bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical studies of the ignition characteristics of a high-pressure gas jet in compression ignition engines with glow plug ignition assist: Part 2-Effects of multi-opening glow plug shields
Authors: Pan Kang , Wallace James S
Published: October 2017

The results of a previous study, part 1, showed that use of a shield can improve the thermal performance of a glow plug, and thereby reduce ignition time. However, the part 1 study also found that use of a simple shield with only one circular opening can delay flame propagation out of the shield. The conclusions of that study suggested that there is scope for further improvements of the shield design, especially the shield opening geometry. Accordingly, this article presents the results of computational studies investigating the influence of multi-opening shield designs on natural gas ignition characteristics in glow plug–assisted compression–ignition engines. Two types of multi-opening glow plug shield, consisting of four small circular openings distributed in either diamond-pattern or square-pattern arrangements, were employed. The simulated results demonstrated that both multi-opening shields can not only increase glow plug surface temperature, but also increase the residence time of fuel mixture adjacent to the glow plug surface in the early injection stage, resulting in a faster ignition than the single-opening shield. Furthermore, the diamond-pattern multi-opening glow plug shield provides a faster or comparable flame propagation path back to combustion chamber, compared to single-opening glow plug shield, while the square-pattern multi-opening glow plug shield delays the flame propagation under several specific engine conditions. Compared to the single-opening glow plug shield, the overall natural gas ignition delays are further reduced by 6%–44% when using the diamond-pattern multi-opening glow plug shield, while the square-pattern multi-opening glow plug shield is only able to reduce the natural gas ignition delay under a few specific conditions.
Integrating Medical-Dental Care for Diabetic Patients: Qualitative Assessment of Provider Perspectives
Authors: Glurich Ingrid , Schwei Kelsey M. , Lindberg Sara , Shimpi Neel , Acharya Amit
Published: October 2017

Globally, periodontal disease and diabetes have achieved epidemic proportions and have become a top health care priority. Mutual bidirectional exacerbation of these conditions is promoting creation of cross-disciplinary integrated care delivery (ICD) models that bridge the traditionally siloed health care domains of dentistry and medicine. By engaging focus groups inclusive of both medical and dental providers and one-on-one interviews, this qualitative study investigated provider knowledgeability, receptiveness, and readiness to engage ICD and sought input from the medical-dental primary care practitioner participants on perceived opportunities, benefits, and challenges to achieving ICD models for patients with diabetes/prediabetes. Statewide regional representation and inclusivity of diverse practice settings were emphasized in soliciting participants. Thematic analysis of focus group and interview transcripts was undertaken to establish current state of the art, gauge receptivity to alternative ICD models, and seek insights from practitioners surrounding opportunities and barriers to ICD achievement. Forty providers participated, and thematic analyses achieved saturation. Providers were well informed regarding disease interaction; were receptive to ICD, including implementation of better screening and referral processes; and favored improving interdisciplinary communication inclusive of access to integrated electronic health records. Perceived barriers and opportunities communicated by participants for advancing ICD were documented.
Neuroprotective effects of orientin on oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion-induced cell injury in primary culture of rat cortical neurons
Authors: Tian Tian , Zeng Junan , Zhao Guangyu , Zhao Wenjing , Gao Songyi , Liu Li
Published: October 2017

Orientin (luteolin-8-C-glucoside) is a phenolic compound found abundantly in millet, juice, and peel of passion fruit and has been shown to have antioxidant properties. In the present study, we explored the effects of orientin on oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/RP)-induced cell injury in primary culture of rat cortical neurons using an in vitro model of neonatal ischemic brain injury. The reduced cell viability and elevated lactate dehydrogenase leakage were observed after OGD/RP exposure, which were then reversed by orientin (10, 20, and 30 µM) pretreatment in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, OGD/RP treatment resulted in significant oxidative stress, accompanied by enhanced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and obvious depletion in the activities of intracellular Mn-superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase antioxidases. However, these effects were dose dependently restored by orientin pretreatment. We also found that orientin pretreatment dose dependently suppressed [Ca2+]i increase and mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation caused by OGD/RP in primary culture of rat cortical neurons. Western blot analysis showed that OGD/RP exposure induced a distinct decrease of Bcl-2 protein and a marked elevation of Bax, caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-3 proteins; whereas these effects were dose dependently reversed by orientin incubation. Both the caspase-3 activity and the apoptosis rate were increased under OGD/RP treatment, but was then dose dependently down-regulated by orientin (10, 20, and 30 µM) incubation. Moreover, orientin pretreatment dose dependently inhibited OGD/RP-induced phosphorylation of JNK and ERK1/2. Notably, JNK inhibitor SP600125 and ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 also dramatically attenuated OGD/RP-induced cell viability loss and ROS generation, and further, orientin failed to protect cortical neurons with the interference of JNK activator anisomycin or ERK1/2 activator FGF-2. Taken together, these results demonstrated that orientin has significant neuroprotective effects against OGD/RP-induced cell injury via JNK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in primary culture of rat cortical neurons.

Impact statement

Orientin has been used in traditional eastern medicine and reported to possess antioxidant properties. However, the effects of orientin on neonatal ischemic brain injury and the underlying mechanisms involved have not been studied. Our results showed that orientin exerts significant neuroprotective effects on cell injury caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion via the JNK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in primary culture of rat cortical neurons, implying the potential therapeutic application of orientin via the suppression of oxidative stress and cell apoptosis. This research suggested that orientin may be used as a therapeutic and preventive option for newborn cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Evaluating Brain-Computer Interface Performance in an ALS Population: Checkerboard and Color Paradigms
Authors: Ryan David B. , Colwell Kenneth A. , Throckmorton Chandra S. , Collins Leslie M. , Caves Kevin , Sellers Eric W.
Published: October 2017

The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of 3 brain-computer interface (BCI) paradigms in an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) population (n = 11). Using a repeated-measures design, participants completed 3 BCI conditions: row/column (RCW), checkerboard (CBW), and gray-to-color (CBC). Based on previous studies, it is hypothesized that the CBC and CBW conditions will result in higher accuracy, information transfer rate, waveform amplitude, and user preference over the RCW condition. An offline dynamic stopping simulation will also increase information transfer rate. Higher mean accuracy was observed in the CBC condition (89.7%), followed by the CBW (84.3%) condition, and lowest in the RCW condition (78.7%); however, these differences did not reach statistical significance ( P = .062). Eight of the eleven participants preferred the CBC and the remaining three preferred the CBW conditions. The offline dynamic stopping simulation significantly increased information transfer rate ( P = .005) and decreased accuracy ( P < .000). The findings of this study suggest that color stimuli provide a modest improvement in performance and that participants prefer color stimuli over monochromatic stimuli. Given these findings, BCI paradigms that use color stimuli should be considered for individuals who have ALS.
Exploring relationships between the coach-initiated motivational climate and psychological coping skills over the high school American football season
Authors: Gano-Overway Lori A , Steele Enza , Boyce B Ann , Whaley Diane
Published: October 2017

This study investigated the relationship between the perceived coach-initiated motivational climate and psychological coping skills over a competitive high school football season as well as changes in perceptions of the climate over the season. Near the beginning (Time 1) and end of the season (Time 2), 101 players from five competitive high school American football programs completed the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 and the Athletic Coping Skill Inventory-28. A hierarchical linear regression revealed that Time 2 task-involving climate predicted Time 2 psychological coping skills when controlling for Time 1 psychological coping skills. Repeated measure multivariate analysis of variance results demonstrated that players perceived a decrease in the task-involving climate and an increase in the ego-involving climate over the course of the competitive season. These results add to the research on the positive role of a task-involving climate in the sport domain. Additionally, this research provides insight into how perceptions of the coach-initiated motivational climate can shift over the course of the competitive season.
The psychology of chronic post-surgical pain: new frontiers in risk factor identification, prevention and management
Authors: Weinrib Aliza Z , Azam Muhammad A , Birnie Kathryn A , Burns Lindsay C , Clarke Hance , Katz Joel
Published: October 2017

In an era of considerable advances in anaesthesiology and pain medicine, chronic pain after major surgery continues to be problematic. This article briefly reviews the known psychological risk and protective factors associated with the development of chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP). We begin with a definition of CPSP and then explain what we mean by a risk/protective factor. Next, we summarize known psychological risk and protective factors for CPSP. Psychological interventions that target risk factors and may impact postsurgical pain are reviewed, including the acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)-based approach to CPSP prevention and management we use in the Transitional Pain Service (TPS) at the Toronto General Hospital. Finally, we conclude with recommendations for research in risk factor identification and psychological interventions to prevent CPSP. Several pre-surgical psychological risk factors for CPSP have been consistently identified in recent years. These include negative affective constructs, such as anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, pain catastrophizing and general psychological distress. In contrast, relatively few studies have examined psychological protective factors for CPSP. Psychological interventions that target known psychological risk factors while enhancing protective psychological factors may reduce new incidence of CPSP. The primary goal of our ACT intervention is to teach patients a mindful way of responding to their postsurgical pain that empowers them to interrupt the negative cycle of pain, distress, behavioural avoidance and escalating opioid use that can limit functioning and quality of life while paradoxically amplifying pain over time. Early clinical outcome data suggest that patients who receive care from TPS physicians reduce their pain and opioid use, yet patients who also receive our ACT intervention have a larger decrease in daily opioid dose while reporting less pain interference and lower depression scores.
Global cerebral ischemia with subsequent respiratory arrest in a cat after repeated use of a spring-loaded mouth gag
Authors: Hartman Emily A , McCarthy Robert J , Labato Mary A
Published: October 2017

Case summary

A 10-year-old neutered male domestic shorthair cat was evaluated because of signs of stertorous breathing and reverse sneezing of 8 months’ duration. A CT scan performed 1 week before evaluation indicated nasopharyngeal stenosis or collapse. Increased respiratory effort, stertorous breathing, coughing, reverse sneezing, bilateral black ocular discharge and mucoid left nasal discharge were noted. Rhinoscopy suggested possible nasopharyngeal stenosis. Balloon dilation was attempted but unsuccessful. Ventral rhinotomy was performed the following day using a spring-loaded mouth gag to access the surgical site. After rhinotomy, the patient had neurologic signs attributed to global cerebral ischemia that progressed to respiratory arrest, subsequently resulting in euthanasia.

Relevance and novel information

While ischemic brain injury has been associated with the use of a spring-loaded mouth gag in cats, to our knowledge this is the first reported instance where use resulted in respiratory arrest culminating in euthanasia.
T2 mapping and post-contrast T1 (dGEMRIC) of the patellar cartilage: 12-year follow-up after patellar stabilizing surgery in childhood
Authors: Moström Eva Bengtsson , Lammentausta Eveliina , Finnbogason Thröstur , Weidenhielm Lars , Janarv Per-Mats , Tiderius Carl Johan
Published: October 2017

Background

Cartilage degeneration has been reported after recurrent patellar dislocation. However, effects of surgical stabilization in childhood have not yet been described.

Purpose

To examine the cartilage quality in very young adults operated with a patellar stabilizing procedure due to recurrent patellar dislocation in childhood, and evaluate if cartilage quality correlates with clinical parameters and patient-reported outcomes.

Material and Methods

Seventeen patients were investigated ≥ 5 years (mean = 11.6 years) after patellar stabilizing surgery in childhood. Pre-contrast T2 relaxation times were analyzed in four superficial and four deep patellar cartilage regions of both knees. Two hours after 0.2 mM/kg Gd-DTPA2i.v., post-contrast T1 (T1(Gd)) was analyzed in the same regions. Patient-reported outcomes (KOOS, Kujala, and Tegner scores) and recurrence rates were evaluated.

Results

Comparing operated to healthy side, neither T2 nor dGEMRIC differed between the operated and the reference knee regarding the superficial half of the cartilage. In the deep half of the cartilage, T1(Gd) was shorter in the central part of the cartilage, whereas T2 was longer medially ( P < 0.05). A low score in the KOOS subscales Symptom and Sports & Recreation, was correlated to the degenerative changes detected by T1(Gd) (r = 0.5, P = 0.041).

Conclusion

In general, our findings demonstrate good cartilage quality 12 years after patellar stabilizing surgery during childhood. The subtle changes in T2 and T1(Gd) in the deep cartilage layer may be a result of altered biomechanics, although very early degenerative changes cannot be excluded. The short T1(Gd) centrally may reflect lower glycosaminoglycan content, whereas the increase in T2 medially indicates increased cartilage hydration.
Designing Clinical Trials for Assessing the Effectiveness of Interventions for Tinnitus
Authors: Hall Deborah A.
Published: October 2017

In the face of finite resources, allocations of research and health-care funding are dependent upon high-quality evidence. Historically, tinnitus has been the poor cousin of hearing science, with low-quality clinical research providing unreliable estimates of effect and with devices marketed for tinnitus without strong evidence for those product claims. However, the tinnitus field is changing. Key opinion leaders have recently made calls to the field to improve the design, implementation, and reporting of clinical trials, and there is growing intersectoral collaboration. The Tonndorf Lecture presented at the 1st World Tinnitus Congress and the 12th International Tinnitus Seminar in Warsaw, Poland, provided an opportunity to reflect on the present and future progress of tinnitus research and treatment and what is needed for the field to achieve success. The content of that lecture is summarized in this article. The main debate concerns the selection and reporting of outcomes in clinical trials of tinnitus. Comprehensive reviews of the literature confirm the diversity of the personal impact of tinnitus and illustrate a lack of consensus in what aspects of tinnitus should be assessed and reported in a clinical trial. An innovative project is described which engages the global tinnitus community (patients and professionals alike) in working together. This project seeks to improve future tinnitus research by creating an evidence-based consensus about minimum reporting standards for outcomes in clinical trials of a tinnitus intervention. The output will be a core set of important and critical outcomes to be measured and reported in all clinical trials.
Pulmonary Function of Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis and the Impact of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Youssef Ahmed M. , Awad Osama G. Abdel‐Naby , Taha Mohamed
Published: October 2017

Objective

The aim of this study was to compare pulmonary function tests (PFTs) among control subjects and patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and to investigate the outcomes of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) on PFTs among patients with CRS.

Study Design

Prospective study conducted from June 2015 to June 2016.

Setting

Tertiary referral hospital.

Subjects and Methods

The study is based on 2 groups: adult control subjects (group 1, n = 25) and adult patients with medically resistant CRS (group 2, n = 25). PFTs were used to compare the lower airway condition between the groups. Another comparison in PFTs was made among patients with CRS at 1 week preoperatively and 1 month postoperatively to evaluate the effectiveness of ESS.

Results

In group 1, all subjects had an FEV1/FVC ratio ≥80% (forced expiratory volume in 1 second / forced vital capacity) with a mean of 0.84 ± 0.07, as compared with group 2, from 61% to 70% for 5 (20%) patients, 71% to 79% for 10 (40%), and ≥80% for 10 (40%). FEV1/FVC was significantly lower in group 2 than group 1 (P =. 04). At 1 month postoperatively, the FEV1/FVC values of group 2 was from 61% to 70% for 2 (8%) patients, 71% to 79% for 13 (52%), and ≥80% for 10 (40%). The mean FEV1/FVC was 0.9 ± 0.50, and these values were significantly higher (P =. 02) when compared with preoperative values.

Conclusion

This study provides objective evidence that patients with CRS may have nonmanifest lower airway affection when compared with control subjects and that ESS is efficacious in the improvement of such affection.
Molecular Ultrasound Imaging for the Detection of Neural Inflammation: A Longitudinal Dosing Pilot Study
Authors: Volz Kevin R. , Evans Kevin D. , Kanner Christopher D. , Buford John A. , Freimer Miriam , Sommerich Carolyn M. , Basso D. Michele
Published: October 2017

Molecular ultrasound imaging provides the ability to detect physiologic processes noninvasively by targeting a variety of biomarkers in vivo. The current study was performed by exploiting an inflammatory biomarker, P-selectin, known to be present following spinal cord injury. Using a murine model (n = 6), molecular ultrasound imaging was performed using contrast microbubbles modified to target and adhere to P-selectin, prior to spinal cord injury (0D), acute stage postinjury (7D), and chronic stage (42D). Additionally, two imaging sessions were performed on each subject at specific time points, using doses of 30 μL and 100 μL. Upon analysis, targeted contrast analysis parameters were appreciably increased during the 7D scan compared with the 42D scan, without statistical significance. When examining the dose levels, the 30-μL dose demonstrated greater values than the 100-μL dose but lacked statistical significance. These findings provide additional preclinical evidence for the use of molecular ultrasound imaging for the possible detection of inflammation.
Hispanic ethnicity is associated with younger age at presentation but worse survival in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Darbinyan Karine , Shastri Aditi , Budhathoki Anjali , Helbig Daniel , Snyder Rose , Pradhan Kith , Saleh-Esa Junaid , Kornblum Noah S. , Binder Adam F. , Goel Swati , Janakiram Murali , Derman Olga , Gritsman Kira , Steidl Ulrich , Braunschweig Ira , Verma Amit , Mantzaris Ioannis
Published: October 2017

Key Points

SEER data and a Bronx validation cohort demonstrate that Hispanics present with AML at younger age but have shorter survival than whites. Increased frequency of high-risk mutations in Hispanics provides a potential biologic explanation for poorer outcomes in Hispanics.
TAK1 inhibition subverts the osteoclastogenic action of TRAIL while potentiating its antimyeloma effects
Authors: Tenshin Hirofumi , Teramachi Jumpei , Oda Asuka , Amachi Ryota , Hiasa Masahiro , Bat-Erdene Ariunzaya , Watanabe Keiichiro , Iwasa Masami , Harada Takeshi , Fujii Shiro , Kagawa Kumiko , Sogabe Kimiko , Nakamura Shingen , Miki Hirokazu , Kurahashi Kiyoe , Yoshida Sumiko , Aihara Kenichi , Endo Itsuro , Tanaka Eiji , Matsumoto Toshio , Abe Masahiro
Published: October 2017

Key Points

TRAIL enhances receptor activator of NF-κB ligand–induced osteoclastogenesis and c-FLIP upregulation without osteoclast apoptosis induction. TAK1 inhibition triggers TRAIL-induced apoptosis in osteoclasts, while potentiating TRAIL-induced myeloma cell death.
A review of “Random graphs and complex networks” by Hofstad
Authors: Abbas Ghulam
Published: October 2017

Book details

Hofstad, R

Random Graphs and Complex Networks. vol. 1.

New York: Cambridge University Press; 2017.

321 pages; ISBN: 978-1-107-17287-6
The Performance of Slender Monuments during the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake
Authors: Mehrotra Anjali , DeJong Matthew
Published: October 2017

This paper studies damage to a few specific monuments in the Kathmandu Valley that were either partially or completely destroyed during the 2015 Gorkha earthquake. Three of these structures—namely, the Basantapur Column, the Dharahara Tower, and the Narayan Temple—were modeled both analytically using rocking dynamics and computationally using discrete element modeling (DEM). The results emphasize the importance of large low frequency content within the ground motion, demonstrating that the Dharahara Tower could have collapsed due to the primary long-period ground motion pulse alone. In addition, comparison of analytical and computational modeling to the observed response enables evaluation of structural behavior, including discussion of the importance of elastic amplification and column embedment on performance during the earthquake.
Biphasic Cuirass Ventilation During Anesthesia for Tracheobronchial Stent Insertion or Removal by a Rigid Bronchoscope: A Case Report
Authors: Mori Hideaki , Shono Atsuko , Hirade Ritsuko , Nikai Tetsuro , Saito Yoji
Published: October 2017

Airway management and ventilation during a tracheobronchial stenting procedure are challenging given that mandatory positive pressure ventilation cannot be fully achieved while using a rigid bronchoscope due to leakage from the scope tip. Biphasic cuirass ventilation is a negative pressure ventilation method using an external cuirass fitted to the anterior chest, which could assist in spontaneous breathing and ventilation support. We report 3 successful anesthesia cases in which we could maintain adequate ventilation and oxygenation, supported by biphasic cuirass ventilation, in patients undergoing tracheobronchial stent placement or removal procedures using rigid bronchoscopy.
Non-occlusive mesenteric ischaemia: CT findings, clinical outcomes and assessment of the diameter of the superior mesenteric artery
Authors: Pérez-García Carlos , de Miguel Campos Enrique , Fernández Gonzalo Adriana , Malfaz Carlos , Martín Pinacho Jesus Javier , Fernández Álvarez Carmen , Herranz Pérez Raquel
Published: October 2017

Objective:

Review of the experience of a tertiary care centre for almost 10 years in the CT diagnosis of non-occlusive mesenteric ischaemia (NOMI). Analysis of CT findings, correlation with clinical outcomes and evaluation of the usefulness of measuring the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) diameter for the diagnosis of NOMI.

Methods:

106 patients were diagnosed with NOMI in a biphasic CT examination from 2008 to 2017 in our hospital. Clinical outcomes and CT findings were reviewed. In 55 patients, the diameter of the SMA was compared with a previous CT scan where NOMI was not the diagnosis, and statistical analysis using paired t-test was performed.

Results:

81 patients (76%) had findings consistent with small bowel ischaemia and the ileum was the segment most commonly involved (47%). Lack of wall enhancement, pneumoperitoneum, pneumatosis intestinalis and portal venous gas were all considered signs of bowel necrosis and surgery was performed promptly. 70 patients had signs of vascular narrowing of the SMA branches and in the 55 cases with a previous CT scan, there were statistically significant differences regarding the SMA diameter with a mean reduction of the artery calibre and standard deviation of 1.93 ± 1.1 mm between the NOMI and non-NOMI scans (p < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Acknowledgment of characteristic bowel necrosis CT findings is crucial for determining the therapeutic attitude and the use of previous CT scans to compare the SMA diameter may help the radiologist to achieve an early diagnosis of NOMI in an often critically ill patient population.

Advances in knowledge:

Diagnosis of NOMI can be difficult in cases of partial mural ischaemia, thus objective data (diameter of the SMA) should be useful for the radiologist to include NOMI as the first diagnostic option in the differential diagnosis.
Assessment of noise reduction potential and image quality improvement of a new generation adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR-V) in chest CT
Authors: Tang Hui , Yu Nan , Jia Yongjun , Yu Yong , Duan Haifeng , Han Dong , Ma Guangming , Ren Chenglong , He Taiping
Published: October 2017

Objective:

To evaluate the image quality improvement and noise reduction in routine dose, non-enhanced chest CT imaging by using a new generation adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR-V) in comparison with ASIR algorithm.

Methods:

30 patients who underwent routine dose, non-enhanced chest CT using GE Discovery CT750HU (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI) were included. The scan parameters included tube voltage of 120 kVp, automatic tube current modulation to obtain a noise index of 14HU, rotation speed of 0.6 s, pitch of 1.375:1 and slice thickness of 5 mm. After scanning, all scans were reconstructed with the recommended level of 40%ASIR for comparison purpose and different percentages of ASIR-V from 10% to 100% in a 10% increment. The CT attenuation values and SD of the subcutaneous fat, back muscle and descending aorta were measured at the level of tracheal carina of all reconstructed images. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was calculated with SD representing image noise. The subjective image quality was independently evaluated by two experienced radiologists.

Results:

For all ASIR-V images, the objective image noise (SD) of fat, muscle and aorta decreased and SNR increased along with increasing ASIR-V percentage. The SD of 30% ASIR-V to 100% ASIR-V was significantly lower than that of 40% ASIR (p < 0.05). In terms of subjective image evaluation, all ASIR-V reconstructions had good diagnostic acceptability. However, the 50% ASIR-V to 70% ASIR-V series showed significantly superior visibility of small structures when compared with the 40% ASIR and ASIR-V of other percentages (p < 0.05), and 60% ASIR-V was the best series of all ASIR-V images, with a highest subjective image quality. The image sharpness was significantly decreased in images reconstructed by 80% ASIR-V and higher.

Conclusion:

In routine dose, non-enhanced chest CT, ASIR-V shows greater potential in reducing image noise and artefacts and maintaining image sharpness when compared to the recommended level of 40%ASIR algorithm. Combining both the objective and subjective evaluation of images, non-enhanced chest CT images reconstructed with 60% ASIR-V have the highest image quality.

Advances in knowledge:

This is the first clinical study to evaluate the clinical value of ASIR-V in the same patients using the same CT scanner in the non-enhanced chest CT scans. It suggests that ASIR-V provides the better image quality and higher diagnostic confidence in comparison with ASIR algorithm.
B cell, CD8+ T cell and gamma delta T cell lymphocytic alveolitis alters alveolar immune cell homeostasis in HIV-infected Malawian adults
Authors: Mwale Andrew , Hummel Annemarie , Mvaya Leonard , Kamng'ona Raphael , Chimbayo Elizabeth , Phiri Joseph , Malamba Rose , Kankwatira Anstead , Mwandumba Henry C , Jambo Kondwani C
Published: October 2017

Background: HIV infection is associated with increased risk to lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). However, the impact of HIV infection on immune cell populations in the lung is not well defined. We sought to comprehensively characterise the impact of HIV infection on immune cell populations in the lung.

Methods: Twenty HIV-uninfected controls and 17 HIV-1 infected ART-naïve adults were recruited from Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Malawi. Immunophenotyping of lymphocyte and myeloid cell populations was done on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood cells.

Results: We found that the numbers of CD8+T cells, B cells and gamma delta T cells were higher in BAL fluid of HIV-infected adults compared to HIV-uninfected controls (all p<0.05). In contrast, there was no difference in the numbers of alveolar CD4+T cells in HIV-infected adults compared to HIV-uninfected controls (p=0.7065). Intermediate monocytes were the predominant monocyte subset in BAL fluid (HIV-, 63%; HIV+ 81%), while the numbers of classical monocytes was lower in HIV-infected individuals compared to HIV-uninfected adults (p=0.0006). The proportions of alveolar macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells was lower in HIV-infected adults compared to HIV-uninfected controls (all p<0.05).

Conclusions: Chronic HIV infection is associated with broad alteration of immune cell populations in the lung, but does not lead to massive depletion of alveolar CD4+T cells. Disruption of alveolar immune cell homeostasis likely explains in part the susceptibility for LRTIs in HIV-infected adults.
About Defining the Borders of Radioactive Contamination Zones as a Result of Large Radiation Accidents. Message I. Post-Accident Analysis of Chernobyl Zoning Experience
Authors: Скоробогатов А. , Skorobogatov A. , Герменчук М. , Germenchuk M. , Симонов А. , Simonov A. , Жукова О. , Zhukova O. , Апанасюк О. , Apanasyuk O. , Голиков Ю. , Golikov Yu. , Буланцева Т. , Bulanceva T. , Лупач Л. , Lupach L.
Published: October 2017

Purpose: Retrospective analysis of the process of defining the zones of radioactive contamination zones formed after the Chernobyl accident.

Results: Summary of events related to liquidation of the Chernobyl NPP (ChNPP) accident consequences is given in the context of defining the radioactive contamination zones.

Experience of zoning of the territories exposed to radioactive contamination due to the Chernobyl NPP accident during 1986–2015 in Belarus and the Russian Federation has revealed the following:

- Zones of radioactive contamination as a result of the ChNPP accident have been finally defined by the regulatory-legal acts only by 1991 – in five years after the Chernobyl accident;

- At present, the zones of radioactive contamination zones legally correspond to the borders of settlements that were given a certain status of the radioactively contaminated territory.

This leads, in particular, to paradoxical "automatic" reduction of radioactive contamination zonesareas due to abolition of settlements with no inhabitants. Absence of the established borders of radioactive contamination zones creates difficulties in substantiation of the measures related to radiation monitoring, rehabilitation of radioactively contaminated areas and their return to economic circulation.

Conclusions: Experience of eliminating mitigation of the Chernobyl NPP accident consequences shows that the absence of modern and scientifically justified procedures of defining the borders of radioactive contamination zones results not only in an inadequate assessment of the scales of consequences, but also does not allow effective differentiating the inventory and scale of necessary measures on population protection.
Radiation Situation in Workplaces of the Personnel at the Ground Facilities of the Priargun Production Mountain Chemical Association
Authors: Шандала Н. , Shandala N. , Маренный А. , Marennyy A. , Исаев Д. , Isaev D. , Титов А. , Titov A. , Киселев С. , Kiselev S. , Семенова М. , Semenova M. , Нефедов Н. , Nefedov N. , Астафуров В. , Astafurov V. , Журавлёва Л. , Zhurvleva L. , Мареннный М. , Marennnyy M. , Хохлова Е. , Hohlova E. , Уйба В. , Uyba V.
Published: October 2017

Purpose: To obtain data of radiation survey in workplaces of the personnel of the Priargun Production Mountain Chemical Association (OJSC PPMCA), who work at the premises of the ground facilities.

Material and methods: In the course of the radiation survey. Integral track methods were used to measure radon activity concentration by REI-1 track cameras of the TRACK-REI-1M kit.

To assess the activity balance factor between radon and its radionuclide progenies, short term measurements of radon activity concentration (AC) and effective equilibrium concentration (EEC) of radon by handle radiometers of radon and its progenies. Gamma dose rate was measured by handle dosimeters.

Results: Annual AC, EEC and effective dose due to radon and external gamma exposures in workplaces at the ground facilities of OJSC PPMCA have been obtained. Total number of the inspected workshops is 138, including 121 workshops occupied by the A group personnel, and 17 – by the B group personnel.

Conclusions: It was shown that annual doses 20 mSv could be exceeded for the A group personnel who work at three workshops shaft 8K of the mine-2, one workshop of building 630A of the Hydro-metallurgical Plant and one workshop of shaft 5 B of G mine.

In the workshops of the B group personnel, 5 mSv annual effective doses can be exceeded 2 and more times at the premises of canteen number 18 and administrative domestic building of mine-2.
TRAINING AND METHODOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE INSTITUTION OF THE VICTIM IN TEACHING COURSES CRIMINAL CYCLE
Authors: Кравцова Оксана , Kravtsova Oksana , Блинова-Сычкарь Ирина , Blinova-Sicker Irina , Дмитриенко Сергей , Dmitrienko Sergey
Published: October 2017

The Institute of the victim is the subject of several criminal Sciences: criminal law, criminal process, criminalistics, criminology, legal psychology and others. Each of them gives their classification of victims, includes them in the corresponding subject characteristics (criminal law, criminal procedure, forensic, criminological, victimological). Elements of these characteristics vary, however, their interdisciplinary implications are obvious and not in doubt. Therefore, it is accepted to speak about the Institute the victim as the subject of interdisciplinary study and its use in the learning process of students
Avaliação de custos de sistema de remediação utilizando peroxone para tratamento de etenos clorados
Authors: De Vasconcellos Juan Felippe Santiago , Da Fonseca Fabiana Valéria
Published: October 2017

A utilização de Processos Oxidativos Avançados para remediação de áreas contaminadas tornou-se uma alternativa eficaz na destruição de contaminantes, seja na aplicação direta no solo e água subterrânea, ou através de sistemas de tratamento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o custo de implantação e operação de um sistema de remediação Pump & Treat utilizando peroxone como forma de tratamento para água subterrânea contaminada por etenos clorados. O sistema de remediação considerou as características hidrogeológicas da área de estudo e dos contaminantes. Foram considerados como custos de investimentos os relativos aos equipamentos e materiais necessários para a implantação do sistema de remediação, enquanto que os custos operacionais consideraram energia elétrica, peróxido de hidrogênio, mão de obra, manutenção, administração e análises laboratoriais da água subterrânea. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que cerca de 20% do custo de investimento está associado com a etapa de tratamento; o custo operacional foi de 551.484,86 (Ano 1), R$ 606.913,32 (Ano 2) e R$ 336.352,53 (Ano 3), demonstrando-se vantajoso em relação ao método tradicional de tratamento com carvão ativado.
Empirical analysis of the determinants of the IPCA for the period of 2000 to 2011: an approach based on a SVAR model
Authors: Abrita Mateus Boldrine , De Araújo Eliane Cristina , Neto Angelo Rondina
Published: October 2017

This study examines empirically the determinants of the Brazilian inflation, measured by the Broad Consumer Price Index (IPCA) and its decomposition, estimating two equations and using an autoregressive model. The database covers the period from January 2000 to December 2011. Five main groups are mentioned as the determinants of inflation: i) Aggregate Demand; ii) Aggregate Supply; iii) Exchange Rate; iv) Salaries and v) Inertia. The evidences reveals that inertia, external factors and the supply conditions overlap the demand in the determination of the Brazilian inflation. Thus, inflation shows to be little sensitive to the level of activity.
Accounting for institutional variation in expected returns to higher education
Authors: Dorius Shawn , Tandberg David , Cram Bridgette
Published: October 2017

This study leverages human capital theory to identify the correlates of expected returns on investment in higher education at the level of institutions. We leverage estimates of average ROI in post-secondary education among more than 400 baccalaureate degree conferring colleges and universities to understand the correlates of a relatively new metric of institutional ROI. Results indicate that a diverse undergraduate student body, high graduation rate, and public university status are strong, positive, and robustly associated with institutional ROI. The model accounts for more than 70% of inter-university variation in ROI, suggesting that the factors we have identified are among the most important correlates of institutional ROI. We discuss the policy implications of these findings for institutions of higher education in the context of institutional rankings and a rapidly evolving education landscape, giving special attention to student body characteristics colleges and universities.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water of Al-Kahlaa River in Missan Province, Iraq
Authors: Jazza Salih Hassan , Al-Adhub Abdul Hussain Y. , Al-Saad Hamid T.
Published: October 2017

The present study was performed to have knowledge of Polycyclic Aromatic  Hydrocarbonspollution status in water. The samples were collected during two seasons (winter and summer 2012 ,2013) from four different stations) Al-Magideh, Treatment unit, Al-Husaichi and Al-Zubair) distributed along Al-KahlaaRiver in Missan province, in addition to reference station lies on the Tigris river before  25 Km  from entering to Amara city. The concentrations of PAHs were determined in by using capillary Gas Chromatography. Results of the present  study revealed that the total concentrations of PAHs  in dissolved fraction  ranged from 0.739 ng.l-1 in Reference station to 1.974 ng.l-1 in Treatment unit during winter, and from 0.300 ng.l-1 in Reference station to 1.125 ng.l-1 in Treatment unit during summer, while in the particulate fraction they varied from 0.79 ng.g-1 dry weight in Reference station to 24.42  ng.g-1 dry weight in Treatment unit during winter, and from 4.369 ng.g-1 dry weight in Reference station to 10.545 ng.g-1 dry weight in Al-Husaich during summer. It had been noticed that there were a predominance of high molecular weight PAHs on low molecular weight, while  BaA/(BaA+Chr) ratio in water ranged from 0.218 to 0.804. InP/(InP+BghiP) ratio ranged between 0 and 0.578,whereas Fl/Pyratio ranged between 0.150 and 2 ,this give an indication of  the origin  of PAHs compounds in water which were mainly pyrogenic and few from them  petrogenic. Keywords: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, water, pollution
Oil Spill Biodegradation by Bacteria Isolated from Jakarta Bay Marine Sediments
Authors: Dwinovantyo Angga , Prartono Tri , Rahmaniar Restya , Prabowo Nico Wantona , Susanti Santi
Published: October 2017

A laboratory study was conducted with the aim to isolate and identify bacteria from sea sediment and test their biodegradation ability in two place where contaminated with oil spill. Five sediment samples were dissolved by using sterile sea water, and then bacteria isolated with total plate count (TPC) method. Isolates bacteria was cultivated, and adapted using the nutrient conditioned sea water medium. Biodegradation process was done by mixing the bacteria with crude oil and shaken for few days. The number of bacteria isolated varied from 2 x 102 CFU ml-1 to 6 x 106 CFU ml-1 and apparently increased after cultivation and adaptation with oily media. Bacteria identified during this study were Fundibacter sp., Alcanivorax sp., and Marinobacter sp.. The result of biodegradation process was statistically analyzed and obtained that the bacteria are effective in degrading oil in seven days with constant of biodegradation rate was 0.1766. GC-MS analysis was conducted to prove the decomposition of carbon chain by bacteria and revealed oil degradation in carbon number 11 to 27. Based on all analysis, marine sediment bacteria can degrade the oil spill. Keywords : Bacteria, Biodegradation, GC-MS, Marine Sediments, Oil spill.
Seagrass Mapping Based on Satellite Image Worldview-2 by Using Depth Invariant Index Method
Authors: Manuputty Agnestesya , Lumban Gaol Jonson , Agus Syamsul Bahri
Published: October 2017

Seagrass has an important role in coastal areas, so it’s sustainability need to be maintained. One effort to preserve it is sustainable manner management of segrass based on the spatial data using remote sensing techniques. The aim of this study was to map seagrass ecosystems and to determining the accuracy level from classification results that obtained by the WorldView-2 images. This study was conducted in Karang Bongkok and Kotok Islands in August 2014 and March 2015. The satellite images data used on this study was WorldView-2 satellite images at the acquisition date of October 5, 2013. The method used to conduct image processing data is Depth Invariant Index (DII) using Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification. The result shows that seagrass mapping in Karang Bongkok and Kotok Islands using DII transformation has 19.5112 ha areas with 72% accuracy on Karang Bongkok Island and 2.5704 ha areas with of 83% accuracy on Kotok Island. Key words: Seagrass mapping, DII, SVM, Karang Bongkok, Kotok Island.
Modelling the Diel Vertical Movement of Swordfish (Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758) Based on Temperature and Depth Recorder Data
Authors: Setyadji Bram , Hartaty Hety
Published: October 2017

Understanding the vertical distribution of large pelagic fish, swordfish in particular, could improve our knowledge on its fisheries strategy, management and resource conservation. However the methods often require expensive tools and resources, which probably most scientists from the development countries couldn’t afford. Thus developing model on the diel vertical movement behavior of swordfish using number of hook between float (HBF) and complete-set temperature and depth recorder (TDR) data could be an alternative. In general context, capture depth distributions are a good indicator of the natural depth distribution of the fish if the entire depth range of the species is targeted by longline gear. The proposed sinusoidal model suggested that swordfish showed a diel pattern in depth distribution, marked by remained in the surface and mixed layer waters at night and dived into deeper waters during the day. Keywords: swordfish, behavior, HBF, TDR, sinusoidal model
The Growth of Sea cucumber Stichopus herrmanni After Transverse Induced Fission in Two and Three Fission Plane
Authors: Hartati Retno , Widianingsih Widianingsih , Endrawati Hadi
Published: October 2017

Transverse induced fission proven could be done in Teripang Tril, Stichopus herrmanni. This present works aimed to analyze wound recovery, regeneration period and growth of Teripang Trill  after asexual reproduction by fission using two and three fission plane. Observations were made every day until the sea cucumber body separated into two or more (depending on treatment) and reared for 16 weeks.  The results showed that there are differences in wound recovery, regeneration period and growth of S. herrmanni depend on their different fission plane. The wound recovery and regeneration period (days) of anterior, middle and posterior individu S. herrmanni resulted from two and three fission plane were varied but the two fission plane the anterior individu recover for longer period than posterior part and  the wound recover process in both end for thee fission plane was same. Average growth of anterior and posterior fragment were longer for two fission plane than three fission plane.  The middle fragment (M1 and M2) both fission plane was able to grow but very low.  It showed that three fission plane gave very slow growth in every fragment of the body. Keywords: growth, post-fission, fission plane, Stichopus herrmanni
Monitoring Mercury (Hg) Pollution at Ambon Bay: the Use of Apogon beauforti as Bioindicator
Authors: Rumahlatu Dominggus , Huliselan Estevanus K.
Published: October 2017

Contamination of mercury (Hg) in the sea is one of global issues, including the waters of bay inside the Ambon Island. This research was conducted to monitor heavy metal pollution (Hg) in Ambon bay using Apogon beauforti. This study was conducted by using exploratory survey on physical-chemical environmental factors (temperature, salinity, pH, DO). Hg levels in water, sediments, and A. beuforti were measured, as well as the differences in the morphology of the gills of fish. The sampling technique used in this research was a purposive sampling technique. The environmental factor data were collected in-situ during east and the west season in year 2013 and 2014. The levels of mercury were measured by Atomic  Absorbsion Spectrophotometer (AAS). Data were analysed by descriptive statistics. The results showed increasing temperature, salinity and pH within one year (2013-2014) at four different stations. There was a decrease in the levels of Hg concentration in sea water, sediments and A. beauforti at four stations, even though it still remained above the Threshold Limit Value (TLV). The gills of A. beauforti showed dark red, pale and blackish colors indicating the accumulation of heavy metals Hg. Keywords: monitoring, marine pollution, heavy metals Hg, Apogon beauforti, Ambon