bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Popular Rewritings of theOrlando Furiosoas Forms of Criticism
Authors: Lucioli Francesco
Published: June 2021

Editions, paratextual apparatuses, translations, theoretical treatises, and dialogues influenced the critical debate about Ariosto’s Orlando furioso, and rapidly became the main route to its canonization. However, immediately after its publication, the Furioso also catalysed the production of new literary texts, which aimed to offer rewritings of and critical insights into the poem. This chapter focuses on this specific form of creative reception, thus far neglected in scholarly studies of Ariosto. It aims to highlight some of the critical readings and interpretations of the Furioso that such popular pamphlets offered to a wide readership in early modern Italy. It reveals a strong continuity across critical commentaries and rewritings of the poem. Both interpretations and adaptations of the Furioso reveal a commitment to pursuing contemporary cultural debates, for instance about the nature of women, influenced by Ariosto and his words: there is a dialogue between popular rewritings and erudite readings of the poem.
The Play in the Mind’s Eye
Authors: Hutson Lorna
Published: June 2021

Anglophone criticism of English Renaissance drama largely assumes the irrelevance of sixteenth-century continental critical debates on how to achieve verisimilitude. This chapter argues that English dramatists’ rejection of the Aristotelian unities was not in itself a solution to the problems of making theatre imaginatively compelling: all the challenges discussed by Italian critics were also challenges for English dramatists. Their plays manipulate what we might call the ‘unscene’, whereby the audience infers and imagines characters’ past histories, motives, offstage locations, and inner lives. Shakespeare and other dramatists invite us to supplement and make sense of what we actually see onstage by their use of the topics of ‘circumstance’: topics of time, place, cause, and manner which, in the period’s rhetorical and dialectical traditions, were used to give narratives and descriptions an imaginative liveliness known as enargeia or evidentia. This account is supported by the contemporary critical witness of William Scott.
Extended Cognition and The Innovation Process
Authors: Mastrogiorgio Antonio , Petracca Enrico , Palumbo Riccardo
Published: June 2021

Innovations advance into the ‘adjacent possible’, enabled and constrained by the current state of the world, in a way that is unpredictable and not law-entailed. Unpredictability is the hallmark of the idea that innovation processes are contingent and embodied in the interaction between individuals and artefacts in the environment. In this chapter, we explore the cognitive and behavioural factors involved in exaptive innovation processes by using the notion of ‘extended cognition’. Extended cognition builds on the hypothesis that cognitive processes are not limited to the brain but also extend into the physical world as the objects of the environment facilitate, integrate with, and even constitute specific cognitive processes. We argue that exaptive innovations can be better understood by focusing on practicality and procedural knowledge from an extended cognition perspective. Artefact manipulation is not merely pragmatic but also epistemic as it enables specific reasoning processes that lead to the discovery of new uses.
Manganites
Authors: Kresin Vladimir Z. , Ovchinnikov Sergei G. , Wolf Stuart A.
Published: June 2021

This chapter focuses on manganites. There is a large similarity between the two families of mixed-valence compounds, the cuprates and the manganites. However, manganites display colossal magnetoresistance. The most fundamental property of manganites is the strong correlation between their transport properties and their magnetic properties. This correlation is caused by the double-exchange mechanism. The Hund interaction and the Jahn–Teller effect are the key ingredients of the microscopic theory. The transition to the ferromagnetic and metallic state is of a percolative nature. The superconducting–antiferromagnetic–superconducting Josephson junction is described. One can observe giant oscillations of the Josephson current as a function of a weak external magnetic field. The main properties, including the electron–hole asymmetry can be described in the framework of a generalised two-band picture. A peculiar isotope effect can be observed.
Superconducting States in Nature
Authors: Kresin Vladimir Z. , Ovchinnikov Sergei G. , Wolf Stuart A.
Published: June 2021

This chapter discusses superconducting states in nature. The absence of resistance is the most remarkable manifestation of the superconducting state. But pair correlation is a general phenomenon that can be manifested in various systems, such as atomic nuclei, where the pairing is manifested in spectra, especially via the odd–even effect (the presence of unpaired nucleons makes it possible for nuclei to absorb a lower frequency of radiation than nuclei with an even number of nucleons can) and in the amplitudes of their momenta of inertia, which are smaller than in a rigid model. Another system, the neutron star, has an entirely different spatial scale. However, its low heat capacity leads to its rapid cooling, and the existence of a vortex structure affects the star’s rotation period. Finally, biologically active systems contain delocalised electrons, and the formation of electron pairs affects charge transfer, which is similar to Josephson tunnelling.
Britain’s European Island-Empire, 1793–1815
Authors: Davey James
Published: June 2021

This chapter explores the creation and maintenance of Britain’s European island empire during the wars against Revolutionary and Napoleonic France. It traces the initial establishment of island bases in the Mediterranean, North and Baltic Seas, outlining their importance to British trade and strategy. It explains how and why British war aims came to rely on these imperial possessions. Across the Mediterranean, the war came to be defined by the extension of island empires. British victory in 1814 owed much to these islands, lynchpins of its wider European strategy. In northern waters, the island of Heligoland acted as a rendezvous point for trade with the continent, and was a key site from which Napoleon’s ‘Continental System’ could be undermined. Britain’s European island empire proved itself to be a crucial part of Britain’s wider imperial network, and its significance would continue into the nineteenth century and the era of Pax Britannica.
‘Sailing on the same uncertain sea’
Authors: Hamilton Douglas
Published: June 2021

Although they were small, the islands of the Caribbean were central rather than peripheral to the idea of empire. By the seventeenth century, the islands of the Antillean archipelago were already integral to European imperial rivalry and—as a result—came to shape European notions of what empires were and what they were for. This chapter explores the shifting nature of these islands as they emerged to become imperial powerhouses in the eighteenth century. This transformation was set against the backdrop of the great upheavals of war and revolution. The shifting demography of the West Indies and their economic and strategic importance exposed them particularly to the threats created by the geopolitical maelstrom around them. This chapter argues that their island nature intensified how they were affected by, and responded to, the profound and unprecedented uncertainties of the Age of Revolutions.
Desires and Reasons
Authors: Gregory Alex
Published: June 2021

This chapter explores subjectivism, the view that all reasons have their source in desire. It first rehearses two classic objections to subjectivism: it has implausible implications about which reasons people have, and about what good deliberation looks like. The chapter then offers some reasons to think that objectivism, especially when combined with desire-as-belief, can explain away the appeal of subjectivism. Most centrally, we should make a clear distinction between rational requirements and non-rational requirements, and then say that our desires make a difference only to what it is rational to do. The chapter ends by offering some reasons to doubt desire-based theories of wellbeing, which would also fit poorly with desire-as-belief.
Building a Conservative Welfare State in Botswana
Authors: Seekings Jeremy
Published: June 2021

Of the African countries that initiated social assistance programmes prior to the 2000s, Botswana stands out in that its policy-making was not the result of settler or immigrant populations. Reforms in Botswana stemmed instead from the imperatives of drought relief in an agrarian society, fuelled by the ruling party’s concern first to establish the authority and legitimacy of the post-colonial state and then to ensure re-election in the face of electoral competition from opposition parties. State-building was made possible also by extraordinary economic growth. The result was a system of social assistance that covered a large part of the population but was also distinctively conservative in terms of the value of benefits, a preference for in-kind over cash transfers, and the prioritization of workfare. Botswana’s path to social assistance prefigured the path followed by many other African countries in the 2000s.
The Politics of Promoting Social Cash Transfers in Zambia
Authors: Pruce Kate , Hickey Sam
Published: June 2021

This chapter examines the rise of social cash transfers in Zambia, going beyond the focus on elections and institutions within mainstream accounts of how social protection is likely to emerge in Africa to demonstrate that there are two alternative drivers: shifting dynamics within Zambia’s political settlement and the promotional efforts of a transnational policy coalition. The extensive efforts of this policy coalition helped get social cash transfers onto the policy agenda, but they only gained political traction when the balance of power within Zambia’s ruling coalition shifted and key actors perceived there to be a crisis regarding the distributional strategies deployed to maintain the stability and legitimacy of the political settlement. Social protection has yet to displace existing interests, ideas, and rent-allocation practices; however, cash transfers are gaining localized support. What matters now is the way in which such transfers become integrated within Zambia’s distributional regime.
The Politics of Promoting Social Protection in Uganda
Authors: Bukenya Badru , Hickey Sam
Published: June 2021

The success of efforts to promote social protection in Uganda since the early 2000s has varied considerably, with cash transfers progressing much further than social health insurance. Using original primary research and a process-tracing methodology, we show that external actors were able to form a coherent policy coalition around cast transfers and promote them in ways that became aligned with the dominant ideas and incentives of powerful actors within Uganda’s political settlement. In contrast, proponents of health insurance struggled to mobilize a coalition capable of overcoming actors with greater holding power, particularly the President and private sector actors. Whereas ‘just giving money to the poor’ fits with Uganda’s increasingly personalized-populist political settlement, the hard work of building a credible health system, and formally requiring citizens to contribute to their own healthcare, requires a commitment and capacity to promoting a new social contract that seems to be lacking in Uganda.
Institutionalized Arbitrariness in Uganda (1986–2016)
Authors: Tapscott Rebecca
Published: June 2021

This chapter reviews institutional and historical factors that have allowed Uganda’s National Resistance Movement regime to dominate society and cultivate a population that, in many aspects, polices itself. Focusing on the years between 1986 and 2016, the chapter traces three institutional trajectories of the Ugandan state, which contextualize institutionalized arbitrariness. The first is the bifurcated nature of the state at independence, when colonial-era state institutions split from the informal workings of post-colonial political power. The second trajectory concerns the double nature of the National Resistance Movement regime—a political movement on one hand, and a military on the other. The third is the role of external aid in propping up this complex system. The chapter highlights the tensions between institutionalization and personalization that lay the groundwork for institutionalized arbitrariness. It places Museveni’s Uganda in regional and global context to identify external factors that reinforced Museveni’s regime and checked its power.
Introduction
Authors: Drach Alexis
Published: June 2021

The ambition of this book is to explore the various dimensions of the transition from a state-led to a market-led financial system from the 1970s onwards. In the late 1970s and 1980s, the phrase ‘deregulation’ became a particularly popular term in regulatory spheres, but what kind of change exactly deregulation was? The nine chapters of the book show that if some rules were indeed revoked, particularly in certain countries, other regulations were introduced, particularly in the field of prudential supervision. The combination of an increased surveillance and of more liberal rules marked the end of the twentieth century and differentiated this period from the late- nineteenth-century laissez-faire approach. Rising public debt, new monetary policies, globalization, and weak economic growth were often the main factors underlying the deregulatory moves in the financial sector.
Drivers of Financial Deregulation in Japan
Authors: Hotori Eiji
Published: June 2021

This chapter aims to identify the real drivers of financial deregulation in Japan. Japan’s financial deregulation drivers clearly changed over time. In the late 1960s and the early 1970s, the liberalization of capital movement in Japan caused an administrative shift from its conventional rigid regulatory regime. From the mid-1970s, a rapid increase of Japanese government bonds issuances, as well as financial innovation, acted to remove the barriers between the banking and the securities businesses. From the mid-1980s, the pressure from the United States, as well as from domestic depositors and banks, urged the Japanese financial authorities to liberalize the financial market. It is evident that the drivers of financial deregulation in Japan in the 1980s were not only the pressure from abroad (as generally accepted), but that the deregulation was also driven by domestic interests including fiscal reasons.
Removing Obstacles to Integration
Authors: Drach Alexis
Published: June 2021

European integration played an important role in liberalizing banking and financial markets. Based on archival material from central banks, commercial banks, and bankers’ association in France and the United Kingdom, this chapter sheds light on the role of the European Economic Community in three areas: the realization of a common market in banking, the liberalization of capital movements, and the broader financial integration in the EEC. It argues that in the EEC, financial liberalization had two motives: the deepening of the Common Market, and consolidation of European monetary cooperation/integration. Removing obstacles to integration was the main way used to achieve these goals. The chapter further challenges the work of Rawi Abdelal, which overstates the role of France and downplays the role of the United Kingdom in the liberalization of the financial sector.
Deregulation, Regulatory Convergence, or Escaping from Inefficiency?
Authors: Piluso Giandomenico
Published: June 2021

This chapter focuses on the rationale and objectives of financial deregulation in Italy from the late 1970s to the early 1990s. Deregulation appears as a complex adjustment process to major changes, within the domestic economy and in the international environment, more than the result of a clear-cut plan. In fact, Italy had to cope with difficulties in the manufacturing sector, an exogenous, anti-inflationary, change in monetary policies and a new European legal framework. Her adjustment process largely depended upon the ability of the Bank of Italy, the central bank, to provide sounding analyses and promote reforms in accordance with the emerging European regulatory framework. In the long regulatory cycle started in the mid-1970s the Bank of Italy acted as the main actor, whilst lawmakers had a minor part until 1990, when a new banking law eventually abolished the Banking Law of 1936 catching up with the second European Banking Directive.
The Telephone
Authors: Solymar Laszlo
Published: June 2021

Several attempts at inventing the telephone are described, particularly the crucial contribution of Alexander Graham Bell. The invention was offered to Western Union but its managing director declined to accept the offer on the basis that he saw no future for the telephone. The head of the British Post Office, William Preece, had similar views. He believed that the availability of messenger boys will make the telephone unnecessary. Women’s employment prospects improved with the emergence of telephone exchanges. The growth in the telephone networks is shown graphically. Telephone broadcasting worked in Budapest for nearly four decades including the First World War.
Wireless Telegraphy
Authors: Solymar Laszlo
Published: June 2021

James Clerk Maxwell’s discovery of electromagnetic waves was proven experimentally by Heinrich Hertz. From then on here were numerous attempts to use electromagnetic waves for communications. A young Italian, Guglielmo Marconi, arrived in Britain and worked with the Post Office to gradually extend the radius within which radiation can be detected to several miles. By 1901 Marconi managed to send signals across the Atlantic. The sinking of the Titanic made it necessary to provide ships with wireless telegraphy and intercommunications. The need for amplifiers was satisfied by the birth of electronics. The rise of Germany as a great power is discussed.
The First R2P
Authors: Coates Benjamin A.
Published: June 2021

This chapter explores the role of international lawyers as enablers of military intervention. US lawyers frequently justified US intervention on behalf of private interests in Latin America. They did not ignore the law to do so. While agreeing with Latin Americans that international law frowned on violent debt collection, they contended that it permitted intervention to ‘protect’ citizens and property. When combined with discourses of civilization and barbarism, lawyers found it easy to justify interstate violence even on behalf of unscrupulous claimants: too easy, in fact. As a result, such interventions often lacked public legitimacy and required deft diplomacy to limit political blowback. Just as contemporary debates over the ‘Responsibility to Protect’ have offered legal justification while stirring political controversies, so too the assertion of a ‘Right to Protect’ citizens and investments a century ago demonstrates the importance of legal expertise in shaping the contours of interstate violence.
Hammarskjöld at The Hague
Authors: Jonas Michael
Published: June 2021

The chapter probes into the segment of small-state representatives at the Second Hague Peace Conference in 1907 by focusing on the views and activities of one of the more vocal and influential among the delegates, Hjalmar Hammarskjöld (1862–1953). The analysis of Hammarskjöld’s role, presence, and activities at The Hague serves as a prism of international legal diplomacy and politics and the distinct contribution the northern neutrals made. On that basis, a range of new questions can be asked and suppositions tested—about the function of international law for less powerful states; about the self-conception, international legal tradition, and spectrum of expectations of small-state representatives at the Peace Conferences; about their diplomatic and political ways and means to exercise influence and mould the proceedings; and about the effect and persistence of their experiences at The Hague in their future careers and conduct.
Legal Legwork
Authors: Eichenberg Julia
Published: June 2021

During the Second World War, London hosted eight European governments in exile as well as the French National Committee. For these politicians and diplomats their recognition as the legitimate and legal representatives of their respective countries was of supreme importance, yet no foregone conclusion. Such claims needed to be rooted in international law and supported by titles and documents, especially in those cases where rivalling bodies claimed the same status. Legal experts and jurists were indispensable to formulate these arguments, and the interplay of official channels, informal diplomatic avenues, and academic exchange was crucial. Scholarly expertise in particular proved a diplomatic resource. In the course of this protracted process émigré lawyers became an influential force in defining and preserving statehood, even in the absence of significant political or military power.
Towards a World Class Regime—An Overview of Twenty Years of UK Competition Enforcement
Authors: Freeman Peter
Published: June 2021

Chapter 1 provides an excellent and informed general backdrop for the remainder of the chapters. It explains the objectives of the competition law regime introduced from 1998 to 2002 and the problems that led to the reforms of 2013. It reviews how the regime has performed in each aspect: antitrust, markets, mergers, the appeal system and private enforcement, ministers and the public interest, and concurrent application by regulators. It discusses exit from the EU and the ‘digital challenge’ and it comments on the recent reform proposals from the then chairman of the CMA. It gives an overall assessment and considers the way forward, including the possible effects of the Covid-19 pandemic. It is a must-read for anyone wanting to understand the core aspects and direction of travel of UK competition law in one chapter and sets the scene beautifully for the chapters which follow.
UK Merger Control
Authors: Reader David
Published: June 2021

In Chapter 7, David Reader observes that the introduction of the Enterprise Act 2002 formally ended a much maligned public interest approach to merger control in the UK, oft-criticized for the uncertainty permeated by ministerial decision-making. In its place came a new competition-based test to be applied by independent competition authorities with new powers and resources at their disposal. Despite encountering some teething problems as the authorities sought to interpret their respective roles at Phases 1 and 2, the reforms have proven largely successful in delivering one of the most transparent and predictable merger regimes in the world. This chapter reflects on the evolution of UK merger control under the Enterprise Act, observing that a combination of major—and finer-tuning of the competition authority’s Phase 1 enforcement powers has enabled it to effectively deliver upon its mandate. New challenges lie in wait, however, and Reader stresses that the CMA must be allocated the resources and statutory remit to contend with the increased workload implications presented by Brexit and the novel theories of harm associated with mergers in the digital sector. Of further concern are recent reforms to extend the national security public interest ground, which risk a return to the ‘dark ages’ of opaque ministerial decision-making if further safeguards are not implemented.
Human Rights and the UK Competition Act
Authors: Andreangeli Arianna
Published: June 2021

In Chapter 9, Arianna Andreangeli discusses the approach adopted in the UK towards questions of human rights compliance in UK competition enforcement processes. It examines the nature of competition proceedings in light of Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights and the implications that that issue has for the fairness standards applicable to those proceedings. It is argued that while the recognition that competition cases may have a ‘criminal nature’ does not justify the wholesale extension of all the safeguards that the Convention reserves to criminal cases, it nonetheless means that investigated parties are entitled to some basic protections that Article 6 ECHR enshrines. The chapter explores the Competition Appeal Tribunal’s powers of review of infringement decisions and suggests that at the root of the conferral of a power of scrutiny ‘on the merits’ is the need to ensure that the public enforcement competition proceedings are ‘human-rights proofed’. It concludes that, while demands of effectiveness in the application of the UK competition rules cannot be overlooked, maintaining the CAT’s rigorous review role for competition decisions is indispensable for compliance with human rights standards and for the integrity and reputation of the UK competition framework.
Concurrency
Authors: Dunne Niamh
Published: June 2021

In Chapter 10, Niamh Dunne tackles a key and developing enforcement issue which had not been dealt with in either of the preceding collections: ‘Concurrency’. The concurrency regime empowers certain sector regulators in the UK to apply the competition rules in tandem with the Competition and Markets Authority. Reflecting a strong ideological preference for the benefits of competition over more prescriptive forms of regulatory supervision, the regime has, however, struggled to deliver effective enforcement in practice. This chapter discusses the evolution of the concurrency framework with particular emphasis on the enhancements introduced by the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013, which sought both to encourage regulators to make greater use of their concurrent powers, and to give the CMA a more formal leadership role in assisting them to do so. Subsequent enforcement activity is discussed, alongside the future prospects of competition law in the regulated sectors.
Introduction
Authors: Bugan Carmen
Published: June 2021

The Introduction situates the discussion in the present book in its historical and autobiographical contexts, and delineates the characteristics of poetry that emerges from the experience of political oppression. The major terms employed—‘the language of oppression’, ‘freedom’, and ‘artistic engagement’—are defined. Poetry, politics, freedom, and oppression are considered through their manifestations in language that governs private and public lives. While the Introduction establishes that the main argument does not proceed from views of ‘art for art’s sake’ or ‘art for social justice’, the notions of artistic commitment and the social utility of art are presented in order to explore the processes of language as they play a role in determining how people understand their place in a turbulent world, and, more importantly, how literary language helps them define, and perhaps also achieve, a sense of personal freedom.
Hatred, Dignity, and Freedom of Expression
Authors: Kramer Matthew H.
Published: June 2021

In his 2012 book The Harm in Hate Speech, Jeremy Waldron has argued sustainedly in favor of hate-speech laws like those that have been enacted in most of the European liberal democracies and in Canada and the Antipodes. His main target is the American position on hate speech, for in the USA any laws along the lines of those just mentioned would be violative of the First Amendment to the American Constitution. This chapter maintains that the gist of the American position is not only a corollary of the First Amendment but also a corollary of the moral principle of freedom of expression. Even more strongly, the chapter contends that the hate-speech statutes championed by Waldron are profoundly demeaning for any country wherein they are adopted. The adoption of such statutes both ensures and presupposes that a system of governance has failed to meet its responsibility to bring about the political and social and economic conditions under which every member of a society can be warranted in harboring an ample sense of self-respect.
Voicing Anger
Authors: Lepoutre Maxime
Published: June 2021

Chapter 1 recommends that emotionally charged discourse play an important role in the public speech of divided democracies. The present chapter builds on this recommendation by examining public expressions of anger. It is commonly held that publicly voicing anger is counterproductive. The chapter resists this challenge by articulating a crucial sense in which voicing anger can be epistemically productive. Because of anger’s distinctive felt quality, conveying anger to one’s listeners can play an indispensable role in alerting them to previously overlooked injustices, and in enhancing their understanding of these injustices. This epistemic function is vital in divided societies. Because such societies typically involve significant social segregation and epistemically detrimental ideologies, the injustices endured by some groups are often invisible to, or misunderstood by, other groups. Finally, the chapter defuses the most powerful objections to this defence, partly by exposing how they overlook the systemic character of public discourse.
Graphing Culture Change in North American Archaeology
Authors: Lyman R. Lee
Published: June 2021

Documentation, analysis, and explanation of culture change have long been goals of archaeology. The earliest archaeological spindle graphs appeared in the 1880s and 1890s, but had no influence on subsequent archaeologists. Line graphs showing change in frequencies of specimens in each of several artifact types were used in the 1910s and 1920s. Seriograms or straight-sided spindles diagraming interpretations of culture change were published in the 1930s, but were seldom subsequently mimicked. Spindle graphs of centered and stacked columns of bars, each column representing a distinct artifact type, each bar the empirically documented relative frequency of specimens in an assemblage, were developed in the 1940s, became popular in the 1950s and 1960s, and are often used to illustrate culture change in textbooks published during the twentieth century. Graphs facilitate visual thinking, different graph types suggest different ontologies and theories of change, and particular techniques of parsing temporally continuous morphological variation of artifacts into types influence graph form. Line graphs, bar graphs, spindle diagrams, and phylogenetic trees of artifacts and cultures indicate archaeologists often mixed elements of Darwinian variational evolutionary change with elements of Midas-touch-like transformational change. Today there is minimal discussion of graph theory or graph grammar in both introductory archaeology textbooks and advanced texts, and elements of the two theories of evolution are often mixed. Culture has changed, and despite archaeology’s unique access to the totality of humankind’s cultural past, there is minimal discussion on graph theory, construction, and decipherment in the archaeological literature.
Culture Chronology and Change
Authors: Lyman R. Lee
Published: June 2021

Archaeology emerged as part of the general discipline of anthropology in North America, the overall focus of which for the first five or six decades of the twentieth century was to write the history of the culture of each group of native North American people. The goal of writing a culture’s history could only be accomplished by placing artifacts in a chronological sequence, which demanded a chronometer. It was not always possible to refer to stratigraphic superposition, so various techniques of seriation—arranging artifacts based on their formal attributes in what was believed to be a chronological order—were invented and used. The results of the seriation techniques and stratigraphic superposition studies were initially summarized in tables of artifact frequencies but eventually were graphed in several ways. Interest in culture chronology and change among North American archaeologists has extended throughout the twentieth century and into the twenty-first century.
Paleontological, Palynological, Biological, and Physical Anthropology Graphs
Authors: Lyman R. Lee
Published: June 2021

The earliest paleontological spindle graphs appear in the 1830s and 1840s, and are of a different style and diagram different kinds of data (absolute frequencies of taxa or kinds) than the earliest archaeological spindle graphs. Palynologists regularly produce so-called pollen diagrams, left-justified spindle graphs, that display temporally varying frequencies of pollen of each of several different plant species. These first appeared in the 1910s, and are of a different style than early twentieth-century archaeological spindle graphs, although the data graphed by the two are similar (relative frequencies of specimens of each of several kinds of phenomena). Biologists used spindle graphs during the early twentieth century to plot both the phylogenetic history of taxonomic families and orders, and frequencies of individual organisms representing different plant and animal species found in different habitat types. Differences in styles of biological spindle graphs and early archaeological spindles suggest the idea for the latter was not in the biological sciences. Physical anthropologists “seriated” biometric data, but early twentieth-century textbooks do not include spindle graphs.
Archaeology Spindle Graphs in the 1930s
Authors: Lyman R. Lee
Published: June 2021

During the 1930s, archaeological spindle graphs in the form of seriograms (straight-sided spindle graphs) were published. Three of these represent the investigator’s suspicions about culture change rather than being strictly empirical. Stylistically, seriograms were seldom subsequently published, suggesting these graphs minimally influenced later researchers. By the 1920s, based on the basically unimodal frequency distributions observed in frequencies of specimens of various pottery types in the American Southwest, anthropologists had begun to suspect there were so-called stylistic pulses reflecting the vogue or popularity of particular kinds of artifacts. Explanations fell back on probability theory, likely as a result of the influence of Franz Boas’s statistical reasoning; kinds of phenomena simply should display unimodal temporal frequency distributions given probability theory. Although conceptually unsophisticated, graphic models of these stylistic pulses published by anthropologists in the 1920s took the rough form of spindle graphs and represent a then unrecognized nod to the theory of variational evolution. These spindle graph models may be the ultimate source of archaeological spindle graphs, but these models were a bit difficult to decipher. Many graphs of culture change appearing in the 1920s and 1930s imply variational evolution.
Terrorism and Its Claims to “Distinctive Significance”
Authors: Coady C. A. J.
Published: June 2021

Chapter 3 addresses four philosophical attempts to show that terrorist attacks, definitional issues aside, have a special moral significance. In their very different ways, these philosophers articulate a concern about terrorism also widely held amongst non-specialists. The philosophers addressing the idea of special significance most directly are Samuel Scheffler, Jeremy Waldron, and Lionel McPherson. Waldron does not use the phrase “special moral significance,” but the idea is at work in his discussion. The fourth is Karen Jones, who doesn’t use “special significance” but her discussion of terrorist disruption of “basal security” seems to mark some distinctive moral feature of terrorism in addition to its being a tactic committed to attacking non-combatants. That makes her claim relevant here. The chapter argues that these various attempts fail to make the strong case they promise, and that the failure is instructive for our understanding of terrorism and for policies to deal with it.
Growth Structure in Personal Narratives
Authors: Bauer Jack
Published: June 2021

Narrative content and structure are intertwined. However, this chapter identifies the features of narrative structure that do not overlap with narrative content. Narrative content conveys the facts, themes (i.e., value orientations), and tones (i.e., value fulfillments) of a story, whereas narrative structure conveys the objectively assessed degrees of complexity and coherence (i.e., value perspectivity) by which the narrator interprets the narrative content. The transformative self tends toward a relatively complex and coherent narrative structure, which develops over time, manifesting as psychological maturity and wisdom. The value perspectivity of narrative structure is what distinguishes wisdom from goods such as happiness, love, and meaningfulness. However, wisdom blends structural perspectivity with humane themes. This chapter distinguishes narrative phenomena that sound like structure but function more proximally as content: closure, subtypes of coherence, continuity over time, and affective sequences. The chapter also explores narrative structure in dialogical positioning. The chapter concludes by summarizing Chapters 4–7.
Nature, Nurture, and ’Ndividuality
Authors: Bauer Jack
Published: June 2021

The field of psychology is under a spell of believing that the person is merely a product of nature and nurture. This belief holds that the individual person plays no causal role in their own development. This belief assumes that epiphenomena (like persons, which originate from nature and nurture) lack real agency and cannot be a cause of themselves at a later time, so personal growth and the transformative self are illusions. This chapter explains the faulty logic in such beliefs and presents the nature, nurture, and ‘ndividuality model of personhood, which holds that the individuality of the whole person influences that person’s own development in ways not explained by nature, nurture, or their interaction. This model relies not on notions of free will or even intentionality but rather on another model of the person as a self-organizing system—a dynamic, organismic system within a pluralistic ecology of systems.
IPCOM GMBH & CO KG v VODAFONE GROUP PLC
Authors:   Patents Court
Published: June 2021

H1 Patents – Standards essential patents – Technical trial – Construction – Validity – Conditional and unconditional amendments – Added matter – Extension of protection – Obviousness – Essentiality – Infringement – Indirect infringement – Defences – Crown use – De minimis use – Declarations of non-infringement
Comprehensive Cardiotoxicity Assessment of COVID-19 Treatments Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Yanagida Shota , Satsuka Ayano , Hayashi Sayo , Ono Atsushi , Kanda Yasunari
Published: June 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to spread across the globe, with numerous clinical trials underway seeking to develop and test effective COVID-19 therapies, including remdesivir. Several ongoing studies have reported hydroxychloroquine-induced cardiotoxicity, including development of torsade de pointes (TdP). Meanwhile, human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are expected to serve as a tool for assessing drug-induced cardiotoxicity, such as TdP and contraction impairment. However, the cardiotoxicity of COVID-19 treatments has not been fully assessed using hiPSC-CMs. In this study, we focused on drug repurposing with various modes of actions and examined the TdP risk associated with COVID-19 treatments using field potential using multi-electrode array system and motion analysis with hiPSC-CMs. Hydroxychloroquine induced early after depolarization, while remdesivir, favipiravir, camostat, and ivermectin had little effect on field potentials. We then analyzed electromechanical window, which is defined as the difference between field potential and contraction-relaxation durations. Hydroxychloroquine decreased electromechanical window of hiPSC-CMs in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, other drugs had little effect. Our data suggest that hydroxychloroquine has proarrhythmic risk and other drugs have low proarrhythmic risk. Thus, hiPSC-CMs represent a useful tool for assessing the comprehensive cardiotoxicity caused by COVID-19 treatments in nonclinical settings.
Novel gold labeling reagent to localize protein in macromolecular assemblies
Authors: Anthony Kelsey C , You Changjiang , Piehler Jacob , Krummel Daniel Pomeranz
Published: June 2021

Electron microscopy (EM) is a leading technique to elucidate structure of macromolecular assemblies. Obtaining high‐resolution information by EM is often hindered by sample compositional and conformational heterogeneity. It is challenging and error prone to build an informative model into a low‐resolution 3‐dimensional reconstruction. Thus, there is demand to expand upon current approaches used for accurate protein localization to aid model building. We report use of a labeling reagent consisting of tris‐nitrilotriacetic acid (tris‐NTA) conjugated with a monofunctionalized gold nanoparticle that site‐specifically labels protein termini fused to a His‐tag. Multivalent binding of tris‐NTA to a His‐tag via complexed Ni(II) ion results into subnanomolar affinity and a defined 1:1 stoichiometry. Precise localization of a protein is further ensured by the reagents conformationally restricted linker and monofunctionalized small Au nanoparticle. We have employed the label to localize His‐tagged proteins in a T. thermophiles ATPase, RuvB, and in the E. coli 50S ribosomal subunit. Our mono‐tris‐NTA‐Au conjugate specifically binds to the target protein in these assemblies, exhibiting stoichiometric labeling. Our new Au labeling reagent improves upon current labeling approaches and should have extensive applicability in sites‐pecific labeling of His‐tag protein termini in macromolecular assemblies.
Antibacterial Activities of Copper, Silver and Carbon Nanoparticles in Sock Fabric
Authors: Gete Yantenew Gedle , Walker Rosemarie
Published: June 2021

Advances in padding fabrics with nanoparticles to inhibit bacterial growth have led to recent development and marketing of copper, silver, and carbon antibacterial clothing for consumers. We examined the inhibitory effects of swatches of copper, silver and carbon impregnated socks on cultures of gram‐negative Escherichia coli and gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis in liquid broth and on agar plates. Previous experiments in this lab have shown that carbon swatches produced no inhibition, copper and silver swatches demonstrated marked inhibition, depending on fabric mass. E. coli exhibited more inhibition than S. aureus with silver and copper. Concentration of copper, silver and carbon ions resulting from aqueous interaction with nanoparticles was quantified using ICP‐MS through repeated rinses using a shaker bath, and bacterial counts were assessed through plate‐counting and spectrophotometry. Further investigations will explore anti fungicidal efficacy of both copper and silver nanoparticle impregnated fabric.
FTIR microspectroscopic analysis of sodium butyrate induced differentiation in colon cancer cells in a time‐dependent manner
Authors: Ozek Nihal Simsek , Gok Seher , Banerjee Sreeparna , Severcan Feride
Published: June 2021

Butyric acid is a product of dietary fiber fermentation in the colon. Previous studies showed that this fatty acid inhibited cell proliferation and caused cell differentiation and apoptosis. It has been known that there is a relation between the tumorigenesis of colon cancer and the poor differentiation of colonic epithelial cells. Although the effects of butyrate on cellular differentiation has been documented at molecular level, the butyrate‐induced changes in the content of cancer cell macromolecules such as saturated, unsaturated lipids, protein and glycogen are less understood. The objective of this study was to clarify these changes in colon cancer cells in a time dependent manner using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) microscopy. In this study, CaCo‐2 cells were treated with 3mM sodium butyrate (NaB) and cultured for 12, 24 and 48h. The macromolecular structural and function alterations induced by NaB were determined from spectral analysis of chemical maps of the studied groups. An increase in saturated and unsaturated lipid and a decrease in the triglyceride, and protein content has been obtained in 48 h treated group with respect to the other groups. The variation in membrane fluidity and lipid order has been also determined for this treated group. This study demonstrated that FTIR imaging enables to determine the colon cancer differentiation at the cellular level. This work is supported by METU‐BAP 07.02.2012.004.
Regulation of Phase I and Phase II Enzyme Gene Expressions and their activities by caffeic acid, major compound of perilla frutescens.
Authors: Yang Sung‐Yong , Kang Jeong‐Han , Jung Ha‐Young , Yang Jae‐Eon , Lee Kwang‐Won
Published: June 2021

Caffeic acid (CA) is a natural polyphenol containing carboxylic acid found in many herbs, and known as an anti‐inflammatory, anti‐tumorigenic and anti‐cancer effect in vitro and in vivo. And cytochrome P450 1A1/2 (CYP1A1/2) are members of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes involved in xenobiotic and metabolism. These enzymes play a major role in bioactivation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other environmental pro‐carcinogens into their carcinogenic forms. Because of this, the accumulations of CYP1A1/2 remain a focus of interest in cancer research and food toxicology. Phase II enzymes such as heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) and quinone reductase (QR) catalyze conjugation by sulfation, glucuronidation, and neutralize electrophilic chemicals to facilitate elimination of activated chemical compound by CYP1A1/2. In this study, we investigated the potential ability of CA to induce CYP1A enzymes in HepG2 human hepatoma cells. Our results showed that CA increases CYP1A1/2 mRNA expression dose‐dependently. Also gene expressions of HO‐1 and QR (phase II enzymes), were significantly up‐regulated with CA treatment. Thus, these data suggest that CA has potentials of enhancing capacity on CYP1A1/2 expressions (phase I enzymes) and also increasing HO‐1 and QR enzymes (pahse II enzymes), and may prove to be an effective chemopreventive agent.
Metabolism of Cyclophosphamide by CYP 2B6 and Associated Polymorphisms
Authors: Abbott Joshua Matthew , Calinski Diane , Hollenberg Paul
Published: June 2021

Cyclophosphamide (CPA) is one of the most widely used drugs in cancer treatment, yet, there is considerable interpatient variability with regards to efficacy and toxicity with CPA treatment. This interpatient variability is not well understood. CPA is an oxazaphosphorine prodrug, requiring bioactivation by a cytochrome P450. Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) is the major P450 involved in CPA activation. CYP2B6 is known to be highly polymorphic, and these polymorphisms have been demonstrated to affect the metabolism of other known CYP2B6 substrates such as bupropion and efavirenz. We hypothesized that CYP2B6 polymorphisms have varying ability to metabolize CPA, resulting in varying amounts of activated CPA. This is a potential cause for the efficacy and toxicity discrepancies with regard to CPA treatment. We examined two different assays for the measurement of a cyclophosphamide metabolite, using 3‐aminophenol and dansyl hydrazine to derivitze a fluorescent product. We also evaluated the metabolism of cyclophosphamide by the wild type CYP2B6 and its polymorphisms CYP2B6*4, CYP2B6*5, CYP2B6*6, CYP2B6*7, CYP2B6*8, and CYP2B6*9. We found that there were no significant differences in between metabolism of CYP2B6 polymorphisms and wild type.