bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supersymmetric Dirac-Born-Infeld axionic inflation and non-Gaussianity
Authors: Nath Pran , Piskunov Maksim
Published: February 2019

Abstract

An analysis is given of inflation based on a supersymmetric Dirac-Born-Infeld (DBI) action in an axionic landscape. The DBI model we discuss involves a landscape of chiral superfields with one U(1) shift symmetry which is broken by instanton type non-perturbative terms in the superpotential. Breaking of the shift symmetry leads to one pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone-boson which acts as the inflaton while the remaining normalized phases of the chiral fields generically labeled axions are invariant under the U(1) shift symmetry. The analysis is carried out in the vacuum with stabilized saxions, which are the magnitudes of the chiral fields. Regions of the parameter space where slow-roll inflation occurs are exhibited and the spectral indices as well as the ratio of the tensor to the scalar power spectrum are computed. An interesting aspect of supersymmetric DBI models analyzed is that in most of the parameter space tensor to scalar ratio and scalar spectral index are consistent with Planck data if slow roll occurs and is not eternal. Also interesting is that the ratio of the tensor to the scalar power spectrum can be large and can lie close to the experimental upper limit and thus testable in improved experiment. Non-Gaussianity in this class of models is explored.
Empathy and Concern with Negative Evaluation in Intergroup Relations
Authors: Vorauer Jacquie D.
Published: February 2019

Widespread belief in the benefits of empathy and its healing power is evident in public discourse and across diverse news and social media outlets around the world. Yet research reveals that empathy can sometimes have adverse effects on individuals' intergroup attitudes and behavior. A link between empathy and concerns with negative evaluation helps explain why empathy can backfire. Accordingly, using the minimization of evaluative concerns as an organizing principle, the author makes recommendations regarding when and how to encourage empathy in intergroup contexts, so that its potential to foster stronger social bonds across group boundaries can be fully realized.
Subsidy Incidence in Privately Negotiated Spot Markets: Experimental Evidence
Authors: Rahman Mohammad Maksudur , Bastian Christopher T. , Jones Ritten Chian , Phillips Owen R.
Published: February 2019

We use experimental methods to investigate subsidy incidence, the transfer of subsidy payments from intended recipients to other economic agents, in privately negotiated spot markets. Our results show that market outcomes in treatments with a subsidy given to either buyers or sellers are significantly different from both a no-subsidy treatment and the competitive prediction of a 50% subsidy incidence. The disparity in incidence across treatments relative to predicted levels suggests that incidence equivalence does not hold in this market setting. Moreover, we find no statistical difference in market outcomes when benefits are framed as a “subsidy” versus a schedule shift.
NOMINALISTIC ORDINALS, RECURSION ON HIGHER TYPES, AND FINITISM
Authors: HÄMEEN-ANTTILA MARIA
Published: February 2019

In 1936, Gerhard Gentzen published a proof of consistency for Peano Arithmetic using transfinite induction up to ε0, which was considered a finitistically acceptable procedure by both Gentzen and Paul Bernays. Gentzen’s method of arithmetising ordinals and thus avoiding the Platonistic metaphysics of set theory traces back to the 1920s, when Bernays and David Hilbert used the method for an attempted proof of the Continuum Hypothesis. The idea that recursion on higher types could be used to simulate the limit-building in transfinite recursion seems to originate from Bernays. The main difficulty, which was already discovered in Gabriel Sudan’s nearly forgotten paper of 1927, was that measuring transfinite ordinals requires stronger methods than representing them. This paper presents a historical account of the idea of nominalistic ordinals in the context of the Hilbert Programme as well as Gentzen and Bernays’ finitary interpretation of transfinite induction.
Methods of estimating vancomycin use in an inpatient setting: days of therapy versus therapeutic drug monitoring–based exposure days
Authors: Murakami Shutaro , Hiroi Junko , Tokuda Yasuharu , Casabar Ed , Honda Hitoshi
Published: February 2019

Underestimating antimicrobial use based on days of therapy (DOT) is recognized for certain antimicrobial agents. We investigated the difference between DOT and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)–based exposure days in estimating vancomycin use and demonstrated that DOT may underestimate vancomycin exposure by ∼10%.
Meso-scale transport in sticky granular fluids
Authors: Luding S.
Published: February 2019

Fluid mechanics and rheology involve many unsolved challenges related to the transport mechanisms of mass, momentum and energy – especially when it comes to realistic, industrially relevant materials. Very interesting are suspensions or granular fluids with solid, particulate ingredients that feature contact mechanics on the micro-scale, which affect the transport properties on the continuum- or macro-scale. Their unique ability to behave as either fluid, or solid or both, can be quantified by non-Newtonian rheological rules, and results in interesting mechanisms such as super-diffusion, shear thickening, fluid–solid transitions (jamming) or relaxation/creep. Focusing on the steady state flow of a granular fluid, one can attempt to answer a long-standing question: how do realistic material properties such as dissipation, stiffness, friction or cohesion influence the rheology of a granular fluid? In a recent paper Macaulay & Rognon (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 858, 2019, R2) shed new light on the effect cohesion can have on mass transport in sheared, sticky granular fluids. On top of the usual diffusive, stochastic modes of transport, cohesion can create and stabilise clusters of particles into bigger agglomerates that carry particles over large distances – either ballistically in the dilute regime, or by their rotation in the dense regime. Importantly, these clusters must not only be larger than the particles (defining the intermediate, meso-scale), but they must also have a finite lifetime, in order to be able to exchange mass with each other, which can seriously enhance transport in sticky granular fluids by rotection, i.e. a combination of rotation and convection.
Flow-induced motions of flexible plates: fluttering, twisting and orbital modes
Authors: Jin Yaqing , Kim Jin-Tae , Fu Shifeng , Chamorro Leonardo P.
Published: February 2019

The unsteady dynamics of wall-mounted flexible plates under inclined flows was fundamentally described using theoretical arguments and experiments under various Cauchy numbers $Ca=\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{f}bL^{3}U_{0}^{2}/(EI)\in [7,81]$ (where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{f}$ is the fluid density, $b$ and $L$ are the plate width and length, $U_{0}$ is the incoming velocity, $E$ is Young’s modulus and $I$ is the second moment of the area) and inclination angles $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$. Three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry and a high-resolution force sensor were used to characterize the evolution of the plate dynamics and aerodynamic force. We show the existence of three distinctive, dominant modes of tip oscillations, which are modulated by the structure dynamic and flow instability. The first mode is characterized by small-amplitude, planar fluttering-like motions occurring under a critical Cauchy number, $Ca=Ca_{c}$. Past this condition, the motions are dominated by the second mode consisting of unsteady twisting superimposed onto the fluttering patterns. The onset of this mode is characterized by a sharp increase of the force fluctuation intensity. At sufficiently high $Ca$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$, the plate may undergo a third mode given by large-scale tip orbits about the mean bending. Using the equation of motion and first-order approximations, we propose a formulation to estimate $Ca_{c}$ as a function of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$; it exhibits solid agreement with experiments.
Subcritical turbulent condensate in rapidly rotating Rayleigh–Bénard convection
Authors: Favier Benjamin , Guervilly Céline , Knobloch Edgar
Published: February 2019

The possibility of subcritical behaviour in the geostrophic turbulence regime of rapidly rotating thermally driven convection is explored. In this regime a non-local inverse energy transfer may compete with the more traditional and local direct cascade. We show that, even for control parameters for which no inverse cascade has previously been observed, a subcritical transition towards a large-scale vortex state can occur when the system is initialized with a vortex dipole of finite amplitude. This new example of bistability in a turbulent flow, which may not be specific to rotating convection, opens up new avenues for studying energy transfer in strongly anisotropic three-dimensional flows such as atmospheric or oceanic circulations.
Technological Analysis and Source Provenance of Obsidian Artifacts from a Sun Pyramid Substructure Cache, Teotihuacan, Mexico
Authors: Kwoka Joshua J. , Shackley M. Steven
Published: February 2019

The following report provides new data on a Sun Pyramid cache excavated by René Millon in 1959, including confirmation that the cache was associated with a substructure. A technological analysis illustrates the anthropomorphic eccentric production sequence, and indicates that the miniature projectile points were produced from debitage from multiple reduction technologies. All obsidian artifacts were attributed to the Otumba source area via energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). In addition to providing data on the production of obsidian implements for ritual deposits, we suggest that the cache may be a representation of scaffold sacrifice.
Does breast milk adiponectin affect BMI and cardio-metabolic markers in childhood?
Authors: van Rossem Lenie , Smit Henriette A. , Lentjes Eef G. W. M. , Maitimu-Smeele Inge , Brunekreef Bert , Koppelman Gerard H. , Wijga Alet H.
Published: February 2019

Observational studies suggest that breast-feeding is associated with a more favourable BMI and cardio-metabolic markers, but potential underlying mechanisms are unclear. As serum adiponectin has an important function in adults for glucose and lipid metabolism, we assessed 251 participants of the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy birth cohort whether breast milk adiponectin is associated with childhood BMI and cardio-metabolic markers. We measured adiponectin levels in breast milk collected around 3 months after birth of the child and subsequently obtained weight and height repeatedly up to the age of 17 years. A medical examination (including blood pressure, glycated Hb and cholesterol) was performed at the age of 8, 12 and 16 years. We used multivariable mixed models to assess the association between breast milk adiponectin and BMI and cardio-metabolic markers at these ages. In models adjusted for exact age of breast milk collection, maternal age, presence of siblings, maternal BMI, pregnancy weight gain and child’s birth weight, each unit increase in log breast milk adiponectin (in ng/ml) was associated with a 0·28 lower BMI z score (95 % CI –0·56, 0·00) at 3 months. After the age of 1 year, there was a tendency towards a higher BMI z score with increased breast milk adiponectin at some ages, but this pattern was not consistent throughout childhood. There were no associations between breast milk adiponectin and any of the cardio-metabolic markers in childhood. We conclude that in our study with follow-up until 17 years of age, breast milk adiponectin has no long-term effect on BMI and cardio-metabolic health during childhood.
Effect of lipid fraction of digested milk from different sources in mature 3T3-L1 adipocyte
Authors: Santillo Antonella , Figliola Lucia , Caroprese Mariangela , Marino Rosaria , dʼApolito Maria , Giardino Ida , Albenzio Marzia
Published: February 2019

We evaluated the effect of in vitro digested milk on mature adipocytes 3T3-L1, paying particular attention to its fatty acid composition, and comparing human (HM), donkey (DM), bovine (BM), ovine (OM), caprine (CM) and formula (FM) milk. Cellular viability, apoptosis, oxidative response and gene expression levels of NF-κB p65, HMGB1, SREBP-1c and FAS were evaluated. Digested milk treatments significantly reduced 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes viability and caspase activity compared with control group, but no significant differences were observed among different sources of digested milk. In all digested milk samples, ROS level was higher than the control, however, the digested human and formula milk showed lower levels of ROS than DM, BM, OM and CM samples. Lower capacity of HM and FM to induce oxidative stress in mature adipocytes was ascribed to the peculiar free fatty acids profile of digested milk samples. All milk treatments elicited a significant over-expression of NF-κB p65 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes compared to the control; the lowest gene expression was found in HM, BM, OM and CM, the highest in FM and an intermediate behavior was shown in DM. All digested milk treatments influenced the gene expression of SRBP-1c with FM and HM showing the highest levels. For FAS expression, BM showed the highest level, OM and CM intermediate and FM, HM and DM the lowest levels, however HM and DM had comparable levels to the control.
Rapid detection of cow milk adulteration/contamination in goat milk by a lateral flow colloidal gold immunoassay strip
Authors: Liu Bochao , Si Jinhong , Zhao Fang , Wang Qi , Wang Yu , Li Jinfeng , Li Chengyao , Li Tingting
Published: February 2019

Current available methods to detect cow milk adulteration or accidental contamination of goat milk are both laborious and time consuming. The aim of this technical research communication was to develop a simple, rapid, specific and sensitive method for quantitative detection of cow milk in goat milk. A competitive lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) strip was developed using a specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) labeled with colloidal gold nanoparticles (GNPs) for specifically binding to cow milk casein. The detection limit of this rapid detection was 0.07% of cow milk in goat milk, providing equal specificity and higher sensitivity when compared with a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These result suggest that the established rapid GNPs-LFIA strip could be used for monitoring cow milk adulteration/contamination of goat milk.
XRD-DSC: a screening tool for identifying effective MOFs for selective gas sorption from humid gas streams
Authors: Parise John B , Chen Xianyin , Plonka Anna M. , Woerner William R. , Banerjee Debasis , Connors David , Goroff Nancy
Published: February 2019

A commercially available combined X-ray diffraction – differential scanning calorimetry (XRD-DSC) stage was adapted for studies of gas loading in microporous materials, including metal organic frameworks (MOFs). Insertion of a custom-built humid atmosphere swing chamber (HASC) between a humidity generator and the XRD-DSC stage facilitates both humid atmosphere and vacuum swing gas loading. The HASC is necessary to buffer between the humidity generator and the XRD-DSC stage, allowing the gas mixture to homogenize prior to sample exposure, so that both humid atmosphere and vacuum swings could be performed. The changes in XRD can be used to follow structural changes, including collapse, which is indicative of a lack of microporosity upon activation, and the flexibity of frameworks upon gas sorption–desorption cycles. Measurements of the area under the DSC curve allows for calculation of the isosteric heat of adsorption (Qst; kJ molGAS−1). Vacuum-atmosphere swing experiments performed at different pressure steps allow for the reconstruction of the enthalpy of gas adsorption before and after a phase transition. These modes of operation are illustrated in three case studies from a program of exploratory MOF synthesis used to discover novel materials for selective gas sorption from humid gas streams: (1) gas binding in Stony Brook metal organic framework-1, (2) zeolitic imidazolate framework-7 response to variable pressure vacuum-atmosphere swing, and (3) high throughput evaluation of the selectivity of novel MOFs synthesized from customized linkers.
Do Women Favor Foreign Direct Investment?
Authors: Lee Chia-yi , Shin Mi Jeong
Published: February 2019

Although some studies show that women are more likely to oppose free trade than men, others demonstrate that economic globalization empowers women. Given this paradox, we examine whether gender shapes individual preferences with respect to foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries. We hypothesize that women do not disfavor FDI more than men because multinational corporations (MNCs) bring more jobs for women, provide better working conditions and higher wages than domestic firms, and spread norms and values that favor gender equality. Moreover, this gender gap will be wider in more globalized countries because women can observe such benefits of MNCs. To test our arguments, we used survey data from the 2007 Pew Global Attitudes Project. Overall, women view FDI more positively than men, and this effect is stronger in economically more globalized countries and countries that are less dependent on agriculture. Women have a different view on FDI than that on trade.
Transmission line approach of zero-index metamaterials and applications using a wave concept iterative method
Authors: Karim Azizi Mohamed , Elbellili Taieb , Baudrand Henri , Trabelsi Hichem
Published: February 2019

In this paper, we propose a novel study of zero-index materials (ZIM) based on lumped element circuits using a wave concept iterative method (WCIP). This method is well used to demonstrate the behavior of zero-index-based microwave applications. This type of metamaterial can maintain the amplitude and the phase of an electromagnetic wave to be constant through the ZIM region, which is an important property to design an in-phase power divider-combiner, enhance the directivity of an embedded source, channel electromagnetic waves without reflection at the interface between waveguides with different cross-sections, and control the transmission of electromagnetic wave by the adjustment of the permittivity of a dielectric defect coated by zero-index metamaterial. The numerical simulations using the WCIP method match the literature and commercial software simulator results.
Caesarean delivery, immune function and inflammation in early life among Ecuadorian infants and young children
Authors: Thompson A. L.
Published: February 2019

Caesarean delivery has been linked to a number of inflammatory conditions in childhood and adolescence. Yet the mechanisms underlying these associations and their generalizability across contexts with different postnatal feeding and pathogenic exposures remain unclear. This study tests the association between delivery type and three measures of immune function, inflammation, morbidity and leukocyte proportions, in Ecuadorian infants and children aged 6 months to 2 years. Data were collected from mother–child pairs participating in a nationally representative health and nutrition surveyEncuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutricion(ENSANUT-ECU) conducted in 2012. The analytic sample includes 828 mothers and infants with delivery information and measured biomarkers. Poisson regression models were used to examine the association between delivery type and markers of immune function, controlling for maternal and infant characteristics, including age, sex, sociodemographic characteristics and medical indications. 40.8% (n=338) of sample infants and children were delivered by caesarean. Compared to those born vaginally, infants born by caesarean were less likely to have elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) [CRP>2 mg/l; risk ratio (RR): 0.76, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.58–1.00] and more likely to have illness symptoms (RR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.01–1.46) and elevated basophils (RR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.03–3.25). No other immune cell proportions differed by delivery type. The results suggest that differences in the perinatal exposures accompanying caesarean delivery may alter immune development and function, particularly in the inflammatory response to infection and in cells involved in the allergic response, across infancy and early childhood. Understanding the pathways linking perinatal exposures to immune development is important for preventing the development of inflammatory conditions.
Quantifying the Correlation Between Mobile Continents and Elevated Temperatures in the Subcontinental Mantle
Authors: Jain C. , Rozel A. B. , Tackley P. J.
Published: February 2019

Continents influence the mantle's convective wavelength and the heat flow escaping from the planet's surface. Over the last few decades, many numerical and analytical studies have contributed to the debate about whether the continents can warm up the subcontinental mantle or not and if they do, then to what extent? However, a consensus regarding the exact nature and magnitude of this correlation between continents and elevated temperatures in the subcontinental mantle remains to be achieved. By conducting a systematic parameter study using 2‐D global mantle convection simulations with mobile continents, we provide qualitative and quantitative observations on the nature of this correlation. In our incompressible and compressible convection models, we observe the general processes of downwellings bringing cold material into the mantle along continental margins and a subsequent buildup of warm thermal anomalies underneath the continents. We compute the amplitude and degree of this correlation using spectral decomposition of the temperature and composition fields. The dominant degree of correlation evolves with time and changes with continental configuration. Using simple empirical fits, we observe that this correlation decreases with increasing core temperature, number of continents, internal heating, or decreasing reference viscosity. We also report simple regressions of the time dependence of this correlation. Additionally, we show that decompression melting as a result of a mantle upwelling or small‐scale sublithospheric convection leads to voluminous volcanism. The emplacement of this dense basalt‐eclogite material breaks the continents apart and destroys the correlation.
A Framework for Modeling Linear Surface Waves on Shear Currents in Slowly Varying Waters
Authors: Li Yan , Ellingsen Simen Å.
Published: February 2019

We present a theoretical and numerical framework—which we dub the direct integration method (DIM)—for simple, efficient, and accurate evaluation of surface wave models allowing presence of a current of arbitrary depth dependence and where bathymetry and ambient currents may vary slowly in horizontal directions. On horizontally constant water depth and shear current the DIM numerically evaluates the dispersion relation of linear surface waves to arbitrary accuracy, and we argue that for this purpose it is superior to two existing numerical procedures: the piecewise‐linear approximation and a method due to Dong and Kirby (2012, https://doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.waves.2). The DIM moreover yields the full linearized flow field at little extra cost. We implement the DIM numerically with iterations of standard numerical methods. The wide applicability of the DIM in an oceanographic setting in four aspects is shown. First, we show how the DIM allows practical implementation of the wave action conservation equation recently derived by Quinn et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2017.03.003). Second, we demonstrate how the DIM handles with ease cases where existing methods struggle, that is, velocity profiles U(z) changing direction with vertical coordinate z and strongly sheared profiles. Third, we use the DIM to calculate and analyze the full linear flow field beneath a 2‐D ring wave upon a near‐surface wind‐driven exponential shear current, revealing striking qualitative differences compared to no shear. Finally we demonstrate that the DIM can be a real competitor to analytical dispersion relation approximations such as that of Kirby and Chen (1989, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC094iC01p01013) even for wave/ocean modeling.
Estimation of Secondary Phytoplankton Pigments From Satellite Observations Using Self‐Organizing Maps (SOMs)
Authors: El Hourany Roy , Abboud‐Abi Saab Marie , Faour Ghaleb , Aumont Olivier , Crépon Michel , Thiria Sylvie
Published: February 2019

This study presents a method for estimating secondary phytoplankton pigments from satellite ocean color observations. We first compiled a large training data set composed of 12,000 samples; each sample is composed of 10 in situ phytoplankton high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)‐measured pigment concentrations, GlobColour products of chlorophyll‐a concentration, and remote sensing reflectance (Rrs(λ)) data at different wavelengths, in addition to advanced very high resolution radiometer sea surface temperature measurements. The resulting data set regroups a large variety of encountered situations between 1997 and 2014. The nonlinear relationship between the in situ and satellite components was identified using a self‐organizing map, which is a neural network classifier. As a major result, the self‐organizing map enabled reliable estimations of the concentration of chlorophyll‐a and of nine different pigments from satellite observations. A cross‐validation procedure showed that the estimations were robust for all pigments (R2 > 0.75 and an average root‐mean‐square error = 0.016 mg/m3). A consistent association of several phytoplankton pigments indicating phytoplankton group specific dynamic was shown at a global scale. We also showed the uncertainties for the estimation of each pigment.
Development of a REgion‐Specific Ecosystem Feedback Fire (RESFire) Model in the Community Earth System Model
Authors: Zou Yufei , Wang Yuhang , Ke Ziming , Tian Hanqin , Yang Jia , Liu Yongqiang
Published: February 2019

Fires play a critical role in modulating regional and global climate through disturbances on meteorological, biogeochemical, and hydrological processes, while fires are strongly affected by climate, terrestrial ecosystems, and human activities. The complex climate‐fire‐ecosystem interactions with anthropogenic disturbance are not well understood. We developed a REgion‐Specific ecosystem feedback Fire (RESFire) model in the Community Earth System Model (CESM) that provides modeling capability to reproduce the observed burning patterns and trends and to understand fire related climatic processes. Comparing with the default Community Land Model version 4.5 fire model in CESM, the RESFire model includes heterogeneous natural and anthropogenic constraints on fire ignition and spread, improved fire impact parameterization including online fire emissions and fire induced land cover changes, and modeling bias corrections for online fire weather simulation. Evaluation results based on the International Land Model Benchmarking package show significant improvements in fire simulation performance. The overall modeling score of burned area simulation increases from 0.50 with Community Land Model version 4.5 to 0.62 (RESFire driven by the observation‐reanalysis data) and 0.60 (RESFire driven by the bias‐corrected Community Atmosphere Model version 5 simulation). The attribution analysis of decadal burned area trends suggests distinct contributions of natural and anthropogenic forcing in different regions, which are consistent with previous observations. The model also includes a fire impact module for estimating atmospheric responses to fire emissions as well as fire disturbances on ecosystems, land cover, and surface radiation budget. These results demonstrate the latest progress of global fire model development that enables fully interactive climate‐fire‐ecosystem studies using CESM.
A Total Energy Error Analysis of Dynamical Cores and Physics‐Dynamics Coupling in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM)
Authors: Lauritzen Peter H. , Williamson David L.
Published: February 2019

A closed total energy (TE) budget is of utmost importance in coupled climate system modeling; in particular, the dynamical core or physics‐dynamics coupling should ideally not lead to spurious TE sources/sinks. To assess this in a global climate model, a detailed analysis of the spurious sources/sinks of TE in National Center for Atmospheric Research's Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) is given. This includes spurious sources/sinks associated with the parameterization suite, the dynamical core, TE definition discrepancies, and physics‐dynamics coupling. The latter leads to a detailed discussion of the pros and cons of various physics‐dynamics coupling methods commonly used in climate/weather modeling.
The Interplay of Eclogitization and Deformation During Deep Burial of the Lower Continental Crust—A Case Study From the Bergen Arcs (Western Norway)
Authors: Zertani Sascha , Labrousse Loic , John Timm , Andersen Torgeir B. , Tilmann Frederik
Published: February 2019

The island of Holsnøy in the Bergen Arcs, which belong to the Caledonides of western Norway, represents an excellent example of how fluid‐induced eclogitization modifies material deeply buried by subduction and continental collision. We produced a new detailed map of the northwestern part of Holsnøy, differentiating not only the magnitude of eclogitization but also the strain intensity at different spatial scales: from the outcrop to the entire massif. Using structural data from eclogite‐facies shear zones and eclogitized low‐strain domains, we show that fluid‐mediated eclogitization not only progresses via the development of shear zones (dynamic eclogitization) but occurs over large areas of the island without associated deformation, creating a characteristic static eclogite‐facies overprint. Static eclogitization preserves the structural features of the granulitic protolith while the rock body is transformed from a granulite‐ to an eclogite‐facies mineral assemblage. The extent of static eclogitization was underestimated strongly in the past, a finding also relevant for the interpretation of seismological images in currently active orogens, where presumably similar processes are currently occurring. In addition, we find that the general structure of the eclogite‐facies shear zones is scale‐independent over several orders of magnitude. Although crustal‐scale eclogite‐facies complexes are rarely preserved without significant modification during exhumation, this implies that similar geometrical configurations are likely produced at the scale of the whole lower crust during subduction or continental collision and therefore shape the crustal geophysical signature.
Trump’s State of the Union Address Ignores Climate Change
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: February 2019

Although President Donald Trump gave several nods to science and U.S. energy dominance in his State of the Union (SOTU) address on Tuesday evening, he never addressed climate change.
Sensory neuron lineage mapping and manipulation in the Drosophila olfactory system
Authors: Chai Phing Chian , Cruchet Steeve , Wigger Leonore , Benton Richard
Published: February 2019

Nervous systems exhibit myriad cell types, but understanding how this diversity arises is hampered by the difficulty to visualize and genetically-probe specific lineages, especially at early developmental stages prior to expression of unique molecular markers. Here, we use a genetic immortalization method to analyze the development of sensory neuron lineages in theDrosophilaolfactory system, from their origin to terminal differentiation. We apply this approach to define a fate map of nearly all olfactory lineages and refine the model of temporal patterns of lineage divisions. Taking advantage of a selective marker for the lineage that gives rise to Or67d pheromone-sensing neurons and a genome-wide transcription factor RNAi screen, we identify the spatial and temporal requirements for Pointed, an ETS family member, in this developmental pathway. Transcriptomic analysis of wild-type and Pointed-depleted olfactory tissue reveals a universal requirement for this factor as a switch-like determinant of fates in these sensory lineages.
Electrooxidative para-selective C–H/N–H cross-coupling with hydrogen evolution to synthesize triarylamine derivatives
Authors: Liu Kun , Tang Shan , Wu Ting , Wang Shengchun , Zou Minzhu , Cong Hengjiang , Lei Aiwen
Published: February 2019

Oxidative C–H/N–H cross-coupling is one of the most atom-economical methods for the construction of C–N bonds. However, traditional oxidative C–H/N–H cross-coupling either required the use of strong oxidants or high reaction temperature, which makes it difficult to tolerate redox active functional groups. Herein we describe an external chemical oxidant-free electrooxidative C–H/N–H cross-coupling between electron-rich arenes and diarylamine derivatives. Under undivided electrolytic conditions, a series of triarylamine derivatives are produced from electron-rich arenes and diarylamine derivatives with high functional group tolerance. Both of the coupling partners are redox active in oxidative C–H/N–H cross-coupling, which enables high regioselectivity in C–N bond formation. Exclusive para-selectivity is observed for the coupling with anilines.
PTEN self-regulates through USP11 via the PI3K-FOXO pathway to stabilize tumor suppression
Authors: Park Mi Kyung , Yao Yixin , Xia Weiya , Setijono Stephanie Rebecca , Kim Jae Hwan , Vila Isabelle K. , Chiu Hui-Hsuan , Wu Yun , Billalabeitia Enrique González , Lee Min Gyu , Kalb Robert G. , Hung Mien-Chie , Pandolfi Pier Paolo , Song Su Jung , Song Min Sup
Published: February 2019

PTEN is a lipid phosphatase that antagonizes the PI3K/AKT pathway and is recognized as a major dose-dependent tumor suppressor. The cellular mechanisms that control PTEN levels therefore offer potential routes to therapy, but these are as yet poorly defined. Here we demonstrate that PTEN plays an unexpected role in regulating its own stability through the transcriptional upregulation of the deubiquitinase USP11 by the PI3K/FOXO pathway, and further show that this feedforward mechanism is implicated in its tumor-suppressive role, as mice lacking Usp11 display increased susceptibility to PTEN-dependent tumor initiation, growth and metastasis. Notably, USP11 is downregulated in cancer patients, and correlates with PTEN expression and FOXO nuclear localization. Our findings therefore demonstrate that PTEN-PI3K-FOXO-USP11 constitute the regulatory feedforward loop that improves the stability and tumor suppressive activity of PTEN.
High temperature singlet-based magnetism from Hund’s rule correlations
Authors: Miao Lin , Basak Rourav , Ran Sheng , Xu Yishuai , Kotta Erica , He Haowei , Denlinger Jonathan D. , Chuang Yi-De , Zhao Y. , Xu Z. , Lynn J. W. , Jeffries J. R. , Saha S. R. , Giannakis Ioannis , Aynajian Pegor , Kang Chang-Jong , Wang Yilin , Kotliar Gabriel , Butch Nicholas P. , Wray L. Andrew
Published: February 2019

Uranium compounds can manifest a wide range of fascinating many-body phenomena, and are often thought to be poised at a crossover between localized and itinerant regimes for 5f electrons. The antiferromagnetic dipnictide USb2 has been of recent interest due to the discovery of rich proximate phase diagrams and unusual quantum coherence phenomena. Here, linear-dichroic X-ray absorption and elastic neutron scattering are used to characterize electronic symmetries on uranium in USb2 and isostructural UBi2. Of these two materials, only USb2 is found to enable strong Hund’s rule alignment of local magnetic degrees of freedom, and to undergo distinctive changes in local atomic multiplet symmetry across the magnetic phase transition. Theoretical analysis reveals that these and other anomalous properties of the material may be understood by attributing it as the first known high temperature realization of a singlet ground state magnet, in which magnetism occurs through a process that resembles exciton condensation.
Differential influences of environment and self-motion on place and grid cell firing
Authors: Chen Guifen , Lu Yi , King John A , Cacucci Francesca , Burgess Neil
Published: February 2019

Place and grid cells in the hippocampal formation provide foundational representations of environmental location, and potentially of locations within conceptual spaces. Some accounts predict that environmental sensory information and self-motion are encoded in complementary representations, while other models suggest that both features combine to produce a single coherent representation. Here, we use virtual reality to dissociate visual environmental from physical motion inputs, while recording place and grid cells in mice navigating virtual open arenas. Place cell firing patterns predominantly reflect visual inputs, while grid cell activity reflects a greater influence of physical motion. Thus, even when recorded simultaneously, place and grid cell firing patterns differentially reflect environmental information (or ‘states’) and physical self-motion (or ‘transitions’), and need not be mutually coherent.
Human substance P receptor binding mode of the antagonist drug aprepitant by NMR and crystallography
Authors: Chen Shuanghong , Lu Mengjie , Liu Dongsheng , Yang Lingyun , Yi Cuiying , Ma Limin , Zhang Hui , Liu Qing , Frimurer Thomas M. , Wang Ming-Wei , Schwartz Thue W. , Stevens Raymond C. , Wu Beili , Wüthrich Kurt , Zhao Qiang
Published: February 2019

Neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) has key regulating functions in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and NK1R antagonists such as aprepitant have been approved for treating chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. However, the lack of data on NK1R structure and biochemistry has limited further drug development targeting this receptor. Here, we combine NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography to provide dynamic and static characterisation of the binding mode of aprepitant in complexes with human NK1R variants. 19F-NMR showed a slow off-rate in the binding site, where aprepitant occupies multiple substates that exchange with frequencies in the millisecond range. The environment of the bound ligand is affected by the amino acid in position 2.50, which plays a key role in ligand binding and receptor signaling in class A GPCRs. Crystal structures now reveal how receptor signaling relates to the conformation of the conserved NP7.50xxY motif in transmembrane helix VII.
The Elongator subunit Elp3 is a non-canonical tRNA acetyltransferase
Authors: Lin Ting-Yu , Abbassi Nour El Hana , Zakrzewski Karol , Chramiec-Głąbik Andrzej , Jemioła-Rzemińska Małgorzata , Różycki Jan , Glatt Sebastian
Published: February 2019

The Elongator complex catalyzes posttranscriptional tRNA modifications by attaching carboxy-methyl (cm5) moieties to uridine bases located in the wobble position. The catalytic subunit Elp3 is highly conserved and harbors two individual subdomains, a radical S-adenosyl methionine (rSAM) and a lysine acetyltransferase (KAT) domain. The details of its modification reaction cycle and particularly the substrate specificity of its KAT domain remain elusive. Here, we present the co-crystal structure of bacterial Elp3 (DmcElp3) bound to an acetyl-CoA analog and compare it to the structure of a monomeric archaeal Elp3 from Methanocaldococcus infernus (MinElp3). Furthermore, we identify crucial active site residues, confirm the importance of the extended N-terminus for substrate recognition and uncover the specific induction of acetyl-CoA hydrolysis by different tRNA species. In summary, our results establish the clinically relevant Elongator subunit as a non-canonical acetyltransferase and genuine tRNA modification enzyme.
Disorder in Mn+1AXn phases at the atomic scale
Authors: Wang Chenxu , Yang Tengfei , Tracy Cameron L. , Lu Chenyang , Zhang Hui , Hu Yong-Jie , Wang Lumin , Qi Liang , Gu Lin , Huang Qing , Zhang Jie , Wang Jingyang , Xue Jianming , Ewing Rodney C. , Wang Yugang
Published: February 2019

Atomic disordering in materials alters their physical and chemical properties and can subsequently affect their performance. In complex ceramic materials, it is a challenge to understand the nature of structural disordering, due to the difficulty of direct, atomic-scale experimental observations. Here we report the direct imaging of ion irradiation-induced antisite defects in Mn+1AXn phases using double CS-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and provide compelling evidence of order-to-disorder phase transformations, overturning the conventional view that irradiation causes phase decomposition to binary fcc-structured Mn+1Xn. With the formation of uniformly distributed cation antisite defects and the rearrangement of X anions, disordered solid solution γ-(Mn+1A)Xn phases are formed at low ion fluences, followed by gradual transitions to solid solution fcc-structured (Mn+1A)Xn phases. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the order-to-disorder transformations in Mn+1AXn phases and proposes a method for the synthesis of new solid solution (Mn+1A)Xn phases by tailoring the disorder.
Simultaneous targeting of linked loci in mouse embryos using base editing
Authors: Lee Hye Kyung , Willi Michaela , Smith Harold E. , Miller Shannon M. , Liu David R. , Liu Chengyu , Hennighausen Lothar
Published: February 2019

A particular challenge in genome engineering has been the simultaneous introduction of mutations into linked (located on the same chromosome) loci. Although CRISPR/Cas9 has been widely used to mutate individual sites, its application in simultaneously targeting of linked loci is limited as multiple nearby double-stranded DNA breaks created by Cas9 routinely result in the deletion of sequences between the cleavage sites. Base editing is a newer form of genome editing that directly converts C∙G-to-T∙A, or A∙T-to-G∙C, base pairs without introducing double-stranded breaks, thus opening the possibility to generate linked mutations without disrupting the entire locus. Through the co-injection of two base editors and two sgRNAs into mouse zygotes, we introduced C∙G-to-T∙A transitions into two cytokine-sensing transcription factor binding sites separated by 9 kb. We determined that one enhancer activates the two flanking genes in mammary tissue during pregnancy and lactation. The ability to introduce linked mutations simultaneously in one step into the mammalian germline has implications for a wide range of applications, including the functional analysis of linked cis-elements creating disease models and correcting pathogenic mutations.
Dirac potential in a rotational dissipative quantum system
Authors: Ma Yi-Rong , Jia Wei , Lin Shi-Rong , Zhao Qing
Published: February 2019

This study proposes the usage of an effective potential to investigate a dissipative quantum system with rotational velocity. After gauge transformation, a Doebner- Goldin equation (DGE) that describes the dissipative quantum system with a Dirac potential is obtained. The DGE is solved based on constraint of vertical relation between the rotational velocity field and density gradient when a harmonic oscillator model is considered. It is observed that the dissipative quantum system is directly equivalent to a monopole system and that the two gauge potentials that are given by Wu and Yang in the north and south hemispheres can be reproduced. Furthermore, a set of gauge-invariant parameters is obtained to discuss the dissipation characteristics of the system.
Modulation of Human Hsp90α Conformational Dynamics by Allosteric Ligand Interaction at the C-Terminal Domain
Authors: Penkler David L. , Tastan Bishop Özlem
Published: February 2019

Recent years have seen heat shock protein 90 kDa (Hsp90) attract significant interest as a viable drug target, particularly for cancer. To date, designed inhibitors that target the ATPase domain demonstrate potent anti-proliferative effects, but have failed clinical trials due to high levels of associated toxicity. To circumvent this, the focus has shifted away from the ATPase domain. One option involves modulation of the protein through allosteric activation/inhibition. Here, we propose a novel approach: we use previously obtained information via residue perturbation scanning coupled with dynamic residue network analysis to identify allosteric drug targeting sites for inhibitor docking. We probe the open conformation of human Hsp90α for druggable sites that overlap with these allosteric control elements, and identify three putative natural compound allosteric modulators: Cephalostatin 17, 20(29)-Lupene-3β-isoferulate and 3′-Bromorubrolide F. We assess the allosteric potential of these ligands by examining their effect on the conformational dynamics of the protein. We find evidence for the selective allosteric activation and inhibition of Hsp90’s conformational transition toward the closed state in response to ligand binding and shed valuable insight to further the understanding of allosteric drug design and Hsp90’s complex allosteric mechanism of action.
Cardioprotection from stress conditions by weak magnetic fields in the Schumann Resonance band
Authors: Elhalel G. , Price C. , Fixler D. , Shainberg A.
Published: February 2019

The Schumann Resonances (ScR) are Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) electromagnetic resonances in the Earth-ionosphere cavity excited by global lightning discharges. This natural electromagnetic noise has likely existed on the Earth ever since the Earth had an atmosphere and an ionosphere, hence surrounding us throughout our evolutionary history. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of extremely weak magnetic fields in the ScR first mode frequency range on the spontaneous contractions, calcium transients and Creatine Kinase (CK) release of rat cardiac cell cultures. We show that applying 7.8 Hz, 90 nT magnetic fields (MF) causes a gradual decrease in the spontaneous calcium transients’ amplitude, reaching 28% of the initial amplitude after 40 minutes of MF application, and accompanied with a gradual decrease in the calcium transients’ rise time. The mechanical spontaneous contractions cease after the ScR fields have been applied for more than 30 minutes, when the calcium transient’s amplitude reached ~60% of its initial value. The influence of the ScR MF was reversible, independent of the field magnitude in the range 20 pT-100 nT, and independent of the external DC magnetic field. However, the effect is frequency dependent; the described changes occurred only in the 7.6–8 Hz range. In addition, applying 7.8 Hz, 90 nT MF for 1.5 hours, reduced the amount of CK released to the buffer, during normal conditions, hypoxic conditions and oxidative stress induced by 80 μM H2O2. We show that the ScR field induced reduction in CK release is associated with a stress response process and has a protective character.
High-speed X-ray imaging of the Leidenfrost collapse
Authors: Jones Paul R. , Chuang Chihpin , Sun Tao , Zhao Tom Y. , Fezzaa Kamel , Takase Juan C. , Singh Dileep , Patankar Neelesh A.
Published: February 2019

The Leidenfrost layer is characterized by an insulating vapor film between a heated surface and an ambient liquid. The collapse of this film has been canonically theorized to occur from an interfacial instability between the liquid and vapor phases. The interfacial instability alone, however, is insufficient to explain the known influence of the surface on the film collapse process. In this work, we provide visual evidence for two key mechanisms governing the film collapse: the interfacial instability, and the nucleation of vapor upon multiple non-terminal liquid-solid contacts. These results were obtained by implementing high-speed X-ray imaging of the film collapse on a heated sphere submerged in liquid-water. The X-ray images were synchronized with a second high-speed visible light camera and two thermocouples to provide insight into the film formation and film collapse processes. Lastly, the dynamic film thickness was quantified by analysis of the X-ray images. This helped assess the influence of surface roughness on the disruption of the film. The results of this work encourage further investigation into non-linear stability theory to consolidate the role of the surface on the liquid-vapor interface during the film collapse process.