bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFECTO DE LA DEFORMACIÓN PLÁSTICA EN LAS ESTRUCTURAS DE PAVIMENTO FLEXIBLE
Authors: HIGUERA SANDOVAL CARLOS HERNANDO
Published: May 2022

En Colombia, uno de los daños más frecuentes de las estructuras de pavimento flexible es la deformación plástica conocida comúnmente como el ahuellamiento, el cual consiste en una depresión canalizada en la huella de circulación de los vehículos producida por el efecto de las cargas del tránsito, las variaciones de temperatura de servicio del pavimento, deficiencias en el diseño y construcción de las mezclas asfálticas o por la presencia de subrasantes débiles. El ahuellamiento dificulta la maniobrabilidad de los vehículos, disminuye la seguridad de la vía y afecta el nivel de confort para el usuario.
De acuerdo a lo anterior, el objetivo de la presente investigación es evaluar el comportamiento de la deformación plástica o ahuellamiento en estructuras de pavimento flexible mediante el análisis mecanicista. El estudio del comportamiento del ahuellamiento se realizó aplicando la metodología presentada en la guía para el diseño mecánico – empírico de pavimentos flexibles “Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide – MEPDG” desarrollada por la AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials) versiones 2008 y 2015, la cual es una de las metodologías de mayor implementación para el diseño de estructuras de pavimento nuevas, así como para el mantenimiento y rehabilitación de las mismas.
Como resultados de la investigación realizada se presenta el análisis de cada una de las variables que afectan el ahuellamiento de los pavimentos flexible y su estudio de sensibilidad, determinando el grado de variabilidad de cada una de las variables y concluye en la definición de las variables más sensibles o más significativas que intervienen en la cuantificación del ahuellamiento en las estructuras de pavimento flexible, información que es de gran utilidad para los ingenieros diseñadores de estructuras de pavimento. El alcance del estudio es a nivel de modelación teórica con el fin de comprender el fenómeno del ahuellamiento o deformación permanente de las estructuras de pavimento flexible.
Valorization of mullet roe by-products for the production of PUFA rich oils
Authors: Kalogianni Eleni , Georgiou Despoina , Charisis Aggelos , Exarhopoulos Stylianos
Published: May 2022

Striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) roe is used for the production of
traditional delicacies in Greece (avgotaracho), Japan (karasumi) and
Italy (botargo). In Greece avgotaracho is a Protected Designation of
Origin product and its special taste combined with its high nutritional
value of this rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and bioactive
compounds delicacy attracts many consumers. During the production of
avgotaracho and the similar products some of the egg sacs (skeins)
either break or have an inappropriate size (too small) and they can not
be used for avgotaracho production. On the other hand the nutritional
quality of the eggs in the broken or smaller skein is by no means
inferior comparing to the rest. Proper valorization of the mullet roe
by-products could lead to high nutrition value products. This work
focuses on examining the potential valorization of these high
nutritional value by-products for producing mullet roe oil. Three
different extraction methods with potential of scale-up are examined.
Namely pressure, supercritical extraction, solvent extraction are
examined where mild temperature conditions and (wherever applicable)
food-grade solvents are used. The oil yield, the composition of oils in
fatty acids by GC-FID, the level of oil oxidation (peroxide value,
p-anisidine value, K232 K268, TOTOX) and antioxidant activity (DPPH,
ABTS) are determined. The potential of the above extraction methods for
the production of mullet roe oil in terms of yield and oil quality is
discussed.
Revolution of industry 4.0 and its influence on higher education in Vietnam today
Authors: Buithithu Hien
Published: May 2022

The objective of this study was the revolution of industry 4.0 and its influence on higher education in Vietnam today. The method of this research is descriptive in which the researchers studied the subject using documents. The fourth industrial revolution has a strong impact on all areas of social life including higher education. The fourth industrial revolution has a direct impact on the production structure and human structure of the labor market, and therefore, higher education must also change to create human resources suitable for the current market and future employment. Based on an overview assessment of the impact of the fourth industrial revolution, a study of reports and documents on higher education evaluation, the article focuses on analyzing the impacts of the fourth industrial revolution on higher education and propose some solutions to improve the quality of higher education in Vietnam today.
Mapping the literature and prospective of ‘corporate social responsibility’ and ‘education’ vis-à-vis a bibliometric analysis
Authors: Sharma Arpit , Shanthakumar Sanjeevi
Published: May 2022

The purpose of the research is to identify the present metrics in the field of Corporate Social Responsibility and education and to identify the metric of subject-wise distribution for analysing the interdisciplinary approach, keywords, country-wise distribution. The study uses the database of Scopus and applies a filter about the timeline from 1982 to 2021(ongoing factorial); filters out the segment in various disciplines, integrated with the field of CSR and education. The findings of the study are as follow: there is a constant increase in the contribution of CSR and education every year after 2000; there is an increase in contributions from various disciplines on CSR and education; and major contribution about the literature being done through articles; followed by book chapters, and book review. This study provides a perspective about CSR and education to future scholars about the existing metric of different disciplines. Provides a landscape on CSR and education.
Surveillance of media-based studies on football-related injury characteristics, prevention, education and management
Authors: Hassan Isyaku , Muazu Musa Rabiu , Ibrahim Abubakar Usman , Nazri Latiff Azmi Mohd , Razali Abdullah Mohamad
Published: May 2022

The significance of football in promoting health and physical wellbeing has been well described. However, football-related injuries are viewed as professional hazards. Thus, research has specified the need for valid conclusions to provide useful information for the prevention and management of football-related injuries. Several imperial analyses of football injuries have been conducted with different designs and dimensions, including media-based analysis as a growing approach. Therefore, this paper reviews media-based studies on football-related injury types, locations, and mechanisms. The outcomes of this review showed that lower extremities, such as knee, ankle, and hamstring, are the most common injuries sustained by football players. Additionally, this review demonstrated that strikers are more prone to injuries compared with midfielders, goalkeepers, and defenders. Interestingly, the findings of media-based studies of football-related injuries concur with most experimental analyses. It was envisaged that valuable conclusions could be drawn to help manage and prevent football-related injury occurrences.
Using the case method in teaching the social security law module in Vietnam
Authors: Mong Diep Dao , Dao Mai Khanh Nguyen , Thi Quynh Trang Do , Van Nhung Nguyen
Published: May 2022

In recent years, a relatively comprehensive reform process happened in higher education in Vietnam. One of the directions chosen by law training institutions in Vietnam is to apply the "case" method and use the case method in their curricula. The case method, with a practical context, on the one hand conveys the foundation knowledge of the module in a vivid and intuitive way. On the other hand, it equips learners with the method of applying the law, initially provides learners with a number of law practice skills, and at the same time develops leaners' thinking and creativity. The article analyzes the meanings and roles of using case law in teaching the social security law module for law bachelors. From there, some suggestions are proposed in the application of the case method in teaching the social security law module at the Law University, Hue University.
Learner evaluation of human resources training quality to meet requirements of businesses in the digital era at Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Vietnam
Authors: Thi Nhu Thuy Nguyen , Thi Mai Oanh Lu , Quang Chung Le
Published: May 2022

In the comprehensive human development policy for people to be full of knowledge, skills, experience and attitude according to the strategy of the CPV and the State at the 9th and 11th Party Congresses, training quality human resources to meet requirements of businesses in the digital era has a significant and important role in terms of both theory and practice. This article research and analyzes the evaluation of learners about human resources training quality to meet requirements of businesses in the digital era at Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education (HCMUTE). The study results show that, learners evaluate the current training quality in HCMUTE on aspects such as contents of teaching, examination and assessment; learning conditions; qualifications of professional staff; library services; teaching methods of lecturers; foreign language proficiency and communication skills as good and very good; and there are very little comments that disagree.
The role of confucianism in education of the Nguyen dynasty in Vietnam in the first half of the 19th century
Authors: Thi Lan Pham
Published: May 2022

Education in the Nguyen dynasty is an expression of the general cultural function of Confucian doctrine. The Three Character Classic says: "Jade that has not been polished cannot be used. Person that has not studied cannot know righteousness".  Confucius was the first private educator in ancient China to open a school with the spirit of "teaching tirelessly" in order to train knowledgeable and pioneering people to establish social order and build the ideal social model. As a result, the education system has been increasingly improved, and the rather strict academic examinations have successfully selected many talents worthy of being "the vitality of the nation". This article focuses on discussing the role of Confucianism in moral education and academic education which has both theoretical and practical significance in today's context, and thus requires to be shed light on in the new historical conditions contribute to the cause of education in Vietnam.
Managerıal and educatıonal approaches of sports managers to crısıs sıtuatıons ın the Covıd-19 pandemıc
Authors: Yiğit Şıhmehmet
Published: May 2022

The purpose of the research, the pandemic has also shown its effect in the field of sports. The postponement or cancellation of the competitions restricted the development of the athletes and their working areas, so the athletes could not fully devote themselves to sports. The research was carried out in relational screening model. During the pandemic period, 375 men and 193 women working in amateur sports clubs consisted of a total of 568 people. The “Crisis Management Scale” developed by Sayın (2008) was used with the personal information form. The scale has 45 items and 6 sub-dimensions and is in the form of a five-point Likert scale. Cronbach Alpha coefficient was found to be 85. Data IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0 Package program was used. Early warning system, spread of damage, learning is positive, preparedness and prevention, repair and recovery are negative, crisis is medium level.
Investigating curling athletes' effective communication skills
Authors: Alaeddinoğlu Vahdet , Şebin Kenan , Çakir Bilal Ömer
Published: May 2022

This study aims to reveal the relationship levels of the forms of communication of curling athletes. 141 (Xage=21.32 ± 2.08; Xsporting age=8.91 ± 2.87) athletes, 55 women, and 86 men continued active sports in the 2021 Turkish Curling leagues, voluntarily took part in the research. In our research, the "Communication Skills Scale", "Scale of Effective Communication in Team Sports" (SECTS) and a survey, including Demographic information, were applied. The obtained data were analyzed through SPSS 22.00 Statistics Software Package. According to the research results, the correlation values between the scores of the "Communication Skills Scale" (CSS) and the "Acceptance & Positive Conflict Dimension" and the "Scale of Effective Communication in Team Sports" (SECTS) were significantly and positively related. Besides, the genders of the athletes were positively significant within the communication skills scale sub-dimension and the dimensions of discernment and conflict.
Beyond the discourse of post-truth
Authors: Singh Maanvender , Bhutia Ugen , Moni Gogoi Deep
Published: May 2022

The study aims to go to beyond the discourse of post-truth: some reflections on the idea of fake news based on corpus linguistics (an educational analysis). Seeking to illustrate how we deceive ourselves by attempting to understand fake news through the notion of a post-truth society. We argue that both the concepts of fake news and post-truth are not an aberration to the history of media practices, neither are they of contemporary origins. They are an intricate part of the discursive practices in which media as an institution engages. The article builds on Foucault’s approach to discursive practices and applies a meta-discursive framework to trace the genealogy of post-truth and fake news in an Indian context. The article also offers a critical reflection on some of the key strategies to contain and counter fake news. For instance, media literacy and linguistic approaches such as corpus linguistics to detect fake news.
Changes in the future time perspective of university students
Authors: Üstün Ümit Doğan , Aykin Alparslan Gazi
Published: May 2022

The Covid-19 Pandemic negatively affected education systems around the world and, to control its spread, countries and state governments started the closure of schools and colleges. The closure of universities had various effects on students' learning and plans for the future. The present study aimed to examine the differences of university students’ future time perspective between the measurements taken before and during Covid-19. The study was designed as a longitudinal study and 80 university students from the school of physical education and sports of Hatay Mustafa Kemal University consisted of the study sample. The pre-test and post-test data were collected with the Turkish version of Husman and Shell's (2008) Future Time Perspective Scale. Paired samples t-test was used to analyze the differences between the pre-test and post-test scores. According to analyzed results, post-test results significantly increased in connectedness factor for males and valence factor for females.
Information society
Authors: Poplavskyi Mykhailo , Rybinska Yuliia , Kholmakova Yuliia , Amirkhanova Marharyta , Kuznietsova Anastasia , Stebaieva Oksana
Published: May 2022

The work examines psychological approach to social networking sites (SNSs) and their impact on people. It cannot be categorically asserted that social networks bring only benefit or harm. There are both narrowly focused social networks, which can be useful for work purposes, and multi-user ones, with huge functionality that ensures both the fulfillment of business goals and entertainment. They can help pass time, but they can just as successfully induce addiction in people with excess of that same time. Consequently, the influence of social networks on society is very diverse and ambiguous, and the impact on a particular individual depends on subjective qualities. Since social networks are a relatively recent phenomenon, this potential relationship between their use and feelings of loneliness and depression has not yet been properly investigated. Fear of missing out (FOMO) is another mental health effect that’s been strongly linked with the use of social media.
Constitutions of Vietnam
Authors: Thi Hien Do
Published: May 2022

Education is a form of social consciousness which is born, exists and developed based on, as well as decided by, social consciousness. One of the important criteria for assessing the development of a country is its education and how education it is institutionalized into law. The legal thought of our country began with the first Constitution in 1946, followed by constitutional amendments (in 1959, 1980, 1992 and 2013) before coming up with the current and perfected Constitution. Studying the content of education in Constitutions of Vietnam means clarifying the Communist Party of Vietnam's view of education as the top national policy for the development of the country, as well as its determination of political and legal guarantee for the development of national education.
The educational role of social networks in policy communication in Vietnam
Authors: Luongngoc Vinh , Vuhong Van
Published: May 2022

Deeply aware of the advantages of social networks, the Government of Vietnam has soon used social networks as a new means of communication in the policy cycle. As a result, social networks have actively contributed to mobilizing people's participation in social management, creating people's trust in the government and social consensus. Social networks have played a certain role in policy communication. This study clearly shows the use of social networks in policy communication in Vietnam also has many limitations and inadequacies that need to be overcome soon. Based on studying state documents on policies, assessing the current situation of policy communication policies in recent years, which emphasizes the role of education of social networks; this study continues to clarify the educational role of social networks in policy communication, and at the same time recommends solutions to improve the quality of policy communication in the coming time.
Theoretical issues of training management in vocational colleges according to the total quality management approach
Authors: Huynguyen Dung
Published: May 2022

Training management in vocational colleges according to the total quality management (TQM) approach is a relatively new issue, facing many difficulties due to the diversity and wide range of educational activities in scope national and training facility scope. This activity always requires innovation to match the rapidly advancing scientific, technological, and technical development level, thereby creating quality products and human resources to meet the requirements of industrialization, modernize the country. This study points out theoretical problems when managing training in vocational colleges according to the approach of total quality management and applying it in practice. Studying the guiding documents of the Vietnamese government as well as new views on training management at vocational colleges according to the approach of total quality management will help educational managers orient the development of vocational colleges of Vietnam in the future.
Managing assessment activities training results for high school pupils in Ho Chi Minh city
Authors: Hongle Son , Dangnguyen LongAn
Published: May 2022

In high school, the training process of pupils is considered as the process of forming moral qualities. Therefore, the evaluation of training results is often based on specific manifestations of ethical attitudes and behaviors. Regarding the management of the evaluation of training and ethical results of pupils in high schools in Ho Chi Minh City, it has been implemented according to the regulations, circulars, and guidelines of the Ministry of Education and Training, and the Department of Education and Training has achieved the following results, contributing to reflect the quality of education, the quality and personality of pupils. This study will clarify the theoretical and practical basis for the content of activities assessment management of training results for high school pupils; survey, analyze and evaluate the current situation of management activities to evaluate training results; from there, develop appropriate measures to manage the evaluation of training results.
Strategies for learning the malay literature component in Malaysian secondary schools
Authors: Azmi Nor Jijidiana , Hassan Isyaku , Azmi Mohd Nazri Latiff Azmi , Engku Atek Engku Suhaimi , Yah@Alias Mohd Hazli
Published: May 2022

Malay language literature is an essential component in language teaching and learning, and thus, the literature component is increasingly emphasized as an important subject in Malaysian secondary schools. Therefore, research indicates the need to determine students’ strategies for learning the Malay literature. This research aims to examine the strategies preferred by secondary school students in learning the Malay literature from environmental, psychological, sociological, and practical perspectives. The study employed a survey method in which a self-developed questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 160 fourth-year students in the literature from selected secondary schools in Terengganu, Malaysia. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics comprising the mean and standard deviation via the SPSS software Version 21. The findings revealed that the students prefer to learn the Malay literature while sitting on a chair or table and require a quiet, well-lighted, and equipped environment.
Dıfferences ın anthropometrıc characterıstıcs between athletes, sprınters and jumpers, an educatıonal-sports study
Authors: Radulović Nikola , Jurišić Mila Vukadinović , Pavlović Ratko , Nikolić Siniša , Mihajlović Ilona
Published: May 2022

The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in anthropometric characteristics between sprinters and jumpers to aim education more accurately in these fields. The study included 24 men in athletics, they were divided into two groups: 14 sprinters (age 21.57 ± 1.16 years) and 10 jumpers (21.80 ± 1.03 years). The variables included 13 anthropometric measures. To determine the differences between groups of variables it was used Mann-Whitney U test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of the Mann-Whitney U test showed statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in two variables for estimating subcutaneous adipose tissue, chest skinfold, and midaxillary skinfold. Other analyzed variables for assessing the longitudinal of the skeleton, and body mass and volume differences were not statistically significant (p ≥ 0.05). These findings may give coaches better knowledge, suggest following recent methods and be more careful in training programs with different athletics.
The influence of female academic leaders in higher education institutions on achieving Saudi Vision 2030
Authors: Alotaibi Hasna Balaj Albaroudi
Published: May 2022

Education is an essential element to the development of nations. Accordingly, Saudi Arabia has invested heavily in the development of its education sector. Nevertheless, continuous development of education, especially the higher education sector, significantly depends on the quality and adequate supply of leadership that cuts across the gender divide. However, analysis of the literature indicates a lack of discussion on the leadership role of women in Saudi higher educational institutions. This paper reviews the opportunities and challenges against female academic leadership in Saudi higher education institutions and their influence towards achieving the Saudi Vision 2030. An eclectic scoping review was adopted to synthesize the relevant materials published in the past ten years in the context of Saudi Arabia. The findings indicate that the main obstacles to female academic leaders include structural challenges, shortage of resources, and lack of empowerment, with personal and cultural challenges ranked last.
Freud and Nietzsche on Sublimation
Authors: Gemes Ken
Published: May 2022

The notion of sublimation is essential to Nietzsche and Freud. However, Freud's writings fail to provide a persuasive notion of sublimation. In particular, Freud's writings are confused on the distinction between pathological symptoms and sublimation and on the relation between sublimation and repression. After rehearsing these problems in some detail, it is proposed that a return to Nietzsche allows for a more coherent account of sublimation, its difference from pathological symptoms, and its relation to repression. In summary, on Nietzsche's account, while repression and pathological symptoms involve a disintegration (of the self), sublimation involves integration. The article concludes with a brief consideration of some post-Freudian accounts of sublimation that represent a return to a more Nietzschean approach.
Nietzsche's Free Spirit Trilogy and Stoic Therapy
Authors: Ure Michael
Published: May 2022

This article examines Nietzsche's engagement with Stoic philosophical therapy in the free spirit trilogy. I suggest that Nietzsche first turned to Stoicism in the late 1870s in his attempt to develop a philosophical therapy that might treat the injuries human beings suffer through fate or chance without recourse to the metaphysical theodicies discredited by Enlightenment skepticism and positivism. I argue that in HH and D Nietzsche adopts a conventional form of Stoic therapy. The article then shows how Nietzsche came to take a critical stance against Stoic therapy on the grounds that it entails a radical extirpation of the value judgments that underpin the emotions. For this reason, I claim that in GS he attempts to develop a rival philosophical therapy, one that aims to enable human beings to unconditionally affirm fate but without this affirmation entailing, as it does for the Stoics, the dissolution of all emotional valuations. However, despite Nietzsche's belief that he had fundamentally broken with Stoicism, I argue, first, that Nietzsche's therapy in GS is deeply indebted to a “cosmic” model of Stoicism, which consists in the loving consent to the events that happen to us, and second, that he gives us no reasonable account of how it is possible to unconditionally affirm fate without adopting some form of Stoic indifference or apatheia.
Assessing Academic/Intellectual Skills in Keene State College's Integrative Studies Program
Authors: Rancourt Ann
Published: May 2022

Key to the design of Keene State College's Integrative Studies Program (ISP) was the intention to create a program based on a conceptual framework. The framework came from AAC&U's Greater Expectations report (2002) in which the essential learning outcomes for a liberal education were identified. In 2007 the program was implemented. The program has three sets of outcomes (intellectual skills, perspectives and interdisciplinary outcomes and integrative outcomes). The focus of this paper will be on the development of our process and on the assessment of intellectual skills.
John Frederick Hintz, Eighteenth-Century Moravian Instrument Maker, and the Use of the Cittern in Moravian Worship
Authors: Graf Lanie
Published: May 2022

Previous historians have identified John Frederick Hintz as a prominent German Moravian furniture and instrument maker in mid-eighteenth-century London. This article considers how Hintz's involvement in the Moravian Church may have affected his decision to pursue making instruments. The author specifically examines Hintz's prominence as a maker of citterns (or English guitars) in light of the widespread use of this instrument in Moravian music and worship. Using archival and pictorial records the author discusses the role of the cittern in Moravian communities, and by doing so, brings to light the previously unrecognized importance of this instrument to eighteenth-century Moravian life.
Peter Brown of Bethlehem and the Revival of the Moravian Mission in Antigua 1770-1780
Authors: Mason John
Published: May 2022

The Moravian mission to slaves in Antigua that began in 1756 experienced a revival and a rapid expansion around 1770. By 1790 one fifth of the island's slave population was connected with the Moravians. Moravian historians associate the revival with missionary Peter Brown, but the degree to which this is justified needs to be examined. The author analyzes Brown's role in the revival and in the mission's subsequent growth. He places the revival in the context of a crisis of subsistence in the 1770s and discusses how the mission was able to meet the slaves' socio-religious needs and combine some "African" with Christian beliefs. The author concludes that slaves and missionaries together created the black Moravian Church in Antigua.
The Camphill Movement: The Moravian Dimension
Authors: Jackson Robin
Published: May 2022

This essay explores the nature and extent of the debt that the worldwide Camphill Movement owes to the Moravian Church by focusing on the lives of its two principal architects, Karl and Mathilde (Tilla) Koenig. Particular attention is drawn to the time that Karl Koenig spent in Gnadenfrei, a Moravian settlement in Silesia, which was the birthplace of his wife. Karl Koenig later acknowledged that his stay in Gnadenfrei constituted a pivotal moment in his destiny. When he was forced to flee Nazi-controlled Austria after the Anschluss because of his Jewish family background, he went to Scotland, where he was committed to the idea of building a Christian community based on a model similar to that created by Count Zinzendorf. The day-to-day running of this first Camphill community rested largely with Tilla Koenig. Contemporary commentators agree that she wove a strong, discernible, and enduring element of Moravian practice into the fabric of Camphill life and work. Perhaps the greatest debt owed by the Camphill Movement to the Moravian Church is an appreciation of the real meaning of community living, the importance of religious experience in community life, and the spiritual value which is inherent in each community member.
Constructions of the Religious Self. Moravian Conversion and Transatlantic Communication
Authors: Mettele Gisela
Published: May 2022

Within Pietism the concept of "conversion" played an important role in the life of the individual believer. The author studies the way Moravians spoke and wrote about conversion, and what this meant for the constitution of their personality, as well as the community. The main source form thousands of memoirs (Lebensläufe), written by individual Moravians and preserved as manuscripts in various Moravian archives; hundreds were published in Moravian periodicals. The Moravian understanding of conversion was expressly oriented against every notion of "sanctification". The author argues that conversion was both an individual as well as a communal experience. Individual Moravians were shaped by the vocabulary and framework established by previously published memoirs; on the other hand, individuals also affected the development of memoir-writing with their own, personal interpretations of religious life. For Moravians conversion was a lifelong pilgrimage on precarious terrain. The journey did not lead toward personal perfection, but, as the author explains, toward a radical acknowledgement of human imperfection.
Moravian Music: Introduction, Theme, and Variations
Authors: Knouse Nola Reed
Published: May 2022

The author answers the question "What is Moravian music?" with an accurate survey of the full spectrum of Moravian music in light of this basic principle: Moravian music, past and present, is grounded and rooted, grows and bears fruit, within and for the worship of the Savior. Beginning with a review of attempts to document and research Moravian music, Knouse explains the development of the Moravian musical tradition from the eighteenth century to the present according to a framework of six priniciple tenets: congregational hymn-singing and the Singstunde; the composition of original music for festivals and special occasions; organ music as accompaniment to the hymns; brass music; the general use of instruments in the Collegium musicum, or "music of the community"; and the importance of music education. Moravian music, comprised of these principle tenets, is viewed as a worship tool in which focus is placed on the Savior and the church community, not individual talents. In this way, music becomes another aspect of "liturgisch leben", the attempt by Moravians to live a liturgical life pleasing to God
Distant Garden: Moravian Missions and the Culture Of Slavery in the Danish West Indies, 1732-1848
Authors: Richards Helen
Published: May 2022

The author traces the effects of Moravian mission work on the slave culture of the Danish West Indies. She describes the colonization of the islands, including the context of its religious foundations and role of Moravian missionaries from their arrival in 1732 through the ultimate emancipation of the slave population in 1848. Although Moravians understood slavery as a condition ordained by God, they believed in the spiritual equality of all souls. One of the first missionaries, Friedrich Martin, became a strong advocate of teaching literacy among slaves in order to spread the gospel. Plantation owners initially resisted this instruction, but as the abolition movement swelled over the next hundred years, Moravians inadvertently became facilitators of peace and education. In 1839 all schools for free and slave negroes were placed under Moravian control. In their indirect role as teachers and purveyors of the gospel, Moravian missionaries nurtured a sense of dignity and equality among slaves, which contributed greatly to the emancipation movement in the Danish West Indies.
De-Nazification, Socialism and Solidarity: Re-Establishing International Relations in the Moravian Church after 1945
Authors: Richter Hedwig
Published: May 2022

Despite the fierce animosities between Germans and Americans during the Second World War, a surprising sense of international fellowship developed between Moravians in the USA and in East Germany, even before the war had completely ended. The author shows how this new relationship evolved and how much East German Moravians depended on transatlantic help to rebuild their churches and communities. The old concept of an international Moravian "Unity" was revived by establishing and inventing new common traditions. The renewed international unity of the Moravian Church is placed in the context of the general awakening of internationalism after the Second World War.
Zinzendorf and the English Moravians
Authors: Podmore Colin
Published: May 2022

This article begins by pointing to the tendency among British Moravians to downplay Zinzendorf's role in their church's history and arguing that that the difficult aspects of the relationship between the Count and the English Moravians of his day, which the article charts, help to explain that tendency. Zinzendorf's priority in England was relations with the Church of England. Recognition of the Moravian Church as a foreign episcopal sister church of the Church of England was important for the position of ordained Moravians working as missionaries in the British colonies. Zinzendorf feared that if the Moravian Church developed as a free church in England that would endanger such recognition. It would also conflict with his understanding of the 'Brüdergemeine' as a fellowship of awakened Christians within the existing churches. Evangelistic activity which effectively competed with the established church would similarly imperil recognition. British Moravians did not share these views.
The Songs of the Sifting. Understanding the Role of Bridal Mysticism in Moravian Piety during the late 1740s
Authors: Peucker Paul
Published: May 2022

Moravian piety in the late 1740s was characterized by unusual religious language and practice. Moravians themselves soon called this period a time of "Sifting" and tried to eradicate most textual references to this era. A recently-discovered handwritten hymn book offers a source for the hymns sung by Moravians during the late 1740s. The author discusses the role of communal hymn singing in the common liturgical practice of 18th-century Moravians and places the songs in the context of the older religious tradition of bridal mysticism.
The Moravian Music Tradition in Germany: Continuity and Change from 1865 to 1907
Authors: Vogt Peter
Published: May 2022

in 1865 a manual was published for organists and worship leaders in the German Moravian Church, with later editions and additions until 1907. These editions give us insight into the development of Moravian choral music in Germany in the second half of the 19th century. The author argues that whereas the 1865 edition was an attempt to codify the Moravian music tradition in a time of change, the 1891 edition was the attempt to break free from the constraints of the past and to open up the tradition for all the new musical developments that were taking place within and outside of the Moravian Church.
The Ideal of Primitive Christianity as a Source of Moravian Liturgical Practice
Authors: Peucker Paul M.
Published: May 2022

The origins of Moravian liturgical practice have traditionally been linked with the ancient Unitas Fratrum. In this essay, the author argues that many liturgical forms and ideas can be traced to Gottfried Arnold's representation of the early Christians in his two-volume work, Die Erste Liebe (1696). The author also investigates the question why this connection has not been acknowledged in previous historiography on the topic. By considering the influence of the ideal of primitive Christianity on the development of liturgical forms in early Herrnhut, important insight into the self-concept of the Moravian movement will be gained.
Versions of Primitive Christianity: John Wesley's Relations with the Moravians in Georgia, 1735-1737
Authors: Hammond Geordan
Published: May 2022

This article is an examination of John Wesley's relationship with the German Moravians in Georgia, which focuses on their respective conceptions of primitive Christianity. Wesley saw Georgia as a laboratory to implement his High Church Anglican/Nonjuror inspired vision of introducing the doctrine, discipline, and practice of the primitive church in the new colony. Wesley's determination to implement his views of primitive Christianity affected all of his relationships in Georgia including his interactions with the Moravians. A close investigation of Wesley's journals and diary along with the journals and letters of the leaders of the Moravians shows that discussion of the nature of the primitive church dominated their conversations. Wesley believed that primitive Christianity could be restored by renewing the precise doctrine, liturgy, discipline, and devotional practice of the primitive church, while the Moravians stressed the communal spirit of the primitive church as worthy of contemporary emulation. Although the Moravians claimed to maintain episcopal apostolic succession, they did not agree with Wesley that it was essential to an efficacious ministry. The leaders of the Moravians, while showing some sympathy with Wesley's High Church primitivism, retained their focus on the spirit and communal form of the early church. Therefore, relations between Wesley and the Moravians in Georgia were marked by mutual respect and tension due to their differing conceptions of primitive Christianity.
Little Side Holes: Moravian Devotional Cards of the Mid-Eighteenth Century
Authors: Atwood Craig D.
Published: May 2022

One of the more intriguing types of eighteenth-century Moravian art were small devotional cards. These side-hole cards (Seitenhöhlchenkarten) offer a distinctly Moravian reworking of a medieval iconographic tradition. Most of these cards have verses about the side wound of Jesus written in beautiful calligraphy, sometimes in red and green ink. The most intriguing cards have images of the side wound, sometimes with scenes painted into the wound. Aaron Fogleman offered these pictures as evidence for his thesis that the Moravians viewed Jesus as female and considers them as part of their eroticized devotion to Christ. The author of this essay argues that this is a misinterpretation. These cards were probably used by both children and adults in private devotions and are hardly erotic. Rather, they are visual representations of key elements of Moravian wounds mysticism, especially the concept that all aspects of daily life, even eating and sleeping, should be done in the awareness that one is in the body of Christ.
Three Peculiarities of the Southern Australian Moravian Mission Field
Authors: Jensz Felicity
Published: May 2022

The nineteenth-century Moravian mission field of Southern Australia has received little attention in Moravian narratives or in contemporary historical analyses. Although it was relatively small in terms of converts, and short-lived in comparison to some other Moravian missionary fields, it had a profound impact on indigenous Australians and the colonial history of Australia. Tins essay provides an analysis of the Southern Australian Moravian mission field by examining three peculiarities of the field: the lack of native literature; the payment of a missionary by another church; and, the "double positions" held by Moravians as both missionaries and as governmental officials. These three peculiarities themselves diverge from the dominant Moravian missionary narrative, and thus, through their analysis, a more complex and nuanced history of this mission field is presented.
Encounters of Moravian Missionaries with Miskitu Autonomy and Land Claims in Nicaragua, 1894 to 1936
Authors: Everingham Mark , Taylor Edwin
Published: May 2022

This article analyzes the responses of Moravian missionaries in Nicaragua when they encountered colonial and national competition over sovereignty and internal strife and challenging conditions in indigenous communities, from the 1890s to the 1930s. The focus is on Moravian missionaries who settled in the northern portion of Miskitu territory, which is located in the Mosquitia on Nicaragua's Caribbean coast. Diaries and notes, as well as official reports and accounts to the Moravian Church, provide a unique historical lens through which to examine how the missionaries navigated indigenous resistance, land claims, foreign competition, and economic booms and busts. Although not acting according to an explicit political agenda, missionaries systematically constructed religious, educational, and medical institutions that overcame Miskitu resistance to Christian conversion and became integral to Miskitu lives and welfare. Despite this, the Miskitu people preserved a tradition of self-government during the period under consideration. A change of religious beliefs did not constitute a fundamental transformation of Miskitu ideas and aspirations about political and cultural autonomy. The consolidation of Moravian influence contributed to the intensity of Miskitu nationalist sentiments and land claims when demands for indigenous autonomy resurged later in the twentieth century. This article examines Moravian perspectives on disunity and anxiety in coastal and savannah communities on the Tawira side of Miskitu geographic and ethnic divisions. Moravian accounts of the foundation of the Tawira community of Tuara elucidate ancestral roots and communal struggles during the ebb and flow of Miskitu autonomy and vulnerability.
Moravians in Central Labrador: The Indigenous Inuit Mission of Jacobus and Salome at Snooks Cove
Authors: Rollmann Hans J.
Published: May 2022

The article documents Moravian efforts to extend missionary activities from coastal to central Labrador during the second half of the nineteenth century and highlights the evangelization of fellow Inuit at Snooks Cove near Rigolet in 1871/72 by the Hopedale Inuk Jacobus and several companions. The missionary activities of Jacobus are placed in the wider nineteenth-century Moravian context of stimulating increased aboriginal participation among mission churches worldwide. In Labrador, such greater involvement of Inuit in the life of their church was particularly encouraged by Bishop Levin Theodor Reichet, a member of the Unity Elders Conference in Germany, during and after his visitation journeys to Labrador in 1861 and 1874. Appended to the article is a translation from German of Jacobus's original Inuktitut account about his evangelistic activities at Snooks Cove.
Transitions in Moravian Burial and Commemorative Practices in the Former Danish West Indies
Authors: Blouet Helen C.
Published: May 2022

The Moravians established the Bethany and Emmaus missions on the Caribbean island of St. John in 1754 and 1782 respectively. The missionaries provided religious and educational outlets to many of the island's enslaved and free Africans. Despite claims of spiritual equality, black Moravians and white Moravians experienced differential access to burial sites and commemorative resources on St. John. Such contexts gradually changed over time as enslaved laborers were freed in 1848, the number of white Moravian missionaries declined, and Afro-Moravians increasingly assumed congregational leadership. Through the interpretation of church cemeteries, family property burial sites, and documentary analysis, this study investigates how Moravians on St. John spatially and materially communicated and transformed religious identities, race relationships, and kinship and communal ties over time from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries.
Archbishop Herring, Anti-Catholicism, and the Moravian Church
Authors: Yonan Jonathan
Published: May 2022

Until recently, scholars mainly understood the anti-Moravian campaign that started in 1753 as a reaction to the so-called Sifting Time and as the initiative of the enigmatic figure, Henry Rimius. In his 1998 study of the Moravian Church in England, Podmore drew attention to the role Thomas Herring, archbishop of Canterbury, played as being more than only an accommodating spectator. In this article new evidence from a correspondence between Samuel Richardson and his Dutch translator, Johannes Stinstra, has been used to establish that the archbishop himself, and not Rimius, inspired, designed, initiated, and directed the 1753 anti-Moravian campaign. New manuscript evidence also highlights that Herring's campaign was chiefly political in focus, aimed at repealing the 1749 Act of Parliament, and was never principally interested in theological or social issues.
Entangled by the World: William Henry of Lancaster and “Mixed” Living in Moravian Town and Country Congregations
Authors: Gordon Scott Paul
Published: May 2022

Members of Moravian “town and country” congregations in eighteenth-century America confronted particular challenges: unable or unwilling to separate themselves from “the world,” such Moravians were often looked at with suspicion by church authorities in settlement congregations such as Bethlehem. These ongoing tensions were exacerbated during the Revolutionary War, when the decisions of many Brethren—most visibly, William Henry of Lancaster—to engage in political activity seemed to confirm the suspicions that town and country congregations had admitted individuals to their fellowship who were too entangled in the world to devote themselves to spiritual matters. Yet it was these Brethren who, thanks to the very entanglements that dismayed church authorities, possessed the political influence to aid and protect the Moravian Church when it was threatened.
Apologizing for the Moravians: Spangenberg's “Idea Fidei Fratrum
Authors: Atwood Craig D.
Published: May 2022

After Zinzendorf's death in 1760, August Gottlieb Spangenberg became the major leader of the Moravian Church. Spangenberg's historical and doctrinal publications helped define Moravian theology and practice in the second half of the eighteenth century. In this article, the author argues that the Idea Fidei Fratrum (1779), Spangenberg's most important theological work, was primarily written as an apology for the Moravians as they were struggling with their public image after the death of Zinzendorf. It also serves as a rare example of a systematic theology written by a Moravian leader. By marginalizing key aspects of Zinzendorf's theology and placing Moravian teaching on the foundation of the Augsburg Confession, the Idea Fidei Fratrum was a public demonstration of the theological orthodoxy of the Moravian Church.