bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Subramanian Vidya
Published: February 2023

This chapter sets up the premise of the book, introducing the literature around cricket and the theoretical frameworks used in this analysis. It contends that from being a sport to be played in a time of leisure, cricket has been transformed into not just a profession and an industry but also an enterprise that acts as a platform for advertisers, celebrities, businesses, and even fans. The understanding and engagement with the game of cricket seem to have undergone a radical re-assembly in which while the basic structure of the edifice has remained largely unaltered (the batsman versus bowler aspect), everything else—from the facade to the inner workings of the structure—have been subjected to a new alignment. From white flannel to coloured clothing, from five-day tests to floodlit Twenty20 matches, and from the village green to after-parties, the very identity of cricket seems to have undergone a rupture.
‘A Dramatic Spectacle’
Authors: Subramanian Vidya
Published: February 2023

What was the draw of cricket in a technologically unmediated era? What is it about test cricket that allowed it to remain in the memory of its fans long after a match had concluded? This chapter deals with the form of cricket that existed before the technological era and attempts to describe the manner in which test cricket was more about the process of play than the event of the result. It tries to understand the unique appeal of a slow sport such as test cricket, and discusses how the plural narrative of test cricket was constructed. It then goes on to understand the evolution of the game through several paths that led to the creation of the limited-overs game.
The Eye of the Storm
Authors: Subramanian Vidya
Published: February 2023

This chapter attempts to analyse the spectator and understand the question of who watches, why, and how. The spectator is at the centre of the show that television puts on. The entire edifice of networked media sport and the sporting-entertainment complex is premised on the understanding that sport is popular. And that millions of people around the world watch sport and therefore provide an easy catchment area for those seeking to be seen. The spectator—in the stadium, on television, on mobile phone screens, in public spaces—is at the centre of all spectacle. The chapter analyses the IPL and how in its city-based format, it creates a new type of fan, that is at once seen to be un-tethered from country loyalty but is still very much within its framework.
Conclusion
Authors: Subramanian Vidya
Published: February 2023

This is the conclusion, in which all the arguments of the previous chapters are brought together. The chapter argues that the IPL has always been presented as an entertainment package. With explosive, nail-biting matches supplementing a theatre of celebrities, gossip, cheerleaders, glamorous presenters, movie promotions within matches, and even on-field interviews with players while they are playing, the IPL marks a crucial moment in the understanding of sport, television, and audiences in present-day India. The conclusions drawn are that first, the game of cricket is the most important ingredient in the making of the IPL as a sporting platform; and second, technologies such as ICTs have enabled the creation of a new type of commodity for consumption through the politics of speed.
Birth of Mothers’ Houses
Authors: Ura Karma
Published: February 2023

The construction process was punctuated by rites and communal feasts. The birth of a house also had many stages of midwifery: astrological prescriptions to seek the land from other supernatural beings, gathering of materials and skilled builders, rituals and parties at each major stage of its upward structural growth into the sky, and occasions for rewarding the master builders and gratis labour of the community. Tampering of soil into walls, literally known as dancing on rammed earth, led to affairs and courtship among the youth. Houses had to accommodate both livestock and family members and were spaciously designed for these multiple purposes. Scheme for utilization also included space for supernatural beings, with the third floor for gods, as well as guests, and the ground floor for livestock. Households were mostly maternal with the bulk of assets passing to one of the daughters who perpetuated the household identity. A baby born in a house, set off a new wave of protective rituals and rearing obligations to foster a member of family, community, and humanity. Rammed earth houses became the space and setting for successive rounds of births, deaths, and many human dramas in between.
Sounds and Colours of the Land
Authors: Ura Karma
Published: February 2023

Like the colours of landscape, volumes of sounds of wind and water changed over the seasons. The murmur of meandering rivers has inspired one of the most well-known poems. While mustard turned fields yellow and trees began to leaf, raucous archery tournaments and blasts of various ritual instruments wafted cross a village. Ambient colours of water mills, temples, and houses provided a background to colours of textile garments people wore and handmade wares they used. Experience of sounds and colours peaked in summer. Thundering sound of thousands of bees swarming in flowering buckwheat fields, and loud calls of birds and beasts rang through the land. All of them found resonance in daily life as well as limericks and melodies. But the most regular sound a person heard was a babble of tongues across Bhutan. The phonetic and tonal differences between two major languages of Bhutan, Tshangla and Dzongkha, added to the orchestra of sounds.
Rhythm of Farm Life
Authors: Ura Karma
Published: February 2023

Even where the main crop was rice such as Paro, one meal a day was flour-based, from millet, buckwheat, or wheat grown alongside rice. Maize rivalled millet as the staple diet in the nation as a whole. Barley, buckwheat, maize, wheat, and millet were fermented extensively to power workforces with singchang, banchang, and ara. These cereals were also major feeds for horses, pigs, and oxen. Oxen and horses were treated to cold gruel, dough balls, and mustard oil. Unlike other livestock who consumed everything orally, horses were fed monthly oil and remedial alcohol through their noses. Mustard oil and pig lard were more widely used in curries and dishes than butter. Crops were not only shared with livestock by design, but they were shared reluctantly with wild birds and beasts like wild boar, bear, deer, sambhar, monkey, langur, and porcupine. Clearing, tilling, planting, guarding, and harvesting were often collective tasks leading to egalitarian village value of being and doing things together, through farming to feasting.
Reparations in Contemporary International Law
Authors: Moffett Luke
Published: February 2023

Since the Second World War, reparations have become a mainstay in international law. This chapter discusses some of the international legal frameworks and reparations measures made at the United Nations (UN) and in state practice. This includes the laws around resorting to force and waging an aggressive war under jus ad bellum, international humanitarian law, and international human rights law. Despite the progress being made in recognizing reparations under international law for violations committed during war, there are still significant gaps, exclusions, and limitations with regards to the extent of the right to reparation, in particular under the laws of war. While there are emerging developments in international criminal law, this chapter focuses on the more substantive areas of international law that are more often invoked in addressing the question of reparations.
Non-State Armed Groups and Reparations
Authors: Moffett Luke
Published: February 2023

Non-State armed groups have often been ignored as being responsible actors in making reparations or derided as not having sufficient capacity to make such redress to their victims. This chapter explores how armed groups do engage in reparations during war and peacetime for a range of motivations and how this can inform international legal practice. This chapter begins by discussing the international legal position of non-State armed groups and the extent to which we can speak of their obligation to make reparations to their victims. The second section analyses the motivations of armed groups to make reparations in line with their own ideology or collective identity around grievances for past or ongoing violations. It then turns to consider the practice of reparations during conflict by armed groups, and finally the making of reparations after the end of hostilities and during peacetime. Highlighting this diverse practice and understanding of reparations by non-State armed groups serves to underscore the prevalence of such efforts, but also how reparations can resonate and connect to the values, ideology, and culture of an armed group in accounting for their violence.
Monuments and Rhetorical Materiality
Authors: Strazdins Estelle
Published: February 2023

Chapter 3 explores imperial Greek engagement with the layered, multi-temporal physicality of monumental cityscapes and memorial landscapes in the Roman empire through an analysis of their own monuments and establishes the dense materiality of contemporary Greek rhetorical culture with its interweaving of text and artefact. It does so by: a) analysing several examples of multivalent monuments, focusing particularly on Herodes Attikos; b) examining the use of text to shape and control monumental meaning in the literature of Aelius Aristeides, Arrian, and Pausanias; and c) demonstrating how these two streams of culture are fundamental to the Greek paideutic system via the example of Lucian. The chapter provides an overview of how these factors impact imperial Greek commemorative aspiration and process, and sets up the contiguous exploration of literary and material expression as the best means of elucidating it. It argues that elite imperial Greeks use both the monumental and the literary to signal their innovations and relevance while creating and exploiting a powerful cultural framework in which to embed them.
Allegory
Authors: Ben-Yishai Ayelet
Published: February 2023

The displacement afforded by allegory as a mode of representation has a long history in the colonial context, valuable in evading censorship and political retaliation. However, O.V. Vijayan’s Saga of Dharmapuri (1988), and Arun Joshi’s The City and the River (1990) were written well after the restoration of democracy at the end of the Emergency, their allegorical form a vexed choice, rather than an obvious one. Moving from readings of these allegories as modes of political representation to understanding allegory as a genre of political intervention, I argue that these novels signal the failure of the ongoing political system that enables Emergency and continues long after order has ostensibly been restored. Deeply pessimistic, but not nihilistic, Vijayan and Joshi make their political interventions by holding on to the promise of order, and signal that promise by holding on to the promise of allegory.
R. H. Charles
Authors: VanderKam James C.
Published: February 2023

R.H. Charles: A Biography treats the life and work of the pioneer scholar of Jewish apocalyptic literature. After situating his work in the history of scholarship on the Bible and related areas, the biography is divided into three parts. The first describes his family background, education, and early priestly work (1855–90). The second deals with the Oxford years (1890–1913) when he produced his most famous editions and commentaries on apocalyptic texts. The final part surveys his years as Canon of Westminster (1913–31) when he wrote pastoral works and continued publication of scholarly books.
LGBT Rights and the Constitutional Court
Authors: Satrio Abdurrachman
Published: February 2023

This chapter explains the decision of the Constitutional Court in a case concerning the rights of the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) community (the LGBT case) decided in 2017. The petitioners had asked the Court to interpret several provisions of the Criminal Code including Article 292 that punishes adults who commit obscene acts against children. The petitioners argued that the article should also criminalize relations between same-sex adults. In a 5–4 decision, the Court rejected a petition by conservative Muslim organizations. In this case, the Court found that the legislature rather than the Court was the proper institution to consider their argument for the expansion of the scope of criminal law. This may sound like the Court partly agreed with the petitioners. However, this chapter suggests that by deferring the decision to the legislature, the Court still protected the rights of LGBT people; the Court knew that parliament would not be able to gain sufficient support to pass amendments to the penal code. This decision was pragmatic because it balanced the Court’s need to maintain legitimacy in the eyes of a conversative and religious public with the need to prevent the criminalization of the LGBT community.
Conventional Religion and Revealed Religion
Authors: Holden Thomas
Published: February 2023

To understand Hobbes’s treatment of scripture and revelation, we need to see it in the light of his wider account of the rational norms controlling public religious speech and practice. On that account, we ought to venerate the deity not only with natural, universally recognizable signs of honor, but also by adopting the local culture’s religious practices, however arbitrary and conventional those practices might be. For the seventeenth-century English subject, the Anglo-Protestant scriptural religion provides the appropriate vehicle to express this rationally mandated religious piety, and thus provides a form of devotion that Hobbes embraces in a spirit of genuine religious reverence. At the same time, he also regards the Anglo-Protestant religion, like all historical religions, as a conventional human artifact that, given the ear of the sovereign, he might hope to shape in favor of Hobbesian ideals such as civil obedience and the separation of philosophy from religion.
Consequences and Reception
Authors: Holden Thomas
Published: February 2023

I summarize Hobbes’s revisionist treatment of religious speech and practice, and consider some of the more provocative consequences of his philosophy of religion. Those consequences include its partition of theology and philosophy, its recasting of religion as fundamentally a matter of performance and display, its indifferentism about forms of worship, and its implications for the question of religious toleration. I also say something about the place of the interpretation of Hobbes’s philosophy of religion advanced in this book as against the reception of that philosophy both in the early modern period and in the more recent commentary.
Deciding between two grammars
Authors: Heine Bernd
Published: February 2023

The main interest of Chapter 7 is with exploring what the presence of two competing grammars means to interlocutors with reference to the way they communicate with one another and build their discourses. Altogether ten grammatical features are presented to distinguish the two grammars. A concern central to the chapter is to determine how each of the two grammars contributes to discourse processing. Three general types of text organization are characterized in Section 7.2, namely text pieces (a) where interactive grammar is predominant, (b) where both grammars are equally important, and (c) where sentence grammar is predominantly employed. An important factor determining discourse processing can be seen in the presence of adjacency pairs in conversational turn taking.
Nepal’s New Rich
Authors: Wallenius Todd John
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores the changing dynamics of class and sociocultural differentiation operating in and through elite private schools in contemporary Kathmandu. Long-standing academic perspectives have held that caste-based privileges in Nepal are reproduced through formal education in Nepal. However, dramatic developments in recent decades, including a massive influx of foreign aid, growing urban labour and remittance economy, and substantial infusion of tourist dollars, have led to a significant amount of cash ‘floating around’ in Kathmandu (Liecthy 2003: 51). This highly monetized economy appears to be reshaping Kathmandu’s socio-economic landscape through the formation of a ‘New Rich’—wealthy families from diverse ethnic backgrounds for whom elite education plays an important role in self-construction. Drawing on the unique position of a teacher turned ethnographer, this chapter explores how elite private schools are creating new spaces for sociocultural performance through a neoliberal, international education paradigm. Furthermore, the chapter examines how elite private schools harness a global education market in order to solidify social status in Kathmandu. By shedding light on the ongoing transformations of class and ethnicity among elite private schools, this chapter aims to stimulate renewed considerations of Kathmandu’s social-class structure and the role of elite education in producing and transforming Nepal’s cultural order.
Navigating Class through Education
Authors: Faye Reidun
Published: February 2023

The massive expansion of formal schooling in Nepal during the last three decades has resulted in a remarkable change in the social and demographic composition of the student population in Nepal, as economically deprived, low caste groups, girls, and marginalized ethnic groups participate in formal schooling to a much larger degree than earlier. Building upon ethnographic fieldwork among the urban poor in Kathmandu in the period 2010–2014, this chapter takes a closer look at how some of those who were earlier excluded from formal schooling navigate within a rapidly changing educational landscape. Analysing how poor families make choices when selecting schools for their children, and what factors that inform their education strategies, this chapter demonstrates that although the families were short on financial recourses, they managed to navigate through both private and public schooling, and many were also successful in finalizing university education. In doing so, this chapter adds to debates on how commodification of education, class production, and recent social and political changes contribute to shape the educational practices of urban poor people in Nepal and South Asia.
Moving to Learn
Authors: Valentin Karen
Published: February 2023

With a steady rise in the number of Nepalese youth seeking to pursue an education abroad, transnational student migration has attained an increasingly prominent role in the migratory landscape of Nepal. This reflects a new type of migration enabled by a commodified, international education market, which the aspiring middle-class can buy into, and which has made education abroad available to segments of the Nepali society to whom it was completely out of reach two decades ago. However, for Nepalis living outside the urban centres, geographical mobility, short or long distance, has long been a precondition for obtaining a school education above the primary level. So, what is new is not the necessity to move for education, but the scale and character. Based on longitudinal ethnographic studies on the relationship between education and migration in Nepal and ‘beyond’, this chapter will examine the changing educational landscape from the perspective of interrelated social and geographical mobility processes. It ties together material from my early studies of educational strategies in a squatter settlement in Kathmandu and later studies on the role of education in migration processes. The ethnographic cases will shed light, firstly, on the multiple and often overlapping reasons that make people move for education and which make parents send away their children for education; secondly, on the relationship between education and the negotiation of class positions. The chapter, thus, aims to extend analytical and methodological discussion of ‘educational locations’, both in relation to geographical sites and social sites of educational practice.
Games of Jurisdictions
Authors: Ray Reeju
Published: February 2023

Building on the arguments of the previous chapter, Chapter 2 focuses on jurisdictional boundary disputes between British and non-British territories of Sylhet, Khasi, Jaintia, Garo hills, and Assam. This chapter shows how the ambiguity and imprecision of colonial boundaries intensified legally sanctioned violence. The chapter points to the shifting relationship between colonial administrators in Bengal, local authorities in the hills, inhabitants of the hills, and settler-proprietors in Sylhet in the first half of the nineteenth century. This chapter highlights the tensions within emerging ruler-subject relations, within colonial spatial and civilizational categories, and within colonial sovereignty. By looking at the constant flux of jurisdictional boundaries—visible in the recurrent disputes, raids, and incommensurable socio-political practices in the hills that the colonial authorities defined as extortion and nomadism—we can see how the contested nature of sovereignty functioned as a strategy of imperial governance. The case studies in this chapter point towards the relationship between various dimensions of colonial law—corporal, embodied, and epistemological.
Conclusion
Authors: Bateman Benjamin
Published: February 2023

Centered on wildlife ecologist J. Drew Lanham’s creative nonfiction essay “Forever Gone,” which connects histories of plantation slavery to the eradication of the Carolina parakeet, this Conclusion meditates on the freedom flights modeled by nonhuman animal species. Arguing that the loss of these species and the ecologies they inhabit depletes arenas of and inspirations for human escape, the Conclusion frames queer disappearance as a reparative practice and aesthetic that might offset deep histories of extraction and exploitation.
COVID-19, Law & Regulation
Authors: Bennett Belinda , Freckelton AO KC Ian , Wolf Gabrielle
Published: February 2023

COVID-19, Law & Regulation: Rights, Freedoms, and Obligations in a Pandemic analyses legal and regulatory responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. It examines key examples of legal issues, legislation, cases, regulations, and regulatory policies that illustrate how the law has provided a framework for responding to the public health, medical, social, and economic ramifications of this pandemic. The book draws on international examples and literature with a particular focus on common law countries, including the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand but also refers to key European jurisprudence. The book considers lessons that can be learned from the responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, developing new insights into and understandings of the important role that law can play in addressing future public health emergencies.
Past Legal and Regulatory Responses to Infectious Diseases
Authors: Bennett Belinda , Freckelton Ian , Wolf Gabrielle
Published: February 2023

Chapter 2, ‘Past Legal and Regulatory Responses to Infectious Diseases’, provides historical context to the legal and regulatory responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. It traces the historical origins of some key measures used to tackle COVID-19, including quarantine, isolation, regulation of vaccine production and distribution, and criminalization of intentional transmission of disease. This chapter also examines the background to international initiatives to prevent the global spread of disease. Chapter 2 identifies and explores themes that recurred in response to past epidemics and pandemics in different geographical regions and centuries, from the Black Death through to Ebola, and continue to resound in the management of COVID-19. These include: use of voluntary and coercive public health measures to impede the spread of disease, their implications for civil liberties, and challenges made to them; legal protection provided to people who suffered from infectious diseases; and also regulatory failures to assist some communities that have been disproportionately affected by diseases and measures intended to curb their transmission. Through this analysis, Chapter 2 highlights how the social, economic, and political disruption caused by infectious diseases, and medical and scientific advances often made in response to them, can lead to significant changes to the law.
A Global Emergency
Authors: Bennett Belinda , Freckelton Ian , Wolf Gabrielle
Published: February 2023

Chapter 3, ‘A Global Emergency’, analyses the global emergency posed by COVID-19, situating it within existing international law for regulating global public health emergencies. In particular, this chapter discusses the International Health Regulations (IHR) and the revisions made to them in 2005. Chapter 3 also reviews lessons learned from past public health emergencies, including the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, which was the first test of the revised IHR (2005), the 2014–16 Ebola crisis in West Africa, debates over the IHR that have emerged during COVID-19, and proposals for a new pandemic treaty. Chapter 3 identifies the importance of data in measuring the scale and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the challenges in accurately measuring the number of COVID-related deaths. It also considers the importance of civil registration and vital statistics for recording deaths, as well as the need for data to be disaggregated to enable identification of the pandemic’s impact on different groups.
Restrictions on Movement
Authors: Bennett Belinda , Freckelton Ian , Wolf Gabrielle
Published: February 2023

Chapter 4, ‘Restrictions on Movement’, analyses some of the major legal and regulatory measures that have been adopted to restrict people’s movement in order to impede the transmission of COVID-19. It examines border closures that have prevented people from travelling locally, interstate or between provinces, and internationally (though also some countries’ repatriation of citizens and permanent residents). The chapter discusses restrictions that have been imposed on entering Indigenous communities; the impact of movement restrictions on families with separated or divorced parents; and ramifications of the pandemic for extradition proceedings. Also explored in this chapter are restrictions that have been imposed on non-citizens’ freedom of movement, including closure of borders to non-citizens and the impact of movement restrictions on asylum-seekers, and the closure of ports to and quarantine of cruise ships. This chapter discusses the layers of laws that have encroached upon the legally recognized human right to freedom of movement. It touches, too, on public debates that the restrictions of movement have prompted about individuals’ and communities’ rights and responsibilities during public health emergencies, and the exceptional circumstances of a pandemic that have led to the imposition of constraints on people’s lives.
Litigation and Legal Challenges to Emergency Orders
Authors: Bennett Belinda , Freckelton Ian , Wolf Gabrielle
Published: February 2023

Chapter 6, ‘Litigation and Legal Challenges to Emergency Orders’, explores the parameters that permit and set limits on the powers of governments to make emergency orders and directions during a pandemic. It examines challenges mounted in diverse countries’ courts during 2020 and 2021, which tested the power of government to make public health orders that encroach on individuals’ legally protected rights and liberties. This chapter considers the invocation of the right to life to justify orders, such as border closures, quarantine, lockdowns, and curfews, and the implications of public health orders made during the pandemic for the right to assemble. It scrutinizes a major English challenge brought on public law grounds against the sufficiency of government orders for the protection of persons living in congregate aged-care residences and the ramifications of the decision for civil actions. The chapter also reviews legal challenges to the imposition of requirements for people to be vaccinated in order to enjoy various ways in which they can participate in the community. In addition, it reviews litigation in the family law context in relation to whether children are vaccinated and the ramifications of such decisions by parents for custodial arrangements in relation to children. It discusses governments’ preparedness to impose restrictive measures to inhibit spread of the virus and the tendency for courts to acquiesce in such measures, provided they can be shown to be required in the interests of public health and be proportionate.
Risk, Impact, and Disadvantage
Authors: Bennett Belinda , Freckelton Ian , Wolf Gabrielle
Published: February 2023

Chapter 7, ‘Risk, Impact, and Disadvantage’, analyses the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on people’s social and economic well-being. It explores the nature of risk and disadvantage in the pandemic, including its effects on older persons, health disparities related to race and ethnicity, the impact of COVID-19 on Indigenous Peoples, the pandemic’s consequences for women and children, as well as on people who are homeless, migrants, refugees, persons with disabilities, and people in detention (both prison and immigration detention). This chapter also examines prevention and treatment of COVID-19, including access to facilities for handwashing, and rationing of treatments. The chapter continues with a discussion of social isolation and mental health sequelae during the pandemic. The final part of the chapter considers the pandemic’s impact on work and employment.
Development of COVID-19 Treatments and Vaccines
Authors: Bennett Belinda , Freckelton Ian , Wolf Gabrielle
Published: February 2023

Chapter 11, ‘Development of COVID-19 Treatments and Vaccines’, examines some domestic and international laws, regulations, and policies that have been relevant to research undertaken to develop treatments to cure or reduce the severity of symptoms of COVID-19, and vaccines to prevent people contracting and suffering or dying from it. The chapter considers the role played by the World Health Organization in co-ordinating, accelerating, and overseeing international collaboration between researchers working on treatments and vaccines to address the risks to global health posed by COVID-19. This chapter explores the risks for individual and public health of strategies scientists have adopted to hasten their COVID-19 research. It reviews the use of human challenge trials. The chapter addresses challenges involved in ensuring the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 treatments and vaccines for all. The challenges include enrolling diverse participants in clinical trials, obtaining their informed consent to participation, and protecting those who are unable to consent, but whose involvement in such trials is important. This chapter discusses the balance that has been struck between the imperatives to maintain the scientific and scholarly integrity and rigour of research, and to undertake and publish results of studies concerning treatments and vaccines as quickly as possible in order to tackle the risks posed by COVID-19.
A Substitute Family?
Authors: Soares Claudia
Published: February 2023

The WSS’s admission forms encouraged the permanent, long-term placement of children in their homes in an attempt to discourage children’s temporary admission and subsequent removal when familial circumstances improved. This chapter takes children’s entrance to the institution as its starting point to explore the competing models of ‘family’ in inmates’ lives. It explores how the WSS used various contracts, paperwork, and other terms and conditions to create stability and security for children by establishing a ‘superior’ institutional family and by controlling children’s interactions with their relatives. The chapter demonstrates how the idea of permanency was key to the successful creation of the institutional ‘family’. In many cases, these agreements, although possessing little legal standing, altered the relationships between relatives and children, sometimes irreparably. The chapter proceeds to consider how the Society understood the nature of family through examination of application forms and photographic and literary representations, and, in turn, how these understandings shaped its own ‘family’ ideals and the interactions with biological relatives.
Neither Waif nor Stray
Authors: Soares Claudia
Published: February 2023

Several children’s charities enabled ‘adoption’ throughout the later decades of the nineteenth century, and these agencies expected relatives to relinquish all their rights to children in care. These adoptions could be highly contested: relatives might be unclear about their rights, while child rescue organizations sometimes implemented controversial methods to undermine parental rights. This has meant that once children entered the institution, biological relatives often became passive agents in the study of the operations of such institutions. This chapter examines the scattered letters that relatives wrote to the institution, and to their children, in their attempts to influence, negotiate, challenge, and control the types of care their children received and the futures they were likely to have. In doing so, the chapter demonstrates that parents of children under the WSS were often acutely aware of their rights, and that they were active agents in exercising these rights or exerting their influence over children’s care. In exploring the responses to such requests, the chapter also demonstrates how the Society’s agents attempted to negotiate and challenge these appeals in turn. It reveals the often complex and drawn-out collaboration and contestation between welfare recipients and providers in their journey to agreement and resolution, and the various contractual points and practices at which these tensions tended to coalesce. The voice and agency of family members—marginalized and rarely heard individuals—are significant themes addressed in this chapter, resulting in welfare recipients’ attitudes and responses to care practices being positioned centrally.
Love and Immortality in The Velveteen Rabbit and “The Little Mermaid”
Authors: Guroian Vigen
Published: February 2023

This chapter notes how Margery Williams’s book The Velveteen Rabbit and Hans Christian Andersen’s story “The Little Mermaid” addressed children’s curiosity regarding immortality. Andersen puts the theme of romantic love to the service of his allegory, having romantic love be the reason governing the Little Mermaid’s decisions and undertakings. This allegory encouraged readers to contemplate the mermaid’s fate as a commentary on love and immortality. Margery Williams’s narrative evokes allegorical interpretation as well, and here love encourages the heart’s desire for immortality. Williams also introduced various concepts of realness, such as being loved and having a sense of “I.”
Empirical Psychology
Authors: Gabriel Rami
Published: February 2023

This chapter describes the origins of psychology’s predominant use as an empirical science to understand its epistemological position relative to philosophy, religion, and the human and natural sciences. This includes an evaluation of the early stages of the institutionalization of the field in the German, American, and Russian contexts in which they developed. This chapter prepares the way for a consideration of the pragmatic use of metaphors employed in empirical psychology (Chapter 2), and the current state of the field (Chapter 3).
The Discursive Uses of Psychology
Authors: Gabriel Rami
Published: February 2023

Psychodynamic approaches were invented in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a technology to treat pathology. At their core is the concept of the individual, with her life history, drives, and agency. The liberal subject assumed in this discursive use of psychology is a product of Enlightenment humanism. An exploration of individualism in psychodynamic approaches serves to continue the project of sketching an interdisciplinary multilevel psychology. Discursive modes of psychology have also been used to provide an interpretative lens by which to decipher cultural products as text. The second section of the chapter explores the liberatory potential of discursive uses of psychology as self-knowledge in postcolonial encounters in India, Egypt, Ghana, and in the work of Frantz Fanon. These case studies illustrate the epistemic constraints of cultural context on uses of psychology.
Art and Reflexivity
Authors: Gabriel Rami
Published: February 2023

Art is a form of discursive self-knowledge that equips us with a motivated understanding of ourselves in the world. The author puts forward a theory about how knowledge gained through art is mediated through affective systems, direct perception, and the imagination. This chapter describes how art and the humanities are creative uses of psychology that furnish us with reflexive knowledge such as contextual modes of reflection and coping in a range of expressive formats. They accomplish this through engendering mimetic and transcendent experiences that are both analogical and discursive. Examples are drawn from mimetic arts, such as drama and literature, and arts of immanence, such as music and cinema.
Musical Paradoxes
Authors: Latour Melinda
Published: February 2023

This chapter unpacks the themes of paradox and contradiction within the Stoic-inflected moral song corpus, from the pithy paraphrase settings of the Paradoxa Stoicorum included in Boni’s and L’Estocart’s Quatrains to the rhetoric of contradiction structuring the poetic, visual, and musical Octonaires. These sonic and emblematic expressions offer sophisticated engagement with the Stoic consolatory techniques recommended for eliminating destructive emotions and finding inner freedom and constancy. By exploiting the artistic tensions embedded in musical and visual practices, these materials dramatize the Stoic advice to focus on what is always in our power—that is the ability to cultivate virtue regardless of the inconstancy of worldly fortune.
Peerless among Princes
Authors: Şahin Kaya
Published: February 2023

Süleyman ruled over the Ottoman Empire between 1520 and 1566. His domain extended from Hungary to Iran, and from the Crimea to North Africa and the Indian Ocean. The wealth of his treasury and the strength of his armies dazzled historians, poets, courtiers, diplomats, and publics across Eurasia. Süleyman fought with the Catholic Habsburgs in Europe and the Shiite Safavids in the Middle East, while presiding over a multilinguistic and multireligious empire. During his reign, imperial governance expanded considerably, and the law was emphasized as the main bond between ruler and subject. Süleyman’s prolific poetic output, his frequent appearances during public ceremonies, his charity, and his patronage of arts and architecture enhanced his reputation as a universal ruler who promised peace and prosperity to his subjects. Behind this public façade, Süleyman led a complicated life. He grew up with an overbearing father whose legacy was both an advantage and a burden. Defying established practice, he married a concubine named Hürrem whose love and affection became a true refuge. In old age, he had to overcome both debilitating sickness and the agitations of his sons to remain on the throne. Nearly half a millennium after his death, the life of Süleyman has been obscured by romanticized and exoticized narratives. Based on original sources in multiple languages, Peerless among Princes narrates Süleyman’s achievements as well as his failures. What emerges is a compelling account of a ruler, his family, his close associates, and the Ottoman imperial project during the transformational sixteenth century.
Ascent: The First Years on the Throne, 1520–25
Authors: Şahin Kaya
Published: February 2023

In the absence of any male relatives to contest his accession, Süleyman reached the Ottoman throne without hindrance at his father’s death in 1520 and moved to Constantinople. At the time of his accession, he was largely unknown to large sections of the military-political elite, had not commanded any forces on the battlefield, and did not have his own clique within the ruling circles. His first step in establishing a reputation was to promote himself as a just ruler, a virtue his father was not necessarily known for. His second step was to direct Ottoman armies toward targets his father had ignored: the Hungarian kingdom, and the Order of St. John and their island stronghold of Rhodes. His third step was to raise a household servant named İbrahim to the highest rank, the grand vizierate. This is also the time when he began a lifelong relationship with a concubine named Hürrem.
Growth: A New Imperial Vision, 1525–33
Authors: Şahin Kaya
Published: February 2023

With the help of İbrahim, Süleyman began to experiment with new political and religious notions. These brought together central Asian and Islamic elements, such as the ideal of a universal ruler born under an auspicious conjunction of the stars, with European/Christian concepts, such as the Last Roman Emperor. Süleyman increasingly presented himself as a messianic figure who would unite east and west, Islam and Christianity, under a single mantle. He actively competed with the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and his brother Ferdinand not only over the control of east-central Europe and the Mediterranean, but also over Charles’ title of Holy Roman Emperor, arguing that Süleyman was the one and true emperor on earth. During this period, Süleyman defeated the Hungarian king Louis II on the battlefield in 1526 and supported John Szapolyai as the new ruler of a truncated Hungarian kingdom. His armies laid siege to Vienna and organized devastating raids in central Europe.
Maturation: The Middle Years, 1533–53
Authors: Şahin Kaya
Published: February 2023

Ottoman military ventures became even more prominent in this period, with large-scale campaigns against the Safavids, clashes in east-central Europe, a stronger naval presence in the Mediterranean, and engagements in the Indian Ocean. The bureaucratic apparatus was further extended to ensure the ruler’s control over the resources. In addition, there were significant attempts at harmonizing the Sharia with dynastic law (kanun). There was an increasing emphasis on justice, both as a tool of empire management, and as a universalist political ideal that demanded loyalty from the empire’s subjects in return for peace and prosperity. While İbrahim was executed on Süleyman’s orders in 1536, the sultan found other collaborators who helped him manage the realm, notably his son-in-law Rüstem. Süleyman and Hürrem began creating their first large-scale charitable works in this period, already mindful of their legacies. The first signs of Süleyman’s illness also started manifesting themselves in the 1540s.
Old Age: The Final Years, 1553–66
Authors: Şahin Kaya
Published: February 2023

Süleyman spent the last years of his life struggling with health problems and the troubles caused by his sons. One, a prince recognized as heir apparent by many in Ottoman society, was executed. Another died of sickness; one of the remaining two rebelled, was defeated, and escaped to Iran, where he was eventually executed. This was also a time when Süleyman carefully worked to establish a specific legacy. His emphasis on religious rectitude and cultural achievement was reflected in a large mosque complex that opened to the public in 1557. He also commissioned an illustrated history of his time as sultan, in which the events of his reign and the details of the imperial edifice he created were monumentalized through text and image. Old and sick, he still felt he needed to perform the requirements of sovereignty as he left Constantinople for a campaign in central Europe in 1566. He died there, of natural causes; his corpse was brought back to the capital and buried next to the mosque carrying his name.
Sentencing and Algorithmic Transparency
Authors: Ryberg Jesper
Published: February 2023

Algorithmic transparency has received much attention in the current debate on the use of AI in sentencing. Concern has been expressed that the introduction or increased use of algorithms in the sentencing process may challenge the scrutability of and insight into the decision-making. However, there is a striking contrast between the repeated emphasis on the alleged challenge of algorithmic opacity and the lack of elaborate attempts at answering precisely what this challenge consists of. Drawing on the traditional discussion of the importance of judicial reason-giving, this chapter examines various reasons as to why and with regard to what algorithmic transparency may be morally important. It is argued that adherence to openness in the form of judicial reason-giving does not necessarily commit one to a view with regard to algorithmic transparency. Furthermore, even though there are strong reasons in favor of algorithmic transparency, the field still suffers from a lack of empirical research.
Algorithmic Sentencing
Authors: Zerilli John
Published: February 2023

Researchers in the field of “human factors” have long been aware that when humans devolve certain of their functions to technology, the transfer from human to machine can restructure more than the division of labor between them: humans’ perceptions of themselves and their abilities may also change. Such findings are relevant to the use of algorithmic and data-driven technologies, but whether they hold up in the specific context of recidivism risk assessment is only beginning to be considered. This chapter describes and analyzes some pertinent human factors results, and assesses the extent to which they pose a problem for the use of algorithms in the sentencing of offenders. While the findings from human factors research are themselves robust, they do not seem to translate neatly to the judicial sphere. The incentives, objectives, and ideologies of sentencing judges appear to upset the usual pattern of results seen in many other domains of human factors research.
“I Saw What They Were Hiring”
Authors: Donovan Ryan
Published: February 2023

A Chorus Line cemented the changed role of the dance ensemble in Broadway musicals and had profound impacts not just on the creation and dramaturgy of musicals but also on their economics and their aesthetics, all of which came to bear on casting and the rise of the triple-threat performer as the new paradigm for Broadway performers. This chapter opens by historicizing the shifts from separate choruses of singers and dancers to ensembles full of triple-threats. It then details A Chorus Line’s origins and its treatment of identity, where the show broke new ground in terms of representation with its text emerging from the dancers’ life stories. These life stories eventually had to be recast in other performers’ bodies, though. Much ink has been spilled on the show’s genesis and development in the first workshop process, but there has been less focus on keeping A Chorus Line going from 1975 to 1990 on Broadway and since then—and what this meant for Broadway writ large. Finally, this chapter argues that while A Chorus Line’s success was a love letter to Broadway dancers, it came with a cost: the musical that was supposed to individuate dancers ended up making them even more interchangeable than before.
Epilogue: Recasting Broadway
Authors: Donovan Ryan
Published: February 2023

Broadway’s body politics have reliably—and visibly—played their role in US theatre’s biggest stages and its economic seat. If the histories presented in this book demonstrate Broadway’s ambivalent embrace of nonconforming bodies, then moving forward Broadway must re-evaluate how it approaches all bodies—not only those that do not conform. As this book has demonstrated, aesthetic decisions on Broadway are always economic and political ones, too. The epilogue turns not to Broadway itself per se, but to those who are helping reshape a more inclusive industry often from the outside in through various modes of activism and advocacy. Inclusive casting is working its way to Broadway from regional theatre.