bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linked regulation of genome integrity and senescence-associated inflammation by p53
Authors: Miller Karl N. , Li Brightany , Pierce-Hoffman Hannah R. , Patel Shreeya , Lei Xue , Rajesh Adarsh , Teneche Marcos G. , Havas Aaron P. , Gandhi Armin , Macip Carolina Cano , Lyu Jun , Victorelli Stella G. , Woo Seung-Hwa , Lagnado Anthony B. , LaPorta Michael A. , Liu Tianhui , Dasgupta Nirmalya , Li Sha , Davis Andrew , Korotkov Anatoly , Hultenius Erik , Gao Zichen , Altman Yoav , Porritt Rebecca A. , Garcia Guillermina , Mogler Carolin , Seluanov Andrei , Gorbunova Vera , Kaech Susan M. , Tian Xiao , Dou Zhixun , Chen Chongyi , Passos João F. , Adams Peter D.
Published: November 2023

Genomic instability and inflammation are distinct hallmarks of aging, but the connection between them is poorly understood. Understanding their interrelationship will help unravel new mechanisms and therapeutic targets of aging and age-associated diseases. Here we report a novel mechanism directly linking genomic instability and inflammation in senescent cells through a mitochondria-regulated molecular circuit driven by p53 and cytoplasmic chromatin fragments (CCF). We show, through activation or inactivation of p53 by genetic and pharmacologic approaches, that p53 suppresses CCF accumulation and the downstream inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), without affecting cell cycle arrest. p53 activation suppressed CCF formation by promoting DNA repair, and this is reflected in maintenance of genomic integrity, particularly in subtelomeric regions, as shown by single cell genome resequencing. Activation of p53 in aged mice by pharmacological inhibition of MDM2 reversed signatures of aging, including age- and senescence-associated transcriptomic signatures of inflammation and age-associated accumulation of monocytes and macrophages in liver. Remarkably, mitochondria in senescent cells suppressed p53 activity by promoting CCF formation and thereby restricting ATM-dependent nuclear DNA damage signaling. These data provide evidence for a mitochondria-regulated p53 signaling circuit in senescent cells that controls DNA repair, genome integrity, and senescence- and age-associated inflammation. This pathway is immunomodulatory in mice and a potential target for healthy aging interventions by small molecules already shown to activate p53.
Inbreeding depression leads to reduced fitness in declining populations of wild maize
Authors: Schulz Aimee J , Hufnagel David E , Gepts Paul , Hufford Matthew B
Published: November 2023

Crop wild relatives can serve as a source of variation for the genetic improvement of modern varieties. However, the realization of this genetic potential depends critically on the conservation of wild populations. In this study, five populations ofZea maysssp.parviglumis, the closest relative of domesticated maize, were collected in Jalisco, Mexico and planted in a common garden. Eleven traits related to plant fitness were measured and evaluated in the context of genetic diversity and genetic load. Plants whose seed were sourced from larger, less disturbed populations had greater genetic diversity, lower genetic load, and possessed phenotypes associated with higher fitness, while plants sourced from smaller, heavily impacted populations had traits characteristic of lower fitness and increased genetic load. For example, plants from larger populations germinated more quickly, reached anthesis sooner, demonstrated a higher level of photosynthetic activity, and produced more above-ground biomass, suggesting a direct correlation between the fitness of a population, genetic diversity, and genetic load. These results emphasize the importance of preserving the habitat of populations ofZea maysssp.parviglumisto limit inbreeding depression and maintain the genetic diversity and adaptive potential of this germplasm.
Intrinsic self-organization of integrin nanoclusters within focal adhesions is required for cellular mechanotransduction
Authors: Jain Kashish , Lim Kyna Yu En , Sheetz Michael P. , Kanchanawong Pakorn , Changede Rishita
Published: November 2023

Upon interaction with the extracellular matrix, the integrin receptors form nanoclusters as a first biochemical response to ligand binding. Here, we uncover a critical biodesign principle where these nanoclusters are spatially self-organized, facilitating effective mechanotransduction. Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts (MEFs) with integrin β3 nanoclusters organized themselves with an intercluster distance of ∼550 nm on uniformly coated fibronectin substrates, leading to larger focal adhesions. We determined that this spatial organization was driven by cell-intrinsic factors since there was no pre-existing pattern on the substrates. Altering this spatial organization using cyclo-RGD functionalized Titanium nanodiscs (of 100 nm, corroborating to the integrin nanocluster size) spaced at intervals of 300 nm (almost half), 600 nm (normal) or 1000 nm (almost double) resulted in abrogation in mechanotransduction, indicating that a new parameter i.e., an optimal intercluster distance is necessary for downstream function. Overexpression of α-actinin, which induces a kink in the integrin tail, disrupted the establishment of the optimal intercluster distance, while simultaneous co-overexpression of talin head with α-actinin rescued it, indicating a concentration-dependent competition, and that cytoplasmic activation of integrin by talin head is required for the optimal intercluster organization. Additionally, talin head-mediated recruitment of FHOD1 that facilitates local actin polymerization at nanoclusters, and actomyosin contractility were also crucial for establishing the optimal intercluster distance and a robust mechanotransduction response. These findings demonstrate that cell-intrinsic machinery plays a vital role in organizing integrin receptor nanoclusters within focal adhesions, encoding essential information for downstream mechanotransduction signalling.
The Role of Labile Iron on Brain Proteostasis; Could it be an Early Event of Neurodegenerative Disease?
Authors: Kittilukkana Aiyarin , Intakhat Jannarong , Pilapong Chalermchai
Published: November 2023

Iron deposits in the brain are a natural consequence of aging. Iron accumulation, especially in the form of labile iron, can trigger a cascade of adverse effects, eventually leading to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Aging also increases the dysfunction of cellular proteostasis. The question of whether iron alters proteostasis is now being pondered. Herein, we investigated the effect of ferric citrate, considered as labile iron, on various aspects of proteostasis of neuronal cell lines, and also established an animal model having a labile iron diet in order to evaluate proteostasis alteration in the brain along with behavioral effects. According to anin vitrostudy, labile iron was found to activate lysosome formation but inhibits lysosomal clearance function. Furthermore, the presence of labile iron can alter autophagic flux and can also induce the accumulation of protein aggregates. RNA-sequencing analysis further reveals the upregulation of various terms related to proteostasis along with neurodegenerative disease-related terms. According to an in vivo study, a labile iron-rich diet does not induce iron overload conditions and was not detrimental to the behavior of male Wistar rats. However, an iron-rich diet can promote iron accumulation in a region-dependent manner, particularly in the cortex. By staining for autophagic markers and misfolding proteins in the cerebral cortex, the iron-rich diet was actually found to alter autophagy and induce an accumulation of misfolding proteins. These findings emphasize the importance of labile iron on brain cell proteostasis, which could be implicated in developing of neurological diseases.

Graphical abstract
Dissecting Mismatch Negativity: Early and Late Subcomponents for Detecting Deviants in Local and Global Sequence Regularities
Authors: Huang Yiyuan Teresa , Wu Chien-Te , Koike Shinsuke , Chao Zenas C.
Published: November 2023

Mismatch negativity (MMN) is commonly recognized as a neural signal of prediction error evoked by deviants in the expected pattern of sensory input. Studies show that MMN diminishes when a sequence pattern becomes more predictable over a longer timescale. This implies that MMN is comprised of multiple subcomponents, each responding to different levels of temporal regularities. To probe the hypothesized subcomponents in MMN, we record human electroencephalography during an auditory local-global oddball paradigm where the tone-to-tone transition probability (local regularity) and the overall sequence probability (global regularity) are manipulated to control temporal predictabilities at two hierarchical levels. We find that the size of MMN is correlated with both probabilities and the spatiotemporal structure of MMN can be decomposed into two distinct subcomponents. Both subcomponents appear as negative waveforms which peak early in the central-frontal area and late in a more frontal area, respectively. With a quantitative predictive coding model, we map the early and late subcomponents to the prediction errors that are tied to local and global regularities, respectively. Our study highlights the hierarchical complexity of MMN and offers an experimental and analytical platform for developing a multi-tiered neural marker, applicable in clinical settings.
RNPS1 in PSAP complex controls periodic pre-mRNA splicing over the cell cycle
Authors: Fukumura Kazuhiro , Masuda Akio , Takeda Jun-ichi , Nagano Osamu , Saya Hideyuki , Ohno Kinji , Mayeda Akila
Published: November 2023

Cell cycle progression requires periodic gene expression through splicing control. However, the splicing factor that directly controls this cell cycle-dependent splicing remain unknown. Cell cycle-dependent expression of the AURKB (aurora kinase B) gene is essential for chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. We previously reported that RNPS1 is essential to maintain precise splicing inAURKBintron 5. Here we show that RNPS1 plays this role in PSAP complex with PNN and SAP18, but not ASAP complex with ACIN1 and SAP18. Whole-transcriptome sequencing of RNPS1- and PNN-deficient cells indicated that RNPS1, either alone or as PSAP complex, is an essential splicing factor for a subset of introns. Remarkably, protein expression of RNPS1, but not PNN, is coordinated with cyclical splicing in PSAP-controlled introns includingAURKBintron 5. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is involved in the periodic decrease of RNPS1 protein level. RNPS1 is a key factor that controls periodic splicing during the cell cycle.
Horizontally transferred cell-free chromatin particles function as autonomous “predatory” genomes and vehicles for transposable elements within host cells
Authors: Banerjee Soumita , Shende Soniya , Kata Laxmi , Lopes Relestina , Praveen Swathika , Joshi Ruchi , Khare Naveen Kumar , Raghuram Gorantla V , Shabrish Snehal , Mittra Indraneel
Published: November 2023

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays an important evolutionary role in prokaryotes, but its role in mammals is poorly defined. We previously reported that cell-free chromatin particles (cfChPs) - chromosomal fragments released from the billions of dying cells - that circulate in human blood are horizontally transferred to healthy cells with biological effects. However, the underlying mechanism and function of these effects remained unclear. We treated NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts cells with cfChPs isolated from human serum and serially passaged the cells. The intracellular activities of cfChPs were analysed using chromatin fibre fluorography, cytogenetic analysis, immuno-fluorescence and fluorescentin situhybridisation. We discovered that the internalised cfChPs comprising of widely disparate DNA sequences had randomly combined to form complex concatemers some of which were ostensibly multi-mega base pairs in size. The concatemers exhibited variable and bizarre spatial relationships with the host cell interphase DNA with many remaining in the cytoplasm and others aligning themselves with the mouse chromosomal DNA. The concatemers performed many functions attributable to the nuclear genome. They could replicate, synthesise RNA, RNA polymerase, ribosomal RNA, ribosomal proteins, and numerous other human proteins within the mouse cells which manifested as complex multi-peptide fusion proteins. The concatemers harboured human LINE-1 andAluelements which markedly amplified themselves and increased their copy number with time in culture and exhibited the potential to rearrange themselves within the mouse genome. These findings lead us to hypothesise that a cell simultaneously harbours two genome forms that function autonomously: one that is inherited (hereditary genome) and numerous others that are acquired (predatory genomes). The presence of predatory genomes has evolutionary implications given their ability to generate a plethora of novel proteins and to serve as vehicles for transposable elements. Finally, our results suggest that HGT occurs in mammalian cells on a massive scale via the medium of cfChPs that have undergone extensive and complex modifications resulting in their behaviour as “foreign” genetic elements.

Video Abstract

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1SHNBwUhZPlgRlLFtt-dmnxQef0PsrA3F/view?usp=sharing
SUBTHALAMIC HIGH-FREQUENCY DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION REDUCES ADDICTION-LIKE ALCOHOL USE AND SUPPRESSES THE OVERCONSUMPTION INDUCED BY THE PEER’S PRESENCE
Authors: Vignal Lucie , Vielle Cassandre , Williams Maya , Maurice Nicolas , Degoulet Mickael , Baunez Christelle
Published: November 2023

Rational

The immediate social context significantly influences alcohol consumption in humans. Recent studies have revealed that peer presence could modulate drugs use in rats. The most efficient condition to reduce cocaine intake is the presence of a stranger peer, naive to drugs. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the Subthalamic Nucleus (STN), which was shown to have beneficial effects on addiction to cocaine or alcohol, also modulate the protective influence of peer’s presence on cocaine use.

Objectives

This study aimed to: 1) explore how the presence of an alcohol-naive stranger peer affects recreational and escalated alcohol intake, and 2) assess the involvement of STN on alcohol use and in the modulation induced by the presence of an alcohol-naïve stranger peer.

Methods

Rats with STN DBS and control animals self-administered 10% (v/v) ethanol in presence, or absence, of an alcohol-naive stranger peer, before and after escalation of ethanol intake (observed after intermittent alcohol (20% (v/v) ethanol) access).

Results

Neither STN DBS nor the presence of an alcohol-naive stranger peer modulated significantly recreational alcohol intake. After the escalation procedure, STN DBS gradually reduced ethanol consumption. The presence of an alcohol-naive stranger peer increased consumption only in low drinkers, which effect was suppressed by STN DBS.

Conclusions

These results highlight the influence of a peer’s presence on escalated alcohol intake, and confirm the role of STN in addiction-like alcohol intake and in the social influence on drug consumption.
Transposon wave remodeled the epigenomic landscape in the rapid evolution of X-Chromosome dosage compensation
Authors: Metzger David C.H. , Porter Imogen , Mobley Brendan , Sandkam Benjamin A. , Fong Lydia J.M. , Anderson Andrew P. , Mank Judith E.
Published: November 2023

Sex chromosome dosage compensation is a model to understand the coordinated evolution of transcription; however, the advanced age of the sex chromosomes in model systems makes it difficult to study how the complex regulatory mechanisms underlying chromosome-wide dosage compensation can evolve. The sex chromosomes ofPoecilia pictahave undergone recent and rapid divergence, resulting in widespread gene loss on the male Y, coupled with complete X Chromosome dosage compensation, the first case reported in a fish. The recent de novo origin of dosage compensation presents a unique opportunity to understand the genetic and evolutionary basis of coordinated chromosomal gene regulation. By combining a new chromosome-level assembly ofP. pictawith whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and RNA-seq data, we determine that the YY1 transcription factor (YY1) DNA binding motif is associated with male-specific hypomethylated regions on the X, but not the autosomes. These YY1 motifs are the result of a recent and rapid repetitive element expansion on theP. pictaX Chromosome, which is absent in closely related species that lack dosage compensation. Taken together, our results present compelling support that a disruptive wave of repetitive element insertions carrying YY1 motifs resulted in the remodeling of the X Chromosome epigenomic landscape and the rapid de novo origin of a dosage compensation system.
Synthesis, crystal structure and properties of chloridotetrakis(pyridine-3-carbonitrile)thiocyanatoiron(II)
Authors: Müller-Meinhard Asmus , Jess Inke , Näther Christian
Published: November 2023

Reaction of FeCl2·4H2O with KSCN and 3-cyanopyridine (pyridine-3-carbonitrile) in ethanol accidentally leads to the formation of single crystals of Fe(NCS)(Cl)(3-cyanopyridine)4 or [FeCl(NCS)(C6H4N2)4]. The asymmetric unit of this compound consists of one FeII cation, one chloride and one thiocyanate anion that are located on a fourfold rotation axis as well as of one 3-cyanopyridine coligand in a general position. The FeII cations are sixfold coordinated by one chloride anion and one terminally N-bonding thiocyanate anion in trans-positions and four 3-cyanopyridine coligands that coordinate via the pyridine N atom to the FeII cations. The complexes are arranged in columns with the chloride anions, with the thiocyanate anions always oriented in the same direction, which shows the non-centrosymmetry of this structure. No pronounced intermolecular interactions are observed between the complexes. Initially, FeCl2 and KSCN were reacted in a 1:2 ratio, which lead to a sample that contains the title compound as the major phase together with a small amount of an unknown crystalline phase, as proven by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). If FeCl2 and KSCN is reacted in a 1:1 ratio, the title compound is obtained as a nearly pure phase. IR investigations reveal that the CN stretching vibration for the thiocyanate anion is observed at 2074 cm−1, and that of the cyano group at 2238 cm−1, which also proves that the anionic ligands are only terminally bonded and that the cyano group is not involved in the metal coordination. Measurements with thermogravimetry and differential thermoanalysis reveal that the title compound decomposes at 169°C when heated at a rate of 4°C min−1 and that the 3-cyanopyridine ligands are emitted in two separate poorly resolved steps. After the first step, an intermediate compound with the composition Fe(NCS)(Cl)(3-cyanopyridine)2 of unknown structure is formed, for which the CN stretching vibration of the thiocyanate anion is observed at 2025 cm−1, whereas the CN stretching vibration of the cyano group remain constant. This strongly indicates that the FeII cations are linked by μ-1,3-bridging thiocyanate anions into chains or layers.
Crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis, intermolecular interaction energies, energy frameworks and DFT calculations of 4-amino-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)pyrimidin-2(1H)-one
Authors: Lahyaoui Mouad , Haoudi Amal , Kartah Badr Eddine , Mazzah Ahmed , Hökelek Tuncer , Mague Joel T. , Kandri Rodi Youssef , Sebbar Nada Kheira
Published: November 2023

In the title molecule, C7H7N3O, the pyrimidine ring is essentially planar, with the propynyl group rotated out of this plane by 15.31 (4)°. In the crystal, a tri-periodic network is formed by N—H...O, N—H...N and C—H...O hydrogen-bonding and slipped π–π stacking interactions, leading to narrow channels extending parallel to the c axis. Hirshfeld surface analysis of the crystal structure reveals that the most important contributions for the crystal packing are from H...H (36.2%), H...C/C...H (20.9%), H...O/O...H (17.8%) and H...N/N...H (12.2%) interactions, showing that hydrogen-bonding and van der Waals interactions are the dominant interactions in the crystal packing. Evaluation of the electrostatic, dispersion and total energy frameworks indicates that the stabilization is dominated by the electrostatic energy contributions. The molecular structure optimized by density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/6–311 G(d,p) level is compared with the experimentally determined structure in the solid state. The HOMO–LUMO behaviour was also elucidated to determine the energy gap.
Together, we travel: empirical insights on human-robot collaborative order picking for retail warehousing
Authors: Koreis Jonas , Loske Dominic , Klumpp Matthias
Published: November 2023

Purpose

Increasing personnel costs and labour shortages have pushed retailers to give increasing attention to their intralogistics operations. We study hybrid order picking systems, in which humans and robots share work time, workspace and objectives and are in permanent contact. This necessitates a collaboration of humans and their mechanical coworkers (cobots).

Design/methodology/approach

Through a longitudinal case study on individual-level technology adaption, we accompanied a pilot testing of an industrial truck that automatically follows order pickers in their travel direction. Grounded on empirical field research and a unique large-scale data set comprising N = 2,086,260 storage location visits, where N = 57,239 storage location visits were performed in a hybrid setting and N = 2,029,021 in a manual setting, we applied a multilevel model to estimate the impact of this cobot settings on task performance.

Findings

We show that cobot settings can reduce the time required for picking tasks by as much as 33.57%. Furthermore, practical factors such as product weight, pick density and travel distance mitigate this effect, suggesting that cobots are especially beneficial for short-distance orders.

Originality/value

Given that the literature on hybrid order picking systems has primarily applied simulation approaches, the study is among the first to provide empirical evidence from a real-world setting. The results are discussed from the perspective of Industry 5.0 and can prevent managers from making investment decisions into ineffective robotic technology.
Audit committee characteristics, external audit quality, board diversity and firm performance: evidence from SAARC nation
Authors: Kalita Niva , Tiwari Reshma Kumari
Published: November 2023

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between three corporate governance (CG) idiosyncrasies, namely audit committee characteristics, external audit quality (AQ), board diversity and firm performance (FP) in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) nations.

Design/methodology/approach

The study used a sample of 200 listed nonfinancial firms in the SAARC nations from 2012 to 2021. The System Generalized Method of Moment model was applied to the data consisting of 2000 firm-year observations. The Generalized Estimating Equation population-averaged model was also employed for added robustness. The study employed Tobin's Q as the measure of FP.

Findings

The findings revealed that amongst the CG variables tested, external AQ exhibited a significantly positive relationship with Tobin's Q. Significant negative influences on FP have been demonstrated by the variables of audit committee meeting and board's independence. Furthermore, gender diversity, CEO duality, audit committee strength and independence failed to record any significant association.

Originality/value

This study is one of the first to investigate the association between CG idiosyncrasies and FP in the SAARC nations. The study findings have important implications for policymakers and regulators in the region.
Classification and regression tree approach for the prediction of the seasonal apparel market: focused on weather factors
Authors: Oh Jungmi
Published: November 2023

Purpose

Climate change-induced weather changes are severe and frequent, making it difficult to predict apparel sales. The primary goal of this study was to assess consumers' responses to winter apparel searches when external stimuli, such as weather, calendars and promotions arise and to develop a decision-making tool that allows apparel retailers to establish sales strategies according to external stimuli.

Design/methodology/approach

The theoretical framework of this study was the effect of external stimuli, such as calendar, promotion and weather, on seasonal apparel search in a consumer's decision-making process. Using weather observation data and Google Trends over the past 12 years, from 2008 to 2020, consumers' responses to external stimuli were analyzed using a classification and regression tree to gain consumer insights into the decision process. The relative importance of the factors in the model was determined, a tree model was developed and the model was tested.

Findings

Winter apparel searches increased when the average, maximum and minimum temperatures, windchill, and the previous day's windchill decreased. The month of the year varies depending on weather factors, and promotional sales events do not increase search activities for seasonal apparel. However, sales events during the higher-than-normal temperature season triggered search activity for seasonal apparel.

Originality/value

Consumer responses to external stimuli were analyzed through classification and regression trees to discover consumer insights into the decision-making process to improve stock management because climate change-induced weather changes are unpredictable.
Applying virtual reality and augmented reality to the tourism experience: a comparative literature review
Authors: Bretos María A. , Ibáñez-Sánchez Sergio , Orús Carlos
Published: November 2023

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how previous literature has analyzed the role of augmented reality and virtual reality in the field of tourism, distinguishing between studies focused on one technology or the other as both have characteristics that profoundly differentiate them.

Design/methodology/approach

This study carries out a critical review to assess and synthesize the literature on augmented reality and virtual reality in tourism. Literature searches are conducted using various keywords, resulting in a selection of 84 articles (19 on augmented reality and 65 on virtual reality) from 39 indexed journals.

Findings

The research findings demonstrate an increasing scholarly focus on exploring the application of virtual reality and augmented reality within the realm of tourism. These results highlight a noticeable progression in recent years with respect to different matters, such as methodologies, used theories or considered variables, among others. Based on these results, it is proposed a future research agenda that seeks to establish a cohesive framework and drive the development of both augmented reality and virtual reality research in tourism.

Originality/value

By conducting an individual and comparative review of the literature on the application of augmented reality and virtual reality in tourism, this research helps elucidate the specific lines of research for each technology while providing a better understanding of how each technology can be used to generate effective tourist experiences.
Deep carbonate fault–karst reservoir characterization by multi‐task learning
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Li Haiying , Yan Zhe , Jing Jiankun , Gu Hanming
Published: November 2023

The carbonate fault–karst reservoir is a special and significant reservoir in the Shunbei area, and the development of the cave has been controlled by strike‐slip faults. Due to the complex subsurface structures, fault–karst reservoir characterization is generally divided into fault and cave detection tasks. The potential spatial relationships between faults and caves might be neglected by using the separate detection scheme. The multi‐task learning network can perform multiple tasks simultaneously and exploit the potential features of training data by using a deep neural network. In this study, we built fault–karst models based on the geological background of the Shunbei area and synthesized fault–karst training data using three‐dimensional point spread function convolution. Then, we developed a multi‐task learning network to learn fault–karst features and detect faults and caves simultaneously. The test result demonstrates that the multi‐task learning network trained by synthetic fault–karst data can effectively identify the faults and caves in field seismic data. The comparisons of the multi‐task learning network, single‐task learning networks and conventional methods demonstrate the importance of spatial relationships between faults and caves and show the superiority of the multi‐task learning network. This technique could significantly assist in the exploration, development and well deployment for an ultra‐deep carbonate reservoir.
Inverse priority effects: The order and timing of removal of invasive species influence community reassembly
Authors: Torres Agostina , Morán‐López Teresa , Rodriguez‐Cabal Mariano A. , Núñez Martín A.
Published: November 2023

An ongoing restoration challenge is to recover native communities after the removal of invasive species. Because priority effects (i.e. the order and timing of species arrival) can strongly determine the trajectory of community assembly, their intentional manipulation is gaining attention to manage invasive plants and achieve restoration goals. Yet, ecologists and conservationists rarely consider how the order and timing of species removal—inverse priority effect—may impact future plant communities.

Here, we evaluated the dependence of community reassembly on inverse priority effects by experimentally removing the target invasives Sweetbriar rose (Rosa rubiginosa) and Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) in field and mesocosm communities. We manipulated removal order (rose before broom vs. broom before rose) and timing (simultaneously early vs. simultaneously late in the season). We performed a hierarchical modeling of species sommunity to assess differences in community structure in response to order and timing of removal, and to evaluate whether species origin and leaf and seed traits were associated with species responses.

We found that the order of removal was as important as timing driving community reassembly. Simultaneous removal favoured nonnatives, more so when performed early. Sequential removals led to contrasting communities. Rose before broom removal also favoured nonnative grasses at expense of native species, whereas the inverse order produced small changes in communities. In general, species with high specific leaf area were boosted, regardless of their seed size.

Synthesis and applications. Inverse priority effects are neglected mechanisms that can drive variability in the reassembly of plant communities and can potentially upgrade invasive species management. These historical contingencies suggest the existence of an optimal order of removal that facilitates the recovery of the native community. We found that simultaneous removal promoted secondary invasions to a greater extent than sequential removals. Furthermore, removal order affected post‐removal community structure. In our system, we suggest removing the rose before the broom to hinder nonnatives and pave the way for restoration of native communities. Our results show that manipulation of the order and timing of removal can help to achieve restoration goals.
Creating effective teaching and learning environments: Building a positive behavioural support (PBS) model for UK special schools
Authors: Denne Louise D. , Grindle Corinna F. , Sapiets Suzi J. , Blandford‐Elliott Millie , Hastings Richard P. , Hoerger Marguerite , Lambert‐Lee Katy , Paris Andreas , Nicholls Gemma , Hughes J. Carl
Published: November 2023

The importance of reducing restraint and restrictive interventions in special schools has been recognised across the four nations of the UK. Government guidance for England and Wales, and recommendations produced by Restraint Reduction Scotland, both reference Positive behavioural support (PBS) as an evidence‐based approach that can be used to proactively support pupils with, or at risk of, behaviours that challenge. The Department of Education of Northern Ireland recommends the development of behaviour support plans to support children with special education needs and disabilities. Special schools, however, also have a responsibility to set high expectations for every pupil, to provide access to the respective national curricula and to meet individual needs. School‐wide positive behavioural support (SW‐PBS), originated in the USA in the 1990s in response to a body of evidence that showed improved social and academic outcomes when behavioural interventions were implemented across whole school settings. It is increasingly being adopted in the UK. Drawing upon examples from schools in England and Wales with which the authors are familiar, this paper outlines the rationale for a special schools' model of SW‐PBS and illustrates the ways in which this can be adjusted to meet the specific needs of each setting.

Key Points

Reducing restraint and restrictive interventions in schools is a high priority across all four nations of the UK.

Special schools also have a responsibility to provide children with special education needs and disabilities positive learning environments that maximise learning opportunities and meet individual needs.

School‐wide positive behaviour support (SW‐PBS) provides a useful framework to help special schools meet these expectations.
Insecticidal activities of two fig tree leaf extracts against the cotton pest Spodoptera litura (Fab.) and their impact on the non‐target red worm Eisenia foetida (Savigny)
Authors: Vasantha‐Srinivasan Prabhakaran , Shanmuga‐Priya Sridhar , Han Yeon Soo , Radhakrishnan Narayanaswamy , Amala Kesavan , Karthi Sengodan , Senthil‐Nathan Sengottayan
Published: November 2023

Extracts of botanical origin naturally contain a complex mixture of chemicals considered effective in managing lepidopteran pests. Chemical screening of the ethanolic leaf extracts of two fig tree species, Ficus lyrata and Ficus auriculata, delivered 12 and 15 phyto‐compounds with relatively high peak area percentages in phytol and flavone, respectively. Larvicidal activity against Spodoptera litura yielded higher mortality rates at maximum‐concentration treatment (600 ppm) with Ficus lyrata (91.3%) and Ficus auriculata (98.5%) extracts during the second instar. Sub‐lethal dosages (300 ppm) of both Ficus lyrata and Ficus auriculata extracts impeded the development and reproduction of lepidopteran pests. The enzyme‐inhibition activity of both fig extracts elicited a significant reduction in the major digestive enzymes alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase dose‐responsively. Mid‐gut histological screening of Ficus lyrata and Ficus auriculata extracts displayed gut lumen disruptions, shape alterations of columnar cells, and brush‐border membrane damage. Further, the non‐target toxicity of fig extracts against the red worm Eisenia foetida was minimal compared with that of the chemical temephos. Overall, the Ficus extracts proved to be eco‐friendly strategies for managing the polyphagous pest Spodoptera litura and are potentially more sustainable and less harmful to non‐target earthworms. Nonetheless, in silico predictions suggest that the active compounds in fig extracts are predominantly toxic against honeybees (16 compounds) and violate TICE rules (10 compounds). Therefore, the biological actions of fig extracts' individual novel chemistries need to be examined on target and non‐target species to develop better pest management strategies.
Physicochemical, functional, and antioxidant properties of black soldier fly larvae protein
Authors: Huang Wangxiang , Wang Chen , Chen Qianzi , Chen Feng , Hu Haohan , Li Jianfei , He Qiyi , Yu Xiaodong
Published: November 2023

This study explores the multifaceted attributes of black soldier fly larvae protein (BSFLP), focusing on its physicochemical, functional, and antioxidant properties. BSFLP is characterized by 16 amino acids, with a predominant random coil secondary structure revealed by circular dichroism spectra. Differential scanning calorimetry indicates a substantial thermal denaturation temperature of 97.63°C. The protein exhibits commendable solubility, emulsification, and foaming properties in alkaline and low‐salt environments, albeit with reduced water‐holding capacity and foam stability under elevated alkaline and high‐temperature conditions. In vitro assessments demonstrate that BSFLP displays robust scavenging proficiency against 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl, 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid), and hydroxyl radicals, with calculated EC50 values of 1.90 ± 0.57, 0.55 ± 0.01, and 1.14 ± 0.02 mg/mL, respectively, along with notable reducing capabilities. Results from in vivo antioxidant experiments reveal that BSFLP, administered at doses of 300 and 500 mg/kg, significantly enhances the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) (p < 0.05) while simultaneously reducing malondialdehyde levels in both serum and tissues of d‐galactose‐induced oxidative stress in mice. Moreover, the protein effectively attenuates oxidative damage in liver and hippocampal tissues. These findings underscore the potential utility of BSFLP as a natural antioxidant source, with applications spanning the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

Practical Application

Black soldier fly larvae protein emerges as an environmentally sustainable reservoir of natural antioxidants, holding significant promise for the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic sectors. Its advantageous amino acid composition, robust thermal resilience, and impressive functional attributes position it as a compelling subject for continued investigation and advancement in various applications.
Dengzhanshengmai capsule alleviates heart failure and concomitantly decreases phenylacetylglutamine level, interacting with the intestinal microflora in rats
Authors: Yi Bojiao , Zhang Pin , Chen Jiemei , Fang Zhengyu , Yang Xiaofang , Yang Dawei , Zang Qingce , Xu Jing , Ren Tianying , Yang Hongjun , Guo Na
Published: November 2023

Heart failure (HF) is an advanced stage of most heart diseases. Some studies reported that Dengzhanshengmai (DZSM) capsule may improve HF, but its mechanisms are unclear. This study attempts to determine the function of DZSM in treating HF and investigates its potential mechanism. We demonstrated that DZSM can considerably reduce systemic inflammation, improve intestinal barrier functions and enhance cardiac functions in HF rats. Further investigations displayed that the beneficial effects of DZSM were related to the reduction of gut microbiota metabolite phenylacetylglutamine (PAGln) levels in serum and heart tissue. In addition, we demonstrated that PAGln can exacerbate the severity of HF in rats, and the serum PAGln levels in HF patients were higher than in healthy subjects. Moreover, by using microbial sequencing, we found that DZSM could alter the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota in HF rats, including decreased relative abundance of Turicibacter and Turicibacter_sp.TS3, and regulated the gene expression of PAGln synthesis‐related enzymes. Therefore, our findings have contributed novel perspectives on the involvement of DZSM in treating HF, specifically in its regulation of intestinal flora and associated detrimental metabolites. Furthermore, our results have offered empirical evidence supporting the utilization of DZSM as a therapeutic approach for HF.
Anatomical complexities affecting root canal preparation: a narrative review
Authors: Versiani MA , Martins JNR , Ordinola‐Zapata R
Published: November 2023

A fundamental aspect of the Endodontic field is the knowledge of root canal anatomy. Using a variety of techniques, the internal and external anatomy of teeth have been extensively investigated throughout the past century. Recent improvements in three‐dimensional computed tomography have enabled more detailed evaluations of root canal morphology in both clinical and laboratory settings. Essentially, researches have unveiled that the root canal constitutes a complex system, comprising not only the main root canal but also lateral components, including isthmuses, fins, accessory canals and apical ramifications. Undoubtedly, this intricate morphology poses a significant challenge when it comes to the process of shaping, cleaning and disinfecting the root canal system. This article aims to explore the anatomical aspects of the root canal system that impact the chemomechanical procedures.
An Australian mainstream genetic testing program: Clinicians views about current and future practices
Authors: Young Alison Luk , Ip Emilia , Scheinberg Tahlia , Harrison Michelle , Beale Philip , Goodwin Annabel
Published: November 2023

Purpose

Germline genetic testing results can guide treatment decisions for oncology patients and are now offered to many cancer patients. Mainstream testing refers to genetic testing arranged by a non‐genetics specialist. This repeated cross‐sectional study aimed: (1) to capture clinician views on the existing mainstreaming genetic testing program for ovarian, breast, prostate, and endometrial cancer patients, and (2) to ascertain the interest of clinicians to consider changing practice to adopt mainstream testing.

Methods

Mainstreaming has occurred since 2015 for patients with ovarian and some breast cancer patients, expanding to include prostate cancer patients in 2019, and endometrial cancer patients in 2020. Two web‐based surveys were administered within two health districts, covering seven hospitals in NSW.

Results

Fifty‐four clinicians (70% response rate) participated. Clinicians who had arranged mainstream genetic testing (n = 30) were overall satisfied (76%), viewed the process as time‐efficient and accessible for patients, and desired continuation of the program. Of those clinicians yet to engage in the program (n = 24), 88% expressed an interest in learning about mainstream testing. These clinicians identified time constraints, maintenance of current genetic knowledge, and completing the consenting and counseling process as barriers to mainstreaming. Future mainstreaming models are discussed.

Conclusion

From the clinician's perspective, the mainstreaming program is considered a desirable pathway for germline testing of oncology patients. Access to ongoing education and resources is needed for the ongoing success of the program.
Hot topics in allergen immunotherapy, 2023: Current status and future perspective
Authors: Zemelka‐Wiacek Magdalena , Agache Ioana , Akdis Cezmi A. , Akdis Mübeccel , Casale Thomas B. , Dramburg Stephanie , Jahnz‐Różyk Karina , Kosowska Anna , Matricardi Paolo M. , Pfaar Oliver , Shamji Mohamed H. , Jutel Marek
Published: November 2023

The importance of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is multifaceted, encompassing both clinical and quality‐of‐life improvements and cost‐effectiveness in the long term. Key mechanisms of allergen tolerance induced by AIT include changes in memory type allergen‐specific T‐ and B‐cell responses towards a regulatory phenotype with decreased Type 2 responses, suppression of allergen‐specific IgE and increased IgG1 and IgG4, decreased mast cell and eosinophil numbers in allergic tissues and increased activation thresholds. The potential of novel patient enrolment strategies for AIT is taking into account recent advances in biomarkers discoveries, molecular allergy diagnostics and mobile health applications contributing to a personalized approach enhancement that can increase AIT efficacy and compliance. Artificial intelligence can help manage and interpret complex and heterogeneous data, including big data from omics and non‐omics research, potentially predict disease subtypes, identify biomarkers and monitor patient responses to AIT. Novel AIT preparations, such as synthetic compounds, innovative carrier systems and adjuvants, are also of great promise. Advances in clinical trial models, including adaptive, complex and hybrid designs as well as real‐world evidence, allow more flexibility and cost reduction. The analyses of AIT cost‐effectiveness show a clear long‐term advantage compared to pharmacotherapy. Important research questions, such as defining clinical endpoints, biomarkers of patient selection and efficacy, mechanisms and the modulation of the placebo effect and alternatives to conventional field trials, including allergen exposure chamber studies are still to be elucidated. This review demonstrates that AIT is still in its growth phase and shows immense development prospects.
Clinical and molecular effects of oral CCR4 antagonist RPT193 in atopic dermatitis: A Phase 1 study
Authors: Bissonnette Robert , DuBois Janet , Facheris Paola , Del Duca Ester , Kim Madeline , Correa Da Rosa Joel , Trujillo Damian L. , Bose Swaroop , Pagan Angel D. , Wustrow David , Brockstedt Dirk G. , Wong Brian , Kassner Paul D. , Jankicevic Jasmina , Ho William , Cheng Laurence E. , Guttman‐Yassky Emma
Published: November 2023

Background

RPT193 is an orally administered small molecule antagonist of the human C‐C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) that inhibits the migration and downstream activation of T‐helper Type 2 (Th2) cells. We investigated single‐ and multiple‐ascending doses of RPT193 in healthy subjects, and multiple doses of RPT193 in subjects with moderate‐to‐severe atopic dermatitis (AD).

Methods

This was a first‐in‐human randomized, placebo‐controlled Phase 1a/1b monotherapy study (NCT04271514) to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and CCR4 surface receptor occupancy in eligible healthy subjects and subjects with moderate‐to‐severe AD. Clinical efficacy and skin biomarker effects of RPT193 monotherapy were assessed as exploratory endpoints in AD subjects.

Results

In healthy (n = 72) and AD subjects (n = 31), once‐daily RPT193 treatment was generally well tolerated, with no serious adverse events reported and all treatment‐emergent adverse events reported as mild/moderate. In AD subjects, numerically greater improvements in clinical efficacy endpoints were observed with RPT193 monotherapy versus placebo up to the end of the treatment period (Day 29), with statistically significant improvement, compared to Day 29 and placebo, observed 2 weeks after the end of treatment (Day 43) on several endpoints (p < .05). Moreover, significant changes in the transcriptional profile were seen in skin biopsies of RPT193‐treated versus placebo‐treated subjects at Day 29, which were also significantly correlated with improvements in clinical efficacy measures.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first clinical study with an oral CCR4 antagonist that showed clinical improvement coupled with modulation of the cutaneous transcriptomic profile in an inflammatory skin disease.