bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contribution to the identities and distribution patterns of Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera) from Romania
Authors: Albu Valeriu , Nahirnić-Beshkova Ana
Published: March 2021

Zygaenid material collected from 25 localities in ten counties of Romania during 1967-2002 was examined. Fifteen species were found, of which Jordanita notata appears to reliably represent the only second population of the species in Romania, while the record of J. budensis seems to be the fifth locality for the country. We discuss several misidentifications of species published in previous publications and list their precise collection places and dates.
First fossil jewel beetle (Insecta: Coleoptera: Buprestidae) from Middle Miocene deposits in Bulgaria
Authors: Simov Nikolay , Langourov Mario , Sakalian Vladimir , Bozukov Vladimir
Published: March 2021

The first fossil jewel beetle discovered in Bulgaria is reported from deposits of the Satovcha Basin dated to the Middle Miocene.
Investigate biotransformation of green waste during composting
by aerated static windrow with GORE(R) cover membrane
technology
Authors: Al-Alawi Mutaz
Published: March 2021

Composting is considered an economic and effective method of recycling green waste (GW), because it helps
protect the environment and encourages economic development. However, conventional composting
technology is time consuming, generates foul smells, and produces immature compost. The GW composting
process was conducted using an aerated static windrow with GORE(
R
) cover membrane technology, in
combination with an air-floor aeration system at the industrial scale. This study investigated the variation of
physico-chemical properties during the green waste composting process. The composting process was
monitored through the determination of moisture, dry matter (DM), bulk density, water soluble carbon (WSC),
ammonium-N (NH4
+
-N), and nitrate-N (NO3
-
-N) evolution. The technology greatly improved the composting
conditions and compost quality in terms of bulk density, moisture, nitrogen transformation, and WSC. The
results obtained in this study indicate that using an aerated static windrow with GORE(R
) cover membrane
maintain the moisture in optimal conditions by retaining the water within the compost itself increases the
microbial activity and the rate of organic matter (OM) decomposition by microorganisms. Our results support the
recent research indicating that nitrification could occur above temperatures of 45 °C and might be caused by the
existence of microbial communities that are resistant to high temperatures and have the capability to nitrify. The
decreased of NH4
+ content and increased of NO3
-
in the composting materials indicate that the compost has
achieved maturity and is ready for use. The evolution of the GW by using an aerated static windrow with
GORE(R
) cover membrane technology produced a mature product that can be used in agriculture.
SAİT FAİK ABASIYANIK’IN “KÖPRÜ” ŞİİRİNİN SÖZ DİZİMİ AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ
Authors: ÇİFTÇİ TOMBAL Nazan
Published: March 2021

Cumhuriyet dönemi Türk edebiyatının en önemli hikâye yazarlarından Sait Faik Abasıyanık’ın şairlik yönü öykücülük yanı kadar bilinmese de sanatçının pek çok şiiri bulunmaktadır. Çalışmamızın konusu, İstanbul öykücüsü olarak bilinen Sait Faik Abasıyanık’ın öykü üslubuyla ve serbest ölçüyle yazmış olduğu “Köprü” şiirinin söz dizimi açısından incelenmesidir.

Söz dizimini meydana getiren ögelerin arasındaki bağın biliniyor olması cümlenin anlaşılması için gereklidir. Söz dizimi; cümleyi oluşturan dizgeleri araştıran bir bilim dalıdır ve cümledeki sözcük öbeklerinin yapılarını, işlevlerini ve sözcüklerin birbiriyle olan bağını araştırır. Ayrıca cümle ve ögelerinin oluşumlarını, cümlenin niteliklerini ve cümle türlerini inceler.

Bu çalışmada, İstanbul öykücüsü olarak bilinen Sait Faik Abasıyanık’ın İstanbul’u ve Galata Köprüsü’nü esas alan, her zaman ve her yerde rastlayabileceğimiz sıradan insanları anlattığı Köprü şiiri üzerinde durulmuştur. Yirmi üç cümleden oluşan Köprü şiiri; cümlenin ögeleri, kelime grupları ve cümle çeşitleri yönünden incelenmiş ve söz dizimi açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Böylece şiirin anlamının daha da güçlendirilmesi, pekiştirilmesi ve anlaşılır kılınması amaçlanmıştır
Resourceful Investigation of Malnutrition with Machine Learning Using CNN Procedure
Authors: Dhore Prasad , Sharma Dr. Yogesh Kumar , Kumbharkar Dr. Prashant
Published: March 2021

This System used to refer to any condition in which the body does not obtain enough nutrients for proper function in this system Image processing is a technique to convert an image into digital form and perform some action on it, in order to get an enhanced image or to citation some useful information from it. There are some types of image that is Tagged Image Format, Joint Photographic Group, Graphic Interchange Format, Portable Network Graphics, Row Image File. Computer can easily classify more than 16 million color where the eye capability has limitation while identifying color and also same people face the problem such as colors carelessness. So the execution nail color Analysis through computer is a higher procedure as compared with human eyes. Human eyes have limited resolution, finding deviation in nearby pixel intensity is not possible for human eyes, but computer vision can detect every pixel appropriately. So, in this system we used the Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) algorithm & carried out the result. this system is very helpful for the patient, to find out the prediction or detection of diseases without doctor.
What Determines Employment in the Formal and Informal Sectors of Pakistan? Primary Data Insights from Lahore
Authors: Ayyoub Muhammad , Gillani Durdana Qaiser
Published: March 2021

In developing countries, despite the fact that a larger part of GDP is generated by the formal sector, most people earn and spend their lives in the informal sector. We identify the determinants of formal and informal sectors’ employment in the urban areas of district Lahore, by conducting a household survey in 2015. The multinomial logit model is used to analyze the data obtained from a sample of 309 workers. Our results indicate that personal, socio-economic and household factors are essential for regulating employment in both sectors. Furthermore, our findings provide evidence that employment in the sectors in question is significantly determined by the level of higher education, age, working experience of individuals, marital status, sound educational background of the parents of workers, the number of dependents and the presence of assets. The study also provides the policy framework to channelize employment opportunities in the urban labor market and advises the government to enhance the growth potential of workers by expediting the provision of higher education and other skill acquisition initiatives.
THE POTENTIAL OF BIDAI WEBBING AS A SUPERIOR PRODUCT IN BENGKAYANG REGENCY BASE ON LOCAL WISDOM
Authors: Rianti Reny , Edy Agustinus  , Gustaf Hariyanto
Published: March 2021

Anyaman bidai merupakan produk kriya yang dihasilkan melalui keterampilan indigineous people masyarakat Dayak Bidayuh. Dengan pendekatan penilaian One Village One Product, penelitian ini secara kualitatif menilai potensi anyaman bidai untuk didorong menjadi produk unggulan khususnya dalam rangka mendukung pengembangan ekonomi kreatif di Kabupaten Bengkayang. Dengan melakukan wawancara mendalam kepada informan yang ditentukan secara purposive sampling, diketahui bahwa anyaman bidai hanya memperoleh capaian skor 69,8 dari nilai total 100 atau berada pada klasifikasi Bintang 2(**), dimana anyaman Bidai masih memerlukan bimbingan dasar, namun berpeluang meningkat sebagai bintang 3 dengan berbagai perbaikan. Meskipun bidai yang dihasilkan saat ini sudah mengalami inovasi terkait desain dan ukuran, namun terdapat beberapa kendala yang kerap dihadapi. Kendala yang dimaksud diantaranya yakni: terjadinya kelangkaan rawmaterial terutama bahan baku berupa rotan, ketidakpastian konsumen dan pasar, serta penyelesaian akhir dan pengemasan yang masih sangat sederhana. Dampaknya, jumlah pengrajin kian hari menunjukkan kecendrungan semakin menurun. Hal itu dinilai menjadi ancaman bagi pelestarian kearifan lokal anyaman bidai dan sulitnya mendorong anyaman tersebut menjadi produk unggulan di Kabupaten Bengkayang.  Oleh sebab itu, diperlukan peran serta dari stakeholders untuk menjaga ketersediaan rawmaterial dan peningkatan kapasitas pengrajin serta hasil anyaman melalui pelatihan kepada para pengrajin dan generasi penerus. Selain itu, diperlukan dukungan stakeholders untuk turut terlibat dalam menjaga konsistensi promosi dan membangun relasi baik pada tingkat lokal, regional maupun pada skala internasional.
Comparison Between Tidal Volume and Vital Capacity Breathing Techniques of Preoxygenation in Patients with Ineffective Facemask Seal
Authors: Arshad Farah , Nabi Hina , Sohail Fareeda , Anwar Anum , Butt Zulqarnain
Published: March 2021

Objective: The purpose of this research was to compare the mean hemoglobin oxygen de-saturation time by using tidal volume breathing technique for three minutes and eight vital capacity breathing technique for pre- oxygenation in patients with ineffective face mask seal. Methods: This study included 60 patients with beard, moustache, large nasal bridge, facial anomalies, nasogastric tube and edentulous patients. They were randomized into 2 groups after achieving documented informed consent. Group-A was preoxygenated with TV breathing technique for three minutes at an oxygen flow of 10 litres per minute. Whereas, Group-B was preoxygenated with eight VC breaths for one minute at an oxygen flow of 10 litres per minute. Results: The age of the participants varied from 22 years to 65 years with an average of 44.63±10.03 years. There were 29(48.3%) male and 31(51.7%) female patients in the research group. Both the groups were comparable in respect of mean age (p=0.839) and gender distribution (p=0.796). The mean hemoglobin oxygen desaturation time was considerably longer in VC breathing group (6.77±1.10 vs. 3.43±.50 minutes; p=0.000) in contrast to TV breathing group regardless of age and gender of patients. Conclusion: The mean hemoglobin oxygen desaturation time was substancially longer in vital capacity breathing group (6.77±1.10 vs. 3.43±.50 minutes; p=0.000) in contrast to tidal volume breathing group regardless of patient's age and gender in patients with ineffective face mask seal undergoing elective surgery. Key Words: Ineffective Face Mask Seal, Preoxygenation Breathing Techniques, Vital Capacity, Tidal Volume, Mean Hemoglobin Oxygen Desaturation Time How to Cite: Arshad F. Nabi H, Sohail F, Anwar A, Aijaz B,Butt Z. Comparison between tidal volume and vital capacity breathing techniques of preoxygenation in patients with ineffective face mask seal. Esculapio.2020;16(04):46-49.
Single-Stage Combined Surgery for Treating Neglected Bilateral Developmental Hip Dysplasia after Walking Age
Authors: Shahid Abdul Latif , Hussain Islam , Alam Farhad , Awan Muhammad Nazir , Khurshid Hana , Butt Zulqernain
Published: March 2021

Objectives: To determine outcome in Single Stage Surgery of Both Hips in Bilateral Developmental Dysplasia of Hip in Children after walking age. Methods: This was a retrospective review of 20 hips in 10 patients (7 females and 3 males), operated at the children's hospital and the institute of child health, Lahore between 2014 and 2016. The age of patients was between 2 and 5 years. There were 10 hips in grade IV, 6 in grade III and 4 in grade II according to Tonnis classification. Both hips were operated in single stage. Open reduction of hip joint was done by anterolateral approach in all children. Salter osteotomy was done in every child while femoral shortening was needed in 10 hips. Outcome of single stage surgery was assessed by radiological assessment of Severin's scoring system and functional assessment of MacKay's scoring system at final followup after 2 years of suegery. Results: There was no effect of age, gender, malnutrition, body mass index on outcome. According to Severin's scoring system, 14 hips (70%) were in grade I while 6 (30%) in grade II. Outcome was excellent in 6 hips (30%), good in 13 (60%) and fair in 1 (5%) by applying MacKay's scoring system. Hip spica of one child was changed after one month due to wetting with urine. There was no hip dislocation or subluxation in any case. Conclusion: Single stage surgery of both hips can be done safely in bilateral developmental dysplasia of hip by anterolateral approach in late presented children. Key Words: Developmental dysplasia of hip, Single stage surgery. How to Cite: Latif A.S, Hussain I, Alam F, Nazir M. A, Khurshid H., B. Zulqernain. Single-stage combined surgery for treating neglected bilateral developmental hip dysplasia after walking age. Esculapio.2020;16(04):70-73.
Mode of Delivery in Pregnant Females with Fibroid Uterus Presenting in Spontaneous Labour
Authors: Aziz Uzma , Afzal Madiha , Shabbir Hadia
Published: March 2021

Objectives: To determine the mode of delivery of obstetric population with uterine fibroids presenting in spontaneous labor. Methods: It was a Descriptive cross sectional study done at Obstetric unit of Arif Memorial teaching Hospital, from June 2019 to May 2020. 50 pregnant patients with uterine fibroids in spontaneous labor were included in the study with 95% confidence level and 5 % margin of error. Results: In our study, 62 % (n=31) patients were between 20-30 years of age with 38 % (n=19) between 31-40 years with Mean age and SD 25.63 ±2.89 years. 68% (n=32) patients were between 34-36 weeks of gestation whereas 32% (n=18) were between 37-39 weeks with Mean gestational age and SD 29.66 ±1.59. 66 % (n=33) patients were Primigravida to Gravida 3 and 34% (n=17) were Gravida4 to Gravida 5. The frequency of emergency caesarean section in patients with uterine fibroids was 58% (n=29) whereas 42 % (n=21) cases with uterine fibroids had normal vaginal delivery. The most frequent indication for emergency cesarean section was labor dystocia i.e. (41.37%). Conclusion: The frequency of emergency caesarean section amongst patients with uterine fibroids presenting in spontaneous labor is high particularly due to labor arrest. The number of fibroids has an impact on mode of delivery in these patients. Therefore each obstetric patient with uterine fibroids, must be evaluated thoroughly for the appropriate mode of delivery in prenatal period. Key Words: Pregnancy, uterine fibroids, mode of delivery, cesarean section, spontaneous vaginal delivery How to Cite: Aziz U, Afzal M, Shabbir H. Mode of delivery in pregnant females with fibroid uterus presenting in spontaneous labour. Esculapio.2020;16(04):74-78.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Gene Xpert on Bronchoscopy Washings in Patients with Suspected Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Khan Waseem A. , Manzoor Nayyar , Javaid Asad , Musharaf M. Saqib , Sohail Nausheen , Majeed Nighat
Published: March 2021

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of GeneXpert assay of bronchial washing in detecting pulmonary tuberculosis in suspected TB patients with no sputum production taking culture of bronchial washing as gold standard. Methods: This is cross sectional study. Data was collected through structured questionnaire. Patients had bronchoscopy according to standard protocol. Their bronchial washings were sent for culture and GeneXpert assay for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Data analysis was done using SPSS 20 version. Results: From one hundred and seventy patients the age was observed as 16-60 years. AFB was detected by GeneXpert assay in 45.3% patients. AFB was detected by culture report in 47.6% patients. The sensitivity of GeneXpert was observed as 87.65%, specificity was 93.26%, and diagnostic accuracy was calculated as 90.59%. By using chi-square t-test, there was significant association found between GeneXpert and Culture report in both gender in all age groups with any duration of symptoms with p-value = 0.000. Conclusion: The GeneXpert assay was highly effective for detecting pulmonary tuberculosis in suspected TB patients who do not have sputum production. Key Words: GeneXpert Assay, Culture Report, Bronchial Washing, Pulmonary Tuberculosis How to Cite: Waseem A. K, Manzoor N, Javaid A, Musharaf M.S, Sohail N, Majeed N. Diagnostic accuracy of gene xpert on bronchoscopy washings in patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis. Esculapio.2020;16(04):33-36.
Comparing the Efficacy of Hyaluronic Acid and Platelet Rich Plasma Treatment by using Visual analogue Scale in the Patients of Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Ali Muhammad , Azam M. Mudassar , Zaheer Maimoona , Khagha Fahad Wali Shah , Shah Amjad Waseem , Masood Faisal
Published: March 2021

Objective: To compare the efficacy of Hyaluronic acid (HA) and Platelet rich plasma (PRP) for treatment of Knee osteoarthritis. Methods: A randomized controlled trial done at department of Orthopedics Unit-I, Mayo Hospital Lahore. 130 cases fulfilling inclusion criteria were enrolled. All patients were divided into two groups. In group-A, cases were treated with HA (1% sodium Hyaluronate mixed in a phosphate buffered saline). In group-B, cases were treated with 10ml of PRP extracted from 100ml of their blood. Before and after procedure pain and efficacy was recorded. Results: The frequency of pain reduction ≥ 50% was statistically higher in PRP group as compared to HA group, p-value < 0.05. Conclusion: Through the findings of this study we conclude that the efficacy of efficacy of PRP was high than HA for treatment of Knee osteoarthritis. Key Words: Osteoarthritis, platelet-rich plasma, efficacy, hyaluronic acid. How to Cite: Ali M, Azam M.M, Zaheer M, Shah F, Shah A, Masood F. Comparing the efficacy of hyaluronic acid and platelet rich plasma treatment by using visual analogue scale in the patients of knee osteoarthritis. Esculapio.2020;16(04):37-40.
Peningkatan Motivasi Hasil Belajar Ekonomi Melalui Model Pembelajaran Student Centered Learning
Authors: Mastufah Mastufah
Published: March 2021

In the process of learning Economics (Accounting) required a certain strategy and strong motivation. Teachers play a very important role, especially in terms of designing learning scenarios. Teachers should be able to choose a learning model that can increase the motivation of learners, in accordance with the characteristics of subjects, and characteristics of learners so that learning can take place optimally. The aim of this classroom action research is to improve the learning of learners using the student centered learning model. This research was conducted in class XI IPS1, MAN 1 Cilegon semester 1, material Posting from Juku Kebuku Besar Journals, post to a subsidiary "using cycles, in this study the author tries to 2 cycles. The results show that in each cycle of understanding the accounting, cycle of a merchandising company on post material from a special journal to the ledger, posting to the auxiliary book, gained increased motivation and learning outcomes. In general it can be concluded that the use of student centered learning model can improve the motivation and learning outcomes of learners.

Keywords: Student Centered Learning Model, Learn Economics Accounting
Enhancing the Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Comparative Research and Ex-Post-Facto Method on Generation X and Generation Y
Authors: Wahyu Indra , Moeins Anoesyirwan , Sunaryo Widodo
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this study is to find an effort to increase organizational citizenship behavior of Generation X and Generation Y employees through the identification of the influence of servant leadership and work motivation. This research was conducted on Generation X employees are Governmental Officers aged 44 -55 years and Generation Y employees are Governmental Officers aged 23 -43 years at Bogor Regency. The research sample was 180 persons of Generation X and 86 persons of Generation Y from 3 agencies and 11 offices at Bogor Regency. This research uses a comparative approach and ex-post-facto and is completed by a qualitative approach through the Delphi technique. The findings revealed that variable and each dimension of OCB Generation Y is higher than OCB than Generation X, servant leadership has a significant and positive effect on OCB Generation X and Generation Y, work motivation has a significant and positive effect on OCB Generation X and Generation Y, servant leadership and work motivation has a significant and positive effect on OCB Generation X and Generation Y, contribution servant leadership and work motivation of Generation Y is higher than Generation X. The results of quantitative and qualitative research conclude that the improvement of the organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) of Generation X and Generation Y employee scan be done through strengthening servant leadership and work motivation.
Keywords:Generation X, generation Y, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), servant leadership, work motivation.
Catastrophic Expenditure on Medicines: An Analysis Based on The Portuguese Household Budget Survey 2015/2016
Authors: QUINTAL Carlota , LOPES José
Published: March 2021

Financial protection is a core dimension of health system evaluation; therefore, several works on catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) have been developed. There are, however, some gaps in the literature; hence, this work aims to look at CHE from a different angle, analysing the money spent by households.
ANALISIS AKSESIBILITAS PETANI PERKOTAAN TERHADAP AGROINPUT DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP PENGEMBANGAN URBAN FARMING
Authors: Harniati Harniati , Suryanti Reni
Published: March 2021

Urban Farming is growing rapidly and becoming as a part of the solution for food insecurityand malnutrition problems of urban citizen. But, the facilitation and development of urbanfarming have not been able to overcome problems and pressure faced by urban farmers mainlyaccessibility to agroinput yet. Objectives of this research were to 1) identify the problems ofagroinput, 2) to know accessibility of farmer to agroinput, 3) to analyze the policy implicationto the development of urban farming. The research used an explanatory survey method.Sampling method used waspurposive stratified random sampling. Availability of agroinput andfarmer’s accessibility were quantified using Likert’s Scale. Respondents were member offarmer’s group of paddy agribusiness, sheep, and processing of agriculture products. Thisresearch was conducted in the villages of Situ Gede and Margajaya for intra-urban, and PasirBuncir and Pasir Eurih of Tamansari for peri-urban.The observed variables are land, water,seeds/seedlings, fertilizers, pesticides, technologyas well as labor.Results of the study:1)agroinput that are difficult to access by farmers are land, labor, feed concentrate, fertilizer, andseed.Paddy land ownership in peri-urban is less than 0.2 Ha and in intra-urban areas are landlessfarmers. Outside labor is difficult to access because of itslimited amount or availibility and thewages is relatively expensive. Feed concentrate for sheep rarely available and not affordablebecause it’s expensive. Limited accessibility to agroinput for urban agribusiness and itsproblems and challenge will bring changing policy implication for developing urban farming,mainly for facilitation, development of urban agribusiness model, empowering institusional, andregulatory.
KEBERDAYAAN PETANI DALAM OPTIMALISASI PEMATANG SAWAH DI KECAMATAN MAJALENGKA KABUPATEN MAJALENGKA
Authors: Parwati Fitria Dwi Ayu , Hartono Rudi , Anwarudin Oeng
Published: March 2021

Farmers who control pests and diseases chemically. In fact, the spirit of sustainable agriculture aims to use such environmentally friendly materials as biological pest control by using crop crops planted by crops. It aims to analyze the descriptive levels of farmer's empowerment, relevant factors and strategies that can be done to increase farmer's empowerment in the optimization of rice cattle. Research is carried out in Germany magazine magazine holds April to July 2019. Population is an active farm rice farmer in farm groups of 302. The sample prescribed by 77 people is using random sampling cluster technique. Independent variables include farmers' characteristics, government education and support and dependent variables - the farmers' empowerment. The analytical techniques used are descriptive and syntax of rank spearman. Studies show that farmers' empowerment levels in the optimization of rice culture are category. A factor associated with farmer's empowerment in the optimization of farm cattle is formal education, prolonged effort, farmer status, training and government support. A strategy that can be done to increase farmer's empowerment is by increasing government training and support activities.
Identifying forecast uncertainties for biogenic gases in the Po Valley related to model configuration in EURAD-IM during PEGASOS 2012
Authors: Vogel Annika , Elbern Hendrik
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Forecasts of biogenic trace gases in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) are highly affected by simulated emission and transport processes.
The Po region during the PEGASOS campaign in summer 2012 provides challenging, yet common, conditions for simulating biogenic gases in the PBL.
This study identifies and quantifies principal sources of forecast uncertainties induced by various model configurations under these conditions.
Specifically, the effects of model configuration on different processes affecting atmospheric distributions of biogenic trace gas distributions are analyzed based on a priori available information.
The investigation is based on the EURopean Air pollution Dispersion – Inverse Model (EURAD-IM) chemistry transport model employing the Model for Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN 2.1) biogenic emission module and Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism – Mainz Isoprene Mechanism (RACM-MIM) as the gas phase chemistry mechanism.
Two major sources of forecast uncertainties are identified in this study.
Firstly, biogenic emissions appear to be exceptionally sensitive to land surface properties inducing total variations in local concentrations of up to 1 order of magnitude.
Moreover, these sensitivities are found to be highly similar for different gases and almost constant during the campaign, varying only diurnally.
Secondly, the model configuration also highly influences regional flow patterns with significant effects on pollutant transport and mixing.
This effect was corroborated by diverging source regions of a representative air mass and thus applies also to non-biogenic gases.
As a result, large sensitivities to model configuration are found for surface concentrations of isoprene, as well as OH, affecting reactive atmospheric chemistry.
Especially in areas with small-scale emission patterns, changes in the model configuration are able to induce significantly different local concentrations.
The amount and complexity of sensitivities found in this study demonstrate the need to consider forecast uncertainties in chemical transport models with a special focus on biogenic emissions and pollutant transport.
Ozone Proﬁle Retrieval from nadir TROPOMI measurements in the
UV range
Authors: Mettig Nora , Weber Mark , Rozanov Alexei , Arosio Carlo , Burrows John P. , Veefkind Pepijn , Thompson Anne M. , Querel Richard , Leblanc Thierry , Godin-Beekmann Sophie , Kivi Rigel , Tully Matthew B.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The TOPAS algorithm to retrieve vertical profiles of ozone from space-borne observations in nadir viewing geometry has been developed at the Institute of Environmental Physics (IUP) of the University of Bremen and applied to TROPOMI L1B spectral data version 2. The spectral data between 270 and 329 nm are used for the retrieval. A re-calibration of the measured radiances is done using ozone profiles from MLS/Aura. Studies with synthetic spectra show that individual profiles in the stratosphere can be retrieved with the accuracy of about 10 %. In the troposphere, the retrieval errors are larger depending on the a-priori profile used. The vertical resolution above 18 km is about 6–10 km and it degrades to 15–25 km below. The vertical resolution in the troposphere is strongly dependent on the solar zenith angle (SZA). The ozone profiles retrieved from TROPOMI with the TOPAS algorithm were validated using data from ozone sondes and stratospheric ozone lidars. Above 18 km, the comparison with sondes shows excellent agreement within less than ±5 % for all latitudes. The standard deviation of mean differences is about 10 %. Below 18 km, the relative mean deviation in the tropics and northern latitudes is still quite good remaining within ±20 %. At southern latitudes larger differences of up to +40 % occur between 10 and 15 km. The standard deviation is about 50 % between 7–18 km and about 25 % below 7 km. The validation of stratospheric ozone profiles with ground-based lidar measurements also shows very good agreement. The relative mean deviation is below ±5 % between 18–45 km with a standard deviation of 10 %. TOPAS retrieval results for one day of TROPOMI observations were compared to MLS and OMPS-LP data. The relative mean difference was found to be largely below ±5 % between 20–50 km with exception of very high latitudes.
Quantifying thresholds of barrier geomorphic change in a cross-shore sediment-partitioning model
Authors: Ciarletta Daniel J. , Miselis Jennifer L. , Shawler Justin L. , Hein Christopher J.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Barrier coasts, including barrier islands, beach-ridge plains, and associated landforms, can assume a broad spectrum of morphologies over multi-decadal scales that reflect conditions of sediment availability, accommodation, and relative sea-level rise. However, the quantitative thresholds of these controls on barrier-system behavior remain largely unexplored, even as modern sea-level rise and anthropogenic modification of sediment availability increasingly reshape the world's sandy coastlines. In this study, we conceptualize barrier coasts as sediment-partitioning frameworks, distributing sand delivered from the shoreface to the subaqueous and subaerial components of the coastal system. Using an idealized morphodynamic model, we explore thresholds of behavioral and morphologic change over decadal to centennial timescales,
simulating barrier evolution within quasi-stratigraphic morphological
cross sections. Our results indicate a wide diversity of barrier behaviors
can be explained by the balance of fluxes delivered to the beach vs. the
dune or backbarrier, including previously understudied forms of transgression
that allow the subaerial system to continue accumulating sediment during
landward migration. Most importantly, our results show that barrier state
transitions between progradation, cross-shore amalgamation, aggradation, and transgression are controlled largely through balances within a narrow range of relative sea-level rise and sediment flux. This suggests that, in the face of rising sea levels, subtle changes in sediment fluxes could result in significant changes in barrier morphology. We also demonstrate that modeled barriers with reduced vertical sediment accommodation are highly sensitive to the magnitude and direction of shoreface fluxes. Therefore, natural barriers with limited sediment accommodation could allow for exploration of the future effects of sea-level rise and changing flux magnitudes over a period of years as opposed to the decades required for similar responses in sediment-rich barrier systems. Finally, because our model creates stratigraphy generated under different input parameters, we propose that it could be used in combination with stratigraphic data to hindcast the sensitivity of existing barriers and infer changes in prehistoric morphology, which we anticipate will provide a baseline to assess the reliability of forward modeling predictions.
Using geosciences and mythology to locate Prospero's island
Authors: Lanza Tiziana
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The Tempest, the last work entirely attributed to William Shakespeare, has been subject to many studies and interpretations, ranging from adventure and Shakespeare's biography to colonialism and the cultural revolution, and is studied in this paper in the context of naturally occurring hazards. The play tells the story of a magician, Prospero, and his daughter who are shipwrecked on an unknown island where they encounter strange creatures and beings. But is it a fantastic island or was the author inspired by real places? Literary scholars proposed several hypotheses through the years, based on historical sources. Here, we analyse the play in the light of geosciences and mythology supporting the hypothesis that the playwright was inspired by the Mediterranean. Our goal is not to identify the island but rather to examine the various geographical and philosophical–political factors that may have influenced Shakespeare's literary creation. Nevertheless, some verses in the play suggest volcanism, placing the island in the Sicilian sea. This underlines once again how deep the playwright's knowledge of Italy was. It also suggests that this part of the Mediterranean was known, at the time of Shakespeare, as the theatre of phenomena originated in the volcanism of the area. One implication is that he could have used historical sources, still unknown and precious, to reconstruct geological events that occurred off the Sicilian coast.
snowScatt 1.0: consistent model of microphysical and scattering properties of rimed and unrimed snowflakes based on the self-similar Rayleigh–Gans approximation
Authors: Ori Davide , von Terzi Leonie , Karrer Markus , Kneifel Stefan
Published: March 2021

Abstract. More detailed observational capabilities in the microwave (MW) range and advancements in the details of microphysical schemes for ice and snow demand increasing complexity to be included in scattering databases. The majority of existing databases rely on the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) whose high computational costs limit either the variety of particle types or the range of parameters included, such as frequency, temperature, and particle size. The snowScatt tool is innovative in that it provides consistent microphysical and scattering properties of an ensemble of 50 000 snowflake aggregates generated with different physical particle models. Many diverse snowflake types, including rimed particles and aggregates of different monomer composition, are accounted for. The scattering formulation adopted by snowScatt is based on the self-similar Rayleigh–Gans approximation (SSRGA), which is capable of modeling the scattering properties of large ensembles of particles. Previous comparisons of SSRGA and DDA are extended in this study by including unrimed and rimed aggregates up to centimeter sizes and frequencies up to the sub-millimeter spectrum. The results generally reveal the wide applicability of the SSRGA method for active and passive MW applications. Unlike DDA databases, the set of SSRGA parameters can be used to infer scattering properties at any frequency and refractive index; snowScatt also provides tools to derive the SSRGA parameters for new sets of particle structures, which can be easily included in the library. The flexibility of the snowScatt tool with respect to applications that require continuously changing definitions of snow properties is demonstrated in a forward simulation example based on the output of the predicted particle properties (P3) scheme. The snowScatt tool provides the same level of flexibility as commonly used T-matrix solutions, while the computed scattering properties reach the level of accuracy of detailed discrete dipole approximation calculations.
Design optimization analysis of an anti-backlash geared servo system using a mechanical resonance simulation and experiment
Authors: Zhang Lianchao , Liao Hongbo , Fan Dapeng , Fan Shixun , Zheng Jigui
Published: March 2021

Abstract. In many mechatronic systems, gear transmission chains are often used to transmit motion and power between motors and loads, especially for light, small but large torque output systems. Gear transmission chains will inevitably bring backlash as well as elasticity of shafts and meshing teeth. All of these nonlinear factors will affect the performance of mechatronic systems. Anti-backlash gear systems can reduce the transmission error, but elasticity has to be considered too. The aim of this paper is to find the key parameters affecting the resonance and anti-resonance frequencies of anti-backlash gear systems and then to give the design optimization methods of improving performance, both from element parameters and mechanical designing. The anti-backlash geared servo system is modeled using a two-inertia approximate model; a method of computing the equivalent stiffness of anti-backlash gear train is proposed, which comprehensively considers the total backlash of transmission chain, gear mesh stiffness, gear shaft stiffness and torsional spring stiffness. With the s-domain block diagram model of the anti-backlash geared servo system, the influences of four main factors on the resonance and anti-resonance frequencies of system are analyzed by simulation according to the frequency response, and the simulation analysis results dependent on torsional spring stiffness of anti-backlash gear pair and load moment of inertia variation are verified by the experiment. The errors between simulation and experimental results are less than 10 Hz. With these simulation and experiment results, the design optimization methods of improving the resonance and anti-resonance frequencies such as designing the center distance adjusting mechanism to reduce the initial total backlash, increasing the stiffness of torsional spring and lightweight design of load are proposed in engineering applications.
III. RESEÑAS
Authors: Arredondo Erika
Published: March 2021

N/A
Nano-drug Clinical Trials: Informed Consent and Risk Management Through Blockchain
Authors: Haik Yousef , Bantekas Ilias
Published: March 2021

Drug bearing nano-shells that can be utilized for targeted drug delivery have been shown to enhance the therapeutic index by increasing the dug concentration in diseased tissue and reducing the toxicity in normal tissue.  The controllability of the drug bearing shell size provides predictability measure for the amount of drug payload per shell which improves the administration of the therapeutic dose.  The FDA approved different formulations for clinical use in metastatic and recurrent breast cancer, among other diseases.  At the moment, some of these formulations are the subject of international clinical trials.  Informed consent is legally mandated in administering drug bearing nano-shells.  The risks of the new formulations, as with all new technologies, are not well known and are continue to be a subject of intensive research, thus exacerbating the existing informed consent legal issues, thus exacerbating the existing informed consent legal issues.  This short essay focuses on proposing a framework to mitigate liabilities administering a new formulation on nano-enabled drug carriers particularly when uncertainties of the benefits and damages are not fully known.
PENENTUAN KADAR KLORIN (Cl2) PADA TEPUNG TERIGU YANG DIJUAL DI PASAR KODIM KOTA PEKANBARU DENGAN METODE SPEKTROFOTOMETRI
Authors: H Hartini , AW Asrina Pertiwi
Published: March 2021

Tepung terigu merupakan bubuk halus hasil dari penggilingan biji gandum. Umumnya tepung terigu berwarna kekuning-kuningan. Namun, dalam pengolahan tepung terigu para produsen sering menambahkan Bahan Tambahan Pangan (BTP) berbahaya berupa klorin. Klorin adalah bahan kimia yang dapat mengurangi nutrisi tepung dan merusak  vitamin. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah utuk mengidentifikasi klorin pada tepung terigu yang dijual di Pasar Kodim Pekanbaru. Penentuan klorin diuji secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Berdasarkan uji kualitatif diperoleh bahwa tepung terigu tidak bermerk mengalami perubahan warna menjadi merah muda lebih pekat dibandingkan dengan tepung terigu bermerk. Berdasarkan uji kuantitatif diperoleh bahwa kadar klorin pada tepung tidak bermerk yaitu TBC lebih tinggi yaitu sebesar 6,06±0,02 ppm dibandingkan tepung bermerk yaitu Danau (BC)  4,48±0,02 ppm. Tepung terigu bermerk dan tidak bermerk yang digunakan pada penelitian ini masih layak untuk dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat sebab kadar klorinnya berada di bawah ambang batas yang ditetapkan oleh Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Amerika Serikat yaitu 45 ppm.
TOKSISITAS BIOFUNGISIDA YANG MENGANDUNG Trichoderma sp. TERHADAP TESTIS DAN PROSES SPERMATOGENESIS MENCIT (Mus musculus)
Authors: Aritonang Berliana N.R.S.
Published: March 2021

Penggunaan pestisida kimiawi dikalangan pertanian dapat menimbulkan berbagai macam  masalah pada bidang kesehatan oleh karena itu para ahli telah menemukan bahan alternatif berupa pestisida alami yaitu biofungisida. Pengaruh kontaminasi penggunaan biofungisida yang mengandung spora Trichoderma sp terhadap bidang kesehatan belum diketahui. Biofungisida yang mengandung Trichoderma sp yang menghasilkan antibiotika berupa gliotoxin dan viridin dimana zat tersebut bersifat toksik dan dapat terakumulasi di dalam tubuh manusia maupun hewan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui toksisitas biofungisida terhadap gambaran histopatologi testis. Penelitian ini menggunakan hewan uji mencit albino (Mus musculus) berumur 12 minggu, dan dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok, masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 5 ekor mencit. Pemberian biofungisida dilakukan secara oral dengan dosis 0 cc/Kg BB, 16 cc/Kg BB, 24 cc/Kg BB, 36 cc/Kg BB, dan 54 cc/Kg BB setiap hari selama 14 hari. Data dianalisis dengan ANOVA dan dilanjutkan dengan uji lanjut Bonferroni dengan taraf signifikan p<0,05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penurunan berat testis, diameter tubulus seminiferus, tebal epitel germinal tubulus seminiferus, diameter inti sel leydig, jumlah sel leydig dan jumlah sel sertoli terjadi perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok kontrol dengan kelompok perlakuan. Untuk indeks spermatogenesis kelompok kontrol menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna dengan perlakuan penurunan terbesar pada dosis 54 cc/Kg BB sebesar 66,032%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian biofungisida mempengaruhi berat testis dan histopatologi testis, jadi biofungisida tersebut bersifat toksik terhadap organ reproduksi mencit jantan albino (Mus musculus).
PENENTUAN KADAR GULA DARAH SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH PEMBERIAN AIR PERASAN MENGKUDU (Morinda citrifolia Linn) TERHADAP KELINCI (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: H Hartini , Sari Putri Kurnia
Published: March 2021

Umumnya penyakit diabetes mellitus diobati dalam bentuk antidiabetik oral dan injeksi insulin. Namun, pada penelitian yang dilakukan Marles dan Farn Worth tanaman tradisional dapat digunakan untuk pengobatan terhadap diabetes melitus karena memiliki efek samping yang rendah. Salah satu obat tradisional yang dapat menurunkan kadar gula darah adalah tanaman buah mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia Linn). Mengkudu merupakan salah satu alternatif pangan fungsional karena mengandung flavanoid dan saponin pada buah mengkudu terbukti dapat menurunkan kadar gula darah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan air perasan mengkudu untuk menurunkan kadar gula darah. Metode Penelitian ini adalah eksperimental dengan rancangan the post test only control group design. Penelitian ini menggunakan 3 kelompok perlakuan yaitu kontrol negatif, kontrol positif, dan perasan buah mengkudu dosis 50% selama 14 hari perlakuan. Analisis kadar glukosa darah dilakukan sebanyak 2 kali (pre dan post test). Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan One-Way Anova, post Hoc dan uji t berpasangan. Berdasarkan uji statistik uji one way Anova yang menunjukan bahwa ada perbedaan yang signifikan (p<0,05). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa air perasan buah mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L) mampu menurunkan kadar gula darah sebesar 176 mg/dL dibandingkan dengan obat antidiabetik metformin (Kontrol Positif).
UJI EFEKTIVITAS ANTIDIABETES EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN UNGU (Graptophyllum pictum) TERHADAP MENCIT PUTIH JANTAN (Mus musculus)
Authors: Rosmiati Karolina , Fernando Alexius
Published: March 2021

Pengobatan dengan penyuntikan insulin dan obat anti diabetes kimiawi memberikan biaya yang sulit dijangkau oleh seluruh golongan masyarakat. Oleh sebab itu, pemanfaatan potensi tanaman khas Indonesia salah satunya daun ungu (Graptophyllum pictum) yang mempunyai kemampuan mengobati dan menurunkan kadar glukosa darah perlu diteliti. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan pengaruh ekstrak etanol daun ungu (Graptophyllum pictum) terhadap penurunan kadar glukosa darah pada mencit putih jantan (Mus musculus). Teknik pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara purposive sampling. Hasil uji efektifitas ekstrak etanol daun ungu rata-rata penurunan glukosa darah pada kelompok A (dosis ekstrak etanol daun ungu 250 mg) sebesar 195,4 mg/dL, kelompok B (dosis ekstrak etanol daun ungu 500 mg) sebesar 165,4 mg/dL, kelompok C (dosis ekstrak etanol daun ungu 1000 mg) sebesar 154,6 mg/dL, kelompok D kontrol positif sebesar 196 mg/dL, dan kelompok E kontrol negatif sebesar 132,2 mg/dL. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut kelompok yang paling efektif dalam menurunkan kadar glukosa darah adalah kelompok A (dosis ekstrak etanol daun ungu 250 mg) karena hasil penurunan kadar glukosa darah hampir menyerupai kelompok D kontrol positif.
UJI EFEKTIVITAS INFUSA KULIT BUAH JERUK NIPIS (Citrus aurantifolia) DENGAN PEMBANDING SPRAY ANTI NYAMUK BERMERK TERHADAP NYAMUK Aedes aegypti
Authors: Aritonang Berliana N.R.S. , Carolina Kenny
Published: March 2021

Penularan penyakit DBD pada manusia melalui gigitan nyamuk Aedes aegypti betina. Selama ini masyarakat menggunakan insektisida kimia untuk menghindari gigitan  nyamuk penolak  nyamuk (repellent). Pengendalian penggunaan insektisida alami salah satunya infusa kulit buah jeruk nipis karena memiliki minyak atsiri yang tidak disukai oleh nyamuk  maupun serangga. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan efektivitas  infusa kulit buah jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia) sebagai insektisida alami terhadap nyamuk A. aegypti. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimental dengan rancangan penelitian Post test only group design. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa semua konsentrasi penggunaan kulit jeruk nipis menunjukkan aktivitas insektisida. Infusa kulit buah jeruk nipis 25% terbukti lebih efektif daripada konsentrasi 10-20%, dibutuhkan 60 menit untuk memberi angka kematian 90%. Pada kontrol negatif tidak ada kematian nyamuk, pada kontrol positif memiliki angka kematian nyamuk 100%. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa infusa kulit buah jeruk nipis memiliki potensi sebagai biokontrol.
PENETAPAN KADAR MERKURI (Hg) PADA KRIM PEMUTIH BERMEREK DAN TIDAK BERMEREK YANG DIJUAL DI PASAR KODIM PEKANBARU
Authors: Susanti Martha Evy , Silviana Rahelya
Published: March 2021

Kosmetik adalah paduan bahan yang siap digunakan pada bagian luar (kulit, rambut, kuku, dan organ kelamin bagian luar), bagian dalam (gigi dan rongga mulut). Saat ini kosmetik umumnya menggunakan bahan tambahan, ada yang bersifat aman dan berbahaya untuk digunakan. Bahan tambahan yang aman digunakan pada kosmetik adalah Alkali sulphides, dan Benzalkonunchloride. Bahan tambahan yang berbahaya pada kosmetik adalah Merkuri (Hg), Timbal (Tb), dan Hidrokinon. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi dan menentukan kadar merkuri (Hg) pada krim pemutih yang dijual di pasar kodim Pekanbaru. Teknik pengambilan sampel pada penelitian ini adalah probability random sampling. Uji kualitatif menggunakan pereaksi warna KI menunjukkan hasil negatif pada sampel A, B, C dan pada sampel TA, TB, dan TC menunjukkan bahwa hasil positif. Selanjutnya dilakukan analisa kuantitatif kadar merkuri (Hg) menggunakan alat Spektrofotometer Serapan Atom pada panjang gelombang 253,7 nm. Hasil uji kuantitatif  kadar merkuri (Hg) Seluruh sampel (bermerek) A, B, dan C mempunyai kadar merkuri dibawah ambang batas yaitu <1 mg/L dan pada sampel tidak bermerek TA, TB, dan TC mempunyai kadar diatas ambang batas yaitu >1 mg/L yang ditetapkan oleh BPOM tahun 2014.