bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IgG4-Related Systemic Disease Presenting with Pleural Effusion, Ascites and Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Lee Hee Jeong , Sul Hyoung , Kim Hyun Woo , Lyu Young Sang , Park Chi Young , Hong Ran , Park Sang Gon
Published: April 2016

Purpose

We report the case of a patient with IgG4-related disease with multiple organ involvement, especially myocardium, that was successfully treated with prednisone.

Methods

We performed several serological tests, electrocardiogram, echocardiography, computed tomography and inguinal lymph node biopsy.

Results

We diagnosed the patient with IgG4-related disease by the elevated serum IgG4 level and histological lymph node findings.

Conclusions

This is the first reported case of IgG4-related disease with dilated cardiomyopathy.
Osteonecrosis of the Jaw during Sorafenib Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Garuti Francesca , Camelli Vittoria , Spinardi Luca , Bucci Laura , Trevisani Franco
Published: April 2016

Introduction

Sorafenib is an oral multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitor and is currently the only evidence-based treatment recommended for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. We report a case of osteonecrosis of the jaw that occurred during sorafenib therapy in a patient with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma not treated with bisphosphonates or other antiangiogenic drugs.

Methods

A systematic search in PubMed yielded some cases of osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients treated with antiangiogenic agents, alone or in combination with bisphosphonates, for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The only case of osteonecrosis observed during sorafenib therapy not combined with other predisposing agents was described by Guillet et al.

Results

A 74-year-old man diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma ensuing in hepatitis C virus infection, who was treated with sorafenib at a daily dose of 400 mg, developed osteonecrosis of the right mandibular body. The lesion was documented by a dental CT scan and surgical evaluation did not lead to an indication for curettage treatment. Sorafenib was discontinued because of the radiological and laboratory features of hepatocellular carcinoma progression and the high risk of jaw fracture.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first description of osteonecrosis of the jaw detected in a cirrhotic patient on sorafenib therapy not combined with bisphosphonates.
A universidade fotografada: olhares e vozes dos estudantes de administração
Authors: Medeiros Cintia Rodrigues de Oliveira
Published: April 2016

Neste artigo, a fotografia é utilizada com o objetivo de explorar as imagens de estudantes que expressam suas representações da Universidade da qual são membros. Foi solicitado aos estudantes que produzissem uma fotografia que pudesse responder à questão: “Como eu vejo esta universidade?” e, em seguida, escrevessem uma palavra ou expressão que a ela fosse associada. O material produzido foi analisado sob a técnica de análise de conteúdo e os resultados apontam para o caráter multifacetado, ambíguo e complexo da Universidade. Palavas-chave: metáforas, cultura, representações sociais, imagens
Entrevista: Lucia Santaella
Authors: Guirado Ciça
Published: April 2016

Entrevista: Lucia Santaella
The Impact of Native Language Use on Second Language Vocabulary Learning by Saudi EFL Students
Authors: Khan Muhammad Saleem
Published: April 2016

This paper strives to explore the impact of Native Language use on Foreign Language vocabulary learning on the basis of empirical and available data. The study is carried out with special reference to the English Language Programme students in Buraydah Community College, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia. The Native Language of these students is Arabic and their Second Language is English. The participants in this research study are the post-secondary students of Buraydah Community College in Intensive Course Programme. The instrument used in this study was in the form of two tests. It is well known that in language assessment tests play a pivotal role in evaluating the EFL learners’ language proficiency. The use of native language as a semantic tool for assessing second language learners’ understanding shouldn’t be rejected altogether especially for the undergrad Saudi EFL (English as a Foreign Language) students. The outcomes of the study show that in learning the vocabulary of target language is significantly helped by the use of translation method of native language (Arabic) in understanding the meaning of novel words and expressions of foreign language (English). This method is widely welcomed by majority of the students of Buraydah Community College. It’s recommended to use this method in order to take the students directly to the core meaning of the word or expression. It also, sometimes, gives a sense of accuracy of the meaning of native language equivalents.
A Study Regarding the Relationship between the Consumer Expectations Regarding Packaging and Brand Awareness
Authors: Ene Selda , Ozkaya Betul
Published: April 2016

Factors such as changing life styles, consumers being more conscious and competition increasing in both global and national domain require brands to seek success in the market by adding new and diversified characteristics to their products.  In this context, packaging, which adds value to the product and moreover, presents the product on the shelves and is a part of the product and the brand, is a subject that the brands and the consumers increasingly focus on. Packaging is crucial in the marketing of similar products. Thus, it bears a lot of responsibility. 

Packaging reaches both available and potential consumers at the most essential stage like decision-making and satisfies the expectations of the consumers, such as “information seeking, ease of handling and usage, brand comparison, brand image and awareness, environment protection, health insurance, innovation opportunity, promotion, etc.” Packaging is situated in an important position in reaching the consumer, being imprinted on people’s mind and creating brand awareness. Due to the fact that packaging is the initial attraction factor in points of purchase, it is one of the most important aspects of the brand and it helps to increase the brand value by creating brand awareness. Deriving from this notion, this study analyzes the relationship between the consumer expectations regarding packaging and brand awareness with the help of a survey. For the survey, consumers who are over 18 years old and shop from the food retail stores are interviewed face to face in İstanbul, Turkey on August 2015 and convenience sampling method has been used. Factor analysis was applied to the data which were obtained from the survey. In this study, the relationship between the consumer expectations regarding packaging and brand awareness is examined by performing a regression analysis. It is hoped that the study results will be a guideway for the corporations that seek to increase brand awareness and it is believed that this will increase the awareness level, emphasizing the importance of packaging.
Sustainable Grassland Management: An Exploratory Study of Progressive Ranchers in Nebraska
Authors: Kennedy Stephanie M. , Burbach Mark E. , Sliwinski Maggi S.
Published: April 2016

Well-managed grasslands provide numerous ecosystem services. Ranchers who employ sustainable grazing practices limit grassland conversion and conserve critical habitats. This phenomenological study explored the grassland management decisions of progressive ranchers in Nebraska. Each individual interviewed for this study is proactive about the state of their grasslands, whether they are motivated by financial or conservation factors. Throughout the evolution of their businesses, these ranchers have taken steps to improve their management techniques and continue to employ new strategies while planning for the long-term productivity of their grasslands. For policy makers and educators seeking to improve grassland management decisions, demonstrating new methods to be economical, promoting stewardship, and allowing for flexible implementation may increase acceptance of recommendations. Because progressive ranchers’ livelihoods are connected to the land, and they are long-term goal oriented, they closely scrutinize, yet are open to advancing grassland management practices that benefit their cash flow, their pastures, their animals, and their families.
Histological lesions associated to the possible infection by Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909) in hearts of synanthropic rodents captured in Yucatan, Mexico
Authors: Torres-Castro Marco , Hernández-Betancourt Silvia , Torres-León Marco , Puerto Fernando Isaías
Published: April 2016

Trypanosoma cruzi es el agente causal de la tripanosomiasis americana, padecimiento endémico en México y cuyos reservorios más importantes son los roedores. T. cruzi refiere tropismo al corazón, ocasionando lesiones y colonizando con nidos con amastigotes; por lo que el estudio histológico de este tejido ayuda al diagnóstico. Se capturaron 262 roedores en Yucatán, México; todos considerados en el análisis microscópico, en el cual se observaron lesiones compatibles a la infección por T. cruzi: infiltrado celular inflamatorio (86.7%), degeneración de fibras cardiacas (6.8%) y pericarditis (6.3%). Asimismo, fue posible identificar nidos con amastigotes (2.2%). Este es el primer estudio histológico realizado en roedores sinantrópicos posiblemente infectados por T. cruzi en Yucatán, México.

Trypanosoma cruzi is known as the causal agent of American trypanosomiasis, endemic zoonotic disease in Mexico, whose most important reservoirs are rodents. T. cruzi refers tropism to heart, causing various lesions and colonizing with nests of amastigotes; so the histological examination of this tissue helps for diagnosis. A total of 262 individuals were captured in Yucatan, Mexico; all considered in the microscopic analysis, in which different lesions consistent with T. cruzi infection were identified: inflammatory cell infiltration (86.7%), degeneration of cardiac fibers (6.8%) and pericarditis (6.3%). It was also possible to identify several nests with amastigotes (2.2%). This is the first histological study made in synanthropic rodents probably infected by T. cruzi in Yucatan, Mexico.
Effect of stress on the Al composition evolution in AlGaN grown using metal organic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: He Chenguang , Qin Zhixin , Xu Fujun , Zhang Lisheng , Wang Jiaming , Hou Mengjun , Zhang Shan , Wang Xinqiang , Ge Weikun , Shen Bo
Published: April 2016

Two series of AlGaN samples with different stresses were designed to investigate the effect of stress on the Al composition. X-ray diffraction reciprocal space mapping (XRD RSM) demonstrated that the AlGaN epilayers with different stresses have large Al composition differences despite the same growth conditions. The largest Al composition difference reached up to 21.3%, which was also confirmed using secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). This result is attributed to a large stress discrepancy in the AlGaN epilayers. Finally, the dependences of the solid-phase Al composition on the gas-phase Al composition under different stresses were systematically analyzed.
Influence of longitudinal argon flow on DC glow discharge at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Zhu Sha , Jiang Weiman , Tang Jie , Xu Yonggang , Wang Yishan , Zhao Wei , Duan Yixiang
Published: April 2016

A one-dimensional self-consistent fluid model was employed to investigate the influence of longitudinal argon flow on the DC glow discharge at atmospheric pressure. It is found that the charges exhibit distinct dynamic behaviors at different argon flow velocities, accompanied by a considerable change in the discharge structure. The positive argon flow allows for the reduction of charge densities in the positive column and negative glow regions, and even leads to the disappearance of negative glow. The negative argon flow gives rise to the enhancement of charge densities in the positive column and negative glow regions. These observations are attributed to the fact that the gas flow convection influences the transport of charges through different manners by comparing the argon flow velocity with the ion drift velocity. The findings are important for improving the chemical activity and work efficiency of the plasma source by controlling the gas flow in practical applications.
Investigation of amber light-emitting diodes based on InGaN/AlN/AlGaN quantum wells
Authors: Iida Daisuke , Lu Shen , Hirahara Sota , Niwa Kazumasa , Kamiyama Satoshi , Ohkawa Kazuhiro
Published: April 2016

We investigated InGaN-based amber light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with AlN/(Al)GaN barrier layers grown by metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy. Tensilely strained AlN/Al0.03Ga0.97N barriers improved the crystalline quality of compressively strained InGaN quantum wells. We found that strain compensation among wells and barriers improves the external quantum efficiency of high-In-content InGaN-based amber LEDs. The amber LEDs with AlN/Al0.03Ga0.97N barriers have shown an electroluminescence (EL) intensity approximately 2.5-fold that of LEDs with the AlN/GaN barriers at 20 mA.
Investigation of drift effect on silicon nanowire field effect transistor based pH sensor
Authors: Kim Sihyun , Kwon Dae Woong , Lee Ryoongbin , Kim Dae Hwan , Park Byung-Gook
Published: April 2016

It is widely accepted that the operation mechanism of pH-sensitive ion sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) can be divided into three categories; reaction of surface sites, chemical modification of insulator surface, and ionic diffusion into the bulk of insulator. The first mechanism is considered as the main operation mechanism of pH sensors due to fast response, while the others with relatively slow responses disturb accurate pH detection. In this study, the slow responses (often called drift effects) are investigated in silicon nanowire (SiNW) pH-sensitive ISFETs. Based on the dependence on the channel type of SiNW, liquid gate bias, and pH, it is clearly revealed that the drift of n-type SiNW results from H+ diffusion into the insulator whereas that of p-type SiNW is caused by chemical modification (hydration) of the insulator.
Analysis on temperature dependent current mechanism of tunnel field-effect transistors
Authors: Lee Junil , Kwon Dae Woong , Kim Hyun Woo , Kim Jang Hyun , Park Euyhwan , Park Taehyung , Kim Sihyun , Lee Ryoongbin , Lee Jong-Ho , Park Byung-Gook
Published: April 2016

In this paper, the total drain current (I
D) of a tunnel FET (TFET) is decomposed into each current component with different origins to analyze the I
D formation mechanisms of the TFET as a function of gate voltage (V
GS). Transfer characteristics are firstly extracted with fabricated Silicon channel TFETs (Si TFETs) and silicon germanium channel TFETs (SiGe TFETs) at various temperatures. The subthreshold swings (SS) of both Si TFETs and SiGe TFETs get degraded and the SSs of SiGe TFETs get degraded more as temperature becomes higher. Then, all the I
Ds measured at various temperatures are decomposed into each current component through technology computer aided design (TCAD) simulations with a good agreement with experimental data. As a result, it is revealed that Shockley–Read–Hall (SRH) recombination mainly contribute to the I
D of a TFET before band to band tunneling (BTBT) occurs. Furthermore, the SS degradation by high temperature is explained successfully by the SRH recombination with electric field dependence.
Direct observation of anodic dissolution and filament growth behavior in polyethylene-oxide-based atomic switch structures
Authors: Krishnan Karthik , Tsuruoka Tohru , Aono Masakazu
Published: April 2016

We directly observed anodic dissolution and subsequent filament growth behavior in a planar atomic switch structure with Ag salt incorporated polyethylene oxide (Ag-PEO) film using in situ optical microscopy and ex situ scanning electron microscopy. The high ionic conductivities of Ag-PEO films enable the investigation of filament formation under voltage bias, even in micrometer-scaled devices. It was found that the filament formation changes from unidirectional growth to dendritic growth, depending on its distance from the grounded electrode. Based on this understanding of filament growth dynamics in planar devices, highly stable resistive switching was achieved in an Ag/Ag-PEO/Pt stacked device with an Ag-PEO film thickness of 100 nm. The device showed repeated switching operations for more than 102 sweep cycles, with a high ON/OFF resistance ratio of 105.
Development of a two-dimensional scanning micro-mirror utilizing magnetic polymer composite
Authors: Suzuki Junya , Onishi Yoshiyuki , Terao Kyohei , Takao Hidekuni , Shimokawa Fusao , Oohira Fumikazu , Miyagawa Hayato , Namazu Takahiro , Suzuki Takaaki
Published: April 2016

In this study, we propose a magnetically driven micro-mirror, constructed using negative photoresist SU-8 containing magnetic particles, as a magnetic actuator and torsion bar structure. Because the magnetic polymer composite uses thick negative photoresist SU-8 as the main material, the micro-mirror is simply fabricated in just a few steps by conventional photolithography and deep reactive ion etching. A fabricated prototype of the micro-mirror, which is magnetically driven by using an external magnetic field, is shown to deflect with two-dimensional optical deflection angles of 6.5 and 12.5°. Moreover, Lissajous scanning motion of the fabricated mirror is achieved.
Elevation of troponin I in acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Su Yu-Chin , Huang Kuo-Feng , Yang Fu-Yi , Lin Shinn-Kuang
Published: April 2016

Background. Cardiac morbidities account for 20% of deaths after ischemic stroke and is the second commonest cause of death in acute stroke population. Elevation of cardiac troponin has been regarded as a prognostic biomarker of poor outcome in patients with acute stroke.

Methods. This retrospective study enrolled 871 patients with acute ischemic stroke from August 2010 to March 2015. Data included vital signs, laboratory parameters collected in the emergency department, and clinical features during hospitalization. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Barthel index, and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) were used to assess stroke severity and outcome.

Results.Elevated troponin I (TnI) > 0.01 µg/L was observed in 146 (16.8%) patients. Comparing to patients with normal TnI, patients with elevated TnI were older (median age 77.6 years vs. 73.8 years), had higher median heart rates (80 bpm vs. 78 bpm), higher median white blood cells (8.40 vs. 7.50 1,000/m3) and creatinine levels (1.40 mg/dL vs. 1.10 mg/dL), lower median hemoglobin (13.0 g/dL vs. 13.7 g/dL) and hematocrit (39% vs. 40%) levels, higher median NIHSS scores on admission (11 vs. 4) and at discharge (8 vs. 3), higher median mRS scores (4 vs3) but lower Barthel index scores (20 vs. 75) at discharge (p< 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that age ≥ 76 years (OR 2.25, CI [1.59–3.18]), heart rate ≥ 82 bpm (OR 1.47, CI [1.05–2.05]), evidence of clinical deterioration (OR 9.45, CI [4.27–20.94]), NIHSS score ≥ 12 on admission (OR 19.52, CI [9.59–39.73]), and abnormal TnI (OR 1.98, CI [1.18–3.33]) were associated with poor outcome. Significant factors for in-hospital mortality included male gender (OR 3.69, CI [1.45–9.44]), evidence of clinical deterioration (OR 10.78, CI [4.59–25.33]), NIHSS score ≥ 12 on admission (OR 8.08, CI [3.04–21.48]), and elevated TnI level (OR 5.59, CI [2.36–13.27]).C-statistics revealed that abnormal TnI improved the predictive power of both poor outcome and in-hospital mortality. Addition of TnI > 0.01 ug/L or TnI > 0.1 ug/L to the model-fitting significantly improvedc-statistics for in-hospital mortality from 0.887 to 0.926 (p= 0.019) and 0.927 (p= 0.028), respectively.

Discussion.Elevation of TnI during acute stroke is a strong independent predictor for both poor outcome and in-hospital mortality. Careful investigation of possible concomitant cardiac disorders is warranted for patients with abnormal troponin levels.
Effects of combined physical education and nutritional programs on schoolchildren’s healthy habits
Authors: Gallotta Maria Chiara , Iazzoni Sara , Emerenziani Gian Pietro , Meucci Marco , Migliaccio Silvia , Guidetti Laura , Baldari Carlo
Published: April 2016

Background.A multidisciplinary approach seems to be effective in creating healthy habits in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of three 5-month combined physical education (PE) and nutritional interventions on body composition, physical activity (PA) level, sedentary time and eating habits of schoolchildren.

Methods.Anthropometric data, weekly PA level, sedentary time and eating habits of 230 healthy students were analysed using a repeated-measures ANOVA with Group (experimental group 1 vs experimental group 2 vs control group), Adiposity Status (under fat vs normal fat vs obese), and Time (pre vs post) as factors.

Results.Body fat mass percentage increased after intervention (18.92 ± 8.61% vs 19.40 ± 8.51%) in all groups. The weekly PA level significantly increased after intervention in both experimental groups. Sedentary time significantly decreased after the intervention period (565.70 ± 252.93 vs 492.10 ± 230.97 min/week,p< 0.0001). Moreover, obese children were more sedentary than under fat and normal fat children. Children significantly changed the consumption of some specific foods after intervention.

Discussion.This study revealed the effectiveness of a combined PE and nutritional intervention to improve children’s healthful dietary practices and to encourage an active lifestyle. However, it needs a further appropriate development to establish patterns of healthful dietary practices that encourage an active lifestyle with which to maintain healthy habits through life.
ROCK activity regulates functional tight junction assembly during blastocyst formation in porcine parthenogenetic embryos
Authors: Kwon Jeongwoo , Kim Nam-Hyung , Choi Inchul
Published: April 2016

The Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein serine/threonine kinases 1 and 2 (ROCK1 and ROCK2) are Rho subfamily GTPase downstream effectors that regulate cell migration, intercellular adhesion, cell polarity, and cell proliferation by stimulating actin cytoskeleton reorganization. Inhibition of ROCK proteins affects specification of the trophectoderm (TE) and inner cell mass (ICM) lineages, compaction, and blastocyst cavitation. However, the molecules involved in blastocyst formation are not known. Here, we examined developmental competence and levels of adherens/tight junction (AJ/TJ) constituent proteins, such as CXADR, OCLN, TJP1, and CDH1, as well as expression of their respective mRNAs, after treating porcine parthenogenetic four-cell embryos with Y-27632, a specific inhibitor of ROCK, at concentrations of 0, 10, 20, 100 µM for 24 h. Following this treatment, the blastocyst development rates were 39.1, 20.7, 10.0, and 0% respectively. In embryos treated with 20 µM treatment, expression levels of CXADR, OCLN, TJP1, and CDH1 mRNA and protein molecules were significantly reduced (P< 0.05). FITC-dextran uptake assay revealed that the treatment caused an increase in TE TJ permeability. Interestingly, the majority of the four-cell and morula embryos treated with 20 µM Y-27643 for 24 h showed defective compaction and cavitation. Taken together, our results indicate that ROCK activity may differentially affect assembly of AJ/TJs as well as regulate expression of genes encoding junctional proteins.
Connecting laboratory behavior to field function through stable isotope analysis
Authors: Glon Mael G. , Larson Eric R. , Pangle Kevin L.
Published: April 2016

Inherent difficulties of tracking and observing organisms in the field often leave researchers with no choice but to conduct behavioral experiments under laboratory settings. However, results of laboratory experiments do not always translate accurately to natural conditions. A fundamental challenge in ecology is therefore to scale up from small area and short-duration laboratory experiments to large areas and long durations over which ecological processes generally operate. In this study, we propose that stable isotope analysis may be a tool that can link laboratory behavioral observations to past field interactions or function of individual organisms. We conducted laboratory behavioral assays to measure dominance of invasive rusty crayfish,Orconectes rusticus, and used stable isotope analysis to hindcast trophic positions of these crayfish under preceding natural conditions. We hypothesized that more dominant crayfish in our assays would have higher trophic positions if dominance were related to competitive ability or willingness to pursue high-risk, high-reward prey. We did not find a relationship between crayfish dominance and trophic position, and therefore infer that laboratory dominance of crayfish may not necessarily relate to their ecology in the field. However, this is to our knowledge the first attempt to directly relate laboratory behavior to field performance via stable isotope analysis. We encourage future studies to continue to explore a possible link between laboratory and field behavior via stable isotope analysis, and propose several avenues to do so.
How we see electronic games
Authors: Przybylski Andrew K. , Weinstein Netta
Published: April 2016

Theories regarding the influences of electronic games drive scientific study, popular debate, and public policy. The fractious interchanges among parents, pundits, and scholars hint at the rich phenomenological and psychological dynamics that underlie how people view digital technologies such as games. The current research applied Martin Heidegger’s concept of interpretive frameworks (Heidegger, 1987) and Robert Zajonc’s exposure-attitude hypothesis (Zajonc, 1968) to explore how attitudes towards technologies such as electronic games arise. Three studies drew on representative cohorts of American and British adults and evaluated how direct and indirect experiences with games shape how they are seen. Results indicated this approach was fruitful: negative attitudes and beliefs linking games to real-world violence were prominent among those with little direct exposure to electronic gaming contexts, whereas those who played games and reported doing so with their children tended to evaluat gaming more positively. Further findings indicated direct experience tended to inform the accuracy of beliefs about the effects of digital technology, as those who had played were more likely to believe that which is empirically known about game effects. Results are discussed with respect to ongoing debates regarding gaming and broader applications of this approach to understand the psychological dynamics of adapting to technological advances.
Distributions ofp-values smaller than .05 in psychology: what is going on?
Authors: Hartgerink Chris H.J. , van Aert Robbie C.M. , Nuijten Michèle B. , Wicherts Jelte M. , van Assen Marcel A.L.M.
Published: April 2016

Previous studies provided mixed findings on pecularities inp-value distributions in psychology. This paper examined 258,050 test results across 30,710 articles from eight high impact journals to investigate the existence of a peculiar prevalence ofp-values just below .05 (i.e., a bump) in the psychological literature, and a potential increase thereof over time. We indeed found evidence for a bump just below .05 in the distribution of exactly reportedp-values in the journals Developmental Psychology, Journal of Applied Psychology, and Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, but the bump did not increase over the years and disappeared when using recalculatedp-values. We found clear and direct evidence for the QRP “incorrect rounding ofp-value” (John, Loewenstein & Prelec, 2012) in all psychology journals. Finally, we also investigated monotonic excess ofp-values, an effect of certain QRPs that has been neglected in previous research, and developed two measures to detect this by modeling the distributions of statistically significantp-values. Using simulations and applying the two measures to the retrieved test results, we argue that, although one of the measures suggests the use of QRPs in psychology, it is difficult to draw general conclusions concerning QRPs based on modeling ofp-value distributions.
Microimaging VIS‐IR spectroscopy of ancient volcanic rocks as Mars analogues
Authors: Manzari Paola , De Angelis Simone , De Sanctis Maria Cristina , Di Iorio Tatiana , Ammannito Eleonora , Bost Nicolas , Foucher Frédéric , Westall Frances
Published: April 2016

The SPectral Imager (SPIM) facility is a laboratory VIS‐IR spectrometer developed to support spaceborne observations of rocky bodies of the solar system. Currently, this laboratory setup is used to support the Dawn NASA mission and to support the 2018 ExoMars mission in the spectral investigation of Martian subsurface. Specifically, for this mission, a selection of relevant Mars analogue materials has been characterized and stored in the International Space Analogue Rockstore (ISAR), hosted in Orléans, France. In this investigation, two volcanic rock samples from the ISAR collection were analyzed. These two samples were chosen because of their similarity in mineralogical composition and age with Martian basalts and volcanic sands. Moreover, volcanic sands are particularly interesting because they can contain fossils of primitive life forms. The analysis of data collected by SPIM resulted in good agreement with the mineralogical phases detected in these two samples by mineralogical and petrographical techniques, demonstrating the effectiveness of the high spatial and spectral resolution of SPIM for identifying and for mapping different mineralogical species on cut rock and mineral samples.
Mars nightside electrons over strong crustal fields
Authors: Shane Alexander D. , Xu Shaosui , Liemohn Michael W. , Mitchell David L.
Published: April 2016

We investigated 7 years worth of data from the electron reflectometer and magnetometer aboard Mars Global Surveyor to quantify the deposition of photoelectron and solar wind electron populations on the nightside of Mars, over the strong crustal field region located in the southern hemisphere. Just under 600,000 observations, each including energy and pitch angle distributions, were examined. For solar zenith angles (SZA) less than 110°, photoelectrons have the highest occurrence rate; beyond that, plasma voids occur most often. In addition, for SZA >110°, energy deposition of electrons mainly occurs on vertical field lines with median pitch angle averaged energy flux values on the order of 107–108 eV cm−2 s−1. The fraction of downward flux that is deposited at a given location was typically low (16% or smaller), implying that the majority of precipitated electrons are magnetically reflected or scattered back out. The average energy of the deposited electrons is found to be 20–30 eV, comparable to typical energies of photoelectrons and unaccelerated solar wind electrons. Median electron flux values, from near‐vertical magnetic field lines past solar zenith angle of 110°, calculated in this study produced a total electron content of 4.2 × 1014 m−2 and a corresponding peak density of 4.2 × 103 cm−3.
Structure and evolution of electron “zebra stripes” in the inner radiation belt
Authors: Liu Y. , Zong Q.‐G. , Zhou X.‐Z. , Foster J. C. , Rankin R.
Published: April 2016

“Zebra stripes” are newly found energetic electron energy‐spatial (L shell) distributed structure with an energy between tens to a few hundreds keV in the inner radiation belt. Using high‐quality measurements of electron fluxes from Radiation Belt Storm Probes Ion Composition Experiment (RBSPICE) on board the twin Van Allen Probes, we carry out case and statistical studies from April 2013 to April 2014 to study the structural and evolutionary characteristics of zebra stripes below L = 3. It is revealed that the zebra stripes can be transformed into evenly spaced patterns in the electron drift frequency coordinate: the detrended logarithmic fluxes in each L shell region can be well described by sinusoidal functions of drift frequency. The “wave number” of this sinusoidal function, which corresponds to the reciprocal of the gap between two adjacent peaks in the drift frequency coordinate, increases in proportion to real time. Further, these structural and evolutionary characteristics of zebra stripes can be reproduced by an analytic model of the evolution of the particle distribution under a single monochromatic or static azimuthal electric field. It is shown that the essential ingredient for the formation of multiple zebra stripes is the periodic drift of particles. The amplitude of the zebra stripes shows a good positive correlation with Kp index, which indicates that the generation mechanism of zebra stripes should be related to geomagnetic activities.
Quantifying the sources of uncertainty in upper air climate variables
Authors: Eghdamirad Sajjad , Johnson Fiona , Woldemeskel Fitsum , Sharma Ashish
Published: April 2016

Future estimates of precipitation and streamflow are of utmost interest in hydrological climate change impact assessments. Just as important as the estimate itself, is the variance around the ensemble mean of the projections, this variance being defined as uncertainty in the context of this study. This uncertainty in the hydrological variables of interest is affected by uncertainty in upper air climate variables which are used in statistical downscaling of precipitation or streamflow. Here the extent of uncertainty in upper air climate variables has been assessed for a selection of commonly used atmospheric variables for downscaling, namely, geopotential height and its difference in the north‐south direction, specific humidity, and eastward and northward wind speeds. Generally, in statistical downscaling, no consideration is usually given to the uncertainty of different individual variables, which can result in biases in future climate simulations. The approach of quantifying uncertainty presented here has the potential to enable modelers to better formulate downscaling approaches, leading to more accurate characterization of future precipitation and its associated uncertainty. Based on the spread of multiple‐model outputs, an uncertainty measure called square root of error variance has been used to quantify the contribution of different sources of uncertainty (i.e., models, scenarios, and ensembles) in monthly future climate projections in the 21st century at the 500 hPa and 850 hPa pressure levels. It has been shown that the different climate variables and levels of the atmosphere have distinct patterns in terms of their total future uncertainty and the contributions from the three sources. Scenario and model uncertainties in general contribute reasonably evenly to total uncertainty, with smaller contributions from the initial condition ensembles.
Dependence of quartz wettability on fluid density
Authors: Al‐Yaseri Ahmed Zarzor , Roshan Hamid , Lebedev Maxim , Barifcani Ahmed , Iglauer Stefan
Published: April 2016

Wettability is one of the most important parameters in multiphase flow through porous rocks. However, experimental measurements or theoretical predictions are difficult and open to large uncertainty. In this work we demonstrate that gas densities (which are much simpler to determine than wettability and typically well known) correlate remarkably well with wettability. This insight can significantly improve wettability predictions, thus derisking subsurface operations (e.g., CO2 geostorage or hydrocarbon recovery), and significantly enhance fundamental understanding of natural geological processes.
Electron dynamics in a subproton‐gyroscale magnetic hole
Authors: Gershman Daniel J. , Dorelli John C. , Viñas Adolfo F. , Avanov Levon A. , Gliese Ulrik , Barrie Alexander C. , Coffey Victoria , Chandler Michael , Dickson Charles , MacDonald Elizabeth A. , Salo Chad , Holland Matthew , Saito Yoshifumi , Sauvaud Jean‐Andre , Lavraud Benoit , Paterson William R. , Torbert Roy , Chen Li‐Jen , Goodrich Katherine , Russell Christopher T. , Strangeway Robert J. , Giles Barbara L. , Pollock Craig J. , Moore Thomas E. , Burch James L.
Published: April 2016

Magnetic holes are ubiquitous in space plasmas, occurring in the solar wind, downstream of planetary bow shocks, and inside the magnetosphere. Recently, kinetic‐scale magnetic holes have been observed near Earth's central plasma sheet. The Fast Plasma Investigation on NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission enables measurement of both ions and electrons with 2 orders of magnitude increased temporal resolution over previous magnetospheric instruments. Here we present data from MMS taken in Earth's nightside plasma sheet and use high‐resolution particle and magnetometer data to characterize the structure of a subproton‐scale magnetic hole. Electrons with gyroradii above the thermal gyroradius but below the current layer thickness carry a current sufficient to account for a ~10–20% depression in magnetic field magnitude. These observations suggest that the size and magnetic depth of kinetic‐scale magnetic holes is strongly dependent on the background plasma conditions.
Reconnection layer bounded by switch‐off shocks: Dayside magnetopause crossing by THEMIS D
Authors: Sonnerup Bengt , Paschmann Götz , Haaland Stein , Phan Tai , Eriksson Stefan
Published: April 2016

We discuss observations of reconnection, obtained by Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) D during an outward bound traversal of the low‐latitude dayside magnetopause. The reconnection signatures include high magnetic shear, a southward directed Alfvénic jet, bounded by slow‐mode shocks near the switch‐off limit (as in the symmetric Petschek geometry), a small, sunward directed normal magnetic field and plasma inflow into the jet from both sides. We conclude that cold, unmeasured ionospheric ions helped establish the symmetry. The effective ion mass, estimated from the switch‐off condition, was 2.39 amu on the magnetospheric side, where the number density was inferred from the spacecraft potential, and 1.09 amu on the magnetosheath side. After a modest pressure correction in the magnetospheric shock, the MHD jump conditions for density, pressure, temperature, and entropy were well satisfied. The shock jumps were much larger on the magnetosphere side than on the magnetosheath side; we show this to be a plasma β effect. The main dissipation mechanism appears to be irreversible transfer between thermal motion parallel and perpendicular to the field, such that both shocks bring about approximate downstream temperature isotropy. Hall currents and electric fields were present, albeit in a strongly asymmetric configuration. The magnetospheric shock had longer duration than the magnetosheath one, possibly as a result of a nonconstant magnetopause speed. We infer an average earthward magnetopause speed (14 km/s), corresponding nominal shock thicknesses (12 and 6 λi), dimensionless reconnection rates (0.061–0.085), and reconnection wedge angles (5° between shocks; 13° between separatrices).
Synthetic thermosphere winds based on CHAMP neutral and plasma density measurements
Authors: Gasperini F. , Forbes J. M. , Doornbos E. N. , Bruinsma S. L.
Published: April 2016

Meridional winds in the thermosphere are key to understanding latitudinal coupling and thermosphere‐ionosphere coupling, and yet global measurements of this wind component are scarce. In this work, neutral and electron densities measured by the Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) satellite at solar low and geomagnetically quiet conditions are converted to pressure gradient and ion drag forces, which are then used to solve the horizontal momentum equation to estimate low latitude to midlatitude zonal and meridional “synthetic” winds. We validate the method by showing that neutral and electron densities output from National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Electrodynamics‐General Circulation Model (TIME‐GCM) can be used to derive solutions to the momentum equations that replicate reasonably well (over 85% of the variance) the winds self‐consistently calculated within the TIME‐GCM. CHAMP cross‐track winds are found to share over 65% of the variance with the synthetic zonal winds, providing further reassurance that this wind product should provide credible results. Comparisons with the Horizontal Wind Model 14 (HWM14) show that the empirical model largely underestimates wind speeds and does not reproduce much of the observed variability. Additionally, in this work we reveal the longitude, latitude, local time, and seasonal variability in the winds; show evidence of ionosphere‐thermosphere (IT) coupling, with enhanced postsunset eastward winds due to depleted ion drag; demonstrate superrotation speeds of ∼27 m/s at the equator; discuss vertical wave coupling due the diurnal eastward propagating tide with zonal wave number 3 and the semidiurnal eastward propagating tide with zonal wave number 2.
Where to for Brazil's Cities? Citizen Empowerment or Global Marketing?
Authors: Wisnik Guilherme
Published: April 2016

An awakening interest in public space in Brazilian cities is emphasising the value of existing civic areas. Guilherme Wisnik, a critic, curator and professor at the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the University of São Paulo, looks at the history and potential future of Brazil's urban spaces. He highlights how despite the introduction of innovative Modernist design in the mid‐20th century, which forged ‘a new relationship between architecture, urbanism and landscape design’, more recently the country's cities have been subject to the vicissitudes of market and political forces.
A City at Play: Rio de Janeiro on the Eve of the 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games
Authors: Nobre Ana Luiza
Published: April 2016

What will be the outcome of the large‐scale construction programmes and under‐delivered promises undertaken in preparation for the 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games? Ana Luiza Nobre, Associate Professor of Architectural History at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro and Head of Research and Education at the Instituto Moreira Salles, gazes into her crystal ball and asks what the ongoing legacy of Rio 2016 might be.
Maps to Hack, Synchronise and Decipher: Unseen Cartographies of Rio
Authors: Duarte Gabriel
Published: April 2016

As a young architect in the 1990s, Gabriel Duarte, now an architecture professor at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, worked on the Favela‐Bairro initiative. Here he describes how that experience of mapping and designing informal settlements proved formative, informing the New Cartographies research project that his practice, CAMPO, has undertaken to informally map Rio's physical and social transformations in the run up to 2016.
Recife: The Popular Struggle for a Better City
Authors: Monteiro Circe , Carvalho Luiz
Published: April 2016

Sometimes dubbed Brazil's Venice, Recife is situated on a series of islands, articulated by waterways, on the country's northeast coast. The nation's ninth largest city, it has a historical core, but also shares many urban challenges common to other Brazilian metropolises: a beachfront blighted by speculative development, a semi‐derelict port area and extensive zones of poor neighbourhoods. Architects and academics Circe Monteiro and Luiz Carvalho from the multidisciplinary research group INCITI (Research and Innovation for Cities) at the Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, describe here why, despite a history of inconsistent development, this could now be Recife's moment to transform itself as the urban agenda comes to the fore.
Curitiba Revisited: Five Decades of Transformation
Authors: Rosário Maria do Rocio
Published: April 2016

Heralded worldwide as an exemplar of sustainable development, Curitiba now has a history of over half a century of enlightened urban planning. Curitiba born Maria do Rocio Rosário, who is the Head of the São Paulo‐based Urban Development Strategies (UDS), reflects on whether Curitiba has actually delivered on its ambitious ideals and where the future challenges might lie for metropolitan integration.
Transport and deposition kinetics of polymer‐coated multiwalled carbon nanotubes in packed beds
Authors: Pham Ngoc H. , Harwell Jeffrey H. , Resasco Daniel E. , Papavassiliou Dimitrios V. , Chen Changlong , Shiau Benjamin
Published: April 2016

In this study, a modified filtration equation that accounts for the transport and kinetics of polymer‐coated multiwalled carbon nanotubes in columns packed with crushed Berea sandstone is presented. The columns were saturated with brine solution, in which the salt concentration was varied from 0 to 10 wt%. Experimental results show that the polymer effectively eliminates the effects of salt on particle deposition when the salt concentration is less than or equal to 10 wt%. The calculated cumulative particle recovery is as high as 88.47 ± 0.25%. Results show that, at 10 wt% salt concentration, the proposed equation successfully predicts the experimental behavior, especially at the early stages of the breakthrough, where commonly used models fail. It is argued that the new equation accounts for the dynamic change of single collector efficiency as the deposition process advances. When tested against prior results available in the literature, the proposed model agrees with published data from other investigators. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 3774–3783, 2016
Forced convection boiling in a stator–rotor–stator spinning disc reactor
Authors: de Beer M. M. , Keurentjes J. T. F. , Schouten J. C. , van der Schaaf J.
Published: April 2016

Boiling of a pure fluid inside the rotor–stator cavities of a stator–rotor–stator spinning disc reactor (srs‐SDR) is studied, as a function of rotational velocity ω, average temperature driving forceand mass flow rate. The average boiling heat transfer coefficient hbincreases a factor 3 by increasing ω up to 105 rad s−1, independently ofand. The performance of the srs‐SDR, in terms of hbvs. specific energy input ϵ, is similar to tubular boiling, where pressure drop provides the energy input. The srs‐SDR enables operation atWm, yielding values of hbnot practically obtainable in passive evaporators, due to prohibitively high pressure drops required. Since hbis increased independently of the superficial vapor velocity, hbis not a function ofand the local vapor fraction. Therefore, the srs‐SDR enables a higher degree of control and flexibility of the boiling process, compared to passive flow boiling. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIChE J, 62: 3763–3773, 2016
ChemInform Abstract: MATERIAL‐SELECTIVE CHEMICAL ETCHING IN THE SYSTEM INDIUM GALLIUM ARSENIDE PHOSPHIDE/INDIUM PHOSPHIDE (INGAASP/INP)
Authors: PHATAK S. B. , KELNER G.
Published: April 2016

Für das selektive chemische Ätzen des InP‐Substrates im III‐V‐System GaInAsP/InP wird ein neues Ätzmittel, bestehend aus HCl und H3PO4 vorgeschlagen und eine detaillierte Beschreibung seiner Anwendung vorgenommen.
ChemInform Abstract: CORROSION‐INHIBITING ADDITIVES FOR IRON IN THE NEUTRAL REGION. RESULTS OF SYSTEMATIC STUDIES OF THE PASSIVATING EFFECT OF AIR‐SATURATED AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF SALTS OF ALIPHATIC CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Authors: FISCHER M.
Published: April 2016

Die passivierende Wirkung luftgesättigter wäßriger Lösungen von Salzen aliphatischer Mono‐ und Dicarbonsäuren (MeCOOH, EtCOOH, PrCOOH, Önanth‐, Oxal‐, Malon‐, Bernstein‐, Adipin‐, Azelain‐, Fumarund Maleinsäure) gegenüber Fe wurde in Abhängigkeit vom pH‐Wert und der Konzen tration dieser Lösungen systematisch untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: MECHANISMS OF NIOBATE AND PERRHENATE CATALYZED REDUCTION OF INERT OXO‐ANIONS
Authors: HAIGHT G. P. JUN. , SWIFT A. C. , SCOTT R.
Published: April 2016

Aus kinetischen Untersuchungen der durch Nb(V) bzw. Re(VII) katalysierten Reaktionen A und Bfolgt ein Katalysemechanismus, bei dem die labilen Oxometallate schwache O‐verbrückte Komplexe mit dem inerten nichtmetallischen Oxoanion bilden.
ChemInform Abstract: THE HYDROLYSIS OF METAL IONS. PART 2. DIOXOURANIUM(VI)
Authors: SYLVA R. N. , DAVIDSON M. R.
Published: April 2016

Die Hydrolyse des UO22+‐Ions wird bei Anfangswerten der Gesamturankonzentration zwischen 0.185·10‐3 und 1.853·10‐3mol dm‐3 durch potentiometrische Titration bei 25°C und einer Ionenstärke von 0.1 mol dm‐3 (KNO3) untersucht.