bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Readable Insurance Policies: Judicial Regulation and Interpretation
Authors: Procaccia Uriel
Published: May 2019

Insurance policies are interpreted, as a rule, in favour of the insured. Several rationales have been used to justify the practice. One recurring explanation centres around the poor readability level of insurance contracts. The following judicial comment, though more colourful than most, is typical:

Forms of applications and policies (like those used in this case), of a most complicated and elaborate structure, were prepared, and filled with covenants, exceptions, stipulations, provisions, rules, regulations, and conditions, rendering the policy void in a great number of contingencies. These provisions were of such bulk and character that they would not be understood by men in general, even if subjected to a careful and laborious study: by men in general, they were sure not to be studied at all. The study of them was rendered particularly unattractive, by a profuse intermixture of discourses on subjects in which a premium payer would have no interest. The compound, if read by him, would, unless he were an extraordinary man, be an inexplicable riddle, a mere flood of darkness and confusion. Some of the most material stipulations were concealed in a mass of rubbish, on the back side of the policy and the following page, where few would expect to find anything more than a dull appendix, and where scarcely any one would think of looking for information so important as that the company claimed a special exemption from the operation of the general law of the land relating to the only business in which the company professed to be engaged. As if it were feared that, notwithstanding these discouraging circumstances, some extremely eccentric person might attempt to examine and understand the meaning of the involved and intricate net in which he was to be entangled, it was printed in such small type, and in lines so long and so crowded, that the perusal of it was made physically difficult, painful, and injurious. Seldom has the art of typography been so successfully diverted from the diffusion of knowledge to the suppression of it.
The Law of Laws
Authors: Tedeschi G.
Published: May 2019

It is natural for the Israeli legislature to endeavour to free itself of the Laws that were enacted in this country before the establishment of the State and which are still in force. The legislature cannot, however, fulfil this task without first resolving whether the abrogation of these Laws should be effected by simple annulment or by replacement with other laws (and in that event within which framework). The problem is laden with responsibility when fundamentals — such as certain rules incorporated in the Palestine Order-in-Council, the “remnants of the Mejelle” and the Interpretation Ordinance — are involved which affect the entire legal system and give it its special character. Moreover, the one problem leads to another: incidental to annulment and replacement, the need for complete regulation may present itself, including aspects not previously regulated in a direct, express and sure manner.

Rules which belong to a category that can be designated as the “Law of Laws” (“Laws” taken in the sense of all law and not merely statute) are in question. As opposed to others (which are “material” since they attach legal consequences to given facts of life), these rules concern the sources, the effect, the application and the construction of other laws.
External Benefits as Treated in Jewish Law
Authors: Levine Aaron
Published: May 2019

Neoclassical economic theory views man in his economic activities as a monetary maximizer. Efficient pursuit of economic gain requires an economic unit to evaluate his market alternatives by balancing anticipated marginal gains against anticipated marginal losses. Relevant for the initiating agent in this calculation is the amount of benefits he can anticipate to capture against the costs society's legal system force him to take into account. Benefits and costs generated by his actions to other parties, but not falling within this calculus, called external benefits and external costs, are assumed to play no motivational role in his market conduct. To the extent that society's legal system fails to provide adequate incentives to allow the initiating agent to be compensated for the full extent of the benefits his actions generate and fails to charge economic actors for the full extent of the detriment their actions impose on others, a misallocation of economic resources will occur. From a social standpoint, too much will be produced by enterprises involving external costs, while less than the optimal amount will be produced by industries involving external benefits.
Administrative Contracts
Authors: Shalev Gabriela
Published: May 2019

In recent years there has been a constant increase in the number and significance of administrative contracts, that is, contracts to which the public administration is a party. Contracts between private individuals and government are a daily occurrence. Such contracts are essential to the performance of the executive's various actions and functions, and apart from their practical importance, they raise theoretical questions.

From a philosophical point of view, an administrative contract can be considered as a contract in which a person is party to a contract with himself, since the State embodies the entire community of its citizens.

The subject of administrative contracts has so far not received sufficient legal-academic attention. Discussion of this issue becomes more and more essential with the rapid increase of administrative contracts regulating complex transactions.

Another spreading phenomenon which is closely linked to administrative contracts is administrative promises (when such promises do not crystalize into administrative contracts).

The first problem arising in connection with administrative contracts and promises is the question of the substantive law to be applied. The problem of the substantive law gives rise to secondary problems as to legal remedies and jurisdiction.

It appears that administrative contracts are to be governed by one of three systems of rules: contract law, administrative law or a system which combines elements of the two systems.

However, no solution is clear-cut. The applcation of the law of contract causes a confrontation between the fundamental principles of the law of contract, mainly the principles of freedom of contract and sanctity of contract, and the needs of the administration, the powers of the sovereign and its duties.
Regional variations in family size in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Coward John
Published: May 2019

Date from the Census Fertility Reports are used to investigate social and regional variations in family size in the Republic of Ireland. Although Ireland is noted for its high level of fertility, average family size declined by approximately 10% between 1946 and 1971. There are distinct socioeconomic variations in family size in that Roman Catholic family size is greater than that of non-Catholics and the middle classes have the smallest families within each of the religious groups. There are also marked regional differences in family size. In 1946, there was a clear division between the west coast counties with the largest families and the east coast conties with the smaller families. By 1961 and 1971 this pattern had become less clearly demarcated and areas with relatively large families were found in most parts of the country. It is suggested that regional variations in family size can be influenced by a variety of factors, such as differences in religious affiliation, occupation, infant mortality and the degree of selection through emigration. Of these factors, it is found that in both 1946 and 1971 variations in occupation were most strongly related to family size and it appears that economic and occupation changes within Ireland have brought about the changing regional pattern of family size.
The continuing fertility decline in Sri Lanka
Authors: Fernando Dallas F. S.
Published: May 2019

This paper examines the continuation from 1971 to 1975 of the fertility decline in Sri Lanka that commenced in 1960. New trends in contractive practice, especially of female sterilizations in 1974–76, are discussed, and change in the pattern of childbearing is identified. The fertlity decline is compared with that in Taiwan.
Egyptian Historical Research and Writing on Egypt in the 20th Century
Authors: Marsot Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid
Published: May 2019

A few years ago the Egyptian government appointed a committee of historians with a mandate to re-write the history of Egypt, making it commensurate with current needs. Those who opposed the plan raised indignant cries of ‘revisionism’ on the one hand, to be countered by equally heated accusations on the part of those who were in favour of the undertaking that much of the works of the past had been mostly white-wash attempts, or panegyrics addressed to the royal family and the old regime, and that the history of Egypt needed to be properly written. The reactions that the project aroused made it demonstrably clear that Egyptians had become keenly interested in their own history, in the manner in which it was written and in the people who were writing it. It should therefore come as no surprise to note that the number of Egyptians writing on the history of Egypt has multiplied rapidly within the last two decades.
Rapid divergence, molecular evolution, and morphological diversification of coastal host-parasite systems from southern Brazil
Authors: Bueno-Silva Marlus , Boeger Walter A.
Published: May 2019

This study assessed the role of historical processes on the geographic isolation, molecular evolution, and morphological diversification of host-parasite populations from the southern Brazilian coast. Adult specimens ofScleromystax barbatusandScleromystax macropteruswere collected from the sub-basin of the Nhundiaquara River and the sub-basin of the Paranaguá Bay, state of Paraná, Brazil. Four species ofGyrodactyluswere recovered from the body surface of both host species. Morphometric analysis ofGyrodactylusspp. andScleromystaxspp. indicated that subpopulations of parasites and hosts could be distinguished from different sub-basins and locations, but the degree of morphological differentiation seems to be little related to geographic distance between subpopulations. Phylogenetic relationships based on DNA sequences ofGyrodactylusspp. andScleromystaxspp. allowed distinguishing lineages of parasites and hosts from different sub-basins. However, the level of genetic structuring of parasites was higher in comparison to host species. Evidence of positive selection in mtDNA sequences is likely associated with local adaptation of lineages of parasites and hosts. A historical demographic analysis revealed that populations ofGyrodactylusandScleromystaxhave expanded in the last 250 000 years. The genetic variation of parasites and hosts is consistent with population-specific selection, population expansions, and recent evolutionary co-divergence.
Sleep problems and associations with psychopathology and cognition in young people with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS)
Authors: Moulding H. A. , Bartsch U. , Hall J. , Jones M. W. , Linden D. E. , Owen M. J. , van den Bree M. B. M.
Published: May 2019

Background

Young people with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) are at high risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Sleep problems may play a role in this risk but their prevalence, nature and links to psychopathology and cognitive function remain undescribed in this population.

Method

Sleep problems, psychopathology, developmental coordination and cognitive function were assessed in 140 young people with 22q11.2DS (mean age = 10.1,s.d.= 2.46) and 65 unaffected sibling controls (mean age = 10.8,s.d.SD = 2.26). Primary carers completed questionnaires screening for the children's developmental coordination and autism spectrum disorder.

Results

Sleep problems were identified in 60% of young people with 22q11.2DS compared to 23% of sibling controls (OR 5.00,p< 0.001). Two patterns best-described sleep problems in 22q11.2DS: restless sleep and insomnia. Restless sleep was linked to increased ADHD symptoms (OR 1.16,p< 0.001) and impaired executive function (OR 0.975,p= 0.013). Both patterns were associated with elevated symptoms of anxiety disorder (restless sleep: OR 1.10,p= 0.006 and insomnia: OR 1.07,p= 0.045) and developmental coordination disorder (OR 0.968,p= 0.0023, and OR 0.955,p= 0.009). The insomnia pattern was also linked to elevated conduct disorder symptoms (OR 1.53,p= 0.020).

Conclusions

Clinicians and carers should be aware that sleep problems are common in 22q11.2DS and index psychiatric risk, cognitive deficits and motor coordination problems. Future studies should explore the physiology of sleep and the links with the neurodevelopment in these young people.
Default mode dysfunction underpins suicidal activity in mood disorders
Authors: Malhi Gin S. , Das Pritha , Outhred Tim , Bryant Richard A. , Calhoun Vince , Mann J. John
Published: May 2019

Background

Suicide is a serious and not uncommon consequence of mood disorders that occurs primarily when individuals are depressed. Understanding the neurobiology of suicidal activity (thoughts or behaviors) is likely to facilitate prevention.

Method

Seventy-nine adult depressed mood disorder patients (MDP), of which 25 had attempted suicide at least once, and 66 healthy controls (HC) participated in this study. Resting-state functional MRI was used to identify neural activity differences between suicide attempters (SA) and non-attempters (NA). Specifically, differences were examined in functional connectivity both within and between four large cognitive networks [Executive Control (ECN), Default Mode (DMN), Salience (SN), and Basal Ganglia (BGN)] and their respective associations with suicidal activity.

Results

Compared to HCs, patients had greater posterior DMN activity, but less activity in the BGN, and less low-frequency spectral power in the dorso-medial DMN. Furthermore, increased posterior DMN activity in SA was associated with recent suicidal activity, whereas NA had reduced BGN activity and less dorso-medial DMN spectral power, the latter being associated with lifelong suicidal thinking. SA also had greater activity in midline circuitry compared to both HC and NA, and the pattern of BGN and DMN co-activity differed between SA and NA.

Conclusions

DMN engagement raises the possibility that suicidal activity in mood disorder patients may be a consequence of impaired self-referential thought processing. Furthermore, differential BGN and DMN co-activation according to suicide attempt status suggests that attempting suicide perhaps alters cognitive flexibility. These insights are potentially useful for understanding the neural basis of suicide activity.
John Gother and the English Way of Spirituality
Authors: Norman Marion
Published: May 2019

English devotional literature appears to me to be stamped as distincdy with its national origin as with each writer's individuality. The same sturdy independence, down-to-earth commonsense, quiet humour and unostentatious tenderness recur in Aelfric and Bede, Rolle and Dame Julian, More and Baker, Newman and Knox. Even Chrysostom and Bernard, à Kempis and Luis of Granada speak with unmistakably English voices in the popular manuals compiled from continental sources. Post-Reformation English spirituality too, whether Catholic or Protestant, retains continuity with that of the Middle Ages. Solidly rooted in this native tradition is the work of John Gother (d.1704). His sixteen volumes of instructions, meditations and prayers justify study, not only for their intrinsic merit but also as samplings from which to trace the ‘English Way’ of devotion in much the same manner in which, some years ago, an ‘English Way’ of sanctity was analyzed through biographies of Mary Ward and other saintly English men and women, canonized and uncanonized.
Some observations on plene-writing in Hittite
Authors: Haet Gillian R.
Published: May 2019

One of the most controversial aspects of Hittite phonology is the question of the significance, if any, of the so-called plene-writing of vowels. Explanations for this practice have been sought in a variety of directions. Some have seen in it the continuation of a tradition inherited from predecessors of the Hittite cuneiform syllabary with perhaps little relevance to the facts of the Hittite language. Others have been more confident in seeing in it a method of representing some real linguistic feature, such as vowel length, while inconsistencies or apparent inconsistencies in its use have led others to the conclusion that it has often no functional significance at all. No full-scale investigation of the phenomenon covering the entire Hittite corpus has yet been carried out, nor is such an attempt practicable here. The present paper has the restricted aim of investigating one particular phenomenon, the occurrence of plene-writing in different syllables in different inflexional forms of the same words, and the material drawn upon is chiefly Old and Middle Hittite, since it seems likely that certain patterns of variation in the use of plene-writing were quite early disturbed by analogical levelling within paradigms, or eliminated by the abandonment of plene-writing in the words in question; nevertheless, I believe that the oldest texts in particular still preserve enough evidence for these patterns to be discernible and that the reasons for them are intelligible in historical terms.
Phonological variation in educated spoken Arabic: a study of the uvular and related plosive types
Authors: Sallam A. M.
Published: May 2019

Phonetic adjustment in conversational exchange between Arabs of different nationalities is a fundamental, subtle aspect of Educated Spoken Arabic in Egypt and the Levant (ESA). More often than not educated Arabs adjust to a ‘classical norm’ of a voiceless uvular plosive (q), usually corresponding to a voiced velar plosive (g) or a glottal plosive (ʢ) in most vernaculars of our region, in a conscious or unconscious attempt both to elevate and to ‘koineize’ their speech. What follows attempts, inter alia, to show something of the relationships between the variants of this diaphonemic entity and such extra-linguistic factors as the biographies of collocutors and speech function, and to illustrate the fact that items with [q] serve the purposes of modernization in the area.
The devatācakra of the Mahānubhāvas
Authors: Feldhaus Anne
Published: May 2019

The Mahānubhāvas are a Maharashtrian bhakti sect founded in the second half of the thirteenth century. Like other Indian bhakti sects, the Mahānubhāvas practise exclusive devotion to one god, but do not thereby deny the existence of other gods. Rather, Mahānubhāvas hold that ‘the gods’ form a category of real beings distinct from jīvas, the world, and God. Mahānubhāva thought pays a good deal of attention to the gods; yet this attention does not compromise Mahānubhāva monotheism.
Effect of Annual Weeds on Furrow-Irrigated Cotton
Authors: Arle H. F. , Hamilton K. C.
Published: May 2019

Annual weeds were allowed to compete until or after each of the first three postemergence irrigations of furrow-irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Deltapine 16’). Beds and furrows were shaped with a sectioned, rolling cultivator three times between cotton emergence and the second irrigation. Cotton boll components and fiber properties were not affected by periods of competition with annual weeds. Weeds allowed to compete after the first or second irrigations significantly reduced the 4-year average yield of cotton by 16 and 12%, respectively. Competition that began after the third or fourth irrigation, or that ended after the first, second, or third irrigation was less detrimental and did not significantly affect yields.
Chlorbromuron-Carbofuran Interaction in Corn and Barley
Authors: Hamill Allan S. , Penner Donald
Published: May 2019

Treatments with the herbicide 3-(4-bromo-3-chlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea (chlorbromuron) were combined with seed treatments with the insecticide, 2,2-dimethyl-2, 3-dihydrobenzofuranyl-7-N-methylcarbamate (carbofuran), to measure phytotoxic interaction effects on barley (Hordeum vulgareL. ‘Larker’) and corn (Zea maysL. ‘Michigan 400’). The combination synergistically reduced radicle length in barley seedlings and reduced the leaf area and dry weight of 7-day-old corn seedlings grown in sand culture. The chlorbromuron-carbofuran combination reduced net photosynthesis in barley and corn and increased respiration in barley. The14C from14C-chlorbromuron preferentially accumulated in barley and corn shoots. The carbofuran seed treatment resulted in a reduced level in barley shoots and corn roots but increased the accumulation of14C in barley roots and corn shoots. The basis for this interaction appeared related to the increased accumulation of chlorbromuron in corn and barley shoots and reduced chlorbromuron metabolism.
Concentration of Pesticides Slowly Released by Diffusion
Authors: Collins R. L. , Doglia S.
Published: May 2019

The active concentration of a pesticide declines with time due to volatilization, absorption and translocation, microbial degradation, adsorption on soil particles and plant parts, chemical reactions, photodecomposition, and other reactions with the environment. However, slow-release formulations can provide a continuing input of pesticide. This leads to a rise and subsequent fall in the active concentration. Because diffusion is a factor in most controlled release methodologies, the concentration to be expected for release by diffusion of a substance, which then decays with time by a first order rate law, is examined theoretically. This provides guidance to the experimenter for separating the effects due to diffusion from these attributable to other and newer concepts such as water-degradable polymers. An approximate result of this exact solution is that the persistence of the substance can be increased. More precisely, the long-term behavior is like that of a more persistent pesticide with smaller first-order rate constant.
Yellow Nutsedge Control by Alachlor
Authors: Armstrong Thomas F. , Meggitt William F. , Penner Donald
Published: May 2019

Preplant or preemergence application of 2-chloro-2′, 6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide (alachlor) at 3.36 or 4.48 kg/ha effectively controlled yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.) in field and greenhouse studies. Depth of tubers in the soil did not affect response to alachlor. Alachlor at 3.36 kg/ha only controlled yellow nutsedge effectively in soils with less than 6% organic matter. Alachlor at 3.7 × 10-6M and 1.8 × 10-4M inhibited growth and killed newly emerging shoots in petri dish cultures. However, alachlor did not inhibit sprouting of yellow nutsedge tubers.
Improving Agriculture and the Environment
Authors: Dominick David D.
Published: May 2019

I am pleased to be with you today at this 13th meeting of the Weed Science Society of America. As the president of this organization, Dr. Upchurch, has noted, this event is an excellent mechanism for an exchange of ideas between the various disciplines in the field of weed science. It also allows today for me an opportunity to express to you the view of the Environmental Protection Agency with respect to agriculture in general and pesticide herbicide questions in particular, by a discussion of the new Environmental Pesticide Control Act.
Performance and Persistence of Atrazine
Authors: Buchanan G. A. , Hiltbold A. E.
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were conducted from 1967 to 1971 to determine the influence of incorporation and time of application on the performance and persistence of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine]. Both grass and broadleaf weeds were effectively controlled by atrazine on all dates of application. Both the 2.8 and 5.6 kg/ha rates were effective as preplant incorporated or preemergence treatments. Persistence of atrazine did not differ with respect to method of application. Applications of atrazine made in April and May were degraded more rapidly than were applications made in February and March. Loss curves generally corresponded to a first-order reaction with atrazine showing an average half-life of 20 days from February to July.
Absorption and Translocation of Terbutryn and Propazine
Authors: Dudek C. , Basler E. , Santelmann P. W.
Published: May 2019

The absorption and translocation patterns of terbutryn [2-(tert-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] and propazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] were determined in wheat (Triticum vulgareVill. ‘Kaw’) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolorL. ‘RS 612’). Bioassay studies showed sorghum to be tolerant and wheat susceptible to terbutryn. Absorption and translocation of uniform14C-labeled terbutryn from 1 to 24 hr after initial treatment showed the roots of sorghum and the foliage of wheat to be the major sites of radioactivity accumulation. Foliage was the major site for propazine accumulation with both plant species. Thin-layer chromatography of extracts from terbutryn-treated plants showed that sorghum contained a higher percentage of metabolic breakdown products in the foliage than did the root systems, and wheat contained a high percentage of intact terbutryn in the foliage and roots. High temperature (32 C) enhanced translocation of terbutryn and propazine in both sorghum and wheat. The susceptibility of wheat and sorghum to terbutryn appears to be correlated with a combination of the factors of accumulation within the foliage of the plant and the ability to degrade the terbutryn molecule.
Water-Soil-Plant Interactions with Terbacil
Authors: Kratky B. A. , Warren G. F.
Published: May 2019

The phytotoxicity of terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) is not closely correlated with the amount applied, the amount in available soil solution, or the concentration in available soil solution since soil type has a pronounced effect on the levels necessary for phytotoxicity. About 19 times more terbacil was needed in a Chalmers silty clay loam (24% organic matter) than in a Bloomfield fine sand (0.3% organic matter) to cause a 30% control of sorghum (Sorghum biclor(L.) Moench ‘R.S. 610’). However, the Bloomfield fine sand required twice as great a concentration of terbacil in the soil solution as the Chalmers silty clay loam (0.314 μg/ml versus 0.157 μg/ml). The total adsorption of terbacil in the latter soil decreased 4.5 fold when the water: soil ratio was increased from 0.6:1 (approximately field capacity) to 32:1, but the ratio of the concentration adsorbed: concentration in the soil solution did not vary appreciably.
Effectiveness of a New Safener for Protecting Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) from Metolachlor Injury
Authors: Ellis J. F. , Peek J. W. , Boehle J. , Müller G.
Published: May 2019

A herbicide safener, CGA-43089 [α-(cyanomethoximino)-benzacetonitrile], has been discovered which will allow the safe use of metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethylacetamide] in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench]. Experiments revealed that sorghum is protected from injury by metolachlor when it is applied at rates as high as 4 kg/ha. Better protection was achieved when sorghum seed were treated directly with the safener than when it was mixed with the herbicide. A CGA-43089 rate of 1.25 to 1.5 g per kg of sorghum seed was adequate for protection. Sorghum tolerance to metolachlor was maintained with CGA-43089 when metolachlor was combined with severals-triazine herbicides. Metolachlor effectively controlled several annual grasses with an increase in sorghum yield.
Competition Between Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) and Japanese Millet (Echinochloa crus-gallivar.frumentacea)
Authors: Thullen R. J. , Keeley P. E.
Published: May 2019

In field plots, Japanese millet [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. var.frumentacea(Link) W. F. Wight] competed strongly with yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.), reducing its dry weight and the number of plants and tubers with no loss of dry weight to the millet. Because Japanese millet did not shade the nutsedge for more than half the day, the main competition was thought to be ‘root’ competition (nutrient and water) with light competition as a minor factor. The greenhouse studies verified that roots were the primary area of competition. However, light competition between the two species was stronger in the greenhouse than in field plots. Also, when confined to limited light and soil volumes with a 1-month growing period, Japanese millet was reduced in dry weight by nutsedge competition.
Bentazon for Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Control in Peppermint (Mentha piperita)
Authors: Brewster B. D. , Stanger C. E.
Published: May 2019

Field trials conducted in the three major peppermint-producing regions of Oregon showed that repeated applications of bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] at 2.2 kg/ha controlled Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.] in peppermint (Mentha piperitaL.) selectively. Repeat applications of 2.2 kg/ha controlled Canada thistle better than single applications of 3.4, 4.5, or 6.7 kg/ha. Late May or June applications were more effective than early May applications. The number of Canada thistle shoots was reduced 82% 10 months after repeat applications but had almost returned to the original number 22 months after application. Basipetal translocation of bentazon was demonstrated by observing bentazon injury symptoms on untreated Canada thistle shoots which were attached by a root to bentazon-treated shoots.
Influence of Herbicide Injury on the Yield Potential of Soybeans (Glycine max)
Authors: Hagood E. S. , Williams J. L. , Bauman T. T.
Published: May 2019

The relationship between herbicide injury and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Amsoy 71’] yield response was studied under weed free conditions at three locations. Reduced crop vigor at early growth stages was not an adequate indicator of yield response. Yield reduction was greater when soybean stand was reduced by herbicides than when stand was reduced to the same level by hand thinning. Yield response was a function of the degree and persistence of crop vigor reduction in a reduced stand of soybeans.
Responses ofIpomoeaspp. and Smallflower Morningglory (Jacquemontia tamnifolia) to Temperature and Osmotic Stresses
Authors: Crowley R. H. , Buchanan G. A.
Published: May 2019

Seed germination responses to temperature and osmotic stress were determined for smallflower morningglory [Jacquemontia tamnifolia(L.)Griseb.] and seven species ofIpomoea.Cypressvine (I. quamoclitL.), willowleaf (I. wrightiiGray) and smallflower morningglory germinated and seedlings developed more slowly than the other morningglories at 16 C. Maximum germination of ivyleaf [I. hederacea(L.), Jacq. var.hederacea], entireleaf [I. hederacea(L.) Jacq. var.integriusculaGray], pitted (I. lacunosaL.), tall [I. purpurea(L.) Roth], cotton (I. trichocarpaEll.), and smallflower morningglories occurred in 24 h at 20 C. Cypressvine and willowleaf morningglories reached maximum germination in 24 h at 24 C. Optimal root-hypocotyl development occurred at 24 C for pitted, tall, and willowleaf morningglories, while all other species required a temperature of 28 C for maximal root-hypocotyl development in 4 days. Increasing osmotic pressure decreased or delayed germination of all morningglory species. Species tolerance to osmotic stress during germination could be ranked, most to least tolerant, as follows: ivyleaf=entireleaf>pitted=cotton>tall = willowleaf>cypressvine=smallflower. Maximum germination was delayed approximately 24 h for each 2 bar increment increase in osmotic pressure.
Allelopathic Activity of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) in Colorado
Authors: Stachon W. J. , Zimdahl R. L.
Published: May 2019

Low species diversity accompanied high populations of Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.]. Two perennial grasses and two rushes grew with Canada thistle; annual plants did not. Canada thistle litter, ground roots, and ground foliage added to soil in greenhouse bio-assay tests reduced growth of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.] more than cucumber (Cucumis sativis L.) or barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The addition of nutrients did not mask the toxic effect. Ethanolic extracts of Canada thistle roots and foliage were similar in their ability to reduce radicle growth of barley, cucumber, green foxtail, and redroot pigweed in petri dish studies. There was no significant difference between water controls and controls adjusted to the average pH and osmotic potential of the extracts. Germination of barley and cucumber seed was not affected. Comparisons between ethanolic extractions and soil incorporation of plant residues with presumably non-allelopathic plants revealed that cucumber and barley extracts reduced redroot pigweed radicle growth whereas barley and green foxtail extracts increased green foxtail radicle growth. These effects were not observed when these plant residues were mixed in soil.
Persistence of Three Dinitroaniline Herbicides on the Soil Surface
Authors: Savage K. E. , Jordan T. N.
Published: May 2019

Rates of loss of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), fluchloralin [N-(2-chloroethyl)-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline], and pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] from soil surfaces were evaluated in a series of field sampling studies. Herbicides were sprayed onto soil enclosed in rings with nylon mesh bottoms, exposed to field conditions, and analyzed periodically by gas chromatography. The herbicides were lost rapidly in the first 3 to 5 days from Bosket silt loam and Sharkey clay, although the initial rate of loss was less rapid in the clay. Trifluralin and fluchloralin were lost more rapidly than pendimethalin. Half-life values for the first 3 to 5 days for trifluralin, fluchloralin, and pendimethalin, respectively, were 2, 1.5, and 4 days on silt loam and 2, 4, and 6 days on clay. Rates of loss were much lower for the remainder of the 7- or 12-day sampling periods. Rainfall on the first day of the sampling period resulted in increased initial loss of all herbicides. Shading from direct sunlight greatly reduced the loss of fluchloralin and pendimethalin as compared to exposure to full sunlight, although trifluralin loss remained fairly rapid under shaded conditions. Simulated rainfall on the first day resulted in significantly increased dissipation of fluchloralin and pendimethalin.
Translocation of14C-Glyphosate in Soybeans (Glycine max) and Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense)
Authors: McWhorter C. G. , Jordan T. N. , Wills G. D.
Published: May 2019

Absorption and translocation of14C-glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] in johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] and soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Lee 68’] were evaluated under various environmental conditions. The toxicity of unlabeled glyphosate applied similarly was determined in soybeans under similar conditions. In johnsongrass, absorption of14C-glyphosate nearly doubled and translocation increased as air temperature increased from 24 to 35 C. Translocation in johnsongrass and soybeans was often greater at a relative humidity (RH) of 100% than at 45% and at a soil moisture level of 20% (field capacity) than at 12% (near the wilting point). In soybeans, absorption of14C-glyphosate increased about 100%, translocation increased between 100 and 1200%, and glyphosate toxicity increased more than 200% as temperature decreased from 35 to 24 C. At 35 C, translocation in soybeans was often greater at 20% than 12% soil moisture. Absorption of14C-glyphosate in soybeans was greater when the herbicide was applied to mature rather than immature leaves and stems, but the age of the treated tissue had less effect on14C translocation. The addition of surfactant plus KH2PO4to the treatment solution increased glyphosate absorption and translocation in soybeans, but addition of surfactant alone reduced translocation and addition of KH2PO4alone increased translocation. Injury to six soybean cultivars from application of unlabeled glyphosate at 0.4 kg/ha ranged from 37% to 95% while total absorption of14C-glyphosate into treated leaves of the same six cultivars ranged from 23% to 74% of the amount applied.
Action of Selected Herbicides and Tween 20 on Oat (Avena sativa) Membranes
Authors: Watson M. C. , Bartels P. G. , Hamilton K. C.
Published: May 2019

Viability of enzymatically isolated and purified oat (Avena sativaL. ‘Markton’) mesophyll protoplasts was established by their ability to photosynthetically fix CO2and to accumulate neutral red. When protoplasts were treated with 10-3M alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide], barban (4-chloro-2-butynylm-chlorocarbanilate), dalapon (2,2-dichloropropionic acid), dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine], oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide), paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion), picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid), or trifluralin [α,α,α-trifluroro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), only alachlor and barban caused significant leakage of14C-labeled material from the protoplasts as compared to controls. An abrupt increase in leakage occurred when protoplasts were treated with Tween 20 (polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monolaurate) at concentrations above 0.01% (v/v). The amount of leakage from protoplasts treated with dalapon or paraquat in combination with Tween 20 appears to be equivalent to the sum of the individual treatments. Treatment of the plasma membrane ATPase with the above named herbicides during the assay period shows that alachlor, barban, and dicamba reduces enzyme activity whereas glyphosate increases the activity. Pretreatment of the membrane ATPase with the herbicides in assay buffer [36mM Tris [tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane]-MES [2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid], 3mM MgSO4, 50mM KC1] did not inhibit the enzyme activity during the assay period. Pretreatment with dicamba, glyphosate, and picloram in gradient buffer [1mM Tris-MES, 1mM MgSO4, 1mM dithiothreitol] did inhibit enzyme acitivty during the assay period. However, these herbicides cause the pH of the gradient buffer to be acidic.
Crystallization of Phenmedipham from Aqueous Emulsions
Authors: Norris Robert F.
Published: May 2019

Crystallization of methyl m-hydroxycarbanilate m-methyl-carbanilate (phenmedipham) occurred from aqueous emulsions of the commercial formulation when dilutions exceeded one part of the formulation to 30 parts water. Dilutions greater than 1 to 30 accelerated crystallization and increased the quantity of phenmedipham that crystallized out. Mechanical agitation increased the rate of crystallization during the first 12 hr after initial mixing. Low water temperature increased the rate of crystallization and total amount of phenmedipham that crystallized out. Phenmedipham crystallization was not altered by water hardness or pH over the range 4.0 to 8.0. Simulated refilling of a partially empty spray tank before adding formulated phenmedipham produced considerable crystallization, whereas adding formulated phenmedipham before adding water minimized crystallization. The solvent used in the commercial formulation to dissolve phenmedipham is partially soluble in water. The partitioning of this solvent into the aqueous phase of the emulsion explains crystallization of phenmedipham.
Effect of Diallate on Foliar Uptake and Translocation of Herbicides in Pea
Authors: Davis David G. , Dusbabek Kendall E.
Published: May 2019

Exposure of pea plants (Pisum sativumL. ‘Little Marvel’) to vapors ofS-(2,3-dichloroallyl)diisopropylthiocarbamate (diallate) increased the subsequent foliar uptake of14C-labeled herbicides. Increased amounts of14C-activity were found in the tissues of diallate-treated plants as compared to the controls when herbicides were applied to the leaves as aqueous solutions or embedded in agar blocks. The herbicides were (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid-1-14C (2,4-D), uniformly ring-14C 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine),trichloroacetic acid-2-14C (TCA), and ethylene-14C 6,7-dihydrodipyrido[1,2-a:2′,1′-c]pyrazinediium ion (diquat). The increased movement of herbicides into diallate-treated peas was primarily attributed to a reduction of epicuticular lipids on leaves of the treated plants.
Bud Sprouting and Growth of Purple Nutsedge Altered by Benzyladenine
Authors: Teo Chris K. H. , Bendixen Leo E. , Nishimoto Roy K.
Published: May 2019

Varying concentrations of benzyladenine (BA), indoleacetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), and 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) were used to induce sprouting of dormant purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL.) tubers. BA at 50 to 300 ppm stimulated sprouting. The continuous presence of BA during the sprouting period was necessary to give significant sprout stimulation. Neither IAA at 1, 10, or 100 ppm; GA at 10, 100, or 1000 ppm; nor ethephon at 10, 100, or 1000 ppm had stimulatory effects on sprouting. ABA counteracted the stimulatory effects of BA when tubers were treated with ABA following BA treatment. Sprouting was markedly greater at 33 C day, 25 C night than at 24 C day, 17 C night. Growth of plants originating from tubers pretreated with 100 ppm BA did not differ significantly from the controls. Sustained BA applications at 100 and 200 ppm produced numerous plants with tuft-type growth habit, delayed flowering, and reduced the number of inflorescences. Numerous short, diageotropic rhizomes were produced.
Light and Prometryne Effects on Leucine Uptake and Incorporation
Authors: Truelove Bryan , Jones Larry R. , Davis Donald E.
Published: May 2019

The effects on leucine uptake and its incorporation into protein by cucumber (Cucumissativus L. ‘Ashley’) cotyledon tissue following treatments with 2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine (prometryne) were determined. Prometryne decreased14C-leucine uptake both in the light and in the dark. Prometryne decreased leucine incorporation into protein only when the discs were also exposed to over 4 hr of light. Percent of absorbed leucine incorporated into protein was increased by a 4 hr exposure in the light to 10−4M prometryne following a 24-hr dark exposure to this same concentration. Similar exposure to 10~5M prometryne had no effect. Percent of leucine incorporated into protein was decreased by 10-5M prometryne following a 24 hr exposure to this same concentration in the light. However, under these conditions 10−4M prometryne had no effect. It is speculated that the increased percentage of leucine incorporated into protein may be related to increased availability of the absorbed leucine for use in protein synthesis rather than an effect of the herbicide on the rate of protein synthesis
Venice Mallow Competition in Soybeans
Authors: Eaton B. J. , Feltner K. C. , Russ O. G.
Published: May 2019

Competition studies were conducted with soybeansGlycine max.(L.) Merr. ‘Clark 63’ and Venice mallow (Hibiscus trionumL.). One Venice mallow per 7.5 cm of soybean row reduced soybean seed yield 632 kg/ha after 85 days competition. Thirty to 40-cm weed bands in and between soybean rows reduced yields 270 to 651 kg/ha with 35 to 40 days of competition. A natural stand of 215 Venice mallow plants per square meter reduced soybean yield 454 kg/ha after 30 days of competition, and competition up to 110 days reduced yield as much as 1490 kg/ha. Weed competition affected the number of pods per soybean plant more than any other seed-yield component, and soybean height was reduced. Soybean yields were reduced more when soil moisture was abundant early in the growing season and limited in late summer than when moisture was limited early in the growing season and above average until soybeans matured.
Effect of Metribuzin and Two Analogs on Five Species of Algae
Authors: Arvik J. H. , Hyzak D. L. , Zimdahl R. L.
Published: May 2019

Growth response of five species of soil algae to 4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5 (4H)one (metribuzin) and its 6-isopropyl and 6-cyclohexyl analogs were studied in vitro. Species ofChlorella, Chlorococcum, Chlamydomonas, andAnabaenawere exposed to 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 ppm (w/v) of the herbicides in liquid nutrient, while a species ofSchizothrixwas studied at the same levels in soil culture. With one exception, the growth and numbers of all of the algae were significantly reduced by increasing herbicide concentrations.Anabaenawas not affected by 0.05 ppm of the cyclohexyl analog. No growth was permitted by any of the herbicides at 1.0 ppm.ChlorellaandChlamydomonascould not grow in the presence of 0.5 ppm of metribuzin or the cyclohexyl analog. Differences in response to the triazinones were noted between species.Chlamydomonaswas the most sensitive andAnabaenaandChlorellathe most resistant.
Atrazine and Suspension Fertilizer Compatibility
Authors: Meyer Louis J. , Murphy Larry S. , Russ Oliver G.
Published: May 2019

Four field studies and two growth-chamber studies were used to evaluate the compatibility of 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine) in suspension fertilizer on corn (Zea maysL. ‘Pioneer 321’). Crop yields and tissue analyses were used to determine effects of atrazine on fertilizer availability. Visual and pictorial comparisons determined effects of fertilizer on atrazine phytotoxicity. Fertilizer-herbicide combinations compounded 230 days or sooner before application produced no change in atrazine phytotoxicity or fertilizer availability in growth chamber studies. Preplant-incorporated treatments displayed better fertilizer availability than preemergence treatments in the field. Preemergence treatments resulted in greater atrazine phytotoxicity under drought conditions. No problems of physical compatibility were encountered with the mixtures.
Weed Control in New Plantings of Steroid-ProducingDioscoreaSpecies
Authors: Gaskins M. H. , Delpin H.
Published: May 2019

Preemergence flame weeding followed by postemergence herbicide treatment was the best procedure found for controlling weeds in field plantings of twoDioscoreaspecies. Of eight herbicides tested in one or more of five experiments, norea [3-(hexahydro-4,7-methanoindan-5-yl)-1,1-dimethylurea] gave the best weed control without crop injury. Two applications of norea (3.8 kg/ha each) controlled most weeds for one growing season. Better control resulted when plots were flamed one or two times before crop emergence and treated one or two times subsequently with norea. Although new growth developed in most cases when emergedDioscoreashoots were destroyed by flaming, yields from plots so treated were low.
Degradation of Dicamba, Picloram, and Four Phenoxy Herbicides in Soils
Authors: Altom J. D. , Stritzke J. F.
Published: May 2019

The degradation rates of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], dichlorprop [2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid], 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], silvex [2,(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid], dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), and picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) were determined in three soils. Herbicide breakdown was proportional to herbicide concentration, so half life of the various herbicides was calculated from linear regression of the logarithm transformed residue data. The average half life for 2,4-D, dichlorprop, silvex, 2,4,5-T, dicamba, and picloram were, respectively, 4 days, 10 days, 17 days, 20 days, 25 days, and greater than 100 days. The rate of degradation of 2,4-D was the same in all three soils, but for the other herbicides it was consistently faster in soil removed from under grass vegetation than from under trees.