bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of group resilience on job satisfaction among Korean nurses: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Son Dong‐Min , Ham Ok‐Kyung
Published: June 2020

Purpose

This study examined whether the individual and organisational factors of ecological systems theory are associated with job satisfaction among nurses in South Korea.

Background

Nursing shortages and high turnover rates are a global issue in healthcare settings, and job satisfaction is significantly associated with the turnover intention of nurses. Therefore, efforts to promote job satisfaction are needed to decrease the high turnover rates among nurses and promote care quality and patient safety.

Design

A cross‐sectional study was performed. This paper adhered to the STROBE guidelines.

Methods

A sample of 438 nurses working in five secondary or tertiary hospitals was surveyed. The study instruments included work–life balance, resilience, insomnia and job satisfaction.

Results

Using multilevel analysis, both individual and organisational factors were associated significantly with job satisfaction, and variance at the group level accounted for 19.98% of the total variance of job satisfaction. Among the individual factors, marital status and work–life balance were significantly associated with job satisfaction. At the organisational level, the group mean resilience score was significantly associated with job satisfaction (p < .05).

Conclusion

The psychosocial characteristics of individual nurses and their affiliated groups (nursing units) were significant in explaining the job satisfaction of nurses.

Relevance to clinical practice

Both individual‐focused and group‐focused interventions are needed to improve job satisfaction and decrease the turnover intention.
“It is really so exhausting”: Exploring intensive care nurses’ perceptions of 24‐hour long shifts
Authors: Koy Virya , Yunibhand Jintana , Turale Sue
Published: June 2020

Aim and objectives

To explore the perceptions and experiences of Cambodian ICU registered nurses regarding their working 24‐hr shifts.

Background

In Europe and the USA, nurses are moving to a 12‐hr shift, and numerous studies have revealed the positive and negative effects of these. However, lesser known is the impact of 24‐hr nursing shifts on care quality, and health and safety. In Cambodia, 100% of nurses are rostered for these in their shift patterns, but until this study no research had been conducted on such shifts.

Design

A qualitative descriptive study.

Method

Three focus group discussions were conducted with 30 registered nurses in July 2019, ten in each group, from three intensive care units of three hospitals in Cambodia. Data saturation was obtained. Data were analysed using content analysis, and the COREQ was applied for reporting this study.

Findings

The ICU nurses’ perspectives revealed significant and unacceptable effects of working shifts of ~25‐hr length, taking into account staff handover. Two major themes arose: It is so exhausting and Compromised hospital care. Alarmingly, participants worked on average 72 hr per week, were exhausted, and nursed between 6 and 10 critically ill patients per shift.

Conclusion

To our knowledge this is the first study on nurses working 24‐hr shifts, revealing unacceptable, high risks for the health and safety of nurses and patients, with nursing activities left undone, and a lack of quality care.

Relevance to clinical practice

Improving nurse and patient health and safety, and quality of care requires hospital leaders to work with government and nursing organisations to develop better shift strategies. Resources need to be provided so that: nurses can work a maximum 12‐hr shifts; the ratio of nurses to patients is improved; and nurses can have decent break times. This has major implications, for not only practice, but also management, administration, budgets and education.
School‐Based Health Centers in the United States: Roots, Reality, and Potential
Authors: Dunfee Madeline N.
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND

Given the amount of time children and adolescents spend in school, these locations may be ideal for simultaneously supporting young people's health and academic achievement. School‐based health centers (SBHCs) not only bring care to students in accessible and familiar locations, these centers also provide guidance for young people during a life stage when they are establishing lifelong health behavior habits.

METHODS

This article examines the literature exploring the impact of SBHCs from the perspective of multiple stakeholder groups including students, guardians, school personnel, community members, providers, hospital administrators, public health officials, and insurers.

RESULTS

Studies describe the positive effects of SBHCs on students' health and educational outcomes. SBHCs are generally associated with decreased health care disparities among students, accelerated treatment, and increased school attendance.

CONCLUSIONS

Additional research exploring strategies for optimizing SBHC's economic efficiency and tailoring SBHC services to meet the needs of vulnerable patient populations is essential. Investigation into the impacts of SBHCs on community stakeholders outside of the student population is also vital.
NUMERICAL MODELLING OF THE AUSTRALIA – ANTARCTICA CONJUGATE MARGINS USING THE GALO SYSTEM: PART 1. THE BREMER SUB‐BASIN, SW AUSTRALIA
Authors: Galushkin Y. I. , Leitchenkov G. L. , Dubinin E. P.
Published: June 2020

An analysis of variations in the tectonic subsidence of the Bremer sub‐basin (offshore SW Australia) since 160 Ma using the GALO numerical basin modelling programme has made it possible both to refine previous models and to estimate the intensity of stretching and thermal activation of the lithosphere. The new model explains the rapid subsidence of the sub‐basin and the deposition of the synrift Bremer 1 unit during the initial rift phase in the Late Jurassic (160 to 130 Ma). This phase of extension was accompanied by high heat flows, typical of the axial zones of continental rifts, and lithospheric stretching with a β‐factor of about 1.4. Between 130 and 43 Ma, the abnormally low depositional rate and the shallow water depths suggest moderate thermal activation of the mantle and the absence of extension‐driven subsidence. However during the Eocene (43 to 37 Ma), the modelling suggests that another phase of intense stretching of the sub‐basin lithosphere took place with β = 1.7, explaining both the subsidence and an abrupt increase in water depth from about 50–200 m to nearer 2000 m.

The high heat flows during the initial stage of rifting and thermal activation during Cenozoic extension contributed to the early generation of hydrocarbons by source rocks in the Bremer 1 unit at the base of sedimentary cover. At the present day, these source rocks are overmature. At the same time, the modelling suggests that generation of light and heavy oil in the overlying Bremer 2 and 3 units has occurred. Source rock intervals in the upper half of the Bremer 3 unit and in the overlying successions are early mature or immature and may have generated minor volumes of hydrocarbons.
Possible function of GDNF and Schwann cells in wound healing of periodontal tissue
Authors: Itoyama Tomohiro , Yoshida Shinichiro , Tomokiyo Atsushi , Hasegawa Daigaku , Hamano Sayuri , Sugii Hideki , Ono Taiga , Fujino Shoko , Maeda Hidefumi
Published: June 2020

Objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the function of Schwann cells in wound healing of periodontal tissue.

Background

In our previous study, glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) promoted the migration of human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells and that GDNF expression increased in wounded periodontal tissue. GDNF reportedly induces the migration of Schwann cell precursors. Schwann cells play a crucial role in the regeneration of peripheral tissues, including bone tissue. However, the role of Schwann cells on periodontal tissue regeneration remains unclear.

Methods

A transwell assay and a WST‐1 (water‐soluble tetrazolium compound‐1) proliferation assay were used to determine whether GDNF promotes the migration and proliferation of Schwann cells, respectively. Quantitative RT‐PCR and Alizarin Red S staining were performed to examine the effect of these cells on the differentiation of human preosteoblast (Saos2 cells) using conditioned medium from YST‐1 (YST‐1‐CM). Western blotting analysis was performed to determine whether YST‐1‐CM activates ERK signaling pathway in Saos2 cells. The expression of Schwann cell markers, S100 calcium‐binding protein B (S100‐B) and growth associated protein 43 (GAP‐43), was determined in normal and wounded periodontal tissue by immunofluorescent staining.

Results

Glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor promoted the migration of YST‐1 cells but did not affect the proliferation of YST‐1 cells. Saos2 cells cultured with YST‐1‐CM increased the expression of osteoblastic markers and mineralization. YST‐1‐CM also induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in Saos2 cells. The number of S100‐B‐immunoreactive cells which also expressed GAP‐43 was increased in rat wounded periodontal tissue during healing process.

Conclusion

The accumulation of Schwann cells in wounded periodontal tissue suggests that they play a significant role in wound healing of this tissue, especially alveolar bone tissue.
Low‐coverage genomic data resolve the population divergence and gene flow history of an Australian rain forest fig wasp
Authors: Cooper Lisa , Bunnefeld Lynsey , Hearn Jack , Cook James M. , Lohse Konrad , Stone Graham N.
Published: June 2020

Population divergence and gene flow are key processes in evolution and ecology. Model‐based analysis of genome‐wide data sets allows discrimination between alternative scenarios for these processes even in nonmodel taxa. We used two complementary approaches (one based on the blockwise site frequency spectrum [bSFS], the second on the pairwise sequentially Markovian coalescent [PSMC]) to infer the divergence history of a fig wasp, Pleistodontes nigriventris. Pleistodontes nigriventris and its fig tree mutualist Ficus watkinsiana are restricted to rain forest patches along the eastern coast of Australia and are separated into The Northern population is to the north of the Southern populations by two dry forest corridors (the Burdekin and St. Lawrence Gaps). We generated whole genome sequence data for two haploid males per population and used the bSFS approach to infer the timing of divergence between northern and southern populations of P. nigriventris, and to discriminate between alternative isolation with migration (IM) and instantaneous admixture (ADM) models of postdivergence gene flow. Pleistodontes nigriventris has low genetic diversity (π = 0.0008), to our knowledge one of the lowest estimates reported for a sexually reproducing arthropod. We find strongest support for an ADM model in which the two populations diverged ca. 196 kya in the late Pleistocene, with almost 25% of northern lineages introduced from the south during an admixture event ca. 57 kya. This divergence history is highly concordant with individual population demographies inferred from each pair of haploid males using PSMC. Our analysis illustrates the inferences possible with genome‐level data for small population samples of tiny, nonmodel organisms and adds to a growing body of knowledge on the population structure of Australian rain forest taxa.
New membership function for poverty measure
Authors: Belhadj Besma , Kaabi Firas
Published: June 2020

Fuzziness in a fuzzy set is determined by its membership function (m.f) which translates the reality of a problem. Accordingly, the shapes of membership functions (m.fs) are important for a particular problem such as poverty since they effect on a fuzzy inference system. Some authors have used to visualize the behaviour of poverty, different shapes like triangular, trapezoidal. In this paper, a specific (m.f), named modified logistic membership function better illustrating the complicated reality, is proposed to measure poverty. The modified logistic membership function is first formulated for several states of poverty and its flexibility in taking up vagueness in poverty is established by an analytical approach using aggregate operators in order to infer a logical conclusion measuring poverty. An application based on individual well‐being data from Tunisian households in 2010 is presented to illustrate use of proposed concepts.
Language without information exchange
Authors: Keiser Jessica
Published: June 2020

This paper attempts to revive a once‐lively program in the philosophy of language—that of reducing linguistic phenomena to facts about mental states and actions. I argue that recent skepticism toward this project is generated by features of traditional implementations of the project, rather than the project itself. A picture of language as essentially a mechanism for cooperative information exchange attracted theorists to metasemantic accounts grounding language use in illocutionary action (roughly, using an utterance to elicit a propositional attitude). When this picture is rejected, a metasemantics grounding language in locutionary action (using an utterance to direct attention) emerges as a more viable proposal, dissolving an intractable issue for traditional theories: the metasemantics of subsentential expressions.
Clinical significance of Candida isolation from dystrophic fingernails
Authors: Shemer Avner , Daniel Ralph , Lyakhovitsky Anna , Aghion‐Svirsky Vered , Kassem Riad , Rigopoulos Dimitris , Farhi Renata , Galili Eran
Published: June 2020

Background

Candida onychomycosis mostly involves fingernails. Yet, in contrast to dermatophytes, Candida isolation from dystrophic fingernails does not prove casualty, as sample contamination and non‐pathogenic Candida growth occur. Characterising treatment outcome of Candida‐positive dystrophic nails is crucial to avoid unnecessary treatment.

Objective

To investigate predicators associated with treatment outcome among Candida‐positive dystrophic fingernails.

Patients and methods

A retrospective cohort study was carried out among 108 adults with Candida‐positive dystrophic fingernails not cured with adequate systemic anti‐fungal course. Diagnosis was based on a single mycological culture. Patients with treatment failure (n = 85; 78.7% of the cases) were compared to patients with partial response (mild to almost cure; n = 23; 21.3% of the cases) at 9 to 12 months following treatment initiation.

Results

Treatment failure was significantly associated with primary onycholysis (odds ratio [OR] 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1‐7.4) and prolonged dystrophy (12.8 vs. 3.7 years in average), compared to partial treatment response. Non‐responders had lower odds to present with distal lateral subungual onychomycosis, compared to partial responders (OR 0.3; 95% CI 0.1‐0.7). Demographic and mycological characteristics, as well as number of nails affected, co‐presence of paronychia, and treatment regime were not found to be associated with treatment response.

Conclusion

Candida‐positive primary onycholysis was shown to be non‐responsive to systemic anti‐fungal treatment, suggesting that anti‐fungal treatment is not indicated. For other clinical scenarios, high proportions of treatment non‐response suggest that determining causality of Candida should not be based on a single positive mycological culture.
Candidaemia in the elderly: Epidemiology, management and adherence to the European Confederation of Medical Mycology quality indicators
Authors: Bal Abhijit M. , Palchaudhuri Mihir
Published: June 2020

Background

Candidaemia in the elderly has not been extensively investigated.

Objectives

We compared the management of candidaemia in the elderly patients (age ≥65 years) and the very elderly subgroup of patients (age ≥75 years) with those belonging to the younger group (age <65 years) using the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) Quality (EQUAL) standard.

Patients & Methods

Over a 10‐year period (April 2011‐March 2020), patients with candida bloodstream infection were identified. Data pertaining to demographics, clinical risk factors, antifungal treatment, central venous catheter and investigations such as echocardiogram and fundoscopy were obtained from electronic sources and medical case notes.

Results

A total of 174 episodes of candidaemia were recorded, comprising of 74 episodes in younger patients and 100 in the elderly, of whom 56 were in the very elderly patients. Of the 177 Candida species recovered, 79 were Candida albicans. EQUAL scores were analysed for 148 patients. The mean score was significantly lower in the elderly (10.4) and the very elderly (9.7) patients compared to the patients in the younger age group (12.19) (P < .01). In particular, this was due to lower blood culture volume drawn (P < .01) and, in the very elderly group, significantly lower scores for the quality indicators pertaining to echocardiogram and fundoscopy (P = .03). The overall mean EQUAL score was 11.16 (median 11; interquartile range 8‐14). The 30‐day survival was 68% and was similar between all groups.

Conclusions

Areas of improvement were identified in the management of candidaemia in the elderly patients.
Correlations among life stress, smoking behavior, and depressive symptoms in adolescents: A descriptive study with a mediating model
Authors: Ho Yen‐Chung , Lee Hsin‐Chien , Lin Mei‐Feng , Chang Hsiu‐Ju
Published: June 2020

The major objective of this study was to investigate how smoking behavior mediates the relationship between life stress and depressive symptoms in adolescents. A descriptive correlational study was conducted from February to June 2017 at a vocational high school in northern Taiwan, and 226 students were recruited through convenience sampling. Results indicated that smoking behavior played a pivotal role by partially mediating the relationship between life stress and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Life stress in adolescents significantly increased the risk of experiencing depressive symptoms, and adolescents who smoked were also at a greater risk. Assessments between the objective and self‐reported smoking behavior were significantly correlated. Therefore, integrated methods for assessing life stress, smoking behavior, and depressive symptoms in adolescents are needed for teachers and clinical professionals. Implementing appropriate policies for discouraging tobacco use for adolescents experiencing life stress in order to decrease depressive symptoms in school settings is paramount.
Rethinking Carper's personal knowing for 21st century nursing
Authors: Thorne Sally
Published: June 2020

In 1978, Barbara Carper named personal knowing as a fundamental way of knowing in our discipline. By that, she meant the discovery of self‐and‐other, arrived at through reflection, synthesis of perceptions and connecting with what is known. Along with empirics, aesthetics and ethics, personal knowing was understood as an essential attribute of nursing knowledge evolution, setting the context for the nurse to become receptively attentive to and engaged within the interpersonal processes of practice. Although much has been done over the 40 years since Carper described these ways of knowing, and we have seen enormous advances in empirics and ethics, and I would argue even in aesthetics (understanding the subtle craft of nursing in action), personal knowing may not have attracted its fair share of critical unpacking. Further, we see increasing evidence of a distortion on how forms of personal knowledge, including beliefs and attitudes, are being taken up within segments of the profession; these include legitimizing idiosyncratic positionings and, most worrisome, challenges to the idea that there are and ought to be fundamental truths within nursing that stand as central to disciplinary knowledge. In this paper, the author reflects on the confusion that a continued uncritical deference to personal knowing may be creating and the evolving interests it seems to serve.
The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system as a link between obesity and coronavirus disease 2019 severity
Authors: Akoumianakis Ioannis , Filippatos Theodosios
Published: June 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by the severe acute respiratory distress coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV2), is a rapidly evolving pandemic challenging the world and posing unprecedented public health issues. Current data show that COVID‐19 is associated with increased disease severity in individuals with obesity. Obesity is usually associated with dysregulated renin–angiotensin–aldosterone (RAAS) axis. RAAS has also been implicated in acute lung injury as well as myocardial injury and has thus attracted interest as a potential regulator of COVID‐19 severity. Whilst research all over the world is still struggling to provide a detailed characterization of the biology of SARS‐CoV2 and its associated disease profile, it has become evident that SARS‐CoV2 uses the membrane‐bound form of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor for cell internalization. ACE2 is a protective component of the RAAS axis and is downregulated after SARS‐CoV2 infection. The RAAS axis could thus be a link between obesity and COVID‐19 severity; therefore, more accurate understanding of the underlying mechanisms would be needed with the hope of proposing efficient therapeutic interventions.
Infection state can affect host migratory decisions
Authors: Naven Narayanan  , Binning Sandra Ann , Shaw Allison K.
Published: June 2020

Organisms across a wide range of taxa use migration as a strategy to avoid, reduce or recover from parasitic infection. Previous work has identified three different processes by which migration can help reduce infection risk and/or costs: migratory escape from infection, migratory culling of infected individuals and migratory recovery from infection. However, most theoretical modelling of host migration in response to infection assumes that individuals have a single strategy during both infected and susceptible states, meaning an individual's state (susceptible or infected) is irrelevant to its decision to migrate. Here, we construct a model with two independent strategies of migration for an individual based on whether they are infected or susceptible, to study when the decision to migrate is favourable. We show that the best strategy for individuals of a given infection state is to either always migrate or never migrate. When infected and susceptible individuals differ in their migration strategy, this leads to partial migration at the population level (only some individuals migrate). Whereas previous theory showed that partial migration can be optimal in the face of infection, our work further parses out the contributors to partial or complete migration by determining which individuals in the population are involved in migration for different sets of conditions.
Which mechanisms are responsible for population patterns across different quality habitats? A new approach
Authors: Belgrad Benjamin A. , Griffen Blaine D.
Published: June 2020

Spatial patterns in the abundance, distribution and characteristics of organisms are a fundamental feature of all ecosystems. However, achieving a mechanistic understanding of the forces behind these population patterns is a major challenge for ecologists due to the number and diversity of variables and relationships involved. Here, we developed a spatially‐explicit agent‐based model to determine the minimum individual characteristics and environmental relationships necessary to reproduce population patterns observed in the field across habitat quality. We designed the model so each trait and mechanism could be independently included or excluded allowing us to systematically identify their impacts. The model was parameterized and outputs compared to natural population patterns using data collected on an archetypical species, the mud crab Panopeus herbstii – a species that experiences drastic habitat degradation when oyster reefs are harvested or deteriorate. Surprisingly few parameters were required to reproduce field patterns. Food availability was the primary environmental determinant of spatial patterns, as crab abundances increased almost directly proportional to this variable. The main individual level mechanisms were the ability to detect food as well as size‐ and personality‐dependent movement, since proportionally more active individuals aggregated in high quality habitat. Although habitat‐ and size‐dependent mortality influenced the magnitude of differences in population demographics across habitats, these relationships did not impact the nature of the predicted patterns. Our model demonstrates that a few simple rules can underlie complex population patterns and highlights the importance of phenotypic differences, particularly in movement, for shaping populations across heterogenous terrain. The approach used here provides a framework for identifying the roles of multiple mechanisms in structuring complex systems, and demonstrates the importance of sensory limits, movement propensity of individuals and the availability of limiting resources for producing quantitative predictions of population responses to habitat change, such as degradation or restoration efforts.
Public servant stereotypes: It is not (at) all about being lazy, greedy and corrupt
Authors: Willems Jurgen
Published: June 2020

As stereotypes strongly influence social interactions, this study explores the stereotypical associations regarding public servants, and about various professions in the public sector as well as the for‐profit and nonprofit sectors. This leads to a better understanding of the theoretical and practical challenges, such as citizen behaviour towards public servants, attractiveness of and political decisions about public service jobs. With a mixed‐method analysis of cognitive associations (7,470 associations by 415 respondents for 12 professions), the defining epithets of public servants are clarified, along with their positive or negative connotation. Despite the strongest associations for public servants being positive (caring, helpful and dedicated), as an overall category, it has a less positive connotation compared to some specific professions typical in the public sector (nurse, firefighter and police). However, cognitive associations are substantially more positive for public servants compared to politicians, lawyers and salesmen.
Acute hematogenous pelvic osteomyelitis: appropriate timing for magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Miyazaki Osamu , Tanaka Toshiyuki , Aoki Hidekazu , Okamoto Reiko , Tsutsumi Yoshiyuki , Miyasaka Mikiko , Nosaka Shunsuke
Published: June 2020

Background

The precise time of appearance of bone marrow edema in acute hematogenous pelvic osteomyelitis (AHPO) is unknown. The purpose of the present research is to clarify the time of appearance of bone marrow edema on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in AHPO. Our hypothesis was that onset is slower than in long‐bone osteomyelitis.

Methods

We selected 12 patients (mean, 11.8 years) with MRI findings and clinical diagnosis of AHPO. The signal ratios of bone marrow (BM) and gluteus maximus muscle (M, BM/M ratio) in fat‐suppressed T2‐ and T1‐weighted images (T2WI, T1WI) were calculated to evaluate changes in bone‐marrow signals. The correlation between BM/M ratios and days from onset was evaluated statistically and compared with lower extremity osteomyelitis.

Results

Bone marrow/M ratio of T2WI increased over time after the onset of the primary symptom in all patients and showed a statistically positive correlation (r = 0.36). In seven patients in whom an MRI scan was conducted twice, all showed higher values for the second MRI, and changes were more pronounced over time. The mean BM/M ratio of T2WI was 4.1 when 7 days or less had elapsed from the primary symptom, and 6.4 when more than 7 days had elapsed. The BM/M ratios in the sacroiliac joint group were lower than in the non‐sacroiliac joint group.

Conclusions

Unlike long‐bone osteomyelitis, it took 1 week before findings for AHPO became fully evident. A definitive diagnosis can be made in patients with suspected sacroiliitis by performing a further MRI scan at 7 days or later.
Characterization of a Bio‐sourced, Fluorescent, Ratiometric pH Indicator with Alkaline pKa
Authors: Alheety Samar , Valenti Domenic , Mujumdar Nirvani , Ellis Nakita , Campiglia Andres D. , Harper James K. , Heider Emily C.
Published: June 2020

Utilizing organisms as sources of fluorophores relieves the demand for petroleum feedstock in organic synthesis of fluorescent products, and endophytic fungi provide a promising vein for natural fluorescent products. We report the characterization of a pH‐responsive fluorophore from an endophytic fungus isolated from sand pine. The endogenous fluorescence of the live organism was measured using fluorescence microscopy. Computational interpretation of the spectra was accomplished with time‐dependent density functional theory methods. The combined use of experimental and theoretically predicted spectra revealed the pH equilibria and photoexcited tautomerization of the natural product, 5‐methylmellein. This product shows promise both as a stand‐alone pH‐indicating fluorophore, with alkaline pKa, and as "green" feedstock for synthesis of custom fluorophores.
A Scalable Estimate of the Out-of-Sample Prediction Error via Approximate Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation
Authors: Rad Kamiar Rahnama , Maleki Arian
Published: June 2020

The paper considers the problem of out-of-sample risk estimation under the high dimensional settings where standard techniques such as K-fold cross-validation suffer from large biases. Motivated by the low bias of the leave-one-out cross-validation method, we propose a computationally efficient closed form approximate leave-one-out formula ALO for a large class of regularized estimators. Given the regularized estimate, calculating ALO requires a minor computational overhead. With minor assumptions about the data-generating process, we obtain a finite sample upper bound for the difference between leave-one-out cross-validation and approximate leave-one-out cross-validation, |LO−ALO|. Our theoretical analysis illustrates that |LO−ALO|→0 with overwhelming probability, when n, p → ∞, where the dimension p of the feature vectors may be comparable with or even greater than the number of observations, n. Despite the high dimensionality of the problem, our theoretical results do not require any sparsity assumption on the vector of regression coefficients. Our extensive numerical experiments show that |LO−ALO| decreases as n and p increase, revealing the excellent finite sample performance of approximate leave-one-out cross-validation. We further illustrate the usefulness of our proposed out-of-sample risk estimation method by an example of real recordings from spatially sensitive neurons (grid cells) in the medial entorhinal cortex of a rat.
Practical Knowledge, Equal Standing, and Proper Reliance on Others
Authors: Bagnoli Carla
Published: June 2020

According to a traditional account, moral cognition is an achievement gained over time by sharing a practice under the guidance and the example of the wise, in analogy with craft and apprenticeship. This model captures an important feature of practical reason, that is, its incompleteness, and highlights our dependence on others in obtaining moral knowledge, coherently with the socially extended mind agenda and recent findings in empirical psychology. However, insofar as it accords to exemplars’ decisive authority to determine the standard of correctness for moral cognition, the model does not offer protection against arbitrariness and discrimination. The article argues that to understand the socially distributed nature of practical knowledge, we have to discard the notion of exemplars and reconceive of others as having equal normative standing. This claim allows us to revisit the conception of autonomy as key to distributed practical knowledge. While autonomy does not amount to self‐sufficiency and self‐reliance, it does demand independence of judgement and stands in contrast to servility, submission, and other sorts of defective ways of relying on others. The requirement of equal standing provides the basis for distinguishing between proper and improper reliance on others.
Chemotherapy‐induced diarrhoea in dogs and its management with smectite: Results of a monocentric open‐label randomized clinical trial
Authors: Fournier Quentin , Serra Juan‐Carlos , Williams Claire , Bavcar Spela
Published: June 2020

Chemotherapy‐induced diarrhoea (CID) is a frequent chemotherapy adverse event in dogs. Yet, there is currently no consensus regarding its management. Smectite is a natural medical clay, widely used in the treatment of acute diarrhoea in humans. The objectives of this study were to assess the efficacy of smectite in the management of CID in dogs, and to collect epidemiological data on CID. For each episode of diarrhoea, dogs were randomized into two management groups: Smectite group, receiving smectite at 0.5 g/kg PO per day divided in two to three doses initiated at the start of CID; control group, without initial medication. In both groups, rescue metronidazole was prescribed if CID progressed or was not improved within 48 hours. Sixty dogs were recruited and received 426 chemotherapy administrations between June 2017 and March 2019. The incidence rate of CID was 110/426 (25.8%, 95% CI: 21.7%‐30.2%), and significantly differed between the chemotherapeutic drugs administered (P < .001). Metronidazole was administered in 5/54 events (9.3%, 95% CI: 3.1%‐20.3%) in the smectite group and in 40/56 events (71.4%, 95% CI: 57.5%‐82.3%) in the control group (P < .001). The time to resolution of diarrhoea was shorter (P < .001) in the smectite group (median: 19.5 hours, interquartile range [IQR]: 13.5‐32 hours) compared with the control group (median: 53 hours, IQR: 31.5‐113.5 hours). The results of this study support the administration of smectite in the first‐line management of CID in dogs.
Evaluating optical coherence tomography for surgical margin assessment of canine mammary tumours
Authors: Fabelo Carolina , Selmic Laura E. , Huang Pin‐Cheh , Samuelson Jonathan P. , Reagan Jennifer K. , Kalamaras Alexandra , Wavreille Vincent , Monroy Guillermo L. , Marjanovic Marina , Boppart Stephen A.
Published: June 2020

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) uses near‐infrared light waves to generate real‐time, high‐resolution images on the microscopic scale similar to low power histopathology. Previous studies have demonstrated the use of OCT for real‐time surgical margin assessment for human breast cancer. The use of OCT for canine mammary tumours (CMT) could allow intra‐operative visualisation of residual tumour at the surgical margins. The purpose of this study was to assess OCT imaging for the detection of incomplete tumour resection following CMT surgery. We hypothesized that the OCT images would have comparable features to histopathological images of tissues at the surgical margins of CMT resections along with a high sensitivity of OCT detection of incomplete surgical excision of CMT. Thirty surgical specimens were obtained from nineteen client‐owned dogs undergoing surgical resection of CMT. OCT image appearance and characteristics of adipose tissue, skin, mammary tissue and mammary tumour at the surgical margins were distinct and different. The OCT images of normal and abnormal tissues at the surgical margins were utilized to develop a dataset of OCT images for observer evaluation. The sensitivity and specificity for ex vivo images were 83.3% and 82.0% (observer 1) and 70.0% and 67.9% (observer 2). The sensitivity and specificity for in vivo images were 70.0% and 89.3% (observer 1) and 76.7% and 67.9% (observer 2). These results indicate a potential use of OCT for surgical margin assessment for CMT to optimize surgical intervention and clinical outcomes. Improved training and experience of observers may improve sensitivity and specificity.
Molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the genus Platycerus (Coleoptera, Lucanidae) in East Asia
Authors: Zhu Xue‐Jiao , Ma Tao , Imura Yûki , Wen Xiu‐Jun , Kubota Kôhei
Published: June 2020

The genus Platycerus is a cool temperature zone taxon widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. In East Asia, 10, one and 28 species are known in Japan, Korea and China, respectively. Recent studies of Platycerus have revealed the divergence pattern in Japan and South Korea, but that of Chinese Platycerus is unknown. We conducted a phylogenetic and biogeographical study of Platycerus in East Asia, including China, using 68, 87 and 296 sequence data of the nuclear wingless gene, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and mitochondrial COI gene, respectively. Although the introgression of mitochondrial genes had been known in Japanese Platycerus, the essential contradiction was not recognized between the phylogenetic trees of nuclear genes and COI in Chinese Platycerus. In the COI tree, the Japanese clade and Asian continental clade diverged around 10.84 million years ago, and four major clades were recognized in the latter. For the shape of the posterolateral corner of the Platycerus pronotum, sharp (S)‐type species are distributed in higher latitudinal and lower altitudinal areas than round (R)‐type species in the Asian continent. S‐type species have evolved from R‐type species at least three times in more northerly areas, where the annual amplitude of temperature change is large. The genus Platycerus has been differentiated and speciated by a process unique to South Korea, Japan and China, according to regional topography. Thus, genetic differentiation and speciation in Platycerus are related to latitudinal and altitudinal gradients, as well as the site topographical profile and niche differentiation.
Role of Marek’s Disease Virus (MDV)-Encoded U
S
3 Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase in Regulating MDV Meq and Cellular CREB Phosphorylation
Authors: Liao Yifei , Lupiani Blanca , Bajwa Kanika , Khan Owais A. , Izumiya Yoshihiro , Reddy Sanjay M.
Published: June 2020

MDV is a potent oncogenic herpesvirus that induces T-cell lymphoma in infected chickens. Marek's disease continues to have a significant economic impact on the poultry industry worldwide. U
S
3 encoded by alphaherpesviruses is a multifunctional kinase involved in the regulation of various cellular pathways. Using an MDV genome quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) array and chromatin immunoprecipitation, we elucidated the role of MDV U
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3 in viral and cellular gene regulation. Our results provide insights into how viral kinase regulates host cell signaling pathways to activate both viral and host gene expression. This is an important step toward understanding host-pathogen interaction through activation of signaling cascades.
Upregulation of CD47 Is a Host Checkpoint Response to Pathogen Recognition
Authors: Tal Michal Caspi , Torrez Dulgeroff Laughing Bear , Myers Lara , Cham Lamin B. , Mayer-Barber Katrin D. , Bohrer Andrea C. , Castro Ehydel , Yiu Ying Ying , Lopez Angel Cesar , Pham Ed , Carmody Aaron B. , Messer Ronald J. , Gars Eric , Kortmann Jens , Markovic Maxim , Hasenkrug Michaela , Peterson Karin E. , Winkler Clayton W. , Woods Tyson A. , Hansen Paige , Galloway Sarah , Wagh Dhananjay , Fram Benjamin J. , Nguyen Thai , Corey Daniel , Kalluru Raja Sab , Banaei Niaz , Rajadas Jayakumar , Monack Denise M. , Ahmed Aijaz , Sahoo Debashis , Davis Mark M. , Glenn Jeffrey S. , Adomati Tom , Lang Karl S. , Weissman Irving L. , Hasenkrug Kim J.
Published: June 2020

Immune responses to infectious agents are initiated when a pathogen or its components bind to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRR binding sets off a cascade of events that activates immune responses. We now show that, in addition to activating immune responses, PRR signaling also initiates an immunosuppressive response, probably to limit inflammation. The importance of the current findings is that blockade of immunomodulatory signaling, which is mediated by the upregulation of the CD47 molecule, can lead to enhanced immune responses to any pathogen that triggers PRR signaling. Since most or all pathogens trigger PRRs, CD47 blockade could be used to speed up and strengthen both innate and adaptive immune responses when medically indicated. Such immunotherapy could be done without a requirement for knowing the HLA type of the individual, the specific antigens of the pathogen, or, in the case of bacterial infections, the antimicrobial resistance profile.
Strontium isotope dating of evaporites and the breakup of the Gulf of Mexico and Proto–Caribbean Seaway
Authors: Pindell James , Weber Bodo , Hale-Erlich Wendy , Cossey Stephen , Bitter Mark , Molina Garza Roberto , Graham Rod , Erlich Robert N.
Published: June 2020

New and existing strontium isotope data are given for several widespread evaporites from western equatorial Pangea. The data indicate evaporite deposition occurred on proximal margins of the Gulf of Mexico at ca. 169 Ma (Bajocian, not Callovian as commonly thought) and 166 Ma in Trinidad (Bathonian-Callovian boundary). The 166 Ma age may also apply to undated evaporite on the Bahamian margin, conjugate rift of Trinidad, and now in Cuba. We show that: (1) the Trinidadian (and Bahamian?) evaporite pertains to rifting rather than to Late Jurassic–Cretaceous carbonate platform deposition; (2) the Mata Espino-101B evaporite (a borehole in Veracruz Basin, Mexico) is not Paleocene but Bajocian (halite) or Bathonian (gypsum) and hence is not related to possible Paleogene Gulf of Mexico desiccation; (3) evaporite deposition may have offlapped basinward in the Gulf of Mexico (Bathonian–early Oxfordian in more distal areas), because most Atlantic opening models preclude the Gulf of Mexico from being large enough by 169 Ma to accommodate the mapped expanse of autochthonous salt deposition; and (4) a 3–9 m.y. hiatus (the Norphlet window) is apparent in proximal areas around the Gulf of Mexico between evaporite and upper Oxfordian marine successions, caused perhaps by proximal margin uplift (flexural or thermal) or by Gulf of Mexico water level remaining below paleo–sea level (evaporation?) during Bathonian–early Oxfordian time. Although a 20–30 m.y. hiatus may exist below evaporite in the U.S. coast, cordilleran Mexico was tectonically active into the Middle Jurassic, and pre-salt continental deposits are closer in age to salt deposition there. Pre-salt strata along Campeche–northern Yucatán remain undated. Our data do not resolve if the evaporite was sourced from the Atlantic, the Pacific, or both, but the fact that the Trinidadian evaporite is younger than Gulf of Mexico evaporite, and the presence of Bajocian marine and evaporite sections across Mexico perhaps favor the Pacific as the source.
Triassic–Jurassic evolution of the eastern North China Craton: Insights from the Lushun-Dalian area, South Liaodong Peninsula, NE China
Authors: Ren Zhiheng , Lin Wei , Faure Michel , Meng Lingtong , Qiu Huabiao , Zeng Jipei
Published: June 2020

The Lushun-Dalian area of the South Liaodong Peninsula, in NE China, located in the SE margin of the North China Craton (NCC) exposes a suite of Middle-Late Proterozoic low-grade metamorphic sedimentary rocks which can be divided into a lower competent layer, a middle incompetent layer, and an upper competent layer on the basis of lithology and deformation style. Two stages of deformation recorded both in the metasedimentary rocks and a magmatic complex intruded in them indicate that the Lushun-Dalian area is a key region to decipher the Triassic–Jurassic tectonic evolution of the eastern NCC. The earliest D1 deformation mylonitized the magmatic complex and thrusted it northeastward over the low-grade metasedimentary rocks, in which a series of NE-verging folds and NE-directed brittle thrust faults developed. The D2 deformation erased the D1 fabrics in the incompetent layer by a top-to-the-NW ductile shearing and refolded the D1 fabrics in the lower and upper competent units, producing a series of km-scale SW-plunging folds. New zircon secondary ion mass spectrometry and laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry U-Pb ages from the magmatic complex and the granite porphyry dikes intruded in it, combined with the unconformity between the low-grade metasedimentary rocks and the Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks, indicate that D1 and D2 occurred after 211 Ma and before the Early Cretaceous. The decrease of the deformation intensity of D1 and D2 from the Lushun-Dalian area toward the interior of the NCC in the NE and NW directions suggests that D1 was the structural response in the overriding plate to the NCC-South China Block convergence during the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic, and D2 was the structural response to the northwestward subduction of the Paleo–Pacific plate beneath the NCC in the Middle-Late Jurassic. The superimposition of D2 on D1 recorded a significant tectonic transformation from the nearly E-W–trending Tethysian domain to the NE-SW–trending Pacific domain.
Characteristics of lung cancer in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with single lung transplant versus non-transplanted patients: a retrospective observational study
Authors: Gershman Evgeni , Zer Alona , Pertzov Barak , Shtraichman Osnat , Shitenberg Dorit , Heching Moshe , Rosengarten Dror , Kramer Mordechai
Published: June 2020

Background

Patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) have significantly higher incidence of lung cancer (LC) relative to the general population. There is a further increase in LC incidence in patients with IPF subsequent to lung transplant, specifically in patients with IPF undergoing single lung transplant.

Objectives

To examine the incidence and characteristics of LC in patients with IPF during follow-up and after lung transplantation (LTX).

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of all patients with IPF diagnosed with LC in Rabin Medical Center, Israel, over an 11-year period. We compared the characteristics of transplanted patients with IPF diagnosed with LC to patients with IPF who did not undergo lung transplant. Data were accessed from database registries using the words ‘fibrosis’, ‘lung-cancer’ and ‘lung-transplantation’. Demographic parameters included age, gender and smoking history (pack years). Clinical-pathological parameters included lapse in time from IPF diagnosis to LC, type of malignancy, affected pulmonary lobe, and stage at diagnosis, oncological treatment and survival.

Results

Between 2008 and 2018, 205 patients with IPF underwent lung transplantation at our medical centre. Double LTX was performed in 83 and single LTX in 122 cases. Subsequently, 15 (12.3%) single LTX patients were diagnosed with LC during the study period. During the same period, of 497 non-transplanted patients with IPF followed in our centre, 45 (9.1%) were diagnosed with LC. In all 15 transplanted patients with IPF, LC was diagnosed exclusively in the native fibrotic lung. LC incidence was higher in the transplanted as compared with the non-transplanted group, but this difference did not reach statistical significance (OR=0.7, 95% CI 0.38 to 1.32, p=0.28). At LC diagnosis, the non-transplanted group was older than the transplanted group with average age of 67.7 versus 60.8 years, respectively (p=0.006). Both groups showed male predominance. In both groups, LC was primarily peripheral, lower lobe predominant and most frequently squamous cell carcinoma. The median survival time after LC diagnosis was 4 months in the transplanted group and 11 months in the non-transplanted group (p=0.19). Multivariate analysis showed improved survival in the non-transplanted group among those patients who received oncological treatment.

Conclusion

Chest CT should be performed regularly in order to evaluate IPF patients for potential LC. Single lung transplant IPF patients face an increased risk of post-transplant LC in the native fibrotic lung. Where practicable, IPF patients should be prioritised for double lung transplant.