bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stemless InSb nanowire networks and nanoflakes grown on InP
Authors: Rossi Marco , van Schijndel Teun A J , Lueb Pim , Badawy Ghada , Jung Jason , Peeters Wouter H J , Kölling Sebastian , Moutanabbir Oussama , Verheijen Marcel A , Bakkers Erik P A M
Published: July 2024

Among the experimental realization of fault-tolerant topological circuits are interconnecting nanowires with minimal disorder. Out-of-plane indium antimonide (InSb) nanowire networks formed by merging are potential candidates. Yet, their growth requires a foreign material stem usually made of InP–InAs. This stem imposes limitations, which include restricting the size of the nanowire network, inducing disorder through grain boundaries and impurity incorporation. Here, we omit the stem allowing for the growth of stemless InSb nanowire networks on an InP substrate. To enable the growth without the stem, we show that a preconditioning step using arsine (AsH3) is required before InSb growth. High-yield of stemless nanowire growth is achieved by patterning the substrate with a selective-area mask with nanohole cavities, containing restricted gold droplets from which nanowires originate. Interestingly, these nanowires are bent, posing challenges for the synthesis of interconnecting nanowire networks due to merging failure. We attribute this bending to the non-homogeneous incorporation of arsenic impurities in the InSb nanowires and the interposed lattice-mismatch. By tuning the growth parameters, we can mitigate the bending, yielding large and single crystalline InSb nanowire networks and nanoflakes. The improved size and crystal quality of these nanostructures broaden the potential of this technique for fabricating advanced quantum devices.
Phenylethylammonium bromide-assisted solution-phase ligand exchange in CsPbBr3 quantum dot solar cells
Authors: Zhou Xin , Zhu Zhibo , Wang Chengyang , Niu Pujun , Lyu Mei , Zhu Jun
Published: July 2024

CsPbBr3 quantum dots (QDs) have excellent optical properties and good phase stability, but the long-chain ligands on their surfaces affect the charge transfer between QDs. Here, we propose a simple ligand exchange strategy: solution-phase ligand exchange. By adding an acetone solution of phenylethylammonium bromide to the purification process of CsPbBr3 QDs, the long-chain ligands were effectively replaced and the electric coupling between QDs was improved. As a result, the power conversion efficiency of the solar cell was increased from 1.95% to 2.83%. Meanwhile, the stability of the devices was significantly improved in the unencapsulated case.
Amplitude equations for wave bifurcations in reaction–diffusion systems
Authors: Villar-Sepúlveda Edgardo , Champneys Alan
Published: July 2024

A wave bifurcation is the counterpart to a Turing instability in reaction–diffusion systems, but where the critical wavenumber corresponds to a pure imaginary pair rather than a zero temporal eigenvalue. Such bifurcations require at least three components and give rise to patterns that are periodic in both space and time. Depending on boundary conditions, these patterns can comprise either rotating or standing waves. Restricting to systems in one spatial dimension, complete formulae are derived for the evaluation of the coefficients of the weakly nonlinear normal form of the bifurcation up to order five, including those that determine the criticality of both rotating and standing waves. The formulae apply to arbitrary n-component systems (

n
⩾
3

) and their evaluation is implemented in software which is made available as supplementary material. The theory is illustrated on two different versions of three-component reaction–diffusion models of excitable media that were previously shown to feature super- and subcritical wave instabilities and on a five-component model of two-layer chemical reaction. In each case, two-parameter bifurcation diagrams are produced to illustrate the connection between complex dispersion relations and different types of Hopf, Turing, and wave bifurcations, including the existence of several codimension-two bifurcations.
A prediction model for chlorophyll concentration in seawater based on BorutaShap-MEMD-GRU
Authors: Zhu Qiguang , Yuan Junjun , Zhang Linsong , Shen Zhen , Chen Ying
Published: July 2024

To solve the problem of the difficulty in selecting multi-parameter features of the ocean and the lack of power of traditional time-series prediction models in predicting ocean data, an ocean time-series prediction GRU model based on the Borutashap algorithm, and a hybrid multivariate empirical modal decomposition is proposed to predict multivariate in this paper. The feature selection of multi-feature ocean data is carried out by the Borutashap algorithm based on the XG-boost model, then the selected data are decomposed by multi-modal decomposition, and the data are reconstructed to get the high-frequency and low-frequency components, and the trend term components by Permutation Entropy, and finally the high-frequency and low-frequency components and the trend term are respectively brought into the GRU network and the prediction is summed up to get the final result. In this paper, the model’s effectiveness is verified by ablation experiments and compared with other feature selection models and classical time series prediction models, the results show that the model has a better prediction effect.
Solvability of a system of linear equations—an approach based on the generalized inverses determined by the Penrose equations
★
Authors: Baksalary Oskar Maria
Published: July 2024

The paper aims to play an expository role, providing a tailored introduction to the theory of matrix generalized inverses determined by the so-called Penrose equations, with the Moore–Penrose inverse as the jewel in the crown. The tailoring is made taking into account applicability of the inverses to solvability of a system of linear equations, which covers, inter alia, the least squares method. The method is introduced in a formal, though compendious way, with an intention to support researchers who want to consciously utilize it in their investigations. Additionally, the paper points out various links between the generalized inverses and theory of projectors, indicating issues which are relevant from the perspective of physics. The article can be viewed as a sequel of [O.M. Baksalary and G. Trenkler, ‘The Moore–Penrose inverse—a hundred years on a frontline of physics research,’ Eur. Phys. J. H 46, 9 (2021)], the paper prepared to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the first definition of the Moore–Penrose inverse, which shades a spotlight on the role the inverse plays in physics.
Nebulized spray pyrolysis deposited CdO thin films for liquefied petroleum gas and ethanol gas sensor
Authors: Vijayanarayanan V , Aravindan V , Karuppasamy B
Published: July 2024

High quality cadmium oxide (CdO) thin films were prepared through an inexpensive and simple nebulized Spray Pyrolysis (neb-SP) technique. The transparent conducting CdO thin films deposited at different substrate temperatures (TS) for the ethanol and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) sensor application. XRD, SEM, UV–vis Spectroscopy and Hall Effect were done to study the structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties respectively. Polycrystalline nature thin films shows (1 1 1) cubic structure as the prominent peak. Surface morphology studies reveal that the grain size and roughness of the films are increased with increase in the substrate temperature. The average transmittance of the yellowish transparent CdO thin films is about 57%, thus the films are transparent in the visible region. The optical band gap (Eg) value of the CdO films increased from 2.16 to 2.28 eV with increase in the TS from 225 °C to 300 °C. The minimum value of electrical resistivity of the films is 1.40 × 10−3 Ωcm obtained at 275 °C. The neb-SP deposited CdO thin film (275 °C) shows maximum response to the ethanol and LPG gas sensitivity of 31.87% and 16.4% respectively at operating temperature of 573 K. Thus the results authenticate that the CdO thin films deposited low substrate temperature with high quality can be achieved via neb-SP technique compared to other wet chemical or physical method.
Numerical analysis of an all-fiber plasmonic polarization filter using dual elliptical gold thin layers deposited photonic crystal fiber
Authors: Xu Yiming , Liu Chenxun , Chen Nan , Ding Xin , Cao Shuhua , Guo Luhao , Wu Tiancheng , Wu Xiaoxin
Published: July 2024

In order to solve the problems of high performance and small size incompatibility, as well as limited bandwidth, of traditional polarization filters in optical communication systems, this work presents an all-fiber polarization filter using dual elliptical gold layer deposited photonic crystal fiber by the finite element tool. The gold layers are plated on the inside of the two elliptical holes to create surface plasmon resonance effect, which cause the signal intensity in x-polarized direction to be much greater than that in y-polarized direction. The simulation results illustrate that when hole-to-hole pitch Λ is 2.0 μm, cladding hole diameter d
1 is 2.0 μm, two inner-holes’ diameter d
2 is 0.3 μm, spacing between two inner-holes d

s
is 0.755 μm, the major axis length of elliptical holes a is 2.0 μm, the minor axis length of elliptical holes b is 0.97 μm, the gold thin layer t is 100 nm, the proposed PCF filter exhibits good filtering performance at the communication wavelength of 1.55 μm, where the confinement loss in x- and y-polarized direction are 303.91 dB cm−1 and 0.06 dB cm−1, respectively. The crosstalk and operating bandwidth improve with the increment of device’s length, the 800 μm-long PCF filter possesses the maximum crosstalk of −211.14 dB and the bandwidth of 600 nm. Finally, the experimental scheme is also discussed. We believe that this photonic filter can play a significant role in optical communication, optical sensing, spectral analysis, and other related fields.
Influence of cenosphere reinforcement on microstructure, microhardness, and corrosion behavior of Al5052 alloy matrix composite produced by compo casting method
Authors: Sheikh Khursheed Ahmad , Mir Fayaz Ahmad , Maqbool Annayath , Qureshi Tabrez
Published: July 2024

The study investigates AA5052alloy matrix composite (MMC) with varying cenosphere particle percentages. Compo-casting integrated cenosphere fly ash particles (2, 4 and 6) wt% into the alloy, improving distribution and wettability. Microhardness increased with higher reinforcement, peaking at 87 Hv with 6% addition. Corrosion resistance in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution showed improved values compared to the base alloy with lowest corrosion rate of 0.144 mmpy for the composite with 6% reinforcement. The study highlights importance of cenosphere reinforcement in enhancing microstructure, hardness, and corrosion resistance in AA5052 MMCs.
Topological structures and adsorption properties of the [Fe4S4] clusters
Authors: Wang Xi , Chen Libin , Yan Yule , Liu Qiman , Zhang Manli
Published: July 2024

The [Fe4S4] compositions are ubiquitous in biological systems as integral parts of the complex catalytic mechanisms as in hydrogenases and nitrogenases. The current reports about [Fe4S4] species are based on the cube-like structure framework. Here, the topological structures, stability and electronic properties of gas phase [Fe4S4]+, [Fe4S4]0 and [Fe4S4]− are analyzed. It is found that ground state structures of these three clusters have similar cubic cages but different symmetries and spin multiplicities. The molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that the cubic cage remains thermodynamically stable at 700 K. The density of states show that the charge state is the key to affect electronic behaviors of them even under the same structural framework. The molecular orbitals show that the LUMO orbitals are distributed throughout whole structures, showing great delocalized characteristics, especially for the anionic [Fe4S4]−, while the HOMO orbits are mainly localized in Fe-S bonds, which are also confirmed by the electron localization function analyses. After one CO molecule is adsorbed on these clusters, it prefers to locate at the Fe atoms. Moreover, the C–O bond length and vibration frequency of the [Fe4S4]−-CO undergone a significant red shift. Our work shows that the [Fe4S4]− may act as a potential catalyst for activating the C–O bond.
High-gain H-plane SIW horn antenna loaded with dielectric slab for ku band low RCS applications
Authors: Kumar Ajit , Yadav Subash Chandra , Rao V Sivavenkateswara , Duttagupta S P
Published: July 2024

This article presents the design, simulation and experimental measurements of an H-Plane substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) Horn Antenna Loaded with FR-4 Slab for Low RCS (radar cross section) applications like defence sector at Ku band (12-16 GHz). The design facilitates high gain and good impedance bandwidth (IBW). Also, the proposed structure has simple feed, planar structure with low-cost FR-4 substrate as dielectric material and decomposed into two parts. The former part of the antenna is the feeding part, which consists of two metallic plates filled with air substrate and a 90-degree corner reflector designed by shortening the metallic plates. The later part of the antenna is loaded with the FR-4 substrate that enhance the peak gain of the structure significantly. A simple coaxial probe is employed for the excitation of the corner reflector antenna. After the design is conferred by simulations, the same is fabricated and the performance measured experimentally. The experimental results are in close agreement with the simulated results. The design has yielded a 10 dB bandwidth of 30% (11.6–16 GHz), and a stable endfire radiation pattern over the entire bandwidth with a peak gain of 18.5 dBi at 14 GHz. Also, the design has F/B ratio > 20 dB over entire 10 dB bandwidth. Moreover, the antenna produced low RCS < 20 dB(m2) from −30° to +180° of elevation angle. Therefore antenna can’t easily detected from the radar system and suitable for defence applications.
Simulation study of a highly sensitive I-shaped Plasmonic nanosensor for sensing of biomolecules
Authors: Chauhan Diksha , Sbeah Zen , Sorathiya Vishal , Adhikari Rammani , Dwivedi Ram Prakash
Published: July 2024

This paper presents the design and simulation of an I-shaped metal insulator metal waveguide-based nanosensor for biosensing applications. The device’s sensing property is investigated using the three-dimensional finite element method. In the proposed design a I-shaped cavity is coupled to the main waveguide that serves as a resonator to generate the resonance peaks. The refractive index of the material to be sensed is filled inside the I-shaped cavity. This sensor operates in the near and mid-infrared wavelength ranges. The device can identify a variety of biomolecules, including cancer cells and bacterial samples. The simulation results reveal that device shows different resonance dips for different refractive indexes of cancer cells. The device can obtain sensitivity of 1550 nm RIU−1 and 1250 nm RIU−1 among refractive index of normal and cancerous cell for basal and hella cancer cells, respectively. Instead of all these biomolecules, the nanosensor shows different resonance dips in the transmittance spectrum for DNA, RNA, and ribonucleoprotein. Furthermore, the sensor has demonstrated potential applicability as an HB concentration detector and for sensing other blood components. Moreover, we improved the structure characteristics by varying the length and centre area of the cavity, demonstrating that modifying the device parameters can boost sensitivity. After making structural adjustments to the device, the maximum sensitivity of 3000 nm RIU−1 is achieved for some bacterial samples.
Pulsations of Three Rapidly Oscillating Ap Stars TIC 96315731, TIC 72392575, and TIC 318007796
Authors: Zhong Hai-Jian , Shen Dong-Xiang , Zhu Chun-Hua , Liu He-Lei , Guo Su-Fen , Lü Guo-Liang
Published: July 2024

We analyze the frequencies of three known roAp stars, TIC 96315731, TIC 72392575, and TIC 318007796, using the light curves from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite. For TIC 96315731, the rotational and pulsational frequencies are 0.1498360 day−1 and 165.2609 day−1, respectively. In the case of TIC 72392575, the rotational frequency is 0.25551 day−1. We detect a quintuplet of pulsation frequencies with a center frequency of 135.9233 day−1, along with two signals within the second pair of rotational sidelobes of the quintuplet separated by the rotation frequency. These two signals may correspond to the frequencies of a dipole mode. In TIC 318007796, the rotational and pulsational frequencies are 0.2475021 day−1, 192.73995 day−1, and 196.33065 day−1, respectively. Based on the oblique pulsator model, we calculate the rotation inclination

i

and magnetic obliquity angle

β

for the stars, which provide the geometry of the pulsation modes. Combining the phases of the frequency quintuplets, the pulsation amplitude and phase modulation curves, and the results of spherical harmonic decomposition, we conclude that the pulsation modes of frequency quintuplets in TIC 96315731, TIC 72392575, and TIC 318007796 correspond to distorted dipole mode, distorted quadrupole mode, and distorted dipole mode, respectively.
From the Fokker–Planck equation to a contact Hamiltonian system
Authors: Goto Shin-itiro
Published: July 2024

The Fokker–Planck equation is one of the fundamental equations in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics, and this equation is known to be derived from the Wasserstein gradient flow equation with a free energy. This gradient flow equation describes relaxation processes and is formulated on a Riemannian manifold. Meanwhile contact Hamiltonian systems are also known to describe relaxation processes. Hence a relation between these two equations is expected to be clarified, which gives a solid foundation in geometric statistical mechanics. In this paper a class of contact Hamiltonian systems is derived from a class of the Fokker–Planck equations on Riemannian manifolds. In the course of the derivation, the Fokker–Planck equation is shown to be written as a diffusion equation with a weighted Laplacian without any approximation, which enables to employ a theory of eigenvalue problems.
Indonesian sustainable development policy: How the government ensures the environment for future generations
Authors: Arifin R , Masyhar A , Sumardiana B , Ramada D P , Kamal U , Fikri S
Published: July 2024

The Indonesian government’s commitment to sustainable development reflects its recognition of the imperative to balance economic growth with environmental preservation for the well-being of future generations. This study explores the multifaceted approach that Indonesia has adopted to ensure a harmonious environment for the years to come. Indonesia’s sustainable development policy centers on the integration of environmental, social, and economic considerations. By emphasizing collaboration between different sectors, the government aims to achieve long-term prosperity without compromising ecological integrity. One pivotal aspect is the promotion of renewable energy sources, such as geothermal, hydroelectric, and solar power, to diminish dependency on fossil fuels and mitigate climate change impacts. This strategy is coupled with efforts to enhance energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions across industries. The policy also accentuates sustainable urban development as Indonesia’s urbanization rate surges. Integrated planning approaches prioritize green spaces, efficient public transportation, and waste management systems. The aim is to curtail pollution, enhance urban resilience, and provide citizens with a high quality of life. Additionally, the government emphasizes education and awareness campaigns to foster environmentally conscious citizens who understand the significance of their actions in shaping the future. Equity and social welfare constitute integral components of the sustainable development agenda. The government is committed to poverty reduction, improved healthcare, and education access, recognizing that social development is intertwined with environmental health. By empowering marginalized communities and ensuring equitable access to resources, Indonesia strives to create a just and sustainable society.
Increasing shallot yields by using solid organic fertilizer and liquid organic fertilizer on dryland
Authors: Lasmini S A , Idham I , Tambing Y , Nasir B H , Tegar M
Published: July 2024

Palu’s local shallot are very popular because they have a distinctive texture, taste and aroma. This research aims to determine the effect of the dose of cow manure and the concentration of liquid organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of the Palu Valley variety of shallots. The research was carried out in Bulupountu Jaya Village, Sigi Biromaru District, Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi, from May 2023 to September 2023. The research used a randomized block design (RBD) with a factorial pattern. The first factor was the dose of cow manure which consisted of 3 levels, namely: S0 = no cow manure, S1 = 10 tons/ha and S2 = 20 tons/ha. The second factor was the fertilizer concentration. liquid organic which consists of 3 levels, namely: H1= 5 mL/L water and H2= 10 mL/L water, and H3 = 15 mL/L water. Each experimental unit was repeated 3 times so that there were 27 experimental units. The research results showed that there was an interaction between the dose of cow manure and the concentration of herbafarm’s liquid organic fertilizer on plant height, number of leaves, bulb diameter, fresh weight of bulbs and shallot bulb yield per hectare. Cow manure treatment with a dose of 20 tons/ha and a liquid organic fertilizer concentration of 15 mL/L of water gave the highest yield of shallot compared to other treatments.
The utilization of the discrete event simulation method in scheduling repetitive construction
Authors: Fadjar A , Ali A A
Published: July 2024

The critical path method (CPM) has been widely used in construction project scheduling. However, it is not very suitable for repetitive construction like residential complex projects. Discrete event simulation (DES) is a common approach used in manufacturing operational management. Since the construction of a residential complex is similar to the production line with a conveyor belt system found in the manufacturing process, this study argues that the scheduling of the construction of a residential complex can be done using discrete event simulation. A residential compound project designed for low-income community housing with 10 houses was simulated using the Simul8 simulation package. The simulation results show that the completion time of 10 houses was 153 days regardless of the inter-arrival time. The study findings also show that it is also possible to schedule each house for any inter-arrival time.
The role of graphene oxide reduction in increasing the efficiency of DSSC
Authors: Hatib R , Anwar K , Magga R , Prasetya A B
Published: July 2024

Dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a solar cell device that works using electrochemical principles where the sensitive dye is absorbed in the TiO2 photoelectrode layer. The problem with DSSC is lower efficiency than silicon solar cells. This low efficiency is due to the presence of barriers to electron transfer in the TiO2 semiconductor layer, causing electrons to easily recombine back into the oxidized dye and electrolyte. In this study, the addition of reduced Grahene Oxide (rGO) to the TiO2 layer was used to increase electron transfer in the semiconductor layer which resulted in increased DSSC efficiency. The semiconductor layer was prepared in rGO hybrid with TiO2. The semiconductor layer deposition method on Transparent Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide (FTO) glass was carried out using the doctor blade method. Testing of DSSC characteristics consisted of testing functional groups in the DSSC layer analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and the crystal structure of the DSSC layer was analyzed using an X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD). Photovoltaic testing of DSSC was measured using a data logger to determine DSSC performance. The results of the photovoltaic test showed that the addition of rGO could improve the performance of DSSC, with the test results showing the highest efficiency of DSSC when adding rGO was 0.0198%.
Status of Soil Chemical Properties in Areas Affected by Liquefaction Disaster in Petobo sub-district Central Sulawesi Indonesia
Authors: Somba B E , Zainuddin R , Tantri S
Published: July 2024

Good and fertile soil is soil that can provide nutrients adequately and in balance to be absorbed by plants. Soil comes from weathering rocks with the help of organisms, forming unique bodies that cover rocks. Liquefaction is a phenomenon when the strength and stiffness of the soil decrease due to an earthquake or other ground movement. This is a process or event of changing soil properties from a solid state to a liquid state. The purpose of this study is to determine the chemical properties of soil (soil pH, C-organic, N-total, P-total, K-total, and CEC). In areas affected by liquefaction in Petobo Village, South Palu District, Central Sulawesi-Indonesia. The method used in this study is a direct survey method in the field, then continued soil sampling at several points according to the coordinate points carried out by purposive sampling techniques. The status of soil chemical properties at 3 sample points affected by liquefaction and 1 sample point not affected by liquefaction in Petobo Village is classified as very low to very high. Areas affected by liquefaction have neutral to slightly alkaline soil pH content, very low to low C-organic content, very low N-total content, very high P-total content, low K-total content, and medium to high CEC content. Meanwhile, areas that are not affected by liquefaction have neutral soil pH content, very low to low C-organic content, very low N-total content, very high P-total content, low K-total content, and medium to high CEC content.
Comprehensive characterization of spathe fibres extracted from Cocos nucifera: physical, chemical, mechanical, thermal, and acoustic properties for insulation applications
Authors: Alagarsamy Muralikrishnan , Pitchipoo P , Kumar Senthil
Published: July 2024

In this study, a complete characterization of fibres extracted from the spathe of the Cocos nucifera plant and the properties of spathe fibres are compared with coir fibre extracted from the outer husk of coconut. Coconut spathe fibre is available as bio waste in bulk. The spathe fibres were carefully extracted, pre-treated with NaOH, and porous nonwoven fibre mat were prepared. The physical properties of spathe fibres were measured as per ASTM standards, and average length, diameter, and linear density were found to be 222 mm, 330 μm, and 58.85 tex, respectively. Chemical compositions, XRD analysis, single fibre tensile strength and elongation, morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermal characterization by TGA were also carried out. Spathe fibres treated with NaOH resulted in a 5% reduction in crystallinity index and more surface unevenness and pits. Developing acoustic insulation fibre mat from spathe fibre is a first-of-its-kind study. The sound absorption coefficient of the spathe fibre mat obtained from the impedance tube tester brings out a maximum absorption coefficient of 0.950 at 3150 Hz. The results were compared with coir fibre extracted from the outer husk of coconut and concluded that coconut spathe fibre is a suitable alternative for synthetic and other natural fibres.
Solid-state diffusion bonding for INCONEl 617 superalloy using field-assisted sintering technology (FAST) guided by CALPHAD approach
Authors: Degnah A , Alnaser H F , Kurdi A , Al-Gawati M A , Madkhali N A , Haneklaus N , Alhazaa A
Published: July 2024

This study investigates solid-state diffusion bonding between two INCONEL 617 alloy samples using field-assisted sintering technology (FAST). The study focuses on analyzing the faying surface validating the theoretical alloy design modeling done by the CALculation of PHAse Diagrams (CALPHAD) approach followed by experimental validation. Varying kinetics’ limitations enabled phase stability and phase control governed by the CALPHAD approach alloy design. The alloy design contains a pseudo-binary phase diagram assisted with thermal mapping of a property phase diagram to obtain the optimum temperature of solid-state diffusion bonding while understanding phase fields and their evolution through Molybdenum (Mo) increasing content and temperature increase. The FAST parameters recommended by CALPHAD were 800 °C under 10 MPa pressure with a holding time of 30 min. The investigation observations were promising in a way that the faying surface contains gamma (γ) only, while the further region on the alloy contains γ and gamma prime (γ′). It is worth mentioning that FAST joining resulted in fine faying surface thickness of around 10 μm and a controlled heat affected zone (HAZ) leading to relevant reduction in the recrystallization zone yielding an average grain size of 60–100 μm before and after diffusion bonding. Furthermore, two modes of metal carbide (MC) have been found; MC formed under the faying surface and micro-MC pools formed around the faying surface.
VUV imaging of type-I ELM filamentary structures and their temporal characteristics on EAST
Authors: DENG 邓 Rongjing 荣婧 , MING 明 Tingfeng 廷凤 , LI 李 Bang 邦 , SHI 石 Qiqi 奇奇 , HOU 侯 Shanwei 善伟 , YANG 杨 Shuqi 书琪 , LIU 刘 Xiaoju 晓菊 , LIU 刘 Shaocheng 少承 , LI 李 Guoqiang 国强 , GAO 高 Xiang 翔 , SUZUKI Yasuhiro , LIANG 梁 Yunfeng 云峰
Published: July 2024

In the H-mode experiments conducted on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), fluctuations induced by the so-called edge localized modes (ELMs) are captured by a high-speed vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) imaging system. Clear field line-aligned filamentary structures are analyzed in this work. Ion transport induced by ELM filaments in the scrape-off layer (SOL) under different discharge conditions is analyzed by comparing the VUV signals with the divertor probe signals. It is found that convective transport along open field lines towards the divertor target dominates the parallel ion particle transport mechanism during ELMs. The toroidal mode number of the filamentary structure derived from the VUV images increases with the electron density pedestal height. The analysis of the toroidal distribution characteristics during ELM bursts reveals toroidal asymmetry. The influence of resonance magnetic perturbation (RMP) on the ELM size is also analyzed using VUV imaging data. When the phase difference of the coil changes periodically, the widths of the filaments change as well. Additionally, the temporal evolution of the ELMs on the VUV signals provides rise time and decay time for each single ELM event, and the results indicate a negative correlation trend between these two times.
Calibration of CAMS PM2.5 data over Hungary: a machine learning approach
Authors: Qor-el-aine Achraf , Béres András , Géczi Gábor
Published: July 2024

Air pollution is a major environmental problem, and reliable monitoring of particulate matter (PM) concentrations is critical for assessing its impact on human health and the environment. The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) offers vital data on PM2.5 concentrations by applying a worldwide modelling system. This study compares in situ PM2.5 measurements and raw CAMS data at 0.1° × 0.1° resolutions for 2019 and 2020 in Hungary. It proposes a calibration method to improve the accuracy of CAMS PM2.5 data at the scale of air monitoring stations. In the study, the accuracy of the raw CAMS PM2.5 data is assessed based on the chosen air quality stations. Then, to improve the precision, we employed machine learning algorithms (LightGBM, Random Forest (RF), and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR)) for calibration. Initial assessment of the raw CAMS PM2.5 data showed positive hourly Spearman correlation coefficient values (SR between 0.64 and 0.87 for the 14 air quality stations used), indicating a positive relationship between the datasets but a systemic underestimation. Our findings highlight LightGBM as the most effective method, consistently demonstrating elevated correlation SR and coefficient of determination R2 values reaching up to 0.95 and 0.93, respectively, and very good RSR (Root mean square error ratio) and NSE (Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency) values (lower than 0.5 and higher than 0.75 for RSR and NSE, respectively). In contrast, RF yields mixed results, and MLR exhibits variable performance. By correcting underestimation and lowering modelling biases, the calibrated PM2.5 data better matches ground-based observations, which can be promising for using the obtained model for accurate estimation at individual air monitoring stations.
Repeat wildfire and smoke experiences shared by four communities in Southern California: local impacts and community needs
Authors: Hopfer Suellen , Jiao Anqi , Li Mengyi , Vargas Anna Lisa , Wu Jun
Published: July 2024

Families in unincorporated communities in Southern California’s Eastern Coachella Valley (ECV) increasingly experience the burden of repeat wildfires and smoke. This study describes their lived wildfire and smoke experiences, health impacts, unique community-level inequities that compound wildfire risk and air quality effects, communication preferences, and resource needs for future wildfire preparedness. A wildfire community vulnerability framework informed the focus group discussion guide, exploring individual, community, and local government level factors that potentially influence community response and mitigation behaviors to repeat wildfire and smoke. Ten focus groups with 118 participants occurred in spring 2023 with four communities in ECV, California. Findings center on narratives of acute wildfire-related experiences, including evacuation and burned trailer homes, acute and chronic self report physical and mental health impacts of wildfires and smoke, daily life disruptions, staying indoors for protection, and local interactions described as a community strength in responding to fires. Participants from unincorporated, low-income, and monolingual Spanish-speaking communities predominantly consisting of farm workers requested greater emergency preparedness and response information, training and education in Spanish, postfire resources, lower trash service fees, increased enforcement of illegal dumping and burning, and use of multimodal and bilingual communication channels for wildfire, smoke, and wind alerts.
The strong Lefschetz property for quadratic reverse lexicographic ideals
Authors: Jonsson Kling Filip
Published: July 2024

Consider ideals

I
I

of the form
\[

I
=
(

x
1
2

,
…
,

x
n
2

)
+
RLex
⁡
(

x
i

x
j

)

I=(x_1^2,\dots , x_n^2)+\operatorname {RLex}(x_ix_j)

\]
where

RLex
⁡
(

x
i

x
j

)

\operatorname {RLex}(x_ix_j)

is the ideal generated by all the square-free monomials which are greater than or equal to

x
i

x
j

x_ix_j

in the reverse lexicographic order. We will determine some interesting properties regarding the shape of the Hilbert series of

I
I

. Using a theorem of Lindsey [Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 139 (2011), no. 1, 79–92], this allows for a short proof that any algebra defined by

I
I

has the strong Lefschetz property when the underlying field is of characteristic zero. Building on recent work by Phuong and Tran [Colloq. Math. 173 (2023), no. 1, 1–8], this result is then extended to fields of sufficiently high positive characteristic. As a consequence, this shows that for any possible number of minimal generators for an artinian quadratic ideal there exists such an ideal minimally generated by that many monomials and defining an algebra with the strong Lefschetz property.
Homotopy Fibrations with a Section After Looping
Authors: Theriault Stephen
Published: July 2024

We analyze a general family of fibrations which, after looping, have sections. Methods are developed to determine the homotopy type of the fibre and the homotopy classes of the map from the fibre to the base. The methods are driven by applications to two-cones, Poincaré Duality complexes, the connected sum operation, and polyhedral products.
Caregiver Experiences With an Internet-Delivered Insomnia Intervention: SHUTi-CARE Trial Primary Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Shaffer Kelly M , Perepezko Kate , Glazer Jillian V , Mattos Meghan K , Klinger Julie , Buysse Daniel J , Ritterband Lee M , Donovan Heidi
Published: July 2024

Background

Digital health interventions show potential to increase caregivers’ access to psychosocial care; however, it is unclear to what extent existing interventions may need to be tailored to meet caregivers’ unique needs.

Purpose

This study aimed to determine whether—and if so, how—an efficacious Internet-delivered insomnia program should be modified for caregivers. The generalizability of these findings beyond the tested program was also examined.

Methods

Higher-intensity family caregivers (N = 100; age M = 52.82 [SD = 13.10], 75% non-Hispanic White, 66% ≥college degree) received access to an Internet-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) program. Participants who completed one or more intervention “Cores” provided open-ended feedback on their experience; nonusers (completed no Cores) shared their barriers.

Results

Most caregivers who used the program (n = 82, 82%) found it feasible, citing its user-friendly, fully automated online format. Many reported that CBT-I strategies were helpful, although some faced challenges in implementing these strategies due to the unpredictability of their caregiving responsibilities. Opinions were divided on the utility of tailoring the program for caregivers. Nonusers (n = 18, 18%) primarily cited concerns about time burden and lifestyle compatibility as usage barriers.

Conclusions

Delivering fully automated behavioral interventions through the Internet appears suitable for many caregivers. Extensive tailoring may not be required for most caregivers to benefit from an existing online CBT-I program, although additional guidance on integrating CBT-I strategies in the context of challenging sleep schedules and environments may help a subset of caregivers. Future research should explore how such tailoring may enhance digital health intervention uptake and effectiveness for caregivers.
Is nicotine vaping associated with subsequent initiation of cannabis or other substances from adolescence into young adulthood?
Authors: Perlmutter Alexander S , Keyes Katherine M , Giovenco Daniel , Martins Silvia S , Rudolph Kara E
Published: July 2024

Prior studies estimating longitudinal associations between nicotine vaping and subsequent initiation of cannabis and other substances (eg, cocaine, heroin) have been limited by short follow-up periods, convenience sampling, and possibly inadequate confounding control. We sought to address some of these gaps using the nationally representative Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study (PATH) to estimate longitudinal associations between nicotine vaping and the initiation of cannabis or other substances among adolescents transitioning to adulthood from 2013 to 2019, adjusting for treatment-confounder feedback. Estimands like the longitudinal average treatment effect were not identified because of extensive practical positivity violations. Therefore, we estimated longitudinal incremental propensity score effects, which were identified. We found that reduced odds of nicotine vaping were associated with decreased risks of cannabis or other substance initiation; these associations strengthened over time. For example, by the final wave (2018-2019), cannabis and other substance initiation risks were 6.2 (95% CI, 4.6-7.7) and 1.8 (95% CI, 0.4-3.2) percentage points lower when odds of nicotine vaping were reduced to be 90% lower in all preceding waves (2013-2014 to 2016-2018), as compared with observed risks. Strategies to lower nicotine vaping prevalence during this period may have resulted in fewer young people initiating cannabis and other substances.
Side-effects are often a curse. Can they also be a blessing?
Authors: Wiech Katja , Hartmann Helena , Bingel Ulrike
Published: July 2024

This scientific commentary refers to ‘How side effects can improve treatment efficacy: a randomized trial’ by Schenk et al. (https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awae132).
Development of nitrogen-doped carbon-supported metal catalysts for green organic synthesis
Authors: Yasukawa Tomohiro
Published: July 2024

This review summarizes our development of nitrogen-doped carbon-supported metal catalysts for precise organic synthesis, including asymmetric carbon–carbon bond forming reactions and electrochemical synthesis. These catalysts have been successfully applied to continuous-flow reactions. The nitrogen dopants critically activate and stabilize metal species, enabling unique reactivity and expanding the potential for novel organic reactions in heterogeneous manner.
Reading language of the eyes in female depression
Authors: Moosavi Jonas , Resch Annika , Lecchi Alessandro , Sokolov Alexander N , Fallgatter Andreas J , Pavlova Marina A
Published: July 2024

Aberrations in non-verbal social cognition have been reported to coincide with major depressive disorder. Yet little is known about the role of the eyes. To fill this gap, the present study explores whether and, if so, how reading language of the eyes is altered in depression. For this purpose, patients and person-by-person matched typically developing individuals were administered the Emotions in Masked Faces task and Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, modified, both of which contained a comparable amount of visual information available. For achieving group homogeneity, we set a focus on females as major depressive disorder displays a gender-specific profile. The findings show that facial masks selectively affect inferring emotions: recognition of sadness and anger are more heavily compromised in major depressive disorder as compared with typically developing controls, whereas the recognition of fear, happiness, and neutral expressions remains unhindered. Disgust, the forgotten emotion of psychiatry, is the least recognizable emotion in both groups. On the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test patients exhibit lower accuracy on positive expressions than their typically developing peers, but do not differ on negative items. In both depressive and typically developing individuals, the ability to recognize emotions behind a mask and performance on the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test are linked to each other in processing speed, but not recognition accuracy. The outcome provides a blueprint for understanding the complexities of reading language of the eyes within and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.
Solid-state dynamics of binuclear N-heterocyclic carbene Au(I) rotor with para-phenylene rotator
Authors: Jiang Pingyu , Mikherdov Alexander S , Ito Hajime , Jin Mingoo
Published: July 2024

Molecular dynamics in the crystalline solid state, typically constrained by a densely packed crystal environment, may offer opportunities to control the physical properties of solid-state materials. In this work, a neutral crystalline molecular rotor featuring a para-phenylene rotator encapsulated by N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and connected via a C–Au–C rotational axis is presented. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies, along with variable temperature solid-state 2H NMR spin-echo measurements, confirm the presence of 180° 2-fold rotational dynamics of the para-phenylene moiety in the solid state.
A note on the two approaches to the distribution of surplus value
Authors: Park Hyun Woong , Rieu Dong-Min
Published: July 2024

In a recent issue of this Journal, Cogliano (in ‘Marx’s equalized rate of exploitation’, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 2023, vol. 47, no. 1, 133–69) provided a theoretical basis of the hypothesis that the rates of exploitation are uniform across industries. In this paper, we compare the hypothesis and an alternative approach that assumes that the value creation per unit concrete labour is uniform. As neither approach considers skill differentials, we provide an extended framework that incorporates skills explicitly for the comparison. In addition, our framework considers the value creation of workers as a function of their skills and efforts of labour and, following Yoshihara (in ‘Wealth, exploitation and labor discipline in the contemporary capitalist economy’, Metroeconomica, 1998, vol. 49, no.1, 23–61), we define the ratio between effort and wage as labour discipline. Within this framework, we show the following. The equalisation of the rates of exploitation is eventually assuming that the ratios between the value creation and wage are equalised and it implies that high-skilled workers experience proportionately weaker labour discipline whereas low-skilled workers experience stronger labour discipline. On the other hand, the alternative approach that assumes the equalisation of the value creation per unit concrete labour implies that high-skilled workers work proportionately less intensively whereas low-skilled workers work proportionately more intensively.
Avocado cultivar and tree-to-tree leaf compositional differences affect infestation severity of Pseudocysta perseae (Hemiptera: Tingidae)
Authors: Bosch Michael J , Liang Peishih , Sun Xiuxiu , Hall Sierra , Love Ken , Cox David , Matsumoto Tracie , Follett Peter A , Stockton Dara G
Published: July 2024

Avocado lace bug, Pseudocysta perseae (Heidemann) (Hemiptera: Tingidae), is a sap-feeding insect that feeds on the underside of avocado leaves. First observed in 2019, P. perseae has spread throughout the Hawaiian islands, causing premature leaf drop and decrease in avocado yield. Due to Hawai’i’s approximately 200 cultivars comprised of all 3 avocado races with extensive racial hybrids, we were able to investigate whether certain cultivars were more prone to experiencing higher P. perseae abundances and infestations compared to others. We conducted longitudinal abundance surveys on Hawai’i Island across several common avocado varieties monitoring changes in P. perseae abundance. These surveys were supplemented with longitudinal infestation severity surveys across 4 avocado lineages (Mexican, Guatemalan, West Indian, and Guatemalan × West Indian hybrid). Additionally, we collected leaves of ‘Sharwil’, ‘Hass’, ‘Kahalu’u’, and ‘Nishikawa’ cultivars looking at associations between P. perseae abundance and cultivar, herbivory-related biomechanical traits, and soluble sugar content. We found that some cultivars, such as ‘Malama’, typically experience lower P. perseae abundances compared to cultivars such as ‘Kahalu’u’, ‘Beshore’, and ‘Sharwil’. Guatemalan × West Indian hybrid trees were also shown to have a higher probability of experiencing more severe P. perseae infestations compared to other lineages. Lastly, soluble sugar content, specifically fructose content, had a positive effect on juvenile P. perseae abundance. These findings suggest that cultivar differences in P. perseae infestations may exist, but tree-to-tree leaf compositional differences, such as soluble sugar content, may be a large driver of variation in P. perseae abundance.
Worked examples for peer interaction: a feedback and learning resource
Authors: Lam Daniel M K
Published: July 2024

Feedback penetrates many walks of our lives, and its importance in L2 teaching and assessment is well recognised. However, while corrective feedback and writing feedback have been the focus of much L2 research and classroom practice, there seems relatively little attention to feedback on spoken interactional skills. Concomitantly, translating research on interactional competence (IC) to classroom practice has been a glacial process. Aiming at supporting teachers in providing assessment feedback and teaching IC in the classroom, this article introduces worked examples of peer interactions as a feedback and learning resource. Adopting a procedure used in conversation analytic (CA) research, the worked examples are designed to guide learners to notice and understand IC features in context, at a less cognitively demanding pace for processing, and promote learners’ active engagement with the feedback or teaching focus. The article concludes with suggestions for teachers to develop similar resources for their local contexts.