bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative cation dependency of sugar transport by crustacean hepatopancreas and intestine
Authors: Duka Ada , Ahearn Gregory A.
Published: June 2014

Glucose is transported in crustacean hepatopancreas and intestine by Na+-dependent co-transport, while Na+-dependent D-fructose influx has only been described for the hepatopancreas. It is still unclear if the two sugars are independently transported by two distinct cation-dependent co-transporter carrier systems. In this study, lobster (Homarus americanus) hepatopancreas brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) were used to characterize, in detail, the cation-dependency of both D-[3H]-glucose and D-[3H]-fructose influxes, while in vitro perfused intestines were employed to determine the nature of cation-dependent sugar transport across this organ. Over the sodium concentration range of 0–100 mM, both [3H]-glucose and [3H]-fructose influxes (0.1 mM; 1 min uptakes) by hepatopancreatic BBMV were hyperbolic functions of [Na+]. [3H]-glucose and [3H]-fructose influxes by hepatopancreatic BBMV over a potassium concentration range of 15–100 mM were hyperbolic functions of [K+]. Both sugars displayed significant (p<0.01) Na+/K+-dependent and cation-independent uptake processes. Transepithelial 25 µM [3H]-glucose and [3H]-fructose fluxes across lobster intestine over luminal sodium and potassium concentration ranges of 0–50 mM and 5–100 mM, respectively, were hyperbolic functions of luminal [Na+] and [K+]. As with hepatopancreatic sugar transport, transepithelial intestinal sugar transport exhibited both significant (p<0.01) Na+/K+-dependent and cation-independent processes. Results suggest that both D-glucose and D-fructose are transported by a single SGLT-type carrier in each organ with sodium being the “preferred”, high affinity, cation for both sugars in the hepatopancreas, and potassium being the “preferred”, high affinity, cation for both sugars in the intestine.
ERM proteins at a glance
Authors: McClatchey Andrea I.
Published: June 2014

The cell cortex is a dynamic and heterogeneous structure that governs cell identity and behavior. The ERM proteins (ezrin, radixin and moesin) are major architects of the cell cortex, and they link plasma membrane phospholipids and proteins to the underlying cortical actin cytoskeleton. Recent studies in several model systems have uncovered surprisingly dynamic and complex molecular activities of the ERM proteins and have provided new mechanistic insight into how they build and maintain cortical domains. Among many well-established and essential functions of ERM proteins, this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster will focus on the role of ERMs in organizing the cell cortex during cell division and apical morphogenesis. These examples highlight an emerging appreciation that the ERM proteins both locally alter the mechanical properties of the cell cortex, and control the spatial distribution and activity of key membrane complexes, establishing the ERM proteins as a nexus for the physical and functional organization of the cell cortex and making it clear that they are much more than scaffolds.

This article is part of a Minifocus on Establishing polarity. For further reading, please see related articles: ‘Establishment of epithelial polarity – GEF who's minding the GAP?’ by Siu Ngok et al. (J. Cell Sci. 127, [153197]). ‘Integrins and epithelial cell polarity’ by Jessica Lee and Charles Streuli (J. Cell Sci. 127, [146142]).
Multivariate signaling regulation by SHP2 differentially controls proliferation and therapeutic response in glioma cells
Authors: Furcht Christopher M. , Buonato Janine M. , Skuli Nicolas , Mathew Lijoy K. , Muñoz Rojas Andres , Simon M. Celeste , Lazzara Matthew J.
Published: June 2014

Information from multiple signaling axes is integrated in the determination of cellular phenotypes. Here, we demonstrate this aspect of cellular decision making in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells by investigating the multivariate signaling regulatory functions of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2. Specifically, we demonstrate that SHP2's ability to simultaneously drive ERK and antagonize STAT3 pathway activities produces qualitatively different effects on the phenotypes of proliferation and resistance to EGFR and c-MET co-inhibition. While the ERK and STAT3 pathways independently promote proliferation and resistance to EGFR and c-MET co-inhibition, SHP2-driven ERK activity is dominant in driving cellular proliferation, and SHP2's antagonism of STAT3 phosphorylation prevails in promoting GBM cell death in response to EGFR and c-MET co-inhibition. Interestingly, the extent of these SHP2 signaling regulatory functions is diminished in glioblastoma cells expressing sufficiently high levels of the EGFR variant III (EGFRvIII) mutant, which is commonly expressed in GBM. In cells and tumors expressing EGFRvIII, SHP2 also antagonizes EGFRvIII and c-MET phosphorylation and drives expression of HIF-1/2α, adding complexity to the evolving understanding of SHP2's regulatory functions in GBM.
Cytoplasmic dynein pushes the cytoskeletal meshwork forward during axonal elongation
Authors: Roossien Douglas H. , Lamoureux Phillip , Miller Kyle E.
Published: June 2014

During development, neurons send out axonal processes that can reach lengths hundreds of times longer than the diameter of their cell bodies. Recent studies indicate en masse microtubule translocation is a significant mechanism underlying axonal elongation, but how cellular forces drive this process is unknown. Cytoplasmic dynein generates forces on microtubules in axons to power their movement via Stop-and-Go transport, but whether these forces influence bulk translocation of long microtubules embedded in the cytoskeletal meshwork has not been tested. Here, we use function-blocking antibodies targeted to the dynein intermediate chain and the pharmacological dynein inhibitor Ciliobrevin D to ask if dynein forces contribute to en bloc cytoskeleton translocation. By tracking docked mitochondria as fiduciary markers for bulk cytoskeleton movements, we find that translocation is reduced after dynein disruption. We then directly measure net force generation after dynein disruption and find a dramatic increase in axonal tension. Together these data indicate dynein generates forces that push the cytoskeletal meshwork forward en masse during axonal elongation.
Pokeweed antiviral protein alters splicing of HIV-1 RNAs, resulting in reduced virus production
Authors: Zhabokritsky Alice , Mansouri Sheila , Hudak Katalin A.
Published: June 2014

Processing of HIV-1 transcripts results in three populations in the cytoplasm of infected cells: full-length RNA, singly spliced, and multiply spliced RNAs. Rev, regulator of virion expression, is an essential regulatory protein of HIV-1 required for transporting unspliced and singly spliced viral transcripts from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Export allows these RNAs to be translated and the full-length RNA to be packaged into virus particles. In our study, we investigate the activity of pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP), a glycosidase isolated from the pokeweed plant Phytolacca americana, on the processing of viral RNAs. We show that coexpression of PAP with a proviral clone alters the splicing ratio of HIV-1 RNAs. Specifically, PAP causes the accumulation of multiply spliced 2-kb RNAs at the expense of full-length 9-kb and singly spliced 4-kb RNAs. The change in splicing ratio is due to a decrease in activity of Rev. We show that PAP depurinates the rev open reading frame and that this damage to the viral RNA inhibits its translation. By decreasing Rev expression, PAP indirectly reduces the availability of full-length 9-kb RNA for packaging and translation of the encoded structural proteins required for synthesis of viral particles. The decline we observe in virus protein expression is not due to cellular toxicity as PAP did not diminish translation rate. Our results describing the reduced activity of a regulatory protein of HIV-1, with resulting change in virus mRNA ratios, provides new insight into the antiviral mechanism of PAP.
Characterization of two homologous 2′-O-methyltransferases showing different specificities for their tRNA substrates
Authors: Somme Jonathan , Van Laer Bart , Roovers Martine , Steyaert Jan , Versées Wim , Droogmans Louis
Published: June 2014

The 2′-O-methylation of the nucleoside at position 32 of tRNA is found in organisms belonging to the three domains of life. Unrelated enzymes catalyzing this modification in Bacteria (TrmJ) and Eukarya (Trm7) have already been identified, but until now, no information is available for the archaeal enzyme. In this work we have identified the methyltransferase of the archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius responsible for the 2′-O-methylation at position 32. This enzyme is a homolog of the bacterial TrmJ. Remarkably, both enzymes have different specificities for the nature of the nucleoside at position 32. While the four canonical nucleosides are substrates of the Escherichia coli enzyme, the archaeal TrmJ can only methylate the ribose of a cytidine. Moreover, the two enzymes recognize their tRNA substrates in a different way. We have solved the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of both enzymes to gain better understanding of these differences at a molecular level.
Water quality management in dental unit water lines
Authors: Bacon Peter
Published: June 2014

Practices need to prevent and treat microbiological contamination of water in dental unit water line systems to minimise the risk of infection. A field study involving four UK dental practices examined water quality in these systems and the effects on this of biocides and flushing
An overview of clinical treatment coordination
Authors: Hughes Rachel
Published: June 2014

Clinical treatment coordination encompasses the role of a treatment coordinator with that of an extended skills dental nurse, paving the way for dental nurses to become treatment providers in their own right. In this article, Rachel Hughes tells us her story and how it was all made possible
Perspectives of social justice among people living with mental illness and poverty: a qualitative study
Authors: Rudnick Abraham , Montgomery Phyllis , Coatsworth-Puspoky Robin , Cohen Benita , Forchuk Cheryl , Lahey Pam , Perry Stewart , Schofield Ruth
Published: June 2014

The experience of people with mental illness – many of whom live in poverty – regarding social justice has not been well studied. The present study sought to explore these experiences. Thirtyfour individuals with mental illness participated in a one-time focus group interview. A focused ethnographic approach to analysis was used. Participants expressed a need for support of selfdetermination as well as a focus on basic needs that they thought should be better addressed, such as food, housing, employment, income and high quality services. In sum, people living with mental illness and poverty report multiple unfulfilled needs that require a multi-faceted approach.
Sow Productivity on Commercial Pig Farms in the Republic of Macedonia
Authors: Angjelovski Branko , Cvetkovikj Aleksandar , Mrenoshki Slavcho , Gjurovski Ivica , Dejanoski Toni , Dovenski Toni
Published: June 2014

The objectives of the present study were to determine the production performances of sows on commercial pig farms in the Republic of Macedonia, to compare the differences in sow productivity data between small and large farms and to examine interrelationships of key production parameters among farms with different sizes. The study was retrospectively based and included the annual (2012) analyses of the sow productivity data in small (<200 sows, n=4) and large (200-1000 sows, n=5) commercial pig farms. The data was statistically evaluated and compared with the known literature. Sows productivity was greater on the small farms compared to the large ones. The small farms had larger litter per sow (PBL), more pigs born alive (PBA), higher weaning weight (WW) and more pigs weaned per sow per litter (PWSL) than the large ones (p<0.001). Small farms also had greater farrowing rate (FR) (p<0.01). Higher replacement rate (RR), lower average parity (AP), greater number of litters per sow per year (LSY) and higher sow death rate (SDR) were observed in large farms (p<0.001). The large farms also had less non-productive days (NPD) than the small farms (p<0.001). Different intensity of correlations also were observed for several productive parameters among the farm groups. The data obtained in this study show that sow productivity on Macedonian pig farms is lower than in EU countries. Small herds are more efficient than the large herds. Despite all limitations, our study provides information for veterinarians regarding reproductive parameters of sows and their interrelationships on Macedonian pig farms. Further investigation should be made in order to identify whether specific management factors have effect on the productivity of the breeding herd.
Discourses of terror: The U.S. from the viewpoint of the ‘Other’
Authors: Makoni Sinfree
Published: June 2014

Discourses on terror have been encrypted in the events of 9/11 in 2001 perhaps more than any single event since the end of the Cold War. Even though these discourses are projected as a global phenomenon, very few studies have analysed how they are framed by non-U.S. actors, especially by al-Qaeda and to some extent al-Shabaab. An analysis of discourses of terror by al-Qaeda is invaluable in determining how the U.S. is represented from the perspectives of the “other.” Using Critical Discourse Analysis as an analytic and interpretive framework, this article analyses al-Qaeda declassified intelligence reports captured by the U.S. in order to establish a view of “terror” from an al-Qaeda insider perspective. The article argues that there is a convergence of ideas and overlap in terms of the discourses of terror between the U.S. and al-Qaeda, which is ironic because of the firm distinction made by the U.S. government between “us” – the civilized nations – and “them” – the barbarian, evil murderers of innocent civilians.
Receptive multilingualism in Turkish-Turkmen academic counseling sessions
Authors: Sağın-Şimşek Çiğdem
Published: June 2014

This study examines a case of receptive multilingual communication in academic counseling sessions with participants of Turkish and Turkmen languages. In particular, the study aims to explore the contribution of linguistic and extralinguistic factors that might facilitate and/or constraint interlocutors' understanding in receptive multilingual communications. To this end, elicited conversations of a Turkish academic advisor and a Turkmen university student were video recorded and analyzed. The analysis shows that linguistic factors such as morpho-syntactic and lexical similarities between these languages do not guarantee but facilitate understanding. As for the extralinguistic factors, the study confirms that the use of institutional keywords in academic counseling sessions activates interlocutors' common institutional knowledge and, thereupon, the interlocutors' understanding is facilitated.
A C++ Template Library for Efficient Forward-Time Population Genetic Simulation of Large Populations
Authors: Thornton Kevin R
Published: June 2014

fwdpp is a C++ library of routines intended to facilitate the development of forward-time simulations under arbitrary mutation and fitness models. The library design provides a combination of speed, low memory overhead, and modeling flexibility not currently available from other forward simulation tools. The library is particularly useful when the simulation of large populations is required, as programs implemented using the library are much more efficient than other available forward simulation programs.
Genetic Dissection of a Genomic Region with Pleiotropic Effects on Domestication Traits in Maize Reveals Multiple Linked QTL
Authors: Lemmon Zachary H , Doebley John F
Published: June 2014

The domesticated crop maize and its wild progenitor, teosinte, have been used in numerous experiments to investigate the nature of divergent morphologies. This study examines a poorly understood region on the fifth chromosome of maize associated with a number of traits under selection during domestication, using a quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping population specific to the fifth chromosome. In contrast with other major domestication loci in maize where large-effect, highly pleiotropic, single genes are responsible for phenotypic effects, our study found the region on chromosome five fractionates into multiple-QTL regions, none with singularly large effects. The smallest 1.5-LOD support interval for a QTL contained 54 genes, one of which was a MADS MIKCC transcription factor, a family of proteins implicated in many developmental programs. We also used simulated trait data sets to investigate the power of our mapping population to identify QTL for which there is a single underlying causal gene. This analysis showed that while QTL for traits controlled by single genes can be accurately mapped, our population design can detect no more than ∼4.5 QTL per trait even when there are 100 causal genes. Thus when a trait is controlled by ≥5 genes in the simulated data, the number of detected QTL can represent a simplification of the underlying causative factors. Our results show how a QTL region with effects on several domestication traits may be due to multiple linked QTL of small effect as opposed to a single gene with large and pleiotropic effects.
The Role of the Higher Education Managements on Leading the University and Industry Partnership Through Clustering: Case in Health
Authors: Sart Gamze
Published: June 2014

Restructuring of higher education and its management is one of the liveliest debated topics in Turkey. In this paper, this issue is approached by focusing on university-industry relations. Technological advancement and globalization have substantial effects on the structure of the university and the industry. This paper not only aims to make suggestions that could be useful in the on-going debate about restructuring of higher education management in Turkey, but also to analyse critically and deeply what the roles of the higher education managements have on clustering, how they affect the success of the clustering, particularly what kinds of roles they have that they can affect significantly their stakeholders, universities in the region, international and national companies, small medium enterprises (SMEs), researchers, academics, start-ups, spinoffs, suppliers, and non governmental institutions, particularly in the field of health in which the translational research is the main area of activities. The author concludes that the mentality and the strategic approach of the higher education managements play an important and crucial role in developing sustainable partnerships like clustering, which requires long-term, intensive collaboration.
Measuring the Population Impact of Introducing Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy for Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in Canada
Authors: Louie Alexander V. , Rodrigues George B. , Palma David A. , Senan Suresh
Published: June 2014

Background.

The Cancer Risk Management Model (CRMM) was used to estimate the health and economic impact of introducing stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) for stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in Canada.

Methods.

The CRMM uses Monte Carlo microsimulation representative of all Canadians. Lung cancer outputs were previously validated internally (Statistics Canada) and externally (Canadian Cancer Registry). We updated costs using the Ontario schedule of fees and benefits or the consumer price index to calculate 2013 Canadian dollars, discounted at a 3% rate. The reference model assumed that for stage I NSCLC, 75% of patients undergo surgery (lobectomy, sublobar resection, or pneumonectomy), 12.5% undergo radiotherapy (RT), and 12.5% undergo best supportive care (BSC). SABR was introduced in 2008 as an alternative to sublobar resection, RT, and BSC at rates reflective of the literature. Incremental cost effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated; a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000 (all amounts are in Canadian dollars) per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) was used from the health care payer perspective.

Results.

The total cost for 25,085 new cases of lung cancer in 2013 was calculated to be $608,002,599. Mean upfront costs for the 4,318 stage I cases were $7,646.98 for RT, $8,815.55 for SABR, $12,161.17 for sublobar resection, $16,266.12 for lobectomy, $22,940.59 for pneumonectomy, and $14,582.87 for BSC. SABR dominated (higher QALY, lower cost) RT, sublobar resection, and BSC. RT had lower initial costs than SABR that were offset by subsequent costs associated with recurrence. Lobectomy was cost effective when compared with SABR, with an ICER of $55,909.06.

Conclusion.

The use of SABR for NSCLC in Canada is projected to result in significant cost savings and survival gains.
Breast Cancer, BRCA Mutations, and Attitudes Regarding Pregnancy and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
Authors: Woodson Ashley H. , Muse Kimberly I. , Lin Heather , Jackson Michelle , Mattair Danielle N. , Schover Leslie , Woodard Terri , McKenzie Laurie , Theriault Richard L. , Hortobágyi Gabriel N. , Arun Banu , Peterson Susan K. , Profato Jessica , Litton Jennifer K.
Published: June 2014

Background.

Women with premenopausal breast cancer may face treatment-related infertility and have a higher likelihood of a BRCA mutation, which may affect their attitudes toward future childbearing.

Methods.

Premenopausal women were invited to participate in a questionnaire study administered before and after BRCA genetic testing. We used the Impact of Event Scale (IES) to evaluate the pre- and post-testing impact of cancer or carrying a BRCA mutation on attitudes toward future childbearing. The likelihood of pursuing prenatal diagnosis (PND) or preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) was also assessed in this setting. Univariate analyses determined factors contributing to attitudes toward future childbearing and likelihood of PND or PGD.

Results.

One hundred forty-eight pretesting and 114 post-testing questionnaires were completed. Women with a personal history of breast cancer had less change in IES than those with no history of breast cancer (p = .003). The 18 BRCA-positive women had a greater change in IES than the BRCA-negative women (p = .005). After testing, 31% and 24% of women would use PND and PGD, respectively. BRCA results did not significantly affect attitudes toward PND/PGD.

Conclusion.

BRCA results and history of breast cancer affect the psychological impact on future childbearing. Intentions to undergo PND or PGD do not appear to change after disclosure of BRCA results. Additional counseling for patients who have undergone BRCA testing may be warranted to educate patients about available fertility preservation options.
Quality of Life in the Trastuzumab for Gastric Cancer Trial
Authors: Satoh Taroh , Bang Yung-Jue , Gotovkin Evgeny A. , Hamamoto Yasuo , Kang Yoon-Koo , Moiseyenko Vladimir M. , Ohtsu Atsushi , Van Cutsem Eric , Al-Sakaff Nedal , Urspruch Alexa , Hill Julie , Weber Harald A. , Chung Hyun-Cheol ,   for the ToGA Trial Investigators
Published: June 2014

Background.

The Trastuzumab for Gastric Cancer phase III trial demonstrated that combining trastuzumab with chemotherapy significantly improved overall survival compared with chemotherapy alone in HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer. We report health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and quality-adjusted time without symptoms of disease or toxicity (Q-TWiST) results from this trial.

Patients and Methods.

Patients were randomized to receive six cycles of chemotherapy given every 3 weeks (capecitabine or fluorouracil, plus cisplatin) either alone or combined with administration of trastuzumab every 3 weeks until disease progression. At each clinical visit, HRQoL was assessed using two European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer quality of life questionnaires, QLQ-C30 and QLQ-STO22. Q-TWiST methodology was applied retrospectively using the clinical data and utility coefficients.

Results.

Trastuzumab plus chemotherapy prolonged time to 10% definitive deterioration in all QLQ-C30 and QLQ-STO22 scores, including QLQ-C30 global health status versus chemotherapy alone, from 6.4 months to 10.2 months. In addition, trastuzumab plus chemotherapy extended Q-TWiST by 2.42 months compared with chemotherapy alone.

Conclusion.

Compared with chemotherapy alone, trastuzumab plus chemotherapy prolongs time to deterioration of HRQoL and increases quality-adjusted survival in patients with HER2-positive gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer.
Extrinsic influence of environment on the corrosion behaviour of enamel-coated steel dowel bars
Authors: Bajaj Srikanth , Patnaik Anil , Payer Joe , Liang Robert L. , Manigandan K. , Srivatsan Tirumalai S.
Published: June 2014

A new type of enamel coated dowel bars for use as concrete pavements has been recently developed and implemented. A gradual deterioration of such bars can occur due to corrosion occurring at locations of the fine microscopic cracks and other defects in the coating. The results of a study aimed at evaluating and understanding the corrosion resistance of such dowel bars is presented and comparisons made with corresponding epoxy-coated dowel bars. Identical defects were introduced onto the surface of the dowel bars with the two types of coatings. The extrinsic influence of environment and resultant corrosion based on type, location and severity of the defects was carefully examined. Test results reveal the corrosion resistance of enamel-coated dowel bars to be as good as the corrosion resistance of the corresponding epoxy-coated dowel bars. The presence of corrosion products was essentially confined to locations of the defects in the test specimens when the steel was exposed to concrete and subject to induced current to accelerate corrosion thereby demonstrating the enamel coating on the surface of the dowel bars to be effective in isolating the steel from the surrounding concrete and concurrently providing enhanced resistance to corrosion. Also, the enamel-coated dowel bars did not experience peeling of the coating at the interface. The epoxy-coated dowel bars revealed peeling of the epoxy coating from the surface that eventually got stuck to the inner surface of the surrounding concrete. This demonstrated that the enamel-coated dowel bars would perform better under prevailing service conditions in concrete pavements where relative free sliding is both essential and required.
Critical aspects related to Fe0 and Fe0/pumice PRB design
Authors: Moraci Nicola , Bilardi Stefania , Calabrò Paolo S.
Published: June 2014

A permeable reactive barrier (PRB) is a consolidated in situ technology for groundwater decontamination, but its long-term effectiveness, and thus the success of any remediation project, depends on the correct design in terms of geotechnical, chemical and hydraulic aspects. This paper examines the performance of a PRB and presents the results of an investigation into its long-term behaviour by using column tests. In particular, the geotechnical aspects involved in the design of a PRB and the effects of hydraulic conditions and contaminant concentration (nickel) are discussed. Moreover, the results of laboratory column tests carried out at various flow velocities and initial contaminant concentrations are discussed. The reactive media used in the tests are zero valent iron (ZVI) and a granular mixture of ZVI and pumice.
Editorial Vol.3(2)
Authors: Bhandari Govinda
Published: June 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10498 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: i-ii
Use of the Universal Soil-Loss Equation to determine water erosion with the semi-circular bund water-harvesting technique in the Syrian Steppe
Authors: Al Mahmoud Hamdan , Al Issam Khouri , Awadis Arslan
Published: June 2014

This research was conducted through the rain season 2009 -2010, in Mehasseh Research Center at (Al Qaryatein), The area is characterized by a hot and dry climate in summer and cold in winter with an annual average rainfall of 114 mm. Three slopes (8%, 6%, 4%) were used in semicircular bunds water -harvesting techniques with bunds parallel to the contours lines at flow distance of 18, 12 and 6 m. The bunds were planted with Atriplex Halimus seedlings. Graded metal rulers were planted inside the bunds to determine soil loss and sedimentation associated with the surface runoff, and metallic tanks were placed at the end of the flow paths to determine agricultural soil loss from water runoff. A rain intensity gauge was placed near the experiment site to determine the rainfall intensity that produced runoff. The treatments were done in three replications. The amount of soil erosion (in tons per hectare per year) increased with increasing of the slope, the highest recorded value was 38.66 at slope of 8% and the lowest 0.05 at 4% slope. The amount of soil erosion also increased with increasing of water run distance, which was 38.66 T.ha-1.yr-1 at 18 m and 0.05 T.ha-1.yr-1 at 6 m . Bunds with different diameter of water harvesting reduced soil erosion by about 65% at slope of 8%, 55% at 6%, and 46% at 4%. The input parameters of Universal soil-loss equation were found to be suitable for determining soil erosion in this arid and semi-arid region. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10499 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 1-11
Biomonitoring of lead (Pb) toxicity through aquatic macrophyte Eichhornia crassipes
Authors: Gupta Kiran
Published: June 2014

A study was performed for biomonitoring the toxicity of lead (Pb) in water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). To assess phytotoxic response of the plant against Pb chlorophyll content, protein content and NR activity has been observed while genotoxiocity was analyzed by study of mitotic index and micronuclei (MNCs) as genotoxic end point. For this purpose, Plants of Eichhornia crassipes were exposed to various concentrations of Pb (0.0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 ppm) for 2 and 7 days durations. Pb induced phytotoxicity was evident by reduction in chlorophyll content, protein content and nitrate reductase activity (NR activity). All aforesaid parameters decreased in dose-duration dependent manner. Pb treatment also led to dose-duration dependent inhibition of mitotic index (MI) and induction of micronuclei in root meristematic cells of E. crassipes. Decline in MI reflects cytotoxicity that directly affects root growth and elongation. Pb may cause cell death, which may appear as decline in MI. Micronucleus induction involving the mitotic spindle and consequent production of laggard chromosomes during anaphase and loss of a complete chromosome. The present investigations revealed that E. crassipes exposed to Pb experienced phyto-genotoxicity, therefore it can be utilized as biomonitoring tool for toxicity of Pb assessment. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10500 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 12-19
Physico-chemical characteristics of the ground water table after monsoon: a case study at central Travancore in Kerala
Authors: Vishnu Sankar S , Prince George , Mohan Thomas
Published: June 2014

Water quality plays an important role in maintaining plant and animal life. Lack of good quality drinking water and water for sanitation cause health problems. Water quality characteristics arise from a group of physical, chemical and biological factors. The dynamic balance of the aquatic system can be destroyed by human activities resulting in water pollution.Well water has traditionally considered as a safe resource of water for consumption without treatment and extensively used for individual water supply in rural and many urban areas.In this paper a preliminary analysis is done to explore the water quality of selected wells in order to correlate the effect of pollution on water quality at these locations. Water samples are collected from different regions of Vazhappally area located on central travancore of Kerala. These sites are important because people depend only on well water for drinking purpose. The samples are collected from ten locations and analyzed for chemical parameters such as pH, conductivity, salinity, turbidity, acidity, alkainity, hardness, total phosphates, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, total dissolved solids and Iron content. Samples are also analysed for coliform bacteria which cause pathogenic diseases. Remarkable differences are observed mainly in biological oxygen demand, acidity and hardness. Finally, an attempt has been done to correlate the observed chemical parameters and the waterquality standards. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10501 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 20-27
Seasonal variations in water quality and major threats to Nellore Cheruvu (tank), Nellore district, India
Authors: Sreenivasulu K , Hossain Kaizar , Damodharam T
Published: June 2014

Water is the most vital resource for the living beings to survive. India has a vast and varied inland water resource which is considered to be richest in world’s nature lakes. The physico-chemical characteristic of Nellore tank has been studied for monsoon, pre-monsoon, post-monsoon in the year. From the results water body was found to be well in the permissible limit of BIS (1998, except pH, DO, BOD and turbidity in some seasons, which may be due to anthropogenic activities in the area, and input of nutrients and other organic and inorganic substances through runoff water from agricultural fields. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10502 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 28-35
Occurrence of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria in soil in Kukawa, Borno State
Authors: Allamin IA , Ijah UJJ , Ismail HY , Riskuwa ML
Published: June 2014

Soil samples were collected from five sites covering petroleum exploration station in Kukawa, Kukawa Local Government Area of Borno State, Nigeria between October, 2012 and February, 2013 at two different depths (0-10cm and 10-20cm) to enumerate and identify hydrocarbon degrading bacteria in the soil. Total aerobic heterotrophic bacteria (TAHB) were enumerated on Nutrient agar (NA), and Hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (HUB) enumerated on Oil agar (OA). The bacterial isolates were identified using morphological and biochemical tests. It was observed that the microorganisms (TAHB, and HUB) were more densely populated at 10cm depth. (TAHB: 5.3×108 - 11.4×108cfu/g, and HUB: 2.4×105 - 5.3×105 cfu/g, than at 20 cm depth (TAHB: 3.0×108 - 5.7×108 cfu/g, and HUB: 2.1×105 - 4.8×105 cfu/g). The HUB was identified as species of Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Micrococcus, Corynebacterium, and Actinomyces. Bacillus, and Pseudomonas species were more constantly isolated than other isolates and they constitute 100% of total bacterial isolates. The potential of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria isolated to degrade hydrocarbon was studied. Nineteen (19) bacterial species was screened, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Micrococcus leteus,and Lactobacillus casei, utilized and degrade crude oil at considerably high rates after 21 days of incubation. The degradation efficiency was confirmed by GC-MS analysis, which indicated that the bacterial isolates utilized most of the crude oil components particularly straight chain alkanes and cycloalkanes DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10503 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 36-47
Study of Myrsine capitellata wall in forest areas of Paiyunpata Village, Baglung, Nepal
Authors: Pathak Hom Nath
Published: June 2014

Present study focuses on ecology of Myrsine capitellata Wall. and its rapid decline due to over-exploitation in forests of Paiyunpata Village, Baglung district. Ecological parameters like importance value, species diversity, etc. have been studied. Besides, soil characters and causes and consequences of its deforestation have been discussed. The Myrsine capitellata Wall. is important forest component of the study area. Community diversity is less in North facing slope than in south facing slope. Soil is acidic, with high WHC value, low moisture content and sandy type of texture. After this study, it is recommended to begin for the extensive plantation and other conservation efforts of Myrsine before being extinct. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10504 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 55-62
Biodegradation of spent engine oil by bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of legumes grown in contaminated soil
Authors: Ismail HY , Ijah UJJ , Riskuwa ML , Allamin II
Published: June 2014

Biodegradation of spent engine oil (SEO) by bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of Cajan cajan and Lablab purpureus was investigated. It was with a view to determining most efficient bacterial species that could degrade SEO in phytoremediation studies. Hydrocarbon degrading bacteria were isolated and identified by enrichment culture technique using oil agar supplemented with 0.1% v/v SEO. Total heterotrophic and oil utilizing bacterial count showed the occurrence of large number of bacteria predominantly in the rhizosphere soil, ranging between 54×108 - 144×108 CFU/g and 4×108- 96×108 CFU/g respectively. Percentage of oil utilizing bacteria ranged between 0% (uncontaminated non rhizosphere soil) to 76% (contaminated rhizosphere). Turbidimetrically, five bacterial species namely Pseudomonas putrefacience CR33, Klebsiella pneumonia CR23, Pseudomonas alcaligenes LR14, Klebsiella aerogenes CR21, and Bacillus coagulans CR31 were shown to grow maximally and degraded the oil at the rate of 68%, 62%, 59%, 58%and 45% respectively. Chromatographic analysis using GC-MS showed the presence of lower molecular weight hydrocarbons in the residual oil (indicating degradation) after 21 days, whereas the undegraded oil (control) had higher molecular weight hydrocarbons after the same period. The species isolated were shown to have high ability of SEO biodegradation and therefore could be important tools in ameliorating SEO contaminated soil. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10515 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 63-75
Leaching characteristics of poultry litter in first phase of multistage anaerobic digestion
Authors: Sunkavalli Surya P , Rao A Gangagni , Swapnalata P , Zaheer M
Published: June 2014

Poultry litter is highly biodegradable in nature. Therefore, it could be subjected to biomethanation to produce valuable biogas and bio-manure as byproducts. Some studies have been conducted along these lines in India by utilizing the poultry litter as a substrate in batch type dung digesters of KVIC and DENABANDHU models. However, these reactors have the drawbacks of high residence time (30 – 35 days), scum formation problems etc. Moreover, these batch type plants are not suitable for the treatment of large quantities of solid waste. Multistage anaerobic digestion has the potential to overcome some of the aforesaid issues. Anaerobic leaching experiments were conducted at different total solids concentration and pH using poultry litter in order to evaluate the leachate quality for a period of 7 days. The increase in Total solids (TS) % from 15 to 20% show inverse effect on VFA and Alkalinity. The change in pH from 8.5 to 5.5 didn’t show much impact on VFA but there is a small impact on alkalinity. It was also observed that the leaching of the organic matter in the solid to the liquid phase is very fast and it is taking place approximately in three to four days and subsequently leachate getting saturated. Therefore, reactor set up was made in the last phase to regularly remove the water from the reactor so that higher driving force is available for leaching. The study resulted in leaching of maximum organic content in the solid to liquid within three days. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10516 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 76-82
Bacteriological analysis of date palm fruits sold in Katsina metropolis
Authors: Umar ZD , Bilkisu A , Bashir A
Published: June 2014

Date palm is widely cultivated, distributed and consumed by various individuals. Most of the date palm fruits sold in Nigeria are either damaged or has insufficient quality for human consumption. This study was carried out to determine the bacterial load of date fruits in Katsina metropolis. Enumeration of bacteria was determined using pour plate technique. Serial dilution was carried out, where 10g of date fruits was homogenized in 90ml of diluents and used as stock solution. The bacterial counts were determined using colony forming unit per gram of the date fruit samples (cfu/g). The results obtained revealed high bacterial load in all the samples analyzed, which indicates the fruits contamination with bacteria. This may be due to unhygienic handling of the fruits from the local sellers and the nutritional contents of the fruit that may serve as good source of nutrients to bacteria. Date fruits should be packed and processed in a very hygienic condition for public health importance DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10517 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 83-86
Study on bacteriological quality of Kunun aya (Tigernut juice) sold at Umaru Musa Yar’adua University (UMYU) campus, Katsina
Authors: Umar ZD , Bashir A , Raubilu SA
Published: June 2014

The study was aimed at determining the Bacteriological quality of Kunun aya (Tigernut juice) which is one of the most regularly non-alcoholic drinks consumed within Umaru Musa Yar’adua University campus. Samples were collected and analyzed from different places at the University for the Enumeration of bacteria. Serial dilutions were carried out from the collected samples where a dilution factor of 10-5 was obtained for each sample. Total aerobic bacterial counts, total coliform counts and Salmonella-Shigella counts were determined from the samples using Pour Plate Technique. The results obtained shows high bacterial load as the total aerobic bacterial counts had a range of 2.2x104 - 1.4x106 cfu/ml. Total coliform counts had 8.2 x 102 - 6.1 x 104 cfu/ml while Salmonella-Shigella counts had 1.1 x 102 - 8.7 x 104 cfu/ml. The result shows high bacterial contamination of Kunun aya, which may be obtained from the poor hygienic preparation process. This could be the reason for its quick spoilage. Preserving the drink in very low temperature may reduce the chances for its early spoilage. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10518 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 87-97
Opportunity cost, willingness to pay and cost benefit analysis of a community forest of Nepal
Authors: KC Anup , Joshi Ganesh Raj , Aryal Suman
Published: June 2014

One of the major policies in response to global climate change is reduction of green house gases emission. Community forests of Nepal are acting as major sources and sink of green house gases, in spite of providing socio-economic benefits to the user groups. There is a lack of information on whether community forests address the socio-economic disparity of user groups, and how it affects opportunity cost and willingness to pay to the forest users groups. Focusing on how the socio-economic conditions of forest users affect forest management, opportunity cost and willingness to pay; and effect of carbon trading mechanism and discounting on the cost benefit ratio, this study was carried out in one CF in western Nepal. The data collection methods included carbon stock measurement, household survey, focus group discussion and key informant interview. Study has shown that most of the forest users are in medium and poor economic classes and female involvement in forest conservation and management was remarkable. Poor people had high dependency on forest product and are most likely affected in terms of opportunity cost. Rich people were willing to pay more to sustain forest ecosystem services. Benefit cost ratio measured directly with and without discounting was 3.91 and 2.97, respectively. The findings of the present study indicate that the community forests users groups are benefitted from the current state of management. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10522 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 108-124
Assessment of potential health impacts on surface water sources in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Umar ZD , Bashir A
Published: June 2014

Northern Nigeria represents the most populous region in Nigeria and adequate water supply and sanitation typically leaves a lot to be desired in the region in order to prevent water related diseases to the vulnerable communities of the region. This research work was carried out in Kano state with specific emphasis on Tomas dam which is one of the largest dams established for multipurpose use in Nigeria. The research was aimed at evaluating Physico-chemical and Bacteriological quality of Tomas Dam in Kano State. 240 water samples from 5 sampling stations within eight months were analyzed for bacteriological and physico-chemical quality. The physico-chemical parameters indicated Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Water Current Speed results were not significantly different (P>0.05), while other physico-chemical parameters analyzed varied significantly (P<0.05). The study also revealed that Dissolved Oxygen (DO), BOD, Turbidity, and Nitrates recorded higher values than WHO and Federal Environmental Protection Agency, Nigeria (FEPA) limits. Total aerobic bacterial counts (TBC) and total coliform counts (TCC) were determined using pour plate and Most Probable Number (MPN) techniques. TBC and TCC were high and exceeded acceptable limits. Faecal coliforms, faecal Streptococciand Klebsiella species constituted 25% of the indicator organisms identified.The observed parameters indicated the Dam was contaminated with pathogenic bacteria. Variations in the weather conditions, animal and anthropogenic interferences were all directly or indirectly related to faecal contamination in the dam. Preventing indiscriminate faecal discharge close to the Dam and sufficient water treatment before consumption are of prime importance to public health as the dam was established for agricultural purposes. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10523 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 125-136