bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Staphylothermus
Authors: Stetter Karl O.
Published: July 2015

Sta.phy.lo.ther' mus
. Gr. fem. n.
staphyle
bunch of grapes; Gr. fem. n.
therme
heat; M.L. masc. n.
Staphylothermus
grape (‐forming) thermophile.

Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Desulfurococcales / Desulfurococcaceae / Staphylothermus

Cells slightly irregular cocci occurring singly, in pairs, as short chains, and as aggregates
of up to 100 cells. Width about 0.5–15 µm, depending on the culture conditions (Figure 1).

Strictly anaerobic. Heterotrophic growth in the presence of sulfur on peptone, tryptone, yeast extract, meat extract, and extracts of bacteria or archaea. H
2
S, CO
2
, acetate, and isovalerate are formed as metabolic products. Hyperthermophilic

. Optimum nutrition (0.1% yeast extract [w/v] + 0.5% peptone [w/v]), optimum temperature is 92°C and maximum, 98°C. In minimal medium (0.02% yeast extract [w/v] + 0.004%
Methanosarcina
extract [v/v]), optimum temperature is 85°C and maximum, 92°C. Resistant to vancomycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol. Gram negative. Cell envelope strongly stained by ruthenium red. Elongation factor 2 is ADP‐ribosylated by diphtheria toxin. Phytanyl glycerol diether, dibiphytanyl diglycerol tetraether and a yet unknown ether lipid component are present.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 35.

Type species
:
Staphylothermus marinus
Stetter and Fiala 1986, 573 (Effective publication: Stetter and Fiala
in
Fiala, Stetter, Jannasch, Langworthy and Madon 1986, 112.)
Sulfophobococcus
Authors: Reysenbach Anna‐Louise
Published: July 2015

Sul.fo.pho.bo.coc' cus
. L. neut. n.
sulfur
sulfur; Gr. v.
phobein
to fear, to avoid; Gr. masc. n.
koccos
grain;
Sulfophobococcus
the sulfur fearing coccus.

Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Desulfurococcales / Desulfurococcaceae / Sulfophobococcus

Cells are
regular or slightly irregular cocci ~3–5 μm in diameter
with a
tuft of filaments approximately 40 μm in length
. Occur
singly or as aggregates
. No murein present in the cell wall.
Strict heterotrophic anaerobe
that grows between
70 and 95°C at pH 6.5–8.5
. Growth is inhibited by sulfur. Membrane lipids are only dibiphytanylglycerol tetraethers.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 54–56.

Type species
:
Sulfophobococcus zilligii
Hensel, Matussek, Michalke, Tacke, Tindall, Kohlhoff, Siebers and Dielenschneider 1997b, 915 (Effective publication: Hensel, Matussek, Michalke, Tacke, Tindall, Kohlhoff, Siebers and Dielenschneider 1997a, 109).
Thermodiscus gen. nov.
Authors: Stetter Karl O.
Published: July 2015

Ther.mo.dis' cus
. Gr. fem. n.
therme
heat; L. masc. n.
discus
disc; M.L. masc. n.
Thermodiscus
the hot disc.

Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Desulfurococcales / Desulfurococcaceae / Thermodiscus

Cells are irregular dish‐ to disc‐shaped cocci
, varying in diameter from about 0.3 to 3 µm (Figure 1). The discs show a
thickness of only about 0.1–0.2 μm
. Cells occur singly. Gram negative. No cannulae formed. Pili‐like structures about 0.01 µm in diameter and up to 15 µm long present, sometimes connecting two individual cells. Flagella and motility absent. Cell envelope composed of protein subunits in hexagonal array, about 33 nm in diameter. Isoprenoid ether‐linked lipids are present (Langworthy, personal communication).
Strictly anaerobic. Optimum growth temperature: 90°C;
maximum: 98°C; minimum: 75°C. Growth occurs at pH 5–7; optimum pH ~5.5. Optimum NaCl concentration: ~2%.

Heterotrophic. H
2
S may be formed by S
0
reduction

.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 49.

Type species
:
Thermodiscus maritimus
sp. nov.
Thermosphaera
Authors: Huber Robert , Stetter Karl O.
Published: July 2015

Ther.mo.sphae' ra
. Gr. fem. n.
therme
heat; L. fem. n.
sphaera
sphere; L. fem. n.
Thermosphaera
the hot sphere.

Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Desulfurococcales / Desulfurococcaceae / Thermosphaera

Coccoid
cells with a diameter of 0.2–0.8 µm. They occur singly, in pairs, in short chains and in
grapelike cell aggregates
up to 10 µm in diameter with several 100 individuals (Figure 1). Cell envelope composed of a cytoplasmic membrane covered by an amorphous layer.
No surface layer protein detectable. Acyclic and cyclic glycerol diphytanyl tetraethers
in the membrane. No spores formed. Flagella present.
Obligate anaerobe. Hyperthermophilic
, optimum growth temperature: 85°C; maximum: 90°C; minimum: 67°C. Optimal pH: 6.5–7.2.
Heterotrophic growth
on yeast extract, peptone, gelatin, amino acids, heat‐treated xylan, amino acids, and glucose.

H
2
, CO
2
, isovalerate, and acetate formed as fermentation products

. Molecular hydrogen or
sulfur inhibits growth
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 46.

Type species
:
Thermosphaera aggregans
Huber, Dyba, Huber, Burggraf and Rachel 1998b, 36.
Pyrolobus
Authors: Stetter Karl O.
Published: July 2015

Pyr
.
o
.
lo
'
bus
. Gr. neut. n.
pyr
fire; Gr. masc. n.
lobos
lobe; M.L. masc. n.
Pyrolobus
the “fire lobe” (the hyperthermophilic lobe).

Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Desulfurococcales / Pyrodictiaceae / Pyrolobus

Cells regularly to irregularly lobed cocci
, about 0.7–2.5 µm in diameter (Figure 1).
Gram‐negative
. No spores formed.
Immotile
.
S‐layer of the cell envelope
consists of protein subunits arranged in a p4 lattice.
Membrane contains glycerol‐dialkyl‐glycerol‐tetraether
.
Growth between 90 and 113
°
C
(optimum 106°C), at pH 4.0–6.5 (optimum pH 5.5) and at 1–4% NaCl (optimum 1.7%). Exponential cultures survive a one‐hour autoclaving at 121°C. Facultatively aerobic. Obligately chemolithoautotrophic. Growth by anaerobic and microaerophilic H
2
oxidation, with NO
3
−
, S
2
O
3
2−
, and O
2
as electron acceptors. NO
3
−
is reduced to NH
4
+
. Growth inhibition by S
0
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 53.

Type species
:
Pyrolobus fumarii
Blöchl, Rachel, Burggraf, Hafenbradl, Jannasch and Stetter 1999, 1325 (Effective publication: Blöchl, Rachel, Burggraf, Hafenbradl, Jannasch and Stetter 1997, 20).
Sulfurisphaera
Authors: Reysenbach Anna‐Louise
Published: July 2015

Sul.fu.ri.sphae' ra
. L. neut. n.
sulfur
sulfur; L. fem. n.
sphaera
sphere; M.L. fem. n.
Sulfurisphaera
sulfur‐metabolizing spherical cells from sulfataric fields.

Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Sulfolobales / Sulfolobaceae / Sulfurisphaera

Cells are
irregular cocci
,
1
.
2–1
.
5
μ
m in diameter
.
Gram‐negative
.
Facultatively anaerobic heterotroph
.
Envelope
surrounding the cell membrane. Cells contain
caldarchaeol and calditoglycerocaldarchaeol
as the core lipids. No pili or flagella present. Growth occurs between
63 and 92
°
C and pH 1
.
0 and 5
.
0
. The organisms occur in acidic solfataras.

Type species
:
Sulfurisphaera ohwakuensis
Kurosawa, Itoh, Iwai, Sugai, Uda, Kimura, Horiuchi and Itoh 1998, 455.
Sulfurococcus
Authors: Reysenbach Anna‐Louise
Published: July 2015

Sul.fu.ro.coc' cus
. L. neut. n.
sulfur
sulfur; Gr. n.
koccos
berry; M.L. masc. n.
Sulfurococcus
sulfur‐oxidizing coccus.

Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Sulfolobales / Sulfolobaceae / Sulfurococcus

Cells coccoid
,
occurring singly or in pairs
,
0
.
8–2
.
5
μ
m in diameter
.
Reproduce by binary fission and budding
.
Gram‐negative
. Cell wall lacks murein. S‐layer with protein subunits arranged in hexagonal array.
Pili and capsule present
.
Aerobic
.
Facultative lithotroph
. Lithotrophy via oxidation of sulfur to sulfuric acid. Heterotrophic growth by oxidizing complex organics (e.g., yeast extract, peptone, sugars, amino acids).
Thermoacidophilic
,
growing between 40 and 85
°
C and at pH 1
.
0 and 5
.
8
.

Type species
:
Sulfurococcus mirabilis
Golovacheva, Val'ekho‐Roman and Troitski 1995, 880 (Effective publication: Golovacheva, Val'ekho‐Roman and Troitski 1987, 91).
Haloarcula
Authors: Ventosa Antonio
Published: July 2015

Ha.lo.ar' cu.la. Gr. n.hals, halossalt; L. fem. n.arculasmall box; M.L. fem. n.Haloarculasalt (‐requiring) small box.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Halobacteriales / Haloarculaceae / Haloarcula

Cells may be rods in liquid culture but are extremely pleomorphic, usually flat, 1–3 µm across with a range of shapes from triangles and squares to irregular disks. Resting stages are not known. Gram negative. Motile or nonmotile.Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. Oxidase and catalase positive.Extremely halophilic, with growth occurring in media containing 2.0–5.2 M NaCl; optimum concentration, 2.5–3 M NaCl. Temperature range for growth, 30–55°C; optimum temperature, 40–45°C. pH range for growth: 5–8; optimum pH, 7–7.5. Minimal Mg2+requirement for growth, 0.005–0.05 M. Chemoorganotrophic, utilizing many substrates as sources of carbon and energy.Acids are produced from sugars. Amino acids are not required. The polar lipids are characterized by the presence of C20C20derivatives of TGD‐2.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 60.1–65. A minor DNA component may be present.

Type species:Haloarcula vallismortis(Gonzalez, Gutiérrez and Ramirez 1978) Torreblanca, Rodriguez‐Valera, Juez, Ventosa, Kamekura and Kates 1986b, 573 (Effective publication: Torreblanca, Rodriguez‐Valera, Juez, Ventosa, Kamekura and Kates 1986a, 98) (Halobacterium vallismortisGonzalez, Gutiérrez and Ramirez 1978, 710.)
Halobaculum
Authors: Oren Aharon
Published: July 2015

Ha.lo.ba' cu.lum
. Gr. n.
hals, halos
sea, salt; L. neut. n.
baculum
stick; M.L. neut. n.
Halobaculum
salt stick.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Haloferacales / Halorubraceae / Halobaculum

Gram‐negative rods
. Extremely halophilic, with optimum growth occurring in media containing 1–2.5 M NaCl and 0.6–1 M MgCl
2
. Optimum temperature 40°C. Colonies small, round, convex, entire, translucent orange‐red. Oxidase and catalase positive. Chemoorganotrophic;
aerobic
. Nitrate reduced to nitrite. No growth occurs anaerobically with nitrate or with arginine. Yeast extract and Casamino acids in low concentrations are good sources of organic nutrients. Growth on single carbon sources not observed. Certain carbohydrates stimulate growth with acid production. Polar lipids are characterized by the presence of C
20
C
20
derivatives of sulfated diglycosyl glycolipid (S‐DGD‐1) and the absence of phosphatidyl glycerol sulfate (PGS).

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 70.

Type species
:
Halobaculum gomorrense
Oren, Gurevich, Gemmell and Teske 1995, 753.
Halogeometricum
Authors: Oren Aharon , Montalvo‐Rodríguez Rafael , Vreeland Russell H.
Published: July 2015

Ha.lo.ge.o.me' tri.cum
. Gr. n.
hals, halos
the sea, salt; L. adj.
geometricum
geometrical; M.L. neut. n.
Halogeometricum
salty geometrical shape.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Haloferacales / Haloferacaceae / Halogeometricum

Gram‐negative pleomorphic cells
, including short and long rods, squares, triangles, and ovals.
Extremely halophilic
, with optimal growth occurring in media containing 3.5–4 M NaCl and 0.04–0.08 M MgCl
2
. Optimum temperature 40°C. Colonies small, mucoid, pink. Oxidase and catalase positive. Chemoorganotrophic;
aerobic
. Grows anaerobically with nitrate with formation of nitrite and gaseous products. No growth occurs anaerobically with arginine. Casamino acids and yeast extract are good sources of organic nutrients. Several sugars can be used as carbon sources in the presence of low concentrations of yeast extract. Polar lipids are characterized by the presence of a yet‐to‐be characterized nonsulfated diether glycolipid and the absence of PGS.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 59–60.5.

Type species
:
Halogeometricum borinquense
Montalvo‐Rodríguez, Vreeland, Oren, Kessel, Betancourt and López‐Garriga 1998, 1310.
A Polymer‐Bound Monodentate‐P‐Ligated Palladium Complex as a Recyclable Catalyst for the Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reaction of Aryl Chlorides
Authors: Zhou Yun‐Bing , Li Cun‐Yao , Lin Min , Ding Yun‐Jie , Zhan Zhuang‐Ping
Published: July 2015

A three‐fold cross‐linked polymer‐bound phosphine (POL‐Ph3P) with high phosphorus content has been prepared. The phosphorus‐containing polymer forms a monodentate‐P‐ligated palladium complex, which shows excellent activity in Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions of aryl chlorides. Importantly, the catalyst Pd/POL‐Ph3P is highly stable and can be reused for at least 10 times without losing reactivity.

magnified image
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)‐Gephyrotoxin 287C
Authors: Nemoto Tetsuhiro , Yamaguchi Mami , Kakugawa Kazumi , Harada Shingo , Hamada Yasumasa
Published: July 2015

Gephyrotoxin 287C, a bioactive alkaloid bearing a perhydropyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoline skeleton with five stereocenters, is an attractive target for synthetic organic chemistry. We achieved an enantioselective total synthesis of (+)‐gephyrotoxin 287C, for which the key steps were palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic amination using a chiral diaminophosphine oxide (DIAPHOX) preligand, diastereoselective intramolecular Mannich reaction, and tin tetrachloride‐catalyzed diastereoselective conjugate addition/protonation.

magnified image
Dark matter searches
Authors: Baudis Laura
Published: July 2015

One of the major challenges of modern physics is to decipher the nature of dark matter. Astrophysical observations provide ample evidence for the existence of an invisible and dominant mass component in the observable universe, from the scales of galaxies up to the largest cosmological scales. The dark matter could be made of new, yet undiscovered elementary particles, with allowed masses and interaction strengths with normal matter spanning an enormous range. Axions, produced non‐thermally in the early universe, and weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), which froze out of thermal equilibrium with a relic density matching the observations, represent two well‐motivated, generic classes of dark matter candidates. Dark matter axions could be detected by exploiting their predicted coupling to two photons, where the highest sensitivity is reached by experiments using a microwave cavity permeated by a strong magnetic field. WIMPs could be directly observed via scatters off atomic nuclei in underground, ultra low‐background detectors, or indirectly, via secondary radiation produced when they pair annihilate. They could also be generated at particle colliders such as the LHC, where associated particles produced in the same process are to be detected. After a brief motivation and an introduction to the phenomenology of particle dark matter detection, I will discuss the most promising experimental techniques to search for axions and WIMPs, addressing their current and future science reach, as well as their complementarity.

image
Silver‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Isocyanides and Active Methylene Compounds by a Radical Process
Authors: Liu Jianquan , Liu Zhenhua , Liao Peiqiu , Zhang Lin , Tu Tao , Bi Xihe
Published: July 2015

Isocyanides are versatile building blocks, and have been extensively exploited in CH functionalization reactions. However, transition‐metal‐catalyzed direct CH functionalization reactions with isocyanides suffer from over‐insertion of isocyanides. Reported herein is a radical coupling/isomerization strategy for the cross‐coupling of isocyanides with active methylene compounds through silver‐catalysis. The method solves the over‐insertion issue and affords a variety of otherwise difficult to synthesize β‐aminoenones and tricarbonylmethanes under base‐ and ligand‐free conditions. This report presents a new fundamental CC bond‐forming reaction of two basic chemicals.
Benzylic C(sp3)H Perfluoroalkylation of Six‐Membered Heteroaromatic Compounds
Authors: Kuninobu Yoichiro , Nagase Masahiro , Kanai Motomu
Published: July 2015

Successful benzylic C(sp3)H trifluoromethylation, pentafluoroethylation, and heptafluoropropylation of six‐membered heteroaromatic compounds were achieved as the first examples of a practical benzylic C(sp3)H perfluoroalkylation. In these reactions, BF2CnF2n+1 (n=1–3) functioned as both a Lewis acid to activate the benzylic position and a CnF2n+1 (n=1–3) source. The perfluoroalkylation proceeded at both terminal and internal positions of the alkyl chains. Perfluoroalkylated products were obtained in moderate to excellent yields, even on gram scale, and in a sequential procedure without isolation of the intermediates. By using this method, trifluoromethylation of a bioactive compound, as well as introduction of a CF3 group into a bioactive molecular skeleton, proceeded regioselectively.
The Cleavage of a CC Bond in Cyclobutylanilines by Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis: Development of a [4+2] Annulation Method
Authors: Wang Jiang , Zheng Nan
Published: July 2015

We report the first example of an intermolecular [4+2] annulation of cyclobutylanilines with alkynes enabled by visible‐light photocatalysis. Monocyclic and bicyclic cyclobutylanilines successfully undergo the annulation with terminal and internal alkynes to generate a wide variety of amine‐substituted cyclohexenes including new hydrindan and decalin derivatives with good to excellent diastereoselectivity. The reaction is overall redox neutral with perfect atom economy.
Systemic Fluorescence Imaging of Zebrafish Glycans with Bioorthogonal Chemistry
Authors: Agarwal Paresh , Beahm Brendan J. , Shieh Peyton , Bertozzi Carolyn R.
Published: July 2015

Vertebrate glycans constitute a large, important, and dynamic set of post‐translational modifications that are notoriously difficult to manipulate and image. Although the chemical reporter strategy has been used in conjunction with bioorthogonal chemistry to image the external glycosylation state of live zebrafish and detect tumor‐associated glycans in mice, the ability to image glycans systemically within a live organism has remained elusive. Here, we report a method that combines the metabolic incorporation of a cyclooctyne‐functionalized sialic acid derivative with a ligation reaction of a fluorogenic tetrazine, allowing for the imaging of sialylated glycoconjugates within live zebrafish embryos.
Design of Highly Photofunctional Porous Polymer Films with Controlled Thickness and Prominent Microporosity
Authors: Gu Cheng , Huang Ning , Wu Yang , Xu Hong , Jiang Donglin
Published: July 2015

Porous organic polymers allow the integration of various π‐units into robust porous π‐networks, but they are usually synthesized as unprocessable solids with poor light‐emitting performance as a result of aggregation‐related excitation dissipation. Herein, we report a general strategy for the synthesis of highly emissive photofunctional porous polymer films on the basis of a complementary scheme for the structural design of aggregation‐induced‐emissive π‐systems. We developed a high‐throughput and facile method for the direct synthesis of large‐area porous thin films at the liquid–electrode interface. The approach enables the preparation of microporous films within only a few seconds or minutes and allows precise control over their thickness with sub‐nanometer precision. By virtue of rapid photoinduced electron transfer, the thin films can detect explosives with enhanced sensitivity to low parts‐per‐million levels in a selective manner.
{μ‐PbSe}: A Heavy CO Homologue as an Unexpected Ligand
Authors: Thiele Günther , Franzke Yannick , Weigend Florian , Dehnen Stefanie
Published: July 2015

Reactions of [K(18‐crown‐6)]2[Pb2Se3] and [K([2.2.2]crypt)]2[Pb2Se3] with [Rh(PPh3)3Cl] in en (ethane‐1,2‐diamine) afforded ionic compounds with [Rh3(PPh3)6(μ3‐Se)2]− and [Rh3(CN)2(PPh3)4(μ3‐Se)2(μ‐PbSe)]3− anions, respectively. The latter contains a PbSe ligand, a rather uncommon homologue of CO that acts as a μ‐bridge between two Rh atoms. Quantum chemical calculations yield a significantly higher bond energy for PbSe than for CO, since the size of the ligand orbitals better matches the comparably rigid Rh‐Se‐Rh angles and the resulting Rh⋅⋅⋅Rh distance. To rationalize the bent coordination of the ligand, orbitals with significant ligand contributions and their dependence on the bonding angle were investigated in detail.
A Divergent Enantioselective Strategy for the Synthesis of Griseusins
Authors: Zhang Yinan , Ye Qing , Wang Xiachang , She Qing‐Bai , Thorson Jon S.
Published: July 2015

The first enantioselective total synthesis of griseusin A, griseusin C, 4′‐deacetyl‐griseusin A, and two non‐native counterparts in 11–14 steps is reported. This strategy highlights a key hydroxy‐directed CH olefination of 1‐methylene isochroman with an α,β‐unsaturated ketone followed by subsequent stereoselective epoxidation and regioselective cyclization to afford the signature tetrahydro‐spiropyran ring. Colorectal cancer cell cytotoxicities of the final products highlight the impact of the griseusin tetrahydro‐spiropyran ring on bioactivity. As the first divergent enantioselective synthesis, the strategy put forth sets the stage for further griseusin mechanism‐of‐action and SAR studies.
A Stable Single‐Site Palladium Catalyst for Hydrogenations
Authors: Vilé Gianvito , Albani Davide , Nachtegaal Maarten , Chen Zupeng , Dontsova Dariya , Antonietti Markus , López Núria , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier
Published: July 2015

We report the preparation and hydrogenation performance of a single‐site palladium catalyst that was obtained by the anchoring of Pd atoms into the cavities of mesoporous polymeric graphitic carbon nitride. The characterization of the material confirmed the atomic dispersion of the palladium phase throughout the sample. The catalyst was applied for three‐phase hydrogenations of alkynes and nitroarenes in a continuous‐flow reactor, showing its high activity and product selectivity in comparison with benchmark catalysts based on nanoparticles. Density functional theory calculations provided fundamental insights into the material structure and attributed the high catalyst activity and selectivity to the facile hydrogen activation and hydrocarbon adsorption on atomically dispersed Pd sites.
Metallic Single‐Unit‐Cell Orthorhombic Cobalt Diselenide Atomic Layers: Robust Water‐Electrolysis Catalysts
Authors: Liang Liang , Cheng Hao , Lei Fengcai , Han Jun , Gao Shan , Wang Chengming , Sun Yongfu , Qamar Shaista , Wei Shiqiang , Xie Yi
Published: July 2015

The bottleneck in water electrolysis lies in the kinetically sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, conceptually new metallic non‐metal atomic layers are proposed to overcome this drawback. Metallic single‐unit‐cell CoSe2 sheets with an orthorhombic phase are synthesized by thermally exfoliating a lamellar CoSe2‐DETA hybrid. The metallic character of orthorhombic CoSe2 atomic layers, verified by DFT calculations and temperature‐dependent resistivities, allows fast oxygen evolution kinetics with a lowered overpotential of 0.27 V. The single‐unit‐cell thickness means 66.7 % of the Co2+ ions are exposed on the surface and serve as the catalytically active sites. The lowered Co2+ coordination number down to 1.3 and 2.6, gives a lower Tafel slope of 64 mV dec−1 and higher turnover frequency of 745 h−1. Thus, the single‐unit‐cell CoSe2 sheets have around 2 and 4.5 times higher catalytic activity compared with the lamellar CoSe2‐DETA hybrid and bulk CoSe2.
Combining polyhydroxyalkanoates with nanokeratin to develop novel biopackaging structures
Authors: Fabra Maria Jose , Pardo Pablo , Martínez‐Sanz Marta , Lopez‐Rubio Amparo , Lagarón Jose M.
Published: July 2015

This work reports on the combination of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)‐based materials and nanokeratin extracted from poultry feathers (a food by‐product) using different approaches. In the first approach, high‐barrier nanobiocomposites based on the combination of PHAs with a nanokeratin additive were successfully developed via both (i) direct melt compounding and (ii) preincorporated into an electrospun masterbatch of PHA which was subsequently melt compounded with PHA pellets. Enhanced barrier properties for the nanobiocomposites were obtained which were seen to depend on the PHA grade used. In the second approach, nanokeratin films were obtained via solution casting which were successfully hydrophobized by coating them with electrospun PHA fibers. The multilayered approach showed good adhesion and also lead to enhanced barrier performance. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42695.
High shear melt‐processing of fiberglass‐reinforced poly(trimethylene) terephthalate composites
Authors: Lynch Jennifer Krystyna
Published: July 2015

As the demand for polymer‐matrix composites (PMC) expands in order to replace traditional materials, processing of the PMC is increasingly vital, as the morphology and properties are processing dependent. Typically, thermoplastic PMCs are processed in at least two heat‐intensive steps, including a pre‐compounding step in order to achieve good mixing followed by a part fabrication step. The key aim of this study is to prepare a fiberglass‐reinforced poly (trimethylene terephthalate) (FG‐PTT) composite using a one‐step, high shear melt‐processing method that achieves both compounding and part fabrication. The morphology, thermal properties, and mechanical properties are characterized to determine the effect of FG reinforcement on this renewable biopolymer. This novel method produces a FG‐PTT composite with superior mixing and tensile strength, as well as enhanced toughness, in one processing step, reducing polymer degradation and fiber attrition, as well as, time, energy, and cost requirements. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42714.
Competitive adsorption of Ag (I) and Cu (II) by tripolyphosphate crosslinked chitosan beads
Authors: Mao Chunxia , Imtiaz Syed Ahmad , Zhang Yan
Published: July 2015

Alkalization of chitosan before crosslinking was applied in this study to enhance the adsorption capacity of the modified chitosan. Competitive adsorption of Ag (I) and Cu (II) from bimetallic solutions was studied using the newly synthesized tripolyphosphate crosslinked alkalized chitosan beads. Results indicated that alkalization before crosslinking helps to protect amine group from crosslinking and hence increases the uptake capacity and selectively of the synthesized beads toward Ag (I). The maximum uptakes of Ag (I) and Cu (II) were 82.9 and 15.5 mg g−1, respectively, at room temperature with an initial concentration of each metal being 2.0 mM and the sorbent dosage of 1.0 g L−1. The uptake of Ag (I) and Cu (II) by the beads can be better described by Langmuir isotherm and pseudo‐second rate equation. Analyses from FTIR and XPS confirmed that free amine, hydroxyl, and
groups are involved in metal binding with amine and hydroxyl groups more selective to Ag (I). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42717.
Evaluation of high temperature polymers in nanolayered films and gradient refractive index (GRIN) lenses
Authors: Yin Kezhen , Ji Shanzuo , Fein Howard , Ponting Michael , Olah Andrew , Baer Eric
Published: July 2015

A new polymer nanolayer gradient refractive index (GRIN) system with more robust thermal stability because of incorporation of a high glass transition temperature polyester, OKP4HT, was demonstrated. A combination of extruded nanolayered GRIN film systems, comprised of five unique polymer materials, were combined to produce laminate optics comprised of a large internal refractive index gradient distribution, n = 1.445 – 1.630, without degradation of optical transmissive properties. The optical performance of a series of varied magnitude GRIN lenses, ranging from Δn = 0 to 0.185, was evaluated. Increasing the lens refractive index range resulted in decreased optic sphericalaberrations that followed analytical predictions. An analytical approach was reported to correlate the polymer material upper service temperature (UST) to the onset of polymer material loss modulus as measured by DMTA. Thermo‐optical interferometry measurements of irreversible lens deformation confirmed the lenses UST at 125°C for the OKP4HT/PC system as compared to 75°C for a PMM/SAN17 system. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42741.
DTI and VBM reveal white matter changes without associated gray matter changes in patients with idiopathic restless legs syndrome
Authors: Belke Marcus , Heverhagen Johannes T. , Keil Boris , Rosenow Felix , Oertel Wolfgang H. , Stiasny‐Kolster Karin , Knake Susanne , Menzler Katja
Published: July 2015

Background and Purpose

We evaluated cerebral white and gray matter changes in patients with iRLS in order to shed light on the pathophysiology of this disease.

Methods

Twelve patients with iRLS were compared to 12 age‐ and sex‐matched controls using whole‐head diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) techniques. Evaluation of the DTI scans included the voxelwise analysis of the fractional anisotropy (FA), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD).

Results

Diffusion tensor imaging revealed areas of altered FA in subcortical white matter bilaterally, mainly in temporal regions as well as in the right internal capsule, the pons, and the right cerebellum. These changes overlapped with changes in RD. Voxel‐based morphometry did not reveal any gray matter alterations.

Conclusions

We showed altered diffusion properties in several white matter regions in patients with iRLS. White matter changes could mainly be attributed to changes in RD, a parameter thought to reflect altered myelination. Areas with altered white matter microstructure included areas in the internal capsule which include the corticospinal tract to the lower limbs, thereby supporting studies that suggest changes in sensorimotor pathways associated with RLS.
Performance of Recombinant‐Whole‐Cell‐Catalyzed Reductions in Deep‐Eutectic‐Solvent–Aqueous‐Media Mixtures
Authors: Müller Christoph R. , Lavandera Iván , Gotor‐Fernández Vicente , Domínguez de María Pablo
Published: July 2015

Deep‐eutectic solvents (DES) are cost‐effective, nonhazardous solvents that may be used in biocatalysis as nonconventional media that enable biotransformations with industrially sound high substrate loadings. Based on promising prognoses, this paper explores successfully the use of whole cells overexpressing oxidoreductases as biocatalysts for the stereoselective reduction of ketones in different DES–aqueous‐media solutions. Enzymes like Ralstonia sp. alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and horse liver ADH, overexpressed in Escherichia coli, remain active at different DES proportions (for example, DES:buffer, 80:20 v/v) to enable nonconventional biotransformations. Furthermore, the enantiomeric excesses obtained for a broad range of aromatic substrates increase significantly if DES is added, which provides a useful tool for combining high substrate loadings and improved enzymatic selectivities while working with nonhazardous solvents. Different DES are successfully employed, which gives hints of the potential that these emerging solvents may have.
Microwave Discharge Electrodeless Lamps. Part VIII: Continuous On‐Site Solar Energy Remediation of Contaminated Water
Authors: Horikoshi Satoshi , Nishimura Tomoki , Tsutsumi Hideya , Serpone Nick
Published: July 2015

Microwave discharge electrodeless lamps (MDELs) have been examined for continuous on‐site field treatment of contaminated water using solar cells to provide the necessary electrical power. The equipment aimed to decontaminate water in areas impacted by natural disasters such as the extensive earthquake that hit Eastern Japan in 2011. An energy‐saving semiconductor microwave generator provided the microwaves to activate the MDELs in a microwave/UV reactor setup operated using a single‐mode applicator and an E/H tuner. The herbicide 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degraded within a shorter time compared to methylene blue at a defined flow rate through the microwave/UV reactor. Sterilization of natural water contaminated with the bacterial microorganism Escherichia coli was complete within 20 min.
Raman Spectroscopy in Lithium–Oxygen Battery Systems
Authors: Gittleson Forrest S. , Yao Koffi P. C. , Kwabi David G. , Sayed Sayed Youssef , Ryu Won‐Hee , Shao‐Horn Yang , Taylor André D.
Published: July 2015

Electrochemical processes in lithium–oxygen (Li–O2 or Li–air) batteries are complex, with chemistry depending on cycling conditions, electrode materials and electrolytes. In non‐aqueous Li–O2 cells, reversible lithium peroxide (Li2O2) and irreversible parasitic products (i.e., LiOH, Li2CO3, Li2O) are common. Superoxide intermediates (O2−, LiO2) contribute to the formation of these species and are transiently stable in their own right. While characterization techniques like XRD, XPS and FTIR have been used to observe many Li–O2 species, these methods are poorly suited to superoxide detection. Raman spectroscopy, however, may uniquely identify superoxides from O−O vibrations. The ability to fingerprint Li–O2 products in situ or ex situ, even at very low concentrations, makes Raman an essential tool for the physicochemical characterization of these systems. This review contextualizes the application of Raman spectroscopy and advocates for its wider adoption in the study of Li–O2 batteries.
Following Adsorbate Coverage on Anodes of High‐Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells in the Presence of CO and H2O by using In Operando X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Caldwell Keegan M. , Kaserer Sebastian , Roth Christina , Ramaker David E.
Published: July 2015

Application of the Δμ X‐ray absorption near‐edge spectroscopy analysis technique to a polybenzimidazole‐membrane‐based high‐temperature (170 °C) polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) under varying conditions reveals binding‐site details for H, CO, and biphosphate on a platinum nanoparticle anode surface. A synergistic interplay between CO and biphosphate adsorption is found, so that with increasing CO in the gas feed (below 3–4 % in H2), an increased biphosphate coverage becomes visible, apparently because small amounts of adsorbed CO force more localization of the phosphate species, which is believed to be adsorbed on top of the existing H overlayer. Increasing the concentration of CO (well above 4 %) causes CO poisoning to takeover and dramatically decrease the activity, though, compared to low‐temperature PEMFCs, huge amounts of CO can still be tolerated. Adding small amounts of water (less than 7 mg min−1) with CO to the anode feed reduces the amount of adsorbed phosphate and, thereby, increases the activity.
Vertically Oriented Polymer Electrolyte Nanofiber Catalyst Support for Thin Film Proton‐Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Electrodes
Authors: Babu S. Komini , Atkinson Robert W. , Papandrew Alexander B. , Litster Shawn
Published: July 2015

Polymer electrolyte fuel cells are highly efficient and offer high power density, but high precious‐metal loading and degradation of carbon‐supported platinum (Pt) catalysts still hinder commercialization. Ionomer binders in conventional electrodes also introduce undesirable, high oxygen‐transport resistance. This paper presents an alternative composite Nafion nanofiber catalyst support electrode, in which the nanofibers provide robust internal proton transport to a conformal Pt catalyst coating without impeding O2 transport. The high‐surface‐area electrodes are prepared by solution casting ionomer onto a sacrificial template to simultaneously fabricate the nanofibers and the membrane. Thin Pt films are deposited on the nanofibers using either physical vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition. The electrochemical characterization of the nanofiber electrodes demonstrates the high current density and specific activity of this nanofiber approach relative to prior electrodes fabricated by depositing Pt directly onto other Nafion surfaces.
Competitive Halide Binding by Halogen Versus Hydrogen Bonding: Bis‐triazole Pyridinium
Authors: Nepal Binod , Scheiner Steve
Published: July 2015

The binding of F−, Cl−, Br−, and I− anions by bis‐triazole‐pyridine (BTP) was examined by quantum chemical calculations. There is one H atom on each of the two triazole rings that chelate the halide via H bonds. These H atoms were replaced by halogens Cl, Br, and I, thus substituting H bonds by halogen bonds. I substitution strongly enhances the binding; Br has a smaller effect, and Cl weakens the interaction. The strength of the interaction is sensitive to the overall charge on the BTP, rising as the binding agent becomes singly and then doubly positively charged. The strongest preference of a halide for halogenated as compared to unsubstituted BTP, as much as several orders of magnitude, is observed for I−. Both unsubstituted and I‐substituted BTP could be used to selectively extract F− from a mixture of halides.
Synthesis of Cembranoid Analogues through Ring‐Closing Metathesis of Terpenoid Precursors: A Challenge Regarding Ring‐Size Selectivity
Authors: Heidt Tanja , Baro Angelika , Köhn Andreas , Laschat Sabine
Published: July 2015

A systematic study on ring‐closing metathesis with Grubbs II catalyst to cembranoid macrocycles is described. Acyclic terpenoids with a functional group X in the homoallylic position relative to an RCM active terminus and substituents R, R1 directly attached to the other terminal double bond were prepared from geraniol derived trienes and fragments that are based on bromoalkenes and dimethyl malonate. Such terpenoids were suitable precursors, despite the presence of competing double bonds in their framework. The size of R and R1 is crucial for successful macrocyclization. Whereas small alkyl substituents at the double bond directed the RCM towards six‐membered ring formation, cross metathesis leading to dimers dominated for bulkier alkyl groups. A similar result was obtained for precursors without functional group X. In the case of unsymmetrically substituted terpenoid precursor (R=Et, R1=Me) with homoallylic OTBS or OMe group, the RCM could be controlled towards formation of macrocyclic cembranoids, which were isolated with excellent E‐selectivity. The role of the substituents was further studied by quantum chemical calculations of simplified model substrates. Based on these results a mechanistic rationale is proposed.
The First Modular Route to Core‐Chiral Bispidine Ligands and Their Application in Enantioselective Copper(II)‐Catalyzed Henry Reactions
Authors: Scharnagel Dagmar , Müller Andreas , Prause Felix , Eck Martin , Goller Jessica , Milius Wolfgang , Breuning Matthias
Published: July 2015

The first modular and flexible synthesis of core‐chiral bispidines was achieved by using an “inside‐out” strategy. The key intermediate, a NBoc‐activated bispidine lactam, was constructed in enantiomerically pure form from a chirally modified β‐amino acid and 2‐(acetoxymethyl)acrylonitrile in just five steps and good 48 % yield. A simple addition–reduction protocol permitted a highly endo‐selective introduction of substituents and, thus, a fast and variable access to 2‐endo‐substituted and 2‐endo,N‐fused bi‐ and tricyclic bispidines. The new diamines were evaluated as the chiral ligands in asymmetric Henry reactions. Excellent enantioselectivities of up to 99 % ee and good diastereomeric ratios of up to 86:14 were reached with a copper(II) complex modified by a 2‐endo,N‐(3,3‐dimethylpyrrolidine)‐annelated bispidine. Its performance is superior to that of the well‐known bispidines (−)‐sparteine and the (+)‐sparteine surrogate.
Perspectives on Inhibiting β‐Amyloid Aggregation through Structure‐Based Drug Design
Authors: Mishra Pankaj , Ayyannan Senthil R. , Panda Gautam
Published: July 2015

Targeting β‐amyloid (Aβ) remains the most desired strategy in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) drug discovery research. Many peptides that specifically target Aβ aggregates are known, encompassing efforts from both industrial and academic research settings. However, in clinical terms, not much success has been gained with peptide research; in turn, small drug‐like molecules are already globally recognized as showing promise as an alternate approach. Aβ aggregation inhibitors are the most important part of the multifunctional drug design regimen for treating AD. Unfortunately, rational drug design approaches with small molecules are still in the initial stages. Herein we highlight, update, and elaborate on the structural anatomy of Aβ and known Aβ aggregation inhibitors in hopes of helping to optimize their use in structure‐based drug design approaches toward inhibitors with greater specificity. Furthermore, we present the first review of efforts to target a previously uncharacterized region of acetylcholinesterase: the N‐terminal 7–20 sub‐region, which was experimentally elucidated to participate in Aβ aggregation and deposition.
Epidermal growth factor receptor mutation status in cell‐free DNA supernatant of bronchial washings and brushings
Authors: Kawahara Akihiko , Fukumitsu Chihiro , Taira Tomoki , Abe Hideyuki , Takase Yorihiko , Murata Kazuya , Yamaguchi Tomohiko , Azuma Koichi , Ishii Hidenobu , Takamori Shinzo , Akiba Jun , Hoshino Tomoaki , Kage Masayoshi
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUND

The aim of the current study was to examine whether it would be possible to detect epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in cytology cell‐free DNA (ccfDNA) from the supernatant fluids of bronchial cytology samples.

METHODS

This study investigated cell damage via immunostaining with a cleaved caspase 3 antibody and the quantity of cell‐free DNA in supernatant fluid from 2 cancer cell lines, and the EGFR mutation status was evaluated via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. EGFR mutations were also evaluated via PCR analysis in 74 clinical samples of ccfDNA from bronchial washing samples with physiological saline or from bronchial brushing liquid‐based cytology samples with CytoRich Red.

RESULTS

The quantity and fragmentation of cell‐free DNA in the supernatant fluid and the cell damage and cleaved caspase 3 expression in the sediment gradually increased in a time‐dependent manner in the cell lines. In the 74 clinical samples, the quantity of ccfDNA extracted from the supernatant was adequate to perform the PCR assay, whereas the quality of ccfDNA in physiological saline was often decreased. The detection of EGFR mutations with ccfDNA showed a sensitivity of 88.0%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100%, a negative predictive value of 89.7%, and an accuracy of 94.1% in samples with malignant or atypical cells.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that activating EGFR mutations can be detected with ccfDNA extracted from the supernatant fluid of liquid‐based samples via a PCR assay. This could be a rapid and sensitive method for achieving a parallel diagnosis by both morphology and DNA analysis in non–small cell lung cancer patients. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2015;123:620–8. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Factors affecting the success of next‐generation sequencing in cytology specimens
Authors: Roy‐Chowdhuri Sinchita , Goswami Rashmi S. , Chen Hui , Patel Keyur P. , Routbort Mark J. , Singh Rajesh R. , Broaddus Russell R. , Barkoh Bedia A. , Manekia Jawad , Yao Hui , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Staerkel Gregg , Luthra Rajyalakshmi , Stewart John
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUND

The use of cytology specimens for next‐generation sequencing (NGS) is particularly challenging because of the unconventional substrate of smears and the often limited sample volume. An analysis of factors affecting NGS testing in cytologic samples may help to increase the frequency of successful testing.

METHODS

This study reviewed variables associated with all in‐house cytology cases (n = 207) that were analyzed by NGS with the Ion Torrent platform during a 10‐month interval. A statistical analysis was performed to measure the effects of the DNA input threshold, specimen preparation, slide type, tumor fraction, DNA yield, and cytopathologist bias.

RESULTS

One hundred sixty‐four of 207 cases (79%) were successfully sequenced by NGS; 43 (21%) failed because of either a low DNA yield or a template/library preparation failure. The median estimated tumor fraction and DNA concentration for the successfully sequenced cases were 70% and 2.5 ng/μL, respectively, whereas they were 60% and 0.2 ng/μL, respectively, for NGS failures. Cell block sections were tested in 91 cases, and smears were used in 116 cases. NGS success positively correlated with the DNA yield but not the tumor fraction. Cell block preparations showed a higher success rate than smears. Frosted‐tip slides yielded significantly more DNA than fully frosted slides. Lowering the input DNA concentration below the manufacturer's recommended threshold of 10 ng (>0.85 ng/μL) resulted in a marked increase in the NGS success rate from 58.6% to 89.8%.

CONCLUSIONS

The failure of NGS with cytology samples is usually a result of suboptimal DNA due to multiple pre‐analytical factors. Knowledge of these factors will allow better selection of cytology material for mutational analysis. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2015;123:659–668. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Evaluating map reduce tasks scheduling algorithms over cloud computing infrastructure
Authors: Althebyan Qutaibah , Jararweh Yaser , Yaseen Qussai , AlQudah Omar , Al‐Ayyoub Mahmoud
Published: July 2015

Efficiently scheduling MapReduce tasks is considered as one of the major challenges that face MapReduce frameworks. Many algorithms were introduced to tackle this issue. Most of these algorithms are focusing on the data locality property for tasks scheduling. The data locality may cause less physical resources utilization in non‐virtualized clusters and more power consumption. Virtualized clusters provide a viable solution to support both data locality and better cluster resources utilization. In this paper, we evaluate the major MapReduce scheduling algorithms such as FIFO, Matchmaking, Delay, and multithreading locality (MTL) on virtualized infrastructure. Two major factors are used to test the evaluated algorithms: the simulation time and the energy consumption. The evaluated schedulers are compared, and the results show the superiority and the preference of the MTL scheduler over the other existing schedulers. Also, we present a comparison study between virtualized and non‐virtualized clusters for MapReduce tasks scheduling. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid DC–DC converter with high efficiency, wide ZVS range, and less output inductance
Authors: Lin Bor‐Ren , Chu Chung‐Wei
Published: July 2015

In this paper, a new soft switching direct current (DC)–DC converter with low circulating current, wide zero voltage switching range, and reduced output inductor is presented for electric vehicle or plug‐in hybrid electric vehicle battery charger application. The proposed high‐frequency link DC–DC converter includes two resonant circuits and one full‐bridge phase‐shift pulse‐width modulation circuit with shared power switches in leading and lagging legs. Series resonant converters are operated at fixed switching frequency to extend the zero voltage switching range of power switches. Passive snubber circuit using one clamp capacitor and two rectifier diodes at the secondary side is adopted to reduce the primary current of full‐bridge converter to zero during the freewheeling interval. Hence, the circulating current on the primary side is eliminated in the proposed converter. In the same time, the voltage across the output inductor is also decreased so that the output inductance can be reduced compared with the output inductance in conventional full‐bridge converter. Finally, experiments are presented for a 1.33‐kW prototype circuit converting 380 V input to an output voltage of 300–420 V/3.5 A for battery charger applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative performance analysis and complementary triode based CMFB circuits for fully differential class AB symmetrical OTAs with low power consumption
Authors: Centurelli Francesco , Monsurrò Pietro , Trifiletti Alessandro
Published: July 2015

In this paper we extend the figures of merit for class AB symmetrical OTAs to the fully differential case and compare topologies from the literature. This analysis shows that the power consumption of the CMFB can have a significant role in determining the efficiency of the OTA, but on the other hand a CMFB is needed both to set the desired output common mode voltage and to improve the CMRR. We propose the complementary triode CMFB, i.e. a triode CMFB applied both at the NMOS and PMOS current mirrors, as suitable for class AB symmetrical OTAs, and show some case studies in deep submicron CMOS technology to assess the effectiveness of the proposed solution. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.