bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Maternal Employment Serious Youth Crime: Does the Quality of Working Conditions Matter?
Authors: Ven Thomas Vander , Cullen Francis T.
Published: May 2004

Social critics and the general public have for some time voiced a variety of concerns related to the increasing entrance of women into the paid labor market. A popular assumption has been that the children of working women are prone to criminal activity. The authors analyze data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), using multiple regression models to examine whether the occupational status of mothers has criminogenic effects on their children during adolescence and early adulthood (15- to 19-year-olds). After tracing the effects of maternal resources, work hours, and occupational controls to criminality, the authors find that cumulative time spent by mothers in paid employment had no measurable influence on criminal involvement. On the other hand, coercively controlled maternal work over time was related to greater criminal involvement (in their children) in adolescence.
Studying Criminal Career Length Through Early Adulthood Among Serious Offenders
Authors: Piquero Alex R. , Brame Robert , Lynam Donald
Published: May 2004

Much of the research on criminal careers has concentrated on the dimensions of prevalence, frequency, specialization, and desistance. One dimension that has not been the focus of research is career length. Knowledge on the distribution of—and correlates associated with—career length is important for matters related to theory and policy. Using data from a sample of parolees from the California Youth Authority, the authors studied the career-length issue and provide important descriptive and etiological information. The authors also present some comparisons across race to determine if race differences emerge in career length and its correlates. Theoretical and empirical directions for future research are also addressed.
Roles and Responsibilities: Analyzing Local Leaders’Views on Jail Crowding From a Systems Perspective
Authors: Davis Robin King , Applegate Brandon K. , Otto Charles W. , Surette Ray , McCarthy Bernard J.
Published: May 2004

Jail crowding is a substantial concern for many local jurisdictions. Although several authors have suggested a system-wide approach to reduce crowding, relatively little is known about how top local criminal justice officials viewthis issue. Using interviews and surveys of criminal justice leaders in a large southern metropolitan county, this study examined perspectives on jail crowding and perceived interagency relationships. Consistent with prior studies, the respondents agreed that jail crowding is a problem and that the consequences of crowding extend beyond the correctional facility. Greater discord was observed on issues of agency responsibility for changing policies to effect reductions in crowding. Findings are interpreted within the context of a “loose coupling” framework of criminal justice organizations.
Values
Authors: Siemieńska Renata
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this chapter is to analyse the structure of opinions and attitudes of elites towards gender inequality within several groups of countries, taking into account their macro-structural conditions as well as individual satisfaction with the job performed by the members of the studied elites. Countries are clustered in two ways. The first uses the author’s earlier analysis and is multi-dimensional. The second uses Huntington’s clusterings based on different civilisations. The most important predictors of perceptions and attitudes towards gender inequality are gender and the national characteristics of the respondents’ countries. In general, women, postmaterialist orientated respondents, members of elites of the more postmaterialist orientated societies and those with a higher level of democracy, a longer continuous period of democracy and a high level of economic development are more sensitive to the situation of women and more often observe their discrimination.
Expanding the Landscape of Social Justice: A Critical Ecological Analysis
Authors: Furman Gail C. , Gruenewald David A.
Published: May 2004

The social justice discourse in education has been critiqued by Bowers and others for its lack of attention to a broad range of related ecological issues. This article analyzes and critiques the current discourse of social justice in the field of educational leadership and offers an expanded concept of socioecological justice in schools. Arguing that pedagogy is a critical vehicle for addressing socioecological justice, the authors develop a model for a critical pedagogy of place and describe specific instructional methodologies associated with the model. The article concludes with suggestions for a critical leadership of place intended to enhance socioecological justice in schools.
Book Review
Authors: Beatty Brenda R.
Published: May 2004

Out of the closet is the secret suffering of both leaders and teachers. These two important new works are credible empirical explorations of a highly influential, little-acknowledged, and underexplored phenomenon: the emotional wounding of educators. They examine characteristics of such events along with implications and options for action thereby making them valuable and rare contributions to the field. Both are rigorously grounded methodologically and exhibit commendable interpretive ingenuity. Considered together, they provide a split-screen view of teachers’and leaders’emotional lives that warrants further attention if we are to understand and affect educational change. Breaking the Silence examines “educational leadership’s dirty little secret,” the mis-treatment of teachers by principals. The Wounded Leader explores leaders’own wounding crises and a range of responses that leave leaders trapped, healed but scarred, or, alternatively, transcendent. Both books are highly recommended reading for practitioners and scholars alike.
Deliberative Democracy in Imagined Communities: How the Power Geometry of Globalization Shapes Local Leadership Praxis
Authors: Mawhinney Hanne B.
Published: May 2004

Foster’s concerns with the decline of the local are examined in the context of schools’ embeddedness in intersections of social, economic, and political forces of the communities in which they are located. Three readings are taken of Foster’s call to explore political and economic undercurrents when viewing schools as agents of, and for, community. A concluding interpretation of the three readings of Foster’s concerns calls for a new socioeconomics of education and nuanced analyses of the dilemmas of deliberation. Promising approaches to promoting critical praxis are drawn from emerging scholarship on perspectives of educational leadership from native and indigenous populations. Efforts to explore the communicative processes required to mediate ideas and interests and to enact institutional reforms are called for. The author concludes that multidisciplinary scholarship holds promise for enhancing understanding of the praxis of educational leadership in fostering the politics of local convening for deliberative democracy in a globalized world.
Traditional, Likert, and Simplified Measures of Self-Efficacy
Authors: Maurer Todd J. , Andrews Kimberly D.
Published: May 2004

Three methods of measuring self-efficacy were compared: traditional, Likert, and a simplified scale. Scores on the three scales had highly similar reliability and validity and were strongly related. The Likert and simplified scales required 50% and 70% (respectively) fewer participant responses than the traditional format, whereas the traditional and Likert formats provided more specific diagnostic information.
Two Approaches for Correcting Correlation Attenuation Caused by Measurement Error: Implications for Research Practice
Authors: Fan Xitao
Published: May 2004

This study focused on the issue of measurement reliability and its attenuation on correlation between two composites and two seemingly different approaches for correcting the attenuation. As expected, correlation coefficients uncorrected for measurement error are systematically biased downward. For the data conditions examined, the two correction approaches provided not only near identical and unbiased estimates but also near identical confidence intervals for the sampling distribution of the corrected correlation coefficients. The highly comparable results from the two approaches suggest that these two approacheswork equally well for these data. It is pointed out that the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) modeling approach may be less applicable because of more difficult data conditions at the item level in research practice. The findings point to the importance of reporting measurement reliability information in substantive research. The findings further suggest that, in research practice, correction for attenuation should be considered when information about score reliability is available.
Balancing the Need for Reliability and Time Efficiency: Short Forms of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III
Authors: Jeyakumar Sharon L. E. , Warriner Erin M. , Raval Vaishali V. , Ahmad Saadia A.
Published: May 2004

Tables permitting the conversion of short-form composite scores to full-scale IQ estimates have been published for previous editions of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). Equivalent tables are now needed for selected subtests of the WAIS-III. This article used Tellegen and Briggs’s formulae to convert the sum of scaled scores for four selected WAIS-III short-form combinations into full-scale IQ estimates. Conversion tables providing full-scale IQ estimates across all age groups from the sum of scaled scores for these four short forms are presented. Reliability and validity estimates for these short forms are also provided for all age groups.
Examining the Psychological Impact of Computer Technology: An Updated Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: Marcoulides George A. , Stocker Yvonne-Olivia , Marcoulides Laura D.
Published: May 2004

The Computer Anxiety Scale (CAS) is a measure of perceptions by individuals of their anxiety in different situations toward computers. The CAS was developed a number of years ago before computer technology became such an integral part of life. Covariance modeling techniques were used to examine whether the originally proposed construct of computer anxiety has undergone change in a sample of German college students. Results provide support for the invariance of the factor structure of the scale.
The Tenacious Goal Pursuit and Flexible Goal Adjustment Scales: Examination of their Validity
Authors: Mueller Daniel J. , Kim Kyung
Published: May 2004

This study tested the unidimensionality of the Tenacious Goal Pursuit (TGP) and Flexible Goal Adjustment (FGA) scales and examined the relationships of the factors measured in these scales with two criterion constructs (happiness and self-acceptance) and with age in a sample 292 adults (ranging from 50 to 90 years). Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that to adequately account for the response patterns for TGP and FGA items, the model must also include two correlated item-keying factors (direct keyed and reverse keyed). The modified model showed a close fit to the data, but large portions of variance in the TGP and FGA item scores were explained by the item-keying factors rather than by the target factors. The target factors measured by the TGP and FGA items showed the same directional relationships with happiness and self-acceptance and no relationship with each other. Neither TGP nor FGA are related to age.
Reliability and Validity Evidence for the Institutional Integration Scale
Authors: French Brian F. , Oakes William
Published: May 2004

The Institutional Integration Scale is claimed to measure five facets of college student academic and social integration. The scale was based on Tinto’s model of college student withdrawal. Psychometric properties of the scale were examined based on a sample of 1st-year college students. These results led to item revisions and additions. The scale was administered to a second sample of 1st-year college students. The final 34-item instrument showed improved psychometric properties. The revised scale scores had satisfactory internal consistency reliability and intercorrelations among the subscales and with the total scale. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the original theoretical model may be problematic. Revisions to the model resulted in improved fit.
Examining the Psychometric Properties of the Achievement Goal Questionnaire in a General Academic Context
Authors: Finney Sara J. , Pieper Suzanne L. , Barron Kenneth E.
Published: May 2004

The psychometric properties of the Achievement Goal Questionnaire (AGQ), when modified for a general academic context, were examined. Previous research has found evidence of a four-factor structure of achievement goal orientation when this measure was used in a course-specific context. This study is an important addition to goal orientation research for the following two reasons: (a) It provides additional support for four distinct factors of goal orientation, and (b) it answers the call for examining achievement goal orientation measures at different levels of specificity. The authors found that the four-factor structure of goal orientation replicated when used in a general academic context.
Relationship among Environmental Pointing Accuracy, Mental Rotation, Sex, and Hormones
Authors: Bell Scott , Saucier Deborah
Published: May 2004

Humans rely on internal representations to solve a variety of spatial problems including navigation. Navigation employs specific information to compose a representation of space that is distinct from that obtained through static bird’s-eye or horizontal perspectives. The ability to point to on-route locations, off-route locations, and the route origin illustrates the unique types of spatial knowledge that can be acquired during navigation. This research explores the accuracy with which men and women perform these types of pointing tasks to better understand the development and structure of their cognitive maps as a result of experience in the environment. Interestingly, it appears that endogenous concentrations of the sex hormone testosterone significantly predict pointing accuracy. This pattern is consistent with what is observed with pencil-and-paper tasks of spatial ability that may relate to environmental spatial abilities such as navigation.
Who Cares about the Environmental Impact of Cars?
Authors: Joireman Jeffrey A. , Van Lange Paul A. M. , Van Vugt Mark
Published: May 2004

This study examines preference for commuting towork by car or public transportation (PT) within an expanded social dilemma framework (i.e., one that recognizes the importance of both social and temporal concerns). Commuters completed scales assessing commuting preferences, beliefs regarding the environmental impact of cars, social value orientation (SVO), and the consideration of future consequences (CFC). Preference for PT was higher among commuters who believed that commuting by car harms the environment and among those scoring high in CFC. Most important, a significant two-way interaction revealed that preference for commuting by PT was positively related to beliefs regarding the harmful environmental consequences of commuting by car only among those high in CFC. SVO was unrelated to commuting preferences. In sum, a future orientation may be more important than a prosocial orientation in shaping commuting preferences.
The Role of Spatial Reference Frames in Architecture
Authors: Werner Steffen , Schindler Laura E.
Published: May 2004

It is generally recognized that the spatial structure of a building is an important factor in way-finding performance. However, surprisingly little research has related way-finding performance directly to topological and geometrical properties of spatial environments. In this study, the authors provide empirical evidence that way-finding performance and the ability of people to orient themselves in their environment depends partly on geometrical relations between different parts of the space. The authors propose that the misalignment of local, cognitive reference frames suggested by architectural features leads to way-finding problems and impairs the integration of spatial knowledge. In an experiment with 56 participants, the authors tested way-finding performance and spatial memory for four virtual environments. Environments differed systematically in their alignment of parts of the building. Results show a main effect of alignment for both way-finding and pointing measures. Implications of these findings for both architectural design and cognitively motivated formal models of space are discussed.
Effecting Durable Change
Authors: Staats Henk , Harland Paul , Wilke Henk A. M.
Published: May 2004

Interventions for voluntary proenvironmental behavior change usually target a limited number of behaviors and have difficulties in achieving durable change. The EcoTeam Program (ETP) is an intervention package that aims to overcome these flaws. Through a combination of information, feedback, and social interaction in a group—the EcoTeam—participants focus on the environmental consequences of their household behavior. The 3-year longitudinal study found that ETP participants ( N= 150) changed half of the 38 household behaviors examined, with corresponding reductions on four physical measures of resource use. These improvements were maintained or enlarged 2 years after completion of the ETP, amounting to savings from 7% on water consumption to 32% on solid waste deposition. A detailed analysis of one behavior, means of transportation, suggests that change can be predicted from the interplay between behavioral intention and habitual performance before participation, and the degree of social influence experienced in the EcoTeam during participation.
Behavioral Determinants of Household Recycling Participation
Authors: do Valle Patrícia Oom , Reis Elizabeth , Menezes João , Rebelo Efigénio
Published: May 2004

Recycling is an effective resource-recovery mechanism with significant economic and environmental benefits. The success of the Portuguese Integrated System of Packaging Waste Management (SIGRE), managed since 1997 by a private company called SPV, depends on a growing and sustained participation of consumers through the correct separation and disposal of recyclable waste. Within this frame-work, the present research applies different multivariate data analysis techniques to some specific questions of the most recent national survey about recycling behavior with the purpose of identifying factors able to motivate consumers to participate in the selective-collection program. Results suggest differences between recyclers and nonrecyclers concerning specific attitudes toward recycling and also the need of improving the provided logistic service. This research proposes also some guidelines that may be considered in future communication and intervention strategies, designed to promote recycling participation.
Media Development in Bosnia
Authors: Taylor Maureen , Napoli Philip M.
Published: May 2004

This article examines public perceptions of the news and information sector in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Since the signing of the Dayton Peace Accord in late 1995, the international community has donated millions of dollars to foster free and fair media. This research explores the media transition in Bosnia through a four-year longitudinal study. The research design measured public perceptions ( N = 1689) of the realism, importance and credibility of news outlets in the two major media centers: Banja Luka and Sarajevo. The findings suggest that over time Bosnians are relying less on politically motivated news outlets. Moreover, some independent media have emerged as both important and credible sources for news and information.
Cultural Diversity as Social Demand
Authors: Hanada Tatsuro
Published: May 2004

Social demand varies with the cultural context of media policy. This article examines social demand in the context of the zainichi, the Korean-Japanese who constitute Japan’s largest ethnic minority group, via a series of theoretical and empirical contributions to the literature on social demand. First, the article theorizes social demand in terms of Schelsky’s sociological theory of institutions, analysing broadcasting through what, the author argues, are key strands to its institutional alignment - its relationship with the historic emergence of journalism, of industry and of recreation within the modern capitalist nation-state. Especially in a context where this nation-state is being rethought, what are the blindspots of Japanese broadcasting law and policy? How does the complex process of identity production among the zainichi interface with the system for which these laws and policies are responsible? And how might social demand function as a medium and resource for improving and widening the civic interactions which this interface permits?
ICT in Multicultural Society
Authors: D’Haenens Leen
Published: May 2004

After a brief review of existing literature on ethnicity as a possible predictor for media ownership and use, particularly new media, the article examines a school survey in which ‘ethnocultural position’ was tested alongside common sociodemographic characteristics such as gender, socioeconomic status and education, looking for correlation with home media access and with specific media applications and functions. To further examine the school survey results, in-depth interviews on media use and identity among ethnic minority youth are discussed, creating an integration-oriented, homeland-centred profile of media use in the context of four ‘types’ of identity (religious, ethnic, national and cultural) and various patterns of media consumption (time spent, genre preferences, etc.) among respondents. Finally, the most visible policy guidelines in current Dutch media and minority policy are described in this context.
Is ‘Empowerment’ the Answer?
Authors: White Robert A.
Published: May 2004

Recent theories of communication for development consider the lack of political, economic and cultural power of lower-status sectors as the central problem to be addressed in development. The majority do not have access to the education, technical assistance, good health and housing needed to make a contribution to national development. A deeper issue are the cultural values which see minorities such as women as not capable of making a contribution. Thus, the new movements seek to ‘empower’ themselves by resignifying the meaning of gender, youth, race, ethnicity and region as key actors in the development process and therefore as worthy of access to resources. Empowerment is central to the process of development, but empowerment, it is argued, needs to be located within a broader framework, which sees the goal of development as the cultural and political acceptance of universal human rights. Power must be seen as a source of social responsibility and service. Movements cannot stop at their own empowerment but must gain the respect for the rights of all in the society.
Asian-Based Development Journalism and Political Elections
Authors: Wong Kokkeong
Published: May 2004

Development journalism is often touted as more applicable to Asian countries like Malaysia and Singapore than the western liberal approach, for historical and cultural reasons. Proponents see its premise of media–government partnership as necessary for securing economic development for the country. The approach is also not considered a hindrance to press freedom or democracy because of regularly held political elections that empower elected leaders the right of influence over the press. How well development journalism performs during elections, which are adversarial by definition, is thus crucial to the legitimacy of elections as well as the approach itself. This pioneer study aims to shed light on the legitimacy of Asian-based development journalism by examining coverage of the 1999 general elections in Malaysia by three major newspapers in the country. Findings obtained through media-framing analysis indicate that it needs a lot more work.
‘Come Gather Around Together’
Authors: Sood Suruchi , Sengupta Manisha , Mishra Pius Raj , Jacoby Caroline
Published: May 2004

It has been shown that educational messages via mass media based entertainment can improve family planning behavior. It is likely that audience participation in the form of listening groups may enhance the impact of these programs. In Fulbari (Nepal), a partnership between local government agencies, community leaders, audience members and program staff led to the launch of listening groups complementing a mass media family planning initiative. Using survey data supplemented by anecdotal evidence and service statistics, this study examines the association between membership in these listening groups and family planning behavior. Multivariate logistic regression models show a significant relationship between radio listenership and knowledge and behavior variables above and beyond the positive association with the radio program itself. Results affirm the importance of a partnership between program organizers, community leaders, NGO partners and the audience community, in order to at least sustain positive family planning outcomes.
Perceptions of Reasons for Promotion of Self and Others
Authors: Beehr Terry A. , Nair Vandana Nadig , Gudanowski David M. , Such Matthew
Published: May 2004

In this study the reasons employees perceived for promotions of both themselves and others, and their reactions to those perceptions were examined. Previous research usually ignores (i) the potential antecedents of organizational justice regarding promotions and (ii) justice perceptions’ relations to the treatment of self versus others. Results showed that people consider promotions based on performance fair, whereas they consider non-performance criteria for promotions unfair. Furthermore, perceptions of promotion channels for self and others’ promotions each demonstrated unique prediction of justice, and gender interacted with employee promotion perceptions to predict promotional justice. Discussion focuses on implications regarding (i) similarities and differences in views of self versus others’ outcomes, (ii) equal opportunity, and (iii) future research.
Trust and Power in Land Politics in South Africa
Authors: Gran Thorvald
Published: May 2004

Land politics is of high practical and symbolic importance in much of Africa. South Africa is no exception. Here it is investigated from two angles. First from a discussion of trust and a culture of trustworthiness as conditions for the functioning of modern institutions. Second from an interest in how the administrative level of communities and/or political cultures gives form to the relations between authority and subjects or, more generally, in modernity to the relation between state and society. Western South Africa was chosen for the investigation as there are no homelands. ‘Land-reformed’ communities in two provinces, Northern and Western Cape, are compared. The study showed (1) that the ANC’s land policy is increasingly an expression of a unified government–bureaucracy–modern economy élite; (2) that there are specific barriers to the formation of cultures of trustworthiness in institutions of authority (commercial farmers, lack of horizontal communication and the power of ethnicity), barriers blocking ‘embedded authorities’; and (3) that trust in government with respect to land policies is waning, despite progress in the redistribution of land.
Japanese Bureaucracy in Transition: Regulating Deregulation
Authors: Cerase Francesco Paolo
Published: May 2004

The article draws attention to the implications for the Japanese national bureaucracy of the current economic crisis of the country and of its possible passage, after having been characterized as a developmental state, to a new regulatory state. This passage is best epitomized by the liberalization and deregulation policies recently adopted. In this context the questions examined are whether the bureaucracy will accept being the sacrificial scapegoat and how this could possibly take place. The argument advanced is that the bureaucracy is probably in the best position to control its own demise which means that in so doing it may well simply become its own successor. The most effective way it has to do so, is to regulate the process of deregulation under way. Further attention is then addressed to the Three-year Programme for Regulatory Reform and to a number of specific deregulation measures. Although some major changes introduced or being advocated in the Japanese civil service may deeply affect the bureaucrats’ status and influence, what emerges is that, so far, the role the bureaucracy has played in planning and carrying out deregulation has remained quite central.
Politics–Administration Interface: The Case of the City of Cape Town
Authors: Cameron Robert
Published: May 2004

This article is an analysis of a controversial policy decision on the part of the newly elected Democratic Alliance local administration in Cape Town, South Africa, to fire senior officials of the previous African National Congress administration and to introduce an interim policy for senior managers that stated that such positions should be filled by people who are ‘politically suitable and acceptable’ to the ruling party. The author of this article was part of a team that reviewed this policy. This article is an account of this process.

The author developed, on the basis of comparative experience, a heuristic model that could serve as the basis for gauging the extent of politicians’ involvement in the appointment of staff. A continuum illustrating the different approaches to council appointment of staff was generated. Five different approaches were identified, namely neutral, minimalist appointment of senior staff, appointment of top and middle-level staff, large-scale appointment in all ranks and fusion of party/state. The report concluded that the most appropriate of these models is the minimalist appointment model whereby councillors should have the right to appoint certain selected senior staff.
Comparing Measures of Citizen Trust and User Satisfaction as Indicators of ‘Good Governance’: Difficulties in Linking Trust and Satisfaction Indicators
Authors: Bouckaert Geert , van de Walle Steven
Published: May 2004

Until recently, public administration mainly used so-called ‘hard indicators’, such as resources and outputs, to monitor performance. Increased attention on accountability and issues around impacts and outcomes have stimulated the introduction of ‘soft’ indicators—e.g. citizen and user satisfaction targets. Moreover, there is increased demand for information on performance in relation to ‘governance’ as a whole, including ‘quality of life’ indicators. Politicians, journalists and citizens increasingly express their worries about a decreasing level of trust in government and the detrimental effects this has on government and on the cohesion of society—they appear to assume that more trust and more satisfaction equal better governance. Increasing the quality of governance will thus also lead to citizens who are more satisfied and more trusting. This article shows that current attempts to measure trust and satisfaction in government are misleading if they claim to be measuring good governance for two reasons. First, satisfaction is difficult to measure and very service-specific. Second, trust in government is easier to measure but its linkages with good governance are far from clear. Even when trust in government can be measured, it is not at all clear whether changes in the level of trust are actually influenced by government-related factors. We suggest, finally, the hypothesis that trust could be insufficient but necessarily part of a set of indicators which are unnecessary but sufficient for good governance.
Between the ‘Governance’ Model and the Policy Evaluation Act: New Public Management in Japan
Authors: Kudo Hiroko
Published: May 2004

This article tries to describe Japanese npm (New Public Management) from two opposite poles: from the national legislative framework and from an experimental example in local government.

Since the late 1990s, although npm was developed from Anglo-Saxon experiences, it has been implemented in Japan at the national level in a unique manner. The crisis in public finance, the urgent need for public sector reform and political instability led to two extreme options: self-reform by the bureaucracy itself; and citizen empowerment resulting inpressure on the bureaucracy. While the second one has been struggling to obtain public consensus, expertise for its practice and institutionalization, the first has resulted, to a certain extent, in the reorganization and restructuring of administrative institutions andin the establishment of both a legal framework and an operational system for measuring performance and evaluating policy.
Management Innovation of Quasi-Governmental Agencies in Korea
Authors: Kim Pan S.
Published: May 2004

Many quasi-governmental agencies operate under the umbrella of the Korean government. Their semi-official status derives from the receipt of government contributions, commissions or subsidies. There are literally hundreds of such organizations whose sole objective is to operate in support of the Korean people, yet they have a poor public image. They are often portrayed in the media as unaccountable and inefficient. They have been criticized by civil society because many quasi-governmental agencies have operated without comprehensive evaluation and monitoring systems. External criticism of the agencies has manifested itself in a demand for management innovation within these agencies. Indeed, the push for reform has expanded to include the governmental agencies as well as the quasi-governmental agencies overseen by the Korean government. In response to the reform movement, the Ministry of Planning and Budget (MPB) has stated their objective to overhaul the management of quasi-governmental agencies. In reality, however, the Ministry can only make recommendations to the agencies due to a lack of regulatory authority over such agencies. The purpose of this article is to review the overall status of quasi-governmental agencies in Korea and the management challenges they face, to assess similar cases from overseas, and to examine possible measures for more efficient management of these quasi-governmental agencies.
Symposium on Public Performance Data and Private Business Decisions: Introduction
Authors: Halachmi Arie
Published: May 2004

Why should business decision-makers study government performance data? The international collection of articles in this symposium illustrates the type of issues and data that managers should consider in making business decisions.
Local Government Performance Indicators in Europe: an Exploration
Authors: Hoogenboezem Jaap A.
Published: May 2004

Local governments need reliable information about the cities they are governing. However, an analysis of the availability of basic descriptive data (population data, information on household composition, unemployment, poverty, condition of the housing stock, homelessness, recorded crime and composition and size of local municipal income) in 55 European cities makes clear that these data are often not available because they have neither been collected nor disseminated. On average, 30 percent of simple local performance indicators is missing. National statistical traditions may help explaining the lack of data-gathering.
The Social Role of Social Work
Authors: Nuttman-Shwartz Orit , Hantman Shira
Published: May 2004

Social workers are concerned with helping the poor and enabling people to use social and community resources. However, social work has abandoned its mission to help the poor and oppressed and to build communality. Instead, many social workers are devoting themselves to careers in psychotherapy. Social work schools should make more effort to promote social awareness as part of the curriculum. This article gives an account of an experimental program aimed at incorporating the social role of the social worker into the second-year methods of social work intervention courses.
Creative Pathways to Establishing a Graduate Social Work Program
Authors: Crawley Brenda K.J.
Published: May 2004

This article identi.es the development of a two-year MSW program in a small southern African country. The focus is on the challenges, dilemmas and creative pathways used for development within the country's cultural and economic context. Emphasis is placed on the model curriculum used and the roles of students.
Does the MSW Curriculum Contribute to the Professional Specialization of the BSW-Educated Social Worker?
Authors: Gilbar Ora , Ben-Zur Hasida , Gil Sharon
Published: May 2004

The study evaluates the MSW program in the School of Social Work at the University of Haifa in comparison with the BSW program in terms of values, knowledge and skills, whose usefulness at work was also assessed. The two samples were MSW degree-holders and current MSW students. The results showed that the BSW program was rated as emphasizing values and knowledge more than the MSW program. No difference was found in relation to skills. The MSW program was rated higher for speci.c knowledge bases and skills. For work, skills were considered more useful than knowledge. The results suggest that in a MSW curriculum greater emphasis should be placed on skills than on general knowledge and values.
International Fieldwork Experience
Authors: Rai Gauri S.
Published: May 2004

Twenty-five US schools provided international field experience either in agencies dealing with international problems or in foreign countries. There appear to be two primary patterns for making overseas placements. One is through the initiative of a faculty member and the other is through the learning centers in different countries. Students chose field experiences in foreign countries because they were enthusiastic about it. Also, some of them had family, friends or relatives in those countries. The largest deterrent to overseas placements is financial difficulty.
Controversies in Psychiatric Services in Hong Kong: Social Workers’ Superiority and Inferiority Complexes
Authors: Yip Kam-shingy
Published: May 2004

The article reveals the results of research done by means of interviews of 63 social workers in psychiatric services in Hong Kong. The ways that social workers defined, perceived and performed psychotherapy for people with mental illness were explored. The findings showed that because of the deprofessionalized context, social workers in these psychiatric services had either superiority or inferiority complexes about providing psychotherapy.
A Social Work Vision for Tanzania
Authors: Burke Jean , Ngonyani Balthazar
Published: May 2004

A social work vision can contribute to promoting human welfare, social change and challenging oppression. A vision for Tanzania is presented as an example of the potential contribution of social work within a context of major political, economic and social change and widespread poverty.
Seeking Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa
Authors: Sacco Therese , Hoffmann Wilma
Published: May 2004

South Africa’s attempt to come to terms with its horrific past; mechanisms and responsibilities of countries endeavoring to deal with such pasts; objectives of South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission and critiques of it are identified. A public acknowledgement submitted by some South African social work educators is included.
Sources of Social Support and Attachment Styles among Israeli Arab Students
Authors: Ben-Ari Adital
Published: May 2004

This study identifies patterns of utilization of social support among Israeli Arab students.The sample consisted of 64 Arab students. Findings show that Arab students distinguish between emotional and instrumental support and allocate sources of support accordingly. Emotional support is sought within the social network and instrumental support is sought within the family.
Placing Dignity at the Center of Welfare Policy
Authors: Chan Chak Kwan
Published: May 2004

In response to the vagueness of dignity and its limited application in social welfare, this article attempts to explore the content of dignity and discuss its implications for welfare policies. Dignity concerns living respectfully, for which having equal value, self-respect, autonomy and positive mutuality is essential. The article argues that institutional dignification, community respect and human development are three welfare directions for facilitating the possession of dignity.
Myths, Stereotypes, and Realities of Black Women
Authors: Bell Ella Louise
Published: May 2004

It is well over a year since the appointment of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court. His appointment and the aftermath of the hearings remain controversial in the public’s eye. The event is credited by feminists for energizing the women’s movement. It was a catalyst for significant changes in the 1992 political arena. There has also been a substantial increase in the number of sexual harassment incidents reported. However, Anita Hill’s story represents more than sexual harassment for many Black women. The event serves as a painful reminder of how vulnerable they are especially when it comes to having their stories of sexual abuse heard and taken seriously. This article speaks to that pain and the complexity of understanding racism when entangled with sexism within the Black community.
Building Patriotic African Leadership Through African-Centered Education
Authors: Obiakor Festus E.
Published: May 2004

Africa continues to be a continent in transition. Its education, economy, politics, and society are not reflecting 21st-century trends. As it appears, African leadership is still tied to European-centered frameworks that are counterproductive to the sacred existence of African peoples. Rarely does good news come from Africa; there are consistent problematic situations in self-governance. This article proposes proactive African-centered educational programs that could produce nationalistic and patriotic leadership willing to tackle Africa’s endemic problems.
Entitlement Disorder
Authors: Hall Ronald E.
Published: May 2004

In the aftermath of Western colonization, White males have regarded previously colonized populations as less than equal in negotiating quality-of-life issues. By tradition, quality of life in America is the recapitulation of a colonialworld order. Despite government statistics to the contrary, White males are adamant about the unfair advantages of affirmative action for Black Americans. In objections to affirmative action, the perspectives of White male conservatives are distorted by power and sense of entitlement that manifests as entitlement disorder. Entitlement disorder is a need to dominate in whatever venture being considered. To know the functions of entitlement disorder will facilitate democracy by enabling Black Americans the same rights to quality of life as extended to White males via affirmative action during America’s preunion, industrialist era.
Environmental Degradation, Social Disequilibrium, and the Dilemma of Sustainable Development in the Niger-Delta of Nigeria
Authors: Jike V. T.
Published: May 2004

Development is skewed in disfavor of the geographical zone of the Niger-Delta of Nigeria because of public policies that have consistently failed to improve the welfare of the people. Part of the development enigma is orchestrated by the exploitative tendencies of multinational oil companies that have blandly plundered for fossil fuel and thereby truncated the sustainability of the indigenous environment. The continuing crisis of youth restiveness and resistance is traceable to this larger development issue. This article examines the prevailing social trend in the Niger-Delta and concludes rather emphatically that some of the consequences of social disequilibrium (e.g., the ubiquity of social miscreants [area boys], juvenile delinquents, and other deviant behaviors) cannot be understood independently of environmental problems that stem from awarped development initiative that roundly undermines the existential base of the Niger-Delta peoples.
Kilombos of Brazil
Authors: do Rosário Linhares Luiz Fernando
Published: May 2004

As a result of the Afro-Brazilian social movement’s pressure, Brazil’s post dictatorship constitution, promulgated in 1988, included a provision granting land rights to the surviving kilombo communities that exist throughout the country. Although these communities were formed in many different ways, judicial interpretation of the constitutional provision has restricted the right to those deemed to be descended from groups that escaped or rebelled violently against enslavement. This interpretation violates the original intention of the provision and raises the issue of how to define the collective identity of Afro-Brazilian kilombo communities. Bureaucratic procedures designed to ensure proof of rebellion or escape, as well as interagency conflicts in land tenure administration, further complicate the implementation of the constitutional right. The 3rd World Conference Against Racism instigated political pressure to overcome these obstacles and interagency cooperation may herald positive changes in the future.
Kilombismo, Virtual Whiteness, and the Sorcery of Color
Authors: Nascimento Elisa Larkin
Published: May 2004

This article explores the legacy and current presence of racism in Brazil, particularly their unique expression in the juxtaposition of the miscegenation ideology of nonracism with the living legacy of Lombrosian criminology. The author proposes the Sorcery of Color as a metaphor for the Brazilian standard of race relations, which transforms a perverse system of racial domination into a pretense of antiracist ideals and establishes what the author describes as the category of virtual whiteness, a fulcrum of identity intrinsically intermeshed with issues of gender and patriarchy. The groundings of Afrocentric thought can be found in the writings and actions of African Brazilian intellectuals of the 20th century, and its most articulated expression is the thesis of Kilombismo, developed by Abdias do Nascimento in the context of his work in Pan-African affairs in the 1970s and 1980s.
Effect of Preform Thickness and Volume Fraction on Injection Pressure and Mechanical Properties of Resin Transfer Molded Composites
Authors: Olivero Kristian A. , Hamidi Youssef K. , Aktas Levent , Altan M. Cengiz
Published: May 2004

An experimental study is performed to characterize the effect of the thickness of random preforms on injection pressure and mechanical properties of resin transfer molded (RTM) parts. Center-gated, disk-shaped parts are molded using two different chopped-strand glass fiber preforms. Both preforms have random microstructure but different planar densities (i.e., different uncompressed layer thicknesses). Tensile strength, short-beam shear strength, and elastic modulus are measured for parts molded with each preform type at three different fiber volume fractions of 6.84, 15.55, and 24.83%. Although mechanical properties are found to increase linearly with volume fraction, significant difference is not observed between disks containing thick and thin mats at equivalent fiber volume fraction.

However at the same fiber content, parts molded with thin mats require significantly lower injection pressures compared to parts containing thick mats. To characterize this phenomenon, a pressure-matching method to determine planar permeability is presented. Permeability values for each preform would provide a quantitative description of the required injection pressure due to changes in preform thickness, with lower permeabilities resulting in higher injection pressure. Transient pressure data is collected at a fixed radial location within the mold cavity during filling for both preforms at three different volume fractions. Permeability is obtained by fitting the theoretical pressure equation derived from Darcy’s law to the transient pressure data. Permeability values are found to be as much as 227% higher for thin mats compared with thick mats at the same fiber content. The results demonstrate that equivalent mechanical properties can be obtained at lower injection pressures by using thinner random mats.