bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Additives on a Molecular Organic Conductor Based Electrolyte System for Solid State Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Huang Yujian , Gu Aijuan , Lin Yuan
Published: July 2016

A molecular organic conductor was synthesized and used as electrolyte material, which can provide dual channels for triiodide/hole transportation in solid state dye sensitized solar cells. The introduction of additives into this electrolyte system further improved device performance. Electrochemical impedance spectrum revealed that a small quantity of antimony salt (N(PhBr)3SbCl6) or iodine improved remarkably the charge transfer at the TiO2/dye/electrolyte interface. Incident photon‐to‐current conversion efficiency also confirmed the positive effects of additives on the photoelectrical performance in this electrolyte system.
Coordination Polymers of M2L2 Macrocycles and M3L2 Podands Containing Tris (pyridyl) Tripodal Amide: Anion Bridging, Ag⋅⋅⋅Ag Interactions and Solid‐State Luminescence
Authors: Konavarapu K. S. Narayana , Biradha Kumar
Published: July 2016

The tris‐pyridyl‐tripodal amide ligand (L), which is synthesized by the condensation of tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine (tren) and isonicotinic acid, was shown to form coordination polymers (CPs) with AgX (X= CF3SO3−, BF4− and ClO4−), HgX2 (X= Cl− and Br−) and CdI2. The crystal structure analysis of {[Ag3L2(CF3SO3)3].MeOH}n, 1, {[AgL](BF4).2H2O}n, 2, {[AgL](ClO4).MeOH.H2O}n, 3, {[Hg2Cl4L].H2O}n, 4, [Hg3Br6L2], 5, [Cd2I4L2.(H2O)2], 6, reveals that they are constituted by M2L2 macrocycles and M3L2 podand structures. The complexes 1–4 were found to form 1D‐coordination polymers by linking M2L2 units via anions. Complexes 5 and 6 found to contain capsule (podand) like structure with M3L2 and M2L2 H2O compositions in 5 and 6 respectively. The complex 1 contains Ag⋅⋅⋅Ag interactions within the Ag2L2 macrocycle whereas the complex 2 and 3 contains such argentophilic interactions between the macrocycles. These 1D‐CPs linked further via amide‐to‐amide and amide‐to‐water hydrogen bonding to form higher dimensional networks. In these complexes the ligand (L) found to exhibit conformational variations which defines the overall network geometries. The ligand (L) and the coordination complexes 1–6 were found to exhibit intense luminescence emissions upon exciting at a wavelength of 310 nm.
General Acid and Base Catalysis by Phosphate in Peroxyoxalate Chemiluminescence
Authors: Souza Glalci A. , Peixoto Mônica M. M. , Santos Ana P. F. , Baader Wilhelm J.
Published: July 2016

The peroxyoxalate reaction, one of the most efficient chemiluminescent transformations, is widely utilized in analytical and bioanalytical assays. Although the mechanism of this transformation has been extensively studied, it is still not yet fully clarified. Furthermore, no detailed mechanistic studies have been performed in aqueous media, highly important for analytical applications. The light emission kinetic behaviour of the peroxyoxalate reaction is studied here in phosphate buffered binary 1,2‐dimethoxyethane/water mixtures at different pH values using three oxalic ester derivatives. The results indicate that conditions can be found where the chemiluminescent perhydrolysis is predominant over dark ester hydrolysis; the reactions are subject to general acid and base catalysis by phosphate ions; are reasonably reproducible, although, generally fast. However, chemiluminescence emission quantum yields are much lower than in organic solvents.
Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Cyclic Imines in Water with a Versatile Hydrogen Donor Formic Acid/N‐Methylpiperidine: Rapid Access to Highly Enantioselective Amines
Authors: Shende Vaishali S. , Shingote Savita K. , Deshpande Sudhindra H. , Kelkar Ashutosh. A.
Published: July 2016

Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of cyclic imines in water has been investigated for the first time by using HCOOH in combination with bases other than triethylamine as H donor. Effect of FA/Base ratio has shown significant impact on activity and enantioselectivity for ATH reaction in water. Use of methanol as a co‐solvent improved the reduction performance. FA/N‐methylpiperidine was found to be excellent, versatile hydrogen donor for ATH of imine 6,7‐dimethoxy‐1‐methyl‐3,4‐dihydroisoquinoline (1 a)giving by far the highest noted TOF value of 5940 h−1.ATH of‐different imines derivatives including 3, 4‐dihydoisoquinolines, β‐carbolines and cyclic sulfonyl imines have been performed with excellent activity (91‐99 % yield) and enantioselectivity (88‐97 %) in very short time (1‐2 min). This is very simple protocol for rapid access to enantioselective amines with very new and versatile hydrogen donor 1.1 FA/N‐methylpiperidine.
Structural and NMR Spectroscopic Investigations of CuI, CuII, NiII, ZnII and FeII Complexes of 2, 9‐Di‐(Benzothiazolino)‐1,10‐Phenanthroline
Authors: Begum Ameerunisha , Seewald Oliver , Flörke Ulrich , Henkel Gerald
Published: July 2016

Synthesis and characterisation of a disubstituted phenanthroline, “dbt‐phen” (“dbt‐phen”, 2,9‐di(benzothiazolino)‐1,10‐phenanthroline) 1 and its CuI, CuII, NiII, ZnII and FeII complexes are reported. Three different coordination modes of the ligand viz., bis(didentate), tridentate and tetradentate are observed. Under various experimental conditions, 1 forms a double‐stranded dicopper(I)helicate, [CuI2(dbt‐phen)2]2+ 2; a mono(dbt‐phen) copper(II) complex, [CuII(dbt‐phen)(H2O)2]2+ 3, a NiII complex [Ni(dbt‐ phen)(NCMe)2(OH2)]2+ 4, a bis(dbt‐phen) zinc(II) complex, [ZnII(dbt‐phen)2]2+ 5 and a pseudo‐octahedral complex [FeII(dbt‐phen)Br2] 6. Crystal packing feature of the dicopper helicate [CuI(dbt‐phen)]2[BF4]2, 2+[BF4]2 reveals novel short contacts between BF4− ions and the hydrogens of the phenyl rings leading to the peculiar double stranded and helical topology. The complex [CuII(dbt‐phen)(OH2)2(ClO4)][ClO4], 3+[ClO4] exhibits both intra‐ and inter‐molecular H‐bonding interactions. 1H NMR spectral features of the ligand, copper(I) and zinc(II) complexes indicate that the free ligand and the copper(I) complex retain their solid state structures whereas the zinc(II) complex undergoes structural changes in solution.
Enzyme‐Like Selectivity on Metalloporphyrin‐Catalyzed Oxidation by a Linear Homopolymer
Authors: Jannuzzi Sergio A. V. , de Arruda Eduardo G. R. , Lima Frederico A. , Ribeiro Marcos A. , Brinatti César , Formiga André L. B.
Published: July 2016

The influence of linear homopolymers on manganese porphyrin‐catalyzed oxidation of cyclohexene and phenol in solution was investigated. Cyclohexene was epoxidized in presence of poly(sodium acrylate)/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and H2O2, but the epoxide was the exclusive product only when the reaction was catalyzed by the manganese porphyrin. The regioselectivity of phenol catalytic oxidation in the para position increased up to 81±14 % with PAA, however the same was not observed when PAA‐substrate hydrogen bonding is hampered in oxidation of methoxybenzene. Unlike other bio‐inspired systems the PAA polymer chain was not covalently bound to the metalloporphyrin, but it still promotes chemo‐ and regioselectivity. Catalytic data indicate active participation of the polymeric chain in epoxidation reaction in order to change the active oxidizing agent in the presence of the manganese porphyrin. The PAA chains act as a supramolecular directing agent, which binds phenol via hydrogen bond providing a favorable orientation for regioselective oxidation in the para position. The polymer chain dual role is unprecedented in enzyme‐like catalysis with metalloporphyrin.
Enzymatic Biofuel Cells on Porous Nanostructures
Authors: Wen Dan , Eychmüller Alexander
Published: July 2016

Biofuel cells (BFCs) that utilize enzymes as catalysts represent a new sustainable and renewable energy technology. Numerous efforts have been directed to improve the performance of the enzymatic BFCs (EBFCs) with respect to power output and operational stability for further applications in portable power sources, self‐powered electrochemical sensing, implantable medical devices, etc. The latest advances in EBFCs based on porous nanoarchitectures over the past 5 years are detailed here. Porous matrices from carbon, noble metals, and polymers promote the development of EBFCs through the electron transfer and mass transport benefits. Some key issues regarding how these nanostructured porous media improve the performance of EBFCs are also discussed.
Xianella: a new mat‐forming calcified cyanobacterium from the Middle–Late Ordovician of North China
Authors: Lee Jeong‐Hyun , Riding Robert
Published: July 2016

Xianella hongii gen. et sp. nov. is described from the Middle–Late Ordovician of Shaanxi, China and interpreted as a calcified cyanobacterial sheath. Xianella filaments formed cable‐like strands that constructed thick fenestral layers. The specimens occur in metre‐sized limestone blocks, possibly derived from local collapse of a reefal platform margin. In combination with micrite, some of which is intraclastic and peloidal, Xianella created thick and extensive stacks of layered calcified fenestral fabric that appear to be synsedimentarily calcified open‐frame mat deposits. The fenestrae range from small, laminose and very irregular, to large equidimensional areas ~2 cm across. Fenestrae with rounded outlines resemble primary gas bubbles observed in present‐day microbial mats. These delicate fabrics are comparable in structure and quality of preservation with those of some Proterozoic silicified stromatolitic mats.
Biochemical analysis of new type mutants of japonica rice that accumulate water‐soluble α‐glucans in the endosperm but retain full starch debranching enzyme activities
Authors: Nakagami Tsuyoshi , Yoshihara Hiroki , Nakamura Tetsuhiro , Utsumi Yoshinori , Sawada Takayuki , Fujita Naoko , Satoh Hikaru , Nakamura Yasunori
Published: July 2016

Amylopectin has a highly regulated branched structure called cluster structure, which causes the glucan to be hydrophobic and to form a semicrystalline architecture of starch granules. It is known that lesions of the isoamylase1 (ISA1) gene result in accumulation of a water‐soluble glucan (WSG) called phytoglycogen instead of amylopectin in various plant species. This type of cereal mutant is referred to as sugary‐1 and accumulates a large amount of phytoglycogen in the endosperm. In this study, another WSG‐synthesizing mutant has been isolated from japonica rice. This mutant accumulated a significant amount of WSG in the center of endosperm. No significant changes were found in activities of ISA and pullulanase and in the compositions of ISA1 homomer and ISA1‐ISA2 heteromer. In addition, activities of starch branching enzyme and starch synthase isoforms were not altered. The accumulated WSG had a specific fine structure, that differed from that of phytoglycogen. Thus, we designated this new mutant as the sugary‐2 mutant. Our study results strongly suggest that the Sugary‐2 gene product plays an important role in amylopectin synthesis of rice endosperm and identifies a new factor that controls the normal amylopectin structure, especially at the early developmental stage of the endosperm.
GSK‐3β inhibitors reverse cocaine‐induced synaptic transmission dysfunction in the nucleus accumbens
Authors: Zhao Rui , Chen Jiaojiao , Ren Zhaoxiang , Shen Hui , Zhen Xuechu
Published: July 2016

Nucleus accumbens receives glutamatergic projection from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and dopaminergic input from the Ventral tegmental area (VTA). Recent studies have suggested a critical role for serine/threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) in cocaine‐induced hyperactivity; however, the effect of GSK3β on the modulation of glutamatergic and dopaminergic afferents is unclear. In this study, we found that the GSK3 inhibitors, LiCl (100 mg/kg, i.p.) or SB216763 (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.), blocked the cocaine‐induced hyperlocomotor activity in rats. By employing single‐unit recordings in vivo, we found that pretreatment with either SB216763 or LiCl for 15 min reversed the cocaine‐inhibited firing frequency of medium spiny neuron (MSN) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Preperfusion of SB216763 (5 μM) ameliorated the inhibitory effect of cocaine on both the α‐Amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) (up to 99 ± 6.8% inhibition) and N‐methyl‐D‐aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR)‐mediate EPSC (up to 73 ± 9.7% inhibition) in the NAc in brain slices. The effect of cocaine on AMPA and NMDA receptor‐mediate excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) were mimicked by the D1‐like receptor agonist SKF 38393 and blocked by the D1‐like receptor antagonist SCH 23390, whereas D2‐like receptor agonist or antagonist failed to mimic or to block the action of cocaine. Preperfusion of SB216763 for 5 min also ameliorated the inhibitory effect of SKF38393 on both AMPA and NMDA receptor‐mediated components of EPSC, indicate the effect of SB216763 on cocaine was via the D1‐like receptor. Moreover, cocaine inhibited the presynaptic release of glutamate in the NAc, and SB216763 reversed this effect. In conclusion, D1 receptor–GSK3β pathway, which mediates glutamatergic transmission in the NAc core through a presynaptic mechanism, plays an important role in acute cocaine‐induced hyperlocomotion.
Sodium fluoride induces hypertension and cardiac complications through generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of nuclear factor kappa beta
Authors: Oyagbemi Ademola Adetokunbo , Omobowale Temidayo Olutayo , Asenuga Ebunoluwa Racheal , Adejumobi Abiola Olumuyiwa , Ajibade Temitayo Olabisi , Ige Temitope Moses , Ogunpolu Blessing Seun , Adedapo Adeolu Alex , Yakubu Momoh Audu
Published: July 2016

Human exposure to sodium fluoride through its daily usage is almost inevitable. Cardiovascular and renal dysfunction has been associated with fluoride toxicity. Therefore, this study investigated the mechanism of action of sodium fluoride (NaF) induced hypertension and cardiovascular complications Forty male albino rats of an average of 10 rats per group were used. Group A received clean tap water. Toxicity was induced in Group B to D by administering graded doses of NaF through drinking water ad libitum for 10 days at 150 ppm, 300 ppm, and 600 ppm concentration respectively. Following administration of NaF, there was significant increase in systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and mean arterial pressure. Markers of oxidative stress; malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, advance oxidation protein products, and protein carbonyl were significantly increased in dose‐dependent pattern in the cardiac and renal tissues of rats together with significant decrease in the GST activity in NaF‐treated rats compared to the control. Also serum markers of inflammation, cardiac, and renal damage including myeloperoxidase, xanthine oxidase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and Creatinine kinase myocardial band (CK‐MB) significantly increased indicating induction of oxidative stress, renal, and cardiac damage after exposure. Histopathology of the kidney and heart revealed aberrations in the histological architecture in NaF‐treated rats. Also, immunohistochemistry showed higher expression of nuclear factor kappa beta (NF‐kB) in the cardiac and renal tissues of rats administered NaF. Combining all, these results indicate NaF‐induced hypertension through generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of renal and cardiac NF‐kB expressions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1089–1101, 2017.
Effect of wind and wave directionality on the structural performance of non‐operational offshore wind turbines supported by jackets during hurricanes
Authors: Wei Kai , Arwade Sanjay R. , Myers Andrew T. , Valamanesh Vahid , Pang Weichiang
Published: July 2016

Risk of hurricane damage is an important factor in the development of the offshore wind energy industry in the United States. Hurricane loads on an offshore wind turbine (OWT), namely wind and wave loads, not only exert large structural demands, but also have temporally changing characteristics, especially with respect to their directions. Waves are less susceptible to rapid changes, whereas wind can change its properties over shorter time scales. Misalignment of local winds and ocean waves occurs regularly during a hurricane. The strength capacity of non‐axisymmetric structures such as jackets is sensitive to loading direction and misalignment relative to structural orientation. As an example, this work examines the effect of these issues on the extreme loads and structural response of a non‐operational OWT during hurricane conditions. The considered OWT is a 5 MW turbine, supported by a jacket structure and located off the Massachusetts coast. A set of 1000 synthetic hurricane events, selected from a catalog simulating 100,000 years of hurricane activity, is used to represent hurricane conditions, and the corresponding wind speeds, wave heights and directions are estimated using empirical, parametric models for each hurricane. The impact of wind and wave directions and structural orientation are quantified through a series of nonlinear static analyses under various assumptions for combining the directions of wind and wave and structural orientation for the considered example structure. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical Efficacy of Intravenous Lidocaine for Thyroidectomy: A Prospective, Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Trial
Authors: Choi Geun Joo , Kang Hyun , Ahn Eun Jin , Oh Jong In , Baek Chong Wha , Jung Yong Hun , Kim Jin Yun
Published: July 2016

Background

Systemic lidocaine has analgesic and anti‐inflammatory effects. The purpose of this prospective, randomized, double‐blind study was to evaluate the effects of intravenous lidocaine on pain following thyroidectomy.

Methods

Fifty‐eight adult patients scheduled for total thyroidectomy were randomly allocated to receive a 1.5 mg/kg lidocaine bolus followed by a 2 mg/kg/h infusion during surgery, or the same volume of normal saline (control). After thyroidectomy, we evaluated postoperative pain, nausea, fentanyl consumption, frequency of pushing the button (FPB) for patient‐controlled analgesia (PCA), High‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) in serum, and patient satisfaction scores regarding the recovery process.

Results

Postoperative pain and nausea scores were significantly lower in the lidocaine group for the first 4 h following thyroidectomy, compared to the control group. Fentanyl consumption and FPB for the PCA were also significantly reduced in the lidocaine group for 4 h following thyroidectomy, and hs‐CRP was significantly less in the lidocaine group at postoperative days 1 and 3. Furthermore, satisfaction scores were significantly higher in the lidocaine group compared to the control group.

Conclusions

Intravenous lidocaine effectively reduced postoperative pain and nausea following thyroidectomy as well as improved the quality of recovery. Trial registration number: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01608360.
Microstructural Analysis of Orientation-Dependent Recovery and Recrystallization in a Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel Deformed by Compression at a High Strain Rate
Authors: Zhang Zhenbo , Zhang Yubin , Mishin Oleg V. , Tao Nairong , Pantleon Wolfgang , Juul Jensen Dorte
Published: July 2016

The evolution of the microstructure and texture during annealing of a modified ferritic/martensitic 9Cr-1Mo steel compressed by dynamic plastic deformation (DPD) to a strain of 2.3 has been investigated using transmission electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. It is found that the duplex 〈111〉 + 〈100〉 fiber texture formed by DPD is transformed during annealing to a dominant 〈111〉 fiber texture, and that crystallites of the 〈111〉 component have an advantage during both nucleation and growth. Detailed characterization of the microstructural morphology, and estimation of the stored energies in 〈111〉- and 〈100〉-oriented regions in deformed and annealed samples, as well as investigations of the growth of recrystallizing grains, are used to analyze the annealing behavior. It is concluded that recrystallization in the given material occurs by a combination of oriented nucleation and oriented growth.
Mechanical performance of date palm fibre-reinforced gypsums
Authors: Al-Rifaie Wail N. , Al-Niami Maamoon
Published: July 2016

The present work examines the properties of gypsum reinforced with palm fibres, as a low-cost construction material. Panels of 500 × 500 × 20/25 mm were fabricated and tested for impact strength, compressive strength and flexural strength. The results are compared with those made from fibreglass-reinforced gypsum.
Design of a rotor blade tip for the investigation of dynamic stall in the transonic wind-tunnel Göttingen
Authors: Lütke B. , Nuhn J. , Govers Y. , Schmidt M.
Published: July 2016

The aerodynamic and structural design of a pitching blade tip with a double-swept planform is presented. The authors demonstrate how high-fidelity finite element (FE) and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations are successfully used in the design phase. Eigenfrequencies, deformation, and stress distributions are evaluated by means of a three-dimensional (3D) FE model. Unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations are compared to experimental data for a light dynamic stall case atMa= 0.5,Re= 1.2 × 106. The results show a very good agreement as long as the flow stays attached. Tendencies for the span-wise location of separation are captured. As soon as separation sets in, discrepancies between experimental and numerical data are observed. The experimental data show that for light dynamic stall cases atMa= 0.5, a factor of safety ofFoS= 2.0 is sufficient if the presented simulation methods are used.
COMPUTABILITY AND THE CONNES EMBEDDING PROBLEM
Authors: GOLDBRING ISAAC , HART BRADD
Published: July 2016

The Connes Embedding Problem (CEP) asks whether every separable II1 factor embeds into an ultrapower of the hyperfinite II1 factor. We show that the CEP is equivalent to the statement that every type II1 tracial von Neumann algebra has a computable universal theory.
DEEP CLASSES
Authors: BIENVENU LAURENT , PORTER CHRISTOPHER P.
Published: July 2016

A set of infinite binary sequences ${\cal C} \subseteq 2$ℕ is negligible if there is no partial probabilistic algorithm that produces an element of this set with positive probability. The study of negligibility is of particular interest in the context of ${\rm{\Pi }}_1^0 $ classes. In this paper, we introduce the notion of depth for ${\rm{\Pi }}_1^0 $ classes, which is a stronger form of negligibility. Whereas a negligible ${\rm{\Pi }}_1^0 $ class ${\cal C}$ has the property that one cannot probabilistically compute a member of ${\cal C}$ with positive probability, a deep ${\rm{\Pi }}_1^0 $ class ${\cal C}$ has the property that one cannot probabilistically compute an initial segment of a member of ${\cal C}$ with high probability. That is, the probability of computing a length n initial segment of a deep ${\rm{\Pi }}_1^0 $ class converges to 0 effectively in n.

We prove a number of basic results about depth, negligibility, and a variant of negligibility that we call tt-negligibility. We provide a number of examples of deep ${\rm{\Pi }}_1^0 $ classes that occur naturally in computability theory and algorithmic randomness. We also study deep classes in the context of mass problems, examine the relationship between deep classes and certain lowness notions in algorithmic randomness, and establish a relationship between members of deep classes and the amount of mutual information with Chaitin’s Ω.
Rome
Authors: Taylor Rabun , Rinne Katherine , Kostof Spiro
Published: July 2016

Spanning the entire history of the city of Rome from Iron Age village to modern metropolis, this is the first book to take the long view of the Eternal City as an urban organism. Three thousand years old and counting, Rome has thrived almost from the start on self-reference, supplementing the everyday concerns of urban management and planning by projecting its own past onto the city of the moment. This is a study of the urban processes by which Rome's people and leaders, both as custodians of its illustrious past and as agents of its expansive power, have shaped and conditioned its urban fabric by manipulating geography and organizing space; planning infrastructure; designing and presiding over mythmaking, ritual, and stagecraft; controlling resident and transient populations; and exploiting Rome's standing as a seat of global power and a religious capital.
Computational Thermodynamics of Materials
Authors: Liu Zi-Kui , Wang Yi
Published: July 2016

This unique and comprehensive introduction offers an unrivalled and in-depth understanding of the computational-based thermodynamic approach and how it can be used to guide the design of materials for robust performances, integrating basic fundamental concepts with experimental techniques and practical industrial applications, to provide readers with a thorough grounding in the subject. Topics covered range from the underlying thermodynamic principles, to the theory and methodology of thermodynamic data collecting, analysis, modeling, and verification, with details on free energy, phase equilibrium, phase diagrams, chemical reactions, and electrochemistry. In thermodynamic modelling, the authors focus on the CALPHAD method and first-principles calculations. They also provide guidance for use of YPHON, a mixed-space phonon code developed by the authors for polar materials based on the supercell approach. Including worked examples, case studies, and end-of-chapter problems, this is an essential resource for students, researchers, and practitioners in materials science.
The First World War and German National Identity
Authors: Vermeiren Jan
Published: July 2016

An innovative study of the coalition between Imperial Germany and Austria-Hungary during the First World War. Jan Vermeiren pays particular attention to the cultural and social dimension of the special relationship between Berlin and Vienna and investigates the impact of the wartime alliance on German national identity. Focusing on the attitudes taken by governmental circles, politically active groups, and the broader public towards their 'fellow' Germans in the Habsburg Monarchy, Vermeiren provides a reassessment of German war ideology and nationalism and also presents many new insights into German-Slav and German-Hungarian relations in the period. Based on an impressive array of primary sources, the book is a valuable addition to the field of international history and will appeal to scholars of German and Central European history, historians of the First World War, and readers with an interest in the complex relationship between war and society.
Conformal Methods in General Relativity
Authors: Kroon Juan A. Valiente
Published: July 2016

This book offers a systematic exposition of conformal methods and how they can be used to study the global properties of solutions to the equations of Einstein's theory of gravity. It shows that combining these ideas with differential geometry can elucidate the existence and stability of the basic solutions of the theory. Introducing the differential geometric, spinorial and PDE background required to gain a deep understanding of conformal methods, this text provides an accessible account of key results in mathematical relativity over the last thirty years, including the stability of de Sitter and Minkowski spacetimes. For graduate students and researchers, this self-contained account includes useful visual models to help the reader grasp abstract concepts and a list of further reading, making this the perfect reference companion on the topic.
Maxwell's Enduring Legacy
Authors: Longair Malcolm
Published: July 2016

The Cavendish Laboratory is arguably the most famous physics laboratory in the world. Founded in 1874, it rapidly gained a leading international reputation through the researches of the Cavendish professors beginning with Maxwell, Rayleigh, J. J. Thomson, Rutherford and Bragg. Its name will always be associated with the discoveries of the electron, the neutron, the structure of the DNA molecule and pulsars, but these are simply the tip of the iceberg of outstanding science. The physics carried out in the laboratory is the central theme of the book and this is explained in reasonably non-technical terms. The research activities are set in their international context. Generously illustrated, with many pictures of the apparatus used and diagrams from the original papers, the story is brought right up to date with descriptions of the science carried out under the leadership of the very different personalities of Mott, Pippard and Edwards.
A Republic of Law
Authors: Lovett Frank
Published: July 2016

The rule of law is a valuable human achievement. It is valuable not only instrumentally, but also for its own sake as a significant aspect of social justice. Only in a society that enjoys the rule of law is it possible for people to regard one another as fellow free citizens; no one the master of anyone else. Nevertheless, the rule of law is poorly understood. In this book, Frank Lovett develops a rigorous conception of the rule of law that is grounded in legal positivism, and offers a civic republican argument for its value in terms of freedom from domination. Bridging persistent methodological gaps that divide legal philosophy, social science, and political theory, Lovett demonstrates how insights from all three can be united in a single powerful theory. This book will appeal to anyone interested in the rule of law, including scholars, legal officials, and policy-makers.
A First Course in Statistical Programming with R
Authors: Braun W. John , Murdoch Duncan J.
Published: July 2016

This new, color edition of Braun and Murdoch's bestselling textbook integrates use of the RStudio platform and adds discussion of newer graphics systems, extensive exploration of Markov chain Monte Carlo, expert advice on common error messages, motivating applications of matrix decompositions, and numerous new examples and exercises. This is the only introduction you'll need to start programming in R, the computing standard for analyzing data. Co-written by an R Core Team member and an established R author, this book comes with real R code that complies with the standards of the language. Unlike other introductory books on the R system, this book emphasizes programming, including the principles that apply to most computing languages, and techniques used to develop more complex projects. Solutions, datasets, and any errata are available from the book's website. The many examples, all from real applications, make it particularly useful for anyone working in practical data analysis.
The Elizabethan Country House Entertainment
Authors: Kolkovich Elizabeth Zeman
Published: July 2016

This is the first full-length critical study of country house entertainment, a genre central to late Elizabethan politics. It shows how the short plays staged for the Queen at country estates like Kenilworth Castle and Elvetham shaped literary trends and intervened in political debates, including whether women made good politicians and what roles the church and local culture should play in definitions of England. In performance and print, country house entertainments facilitated political negotiations, rethought gender roles, and crafted regional and national identities. In its investigation of how the hosts used performances to negotiate local and national politics, the book also sheds light on how and why such entertainments enabled female performance and authorship at a time when English women did not write or perform commercial plays. Written in a lively and accessible style, this is fascinating reading for scholars and students of early modern literature, theatre, and women's history.
What is a Law of Nature?
Authors: Armstrong D. M.
Published: July 2016

First published in 1985, D. M. Armstrong's original work on what laws of nature are has continued to be influential in the areas of metaphysics and philosophy of science. Presenting a definitive attack on the sceptical Humean view, that laws are no more than a regularity of coincidence between stances of properties, Armstrong establishes his own theory and defends it concisely and systematically against objections. Presented in a fresh twenty-first-century series livery, and including a specially commissioned preface written by Marc Lange, illuminating its continuing importance and relevance to philosophical enquiry, this influential work is available for a new generation of readers.
Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences
Authors: Ricoeur Paul
Published: July 2016

Collected and translated by John B. Thompson, this collection of essays by Paul Ricoeur includes many that had never appeared in English before the volume's publication in 1981. As comprehensive as it is illuminating, this lucid introduction to Ricoeur's prolific contributions to sociological theory features his more recent writings on the history of hermeneutics, its central themes and issues, his own constructive position and its implications for sociology, psychoanalysis and history. Presented in a fresh twenty-first-century series livery, and including a specially commissioned preface written by Charles Taylor, illuminating its enduring importance and relevance to philosophical enquiry, this classic work has been revived for a new generation of readers.
Taming Babel
Authors: Leow Rachel
Published: July 2016

Taming Babel sheds new light on the role of language in the making of modern postcolonial Asian nations. Focusing on one of the most linguistically diverse territories in the British Empire, Rachel Leow explores the profound anxieties generated by a century of struggles to govern the polyglot subjects of British Malaya and postcolonial Malaysia. The book ranges across a series of key moments in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, in which British and Asian actors wrought quiet battles in the realm of language: in textbooks and language classrooms; in dictionaries, grammars and orthographies; in propaganda and psychological warfare; and in the very planning of language itself. Every attempt to tame Chinese and Malay languages resulted in failures of translation, competence, and governance, exposing both the deep fragility of a monoglot state in polyglot milieux, and the essential untameable nature of languages in motion.
Economic Ideas in Political Time
Authors: Widmaier Wesley W.
Published: July 2016

Over the past century, the rise and fall of economic policy orders has been shaped by a paradox, as intellectual and institutional stability have repeatedly caused market instability and crisis. To highlight such dynamics, this volume offers a theory of economic ideas in political time. The author counters paradigmatic and institutionalist views of ideas as enabling self-reinforcing path dependencies, offering an alternative social psychological argument that ideas which initially reduce uncertainty can subsequently fuel misplaced certainty and crises. Historically, the book then traces the development and decline of the progressive, Keynesian, and neoliberal orders, arguing that each order's principled foundations were gradually displaced by macroeconomic models that obscured new causes of the Great Depression, Great Stagflation, and Global Financial Crisis. Finally, in policy terms, Widmaier stresses the costs of intellectual autonomy, as efforts to 'prevent the last crisis' have repeatedly obscured new causes of crises.
Law and Religion in American History
Authors: McGarvie Mark Douglas
Published: July 2016

This book furthers dialogue on the separation of church and state with an approach that emphasizes intellectual history and the constitutional theory that underlies American society. Mark Douglas McGarvie explains that the founding fathers of America considered the right of conscience to be an individual right, to be protected against governmental interference. While the religion clauses enunciated this right, its true protection occurred in the creation of separate public and private spheres. Religion and the churches were placed in the private sector. Yet, politically active Christians have intermittently mounted challenges to this bifurcation in calling for a greater public role for Christian faith and morality in American society. Both students and scholars will learn much from this intellectual history of law and religion that contextualizes a four-hundred-year-old ideological struggle.
The Internal Effects of ASEAN External Relations
Authors: Venzke Ingo , Thio Li-ann
Published: July 2016

Starting with a typology of ASEAN external agreements, the authors go on to provide an original reading of plurilateral agreements as 'joint' agreements. The book then offers both a clarification of the effects - direct or indirect - of external agreements within the legal orders of ASEAN Member States, and an explanation of the effects of external agreements within the legal regime of ASEAN. The authors conclude with a discussion of the role of ASEAN centrality and the role of the secretariat in shaping it.
Exclusion from Public Space
Authors: Moeckli Daniel
Published: July 2016

Hardly known twenty years ago, exclusion from public space has today become a standard tool of state intervention. Every year, tens of thousands of homeless individuals, drug addicts, teenagers, protesters and others are banned from parts of public space. The rise of exclusion measures is characteristic of two broader developments that have profoundly transformed public space in recent years: the privatisation of public space, and its increased control in the 'security society'. Despite the fundamental problems it raises, exclusion from public space has received hardly any attention from legal scholars. This book addresses this gap and comprehensively explores the implications that this new form of intervention has for the constitutional essentials of liberal democracy: the rule of law, fundamental rights, and democracy. To do so, it analyses legal developments in three liberal democracies that have been at the forefront of promoting exclusion measures: the United Kingdom, the United States, and Switzerland.
Limit Order Books
Authors: Abergel Frédéric , Anane Marouane , Chakraborti Anirban , Jedidi Aymen , Muni Toke Ioane
Published: July 2016

A limit order book is essentially a file on a computer that contains all orders sent to the market, along with their characteristics such as the sign of the order, price, quantity and a timestamp. The majority of organized electronic markets rely on limit order books to store the list of interests of market participants on their central computer. A limit order book contains all the information available on a specific market and it reflects the way the market moves under the influence of its participants. This book discusses several models of limit order books. It begins by discussing the data to assess their empirical properties, and then moves on to mathematical models in order to reproduce the observed properties. Finally, the book presents a framework for numerical simulations. It also covers important modelling techniques including agent-based modelling, and advanced modelling of limit order books based on Hawkes processes. The book also provides in-depth coverage of simulation techniques and introduces general, flexible, open source library concepts useful to readers studying trading strategies in order-driven markets.
National Identities and International Relations
Authors: Lebow Richard Ned
Published: July 2016

Identity is the master variable for many constructivist scholars of international politics. In this comparative study, Richard Ned Lebow shows that states do not have identities any more than people do. Leaders, peoples, and foreign actors seek to impose national identifications consistent with their political projects and psychological needs. These identifications are multiple, fluid and rise in importance as a function of priming and context. Leaders are at least as likely to invoke national identifications as rationalizations for policies pursued for other reasons as they are to be influenced by them. National identifications are nevertheless important because they invariably stress the alleged uniqueness of a people and its country, and are a principal means of seeking status and building self-esteem. Lebow tracks the relative appeal of these principles, the ways in which they are constructed, how they influence national identifications, and how they in turn affect regional and international practices.
Decaying ofArtemia salinain clay colloids: 14-month experimental formation of subfossils
Authors: Naimark Elena B. , Kalinina Maria A. , Shokurov Alexander V. , Markov Alexander V. , Boeva Natalia M.
Published: July 2016

The mechanism that guides the formation of exceptionally preserved fossils with soft tissues variously displayed is a paramount challenge to paleontology. The key question for exceptional preservation is the nature of the slowdown of decay and acceleration of soft tissue mineralization. Here we report the experimental formation of subfossils of the brine shrimpArtemia salina(Crustacea, Branchiopoda), which were produced during 14 months of aging in a kaolinite clay sediment. EDS/SEM elemental analyses showed that the subfossils were preserved as thin clay-organic replicas that displayed fine anatomical details. Decomposition in the clay-colloidal solution established highly heterogeneous acidic conditions, with the lowest pH typically found in the vicinity of the buried organisms, and visually manifested in patchy coloration of the sediment. Elevated acidity is likely what ultimately slowed the decay. An acidic environment increases the rate of clay destruction and, consequently, the diffusion rate decline. As a result, the acidic products quickly accumulate around a buried body; this in turn inhibits bacterial proliferation, accelerates the acidic hydrolysis of clay and, accordingly, the release of tanning and mineralizing agents. The subfossils remained stable under experimental high pressure and temperature. These model subfossils exhibit features that are typical of some Lagerstätten fossils preserved in fine-grained sediments.
On the Importance of Engine Pressure Level to Turbo-jet Engine Reheat Performance
Authors: Woods W. A.
Published: July 2016

In this Note the reheat thrust boost for a turbo-jet engine is shown to depend upon various dimensionless parameters, one of which is engine pressure level. The importance of this ratio is illustrated graphically and it is shown to be most important over the range normally encountered on a test bed. It is shown that a given reheat system would deliver a higher thrust boost on a high pressure level engine than it would on a low pressure level engine. Finally, the pressure level effect on the thrust from an engine having a reheat system fitted but operating with the reheat unlit is discussed.
Fretting in the Light of Aircraft Experience
Authors: Walker P. B.
Published: July 2016

Fretting is examined in its engineering aspects and then considered on a more theoretical basis. The mechanism of fatigue initiation by fretting is discussed, and also some of the methods proposed for the prevention of fretting. Some attention is also given to the fatigue life of joints when fretting does not occur. The difficulties that have been encountered in understanding fretting and assessing its consequences are thought to have a rather special significance. It is considered that there is now sufficient knowledge to put the whole subject tentatively on a rational basis, but more research is required to remove some of the uncertainties that still remain.
Measurement of Travelling Shock Waves and Transient Velocities with a Farnboro Indicator
Authors: Benson R. S. , Woods W. A.
Published: July 2016

The Farnboro Indicator gives a large permanent pressure-time diagram with a linear time base and pressure scale. In its latest versions accurate diagrams can be taken over a wide pressure range. The major disadvantage is that it can only be used for cyclic repetitive processes such as those occurring in engines or specially designed machines. During the course of an investigation of pressure wave phenomena in an exhaust pipe of a high-pressure-charged two-stroke cycle engine model the Farnboro indicator was used to record shock waves travelling along the pipe and to measure the total head pressure downstream of a nozzle placed at the end of the pipe and hence to calculate the transient velocity. In this note some of the pressure records taken in the investigation are presented.
Definitions and Terms Relating to Aircraft Control Systems and Components
Authors: Hopkin H. R. , Thomas H. H. B. M.
Published: July 2016

Recent developments in the control systems of aeroplanes have been such as to underline the need for new terms, and the need to remove any ambiguity relating to terms already in existence. The question has also been raised by the British Standards Institute in relation to the revision of the Glossary of Aeronautical Terms. The present paper examines the problem in the light of possible future developments, lists proposed terms with their definitions, and gives an outline of the underlying arguments. It is written in the spirit that in the field of systems of units, notation, and nomenclature “survival of the fittest” will always apply. The details of the nomenclature are not considered all-important, but we have tried to select the right concepts, to classify sensibly, and to produce accurate and general definitions. We expect many useful and amusing comments on nomenclature, but the other aspects are the fundamental ones, and we hope there will be some constructive criticism.
Design of Transparencies
Authors: Przemieniecki J. S.
Published: July 2016

Summary:—

A study of engineering problems encountered in the design of transparencies for supersonic aircraft is presented with a special emphasis on the effects of kinetic heating. The paper is written primarily with optical transparencies in mind but many of the general principles discussed are equally applicable to the design of radomes for elevated temperature applications.

The first parts of the paper consider briefly the methods of calculating temperature distribution in transparent panels subjected to kinetic heating (or cooling) and this leads naturally to discussion of the effects of the non-uniform temperature distribution, differential expansion and the edge restraints preventing thermal deformations. Methods of calculating thermal stresses are suggested through the concept of the “ self-equilibrating ” temperature distribution; the main attention, however, being concentrated on the derivation of simple engineering formulae rather than on the mathematical rigour of the solution.

The choice of design cases for combined pressure and thermal loading is considered and it is shown that, in general, deceleration manoeuvres combined with outward pressure constitute the design criteria for transparencies. The effects of various parameters on the magnitude of thermal stresses are analysed; these include the effects of altitude, temperature, deceleration and material properties. It is shown that, for given material and panel geometry, the thermal stresses depend mainly on the following parameters: total temperature change, acceleration (or deceleration), and the Biot number based on the panel thickness.

Practical design aspects are also considered, such as choice of materials, strength, panel geometry, mounting of panels and the fail-safe design. Finally, testing of transparencies under pressure and thermal loading is briefly discussed, together with possible methods of strain measurements, and a tentative proving procedure for transparencies is suggested.