bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Organic Manures and Potassium Levels on Growth and Yield Attributes of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.)
Authors: Madhan Tiravaturu , Umesha C.
Published: August 2023

The field experiment was conducted during rabi 2022 at the Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology And Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.) India. To study the Response of Organic manures and potassium on growth and yield of Pearl millet The treatment combinations were T1: FYM 5t/ha + 30 kg/ha potassium, T2: FYM 5t/ha + 40 kg/ha potassium, T3: FYM 5t/ha + 50 kg/ha potassium, T4: Vermicompost 5t/ha + 30 kg/ha potassium, T5: Vermicompost 5t/ha + 40kg/ha potassium, T6: Vermicompost 5t/ha + 50kg/ha potassium, T7: Poultry Manure 4t/ha + 30kg/ha potassium, T8: Poultry Manure 4t/ha + 40kg/ha potassium, T9: Poultry Manure 4t/ha + 50kg/ha potassium, and control plot T10:(RDF80:40:40 NPK kg/ha) . Results obtained that  the plant height (168.06 cm), plant dry weight(48.87 g/plant),crop growth rate (24.0 g/m2/day), ear head length (25.07cm) number of grains/ear head (2372.69), test weight (10.92 gm), seed yield (36.90 q/ha) and stover yield (68.03 q/ha)were significantly influenced with application of Poultry Manure 4t/ha + 50 kg/ha potassium. Higher gross return (INR 86707.17/ha), higher net return (INR 58590.17/ha) and highest B:C ratio (2.08) were also recorded in treatment-9 (Poultry Manure 4t/ha + 50 kg/ha potassium).
Effect of Different Drying Media on Different Cut Flowers
Authors: Sha Ananya , Topno Samir Ebson , Kerketta Anita
Published: August 2023

The standardization of different drying techniques for various cut flowers is crucial for value addition in the floriculture industry. Drying flowers enhances their longevity, making them available year-round and reducing wastage. By preserving their vibrant colours, shapes, and textures, dried flowers offer novel and aesthetically appealing options for floral arrangements and decorations. Therefore, present investigation was carried out to determine the effect of different drying media on the quality of flowers. Under this experiment, overall, 11 treatments comprising of different drying media were applied for different cut flowers. The present investigation found that treatment T4 (Sand (microwave @ 280°C) and T6 (Silica gel (microwave @ 280°C) responded better among different drying method and T6 (Silica gel (microwave @ 280°C) also showed better colour, shape and texture of cut flowers employed in drying.
Enhancing the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments Using Anionic Polyacrylamide: A Review
Authors: Kushwaha Daniel Prakash , Kumar Anil
Published: August 2023

The loss of soil amendments in plains and sloped locations with runoff water is a crucial problem. The diminution in the residence period of soil amendments in the soil affects their effectiveness. Due to non-cohesive character, most of the soil amendments such as biochar, lime, sulphur etc. erode with the soil on sloped surfaces. Ultimately, soil productively remains same before and after the application of soil amendments, which causes loss of time, money and labor. As per the available literatures, it was demonstrated that soil amendments must be applied with any cohesive ingredient in order to maximize their effects. Despite having a cohesive nature, gypsum has also been found to be disappearing from the field. An inexpensive, easily accessible, adaptable, and organic soil additive called anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) can be utilised to address these issues. PAM does not directly contribute to the growth of vegetation, but because of its organic and cohesive character, it gives significant stability to other soil amendments and promotes crop growth. In this review, the efficacy of biochar, gypsum, lime, and PAM is discussed both singly and in combination. Most importantly, effect of blending of important soil amendments such as biochar, gypsum and lime with the PAM was discussion to understand biomass growth, soil erosion, nutrient loss and enhancement of soil properties to promote soil productivity.
Avian Influenza Surveillance in Pigs, Dogs, Chickens and Slaughter Slabs Biosecurity in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
Authors: Assam A. , Shehu D.
Published: August 2023

Avian influenza is a zoonotic disease likely to be exposed to dog, pig and poultry owners & their processors who are in close contact during processing of these animals in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. The study assessed the biosecurity practice of processors in pig, poultry, and dog slaughter slabs; and the prevalence of Avian Influenza (H5 subtype) antibodies in dogs, pigs, and chickens in Kaduna Metropolis. The slaughter slab biosecurity practices were evaluated using questionnaires while the H5 antibodies surveillance was determined by hemagglutination inhibition test. Serum samples from 45 dogs, 104 pigs and 75 chickens were tested for H5 subtype. H5 subtype antibodies prevalence in dogs was 2.2% with a mean titre of 9.0 ± 0 log2 while prevalence and mean titre in chicken were 6.7% and 8.5 ± 0.32 log2 respectively. All pig sera tested were negative for H5 subtype antibodies. The chicken H5 subtype prevalence in central market and railway station live bird markets were 4.3% and 13% respectively. H5 subtype antibodies were present in dogs and chickens in Kaduna metropolis. There is the need for targeted surveillance of avian influenza in dogs and pigs should be incorporated in the national avian influenza surveillance program.
Complications by Ophthalmic Residents while doing Phacoemulsification Surgery: A Comparative Approach
Authors: Khaqan Hussain Ahmad , Hassan Laraib , Fauzan Ahmad , Bukhsh Hasnain Muhammad , Haider Muhammad Ali , Jabran Aamna
Published: August 2023

Purpose: The purpose of our study is to compare the rates of complications by ophthalmic residents while doing phacoemulsification surgery with supervision or without supervision of attending.

Place of Study: Lahore General Hospital, Lahore.

Duration of Study: one year (February 2022 to February 2023).

Institution review board approval was obtained before the study was initiated. All cataract surgeries were done by third year and forth year residents , total of 50 in number were recorded. Results were analyzed and compared for the residents performing phacoemulsification surgery with supervision and without supervision.  

Results: A Performa was circulated among 50 residents of ophthalmology and results were deduced.45 residents out of 50 residents (90%) performed phaco surgery without any complication under supervision.1 resident out of 50 residents (2%) had poor wound construction while doing surgery under supervision.2 residents out of 50 residents (4%) had Continuous Curvilinear Capsulorhexis run off while doing surgery under supervision .1 resident out of 50 residents (2%) had a posterior capsular rent without nucleus drop while working under supervision.1 resident out of 50 residents (2%) had a posterior capsular rent with nucleus drop while working under supervision.

Without supervision 30 residents out of 50 (60%) performed surgery without any complications.5 residents out of 50 (10%) had poor wound construction.5 residents out of 50 (10%) had Posterior capsular rent with nucleus drop .7 residents out of 50 (14%) had posterior capsular rent only. 3 residents out of 50 (6%) had CCC run off.

Conclusion: When residents perform surgery under supervision there is less chance of complications as compared to when the residents perform surgery without supervision so residents must perform surgery under supervision of seniors to avoid complications.
Case-Based Learning in Pharmacy Practice: Observations from an Indian Pharmacy College
Authors: Rathinavelu Mohanraj , Reddy Siddu Naveen Kumar , Karanam Sagarika , Jonnagadla Sneha Latha , Jollireddy Sravani , Bharambe Dipak Dnyandeo
Published: August 2023

Today, it's getting harder to learn a career in pharmacy. In addition to self-guided individual learning, pharmaceutical educators are required to find and adopt ways that support higher-level thinking, collaborative learning, and student motivation. One strategy to achieve these aims is to develop and use case-based learning as an addition to traditional teaching techniques. They support learner-centered, small-group, interactive learning experiences as opposed to large-group, teacher-centered, didactic instruction. A cross-over study between two groups equally exposed to both didactic lectures and case-based pedagogy musculoskeletal system diseases and drug therapy; which involves assessment of perception and small group responses towards case-based learning. The outcome of which is further investigated by administering an objective structured clinical examination. The vast majority of the students reported satisfaction with case-based learning sessions and highly appreciated this method of teaching pharmacotherapy of musculoskeletal system diseases. In our study, more than 93.22% of the students opined that they enjoyed sessions and it held their interest and motivated them to learn better. The ‘t-test between post-test 1 and post-test 2 scores was statistically significant with a P value of 0.0001. This suggests that CBL is effective in students’ learning, and reinforces important concepts, strengthening information retention and long-term memory. In conclusion, the perception of pharmacy practice students towards case-based learning is highly contented and encountered a very positive impact on understanding and retention of knowledge in musculoskeletal system diseases and drug therapies.
Influência dos Ciclos Político-Orçamentários na Política de Investimentos das Companhias Estatais de Saneamento Listadas
Authors: Morant Vieira Gonçalves Pereira Dimmitre , Miranda Rodrigues Jomar , Alves Dantas José
Published: August 2023

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar a relação dos ciclos político-orçamentários com os investimentos das sete companhias estatais de saneamento listadas na B3 no período de 2000 a 2020. O estudo se insere na literatura sobre os ciclos político-orçamentários, que se origina da observação dos impactos do processo democrático sobre a situação econômico-financeira dos governos centrais e locais, sendo o foco deste estudo as estatais integrantes da administração indireta. Os resultados dos testes empíricos realizados por meio de regressão com dados em painel confirmaram a hipótese de que a política de investimentos das companhias estatais de saneamento de capital aberto está positivamente associada com a ocorrência do ano eleitoral, sugerindo a presença de influência política sobre as decisões de investimentos no período eleitoral. O trabalho contribui com a literatura avançando no conhecimento sobre o efeito dos ciclos político-orçamentários sobre as companhias estatais, evidenciando que o incremento de investimentos pelas companhias estatais de saneamento está associado à ocorrência do ano eleitoral e, portanto,sob influência política dos controladores em detrimento dos interesses dos acionistas privados. Palavras-Chave: Administração indireta; Eleições; Investimentos
Excess All-Cause Mortality in China After Ending the Zero COVID Policy
Authors: Xiao Hong , Wang Zhicheng , Liu Fang , Unger Joseph M.
Published: August 2023

Importance

In China, the implementation of stringent mitigation measures kept COVID-19 incidence and excess mortality low during the first years of the pandemic. However, China’s decision to end its dynamic zero COVID policy (a proactive strategy that deploys mass testing and strict quarantine measures to stamp out any outbreak before it can spread) in December 2022 resulted in a surge in COVID-19 incidence and hospitalizations. Despite worldwide attention given to this event, the actual impact of this sudden shift in policy on population mortality has not been empirically estimated.

Objective

To assess the association of the sudden shift in China’s dynamic zero COVID policy with mortality using empirical and syndromic surveillance data.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study analyzed published obituary data from 3 universities in China (2 in Beijing and 1 in Heilongjiang) and search engine data from the Baidu index (BI; weighted frequency of unique searches for a given keyword relative to the total search volume on the Baidu search engine) in each region of China from January 1, 2016, to January 31, 2023. Using an interrupted time-series design, analyses estimated the relative change in mortality among individuals 30 years and older in the universities and the change in BI for mortality-related terms in each region of China from December 2022 to January 2023. Analysis revealed a strong correlation between Baidu searches for mortality-related keywords and actual mortality burden. Using this correlation, the relative increase in mortality in Beijing and Heilongjiang was extrapolated to the rest of China, and region-specific excess mortality was calculated by multiplying the proportional increase in mortality by the number of expected deaths. Data analysis was performed from February 10, 2023, to March 5, 2023.

Exposure

The end to the dynamic zero COVID policy in December 2022 in China.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Monthly all-cause mortality by region.

Results

An estimated 1.87 million (95% CI, 0.71 million-4.43 million; 1.33 per 1000 population) excess deaths occurred among individuals 30 years and older in China during the first 2 months after the end of the zero COVID policy. Excess deaths predominantly occurred among older individuals and were observed across all provinces in mainland China except Tibet.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of the population in China, the sudden lifting of the zero COVID policy was associated with significant increases in all-cause mortality. These findings provide valuable insights for policy makers and public health experts and are important for understanding how the sudden propagation of COVID-19 across a population may be associated with population mortality.
Use of Artificial Intelligence Chatbots for Cancer Treatment Information
Authors: Chen Shan , Kann Benjamin H. , Foote Michael B. , Aerts Hugo J. W. L. , Savova Guergana K. , Mak Raymond H. , Bitterman Danielle S.
Published: August 2023

This survey study examines the performance of a large language model chatbot in providing cancer treatment recommendations that are concordant with National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines.
Socioeconomic Status Among Cochlear Implant Candidates and Association With Surgical Pursuance
Authors: Quimby Alexandra E. , Venkatesh Sanjena , Corsten Martin , McDonald James Ted , Hwa Tiffany P. , Bigelow Douglas C. , Ruckenstein Michael J. , Johnson-Obaseki Stephanie , Brant Jason A.
Published: August 2023

Importance

Despite the sizeable global burden of hearing loss, cochlear implants have poor penetrance among eligible hearing-impaired individuals. Identifying populations who may benefit from a cochlear implant but among whom penetrance is poor is an important aim in reducing the health-related and economic effects of hearing loss on both individuals and society.

Objectives

To explore the association of socioeconomic status (SES) with cochlear implant candidacy and the decision to undergo cochlear implantation.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective cohort study was performed in a tertiary academic center. All adult patients evaluated for cochlear implant candidacy from January 1, 1999, through December 31, 2022, were included in the analysis.

Exposures

Household income quintile and rural or urban residence were used as proxies for SES based on zip code linkage to US Census and US Department of Agriculture data.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Odds of cochlear implant candidacy and surgery.

Results

A total of 754 individuals underwent candidacy evaluations and were included in the analysis (386 [51.2%] women; mean [SD] age, 64.0 [15.7] years). Of these, 693 (91.9%) were cochlear implant candidates, and 623 candidates (89.9%) underwent cochlear implantation. Multivariable analyses demonstrated that individuals in the highest income quintile had lower odds of cochlear implant candidacy compared with those in the lowest income quintile (odds ratio [OR], 0.26 [95% CI, 0.08-0.91]), and candidates in the highest income quintile had greater odds of undergoing cochlear implant surgery compared with those in the lowest quintile (OR, 2.59 [95% CI, 1.14-5.86]). Living in a small town or a micropolitan or rural area was associated with lower odds of undergoing cochlear implant surgery compared with living in a metropolitan core (OR, 0.18 [95% CI, 0.04-0.83]) after controlling for distance to the primary implant center.

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings of this cohort study suggest that individuals with higher SES are less likely to qualify for a cochlear implant; however, those who qualify are more likely to undergo surgery compared with those with lower SES. These findings highlight a hearing health care disparity that should be addressed through further studies to guide population-based initiatives.
Otolaryngology and the Pregnant Patient
Authors: Lawlor Claire M. , Graham M. Elise , Owen Lynsey C. , Tracy Lauren F.
Published: August 2023

Importance

Pregnancy may result in physiologic and pathologic changes in the head and neck. Otolaryngologists may need to intervene medically or surgically with pregnant patients. Careful consideration of risks to both the gravid patient and the developing fetus is vital.

Observations

Patients may present with otolaryngologic complaints exacerbated by or simply occurring during their pregnancy. Symptoms of hearing loss, vertigo, rhinitis or rhinosinusitis, epistaxis, obstructive sleep apnea, sialorrhea, voice changes, reflux, subglottic stenosis, and benign and malignant tumors of the head and neck may prompt evaluation. While conservative measures are often best, there are medications that are safe for use during pregnancy. When required, surgery for the gravid patient requires a multidisciplinary approach.

Conclusions and Relevance

Otolaryngologic manifestations in pregnant patients may be managed safely with conservative treatment, medication, and surgery when necessary. Treatment should include consideration of both the pregnant patient and the developing fetus.
Messaging Clearly and Effectively About Hearing Loss and Increased Dementia Risk
Authors: Blustein Jan , Weinstein Barbara E. , Chodosh Joshua
Published: August 2023

This Viewpoint argues that because both dementia and hearing loss have negative stigma, patients may avoid hearing tests and treatment for hearing loss; therefore, messages about a risk connection should be positive and lead to behavior change.
The role of m6A‐modified CircEPHB4 in glioma pathogenesis: Insights into cancer stemness metastasis
Authors: Liao Yuxiang , Qiu Xiaohui , Liu Jingping , Zhang Zhiping , Liu Bo , Jin Chen
Published: August 2023

Objective

While existing literature has provided insights into involvement of circEPHB4, SOX2 in glioma, their precise molecular mechanisms and synergistic implications in glioma pathogenesis still dim. This study aims to investigate significance and underlying mechanism of m6A‐modified circEPHB4 in regulating SOX2/PHLDB2 axis in gliomas.

Methods

The mRNA and protein expression were tested by qRT‐PCR and Western blot, respectively. ChIP assay was performed to detect SOX2 enrichment on the PHLDB2 promoter. Cell sphere‐forming assay to detect self‐renewal ability, flow cytometry to determine positivity of CD133 expressions, Malignant behavior of glioma cells were detected by CCK‐8, plate colony formation, scratch, and transwell assays. Glioma xenograft models were constructed to investigate effects of CircEPHB4 in tumor development in vivo.

Results

Methyltransferase MELLT3 upregulated m6A modification of CircEPHB4, and YTHDC1 promoted cytoplasmic localization of m6A‐modified CircEPHB4. Overexpression of wild‐type CircEPHB4 enhanced glioma cells' stemness, metastasis, and proliferation. Cytoplasmic CircEPHB4 increased SOX2 mRNA stability by binding to IGF2BP2, and the effects observed by SOX2 knockdown were reversed by CircEPHB4 in glioma cells. SOX2 promoted transcriptional expression of PHLDB2 by enriching the PHLDB2 promoter region. SOX2 reversed the inhibition of PHLDB2 knockdown on stemness of glioma, cell proliferation, and metastasis. In vivo experiments also revealed that CircEPHB4 upregulated PHLDB2 expression by stabilizing SOX2 mRNA, which promoted in vivo tumor growth and accelerated stemness of glioma cells and metastasis.

Conclusion

This study reveals functional interaction and molecular mechanisms of m6A‐modified circEPHB4 in regulating SOX2/PHLDB2 axis, highlighting their importance in glioma pathogenesis and potential as therapeutic targets.
Fast finite‐time adaptive tracking control for non‐strict feedback stochastic nonlinear systems with full state constraints
Authors: Zhao Haina , Zhao Junsheng , Sun Zong‐Yao , Zhao Xuejing
Published: August 2023

This article focuses on the fast finite‐time adaptive tracking control for non‐strict feedback stochastic nonlinear systems. Random disturbances with constraints have rarely been considered in previous studies of fast finite‐time stabilization problems. The corresponding extension of the adaptive fast finite‐time stabilization mechanism to stochastic nonlinear systems with full‐state constraints is one of the innovations of this article. First, neural networks and barrier Lyapunov functions are utilized to handle the problems arising from the unknown nonlinear terms and the state constraints, respectively. Second, an adaptive fast finite‐time tracking control scheme for stochastic systems is designed based on the backstepping technique and a fast finite‐time control strategy, which allows all signals of the closed‐loop system to be bounded. Meanwhile, the designed controller guarantees a fast convergence of the tracking error to a small neighborhood of the origin under full‐state constraints. Finally, two examples are given to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed method.
Exploring the Physical Origin of the Negative Capacitance Effect in a Metal–Ferroelectric–Metal–Dielectric Structure
Authors: Park Hyeon Woo , Byun Seungyong , Kim Kyung Do , Ryoo Seung Kyu , Lee In Soo , Lee Yong Bin , Lee Suk Hyun , Nam Hyun Woo , Lee Jae Hoon , Song Jae Hee , Shin Sung Jae , Hwang Cheol Seong
Published: August 2023

The ferroelectric negative capacitance (NC) draws a great deal of attention for low‐power negative capacitance field‐effect transistors (NCFET) and NC capacitors. The fabrication of steep‐slope FET (subthreshold swing < 60mVdec−1) is reported, followed by modeling approaches. While the device fabrication favors a ferroelectric gate structure without interlayer metal, many NCFET models adopt interlayer metal between the ferroelectric layer and metal–insulator–semiconductor structure. The metal interlayer averages out spatial variation in the ferroelectric polarization, enabling a compact charge‐based relation between the layers. In addition, the approach assumes that the NC effect emerges from the ferroelectric layer regardless of the metal interlayer, which is not necessarily probable. This work reinvestigates the possible NC effect in ferroelectric–dielectric capacitors connected by a metal interlayer. The experiment confirms that the NC effect in the metal–ferroelectric–dielectric–metal structure does not appear in the metal–ferroelectric–metal–dielectric–metal structure. These results are inconsistent with the multidomain‐1D Landau–Ginzburg‐Devonshire model. In contrast, the suppression of the NC effect in the structure is fully explained by the advanced inhomogeneous stray‐field energy model, which simulates the dynamic evolution of polarization and screening charges. Therefore, an NCFET with a metal interlayer is impractical.
Tuning the Surface Properties of CuO Films Using the Precursor Aging Approach for Enhanced Photoelectrocatalytic Reactions
Authors: Kyesmen Pannan I. , Nombona Nolwazi , Diale Mmantsae
Published: August 2023

The surface properties of semiconductors have a significant influence on their photoelectrocatalytic efficiency. This research presents a precursor aging method for tuning the surface properties of CuO films, for enhanced catalytic response. A precursor solution made using copper acetate, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400, and diethanolamine, and aged for 1, 40, 80, 120, 150, 180, and 250 days is used in each case to fabricate CuO photocathodes via the dip‐coating method. The films fabricated using the 1‐day‐old precursor reveal compact and homogeneous nanoparticles. The films eventually get tuned to yield highly porous and rougher surfaces after aging the precursors for 180–250 days. The film's bandgap decreases by 9% after 180–250 days of precursor aging. Photocathodes prepared using the 180‐day‐old precursor produce the optimum photocurrent density of 1.6 mA cm−2 at 0.35 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), representing a 196% increase relative to the films fabricated using the 1‐day‐old solution. They also produce an anodic onset potential shift of 260 mV. This improved photoelectrocatalytic response is due to the porous morphology of the films, which produces a larger surface area that enhances light absorption, increases active sites for catalytic reactions, and reduces charge transfer resistance at the photocathode‐electrolyte interface.
Mixed‐Halide Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Yang Ming , Wang Huaxin , Cai Wensi , Zang Zhigang
Published: August 2023

Recently, mixed‐halide inorganic CsPbI3−xBrx perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have had a rapid advancement, which offers balanced efficiency, stability, tunable bandgap, and potential for indoor photovoltaic applications. Despite these advantages, significant challenges remain in the phase segregation phenomena, trap state density, and absorption range limitations. This review presents an analysis of the crystal and electronic structure and optical properties of CsPbI3−xBrx, as well as an in‐depth look at high‐quality CsPbI3−xBrx film preparation, phase segregation inhibition potential solutions, and interface engineering, highlighting the critical role of interface modification in the performance of CsPbI3−xBrx PSCs. Furthermore, how CsPbI3−xBrx PSCs can be strong candidates for indoor photovoltaics because of their adjustable bandgap that enables them to better match the absorption range and notable strength stability is discussed. Finally, the review provides perspectives to address the development bottlenecks and inspires future research prospects concerning CsPbI3−xBrx PSCs.
The UV–vis‐NIR Broadband Ultrafast Flexible Sn‐Pb Perovskite Photodetector for Multispectral Imaging to Distinguish Substance and Foreign‐Body in Biological Tissues
Authors: Li Wanjun , Chen Jiayu , Lin Hui , Zhou Sitong , Yan Genghua , Zhao Zhijuan , Zhao Chuanxi , Mai Wenjie
Published: August 2023

Multispectral imaging plays an important role in many applications such as color recognition, substance distinction, and medical therapy. Although multicolor detection has been demonstrated in lead‐based perovskites, the limited near‐infrared responsivity and slow response impede their applications for identifying the substance. Herein, narrow bandgap highly stable Cs0.05MA0.45FA0.5Sn0.5Pb0.5I3 (Sn‐Pb) perovskite films with excellent crystallinity and selective growth orientation are realized by the synergy of a Sn‐Pb mixing method and electronegativity balance. The Sn‐Pb perovskite photodetector shows a broadband response from 350 to 1000 nm and high‐performance near‐infrared (NIR) detection with a fast response of 2.0 µs and excellent responsivity of 0.29 A W−1. Furthermore, flexible Sn‐Pb perovskite devices without any encapsulation in the air continuously exhibit fast response after 3000 bending cycles. In addition, the Sn‐Pb perovskite diffuse reflection imaging system is demonstrated for multispectral imaging and substance distinction. Meanwhile, foreign‐body identification in biological tissues by NIR imaging of Sn‐Pb perovskite photodetectors is further demonstrated, proving narrow bandgap mixed perovskite photodetectors an attractive candidate for biomedical imaging.
Physical Essence of Propagable Fractional‐Strength Optical Vortices in Free Space
Authors: Weng Xiaoyu , Miao Yu , Chen Yu , Song Qiang , Liu Liwei , He Jun , Liao Changrui , Wang Yiping , Gao Xiumin , Qu Junle , Zhuang Songlin
Published: August 2023

Fractional‐order vector vortex beams (VVBs) have recently been demonstrated as new carriers of fractional‐strength optical vortices. However, the inherent mechanism of the new vortex beams, formed by the combination of both unstable states, to propagate stably in free space requires clarification. In this study, this scientific problem is solved by revealing the physical essence of propagable fractional‐strength optical vortices in free space. Therefore, three new viewpoints regarding these unique vortex beams are proposed: Abbe's diffraction limit, the phase evolution of the vortex beam, and the binary time vector property of phase. First, due to Abbe's diffraction limit, the inherent polarization modes are intertwined, thereby maintaining the entire unique vortex beam in free space. In the second case, the phase evolution of the vortex beam is the physical cause for the polarization rotation of fractional‐order VVBs. Third, the phase is not merely a scalar attribute of the light beam and demonstrates a binary time vector property. This study provides entirely different physical viewpoints on the phase of the vortex beam and Abbe's diffraction limit, which may deepen the knowledge on the behavior of light beams in classical optics.
Electrochemically‐Driven Organocatalytic Enantioselective Oxidative Coupling of Tetrahydroisoquinolines and Acrylaldehyde
Authors: Zhang Qi‐Ying , Li Lu‐Xin , Wang Song‐Lin , Ma Jing , Guo Hai‐Ming
Published: August 2023

An electrochemically‐driven organocatalytic enantioselective oxidative coupling of tetrahydroisoquinolines and acrylaldehyde was developed. Various chiral C1‐alkenyl tetrahydroisoquinolines derivatives were obtained with 69–86% yields and 93:7–96:4 er. Notable features of this reaction include asymmetric organocatalysis (5.0 mol% β‐ICD as catalyst), electricity as the oxidant, air atmosphere, and undivided cell. This synthetic route offers access to various optically active C1‐substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines derivatives.
Regulation of Osteoimmune Microenvironment and Osteogenesis by 3D‐Printed PLAG/black Phosphorus Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration
Authors: Long Jing , Yao Zhenyu , Zhang Wei , Liu Ben , Chen Kaiming , Li Long , Teng Bin , Du Xiang‐Fu , Li Cairong , Yu Xue‐Feng , Qin Ling , Lai Yuxiao
Published: August 2023

The treatment of bone defects remains a significant challenge to be solved clinically. Immunomodulatory properties of orthopedic biomaterials have significance in regulating osteoimmune microenvironment for osteogenesis. A lactic acid‐co‐glycolic acid (PLGA) scaffold incorporates black phosphorus (BP) fabricated by 3D printing technology to investigate the effect of BP on osteoimmunomodulation and osteogenesis in site. The PLGA/BP scaffold exhibits suitable biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical properties as an excellent microenvironment to support new bone formation. The studies' result also demonstrate that the PLGA/BP scaffolds are able to recruit and stimulate macrophages M2 polarization, inhibit inflammation, and promote human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) proliferation and differentiation, which in turn promotes bone regeneration in the distal femoral defect region of steroid‐associated osteonecrosis (SAON) rat model. Moreover, it is screened and demonstrated that PLGA/BP scaffolds can promote osteogenic differentiation by transcriptomic analysis, and PLGA/BP scaffolds promote osteogenic differentiation and mineralization by activating PI3K‐AKT signaling pathway in hBMSC cells. In this study, it is shown that the innovative PLGA/BP scaffolds are extremely effective in stimulating bone regeneration by regulating macrophage M2 polarization and a new strategy for the development of biomaterials that can be used to repair bone defects is offered.
Chlorogenic Acid Ameliorates Post‐Infectious Irritable Bowel Syndrome by Regulating Extracellular Vesicles of Gut Microbes
Authors: Zheng Cihua , Zhong Yuchun , Zhang Wenming , Wang Zhuoya , Xiao Haili , Zhang Wenjun , Xie Jian , Peng Xiaogang , Luo Jun , Xu Wei
Published: August 2023

Post‐infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI‐IBS) occurs after acute infectious diarrhea, and dysbiosis can be involved in its pathogenesis. Here, the role of chlorogenic acid (CGA) is investigated, a natural compound with several pharmacological properties, in alleviating PI‐IBS in rats. It is elucidated that the gut microbiota plays a key role in PI‐IBS pathogenesis and that rectal administration of CGA alleviated PI‐IBS by modulating the gut microbiota and its metabolites. CGA supplementation significantly increased fecalBacteroides acidifaciensabundance and glycine levels. Glycine structurally alteredB. acidifaciens extracellular vesicles (EVs) and enriched functional proteins in the EVs; glycine‐induced EVs alleviated PI‐IBS by reducing inflammation and hypersensitivity of the intestinal viscera and maintaining mucosal barrier function. Moreover,B. acidifaciens EVs are enriched in the brain tissue. Thus, CGA mediates the mitigation of PI‐IBS through the gut microbiota and its metabolites. This study proposes a novel mechanism of signal exchange between the gut microenvironment and the host.
Triphenylamine (TPA)‐Functionalized Structural Isomeric Polythiophenes as Dopant Free Hole‐Transporting Materials for Tin Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Balasaravanan Rajendiran , Kuan Chun‐Hsiao , Hsu Shih‐Min , Chang En‐Chi , Chen Yu‐Cheng , Tsai Yi‐Tai , Jhou Meng‐Li , Yau Shueh‐Lin , Liu Cheng‐Liang , Chen Ming‐Chou , Diau Eric Wei‐Guang
Published: August 2023

A new series of triphenylamine (TPA)‐functionalized isomeric polythiophenes are developed as hole transporting materials (HTM) for inverted tin‐based perovskite solar cells (TPSCs). Bithiophene (BT) is first functionalized with two TPA (electron donor; D) at 3 and 5 positions to give two structural isomeric compounds (3BT2D and 5BT2D). The functionalized BT2Ds are then coupled with 3,3′‐bis(tetradecylthio)‐2,2′‐bithiophene (SBT‐14)/3,3′‐ditetradecyl‐2,2′‐bithiophene (BT‐14) to produce structural isomeric polythiophenes (1‐4), which are compared to conventional poly[N,N″‐bis(4‐butylphenyl)‐N,N″‐bis(phenyl)‐benzidine] (poly‐TPD) as HTMs for TPSCs. With the appropriate alignment of energy levels with regard to the perovskite layer, the TPA‐functionalized polymers‐based TPSCs exhibit enhanced operational stability and efficiency. Moreover, the long thiotetradecyl chain in SBT‐14 with intramolecular S(alkyl)∙∙∙S(thio) interactions restricts the molecular rotation and has a strong impact on the molecular solubility and wettability of the film during device fabrication. Among all the polymers studied, TPSCs fabricated with 3‐SBT‐BT2D polymer exhibit the highest hole mobility as well as the slowest charge recombination and achieve the highest power conversion efficiency of 8.6%, with great long‐term stability for the performance retaining ≈90% of its initial values for shelf storage over 4000 h, which is the best efficiency for non‐PEDOT:PSS‐based TPSCs ever reported.
Successful cognitive aging is associated with thicker anterior cingulate cortex and lower tau deposition compared to typical aging
Authors: Pezzoli Stefania , Giorgio Joseph , Martersteck Adam , Dobyns Lindsey , Harrison Theresa M. , Jagust William J.
Published: August 2023

INTRODUCTION

There is no consensus on either the definition of successful cognitive aging (SA) or the underlying neural mechanisms.

METHODS

We examined the agreement between new and existing definitions using: (1) a novel measure, the cognitive age gap (SA‐CAG, cognitive‐predicted age minus chronological age), (2) composite scores for episodic memory (SA‐EM), (3) non‐memory cognition (SA‐NM), and (4) the California Verbal Learning Test (SA‐CVLT).

RESULTS

Fair to moderate strength of agreement was found between the four definitions. Most SA groups showed greater cortical thickness compared to typical aging (TA), especially in the anterior cingulate and midcingulate cortices and medial temporal lobes. Greater hippocampal volume was found in all SA groups except SA‐NM. Lower entorhinal 18F‐Flortaucipir (FTP) uptake was found in all SA groups.

DISCUSSION

These findings suggest that a feature of SA, regardless of its exact definition, is resistance to tau pathology and preserved cortical integrity, especially in the anterior cingulate and midcingulate cortices.

Highlights

Different approaches have been used to define successful cognitive aging (SA).

Regardless of definition, different SA groups have similar brain features.

SA individuals have greater anterior cingulate thickness and hippocampal volume.

Lower entorhinal tau deposition, but not amyloid beta is related to SA.

A combination of cortical integrity and resistance to tau may be features of SA.
Highly Efficient Decomposition of Perfluorocarbons for over 1000 Hours via Active Site Regeneration
Authors: Zhang Hang , Luo Tao , Chen Yingkang , Liu Kang , Li Hongmei , Pensa Evangelina , Fu Junwei , Lin Zhang , Chai Liyuan , Cortés Emiliano , Liu Min
Published: August 2023

Tetrafluoromethane (CF4), the simplest perfluorocarbon (PFC), has the potential to exacerbate global warming. Catalytic hydrolysis is a viable method to degrade CF4, but fluorine poisoning severely restricts both the catalytic performance and catalyst lifetime. In this study, Ga is introduced to effectively assists the defluorination of poisoned Al active sites, leading to highly efficient CF4 decomposition at 600 °C with a catalytic lifetime exceeding 1,000 hours. 27Al and 71Ga magic‐angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MAS NMR) showed that the introduced Ga exists as tetracoordinated Ga sites (GaIV), which readily dissociate water to form Ga−OH. In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and density function theory (DFT) calculations confirmed that Ga−OH assists the defluorination of poisoned Al active sites via a dehydration‐like process. As a result, the Ga/Al2O3 catalyst achieved 100 % CF4 decomposition keeping an ultra‐long catalytic lifetime and outperforming reported results. This work proposes a new approach for efficient and long‐term CF4 decomposition by promoting the regeneration of active sites.
Low‐Valent Metals in Metal‐Organic Frameworks Via Post‐Synthetic Modification
Authors: Obeso Juan L. , Huxley Michael T. , de los Reyes José Antonio , Humphrey Simon M. , Ibarra Ilich A. , Peralta Ricardo A.
Published: August 2023

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) provide uniquely tunable, periodic platforms for site‐isolation of reactive low‐valent metal complexes of relevance in modern catalysis, adsorptive applications, and fundamental structural studies. Strategies for integrating such species in MOFs include post‐synthetic metalation, encapsulation and direct synthesis using low‐valent organometallic complexes as building blocks. These approaches have each proven effective in enhancing catalytic activity, modulating product distributions (i.e., by improving catalytic selectivity), and providing valuable mechanistic insights. In this minireview, we explore these different strategies, as applied to isolate low‐valent species within MOFs, with a particular focus on examples that leverage the unique crystallinity, permanent porosity and chemical mutability of MOFs to achieve deep structural insights that lead to new paradigms in the field of hybrid catalysis.
X‐ray characterization of three possible edible oleogelators: Experiment and theory
Authors: Peyronel Fernanda , Cooney Joseph , Papp‐Szabo Erzsebet , Martini Silvana , Pink David
Published: August 2023

Three oleogelator molecules (Triacontane (TC), Stearic acid (SA), and Behenyl Lignocerate (BL)) were studied individually, in pairs, or all together to make an oleogel using triolein as the oil. WAXS, SAXS and USAXS were used to elucidate the solid structures from angstroms to a few micrometers. A two‐dimensional mapping of atomic positions for each molecule was carried out to understand the crystalline multilayer structures formed. We assumed that the molecules were rigidly extended and that they underwent no significant (hindered) rotations so that the free energy is determined by the Lennard‐Jones interactions of closely packed multilayers. TC molecules were predicted to form a tilt angle of , yielding a SAXS line at Å─1, in acceptable agreement with the measured . For SA crystals (predicted) yielding a SAXS line at compared to (observed). No mixed crystals were observed for any pair of molecules or when all three were used. USAXS data showed that SA forms large nanocrystals compared to TC and BL. All three combinations of molecular pairs showed basic scatterers smaller or similar to those of individual molecules. The theory presented here, together with the experimental results, showed why no mixed crystals are formed from two or all three molecules. Data from the USAXS region suggested that, when using all three molecules, a more compact fractal structure was obtained, compared with those if one or two of the molecules were used.
Water absorption behavior and physico‐chemical and mechanical performance of PLA‐based biopolymers filled with degradable glass fibers
Authors: Finocchio Elisabetta , Moliner Cristina , Lagazzo Alberto , Caputo Samantha , Arato Elisabetta
Published: August 2023

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)‐based biopolymers filled with degradable glass fibers were submitted to real life conditions, selected based on their potential applications as beverage containers, to evaluate the feasibility of their usage at the required operational conditions. To do so, several media (i.e., buffer solutions at pH = 3, 5, 7.5, 12 and alcoholic solution) and temperatures (25, 37, 55 and 70°C) were applied to mimic the storage of food, beverage, and detergents inside or in direct contact with the bio‐based prototypes. Their mechanical, spectroscopic (FTIR) and morphological (SEM) features were evaluated and compared with samples after immersion. Water absorption increased with the increasing temperature, with maximum values achieved in alcoholic solutions indicating a more severe interaction of media with the functional groups of the samples. The diffusivity, D, increased with temperature, indicating faster water diffusion rate, especially in strong alkaline media. Treatments at pH 12 led to the most relevant degradation. This behavior was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis that evidenced a strong decrease of the ester band at 1755 cm−1 and the dissolution of the external layer of the polymeric matrix, which became more evident at higher temperatures, where several glass fibers emerged from the bulk. Tensile and flexural tests indicated a softening of the material and an increase in the plasticity of the samples with the increasing temperature. Evident embrittlement of samples was observed at higher temperatures, suggesting an increase in the crystallinity degree of the biopolymer. The obtained results showed the suitability of the PLA‐based biocomposites for applications that do not require high temperatures for long periods of time. Also, the tested materials were proved to resist washing with mild detergents. These results will help in the designing of the new improved PLA‐based biocomposites to meet with the target objectives on their applications.
Polyaniline/polyvinylpyrrolidone nanofibers via nozzle‐free electrospinning
Authors: Waqas Muhammad , Sanchez Francisco Javier Diaz , Menzel Valentin C. , Tudela Ignacio , Radacsi Norbert , Ray Dipa , Koutsos Vasileios
Published: August 2023

Polyaniline (PANI) in its emeraldine base (PANI‐EB) and salt (PANI‐ES) forms was combined with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to produce nanofibers in a one‐step electrospinning process using a nozzle‐free electrospinning setup for the first time. The surface morphologies and chemical structure of the composite nanofibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy—attenuated total reflectance (FTIR‐ATR), and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX). Four PANI/PVP electrospun nanofibers with different PANI concentrations were prepared to investigate the effect of PANI concentration on the structure and properties of the nanofibers. The incorporation of different contents of PANI‐EB and PANI‐ES in the PVP solution and their impact on the fiber morphology were investigated.
Modularity and community detection in human brain morphology
Authors: Schuurman Tim , Bruner Emiliano
Published: August 2023

Humans possess morphologically complex brains, which are spatially constrained by their many intrinsic and extrinsic physical interactions. Anatomical network analysis can be used to study these constraints and their implications. Modularity is a key issue in this framework, namely, the presence of groups of elements that undergo morphological evolution in a concerted way. An array of community detection algorithms was tested on a previously designed anatomical network model of the human brain in order to provide a detailed assessment of modularity in this context. The algorithms that provide the highest quality partitions also reveal general phenotypic patterns underlying the topology of human brain morphology. Taken together, the community detection algorithms highlight the simultaneous presence of a longitudinal and a vertical modular partition of the brain's topology, the combination of which matches the organization of the enveloping braincase. Specifically, the longitudinal organization is in line with the different morphogenetic environments of the three endocranial fossae, while the vertical arrangement corresponds to the distinct developmental processes associated with the cranial base and vault, respectively. The results are robust and have the potential to be compared with equivalent network models of other species. Furthermore, they suggest a degree of concerted topological reciprocity in the spatial organization of brain and skull elements, and posit questions about the extent to which geometrical constraints of the cranial base and the modular partition of the corresponding brain regions may channel both evolutionary and developmental trajectories.
Genome editing pig models with elements for controllable gene expression
Authors: Jin Qin , Shi Hui , Liu Xiaoyi , Ju Jialu , Wang Kepin , Lai Liangxue
Published: August 2023

Conditional gene regulation systems can control gene expression in predefined tissues or organs at a desired time. Site‐specific recombinase systems and chemically induced gene expression systems are the two most widely used approaches for creating genetically modified (GM) animals with conditional regulation of gene expression. Generation of GM pigs with controllable elements, usually involving multiple gene editing, used to be a major challenge due to a lack of germ line‐competent pluripotent stem cells. With the emergence of artificial endonuclease‐mediated gene editors, a variety of GM pigs with recombinase‐specific recognition elements or chemically induced elements for conditional regulation of gene expression have been generated by the combination of site‐directed knock‐in of somatic cells and somatic cell nuclear transfer technology, allowing conditional deletion of endogenous genes or overexpression of exogenous genes in pigs. These inducible tool pig models will greatly facilitate the production of GM pigs and broaden the applications of transgenic pigs in biomedicine and agriculture fields. In this paper, we review the progress in the construction and application of pigs with controllable elements using gene editing techniques.