bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alkylimidazolium Protic Ionic Liquids: Structural Features and Physicochemical Properties
Authors: Shmukler Liudmila E. , Fedorova Irina V. , Fadeeva Yuliya A. , Gruzdev Matvey S. , Safonova Liubov P.
Published: December 2021

We focus on a series of protic ionic liquids (PILs) with imidazolium and alkylimidazolium (1R3HIm, R=methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl) cations. Using the literature data and our experimental results on the thermal and transport properties, we analyze the effects of the anion nature and the alkyl radical length in the cation structure on the above properties. DFT calculations in gas and solvent phase provide further microscopic insights into the structure and cation‐anion binding in these PILs. We show that the higher thermodynamic stability of an ion pair raises the PIL decomposition temperature. The melting points of the salts with the same cation decrease as the hydrocarbon radical in the cation becomes longer, which correlates with the weaker ion‐ion interaction inthe ion pairs. A comparative analysis of the protic ILs and corresponding ILs (1R3MeIm) with the same radical (R) in the cation structure and the same anion has been performed. The lower melting points of the ILs with 1R3MeIm cations are assumed to result from the weakening of both the ion‐ion interaction and the hydrogen bond.
Maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and trait anger as predictors of depression severity
Authors: Crisan Stefania Maria , Nechita Diana Mirela
Published: December 2021

Background

According to empirical evidence, trait anger and emotion regulation strategies are associated with depression severity. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of trait anger and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies in explaining the variance of depressive symptoms severity.

Methods

Two hundred three participants diagnosed with major depressive disorder completed measures of depression, trait anger, depressive rumination, anger rumination and experiential avoidance. Path analysis using Mplus was employed for data analysis.

Results

Trait anger and depressive rumination were significant predictors of the level of depressive symptomatology, while experiential avoidance and anger rumination did not predict the level of depressive symptoms severity.

Conclusion

Maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and trait anger seem to be associated with the level of depressive symptoms, and, as such, should also be investigated when working with depressive symptomatology.
Mechanistic Modeling of Primaquine Pharmacokinetics, Gametocytocidal Activity, and Mosquito Infectivity
Authors: Chotsiri Palang , Mahamar Almahamoudou , Hoglund Richard M. , Koita Fanta , Sanogo Koualy , Diawara Halimatou , Dicko Alassane , Simpson Julie A. , Bousema Teun , White Nicholas J. , Brown Joelle M. , Gosling Roly , Chen Ingrid , Tarning Joel
Published: December 2021

Clinical studies have shown that adding a single 0.25 mg base/kg dose of primaquine to standard antimalarial regimens rapidly sterilizes Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes. However, the mechanism of action and overall impact on malaria transmission is still unknown. Using data from 81 adult Malians with P. falciparum gametocytemia who received the standard dihydroartemisinin‐piperaquine treatment course and were randomized to receive either a single dose of primaquine between 0.0625 and 0.5 mg base/kg or placebo, we characterized the pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic relationships for transmission blocking activity. Both gametocyte clearance and mosquito infectivity were assessed. A mechanistically linked pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic model adequately described primaquine and carboxy‐primaquine pharmacokinetics, gametocyte dynamics, and mosquito infectivity at different clinical doses of primaquine. Primaquine showed a dose‐dependent gametocytocidal effect that precedes clearance. A single low dose of primaquine (0.25 mg/kg) rapidly prevented P. falciparum transmissibility.
Systematic Influence of Electronic Modification of Ligands on the Catalytic Rate of Water Oxidation by a Single‐Site Ru‐Based Catalyst
Authors: Patel Jully , Bury Gabriel , Ravari Alireza K. , Ezhov Roman , Pushkar Yulia
Published: December 2021

Catalytic water oxidation is an important process for the development of clean energy solutions and energy storage. Despite the significant number of reports on active catalysts, systematic control of the catalytic activity remains elusive. In this study, descriptors are explored that can be correlated with catalytic activity. [Ru(tpy)(pic)2(H2O)](NO3)2 and [Ru(EtO‐tpy)(pic)2(H2O)](NO3)2 (where tpy=2,2′ : 6′,2“‐terpyridine, EtO‐tpy=4′‐(ethoxy)‐2,2′:6′,2”‐terpyridine, pic=4‐picoline) are synthesized and characterized by NMR, UV/Vis, EPR, resonance Raman, and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, and electrochemical analysis. Addition of the ethoxy group increases the catalytic activity in chemically driven and photocatalytic water oxidation. Thus, the effect of the electron‐donating group known for the [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(H2O)]2+ family is transferable to architectures with a tpy ligand trans to the Ru‐oxo unit. Under catalytic conditions, [Ru(EtO‐tpy)(pic)2(H2O)](NO3)2 displays new spectroscopic signals tentatively assigned to a peroxo intermediate. Reaction pathways were analyzed by using DFT calculations. [Ru(EtO‐tpy)(pic)2(H2O)](NO3)2 is found to be one of the most active catalysts functioning by a water nucleophilic attack mechanism.
Single‐Step Sustainable Production of Hydroxy‐Functionalized 2‐Imidazolines from Carbohydrates
Authors: Yu Feng , Darcel Christophe , Fischmeister Cédric
Published: December 2021

Manufacturing valuable N‐containing chemicals from biomass is highly desirable yet challenging. Herein, a novel strategy was developed for efficient production of 2‐(1‐hydroxyethyl)‐imidazoline (HI), a high‐value and versatile building block for synthesizing a myriad of bioactive targets, directly from carbohydrates under mild reaction conditions. With this strategy, bio‐based HI was produced from fructose in one step with as high as 77 C % isolated yield in the presence of ethylenediamine (EDA) and InCl3 at 130 °C. The synergistic functions of EDA and InCl3 were identified for the transformation, wherein EDA promoted the scission of C−C bond of fructose backbone via retro‐aldol (R−A) reaction and rapidly trapped in‐situ formed reactive carbonyl‐containing C3 intermediate for HI formation to avoid undesired side reaction, and InCl3 facilitated the formation of this C3 intermediate and the final 1,2‐hydrid shift step.
Performance analysis of NOMA uplink transmission over generalized‐K fading channels
Authors: Aslan Kardes , Gucluoglu Tansal
Published: December 2021

Non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) can serve multiple users in the same time slot and frequency band and thus eliminate the need for guard bands and guard intervals to provide significant capacity improvements. Therefore, the research on its performance has been increasing since it is a desirable candidate for next‐generation wireless networks. Compared with orthogonal multiple access (OMA) techniques, the reliability of NOMA is lower since multiple access interference increases as the number of users is increased. Most of the previous studies on NOMA systems only consider the impact of fading in the transmission medium; however, more realistic channel models include both fading and shadowing. In this paper, outage probability (OP), average channel capacity, and symbol error rate (SER) for uplink NOMA over generalized‐K fading are derived analytically for the arbitrary number of users and then verified by Monte Carlo simulations.
Metal Complexes of the Perfluorinated Trityl Alkoxide [(C6F5)3CO]−
Authors: Kögel Julius F. , Feige Felix , Duvinage Daniel , Lork Enno , Timoshkin Alexey Y. , Beckmann Jens
Published: December 2021

Herein we investigate sodium, magnesium, zinc, titanium, silver and thallium complexes based on the perfluorinated trityl alcohol (C6F5)3COH (1) with respect to their structural motifs. The coordination compounds were prepared by alkane or salt elimination reactions in non‐polar solvents. XRD analysis revealed a monomeric structure for Ti[OC(C6F5)3]2[OCH(CH3)2]2 (2), dimers for [Mg(OC(C6F5)3)2]2 (3), [Zn(OC(C6F5)3)Et]2 (4) and [Tl(OC(C6F5)3)]2 (5) as well as tetrameric structural motifs for the homoleptic sodium and silver compounds with the general formula [M(OC(C6F5)3)]4: A distorted [NaO]4 cube is observed for [Na(OC(C6F5)3)]4 (6) whereas [Ag(OC(C6F5)3)]4 (7) exhibits a planar [AgO]4 square. Metal fluorine contacts play an important role in all molecular structures presented herein.
Copper Mediated Intramolecular vs. Intermolecular Oxygenations: The Spacer makes the Difference!
Authors: Petrillo Alexander , Hoffmann Alexander , Becker Jonathan , Herres‐Pawlis Sonja , Schindler Siegfried
Published: December 2021

Copper complexes in combination with dioxygen are important as potential catalytic systems for regio‐ and stereoselective aerobic oxygenations of aromatic and aliphatic C−H bonds at ambient temperatures. In that context we herein describe a copper(I) complex with an imine ligand derived from (+)‐camphor and 2‐(2‐aminoethyl)pyridine that forms a bis(μ‐hydroxido) dicopper complex upon reaction with dioxygen at room temperature. It is detectable by UV‐vis for several hours up to a few days, depending on the solvent and could be structurally characterized. In contrast to previous observations this complex rather oxygenates acetone or thioanisole as external substrates instead of undergoing an intramolecular ligand hydroxylation.
Mechanistically Guided One Pot Synthesis of Phosphine‐Phosphite and Its Implication in Asymmetric Hydrogenation
Authors: Sen Anirban , Kumar Rohit , Pandey Swechchha , Vipin Raj K. , Kumar Pawan , Vanka Kumar , Chikkali Samir H.
Published: December 2021

Although hybrid bidentate ligands are known to yield highly enantioselective products in asymmetric hydrogenation (AH), synthesis of these ligands is an arduous process. Herein, a one pot, atom‐economic synthesis of a hybrid phosphine‐phosphite (L1) is reported. After understanding the reactivity difference between an O‐nucleophile versus C‐nucleophile, one pot synthesis of Senphos (L1) was achieved (72 %). When L1 was treated with [Rh], 31P NMR revealed bidentate coordination to Rh. Senphos, in the presence of rhodium, catalyzes the AH of Methyl‐2‐acetamido‐3‐phenylacrylate and discloses an unprecedented turn over frequency of 2289, along with excellent enantio‐selectivity (92 %). The generality is demonstrated by hydrogenating an array of alkenes. The AH operates under mild conditions of 1–2 bar H2 pressure, at room temperature. The practical relevance of L1 is demonstrated by scaling‐up the reaction to 1 g and by synthesizing DOPA, a drug widely employed for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Computational insights indicate that the R isomer is preferred by 3.8 kcal/mol over the S isomer.
Improving reliability of logging process: A Bohai Bay case study
Authors: Wang Erbo , Zhang Qin , Qiu Rui , Zhang Hao , Zhang Haoran
Published: December 2021

Drilling and logging are important links in oil and gas development, and the accurate acquisition of operation data directly affects the development efficiency of oil and gas reserves. Under the dual pressure of safety and economy, it is essential to find out how to improve the quality of logging, especially the quality of logging while drilling. This article focuses on logging technology applied in the Bohai Bay field. Drilling engineering data from several sites are analyzed to identify factors influencing the reliability performance of formation pressure tests. The analysis is conducted using the commercial drilling engineering software JewelSuite. Two types of main failure phenomena are summarized: lost seal, time out. Next, logging reliability improvement technologies are proposed based on the results of reliability analysis, such as resolution improvement, bottom hole assembly optimization, and on‐site construction operation procedures. These technologies can achieve more efficient and accurate formation pressure acquisition while providing important data for later productivity prediction and development. The practice has proved that the improved technologies can reduce failures by nearly 66.7%, and can also reduce cost by more than 33.84 M USD.
An efficient fire detection algorithm based on multi‐scale convolutional neural network
Authors: Cheng Yanying , Chen Ke , Bai Hui , Mou Chunjie , Zhang Yuchun , Yang Kai , Gao Yunji , Liu Yu
Published: December 2021

Video fire detection (VFD) technology has shown a broad application prospect with the popularization of camera monitoring systems. Since the initial stage is the best time for firefighting, it's crucial to develop a robust algorithm for early warning. In this paper, an efficient VFD fusion algorithm is presented. First, the fire candidate areas (FCA) are located quickly based on low‐level visual features to guarantee well timeliness. Furthermore, a multi‐scale convolutional neural network with spatial pyramid pooling is built and trained on the dedicated flame data set without the requirement of sample labeling. In this case, FCA with different aspect ratios and scales can be accurately identified. The method is fully tested on various databases of arbitrary‐sized images and videos. Experimental results show that the proposed fusion algorithm, in addition to improving the detection efficiency, also ensures the accurate identification of flames on different scales.
Do sentiment indices always improve the prediction accuracy of exchange rates?
Authors: Ito Takumi , Takeda Fumiko
Published: December 2021

This study aims to improve the prediction accuracy of the exchange rate model by changing how indices that capture market sentiment are constructed. We construct the sentiment indices (SIs) for the Japanese and American markets using the Google search volume index (SVI) for financial terms listed in the Japanese dictionary. For these SVIs, we select keywords based on the correlation between weekly changes in the yen–dollar rate and the SVI. We use 30, 20, and 10 keywords that are replaced at three different frequencies: 3 months, 6 weeks, and weekly. The training period is from January 2013 to June 2015, and the forecast period is from July 2015 to December 2017. We perform a rolling regression, which keeps the length of the reference period constant at 2 and a half years, based on the interest rate parity and autoregressive models for the predictions. We compare the prediction accuracy using the mean squared prediction error, Clark and West's tests of equal predictive accuracy, and the direction of change test. When the SIs are updated every 3 months and 6 weeks, neither the interest rate parity model nor the autoregressive model shows improved prediction accuracy, even if the SI is added. However, when the SIs are updated weekly, prediction accuracy improves in both the interest rate parity and the autoregressive models as the number of words used to construct the SI increases. We conclude that frequently updated SIs can improve the short‐term prediction accuracy, while SIs updated less frequently may not.
Early‐life thermal stress mediates long‐term alterations in hypothalamic microglia
Authors: Ben‐Nun Osher , Kisliouk Tatiana , Marco Asaf , Rosenberg Tali , Meiri Noam
Published: December 2021

Stressful environmental events in early life have long‐lasting consequences on later stress responses. We previously showed that heat conditioning of 3‐day‐old chicks during the critical period of heat‐response development leads to heat vulnerability later in life. Here we assessed the role of early‐life heat stress on the inflammatory response in the chick anterior hypothalamus (AH), focusing on hypothalamic microglia. We identified the microglial cell population in the chick AH using anti‐KUL01 and anti‐CD45 antibodies. Specific microglial features were also confirmed by expression of their signature genes. Under normal environmental conditions, hypothalamic microglia isolated from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐injected chicks displayed a classical activated proinflammatory profile accompanied by a decreased homeostatic signature, demonstrating similarity of immune response with mammalian microglial cells. In accordance with our previous observations, conditioning of 3‐day‐old chicks under high ambient temperature decreased the number of newborn cells in the AH, among them microglial precursors. Although heat exposure did not affect microglial cell viability, it had a long‐term impact on LPS‐induced inflammatory response. Exposure to harsh heat led to heat vulnerability, and attenuated recruitment of peripheral monocytes and T cells into the AH following LPS challenge. Moreover, heat conditioning altered microglial reactivity, manifested as suppressed microglial activation in response to LPS. Innate immune memory developed by heat conditioning might underlie suppression of the microglial response to LPS challenge. We describe alterations in genome‐wide CpG methylation profile of hypothalamic microglia, demonstrating probable epigenetic involvement in the reprogramming of microglial function, leading to heat‐induced inflammatory cross‐tolerance.
Deficits of Public Deliberation in U.S. Oversight for Gene Edited Organisms
Authors: Kuzma Jennifer
Published: December 2021

Environmental releases of gene edited (GEdOs) and gene drive organisms (GDOs) will likely occur under conditions of high uncertainty and in complex socioecological systems. Therefore, public deliberation is especially important to account for diverse interpretations of safety, risks, and benefits; to draw on experiential and public wisdom in areas of proposed release; to ameliorate dangers of technological optimism; and to increase the public legitimacy of decisions. Yet there is a “democratic deficit” in the United States' oversight system for GEdOs and GDOs, as unconflicted experts, publics, and skeptical stakeholders are most often excluded from decision‐making and unavailable to critically examine potential risks and benefits or raise broader concerns about socioeconomic or cultural impacts. This article argues for the need to open up decision‐making for GEdOs and GDOs, discusses the challenges for doing so within the current oversight framework, and finally, proposes institutional, policy, and attitudinal changes that are likely important for overcoming barriers to public deliberation.
Restructuring Deliberation Using a Cultural Theory Lens
Authors: Williams Teshanee
Published: December 2021

Designing broad public deliberation is challenging. In addition, participants of public deliberation are guided by their cultural norms, values, and rules. This creates a tension between the goal of practical approaches to broad public deliberation and how individuals perceive issues and relate to others in the world. Despite such challenges, we must continue to create opportunities for the public to deliberate about and provide input into the regulation of emerging technologies. Therefore, previously imagined approaches to broad public deliberation should be reevaluated to better utilize the information gained during the process and expand the range of ideas incorporated into decision‐making. To do this, institutions must consider how the public makes sense of complex issues concerning cultural conflict. This article introduces a framework that demonstrates how cultural theory can be used for rethinking previous approaches to public deliberation. In doing so, it offers guidelines for designing public deliberation involving distinct public participation venues based on different worldviews.
Darcy–Forchheimer electromagnetic flow of entropy optimized microrotating Casson–Carreau nanomaterials
Authors: Nayak Manoj K. , Agbaje Titilayo M. , Mondal Sabyasachi , Makanda Gilbert
Published: December 2021

It is apparent that non‐Newtonian nanofluids (especially, Casson and Carreau) find their ubiquitous utilization in diverse industrial processes. The magnetohydrodynamics concept is significantly implemented in the engineering design process. Darcy–Forchheimer's effect characterized by inertia and boundary effects ameliorates the rate of heat transportation outstandingly in association with the flow of nanofluids. Entropy optimization analysis is accentuated as its minimization is the best measure to enhance the efficiency of thermal systems. In view of this, the present article is intended to investigate electromagnetic flow and thermal characteristics of Casson and Carreau nanofluids over the exponential stretched surface. Microrotation facets are entailed. Arrhenius pre‐exponential factor law and Robin's condition are implemented. The nondimensional governing equations are solved by the spectral quasi‐linearization method. The major outcomes of this study are that axial and transverse flow velocities and heat transfer rate get controlled due to strengthening Casson and microinertia density parameters. More thermal stratification augments the rate of heat transportation efficaciously. Amplification of the Weissenberg parameter intensifies the axial and transverse flow velocities and the associated boundary layer widths. Axial and transverse surface viscous drag enervate due to the rise in porosity, inertia, and magnetic parameters. The entropy generation rate is regulated by the varied Reynolds number.
Interactions between NLRP3 inflammasome and glycolysis in macrophages: New insights into chronic inflammation pathogenesis
Authors: Yu Qun , Guo Maojuan , Zeng Wenyun , Zeng Miao , Zhang Xiaolu , Zhang Yue , Zhang Wenlan , Jiang Xijuan , Yu Bin
Published: December 2021

NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages fuels sterile inflammation, which has been tied with metabolic reprogramming characterized by high glycolysis and low oxidative phosphorylation. The key enzymes in glycolysis and glycolysis‐related products can regulate and activate NLRP3 inflammasome. In turn, NLRP3 inflammasome is considered to affect glycolysis, as well. However, the exact mechanism remains ambiguous. On the basis of these findings, the focus of this review is mainly on the developments in our understanding of interaction between NLRP3 inflammasome activation and glycolysis in macrophages, and small molecule compounds that influence the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes by regulating glycolysis in macrophages. The application of this interaction in the treatment of diseases is also discussed. This paper may yield valuable clues for development of novel therapeutic agent for NLRP3 inflammasome‐related diseases.
Ultrastructural characterizations of the pecten oculi of the common ostrich (Struthio camelus): New insight to scanning electron microscope–energy dispersive X‐ray analysis
Authors: Elghoul Mahmoud , Morsy Kareem , Abumandour Mohamed M. A.
Published: December 2021

The current observation was designed to give a complete ultrastructural description of the pecten oculi of the common ostrich (Struthio camelus). Moreover, this study represents the first attempt to measurements the elements composition of the pecten oculi using scanning electron microscope–energy dispersive X‐ray (SEM–EDX) at three regions (apical, body, and basal). To accomplish this study, eight ostrich were examined grossly and under the electron microscope. The vaned‐shaped pecten oculi consisted of three regions (apex, body, and base) with 24–25 plates. The pecten oculi was located postero‐anteriorly near to the optic nerve disc that was attached by their bases to the retina forming a slightly elevated basal border joining the bases of all pleats, while the apex was linked in a circular bridge. The pleats are separated from each other by the inter‐pleat spaces that are very clear at the base and nearly not observed at the apical part. The outer pleat's surface carried numerous prominences that pointed to the existence of numerous afferent and efferent pecteneal blood capillaries vessels. The vitreopecteneal limiting membrane separated the pecten oculi from the vitreous body. Our findings concluded that, the high number of thick pecteneal pleats was related to the diurnal activity of the common ostrich. SEM–EDX shows that the carbon percentage in the three regions is the highest that representing about half of all elements, while the oxygen percent is about one‐third; meanwhile, the lowest percentage is the sulfate at the apical region, and the calcium at the body and basal regions.
Effect of 45S5 bioactive glass on the microshear bond strength of dental fluorosis
Authors: Huang Xiaoyu , Xie Jing , Zhang Meifeng , Sun Zhengfan , Xu Yao , Yang Wanrong , Guo Ling
Published: December 2021

The aim of this in vitro study was to estimate the effect of the species concentration of 45S5 bioactive glass (BAG) used as pretreatment on the microshear bond strength (MSBS) of dental fluorosis (DF). Based on the Thylstrup and Fejerskov index, 80 teeth were randomly divided equally into four groups: TFI 0, sound dentin; TFI 1–3, mild fluorosis; TFI 4–5, moderate fluorosis; and TFI 6–9, severe fluorosis. Each group was randomized into five subgroups. After preparing the dentin hypersensitivity model of DF, the dentin was pretreated as follows, Subgroup 1: deionized water (Control group); Subgroup 2: 1% BAG; Subgroup 3: 5% BAG; Subgroup 4: 10% BAG, and Subgroup 5: 20% BAG. Stochastically one specimen was selected from each subgroup for scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer analysis. After being made of resin–tooth bonding samples, the remains were in water bath at 37 °C for 24 hr. Subsequently, samples from each subgroup were randomly selected to test MSBS without aging, or after a thermocycle of 5,000 and 10,000 times, respectively. The fracture modes were analyzed. Compared with the group of 1% BAG and Control, the exposure area of tubules in 5%, 10%, and 20% BAG group had significant difference (p < .05). MSBS results indicated that there were significant differences between 10% BAG with other groups. The 20% BAG group showed the lowest MSBS among all groups. Pretreatment of 10% BAG solution may be conductive to enhance the bond strength of DF, while 20% BAG solution adversely.
Steroid levels in frog eggs: Manipulations, developmental changes, and implications for maternal steroid effects
Authors: Paitz Ryan T. , Dugas Matthew B.
Published: December 2021

Exposure to maternally derived steroids during embryonic development can elicit phenotypic effects in the resulting offspring. Studies of maternal steroid effects, especially rich in mammals and birds, have offered exciting insights into the evolution of maternal effects in vertebrates. To extend this literature, we quantified levels of steroids in the eggs of four neotropical dendrobatid frogs that lay terrestrial clutches, a reproductive strategy that has evolved multiple times in amphibians. Building on our observational results, we then manipulated levels of pregnenolone and progesterone in eggs of one species and examined how this affected steroid levels during development. Eggs of all four species had detectable steroids levels, with progestogens being more abundant than androgens and glucocorticoids. Estrogens could not be detected. Immersion of frog eggs in a solution containing pregnenolone and progesterone resulted in elevated levels of both steroids early in development, but levels declined and were similar to those in unmanipulated eggs by the end of development. Treated eggs also exhibited a transient increase in levels of steroids that can be produced from pregnenolone and progesterone. Overall, our findings demonstrate that frog eggs contain steroids similar to what has been observed in other egg‐laying vertebrates. During development, steroid levels are dynamic, further suggesting developing embryos regulate exposure to maternal steroids. These results set the stage for investigating the causes and consequences of maternal steroid effects in frogs.
Gastroesophageal varices evaluation using spleen‐dedicated stiffness measurement by vibration‐controlled transient elastography
Authors: Nagai Koki , Ogawa Yuji , Kobayashi Takashi , Iwaki Michihiro , Nogami Asako , Honda Yasushi , Kessoku Takaomi , Saigusa Yusuke , Imajo Kento , Yoneda Masato , Kirikoshi Hiroyuki , Komatsu Tatsuji , Saito Satoru , Nakajima Atsushi
Published: December 2021

Background and Aim

Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) and spleen stiffness measurement (SSM@50 Hz) using standard vibration‐controlled transient elastography (VCTE) have been studied as a noninvasive test for screening of gastroesophageal varices (GEV) in chronic liver disease (CLD). Recently, a novel spleen‐dedicated VCTE (SSM@100 Hz) has been developed. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of SSM@100 Hz, SSM@50 Hz, LSM, and other noninvasive tests using esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) as the reference as well as the correlation with hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG).

Methods

A total of 123 patients with CLD enrolled in this cross‐sectional study. SSM@100 Hz, SSM@50 Hz, and LSM were determined by VCTE. EGD and HVPG were performed within 12 weeks before or after VCTE.

Results

GEV were present in 60 patients. Failure or suboptimal SSM were fewer at 100 Hz (4.0%) than at 50 Hz (17.7%). All SSM values obtained at 100 Hz were lower than the 100 kPa ceiling threshold, but 10 patients reached the 75 kPa ceiling threshold for SSM@50 Hz. SSM@100 Hz was most accurate (area under the receiver operating characteristic [AUROC] = 0.944) for the diagnosis of GEV compared to SSM@50 Hz, LSM, and scoring systems. AUROC of SSM@100 Hz for diagnosis of high‐bleeding risk varices (HRV) was 0.941, which was significantly higher than that of SSM@50 Hz (AUROC = 0.842, P = 0.002). SSM@100 Hz showed higher specificity (82.0%) for diagnosis of HRV than SSM@50 Hz (specificity = 67.1%). SSM@100 Hz was significantly correlated with HVPG (r = 0.71, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The novel spleen‐dedicated VCTE examination can be used for noninvasive assessment of GEV and HVPG in CLD. Japan Registry of Clinical Trials Registry No. jRCTs032200119.
Impact of monomeric and aggregated wild‐type and A30P/A53T double‐mutant α‐synuclein on antioxidant mechanism and glutamate metabolic profile of cultured astrocytes
Authors: Raj Aishwarya , Kaushal Alka , Datta Indrani
Published: December 2021

Serving as a source of glutathione and up‐taking and metabolizing glutamate are the primary supportive role of astrocytes for the adjacent neurons. Despite the clear physical association between astrocytes and α‐synuclein, the effect of extracellular α‐synuclein on these astrocytic functions has not yet been elucidated. Hence, we aim to assess the effect of various forms of α‐synuclein on antioxidant mechanism and glutamate metabolism. Wild‐type and A53T/A30P double‐mutant α‐synuclein, both in monomeric and aggregated forms, were added extracellularly to media of midbrain rat astrocyte culture, with their survival, oxidative, and nitrative stress, glutathione and glutamate content, expression of enzymes associated with oxidative stress and glutamate metabolism, glutamate and glutathione transporters being assessed along with the association/engulfment of these peptides by astrocytes. A30P/A53T peptide associated more with astrocytes, and low‐extracellular K+ concentration showed prominent reduction in the engulfment of the monomeric forms, suggesting that the association of the aggregated forms was greater with the membrane. The peptide‐associated astrocytes showed lower survival and increased oxidative stress generation, owing to the decrease in nuclear localization of Nrf2 and increase in iNOS, and further aggravated by the decrease in glutathione content and related enzymes like glutathione synthetase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Glutamate uptake increased in aggregate‐treated cells due to the increase in GLAST1 expression, de novo synthesis of glutamate by pyruvate carboxylase, and/or glutamine synthase, bolstered by the differential glutamate dehydrogenase enzyme activity. We thus show for the first time that extracellular α‐synuclein exposure leads to astrocytic dysfunction with respect to the antioxidant mechanism and glutamate metabolic profile. The impact was higher in the case of the aggregated and mutated peptide, with the highest dysfunction for the mutant aggregated α‐synuclein treatment.
The effect of local steroid application on bony fusion in a rat posterolateral spinal arthrodesis model
Authors: Kannan Abhishek , Minardi Silvia , Ellenbogen David J. , Hallman Mitchell J. , Greene Allison C. , Yamaguchi Jonathan T. , Plantz Mark A. , Jeong Soyoen , Sana Kennedy C. , Shah Vivek , Yun Chawon , Hsu Erin L. , Hsu Wellington K.
Published: December 2021

Introduction

Local steroid administration during anterior cervical spine surgery has been shown to improve postoperative dysphagia. However, concerns over potential complications remain. This study aims to evaluate the effect of local steroid administration on bone regeneration and spine fusion in a preclinical model, as well as the impact on osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM‐MSCs) in a 3D culture system.

Materials and methods

Forty‐five rats underwent bilateral L4‐L5 posterolateral lumbar fusion (PLF) utilizing local delivery of low‐dose recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2; 0.5 μg/implant). Rats were divided into three groups: no steroid (control), low dose (0.5 mg/kg), and high dose (2.5 mg/kg) of triamcinolone. Bone growth and fusion were assessed using radiography, blinded manual palpation, and micro‐CT analysis and were visualized by histology. The impact of triamcinolone exposure on osteogenic differentiation of hBM‐MSCs was evaluated by gene expression analysis, alkaline phosphatase activity assay, and alizarin red staining.

Results

No significant differences in fusion scores or rates were seen in the low‐ or high‐dose steroid treatment groups relative to untreated controls. Quantification of new bone formation via micro‐CT imaging revealed no significant between‐group differences in the volume of newly regenerated bone. Triamcinolone also had no negative impact on pro‐osteogenic gene transcript levels, and ALP activity was enhanced in the presence of triamcinolone. Mineral deposition appeared comparable in cultures grown with and without triamcinolone.

Conclusions

Local steroid application does not seem to inhibit rhBMP‐2‐mediated spine fusion in rats, though our study may not be adequately powered to detect differences in fusion as measured by manual palpation or bone volume as measured by micro‐CT. These findings suggest that local triamcinolone may not increase pseudarthrosis in spine fusion procedures. Further large animal and clinical studies to verify its safety and efficacy are warranted.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Posttraumatic Stress and Suicide
Authors: Kerig Patricia K.
Published: December 2021

This article introduces this special issue of the Journal of Traumatic Stress devoted to new research investigating the associations among trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and suicidal ideation and behavior. Given the high rates of suicide seen in the aftermath of trauma exposure around the globe, it is important that researchers and clinicians strive to better understand the underlying processes and mechanisms that account for this association and that potentially could be harnessed in intervention and prevention efforts. This opening article introduces the content and themes of the present collection of manuscripts gathered together in this special issue, which includes both conceptual and empirical pieces devoted to the study of suicidality in the context of trauma exposure and considers implications for future research and evidence‐based interventions.
Thiol‐Mediated Chain Transfer as a Tool to Improve the Toughness of Acrylate Photo‐Crosslinked Poly(ε‐caprolactone)
Authors: Thijssen Quinten , Vlierberghe Sandra V.
Published: December 2021

Herein, a straightforward approach is reported to obtain photo‐crosslinked, bioresorbable poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) based networks covering a range of mechanical properties (elongation at break from 203 ± 53 up to 707 ± 101% and ultimate strength from 6.8 ± 2.2 to 13.9 ± 1.5 MPa) via alteration of the network topology. Exploiting multifunctional thiols for crosslinking of acrylate‐terminated PCL is an effective method to alter the mechanical properties of photo‐crosslinked networks due to the chain transferring ability of the thiols. By controlling the thiol to acrylate ratio, the Young's modulus, elongation at break and ultimate strength can be significantly altered. The materials described in this work can be considered potential candidates for light‐based 3D‐printing and to serve tissue engineering applications.
6G and beyond: Investigation of broadband terahertz interdigitated photoconductive antenna by exploiting laser parameters
Authors: Boby E. Nisha Flora , Prajapati Jitendra , Rathinasamy Vaisshale , Rao T. Rama , Mondal Shyamal
Published: December 2021

Photoconductive Antennas (PCA) are widely used for terahertz (THz) generation and detection. These PCAs build the basis for future 6G communication as they provide a high data rate and broad bandwidth. In this work, interdigitated photoconductive antenna (IPCA) has been designed and optimized for better performance in terms of THz radiation. The proposed IPCA is made of LT‐GaAs substrate material deposited on SI‐GaAs. Silver material has been assumed for the IPCA electrode structure. Moreover, the dependence of IPCA on the incident laser parameters such as its wavelength (λ = 800, 1060, and 1550 nm) and pulse duration (100–500 fs) has been investigated theoretically for different teeth widths (We = 500, 100, 50, and 20 nm). The performance of the IPCA with various parameters such as average carrier density, conductance, total photocurrent, THz radiated power, and electric field strength, has been analyzed. The results show maximum THz electric field strength of 20.85 V/m for a photo‐generated current of 1.887 A and enormous bandwidth beyond 14.9 THz with 20 nm teeth‐width‐based IPCA when illuminated with 100 fs 800 nm laser pulses. The proposed IPCA structure provides enhanced THz radiation compared to conventional PCA. This investigation helps the researchers to develop and integrate IPCA for future wireless communications as well as for a variety of applications, such as time‐domain spectroscopy (THz‐TDS), medical imaging, sensing, and security‐related applications.
Characterization of the diffusion signal of breast tissues using multi‐exponential models
Authors: Rodríguez‐Soto Ana E. , Andreassen Maren M. Sjaastad , Fang Lauren K. , Conlin Christopher C. , Park Helen H. , Ahn Grace S. , Bartsch Hauke , Kuperman Joshua , Vidić Igor , Ojeda‐Fournier Haydee , Wallace Anne M. , Hahn Michael , Seibert Tyler M. , Jerome Neil Peter , Østlie Agnes , Bathen Tone Frost , Goa Pål Erik , Rakow‐Penner Rebecca , Dale Anders M.
Published: December 2021

Purpose

Restriction spectrum imaging (RSI) decomposes the diffusion‐weighted MRI signal into separate components of known apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs). The number of diffusion components and optimal ADCs for RSI are organ‐specific and determined empirically. The purpose of this work was to determine the RSI model for breast tissues.

Methods

The diffusion‐weighted MRI signal was described using a linear combination of multiple exponential components. A set of ADC values was estimated to fit voxels in cancer and control ROIs. Later, the signal contributions of each diffusion component were estimated using these fixed ADC values. Relative‐fitting residuals and Bayesian information criterion were assessed. Contrast‐to‐noise ratio between cancer and fibroglandular tissue in RSI‐derived signal contribution maps was compared to DCE imaging.

Results

A total of 74 women with breast cancer were scanned at 3.0 Tesla MRI. The fitting residuals of conventional ADC and Bayesian information criterion suggest that a 3‐component model improves the characterization of the diffusion signal over a biexponential model. Estimated ADCs of triexponential model were D1,3 = 0, D2,3 = 1.5 × 10−3, and D3,3 = 10.8 × 10−3 mm2/s. The RSI‐derived signal contributions of the slower diffusion components were larger in tumors than in fibroglandular tissues. Further, the contrast‐to‐noise and specificity at 80% sensitivity of DCE and a subset of RSI‐derived maps were equivalent.

Conclusion

Breast diffusion‐weighted MRI signal was best described using a triexponential model. Tumor conspicuity in breast RSI model is comparable to that of DCE without the use of exogenous contrast. These data may be used as differential features between healthy and malignant breast tissues.
First application of a puberty estimation method to skeletons of young pregnant females: A case for the reevaluation of maternal–fetal burials
Authors: Doe Danielle M. , Molina Moreno María , Candelas González Nieves , Rascón Pérez Josefina , Cambra‐Moo Oscar , González Martín Armando
Published: December 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate the pubertal status of skeletons belonging to young females who died while pregnant to better understand puberty, the attainment of reproductive capacity, pregnancy, and maternal and fetal mortality in the past. A method to analyze pubertal development in osteological remains was applied to three skeletons of pregnant individuals from different medieval Spanish cemeteries. Pelvic measurements, stature estimates, and pathology studies were also employed. One pregnant individual, determined to have possibly been “at risk” for a complicated delivery, was found to be pubescent having died during the maturation phase of the pubertal growth spurt. Two Hispano‐Muslim individuals were both postpubescent, although one had passed this milestone not long before death. This study is the first of its kind to apply puberty determination methodology to the skeletons of pregnant individuals and as such, was able to identify the skeleton of a pregnant, but still pubescent, girl in an archaeological collection. Delays observed in reaching the later pubertal stages prolonged puberty and could have enabled girls to become pregnant before having achieved complete maturity. The authors suggest that this skeleton is not one of a kind and believe it necessary to consider the reevaluation of maternal–fetal burials making use of pubertal status determination methods. In this way, puberty, the early reproductive stages, and motherhood in the past can be better understood.
Nasopalatine duct cyst occurring after secondary alveolar bone grafting: A case report
Authors: Kobayashi Yoshikazu , Kyo Iyo , Satoh Koji , Isomura Madoka , Urano Makoto
Published: December 2021

Background

We describe an exceedingly rare case of a nasopalatine duct cyst that developed after bone grafting into an alveolar cleft.

Case presentation

A 10‐year‐old male patient with a unilateral lip and alveolar cleft underwent alveolar bone grafting. Computed tomography at the 1‐year follow‐up revealed a well‐defined, round radiolucency including the grafted bone and the incisive canal. Cystectomy and bone grafting were performed, and the resected specimen was histopathologically diagnosed as a nasopalatine duct cyst. The postoperative course was good and bone bridging was achieved, including at the alveolar cleft.

Conclusion

Based on our observations and the findings of previous reports, surgical stimulation due to alveolar bone grafting was suggested to have caused the NDC.
Enhancing mechanical properties of high‐density polyethylene/polydopamine‐modified basalt fiber composites via synergistic compatibilizers
Authors: Song Wenjing , Guo Ke , Li Zongze , Zhao Yunhui , Zhu Kongying , Yuan Xiaoyan
Published: December 2021

The mechanical properties of polymer‐based composites are generally determined by the interfacial adhesion between the inorganic component and the polymer itself. In this work, high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) composites were prepared with polydopamine(PDA)‐modified short basalt fibers (D‐BF) as an inorganic filler, in which the interface between HDPE and D‐BF was mediated by maleic anhydride‐grafted polyethylene (PE‐g‐MAH) and maleic anhydride‐grafted poly(ethylene‐co‐octene) elastomer (POE‐g‐MAH). The adding mass ratio of both the compatibilizers had a significant effect on the mechanical properties of the prepared HDPE/D‐BF composites. When total 5 wt% of both PE‐g‐MAH and POE‐g‐MAH with a mass ratio of 1/3 was introduced, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the composite containing 2.5 wt% D‐BF reached 53.7 ± 0.8 MPa and 1174 ± 17%, respectively, about 73% and 157% higher than those of the pristine HDPE. Therefore, this work demonstrated a feasible way to prepare polymeric composites with high strength and high toughness via the dual‐compatibilizer and PDA modification of the fillers.
Advances in host selection and interface regulation of polymer electrolytes
Authors: Wang Jirong , Zhang Chi , Zhang Yong , Xue Zhigang
Published: December 2021

Polymer electrolyte (PE) has been emerging as a promising alternative to liquid electrolytes due to the unique advantages such as excellent flexibility and processability, high chemical and thermal stability, and low risk of leakage and combustion, especially for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Even though abundant attempts focusing on polymer chemistries have been made, the inadequate capacity of lithium‐ion transport via segmental motion still cannot provide satisfying room temperature ionic conductivity and lithium‐ion transference number. In addition, safety concerns and short lifespan resulted from the brittle and incompatible interface between the electrode and polymer materials also hinder the commercialization of PEs‐based LIBs. Hence, for the above performance defects and interface issues, this review provides an overview of polymer electrolytes from the conductivity improvement, polymer selection and mechanical strength enhancement for protrusion suppressing. The improvement of conductivity specifically includes structure modification of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) host and novel electrolyte matrix beyond PEO, while the section of interface regulation mainly involves dendrite‐inhibited polymers, mechanical strengthening, and in situ polymerization. Finally, perspectives and challenges are pointed out in the development of polymer electrolytes with both excellent electrochemical performance and safety for LIBs.
Metabolic syndrome and prostate cancer in Afro‐Caribbean men
Authors: Lefebvre Florian , Blanchet‐Deverly Anne , Michineau Leah , Blanchet Pascal , Multigner Luc , Brureau Laurent
Published: December 2021

Introduction and Objectives

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of risk factors that increases the likelihood of developing cardiovascular diseases. Although suggested, the relationship between MetS and prostate cancer (PCa) is still inconclusive. Very few studies have addressed this question in populations of African descent, which are disproportionately affected by PCa. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of MetS among incident cases of Afro‐Caribbean PCa and estimate its association with adverse clinicopathological features and the risk of biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy (RP).

Materials and Methods

We included 285 consecutive patients with incident cases of PCa attending the University Hospital of Guadeloupe (French West Indies). MetS was evaluated at the time of diagnosis by collecting information on blood pressure, glycaemic status, triglyceride and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and obesity through various surrogates, including two waist circumference indicators (≤94 cm, ≥102 cm), the waist‐to‐hip ratio (≥0.95), and body mass index (BMI; ≥30 kg/m2). We followed 245 patients who underwent RP as primary treatment of localized PCa.

Results

The prevalence of MetS varied greatly, from 31.6% to 16.4%, when a waist circumference ≥94 cm or BMI were used as obesity surrogates, respectively. No significant associations were found between MetS, regardless of the obesity criteria employed, and the risk of adverse pathological features or BCR.

Conclusions

The high variability in MetS resulting from the diversity of obesity criteria used may explain the discordant associations reported in the literature. Further studies using strict and uniform criteria to define MetS on homogeneous ethnic groups are encouraged to clarify the association, if any, between MetS and PCa outcomes.