bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Familles salvadoriennes à l'épreuve de la distance : solidarités familiales et soins intergénérationnels
Authors: Merla Laura
Published: July 2011

Cet article présente une analyse comparative de la participation des membres de deux familles salvadoriennes, dont l’une compte des enfants adultes installés en Australie, et l’autre en Belgique, au soin de leurs parents âgés. En dépit de la distance, ces migrants fournissent à leurs parents un soutien financier, émotionnel et pratique en mobilisant les membres de leur réseau familial transnational. L’article montre que c’est notamment en s’engageant dans les soins transnationaux que les migrants salvadoriens et leurs proches créent et maintiennent vivante leur inscription dans le groupe familial.
Évaluation d’un programme de formation à la clairvoyance normative pour demandeurs d’emploi
Authors: Férec Nadia , Pansu Pascal , Py Jacques , Somat Alain
Published: July 2011

L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer l’efficacité d’un programme de formation à la clairvoyance normative pour demandeurs d’emploi à partir du modèle de Kirkpatrick (1998). Deux groupes de participants ont été constitués : un groupe expérimental « formation clairvoyance normative » et un groupe contrôle « formation classique ». Les résultats ont montré un effet bénéfique du programme de formation à la clairvoyance normative sur les réactions des participants quant à l’utilité perçue de la formation (niveau 1), sur les apprentissages immédiats et différés en matière de connaissances et de savoir-faire en situation (niveau 2), ainsi que sur la généralisation des apprentissages (niveau 3). Les résultats concernant les reclassements (niveau 4) enregistrés immédiatement à l’issue de la formation sont modestes et conformes au taux de reclassement habituel. Ces résultats sont discutés au regard du modèle de Kirkpatrick.
Analyse cognitive et linguistique de l’illettrisme : bilan des études et implications pour la formation
Authors: Eme Elsa , Nantes Nicolas , Delliaux Christine
Published: July 2011

L’objectif de cet article est de présenter un bilan des études qui ont porté sur l’analyse des capacités cognitives et linguistiques associées aux difficultés de lecture des adultes illettrés fonctionnels, c’est-à-dire des adultes qui n’ont pas réussi à apprendre à lire et à écrire malgré des années de scolarité. Trois questions sont posées : 1) comment se caractérisent les difficultés d’accès à la langue écrite des adultes illettrés ? 2) leurs difficultés à l’écrit sont-elles liées à des déficits cognitifs et/ou de langage oral susceptibles d’expliquer l’échec de l’apprentissage ; 3) quelles sont les implications de ces évaluations pour la formation des adultes illettrés en vue d’une insertion socio-professionnelle ?
Combined retrievals of boreal forest fire aerosol properties with a polarimeter and lidar
Authors: Knobelspiesse K. , Cairns B. , Ottaviani M. , Ferrare R. , Hair J. , Hostetler C. , Obland M. , Rogers R. , Redemann J. , Shinozuka Y. , Clarke A. , Freitag S. , Howell S. , Kapustin V. , McNaughton C.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Absorbing aerosols play an important, but uncertain, role in the global climate. Much of this uncertainty is due to a lack of adequate aerosol measurements. While great strides have been made in observational capability in the previous years and decades, it has become increasingly apparent that this development must continue. Scanning polarimeters have been designed to help resolve this issue by making accurate, multi-spectral, multi-angle polarized observations. This work involves the use of the Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP). The RSP was designed as the airborne prototype for the Aerosol Polarimetery Sensor (APS), which was due to be launched as part of the (ultimately failed) NASA Glory mission. Field observations with the RSP, however, have established that simultaneous retrievals of aerosol absorption and vertical distribution over bright land surfaces are quite uncertain. We test a merger of RSP and High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) data with observations of boreal forest fire smoke, collected during the Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS). During ARCTAS, the RSP and HSRL instruments were mounted on the same aircraft, and validation data were provided by instruments on an aircraft flying a coordinated flight pattern. We found that the lidar data did indeed improve aerosol retrievals using an optimal estimation method, although not primarily because of the contraints imposed on the aerosol vertical distribution. The more useful piece of information from the HSRL was the total column aerosol optical depth, which was used to select the initial value (optimization starting point) of the aerosol number concentration. When ground based sun photometer network climatologies of number concentration were used as an initial value, we found that roughly half of the retrievals had unrealistic sizes and imaginary indices, even though the retrieved spectral optical depths agreed within uncertainties to independent observations. The convergence to an unrealistic local minimum by the optimal estimator is related to the relatively low sensitivity to particles smaller than 0.1 (μm) at large optical thicknesses. Thus, optimization algorithms used for operational aerosol retrievals of the fine mode size distribution, when the total optical depth is large, will require initial values generated from table look-ups that exclude unrealistic size/complex index mixtures. External constraints from lidar on initial values used in the optimal estimation methods will also be valuable in reducing the likelihood of obtaining spurious retrievals.
The Fire INventory from NCAR (FINN): a high resolution global model to estimate the emissions from open burning
Authors: Wiedinmyer C. , Akagi S. K. , Yokelson R. J. , Emmons L. K. , Al-Saadi J. A. , Orlando J. J. , Soja A. J.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. The Fire INventory from NCAR version 1.0 (FINNv1) provides daily, 1 km resolution, global estimates of the trace gas and particle emissions from open burning of biomass, which includes wildfire, agricultural fires, and prescribed burning and does not include biofuel use and trash burning. Emission factors used in the calculations have been updated with recent data, particularly for the non-methane organic compounds (NMOC). The resulting global annual NMOC emission estimates are as much as a factor of 5 greater than some prior estimates. Chemical speciation profiles, necessary to allocate the total NMOC emission estimates to lumped species for use by chemical transport models, are provided for three widely used chemical mechanisms: SAPRC99, GEOS-CHEM, and MOZART-4. Using these profiles, FINNv1 also provides global estimates of key organic compounds, including formaldehyde and methanol. Uncertainties in the emissions estimates arise from several of the method steps. The use of fire hot spots, assumed area burned, land cover maps, biomass consumption estimates, and emission factors all introduce error into the model estimates. The uncertainty in the FINNv1 emission estimates are about a factor of two; but, the global estimates agree reasonably well with other global inventories of biomass burning emissions for CO, CO2, and other species with less variable emission factors. FINNv1 emission estimates have been developed specifically for modeling atmospheric chemistry and air quality in a consistent framework at scales from local to global. The product is unique because of the high temporal and spatial resolution, global coverage, and the number of species estimated. FINNv1 can be used for both hindcast and forecast or near-real time model applications and the results are being critically evaluated with models and observations whenever possible.
Assessing water resources management and development in Northern Vietnam
Authors: Castelletti A. , Pianosi F. , Quach X. , Soncini-Sessa R.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. In many developing countries water is a key renewable resource to complement carbon-emitting energy production and support food security in the face of demand pressure from fast-growing industrial production and urbanization. To cope with undergoing changes, water resources development and management have to be reconsidered by enlarging their scope across sectors and adopting effective tools to analyze current and projected infrastructure potential and operation strategies. In this paper we use system analysis and optimal control to assess the current reservoir operation and planned capacity expansion in the Red River Basin (Northern Vietnam), and to evaluate the potential improvement by the adoption of a more sophisticated information system. Results show that the current operation can only be relatively improved by advanced optimization techniques, while investment should be put into enlarging the system storage capacity and exploiting additional information to inform the operation.
Domains of Archean mantle lithosphere deciphered by seismic anisotropy – initial results from the LAPNET array in northern Fennoscandia
Authors: Plomerová J. , Vecsey L. , Babuška V. ,   LAPNET Working Group
Published: July 2011

Abstract. An international LAPNET array (2007–2009, http://www.oulu.fi/sgo-oty/lapnet) of the POLENET/LAPNET sub-project of the POLENET-IPY consortium, related to POLENET seismic and geodetic studies in the Arctic regions, consisted of about 60 broadband seismic stations located on the territory of northern Finland and adjacent parts of Sweden, Norway and Russia. We analyze relative P-wave travel-time deviations evaluated for a subset of 90 teleseismic events recorded by the LAPNET array and show examples of lateral variations of shear-wave splitting to demonstrate variability of fabrics of the Archean mantle lithosphere. The initial results clearly demonstrate the Archean mantle lithosphere consists of domains with consistent fabrics reflecting fossil anisotropic structures. 3-D self-consistent anisotropic models with inclined symmetry axes accommodate two independent sets of body-wave anisotropic observations. Individual domains are delimited by boundaries (sutures), where the anisotropic parameters change. The results obtained from the LAPNET array fill a gap in structural studies of the upper mantle beneath northern Fennoscandia.
Enhanced expression of tubulin‐specific chaperone protein a, mitochondrial ribosomal protein S27, and the DNA excision repair protein XPACCH in the song system of juvenile male zebra finches
Authors: Qi Linda M. , Mohr Margaret , Wade Juli
Published: July 2011

Recent evidence suggests that sexual dimorphisms in the zebra finch song system and behavior arise due to factors intrinsic to the brain, rather than being solely organized by circulating steroid hormones. The present study examined expression of 10 sex chromosome genes in the song system of 25‐day‐old zebra finches in an attempt to further elucidate these factors. Increased expression in males was confirmed for nine of the genes by real‐time qPCR using cDNA from individual whole telecephalons. In situ hybridization at the same age revealed specific, male‐enhanced mRNA for three of the nine genes in one or more song control nuclei. These genes encode tubulin‐specific chaperone A, mitochondrial ribosomal protein S27, and a DNA repair protein XPACCH. Based on what is currently known about these proteins' functions and their localization to particular components of the song circuit, we hypothesize that they each may be involved in specific aspects of masculinization. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72: 199–207, 2012
Sonogashira‐Type Reactions with 5‐Chloro‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carbaldehydes: A Straightforward Approach to Pyrazolo[4,3‐c]pyridines
Authors: Vilkauskaitė Gytė , Šačkus Algirdas , Holzer Wolfgang
Published: July 2011

The easily obtainable 5‐chloro‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carbaldehydes 2 were used as precursors in Sonogashira‐type cross‐coupling reactions with various alkynes to provide the corresponding 5‐alkynyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carbaldehydes 3. Treatment of these with tert‐butylamine with microwave assistance afforded the corresponding 1‐phenylpyrazolo[4,3‐c]pyridines 4. The oximes 5 – derived from the aldehydes 3 – were transformed into the corresponding 1‐phenylpyrazolo[4,3‐c]pyridine 5‐oxides 6 through silver‐triflate‐catalysed regioselective cyclisation. Ring closure of the oximes 5 in the presence of iodine in ethanol gave the 7‐iodo‐1‐phenylpyrazolo[4,3‐c]pyridine 5‐oxides 7. Detailed NMR spectroscopic investigations were undertaken with all obtained products.
Improving detection of siderotic nodules in cirrhotic liver with a multi‐breath‐hold susceptibility‐weighted imaging technique
Authors: Dai Yongming , Zeng Mengsu , Li Ruokun , Rao Shengxiang , Chen Caizhong , DelProposto Zachary , Haacke E.M. , Hu Jiani , Renate Jerecic
Published: July 2011

Purpose:

To evaluate the role of abdominal susceptibility‐weighted imaging (SWI) in the detection of siderotic nodules in cirrhotic liver.

Materials and Methods:

Forty patients with pathologically identified liver cirrhosis and 40 age/sex‐matched normal controls underwent T1‐, T2‐, T2*‐weighted imaging and SWI at 3T. Two radiologists prospectively analyzed all magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. Siderotic nodules detected by each imaging technique were counted for comparison. The conspicuity of siderotic nodules was assessed using a scale from 1 to 3 (1, weak; 2, moderate; 3, prominent).

Results:

The number of siderotic nodules detected by SWI (3863) was significantly greater than that of T1‐weighted imaging (262, P < 0.001), T2‐weighted imaging (842, P < 0.001), and T2*‐weighted imaging (2475, P < 0.001). No suspected siderotic nodules were detected in normal controls by any imaging technique.

Conclusion:

SWI appears to provide the most sensitive method to detect siderotic nodules in cirrhotic liver. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Story of Giuseppe Verdi
Authors: Baldini Gabriele
Published: July 2011

Abitare la battaglia, Gabriele Baldini's study of the operas of Verdi from Oberto to Un ballo in maschera, has, since its posthumous publication in 1970, received much critical acclaim both in Italy and elsewhere. Its lack of technical language makes it easily accessible to the general music lover, but its original and sometimes controversial ideas have stimulated a great deal of discussion among Verdi specialists. The book's central concern is to present an analysis of Verdi the musical dramatist, and its conclusions constitute a radical reassessment of the vexed relationship between opera and literary form, between words and music. As Julian Budden says in his foreword: 'It blows a breath of fresh air into the weary platitudes of traditional Verdian criticism.' This English translation, The Story of Giuseppe Verdi, includes some new editorial additions, bringing various factual matters into line with recent Verdi scholarship. But the book's discussion of the music is always left to speak for itself. While many of the comments may offend the purist, they are always based on a profound knowledge and love of Verdi's operatic masterpieces as seen on the stage. They rarely fail to stimulate the reader into thinking more deeply about this immensely rich repertoire.
The Bible in Spain
Authors: Borrow George Henry
Published: July 2011

George Borrow (1803–1881) was a British author, adventurer, and agent of the Bible Society whose journeys in the mid-nineteenth century took him to both Russia and Spain. His experiences are reflected in books including The Zincali (1841) and his best-known publication, The Bible in Spain (1843). Described by Borrow as 'the journey, adventures, and imprisonment of an Englishman in an attempt to circulate the scriptures in the peninsula', it is mostly a compilation of his voluminous correspondence with the Bible Society. In this first volume, Borrow describes his arrival at Lisbon, his impressions of cities including Madrid and Cordoba and his interactions with the local population, including Gypsies, whose culture he found particularly fascinating. The book, at once an exotic travelogue and a document revealing the religious tensions of the period, was enthusiastically received by early Victorian readers.
The Bible in Spain
Authors: Borrow George Henry
Published: July 2011

George Borrow (1803–1881) was a British author, adventurer, and agent of the Bible Society whose journeys in the mid-nineteenth century took him to both Russia and Spain. His experiences are reflected in books including The Zincali (1841) and his best-known publication, The Bible in Spain (1843). Described by Borrow as 'the journey, adventures, and imprisonment of an Englishman in an attempt to circulate the scriptures in the peninsula', it is mostly a compilation of his voluminous correspondence with the Bible Society. In this second volume, Borrow discusses his efforts to publish and distribute the New Testament among Spanish Catholics. The book, at once an exotic travelogue and a document revealing the religious tensions of the period, was enthusiastically received by early Victorian readers.
A History of Greece
Authors: Thirlwall Connop
Published: July 2011

This is the fourth of eight volumes on the history of Greece, first published in 1837. The volumes were aimed at two audiences: those people who wanted more than a superficial knowledge of the subject, but did not have the time or means to study the original sources, and those who had access to the ancient authors, but required a guide or interpreter. Topics in this volume include the final stages and the end of the Peloponnesian War, and the restoration of democracy at Athens. Later chapters look at the expedition of Cyrus the Younger, the renewal of hostilities between Sparta and Persia, and the Peace of Antalcidas. This book will be of interest to researchers and students of ancient history.
Oeuvres complètes
Authors: Cauchy Augustin-Louis
Published: July 2011

Augustin-Louis, Baron Cauchy (1789–1857) was the pre-eminent French mathematician of the nineteenth century. He began his career as a military engineer during the Napoleonic Wars, but even then was publishing significant mathematical papers, and was persuaded by Lagrange and Laplace to devote himself entirely to mathematics. His greatest contributions are considered to be the Cours d'analyse de l'École Royale Polytechnique (1821), Résumé des leçons sur le calcul infinitésimal (1823) and Leçons sur les applications du calcul infinitésimal à la géométrie (1826–8), and his pioneering work encompassed a huge range of topics, most significantly real analysis, the theory of functions of a complex variable, and theoretical mechanics. Twenty-six volumes of his collected papers were published between 1882 and 1958. The first series (volumes 1-12) consists of papers published by the Académie des Sciences de l'Institut de France; the second series (volumes 13-26) of papers published elsewhere.
The Collected Mathematical Papers
Authors: Cayley Arthur
Published: July 2011

Arthur Cayley (1821–1895) was a key figure in the creation of modern algebra. He studied mathematics at Cambridge and published three papers while still an undergraduate. He then qualified as a lawyer and published about 250 mathematical papers during his fourteen years at the Bar. In 1863 he took a significant salary cut to become the first Sadleirian Professor of Pure Mathematics at Cambridge, where he continued to publish at a phenomenal rate on nearly every aspect of the subject, his most important work being in matrices, geometry and abstract groups. In 1883 he became president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Publication of his Collected Papers - 967 papers in 13 volumes plus an index volume - began in 1889 and was completed after his death under the editorship of his successor in the Sadleirian Chair. This final volume contains 80 papers published between 1889 and 1895.
Scientific Papers
Authors: Strutt John William
Published: July 2011

This final volume of papers by Lord Rayleigh covers the period from 1911 to his death in 1919. The first of the Solvay Conferences in 1911 played a key role in the foundation of quantum theory. Although invited, Rayleigh did not attend. His principal achievements lay in development and consolidation across classical physics, in which he continued to work. In a 1917 paper, he used electromagnetic theory to derive a formula for expressing the reflection properties from a regularly stratified medium. In 1919, he investigated the iridescent colours of birds and insects. Rayleigh continued his long-standing participation in the Society for Psychical Research, founded in 1882 for the study of 'debatable phenomena'. One of his last publications was his presidential address to that society, which considers several highly unorthodox views and practices. He concludes by asserting the importance to scientists of maintaining open minds in the pursuit of truth.
Life and Letters of Berlioz
Authors: Berlioz Hector , Bernard Daniel
Published: July 2011

Hector Berlioz (1803–1869) was one of the most original and colourful composers of his generation, whose music in many ways was ahead of its time. He was also a highly respected journalist and critic, producing monthly articles for the Journal des Débats for over thirty years, as well as other writings including his posthumously published autobiographical Mémoires. Unlike journalism, which he disliked, letter-writing was a task which he relished and at which he excelled, producing sometimes four or five in a day and more than 3,500 during his lifetime. The letters reflect the man - exuberant, imaginative, idealistic, opinionated and witty - and give us a fascinating, first-hand, insight into his life. This two-volume selection includes some 300 examples. Volume 2, with a preface by the composer Charles Gounod, is devoted to Berlioz's letters to his lifelong friend, the lawyer and writer Humbert Ferrand.
A Comparative Grammar of the Sanscrit, Zend, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Gothic, German, and Sclavonic Languages
Authors: Bopp Franz
Published: July 2011

A founding text of comparative philology, Franz Bopp's Vergleichende Grammatik was originally published in parts, beginning in 1833, and by the 1870s had appeared in three editions in German, as well as in English and French translations. Bopp (1791–1867), Professor of Sanskrit at Berlin, set out to prove the relationships between Indo-European languages through detailed description of the grammatical features of Sanskrit compared to those of Zend (Avestan), Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Gothic and German. This translation (1845–50) of Bopp's first edition gave English-speaking scholars access to his important findings. Translated by Edward Backhouse Eastwick (1814–1883), the multi-lingual diplomat and scholar, and edited by Horace Hayman Wilson (1786–1860), Professor of Sanskrit at Oxford, this work testifies both to Bopp's magisterial research and to Eastwick's extraordinary skill in translation. This volume continues Bopp's treatment of the verb, and discusses word formation.
The Life of Alexander Duff, D.D., LL.D
Authors: Smith George
Published: July 2011

George Smith (1833–1919) spent many years in India as an educator and editor of the Calcutta Review. He was a great supporter of missionary work and became secretary of the foreign mission committee of the Free Church of Scotland in 1870. He also wrote popular books of missionary biography including this two-volume Life of Alexander Duff (1879). Duff (1806–1878) was the first foreign missionary of the Church of Scotland and a leading figure in promoting Christian education in India. Duff pioneered what he called 'downward filter theory' which centred on educating India's upper caste through English in the hope that this elite group would then take responsibility for the evangelisation and modernisation of South Asia. Volume 1 describes Duff's life until 1843, covering his education in Scotland, his arrival in Calcutta and the founding of his school, the General Assembly Institution.
Der Epische Cyclus
Authors: Welcker Friedrich Gottlieb
Published: July 2011

Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker (1784–1868) was one of the most engaging and creative of German philologists during the formative period of modern classical scholarship; 'one of the heroes', Wilamowitz called him. Art, poetry and religion were to him all the same object of study, and a key to the world of Greek imagination and feeling. His attempt to grasp the meaning of all Greek mythology gave impetus to a still vigorous tradition. This work (in two volumes, first published 1835 and 1849) is his effort to recover the lost epics of the archaic period, and the conditions of their performance and transmission. If his adventurous reconstructions, here and in his companion work on Greek tragedy, do not always command assent, they offer many brilliant observations and insights. His influence has been as diffuse as it is unacknowledged; again and again one finds on reading him that Welcker said it first.
A Grammar of the Somali Language
Authors: Kirk J. W. C.
Published: July 2011

Somali is one of the Cushitic family of languages spoken in the horn of Africa and the official language of Somalia. This practical grammar, published in 1905, was prepared by J. W. C. Kirk, who first learnt to speak the language during his service with Somali troops during the British Empire's failed attempt in 1902–1904 to wrest control of the region from the Dervish state under Muhammad Abdullah Hassan. His unique knowledge of the interior of the country and the different tribes making up the population meant that Kirk's insights were invaluable in advancing scholarly knowledge in the West. Perhaps as importantly, Kirk also records a number of literary examples with his translations of Somali stories and songs. Another appendix explores the dialects of the Midgan (or Madhiban) and Yibir, both minority tribes who kept their languages secret from mainstream Somali society.
Personal Recollections, from Early Life to Old Age
Authors: Somerville Mary
Published: July 2011

These Personal Recollections contain the memoirs and a selection of the correspondence of the nineteenth-century polymath Mary Somerville (1780–1872). The book was first published in 1873, a year after Mary's death, by her daughter Martha, who wrote brief introductions to the text. Mary Somerville is best known for her pioneering scientific publications which include her translation of Laplace's Mécanique Céleste (1831: also resissued in this series); On the Connection of the Physical Sciences (1834); Physical Geography (1848); and On Molecular and Microscopic Science (1869). Through these publications, Somerville made a lasting contribution to the dissemination of scientific knowledge. Somerville's correspondence deals primarily with her public life, while the memoirs offer insight into her private sphere: the discouragement she faced in pursuit of learning; her passion for women's education and suffrage; family life; and personal faith. Her story is compelling, and her experiences may resonate with many women today.
My Diary in a Chinese Farm
Authors: Little Alicia E. Neva
Published: July 2011

Published in Tokyo in 1894, Mrs Little's diary of her summer stay at a local farmhouse in the Chinese interior near Chongqing provides a first-hand account of rural Chinese life in the nineteenth century from a European's perspective. Mrs Little was an accomplished author, having written numerous novels on women's social roles under her maiden name, Bewicke. In My Diary, she continues this theme of women's place in society. Her account also touches on the interactions between Christian missionaries and the local people. She was an active campaigner against the Chinese tradition of binding the feet of young girls, and helped to bring about its abolition. A limited run of only 500 copies of My Diary was originally printed. It contains 26 illustrations and is an invaluable historical source for studying rural life in nineteenth-century China.
The Yangtze Valley and Beyond
Authors: Bird Isabella
Published: July 2011

The Yangtze Valley and Beyond, first published in 1899, contains the account by the redoubtable Isabella Bird (now Mrs J. F. Bishop) of a journey through central China in 1896–1897. The volume focuses on her travels though the province of Szechuan and among the Man-tze of the Somo territory. Many of the areas she explored and carefully described were almost unknown to European visitors and had not been mentioned in any earlier English publications. The volume is based on journal letters and the diary written during her journey, and it is generously illustrated with photographs and Chinese drawings. Bishop's work was warmly received in England and praised especially for the information included on agriculture and industry. The Geographical Journal heralded the work as 'undoubtedly one of the most important contributions to English literature on that country'. It remains a key source for late nineteenth-century British perceptions of China.
Reise in den Orient
Authors: Tischendorf Constantin von
Published: July 2011

Reise in den Orient (1846) is the German biblical scholar Constantin von Tischendorf's recollection of his journey to Egypt, Israel and Greece at the beginning of the 1840s. The work is a travel diary that vividly describes Tischendorf's meeting with mythological places and impressive men, and a learned account of the Christian history of the area. Volume 2 of this work largely focuses on Tischendorf's time in Israel. He writes about Jesus' crucifixion and Golgotha's significance, and gives an historical account of Jerusalem as the centre of all religions. He pays particular attention to the Anglican Diocese of Jerusalem, which leads him to explain the differences between German and English Protestantism. On his return journey, he is enraptured by Smyrna and Constantinople, and enjoys visiting the Athenian Acropolis and the other ruins of the ancient city.
History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages
Authors: Gregorovius Ferdinand
Published: July 2011

Ferdinand Gregorovius (1821–1891) was a celebrated German medieval historian. After studying philosophy and theology at the University of Königsberg, Gregorovius moved to Rome in 1852, and became immersed in researching the medieval history of the city. First published in 1872, his monumental study of medieval Rome was the first modern account of the subject, and became the standard reference. This English translation of the fourth German edition appeared between 1894 and 1902. In his work Gregorovius discusses the political, social and cultural changes in the city from 400 to 1534, making extensive use of primary sources. Gregorovius also includes the Renaissance in his study, showing how medieval thought and events influenced political and cultural life and thought during the Renaissance. Volume 5, Part 2 covers the period 1260–1305 and examines the effects on the city of the struggles between the Guelf and Ghibelline parties.
Annals of a Publishing House
Authors: Oliphant Margaret
Published: July 2011

Margaret Oliphant (1828–1897) is best known as the author of nearly one hundred novels, but also wrote short stories and biographies. Closely connected with Blackwoods of Edinburgh from 1851, shortly before her death she was commissioned to write a history of the publishing firm by director William Blackwood, grandson of the founder. From small beginnings, the firm had rapidly become the leading Scottish publishing house, dominating the literary world, particularly through Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine and an impressive list of famous authors. These included Thomas de Quincey, Walter Scott, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The Magazine introduced the convention of having novels issued in serial form before publication as a book, which became standard practice for authors such as Dickens, Thackeray and Eliot. Volume 1 covers the early career of William Blackwood and the establishment of the firm, its commercial relationships, and the foundation of the Magazine.
The Bacon–Shakspere Question Answered
Authors: Stopes Charlotte Carmichael
Published: July 2011

Charlotte Carmichael Stopes (1840–1829) is best known as the mother of birth control advocate Marie Stopes. Like her daughter, Stopes forged the way for women seeking academic careers: she was the first woman in Scotland to graduate from university, and was later elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. In this monograph Stopes resolves to settle once and for all whether or not Francis Bacon wrote the plays attributed to William Shakespeare, concluding that the Baconian theory is wholly without foundation. Over nearly 300 pages of erudite argument, Stopes examines the numerous distinctions between the lives and experiences of the two writers, their differing styles of writing, and the evidence provided by Shakespeare's contemporaries. Stopes' book also includes extensive appendices providing background information on Shakespeare and the early modern theatre. For more information on this author, see http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=stopch
A Voyage to Terra Australis
Authors: Flinders Matthew
Published: July 2011

In the early nineteenth century, Australia remained largely uncharted, and doubt prevailed as to its unity as a continent. The 1801 expedition led by English mariner and cartographer Matthew Flinders (1774–1814), was groundbreaking in this respect. Flinders' charting of the Australian coastline provided the first complete map outlining the continent, and his influence was decisive in changing its name from Terra Australis to Australia - a term 'more agreeable to the ear'. Structured around daily geographical and astronomical observations, Flinders' journals - published in 1814, the day before his death – are remarkable for their humanity and sense of humour. Started in 1801, they continue to include Flinders' imprisonment by the French in the island of Mauritius between 1803 and 1810. The second volume tells of the discoveries made along the east and north coasts of the continent, and includes an account of Flinders' captivity. An appendix details botanical discoveries.
The Life of Jesus, Critically Examined
Authors: Strauss David Friedrich
Published: July 2011

The German theologian David Friedrich Strauss (1808–1874) published his highly controversial The Life of Jesus in three volumes between 1835 and 1836. This translation, by George Eliot, is based on the fourth German edition (1840). In this work Strauss applied strict historical method to the New Testament gospel narratives and caused scandal across the Protestant world by concluding that all miraculous elements were mythical and ahistorical. Volume 3 applies modern historical criticism to 'de-mythologize' the narratives of the transfiguration, Jesus' final journey into Jerusalem, the passion, the death, and the resurrection; and investigates the historicity of Jesus' enemies. The volume concludes with an essay entitled 'The Dogmatic Import of the Life of Jesus'. This is a key text of nineteenth-century theology that pioneered the application of historical and scientific methods to the study of religious texts. It is essential reading for any student of the New Testament.
Across Australia
Authors: Spencer Baldwin , Gillen F. J.
Published: July 2011

Eminent biologist Sir Baldwin Spencer (1860–1929) was born in Lancashire but moved to Australia to take up the chair in biology at the University of Melbourne in 1887. As a member of the 1894 Horn Scientific Expedition to Central Australia, Spencer made the acquaintance of F. J. Gillen, an advocate of Aboriginal rights, with whom he later formed a working partnership. Spencer and Gillen returned to Alice Springs in Central Australia in 1896–1897, to carry out observations on the local Aboriginal tribe, the Arunta. These observations were published in 1899, in The Native Tribes of Central Australia (also reissued in this series), which represented the most comprehensive study of Aboriginal customs and habits. Gillen and Spencer continued to undertake fieldwork until 1903. Volume 1 of Across Australia (published in two volumes in 1912) describes the region's topography, and the customs and beliefs of the Arunta.
Algebraic Theories
Authors: Adámek J. , Rosický J. , Vitale E. M. , Lawvere F. W.
Published: July 2011

Algebraic theories, introduced as a concept in the 1960s, have been a fundamental step towards a categorical view of general algebra. Moreover, they have proved very useful in various areas of mathematics and computer science. This carefully developed book gives a systematic introduction to algebra based on algebraic theories that is accessible to both graduate students and researchers. It will facilitate interactions of general algebra, category theory and computer science. A central concept is that of sifted colimits - that is, those commuting with finite products in sets. The authors prove the duality between algebraic categories and algebraic theories and discuss Morita equivalence between algebraic theories. They also pay special attention to one-sorted algebraic theories and the corresponding concrete algebraic categories over sets, and to S-sorted algebraic theories, which are important in program semantics. The final chapter is devoted to finitary localizations of algebraic categories, a recent research area.
The Stability of Matter in Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Lieb Elliott H. , Seiringer Robert
Published: July 2011

Research into the stability of matter has been one of the most successful chapters in mathematical physics, and is a prime example of how modern mathematics can be applied to problems in physics. A unique account of the subject, this book provides a complete, self-contained description of research on the stability of matter problem. It introduces the necessary quantum mechanics to mathematicians, and aspects of functional analysis to physicists. The topics covered include electrodynamics of classical and quantized fields, Lieb-Thirring and other inequalities in spectral theory, inequalities in electrostatics, stability of large Coulomb systems, gravitational stability of stars, basics of equilibrium statistical mechanics, and the existence of the thermodynamic limit. The book is an up-to-date account for researchers, and its pedagogical style makes it suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in mathematical physics.
Independence-Friendly Logic
Authors: Mann Allen L. , Sandu Gabriel , Sevenster Merlijn
Published: July 2011

Bringing together over twenty years of research, this book gives a complete overview of independence-friendly logic. It emphasizes the game-theoretical approach to logic, according to which logical concepts such as truth and falsity are best understood via the notion of semantic games. The book pushes the paradigm of game-theoretical semantics further than the current literature by showing how mixed strategies and equilibria can be used to analyze independence-friendly formulas on finite models. The book is suitable for graduate students and advanced undergraduates who have taken a course on first-order logic. It contains a primer of the necessary background in game theory, numerous examples and full proofs.
Coexpression of Angiopoietin-1 with VEGF Increases the Structural Integrity of the Blood–Brain Barrier and Reduces Atrophy Volume
Authors: Shen Fanxia , Walker Espen J , Jiang Lidan , Degos Vincent , Li Jianping , Sun Baoliang , Heriyanto Fransisca , Young William L , Su Hua
Published: July 2011

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced neovasculature is immature and leaky. We tested if coexpression of angiopoietin-1 (ANG1) with VEGF improves blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity and VEGF neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects using a permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) model. Adult CD-1 mice were injected with 2 × 109 virus genomes of adeno-associated viral vectors expressing VEGF (AAV-VEGF) or ANG1 (AAV-ANG1) individually or together in a 1:1 ratio into the ischemic penumbra 1 hour after pMCAO. AAV-LacZ was used as vector control. Samples were collected 3 weeks later. Compared with AAV-LacZ, coinjection of AAV-VEGF and AAV-ANG1 reduced atrophy volume (46%, P=0.004); injection of AAV-VEGF or AAV-ANG1 individually reduced atrophy volume slightly (36%, P=0.08 and 33%, P=0.09, respectively). Overexpression of VEGF reduced tight junction protein expression and increased Evans blue extravasation. Compared with VEGF expression alone, coexpression of ANG1 with VEGF resulted in upregulation of tight junction protein expression and reduction of Evans blue leakage (AAV-ANG1/AAV-VEGF: 1.4±0.3 versus AAV-VEGF: 2.8±0.7, P=0.001). Coinjection of AAV-VEGF and AAV-ANG1 induced a similar degree of angiogenesis as injection of AAV-VEGF alone ( P=0.85). Thus, coexpression of ANG1 with VEGF improved BBB integrity and resulted in better neuroprotection compared with VEGF expression alone.
The Computational Magic of the Ventral Stream: Towards a Theory
Authors: Poggio Tomaso
Published: July 2011

I conjecture that the sample complexity of object recognition is mostly due to geometric image transformations and that a main goal of the ventral stream – V1, V2, V4 and IT – is to learn-and-discount image transformations. The most surprising implication of the theory emerging from these assumptions is that the computational goals and detailed properties of cells in the ventral stream follow from symmetry properties of the visual world through a process of unsupervised correlational learning.From the assumption of a hierarchy of areas with receptive fields of increasing size the theory predicts that the size of the receptive fields determines which transformations are learned during development and then factored out during normal processing; that the transformation represented in each area determines the tuning of the neurons in the aerea, independently of the statistics of natural images; and that class-specific transformations are learned and represented at the top of the ventral stream hierarchy.Some of the main predictions of this theory-in-fieri are:1. the type of transformation that are learned from visual experience depend on the size (measured in terms of wavelength) and thus on the area (layer in the models) – assuming that the aperture size increases with layers;2. the mix of transformations learned determine the properties of the receptive fields – oriented bars in V1+V2, radial and spiral patterns in V4 up to class specific tuning in AIT (eg face tuned cells);3. invariance to small translations in V1 may underly stability of visual perception4. class-specific modules – such as faces, places and possibly body areas – should exist in IT to process images of object classes.
CpG methylation at the USF-binding site mediates cell-specific transcription of human ascorbate transporter SVCT2 exon 1a
Authors: Qiao Huan , May James M.
Published: July 2011

SVCT2 (sodium–vitamin C co-transporter 2) is the major transporter mediating vitamin C uptake in most organs. Its expression is driven by two promoters (CpG-poor exon 1a promoter and CpG-rich exon 1b promoter). In the present study, we mapped discrete elements within the proximal CpG-poor promoter responsible for exon 1a transcription. We identified two E boxes for USF (upstream stimulating factor) binding and one Y box for NF-Y (nuclear factor Y) binding. We show further that NF-Y and USF bind to the exon 1a promoter in a co-operative manner, amplifying the binding of each to the promoter, and is absolutely required for the full activity of the exon 1a promoter. The analysis of the CpG site located at the upstream USF-binding site in the promoter showed a strong correlation between expression and demethylation. It was also shown that exon 1a transcription was induced in cell culture treated with the demethylating agent decitabine. The specific methylation of this CpG site impaired both the binding of USF and the formation of the functional NF-Y–USF complex as well as promoter activity, suggesting its importance for cell-specific transcription. Thus CpG methylation at the upstream USF-binding site functions in establishing and maintaining cell-specific transcription from the CpG-poor SVCT2 exon 1a promoter.
Anatomy of a laterally migrating tidal bar in front of a delta system: Esdolomada Member, Roda Formation, Tremp‐Graus Basin, Spain
Authors: OLARIU MARIANA I. , OLARIU CORNEL , STEEL RONALD J. , DALRYMPLE ROBERT W. , MARTINIUS ALLARD W.
Published: July 2011

The first sandstone unit of the Esdolomada Member of the Roda Formation (hereafter referred to as ‘Esdolomada 1’) was formed by a laterally‐migrating, shelf tidal bar. This interpretation is based on detailed mapping of the bedding surfaces on the digital terrain model of the outcrop built from light detection and ranging data and outcrop photomosaics combined with vertical measured sections. The Esdolomada 1 sandbody migrated laterally (i.e. transverse to the tidal currents) towards the south‐west along slightly inclined (1.6° to 4.6°) master bedding surfaces. The locally dominant tidal current flowed to the north‐west. This current direction is indicated by the presence of stacked sets of high‐angle (average 21°) cross‐stratification formed by dunes that migrated in this direction, apparently in an approximately coast‐parallel direction. The tidal bar contains sets and cosets of medium‐grained cross‐stratified sandstone that stack to reach a thickness of about 5·5 m. Individual cross‐bed sets average about 50 cm thick (with a range of 10 to 70 cm) and have lengths of ca 130 to 250 m in a direction perpendicular to the palaeocurrent. Set thickness decreases in the direction of migration, towards the south‐west, and the degree of bioturbation increases, so that the cross‐bedded sandstones gradually change into highly bioturbated finer‐grained and thinner‐bedded sandstones lacking any cross‐stratification. The rate of thinning of individual dune sets as they are traced down any obliquely‐accreting master surface is some 40 cm per 100 m (0·004) for the older, thicker sandstones, whereas the younger, thinner beds thin at a rate of 15 cm over 100 m (0·0015). The tidal bar has a sharp base and top and is encased in finer‐grained bioturbated, marine sandstones. The Esdolomada bar crest was oriented north‐west to south‐east, parallel to the tidal palaeocurrents and to the nearby palaeoshoreline, but built by lateral accretion towards the south‐west. Lateral outbuilding generated a flat‐topped bar with a measured width of about 1700 m, and a preserved height of 5·5 m. The bar, disconnected from a genetically related south‐westward prograding delta some 2 km to the north‐east, developed during the transgressive phase of a sedimentary cycle. The tidal bar was most probably initiated as a delta‐attached bar at the toesets of the delta front and during transgression evolved into a detached tidal bar.