bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hogy halad a szekér a globális karrierutakon?
Authors: Gyökér Irén , Finna Henrietta
Published: May 2021

Bár Magyarország történelme során a kivándorlás – különböző mértékben és eltérő célcsoportokkal, de – mindig is jellemző volt, a külföldön munkát vállalók legújabb típusa – a képzett, diplomás, munkavállalási korban levő, fiatal, magas potenciálú, szellemi munkát végzők – egyre meghatározóbb szerepet játszik a migrációban. Az agyelszívás veszélye a hazai vállalati döntéshozókat is arra kényszeríti, hogy a külföldön munkát vállaló potenciális tehetségek igényeit és motivációit megismerjék, és újfajta ösztönzőrendszereket dolgozzanak ki számukra. Ehhez nyújt jó alapot a globális karrierek témakörét – főként menedzserek körében – vizsgáló empirikus kutatás, mely egyéni és szervezeti oldalról igyekszik megvilágítani a nemzetközi karrierekkel kapcsolatos szempontokat. A jelen cikk a 2011 augusztusában lefolytatott kutatás főbb eredményeit mutatja be, célja az alapvető tendenciák és jelenségek bemutatása a külföldi munka-vállalás motivációit, az alkalmazkodás nehézségeit és a visszatérési szándékot illetően.
Az okostelefonok terjedése Magyarországon
Authors: Pintér Róbert
Published: May 2021

A tanulmány az okostelefonok magyarországi terjedését mutatja be részben a publikusan hozzáférhető friss felmérések eredményei alapján, részben az Ipsos 2010-es és 2011-es kutatásai alapján, amelyek a szerző vezetésével készültek. A mobiltelefon 1990-es magyarországi megjelenése óta széles körben elterjedt, az okostelefonokkal azonban a közelmúltban egy új fejezet kezdődött az eszköz történetében. Mivel csupán 1–2 éves folyamatról van szó, és meglehetősen gyorsan terjed az okostelefon, ezért egyelőre nincs lehetőség mélyebb, longitudinális tudományos elemzések elvégzésére. Viszont a terjedéssel kapcsolatos alapvető számok összegzése lehetséges – lényegében erre vállalkozik a cikk, miközben a befejezés során arra is keresi a választ, hogy mi lehet ennek a fejlődésnek az ígérete, és milyen illúziókat táplálhat.
Az állami beavatkozás szerepe az infokommunikációs infrastruktúra kialakításában
Authors: Kis Gergely
Published: May 2021

Az elektronikus hírközlő hálózat rohamszerű fejlesztésének igénye az internet széles körű elterjedésével az állami döntéshozókat is fejlesztéspolitikai koncepciók kidolgozására és azok végrehajtására ösztönzi. Az (információs) társadalom fejlődése és az ennek alapjául szolgáló infokommunikációs szolgáltatások használata alapvetően függ a szélessávú infrastruktúra fejlesztésétől, az elektronikus hírközlő hálózat – „szélessávú” – elérésének lehetőségétől. A tanulmányban bemutatjuk, hogy az állam milyen beavatkozási eszközöket használ az elektronikus hírközlő hálózat fejlesztésének ösztönzésé-re. Ezt követően a beavatkozási lehetőségek közül Magyarországon eddigi legnagyobb hatású infrastruktúrafejlesztési pályázatok eredményeinek elemzését végzem el.
Információs kultúra, információs műveltség
Authors: Z. Karvalics László
Published: May 2021

A tanulmány három szintű modellt épít, amelyben az információs, a digitális ill. a hálózati kultúra egymástól való (részben történeti) elhatárolását követően a makroszintet a kultúra egésze, a mezoszintet az információs szubkultúrák jelentik, a mikroszint pedig az individuumoké. A „monolit” megközelítésekkel szemben az individuális tartományt három részre osztja: elemi információs írástudásra, ill. középfokú és felsőfokú információs műveltségre. A fogalmi tisztázás részeként egységes rendszerben helyezi el a jellemzően használt fogalmakat, és „kisszótárt” ad a felértékelődő „személyes” tér kulcs-domainjeihez.
Az adatrengeteg kínos kérdései
Authors: boyd danah , Crawford Kate
Published: May 2021

Elközelgett a Big Data, az adatrengeteg kora. A számítástudósok, fizikusok, közgazdászok, matematikusok, politológusok, bioinformatikusok, szociológusok és más tudósok fennszóval követelik, hogy az embereket, dolgokat és ezek kapcsolatait leíró, folyvást termelődő hatalmas adatmennyiséggel dolgozhassanak. Fontos kérdések formálódnak meg. Hozzásegít-e az adatrengeteg kereshetősége az eszközök, szolgáltatások és közjavak javításához, vagy inkább a magántitoksértés és a tolakodó marketing új hullámát vezeti be? Megkönnyíti-e az adatok elemzése az online közösségek és politikai mozgalmak megértését, vagy a tiltakozók lenyomozását és a szólásjog elnyomását szolgálja majd? Átalakítja-e az emberi kommunikáció és kultúra kutatásának mai módszereit, vagy inkább beszűkíti a vizsgálható témák skáláját, magát a „kutatás” fogalmát definiálva újra? Véleményünk szerint az adatrengeteg szociotechnológiai jelenségének előretörése kapcsán kritikus vizsgálatnak kell alávetni e jelenség előfeltevéseit és előítéleteit. Cikkünk hat provokatív tézist tartalmaz, amelyekkel diszkussziót kívánunk indítani az adatrengeteg különböző aspektusairól: e technológia, elemzés és mitológia összjátékából kisarjadó kulturális, műszaki és tudományos jelenségről, amely terjedelmes retorikát gerjeszt mind utópikus, mind disztópikus hangvételben.
„Megvásároljam, vagy sem?”
Authors: Némethné Tömő Zsuzsanna , Kovács Zsuzsanna
Published: May 2021

Európa lakossága idősödik, így nyilvánvaló, hogy az elkövetkezendő évtizedek gazdaságát nagymértékben fogja befolyásolni az 50+ korosztály. A tanulmányban egy primer kutatás eredményeire támaszkodva arra keressük a választ, hogy a média a hirdetések, reklámok útján hat-e, vagy sem a magyar idősek vásárlási szokásaira és hajlandóságára.
Környezetvédelmi játékok
Authors: Szigeti Cecília , Horváth Babett
Published: May 2021

Adatgyűjtésünk során olyan interneten elérhető, ingyenes játékokat kerestünk, melyek fontos szerepet tölthetnek be a gyermekek környezeti nevelésében. Az informatika, az internethasználat elterjedése a gyermekek körében lehetővé teszi, hogy online játékokkal biztosítsunk számukra a fenntartható fejlődés alapelveinek elsajátítását. Gyűjteményünk 50 eleme véletlenszerűen válogatott, ugyanakkor hasznosnak ítélt játékokat tartalmaz.
Jog ahhoz, hogy elfelejtsenek és töröljenek
Authors: Székely Iván
Published: May 2021

Napjainkban megváltozni látszik az emberiség történelmének azon paradigmája, amely szerint a felejtés természetes, az emlékezés pedig kivételes és értékes. A technológiai lehetőségek és a ráépülő alkalmazások megbontották az emlékezés és felejtés egyensúlyát, költségessé és technikailag bonyolulttá tették a felejtést, s ezzel közvetett módon csökkentik a nyugati demokráciák egyes alapértékeinek és jogainak érvényesíthetőségét, köztük az emberi méltóságét, a privacy-ét, az egyéni autonómiáét. Ebben a helyzetben az emlékezetőrző intézményeknek, kiváltképp az archívumoknak kettős kihívással kell szembenézniük: egyfelől kezelniük kell az egyre növekvő adat- és dokumentumtömeget, és meg kell találniuk új szerepüket a változó környezetben, másfelől fel kell készülniük a fenti helyzet szabályozási reakciójaként javasolt „jog ahhoz, hogy elfelejtsenek és töröljenek” érvényesítésére. Ez a tanulmány bemutatja a globális archívumi paradigma és az új jog potenciális konfliktusait, értelmezi az Európai Unió rendelettervezetének idevágó rendelkezéseit, és felvázolja a gyakorlati lehetőségeket az archívumok és az archivisták szemszögéből.
Verapamil administration alleviates microcytosis and tissue accumulation after chronic aluminum exposure in rats
Authors: Bojanic Novica , Stojanovic Dijana , Milojkovic Maja , Djindjic Boris , Dunjic Olivera , Milenkovic Jelena , Ignjatovic Aleksandra , Stojanovic Marko
Published: May 2021

Introduction/Objective. Research has demonstrated the toxicant potential of aluminum, but no therapeutic options have been suggested. The aim of the study was to investigate the extent of the aluminuminduced toxicity, evaluated by hematological/biochemical disarrangements, hepcidin concentration and tissue accumulation after chronic aluminum exposure and to determine possible protection with Ca2+-channel blockage, verapamil. Methods. Experimental animals (36 rats) were treated with different doses of AlCl3 during eight weeks and after that their blood and tissues were analyzed. Results. The significant differences, regardless of the aluminum dose administered, were documented in all evaluated hematological (p < 0.001) and biochemical parameters (p < 0.001), as well as in aluminum tissue deposition in liver, kidneys and testicles (p < 0.001), respectively. After verapamil administration, a significant improvement in some hematological and biochemical parameters was demonstrated, p < 0.001, as well as the attenuation of aluminum deposits in liver and testes, p < 0.001. Evaluated parameters of inflammation and kidney deposition did not show significant change after verapamil application. Conclusion. The findings indicate that chronic AlCl3 intoxication, regardless of the dose, results in the microcytic anemia associated with high hepcidin levels, numerous biochemical abnormalities and significant aluminum deposition in liver, kidney and testes and that these effects may be attenuated by verapamil administration. Overall, the results emphasize the significance of calcium homeostasis preservation in chronic aluminum exposure and propose possible therapeutic option.
The Effects of Perceived Leader Emotional Intelligence and Group Prototypicality on Subordinate Whistleblowing Intentions
Authors: Geng Xin
Published: May 2021

While prior research has examined the impact of ethical leadership on subordinates' whistleblowing intentions, a leader's specific characteristics, such as emotional intelligence and group prototypicality, are underexplored. As with leadership style, they can play an important role in creating a control environment that facilitates fraud prevention, detection, and deterrence. This study examines the effects of perceived leader emotional intelligence and group prototypicality on the subordinate's intention to blow the whistle to the leader. Results indicate that a subordinate is more likely to blow the whistle when the leader is perceived as having high emotional intelligence or group prototypicality. Both relationships are mediated by the subordinate's trust in the leader. Moreover, the mediating effect of the subordinate's trust in the leader on the relationship between perceived leader emotional intelligence and subordinate whistleblowing intentions is stronger when the leader's group prototypicality is high. Academic and practical implications are discussed in the paper.

Data Availability: Data are available upon request.
The Effectiveness of a Proactive, Three-Level Strategy to Identify People With Prediabetes in a Large Workforce With Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance
Authors: Herman William H. , Joiner Kevin , Hurst Thomas , McEwen Laura N.
Published: May 2021

OBJECTIVE

Rates of diagnosis of prediabetes and uptake of the National Diabetes Prevention Program (NDPP) are low. We evaluated a proactive three-level strategy to identify individuals with prediabetes in a population with employer-sponsored health insurance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We studied 64,131 insured employees, dependents, and retirees ≥18 years of age without diagnosed diabetes, 19,397 (30%) of whom were estimated to have prediabetes. Individuals with prediabetes were identified by 1) searching claims diagnoses and previously performed HbA1c test results, 2) risk stratifying people 40–64 years of age without diabetes, prediabetes, or documented normal HbA1c to identify individuals at higher risk and encourage them to be tested, and 3) using a media campaign to encourage employees not otherwise targeted to self-screen and, if at higher risk, to be tested.

RESULTS

Using claims and laboratory data, 11% of the population was identified as having prediabetes. Of those 40–64 years of age, 25% were identified as being at higher risk, and 27% of them were tested or diagnosed within 1 year. Of employees exposed to the media campaign, 14% were tested or diagnosed within 1 year. Individuals with prediabetes were older, heavier, and more likely to have hypertension and dyslipidemia. Testing and diagnosis were associated with receiving medical care and provider outreach. A total of 8,129 individuals, or 42% of those with prediabetes, were identified.

CONCLUSIONS

Analysis of existing health insurance data facilitated the identification of individuals with prediabetes. Better identification of people with prediabetes is a first step in increasing uptake of the NDPP.
Application of 2021 American Diabetes Association Glycemic Treatment Clinical Practice Recommendations in Primary Care
Authors: Colling Caitlin , Atlas Steven J. , Wexler Deborah J.
Published: May 2021

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to identify the proportion of primary care patients meeting criteria for sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) for cardiorenal comorbidities per 2021 American Diabetes Association (ADA) Standards of Care recommendations using readily available electronic health record (EHR) characteristics.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We applied 2021 ADA recommendations to a primary care cohort of 13,350 adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

RESULTS

We found that 33% of patients with diabetes would be eligible for an SGLT2i or GLP-1 RA based on cardiorenal comorbidities, 13% of patients met criteria for an SGLT2i based on heart failure or albuminuric chronic kidney disease (CKD), and 18% of patients met criteria for either agent based on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or CKD with an albumin-to-creatinine ratio of ≤300 mg/g.

CONCLUSIONS

This EHR algorithm identified one-third of primary care patients with T2D as meeting criteria for SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA based on strict comorbidity definitions according to 2021 ADA recommendations.
O AMBIENTE REMOTO COMO FERRAMENTA PROMOTORA DE PRÁTICAS LABORATORIAIS NO ENSINO DE TRIGONOMETRIA EM CURSOS DE LICENCIATURA EM MATEMÁTICA
Authors: Costa Pereira Ana Carolina , Pereira Oliveira Gisele
Published: May 2021

Esse artigo aponta uma experiência realizada durante o ano letivo de 2020, em tempos de pandemia do COVID 19, na disciplina de Laboratório de Ensino de Trigonometria (LET), que se propôs a experimentação de práticas com professores em formação inicial do curso de licenciatura em Matemática da Universidade Estadual do Ceará. Com isso, tem-se o intuito de apresentar um relato de experiência vivenciado nesta, via ambiente virtual, Google Meet e Zoom, em ensino remoto. Nessa direção, fez-se uso de uma abordagem qualitativa, por se apropriar quanto ao desafio da realização de práticas de trigonometria remotamente. Amparou-se, ademais, na Sequência Fedathi, que fundamentou mediante a tomada de posição, maturação, solução e prova de sequências didáticas para o desenvolvimento de conhecimentos trigonométricos. E, portanto, visualizou-se que existem desafios significativos quanto ao uso de tecnologias digitais no ensino de Matemática, mas que podem ser minimizados diante de formações e subsídios tecnológicos.
Influence of traffic flow intensity on environmental noise pollution
Authors:   Millhouse Logistics Inc, Kaleniuk Maksym , Furman Oleg ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Postranskyy Taras ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University
Published: May 2021

The modern urban environment, with the development of industry, the growth of the vehicle's number on the roads, and the increase in the density of buildings, is increasingly capable of negatively affect the health and well-being of the city's population. Among the factors influencing the environment is noise pollution, namely man-made noise - unwanted and harmful sounds created as a result of human activities. Today, noise is one of the most common factors of pollution among all others. The most common source of noise pollution is transport, including cars and trucks, buses, railways, airplanes, etc. The negative phenomenon of traffic noise is that almost everyone is greatly affected. This can often be accompanied by other harmful factors, such as vibration. According to scientific researches, noise can cause irritation under constant acoustic exposure. As a result, there are sleep disorders, decreased mental capacity, and the development of stress, and stress development in humans. Traffic noise is created from the operation of engines, the friction of wheels with the road surface, brakes, and aerodynamic features of vehicles, etc. In general, the level of traffic noise depends on such basic indicators as the intensity, speed, and composition of the traffic flow. Therefore, an important task is the study of traffic noise, its measurement, the establishment of appropriate dependencies, and further evaluation of the results. Knowing the level of noise generated by vehicles, further measures to reduce it are possible, such as redistribution of traffic flows on the road network, speed limits, improving the quality of the road surface, the use of basic means of reducing noise pollution, the use of noise protection devices, etc. Based on this, the negative impact of this phenomenon on the human body and the environment, in general, can be reduced.
Disunity of Virtue
Authors: Sreenivasan Gopal
Published: May 2021

This chapter contains the argument against the unity of the virtues, which presupposes that the virtues are not unified and vindicates anti-imperialism about virtue. It describes the unity of the virtues that was more or less universally affirmed in ancient ethics and notes that the dominant tendency in contemporary moral philosophy is to reject it. It also sketches a position on the interrelation of the virtues that avoids the falsity of the unity thesis, while still salvaging some of its more attractive aspects. The chapter focuses on the thesis that one cannot have one virtue without having all of the others. It elaborates that if there is any one virtue that a person lacks, then it follows that this person does not have any of the other virtues.
Recap with Courage
Authors: Sreenivasan Gopal
Published: May 2021

This chapter reviews arguments with the pairing of courage and fear, and emphasize courage's character as an executive virtue, as distinct from run-of-the-mill virtues like compassion or generosity. It proposes that a morally rectified fear trait is a functionally integrated constituent of the virtue of courage. It also claims that the nature of the virtue of courage is exemplar of courage that employs a morally rectified fear trait to pass the central test of virtue (CTV) for courage. The chapter describes the emotion pole that includes both fear and sympathy, and at the virtue pole that contains compassion and courage, which exhibits significant heterogeneity. It articulates the basic conceptual features of courage as a virtue, emphasizing some crucial respects in which it differs from ordinary virtues.
Temples and the Civic Order
Authors: Peralta Dan-el Padilla
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes and analyzes the secondary effects of temple construction, specifically the distribution of public goods and the consequences of that distribution for the production and reproduction of trust and quasi-voluntary compliance. The innovativeness of mid-Republican temples did not stop with their addition of architectural novelty and variety to the urbs. The proliferation of multifunctional sacred buildings provided new opportunities for small- and large-scale collective coordination and action, whose multiplier effects further propelled Rome's evolution into a ritual polity. Notwithstanding its designation as a “consumer city” in the works of some modern scholars, Rome from the middle Republic on became increasingly adept at providing tangible services, both to residents and out-of-town visitors. These religious services closed the gap between the Roman state's rapidly expanding capacity to project power abroad and its rather more muted bureaucratic initiatives at home.
Conclusion
Authors: Peralta Dan-el Padilla
Published: May 2021

This concluding chapter offers a two-part assessment of the book's major findings, first through an examination of one of the institutional religious procedures that arose from the repetitive patterning of those collective commitments surveyed in the previous chapters, and second through the formulation of one final model that attempts to visualize the cumulative force of religious practice on the design and experience of civic time. It begins with the institutional procedure: prodigy expiation. The chapter then illustrates two key dimensions of the middle Republic's timescapes that bear directly on the understanding of Roman state formation during the fourth and third centuries. The first is that religious practice must be mentioned in the same breath as political engagement in any study of what held the res publica together. The second proposition is about method, and about quantitative methods in particular. Systematic quantification is a great boon to those seeking to study the interrelation of religious observance and state formation, and in particular those who are seeking to build bridges between otherwise isolated or (artificially) partitioned bodies of evidence.
Introduction
Authors: Todd David
Published: May 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the French imperial empire in the nineteenth century. France after Napoleon did not renounce empire. Instead, it became less interested in formal conquest and experimented with novel techniques of imperial domination. French proponents of informal empire usually looked back on the 1789 Revolution with a mixture of disillusion and dismay, while its collaborators outside France were mostly conservatives bent on reconciling economic modernization with the defence of their privileges. This informal civilizing mission was, in many respects, counter-revolutionary. Counter-revolutionary commitment to capitalism went hand in hand with a collaborative style of imperialism. Ultimately, France's largely informal empire made a significant contribution to nineteenth-century globalization, even if it employed subtler mechanisms of coercion and collaboration than the more formal British Empire ever did.
Agents of Informal Empire
Authors: Todd David
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the rise of French imperial expatriation in Egypt and the economic implications of French cultural dominance in Egyptian society. It then turns to the transformation of the capitulary regime, a traditional feature of the Ottoman plural legal system, into an imperial instrument that particularly benefited French nationals. Finally, the chapter analyses the crisis of the French-dominated system of extraterritoriality in the 1870s, which was solved by the internationalization of extraterritorial jurisdiction in 1876 and by British colonial occupation in 1882. After 1850, European — especially French — merchants and financiers captured a rising and disproportionate share of fast-growing exchanges of commodities and capital with Egypt. The object of the chapter is not to lament the iniquity of these new arrangements or the ensuing exploitation of Egypt, but to reappraise their significance as cultural and legal mechanisms of domination.
Republics of Knowledge
Authors: Miller Nicola
Published: May 2021

The rise of nation-states is a hallmark of the modern age, yet we are still untangling how the phenomenon unfolded across the globe. This book offers new insights into the process of nation-making through an account of nineteenth-century Latin America, where, it argues, the identity of nascent republics was molded through previously underappreciated means: the creation and sharing of knowledge. Drawing evidence from Argentina, Chile, and Peru, the book traces the histories of these countries from the early 1800s, as they gained independence, to their centennial celebrations in the twentieth century. It identifies how public exchange of ideas affected policymaking, the emergence of a collective identity, and more. It finds that instead of defining themselves through language or culture, these new nations united citizens under the promise of widespread access to modern information. The book challenges the narrative that modernization was a strictly North Atlantic affair, demonstrating that knowledge traveled both ways between Latin America and Europe. And it looks at how certain forms of knowledge came to be seen as more legitimate and valuable than others, both locally and globally; suggesting that all modern nations can be viewed as communities of shared knowledge, a perspective with the power to reshape our conception of the very basis of nationhood. The book opens new avenues for understanding the histories of modern nations — and the foundations of modernity — the world over.
Touchstones of Knowledge
Authors: Miller Nicola
Published: May 2021

This chapter begins with the term pensador, a nineteenth-century coinage that was widely used well into the twentieth century and used to talk about knowledge in Latin America. It explains that pensadores were polymaths who ranged freely over politics, literature, art, language, ethnography, and natural science in a refusal to be constrained by the conventions of any single area of knowledge. It also highlights pensador as a term that can be only glossed in English, which is true of many other markers of how knowledge was conceived and practised in the countries of Latin America. The chapter considers the untranslateable terms in Latin America as touchstones of knowledge and barometers of the epistemic atmosphere of the societies in which their usage rose and fell. It points out how Latin American terms testify to the varying social status of different kinds of knowledge and range of people who had access to knowledge.
Education for Citizenship
Authors: Miller Nicola
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the popular education during the wars of independence, noting it as one of the few priorities upon which royalists, reformers and revolutionaries could agree. It mentions the prevalent demands for knowledge to be shared and expectations that ran high as education was seen as the route to promoting political rights, industrial prosperity, and social integration. It also explores the independence era, which produced bold proposals for popular education policies that were radical in inclusivity, in approach, or in method. The chapter refers to Fernando López Aldana, a migrant from Lima who advocated education for all Americans in 1812. It emphasizes the idea that education was a universal right and was nonetheless in the air at the birth of the independent states.
Ford’s Bible of the Modern Age
Authors: Link Stefan J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses how European postliberals on both the left and the right grasped Fordism as a compass by which to navigate the economic and ideological confusions of the 1920s. It studies Henry Ford's My Life and Work (1922). What accounts for this book's astonishing impact? Part of the answer lies, as historians have long recognized, in the fascination that all things American exerted upon the world after the Great War. Dazed and diminished by the war, Europeans squinted across the Atlantic and saw an image of the future: a new type of civilization, characterized by mass production and mass-consumption, skyscrapers and Hollywood, assembly lines and flapper dresses. Like no other phenomenon, Henry Ford's factories seemed to exemplify this new American modernity: here the machine-like uniformity of modern industrial production begot a high standard of living and new possibilities for extravagant consumption and cultural expression. Ford's book went straight to the heart of the fierce Soviet debates about socialist industrial development. In essence, My Life and Work and its successor volumes elaborated a producerist agenda for the twentieth century.
Introducing the Prose Poem
Authors: Hetherington Paul , Atherton Cassandra
Published: May 2021

This chapter traces prose poetry's development in nineteenth-century France and its early reception and subsequent critical views about the form. The prose poem in English is now established as an important literary form in many countries at a time when the composition and publication of poetry is thriving. However, while poetry generally continues to be recognized as a literary genre highly suited to expressing intense emotion, grappling with the ineffable and the intimate, and while lineated lyric poetry is widely admired for its rhythms and musicality, the main scholarship written about English-language prose poetry to date defines the form as problematic, paradoxical, ambiguous, unresolved, or contradictory. The common observation that the term “prose poetry” appears to contain a contradiction is not surprising given that poetry and prose are often understood to be fundamentally different kinds of writing. The chapter then defines the prose poem's main features and discusses the challenge prose poetry presents to established ideas of literary genre.
Prose Poetry, Rhythm, and the City
Authors: Hetherington Paul , Atherton Cassandra
Published: May 2021

The chapter examines the rhythms of prose poetry, which are different from those found in metered verse, and vary, too, from the rhythms of free verse. The main differences relate to what has sometimes been understood as a deficiency in prose poetry — namely, that prose poets do not have meter or the poetic line when they try to achieve effects of cadence or musicality. But because of the English language's grammatical flexibility, these resources allow for an almost infinite rhythmic variety in prose poems. Such variety is a crucial part of the prose poetry tradition, notwithstanding the deliberately fractured rhythms or flat tonality of some works. William Wordsworth wrote lineated poetry, but in expressing a view that prose and poetry ought to be written in the same kind of language, and in repudiating what he understood to be “poetic diction,” Wordsworth opened the way for English-language poets to explicitly recognize the connections between poetry and prose. In other words, he helped to lay the ground not only for English-language free verse but for English-language prose poetry, too.
The Image and Memory in Reading Prose Poetry
Authors: Hetherington Paul , Atherton Cassandra
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes the use of visual imagery in prose poetry. It examines how such imagery relates to evocations of memory, and the continuing connection of some of prose poetry's effects to those generated by photographs and ekphrastic responses to a range of art forms. Importantly, the connection between prose poetry and photography is also historical. The combination of nostalgia, modernity, and fragmentation found in Charles Baudelaire's prose poems is not unlike the qualities evident in many photographs from the period. Ever since Baudelaire and Arthur Rimbaud, many prose poems have been dependent on striking visual imagery, enabling readers to “see” what they are invoking — and this remains true into the twenty-first century. Indeed, some contemporary prose poets connect photography and prose poetry in descriptions of their creative practice, or in references to photographs in their works.
Metaphor, Metonymy, and the Prose Poem
Authors: Hetherington Paul , Atherton Cassandra
Published: May 2021

This chapter studies another central feature of prose poetry: the use of metonymy and metaphor. Metonymy allows writers to use phrases or individual words in ways that suggest an array of meanings, enriching and adding complexity to their writing — and there are many kinds and examples of metonymy, just as there are many kinds of metaphor. Metonymy is especially important to prose poems because it complements, enhances, and complicates their literal and metaphorical meanings. The chapter then discusses the importance of such figurative language to reading and interpreting individual works, allowing an understanding of the ways in which many prose poems simultaneously present a variety of possible (often shifting) interpretations. It also looks at prose poetry's resonant employment of intertextuality to enrich its content.
Prose Poetry and the Very Short Form
Authors: Hetherington Paul , Atherton Cassandra
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the relationship between prose poetry and very short literary forms, which are proliferating online and in print. While novels, short stories, lineated lyric poems, and dramatic works have been at the center of literary practice for centuries, contemporary writers are reinvigorating the understanding of genre and form — and some of their writing does not sit comfortably within conventional literary classifications. To an extent, this is true of prose poetry in general, and it is certainly true of hybrid works that contain, reframe, or transform prose poetry. This is not to suggest that all hybrid prose-poetical works are products of the late twentieth or early twenty-first century. There are many early examples of hybrid works that make use of poetic prose. However, many contemporary hybrid works that make use of very short prose forms are especially notable for their emphasis on an irredeemable sense of fracture, and such works are increasingly being accepted as central to the literary world. This recent growth in the popularity and esteem of very short literary forms provides a new and positive context for understanding prose poetry and its scholarship.
The Crisis of Representative Democracy
Authors: Landemore Hélène
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the crisis of democracy. While this crisis can be attributed in part to specific empirical corruptions, which are themselves likely the result of contingent external shocks, the crisis of democracy can also be traced, more fundamentally, to an original design flaw: the restriction of democratic representation to “electoral” representation. The main problem is that representative democracy was designed on the basis of electoral premises that prevent even its best, most democratized contemporary versions from reaching the full potential of genuine “popular rule,” that is, a rule that empowers all equally. The chapter then looks at the internal problems to a core principle of representative government: the principle of elections. It also addresses the “realists'” objections that there is no crisis of democracy since representative democracy is working as intended.
Let the People In! Lessons from a Modern Viking Saga
Authors: Landemore Hélène
Published: May 2021

This chapter assesses the real-life case study of Iceland to illustrate some of the principles of open democracy. It closely examines the 2010–13 Icelandic constitutional process from which many of the ideas behind this book originally stem. Despite its apparent failure — the constitutional proposal has yet to be turned into law — the Icelandic constitutional process created a precedent for both new ways of writing a constitution and envisioning democracy. The process departed from representative, electoral democracy as we know it in the way it allowed citizens to set the agenda upstream of the process, write the constitutional proposal or at least causally affect it via online comments, and observe most of the steps involved. The chapter also shows that the procedure was not simply inclusive and democratic but also successful in one crucial respect — it produced a good constitutional proposal. This democratically written proposal indeed compares favorably to both the 1944 constitution it was meant to replace and competing proposals written by experts at about the same time.
Frames
Authors: Ballakrishnen Swethaa S.
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the role of institutional novelty in moderating the experience of gender. It shows how the emergence of the Indian elite law firm has been uniquely shaped by the newness of the work and the organizational structure — as well as a new, neoliberal workforce not found in other professional firms of similar status. As new firms doing new work, these elite law firms are indeed advantaged by being able to escape strong preconceived notions of work and identity. In addition, the newness of the law schools that socialize these firms' workers contribute to the firms' multi-layered advantage, an advantage not enjoyed by other firms that are similarly structured by globalization but that draw their workforce from more long-established educational institutions. Ultimately, the chapter demonstrates how globalization and class come together to renegotiate traditional assumptions of gender and the framework of an ideal worker. It argues that the gender outcomes in these firms result not from a movement for gender equality, but instead from the emergence of the Indian law firm as a new site of high-prestige global labor.
Locking-in Neoliberalism
Authors: Madariaga Aldo
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the locking-in of exchange rates and industrial policies in institutional frameworks, including the constitution that reduced partisan influences and made future changes and reforms more difficult. It formulates and tests the operation of locking-in neoliberal policy alternatives through constitutionalization and the embeddedness of exchange rates and industrial policies in institutional frameworks. It also discusses the delegation of policymaking authority to nonelected bureaucratic agencies that lies at the heart of constitutionalized lock-in. The chapter emphasizes the importance of support creation and opposition blockade in reducing both representation and the agency of unelected bureaucrats in policymaking. It examines countries that attempted to lock-in neoliberalism through the establishment of independent central banks and fiscal policy rules.
Introduction
Authors: Mandić Danilo
Published: May 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of how separatism in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries poses a paradox. On the one hand, the world is ostensibly coming together through globalization. On the other, the territorial integrity of nations appears fragile in most regions. The chapter explains that the book argues that countries torn by separatist movements since the Cold War cannot be adequately understood without an appreciation of organized crime. Far from passive by-products or trivial catalysts, mafias can play a decisive, autonomous role in shaping state-separatist relations, promoting or hindering secession, and fueling war. Transnational processes — of mafia expansion, chronic smuggling, and patrimonial governance — critically shape national processes of ethnic mobilization, border reconfiguration, and state collapse. Through a comparative historical analysis of the role of organized crime in West Africa, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East, the book examines understudied dynamics of territorial consolidation in torn states. By nourishing, infiltrating, and even co-opting governments and separatist movements, mafias have the power to mold the basic political units of the world.
Middle East
Authors: Mandić Danilo
Published: May 2021

This chapter surveys four torn states in the Middle East. Turkey and its Kurdish separatist movement regularly accuse each other of mobilizing organized crime to brutalize the other. Both are correct. The Turkish government mobilized gangsters (gunrunners, mercenaries, and assassins) as instruments of antiseparatist crackdown. Profiting on the side, these gangsters nevertheless remained patriotic and indisputably state controlled. Mafias also sustained Kurdish separatists in Turkey (through narcotics, arms, extortion, and money laundering), the Islamic State (IS) in Iraq and Syria (oil, extortion, theft, and gangs), and Gazan Palestinians in Israel (tunnel smuggling). In contrast, Yemen and the Houthis were both sabotaged in their efforts by a state dependent — but utterly disloyal — mafia operating qat and arms rackets.
Eastern Europe
Authors: Mandić Danilo
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyzes Eastern Europe, where ethnocentric organized crime dominated the separatist movements of Greater Albania (Macedonia), Transnistria (Moldova), and Nagorno-Karabakh (Azerbaijan). The collapses of the USSR and Yugoslavia have produced separatist movements across Eastern Europe. Some secessionists triumphed, others stagnated in “frozen conflicts,” and still others descended into protracted bloodshed. For states and wannabe states alike, organized crime — with its rogue gallery of gangster brokers, entrepreneurs, and warlords — was integral to making and unmaking nations. The Azeri host state deployed gangsters to combat separatists in wartime and sustain its oil regime in peacetime. In the cases of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia (Bosnia-Herzegovina) and Donbas (Ukraine), mafias' indiscriminate smuggling from within government structures obstructed separatists and host states alike.
Conclusion
Authors: Mandić Danilo
Published: May 2021

This concluding chapter presents five propositions that may inform future research and policy. First, the temptation to reduce organized crime to an apolitical, nonagentic, or inconsequential factor has been overindulged. Second, differentiating mafias from governments and insurgents relieves a tired debate about torn states. Namely, is it opportunism or idealism? The answer is, both. Third, mafias' dual capacity to both disintegrate nations and promote state building is a unique feature that differentiates them from related “villainous” categories. Fourth, the role of organized crime in a torn state reveals nothing about the legitimacy of the nationalisms at play. Fifth, the fact of mafias' profound impact on torn states is never an apologia for gangsterism. But the potential of organized crime to promote multiethnic integration and state making should inspire creative political action that does not inherently treat mafias as problems.
Rethinking the Middle-Class Protest Paradigm
Authors: Rosenfeld Bryn
Published: May 2021

This chapter raises micro-foundational questions about the expectation that a rising middle-class will lead a democratic civic revolution. It focuses on political behavior and examines observed patterns of mobilized contention during Russia's 2011–2012 electoral cycle by nesting a unique series of protest surveys within detailed data on the population from which protesters were recruited. It also shows how one enters the middle-class and what alternatives one possesses to affect participation in risky collective action. The chapter sheds light on why professionals in the state-sector were significantly less likely to mobilize against electoral fraud amid heightened middle-class participation in anti-regime protests. It emphasizes that middle-class protesters from the private sector were much more likely than the working class to join the protests' democratic coalition.
Choosing to Work for the State
Authors: Rosenfeld Bryn
Published: May 2021

This chapter uses survey data to investigate the political orientations and career aspirations of students who intend to join Russia's public-sector. It examines a range of factors highlighted by existing cross-national research on public employment in established democracies and developing states. It also emphasizes how the pre-existing networks are considered the most important factor that shape public-sector career preferences. The chapter centers on students' political preferences before they enter the labor market, providing a research design that show that democratic attitudes have virtually no bearing on career choices. It builds on the research design by using a panel study of new labor market entrants.
Revolution, Democratic Retrenchment, and the Middle Class
Authors: Rosenfeld Bryn
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides a background on Ukraine when it was struggling to consolidate democracy. It examines existing theories that expect human capital formation and a growing middle-class to enhance the autocratic middle-class prospects for democratization. By focusing on the case of Ukraine, it also explores whether dependence on the state for economic opportunities and life chances moderates middle-class demands for democratic institutions. The chapter uses a panel survey spanning the Orange Revolution, which assesses how the distinctive political orientations of different groups within the middle-class affected the nature of protest coalitions during Ukraine's 2004 democratic breakthrough. It makes use of a difference-in-differences design to demonstrate that reliance on the state for economic opportunity caused the political preferences of new labor market entrants to diverge.
Representing God
Authors: McIvor Méadhbh
Published: May 2021

Over the past two decades, a growing number of Christians in England have gone to court to enforce their right to religious liberty. Funded by conservative lobby groups and influenced by the legal strategies of their American peers, these claimants — registrars who conscientiously object to performing the marriages of same-sex couples, say, or employees asking for exceptions to uniform policies that forbid visible crucifixes — highlight the uneasy truce between law and religion in a country that maintains an established Church but is wary of public displays of religious conviction. This book charts the changing place of public Christianity in England through the rise of Christian political activism and litigation. The book explores the ideas and contested reception of this ostensibly American-inspired legal rhetoric. It argues that legal challenges aimed at protecting “Christian values” ultimately jeopardize those values, as moralities woven into the fabric of English national life are filtered from their quotidian context and rebranded as the niche interests of a cultural minority. By framing certain moral practices as specifically Christian, these activists present their religious convictions as something increasingly set apart from broader English culture, thereby hastening the secularization they seek to counter. The book offers a unique look at how Christian politico-legal activism in England simultaneously responds to and constitutes the religious life of a nation.
Palm Fronds in the Public Square
Authors: McIvor Méadhbh
Published: May 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Christian legal activism. In a rapidly changing religious landscape, Protestant Christianity — although it remains both legally and culturally established — has become relativised. This relativisation is, in many ways, the product of centuries' worth of political dispute and interreligious negotiation, as the legal privileges associated with established religion have been diluted. Yet it has taken on a particular salience in recent years, one which can be dated to a seismic shift in England's regulation of religion: English law's transition from viewing 'religious freedom' as a negative civil liberty to ensuring it as a positive human right. While many English Christians have responded to these changes with resignation, some have embraced modes of legal and political engagement born of very different church–state paradigms, including a litigiousness more often associated with the United States. Armed with law degrees, evangelical conviction, and 'a passion to see the United Kingdom return to the Christian faith', these activists lobby and litigate to contest what they see as Christianity's ousting from the public square. This book argues that a willingness to take on legal challenges to protect Christian values risks those same values' marginalisation, as moralities previously woven into the fabric of national life are filtered out from their quotidian context and rebranded as 'religion' or 'religiously motivated'.
Confronting a Hostile World
Authors: McIvor Méadhbh
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the 'hostile world' thesis, which posits Christians as the increasingly countercultural inhabitants of a de-Christianising, 'hostile' state. For the members of Christ Church, the hostility they (expect to) face is thought to be inevitable. For the staff of Christian Concern, by contrast, ungodly legislation is met with what can be called an urgent theology of activism, in which Christians must 'stand for Truth' regardless of either personal cost or practical outcome. This approach helps rationalise the pursuit of the (sometimes unwinnable) legal cases that have propelled the organisation to fame. In focusing on particular policy areas, however, this urgent theology also risks circumscribing and relativising Christianity, suggesting that — as a minority interest requiring protection under rights-based law — it is merely one identitarian option among others.