bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drinking and Driving, Self-Control, and Gender: Testing a General Theory of Crime
Authors: KEANE CARL , MAXIM PAUL S. , TEEVAN JAMES J.
Published: March 2007

Recently, Gottfredson and Hirschi proposed a general theory of crime. Central to the theory is the assumption that most criminal behavior is impulsive and reflects a lack of self-control. Thus criminals are seen as risk takers who are less restrained than noncriminals from illegal activities. In a secondary analysis of data from a roadside traffic survey, this study attempts to test Gottfredson and Hirschi's theory by examining the relationship between self-control and driving under the influence of alcohol. Using several indicators of self-control, the results support the existence of a relationship for both men and women between low self-control and driving under the influence of alcohol.
The Mediating Effect of Good School Performance on the Maltreatment-Delinquency Relationship
Authors: ZINGRAFF MATTHEW T. , LEITER JEFFREY , JOHNSEN MATTHEW C. , MYERS KRISTEN A.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the possibility that good school performance may reduce the elevated risk of delinquency produced by maltreatment. Using a random sample of children with substantiated maltreatment reports (N = 522) and a random comparison sample of the general school population (N = 256), the authors find that neglected and physically abused, but not sexually abused, children are more likely than the general school population to be reported for delinquent acts. Good school performance, specifically good grades, low rates of in-school behavior problems during the elementary years, and good attendance, is associated with substantially reduced delinquent involvement for both at-risk groups. For physically abused children the elevated risk falls to statistically insignificant levels. The findings suggest interventions to raise the grades and attendance and improve the classroom behavior of physically abused and neglected children with the aim of reducing delinquency in these groups.
Locking Up Youth: The Impact of Race on Detention Decisions
Authors: WORDES MADELINE , BYNUM TIMOTHY S. , CORLEY CHARLES J.
Published: March 2007

Prior research has produced inconsistent findings regarding the relationship between race and secure detention of juveniles. Many previous studies were conducted in single jurisdictions, had limited measures of offense seriousness, often did not examine the influence of social factors, and experienced sample selection problems. Using data on felony offenses in five counties, this study examined detention at three stages in the juvenile justice process: police detention, court intake detention, and preliminary hearing detention. Data were collected from case files in police agencies and juvenile courts to reflect actual offense behavior and the youths' family and social situations. Bivariate and logistic regression techniques were used to explore the issue of racial disparity. Findings indicated that African American and Latino youth were more likely to be detained at each decision point, even after controlling for the influence of offense seriousness and social factors.
Attitudes Toward Capital Punishment: Preference for the Penalty or Mere Acceptance?
Authors: SANDYS MARLA , McGARRELL EDMUND F.
Published: March 2007

Recent reports of general favorability toward capital punishment suggest that there is tremendous support for the penalty. Research also suggests, however, that people prefer meaningful alternative sentences and that there is a reluctance to endorse capital punishment for juveniles and defendants who are mentally retarded. Using a quota sampling procedure, 514 Indiana citizens were asked about these specific circumstances surrounding capital punishment and about their support for various goals of sentencing. The results suggest that although general favorability toward capital punishment is quite high (76%), such a result is misleading. Only 9% of general proponents of capital punishment maintain their support for the penalty under all circumstances questioned. Moreover, gender of respondents and support for inmates' right to rehabilitation consistently distinguish between degrees of support for capital punishment. The findings have important implications for practical legal issues, such as the selection of capital jurors, as well as for theoretical issues related to the determinants of punitiveness toward lawbreakers.
Racial Differences in Violent Behavior among Young Adults: Moderating and Confounding Effects
Authors: PASCHALL MALLIE J. , FLEWELLING ROBERT L. , ENNETT SUSAN T.
Published: March 2007

Understanding racial differences in violent behavior has become a research priority due to increasing rates of violence among adolescents and young adults, especially African American males. Socioeconomic status (SES) has been shown to be an important variable in helping to explain racial differences in health-related behaviors. This study investigated the moderating and confounding effects of SES on the relationship between race and violent behavior in a sample of young adults (N = 1,559). The possible confounding effects of selected risk factors (e.g., selling drugs, witnessing violence) also were examined. Findings suggest that racial differences in violent behavior only exist among young adults of low SES and that finer SES distinctions within this group do not explain these differences. However, exposure to violence, a correlate of SES, accounted for racial differences in this subgroup. Future studies on racial differences in violence should examine further the role of SES and related risk factors.
An Innovative Beginning Teacher Induction Program: A Two-Year Analysis of Classroom Interactions
Authors: Schaffer Eugene , Stringfield Sam , Wolfe Delores
Published: March 2007

Classroom observational data from an innovative 2-year, university-based teacher induction program indicate that the inductees made significant gains in the level of their teaching skills. First-year gains in instruction typically resulted from improvements in the classroom organizational and management skills of the inductees. Second-year gains tended to be related to changes in more intellectually complex areas of teaching.
Illusory Corporatism in Eastern Europe: Neoliberal Tripartism and Postcommunist Class Identities
Authors: OST DAVID
Published: March 2007

The plethora of tripartite bodies in postcommunist countries seems to suggest the emergence of an East European corporatism. Analysis of arrangements in Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, and Poland indicates instead the prevalence of illusory corporatism. Token negotiations, nonbinding agreements, and exclusion of the private sector demonstrate that tripartite procedures are deployed to introduce neoliberal, not social democratic, outcomes. A path-dependent argument stressing labor's weak class identity best explains these outcomes. East European labor, unlike historic Western counterparts, is marked by a weak sense of class interests, disinclination to organize the private sector, and declining support from the workforce, making it unable to emerge as a strong force. It is not labor but the new elites that seek tripartism, hoping thereby to share burdens, conform to European norms, and demonstrate responsiveness to society. Formal tripartism also follows from the legacy of state socialism, giving symbolic voice to the formerly included now headed for exclusion. In the end, tripartism helps secure labor's acceptance of its own marginalization.
Collective Action, Property Rights, and Decentralization in Resource Use in India and Nepal
Authors: AGRAWAL ARUN , OSTROM ELINOR
Published: March 2007

National governments in almost all developing countries have begun to decentralize policies and decision making related to development, public services, and the environment. Existing research on the subject has enhanced our understanding of the effects of decentralization and thereby has been an effective instrument in the advocacy of decentralization. But most analyses, especially where environmental resources are concerned, have been less attentive to the political coalitions that prompt decentralization and the role of property rights in facilitating the implementation of decentralized decision making. By comparing decentralization in four cases in South Asia—Forest Councils in Kumaon in India, Joint Forest Management in India, the Parks and People Program in Nepal's Terai, and Community Forestry legislation in Nepal—this article provides answers to two questions: When do governments decentralize environmental decision making? and Which types of property rights must be devolved if decentralized decision making is to be effective?
It May be Social, But Why is it Capital? The Social Construction of Social Capital and the Politics of Language
Authors: SMITH STEPHEN SAMUEL , KULYNYCH JESSICA
Published: March 2007

Although the referents of the term social capital merit sustained inquiry, the term impedes understanding because of the historical association of the word capital with economic discourse. As a result of this association, applying the term social capital to civic engagement blurs crucial analytic distinctions. Moreover, there are important ideological consequences to considering things such as bowling leagues to be a form of capital and urging citizens to become social capitalists. The term social capacity, the authors argue, provides the same heuristic benefits as the term social capital without extending illusory promises of theoretical parsimony with the financial/human/social capital trinity.
Text Technology: the Power-Tool of Grammatical Metaphor
Authors: Cullip Peter F.
Published: March 2007

Texts are a form of technology: they do things. They construct meanings to achieve social purposes. In this paper I shall argue that the power-tool of the technology of text is grammatical metaphor. It is grammatical metaphor which is the key to constructing the meanings of those genres valued by the institutions of education, the professions and bureaucracy. Success in these institutions is linked to the mastery of grammatical metaphor as a tool for making meanings in reading and writing. It is therefore important for teachers, including ESL teachers, to become conscious of this tool, how it works, how to use it and how to exploit it for pedagogical purposes, so that all our students can master it, and the kinds of texts it enables them to construct.
Comparing Esl Learners' Attention To Grammar On Three Different Classroom Tasks
Authors: Storch N.
Published: March 2007

Recent literature on second language grammar pedagogy promotes the use of tasks where learners produce written output collaboratively (eg. Kowal and Swain 1994; Swain and Lapkin 1998). This article reports on the findings of a study which set out to compare the performance of tertiary ESL learners of intermediate second language proficiency on three different grammar- focused classroom tasks which required the students to produce written output: a short composition, an editing task and a text reconstruction. Students completed the tasks in pairs and their talk was audio taped. Data (transcripts of pair talk) were analysed for the quantity and nature of attention to grammatical choices each task generated. The completed tasks were also examined for the accuracy of the grammatical choices reached. The study found that although all three tasks succeeded in drawing the learners' attention to a range of grammatical items, the text reconstruction task was the most successful in doing so. Furthermore, the study found that the learners reached correct grammatical decisions in a majority of instances.
Student Variables in Second Language Learning
Authors: Theivananthampillai Kanapathipillai T. , Baba T.L.
Published: March 2007

This study1 was undertaken to assess the role of the three stu dent variables, namely intelligence, language aptitude and motivation, in the acquisition of English as a second language. A total of 297 fifth form students (Grade Eleven) from seven schools in the Fiji Islands were administered psychological instruments to obtain measures on intelligence, language aptitude and motivation. These scores were then correlated with their scores on English obtained at the Fiji Junior School Certificate examination conducted by the Ministry of Education. Each of the three student variables was found to be significantly correlated to attainment in English at the .01 level for zero order correlation. (The body of the report contains coeffi cients for 1st and 2nd order correlations as well.) Intelligence was found to have the highest correlation coefficient for all the three ethnic groups constituting the sample while motivation registered the lowest. Multiple correlation between the three student variables and English was also significant at the .01 level. The 't' values computed for English scores of students in the upper and lower quartiles for both intelligence and language aptitude were found to be significant at the .01 level while the 't' value for English scores for students in the upper and lower quartiles for motivation was significant only at the .05 level.
The pedagogical importance of consonantal features of the English of Malaysia and Singapore
Authors: Brown Adam
Published: March 2007

The consonantal system typical of mesolectal speech of English in Malaysia and Singapore (EMS) is described, and the differences noted between this and the general English consonant system. Four categories of difference may be found (systemic, realisational, struc tural and selectional), of which the most serious consequences is loss of intelligibility. The importance of these differences is assessed by reference to various criteria, including the occurrence and prestige/ stigmatisation of EMS features in other accents, the maintenance of perceptual distance between realisations, and the frequency of occur rence of features in connected speech. On the basis of these criteria, priorities are established for EMS language teachers.
A Discourse-Oriented Approach To ESP
Authors: Thomas Sarah
Published: March 2007

ESP/EAP is essentially concerned with the genre-specific texts students are required to read/write and the kinds of activities they need to participate in. In this paper, we argue that to be effective ESP/EAP teaching and materials must be informed by adequately researched linguistic descriptions of the target genres and texts in general.

There are characteristic rhetorical and organisational features and linguistic options which distinguish different genres and, without prior identification of these, ESP teaching will be ad hoc and cannot expect to help learners cope with the demands imposed on them by the need to read and write in their specific disciplines. Successful pedagogy which aims at enabling learners to master these genres must draw on linguistic descriptions which provide insights into the features and organisation of the texts.

In this paper, we suggest a discourse-based approach to meet the need for ESP practice which is rooted in an understanding of the communicative purposes of texts and the linguistic manifestations of such purposes. Through an analysis of experimental research articles, we attempt to show that:

i) choice of theme in citations can serve as a text organisational device to show the interdependencies and connectedness of the elements making up a stretch of text.

ii) the macro-structure of an entire research article can be represented in terms of the generally-recognized Problem-Solution discourse pattern.
The Teaching of English-as-a-Second-Language Writing in the Asia-Pacific Region: a Cross-Country Comparison
Authors: Pennington Martha C. , So Sufumi , Hirose Keiko , Costa Vrginia , Shing Joe Li Wai , Niedzielski Krystyna
Published: March 2007

A comparison of the practices of native and non-native teachers of English-as-a-second-language writing in Australia, Hong Kong, Japan, New Zealand, and Singapore based on a Questionnaire and follow-up interviews revealed a gap between teachers' ideal and actual practice, similar perceptions of the constraints preventing them from teaching according to their Preferred practice, and a general lack of training in process writing. Many of the teachers took a middle-of-the-road approach combining product and process teaching philosophies, with a somewhat more traditional approach taken by non-native speakers of English and those teaching in Asian countries. Those teaching in Australia were the most process-oriented in theory and practice, those teaching in Japan were the most product-oriented in theory and practice, while those teaching in the other countries of the survey showed a greater difference between theory and practice and more variation across individual teachers.

The results can be interpreted to mean that the community of explanation (theory or ideal for practice) and the community of practice (actual practices) among teachers of English composition are not always well-aligned. While the rhetoric of process writing is generally the basis of the teachers' ideal or teaching philosophy, this rhetoric may mask a shallow commitment to the practices of process writing, and teachers may undermine the basis of process writing in attempting to selectively implement its tenets or to blend process and product elements in their teaching of writing. On the other hand, it may be that teachers of English in the Asia-Pacific region are developing a compromise teaching approach that combines process and product elements in a new synthesis.
Consultancy as Dialogue: Experiences From a Malaysian Esp Project
Authors: Lynch Tony , Yah Wang Yoon , Anderson Kenneth , Thiyagarajah Rosy
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on a three-year Spoken English project involving triangular co-operation between Universiti Sains Malaysia, the British Council and the University of Edinburgh. It considers some of the problems (and advantages) of involving external consultants, then describes and evaluates the Spoken English project, and suggests potential insights for similar language education projects. The format reflects in microcosm the professional dialogue between the participants in the project.
Chinese Efl Students' Attitudes To Peer Feedback and Peer Assessment in an Extended Pairwork Setting
Authors: Roskams Tim
Published: March 2007

ESP classes in subjects such as business are popular in Asia, especially at the tertiary level. Collaborative groupwork and pairwork in these classes is used, not only to practice presented language, but also to facilitate peer feedback (which may include peer assessment) and critical thinking skills. However, many teachers believe that active participation and accurate, appropriate and meaningful feedback in Asian cultures is constrained by fear of mistakes, politeness norms, and the belief that peer feedback lacks credibility. This paper describes the attitudes of 217 Chinese students to extended pairwork (same pair over a term) and peer assessment in eleven task-based ESP business classes in a Hong Kong university. The patterns and perceived usefulness of peer interaction, feedback and peer evaluation are discussed in terms of the cultural values of Chinese learners. The findings suggest that peer feedback was generally perceived as useful and occurred often although about five percent of students did not enjoy the collaborative learning arrangement, and in these cases there was less interaction. The overall response to peer assessment as a learning experience was favourable, but students were unsure about its fairness and felt less comfortable about it as an assessment exercise than as a learning exercise. Possible guidelines for the successful use of collaborative learning arrangements in Asian cultures are suggested.
What Implications Does English Globalization Have for Treatment of Students' Spoken Errors?
Authors: Lee Winnie , Ridley Alison
Published: March 2007

One of the controversial issues arising from English globalization is the notion of standardization in speaking. It is clear that graduates who speak English as a second language are far more likely to use it to communicate with other non-native speakers than with native speakers. Should this mean that some features of the language become less important as linguistic imperialism finally loses hold? In the context of Hong Kong, should Standard English be taught?
The Impact of Consecrated Life on Indian Society
Authors: VALLIPALAM Mathew M.
Published: March 2007

Consecrated life is a powerful manifestation of the Indian Catholic Church. Today, there are almost a hundred thousand consecrated men and women engaged in active apostolate, catering to the various needs of the people irrespective of their religious affiliation. Another thirty thousand are preparing themselves to take up future ministries like education, health care, social service and other activities. The number of institutions run by them surpasses the sum total of those run by all other religious bodies. Ashram apostolate is another aspect of the Church in India which helps to meet the spiritual needs of the people. However, consecrated life in India is being challenged and undermined within and from outside.
What Do Believers Believe? A Survey in Poggibonsi (Italy)
Authors: NESTI Arnaldo
Published: March 2007

The author of this article presents some results of a sociological research project into implicit religion in an area of Tuscany (Italy) that has been subject to rapid economic and social changes. From the analysis emerges a model of life based on material productivity, familial and social solidarity, while the religious beliefs of Catholicism, in spite of a certain belonging, remain in the background as traditional symbols. The function of rites is ambivalent. The author concludes that the essential characteristic of religion in his area is dynamism.
Nationalism and the Political Use and Abuse of Religion: the Politicization of Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Islam in Yugoslav Successor States
Authors: IVEKOVIĆ Ivan
Published: March 2007

Religion has been a historical force in Balkan societies. It has defined social identities and has been used as a basis for national myths. Hierarchies of the Orthodox, Catholic and the Muslim communities in Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and among the Albanians have deliberately contributed to these myths, thereby acquiring a particular reputation. Religious beliefs have been superimposed on new ethno-national projects. Religious activists and church officials have joined battle for the de-secularization of society. The politicization of religion has been followed by the confessionalization of public life, guaranteeing privileges for the dominant denomination.
Cloisonnement et décloisonnement culturels comme processus sociologiques
Authors: Kruijt J.P. , Goddijn Walter
Published: March 2007

In Holland, vertical pluralism has historical roots which are analysed in the first part. The second part gives a structural analysis of the frequency and inten sity of this pluralism. Thus the internal dynamism of the social phenomenon becomes clear. The quantita tive relations between the neutral groups and those whose inspiration is religious, are studied from various points of view: that of the degree of institutionaliza tion of the cultural barriers; that of the degree of integration and over-lapping; and that of the percen tages of persons engaged in the religious or neutral organisations.

In the third and fourth paragraphs, vertical pluralism is replaced in the general context of sociology and in the sociology of religion in particular, and a functio nal study of it is done according to the schema of ana lysis of R.K. Merton.
Considérations sur l'état de la sociologie de la religion en Allemagne
Authors: Menges W.
Published: March 2007

The author brings to light the differences between the themes which dominated the authors of classic Sociol ogy of Religion and the contemporary themes. Among these, he distinguished two courants: the first and the oldest, and which is studied in the other countries of western Europe, is essentially related to pastoral pro blems; and the second, which is more recent, attempts to attach itself to the theories of general Sociology and from this starting point tries to see better its' problematic. Finally he brings to our attention the multiplication of studies with this tendancy, which have been made within the past few years, studies which, despite certain profitable results, remain never theless insuffisant.
Religion, Society and Accomodation
Authors: Fuse Toyomasa
Published: March 2007

Tout au long de l'histoire, la religion universaliste s'est ipso facto heurtée aux demandes et pratiques particularistes de l'ordre séculier socio-poli tique. La religion a cependant vu moyen de rester une institution sociale viable, en partie parce qu'elle s'est accommodée à la société séculière et a rationalisé ses demandes et ses droits. Quelques illustrations historiques dramatisent une telle interaction dynamique entre la religion et la société, ainsi que le processus qui en a résulté, à savoir une accommodation du côté de la religion.

La néo-orthodoxie, comme produit et héritière légitime de l'Evangile Social', naquit au sein des conflits industrielles de l'Amerique moderne. Si des représentants des Eglises ont proclamé cette neo-orthodoxie du Protestantisme Américan comme radicalisme révolutionnaire en termes d'analyse sociologique celle-ci a été au fond une force d'intégration, d'accommodation et de conservation pour l'organisation du pouvoir socio-économique. L'analyse fonctionnelle de la néo-orthodoxie apporte quelques hypothèses utiles quant à ses modèles d'accommodation; une fonction manifeste de cette néo-orthodoxie a été la synthèse religieuse entre les idées de l'orthodoxie et le défi d'un christianisme libéral que Niebuhr appellerait 'christianisme prophétique'.

L'auteur présente alors quelques hypothèses sur les fonctions latentes de la néo-orthodoxie: en défendant sa validité et son idéologie, la néo- orthodoxie constitue secrètement un 'support institutionnel' pour l'orga nisation actuelle du pouvoir socio-économique. Une telle adaptation ecclésiastique de la néo-orthodoxie à l'ordre socio-politique doit cepen dant être comprise dans le cadre théorique du dilemme de l'Eglise aux termes duquel toute religion universalist est contrainte de s'accommoder à la sociéte pour sauvegarder sa vie vie propre.
The State of Sociology of Protestantism in Scandinavia
Authors: Gustafsson Berndt
Published: March 2007

Dans toute la Scandinavie la demande de recherches socio-religieuses s'est largement étendue. La sociologie de la religion occupe cependant une position incertaine dans les univesités scandinaves. Si elle existe en tant que branche mineure et marginale au sein de la sociologie, elle est surtout confideree en histoire moderne de l'Eglise et en théologie pra tique. Cet exposé donne une place spéciale aux travaux de l'Institut de sociologie de la religion de Stockholm, fondé en 1962. Parmi les etudes actuelles faites à cet institut, on note une importante recherche sur ce que l'on qualifie de religiosité populaire, a savoir système symbolique à faible niveau de verbalisation, mais fonctionnant spécialement par rap port aux points tournants du cycle de la vie. On teste actuellement dif férentes techniques pour cette étude, tels que les tests d'images et l'obser vation par participation, afin de corriger certaine déficiences dues aux interviews verbaux.
The Religious Condition of the West Country in 1851
Authors: Goodridge R.M.
Published: March 2007

Le recensement éeclésiastique national, qui eut lieu en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles en 1851, permet de se faire une idée et de comparer l'importance des différentes confessions. Comme le révèlent les cartes, les indices de pratique ont été calculés en additionnant le chiffre des présences du matin, de l'après-midi et du soir, sans tenir compte de l'éventualité de personnes ainst recensées deux fois. Ces chiffres ont été exprimés en pourcentages calculés par rapport a la population de la région intéressée. Il semble que tels que nous les livrent ces cartes. ils peuvent fournir des informations et des éléments de comparaison valables.

La région étudiée ici, soit Gloucestershire, Somerset et Wiltshire, a été choisie afin de mettre en évidence le facteur religieux dans l'hinterland de la région de Bristol, ville importante. C'est dans l'ouest de Wiltshire, soit la région des industries textiles traditionnelles. que les taux de pratique se sont révélés les plus élevés, toutefois l'influence de l'Eglise d'Angleterre apparaissait relativement faible. Cette Eglise avait par contre le plus d'adeptes dans les régions les plus éloignées de Wiltshire. Le bastion des Eglises Congrégationaliste et Baptiste se trouvait coincider de manière frappante avec les régions d'industries textiles. La répartition des forces Méthodistes se présentait par contre de manière fort différente: elle était la plus forte aux alentours de Bristol, région où les frères Wesley avaient établis un de leurs quartiers généraux missionnaires. On peut également constater que les Méthodistes se trouvaient être les plus nom breux là où l'Eglise d'Angleterre comptait le moins d'adeptes.
The Integration and Alienation of Religious to Religious Orders
Authors: O'Connell John J.
Published: March 2007

L'étude examine l'hypothèse selon laquelle un ordre reli gieux, du fait de sa structure formalisée et bureaucratique, présente une disposition négative envers l'expression person nelle et individuelle. Les sujets de l'étude sont les membres d'un ordre religieux connu pour vivre et fonctionner dans ce que le sociologue appelle une organisation totalisante ou close.

L'étude révèle que l'aliénation d'un religieux dans une congrégation religieuse n'est pas inévitable. Bien plutôt, la vie de relation du religieux n'offre pas moins de possibilité d'in tégration que d'aliénation. Les facteurs critiques associés aux divers degrés d'intégration ou d'aliénation constatés sont des items qui existent avant l'entrée dans la congrégation ou à la périphérie de la structure formalisée.

Parmi les items à relier étroitement à ces mesures d'inté gration et/ou d'aliénation on trouve: les années de présence dans l'ordre, l'âge, la classe sociale, la personnalité sociale et les facteurs familiaux du passé culturel du membre.

L'analyse de la classe sociale et des caractéristiques fami liales indique qu'une relation intégratrice ou aliénante du religieux à son ordre est davantage influencée par les défini tions subjectives qu'il donne de son expérience familiale et de sa conscience de classe que par les mesures objectives que l'on peut faire de ces items.

L'étude indique la nécessité de réviser la théorie de l'alié nation et, en particulier, le besoin d'appliquer une nouvelle théorie sur le sujet aux caractéristiques formelles de l'organi sation des ordres religieux.
The Relevance of Socio-Economic Groups in the Analysis of the Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk in South Africa
Authors: Alant C.J.
Published: March 2007

Trois études fournissent la base de cet article : une analyse de la pratique dominicale, une analyse de l'image que les fi dèles se font du ministère et une analyse de la vision du ministère par les intéressés eux-mêmes. Trois hypothèses fon damentales avaient présidé à ces travaux: 1°) l'Eglise Réfor mée Néerlandaise ne se structure plus sur le « surnaturel pur » mais sur un « surnaturel sécularisé » ; 2°) cette transformation affecte surtout les strates socio-économiques supérieures, et en général la jeune génération; 3°) la structure formelle de l'Eglise ne facilite pas l'adaptation.

Cet article reprend surtout la seconde hypothèse. Après avoir évoqué les antécédents socio-historiques de l'Eglise Ré formée Néerlandaise, l'auteur décrit en détail les modèles, traditionnel et moderne, dont il fait usage par la suite et en énumère les indicateurs. L'évaluation des transformations a été faite à partir de trois indicateurs : le comportement reli gieux, les croyances et l'image des rôles religieux.

Il apparaît que les jeunes en général, de même que les groupes sociaux économiquement dominants se rencontrent sur une attitude plus « libérale » en ce qui concerne les croyances et les normes religieuses ; en face des autorités religieuses, ils ont aussi une attitude plus rationalisante, qui réduit l'autorité de fonction. Dans le groupe des pasteurs, un clivage apparaît entre ceux qui ont fait des études supérieures de théologie et ceux qui n'en ont pas faites : les premiers sont plus proches de l'attitude des jeunes et des groupes dominants.

A travers ces analyses apparaît l'impact d'une société stra tifiée sur le champ religieux. Des tensions en résultent, qui cherchent leur solution.
On the Meaning of Food Offerings in Ceylon (*)
Authors: Yalman Nur
Published: March 2007

L'auteur explicite les ramifications symboliques de l'offrande d'aliments dans le langage rituel à Ceylan. Trois observations constituent le point de départ de l'auteur:

— l'association entre la préparation et la consommation quo tidienne d'aliments et la crainte de la présence active de dé mons ;

— le rôle de l'offrande d'aliments au Bouddha, aux dieux et aux démons ;

— le rôle des échanges d'aliments dans l'expression des rap ports entre castes.

L'auteur procède à un analyse systématique des contextes dans lesquels cette offrande d'aliments à lieu et tente de saisir la signification de ce rituel dans une société caractérisée par sa religion et sa division en castes.
Les religions au Chili entre l'aliénation et la prise de conscience
Authors: Lalive d'Epinay Christian , Zylberberg Jacques
Published: March 2007

The multiple forms of the religious phenomenon and its cosmologies have often been pointed out. The social role of a religion can never be defined once and for all. The role played by religion as an agent for social protest and awareness or as a factor of the status quo must be made explicit for each historical period and specific social group.

How are the religions in Chili situated between these functions of alienation and awareness ? The authors of this article examine the positions of Indian animism, Catholicism and Protestantism and outline the complex relationships exist ing between the nation, classes, social groups, and religious behavior in Chili.
Cultural Multiplexity and Religious Polytheism
Authors: Lemert Charles C.
Published: March 2007

Les recherches récentes en sociologie de la religion n'ont pas accordé une attention suffisante à l'impact des conditions socio-culturelles sur l'idéation religieuse. Le problème est re pris par l'Auteur et analysé du point de vue de la sociologie de la religion comprise comme forme particulière de la socio logie de la connaissance.

Pour l'Auteur, la place centrale du monothéisme dans l'idéation religieuse traditionnelle occidentale doit être mise en corrélation avec la culture pré-moderne « mono-complexe ». Or, selon Bellah, la culture moderne se caractérise par sa « multi-complexité ». L'Auteur pense que l'on ne peut espérer voir survivre le principe monothéiste au sein d'un système culturel multi-complexe.

L'émergence d'un polythéisme chrétien implicite est analysée alors dans le contexte de la tradition relativiste de la culture moderne, de la théologie de la mort de Dieu et des mouvements festifs contemporains.
Religion and the Marxist Concept of Social Formation
Authors: Kersevan Marko , Miller Joan M.
Published: March 2007

Après un examen des concepts de formation sociale, de base et de superstructure, 1'auteur reprend l'idée marxienne selon laquelle la religion chrétienne avec son culte de 1'homme abstrait se trouve la mieux appropriée au mode de production capitaliste. Sa conclusion consiste à dire que ce sont les inter prétations les plus humanistes du christianisme qui le lient à ce mode de production. Et c'est également par là que le christianisme se trouve en position de superstructure d'une formation sociale capitaliste.
Atheism as Religious Crisis Phenomenon A Reflexion on the Nature of the Problem
Authors: Steeman Theodore M.
Published: March 2007

L'Auteur de cet article pense qu'il est plus profitable d'analyser l'athéisme moderne en tant que phénomène de crise religieuse plutôt que de l'envisager comme forme de décadence religieuse ou d'irréligion.
Politics and Culture in the Middle East
Authors: Hermassi Elbaki
Published: March 2007

L'Auteur de cet article montre en quoi l'Etat-Nation est un concept nouveau dans les pays du Moyen Orient, pays habitués à d'autres concepts et institutions politiques. Un nombre de facteurs historiques et idéologiques, tels que l'impact de l'Islam, la confrontation avec l'Occident, le panarabisme et d'autres facteurs structurels tels que la fragmentation poli tique et sociale, font de telle sorte que l'Etat-Nation est difficile à institutionaliser.
La religion et les sécularismes dans les sociétés socialistes
Authors: Jukic Jakov
Published: March 2007

After having brought to light the identity crisis that is affec ting the Church, theology, socialist society and Marxism, the author tries to demonstrate how socialist societies when dismis sing religion are in fact reacting to the religious phenomenon. He then reflects on their three possible types of reponse: ideological secularism, political secularism, and consumer secularism.
Conscience religieuse et conscience politique en Amérique Centrale
Authors: Houtart Francois , Lemercinier Geneviève
Published: March 2007

The theoretical framework of this article is constituted by two main axes: the place of religion in the construction of the representations and its effects on social practices and the role of ideas in the social transitions. It is applied in Central America, first by an analysis of the pre-colonial societies. The place and role of religion is studied in the various types of social organizations: lineage-based societies and tributary kingdoms. The social trans formations were accompanied by new religious elements. The Spanish colonization brought a new religious system which became dominant.
Confessional Communities, Social Stratification and Wars in Lebanon
Authors: Labaki Boutros
Published: March 2007

De nombreuses analyses du conflit libanais sont le fruit du travail d'intellectuels occidentaux qui tendent à n'y voir qu 'une opposition entre les «chrétiens privilégiés» et les «musulmans exploités», les premiers étant «conservateurs» et les seconds «pro gressistes».
L'Islam et l'articulation d'identités musulmanes
Authors: WAARDENBURG Jacques
Published: March 2007

The last 25 years have shown a marked increase in the meanings which Muslims attach to the concept of Islam. The first part of this paper discusses some of these new meanings of Islam: new socio-political meanings in a national and in an international context as well as new moral meanings. The second part discusses aspects of the relations between Islam and national consciousness which have changed considerably in the course of the 20th century. Attention is also paid to relations between Muslim countries and the West and the meaning of Islam in this changing context.

At the end of the paper four theses are formulated, dealing with secular and Islamic models of the Muslim state; with relations between Muslim states; with the links existing between Muslim and other (ethnic or national) identities; and with the competition between alternative versions of Islam, considered here as articulations of Muslim identity. The way in which an individual views Islam reflects a particular articulation of his or her identity. Muslim societies, consequently, can usefully be studied according to the meanings which different groups and persons give to life and reality and which use Islam as a referent.
Anomie, recherche identitaire et religion en Russie
Authors: ROUSSELET Kathy
Published: March 2007

Russia suffers today from a lack of identity which concerns its geographical as well as its political space. In this context of anomie it uses the religious register to find a new identity. Thus the Orthodox religion appears as the basis of a new collective project but also as a source of new cleavages.

Nevertheless religion suffers from the consequences of the “destructuring” of society. Beside religious identification which involves a strong cultural aspect, denominational vagueness is widespread. The search for identity does not automatically entail the emergence of an “ethnic religion”. Like society itself, religious traditions are being torn apart.
Le geste et le corps dans la religion afro-brésilienne
Authors: MOTTA Roberto
Published: March 2007

Afro-Brazilian religion in its traditional forms (candomblé and xangô) is typically a religion of the body and of the gesture. The first act of its ritual is animal sacrifice, which feeds both the gods and the faithful. It is a religion in which thought is expressed through the motions of dance and trance, far removed from the cerebral religions typical of the western world during the Reformation, the Counter-Reformation and the rise of capitalism with its austerity and privation. Anchored firmly in the tangible world, candomblé-xangô recognizes no separation between body and soul, nor between health and holiness. Its fundamental hedonism finds a natural place in a postmodern society which is once more valuing the body, gesture, emotion and passion.
Le Nouvel An des Arbres. L'ordre du végétal entre nature et surnature
Authors: PEREZ Danielle STORPER
Published: March 2007

In its cosmological, elemental or agricultural and ecological forms, nature is present, represented and classified both in the written and in the oral traditions. The lunar cycle and the solar cycle counterbalance each other in order to measure the temporal architecture of festivals and rituals. Nearly all the main festivals operate at the twin levels of nature and history. However, the minor festival of Tu bi-Shvat, the New Year of Trees, is the only one whose meaning and rituals are based on elements of the plant world.

Tu bi-Shvat is one of the “four cardinal points” of the annual cycle, the other three being Nissan (for the Festivals calendar); Ellul (for animal tithes); Tishri (for the beginning of the Jewish religious Year). In fourth position, Tu bi-Shvat takes place when the almond trees are blossoming in the land of Israel. Thus this festival marks the collection of fruit tithes. Because of its association with the land of Israel, Tu bi-Shvat's specific rites were elaborated after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain, with the return of kabbalist Sages to Safed at the end of the 16th century. The study of diverse ways in which this New Year is celebrated by different religious groups in other countries as well as in contemporary Israel helps us to understand the relation between texts, rituals, contexts and concrete ties to the land.
Positionnement de la hiérarchie catholique polonaise face à l'Etat et à la population dans les années 1980
Authors: DAVID-BLAIS Martin , SOKOŁOWSKI Stanisław
Published: March 2007

The social power of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland in the 1980s is usually explained as follows: the Church was the sole institution capable of expressing opposition to Communism. The legitimacy of this representation as perceived by the population is thus considered as the main cause of the popular support and therefore of the strength the Church had at that time. This analytical perspective tends, however, to ignore the micro aspects of the question. We begin with two postulates: (1) Polish society in the 1980s was by and large quite secularized in matters of values and daily behavior; (2) the power of the Church was based on massive popular participation. We submit as a general hypothesis that the practice of investing the Catholic rituals with an expression of opposition was almost cost-free. The Church never tried to control convictions and behaviors. We see this policy as a compromise, fully considered as such by the clergy, but also as the consequence of a broader compromise with the Communist authorities.
Ethnic and Religious Diversity among Prisoners: The Politics of Prison Chaplaincy
Authors: BECKFORD James A.
Published: March 2007

Using data collected in the course of an empirical study of prison chaplaincy in England and Wales, the author begins by establishing the sociological distinctiveness of social settings in which the “normal” freedom to practise the religion of one's choice is limited. The paper's main argument is that the growth of religious diversity and the spread of religious indifference are now in tension with the privileged position of the Church of England in prison chaplaincy in this region. The Anglican chaplain's obligation and willingness to “facilitate” the religious practices of prisoners belonging to Buddhist, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim and Sikh faith communities are meeting with increasing demands for independence on the part of their own Visiting Ministers in prisons. The concluding section of the paper examines three political dilemmas facing both the Church of England and “other faiths” in prison chaplaincy.
Esquisse d'une sociologie de la Bible chez Max Weber
Authors: OUÉDRAOGO Jean Martin
Published: March 2007

Max Weber's sociology of religion includes reflections on the New Testament, which can be seen as the beginnings of the project he heralded in 1919 which was to have dealt with primitive eastern and western Christianity. These reflections emerged at the time he began this sociology. They arose in connection with his thesis on the novelty of the idea of religious calling in Luther. When Max Weber studied the New Testament more closely, two main issues preoccupied him: the relationship of the first Christians to the world, and whether and how their religious culture might induce action. Weber discovered that the first Christians had a complex relationship with the world, typified by tension, indifference and adaptation. Furthermore, he observed that their conception of faith did not lead to action.
No Longer Dying for a Living: Collective Responses to Injury Risks in South Wales Mining Communities, 1900-47
Authors: Bloor Michael
Published: March 2007

This article draws on documents and oral history tapes and transcripts stored in the South Wales Miners Library, particularly the 176 interviews with individuals or groups conducted as part of the South Wales Coalfield History Project (completed in 1974). The focus of the article is on collective health behaviour and particularly on formal and informal collective attempts to reduce safety threats in the pits. These data are related to contemporary theoretical and policy interests by consideration of the light they shed on the possible role of `social capital' in health promotion.
A New Cotton Lustermeter for Yarns and Fibers'
Authors: Nickerson Dorothy
Published: March 2007

A single-answer, direct-reading instrument especially adapted for measuring luster of raw cotton and grey and mercerized yarns has been developed. It includes a special sample clamp, and a turret-top holder for the instrument. The sample is illuminated at 45° and measured at 0° and 45°. By means of a special circuit, the ratio of these two measurements may be read directly from an automatically indicating scale in terms of "per cent luster. Samples are easily and quickly prepared from .yarn skeins on special holders, and a similar but narrower holder is used for measuring combed fibers from pinches of blended raw stock samples. Results are related to goniophotometric measurements made for several conditions of illumination. Luster, sample preparation and holder, the instrument, calibration, and luster results for the USDA's Standardized Variety Series of cottons are discussed and summarized. The instrument is an adapta tion of a simplified all-purpose glossmeter under development by R. S. Hunter.
Relation between the X-Ray Angle of Cottons and Their Fiber Mechanical Properties
Authors: Rebenfeld L. , Virgin W.P.
Published: March 2007

Correlations are presented between the spiral angle, as measured by the X-ray angle (40% absorption angle of 002 diffraction are), and the mechanical properties of 16 cot tons. A significant correlation is found for Pressley strength at zero gauge length : however, virtually no correlations exist when cotton strength is measured at 5.0-mm. gauge length. Highly significant correlations are found between the spiral angle and the extensibility properties of cotton fibers, as measured by single fiber elastic modulus and elongation to break.