bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of isopropanol decomposition and reaction with H atoms from shock tube experiments and rate constant optimization using the method of uncertainty minimization using polynomial chaos expansions (MUM‐PCE)
Authors: Mertens Laura A. , Manion Jeffrey A.
Published: September 2020

We have used the single‐pulse shock tube technique with postshock GC/MS product analysis to investigate the mechanism and kinetics of the unimolecular decomposition of isopropanol, a potential biofuel, and of its reaction with H atoms at 918‐1212 K and 183‐484 kPa. Experiments employed dilute mixtures in argon of isopropanol, a radical scavenger, and, for H‐atom studies, two different thermal precursors of H. Without an added H source, isopropanol decomposes in our studies predominantly by molecular dehydration. Added H atoms significantly augment decomposition, mainly by abstraction of the tertiary and primary hydrogens, reactions that, respectively, lead to acetone and propene as stable organic products. Traces of acetaldehyde were observed in some experiments above ≈ 1100 K and establish branching limits for minor decomposition pathways. To quantitatively account for secondary chemistry and optimize rate constants of interest, we employed the method of uncertainty minimization using polynomial chaos expansions (MUM‐PCE) to carry out a unified analysis of all datasets using a chemical model–based originally on JetSurF 2.0. We find: k(isopropanol → propene + H2O) = 10(13.87 ± 0.69) exp(−(33 099 ± 979) K/ T) s−1 at 979‐1212 K and 286‐484 kPa, with a factor of two uncertainty (2σ), including systematic errors. For H atom reactions, optimization yields: k(H + isopropanol → H2 + p‐C3H6OH) = 10(6.25 ± 0.42) T2.54 exp(−(3993 ± 1028) K /T) cm3 mol−1 s−1 and k(H + isopropanol → H2 + t‐C3H6OH) = 10(5.83 ± 0.37) T2.40 exp(−(1507 ± 957) K /T) cm3 mol−1 s−1 at 918‐1142 K and 183‐323 kPa. We compare our measured rate constants with estimates used in current combustion models and discuss how hydrocarbon functionalization with an OH group affects H abstraction rates.
Trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) and carboxamide interactions in TCCA/NaNO2 triggered nitration of pyrrole and indole in aqueous aprotic media: A kinetic correlation of solvent properties with reactivity
Authors: Duguta Govardhan , Muddam Bhooshan , Kamatala Chinna Rajanna , Utkoor Umesh Kumar
Published: September 2020

This study deals with the trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) interactions with carboxamides like formamide (FMA), N,N′‐dimethyl formamide (DMF), and N,N′‐dimethyl acetamide (DMA) interactions during the nitration of heterocyclic compounds (HC) like pyrrole and indole in the presence of excess of [NaNO2] over the concentrations of all other reactants. All the reactions were performed in aqueous acetonitrile media containing carboxamide under acid‐free conditions. Kinetics of the reactions revealed first order in [nitrating agent] and [HC] under otherwise similar conditions. To gain an insight into the reactive species and role of added carboxamide (FAA, DMF, DMA, etc.), the observed rates of the nitration reaction (log k) were analyzed as a function of (1/D), ([D − 1]/[2D + 1]), mole fraction (nx), and volume (%) of carboxamide, 1/viscosity, density refractive index function), and Hildebrand solubility parameter plots. Linear regression analysis gave very good correlation coefficients (R2 values), which indicate the importance of several solvent properties in addition to the role of dielectric constant (D) of the reaction media. Multiple linear solvent energy relationships suggested by Abraham, Koppel, Palm, and Taft also afforded very good correlation coefficient (R2 values), showing the importance of cumulative effect of solvent properties. Besides these features, the negative entropies of activation (∆S#) suggest greater solvation in the transition state. Isokinetic temperature (β) values for different protocols were very close to the experimental temperature range (303‐323 K), indicating the importance of both enthalpy and entropy factors in controlling the reaction.
Differing Progression to Posterior Glottic Stenosis in Autoimmune and Idiopathic Subglottic Stenosis
Authors: Dion Gregory R. , De la Chapa Julian S. , Bettenhausen Whitney , Dominguez Laura M. , Simpson C. Blake
Published: September 2020

Objectives/Hypothesis

We sought to characterize rates of progression to posterior glottic stenosis (PGS) from autoimmune or idiopathic subglottic stenosis.

Study Design

This was a retrospective review.

Methods

Patients from a tertiary‐care laryngology practice over a 10‐year period with autoimmune or idiopathic subglottic stenosis (SGS) were included. Patients with a history of prolonged intubation or other causes of iatrogenic stenosis were excluded. PGS was confirmed on videostrobolaryngoscopy recordings by a fellowship‐trained laryngologist. PGS type (1–4) was also recorded. Demographic information was recorded, and if applicable, autoimmune disease type was specified. Time until PGS was recorded along with the number of interventions. Chi‐squared analysis was used to compare PGS in autoimmune and idiopathic SGS.

Results

A total of 77 patients were identified with autoimmune (32 patients) or idiopathic (45 patients) subglottic stenosis. Autoimmune pathologies included systemic lupus erythematosus, granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), rheumatoid arthritis, relapsing polychondritis, and sarcoidosis, with GPA the most common (14/32). Patients with autoimmune SGS had a higher rate of PGS (10 of 32) compared to idiopathic subglottic stenosis (1 of 45) for an odds ratio of 20 (95% CI: 2.4–166.4, P = .006). Patients with idiopathic SGS were more likely to be female (all 45 compared to 29/32 autoimmune, P = .07) and older (mean 53 (range 29–75) compared to 46 (20–82), P = .02).

Conclusions

In this large patient cohort, autoimmune SGS patients were found to have a higher likelihood of developing PGS compared to their idiopathic counterparts, suggesting that counseling for this progression may be warranted.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 131:1816–1820, 2021
Tracheal Resection in the Management of Thyroid Cancer: An Evidence‐Based Approach
Authors: Allen Meredith , Spillinger Aviv , Arianpour Khashayar , Johnson Jared , Johnson Andrew P. , Folbe Adam J. , Hotaling Jeffrey , Svider Peter F.
Published: September 2020

Objective

Determine the effect of patient demographics and surgical approach on patient outcomes after tracheal resection in the management of thyroid cancer.

Study Design

Systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Methods

Systematic review of literature was performed using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library to identify patients with thyroid carcinoma who underwent tracheal resection. Pooled estimates for patient demographics, presenting findings, complications, and outcomes are determined using random‐effects meta‐analyses.

Results

Ninety‐six relevant studies encompassing 1,179 patients met inclusion criteria. Meta‐analysis pooled rates of complications: 1.7% (confidence interval [CI] 0.8–2.5; P < .001; I2 = 1.85%) airway complications, 2.8% (CI 1.6–3.9; P < .001; I2 = 13.34%) bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, 2.2% (CI 1.2–3.1; P < .001; I2 = 6.72%) anastomotic dehiscence. Circumferential resection pooled estimates major complications, locoregional recurrence, distal recurrence, overall survival: 14.1% (CI 8.3–19.9; P < .001; I2 = 35.26%), 15% (CI 9.6–20.3; P < .001; I2 = 38.2%), 19.7% (CI 13.7–25.8; P < .001; I2 = 28.83%), 74.5% (CI 64.4–84.6; P < .001; I2 = 85.07%). Window resection estimates: 19.8% (CI 6.9–32.8; P < .001; I2 = 18.83%) major complications, 25.6% (CI 5.1–46.1; P < .014; I2 = 84.68%) locoregional recurrence, 15.6% (CI 9.7–21.5; P < .001; I2 = 0%) distal recurrence, 77.1% (CI 58–96.2; P < .001; I2 = 78.77%) overall survival.

Conclusion

Management of invasive thyroid carcinoma may require tracheal resection to achieve locoregional control. Nevertheless, postoperative complications are not insignificant, and therefore this risk cannot be overlooked when counseling patients perioperatively. Laryngoscope, 131:932–946, 2021
Electrodiagnostic testing in acute facial palsy: Outcomes and comparison of methods
Authors: Andresen Nicholas S. , Zhu Vivian , Lee Andrew , Sebetka Wendy , Kimura Jun , Hansen Marlan R. , Gantz Bruce J. , Sun Daniel Q.
Published: September 2020

Objective

To study the relationship between various electrodiagnostic modalities in acute facial palsy.

Setting

Academic tertiary care center.

Patients

One‐hundred and six patients who presented with traumatic or non‐traumatic acute facial paralysis (House‐Brackmann, HB, grade 6/6) between 2008 and 2017 and underwent acute electrodiagnostic testing.

Intervention

Electroneurography (ENoG) using nasolabial fold (NLF) or nasalis muscle (NM) methods, and volitional electromyography (EMG) in all patients.

Main outcome measures

Percent degeneration of ipsilateral facial nerve compound muscle action potentials (CMAP) on NLF‐ and NM‐ENoG, presence or absence of muscle unit potentials (MUPs) on EMG.

Results

Extent of facial nerve degeneration measured by NLF‐ and NM‐ENoG were highly correlated (r = 0.85, P < .01) on each test and on serial testing. NLF‐ and NM‐ENoG concordantly diagnosed ≥90% degeneration in 44 patients (80%), of whom 32 patients were diagnosed to have 100% degeneration by both methodologies. Absence of MUPs on EMG was 63% sensitive and 92% specific for ≥90% degeneration on ENoG, with a positive predictive value of 90%. For patients with Bell's palsy, percent degeneration on ENoG was also correlated to HB score at 1 year. Surgical decompression resulted in mean HB scores of 2.2 and 3.0 for patients with Bell's palsy and trauma, respectively.

Conclusions

NM‐ENoG may be a valid and comparable method to NLF‐ENoG for predicting the recovery of facial nerve function in acute paralysis. Absence of MUPs on EMG is a specific measure of severe degeneration and highly predictive of candidacy for surgical decompression.

Level of evidence

Level 3.
Nonlinear Volume Holography in 3D Nonlinear Photonic Crystals
Authors: Liu Shan , Mazur Leszek Mateusz , Krolikowski Wieslaw , Sheng Yan
Published: September 2020

Nonlinear photonic crystals (NPCs) are transparent materials with a space‐dependent (often periodic) second‐order nonlinearity, which have been used extensively for the generation and control of coherent light at new frequencies. Thanks to recently introduced fabrication techniques capable of 3D nonlinearity engineering, explorations of nonlinear wave interaction with improved or unique functionalities of 3D configurations become possible. Here, the experimental example of nonlinear volume holography based on 3D NPCs is presented. The 3D modulation of nonlinearity enables reconstruction of optical beams at new frequency with predesigned phase and amplitude structures. Furthermore, a simultaneous synchronization of phase velocities of the fundamental reading beam and the generated new frequency beam ensures increased conversion efficiency. A proof‐of‐concept nonlinear holographic reconstruction of second harmonic vortex beam is obtained with an optically induced 3D nonlinear volume hologram in ferroelectric calcium barium niobate crystal. The results show the nonlinear volume holography based on 3D NPC provides a novel promising approach for efficient realization of optical complex beams at new frequencies, paving the way for applications in all‐optical signal processing, super‐resolution imaging, and 3D laser displays.
Effects of Al3+ concentration in hydrothermal solution on the microstructural and corrosion resistance properties of fabricated MgO ceramic layer on AZ31 magnesium alloy
Authors: Wang Zhihu , Zhang Jumei , Bai Lijing , Zhang Guojun
Published: September 2020

Porous magnesium oxide (MgO) ceramic layers were prepared on AZ31 magnesium alloy via microarc oxidation (MAO) and sustained hydrothermal treatment at 90°C for 18 h in alkaline zinc nitrate solution with varying Al3+ concentrations. Increasing the Al3+ concentration advanced the formation of layered double hydroxide (LDH) films on the MgO ceramic layers, enabling the sealing of micropoles and cracks via in situ growing. Electrochemical and immersion test results indicated that the MAO/hydrothermal treatment‐prepared LDH/MgO composite coatings achieved increased corrosion resistance than single MAO ceramic layers, due to the sealing effect and ion‐exchange capacity of LDHs. Furthermore, as Al3+ concentration in hydrothermal solution increased, the anticorrosion properties of the composite coatings were enhanced. Concludingly, LDH/MgO composite coatings could provide augmented long‐term anticorrosion protection for magnesium alloys compared with single MAO ceramic layers.
A Thermosetting Polyurethane with Excellent Self‐Healing Properties and Stability for Metal Surface Coating
Authors: Xu Heng , Tu Jing , Xiang Guifeng , Zhang Yang , Guo Xiaode
Published: September 2020

Self‐healing performance of materials can greatly improve the life of materials and reduce their maintenance costs. Therefore, preparation of self‐healing coating materials is expected to be the development trend of coating materials. In this paper, thermosetting polyurethane material (HTPB‐PG‐SS‐TDI) is designed with excellent mechanical performance, thermal stability, acid–base resistance property, and self‐healing capability by introducing SS (4,4‐dihydroxy diphenyl dithioether) into thermosetting polyurethane chain. Maximum stress of the polyurethane is up to 2.65 MPa, Maximum strain can reach 700%. Self‐healing efficiency of stress can reach above 95%, and it also has efficient function of healing scratch, self‐healing efficiency of scratch  is excellent. The polyurethane material is applied to the metal surface coating, which has remarkable self‐healing function to the scratches on the metal surface and significant acid–base resistance. It can be applied to metal surface protection to provide guidance for future research on infrastructure surface coating.
Favorable Thermoresponsive Shape Memory Effects of 3D Printed Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(ε‐Caprolactone) Blends Fabricated by Fused Deposition Modeling
Authors: Liu Hao , He Hui , Huang Bai
Published: September 2020

The shape of 3D printed products can be transformed over time, achieving 4D printing. In this work, poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) blends are fabricated via fused deposition modeling (FDM). The thermoresponsive shape memory effects (SMEs) of 3D printed blends are investigated by stress‐controlled dynamic mechanical analysis in tension mode. The SME mechanism is clarified in detail, along with the crystallization and melting behaviors, dynamic mechanical properties, and morphologies of PLA/PCL blends. It is confirmed that the crystallinity of reversible phase PCL, the glass transition behavior of fixed phase PLA and the two‐phase interfaces have important effects on the shape memory performance. Furthermore, the SME can be tuned by optimizing printing parameters. The 3D printed product fabricated with raster angle of 45°/−45°, infill density of 80%, and layer thickness of 0.05 mm exhibits a favorable SME at the deformation temperature of 65 °C. Shape memory products fabricated via FDM technology have great application potential for 4D printing.
3D Printing of High‐Performance Isocyanate Ester Thermosets
Authors: Wu Tao , Jiang Pan , Ji Zhongying , Guo Yuxiong , Wang Xiaolong , Zhou Feng , Liu Weimin
Published: September 2020

High‐performance materials for 3D printing are increasingly desired to meet more and more requirements from various fields including aerospace and high‐tech equipment. In this study, 3D printing of isocyanate ester thermosets with high performances, such as excellent mechanical properties and thermal resistance, is realized with a facile method. A precursor of acrylate isocyanate ester with good photocuring capability is first synthesized with the reaction of tolylene‐2,4‐diisocyanate and hydroxypropyl acrylate. Then, mixed with diluent NeoRad U‐6282 and photoinitiator Irgacure 819, it forms ultraviolet curable resins for 3D printing. The digital light processing 3D printing of the resins results in high‐precision 3D structures, which finally turn out high‐performance thermoset materials after the cross‐linking of isocyanate groups at elevated temperature. 3D printing of isocyanate ester thermosets with high printing accuracy, excellent mechanical properties, and good heat resistance will expand the applications of 3D printing by meeting the high demands from many industries on both mechanical and thermal performance.
A Spirocyclic Parabanic Acid Masked N‐Heterocyclic Carbene as Thermally Latent Pre‐Catalyst for Polyamide 6 Synthesis and Epoxide Curing
Authors: Altmann Hagen J. , Frey Wolfgang , Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: September 2020

1,3‐Dicyclcohexyl‐6,9‐dimethyl‐1,3,6,9‐tetraazaspiro[4.4]non‐7‐ene‐2,4‐dione, a spirocyclic parabanic acid derivative of N,N‐dimethylimidazole, is used as thermally latent, protected N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) in polymerizing anhydride‐cured epoxide resins, and azepan‐2‐one, respectively. The protected carbene is synthesized from 1,3‐dimethylimidazolium‐2‐carboxylate in the presence of two equivalents of cyclohexyl isocyanate. In the synthesis of epoxide resin thermosets, this class of latent NHC allows the production of fast and fully cured materials with high crosslinking content. Fast and complete conversion is found in the anionic ring opening polymerization (AROP) of azepan‐2‐one (ε‐caprolactam, CLA) with and without additional activators.
Efficacy of Occupational Therapy Interventions on Quality of Life in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Tofani Marco , Ranieri Alessandro , Fabbrini Giovanni , Berardi Anna , Pelosin Elisa , Valente Donatella , Fabbrini Andrea , Costanzo Matteo , Galeoto Giovanni
Published: September 2020

Objective

To review studies assessing the efficacy of occupational therapy interventions on quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Method

We followed the international guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses checklist. Databases (PubMed, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, OTsekeer, Scopus, Cinhal, and Web of Science) were searched to identify randomized controlled trials of occupational therapy interventions in patients with Parkinson's disease up to 2019 and with no restriction on language. The primary outcome of the meta‐analysis was the evaluation of quality of life following occupational therapy interventions. Because of the heterogeneity of the studies, we examined the data by using a random effect model.

Results

We identified 15 randomized controlled trials that met the inclusion criteria, and 4 of these were included in the meta‐analysis. Studies with a follow‐up of 2 to 3 months showed that occupational therapy interventions significantly improved the quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease, with a mean difference of −2.08 (95% confidence interval, −2.52 to −1.64; P < 0.00001). Studies reporting a longer follow‐up (6–12 months) also showed that occupational therapy interventions improved the quality of life, with a mean difference of −2.56 (95% confidence interval, −3.52 to −1.61; P < 0.00001).

Conclusion

Different occupational therapy interventions may be effective in improving the quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease. However, because of the limited number of studies available, the strength of the evidence should be considered moderate.
Reconciling blackmail and nondisclosure agreements: An economic approach
Authors: Miceli Thomas J.
Published: September 2020

The different legal treatment of blackmail and nondisclosure agreements (NDAs) is puzzling. Although both are aimed at concealing potentially valuable information, NDAs are legal, but blackmail is not. This paper offers an economic explanation that reconciles this difference. The setting is a relationship involving adverse selection in which a third party acquires information about another party's quality. The key to distinguishing between the practices is the manner in which the third party discovers the information: in blackmail, it occurs casually or as a result of costly search; in the NDA context, it occurs as a by‐product of an employment relationship.
A novel NFIA gene nonsense mutation in a Chinese patient with macrocephaly, corpus callosum hypoplasia, developmental delay, and dysmorphic features
Authors: Zhang Yan , Lin Cai Mei , Zheng Xiao Lan , Abuduxikuer Kuerbanjiang
Published: September 2020

Background

NFIA gene (OMIM*600727) has been shown to be associated with a syndrome of central nervous system malformations (corpus callosum and ventriculomegaly) with or without urinary tract defects(BRMUTD) (OMIM#613735) with a low incidence.

Methods and Results

  We presented the clinical data of a 3‐month‐old Chinese infant with clinical features such as thin corpus callosum, ventriculomegaly, development delay, and dysmorphic features (macrocephaly, hypertelorism, slightly pointed chin, broad forehead, and large ears). Genomic DNA was extracted for Trio Whole Exome Sequencing. Preliminary genetic tests revealed one de novo heterozygous nonsense mutation c.220 C>T (p.Arg74Ter) of the NFIA gene (NM_005595).

Conclusion

 Genetic DNA sequencing is a crucial method for diagnosing BRMUTD. This approach enriches the genotype and spectrum of BRMUTD syndrome and the outcome of the patient.
Dynamic Classification for Materials‐Informatics: Mining the Solar Cell Space
Authors: Yosipof Abraham , Khalemsky Anna , Gelbard Roy , Senderowitz Hanoch
Published: September 2020

The ever‐growing data acquisition speed represents a challenge for data analysis in materials sciences in general and the field of solar cells in particular. This is because many unsupervised and supervised learning algorithms require model re‐derivation when presented with new samples which are markedly different from those used for model construction. Dynamic segmentation addresses this problem by continuously updating the clusters structure, for example, by splitting old clusters or opening new ones, as new samples are presented. In this work we present the application of a Dynamic Classification Unit (DCU) to the study of the photovoltaic space. Using a database of 1165 metal oxide‐based solar cells, constructed from five libraries, we demonstrate that the DCU algorithm, when initiated with only 10 % of the database, correctly classified 82 % of the remaining, 90 % samples. At the same time the algorithm unveiled the presence of interesting trends, outliers and compositional activity cliffs. These abilities may prove useful for the analysis of the photovoltaic space and in turn may contribute to the design of solar cells with improved properties. We suggest that DCU and other dynamic clustering methods will find wide applications in the rapidly developing field of materials informatics.
Data completion problem for the advection‐diffusion equation with aquifer point sources
Authors: Bel Hadj Hassin Anis , Hariga Nejla T. , Khayat Faten
Published: September 2020

We consider the inverse problem of recovering the missing flux and concentration on some part of a boundary of an aquifer using overspecified measurements available on some accessible part. The aquifer is under the action of point‐forces located inside the domain and governed by the advection‐diffusion equation. The method used is based on a fictitious domain decomposition. Numerical tests are done attesting the performance of the identification process.
Local existence and global nonexistence results for an integro‐differential diffusion system with nonlocal nonlinearities
Authors: Borikhanov Meiirkhan B. , Torebek Berikbol T.
Published: September 2020

In the present paper, initial problem for the integro‐differential diffusion system with nonlocal nonlinear sources is considered. The results on existence of local mild solutions and nonexistence of global weak solution to the nonlinear integro‐differential diffusion system are presented.
Optimal decay for second‐order abstract viscoelastic equation in Hilbert spaces with infinite memory and time delay
Authors: Chellaoua Houria , Boukhatem Yamna
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we consider a second‐order abstract viscoelastic equation in Hilbert spaces with infinite memory, time delay, and a kernel function
satisfying, for all t ≥ 0, h′(t) ≤ −ζ(t)G(h(t)) where ζ and G are functions satisfying some specific properties. For this much larger class of kernel functions and under a suitable conditions, we prove well‐posedness of solution by using semi‐group theory. Then, we establish an explicit and general decay results of the energy solution by introducing a suitable Lyapunov functional and some properties of the convex functions. Finally, some applications are given. This work improves the previous results with finite memory to infinite memory and without time delay term to those with delay.
An optimal regularity criterion for the 3D MHD equations in homogeneous Besov spaces
Authors: Guo Zhengguang , Zhang Shunhang
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we establish a new regularity criterion for weak solutions to the 3D incompressible MHD equations in terms of two pairs of (∂iui, ∂ibi)
. More precisely, it is proved that the weak solution (u, b) is smooth on (0, T], provided that for some i, j ∈ {1, 2, 3} with i ≠ j, it holds that
Improved Glucose Intolerance through a Distinct Mouse Olfactory Receptor 23‐Induced Signaling Pathway Mediating Glucose Uptake in Myotubes and Adipocytes
Authors: Kang Wesuk , Zhang Kelun , Tong Tao , Park Taesun
Published: September 2020

Scope

It is aimed to determine the role of mouse olfactory receptor 23 (MOR23) in regulation of glucose uptake in myotubes and adipocytes and investigate whether administration of a possible MOR23 ligand, α‐cedrene, attenuates the high fat diet (HFD)‐induced glucose intolerance by enhancing the OR‐mediated signaling pathway in mice.

Methods and Results

MOR23 is genetically inactivated by specific small interfering RNA in C2C12 myotubes and 3T3‐L1 adipocytes and stimulated with α‐cedrene under both basal and insulin‐stimulated conditions. In addition, Male C57BL/6N mice are fed a normal diet, HFD, or HFD supplemented with 0.2% α‐cedrene. In C2C12 myotubes and 3T3‐L1 adipocytes, genetic inactivation of MOR23 significantly decrease glucose uptake and MOR23 downstream signaling under both basal and insulin‐stimulated conditions. On the other hand, α‐cedrene‐mediated MOR23 stimulation results in increased glucose uptake and upregulation of MOR23 signaling molecules, absent in MOR23‐depleted myotubes and adipocytes. Moreover, in mice, α‐cedrene administration ameliorates HFD‐induced glucose intolerance. Activation of MOR23 signaling cascade is also confirmed in basal and insulin stimulated skeletal muscles and adipose tissues of α‐cedrene‐treated mice.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that MOR23 is a novel factor for the regulation of glucose uptake and whole‐body glucose homeostasis and has therapeutic potential for diabetes treatment.
Technical Note: Noninvasive mid‐IR fiber‐optic evanescent wave spectroscopy (FEWS) for early detection of skin cancers
Authors: Basov Svetlana , Dankner Yair , Weinstein Marcelo , Katzir Abraham , Platkov Max
Published: September 2020

Purpose

Melanoma is the most lethal of the three primary skin cancers, including also basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which are less lethal. The accepted diagnosis process involves manually observing a suspicious lesion through a Dermascope (i.e., a magnifying glass), followed by a biopsy. This process relies on the skill and the experience of a dermatologist. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no accepted automatic, noninvasive, and rapid method for the early detection of the three types of skin cancer, distinguishing between them and noncancerous lesions, and identifying each of them. It is our aim to develop such a system.

Methods

We developed a fiber‐optic evanescent wave spectroscopy (FEWS) system based on middle infrared (mid‐IR) transmitting AgClBr fibers and a Fourier‐transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). We used the system to perform mid‐IR spectral measurements on suspicious lesions in 90 patients, before biopsy, in situ, and in real time. The lesions were then biopsied and sent for pathology. The spectra were analyzed and the differences between pathological and healthy tissues were found and correlated.

Results

Five of the lesions measured were identified as melanomas, seven as BCC, and three as SCC. Using mathematical analyses of the spectra of these lesions we were able to tell that all were skin cancers and we found specific and easily identifiable differences between them.

Conclusions

This FEWS method lends itself to rapid, automatic and noninvasive early detection and characterization of skin cancers. It will be easily implemented in community clinics and has the potential to greatly simplify the diagnosis process.
Using Bioenergetics to Estimate Consumption of Stocked Age-0 Walleye by a Suite of Piscivores
Authors: Grausgruber Emily Elise , Weber Michael John
Published: September 2020

Age-0 Walleye Sander vitreus are stocked throughout North America to maintain and supplement populations. Predation has been implicated as a factor limiting survival of stocked age-0 Walleye; however, the timing, duration, and extent of poststocking predation remains uncertain. Our objectives were to estimate the abundance of predators in areas adjacent to stocking locations, estimate temporal variation in the proportion of stocked age-0 Walleye (98–287 mm) in predator diets, and estimate the total proportion of stocked age-0 Walleye that were consumed. The diets of Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides, Northern Pike Esox lucius, and adult Walleye were examined in East Okoboji and West Okoboji lakes, Iowa, before and after age-0 Walleye stocking, and bioenergetics models were used to estimate the number of age-0 Walleye consumed from stocking through ice-up. During both years, Largemouth Bass had the highest densities in West Okoboji Lake, whereas densities of all other predators were similar in East Okoboji Lake. The highest proportions of age-0 Walleye in predator diets (up to 1.0) generally occurred within 14 d after the most recent stocking event, with the proportion of age-0 Walleye in predator diets decreasing thereafter. Northern Pike had the highest proportion of age-0 Walleye in their diets (mean ± SD = 0.12 ± 0.32 age-0 Walleye/individual) followed by Largemouth Bass (0.11 ± 0.30 age-0 Walleye/individual) and adult Walleye (0.04 ± 0.20 age-0 Walleye/individual). At the end of 2016, the estimated proportion of age-0 Walleye consumed was 0.15 ± 0.08 (95% CI) in East Okoboji Lake and 0.29 ± 0.13 in West Okoboji Lake. At the end of 2017, the estimated proportion of age-0 Walleye consumed was 0.47 ± 0.16 in East Okoboji Lake and 0.64 ± 0.02 in West Okoboji Lake. Overall, predators consumed large proportions of stocked Walleye, suggesting that alternative stocking practices should be considered.
An International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for single‐use body worn absorbent incontinence products
Authors: Fader Mandy , Cottenden Alan , Chatterton Chris , Engqvist Helena , Eustice Sharon , Newman Diane K. , Ostaszkiewicz Joan , Palmer Mary H. , Willson Tara , Haylen Bernard
Published: September 2020

Aims

In 2016, the International Continence Society (ICS) Standardization Steering Committee appointed a working group to address the confusing plethora of synonyms currently used to describe single‐use body worn absorbent incontinence products by recommending preferred terminology.

Methods

An online questionnaire was posted in 2016/17 inviting input from stakeholders internationally. The data were analyzed and conclusions progressively refined through working group discussions, an open meeting at the 2017 annual ICS conference, and a review of further iterations—including from the parent ICS Standardization Committee—until consensus was reached. Partway in, the International Organization for Standardization started a project with similar scope and the two organizations liaised to harmonize their conclusions while respecting each other's processes.

Results

A hundred people from 18 countries responded to the questionnaire. About a third (32.2%) of those declaring their nationality were from the UK and a further third (34.5%) from other English‐speaking countries. Two‐thirds (67.8%) lived in Europe; around a quarter (23%) in North America; and 9.2% in Australasia. Seven main design categories of products were identified and, while clear consensus was readily achieved in naming some of them, others required more work to determine the best term among multiple contenders.

Conclusions

The working group concluded that the seven product design categories should be called: (a) pads; (b) unbacked pads; (c) male pads; (d) male pouches; (e) pull‐on pads (protective underwear); (f) all‐in‐ones (wrap‐around pads, adult briefs); and (g) belted pads (belted products), in which the bracketed terms are judged acceptable (though not preferred) alternatives.
Treatment outcomes and overactive bladder symptoms after midurethral sling in female patients with or without various neurological diseases
Authors: Shin Jung H. , Park Kye W. , Park Juhyun , Choo Myung‐Soo
Published: September 2020

Aims

We investigated surgical outcomes and changes of overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms after midurethral sling in female stress urinary incontinence (SUI) patients with or without neurological disease (ND) without spinal cord injury.

Methods

Patients who underwent midurethral sling for SUI between January 2009 and December 2018 were reviewed. Postoperative changes in OAB symptoms (de novo occurrence or resolution) within 1 year were compared in each preoperative symptom subset with a 1:1 matched analysis between non‐neurological disease (NND) and ND group.

Results

A total of 855 patients (median follow‐up: 49.8 months; mean age: 57.9 ± 9.3 years) were included. Successful SUI correction was achieved in 95.0% of NND and 93.7% of ND patients (p = .440). Among 797 patients (711 NND and 86 ND) without remnant SUI, 227 had SUI only, 198 had SUI with urgency, and 372 had mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) preoperatively. The ND patients tended to be older (62.8 ± 9.2 vs. 57.2 ± 9.0 years) and had higher proportions of diabetes (24.4% vs. 8.0%), hypertension (47.7% vs. 26.7%), and MUI (64.0% vs. 44.6%) than NND patients (p < .001, respectively). After matching age, diabetes, and hypertension, the incidence of de novo OAB was higher in ND patients (SUI only; 21.1% vs. 5.3%; p < .001) while resolution rates of urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) were similar (MUI; 57.7% vs. 53.9%; p = .414).

Conclusions

Success rates of midurethral sling and resolution of UUI were comparable between NND and ND patients. In patients with neurological conditions, de novo OAB symptoms were more likely to develop.
Applications and efficient algorithms for integer programming problems on monotone constraints
Authors: Hochbaum Dorit S.
Published: September 2020

We present here classes of integer programming problems that are solvable efficiently and with combinatorial flow algorithms. The problems are characterized by constraints that have either at most two variables per inequality that appear with opposite sign coefficients, or have in addition a third variable that appears only in one constraint. Such integer programs, referred to here as monotone IP2 or IP3, are shown to be solvable in polynomial time for polynomially bounded variables. This article demonstrates the vast applicability of IP2 and IP3 as models for integer programs in multiple scenarios. Since the problems are easily recognized, the knowledge of their structure enables one to determine easily that they are efficiently solvable. The variety of applications, that previously were not known to be solved as efficiently, underlies the importance of recognizing this structure and, if appropriate, formulating problems as monotone IP2 or IP3. Additionally, if there is flexibility in the modeling of an integer programming problem, the formulation choice as monotone IP2 or IP3 leads to efficient algorithms, whereas slightly different modeling choices would lead to NP‐hard problems.
A polynomial algorithm for minimizing travel time in consistent time‐dependent networks with waits
Authors: Omer Jérémy , Poss Michael
Published: September 2020

We consider a time‐dependent shortest path problem with possible waiting at some nodes of the graph and a global bound W on the total waiting time. The goal is to minimize the time traveled along the edges of the path, not including the waiting time. We prove that the problem can be solved in polynomial time when the travel time functions are piecewise linear and continuous. The algorithm relies on a recurrence relation characterized by a bound ω on the total waiting time, where 0 ≤ ω ≤ W. We show that only a small number of values ω1, ω2, …, ωK need to be considered, where K depends on the total number of breakpoints of all travel time functions.
A general higher‐order shell theory for compressible isotropic hyperelastic materials using orthonormal moving frame
Authors: Arbind Archana , Reddy Junuthula N. , R. Arun
Published: September 2020

The primary objective of this study is threefold: (1) to present a general higher‐order shell theory to analyze large deformations of thin or thick shell structures made of general compressible hyperelastic materials; (2) to formulate an efficient shell theory using the orthonormal moving frame, and (3) to develop and apply the nonlinear weak‐form Galerkin finite element model for the proposed shell theory. The displacement field of the line normal to the shell reference surface is approximated by the Taylor series/Legendre polynomials in the thickness coordinate of the shell. The use of an orthonormal moving frame makes it possible to represent kinematic quantities (e.g., the determinant of the deformation gradient) in a far more efficient manner compared with the nonorthogonal covariant bases. Kinematic quantities for the shell deformation are obtained in a novel way in the surface coordinate described in the appendix of this study with the help of exterior calculus. Furthermore, the governing equation of the shell deformation has been derived in the general surface coordinates. To obtain the nonlinear solution in the quasi‐static cases, we develop the weak‐form finite element model in which the reference surface of the shell is modeled exactly. The general invariant based compressible hyperelastic material model is considered. The formulation presented herein can be specialized for various other nonlinear compressible hyperelastic constitutive models, for example, in biomechanics and other soft‐material problems (e.g., compressible neo‐Hookean material, compressible Mooney–Rivlin material, Saint Venant–Kirchhoff model, and others). A number of numerical examples are presented to verify and validate the formulation presented in this study. The scope of potential extensions are outlined in the final section of this study.
A new approximation for the generalized fractional derivative and its application to generalized fractional diffusion equation
Authors: Ding Qinxu , Wong Patricia J. Y.
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we derive a fourth order approximation for thegeneralizedfractional derivative that is characterized by a scale functionz(t)and a weight functionw(t). Combining the new approximation with compact finite difference method, we develop a numerical scheme for a generalized fractional diffusion problem. The stability and convergence of the numerical scheme are proved by the energy method, and it is shown that the temporal and spatial convergence orders are both 4. Several numerical experiments are provided to illustrate the efficiency of our scheme.
Finite difference method combined with differential quadrature method for numerical computation of the modified equal width wave equation
Authors: Başhan Ali , Yağmurlu N. Murat , Uçar Yusuf , Esen Alaattin
Published: September 2020

The aim of this study is to improve the numerical solution of the modified equal width wave equation. For this purpose, finite difference method combined with differential quadrature method with Rubin and Graves linearizing technique has been used. Modified cubic B‐spline base functions are used as base function. By the combination of two numerical methods and effective linearizing technique high accurate numerical algorithm is obtained. Three main test problems are solved for various values of the coefficients. To observe the performance of the present method, the error norms of the single soliton problem which has analytical solution are calculated. Besides these error norms, three invariants are reported. Comparison of the results displays that our algorithm produces superior results than those given in the literature.
Weak Galerkin finite element method for a class of time fractional generalized Burgers' equation
Authors: Wang Haifeng , Xu Da , Zhou Jun , Guo Jing
Published: September 2020

In this article, we use the weak Galerkin (WG) finite element method to study a class of time fractional generalized Burgers' equation. The existence of numerical solutions and the stability of fully discrete scheme are proved. Meanwhile, by applying the energy method, an optimal order error estimate in discrete L2 norm is established. Numerical experiments are presented to validate the theoretical analysis.
Metabolic Health Status Contributes to Transcriptome Alternation in Human Visceral Adipose Tissue During Obesity
Authors: Zhou Qiuzhong , Fu Zhenzhen , Gong Yingyun , Seshachalam Veerabrahma Pratap , Li Jia , Ma Yizhe , Liang Hui , Guan Wei , Lin Shibo , Ghosh Sujoy , Sun Lei , Zhou Hongwen
Published: September 2020

Objective

BMI is a well‐established factor affecting the transcriptome profile of adipose tissue, but there are few reports on the relationship between the metabolic health status of people with obesity and the transcriptional changes, particularly in visceral adipose tissue.

Methods

Visceral adipose tissue was collected from three subgroups of patients, lean (n = 11), metabolically healthy obesity (MHO; n = 22), and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO; n = 26), and RNA sequencing was conducted to profile the transcriptome changes between these groups in a pairwise manner.

Results

Comparing MUO with lean and comparing MHO with lean revealed similar patterns in gene expression and pathway changes: obesity, regardless of metabolic health, was associated with upregulated inflammatory pathways. However, the inflammatory signature in MUO was stronger than in MHO. Pairwise comparisons among MUO, MHO, and lean samples identified 34 common differentially expressed genes; 12 out of 34 genes were associated with inflammatory pathways and exhibited a gradually increased expression pattern in the order of lean, MHO, and MUO.

Conclusions

This study reveals not only that BMI plays an important role in determining the gene expression profile in visceral adipose tissue but also that a metabolically healthy condition is associated with a less inflammatory transcriptional change during obesity.
Can Electronic Health Records Validly Estimate the Effects of Health System Interventions Aimed at Controlling Body Weight?
Authors: Gallis John A. , Kusibab Kristie , Egger Joseph R. , Olsen Maren K. , Askew Sandy , Steinberg Dori M. , Bennett Gary
Published: September 2020

Objective

This study aimed to compare weight collected at clinics and recorded in the electronic health record (EHR) with primary study‐collected trial weights to assess the validity of using EHR data in future pragmatic weight loss or weight gain prevention trials.

Methods

For both the Track and Shape obesity intervention randomized trials, clinic EHR weight data were compared with primary trial weight data over the same time period. In analyzing the EHR weights, intervention effects were estimated on the primary outcome of weight (in kilograms) with EHR data, using linear mixed effects models.

Results

EHR weight measurements were higher on average and more variable than trial weight measurements. The mean difference and 95% CI were similar at all time points between the estimates using EHR and study‐collected weights.

Conclusions

The results of this study can be used to help guide the planning of future pragmatic weight‐related trials. This study provides evidence that body weight measurements abstracted from the EHR can provide valid, efficient, and cost‐effective data to estimate treatment effects from randomized clinical weight loss and weight management trials. However, care should be taken to properly understand the data‐generating process and any mechanisms that may affect the validity of these estimates.
Gestational Cytokines and the Developmental Expression of Obesity in Childhood
Authors: Ghassabian Akhgar , Hornig Mady , Chen Zhen , Yeung Edwina , Buka Stephen L. , Yu Jing , Ma Gina , Goldstein Jill M. , Gilman Stephen E.
Published: September 2020

Objective

This study examined the extent to which maternal immune activity during pregnancy is associated with childhood adiposity, and if so, whether associations at birth differ from those in infancy and childhood. Sex‐specific associations were also examined.

Methods

Participants were 1,366 singleton pregnancies from the Collaborative Perinatal Project (1959‐1966). Interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, TNF‐α, IL‐8, and IL‐10 in maternal sera were assayed repeatedly during pregnancy. Children’s BMI was calculated repeatedly from birth through age 8 and derived age‐ and sex‐normalized BMI z scores (BMIz). Linear mixed models were used to estimate the cumulative concentration of each cytokine in the second and third trimesters and then related this concentration to child BMIz.

Results

Children exposed to higher IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, and IL‐10 concentrations had lower BMIz at birth but higher BMIz during childhood. Higher concentrations of IL‐8 and IL‐1β were also associated with higher BMIz during infancy (B per log increase in IL‐8 = 0.04; 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.07; B per log increase in IL‐1β = 0.03; 95% CI: 0.001 to 0.06). The associations between TNF‐α and BMIz were in opposing directions in boys (B = −0.13; 95% CI: −0.31 to 0.04) and girls (B = 0.14; 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.26) during childhood.

Conclusions

Maternal prenatal inflammation contributes to the age‐ and sex‐specific programming of obesity risk in childhood.