bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Communities raising children together: Collaborative consultation with a place-based initiative in Harlem
Authors: Sparrow Joshua
Published: October 2018

The Harlem Children’s Zone® (HCZ) and the Brazelton Touchpoints Center engaged in ‘collaborative consultation’ to co-create early childhood and parent support programming. This collaboration is the story of a community coming together to reclaim and reconstruct environments for raising children and to connect adult caregivers to support each other in that process. A relational, developmental, strengths-based, and culturally grounded approach was employed to build mutual respect, trust, and understanding over time in authentic relationships required for shared learning, and for programme development and improvement. The inherent and culturally rooted strengths and resources of parents, and other family and community members mutually reinforced each other as contexts and conditions were created in which these caregivers could come together to activate their community’s collective problem-solving capacity, to share their dreams for their children, and to provide emotional support and concrete resources for each other.
Involving parents in their children’s learning
Authors: Arnold Cath , Gallagher Tracy
Published: October 2018

This chapter presents a brief history of Corby and its Scottish connection as a backcloth to the work of the Pen Green Centre since 1983. The main focus is on the values of parents and staff and the resulting research on involving parents in their children’s learning from 1997 to 2000 and subsequent developments in practice. An important starting point was the ‘Local Action Group’ against the proposed centre as a service for ‘problem families’, and the appointment of Margy Whalley, who had experience of community projects in Brazil and Papua, New Guinea, as Head of Centre to create something more positive. Freire’s concept of ‘dialogue’ is used to describe the two-way conversation that workers and parents can engage in to build understanding and agreement of how best to support children’s development and learning.
Locating the Historical and Contemporary Context of Women’s Imprisonment
Authors: Chamberlen Anastasia
Published: October 2018

This chapter sketches the broader context of the study presented in this book. It starts with a historical account of imprisonment, focusing particularly on women’s imprisonment, and attempts to trace the centrality of prisoner bodies in the delivery of punishment via the prison since the eighteenth century. Through this brief historiography, it examines how the body has been the object and subject of punishment and, since the start, has been part and parcel of the delivery of imprisonment. More specifically, the chapter argues that, since its establishment, women’s imprisonment has been gendered and embodied. The second half of the chapter looks at more contemporary research on women’s experiences in prison, and unpacks the punishment–body relation by connecting the study’s objectives to extant research on women’s prisons.
Presenting the Prisoner
Authors: Chamberlen Anastasia
Published: October 2018

This chapter considers the importance of gender, a key concept for this book, in the examination of the punishment–body relation, and reviews findings on the look of the body and the management of physical, gendered appearance within the restricted and complex politics of imprisonment. It focuses particularly on the role of dress in custody and on various consumptive props used by women to manage their gendered identities and performances in various prison moments and stages. It argues that women’s imprisonment is gendered and combines a mix of penal and patriarchal controls and impositions on women that come together to form a sense of double oppression.
Introduction
Authors: Kynes Will
Published: October 2018

The introduction sets this study in the context of the three recent critical approaches it combines: (1) “metacritical” studies of biblical criticism that identify and critically analyze the “historically effected consciousness” that inspired a particular approach to biblical interpretation; (2) “biographies” of texts that examine their origins and effects; and (3) “end- of” books, which, following the lead of Fukuyama’s “The End of History?” (1989), argue, among other things, that old concepts may fade away as perceptions change. The role of genre methodology in perpetuating the Wisdom Literature category and now in challenging it is introduced. Finally, terminological distinctions are made between the Wisdom Literature category and Wisdom as a genre, the Wisdom Schools associated with it, and wisdom as a concept.
The Rise and Impending Demise of Wisdom Literature
Authors: Kynes Will
Published: October 2018

After summarizing the growing doubts about the Wisdom category, this chapter traces the development of Wisdom scholarship in the twentieth century, focusing on the question of the category’s limits. Despite efforts to limit its spread, in recent scholarship Wisdom has extended both across the Hebrew Bible and to the “heart of the Israelite experience of God.” As in the similar expansion of Wisdom in the Psalter, Dead Sea Scrolls, and ancient Near East (analogous to the spread of Deuteronomistic texts), attempts to define Wisdom resort eventually to the scholarly consensus concerning which biblical texts make up the category’s core. This factor carries all the weight in the current debates about Wisdom, and yet little research has been put into how this consensus developed or how it affects interpretation.
The Intertextual Network of Job and the Selective Nature of Genre
Authors: Kynes Will
Published: October 2018

The Wisdom Literature category has never been able to contain Job’s vast intertextual potential, and the category’s exclusive application distorts the book’s meaning through canonical separation, theological abstraction, and hermeneutical limitation. Job is embedded in a dense intertextual network. Appreciating the book’s distinctiveness requires reading it in relationship to as many literary groupings as its content and form justify. These include pre-modern genre designations, such as poetry, prophecy, and drama, as well as those produced by ancient Near Eastern parallels, such as the exemplary-sufferer texts. In recent scholarship, some of these have been resurrected, along with proposed adapted genres, such as dramatized lament or metaprophecy, and meta-genres, such as parody and polyphony. As selective perspectives, each of these proposed textual groupings underscores some salient feature of the book and thus combining them reveals the complexity and nuance of its meaning.
Introduction
Authors: Colesworthy Rebecca
Published: October 2018

The introduction establishes a broad historical context for the project, demonstrating the centrality of ideas about gift-giving to a number of fields and discourses following World War I. Within this context, Marcel Mauss’s classic 1925 essay, The Gift, is not unique in its topic but rather in capturing and articulating a sense shared by a wide range of thinkers and authors in the interwar period that a traditional ideological separation of gifts and exchanges was beginning to break down. The book’s focus on the way women writers in particular responded to and worked to represent this crisis is also explained. Notably, modernist writing by men—Baudelaire, Eliot, Pound—has already been central to gift theory. Shifting attention to writing by women, who have historically been treated in theory and in practice as the “supreme gift,” opens up an alternative twentieth-century genealogy of theorizing the gift.
Jean Rhys and the Fiction of Failed Reciprocity
Authors: Colesworthy Rebecca
Published: October 2018

Jean Rhys’s second novel, After Leaving Mr Mackenzie, focuses on a woman who is dependent on others for charity and all but excluded from the social contract at an historical moment when the institutional forms of charity and contract were in flux. Situating the novel in the context of literary, feminist, psychoanalytic, and deconstructive accounts of a gendered opposition between charity and contract, this chapter argues that Rhys’s text exposes the psychological work required on the part of both men and women to maintain this opposition. In After Leaving Mr Mackenzie, social and sexual relations are never strictly charitable or strictly contractual, but freighted with meanings that exceed both parties’ intentions. Though framed by widespread economic insecurity and lack, the novel is, paradoxically, about excess and, with Rhys’s other fiction, strategically counters the modern myth that reciprocity between the sexes is bound to fail because women alone are essentially excessive.
From Slaves to Prisoners of War
Authors: Smiley Will
Published: October 2018

The Ottoman–Russian wars of the eighteenth century reshaped the map of Eurasia and the Middle East, but they also birthed a novel concept—the prisoner of war. For centuries, hundreds of thousands of captives, civilians and soldiers alike, crossed the legal and social boundaries of these empires, destined for either ransom or enslavement. But in the eighteenth century, the Ottoman state and its Russian rival, through conflict and diplomacy, worked out a new system of regional international law. Ransom was abolished; soldiers became prisoners of war; and some slaves gained new paths to release, while others were left entirely unprotected. These rules delineated sovereignty, redefined individuals’ relationships to states, and prioritized political identity over economic value. In the process, the Ottomans marked out a parallel, non-Western path toward elements of modern international law. Yet this was not a story of European imposition, or imitation—the Ottomans acted for their own reasons, maintaining their commitment to Islamic law. For a time even European empires played by these rules, until they were subsumed into the codified global law of war in the late nineteenth century. This story offers new perspectives on the histories of the Ottoman and Russian Empires, of slavery, and of international law.
Slavery and Ransom
Authors: Smiley Will
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores captives’ fates after their capture, all along the Ottoman land and maritime frontiers, arguing that this was largely determined by individuals’ value for ransom or sale. First this was a matter of localized customary law; then it became a matter of inter-imperial rules, the “Law of Ransom.” The chapter discusses the nature of slavery in the Ottoman Empire, emphasizing the role of elite households, and the varying prices for captives based on their individual characteristics. It shows that the Ottoman state participated in ransoming, buying, exploiting, and sometimes selling both female and male captives. The state particularly needed young men to row on its galleys, but this changed in the late eighteenth century as the fleet moved from oars to sails. The chapter then turns to ransom, showing that a captive’s ability to be ransomed, and value, depended on a variety of individualized factors.
Negotiating the Prisoner-of-War System
Authors: Smiley Will
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines how prisoners of war in Ottoman hands attempted to work with, around, or against the Ottoman state to improve their conditions in the 1768–74, 1787–92, and 1806–12 Russo–Ottoman wars. It argues that in the process they revealed, and defined, the legal limits and the principles of Ottoman captivity. Many of these factors were the same as those that governed captives’ fates under the Law of Release. The claims considered include officers’ privileges; claims under the European Law of Nations; work in or out of the Arsenal; religion (both converts and Muslims by birth); refusal to work through a strike; and release at war’s end. In the end, what proved most important was the Ottoman state’s need for skilled labor; the pressure of reciprocity with enemy states; claims of Russian subjecthood; and religious identity or conversion. Claims under the Law of Nations were unavailing.
The Rules Expand
Authors: Smiley Will
Published: October 2018

The rules the Ottomans worked out with Russia did not remain confined to their relationship. Beginning with the 1787–92 Russo–Ottoman War and continuing through the age of the revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, both the Law of Release and the Ottoman prisoner-of-war system extended to Ottoman conflicts with Austria, France, Britain, and even Iran. These states learned to refer to the Ottomans’ rules when dealing with the Porte during, or after, wars. This applied not only to captives seeking release after conflicts ended, but also those who desired to improve their conditions, or secure release, during wartime. The Ottoman state and its interlocutors applied the rules of the Law of Release and the prisoner-of-war system to new situations, while also working out new principles, partly drawing on their own commercial agreements (Capitulations). Some of these rules resembled those emerging in western Europe at the same time.
Those Left Out
Authors: Smiley Will
Published: October 2018

As the Ottoman law of captivity expanded to include other sovereign states at the close of the eighteenth century, the rules also left out many of the Porte’s enemies. This chapter argues that rebels, pirates, and certain types of slaves trafficked into the Ottoman Empire remained unprotected by either the prisoner-of-war system, the Law of Release, or both. Ottoman subjects, or those who could claim no major empire’s subjecthood, had far fewer protections than those who were Russian, Austrian, Iranian, British, or French subjects. This distinction became systematic as the Ottoman state dealt with corsairs, and then rebellious Serbian and Greek populations. Throughout, slaves sold into the empire (such as Circassians and Africans) and some of those forcibly abducted (such as Georgians) also remained outside the prisoner-of-war system and the Law of Release.
Military Reform, Reciprocity, and Improved Treatment
Authors: Smiley Will
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines captivity in the first two wars against Russia fought by the new Ottoman Regular army, in 1828–29 and 1853–56 (the Crimean War). We will see that the Ottoman prisoner-of-war system changed in response to the new incentives and interests created by the forces, as the Porte took conscious efforts to improve prisoners’ treatment in several ways. The result was that during the Crimean War, when the Ottoman alliance with France and Britain brought these three states’ captivity systems into contact with each other, all appeared roughly comparable in their basic structure. Both changes and continuities in this era drew on the Law of Release and the prisoner-of-war system established over the preceding century. Thus, while there were important changes, and convergences with European practices, Ottoman state interests and Russo-Ottoman legal traditions still remained paramount in governing captivity (with one major exception, to be discussed in Chapter 10).
Cartesian coordinates
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe
Published: October 2018

This chapter introduces Euclidean geometry, which provides the mathematical framework in which the laws of Newtonian physics are formulated. It first discusses how the concepts of ‘space’ and ‘relative, apparent, and common’ place are represented by a mathematical ensemble of points—the ‘absolute’ space ε3. A Cartesian frame of absolute space is materialized in ‘relative, apparent, and common’ space by a reference frame. Specifically, this reference frame is a solid trihedral—that is, an ensemble of physical objects whose relative distances are invariable in time and for which an orientation of the axes has been chosen. This chapter postulates that if the labeling of the points of ε3 is changed, the distance between two points remains unchanged. It then goes on to explain further the various associated formulas associated with Cartesian coordinates.
Lagrangian mechanics
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe
Published: October 2018

This chapter shows how the Newtonian law of motion of a particle subject to a gradient force derived from a ‘potential energy’ can always be obtained from an extremal principle, or ‘principle of least action’. According to Newton’s first law, the trajectory representing the motion of a free particle between two points p1 and p2 is a straight line. In other words, out of all the possible paths between p1 and p2, the trajectory effectively followed by a free particle is the one that minimizes the length. However, even though the use of the principle of extremal length of the paths between two points gives the straight line joining the points, this does not mean that the straight-line path is traced with constant velocity in an inertial frame. Moreover, the trajectory describing the motion of a particle subject to a force is not uniform and rectilinear.
Hamiltonian mechanics
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe
Published: October 2018

This chapter gives a brief overview of Hamiltonian mechanics. The complexity of the Newtonian equations of motion for N interacting bodies led to the development in the late 18th and early 19th centuries of a formalism that reduces these equations to first-order differential equations. This formalism is known as Hamiltonian mechanics. This chapter shows how, given a Lagrangian and having constructed the corresponding Hamiltonian, Hamilton’s equations amount to simply a rewriting of the Euler–Lagrange equations. The feature that makes the Hamiltonian formulation superior is that the dimension of the phase space is double that of the configuration space, so that in addition to point transformations, it is possible to perform more general transformations in order to simplify solving the equations of motion.
Kinetic theory
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe
Published: October 2018

This chapter covers the equations governing the evolution of particle distribution and relates the macroscopic thermodynamical quantities to the distribution function. The motion of N particles is governed by 6N equations of motion of first order in time, written in either Hamiltonian form or in terms of Poisson brackets. Thus, as this chapter shows, as the number of particles grows it becomes necessary to resort to a statistical description. The chapter first introduces the Liouville equation, which states the conservation of the probability density, before turning to the Boltzmann–Vlasov equation. Finally, it discusses the Jeans equations, which are the equations obtained by taking various averages over velocities.
The law of gravitation
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe
Published: October 2018

This chapter embarks on the study of Newton’s law of gravitation. It first discusses gravitational mass and inertial mass, a measure of the ‘resistance’ of the point particle to an applied force. The numerical value of the inertial mass of a body can in principle be obtained from collision experiments by assigning to a reference body a unit inertial mass of one kilogram or, more rigorously, one ‘inertial kilogram’. Next, the chapter considers the ratio of gravitational and inertial masses. It considers that, in the absence of friction, all objects, no matter what their inertial mass, or the nature of their constituents, or the internal energy or cohesive forces of their constituents, fall in the same way in an external gravitational field. Finally, this chapter studies Newton’s gravitational force and field, as well as the Poisson equation and the gravitational Lagrangian.
The N-body problem
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe
Published: October 2018

This chapter discusses the N-body problem. In 1886, Karl Weierstrass submitted the following question to the scientific community on the occasion of a mathematical competition to mark the 60th birthday of King Oscar II of Sweden. Weierstrass asked that, ‘given a system of arbitrarily many mass points that attract each other according to Newton’s laws, try to find, under the assumption that no two points ever collide, a representation of the coordinates of each point as a series in a variable which is some known function of time and for all of whose values the series converges uniformly’. Henri Poincaré showed that the equations of motion for more than two gravitational bodies are not in general integrable and won the competition. However, the jury awarded the prize to Poincaré not for solving the problem, but for coming up with the first ideas of what later became known as chaos theory.
Newtonian cosmology
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe
Published: October 2018

This chapter discusses the construction of models of the universe, which is ambiguous in Newtonian theory. It presents some results recovered within the framework of general relativity, which in addition makes it possible to lay the foundation of the theory of the formation of large-scale structures in the universe such as galaxies and galactic clusters. The chapter first constructs models of an expanding sphere. If galaxies are treated as the particles of a uniform cloud which is spherically symmetric about the origin of an inertial frame, then these models describe a universe which expands and eventually collapses on itself. The chapter then turns to the pitfalls of the infinite Newtonian universe, the ‘Friedmann’ equation, the evolution of perturbations, and Olbers’s paradox.
The kinematics of a point particle
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe
Published: October 2018

This chapter discusses the kinematics of point particles undergoing any type of motion. It introduces the concept of proper time—the geometric representation of the time measured by an accelerated clock. It also describes a world line, which represents the motion of a material point or point particle P, that is, an object whose spatial extent and internal structure can be ignored. The chapter then considers the interpretation of the curvilinear abscissa, which by definition measures the length of the world line L representing the motion of the point particle P. Next, the chapter discusses a mathematical result popularized by Paul Langevin in the 1920s, the so-called ‘Langevin twins’ which revealed a paradoxical result. Finally, the transformation of velocities and accelerations is discussed.
Accelerated frames
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe
Published: October 2018

This chapter shows how, within the framework of special relativity, Newtonian inertial accelerations turn into mere geometrical quantities. In addition, the chapter states that labeling the points of Minkowski spacetime using curvilinear coordinates rather than Minkowski coordinates is mathematically just as simple as in Euclidean space. However, the interpretation of such a change of coordinates as passage from an inertial frame to an accelerated frame is more subtle. Hence, the chapter studies some examples of this phenomenon. Finally, it addresses the problem of understanding what the curvilinear coordinates actually represent. Or, similarly, it considers the question of how to realize them by a reference frame in actual, ‘relative, apparent, and common’ physical space.
The field of a moving charge
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe
Published: October 2018

This chapter begins the study of electromagnetic radiation by calculating the field created by a single moving charge, first when in uniform motion, and then when it is accelerated. It reveals the potential created by a charge in uniform motion starting from the Coulomb expression for the potential in the frame where it is at rest, and then by making a Lorentz transformation. The chapter then follows the exact reasoning for any type of motion by introducing inertial frames tangent to the charge world line. In this way, it obtains the retarded Liénard–Wiechert potential created by a charge in any type of motion. After studying some special cases of the field of a moving charge, the chapter defines the asymptotic, radiation, part of the field.
Interacting charges I
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe
Published: October 2018

This chapter addresses the problem of radiation by a system of point charges. Owing to the fact that the electromagnetic interaction propagates at finite speed, this problem can only be solved iteratively, by assuming that all speeds are small compared to the speed of light. The chapter then derives the dipole and quadrupole formulas giving the radiation field and the energy radiated by the system in the lowest orders. Finding the field and the radiation of a system of charges beyond the dipole approximation is rather more difficult, but necessary in the absence of dipole radiation. This is also a useful exercise for studying the radiation of a mass system in theories of gravitation where the gravitational mass is equal to the inertial mass. In addition, the chapter finds the equations of motion of the charges of the system to third order in the velocities.
Cosmological spacetimes
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe
Published: October 2018

This chapter provides a few examples of representations of the universe on a large scale—a first step in constructing a cosmological model. It first discusses the Copernican principle, which is an approximation/hypothesis about the matter distribution in the observable universe. The chapter then turns to the cosmological principle—a hypothesis about the geometry of the Riemannian spacetime representing the universe, which is assumed to be foliated by 3-spaces labeled by a cosmic time t which are homogeneous and isotropic, that is, ‘maximally symmetric’. After a discussion on maximally symmetric space, this chapter considers spacetimes with homogenous and isotropic sections. Finally, this chapter discusses Milne and de Sitter spacetimes.
Cosmological perturbations
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe
Published: October 2018

This chapter describes the first steps toward an understanding of large structures, which are observed in the universe at all scales—galaxies, groups of galaxies, and galactic clusters. It does so by studying the evolution of perturbations at linear order in Friedmann–Lemaître spacetimes. To simplify the discussion, the chapter limits the scope to the textbook case where the spatial sections of the background space are Euclidean (K = 0), and anisotropic perturbations and entropy perturbations are absent. This basically means that the matter reduces to a single fluid. The relativistic and Newtonian theories of cosmological perturbations differ. Finally, the chapter discusses the limit in which they converge.
Conclusion
Authors: Cochrane Alasdair
Published: October 2018

The concluding chapter does three things. First, it briefly summarizes the core claims made in the book and its outline of a sentientist political order. Second, it re-emphasizes some of the most important implications of the claims made in this book for the study of animal ethics and global justice. And finally, it introduces some preliminary thoughts on the implications of these claims for both the study of politics and for political activism. Here it argues two things: first, that since the worth and rights of sentient creatures reconfigure the aims and structure of politics, so they should transform the ways in which we study politics; and second, that since all sentient creatures merit membership and representation within our political communities, all political activists striving for social justice must reflect on how to incorporate the rights of animals into their campaigns.
Introduction
Authors: Fred-Rivera Ivette , Leech Jessica
Published: October 2018

The themes of ontology and modality are introduced. The introduction sketches two major strands of metaphysics from the last fifty years or so in which ontology and modality have been combined in particularly important ways, namely, in the worlds approach to modality, and the revival of essentialism. Also introduced are questions of modal ontology—whether and what things exist necessarily or contingently—and questions concerning the interaction of modal ontology and modal epistemology—what consequences do one’s views on modality and ontology have for a modal epistemology? Within this framework, the rest of the chapters of the book are introduced.
On Some Arguments for the Necessity and Irreducibility of Necessity
Authors: Divers John
Published: October 2018

Hale (2013) constructs and defends a conception of absolute modality as metaphysically fundamental. Part of this defense is an attack on alternative positions. One such position is a kind of modal skepticism that permits our declining to accept that any proposition is absolutely necessary. Another such position is a kind of modal reductionism that attempts to secure (non-trivial) modal truths via analysis that does not terminate in modal primitives of any kind. This chapter resists Hale on both fronts, arguing that the significance of the anti-skepticism established is variously limited and that the charge of question-begging against the reductionist(s) is not proven.
The World of Truth-Making
Authors: Fine Kit
Published: October 2018

This chapter considers a number of different ways to develop a semantics in which statements are evaluated at partial possibilities rather than possible worlds. These include the exact version of truth-maker semantics in which truth-makers are wholly relevant to the statements they make true, the inexact version in which they are relevant, but not necessarily wholly relevant, to the statements they make true, and the loose version, in which they need only necessitate the statements they make true, regardless of relevance. The chapter explores the question of how these different semantical schemes are related; and it argues for the surprising conclusion that classical logic can only be properly accommodated within the ‘relevantist’ version of these approaches by allowing possible worlds to be among the partial possibilities. Thus, whatever reasons there might be for adopting such a semantics, they should not include a distaste for possible worlds.
Radical Contingentism, or; Why Not Even Numbers Exist Necessarily
Authors: Simons Peter
Published: October 2018

Bob Hale championed the view that some objects exist of necessity, most prominently, mathematical objects like numbers. In contrast, this chapter upholds radical contingentism, the view that no object exists necessarily, and seeks to undermine the idea that the best possible candidates for necessary existence, the natural numbers, exist necessarily, despite there being in fact many contingent objects. Even the best neo-Fregean arguments for the existence of natural numbers depend on assumptions a nominalist may reject. A positive account of cardinalities as belonging to multitudes shows that every finite cardinality is exemplified only if there are two or more individuals, but that there are at least two individuals is not a necessary truth. Hence, even if numbers were admitted to abstract existence contingently upon their being exemplified—which the chapter denies—they would not exist necessarily.
Properties and Predicates, Objects and Names
Authors: Shapiro Stewart
Published: October 2018

Hale has articulated and defended a thesis that properties are tied to predicates in possible languages. The same goes for functions. A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a property or function is that it is expressed by a predicate in a possible language that can be understood by finite beings, like us humans. The purpose of this chapter is to assess this view and determine how it fares against the output of standard mathematics. In order to interpret mathematics, Hale must defend some prima facie implausible claims about what sorts of languages are possible, for us finite beings. The only alternative is for Hale to reject, on purely philosophical grounds, large chunks of contemporary mathematics. The relevant mathematics is whatever relies on impredicative definitions and the axiom of choice. This includes his, and Crispin Wright’s, abstraction-based neologicism, which has been shown to rely indispensably on impredicative definitions.
On the Permissibility of Impredicative Comprehension
Authors: Linnebo Øystein
Published: October 2018

Which comprehension axioms of higher-order logic are acceptable? That is, under what conditions does a formula define a concept or circumscribe some objects? It is well known that unrestricted higher-order comprehension is incompatible with unrestricted reification of higher-order entities. In search of a response to this conflict, an argument against all forms of impredicative comprehension is formulated; for example, when defining a concept, we may not quantify over a totality to which this concept belongs. Although this predicativist argument is ultimately rejected, a careful analysis of it points the way to some milder logical restrictions, which suffice to resolve the conflict.
Confession, Subscription, and Revival, c.1800–1914
Authors: Holmes Andrew R.
Published: October 2018

Chapter 1 considers how Presbyterians in Ireland responded to the challenge of liberal theology and how that changed over time. Though Irish Presbyterianism remained conservative, the meaning of conservatism fluctuated between creedal distinctiveness and general evangelical principles. The discussion begins with the expansion of evangelicalism in the early nineteenth century and how this prompted a return to the Westminster Standards. The second section explores the consolidation of confessional identity in both colleges of the church and how they harnessed the spiritual energy unleashed by the 1859 revival by using the resources of the Westminster Confession and Princeton Theology to meet the challenges posed by British threats to confessional principles and subscription. The chapter concludes with a discussion of whether the Irish church suffered what some contemporaries referred to as a theological ‘downgrade’ in the decades before the outbreak of the Great War.
The Presbyterian Story
Authors: Holmes Andrew R.
Published: October 2018

Chapter 2 explores the interplay between historical scholarship, church government, and Unionist identity politics. The chapter begins with the appropriation by evangelicals of the seventeenth-century origins of Presbyterianism in Ireland and how this was used to respond to theological and ecclesiological moderatism as well as the challenge of High Church Anglicanism. The second section examines how the High Church threat produced scholarship on the early church and the Celtic church, including St Patrick. Presbyterian writers remained concerned about Catholic claims and the final section considers their attitude to the Catholic Church in principle, the growing influence of Ultramontanism, and the threat of ‘Rome Rule’ in Ireland. The prospect of Home Rule introduced the Presbyterian story to a much broader audience and became a central component of Unionist identity politics, especially during ‘the Ulster Crisis’ of 1912 to 1914.
Mind and Matter
Authors: Holmes Andrew R.
Published: October 2018

The first section of Chapter 3 examines a period of transition in the early nineteenth century when Presbyterian commitment to Common Sense philosophy and induction was challenged by modern geology and philosophical idealism. By the early 1840s, a consensus had developed about the proper relationship between science and religion that utilized the insights of Joseph Butler, Thomas Chalmers, and James McCosh. When Presbyterians responded to Darwin and Mill they declared the indispensable link between philosophy and theology, and the supremacy of mind and conscience. The chapter concludes by considering the impact of John Tyndall’s notorious Belfast Address of 1874. Despite the controversy it caused, the issue quickly subsided and Irish Presbyterians felt able to adopt a variety of positions. Rather than a concern with biblical hermeneutics, it was the moral and metaphysical implications of evolutionary theory which were of main concern to Presbyterians.
Reconstruction, Revival, and the Triumph of Experience, 1914–30
Authors: Holmes Andrew R.
Published: October 2018

The final chapter begins with post-war reconstruction and how new professorial appointments signalled a move from dogma and theological proficiency to experience and practical Christianity. The second section examines a powerful outbreak of religious revival in the early 1920s associated with William Patterson Nicholson. Though aspects of popular revivalism were criticized, the religious awakening was encouraged by leaders within the Presbyterian Church and helped to draw attention to the role and rhetoric of religious experience. The final two sections discuss the course and aftermath of the heresy trial of James Ernest Davey in 1927. They examine the increasingly fractious debate over revising the formula of subscription to the Westminster Confession of Faith and the formation of the Bible Standards League. The exoneration of Davey seemed to confirm the fears of conservatives, but this obscures the essential conservatism of the denomination in terms of evangelical principles and denominational loyalty.
Introduction
Authors: Little Katherine C. , McDonald Nicola
Published: October 2018

In their Introduction, the editors argue that romance—a genre invented in the twelfth century as a new mode of storytelling and distinguished, throughout the period, for its confident, ambitious modernity—is one of the most important if unexpected sites for, and modes of, medieval thinking, especially about things that were elsewhere unthinkable. The Introduction also provides an overview of the eleven chapters in the volume, one that highlights their coverage (French, Middle English and Anglo-Norman), their interdisciplinarity, and their provocative insights into romance thought on politics, religion, music, the romance genre, and on the nature of romance thinking itself.
The Wonder of Middle English Romance
Authors: McDonald Nicola
Published: October 2018

Marvels and the marvellous are synonymous with medieval romance. Yet scholars often express disappointment at the wonders they find in Middle English romance. This chapter asks a simple question: how does Middle English romance understand wonder? and how, in turn, does our understanding of wonder in Middle English romance help us better comprehend the genre and what it can achieve? The chapter is made up of two parts. The first seeks to articulate a theory of wonder specific to English romance. Its focus is lexical, attentive to what the sources themselves identify as a wonder or as productive of wonderment; and its remit is wide, drawing evidence from across the whole genre. The second turns to a single romance, Octovian Imperator, in order to demonstrate how wonder puts into question the very certainties that Octovian and romances like it are conventionally understood to instantiate. Wonder has been credited as the beginning of philosophy, not something we normally associate with Middle English romance. This chapter argues, however, that what the particularity of wonder in the English romances highlights is the genre’s fundamentally interrogative mode.
Thinking through the English Crusading Romance
Authors: Manion Lee
Published: October 2018

Manion’s chapter explores how the short Middle English romance Sir Gowther (c.1400) reflects broadly upon issues in medieval crusade discourse. By redefining the poem as a crusading romance and by situating it in the context of English crusading in the Baltic region, particularly in pagan Lithuania, Manion demonstrates how the romance participates in cultural debates about the purpose, scope, and conduct of religious conflict while articulating alternative ideas or critical commentary. The protagonist’s conversion, use of a falchion, and marriage to the emperor’s daughter—all of which resonate with the historical conversion of Lithuania—address ongoing concerns about the defence of Christendom through the acquisition of new allies and more effective leadership. At the same time, Sir Gowther does not simply mirror history. Instead, it argues abstractly for the conversion, not extermination, of pagan unbelievers, and thus illustrates the romance genre’s general capacity to think through contested ideas.
Weaving a Tapestry from Biblical Exegesis to Romance Textuality
Authors: Bruckner Matilda Tomaryn
Published: October 2018

This study examines how the particular character of Grail romances follows from the incongruous meeting of courtly and Christian discourses, combined for the first time in LeConte du Graal, Chrétien de Troyes’s last, unfinished romance. The romancer’s unsettling inclusion of religious issues within Arthurian narrative coincides with a new turn toward the Bible’s literal and historical sense observable in both Christian and Jewish biblical exegesis. By investigating features shared by romance and exegesis, we can glimpse how a number of issues involving representation and interpretation disseminate through later Grail stories, as the romancer’s inaugural gestures structure how rewriters negotiate the complexities of their enigmatic model. Divided into three sections, the chapter first treats the littera’s historical aspects and its arrangements (order, sequence, context). The second section examines the shifting relation between literal and allegorical senses, in order to explore the exegetical surprises of Chrétien’s prologue in the third.
Romance and Revelation
Authors: O’Loughlin Bérat Emma
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores how the characteristically secular and literal genre of romance helped to make biblical allegorical narratives, like John’s Revelation, relevant to the human experiences of lay readers. It compares representations of motherhood in thirteenth- and fourteenth-century English illustrated Apocalypse manuscripts and the fourteenth-century romance Octavian, showing how both texts depict motherhood in secular and allegorical terms that relate to the experiences of lay female readers. The first third of Octavian echoes the story of the Woman of Revelation 12, the Woman clothed with the sun who flees to the wilderness after delivering a son, but it refigures her narrative in the decidedly secular terms of the Empress’s labour, exile, and loss of her sons. In contrast to the male-orientated, frequently misogynistic, exegetical tradition, Octavian shows how romance provided a flexible and informal space to interpret biblical allegory through different lenses of human experience.
Romance in/and the Medieval Mediterranean
Authors: Kinoshita Sharon
Published: October 2018

This chapter expands the traditional classification of medieval French romance by proposing ‘Mediterranean’ as a thematic category alongside ‘Antique’ and ‘Breton’. In addition to their geographical setting, ‘Mediterranean’ romances feature themes such as sea voyages, merchants, pirates, mutable identities, and the changes of fortune occasioned by the hazards of maritime travel. Floire et Blancheflor, first attested in French c.1150 and subsequently translated into many languages, provides the focal point for a discussion of medieval romance that draws inspiration from Peregrine Horden and Nicholas Purcell’s 2000 study, The Corrupting Sea. The second part of the chapter tests the longue durée of the Mediterranean thematic by examining the Hellenistic romance Callirhoe. The close parallels between the two texts, corresponding to Mikhail Bakhtin’s description of the Greek novel of adventure, also allows an assessment of their divergences as reflections of the shift from a late antique to a high medieval context.
The Causes and Contents of Inner Speech
Authors: Carruthers Peter
Published: October 2018

This chapter will first sketch an account of how inner speech is generated. It will suggest that most inner speech comprises attended “sensory forward models” of mentally rehearsed speech actions. The chapter will then argue that inner speech needs to be interpreted by normal language-comprehension mechanisms in order to acquire content. The contents of inner speech, it will be suggested, can include semantic and pragmatic information (“what is said” and “what is meant”), as well as mental state information (what attitude one takes to the saying of it—judging, believing, wondering whether, and so on).
A Cognitive Neuroscience View of Inner Language
Authors: Lœvenbruck H. , Grandchamp R. , Rapin L. , Nalborczyk L. , Dohen M. , Perrier P. , Baciu M. , Perrone-Bertolotti M.
Published: October 2018

The nature of inner language has long been under the scrutiny of humanities, through the practice of introspection. The use of experimental methods in cognitive neurosciences provides complementary insights. This chapter focuses on wilful expanded inner language, bearing in mind that other forms coexist. It first considers the abstract vs. concrete (or embodied) dimensions of inner language. In a second section, it argues that inner language should be considered as an action-perception phenomenon. In a third section, it proposes a revision of the “predictive control” account, fitting with our sensory-motor view. Inner language is considered as deriving from multisensory goals, generating multimodal acts (inner phonation, articulation, sign) with multisensory percepts (in the mind’s ear, tact, and eye). In the final section, it presents a landscape of the cerebral substrates of wilful inner verbalization, including multisensory and motor cortices as well as cognitive control networks.
Inner Speech and Outer Thought
Authors: Frankish Keith
Published: October 2018

It is plausible to regard inner speech as an activity, whose functions are continuous with those of outer speech. Yet there is also a case for thinking that inner speech has a cognitive role, as a vehicle for conscious thought. This chapter reconciles these apparently conflicting claims by showing how outer speech can itself play a cognitive role. Drawing on dual-process theories of reasoning, it develops a view of conscious (‘Type 2’) thinking as an activity, initially performed in outer speech. By engaging in self-directed speech, we can break down complex problems into subproblems that can be solved by nonconscious (‘Type 1’) processes, thereby vastly extending our reasoning powers. It is as the subsequent internalization of such ‘outer thinking’ that inner speech has a cognitive function. The chapter also extends this account to show how acts of inner speech can function as judgements and decisions.
When Inner Speech Misleads
Authors: Wilkinson Sam , Fernyhough Charles
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines whether and when the experience of inner speech can be inaccurate and thereby mislead the subject. It presents a view about the representational content of speech experience generally and then applies it to inner speech in particular. On such a view, speech experience typically presents us with far more than simply the low-level acoustic properties of speech: it conveys the relevant mental states of the (actual or hypothetical) speaker. Similarly, inner speech presents inner speakers with their own mental states. In light of this, inner speech can mislead either by presenting the subject with mental states they do not in fact have, or by presenting these mental states as belonging to another agent. The chapter reflects on the sorts of contexts in which either of these could occur.
Know Thyself
Authors: Machery Edouard
Published: October 2018

Inner speech seems to play a role in coming to know what we believe and what we desire. In this chapter, the author argues that inner speech contributes differently to knowing one’s beliefs and desires: We know our own beliefs, but not our own desires, just by talking to ourselves in inner speech, while desires have an opacity that beliefs do not have. Furthermore, this contrast may well be a reflection of a fundamental difference between the nature of beliefs and desires: Beliefs, but not desires, are essentially social: They are for “broadcasting”; they exist to be communicated.