glucose-6-C14than from glucose-1-C14. The difference between the effects of ethanol on C14O2formation from glucose-1-C14and glucose-6-C14is presumably due to operation of the hexosemonophosphate shunt.The higher aliphatic alcohols have about the same diminishing effect on C14O2formation from glucose-U-C14and fructose-U-C14as does ethanol. This observation may also be a consequence of dilution of labelled acetyl CoA derived from the sugars by unlabelled acetyl CoA coming from the added alcohol. Incorporation of radioactive carbon from the labelled sugars into liver proteins and lipids is inhibited by ethanol and higher aliphatic alcohols, and the inhibitions are similar in magnitude to those of C14O2formation. These may be accounted for by isotopic dilution. The amounts of C14incorporated into lipids and proteins from radioactive glucose and fructose are small, being about 1/10th of that appearing in the CO2.The higher aliphatic alcohols suppress total CO2formation during rat liver slice respiration much more than does ethanol at equivalent concentrations.
THE DEMONSTRATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL NUCLEAR CHANGES IN PYKNOTIC IRRADIATED THYMOCYTES
Authors: Scaife J. F.
Published: October 2017

Null
STUDIES ON THE IMMUNOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF AUTOLOGOUS GAMMA-GLOBULIN IN THE GLOMERULI OF RABBITS WITH EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Authors: Sherwin A. L. , Leznoff A. , Richter M. , Rose B.
Published: October 2017

Experimental glomerulonephritis was induced in rabbits by the intravenous administration of chicken antirabbit glomerulus serum (nephrotoxic serum). These rabbits were simultaneously immunized, either actively or passively, with bovine serum albumin or ovalbumin. Autologous gamma-globulin was identified in the glomeruli of these nephritic rabbits by means of the fluorescent antibody technique. It was not possible to demonstrate the presence of an anti-BSA or anti-OA component in the gamma-globulin even though these antibodies were present in high titer in the blood. This suggests that the autologous gamma-globulin present in the lesions is entirely specific antibody rather than an accumulation of serum gamma-globulin.
RAT INTESTINAL SUCRASE: II. THE EFFECTS OF RAT AGE AND SEX AND OF DIET ON SUCRASE ACTIVITY
Authors: Blair D. G. R. , Yakimets W. , Tuba J.
Published: October 2017

Intestinal sucrase activity of the rat varies with the age, but not the sex, of the animal. Sucrase activity of rats 23 days of age was approximately two-thirds that of adults.Sucrase activity of adult rats was significantly decreased by several days of fasting. The decrease was rapid during the first 2 to 4 days of the fast, but became negligible thereafter.Diets containing large (70%) amounts of sucrose, galactose, melizitose, or α-methyl-D-glucoside produced highly significant increases in intestinal sucrase levels (compared with a carbohydrate-free, high-casein control diet) when fed ad libitum for 24 hours to adult male rats previously fasted for 3 days. Similar diets containing fructose, fructose plus glucose in equimolar amounts, or maltose significantly increased sucrase activity, but diets containing glucose, mannose, xylose, or lactose were not stimulatory. A 70% raffinose diet significantly decreased sucrase activity. Normal male rats which were fed the 70% sucrose diet for 4 weeks had sucrase activities similar to those of controls fed Purina fox checkers, but animals fed the carbohydrate-free, high-casein diet for 1 day or longer had sucrase activities significantly lower than those of controls. The significance of these observations in regard to enzyme "adaptation" is discussed.
SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE "ELECTROLYTE-STEROID CARDIOPATHY WITH NECROSIS"
Authors: Prioreschi P.
Published: October 2017

Following the decrease of myocardial potassium produced by 9α-fluorocortisol (F-COL), the administration of certain Na-salts causes a considerable increase in the sodium content of the heart. The concomitant administration of KCl corrects the potassium depletion and inhibits the entry of Na into the cells.The author discusses these findings in relation to the pathogenesis and mechanism of prevention of the "Electrolyte–Steroid Cardiopathy with Necrosis".
THE ACTION OF FUMIGANTS ON INSECTS: IV. THE EFFECTS OF OXYGEN ON THE TOXICITY OF FUMIGANTS TO INSECTS
Authors: Bond E. J.
Published: October 2017

Oxygen at and below 1 atmosphere pressure was found to enhance the toxicity of seven different fumigants to two species of insects. Although oxygen produced no obvious effects on untreated insects, it enhanced the effect of the poisons within the first 24–30 hours after treatment. In pure oxygen, cyanide-poisoned insects recovered the ability to consume oxygen more rapidly than in air but this did not enable them to overcome the effects of the cyanide; instead more of the insects died. Catalase was inhibited to varying degrees by different fumigants but this inhibition did not bear any obvious relationship to enhancement of toxicity by oxygen. Exclusion of oxygen from insects prior to fumigation increased their susceptibility to cyanide by a factor of 20.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BLOCKAGE OF THE PITUITARY PRODUCTION OF CORTICOTROPIN AS INDICATED BY ADRENAL ASCORBIC ACID DEPLETION
Authors: Cann M. C. , Stephenson N. R.
Published: October 2017

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THE PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULAR TRANSPORT OF α-KETOGLUTARIC ACID
Authors: Vishwakarma P.
Published: October 2017

The transport of α-ketoglutaric acid along the length of the renal tubule was studied by the stop-flow method in the dog during infusion of sodium α-ketoglutarate. No deliberate attempts to change the acid–base balance were made. Under these conditions this acid was found to be excreted by a combined process of glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption. This reabsorption was confined only to the proximal tubule. No tubular secretion was seen in any part of the nephron. The concentration gradients between the luminal urine, cell water and the plasma were measured. It was seen that the gradients between the lumen and the cell and between the lumen and the plasma were against the direction of the transport. The gradient between the plasma and the cell was favorable to the uptake of the acid by the cell. Upon consideration of these gradients, the spontaneous pH changes and the physicochemical characteristics of the molecule, the hypothesis was forwarded that an active reabsorption of α-ketoglutarate must occur in the proximal tubule from the lumen into the cell. The possibility of active transfer of this acid from the blood into the cell was also suggested.
INCORPORATION OF INORGANIC P32INTO PHOSPHOLIPIDS OF BRAIN SLICES: EFFECT OF CERTAIN TRANQUILLIZING DRUGS
Authors: Magee W. L. , Rossiter R. J.
Published: October 2017

Promazine, promethazine, tetrameprazine, and WY 1172, four tranquillizing drugs that are derivatives of phenothiazine, resembled chlorpromazine in that when they were added in a concentration of 0.1 mM to slices of guinea pig brain respiring in a suitable medium they stimulated the incorporation of inorganic P32into the phospholipids of the slices. With one of the drugs, promethazine, this concentration of 0.1 mM was found to cause no significant increase in respiration, in aerobic glycolysis, or in the concentration of phosphocreatine. In higher concentrations (1.0 mM), all of the compounds inhibited the labelling of phospholipid. Promethazine caused a reduction in respiration and in the concentration of phosphocreatine, accompanied by an increase in aerobic glycolysis. Methylene blue, a derivative of phenothiazine with no reported tranquillizing properties, did not stimulate the labelling of phospholipid in brain slices. Azacyclonol, pipradrol, and mepazine, drugs that are derivatives of piperidine, also stimulated phospholipid labelling in low concentrations and inhibited the labelling at higher concentrations. Piperidine and benzhydrol, the two components from which azacyclonol is derived, did not stimulate phospholipid labelling at the concentration which was most effective for azacyclonol. Low concentrations of benzhydrol, however, caused a slight stimulation. Meprobamate and phenaglycodol, two other compounds with reputed tranquillizing action, had either little or no effect. Most of the substances tested inhibited phospholipid labelling when they were added in sufficiently high concentrations.
LOSS OF SOLUBLE MATERIALS FROM IRRADIATED THYMOCYTES IN VITRO
Authors: Myers D. K. , DeWolfe Donna E. , Araki Kimiko , Arkinstall W. W.
Published: October 2017

Following exposure to X-radiation in doses above 100 r, rat thymocytes lose soluble compounds into the extracellular fluid during incubation in Krebs–Ringer solution at 37 °C and pH 7.4. Acid-soluble ribonucleotide and potassium ion concentrations in the irradiated cells decreased markedly after an initial lag period of 1 hour, during which the irradiated thymocytes could not be distinguished from control cells. These losses were accompanied by a gradual depolymerization of deoxyribonucleic acid. At least one labile enzyme, deoxycytidylate deaminase, also became inactivated. A similar loss of nucleotides and potassium ion from the thymus gland also occurred following its irradiation in the intact animal.A decrease in pH or temperature during incubation of irradiated thymocyte suspensions minimized the loss of potassium from the cells; the same treatments were found previously to decrease the sensitivity of these cells to the lethal effects of X-radiation. The loss of soluble materials appeared to be related to subsequent death of the cells. However, rapid loss of intracellular potassium from thymocytes is probably due to a breakdown of intracellular binding structures rather than to inhibition of active ion transport.
PRESSURE–VOLUME CURVES IN ISOLATED ATELECTATIC RAT LUNGS AFTER ALUMINUM OXIDE MICROPARTICLE INHALATION
Authors: Robillard E. , Alarie Y.
Published: October 2017

Volume–pressure curves obtained from isolated atelectatic rat lungs under normal control conditions were compared with those obtained from lungs of animals previously exposed to inhalation of submicronic aluminum oxide particles for various periods of time. A dilating effect was recorded in rat lungs after aluminum oxide particle inhalation contrasting with the constricting effect reported by many authors in guinea pig, dog, cat, and man. Inhalation of fine aluminum particles before or after inhalation of sympathomimetic aerosol resulted in a more intense dilatation. The constricting effect of carbachol was antagonized by prior inhalation of fine aluminum oxide dust and enhanced when the order of inhalations was reversed.
A NEW ALLOTYPIC SPECIFICITY IN THE MOUSE (MuA2)
Authors: Dubiski S. , Cinader B.
Published: October 2017

Inherited differences between the serum proteins of different mammals have been described for alpha, beta, and gamma globulins and milk proteins. Amongst the gamma globulins of at least three species, differences between individuals of the same species have been demonstrated by means of antibody obtained by isoimmunization. In the mouse, the discovery of one allotypic specificity (MuA1) has been reported in the past and a further, new, allotype (MuA2) is being described in this paper. This antibody has been obtained by immunization of mice (BALB/c strain) with serum (from C57BL/6J × C3H/HeN mice) incorporated in Freund's adjuvant or with microorganisms coated with antibody (raised in C57BL/6J × C3H/HeN mice). Allotypic specificity MuA2 has been found in C57BL/6J, C57BL/10J, and SJL/J, as well as in some non-inbred "Swiss" mice. This allotypic specificity has also been found in all hybrids which have one of the three above mentioned strains in their parentage.
QUANTITATIVE GAS–LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY OF SELECTED BILE ACID ESTERS ON SE-30, QF-1, AND XE-60 SILICONE POLYMERS
Authors: Kuksis A. , Gordon B. A.
Published: October 2017

The suitability of the silicone polymers, SE-30, QF-1, and XE-60, for the quantitative separation of the common bile acid methyl esters, their acetates, and trifluoroacetates was investigated using narrow bore columns (1/8 in. × 3 ft or 5 ft, 195°–220 °C, 1–2% (w/w) stationary phase). Under the experimental conditions selected, complete and essentially quantitative separations were obtained only with the trifluoroacetylated bile acid methyl esters on QF-1 columns. The separations of the acetylated methyl esters were complete on the SE-30 columns, but for quantitative determinations the area response obtained in the hydrogen flame ionization detector had to be corrected for losses during chromatography. The other columns and derivatives either failed to give complete separations or the area response could not be corrected in any simple way to give the weight or mole proportions of the test mixture.
EFFECT OF IONIZING RADIATION ON THE PYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDES OF THYMOCYTES
Authors: Scaife J. F.
Published: October 2017

The pyridine nucleotides of thymocytes have been examined following irradiation of the cells in vivo or in vitro. NAD was found to constitute about 95% of the total oxidized pyridine nucleotides in thymocytes while the level of NADH2was found to be very low. There is a rapid loss of NAD from thymocytes following irradiation in vitro or in vivo which is evident with as little as 25 rads. There is no concomitant rise in the NADH2levels following irradiation. The loss of NAD occurs principally from the nucleus of the cell and is characterized by an intracellular release of NADase from the mitochondria and nucleus into the cytoplasm. Following irradiation there is a reduced capacity for thymocytes to synthesize NAD from 7-C14-nicotinamide either in vitro or in vivo. The administration or presence of nicotinamide produces an unphysiological increase in the level of NAD in whole thymus or thymocytes in suspension. The level of NAD in treated cells is higher than in untreated controls following irradiation. This effect is not produced by nicotinic acid, cysteamine, L-cysteine, or promethazine. The administration of nicotinamide does not prevent the development of pyknotic degeneration in irradiated thymocytes. There is no change in the RNA content of the thymus under the conditions which reduce the NAD content.
ON THE MODE OF ACTION OF GLUCOSE IN THE MAINTENANCE OF VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION
Authors: Tétreault L. , Beaulnes A.
Published: October 2017

Glucose deprivation was previously shown to favor the induction of ventricular fibrillation in the isolated and perfused rabbit heart. On the other hand, glucose is required for the prolonged maintenance of the induced fibrillation.The mechanism of action of glucose in the maintenance of electrically induced fibrillation was studied in 54 hearts perfused with solutions containing either normal or decreased sources of available energy. Hearts perfused with a normal solution, a low-sucrose solution, or with a glucose-free solution containing lactate or adenosine-triphosphate develop long-lasting fibrillations.It is believed that glucose deprivation acts, initially, by inhibiting the active cardiac mechanism delaying repolarization and by reducing, therefore, the duration of the action potential and rendering the heart more vulnerable to fibrillatory factors. During a second phase, brought about by a decrease in the effectiveness of the sodium pump and by a shift in the sodium and potassium fluxes, glucose deprivation lengthens the duration of the action potential and refractory period and produces an antifibrillatory effect. Dinitrophenol is thought to act in a similar manner, but the fibrillatory action of adenosine triphosphate cannot be explained as satisfactorily.
NUCLEIC ACTD METABOLISM IN INTESTINAL MUCOSA: IV. THE EFFECT OF GLUCOSE ON INCORPORATION OF C14-FORMATE INTO PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES IN VITRO
Authors: Stewart Beryl E. , Zbarsky S. H.
Published: October 2017

Slices of rat intestine were incubated in Krebs–Ringer phosphate buffer in the presence of C14-formate. The addition of glucose to the buffer stimulated the incorporation of radioactivity into the purines and, in some instances, the pyrimidines of the acid-soluble fraction and nucleic acids of the tissue. With Ehrlich ascites tumor cells studied under similar conditions, the increase in uptake of C14-formate into the purines was somewhat greater. The data suggest also that maximal stimulation with slices of intestine is obtained at glucose concentrations somewhat higher than that required with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. A finding of interest was the increased incorporation of C14-formate into the thymine of the intestinal DNA in the presence of glucose. This result has not been observed with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Slices of rat intestine incubated for 2 hours in the presence of glucose had a higher content of RNA and DNA than tissue not exposed to added glucose.
CONVERSION OF TYROSINE TO CATECHOLAMINES BY RAT BRAIN SLICES
Authors: Iyer N. T. , McGeer P. L. , McGeer E. G.
Published: October 2017

Evidence is presented for the enzymatic conversion of tyrosine to DOPA and the catecholamines by rat brain slices in vitro. Conversion is favored by ATP and TPNH and inhibited by pyridoxal phosphate. The conversion is very much less than that found under comparable conditions with rat adrenal medulla slices and also differs in that, in brain slices, there is a greater increase in DOPA than in dopamine or noradrenaline.
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN THE TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE, TETRANYCHUS TELARIUS L.: II. EMBDEN–MEYERHOF PATHWAY
Authors: Mehrotra K. N.
Published: October 2017

Evidence demonstrating the occurrence of some of the glycolytic enzymes in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus telarius L., has been obtained. The glycolytic pathway in mites appears to be similar to the Embden–Meyerhof type described for other organisms.The enzymes shown to be present in the mite are: phosphohexoisomerase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The hexokinase and lactic dehydrogenase, if present, are in very low titre. The end products of glycolysis in the mites were shown to be α-glycerophosphate and pyruvate.
A COMPARISON OF HYDROLASE AND LYTIC ACTIVITIES OF THE DIGESTIVE JUICES OF THE GIANT AFRICAN SNAIL, ACHATINA FULICA, AND HELIX POMATIA
Authors: Thirlwell M. P. , Strasdine G. A. , Whitaker D. R.
Published: October 2017

Assays of hydrolase activity toward the following substrates gave specific activities for Achatina fulica digestive juice which were within ± 50% of those for Helix pomatia digestive juice: carboxymethyl cellulose, glycol chitin, laminarin, xylan, glycogen, a glucomannan, gentiobiose, cellobiose, maltose, p-nitrophenol-β-D-glucoside. The specific activities of Achatina digestive juice were substantially higher than those of Helix for hydrolase activity towards lichenin, lactose, trehalose, melibiose, and phenolphthalein-β-D-glucuronide and substantially lower for activity towards sucrose, turanose, and p-nitrophenol sulphate. At the same protein concentration, Achatina digestive juice had greater lytic activity towards Micrococcus lysodeikticus, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Neurospora crassa than Helix digestive juice.
ON THE ORIGIN OF THE CELLULASE AND CHITINASE OF HELIX POMATIA
Authors: Strasdine G. A. , Whitaker D. R.
Published: October 2017

Specimens of the snail Helix pomatia were fed for 2 days at room temperature after emergence from hibernation at 4° and total soluble protein, total units of cellulase activity towards carboxymethyl cellulose, and total units of chitinase activity towards glycol chitin were determined in the digestive juice, hepatopancreas, and intestinal wall. Comparisons of these values with those for hibernating snails showed that emergence from hibernation and resumption of feeding was accompanied by a substantial decrease in soluble protein in the hepatopancreas, and a substantial increase in soluble protein cellulase and chitinase in the digestive juice. Cellulase and chitinase in the digestive juice showed little change in specific activity and were present in approximately the same ratio as in the hepatopancreas and intestinal wall. The volume of digestive juice in snails which had been deprived of food after a brief posthibernation feeding increased significantly with starvation times up to at least 5 days but the concentration of protein, cellulase, chitinase, and helicorubin showed no significant change. Plate counts for viable bacteria in the hepatopancreas indicated that the hepatopancreas was virtually sterile. The difficulty of reconciling these findings with the hypothesis of a bacterial origin for the cellulase and chitinase in snail digestive juice is discussed.
PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF HOG KIDNEY ϵ-LYSINE ACYLASE
Authors: Paik W. K. , Benoiton Leo
Published: October 2017

ϵ-Lysine acylase has been purified 160-fold from hog kidney and its properties have been examined. It differs from the enzyme from rat kidney in optimum pH and in that it cannot be dialyzed without loss of activity. Specificity studies have shown that besides hydrolyzing various ϵ-N-acyl-L-lysine derivatives, it also splits off the ϵ-N-acetyl group from a lysine residue when either or both the α-amino and carboxyl groups are linked in a peptide bond.
THE HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC ACTIVITY OF β-APO-8′-CAROTENAL
Authors: Wood J. D.
Published: October 2017

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THE EFFECT OF ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT ON MITOCHONDRIA: VII. RESTORATION OF DINITROPHENOL-ACTIVATED ADENOSINETRIPHOSPHATASE BY VITAMIN K1 FOLLOWING INHIBITION BY FAR-ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
Authors: Beyer Robert E.
Published: October 2017

Null
PITUITARY AND ADRENAL RESPONSIVENESS IN RATS AFTER PROLONGED TREATMENT WITH ACTH
Authors: Stark E. , Fachet J. , Mihály Katherine
Published: October 2017

Prolonged exposure to ACTH considerably increased adrenal responsiveness in the rat both in vivo and in vitro. The last of 5 and 14 daily injections each produced a significantly higher blood corticosterone level than did a single injection. In the presence of ACTH added in vitro, adrenal corticosterone production in animals subjected to prolonged treatment with ACTH significantly exceeded the production per unit of weight and unit of time measured in saline-treated animals. Reduced adrenal responsiveness in the stage of resistance, elicited by formalin as a non-specific stress, cannot be invoked as an explanation for the absence of an increase in corticosterone secretion. The conclusion is that after prolonged exposure to non-specific stress there is no longer any ACTH hypersecretion.Twenty-four hours after the last injection of prolonged ACTH treatment there was inhibition of endogenous ACTH release by the pituitary gland, formalin produced no rise in the corticosterone level of the peripheral blood, and operative trauma caused substantially less ascorbic acid depletion than it did in saline-treated controls, although the plasma corticosterone level was normal or below normal.
IN VITRO EFFECTS OF SUBSTITUTED IODOPHENOLS ON CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE
Authors: D'Iorio A. , Mavrides C.
Published: October 2017

The kinetic study of a new inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase, 3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (DIHBA), previously reported by the authors (1), shows it to act in a competitive fashion. Instead of the crude enzyme preparation of the early experiments, a partially purified enzyme has been used throughout the present series of experiments and new substances have been tested with respect to their inhibiting effects. Thus, O-methyl-DIHBA is found to be inactive, while 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid (DISA) inhibits competitively and 3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxypyridine (DIHP) noncompetitively as indicated by the Lineweaver and Burk plots.3,5-Diiodo-4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (DIHPA) produces a progressive and partly reversible inhibition, while 3,5-diiodotyrosine (DIT) has no effect on the activity of the enzyme. m-Fluorotyrosine, o-fluorophenol, and o-iodophenol are similarly inactive.
STUDIES OF DIETARY FATS AND VITAMIN D TOXICITY IN THE RAT
Authors: Murray T. K. , Beare J. L.
Published: October 2017

The possible relationship between vitamin D toxicity and linoleate intake was investigated. Linoleate increased the survival time of essential fatty acid deficient rats given lethal doses of vitamin D but this effect was probably unspecific. Plasma calcium and kidney calcification, increased by vitamin D, was not influenced by linoleate intake while the fecal excretion of calcium was decreased by all fat supplements. Body fat composition was altered by a small daily intake of linoleate but not by large doses of vitamin D. Weight gains of rats given fat supplements and vitamin D were so variable that they were considered unsatisfactory criteria for judging the effect of linoleate intake on vitamin D toxicity.
THE INFLUENCE OF DIETARY FAT ON THE LIVER LIPIDS OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Moore J. H. , Williams D. L.
Published: October 2017

Five groups of rabbits were given diets consisting of 80 parts of a semipurified basal mixture supplemented either with 20 parts of corn oil, 24 parts of butter, 20 parts of butter fat, 20 parts of hydrogenated coconut oil, or with 41.9 parts of starch plus 1 part of corn oil. After 9 months the rabbits were killed and the liver lipids analyzed by silicic acid chromatography. The fatty acids of the liver sterol esters, triglycerides, and phospholipids were analyzed by gas–liquid chromatography. Although there was considerable within-group variation in the concentration of certain of the lipid constituents it was clear that there was no deposition of cholesterol in the liver of the hypocholesterolaemic rabbits given the high corn oil diet. Changes in the fatty acid composition of the three lipid fractions analyzed were confined mainly to increases in the linoleic acid content with the high corn oil diet and to increases in the lauric and myristic acid contents with the hydrogenated coconut oil diet. In the cholesterol ester fraction these increases were balanced by decreases in the oleic acid content but in the triglyceride fraction they were balanced by decreases in the palmitic and palmitoleic acid contents.
THE VENOM OF THE MUD-DAUBER WASPS: I. SCELIPHRON CAEMENTARIUM: PRELIMINARY SEPARATIONS AND FREE AMINO ACID CONTENT
Authors: O'Connor Rod , Rosenbrook Jr. Wm.
Published: October 2017

Quantitative investigation of Sceliphron caementarium venom, obtained by electrical excitation of the wasp, has shown an unexpectedly small protein fraction of the dried venom. A few percent of the venom consists of the free amino acids histidine, methionine, and pipecolic acid. Three other components have been isolated by paper and thin-layer chromatography and are found to give weak ninhydrin reactions, in addition to certain color tests characteristic of alkaloids.
A PROCEDURE FOR THE CHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF ESTRONE AND ESTRADIOL-17β IN THE URINE OF NON-PREGNANT SOWS
Authors: Raeside James I.
Published: October 2017

A detailed procedure for the estimation of estrone and estradiol-17β in the urine of the non-pregnant sow is described. It is based on the methods of Bauld (1956) and Brown (1955), and involves acid hydrolysis; ether extraction; purification by adsorption chromatography on alumina and saponification; separation of estrone and estradiol-17β by column partition chromatography; further purification of the estrone fraction with Girard's reagent; colorimetric measurement with the Kober reaction, and a spectrophotometric correction for interfering chromogenic material. Kober colors given by urinary estrogens are extracted with tetrachloroethane, containing p-nitrophenol, to decrease absorption due to impurities.The reliability of the method has been investigated and data concerning its accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and specificity are presented.
A NOTE ON METABOLIC EFFECTS OF HYPOTHERMIA IN ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: McComiskey D. M. , Beaton J. R.
Published: October 2017

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NOTE ON LIVER ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN THYROID-FED AND IN GOLD-EXPOSED RATS
Authors: Beaton John R.
Published: October 2017

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IN VITRO UPTAKE OF Fe59BY BLOOD CELLS FROM NORMAL BIRDS AND BIRDS WITH ERYTHROBLASTOSIS
Authors: Bather R. , Dzuibalo Stella , Darcel C. le Q.
Published: October 2017

The cellular elements of blood obtained from birds with virus-induced erythroblastosis rapidly incorporated radioactivity when incubated in vitro with Fe59Cl3. This effect was not seen until primitive red cells entered the circulating blood. Little of the iron that was incorporated reached heme. Instead most of it was retained by a heat-resistant component which was precipitable with 35% ammonium sulphate and had properties suggestive of a ferritin-like substance. Plasma from leukemic blood had a slight promoting effect on incorporation of Fe59into normal blood cells in vitro when compared with normal plasma.Blood cells from birds in which the bone marrow was rendered hyperactive with phenylhydrazine also incorporated Fe59in vitro, a large proportion of this reaching heme. Incorporation into the heme fraction was also observed in blood cells from erythroblastosis-infected birds treated with phenylhydrazine, indicating that heme synthesis was not completely blocked in these birds.
POTASSIUM MOVEMENTS IN RAT UTERUS STUDIED IN VITRO: II. EFFECTS OF METABOLIC INHIBITORS, OUABAIN, AND ALTERED POTASSIUM CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: Daniel Edwin E.
Published: October 2017

1. Sodium fluoride (10−2 M), 2,4-dinitrophenol (10−4 M), and iodoacetate (10−4 M) caused a slight decrease in potassium uptake by the uterus and fluoride and dinitrophenol caused a larger and immediate increase in efflux, resulting in a net loss of potassium. There was apparently a delayed increase in efflux caused by iodoacetate. The effects of inhibitors on efflux were not prevented by the absence of external potassium. The effects of fluoride suggested that it produced inhomogeneity in uterine potassium and analysis of the longitudinal muscle layer separately from the remainder of the uterus suggested that efflux was speeded more in myometrium than in endometrium. This was attributed to the prolonged contracture induced by fluoride. The depolarization required to explain the increases in efflux produced by fluoride and DNP was sufficient to explain the decreases in influx. It was postulated that these inhibitors act by causing depolarization which might be the result of inhibition of an electrogenic sodium pump. Iodoacetate 10−3 M caused a 50% reduction in potassium influx and probably a large immediate increase in efflux, but no evidence was obtained that this concentration caused contraction.2. Ouabain in concentrations as high as 10−5 M had only minor effects on potassium inward and outward movements and on reaccumulation of potassium and extrusion of sodium during recovery from exposure to the cold. The resistance of rat uteri to cardiac glycosides derives either from insensitivity in rat tissues or from a unique feature of sodium transport in the rat uterus.3. When KCl was added to the Ringer fluid, there was no net gain of cellular potassium relative to dry weight. Osmotic balance was achieved mainly by water loss from cells, but uncertainty as to the extracellular fluid volume prevented a definite conclusion. When KCl was omitted from the Ringer fluid, there was a 50% decrease in efflux, suggesting that a part of the potassium movement was "exchange diffusion". The assumption of exchange diffusion also would aid in explaining the observed flux ratio near unity in view of the values reported for membrane potentials of uterine cells. Owing to the lack of data regarding intracellular activity of potassium and the incompleteness of data on membrane potentials of uterine cells, it was not possible to prove whether active influx of potassium was present or absent in addition to that entering passively either by free diffusion or exchang diffusion.
EFFECT OF SPLENECTOMY ON BIMODAL RES STIMULATION ELICITED IN MICE BY MYCOBACTERIUM PHLEI
Authors: Carlo Frederick J. Di , Meli Albert , Haynes Lloyd J. , Honrath William L. , Lucker William F. , Sliver Nancy J.
Published: October 2017

Splenectomized as well as intact mice responded to the injection of live Mycobacterium phlei Halpern with bimodal reticuloendothelial hyperfunction as measured by the intravascular clearance of colloidal carbon. The first stimulation persisted longer in splenectomized mice and the second stimulation endured longer in intact mice. Liver hyperplasia and lung inflammation were more severe after splenectomy, and made evident the manner in which the operated mice attempted to compensate for the extirpated organ. The phagocytic indices and histological findings indicate that the spleen suppresses the phagocytic activity of the liver and protects it from pathological change.
THE EFFECT OF ETHANOL ON THE METABOLIC RATE OF RATS
Authors: Kalant H. , Hawkins R. D. , Watkin G. S.
Published: October 2017

Alcohol injected intraperitoneally in a dose of 0.4 g/kg causes a small but significant elevation in the metabolic rate of anaesthetized rats. This effect appears to be masked in unanaesthetized rats, particularly with larger doses, presumably because of the sedative effect of the ethanol. Pretreatment with iproniazid (100 mg/kg) or phenoxybenzamine (10 mg/kg) failed to enhance or to block, respectively, the initial elevation in oxygen consumption induced by ethanol. These results suggest that the initial increase in oxygen consumption is brought about by some mechanism other than the release of adrenaline or of noradrenaline. Calculations suggest that this increase could be accounted for by preferential oxidation of ethanol in place of its caloric equivalent as glucose.
RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT OF THE RAT DIAPHRAGM
Authors: Susheela A. K. , George J. C.
Published: October 2017

The respiratory quotient (R.Q.) of the rat diaphragm has been separately obtained for the three component regions of the diaphragm (dorsal 0.753, ventral 0.941, and lateral 1.143). It is pointed out that the generally accepted value of 0.7 for the rat diaphragm therefore cannot be regarded as a true index indicating the nature of the fuel metabolized in the diaphragm.
THE CARDIAC OUTPUT AND CAROTID AND TIBIAL BLOOD PRESSURE OF THE TURKEY
Authors: Speckmann Elwood W. , Ringer Robert K.
Published: October 2017

The cardiac output of untreated mature male Broad Breasted Bronze (BBB) turkeys was determined by an isotope dilution technique using radioactive phosphorus (P32). A Geiger–Mueller tube was connected to a rate meter which in turn was connected to a moving graph to continuously record the indicator concentration, thus obtaining the initial dilution curve. Posterior tibial and common carotid arterial blood pressures were measured directly and were recorded simultaneously with the cardiac output determinations by means of two strain gauges connected to a recording polygraph.From the cardiovascular measurements systemic resistance was calculated. The mean cardiac output of the mature male BBB turkey was 231 ml per kg body weight0.734 per minute. The mean carotid hemodynamic parameters were: systolic BP, 302 mm Hg; diastolic BP, 204 mm Hg; and pulse pressure, 98 mm Hg. Heart rate was 149 beats per minute. The mean tibial hemodynamic parameters were; systolic BP, 286 mm Hg; diastolic BP, 200 mm Hg; and pulse pressure, 85 mm Hg. The mean systemic resistance units were 0.17 and 0.16 for carotid and tibial arteries respectively on a bird basis and 1.13 and 1.08 respectively per kg body weight0.734.
PRELIMINARY BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF SOME ϵ-SUBSTITUTED LYSINES
Authors: Berlinguet L. , Babineau L.-M. , Bégin Nicole , Dunnigan J. , Martel F.
Published: October 2017

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CYTOPLASMIC INHIBITOR OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE I FROM RAT LIVER TISSUE
Authors: Loiselle J.-M. , Carrier R.
Published: October 2017

A cytoplasmic inhibitor has been found effective against the mitochondrial deoxyribonuclease I from rat liver tissue. This inhibitor is similar in properties to most DNAase inhibitors reported so far in the literature. Attempts at identification have led to the conclusion that this inhibitor is a β-globulin. It is a non competitive inhibitor.
PIGEON MUSCLE MITOCHONDRIA: ION CONCENTRATIONS, OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION, SWELLING, AND EXTRAPARTICULATE SPACE
Authors: Marcus G. J. , Manery J. F.
Published: October 2017

Metabolically active mitochondria were isolated from pigeon breast muscle in cold 0.45 M sucrose with ATP, EDTA, and tris buffer at pH 7.4. Fresh mitochondria were analyzed for sodium, potassium, nitrogen, iron, and water. They were morphologically intact and showed respiratory control, respiration being limited by the phosphate acceptor and stimulated by dinitrophenol. The respiratory rate was the same in the Warburg respirometer as that in the polarograph chamber; no effect of agitation was observed. The rates of oxygen consumption over short periods of time were 30–40 μ atoms per hour per mg N for α-keto-glutarate and glutamate, 16 for malate, and 1.3 for β-OH butyrate; except in the last case, satisfactory P/O ratios were obtained. A soluble, heat-stable muscle factor, not precipitated at 100,000 × G, stimulated respiration with each substrate but did not affect phosphorylation. From optical density measurements of muscle mitochondria they appeared to behave as moderately good osmometers; only slight swelling occurred during oxidative phosphorylation, but this increased somewhat when respiration ceased. The osmotic dead space was estimated at 60% of the mitochondrial volume. With polyvinylpyrrolidone the extraparticulate space was found to be 27.8 ± 1.8%.
COMPONENT FATTY ACIDS OF THE BLUBBER FAT FROM THE COMMON OR HARBOR SEAL PHOCA VITULINA CONCOLOR DE KAY
Authors: Jangaard P. M. , Ackman R. G. , Burgher R. D.
Published: October 2017

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INTRODUCTION
Authors: McLennan H.
Published: October 2017

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ACETYLCHOLINE AS A CENTRAL TRANSMITTER
Authors: Curtis David R.
Published: October 2017

A comparison is drawn between the effects produced by acetylcholine electrophoretically applied to Renshaw cells of the spinal cord and to thalamic and other neurones.
ACETYLCHOLINE IN INVERTEBRATE NERVOUS SYSTEMS
Authors: Florey Ernst
Published: October 2017

A survey is presented of the distribution and possible functional significance of acetylcholine in the animals of various invertebrate phyla.
THE ACTION OF CATECHOLAMINES IN SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA
Authors: Weir Mervyn C. L. , McLennan H.
Published: October 2017

Injection of the catecholamines, and particularly adrenaline, has been found always to depress synaptic transmission in a sympathetic ganglion. Although an adrenaline-like substance is released upon preganglionic stimulation, this is not believed to have any physiological significance.