bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eliciting the Truth.Dedicated to the 85th Anniversary of Professor Eduard Germanovich Bykov
Authors: Atyakshin D. A. , Shishkina V. V. , Bykov S. E. , Antakova L. N.
Published: July 2021

Eduard Germanovich Bykov, a famous Russian morphologist, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Honorary Professor of N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical Academy (VSMA), a founder and leader of Voronezh school of histochemistry would have been 85 years old on June 10, 2021. A key issue of his scientific activity was careful selection of sample preparation protocols for histochem ical analysis in order to increase objectivity of differential diagnosis ofbiopsy material in vivo in clinical practice and to solve urgent problems of pathomorphogenesis of the whole range of diseases. Novelty and perspectives of the conducted research allowed Eduard Germanovich to become a scientific supervisor and consultant of a large number of dissertationists who performed their research in alma mater and in universities of other cities of the  USSR. From 1978 to 2008, Prof. Bykov was in charge of the Central Research Laboratory, N.N. Burdenko State Medical University,  organizing  work  of  laboratories  as  connecting  elements  between  fundamental  research  and  practical health  care.  Scientifically  based  methods  of  diagnosis,  therapy  and  rehabilitation  were  developed  an d  implemented into practical healthcare in the Central ResearchInstitute. Eduard Germanovich created Voronezh Scientific  School  "Human  Histochemistry.  Clinical  Histochemistry",  which  focused  on  preserving  the  vital  chemical characteristics of the object of study. Prof. Bykov was repeatedly awarded with certificates of honor from the University Administration and the Government of Voronezh Region for achievements in research, teaching and social work. In April 2010 he was awarded by the Russian Federation of Cosmonautics with Academician M.V. Keldysh medal for a significant contribution to the development of Russian cosmonautics. In 2011 Professor Eduard Bykov was awarded the title of "Honorary Professor" of N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical Academy.
To the 70th anniversary of the birth of Sergei Lvovich Kuznetsov
Authors: Editorial Article
Published: July 2021

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Anatomical Reasoning for Atraumatic Trocar Placement during Implantation of a Transobturator Suburethral Sling
Authors: Gaivoronskii I. V. , Kovalev G. V. , Shkarupa D. D. , Nichiporuk G. I.
Published: July 2021

The aimof  this research was to study the variant anatomy of the obturator complex in terms of surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence, as well as to determine the most atraumatic technique for conducting a surgical trocar for a transobturator suburethral sling.

Material and methods.A suburethral sling was implanted on 40 sagittally dissected samples of the female pelvis with preserved soft tissues using two techniques: the conventional one based on the use of external landmarks and the technique of the trocar rotation around the lower branch of the pubic bone developed at the University  Clinic  of  St.  Petersburg.  After  implantation  of  a  transobturator  suburethral  sling,  the  probability  of injury  to  the  branches  of  the  obturator  nerve  was  assessed  by  precision  preparation  for  each  of  the  presented techniques using 40 samples. It was also suggested to develop a protocol for atraumatic placement ofa sling for stress urinary incontinence.

Results. Based  on  the  results  obtained  and  study  of  the  topographic  relationships  of  the  trocar  and branches of the obturator nerve, it is concluded that the obturator complex has significant anatomical variability. This relates to both the muscular component  –the internal and external obturator muscles, and neurovascular structures. The obturator nerve has two types of branching: joint and separate. The latter is a risk factor for intraoperative nerve injury. The technique of suburethral sling implantation by rotating the surgical trocar around the inferior branch of the pubic bone is atraumatic and safe.

Conclusions.Variant anatomy of the obturator complex influences the probability of trauma in a transobturator suburethral sling implantation. In particular, the separate branching of the obturator nerve is a risk factor for its intraoperative injury. Further clinical studies are required to assess the outcomes of surgical t reatment of stress urinary incontinence taking into account the variant anatomy of the true pelvis.
Asymptomatic Complete Occlusion of Extracranial Internal Carotid Artery: A Case Report
Authors: Kabak S. L. , Gaidel' I. K. , Mel'nichenko Yu. M. , Kalenchits T. I.
Published: July 2021

This article reports on head-and-neck computed tomography angiography imaging findings and data of ultrasound examination of the extracranial carotid and vertebral arteries of 69-year-old patient with unilateral asymptomatic complete occlusion of extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) in combination with unusually elongated styloid processes of temporal bone. The aim of the study was to specify the collateral pathways blood supply to the brain and to assess the possible clinical significance of an abnormally elongated styloid pro cess. Adequate cerebral blood flow was provided by anastomoses between the arteries at the base of the brain. This can explain the asymptomatic unilateral complete occlusion of the extracranial ICA. Occlusion of the artery was  not associated with the presence of a 5.5 cm styloid process.  Computed tomography angiography is a highly informative method for visualizing the individual morphological variants to clarify their clinical significance.
Zagospodarowanie turystyczne Roztocza
Authors: Garbula Małgorzata
Published: July 2021

Artykuł jest syntezą wyników badań nad zagospodarowaniem Roztocza do celów turystycznych. Autorka dokonuje przeglądu i charakterystyki głównie bazy noclegowej, pozostałe elementy zagospodarowania turystycznego omówione zostały mniej szczegółowo. Przeprowadzona analiza wykazała, że baza materialna turystyki na Roztoczu, pomimo wyraźnego jeszcze deficytu oraz dysproporcji w rozmieszczeniu, cechuje się dużą dynamiką rozwoju.
Miasto jako przedmiot badań geografii turyzmu w Polsce
Authors: Liszewski Stanisław
Published: July 2021

Artykuł ma charakter przeglądowy, a jego celem jest przedstawienie kierunków badań polskich geografów turyzmu nad miastami. Prezentując główne kierunki badań autor omówił prace dotyczące: walorów turystycznych miast, funkcji turystycznej miast, miejskiej przestrzeni turystycznej, analizy rynkowej miasta turystycznego, czasu wolnego mieszkańców miast oraz badań krajobrazów turystycznych miast. Na zakończenie pracy autor przedstawił, jego zdaniem, najważniejsze problemy badawcze miast czekające na podjęcie przez polskich geografów turyzmu.
Evaluation of diagnostic accuracy of the automatic system for the analysis of digital lung X-ray for detection of spherical masses
Authors: Gavrilov P. V. , Smolnikova U. A.
Published: July 2021

Rationale: Most data on the effectiveness of systems for the analysis of digital X-ray images have been provided by their developers and require a  high-quality validation in databases prepared independently of the developer.

Aim: To analyze the information content of automatic identification of spherical lung masses with digital X-ray imaging using one of the widely available diagnostic algorithms on publicly unaccessible reference datasets.

Materials and methods: The study was based on the recognition and analysis of digital X-ray images from two publicly inaccessible reference datasets that have the state registration (Russian Federation) with one of the publicly available diagnostic algorithms (FutureMed Analyzer). The study was performed using two models of X-ray screening as examples: Model  1 consisted of 100  X-ray images of the lungs with a  normal: abnormal ratio of 94%: 6%; Model  2 consisted of 5150 chest X-ray images with a normal: abnormal ratio of 97%: 3%.

Results: According to the results of the analysis of the X-ray images with the diagnostic system, 98%  of the images were correctly interpreted with Model 1 and 95% of the images, with Model 2. 83% of the cases from Model  1 and 69% from Model  2% were interpreted as images with lung abnormalities. The percentage of correct answers for differentiation of the chest X-ray images into two categories (normal vs. abnormal) for Model 1 and Model  2 was 95% and 98%, respectively. The sensitivity for detection of abnormal masses ranged from 69% to 83%. The specificity was 99% for the Model 1 chest X-ray images and 96% for the Model  2 chest X-ray images. The underdiagnosis rate was quite low ranging for Model 1 – 17%, and for Model 2  – 31%. The area under the curve for Model 1 was 0.91 and for Model 2 0.85.

Conclusion: The diagnostic efficiency of the automatic image analysis based on the convolutional neuronal networks approaches that of the radiologists. This system of automatic identification of abnormalities was unable to solve the most complex problems of detecting low density spherical masses (like "ground glass" area on computed tomography) and that of shadow summation for abnormalities located in such difficult to interpret zones as lung apices, clavicles, ribs, etc. To select a  suitable system, medical institutions need to conduct preliminary testing in their own models equivalent to the studies performed in a  given institution (parameters for radiography, nature and frequency of abnormalities).
​Regeneration of Stem Cuttings of Pomegranate cv. Bhagwa as Influenced by PGR’s and Planting Time
Authors: Kaur Gurpreet , Singh Sukhdev
Published: July 2021

Background: Pomegranate is being cultivated in the tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world for its delicious fruits. It can be propagated from seeds as well as from softwood, semi-hardwood and hardwood cuttings. The application of auxins encourages rooting in stem cutting owing to their ability to active cambium regeneration, cell division and cell multiplication. To meet the demand of pomegranate in the current situation and owing to its importance, the present study was undertaken.
Methods: For regeneration of stem cuttings of pomegranate cv. Bhagwa as influenced by PGR‘s and planting time a study was conducted at the Department of Horticulture, Khalsa College, Amritsar during 2019-2020. The trial was undertaken with ten treatments comprising of IBA, PHB and NAA (500, 750 and 1000 ppm) each by quick dip method along with control planted in the first week of August and January. Result: The results of the study revealed that IBA 1000 ppm (T3) proved to be the best in terms of minimum days to first sprouting (11.06), maximum sprouting (91.10%), rooting (83.31%), number of roots per cutting (60.03), root length (11.55 cm), fresh weight of roots (1.08 g) and dry weight of roots (0.55 g). Among planting time the cuttings planted on first week of January proved to be effective in terms of sprouting (87.83%), survival (84.70%), rooting (78.81%) and number of roots (52.06) respectively.
​Present Scenario, Difficulties and Qualitative Development Policy Analysis of Urea Fertilizer Industrial Sector in Bangladesh: A Review
Authors: Suhan Md. Burhan Kabir , Shuchi Sanzeeda Baig , Nahid Ahaduzzaman
Published: July 2021

Developing countries consist of nearly 80% of the total world population where urea fertilizer is extensively used. Fertilizer is applied mainly in the regions where environmental conditions are suitable for plant growth and irrigation is available. It plays a crucial role in the economy and food production of a developing country like Bangladesh, where around half of the total agricultural production is solely dependent on urea fertilizer. Bangladesh government has seven urea fertilizer industries with a capacity of 3.37 million metric tons per year. Their production is currently not up to the mark due to facing some difficulties that are very common for any developing country. This article studied the current scenario of Bangladesh fertilizer sector, production parameters and major challenges with recommendations accordingly. The study revealed that the natural gas crisis is one of the significant problems. Frequent cutting off supply restricted the average yearly stream days of individual industry to 152 days only. Around 3.56% of urea consumption increased per unit of arable lands in 10 years due to the reduction of soil fertility. At present, Bangladesh needs to be self-reliant in the fertilizer sector to retain food autarky and economic growth. Some valuable recommendations to attain this goal have been discussed further that can help Bangladesh as well as most of the developing countries.
Minimally Invasive Surgical Versus Ultrasound Guided Inguinal Tube Cystostomy for Management of Obstructive Urolithiasis in Cattle
Authors: Tak Majid Ali , Parrah Jalal ud Din , Ahmad Raja Aijaz , Athar Hakim , Dar Mehraj ud Din , Handoo Nida
Published: July 2021

Background: Tube cystostomy, though a popular technique to relieve obstructive urolithiasis in ruminants with advantages of lower recurrences, preservation of the reproductive function of the animal and restoration of full urethral patency in successful cases, is time consuming and invasive. Tube cystostomy performed under ultrasound guidance is hypothecated to be technically easier, safer and quicker. Methods: Twelve bovine intact male calves of 3-9 months age with obstructive urolithiasis were divided into two groups of six animals each. One group was subjected to surgical and another ultrasound guided minimally invasive tube cystostomy through the inguinal approach. In group A animals, after exposing the bladder throughthe grid incision, the catheter was placed in the bladder lumen, using teat tumor extractor fixed in the eye of the Foley’s catheter. In group B animals tube cystostomy under ultrasound guidance was performed through in the skin. Incision was closed as per routine. Techniques were evaluated on the basis of various parameters like, technical feasibility, use of anesthesia, use of suture material, time taken for surgery, haematobiochemical parameters, time taken for normal urination, survival rate and intra and postoperative complications. Result: Ultrasound guided minimally invasive inguinal tube cystostomy technique was not only technically easier to perform but also required lesser time, lesser suture material with quicker onset of normal urination Obstruction of catheter occurred in one animal of each group. Survival rate of 67% without any complication was recorded in both groups.
​Effect of Drip Irrigation Combined Organic Mulching on Water Productivity and Yield of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.)
Authors: Kumar K. Ashok , Navaneetha M. , Aravind B. , Rajesh T.M. , Pravallika M. , Rao P.V.K. Jagannadha
Published: July 2021

Background: The main challenge confronting both rainfed and irrigated agriculture is to improve water use efficiency (WUE) and sustainable water use for agriculture. A field experiment was conducted during early summer season of 2020 to study the effect of drip irrigation combined with organic mulching on soil moisture, growth, yield of tomato grown on alfisols at the college farm of College of Agricultural Engineering, Madakasira, Ananthapuramu district of Andhra Pradesh. Methods: The experiment was laid out in completely randomized block design (CRBD) with seven treatments comprising of various organic mulches. The treatments were T1 - Sawdust + Irrigation based on daily crop water requirement, T2 - Ragi straw + Irrigation based on daily crop water requirement, T3 - Groundnut shells + Irrigation based on daily crop water requirement, T4 - Groundnut shells + Irrigation once in every two days, T5 - Saw dust + Irrigation once in every two days, T6 - Ragi straw + Irrigation once in every two days and T7 - Control (without mulch) + Irrigation based on daily crop water requirement. All the treatments were replicated thrice. The plot size of each treatment was 4m × 2.5m. Result: The results revealed that throughout the crop growth period, T3 - Groundnut shells + Irrigation based on daily water requirement maintained soil higher moisture content to an extent of 132-146% as compared to control T7 (Control + Daily water requirement). The fruit yield obtained with T3 - Groundnut shells + Irrigation based on daily water requirement was significantly higher (8.8 t/ha) as compared to control T7 (Control + Daily water requirement) (7.6 t/ha). The highest water use efficiency (39.6 kg/ha/mm) was noted with T4 - Groundnut shells + Irrigation once in every two days), whereas T7 (Control + Daily water requirement) registered minimum WUE (16.3 kg/ha/mm). Weed dry matter and weed index was found to be higher (50% to 100%) in T7 (Control + Daily water requirement) throughout the crop growth period as compared to all the treatments applied with organic mulches. Our results indicated that T3 - (Groundnut shells + Irrigation based on daily crop water requirement) resulted in the highest plant height, number of fruits per plant and high water use efficiency as compared to without mulching. Further, under irrigation water constraints, groundnut shells mulch and drip irrigation once in two days was found to be effective in attaining higher WUE.
Blocos de concreto com resíduos de PET: alternativa para sustentabilidade urbana
Authors: Schilive Pâmella Mirélla de Souza , Callejas Ivan Julio Apolonio , Durante Luciane Cleonice , Guarda Emeli Lalesca Aparecida da
Published: July 2021

Pesquisas que foquem em incorporar materiais recicláveis na produção de elementos e componentes construtivos são importantes com vistas a reduzir o consumo de recursos naturais não renováveis. Objetiva-se demonstrar a viabilidade técnica de produção de concretos secos com incorporação de resíduos de polietileno tereftalato (PET) para a fabricação de blocos de concreto simples do tipo vazado. Seguiu-se as seguintes etapas metodológicas: estudo de dosagem, confeccionado corpos de prova com concreto seco substituindo a areia por resíduo de PET nas percentagens de 0, 5, 10 e 15%; avaliação das propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos corpos de prova; e, produção dos blocos de referência e com substituição de areia por flakes de PET; avaliação das propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos blocos. A introdução progressiva de PET na matriz cimentícia do concreto elevou a absorção de água e de índice de vazios nos traços, reduzindo a massa específica e resistência à compressão. Os blocos atenderam aos requisitos dimensionais e físicos. Para atendimento da resistência, a porcentagem de incorporação de PET no traço deve ser reduzida para 7%. A reciclagem de PET é tecnicamente viável para produção de blocos de concreto, evitando sua destinação a áreas ilegais e aterros, contribuindo com a sustentabilidade urbana.
Efficacy of EMLA™ cream for reducing pain associated with venepuncture in felines
Authors: Leask Erina
Published: July 2021

PICO question

In adult cats undergoing a venepuncture procedure, does the application of a topical lidocaine based anaesthetic to the skin at the venepuncture site reduce the severity of signs associated with pain when compared to no topical anaesthetic?

 

Clinical bottom line

Category of research question

Treatment

The number and type of study designs reviewed

Four papers were critically reviewed. Three were prospective, double-blind, randomised, controlled clinical trials, and one was a prospective, double-blind, controlled experimental trial

Strength of evidence

Moderate

Outcomes reported

The application of Eutectic Mixture of Local Anaesthetics (EMLA™) cream to clipped skin over the procedure site, a minimum of 30 minutes prior to the venepuncture procedure, significantly reduced the severity of pain-associated behaviours during jugular phlebotomy in healthy, conscious feline patients when compared to a placebo1,2. In felines sedated with dexmedetomidine and either methadone or nalbuphine, the administration of EMLA™ cream to clipped skin for 20 minutes significantly decreased the severity of pain responses during intravenous (IV) cephalic vein catheterisation when compared to no treatment3. In clinically unwell feline patients, the use of EMLA™ cream on clipped skin at the site of jugular catheterisation 60 minutes prior demonstrated reduced pain responses compared to a placebo, but further investigation with a larger sample size is required to verify statistical significance4

Conclusion

The available evidence moderately supports the hypothesis that EMLA™ cream is an effective and noninvasive treatment for providing enhanced pain-relief during jugular and cephalic vein phlebotomy for the purposes of blood collection and catheterisation, respectively. The areas for treatment should be clipped free of hair, and the cream applied for a minimum of 30 minutes in non-sedated cats and 20 minutes in cats sedated with dexmedetomidine and either methadone or nalbuphine. Moreover, when applied to normal, intact skin and covered by an occlusive bandage to avoid ingestion, it is well supported by supplementary evidence that EMLA™ cream has a wide safety margin for topical use in cats4,5

 

How to apply this evidence in practice

The application of evidence into practice should take into account multiple factors, not limited to: individual clinical expertise, patient’s circumstances and owners’ values, country, location or clinic where you work, the individual case in front of you, the availability of therapies and resources.

Knowledge Summaries are a resource to help reinforce or inform decision making. They do not override the responsibility or judgement of the practitioner to do what is best for the animal in their care.
Effect of Race and Ethnicity on In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with COVID-2019
Authors: Qureshi Adnan I. , Baskett William I. , Huang Wei , Shyu Daniel , Myers Danny , Lobanova Iryna , Naqvi S. Hasan , Thompson Vetta S. , Shyu Chi-Ren
Published: July 2021

Objective: To identify differences in short-term outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) according to various racial/ethnic groups.Design: Analysis of Cerner de-identified COVID-19 dataset.Setting: A total of 62 health care facilities.Participants: The cohort included 49,277 adult COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized from December 1, 2019 to November 13, 2020.Methods: We compared patients’ age, gender, individual components of Charl­son and Elixhauser comorbidities, medical complications, use of do-not-resuscitate, use of palliative care, and socioeconomic status between various racial and/or ethnic groups. We further compared the rates of in-hos­pital mortality and non-routine discharges between various racial and/or ethnic groups.Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome of interest was in-hospital mortali­ty. The secondary outcome was non-routine discharge (discharge to destinations other than home, such as short-term hospitals or other facilities including intermediate care and skilled nursing homes).Results: Compared with White patients, in-hospital mortality was significantly higher among African American (OR 1.5; 95%CI:1.3-1.6, P<.001), Hispanic (OR1.4; 95%CI:1.3-1.6, P<.001), and Asian or Pacific Islander (OR 1.5; 95%CI: 1.1-1.9, P=.002) patients after adjustment for age and gender, Elixhauser comorbidities, do-not-resuscitate status, palliative care use, and socioeconomic status.Conclusions: Our study found that, among hospitalized patients with COVID-2019, African American, Hispanic, and Asian or Pacific Islander patients had increased mortality compared with White patients after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, comorbidities, and do-not-resuscitate/pallia­tive care status. Our findings add additional perspective to other recent studies. Ethn Dis. 2021;31(3):389-398; doi:10.18865/ed.31.3.389
NRMNet: Building a National Resource for Mentorship, Networking and Professional Development to Enhance Diversity
Authors: Javier Damaris , Stinson Katie , Zavala MariaElena , Ahmed Toufeeq , Vishwanatha Jamboor K.
Published: July 2021

Background: To address the need for diver­sifying the biomedical research workforce, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) established the Diversity Program Consor­tium (DPC) with the goal of developing, implementing, assessing, and disseminating interventions and programs to enhance the participation and persistence of individu­als from underrepresented backgrounds in biomedical research careers.Intervention: As part of the DPC initia­tive, the NIH funded the National Research Mentoring Network (NRMN), which aimed to increase diversity of the biomedical research workforce through culturally responsive mentorship, networking, and professional development. In 2015, the NRMNet portal was developed to provide a broad-based network of mentors who are accessible to diverse mentees across the country. The portal also provides network­ing and professional development resources that support mentee transitions from one career stage to the next.Results: NRMNet is the gateway for career stage-specific mentorship, networking, resources, and professional development programs for trainees across the biomedi­cal, behavioral, clinical, and social sciences. In the first five years, the NRMN strategic recruitment efforts resulted in an expanded network of nearly 13,000 diverse mentors and mentees with NRMN representation in all 50 states and Puerto Rico. Consistently, over the first five years, racial and ethnic diversity was reflected in composition of mentee and mentor groups: 66% of 6,526 mentees and 33% of 3,866 mentors were from underrepresented groups.Conclusions: The NRMNet portal is a promising effort for enhancing participation and continued engagement of undrerepre­sented individuals in biomedical research careers by providing culturally responsive mentorship, networking, and professional development for individuals at all career stages.Ethn Dis. 2021;31(3):469-480; doi:10.18865/ed.31.3.469
A Cooperation of the Multileader Fruit Fly and Probabilistic Random Walk Strategies with Adaptive Normalization for Solving the Unconstrained Optimization Problems
Authors: Apinantanakon Wirote , Sunat Khamron , Chiewchanwattana Sirapat
Published: July 2021

A swarm-based nature-inspired optimization algorithm, namely, the fruit fly optimization algorithm (FOA), hasa simple structure and is easy to implement. However, FOA has a low success rate and a slow convergence, because FOA generates new positions around the best location, using a fixed search radius. Several improved FOAs have been proposed. However, their exploration ability is questionable. To make the search process smooth, transitioning from the exploration phase to the exploitation phase, this paper proposes a new FOA, constructed from a cooperation of the multileader and the probabilistic random walk strategies (CPFOA). This involves two population types working together. CPFOAs performance is evaluated by 18 well-known standard benchmarks. The results showed that CPFOA outperforms both the original FOA and its variants, in terms of convergence speed and performance accuracy. The results show that CPFOA can achieve a very promising accuracy, when compared with the well-known competitive algorithms. CPFOA is applied to optimize twoapplications: classifying the real datasets with multilayer perceptron and extracting the parameters of a very compact T-S fuzzy system to model the Box and Jenkins gas furnace data set. CPFOA successfully find parameters with a very high quality, compared with the best known competitive algorithms.
Correlation Between The Knowledge On Health Effects Of Smoking And Motivation On Smoking Cessation In Ex-Smokers Of Lung Department Patients, Siloam General Hospital, Lippo Village.
Authors: Wong Clarinda , Lucas Brian , Sungono Veli , Kurniawan Andree , Widysanto Allen
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Data from WHO showed that deaths caused by tobacco reaches approximately ± 6 million deaths annually. There are many information about the danger of smoking which spreading from various sources. The level of  knowledge about the danger of smoking can be associated with motivation to stop smoking. Therefore, motivation toward smoking cessation arises if someone knows the benefits that can be taken, through an adequate knowledge.

Aim: To determine the relationship between the level of knowledge on the health effects of  smoking with motivation to stop smoking in ex-smokers of lung department patients at Siloam General Hospital, Lippo Village.

Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study, analyzing 138 ex-smokers of Siloam General Hospital’s lung department patients using consecutive sampling techniques.

Results: the results showed 73.2% of people have good knowledge about the danger of smoking and 26.8% are not. Then, 58% of people have high motivation to stop smoking and 42% have low motivation. The results of statistical test using Chi Square showed a significant relationship between the level of knowledge and the motivation to quit smoking (OR = 4.293 [95% CI: 1,921-9,594], P<.001). The results of the multivariate logistic regression test showed educational factors (P=0.014), and the frequency of smoking (P=0.007) also influence the motivation to stop smoking.
Conclusion : There’s a significant relation between knowledge about the danger of smoking and the motivation to quit smoking.
A Systematic Review of Coronavirus Disease 2019 with Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Adult: Focus on Risk Factors, Mechanism, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Authors: Jodhinata Claudia , Kurniawan Andree , Halim Devina Adella
Published: July 2021

Context: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a newly discovered disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2 and currently has become a pandemic. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the most common complication in COVID-19. There were numerous conflicting results among articles related to it. The aim of this study is to ascertain the most compelling evidence about ARDS in COVID-19.

Evidence Acquisition: This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020180379). A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, PubMed central, and Google Scholar on April 16, 2020. Two reviewers independently searched and selected the articles. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality assessment tool.

Results: A total of 1,647 articles were screened, 9 articles were included. Patients were classified as having various degrees of ARDS, the diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed by PCR nasopharyngeal swab.  Risk factors of ARDS in COVID-19 reported were older age, male gender, and pre-existing medical conditions. Cytokine storm was thought to play a role in the mechanism of ARDS. The main treatment for COVID-19 was supportive and symptomatic. To date, there is no antiviral treatment recommended for COVID-19 and the given treatment for ARDS in COVID-19 was similar to other pneumonia-induced ARDS. No additional therapy specific for ARDS in COVID-19 has been proposed.
Conclusion: Our synthesis of the literature showed that there was no good evidence in the mechanism and treatment of ARDS. Further translation research in the mechanism of ARDS and continuing with clinical trials evaluating drug efficacy for ARDS in COVID-19 is needed.
AGROINDÚSTRIA CANAVIEIRA E SUSTENTABILIDADE: EFEITOS SOBRE A SOCIEDADE, O MEIO AMBIENTE E A ECONOMIA
Authors: Balbino Valdir Antonio , Souza Celso Correia , Frainer Daniel Massen
Published: July 2021

O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever os efeitos da agroindústria canavieira desde a colonização até os dias atuais, considerando possíveis avanços nos aspectos sociais, econômicos e ambientais em termos da sustentabilidade da produção de cana-de-açúcar no Brasil. A metodologia foi de caráter exploratório e qualitativo por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, composta principalmente por livros e artigos científicos disponíveis nas bases de dados da Biblioteca Científica Eletrônica Online (SciELO), Google Acadêmico e Biblioteca Digital do Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES). As considerações finais apontam que, embora tenha havido muitos avanços na atividade canavieira ao longo do tempo, o discurso sobre sustentabilidade adotado pelo setor não tem sido consistente. As conclusões apontam que as mudanças ajudaram a indústria canavieira em tempos de crise, em detrimento de relações trabalhistas degradantes e indiferença à mitigação dos impactos ambientais.
ANÁLISE DA CONTRIBUIÇÃO CIENTÍFICA NO ENTENDIMENTO DA CRIAÇÃO DE UMA CIDADE SUSTENTÁVEL: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA DA LITERATURA E UMA METASSÍNTESE QUALITATIVA.
Authors: Neiva Samara Da Silva , Martignago Graciella
Published: July 2021

Este artigo tem como objetivo entender como ocorre a criação de cidades sustentáveis. A importância disso se dá pelo fato do crescente aumento populacional, e a pressão sobre os meios de consumo como energia, alimentos e água, além da crescente poluição e degradação ambiental, impulsionando a importância de os centros urbanos estarem se tornando essenciais acerca da promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável. Com a finalidade de tentar analisar quais as contribuições cientificas a cerca deste tema, este artigo foi produzido através de uma revisão sistemática da literatura e de uma meta síntese qualitativa, onde procurou-se obter uma resposta para a seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: qual a contribuição científica acerca da criação de uma cidade sustentável? Publicações e documentos foram selecionados a partir de cinco bases de dados. Após realizar uma análise de produções científicas selecionadas, pode se perceber que os estudos sobre o tema, tem tido grande avanço nos últimos anos, onde autores de diferentes nacionalidades discorrem sobre propostas de adaptação e mitigação para que os centros urbanos se tornem mais resilientes e sustentáveis, como por exemplo com o papel das fábricas urbanas, entretanto nota-se que ainda é necessários estudos mais profundos e específicos sobre o tema.
A DINÂMICA ESPACIAL DO ESTUÁRIO DO RIO ARARANGUÁ, LITORAL SUL DE SANTA CATARINA, BRASIL
Authors: Ladwig Nilzo Ivo , Machado De Luca Monique , Ramos Pereira Jóri , Bitencourt Campos Juliano , Simão Gustavo
Published: July 2021

No Brasil a falta de projetos e metodologias adequadas de gerenciamento costeiro precisam ser pesquisados, para levantar dados e permitir o diagnóstico e monitoramento da zona costeira-marinha. O estudo tem como objetivo analisar a dinâmica espacial do estuário do rio Araranguá ocorrida ao longo de um período de setenta e dois anos, representados em seis recortes temporais, correspondentes aos anos de 1938, 1957, 1968, 1978, 2002 e 2010. Adotou-se como referência na análise da dinâmica espacial o farol do Morro dos Conventos construído em 1953. As imagens foram analisadas em ambiente de sistema de informação geográfica considerando o encontro do canal principal com o Oceano Atlântico. Os resultados mostraram que os ciclos de variação espacial do estuário são orientados por uma deriva litorânea com resultante para norte. A base de dados espaciais e os mapas temáticos retratam a dinâmica espacial histórica destes canais no estuário e podem ser usados como diagnóstico para modelagem espacial na elaboração de projeto de gerenciamento costeiro na região.
Influence of (hydrous) ethanol blends on (particle) emissions of small 2-& 4-stroke scooters Part 2
Authors: CZERWIŃSKI Jan , COMTE Pierre , REUTIMANN Felix , MAYER Andreas
Published: July 2021

The objectives of the present work are to investigate the regulated and unregulated (particle) emissions of a classical and modern 2-stroke and a typical 4-stroke scooter with different ethanol blend fuels. There is also comparison of two different ethanol fuels: pure ethanol (E) and hydrous ethanol (EH) which contains 3.9% water and is denatured with 1.5% gasoline. Special attention is paid in this research to the hydrous ethanol, since the production costs of hydrous ethanol are much less than those for (dry) ethanol.
A study of charge exchange in a residual-effected HCCI gasoline engine
Authors: HUNICZ Jacek
Published: July 2021

An in-cylinder charge exchange process in a gasoline homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine operated in a negative valve overlap (NVO) mode was studied. Research was performed using a single-cylinder research engine with fully variable valve actuation. Combination of in-cylinder pressure traces processing and fluid flow model enables cycle-by-cycle analysis of charge composition and temperature. It allows forecasting of in cylinder pressure volume and temperature-volume histories and can be used for physical-based engine control. In this paper influence of valves timings and valves lifts on the gas exchange process was analyzed. Special attention was paid to the effects of backflows of the in cylinder charge to an intake port.
Diagnostic tolerances evalution method of the start-up exhaust temperature of a naval gas turbine
Authors: KORCZEWSKI Zbigniew
Published: July 2021

The conducted investigations aimed at developing of the method of marking diagnostic tolerances of the exhaust temperature of a gas turbine observed during engine start-up. The diagnostic tolerances were determined by means of statistical inference by creating the hypothesis about a normal distribution of the start-up exhaust temperature dispersion in the moment of initial operation, which was subsequently verified applying a non-parametric statistical test χ2 of the compliance between the empirical and the assumed normal distribution. A satisfactory convergence of the compared distributions was obtained as the result of a testing of the created hypothesis, which represented the basis for the acceptance of the three-sigma boundaries of diagnostic tolerances for the considered engine control parameter.
Method to measure injector opening and closing lag times
Authors: CZARNIGOWSKI Jacek , BARAŃSKI Grzegorz , WENDEKER Mirosław , DUK Mariusz , ZYSKA Tomasz
Published: July 2021

The paper describes a method to measure injector opening and closing lag times based on measuring the vibration in
the axis of movement of a valve. There are also some results of the studies on a plate injector. Analysing the measurements
obtained, it is demonstrated that opening and closing lag times can be determined much more precisely by measuring
vibration than by the method based on analysing gas pressure directly behind an injector. The authors have noted the
greater repeatability of standard deviation expressed as the smaller standard deviation of the lag times specified and
the easy application of this method for stand testing. Consequently, this method can determine these times in a simple
and precise way.
The assessment of the of the usefulness of a Rapid Compression Machine in optical research on the injection and combustion processes of liquid fuels
Authors: WISŁOCKI Krzysztof , PIELECHA Ireneusz , CZAJKA Jakub , MASLENNIKOV Dmitrij , KAŹMIEROWSKI Jacek
Published: July 2021

In the paper the possibilities of a Rapid Compression Machine in the investigation of the fundamental processes in IC engines have been presented. The test-stand design, principles of its control and basic operational features have been discussed and compared with the parameters of the test facilities of similar type currently in use worldwide. A short evaluation has been performed of its functionality and possibilities of application in the research on thermodynamics of injection and combustion processes. The evaluation pointed to the possibility of variation of the parameters and variables in the RCM. The main parameters and operational indexes of the Test-stand have been presented along with some examples of the achieved results from the investigations of engine internal processes
High speed photography – possibilities and barriers
Authors: PFEIL Jürgen , VELJI Amin , SPICHER Ulrich
Published: July 2021

This paper gives an overview of modern high speed photography. The systems that are used at the Institut fuer Kolbenmaschinen (IFKM) in Karlsruhe/Germany are described. Two examples for engine application outline the possibilities and challenges in connection with high speed measurements.
Some remarks on engine testing in dynamic states
Authors: Chłopek Zdzisław
Published: July 2021

The paper presents a systematic approach towards the problems of dynamics of combustion engines. The notions of work processes of combustion engines and operating conditions as well as engine states of operation have been formally introduced. An axiomatic qualification of the engine operating process as static and dynamic has been proposed. The systematics of the engine operating states has been described. As an example of application of the proposed formalism the results of exhaust emission tests from the Detroit Diesel engine Series 50 have been shown (operating in the conditions of a HDDTT homologation test). The exhaust emissions were tested in the states: the whole test – increasing engine speed, decreasing engine speed and engine speed above idle. A high sensitivity of the average emission rate to types of discussed dynamic states has been observed.
Global trends in emissions regulation and reduction (perspectives from the 1st International Exhaust Emissions Symposium)
Authors: BIELACZYC Piotr , WOODBURN Joseph
Published: July 2021

BOSMAL recently hosted the First International Exhaust Emissions Symposium, which featured thirteen presentations on the topics of emissions regulation and the influences this legislation exerts on test procedures, emissions reduction efforts and drivetrain technologies. Emissions test methods and facilities will have to alter to reflect the reduced emissions limits to be introduced in the near future. Emissions reduction efforts include further development of catalyst systems and the development of fuels. Biofuels and biofuel blends are key in this area. Advanced lubricants will also play a key role. The potential for synergy between these actors is evident. In addition to aftertreatment systems, drivetrain technologies such as hybrid drive and exhaust gas reformation clearly have the potential for substantial emissions reduction for a wide range of pollutant species. Automotive research is at the heart of each of these areas of development, and will be ongoing in the industry’s continued efforts regarding harmful exhaust emissions.
Performance characteristic of C-130E Hercules aircraft engine under variable work conditions
Authors: ERDMAŃSKI Michał , SZYMANIEC Krzysztof
Published: July 2021

The paper describes the basic components and the principle of operation of a turboprop engine of the C-130 Hercules aircraft. The paper also includes an extensive analysis of the aircraft flight profile (departing from the Powidz airfield, Poland to Bagram Afghanistan). Following the flight log, the paper contains many calculations, to show the influence of the changing meteorological conditions on the aircraft performance, particularly temperature, altitude and ambient pressure. The results of the investigation constitute the foundations to create further steps of the research for the optimization of a flight profile that balances the amount of fuel and mass of the cargo. Finally, the authors suggest a development of specific software to simulate a flight prior to departure, based upon available data before the mission.
Vibroacoustic methods of assessing valve clearance in combustion engines* An analysis of signals in the area of frequency
Authors: Szymański Grzegorz M. , Tomaszewski Franciszek
Published: July 2021

This article presents results of research referring to applying selected frequency characteristics of signal of vibration accelerations of combustion engine’s head to assess valve clearance of combustion engine. The authors indicate necessity to perform preliminary preparations of signal of vibration accelerations before carrying out frequency analyses in order to decrease the risk of inaccurate analysis.
Recent developments in Wärtsilä gas engines
Authors: SUTKOWSKI Marek
Published: July 2021

A power generation industry is evolving very fast nowadays. A lot of modern technologies have become available recently for a product development process. Also new types of fuels have appeared on the market. All these factors have caused significant changes in a power generation approach. New products enabling more environment-friendly technologies have been introduced by many key-players on the market.
This paper describes briefly needs and directions of gas engines development in modern power generation industry. It also presents shortly history of Wärtsilä gas engines together with present gas engine portfolio covering products like: spark ignited gas engine, conventional dual-fuel one and a dual-fuel engine equipped with high-pressure direct gas injection system.
The paper focuses on the most important aspects of the recent Wärtsilä gas engines development process explaining also achieved benefits. It covers main features and new fuels introduced during development of specific engine which are key factors for customers willing to use the most modern technology in this field.
Investigations into CNG fuel vehicle emissions in real road condition
Authors: MERKISZ Jerzy , PIELECHA Jacek
Published: July 2021

In the study the results of vehicle emission tests in road conditions were presented as only then information on real vehicle emissions could be obtained. The tests were carried out on sections of tens to hundreds kilometers in different road conditions. They include information on emissivity of vehicles in exploitation and deal with real conditions of vehicle movement. In order to measure concentration of toxic compounds a mobile analyzer for toxic tests SEMTECH DS by SENSORS Inc. was used. It is possible to add data sent directly from the vehicle diagnostic system to the central unit of the analyzer and make use of localization signal GPS. In the study the results of vehicle emission tests in road conditions were presented as only then information on real vehicle emissions could be obtained. They include information on emissivity of vehicles in exploitation and deal with real conditions of vehicle movement
A simulated investigation of an engine fed with oxygen enriche mixture
Authors: ŚLIWIŃSKI Krzysztof , PAPUGA Tadeusz
Published: July 2021

The results of a simulated investigation of work processes of an engine fed with oxygen enriched mixture have been presented in the paper. The aim of the investigation was the evaluation of the influence of an increased content of oxygen in the mixture on the course of the combustion, particularly temperature and pressure of the working medium as well as the parameters related to the engine operation. A determination of these parameters will allow defining the boundary parameters of mixture composition during test stand examinations.
The analysis of spark ignition engine short-time supercharging
Authors: MAMALA Jarosław
Published: July 2021

The paper presents the analysis of improvement of spark ignition engine operation indexes by means of short-time supercharging. The simulation and engine test stand investigation results of the air flow in the spark ignition combustion engine intake system have been shown here.
The problems of dust extraction from air intake cyclonic dedusters of special vehicle engines
Authors: DZIUBAK Tadeusz
Published: July 2021

An ejective system of dust extraction from a cyclonic deduster has been discussed. The influence of rate of extraction
m0 on the characteristics of purification efficiency and flow drag of cyclonic dedusters and individual cyclones has
been presented. The values of optimum extraction rate have been given. The authors have analyzed the reasons for
lower efficiency of multicyclone extraction versus the extraction of an individual cyclone, from which mutlicyclones are
composed. A methodology of experimental research of extraction uniformity from individual cyclones of a multicyclone
has been presented. Streams QSC have been measured from individual cyclones of a multicyclone in the air cleaner. The
authors have analyzed the performed investigations.