bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
μ-‘Diving suit’ for liquid-phase high-Q resonant detection
Authors: Yu Haitao , Chen Ying , Xu Pengcheng , Xu Tiegang , Bao Yuyang , Li Xinxin
Published: January 2016

A μ-‘diving suit’ technology is developed to achieve long-time stable resonance of micro-cantilever sensors in solution for real-time bio/chemical detection.
An improved approach for predicting drug–target interaction: proteochemometrics to molecular docking
Authors: Shaikh Naeem , Sharma Mahesh , Garg Prabha
Published: January 2016

Proteochemometric (PCM) methods, which use descriptors of both the interacting species,i.e.drug and the target, are being successfully employed for the prediction of drug–target interactions (DTI).
Combined image guided monitoring the pharmacokinetics of rapamycin loaded human serum albumin nanoparticles with a split luciferase reporter
Authors: Wang Fu , Yang Kai , Wang Zhe , Ma Ying , Gutkind J. Silvio , Hida Naoki , Niu Gang , Tian Jie
Published: January 2016

This integrated imaging platform could provide more reliable respective PK profiles of a loaded drug and its carrier.
Supramolecular gel-assisted synthesis of double shelled Co@CoO@N–C/C nanoparticles with synergistic electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Wu Zexing , Wang Jie , Han Lili , Lin Ruoqian , Liu Hongfang , Xin Huolin L. , Wang Deli
Published: January 2016

A double shelled Co@CoO@N–C/C was synthesized through a supramolecular gel assisted strategy. The material exhibits an outstanding ORR performance due to the synergistic effect of cobalt and nitrogen.
Synthesis of vinyl-terminated Au nanoprisms and nanooctahedra mediated by 3-butenoic acid: direct Au@pNIPAM fabrication with improved SERS capabilities
Authors: Casado-Rodriguez M. A. , Sanchez-Molina M. , Lucena-Serrano A. , Lucena-Serrano C. , Rodriguez-Gonzalez B. , Algarra M. , Diaz A. , Valpuesta M. , Lopez-Romero J. M. , Perez-Juste J. , Contreras-Caceres R.
Published: January 2016

A seedless synthesis of AuNTPs/AuNOC is described.
Plasma-assisted quadruple-channel optosensing of proteins and cells with Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots
Authors: Li Chenghui , Wu Peng , Hou Xiandeng
Published: January 2016

The addition of the intrinsic fluorescence of proteins to the existing triple-channel optical properties of Mn–ZnS QDs yields new quadruple-channel optosensing devices with substantially increased discrimination capacity for proteins. A low-temperature plasma for protein treatment further enforces the discrimination.
Detection of weak hydrogen bonding to fluoro and nitro groups in solution using H/D exchange
Authors: Shugrue C. R. , DeFrancisco J. R. , Metrano A. J. , Brink B. D. , Nomoto R. S. , Linton B. R.
Published: January 2016

Hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange can be a sensitive technique for measuring the strength of hydrogen bonding to neutral organic nitro and fluoro groups.
Inherent flame retardation of semi-aromatic polyesters via binding small-molecule free radicals and charring
Authors: Fu Teng , Guo De-Ming , Wu Jia-Ning , Wang Xiao-Lin , Wang Xiu-Li , Chen Li , Wang Yu-Zhong
Published: January 2016

Semi-aromatic polyesters containing special aryl ether and/or ketone structures show good flame retardancy via binding small-molecule free radicals and forming char during combustion.
Preparing DNA-mimicking multi-line nanocaterpillars via in situ nanoparticlisation of fully conjugated polymers
Authors: Lee In-Hwan , Amaladass Pitchamuthu , Choi Inho , Bergmann Victor W. , Weber Stefan A. L. , Choi Tae-Lim
Published: January 2016

A unique hierarchical evolution from single-line nanocaterpillars to multi-line nanocaterpillars was demonstrated by in situ nanoparticlisation of fully conjugated poly(2,5-dihexyloxy-1,4-phenylene)-block-poly(3-methylthiophene).
Palladium-catalyzed oxidative direct arylation polymerization (Oxi-DArP) of an ester-functionalized thiophene
Authors: Gobalasingham Nemal S. , Noh Sangtaik , Thompson Barry C.
Published: January 2016

A palladium-catalyzed dehydrogenative polycondensation is reported, resulting in high quality polymers from an unsymmetrical ester-containing monomer without preactivation.
Cellulose nanofiber-assisted dispersion of cellulose nanocrystals@polyaniline in water and its conductive films
Authors: Wang Shiqi , Wei Chun , Gong Yongyang , Lv Jian , Yu Chuanbai , Yu Jinhong
Published: January 2016

The cellulose nanofibers as an efficient and environmentally friendly dispersant have been proven to be an efficient way to disperse cellulose nanocrystals@polyaniline. The obtained film show high electrical conductivity.
Characterization of water state and distribution in fibre materials by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Ji Peng , Jin Jin , Chen Xianglin , Wang Chaosheng , Wang Huaping
Published: January 2016

The states of absorbed water in the cotton and PET fibres materials characterized by LF-NMR method.
High-efficiency, stable and non-chemically doped graphene–Si solar cells through interface engineering and PMMA antireflection
Authors: Jiao Tianpeng , Wei Dapeng , Song Xuefen , Sun Tai , Yang Jun , Yu Leyong , Feng Yanhui , Sun Wentao , Wei Wei , Shi Haofei , Hu Chenguo , Du Chunlei
Published: January 2016

High-efficiency and stable graphene–Si heterojunction solar cells without chemical doping were achieved through introducing a thin passivation layer of carbon nanowalls and an antireflection film of PMMA to increase light absorption.
Sumac as a novel adjunctive treatment in hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Authors: Ardalani Hamidreza , Moghadam Maryam Hassanpour , Rahimi Roja , Soltani Jalal , Mozayanimonfared Azadeh , Moradi Mehdi , Azizi Ali
Published: January 2016

Sumac; a novel adjunctive treatment in Blood Pressure.
Interface modification for efficiency enhancement in silicon nanohole hybrid solar cells
Authors: Subramani Thiyagu , Hsueh Chen-Chih , Syu Hong-Jhang , Liu Chien-Ting , Yang Song-Ting , Lin Ching-Fuh
Published: January 2016

In this paper, the interface between Si nanoholes (SiNHs) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is investigated and improved to achieve high-efficiency SiNH/PEDOT:PSS hybrid solar cells.
Designing binder-free, flexible electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors based on pristine carbon nano-onions and their composite with CuO nanoparticles
Authors: Mohapatra Debananda , Badrayyana Subramanya , Parida Smrutiranjan
Published: January 2016

Binder-free flexible CNO–CuO composite electrodes delivering an energy density of 58.33 W h kg−1 at less than 1 $.
Converting obsolete copy paper to porous carbon materials with preeminent adsorption performance for tetracycline antibiotic
Authors: Xie Atian , Dai Jiangdong , He Jinsong , Sun Jun , Chang Zhongshuai , Li Chunxiang , Yan Yongsheng
Published: January 2016

This work first reported the conversion of CP to PCMs. The ultrahigh adsorption amount, fast kinetics and great regeneration made the PCMs-850-4 as promising adsorbents for the low-cost, highly efficient and fast removal of organic pollutants.
Modifying influences of micro crystalline and nanocellulose on the gelling characteristics of poly(methacrylic acid-co-2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate)
Authors: Bera Rabin , Dey Ayan , Mandal Arpita , Mandal Arup , Chakrabarty Debabrata
Published: January 2016

Cellulose dispersions were incorporated in the poly(methacrylic acid–co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogel matrix formedin situand the effects of such incorporation on various properties of the resulting hydrogel were investigated.
Type-I dyotropic rearrangement for 1,2-disubstituted cyclohexanes: substitution effect on activation energy
Authors: Sheikh Nadeem S.
Published: January 2016

Migratory aptitude and contribution of specific structural features of synthetically valuable functional groups and halogen atoms in type-I dyotropic rearrangement for both symmetric and unsymmetrical 1,2-disubstituted cyclohexanes are computed.
AlCl3-catalyzed [3 + 3] cycloaddition of chalcones and β-enamine ketones (esters): a highly efficient access to multisubstituted cyclohexa-1,3-dienamines
Authors: Xing Meng-Ming , Xu Hui , Hou Li-Fen , Gao Jian-Rong , Li Yu-Jin
Published: January 2016

An efficient protocol was successfully achieved to give 1,3-cyclohexadiene derivatives in good to excellent yields from chalcones and β-enamine ketones (esters) promoted by AlCl3.
Novel homologated-apio adenosine derivatives as A3 adenosine receptor agonists: design, synthesis and molecular docking studies
Authors: Panda Amarendra , Satpati Suresh , Dixit Anshuman , Pal Shantanu
Published: January 2016

A series of homologated-apio adenosine derivatives including homologated-apio IB-MECA and Cl-IB-MECA have been designed and synthesized successfully. The molecular modelling and docking studies of the compounds have been explored as A3AR agonists.
CO2 capture under humid conditions in NH2-MIL-53(Al): the influence of the amine functional group
Authors: Zárate Antonio , Peralta Ricardo A. , Bayliss Peter A. , Howie Rowena , Sánchez-Serratos Mayra , Carmona-Monroy Paulina , Solis-Ibarra Diego , González-Zamora Eduardo , Ibarra Ilich A.
Published: January 2016

NH2-MIL-53(Al) exhibited a considerable stronger affinity to water than MIL-53(Al). Thus, the hydrophobicity (shown by in situ FTIR) of the pores within MIL-53(Al) enhanced the CO2 adsorption.
Palladium(ii)-catalyzed synthesis of dibenzothiophene derivatives via the cleavage of carbon–sulfur and carbon–hydrogen bonds
Authors: Tobisu Mamoru , Masuya Yoshihiro , Baba Katsuaki , Chatani Naoto
Published: January 2016

Pd(ii)-catalyzed synthesis of dibenzothiophene derivatives has been developed. The reaction proceeds through the cleavage of carbon–hydrogen and carbon–sulfur bonds.
Molecular ordering in the high-temperature nematic phase of an all-aromatic liquid crystal
Authors: Vita Francesco , Hegde Maruti , Portale Giuseppe , Bras Wim , Ferrero Claudio , Samulski Edward T. , Francescangeli Oriano , Dingemans Theo
Published: January 2016

The high-temperature nematic phase of all-aromatic lath-like 2,6-biphenyl naphthalene (PPNPP) exhibits a surprisingly strong tendency towards molecular layering (i.e.SmA-like cybotaxis) and an orientational order parameter slightly deviating from Maier–Saupe theoretical prediction.
Structural and magnetic characterization of the double perovskite Pb2FeMoO6
Authors: Mezzadri F. , Delmonte D. , Orlandi F. , Pernechele C. , Calestani G. , Solzi M. , Lantieri M. , Spina G. , Cabassi R. , Bolzoni F. , Fittipaldi M. , Merlini M. , Migliori A. , Manuel P. , Gilioli E.
Published: January 2016

Structural and magnetic characterization of Pb2FeMoO6 reveals the central role played by nanometer-sized antiphase domains involved in the Fe/Mo cation ordering.
Direct synthesis of doubly deprotonated, dearomatised lutidine PNP Cr and Zr pincer complexes based on isolated K and Li ligand transfer reagents
Authors: Simler Thomas , Frison Gilles , Braunstein Pierre , Danopoulos Andreas A.
Published: January 2016

Double deprotonation of a hybrid bis(phosphino)picoline ligand yields lithium or potassium pincer salts with dearomatised lutidine backbones that afford unusual chromium and zirconium complexes by transmetallation.
Synthesis of [123I]-iodometomidate from a polymer-supported precursor with a large excluded volume
Authors: Nakagawa Chika , Toyama Masahito , Takeuchi Ryota , Takahashi Takashi , Tanaka Hiroshi
Published: January 2016

We report on the synthesis of [123I]-iodometomidate from a soluble polymer-supported precursor with a large extent volume. The precursor enabled the synthesis of the [123I]-iodometomidate with high quality without use of HPLC purification.
Reversible, partial inactivation of plant betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase by betaine aldehyde: mechanism and possible physiological implications
Authors: Zárate-Romero Andrés , Murillo-Melo Darío S. , Mújica-Jiménez Carlos , Montiel Carmina , Muñoz-Clares Rosario A.
Published: January 2016

In plants, the last step in the biosynthesis of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine (GB) is the NAD+-dependent oxidation of betaine aldehyde (BAL) catalysed by some aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) 10 enzymes that exhibit betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) activity. Given the irreversibility of the reaction, the short-term regulation of these enzymes is of great physiological relevance to avoid adverse decreases in the NAD+:NADH ratio. In the present study, we report that the Spinacia oleracea BADH (SoBADH) is reversibly and partially inactivated by BAL in the absence of NAD+ in a time- and concentration-dependent mode. Crystallographic evidence indicates that the non-essential Cys450 (SoBADH numbering) forms a thiohemiacetal with BAL, totally blocking the productive binding of the aldehyde. It is of interest that, in contrast to Cys450, the catalytic cysteine (Cys291) did not react with BAL in the absence of NAD+. The trimethylammonium group of BAL binds in the same position in the inactivating or productive modes. Accordingly, BAL does not inactivate the C450S SoBADH mutant and the degree of inactivation of the A441I and A441C mutants corresponds to their very different abilities to bind the trimethylammonium group. Cys450 and the neighbouring residues that participate in stabilizing the thiohemiacetal are strictly conserved in plant ALDH10 enzymes with proven or predicted BADH activity, suggesting that inactivation by BAL is their common feature. Under osmotic stress conditions, this novel partial and reversible covalent regulatory mechanism may contribute to preventing NAD+ exhaustion, while still permitting the synthesis of high amounts of GB and avoiding the accumulation of the toxic BAL.
Hybrid wireless charging system for monitoring overhead 110 kV high‐voltage power line equipment based on magneto‐electric conversion
Authors: Wang Wei , Huang Xueliang , Tan Linlin , Zhao Junfeng , Yan Changxin
Published: January 2016

The monitoring equipment for overhead 110 kV high‐voltage power lines plays an important role in the smart grid operations and may be required to work for years without maintenance; therefore, many varieties of energy harvesting devices have been investigated with a variety of problems remained though. In this study, a hybrid wireless power charging proposed system, integrated with magneto‐electric and electric‐electric conversion, is presented. It consists of an inductive energy harvesting device, an AC–AC frequency inverter, the transmitting and receiving coils, the rectifier systems connected in series, a wind turbine to drive the rotation of the receiving coils, etc. In particular, three receiving coils were designed for symmetrical disposition so that the angle between each pair of receiving coils was 120°. The design of the series rectifier circuit was explored to improve the input voltage level for charging the monitoring equipment more easily. The dynamic wireless power transfer system would bring about four energy‐increased outputs with three symmetrical receiving coils when they were driven to rotate. The proposed scheme, born out of the existing methods of energy harvesting for monitoring equipment would provide stable and safe power at any time and it has been verified effectively by both simulation and experiment.
Trans‐switched boost inverters
Authors: Nguyen Minh‐Khai , Lim Young‐Cheol , Choi Joon‐Ho , Choi Youn‐Ok
Published: January 2016

Conventional switched boost inverters (SBIs) employ a single LC‐pair in the impedance network to boost the input voltage by setting a shoot‐through interval in the inverter bridge switches. This study extends the concept of SBIs to the transformer‐based switched boost inverters (trans‐SBIs). By changing the turn ratio of the transformer, the proposed trans‐SBIs can produce a strong voltage gain. Compared with a tapped‐inductor Z‐source inverter with the same voltage gain at the same transformer turn ratio, the proposed trans‐SBIs have only one extra active switch but significantly fewer passive components. Compared with trans‐ZSI, the proposed trans‐SBIs use a transformer with a lower turn ratio to achieve a higher boost factor. The required current rating of the switches in the proposed trans‐SBI is lower than for the alternative ZSIs. The operating principles and the analyses and comparisons with the conventional transformer‐based ZSIs are presented. To verify the high boost capability of the proposed inverters, a laboratory prototype was built for both the single‐phase and three‐phase trans‐SBIs.
Concomitance of the local spanwise velocity and production in wall turbulence
Authors: Tardu F. Sedat
Published: January 2016

The spanwise velocity fluctuations w do not implicitly contribute to the production of kinetic energy in wall bounded flows. They are, however, closely linked to the Reynolds shear stress producing events, and intrinsically linked to the characteristics of the near wall coherent structures. Direct numerical simulations of a fully developed turbulent channel flow in large computational domains are analyzed to clarify the interconnection of w and the production process. It is established that the expected mean P̄ℓw of the local production P, conditioned by fixed amplitudes of the spanwise w fluctuations in the viscous and low buffer layers, reaches values as high as six times the mean P̄. This is due to the direct interaction of the buffer layer quasi-streamwise vortices with the wall. The spanwise direction z plays a predominant role in this region, because the level crossing activity defined as the mean frequency of the level-crossings of w through fixed thresholds is much larger along z, than along the streamwise direction. The ratio P̄ℓw/P̄ progressively decreases from the edge of the viscous sublayer up to y+ = 40, where y is the wall-normal distance and + denotes quantities scaled by the shear velocity and the viscosity. Second, the local Reynolds shear stress becomes statistically independent of w in a region that extends from y+ = 40 up to outer-scaled edge y = 0.3h, with h being the channel half-width. Finally, the clustering of arch vortices in the outer layer y > 0.3h reactivates the connection between w and the Reynolds shear stress.
Quasi-degenerate perturbation theory using matrix product states
Authors: Sharma Sandeep , Jeanmairet Guillaume , Alavi Ali
Published: January 2016

In this work, we generalize the recently proposed matrix product state perturbation theory (MPSPT) for calculating energies of excited states using quasi-degenerate (QD) perturbation theory. Our formulation uses the Kirtman-Certain-Hirschfelder canonical Van Vleck perturbation theory, which gives Hermitian effective Hamiltonians at each order, and also allows one to make use of Wigner’s 2n + 1 rule. Further, our formulation satisfies Granovsky’s requirement of model space invariance which is important for obtaining smooth potential energy curves. Thus, when we use MPSPT with the Dyall Hamiltonian, we obtain a model space invariant version of quasi-degenerate n-electron valence state perturbation theory (NEVPT), a property that the usual formulation of QD-NEVPT2 based on a multipartitioning technique lacked. We use our method on the benchmark problems of bond breaking of LiF which shows ionic to covalent curve crossing and the twist around the double bond of ethylene where significant valence-Rydberg mixing occurs in the excited states. In accordance with our previous work, we find that multi-reference linearized coupled cluster theory is more accurate than other multi-reference theories of similar cost.
Polyaniline coated cellulose fiber / polyvinyl alcohol composites with high dielectric permittivity and low percolation threshold
Authors: Anju V. P. , Narayanankutty Sunil K.
Published: January 2016

Cost effective, high performance dielectric composites based on polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose fibers and polyaniline were prepared and the dielectric properties were studied as a function of fiber content, fiber dimensions and polyaniline content over a frequency range of 40 Hz to 30 MHz. The short cellulose fibers were size-reduced to micro and nano levels prior to coating with polyaniline. Fiber surface was coated with Polyaniline (PANI) by an in situ polymerization technique in aqueous medium. The composites were then prepared by solution casting method. Short cellulose fiber composites showed a dielectric constant (DEC) of 2.3 x 105 at 40 Hz. For the micro- and nano- cellulose fiber composites the DEC was increased to 4.5 x 105 and 1.3 x 108, respectively. To gain insight into the inflection point of the dielectric data polynomial regression analysis was carried out. The loss tangent of all the composites remained at less than 1.5. Further, AC conductivity, real and imaginary electric moduli of all the composites were evaluated. PVA nanocomposite attained an AC conductivity of 3 S/m. These showed that by controlling the size of the fiber used, it was possible to tune the permittivity and dielectric loss to desired values over a wide range. These novel nanocomposites, combining high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss, can be effectively used in applications such as high-charge storage capacitors.
Clinical picture of active bovine viral diarrhoea infection in commercial bovine productive systems
Authors: Astiz Susana , Cogollos Laura , Loste Juan Manuel , Aduriz Gorka , Heras Javier , Cerviño Manuel
Published: January 2016

Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD), one of the most important infectious diseases affecting bovine production systems, is thought to show a subclinical course in most cases, especially in regions that have suffered high BVD prevalence for a long time. However, few studies have assessed this rigorously under non-epidemic conditions. Here we assessed how often active BVD infection in a herd, defined as at least one antigen-positive animal, is associated with clinical signs. Surveying and sampling methods were used to detect BVD infection based on clinical picture. Analysis of 1203 samples of individual animals from 167 herds clinically suspected of BVD infection showed that 33.7% of dairy farms, 30.6% of beef cow-calf farms and 40% of feedlots contained at least one animal positive for BVD viral antigen. Prevalence of BVD infection was 7.7% at the animal level, much higher than the prevalence of 1–3% reported in the literature. This suggests that clinical picture can be useful for detecting active BVD infection, and that infections show a variable clinical course. On dairy farms, the presence of at least one antigen-positive animal was associated with a tendency towards lower fertility and higher rates of stillbirths and calf health problems (P < 0.1). On feedlots, such presence was associated with a tendency to a higher of calf health problems. In beef cow-calf systems, however, the presence of an antigen-positive animal was not associated with any particular sign. These results suggest a higher association of active BVD infections spreading in a herd and clinical pictures at the herd level, particularly in dairy herds.
Emigrations, Diasporas and People on the Move
Authors: Newitt Malyn
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines how the Portuguese diaspora fits into the long-term history of human migrations. Portuguese migration shares many of the characteristics of elite migrations, as well as migrations of mercantile classes, migrations of the poor, migrations resulting from religious persecution and labour migrations. The Portuguese diaspora has continued unbroken for five centuries and has featured the onward migration of Portuguese who have settled outside metropolitan Portugal. In many parts of the world a “Portuguese” identity has developed without any direct link with Portugal itself.
Points of Departure
Authors: Newitt Malyn
Published: January 2016

This chapter is focused on the Atlantic islands (Madeira, the Azores, Cape Verde and the Guinea islands). It examines the original settlements and argues that the land tenure system and the economy exacerbated the problems of poverty, overpopulation and drought with the result that the islands became major providers of onward emigrants. The climate of Cape Verde and the frequency of earthquakes in the Azores also forced people to leave. The Guinea islands are different in that they have attracted in-migration of contract labourers rather than being a source of emigrants like the other islands.
The Diaspora of the Sephardic Jews
Authors: Newitt Malyn
Published: January 2016

This chapter looks at the expulsion of the Sephardic Jews from Portugal at the end of the fifteenth century and the mass conversion of those that remained, who constituted the class of New Christians. The chapter looks at the dispersal of Jews and New Christians to West Africa, the Americas, France, Italy and the Mediterranean. The foundation of the Jewish community in Amsterdam is of special importance, as are the offshoots of it in London and Hamburg. The Portuguese culture of the Sephardic Jews was maintained for 200 years and only declined when civil disabilities were removed from the Jewish communities in the nineteenth century.
Portuguese Migration and Settlement in Asia
Authors: Newitt Malyn
Published: January 2016

This chapter follows the story of the Portuguese in Asia—the soldiers, officials and missionaries who established the Estado da India in the sixteenth century. The Portuguese established fortified trading ports around the western Indian Ocean with Goa as the main seat of government. In the Far East, Macao and Nagasaki became centres of trade and missionary activity. Intermarriage with Asian women resulted in the emergence of “Portuguese” populations in Indonesia, Sri Lanka and India which spoke their own creole language, adhered to Catholicism and survived as a distinct caste into the twentieth century. Goa itself generated its own diaspora, with Goans settling in British India and finding employment elsewhere in the Portuguese and British empires.
Reflection and Refraction
Authors: Guenther B. D.
Published: January 2016

The propagation of a light wave when the electrical properties of the medium change in a discontinuous way experiences a change in propagation direction called refraction. The first of several derivations of the laws of refraction (Snell’s law) and reflection are given in this chapter, here relying only on the wave properties of light to obtain the laws. To obtain the amplitude of the light waves reflected and refracted, boundary conditions developed in classical electromagnetic theory for Maxwell’s equations are used. It is found that there is an angle, called Brewster’s angle, for which light reflected from a boundary will be linearly polarized. There is also a set of conditions for which all light incident on a boundary will be reflected. A few of the properties of this reflected wave, called a totally reflected wave, are discussed.
Fourier Analysis
Authors: Guenther B. D.
Published: January 2016

The techniques developed by Fourier and Dirichlet state that a Fourier series, a sum of sinusoidal functions, can be used to describe any periodic functions and that the Fourier transform, an integral transform, can be used to describe aperiodic functions. The measurement process used to obtain information about continuous functions found in nature is accomplished by making discrete measurements (called samples) of the functions. The development of the Fourier theory presents the opportunity to justify the experimental approach, by examining the processes of replication and sampling. The concepts, developed for electrical communication systems, that depend upon the use of the Fourier method are used for analysis of optical imaging systems and will be needed in the Fresnel formulation of diffraction in Chapters 9 and 10.
The Death of Simoeisios: Iliad 4.473–489
Authors: Schein Seth L.
Published: January 2016

The description of the death of the Trojan youth Simoeisios at Iliad 4.473–489 expresses a central theme of the poem: the cost in human terms of the heroism that the Iliad celebrates. The vignette of Simoeisios’ birth, moving like many other Iliadic vignettes and similes from the realm of war to a world of peacetime and everyday life, situates him in a familial and social context in which he will be missed (‘he did not repay his dear parents for rearing him’). The patronymics framing the passage (‘son of Flower’), its imagery, Simoeisios’ characterization as ἠΐθεον θαλερόν (‘unmarried, blossoming’), and the simile comparing his corpse to a tree that has been felled suggest the vitality and potential cut short when Ajax kills him ‘in the front rank’. The death of Simoeisios is a small-scale analogue to the destiny of Hektor and of Troy as portrayed and suggested elsewhere in the poem.
The Horses of Achilles in Book 17 of the Iliad
Authors: Schein Seth L.
Published: January 2016

The scene in which Achilles’ immortal horses stand immobile on the field of battle, weeping for the dead Patroklos, and Zeus asks himself why the gods involved them in the miseries of mortal existence (Iliad 17.426–455) memorably expresses the poem’s fundamental contrast between divinity and humanity and anticipates its emphasis Books 18–24 on the mortality and death of Achilles. Despite their immortality, the horses’ sorrow implicates them in human suffering and associates them closely with the death of Patroklos and impending death of Achilles. Zeus’ additional question, ‘Why did we give you to Lord Peleus, / a mortal’, evokes the myth of Thetis forced into marriage with a mortal and Achilles’ resulting mortality. Close attention to the diction, style, and thematic resonances of this remarkable scene throws light on the most fundamental themes and values of the Iliad and demonstrates its significance for the overall interpretation of the poem.
Estimates of escapement, exploitation rate, and number of downstream migrating European eels Anguilla anguilla in Ichkeul Lake (northern Tunisia)
Authors: Derouiche Emna , Hizem Habbechi Besma , Kraïem Med. Mejdeddine , Elie Pierre
Published: January 2016

The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) stock has been declining for the last three decades and today, it is currently listed as endangered. The objective of this study was to quantify the escapement rate of silver eels to obtain an estimate of the future spawners migrating from the southern part of its distribution area in Tunisia. A mark–recapture experiment was conducted in Ichkeul Lake (Tunisia) between December 2013 and February 2014, covering the winter downstream run of eels. The size range of the downstream migrating eels was between 33 and 79 cm with 585.3 ± 156.77 g mean weight. The number of migrating silver eels was estimated to 342 221 (297 956–386 486), corresponding to a biomass of 200.2 (174.3–226.1) t, with a density of 23.55 (20.51–26.6) kg ha−1. The commercial fishing rate was estimated to be 18.8% (16.6–21.5%), which translates into an escapement rate of 81.2% (78.5–83.4%). The ratio current/pristine escapement was 0.69 for the entire migration period.
The roles of transportation and transportation hubs in the propagation of influenza and coronaviruses: a systematic review
Authors: Browne Annie , St-Onge Ahmad Sacha , Beck Charles R. , Nguyen-Van-Tam Jonathan S.
Published: January 2016

Background. Respiratory viruses spread in humans across wide geographical areas in short periods of time, resulting in high levels of morbidity and mortality. We undertook a systematic review to assess the evidence that air, ground and sea mass transportation systems or hubs are associated with propagating influenza and coronaviruses.

Methods. Healthcare databases and sources of grey literature were searched using pre-defined criteria between April and June 2014. Two reviewers screened all identified records against the protocol, undertook risk of bias assessments and extracted data using a piloted form. Results were analysed using a narrative synthesis.

Results. Forty-one studies met the eligibility criteria. Risk of bias was high in the observational studies, moderate to high in the reviews and moderate to low in the modelling studies. In-flight influenza transmission was identified substantively on five flights with up to four confirmed and six suspected secondary cases per affected flight. Five studies highlighted the role of air travel in accelerating influenza spread to new areas. Influenza outbreaks aboard cruise ships affect 2–7% of passengers. Influenza transmission events have been observed aboard ground transport vehicles. High heterogeneity between studies and the inability to exclude other sources of infection means that the risk of influenza transmission from an index case to other passengers cannot be accurately quantified. A paucity of evidence was identified describing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus transmission events associated with transportation systems or hubs.

Conclusion . Air transportation appears important in accelerating and amplifying influenza propagation. Transmission occurs aboard aeroplanes, at the destination and possibly at airports. Control measures to prevent influenza transmission on cruise ships are needed to reduce morbidity and mortality. There is no recent evidence of sea transport accelerating influenza or coronavirus spread to new areas. Further investigation is required regarding the roles of ground transportation systems and transport hubs in pandemic situations.
Ebola or Not? Evaluating the Ill Traveler From Ebola-Affected Countries in West Africa
Authors: Fairley Jessica K. , Kozarsky Phyllis E. , Kraft Colleen S. , Guarner Jeannette , Steinberg James P. , Anderson Evan , Jacob Jesse T. , Meloy Patrick , Gillespie Darria , Espinoza Tamara R. , Isakov Alexander , Vanairsdale Sharon , Baker Esther , Wu Henry M.
Published: January 2016

Background.  The 2014–2015 Ebola epidemic in West Africa had global impact beyond the primarily affected countries of Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. Other countries, including the United States, encountered numerous patients who arrived from highly affected countries with fever or other signs or symptoms consistent with Ebola virus disease (EVD).

Methods.  We describe our experience evaluating 25 travelers who met the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention case definition for a person under investigation (PUI) for EVD from July 20, 2014 to January 28, 2015. All patients were triaged and evaluated under the guidance of institutional protocols to the emergency department, outpatient tropical medicine clinic, or Emory's Ebola treatment unit. Strict attention to infection control and early involvement of public health authorities guided the safe evaluation of these patients.

Results.  None were diagnosed with EVD. Respiratory illnesses were common, and 8 (32%) PUI were confirmed to have influenza. Four patients (16%) were diagnosed with potentially life-threatening infections or conditions, including 3 with Plasmodium falciparum malaria and 1 with diabetic ketoacidosis.

Conclusions.  In addition to preparing for potential patients with EVD, Ebola assessment centers should consider other life-threatening conditions requiring urgent treatment, and travelers to affected countries should be strongly advised to seek pretravel counseling. Furthermore, attention to infection control in all aspects of PUI evaluation is paramount and has presented unique challenges. Lessons learned from our evaluation of potential patients with EVD can help inform preparations for future outbreaks of highly pathogenic communicable diseases.
Rumination, Magnification, and Helplessness
Authors: Craner Julia R. , Gilliam Wesley P. , Sperry Jeannie A.
Published: January 2016

Objectives:

Although there is a large body of research on the relationship between pain catastrophizing and functioning among individuals with chronic pain, little is known about the potential differential impact of specific aspects of pain catastrophizing. The current study evaluates the relationship between the Rumination, Helplessness, and Magnification subscales of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale and pain-related outcomes.

Materials and Methods:

In total, 844 patients who were admitted to a chronic pain rehabilitation program completed survey measures of pain, catastrophizing, quality of life (QOL), and depression.

Results:

A series of analyses were conducted entering the 3 subscales simultaneously in a predictive model after pain intensity and demographic variables (ie, age, sex, pain duration, current opioid use). The Helplessness subscale accounted for unique variance in the prediction of pain severity, pain-related interference, mental and physical health-related QOL, and depressed mood. Magnification was significantly related to physical and mental health-related QOL and depressed mood. The Rumination subscale was not uniquely associated with any of the outcome measures beyond that which was accounted for by pain severity, magnification, or helplessness.

Discussion:

Pain catastrophizing is a multifaceted construct, and different domains of catastrophizing are uniquely related to pain-related outcomes. This study represents the first to evaluate the functioning of these subscales in a large, diagnostically heterogeneous sample of chronic pain patients.
Test-Retest Reliability of Maximal and Submaximal Gas Exchange Variables in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Coeckelberghs Ellen , Buys Roselien , Goetschalckx Kaatje , Pattyn Nele , Vanhees Luc , Cornelissen Véronique
Published: January 2016

PURPOSE:

Gas exchange variables derived from cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPETs) need to be reliable for evaluating interventions and clinical decision making. Whereas peak oxygen uptake (

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2) has shown to be a highly reliable parameter in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), little is known about the reproducibility of these parameters in patients with CAD. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to confirm the reliability of peak

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2 and to investigate the reliability of submaximal CPET variables in patients with CAD.

METHODS:

Eighty-five patients with CAD (57.6 ± 8.5 years; 79 males) performed 2 CPETs within 10 days before starting a rehabilitation program. Reliability of peak and submaximal exercise variables was assessed by using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), coefficients of variation, Pearson correlation coefficients, paired t tests, and Bland-Altman plots.

RESULTS:

Maximal and submaximal exercise parameters showed adequate reliability. Overall, there was a good correlation across both testing occasions (r = 0.63-0.95; P < .05 for all). Peak

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2 (ICC, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.92-0.97) demonstrated excellent reliability. Of the submaximal exercise variables, oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) was as reliable as peak

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2 (ICC, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-0.98). The ventilation/carbon dioxide production (

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2) slope showed very good test-retest reliability (ICC, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.80-0.91) and the

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2/work rate slope showed good reliability (ICC, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.64-0.85).

CONCLUSIONS:

Both peak

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2 and OUES show excellent test-retest reliability. Accordingly, in the case of no or unreliable peak

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2 data, we suggest using OUES to evaluate cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with CAD.
Overview of Objective Methods for Assessing Dynamic Changes in Optical Quality
Authors: Koh Shizuka , Higashiura Ritsuko , Maeda Naoyuki
Published: January 2016

Quality of vision has been emphasized in ophthalmologic clinical practice in recent years. The optical or visual performance of the human eye is not static and fluctuates over time. Considering the major origins of temporal fluctuations in optical or visual performance, quantitative assessment of the dynamic changes in the optical quality of the entire eye is important. This review provides an overview of the clinical application of the objective methods for assessing dynamic changes in optical quality, particularly those associated with accommodation, the precorneal tear film, the prelens tear film, and contact lens movement and fitting.
Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging of the Palisades of Vogt to Assist Clinical Evaluation and Surgical Planning in a Case of Limbal Stem-Cell Deficiency
Authors: Espandar Ladan , Steele Jessica F. , Lathrop Kira L.
Published: January 2016

Purpose:

To describe the use of volumetric optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging to assist evaluation of a patient referred for autologous limbal stem-cell transplant.

Methods:

This is a case report of a 50-year-old patient presenting with unilateral limbal stem-cell deficiency who was referred for autologous limbal stem-cell transplant. The presence of Salzmann nodules in the donor eye raised questions about the efficacy of transplantation, prompting examination of both eyes using volumetric OCT imaging to determine whether there were palisades of Vogt (POV) present. Image volumes were acquired in all clock hours and were compared against those of an age-matched normal subject.

Results:

Palisades were found in both eyes, although in both eyes there were fewer palisade ridges, and those that were present were not as distinct as those of the normal subject. The OCT volumes also showed that stromal scarring was present only in the anterior stroma of the intended transplant eye. These findings suggested that the patient may be able to sustain a deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty without an autologous transplant, which would spare any insult to the opposing eye and require less surgery to restore vision in the affected eye. Nine months postsurgical follow-up revealed significant improvement in visual acuity and no scar tissue development.

Conclusion:

The OCT evaluation of the POV provides detailed information to the clinician that may assist in diagnosis and evaluation of patients before transplantation. Further development of this technique is necessary to make it clinically available.
Perineural Invasion of the Orbit by Neurotropic Nondesmoplastic Melanoma
Authors: Chua Su Jen , Sun Michelle T. , James Craig , Huilgol Shyamala C. , Selva Dinesh
Published: January 2016

The authors report a case of neurotropic nondesmoplastic melanoma involving the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve and the cavernous sinus in a patient with recurrent scalp melanoma. This case highlights the importance of earlier diagnosis of local recurrence of melanoma and the rare association of neurotropic melanoma and orbital metastasis.
Successful Treatment With Bosentan for Digital Ulcers Related to Mixed Cryoglobulinemia: A Case Report
Authors: de Lorenzo-Pinto Ana , Pinilla Llorente Blanca
Published: January 2016

A 49-year-old man diagnosed with genotype 1 hepatitis C, CD5-positive marginal zone lymphoma, and mixed cryoglobulinemia type II developed skin ulcers and necrosis in his right foot. He was treated with amlodipine, corticosteroids, plasmapheresis, alprostadil, rituximab, and cyclophosphamide without a satisfactory response. For this reason, he required a partial amputation of the second, third, and fifth fingers of the right foot. To prevent ulcer deterioration of the first finger, bosentan was initiated. After 10 months of treatment, the ulcer completely healed and no adverse effects were experienced by the patient.
Chest Pain in the Setting of Altered Mental Status
Authors: Tjoeng Yuen Lie , Mickley Megan , Prentiss Kimball
Published: January 2016

We report on a young adult female presenting with altered mental status and chest pain. Timely review of her electronic medical record revealed a history of panhypopituitarism with poor medication adherence, although this was unknown at the time of her initial evaluation.

The patient required hormone replacement and significant fluid resuscitation, followed by definitive treatment with a pericardiocentesis. She was discharged home on hospital day 4, with normalization of her diminished left ventricular ejection fraction at her 1-month follow-up.

Although panhypopituitarism and cardiac tamponade are rare diagnoses, we highlight the management of severe hypothyroidism, the importance of early administration of hydrocortisone for panhypopituitarism, and the need for aggressive volume expansion to maintain preload in cardiac tamponade.
Subcutaneous Granuloma Annulare
Authors: Pederiva Federica , Paloni Giulia , Berti Irene
Published: January 2016

Subcutaneous granuloma annulare is an inflammatory lesion occurring in otherwise healthy children. We present 3 pediatric patients with different diagnostic-therapeutic paths depending on the ward they were referred to. The lesions regress spontaneously, and medical or surgical treatments are generally not necessary.
Adolescent Presents With Altered Mental Status and Elevated Anion Gap After Suicide Attempt by Ethylene Glycol Ingestion
Authors: Schoen Jessica C. , Cain Meghan R. , Robinson Jeffrey A. , Schiltz Brenda M. , Mannenbach Mark S.
Published: January 2016

We report the case of a 16-year-old healthy adolescent male who presented to the local emergency department with altered mental status. En route to a tertiary care facility, he began to decompensate and was found to be markedly acidotic. Further investigation revealed an elevated anion gap, and physical examination showed only abdominal pain and decreased level of consciousness. A broad differential diagnosis was considered at the time of the patient's presentation at the tertiary care center including ingestion of a volatile alcohol, sepsis, and an abdominal catastrophe. Although fomepizole and emergent dialysis were being initiated, laboratory tests confirmed ethylene glycol poisoning. This case demonstrates the importance of early recognition of potential ingestions in patients with altered mental status and supportive laboratory findings.
Under the Sea
Authors: Hansen Callie E. , Ascher David P. , Kim Hannah S. , Schwartz Richard H.
Published: January 2016

Traumatic abrasions on human extremities as a result of direct contact with sea, lake, river, or aquarium animals or from traumatic injuries sustained in seawater may develop into solitary or linear granulomatous lesions. One of the more common microbial etiologies for such infections is Mycobacterium marinum. An astute pediatrician, family physician, or nurse practitioner should have a high index of suspicion and obtain specific cultures to support the growth of Mycobacterium species. Mycobacterium marinum infections will not respond to antibiotics typically chosen to treat simple skin and soft tissue infections. Rather, M. marinum infections are best treated by prolonged antimicrobial treatment regimens for 3 to 6 months and, in some cases, may require polypharmacologic therapy. We present the case of a 6-year-old girl who suffered a traumatic abrasion on her right ankle in seawater. For 10 days, the skin infection morphed from cellulitis, papules, pustules, and eventually into sporotrichoid linear granuloma. After several failed antibiotic trials, M. marinum was eventually identified from the depth of her lesions. The patient improved after a 3-month course of clarithromycin. This case report is the first to include pictures demonstrating the clinical progression and resolution of M. marinum infection.