bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brain topography on adult ultrasound images: Techniques, interpretation, and image library
Authors: Kapoor Sahil , Offnick Austin , Allen Beddome , Brown Patrick A. , Sachs Jeffrey R. , Gurcan Metin Nafi , Pinton Gianmarco , D'Agostino Ralph , Bushnell Cheryl , Wolfe Stacey , Duncan Pam , Asimos Andrew , Sarwal Aarti
Published: August 2022

Background and Purpose

Many studies have explored the possibility of using cranial ultrasound for discerning intracranial pathologies like tumors, hemorrhagic stroke, or subdural hemorrhage in clinical scenarios where computer tomography may not be accessible or feasible. The visualization of intracranial anatomy on B‐mode ultrasound is challenging due to the presence of the skull that limits insonation to a few segments on the temporal bone that are thin enough to allow transcranial transmission of sound. Several artifacts are produced by hyperechoic signals inherent in brain and skull anatomy when images are created using temporal windows.

Methods

While the literature has investigated the accuracy of diagnosis of intracranial pathology with ultrasound, we lack a reference source for images acquired on cranial topography on B‐mode ultrasound to illustrate the appearance of normal and abnormal structures of the brain and skull. Two investigators underwent hands‐on training in Cranial point‐of‐care ultrasound (c‐POCUS) and acquired multiple images from each patient to obtain the most in‐depth images of brain to investigate all visible anatomical structures and pathology within 24 hours of any CT/MRI imaging done.

Results

Most reproducible structures visible on c‐POCUS included bony parts and parenchymal structures. Transcranial and abdominal presets were equivalent in elucidating anatomical structures. Brain pathology like parenchymal hemorrhage, cerebral edema, and hydrocephalus were also visualized.

Conclusions

We present an illustrated anatomical atlas of cranial ultrasound B‐mode images acquired in various pathologies in a critical care environment and compare our findings with published literature by performing a scoping review of literature on the subject.
Ivermectin induces chicken BCRP/ABCG2 expression and function: Involvement of CXR signaling pathway and mRNA stabilization
Authors: Xu Ziyong , Li Mei , Lu Wang , Li Lin , Zhang Yujuan , Wang Liping
Published: August 2022

Ivermectin is a macrocyclic lactone antiparasitic drug widely used in human and veterinary medicine. Previous studies indicated that ivermectin could interact with P‐glycoprotein, being a good inducer and substrate; however, it is unknown whether ivermectin affects BCRP of chicken. In this study, we found that ivermectin distinctly affected the expression of BCRP in a time‐ and concentration‐dependent up‐regulatory way in chicken primary hepatocytes. Subsequent series of experiments showed that the BCRP induction is related with the increase of CXR expression and, promoting CXR translocations to the nucleus and enhancing the stability of Abcg2 mRNA at the post‐transcriptional level by ivermectin. Furthermore, we observed that ivermectin also enhanced the stability of Abcg2 mRNA at the post‐transcriptional level by Act‐D chase assay. We got the similar results by in vivo test that ivermectin‐induced BCRP and CXR expression in pharmacologically important tissues, and decreased the apparent permeability coefficient of florfenicol (substrate of chicken BCRP). In conclusion, the results indicated that ivermectin could induce chicken BCRP expression and function through the transcriptional CXR signaling pathway and post‐transcriptional mRNA stabilization.
Victim, perpetrator, neither: Attitudes on deservingness and culpability in immigration law
Authors: Rowen Jamie , Blinder Scott , Hamlin Rebecca
Published: August 2022

This study examines whether there is popular support for a restrictive immigration policy aimed at denying safe haven to human rights abusers and those affiliated with terrorism. We designed a public opinion survey experiment that asks respondents to evaluate whether low level or high-level Taliban members who otherwise qualify for refugee status deserve immigration benefits. We found that a majority of respondents did not immediately deny a visa to low-level worker. Looking at respondents' explanations for their decision, we find two distinct clusters of reasons that we classify as either circumstantial–focused on the particularities of the case–or categorical–focused on general attributes of the applicant. We suggest that domestic and international criminal law logics about acts and intentions, as well as roles and responsibilities, are reflected in beliefs about deservingness in this distinct immigration context, and may support more generous attitudes toward those seeking refugee status. Many respondents using circumstantial reasoning saw a distinction between the jobs potential immigrants have done in their pasts and what they actually believe, underscoring the fraught dynamics of armed conflict in which people may be swept up in violence they do not support.
Liver transplantation for NAFLD cirrhosis: Age and recent coronary angioplasty are major determinants of survival
Authors: Villeret François , Dharancy Sébastien , Erard Domitille , Abergel Armand , Barbier Louise , Besch Camille , Boillot Olivier , Boudjema Karim , Coilly Audrey , Conti Filomena , Corpechot Christophe , Duvoux Christophe , Faitot François , Faure Stéphanie , Francoz Claire , Giostra Emiliano , Gugenheim Jean , Hardwigsen Jean , Hilleret Marie‐Noëlle , Hiriart Jean‐Baptiste , Houssel‐Debry Pauline , Kamar Nassim , Lassailly Guillaume , Latournerie Marianne , Pageaux Georges‐Philippe , Samuel Didier , Vanlemmens Claire , Saliba Faouzi , Dumortier Jérôme
Published: August 2022

Background and Aims

Liver transplantation (LT) is the treatment of end‐stage non‐alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD), that is decompensated cirrhosis and/or complicated by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Few data on long‐term outcome are available. The aim of this study was to evaluate overall patient and graft survivals and associated predictive factors.

Method

This retrospective multicentre study included adult transplant patients for NAFLD cirrhosis between 2000 and 2019 in participating French‐speaking centres.

Results

A total of 361 patients (69.8% of male) were included in 20 centres. The median age at LT was 62.3 years [57.4–65.9] and the median MELD score was 13.9 [9.1–21.3]; 51.8% of patients had HCC on liver explant. Between 2004 and 2018, the number of LT for NAFLD cirrhosis increased by 720%. A quarter of the patients had cardiovascular history before LT. Median follow‐up after LT was 39.1 months [15.8–72.3]. Patient survival at 1, 5 and 10 years after LT was 89.3%, 79.8% and 68.1% respectively. The main causes of death were sepsis (37.5%), malignancies (29.2%) and cardiovascular events (22.2%). In multivariate analysis, three risk factors for overall mortality after LT were recipient pre‐LT BMI < 32 kg/m2 at LT time (OR: 2.272; p = .012), pre‐LT angioplasty during CV check‐up (OR: 2.916; p = .016), a combined donor and recipient age over 135 years (OR: 2.020; 95%CI: p = .035).

Conclusion

Survival after LT for NAFLD cirrhosis is good at 5 years. Donor and recipient age, and cardiovascular history, are major prognostic factors to consider.
Degrees of consciousness
Authors: Lee Andrew Y.
Published: August 2022

Is a human more conscious than an octopus? In the science of consciousness, it's oftentimes assumed that some creatures (or mental states) are more conscious than others. But in recent years, a number of philosophers have argued that the notion of degrees of consciousness is conceptually confused. This paper (1) argues that the most prominent objections to degrees of consciousness are unsustainable, (2) examines the semantics of ‘more conscious than’ expressions, (3) develops an analysis of what it is for a degreed property to count as degrees of consciousness, and (4) applies the analysis to various theories of consciousness. I argue that whether consciousness comes in degrees ultimately depends on which theory of consciousness turns out to be correct. But I also argue that most theories of consciousness entail that consciousness comes in degrees.
Controlling our reasons
Authors: Keeling Sophie
Published: August 2022

Philosophical discussion on control has largely centred around control over our actions and beliefs. Yet this overlooks the question of whether we also have control over the reasons for which we act and believe. To date, the overriding assumption appears to be that we do not, and with seemingly good reason. We cannot choose to act for a reason and acting‐for‐a‐reason is not itself something we do. While some have challenged this in the case of reasons for action, these claims seem especially untenable regarding believing for a reason. And extending the scope of control in this way also faces the threat of regress. In the face of this orthodoxy, the present paper argues that we do in fact have control over both believing and acting for a particular reason. It also starts to develop an account of the way in which this would be possible. Given the broad importance of understanding control and agency, this paper bears on a number of topics in epistemology, the philosophy of mind, and ethics.
The modified vermilion border‐marionette line approach: A management for buccal cancer with wider indications and higher satisfaction
Authors: Li Bo , Cheng Aoming , Liu Huan , Wang Hao , Wang Chong , Xu Qiaoshi , Han Zhengxue , Feng Zhien
Published: August 2022

Objective

The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of modified vermilion border‐marionette line (MVBML) approach on postoperative facial scar, nerves injury, and prognosis of patients with buccal squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC).

Patients and Methods

This is a single‐center, prospective cohort study that enrolled 80 patients with BSCC from June 2015 to December 2020. According to the different surgical approaches, the patients were divided into two groups: the lower lip median (LLM) approach group and the MVBML approach group.

Results

The results showed that the appearance (p = 0.003), scar consciousness (p < 0.001) and satisfaction with appearance (p = 0.001) of patients in the MVBML group were significantly better than those in the LLM group, and the difference was more obvious in elderly group. Statistical analysis of postoperative nerves injury showed that the MVBML group had a lower risk of facial and mental nerves injury than the LLM group, and there was a significant statistical difference in mental nerve injury between the two groups (p < 0.001). Through Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, we found no significant difference in disease‐specific survival (p = 0.47) or disease‐free survival (p = 0.70) between the LLM approach group and the MVBML approach group.

Conclusions

The MVBML surgical approach is worthy of advancement for the surgical treatment of BSCC.
Safety of antifibrinolytics in 6583 pediatric patients having craniosynostosis surgery: A decade of data reported from the multicenter Pediatric Craniofacial Collaborative Group
Authors: King Michael R. , Staffa Steven J. , Stricker Paul A. , Pérez‐Pradilla Carolina , Nelson Olivia , Benzon Hubert A. , Goobie Susan M. ,   the Pediatric Craniofacial Collaborative Group
Published: August 2022

Background

Antifibrinolytics such as tranexamic acid and epsilon‐aminocaproic acid are effective at reducing blood loss and transfusion in pediatric patients having craniofacial surgery. The Pediatric Craniofacial Collaborative Group has previously reported low rates of seizures and thromboembolic events (equal to no antifibrinolytic given) in open craniofacial surgery.

Aims

To query the Pediatric Craniofacial Collaborative Group database to provide an updated antifibrinolytic safety profile in children given that antifibrinolytics have become recommended standard of care in this surgical population. Additionally, we include the population of younger infants having minimally invasive procedures.

Methods

Patients in the Pediatric Craniofacial Collaborative Group registry between June 2012 and March 2021 having open craniofacial surgery (fronto‐orbital advancement, mid and posterior vault, total cranial vault remodeling, intracranial LeFort III monobloc), endoscopic cranial suture release, and spring mediated cranioplasty were included. The primary outcome is the rate of postoperative complications possibly attributable to antifibrinolytic use (seizures, seizure‐like activity, and thromboembolic events) in infants and children undergoing craniosynostosis surgery who did or did not receive antifibrinolytics.

Results

Forty‐five institutions reporting 6583 patients were included. The overall seizure rate was 0.24% (95% CI: 0.14, 0.39%), with 0.20% in the no Antifibrinolytic group and 0.26% in the combined Antifibrinolytic group, with no statistically reported difference. Comparing seizure rates between tranexamic acid (0.22%) and epsilon‐aminocaproic acid (0.44%), there was no statistically significant difference (odds ratio = 2.0; 95% CI: 0.6, 6.7; p = .257). Seizure rate was higher in patients greater than 6 months (0.30% vs. 0.18%; p = .327), patients undergoing open procedures (0.30% vs. 0.06%; p = .141), and syndromic patients (0.70% vs. 0.19%; p = .009).

Conclusions

This multicenter international experience of pediatric craniofacial surgery reports no increase in seizures or thromboembolic events in those that received antifibrinolytics (tranexamic acid and epsilon‐aminocaproic acid) versus those that did not. This report provides further evidence of antifibrinolytic safety. We recommend following pharmacokinetic‐based dosing guidelines for administration.
Water taken up through the bark is detected in the transpiration stream in intact upper‐canopy branches
Authors: Gimeno Teresa E. , Stangl Zsofia R. , Barbeta Adrià , Saavedra Noelia , Wingate Lisa , Devert Nicolas , Marshall John D.
Published: August 2022

Alternative water uptake pathways through leaves and bark complement water supply with interception, fog or dew. Bark water‐uptake contributes to embolism‐repair, as demonstrated in cut branches. We tested whether bark water‐uptake could also contribute to supplement xylem‐water for transpiration. We applied bandages injected with 2H‐enriched water on intact upper‐canopy branches of Pinus sylvestris and Fagus sylvatica in a boreal and in a temperate forest, in summer and winter, and monitored transpiration and online isotopic composition (δ2H and δ18O) of water vapour, before sampling for analyses of δ2H and δ18O in tissue waters. Xylem, bark and leaf waters from segments downstream from the bandages were 2H‐enriched whereas δ18O was similar to controls. Transpiration was positively correlated with 2H‐enrichment. Isotopic compositions of transpiration and xylem water allowed us to calculate isotopic exchange through the bark via vapour exchange, which was negligible in comparison to estimated bark water‐uptake, suggesting that water‐uptake occurred via liquid phase. Results were consistent across species, forests and seasons, indicating that bark water‐uptake may be more ubiquitous than previously considered. We suggest that water taken up through the bark could be incorporated into the transpiration stream, which could imply that sap‐flow measurements underestimate transpiration when bark is wet.
Lipoid proteinosis: Novel ECM1 pathogenic variants and intrafamilial variability in four unrelated Arab families
Authors: Li Mingfeng , Fischer Judith , Safwat Sylvia , Shoman Walaa , Chazli Yasmine El , Alter Svenja , Has Cristina , Abdalla Ebtesam
Published: August 2022

Background/objectives

Lipoid proteinosis (LP) is a rare autosomal recessive multisystem disorder that is caused by loss‐of‐function pathogenic variants in the extracellular matrix protein‐1 (ECM1) gene. The typical clinical manifestations of LP include hoarseness of voice, beaded papules on the eyelids, infiltration and scarring of the skin and mucosa, as well as neuropsychological abnormalities. Currently, more than 70 pathogenic variants have been reported, including nonsense, missense, splice site, deletion and insertion pathogenic variants, and more than half of them occurred in exons 6 and 7.

Methods

Clinical evaluation and Sanger sequencing were performed on eight patients from four unrelated Arab families.

Results

We identified two novel ECM1 variants, one nonsense pathogenic variant in exon 6 (c.579G>A, p.Trp193*) and a deletion of three nucleotides (c.1390_1392del, p.Glu464del) in exon 9, and two previously reported frameshift variants; c.692_693delAG, in exon 6 and c.11dupC in exon 1.

Conclusions

Although all patients had characteristic manifestations of lipoid proteinosis, we observed intrafamilial phenotypic variability. Our data expand the pathogenic variant spectrum of ECM1 and also supports the fact that exon 6 is one of the most common hot spots of pathological variants in ECM1.
Breaking‐up is hard to study: A review of two decades of dissolution research
Authors: Machia Laura V. , Niehuis Sylvia , Joel Samantha
Published: August 2022

The dissolution of romantic relationships can be conceptualized in many ways, from a distressing event or a consequential life decision to a metric of a relationship's success. In the current review, we assess how relationship science has approached dissolution research over roughly the past 20 years. We identified 207 studies (from 195 papers) published between 2002–2020 that captured relationship dissolution events and coded the papers for relevant features. The most common methodological approach to studying breakups was a self‐report study (92%) in which relationships were tracked over time (72%) and breakups were treated as an outcome variable (79%). These results suggest that most research on dissolution has focused on predictors of it, rather than processes required to uncouple and circumstances surrounding the breakup itself. Coding revealed heterogeneous theoretical approaches, with the most common perspective across papers—social exchange/interdependence theory—informing only 15% of the papers coded. A majority (61%) of samples were representative of the nations, regions, or localities in which the studies were conducted. Yet, samples still tended to be disproportionately comprised of young, white individuals from Western countries. We conclude by discussing potential avenues for moving our understanding of relationship dissolution forward.
Presidential Strategy amidst the “Broken” Appointments Process
Authors: Piper Christopher
Published: August 2022

One of the notable features of the most recent presidential administrations has been the increasing prevalence of vacancies in presidentially appointed and Senate‐confirmed positions. This article explains when and how presidents actively take control of those positions once they become vacant. It evaluates its claims with original data on the most important Senate‐confirmed positions during the first year of the Obama, Trump, and Biden administrations, with a total of nearly 5,000 quarterly observations of 1,009 administration‐position cases. Estimates from Markov multistate models reveal that presidents use non‐default acting officials more frequently in ideologically opposed agencies, agencies connected to their campaign priorities, and the highest tier of leadership positions. Further, presidents pursue confirmation sparingly, often opting instead to use non‐default acting officials for extended periods of time. These results suggest that presidents have significant discretion over the leadership of the executive establishment that is at odds with our separation of powers system of government and the Senate's constitutional role to provide advice and consent on presidential appointees.
Effect of peri‐conception high‐fat diets on maternal ovarian function, foetal and placentome growth, and vascular umbilical development in goats
Authors: Cavalcanti Camila Muniz , Silva Maria Raquel Lopes , Conde Alfredo José Herrera , Bezerra Alessandra Façanha , Alves Juliana Paula Martins , Fernandes César Carneiro Linhares , Teixeira Dárcio Ítalo Alves , Rêgo Anibal Coutinho , Rondina Davide
Published: August 2022

The objective of this study was to determine whether a high‐fat diet (HFD) fed to goats for a brief period during peri‐conception would optimize reproductive and foetal responses. Thirty‐four Anglo‐Nubian crossbred adult goats were allocated into three groups: control (n = 11), fed with a total mixed ration (TMR) based on chopped elephant grass and concentrate; HFBM (n = 11), given TMR supplemented with soybean oil on a 0.5% dry matter basis for 11 days starting nine days before mating (BM); and HFAM (n = 12), fed with soybean oil included in the TMR for 15 days after mating (AM). The TMR diets differed in their fat content (7.5% vs. 2.9%). All goats had oestrus synchronized for 14 days BM by intravaginal administration of 60 mg MPA sponge for 12 days. Forty‐eight hours BM, the sponge was removed and 0.075 mg PGF2α was applied intramuscularly. After 36 h, 1 ml GnRH was administered intramuscularly, and goats were mated after sponge removal. The fat groups showed lower feed intake (p < .001) and higher cholesterol levels (p < .001) when HFD was administered. Doppler and B‐mode ultrasound evaluations revealed a greater (p < .05) number of small (<3 mm, 10 ± 0.6 vs. 8 ± 0.5) and large (≥3 mm, 6 ± 0.4 vs. 5.0 ± 0.2) follicles and intraovarian blood area (p < .05) in the HFBM group during sponge removal (57.6%) and mating (24.2%) than those of the no‐fat group. During AM, the fat‐fed groups exhibited higher glutathione peroxidase levels (p < .05) and a reduction (p < .001) in corpus luteum size (19%) and vascularized Doppler area (41%). No difference (p > .05) between groups was found in foetal traits, placentome and umbilical vascular development, except for the embryonic vesicle where HFAM twin pregnancy showed a smaller size than the control (26.1 ± 3.5 cm vs. 33.7 ± 2.7 cm; p < .01). Thus, HFD applied during peri‐conception of goats has no impact on later foetal development but improved the follicular growth when given before the mating. Thus, the use of HFD in periconception has no impact on foetal development but increases follicular growth before breeding time.
Barriers and Enablers Influencing Women's Adoption and Continuation of Vaginally Inserted Contraceptive Methods: A Literature Review
Authors: Harris Danielle M. , Dam Anita , Morrison Kate , Mann Chastain , Jackson Ashley , Bledsoe Shannon M. , Rowan Andrea , Longfield Kim
Published: August 2022

Most vaginally inserted methods have limited availability and use despite offering characteristics that align with many women's stated preferences (e.g., nonhormonal and/or on demand). The objective of this review was to identify enablers and barriers to women's adoption and continuation of vaginally inserted contraceptive methods in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). We searched three databases (PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science) and 18 websites using keywords related to five vaginally inserted contraceptive methods (diaphragm, vaginal ring, female condom, copper intrauterine device [IUD], hormonal IUD) and terms associated with their adoption and continuation. Searches were limited to resources published between January 2010 and September 2020. Studies eligible for inclusion in our review presented results on women's use and perspectives on the enablers and barriers to adoption and continuation of the vaginally inserted contraceptive methods of interest in LMICs. Relevant studies among women's partners were also included, but not those of providers or other stakeholders. Data were coded, analyzed, and disaggregated according to a framework grounded in family planning (FP) literature and behavioral theories common to FP research and program implementation. Our initial search yielded 13,848 results, with 182 studies ultimately included in the analysis. Across methods, we found common enablers for method adoption, including quality contraceptive counseling as well as alignment between a woman's preferences and a method's duration of use and side effect profile. Common barriers included a lack of familiarity with the methods and product cost. Notably, vaginal insertion was not a major barrier to adoption in the literature reviewed. Vaginally inserted methods of contraception have the potential to fill a gap in method offerings and expand choice. Programmatic actions should address key barriers and enable voluntary use.
Effectiveness of HIIT in patients with cancer or cancer survivors: An umbrella and mapping review with meta‐meta‐analysis
Authors: Herranz‐Gómez Aida , Cuenca‐Martínez Ferran , Suso‐Martí Luis , Varangot‐Reille Clovis , Calatayud Joaquín , Blanco‐Díaz María , Casaña José
Published: August 2022

Objective

To assess the available evidence on the effectiveness of high‐intensity interval training (HIIT) in addition to first‐choice cancer treatment on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), quality of life (QoL), adherence, and adverse effects of HIIT in patients with cancer or cancer survivors.

Methods

An umbrella review and meta‐meta‐analysis (MMA) was performed. A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database, CINAHL, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science until August 2021. Article selection, quality assessment, and risk of bias assessment were performed by two independent reviewers. The MMA were performed with a random‐effects model and the summary statistics were presented in the form of forest plot with a weighted compilation of all standardized mean differences (SMD) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results

Seven systematic reviews were included. Regarding CRF, the addition of HIIT to cancer treatment showed statistically significant differences with a small clinical effect, compared with adding other treatments (SMD = 0.45; 95% CI 0.24 to 0.65). There was no significant difference when compared with adding moderate‐intensity continuous training (MICT) (SMD = 0.23; 95% CI −0.04 to 0.50). QoL showed positive results although with some controversy. Adherence to HIIT intervention was high, ranging from 54% to 100%. Regarding adverse effects, most of the systematic reviews reported none, and in the cases in which they occurred, they were mild.

Conclusion

In conjunction with first‐choice cancer treatment, HIIT has been shown to be an effective intervention in terms of CRF and QoL, as well as having optimal adherence rate. In addition, the implementation of HIIT in patients with cancer or cancer survivors is safe as it showed no or few adverse effects.
The archipelago of meaning: Methodological contributions to the study of Vanuatu sand drawing
Authors: Devylder Simon
Published: August 2022

Vanuatu sand drawing has been listed by UNESCO since 2006 and has both fascinated and puzzled researchers from various disciplines for over a century. The inherent multi‐dimensionality of the practice makes analysis complex, and until very recently developing a systematic methodology to study this intangible art form was difficult. This paper aims to contribute to filling this gap with the analysis of a corpus of sand drawings documented on the island of Paama in 2019. A detailed methodological toolkit is proposed to better understand the complex morphology of the drawings and their multi‐layered meaning and function. This paper offers the first few steps along a journey toward designing integrated comparative methods of analysis that can not only potentiate unprecedented insights into the cultural practice of Vanuatu sand drawing, but also more broadly help us understand how worldviews, beliefs and societal structures spread across time and space.
Evaluación del comportamiento de aceros de toberas aceros de toberas en biocombustible
Authors: Blanco-Estupiñan David Leonardo , Bermudez-Castañeda Angela , Marquez Sebastián
Published: August 2022

Objetivo: evaluar la resistencia a la corrosión de las boquillas de inyección de acero inoxidable bajo ensayo de inmersión en biodiésel, y realizar una caracterización electroquímica bajo soluciones de HNO3. Métodos y materiales: Se realizó la caracterización química del biodiésel para analizar su estabilidad. Se realizaron pruebas de inmersión durante 4 meses, evaluando el acero inoxidable 304 bajo 3 concentraciones diferentes de mezclas de diésel/biocombustible. Además, se realizaron ensayos de polarización con concentraciones de NOx superiores a los niveles medidos en las emisiones de los motores. Resultados y discusión: El uso de biocombustibles en Colombia ha sido impulsado en gran medida por la producción de etanol de origen vegetal. Su uso aporta algunas ventajas relacionadas con la reducción de las emisiones de partículas y gases tóxicos (principalmente, grupos aromáticos, NOx y CO2). Sin embargo, puede producirse una degradación de los materiales cuando están en contacto directo con el biodiésel. Además, se ha informado de solidificación de ceras, que provoca el taponamiento de las boquillas. No obstante, se desconoce si esto influye en la difusión del oxígeno en la solución y, a su vez, afecta a la resistencia a la corrosión del acero inoxidable. Conclusiones: La resistencia a la corrosión del acero inoxidable 304 cambió bajo condiciones de inmersión, aunque su capa protectora no se vio afectada por las concentraciones de NOx registradas en las mezclas de biocombustible.
El seguro de crédito: Instrumento financiero para el desarrollo de las pequeñas y medianas empresas
Authors: Basabe Brown Marais
Published: August 2022

El contrato del seguro de crédito protege directamente el patrimonio de los asegurados contra el riesgo de impago crediticio a razón de diversos factores. En este sentido juega un rol trascendental para la salvaguarda financiera del sector empresarial, particularmente de las pequeñas y medianas empresas. El siguiente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la utilidad del contrato de seguro de crédito desde la óptica de las empresas aseguradas, con especial énfasis en aquellas de menor escala. Para ello se inicia a través de un examen histórico-lógico señalando los aspectos esenciales de su evolución histórica hasta la contemporaneidad. En segundo lugar se analiza esta modalidad del seguro a partir de un acercamiento teórico-jurídico, abarcando su definición, principios, rasgos distintivos como modalidad del ramo patrimonial, sus diferencias con el seguro de caución, algunas de las diferentes clases de seguros de crédito existentes, los elementos personales, reales y formales y su contenido obligacional. Por otro lado, en relación a las pequeñas y medianas empresas se reflexiona sobre los obstáculos fundamentales a los que estas se enfrentan en el desarrollo de su objeto social, en búsqueda de aquellos espacios donde el seguro de crédito puede desplegar sus mayores beneficios. Finalmente se concluye argumentando cómo el seguro de crédito constituye una importantísima herramienta de crecimiento y protección financiera para las empresas de menor escala a partir las ventajas que este representa.
On Choosing the Optimal Impeller Exit Velocity Triangles in Preliminary Design
Authors: Lou Fangyuan , Key Nicole L.
Published: August 2022

Impeller discharge flow plays an important role in centrifugal compressor performance and operability for two reasons. First, it determines the work factor and relative diffusion for the impeller. Second, it sets the flow into the downstream stationary diffusion system. The choice made in the preliminary design phase for the impeller exit velocity triangle is crucial for a successful design. The state-of-the-art design approach for determining the impeller exit velocity triangle in the preliminary design phase relies on several empirical guidelines, i.e., maximum work factor and diffusion ratio for an impeller, the optimal range of absolute flow angle, etc. However, as modern compressors continue pushing toward higher efficiency and higher work factor, this design approach falls short in providing exact guidance for choosing an optimal impeller exit velocity triangles due to its empirical nature as well as the competing mechanism of the two trends. In light of this challenge, this paper introduces a reduced-dimension, deterministic approach for the design of the impeller exit velocity triangle. The method gauges the design of the impeller exit velocity triangle from a different design philosophy using a relative diffusion effectiveness parameter and is validated using six impeller designs, representative of applications in both turbochargers and aero engines. Furthermore, with the deterministic method in place, optimal impeller exit velocity triangles are explored over a broad design space, and a one-to-one mapping from a selection of impeller total-to-total pressure ratios and backsweep angles to a unique optimal impeller exit velocity triangle is provided. This new approach is demonstrated, and discussions regarding the influences of impeller total-to-total pressure ratio, isentropic efficiency, and backsweep angle on the optimal impeller exit velocity triangle are presented.
Distributed Stochastic Consensus of Networked Nonholonomic Mobile Robots and Its Formation Application
Authors: Liu Lixia , Ji Jinchen , Li Bin , Miao Zhonghua , Zhou Jin
Published: August 2022

This paper proposes a novel distributed stochastic consensus seeking algorithm for networked nonholonomic wheeled mobile robots (NNWMRs) and its application to consensus-based formation. Time-varying delays and noisy measurement are incorporated into the dynamic model to represent two key issues inherently appearing in the communication and information exchange process among robots. Based on backstepping technique and sliding mode approach, the proposed consensus algorithm integrates kinematic controller and dynamic torque controller into the control protocol. A key feature of the proposed consensus algorithm is the introduction of the consensus gains, which characterizes the effects of time delays and noisy measurement. A unified methodology is provided for the convergence analysis of the networked system by using the generalized stochastic delayed Halanay inequality. It is shown that time delays and noisy measurement can play crucial roles in distributed consensus seeking in collaborative multirobot systems. Illustrative examples and simulations are provided to demonstrate and validate the theoretical results.
Self-Compassionate Motivation and Athlete Well-Being: The Critical Role of Distress Tolerance
Authors: Walton Courtney C. , Lewis Kelsey J. , Kirby James , Purcell Rosemary , Rice Simon M. , Osborne Margaret S.
Published: August 2022

This cross-sectional study explored athlete responses to the Compassion Motivation and Action Scales Self-Compassion Scale, examining its relationship with well-being. Athlete (N = 207; mean age 27.9 years) scores were consistent with previous population means. Scores on the Compassion Motivation and Action Scales Self-Compassion Scale did not differ between elite and nonelite athletes, nor did they correlate significantly with trait competitiveness. Significant differences emerged based on athlete well-being state, with athletes categorized as “flourishing” scoring higher on the total score and all subscales of the Compassion Motivation and Action Scales Self-Compassion Scale, as compared with those with “moderate mental health” (Cohen’s ds from 0.58 to 0.92). Furthermore, the distress tolerance subscale significantly mediated the relationship between self-compassion intentions and well-being (indirect path: B = 0.034, p < .001). The results suggest that self-compassionate intentions are not enough, and athletes may need support to tolerate the distress that comes with moving toward one’s own suffering.
Patients Experience Significant and Meaningful Changes in Self-Report of Function During the First 2 Weeks After an Ankle Sprain Injury: A Report From the Athletic Training Practice-Based Research Network
Authors: Lam Kenneth C. , Marshall Ashley N. , Holland Brandon , Bay R. Curtis , Wikstrom Erik A. , Snyder Valier Alison R.
Published: August 2022

Context: Ankle sprains are common during sport participation and associated with long-term deficits in self-report of function. However, little is known of short-term changes in self-report of function following injury. The authors aimed to assess statistical and clinically meaningful changes in self-report of function, as measured by the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM), during the first 2 weeks after an ankle sprain injury. Design: A retrospective analysis of electronic medical records. Methods: Eighty-eight patients, who were diagnosed with an ankle sprain injury by an athletic trainer, received usual care from an athletic trainer, and completed the FAAM during treatment at weeks 1 and 2 postinjury. The authors calculated the percentage of patients who reported clinically meaningful changes and used Wilcoxon signed-rank tests to compare differences in FAAM scores between time points. Results: Between weeks 1 and 2, significant differences were noted for the FAAM Activities of Daily Living (FAAM-ADL) (P < .001) and FAAM Sport (FAAM-Sport) (P < .001). At the patient level, 86.5% (64/74) and 85.2% (69/81) of patients reported changes that exceeded the minimal clinically important difference value for the FAAM-ADL and FAAM-Sport, respectively, between weeks 1 and 2. At week 2, 31.8% (28/88) and 47.7% (42/88) of patients reported a score below 90% on the FAAM-ADL and below 80% on the FAAM-Sport subscale, respectively. Also, 36.4% (32/88) and 25.0% (22/88) of patients reported a score of 100% on the FAAM-ADL and FAAM-Sport subscales, respectively, at week 2. Conclusions: Patients report statistically significant and meaningful improvements in self-report of function during the first 2 weeks following ankle sprain injury. However, almost half of patients still report deficits in sport function at 2 weeks postinjury. Patient-reported outcome measures such as the FAAM, can help capture the patient’s perception of function and inform patient care decisions. Research efforts should explore individual response patterns to treatment.
Mitochondrial remodeling and ischemic protection by G protein–coupled receptor 35 agonists
Authors: Wyant Gregory A. , Yu Wenyu , Doulamis IIias P. , Nomoto Rio S. , Saeed Mossab Y. , Duignan Thomas , McCully James D , Kaelin William G.
Published: August 2022

Kynurenic acid (KynA) is tissue protective in cardiac, cerebral, renal, and retinal ischemia models, but the mechanism is unknown. KynA can bind to multiple receptors, including the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, the a7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (a7nAChR), multiple ionotropic glutamate receptors, and the orphan G protein–coupled receptor GPR35. Here, we show that GPR35 activation was necessary and sufficient for ischemic protection by KynA. When bound by KynA, GPR35 activated G
i
- and G
12/13
-coupled signaling and trafficked to the outer mitochondria membrane, where it bound, apparently indirectly, to ATP synthase inhibitory factor subunit 1 (ATPIF1). Activated GPR35, in an ATPIF1-dependent and pertussis toxin–sensitive manner, induced ATP synthase dimerization, which prevented ATP loss upon ischemia. These findings provide a rationale for the development of specific GPR35 agonists for the treatment of ischemic diseases.
JMJD3 activated hyaluronan synthesis drives muscle regeneration in an inflammatory environment
Authors: Nakka Kiran , Hachmer Sarah , Mokhtari Zeinab , Kovac Radmila , Bandukwala Hina , Bernard Clara , Li Yuefeng , Xie Guojia , Liu Chengyu , Fallahi Magid , Megeney Lynn A. , Gondin Julien , Chazaud Bénédicte , Brand Marjorie , Zha Xiaohui , Ge Kai , Dilworth F. Jeffrey
Published: August 2022

Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) reside in a specialized niche that ensures their regenerative capacity. Although we know that innate immune cells infiltrate the niche in response to injury, it remains unclear how MuSCs adapt to this altered environment for initiating repair. Here, we demonstrate that inflammatory cytokine signaling from the regenerative niche impairs the ability of quiescent MuSCs to reenter the cell cycle. The histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) demethylase JMJD3, but not UTX, allowed MuSCs to overcome inhibitory inflammation signaling by removing trimethylated H3K27 (H3K27me3) marks at the
Has2
locus to initiate production of hyaluronic acid, which in turn established an extracellular matrix competent for integrating signals that direct MuSCs to exit quiescence. Thus, JMJD3-driven hyaluronic acid synthesis plays a proregenerative role that allows MuSC adaptation to inflammation and the initiation of muscle repair.
Carbene reactivity from alkyl and aryl aldehydes
Authors: Zhang Lumin , DeMuynck Bethany M. , Paneque Alyson N. , Rutherford Joy E. , Nagib David A.
Published: August 2022

Carbenes are highly enabling reactive intermediates that facilitate a diverse range of otherwise inaccessible chemistry, including small-ring formation and insertion into strong σ bonds. To access such valuable reactivity, reagents with high entropic or enthalpic driving forces are often used, including explosive (diazo) or unstable (
gem
-dihalo) compounds. Here, we report that common aldehydes are readily converted (via stable α-acyloxy halide intermediates) to electronically diverse (donor or neutral) carbenes to facilitate >10 reaction classes. This strategy enables safe reactivity of nonstabilized carbenes from alkyl, aryl, and formyl aldehydes via zinc carbenoids. Earth-abundant metal salts [iron(II) chloride (FeCl
2
), cobalt(II) chloride (CoCl
2
), copper(I) chloride (CuCl)] are effective catalysts for these chemoselective carbene additions to σ and π bonds.
The planetary role of seagrass conservation
Authors: Unsworth Richard K. F. , Cullen-Unsworth Leanne C. , Jones Benjamin L. H. , Lilley Richard J.
Published: August 2022

Seagrasses are remarkable plants that have adapted to live in a marine environment. They form extensive meadows found globally that bioengineer their local environments and preserve the coastal seascape. With the increasing realization of the planetary emergency that we face, there is growing interest in using seagrasses as a nature-based solution for greenhouse gas mitigation. However, seagrass sensitivity to stressors is acute, and in many places, the risk of loss and degradation persists. If the ecological state of seagrasses remains compromised, then their ability to contribute to nature-based solutions for the climate emergency and biodiversity crisis remains in doubt. We examine the major ecological role that seagrasses play and how rethinking their conservation is critical to understanding their part in fighting our planetary emergency.
A regenerative niche for stem cells
Authors: Gabellini Davide
Published: August 2022

Production of hyaluronic acid allows regenerative signaling in muscle stem cells after injury
Twice the tolerance
Authors: Shenoy Meera K. , Koch Meghan A.
Published: August 2022

A gut microbiota–derived antigen elicits distinct subsets of regulatory T cells to suppress inflammation in mice
In Science Journals
Authors: Vignieri Sacha , Hines Pamela J. , Fogg Christiana N. , Osborne Ian S. , Erkes Dan A. , Lavine Marc S. , Smith H. Jesse , Yeston Jake , Vinson Valda , Nusinovich Yevgeniya , Purnell Beverly A. , Ray L. Bryan , Scanlon Seth Thomas , Hurtley Stella M. , Ferrarelli Leslie K. , DiCroce Luciano
Published: August 2022

Highlights from the
Science
family of journals
Innovation bill will reshape science agencies
Authors: Mervis Jeffrey
Published: August 2022

CHIPS and Science Act creates NSF tech directorate and boosts applied research
Ambitious bill leads to 40% cut in emissions, models show
Authors: Stokstad Erik
Published: August 2022

But more action is needed to reach Biden’s pledge to halve greenhouse gas emissions by 2030
Mouse stem cells grown into embryo mimics
Authors: Leslie Mitch
Published: August 2022

Bioreactor lets “embryoids” mature long enough for multiple organs to form
Making broader coronavirus vaccines is a struggle
Authors: Cohen Jon
Published: August 2022

Efforts to protect against future variants or novel coronaviruses face funding constraints and other problems
Efficacy of the Antimalarial MMV390048 against
Babesia
Infection Reveals Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase as a Druggable Target for Babesiosis
Authors: Ji Shengwei , Galon Eloiza May , Rizk Mohamed Abdo , Yi Yunpeng , Zafar Iqra , Li Hang , Ma Zhuowei , Iguchi Aiko , Asada Masahito , Liu Mingming , Xuan Xuenan
Published: August 2022

The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-
Babesia
effect of MMV390048, a drug that inhibits
Plasmodium
by targeting the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4K). The half inhibitory concentration (IC
50
) of MMV390048 against the
in vitro
growth of
Babesia gibsoni
was 6.9 ± 0.9 μM.
Genetic Differentiation and Migration Fluxes of Viruses from Melon Crops and Crop Edge Weeds
Authors: Maachi Ayoub , Donaire Livia , Hernando Yolanda , Aranda Miguel A.
Published: August 2022

It has been reported that about half of the emerging diseases affecting plants are caused by viruses. Alternative hosts often play critical roles in virus emergence as virus reservoirs, bridging host species that are otherwise unconnected and/or favoring virus diversification.
Streptococcus pneumoniae Rapidly Translocate from the Nasopharynx through the Cribriform Plate to Invade the Outer Meninges
Authors: Audshasai Teerawit , Coles Jonathan A. , Panagiotou Stavros , Khandaker Shadia , Scales Hannah E. , Kjos Morten , Baltazar Murielle , Vignau Julie , Brewer James M. , Kadioglu Aras , Yang Marie
Published: August 2022

Using two-photon imaging, we show that pneumococci translocate from the nasopharynx to the dorsal meninges of a mouse in the absence of any bacteria found in blood or cerebrospinal fluid. Strikingly, this takes place within minutes of inhaled delivery of pneumococci, suggesting the existence of an inward flow of fluid connecting the nasopharynx to the meninges, rather than a receptor-mediated mechanism.
TREM2 Promotes Immune Evasion by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Human Macrophages
Authors: Dabla Ankita , Liang Yi Chu , Rajabalee Nusrah , Irwin Courtney , Moonen Carolyn G. J. , Willis Jessie V. , Berton Stefania , Sun Jim
Published: August 2022

Mycobacterium tuberculosisis one of the most ancient bacterial pathogens and remains the leading cause of death from a single bacterial agent. The success ofM. tuberculosisrelies greatly on its ability to parasitize and disable its host macrophages.
Leishmania donovani Impedes Antileishmanial Immunity by Suppressing Dendritic Cells via the TIM-3 Receptor
Authors: Akhtar Md. Naushad , Kumar Sahil , Sen Pradip
Published: August 2022

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a poverty-related disease caused by
Leishmania donovani
, is ranked by the World Health Organization as the second largest killer parasitic disease in the world. The protective immune response against VL is primarily regulated by dendritic cells (DCs), which upon activation/maturation initiate an antileishmanial immune response.
Supplemental Material: A 50 m.y. melting model for the rare metal–rich Koktokay pegmatite in the Chinese Altai: Implications from a newly identified Jurassic granite
Authors: Han Jinsheng , Chen Huayong , al. et
Published: August 2022

Table S1: Major-element (wt%) and trace-element (ppm) compositions of apatite from the granite apophysis and the Koktokay No. 3 pegmatite. Table S2: Major-element composition of columbite in the granite apophysis. Table S3: Major- and trace-element composition of micas in the granite apophysis. Table S4: Major (wt%) and trace (ppm) elements for the granite apophysis. Table S5: LA-ICP-MS U-Pb analytical results of columbites and apatites. Table S6: Whole-rock Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes of the granite apophysis in the Koktokay No. 3 pegmatite. Table S7: Multicollector LA-ICP-MS boron isotopes of tourmalines from the granite apophysis. Table S8: Compiled age data of magmatic-hydrothermal activity in the Koktokay No. 3 pegmatite. 
Supplemental Material: Aspect-dependent bedrock weathering, cliff retreat, and cliff morphology in a hyperarid environment
Authors: Shmilovitz Yuval , al. et
Published: August 2022

Figures S1–S8, Text S1, Table S1.