bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rendering marine waters potable
Authors: Grunberg L , Nissan A. H.
Published: July 2007

The work described in this paper for rendering marine waters potable was undertaken early in 11/42. Sea water contains approximately 35 grams per litre of total solids, the chief Halts being sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulphate and potassium sulphate. This high eon‐cent rat ion of salts causes the water to be undrinkable, for the water cannot pass from the solution through the semi‐permeable membranes into the bloodstream, where the concentration of sodium chloride is only between 7 to 8 grains per litre.
Errors in spectrochemical (flame) analysis
Authors: Oertel A. C. , Stace H. C. T.
Published: July 2007

In an attempt to use the equipment available for the determination of the exchangeable cations in soils, u statistical analysis has been made of the errors in the spectrochemical results obtained by means of an air‐acetylene flame and a large quartz, spectrograph. Even with an elementary technique, an average standard error of less than 4% was obtained. Factors contributing to the total error, such as the error of a microphotometer reading, fluctuations of the flame, and variations of the photographic emulsion, have been studied; two types of plate, sensitised and non‐sensitised, have been examined, It has been shown that most of the total error was due to variations in the photographic plates, and the significance of this in relation to the placement of the standard spectrograms on a plate is discussed. It has been found that, in general, a large quartz spectrograph is not suitable for use with an air‐acetylene Hume because the very low light‐collecting power of the instrument necessitates very long exposures or the use of solutions of impracticably high concentrations, or sometimes both.
The determination of oxides of sulphur in flue gas
Authors: Gillham E. W. F.
Published: July 2007

The limitations of existing methods of testing for sulphur dioxido and sulphur trioxido are discussed, and a now method proposed whereby these constituents are absorbed under acid conditions. By absorption of sulphur trioxido in distilled water, absorption and subsequent oxidation of the dioxide are minimised, with a corresponding increase in accuraoy; sulphur dioxido is absorbed in hydrogen peroxide after removal of the trioxido. After absorption, the acidities of the absorbents are determined before and after oxidation; the sulphur contents are determined directly by the palmitato method. Some typical results obtained by new and old methods are tabulated.
The drying of vegetables. V. The effect of scalding in starch or sulphite solutions on the loss of carotene and the deterioration in culinary quality of dried carrot during storage
Authors: Tomkins R. G. , Mapson L. W. , Wager H. G.
Published: July 2007

Carrot strips were scalded in (a) water, (b) solutions of sulphite, (e) solutions of starch, pectin or gelatin, and dried. The dried strips were stored in air in sealed cans. The ratio of loss of carotouoids from the carrot strips was the same whether they had been scalded in water or in sulphite solutions but was appreciably reduced if they had been scalded in 2·5% starch solution. Scalding in a solution of starch rather than in water increases the life of dried carrot strips, stored in air at 15°, from 3‐4 months to 7‐9 months.
Separation of the rare earth elements by chloride volatilisation
Authors: Vickery R. C.
Published: July 2007

A now method of separation of the rare earth series of elements is described which depends upon the different temperatures of volatilisation of the chlorides. Low pressures are employed to reduce the temperatures necessary to easily attainable ranges. Satisfactory results having boon obtained with artificial mixtures, the method was applied to the separation of a natural mixture obtained from monazite sand; the encouraging results thus obtained suggest that further investigations on this procedure would possibly indicate a rapid and effective method for the separation of the members of the rare earth series.
Recent developments in retting of flax and disposal of the waste waters
Authors: Brandon T. W. , Taylor C. B.
Published: July 2007

In 1941 the Water Pollution Research Laboratory of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research was naked by the Ministry of Supply to advise on the treatment and disposal of waste waters from retting of flax at a number of factories in England and Scotland. When these factories were built it was thought that it would not be necessary to ret flax in this country during the war, and at most of the sites waste waters from the usual anaerobic processes of retting could not be disposed of without causing undue pollution. Later experience showed that some retting would be necessary.

As a result of an investigation by the Water Pollution Research laboratory, n process of aerated retting has been developed from which there is normally no discharge of waste waters. Several methods were tested in small‐scale plant. Results of experiments with the most promising method in full‐scale retting tanks were satisfactory; plants for the retting of flax by the aerated process were therefore installed by the Minister of Supply at several factories, and arc now in operation.
Production of toluene by the cracking of solvent naphtha and xyloles in hydrogen. Part I.—Experiments at atmospheric pressures
Authors: Coulson E. A. , Handley R. , Holt E. C. , Stonestreet D. A.
Published: July 2007

Light solvent naphtha derived from coal tar and crudo xylole fractions when passed over various contact materials in a silica tube at temperatures above 700°, yield liquid products containing toluene. The effect of different catalysts was compared and the best production of toluene, equal to over 38% of raw material consumed, was reached when the cracking was carried out in hydrogen over silver gauze at 750°. Details are given of selected experiments done at atmospheric pressure.
Production of toluene by the cracking of solvent naphtha and xyloles in hydrogen. Part II. Experiments in metal reaction tubes, and with increase of pressure above atmospheric
Authors: Coulson E. A. , Handley R.
Published: July 2007

An extension of the work described in Part I included (1) an examination of the life of n silvered pumice catalyst, (2) experiments at pressures up to 12 atmospheres and, (3) treatment of vertical retort tolnole of low s.g. Tim best toluene yields (from crude xyloles) now reached 40 to 50% and were obtained at 12 atmospheres pressure and 650°. Non‐uromatic constituents of vertical retort toluole are removed by a thermal treatment at 675° and toluene of more than 99% purity can be recovered, by straight fractional distillation of the treated liquid product, in amounts comparable with what can be separated by azeotropic fractional distillation.
The automatic estimation of sulphur trioxide in flue gas
Authors: Gillham E. W. F.
Published: July 2007

Experimonts conducted during the development of an earlier instrument showed that the acidic sulphur oxides present in washed flue gas were not readily absorbed by hydrogen peroxide solutions, whereas sulphur dioxide was completely absorbed. These experiments have been extended, and by the use of a wetted sintered glass disc, complete absorption is effected. Distilled water absorbs sulphur trioxide completely; a trace of sulphur dioxide is absorbed, and is removed by scrubbing the solution with acid‐free Hue gas. Descriptions are given of devices used to ensure constancy of flow conditions in the instrument under all conditions of plant load, thus ensuring that the electrical conductivity of the absorbent is strictly proportional to the sulphur trioxide content of the flue gas.
The permeability of proofed fabrics to fumigants
Authors: Winteringham F. P. W. , Harrison A.
Published: July 2007

An apparatus is described in detail for the determination of the permeability of proofed fabrics and similar materials to fumigants under atmospheric conditions. The permeability of various samples of proofed fabrics to methyl bromide and hydrogen cyanide has been determined over a limited range of concentrations at 20·5°. The effect of wear on the permeabilities of the samples has been tested. Some determinations were made at 30° and the effect of temperature qualitatively indicated. The results and their application are briefly discussed.
A note on the chemical constitution of torbanite kerogen
Authors: Cane R. F.
Published: July 2007

The probable origin of Australian torbanite is discussed and a hypothesis is put forward to explain its structure. It is suggested that torbanite kerogen arose from the degradation of fatty matter in algae to free acids which were highly unsaturated. Polymerisation of the esters and acids produced a high polymer which ultimately yielded a tough oil‐producing rock now termed Torbanite. Analyses of torbanite ash and kerogen are given and the hypothesis is shown to be consistent with the observed facts.
The kinetics of package life. III. The isotherm
Authors: Oswin C. R.
Published: July 2007

Published equations for the sorption isotherms of hygroscopic materials cannot be used in solving the Package Life equation, but it has been found empirically that Pearson's typo XII Frequency curve can be fitted to the isotherms of many non‐crystalline commodities. Approximate solutions of the equation for the shelf‐life of water‐sensitive packages are derived. Separate equations are derived for absorption and desorption: the agreement of each with results observed in exposure trials is demonstrated.
Electro‐tinplate. Part I. —The influence of plating conditions on the quality of electro‐tinplate deposited from the stannous sulphate bath
Authors: Angles R. M. , Caulheld K. W. , Kerr R.
Published: July 2007

The quality of electro‐tinplate formed under different plating conditions from the stannous sulphate‐eresolsulphonic acid bath has been compared by the thiocyanate and hot‐water porosity teat and by exposure in a humidity chamber. Within the ranges examined, the quality improves with increase of tin concentration of the electrolyte and with decrease of current density. There is an optimum concentration of eresolsulphonic acid, defending on the tin content, liaising the temperature of the electrolyte impairs the quality of the deposits. No significant improvement was obtained by the addition of commercial wetting agents.
Inhibition of hard scale in boilers, and the action of static charges upon colloids
Authors: Willey E. J. B.
Published: July 2007

It is shown that a good case can be made out for a common modus operandi in two methods claimed to give remarkable results in the treatment of feedwater, the first involving an electrode system through which the water circulates under a field of a few milli‐volts, and the second an assembly of glass bulbs containing mercury where static charges develop externally as the mercury is caused to move about by the How of water. The reaction seems to involvo colloids present, these being enabled to undergo strong adsorption at the surface of nascent crystals and, although present in very small amounts, give rise to development of other crystalline forms that normally appear only when large amounts of “boiler fluids” arc used in absence of either of these devices. Static chargesseem able to exert a profound influence upon the rate of reaction of one colloid with another, positive sols being made more reactive towards negative forms, and conversely.
Vitamin c content of vegetables. Part VI. Tomatoes
Authors: Baker L. C. , Parkinson T. L.
Published: July 2007

The concentration of vitamin C in individual tomatoes shows considerable variation from fruit to fruit. Average values indicate that ripe fruits arc richer in vitamin C than unripe fruits and that outdoor grown tomatoes are richer than those grown in greenhouses; no significant differences occurred between the varieties studied. Some of the individual fruits analysed in 1945 were found to contain a comparatively high concentration of dehydroascorbic acid.
Improved syntheses of phenazines. Part I. 1‐aminophenazine and 1:3 diaminophenazine
Authors: Albert Adrien , Duewell Heinz
Published: July 2007

Practicable syntheses of 1‐amino‐ and 1:3‐diamino‐phenazines are described for the first time. These substances (and a byproduct, 1‐hydroxyphenazine) thus become relatively accessible and may prove of interest as redox indicators or as material for further syntheses.
The mixed unsaturated glycerides of liquid fats. Part VI. Low‐temperature crystallisation of rape oil
Authors: Hilditch T. P. , Laurent P. A. , Meara M. L.
Published: July 2007

The mixed glyecrides of rape oil were separated by systematic crystallisation from acetone at low temperatures into three fractions, each less complex in composition than the whole fat. The component acids of each fraction were determined, after preliminary resolution into two groups by low‐temperature crystallisation from acetone or ether, by ester‐fractionation. Spectrographs analysis of alkali‐isomerised acids from selected ester‐fractions showed the presence of more linolenic acid than ha hitherto been reported, and also of small amounts of a docosadienoic acid, C22H10O2. The component acids of the rape oil included myristic o·2%, palmitic 2·2%, stearic 0·4%, arachidic 0·5%, behenic 1·5%, lignoceric 0·8%, with hexadecenoic 0·1%, oleic 15·2%, linoleic i6·0%, linolcnic 7·0%, erucic 53·8%, and docosadicnoic 2·3% (W/W). The component glyceridcs were made up, approximately, of 54% (mol.) containing one unsaturated C22 and two unsaturated C18 acyl groups, 28% (mol.) containing two unsaturated C18 and one unsaturated C22. acyl group, and 18% (mol.) containing one group each of saturated and unsaturated C183 and unsaturated C22 acids.
Determination of fumigants. Part XVIII. Determination of low concentrations of methyl bromide
Authors: Russell John
Published: July 2007

This investigation was undertaken to develop a rapid method of determining small quantities of methyl bromide in gas samples collected during fumigation and airing. The vacuum flask technique adapted to catalytic combustion of the methyl bromide has been used, and two methods of determination of the inorganic bromide formed have been tested. The Kolthoff‐Yutzy method is suitable but lengthy. A quicker electrometric method has been evolved.
Spinning band column for high vacuum fractionation
Authors: Birch S. F. , Gripp V. , Nathan W. S.
Published: July 2007

A fractionating column is described together with its ancillary equipment for operation at high vacuum (0·01–2·5 mm. of mercury). At atmospheric pressure the column is equivalent to 16‐6 theoretical plates, and under vacuum conditions at a boil‐up rate of it operates with a total pressure drop of only 0·04 mm.
The effect of vapour composition on the assessment of fractionating columns in terms of heights of a transfer unit. Part I
Authors: Storrow J. Anderson
Published: July 2007

By a new “sampling” technique using thermocouples to measure the condensation temperature of vapour mixtures in a wetted‐wall fractionating column, it has been possible to derive curves of vapour concentration along the contact path of the two phases. From these “concentration curves” estimations have been made of the effect on H.T.U. of vapour composition for various column lengths and operating conditions. Discrepancies between data obtained from the same type of column by other workers are found to be due primarily to the effect of vapour composition. The present analysis indicates clearly the limitations of H.T.U. assessments based on the resistance to diffusion of the vapour film alone.
Corrosion of concrete caused by sulphur‐oxidising bacteria
Authors: Taylor C. B. , Hutchinson G. H.
Published: July 2007

Serious corrosion of large concrete MouchEl cooling towers has been found to be associated with the activities of sulphur‐oxidising bacteria which were found to be present in large numbers in the circulating waters and the wet corroded material. Pure and mixed cultures of the bacteria have been shown by in vitro experiments to produce sufficient acid from the oxidation of sulphur to corrode test samples of concrete and “ciment fondu.” The nature of the corrosion and the type of bacteria responsible, appear to be identical with those reported by Parker1 in concrete sewer pipes.
Equilibrium between gaseous carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide and solutions of alkali carbonates, bicarbonates and hydrosulphides. Part II. Ammonium salts
Authors: Dryden I. G. C.
Published: July 2007

In the case of ammoniacol solutions, constants corresponding to those determined for potassium salt solutions (Part I) are of theoretical interest only. When the gas phase consists entirely of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide at atmospheric pressure, it has been found that an empirical constant expresses the equilibrium satisfactorily; corresponding values of have also been measured. When the partial pressures are low and the solution is alkaline, equilibrium measurements have been recorded in a set of curves showing the partition factor for hydrogen sulphide as a function of solution composition.
A colorimetric method for the estimation of 2:2‐bis‐(p‐chloro‐phenyl)‐1:1:1‐trichloroethane (DDT)
Authors: Bradbury F. R. , Higgons D. J. , Stoneman J. P.
Published: July 2007

2:2‐Bis‐(p‐chlorophenyl)‐1:1:1‐trichlorocthanc reacts with hydroquinone and concentrated sulphuric acid at 100° to produce a wine‐red colour. The reaction has been studied and developed into a quantitative analytical method for the determination of DDT. The reaction is sufficiently specific to permit the determination of the purity of commercial samples of DDT with an accuracy of ± 1%.
South african fish products. Part XXV—The recovery of unsaponifiable matter from marine oils by the society of public analysts' method
Authors: Karnovsky M. L. , Rapson W. S. , Black M.
Published: July 2007

Studies in progress in this laboratory have demanded the quantitative recovery of unsaponifiable substances from a wide range of marine oils. A critical study of the recovery of different types of unsaponifiable matter from such oils by the Society of Public Analysts' method has therefore been made.
The electrostatic ignitibility of various solvent vapour‐air mixtures
Authors: Boyle A. R. , Llewellyn F. J.
Published: July 2007

The influence of discharge capacity, electrode shape and size, electrode material, temperature of the vapour‐air mixture, and resistance in the discharge circuit, on the ignitibility of a number of solvent vapour‐air mixtures has been examined. Ignition occurs most easily, i.e. at a minimum energy, when the capacity is low; when the electrodes are not points a minimum voltage is necessary for ignition no matter what it is the size of the capacitor, but with point electrodes the critical factor is the energy stored in the capacitor.
The polymerisation of olefinic substances by friedel‐crafts catalysts
Authors: Houtman J. P. W.
Published: July 2007

It has already been found in several reactions that Friedel‐Crafts catalysts are only effective when traces of water are present. We have found that this does not apply to the polymerisation reaction of iso‐butene with BF3 and AlCl3 under conditions where high‐molecular weight products are formed. On the other hand, some indications were found pointing to the fact that the reaction proceeds more slowly when working under dry conditions. The phenomena observed are explained in the most satisfactory way by accepting a polarising effect of the positive metal atom on the olefin. Some possible explanations are given for the phenomena found by Polanyi and co‐workers which indicate that presence of moisture can be important in certain cases.
Investigation of errors arising in iodometric determination of free sulphurous acid by the acetone procedure
Authors: Ingram M.
Published: July 2007

Apart from difficulties in the observation of the end‐points, errors arise bemuse the determinations involve disturbance of the equilibrium between free and combined SO2, leading to production of more free SO2. The change following dilution is not rapid enough to cause serious error. The change following removal of all the free SO2 by titration with iodine is so rapid as to be troublesome in accurate work. Addition of 20% of acetone (the optimum proportion as reckoned by volume on natural strength) does not take up all the free SO2 in a reasonable time, but allowance can be made for this error. The most serious defect lies in the fact that with some juices (perhaps those damaged by overheating) the acetone titration does not correctly measure the reducing power of the components of the juice other than SO2, and the difference may be equivalent to an over‐estimate of free SO2 by as much as 50 p.p.m.
Starches and starch fractions. Part II. The determination of starch by hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid
Authors: Lampitt L. H. , Fuller C. H. F. , Goldenberg N.
Published: July 2007

In the hydrolysis of starch to dextrose by hydrochloric acid at 100°, two reactions occur from the commencement of the heating process—(a) a rapid hydrolysis of starch to dextrose, and (b) a much slower decomposition of the dextrose produced. After correction for the dextrose destroyed, it is evident that starch is quantitatively converted to dextrose according to the stoichiometric relationship 90 parts starch = 100 parts dextrose.
South african fish products. Part XXVI. Application of the fitelson method of “squalene” determination to some marine oils
Authors: Karnovsky M. L. , Rapson W. S.
Published: July 2007

The technique described by Fitelson1 for the determination of olive oil in edible oil mixtures has been applied to several marine oils with unsaponifiable fractions of different types. The results indicate that the method should be of particular value in the structural analysis and characterisation of fats of marine origin.
The aerial oxidation of scottish shale wax
Authors: Pettet A. E. J. , Greaves W. S.
Published: July 2007

In the aerial oxidation of Scottish shale wax a satisfactory rate of oxidation was attained by oxidising a mixture of 60% fresh wax with 40% unsaponifiable material from previous runs, at a temperature of 110°. Air for oxidation at the rate of 4 cu. ft./hour/100 g. mixture, was best introduced in a finely divided state by means of a ceramic filter block, and either cobalt or manganese oleate at 1% concentration provided a satisfactory catalyst, with a slight advantage in favour of the former. An aluminium apparatus was preferable to one of glass, since the considerable induction period evident in the latter was eliminated when aluminium was used. Adequate space had to be provided in the reaction chamber, for formation of froth, as well as a subsidiary chamber for subsequent froth breaking. With the manganese catalyst in presence of unsaponified material, the yield of C10‐C20 acids rose from 7% when the reaction was taken to an acid number of 36 to 27% at acid number 186. The acetyl number of the final acids also tended to rise when the oxidation was carried to a high acid number but the precise point was not determined at which the oxidation should be stopped so as to give the best results, having regard to both quantity and quality of acids. The wax could be almost completely oxidised, but no advantage was thereby gained.
Chemical research and corrosion, control: Some recent contributions of a corrosion research group
Authors: Vernon W. H. J.
Published: July 2007

A survey (is presented) of the work of the Corrosion Research Section of Chemical Research Laboratory (Department of Scientific and Industrial Research), Teddington, since 1939. The topics discussed include the “high‐speed rotor apparatus” for accelerated immersed corrosion tests; the investigation of high‐duty coatings; antifreeze solutions; corrosion inhibitors for use in heat‐exchange systems, de‐icing systems, wrapping materials, enclosed air spaces; accelerated atmospheric corrosion tests; methods of pre‐treatment; bituminous coatings; microbiological (soil) corrosion; miscellaneous investigations and information services.
The alkoxyl content of urea formaldehyde resin films
Authors: Shaw B. M.
Published: July 2007

The butoxyl contents of cured urea‐formaldehyde‐butanol resin films have been determined by a modified Zeisel method, using a technique for film preparation whereby the film is obtained on a glass substrate under controlled conditions. The results show that such films have a high butoxyl content even after long periods of stoving, thus supporting the theory that under the conditions used in the preparation of the resin, the butanol reacts .with the methylol urea polymers to form relatively heat stable ethers.
Methacrylic acid dimer
Authors: Crawford J. W. C.
Published: July 2007

In the preparation of methyl methacrylate by the acetone cyanhydrin‐methacrylamide route, a dimeric ester is formed as a by‐product, and can be isolated in amounts corresponding to about 1 % theoretical. The acid obtained by saponification of the dimeric ester has been shown to be α δ;‐dimethyl‐α β‐hydromuconic acid. Investigations made at points in the methyl methacrylate synthesis indicate that the dimeric acid is formed (as amide) by dimerisation of methacrylamide under the influence of the sulphuric acid present.
Pectin studies.—Part II. The effect of dry grinding
Authors: Lampitt L. H. , Money R. W. , Judge B. E. , Urie A.
Published: July 2007

The dry grinding of pectins from various sources in a ball mill caused depolymerisation of the pectin molecules as evidenced by the fall in the value of viscosity of aqueous solutions of the pectin and of acetone solutions of the nitro‐ester. The depolymerisation was accompanied by loss of gelling power. The calcium pectate and saponification values were not changed significantly by grinding.
The chemotherapy of phenanthridine compounds
Authors: Walls L. P.
Published: July 2007

An account is given of the preparation of various phenanthridine compounds and of their use in chemotherapy. Several of the compounds are curative of bovine trypanosomiasis, an African disease transmitted by the tsetse fly, and promise to be of great value in the African colonics. The relation between chemical constitution and trypanocidal action in this series is discussed.
An automatic take‐off for fractionating columns
Authors: Baker A. W. , Dixon O. G.
Published: July 2007

A still head which will deliver a constant weight or a constant volume of distillate has been developed. There are no moving parts in the still head itself, the reflux is continuous during operation, and the device may be made in glass or metal. It is particularly suitable for use on high efficiency laboratory columns where the distillation rate is small and automatic control is required.
Silicate phosphors for cathode‐ray tubes
Authors: Campbell P. N.
Published: July 2007

The paper describes experimental work carried out to investigate the problem of the manufacture of phosphors suitable for use in screens for cheap television cathode‐ray tubes. Experience had been gained in the manufacture of screens for radio‐location tubes, in which, Willemite was used as the phosphor. Using this phosphor, very good screens had been produced cheaply and in quantity but they were green. The object of the experiment to be described was to produce a phosphor which would give a white screen suitable for television.
Basra dates. Relationship between ripening and sugar content of twelve varieties
Authors: Cavell A. J.
Published: July 2007

The predominant sugar in the early stages of development of twelve varieties of dates grown in Iraq is sucrose; as ripening continues, the sucrose diminishes and in ten varieties ripe dates contain no sucrose; ripe dates of the remaining varieties examined contain small amounts of sucrose. A marked difference in composition exists between the Deglet Noor variety of date when grown in U.S.A. and the twelve varieties examined in Iraq as the former type contains, when fully ripe, a substantial proportion of sucrose.
The determination of iodide in developers
Authors: Levenson G. I. P.
Published: July 2007

A simple colorimetric method for the analysis of iodides in developers suitable for use in the photographic processing trade is described. Used motion picture and X‐ray developers contain negligible amounts of iodide, but some reversal first developers contain significant quantities. The results are discussed in the light of solubility product data.
The keeping properties of confectionery as influenced by its water vapour pressure
Authors: Grover D. W.
Published: July 2007

The moisture vapour pressure of a foodstuff, regarded in relation to that of the surrounding atmosphere decides whether loss or gain of moisture can occur and, to a considerable extent, whether the foodstuff can form an acceptable medium for micro‐organisms. It follows that this property has great importance with regard to storage life. The moisture vapour pressure of confectionery has been studied firstly by measuring the vapour pressure/moisture‐content relations of the principal ingredients, namely sucrose, confectioners' glucose and invert sugar, and of some minor ingredients. The resulting information can be combined in the form of a number of formulæ by means of which the moisture vapour pressure of most kinds of confectionery may be calculated from the composition. The figures so obtained agree well with direct measurements made on the individual samples. A wide variation in vapour pressure is observed between different classes of confectionery, these differences resulting in widely different keeping properties and requirements for satisfactory storage.
A note on the chlorination of aqueous phenol
Authors: Walker B. Y. , Hayes T.
Published: July 2007

In the course of preparing 2 :4 dichlorphenol as an intermediate on a semi‐technical scale by the chlorination of molten phenol (100%), the possibility of large scale production was considered, with its attendant difficulties of keeping large stocks of the raw material warm enough to remain molten, and the transfer lines and valves sufficiently hot to prevent blockages.
Production of 2:3‐butylene glycol by fermentation of molasses
Authors: Freeman G. G. , Morrison K. I.
Published: July 2007

A d‐meso mixture of 2 : 3‐butylene glycol isomers is produced as the main non‐volatile product of the Acrobacter acrogenes fermentations of Blackstrap molasses mashes. In media containing 10% of fermentable carbohydrate with addition of inorganic salts and a neutralising agent fermentation is complete in about 30 hours with 36—39% weight yield of the glycol. Optimal fermentation is obtained with acclimatised strains of the organism at 35° and pH 5·6—6·0, with aeration. Appreciable quantities of ethanol, lactic acid and, if aeration be excessive, of acetoin are also formed. The glycol may be recovered from the fermented liquors in a pure state by an alcohol‐lime extraction process or by vapour‐phase (steam) extraction, with recovery yields of about 95%.
The spectrographic analysis of a complex ferrous alloy
Authors: Gentry C. H. R. , Mitchell G. P.
Published: July 2007

A detailed description is given of a spectrographic procedure for the analysis of “Ticonal” alloy, a complex ferrous material. To permit the accurate determination of the high‐percentage constituents, “a concentration ratio” method is used which allows for variations in the content of iron, the base metal. A modification of the calculating board is suggested to simplify the clerical work involved. The precision of the spectrographic method is shown to compare favourably with that obtainable by routine chemical methods. The paper concludes with suggested requirements for the accurate spectrographic analysis of any complex material containing high‐percentage constituents.
Analysis of sludges from benzole recovery plants using petroleum oils
Authors: Dick T. A. , Claxton G. , Hoffert W. H.
Published: July 2007

An account is given of an investigation of the composition of sludges from petroleum oils used for recovering benzole at coke‐oven and gas works. This investigation was carried out by the National Benzole Association for the Benzole Technical Committee of the Ministry of Fuel and Power and forms part of the programme of work carried out during the war by that committee on the sludging of petroleum oils, with a view to reducing the consequent loss of crude benzoic. A more complete knowledge of the nature of the solid material contained in the sludges, it was hoped, would give some clue as to its source, and the causes of its formation. For full details of the investigation on sludging, the Report of the Benzole Technical Committee should be consulted.* The material, called deposit, obtained from the sludges after removal of oil and water was extracted selectively with organic solvents. A detailed examination of the deposits and their extracts showed that they were extremely complex in character and that no separation into material of substantially simpler character had been effected. Ultimate analyses showed that all the deposits contained carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and usually iron. Oxygen %vas usually high in amount (5·5% to 36·7%), depending apparently on the extent to which the sludges had been subjected to heat in the plant, and suggesting that the deposits are oxidation and condensation products, rather than polymers of unsaturated compounds. No evidence was obtained that the deposits or extracts contained nitrogenous gum or its heat‐degradation products.
The colorimetric determination of less than 0·001% sulphur as carbon disulphide in benzoles
Authors: Dick T. A.
Published: July 2007

A colorimetric and quantitative test for estimating small quantities of thiophen in pure benzene has been published1 recently. A companion test is required for small quantities of carbon disulphide. The test for thiophen is applicable only to samples free from unsaturated hydrocarbons, but the test described below for carbon disulphide may be applied to any sample of benzole or petrol provided it is practically free from colour.
Straw‐sludge composts
Authors: Garrick P.
Published: July 2007

During the war work was undertaken under the auspices of the Agricultural Research Council to investigate the factors affecting the production of composts from straw and sewage‐sludge. Fresh sewage‐sludge contains approximately 30% (on D.M. basis) of ether soluble substances and the investigation sought to find out what happens to this fraction on composting. The results show that while the saponifiablc fraction disappears quickly from both the sewage‐sludge and the composts, the unsaponifiable fractior, is much more resistant to decomposition by the micro‐organisms.
An improved spectrographic source
Authors: Braudo C. , Clayton H. R.
Published: July 2007

The requirements for n spectrographic source of stable characteristics are discussed and a circuit is then described which fulfils these conditions. The circuit has been tested by analyzing numerous samples of a strong alloy to Specification 5L3, and of pure aluminium, and the standard deviations of the results indicate that it is a substantial improvement over the condensed spark source normally employed. A brief discussion of the processes in the analytical gap as they affect choice of circuit conditions, and of the considerations involved in the selection of spectrum line pairs for use in analytical spectrography concludes the paper.
The esters of 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid and related compounds. Part III. Ethers of 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid and their n‐alkyl esters
Authors: Cavill G. W. K. , Gibson N. A.
Published: July 2007

The preparation is described of the methyl 4‐n‐amoxy‐, methyl 4‐n‐butoxy‐, ethyl 4‐n‐propoxy‐, n‐propyl 4‐cthoxy‐ and n‐butyl 4‐methoxy‐benzoates, and their hydrolysis products‐the 4‐n‐alkoxybenzoic acids.
Heat degradation of gelatin
Authors: Ames W. M.
Published: July 2007

A study has been made of the degradation of gelatin prepared by the alkaline process and the acid process. Heat has rather more effect on acid process gelatin. Both types show the least break‐down at neutrality, and heating at a high PH is more Hamming than heating at a low PH. The extent to which the physical properties arc destroyed is independent of concentration, but increases with rise in temperature at a rate which is rather more than in proportion to the temperature increments. The initial period of heating produces the greatest effects. The loss of ammonia when gelatin is heated in the presence of alkali, formal titration figures on heated gelatin, and a knowledge of the method of preparation, have been used to develop a theory explaining the relation of the two kinds of gelatin to collagen.
African drying oils. I. The seed oil of tetracarpidum conophorum
Authors: Gunstone F. D. , Hilditch T. P. , Riley J. P.
Published: July 2007

The seed fat of Tetracarpidium conophorum is a drying oil (iodine value 200–205) the component acids of which are linolenic 64–68, linoleic 10–12, oleic 10–11, and saturated acids 10–12% (wt.). The high content of linolenic acid (which exceeds that (50–55%) in linseed oil) and the correspondingly high proportion (about 75%) of glycerides containing either two or three linolenic groups point to this oil as superior in drying properties to linseed oil. It forms a clear, hard film on exposure to air. The Tetracarpidium shrub is of fairly rapid growth and is already cultivated for native edible purposes in Southern Nigeria and adjacent regions; its development as a technical source of oil‐seed appears feasible. Since, however, the seed tissues are exceptionally rich in lipase, formation of free fatty acid proceeds rapidly in the dried kernels, and it will be essential to destroy the enzymes by heating the kernels at 100° before they are stored for export to this country or elsewhere for oil extraction.
Heat transfer through boiling liquid films
Authors: Rumford F.
Published: July 2007

The rate of heat flow from a metal wall to a boiling fluid has been measured for water, toluene, ethyl alcohol and nitric acid. It has been shown that, where more than about 10% of the feed liquid is converted to vapour, the rate of heat transfer is not affected by mass velocity. It is also shown that boiling is not confined to any one zone in a vertical tube evaporator, but probably extends throughout the tube length.
The determination of tin coating weights on tinplate
Authors: McKenzie Hugh A.
Published: July 2007

Methods for estimating coating weights on tinplate by removing the tin coating quantitatively were critically examined. The action of several stripping reagents on both hot‐dipped and electrolytic tinplates was studied by measuring weight losses after various periods of immersion and by metallographic examinations of the stripped specimens. Hydrochloric acid inhibited with antimony trichloride was the only reagent which completely removed the tin coating and the alloy layer from hot‐dipped plates and this reagent is recommended for determining total coating weights on hot‐dipped and electrolytic plates. Alkaline potassium iodate is a satisfactory alternative reagent for electrolytic plates. Coating weights determined with these two reagents agreed closely with those determined by iodimetric titrations of tinplate digests provided the latter results were corrected for iodine consumption by the baseplate. Plumbite and bismuthate stripping reagents were found to be unsatisfactory.
The preparation of mono‐ and di‐benzylamines
Authors: Phillips M. A.
Published: July 2007

The preparation of mono‐ and dibenzylamines from benzyl halides and acetamide and benzaldehyde is compared with a B.I.O.S. method and the experimental procedure described.
The generation of insecticidal smokes
Authors: Bateman E. W. , Heath G. D.
Published: July 2007

The development of a pyrotechnic insecticidal smoke generator is described. The work is concerned mainly with the formulation of suitable pyrotechnic compositions in which a mixture of sucrose and potassium chlorate is used as the vaporizer and DDT as the insecticide. A method for determining the efficiency of such compositions is described, and the reliability of the method has been confirmed by the isolation from the cloud of almost the whole of the amount of the DDT present, as determined by analysis. The stabilization of the compositions to heat is discussed, and brief mention is made of entomological trials.
The determination of methylol groups and dibenzyl ether linkages in phenol alcohols and derived phenolic resins. Part I. Methylol groups
Authors: Lilley H. S. , Osmond D. W. J.
Published: July 2007

A method is described for the volumetric determination of phenol of methylol (CH2OH) groups in phenol alcohols and resins derived therefrom. The method depends on the oxidation and elimination of the methylol group as formic acid by means of iodine. The method has been applied to a series of pure phenol alcohols and to various phenolic resins. It is shown that the accuracy of the method falls (and by the nature of the process must fall) with decreasing methylol content. The range of accuracy is 0·5–3·0% as the methylol content falls from 25–30% to 10%, which is the range commonly encountered. Exceptionally low figures may be met with in e.g., ammonia catalysed phenolic resins, and in such cases the results may be difficult to interpret.
Adsorption phenomena in soils with special reference to their surface area
Authors: Cohen W. H. , Knight B. H.
Published: July 2007

A review of the literature is followed by an account of work in which the soil to be examined is left for a period in contact with a solution of malachite green dye which is examined photo‐electrically before and after contact. Reference is made to the work of Hogentogler and others on the subject but the methods now described are radically different especially with regard to contact times. Soil dye adsorptive capacities are reported for 32 soils ranging from an almost pure sand to an almost pure clay and the effect of surface area on adsorption is also discussed, it being shown that the total adsorption of a fraction of a soil is dependent upon : (a) the clay‐type present and its physico‐chemical nature, and (b) the surface area of the constituent grains in the fraction.
The production of DL‐methionine on a semi‐technical and pilot scale
Authors: Hands C. H. G. , Millidge A. F. , Walker B. Y.
Published: July 2007

Substantial quantities of DL‐methionine were urgently required by the Medical Research Council in England during the latter part of the war. The Ministry of Supply undertook the development up to a pilot scale of a process thought to be suitable for quantity production of methionine of high purity. The results of the first stages of this development, i.e., laboratory research, have already been published.1 The present paper is concerned with the semi‐technical and pilot scale development of the process.
The determination of calcium sulphate in sulphide ores
Authors: Young R. S. , Hall A. J.
Published: July 2007

Ammonium chloride solution is a satisfactory solvent for the calcium sulphate, anhydrite, and also very probably for gypsum. Extraction can be carried out completely on a —200 mesh material in a fairly short period. By means of this solution a differentiation can be made between the sulphur contained in base metal sulphides and barite, and the sulphur in the anhydrite. Celestite docs not give satisfactory results by this method. From observations made during the course of this work it was noted that the solubility of some of the naturally‐occurring sulphates depends largely on the particle size of the samples.
Semimicro determination of nitrogen in sewage sludges
Authors: Klein L.
Published: July 2007

A semimicro‐method for determining nitrogen in sewage sludges is described avoiding the use of a micro‐balance or a micro‐burette. The whole estimation can be completed in just over one hour. Good agreement is shown between results obtained by this method and by the older Kjeldahl method.
The determination of the nitrosoamine content of propellant explosives stabilized with sym‐di‐ethyldiphenylurea
Authors: Ovenston T. C. J. , Parker C. A.
Published: July 2007

The colorimetric reaction given by aromatic N‐nitrosoamines with α‐naphthylamine hydrochloride has been made the basis of a rapid and convenient method for their estimation in propellant explosives stabilized with sym‐diethyldiphenylurea. The estimation of the nitrosoamine content of such a propellant provides useful information regarding its residual stability and useful life. Working details of the method are given, and applications to the assessment of thermal age and to the determination of compatibility with other materials arc described.
The determination of columbium in rustless and heat‐resisting steels. Part I
Authors: Bagshawe B. , Elwell W. T.
Published: July 2007

A procedure is described for the determination or columbium in rustless and heat‐resisting high chromium nickel steel. Provision is made for the presence of tungsten, titanium, and molybdenum. By a slight adjustment of conditions, tungsten precipitation is quantitative and a simultaneous determination may be made. The efficiency of hydrolysis separations is discussed and a method of sulphurous acid hydrolysis from divalent iron solution recommended. An examination of the separation of columbium from tungsten by the magnesia method1 has indicated that errors are introduced due to the formation of colloidal columbic acid which prevents a quantitative separation of these two metals. Colloid formation is overcome by using a modified wash liquor. This paper is the first of two to be published on this subject.
The determination of columbium in rustless and heat‐resisting steels. Part II. A co‐operative examination of some of the methods available
Authors: Craven S. W.
Published: July 2007

Results are given of a co‐operative examination of several methods of determining columbium in 18% Cr/8% Ni, rustless steels by six laboratories. Various features of the methods are discussed and the order of agreement obtained by different laboratories working independently is shown.
The toxicity to plants of flue dusts containing cyanides and thiocyanates
Authors: Dyer B. , Hamence J. H. , Taylor G.
Published: July 2007

The toxic or harmful effects resulting from the use of flue dust containing different amounts of cyanides and thiocyanates as a potassic fertilizer for a variety of different crops have been studied. Tomato plants have been found to be particularly susceptible to flue dusts containing cyanides and thiocyanates. For all other crops examined 1% of potassium cyanide and 1% of potassium thiocyanate appear to be safe limits for these compounds in flue dust. Quantities of cyanide and thiocyanates in excess of these amounts have been found to be generally toxic. The experiments have shown, however, that both cyanides and thiocyanate arc rapidly destroyed in the soil; so that application of flue dust to the soil some weeks before sowing the crop will afford a safeguard against these toxic substances.
The fractionation of potato starch. Part I. The process of grinding
Authors: Lampitt L. H. , Fuller C. H. F. , Goldenberg N.
Published: July 2007

The grinding of potato starch in a ball mill breaks up the granules, and the starch is rapidly converted to a form entirely soluble in cold water j the two changes proceed at a much greater rate with potato starch than with wheat starch.
Fluorination of organic compounds with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride. Part I. The preparation of fluoroform and certain derivatives
Authors: Whalley W. B.
Published: July 2007

The method of fluorination using antimony pentachloride and anhydrous hydrogen fluoride1 has, by a simple modification, been extended to allow the almost quantitative conversion of the ‐C,Cl3 radical to ‐CF3, in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, as‐tetrachloroethane, and methyl chloroform.