bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interruptions in Political Interviews: A Reply to Bull and Mayer
Authors: Beattie Geoffrey
Published: March 2007

This paper seeks to reopen the issue of whether Mrs Thatcher's interviews do show, as has been claimed, a distinctive pattern in that they are characterised by interviewers often gaining the floor through interruption at certain points in her speech because her turns appear to be complete at these points. Bull & Mayer (1988) have argued that earlier claims by Beattie (1982) and Beattie, Cutler & Pearson (1982) on this matter are suspect for a variety of methodological and statistical reasons. Each of their criticisms are addressed in this paper. It is argued that Bull & Mayer's study cannot be considered a direct test of the original hypothesis for a variety of reasons which are all outlined. The dialogue which is subsequently set up has implications far beyond the limited research question of the structure of Mrs Thatcher's political interviews and raises some compelling questions about the classification of all conversational turn-exchanges as well as the future development of schemes for classifying interruption.
Coordinated Interpersonal Timing of Vision and Voice as a Function of interpersonal Attraction
Authors: Crown Cynthia L.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the interpersonal coordination of vocal and visual timing within the conversational interactions of dyad members who liked each other, who disliked each other, and who did not know each other. Time series regression analyses were used to provide an estimate of the temporal coordination of each dyad. Pairs of women were selected for participation in one of the three conditions of 'like', 'dislike', and 'unacquainted' on the basis of their ratings of each other on a sociogram. Each pair was videotaped while engaging in a 30-minute, relatively unconstrained conversation. The videotapes were coded electronically to determine the vocal characteristics of the conversations and by trained coders to determine the pattern of direct and averted gaze of the interactants. The results indicated a high degree of coordinated interpersonal timing across dyads. Furthermore, the initial dyadic categorisation of interpersonal attraction was differentiated by the magnitude and type of the temporal coordination of the visual and vocal behaviours of the dyads.
Language and Power in an Academic Context
Authors: Jones Elizabeth S. , Gallois Cynthia , Callan Victor J. , Barker Michelle
Published: March 2007

The use of language strategies to express power varies according to the status, sex, and ethnicity of the interactants. A total of 50 same-sex dyads in unconstrained conversation were videotaped: 10 each of Australian student with Australian student, Australian student with ethnic Chinese overseas student, Chinese student with Chinese student, Australian student with Australian academic staff member (lecturer), and Chinese student with Australian lecturer. Results indicated that students shared management of the interaction with other students but that lecturers controlled management of interactions with students. Although both male and female lecturers controlled the discourse, however, men did so particularly with nonverbal behaviour whereas women controlled the interactions with discourse management and interpersonal control. Female students in mixed-status interactions behaved more similarly to males than they did in same-status interactions. Lecturers and male Australian students controlled interactions with Chinese students more than they did with Australian students.
Emotion Talk Between Same- and Mixed-Gender Friends
Authors: Anderson Kristin J. , Leaper Campbell
Published: March 2007

Emotion talk between friends was examined. Women, men, and mixed pairs engaged in an unstructured and self-disclosure conversation. In addition to comparing talk in the two topics, the speech act category, the directness, the experiencer, and the target of the emotion expression were analyzed. As expected, more references to emotion were made during the self-disclosure than during the unstructured conversation. Negative emotions were referenced more often than positive ones and were particularly likely to be referenced using an indirect form. Contrary to self-report studies, no gender differences were found in the frequency of emotions or in the particular types of emotions referenced. Further-more, gender composition was not related to the linguistic form of emotion expression. The findings (a) suggest that examining the form of emotion talk is a potentially useful strategy for studying how people verbally convey emotions and (b) lend support to contextual models of behavior.
Institutional Responsiveness: A Study of Administrators' Perceptions
Authors: Michael Steve , Holdaway Edward , Young Clifton
Published: March 2007

Steve Michael is at the University of Alaska and Edward Holdaway and Clifton Young are at the University of Alberta. In this paper, they challenge the validity of criticisms against post- secondary institutions' inablity to respond to challenges facing them as business organisations would. They argue that criticisms of this kind are often made without reference to the constraints within which post-secondary institutions operate. They conclude that administrators should, nevertheless, explore creative ways of enhancing institutional responsiveness.
Understandings and Images of Management Activities: A Comparative Study of United Kingdom and Hong Kong Teachers
Authors: Smith Mike
Published: March 2007

Mike Smith is at the School of Education of the University of Nottingham. In this article he describes a preliminary, comparative study of the understandings and images of management activities revealed by United Kingdom and Hong Kong teachers. It seeks to relate these findings to the general field of teacher perceptions, particularly as developed by social psychologists working within attribution theory and by researchers into educational organisations.
A Typology of Primary-school Environments
Authors: Wai Ming Tam Frank , Yin Cheong Cheng
Published: March 2007

Frank Wai Ming Tam and Yin Cheong Cheng are both at the Hong Kong Institute of Education. This article is one of the reports of an ongoing research project on education quality within Hong Kong schools in which they are engaged. From a wide-ranging survey of primary schools the authors found that school environments as perceived by teachers and students could be classified into four types, of which the synergetic was the most promising in terms of effectiveness.
Rationality, Autonomy and the Social Context of Education Management
Authors: Strain Michael
Published: March 2007

Are `scientific' theories of educational management compatible with the goals of an education service whose local and individual beneficiaries enjoy autonomy? Recent theories of educational administration are discussed, with particular attention to their implications for social justice and educational diversity. Examples from the work of Elster and others in social-choice theory are applied to problems of resourcing the curriculum and school organization. The potentially contradictory requirements of efficiency and equity raise difficult questions of professional accountability. Resolving them will require effective community participation and collaboration.
The Principal's Contribution to School Restructuring Initiatives Aimed at Improving Teaching and Learning
Authors: O'Donoghue Thomas , Dimmock Clive A.J.
Published: March 2007

Studies on principal ship the world over have largely failed to keep pace with the changing contexts in which principals now operate. This paper advocates an edited topical life history approach to bridge this gap. This claim is illustrated using research conducted within Western Australia which sought to understand why certain school principals are more successful than others in guiding restructuring initiatives designed to improve teaching and learning. It is suggested that as a body of such studies builds up it will be possible to develop nomothetic explanations of the role which principals can play in enabling such restructuring.
Introduction to Georg Simmel's `On the Sociology of the Family'
Authors: Frisby David
Published: March 2007

The Introduction to Simmel's early article on the family locates it in the context of his sociological concerns in the 1890s. The article is also placed in the context of his probable anthropological sources. Brief mention is made of some of his other contributions to the study of love and eroticism.
The Right to Inconsistency
Authors: Nijhoff Pieter
Published: March 2007

To Bauman the incongruities of life are best reflected in an analytical effort that moves between perspectives without forcing them into a synthesis. He seems to arrogate the right to inconsistency when operating from points of view. This violates a curious requirement of scholarly discourse: an author is free to select his conceptual framework and method — but once they are selected, he must stick to them. This practically inviolable rule of consistency might come (as Bauman himself suggests) from the juridical pretensions sociology had from its birth. Consistency gives an aura to academicians who feel called to legislate, judge and legitimize. To Bauman, however, truth in judgement, reality in empirical studies and responsibility in practical affairs are approached by a constant movement between incongruous points of view.

These ambitions make heavy demands on the composition of his writing. In many stretches of linear argument, imagery is interjected, showing lateral connections and complications — conversely, in many pieces of interpretation causal explanations intrude. A discourse with all these boundary violations is rather suspect in modern eyes. When Bauman contaminates the purity of analytical lines with terminology from other branches, he is demonstrating in a stylistic way that our reality is multitudinous — be it premodern enchantment, ambivalence in modernity or liberated postmodern polyvalence.
On Sacks on Weber on Ancient Judaism
Authors: Schegloff Emanuel A.
Published: March 2007

Although Harvey Sacks' `Max Weber's Ancient Judaism' is an early student paper, it raises issues of theory, method and disciplinary mandate which have continuing relevance. I frame the article in two ways. First, I sketch the academic and intellectual context in which the paper was written, in particular the institutional setting in Berkeley of the early 1960s, and the activities and preoccupations animating the work of the group of students which was the most proximate context for Sacks' writing at this time, including the efforts to come to terms with Garfinkel's early work. Second, I relate this article to two others written by Sacks in roughly the same period, and sketch a thematic continuity and development running through them - a theme whose endpoint is the centrality of what must surely be called `culture' to the calling of Sociology.
Some Idle Thoughts of a Fledgling Warden
Authors: Lock Jo
Published: March 2007

The author's account of the life and troubles at a bail hostel provides an insight into residential social work which is often missed in the text books. Hostel life is rarely tidy and neatly packaged. One thing leads to another and as crises fall thick and fast it is the staff who have to pick up the pieces and face the consequences.
Probation and the Chronic Drinker
Authors: Goodman Paul
Published: March 2007

The author argues on the basis of experience in Oxford that we can help to keep chronic drinkers out of prison by offering choices, making sobriety attractive, and accepting relapse, without resorting to simplistic programmes of chemical containment, or adding extra conditions to probation orders.
In The Name of Reparation
Authors: Burnham Dave
Published: March 2007

Reparation cannot be nor ever has been an alternative to punishment, argues the author in a 'clear-eyed' analysis which puts the concept firmly in secondary position to the needs of the offender and the system.
Antabuse of Probation: An Example in Practice
Authors: Smith John
Published: March 2007

It is now over four years since the first probation order with a condition of supervised antabuse therapy was made. Since then debate has tended to polarise around the issue of 'chemical control v. social work help'. This case illustration is a follow-up to John Smith's earlier article in Probation Journal (December 1983). Here he argues that the administration of antabuse should be but a small part of an overall plan which is otherwise recognisable in conventional social work terms.
'We all went to Prison': The Distress of Prisoners' Children
Authors: Pope Valerie
Published: March 2007

The pain and problems of children with a parent in prison is conveniently avoided and forgotten, unless they become particularly disturbed. Using two children's experience as indicative of widespread need, the author challenges the penal system to take their need seriously and provide humane and sensitive resources to minimize damage.
Gaining Control of Compulsive Shop Theft
Authors: Aust Avril
Published: March 2007

Offending associated with habitual or compulsive behaviour is familiar but perplexing. Work with a persistent shoplifting client, using insights from clinical psychology, suggests techniques for breaking the pattern.
Privatisation, Punishment and the Future for Probation
Authors: Drakeford Mark
Published: March 2007

The decision to begin a third term of authoritarian Thatcherism by plunging straight for its wilder shores has brought with it renewed concern for the future of the Probation Service. The early 1980s thrust for more punitive initiatives — such as tagging and tracking — is back on the agenda again. Now, however, this thrust is accompanied by the impatience of an administration grown arrogant through prolonged and unchallenged power. The signals are clear; a Service which lets its principles interfere with Government policy can look forward to being by-passed, radically reorganised or dismantled.
The generation of standardised print reading scores for children with low vision in Great Britain
Authors: Douglas Graeme , Hill Eileen , Long Rachel , Tobin Michael , Douglas Graeme
Published: March 2007

Acknowledgements: This study was funded by the RNIB. We would like to thank the staff and students who took part in this study and Claudia Evans for her help in the data collection.
The colour of sound and the soundness of colour
Authors: Carey Kevin
Published: March 2007

Reflections upon a new RNIB publication on the work of six visually impaired artists, upon a BBC radio documentary programme on the relationship between sound and colour, and upon a visit to the Hayward Gallery to see an exhibition of Paul Klee's paintings. The paper sets out the writer's own aesthetic responses to visual works of art, and presents an argument that the visual arts should have a much higher profile in the education of visually impaired children.
The role of a visual handicap department in an integrated secondary school
Authors: Hughes Doug
Published: March 2007

This article describes the specialist curriculum and support found necessary to enable visually handi capped children to integrate fully into school life. The work of the specialist teacher is described and involves provision of some special material but also in-service training of mainstream staff and direct teaching of the children.
A relevant bias
Authors: Phelan Patrick
Published: March 2007

The following is a shortened version of a talk given at an SWRAB Workshop on Visual Impairment and Old Age, Dartington Hall, Devon, 14-17 November 1983
Visual disability amongst the elderly
Authors: Ross J.E.
Published: March 2007

The following paper is an edited version of a talk given at an SRAB seminar on Low Vision Services at the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, 28 November 1984. Attention is drawn to the need for greater awareness of the various visual disabilities in the elderly and for the appropriate help required from workers in the community.
The role and management of specialist staff
Authors: Raffray Monique
Published: March 2007

The forum consisted of four short talks followed by a general discussion. The speakers highlighted those aspects of the subject of which they had particular knowledge and experience; and participants in the discusssion had the opportunity of expressing their views as well as asking questions.
A collection of tactile diagrams for first examinations in biology: construction and evaluation
Authors: Hinton Ronald , Ayres David
Published: March 2007

The Tactile Diagrams Research Project, based in the Department o f Education at the Loughborough University o f Technology and funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (project number C0023 2210), is concerned with developing tactile diagrams of good quality for school biology courses, and evaluating these in a variety of teaching circumstances. The first year of the research has been mainly concerned with the years of secondary education leading to O Level and CSE exams in biology and human biology.
Mobility training today II: differences in approach
Authors: Beggs W.D. Alan
Published: March 2007

The way in which instructors and learners interact together during training is of crucial importance for the success of that training. In the course of depth interviews with a wide sample of mobility officers, two broad interactive styles were identified. These were client-centred and trainer-centred, reflecting the balance of responsibility for remediation between MO and client. However, it was also found that training methods seemed to vary with training style, particularly with low vision clients. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Teaching braille to latecomers in the 12-16 age range
Authors: Harrison Sister Frances
Published: March 2007

The article outlines the various problems encountered by this particular group of braille learners. It discusses some o f the braille reading schemes recently published and suggests approaches and methods which may provide solutions to the problems described.
Further education: a possible blueprint for the future education and training of the visually impaired
Authors: Talbot Peter
Published: March 2007

In this article the author, who has been involved with the education of visually impaired students for the last fourteen years, discusses present trends and the future requirements for further education provision.
The present and the future: concerns of visually impaired teenagers
Authors: Tobin Michael J. , Hill Eileen W.
Published: March 2007

A group of visually handicapped teenagers were interviewed about their thoughts and hopes as they approached the end of their formal schooling. In this paper, an account is given of what they had to say about (a) possible advances in medical science that might affect them, (b) the attitudes of society towards them, and (c) their anxieties concerning the threat o f nuclear warfare.
Route imaging for the blind: the use of guided imagery to enhance the mobility performance of the congenitally blind
Authors: Somers Danny
Published: March 2007

This article outlines an experimental pilot study carried out by the author and suggests that its success should encourage further research.
Is there any relationship between a child's body image and spatial skills?
Authors: Morsley Kim , Spencer Christopher , Baybutt Kate
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on a study designed to evaluate whether or not the relationship between body image and spatial skills, generally assumed to be fundamental, does in fact exist Using both the Cratty and Sams (1968) test, and a modification of it, we found no relationship between spatial skills and either overall body image or any of its components.
Keeping in touch with cathedrals
Authors: Reeve Juliet
Published: March 2007

This article describes the range of facilities which are now provided for visually impaired visitors at several cathedrals in England and the detailed work involved in designing, trialling, producing and launching a 'Touch and Hearing Centre' The various reactions of blind and partially sighted people to the scheme are considered - their increased awareness of architecture, of tactile and acoustic beauty and of the distinctive characteristics of individual cathedrals The last section records the achievements of the project so far and looks at future prospects.
Verbal competence and some other factors in the development of Piagetian concepts in blind children
Authors: Dimcovic Nada
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the relationship between Piagetian concepts and some other areas of devel opment, particularly language development. The correlation co-efficients between blind children's performance on two groups of Piagetian tasks and language competence have been computed. The most significant correlations were those between Piagetian concepts and relational vocabu lary. It is argued that this points to a much more specific relationship between language and thinking than is usually assumed, supporting the belief that Piagetian concepts might be consid ered as relational concepts.
The training conundrum: acquiring and deploying skills to meet needs in rehabilitation
Authors: Lomas Graham M.
Published: March 2007

Considerable change is occurring in arrangements for training rehabilitation workers. Amid signs that employers are finding ad hoc localised and more diverse ways of preparing staff, there is also growing concern to re-focus and rebuild systems of training that will be robust and serve the field better into the next century. The Visual Handicap Group has prepared a Consultative Report which sets the scene for a period of reform which could lead to a larger and more highly trained workforce able to cope with a work setting that is undergoing rapid change.
Growing through inspection: the social services inspection process
Authors: Ashley Anne , Davis Jo , Best Tony
Published: March 2007

All residential establishments for children have to be inspected by social services, particularly in relation to the Children Act 1989. This article describes how the inspection process could be implemented to take account of the special needs of children with visual impairments. These needs affect the way in which policies are carried out. They also have an influence on which policies are critical to the effective management of an establishment. It is suggested that effective inspection requires an orientation for inspectors, with the most constructive inspections achieved through a partnership between inspectors and establishments.
Pre-school problems facing young visually impaired children and their families: abnormal visual development begets abnormal child development
Authors: MacDonagh Gill
Published: March 2007

In the first of two articles based on the work commissioned by the Blatchington Court Trust (BJVI 13.3) Dr Gill MacDonagh reported on the methodology of the Survey (1994)1. This second article concentrates on the findings from personal interviews concerning the problems which parents and guardians of very young visually impaired children encountered and how they sought to overcome them. She reports that whereas during the 1970s only 7% of visually impaired children received professional visits between their discharge from the Health Visitor and the first day at Primary School, this rose to 15% in the 1980s and now stands at 44%. This leaves a huge amount of 'aloneness' on the part of the families of these children and better co-ordination to provide total coverage is required before the problems of early development can be properly addressed.
Listening in: Music for Students with a Visual Impairment
Authors: Arter Christine , Lavelle Hill David
Published: March 2007

Good listening skills are essential to all areas of the curriculum for all children but they assume a special level of importance to the pupil with a visual impairment. The significance of listening skills to the pupil with a visual impairment is well documented (Arter, 1997) 3 but the idea of using music as an ideal medium to teach listening skills has achieved less recognition. This Paper seeks to outline the important implications of teaching music for learning by pupils in all areas of the curriculum and to explore in particular the idea of using music to teach listening skills to students with a visual impairment. The Paper goes on to explore how music has been used by some students as a form of therapy and a means of self- acceptance enabling them to begin to come to terms with their blindness.
To Braille, or Not to Braille? That is the Question
Authors: Franks Julie
Published: March 2007

This Paper sets out to explore the place of Braille teaching within the broad framework of direct services to blind and partially sighted adults by rehabilitation workers and specialist social workers employed in a variety of agencies throughout the United Kingdom; much debate is currently afoot with regard to attempts to define the core knowledge and skills with which these workers should be equipped by their training bodies and in the first of a series of Papers the results of a recent research project undertaken jointly by the Universities of Birmingham and of Central England in Birmingham are presented to contribute to this discussion.
Braille Dyslexia: Does it Exist?
Authors: Arter Christine
Published: March 2007

This Paper describes research which attempts to discover the reason why some bright and intelligent pupils who are blind are failing when it comes to reading. It details the findings of Christine Arter's research to date and opens a discussion on the concept of Braille dyslexia.
Parent Support Groups in Early Intervention (Part Two of Two)
Authors: Brambring Michael
Published: March 2007

Nine weekend meetings were organised for the parents of congenitally blind children during the course of the Bielefeld Longitudinal and Intervention Study (Brambring et al, 1990)3. In the second of two articles, (BJVI 16.1, pp.33-37) the author reports on the organisational structure and the contents of the programme for the nine weekend meetings and presents judgments and evaluations of them from the parental perspective.
Case Studies: Reflections on the Meaning of Blindness in the Life Experiences of Four New Zealanders (Part One of Two)
Authors: Higgins Nancy , Ballard Keith
Published: March 2007

This qualitative study, reported in this and the following Issue (BJVI, 17.2, 1999), explored the meaning of blindness in the lives of four blind people through open-ended interviews about their experiences in New Zealand's education system. The participants described how they: had been separated from their families to be educated in a residential setting; believed they were expensive to educate as they needed specialist services; and how they had not been encouraged to move beyond limited employment prospects and lifestyles. Through consumer activism, blind people in New Zealand have historically resisted imposed constructions which narrowly define them. A social constructionist definition of blindness may assist professionals to move towards educational strategies which emerge from and support the meanings and definitions of blindness defined by blind people.
Are Attachment Styles General Interpersonal Orientations? Applicants' Perceptions and Emotions in Interaction with Evaluators in a College Entrance Examination
Authors: Horppu Ritva , Ikonen-Varila Merja
Published: March 2007

This study examined whether attachment styles, constructed in close relationships, are related to applicants' perceptions and emotions in a substantially different relationship with evaluators in a college entrance examination. The findings suggest that secure and fearful styles may consist of somewhat stable interpersonal orientations that are evident across relationships. Fearful attachment was related to lower anticipatory challenge appraisal, more negative emotional reactions, and a less positive view of evaluators during the examination. Secure attachment was related to more positive views of self and evaluators. Interview boards assessed more fearful applicants as less suitable, and more secure applicants as more suitable for kindergarten teacher education. The only significant findings for preoccupied and dismissing attachment styles were obtained in the context of close relationships.
Does Self-Silencing Link Perceptions of Care from Parents and Partners with Depressive Symptoms?
Authors: Thompson Janice M. , Whiffen Valerie E. , Aube Jennifer A.
Published: March 2007

Silencing the self is a theory of women's depression that proposes that depression results from women being inauthentic in key relationships. In this study, we linked this theory to a substantial empirical literature indicating that adult depression is associated both with perceptions that parents were rejecting during childhood, and with perceptions that the current romantic partner is critical. We hypothesized that rejecting childhood relations with parents and/or a romantic relationship with a critical partner might contribute to self-silencing, which, in turn, might lead to heightened vulnerability to depression. This hypothesis was tested in a community sample of 99 women and 47 men who reported being in committed romantic relationships. The results indicated that, among women, only current romantic relationships were associated with self-silencing. Silencing also mediated the association between perceived spousal criticism and depressive symptoms. Women who perceived their partner as critical and intolerant were more likely to present a compliant fagade while feeling angry, which was associated with higher levels of depression. Among men, self-silencing was associated both with perceptions of the father as cold and rejecting, and with perceptions of the romantic partner as critical and intolerant. Furthermore, self-silencing mediated the associations between depressive symptoms and perceptions of the father and of the current romantic partner. Thus, our study supports the hypothesis that self-silencing is associated with the current interpersonal context in particular.
The Associations among Observed Maternal Behavior, Children's Narrative Representations of Mothers, and Children's Behavior Problems
Authors: Solomonica-Levi Daphna , Yirmiya Nurit , Erel Osnat , Samet Idit , Oppenheim David
Published: March 2007

The associations among mothers' observed behavior toward child, children's internal representations of the mother (IRMs), and children's behavior problems were examined. Eighty-two preschool children ranging in age from 38 to 55 months (M = 49.2) from a low socioeconomic status, their mothers, and their preschool teachers participated in the study. Mothers' observed behavior, and children's IRMs as revealed in their narratives, made a significant contribution in explaining behavior problems. Ambivalent maternal behavior characterized by inconsistent discipline and by negative touch had the highest unique predictive value in explaining behavior problems. Children with reported behavior problems reported significantly fewer appropriately disciplining IRMs. Only partial support was yielded for a model suggesting that appropriately disciplining IRMs mediate the association between ambivalent maternal behavior and child behavior problems. Findings are discussed in terms of the combined and differential contribution of maternal behavior and IRMs in explaining child behavior problems.
Loneliness and Relationally Competent Communication
Authors: Spitzberg Brian H. , Canary Daniel J.
Published: March 2007

Loneliness is seen as a common social experience, best understood through the mechanisms whereby actors attribute causes for their loneliness. From an attributional perspective, the effects of loneliness chronicity on relational, or communicative, competence are delineated in three hypotheses and empirically tested among dyads involved in a conversational exercise. The hypotheses are generally supported, revealing that chronically lonely people generally do not perceive themselves or others as relationally competent and are perceived as incompetent by others as well.
Honesty and Intimacy
Authors: LaFollette Hugh , Graham George
Published: March 2007

Current professional and lay lore overlook the role of honesty in developing and sustaining intimate relationships. We wish to assert its importance. We begin by analysing the notion of intimacy. An intimate encounter or exchange, we argue, is one in which one verbally or non-verbally privately reveals something about oneself, and does so in a sensitive, trusting way. An intimate relationship is one marked by regular intimate encounters or exchanges. Then, we consider two sorts of cases where it is widely thought permissible, if not laudatory, to lie to one's intimates. In discrediting these presumably central cases of justified dishonesty, we put forward general considerations requiring honesty. We end by suggesting how `metahonesty' - honesty about one's own efforts at communication, including one's efforts to be honest - is particularly important in intimate relationships.
Conjoint Time-Budgeting: Investigating Behavioural Accommodation in Marriage
Authors: Clarke David D. , Allen Christine M.B. , Salinas Maria
Published: March 2007

Thirty married couples reported their activity patterns over a typical month by allocating twelve activity categories to a time-based strip chart. This was done independently by husbands and wives. The data were then coded into `conjoint matrices' showing the amount of time spent in each combination of husband's and wife's activities. The conjoint patterns were factor and cluster analysed to show how each person's activities grouped together when the concurrent activity of their partner was taken as the descriptive measure, and to show separately for husbands and wives, on weekdays and weekends, what was the most likely concurrent activity of the partner, for each activity type. This method is put forward as a way of studying the accommodation of daily schedules that partners have to make as part of the routine of their married life.
Premarital Anxieties
Authors: Zimmer Troy A.
Published: March 2007

It was hypothesized that among never-marrieds the prospect of marriage evokes strong anxieties concerning the success and stability of marriage. Furthermore, these anxieties are primarily caused by and are specific to marriage anticipation and do not merely reflect anxiety-prone or emotionally insecure personalities. Further hypothesized as secondary causes of premarital anxieties were interaction style, orientations towards relationships and past relationship experiences. These hypotheses were tested with questionnaire data from 364 never-married, college undergraduates regarding their anxieties about the institution of marriage. Factor analysis and scale validity tests verified the existence of a marriage-anxiety syndrome composed of three substructures: security, fulfilment and excitement. Security and excitement anxieties were interpreted as reflecting serious doubts about being able to have both security and excitement in the same relationship. Fulfilment anxieties were interpreted as being due to realistic expectations, modern marriage needs or romanticism. However, very little support was found for linking premarital anxieties with interaction style, relationship orientations or past experiences.
Conversational Remembering and Family Relationships: How Children Learn to Remember
Authors: Edwards Derek , Middleton David
Published: March 2007

We analysed extracts from conversations between mothers and pairs of siblings aged between two and six years. Each conversation was recorded in their own homes by the mothers themselves, with no observer present, as they and their children looked through their collections of family snapshots. The analysis centres on the ways in which the mothers and children used the pictures as depictions of a shared past that could be constructed and communicated in conversation. The photographs gave rise to rich conversations, not only about the contents of the pictures, but also about contextual, recalled or inferred events and situations not depicted. These elaborated rememberings were based on a restricted set of related concerns, all of which are important dimensions of family biography - affective reactions, their justification and sharing, issues of personal identity and change, relationships with others, significant objects - all of which served as criteria of what was memorable, and of how particular memories led to others. The mothers especially were disposed to use the pictures as routes into these non-depicted elaborations, and in doing so demonstrated to their children some important principles of how to remember such as the criteria of memorability, the use of other people as a mnemonic resource, and the role of contextual inference and argument in constructing a jointly sensible version of the past. The `scaffolding' metaphor is discussed as an appropriate description of how the mothers demonstrated and communicated these things, while engaging themselves in the children's own efforts at remembering.
Social Support: Seek and Ye Shall Find
Authors: Conn Michael K. , Peterson Christopher
Published: March 2007

Studies of social support typically have relegated the recipient of support to a passive role. Little empirical work has looked at an individual's active attempts to garner support from others. Two studies are reported that investigate individual differences in active support seeking. In study one (n = 66), the criterion validity of a new scale - dubbed SEEK - was demonstrated. Subjects who reported that they seek support from others in times of need (as measured by SEEK) requested more social support following failure at a laboratory task than did subjects who reported that they do not seek social support. Study two (n = 60) examined the relationship between the reported seeking of social support and its perceived availability. As predicted, a positive relationship obtained, suggesting that those who received social support may in part have created this condition. Seeking social support was also positively associated with self-esteem, self-efficacy, and optimistic beliefs about the consequences of seeking support. People who seek social support may be psychologically predisposed to do so. Taken together, these studies imply that investigations of social support should take into account: (a) people's active roles in obtaining support, and (b) the psychological concomitants of support seeking.
Loneliness and Aspects of Social Support Networks
Authors: Berg John H. , McQuinn Ronald D.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between loneliness and both structural and social behavioral aspects of social support was investigated in a sample of 150 college students. Loneliness was found to be significantly correlated with self-disclosure and network density for both men and women. Significant correlations between loneliness and network size and network multiplexity were found only for men. Together the four different aspects of the support network accounted for 32 percent of the variance in men's loneliness scores and size, multiplexity, density, and self-disclosure each made significant individual contributions. For women, these four variables together accounted for 19 percent of the variance in loneliness and self-disclosure was the only factor to make a significant individual contribution when controlling for the others.
Current and Dissolved Relationships: Descriptive and Aftributional Dimensions and Predictors of Involvement
Authors: Hortaçsu Nuran
Published: March 2007

The aim of the present study was to investigate people's constructions of past and present relationships and to determine the predictors of affect related to the two kinds of relationships. The results showed similar affect and commitment factors for both kinds of relationships. Self and partner factors emerged as separated dimensions for dissolved relationships but current relationships were typified by their merger. Regression analyses showed different variables as predictors of affect related to past and present relationships. Subjects who were older and who had fewer previous relationships reported higher levels of affect related to current relationships. On the other hand, longer duration of relationship and being the person who is deserted were related to greater affect concerning dissolved relationships. External causal attribution was related to reports of greater affect concerning past relationships but to reports of lower levels of affect concerning present relationship.
Stress in the Dual-Income Couple: Do Social Relationships Help or Hinder?
Authors: Leslie Leigh A.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the role of social relationships in husbands' and wives' adjustment to work and family stress in the dual-income couple. The literatures on both role overload and social support were examined and found to suggest contradictory stances on the value of social support and network membership. Sixty couples in which both partners were employed provided information on their current level of work and family stress, characteristics of their significant social relationships and their overall well-being. Men and women who reported greater stressors experienced less well-being, with women focusing more on family stressors than did men. Results also indicated that the aspects of social support considered here were of little benefit in understanding adjustment in this sample, although social support did predict adjustment better for women than for men. The utility of social support theory as opposed to role overload theory in understanding the relationship among these variables in this population is discussed.
Close Dating Relationships among College Students: Differences by Use of Violence and by Gender
Authors: Gryl Frances E. , Stith Sandra M. , Bird Gloria W.
Published: March 2007

Data from 280 first-year college students in serious dating relationships were examined. Differences in relationship dimensions, negotiation styles and use of coping strategies were identified between participants in violent and non-violent relationships and between males and females. Multivariate analysis of covariance techniques revealed significant effects for gender and use of violence on the dependent research variables. No interaction effects were noted. Those in violent dating relationships reported more relationship conflict and greater ambivalence toward the relationship. Partners in violent relationships more frequently used the negotiation styles of negative affect, indirect appeal and emotional appeal. They also more often relied on confrontation and escape/avoidance as coping strategies. When negotiating, women more often used bargaining and emotional appeal. With respect to coping, women were more likely to use social support while men relied more often on self-control and escape/avoidance techniques. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Maternal Recollections of Childhood Peer Relationships: Implications for their Children's Social Competence
Authors: Putallaz Martha , Costanzo Philip R. , Smith Rebecca B.
Published: March 2007

The relations between mothers' recollections of their childhood peer relationships and their child-rearing intentions, parenting behaviors and their preschoolers' social competence were examined. Mothers with predominantly anxious/lonely peer recollections appeared to take the most active role in their children's social development and had the most socially competent children as compared to mothers reporting either predominantly positive or negative peer recollections. This pat- tern of effects was influenced by the sex of the child. Implications of these results for a gender-moderated model of socialization were discussed.
Unraveling the Ties that Bind: Affective Expression and Perceived Conflict in Parent adolescent Interactions
Authors: Flannery Daniel J. , Montemayor Raymond , Eberly Mary , Torquati Julie
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this observational study was (1) to examine the process of parent-adolescent relationship change across puberty, and (2) to examine the relationship between affective expression in interactions and perceived relationship conflict. Data were collected on 85 intact families with adolescents in grades 5 to 9 (n = 44 males, 41 females). Each parent and adolescent took part in two 8-minute conversations one about an activity they reported enjoying together and one about a disagreement or area of conflict. Conversations were coded by speaker turn for positive, negative, neutral, mixed, and altered affect (kappa = .76). Regression analyses indicated that parents and adolescents expressed more negative and less positive affect in interactions as adolescents physically matured. In addition, adolescents' perceptions of relationship conflict were consistently related to parents' expressed emotions in interactions and paralleled trends for positive and negative affect across puberty. Findings are discussed in terms of understanding of the process of transforming parent-adolescent relations and family communication patterns across puberty.
The Relationship between Dual-Earner Couples' Daily Work Mood and Home Affect
Authors: Chan Cheryl-Jean , Margolin Gayla
Published: March 2007

This study explored the spillover and crossover paradigms as explanations for associations between work mood and affect in the home setting. Data from two consecutive work days for 59 dual-earner couples provided evidence for both work-to-home and home-to-work effects. The spillover hypothesis was supported primarily in the effect of work fatigue on later moods at home and the effect of positive home affects on subsequent work moods. The crossover hypothesis was seen in the effect of wives' negative work mood and work fatigue on husbands' reactions at home and spouses' home affect on partners' subsequent work mood. Work-home linkages and gender roles are discussed.
Talking Relationships into Being
Authors: Duck Steve
Published: March 2007

When the study of relationships focuses on the dyadic level of analysis, it must also take account of the social context in which relationships come into being. That context is strongly bordered by talk and the rhetorical basis of normal (and scientific) discourse. Discourse and other actions typically reproduce the relationship in its own image on successive occasions, though they do not have to do so. The appearance of stability in relationships is thus the result of perpetually constructive activity of partners, not the result of `the nature' of the relationship itself.
A Lay Theory of Relational Satisfaction with Best Friends
Authors: Cole Tim , Bradac James J.
Published: March 2007

Three research questions were addressed to examine people's lay beliefs regarding the causes of relational satisfaction among best friends. The first question dealt with the specific beliefs that people hold about satisfaction with a best friend. Forty-three sources of relational satisfaction were identified. The second question focused on the dimensions underlying people's beliefs about satisfaction. Multidimensional scaling suggested that three general dimensions underlie people's beliefs about satisfaction with a best friend. The third question examined the perceived causal structure underlying people's beliefs about relational satisfaction. A network analysis revealed that people have a detailed and elaborate set of assumptions regarding the causal relations between the sources of satisfaction. Taken together, our results suggest that people have many, well-integrated beliefs about satisfaction in best friendships. Specifically, these beliefs are organized dimensionally and they are causally intertwined, constituting evidence for the existence of a lay theory of this relational outcome.