bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel mTOR activating protein protects dopamine neurons against oxidative stress by repressing autophagy related cell death
Authors: Choi Kyou‐Chan , Kim Shin‐Hee , Ha Ji‐Young , Kim Sang‐Tae , Son Jin H.
Published: October 2009

Our previous microarray analysis identified a neuroprotective protein Oxi‐α, that was down‐regulated during oxidative stress (OS)‐induced cell death in dopamine neurons [Neurochem. Res. (2004) vol. 29, pp. 1223]. Here we find that the phylogenetically conserved Oxi‐α protects against OS by a novel mechanism: activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase and subsequent repression of autophagic vacuole accumulation and cell death. To the best of our knowledge, Oxi‐α is the first molecule discovered in dopamine neurons, which activates mTOR kinase. Indeed, the down‐regulation of Oxi‐α by OS suppresses the activation of mTOR kinase. The pathogenic effect of down‐regulated Oxi‐α was confirmed by gene‐specific knockdown experiment, which resulted in not only the repression of mTOR kinase and the subsequent phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase and 4E‐BP1, but also enhanced susceptibility to OS. In accordance with these observations, treatment with rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor and autophagy inducer, potentiated OS‐induced cell death, while similar treatment with an autophagy inhibitor, 3‐methyladenine protected the dopamine cells. Our findings present evidence for the presence of a novel class of molecule involved in autophagic cell death triggered by OS in dopamine neurons.
DATING OF THE HOMINID (HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS) REMAINS ACCUMULATION FROM EL SIDRÓN CAVE (PILOÑA, ASTURIAS, NORTH SPAIN): AN EXAMPLE OF A MULTI‐METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE DATING OF UPPER PLEISTOCENE SITES
Authors: De TORRES T. , ORTIZ J. E. , GRÜN R. , EGGINS S. , VALLADAS H. , MERCIER N. , TISNÉRAT‐LABORDE N. , JULIÁ R. , SOLER V. , MARTÍNEZ E. , SÁNCHEZ‐MORAL S. , CAÑAVERAS J. C. , LARIO J. , BADAL E. , LALUEZA‐FOX C. , ROSAS A. , SANTAMARÍA D. , De La RASILLA M. , FORTEA J.
Published: October 2009

The age of Neanderthal remains and associated sediments from El Sidrón cave has been obtained through different dating methods (14CAMS, U/TH, OSL, ESR and AAR) and samples (charcoal debris, bone, tooth dentine, stalagmitic flowstone, carbonate‐rich sediments, sedimentary quartz grains, tooth enamel and land snail shells). Detrital Th contamination rendered Th/U dating analyses of flowstone unreliable. Recent14C contamination produced spurious age‐values from charcoal samples as well as from inadequately pretreated tooth samples. Most consistent14C dates are grouped into two series: one between 35 and 40 ka and the other between 48 and 49 ka. Most ESR and AAR samples yielded concordant ages, ranging between 39 and 45 ka; OSL dating results permitted adequate bracketing of the sedimentary layer that contained the human remains. Our results emphasize the value of multi‐dating approaches for the establishment of reliable chronologies of human remains.
OXYGEN AND CARBON ISOTOPE ANALYSIS OF HUMAN TOOTH ENAMEL FROM THE NEW KINGDOM SITE OF TOMBOS IN NUBIA
Authors: BUZON M. R. , BOWEN G. J.
Published: October 2009

This study examines the feasibility of using oxygen isotope analysis of tooth carbonate to identify immigrants from the New Kingdom site of Tombos in Nubia (n = 30). In comparison with published data, the results (δ18Oca,VSMOW = 31.4‰) imply a substantial presence of immigrants. However, further analysis of these data strongly suggests the need to consider hydrological and cultural factors such as the contribution of aquifer waters to the Nile, use of groundwater sources, and differences in handling and storage of water. The carbon isotope analysis, in conjunction with published87Sr/86Sr data, provides additional support for the presence of immigrants at Tombos.
Use of Interpreters by Physicians Treating Limited English Proficient Women with Breast Cancer: Results from the Provider Survey of the Los Angeles Women's Health Study
Authors: Rose Danielle E. , Tisnado Diana M. , Malin Jennifer L. , Tao May L. , Maggard Melinda A. , Adams John , Ganz Patricia A. , Kahn Katherine L.
Published: October 2009

Objective. Little is known about how cancer physicians communicate with limited English proficient (LEP) patients. We studied physician‐reported use and availability of interpreters.

Data Sources. A 2004 survey was fielded among physicians identified by a population‐based sample of breast cancer patients. Three hundred and forty‐eight physicians completed mailed surveys (response rate: 77 percent) regarding the structure and organization of care.

Study Design and Settings. We used logistic regression to analyze use and availability of interpreters.

Principal Findings. Most physicians reported treating LEP patients. Among physicians using interpreters within the last 12 months, 42 percent reported using trained medical interpreters, 21 percent telephone interpreter services, and 75 percent reported using untrained interpreters to communicate with LEP patients. Only one‐third of physicians reported good availability of trained medical interpreters or telephone interpreter services when needed. Compared with HMO physicians, physicians in solo practice and single‐specialty medical groups were less likely to report using trained medical interpreters or telephone interpreter services, and they were less likely to report good availability of these services.

Conclusions. There were important practice setting differences predicting use and availability of trained medical interpreters and telephone interpretation services. These findings may have troubling implications for effective physician–patient communication critically needed during cancer treatment.
Study on the debridement efficacy of formulated enzymatic wound debriding agents by in vitro assessment using artificial wound eschar and by an in vivo pig model
Authors: Shi Lei , Ermis Ryan , Lam Kan , Cowart Jerry , Attar Paul , Aust Duncan
Published: October 2009

An in vitro efficacy study using newly developed artificial wound eschar (AWE) substrate was conducted for assessing enzyme dose response. The AWE substrate is prepared by the enzymatic conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin in the presence of collagen, fibrin, and elastin to form an insoluble planar matrix. AWE substrate was placed on Franz Diffusion Cells for continuously monitoring the debridement progress. A parallel in vivo study was performed using pig thermal‐burn wounds. Papain at concentrations of 200, 400, 800, and 1,600 U/mg was used as the model debriding enzyme for both studies. The data from the first 5 hours of the in vitro testing showed that debriding activity increased as the enzyme concentration increased. The histological results of the in vivo biopsy samples showed that enzyme doses above 800 and 1,600 U/mg successfully achieved debridement on day 8, while lower treatment groups still contained eschar tissue. Using the histological measurement results (wound depth score) a dose response that correlated to the in vitro assessment was found. Granulation tissue maturity and reepithelialization displayed correlation with the enzyme dose. Results indicate that AWE substrate can be used to predict debridement efficacy in vitro when correlation to the in vivo assessment is achieved.
Modulation of scarring in a liquid environment in the Yorkshire pig
Authors: Reish Richard G. , Zuhaili Baraa , Bergmann Juri , Aflaki Pejman , Koyama Taro , Hackl Florian , Waisbren Emily , Canseco Jose A. , Verma Kapil D. , Eriksson Elof , Yao Feng
Published: October 2009

Decreased inflammatory response seen in wet wound healing may be correlated with diminished scarring. This study seeks to test this hypothesis and to validate a model of scarring in the Yorkshire pig. Four Yorkshire pigs were used to create 36 dorsal wounds per pig (144 wounds total) in the following groups: full‐thickness excisional, partial thickness, meshed split‐thickness skin grafts, sheet split‐thickness skin grafts, minced skin, and incisional wounds. Wounds were randomized into wet and dry groups. Wet wounds were enclosed in polyurethane chambers with 2 mL of normal saline. Dry wounds were covered with regular gauze. Terminal biopsies were performed at 72 hours and day 28. Histology demonstrated significantly less inflammatory infiltrate, thicker neoepidermis, more pronounced rete ridge formation, and decreased scar tissue thickness in wet wounds. The mean macroscopic scar surface area was significantly decreased in full‐thickness excisional wet wounds compared with dry wounds (61.2 mm2 vs. 150.8 mm2, p<0.01). Hydroxyproline content was decreased in full‐thickness wet compared with dry groups (44.81 vs. 62.21 mg/g, p<0.01). Tensile strength was 90% greater in full‐thickness wet compared with dry groups (p<0.01). Healing in the liquid environment significantly reduced scar formation. This model will allow for future investigation of high‐concentration topical scar‐modulating agents in the liquid environment.
Proteolytic activity in wound fluids and tissues derived from chronic venous leg ulcers
Authors: Moor Andrea N. , Vachon David J. , Gould Lisa J.
Published: October 2009

Venous leg ulcers affect approximately 1% of the general population and 3.6% of those over the age of 65. The goal of the research described herein is to shorten the time to healing by developing wound care alternatives that are based on a comprehensive understanding of the venous ulcer wound environment. The proteolytic and inflammatory components in wound fluids and tissue biopsy samples were characterized in subjects with documented long‐standing venous ulcers that had showed resistance to standard therapy. All wounds showed polymicrobial colonization with greater than 106 CFU/g. Myeloperoxidase, a measure of leukocyte infiltration, was also markedly elevated in these wounds. Zymography revealed the presence of both pro‐matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 and pro‐MMP‐9 in wound fluids and to a lesser extent in tissue biopsies. Using an immunocapture activity assay we reveal a sevenfold excess of MMP‐9 in wound fluid as compared to tissue, with 73% in the activated form. In contrast, MMP‐8 total protein levels were nearly equal in wound fluids and biopsies. Fibronectin, a critical component of the extracellular matrix, was shown to be degraded in both wound fluids and biopsy samples. Finally, the potential of a novel wound dressing to neutralize several constituents of this hostile wound environment is shown.
Comparison of Two Types of Neonatal Extracorporeal Life Support Systems With Pulsatile and Nonpulsatile Flow
Authors: Haines Nikkole , Wang Shigang , Myers John L. , Ündar Akif
Published: October 2009

We compared the effects of two neonatal extracorporeal life support (ECLS) systems on circuit pressures and surplus hemodynamic energy levels in a simulated ECLS model. The clinical set‐up included the Jostra HL‐20 heart–lung machine, either the Medtronic ECMO (0800) or the MEDOS 800LT systems with company‐provided circuit components, a 10 Fr arterial cannula, and a pseudo‐patient. We tested the system in nonpulsatile and pulsatile flow modes at two flow rates using a 40/60 glycerin/water blood analog, for a total of 48 trials, with n = 6 for each set‐up. The pressure drops over the Medtronic ECLS were significantly higher than those over the MEDOS system regardless of the flow rate or perfusion mode (144.8 ± 0.2 mm Hg vs. 35.7 ± 0.2 mm Hg, respectively, at 500 mL/min in nonpulsatile mode, P < 0.001). The preoxygenator mean arterial pressures were significantly increased and the precannula hemodynamic energy values were decreased with the Medtronic ECLS circuit. These results suggest that the MEDOS ECLS circuit better transmits hemodynamic energy to the patient, keeps mean circuit pressures lower, and has lower pressure drops than the Medtronic Circuit.
Management of Deep Wound Complications With Vacuum‐Assisted Therapy After Berlin Heart EXCOR Ventricular Assist Device Placement in the Pediatric Population
Authors: Kouretas Peter C. , Burch Phillip T. , Kaza Aditya K. , Lambert Linda M. , Witte Madolin K. , Everitt Melanie D. , Siddiqi Faizi A.
Published: October 2009

Wound complications after ventricular assist device (VAD) placement remain a formidable challenge to surgeons. The Berlin Heart EXCOR VAD is a versatile pulsatile system that has been successful in pediatric patients of all ages and sizes. Prevention of device‐related complications such as infection, particularly in pediatric patients, remains an essential issue in minimizing patient morbidity and mortality. The introduction of vacuum‐assisted wound closure (VAC) therapy and its application in VAD‐related wound complications provide an efficient and effective method for wound healing. We report our experience in the management of deep wound complications in two pediatric patients after placement of the Berlin Heart EXCOR VAD. The wound VAC system proved to achieve complete wound healing without any infectious complications.
Experience With the Levitronix CentriMag in the Pediatric Population as a Bridge to Decision and Recovery
Authors: Kouretas Peter C. , Kaza Aditya K. , Burch Phillip T. , Witte Madolin K. , Clayson Stephen E. , Everitt Melanie D. , Selzman Craig H.
Published: October 2009

Short‐term mechanical circulatory support in the pediatric population with acute cardiac failure has traditionally been limited to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation given the limited availability of pediatric‐sized pumps. The Levitronix CentriMag system (Thoratec Corporation, Pleasanton, CA, USA) offers expanded options for short‐term support for this population. We report our experience with the successful use of the CentriMag in the pediatric population as a bridge to decision after postcardiotomy ventricular failure and as a bridge to recovery after heart transplantation. The first patient was bridged to a long‐term HeartMate II (Thoratec Corporation) as a bridge to potential recovery. The second patient was supported after severe graft failure post heart transplantation, with a full recovery. The Levitronix CentriMag has proven to be a versatile, safe, and effective short‐term circulatory support system for our pediatric patients.
Development of a Unit Risk Factor for 1,3‐Butadiene Based on an Updated Carcinogenic Toxicity Assessment
Authors: Grant Roberta L. , Haney Joseph , Curry Angela L. , Honeycutt Michael
Published: October 2009

The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) has developed an inhalation unit risk factor (URF) for 1,3‐butadiene based on leukemia mortality in an updated epidemiological study on styrene‐butadiene rubber production workers conducted by researchers at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Exposure estimates were updated and an exposure estimate validation study as well as dose‐response modeling were conducted by these researchers. This information was not available to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency when it prepared its health assessment of 1,3‐butadiene in 2002. An extensive analysis conducted by TCEQ discusses dose‐response modeling, estimating risk for the general population from occupational workers, estimating risk for potentially sensitive subpopulations, effect of occupational exposure estimation error, and use of mortality rates to predict incidence. The URF is 5.0 × 10−7 per μg/m3 or 1.1 × 10−6 per ppb and is based on a Cox regression dose‐response model using restricted continuous data with age as a covariate, and a linear low‐dose extrapolation default approach using the 95% lower confidence limit as the point of departure. Age‐dependent adjustment factors were applied to account for possible increased susceptibility for early life exposure. The air concentration at 1 in 100,000 excess leukemia mortality, the no‐significant‐risk level, is 20 μg/m3 (9.1 ppb), which is slightly lower than the TCEQ chronic reference value of 33 μg/m3 (15 ppb) protective of ovarian atrophy. These values will be used to evaluate ambient air monitoring data so the general public is protected against adverse health effects from chronic exposure to 1,3‐butadiene.
Processing and Electrical Properties in Lead‐Based (Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3, Pb(Yb1/2Nb1/2)O3, PbTiO3) Systems
Authors: Akça Erdem , Yilmaz Hüseyin , Duran Cihangir
Published: October 2009

Lead‐based ferroelectric (FE) ceramics exhibit superior electromechanical properties; therefore, there has been an increased focus on developing new lead‐based FE materials with high Curie temperature (Tc) and enhanced properties. The aim of this study was to investigate new compositions in the Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–Pb(Yb1/2Nb1/2)O3–PbTiO3(PMN–PYbN–PT) system to enhance the electromechanical properties while increasing theTcand lowering the sintering temperature. The 0.575[0.5PMN–0.5PYbN]–0.425PT composition at PMN/PYbN (50/50) mole ratio were prepared by reactive sintering PMNT and PYbNT powder mixtures at 950°–1200°C for 4 h. PMNT and PYbNT powders were calcined via the columbite method. Samples were prepared by cold isostatic pressing at 80 MPa. Dense and fully perovskite 0.575[0.5PMN–0.5PYbN]–0.425PT ceramics were fabricated at 975°C for 4 h, and these samples displayed a remnant polarization (Pr) of 32 μC/cm2, coercive field (Ec) of 17 kV/cm, and a piezoelectric charge coefficient (d33) of 475 pC/N. It is proposed that this ternary system can be tailored for various applications.
Formation of Core‐Shell Structure in Ultrafine‐Grained BaTiO3‐Based Ceramics Through Nanodopant Method
Authors: Tian Zhibin , Wang Xiaohui , Zhang Yichi , Fang Jian , Song Tae‐Ho , Hur Kang Heon , Lee Seungju , Li Longtu
Published: October 2009

The formation of core‐shell structure is the key issue of temperature stable barium titanate‐based dielectric ceramic for multilayer ceramic capacitor application. It is difficult to obtain and observe the core‐shell structure in ceramic grains when the grain size becomes smaller, especially to sizes <200 nm. A nanodopant method has been developed for the preparation of ultrafine‐grained barium titanate‐based ceramics with grain size below 200 nm. The existence of core‐shell structure was proved by transmission electron microscopy observation and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy analysis. High‐performance X7R dielectric ceramics were produced in a reducing atmosphere by normal sintering and two‐step sintering method. The dielectric constant at room temperature could reach over 2000, with a low dielectric loss at about 1.0% and high insulation resistivity ∼1012Ω·cm.
Fast and Almost Complete Nitridation of Mesoporous Silica MCM‐41 with Ammonia in a Plug‐Flow Reactor
Authors: Hayashi Fumitaka , Ishizu Ken‐ichi , Iwamoto Masakazu
Published: October 2009

The title reaction proceeded well to yield silicon (oxy)nitride at 973–1323 K using a plug‐flow reactor. The degree of nitridation was studied as a function of temperature and time of nitridation, the sample weight, and the flow rate of ammonia. It was dependent on the reaction temperature and the amount of ammonia supplied per sample weight. The nitridation at 1273 K for 10–25 h yielded the oxynitride with 36–39 wt% nitrogen, which was very close to 40 wt% of Si3N4. Characterization with X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy measurements, and nitrogen adsorption revealed the conversion of MCM‐41 to the corresponding oxynitride without essential loss of the mesoporous structure, the decrements of the lattice constant and the pore diameter by 20–35%, and the increments of the wall thickness by ca. 45%. Solid‐state 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance spectra during the nitridation clearly showed fast decrease in SiO4 species and slow in SiO3(OH). Various intermediate species, SiOxNy(NH2 or NH)z, were observed to be formed and finally, ca. 70% SiN4 species, ca. 20% SiN3(NH2 or NH), and ca. 10% SiON2(NH2 or NH) were produced, being consistent with the results of the above mentioned elemental analysis.
Synthesis of γ‐AlON Powders by a Combinational Method of Carbothermal Reduction and Solid‐State Reaction
Authors: Yuan Xinayang , Liu Xuejian , Zhang Fang , Wang Shiwei
Published: October 2009

Fine, pure γ‐AlON powders have been synthesized by a combinational method. The method was based on the weight change between the reactant (Al2O3) and the resultant (AlN) in a carbothermal reduction (CR) reaction. It combined the advantages of CR method and solid‐state reaction method, and overcame their disadvantages. Sucrose was used as the reducer instead of carbon black. Compared with carbon black, sucrose was more effective in nitridation and hindering the agglomeration of powders.
Enhancement of Giant Dielectric Response in CaCu3Ti4O12 Ceramics by Zn Substitution
Authors: Ni Lei , Chen Xiang Ming
Published: October 2009

Zn‐substituted CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramics were synthesized by solid‐state sintering. Their microstructures and dielectric properties were investigated. Ca(Cu1−xZnx)3Ti4O12 single‐phase structures were obtained up to x=0.1, and the Cu+/Cu2+ and Ti3+/Ti4+ mixed‐valent structure was enhanced with increasing Zn substitution. The giant dielectric response was significantly enhanced by Zn substitution. The dielectric constant increased with increasing x, and a giant dielectric constant plateau as high as ∼9 × 104 was achieved for x=0.1 at 10 kHz, while that for x=0 was ∼3 × 104. The enhanced giant dielectric response was profoundly concerned with the modified mixed‐valent structure.
Hf3AlN: A Novel Layered Ternary Ceramic with Excellent Damage Tolerance
Authors: Li Fangzhi , Liu Bin , Wang Jingyang , Zhou Yanchun
Published: October 2009

In this work, bulk Hf3AlN ceramic was synthesized by an in situ reaction/hot pressing method using Hf and AlN as initial materials. The reaction path during the synthesis process was investigated. Hf3AlN was found to form via the reaction of Hf and AlN above 1000°C. Furthermore, physical and mechanical properties of Hf3AlN, such as electrical conductivity, flexural strength, and elastic moduli were also characterized. Similar to typical layered ternary ceramics Ti3SiC2 and Ti3AlC2, Hf3AlN possesses metallic conductivity and excellent damage tolerance, which is also the first one of this type that has ever been reported to crystallize in an orthorhombic structure. It is believed that a typical layered crystal structure and weak interlayer bondings contribute to the damage tolerance of Hf3AlN. Moreover, the stiffness of Hf3AlN can sustain a temperature as high as 1450°C, being 250°C higher than that of Ti3AlC2, which renders it a promising high‐temperature structural material.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Effect of the Composition of the Intergranular Film on Fracture in Si3N4
Authors: Garofalini Stephen H. , Zhang Shenghong
Published: October 2009

Molecular dynamics computer simulations were used to study the fracture behavior of silica, multicomponent silicate, and oxynitride intergranular films (IGFs) between silicon nitride crystals as a function of composition, film thickness, and crystallographic orientation. The maximum fracture strength is higher in the IGF between prism surfaces than between basal surfaces. This is caused by the preferential segregation of specific species to the basal surfaces in contrast to the prism surfaces, effectively modifying the composition within the glassy portion of the IGF, with a subsequent effect on strength. The ordering observed in the thinner IGFs causes an increase in strength in the linear portions of the stress/strain curves, effectively increasing fracture stress. The simulations show that the force/atom in the 1 nm SiO2 IGF in the direction of tensile strain is more similar to that in β‐cristobalite than to v‐SiO2, whereas such data in the 2 nm SiO2 IGF is more similar to v‐SiO2. Simulations of the multicomponent silicate IGFs show the expected effect of lowering fracture strength with increasing modifier content in the silicate IGF, similar to that of bulk glasses. Similar to experimental studies, a decrease in strength is observed in silicon oxynitride IGFs with increasing oxygen concentration.
A 6‐month follow‐up study of 1048 patients diagnosed with an occupational skin disease
Authors: Mälkönen Tarja , Jolanki Riitta , Alanko Kristiina , Luukkonen Ritva , Aalto‐korte Kristiina , Lauerma Antti , Susitaival Päivikki
Published: October 2009

Background: Occupational skin diseases (OSDs) often have considerable medical and occupational consequences. Previous data on prognostic factors have been derived from studies with fairly small sample sizes.

Objectives: To determine the medical and occupational outcome in 1048 patients diagnosed with OSD at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health and to identify the prognostic risk factors for the continuation of OSD.

Methods: Patients examined in 1994–2001 filled out a follow‐up questionnaire 6 months after the diagnosis. Data on atopy, contact allergies, and occupation were analysed.

Results: Six months after the diagnosis the skin disease had healed in 27% of the patients. The OSD had cleared up in 17% of those with no changes at work, and in 34% of those who had changed their job/occupation. The best clearing had occurred in the patients with contact urticaria (35%), whereas the healing of allergic (27%) and irritant (23%) contact dermatitis was similar. The risk factors for continuing occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) were no changes in work, age > 45 years, food‐related occupations, respiratory atopy, and male sex.

Conclusions: The healing of OSD was associated with discontinuation of the causative exposure. A change in work and the presence of easily avoidable work‐related allergies were associated with a good prognosis.
Proliferation, migration and apoptosis of periodontal ligament cells after tooth replantation
Authors: Sato K , Muramatsu T , Tsuchiya Y , Masaoka T , Enokiya Y , Hashimoto S , Shimono M
Published: October 2009

Oral Diseases (2010) 16, 263–268

Objective:  The aim of this study was to investigate the proliferation, migration and death of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells after tooth replantation.

Materials and methods:  Maxillary first molars were extracted from 4‐week‐old male (n = 28) Sprague–Dawley rats and immediately replanted, after which, proliferation, migration and death of PDL cells were investigated.

Results:  At 3 days after tooth replantation, many proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)‐positive PDL cells were observed on the alveolar bone side, but fewer on the root side. However, while a gradual decrease was observed in number of PCNA‐positive PDL cells on the alveolar bone side until 7 days, an increase was seen on the root side. At 3 weeks, cells labeled with PKH26 (fluorescent dye into plasma membrane) were located in the middle of the PDL space. However, these PKH26‐labeled cells did not spread to the surface of the cementum or the alveolar bone. TUNEL‐positive cells were observed on both the bone and root sides at 3 days. Number of apoptotic cells increased until 7 days on the bone sides, but decreased on root sides.

Conclusion:  These results suggest that both cell proliferation and apoptosis occur in different patterns and at different times to maintain regular spacing of the PDL after tooth replantation.
Functional significance of five noncanonical Ca2+‐binding sites of human transglutaminase 2 characterized by site‐directed mutagenesis
Authors: Király Róbert , Csősz Éva , Kurtán Tibor , Antus Sándor , Szigeti Krisztián , Simon‐Vecsei Zsófia , Korponay‐Szabó Ilma Rita , Keresztessy Zsolt , Fésüs László
Published: October 2009

The multifunctional tissue transglutaminase 2 (TG2) has a four‐domain structure with several Ca2+‐regulated biochemical activities, including transglutamylation and GTP hydrolysis. The structure of the Ca2+‐binding form of the human enzyme is not known, and its Ca2+‐binding sites have not been fully characterized. By mutagenesis, we have targeted its active site Cys, three sites based on homology to Ca2+‐binding residues of epidermal transglutaminase and factor XIIIa (S1–S3), and two regions with negative surface potentials (S4 and S5). CD spectroscopy, antibody‐binding assay and GTPase activity measurements indicated that the amino acid substitutions did not cause major structural alterations. Calcium‐45 equilibrium dialysis and isothermal calorimetric titration showed that both wild‐type and active site‐deleted enzymes (C277S) bind six Ca2+. Each of the S1–S5 mutants binds fewer than six Ca2+, S1 is a strong Ca2+‐binding site, and mutation of one site resulted in the loss of more than one bound Ca2+, suggesting cooperativity among sites. All mutants were deficient in transglutaminase activity, and GTP inhibited remnant activities. Like those of the wild‐type enzyme, the GTPase activities of the mutants were inhibited by Ca2+, except in the case of the S4 and S5 mutants, which exhibited increased activity. TG2 is the major autoantigen in celiac disease, and testing the reactivity of mutants with autoantibodies from celiac disease patients revealed that S4 strongly determines antigenicity. It can be concluded that five of the Ca2+‐binding sites of TG2 influence its transglutaminase activity, two sites are involved in the regulation of GTPase activity, and one determines antigenicity for autoantibodies in celiac patients.
Deletion of Phe508 in the first nucleotide‐binding domain of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator increases its affinity for the heat shock cognate 70 chaperone
Authors: Scott‐Ward Toby S. , Amaral Margarida D.
Published: October 2009

The primary cause of cystic fibrosis (CF), the most frequent fatal genetic disease in Caucasians, is deletion of phenylalanine at position 508 (F508del), located in the first nucleotide‐binding domain (NBD1) of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. F508del‐CFTR is recognized by the endoplasmic reticulum quality control (ERQC), which targets it for proteasomal degradation, preventing this misfolded but partially functional Cl− channel from reaching the cell membrane. We recently proposed that the ERQC proceeds along several checkpoints, the first of which, utilizing the chaperone heat shock cognate 70 (Hsc70), is the major one directing F508del‐CFTR for proteolysis. Therefore, a detailed characterization of the interaction occurring between F508del‐CFTR and Hsc70 is critical to clarify the mechanism that senses misfolded F508del‐CFTR in vivo. Here, we determined by surface plasmon resonance that: (a) F508del‐murine (m)NBD1 binds Hsc70 with higher affinity (KD, 2.6 nm) than wild‐type (wt) mNBD1 (13.9 nm); (b) ATP and ADP dramatically reduce NBD1–Hsc70 binding; (c) the F508del mutation increases by approximately six‐fold the ATP concentration required to inhibit the NBD1–Hsc70 interaction (IC50; wt‐mNBD1, 19.7 μm ATP); and (d) the small molecule CFTR corrector 4a (C4a), but not VRT‐325 (V325; both rescuing F508del‐CFTR traffic), significantly reduces F508del‐mNBD1 binding to Hsc70, by ∼ 30%. Altogether, these results provide a novel, robust quantitative characterization of Hsc70–NBD1 binding, bringing detailed insights into the molecular basis of CF. Moreover, we show how this surface plasmon resonance assay helps to elucidate the mechanism of action of small corrective molecules, demonstrating its potential to validate additional therapeutic compounds for CF.

Structured digital abstract

MINT‐7265886: mNBD1 (uniprotkb:P26361) binds (MI:0407) to Hsc70 (uniprotkb:P19120) by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0006)

MINT‐7265906, MINT‐7265964, MINT‐7265981, MINT‐7265951: mNBD1 (uniprotkb:P26361) binds (MI:0407) to Hsc70 (uniprotkb:P19120) by surface plasmon resonance (MI:0107)

MINT‐7265924, MINT‐7265939: hNBD1 (uniprotkb:P13569) binds (MI:0407) to Hsc70 (uniprotkb:P19120) by surface plasmon resonance (MI:0107)

MINT‐7265996: Hsc70 (uniprotkb:P19120) binds (MI:0407) to Apo‐alpha‐lactalbumin (uniprotkb:P00711) by surface plasmon resonance (MI:0107)
Independent Determinants of Coronary Artery Disease in Erectile Dysfunction Patients
Authors: Chang Shih-Tai , Chu Chi-Ming , Hsu Jen-Te , Hsiao Ju-Feng , Chung Chang-Min , Ho Cheng , Peng Yun-Shing , Chen Pao-Yin , Shee Jia-Jen
Published: October 2009

Introduction

There is growing evidence of a link between erectile dysfunction (ED) and coronary artery disease (CAD).

Aims

The purpose of this study was to explore the independent determinants of CAD in ED outpatients.

Methods

This study enrolled 243 patients, ranging in age from 21 to 81 years old, suffering from ED as diagnosed by the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) scores. All patients underwent exercise stress tests or thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography perfusion imagings. Based on examination results, patients were divided into study (22 patients with a positive finding) and control groups (221 patients with a negative finding).

Main Outcome Measures

The differences of demographic characteristics, biochemical profiles, pro-inflammatory and inflammatory markers, and echocardiographic characteristics between study and control group were compared.

Results

The age, presence of DM and current smoking status were significant high in the study group. A significant lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level, a higher percentage of HDL cholesterol level<40 mg/dL, and a higher apo-lipoprotein B/A1, high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and homocysteine found in the study group. The Framingham cardiac risk scores, the ratio of mitral inflow velocity to early diastolic velocity in the annulus derived by tissue Doppler imaging (E/Et), the ratio of E/Et ≥ 15, the value of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), and IMT ≥ 1 mm were higher in study group than in the control group. In stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis, a high waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), high IMT, high E/Et, hs-CRP levels, LDL cholesterol ≥ 130 mg/dL, smoking status, and the presence of DM and metabolic syndrome (MS) were independent determinants of CAD in ED patients.

Conclusions

This study first shows the independent determinants of CAD in ED outpatients. This novel finding may improve the screening of low-risk ED patients for CAD.
Can different species of medicinal leeches (Hirudo spp.) interbreed?
Authors: Petrauskienė Laima , Utevska Olga , Utevsky Serge
Published: October 2009

Abstract. Since the 18th century, the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis has been thought to comprise a single species with several different color morphs, but recently some of these color morphs have been assigned to separate species based on morphology, geographical distribution, and molecular sequence data. This research was aimed at testing the ability of three of these species, H. medicinalis, Hirudo verbana, and Hirudo orientalis, to interbreed. We found that in the laboratory, all three species were able to mate with each other and produce hybrid offspring. This suggests that the reproductive isolation is not strong among these species of the genus Hirudo. However, fewer offspring were produced from interspecific crosses compared with intraspecific crosses. This decrease of fecundity (and in some cases, offspring viability) indicates some degree of reproductive isolation between H. medicinalis, H. verbana, and H. orientalis.
A new use for synchrotron X‐ray microtomography: three‐dimensional biomechanical modeling of chelicerate mouthparts and calculation of theoretical bite forces
Authors: Heethoff Michael , Norton Roy A.
Published: October 2009

Abstract. We present the first report on the use of the non‐invasive method of synchrotron X‐ray microtomography to model the dynamics and theoretical bite forces of arthropod mouthparts. The nature of the data allowed us to include precise measurements of muscle areas and the spatial geometry of muscle origins and insertions into a biomechanical model of a morphological microstructure. We investigated the functional morphology of the chelicera in the oribatid mite Archegozetes longisetosus (Acari, Oribatida), a model organism for Chelicerata. The chelicera represents a first‐class lever; the intrinsic muscular system consists of a feather‐shaped depressor with six muscle bundles and a bouquet‐shaped levator with 16 bundles. The relative bite forces, as compared with body mass (force/mass2/3), are 390 N kg−1 and lie within those known for vertebrates (≤260 N kg−1) and decapod chelae (≤915 N kg−1). The dynamics of force transmission and bite forces during the movement of the apotele are calculated. The conserved organization of cheliceral musculature allows broad adaptation of the model to other chelicerate taxa.
CONVECTIVE DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF EGGPLANT SLICES
Authors: DOYMAZ İBRAHİM , GÖL ESİN
Published: October 2009

The effects of air temperature and sample thickness on the drying kinetics of blanched/unblanched eggplant slices were investigated. Eggplant slices were dried as single layers with thicknesses of 0.5 and 1 cm in the range of 50–80C of drying air temperature in a cabinet dryer. Moisture transfer from eggplant slices was described by applying Fick's diffusion model. The values of effective diffusivity varied from 0.93 × 10−10 to 8.84 × 10−10 m2/s, depending on drying conditions. Effective diffusivity values increased with increasing temperature. The temperature dependence of the effective diffusivity was found to follow the Arrhenius relationship. The values of activation energy (Ea) varied from 20.12 to 30.83 kJ/mol for blanched/unblanched eggplant slices. A nonlinear regression procedure was used to fit two semi‐theoretical models available in the literature to the experimental moisture loss data. The models were compared based on the coefficient of determination, the reduced chi‐square and the root mean square error between the observed and predicted moisture ratios. The Page model was found to be most suitable in describing the drying characteristics of eggplant slices.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The blanching treatment, followed by hot‐air drying, may provide a practical method for the preservation of eggplant and the production of dried eggplant slices. The objective of this research was to determine the thin‐layer drying characteristics of eggplants, to observe the effect of process parameters such as drying temperature and slice thickness, and to calculate effective diffusivity and activation energy for the drying of eggplant slices. The dried eggplants could be used in preparation of different kinds of meals.
Influence of acculturation on dining‐out behavior of Koreans living in the United States – an exploratory study
Authors: Rajagopal Lakshman , Zheng Tianshu , Kang JuHee , Lee Ju Yup
Published: October 2009

This exploratory study aimed to determine the role of acculturation on the dining‐out behavior of Koreans living in the United States. Ethnic minorities are increasing in numbers and they represent a potentially lucrative market for the foodservice industry. To target this clientele, it is essential to determine their purchasing behaviors and the factors that influence their behavior in order to design suitable marketing strategies. The results of this study showed that scores on the acculturation scale correlated with the dining‐out behavior of Koreans. Level of acculturation was related to length of stay in the United States, age, visa status and presence of children in the household which in turn influenced the dining‐out behavior of Koreans. With the increasing cultural diversity of consumers, future studies investigating the relationship between acculturation and consumer behavior will continue to garner attention.
The HR function in purchaser–provider relationships: insights from the UK voluntary sector
Authors: Cunningham Ian
Published: October 2009

This article explores how inter‐organisational relations with the state impact on the status of human resource (HR) professionals in voluntary organisations. It reveals a constrained and under‐resourced HR function in voluntary organisations, implementing few strategic interventions. Explanations centre on the dynamics of power relations, institutional forces, the exercise of strategic choice and management of risk between purchasers and providers and their interaction with competencies among individual actors, attitudes of senior managers and the focus by voluntary sector managers on organisational mission. It warns that these external and internal factors will produce similar outcomes in sectors and economies characterised by arm's‐length contractual relations.
Inference of Dynamic Generalized Linear Models: On‐Line Computation and Appraisal
Authors: Triantafyllopoulos Kostas
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical discussion on real‐time estimation of dynamic generalized linear models. We describe and contrast three estimation schemes, the first of which is based on conjugate analysis and linear Bayes methods, the second based on posterior mode estimation, and the third based on sequential Monte Carlo sampling methods, also known as particle filters. For the first scheme, we give a summary of inference components, such as prior/posterior and forecast densities, for the most common response distributions. Considering data of arrivals of tourists in Cyprus, we illustrate the Poisson model, providing a comparative analysis of the above three schemes.
The Doctoral Education of Professional Marriage and Family Therapists
Authors: Lee, III Robert E. , Nichols William C.
Published: October 2009

The professional practice of marriage and family therapy (MFT) scholarship is regulated at the master’s level in the United States. Consequently, contemporary curricular issues have largely been focused on what is to be achieved within the master’s degree, with an emphasis on clinical practice. We consider here what value may and should be added through the doctoral degree in marriage and family therapy. Doctoral programs are the developmental stage wherein we should seek to transmit the specialized knowledge and skills germane to MFT scholarship and practice in diverse settings, e.g., clinical and research intensive university, family law, health care, child development and education, child welfare, juvenile justice, faith based, and business. However, underlying this specialty education are three transcendental goals: sophistication of family systems scholarship, socialization into the profession of MFT, and cultivation of professional maturity.
Granulometric and Metal Distributions for Post‐Katrina Surficial Particulate Matter Recovered From New Orleans1
Authors: Bhadha Jehangir H. , Schmidt Casey , Rooney Robert , Indeglia Paul , Kertesz Ruben , Bevc Elizabeth , Sansalone John
Published: October 2009

Bhadha, Jehangir H., Casey Schmidt, Robert Rooney, Paul Indeglia, Ruben Kertesz, Elizabeth Bevc, and John Sansalone, 2009. Granulometric and Metal Distributions for Post‐Katrina Surficial Particulate Matter Recovered From New Orleans. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 45(6):1434‐1447.

Abstract:  Hurricane Katrina and the resulting failure of the levees that surrounded and protected New Orleans generated a significant detained volume of stormwater within the urban area of New Orleans. Between the inundation resulting from levee failure and eventual pumped evacuation of stormwater from the urban area of New Orleans, a large mass of storm‐entrained particulate matter (PM) was deposited in the inundated areas. This study examined the granulometry and granulometric distribution of metals for post‐Katrina surficial PM deposits recovered from 15 sites (10 inundated and 5 non‐inundated) in New Orleans. Results of this examination were compared to pre‐Katrina data from New Orleans. While post‐Katrina analysis of PM indicates that Pb, Zn, and Cu concentrations for PM are reduced for all sites, inundated sites had higher Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations for the settleable (∼25‐75 μm) and sediment (>75 μm) size fractions. A comparison between total metal concentration and the bioavailable (leachable) fraction for PM reveals that inundated sites had up to 19% higher leachable metal concentration compared to non‐inundated sites. The reduction in PM‐bound total metal concentrations for recovered PM can be explained through a combination of scouring (and therefore change in granulometry from pre‐Katrina) that resulted from transport of suspended PM by storm flows and pumped evacuation; as well as leaching and PM‐based redistribution from extended contact with rainfall and during stormwater detention. New Orleans has been exposed to elevated levels of metals through decades of activities that include vehicular transportation, chemical, industrial, and oil production facilities resulting in higher metal concentrations for urban soil‐residual complexes. As a result, the influent storm flows associated with Katrina as an episodic event cannot solely explain the distribution and fate of PM‐associated metal concentrations.
Dental aesthetics assessed against orthodontic treatment complexity and need in Nigerian patients with sickle‐cell anemia
Authors: Onyeaso Chukwudi O. , DaCosta Oluranti O.
Published: October 2009

This study investigates the relationship between dental aesthetics and orthodontic treatment complexity and need in a group of patients with sickle‐cell anemia (SCA) in Nigeria. The study sample consisted of 176 individuals — 77 (43.8%) male and 99 (56.3%) female subjects with SCA (aged 10 to 35 years) who were coming for routine medical care to two outpatient clinics. Dental aesthetics were assessed using the Standardized Continuum of Aesthetic Need component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need. Treatment complexity and need were assessed according to the Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need and Dental Aesthetic Index. Both parametric and nonparametric statistics were employed in the data analysis. Significant positive relationships were found between dental aesthetics and orthodontic treatment complexity as well as treatment need according to both indices (p= .000). The correlations of the scores for dental aesthetics and the objectively derived treatment complexity and need were significant (p= .01). About 50% of the subjects had poor dental aesthetics and this correlated with their high orthodontic treatment complexity and need.
Evaluation of anterior‐segment inflammation and retinal thickness change following cataract surgery
Authors: Stock Geraldine , Ahlers Christian , Dunavoelgyi Roman , Kahraman Guenal , Schauersberger Joerg , Schmidt‐Erfurth Ursula , Amon Michael
Published: October 2009

Purpose:  To investigate the physiological retinal response to uneventful cataract surgery using conventional time‐domain (TD‐OCT) and current spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) in combination with an assessment of the anterior chamber inflammatory reaction by laser flare/cell meter (LCFM).

Methods:  Thirty‐four patients scheduled for cataract surgery were included in this prospective pilot study. Retinal parameters were examined according to a standardized examination procedure using TD‐OCT (Stratus; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, California, USA) and SD‐OCT (Cirrus; Carl Zeiss Meditec) devices. The inflammatory reaction of the anterior chamber was measured by LFCM (Kowa FC‐1000, Kowa Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). Examinations were carried out preoperatively and at day 2, week 1 and week 4 postoperatively.

Results:  A slight decrease of central retinal thickness values was identified at day 2 postoperatively followed by an increase of these parameters at week 4. LFCM showed peak values in all patients at day 2 postoperatively with a constant decrease at the following visits. No visible pathological retinal changes were seen after surgery.

Conclusion:  A biphasic retinal response after surgery could be shown with SD‐OCT and TD‐OCT technology. By using the advantages of rasterscanning mode, SD‐OCT technology is superior to TD‐OCT imaging in the investigation of the physiological retinal response to cataract surgery.