bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brain Death-Induced Inflammatory Activity is Similar to Sepsis-Induced Cytokine Release
Authors: Schwarz Patrícia , Custódio Geisiane , Rheinheimer Jakeline , Crispim Daisy , Leitão Cristiane B. , Rech Tatiana H.
Published: September 2018

Brain death (BD) is associated with a systemic inflammation leading to worse graft outcomes. This study aimed to compare plasma cytokine values between brain-dead and critically ill patients, including septic and non-septic controls, and evaluate cytokine release kinetics in BD. Sixteen brain-dead and 32 control patients (16 with and 16 without sepsis) were included. Plasma cytokines were measured by magnetic bead assay after the first clinical exam consistent with BD and every 6 hours thereafter, and at the time of study entry in the control group. The values for IL-8 and IFN-γ were higher in brain-dead and septic patients than in non-septic patients [IL-8: 80.3 (18.7–169.6) vs. 68.2 (22.4–359.4) vs. 16.4 (9.2–42.7) pg/mL; P = 0.006; IFN-γ: 2.8 (1.6-6.1) vs. 3.4 (1.2–9.0) vs. 0.5 (0.5–1.8) pg/mL; P = 0.012]. TNF showed a clear tendency to increase in brain-dead patients [2.7 (1.0–4.8) vs. 1.0 (1.0–5.6) vs. 1.0 (1.0–1.0) pg/mL; P = 0.051], and IL-6 values were higher in brain-dead patients than in non-septic controls [174.5 (104.9–692.5) vs. 13.2 (7.3–38.6) pg/mL; P = 0.002]. These differences remained even after excluding brain-dead patients who also had sepsis ( n = 3). IL-1β and IL-10 values increased from baseline to time point 2 (∼6 hours later) [IL-1β: 5.39 (1.93–16.89) vs. 7.11 (1.93–29.13) pg/mL; P = 0.012; IL-10: 8.78 (3.62–16.49) vs. 15.73 (5.49–23.98) pg/mL; P = 0.009]. BD-induced and sepsis-induced plasma cytokine values were similarly high, and both were higher than the observed in non-septic critically ill patients.
Consumer Purchasing Behaviour towards Eco-Environment Residential Photovoltaic Solar Lighting Systems
Authors: Kesari Bikrant , Atulkar Sunil , Pandey Satyanarayan
Published: September 2018

The present study focuses on consumer behaviour towards decision-making about residential photovoltaic (PV) technology and motivates them to adopt renewable energy sources in place of conventional resources. The study focuses on the six significant factors of customer attribute related to environmental concern which stimulate the purchase behaviour to adopt residential PV technology. Therefore, the study considers various factors of environmental concerns, retrieved from a previous literature review by the researchers. For obtaining the results, structural equation modelling (SEM) has been utilized to examine the 269 customers’ data, collected by the researchers. The result indicates that the environmental concern factors such as social influence, environmental attitude, environmental knowledge, environmental responsibility and government initiative have significant positive influence on customer intention to adopt residential PV technology. However, the factor awareness of environmental problem shows insignificant influence on intention to adopt. Thus, the outcome of the study will provide some valuable insights to the policymakers, marketers and government for further expansion of solar energy market by using various promotional programmes and strategies, consciousness and sharing responsibility towards saving our environment from detrimental effects of conventional energy resources.
Development and evaluation of a multiplex reverse-transcription real-time PCR assay for detection of equine respiratory disease viruses
Authors: Ghoniem Shimaa M. , El Deeb Ayman H. , Aggour Mohammed G. , Hussein Hussein A.
Published: September 2018

We developed a multiplex reverse-transcription real-time PCR (RT-rtPCR) assay for the simultaneous detection of the main equine respiratory viruses: equid alphaherpesviruses 1 and 4 (EHV-1, -4) and equine influenza virus (EIV; species Influenza A virus). The primers and probes amplified only the targeted viruses, and there were no inter-assay cross-amplifications or nonspecific interactions. The multiplex assay efficiencies were 92.5%, 97%, and 90% for EHV-1, EHV-4, and EIV, respectively. The R2 values of the monoplex and multiplex assays were ⩾0.990, and the slopes were −3.37 to −3.59. The performance of the assay was evaluated by analyzing 152 samples from clinically infected horses. EHV-1 DNA was detected in 12 samples, EHV-4 DNA in 9 samples, and both EHV-1 and EHV-4 in 4 samples. The accuracy of the assay was confirmed by comparing these results using commercial rtPCR and RT-rtPCR kits. Our multiplex RT-rtPCR was a sensitive, specific, accurate, and cost-effective method for the detection of the target viruses whether they occur alone or as part of coinfections.
Field evaluation of two commercial RT-rtPCR assays for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus detection using sera from ill and healthy pigs, China
Authors: Zhang Ying-Tao , Guo Xiao-Qin , Callahan Johnny D. , Yuan Gui-Li , Zhang Gui-Hong , Chen Yao , Zhang Hai-Bing , Pulscher Laura A. , Lu Jia-Hai , Gray Gregory C.
Published: September 2018

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a highly contagious respiratory virus causing severe morbidity in pigs worldwide. Control strategies for PRRSV often rely on detecting PRRSV, culling or isolating sick pigs, disinfecting pig barns, vaccination, and monitoring for virus spread. Given the high economic impact of PRRSV on pig farms, there is a great need for rapid and reliable PRRSV detection assays. We compared the performance of 2 commercial reverse-transcription real-time PCR (RT-rtPCR) assays, the VetMAX PRRSV NA and EU reagents (ABI assay) and the PRRSV general RT-rtPCR kit (Anheal assay), for the molecular detection of PRRSV in sera collected from pigs in China. Between June and September 2015, sera were collected from 219 healthy and 104 suspected PRRSV-infected pigs on 4 farms in China. Employing blinding, the 2 assays were run by 2 laboratories (Guangzhou Animal Health Inspection Institute [GAHII] and Sun Yat-sen University [SYSU] laboratories) and compared. Although both assays detected PRRSV with 100% specificity at both laboratories, the sensitivity (95% vs. 78% at GAHII; 94% vs. 72% at SYSU Laboratory) and the reproducibility (kappa value 0.933 vs. 0.931) were slightly better for the ABI assay compared to the Anheal assay.
The effects of electroadhesive clutch design parameters on performance characteristics
Authors: Diller Stuart B , Collins Steven H , Majidi Carmel
Published: September 2018

Actuators that employ clutches can exhibit mechanical impedance tuning and improved energy efficiency. However, these integrated designs have been difficult to achieve in practice because traditional clutches are typically heavy and consume substantial power. In this article, we describe a lightweight and low-power clutch that operates with electrostatic adhesion and achieves order-of-magnitude improvements in performance compared to traditional clutches. In order to inform appropriate design in a variety of applications, we experimentally determine the effect of clutch length, width, dielectric thickness, voltage, and electrode stiffness on the holding force, engage and release times, and power consumption. The highest performance clutch held 190 N, weighed 15 g, and consumed 3.2 mW of power. The best samples released and engaged within 20 ms, as fast as conventional clutches. We also conducted a fatigue test that showed reliable performance for over 3 million cycles. We expect electroadhesive clutches like these will enable actuator designs that achieve dexterous, dynamic movement of lightweight robotic systems.
A new semi-analytical solution method for free vibration analysis of composite rectangular plates with general edge constraints coupled with single piezoelectric layer
Authors: Baghaee Mehdi , Farrokhabadi Amin , Jafari-Talookolaei Ramazan-Ali
Published: September 2018

In this article, a new approach is presented to study the free vibrations of rectangular composite plates coupled with single piezoelectric layer. The laminated plate with general stacking sequences is subjected to the elastic edge restraints. Based on the first-order shear deformation theory and Hamilton’s principle, the equations of the motion along with boundary conditions of the problem are deduced. To solve the problem, generalized displacements as well as general electric potentials are expanded using the Legendre polynomial series as the base functions. Then, the kinetic and potential energies of the problem are obtained. Afterwards, by means of Lagrange multipliers all the boundary conditions have been added to the energies to form the functional. This energy functional is extremised to get the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the problem through generalized eigenvalue problem. Credibility of the proposed method is verified by comparing the obtained results with those achieved by other theories and finite element method.
In Praise, In Praise of the Radio Autoethnography: A Radio Collage
Authors: Werner Karen
Published: September 2018

This piece explores radio’s potential as a space and form for autoethnography. Radio offers the possibility of random encounters and of reaching a wider (and non-academic) audience. Radio isolates and concentrates the expressive qualities of the voice and the associative meanings of sound. Radiophonic space has distinct poetic, political, and relational features that shape the quality of knowledge produced in it. A quantum space, radio is discontinuous and diffracted, much like the boundaries of a self.
Survival of encapsulated probiotics in pasteurized grape juice and evaluation of their properties during storage
Authors: Mokhtari Samira , Jafari Seid Mahdi , Khomeiri Morteza
Published: September 2018

In this study, probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum were encapsulated in alginate beads with a mean diameter of 54.25 ± 0.18 µm by internal gelation. Encapsulated and free cells as control samples were then added to the pasteurized grape juice and stored for 60 days. At the end of the storage period, the survivability of the bacteria in the encapsulated samples was significantly ( P<0.05) higher than that in the free cells (8.67 ± 0.12 and 7.57 ± 0.08 log cfu mL−1 for L. acidophilus and 8.27 ± 0.05 and 7.53 ± 0.07 log cfu mL−1 for B. bifidum for encapsulated and free forms, respectively). The results generally showed a decrease in °Brix, pH, and color, whereas acidity and turbidity have increased the in probiotic grape juice after the storage period of 60 days. For all treatments, the numbers of surviving cells were more than the recommended minimum (107 cfu g−1) at the end of the storage period.
Individual Differences in Executive Function: The Role of Parental Monitoring as a Moderator
Authors: Sangawi Hoshiar , Adams John , Reissland Nadja
Published: September 2018

Objective: Parental monitoring is a factor which affects verbal and nonverbal inhibition components of children’s executive functions.,. Method: 112 sixth-grade Kurdish children (mean age: 11 years 5 months) participated in the study. Children were matched on level of hyperactivity. Parents completed the Parental Monitoring Assessment (PMA) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Children completed theStop-Signal task, Modified Opposite Worlds and a challenging star puzzle in order to assess executive function components. PROCESS analysis was also used to perform the moderation analysis. Results: Children characterized by poor parental monitoring had deficits in inhibitory control and had significantly slower processing speeds and made significantly more errors than their matched controls. Furthermore, children with high levels of hyperactivity had difficulties in inhibitory control, accuracy, processing speed, and task persistence compared with the control group.Contrary to our prediction, there were no significant differences in reaction times compared with the control group. PROCESS analysis showed a significant moderating role of parental monitoring in the association between each of accuracy, verbal inhibition, and task persistence with hyperactivity. Conclusion: the current study suggests that, similar to hyperactivity, children with poor parental monitoring appear to have difficulties in executive function.
Psychoplastogens: A Promising Class of Plasticity-Promoting Neurotherapeutics
Authors: Olson David E
Published: September 2018

Neural plasticity—the ability to change and adapt in response to stimuli—is an essential aspect of healthy brain function and, in principle, can be harnessed to promote recovery from a wide variety of brain disorders. Many neuropsychiatric diseases including mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders arise from an inability to weaken and/or strengthen pathologic and beneficial circuits, respectively, ultimately leading to maladaptive behavioral responses. Thus, compounds capable of facilitating the structural and functional reorganization of neural circuits to produce positive behavioral effects have broad therapeutic potential. Several known drugs and experimental therapeutics have been shown to promote plasticity, but most rely on indirect mechanisms and are slow-acting. Here, I describe psychoplastogens—a relatively new class of fast-acting therapeutics, capable of rapidly promoting structural and functional neural plasticity. Psychoplastogenic compounds include psychedelics, ketamine, and several other recently discovered fast-acting antidepressants. Their use in psychiatry represents a paradigm shift in our approach to treating brain disorders as we focus less on rectifying “chemical imbalances” and place more emphasis on achieving selective modulation of neural circuits.
Different Landscape Perceptions of the Same Territorial Area: A Research Study in Italy
Authors: Pretto Albertina
Published: September 2018

From the definition of landscape offered in the European Landscape Convention, this study explores the various facets of the term and the many ways in which the perception of landscape by different people can be influenced by different factors, such as socioterritorial belonging and tourism promotion. The study aims to analyze and understand the perspectives of insiders and outsiders on the same territorial area. Analysis of questionnaires, qualitative interviews, and visual images reveals a different significance of the landscape and its natural and human elements. The study concludes with some reflections about the meanings that insiders and outsiders assign to different elements by virtue of the symbolic-cultural system of the community they belong to or the influence of the destination image proposed by tourist promotion.
Constituency preferences and MP preferences: The electoral connection
Authors: Martin Danielle , Hug Simon
Published: September 2018

The question how voter preferences relate to preferences of representatives under different electoral rules has attracted scholarly attention for some time. Although theoretical work suggests that proportional rule leads to more dispersion of representatives than plurality rule, empirical studies of this nexus have not yet reached a consensus. We argue that this is because they are plagued by serious problems as they rely on measures that differ for both sets of actors. We use behavioral data to estimate ideal points of voters and representatives on a common scale by taking advantage of the high frequency of referendums in Switzerland. We find that members of parliament elected in proportional representation systems are more widely dispersed around the median voter. Probing at what stage this difference in dispersion occurs, we also demonstrate this is the voters’ doing, as it only applies to candidates who are elected.
A code-switching asymmetry in bilingual children: Code-switching from Dutch to Frisian requires more cognitive control than code-switching from Frisian to Dutch
Authors: Bosma Evelyn , Blom Elma
Published: September 2018

Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions:

Recent research suggests that cognitive control plays a role in code-switching, both in bilingual adults and in bilingual children. Code-switching would only require cognitive control, however, when speakers maintain some degree of separation between their two languages, not when they completely mix the lexicons and grammars of their languages. For Frisian–Dutch bilinguals, mixing of Dutch (majority language) into Frisian (minority language) is common, but mixing of Frisian into Dutch is not. Therefore, Frisian–Dutch bilinguals need to maintain some degree of language separation when they speak Dutch, but not when they speak Frisian, predicting that code-switching from Dutch to Frisian would affect cognitive control more than vice versa.

Design/Methodology/Approach:

Frisian–Dutch bilingual children aged 5 and 6 ( n = 104) completed a Flanker task. Information about frequency of code-switching from Dutch to Frisian and frequency of code-switching from Frisian to Dutch was obtained through a parental questionnaire.

Data and Analysis:

Multiple hierarchical regression analyses showed that frequency of code-switching from Dutch to Frisian significantly predicted performance on a Flanker task, but that frequency of code-switching from Frisian to Dutch did not.

Findings/Conclusions:

The results suggests that code-switching from Dutch to Frisian requires more cognitive control than code-switching from Frisian to Dutch.

Originality:

This is the first study that shows a code-switching asymmetry in the context of a minority–majority language pair.

Significance/Implications:

The study supports the hypothesis that code-switching requires more cognitive control when a bilingual speaker has to maintain some degree of language separation between her or his two languages.
Who desires in-group neighbors? Associations of skin tone biases and discrimination with Latinas’ segregation preferences
Authors: Uzogara Ekeoma E.
Published: September 2018

Although racial residential segregation and colorism, independently, strongly shape the lives of Latinas, previous studies rarely bridged both lines of research directly. This paper begins to fill this gap by examining within-group differences in perceived unfair treatment and preferences for housing segregation across Latinas of varying skin tones. Using the National Politics Survey ( N = 222) and the Chicago Area Study (CAS; N = 152), cross-sectional analyses investigated the association of Latinas’ skin tones with different forms of unfair treatment. The CAS also examined preferences for Latinx in-group versus White neighbors. Findings suggested that medium-skinned Latinas perceived elevated levels of particular types of discrimination. In the CAS sample, lighter skinned Latinas were more likely to reside in predominantly White neighborhoods, while darker Latinas resided in mainly mixed-race neighborhoods. Darker Latinas also ideally preferred more Latinx in-group neighbors while lighter skinned Latinas preferred more White neighbors. Experiences of discrimination interacted with anti-Latinx sentiments (i.e., internalized racism) to predict preferences to reside near Latinx neighbors. Results implied that darker Latinas may be more motivated to remain in segregated regions while lighter Latinas may move to predominantly White neighborhoods. Implications for theory, policy, and health are discussed.
Acts of omission and commission in the embodied learning of diasporic capoeira and swimming
Authors: Scott Susie , Stephens Neil
Published: September 2018

This article compares ethnographic experiences of two settings characterised by embodied learning: the African-Brazilian dance/martial-art/game capoeira, and swimming for fitness and leisure, both as practiced in the UK. We consider the ways in which participants in these scenes stage-manage the display of their learning environments, focusing on the rituals and routines of instruction and practice. Applying Scott’s (2018) sociology of nothing as an analytical framework, we identify an inverse relationship between two forms of social action. In capoeira, we notice primarily acts of commission (somebodies enacting somethingness), whereas in swimming, we observe more acts of omission (nobodies enacting nothingness), although the distinction is not absolute. In both contexts, we explore the role of space, community, and the body in the negotiation of omissive and commissive socially meaningful action. This relates to Delamont’s interests in capoeira, ethnography and learning physical practices outside the classroom.
Measuring the Impact of Juvenile Justice Interventions: What Works, What Helps and What Matters?
Authors: Stout Brian , Dalby Heather , Schraner Ingrid
Published: September 2018

This article considers the findings of three different research studies on one juvenile justice intervention. In 2015, Juvenile Justice New South Wales received three different research findings on the same programme, the Intensive Supervision Program (ISP). The Bureau of Crime Statistics Research (BOCSAR) provided a report on the reoffending rates of those young people who underwent the programme. A team of researchers from Western Sydney University produced a report in two parts: first, a qualitative study that told the story of the young people’s path towards desistance, and second, a related economic analysis plotting the possible economic benefits to society of this programme producing desistance in participants. It is a rare situation to have three such different research reports on the same programme so this article will consider the wider implications of this and how to best judge whether a criminal justice intervention is successful and worth pursuing.
The influence of component stiffness on the structure of multi-thread fancy bouclé yarn
Authors: Alshukur Malek , Fotheringham Alex , Gong Hugh
Published: September 2018

This study examines the relationships between the structure of fancy bouclé yarns and the bending stiffness of the input threads that are used to make those fancy yarns. Four fancy bouclé yarns and an extra two confirmation bouclé yarns were made to test the impact of the bending stiffness of the effect input threads. Six fancy yarns were made to test the impact of bending stiffness of the core thread on the fancy yarn structure. The structure of the fancy yarn was defined by the number of fancy profiles, the size of fancy profile, the circularity ratio of fancy profile and the shape factor of fancy yarn. It was found that increasing the value of the stiffness of the effect thread increased the size of fancy profile but decreased both the number of fancy profiles and the shape factor of fancy yarn. Those relationships were represented by regression models that were significant at α = 0.10. The deviation between the theoretical values and the real values was −14.39% and 2.07%. Further, up to a value of 8.636 g mm2, the bending stiffness of the core thread appeared not to have an effect on the structure of the fancy yarns. This study is important as it is the first that accounts statistically for the impact of bending stiffness of the input threads on the structure of the resultant fancy yarns. Therefore, it aids fancy yarn manufacturers when designing fancy yarns with predicted structures.
Characterization of Cell Membrane Permeability In Vitro Part II: Computational Model of Electroporation-Mediated Membrane Transport*
Authors: Sweeney Daniel C. , Douglas Temple A. , Davalos Rafael V.
Published: September 2018

Electroporation is the process by which applied electric fields generate nanoscale defects in biological membranes to more efficiently deliver drugs and other small molecules into the cells. Due to the complexity of the process, computational models of cellular electroporation are difficult to validate against quantitative molecular uptake data. In part I of this two-part report, we describe a novel method for quantitatively determining cell membrane permeability and molecular membrane transport using fluorescence microscopy. Here, in part II, we use the data from part I to develop a two-stage ordinary differential equation model of cellular electroporation. We fit our model using experimental data from cells immersed in three buffer solutions and exposed to electric field strengths of 170 to 400 kV/m and pulse durations of 1 to 1000 μs. We report that a low-conductivity 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1 piperazineethanesulfonic acid buffer enables molecular transport into the cell to increase more rapidly than with phosphate-buffered saline or culture medium-based buffer. For multipulse schemes, our model suggests that the interpulse delay between two opposite polarity electric field pulses does not play an appreciable role in the resultant molecular uptake for delays up to 100 μs. Our model also predicts the per-pulse permeability enhancement decreases as a function of the pulse number. This is the first report of an ordinary differential equation model of electroporation to be validated with quantitative molecular uptake data and consider both membrane permeability and charging.
Medical Assistance in Dying: Challenges for Muslim Healthcare Professionals
Authors: Isgandarova Nazila
Published: September 2018

There appears to be a great deal of discussion among non-Muslim healthcare professionals, especially nurses and physicians, about medical assistance in dying. However, the discussion of medical assistance in dying among Muslim health caregivers including physicians, social workers, spiritual caregivers, etc. remains insufficient. A thorough analysis of the content of available resources revealed that we need more literature to analyze the attitude of Muslim health caregivers towards medical assistance in dying. This article describes the general attitude towards medical assistance in dying among non-Muslim. This will allow us to observe the challenges and dilemmas faced by Muslim healthcare professionals around medical assistance in dying.
Chronic Disease Prevention in Faith-Based Organizations
Authors: Hathaway Elizabeth
Published: September 2018

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, currently one in two adults in the USA has a chronic disease and one in four has multiple chronic diseases. Many chronic diseases are largely preventable by engaging in an ongoing healthy lifestyle. This article provides (a) current rates of selected chronic diseases and their effects on individuals, (b) common modifiable risk factors for the diseases, and (c) helpful, free resources for faith-based organizations to use in health promotion programs.
Magnetohydrodynamic flow of squeezed Maxwell nano-fluid with double stratification and convective conditions
Authors: Farooq Muhammad , Ahmad Shakeel , Javed Mubashar , Anjum Aisha
Published: September 2018

This article is made to discuss the effect of magnetohydrodynamic on squeezing flow of the nanoparticles between two confined boundaries. Constitutive expressions are utilized for convectively heated Maxwell nano-fluid using Buongiorno’s model in the mathematical development of considered flow problem. Here system of transport equations incorporates the combined impacts of thermophoresis diffusion, Brownian diffusion, and double stratification. Non-linear coupled ordinary differential equations are transformed by employing suitable similar transformations. The formulated non-linear system is evaluated successfully via convergent approach, that is, Homotopy analysis method. The graphical analysis is carried out for different active physical flow parameters. Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are also treated graphically. The results portray that the velocity profile shows cross flow behavior for increasing values of material parameter. Moreover, for dominant values of Biot number, convective effects dominant on plate surface and help the temperature and nanoparticles concentration to increase rapidly near the surface.
Contextual support for children’s recall within working memory
Authors: Roome Hannah E , Towse John N , Crespo-Llado Maria M
Published: September 2018

Measures of working memory capacity (WMC) are extremely popular, yet we know relatively little about the specific processes that support recall. We focused on children’s and adults’ ability to use contextual support to access working memory representations that might otherwise not be reported. Children ( N = 186, 5-10 years) and adults ( N = 64) completed a listening span task and a delayed recall task with semantic probes or cues. Clear age-related increases in listening span were evident. All age groups benefitted from contextual support to retrieve degraded target memoranda, particularly on listening span tasks when the cues provided semantic support for processing events, in comparison to cues associated specifically with memoranda. Response latencies suggested a developing efficiency in children’s use of contextual support for delayed recall correlated with listening span performance. These probe tasks support accounts of working memory that recognise reconstructive and cued search processes.
Comparing length and frequency effects in children across modalities
Authors: Hasenäcker Jana , Verra Luianta , Schroeder Sascha
Published: September 2018

Although it is well established that beginning readers rely heavily on phonological decoding, the overlap of the phonological pathways used in visual and auditory word recognition is not clear. Especially in transparent languages, phonological reading could use the same pathways as spoken word processing. In the present study, we report a direct comparison of lexical decision performance in the visual and auditory modality in beginning readers of a transparent language. Using lexical decision, we examine how marker effects of length and frequency differ in the two modalities and how these differences are modulated by reading ability. The results show that both frequency and length effects are stronger in the visual modality, and the differences in length effects between modalities are more pronounced for poorer readers than for better readers. This suggests that visual word recognition in beginning readers of a transparent language initially is based on phonological decoding and subsequent matching in the phonological lexicon, especially for poor readers. However, some orthographic processing seems to be involved already. We claim that the relative contribution of the phonological and orthographic route in beginning readers can be measured by the differences in marker effects between auditory and visual lexical decision.
Exploring tandem wing UAS designs for operation in turbulent urban environments
Authors: Gigacz Rohan , Mohamed Abdulghani , Poksawat Pakorn , Panta Ashim , Watkins Simon
Published: September 2018

The stability of small unmanned air systems can be challenged by turbulence during low-altitude flight in cluttered urban environments. This paper explores the benefits of a tandem wing aircraft configuration with the implementation of a pressure-based phase-advanced turbulence sensory system on a small unmanned air system for gust mitigation. The objective was to utilise passive and active methods to minimise gust-induced perturbations. Experimentation in repeatable turbulence within a wind tunnel’s test section was conducted. The experiments focus on the roll axis, which is isolated through a specially designed roll-axis rig. The results show improvement over conventional aircraft. This work is part of a larger research project aimed at enabling safe, stable and steady small unmanned air systems flight in urban environments.
Quad-thopter: Tailless flapping wing robot with four pairs of wings
Authors: De Wagter Christophe , Karásek Matěj , de Croon Guido
Published: September 2018

We present a novel design of a tailless flapping wing micro air vehicle, which uses four independently driven pairs of flapping wings in order to fly and perform agile maneuvers. The wing pairs are arranged such that differential thrust generates the desired roll and pitch moments, similar to a quadrotor. Moreover, two pairs of wings are tilted clockwise and two pairs of wings anti-clockwise. This allows the micro air vehicle to generate a yaw moment. We have constructed the design and performed multiple flight tests with it, both indoors and outdoors. These tests have shown the vehicle to be capable of agile maneuvers and able to cope with wind gusts. The main advantage is that the proposed design is relatively simple to produce, and yet has the capabilities expected of tailless flapping wing micro air vehicles.
Correlation of Exhaled Nasal Nitric Oxide With Sinus Computed Tomography and Sinonasal Outcome Test Scores: A Cross-sectional Pilot Study
Authors: Oliver Jeremie D. , Lim Kaiser G. , O’Brien Erin K.
Published: September 2018

Background

Computed tomography (CT) of the paranasal sinuses is the diagnostic reference standard for chronic rhinosinusitis and related inflammatory sinus pathology. Nasal nitric oxide (nNO) levels have been investigated as a diagnostic tool in sinus disease because it decreases with sinus obstruction.

Objective

The primary aim of the study was to determine the correlation of passive (baseline) and dynamic (humming) nNO to CT findings of sinus inflammation and to sinonasal symptoms measured by the modified Sinonasal Outcome Test (26 items) (SNOT-26).

Methods

From June 2015 through January 2016, subjects had baseline and humming nNO levels measured with a chemiluminescence NO analyzer, and each subject underwent CT imaging and completed the SNOT-26 survey. CT images were scored using the Lund–Mackay (LM) system (LM scores >3 indicated sinus inflammation). Correlation was measured by linear and ordinal regression analysis that compared SNOT-26 scores, LM scores, and nNO measurements.

Results

Fourteen subjects were recruited. LM scores had a positive pairwise correlation with total SNOT-26 scores ( R2 = .1457; correlation = .3817) and nasal-specific SNOT-26 scores ( R2 = .4036; correlation = .6353). Baseline nasal nNO scores had a negative pairwise correlation with LM scores ( R2 = .1580; correlation = −.3582), total SNOT-26 scores ( R2 = .1515; correlation = −.3893), and nasal-specific SNOT-26 scores ( R2 = .0805; correlation = −.4343). Although baseline nNO levels correlated with LM and SNOT-26 scores, humming nNO levels did not show a similar correlation.

Conclusion

Baseline passive nNO may be a useful and inexpensive point-of-care screening test for sinonasal opacification.
Comparing Two Models of Dyadic Change: Correlated Growth Versus Common Fate
Authors: Gray Jacob S. , Ozer Daniel J.
Published: September 2018

The analysis of longitudinal dyadic data often requires complex structural models. Two models of dyadic change, the correlated growth model and the common fate growth model, differ in their description of change. The correlated growth model estimates separate but correlated growth trajectories for each member of a dyad. The common fate growth model treats the dyad as the unit of analysis and estimates growth parameters for the dyad. Relationship and life satisfaction are important outcomes that feature prominently in the relationship literature and must be modeled adequately to be understood. In a sample of 325 romantic couples, the relative efficacy of these two models for describing change in relationship and life satisfaction is compared. The common fate growth model better described relationship satisfaction, while the correlated growth model provided superior fit to life satisfaction. Implications for the modeling of dyadic data are discussed.
Actionable vascular and other incidental findings on CTA in patients undergoing acute stroke intervention
Authors: Kanesa-Thasan Riti , Cox Mougnyan , Patel Manisha , Curtis Brian , Hurst Robert W , Kung David , Flanders Adam E
Published: September 2018

Providing a fast and accurate diagnosis of acute large-vessel occlusion on computed tomography angiograms (CTAs) is essential for timely intervention and good stroke outcomes. However, the detection and appropriate management of incidental findings are also important parts of any clinical radiology practice and can greatly affect patient care. The intricate anatomy covered by CTAs of the head and neck coupled with the time pressures of acute stroke diagnosis creates an environment in which unrelated, important findings can potentially be missed. The purpose of our study was to document clinically actionable incidental findings on CTA in 225 patients undergoing acute stroke intervention.

After institutional review board approval, a retrospective six-year review of CTAs of the head and neck in patients undergoing acute stroke intervention was performed for actionable incidental vascular and nonvascular findings.

A total of 225 patients undergoing acute stroke intervention with documented intracranial large-vessel occlusion on CTAs were consecutively enrolled in the study. Incidental vascular findings were identified in 17 of 225 patients (7.5%, 95% confidence interval 5% to 12%). Previously unreported aneurysms ranging from 2 mm to 10 mm in size represented 18 of 19 vascular findings in these patients. Incidental nonvascular findings were identified in 32 patients (14%, 95% confidence interval 5% to 12%). These included malpositioned support lines and tubes; pneumothorax; interstitial lung disease; newly diagnosed metastatic disease; nasopharyngeal, parotid, and pituitary masses; and cervical spine compression fractures.

CTAs of the head and neck in patients undergoing acute stroke intervention contain a relatively high frequency of vascular and nonvascular incidental findings requiring further follow-up, and therefore should be evaluated carefully and systematically.
Studies on the mechanical, barrier, optical, and characterization of photo-/biodegradable LDPE-PLA blend with nanoclay for packaging film application
Authors: Arul Kumar KP , Soundararajan S
Published: September 2018

LDPE-poly-lactic acid (PLA) (60:40%) was melt blended with nanoclay (1, 2, and 3%) and benzophenone (3%) using maleic anhydride-grafted LLDPE (LLDPE- g-MAn; 3%) as compatibilizer in a twin screw compounding extruder. Tubular blown films extruded using Dr Collins blown film extruder were subjected to various mechanical tests like tensile strength, elongation at break, and so on, optical tests, and permeability tests for oxygen and water vapor. The tensile strength was increased as the nanoclay percentage was increased (upto 2 wt%) and the elongation at break was decreased. Tear strength was increased, burst strength was decreased, and the dart impact strength was constant. The coefficient of friction was little decreased. The haze was increased and luminous transmittance was decreased. Water vapor transmittance and oxygen gas permeability were decreased. Scanning electron microscope images were taken to determine the morphological changes on the samples. Characterization by X-ray diffraction was carried out to analyze the shift in peak when nanoclay was blended at various proportions. In conclusion, LDPE with benzophenone is photodegradable and PLA is biodegradable. Hence, in this study, LDPE-PLA (60:40%) with benzophenone (3%) is photo-/biodegradable. Inclusion of nanoclay increased the mechanical properties like tensile strength, tear strength, and barrier properties. Furthermore, nanoclay improves the compatibility apart from LLDPE- g-MAn.
Development of KIINCE: A kinetic feedback-based robotic environment for study of neuromuscular coordination and rehabilitation of human standing and walking
Authors: Boehm Wendy L , Gruben Kreg G
Published: September 2018

Introduction

The objective of this article is to introduce the robotic platform KIINCE and its emphasis on the potential of kinetic objectives for studying and training human walking and standing. The device is motivated by the need to characterize and train lower limb muscle coordination to address balance deficits in impaired walking and standing.

Methods

The device measures the forces between the user and his or her environment, particularly the force of the ground on the feet ( F) that reflects lower limb joint torque coordination. In an environment that allows for exploration of the user’s capabilities, various forms of real-time feedback guide neural training to produce F appropriate for remaining upright. Control of the foot plate motion is configurable and may be user driven or prescribed. Design choices are motivated from theory of motor control and learning as well as empirical observations of F during walking and standing.

Results

Preliminary studies of impaired individuals demonstrate the feasibility and potential utility of patient interaction with kinetic immersive interface for neuromuscular coordination enhancement.

Conclusion

Applications include study and rehabilitation of standing and walking after injury, amputation, and neurological insult, with an initial focus on stroke discussed here.
Examining the Relations Among Emerging Adult Coping, Executive Function, and Anxiety
Authors: O’Rourke Elisabeth J. , Halpern Leslie F. , Vaysman Renata
Published: September 2018

Emerging adulthood is a developmental period marked by increased anxiety related to academic, social, and professional stressors. The ability to successfully cope with stress is strongly negatively related to mental health outcomes. Furthermore, recent studies indicate a connection between executive function impairment and anxiety. The current study examines executive function (EF), coping, and anxiety in a sample of 210 emerging adults ( N Males = 131, M age = 19.14). The relation between EF and coping is examined as well as how coping may moderate the relation between EF and anxiety. The results demonstrate that EF impairment is related to greater disengagement and emotion-focused coping. Furthermore, both EF dysfunction and disengagement coping strategies were associated with increased anxiety. Emotion-focused coping and disengagement coping moderated the relation between EF impairment and anxiety.
Study on buffer characteristics of air cushion used as hip protector
Authors: Song Yilin , Zhang Tong , Wang Zhongxian
Published: September 2018

Introduction:

In order to develop a good hip protector to prevent in the elderly hip fracture as a result of a fall, we studied the buffer characteristics of sponges and air cushions.

Methods:

The buffer rate of material was defined, and the absorption ability of the material to instantaneous impact was evaluated. An experimental device was developed and used to measure the buffer rates of sponges and leak-allowed air cushions with orifice(s).

Results:

According to the experimental results, the buffer rate largely depended on the hardness of the sponge materials, and on the total area of the orifice(s) for the leak-allowed air cushions. Compared with the sponge with correct hardness and thickness, the buffer characteristic of the air cushion seems slightly inferior.

Conclusions:

Nevertheless, the air cushion’s overall performance, including the better buffer rate, ultra-lightness, flexibility, and low cost, makes it a potentially useful material for hip protectors and other sport protectors.
Preparation and properties studies of UV-curable silicone modified epoxy resin composite system
Authors: Yu Zhouhui , Cui Aiyong , Zhao Peizhong , Wei Huakai , Hu Fangyou
Published: September 2018

Introduction:

Modified epoxy suitable for ultraviolet (UV) curing is prepared by using organic silicon toughening. The curing kinetics of the composite are studied by dielectric analysis (DEA), and the two-phase compatibility of the composite is studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Methods:

The tensile properties, heat resistance, and humidity resistance of the cured product are explored by changing the composition ratio of the silicone and the epoxy resin.

Results:

SEM of silicone/epoxy resin shows that the degree of cross-linking of the composites decreases with an increase of silicone resin content. Differential thermal analysis indicates that the glass transition temperature and the thermal stability of the composites decrease gradually with an increase of silicone resin content. The thermal degradation rate in the high temperature region, however, first decreases and then increases. In general, after adding just 10%–15% of the silicone resin and exposing to light for 15 min, the composite can still achieve a better curing effect.

Conclusions:

Under such conditions, the heat resistance of the cured product decreases a little. The tensile strength is kept constant so that elongation at breakage is apparently improved. The change rate after immersion in distilled water at 60°C for seven days is small, which shows excellent humidity resistance.
Preparation and Application of a New Crosslinked Polyammonium as a Shale Inhibitor
Authors: Zhengqin Ye , Zhongbin Ye , Lei Huang , Yun Bai , Lili Li , Jie Zhang , Chentun Qu , Gang Chen
Published: September 2018

Background:

Despite the fact that a number of traditional shale inhibitors have been utilized widely in drilling operations, the same additive may be unfavorable for different drilling due to environmental protection requirements which limit scales of use. Hence, a series of polyammonium compounds was prepared from dimethylamine, epichlorohydrin, and melamine (DEM).

Methods:

To concentrate our efforts, we used both standard and extra methods to investigate the inhibitive properties of a melamine crosslinking agent using mud balls immersion tests, linear expansion measurements, laser particle distribution measurements, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy.

Results:

The anti-swelling rate of DEM-8 reached up to 92.3% when its concentration reached 0.8%. DEM-8 has strong inhibitive capability to bentonite hydration swelling. DEM-8 can affect the bentonite particle size at a large scale. It may adsorb on the surface of clay through hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interaction by an anchoring effect and a hydrophobic effect.

Conclusions:

Compared with a blank solution, DEM-8 displays high inhibitive ability against the hydration and swelling of clay. The mud ball is more stable in DEM-8 solution and its swelling degree is very low compared with that of the control test. The inhibition mechanism of DEM-8 to shale can be deduced in that hydrogen bonding, ion exchange, and anchoring effect help to control the hydration and swelling.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering investigation of bovine serum albumin by Au nanoparticles with different sizes
Authors: Xiaodan Wei , Dawei Zheng , Ping Zhang , Taifeng Lin , Huiqin Wang , Yongwei Zhu
Published: September 2018

Background:

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has become a useful spectroscopic tool for studying biomolecule structures. The main types of plasmonic substrates used in biological systems are Au nanoparticles (AuNPs), whose surface plasmon resonance depends on the nanoparticle size, morphology, particle interspace, and so on.

Methods:

In this study, AuNP colloids with different sizes were synthesized and used as the sensors to probe SERS signals of different biomarkers and biomolecules.

Results:

The results showed that an AuNP colloid of ~50 nm had excellent SERS effects in probing various molecules, and could be preserved for about 3 months with excellent repeatability and reproducibility (RSD <5%) in terms of the probed signal intensity (rhodamine 6G and crystal violet). Meanwhile, the fabricated AuNPs were applied to study the SERS signals and structural information of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in aqueous solution. It was found that SERS could rapidly provide the structural information and vibration characteristics of BSA.

Conclusion:

It was concluded that biocompatible AuNP colloid may be a promising biosensor in the rapid and label-free detection of biological systems.