bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternal Lactation: A Qualitative Analysis of the Breastfeeding Habits and Beliefs of Pregnant Women Living in Lima, Peru
Authors: Oliveros Catherine , Marquis Grace , Bartolini Rosario , Ormsby Gail , Rudatsikira Emmanuel
Published: May 2005

Forty mothers were interviewed in the San Juan Lurigancho district of Lima, Peru to determine what factors influence whether a mother will continue to nurse during a subsequent pregnancy. The results of the three-month in-depth qualitative study demonstrate that there are a variety of factors that alone or jointly influence a woman's decision to try to wean her child, especially when she becomes pregnant. These factors, such as cultural beliefs and the role of family and community, once understood by public health entities will provide information that can be used in the development of clear public health messages and premature weaning interventions. Such an understanding will also alert health professionals to the need for further research and the need to implement case-specific methodology in the creation of maternal and child health education programs and curriculum.
Attribution Retraining for Therapeutic Change: Theory, Practice, and Future Directions
Authors: Hilt Lori M.
Published: May 2005

Attribution theory has a rich history of empirical and applied work over more than 50 years. This article draws on literature from social, cognitive, developmental, and clinical psychology to examine attribution theory and its applications to psychotherapy. Work in attribution retraining within cognitive-behavioral therapy, school-based interventions, and couples and family therapy is reviewed. Additionally, the implicit use of attribution retraining within other types of therapy is discussed. Finally, future directions for attribution retraining research and practice within various psychotherapeutic modalities are presented.
The Public Health and Social Change: Implications for Professional Education in Public Health in the United States
Authors: Susser M.
Published: May 2005

In the coming decades, health needs are likely to be characterized by great and rapid changes in their nature, in their dimensions, and in their relative importance. The list of forces that will affect them includes: growth of population and changes in its composition, concentration in large urban centers, high levels of social mobility both national and international, increasing size and complexity of organization, new and unexpected technologic developments in every phase of life, greater potentiality for affecting health, and rising expectations of health and fulfilment.

Traditional organizations and methods for dealing with health needs will not prove adequate. The rate of social change requires that health professionals learn quickly to recognize changes in old problems and the emergence of new ones. They will need also to devise sensitive means to evaluate and modify programs and methods. The skills and knowledge of many disciplines will have to be brought to bear in order to identify problems and to find the means to solve them. Disorders arising from technical developments, from new and old agents in the environment, and as byproducts of medical developments, will require an improved surveillance system, new research methods, and new methods of control, in order to produce a cadre of workers equal to the task of discovery, innovation, planning, and leadership. Public health teaching requires emphasis on concepts, on research training and advanced technical competence, and on the ethical and human consequences of professional activities.
Does Teaching Involve Informing?
Authors: Strauss André
Published: May 2005

The author of this article contends that there is more to teaching than the teacher possessing a body of information and using group dynamics in passing the information to the students. One-to-one teaching could be better used through the study of behavior and the individual verification of ideas. The author refers to research in the utilitarian verification of ideas and the frequency of error, and he takes note of the difficulties inherent in translation. The role of the teacher in this age of new training methods is clear. He must not only explain concepts but also the different expressions used to refer to them. Also cited is the use of questionnaires and the student analysis of information. The author considers telematics to be a most important source of information.
Blaming the Victim: Aspects of the Brazilian Case
Authors: de Almeida Ildeberto Muniz , Binder Maria Cecília Pereira , Fischer Frida Marina
Published: May 2005

This report describes the consequences and some aspects of the origin and development of victim blaming in accident analysis, and some methods for investigating such events, with particular emphasis on the situation in Brazil. In Brazil, the spread of this practice seems to have been helped by several factors. (1) The idea that occupational accidents are simple phenomena with a limited number of causal factors linked to unsafe actions and/or conditions. In the past, the theory of accident proneness had less influence than in other countries. (2) Government regulations that stipulate the hiring of health and safety officers, production of “educational” material, and “preventive” campaigns that emphasize the role of the victim's “faulty” behavior in the origin of an accident. (3) Mandatory implementation of standardized models for accident investigation directed toward searching for a single “cause.” Usually one conclusion, expressed in terms of unsafe acts or conditions, is formulated so that whoever performs an unsafe act is responsible for the accident. (4) Lack of knowledge, as shown in Brazilian publications on occupational accidents and in the evolution of studies on the nature of accident phenomena and of strategies adopted for their prevention.
Gender and Computers: The Beneficial Effects of Experience on Attitudes
Authors: Chen Milton
Published: May 2005

This study examines gender differences in computer attitudes and experiences of adolescents. A sample of students from five Bay Area high schools was surveyed for their uses of computers before and during their high school years, in both formal instruction and informal settings. Adolescent males had greater total exposure to computers, based primarily on higher enrollments in computer programming classes and participation in voluntary experiences, such as home computer use. Fewer gender differences were found in enrollment in classes using computers for purposes other than programming. Overall, males held more positive attitudes of interest in and confidence with computers than did females. Controlling for amount of computer experience, however, males and females responded with similar levels of interest. Social influences, especially those among peer groups, are explored as important factors for differential rates of participation in computer activities.
Michigan Versus Kevorkian
Authors: Kaplan Kalman J. , McKeon M Catherine
Published: May 2005

Our personal reflections on the Michigan versus Kevorkian trial highlight the following issues: 1) the switch from physician-assisted suicide to euthanasia, 2) the television showing of the death, 3) the dropping of the prosecution of the charge of physician-assisted suicide, 4) Kevorkian serving as his own defense attorney, trying to argue that ALS was a secondary cause of Thomas Youk's death, 5) Kevorkian's attempt to employ a logical syllogism to demonstrate that euthanasia need not be murder, 6) Kevorkian's initial reference to the civil rights tradition but sudden change to the medical analogy of Nazi medicine: a final solution, 7) the insistence of Kevorkian on “all or nothing” sentencing, 8) the irony of Kevorkian being finally convicted by a prosector who was elected on a platform of not prosecuting Kevorkian, 9) Kevorkian hiring a lawyer after the verdict is in, and 10) Kevorkian's threat to starve himself to death if sent to prison.
Therapeutic Usefulness of Amitriptyline in Spastic Colon Syndrome
Authors: Steinhart Melvin J. , Wong Patrick Y. , Zarr Michael L.
Published: May 2005

The therapeutic efficacy of amitriptyline in irritable bowel was studied in a cross-over double-blind trial, employing fourteen patients whose symptoms were rated as Class II or worse on an arbitrarily-defined interval scale and who had not benefited from previous trials of anticholinergics, anticholinergic-sedative combinations, and bulk-forming agents. During the study, patients rated their own symptoms and the interviewer rated their symptoms using the same scale. Average scores for the patients while on drug showed significant improvement compared to pre-test level. No placebo or drug carry-over effects could be demonstrated. Inasmuch as amitriptyline is effective in this context at dosages subtherapeutic with regard to depression, the authors suggest that a central (perhaps anticholinergic) mechanism of action is responsible.
Is the QALY a Technical Solution to a Political Problem? Of Course Not!
Authors: Williams Alan
Published: May 2005

Carr-Hill's critique of health economists' work on QALYs is based on a fundamental misconception about the role, nature, and purpose of policy analysis. Because he fails to distinguish analysis from decision-making, he is led to believe that, in pressing hard to make decision-criteria explicit and transparent, health economists are trying to usurp the decision-makers' role by insisting that the analysts' views replace the decision-makers' views. He believes that this is both naive and dangerous—and, if he were right, it certainly would be. But the truth is that the cause of democratic accountability is better served by relentless analysis designed to make explicit what might otherwise remain hidden, than by leaving the tough problems encountered in priority-setting to be sorted out in forums in which the decisive factors remain obscure.
Income Stable, Poverty Up, Numbers of Americans with and without Health Insurance Rise
Authors: Bureau U.S. Census , McMahon Jean
Published: May 2005

In August 2004, the U.S. Census Bureau released a report on income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States. It showed that, between 2002 and 2003, real median household income remained unchanged at $43,318; the official poverty rate rose from 12.1 to 12.5 percent; the number of people with health insurance increased by 1.0 million to 243.3 million; the number without such coverage rose by 1.4 million to 45.0 million; and the percentage of the nation's population without coverage grew from 15.2 to 15.6 percent.
What Does a Doctor Do with Psychosocial Problems in Primary Care?
Authors: Verhaak P. F. M. , Wennink H. J.
Published: May 2005

Though a lot has been published on the prevalence of psychosocial disorders in primary care, less is known about the actual treatment, given by primary care providers. This article describes treatment given to complaints which are considered by the physician as being psychosocial by nature. Treatment has been assessed by means of observation. A database of approximately 1500 videotaped consultations, sampled from thirty general practitioners has been used for this purpose. The possibilities and limitations of (generalist) psychosocial treatment in primary care are discussed.
Improved Mortality among U.S. Blacks, 1968–1978: The Role of Antiracist Struggle
Authors: Cooper Richard , Steinhauer Michael , Schatzkin Arthur , Miller William
Published: May 2005

A marked improvement in health status for black adults took place over the last decade in the United States. Life expectancy for black men increased 4.6 years between 1968 and 1978, while for black women the increase was 5.7 years. Death rates for the age group 35–74 decreased approximately 25 percent for blacks over the same period. The largest contribution to this improvement was made by cardiovascular diseases (coronary heart disease and stroke). Although similar improvement was observed in the white population, on both a percentage and absolute basis the change was greater for blacks. For the first time in the U.S., important progress was made in the effort to narrow the gap in mortality rates between black and white adults. Hypertension detection and control appears to have played the key role in this positive public health trend. The community-based demand for greater access to medical care, which emerged from the social struggle of the 1960s, also can be accorded a major social role. The current policies of the Reagan Administration pose a serious threat to these antiracist programs, as well as to the effort to close the gap in black-white mortality.
Teaching Technical Writing in Canada
Authors: Eldridge Elaine
Published: May 2005

The results of a 1987 survey of seventy Canadian four-year colleges and universities indicate that approximately half of the thirty-five responding institutions offer some form of technical writing. While courses are well-received by students and have stable or growing enrollments, faculty attitudes toward professional writing courses are mixed, varying from enthusiastic to disapproving. The other half of the responding institutions do not offer professional writing courses and have no plans to do so. Faculties at these institutions are generally against establishing such courses because they do not see technical writing as a legitimate subject.
Questions and Answers on Synthetic Bovine Growth Hormones
Authors: Epstein Samuel S.
Published: May 2005

Questions are posed and answered on synthetic bovine growth (milk) hormones ( s-BGH), covering a wide range of areas of critical international concern. These areas include: the data base on s-BGH; efficacy and benefits to the dairy industry; veterinary effects; public health effects; Food and Drug Administration approval; and the FDA review process.
To Laugh in the Face of Death: The Games that Lethal People Play
Authors: Thorson James A. , Powell F. C.
Published: May 2005

A total of 399 individuals completed a lethal-behaviors scale and a measure of death anxiety, which were found to have no significant correlation. Item analysis of the lethal-behaviors scale indicated a number of the best predictors of lethalness. The most lethal individuals in this sample were young, male, and less educated. These people may be exercising both death-denying and fear-of-death-denying behaviors.
Suicide among Native Americans: Further Tribal Data and Considerations
Authors: Intosh John L. MC
Published: May 2005

This is an updating of an earlier publication on tribal differences in Native American suicidal behavior. Similarities among these studies are noted, including data sources, the concentration of suicide among the young, intratribal group heterogeneity with respect to suicide, suicide methods employed, and alcohol involvement. Most investigations have relied heavily on single official sources for their data. The implications of obtaining figures from official agencies are explored, particularly with respect to Native American tribes and reservations. Neglected areas of study are noted along with the need for further investigation to facilitate prevention programs.
A Comparison of Four Computer Attitude Scales
Authors: Woodrow Janice E. J.
Published: May 2005

Ninety-eight student teachers enrolled in an introductory computer course were simultaneously administered four computer attitude scales. The responses were used to compare the reliability, dimensionality and construct validity of the four scales. All were found to give a reliable measure of general attitudes toward computers and their use. The scales primarily evaluated three attitude dimensions: Computer Anxiety, Computer Liking and Social and Educational Impact of Computers. One scale, the Computer Use Questionnaire, sampled only the last of these three dimensions and seems to be particularly appropriate for evaluating attitudes related to the impact of computers. Another, the Computer Attitude Scale, sampled only the first two of these dimensions making it a particularly appropriate choice to measure the attitudes of computer-novices. The other two, the Computer Survey and the Attitudes Toward Computers, sampled all three dimensions.
Style and Arrangement in Scientific Prose: The Rules behind the Rules
Authors: Gross Alan G.
Published: May 2005

An examination of the files of a scientific journal demonstrates a deep editorial concern for style and arrangement. Stylistic changes are invariably made either for the sake of clarity, simplicity, concision, or specificity. Changes in arrangement are of two kinds, each with its own purpose: between paragraphs within sections, these changes are made in the interest of sequential clarity; on the other hand, redistributions from section to section are designed clearly to demarcate section content: e.g., results only in Results. Several conclusions are reached: 1) traditional advice, especially on style, does not always reflect best editorial practice; 2) problems of arrangement call for different kinds of solution from those of style: the former having a “best,” the latter only a “better” solution; 3) stylistic changes are tactical choices made within the context of strategic presuppositions about the impersonal and descriptive nature of scientific prose.
A Situation Analysis of Public Family Planning Service Delivery in Pakistan
Authors: Cernada George P. , Rob A. K. Ubaidur , Ameen Sara I. , Ahmad Muhammad Shafiq
Published: May 2005

A nationally representative sample of 8 percent of the Government of Pakistan's primary family planning service facilities, the Family Welfare Centres (FWC), was carried out at the request of the Ministry of Population Welfare in mid-1992. The “situation analysis” approach used involved: 1) observation and inventory of services, facilities, supplies and record keeping reviews; 2) observation of interaction between service providers and FP clients at FWC's; 3) interviews with service providers; and 4) exit interviews with FP clients after service provision. This one-day on-site observation by teams of three interviewers provided a unique overview and baseline assessment of the availability of services, the staff functioning and the quality of service. Significant findings include a low caseload, inadequacies of facilities, some stockouts, lack of educational materials, insufficient outreach, unnecessary medical and social barriers to providing contraception as well as in some cases insufficient information to clients about contraindications to contraceptive usage and possible side-effects. The need to bolster in-service training and supervision is emphasized.
Quetiapine in the Successful Treatment of Schizophrenia with Comorbid Alcohol and Drug Dependence: A Case Report
Authors: Weisman Robert L.
Published: May 2005

Background:

Excluding nicotine and caffeine dependence, almost 50% of individuals with schizophrenia also meet the criteria for substance abuse or dependence. Comorbid drug abuse presents complications to the effective treatment of these patients because they have increased psychotic symptoms and poorer treatment compliance.

Case Report:

This report describes the case of a young man with schizophrenia and comorbid alcohol and cocaine abuse who was successfully treated with quetiapine. The patient was previously treated with olanzapine and developed priapism, which required emergency medical treatment.

Conclusions:

The possible utility of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia and comorbid substance abuse needs to be confirmed in clinical trials.
Creativity: Self-Perceptions over Time
Authors: Reed Irene C.
Published: May 2005

This study explores creativity and motivation in the second half of life. While many quantitative studies on creativity show decline with advancing age, there is some evidence that creativity may change qualitatively over time. The purpose of this study is to elucidate self-perceived changes in creativity over the life span. The participants included visual artists, both working and retired. A total of 21 adults, ages 53 to 75, participated in the study. Ten of the artists were interviewed in depth regarding the perception of their own creativity over time. Another 11 artists participated in two separate focus groups. All of the participants represented their perceived creativity using an adaptation of the Creative Life-Line Curve (CLLC; Romaniuk, Romaniuk, Sprecher, & Cones, 1983). Findings indicated that participants do not perceive a decline in creativity with age. In-depth analysis of the interviews included qualitative coding to establish a number of themes that permeated the self-perceptions regarding changes in creativity over time. These themes were found to exemplify many of the concepts inherent in the life-span developmental perspective.
Sustained Yawning as a Side Effect of Imipramine
Authors: Goldberg Richard L.
Published: May 2005

The occurrence of sustained yawning, uncoupled from sedation but caused by psychotropic medication, has been noted infrequently in the literature. This case report suggests the possibility of an association between imipramine and sustained yawning. Mechanisms of action for this yawning are proposed and a treatment strategy is offered.
How International Monetary Fund and World Bank Policies Undermine Labor Power and Rights
Authors: Lloyd Vincent , Weissman Robert
Published: May 2005

Based on reviews of hundreds of loan and project documents from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank, this article provides detailed evidentiary support for critics who have long claimed that the international financial institutions require Third World countries to adopt policies that harm the interests of working people. After reviewing loan documents between the IMF and World Bank and 26 countries, the authors show that the institutions' loan conditionalities include a variety of provisions that undermine labor rights, labor power, and tens of millions of workers' standard of living. These include downsizing of the civil service and privatization of government-owned enterprises; promotion of labor flexibility: the notion that firms should be able to hire and fire workers, or change terms and conditions of work, with minimal regulatory restrictions; mandated wage rate reductions, minimum-wage reductions or containment, and spreading the wage gap between government employees and managers; and pension reforms, including privatization, that cut social security benefits. These labor-related policies take place in the context of broader IMF and World Bank structural adjustment packages that emphasize trade liberalization, with macroeconomic policies that further advance corporate interests at the expense of labor.
Myths and Misconceptions about Bereavement: The Opening of a Debate
Authors: Stroebe Margaret , Van Den Bout Jan , Schut Henk
Published: May 2005

Assumptions about coping with bereavement were called into question some years ago by Wortman and Silver, who argued that many beliefs have been adhered to by researchers and theoreticians in the area, sometimes contrary to empirical evidence [1]. Their paper has been widely cited, and their conclusions taken as representative of the current state of knowledge. The purpose of this article is to encourage discussion of Wortman and Silver's conclusions, to examine empirical evidence and the claims of other researchers. Our conclusions contrast with many of those of the previous review. Certain so-called assumptions have not been generally made by researchers. For other assumptions, evidence has sometimes been misinterpreted. Finally, some beliefs are indeed the subject of continuing controversy. Thus, Wortman and Silver themselves seem to create myths about coping that they set out to criticize. Implications for the scientific study of the phenomena of bereavement are considered.
Psychological Characteristics of Patients with Ulcerative Colitis and Patients with Peptic Ulcer: A Comparison
Authors: Castelnuovo-Tedesco Pietro , Schwertfeger Harry D. , Janowsky David S.
Published: May 2005

Specificity in “psychosomatic” disease is reconsidered and a direct comparison is made of 22 patients with ulcerative colitis and 25 patients with peptic ulcer in terms of a variety of categories. Questions about the stability of the early family structure, the medical history of the patient and his family, and the relative number of other “psychosomatic” illnesses did not differentiate between the two groups. Although patients with peptic ulcer tended to come from larger families than those with ulcerative colitis, no particular position in the sibling hierarchy was characteristic for patients of either group. Significant differences were found when earliest memories and precipitating circumstances were compared. The theme of independent striving, overburden and depletion was a common feature of the emotional setting preceding the onset of a peptic ulcer, whereas the theme of rebellion versus compliance was often noted in patients with ulcerative colitis. No single theme or type of early memory was limited to one or the other disease; overlappings were common. Four cases of patients with both peptic ulcer and ulcerative colitis also are presented.
The Impact of Maternal Cocaine Use on Neonates in Socioeconomic Disadvantaged Population
Authors: Sun Wei Yue , Chen William
Published: May 2005

Maternal cocaine use has emerged as a major public health concern because the number of users has markedly increased in 1990s and the impact on neonates is severe. The problem of maternal cocaine use is especially important in socioeconomic disadvantaged population since they are more likely to be victims of this drug use. Social support programs including drug education are utmost important and should be offered to all socioeconomic disadvantage pregnant women to prevent and control maternal cocaine use.
Comparison of Attitudes toward Death and Dying among Nursing Majors and other College Students
Authors: Sharma Shanta , Monsen Rita Black , Gary Bette
Published: May 2005

Recent studies of attitudes toward fear of death and dying among under-graduates have been sparse. Hoelter's Multidimensional Fear of Death Scale (MFODS) [1] was developed among undergraduates to discern fear of death or death anxiety. The purposes of this study were to 1) examine the factor structure and reliability estimates of Hoelter's MFODS in a contemporary sample of college students and 2) compare the attitudes of nursing majors with those of other college students at a small liberal arts university in rural, southwestern Arkansas. It was hypothesized that the 1) attitudes of nursing majors would differ from those preparing for other careers and 2) attitudes of nursing majors and other undergraduates would differ at each level of student status (freshman through senior years). This was a descriptive study surveying attitudes among students who were recruited through cooperating faculty in courses serving all undergraduate majors. Informed consents were signed after review of the introductory information by the students. The sample consisted of 405 students, ages eighteen to sixty-four years (mean age 26 years); 27 percent were males and 73 percent females. Nursing students comprised 24 percent of the sample and were marginally different demographically from other students. The MFODS (a 42-item, pencil-and-paper instrument including a demographic questionnaire) was administered in one classroom session. Factor structure was derived using principal components analysis with varimax rotation and revealed eight subscales accounting for 21 percent of the variance. The total scale alpha reliability was .88, with eight subscale alpha reliabilities ranging from .75 to .85. The results of comparisons of nursing students with others revealed differences on three subscales and the total MFODS. Nursing students were less fearful of the dead, less fearful of being conscious while dead, and less fearful of being destroyed after death. Analyses of students by levels of student status revealed that freshman nursing students were most fearful of the dead and junior nursing students were most fearful of discovering a dead body. Other undergraduate freshmen were most fearful of events after death such as treatment of the body after death, being practiced on by medical students, being embalmed, being conscious in a morgue, and the thought of never being found after death. There were no significant findings among comparisons of nursing and other undergraduate majors by level of student status (freshman through senior). It was concluded the MFODS was a reliable instrument. Nursing students displayed significant attitudinal differences as compared to other students examined. Students who study nursing may bring greater acceptance of death and the dying process to health care arenas. Longitudinal comparison studies and qualitative analyses of attitudes were recommended to further elucidate professional socialization processes.
Youth's Recreation and Drug Sensations: Is There a Relationship?
Authors: Cato Bertha M.
Published: May 2005

Adolescents' social behaviors remain a mystery to parks and recreation providers. Adolescence is a “high-risk” time for all youth in terms of experimenting with potentially health-compromising behavior, whether alcohol, drugs, or sex. Most of these antisocial behaviors occur during adolescents' leisure time. These inferences gave impetus to this research effort. The study was designed to ascertain information on adolescents' preferences for pleasure: drugs or recreation. Data were collected from a sample of 100 high school students from a medium-sized college town, and 100 students from a rural town in Florida. Findings revealed four statistically significant associations in the motives or pleasures sought in recreation and in drug behaviors: “enhancement of popularity,” “provision of a means for self-discovery,” “achievement of personal goal,” and means to rebel against parents. In reference to the latter motive, findings revealed that neither drugs nor recreation were used to rebel against parents. Findings also provide documentation of the value of recreation in insulating adolescents against many of the stressors of contemporary life.
Social Class, Political Power, and the State and Their Implications in Medicine
Authors: Navarro Vicente
Published: May 2005

This three-part article presents an analysis of the distribution of power and of the nature of the state in Western industrialized societies, and details their implications in medicine. Part I presents a critique of contemporary theories of the Western system of power; discusses the countervailing pluralist and power elite theories, as well as those of bureaucratic and professional control; and concludes with an examination of the Marxist theories of economic determinism, structural determinism, and corporate statism. Part II presents a Marxist theory of the role, nature, and characteristics of state intervention. Part III focuses on the mode of that intervention and the reasons for its growth, with an added analysis of the attributes of state intervention in the health sector and of the dialectical relationship between its growth and the current fiscal crisis of the state. In all three parts, the focus is on Western European countries and on North America, with many examples and categories drawn from the area of medicine.
Fluoxetine in Depressed Patients on Dialysis
Authors: Blumenfield Michael , Levy Norman B. , Spinowitz Bruce , Charytan Chaim , Beasley Charles M. , Dubey Anjani K. , Solomon Richard J. , Todd Robert , Goodman Alvin , Bergstrom Richard F.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

To test the safety and efficacy of fluoxetine in patients with renal failure on dialysis.

Method:

Fourteen patients with major depression and end stage renal disease on hemodialysis were randomized into two groups for an eight-week study. Subjects as well as investigators were blinded as to which subject received fluoxetine and which placebo. Patients were carefully monitored concerning adverse events, serum fluoxetine and norfluoxetine levels, and psychological measurements of degree of depression.

Results:

No patients discontinued treatment because of adverse events, all of which were minor. All psychological tests showed improvement in depression at the four-week and eight-weeks point, although statistical significance could only be demonstrated at the fourth week of this study. All patients in the active group had serum plasma concentrations of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine less than 250 ng/ml at eight weeks, similar to levels in patients with normal renal function in a previous open label study.

Conclusions:

This study confirms the relative safety of fluoxetine in depressed patients in renal failure on hemodialysis. It also suggests that fluoxetine may be efficacious in depressed patients on dialysis.
Paleoclimates in Southeastern Arizona: A Review
Authors: Bronitsky Gordon
Published: May 2005

Southeastern Arizona is crucial to our understanding of human development. The area has more buried Clovis sites than any area of comparable size in the United States, a well-defined Archaic sequence, and early agricultural developments. An understanding of development in this region requires careful consideration and evaluation of available climatic evidence. This paper reviews the conflicting Late Pleistocene and Holocene climatic data to present a more unified picture of climatic change in southeastern Arizona.
A Comparative Study of the Economics of Home Care
Authors: Gerson Lowell W. , Hughes Owen P.
Published: May 2005

The costs of home care and treatment solely in hospital for patients in a variety of short-term diagnostic categories are compared. Five hundred and eighty-three patients included in an experimental home care program were randomly assigned either to a group which received home care as part of their treatment, or to a control group that remained in hospital the traditional length of time. It is argued that the only costs relevant in an economic comparison of the two modes of treatment are those attributable to the direct care of the patient. A technique is presented whereby changes in the daily amount of nursing service provided can be costed. The economic analysis shows that, when similar diagnoses are compared for an episode of illness, there is basically no difference in cost between home care and treatment in hospital.
Imagination and Source Monitoring Accuracy
Authors: Niedźwieńska Agnieszka
Published: May 2005

The present study was designed to explore the personal and situational determinants of the accuracy in discrimination between memories for perceived and imagined events. Three groups were administered the Creative Imagination Scale (CIS) [1]. In the first group ( N = 25) and in the second group ( N = 22), the image of three people meeting on a beach was additionally suggested. The third group ( N = 21) served as controls. One week later all subjects were presented a film depicting events that were similar to the previously suggested beach scene. Finally, the subjects' memories of the film were tested with recall and recognition methods. There were more imagery intrusions in the first experimental group than in the control group, i.e., subjects more often described the elements of the suggested scene as coming from the film. Before the memory test the second experimental group was warned not to confuse imagination with perception. They were as accurate in recall and recognition as controls. The number of imagery intrusions correlated significantly with the self-rated vividness of the imagined scene (0.37) but not with the CIS. The implications for practice are discussed.
Psychosocial Services for AIDS Patients in the General Hospital
Authors: Lyons John S. , Larson David B. , Anderson Rachel L. , Bilheimer Linda
Published: May 2005

Ninety consecutive non-repeating hospital admissions of patients with AIDS were studied. The rates of psychosocial service utilization were quite high for consultation psychiatry (24.4%), social work (42.2%), and home care (discharge planning) nursing (24.4%). The presence of psychiatric co-morbidities and social needs were associated with increased length of stay. In addition, psychiatric co-morbidities were associated with increased charges for pharmacy and laboratory.
Managing Web Development Projects
Authors: Shafikova Gulnara
Published: May 2005

This article presents a comprehensive flexible workflow that is transferable to any Web project and can be easily modified to the needs of a specific environment. The article approaches the matter from both theoretical and hands-on perspectives: it presents fundamentals for building products based on user-centered design principles and guides readers through a real-life Web development project. Three major project milestones are covered—preliminary analysis; design and development; deployment and maintenance—with pertaining objectives, methodologies, and deliverables for each step. A complete redesign of the Stony Brook University Libraries Website illustrates how conceptual precepts (stages, strategies, methodologies) get implemented in an actual Web development cycle.
The Horse and the Cart: The Contemporary Artist and the Aesthetician
Authors: Martin Fred
Published: May 2005

This informal survey of magazine covers and lead articles from Art in America 1990–1993 indicates new artistic forms such as advertising and photo journalism, new media such as digital imaging and installation, and new contents such as the politics of race, gender, and revolution, all of which may challenge the assumptions of both empirical and philosophical aesthetics.
Mental Health and Health Care Utilization in Geriatric Primary Care Patients
Authors: Smith Stanley L. , Colenda Christopher C.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

This study examines the effect of mental health factors on health care utilization in a group of community dwelling elderly subjects followed in a primary care setting.

Method:

Data on utilization was obtained prospectively from computerized billing records for a one-year period following completion of a structured survey. Relationships between variables were characterized by Spearman's rank correlation. Multivariate linear regression modeling was employed to relate health care utilization, as measured by total cost, to the baseline variables.

Results:

No significant relationship was found between mental health measures and health care utilization as measured by total costs in this elderly population. However, total costs were found to be related to medical comorbidity and total daily medication use.

Conclusion:

The present study did not find the relationship of psychiatric distress and increased use of health care services to apply to a group of community dwelling elderly. Future research will need to focus on larger data sets and improvement of models that attempt to examine the relationships between mental health and health care utilization in the elderly.
The Effects of Grouping, Self Esteem, and Locus of Control on Microcomputer Performance and Help Seeking by Mildly Handicapped Students
Authors: Cosden Merith A. , English Judy P.
Published: May 2005

The impact of grouping, learning handicap, locus of control, and self esteem on students' performance on a math problem-solving program was assessed in two studies. Outcome measures included: 1) the level of difficulty at which students selected to work, 2) use of a program help command, and 3) response accuracy with and without help. Despite indication from the non-computer instructional literature that grouping would facilitate problem-solving skills for some students, neither problem selections nor performance accuracy varied as a function of group configuration. Personal characteristics influenced problem selections, help seeking, and accuracy in anticipated directions but not consistently. More consistent patterns were noted as a function of initial student competency in math.
An Analytical Approach to the Development of Technical Sales Literature
Authors: Smith Harry W.
Published: May 2005

There are well established patterns for the development of technical society papers, editorial publicity material, business paper advertising, and displays at engineering expositions—as used to support and stimulate industrial selling. But there is precious little pattern—and certainly no industry-wide pattern—to the development of that most common and essential of all sales aids, the company's sales literature.

This paper, therefore, will undertake to offer an analytical approach to the development of sales literature—for the technical firm selling technical products to technical buyers—which the uninitiated can follow and the veteran can compare with the approaches his company uses and considers to be “established practice.”
When a Production Worker is Technically a Writer: Using Craft and Rhetorical Knowledge in a Manufacturing Environment
Authors: Vélez Lili Fox , Hall Susan P.
Published: May 2005

Although rhetoricians have studied the discourse practices of engineers, little is known about the production workers who must assemble engineering knowledge into functional products. This case study examines what happens when a production worker tried to improve manufacturing documentation, and how her success depended upon both her craft knowledge and the rhetorical skills she attributes to a Writing Across the Curriculum program she experienced in college.

… although the goal of engineering may be to produce useful objects, engineers do not construct such objects themselves. Rather, they aim to generate knowledge that will allow such objects to be built [1, p. 5].
Malaria and the Political Economy of Public Health
Authors: Cleaver Harry
Published: May 2005

After more than a decade when the disease was under increasing control, malaria has been making a dramatic resurgence in the 1970s. Even more troubling has been the inadequacy of government response despite appeals by public health officials and despite the availability of adequate resources. This article seeks an understanding of this decontrol in the history of the political economy of public health and in an analysis of the current international economic crisis. An examination of several episodes in the history of malaria control and related public health programs shows how they have played a role in and been defined by a series of social and political conflicts. These conflicts have included agrarian unrest in the American South, colonial expansion in the Third World, peasant revolution in China, the Cold War, and a whole series of urban and rural upheavals for and against development in the post-World War II period. An examination of the current world crisis suggests that it is another such period of social conflict—one in which various sectors of business and various governments are trying to restore the conditions of growth and accumulation which were ruptured in the late 1960s by an international cycle of social instability. Allowing malaria to spread, like allowing drought and flood to turn into famine, thus appears as a de facto repressive use of “nature” to reestablish social control. Such circumstances raise hard questions both for the public at large and for public health workers as to the most effective means of reversing these trends.
Self-Efficacy for Refusal Mediated by Outcome Expectancies in the Prediction of Alcohol-Dependence Amongst Young Adults
Authors: Williams Robert J. , Connor Jason P. , Ricciardelli Lina A.
Published: May 2005

The present study examined the relative importance of outcome expectancies and self-efficacy [1] in the prediction of alcohol dependence [2] and alcohol consumption in a sample of young adult drinkers drawn from a milieu previously reported as supportive of risky drinking. In predicting alcohol dependence, outcome expectancies were found to mediate self-efficacy and the same pattern was found for both males and females. This suggests that male and female drinkers may become more similar as they progress along the drinking continuum from risky drinking to dependent drinking. However, in women, in comparison to men, a greater array of expectancies and self-efficacy scales were found to predict heavy drinking, as measured by quantity and frequency. These results suggest that heavy drinking women are particularly at risk of developing drinking related complications and that preventative education needs to take into account gender differences.
Spiritual Influences on Ability to Engage in Self-Care Activities among Older African Americans
Authors: Upchurch Sandra , Mueller William H.
Published: May 2005

The influence of spiritual factors on the ability of African-American elders to carry out instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) independent of age, gender, education, and self-rated health is explored using the religion-health explanatory model in a cross-sectional sample of 96 African-American community dwelling adults 62 to 93 years of age. The Reed spiritual perspective (SPS) and self-transcendence (STS) scales are used to study spiritual factors (Reed, 1991). The typical respondent was 75 years of age, female, widowed with 10.4 years of education. Self-rated health and age are strongly related to IADL in models that include the other variables ( R2 = 0.41, p < 0.01). Those who are younger and those who self-report better health have higher IADL scores than those without these characteristics. Spiritual factors are significantly related to IADL in a model that includes an interaction of STS with education ( R2 = 0.50). Among the least educated, STS is associated with higher scores of IADL. Addition of the interaction to the model resulted in a significant positive association of both STS and education with IADL. SPS was unrelated to IADL. Caregivers concerned with functional ability may want to consider interventions based on increasing a sense of self-transcendence, and to consider educational level as a potential moderator of this relationship. Criticism of the religion-health literature has suggested that putative health effects of religion may be exaggerated, because of failure to take confounding variables into account (Sloan, Bagiella, & Powell, 1999). However, this study and a recent survey by Musick, House, and Williams (2004) are evidence that it is just as likely that health benefits of religion would be hidden by confounders as that they would be exaggerated by them.
Interactive Video Computer Learning in Physics
Authors: Kadesch R. R.
Published: May 2005

The University of Utah's Video Computer Learning Project's learning system consists of a Terak 8510a interfaced to a Discovision PR-7820 videodisc player. An essential part of the system is the Video Computer Authoring System which provides instructions written in ordinary English for implementing and editing course materials. Such materials contain computer-generated text and graphics and video segments.

The computer and video screens provide a workspace in which the student performs a variety of operations. With the freeze-frame, slow motion forward and reverse, and random access frame addressing capabilities of the videodisc added to those of the microcomputer, the student has significant power over his learning environment. Course materials are self-paced and mastery oriented as well as highly interactive.