bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved Serodiagnosis of Bovine Brucellosis by Novel Synthetic Oligosaccharide Antigens Representing the Capping M Epitope Elements of Brucella O-Polysaccharide
Authors: McGiven John , Howells Laurence , Duncombe Lucy , Stack Judy , Ganesh N. Vijaya , Guiard Julie , Bundle David R.
Published: February 2015

Members of the genus
Brucella
have cell wall characteristics of Gram-negative bacteria, which in the most significant species includes O-polysaccharide (OPS). Serology is the most cost-effective means of detecting brucellosis, as infection with smooth strains of
Brucella
leads to the induction of high antibody titers against the OPS, an unbranched homopolymer of 4,6-dideoxy-4-formamido-
d
-mannopyranosyl residues (
d
-Rha4NFo) that are variably α(1→2)- and α(1→3)-linked. Six
d
-Rha4NFo homo-oligosaccharides were synthesized, each containing a single α(1→3) link but with a varied number of α(1→2) links. After conjugation to bovine serum albumin (BSA), glycoconjugates 1 to 6 were used to develop individual indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (iELISAs). The diagnostic capabilities of these antigens were applied to panels of cattle serum samples, including those falsely positive in conventional assays, and the results were compared with those of the complement fixation test (CFT), serum agglutination test (SAT), fluorescent polarization assay (FPA), smooth lipopolysaccharide (sLPS) iELISA, and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) methods. Results from field serum samples demonstrated that all of the synthetic antigens had excellent diagnostic capabilities. Assays developed with the α(1→3)-linked disaccharide conjugate 1 were the best at resolving false-positive serological results. This was supported by the results from serum samples derived from experimentally infected cattle. Data from synthetic trisaccharide antigens 2 and 3 and tetrasaccharide antigen 4 identified an OPS epitope equally common to all
Brucella abortus
and
Brucella melitensis
strains but unique to
Brucella
. Synthetic oligosaccharide conjugates function as effective surrogates for naturally derived antigens. The creation of discrete OPS epitope antigens reveals not only the previously untapped diagnostic potential within this key diagnostic structure but also holds significance for the design of brucellosis vaccines and diagnostics that enable the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals.
Sequence of Pathogenic Events in Cynomolgus Macaques Infected with Aerosolized Monkeypox Virus
Authors: Tree J. A. , Hall G. , Pearson G. , Rayner E. , Graham V. A. , Steeds K. , Bewley K. R. , Hatch G. J. , Dennis M. , Taylor I. , Roberts A. D. , Funnell S. G. P. , Vipond J.
Published: February 2015

To evaluate new vaccines when human efficacy studies are not possible, the FDA's “Animal Rule” requires well-characterized models of infection. Thus, in the present study, the early pathogenic events of monkeypox infection in nonhuman primates, a surrogate for variola virus infection, were characterized. Cynomolgus macaques were exposed to aerosolized monkeypox virus (10
5
PFU). Clinical observations, viral loads, immune responses, and pathological changes were examined on days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 postchallenge. Viral DNA (vDNA) was detected in the lungs on day 2 postchallenge, and viral antigen was detected, by immunostaining, in the epithelium of bronchi, bronchioles, and alveolar walls. Lesions comprised rare foci of dysplastic and sloughed cells in respiratory bronchioles. By day 4, vDNA was detected in the throat, tonsil, and spleen, and monkeypox antigen was detected in the lung, hilar and submandibular lymph nodes, spleen, and colon. Lung lesions comprised focal epithelial necrosis and inflammation. Body temperature peaked on day 6, pox lesions appeared on the skin, and lesions, with positive immunostaining, were present in the lung, tonsil, spleen, lymph nodes, and colon. By day 8, vDNA was present in 9/13 tissues. Blood concentrations of interleukin 1ra (IL-1ra), IL-6, and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) increased markedly. By day 10, circulating IgG antibody concentrations increased, and on day 12, animals showed early signs of recovery. These results define early events occurring in an inhalational macaque monkeypox infection model, supporting its use as a surrogate model for human smallpox.

IMPORTANCE
Bioterrorism poses a major threat to public health, as the deliberate release of infectious agents, such smallpox or a related virus, monkeypox, would have catastrophic consequences. The development and testing of new medical countermeasures, e.g., vaccines, are thus priorities; however, tests for efficacy in humans cannot be performed because it would be unethical and field trials are not feasible. To overcome this, the FDA may grant marketing approval of a new product based upon the “Animal Rule,” in which interventions are tested for efficacy in well-characterized animal models. Monkeypox virus infection of nonhuman primates (NHPs) presents a potential surrogate disease model for smallpox. Previously, the later stages of monkeypox infection were defined, but the early course of infection remains unstudied. Here, the early pathogenic events of inhalational monkeypox infection in NHPs were characterized, and the results support the use of this surrogate model for testing human smallpox interventions.
CD40L-Adjuvanted DNA/Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Vaccine Enhances Protection against Neutralization-Resistant Mucosal SIV Infection
Authors: Kwa Suefen , Sadagopal Shanmugalakshmi , Shen Xiaoying , Hong Jung Joo , Gangadhara Sailaja , Basu Rahul , Victor Blandine , Iyer Smita S. , LaBranche Celia C. , Montefiori David C. , Tomaras Georgia D. , Villinger Francois , Moss Bernard , Kozlowski Pamela A. , Amara Rama Rao
Published: February 2015

Here, we show that a CD40L-adjuvanted DNA/modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccine enhances protection against a pathogenic neutralization-resistant mucosal SIV infection, improves long-term viral control, and prevents AIDS. Analyses of serum IgG antibodies to linear peptides of SIV Env revealed a strong response to V2, with targeting of fewer epitopes in the immunodominant region of gp41 (gp41-ID) and the V1 region as a correlate for enhanced protection. Greater expansion of antiviral CD8 T cells in the gut correlated with long-term viral control.
Ruminant coprological examination: beyond the McMaster slide
Authors: Crilly James Patrick , Sargison Neil
Published: February 2015

Sustainable and effective control of nematode and trematode infections of ruminants requires an understanding of the farm‐specific epidemiology of the parasites. To this end, a variety of diagnostic and monitoring techniques can be employed by the veterinary practitioner, of which the most commonly used is the faecal worm egg count (FWEC). This article discusses other techniques which can add detail to the information gained from FWECs and detect parasites not amenable to egg flotation techniques.
Using personality profiles for team management
Authors: Crowe Carolyne
Published: February 2015

Effective communication and a good understanding of a team's strengths and limitations are valuable tools for running an effective business. Carolyne Crowe discusses how DISC profiling can help managers understand their team, reduce miscommunication and help tailor feedback and incentives to maximise motivation.
Emergency exsanguination of working equids
Authors: Cousquer Glen
Published: February 2015

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved.

In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, ‘Emergency exsanguination of working equids’, was submitted and is discussed by Glen Cousquer. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘Value and treatment’, which was published in the January issue of In Practice, appears on page 103.

The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Structural One Health – are we there yet?
Authors: Kock Richard
Published: February 2015

In 2014, Veterinary Record published a series of articles exploring various aspects of One Health. Here, Richard Kock argues that, despite recent increased interest in this paradigm, for One Health to truly have an impact there is a need to go beyond veterinary and medical sciences.
NSIs in semileptonic rare decays of mesons induced by second generation of quarks (c-quark and s-quark)
Authors: Mahmood Shakeel , Tahir Farida , Mir Azeem
Published: February 2015

We study rare decays [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] in the framework of nonstandard neutrino interactions (NSIs). We calculate branching ratios of these decays. We explore the possibility for second generation of quarks in NSIs just like leptonic contribution in [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. We study the dependence of [Formula: see text] on [Formula: see text]. We show that there exists a possibility for [Formula: see text], also from this reaction and other two reactions, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Three other processes, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are investigated with s quark in the loop for NSIs instead of d quark. Constraints on [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are provided. We point out that constraints for both u and c quark are equal [Formula: see text] and similarly for d and s quarks the constraints are equal [Formula: see text].
Study of the level structure of the lithium isotope 10Li in stopped pion absorption
Authors: Chernyshev B. A. , Gurov Yu. B. , Korotkova L. Yu. , Lapushkin S. V. , Pritula R. V. , Sandukovsky V. G.
Published: February 2015

The experimental search for the formation of the lithium isotope 10 Li was carried out in the inclusive 11 B (π-, p ) X and correlation 12 C (π-, pp ) X , 14 C (π-, pt ) X , 14 C (π-, dd ) X measurements in the stopped π--meson absorption reactions. Excited states of 10 Li with the resonance energy Er = 6.1 ± 0.1 MeV, 7.9 ± 0.2 MeV and 10.1 ± 0.1 MeV were observed for the first time.
Phase randomization and typicality in the interference of two condensates
Authors: Facchi Paolo , Nakazato Hiromichi , Pascazio Saverio , Pepe Francesco V. , Sekh Golam Ali , Yuasa Kazuya
Published: February 2015

Interference is observed when two independent Bose–Einstein condensates expand and overlap. This phenomenon is typical, in the sense that the overwhelming majority of wave functions of the condensates, uniformly sampled out of a suitable portion of the total Hilbert space, display interference with maximal visibility. We focus here on the phases of the condensates and their (pseudo) randomization, which naturally emerges when two-body scattering processes are considered. Relationship to typicality is discussed and analyzed.
Orthogonal-state-based cryptography in quantum mechanics and local post-quantum theories
Authors: Aravinda S. , Banerjee Anindita , Pathak Anirban , Srikanth R.
Published: February 2015

We introduce the concept of cryptographic reduction, in analogy with a similar concept in computational complexity theory. In this framework, class A of crypto-protocols reduces to protocol class B in a scenario X, if for every instance a of A, there is an instance b of B and a secure transformation X that reproduces a given b, such that the security of b guarantees the security of a. Here we employ this reductive framework to study the relationship between security in quantum key distribution (QKD) and quantum secure direct communication (QSDC). We show that replacing the streaming of independent qubits in a QKD scheme by block encoding and transmission (permuting the order of particles block by block) of qubits, we can construct a QSDC scheme. This forms the basis for the block reduction from a QSDC class of protocols to a QKD class of protocols, whereby if the latter is secure, then so is the former. Conversely, given a secure QSDC protocol, we can of course construct a secure QKD scheme by transmitting a random key as the direct message. Then the QKD class of protocols is secure, assuming the security of the QSDC class which it is built from. We refer to this method of deduction of security for this class of QKD protocols, as key reduction. Finally, we propose an orthogonal-state-based deterministic key distribution (KD) protocol which is secure in some local post-quantum theories. Its security arises neither from geographic splitting of a code state nor from Heisenberg uncertainty, but from post-measurement disturbance.
Vertex criticality with respect to isolate domination
Authors: Sahul Hamid I. , Balamurugan S.
Published: February 2015

A set S of vertices of a graph G is called a dominating set of G if every vertex in V(G) - S is adjacent to a vertex in S. A dominating set S such that the subgraph 〈S〉 induced by S has at least one isolated vertex is called an isolate dominating set. The minimum cardinality of an isolate dominating set is called the isolate domination number and is denoted by γ0(G). This concept was introduced in [I. Sahul Hamid and S. Balamurugan, Isolate domination in graphs (Communicated)] and further studied in [I. Sahul Hamid and S. Balamurugan, Extended chain of domination parameters in graphs, ISRN Combin. 2013 (2013), Article ID: 792743, 4 pp.; Isolate domination and maximum degree, Bull. Int. Math. Virtual Inst. 3 (2013) 127–133; Isolate domination in unicyclic graphs, Int. J. Math. Soft Comput. 3(3) (2013) 79–83]. This paper studies the effect of the removal of a vertex upon the isolate domination number.
The role of leg touchdown for the control of locomotor activity in the walking stick insect
Authors: Schmitz Joscha , Gruhn Matthias , Büschges Ansgar
Published: February 2015

Much is known on how select sensory feedback contributes to the activation of different motoneuron pools in the locomotor control system of stick insects. However, even though activation of the stance phase muscles depressor trochanteris, retractor unguis, flexor tibiae and retractor coxae is correlated with the touchdown of the leg, the potential sensory basis of this correlation or its connection to burst intensity remains unknown. In our experiments, we are using a trap door setup to investigate how ground contact contributes to stance phase muscle activation and burst intensity in different stick insect species, and which afferent input is involved in the respective changes. While the magnitude of activation is changed in all of the above stance phase muscles, only the timing of the flexor tibiae muscle is changed if the animal unexpectedly steps into a hole. Individual and combined ablation of different force sensors on the leg demonstrated influence from femoral campaniform sensilla on flexor muscle timing, causing a significant increase in the latencies during control and air steps. Our results show that specific load feedback signals determine the timing of flexor tibiae activation at the swing-to-stance transition in stepping stick insects, but that additional feedback may also be involved in flexor muscle activation during stick insect locomotion. With respect to timing, all other investigated stance phase muscles appear to be under sensory control other than that elicited through touchdown.
Transcriptional Activity of Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Balestrieri Emanuela , Pica Francesca , Matteucci Claudia , Zenobi Rossella , Sorrentino Roberta , Argaw-Denboba Ayele , Cipriani Chiara , Bucci Ilaria , Sinibaldi-Vallebona Paola
Published: February 2015

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) have been implicated in human physiology and in human pathology. A better knowledge of the retroviral transcriptional activity in the general population and during the life span would greatly help the debate on its pathologic potential. The transcriptional activity of four HERV families (H, K, W, and E) was assessed, by qualitative and quantitative PCR, in PBMCs from 261 individuals aged from 1 to 80 years. Our results show that HERV-H, HERV-K, and HERV-W, but not HERV-E, are transcriptionally active in the test population already in the early childhood. In addition, the transcriptional levels of HERV-H, HERV-K, and HERV-W change significantly during the life span, albeit with distinct patterns. Our results, reinforce the hypothesis of a physiological correlation between HERVs activity and the different stages of life in humans. Studies aiming at identifying the factors, which are responsible for these changes during the individual’s life, are still needed. Although the observed phenomena are presumably subjected to great variability, the basal transcriptional activity of each individual, also depending on the different ages of life, must be carefully considered in all the studies involving HERVs as causative agents of disease.
Unusual Bilateral Rim Fracture in Femoroacetabular Impingement
Authors: Rafols Claudio , Monckeberg Juan Edo , Numair Jorge
Published: February 2015

This is a report of one case of bilateral acetabular rim fracture in association with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), which was treated with a hip arthroscopic procedure, performing a partial resection, a labral reinsertion, and a subsequential internal fixation with cannulated screws. Up to date, there are in the literature only two reports of rim fracture and “os acetabuli” in association with FAI. In the case we present, the pincer and cam resection were performed without complications; the technique used was published previously. With this technique the head of the screw lays hidden by the reattached labrum. We removed partially the fractured rim fragment and the internal fixation of the remaining portion was achieved with a screw. In the event of a complete resection of the fragment, it would have ended with a LCE angle of 18° and a high probability of hip instability. We believe that this bilateral case helps establish the efficacy and reproducibility of the technique described by Larson.
Antiphospholipid Syndrome in a Pregnant Female Presenting with Severe Thrombocytopenia and Bleeding
Authors: Mahajan Kunal , Katyal Virender , Arya Suvrat , Shrama Meha
Published: February 2015

The antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) is defined by the persistent presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with recurrent venous or arterial thromboembolism or pregnancy morbidity. Antithrombotic therapy is the mainstay of treatment given the high risk of recurrent thromboembolism that characterizes this condition. Despite the prothrombotic nature of APS, thrombocytopenia is present in a proportion of patients, which can complicate management and limit the use of antithrombotic therapy. The mechanism of APS-associated thrombocytopenia is multifactorial and its relation to thrombotic risk is poorly characterized. The presence of thrombocytopenia does not appear to reduce thrombotic risk in patients with APS, who can develop thromboembolic complications necessitating antithrombotic treatment. In these cases, treatment of the thrombocytopenia may be necessary to facilitate administration of antithrombotic agents. We present such a pregnant lady with history of recurrent pregnancy losses who presented with severe thrombocytopenia and bleeding manifestations, who was subsequently diagnosed to have antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. She was initially managed with steroids and when her platelet counts improved, antithrombotic therapy was started. She delivered an uneventful and successful pregnancy outcome without any complications during follow-up.
Desmoid Tumor of the Popliteal Fossa during Pregnancy
Authors: Weschenfelder Wolfram , Lindner Robert , Spiegel Christian , Hofmann Gunther Olaf , Vogt Matthias
Published: February 2015

Desmoid tumors are fibroblastic neoplasms that have an intermediate behavior with a highly aggressive infiltrative growth arising from deep muscle or aponeurosis. We present the case of a 34-year-old woman that developed a painless mass in the right popliteal fossa during pregnancy after intracytoplasmic sperm injection and hormonal therapy. The MRI scan showed a hyperintense mass of 6,7 cm × 4,7 cm × 3,8 cm surrounding the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle. The open biopsy was done one week after delivery, and the histology showed a desmoid tumor. We performed the resection one week later and found the common peroneal nerve completely surrounded by the tumor. The close resection due to the neurolysis was the reason why an adjuvant radiation with 56 Gy was done. The last clinical examination, 18 month later, did not show any signs of recurrence and an excellent functional outcome. This case demonstrates the possible influences of pregnancy and hormonal therapy on the evolution of desmoid tumors.
A Weak Solution of a Stochastic Nonlinear Problem
Authors: Hadji M. L.
Published: February 2015

We consider a problem modeling a porous medium with a random perturbation. This model occurs in many applications such as biology, medical sciences, oil exploitation, and chemical engineering. Many authors focused their study mostly on the deterministic case. The more classical one was due to Biot in the 50s, where he suggested to ignore everything that happens at the microscopic level, to apply the principles of the continuum mechanics at the macroscopic level. Here we consider a stochastic problem, that is, a problem with a random perturbation. First we prove a result on the existence and uniqueness of the solution, by making use of the weak formulation. Furthermore, we use a numerical scheme based on finite differences to present numerical results.
Predictor’s of Mortality in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage and Reebleding
Authors: Rivero Rodríguez Dannys , Scherle Matamoros Claudio , Cúe Leda Fernández , Miranda Hernández Jose Luis , Pernas Sánchez Yanelis , Pérez Nellar Jesús
Published: February 2015

Methods.“Ameijeiras Brother’s” and “Cmdt. Manuel Fajardo” Hospitals enrolled 64 patients (multicentre retrospective cohort) with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage and rebleeding. The patients were admitted to the Stroke Unit (SU) between January 1, 2006, and December 1, 2013. Demographic, clinical, and radiological variables were examined in logistic regression to evaluate independent factors for increasing the risk of death.Results.Patients with systolic blood pressure >160 mmHg (P=0.02), serum glucose >7 mmol/L (P=0.02), aneurysm location in artery communicant anterior (P=0.03), and black/mixed race (P=0.008) were significant related to death in univariate analysis. Risk factors (HTA, smoke, alcohol consumption, and DM), complication, multiplex rebleeding and stage of WFNS, and Fisher’s scale were not related to mortality. Patients with three or more complications had a higher mortality rate (P=0.002). The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that race (black/mixed,P=0.00, OR 4.62, and 95% IC 1.40–16.26), systolic blood pressure (>160 mmHg,P=0.05, OR 2.54, and 95% IC 1.01–3.13), and serum glucose (>7.0 mmol/L,P=0.05, OR 1.82, and 95% IC 1.27–2.67) were independent risk factors for death.Conclusions.The black/mixed race, SBP, and serum glucose were independent predictors of mortality. Three or more complications were associated with increasing the probability to death. Further investigation is necessary to validate these findings.
Perforated Closed-Loop Obstruction Secondary to Gallstone Ileus of the Transverse Colon: A Rare Entity
Authors: Carr S. P. , MacNamara F. T. , Muhammed K. M. , Boyle E. , McHugh S. M. , Naughton P. , Leahy A.
Published: February 2015

Introduction. Gallstone ileus (GSI) of the colon is an extremely rare entity with potentially serious complications including perforation.Case Presentation. An 88-year-old man presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain and distension. Clinical exam revealed signs of peritonism. Computed tomography (CT) revealed GSI of the transverse colon with a closed-loop large bowel obstruction (LBO) and caecal perforation. The patient underwent emergency laparotomy. A right hemicolectomy was performed, the gallstone was removed, and a primary bowel anastomosis was undertaken. A Foley catheter was sutured into the residual gallbladder bed to create a controlled biliary fistula. The patient recovered well postoperatively with no complications. He was discharged home with the Foley catheter in situ.Discussion. Gallstone ileus is a difficult diagnosis both clinically and radiologically with only 50% of cases being diagnosed preoperatively. Most commonly it is associated with impaction at the ileocaecal valve and small bowel obstruction. Gallstone ileus should also be considered as a rare but potential cause of LBO. This is the first reported case of caecal perforation secondary to gallstone ileus of the transverse colon. Successful operative management consisted of a one-stage procedure with right hemicolectomy and formation of a controlled biliary fistula.
In VitroSelection of a Single-Stranded DNA Molecular Recognition Element againstClostridium difficileToxin B and Sensitive Detection in Human Fecal Matter
Authors: Hong Ka Lok , Maher Eamonn , Williams Ryan M. , Sooter Letha J.
Published: February 2015

Toxin B is one of the major virulence factors ofClostridium difficile, a bacterium that is responsible for a significant number of diarrhea cases in acute care settings. Due to the prevalence ofC. difficileinduced diarrhea, rapid and correct diagnosis is crucial in the disease management. In this study, we have employed a stringentin vitroselection method to identify single-stranded DNA molecular recognition elements (MRE) specific for toxin B. At the end of the 12-round selection, one MRE with high affinity(Kd=47.3 nM) for toxin B was identified. The selected MRE demonstrated low cross binding activities on negative targets: bovine serum albumin,Staphylococcus aureusalpha toxin,Pseudomonas aeruginosaexotoxin A, and cholera toxin ofVibrio cholera. A modified sandwich ELISA assay was developed utilizing the selected ssDNA MRE as the antigen capturing element and achieved a sensitive detection of 50 nM of toxin B in human fecal preparations.
Full-Thickness Retinochoroidal Incision in the Management of Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
Authors: Chen San-Ni , Huang Ya-Chi
Published: February 2015

Purpose.To evaluate the clinical outcomes in patients with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) treated with full-thickness retinochoroidal incisions and to compare whether there is difference in treatment response in ischemic and nonischemic CRVO.Methods.Retrospective study of patients of CRVO receiving full-thickness retinochoroidal incisions in Changhua Christian Hospital. Fluorescein angiography (FA), slit-lamp biomicroscopy, indirect funduscopy, best corrected visual acuity, and central macular thickness (CMT) measured by optical coherence tomography were performed pre- and postoperatively. Patients were divided into an ischemic and nonischemic group according to the findings of FA. Patients were followed up for at least 1 year.Results.Twenty-eight eyes (14 ischemic and 14 nonischemic CRVO) were included. Functional retinochoroidal venous anastomosis (RCVA) was achieved in 48 of the 65 retinochoroidal incisions (73.8%). Central macular thickness (CMT) and retinal hemorrhage decreased significantly after the surgery. Significant visual gain was observed postoperatively in the nonischemic group, but not in the ischemic group. Postoperative complications included vitreous hemorrhage (17.8%), neovascular glaucoma (7.1%), and preretinal fibrovasular membrane (10.7%), all of which were in the ischemic group.Conclusions.RCVA formation induced by retinochoroidal incisions could improve venous flow, and decrease CMT and retinal hemorrhage. However, only eyes with nonischemic CRVO showed visual improvement.
Determination of Sinomenine in Cubosome Nanoparticles by HPLC Technique
Authors: Zhou Yanfang , Guo Chunlian , Chen Hongying , Zhang Yudai , Peng Xinsheng , Zhu Ping
Published: February 2015

We applied HPLC technique to quantitatively analyze sinomenine in cubosome nanoparticles. The chromatographic method was performed by using an isocratic system. The mobile phase was composed of methanol-PBS(pH6.8)-triethylamine (50 : 50 : 0.1%) with a flow rate of 1 mL/min; the detection wavelength was at 265 nm. Sinomenine can be successfully separated with good linearity (the regression equation is A=10835C+1058; R2=1.0) and perfect recovery (102.2%). The chromatograph technique was proper for quality control of sinomenine in cubosome nanoparticles.
Associations between Gun Violence Exposure, Gang Associations, and Youth Aggression: Implications for Prevention and Intervention Programs
Authors: Forster Myriam , Grigsby Timothy J. , Unger Jennifer B. , Sussman Steve
Published: February 2015

Using cross-sectional data collected from three middle schools in Southeast Los Angeles, we assessed the association of neighborhood violence exposure, gang associations, and social self-control with past week aggression in a sample of minority youth (n=164). Results from Poisson and logistic regression models showed that direct exposure to gun violence, having friends in gangs, and low social self control were all positively associated with past week aggression. Among girls, having gang affiliated family members was positively associated with aggression, whereas among boys having friends in gangs was associated with past week aggression. Subjective expectations of engagement in future interpersonal violence were associated with being male, having friends in gangs, and fear of neighborhood gun violence. We recommend that youth violence prevention and intervention programs address the impact of family, peers, and gun violence on student coping and identify students with low social self-control who could benefit from social and emotional skills training.
Integrated Genomic Profiling, Therapy Response, and Survival in Adult Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
Authors: Parkin Brian , Ouillette Peter , Yildiz Mehmet , Saiya-Cork Kamlai , Shedden Kerby , Malek Sami N.
Published: February 2015

Purpose: Recurrent gene mutations, chromosomal translocations, and acquired genomic copy number aberrations (aCNA) have been variously associated with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patient outcome. However, knowledge of the co-occurrence of such lesions and the relative influence of different types of genomic alterations on clinical outcomes in AML is still evolving.

Experimental Design: We performed SNP 6.0 array-based genomic profiling of aCNA/copy neutral loss-of-heterozygosity (cnLOH) along with sequence analysis of 13 commonly mutated genes on purified leukemic blast DNA from 156 prospectively enrolled non-FAB-M3 AML patients across the clinical spectrum of de novo, secondary, and therapy-related AML.

Results: TP53 and RUNX1 mutations are strongly associated with the presence of SNP-A–based aCNA/cnLOH, while FLT3 and NPM1 mutations are strongly associated with the absence of aCNA/cnLOH. The presence of mutations in RUNX1, ASXL1, and TP53, elevated SNP-A–based genomic complexity, and specific recurrent aCNAs predicted failure to achieve a complete response to induction chemotherapy. The presence of ≥1 aCNA/cnLOH and higher thresholds predicted for poor long-term survival irrespective of TP53 status, and the presence of ≥1 aCNA/cnLOH added negative prognostic information to knowledge of mutations in TET2, IDH1, NPM1, DNMT3A, and RUNX1. Results of multivariate analyses support a dominant role for TP53 mutations and a role for elevated genomic complexity as predictors of short survival in AML.

Conclusions: Integrated genomic profiling of a clinically relevant adult AML cohort identified genomic aberrations most associated with SNP-A–based genomic complexity, resistance to intensive induction therapies, and shortened overall survival. Identifying SNP-A–based lesions adds prognostic value to the status of several recurrently mutated genes. Clin Cancer Res; 21(9); 2045–56. ©2015 AACR.
The Histone Demethylase Jumonji Coordinates Cellular Senescence Including Secretion of Neural Stem Cell–Attracting Cytokines
Authors: Perrigue Patrick M. , Silva Michael E. , Warden Charles D. , Feng Nathan L. , Reid Michael A. , Mota Daniel J. , Joseph Lauren P. , Tian Yangzi Isabel , Glackin Carlotta A. , Gutova Margarita , Najbauer Joseph , Aboody Karen S. , Barish Michael E.
Published: February 2015

Jumonji domain-containing protein 3 (JMJD3/KDM6B) demethylates lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3), a repressive epigenetic mark controlling chromatin organization and cellular senescence. To better understand the functional consequences of JMJD3 its expression was investigated in brain tumor cells. Querying patient expression profile databases confirmed JMJD3 overexpression in high-grade glioma. Immunochemical staining of two glioma cell lines, U251 and U87, indicated intrinsic differences in JMJD3 expression levels that were reflected in changes in cell phenotype and variations associated with cellular senescence, including senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Overexpressing wild-type JMJD3 (JMJD3wt) activated SASP-associated genes, enhanced SA-β-gal activity, and induced nuclear blebbing. Conversely, overexpression of a catalytically inactive dominant negative mutant JMJD3 (JMJD3mut) increased proliferation. In addition, a large number of transcripts were identified by RNA-seq as altered in JMJD3 overexpressing cells, including cancer- and inflammation-related transcripts as defined by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. These results suggest that expression of the SASP in the context of cancer undermines normal tissue homeostasis and contributes to tumorigenesis and tumor progression. These studies are therapeutically relevant because inflammatory cytokines have been linked to homing of neural stem cells and other stem cells to tumor loci.

Implications: This glioma study brings together actions of a normal epigenetic mechanism (JMJD3 activity) with dysfunctional activation of senescence-related processes, including secretion of SASP proinflammatory cytokines and stem cell tropism toward tumors. Mol Cancer Res; 13(4); 636–50. ©2015 AACR.
Database of Genomic Biomarkers for Cancer Drugs and Clinical Targetability in Solid Tumors
Authors: Dienstmann Rodrigo , Jang In Sock , Bot Brian , Friend Stephen , Guinney Justin
Published: February 2015

Summary: Comprehensive genomic profiling is expected to revolutionize cancer therapy. In this Prospective, we present the prevalence of mutations and copy-number alterations with predictive associations across solid tumors at different levels of stringency for gene–drug targetability. More than 90% of The Cancer Genome Atlas samples have potentially targetable alterations, the majority with multiple events, illustrating the challenges for treatment prioritization given the complexity of the genomic landscape. Nearly 80% of the variants in rarely mutated oncogenes are of uncertain functional significance, reflecting the gap in our understanding of the relevance of many alterations potentially linked to therapeutic actions. Access to targeted agents in early clinical trials could affect treatment decision in 75% of patients with cancer. Prospective implementation of large-scale molecular profiling and standardized reports of predictive biomarkers are fundamental steps for making precision cancer medicine a reality. Cancer Discov; 5(2); 118–23. ©2015 AACR.
Platelets for Neonatal Transfusion - Study 2: A Randomised Controlled Trial to Compare Two Different Platelet Count Thresholds for Prophylactic Platelet Transfusion to Preterm Neonates
Authors: Curley Anna , Venkatesh Vidheya , Stanworth Simon , Clarke Paul , Watts Timothy , New Helen , Willoughby Karen , Khan Rizwan , Muthukumar Priya , Deary Alison
Published: February 2015

Introduction: Neonatal thrombocytopenia is a common and important clinical problem in preterm neonates. A trial assessing clinically relevant outcomes in relation to the different platelet count thresholds used to trigger transfusion has never been undertaken in preterm neonates with severe thrombocytopenia. Objectives: Platelets for Neonatal Transfusion - Study 2 (PlaNeT-2) aims to assess whether a higher prophylactic platelet transfusion threshold is superior to the lower thresholds in current standard practice in reducing the proportion of patients who have a major bleed or die up to study day 28. Methods: PlaNeT-2 is a two-stage, randomised, parallel-group, superiority trial. PlaNet-2 compares clinical outcomes in preterm neonates (<34 weeks' gestation at birth) randomised to receive prophylactic platelet transfusions to maintain platelet counts at or above either 25 × 109/l or 50 × 109/l. The primary outcome measure is the proportion of patients who either die or experience a major bleed up to and including study day 28. A total of 660 infants will be randomised. Results and Conclusions: This trial will help define optimal platelet transfusion support for severely thrombocytopenic preterm neonates by evaluating the risks and benefits of two different prophylactic neonatal platelet transfusion thresholds.
Inhibition of Allergen-Induced Basophil Activation by ASM-024, a Nicotinic Receptor Ligand
Authors: Watson Brittany M. , Oliveria John Paul , Nusca Graeme M. , Smith Steven G. , Beaudin Sue , Dua Benny , Watson Rick M. , Assayag Evelynne Israël , Cormier Yvon F. , Sehmi Roma , Gauvreau Gail M.
Published: February 2015

Background: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) were identified on eosinophils and shown to regulate inflammatory responses, but nAChR expression on basophils has not been explored yet. Objective: We investigated surface receptor expression of nAChR α4, α7 and α1/α3/α5 subunits on basophils. Furthermore, we examined the effects of ASM-024, a synthetic nicotinic ligand, on in vitro anti-IgE and in vivo allergen-induced basophil activation. Methods: Basophils were enriched from the peripheral blood of allergic donors and the expression of nAChR subunits and muscarinic receptors was determined. Purified basophils were stimulated with anti-IgE in the presence of ASM-024 with or without muscarinic or nicotinic antagonists for the measurement of CD203c expression and histamine release. The effect of 9 days of treatment with 50 and 200 mg ASM-024 on basophil CD203c expression was examined in the blood of mild allergic asthmatics before and after allergen inhalation challenge. Results: nAChR α4, α7 and α1/α3/α5 receptor subunit expression was detected on basophils. Stimulation of basophils with anti-IgE increased CD203c expression and histamine release, which was inhibited by ASM-024 (10-5 to 10-3 M, p < 0.05). The effect of ASM-024 was reversed in the presence of muscarinic and nicotinic antagonists. In subjects with mild asthma, ASM-024 inhalation significantly inhibited basophil CD203c expression measured 24 h after allergen challenge (p = 0.03). Conclusion: This study shows that ASM-024 inhibits IgE- and allergen-induced basophil activation through both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, and suggests that ASM-024 may be an efficacious agent for modulating allergic asthma responses.
Trust, Norms of Cooperation, and the Rural Credit Market in Eighteenth-Century France
Authors: Dermineur Elise
Published: February 2015

An examination of the loans recorded by the notary in the seigneurie of Delle during the eighteenth century sheds light on alterations to the mechanisms of trust. In early modern France, the traditional local credit market was based on strong norms of cooperation and reciprocity, in which trust was taken for granted. Changes in the nature of investors and investments during the eighteenth century, however, disturbed this fragile social equilibrium, causing trust to migrate in several new directions.
Die Überlieferung des Fr. 18 Marcovich Heraklits (= DK 22 B 81) in PHerc. 1004 (Philodemi De rhetorica, Liber vii)
Authors: Vassallo Christian
Published: February 2015

The Heraclitean tradition in the Herculaneum papyri is a topic which involves some of the most important research fields of ancient philosophy: ethics, physics and cosmology, theology and aesthetics (particularly rhetoric). This paper concentrates on Heraclitus’ fr. 18 Marcovich (= DK 22 B 81), where the pre-Socratic philosopher talks about an unspecified κοπίδων ἀρχηγόϲ. The fragment occurs in the seventh book of Philodemus’ Rhetoric (PHerc. 1004) and is the only direct quotation of Heraclitus in this multi-volume treatise. This article presents a new textual reconstruction of the two columns of the papyrus in which the same passage is quoted and attempts: 1. to contextualize the quotation inside the Philodemean paraphrase of a treatise by the Stoic Diogenes of Babylon against the rhetoricians of his time; 2. to reconsider the grammatical and philosophical problem of the subject of the Heraclitean quotation. Almost all scholars have considered Pythagoras to be the target of Heraclitus. But certain elements allow us to go beyond this old opinion and to understand this fragment as something of more than a personal dispute. Rhetoric, according to its supporters, was an ‘art’ since Homer’s times and gained its professional autonomy with Corax and Tisias. There is no reason to believe that, in quoting Heraclitus, Diogenes has totally changed the subject of the fragment he cites. That subject could originally have been very similar to that attested in the Philodemean paraphrase, that is the education of the rhetoricians (ἡ τῶν ῥητόρων εἰϲαγωγή).1
hiv/aids in Indonesia and its Theological Dimension
Authors: Susanto Daniel
Published: February 2015

This article discusses hiv/aids in Indonesia and responds to the hiv/aids crisis from a theological/pastoral perspective. hiv/aids is growing in Indonesia and many Indonesians have died from the disease. hiv/aids is not only a fatal disease and an international public health crisis; it also affects the sufferers and their community socially, economically, psychologically and spiritually, raising theological questions beyond simply the consideration of physiological disease. The article describes the response to hiv/aids in Indonesia, including from Christian churches, then explores the treatment of suffering and sickness in the Bible, along with research and literature responding to the emergence of hiv/aids as an issue for the church. Jesus’ opposition to stigmatization is highlighted, as well as an analysis of the relationship of difference between ‘healing’ and ‘curing’. Finally the article offers an analysis of hope from the perspective of the Christian Gospel, including hope’s call to the church to respond fully to the challenge to care for, and accompany people, with hiv/aids and their communities.
Victim Participation at the International Criminal Court: Examining the First Decade of Investigative and Pre-Trial Proceedings
Authors: Perrin Benjamin
Published: February 2015

This article examines the first decade of victim participation during investigative and pre-trial proceedings at the International Criminal Court (icc) to better understand how victims are participating in practice and the potential impact of their involvement. The icc has adopted numerous measures to streamline victim participation, evolving it into a largely administrative process with judicial oversight. While the literature has feared that victim participation could undermine the rights of the defence, such concerns have arisen infrequently in practice at the investigative and pre-trial phases. Rather, the need for expeditious and efficient proceedings has been a prominent factor. A complex relationship has also developed between victims and the prosecutor where they have been both allied and at odds, depending on the nature of the proceedings. Victims, however, appear to have had an impact on the legal outcomes in only a handful of decisions.
Explaining Car Drivers’ Intention to Prevent Road-Traffic Noise
Authors: Lauper Elisabeth , Moser Stephanie , Fischer Maja , Matthies Ellen
Published: February 2015

Strengthening car drivers’ intention to prevent road-traffic noise is a first step toward noise abatement through voluntary change of behavior. We analyzed predictors of this intention based on the norm activation model (i.e., personal norm, problem awareness, awareness of consequences, social norm, and value orientations). Moreover, we studied the effects of noise exposure, noise sensitivity, and noise annoyance on problem awareness. Data came from 1,002 car drivers who participated in a two-wave longitudinal survey over 4 months. Personal norm had a large prospective effect on intention, even when the previous level of intention was controlled for, and mediated the effect of all other variables on intention. Almost 60% of variance in personal norm was explained by problem awareness, social norm, and biospheric value orientation. The effects of noise sensitivity and noise exposure on problem awareness were small and mediated by noise annoyance. We propose four communication strategies for strengthening the intention to prevent road-traffic noise in car drivers.
Asynchronous Brainstorming in an Industrial Setting
Authors: Paulus Paul B. , Korde Runa M. , Dickson Jubilee J. , Carmeli Abraham , Cohen-Meitar Ravit
Published: February 2015

Objective:

The goal of this study was to examine the effectiveness of brainwriting in an industrial setting.

Background:

Research has demonstrated that group interaction can inhibit idea generation. Written exchanges of ideas in groups have been found to be an effective way to increase idea generation. To our knowledge, no study has examined the potential of brainwriting for group idea generation in work settings or the impact of different sequences of group and individual idea generation.

Method:

Participants in a high-technology company participated in two brainwriting studies. In one study, participants generated ideas either first alone and then in a group or in the reverse order. In a second study, participants either generated as a group during the entire session or alternated individual ideation with a periodic review of the group’s ideas.

Results:

In the first study, participants who generated ideas first as a group and then as individuals performed best. In the first session, group writing also tended to lead to more ideas than did individual writing. In the second study, participants with periodic reviews performed best.

Conclusion:

The results suggest that alternation in individual and group brainwriting can enhance the number of ideas generated. The group-to-alone sequence is also beneficial since it allows group members to build on shared ideas.

Application:

This research indicates that collaborative idea sessions can be beneficial in work sessions if the brainwriting paradigm is used with an appropriate alternation of group ideation or review sessions with individual idea generation sessions.
Neotropical primate nursery in a squirrel monkey breeding unit in Brazil
Authors: Meireles BCS , Goldschmidt B , Resende FC , Lopes CAA , Nascimento LWF
Published: February 2015

Saimiri (squirrel monkey) is a neotropical primate of the Simian genus that has been bred in captivity for the development of research into human and animal health. They have been widely used in studies in ophthalmology, toxicology, pharmacology, psychiatry, neuroscience, vaccines and drug tests (such as malaria and measles agents), as well as effects on interactive behavior and cognition of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in man. The main concern of non-human primate (NHP) research centers is focused on the establishment of self-sustaining breeding colonies providing good quality research animals. Maternal rejection, dystocia and pneumonia are the main causes of newborn deaths in these species. Therefore, in order to ensure the survival of these valuable animals, the Laboratory Animals Breeding Center of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (CECAL)/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has developed a protocol for the nursery rearing of these infants.