bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Inter-Racial Solidarity to Action: Minority Linked Fate and African American, Latina/o, and Asian American Political Participation
Authors: Chan Nathan Kar Ming , Jasso Francisco
Published: September 2021

Recent literature in race, ethnicity, and politics has assessed how minority linked fate, defined as “the idea that ethnoracial minorities might share a sense of commonality that extends beyond their particular ethnoracial group to other ethnoracial groups (Gershon et al., in Politics Groups Identities 7(3):642–653, 2019),” shapes attitudes toward descriptive representation and support for coalition building. However, scholarship has yet to examine the influence of minority linked fate on political participation. We argue that similar to those who view the interests of co-ethnics as a proxy for their individual interests, Latina/os, Asian Americans, and African Americans who express linked fate with a more expansive minority community are more likely to take political action. This political participation results from senses of obligation to and solidarity with other racial minorities outside of their own. Results from the 2016 Collaborative Multiracial Post-Election Survey show that controlling for conventional measures of linked fate, minority linked fate is associated primarily with more system-challenging modes of political activity for Latina/os, Asian Americans, and African Americans. We conclude by positioning minority linked fate as a complementary heuristic to traditional notions of intra-racial linked fate and note how shared inter-racial linked fate informs our understanding of recent political activism among people of color.
IonFlow: a galaxy tool for the analysis of ionomics data sets
Authors: Iacovacci J. , Lin W. , Griffin J. L. , Glen R. C.
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) experiments generate complex multi-dimensional data sets that require specialist data analysis tools.

Objective

Here we describe tools to facilitate analysis of the ionome composed of high-throughput elemental profiling data.

Methods

IonFlow is a Galaxy tool written in R for ionomics data analysis and is freely accessible at https://github.com/wanchanglin/ionflow. It is designed as a pipeline that can process raw data to enable exploration and interpretation using multivariate statistical techniques and network-based algorithms, including principal components analysis, hierarchical clustering, relevance network extraction and analysis, and gene set enrichment analysis.

Results and Conclusion

The pipeline is described and tested on two benchmark data sets of the haploid S. Cerevisiae ionome and of the human HeLa cell ionome.
Anti-thrombotics and their impact on inpatient epistaxis management: a tertiary centre experience
Authors: Donaldson Gavin , Goh Kwee Yen , Tiwari Puneet , Maini Sangeeta , Ram Bhaskar , Dwivedi Raghav C.
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Epistaxis represents a massive burden upon NHS resources. Despite being an extremely common reason for emergency ENT admissions, there remains significant variation in its management. Although the evidence base is continually growing, there appears to be a lack of guidance towards managing anti-coagulants and anti-platelet medications and identifying patient-specific outcomes in this setting. Epistaxis has long been associated with a multitude of risk factors but none have shown consistent, direct correlation.

Materials and methods

We aimed to identify if the use of anti-thrombotic medication was associated with a longer length of hospital admission or conferred a higher requirement for nasal packing, re-packing, surgery or re-admission. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 100 consecutive adult patients admitted over a 6-month period. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software.

Results

Sixty-five percent of patients were taking anti-thrombotic medication. The variability of admission INR values in those taking warfarin did not relate with any outcome measure. There was no statistical difference between patients taking anti-thrombotic medication and those who do not, with regards to our primary outcome measures. Re-admission rates within 28 days were found to be 13%, with anti-thrombotic medication use and pre-existing cardiovascular disease recognised as commonly encountered risk factors. Three percent of patients required surgical intervention. Eight percent of patients required re-packing, with a Rapid Rhino chosen in all instances.

Conclusion

The use of anti-thrombotic medication is not associated with increased morbidity or increased rate of complications. Anti-thrombotic usage and more than one medical co-morbidity increase the risk of re-admission within 28 days.
Joint computation offloading and deployment optimization in multi-UAV-enabled MEC systems
Authors: Chen Zheyi , Zheng Hongqiang , Zhang Jianshan , Zheng Xianghan , Rong Chunming
Published: September 2021

The combination of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and mobile edge computing (MEC) technology breaks through the limitations of traditional terrestrial communications. The effective line-of-sight channel provided by UAVs can greatly improve the communication quality between edge servers and mobile devices (MDs). To further enhance the Quality-of-Service (QoS) of MEC systems, a multi-UAV-enabled MEC system model is designed. In the proposed model, UAVs are regarded as edge servers to offer computing services for MDs, aiming to minimize the average task response time by jointly optimizing UAV deployment and computation offloading. Based on the problem definition, a two-layer joint optimization method (PSO-GA-G) is proposed. First, the outer layer utilizes a Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm combined with Genetic Algorithm operators (PSO-GA) to optimize UAV deployment. Next, the inner layer adopts a greedy algorithm to optimize computation offloading. The extensive simulation experiments verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed PSO-GA-G. The results show that the PSO-GA-G can achieve a lower average task response time than the other three baselines.
Luxury in Germany: Sick Cars and Healthy Bodies
Authors: Biehl Brigitte
Published: September 2021

The car is one of the few luxury items that historically is widely accepted in Germany, the land of “discreet consumption.” This contribution draws on social science research, includes writings on popular culture, and presents examples from people and their cars in the media that give evidence of how luxury is increasingly emotionally charged, enriched, and negotiated. Cars were status symbols in Germany as a divided nation, with people in West Germany driving a Mercedes and people in the East driving a Trabant. Today, German rappers praise their “sick” cars, and paradox Bio Germans shield their luxury body in an expensive SUV. These examples illustrate luxury consumption that aesthetically and narratively links identities to cultural heritage. The media discourse reflects the symbolic and also the increasingly affective nature of luxury, while healthy “luxury” bodies remain in a competition for limited resources in a social context.
Treatment Options for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears
Authors: Kucirek Natalie K. , Hung Nicole J. , Wong Stephanie E.
Published: September 2021

Purpose of Review

Massive irreparable rotator cuff tears present a significant challenge to the orthopedic surgeon. No single treatment, particularly among joint-preserving options, has been shown to be superior. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent advances in the treatment of massive irreparable rotator cuff tears, including partial repair with and without graft augmentation, interposition grafts, superior capsule reconstruction, subacromial balloon spacers, tendon transfer, and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. We will also offer guidance on surgical indications based on our clinical experience.

Recent Findings

Partial repair may offer reasonable clinical improvement for patients with lower preoperative function despite high re-tear rates. Additionally, several types of interposition grafts have shown promising short-term results and may outperform repair alone. Subacromial balloon spacers may lead to clinical improvement, especially in patients without glenohumeral osteoarthritis or pseudoparalysis, and recently received FDA approval for use in the USA. Superior capsule reconstruction is a technically demanding procedure that appears to produce excellent short-term results particularly when performed at high volume, but long-term studies in heterogeneous study groups are needed. Tendon transfers improve function by restoring force coupling in the shoulder, offering a promising option for younger patients. Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) is a reliable option for treatment of irreparable cuff tears in elderly patients with lower functional demands.

Irreparable cuff tears remain a difficult condition to treat. Recommended treatment for younger patients without glenohumeral osteoarthritis is particularly controversial. For older patients with low-demand lifestyles and glenohumeral osteoarthritis, RTSA is an effective treatment option. For all discussed procedures, patient selection appears to play a critical role in clinical outcomes.
mTOR Signaling: The Interface Linking Cellular Metabolism and Hepatitis B Virus Replication
Authors: Wang Xueyu , Wei Zhiqiang , Jiang Yongfang , Meng Zhongji , Lu Mengji
Published: September 2021

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a conserved Ser/Thr kinase that includes mTOR complex (mTORC) 1 and mTORC2. The mTOR pathway is activated in viral hepatitis, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection-induced hepatitis. Currently, chronic HBV infection remains one of the most serious public health issues worldwide. The unavailability of effective therapeutic strategies for HBV suggests that clarification of the pathogenesis of HBV infection is urgently required. Increasing evidence has shown that HBV infection can activate the mTOR pathway, indicating that HBV utilizes or hijacks the mTOR pathway to benefit its own replication. Therefore, the mTOR signaling pathway might be a crucial target for controlling HBV infection. Here, we summarize and discuss the latest findings from model biology research regarding the interaction between the mTOR signaling pathway and HBV replication.
Immunity after COVID-19 and vaccination: follow-up study over 1 year among medical personnel
Authors: Glück Vivian , Grobecker Sonja , Köstler Josef , Tydykov Leonid , Bertok Manuela , Weidlich Tanja , Gottwald Christine , Salzberger Bernd , Wagner Ralf , Zeman Florian , Koller Michael , Gessner André , Schmidt Barbara , Glück Thomas , Peterhoff David
Published: September 2021

Background

The long-term course of immunity among individuals with a history of COVID-19, in particular among those who received a booster vaccination, has not been well defined so far.

Methods

SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels were measured by ELISA over 1 year among 136 health care workers infected during the first COVID-19 wave and in a subgroup after booster vaccination approximately 1 year later. Furthermore, spike-protein-reactive memory T cells were quantified approximately 7 months after the infection and after booster vaccination. Thirty healthy individuals without history of COVID-19 who were routinely vaccinated served as controls.

Results

Levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM- and IgA-antibodies showed a rapid decay over time, whereas IgG-antibody levels decreased more slowly. Among individuals with history of COVID-19, booster vaccination induced very high IgG- and to a lesser degree IgA-antibodies. Antibody levels were significantly higher after booster vaccination than after recovery from COVID-19. After vaccination with a two-dose schedule, healthy control subjects developed similar antibody levels as compared to individuals with history of COVID-19 and booster vaccination. SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cell counts did not correlate with antibody levels. None of the study participants suffered from a reinfection.

Conclusions

Booster vaccination induces high antibody levels in individuals with a history of COVID-19 that exceeds by far levels observed after recovery. SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels of similar magnitude were achieved in healthy, COVID-19-naïve individuals after routine two-dose vaccination.
White paper on peanut allergy – part 1: Epidemiology, burden of disease, health economic aspects
Authors: Lange Lars , Klimek Ludger , Beyer Kirsten , Blümchen Katharina , Novak Natalija , Hamelmann Eckard , Bauer Andrea , Merk Hans , Rabe Uta , Jung Kirsten , Schlenter Wolfgang , Ring Johannes , Chaker Adam , Wehrmann Wolfgang , Becker Sven , Mülleneisen Norbert , Nemat Katja , Czech Wolfgang , Wrede Holger , Brehler Randolf , Fuchs Thomas , Jakob Thilo , Ankermann Tobias , Schmidt Sebastian M. , Gerstlauer Michael , Zuberbier Torsten , Spindler Thomas , Vogelberg Christian
Published: September 2021

Peanuts are Leguminosae, commonly known as the legume or pea family, and peanut allergy is among the most common food allergies and the most common cause of fatal food reactions and anaphylaxis.

The prevalence of peanut allergy increased 3.5-fold over the past two decades reaching 1.4–2% in Europe and the United States. The reasons for this increase in prevalence are likely multifaceted. Sensitization via the skin appears to be associated with the development of peanut allergy and atopic eczema in infancy is associated with a high risk of developing peanut allergy.

Until recently, the only possible management strategy for peanut allergy was strict allergen avoidance and emergency treatment including adrenaline auto-injector in cases of accidental exposure and reaction.

This paper discusses the various factors that impact the risks of peanut allergy and the burden of self-management on peanut-allergic children and their caregivers.
Experimental study on the adverse effect of gel fracturing fluid on gas sorption behavior for Illinois coal
Authors: Huang Qiming , Li Jun , Liu Shimin , Wang Gang
Published: September 2021

Hydraulic fracturing is an effective technology for coal reservoir stimulation. After fracturing operation and flowback, a fraction of fracturing fluid will be essentially remained in the formation which ultimately damages the flowability of the formation. In this study, we quantified the gel-based fracturing fluid induced damages on gas sorption for Illinois coal in US. We conducted the high-pressure methane and CO2 sorption experiments to investigate the sorption damage due to the gel residue. The infrared spectroscopy tests were used to analyze the evolution of the functional group of the coal during fracturing fluid treatment. The results show that there is no significant chemical reaction between the fracturing fluid and coal, and the damage of sorption is attributed to the physical blockage and interactions. As the concentration of fracturing fluid increases, the density of residues on the coal surface increases and the adhesion film becomes progressively denser. The adhesion film on coal can apparently reduce the number of adsorption sites for gas and lead to a decrease of gas sorption capacity. In addition, the gel residue can decrease the interconnectivity of pore structure of coal which can also limit the sorption capacity by isolating the gas from the potential sorption sites. For the low concentration of fracturing fluid, the Langmuir volume was reduced to less than one-half of that of raw coal. After the fracturing fluid invades, the desorption hysteresis of methane and CO2 in coal was found to be amplified. The impact on the methane desorption hysteresis is significantly higher than CO2 does. The reason for the increasing of hysteresis may be that the adsorption swelling caused by the residue adhered on the pore edge, or the pore blockage caused by the residue invasion under high gas pressure. The results of this study quantitatively confirm the fracturing fluid induced gas sorption damage on coal and provide a baseline assessment for coal fracturing fluid formulation and technology.
Comparative Effects of Individual and Consortia Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria on Physiological and Enzymatic Mechanisms to Confer Drought Tolerance in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Saleem Muhammad , Nawaz Fahim , Hussain Muhammad Baqir , Ikram Rao Muhammad
Published: September 2021

Mitigation strategies based on plant–microbe interactions to increase the performance of plants under water-deficit conditions are well documented. However, little is known about a suitable consortium of bacterial inoculants and underlying physiological and enzymatic events to improve drought tolerance in maize. We performed laboratory and pot experiments to understand the synergistic interactions among plant growth-promoting bacteria to alleviate the drought-induced damages in maize. Initially, ten bacterial strains were evaluated for their osmotic stress tolerance capacity by growing them in a media containing 0, 10, 20, and 30% polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000). Also, the seeds of a drought tolerant (NK-6654) and sensitive (SD-626) maize cultivar were inoculated with these bacterial strains in the first pot experiment to determine their effects on the growth and physiological processes. Later, in the second pot experiment, the best performing inoculants were selected to study the individual and synergistic effects of bacterial inoculation to confer drought tolerance in maize. Our findings showed that the inoculation with tolerant strains resulted in higher photosynthetic activity (25–39%), maintenance of leaf water status (14–18%) and pigments (27–32%), and stimulation of antioxidant machinery (28–38%) than no inoculation in water-stressed maize seedlings. Moreover, the treatment with bacteria consortia further stimulated the drought protective mechanisms and resulted in higher efficiency of photosynthetic (47–61%) and antioxidant systems (42–62%) than the individual inoculants under water-deficit conditions. We conclude that the inoculation with microbial consortia regulates water uptake, photosynthetic performance, and stress metabolites to minimize drought-induced damages in maize.
The Last Abolition
Authors: Alonso Angela
Published: September 2021

Seamlessly entwining archival research and sociological debates, The Last Abolition is a lively and engaging historical narrative that uncovers the broad history of Brazilian anti-slavery activists and the trajectory of their work, from earnest beginnings to eventual abolition. In detailing their principles, alliances and conflicts, Angela Alonso offers a new interpretation of the Brazilian anti-slavery network which, combined, forged a national movement to challenge the entrenched pro-slavery status quo. While placing Brazil within the abolitionist political mobilization of the nineteenth century, the book explores the relationships between Brazilian and foreign abolitionists, demonstrating how ideas and strategies transcended borders. Available for the first time in an English language edition, with a new introduction, this award-winning volume is a major contribution to the scholarship on abolition and abolitionists.
On Tyranny and the Global Legal Order
Authors: O'Donoghue Aoife
Published: September 2021

Since classical antiquity debates about tyranny, tyrannicide and preventing tyranny's re-emergence have permeated governance discourse. Yet within the literature on the global legal order, tyranny is missing. This book creates a taxonomy of tyranny and poses the question: could the global legal order be tyrannical? This taxonomy examines the benefits attached to tyrannical governance for the tyrant, considers how illegitimacy and fear establish tyranny, asks how rule by law, silence and beneficence aid in governing a tyranny. It outlines the modalities of tyranny: scale, imperialism, gender, and bureaucracy. Where it is determined that a tyranny exists, the book examines the extent of the right and duty to effect tyrannicide. As the global legal order gathers ever more power to itself, it becomes imperative to ask whether tyranny lurks at the global scale.
Algorithms for Convex Optimization
Authors: Vishnoi Nisheeth K.
Published: September 2021

In the last few years, Algorithms for Convex Optimization have revolutionized algorithm design, both for discrete and continuous optimization problems. For problems like maximum flow, maximum matching, and submodular function minimization, the fastest algorithms involve essential methods such as gradient descent, mirror descent, interior point methods, and ellipsoid methods. The goal of this self-contained book is to enable researchers and professionals in computer science, data science, and machine learning to gain an in-depth understanding of these algorithms. The text emphasizes how to derive key algorithms for convex optimization from first principles and how to establish precise running time bounds. This modern text explains the success of these algorithms in problems of discrete optimization, as well as how these methods have significantly pushed the state of the art of convex optimization itself.
Metamodernism and Contemporary British Poetry
Authors: Rowland Antony
Published: September 2021

This book discusses contemporary British poetry in the context of metamodernism. The author argues that the concept of metamodernist poetry helps to recalibrate the opposition between mainstream and innovative poetry, and he investigates whether a new generation of British poets can be accurately defined as metamodernist. Antony Rowland analyses the ways in which contemporary British poets such as Geoffrey Hill, J. H. Prynne, Geraldine Monk and Sandeep Parmar have responded to the work of modernist writers as diverse as T. S. Eliot, H. D. and Antonin Artaud, and what Theodor Adorno describes as the overall enigma of modern art.
Three candidate plurality is stablest for small correlations
Authors: Heilman Steven , Tarter Alex
Published: September 2021

Using the calculus of variations, we prove the following structure theorem for noise-stable partitions: a partition ofn-dimensional Euclidean space intomdisjoint sets of fixed Gaussian volumes that maximise their noise stability must be$(m-1)$-dimensional, if$m-1\leq n$. In particular, the maximum noise stability of a partition ofmsets in$\mathbb {R}^{n}$of fixed Gaussian volumes is constant for allnsatisfying$n\geq m-1$. From this result, we obtain:

(i)

A proof of the plurality is stablest conjecture for three candidate elections, for all correlation parameters$\rho $satisfying$0<\rho <\rho _{0}$, where$\rho _{0}>0$is a fixed constant (that does not depend on the dimensionn), when each candidate has an equal chance of winning.

(ii)

A variational proof of Borell’s inequality (corresponding to the case$m=2$).

The structure theorem answers a question of De–Mossel–Neeman and of Ghazi–Kamath–Raghavendra. Item (i) is the first proof of any case of the plurality is stablest conjecture of Khot-Kindler-Mossel-O’Donnell for fixed$\rho $, with the case$\rho \to L1^{-}$being solved recently. Item (i) is also the first evidence for the optimality of the Frieze–Jerrum semidefinite program for solving MAX-3-CUT, assuming the unique games conjecture. Without the assumption that each candidate has an equal chance of winning in (i), the plurality is stablest conjecture is known to be false.
Maxwell–Cattaneo double-diffusive convection: limiting cases
Authors: Hughes D.W. , Proctor M.R.E. , Eltayeb I.A.
Published: September 2021

Double-diffusive convection, in which a fluid is acted upon by two fields (such as temperature and salinity) that affect the density, has been widely studied in areas as diverse as the oceans and stellar atmospheres. Assuming classical Fickian diffusion for both heat and salt, the evolution of temperature and salinity are governed by parabolic advection–diffusion equations. In reality, there are small extra terms in these equations that render the equations hyperbolic (the Maxwell–Cattaneo effect). Although these corrections are nominally small, they represent a singular perturbation and hence can lead to significant effects when the underlying differences of salinity and temperature are large. In this paper, we investigate the linear stability of a double-diffusive fluid layer and show that amending Fick's law for the temperature, or the salinity, alone can lead to new modes of oscillation and to very large changes in the preferred wavelength of oscillatory convection at onset. In particular, the salt finger regime of classical double diffusion is here replaced by Maxwell–Cattaneo oscillations when the salt concentration is very high. The more complicated case when both laws are amended is left to a future paper, now in preparation.
Resolvent-based estimation of turbulent channel flow using wall measurements
Authors: Amaral Filipe R. , Cavalieri André V.G. , Martini Eduardo , Jordan Peter , Towne Aaron
Published: September 2021

We employ a resolvent-based methodology to estimate velocity and pressure fluctuations within turbulent channel flows at friction Reynolds numbers of approximately 180, 550 and 1000 using measurements of shear stress and pressure at the walls, taken from direct numerical simulation (DNS) databases. Martiniet al.(J. Fluid Mech., vol. 900, 2021, p. A2) showed that the resolvent-based estimator is optimal when the true space–time forcing statistics are utilised, thus providing an upper bound for the accuracy of any linear estimator. We use this framework to determine the flow structures that can be linearly estimated from wall measurements, and we characterise these structures and the estimation errors in both physical and wavenumber space. We also compare these results to those obtained using approximate forcing models – an eddy-viscosity model and white-noise forcing – and demonstrate the significant benefit of using true forcing statistics. All models lead to accurate results up to the buffer layer, but only using the true forcing statistics allows accurate estimation of large-scale logarithmic-layer structures, with significant correlation between the estimates and DNS results throughout the channel. The eddy-viscosity model displays an intermediate behaviour, which may be related to its ability to partially capture the forcing colour. Our results show that structures that leave a footprint on the channel walls can be accurately estimated using the linear resolvent-based methodology, and the presence of large-scale wall-attached structures enables accurate estimations through the logarithmic layer.
Manuscript Miscellanies, Jerome's Letters to Women, and the Dominican Observant Reform in Fifteenth-Century Italy
Authors: Powell Austin
Published: September 2021

This article examines the manuscripts into which compilers bound Dominican letters of spiritual direction in fifteenth-century Italy. It argues that manuscript compilers sought to model Observant Dominican sanctity after Jerome's late antique practice of writing letters of spiritual direction to women. The paper aims to contribute to the growing conversation around the development and spread of an Observant Dominican identity by demonstrating that compilers modeled Observant beati after Jerome's authoritative persona in order to argue for the ancient precedent of the reformers’ often controversial agendas, chief among them their active ministry to women.
Do Policy Makers Listen to Experts? Evidence from a National Survey of Local and State Policy Makers
Authors: LEE NATHAN
Published: September 2021

Do elected officials update their policy positions in response to expert evidence? A large literature in political behavior demonstrates a range of biases that individuals may manifest in evaluating information. However, elected officials may be motivated to accurately incorporate information when it could affect the welfare of their constituents. I investigate these competing predictions through a national survey of local and state policy makers in which I present respondents with established expert findings concerning three subnational policy debates, debates that vary as to whether Republicans or Democrats are more likely to see the findings as confirmatory or challenging. Using both cross-subject and within-subject designs, I find policy makers update their beliefs and preferences in the direction of the evidence irrespective of the valence of the information. These findings have implications for the application of mass political behavior theories to politicians as well as the prospects for evidence-based policy making.
Talking American in the Midwest: Linguistic Diversity and Authenticity in the Twentieth-Century United States
Authors: BECKER MOLLY
Published: September 2021

During the early twentieth century – when the United States was receiving an influx of non-English-speaking immigrants, and “standardization” was a dominant, yet polarizing, concept – having a single national language that unified Americans became a controversial topic in public discourse. In The Odyssey of a Nice Girl, Ruth Suckow, like many authors at the time, used immigrant language as a foil for midwestern speech to demonstrate its “standard” Americanness. But, as this essay will show, by using other regional American dialects in a similar manner, she questioned how “Americanness” was being understood and recognized during this period in the United States.
Molecular features ofProbopyrussp. (Isopoda: Bopyridae) from Brazilian Amazonia and the parasitism of inland populations ofMacrobrachium amazonicum(Decapoda: Palaemonidae)
Authors: Pereira Rosa Ilana dos Santos , Maciel Cristiana Ramalho , Iketani Gabriel
Published: September 2021

Bopyrid isopods of the genusProbopyrusare well-known parasites of freshwater prawns of the genusMacrobrachium. The parasitism of coastal populations ofMacrobrachium amazonicumbyProbopyrus bithynis, for example, has been documented since the late 1980s. Despite this, molecular data on different populations are not available for anyProbopyrusspecies. The present study is the first to describeProbopyruspopulations from distinct regions of the Amazon basin based on sequences of two genes, the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase C subunit I (COI) and the nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) gene. The analyses indicated the presence of twoProbopyrusspecies, each parasitizing either the coastal or the inland populations ofM. amazonicum. The results indicated the potential use of the COI barcode for the identification ofProbopyrusspecies. We discuss the potential implications of the findings for the taxonomy ofProbopyrus bithynisand other species of the genusProbopyrus.
The priming effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on clinical response to electroconvulsive therapy in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study
Authors: Rothärmel Maud , Quesada Pierre , Husson Thomas , Harika-Germaneau Ghina , Nathou Clément , Guehl Julien , Dalmont Marine , Opolczynski Gaëlle , Miréa-Grivel Iris , Millet Bruno , Gérardin Emmanuel , Compère Vincent , Dollfus Sonia , Jaafari Nemat , Bénichou Jacques , Thill Caroline , Guillin Olivier , Moulier Virginie
Published: September 2021

Background

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the most effective treatments for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). However, due to response delay and cognitive impairment, ECT remains an imperfect treatment. Compared to ECT, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is less effective at treating severe depression, but has the advantage of being quick, easy to use, and producing almost no side effects. In this study, our objective was to assess the priming effect of rTMS sessions before ECT on clinical response in patients with TRD.

Methods

In this multicenter, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial, 56 patients with TRD were assigned to active or sham rTMS before ECT treatment. Five sessions of active/sham neuronavigated rTMS were administered over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (20 Hz, 90% resting motor threshold, 20 2 s trains with 60-s intervals, 800 pulses/session) before ECT (which was active for all patients) started. Any relative improvements were then compared between both groups after five ECT sessions, in order to assess the early response to treatment.

Results

After ECT, the active rTMS group exhibited a significantly greater relative improvement than the sham group [43.4% (28.6%) v. 25.4% (17.2%)]. The responder rate in the active group was at least three times higher. Cognitive complaints, which were assessed using the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire, were higher in the sham rTMS group compared to the active rTMS group, but this difference was not corroborated by cognitive tests.

Conclusions

rTMS could be used to enhance the efficacy of ECT in patients with TRD. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02830399.
Materia Medica Tocharo-Hvatanica
Authors: Dragoni Federico
Published: September 2021

The two languages once spoken in the oases in the North of the Tarim basin, Tocharian A and B, have preserved many Iranian loanwords. These belong to different chronological layers and are of different dialectal origins. Whereas the oldest layers are now most likely seen as belonging to an unattested Old Iranian dialect, more recent layers have not yet been studied in detail. In this respect, the vocabulary of medical texts represents an important field of enquiry. Most terms come from Middle Indian, but a significant number are of Middle Iranian origin. This component, mostly ingredients and technical vocabulary, seems to be largely of Khotanese origin. The article introduces the material and examines possible scenarios for historical transmission and contact between the North and the South of the Tarim Basin.
Collocational knowledge in children: a comparison of English-speaking monolingual children, and children acquiring English as an Additional Language
Authors: RICHES Nick , LETTS Carolyn , AWAD Hadeel , RAMSEY Rachel , DĄBROWSKA Ewa
Published: September 2021

Collocations, e.g., apples and pears, hard worker, constitute an important avenue of linguistic enquiry straddling both grammar and the lexicon. They are sensitive to language experience, with adult L2 learners and children learning English as an Additional Language (EAL) exhibiting poor collocational knowledge. The current study piloted a novel collocational assessment with children (mean age 6;3, 40 monolingual, 32 EAL). It investigated (1) the feasibility of a collocational assessment at this age, (2) whether collocational knowledge is associated with other language domains (receptive grammar and vocabulary), and (3) whether collocational knowledge is more affected than other domains. The assessment demonstrated good psychometric properties and was highly correlated with performance in other domains, indicating shared psycholinguistic mechanisms. Unlike adult counterparts, the EAL children performed equally poorly across domains. Given the role played by collocations in vocabulary development and reading, a focus on this domain may be beneficial for EAL children.
Statistical estimation of container condensation in marine transportation between Far East Asia and Europe
Authors: Yuen Ping Chi , Sasa Kenji , Kawahara Hideo , Chen Chen
Published: September 2021

Condensation inside marine containers occurs during voyages owing to weather changes. In this study, we define the condensation probability along one of the major routes for container ships between Asia and Europe. First, the inside and outside air conditions were measured on land in Japan, and a correlation analysis was conducted to derive their relationship. Second, onboard measurements were conducted for 20,000 twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) ships to determine the variation in outside air conditions. Complicated patterns of weather change were observed with changes in latitude, sea area, and season. Third, condensation probability was estimated based on a multi-regression analysis with land and onboard measured data. The maximum condensation probability in westbound or eastbound voyages in winter was found to be approximately 50%. The condensation probability estimation method established in this study can contribute to the quantification of cargo damage risks for the planning of marine container transportation voyages.
Assimilation of X‐Band Phased‐Array Radar Data With EnKF for the Analysis and Warning Forecast of a Tornadic Storm
Authors: Wang Chen , Zhao Kun , Zhu Kefeng , Huang Hao , Lu Yinghui , Yang Zhengwei , Fu Peiling , Zhang Yu , Chen Binghong , Hu Dongming
Published: September 2021

The impact of assimilating China's operational X‐band Phased‐Array radar's (X‐PAR) data on the analysis and warning forecast of the vortex structure and intensity of the June 8, 2018 Foshan, Guangdong province, tornadic storm was investigated for the first time using an Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) data assimilation system. Both radar radial velocity (Vr) and reflectivity (Z) from two S‐band operational radars and one X‐PAR were assimilated. Deterministic forecasts were launched every 6 min from 05:42 UTC (20 min before the tornado touched down) to 06:00 UTC from the EnKF mean analysis field. Five experiments were conducted to examine the added capability of Z assimilation of the EnKF system, and to investigate the impact of assimilating X‐PAR data on the analysis and prediction of the tornadic storm. Compared to the experiment without Z assimilation, the assimilation of Z reduced the analysis error and greatly reduced the forecast error of Z. The assimilation of X‐PAR data greatly improved the vortex structure of the tornadic storm at low levels, and improved the intensity of the rear inflow of the tornadic storm, especially with a higher assimilation frequency. Compared to the experiments without X‐PAR data assimilation, assimilating X‐PAR data improved the predictability of tornadic storm.
Review of Data Science Trends and Issues in Porous Media Research With a Focus on Image‐Based Techniques
Authors: Rabbani A. , Fernando A. M. , Shams R. , Singh A. , Mostaghimi P. , Babaei M.
Published: September 2021

Data science as a flourishing interdisciplinary domain of computer and mathematical sciences is playing an important role in guiding the porous material research streams. In the present narrative review, we have examined recent trends and issues in data‐driven methods used in the image‐based porous material research studies relevant to water resources researchers and scientists. Initially, the recent trends in porous material data‐related issues have been investigated through search engine queries in terms of data source, data storage hub, programing languages, and software packages. Subsequent to a diligent analysis of the existing trends, a review of the common concepts of porous material research and data science are presented through six categories comprising big data, data regression, classification, image segmentation, geometry reconstruction, and image data resolution. We provide: (a) a focus on image‐based and pore scale methods which has not been presented previously, (b) a detailed search engine research for trend investigation, and (c) practical examples and comparison of data storage in porous media image‐based research. By reading this review article, an overall image of the active and popular interdisciplinary research domains can be obtained. Readers will also be informed of the latest data‐driven efforts and recommended research directions for tackling the image‐based porous material problems relevant to water resources research. We concluded that porous material image reconstruction and resolution improvement techniques are unique means to reveal unprecedented details of micro‐structures that may have been missed in a medium quality tomography image.
Winter’s Melting Point
Authors: Goss Heather
Published: September 2021

Around the world, the seasonal snowpack is changing. Eos’s October issue looks at how we study winter weather, adapt to climate changes, and even fight for the snow we love.
Metamorphic Facies and Deformation Fabrics Diagnostic of Subduction: Insights From 2D Numerical Models
Authors: Regorda Alessandro , Spalla Maria Iole , Roda Manuel , Lardeaux Jean‐Marc , Marotta Anna Maria
Published: September 2021

We developed a 2D numerical model that simulates the evolution of a subduction in order to analyze which different metamorphic facies and deformation fabrics can be recorded within a subduction complex and whether the subduction velocity can influence their distribution. Regions with pressure and temperature (P‐T) conditions characteristic of different metamorphic facies have been explored in the different domains of the subduction system to verify the existence of associations that may result as diagnostic of specific areas of the subduction system at different times. Distribution patterns of strain rates and relative deformation fabrics have also been investigated to verify whether they can be recorded under different metamorphic facies conditions. Our results show that three domains characterized by contrasting metamorphic conditions can be simultaneously observed in different regions of the subduction complex, in contrast with the widespread idea that different metamorphic series are representative of peculiar geodynamic scenarios, but in agreement with the commonly observed coexistence of contrasted P‐T conditions in orogenic belts. In addition, we verified that mylonitic fabrics can develop more frequently in metamorphic facies characterized by high Pressure/Temperature (P/T) ratios, while coronitic fabric can be better preserved in metamorphic facies with low‐to‐medium P/T ratios.
Agreement of Analytical and Simulation‐Based Estimates of the Required Land Depth in Climate Models
Authors: Steinert N. J. , González‐Rouco J. F. , Melo Aguilar C. A. , García Pereira F. , García‐Bustamante E. , de Vrese P. , Alexeev V. , Jungclaus J. H. , Lorenz S. J. , Hagemann S.
Published: September 2021

Previous analytical and simulation‐based analyses suggest that deeper land surface models are needed to realistically simulate the terrestrial thermal state in climate models, with implications for land‐atmosphere interactions. Analytical approaches mainly focused on the subsurface propagation of harmonics such as the annual temperature signal, and a direct comparison with climate‐change model output has been elusive. This study addresses the propagation of a harmonic pulse fitted to represent the timescale and amplitude of anthropogenic warming. Its comparison to land model simulations with stepwise increased bottom boundary depth leads to an agreement between the simulation‐based and analytical frameworks for long‐term climate trends. Any depth increase gradually decreases the relative error in the subsurface thermodynamics, and a minimum depth of 170 m is recommended to simulate the ground climate adequately. The approach provides an accurate estimate of the required land‐model depth for climate‐change simulations and assesses the relative bias in insufficiently deep land models.
Climatology of Cloud‐Top Radiative Cooling in Marine Shallow Clouds
Authors: Zheng Youtong , Zhu Yannian , Rosenfeld Daniel , Li Zhanqing
Published: September 2021

A one‐year’s worth of near‐global marine shallow single‐layer cloud top radiative cooling (CTRC) is derived from a radiative transfer model with inputs from the satellite cloud retrievals and reanalysis sounding. The mean cloud top radiative flux divergence is 61 Wm−2, decomposed into the longwave and shortwave components of 73 and −11 W m−2, respectively. Equatorward of 30°N/S, the CTRC is largely a reflection of free‐atmospheric specific humidity distribution: a dry atmosphere enhances CTRC by reducing downward thermal radiation. Consequently, the cooling minimizes in the “wet” tropics and maximizes in the “dry” eastern subtropics. Poleward of 30°N/S, the CTRC decreases slightly due to the colder clouds that emit less effectively. The CTRC exhibits distinctive seasonal cycles with stronger cooling in the winter and has amplitudes of order 10–20 Wm−2 in stratocumulus‐rich regions. The datasets were used to train a machine‐learning model that substantially speeds up the retrieval.
Mammatus‐Like Echo Structures Along the Base of Upper‐Tropospheric Outflow‐Layer Clouds of Typhoons Observed by Cloud Radar
Authors: Ohigashi Tadayasu , Tsuboki Kazuhisa , Shinoda Taro , Minda Haruya , Kyushima Moeto , Yamada Hiroyuki , Iwai Hironori
Published: September 2021

Upper‐tropospheric clouds in the outflow layer of typhoons can affect the track of typhoons (tropical cyclones) through radiation effects. In this study, the microstructure of the outflow‐layer clouds of several typhoons was examined. Cloud radar observations of three typhoons around Japan revealed numerous protuberances in echoes along the base of the upper‐level clouds, which are referred to as mammatus‐like echoes. The horizontal and vertical scales of these mammatus‐like echoes were 0.5–3.0  and 0.3–1.5 km, respectively. Vertical observations revealed downward (upward) Doppler velocities in (between) the hanging echo regions. Upward and downward velocity maxima were estimated at 3 m s−1 around the mammatus‐like echoes. Neutral stratification developed in the dry layer beneath the cloud base in which the mammatus‐like echoes formed. These mammatus‐like structures may promote mixing along the cloud base that contributes to dissipation of the outflow‐layer clouds.
The Influence of Ocean Topography on the Upwelling of Carbon in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Brady Riley X. , Maltrud Mathew E. , Wolfram Phillip J. , Drake Henri F. , Lovenduski Nicole S.
Published: September 2021

The physical circulation of the Southern Ocean sets the surface concentration and thus air‐sea exchange of . However, we have a limited understanding of the three‐dimensional circulation that brings deep carbon‐rich waters to the surface. Here, we introduce and analyze a novel high‐resolution ocean model simulation with active biogeochemistry and online Lagrangian particle tracking. We focus our attention on a subset of particles with high dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) that originate below 1,000 m and eventually upwell into the near‐surface layer (upper 200 m). We find that 71% of the DIC‐enriched water upwelling across 1,000 m is concentrated near topographic features, which occupy just 33% of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Once particles upwell to the near‐surface layer, they exhibit relatively uniform levels and DIC decorrelation timescales, regardless of their origin. Our results show that Southern Ocean bathymetry plays a key role in delivering carbon‐rich waters to the surface.
Tenascin-C expression in the lymph node pre-metastatic niche in muscle-invasive bladder cancer
Authors: Silvers Christopher R. , Messing Edward M. , Miyamoto Hiroshi , Lee Yi-Fen
Published: September 2021

Background

Markers of stromal activation at future metastatic sites may have prognostic value and may allow clinicians to identify and abolish the pre-metastatic niche to prevent metastasis. In this study, we evaluate tenascin-C as a marker of pre-metastatic niche formation in bladder cancer patient lymph nodes.

Methods

Tenascin-C expression in benign lymph nodes was compared between metastatic (n = 20) and non-metastatic (n = 27) patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Urinary extracellular vesicle (EV) cytokine levels were measured with an antibody array to examine potential correlation with lymph node inflammation. The ability of bladder cancer EVs to activate primary bladder fibroblasts was assessed in vitro.

Results

Lymph node tenascin-C expression was elevated in metastatic patients vs. non-metastatic patients, and high expression was associated with worse survival. Urinary EVs contained four cytokines that were positively correlated with lymph node tenascin-C expression. Bladder cancer EVs induced tenascin-C expression in fibroblasts in an NF-κB-dependent manner.

Conclusions

Tenascin-C expression in regional lymph nodes may be a good predictor of bladder cancer metastasis and an appropriate imaging target. It may be possible to interrupt pre-metastatic niche formation by targeting EV-borne tumour cytokines or by targeting tenascin-C directly.