bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASEAN Economic Development: An Analytical Survey—The State of the Field
Authors: Hill Hal
Published: April 2006

The six countries of the association of southeast asian nations, ASEAN (comprising Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand), together constitute only about 1.5 percent of the world economy. In the East Asian context, they tend to be overshadowed by the larger, more industrialized Northeast Asian NIEs (newly industrializing economies), and the recent extraordinary growth of China. But ASEAN is far more important than its economic share might suggest. First, most of the economies are growing much faster than the rest of the world. This means their share of the world economy is rising. It also means that, unless the good performance is due wholly to luck or good fortune, there must be something about these economies, their organization, and their public policies, that other, poorer performing countries could well emulate. Second, ASEAN is more important according to other yardsticks. Its share of the world's population, 6 percent, is four times its share of the economy. Moreover, most of these economies are outwardlooking in orientation, with the result that the region's trade share is about three times its share of the world economy.
Tragedy and Salvation in the Floating World: Chikamatsu's Double Suicide Drama as Millenarian Discourse
Authors: Heine Steven
Published: April 2006

Adistinctive feature of japanese societyis its apparent eagerness to embrace various forms of voluntary death or suicide as legitimate, even positive, behavior with a potentially redemptive value. These forms include the samurai's ritualistic disembowelment (seppukuorharakiri), remonstration suicide (kanshi) in protest against a corrupt superior, and suicide out of devotion to a lord or superior (junsbi), all of which are surrounded by “a heroic, romantic, aesthetic, and moral aura” (Lebra 1976:190). Suicide is, of course, an extraordinary act in Japan as elsewhere in the world (Lifton 1979:24). Though it is not common, it is widely revered by Japanese if committed on the basis of authentic moral intentions in relation to societal pressure—that is, to exorcise shame (haji) and to highlight honor, dignity, and integrity. In a culture that esteems the tragic hero who embodies the “nobility of failure” (Morris 1975), and which regards voluntary death as an experiential transcendence for participants and observers alike, perhaps the most extreme and intriguing example of taking one's own life is the double suicide or love suicide (shinjū).
The Soviet Union's Secret Diplomacy Concerning the Chinese Eastern Railway, 1924–1925
Authors: Elleman Bruce A.
Published: April 2006

Following the october revolution, the Soviet Union regained majority control over the strategically located Chinese Eastern Railway, which ran through Manchuria, by signing two previously unpublished secret agreements: the first with the Beijing government on May 31, 1924, and the second with Zhang Zuolin's government in Manchuria on September 20, 1924. These secret agreements were signed despite the Soviet government's repeated promise that it would never resort to secret diplomacy. The Soviet Union also renewed control over the Russian-built Chinese Eastern Railway despite a 1919 Soviet manifesto promising that this railway would be turned over to China without compensation. To consolidate Soviet power over this railway, the USSR then signed the January 20, 1925, convention with Japan that recognized Japan's authority over the South Manchurian Railway in return for Japan's acquiescence to full Soviet authority over the Chinese Eastern Railway.
Presidential Address: Too Little and Too Much: Reflections on Muslims in the History of India
Authors: Metcalf Barbara D.
Published: April 2006

I want to begin this evening by recalling my immediate predecessor as AAS president from the South Asian field, Barbara Stoler Miller, whose untimely death in 1992 took from us a distinguished Sanskritist, a gifted teacher, and a generous colleague whose absence we mourn. In my address I continue themes taken up by Barbara Miller four years ago (Miller 1991) as well as by Stanley Tambiah, as president from the Southeast Asian field, the year before (Tambiah 1990). Then, as now, scholars across the disciplines—whether, like Barbara Miller, a scholar of classical texts; or like Stanley Tambiah, an anthropologist; or myself, a historian of British India—have struggled to understand the religious nationalism of South Asia, one of whose most tragic outcomes has been an accelerating violence against the Muslim minority.
Boris Pasternak About Himself and His Readers
Authors: Struve Gleb
Published: April 2006

When my co-editor, Boris Filippov, and I were preparing our threevolume edition of Boris Pasternak’s Collected Works (published in 1961 by the University of Michigan Press) we were aware that some texts scattered in not easily obtainable publications were bound to elude us. Since then we have been able to lay our hands on some of them. Among them was an interesting short article, a copy of which was recently received by me from Moscow. I had known of its existence but could not find it anywhere in the West. It was published in the Soviet magazine Chitatel’ i pisatel’ (The Reader and the Writer), in No. 4/5, dated February 11, 1928, apparently without a title (at least the copy received by me bore no title), and therefore probably as an answer to a questionnaire addressed to writers about their current work and their relations with their public.
The Russian Populists' Response to Darwin
Authors: Rogers James Allen
Published: April 2006

Contemporary Soviet historians of biology have attempted to add historical prestige to Trofim Lysenko's controversial theory of evolution by reinterpreting past Russian social thought on evolution. One Soviet historian has not hesitated to go back as far as the eighteenth century to find Russian antecedents of various aspects of Lysenko's theory, although the relevance of this rewriting of history to the scientific merits of Lysenkoism remains at best obscure.

But the attempt does raise several significant questions: What were the major interpretations by pre-Marxist Russian social thinkers of evolution and particularly of Darwinism? What implicit assumptions about the process of evolution and the nature of man do these interpretations contain? What influence did they have on the development of a Russian Marxist interpretation of Darwinism?

It is obviously impossible to answer all these questions in a single article.
Dostoevsky's Early Feuilletons: Approaches to a Myth of the City
Authors: Fanger Donald
Published: April 2006

Like Balzac and Dickens, Dostoevsky is one of the great mythographers of the modern city; and, like them, he was a journalist as well as a novelist. The motley contents of his Diary of a Writer are, if not well known, at least available to the curious in English translation. His journalism before 1873 is a different matter: this work remains untranslated and largely unexamined, though it contains much that sheds light on his artistic practice—including the feuilletons, published at the very beginning of his career and called, significantly, a “Petersburg Chronicle.” What they show us is the young writer, in search of a persona, confronting the city and experimenting with the themes and attitudes that would later go into his myth of Petersburg.

The terms of the experiment were in good part furnished by the times.
Riech': a Portrait of a Russian Newspaper
Authors: Riha Thomas
Published: April 2006

The Kadet daily Riech’ (1906-18) was a product of the revolution of 1905, which brought Russian political parties into the open. Launched in St. Petersburg in February, 1906, the paper shared the stage with a multitude of opposition organs. Unlike most of these, however, it lived on, and could pride itself on, what was in Russia an unusually long career of frank liberalism. In 1906 alone some three hundred newspapers and journals either were quashed by the censor or died for lack of financial support. Riech’ survived, thanks to its relatively moderate tone, its stable economic organization, and the fact that it was not dependent on political reporting alone. The paper was at its best, not when it stressed politics, as in 1906-7 and 1917, but in the less agitated prewar years, when its cultural columns were second to none.
Leon Rzewuski and the Village Commune
Authors: Brock Peter
Published: April 2006

The idea and practice of democracy antedates the Industrial Revolution. It has usually flourished, however, in an urban setting, and it was industrialization that was mainly responsible for its vast upsurge over the last century and a half. Its extension, too, into the field of social reform has been one of the accompaniments of the rise of an urban proletariat.
The Beginning of Written Slavic
Authors: Lunt Horace G.
Published: April 2006

The lucid account of the Moravian mission of Constantine–Cyril and Methodius that Professor Dvornik has given is a persuasive and up–to–date statement of widely accepted views. Yet scarcely a single specialist would be willing to agree unhesitatingly with all the details even in such a brief résumé of the quarter-century of relations between the emerging Slavic nations and their neighbors. Indeed, some, as his footnotes suggest, might take exception to certain of his major points.

The difficulty lies in our historical sources–in their paucity, their unclear allusions, their omissions, and, worst of all, their contradictions. First of all, so little of the ninth–century material has survived that we are dependent on the views written decades or even centuries after the events. Then, even the contemporary writings have come down to us in modified form, owing to varying amounts of recopying and editing, with inevitable distortions, omissions, reinterpretations, and interpolations.
Pecherin's Quest for Meaningfulness
Authors: Lipski Alexander
Published: April 2006

The wide divergence of views among the Russian Westernizers makes it difficult to generalize about them, and the personality of Vladimir Pecherin, in particular, defies all categorization. In his search for perfection he was, like the radical Westernizers, led from idealism to left Hegelianism to revolution. But unlike the radical Westernizers he ultimately freed himself from the revolutionary mystique and moderated his demands for perfection, finding meaningfulness in a life of service as a Roman Catholic priest at a hospital in Dublin.

It seems worth while to re-examine Pecherin's intellectual development, since the only Russian biography of Pecherin, by Mikhail Gershenzon, was completed before the publication of Pecherin's memoirs, Zamogil'nye zapiski. Of two recent German works, the essay by Victor Frank centers on Pecherin, the Russian exile, but takes the memoirs insufficiently into account in evaluating Pecherin's religious views.
The Forged Bolshevik Signature: A Problem in Soviet Historiography
Authors: Slusser Robert M.
Published: April 2006

The problem of the origin of the Soviets of Workers’ Deputies in the 1905 Revolution is an important one in the history of the Russian revolutionary movement and the formative stages of the organs of the Soviet state. The problem is a complex one, involving both theory and practice—the conflicting theories of the revolution held by the various revolutionary parties in Russia in 1905 and the actions taken by their members both at the center and in local headquarters. Two revolutionary organizations are of paramount importance in this connection, the Bolshevik and Menshevik factions of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP).

Because the problem is directly related to major doctrinal controversies that broke out between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks after the 1905 Revolution, the historical record and its interpretation have been subject to powerful pressures.
The Slavic and East European Resources and Facilities of the Library of Congress
Authors: Horecky Paul L.
Published: April 2006

Although, before the First World War, Slavic affairs received but little attention in the United States, libraries were in this respect somewhat ahead of the times and started building their collections at a relatively early juncture. It is true that in 1901 Herbert Putnam, then Librarian of Congress, found that the Library proper could count only 569 Russian and 97 Polish books among its own holdings. The Russian collection, he commented, “has few of the original authorities, and is weak in modern descriptive works. On the history of Russia and on the Crimean War [there are] only a few of the principal authorities.” Yet pursuant to an act of Congress passed in 1866, the Library held in deposit, though not in ownership, a more substantial if not very appreciable set of publications which had been received by the Smithsonian Institution in exchange for materials supplied to learned institutions in East and East Central Europe.
Ties That (Un)Bind: Families and States in Premodern Southeast Asia
Authors: Day Tony
Published: April 2006

Although in recent years newspapers and journals have been full of reports about family politics in the Philippines, the growing economic might of President Suharto's children and the business holdings of the Thai royal family, the “family” has only recently emerged as a subject of serious study in the historiography of Southeast Asia (McCoy 1993 and Andaya 1992 and 1994). Barbara Andaya's study of Southeast Sumatra in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is the first sustained examination of the significance of kinship for understanding political and economic relations in the history of any part of Southeast Asia (Andaya 1993). One of the most important reasons for the neglect of the family as a major historical topic, to extend the argument made by Craig Reynolds in a recent critique of writing on modern Thai history, is that historians of Southeast Asia generally have tended to focus less on gender or power relations in the region, and more on questions of male “power” and historical “structures” (Reynolds 1994).
The “Cult of Poetry” in Contemporary China
Authors: Yeh Michelle
Published: April 2006

A renaissance in literature and art took place in the People's Republic of China from the late 1970s through the 1980s. In poetry, the outburst of vitality first showed itself in 1978–80 in the undergroundToday (Jintian)group, which included cofounders and editors Bei Dao (b. 1949) and Mang Ke (b. 1951), and such contributors as Jiang He (b. 1949), Shu Ting (b. 1952), Gu Cheng (1956–93), and Yang Lian (b. 1955), to name only a few of the best-known in the West.Todaylent momentum to the flourish ofMenglongshi, commonly translated as “Obscure Poetry” or “Misty Poetry,” in the early 1980s and became the major source of inspiration—no less than the target of criticism and revolt—to post-Menglongpoetry in the second half of the decade. LikeMenglongsbi, post-Menglongpoetry is a term of inevitable, even misleading, simplification, since it refers to a wide range of varying styles and modes of writing. Rather than being unified by a set of formal and stylistic characteristics, it is marked by a radical openness to experimentation. The multiplicity of experiments in poetry since the mid-1980s may be more broadly and appropriately referred to as avant-garde poetry or experimental poetry (Yeh 1992). This paper will focus on an interesting—and unique in today's world—phenomenon that I call the “cult of poetry.” I will first examine the “cult” by defining its salient features and then present a critical analysis of the diverse historical and psychological forces that contribute to such a literary phenomenon.
The Influence of Jacob Boehme on Russian Religious Thought
Authors: David Zdenek V.
Published: April 2006

In the eighteenth and more particularly in the nineteenth century, Russia enjoyed a reputation for unusually strong currents of religious spirituality. Most frequently these mystical currents have been traced to peculiarly native traditions, such as the Eastern patristic literature and the “naturally” mystical bent of the Russian mind. The influence of Western mysticism has been minimized, if not entirely overlooked. Actually, Western mysticism and theosophy were eagerly absorbed in Russia by religiously oriented thinkers from the reign of Peter the Great on into the era of romanticism in the early nineteenth century. Finally, Western mystical sources provided the chief inspiration for the leading theologian and philosopher in late nineteenth-century Russia, Vladimir Soloviëv (1853-1900), whose thought in turn had a decisive impact on the intellectual currents of the so-called Silver Age of Russian culture before World War I.
Evil in the Sands of Time: Theology and Identity Politics among the Zoroastrian Parsis
Authors: Luhrmann T. M.
Published: April 2006

T the great texts of the great traditions are in some sense unchanging, but as Milton Singet pointed out, the anthropologist's task is to “find fot these ideas a local habitation and leain how they operate in the lives of ordinary people” (1972, 39). What I wish to present here are the changing meanings of texts that are thought to form the core of the ancient religion of Zoroastrianism and the story of how their interpretations have altered as the South Asian community of Parsi Zoroastrian interpreters has changed. Much about this story echoes the experience of other South Asian communities: as the Btitish rose to dominance and their missionaries strove to teach Parsis that theirs was an inferior, weaker faith, Parsis began to represent their religion as similar to that of the Protestant Christians, even while steadfastly refusing (for the most part) to convett.
The Rebel Academy: Modernity and the Movement for a University in Princely Baroda, 1908–49
Authors: Bhagavan Manu
Published: April 2006

In recent analyses of nationalism in colonial South Asia, Partha Chatterjee and Tanika Sarkar, among others, have argued that as a result of colonial domination in the “public sphere”—the realm of the state and civil society—Indian male nationalists deployed the “private sphere”—the realm of the home—as the discursive site of anticolonial nationalist imaginaries. The internal space of the home was “the one sphere where improvement could be made through [Indian men's] own initiative, changes could be wrought, where education would bring forth concrete, manipulable, desired results” (Sarkar 1992, 224; Chatterjee 1989) and it therefore took on “compensatory significance” in the experience of modernity in India (Chakrabarty 2000, 215–18).
The Literary Circulation of Actors in Seventeenth-Century China
Authors: Volpp Sophie
Published: April 2006

Actors were luxury goods traded among the elite in late Ming and early Qing China. Not only individual actors but entire troupes were sold, bestowed upon friends, and bequeathed upon relatives. Their circulation served to create and maintain networks of social exchange, in much the same manner as did gifts of fine ceramic ware, calligraphic scrolls, and ancient bronzes. The cultural prestige of the actor as a luxury good, in turn, was predicated on a highly refined discourse of connoisseurship. For example, the theater aficionado Pan Zhiheng's (1556–1622) disquisitions on the art of acting were collected in a volume entitledChongding xinshang pian(Recompiled texts on connoisseurship), published between 1600 and 1640 (Clunas 1991, 36). In this essay, I discuss the social significance of the connoisseurship of the actor, examining the exchange of actors and poems among a rarefied stratum of the mid-seventeenth-century elite.
Pulp
Authors: Kadla John F. , Dai Qizhou
Published: April 2006

Pulp, the raw material used in the production of paper, paperboard, fiberboard, and other similar manufactured products, is produced from wood and nonwood plant matter by separating cellular components using mechanical and/or chemical methods. Wood is the dominant source of fiber used in the manufacture of pulp in the western hemisphere. Nonwood fiber sources are used in those locations where wood is in short supply or for pulps requiring special characteristics. In addition to wood, recovered (recycled) fiber represents a growing segment of the overall fiber supply worldwide.

Commercial pulp is classified according to the method of manufacture as mechanical, chemical, chemimechanical, and semichemical. Economic factors, product requirements, and desired fiber properties determine the method of pulping. Mechanical pulps, produced through the application of mechanical energy, give rise to materials having high yield, small average particle size, high opacity, and excellent printing characteristics. Mechanical pulps have some undesirable properties, such as low tensile strength and lack of permanence. Chemical pulps are produced by digesting wood using chemicals to remove lignin, extractives, and low molecular weight polysaccharides, frequently resulting in the loss of wood solids that are dissolved during the pulping and bleaching processes. Chemical pulps are used in the bleached or the unbleached state and are composed of longer, stronger fibers that are more stable than mechanical pulps, but have lower yields and less desirable print qualities. Chemimechanical and semichemical pulps are produced in hybrid processes based on the application of both chemicals and mechanical energy.

Wood solids originating in the pulping process are recovered in the form of steam and electrical energy. Pulping chemicals are also recovered for reuse in the manufacturing process. Environmental management includes improvements in chemical recovery, process modification to minimize the use of elemental chlorine, and the treatment of process waste streams.
Succinic Acid and Succinic Anhydride
Authors: Fumagalli Carlo ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2006

Succinic acid and succinic anhydride occur frequently in nature. Their chemical behavior is characterized by the reactivity of the two carboxylic functions, ie, hydration/dehydration, esterification, hydrogenation, acylation, and reactions with nitrogen and sulfur compounds, as well as of the two methylene groups, ie, oxidation, halogenation, and condensation with aldehydes and ketones. Succinic anhydride is manufactured by liquid‐phase catalytic hydrogenation of maleic anhydride; succinic acid by hydration of the anhydride. The acid is also obtained as a by‐product in the manufacture of adipic acid. Uses include bath preparations, detergents, cosmetics, pigments, fluxes for soldering, and reagents for the synthesis of pharmaceutical products. An important emerging use is the production of inherently degradable polymers. Succinic acid is an approved food additive having FDA generally‐recognized‐as‐safe status. Both the acid and the anhydride are irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes.
Sulfur and Hydrogen Sulfide Recovery
Authors: Clark P. D.
Published: April 2006

This article addresses removal of H
2
S from industrially useful gas streams and its conversion to elemental sulfur. Emphasis is given to the description of recent advances in the understanding of sulfur recovery methods resulting from the drive to reduce and eliminate sulfur emissions from the utilization of natural gas and crude oil.
Biocomputation
Authors: Nicolau Dan , Nicolau Dan
Published: April 2006

Biocomputation refers to the attempt to compute the solutions to mathematical problems with biological entities and processesin vivo. Examples include DNA computing and cellular switches. The advantages of such computational paradigms over the traditional are that biological systems compute in a massively parallel fashion (in contrast to the sequential manner in which digital computers carry out operations), are endowed with very large data storage capacities, and are extremely energy efficient. Thus, computing with biological entities and algorithms could be used to efficiently solve problems that are intractable with traditional computers. This article describes the foundations and current state of the field and offers some perspectives on the potential of biocomputation in the near term.
Evolution of genetically correlated traits: Tooth size and body size in baboons
Authors: Hlusko Leslea J. , Lease Loren R. , Mahaney Michael C.
Published: April 2006

Within a population, only phenotypic variation that is influenced by genes will respond to selection. Genes with pleiotropic effects are known to influence numerous traits, complicating our understanding of their evolution through time. Here we use quantitative genetic analyses to identify and estimate the shared genetic effects between molar size and trunk length in a pedigreed, breeding population of baboons housed at the Southwest National Primate Research Center. While crown area has a genetic correlation with trunk length, specific linear measurements yield different results. We find that variation in molar buccolingual width and trunk length is influenced by overlapping additive genetic effects. In contrast, mesiodistal molar length appears to be genetically independent of body size. This is the first study to demonstrate a significant genetic correlation between tooth size and body size in primates. The evolutionary implications are discussed. Am J Phys Anthropol 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elastic properties of external cortical bone in the craniofacial skeleton of the rhesus monkey
Authors: Wang Qian , Dechow Paul C.
Published: April 2006

Knowledge of elastic properties and of their variation in the cortical bone of the craniofacial skeleton is indispensable for creating accurate finite‐element models to explore the biomechanics and adaptation of the skull in primates. In this study, we measured elastic properties of the external cortex of the rhesus monkey craniofacial skeleton, using an ultrasonic technique. Twenty‐eight cylindrical cortical specimens were removed from each of six craniofacial skeletons of adult Macaca mulatta. Thickness, density, and a set of longitudinal and transverse ultrasonic velocities were measured on each specimen to allow calculation of the elastic properties in three dimensions, according to equations derived from Newton's second law and Hooke's law. The axes of maximum stiffness were determined by fitting longitudinal velocities measured along the perimeter of each cortical specimen to a sinusoidal function. Results showed significant differences in elastic properties between different functional areas of the rhesus cranium, and that many sites have a consistent orientation of maximum stiffness among specimens. Overall, the cortical bones of the rhesus monkey skull can be modeled as orthotropic in many regions, and as transversely isotropic in some regions, e.g., the supraorbital region. There are differences from human crania, suggesting that structural differences in skeletal form relate to differences in cortical material properties across species. These differences also suggest that we require more comparative data on elastic properties in primate craniofacial skeletons to explore effectively the functional significance of these differences, especially when these differences are elucidated through modeling approaches, such as finite‐element modeling. Am J Phys Anthropol 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Research on butyl methacrylate–lauryl methacrylate copolymeric fibers for oil absorbency
Authors: Feng Y. , Xiao C. F.
Published: April 2006

By adding hydroethyl methacrylate as potential crosslinker, the butyl methacrylate‐lauryl methacrylate copolymeric (CPMA) fibers with oil‐absorptive function were prepared using heat crosslinking technology after spinning. The effect of monomer feed ratio showed that by controlling the monomer ratio, crosslinker concentration, and crosslinking conditions, the maximum absorbencies of prepared fibers to different oil were 8 g (kerosene)/g (fiber), 15 g (toluene)/g (fiber), and 34.75 g (chloroform)/g (fiber). The structures of fibers were characterized by FTIR, DSC, and SEM. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1248–1251, 2006
Surface modification of a biomedical poly(ester)urethane by several low‐powered gas plasmas
Authors: Jiang Ming , Hu Ping
Published: April 2006

Several low‐powered gas plasmas were employed to treat a biomedical poly(ester)urethane using the treatment gases of CO2, O2, NH3, and SO2 with different treatment time (2, 5, 10, and 15 min). The changes of the physical and chemical characteristics of the biopolymer surface were studied. Surface morphology was evaluated by scanning probe microscopy, which showed increased roughness of the surface after plasma treatment. The wettability of the surface was examined by static water contact angle (SCA) measurements, which presented that there was a decrease of SCA in all plasma treatments compared with the untreated surface and that each gas plasma had an optimum treatment time accompanied by a minimum contact angle. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated the changes of the surface functional groups. The data demonstrated that CO2 and O2 plasmas resulted in the incorporation of oxygen‐containing groups, while NH3 plasma resulted in the combination of nitrogen‐containing groups, and SO2 plasma resulted in the formation of sulfur‐containing groups. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1273–1282, 2006
Anatomy reports on the internet: A web‐based tool for student reports on cadaveric findings
Authors: Grinspan Z.M. , Olson T.R. , Cimino C.
Published: April 2006

The difference between the idealization of anatomy atlases and the reality of human cadavers often frustrates gross anatomy students. To encourage students to celebrate rather than protest these differences, we describe a web site ARI (Anatomy Reports on the Internet) that allows students to document cadaveric findings online with photographs and text. We used several web languages for site construction, including mysql, php, html, and javascript. Faculty tools allow instructors to upload digital images of the structures, add relevant commentary, view and delete images, review submitted reports, and examine database statistics. Student tools allow dissection groups to choose and comment on images, enter and edit reports, and read reports submitted by other students. During the first two years of the site's use (2000–2001, 2002–2003), every dissection group at our institution submitted at least one report. Technical support requests were minimal. Clin. Anat. 20:215–221, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Incidence of cardiovascular disease in the dissecting room: A valuable teaching asset
Authors: Chun J. , Theologou T. , Ellis H.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of cardiovascular pathology in 50 cadavers in the dissecting room of the Department of Anatomy at Guy's Campus, King's College, London, and to demonstrate the importance of dissection in teaching the anatomy of normal and pathological hearts. After external evaluation of each heart the four chambers were dissected and studied. The features noted included evidence of coronary atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, variations in coronary artery anatomy, valvular disease, variations in left ventricular wall thickness and atrial dimensions, and atrial anomalies. All the hearts studied had at least one pathology. The majority had severe coronary atherosclerosis (44) and aortic valve pathology (23). A large number had left ventricular hypertrophy (13) and left atrial enlargement (9). A small number showed evidence of myocardial infarction (4). Anatomical anomalies were also found, and included persistent foramen ovale (1), three coronary arterial ostia (3), and anatomical variations of the orientation of the main stem of the left coronary artery (2). This study demonstrates that dissection is not only an excellent way of studying normal cardiac anatomy, but also a valuable method for introducing common cardiac pathologies to the medical student. Clin. Anat. 20:89–92, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Latin and Greek in gross anatomy
Authors: Smith Sean B. , Carmichael Stephen W. , Pawlina Wojciech , Spinner Robert J.
Published: April 2006

Background: Medical students and practitioners learn and use a vocabulary originating almost entirely from classical Latin and Greek languages. Previous generations required Latin or Greek prior to medical school, but the current generation does not have such requirements. Anecdotal evidence suggests that understanding Latin or Greek helps students to learn and practitioners to recall otherwise foreign terminology. This study evaluated students' familiarity with Latin and Greek etymologies before and after a gross anatomy course that incorporated etymologies into its curriculum. Methods: First‐year medical students at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine were taught Latin and Greek etymologies through lectures and handouts during their gross anatomy course. They took a pretest and a posttest before and after the course to assess their understanding of etymologies. In addition, students from all four years of medical school, residents, and staff physicians also took a general etymology quiz to assess their understanding of etymologies. Results: After their gross anatomy course emphasizing etymologies, first‐year students scored higher on the posttest than they did on the pretest. First‐year students also reported that learning etymologies enhanced anatomy learning, made the experience more enjoyable, and proved to be less difficult than they thought it would be prior to the course. Medical students, residents, and staff physicians scored almost equally on the general etymology quiz and almost equally reported that etymologies enhanced learning and recalling terminology. Medical students, residents, and staff physicians almost equally endorsed incorporating etymologies into medical education. Conclusions: This study provides novel scientific evidence that a basic understanding of Latin and Greek etymologies enhances performance and comfort when learning and using medical terminology. Clin. Anat. 20:332–337, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Restoring degraded urban rivers: To whom should we look for payment?
Authors: Deason Jonathan P. , Burns John J. , Dickey G. Edward
Published: April 2006

A study of 26 federal programs and projects was undertaken to gain in‐sights into efficient and equitable ways to approach cost assignments in urban river restoration efforts. Such projects and programs were selected based upon characteristics shared with a new federal program called the Urban River Restoration Initiative (URRI). A four‐category taxonomy was developed to characterize the manner in which funding was derived to pay for these programs and projects to assist with the adoption of URRI policies that will promote expeditious, cost‐effective, and equitable solutions to the complex problems of degraded urban rivers in the United States. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of the C1‐symmetric diastereoisomers of a zirconocene‐based catalyst in ethylene polymerization: A benzyl substituent as a regulator in branch formation
Authors: Izzo Lorella , Puranen Arto J. , Repo Timo , Oliva Leone
Published: April 2006

C1‐symmetric diastereoisomers of a zirconocene dichloride, SiMe2(3‐benzylindenyl)(indenyl)ZrCl2, known as catalyst precursors used to produce polypropylenes with similar molecular weights and tacticities, have been investigated in ethylene polymerization. Activated by methylaluminoxane, they produce microstructurally different polymers: high‐density polyethylene and linear low‐density polyethylene, the latter characterized by the presence of ethyl branches. The formation of branches is relevant in the complex having a sterically more crowded (inward) site. A comparison with the complex without substituents, meso‐SiMe2(indenyl)2ZrCl2, shows that the presence of a benzyl group on only one of the two indenyl moieties can regulate the number of branches and the molecular weight of the macromolecule. Actually, the unsubstituted complex is able to give double the number of branches and lower molecular weights, whereas the C1‐symmetric disubstituted complexes previously reported generally give linear polyethylene. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3551–3555, 2006
Structural characterization of Salmonella typhimurium YeaZ, an M22 O‐sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase homolog
Authors: Nichols C.E. , Johnson C. , Lockyer M. , Charles I.G. , Lamb H.K. , Hawkins A.R. , Stammers D.K.
Published: April 2006

The Salmonella typhimurium “yeaZ” gene (StyeaZ) encodes an essential protein of unknown function (StYeaZ), which has previously been annotated as a putative homolog of the Pasteurella haemolytica M22 O‐sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase Gcp. YeaZ has also recently been reported as the first example of an RPF from a gram‐negative bacterial species. To further characterize the properties of StYeaZ and the widely occurring MK‐M22 family, we describe the purification, biochemical analysis, crystallization, and structure determination of StYeaZ. The crystal structure of StYeaZ reveals a classic two‐lobed actin‐like fold with structural features consistent with nucleotide binding. However, microcalorimetry experiments indicated that StYeaZ neither binds polyphosphates nor a wide range of nucleotides. Additionally, biochemical assays show that YeaZ is not an active O‐sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase, consistent with the lack of the critical zinc binding motif. We present a detailed comparison of YeaZ with available structural homologs, the first reported structural analysis of an MK‐M22 family member. The analysis indicates that StYeaZ has an unusual orientation of the A and B lobes which may require substantial relative movement or interaction with a partner protein in order to bind ligands. Comparison of the fold of YeaZ with that of a known RPF domain from a gram‐positive species shows significant structural differences and therefore potentially distinctive RPF mechanisms for these two bacterial classes. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Land cover change as an additional forcing to explain the rainfall decline in the south west of Australia
Authors: Timbal B. , Arblaster J. M.
Published: April 2006

A fully coupled climate model forced with natural and anthropogenic atmospheric forcings is used to investigate the rainfall decline in the south west of Australia. Results are compared between experiments with two different land covers. We found that vegetation cover affects modelled rainfall in the region and enhances the model response to anthropogenic atmospheric forcings, which were found in a previous study to explain part of the observed rainfall decline. This result is observed directly in model rainfall and using a statistical downscaling technique which relates local rainfall to mean sea level pressure and large‐scale rainfall. While the rainfall response to anthropogenic forcings is driven mostly by the changes in pressure, the land cover influences directly the modelled rainfall (large‐scale and total) and thus indirectly the downscaled rainfall.
Hagfors' law revisited
Authors: Sultan‐Salem Ahmed K. , Tyler G. Leonard
Published: April 2006

Hagfors' scattering law, σ°H(θ), is in wide use in connection with the study of backscatter data from planetary surfaces because it provides good agreement with a variety of observations. The surface root‐mean‐square slope inferred on the basis of σ°H(θ) is customarily taken as C−1/2, where C is the shape parameter in σ°H(θ). The relationship between the surface slope and C is indefinite, however, because of the indeterminateness of the surface scales contributing to the scattering process. Moreover, the horizontal scale of the inferred slope obtained is not specified. As a consequence of limitations in the Kirchhoff approximation on which it is predicated, σ°H(θ) does not conserve energy. The use of a fractional Brownian fractal surface model leads to a scattering law with the same functional form as σ°H(θ) when the Hurst exponent characterizing the fractal model is 1/2. Fractal‐based scattering laws, derived by applying the Kirchhoff approximation, suffer the same deficiency with regard to conservation of energy. In contrast to σ°H(θ), slope information for fractal‐based laws is explicit with respect to horizontal scale. Both σ°H(θ) and fractal‐based laws require that the illuminated surface area exceeds a certain value, which is a function of the electromagnetic wavelength and surface parameters, in order to reduce the surface radar cross section overestimation error, introduced by a mathematical approximation, below some specified value. This requirement may be necessary to take into account in experiments where the radar resolution cells are comparable in size to the wavelength, such as in Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS).
Flow dimensions corresponding to stochastic models of heterogeneous transmissivity
Authors: Walker Douglas D. , Cello Pablo A. , Valocchi Albert J. , Loftis Bruce
Published: April 2006

Traditional approaches to characterization and modeling of highly heterogeneous aquifers face many technical challenges. One nontraditional approach begins with the Generalized Radial Flow interpretation of hydraulic tests, which infers an additional parameter, the flow dimension, to describe flow geometry. The flow dimension is examined for three stochastic models of heterogeneous transmissivity, T(x), via Monte Carlo analysis of numerical models. For lognormal T(x) of low variance, the ensemble average of the apparent flow dimensions is two regardless of the test duration, and if the test duration is sufficiently long, the apparent flow dimension converges to two even for individual tests. The variability of the apparent flow dimension depends on the variance and integral scale of ln T(x), suggesting that these parameters might be estimated from a set of aquifer tests. Results suggest that the flow dimension may be useful for selecting models of heterogeneity and their parameters.
Reduction of primary production and changing of nutrient ratio in the East China Sea: Effect of the Three Gorges Dam?
Authors: Gong Gwo‐Ching , Chang Jeng , Chiang Kuo‐Ping , Hsiung Tung‐Ming , Hung Chin‐Chang , Duan Shui‐Wang , Codispoti L. A.
Published: April 2006

It has been documented that the global proliferation of dam construction on the major river has reduced nutrient and sediment loading to coastal environments. As a consequence, dams can impact marine ecological systems by changing nutrient concentrations and ratios in the coastal zone. From 1998–2004, we conducted a high resolution oceanographic investigation of the East China Sea (ECS) before and after the first filling phase (June 2003) of the Three‐Gorges Dam (TGD). We found that the Si:N ratio in the River affected region changed from 1.5 in 1998 to 0.4 in 2004 with sediment loading significantly reducing (about 55%) at the Datong station after June 2003. Most importantly, we found that the PP had declined by 86% between 1998 and 2003, both measured during the high flood season. The results suggest that the ECS ecosystem may respond sensitively to changes in the nutrient supply arising from the TGD project.
Antarctic climate cooling and response of diatoms in glacial meltwater streams
Authors: Esposito R. M. M. , Horn S. L. , McKnight D. M. , Cox M. J. , Grant M. C. , Spaulding S. A. , Doran P. T. , Cozzetto K. D.
Published: April 2006

To understand biotic responses to an Antarctic cooling trend, we analyzed diatom samples from glacial meltwater streams in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, the largest ice‐free area in Antarctica. Diatoms are abundant in these streams, and 24 of 40 species have only been found in the Antarctic. The percentage of these Antarctic diatom species increased with decreasing annual stream flow and increasing harshness of the stream habitat. The species diversity of assemblages reached a maximum when the Antarctic species accounted for 40–60% of relative diatom abundance. Decreased solar radiation and air‐temperatures reduce annual stream flow, raising the dominance of these Antarctic species to levels above 60%. Thus, cooling favors the Antarctic species, and lowers diatom species diversity in this region.
Gravitational magnetic monopoles and Majumdar-Papapetrou stars
Authors: Lemos José P. S. , Zanchin Vilson T.
Published: April 2006

During the 1990s a large amount of work was dedicated to studying general relativity coupled to non-Abelian Yang-Mills type theories. Several remarkable results were accomplished. In particular, it was shown that the magnetic monopole, a solution of the Yang-Mills-Higgs equations can indeed be coupled to gravitation. For a low Higgs mass it was found that there are regular monopole solutions, and that for a sufficiently massive monopole the system develops an extremal magnetic Reissner-Nordström quasihorizon with all the matter fields laying inside the horizon. These latter solutions, called quasi-black holes, although nonsingular, are arbitrarily close to having a horizon, and for an external observer it becomes increasingly difficult to distinguish these from a true black hole as a critical solution is approached. However, at precisely the critical value the quasi-black hole turns into a degenerate space-time. On the other hand, for a high Higgs mass, a sufficiently massive monopole develops also a quasi-black hole, but at a critical value it turns into an extremal true horizon, now with matter fields showing up outside. One can also put a small Schwarzschild black hole inside the magnetic monopole, the configuration being an example of a non-Abelian black hole. Surprisingly, Majumdar-Papapetrou systems, Abelian systems constructed from extremal dust (pressureless matter with equal charge and energy densities), also show a resembling behavior. Previously, we have reported that one can find Majumdar-Papapetrou solutions which are everywhere nonsingular, but can be arbitrarily close of being a black hole, displaying the same quasi-black-hole behavior found in the gravitational magnetic monopole solutions. With the aim of better understanding the similarities between gravitational magnetic monopoles and Majumdar-Papapetrou systems, here we study a particular system, namely a system composed of two extremal electrically charged spherical shells (or stars, generically) in the Einstein-Maxwell-Majumdar-Papapetrou theory. We first review the gravitational properties of the magnetic monopoles, and then compare with the gravitational properties of the double extremal electric shell system. These quasi-black-hole solutions can help in the understanding of true black holes, and can give some insight into the nature of the entropy of black holes in the form of entanglement.
A novel algorithm to model the influence of host lattice flexibility in molecular dynamics simulations: Loading dependence of self-diffusion in carbon nanotubes
Authors: Jakobtorweihen S. , Lowe C. P. , Keil F. J. , Smit B.
Published: April 2006

We describe a novel algorithm that includes the effect of host lattice flexibility into molecular dynamics simulations that use rigid lattices. It uses a Lowe-Andersen thermostat for interface-fluid collisions to take the most important aspects of flexibility into account. The same diffusivities and other properties of the flexible framework system are reproduced at a small fraction of the computational cost of an explicit simulation. We study the influence of flexibility on the self-diffusion of simple gases inside single walled carbon nanotubes. Results are shown for different guest molecules (methane, helium, and sulfur hexafluoride), temperatures, and types of carbon nanotubes. We show, surprisingly, that at low loadings flexibility is always relevant. Notably, it has a crucial influence on the diffusive dynamics of the guest molecules.