bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Histological Changes in Mango Seedlings Following Infection with Ceratocystis manginecans, the Cause of Mango Decline
Authors: Al‐Sadi Abdullah M. , Al‐Ouweisi Fatma A. , Al‐Shariani Nadiya K. , Al‐Adawi Ali O. , Kaplan Evelyn J. , Deadman Mike L.
Published: May 2010

Ceratocystis manginecans‐induced wilt and decline of mango has devastated the mango industry in Oman during the last decade. The histological changes in mango seedlings following inoculation with the fungus were investigated. Twelve‐month‐old mango seedlings were artificially inoculated with C. manginecans, and development of the disease was recorded weekly for up to six weeks. Inoculated mango seedlings developed typical wilt symptoms within one week and produced gummosis in the inoculated areas. Weekly assessment of upward and downward movement of C. manginecans in the wood showed that the pathogen moved at 6.3 and 6.1 mm per day, respectively, with no significant differences in the rate of tissue colonization in opposite directions. Internal woody tissues of inoculated mango seedlings developed brown to dark brown discolouration. Discolouration of mango tissues was congruent or just behind the advancing hyphae of C. manginecans. Although there were no significant differences in the rate of internal discolouration in opposite directions from the point of inoculation, severity of wood discolouration was significantly higher above the area of inoculation compared to the area below inoculation. Tissues above and below the inoculation point were also examined microscopically. Tissues of inoculated mango seedlings were darkened, implying excessive production of phenolic compounds and gums as a defence mechanism following infection. In addition, tyloses and fungal mycelium were observed in the xylem of sections of the inoculated seedlings. This implies tyloses, mycelium movement in the vascular system and tissue discolouration as mechanisms responsible for wilt and death of infected mango trees.
Analysis of Polygalacturonase Enzyme Production in Isolates of Botrytis cinerea Sensitive to Different Fungicides Used in Vineyards
Authors: Özer Nuray , Köycü Nagehan Desen , Delen Nafiz
Published: May 2010

Reduction of mycelial growth and spore germination of Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of grey mould, are common criteria to determine the sensitivity of this fungus to fungicides. In this article, the influence of nine different fungicides on polygalacturonase (PG) activity and mycelial dry weight (MDW) was analysed on culture filtrates from B. cinerea, obtained from grapes. All fungicides except triadimenol and tebuconazole inhibited MDW of isolates <50%. Cyprodinil + fludioxonil, myclobutanil and imazalil inhibited PG activity more than 50%. Fenhexamid had a lower inhibitory effect (<50%) on PG activity. Procymidone and pyrimethanil induced both PG activity and isoenzyme banding profile of isolates sensitive to these fungicides. This study provides a new additional tool for determining sensitivity to fungicides and monitoring the effect of fungicide resistance management policies.
Application of FTA®Cards to Sample Microbial Plant Pathogens for PCR and RT‐PCR
Authors: Grund Elisabeth , Darissa Omar , Adam Günter
Published: May 2010

For the detection of microbial plant pathogens, like fungi, bacteria, viruses and viroids, methods based on nucleic acids have gained importance as the availability of sequence information increased. This requires well‐established extraction procedures that are cheap, non‐laborious, safe and reliable. The paper cards introduced by Flinders Technology Associates, acronym FTA®cards, offer a simple tool to sample and preserve nucleic acids from many kinds of biological specimen and have been already tested for their potential to sample and process several plant pathogens in PCR and RT‐PCR. We have tested FTA cards for the sample preparation of a broader range of plant pathogens with different NA contents and subsequent amplification by PCR, RT‐PCR as well as multiplex PCR.
Status epilepticus in children: Causes, clinical features and short‐term outcome
Authors: Besli Gulser Esen , Saltik Sema , Erguven Muferet , Bulut Ozgul , Abul Mehtap Haktanir
Published: May 2010

Background:  We aimed to evaluate the cause, clinical profile, and short‐term outcome of status epilepticus cases that were admitted to our pediatric emergency unit between 1 January and 31 December 2008.

Methods:  We studied the clinical features of 59 seizures that occurred in 56 patients aged between 3 months and 15 years with the diagnosis of status epilepticus. We observed the clinical course and outcome of 53 cases for 6 to 18 months. The correlation between the cause of the seizure and the patient's age at the time of status epilepticus was evaluated as well as the correlation between the risk of seizure recurrence and family history of seizure, the neurological status of the patient prior to seizure and the presence of epilepsy.

Results:  The most common cause of status epilepticus is febrile illness in children younger than 2 years and idiopathic/cryptogenic and remote symptomatic causes in children older than 2 years. The rate of recurrence of seizure was significantly higher in cases with existing neurological abnormalities, prior epilepsy and seizures with remote symptomatic causes. The most common triggering factors of status epilepticus development in cases with epilepsy were noncompliance for anti‐epileptic drugs and infectious fever.

Conclusions:  In our study, the risk factors for seizure recurrence were the presence of prior epilepsy, existence of neurological abnormalities and remote symptomatic causes. We argue that improving the compliance of patients and their families to take medicine appropriately and training them in how to cope with febrile illnesses may decrease the recurrence of seizures.
Current status and clinical presentations of invasive neonatal Group B streptococcal infections in Korea
Authors: Park Kyung Hee , Kim Kyung Hyo , Kang Jin Han , Kim Kwang Nam , Kim Dong Soo , Kim Yun Kyung , Kim Jung Soo , Kim Jong Hyun , Kim Chang Hwi , Kim Hwang Min , Oh Sung Hee , Chung Eun Hee , Cha Sung Ho , Choi Young Youn , Hur Jae Kyun , Hong Young Jin , Park Su Eun , Lee Hoan Jong
Published: May 2010

Background:  Group B streptococcus (GBS) is the most common cause of invasive neonatal infections in developed countries. The incidence of early‐onset GBS disease in Korea is known to be much lower than that in other developed countries; however neonatal GBS disease has been frequently reported in recent years in Korea. This retrospective study sought to determine the current status and clinical presentation of neonatal GBS disease in Korea.

Methods:  From January 1996 through December 2005, GBS cases (n= 157) diagnosed in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or other sterile body fluids among infants <3 months of age from 14 university hospitals in Korea were identified. Age of onset, diagnosis, underlying medical conditions, and outcomes were investigated by reviewing the medical records.

Results:  A total of 157 cases were identified during the study period. Of the cases, 32 were early‐onset disease (EOD) and 125 were late‐onset disease (LOD). Twenty‐six of the EOD cases had symptoms during the first 24 h after birth. One hundred of the 157 GBS cases were diagnosed as meningitis. The mortality rate of EOD was 20.7%. The case fatality rate of LOD was 7.2% and 25.2% of LOD cases had sequelae.

Conclusions:  GBS is becoming an important cause of invasive neonatal infections in Korea, with LOD being more common. It may not be currently necessary to adopt the prevention guidelines of perinatal GBS disease in Korea. However, studies of maternal GBS carriage rates and neonatal GBS disease will continue.
Comparison of food allergy prevalence among Chinese infants in Chongqing, 2009 versus 1999
Authors: Hu Yan , Chen Jing , Li Haiqi
Published: May 2010

Background:  Food allergy prevalence is increasing in developed countries, but these results have not yet been verified in developing countries, especially in China. Our aim was to determine whether the prevalence and characteristics of food allergy have changed over the last 10 years in Chongqing, China.

Methods:  Two cross‐sectional studies were performed, 10 years apart (1999 and 2009) using the same diagnostic methods in the same age group (0–24 months) of the same clinic in Chongqing, China. A total of 401 infants were randomly selected for the present study. Food allergy was confirmed by food challenge. spss 15.0 was used to analyze the difference in prevalence.

Results:  Food allergy prevalence increased significantly from 3.5% in 1999 to 7.7% in 2009 (P= 0.017). The prevalence of a positive skin‐prick‐test response was also increased (from 9.9% to 18%; P= 0.002). Egg and cow's milk were still the most common food allergens, which cause skin and gastrointestinal symptoms in most infants.

Conclusion:  This is the first study in China to indicate time trends in food allergy prevalence and characteristics. Our data show that in the 10‐year period from 1999 to 2009, the prevalence of food allergy seems to have increased in China.
Therapeutic relationship: Developing a new understanding for nurses and care workers within an eating disorder unit
Authors: Wright Karen M.
Published: May 2010

The establishment of a positive therapeutic relationship has been widely acknowledged internationally as an intrinsic part of therapy and caring services, even healing and restorative in its own right. In this paper, current understandings of the therapeutic relationship are presented and reconsidered within the context of caring for patients with anorexia in hospital in the UK. The relevance of interpersonal processes and the expectations of care and recovery are re‐evaluated and the question posed as to whether these principles can be wholly employed in this setting. The service in which the therapeutic relationship exists (eating disorder services), current understandings of ‘therapeutic relationship’, responsibility, and tensions that exist in attaining a relationship are examined.
Retrospective analysis of absconding behaviour by acute care consumers in one psychiatric hospital campus in Australia
Authors: Mosel Krista A. , Gerace Adam , Muir‐Cochrane Eimear
Published: May 2010

Absconding is increasingly being recognized as a problem within mental health settings with significant risks for consumers. This study examines absconding behaviours across three acute care wards within an Australian psychiatric hospital campus over a 12‐month period. A descriptive statistical analysis determined the rate of absconding from 49 consumers who absconded 64 times. The absconding rate was 13.33% (absconding events), with most absconding events arising from males diagnosed with schizophrenia (57.14%) aged between 20 and 29 years, and with 62.50% of absconding events occurring whilst consumers were on their first 21‐day detention order. Nearly half of all absconding events were by consumers who had absconded previously, with the highest proportion of events occurring during nursing handover. A profile of people who abscond, time of day of absconding, legal status and repeated absconding behaviours are described. The emergent profile of consumers who absconded within this study bears some similarities to that described in overseas research, although in this study consumers were slightly older and 25% of absconders were female. Of particular interest are findings that identify the timings of absconding events in relation to a consumer's legal status. Implications for practice, including assessment of risk of absconding and management, are considered.
Nurses' experience of adjusting to workplace violence: A theory of adaptation
Authors: Chapman Rose , Styles Irene , Perry Laura , Combs Shane
Published: May 2010

Workplace violence directed at nurses working in both the mental health and general areas of the hospital is a common occurrence and the impact of these events on all parties may be severe. A consequence of these confronting situations is the possibility that nurse victims will leave the profession. To help administrators facilitate nurses' psychological recovery, this qualitative study identified how nurses in several areas of a hospital setting adapted to workplace violence, research which has been previously unexamined. This study was the first of its kind to use a theory of cognitive adaptation to explore nurses' experiences of workplace violence. Participants were found to use the cognitive processes of finding meaning, gaining mastery and enhancing the self to adapt to workplace violence. Critical incident debriefing may facilitate the nurse victim's psychological recovery following an episode of workplace violence.
Nurses' attitudes to the use of seclusion: A review of the literature
Authors: Happell Brenda , Harrow Alison
Published: May 2010

Seclusion is now widely recognized as a coercive strategy with negative consequences for the consumers and staff involved. Nevertheless, this intervention continues to be used frequently in mental health services internationally. Due to their direct care role, nurses are commonly involved in the initiation or management of seclusion. Understanding nurses' attitudes to seclusion is therefore essential for the success of any attempts to reduce its use. A review of the literature was conducted using the search terms ‘patient’, ‘seclusion’, ‘attitudes’, ‘nurses’ and ‘containment’. Twenty‐eight articles which met the inclusion criteria were identified. Analysis of these articles identified six main themes: a necessary intervention; workplace culture; staff composition and experience; conflict; ethical considerations; and consumer characteristics. An overview of the literature is presented according to these main themes. The research suggests that most nurses support the continued use of seclusion as a strategy for the management of violence and aggression. A deeper understanding of the factors that influence attitudes is necessary if seclusion rates are to be effectively reduced.
Moral Argument and the Justification of Policy: New Labour's Case for Welfare Reform
Authors: Atkins Judi
Published: May 2010

This article proposes a framework for exploring how politicians use moral arguments to win support for their policies. It proceeds from the premise that the formulation of such arguments is mediated by three factors that constitute a general context of justification—‘ideology’, ‘argumentation’ and ‘hegemonic competition’. For analytical purposes, the framework reconstructs the process of justification as one in which argumentative strategies are selected, modified and utilised in the light of these factors. The framework is applied to New Labour's case for the New Deals and Flexible New Deal. The analysis reveals that these initiatives and the moral arguments used to promote them are broadly consistent with New Labour's ideology; the arguments are appropriate to the policies; and that New Labour succeeded in setting the agenda on welfare reform.
Governance in Central Government: Reconciling Accountability and Capability
Authors: MACAUSLAN JOHN , ADDISON MARK
Published: May 2010

Governance structures in central government departments are poorly articulated. Departmental boards were imported from the private sector; in central government their remit and accountability are obscure, as is their role in relation to Permanent Secretaries and Ministers—whose leadership roles are also muddled. This brings costs for Ministers, departments and the public. Improvements have proved elusive, in part because an underlying confusion has been neglected—about how bodies subject to the almost unlimited democratic accountability of Ministers are to be governed. The confusion can be cleared up, principles of governance formulated, and concrete improvements proposed. These include: better articulation of Permanent Secretaries' presumptive leadership role; strengthened lines of external accountability; and more coherent provisions for the role and accountabilities of boards, and their relationship with Ministers, Permanent Secretaries, and the centre of government. Such changes should improve accountability, leadership, capability and delivery.
Fathers, Families and Work: Putting ‘Working Fathers’ in the Picture
Authors: STEPHENSON MARY‐ANN
Published: May 2010

This article is a review of Fathers, Families and Work, one of a series of reports published as part of the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC)'s ‘Working Better’ programme. The article examines Fathers, Families and Work in the context of the wider conclusions and recommendations of the ‘Working Better’ programme and considers the extent to which these recommendations will translate into public policy. It concludes that there is a gap between parents' desire for both mothers and fathers to be involved in caring for children and the reality of long hours and inflexible workplaces that limits the time men can spend caring for children.
Policing: Continuity, Consensus and Controversy The Political Quarterly Lecture 2010
Authors: BLAIR IAN
Published: May 2010

While British policing has an unparalleled worldwide reputation for excellence, its system of governance has not been formally examined for almost fifty years. Known as the tripartite system, giving overlapping but compatible powers and duties to the Home Secretary, to local Police Authorities and to Chief Officers of Police, it is now long overdue for reconsideration and adjustment. More than one political party is suggesting significant reform but only of individual parts of the system. Given other issues concerning the police, particularly the number of United Kingdom forces and the fixation with the number of police officers as an indication of political success, there is now an urgent need for agreement that policing in Britain should have a holistic and cross‐party re‐examination, possibly but not necessarily in the form of a Royal Commission.
The Monarchy, the State and Religion: Modernising the Relationships
Authors: BONNEY NORMAN
Published: May 2010

Aspects of contemporary monarchy and government in relation to religion are out of step with contemporary society and require systematic reform. The removal of religious and gender discrimination in the arrangements for succession to the monarchy would be in conformity with modern anti‐discrimination attitudes. The monarchy should also consider stepping back from its religious role. The monarch has an official role as Supreme Governor of the Church of England but less than a quarter of the population identify as Anglican and in its current attempts to be inclusive the monarchy seeks to respect and support other religions whose beliefs and practices are at variance with those of the C of E and the general population. In Scotland a new settlement could be promoted by the disestablishment of the Church of Scotland (comparable to the situation in Wales and Northern Ireland) and the ending of separate Roman Catholic state education.
Tony Crosland as I Knew Him
Authors: MAGEE BRYAN
Published: May 2010

Anthony Crosland is the outstanding revisionist in the history of the British Labour party and is often said to have been its most influential thinker since the Second World War. His unusual personality is evaluated in relation not only to his political ideas but also to his personal career.
The Human Rights Act and Juridification: Saving Democracy from Law
Authors: Davis Fergal
Published: May 2010

The Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998 s. 4 declaration of incompatibility was designed to preserve and maintain the supremacy of parliament and thereby reinforce the superiority of the democratic actors within the UK constitution. Despite this, the author will illustrate a process of juridification – the replacing of politics with the formality of law and legal decisions – and will argue that this has undermined the protection of civil liberties and the control of the executive in the UK. The strengthening of democracy through a genuine ‘declaration of incompatibility’ rather than the current de facto judicial strike-down power will be advocated.
Shifting Sands: Sea Level Rise, Maritime Boundaries and Inter-State Conflict
Authors: Lusthaus Jonathan
Published: May 2010

While the international security dimensions of climate change have received an increasing amount of attention, one impact that has not been widely discussed is the role that sea level rise could play in rendering maritime boundaries around the globe uncertain. The argument of this article is that this confusion of maritime boundaries could have potentially significant consequences in creating inter-state disputes, possibly leading to conflicts and international instability. This article will outline how sea level rise will confuse maritime boundaries and how these maritime boundary shifts could lead to inter-state disputes and conflict.
Transitional Justice, Rigour and Politics: A Reply to McGrattan
Authors: Brown Kris
Published: May 2010

This article responds to McGrattan's critique of transitional justice both as a model of dealing with the past and as a field of scholarly inquiry. In contrast to his account, this article asserts that there is an embedded and rigorous approach to uncovering and examining the political within the study of transitional justice mechanisms, and that McGrattan's critique is based on an incomplete and flawed understanding of the literature. The article does however, call for an expansion of political research into transitional justice in meaningful and critical ways.
Genetic epidemiology of Charcot–Marie–Tooth in the general population
Authors: Braathen G. J. , Sand J. C. , Lobato A. , Høyer H. , Russell M. B.
Published: May 2010

Background and purpose:  The frequency of different Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) genotypes has been estimated in clinic populations, but prevalence data from the general population are lacking.

Methods:  Our population‐based genetic epidemiological survey included persons with CMT residing in eastern Akershus County, Norway. The participants were interviewed and examined by one geneticist/neurologist and classified clinically, neurophysiologically and genetically.

Results:  Two hundred and forty‐five persons from 116 families had CMT. This corresponds to 1 per 1214 persons (95% CI 1062–1366) have CMT in the general population. CMT1 (motor conduction velocity (MCV) <38 m/s), CMT2 (MCV >38 m/s) and CMT intermediate (MCV 25–45 m/s) were found in 48.2%, 49.4% and 2.4% of the families. A total of 27.2% of the families and 28.6% of the affected had a mutation in the investigated CMT genes. The prevalence of the peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) duplication and point mutation in the connexin32 (Cx32), myelin protein zero (MPZ) and mitofusin2 (MFN2) genes was found in 13.6%, 6.2%, 1.2%, 6.2% of the families, and in 19.6%, 4.8%, 1.1%, 3.2% of the affected, respectively. None of the families had point mutations in the early growth response 2 (EGR2), PMP22 or small integral membrane protein of lysosome/late endosome (SIMPLE) genes.

Conclusions:  CMT is the most common inherited neuropathy. At present, 43 CMT genes are known, and an examination of all known genes would probably only identify mutations in approximately 50% of those with CMT. Thus, it is probable that at least 30–50 CMT genes are yet to be identified.
EFNS guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Hort J. , O’Brien J. T. , Gainotti G. , Pirttila T. , Popescu B. O. , Rektorova I. , Sorbi S. , Scheltens P. ,   on behalf of the EFNS Scientist Panel on Dementia
Published: May 2010

Background and objectives:  In 2008 a task force was set up to develop a revision of the European Federation of the Neurological Societies (EFNS) guideline for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other disorders associated with dementia, published in early 2007. The aim of this revised international guideline was to present a peer‐reviewed evidence‐based statement for the guidance of practice for clinical neurologists, geriatricians, psychiatrists, and other specialist physicians responsible for the care of patients with AD. Mild cognitive impairment and non‐Alzheimer dementias are not included in this guideline.

Methods:  The task force working group reviewed evidence from original research articles, meta‐analysis, and systematic reviews, published before May 2009. The evidence was classified and consensus recommendations graded (A, B, or C) according to the EFNS guidance. Where there was a lack of evidence, but clear consensus, good practice points were provided.

Results:  The recommendations for clinical diagnosis, blood tests, neuropsychology, neuroimaging, electroencephalography, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, genetic testing, disclosure of diagnosis, treatment of AD, behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia, legal issues, counselling and support for caregivers were all revised as compared with the previous EFNS guideline.

Conclusion:  A number of new recommendations and good practice points are made, namely in CSF, neuropsychology, neuroimaging and reviewing non‐evidence based therapies. The assessment, interpretation, and treatment of symptoms, disability, needs, and caregiver stress during the course of AD require the contribution of many different professionals. These professionals should adhere to these guideline to improve the diagnosis and management of AD.
Liquid crystal colloidal structures for increased silicone deposition efficiency on colour‐treated hair
Authors: Brown M. A. , Hutchins T. A. , Gamsky C. J. , Wagner M. S. , Page S. H. , Marsh J. M.
Published: May 2010

Synopsis

An approach is described to increase the deposition efficiency of silicone conditioning actives from a shampoo on colour‐treated hair via liquid crystal (LC) colloidal structures, created with a high charge density cationic polymer, poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) and negatively charged surfactants. LCs are materials existing structurally between the solid crystalline and liquid phases, and several techniques, including polarized light microscopy, small angle X‐Ray analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry, were used to confirm the presence of the LC structures in the shampoo formula. Silicone deposition from the LC‐containing shampoo and a control shampoo was measured on a range of hair substrates, and data from inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy analysis and ToF‐SIMS imaging illustrate the enhancement in silicone deposition for the LC shampoo on all hair types tested, with the most pronounced enhancement occurring on hair that had undergone oxidative treatments, such as colouring. A model is proposed in which the LC structure deposits from the shampoo onto the hair to: (i) provide ‘slip planes’ along the hair surface for wet conditioning purposes and (ii) form a hydrophobic layer which changes the surface energy of the fibres. This increase in hydrophobicity of the hair surface thereby increases the deposition efficiency of silicone conditioning ingredients. Zeta potential measurements, dynamic absorbency testing analysis and ToF‐SIMS imaging were used to better understand the mechanisms of action. This approach to increasing silicone deposition is an improvement relative to conventional conditioning shampoos, especially for colour‐treated hair.
Determination of total lead in lipstick: Development and validation of a microwave‐assisted digestion, inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometric method
Authors: Hepp N. M. , Mindak W. R. , Cheng J.
Published: May 2010

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
60, 405–414 (July/August 2009)

Synopsis

Recent reports describing the presence of lead (Pb) in lipsticks have suggested that, under ordinary use, the potential amount of Pb exposure is harmful. To permit independent assessment of the Pb contamination, a method for determining total Pb in lipstick using microwave‐assisted digestion and analysis employing inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) was developed and validated. Since lipsticks may contain fats, oils, pigments, dyes, and minerals, several reference materials (RM) were analyzed, including coal, wear metals in oil, organic Pb in oil, milk powder, and estuarine sediment. With the exception of the RM with mineral content (estuarine sediment), complete recovery of Pb from the RMs was obtained by simple nitric acid (HNO3) digestion. Complete recovery of Pb from estuarine sediment was achieved only when hydrofluoric acid (HF) was added to the digestion mix, followed by treatment with excess boric acid (H3BO3) to neutralize the HF and to dissolve insoluble fluorides. Commercial lipsticks were tested for total Pb by the validated method. The detection limit was estimated to be 0.04 μg Pb/g. The average value obtained for the lipsticks was 1.07 μg g­1. Undigested material was present in some lipstick digests when only HNO3 was used, and generally lower Pb values were obtained. All of the Pb levels found by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) were within the range the agency would expect to find in lipsticks formulated with permitted color additives and other ingredients prepared under good manufacturing practice (GMP) conditions. This method will be useful for the FDA and industry in helping to ensure the safety of cosmetic products.
Skin collagen reproduction increased by ascorbic acid derivative iontophoresis by frequent‐reversal bipolar electric stimulation
Authors: Hori Y. , Akimoto R , Hori A , Kato K , Chino D , Matsumoto S , Kamiya S , Watanabe Y
Published: May 2010

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
60, 415–422 (July/August 2009)

Synopsis

The effect of the iontophoresis of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C; VC) derivative with frequent‐reversal bipolar electric stimulation on the production of collagen in rat skin was evaluated in terms of hydroxyproline content through high‐performance liquid chromatography. First, a control group was not given electrical stimulation and four groups were stimulated with a unipolar pulse for 0.5–10 min every day for one week. The hydroxyproline level in the skin was increased depending on the length of the stimulation. Second, a control group was not given any electrical stimulation, and three groups were treated with (i) VC solution without any stimulation, (ii) a bipolar pulse for 10 min with saline, or (iii) a bipolar pulse for 5 min with the VC solution. Significant increases were found in all the stimulation groups, although these treated with the VC solution without any stimulation did not have any effects compared to the control. Thus, in order to increase the hydroxyproline levels in skin, a VC must be delivered with bipolar stimulation as a method of iontophoresis. These results suggest that our newly developed electric stimulation is effective at increasing skin collagen content, and that bipolar stimulation is more effective on the iontophoresis of not only VC but also some medicines such as low‐ and high‐molecular drugs directed to the target organ (7). [[Author: please provide appropriate citation for (7).]]
The cell membrane complex: Three related but different cellular cohesion components of mammalian hair fibers
Authors: Robbins C.
Published: May 2010

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
60, 437–465 (July/August 2009)

Synopsis

The structure, chemistry and physical properties of the cell membrane complex (CMC) of keratin fibers are reviewed, highlighting differences in the three types of CMC. Starting with Rogers’ initial description of the CMC in animal hairs, several important developments have occurred that will be described, adding new details to this important structure in mammalian hair fibers. These developments show that essentially all of the covalently bound fatty acids of the beta layers are in the cuticle and exist as monolayers. The beta layers of the cortex are bilayers that are not covalently bonded but are attached by ionic and polar linkages on one side to the cortical cell membranes and on the other side to the delta layer. The delta layer between cortical cells consists of five sublayers; its proteins are clearly different from the delta layer that exists between cuticle cells. The cell membranes of cuticle cells are also markedly different from the cell membranes of cortical cells. Models with supporting evidence are presented for the three different types of cell membrane complex: cuticle–cuticle CMC, cuticle–cortex CMC, and cortex–cortex CMC.
Influence of an extract from kudzu symbiosomes containing leghemoglobin on in vitro cutaneous procollagen production
Authors: Gruber J. V. , Holtz R.
Published: May 2010

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
60, 475–484 (September/October 2009)

Synopsis

Cytoglobin is a hexacoordinateglobin protein that was recently discovered in mammals. Interestingly, of the four human globin proteins that are now known, hemoglobin, myoglobin, neuroglobin and cytoglobin, the latter appears to have the closest resemblance to strikingly similar proteins expressed in plants. In legumes, these proteins accumulate in symbiosomes (root nodules) of various legumes and are called leghemoglobin. The paper will discuss the ability of an aqueous extract from Pueraria lobata (kudzu) symbiosomes that contains leghemoglobin to stimulate procollagen production in human dermal fibroblasts. This effect may be partly due to the possibility that leghemoglobin may mimic the function of cytoglobin by shuttling oxygen to prolyl‐4‐hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for oxidizing proline residues in procollagen bundles. This hypothesis is supported by DNA microarray sequencing data that demonstrate that treatment of normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) with highly purified cytoglobin or leghemoglobin upregulates a number of key collagen‐related genes including COL1A1 and COL1A2.
Determination of retinol, retinyl palmitate, and retinoic acid in consumer cosmetic products
Authors: Hubinger J. C.
Published: May 2010

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
60, 485–500 (September/October 2009)

Synopsis

Retinol and retinyl palmitate are frequently used in cosmetic products. A simple, rapid, and sensitive reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with ultraviolet (UV) detection was developed for the quantitation of retinol, retinyl palmitate, and retinoic acid in cosmetic preparations. The analytes were extracted from a cosmetic/Celite mixture using a solvent system composed of equal amounts of hexane, isopropanol, and ethyl acetate, and the extract was injected directly into an HPLC chromatograph with a C18 column and UV detector set at 330 nm. Chromatographic separation was achieved by gradient elution with a mobile phase, starting with aqueous ammonium acetate buffer/methanol that was gradually changed to methanol/dichloromethane. The average recoveries of retinol, retinyl palmitate, and retinoic acid from spiked cosmetic products were 95% or higher. In a survey of 29 consumer cosmetic skin care products labeled to contain retinoids, most products were found to contain either retinol or retinyl palmitate at concentrations up to 2.2% (w/w), while a few products contained both ingredients. A number of products also contained cis isomers of retinol that could be quantitatively distinguished from the all‐trans compound. The method can be used to quantitate several retinoids and their isomers in cosmetic products. The method will be useful for obtaining information needed to estimate levels of exposure to retinoids from cosmetic products.
A role of the anteiso branch of 18‐MEA in 18‐MEA/SPDA to form a persistent hydrophobicity to alkaline‐color‐treated weathered hair
Authors: Tanamachi H. , Inoue S. , Tokunaga S. , Tsujimura H. , Tanji N. , Oguri M. , Habe T.
Published: May 2010

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
60, 509–518 (September/October 2009)

Synopsis

The effect of the anteiso‐branch moiety of 18‐MEA (18‐methyleicosanic acid) to create a persistent hydrophobicity of alkaline‐color‐treated weathered hair treated with 18‐MEA/SPDA (stearoxypropyldimethylamine) was investigated by comparing a straight‐chain fatty acid (n‐heneicosanoic acid, n‐HEA) and an iso‐branch fatty acid (19‐methyleicosanic acid, 19‐MEA) with the anteiso‐branch fatty acid (18‐MEA), using dynamic contact angle measurements, quantification of 18‐MEA by LC/MS, and temperature controlled atomic force microscopy (AFM). The dynamic contact angle measurements indicated that the anteiso‐branch moiety of 18‐MEA is critical for the creation of a persistent hydrophobicity to alkaline‐color‐treated weathered hair. The temperature‐controlled AFM investigations revealed that the anteiso‐branch moiety of 18‐MEA in the 18‐MEA/SPDA system produces a persistent hydrophobicity to alkaline‐color‐treated weathered hair by providing higher fluidity to the upper region of the 18‐MEA/SPDA layer.
High‐performance liquid chromatography with dual‐wavelength ultraviolet detection for measurement of hinokitiol in personal care products
Authors: Higashi Y. , Sakata M. , Fujii Y.
Published: May 2010

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
60, 519–525 (September/October 2009)

Synopsis

Hinokitiol is found in the heartwood of several cupressaceous plants and is frequently added to cosmetic products such as hair restorers, skin lotions, and body soaps because of its potent and broad‐spectrum antibacterial activity. In this study, we established a simple method of hinokitiol determination by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with dual‐wavelength ultraviolet detection at 240 and 345 nm, using a reversed‐phase C4 column (RP‐4). The retention time of hinokitiol was 7.1 min at both wavelengths. The value of the symmetry coefficient of the hinokitiol peak was close to 1 when the RP‐4 column, not an RP‐8 or RP‐18 column, was used. With the RP‐4 column, the regression equation for hinokitiol showed good linearity in the range of 0.05–5 μg ml­1, with a detection limit (signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3) of 0.005 μg ml­1 at 240 nm and 0.01 μg ml­1 at 345 nm. The coef?cients of variation at 240 and 345 nm were less than 8.2% and 8.7%, respectively, and the recovery was good. The proposed method was used for the determination of hinokitiol in commercial hair restorers, skin lotions, and body soaps.
European Regional Structural Funds: How Large is the Influence of Politics on the Allocation Process?
Authors: BOUVET FLORENCE , DALL'ERBA SANDY
Published: May 2010

The allocation of Structural Funds, the most important component of the European Union (EU) cohesion policy, is subject to intense bargaining between national governments and across layers of political governance. Using Structural Funds data for each cohesion objective over 1989–99, we examine which variables, economic and political, determine the actual funds allocation. We test our hypotheses with a Tobit model that accounts for the two‐stage allocation process and our limited dependent variables. Our results indicate that economic criteria are not the only determinants of funds allocation. Indeed, we find that the political situation within a country and a region and the relations between various layers of governance influence the allocation process. This article is also the only study to measure the impact of additional funds provided by the region or the country itself, and to differentiate the analysis by cohesion objective.
Normative Power Europe and the State of Israel: An Illegitimate EUtopia?
Authors: HARPAZ GUY , SHAMIS ASAF
Published: May 2010

This article re‐examines the concept of Normative Power. It is viewed here not merely as an abstract concept, but also as part of a complex historical, socio‐political and economic context, examined through the prism of non‐Europeans, in our case Israelis. By analysing the dominant Israeli approaches towards the EU and its normative apparatus, this article aspires to depict the multifarious and concrete perceptions of Normative Power Europe and to contrast these perceptions with the EU self‐perceived and self‐portrayed normative view.
The effects of maternal postnatal depression and child sex on academic performance at age 16 years: a developmental approach
Authors: Murray Lynne , Arteche Adriane , Fearon Pasco , Halligan Sarah , Croudace Tim , Cooper Peter
Published: May 2010

Background:  Postnatal depression (PND) is associated with poor cognitive functioning in infancy and the early school years; long‐term effects on academic outcome are not known.

Method:  Children of postnatally depressed (N = 50) and non‐depressed mothers (N = 39), studied from infancy, were followed up at 16 years. We examined the effects on General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exam performance of maternal depression (postnatal and subsequent) and IQ, child sex and earlier cognitive development, and mother–child interactions, using structural equation modelling (SEM).

Results:  Boys, but not girls, of PND mothers had poorer GCSE results than control children. This was principally accounted for by effects on early child cognitive functioning, which showed strong continuity from infancy. PND had continuing negative effects on maternal interactions through childhood, and these also contributed to poorer GCSE performance. Neither chronic, nor recent, exposure to maternal depression had significant effects.

Conclusions:  The adverse effects of PND on male infants’ cognitive functioning may persist through development. Continuing difficulties in mother–child interactions are also important, suggesting that both early intervention and continuing monitoring of mothers with PND may be warranted.
Green consumer market segmentation: empirical findings from Portugal
Authors: Finisterra do Paço Arminda M. , Raposo Mário Lino Barata
Published: May 2010

Concern with environmental degradation has led to a new segment of consumers: the green or ecological consumers. Marketers must pay special attention to the needs of this segment. The growing concern with the environment, increased competition and greater selectiveness and demands of consumers represent an immediate challenge for green marketing. This paper aims to identify distinct market segments based on several environmental variables. It also investigates individuals' behaviours and perceptions about green consumerism. The used methodology was the collection of primary information through a direct survey. The study covered 887 Portuguese consumers, aged over 18. The results show that certain environmental and demographic variables are significant in differentiating between the ‘greener’ consumer group and the other segments. Portuguese consumers, despite their support for policies designed to improve the environment, do not always translate their concerns into environmentally friendly actions. Possible implications of these results for firms' marketing strategies are also discussed.
Role of endogenous acetylcholine in the control of the dopaminergic system via nicotinic receptors
Authors: Maskos Uwe
Published: May 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 641–646.

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are pentameric membrane protein receptors activated by the addictive drug, nicotine. However, sometimes underestimated, under physiological conditions the endogenous neurotransmitter acetylcholine is the agonist. In this mini‐review, I will discuss the evidence in favour of an important role for this cholinergic activation of the dopaminergic (DAergic) system. I will focus on the literature implicating the action of acetylcholine on the somato‐dendritic compartment of these neurons. This modulation is responsible for a variety of phenotypes in knock‐out animals of nAChR subunits. These include locomotion, exploratory behaviour, dopamine (DA) release, and DA neuron firing patterns. The novel techniques brought to bear on these analyses, lentiviral re‐expression, and repression, of nAChR subunits, and transgenic expression of hypersensitive receptors will be discussed.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Part 1: history and principles
Authors: Edwards Melissa L.
Published: May 2010

Objective
–
Review the historical development and physiologic principles of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) based on human and veterinary experimental literature and current equipment in use.

Data Sources
–
Review of basic physiologic concepts. Data from human and veterinary journals were reviewed through Pubmed and Veterinary Information Network database searches as well as reference searches on several articles covering hyperbaric therapy in clinically applicable situations.

Human Data Synthesis
–
HBOT has been gaining acceptance as an adjunctive treatment in human medicine. The understanding of the physiology and application of hyperbaric therapy is increasing through ongoing research and greater access to hyperbaric equipment.

Veterinary Data Synthesis
–
Several animal models have been utilized to examine the effects of HBOT. Most models utilize dogs and rats but pigs, cats, and other species have been studied.

Conclusions
–
Hyperbaric therapy utilizes several physiologic principles of how gases respond under pressure and more specifically of how oxygen responds under pressure. The increase in concentration of oxygen in solution, based on its solubility under pressure, increases the diffusion gradient for its delivery deeper into tissues, which is the premise of HBOT. Ultimately the increases in dissolved oxygen generated by hyperbaric therapy have several physiologic effects that can alter tissue responses to disease and injury. As this technology becomes more available to clinical practice, HBOT should be considered as a therapeutic option.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Part 2: application in disease
Authors: Edwards Melissa L.
Published: May 2010

Objective –Review the mechanisms of action and clinical application of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) based on human and veterinary clinical and experimental literature.

Data Sources –Pubmed and Veterinary Information Network databases were searched for human and veterinary journal articles on hyperbaric therapy in clinically applicable situations. Historical reference searches on several articles in addition to basic physiologic concepts were also reviewed.

Human Data Synthesis –HBOT has gained acceptance as an adjunctive treatment in clinical conditions other than diving‐related injuries, such as select problem wounds and central nervous system diseases, in human medicine. Access to hyperbaric therapy has increased and ongoing research has furthered understanding of the mechanisms and potential therapeutic uses of HBOT.

Veterinary Data Synthesis –Several animal models have been utilized to examine the effects of HBOT; primarily rodents (mice, rats) and rabbits but also dogs, cats, and pigs. Data related to animal model research as it pertains to clinical application of HBOT is reviewed.

Conclusions –There is a substantial body of literature that has examined the adverse and beneficial effects of HBOT in animal models. As technology becomes more readily available to clinical practice and more clinical trials are performed to define its effectiveness, HBOT may be considered as an additional therapeutic option in many conditions including select problem wounds, spinal cord injury, and cerebral ischemic injury. Understanding the mechanisms by which HBOT exerts its effects will help guide research and use of the modality in clinical patients.
The Muslim Brothers: Egypt’s Most Influential Pressure Group
Authors: Brownlee Jason
Published: May 2010

Political observers often describe the Society of Muslim Brothers (SMB) as Egypt’s most powerful opposition movement. That image suggests the group is actively contesting power and trying to supplant incumbents. In fact, the Society’s 80‐year history provides scant evidence that the group seeks to rule Egypt. During the monarchy, immediately after the July Revolution, and under Hosni Mubarak’s presidency, the SMB has eschewed direct control over the state. Contrary to the Leninist picture sketched by analysts, SMB leaders have focused on swaying top policy‐makers, not replacing them. Scholars should therefore revise their depictions of the Muslim Brothers and treat it as a pressure group, rather than an opposition movement. Reclassifying the SMB does not minimize its significance; popular pressure groups can influence public policy more than marginal opposition parties. The conceptual shift would clarify what is at stake in an escalating campaign of state repression. Whereas researchers focus on the Brothers’ putative quest for power, it is their clarion policy critique, especially criticism of Egypt’s regional alignment, that most aggravates Mubarak.