bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uncovering Buffered Pleiotropy: A Genome-Scale Screen formel-28Genetic Interactors inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Fernandez Anita G , Mis Emily K , Lai Allison , Mauro Michael , Quental Angela , Bock Carly , Piano Fabio
Published: December 2013

mel-28 (maternal-effect-lethal-28) encodes a conserved protein required for nuclear envelope function and chromosome segregation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Because mel-28 is a strict maternal-effect lethal gene, its function is required in the early embryo but appears to be dispensable for larval development. We wanted to test the idea that mel-28 has postembryonic roles that are buffered by the contributions of other genes. To find genes that act coordinately with mel-28, we did an RNA interference−based genetic interaction screen using mel-28 and wild-type larvae. We screened 18,364 clones and identified 65 genes that cause sterility in mel-28 but not wild-type worms. Some of these genes encode components of the nuclear pore. In addition we identified genes involved in dynein and dynactin function, vesicle transport, and cell-matrix attachments. By screening mel-28 larvae we have bypassed the requirement for mel-28 in the embryo, uncovering pleiotropic functions for mel-28 later in development that are normally provided by other genes. This work contributes toward revealing the gene networks that underlie cellular processes and reveals roles for a maternal-effect lethal gene later in development.
Interactions between soybean and weeds in a replacement series system, considering the effects of water stress
Authors: Vivian R. , Dourado-Neto D. , Filho R.V. , Silva A.A. , Franco R.B. , Correa S.T.R.
Published: December 2013

Due to the increase of water deficiency in many farm regions and its meaning on weed interference, competitive interactions between soybean and three weeds were evaluated under water stress (20 to 40 days after transplanting) and no stress conditions. Three independent experiments were carried out in a growth chamber, being each one composed by the weeds Alternanthera tenella, Tridax procumbens or Digitaria ciliaris, along with the crop, in which soil water condition and plant composition effects were evaluated while in competition. A replacement series system was used, including both monoculture of each species and a mixture with a ratio of 50% between weed and soybean. A completely randomized design was used in factorial arrangement, with treatments distributed in three levels for plant composition factor (soybean and weeds monocultures, in addition to the soybean + weed mixture) and two levels for the water factor (with or without stress), amounting six treatments in each experiment. Soybean dry mass was higher than weed dry mass, when growing without water stress. However, under water stress conditions, the dry mass of soy was reduced in all experiments, mainly in the D. ciliaris comparative experiment. Water restriction was also significant in the plants' photosynthesis reduction in most of the experiments, reducing leaf area duration and efficiency of water use. Analysing all variables shows greater weed tolerance than soybean when submitted to water deficit and with distinct changes of their interactions and mechanism of competition, in each experiment.
Aqueous tissue extracts of Conyza canadensis inhibit the germination and shoot growth of three native herbs with no autotoxic effects
Authors: Hu G. , Zhang Z.H.
Published: December 2013

Conyza canadensis is a widespread weed species forming dense populations in most regions of China. Petri dish bioassays with aqueous extracts of the aboveground parts and roots of C. canadensis at three concentrations (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 g mL-1) were undertaken to investigate the autotoxic effects of C. canadensis, and the possible effects on three dominant native weed species, Plantago asiatica, Digitaria sanguinalis and Youngia japonica. The results showed that seed germination and the shoot length of three native species were significantly inhibited by aqueous extracts of C. canadensis at almost all concentrations that generally increased with increasing extract concentration. However, the seed germination and shoot length of C. canadensis itself was not significantly affected by the same extracts at all concentrations. These results suggested that the potential allelopathic compounds produced by the tissue of C. canadensis may contribute to its invasive success in invading southern China.
Effect of desiccation and salinity stress on seed germination and initial plant growth of Cucumis melo
Authors: Sohrabikertabad S. , Ghanbari A. , Mohassel, Mohamad H.R. , Mahalati M.N. , Gherekhloo J.
Published: December 2013

Smellmelon, an annual invasive weed of soybean production fields in the north of Iran, reproduces and spreads predominately through seed production. This makes seed bank survival and successful germination essential steps in the invasive process. To evaluate the potential of Smellmelon to invade water-stressed environments, laboratory studies were conducted to investigate the effect of desiccation and salinity at different temperatures on seed germination and seedling growth of Cucumis melo. Seeds were incubated at 25, 30, 35 and 40 ºC in the darkness in a solution (0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, 1 and 1.2 MPa) of a salt (NaCl), and in a solution (0, -2, -4, -6, -8, -10, -12 bar) of PEG-6000 (Polyethylene glycol), in two separate experiments. The results showed that the highest percentage and rate of germination occurred at 35 ºC in salt concentrations of 0, -0.2, -0.4 MPa and PEG concentrations of 0, -2, -4 bar. Increasing the concentration of salt (NaCl) and PEG limited germination, seedling growth and water uptake but increased the sodium content in the seedlings. No significant difference was observed among 0, -0.2 and -0.4 MPa of NaCl and among 0, -2 and -4 bar of PEG concentration at 35 ºC. The negative effects of PEG were more than those of NaCl on germination percentage and germination rate. Increased stress levels lead to reduction of root and shoot length, and SVL of seedlings. Na+ content of seedling decreased with limited seedling growth of C. melo.
Eucalyptus growth in silvopastoral system under different crown dia meters
Authors: Machado M.S. , Ferreira L.R. , Oliveira Neto S.N. , Moraes H.M.F. , Gonçalves V.A. , Felipe R.S.
Published: December 2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different crown diameters on the early growth of eucalyptus intercropped with Brachiaria decumbens in a silvopastoral system. The experiment was conducted in a B. decumbens established pasture, where hybrid eucalyptus urograndis (clone GG100) was planted, spaced 8 x 3 m. A randomized block design was used, with six replicates. Treatments consisted of five crown diameters (0.0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 m) surrounding the eucalyptus plants. Five weeding hoes were performed throughout the experiment, according to the different crown diameters, aiming to maintain the eucalyptus plants free from B. decumbens interference. At 90, 180, 270, and 360 DAP, the height and the diameter of the eucalyptus plants were evaluated, and at 360 DAP, surface biomass and leaf area were evaluated. At 90 DAP, it was verified that the non-weeded plants had lower growth, compared to those submitted to crowns. Crown diameters of 2.51 and 2.64 m allowed greater growth in height and diameter at ground level of eucalyptus plants, respectively, in all periods evaluated. Biomass production and leaf area per plant at 360 DAP were also influenced by the different crown diameters. It was concluded that crown diameter around 2 meters provided favorable conditions for early growth of eucalyptus and less involvement in the area occupied by forage.
Dessecação pré-colheita e efeitos sobre a produtividade e qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja
Authors: Lamego F.P. , Gallon M. , Basso C.J. , Kulczynski S.M. , Ruchel Q. , Kaspary T.E. , Santi A.L.
Published: December 2013

A antecipação da colheita da soja é possível com uso da prática de dessecação pré-colheita, a qual reduz o tempo de permanência das sementes no campo, após a maturação fisiológica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da época de aplicação do herbicida paraquat, como dessecante na pré-colheita da soja, sobre a produtividade e qualidade fisiológica de sementes. O trabalho constou de duas etapas: um experimento em campo, conduzido no município de Jaboticaba-RS, safra 2010/2011, e uma análise da qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Os tratamentos consistiram de três épocas de aplicação do paraquat (240 g i.a. ha‑1), R6, R7.1 e R7.3, bem como de um tratamento testemunha (sem dessecação). Foram avaliados a produtividade de grãos e os componentes da produtividade. A análise da qualidade das sementes foi conduzida no Laboratório de Produção e Tecnologia de Sementes da UFSM, Campus de Frederico Westphalen, RS, onde se realizaram os seguintes testes: germinação; primeira contagem de germinação, comprimento de parte aérea e radicular, matéria seca de plântulas, envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica, emergência em campo e índice de velocidade de emergência. A aplicação de paraquat como dessecante na pré‑colheita da soja, nos estádios R6 e R7.1, provoca queda acentuada na produtividade da cultura. A dessecação sem perda de potencial produtivo da soja só é viável a partir do estádio R7.3. Sementes oriundas de plantas com dessecação nos estádios R6 e R7.1 apresentam percentual superior e maior velocidade de germinação. Entretanto, sementes de plantas com dessecação no estádio R6 possuem menor vigor de plântulas.
Corn and soybean yields as affected by cover crops and herbicide timing under no-tillage system
Authors: Oliveira P. , Nascente A.S. , Kluthcouski J. , Castro T.A.P.
Published: December 2013

To achieve better results in the no-tillage system (NTS), it is important to properly manage the cover crop prior to planting by using herbicides, usually glyphosate. The effect of glyphosate on plant coverage is slow, and plants take a few days to die completely. Thus, when applying the herbicide on the same day of planting soybean or corn, cover crops are still alive and standing, causing initial shading on seedlings of the crop and delaying its establishment. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of distinct cover crops and their timing of desiccation prior to planting soybean or corn, on crop yield and yield components. Two experiments were installed, one for soybean and another for corn. Each experiment consisted in combining three cover crops (Brachiaria brizantha, common bean or millet) chemically desiccated at two timings before planting the crop (15 or 0 days before planting) under no-tillage system (NTS). Experiments were installed in a completely randomized block design with five replications. Brachiaria brizantha produced the highest amount of biomass; common bean and millet as cover crops allowed higher soybean grain yields; herbicide application under common bean, millet and Brachiaria brizantha 15 days before planting soybean allowed higher crop grain yields; desiccation timing of common bean did not affect corn grain yield; Brachiaria brizantha should be desiccated 15 days before planting corn to allow maximum grain yield; when millet was used as a cover crop, glyphosate application at planting of corn allowed the highest grain yield.
Política externa brasileira: os desafios de sua caracterização como política pública
Authors: Milani Carlos R. S. , Pinheiro Leticia
Published: December 2013

Partindo da perspectiva de que a política externa é uma política pública (o Estado e o governo em ação no plano internacional), este artigo discute os desdobramentos conceituais e políticos da nova configuração da política externa brasileira. Ao considerarmos a política externa como política pública, rompemos sua associação automática com as versões mais cruas do realismo e a trazemos para o terreno da politics, ou seja, reconhecemos que sua formulação e implementação se inserem na dinâmica das escolhas de governo que, por sua vez, resultam de coalizões, barganhas, disputas, acordos entre representantes de interesses diversos. Portanto, retiramos a política externa de uma condição inercial vinculada a supostos interesses nacionais autoevidentes e/ou permanentes (protegidos das injunções conjunturais de natureza político-partidária) e a despimos das características geralmente atribuídas (ou preconcebidas) ao que se chama de política de Estado. Por fim, sugerimos caminhos de investigação inovadores, tais como: avançar no debate sociológico, organizacional e institucional sobre o papel da agência diplomática, seu processo de aprendizado e de transformação, bem como a necessidade de definir novos arranjos institucionais; repensar o lugar da agência diplomática na administração pública; e incorporar a perspectiva comparada no tempo e no espaço, com vistas a alargar nossa capacidade analítica a respeito dos distintos contextos e tensões, buscando entender as variáveis sistêmicas e a presença de múltiplos atores, estatais e não estatais, domésticos e inter/transnacionais, nas agendas de política externa, mormente em países com características semelhantes às do Brasil.
Complexo regional de segurança da América do Sul: uma nova perspectiva
Authors: Fuccille Alexandre , Rezende Lucas Pereira
Published: December 2013

O presente artigo busca, através da teoria dos complexos regionais de segurança (CRS), atualizar a discussão sobre o complexo sul-americano. Em primeiro lugar, é feita uma discussão teórica, baseada na obra de Buzan e Wæver. Lança-se a hipótese de que, diferentemente do esperado pelos autores, o complexo regional de segurança sul-americano não é de um modelo padrão, mas de um modelo centrado, em que o centro não é uma potência global. Passa-se a uma análise empírica, mostrando que o Brasil tem os recursos, apresenta algumas iniciativas políticas - como a criação da União Sul-americana de Nações (Unasul) e do seu Conselho de Defesa Sul-americano (CDS) -, mas, em outros momentos, mostra-se hesitante em assumir o papel de liderança sul-americana. Conclui-se o artigo mostrando que, em termos de configuração, o CRS sul-americano corrobora a hipótese apresentada e que cabe ao Brasil consolidar o papel de centro desse complexo.
O sistema interamericano de direitos humanos e a lei de justiça e paz na Colômbia: política doméstica e influência de normas internacionais
Authors: Bernardi Bruno Boti
Published: December 2013

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a influência da normatividade do sistema interamericano de direitos humanos em um caso de justiça de transição envolvendo a Lei de Justiça e Paz na Colômbia. O argumento defendido é o de que a dinâmica e o caráter da interação entre juízes e organizações não governamentais (ONGs) domésticas de direitos humanos foram os fatores que moldaram o impacto do sistema interamericano.
A grande estratégia Chinesa e os BRICS
Authors: Niu Haibin
Published: December 2013

Após mais de trinta anos de reforma e abertura, a China enfrenta desafios cada vez maiores para manter seu desenvolvimento sustentável e para definir sua posição no cenário mundial. O resto do mundo, por sua vez, está adaptando suas estratégias diante da ascensão chinesa. Assim, a China encontra-se perante a necessidade de construir uma relação favorável com o exterior. É nesse contexto que o país avança uma estratégia de desenvolvimento pacífico e uma visão de mundo harmoniosa com o objetivo de assegurar a seus parceiros suas boas intenções. Nesse processo, a China valoriza a cooperação entre países emergentes, notadamente com os países BRICS. Comparado ao modelo desigual de interação do G8+5, os BRICS oferecem uma plataforma independente para potências emergentes trabalharem como um grupo no âmbito do atual sistema internacional. A China considera os países BRICS parceiros estratégicos para o desenvolvimento, pares com opiniões compartilhadas sobre os assuntos mundiais e novas forças em prol da reforma do sistema internacional. Conquanto aposte no futuro dos BRICS, permanece consciente das diferenças e cautelas existentes entre os membros. Como sua grande estratégia é de ascensão pacífica e construtiva, a China entende os BRICS como uma força internacional progressiva e cooperativa, e não como uma força coletiva de bloqueio.
Effects of surface treatment of provisional crowns on the shear bond strength of brackets
Authors: Almeida Josiane Xavier de , Deprá Mauren Bitencourt , Marquezan Mariana , Retamoso Luciana Borges , Tanaka Orlando
Published: December 2013

OBJECTIVE: To assess the adhesive resistance of metallic brackets bonded to temporary crowns made of acrylic resin after different surface treatments. METHODS: 180 specimens were made of Duralay and randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 30) according to surface treatment and bonding material: G1 - surface roughening with Soflex and bonding with Duralay; G2 - roughening with aluminum oxide blasting and bonding with Duralay; G3 - application of monomer and bonding with Duralay; G4 - roughening with Soflex and bonding with Transbond XT; G5 - roughening with aluminum oxide blasting and bonding with Transbond XT and G6: application of monomer and bonding with Transbond. The results were statistically assessed by ANOVA/Games-Howell. RESULTS: The means (MPa) were: G1= 18.04, G2= 22.64, G3= 22.4, G4= 9.71, G5= 11.23, G6= 9.67. The Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) ranged between 2 and 3 on G1, G2 and G3 whereas in G4, G5 and G6 it ranged from 0 to 1, showing that only the material affects the pattern of adhesive flaw. CONCLUSION: The surface treatment and the material influenced adhesive resistance of brackets bonded to temporary crowns. Roughening by aluminum blasting increased bond strength when compared to Soflex, in the group bonded with Duralay. The bond strength of Duralay acrylic resin was superior to that of Transbond XT composite resin.
Evaluation of the reliability of measurements in cephalograms generated from cone beam computed tomography
Authors: Silva Maurício Barbosa Guerra da , Gois Bruno Cabús , Sant'Anna Eduardo Franzotti
Published: December 2013

OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to compare angular and linear measurements generated in digital cephalometric radiographs and cephalograms synthesized from three-dimensional images. METHODS: Twenty-six individuals (12 men and 14 women) with mean age of 26.3 years were selected. Digital cephalometric radiographs and CBCTs were taken on the same day. The images were imported and analyzed on Dolphin Imaging V.10.5 software, which synthesized cephalograms in perspective projection and magnification of 9.7%. A single observer marked the points and repeated the procedure with an interval of time of ten days to evaluate intraexaminer error. In the statistical analysis paired Student's t test was used to establish the correlation between the measurements. RESULTS: The angular measurements GoGn.SN and IMPA, which involved the Gonial point (Go) and the linear measurements that involved the lips presented significant difference (p < 0.05). The other measurements presented good correlation. CONCLUSION: The measurements in the synthesized cephalograms proved to be reliable.
Cephalometric changes in Class II division 1 patients treated with two maxillary premolars extraction
Authors: Seben Marisana Piano , Valarelli Fabricio Pinelli , Freitas Karina Maria Salvatore de , Cançado Rodrigo Hermont , Bittencourt Neto Aristeu Correa
Published: December 2013

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cephalometric alterations in patients with Angle Class II division 1 malocclusion, orthodontically treated with extraction of two maxillary premolars. METHODS: The sample comprised 68 initial and final lateral cephalograms of 34 patients of both gender (mean initial age of 14.03 years and mean final age of 17.25 years), treated with full fixed appliances and extraction of the first maxillary premolars. In order to evaluate the alterations due the treatment between initial and final phases, the dependent t test was applied to the studied cephalometric variables. RESULTS: The dentoskeletal alterations due to extraction of two maxillary premolars in the Class II division 1 malocclusion were: maxillary retrusion, improvement of the maxillomandibular relation, increase of lower anterior face height, retrusion of the maxillary incisors, buccal inclination, protrusion and extrusion of the mandibular incisors, besides the reduction of overjet and overbite. The tissue alterations showed decrease of the facial convexity and retrusion of the upper lip. CONCLUSIONS: The extraction of two maxillary premolars in Class II division 1 malocclusion promotes dentoskeletal and tissue alterations that contribute to an improvement of the relation between the bone bases and the soft tissue profile.
Long-term evaluation of apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment using periapical radiography and cone beam computed tomography
Authors: Freitas Jairo Curado de , Lyra Olavo César Porto , Alencar Ana Helena Gonçalves de , Estrela Carlos
Published: December 2013

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of Apical Root Resorption (ARR) after orthodontic treatment at 52-288 months using periapical radiography (PR) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). METHODS: Radiographic images obtained from 58 patients, before (T1) and after orthodontic treatment (T2), and following 52-288 months of treatment were analyzed by three members of the Brazilian Board of Orthodontics. Apical structures were evaluated by PR images (T2 and T3), using Levander and Malmgren scores. The presence of ARR on CBCT images were detected only at T3. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for statistical analyses, and the level of significance was set at 5%. Kappa statistics determined interobserver agreement. RESULTS: The more frequent ARR were with scores 1 in T2 (51.6%) and T3 (53.1%), when evaluated by PR (p > 0.05). When compared the frequencies of ARR in T3 among PR and CBCT images, the differences were significant for maxillary and mandibular pre-molar groups, and for mandibular molar group (p > 0.05). The teeth with highest frequency of ARR presence using CBCT images were maxillary lateral incisors (94.5%) and mandibular central incisors (87.7%), while the premolars showed the lowest frequency. The CBCT images showed that the teeth involved in orthodontic treatment with extraction present higher ARR frequency (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: PR showed more frequency of ARR in posterior teeth groups when compared with CBCT images. ARR did not change in long-term post treatment.
No evidence for phylogenetic constraint on natural defense evolution among wild tomatoes
Authors: Haak David C. , Ballenger Blake A. , Moyle Leonie C.
Published: December 2013

Plant defense traits can be shaped by evolutionary and physiological constraints, as well as local ecological selection. We assessed the relative importance of these factors in shaping defense trait variation across the wild tomato clade (a group of 13 closely related species) using an herbivore bioassay (Manduca sexta). With phylogenetic comparative methods, we evaluated patterns of constitutive and induced defense variation, and the extent of coupling between alternative defense strategies. We detected substantial variation among species and found no evidence for phylogenetic conservatism among defensive traits, unlike for two other ecologically relevant (reproductive) traits. In addition, constitutive and induced defense syndromes were unassociated. These data indicate that, in this group, there is no evidence for either phylogenetic conservatism of shared consumer guilds that shape defense traits, or for constraints on defense trait evolution, including mechanistic trade‐offs between defense strategies. Our data suggest that defense trait variation in this clade instead results from rapid responses to local ecological conditions.
Infections do not predict shedding in co‐infections with two helminths from a natural system
Authors: Cattadori Isabella M. , Wagner Benjamin R. , Wodzinski Laura A. , Pathak Ashutosh K. , Poole Adam , Boag Brian
Published: December 2013

Given the health and economic burden associated with the widespread occurrence of co‐infections in humans and agricultural animals, understanding how co‐infections contribute to host heterogeneity to infection and transmission is critical if we are to assess risk of infection based on host characteristics. Here, we examine whether host heterogeneity to infection leads to similar heterogeneity in transmission in a population of rabbits single and co‐infected with two helminths and monitored monthly for eight years. Compared to single infections, co‐infected rabbits carried higher Trichostrongylus retortaeformis intensities, shorter worms with fewer eggs in utero, and shed similar numbers of parasite eggs. In contrast, the same co‐infected rabbits harbored fewer Graphidium strigosum with longer bodies and more eggs in utero, and shed more eggs of this helminth. A positive density‐dependent relationship between fecundity and intensity was found for T. retortaeformis but not G. strigosum in co‐infected rabbits. Juvenile rabbits contributed to most of the infection and shedding of T. retortaeformis, while adult hosts were more important for G. strigosum dynamics of infection and transmission, and this pattern was consistent in single and co‐infected individuals. This host–parasite system suggests that we cannot predict the pattern of parasite shedding during co‐infections based on intensity of infection alone. We suggest that a mismatching between susceptibility and infectiousness should be expected in helminth co‐infections and should not be overlooked.
Degree of Conversion and Hardness of a Silorane-Based Composite Resin: Effect of Light-Curing Unit and Depth
Authors: Torres SAS , Silva GC , Maria DA , Campos WRC , Magalhães CS , Moreira AN
Published: December 2013

Purpose

To investigate the effect of different light-curing units and depths on the degree of conversion (DC) through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Knoop Hardness Number (KHN) of a silorane-based composite resin (Filtek LS, 3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA) (LS).

Materials and Methods

LS specimens mounted in a particular designed matrix were photoactivated by three light-cure units (LCUs) at depths of 2, 3, 4, and 5 mm. The DC was determined in a FTIR spectrometer with an attenuated total reflectance accessory. The KHN was measured in an automatic microhardness tester. The results were analyzed using the Friedman and Spearman statistical tests (α=0.05).

Results

There was no effect of LCUs on the DC (p=0.472) or KHN (p=0.174) for all of the studied depths. The highest DC and KHN means were found at 2-mm depth, which were not statistically different from 3-mm depth, but were higher than 4-mm and 5-mm depths (p=0.007). Spearman analysis found a positive linear correlation between the variables KHN and DC (r=0.858, p<0.000).

Conclusions

The LCUs' effect was not verified. Values of DC and KHN for LS decreased with increasing depth. The highest values for both DC and KHN were obtained at depths of 2-3 mm.
Polymerization Shrinkage and Depth of Cure of Bulk Fill Flowable Composite Resins
Authors: Garcia D , Yaman P , Dennison J , Neiva GF
Published: December 2013

Objective

To evaluate polymerization shrinkage and depth of cure of two bulk fill flowable composites, one nanohybrid composite modified to a flowable consistency, and one standard flowable composite, comparing the scraping method to the Knoop hardness test.

Methods

Two bulk fill flowable composites, SureFil SDR flow (SSF) (Dentsply) and Venus Bulk Fill (VBF) (Heraeus Kulzer), one standard flowable, Filtek Supreme Ultra Flowable (FSUF) (3M/ESPE) (control), and one regular bulk composite that can be made flowable, SonicFill (SF) (Kerr), were used in this study. For polymerization shrinkage (PS), ten 2-mm samples were made for each composite and cured for 20 seconds and shrinkage was measured with a Kaman linometer. For hardness, ten specimens of each composite were made in a 10 × 10-mm mold and cured for 20 seconds; the bottom surface was scraped according to ISO 4049 specification, and the remaining thickness was measured with a micrometer. Hardness samples were prepared at 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-mm thick ×14-mm diameter, cured for 20 seconds, and polished. After 24 hours of dry storage, a Knoop indenter was applied at 100 g load for 11 seconds. Three readings were made on the top and bottom of each specimen and averaged for each surface to calculate a Knoop hardness value and a bottom/top hardness ratio. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests were used to determine significant differences between thicknesses and between test methods for each material.

Results

PS values were 3.43 ± 0.51%, 3.57 ± 0.63%, 4.4 ± 0.79%, and 1.76 ± 0.53% for FSUF, SSF, VBF, and SF, respectively. VBF showed significantly greater shrinkage (4.4 ± 0.79%), followed by FSUF (3.43 ± 0.51%) and SSF (3.57 ± 0.63%), which were similar, and SF (1.76 ± 0.53%), which had significantly less shrinkage (p<0.05). Values for the scraping method for depth of cure were significantly greater for SSF and VBF (>5.0 mm), followed by SF (3.46 ± 0.16 mm) and FSU (2.98 ± 0.22 mm). Knoop top hardness values (KHN) were: VBF 21.55 ± 2.39, FSUF 44.62 ± 1.93, SSF 29.17 ± 0.76, and SF 72.56 ± 2.4 at 2 mm and were not significantly different at 3-, 4-, and 5-mm thick within each material. Ratios for bottom/top values (depth of cure) for 2, 3, 4, and 5 mm were: VBF 0.80 ± 0.1, 0.78 ± 0.03, 0.67 ± 0.10, and 0.59 ± 0.07, respectively; SSF 0.74 ± 0.08, 0.72 ± 0.08, 0.69 ± 0.18, and 0.62 ± 0.08, respectively; SF 0.82 ± 0.05, 0.68 ± 0.05, 0.47 ± 0.04, and 0.21 ± 0.02, respectively; and FSUF 0.56 ± 0.08 at 2 mm and 0.40 ± 0.08 at 3 mm. The bottom/top ratio was .80 or less at all depths and decreased below 0.70 at 4-mm depth for VBF and SSF, at 3 mm for SF and at 2 mm for FSUF.
Cineole, Thymol and Camphor Nasal Challenges and their Effect on Nasal Symptoms and Cough in an Animal Model
Authors: Gavliakova S , Dolak T , Licha H , Krizova S , Plevkova J
Published: December 2013

Inhalation of aromatic vapours suppressed coughing induced by citric acid (CA) in naive animals. No data are available about their effects in an animal model with primarily up-regulated cough reflex. New data indicate that aromatic vapours suppress cough via effect on nasal sensory nerves.

The aim of our study was to ascertain the efficacy of nasal application of 1,8-cineole, thymol and camphor on nasal symptoms and CA induced cough in validated model of up-regulated cough reflex. Guinea pigs (n=13) were sensitized by intraperitoneal administration of ovalbumin (OVA) and sensitization was confirmed 21 days later by skin tests. Sensitized animals were repeatedly challenged with nasal OVA to induce rhinitis, and further experiments (cough challenges) were performed during the early phase of allergic inflammation.

Cough was induced by CA in plethysmograph for 10 minutes after nasal pre-treatment with aromatic substances (10-3M) in rhinitis model. Cough was recognized from record of sudden airflow changes interrupting breathing pattern and cough sound. Final count of coughs was established by blind analysis using SonicVisualiser Software. Dose responses curves, total cough count and cough latency were analyzed.

Repeated intranasal challenge with OVA induces progressively worsening symptoms, and cough induced by CA during acute phase of allergic rhinitis was enhanced. Nasal pre-treatment with 1,8-cineole, thymol and camphor did not prevent onset of nasal symptoms, and the magnitude of symptoms was comparable to those without pretreatment. Camphor had the most potent antitussive effects (number of coughs 25±3 vs. 7±2, p<0.05) followed by thymol (number of coughs 25±3 vs. 14±2, p<0.05). The data for nasal 1,8-cineole challenge did not reach statistical significance. Cough latency followed this trend.

Although the magnitude of nasal symptoms is not influenced, the effect on cough is in case of camphor and thymol significant. Our data showed that nasal application of aromatic substances suppress citric acid induced cough in animals with up-regulated cough reflex.
Possibilities of a Combined Biophysical Non-Invasive Fetal Monitoring During Labour in Reducing the Frequency of Operative Deliveries – A Randomized Study
Authors: Dokus K , Matasova K , Visnovsky J , Dokusova S , Danko J.
Published: December 2013

Objective. The aim of the study was to test the performance and safety of fetal pulse oximetry (FPO) in the management of non-reassuring CTG patterns in labour.

Materials. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in 648 women in active labour and pregnancies > 36 weeks with reassuring admission CTG followed by non-reassuring patterns. All women were divided into 2 groups according to the mode of fetal intrapartum monitoring used. In the study group (n=324), women received a combined biophysical fetal monitoring with CTG plus FPO (n=324), while the control group of women had CTG alone monitoring. Main outcome measures were rates of operative deliveries and neonatal outcome.

Results. The analysis showed a significant reduction of Caesarean deliveries in the study group receiving a combined fetal monitoring compared to controls (45/324 vs. 67/324; P=0.022). The total operative delivery rate was also lower, but not significantly (92/324 vs. 104/324, P=0.302). No comparative differences were observed in neonatal outcomes, except for 2 controls-group neonates born with pH-UA < 7.1, however completely normal further postnatal course. No such case was encountered in the study group neonates, and no perinatal deaths occurred during the study.

Conclusions. A combined biophysical intrapartum fetal monitoring with CTG and fetal pulse oximetry enables safe reduction in Caesarean rate for non-reassuring CTG patterns, however it could not decrease a total operative delivery rate. Condensation: Fetal pulse oximetry safely reduces a Caesarean rate for non-reassuring patterns, but not the overall Caesarean rate.
Identification of new Trichoderma strains with antagonistic activity against Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Bogumił Aleksandra , Paszt Lidia Sas , Lisek Anna , Trzciński Paweł , Harbuzov Anton
Published: December 2013

The antagonistic activity of 52 isolates of Trichoderma spp. against Botrytis cinerea was tested in in vitro conditions using the dual culture technique. The results revealed that all of the Trichoderma isolates had the ability to inhibit the mycelial growth of grey mould. The percentage reduction in the growth of Botrytis cinerea after six days of incubation at 25ºC varied between 45-78%. The isolates Tr43 and Tr52 showed the highest antagonistic activity (Tr43 - 76%; Tr52 - 78%). Biochemical and molecular identification indicated that both isolates were T. atroviride. The isolates showed differences in the utilisation of 11 to 96 different carbon sources. Additional biochemical tests revealed the ability of Tr43 and Tr52 to produce siderophores, indole-3-acetic acid and chitinases. Neither of the isolates gave positive results regarding phosphate solubilisation on Pikovskaya’s medium.
Hepatitis B prevalence in Denmark – an estimate based on nationwide registers and a national screening programme, as on 31 December 2007
Authors: Hansen N , Hay G , Cowan S , Jepsen P , Bygum Krarup H , Obel N , Weis N , Brehm Christensen P
Published: December 2013

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Spatial and temporal analysis of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China, 2013
Authors: Liu W , Yang K , Qi X , Xu K , Ji H , Ai J , Ge A , Wu Y , Li Y , Dai Q , Liang Q , Bao C , Bergquist R , Tang F , Zhu Y
Published: December 2013

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Human immunodeficiency virus among people who inject drugs: Is risk increasing in Europe?
Authors: Hedrich D , Kalamara E , Sfetcu O , Pharris A , Noor A , Wiessing L , Hope V , Van de Laar M
Published: December 2013

In most European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA) countries, between 2010 and 2012, reports of new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnoses among people who inject drugs have been stable or declining. HIV outbreaks in Greece and Romania, first reported in 2011, continue and economic conditions hinder provision of effective response coverage. When measured against some established thresholds, prevention coverage remains inadequate in at least one-third of EU/EEA countries. Urgent consideration to scale up prevention efforts is merited.
Electrochemical and computational analysis of solvent effects on the kinetics of reaction of nitrite ion with o-quinone
Authors: Tammari Esmail , Haghgu Mohammad
Published: December 2013

The effect of solvent on the rate constant of the reaction of nitrite ion with o-quinone has been investigated by means of voltammetry and voltammogram digital simulation methods. The experimental results have been compared with theoretical calculations; the latter results are in good agreement with experimental data and confirm that the dielectric constant of the solvent is the most influential factor on the rate of reaction.
Intracellular viral infection kinetics using a stochastic approach
Authors: Taherkhani Farid , Taherkhani Fariborz , Rezania Hamed , Akbarzadeh Hamed
Published: December 2013

Stochastic simulation is carried out to investigate intracellular viral reaction kinetics and the time evolution of the average particle number ( N̄) and coefficient variation (CV) for genome, template, and structural protein. The coefficient variation of these components is found to be ordered as: CVtemplate > CVstructural protein > CVgenome. The average particle number is also calculated via a deterministic approach. The magnitude value of the difference between the stochastic and deterministic approaches is found to be N̄template ≈ N̄structural protein > N̄genome. The Poisson algorithm has been used to investigate the number of particles in the dynamics of intracellular viral reaction kinetics. Our results show that the average particle number ( N̄) obtained using the Poisson algorithm for both dynamics and stationary states is le ss than that obtained using the mean field approach relative to the quantity ( N) found via the Gillespie algorithm. Also, the standard deviation of N̄ calculated via the Poisson algorithm is more than that obtained via the Gillespie algorithm. The equilibrium time for the population of particles via the Poisson algorithm is less than that via the Gillespie algorithm and the mean field approach. In the present study, the Gillespie algorithm is more reliable than the Poisson algorithm.
Theoretical study of N2O formation from NO and H2 over Au nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Yingying , Zhu Xueying
Published: December 2013

Au nanoparticles have been found to possess high reactivity to convert NO into N2O with both high conversion efficiency and selectivity. We have carried out DFT calculations on the reaction mechanism in the reduction of NO to N2O by H2 on the surface of Au4+ and Au4 nanoparticles. The results show that the catalytic cycle proceeds via complexes of Au–H with NO and involves two sequential elementary steps: the rupture of the H–H bond in H2 and the formation of H2O and N2O molecules. On the basis of the calculated potential energy surface profiles, the reaction mediated by cationic nanoparticles is energetically more favourable compared to the neutral cluster, indicating that the activity of Au nanoparticles towards NO reduction is attributable to the concentration of positive charges on the nanoparticles.
Novel Approach to the Ultrasonic Degradation of Polymers: Development of a General Kinetic Equation
Authors: Tang Si Ye , Wang Ye , Liu Dazhuang
Published: December 2013

In order to develop a general kinetic equation for the ultrasonic degradation of polymers, the general applicability of the common kinetic equations is discussed. The common ultrasonic-kinetic equations for polymers are used to fit original data collected from all available literature (over 366 experimental data points). The fitting accuracy of the kinetic equation is evaluated by the residual standard deviation. The fitting results indicate that the first-order equation and second-order equations are the most accurate and can replace other kinetic equations. Based on this, a general kinetic equation for the ultrasonic degradation of polymers is proposed, [Formula: see text] where n = 1 or 2, i.e. when n = 1, it becomes a first-order dynamic equation; when n = 2, it is a second-order dynamic equation.
Towards the Biological Understanding of CTC: Capture Technologies, Definitions and Potential to Create Metastasis
Authors: Barradas Ana , Terstappen Leon
Published: December 2013

Circulating Tumor Cells (CTC) are rare cells originated from tumors that travel into the blood stream, extravasate to different organs of which only a small fraction will develop into metastasis. The presence of CTC enumerated with the CellSearch system is associated with a relative short survival and their continued presence after the first cycles of therapy indicates a futile therapy in patients with metastatic carcinomas. Detailed characterization of CTC holds the promise to enable the choice of the optimal therapy for the individual patients during the course of the disease. The phenotype, physical and biological properties are however not well understood making it difficult to assess the merit of recent technological advancements to improve upon the capture of CTC or to evaluate their metastatic potential. Here we will discuss the recent advances in the classification of CTC captured by the CellSearch system, the implications of their features and numbers. Latest capture platforms are reviewed and placed in the light of technology improvements needed to detect CTC. Physical properties, phenotype, viability and proliferative potential and means to assess their proliferation and metastatic capacity will be summarized and placed in the context of the latest CTC capture platforms.
Energy Analysis of a Student-Designed Solar House
Authors: Wermager Samantha , Baur Stuart
Published: December 2013

This paper presents the findings from an undergraduate research project concerning the energy efficiency, consumption, and generation of a 1000 ft2 (92.9 m2) solar house. The results were compared to a home of similar size and layout, built using traditional construction methods. The solar house was modeled after the Chameleon House: Missouri University of Science and Technology’s 2013 entry in the U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon. The efficiency of the design was analyzed using Energy-10 Version 1.8 software. For this comparison, a fictional American couple was created and a breakdown of their energy-use habits was recorded to accurately depict the magnitude of energy consumption. A 71% energy savings was forecasted using the Energy-10 software through the incorporation of various energy-conserving strategies in the home’s design. In addition, if a 9.1 kW photovoltaic array is also installed on a home of this size, it is possible to fully offset the energy consumption of the home. The forecasted energy usage and production detailed in this report shall be used for analyzing the integrity of the design of the Chameleon House as well as future solar houses constructed by the Missouri S&T Solar House Team.
Biofuel Production in Ireland—An Approach to 2020 Targets with a Focus on Algal Biomass
Authors: Murphy Fionnuala , Devlin Ger , Deverell Rory , McDonnell Kevin
Published: December 2013

Under the Biofuels Obligation Scheme in Ireland, the biofuels penetration rate target for 2013 was set at 6% by volume from a previous 4% from 2010. In 2012 the fuel blend reached 3%, with approximately 70 million L of biodiesel and 56 million L of ethanol blended with diesel and gasoline, respectively. Up to and including April 2013, the current blend rate in Ireland for biodiesel was 2.3% and for bioethanol was 3.7% which equates to approximately 37.5 million L of biofuel for the first four months of 2013. The target of 10% by 2020 remains, which equates to approximately 420 million L yr−1. Achieving the biofuels target would require 345 ktoe by 2020 (14,400 TJ). Utilizing the indigenous biofuels in Ireland such as tallow, used cooking oil and oil seed rape leaves a shortfall of approximately 12,000 TJ or 350 million L (achieving only 17% of the 10% target) that must be either be imported or met by other renewables. Other solutions seem to suggest that microalgae (for biodiesel) and macroalgae (for bioethanol) could meet this shortfall for indigenous Irish production. This paper aims to review the characteristics of algae for biofuel production based on oil yields, cultivation, harvesting, processing and finally in terms of the European Union (EU) biofuels sustainability criteria, where, up to 2017, a 35% greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction is required compared to fossil fuels. From 2017 onwards, a 50% GHG reduction is required for existing installations and from 2018, a 60% reduction for new installations is required.
Development and Piloting of a Food Safety Audit Tool for the Domestic Environment
Authors: Borrusso Patricia , Quinlan Jennifer
Published: December 2013

Research suggests that consumers often mishandle food in the home based on survey and observation studies. There is a need for a standardized tool for researchers to objectively evaluate the prevalence and identify the nature of food safety risks in the domestic environment. An audit tool was developed to measure compliance with recommended sanitation, refrigeration and food storage conditions in the domestic kitchen. The tool was piloted by four researchers who independently completed the inspection in 22 homes. Audit tool questions were evaluated for reliability using the κ statistic. Questions that were not sufficiently reliable (κ < 0.5) or did not provide direct evidence of risk were revised or eliminated from the final tool. Piloting the audit tool found good reliability among 18 questions, 6 questions were revised and 28 eliminated, resulting in a final 24 question tool. The audit tool was able to identify potential food safety risks, including evidence of pest infestation (27%), incorrect refrigeration temperature (73%), and lack of hot water (>43 °C, 32%). The audit tool developed here provides an objective measure for researchers to observe and record the most prevalent food safety risks in consumer’s kitchens and potentially compare risks among consumers of different demographics.
Objectively Measured Activity Patterns among Adults in Residential Aged Care
Authors: Reid Natasha , Eakin Elizabeth , Henwood Timothy , Keogh Justin , Senior Hugh , Gardiner Paul , Winkler Elisabeth , Healy Genevieve
Published: December 2013

Objectives: To determine the feasibility of using the activPAL3TM activity monitor, and, to describe the activity patterns of residential aged care residents. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Randomly selected aged care facilities within 100 km of the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Participants: Ambulatory, older (≥60 years) residential aged care adults without cognitive impairment. Measurements: Feasibility was assessed by consent rate, sleep/wear diary completion, and through interviews with staff/participants. Activity patterns (sitting/lying, standing, and stepping) were measured via activPAL3TM monitors worn continuously for seven days. Times spent in each activity were described and then compared across days of the week and hours of the day using linear mixed models. Results: Consent rate was 48% (n = 41). Activity patterns are described for the 31 participants (mean age 84.2 years) who provided at least one day of valid monitor data. In total, 14 (45%) completed the sleep/wear diary. Participants spent a median (interquartile range) of 12.4 (1.7) h sitting/lying (with 73% of this accumulated in unbroken bouts of ≥30 min), 1.9 (1.3) h standing, and 21.4 (36.7) min stepping during their monitored waking hours per day. Activity did not vary significantly by day of the week (p ≥ 0.05); stepping showed significant hourly variation (p = 0.018). Conclusions: Older adults in residential aged care were consistently highly sedentary. Feasibility considerations for objective activity monitoring identified for this population include poor diary completion and lost monitors.