bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE BIOLOGICAL FATHERS HAVE CIVIL RIGHTS WITH EVIDENCE AND CONVICTION OF THEIR CHILDREN
Authors: Hafidzi Anwar , Khalid Nadiyah , Septiani Rina
Published: December 2020

This paper aims to prove that Biological Children can provide Civil Relations with their fathers if they have an apparent legal force. This study differs from other researchers in the comparative aspect of normative Law and Islamic Law. This difference lies in the Constitutional Court decision results, which states that children produced outside of marriage have a civil relationship with the mother and family of their mother, father, and family of their biological father, which can be proven by DNA testing between them. Meanwhile, according to Islamic Law, children outside of marriage (Zina) only have a civil relationship or blood relationship with the mother and the mother's family. The method used in this research is a literature review with a normative approach to the Constitutional Court decision and the Scholar's opinion on children outside of marriage (Siri). This research found that children can biologically provide civil relations with their parents if done in marriage and proven by clear legalities such as witnesses and marriage documents. The presence of a decision of the Constitutional Court is a legal assurance or defense of the human rights of a citizen, whether they have the correct data and facts to their civil relations.
MAQASHID SYARI’AH AS A FILTER OF HOAX THROUGH AL-QURAN PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Witro Doli
Published: December 2020

A report of the information from non-profit organization, Communication and Broadcasting Technology, namely the Indonesian Telematics Society (Mastel) in 2019, are based on the results of a survey. It is conducted with 34.60% respondents who receive hoax news every day. Not only to ordinary people, but hoaxes also has come to the educated circles. In Islamic shari'ah, all aspects of life are regulated based on the Al-Quran and Sunnah so that it creates benefit for its adherents and cannot be separated in delivering and receiving the news. Speaking through the benefits, it seems that, it has referred to the purpose of Islamic shari'ah, in which the language of religion is called maqashid syari'ah. This paper focuses on the hoax phenomenon on social media using maqashid syari'ah. This paper aims to further examine the maqashid syari'ah as a news filter on the internet. This study employs a qualitative research type of library research. The data obtained from books, journals, and articles related to maqashid syari'ah and hoaxes. After the data were obtained, the data were presented in a descriptive narrative and were analyzed by using analysis techniques, namely data reduction, data presentation, and data verification. The results show that the five divisions of maqashid syari'ah are able to answer religious previous and contemporary problems of hoaxes. Meanwhile, Maqashid syari'ah can be employed as a filter for every news broadcasted and accepted by the community.
POVERTY AND RELIGIOSITY: THE ‘MISSING LINK’ FROM ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Adnan Ahmad Azrin , Bukido Rosdalina
Published: December 2020

Poverty is highly associated with many negative measurable aspects of life. Therefore, it is often regarded as a sign of failure. One of the arguments that prove this premise is that poverty is closer to disbelief. By rejecting doubt to preserve religion, a group that adheres to its logical religion will avoid poverty. Poverty in Kelantan shows the opposite. In a state of extreme religious adherence in terms of understanding, beliefs, and practices, more than half of the poor in Kelantan are hardcore poor. At the same time, the hardcore poor and the poor in Kelantan have the highest number in Peninsular Malaysia. This paper aims to study the relationship between poverty and religiosity in Kelantan. About 3,000 poor in ten provinces in Kelantan selected as respondents through stratified sampling. This study has demonstrated the true definition of poverty which includes the element of soul. It is clearly different from current definitions that focus more on property ownership.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MARRIAGE GUIDANCE FOR PROSPECTIVE BRIDALS BY THE RELIGION MINISTRY OF MANADO
Authors: Salma Salma , Rajafi Ahmad
Published: December 2020

Divorce in Manado includes the highest in North Sulawesi, while the office of Religious Affairs has long run the course for prospective brides. After that, it brought forth a new regulation on marriage guidance brides was born in 2009 with a detailed curriculum and modules in 2016. This marriage guidance is the urgency of this research to examine the implementation of marriage guidance in Manado's city. This research's field is qualitative with data collection through observation, interviews, documentation, and the SWOT analysis approach.  The results were found that many obstacles in the level of implementation, from disproportionate budgeting, not using a certified facilitator, the implementation that was not in accordance with the technical guidelines namely for sixteen hours of learning divided into two days; with a division of time of eight hours on the first day and eight hours on the second day.
THE SUPERVISION IN THE PROCESS OF INVESTIGATION AND INVESTIGATION OF CORRUPTION (POLICE AND PROSECUTION)
Authors: Wantu Fence , Tijow Lusiana Margareth , Yusuf Nasruddin
Published: December 2020

The investigation process is an integral part of the investigation. Put merely, and the research is an essential part of the study. The emphasis of investigations is on finding and gathering evidence so that the criminal act found becomes apparent and can find the culprit. In principle, the analysis of a criminal case is a continuation of the research carried out previously. For an event that has been declared a criminal act by the investigator, the next step is to investigate who the perpetrator of the crime is. This research was conducted by examining field data. This writing is to provide an ideal concept of supervision in the process of suspected criminal acts and then goes to the supervision of the investigation process. The investigation is carried out by officials appointed by Law as referred to in applicable laws and regulations. Still, management needs to be carried out by all parties, including the community. This management is a fundamental affirmation that all stakeholders play a significant role in eradicating corruption that threatens society's stability and security and weakens the institutions and values of democracy and justice, endangers sustainable development and law enforcement.
The Comparison of Guerilla Warfare Framework of Mao Tse-Tung, Vo Nguyen Giap, and Che Guevara
Authors:   Indonesia Defense University, Indonesia, Aribowo Tjandra , Risman Helda
Published: December 2020

Small war became popularly used in irregular warfare when a more considerable force dominated the opponent. Small wars but troublesome opposing forces are known as guerrillas. Since war architects popularized the guerrilla theory, it has also been frequently used in wars between forces. The psychological impact of most of the war's success can influence both state and group leaders to apply this model. It has been practiced and applied for a long time in various parts of the world until today. The very popularity of this model of warfare has prompted the author to produce an article that aims to compare the three guerrilla architects' frameworks from the point of view of a comprehensive strategy, tactics, and social aspects using the method of collecting data through document study. The results show that the framework of Mao Tse Tung, Vo Nguyen Giap, and Che Guevara about guerrilla warfare has its characteristics and perspectives.
Competitive Intelligence and Corresponding Outcome in a Strategic Management Process: A Review of Literature
Authors:   Kenyatta University, Kenya, Obonyo Moses Ochieng , Kilika James M.
Published: December 2020

The strategic management literature has put a lot of emphasis on the role of intelligence in the strategic management process. However, the available literature has not been thorough in outlining the role and the potential outcome of the deployment of business intelligence. Majority of the researchers have looked at the direct relationship between business intelligence with specific reference to competitive intelligence with performance. The purpose of this paper is to review the extant literature on competitive intelligence so as to highlight its role in the different phases of strategic management process as well as the emerging phenomenon of the adoption of competitive intelligence in a firm. The authors have integrated the extant literature on competitive intelligence with that on strategic management process. The paper reviews extant conceptual, theoretical and empirical literature and raises diverse issues that present a case for a new theoretical model suitable to extend the current understanding of the phenomenon brought about by the deployment of competitive intelligence. The paper raises implications for theory and practice and suggests a theoretical model suitable to guide future research.
Intellectual Capital, Bank Profitability, and Bank Value
Authors:   Maranatha Christian University, Indonesia, Anwar Sandra Saeful , Susan Marcellia , Septiadi Tedi
Published: December 2020

This study plans to investigate the influence of intellectual capital on bank profitability and value and bank profitability on bank market value. Furthermore, 34 banks listed on Indonesia's capital market are taken from the population by the simple random sampling technique. Path analysis model acting as the method to evaluate the variables-related data. From the hypothesis testing, this study affirms a positive impact of intellectual capital on bank profitability and value and the similar effect of bank profitability on bank value. The implications related to the application of intellectual capital in banks are attached.
Probing High School Students’ Understanding of Einstein’s Theory of Gravity Using Thought Experiments and Analogy
Authors:   Nusa Nipa University, Indonesia, Dua Yohanes Sudarmo , HarraHau Rambu Ririnsia , Elizabeth Agustina
Published: December 2020

In this study, we probed high school students’ understanding of Einstein’s theory of gravity by implementing an approach which mainly consists of two steps: firstly, exposing students to TEs describing the Equivalence Principle; secondly, applying the analogy of parallel lines on a curved surface with the path of two falling balls in a real gravitational field to help students deduce the idea of gravity as the spacetime curvature. A total of 12 high school students voluntarily participated in this study where data regarding their understanding were measured by means of an identical pen-and-paper test and interviews. Even though none of the students could explain what the Einstein’s version of gravity is in the pre-test, their responses in the post-test indicated that the approach we applied could help them understand the Einstein’s theory of gravity. Not only could they recall what the gravity is, most of them managed to provide related analogy they have learnt to explain their thoughts. Apart from its easily comprehensible steps, the study suggested that the approach is worth adopting to teach Einstein’s theory of gravity as it reflects the similar path ever taken by Einstein when starting to formulate his theory of gravity.
Enhancing EFL Students’ Autonomous Learning of English Conversation During COVID-19 Via Language-in-talk Log Assignments
Authors:   Prince of Songkla University, Thailand, Dema Chimi , Sinwongsuwat Kemtong
Published: December 2020

This one-group pre- and post-test quasi-experimental study endeavored to investigate whether learner autonomy was developed with implementing language-in-talk log assignments as a monitored self-study task in a university English conversation course (890-020 English Conversation). Eighty-eight Thai second-year undergraduate accounting majors at Prince of Songkla University (PSU), Hat Yai, Thailand took part in the study. The participants completed 10 language-in-talk log assignments over 10 weeks. A pre- and post-questionnaire was administered before and after the intervention to examine the effect of the log assignments in developing participants’ learner autonomy. The reflective log was also used to gather participants’ perceptions of using the log assignments in a conversation course. The results showed that the language-in-talk log assignments aided in enhancing the students’ learner autonomy to set learning goals, select appropriate learning materials, take responsibility, and evaluate their learning. Seeking social assistance, however, did not have a significant difference in mean scores, and participants expressed dissatisfaction over not being able to interact with their peers as in classroom learning. The findings further highlighted the significance of teachers’ presence in scaffolding learners to achieve full autonomy. Overall, the results from this research supported the use of the log assignment as a potential pedagogical tool to enable learners to be responsible for their own learning in a language course.
Awareness of Long-Term Prednisolone Use Among Patients Attending a Respiratory Clinic in Sri Lanka: A Clinical Audit
Authors:   National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Thilakarathna Menaka
Published: December 2020

Background: Prednisolone is recognized as one of the most commonly used, highly effective anti-inflammatory agent. It plays a pivotal role in the management of various disease conditions in pulmonology, such as interstitial lung diseases, sarcoidosis, bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive airway disease, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and even in some forms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. However, this medication with great therapeutic importance is not free of risks. Long-term use and use in higher doses are known to cause various systemic adverse effects. Therefore, complying with recommended precautionary strategies is of paramount importance. Objectives: To assess awareness of correct use of prednisolone particularly among long-term, outpatient users. Methodology: A structured interviewer-based questionnaire was used to assess awareness of prednisolone usage in patients attending Central chest clinic, Colombo. Forty-one consecutive patients on long term prednisolone were selected from the clinic. The questionnaire was prepared based on recommendations and guidelines related to proper use of corticosteroids. Data were collected by the principal investigator. Results: This clinical audit highlighted the inadequacy of awareness about side effects and safety practices among patients on prolonged courses of prednisolone. Conclusion: Patients need to be educated more on adverse effects, safety measures and correct use to improve risk/ benefit ratio. Designing a steroid treatment card was identified as a potential method to optimize patient education, monitoring and adverse outcome prevention in long-term steroid therapy. Intended quality improvement will be evaluated by re-auditing the implemented protocol.
FINAL QUALITY OF A SUSTAINABLE LANDFILL AND POST-CLOSURE MANAGEMENT
Authors: Grossule Valentina
Published: December 2020

Landfill should be designed and constructed in line with the principle of environmental sustainability, guaranteeing over a period of less than one generation (typically considered 30 years) the environmental equilibrium of Final Storage Quality, when waste stability and immobilisation of contaminants is achieved and all active measures of control may be removed without posing any further risk to the environment. The practical definition of FSQ, when a landfill can be released from aftercare, and a procedure for the technical and administrative termination of the post-closure management phase are an evident regulatory strategic need to assure the design of sustainable landfill. The aim of this paper is to provide a criterion to define the FSQ of landfill, based on the control of the analytical emission parameters and of stability indexes related to the residual emission potential. These should concur with the law’s acceptance criteria for the landfilling of wastes (LAC), and with the legal limit values (LLV) established for the emission of contaminants into the environment. The interrelationship between, stability indexes (emission potential), analytical emission parameters, LAC and LLV is discussed and reference values are provided. Finally, the paper proposes a procedure for the termination of technical and administrative aspects following the post-closure management in accordance with FSQ.
Two-stage alkaline and acid pretreatment applied to sugarcane bagasse to enrich the cellulosic fraction and improve enzymatic digestibility
Authors: Igbojionu Longinus Ifeanyi , Laluce Cecilia , Pecoraro Edison
Published: December 2020

Sugarcane bagasse (SB) is made up of cellulose (32-43%), hemicellulose (19-34%) and lignin (14-30%). Due to high recalcitrant nature of SB, pretreatment is required to deconstruct its structure and enrich the cellulosic fraction. A two-stage NaOH and maleic acid pretreatment was applied to SB to enrich its cellulosic fraction. SB used in the present study is composed of cellulose (40.4 wt%), hemicellulose (20.9 wt%), lignin (22.5 wt%) and ash (4.0 wt%). After one-stage NaOH pretreatment, its cellulosic fraction increased to 61.8 wt% and later increased to 80.1 wt% after the second-stage acid pretreatment. Lignin fraction decreased to 3.0 wt% after one-stage NaOH pretreatment and remained unaffected after the acid pretreatment step. Hemicellulose fraction decreased substantially after the second-stage pretreatment with maleic acid. Pretreated SB displayed high crystallinity index and improved enzymatic digestibility. Hydrolysates of pretreated SB contained very low amount of xylose and subsequent fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae -IQAr/45-1 resulted to ethanol level of 8.94 g/L. Maximal ethanol yield of 0.49 g/g (95.8% of theoretical yield) and productivity of 0.28 g/L/h was attained. At the same time, biomass yield and productivity of 0.47 g/g and 0.27 g/L/h respectively were obtained. Two-stage NaOH and maleic acid pretreatment led to ~ two-fold increase in cellulosic fraction and enhanced the enzymatic digestibility of SB up to 70.4%. The resulted enzymatic hydrolysate was efficiently utilized by S. cerevisiae -IQAr/45-1 to produce high yield of ethanol. Thus, optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis at low enzyme loading is expected to further improve the process and reduce cost.
Participatory solid waste governance and the role of social and solidarity economy: experiences from São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Gutberlet Jutta , Rizpah Besen Gina , Morais Leandro
Published: December 2020

Waste governance is emerging as transdisciplinary and inter-sectoral approach to waste management and policy, overcoming primarily prescriptive engineering perspectives of waste. The process of governing waste involves the articulation of different structures, institutions, policies, practices and actors. Paying attention to issues of power, scale, and equity are important in the search for more democratic practices. Innovative forms of governance are emerging as decentralized, participatory and inclusive, focused on waste reduction and resource recovery. Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) is an innovative alternative in generating work and income and a response in favor of social and labor inclusion. It can also be considered as a new, more humane and inclusive development model. With this article we aim to provide practical knowledge on the contributions of grassroots organizations and networks in waste management, supporting the discussion of waste governance in the context of the SSE. We present different experiences of waste picker organizations in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil to showcase their assets and to discuss prevailing challenges. Employing the SSE as a new development model allows us to address everyday issues of waste generation, management and governance in Brazilian cities and in other parts of the world; particularly from the perspective of organized waste pickers in associations, cooperatives and networks. This is a development paradigm which goes beyond just economic considerations, as highlighted with examples from waste management.
Anaerobic digestion of food waste at varying operating conditions
Authors: Dhungana Bipasyana , Lohani Sunil Prasad
Published: December 2020

Food waste is one of the major problems contributing to the degradation of the environment, and thus needs serious attention. Among different options, anaerobic digestion is possibly the most effective technique for managing degradable waste, and produce renewable energy and fertilizer. Despite multiple-use and benefits of the technology, its application is limited due to a few technical challenges. This study focuses on the anaerobic digestion of food waste with the addition of different percentages of digested cow manure as inoculum to it, at different total solid content in ambient temperature. Anaerobic digestion of food waste in batch and semi-continuous processes were carried out in three different trials at an average temperature range of 20-26℃: Food waste with 20% inoculum, food waste with 50%, 100%, and 200% inoculum and 10% total solid content in batch process and food waste with 20% inoculum with 6% and 10% total solids content in the semi-continuous process. During each trial, some amount of gas production was observed, however, the gas composition showed a negligible amount of methane production (maximum 13% of CH4). There were two common problems detected in each trial: the inability to complete the methanogenesis process, and instability of the overall process due to the high degradability and acidic nature of food waste. Therefore, this study suggests that the mono digestion of food waste is not a suitable option. However, anaerobic co-digestion of food waste with different organic substrate might provide a favorable condition for stable anaerobic digestion as seen from preliminary results.
Determination of the composition of multilayer plastic packaging with NIR spectroscopy
Authors: Chen Xiaozheng , Kroell Nils , Feil Alexander , Pretz Thomas
Published: December 2020

In food and medical packaging, multiple layers of different polymers are combined in order to achieve optimal functional properties for various applications. Flexible multilayer plastic packaging achieves a reduction in weight compared to other packaging products with the same function, saving material and in transportation costs. Recycling of post-industrial multilayer packaging was achieved by some companies, but the available technologies are limited to specific polymer types. For post-consumer waste, recycling of multilayer packaging has not been achieved yet. One of the main challenges in plastic sorting is that the detection and separation of multilayer packaging from other materials is not possible yet. In this study, the possibility to detect and sort flexible multilayer plastic packaging was investigated with near-infrared spectroscopy, which is the state-of-the-art technology for plastic sorting. The results show that from a detection and classification point of view, sorting of monolayer, two- and three-layers samples under laboratory conditions is possible. According to the captured data, the sequence of layers has little influence on the spectra. In case of glossy samples, the spectra are influenced by printed surfaces. With an increase in thickness, the spectra get more characteristic, which makes the classification easier. Our results indicate that the sorting of post-consumer multilayer plastic packaging by main composition is theoretically achievable.
Drying of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) using Solar Tunnel Dryer Integrated with Flat-Plate Solar Collector: An Experimental Approach
Authors: M. Ismail Tamer , Ramzy Khaled , Sherif Hisham
Published: December 2020

Solar energy can be effectively used for drying, especially when the cost of fuel used for conventional dryers is high. The drying of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is a complicated process involving mass and heat transfer and depends on external variables such as humidity, temperature, and air velocity as well as internal variables, e.g., material surface, physical structure, chemical composition, size, and shape. Herein, a solar tunnel dryer integrated with a flat-plate solar collector was designed and fabricated at the Faculty of Engineering, Suez Canal University, Egypt. The experiments were performed during July 2019. The weather characteristics as well as the variation in moisture content with time were recorded continually. The results indicated that the maximum efficiencies of the solar collector were 46.6%, 53.4%, and 40.0% on 2, 4, and 6 July, 2019, respectively. Moreover, on these days, the moisture content of RDF decreased from 35.6% to 9.6%, from 28.3% to 8.5%, and from 43.5% to 14.0%. The dryer efficiency varied over 14.1–29.5% depending on the drying air stream temperature. The maximum dryer efficiencies recorded were 23.8%, 29.5%, and 25.8% on 2, 4, and 6 July, 2019, respectively.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ON-SITE SORTING FOR C&D IN CHINA AND EUROPE
Authors: Hao Jianli , Di Maria Francesco , Chen Zhikun , Yu Shiwang , Ma Wenting , Di Sarno Luigi
Published: December 2020

Construction and demolition waste (CDW) accounts for 40% of urban municipal waste in China and around 25% in the European Union (EU). Since the EU is more developed and urbanized than China, its experience with managing CDW may be helpful to China. This study therefore compared China and the EU with respect to the flow of CDW materials and the policies, laws and regulations for CDW management. The results reveal that the CDW management practices and facilities in China are relatively underdeveloped with a large amount of low-value inert material going to landfill compared with the EU. The study also reveals the important role of government involvement in CDW management, including the use of punitive measures and preferential policies; most EU members states achieved their waste recovery rates by 2016 due to mature CDW legalization. To improve the management of CDW in China, a series of suggestions are proposed including waste prevention strategies, establishment of supervision mechanisms, and financial support.
TEX2MAT – NEXT LEVEL TEXTILE RECYCLING WITH BIOCATALYSTS
Authors: Piribauer Benjamin , Jenull-Halver Uta , Quartinello Felice , Ipsmiller Wolfgang , Laminger Thomas , Koch Daniel , Bartl Andreas
Published: December 2020

Achieving a circular economy for end-of-life textiles is one of the big challenges in the textile industry. Currently, after disposal, textiles often end up in landfills or in incineration plants. Over the last years, the textile industry exhibited high growth rates and the annual global fibre production is reaching 100 Million t. It also has to be considered that textile products are increasingly becoming more complex, to fulfill special functionality resulting in the use of multi-material textiles. However, these textiles are hard to recycle. The TEX2MAT project is a FFG (Austrian Research Promotion Agency) promoted project conducted by a consortium of 13 research institutions and private businesses that offers a solution. The goal was to develop an innovative process for the material recycling of selected multi-material textile streams. In multiple case studies, pre- and post-consumer cotton/polyester textiles from the Austrian SME sector were investigated to close the material cycle from raw material back to raw material. The case studies used a new approach involving the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. This way cotton can be converted into glucose and polyester remains as the only polymer and is thus accessible for a rather easy recycling process. The obtained glucose can be used as raw material for different platform chemicals. The project team successfully demonstrated the functionality of the whole processing chain, by complete removal of the cotton from the textile, and weaving of new towels with the recycled polyester.
Hierarchical modelling for recycling-oriented classification of shredded spent flat monitor products based on HyperSpectral Imaging
Authors: Bonifazi Giuseppe , Gasbarrone Riccardo , Palmieri Roberta , Serranti Silvia
Published: December 2020

The number of flat monitors from televisions, notebooks and tablets has increased dramatically in recent years, thus resulting in a corresponding rise in Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). This fact is linked to the production of new high-performance electronic devices. Taking into account a future volume growth trend of WEEE, the implementation of adequate recycling architectures embedding recognition/classification logics to handle the collected WEEE physical-chemical attributes, is thus necessary. These integrated hardware and software architectures should be efficient, reliable, low cost, and capable of performing detection/control actions to assess: i) WEEE composition and ii) physical-chemical attributes of the resulting recovered flow streams. This information is fundamental in setting up and implementing appropriate recycling actions. In this study, a hierarchical classification modelling approach, based on Near InfraRed (NIR) - Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI), was carried out. More in detail, a 3-step hierarchical modelling procedure was designed, implemented and set up in order to recognize different materials present in a specific WEEE stream: End-of-Life (EoL) shredded monitors and flat screens. By adopting the proposed approach, different categories are correctly recognized. The results obtained showed how the proposed approach not only allows the set up of a “one shot” quality control system, but also contributes towards improving the sorting process.
PROPOSAL OF A TESTING PROGRAM FOR THE HP14 (ECOTOXIC) CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOMOTIVE SHREDDER RESIDUES (ASR) BY A BATTERY OF ECOTOXICOLOGICAL BIOASSAYS
Authors: Pivato Alberto , Beggio Giovanni , Hennebert Pierre , Bonato Tiziano , Favarin Martina , Raga Roberto
Published: December 2020

This manuscript describes a full procedure to be used in performing HP 14 classification of Automotive Shredder Residue (ASR). Sampling instructions and conditions for the transport and storage of ASR samples are included. Additionally, the steps to be followed in preparation of test portions (both solid samples and water extracts) prior to chemical characterization and subsequent ecotoxicological testing are defined. The established test battery includes all bioassays proposed in Pandard and Römbke (2013). Only aquatic bioassays are proposed as mandatory in this paper, which leaves the possibility of performing tests on terrestrial organisms based on the results of chemical characterization of the solid samples. Finally, the proposed set of concentration limits triggering HP 14 classification is fully consistent with thresholds described by Hennebert (2018a).
The Normality of Industrial and Commercial Waste: Economic, Technical and Organisational Barriers to Waste Prevention
Authors: Svingstedt Anette , Corvellec Hervé , Samsioe Emma
Published: December 2020

This study shows that the production of industrial and commercial waste should form part of normal organisational practices. When asked about waste prevention, representatives of food, textile, electronics and construction companies in Sweden have difficulties highlighting concrete waste-prevention objectives, measures and outcomes. Instead, they highlight economic, technical, and organisational barriers that prevent them from engaging in waste prevention, thereby endowing the production of waste with an economic, technical and organisational rationality. This triple rationalisation of waste production amounts to the managerial normalisation of waste that obstructs the implementation of waste prevention policies. Thus, we suggest that these policies aim to de-normalise industrial and commercial waste in similar ways to the measures used to de-normalise household waste.
SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTION PROCEDURE: A VERSATILE TOOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
Authors: Villen-Guzman Maria , Cerrillo-Gonzalez Maria del Mar , Paz-Garcia Juan Manuel , Vereda-Alonso Carlos , Gomez-Lahoz Cesar , Rodriguez-Maroto Jose M.
Published: December 2020

The sequential extraction procedure as a tool to assess the environmental risk of metals in solid matrices has been widely studied. In this work, another promising application of these methods is proposed: the evaluation of the recoverability of critical raw materials from a solid matrix. To this aim, the normalized sequential extraction procedure BCR was applied to a contaminated soil from the south of Spain. In addition to this, the influence of the incomplete dissolution of carbonates contained in the soil on the fractionation results has been also studied. The high percentage of metal in the most mobile fractions suggested the potential use of the solid matrix as secondary source. The use of this approach together with environmental and economic feasibility studies would be an approach toward the circular economy.
INCLUSIVE PACKAGING RECYCLING SYSTEMS: IMPROVING SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR A CIRCULAR ECONOMY
Authors: Rutkowski Jacqueline E.
Published: December 2020

Innovative waste recycling methods have been developed in many countries by waste pickers (WP), which reduce overall recycling costs and expand recovered resources, providing income to a jobless population. The Brazilian experience in Extended Producer Responsibility for Packaging, implemented considering the WP as the main participant in the scheme, was investigated using the European P-EPR, the most consolidated experience in the world, as a benchmark. Quantitative and qualitative methods, including systematic literature review, were combined to discuss how the models could learn from each other to compose an inclusive P-EPR scheme, seeking to identify accessible solutions for the implementation of Integrated Sustainable WM in LMIC, taking into account their financial and governance constraints. Results showed that both systems are driving the recycling sector and increasing the efficiency of the WM, although neither has contributed to reducing the generation of waste. The BR scheme provided the recycling of different materials, but only the most valuable materials were recycled in the market-driven EU P-EPR. Mutual learning and networking between packaging producers and WP cooperatives in the BR P-EPR scheme improved the sustainability of the latter and knowledge of the recycling market for the former, in addition to improving the traceability of the informal sector's contribution to the recycling. An inclusive P-EPR scheme is suggested as a proposal for a more effective recovery of resources in many emerging countries, which can be crucial to achieve increasing plastic recycling targets agreed by many producers and to accomplish the ambitious EU's objectives of waste recovery.
Benchmark analysis for recycled glass in Austrian Waste Management
Authors: Friedrich Karl , Holzschuster Stephan , Fritz Theresa , Pomberger Roland , Aldrian Alexia
Published: December 2020

The amendment of the Waste Framework Directive of the European Commission has set a new target for the use of recyclates. It is one of the most significant findings of this strategy that recyclates are currently too infrequently integrated into new products. Glass recycling, however, is widely accepted by the society. The chemical and physical properties of glass enable an almost 100% rate of recycling. Furthermore, the society is experienced in separating glass by colour, resulting in high-quality recycling glass for the production of new glass. Cullets are significant here. Evidently, the price of recyclates is linked to the price of primary material. Practical experience has shown, however, that pricing also correlates with different quality parameters such as degree of mixing, degree of degradation and presence of impurities. This paper examines the correlation between different quality features and how they affect the price of cullets. Experts from the Austrian processing and recycling business were interviewed about the important parameters of their quality inspection and how they affect the pricing policy. Additionally, quality parameters for input and output material are included. Besides the interviews, specific questions on correlations between the price and quality of cullets were e-mailed to several stakeholders in the glass industry. Experts from the glass processing industry did not confirm a correlation between price and quality, however: higher quality does not necessarily mean higher prices. Glassworks are ready to pay higher prices for higher qualities in order to meet their sustainability objectives or to expand their production capacities.
Chemical exploratory analysis of printed circuit board (PCB) using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES): data treatment and elements correlation
Authors: Castro Jeyne , Edenir Rodrigues Pereira-Filho
Published: December 2020

Electronic waste is the fastest growing class of residue in the world. This material presents several electric and electronic equipment (EEE) with a huge amount of base, valuable and toxic elements, thus increasing its recycling interest. This study is aimed to perform an exploratory analysis of printed circuit board (PCB) using Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). A PCB from hard disk (HD) was split in 77 sub-samples using a lathe following by mineralization process. This step was conducted without milling process. So, the sub-samples were weighted and mixed with concentrated aqua regia solution, followed by mineralization using microwave oven radiation. Twenty elements were determined by ICP OES (Al, Au, Ba, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pd, Pt, Sb, Sn, Ti and Zn), and Flame atomic absorption spectrometry - FAAS (Ag). With the concentration results, several graphical analyzes were performed: (1) scores map and loading plot; (2) correlation plot and; (3) PCB element distribution maps. With this exploratory analysis, it was possible visualize and understand the data, observing correlations among the elements, how close these correlations are and how is this correlation around the PCB components. This strategy was a good way to observe the PCB complexity and the importance of recycling these materials.
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE: REVERSE LOGISTICS PERFORMANCE DETERMINES OPPORTUNITY COST OF BULK TIPPING
Authors: Fehr Manfred , Minéu Humberto Ferreira Silva
Published: December 2020

The opportunity cost concept refers to quantifying the opportunities lost upon choosing one investment option over a more economical alternative. The present study applies the concept to the process of choosing the best investment option for managing municipal solid waste. In a case study in Brazil, the options on the table are bulk collection and tipping versus reverse logistics with selective collection and sale of recovered components. The use of relative monetary values renders the results general and applicable in other scenarios. The bulk tipping option represents the reference cost of 100. The research postulates a linear relation between the opportunity cost of bulk tipping (y) and the efficiency of reverse logistics operations (x). Zero efficiency means bulk collection and tipping of all waste. Full efficiency means capture of all recyclable items, which in the case study amount to 80% of waste. Various intermediate points confirm the relationship that takes the form y=0.968x. The result shows that opportunity cost is dynamic in as much as changes of technologies and administrative procedures move it along that line. It also illustrates to municipal administrations the immediate economic effect of implementation and stepwise improvement of reverse logistics.
Info from the global world
Authors: Cristina Lavagnolo, Mark Kalina Managing editors: Maria , Sholanke and Jutta Gutberlet Authors: Dare
Published: December 2020

The Covid-19 pandemic, has emphasised the need to consider the interconnectedness of our planet, and the importance of highlighting new, and previously underrepresented perspectives on global waste management issues. The new corner, “Info from the global world” wants to collect thoughts and impressions from different parts of the world, with the aim of contributing to a more innovative and inclusive waste management studies discourse. The column will promote cultural intersections on issues affecting circular waste management, environmental protection and human health. We will highlight contributions from diverse expert authors who discuss, among a number of topics, how gender inequality and environmental racism can be combated through truly sustainable waste management and how the circular economy and Sustainable Developing Goals can contribute to combating poverty and mitigating waste inequalities. The second issue of the Column features the work of Dare Sholanke and Jutta Guterblet of the University of Victoria, Canada. Their discussion centres the lives and livelihoods of informal recyclers in Western Canada- a topic which has traditionally been contextualised within Global South settings. Sholanke and Guterblet’s reflection is both empirically interesting, as they provide a vivid snapshot of the quotidian vulnerabilities of this group, but also conceptually valuable, as the theoretical framework they utilise could be readily adapted for scholarly use within other contexts. Their conclusions challenge the inclusivity of local waste management systems for informal recyclers, and the further recommendations that continue to come out of this project should be of great international interest.
DETRITUS & ART
Authors: Stegmann Managing editor: Rainer
Published: December 2020

Artists seldom provide an interpretation of their own work; they leave this to the observer. Each of us will have his/her own individual view of a specific piece of art, seeing different contents and experiencing a range of own feelings and emotions. Bearing this in mind, I created this page where you will find regularly selected masterpieces from different epochs and I express my thoughts on what the work conveys to me personally. My interpretation will refer specifically to the theme “Environment”. Any comments or suggestions regarding this column should be addressed to stegmann@tuhh.de.
Advance 2 Not a pretty picture Psychosocial disability in Australia
Authors: ATHANASOU JAMES
Published: December 2020

This paper describes
the impact of psychosocial disabilities in Australia on vocational achievements.
The report is based on the official statistics on Disability Ageing and
Carers by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The major findings in
relation to persons with a psychosocial disability are: (a) only 32% are in the labour force; (b) the proportion who are unemployed is 1.7 times
that for those with no disability; (c) employment is reduced
more than twice for those with some other disability; (d) larger proportions are working part-time than
full-time; (e) there is some underlying impact on the types of
occupations; (f) the median income is much less ($400 gross per
week) than for other disabilities ($575.00 gross per week) or even no
disability ($950.00 gross per week) ; and (g) the workplace is by far the highest source of
unfair treatment with 46,500 instances in the previous 12 months. It was concluded that most persons with a
psychosocial disability do not participate in the labour market. When they do,
they suffer higher levels of unemployment. When they get a job, it is more
likely to be part-time. When they are employed substantial numbers face
discrimination and restrictions.
«Pan is not a brother»: Lithuania and its history in the light of Westrussianism after the second Polish uprising
Authors: Megem Maxim
Published: December 2020

The article reconstructs the process of integration of the Lithuanian ethnic group into the Russian socio-political discourse of the XIX century, examines the evolution of approaches of the Russian intelligentsia to the perception of Lithuania and the Lithuanian nation. It is concluded that even after the annexation of Lithuania as a result of the partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Russia continued to treat it as a Polish territory with a Polonized population.
Modeling of Tumor-Immune System Interaction with Stochastic Hybrid Systems with Memory: A Piecewise Linear Approach
Authors: GOKGOZ Nurgul , ÖKTEM Hakan
Published: December 2020

In this work, we benefit from hybrid systems that are advantageous because of their
analytical and computational usefulness in the case of inferential modeling. In fact,
many biological and physiological systems exhibit historical responses such that the
system and its responses depend on the whole history rather than a combination
of historical events. In this work, we use and improve hybrid systems with memory
(HSM) in the subclass of piecewise linear differential equations. We also include
stochastic calculus to our model to exhibit uncertainties and random perturbations
clearly, and we call this model stochastic hybrid systems with memory (SHSM).
Finally, we choose tumor-immune system data from the literature and show that
the model is capable to model history dependent behavior.
The rise and fall of L-spaces, II
Authors: PARK Sehie
Published: December 2020

In 2005, Ben-El-Mechaiekh, Chebbi, and Florenzano obtained a generalization of Ky Fan's 1984 KKM theorem on the intersection of a family of closed sets on non-compact convex sets in a topological vector space. They also extended the Fan-Browder fixed point theorem to multimaps on non-compact convex sets. Since then several groups of the L-space theorists introduced coercivity families and applied them to L-spaces, H-spaces, etc. In this article, we show that better forms of such works can be deduced from a general KKM theorem on abstract convex spaces in our previous works. Consequently, all of the known KKM theoretic results on L-spaces related coercivity families are extended to corresponding better forms on abstract convex spaces. This article is a continuation of our \cite{38} and a revised and extended version of \cite{34}.
L’Indochine française du XIXe-XXe siècle – politique et religions
Authors: AISDL
Published: December 2020

La colonisation suivie du règne communiste a laissé sa marque sur l’ancienne Indochine française, constituée des trois pays Vietnam, Laos et Cambodge. Cet article vise à analyser la relation étroite entre des bouleversements politiques de la fin XIXe-début XXe siècle et l’évolution des institutions religieuses en Indochine, pour conclure sur l’interaction et l’influence réciproque entre politique et religieux.
Analisis Cara Kerja Sensor Ph-E4502c Menggunakan Mikrokontroler Arduino Uno Untuk Merancang Alat Pengendalian Ph Air Pada Tambak
Authors: Saputra Galih Agus
Published: December 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui cara kerja sensor pH-E4502C dalam mendeteksi derajat keasaman atau pH (power of hydrogen) suatu larutan. Dengan mengetahui cara kerja sensor, diharapkan sensor dapat dikembangkan sebagai alat ukur untuk merancang alat monitoring pH air secara efektif agar tidak terjadi keterlambatan pengendalian pH air tambak yang. Dengan menggunakan sensor pH-E4502C sebagai alat ukur, Arduino Uno sebagai mikrokontroler dan LCD 16x2 I2C sebagai monitor yang menampilkan nilai dan status dari pH yang terdeteksi. Yang dimana para petani tambak dapat mengetahui kadar pH dalam air secara real-time sehingga dapat melakukan pengendalian pH air tambak secara efektif. Pada hasil pengujian alat dapat digunakan untuk memonitoring serta menampilkan status derajat keasaman suatu larutan secara real-time. Dengan menggunakan ketentuan nilai kadar pH air tambak kurang dari 6.5 bersifat asam, lebih dari 7.5 bersifat basa, serta nilai pH lebih dari 6.5 dan kurang dari 7.5 bersifat netral. Akan tetapi saat dilakukan pengujian pada larutan buffer pH 4.01, didapatkan nilai pH sebesar 4.02 sehingga terdapat selisih nilai sebesar 0.01 pada larutan bersifat asam.