bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wip1 over‐expression correlated with TP53/p14ARF pathway disruption in human astrocytomas
Authors: Wang Peng , Rao Jing , Yang Haifeng , Zhao Hongyang , Yang Lin
Published: June 2011

Purpose

Wip1 over‐expression inhibits p53 function and reduces selection for TP53 mutations during cancer progression. To clarify the correlation of Wip1 with TP53/p14ARF pathway disruption in astyrocytomas, the expression of Wip1 and TP53/p14ARF pathway alterations have been investigated.

Methods

Tumor samples of 52 patients of astrocytomas were examined for TP53 mutations, p14ARF expression, and Wip1 expression. Direct sequencing of region from exons 5 to 8 of the TP53 gene was performed on the genomic DNA in each sample. The DNA methylation states of the CpG islands of the p14ARF gene were determined by MSP. The expression of Wip1 was analyzed by real‐time quantitative PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemical staining.

Results

Disruption of the TP53/p14ARF pathway was detected in 57.7% of samples. Among 22 cases without TP53 and p14ARF alterations, 11 (50%) had Wip1 mRNA over‐expression. In tumors with wild‐type TP53 and p14ARF, Wip1 mRNA was over‐expressed only 1 case out of 30 (3.3%). Higher levels of Wip1 were associated with TP53 mutations but not with lower levels of expression of p14ARF or aberrant promoter hypermethylation of the p14ARF gene.

Conclusion

Wip1 is selectively over‐expressed in astyrocytomas without alterations in TP53 or p14ARF. Wip1 may inhibit the TP53/p14ARF pathway. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:679–684. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conversion of intratumoral regulatory T cells by human gastric cancer cells is dependent on transforming growth factor‐β1
Authors: Lu Xiaoming , Liu Jun , Li Hang , Li Wei , Wang Xuesong , Ma Jingwei , Tong Qiang , Wu Ke , Wang Guobin
Published: June 2011

Background and Objectives

Regulatory T cells (Treg) inhibits immune responses mediated by T cells. This study aimed to investigate whether Treg are accumulated in human gastric cancer tissue and the mechanism of Treg induction by gastric cancer cells.

Methods

Tissue infiltrated leukocytes from gastric adenocarcinomas were subjected to flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Percentage, phenotype, function, and clinical relevance of Treg were analyzed. TGF‐β1 production by cancer cells was determined by Western blot and in vitro co‐culture experiments were performed to mimic gastric cancer microenvironment.

Results

The percentages of CD4+Foxp3+ T cells in gastric cancer tissues were significantly higher than those from adjacent non‐tumor gastric tissues (P < 0.05). The results of classical Treg phenotype and proliferation assay supported that the elevated CD4+Foxp3+ T cells represents a suppressive Treg population. High proportion of Treg is correlated to advance TNM stage and reduced survival. Primary gastric cancer cells produced abundance of TGF‐β1 which was responsible for conversion of Treg.

Conclusion

The proportion of functional Treg is elevated in human gastric cancer and related to poor prognosis. Gastric cancer cells directly convert CD4+ naive T cells to Treg by TGF‐β1, suggesting a possible mechanism through which tumor cells evade the immune system. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:571–577. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MRI in breast cancer therapy monitoring
Authors: McLaughlin Rebekah , Hylton Nola
Published: June 2011

Breast MRI has several roles in the clinical management of breast cancer, including as a screening method for high‐risk women, as a diagnostic tool used as an adjunct to mammography and ultrasound, and for the staging of disease extent prior to treatment. In addition to these uses, MRI is also employed to track small changes in tumor size and microenvironment. MRI has produced several early indicators of treatment response in clinical trials over the last 10 years, including initial lesion pattern, changes in lesion size, kinetic parameters, apparent diffusion coefficient and T2 value; the related technique of 1H MRS has also shown that choline concentration, T2 value and water‐to‐fat ratio are response indicators. In addition to measuring anatomical changes in the lesion size, as performed in traditional radiology, MRI has the ability to track vascular and cellular changes using dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI and diffusion‐weighted MRI, respectively. By adding 1H MRS to MRI examinations, metabolic changes can also be determined. These functional imaging techniques allow studies to focus on early time points relative to neoadjuvant treatment. Early treatment response predictors may allow therapy to be tailored to individual patients and thus aid in the realization of the goal of personalized medicine. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid Identification of Cyclic Tetrapyrrolic Photosensitisers for Photodynamic Therapy Using On‐line Hyphenated LC‐PDA‐MS Coupled with Photo‐cytotoxicity Assay
Authors: Tan P. J. , Appleton D. R. , Mustafa M. R. , Lee H. B.
Published: June 2011

Introduction

Photodynamic therapy is a treatment modality that involves site‐directed generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species by light‐activated photosensitisers.

Objective

In order to rapidly identify new photosensitisers from natural extracts, we developed a liquid chromatography–photodiode array–mass spectrometry (LC‐PDA‐MS) method to rapidly identify plant extracts that contain photosensitisers, particularly those possessing a cyclic tetrapyrrole structure.

Method

Six previously isolated compounds (1–6) were identified in bioactive fractions derived from 15 plant extracts on the basis of their chromatographic retention times, UV–visible profiles, accurate mass and fragmentation patterns.

Results

Samples containing uncommon photosensitisers were rapidly identified using this method, and subsequent scale‐up isolation efforts led to two new compounds (7 and 8) which were confirmed to be active photosensitisers in a photo‐cytotoxicity assay.

Conclusion

This method serves as a useful tool in prioritising samples that may contain new photosensitisers out of a larger group of photo‐cytotoxic natural products extracts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trends in the utilization of invasive prenatal diagnosis in The Netherlands during 2000–2009
Authors: Lichtenbelt Klaske D. , Alizadeh Behrooz Z. , Scheffer Peter G. , Stoutenbeek Philip , Schielen Peter C. J. I. , Page‐Christiaens Lieve C. M. L. , Schuring‐Blom G. Heleen
Published: June 2011

Objective

To analyze trends in the number and type of invasive procedure, reasons for referral, maternal age and chromosomal abnormalities over a 10‐year period and correlate the trends to changes in the national prenatal screening policy.

Methods

Data from 10 706 invasive prenatal procedures yielding a full karyotype, performed between 2000 and 2009 were extracted from the cytogenetic database in the central region of The Netherlands. Trends were analyzed.

Results

Over a 10‐year period, the number of invasive procedures halved and the percentage of chromosomal abnormalities detected, increased from 5.5 to 9.4%. After 2007, however, 5.7% of karyotypes in women over 36 years were found to be abnormal, versus 18.1% in women below 36 years. In 2009, 71.5% of women over 36 are still referred for invasive prenatal diagnosis on the indication advanced maternal age.

Conclusions

Changes in prenatal screening policy significantly increased referral after screening and improved the efficacy of invasive prenatal diagnosis. We show the continuing effect of the different policies applied in the past to women below and above the age of 36. To further improve efficacy of invasive prenatal diagnosis, first trimester combination screening should be actively offered to women of all ages. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adrenal gland length in euploid and trisomy 18 fetuses at 11–13 weeks
Authors: Gielchinsky Yuval , Zvanca Mona , Akolekar Ranjit , Calvo Jesus Rodriguez , Nicolaides Kypros H.
Published: June 2011

Objectives

To establish a normal range for fetal adrenal gland length at 11–13 weeks' gestation and to investigate whether the length is altered in fetal trisomy 18.

Methods

Fetal adrenal gland length was measured by three‐dimensional ultrasound in fetuses at low risk of aneuploidies (n = 400) and another group at high risk, including 380 euploid fetuses and 41 with trisomy 18. The data of the low‐risk group were used to establish a reference range of adrenal gland length with crown–rump length (CRL). In the high‐risk group, adrenal gland length in the euploid and trisomy 18 groups was compared.

Results

In the low‐risk group, fetal adrenal gland size increased exponentially with fetal CRL from a median of 2.3 mm at CRL of 45 mm to about 4.4 cm at CRL of 84 mm. In trisomy 18, the median adrenal gland length for CRL was significantly lower than the median in the low‐risk group (−1.37 mm; interquartile range: − 1.67 to − 0.99 mm, p < 0.0001). In euploid fetuses, the adrenal gland size was not significantly from the low‐risk group (p = 0.100).

Conclusion

Trisomy 18 is associated with adrenal gland hypoplasia which is apparent at 11–13 weeks' gestation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First‐trimester screening and its impact on uptake of diagnostic testing
Authors: Darnes Deanna R. , Hashmi Syed , Monga Manju , Sullivan Cathy , Vidaeff Alex , Berens Pamela , Czerwinski Jennifer L.
Published: June 2011

Objective

To determine the influence of first‐trimester screening (FTS) on a patient's decision regarding prenatal diagnostic testing (PDT) and if the uptake rate of PDT has changed among women with advanced maternal age (AMA) following the January 2007 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists statement regarding FTS.

Methods

A database review was performed for the 2 years before and the 2 years after the January statement. A total of 7424 patient records were evaluated to determine the number of AMA women who obtained PDT, the number of positive and negative FTS results, and how many of those women had PDT. We then surveyed 53 patients and 23 referring physicians to determine what the patient understands about FTS, how patients utilize their FTS results, and how physicians educate their patients about FTS.

Results

We determined that there was a 19.6% decrease in the uptake of PDT since that statement. Prior to their counseling session (2009–2010), 43% of those surveyed were against having PDT. After counseling, only 9% were against PDT. Overall, 91% were either open to or wanted PDT after counseling.

Conclusions

In addition to FTS results, we found that genetic counseling may be an influential factor in the patient's decision regarding PDT. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Challenges associated with exposure to chronic trauma:Using a public health framework to foster resilient outcomes among youth
Authors: Overstreet Stacy , Mathews Tara
Published: June 2011

For many children, trauma exposure is a common and chronic experience. Chronic trauma exposure during childhood significantly increases the risk for emotional/behavioral disorders and academic failure. There is a critical need for school psychologists, and the schools in which they work, to understand the unique needs of students with or at risk for emotional disorders or academic difficulties secondary to trauma exposure. This article reviews the effects of trauma exposure on the psychosocial and academic functioning of children and discusses a public health framework for building social‐emotional protective factors into the school setting to foster resilience to trauma. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anxiety, depression and quality of life after cancer diagnosis: what psychosocial variables best predict how patients adjust?
Authors: Hulbert‐Williams Nicholas , Neal Richard , Morrison Val , Hood Kerry , Wilkinson Clare
Published: June 2011

Objective

Significant numbers of cancer patients suffer distress, reduced quality of life and various other psychological problems. Evidence regarding psychological predictors of these outcomes is inconsistent. This study explored a range of predictors using an established psychological framework to identify the most important predictors of cancer adjustment, and when these are best assessed for optimal outcome prediction.

Methods

One hundred sixty newly diagnosed breast, colorectal, lung and prostate cancer patients completed questionnaires after diagnosis and at 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up. Measures included personality, illness cognitions, emotion, coping and outcome (anxiety, depression and quality of life).

Results

Between 47–74% of variance in psychosocial outcome was explained although large proportions were accounted for by clinical factors, demographics and earlier levels of anxiety, depression and quality of life. Of the psychological variables, cognitive appraisals featured more consistently then either emotions or coping.

Conclusions

There are clear and consistent predictors of negative psychosocial outcome that could be used in clinical practice to risk‐assess and monitor patients for adjustment difficulties. The finding that appraisals were more predictive of outcome than emotions and coping may inform the development of psychological interventions for cancer patients.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors related to depressive symptoms among Chinese caregivers of cancer patients
Authors: Yang Xiaoshi , Wang Lie , He Jian , Ge Cuixia , Chang Ying , Fu Jialang , Wei Jiansi , Pattaramongkolar Emon , Zhou Yiming
Published: June 2011

Objective

Caregivers, assuming the responsibilities of caring for patients, are involved in significant emotional and physical caring which may lead to depressive symptoms. However, few studies are available pertaining to related factors of depressive symptoms among cancer caregivers in China. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of depressive symptoms and to explore its predictive factors.

Methods

A face‐to‐face interview was conducted with 312 cancer caregivers in Shenyang. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. Hierarchical multivariate regression analysis was used to explore the factors related to depressive symptoms. In the hierarchical regression, caregiver demographic characteristics were entered in the first step, patients' characteristics were entered in the second step, objective caregiving loads were entered in the third step, subjective caregiving burden was entered in the fourth step, and Sense of Coherence (SOC) was entered in the last step.

Results

The prevalence of caregivers' depressive symptoms was 63.5%. Regression analyses showed that demographic characteristics of caregivers and subjective caregiving burden explained most of the total variance, accounting for 28.5% and 14.6%, respectively. Subjective caregiving burden was positively associated with depressive symptoms, whereas SOC was negatively associated with depressive symptoms.

Conclusions

Chinese caregivers of cancer patients experienced higher levels of depressive symptoms. Demographic characteristics of caregivers and subjective caregiving burden were the most significant predictors of depressive symptoms, whereas SOC could attenuate the levels of depressive symptoms. Caregiving burden should be decreased, and SOC is highly recommended to manage caregiving tasks in order to alleviate depressive symptoms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical and mental health status and health behaviors in male breast cancer survivors: a national, population‐based, case‐control study
Authors: Andrykowski Michael A.
Published: June 2011

Objective

Identify the current physical and mental health status and health behaviors of male breast cancer survivors.

Methods

Using data from the national, population‐based, 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey, 66 cases of male breast cancer were identified (mean age = 66.2 years, mean time since diagnosis = 12.0 years). Male breast cancer cases were matched with 198 male BRFSS respondents with no history of cancer (control group) on age, education, and minority status. The male breast cancer and control groups were compared on physical and mental health status and health behaviors, using t‐test and logistic regression analyses.

Results

The male breast cancer group reported poorer physical and mental health than controls. Male breast cancer survivors were significantly (p < 0.05) more likely to be obese (Odds Ratio = 2.41) and reported more physical comorbidities (Effect Size = 0.45) and activity limitations (Odds Ratio = 3.17), poorer life satisfaction (Effect Size = 0.41) and general health (Effect Size = 0.40), and more days in the past month when mental health (Effect Size = 0.49), and physical health (Effect Size = 0.29) were not good. In contrast, the male breast cancer and control groups were similar with regard to current health behaviors, including tobacco and alcohol use, diet, exercise, and health care.

Conclusions

The diagnosis and treatment of male breast cancer may be associated with clinically important and long‐term deficits in physical and mental health status, deficits which may exceed those evidenced by long‐term female breast cancer survivors. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physics of extra dimensions
Authors: Antoniadis I.
Published: June 2011

In the first part of my lectures, I discuss the main motivations and directions for physics beyond the Standard Model of elementary particles and I give a short introduction on string theory. This theory introduces a new physical constant, the string length, under which a new fundamental structure appears, changing drastically the laws of nature. In particular, lowering the string scale in the TeV region provides a theoretical framework for solving the so‐called mass hierarchy problem: the apparent weakness of gravity can be accounted by the existence of large internal dimensions, in the submillimeter region, and transverse to a braneworld where our observed universe is confined.
Bias‐driven super‐insulating state in prismane single‐molecule contacts
Authors: Luzhbin D. A. , Kaun C.‐C.
Published: June 2011

Quantum transport in a single‐molecule contact made of a prismane cluster C8 attached to quasi‐one‐dimensional gold (100) electrodes is calculated using the ab initio methodology based on the density‐functional theory and the nonequilibrium Green's functions formalism. Varying the junction length L we calculate the length dependence of the zero‐bias conductance G (L) and, for a set of the interelectrode distances, the current–voltage (I –V) characteristics. It is shown that the G (L) dependence is strongly nonmonotonic with a sharp dip at some value of L. With increase in L, the I –V curves change their shape from monotonic curves to curves with a negative differential resistance area and, for a larger L, the junction exhibits the super‐insulating state, i.e., within some applied bias voltage range the current through the junctions is about two orders of magnitude less than the current outside this bias range. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Measurement and Analysis of Vehicle Vibration for Delivering Packages in Small‐Sized and Medium‐Sized Trucks and Automobiles
Authors: Chonhenchob Vanee , Singh Sher Paul , Singh Jay Jagjit , Stallings Joseph , Grewal Gary
Published: June 2011

In distribution, packaged products are subjected to the variation in vibration levels from transport vehicles that vary in frequency and acceleration while moving to their destinations. This vibration may negatively affect the product or packaging. This study measured and analysed vibration levels in vehicles commonly used to transport packages in the last leg of the package delivery service that is used by single‐parcel carriers. Using data recorders, we monitored vertical, lateral and longitudinal vibrations over 75 h of travel time in five different types of small and medium package delivery vehicles. The study presents these data as power density (PD) spectra and compares it with previously measured PD vibration levels in commercial long‐haul interstate tractor‐trailer truck shipments. Data were collected in the USA and Thailand. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modified Porous Clay Heterostructures by Organic–Inorganic Hybrids for Nanocomposite Ethylene Scavenging/Sensor Packaging Film
Authors: Srithammaraj Kornkamol , Magaraphan Rathanawan , Manuspiya Hathaikarn
Published: June 2011

Porous clay heterostructures (PCHs) were prepared by the surfactant‐directed assembly of mesostructured silica within the two‐dimensional galleries of clays. PCH is an interesting material for use as an entrapping system (for example, as an ethylene scavenger) because of its high surface area with uniform and specific pore sizes. In the present work, the PCH was synthesized within the galleries of bentonite by the polymerization of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) in the presence of surfactant micelles. In addition, mesoporous clay was modified by an organic–inorganic hybrid material through the co‐condensation reaction of TEOS with the functional groups (methyl and thiol) designated as hybrid organic–inorganic PCH (HPCH) and mercaptopropyl functionalized PCH (MPPCH), respectively. The synthesized PCH, HPCH and MPPCH were blended with polypropylene (PP) to produce PCH/PP, HPCH/PP and MPPCH/PP for ethylene scavenging blown films. All nanocomposite films were evaluated as ethylene sensors by measuring the conductivity changes by the attachment time with the ethylene gas. According to the surface characterization, the specific surface areas of modified PCHs increased from 31 to about 500 m2/g. From the ethylene adsorption results, the PCH, HPCH and MPPCH show higher efficiency in adsorbing ethylene gas than those of bentonite because of the non‐polar property of the modified functional groups. Subsequently, the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposite films decreased when they react with the longer attachment time to the ethylene gas, and the largest conductivity drop resulted from the MPPCH/PP nanocomposite films. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Autonomous science during large‐scale robotic survey
Authors: Thompson David R. , Wettergreen David S. , Peralta Francisco J. Calderóon
Published: June 2011

Today's planetary exploration robots rarely travel beyond the yesterday imagery. However, advances in autonomous mobility will soon permit single‐command site surveys of multiple kilometers. Here scientists cannot see the terrain in advance, and explorer robots must navigate and collect data autonomously. Onboard science data understanding can improve these surveys with image analysis, pattern recognition, learned classification, and information‐theoretic planning. We report on field experiments near Amboy Crater, California, that demonstrate fundamental capabilities for autonomous surficial mapping of geologic phenomena with a visible near‐infrared spectrometer. We develop an approach to “science on the fly'' that adapts the robot's exploration using collected instrument data. We demonstrate feature detection and visual servoing to acquire spectra from dozens of targets without human intervention. The rover interprets spectra onboard, learning spatial models of science phenomena that guide it toward informative areas. It discovers spatial structure (correlations between neighboring regions) and cross‐sensor structure (correlations between different scales). The rover uses surface observations to reinterpret satellite imagery and improve exploration efficiency. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anytime online novelty and change detection for mobile robots
Authors: Sofman Boris , Neuman Bradford , Stentz Anthony , Bagnell J. Andrew
Published: June 2011

In many mobile robot applications, the high cost of damaging the robot or its environment makes even rare failures unacceptable. To mitigate this risk, a robot must be able to detect potentially hazardous situations before it experiences a major failure. This problem therefore becomes one of novelty and change detection: how a robot can identify when perception inputs differ from prior inputs seen during training or previous operation in the same area. With this ability, the system can either avoid novel locations to minimize risk or stop and enlist human help via supervisory control or teleoperation. We present an anytime novelty detection algorithm that deals with noisy and redundant high‐dimensional feature spaces that are common in robotics by utilizing prior class information within the training set. This approach is also well suited for online use when a constantly adjusting environmental model is beneficial. Furthermore, we address the problem of change detection in an environment of repeated operation by framing it as a location‐specific version of novelty detection and present an online scene segmentation algorithm that improves accuracy across diverse environments. We validate these approaches through extensive experiments onboard two outdoor mobile robot platforms, show that our approaches are robust to noisy sensor data and moderate registration errors, and argue how such abilities could be key in increasing the real‐world applications and impact of mobile robotics. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Outdoor field performances of insect‐based visual motion sensors
Authors: Expert Fabien , Viollet Stéphane , Ruffier Franck
Published: June 2011

Considerable attention has been paid during the past decade to navigation systems based on the use of visual optic flow cues. Optic flow‐‐based visuomotor control systems have been implemented on an increasingly large number of sighted autonomous robots designed to travel under specific lighting conditions. Many algorithms based on conventional cameras or custom‐made sensors are being used nowadays to process visual motion. In this paper, we focus on the reliability of our optical sensors, which can be used to measure the local one‐dimensional angular speed of robots flying outdoors over a visual scene in terms of their accuracy, range, refresh rate, and sensitivity to illuminance variations. We have designed, constructed, and characterized two miniature custom‐made visual motion sensors: (i) the APIS (adaptive pixels for insect‐based sensors)‐based local motion sensor involving the use of an array custom‐made in Very‐Large‐Scale Integration (VLSI) technology, which is equipped with Delbrück‐type autoadaptive pixels, and (ii) the LSC‐based (LSC is a component purchased from iC‐Haus) local motion sensor involving the use of off‐the‐shelf linearly amplified photosensors, which is equipped with an onchip preamplification circuit. By combining these photodetectors with a low‐cost optical assembly and a bioinspired visual processing algorithm, highly effective miniature sensors were obtained for measuring the visual angular speed in field experiments. The present study focused on the static characteristics and the dynamic responses of these local motion sensors over a wide range of illuminance values, ranging from 50 to 10,000 lux both indoors and outdoors. Although outdoor experiments are of great interest to equip micro‐air vehicles with visual motion sensors, we also performed indoor experiments as a comparison. The LSC‐based visual motion sensor was found to be more accurate in a narrow, 1.5‐decade illuminance range, whereas the APIS‐based visual motion sensor was more robust to illuminance changes in a larger, 3‐decade range. The method presented in this study provides a new benchmark test for thoroughly characterizing visual motion and optic flow sensors designed to operate outdoors under various lighting conditions, in unknown environments where future micro‐aerial vehicles will be able to navigate safely. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SPATIAL, SEASONAL AND INTER‐ANNUAL VARIABILITY IN ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PHYTOPLANKTON STANDING STOCK OF THE TEMPERATE, LOWLAND RIDEAU RIVER, ONTARIO, CANADA
Authors: Hamilton P. B. , Lavoie I. , Poulin M.
Published: June 2011

Chlorophyll‐a, biomass and living unit concentrations were monitored across the Rideau River over a three‐year period. The results show that a continuum of changing physical, biological and chemical conditions altered the phytoplankton standing stock of the Rideau River. From year to year, weather conditions and anthropogenic impacts like discharge control had a clear effect on the phytoplankton community. The year 2000, with poorer growing conditions and higher flow regime, had a significantly lower phytoplankton standing stock across all the stations. Based on hydrological characteristics, the Rideau River was divided into four distinct reaches, and ANOVAs show a clear reach effect on phytoplankton standing stock. The invasive zebra mussel consistently reduced the phytoplankton standing stock downstream from the main invasion zone over the three years, although there were differences between years. The non‐native zebra mussel further altered the phosphorus–phytoplankton standing stock relationship. Nutrients, ions and metals were not clearly correlated to standing stock in this three‐year study, although the significant effect of the four reaches suggested that environmental characteristics other than hydrological conditions may have an influence. Phytoplankton development downstream followed a polynomial model. However, unlike the stages of development characterizing many river continuum models, the pattern observed in the present study was affected by zebra mussels followed by anthropogenic impacts of discharge control and eutrophication. This and other studies on the Rideau River highlight the significance of scale (spatial and temporal) and metrics selected when evaluating environmental impacts and developing watershed models. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi scale modal decomposition of primary form, waviness and roughness of surfaces
Authors: Goic Gaetan Le , Favrelière Hugues , Samper Serge , Formosa Fabien
Published: June 2011

This article introduces an innovative method for the multi‐scale analysis of high value‐added surfaces, which consists of applying a method based on a new parameterization. This kind of surface parameterization refers to natural modes of vibration, and is therefore named modal parameterization. It allows us to characterize the form, waviness and roughness defects of a surface. This parameterization opens up new fields of analysis, such as the appearance quality of surfaces. It is thereby possible to decompose a measured surface in a vector basis, of which vectors are represented by plane natural eigenmodes sorted by frequency and complexity. Different filtering operations can then be produced, such as extracting the primary form of the surface. To analyze the perceived quality of surfaces, these investigations focus on two approaches: that appearance defects have small periodicity, and that there is a link between curvatures and the visual impact of an anomaly. This methodology is applied to two prestige lighters, whose surfaces were measured by extended field confocal microscopy. Moreover, a prospect of this work is to develop an augmented‐reality‐type monitoring tool for sensory experts. SCANNING 33: 332–341, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vitro antitumor activity of broccolini seeds extracts
Authors: Yang Yanjing , Zhang Xuewu
Published: June 2011

Broccolini (Brassica oleracea Italica × Alboglabra) is a hybrid of broccoli and kai‐lan, Chinese broccoli. To date, no report on antitumor activity of Broccolini (NOT Broccoli) is available. In this study, we evaluated the antiproliferative effects of broccolini seeds extract (BSE) on human lung and ovarian cancer cells. It was found that BSE induces A549 and OVCAR‐3 cells apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner by using MTT assay. The IC50 values of BSE in A549 and OVCAR‐3 cells were estimated to be 81.94 and 78.6 µg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, the phase contrast microscope showed that in high‐dose group (90∼120 µg/ml), the morphology structure of OVCAR‐3 cells become irregular and exhibited characteristics of apoptosis such as cell membrane shrinkage, condensation and fragmentation of nuclear chromatin as well as formation of apoptotic bodies. SCANNING 33:402–404, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Patterning Nanostructured, Synthetic, Polymeric Receptors by Simultaneous Projection Photolithography, Nanomolding, and Molecular Imprinting
Authors: Linares Ana V. , Falcimaigne‐Cordin Aude , Gheber Levi A. , Haupt Karsten
Published: June 2011

Microscope projection photolithography is combined with nanomolding and molecular imprinting for the fast microfabrication of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) arrays in the form of micrometric islands of nanofilaments. Dot diameters from 70–90 μm are easily obtained using a 10× objective and a photomask carrying the desired pattern. The dots are composed of parallel nanofilaments of a high aspect ratio, 150 nm in diameter and several micrometers in length, which are obtained through a nanomolding procedure on porous alumina. The arrays are molecularly imprinted with the small molecule fluorescein or with the protein myoglobin. The fluorescein MIP arrays are able to specifically recognize their target, as demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy. A four‐fold increase in binding capacity and imprinting factor (IF = 13) is obtained compared to non‐nanostructured porous dots. Imprinting of the nanofilament arrays with the protein myoglobin as the template is also possible and allows for a high imprinting factor of 4.3. Such nanostructured microarrays of synthetic receptors obtained by projection photolithography have great potential in biosensor and biochip development.
A self‐applicable online partial evaluator for recursive flowchart languages
Authors: Glück Robert
Published: June 2011

This paper describes a self‐applicable online partial evaluator for a flowchart language with recursive calls. Self‐application of the partial evaluator yields generating extensions that are as efficient as those reported in the literature for offline partial evaluation. This result is remarkable because it has been assumed that online partial evaluation techniques unavoidably lead to inefficient and overgeneralized generating extensions. The purpose of this paper is not to determine which kind of partial evaluation is better, but to show how the problem can be solved by recursive polyvariant specialization. The design of the self‐applicable online partial evaluator is based on a number of known techniques, but by combining them in a new way this result can be produced. The partial evaluator, its techniques, and its implementation are presented in full. Self‐application according to all three Futamura projections is demonstrated. The complete bootstrap of a compiler generator from a partial evaluator is also reported. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Simulations of Liquid Steel Infiltration in Ceramic Foam Structures. Part II: Application to Laboratory‐Scale Experiments
Authors: Klostermann J. , Schwarze R. , Weider M. , Brücker Ch.
Published: June 2011

The infiltration of liquid TRIP steel into a porous zirconium dioxide foam ceramics is a possible production line for a new composite material. This composite is currently under investigation and development in the Collaborative Research Center 799. Coupled numerical simulations of the hot infiltration process at the pore scale are presented in the paper. The results of the simulations are analysed in order to study similarities and differences between heat and fluid flow phenomena during the infiltration of the foam ceramics. Among others, temperature distributions in the liquid steel and the ceramics are evaluated for typical casting conditions in a laboratory‐scale experiment.
Cultural diversity in science education through Novelization: Against the Epicization of science and cultural centralization
Authors: van Eijck Michiel , Roth Wolff‐Michael
Published: June 2011

Science educators are confronted with the challenge to accommodate in their classes an increasing cultural and linguistic diversity that results from globalization. Challenged by the call to work towards valuing and keeping this diversity in the face of the canonical nature of school science discourse, we propose a new way of thinking about and investigating these problems. Drawing on the work of Mikhail Bakhtin, we articulate epicization and novelization as concepts that allow us to understand, respectively, the processes of (a) centralizing and homogenizing culture and language and (b) pluralizing culture and language. We present and analyze three examples that exhibit how existing mundane science education practices tend, by means of epicization, towards a unitary language and to cultural centralization. We then propose novelization as a way for thinking the opening up of science education by interacting with and incorporating alternative forms of knowing that arise from cultural diversity. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 48: 824–847, 2011
Investigating and theorizing discourse during analogy writing in chemistry
Authors: Bellocchi Alberto , Ritchie Stephen M.
Published: June 2011

Explanations of the role of analogies in learning science at a cognitive level are made in terms of creating bridges between new information and students' prior knowledge. In this empirical study of learning with analogies in an 11th grade chemistry class, we explore an alternative explanation at the “social” level where analogy shapes classroom discourse. Students in the study developed analogies within small groups and with their teacher. These classroom interactions were monitored to identify changes in discourse that took place through these activities. Beginning from socio‐cultural perspectives and hybridity, we investigated classroom discourse during analogical activities. From our analyses, we theorized a merged discourse that explains how the analog discourse becomes intertwined with the target discourse generating a transitional state where meanings, signs, symbols, and practices are in flux. Three categories were developed that capture how students intertwined the analog and target discourses—merged words, merged utterances/sentences, and merged practices. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 48: 771–792, 2011
Introduction: Self‐regulation of learning in postsecondary education
Authors: Bembenutty Héfer
Published: June 2011

The chapter introduces this volume on self‐regulation of learning by providing a look at the soundness of the theories, techniques, and tools readily available to instructors and students that could serve to facilitate self‐regulation.
Professional development needs and practices among educators and school psychologists
Authors: Cleary Timothy J.
Published: June 2011

This chapter discusses research showing that despite the high level of interest in motivation and self‐regulation, teachers and school psychologists do not target these variables frequently in their assessment, intervention, or instructional activities.
Differential diagnosis of adnexal masses: sequential use of the risk of malignancy index and HistoScanning, a novel computer‐aided diagnostic tool
Authors: Vaes E. , Manchanda R. , Autier P. , Nir R. , Nir D. , Bleiberg H. , Robert A. , Menon U.
Published: June 2011

Objective

To assess the value of ovarian Histo‐Scanning™, a novel computerized technique for interpreting ultrasound data, in combination with the risk of malignancy index (RMI) in improving triage for women with adnexal masses.

Methods

RMI indices were assessed in 199 women enrolled in a prospective study to investigate the use of HistoScanning. Ultrasound scores were obtained by blinded analysis of archived images. The following sequential test was developed: HistoScanning was modeled as a second‐line test for RMI between a lower cut‐off and an upper cut‐off. The optimal combination of these cut‐offs that together maximized the Youden index (Sensitivity + Specificity − 1) was determined.

Results

Using RMI at the standard cut‐off value of 250 resulted in a sensitivity of 74% and a specificity of 86%. When RMI was combined with HistoScanning, the highest accuracy was achieved by using HistoScanning as a sequential second‐line test for patients with RMI values between 105 and 2100. At these cut‐off values, sequential use of RMI and HistoScanning resulted in mean sensitivity and specificity estimates of 88% and 95%, respectively.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that HistoScanning may have the potential to improve the diagnostic accuracy of RMI, which could result in better triage for women with adnexal masses. Further prospective validation is warranted. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamics of mechanical systems with nonlinear nonholonomic constraints – II Differential equations of motion
Authors: Zeković D.N.
Published: June 2011

Depending on how the nonholonomic constraints have been introduced to the Lagrange‐D'Alemberts's principle, there are several differential equations of motion in the mechanics of nonholonomic systems. In this work, the most general type of differential equations of motion (fundamental to all known forms of the equations of motion for nonholonomic as well as holonomic systems) is derived. Here, the equations represent the generalization of Poincare's equation [1]. In published works [2, 3, 4, 5, 6], these have already taken into account nonlinear nonholonomic constraints and linear relations between real velocities and kinematic parameters. A method of dedication of the most generalized form of the equations of motion will be shown. It is followed by the analysis of particular cases. Then, it will be shown how to get form the generalized form to Maggi, Appell, Voronec, Chaplygin, Volterra, Ferrers, and Boltzmann‐Hamel's equations appearing in nonholonomic systems. Further, a system of material points of variable mass, where the equations of motion are derived for the most general case of reactive forces and in case of constraints depending on mass variables will be considered. All theoretical considerations are illustrated with the analysis of the relevant nonholonomic model.
Optimization of a functionally graded circular plate with inner rigid thin obstacles. II. Approximate problems
Authors: Hlaváček I. , Lovíšek J.
Published: June 2011

Optimal design of a simply supported functionally graded axisymmetric circular plate resting on several inner rigid rings is presented in Part I. The variable thickness and the exponent of the power‐law of the grading function are to be optimized. In Part II the approximate state problem and approximate optimal design problems are introduced, using spaces of linear and cubic Hermite splines, respectively. We prove the existence of approximate solutions and the convergence of a subsequence of the solutions to a solution of the original continuous optimal design problem.
Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy: Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, and Treatment
Authors: Lebl Darren R. , Hughes Alex , Cammisa Frank P. , O'Leary Patrick F.
Published: June 2011

Age-related changes in the spinal column result in a degenerative cascade known as spondylosis. Genetic, environmental, and occupational influences may play a role. These spondylotic changes may result in direct compressive and ischemic dysfunction of the spinal cord known as cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). Both static and dynamic factors contribute to the pathogenesis. CSM may present as subclinical stenosis or may follow a more pernicious and progressive course. Most reports of the natural history of CSM involve periods of quiescent disease with intermittent episodes of neurologic decline. If conservative treatment is chosen for mild CSM, close clinical and radiographic follow-up should be undertaken in addition to precautions for trauma-related neurologic sequelae. Operative treatment remains the standard of care for moderate to severe CSM and is most effective in preventing the progression of disease. Anterior surgery is often beneficial in patients with stenotic disease limited to a few segments or in cases in which correction of a kyphotic deformity is desired. Posterior procedures allow decompression of multiple segments simultaneously provided that adequate posterior drift of the cord is attainable from areas of anterior compression. Distinct risks exist with both anterior and posterior surgery and should be considered in clinical decision-making.
The impact of unsupervised regular walking on health: a sample of Turkish middle-aged and older adults
Authors: Atalay Orcin Telli , Cavlak Uğur
Published: June 2011

Regular walking is one of the most recommended and popular physical activity worldwide. This study (1) detected the effects of unsupervised regular walking on physical and cognitive functioning, emotional status, and quality of life in middle-aged and older adults and (2) compared the results with inactive controls. Forty middle-aged and older adults with a mean age of 56.30 ± 4.85 years (range 40–70) walking for at least 1 year, at least three times a week, and at least 45 min a day and 40 inactive participants with a mean age of 55.15 ± 5.64 years (range 40–70) participated. Before testing, sociodemographics of the participants were recorded. Body mass index and waist–hip ratio were calculated. The two groups were evaluated and compared in terms of physical functioning (handgrip strength, balance performance, cardio-vascular endurance, flexibility, muscular endurance and coordination), cognitive functioning (Mini Mental Test), emotional status (Beck Depression Inventory), and health related quality of life (CDC HRQOL- 4). The results obtained from this study showed that there were significant differences in terms of all outcome measurements between the groups (p < 0.05). The regular walking group had better scores in most parameters than the inactive controls. The results indicate that unsupervised regular walking improves health and is also a safe, cheap, and can easily be adapted into daily life. Therefore, it can be recommended to improve physical and cognitive functioning, emotional status, and quality of life of middle-aged and older adults.
TMAH‐Catalyzed Transesterification of EPA and DHA in Encapsulated Fish Oil Products
Authors: Tsai Cheng‐Jung , Liu Chih‐Cheng , Hung Lang‐Bang , Pan Bonnie Sun
Published: June 2011

Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)‐catalyzed transesterification was developed as a rapid and reliable method using gas chromatography (GC) to determine the total fatty acid profile and to quantify the ethyl esters of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in 20 brands of encapsulated fish oil products. The AOAC method with boron trifluoride (BF3) as a catalyst was used as a reference. After the respective transesterifications of BF3 and TMAH, seven brands of encapsulated fish oil showed a single peak of EPA or DHA in the chromatograms, while 13 brands showed a single peak in the chromatograms after BF3 esterification, but doublet peaks of EPA or DHA after TMAH esterification. By comparing with the GC/MS NIST library and authentic standard fatty acids of ethyl esters, the two pairs of doublet peaks were confirmed the ethyl and methyl esters of EPA and DHA, while the sum of the peak areas of the doublet represented the content of EPA or DHA. The reaction time course concluded that optimal TMAH transesterification was obtained at 25 °C for 10 min and using GC columns of low to medium polarity including Rtx‐wax and Rtx‐2330 were able to differentiate and quantify the ethyl‐ and methyl‐esterified EPA and DHA, while RT‐2560 column with higher polarity than the two other columns was unable to resolve the ethyl ester from the methyl ester of EPA or DHA. An EPA/DHA ratio of ≥1.10 may serve as an indicator of fish oil fortified with the ethyl ester of EPA.