bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
United States policy and Palestine: Oslo, the Intifada and erasure
Authors: Aruri Naseer
Published: January 2011

Does the advent of Barack Obama as president of the US signal a change in US policy towards Israel/Palestine? The US has presented itself as the ‘honest broker’ in attempts at settling the crisis from the late 1960s on, as the history narrated here of these initiatives demonstrates, yet all have foundered, not least on the rocks of Israeli intransigence and US partiality. With Israel’s continuing punitive policy towards Gaza, and insistence, despite US caveats, on building settlements in Palestinian areas, and new housing in Arab East Jerusalem, this article argues that the Palestinians are undergoing a second Nakba, subjected to a process of erasure as a legitimate national entity. Whether Obama’s Cairo speech, in its even-handed approach to both Palestinian and Israeli aspirations, marked a new beginning is proving ever more doubtful. It is time for Palestinians to abandon the pseudo-diplomacy of the past and develop a grassroots-based political struggle.
(R&B) rhythm and blues: post-traffic lights in Ramallah and Al-Bireh city
Authors: Al-Khalili Yazan
Published: January 2011

Exploring the unique ways in which the postcolonial and the colonial exist side by side in the West Bank, this article discusses the social and political meanings of traffic lights in Ramallah and Al-Bireh City (R&B), the main urban area under the Palestinian Authority (PA). The arrival of traffic lights signalled an attempt to re-organise the ‘organic modernity’ of Palestinian streets — and was resisted as such.
Message from a Palestinian prisoner
Authors: Barghouti Marwan
Published: January 2011

In this speech read out by his wife to the International Conference on Palestinian Prisoners, held in Jericho in November 2009, the jailed leader of the first and second intifadas calls for the issue of Palestinian prisoners to become central to the national liberation movement.
A tribe by any other name: across the Mediterranean cultural divide
Authors: Barghouti Omar
Published: January 2011

The author, a choreographer, argues that for the artist the ‘tribe’ which controls artistic expression in Europe is that of large corporations, whereas in most Arab countries it is a more overt form of control by repressive regimes and clerical institutions. In Palestine ‘tribal’ bonds have also served to maintain cultural survival. ‘Tribes’ need to evolve so as to reconcile the community spirit with the right of freedom of expression for individuals.
Limitations of Self-Care in Reducing the Risk of Lymphedema
Authors: Armer Jane M. , Brooks Constance W. , Stewart Bob R.
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine patient perceptions of limitations related to self-care measures to reduce lymphedema risk following breast cancer surgery. Secondary analysis of survey data from a companion study to a study piloting a behavioral-educational intervention was conducted to examine the specific limitations in performing lymphedema risk-reduction self-care measures. Findings suggest a more comprehensive approach is needed if patients are to engage in self-care actions to reduce lymphedema risk. Understanding the concepts of self-care and personal support interventions that include motivational interviewing can help nurses design supportive-educative care systems that assist patients in overcoming limitations in the estimative, transitional, and productive phases of self-care necessary to reduce lymphedema risk.
Human Dignity
Authors: Milton Constance L.
Published: January 2011

Human dignity is a phenomenon of great importance to all health-related disciplines. For the professional nurse, human dignity is embedded in the ontological beliefs of a philosophical school of thought that guides the priority actions found in nurse practice. The common ethical phrase of doing the right thing is insinuated in the enduring truths of affirming human dignity in nurse practice. The author in this column examines possible meanings for doing the right thing in light of the ethical tenets of humanbecoming including reverence, awe, betrayal, and shame.
Have We Been Here Before? Lessons Learned From a Microhistory of the Policy Development of Universal Kindergarten
Authors: Brewer Curtis , Gasko John W. , Miller Derek
Published: January 2011

This article historicizes the collision of K-12 public schooling and early childhood education by interrogating the ways in which people called for and implemented the public kindergarten into primary school over the past century. Using a theoretical framework that pays attention to the ways in which policy develops over time we provide a microhistory of one city, Austin, Texas. The historical narrative relates the details of the individuals who were engaged in the debate over kindergarten in the early 20th century while at the same time explicating the context that shaped those individuals. We conclude by using this portrait of the past to make sense of the current policy issues and to raise questions about the assumptions that circulate within today’s policy environment.
The Federal Role in Early Childhood Education: Evolution in the Goals, Governance, and Policy Instruments of Project Head Start
Authors: Kalifeh Phyllis , Cohen-Vogel Lora , Grass Saralyn
Published: January 2011

The authors analyze bills, congressional records, agency reports, and newspaper articles to trace the evolution of Project Head Start, by far the nation’s largest federal early childhood program, beginning with the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964. Their analysis is organized around the policy goals embedded in the program and the governance structures and policy instruments designed to achieve those goals. Findings reveal that the life of Head Start has been marked by periods of policy expansion and relative stasis. Expansion has occurred most notably in the policy instruments through which services have been delivered while stasis has characterized program governance.
International Perspectives on Early Childhood Education
Authors: Cochran Moncrieff
Published: January 2011

In this chapter Dr. Cochran uses an empirically based overarching conceptual framework linking historical patterns, current policy goals and intervening influences as a tool for understanding the policy and program outcomes manifested in the early education programs of representative Western countries (Australia, France, Italy, Sweden). Policy domains addressed include national goals, ECE pedagogies, curricula, center-home linkages, multicultural education, parent involvement, and teacher preparation. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how the policy issues shaping program developments abroad have relevance for the United States.
An Open Label, Non-randomized, Prospective Clinical Trial Evaluating the Immunogenicity of Branded Enoxaparin Versus Biosimilars in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Gomes Marise , Ramacciotti Eduardo , Hoppensteadt Debra , Walenga Jeanine M. , Lewis Bruce , Thethi Indermohan , Fareed Jawed
Published: January 2011

Introduction: Compositional variations among biosimilar enoxaparin could lead to a differential immunogenic response between these preparations. Methods: Enoxaparin (Clexane, n = 110) and a biosimilar version (Cutenox, n = 110) were administered to healthy volunteers in Brazil, 40 mg subcutaneous (SQ), daily, for 10 days. Blood was collected at baseline, days 1 and 10, and analyzed for antiheparin/PF4 antibody (AHPF4 antibodies) titers and subtypes by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay (ELISA). Results: Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) treatment resulted in AHPF4 antibodies generation, with differences on day 10 (P < .05). Antibody subtyping (immunoglobulin [Ig] G, IgA, IgM) demonstrated different profiles between LMWH with statistical significance for IgG (Clexane 10 = 0.21 ± 0.06, Cutenox 10 = 0.28 ± 0.10, P < .0001) and IgA (Clexane 10 = 0.15 ± 0.02, versus Cutenox 10 = 0.13 ± 0.02, P < .0001) on day 10, with a significant drug effect (P < .0001) and significant time by drug interaction (P = .0009). All antibody titers were stated in terms of optical density (OD) units. Conclusion: LMWHs immunogenic potential varies to generate AHPF4 antibodies and subtypes and cross-reactivity with preformed antibodies. Such parameters may be useful in defining the biosimilar LMWHs bioequivalence. Future studies evaluating the immunogenicity of biosimilar drugs are warranted.
Corporate social responsibility and developing countries
Authors: Idemudia Uwafiokun
Published: January 2011

The criticism that the mainstream corporate social responsibility (CSR) agenda was largely driven by the concerns and priorities of western countries and therefore tends to be insensitive to local priorities as well as inadvertently harm prospects for sustainable livelihood in developing countries set the tone for the emergence of a South-centred CSR agenda. The efforts to broaden the scope and content of mainstream CSR discourse and practice has meant three principal themes have come to dominate the emerging South-centred critical CSR agenda. The emergence of this critical perspective to CSR has not only contributed to the maturation of contemporary CSR agenda but has also generated rich insights with regard to the strengths and limitations of CSR practices within developing countries. However, the failure to critically engage with the role of government, adopt a bottom-up approach to CSR analysis and avoid a piecemeal research focus has meant the emerging Southern perspective to CSR is yet to achieve its full potential. This article suggests ways to address these shortcomings and contributes to the strengthening of the emerging critical CSR research agenda in Africa.
Making development more ‘fit for purpose’
Authors: Gruber Janet
Published: January 2011

The ‘Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness’ addressed the roles of donor and recipient country governments in the achievement of development that is more ‘fit for purpose’. This article considers progress on its implementation, specific to engagement with civil society.

It is argued that such engagement has not been adequately addressed. Core ethical issues remain unanswered. Who is development for? What should be its objectives? Why should civil society actors continue to engage in development that remains unfit for purpose in terms of achieving desirable outcomes? Who should decide on priorities and who should evaluate activities so as to achieve an honest appraisal of outcomes? Whose voices matter most, and to whom should donor and recipient country governments be accountable?
Inclusive neoliberalism?
Authors: Klak Thomas , Wiley James , Mullaney Emma Gaalaas , Peteru Swetha , Regan Seann , Merilus Jean-Yves
Published: January 2011

Banana farming in the Eastern Caribbean has gone from riches to rags since the 1990s, as the region’s economic and social mainstay has severely contracted. This article reports on interviews conducted at the grassroots level with about 150 current or former banana farmers in Dominica and St. Lucia, and at the administrative level with numerous government and banana sector officials and other stakeholders. The interviews sought to answer two interrelated questions: ( a) How have farmers experienced and responded to this severe contraction in the banana export industry? and ( b) To what extent does current development policy support farmers’ economic needs? Indeed, many of the stated goals of the current development paradigm, referred to as ‘inclusive neoliberalism’, align with the farmers’ stated needs. We seek to understand the extent to which this development policy manifests itself at the grassroots level in the form of support that small farmers can actually use to help sell their products. Our interviews document multiple ways that banana farmers have been hurt by changes in international trade policy. The interviews also reveal a considerable gap between the stated desires and development policy priorities of farmers, on the one hand, and the impacts of development policy at the grassroots level, on the other. We conclude with suggestions on how to bridge the gap between inclusive neoliberal development policy and the needs of small farmers, who for decades have been the social and economic bedrock of Eastern Caribbean societies.
Debating the merits of biotech crop adoption in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Dowd-Uribe Brian M. , Bingen Jim
Published: January 2011

The debate on whether genetically engineered (GE) crops can alleviate poverty in Africa continues to intensify. Thus far only one GE crop has been commercialized among smallholders – a pest resistant form of cotton – and only in two sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. We present evidence from Burkina Faso to argue that GE cotton adoption may increase the risk of all producers, may only bring benefits in the short term and may only benefit the relatively rich more than the relatively poor. These findings challenge the popular assumption that GE crops are the best way to alleviate rural poverty in SSA.
Religion and development I
Authors: Rew Martin
Published: January 2011

Recent debates concerning religion and development have adopted anthropological concepts in the quest to develop new and exploratory ways in which the relationship might be understood. This article is the first of three articles which discusses the problems of integrating anthropological knowledge and approaches within the current religion and development discussion. Particularly problematic for the debate has been the role of gender in fostering development through religion. As an initial case study the article examines recent development policy concerns with ‘Islam, transnationalism and violence against women’ as an instance which points to unresolved tensions surrounding the academic role of development studies, and where anthropological analyses of transnationalism may assist in a reorientation for development theory which can no longer perpetuate a North-South focus.
Empirical and fully Bayesian approaches for random effects models in microarray data analysis
Authors: Bar Haim Y , Schifano Elizabeth D
Published: January 2011

A linear model involving a mixture distribution is considered for the comparison of normalized microarray data from two treatment groups. Model fitting using an empirical Bayes approach has been shown to be both accurate and numerically stable. The posterior odds of treatment/gene interactions derived from the model involve shrinkage estimates of both the interactions and the gene-specific error variances, leading to powerful inference. We show that the same model can easily be fit under a fully Bayesian framework, allowing increased flexibility in terms of prior distributional assumptions and posterior inference.
Moral Undertow and the Passions: Two Challenges for Contemporary Emotion Regulation
Authors: Charland Louis C.
Published: January 2011

The history and philosophy of affective terms and concepts contains important challenges for contemporary scientific accounts of emotion regulation. First, there is the problem of moral undertow. This arises because stipulating the ends of emotion regulation requires normative assumptions that ultimately derive from values and morals. Some historical precedents are considered to help explain and address this problem. Second, there is the problem of organization. This arises because multiple emotions are often organized and oriented in very particular ways over the life of the individual in a manner that cannot be adequately explained using the concept of “emotion.” A modern variant of the traditional concept of passion is invoked to help address this problem.
Emotion and Emotion Regulation: Two Sides of the Developing Coin
Authors: Thompson Ross A.
Published: January 2011

Systems theory holds that emotional responses derive from the continuous, mutual interaction between multiple neurobiological and behavioral systems associated with emotion as they are contextually embedded. Developmental systems theory portrays these systems as becoming progressively integrated as they mature. From this perspective, regulatory processes are incorporated into emotion throughout the course of emotional development. This article examines the implications of developmental systems theory in understanding the association between emotion and emotion regulation, enlisting the functionalist orientation of contemporary emotions theory, a broad portrayal of emotion regulatory influences, and attention to the role of context in the management of emotion.
Emotion Generation and Emotion Regulation: One or Two Depends on Your Point of View
Authors: Gross James J. , Feldman Barrett Lisa
Published: January 2011

Emotion regulation has the odd distinction of being a wildly popular construct whose scientific existence is in considerable doubt. In this article, we discuss the confusion about whether emotion generation and emotion regulation can and should be distinguished from one another. We describe a continuum of perspectives on emotion, and highlight how different (often mutually incompatible) perspectives on emotion lead to different views about whether emotion generation and emotion regulation can be usefully distinguished. We argue that making differences in perspective explicit serves the function of allowing researchers with different theoretical commitments to collaborate productively despite seemingly insurmountable differences in terminology and methods.
Reconceptualizing Emotion Regulation
Authors: Campos Joseph J. , Walle Eric A. , Dahl Audun , Main Alexandra
Published: January 2011

Emotion regulation is one of the major foci of study in the fields of emotion and emotional development. This article proposes that to properly study emotion regulation, one must consider not only an intrapersonal view of emotion, but a relational one as well. Defining properties of intrapersonal and relational approaches are spelled out, and implications drawn for how emotion regulation is conceptualized, how studies are designed, how findings are interpreted, and how generalizations are drawn. Most research to date has been conducted from an intrapersonal perspective, and the shortcomings of this approach for understanding emotion regulation are highlighted. The article emphasizes major conceptual and methodological steps required for a fuller description of the process of emotion regulation.
Should Affective Arousal be Grounded in Perception-Action Coupling?
Authors: Blair R.J.R.
Published: January 2011

Decety (2011) considers the cognitive neuroscience of empathy and, in particular, his three-component model of empathic responding. His position is highly influential with its emotional awareness/understanding and emotional regulation components representing clear extensions of previous theorizing on empathy. In this brief commentary, I will critically consider the third of his components: affective arousal. In particular, I will consider the implications of the literature to the proposed computations, based on perception—action coupling, that underlie this component of his model. I will suggest that perception—action coupling does not underlie affective arousal but rather that this is mediated by far more simple mechanisms of emotional arousal based on conditioning.
Promises and Challenges of the Neurobiological Approach to Empathy
Authors: Decety Jean
Published: January 2011

Empathy is a complex social cognitive construct. Its scientific investigation requires both a careful analysis of the concepts used as well as a multilevel integrative analysis, including studies with atypical populations, not just neuroimaging data in healthy participants. Further, the fact that the experience of empathy involves both intrapersonal and interpersonal emotional states poses a challenge to neuroscientific investigations.
Successful sustained engraftment after reduced-intensity umbilical cord blood transplantation for adult patients with severe aplastic anemia
Authors: Yamamoto Hisashi , Kato Daisuke , Uchida Naoyuki , Ishiwata Kazuya , Araoka Hideki , Takagi Shinsuke , Nakano Nobuaki , Tsuji Masanori , Asano-Mori Yuki , Matsuno Naofumi , Masuoka Kazuhiro , Izutsu Koji , Wake Atsushi , Yoneyama Akiko , Makino Shigeyoshi , Taniguchi Shuichi
Published: January 2011

We retrospectively analyzed 12 consecutive adult severe aplastic anemia patients who received unrelated umbilical cord blood transplantation after a reduced-intensity conditioning regimen (RI-UCBT). The conditioning regimen consisted of 125 mg/m2 fludarabine, 80 mg/m2 melphalan, and 4 Gy of total body irradiation. The median infused total nucleated cell number and CD34+ cell number were 2.50 × 107/kg and 0.76 × 105/kg, respectively. Eleven of the 12 patients achieved primary neutrophil and platelet engraftment. All patients who achieved engraftment had complete hematologic recovery with complete donor chimerism, except for one patient who developed late graft failure 3 years after RI-UCBT. Two of the 12 patients died of idiopathic pneumonia syndrome, and the remaining 10 patients are alive, having survived for a median of 36 months. Our encouraging results indicate that RI-UCBT may become a viable therapeutic option for adult severe aplastic anemia patients who lack suitable human leukocyte antigen-matched donors and fail immunosuppressive therapy.
Antibiotic prescribing for adults with acute cough/lower respiratory tract infection: congruence with guidelines
Authors: Wood J. , Butler C.C. , Hood K. , Kelly M.J. , Verheij T. , Little P. , Torres A. , Blasi F. , Schaberg T. , Goossens H. , Nuttall J. , Coenen S.
Published: January 2011

European guidelines for treating acute cough/lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) aim to reduce nonevidence-based variation in prescribing, and better target and increase the use of first-line antibiotics. However, their application in primary care is unknown. We explored congruence of both antibiotic prescribing and antibiotic choice with European Respiratory Society (ERS)/European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) guidelines for managing LRTI.

The present study was an analysis of prospective observational data from patients presenting to primary care with acute cough/LRTI. Clinicians recorded symptoms on presentation, and their examination and management. Patients were followed up with self-complete diaries.

1,776 (52.7%) patients were prescribed antibiotics. Given patients’ clinical presentation, clinicians could have justified an antibiotic prescription for 1,915 (71.2%) patients according to the ERS/ESCMID guidelines. 761 (42.8%) of those who were prescribed antibiotics received a first-choice antibiotic (i.e.tetracycline or amoxicillin). Ciprofloxacin was prescribed for 37 (2.1%) and cephalosporins for 117 (6.6%).

A lack of specificity in definitions in the ERS/ESCMID guidelines could have enabled clinicians to justify a higher rate of antibiotic prescription. More studies are needed to produce specific clinical definitions and indications for treatment. First-choice antibiotics were prescribed to the minority of patients who received an antibiotic prescription.
Kinetic Resolution of Racemic 1-Heteroarylalkanols by Asymmetric Esterification Using Diphenylacetic Acid with Pivalic Anhydride and a Chiral Acyl-transfer Catalyst
Authors: Shiina Isamu , Ono Keisuke , Nakata Kenya
Published: January 2011

A variety of optically active 1-heteroarylalkanols and their esters, which include heteroaromatic moieties, such as 2-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-thiazoyl, 2-benzothiazoyl, and 2-benzoxazoyl groups, are efficiently produced by a novel asymmetric esterification. The transition states that form the desired (R)-esters from the (R)-1-heteroarylalkanols are determined by DFT calculations, and the structural features of these transition states are systematically discussed.
Book Reviews
Authors: Levine Ross
Published: January 2011

Creating Resilient Financial Regimes in Asia: Challenges and Policy Options. Edited by Priya Basu. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Pp. xvi, 162. $32.00. ISBN 0–19–590440–0.
Book Reviews
Authors: Harrigan James
Published: January 2011

Trade and Income Distribution. By William R. Cline. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1997. Pp. xiii, 305. ISBN 0–88132–216–4.

JEL 98–0522
Book Reviews
Authors: Stern Robert M
Published: January 2011

Regional Trading Blocs in the World Economic System. By Jeffrey A. Frankel, with Ernesto Stein and Shang-Ji Wei. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1997. Pp. xv, 364. ISBN 0–88132–202–4.

JEL 98–0525
Book Reviews
Authors: Hoshi Takeo
Published: January 2011

The Political Economy of Japanese Society: Volume 1. The State or the Market. Edited by Banno Junji. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Pp. xv, 361. $90.00. ISBN 0–19–828033–5.
Book Reviews
Authors: Winston Gordon C
Published: January 2011

The American University: National Treasure or Endangered Species? Edited by Ronald G. Ehrenberg. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1997. Pp. ix, 171. $24.95. ISBN 0–8014–3350–9.

JEL 98–0176
Book Reviews
Authors: Rothwell Geoffrey
Published: January 2011

Too Cheap to Meter: An Economic and Philosophical Analysis of the Nuclear Dream. By Steven Mark Cohn. Series in Radial and Social Political Thoery. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997. Pp. xvii, 467. $21.95, paper. ISBN 0–7914–3389–7, cloth; 0–7914–3390–0, pbk.

JEL 98–0621
Book Reviews
Authors: Toma Mark
Published: January 2011

Reforming Financial Systems: Historical Implications for Policy. Edited by Gerard Caprio Jr. and Dimitri Vittas. Cambridge; New York and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. x, 222. $49.95. ISBN 0–521–58115–X.

JEL 98–0654
Book Reviews
Authors: Appelbaum Eileen
Published: January 2011

Shopfloor Matters: Labor–Management Relations in Twentieth-Century American Manufacturing. By David Fairris. Studies in Business Organizations and Networks, Vol. 5. London and New York: Routledge, 1997. Pp. xiii, 234. $65.00 ISBN 0–415–12123–X.

JEL 98–0660
Book Reviews
Authors: Weber Christian E
Published: January 2011

Money and General Equilibrium Theory: From Walras to Pareto (1870–1923). By Pascal Bridel. Cheltenham, U.K. and Lyme, NH: Elgar; distributed by American International Distribution Corporation, Williston, VT. 1997. Pp. xiii, 197. $80.00. ISBN 1–85898–623–0.

JEL 98–0448
Book Reviews
Authors: Toniolo Gianni
Published: January 2011

A Monetary History of Italy. By Michele Fratianni and Franco Spinelli. Cambridge: New York and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. 1997. Pp. xvii, 305. $64.95. ISBN 0–521–44315–6.

JEL 97–1370
Book Reviews
Authors: Ryall M. D
Published: January 2011

Barriers and Bounds to Rationality: Essays on Economic Complexity and Dynamics in Interactive Systems. By Peter S. Albin. Edited and with an introduction by Duncan K. Foley. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1998. Pp. 255. $35.00. ISBN 0–691–02676–9.

JEL 98–1300
Book Reviews
Authors: Mascaro Angelo
Published: January 2011

Risk and Business Cycles: New and Old Austrian Perspectives. By Tyler Cowen. London and New York: Routledge, 1998. Pp. viii, 173. $75.00. ISBN 0–415–16919–4.

JEL 98–1337
New polyhedra – Part 2
Authors: Andersson Sten
Published: January 2011

We derive many generalized polyhedra of dodecahedron type with analytic mathematics. The findings are compared with the structures of the Adeno Herpes series of viruses.
Synthesis, structure and properties of Nd2BC containing the trans-dibora–(1,3)-butadiene [C=B–B=C]8–-unit
Authors: Babizhetskyy Volodymyr , Köhler Jürgen , Mattausch Hansjürgen , Simon Arndt
Published: January 2011

The crystal structure of Nd2BC, synthesized by arc melting of the element mixture, repeated in a high frequency furnace and subsequent annealing at 1070 K, has been determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. It crystallizes in a new structure type in the monoclinic space group C2/m (a = 12.732(2) Å, b = 3.6848(4) Å, c = 9.398(2) Å, β = 130.43(1)°, R1 = 0.038 (wR2 = 0.091) for 596 reflections with I
o > 2σ (I
o)). Characteristic building units are C—B—B—C entities with the distances d
C—B = 1.51(2) Å and d
B—B = 1.65(2) Å. These units are embedded in a framework of neodymium atoms resulting from the stacking of slightly corrugated two-dimensional square nets of Nd. Within the ionic limit Nd2BC can be described as (Nd2+)4[C—B—B—C]8– or (Nd3+)4[CBBC]8– · 4 e– with [C=B—B=C]8– units, which are isoelectronic to 1,3-butadiene. The measured magnetic moment of 3.65μ
B per Nd atom in Nd2BC is in good agreement with the expected value of 3.62μ
B for 4f3 configuration. LMTO band structure calculations show that Nd2BC is metallic and the extra electrons occupy mainly bonding Nd-5d and antibonding π* states within the C—B—B—C units.
Catch Data Reported by Telephone Avoid Public Access Bias in a Marine Recreational Survey
Authors: Ashford Julian , Jones Cynthia , Fegley Lynn , O'Reilly Robert
Published: January 2011

Marine recreational surveys often intercept fishers at public access sites to address identification error and recall bias in data reported by telephone, then calculate catch as the product of the effort reported by telephone and the catch rate recorded at public access sites. However, fishers using private access are left out of the public access frame. In a survey of the recreational catch of blue crabs Callinectes sapidus in Maryland and Virginia, we compared catch calculated using catch rates from public access surveys with catch estimated from catch data reported by telephone to see whether there was evidence of public access bias. We found no identification error by blue crab fishers. However, fishers interviewed by telephone reported that 61–83% of trips were made from private access sites, and relative to catch data reported by telephone the estimates of catch calculated using catch rates were at least 25–63% larger. Catch data reported by telephone followed a delta distribution and avoided (1) the cost of complementary public access surveys, (2) incompatibilities between the public access and telephone frames, and (3) inefficient estimators of variance. We suggest estimating catch using catch data reported by telephone and tested independently for identification and recall bias via a public access survey.
Aquatic Community Responses to Salmon Carcass Analog and Wood Bundle Additions in Restored Floodplain Habitats in an Alaskan Stream
Authors: Martin Aaron E. , Wipfli Mark S. , Spangler Robert E.
Published: January 2011

Land use activities often directly and indirectly limit the capacity of freshwater habitats to produce fish. Consequently, habitat creation and enhancement actions are often undertaken to increase the quantity and quality of resources available to aquatic communities within these impaired systems, with the intent to increase fish production. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine whether aquatic community colonization and development could be accelerated through additions of woody debris bundles and marine‐derived nutrients (via salmon carcass analog pellets) and (2) measure how aquatic communities (biofilm, invertebrates, and fish) respond to these additions after the creation of off‐channel (alcove) fish habitat in a stream in south‐central Alaska. Biofilm, invertebrates, and juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch were sampled in four treatments (control, wood, analog, and analog plus wood). Biofilm chlorophyll‐a concentrations were 4–10 times higher in analog‐enriched treatments than in the control and wood treatments. No treatment effects were detected in benthic invertebrate density; however, treatment differences were detected in coho salmon diets, with nearly twice the amount of invertebrate abundance and biomass (primarily various dipteran, ephemeropteran, and plecopteran larvae) in the analog and analog plus wood treatments compared with the control and wood treatments. Juvenile coho salmon density and biomass were significantly higher in the wood treatment than in the analog plus wood treatment, and fish in the control showed possible signs of density‐dependent limitation. Further, body condition of juvenile coho salmon was highest in the two analog‐enriched treatments at the end of the study; juveniles in these habitats showed nearly two times the condition increase of fish inhabiting the control and wood treatment alcoves. These results demonstrate that the combination of salmon carcass analog and woody debris bundle additions aids in the short‐term development of aquatic communities in newly created off‐channel habitats, providing a boost in limited resources such as food and shelter.
Seasonal Density Dependence in Atlantic Salmon over Varying Spatial Scales
Authors: Bailey Michael M. , Horton Gregg E. , Letcher Benjamin H. , Kinnison Michael T.
Published: January 2011

Scale and ontogeny are important in understanding how various ecological processes structure populations. This is expected to be the case for density‐dependent effects (DDE), which influence the population dynamics of many organisms. Our goal was to evaluate stage‐specific DDE on the growth, movement, and survival of Atlantic salmonSalmo salarfrom the individual to the group level over varying spatial scales (20–160 m). We used passive integrated transponder tags and associated technology to assess individual growth, survival, and movement histories in a single stream in Maine undergoing restoration efforts via stocking of fry. We studied six life stages over 18 months for four cohorts of presmolt Atlantic salmon. Our findings show that the DDE on growth can be detected at multiple stages well past the young‐of‐the‐year stage in juvenile salmon. We saw a clear development of decreasing DDE on size and growth as cohorts aged. This trend appears to coincide with a tendency for mean fish size to become more variable in low‐density reaches. Density had limited effects on individual movements and mortality during most of juvenile rearing, with such effects largely being confined to the period from spring through fall of the age‐1 year. Shifting the focus of analysis from individuals to group means spanning larger spatial scales had pronounced effects on both the detection of DDE, the magnitude of apparent density effects, and the amount of variation in fish size explained by density.
Genetic Relationships among Populations of Florida Bass
Authors: Barthel Brandon L. , Lutz‐Carrillo Dijar J. , Norberg Kristen E. , Porak Wesley F. , Tringali Michael D. , Kassler Todd W. , Johnson William E. , Readel Anne M. , Krause Richard A. , Philipp David P.
Published: January 2011

Florida bass Micropterus floridanus are endemic to peninsular Florida and co‐occur with largemouth bass M. salmoides in a natural intergrade zone in the northern portions of the state. In this study, we resolved the genetic population structure among populations of largemouth bass, Florida bass, and their interspecific hybrids from 48 lakes and streams across Florida, and we updated and refined the southernmost boundary of introgression. Nuclear (allozyme and microsatellite) and mitochondrial (restriction fragment length polymorphism) markers produced somewhat different results. Microsatellite genotypes alone and the combination of all nuclear genotypes resolved genetic structure among four regional groups within Florida: (1) northwest, (2) north‐central, (3) central‐west, and (4) south, central‐east, and northeast. Allozyme genotypes alone did not resolve well‐defined groups. The distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes suggested that populations from the St. Johns River drainage should be considered their own distinct group (rather than be included in the south—central‐east—northeast Florida group). Although mitochondrial markers failed to detect introgression throughout much of the intergrade zone, nuclear markers revealed an expected decline in introgression from west to east as well as from north to south. Largemouth bass alleles, however, were detected at low frequencies in 12 populations below the southern boundary of the accepted intergrade zone, some of which are the result of stocking. There was no evidence of nonrandom mating or selection against hybrids in the distribution of nuclear genotypes; however, the rarity of largemouth bass mitochondrial haplotypes suggests either assortative mating or reduced fitness in the progeny of female largemouth bass × male Florida bass crosses.
Mercury Concentration in Two Estuarine Fish Populations across a Seasonal Salinity Gradient
Authors: Farmer Troy M. , Wright Russell A. , DeVries Dennis R.
Published: January 2011

Mercury (Hg) cycling in estuaries is complex, and little is known about the extent of Hg bioaccumulation in the ecologically diverse fishes that inhabit coastal areas. Using tissue analysis combined with otolith microchemistry, analysis of Hg concentration in common prey species, diet analysis, and age‐and‐growth analysis, we investigated seasonal and spatial trends of Hg accumulation in largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma inhabiting the Mobile—Tensaw River Delta, Alabama. The Hg concentrations in largemouth bass (which are known to have high site fidelity) were lowest at downstream, low‐salinity estuarine areas and highest at upstream freshwater areas. Conversely, southern flounder, which have a highly variable migratory life history across salinity gradients, had Hg concentrations that were similar across the study area and lower than those for largemouth bass. Both largemouth bass and southern flounder had negative relationships between individual salinity exposure (as indicated by otolith strontium: calcium ratios) and tissue Hg concentration, although considerable variability existed. Concentrations of Hg in two common prey species, the bluegill Lepomis macrochirus and blue crab Callinectes sapidus, suggested that vertebrate prey had higher Hg concentrations than invertebrate prey. Largemouth bass upstream consumed a higher proportion of vertebrates than those downstream, so differences in prey consumption may partially explain Hg concentration differences across the salinity gradient. However, additional research is required to understand the mechanism responsible for the negative relationship between Hg concentration and salinity exposure.
Use of Statistical Bootstrapping to Calculate Confidence Intervals for the Fall Chinook Salmon Run Reconstruction to Lower Granite Dam
Authors: Steinhorst Kirk , Milks Deborah , Naughton George P. , Schuck Mark , Arnsberg Bill
Published: January 2011

Meeting escapement and recovery goals for Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. is greatly facilitated by accurate and precise estimates of run size and stock composition. Although this is particularly important for endangered Pacific salmon runs like the Snake River fall Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha evolutionarily significant unit, few studies provide estimates with confidence intervals (CIs) and standard errors (SEs). We developed a run reconstruction method for fall Chinook salmon returning to Lower Granite Dam on the Snake River. We showed that composition estimates of fish returning to large river systems can be obtained through subsampling. The methods reported here yield CIs around those estimates. We used compound bootstrap methods to derive CIs and SEs on return numbers and composition. In general, if the number of fish returning for a group was 300 or more, we were 90% confident that our return estimate represented the true number within 10%. Estimates for smaller groups were generally imprecise. The analytical technique described here provides fishery managers with information necessary for assessing escapement and recovery goals and addressing conservation and harvest allocations of adult Snake River fall Chinook salmon.
Predicting Yellow Perch Population Responses Using a Density‐Dependent Age‐Structured Matrix Projection Model: How Many Annual Data Points Are Needed?
Authors: Sable Shaye E. , Rose Kenneth A.
Published: January 2011

Density‐dependent matrix projection models are commonly used to simulate fish population dynamics. Much of the data needed to specify the density‐dependent relationships are annual; thus, determining how many years of data are needed to accurately specify these relationships is critical. We used 200 years of simulated output from an individual‐based model (IBM) as “data,” and we estimated density‐dependent age‐0 survival, yearling survival, and adult growth (affected maturity and fecundity) for an age‐structured matrix projection model. We divided the 200‐year baseline simulation into 34 data sequences: three 60‐year sequences, four 40‐year sequences, nine 20‐year sequences, and eighteen 10‐year sequences. We refitted the density‐dependent survival and growth functions to each reduced data sequence and compared their shapes; we then substituted the refitted functions into a matrix model specific to each data sequence. We compared key output variables for the baseline simulations and the responses to decreased egg survival among the IBM, the matrix model based on 200 years, and the 34 matrix models based on the different data sequences. The variation in shape and the number of sequences that resulted in density‐independent survival and depensatory growth increased greatly for the 20‐ and 10‐year sequences. Predicted population dynamics under baseline and predicted responses to reduced egg survival were reasonably similar to those under the IBM and matrix model based on 200 years for the 60‐ and 40‐year sequences but showed increasing divergence for the 20‐ and 10‐year sequences. We suggest that 40 or more years of annual data will allow for reasonable estimation of density‐dependent relationships in age‐structured matrix projection models. Many applications of similar models used in management are based on fewer than 40 years of data, and yet their use is intended to generate predictions with sufficient precision and accuracy to resolve differences between relatively small changes in survival rates.
Correlated Metrics Yield Multimetric Indices with Inferior Performance
Authors: van Sickle John
Published: January 2011

Multimetric indices (MMIs) are widely used to assess the ecological health of freshwater ecosystems. An MMI is a sum of several standardized numeric variables or metrics, each representing a different attribute of a biological assemblage. Many researchers believe that highly correlated metrics should not be included in the same MMI because they convey redundant information. To seek evidence for or against this belief, I compared the performance of 1,000 MMIs created for each of eight existing data sets by randomly resampling metrics from sets of previously identified candidates. An MMI's performance was measured by its precision and its ability to detect differences between assemblages sampled in independently assessed reference and impacted streams. Across the 1,000 MMIs, precision decreased with increasing mean correlation magnitude for seven of the eight data sets. For seven of the data sets, multiple linear regressions fitted to each set of 1,000 MMIs predicted a decrease in MMI detection ability as the mean correlation magnitude between metrics increased, after adjusting for the average responsiveness of individual metrics to the difference between reference and impacted conditions. However, similar regressions showed that the size of the largest correlation between any two metrics in an MMI had little or no effect on its detection ability. Thus, minimizing the mean of metric correlations is more effective than the widespread practice of setting an upper correlation limit when optimal MMI performance is desired. Finally, an MMI had originally been built for each data set by selecting one set of individually best metrics. In 23 of 24 assessments, 5–100% of randomly selected MMIs outperformed the original MMIs. Because individually best metrics rarely yielded a best‐performing summed index, I recommend assessing multiple candidate MMIs, rather than just multiple candidate metrics, when developing a new MMI.
Effects of Hurricane Katrina on Freshwater Fish Assemblages in a Small Coastal Tributary of Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana
Authors: van Vrancken Jeffrey , O'Connell Martin
Published: January 2011

Hurricane Katrina struck southeastern Louisiana on 29 August 2005 and thereby created an opportunity to examine the effects of a catastrophic storm on fish assemblages in a coastal stream. Bayou Lacombe is a small (46.1 river kilometers), primarily freshwater stream that drains into the northeastern portion of Lake Pontchartrain, a large oligohaline estuary located north of New Orleans. In summer 2005 (prior to the hurricane), three upstream and three downstream reaches of Bayou Lacombe were surveyed by electrofishing. These same six reaches were resurveyed in the summer of 2006 to assess the effects of the hurricane on fish assemblages. There were significant changes in fish assemblages at the downstream and upstream reaches. At the downstream reaches, centrarchid species such as bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, warmouth L. gulosus, and redspotted sunfish L. miniatus increased in abundance after the hurricane, as did inland silverside Menidia beryllina and striped mullet Mugil cephalus, both estuarine‐dependent species. At the upstream reaches, longear sunfish L. megalotis decreased after the hurricane and weed shiners Notropis texanus, goldstriped darters Etheostoma parvipinne, and warmouth were absent from posthurricane samples. Principal components and BEST analyses showed that differences in dissolved oxygen between years were related to fish assemblage changes in the upstream reaches. Salinity and temperature were associated with fish assemblage changes in the downstream reaches. Similar significant changes could occur in other coastal streams prone to increased hurricane activity.
Predation on Early Life Stages of Lake Sturgeon in the Peshtigo River, Wisconsin
Authors: Caroffino David C. , Sutton Trent M. , Elliott Robert F. , Donofrio Michael C.
Published: January 2011

Mortality of early life stages can limit recruitment of fishes, and understanding the impacts of various sources of mortality has long been a goal of fisheries management. The impacts of predation on lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens are not well understood. The objective of this study was to identify and quantify sources of predation that affect lake sturgeon eggs, larvae, and age‐0 juveniles in the Peshtigo River, Wisconsin, during 2006 and 2007. Egg bags were used to assess the rate of lake sturgeon egg consumption by crayfishes Orconectes spp. Potential piscine predators on eggs, larvae, or age‐0 juveniles were captured using fyke nets, gill nets, hoop nets, and electrofishing for analysis of stomach contents. Crayfish consumed lake sturgeon eggs at an average rate of 9.4 eggs/d, and the population of crayfish within the lake sturgeon spawning habitat consumed an estimated 300,000 eggs during the incubation period. Numerous fish species were observed consuming lake sturgeon eggs, and piscine predators likely consumed most eggs that settled on the surface of the substrate. Within 862 predator stomachs, only a single lake sturgeon larva was observed, and there was no evidence of predation on age‐0 juveniles. These results suggest that predation could limit recruitment at the egg stage, but it does not appear to be limiting to the larval and age‐0 juvenile life stages in the Peshtigo River.