bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entrepreneurship Development: Entrepreneurship Development Series, Volume 01
Authors: Jarial Sapna
Published: July 2023

"The book will be useful for students who want to understand the concept of entrepreneurship, business skills and values for developing their business ventures. The book also helps in imparting basic skills to start enterprises, illustrate the knowledge about new business plans and evaluate the practical aspects of entrepreneurship to help students explore innovative and create opportunities in markets. The entire book is divided into 13 chapters as below:1: Introduction to Entrepreneurship. 2: Characteristics of an Entrepreneur. 3: SWOT Analysis. 4: Achievement Motivation. 5: Role of Government in Entrepreneurship Development 6: Institutions for Entrepreneurship Development. 7: Entrepreneurial Development 8: Impact of Economic Reforms on Agri Enterprises 9: Essential skills for Entrepreneurship Development. 10: Entrepreneurial Characteristics Chapter 11: Roadmap for Business Start-up Project Planning Formulation and Report Preparation 12: Financing of an Enterprise 13: Opportunities for Agri Entrepreneurship and Rural Enterprise."
Diseases of Field and Horticultural Crops and Their Management
Authors: Khamari Bhagyashree , Satapathy Rakesh Roshan
Published: July 2023

"The book entitled ""Diseases of Field and Horticultural Crops"" has been designated to provide a ready reference on diseases of field and horticultural crops grown in Rabi season including symptomatology, etiology, epidemiology, disease cycle & management of the disease. Besides, the book also serves as a good reference for research workers and those who are interested in plant pathology."
Facts For General Agriculture
Authors: Kaur Kawaljeet , Singh Anupam , Upadhyay Hina , Chand Subhash
Published: July 2023

"This book is for competitive exams in agriculture discipline covering 5 facts about major broad areas namely Soil Science, Entomology, Agronomy, Horticulture and Agriculture. Each chapter contains one liner questions framed and arranged sequentially for the easy understanding of the students. Recent information and development in the field of agriculture have been incorporated in the book. Book will be useful not only to students but also teachers, researchers, extension workers and development officers for reference and easy answering of many complicated questions. The chapters are chosen in view to cover the course contents of competitive examinations like IAS, IFS, ARS, and PCS, Banking services, states and national levels of different competition in agricultural subjects. The entire book is prepared in most simple, clear and talking language so that the contents could be easily understand by the readers."
Canine Mammary Tumors
Authors: Kumar B.V. Sunil , Sharma Anuradha , Malik Yashpal Singh
Published: July 2023

"Canine mammary tumor is an important concern among both owners and veterinarians. Though frequency of mammary tumors varies in different species, canines are the most frequently affected ones, with prevalence about 3 times higher than humans. The book presents information on different types of canine mammary tumors and their features, symptoms, their predisposing factors and molecular marker-based diagnosis and prognosis of tumors. It also highlights many other advanced diagnostic techniques and current trends in therapeutics and surgery for their efficient clinical management. The work lays emphasis on the importance of immunotherapeutics and upcoming and improved vaccines to cure these tumors. It will be useful for veterinary clinicians, students and researchers for their overall awareness."
Genetic Predisposition to Cardiac Conduction Defects in a Multi-Ethnic Population: A Case-Control Study in Palembang, Indonesia
Authors: Hidayat Rachmat
Published: July 2023

Introduction: Cardiac conduction defects (CCDs) represent a significant global health burden, contributing to morbidity and mortality. While environmental and lifestyle factors are recognized contributors, genetic predisposition plays a crucial role in their development. This study aimed to investigate the association between specific genetic variants and CCDs in the diverse multi-ethnic population of Palembang, Indonesia.
Methods: A case-control study was conducted involving 200 cases with CCDs (atrioventricular block, bundle branch block, sick sinus syndrome) and 200 age- and sex-matched controls from Palembang, Indonesia. Participants underwent detailed clinical evaluations, electrocardiography, and genotyping for selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously associated with CCDs. These SNPs were located in genes encoding ion channels (SCN5A, KCNQ1, KCNH2), connexin proteins (GJA1, GJA5), and transcription factors (NKX2-5, TBX5). Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between SNPs and CCDs, adjusting for potential confounders such as age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking status.
Results: Several SNPs showed significant associations with CCDs in the Palembang population. The SCN5A rs1805124 variant was associated with an increased risk of atrioventricular block (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.12-3.05, p=0.016). The KCNQ1 rs1801252 polymorphism was linked to a higher risk of bundle branch block (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.30-3.40, p=0.002). Additionally, the GJA5 rs10453535 variant was associated with an increased risk of sick sinus syndrome (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.05-2.82, p=0.031). These associations remained significant after adjusting for potential confounders.
Conclusion: This study provides evidence for the genetic predisposition to CCDs in the multi-ethnic population of Palembang, Indonesia. Specific SNPs in SCN5A, KCNQ1, and GJA5 genes were associated with increased risks of various CCDs. These findings contribute to our understanding of the genetic basis of CCDs and may have implications for risk stratification and personalized management strategies.
Regulation of Erythropoietin Expression in High-Altitude Populations in Mexico: A Comprehensive Study
Authors: Fransisco Guezada  , Jaime Florez-Diaz
Published: July 2023

Introduction: High altitude exposure triggers physiological responses to compensate for reduced oxygen availability. Erythropoietin (EPO), a key hormone regulating red blood cell production, plays a crucial role in this adaptation. This study investigated the regulation of EPO expression in Mexican populations residing at high altitudes, examining the influence of genetic factors, altitude levels, and physiological parameters.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 400 healthy adults residing at varying altitudes in Mexico (2,240 m to 3,500 m above sea level). Participants were stratified by altitude and genotyped for EPO gene polymorphisms. Serum EPO levels, hematological parameters (hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count), and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were measured. Statistical analyses were performed to assess associations between EPO levels, genetic variants, altitude, and physiological parameters.
Results: Serum EPO levels were significantly elevated in high-altitude residents compared to those residing at lower altitudes (p<0.001). Specific EPO gene polymorphisms were associated with variations in EPO levels (p=0.025). Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell count showed a positive correlation with altitude and EPO levels (p<0.001). SpO2 negatively correlated with altitude and EPO levels (p<0.001).
Conclusion: This study demonstrates the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors in regulating EPO expression in high-altitude populations in Mexico. Our findings highlight the adaptive mechanisms crucial for maintaining oxygen homeostasis at high altitudes and provide insights into the individual variability in response to hypoxic conditions.
Integration testing locally and on GitLab CI using LocalStack
Authors: Eve Martin Paul
Published: July 2023

LocalStack is a great cloud emulation layer. It lets you simulate interaction with AWS, which is great for writing integration tests. However, I wanted a system that, when run locally, would spin up the LocalStack server and then destroy it when done. But when running the test on GitLab CI, it will use the “service” provision of their continuous integration system and connect to that.
Programming with Glitch: microservices and serverless computing
Authors: Page Roderic
Published: July 2023

Yes, this post is indeed an attempt to fit as many buzzwords that I don't really understand into the title. I've been playing around with Glitch, which is a delightful project from Fog Creek (makers of Trello and co-creators of Stack Overflow). On first glance Glitch looks weirdly retro, and it took a little while for me to get the hang of things. Bit it's fun and very powerful.
Notes on finding georeferenced sequences in GenBank
Authors: Page Roderic
Published: July 2023

Notes on how many georeferenced DNA sequences there are in GenBank, and how many could potentially be georeferenced.
When a GAP is not a GAP: ARHGAP11B, the mysterious human-specific gene
Authors: Matheson Stephen
Published: July 2023

A truly human-specific gene, not merely a human-specific version of an animal gene or a mammal gene or a primate gene — that is something particularly interesting. Given that the human genome is 96% identical to that of our closest relatives (chimps and bonobos), and given that so much of those genomes is composed of mobile elements that are unlikely to end up being genes at all, I and perhaps others long thought that human-specific genes would be something pretty rare. But there they are —...
GBIF Challenge 2017: Liberating species records from open data repositories for scientific discovery and reuse
Authors: Page Roderic
Published: July 2023

GBIF is running its Ebbe Nielsen Challenge for the third successive year. This year the title is Liberating species records from open data repositories for scientific discovery and reuse. To quote from the Challenge background on Devpost: In essence, the 2017 Challenge is to develop tools to discover these biodiversity-relevant datasets, and make them available to GBIF.
Wikidata, WikiCite, and the "bibliography of life"
Authors: Page Roderic
Published: July 2023

Last week I was at WikiCite 2017, a fascinating three day event in Vienna. Wikicite is "a proposal to build a bibliographic database in Wikidata to serve all Wikimedia projects", and is attracting increasing attention from academics, librarians, publishers, data geeks, and others. You can get a sense of the project by following @WikiCite on Twitter.
First report of yellow rust on barley and triticale in Serbia
Authors: Župunski Vesna , Jevtić Radivoje , Brbaklić Ljiljana , Mirosavljević Milan , Mikić Sanja
Published: July 2023

In the past 40 years, the causal agent of yellow rust in barley, Psh (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei Erikss), has been registered worldwide. However, it has caused the greatest damage in areas with cold and humid climates, where yield losses reached up to 70%. Races of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), the causal agent of yellow rust in wheat, are usually not found in barley, and those that infect barley (Psh) are rarely virulent on wheat. However, there are barley genotypes that can be infected by certain Pst races. The causal agent of yellow rust in triticale (Pst) leads to significant yield losses and quality reduction in triticale. It is important to note that the Pst races (Warrior and Kranich), which have caused enormous wheat yield losses in Europe since 2011, have also been registered on triticale. The aggressive race of triticale (since 2006) and the Warrior and Kranich races (since 2011) have become prevalent over large areas of Europe within one or only a few years. Despite the occurrence of yellow rust on wheat in Serbia in previous years, it has not been registered on barley and triticale. This is the first report of yellow rust on barley and triticale in Serbia.
Position of insurance in the financial sector of the Republic of Serbia
Authors: Pantić Nemanja , Milojević Ivan
Published: July 2023

The need for insurance dates back to the distant past with the main goal to avoid risks and to share the costs in case of its realization. A lot of time has passed from unorganized to institutionalized insurance. Today, insurance plays a significant role in the financial system, which is different depending on the achieved level of economic development. The subject of the analysis is the development of insurance and its position in the financial sector of the Republic of Serbia in the last seven years. In this sense were analyzed the movement of balance sheet amounts, capital and the number of employees in financial institutions and its participation in the financial sector. The data indicates an increasingly important role of insurance, especially when it comes to employment. Not only insurance, but also the entire financial sector in the observed period achieves positive tendencies in all considered categories. However, regardless of the positive trend, the development of insurance is still modest, so its full potential and significance for the financial system will be realized in the future.
Use of Zinc dioxide probes to monitor biological and chemical contamination of water for civil and military purposes
Authors: Tomašević Vladimir , Tomić Srđan
Published: July 2023

Mainly organic pollutants, and their random wide application threatens human health and ecosystems. It is clear that detoxifying toxic insecticides from aquatic systems remains a global priority. In this study, a zinc oxide nanocatalyst with suitable properties was synthesized to achieve complete degradation of some insecticides from aqueous media. ZnO catalyst was used in normal and nano size as part of an advanced oxidation process in the presence of H2O2 and UV rays. The complete detoxification of the tested pesticides after treatment with the most effective process (ZnO(s)/H2O2/UV) was then investigated by biochemical treatment research. The effect of ZnO water treatment was also investigated. Interestingly, this study reported that the degradation rates of the investigated insecticides were faster using nano-sized ZnO catalysts than plain ZnO catalysts as well as zinc dioxide probes. In this sense, complete decomposition of the investigated insecticides (100%) in the ZnO(s)/H2O2/UV system was achieved after 320 min of irradiation. Water treatment with zinc oxide nanocatalyst improved the quality of water parameters. Together, the advanced oxidation processes using ZnO nanocatalyst can be considered as a promising treatment technology for the complete detoxification of methomyl and dimethoate in water. However, further research is warranted to identify potential breakdown products.
IN­TEG­RA­TED USE OF WA­TER RE­SO­UR­CES OF THE BAR­GUS­HAD Rİ­VER
Authors: Məmmədov Ə.Ş. , Cavadzadə E.B. , Bayramov A.Ə.
Published: July 2023

Məqalədə Bərgüşad çayının su ehtiyatından ətraf ərazilərin suvarma suyu ilə təminatında istifadə olunması ilə bağlı aparılmış araşdırmaların nəticələri verilmişdir. Aparılmış hidroloji hesabatlar çayın məcrasında, Qubadlı şəhərindən yuxarıda, 540.0 m mütləq səviyyədə su anbarının tikilməsinin məqsədəuyğun olduğunu göstərir. Bu səviyyədə tikiləcək su anbarından götürüləcək su ilə Qubadlı, Zəngilan, Cəbrayıl və Füzuli rayonlarının ərazisində yerləşən, 60.0 min hektara qədər münbit torpaq sahələrini suvarma suyu ilə təmin etmək mümkün olacaqdır. Tərtib olunmuş hidravliki sxemə əsasən anbardan götürüləcək suyun, özüaxımlı sistem yaradılmaqla Füzuli rayonunun ərazisində yerləşən, Aşağı Köndələnçay su anbarına yönəldilməsi nəzərdə tutulmuşdur. Suvarma sahələrində qış və və yay fəsillərində su tələbatında yaranan fərqləri nəzərə alaraq çayın su ehtiyatının, tikiləcək su kəmərinin trassası boyunca, ümumi həcmi 220.0 mln kub metrə qədər olan 5 ədəd tənzimləyici lokal su anbarlarında toplanması nəzərdə tutulmuşdur. Bu su anbarlarına qış aylarında toplanacaq su ehtiyatından istifadə etməklə, yay aylarında müstəqil şəkildə ətrafda yerləşən əkin sahələrinin suvarılması aparıla biləcəkdir. Hazırlanmış hidravliki sxemə əsasən təzyiqli su kəməri üzərində 5 yerdə, ümumi gücü 19.8 Mvt olan SES-nın yaradılması da nəzərdə tutulmuşdur.

The ar­tic­le car­ri­ed out ex­ten­si­ve re­se­arch on the use of wa­ter re­so­ur­ces of the Bar­gus­hadc­hay Ri­ver for ir­ri­ga­ti­on of ad­ja­cent ter­ri­to­ri­es. The con­duc­ted hydro­lo­gi­cal stu­di­es show that it is ex­pe­di­ent to bu­ild the Bakh­ti­yarly re­ser­vo­ir, with a vo­lu­me of 50.0 mil­li­on cu­bic me­ters at an ab­so­lu­te mark of 540.0 m abo­ve the city of Gu­badly on the Bar­gus­hadc­hay Ri­ver. Wa­ter in­ta­ke from the re­ser­vo­ir un­der const­ruc­ti­on at this le­vel will pro­vi­de ir­ri­ga­ti­on wa­ter to 70-80 thou­sand hec­ta­res of fer­ti­le lands lo­ca­ted in Gu­bad­li, Zan­ge­lan, Jab­ra­yil and Fu­zu­li re­gi­ons. The de­ve­lo­ped hydrau­lic sche­me is de­sig­ned to di­rect wa­ter withd­rawn from the Bakh­ti­yar­li re­ser­vo­ir to the Lo­wer Kon­da­lanc­hay re­ser­vo­ir, lo­ca­ted in the Fu­zu­li re­gi­on, by crea­ting a gra­vity pres­su­re system. Ta­king in­to ac­co­unt the dif­fe­ren­ces in wa­ter con­sump­ti­on in win­ter and sum­mer pe­ri­ods at ir­ri­ga­ti­on si­tes, it is plan­ned to col­lect ri­ver wa­ter re­so­ur­ces in 5 lo­cal re­gu­la­ting re­ser­vo­irs with a to­tal vo­lu­me of up to 220.0 mil­li­on cu­bic me­ters. along the pi­pe­li­ne to be bu­ilt. Sur­ro­un­ding ag­ri­cul­tu­ral fi­elds can be in­de­pen­dently ir­ri­ga­ted du­ring the sum­mer months using wa­ter re­ser­ves that will ac­cu­mu­la­te in the­se re­ser­vo­irs du­ring the win­ter months. Ba­sed on the de­ve­lo­ped hydrau­lic sche­me, it is plan­ned to crea­te a hydroe­lect­ric po­wer sta­ti­on with a to­tal ca­pa­city of 19.8 MW in 5 pla­ces on the pens­tock.
ABOUT THE BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ROCKS, SOILS, SILT AND PLANTS, COMMON ON THE SOUTHERN SLOPE OF THE GREATER CAUCASUS
Authors: Mustafabəyli H.L.
Published: July 2023

Məqalənin yazılmasında əsas məqsəd, Böyük Qafqazın cənub yamacında (Azərbaycanın şimal-qərb – Şəki-Zaqatala bölgəsi) iştirak edən müxtəlif landşaft tiplərinə aid süxur, torpaq, lil və bitki nümunələrinin biogeokimyəvi xüsusiyyətlərinin tədqiq edilməsi, mövcud biogeokimyəvi qanunauyğunluqlarının müəyyənləşdirilməsidir. Tədqiq olunan məkanda landşaftlara biosfer, litosfer, hidrosfer və atmosferdən gətirilən kimyəvi elementlərin biogeokimyəvi tsikllərinin müəyyənləşdirilməsi üçün ərazidəki süxur, torpaq, çay yataqlarının lilləri və ərazinin bitki növlərindən çoxsaylı nümunələr götürülmüş, onların kimyəvi tərkibləri öyrənilmişdir. Əksər süxur növlərinin Ca, Mn və Pb elementləri ilə zəngin olduğu aşkar edilmişdir. Mikroelementlərdən - Cu, Ni və Pb-nin torpaqlarda və bitki növlərində miqrasiyası və toplanması əsasən avtomorf yamac və suayrıcı ərazilərdə baş verir. Hidromorf-tranzit ərazilərdə, maili düzənliklər və çay terrasları – Cu, Co və Pb elementlər, hidromorf-akkumlyativ ərazilərdəki (vadilər, çökəkliklər, çay deltaları) landşaftlarda biofil elementlərin - Co, Cu və Zn-in aktiv miqrasiyasına və toplanması müşahidə edilir.

The main goal of the article is to study the biogeochemical properties of samples of rocks, soil, silt and plants belonging to different types of landscape on the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus (north­western - Sheki-Zagatala region of Azerbaijan), to de­termine the existing biogeochemical method. To de­termine the biogeochemical cycles of chemical elements entering the landscape from the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere, numerous samples were taken from rocks, soils, silt and plant species in the area and their chemical composition was studied. It was found that most of the rock varieties are rich in chemical elements – Ca, Mn and Pb. Migration and accumulation of trace elements - Cu, Ni and Pb in soils and plants mainly occurs on automorphic slopes and watersheds. Active migration - Co, Cu and Pb are observed in hydromorphic-transit regions, sloping plains and river terraces, and accumulation of biophilic elements - Cu, Co and Zn, and in landscapes - hydromorphic-accumulative regions (river valleys and deltas). Keywords: rocks, silts, soil types, landscapes, biogeochemical properties.
THE IMPACT OF CLİMATE CHANGES ON THE TEMPERATURE REGİME İN THE ABSHERON PENİNSULA AND ITS AQUATORY
Authors: İsmayılova N.N.
Published: July 2023

İqlim dəyişmələri Yer kürəsinin bütün regionları kimi Abşeron akvatoriyasına da öz təsirini göstərməkdədir. Məqalədə Abşeron yarımadası və ətrafında olan adalarda iqlim dəyişmələrinin temperaturun ekstremal kəmiyyətlərinə təsirləri tədqiq edilmişdir. Təhlillərdə riyazi-statistik analizdən istifadə etməklə, 1961-1990-cı illər ilə müqayisədə 1991-2021-ci illərdə bölgənin Maştağa, Sumqayıt, Pirallahı, Çilov və Neft Daşlarında temperaturun ekstremumları araşdırılmışdır. Tədiqiqat 1961-1990-cı illərlə müqayisədə 1991-2021-ci illərdə orta illik temperatur göstəricilərinin havanın Ümum Dünya Meteoroloji Təşkilatının norma (baza) qəbul etdiyi 1961-1990-cıillərin uyğun məlumatları ilə müqayisə edilərək orta temperaturu 0.70C, maksimum temperaturun 20C, minimum temperaturun isə 1.70C artdığı müəyyən olunmuşdur. Həmçinin Xəzər ətrafı bölgələrdə temperaturun orta illik, fəsillik göstəricilərində nəzərə çarpacaq dərəcədə dəyişiklər müəyyən edilmişdir. Bu dövr ərzində Xəzər ətrafı ərazilərdə yay,payızın əvvəli və yazın sonlarında temperaturun qalxması daha da nəzərə çarpır. Temperatur ekstremallarının artması, yarımadada iqlim rejimində istiləşmənin qaçılmaz olduğunu göstərir və bu təbii ki,bütün ekosistemin təhükəsizliyinə təsir göstərə bilər.

Climate changes, like all regions of the Earth, have an impact on the Absheron water area. In the article, the effects of climate changes on the extremal quantities of temperature in the Absheron peninsula and surrounding islands were studied. Using mathematical-statistical analysis in the analysis, temperature ex­tre­mums in Mashtaga, Sumgayit, Pirallahi Chilov and “Oil Rocks” of the region were investigated in 1991-2021 compared to 1961-1990. The research compares the ave­rage annual temperature indicators in 1991-2021 with the corresponding data of 1961-1990, which the World Meteorological Organization accepted as the norm (base) of the air, and the average temperature is 0.70C, the maximum temperature is 20C, the minimum tem­perature is and it was determined that it increased by 1.70C. Also, noticeable changes in the annual and sea­sonal indicators of the average temperature were de­termined in the regions around the Caspian Sea. During this period, the rise in temperature is more noticeable in summer, early autumn and late spring in the areas aro­und the Caspian Sea. The increase in temperature ex­tremes indicates that warming in the climate regime of the peninsula is inevitable. This will threaten the se­cu­rity of the entire ecosystem.
EL BEISBALÓN”, JUEGO PREDEPORTIVO PARA PROPICIAR LA MOTIVACIÓN DESDE LA CLASE DE EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA
Authors: Peraza Zamora César , Morales Romero Carlos Alberto , Gil López Yoanni
Published: July 2023

La Educación Física constituye un área con grandes potencialidades a través de la cual los estudiantes expresan el nivel de desarrollo motor, cognitivo, afectivo, emocional y creativo alcanzado; desempeña un importante papel en el aprendizaje de acciones o conductas motrices. El presente trabajo investigativo está dirigido a  propiciar la motivación y participación desde la clases de Educación Física, fomentando en estas edades la iniciación deportiva con un enfoque lúdico, para lo cual se diseña un juego didáctico que contiene acciones de carácter educativo, extradocente. El tipo de estudio empleado fue experimental-descriptivo.  Los métodos utilizados fueron entre los teóricos, el analítico-sintético; dentro de los empíricos la encuesta y el análisis documental y como estadístico-matemático, la estadística descriptiva. Los resultados revelan la necesidad de que profesores capacitados dirijan la práctica de ejercicios físicos en la universidad. Se comprueba el desconocimiento por parte de los especialistas, en la dosificación y planificación del juego, durante la clase de Educación Física.
Reimagining Ship Construction through AI KBE Concept: Implementation of Template Oriented Modeling in Detail and Production Ship Design
Authors: Shahzad Tufail , Wang Peng , Hoffmans Jacques
Published: July 2023

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In shipbuilding, the design and construction processes often involve repetitive tasks and the need for consistent structural elements across various vessels. This research paper presents the implementation of Template Oriented Modeling (TOM), an in-house developed CAD feature that offers an innovative solution to address these challenges. TOM introduces automation and efficiency by streamlining the ship design and construction processes. By utilizing predefined templates and dynamic parameters, TOM significantly reduces the need for manual repetition, resulting in time savings and increased productivity. This paper focuses on the issue of repetitive manual work in shipbuilding and highlights TOM as a transformative approach to overcome this challenge. The motivations, benefits, and innovations associated with TOM are thoroughly examined, emphasizing its potential to revolutionize the shipbuilding industry. We presented a fully functional example demonstrating the effectiveness of TOM in achieving streamlined workflows and improved design consistency.

Introduction

The design process in shipbuilding is a complex endeavor involving integrating various disciplines and considerations to create a functional, safe, and efficient vessel (Shahzad et al. 2023b). The need to balance these factors while meeting regulatory standards poses a significant challenge to ship designers (Fig. 1). Traditional design methods, relying on manual drafting or basic computer-aided design (CAD) tools, often struggle to handle the complexity of ship design, leading to time-consuming iterations, errors, and inconsistencies. However, traditional design methods and tools often fail to address the inherent complexities and challenges of ship design, leading to significant design problems that can adversely affect the overall construction process.
Impact of integrated nutrient management on crop productivity and soil fertility under rice (Oryza sativa)–chickpea (Cicer arietinum) cropping system in Chhattisgarh plain agro-climatic zone
Authors: R.K. THAKUR  , N.K. BISEN  , A.K. SHRIVASTAVA  , S.K. RAI  , S. SARVADE
Published: July 2023

A study was conducted during 2016–17 to 2018–19 at farmer’s field under Farmer FIRST Project (FFP), at College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Waraseoni, Balaghat, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, to assess the impact of integrated nutrient management on crop productivity, soil-nutrient balance and economics of rice (Oryza sativa L.)–chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cropping system. Application of 75% NPK + 5 t/ha farmyard manure (FYM) + biofertilizers [blue green algae (BGA)/Rhizobium and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB)] resulted in significantly higher grain yield of rice and chickpea (4,429 kg/ha and 1,538 kg/ha, respectively) over the Farmer Practice (3,644 kg/ha and 1,036 kg/ha respectively). The maximum nutrients uptake (N, P and K) by rice and chickpea crops were recorded in the treatment receiving 75% NPK + 5 t/ha FYM + biofertilizers. The conjunctive use of inorganic fertilizers along with organic manure and biofertilizers exhibited the highest availability of soil N, P, K and Zn at post-harvest of chickpea crop as compared to the other treatment combinations. Further, results showed that the highest cost of cultivation (`58,200/ha) and net returns (`96,832/ha) were obtained in 75% NPK + 5 t/ha FYM + biofertilizers treatment. The benefit: cost (B: C) ratio computed for rice–chickpea cropping system indicated that, the higher B: C ratio was found to be associated with higher production and better quality of the produce.
Residual effects of herbicides on weed interference and productivity in wheat (Triticum aestivum) under a conservation agriculture-based onion (Allium cepa)–wheat cropping system
Authors: HARI SINGH MEENA  , T.K. DAS  , K.S. RANA  , RAJENDRA PRASAD MEENA  , RANJAN BHATTACHARYA  , ARTI BHATIA  , M.C. MEENA  , SABINA ISLAM  , TIRTHANKAR BANERJEE  , SOURAV GHOSH
Published: July 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons of 2015–16 and 2016–17 at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to evaluate the effects of conservation agriculture (CA) and carryover weed management on weed interference and crop productivity of wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend Fiori & Poal] in an onion (Allium cepa L.)–wheat system. Three conventional and conservation tillage and 7 weed-management treatments were laid out in a split-plot design, with 3 replications. The CA-based zero-till raised-bed system with residue retention (ZTRB + R) resulted in significant reduction in total weed density and biomass compared to conventional till flat bed (CTFB), which led to higher weed control efficiency (11%), grain (4.02 t/ha) and straw yield (4.24 t/ha), and net returns 46000 `/ha in the year 2016–17. The zero-till flat bed with residue (ZTFB + R) and ZTRB + R led to an increase in wheat grain yield by 5.1 and 3.6%, and net returns by 28 and 18% than CTFB respectively. Among the herbicidal treatments, the pendimethalin followed by (fb) ethoxysulfuron resulted in the highest reduction in weed density (29 and 34%) and weed dry weight (55 and 56%) in both years, and the pendimethalin fb quizalofop was comparable with it in these regards. The pendimethalin fb quizalofop- or ethoxysulfuron- treated plots provided higher wheat grain yield (4.24 t/ha), net returns 49000 `/ha and net benefit: cost (B: C) in the year 2016–17. The pendimethalin fb ethoxysulfuron had higher residual effect on weeds in wheat but inflicted severe phytotoxicity to onion in previous season that reduced onion yield significantly. Therefore, the pendimethalin fb quizalofop application to onion is most preferred considering onion and wheat crops safety and may be adopted under zero-till raised-bed for higher productivity and profitability in onion–wheat cropping system.
Integrated nutrient management in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: BHAWANA SAHARAN  , R.S. YADAV  , S.R. KANTWA  , RAKESH KUMAR
Published: July 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2014–15 and 2015–16 at Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agriculture University, Bikaner, Rajasthan, to evaluate the effect of integrated nutrient management on yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and succeeding pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] crop. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with 3 replications comprising different treatment combinations. Incorporation of 75% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + 5 t farmyard manure (FYM)/ha + Azotobacter + phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) in wheat, significantly increased yield attributes and yield (4.12 t/ha) of wheat and uptake of nutrients (N, P, K) in both grain and straw of wheat, but remained at par with 100% RDF + 5 t FYM/ha + Azotobacter + PSB. The yield of succeeding pearl millet was significantly higher under all INM (integrated nutrient management) treatments applied in preceding wheat over the control and 100% RDF.
Identifying a viable agro-technique to improve productivity of medium-duration pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) in north-eastern hills zones of India
Authors: BIMAN DE  , PARTHA DAS  , D.P. AWASTHI  , BUDHACHANDRA THANGJAM  , BANANI DAS  , SUJOY HAZARI
Published: July 2023

An experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2018 and 2019 at research farm of College of Agriculture Tripura, Lembucherra, West Tripura, to identify a viable agro-technique for improving productivity of medium-duration pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp]. Treatments comprised all possible combination of no nipping (N0 ), nipping @ 45 days after sowing (DAS) (N45), nipping @ 60 DAS (N60) and nipping @ 90 DAS (N90) with row-to-row spacing @ 45 cm (S45), 60 cm (S60), 75 cm (S75) and 90 cm (S90). The results showed that, early nipping (45 to 60 DAS) and wider spacing (75 to 90 cm) was very much effective for good crop canopy and productivity (leaf area index of 5.36), which can be addressed as a solution to the marginal pigeonpea farmers of Tripura for better growth (20.53 nos. of primary branches), yield (1.15 t/ha) and economic returns (37.89 × 103 `/ha).
Nutrient management of spring-summer blackgram (Vigna mungo) with cobalt, potassium and boron under different dates of sowing in Eastern India
Authors: PURABI BANERJEE  , V. VISHA KUMARI  , RAJIB NATH
Published: July 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, during spring-summer seasons of 2020 and 2021, to study the effect of Co, K, B and date of sowing on blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]. The experiment was laid out in a split-split plot design, comprising 2 sowing dates in March with 15 days interval in main plot, 2 levels of soil application of Co at 4 kg/ha in subplots and 5 levels of foliar spray of 1.25% K and 0.2% B in sub-subplots. Pooled analysis of 2 years indicated that, the crop sown in March first week showed significantly higher (P>0.05) dry-matter (236.5 g/m2 ), pods/plant (33.8), seed yield (1.3 t/ha) and protein content (23.2%) with a longer crop duration over the crop sown in March third week. Soil Co application and foliar K + B spray separately recorded higher seed yield (1.3 and 1.5 t/ha) and protein content (23.4 and 25.6%) respectively. Sowing of blackgram in the March first week with soil Co and foliar K + B application could improve its production potential in Gangetic plains of Eastern India.
Influence of tillage and residue-management practices and organic nutrition on performance of soybean (Glycine max) under conservation agriculture in semiarid ecology of India
Authors: GAURAV VERMA  , A.K. DHAKA  , BHAGAT SINGH  , RAM PRAKASH  , SHABNAM
Published: July 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2020 and 2021 at the Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to evaluate the impact of different tillage and residue-management practices (TRMPs) and organic nutrition on performance of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with 3 replications. The treatment comprised 4 TRMPs in main plots and 5 organic nutrient management practices in subplot. The result showed that, application of zero tillage with residue (ZT + R) resulted in significantly higher number of branches/plant (9.65), pods/plant (69.2), seeds/pod (2.68), grain yield (1.63 t/ha) and gross return (` 87,480/ha) being statistically at par with conventional tillage with residue (CT + R) and superior to the other treatments. Significantly enhanced yield attributes i.e. branches/plant (9.12), pods/plant (69.8), seeds/pod (2.71) and grain yield (1.6 t/ha) were observed under application of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) through inorganic fertilizers followed by recommended dose of nitrogen through vermicompost (VC) + biofertilizer + cow urine (10%) + Panchgavya (5%) + Jeevamrut (500 litres/ha), recommended dose of nitrogen through farmyard manure (FYM) + biofertilizer + cow urine (10% foliar application at vegetative, panicle emergence and flowering stage) + Panchgavya (5% foliar application at vegetative, panicle emergence and flowering stage) + Jeevamrut (500 litres/ha foliar application at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS). However, the maximum gross returns realized under N5 (` 87,280/ha) followed by N4. Hence, combined application of ZT + R along with N5 organic package and followed by ZT + R along with N4 organic package are better options for improving the yield attributes and productivity of soybean crop under conservation agriculture (CA) in semiarid ecology of India and similar agro-eco regions.
Nutrition management affects cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) productivity and leaf reddening for targeted yields
Authors: VINAYAK HOSAMANI  , B.M. CHITTAPUR  , A.S. HALEPYATI  , VENKATESH HOSAMANI
Published: July 2023

A field experiment was conducted during growing seasons of 2014–15 and 2015–16 at College of Agriculture Farm, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, to study the effect of nutrient management on cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) productivity and leaf reddening for targeted yield on medium deep black soil under irrigation. Three yield targets (3, 4 and 5 t kapas yield/ha)-based site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) along with 4 leaf- reddening management (LRM) treatments (S1 , vermicompost @ 2.5 t/ha in seed line; S2 , S1 + MgSO4 10 kg/ha in seed line; S3 , S1 + MgSO4 25 kg/ha in seed line; and S4 , MgSO4 25 kg/ha in seed line + foliar nutrition of 1% MgSO4 + 19 : 19 : 19 + 1% KNO3 thrice during flowering, boll development and boll bursting stages) besides recommended control were tested using randomized complete block design. The SSNM for 5 t/ha yield target and supplementary nutrition of MgSO4 both to soil and to foliage and foliar application of major nutrients (19:19:19 and KNO3 ) (S4 ) resulted in significantly higher plant height (64, 140, 146 and 158 cm, respectively), monopodials (1.90, 3.0, 3.0 and 3.0) and sympodials/plant (10.3, 25.9, 27.5 and 32.3), nodes on main stem (16.4, 29.9, 31.8 and 37.8), leaf area (27.8, 98.0, 131.8 and 99.0 dm2 /plant) and leaf-area index/plant (0.51, 1.82, 2.4 and 1.83) at 45, 90 and 135 DAS and at final picking and dry-matter accumulation in leaves (63.4, 137.2 and 153.2 g/plant), stem (76.3, 146.6 and 161.3 g/plant) and reproductive parts (130.7, 146.3 and 161.0 g/plant) at 90, 135 days after sowing and at final picking. Consequently, the treatment also recorded significantly higher seed-cotton yield (5.35 t/ ha), harvest index (0.38 on pooled basis) and benefit: cost ratio (5.32) amongst all targets and LRM approaches, while recommended control fared poorly (2.84 t/ha, 0.37 and 4.14 kapas yield, harvest index and B : C ratio, respectively).
Effect of irrigation schedules and hydrogel levels on yield and economics of blond psyllium (Plantago ovata)
Authors: DEEN DAYAL BAIRWA  , P.C. CHAPLOT  , BHAWANI SINGH PRAJAPAT  , SATYANARAYAN MEENA  , MOHAN LAL JAT
Published: July 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 2018–19 and 2019–20 at Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan to study the effect of hydrogel levels under different irrigation schedules on blond psyllium (Plantago ovata Forssk.). The field experiment was conducted in a split-plot design, comprising of 4 irrigation schedule, viz. irrigation water (IW) : cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) ratio 0.20, 0.30, 0.40 and 0.50 in main plots and 4 hydrogel levels, viz. control, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kg/ha in subplots, combinedly having 16 treatment combinations, which were replicated 4 times. The results revealed that an application of irrigation at IW : CPE ratio of 0.50 had significant effect on yield attributes, viz. spike length (3.67 cm), seeds/spike (76.05), test weight (1.744 gm) and yield seed (0.767 t/ha), straw (2.609 t/ha) and biological yield (3.376 t/ha) which was at par with IW : CPE ratio 0.40 and both these ratios significantly improved the yield over IW : CPE ratio of 0.30 and 0.20 during both years. Both IW : CPE ratio 0.40 and 0.50 fetched highest net returns of `38,658 and 39,118/ha, with benefit: cost ratio 1.05 and 1.04 respectively. Application of 7.5 kg/ha hydrogel resulted in the highest spike length (3.66 cm), seeds/spike (74.83), test weight (1.766 gm), seed (0.767 t/ha), straw (2.555 t/ha) and biological yield (3.322 t/ha) and was at par with application of 5.0 kg/ha hydrogel and both these levels significantly enhanced blond psyllium crop yield over application of 2.5 kg/ha hydrogel and the control during both the years. Application of hydrogel at 5.0 kg/ha significantly enhanced net returns (`39,281/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.06) as compared to application of 2.5 kg/ha hydrogel and the control; however, further increase in hydrogel level to 7.5 kg/ha caused significant reduction net returns (`37,726/ ha) and benefit: cost ratio (0.96) as compared to application of 5.0 kg/ha hydrogel during both years and pooled analysis.
Performance of anjan tree (Hardwickia binata)-based silvopasture systems under moisture-conservation practices in semi-arid conditions
Authors: S.N. RAM  , M.M. DAS  , AKRAM AHMED
Published: July 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2013–2018 on 5-year-old anjan (Hardwickia binata Roxb.)-based silvopasture system at the ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh. The treatment consisted of establishment of 3 grasses in association with H. binata with 3 moisture-conservation practices. Establishment of guria grass [Chrysopogon fulvus (Spreng.) Chiov.] in association with H. binata resulted in significantly higher dry pasture yield (6.40 t/ha) than guinea grass [Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K. Simon & S.W.L. Jacobs; syn. Panicum maximum Jacq.] (6.02 t/ha) and found statistically at par with buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) (6.39 t/ha). Among the moisture-conservation practices, construction of staggered trenches recorded significantly higher green top feed (2.04 t/ha), dry top feed (1.21 t/ha) and firewood (1.40 t/ha) of H. binata than without moisture-conservation practices (1.64, 0.83 and 0.89 t/ha) and bund (1.89, 1.04 and 1.31 t/ha) respectively. Construction of bund across the slope recorded significantly higher moisture content at 0–15 cm (8.71%) and 15–30 cm (9.78%) soil depth as compared to without moisture-conservation practices. However, at 30–60 cm soil depth, moisture content was significantly increased (9.63%) in trenches than the control plots. Available nutrients (N 239.5 and 225.1, P 8.53 and 8.22 and K 221.3 and 212.1 kg/ha) and organic carbon (0.60% and 0.57%) increased significantly where bund and trenches were constructed than no moisture-conservation practice respectively. In term of monetary returns, Chrysopogon fulvus showed the maximum net returns (`35,485/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.53), followed by Cenchrus ciliaris (`33,853/ha and 1.51 respectively) and Megathyrsus maximus (`32,107/ha and 1.49 respectively) utilized in grazing mode by goats and sheep at the rate of 2 adult cattle unit. Sustainable yield index of staggered trenches and bund were higher (0.79 and 0.76) than without moisture-conservation practice (0.67) which showed that yields obtained under moisture-conservation practices were more stable over the years than no moisture-conservation practices.
Effect of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on growth, yield and economics of aromatic rice (Oryza sativa) in Gangetic delta of West Bengal
Authors: PREETAM BISWAS  , MRITYUNJAY GHOSH  , SUKANTA PAL  , P.K. BANDOPADHYAY  , A. SAHA
Published: July 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Jaguli, Nadia, West Bengal, during rainy season (kharif) 2019, to study the effect of different nutrient sources on growth, yield and economics of scented rice (Oryza sativa L.). Among 9 treatments, integrated nutrient management (FYM 4 t + N20P10K10 kg/ha) led to the maximum tiller production (345.4 /m2 ) at 56 days after transplanting (DAT), the highest leaf-area index (LAI) (2.90) and dry-matter production (596.2 g/m2 ) at 84 DAT. Chemical fertilizer-based nutrition (N40P20K20 kg/ha) resulted in the maximum plant height (125.0 cm) at harvesting and grain yield (2.57 t/ha), being at par with FYM 4 t + N20P10K10 kg/ha (2.53 t/ha). Plants in LCC-based N-fertilized plots had moderate grain yield (2.18 t/ha) and least lodging tendency (score 2.3). Chemical fertilizer-based nutrition could record the maximum yield (2.57 t/ha), net income (`42,126/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.02); but integrated nutrient management (FYM 4 t + N20P10K10 kg/ha) might be an alternative option for sustainable cultivation (2.53 t/ha, `38,069.50/ha and 1.86) in lower Gangetic plains of West Bengal.
Weed and nitrogen management in zero-till wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown after rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: K.P.R. PRASANNA  , A.R. SHARMA
Published: July 2023

An experiment was conducted during 2020–21 at the Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh to study the effect of tillage, rice (Oryza sativa L.) residue, weed control and N fertilizer levels on weeds, and growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Weed infestation in zero-tillage (ZT) wheat was significantly lower (16.7–27.6%), more so when rice-residue was retained on soil surface compared with conventional tillage (CT). Post-emergence application of sulfosulfuron + 2,4-D (ester) at 30 days after sowing (DAS) provided near weed-free conditions, and integration with hand-weeding at 45 DAS increased the grain yield of wheat marginally (3.7–4.2%). The grain yield increased significantly by 0.91–1.27 t/ha under ZT compared with CT (2.27 t/ ha), the greater response was obtained with ZT + rice-residue and additional N fertilizer (150 kg N/ha). Higher net returns (` 44,400 per ha) and net energy output (141,300 MJ/ha) under ZT + rice-residue with 150 kg N/ha showed the potential of this technology in the Bundelkhand region.
Establishing difficulty level consistency across texts in exams at four levels using lexical profiling
Authors:   University of Central Lancashire, Britain, Waller Daniel , Horak Tania ,   University of Central Lancashire, Britain
Published: July 2023

This research looked at investigating the consistency of difficulty across the four levels of exams (B1, B2, C1, C2 as per the CEFR) which have been developed by the exams team at the University of Central Lancashire (UCLan). This was completed using two measures of difficulty: readability and word frequency i.e. the research undertook lexical profiling. Results were compared to similar results from Cambridge ESOL exams (Khalifa and Weir 2007) at the equivalent CEFR levels. In addition, this research project aimed to create a database to use as the basis for future benchmarking to improve future exam production. In this initial stage of the project, only the Reading sections of the exams were analysed. Practical implications for exam development conclude the article.
Financial Management Strategies to Improve Business Performance
Authors: Salamah Siti Nuraeni
Published: July 2023

In the business world, company performance is very important. Business performance is influenced by various factors such as strategy, human resource management, financial management, and business environment. Effective and efficient financial management is essential to ensure business sustainability and growth. The purpose of this study is to discuss appropriate financial management strategies to improve business performance. The methodology used in this study is descriptive analytical method using secondary data obtained from various sources such as academic journals, books, and company financial reports. This study arrives at the conclusion that in an increasingly complex and competitive business era, effective financial management is an important key in improving company performance. The right financial management strategy can help companies estimate and allocate resources effectively, manage risks, and make the right decisions in capitalising on business opportunities.