bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early Elicitor-Induced Events in Chickpea Cells: Functional Links between Oxidative Burst, Sequential Occurrence of Extracellular Alkalinisation and Acidification, K+/H+ Exchange and Defence-Related Gene Activation
Authors: Otte Oliver , Pachten Andreas , Hein Frauke , Barz Wolfgang
Published: February 2015

Elicitation of cultured chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cells stimulates a signal transduction pathway leading to several rapid responses: (1) oxidative burst, (2) extracellular alkalinisation, (3) extracellular acidification, (4) transient K+ efflux, and (5) activation of defence related genes all within 2 hours. Induced genes are encoding acidic and basic chitinases, a thaumatin-like protein and isoflavone reductase. All these elicitor-induced responses are in­ hibited by the Ser/Thr protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine and the anion channel blocker anthracene-9-carboxylic acid but stimulated by the Ser/Thr protein phosphatase 2A inhibitor cantharidin. The oxidative burst leads to a transient extracellular H2O2 accumulation which seems to be preceded by O2
- production, indicating dismutation of O2
-to H2O2. The oxidative burst is accompanied by transient alkalinisation of the culture medium which is followed by long-lasting extracellular acidification. An 80 percent inhibition of the alkalinisation after complete inhibition of the H2O2 burst with diphenylene iodonium indicates that the elicitor induced increase of extracellular pH is mainly based on a proton consumption for O2
-dismutation. A simultaneous deactivation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase during oxidative burst and extracellular alkalinisation is also suggested. The elicitor-stimulated extracellular acidification is inhibited by the plasma membrane H+-ATPase inhibitor N, N'-dicyclohex-ylcarbodiimide assuming a reactivation of the H+-ATPase 25 min after elicitation. Extracellular acidification seems not to be necessary for elicitor-induced activation of defence related genes. Opposite modulation of K+ and proton fluxes after elicitation and/or treatment with the H+-ATPase effectors fusicoccin or N, N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide indicate that the elicitor induced transient K+ efflux is regulated by a K+/H+ exchange reaction.
Insect Growth Regulatory Activity of Some Extracts and Compounds from Parthenium argentatum on Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda
Authors: Céspedes Carlos L. , Martinez-Vázquez Mariano , Calderón Jose S. , Salazar Juan R. , Aranda Eduardo
Published: February 2015

Argentatins, Insect Growth Regulators, Acetylcholinesterase The methanolic extract from aerial parts of Parthenium argentatum, afforded argentatin A and B. These compounds were evaluated for their effect on the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). Toosendanin, a commercial insecticide derived from Melia azedarach was used as positive control. When tested for activity, using neonate larvae into the no-choice artificial diet bioassays, argentatin A, argentatin B and methanol extract caused significant growth inhibitory activity with GC50 of 17.8, 36.1 and 6.4 ppm at 7 days, respectively, and increased the development time of surviving larvae in a concentration-dependent manner with RGI values of 0.40, 0.60 and 0.26, at 25.0, 25.0 and 5.0 ppm. respectively. In addition, it was possible to observe in most of the treated groups a significant delay in the time of pupation, adult emergence and deformities. Acute toxicity against adults of S. frugiperda was also found, MeOH extract had the most potent activity with LD50 value of 3.10 ppm. In addition, MeOH extract and argentatin A caused acetylcholinesterase inhibition of 93.7% and 90.0%, at 5.0 and 50.0 ppm, respectively; whereas argentatin B had only slight inhibitory activity. Therefore, the MeOH extract was identified as insecticidal extract from P. argentatum with activity at concentrations above 15.0 ppm.
Mariannaeapyrone -a New Inhibitor of Thromboxane A2 Induced Platelet Aggregation
Authors: Fabian Kerstin , Anke Timm , Sterner Olov
Published: February 2015

Mariannaeapyrone ((E)-2-(1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-5-nonenyl)-3,5-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one) is a new fungal metabolite isolated from fermentations of the common mycophilic deuteromycete Mariannaea elegans. The chemical structure of the 4-pyrone was determined by spectroscopic techniques. Mariannaeapyrone is a selective inhibitor of the thromboxane A2 induced aggregation of human platelets, whereas only weak cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects could be observed.
Pathogenesis of Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatocyte Injury Bioactivation of CCl4 by Cytochrome P450 and Effects on Lipid Homeostasis
Authors: Boll Meinrad , Weber Lutz W. D. , Becker Eberhard , Stampfl Andreas
Published: February 2015

The CCl4-induced development of liver damage was studied in monolayer cultures of pri­mary rat hepatocytes: (1) CCl4 caused accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes following cytochrome P450 induction with β-naphthoflavone or metyrapone. Ethanol or a high dose of insulin plus triio­dothyronine had the same effect. (2) CCl4 increased the synthesis of fatty acids and triglycer­ ides and the rate of lipid esterification. Cholesterol and phospholipid synthesis from acetate was also increased. (3) CCl4 reduced β-oxidation of fatty acids as assessed by CO2-release and ketone body formation. Hydrolysis of triglycerides was also reduced. (4) The content of unsaturated fatty acids in microsomal lipids was decreased by almost 50% after incubation with CCl4, while saturated fatty acids increased slightly. (5) CCl4 exerted a pronounced inhibitory effect on the exocytosis of macromolecules (albumin), but did not affect secretion of bile acids from hepatocytes.
Essential Oil from Herb and Rhizome of Peucedanum ostruthium (L. Koch.) ex DC
Authors: Cisowski Wojciech , Sawicka Urszula , Mardarowiczb Marek , Asztemborskac Monika , Łuczkiewiczd Maria
Published: February 2015

Essential oil from herb and rhizome of Peucedanum ostruthium (L.Koch.) ex DC un­ derwent qualitative and quantitative analyses. The content of the oil obtained by hydrodistil­lation was 0.95% in the herb and 1.25% in the rhizome (per dry weight basis). Gas chroma­ tography (GC) with MS detection and flame ionisation detection showed that the oil from the rhizome contains 39 compounds, of which 29 were identified. Gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection in chiral columns against standard compounds showed the pres­ence of enantiomers of some of the components of the oil. Compounds present in largest quantities are: sabinene (35.2%) of which (+) sabinene accounts for (96.54%) and 4-terpineol (26.6%) of which (+) 4-terpineol accounts for (65.8%). 44 com ponents were found in the herb essential oil, of which 39 compounds were identified. Compounds present in largest quantities were β-caryophyllene (16.1%) and a-hum ulene (15.8%). The content of sabinene in the herb oil was 4.7%. The following compounds were present in the herb oil only as enantiomers: (+) sabinene (4.7%), (-) limonene (4.4%), (-) β-pinene (0.4%). A coumarin (osthole) was detected in both essential oils (5.5% in herb oil and 5.1% in rhizome oil).
Total Phenolics Concentration and Antioxidant Potential of Extracts of Medicinal Plants of Pakistan
Authors: Saleem Ammar , Ahotupa Markku , Pihlaja Kalevi
Published: February 2015

Thirty-seven plant organs, traditionally used as drugs, collected in Pakistan, were extracted with 70% acetone and analyzed for their total phenolics concentration and antioxidant potential. Seven extracts showed more than 85% inhibition of lipid peroxidation in vitro as compared with blank. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (IC50 = 233.6 μg / 1 ± 28.3) was the strongest antioxidant in our test system. The IC50 results indicate that the extracts of Nymphaea lotus L. flowers, Acacia nilotica (Linn.) Delile beans, Terminalia belerica Roxb. fruits, and Terminalia chebula Retz. (fruits, brown) were stronger antioxidants than a-tocopherol, while Terminalia chebula Retz. (fruit coat), Terminalia chebula Retz. (fruits, black) and Ricinus communis L. leaves were weaker antioxidant extracts than a-tocopherol and BHT. Total phenolics concentration, expressed as gallic acid equivalents, showed close correlation with the antioxidant activity. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis with diode array detection at 280 nm, of the seven extracts indicated the presence of hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonol aglycones and their glycosides as main phenolics compounds. This information, based on quick screening methods, enables us to proceed towards more detailed chemical and pharmacological understanding of these plant materials.
Two Novel Phenylacetoxylated p-Terphenyls from Thelephora ganbajun Zang
Authors: Lin Hu , Ji-Kai Liu
Published: February 2015

Two novel phenylacetoxylated p-terphenyl derivatives, namely ganbajunin F (6′-methoxy-2′-phenylacetoxy-3′, 4, 4″, 5′-tetrahydroxy-p-terphenyl), and ganbajunin G (5′-methoxy-2′-phenylacetoxy-3′, 4, 4″, 6′-tetrahydroxy-p-terphenyl), together with a known compound cycloleucomelone were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Thelephora ganbajun Zang. Their structures were established on the basis of spectral (MS, IR, NMR, HMBC, HMQC measure­ment) and chemical evidence.
Isolation of New Alkylthiosulfides from the Essential Oil and Extracts from the Bark of Scorodophloeus zenkeri Harms
Authors: Kouokam J. Clavin , Zapp Josef , Becker Hans
Published: February 2015

2,3,5-trithiahexane, 2,3,4,6-tetrathiaheptane, 2,4,5,7-tetrathiaoctane, two pentathianonanes, 2,4,5,7,9-pentathiadecane and two hexathiaundecanes were isolated from the essential oil and extracts from the bark of Scorodophloeus zenkeri Harms. Four other thioalkanes were found in small amounts in the essential oil.
Interaction of Quaternary Ammonium and Phosphonium Salts with Photosynthetic Membranes
Authors: Spiegel Susanne , Bader Klaus P.
Published: February 2015

Distinct concentration ranges of selected quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts were elaborated to induce stimulatory or inhibitory effects, respectively, on photosynthetic reactions. By means of fluorescence induction measurements 3 different effects of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride (ABDAC; zephirol) in chloroplast preparations from Pisum sativum were observed. 60 μᴍ ABDAC produced a strong increase in Fmax with concurrently improved Kautsky kinetics. Increased ABDAC concentration (500 μᴍ) led to a strong fluorescence quenching - virtually indistinguishable from the conditions following the addition of photosystem II electron acceptors like K3Fe[CN]6. Further increase of ABDAC to 5 mᴍ provoked a drastic increase in the fluorescence yield together with the complete loss of any detectable kinetics. We suggest a 3-step interaction of ABDAC with the thylakoid membranes of photosynthetic organisms similar to our earlier discussion (Bader and Höper (1993), Z. Naturforsch. 49 c, 87 -94 ). We examined a series of derivatives with selectively modified side chains, central atoms and counter ions, respectively. Both an alkyl chain of the type ([-CH2-]n; n ~ > 10) and effective polar components are indispensable for the adsorption and intercalation of the molecule onto and into the thylakoid membranes. The benzyl group could be replaced by a methyl residue without any loss of effectiveness; replacement of the central nitrogen (N) by phosphorus (P) and the counter ion Cl by Br did not modify the effects and the results were indistinguishable from the ABDAC effect proper. Shortening of the alkyl chain to (-CH2-)6 resulted in a less effective interaction of e.g. tetraoctylammonium bromide with the photosynthetic membrane. Flash-induced oxygen evolution measurements with selected derivatives (15 μᴍ) substantiated our interpretation of an improved OEC functioning by a substantial lowering of the miss parameter a and the exclusion of a chemical reduction as the standard S-state distribution was not affected. As evidenced by both SDS-PAGE and Western blot analyses the investigated molecules showed a direct interaction. The polypeptide patterns were characterized by a severe shift of the molecular weight components from high (20 -67 kDa) to low (< 20 kDa) values.
Influence of the Parasite Viscum cruciatum Sieber on the Chemical Constituents of Crataegus monogyna Jacq
Authors: Ahumada Carmen , García Dolores , Saenz Teresa , Gómez Alicia , Cert Arturo
Published: February 2015

A phytochemical study of two plant species, Viscum cruciatum Sieber and Crataegus mono­gyna Jacq., was completed to investigate the influence of the parasite Viscum cruciatum on the host Crataegus monogyna. The study was carried out with two samples and consisted of hexane extracts of the Viscum cruciatum parasitizing on Crataegus monogyna and C. mono­gyna. In these samples ursolic acid, β-sitosterol and a triterpene fraction were found that contained mainly butyrospermol (3β-lanost 8 , 24-dien, 3-ol), 24-methylene-24-dihydrolanost-erol (24-methylene-5a-lanost-8-en-3β-ol), cycloartenol (9β, 19-cyclo-5α, 9β-lanost-24-en-3β-ol), β-amyrin (olean-12-en-3β-ol) and several aliphatic alcohols identified as the C18 to C30 members of the 1 -alkanol homologous series. β-Amyrin acetate was only isolated from Viscum cruciatum and was not found in Cratae­ gus monogyna.
Antibacterial Activity and Chemical Composition of Turkish Propolis
Authors: Keskin Nevin , Hazir Selçuk , Baser K. Hüsnü Can , Kürkçüoglu Mine
Published: February 2015

The antibacterial activities of propolis samples have been examined in vitro, according to the principles accepted for the determination of a similar activity of antibiotics with the use of solid and liquid media. It has been found that propolis extracts showed antibacterial activity through a range of commonly encountered gram positive cocci (5. aureus, beta hem. Streptococus), but had weak activity against gram negative bacteria (E . coli, P. aeruginosa). GC/MS analysis showed that propolis samples contain a variety of chemical compounds in­ cluding aromatic compounds, fatty acid esters and sesquiterpenes.
1,17-Dideoxyagelorin A and B, New Bromotyrosine Derivatives and Analogs from the Marine Sponge Suberea aff. praetensa
Authors: Kijjoa Anake , Watanadilok Rawiwan , Sonchaeng Pichai , Silva Artur M. S. , Eaton Graham , Herz Werner
Published: February 2015

A collection of the marine sponge Suberea aff. praetensa from the Gulf of Thailand fur­nished the bromotyrosine derivatives fistularin-3, agelorins A and B and the new desoxyagel-orins A and B.
Alternative Origin for "Gain-of-Function" by Mutant SOD Enzyme and for Conformational Change of Normal Prion Protein
Authors: Nishino Satoshi , Kishita Ayumi , Nishida Yuzo
Published: February 2015

Capillary electrophoresis and ESI-Mass spectrometry methods have revealed that a hydro-peroxo-copper(II) complex with (tpa) (=tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) reacts with carbonic an-hydrase or amyloid beta-peptide (1 -40) as a nucleophile to induce the conformational change of the protein structure, while the Cu(bdpg)-complex ((bdpg)=N,N-bis(2-pyridyl-methy)-beta-alanineamide) acts as an electrophile toward the proteins to degrade them under the same experimental conditions. This will lead to suggest that enhanced nucleophilic attack by a copper(II)-peroxide adduct to peptide bonding may be one of the serious origins for the "gain-of-function" by mutant superoxide dismutase and for conformational change of normal prion protein.
Conformational Change of Arabidopsis thaliana Thioredoxin Reductase after Binding of Pyridine Nucleotide and Thioredoxin
Authors: Nivinskas Henrikas , Jacquot Jean-Pierre , Čėnas Narimantas
Published: February 2015

We have found that the binding of NADP+ (Kd = 0.86 ±0.11 μᴍ) enhanced the FAD fluorescence of Arabidopsis thaliana NADPH :thioredoxin reductase (TR, EC 1.6.4.5) by 2 times, whereas the binding of 3-aminopyridine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (AADP+) (Kd < 0.1 μᴍ) quenched the fluorescence by 20%. Thioredoxin (TRX) also enhanced the FAD fluorescence by 35%. The Kd of TR-NADP+ and TR-AADP+ complexes did not change in the presence of 45 μᴍ TRX. Our findings imply that the binding of NADP+ and AADP+ at the NADP(H)-binding site of A. thaliana TR, and/or the binding of TRX in the vicinity of the catalytic disulfide increase the content of fluorescent FR conformer (NADP(H)-binding site adjacent to flavin). The different effects of NADP+ and AADP+ on FAD fluorescence intensity may be explained by the superposition of two opposite factors: i) increased content of fluorescent FR conformer upon binding of NADP+ or AADP+; ii) quenching of FAD fluorescence by electron-donating 3-aminopyridinium ring of A ADP+.
Microbial Hydroxylation and Reduction of the Diterpene Psiadin
Authors: Orabi Khaled Y. , Galal Ahmed M. , Ibrahim Abdel-Rahim S. , El-Feraly Farouk S. , McPhail Andrew T.
Published: February 2015

Microbial bioconversion studies conducted on the diterpene psiadin have revealed that it was metabolized by Aspergillus niger (NRRL 2295) to give 2α-hydroxydeoxopsiadin, Cunninghamella blakesleeana (ATCC 8688a) to give 11β-hydroxypsiadin, and Cylindrocephalum aureum (ATCC 12720), Gongronella butleri (ATCC 22822), Kloeckera africana (ATCC 20111), and Kluyveromyces marxianus var. lactis (ATCC 2628) to yield 7α-hydroxypsiadin. Their structures have been established on the basis of spectral data. The structure and relative stereochemistry of 7α-hydroxypsiadin was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis.
Microbial Epoxidation of the Tricyclic Sesquiterpene Presilphiperfolane Angelate Ester
Authors: Orabi Khaled Y.
Published: February 2015

Microbial transformation studies on 2β-angeloyloxy-5β,8β-dihydroxypresilphiperfolane have revealed that it was metabolized by a number of microorganisms. Using a standard two-stage fermentation technique, Mucor ramannianus (ATCC 9628) produced three metabolites. One of them was characterized as the novel metabolite (2'R,3'R)-(+)-2β-(2',3'-epoxyangeloyloxy)-5β,8β-dihydroxypresilphiperfolane on the basis of spectral data. The absolute configuration at both oxirane carbons was confirmed by hydrolysis product of the novel metabolite which is (2R,3R)-(+)-2,3-epoxyangelic acid.
Transformation Studies of Bacillus thuringiensis cryIC Gene into a Nitrogen-Fixing Azospirillum lipoferum
Authors: Gounder Ramalingam , Rajendran Narayanan
Published: February 2015

A lepidopteran toxin gene, cryIC (pSB607) from entom opathogenic Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai was introduced into nitrogen-fixing A zospirillum lipoferum by transformation. Regeneration of spheroplasts was achieved at 99% with 39% frequency of regeneration. Transformants were screened on NB kanamycin with ampicillin plates and 4 transformants were selected after ten generations. SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of a 68 kDa protein in the transformants. Studies on utilization of carbon sources indicate that glucose and sucrose are the most favorable carbon sources and 2 % molasses is the cheap alternate carbon source for the better growth of parent A. lipoferum and transformants.
Effects of Scopoletin and Aflatoxin on B1 on Bovine Hepatic Mitochondrial Respitatory Complexes, 2: a-Ketoglutarate Cytochrome c and Succinate Cytochrome c Reductases
Authors: Obasi Sebastian C.
Published: February 2015

The in vitro effects of the toxin coumarin compounds scopoletin and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on bovine (Bos indicus) hepatic mitochondrial respiratory complex III enzymes, succinate cytochrome c and a-ketoglutarate cytochrome c reductases, were examined. Kinetic studies on the interaction of the toxins with the enzymes were also carried out. The results showed that although the observed inhibitory and stimulatory effects of the two toxins were consistent with the changes in the kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax values), these parameters were not consistent with the observed effects of the toxins at certain concentrations. These observations are discussed in terms of the relative locations of the enzymes in the mito­chondria, and the previously reported inhibitory and uncoupling effects of the toxins on cow liver mitochondrial respiration.
Hepatocyte Damage Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride: Inhibited Lipoprotein Secretion and Changed Lipoprotein Composition
Authors: Boll Meinrad , Weber Lutz W. D. , Becker Eberhard , Stampfl Andreas
Published: February 2015

Changes of lipoprotein secretion and composition in response to CCl4 treatment were studied in monolayer cultures of rat primary hepatocytes.

(1) CCl4 decreased secretion of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) by about 85%, while high density lipoprotein (HDL) secretion was less affected (about 40%). The effect was concentration-dependent. (2) CCl4 significantly inhibited secretion of VLDL-and HDL-associated triglycerides and cholesterol esters. VLDL-and HDL-associated cholesterol was not affected, while secretion of phospholipids was increased. (3) Hepatocytes secreted the apolipoproteins B48, B 100, E, C, and A-I. CCl4 reduced secretion of apoproteins associated with VLDL by almost 20%, and by about 75% when associated with HDL. The de novo synthesis of apolipoproteins was attenuated by CCl4. (4) CCl4 caused variations in the apolipoprotein composition in VLDL and HDL.

CCl4 intoxication of the liver affected the morphology and/or function of the lipoproteins, which drastically impaired their ability to act as transport vehicles for lipids from the liver to the circulation.
An Isopyoverdin from Pseudomonas putida CFML 90-44
Authors: Sultana Razia , Siddiqui Bina Shaheen , Taraz Kambiz , Budzikiewicz Herbert , Meyer Jean-Marie
Published: February 2015

From Pseudomonas putida CFML 90-44 an isopyoverdin was isolated. Its structure could be elucidated by chemical degradation and spectroscopic data.
Ferribactins as the Biosynthetic Precursors of the Pseudomonas Siderophores Pyoverdins
Authors: Hohlneicher Ursula , Schäfer Mathias , Fuchs Regine , Budzikiewicz Herbert
Published: February 2015

By a feeding experiment with a 15N-labelled precursor it is shown that ferribactins are transformed into pyoverdins and thus are their biogenetic precursors.
Foliar and Cortex Oleoresin Variability of Silver Fir (Abies alba Mill.) in Albania
Authors: Zeneli Gazmend , Tsitsimpikou Christina , Petrakis Panos V. , Naxakis George , Habili Dalip , Roussis Vassilios
Published: February 2015

Terpene composition of needle and cortical oleoresin from lateral shoots were analyzed by GC/MS for four Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) populations scattered in natural species range in Albania. More than sixty compounds were detected in the needle oleoresin, which was characterized by a high content of α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, limonene and bornyl acetate. Three monoterpenes, α-pinene, β-pinene and limonene, and two sesquiterpenes, β-caryophyllene and germacrene D, comprised the majority of cortical oleoresin. The terpene composition differences among the populations that led to the recognition of two chemo-types. The needle oleoresin from the provinces of Puka, Bulqiza and Llogara were characterised by high amounts of β-pinene, camphene and α-pinene and low amounts of limonene, while that from Drenova had high amounts of β-pinene and limonene. A similar pattern was found in the cortical oleoresin with the exception of camphene that was a minor contributor. Geographical and seasonal variation between the populations was, also, investigated. Multi­variate analysis of both needle and cortical oleoresin separated Drenova (southeastern population) from the other sites. When both major monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were considered four chemical profiles could be attributed. Based on their chemical profiles, the populations can be divided into two groups:

Populations with high content of β-pinene and α-pinene but a low content of limonene (Puka, Bulqiza and Llogara), typical of most of A. alba populations in all its distribution range.

Population with a high content of limonene and a moderate content of β-pinene and α-pinene (Drenova)
Determination of Chemical Composition of Turkish Propolis
Authors: Sorkun Kadriye , Süer Banu , Salih Bekir
Published: February 2015

The aim of the present work is to study the chemical composition of Turkish propolis. Propolis samples were collected from different regions of Turkey (Bursa, Erzurum-Askale, Gumushane-Sogutagil and Trabzon-Caglayan) in 1999. Ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP) were prepared for chemical analysis, using gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Our findings show that propolis samples from Trabzon and Gumushane region have a similar chemical composition. In both samples aromatic acids, aliphatic acids and their esters, and also ketone derivatives are the main compound groups. The chemical composition of the single sample that was collected from Erzurum region shows a very different pattern than the other two samples. In this propolis, the main compounds are aromatic acid esters and alcohols. However, it contains a high amount of amino acids compared to the other samples. The other samples collected from three different region of Bursa City are rich with flavavones, aromatic acids and their esters, terpenoids, flavones and ketones
Identification of Plant Virus Movement-Host Protein Interactions
Authors: Kellmann Jan-Wolfhard
Published: February 2015

After the discovery of ‘movement proteins’ as a peculiarity of plant viruses and with the help of novel methods for the detection and isolation of interacting host proteins new insights have been obtained to understand the mechanisms of virus movement in plant tissues. Rapid progress in studying the molecular mechanisms of systemic spread of plant infecting viruses revealed an interrelation between virus movement and macromolecular trafficking in plant tissues. This article summarizes current explorations on plant virus movement proteins (MPs) and introduces the state of the art in the identification and isolation of MP interacting host proteins.
Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oils from Satureja wiedemanniana (Lallem.) Velen
Authors: Başer Kemal Hüsnü Can , Tümen Gülendam , Tabanca Nurhayat , Demirci Fatih
Published: February 2015

Satureja wiedemanniana (Lallem.) Velen (Lamiaceae) is an endemic species of Turkey. Aerial parts of the plant collected from eleven different localities in Turkey were subjected to hydrodistillation to yield essential oils which were analysed by a GC/MS system. Carvacrol, thymol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene were found as the main constituents. Antibacterial evaluation of the oils was also carried out.
Flavonoids and UV Photoprotection in Arabidopsis Mutants
Authors: Ryan Ken G , Swinny Ewald E , Winefield Chris , Markham Kenneth R
Published: February 2015

Wild-type Arabidopsis L. leaves exposed to low ultraviolet-B (U V B ) conditions contained predominantly kaempferol glycosides, with low levels of quercetin glycosides. The flavonoid level doubled on treatment with UVB and an increase in the ratio of quercetin: kaempferol was observed. These results suggest that flavonols protect Arabidopsis plants from UVB damage, and indicate that the flavonoid 3’-hydroxylase (F3’H) enzyme, which converts dihydrokaempferol to dihydroquercetin, may play a crucial role. The tt7 mutant lacks this gene and, after treatment with sub-ambient UVB, contained kaempferol glycosides exclusively, to a level of total flavonols similar to that in wild-type Arabidopsis. Total flavonols after enhanced UVB treatment were higher in tt7 than in similarly treated wild-type plants, and only kaempferol glycosides were detected. Despite this high level, tt7 plants were less tolerant of UVB radiation than wild-type plants. These observations suggests that kaempferol is a less effective photoprotectant than quercetin. The chalcone isomerase (CHI) mutant (tt5) surprisingly did not accumulate naringenin chalcone, and this suggests that the mutation may not be restricted to the CHI gene alone. The concentration of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives did not change with UVB treatment in most varieties indicating that their role in UV photoprotection may be subordinate to that of the flavonoids.
Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acid Biosynthesis is Inhibited by Cafenstrole, N,N-Diethyl-3-mesitylsulfonyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-carboxamide and Its Analogs
Authors: Takahashi Hideomi , Ohki Aiko , Kanzaki Mitsuru , Tanaka Akira , Sato Yukiharu , Matthes Bernd , Böger Peter , Wakabayashi Ko
Published: February 2015

The rice herbicide cafenstrole and its analogs inhibited the incorporation of [1-14C]-oleate and [2-14C]-malonate into very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), using Scenedesmus cells and leek microsomes from Allium porrum. Although the precise mode of interaction of cafenstrole at the molecular level is not completely clarified by the present study, it is concluded that cafenstrole acts as a specific inhibitor of the microsomal elongase enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of fatty acids with alkyl chains longer than C18. For a strong VLCFA biosynthesis inhibition an -SO2- linkage of the 1,2,4-triazole-1-carboxamides was required. Furthermore, N,N-dialkyl substitution of the carbamoyl nitrogen and electron-donating groups such as methyl at the benzene ring of 1,2,4-triazole-1-carboxamides produced a strong inhibition of VLCFA formation. A correlation was found between the phytotoxic effect against barnyardgrass (Echinochloa oryzicola) and impaired VLCFA formation.
Replacement of Tyrosine-197 and the Corresponding Tyrosine-195 to Isoleucine in Cephalosporium acremonium and Streptomyces clavuligerus Isopenicillin N Synthase
Authors: Loke Paxton , Sim Tiow-Suan
Published: February 2015

Isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS) is one of the key enzymes in the penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthetic pathway which catalyses the conversion of δ-(ʟ-α-aminoadipyl)-ʟ-cysteinyl-ᴅ-valine to isopenicillin N. The IPNS from Penicillium chrysogenum 23X-80-269-37-2, a high penicillin V-producer, was found to possess an isoleucine residue instead of tyrosine at position 195. An attempt to increase the specific activity of IPNS from Cephalosporium acremonium and Streptomyces clavuligerus was undertaken by altering the corresponding tyrosine residue to an isoleucine at the corresponding location. Unfortunately, no apparent increase in specific activity was encountered when the purified mutant enzymes were analysed and thus, this amino acid difference is likely not responsible for high specific activity in IPNS.
An Ecto-ATPase Activity Present in Leishmania tropica Stimulated by Dextran Sulfate
Authors: Peres-Sampaio Carlos Eduardo , Palumbo Simone Thorp , Meyer-Fernandes José Roberto
Published: February 2015

In this study we report the effects of sulfated polysaccharides on the ecto-ATPase activity of intact cells of Leishmania tropica. Increasing concentrations of dextran sulfate stimulated progressively the ecto-ATPase activity, but did not modify other ecto-enzymes present on the surface of this parasite, such as 5′ nucleotidase, 3′nucleotidase and a membrane-bound acid phosphatase activity. This stimulation was not observed when other sulfated polysaccharides such as chondroitin sulfates and heparin were tested. It depends on size and charge of the dextran sulfated molecule. When the cells were incubated in the presence of dextran sulfate Mr 8,000; 40,000 and 500,000 the stimulation of the ecto-ATPase activity was 11%; 23%; and 63%, respectively, and the stimulation was not observed when desulfated dextran (Mr 40,000) was used. The effects of dextran sulfate also depend on pH of the medium. At pH 7.5, the stimulation was over 60%, whereas at pH 8.5 only 25%. The effects of dextran sulfate 500,000 on the ecto-ATPase activity was totally abolished by spermidine and partially by putrescine, two polyamines synthesized and released by Leishmania.
Negligible Ability of Oxygen and Peroxide Ion Activation by Al(III) Ion Is Essential for Al(III)-Induced Neurodegeneration
Authors: Nishida Yuzo
Published: February 2015

The electron densities of the atoms in Fe(II)-or Al(III)-tyrosine hydroxylase (THO) containing oxygen and pterin were calculated by the DFT (Density-functional theory) method. The results obtained are consistent with our previous proposal that oxygen activation in THO proceeds through the formation of an intermediate derived from Fe(II), oxygen, and pterin. Electron donation from substrate to the oxygen molecule is important to cleave the O-O bond, and to give the hydroxylated product. Based on these results, it was concluded that hydroxylation of the aromatic ring does not proceed in the Al(III)-containing THO, and a relationship exists between Al(III) ion and neurodegeneration.
Surface Charge and the Association of Liposomes with Colon Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Baczynska Dagmara , Widerak Katarzyna , Ugorski Maciej , Langner Marek
Published: February 2015

Interaction between the plasma membrane and aggregate lipid surface determines how efficiently the encapsulated drug will be delivered into the cell. Electrostatic interactions are one of the main forces affecting liposome and aggregate association with the charged cell surface. In this study, the effect of surface charge on the association of liposomes with human colon CX-1.1 cancer cells was studied. When phosphatidylserine was incorporated into a lipid bilayer, the amount of liposomes associated with cells tended to increase along with the amount of negatively charged lipid present in the liposomal lipid bilayer. When the cationic lipid dioleoyl-1,2-diacyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) was included into the liposome formula, their uptake by the cells was also increased. Maximum binding occurred when the amount of positively charged lipids in liposomes was about 10 mol% of lipids.
Induction of Anthranilate Synthase Activity by Elicitors in Oats
Authors: Matsukawa Tetsuya , Ishihara Atsushi , Iwamura Hajime
Published: February 2015

Oat phytoalexins, avenanthramides, are a series of substituted hydroxycinnamic acid amides with anthranilate. The anthranilate in avenanthramides is biosynthesized by anthranilate synthase (AS, EC 4.1.3.27). Induction of anthranilate synthase activity was investigated in oat leaves treated with oligo-N-acetylchitooligosaccharide elicitors. AS activity increased transiently, peaking 6 h after the elicitation. The induction of activity was dependent on the concentration and the degree of polymerization of the oligo-N-acetylchitooligosaccharide elicitor. These findings indicate that the induction is part of a concerted biochemical change required for avenanthramide production. The elicitor-inducible AS activity was strongly inhibited by ʟ-tryptophan and its analogues including 5-methyl-ᴅʟ-tryptophan, and 5- and 6- fluoro-ᴅʟ-tryptophan, while the activity was not affected by ᴅ-tryptophan. The accumulation of avenanthramide A was also inhibited by treatment of elicited leaves with these AS inhibitors, indicating that a feedback-sensitive AS is responsible for the avenanthramide production. In elicited leaves, the content of free anthranilate remained at a steady, low level during avenanthramide production. Moreover, administration of anthranilate to elicited oat leaves resulted in an enhanced avenanthramide accumulation. AS may play a role as a ratelimiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of avenanthramides.
(E,E)-α-Farnesene the Main Substance of the Volatiles of the Flowers from European Mistletoe (Viscum album L.)
Authors: Bungert Michael , Thiel Rolf , Goedings Peter , Becker Hans
Published: February 2015

(E,E)-α-Farnesene was extracted as the main component of the volatile fraction of male Viscum album L. Male and female flowers of V. album L. growing on different host trees were analysed by solid phase microextraction and by lipophilic extraction.
Herbal Remedies Traditionally Used Against Malaria in Ghana: Bioassay-Guided Fractionation of Microglossa pyrifolia (Asteraceae)
Authors: Köhler Inga , Jenett-Siems Kristina , Kraft Carola , Siems Karsten , Abbiw Daniel , Bienzle Ulrich , Eich Eckart
Published: February 2015

Different extracts from 11 West African plants traditionally used against malaria in Ghana were tested against both the chloroquine-sensitive strain PoW and the chloroquine-resistant clone Dd2 of Plasmodium falciparum. Due to the promising in vitro activity of the lipophilic extract [IC50: 10.5 μg/ml (PoW); 13.1 μg/ml (Dd2)], Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.) Kuntze (Asteraceae) was chosen for further phytochemical investigation. From active fractions 13 compounds were isolated; their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic methods. 1-Acetyl-6E-geranylgeraniol-19-oic acid and sinapyl diangelate represent new natural compounds. The two diterpenes E-phytol [IC50: 8.5 μм (PoW); 11.5 μм (Dd2)], and 6Egeranylgeraniol- 19-oic acid [IC50: 12.9 μм (PoW); 15.6 μм (Dd2)] proved to be the most active constituents in our test system.
Notes: Flavonols from Scurrula ferruginea Danser (Loranthaceae)
Authors: Dévéhat Françoise Lohézic-Le , Tomasi Sophie , Fontanel Didier , Boustie Joël
Published: February 2015

Three natural flavonols compounds have been isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of Scurrula ferruginea Danser (Loranthaceae). Besides quercetin and quercitrin, an unusual flavonol glycoside 4″-O-acetylquercitrin was isolated. Structures were determined using spectroscopic methods including UV, NMR and HRMS-EI. The incidence of 4″-O-acetylquercitrin, not previously reported in the Loranthaceae, is discussed. Cytotoxic evaluation on four human cancer cell lines showed quercetin to be the most active with IC50 of 35 μм on U251 (human glioblastoma cells).
Flavonol Glycosides From Cadaba Glandulosa
Authors: Gohar Ahmed A.
Published: February 2015

A new flavonol triglycoside, rhamnocitrin-3-O-neohesperoside-4′-O-glucoside was isolated from the ethanol extract of Cadaba glandulosa together with two known diglycosides rhamnocitrin- 3-O-neohesperoside and rhamnetin-3-neohesperoside. Characterization of the three compounds was achieved by various spectroscopic methods
In Vitro Antiplasmodial Investigation Of Medicinal Plants From El Salvador §
Authors: Köhler Inga , Jenett-Siems Kristina , Siems Karsten , Hernández Marco Antonio , Ibarra Ricardo A. , Berendsohn Walter G. , Bienzle Ulrich , Eich Eckart
Published: February 2015

In vitro antiplasmodial activities of extracts from Albizia saman, Fabaceae, Calea tenuifolia (C. zacatechichi), Asteraceae, Hymenaea courbaril, Fabaceae, Jatropha curcas, Euphorbiaceae, Momordica charantia, Cucurbitaceae, and Moringa oleifera, Moringaceae were evaluated. From the lipophilic extract of C. tenuifolia five active flavones were obtained. 4′,5- Dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone [genkwanin] and 5-hydroxy-4′,7-dimethoxyflavone [apigenin 4′,7-dimethylether] exhibited the strongest antiplasmodial activity against a chloroquine-sensitive strain (poW) and a chloroquine-resistant strain (Dd2) of Plasmodium falciparum (IC50 values: 17.1 - 28.5 μm). Furthermore octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid [linoleic acid] {IC50 values of 21.8 μm (poW) and 31.1 μm (Dd2)} and octadeca-9,12,15-trienoic acid (α-linolenic acid) were isolated
Andirol A and B, Two Unique 6-Hydroxymethylpterocarpenes from Andira inermis§
Authors: Kraft Carola , Jenett-Siems Kristina , Köhler Inga , Siems Karsten , Abbiw Daniel , Bienzle Ulrich , Eicha Eckart
Published: February 2015

From a methanolic extract of the leaves of Andira inermis (Fabaceae), andirol A and B, two compounds with a novel type of a rotenoid-related skeleton and andinermol, a new 2-aryl-3-hydroxymethyl-benzofuran could be isolated. Characterisation and structure elucidation of these compounds was achieved on the basis of their spectral data. In addition, the in vitro activities of the isolated compounds against both the chloroquine-sensitive strain PoW and the chloroquine-resistant clone Dd2 of Plasmodium falciparum have been evaluated.
GC-MS Analysis of Propolis Samples from Two Different Regions of Turkey
Authors: Kartal Murat , Kaya Serdar , Kurucu Semra
Published: February 2015

Silylated ethanolic extract of two propolis samples from Kazan and Marmaris regions in Turkey were investigated by capillary GC-MS. The compounds were characterized by comparison with library searches. Twenty four compounds from Kazan samples were identified, eight of them were new for propolis. Eighteen compounds from Marmaris samples were identified, two of them were new for propolis.
Effects of Polyphenolic Anthrone Derivatives, Resistomycin and Hypericin, on Apoptosis in Human Megakaryoblastic Leukemia CMK-7 Cell Line
Authors: Shiono Yoshihito , Shiono Nobuyo , Seo Shujiro , Oka Syuichi , Yamazaki Yoshimitsu
Published: February 2015

A tetrahydroxyanthrone derivative, resistomycin, was isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces sulphureus and a similar polyphenolic dianthraquinone, hypericin, was isolated from an extract of Hypericum perforatum L. as modulators for apoptosis. Resistomycin inhibited apoptosis induced by actinomycin D (AD) with or without acceleration by colcemid (CL) in human megakaryoblastic leukemia CMK-7 cells. IC50 for inhibition against AD-induced apoptosis was about 0.5 μm and IC50 for inhibition against AD plus CL-induced apoptosis was about 1 μm. CL alone induced weak apoptosis in cells, which was enhanced by resistomycin. Hypericin did not inhibit AD-induced apoptosis and slightly enhanced CLinduced apoptosis. Emodin, corresponding to 1 of 2 anthraquinone units in hypericin, did not show any effect on this apoptotic system. AD-induced apoptosis was inhibited by the antioxidative flavonoid, luteolin (IC50 45 μm), and a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, staurosporine (IC50 1.5 μm), but these compounds did not affect the CL-induced apoptosis. Hypericin and resistomycin scavenged superoxide anion radicals at the same rate as luteolin. PKC in CMK-7 cells was inhibited by hypericin and luteolin, but not significantly inhibited by resistomycin. This result suggests that the inhibition of AD-induced apoptosis by resistomycin is at least partly correlated with its antioxidative activity, and that the enhancement of CLinduced apoptosis by this compound depends upon the lack of PKC inhibitory activity. Though the mechanism is not clear, the enhancement of the CL-induced apoptosis might be hindered by PKC inhibition in the case of hypericin and luteolin.
Separation of C-glycoside Flavonoids from Aleurites moluccana Using Chitin and Full N-acetylated Chitin
Authors: Morsch Michele , Girardi Leury G. J. , Cechinel-Filho Valdir , Meyre-Silva Christiane , Rodrigues Clóvis Antonio
Published: February 2015

This paper describes a comparative study using different chromatographic supports (fully N-acetylated chitin, chitin and silica gel) to separate the flavonoids swertisin and 2″-O-rhamnosylswertisin from Aleurites moluccana. The results show that the flavonoids have apparently been separated by the hydrogen bond between the stationary phase (chitin and chitin-100) and flavonoids under the conditions studied.
The Pyoverdin of Pseudomonas fluorescens G173, a Novel Structural Type Accompanied by Unexpected Natural Derivatives of the Corresponding Ferribactin
Authors: Fernández Diana Uría , Fuchs Regine , Schäfer Mathias , Budzikiewicz Herbert , Meyer Jean-Marie
Published: February 2015

The siderophores produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens G173 are unusual in several respects. So far all pyoverdins with a C-terminal cyclopeptidic substructure have in common that the ε-amino group of an in-chain Lys is bound amidically to the carboxyl group of a C-terminal Ser or Thr and that N5-formyl-N5-hydroxy Orn (FoOHOrn) is the next amino acid after Lys. FoOHOrn may (cyclotetrapeptidic structures) be or may not (cyclotripeptidic structures) be followed by a further amino acid. In the pyoverdin described here Orn instead of Lys is the amino acid forming the cycle, FoOHOrn is replaced by AcOHOrn which does not follow the branching Orn but is the penultimate amino acid and finally the last amino acid is Asp. The producing strain which had been classified as Pseudomonas fluorescens may well be a new species.

Pyoverdins are frequently accompanied by ferribactins which are considered to be their biogenetic precursors. They always have the same amino acid chain as the co-occurring pyoverdins but the pyoverdin chromophore is replaced by a condensation product of ʟ-Dab and ᴅ-Tyr with the amino group of Tyr bound to the γ-carboxyl group of Glu. A ferribactin having these structural characteristics is produced by the investigated strain, but it is accompanied by derivatives where the α-amino group of Glu is partially or completely transformed into a hydroxamic acid by substitution with a hydroxyl and/or acetyl group
Constituents of Antibacterial Extract of Caesalpinia paraguariensis Burk.
Authors: Woldemichael Girma M. , Singh Maya P. , Maiese William M. , Timmermann Barbara N.
Published: February 2015

The Argentinean legume Caesalpinia paraguariensis Burk. (Fabaceae) was selected for further fractionation work based on the strong antimicrobial activity of its CH2Cl2-MeOH (1:1 v/v) extract against a host of clinically significant microorganisms, including antibiotic resistant strains. 1D and 2D NMR enabled the identification of the novel benzoxecin derivative caesalpinol along with the known compounds bilobetin, stigma-5-en-3-O-β-6′-stearoyl-glucopyranoside, stigma-5-en-3-β-6′-palmitoylglucopyranoside, stigma-5-en-3-β-glucopyranoside, oleanolic acid, 3-O-(E)-hydroxycinnamoyl oleanolic acid, betulinic acid, 3-O-(E)- hydroxycinnamoyl betulinic acid, and lupeol from the active fractions. Oleanolic acid was found active against Bacillus subtilis and both methicillin-sensitive and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus with MICs of 8 (17.5 μm), 8 and 64 (140 μm) μg/ml, respectively. The rest of the compounds, however, did not show activity