bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Common Law and Civil Law Perspectives on Tort Law
Authors: Bussani Mauro , Sebok Anthony , Infantino Marta
Published: May 2022

The book provides scholars, lawyers, and law students with a comparative overview of the law of civil liability for injuries arising outside of contract in five major legal systems in the common law and civil law traditions: England, the United States, France, Germany, and Italy. The book analyzes a number of foundational issues that lie at the core of tort law in all the jurisdictions surveyed, and takes them as points of comparison for appreciating commonalities and differences between the common law and the civil law traditions, as well as within each of these traditions. The analysis covers the structure and context of tort law architectures, the role of negligence and the continuum between fault and strict liability, rules on recovery for personal injuries, non-economic losses and for pure economic losses, tests and approaches to causation, medical, and products liability regimes. As such, the book offers an updated and enriched framework for understanding the rules, theories, styles of reasoning, and cultures of tort law across the Atlantic.
Causation
Authors: Bussani Mauro , Sebok Anthony J. , Infantino Marta
Published: May 2022

To deal with issues of factual/natural causation and of legal/proximate causation, every system has drawn up a large number of formulas and notions aiming to help courts determine whether the defendant caused the plaintiff’s loss, and to what extent she should be liable for them. Rather than looking at the myriad of causal problems that might arise in tort law cases, this chapter focuses on certain fundamental features of every tort system’s concept of causation. It makes clear that, while all the jurisdictions under review face similar challenges and deal with them through roughly similar devices, they differ not only in the formulas and notions they rely upon, but also in the role assigned to causation vis-à-vis other elements of the cause of action, and in the openness with which policy factors are taken into account when assessing causation in tort law.
Musculoskeletal Manifestations of Sjögren’s
Authors: Thomas Donald E.
Published: May 2022

Sjögren’s patients frequently experience musculoskeletal and joint pain. In fact, the identification of Sjögren’s disease occurred in 1933 when a patient of Dr. Henrik Sjögren, a Swedish ophthalmologist, displayed joint pain symptoms with rheumatoid arthritis in addition to dry eyes. Common causes of musculoskeletal and joint pain include inflammatory arthritis, arthralgias, synovitis, and myalgia. The presence of inflammatory arthritis in Sjögren’s patients may be a predictor of more severe disease, and an increased risk of other problems such as cutaneous vasculitis, parotitis, and other extraglandular manifestations has been observed. This chapter delves further into common and less common complications related to the muscles, tendons, and joints.
Future Legacy Opportunities
Authors: Spalding Andrew
Published: May 2022

The human rights and anti-corruption legacy is poised to steadily progress in three future megasport hosts: Australia and New Zealand, co-hosts of the 2023 FIFA Women’s World Cup; Italy, host of the 2026 Milan Cortina Winter Olympics; and the United Bid of Canada, Mexico, and the United States, co-hosts of the 2026 FIFA Men’s World Cup. Admittedly, it remains too early for any organizing committee to have formulated substantial anti-corruption and human rights policies. Still, the bid documents, combined with early interviews with officials and stakeholders, reveal significant opportunities for advancing the concept that sports can, and should, leave human rights and anti-corruption legacies. Indeed, the concept could reach its fullest development with the United Bid’s 2026 FIFA Men’s World Cup. The United Bid announced an intention to implement a number of anti-corruption compliance and human rights due diligence measures, using the word “legacy” in conjunction with these measures. Should it deliver on these promises without dependence on the catalyzing effect of scandals, the United Bid could become the first host to declare in its bid, and then to implement, a proactive, intentional, and two-dimensional legacy.
Contact and Controversy
Authors: Kelly Piers
Published: May 2022

This chapter traces the circumstances in which the Eskaya people of Bohol first came to public attention. Early visitors to the Eskaya community of Taytay reported that the people in that village practiced an indigenous way of life and spoke a distinctive language with its own writing system. Critics from the press and in government institutions, including the National Museum, argued that the Eskaya community was a cult and its language a crude fabrication. Rather than seek to resolve the debate in favor of one side or another, the chapter examines how the debate has been constructed, contrasting media narratives on the group’s origins with traditional Eskaya perspectives. Today in Bohol, many Eskaya people have embraced the politics of indigeneity on their own terms and have incorporated contrary positions into their own fluid worldview. A new research agenda has given primacy to Eskaya voices and the Eskayan language.
Conclusion: The First Language and the Last Word
Authors: Kelly Piers
Published: May 2022

The controversies surrounding the origin of Eskayan language and script illustrate the complex politics of indigeneity in the Philippines. Even before the appearance of the Eskaya, the Tasaday Affair unfolded in Mindanao, generating a heated debate over indigenous authenticity. The history of the Eskayan language, meanwhile, demonstrates that “authentic” indigenous identities may themselves be creative constructions involving productive processes of substitution and elaboration. The Eskaya have inhabited an indigenous identity but have done so by appropriating the symbols and institutions of state power such as nationhood, a standard language, and a canonical literature. The generation of new linguistic registers is not unique and is witnessed among other marginalized communities in Bohol, the Philippines, and the region at large. The Eskaya strategy of creative cultural adaptation has sustained the community for over a century, suggesting that the future of the language and its speakers is assured.
Negotiating Fee and Contract
Authors: Koplowitz Stephan
Published: May 2022

This chapter offers strategies that are useful for negotiating a financial contract for an artistic commission. It explores various issues, from your comfort with asking for money to strategies for approaching funders: researching the commissioning history of a producer or cultural institution; understanding the producer’s motivations for selecting you and a particular project; addressing possible challenges, such as site access, budgetary constraints, housing and safety, and artistic goals. The chapter also covers topics relevant to determining your fee: contract riders, taxes (including challenges of working in a foreign country), schedule of fee payment, force majeure cancelations, per diem and travel expenses, housing, and marketing, which includes how collaborating artists are publicized. The chapter aims to support solid agreements between artists and producing entities to create a seamless and supportive production process and reduce the chance of conflicts arising.
Last, Last Thoughts
Authors: Koplowitz Stephan
Published: May 2022

This chapter offers some last thoughts and advice from artists featured in previous chapters. It includes a discussion of what lies ahead for site-specific performances in the coming years, given that our post-pandemic society may continue to require some physical distancing for the foreseeable future, so it is likely that many arts institutions will increasingly turn to artists whose work can be easily adapted to outdoor or spacious performance venues. The chapter notes that site artists are experienced problem-solvers and experts in adjusting to constantly changing circumstances. In general, artists see the world with fresh eyes and are always moving forward—inventing new ways to use mediums, challenging tradition, revolutionizing aesthetics and techniques. But, as an interviewee noted, with the recent activity of outdoor performances and a new interest in site-specific works, there is “often little understanding that site work is a genre with a genealogy and a purpose, which is to dialogue with a site and be sensitive to its past, present, and even future.” Finally, the chapter highlights the purpose of the book, “to provide the next generation of site artists an understanding of the premises on which site work is based, ways of thinking about site work, and practical tools for ensuring that their work will be site-sensitive and -specific.”
The Relative Decline of the United States
Authors: Thompson William R.
Published: May 2022

This chapter addresses the question of US decline by focusing on new data on military and economic capabilities. The military data examine strategic capabilities that have been developed to operate in the global commons, encompassing naval, air, and space arenas. The economic data evade some of the problems of the typical gross domestic product–based indices by looking at the identity of the top 100 multinational industrial corporations at selected points in time over the last hundred years and the concentration of energy consumption in an increasingly carbon fuel-based, world economy. The military data support the interpretations of anti-declinists, while the economic data support the interpretations of declinists. Reconciling these perspectives empirically and theoretically shows the extent of US relative decline that emphasizes technological change and energy transitions. It is hard to deny that net relative decline has taken place. The real question is of what we should make of it.
The Unipolar Mirage
Authors: Thompson William R.
Published: May 2022

One of the reasons professional observers have had problems coming to terms with US relative decline is the notion that the United States entered into a unipolar phase after the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union. How can a state that is so far ahead and more powerful than any other state relapse into decline so seemingly abruptly? The answer is that the idea of unipolarity following a long period of bipolarity was something of a mirage. If one applies strict criteria to what qualifies as a shift in polarity, and of course depending on what indicators are employed, the United States was a unipolar power at the end of World War II, gradually entered an asymmetrical bipolar phase around 1970, and, as long as one gives high significance to nuclear weapons, more or less continued in that status for some time.
The “Afterlife” of an English Calvinist Conformist
Authors: Salazar Greg A.
Published: May 2022

Chapter 7 analyzes the reception of Featley through the lens of his post-1660 biographers and seeks to contribute to this debate and to inject further complexity into our understanding of Featley. It examines how these authors, particularly John Featley (Daniel Featley’s nephew), depicted him retrospectively in their biographical accounts. In this way, it explores the methodological dilemma of how to evaluate and utilize contrasting narratives that shed light on how competing parallel narratives served to bolster each opposing camp during the English Civil War. Most importantly, it examines how one of these “afterlives” “died” by 1660 while the other lived on through Featley’s post-Restoration biographers. This explains how later biographers were able to shape the ecclesiastical landscape of the post-Restoration Church by selectively utilizing these royalist narratives of interregnum events. In this way, it demonstrates how post-Restoration biographical accounts tell us as much—if not more—about the theological positions and concerns of the biographers and post-Restoration religious politics as about their biographical subjects.
Sidgwick’s Project and the Three Methods (Methods I.I and I.VI)
Authors: Phillips David
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on The Methods of Ethics, Book I, Chapters I and VI. Its topics are Sidgwick’s project and the three methods. The chapter introduces the three methods: egoism, intuitionism, and utilitarianism. It discusses critically Sidgwick’s argument that there are just these three methods. It introduces and discusses the distinctive terminology Sidgwick employs—of “methods of ethics” and of “first principles”—and asks how much difference it makes to use this terminology rather than the standard contemporary terminology of “moral theories.” And it argues that Sidgwick’s conceptual framework, with “ought” as the fundamental moral concept, is better suited to fairly consider the merits of egoism and of intuitionism than are the conceptual frameworks of his most important intuitionist successors, G. E. Moore and W. D. Ross.
Meaning, Motivation, and Free Will (Methods I.III, I.IV, and I.V)
Authors: Phillips David
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on The Methods of Ethics, Book I, Chapters III, IV, and V. In these three chapters Sidgwick gives the first important articulation of his position on some foundational questions that had divided his predecessors. The questions are about the meaning and objectivity of moral judgments, about motivation, and about free will. The first section discusses Sidgwick’s defense of non-naturalism in metaethics in I.III, comparing his case for non-naturalism with G. E. Moore’s famous case in Principia Ethica. The second section discusses Sidgwick’s qualified endorsement of Joseph Butler’s argument against psychological hedonism in Chapter IV. The final section discusses Sidgwick’s argument in Chapter V that the free will question has less importance for moral philosophy than is often supposed.
The Critique of Common-Sense Morality (Methods III.I–III.XI)
Authors: Phillips David
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on The Methods of Ethics, Book III, Chapters I through XI. Its topic is Sidgwick’s critique of the theory he calls “common-sense morality” or “dogmatic intuitionism.” The first section introduces this theory, noting problems with both Sidgwick’s names for it. The second section discusses the project of Chapters I through XI, making the principles of common-sense morality clear and precise. The third section introduces the four conditions Sidgwick uses to test putative axioms. The fourth section outlines his argument that none of the principles of common-sense morality satisfy the four conditions, focusing on the example of promissory obligation. The fifth section considers two responses: defending absolutist deontology, and moving to moderate deontology by introducing, as W. D. Ross does, the concept of prima facie duty. The final section raises questions about the fairness of Sidgwick’s critique.
Scientific Research and Ethics
Authors: Shamoo Adil E. , Resnik David B.
Published: May 2022

There is a growing recognition among scientists, government officials, research institutions, and the public that ethical conduct is essential to scientific research and that unethical conduct is highly deterimental. Ethical conduct in research, also known as research integrity, promotes the advancement of science and the public’s trust in and support for research. This chapter provides the reader with a conceptual framework for thinking about ethics in research, its importance for science and society, and how to make well-reasoned decisions when confronted with ethical dilemmas. This chapter discusses the nature of scientific professionalism, collaboration and trust, and ethical theories, principles, norms, and concepts.
Argentina and the Appropriation of the Inca Past
Authors: Wolkowicz Vera
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores how and why a mostly European immigrant-constituted country such as Argentina used the Inca past as a source for their own national art music identity. Since the indigenous population of Argentina was a minority and was kept outside the discourses about the nation, the idea of an indigenous past did not represent a threat to the Argentine elites responsible for building the country around the turn of the twentieth century. It was instead the “unwanted” European immigration by laborers who were seen to bring socialist and anarchist ideas with them, which threatened the ideals of the creole (Hispanic) elites. These elites therefore appropriated the Inca past as a way to create their own heritage and to distance themselves from the European model. Even though some composers belonged to this elite, other composers from different immigration heritages also used the Inca background to create national works that would incorporate them into the national space. Yet the knowledge of Inca music was employed more vaguely in the Argentine context. It mainly originated from the success of the performances of the Misión Peruana de Arte Incaico in 1923, and from articles developed from Alomía Robles’s lectures, and also as written by the Ecuadorians Traversari and Durán, published in music journals such as Música de América (1920–1922) and Tárrega (1924–1927). As a result, composers tended to turn to a combination of elements, in many cases of creole origin, such as the vidalita song, to create “indigenous” sounds.
The Incas Go to the Opera
Authors: Wolkowicz Vera
Published: May 2022

Through the nineteenth century many composers wrote operas that turned to the Inca topic: from Giuseppe Verdi’s Alzira (1845) to Carlo Enrico Pasta’s Atahualpa (1875). These operas mainly explored the encounter between the Spanish and the Incas. At the beginning of the twentieth century, however, influenced by the centennial celebrations of independence, Latin American composers started writing operas that were solely based on the Inca past in the construction of their national and continental identity and heritage. This chapter discusses the operas written by composers in the three countries explored. It also analyzes the reception of these works in the press and the impact (or mostly lack of it) in the audiences.
A Six-Step Solution to Overcoming Bad Leadership
Authors: Reyes Denise L.
Published: May 2022

Scientific-based leadership development training is a key to overcoming poor leadership attitudes and behaviors. This chapter provides details on how to execute six necessary steps for successful leadership development training: (1) conduct a needs analysis, (2) design the training based on scientific evidence, (3) prepare the organization for leadership development training, (4) deliver the training effectively, (5) evaluate the program, and (6) sustain the trained material. Within these steps, the author provides scientific-based evidence and examples from the literature on leadership development and training. Specifically, the author draws from two recent meta-analyses on evaluating leadership development training. The goal of this chapter is to bridge the gap between management science and training in practice by helping organizational leadership implement the most effective strategies when training their leaders on intrapersonal, interpersonal, business, and leadership skills.
Fearless Dominance: The Upside of Psychopathy?
Authors: Genau-Hagebölling Hanna Aileen , Blickle Gerhard
Published: May 2022

The personality trait of fearless dominance originated from research on psychopathy and incorporates features of high fearlessness, resilience, and social potency. Due to the apparent adaptiveness of fearless dominance, some researchers question whether it truly belongs under the overarching construct of psychopathy. However, recent research has suggested that psychopathy is more a configuration of loosely related dimensions than a unidimensional syndrome. The authors briefly address the role that fearless dominance plays within the psychopathy construct and then introduce this dimension as a promising tool for executive selection. In this sense, the authors present results on the characteristics of fearless dominance and its manifestations and impact in the work and leadership context. Because fearless dominance has been associated with professional success, but also with antisocial and counterproductive work behaviors, the authors then go on to discuss possible boundary conditions based on Lykken’s hypothesis of socialization and fearless dominance. The chapter concludes with implications for practice.
The Atmospheric Worlds of Cinema
Authors: Hven Steffen
Published: May 2022

To further advance the notion of the diegesis-as-environment and its material-affective nature, this chapter advocates for the atmospheric in cinematic perception. Drawing primarily upon the contemporary interdisciplinary surge of “atmosphere research” (e.g., Schmitz, Böhme, Ingold, Thibaut, and Griffero), this chapter maintains that although the concept of atmosphere has been omnipresent in the literature on film, it has yet to be adequately theoretically addressed. Moreover, what for classical narratology was deemed its conceptual weakness, its intermediate position between the subject (spectator) and object (film), is exactly its media-anthropological strength given that it carves out the anthropomedial space of their coexistence. Abandoned in the textual models of the diegesis, filmic atmospheres resurrect as the quintessential component of the diegesis-as-environment. It is argued that for atmosphere to become a key concept in narratology it needs to challenge the basic internalist assumptions of the contemporary “turn to mood” in (cognitive) film studies. Whereas the concept of “mood” is understood metaphorically as a filter that colors the already constituted narrative world in particular feeling tones, an “atmosphere” is the necessary ground out of which all filmic worlds emerge. Herein lies a new premise for understanding the narrative film: the atmospheric co-constitutes a film’s textual, representational, and propositional dimension rather than being its surplus. In its conclusion, the chapter explores two narrative atmospheric strategies employed by Alice Rohrwacher’s Happy as Lazzaro (Lazzaro Felice, 2018).
The Moving Camera and the Motor-Affective Arrangement of Films
Authors: Hven Steffen
Published: May 2022

With outset of the moving camera, this chapter argues that more than audiovisual cues for inferential elaboration, an externalization of our embodied mechanisms, a mimicking of ecological perception, or the activation of our motor cortex or mirror neuron system, cinematic motion perception is a particularly illuminating case of the media–man entanglement at the heart of the filmic experience without which there would be no narrative, no diegesis. Among the most established tropes in the study of cinema, its reception, and its production is that the camera presents a point of view onto an independently existing narrative world. The camera thus replaces the human eye as the gateway to the filmic diegesis. However, this trope relies on the illusion of the diegesis-as-text of being a story without discourse, i.e., an objective world existing independently of the spectator whose experience it belongs to. Contrarily, this chapter argues that the affective-motor resonances that flow between the embodied spectator and the material film must be conceived as an integral component of the cinematic diegesis. In reference to the camera work in Kalatozov’s The Cranes Are Flying (1957), it is argued that the true potential of embodiment is not to be found in cinema’s simulation or externalization of human embodied perception but the challenges it poses to a priori determinations of the “human” and the way it gestures toward “human technogenesis,” the coevolution of the human with technics. Embodiment is not separate from technics; it never was.
Blueprint
Authors: Huq Aziz Z.
Published: May 2022

This chapter documents the historical context in which the American judiciary was created. It focuses on the key decisions taken by the Framers at the 1787 Philadelphia Convention, which were then embedded in the text of the Constitution. These decisions were, as Alexander Hamilton explained in a series of famous Federalist Papers published under the pseudonym “Publius,” premised on assumptions about the legal profession and about the institutional balance of the new federal government. The chapter argues that key assumptions that Hamilton identified turned out to be false. First, Hamilton assumed that the Senate would have the inclination to act as a check and counterweight to the president. Second, he assumed that there will be so limited a supply of lawyers that appointments could not be based on ideology. In the wake of these assumptions failing, the fate of courts has been closely tied to the path of American state-building.
Building
Authors: Huq Aziz Z.
Published: May 2022

This chapter charts the emergence of the federal judiciary and its growth through the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. As a result of choices embedded in Article III, the early federal judicial system was highly dependent on Congress. It played only a limited role in the vindication of constitutional rights. Not until the last quarter of the nineteenth century did a robust federal judiciary start to emerge, and not until the first quarter of the twentieth century did it take anything like its present form. This shift occurred, most importantly, because it was in the interest of an electoral coalition of Republicans in 1874 to use the federal courts as a way of mitigating the costs of defeat in midterm polls by entrenching policy in the form of new jurisdiction and appointments. In the aftermath of this growth, the judiciary found ways to consolidate and advance its interests in Congress and the public sphere.
From Horror to Hope
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

From Horror to Hope: Recognizing and Preventing the Health Impacts of War presents how war causes illness, injury, and death and what can be done to prevent these health impacts. Written by a public health physician who has studied these issues for 40 years, it describes injuries and assaults, malnutrition, communicable diseases, mental disorders, adverse impacts on reproductive health, and noncommunicable diseases. The book focuses on the impacts of war on the health and human rights of civilians, especially women, children, displaced persons, and other vulnerable populations. It also covers the impact of war on military personnel. The book explores human rights, ethics, and international humanitarian law. It examines the international arms trade, types of weapons, and international treaties and conventions. It documents the impacts of war on the environment. It reviews challenges in documenting health impacts of war. It describes the roles of health professionals and others in preventing war and promoting peace. Each chapter is followed by a profile of an inspiring health professional who has addressed the health impacts of war. From Horror to Hope is especially timely because of the heightened risks for war: the rise of nationalism, increased availability of weapons, massive displacement of people, and climate change. It is also timely because of heightened reasons for hope: more disputes being settled nonviolently, increased recognition of gender-based violence, progress in addressing war-related mental disorders, new treaties restricting the arms trade and nuclear weapons, and the imperative that civilians must be protected during war.
The Nature of War
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes the nature of recent wars, focusing on attacks on civilians and civilian infrastructure, mass displacement, indirect deaths, and diversion of resources. The vast majority of recent wars have been intrastate armed conflicts, fueled by wide availability of guns and automatic weapons, ethnic and religious tensions, and military and financial support from other countries. Many recent wars have occurred in low-income countries that, prior to conflict, have had high levels of abject poverty, malnutrition, endemic communicable diseases, and inadequate health services. Increasingly, healthcare facilities and health workers have been attacked during war. There are approximately 80 million people who have been forcibly displaced, mostly as a result of conflict and violence. Indirect deaths account for most of the mortality of civilians during war, largely due to damage to civilian infrastructure and displacement. War diverts resources that could otherwise be used for health, education, and other societal benefits.
Profile 3: Vincent Iacopino, M.D., Ph.D.
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

When Vincent Iacopino spent 2 months during his final year in medical school working at a refugee camp in Thailand, he did not anticipate what a profound impact that experience would have on his future career. He liked being engaged in international humanitarian assistance for refugees. He enjoyed the challenges of problem-solving with limited resources. And he saw that this work made a profound contribution to people’s lives....
Conventional Weapons
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes conventional weapons and treaties to control these weapons. These weapons include small arms and light weapons, heavy conventional weapons, bombs and other explosives, and incendiaries. The chapter covers the international arms trade, including its magnitude, leading exporting and importing countries, the Arms Trade Treaty, and illicit transfers. The chapter describes antipersonnel landmines and unexploded ordnance, including the magnitude of the problem, its health consequences, and the Mine Ban Treaty. It also covers cluster munitions, including a description and use of cluster munitions, injuries and deaths caused by them, and the Convention on Cluster Munitions. The chapter also describes emerging issues, including autonomous weapons systems, cyber warfare, and the militarization of outer space.
Profile 4: James C. Cobey, M.D., M.P.H.
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

By the time Jim Cobey began his orthopedic surgery practice in the mid-1970s, he had more public health and preventive medicine experience than most physicians have during their entire careers.

As a college student in the 1960s, Jim volunteered on a pediatric nutrition and rehydration project for refugees in the Gaza Strip. As a medical student, he spent a summer in Nigeria studying the effectiveness of a nurse practitioner in improving childhood nutrition. And he spent another summer in Haiti, where he learned from his then girlfriend—now wife of more than 50 years—that, from a public health nurse’s perspective, setting up a water purification system would be more beneficial for children’s health than his repeatedly treating cases of diarrheal illnesses....
Profile 5: Ira Helfand, M.D.
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

Each week for almost 40 years, Ira Helfand, an internist based in western Massachusetts, has worked treating patients with medical emergencies. And he has also spent much time helping to prevent the most terrifying global emergency: nuclear war.

In 1977, Dr. Helfand was inspired by a book that raised his awareness about threats posed by nuclear power, and soon afterward he learned that nuclear weapons posed even greater threats. Along with physicians Helen Caldicott and Eric Chivian, he resurrected Physicians for Social Responsibility (PSR), which had been founded in the early 1960s by a number of physicians, including Victor Sidel, Jack Geiger, and Bernard Lown, who wrote seminal articles about the devastating effects that nuclear weapon attacks would have on U.S. cities....
Mental Disorders
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

This chapter covers mental disorders during war and its aftermath. It addresses causative and contributing factors. It describes various types of mental disorders, with a focus on posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. It discusses civilian populations at high risk, including displaced people, women, and children. Finally, it describes multiple ways of addressing mental disorders, recognizing the importance of providing mental health services that value the cultural and religious practices of those affected. It describes the need for training community health workers and the importance of reintegrating displaced people, reunifying families, and providing educational and employment opportunities after war has ended.
Profile 8: Zaher Sahloul, M.D.
Authors: Levy Barry S.
Published: May 2022

Zaher Sahloul, a pulmonary medicine and critical care physician in Chicago, always yearned to return to his native Syria to share his medical expertise and train others in critical care medicine. In 1998, he joined the Syrian American Medical Society (SAMS), a nonprofit, apolitical professional association, and, several times over the next few years, returned to Syria to train local physicians and to volunteer at clinics for underserved people....
Electronic, Digital, and Virtual Instruments
Authors: Giddings Steve
Published: May 2022

This chapter leads with a description and comparison of virtual instruments and is followed by a discussion on electrifying instruments that already exist in large ensembles to give more creative opportunities to learners. The chapter presents ideas using virtual instruments to create virtual instrument bands by using iPads, Android devices, or laptop devices. Software like Ableton Link, and some of Chrome Music Lab’s applications are explored to help facilitate computer jams. It concludes with a list and description of a number of other online virtual instruments that learners can explore and how to get an eJam going with multiple devices or virtual instruments.
Other Considerations
Authors: Giddings Steve
Published: May 2022

This chapter is a collection of other apps and software to consider when facilitators are implementing creativity through technology in music classrooms. Virtual hubs for collecting learner creations and assessment like Google Classroom, Google Sites, Padlet, and Wakelet are examined and discussed. Video considerations such as Zoom, Loom, Flipgrig, Google Meet, Da Vinci Resolve, and OBS are given attention. Other creative apps like aQWERTYon, Cornelius Composer, and Blob Opera as well as other previously unmentioned creative apps like Google Doodles are introduced, explored, and discussed. Various mobile and cloud-based apps useful for looping, sampling, rapping, and recording are explored and compared for their possible applications in the music classroom.
Religion and the American Constitutional Experiment
Authors: Witte John , Nichols Joel A. , Garnett Richard W.
Published: May 2022

This accessible and authoritative introduction tells the American story of religious freedom from its colonial beginnings to the latest Supreme Court cases. The authors analyze closely the formation of the First Amendment religion clauses and describe the unique and enduring principles of the American experiment in religious freedom – liberty of conscience, free exercise of religion, religious equality, religious pluralism, separation of church and state, and no establishment of religion. Successive chapters map all of the 240+ Supreme Court cases on religious freedom - concerning the free exercise of religion; the roles of government and religion in education; the place of religion in public life; and the interaction of religious organizations and the state. The concluding reflections argue that protecting religious freedom is critical for democratic order and constitutional rule of law. Clear, comprehensive, multidisciplinary, and balanced, this classic volume is an ideal classroom text and armchair paperback. It includes a table summarizing every Supreme Court case on religious freedom from 1815 to 2021. This new 5th edition addresses fully the new hot button issues and cases on religious freedom and sexual liberty; religious worship in the time of COVID; freedom of conscience and exemption claims with or without third party harms; state aid to religion; religious monuments and ceremonies in public life; and the rights of religious groups. The addition of distinguished Catholic religious freedom scholar Richard W. Garnett to this new edition adds further nuance and insider knowledge to the story.
Forging the First Amendment Religion Clauses
Authors: Witte John , Nichols Joel A. , Garnett Richard W.
Published: May 2022

This chapter traces the actions on religion and religious freedom in the Continental Congress (1774-1789), the United States Constitutional Convention and ratification debates (1787-1789), the First Congress (1789), and the ratification debates over the Bill of Rights that followed. The chapter parses in detail what each of these national bodies said about religious freedom in the surviving records, analyzes each of the 25 drafts of the religion clauses crafted between 1787 and 1789 and the surviving debates about them, and then analyzes what is clear and not so clear in the final words of the First Amendment that were ratified in 1791: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.”
The Quiet Diffusion of Social Investment in Japan
Authors: Miura Mari , Hamada Eriko
Published: May 2022

While the term “social investment” is hardly ever used in Japan, “investment in tomorrow” and “investment in people” have been repeatedly used to justify policy expansion for childcare and human resource development since the first decade of the 21st century. Although Japan is shifting its spending patterns, it is necessary to look into policy development and discourse in order to understand its qualitative features. This chapter argues that a stratified social investment was quietly diffused in Japan. Despite the expansion of social spending on the younger generation, stratification progressed due to the heavy reliance on private spending and indifference to universal access and redistribution. Government papers show that the typical reasoning behind social investment policies is missing. The protagonists of social investment in Japan were policymakers and bureaucrats concerned with a declining and aging population. Family policy was expanded to meet the needs of middle-class, dual-earner households. The ruling Liberal Democratic Party, however, was an antagonist since it relied on support from the religious right, which holds an anti-feminism ideology. Big business acted as both a protagonist and an antagonist: It is an ardent advocator of human resource development, but it is opposed to spending its resources on skill formation. Such a constellation of actors has shaped stratified social investment in Japan.
Politics of Social Investment in Post-industrial South Korea
Authors: Seung-yoon Lee Sophia , Kim Yeon-Myung
Published: May 2022

This chapter explains how the Korean economic background and state legacies mattered in the formation of a social policy paradigm in the early period of the Korean welfare state, as well as why and how politically salient social investment proposals have been developed. This chapter mainly focuses on childcare policy in Korea. It examines how Korea first moved from a targeted social investment to a stratified one, with a function of mobilization of human capital, and eventually to an inclusive one. The authors pay close attention to how legacies from the compressed economic development mattered in constructing the social policy paradigm in the early period of Korean welfare state development and later how the Korean electoral system contributed to the continued expansion of childcare policy.
Social Policy for Institutional Change
Authors: Jenson Jane , Nagels Nora
Published: May 2022

Latin America developed experiments with the social investment perspective as the neoliberal Washington Consensus faltered. This chapter tracks the dynamics of reform in the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru. Change processes in the three were similar and involved a central policy instrument of social investment, the conditional cash transfer (CCT). Protagonists of reform intended these transfers to advance human development goals via creation of human capital in childhood, while also serving as anti-poverty measures. They targeted extreme poverty while emphasizing early childhood development and well-being. Those who promoted these instruments intended to do more than reform social protection, however. CCTs and other interventions were part of ambitious projects to reform the state and its institutions. Technocrats in particular sought to use the instruments of the social investment perspective to confront entrenched policy legacies, breaking with past practices, institutional supports, and supporting actors that for years had allowed clientelism and even corruption to drive social policy.
The Politics of Conditionality in Latin America’s Cash Transfer Reforms
Authors: Rossel Cecilia , Antía Florencia , Manzi Pilar
Published: May 2022

The extent to which conditional cash transfers (CCTs) are aligned with the social investment paradigm is still a contested issue. In this chapter, the authors offer new evidence to understand the conditions under which CCTs should be considered social investment reforms. To do so, they analyze the heterogeneity of 24 CCTs in 12 Latin American countries. They find that not all CCTs are created equal but instead vary in the design and stringency of their conditionalities. The authors then turn to understanding this variation, arguing that the type of conditionality is driven by the political dynamics of reform. By analyzing the trajectory of four cases, they argue that ideological preferences are important to shape governments’ choices regarding conditionalities. When strong preferences are not present, though, there is room for conditionalities’ designs to be used by governments in an effort of coalition-building or to gain support from the opposition or specific constituencies.
Introduction
Authors: Sheppard W. Anthony
Published: May 2022

The song “Our Time” occupies a peculiar Janus-faced position in Sondheim’s 1981Merrily We Roll Along. Three aspiring artists—Frank, Charley, and Mary—gaze at the night sky in wonder as Sputnik orbits the Earth in October 1957. The lyrics are focused both on this exciting present moment and on the promise of a bright future, and they speak of an energy and change that can be heard: “Something is stirring, / Shifting ground. / It’s just begun”; “Hear what’s happening.” The lyrics are packed with invigorating alliteration, rhyme, and word repetition, pushing the song forward. Similarly, the strong, incessant bacchius (short-long-long) musical rhythm in the chorus section is assertive and optimistic. And yet we hear this song at the very end of the musical—or, in the original production, at the penultimate moment—after having traveled backward from 1980 through the lives of these three characters. In fact, as they sing of their promising futures, we cannot avoid looking back ourselves to the opening scenes of the show, in which we learn just how fraught and compromised their adult lives actually turned out to be....
Students Performing Gender with Sondheim’s Musicals in the Age of #MeToo
Authors: Wolf Stacy
Published: May 2022

Based on extensive interviews and study of recent productions, this chapter explores what Stephen Sondheim’s works signify on college campuses today, particularly in terms of his representations of female characters and with regard to issues of cross-gender and gender-neutral casting. It notes the abiding popularity of Sondheim’s works for college theater programs and presents telling statements made by student performers and directors about their perceptions of women’s roles in these musicals. It takes into account the attitudes of student theater makers, especially during the contemporary era of #MeToo and “everyday feminism.” Shows discussed include Company, Sweeney Todd, Into the Woods, Assassins, and A Little Night Music.
Populism and American Democracy
Authors: Jacobs Nicholas , Milkis Sidney M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter introduces the idea of the vital center, as developed by Arthur Schlesinger Jr. in 1949. Populism is not new to the American experience. Many of the same anxieties plaguing America at the end of World War II continue to fester in American society. But, as we contend, Schlesinger and other, modern-day political observers who desire a return to pragmatic politics fail to understand how the country’s political institutions reinforce the civic habits and cultural norms that support liberal, free society. Like other scholars, we turn our attention to the important mediating role that has long been played by the American party system. Unlike others, though, we develop our argument that the decline in collective party responsibility has gone hand in hand with the growth of presidential power, particularly since the 1960s.
The Forms of Covert Action
Authors: Johnson Loch K.
Published: May 2022

The Third Option assumes several forms, such as clandestine radio broadcasts and sabotage. This opening chapter explores these different kinds of covert action, within the categories of propaganda, political action, economic action, and paramilitary operations. A hush-hush organization like the Central Intelligence Agency (the CIA, responsible for the conduct of covert action) runs counter to the ethos of an open, democratic society. Given the forbearance in this country for this incongruity, a fundamental question raised in this chapter also ties the book together: Of what value has the Agency actually been in trying to contour global events, as a complement to the federal government’s more open national security organizations, such as the Department of State (DoS) and the Department of Defense (DoD)?
A Ladder of Clandestine Escalation
Authors: Johnson Loch K.
Published: May 2022

This chapter presents a Ladder of Clandestine Escalation. The ladder metaphor provides a device for arraying examples of the Third Option. Its rungs move from minimal risk and moral doubt at the bottom of the ladder to rising levels that pose acute dangers and profound ethical implications for the United States. At the lower rungs, America’s secret interventions can include the relatively benign use of propaganda against autocratic regimes. At high levels, operations can be designed to degrade an adversary’s environment as well as food and water supplies, and possibly even overthrow a regime or assassinate its leaders.
The Third Option in an Age of Terror, 2000–2020
Authors: Johnson Loch K.
Published: May 2022

This chapter looks at America’s use of covert action in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. To what degree did the Age of Terror, along with renewed aggression by the communist powers, lead to a metamorphosis in the forms and objectives of clandestine interventions carried out by the CIA on behalf of the United States? This period includes some of America’s most successful covert actions, including the post-9/11 counterattack against the Qaeda terrorist organization responsible for 9/11, as well as its host in Afghanistan, the Taliban regime. Another success a decade later: the elimination of Osama bin Laden, the Qaeda leader. Explored, too, is the renewal of assassination as a tool of America’s secret foreign policy, along with the rise of drone warfare and the challenge of cyberattacks.