bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Factors Research on Power Plant Simulators
Authors: Kozinsky Edward J.
Published: July 2017

Full scope simulations of nuclear power plant control rooms play a major role in operator training programs. They also provide an environment for the conduct of a broad range of Human Factors research pertinent to nuclear power plant operations. A computer-based evaluation system has been developed for objectively measuring certain elements of an operator's performance on a power plant simulator. The Performance Measurement System (PMS), developed for the Electric Power Research Institute, was designed to help an instructor in his total evaluation of an operator trainee by providing measurements and documentation of certain essential elements of operator performance. Many measurements of operator performance on the simulator can be applied to research on the operator - control room interface. The use of PMS as a research tool offers unique opportunities to address many Human Factors questions in nuclear control rooms.
Test of a Fuzzy Set Based Decision Model as an AID in Solving Human Factors Design Problems
Authors: Newman Richard A.
Published: July 2017

Fuzzy Set Theory has proved popular for development of decision making models. However, most such models have not been tested using problems such as commonly found in Human Factors system design. This study used a decision model that combined Fuzzy Set decision rules with an eigenvector weighting rule. Five experienced Human Factors Designers solved six design problems, half manually, and half using a computer program that served as a decision making aid, using the model. On completion of the procedure, the computer model made a recommendation for a solution. The user could accept or reject the model's choice. Comparisons were made between manual and computer aided decision making, and the Fuzzy Set decision rule was compared with other possible decision rules using the same data. Results showed that use of the model-based decision aid was accepted by the users, and were reasonable. In addition, a possible measure of decision making quality was found in the measure of weighting inconsistency which is part of the eigenvector procedure.
Sociopolitical Impact on Human Factors
Authors: Smith Wanda J.
Published: July 2017

This paper presents a summary of the impact of recent activities of governmental agencies and trade unions in Europe on Human Factors. In particular, the impact of these actions in the area of research characteristics of computer displays and vision is discussed. A detailed description is given of these actions and how cultural differences and values can influence Human Factors research. Incorporated is a historical analysis of how previous research in this field contributed to concern among these agencies and display users, the evolution of this to regulatory actions, and how methodology in the area of visual and physiological research has changed as a result. In summary, the paper gives an example of how sociopolitical pressures can impact Human Factors.
The State of Iowa Vs. Robert E. Bednasek
Authors: Schrader Donald P.
Published: July 2017

In the reporting of a murder trial by 10 newspapers and three major press associations, many errors, prejudicial words, and unwarranted speculations were noted. Nearly all were in the direction of greater sensationalism. Mr. Schrader is instructor in radio journalism at the State University of Iowa.
Shifting Concepts in Laws Affecting the Press
Authors: Thayer Frank
Published: July 2017

Newspapers today clearly are facing more control, says the author of a standard work on press law in discussing recent decisions by courts and regulatory agencies. Dr. Thayer is professor of journalism at the University of Wisconsin and a member of the Illinois bar.
An Annotated Bibliography of Journalism Subjects in American Magazines
Authors: Swindler William F. ,   Assisted, Price Granville , Pride Armistead S. , Mosse Baskett
Published: July 2017

The increasing international tension in the last quarter of the year put additional emphasis on publicity and propaganda in the battle for men's minds. The Voice of America was considerably strengthened, with promises of still more support to come. In domestic radio, the Columbia Broadcasting System's method of color television was approved by the FCC, only to precipitate a louder debate and a succession of court actions… . In the field of advertising, Dr. George Gallup announced a new evaluation technique which some thought might be as revolutionary as his readership principles have been in the past twenty years… . In the field of news writing and press responsibility several writers were still concerned with what they considered to be a qualitative weakening of journalistic standards. These appeared to be the leading professional problems as the second half of the twentieth century began.

—W. F. S.
Economic Forces as Factors in Daily Newspaper Concentration
Authors: Ray Royal H.
Published: July 2017

This study indicates the difficulty of maintaining competition in the daily newspaper industry under present conditions, and points out the need for self-discipline by “monopoly” papers to stave off governmental intervention. Dr. Ray is chairman of the department of advertising at Syracuse University.
Articles on Mass Communications in American Magazines
Authors: Higbie Charles E. ,   Assisted, Price Granville , Pride Armistead S. , Brown Donald E.
Published: July 2017

Presidential political campaigning inevitably made itself felt in the literature of journalism during the third quarter both in the field of pure technique and in the traditional controversy over the balance of newspaper support given to the major parties.

The impact of national television coverage of the political conventions inspired many estimates of the effect of this innovation on both the public and on the political parties themselves, the diversity of theories being the outstanding noticeable result. In addition the pure mechanics of television coverage at press conferences and other small gatherings produced a clash with representatives of older news media. This fight gives every evidence of becoming a long-standing problem.

As the campaign moved into the final major stage Democratic candidate Stevenson opened an old debate by asserting that the United States “has a one-party press in a two-party country.” The inevitable rejoinders followed with the September Editor & Publisher poll indicating that 75% of the daily press which had taken its stand had endorsed Eisenhower. With national attention focused forward toward the final month of campaigning there were few other developments of major importance on the newspaper horizon.
Surgery and Local Treatments of Liver Metastases from Colorectal Cancer: How to Improve Results
Authors: Penna C. , Nordlinger B.
Published: July 2017

Over the last 30 years, the benefits of surgical resection for liver metastases have been established. Actually, surgical resections are feasible with a very low mortality and 5-year survival that approaches 40 %. However, even if progresses in surgery and anaesthesiology now render possible extensive resections with removal of large, numerous or bilateral lesions, only 10 to 20 % of patients are candidate to surgery. The others gain benefit from chemotherapy with more and more active drugs. To improve this overall picture, efforts have been made to increase the number of patients that could be candidates for surgery. Shrinkage of tumours after administration of preoperative chemotherapy and availability of ablative techniques now permit to treat with curative intent metastases initially considered as non-resectable.
New Bone Formation Induced by Injection of Native Reindeer Bone Morphogenetic Protein Extract
Authors: Pekkarinen T. , Lindholm T. S. , Hietala O. , Jalovaara P.
Published: July 2017

Background and Aims:

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are usually administered with a solid framing material during open surgery. In some instances, percutaneous administration of injectable BMP would be preferable. We tested the new bone-forming activity of injectable native reindeer BMP extract in the Balb/C mouse thigh muscle pouch model.

Materials and Methods:

The injectable implants contained 6 mg of native reindeer BMP extract and either physiological saline (NaCl/BMP) or collagen (Gel/BMP). Corresponding implants without BMP served as controls. New bone formation was evaluated based on incorporation of Ca45 and radiographically three weeks after the injection into the mouse thigh muscles.

Results:

None of the injections without BMP were able to induce new bone visible in radiographs, whereas the injections with BMP induced new bone effectively. There were no significant differences in the area of new bone (p = 0.247) and its density (p = 0.739) between the NaCl/BMP and Gel/BMP groups. Ca-45 incorporation was multifold in the NaCl/BMP and Gel/BMP groups compared to the controls (p = 0.000). No significant differences in Ca-45 incorporation (p = 0.739) between the NaCl/BMP and Gel/BMP groups were observed.

Conclusion:

Our results suggest that BMP can be administered percutaneously, and that collagen and physiological saline are equally good carriers of injectable implants of native reindeer BMP.
Osteoporosis and the Orthopaedic Surgeon
Authors: Kröger H. , Santavirta S. , Aro H. , Hämäläinen M.
Published: July 2017

During the recent years, data regarding osteoporosis has accumulated and indicates that osteoporotic fractures in Scandinavia still increase. At the same time diagnostics and treatments have been improved. However, only a minority of patients with fractures and osteoporosis become identified. Surgeons and hospitals treating fractures should find means to detect patients who suffer from fractures due to osteoporosis, and establish programs for further evaluation and adequate treatment.
Managed Care: Clinical Governance and Risk Management
Authors: Burns Harry , Vallance-Owen Andrew
Published: July 2017

One of the consequences of considering an approach to managing care is the responsibility of providers, both individually and collectively, for providing good quality services. It is this aspect which clinical governance seeks to address, bringing an emphasis on quality, underpinned by an explicit policy priority.

In this article, the authors look at the purpose and content of clinical governance, its growth from a foundation of clinical audit, its effect on the behaviour of clinicians and provider organisations, and at the hopes pinned on clinical governance for assuring a quality health service in future.
Partnership for Developing Quality Care Pathway Initiative for People with Learning Disabilities. Part iia: Hearing Impairment
Authors: Brady Susan , Ahmad Farooq , Bissaker Stephanie , de Luc Kathryn , Pitts Jenny , Dunn Linda , Roy Ashok
Published: July 2017

The first of three papers written by a team from the Partnership for Developing Quality in the West Midlands of the UK, considering three different care pathways developed for people with learning difficulties.
Developing an Admission and Discharge ICP in a Mental Health Service for Older People
Authors: Soltysiak Beverley
Published: July 2017

An integrated care pathway (ICP) was developed for patients admitted to wards within the Mental Health Service for Older People, as a means of improving the care they were given at initial assessment and discharge, and their subsequent well-being. The ICP was evidence-based where possible or otherwise relied on perceived good practice. The process of developing the ICP took 3 months, followed by a 3-month pilot; multidisciplinary and multi-agency staff were involved. First, a baseline audit was carried out looking at patients' notes, and a questionnaire was given to patients to discover their views on aspects of the care provided. A questionnaire was also distributed to staff asking how the ICP should be documented. When the pilot was in place link nurses from each ward area were identified to provide a link between the staff on the ward and the ICP lead officer. Staff were kept up to date with ICP development through regular newsletters.

The project failed to obtain meaningful involvement of users and carers, despite efforts made to elicit their views. Mechanisms were put in place to continuously monitor the ICP and gather variance data and feed it back to the staff on the wards. There were some issues regarding completion of documentation throughout the process. However, it was agreed that the ICP would not change for a year, and then the ICP and the accompanying evidence would be thoroughly reviewed. This process is now underway and early evaluation suggests that the objectives and outcomes were achieved in part. While developing the ICP some gaps in the service were identified and addressed, some of which have contributed to improving patient care in their own right.
Exploring Risky Youth Experiences: Popular Theatre as a Participatory, Performative Research Method
Authors: Conrad Diane
Published: July 2017

This article discusses a Popular Theatre project with a group of high school drama students in a rural Alberta community. As a research method, Popular Theatre draws on traditions in participatory research and performance ethnography. In our project, entitled “Life in the Sticks,” based on students' initial claims that their issues were determined by their rural environment, Popular Theatre was a way to collectively draw out, represent and question their experiences through theatrical means. Our process helped students re-examine their beliefs and helped me reframe the notion “at-risk” to include the perceptions of youth. Popular Theatre is shown to be an effective pedagogical tool and research method in the new insights and critical understandings it yielded..
My Story, My Life, My Identity
Authors: Chaitin Julia
Published: July 2017

In this article, the author looks at the use of the methods of life stories or biographical interviewing in research on personal and social identity. She presents the rationale behind the use of the method and its basic procedures and then moves on to a discussion of the concept of identity. To demonstrate the relevance of this method for the study of identity construction, she presents examples from three life story interviews with Jewish Israeli young adults, all born in the mid 1970s. The article ends with a discussion of the implications of using life stories for understanding an individual's sense of identity.
Role Relationships in Research: Noticing an Elephant
Authors: Lapadat Judith C. , Mothus Trudy G. , Fisher Heather
Published: July 2017

Using a collaborative writing process, three researchers reflect on their role relationships as researchers engaged together in a classroom study. Researcher role relationships are revealed to be complex, multifaceted, and implicated in every choice and act on a moment-by-moment basis in the classroom and in the processes of the research. Personal dilemmas of role choices and power differentials, including how the power shifted according to what they chose to value and who could influence the classroom drama, are some of the role relationship themes that emerged. The improvisation of researcher role is theorizing situated in praxis.
The Sideshadow Interview: Illuminating Process
Authors: Luce-Kapler Rebecca
Published: July 2017

Drawing on the conception of the literary sideshadow, the author describes the development of a sideshadowing interview used to investigate the decision-making processes of writers in a research group. To prepare for the interview, the researcher reads and notates the text that she will discuss with the participant using a process of “close reading.” Sideshadowing interviews ask not only the “why” but also the “why not” and the “what if questions, following a process of both prepared questions and conversational discovery. In the interpretation of a sideshadow interview, the researcher describes how this approach characterizes the complexity of a process. Furthermore, the researcher's biases and influences became readily apparent through this analysis. The author suggests that her conception of the sideshadowing interview is a research technique that might offer useful data to qualitative researchers interested in exploring the nature of processes such as writing, reading, or teaching.
Exploring the Gendering of Space by Using Memory Work as a Reflexive Research Method
Authors: Bryant Lia , Livholts Mona
Published: July 2017

How can memory work be used as a pathway to reflect on the situatedness of the researcher and field of inquiry? The key aim of this article is to contribute to knowledge about the gendering of space developed by feminist geographers by using memory work as a reflexive research method. The authors present a brief review of feminist literature that covers the local and global symbolic meanings of spaces and the power relations within which space is experienced. From the literature they interpret themes of the interconnections between space, place, and time; sexualization of public space; and the bodily praxis of using space. Memories of gendered bodies and landscapes, movement and restricted space, and the disrupting of space allow the exploration of conceptualizations within the literature as active, situated, fragmented, and contextualized.
As in the Composition of a Fugue: Capturing the Flow of Strategic Business Activities
Authors: Ericson Mona
Published: July 2017

Drawing inspiration from classical music, the author introduces in this article a musical metaphor, the fugue, to capture a flow of strategic activities, highlighting the motion aspect. This particular metaphor connotes dynamism, constituted in themes that are repeated, expanded, and varied through human voices and their communication. By giving voice to people who share and participate in globalization, internationalization, and customization related to the efforts of a company to grow continuously, elevating movements inherent in these activities, a fugue is composed. As argued in the article, there is potential in “musicking” interpretation of human activity. The fugue metaphor could assist our efforts to methodologize strategy process as dynamic multidirection and multivoice construct. While directing more attention to a musical, arts-based form of communicating research, we could be able to listen more carefully to the moves inherent in a flow of human activity.
Critical Ethnography, Cultural Safety, and International Nursing Research
Authors: Harrowing Jean N. , Mill Judy , Spiers Jude , Kulig Judith , Kipp Walter
Published: July 2017

Critical qualitative methodology provides a strategy to examine the human experience and its relationship to power and truth. Cultural safety is a concept that has been applied to nursing education and practice and refers to interactions that acknowledge and respect the unique cultural background of patients. It recognizes power inequities between caregivers who belong to dominant cultures and patients who may belong to oppressed groups. Culture is interpreted from a critical constructivist perspective as a fluid relational process that is enacted contextually. The purpose of this paper is to examine the congruence between and
Through Thick and Thin: How Views of Identity Affect Listening for a Story in Portraiture
Authors: Matthias Laurie R. , Petchauer Emery
Published: July 2017

This article illustrates how different conceptions of narrative identity shape the ways that researchers listen for stories in the research approach of portraiture. To do so, we explore the methodological details of two portraiture studies, one on the integration of religious faith and learning among college professors and another on college student participation in hip-hop culture. In this exploration, we illustrate how psychosocial and storied resource perspectives of identity in each study shape the positioning of participant voices as resonant, dissonant, or excluded altogether. Overall, we look beyond issues of researcher reflexivity to elucidate one of the distinguishing features of portraiture and call for coherency between key constructs such as narrative identity and the different elements of qualitative research processes more generally.
Changing our Methods and Disrupting the Power Dynamics: National Tests in Third-Grade Classrooms
Authors: Silfver Eva , Sjöberg Gunnar , Bagger Anette
Published: July 2017

This article reports on a research project relating to the newly implemented mandatory Swedish national mathematics tests for third-grade students (nine and ten years old). The project's main research concerns the students' ideas about and reactions toward these tests and how the specific test situation affects their perception of their own mathematical proficiency. Drawing on theories that suggest identities are more fluid than static, we want to understand how students with special needs are “created.” The specific aim of this article is to discuss how our research methods have been refined during the various phases of data collection and report on the resulting implications. It discusses issues surrounding child research and how methods involving video recording and video stimulated recall dialogue (VSRD) can contribute to research on children's experiences. Particular attention is given to methodological and ethical issues and how to disrupt power relations. In this article, we argue that the context of the test situation not only impacted upon the students but also affected how we changed, developed, and adapted our approaches as the project evolved.
Altered Inquiry: Discovering Arts-Based Research through an Altered Book
Authors: Chilton Gioia
Published: July 2017

I present altered book making and poetry as a process of imaginative inquiry into arts-based research. Through a personal narrative and a consideration of the literature on arts-based research, I reconstruct the artistic inquiry that traces my learning journey. Current issues in arts-based research are sketched through words and mixed media artwork, including issues of terminology, philosophy, ethics, and purpose in arts-based research practice. The beginnings of a transformation-through-the-arts paradigm, powered by an aesthetic epistemology, are referenced as part of a multimedia learning journey. As a strategy for pedagogical inquiry, the altered book construction and narrative writing served to express some of the transformative learning, beauty, energy, and complexities related to this topic.
Through the Viewfinder: Reflecting on the Collection and Analysis of Classroom Video Data
Authors: Fitzgerald Angela , Hackling Mark , Dawson Vaille
Published: July 2017

The possibilities inherent in the collection and use of video footage point to an important innovation for classroom research. Unfortunately, researchers often experience uncertainty about incorporating video into their methodological approach as it can present a potential minefield of operational, technical, and ethical issues that require consideration and negotiation. Nevertheless, with the increased emphasis on the use of digital technologies, the timing is right to engage in more in-depth discussions about the role of video data in education research. In contributing to this discussion, this article unpacks several issues connected to the use of video technology as a tool for data collection and analysis. This article focuses on addressing some of the barriers faced by education researchers such as making sampling decisions, maintaining research authenticity, and grappling with ethical issues that arise. In terms of the advantages for researchers, this article highlights the suitability of video technology for classroom-based research because it provides a permanent and detailed record, which can be analyzed from multiple perspectives. These issues are explained through the experiences of an education researcher, who used video as the main data source for documenting and examining the practices of two effective primary science teachers in Perth, Western Australia.
The persistence of television
Authors: Bonner Frances , Jacobs Jason
Published: July 2017

We argue here that rather than being threatened by new modes of delivery and of viewing, television persists and that this can be charted by examining the familiarity and recognisability of television across the post-World War II period, looking at British, American and Australian programmes, personalities and practices, including promotion. The article presents a case study of the BBC sitcom The Good Life to show some ways that television persists. It considers the sitcom genre, institutional practices, repeat screenings, particular types of spin-off programmes and the place of the show in the subsequent careers of the main actors.
Disposable
Authors: Hughes Kit
Published: July 2017

When television was introduced to the American public at the New York World’s Fair, its prerecorded content was dominated by sponsored film. These programs, designed to achieve goals ranging from securing participation in public health campaigns to cultivating viewer goodwill, were produced by diverse civic, governmental, educational, and industrial institutions. For many fairgoers being introduced to television, the marvel of the new medium would have been interlaced not with Hollywood and entertainment programming, but with the tropes of industrial and civic progress, corporate goodwill, and national expansion so often found in the period’s sponsored films. This article traces these intersections beyond the Fair, when sponsored films found their way to television in high numbers thanks to their ability to mediate between the needs and interests of several key groups within early American broadcasting (stations, networks, industrial film producers, and the government). Operating as “filler” for stations hoping to nourish and grow their local schedules, sponsored film provided a critical resource that supported the development of broadcasting infrastructure (and, of course, flow) while reinforcing the medium’s commercial status through the provision of an additional, alternative avenue of corporate speech on the small screen. Returning to a wide set of texts that continue to persist—despite assumptions regarding early American television programming’s irrevocability—this article works with and against disposability, positioning ephemerality as a problem of attention.
Research note: “Should we stay or should we go? Exploring the outcomes of great power retrenchment”
Authors: Atkinson Douglas B. , Williford George W.
Published: July 2017

Within foreign policy and academic circles in the United States and other western countries, retrenchment has become an increasingly controversial topic. In spite of the increased attention, there have been few empirical studies that rigorously examine the outcomes of great power retrenchment. In this paper, we seek to fill this gap by performing a quantitative analysis of great power retrenchment outcomes from 1870 –2007. Counter to the retrenchment pessimists’ expectations, we find that retrenchment leads to relatively positive outcomes for declining states. States that choose to retrench experience shorter periods of economic decline and are less likely to be the target of predatory conflict initiation.
A deeper look at interstate war data: Interstate War Data version 1.1
Authors: Reiter Dan , Stam Allan C. , Horowitz Michael C.
Published: July 2017

This paper accomplishes two related goals. Firstly, it presents version 1.1 of the Interstate War Data (IWD) data set. IWD is a data set of all interstate wars, using Correlates of War (COW) rules but improving on COW by repairing the high number of coding errors in COW and more accurately and precisely treating multilateral wars. IWD 1.1 makes important improvements over IWD 1.0, such as describing interstate wars and war participants previously neglected by COW and IWD 1.0 and extending the temporal range forward to 2013. It also is the first data set to provide a systematic list of all interstate wars back to 1816 with at least 500 battle deaths (COW and IWD 1.0 only listed those conflicts with at least 1000 battle deaths). Secondly, the paper discusses important issues in collecting data on interstate wars, especially collecting reliable data on battle dead. Battle dead data are critical both for constructing data sets and for testing hypotheses, but frequently battle dead estimates vary widely, and come from sources of varying quality. The paper discusses the importance of using reliable sources, and in particular of minimizing reliance on military encyclopedias.
Do authoritarians vote for authoritarians? Evidence from Latin America
Authors: Cohen Mollie J. , Smith Amy Erica
Published: July 2017

During the 2016 presidential election campaign in the United States, scholars argued that authoritarian visions of the family are associated with support for Donald Trump, a candidate also noted to exhibit authoritarian or illiberal tendencies. Though it is plausible that “authoritarian” citizens (defined by parenting attitudes) vote for “authoritarian” candidates (defined by disrespect for democratic institutions), past research provides relatively little guide regarding this relationship. One reason is that few US candidates announce overtly authoritarian views. Latin America, by contrast, has had many such candidates. We take advantage of this variation using the 2012 AmericasBarometer, which applied a battery of authoritarian parenting attitudes. We first describe mass authoritarianism across Latin America, showing it is associated with many social attitudes. We then examine authoritarians’ voting behavior, distinguishing between support for “ mano dura” (“strong arm”) candidates, who are usually rightists, and for candidates threatening violations of general civil liberties, who are often leftists in Latin America. We find that authoritarians tend to vote for right-wing authoritarian candidates, while authoritarianism boosts support for candidates threatening civil liberty violations only among citizens identifying on the ideological right. Education is the most consistent determinant reducing support for both leftist and rightist authoritarian candidates.
Sexiness on Social Media
Authors: Daniels Elizabeth A.
Published: July 2017

Using an experimental methodology, the present study assessed college men’s perceptions of a female peer who presented herself on Facebook in either a sexualized or nonsexualized manner. One hundred and seventeen college men viewed a Facebook profile with either a sexualized profile photo or a nonsexualized profile photo of a young woman and then evaluated the profile owner. They also reported on their dating attitudes. Results indicated that the sexualized profile owner was considered less physically attractive, less socially appealing, and less competent to complete tasks. Interest in dating and casual sex with the profile owner as well as general dating attitudes were largely not impacted by the type of profile photo. Findings suggest that using a sexualized profile photo on Facebook comes with some relational costs for young women. Strategies for educating young people about new media use and sexualization are discussed.
Transcriptional profiling reveals functional dichotomy between human slan+ non-classical monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells
Authors: van Leeuwen-Kerkhoff Nathalie , Lundberg Kristina , Westers Theresia M , Kordasti Shahram , Bontkes Hetty J , de Gruijl Tanja D , Lindstedt Malin , van de Loosdrecht Arjan A
Published: July 2017

Human 6-sulfo LacNac-positive (slan+) cells have been subject to a paradigm debate. They have previously been classified as a distinct dendritic cell (DC) subset. However, evidence has emerged that they may be more related to monocytes than to DCs. To gain deeper insight into the functional specialization of slan+ cells, we have compared them with both conventional myeloid DC subsets (CD1c+ and CD141+) in human peripheral blood (PB). With the use of genome-wide transcriptional profiling, as well as functional tests, we clearly show that slan+ cells form a distinct, non-DC-like population. They cluster away from both DC subsets, and their gene-expression profile evidently suggests involvement in distinct inflammatory processes. An extensive transcriptional meta-analysis confirmed the relationship of slan+ cells with the monocytic compartment rather than with DCs. From a functional perspective, their ability to prime CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is relatively low. Combined with the finding that “antigen presentation by MHC class II” is at the top of under-represented pathways in slan+ cells, this points to a minimal role in directing adaptive T cell immunity. Rather, the higher expression levels of complement receptors on their cell surface, together with their high secretion of IL-1β and IL-6, imply a specific role in innate inflammatory processes, which is consistent with their recent identification as non-classical monocytes. This study extends our knowledge on DC/monocyte subset biology under steady-state conditions and contributes to our understanding of their role in immune-mediated diseases and their potential use in immunotherapeutic strategies.
Application of nanoindentation for uncertainty assessment of elastic properties in mudrocks from micro- to well-log scales
Authors: Valdes Clotilde Chen , Heidari Zoya
Published: July 2017

Uncertainty in estimates of elastic properties of soft mudrock components, such as clay minerals and kerogen, can influence well-log-based evaluation of effective elastic properties in organic-rich mudrocks. Existing methods, such as effective medium models for well-log-based assessment of elastic properties, assume a constant stiffness and an idealized shape for rock components. However, these characteristics might vary depending on the distribution and size of that particular component, as well as its adjacent components. Furthermore, there is a significant uncertainty in elastic properties of kerogen in the case of organic-rich mudrocks. The uncertainty associated with the aforementioned parameters on effective elastic properties of rocks has not been investigated in existing publications. In this paper, we quantified the variability in elastic properties of individual mudrock components caused by their spatial distribution, size, and rock fabric at the microscale and their impacts on well-log-based evaluation of effective elastic properties. We performed nanoindentation mechanical tests on samples from the Haynesville and the lower Eagle Ford Formations, to measure Young’s modulus and hardness at targeted locations. Then, we quantified the variability of Young’s modulus in the microscale and its impact on effective elastic properties at the micro- and well-log scales. Results reveal significant uncertainties in measurements of elastic properties of soft rock components, associated with their location and size. Young’s moduli of individual clay components are higher when located adjacent to stiff rock components, such as large quartz and calcite grains. Results reveal that 25% and 12% uncertainties in measured elastic properties of clay minerals affect well-log-based estimates of effective elastic stiffness coefficients up to 29% and 11% in the Haynesville and the lower Eagle Ford Formations, respectively. These uncertainties can be more significant in cases with a higher concentration of clay minerals and kerogen.
End-of-Life Services Among Patients With Cancer: Evidence From Cancer Registry Records Linked With Commercial Health Insurance Claims
Authors: McDermott Cara L. , Fedorenko Catherine , Kreizenbeck Karma , Sun Qin , Smith Bruce , Curtis J. Randall , Conklin Ted , Ramsey Scott D.
Published: July 2017

Purpose:

Despite guidelines emphasizing symptom management over aggressive treatment, end-of-life care for persons with cancer in the United States is highly variable. In consultation with a regional collaboration of patients, providers, and payers, we investigated indicators of high-quality end-of-life care to describe patterns of care, identify areas for improvement, and inform future interventions to enhance end-of-life care for patients with cancer.

Methods:

We linked insurance claims to clinical information from the western Washington SEER database. We included persons ≥ 18 years of age who had been diagnosed with an invasive solid tumor between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2015, and who had a recorded death date, were enrolled in a commercial plan for the last month of life, and made at least one insurance claim in the last 90 days of life.

Results:

In the last month of life, among 6,568 commercially insured patients, 56.3% were hospitalized and 48.6% underwent at least one imaging scan. Among patients younger than 65 years of age, 31.4% were enrolled in hospice; of those younger than 65 years of age who were not enrolled in hospice, 40.5% had received an opioid prescription. Over time, opioid use in the last 30 days of life among young adults not enrolled in hospice dropped from 44.7% in the period 2007 to 2009 to 42.5% in the period 2010 to 2012 and to 36.7% in the period 2013 to 2015.

Conclusion:

Hospitalization and high-cost imaging scans are burdensome to patients and caregivers at the end of life. Our findings suggest that policies that facilitate appropriate imaging, opioid, and hospice use and that encourage supportive care may improve end-of-life care and quality of life.
The Elongator complex regulates hypocotyl growth in darkness and during photomorphogenesis
Authors: Woloszynska Magdalena , Gagliardi Olimpia , Vandenbussche Filip , De Groeve Steven , Alonso Baez Luis , Neyt Pia , Le Gall Sabine , Fung Jorge , Mas Paloma , Van Der Straeten Dominique , Van Lijsebettens Mieke
Published: July 2017

The Elongator complex (hereafter Elongator) promotes RNA polymerase II-mediated transcript elongation through epigenetic activities such as histone acetylation. Elongator regulates growth, development, immune response and sensitivity to drought and abscisic acid. We demonstrate that elo mutants exhibit defective hypocotyl elongation but have a normal apical hook in darkness and are hyposensitive to light during photomorphogenesis. These elo phenotypes are supported by transcriptome changes, including downregulation of circadian clock components, positive regulators of skoto- or photomorphogenesis, hormonal pathways and cell wall biogenesis-related factors. The downregulated genes LHY, HFR1 and HYH are selectively targeted by Elongator for histone H3K14 acetylation in darkness. The role of Elongator in early seedling development in darkness and light is supported by hypocotyl phenotypes of mutants defective in components of the gene network regulated by Elongator, and by double mutants between elo and mutants in light or darkness signaling components. A model is proposed in which Elongator represses the plant immune response and promotes hypocotyl elongation and photomorphogenesis via transcriptional control of positive photomorphogenesis regulators and a growth-regulatory network that converges on genes involved in cell wall biogenesis and hormone signaling.

This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Stereopsis in animals: evolution, function and mechanisms
Authors: Nityananda Vivek , Read Jenny C. A.
Published: July 2017

Stereopsis is the computation of depth information from views acquired simultaneously from different points in space. For many years, stereopsis was thought to be confined to primates and other mammals with front-facing eyes. However, stereopsis has now been demonstrated in many other animals, including lateral-eyed prey mammals, birds, amphibians and invertebrates. The diversity of animals known to have stereo vision allows us to begin to investigate ideas about its evolution and the underlying selective pressures in different animals. It also further prompts the question of whether all animals have evolved essentially the same algorithms to implement stereopsis. If so, this must be the best way to do stereo vision, and should be implemented by engineers in machine stereopsis. Conversely, if animals have evolved a range of stereo algorithms in response to different pressures, that could inspire novel forms of machine stereopsis appropriate for distinct environments, tasks or constraints. As a first step towards addressing these ideas, we here review our current knowledge of stereo vision in animals, with a view towards outlining common principles about the evolution, function and mechanisms of stereo vision across the animal kingdom. We conclude by outlining avenues for future work, including research into possible new mechanisms of stereo vision, with implications for machine vision and the role of stereopsis in the evolution of camouflage.
Physiological responses to short-term thermal stress in mayfly (Neocloeon triangulifer) larvae in relation to upper thermal limits
Authors: Kim Kyoung Sun , Chou Hsuan , Funk David H. , Jackson John K. , Sweeney Bernard W. , Buchwalter David B.
Published: July 2017

Understanding species' thermal limits and their physiological determinants is critical in light of climate change and other human activities that warm freshwater ecosystems. Here, we ask whether oxygen limitation determines the chronic upper thermal limits in larvae of the mayfly Neocloeon triangulifer, an emerging model for ecological and physiological studies. Our experiments are based on a robust understanding of the upper acute (∼40°C) and chronic thermal limits of this species (>28°C, ≤30°C) derived from full life cycle rearing experiments across temperatures. We tested two related predictions derived from the hypothesis that oxygen limitation sets the chronic upper thermal limits: (1) aerobic scope declines in mayfly larvae as they approach and exceed temperatures that are chronically lethal to larvae; and (2) genes indicative of hypoxia challenge are also responsive in larvae exposed to ecologically relevant thermal limits. Neither prediction held true. We estimated aerobic scope by subtracting measurements of standard oxygen consumption rates from measurements of maximum oxygen consumption rates, the latter of which was obtained by treating with the metabolic uncoupling agent carbonyl cyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy) pheylhydrazone (FCCP). Aerobic scope was similar in larvae held below and above chronic thermal limits. Genes indicative of oxygen limitation (LDH, EGL-9) were only upregulated under hypoxia or during exposure to temperatures beyond the chronic (and more ecologically relevant) thermal limits of this species (LDH). Our results suggest that the chronic thermal limits of this species are likely not driven by oxygen limitation, but rather are determined by other factors, e.g. bioenergetics costs. We caution against the use of short-term thermal ramping approaches to estimate critical thermal limits (CTmax) in aquatic insects because those temperatures are typically higher than those that occur in nature.
The Effect of Anion-sublattice Structure on the Displacement Reaction in Copper Sulfide Cathodes of Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries
Authors: Tashiro Yuta , Taniguchi Kouji , Miyasaka Hitoshi
Published: July 2017

Copper sulfides (Cu2−xS, where x denotes position defects) with different structures of the S2− sublattice, such as cubic digenite and hexagonal chalcocite, have been investigated as cathode materials for magnesium (Mg) batteries. Rechargeable performance is only achieved using a cubic digenite cathode; however, using hexagonal chalcocite cathode yields poor rechargeable performance. The face-centered cubic S2− sublattice in cubic digenite, which enables Cu+ and Mg2+ ions to be displaced from each other without causing the lattice to collapse, could play a key role in improving the performance of rechargeable cathodes.
The Creative and Copywriting in Communicational Marketing
Authors: Пономарева  , Ponomareva Alexandra
Published: July 2017

This book presents and analyzes two important communication marketing tools: creatives and copywriting. The author describes problems associated with creative methods, creative technologies, creative management, naming and slogan development. In addition, the textbook contains analyses of creative methods applied to sample advertisements. The materials contained in this textbook can be used by students of marketing, advertising, management, art and design, as well as by specialists in the advertising sphere.
Case—Optimal Movement Plan of Rice in the State of Andhra Pradesh in India
Authors: Narayanaswami Sundaravalli , Narasimhan Ravichandran
Published: July 2017

The case discusses an optimal movement plan for food grains (rice) by a state sponsored agency, the Food Corporation of India (FCI) in the State of Andhra Pradesh in India. There are five resource locations and eleven demand locations in this distribution network. Resource capacity and demand requirement for the three product (rice) variants at each location are known. There is no storage capacity restriction either in the demand or source location. Information related to rail network, its connectivity, distance in kilometers between origin-destination pairs, cost of transportation per tonne of food grain by rail or road are known. The primary issue is to develop a monthly movement plan to minimize the overall transportation costs subject to meeting the demand-supply restrictions. The total supply available for distribution and the total requirement at various locations are both equal at the product variant and aggregate level. The secondary issue is to develop an alternative movement plan to fulfil the demand requirements at a location, Karimnagar, which does not have a direct rail connection. Few plans are proposed to resolve the issues; the case encourages analysis of the problem situation and evaluation of the alternate resolution plans.
Risk Aversion and Son Preference: Experimental Evidence from Chinese Twin Parents
Authors: Hong Chew Soo , Yi Junjian , Zhang Junsen , Zhong Songfa
Published: July 2017

We study the role of risk aversion underlying son preference in patriarchal societies, where sons serve as better insurance for old-age support than daughters. The implications of an insurance motive on son preference are twofold. First, prior to the birth of their children, more-risk-averse parents have a stronger preference for sons than for daughters. Second, after the birth of their children, parents with sons are more risk seeking, compared to parents with daughters. We adopt a within-twin-pair fixed-effects estimator with a weak identification assumption, which enables us to jointly identify these two effects. We further conduct an incentivized choice experiment to assess parental risk attitude in a sample of Chinese twins with children, and follow up with a second twin sample to examine the replicability of the findings. In both samples, we find that parents with higher risk aversion before the birth of their children are more likely to have sons through sex selection than parents with lower risk aversion. Additionally, having sons significantly decreases parental risk aversion. These results contribute to the literature on the sources of son preference and help shed light on the nature of gender inequality.

Data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2779 .

This paper was accepted by John List, behavioral economics.