bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Workplace Flexibility in the Post Covid-19 Era: Teleworking, the New Normal
Authors: -Egole Ifeyinwa Stella Austin , E. B. J. Iheriohanma , J. I. Iheanacho
Published: May 2021

The evolving nature of work, workforce and environment is the driving force behind the need for more innovative and effective work arrangements in all facets of the economy. Making the work environment more flexible provides workers with what they need to manage both their lives and their jobs which leads to higher productivity. Before the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic, workplace flexibility had garnered much attention, fundamentally as a workplace incentive for attracting and retaining talent. Presently, the Covid-19 pandemic has altered flexibility from a mere desirable perquisite to a very influential corporate practice that is expected to endure well after the pandemic. As the number of coronavirus cases increase and more employers commit to the physical-distancing practices that health officials say will help slow the rapid spread of Covid-19, by closure of schools, offices etc. workplace flexibility has become a real-time global innovation. Firms have been made to introduce telework (also known as telecommuting or working from “home”), a form of workplace flexibility on a large scale. Teleworking is the process of working from home with the use of internet, e-mail and telephone or any workable electronic gadget. It is the belief of many scholars and authors that with the aid of digitalization and technological innovation, teleworking has laid to rest some concerns such as there being so few jobs that can be done from home and the fear of lack of control over people. This paper sought to find out the extent the above assertions are true. It equally sought to appraise the effects of teleworking on organizational performance, challenges organizations face as a result of imbibing teleworking. A multi-level teleworking framework, rooted on Socio-technical systems (STS) theory, which looks into the part played by personnel, technical as well as organizational factors and their interplay in telework execution and outcome was used as the theoretical framework of this paper. In-depth library research anchored on analytical discussion was adopted as the methodology for this investigation. The review were analysed in line with the objectives of the study. Finally the investigation made recommendations on the efficacy of teleworking as a trend that can be taken as a new normal without exemption.
Design, construction and analysis for super-wide, deep and large foundation pit
Authors: Shenjie Shi , Angran Tian , Yongsheng Zheng , Peng Yin , Weilin Qi , Qiang Tang
Published: May 2021

Both developing and developed countries are facing a series of difficulties and challenges in the process of urbanization. In recent years, in order to alleviate the problem of urban congestion, underground space has developed rapidly, and the excavation of foundation pit is the most important step in the development of underground space. This paper takes the foundation pit of the tunnel under construction in Suzhou as a research object. The design width of the foundation pit reaches 61.5 m and the depth reaches 18 m, so it belongs to the super wide and deep foundation pit. Numerical analysis is performed by finite element software to calculate the deformation of the foundation pit. The research shows that the main problem to be solved is the deformation of the foundation pit, and the deformation of side wall of foundation pit tunnel is the most obvious. The maximum deformation of the side wall of the main tunnel and the auxiliary tunnel reached the maximum at 15 m. The maximum deformation of the main tunnel is about 1.3 cm, and that of the auxiliary tunnel is about 0.9 cm. Through targeted design and construction, the mechanical performance of the foundation pit retaining structure is optimized, and the stability of the foundation pit is strengthened. The reasonable retaining structure can ensure the good construction quality. The design and construction of the project can provide reference for related engineering construction.
Nghiên cứu mối tương quan thực nghiệm giữa cường độ chịu kéo khi uốn và mô đun đàn hồi
của bê tông xi măng làm mặt đường
Authors: Lương Xuân Chiểu , Nguyễn Quang Phúc , Chu Tiến Dũng
Published: May 2021

Mặt đường bê tông xi măng (BTXM) là loại mặt đường cấp cao, được sử dụng khá phổ biến cho giao thông đường bộ cũng như đường băng sân bay. Hiện nay, thiết bị FWD (Falling Weight Deflectometer)thường được dùng để đánh giá sức chịu tải của mặt đường BTXM. Tuy nhiên, phương pháp FWD sau khi xử lý chỉ xác định được mô đun đàn hồi của BTXM mà không xác định được cường độ chịu kéo khi uốn của BTXM. Trong khi đó cường độ chịu kéo khi uốn của BTXM là chỉ tiêu quan trọng để đánh giá chất lượng của mặt bê tông xi măng. Vì vậy, bài báo có mục tiêu xây dựng mối tương quan giữa cường độ chịu kéo khi uốn vàmô đun đàn hồicủa BTXM nhằm phục vụ cho công tác đánh giá kết cấu áo đường BTXM. Kết quả cho thấy, giữa cường độ chịu kéo khi uốn vàmô đun đàn hồi có mối quan hệ tuyến tính và mô hình đảm bảo sự tin cậy với R bình phương hiệu chỉnh là 66.0%.
EDUCATIONAL FACEBOOK USAGE CONTEXT: UNIVERSITY TEACHERS AND STUDENTS’ POSITION
Authors: Lamanauskas Vincentas , Šlekienė Violeta , Ragulienė Loreta
Published: May 2021

Social networking website development takes place rapidly and extensively. A fierce competition between different companies creating and supporting networking websites is going on. New ways are sought to attract potential consumers and to support those consumers. SNW usage in various organisations’ activity does not raise any doubts, in fact. In Lithuania e.g., about 40% of inhabitants use social networking websites, and especially Facebook. Two things are obvious – the number of consumers is constantly growing, especially in the youth population and networks give new opportunities for organisations to expand and develop the activity. Thus, a grounded question arises for the Facebook, treating it as an ICT instrument (technology) – how to purposefully and effectively use the possibilities provided by this technology from an educational point of view. Intensive ICT implementation happens to be one of the most important factors in recent decades determining essential changes forming environment and quality of the studies in higher schools. It is likely, that Facebook as a social network might be effectively used in the study process. However, two essential and opposite moments collide here – Facebook as a waste of time and facebook as an effective educational tool. Key words: Facebook, focus group, social networking websites, university studies.
TEACHERS’ OPINIONS ON THE PROCESS OF (SELF) EDUCATION IN WORLD STUDY IN AN INCLUSIVE CLASSROOM
Authors: Mačiukaitė Angelija , Balčiūnaitė Irena
Published: May 2021

When students with special educational needs (SEN) started to be educated in inclusive classrooms of the mainstream school, some issues concerning the organisation of the process of (self) education in the subject World Study came to the fore. The present research aims at revealing the views of mainstream primary school teachers on the difficulties of preparation for the classes on World Study and the process of organisation of (self) education, when students with SEN are educated in the same classroom. 62 mainstream primary school teachers took part in the research. The survey was conducted on the basis of a special questionnaire. It was established that half of the research participants expressed the opinion that they experience difficulties in preparing for the World Study classes in inclusive classrooms. The difficulties are in adapting the content of education, in the choice of teaching aids and methods, in preparing tasks for independent study. The difficulties caused by the preparation for World Study in inclusive classrooms, in teachers’ opinion, are related more to the education of different ability students, provision of individual support, combining teaching methods, giving attention to the student and stimulation of motivation. It is more difficult to give attention to every student with the greater number of students with SEN. The process of education is also made more difficult due to the fact that students with SEN are seldom active and very rarely can work independently. Key words: primary school teachers, students with special educational needs (SEN), inclusive education, world study.
SEARCHING OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RELATIONS BY EXPLORING THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Authors: Šlekienė Violeta , Ragulienė Loreta
Published: May 2021

Science education is based on knowledge of natural sciences, such as biology, chemistry, physics and astronomy. One of the main tasks of natural science education – to be able to discover the connection between the natural science subjects, and to understand the nature processes and phenomena. Interdisciplinary science education emphasizes in general programs of basic and secondary education. Educational practice and research shows that not all science subjects’ teachers are equally prepared to use interdisciplinarity in their lessons. This analysis focuses on the searching of interdisciplinary links by experimentally exploring the phenomenon of photosynthesis. The process of photosynthesis was selected as one of the most important phenomena of nature, known and understandable for all students at different levels. In order to reveal and highlight the essential integration links of photosynthesis three stages research (an experimental exploring of photosynthesis, a semi-structured interview survey, graph-tree drawing) was carried out. Graph-tree of photosynthesis revealed as content of physics, chemistry and biology subjects are linked by integrative relations. Quite wide and deep interdisciplinary links of photosynthesis process was discerned: knowledge of each subject needed in order to properly understand and master the process of photosynthesis was shown; the main components of photosynthesis process were excluded and aspects of the development of the concept have been provided. Key words: science education, interdisciplinary relations, the process of photosynthesis, graph-tree.
STUDENTS’ EDUCATION ACTIVATING WAY – APPLICATION OF CODIFIED TASKS IN A GEOGRAPHY LESSON
Authors: Railienė Laima
Published: May 2021

One of optimal ways or possibilities to achieve educational aim is to interest students in the educational process, to activate them. It is possible to achieve while using proper educational methods, stimulating students themselves to look for interesting, active ways of learning in a concrete lesson and situation. Codified tasks solution for a concrete educational activity can be called as active learning tasks. The usage of such tasks does not need much time. They can be used for students’ interest, motivation, review and others. Their use mostly depends on the aims and tasks in a geography lesson. It is important not to forget individualization and differentiation. The article is based on the example of the 8th form geography lesson where one of the methods is the usage of codified tasks. Key words: geography and common competences, students’ activating method, codified tasks.
WHAT IS ORP AND WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT IT
Authors: Čerčikienė Irena , Jurkevičiūtė Jolanta , Židonytė Dalė
Published: May 2021

Currently in mass media and advertising we often hear about the importance of living water in human daily life. You may ask, “What is living water? Is it really living? Is it alkaline?” The importance of water to the human body can be determined by the oxidation – reduction potential (ORP) – a parameter characterizing the ability of the matter to give and connect electrons, which can be measured not only in water but also in food and in the air. Solutions, which contain negative ORP value (e.g. alkaline ionized water), are characterized by reduction features and have the ability to neutralize free radicals and stop the signs of aging. Solutions containing positive ORP value have oxidative properties, which are typical for the alkaline ionized water, which has bactericidal properties. Thus, the ionized water has two parameters: its pH and oxidation - reduction potential, which make it different from the ordinary water. Ionized water, like the raw unprocessed food, is considered to be the body rejuvenating agent. The basic principle, which should be followed, is to consume food and water, which contain the lowest possible negative ORP. The authors provide the research results, although, it is known that most of water tests are difficult to reproduce due to objective reasons, as water, with the gases dissolved in it, represents a very complicated balanced oxidation – reduction system. Oxidation reduction potentials of drinking and mineral water, as well as other beverages, have been studied, and the dynamics of these parameters in ionized water over time has been determined.
Key words: acid-base balance, pH index, oxidation – reduction potential (ORP), ionized water, alkaline water, living water, catholyte, acidic water, inanimate water, anolyte.
STUDENTS’ RESEARCH ACTIVITY IN SCHOOL’S ENVIRONMENT: THE MAIN APPLYING ASPECTS
Authors: Railienė Laima
Published: May 2021

In the process of geography teaching and learning it is very important to reach students’ personal progress. Geography is taught not only in the lesson. Practical tasks, projects and research activity development play major significance in geographical world wideness formation. Basic school common programmes say that students have to do research work in nature, watch their living environment. Performing practical tasks in their environment, students have to know how to use research equipments and geography information resources, formulate aims and hypothesis, give conclusions. Students’ research work in the school’s geographical path plays a great role in environmental acquaintance. Here students get more practical skills, develop their theoretical geography knowledge. Key words: geographical path, research activity, projective activity, geography and common competences, environment acquaintance.
ENERGY DRINKS AND HEART RATE
Authors: Špernjak Andreja
Published: May 2021

In education is very important, how to represent the biological problem to be more educational and how teach in classroom for everyday life. For the case study was used biology laboratory exercise Effect of Energy Drinks on Heart Rate. Out of the students’ discussion, we can conclude that the topic of the impact of energy drinks on the functioning of the heart was taken more seriously and that before the consumption of different energy substances they or at least some of them would recall the results of the performed exercise. Students were motivated in interested in this laboratory exercise because it was connected with everyday life.
Key words: biology laboratory work, competences, teaching to everyday life.
Investigating the Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) Susceptibility of Ti-6Al-4V Alloys Fabricated by Electron Beam Melting in Deep-Sea Environment
Authors: Zhao Yang , Liu Yuchen , Gai Xin , Bai Yun , Zhang Tao , Xu Dake , Wang Fuhui
Published: May 2021

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of electron beam melted Ti-6Al-4V alloy (ET) was compared with the conventional wrought alloy (WT). The electrochemical and slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests, as well as surface analysis, were conducted under simulated shallow and deep-sea environment. Under shallow conditions, the SCC susceptibility of both alloys was almost the same because of consistent passivation and repassivation performance of the passivating film. However, under deep-sea conditions, SCC susceptibility of ET was higher than that of WT due to stronger textured-like surface that appeared on ET alloy, where early developed passive film broke down, demonstrating lower passivation and repassivation rate.
A qualitative survey of household emergency preparedness for the elderly and the medically frail living in coastal urban communities
Authors: Heagele, PhD, RN, PCCN, EMT Tara N.
Published: May 2021

Objective: To understand how elderly and medically frail adults have experienced disasters and how this experience impacts what they do now to prepare for disasters and to generate theory regarding the process through which community members prepare for disasters.Design: This study employed a qualitative descriptive methodology, Situational Analysis (SA), to explore the social processes of disaster preparedness in vulnerable community members. The Protective Action Decision Model was used to inspire the interview guide and initial coding of the data. Discourse analysis was performed on noninterview data.Setting: A coastal urban community heavily damaged by Hurricane Sandy in 2012.Participants: Convenience sample of 33 elderly or medically frail community members.Results: Based on the findings, it was theorized that these community members are unprepared for disasters. Their lack of preparedness is due in large part to a lack of education on how best to prepare. If these community members are incidentally prepared, it is largely due to their past experience with disaster or their professional experience. The preparedness discourse did not recognize the extent to which elderly and medically frail populations rely on institutions and social support networks to meet their disaster resilience antecedents.Conclusions: Community interventions such as distributing disaster supply kits and offering evacuation assistance can help to overcome situational impediments to preparedness and provide the best chance for community members to survive disasters without becoming ill or injured. Study results can inform emergency plans and policy efforts to better meet the needs of these community members during disasters.
Adding insult to injury: The fiscal impact of a failed FEMA disaster reimbursement system upon Florida municipalities
Authors: Mitchell, PhD David , Knox, PhD Claire Connolly
Published: May 2021

The financial aspects of natural disasters test fiscal solvency by draining municipal reserves and diverting funds from vital operations until Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) reimbursements arrive, if they arrive. With record-breaking natural disasters, the resulting fiscal strain is hampering nearly every community’s effort to increase resiliency. Without systemically assessing the financial responses to natural disasters at the local government level, we are perpetuating the paradox of government disaster policy making and decreasing our community’s resiliency. This study bridges the gap between the financial management and disaster recovery literatures by applying resource dependency theory to an exploratory case study of local emergency managers and city managers in Central Florida following hurricanes Matthew, Irma, and Michael. Collectively, the respondents describe the reactive and dependent nature of the current federalist approach to natural disaster financial management practices; which ultimately threatens fiscal viability for many American communities.
Lessons learned from Hurricane Irma
Authors: Nicholls, MSEng Mallory M.
Published: May 2021

In the aftermath of Hurricane Irma, Emergency Managers looked at the challenges faced during the storm and found areas for improvement. Some of those challenges included evacuation procedures, staffing at the Emergency Operations Centers, slow debris removal times, and prolonged power outages. This research considers various counties impacted directly and indirectly by Hurricane Irma. The After-Action Reports of several counties have been summarized, including not only the problems, but recommendations for improving or preventing those problems from occurring again. The lessons learned from Hurricane Irma could lessen the impact of future storms, not only for those who dealt with Irma, but for all communities that can face high impact natural disasters.
Emergency management collaboration: A review and new collaboration cycle
Authors: Olszewski, BS Corey , Siebeneck, PhD Laura
Published: May 2021

Objective: The purpose of this article is to review the nature of collaborations in the field of emergency management and to propose a new cyclical framework that better reflects how collaborations form, function, and evolve throughout the collaboration process. Design: An extensive review of previous literature pertaining to the collaborative process was carried out in order to identify stages through which these collaborative relationships progress in the emergency management arena.Setting: This article focuses on the nature of emergency management collaborations at the local, state, and federal levels in the United States. Results: This article builds upon the previous literature pertaining to collaboration and offers a new framework which visualizes collaboration as a trust-building and outcome cycle which moves through four repeating phases: initiation, inclusion, execution, and evaluation.Conclusions: This cycle supports the continuous, sustained, and safe learning and sharing platform identified in the previous literature and offers an improved visualization that can be used to better prepare for, manage, and reset emergency management collaborations.
Implementation of a cardiovascular emergency telephone line in response to lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Burgos, MD Lucrecia M. , Candiello Alfonsina , Ferradas Silvina S. , Ramirez Andreína Gil , Ordoñez Santiago , Mondragón Ignacio , Alves de Lima Alberto , Conde Diego , Belardi Jorge A. , Costabel Juan P.
Published: May 2021

The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has restricted health care access for patients with cardiovascular (CV) disease.
Virtual powers of observation: A telemedicine approach for the suspected COVID-19 patient
Authors: Heravian, MD Anisa , Fortenko, MD, MPH Alexander , Olsen, MD Erica , Greenwald, MD Peter , Chang, MD, PhD Bernard P. , Gutierrez, MD Christie M. , Kessler, MD, MSc David
Published: May 2021

Study Objectives: Prior to COVID-19, telemedicine and its applications to the emergency department (ED) had made significant inroads toward remote evaluation and care. During the local peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City (NYC), there was a dramatic increase in telemedicine based patient encounters for suspected COVID-19 symptoms. In response, pathways were developed to promote a standardized telemedicine approach to remote evaluation and assessment of suspected COVID-19 patients.Methods: A pathway was developed and implemented at two academic EDs in NYC, which collectively had approximately 8,300 telemedicine visits for suspected COVID-19 from March 2020 to June 2020. A protocol was developed by an expert consensus panel of four board-certified emergency physicians and two pediatric emergency physicians, all with telemedicine training/administrative roles.Results: The pathway was initiated for any telehealth patient with suspected COVID-19 symptoms (cough, fever, shortness of breath, and bodyaches). A standardized history solicited known or suspected risk factors for worse prognosis, including age > 50, cardiovascular or lung disease, obesity, immunosuppression, and living alone, as well as a focused assessment of symptom severity and exercise tolerance. An exam at rest included visual counting of breaths along with instruction on palpation of radial pulse. Saturation was included if pulse oximetry was available. If exam at rest was reassuring, providers were instructed to repeat the respiratory assessment on exertion by having the patient walk in place briskly for 1 minute. Patients with severe illness defined by resting or exertional respiratory rate greater than 30 and/or oxygen saturation less than 90 percent were instructed to go to the ED. Patients with moderate illness defined by exertional metrics of respiratory rate less than 22, oxygen saturation greater than 94 percent, and heart rate less than 125 were discharged from the virtual urgent care visit with a repeat telehealth follow-up call at either 12 or 24 hours depending on the number of risk factors. Patients without risk factors and with reassuring respiratory assessment were discharged from the telemedicine encounter with reassurance and standard discharge precautions for escalation of care.Conclusion: Designing and disseminating a standardized pathway helped to provide a framework to approach patients suspected of COVID-19 over telemedicine. Future work focusing on patient outcome data will help guide and refine any standardized telehealth approach to the COVID-19-suspected patient.
Management of personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic in England and the state of New York: A comparative case study
Authors: Barber, BSc Amy , Vinzent, BS Annaëlle , Williams, BA Imani
Published: May 2021

Background: The COVID-19 crisis placed extraordinary demands on the supply of personal protective equipment (PPE) at the beginning of 2020. These were coupled with shocks to the supply chain resulting from the disease. Many typically well-resourced health systems faced subsequent shortages of equipment and had to implement new strategies to manage their stocks. Stockpiles of protective equipment were held in both the United States and United Kingdom intended to prevent shortages. Method: Cross-comparative case study approach by applying Pettigrew and Whipp’s framework for change management. Setting: The health systems of England and New York state from January 2020 to the end of April 2020. Results: Both cases reacted slowly to their outbreaks and faced problems with supplying enough PPE to their health systems. Their stockpiles were not enough to prevent shortages, with many distribution problems resulting from inadequate governance mechanisms. No sustainable responses to supply disruptions were implemented during the study period in either case. Health systems planned interventions along each part of the supply chain from production and importing, to usage guidelines. Conclusion: Global supply chains are vulnerable to disruptions caused by international crises, and existing mitigation strategies have not been wholly successful. The existence of stockpiles is insufficient to preventing shortages of necessary equipment in clinical settings. Both the governance and quality of stockpiles, as well as distribution channels are important for preventing shortages. At the time of writing, it is not possible to judge the strength of strategies adopted in these cases.
Filling the gap: Grassroots mask making in California during the Coronavirus pandemic
Authors: Cuthbertson, MS, CEM Holly
Published: May 2021

In early months of 2020, California experienced a mask-making revolution during the Coronavirus pandemic. Media reports and personal pleas from the medical community regarding personal protective equipment shortages and rationing activated a female-led, voluntary response to protect frontline medical and essential workers, loved ones, and vulnerable populations. Mask makers impressed themselves into action, operating independent of the formal channels for emergency response to fill the gap in communities across the state using social media and crowdsourcing to match offers of assistance with needs. Makers provided protection to thousands of Californians using locally organized Facebook groups to share patterns, collaborate, problem solve, coordinate mask requests and distribution, and build com-munity when the supply chain fell short. While many legitimate obstacles prevent the formal response com-munity from coordinating with emergent volunteers, recognizing how efficient and effective were they during COVID-19 benefits the whole community approach to emergency management.
Volume 19, Number 2
Authors: Emergency Management Journal of
Published: May 2021

March/April 2021
Cyber-mitigation: Cybersecurity emergency management
Authors: Straub, PhD Jeremy
Published: May 2021

Cybersecurity is within the realm of emergency management, as cyber-attacks can generate both virtual and real world issues that emergency responders may be called upon to deal with. However, it has a skillset and other characteristics that are distinct from the types of emergency management that most practitioners commonly—and are prepared—to deal with. This paper compares the two disciplines, discusses areas where cybersecurity professionals and researchers can learn from the emergency management discipline and proposes new research directions within the emergency management domain.
Assessment of evacuation training needs: Targeting instruction to meet the requirements of local communities and agencies
Authors: Kim, PhD Karl , Wolshon, PhD Brian , Pant, PhD Pradip , Yamashita, MURP Eric , Ghimire, PhD Jiwnath
Published: May 2021

As the need to prepare for, respond to, and recover from major disruptive events continues to become more critical, the use of evacuation as a protective action strategy when confronted with life-threatening disasters is a key component of community resilience planning. While the basic concepts of evacuations are straightforward and consistent across locations and hazard types, the details of planning and managing an evacuation are more varied and complex. To improve evacuation preparedness, the training of emergency managers, police, and transportation agencies becomes key. This study assesses the need for evacuation training among key governmental agencies. A national survey of evacuation planning training needs among emergency managers and those involved in transportation management and operations was undertaken in 2016. This paper summarizes key findings of this survey, which included 727 respondents across 136 cities and 48 states and 2 territories, to reveal the results of this training-needs self-assessment. Based on this analysis, training needs and other recommendations for the development and delivery of curriculum on evacuation planning are presented.
Mechanical Behaviour of E -Glass and Aluminium Hybrid Composite
Authors:   Mechanical Engineering Department, KCC Institute of Technology and Management, Gr Noida, UP, India., Kumar Saroj , Kumar Jha Keshav ,   Mechanical Engineering Department, KCC Institute of Technology and Management, Gr Noida, UP, India.
Published: May 2021

The mechanical behavior of the E-Glass and Aluminum Hybrid composite is the subject of this research. A large number of writings has been referred in this regard, and it takes been discovered that dispensation circumstances dismiss remain adjusted to obtain Al-composites construction. E GLASS and Aluminum mixture composites remain a modern group of the metal matrix composites with an ability to meet the needs of specialized manufacturing submissions. Aluminum mixture strengthening technology is a solution to the diverse and the ever-increasing service needs of an industries such by way of aviation, aerospace, automobiles, and a maritime, among others. These requirements are fulfilled thanks to better mechanical properties, the ability to manufacture aluminum hybrid composites using traditional methods, and the prospect of lowering production costs. Meanwhile of the manufacturing constraints are linked to the strengthening particulates, the efficiency of these products is largely reliant on choosing the correct mix of reinforcing materials. The results of this study show that E-Glass and Al-based hybrid composites have a lot of potential as a replacement for earthenware reinforced compounds and unreinforced Al-alloys in a variety of locomotive submissions that require low cost, in height strength-to-mass ratio, and greater dress confrontation. Finite element analysis was used to perform mechanical possessions such as tensile and impact tests (Ansys workbench 19.2).
YÜKSELEN EKONOMİLERDE ENERJİ ETKİNLİĞİNİ ARZ YANLI ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLER
Authors: NAIMOGLU Mustafa , AKAL Mustafa
Published: May 2021

Amaç: Yükselen ekonomiler yüksek büyüme rakamlarına sahip ülkelerdir. Bu rakamları ise ithal ettiği enerjiyle gerçekleştirirler. Dolayısıyla bu ülkeler için enerji etkinliği son derece önemli olduğundan enerji arzı yapılırken kullanılan enerji kaynaklarının enerji etkinliği üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmak istenmiştir.
Yöntem: Bu çalışmada Driscoll ve Kraay Dirençli Tahmincisi kullanılarak 1990-2018 döneminde 23 yükselen ekonomi için enerji etkinliğini arz yanlı etkileyen faktörler araştırılmıştır.
Bulgular: Enerji etkinliğini en fazla olumlu etkileyen yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından hidro iken en az olumlu etkileyen ise yine yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından rüzgâr, güneş vd. kullanımı bulunmuştur. Katsayılar olarak incelendiğinde hidro kaynağında meydana gelen %1’lik artış enerji etkinliğini %0,18 artırmakta iken rüzgâr, güneş vd. kullanımında meydana gelen %1’lik artış enerji etkinliğini %0,01 oranında artırmaktadır. Dolayısıyla yenilenebilir enerji kullanımı bu ekonomilerde enerji etkinliği için çok önemli fırsatlar sunmaktadır.
Özgünlük: Günümüz teknolojilerine rağmen petrol, kömür, gaz, biokütle, nükleer, yenilenebilir enerji girdilerinde yaşanan etkinlik/verimlilik %11 civarında oldukça düşük bir orana sahiptir. Literatürde enerji kaynaklarının ve enerji kayıplarının enerji etkinliği üzerindeki etkisini araştıran çalışmalara rastlanmamıştır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmanın diğer çalışmalardan farkı enerji kaynakları ile beraber enerji kayıplarının enerji etkinliği üzerindeki etkisinin araştırılmasıdır.
Experts’ Views on the Potential of Luxury Niche Agricultural Products for Rural
Economic Development in Mexico and Other Nations with Similar Needs: A Delphi Study
Authors: Flores Luis , Edwards M. Craig , Schnelle Michael , Watters Craig , Robinson J. Shane , Sallee Jeff
Published: May 2021

Economic development is essential for nations to realize growth and prosperity. For rural
contexts, producing luxury niche agricultural products, such as cut flowers, may offer unique opportunities. Nevertheless, variables exist that should be considered before starting such ventures. We sought to identify the potential of smallholder farmers in rural Mexico, and other nations with similar economic development needs, to grow high-value crops for luxury markets. Knowledgeable experts served as panelists during the study’s three rounds of data collection, including researchers, extension educators, or other relevant professionals from Mexico and the United States. The initial round included three questions regarding 1) plant products, 2) a SWOT analysis framework, and 3) what smallholder farmers needed to achieve competitive advantages. In rounds two and three, the items retained from the preceding round were presented within a SWOT framework to be rated using a six-point, Likert-type agreement scale. The cutoff percentage for consensus of agreement was 75.00%. After three rounds, 113 items reached
consensus, including five categories of plant products; nine Strengths, 21 Weaknesses, 15
Opportunities, and 13 Threats; and 50 items regarding producers’ competitive advantages.
Although our analysis revealed opportunities for smallholder farmers to successfully grow
specialty crops for luxury niche markets, producer training and support mechanisms are needed to overcome weaknesses and threats while capitalizing on their strengths.
Mobile monitoring of urban air quality at high spatial resolution by low-cost sensors: impacts of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown
Authors: Wang Shibao , Ma Yun , Wang Zhongrui , Wang Lei , Chi Xuguang , Ding Aijun , Yao Mingzhi , Li Yunpeng , Li Qilin , Wu Mengxian , Zhang Ling , Xiao Yongle , Zhang Yanxu
Published: May 2021

Abstract. The development of low-cost sensors and novel calibration
algorithms provides new hints to complement conventional ground-based
observation sites to evaluate the spatial and temporal distribution of
pollutants on hyperlocal scales (tens of meters). Here we use sensors
deployed on a taxi fleet to explore the air quality in the road network of
Nanjing over the course of a year (October 2019–September 2020). Based on GIS
technology, we develop a grid analysis method to obtain 50 m resolution maps
of major air pollutants (CO, NO2, and O3). Through hotspot
identification analysis, we find three main sources of air pollutants
including traffic, industrial emissions, and cooking fumes. We find that CO
and NO2 concentrations show a pattern: highways > arterial
roads > secondary roads > branch roads >
residential streets, reflecting traffic volume. The O3
concentrations in these five road types are in opposite order due to the
titration effect of NOx. Combined the mobile measurements and the stationary
station data, we diagnose that the contribution of traffic-related
emissions to CO and NO2 are 42.6 % and 26.3 %, respectively.
Compared to the pre-COVID period, the concentrations of CO and NO2
during the COVID-lockdown period decreased for 44.9 % and 47.1 %,
respectively, and the contribution of traffic-related emissions to them both
decreased by more than 50 %. With the end of the COVID-lockdown period,
traffic emissions and air pollutant concentrations rebounded substantially,
indicating that traffic emissions have a crucial impact on the variation of
air pollutant levels in urban regions. This research demonstrates the sensing power of mobile monitoring for urban air pollution, which provides detailed
information for source attribution, accurate traceability, and potential
mitigation strategies at the urban micro-scale.
Use of thermal signal for the investigation of near-surface turbulence
Authors: Zeeman Matthias
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Organized motions in the roughness sub-layer were investigated using novel temperature sensing and data science methods. Despite accuracy draw backs, current fibre-optic temperature (DTS) and thermal imaging (TIR) instruments offer frequent, moderately precise and highly localized observations of thermal signal in a domain geometry suitable for micro-meteorological applications near the surface. Horizontal and vertical cross-sections allowed a tomographic investigation of the spanwise and streamwise evolution of organised motion, opening avenues for analysis without assumptions on scale relationships. Variance events on the order of seconds to minutes could be identified, localized, and classified using signal decomposition and machine learning techniques. However, small-scale turbulence patterns at the surface appeared difficult to resolve due to the heterogeneity of the thermal properties of the vegetation canopy, which are not immediately evident with the naked eye. The results highlight a need for physics-aware data sciences techniques that treat scale and shape of temperature structures in combination, rather than as separate features.
Evaluation of retrieval methods for planetary boundary layer height based on radiosonde data
Authors: Li Hui , Liu Boming , Ma Xin , Jin Shikuan , Ma Yingying , Zhao Yuefeng , Gong Wei
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Radiosonde (RS) is widely used to detect the vertical structures of the planetary boundary layer (PBL), and numerous methods have been proposed for retrieving PBL height (PBLH) from RS data. However, an algorithm that is suitable under all atmospheric conditions does not exist. This study evaluates the performance of four common PBLH algorithms under different thermodynamic stability conditions based on RS data collected from nine sites in January–December 2019. The four RS algorithms are the potential temperature gradient method (GMθ), relative humidity (RH) gradient method (GMRH), parcel method (PM) and Richardson number method (RM). Atmospheric conditions are divided into convective boundary layer (CBL), neutral boundary layer (NBL) and stable boundary layer (SBL) on the basis of the potential temperature profile. Results indicate that SBL is dominant at nighttime, whilst CBL dominates at daytime. Intercomparisons show that PBLH retrieved via RM is typically higher than those retrieved using the other methods under all and SBL conditions. PBLH retrieved using GMθ and GMRH is relatively low. PBLH from PM is the lowest under all and SBL classifications, and the highest under CBL and NBL classifications. Moreover, the uncertainty analysis shows that PBLH retrieved using different algorithms is consistent in most cases (more than 80 %) under CBL and NBL conditions. By contrast, the consistency of PBLH is less than 60 % under SBL condition. The average profiles and standard deviations of wind speed and potential temperature under consistent and inconsistent conditions indicate that consistent cases are typically accompanied by evident atmospheric stratification, such as a large gradient in the potential temperature profile or a low-level jet in the wind speed profile. These findings indicate that the reliability of the PBLH results retrieved from RS data is affected by the structure of the boundary layer. Overall, GMθ and RM are appropriate for CBL condition. GMθ and PM are recommended for NBL condition. GMθ and GMRH are robust for SBL condition. This comprehensive comparison provides a reference for selecting the appropriate algorithm when retrieving PBLH from RS data.
The Berkeley Environmental Air-quality and CO2 Network: field calibrations of sensor temperature dependence and assessment of network scale CO2 accuracy
Authors: Delaria Erin Rose , Kim Jinsol , Fitzmaurice Helen L. , Newman Catherine , Wooldridge Paul J. , Worthington Kevin , Cohen Ronald C.
Published: May 2021

Abstract. The majority of global CO2 emissions originate in cities. We have proposed that dense networks are a strategy for tracking changes to the processes contributing to urban CO2 emissions and suggested that a network with ∼2 km measurement spacing and ∼1 ppm node-to-node precision would be effective at constraining point, line and area sources within cities. Here we report on an assessment of the accuracy of the Berkeley Environmental Air-quality and CO2 Network (BEACO2N) CO2 measurements over several years of deployment. We describe a new procedure for improving network accuracy that accounts for and corrects the temperature dependent zero offset of the Vaisala CarboCap GMP343 CO2 sensors used. With this correction we show that a total error of 1.6 ppm or less can be achieved for networks that have a calibrated reference location and 3.6 ppm for networks without a calibrated reference.
Using machine learning to produce a very high resolution land-cover map for Ireland
Authors: Walsh Eoin , Bessardon Geoffrey , Gleeson Emily , Ulmas Priit
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Land-cover classifications in the form of maps are required for numerical modelling of weather and climate. Such maps are often of coarse resolution and are infrequently updated. Here we propose a novel approach for land-cover classification using a Convolutional Neural Network machine learning algorithm to segment satellite images into various land-cover classes. Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, the CORINE land-cover database and the BigEarthNet dataset are used. A 10 m resolution map, called the Ulmas-Walsh map, has been created for Ireland that outperforms ECO-SG in terms of accuracy, as well as demonstrating a capacity for identifying features not labelled correctly in CORINE. The map can be updated on demand for any time of the year, subject to cloud cover. This is particularly useful for regions with large seasonal variation in land classifications such as Turloughs – seasonal lakes, flood plains and rotational crops.
Coastal processes modify projections of some climate-driven stressors in the California Current System
Authors: Siedlecki Samantha A. , Pilcher Darren , Howard Evan M. , Deutsch Curtis , MacCready Parker , Norton Emily L. , Frenzel Hartmut , Newton Jan , Feely Richard A. , Alin Simone R. , Klinger Terrie
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Global projections for ocean conditions in 2100 predict that the North Pacific will experience some of the largest changes. Coastal processes that drive variability in the region can alter these projected changes but are poorly resolved by global coarse-resolution models. We quantify the degree to which local processes modify biogeochemical changes in the eastern boundary California Current System (CCS) using multi-model regionally downscaled climate projections of multiple climate-associated stressors (temperature, O2, pH, saturation state (Ω), and CO2). The downscaled projections predict changes consistent with the directional change from the global projections for the same emissions scenario. However, the magnitude and spatial variability of projected changes are modified in the downscaled projections for carbon variables. Future changes in pCO2 and surface Ω are amplified, while changes in pH and upper 200 m Ω are dampened relative to the projected change in global models. Surface carbon variable changes are highly correlated to changes in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), pCO2 changes over the upper 200 m are correlated to total alkalinity (TA), and changes at the bottom are correlated to DIC and nutrient changes. The correlations in these latter two regions suggest that future changes in carbon variables are influenced by nutrient cycling, changes in benthic–pelagic coupling, and TA resolved by the downscaled projections. Within the CCS, differences in global and downscaled climate stressors are spatially variable, and the northern CCS experiences the most intense modification. These projected changes are consistent with the continued reduction in source water oxygen; increase in source water nutrients; and, combined with solubility-driven changes, altered future upwelled source waters in the CCS. The results presented here suggest that projections that resolve coastal processes are necessary for adequate representation of the magnitude of projected change in carbon stressors in the CCS.
History of the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN)-I: pre-SuperDARN developments in high frequency radar technology for ionospheric research and selected scientific results
Authors: Greenwald Raymond A.
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Part I of this history describes the motivations for developing radars in the high frequency (HF) band to study plasma density irregularities in the F region of the auroral zone and polar cap ionospheres. French and Swedish scientists were the first to use HF frequencies to study the Doppler velocities of HF radar backscatter from F-region plasma density irregularities over northern Sweden. These observations encouraged the author of this paper to pursue similar measurements over northeastern Alaska, and this eventually led to the construction of a large HF-phased-array radar at Goose Bay, Labrador, Canada. This radar utilized frequencies from 8–20 MHz and could be electronically steered over 16 beam directions, covering a 52∘ azimuth sector. Subsequently, similar radars were constructed at Schefferville, Quebec, and Halley Station, Antarctica. Observations with these radars showed that F-region backscatter often exhibited Doppler velocities that were significantly above and below the ion-acoustic velocity. This distinguished HF Doppler measurements from prior measurements of E-region irregularities that were obtained with radars operating at very high frequency (VHF) and ultra-high frequency (UHF). Results obtained with these early HF radars are also presented. They include comparisons of Doppler velocities observed with HF radars and incoherent scatter radars, comparisons of plasma convection patterns observed simultaneously in conjugate hemispheres, and the response of these patterns to changes in the interplanetary magnetic field, transient velocity enhancements in the dayside cusp, preferred frequencies for geomagnetic pulsations, and observations of medium-scale atmospheric gravity waves with HF radars.