bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrathin Ga2O3 Glass: A Large‐Scale Passivation and Protection Material for Monolayer WS2
Authors: Wurdack Matthias , Yun Tinghe , Estrecho Eliezer , Syed Nitu , Bhattacharyya Semonti , Pieczarka Maciej , Zavabeti Ali , Chen Shao‐Yu , Haas Benedikt , Müller Johannes , Lockrey Mark N. , Bao Qiaoliang , Schneider Christian , Lu Yuerui , Fuhrer Michael S. , Truscott Andrew G. , Daeneke Torben , Ostrovskaya Elena A.
Published: December 2020

Atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenide crystals (TMDCs) have extraordinary optical properties that make them attractive for future optoelectronic applications. Integration of TMDCs into practical all‐dielectric heterostructures hinges on the ability to passivate and protect them against necessary fabrication steps on large scales. Despite its limited scalability, encapsulation of TMDCs in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) currently has no viable alternative for achieving high performance of the final device. Here, it is shown that the novel, ultrathin Ga2O3 glass is an ideal centimeter‐scale coating material that enhances optical performance of the monolayers and protects them against further material deposition. In particular, Ga2O3 capping of monolayer WS2 outperforms commercial‐grade hBN in both scalability and optical performance at room temperature. These properties make Ga2O3 highly suitable for large‐scale passivation and protection of monolayer TMDCs in functional heterostructures.
Flash Memory Array for Efficient Implementation of Deep Neural Networks
Authors: Han Runze , Xiang Yachen , Huang Peng , Shan Yihao , Liu Xiaoyan , Kang Jinfeng
Published: December 2020

The advancement of artificial intelligence applications is promoted by developing deep neural networks (DNNs) with increasing sizes and putting forward higher computing power requirements of the processing devices. However, due to the process scaling of complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology approaches to the end and the bottleneck of data transmission in the von‐Neumann architecture, traditional processing devices are increasingly challenging to meet the requirements of deeper and deeper neural networks. In‐memory computing based on nonvolatile memories has emerged as one of the most promising solutions to overcome the bottleneck of data transmission in the von‐Neumann architecture. Herein, systematic implementation of the novel flash memory array‐based in‐memory computing paradigm for DNNs from the device level to the architecture level is presented. The methodology to construct multiplication‐and‐accumulation units with different structures, hardware implementation schemes of various neural networks, and the discussion of reliability are included. The results show the hardware implementations of the flash memory array‐based in‐memory computing paradigm for DNN own excellent characteristics such as low‐cost, high computing flexibility, and high robustness. With these advantages, in‐memory computing paradigms based on flash memory arrays show significant benefits to achieve high scalability and DNNs’ energy efficiency.
Interspecific anatomical differences result in similar highly flexible stems in Bignoniaceae lianas
Authors: Gerolamo Caian S. , Nogueira Anselmo , Pace Marcelo R. , Angyalossy Veronica
Published: December 2020

Premise

Lianas are intriguing forest components in the tropics worldwide. They are characterized by thin and flexible stems, which have been related to a unique stem anatomy. Here, we hypothesized that the anatomical diversity of lianas, varying in shapes, proportions, and dimensions of tissues and cell types, would result in different stem bending stiffnesses across species. To test this hypothesis, we chose four abundant liana species of central Amazonia belonging to the monophyletic tribe Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae) and compared their basal stems for their anatomical architectures and bending properties.

Methods

Measurements of anatomical architecture and bending stiffness (structural Young’s modulus) included light microscopy observations and three‐point bending tests, which were performed on basal stems of eight individuals from four Bignonieae species. All analyses, including comparisons among species and relationships between stem stiffness and anatomical architecture, were performed using linear models.

Results

Although the anatomical architecture of each species consists of different qualitative and quantitative combinations of both tissues and cell types in basal stems, all species analyzed showed similarly lower bending stiffnesses. This similarity was shown to be directly related to high bark contribution to the second moment of area, vessel area and ray width.

Conclusions

Similar values of stem bending stiffness were encountered in four liana species analyzed despite their variable anatomical architectures. This pattern provides new evidence of how different quantitative combinations of tissue and cell types in the basal stems of lianas can generate similarly low levels of stiffness in a group of closely related species.
Childhood Neurotoxicity and Brain Resilience to Adverse Events during Adulthood
Authors: Williams AnnaLynn M. , Cheung Yin Ting , Hyun Geehong , Liu Wei , Ness Kirsten K. , Ehrhardt Matthew J. , Mulrooney Daniel A. , Bhakta Nickhill , Banerjee Pia , Brinkman Tara M. , Green Daniel M. , Chemaitilly Wassim , Huang I‐Chan , Srivastava Deokumar , Hudson Melissa M. , Robison Leslie L. , Krull Kevin R.
Published: December 2020

Objective

This study used childhood cancer survivors as a novel model to study whether children who experience central nervous system (CNS) injury are at higher risk for neurocognitive impairment associated with subsequent late onset chronic health conditions (CHCs).

Methods

Adult survivors of childhood cancer (n = 2,859, ≥10 years from diagnosis, ≥18 years old) completed a comprehensive neurocognitive battery and clinical examination. Neurocognitive impairment was defined as age‐adjusted z score < 10th percentile. Participants impaired on ≥3 tests had global impairment. CHCs were graded using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v4.3 (grade 1, mild; 2, moderate; 3, severe/disabling; 4, life‐threatening) and were combined into a severity/burden score by frequency and grade (none/low, medium, high, and very high). A total of 1,598 survivors received CNS‐directed therapy including cranial radiation, intrathecal methotrexate, or neurosurgery. Logistic regression estimated the odds of neurocognitive impairment associated with severity/burden score and grade 2 to 4 conditions, stratified by CNS treatment.

Results

CNS‐treated survivors performed worse than non–CNS‐treated survivors on all neurocognitive tests and were more likely to have global neurocognitive impairment (46.9% vs 35.3%, p < 0.001). After adjusting for demographic and treatment factors, there was a dose–response association between severity/burden score and global neurocognitive impairment, but only among CNS‐treated survivors (high odds ratio [OR] = 2.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.42–3.53; very high OR = 4.07, 95% CI = 2.30–7.17). Cardiovascular and pulmonary conditions were associated with processing speed, executive function, and memory impairments in CNS‐treated but not non–CNS‐treated survivors who were impacted by neurologic conditions.

Interpretation

Reduced cognitive/brain reserve associated with CNS‐directed therapy during childhood may make survivors vulnerable to adverse cognitive effects of cardiopulmonary conditions during adulthood. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:534–545
Silver Single‐Atom Catalyst for Efficient Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Synthesized from Thermal Transformation and Surface Reconstruction
Authors: Zhang Ningqiang , Zhang Xinxin , Tao Lei , Jiang Peng , Ye Chenliang , Lin Rui , Huang Zhiwei , Li Ang , Pang Dawei , Yan Han , Wang Yu , Xu Peng , An Sufeng , Zhang Qinghua , Liu Licheng , Du Shixuan , Han Xiaodong , Wang Dingsheng , Li Yadong
Published: December 2020

We report an Ag1 single‐atom catalyst (Ag1/MnO2), which was synthesized from thermal transformation of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) and surface reconstruction of MnO2. The evolution process of Ag NPs to single atoms is firstly revealed by various techniques, including in situ ETEM, in situ XRD and DFT calculations. The temperature‐induced surface reconstruction process from the MnO2 (211) to (310) lattice plane is critical to firmly confine the existing surface of Ag single atoms; that is, the thermal treatment and surface reconstruction of MnO2 is the driving force for the formation of single Ag atoms. The as‐obtained Ag1/MnO2 achieved 95.7 % Faradic efficiency at −0.85 V vs. RHE, and coupled with long‐term stability for electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). DFT calculations indicated single Ag sites possessed high electronic density close to Fermi Level and could act exclusively as the active sites in the CO2RR. As a result, the Ag1/MnO2 catalyst demonstrated remarkable performance for the CO2RR, far surpassing the conventional Ag nanosized catalyst (AgNP/MnO2) and other reported Ag‐based catalysts.
β‐Diazocarbonyl Compounds: Synthesis and their Rh(II)‐Catalyzed 1,3 C−H Insertions
Authors: Jiang Liyin , Wang Zhaofeng , Armstrong Melanie , Suero Marcos G.
Published: December 2020

Herein, we describe the first electrophilic diazomethylation of ketone silyl enol ethers with diazomethyl‐substituted hypervalent iodine reagents that gives access to unusual β‐diazocarbonyl compounds. The potential of this unexplored class of diazo compounds for the development of new reactions was demonstrated by the discovery of a rare Rh‐catalyzed intramolecular 1,3 C−H carbene insertion that led to complex cyclopropanes with excellent stereocontrol.
metaTGA: a chance for BIM in the field of MEP
Authors: Hauer Stefan , Murschetz Julian , Bres Aurelien , Sporr Andreas , Schöny Michael , Monsberger Michael
Published: December 2020

Das Forschungsprojekt metaTGA: eine Chance für BIM im Bereich der Technischen Gebäudeausrüstung

Der Einsatz von Building Information Modeling (BIM) wird in der Bau‐ und Immobilienbranche immer mehr zum State‐of‐the‐Art. Heizung, Klimatechnik, Lüftung und Sanitär (HKLS), vor allem die Qualität der Planung, spielen dabei eine immer größere Rolle, sowohl für den Energieverbrauch als auch für den Komfort eines Gebäudes. Um dabei die Vorteile von BIM nutzen zu können, ist ein qualitativ hochwertiges Datenmodell erforderlich um sicherzustellen, dass alle notwendigen Informationen eines Gebäudes über den gesamten Lebenszyklus für die weitere Verwendung zur Verfügung stehen. Dahingehend bietet das österreichische Forschungsprojekt metaTGA Lösungen für hochqualitative Datenmodelle an und untersucht im vorliegenden Aufsatz folgende Themen bzw. Fragestellungen: Wie müssen leistungsstarke openBIM‐Modelle aussehen? Wie schauen die wichtigsten Entwicklungsschritte der Modellierung aus? Wie wird erstes Feedback aus BIM Demo‐Projekten berücksichtigt? Wie unterstützt metaTGA hinsichtlich Qualitätssteigerung in BIM Projekten?
Fluorination of Ni‐Rich Lithium‐Ion Battery Cathode Materials by Fluorine Gas: Chemistry, Characterization, and Electrochemical Performance in Full‐cells
Authors: Breddemann Ulf , Sicklinger Johannes , Schipper Florian , Davis Victoria , Fischer Anna , Huber Korbinian , Erickson Evan M. , Daub Michael , Hoffmann Anke , Erk Christoph , Markovsky Boris , Aurbach Doron , Gasteiger Hubert A. , Krossing Ingo
Published: December 2020

The mild fluorination of Ni‐rich NCM CAMs (NCM=nickel‐cobalt‐manganese oxide; CAM=cathode active material) with a few hundred mbar of elementary fluorine gas (F2) at room temperature was systematically studied. The resulting fluorinated CAMs were fully analyzed and compared to the pristine ones. Fluorination at room temperature converts part of the soluble basic species on the CAM‐surface into a protecting thin and amorphous LiF film. No formation of a metal fluoride other than LiF was detected. SEM images revealed a smoothened CAM surface upon fluorination, possibly due to the LiF film formation. Apparently due to this protecting, but insulating LiF‐film, the fluorinated material has a reduced electrical conductivity in comparison to the pristine material. Yet, all fluorinated Ni‐rich NCM CAMs showed a considerably higher press density than the pristine material, which in addition increased with higher fluoride concentrations. In addition, fluorination of the Ni‐rich CAMs led to the chemically induced formation of small amounts of water, which according to TGA‐MS‐measurements can be removed by heating the material to 450 °C for a few hours. Overall, the tested fluorinated NCM 811 samples showed improved electrochemical performance over the pristine samples in full‐cells with graphite anodes at 30 °C and 45 °C after 500 cycles. Moreover, the fluorination apparently reduces Mn and Co cross talk from the CAM to the anode active material (AAM) through the electrolyte during charge/discharge.
Pumpless, unidirectional microphysiological system for testing metabolism‐dependent chemotherapeutic toxicity
Authors: LaValley Danielle J. , Miller Paula G. , Shuler Michael L.
Published: December 2020

Drug development is often hindered by the failure of preclinical models to accurately assess and predict the efficacy and safety of drug candidates. Body‐on‐a‐chip (BOC) microfluidic devices, a subset of microphysiological systems (MPS), are being created to better predict human responses to drugs. Each BOC is designed with separate organ chambers interconnected with microfluidic channels mimicking blood recirculation. Here, we describe the design of the first pumpless, unidirectional, multiorgan system and apply this design concept for testing anticancer drug treatments. HCT‐116 colon cancer spheroids, HepG2/C3A hepatocytes, and HL‐60 promyeloblasts were embedded in collagen hydrogels and cultured within compartments representing “colon tumor”, “liver,” and “bone marrow” tissue, respectively. Operating on a pumpless platform, the microfluidic channel design provides unidirectional perfusion at physiologically realistic ratios to multiple channels simultaneously. The metabolism‐dependent toxic effect of Tegafur, an oral prodrug of 5‐fluorouracil, combined with uracil was examined in each cell type. Tegafur‐uracil treatment induced substantial cell death in HCT‐116 cells and this cytotoxic response was reduced for multicellular spheroids compared to single cells, likely due to diffusion‐limited drug penetration. Additionally, off‐target toxicity was detected by HL‐60 cells, which demonstrate that such systems can provide useful information on dose‐limiting side effects. Collectively, this microscale cell culture analog is a valuable physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic drug screening platform that may be used to support cancer drug development.
Isolation and Characterisation of Two Quercetin Glucosides with Potent Anti‐Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Activity and an Olean‐12‐en Triterpene Glucoside from the Fruit of Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench
Authors: Taiwo Bamigboye J. , Popoola Temidayo D. , van Heerden Fanie R. , Fatokun Amos A.
Published: December 2020

Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra) is used in the traditional treatment of cancer, hyperlipidaemia and hyperglycaemia. We, therefore, investigated its composition and potential cytotoxic or antioxidant properties that might underlie its phytotherapeutic applications. Its methanolic fruit extract yielded compounds 1, 2 and 3, identified through NMR, UV and MS analyses as olean‐12‐en‐3‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside, isoquercitrin (quercetin glucoside) and 5,7,3′,4′‐tetrahydroxy‐flavonol‐3‐O‐[β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→6)]‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (quercetin diglucoside), respectively. Following 48 h exposure, oleanene glucoside was mildly toxic to the HeLa and the MRC5‐SV2 cancer cells, isoquercitrin was not toxic except at 100 μg/ml in HeLa, and quercetin diglucoside elicited no toxicity. In a 2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) assay of intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide increased ROS levels, an effect not affected by oleanene glucoside but protected against by isoquercitrin and quercetin diglucoside, with IC50 values, respectively, of 2.7±0.5 μg/ml and 1.9±0.2 μg/ml (3 h post‐treatment) and 2.0±0.8 μg/ml and 1.5±0.4 μg/ml (24 h post‐treatment.) This is the first report of this oleanene skeleton triterpenoid in the plant. The work provides some insight into why the plant is included in remedies for cancers, cardiovascular complications and diabetes, and reveals it as a potential source of novel therapeutics.
Targeting the Surface of the Protein 14‐3‐3 by Ultrasmall (1.5 nm) Gold Nanoparticles Carrying the Specific Peptide CRaf
Authors: Ruks Tatjana , Loza Kateryna , Heggen Marc , Ottmann Christian , Bayer Peter , Beuck Christine , Epple Matthias
Published: December 2020

The surface of ultrasmall gold nanoparticles with an average diameter of 1.55 nm was conjugated with a 14‐3‐3 protein‐binding peptide derived from CRaf. Each particle carries 18 CRaf peptides, leading to an overall stoichiometry of Au(115)Craf(18). The binding to the protein 14‐3‐3 was probed by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and fluorescence polarization spectroscopy (FP). The dissociation constant (KD) was measured as 5.0 μM by ITC and 0.9 μM by FP, which was close to the affinity of dissolved CRaf to 14‐3‐3σ. In contrast to dissolved CRaf, which alone did not enter HeLa cells, CRAF‐conjugated gold nanoparticles were well taken up by HeLa cells, opening the opportunity to target the protein inside a cell.
Induction of long‐term glycemic control in a type 2 diabetic patient for 11 years by intensive lifestyle intervention
Authors: Ou Qianying , Cen Chaoping , Fan Cunxia , Lin Lu , Wang Fei , Chen Cunren , Mo Zewei , Liu Haiwei , Fang Tuanyu , Quan Huibiao , Chen Kaining
Published: December 2020

Can diabetes be reversed? Yes! The weight loss due to intensive lifestyle intervention leads to the recovery of islet β cell function, thus changing the natural course of type 2 diabetes.
Primary pancreatic diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, activated B‐cell subtype, diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration—A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Jones Heather , Qiao Jesse , Padilla Osvaldo , Orazi Attilio
Published: December 2020

Although primary pancreatic lymphoma is a rare cause of pancreatic mass, this diagnosis should be considered during work‐up. Furthermore, when adequate diagnostic material is available from biopsy, complete workup of the lymphoma, including not only type but also subtype when applicable, should be performed.
Congenital dengue in neonate
Authors: Gupta Shailabh , Choudhury Vivek , Gupta Naveen Prakash , Gupta Vishal , Pandita Aakash
Published: December 2020

Congenital dengue should be considered as a cause of fever and rash in a neonate born to a mother especially in endemic areas.
Silver‐Promoted Fluorination Reactions of α‐Bromoamides
Authors: Mizuta Satoshi , Kitamura Kanami , Kitagawa Ayako , Yamaguchi Tomoko , Ishikawa Takeshi
Published: December 2020

Silver‐promoted C−F bond formation in α‐bromoamides by using AgF under mild conditions is reported. This simple method enables access to tertiary, secondary, and primary alkyl fluorides involving biomolecular scaffolds. This transformation is applicable to primary and secondary amides and shows broad functional‐group tolerance. Kinetics experiments revealed that the reaction rate increased in the order of 3°>2°>1° α‐carbon atom. In addition, it was found that the acidic amide proton plays an important role in accelerating the reaction. Mechanistic studies suggested generation of an aziridinone intermediate that undergoes subsequent nucleophilic addition to form the C−F bond with stereospecificity (i.e., retention of configuration). The synthesis of sterically hindered alcohols and ethers by using AgI is also demonstrated. Examples of reactions of α‐bromoamides with O nucleophiles are presented.
Crystallographic Structure of Novel Types of AgI‐Mediated Base Pairs in Non‐canonical DNA Duplex Containing 2′‐O,4′‐C‐Methylene Bridged Nucleic Acids
Authors: Nakagawa Osamu , Aoyama Hiroshi , Fujii Akane , Kishimoto Yuki , Obika Satoshi
Published: December 2020

Metal‐mediated base pairs have widespread applications, such as in DNA‐metal nanodevices and sensors. Here, we focused on their sugar conformation in duplexes and observed the crystallographic structure of the non‐canonical DNA/DNA duplex containing 2′‐O,4′‐C‐methylene bridged nucleic acid in the presence of AgI ions. The X‐ray crystallographic structure was successfully obtained at a resolution of 1.5 Å. A novel type of AgI‐mediated base pair between the N1 positions of anti‐conformation of adenines in the duplex was observed. In the central non‐canonical region, a hexad nucleobase structure containing AgI‐mediated base pairs between the N7 positions of guanines was formed. A highly bent non‐canonical structure was formed at the origin of AgI‐mediated base pairs in the central region. The bent duplex structure induced by the addition of AgI ions might become a powerful tool for dynamic structural changes in DNA nanotechnology applications.
La mesure du transfert des apprentissages: état des lieux et perspectives d'avenir pour la recherche
Authors: Schoeb Geneviève , Lafrenière‐Carrier Benjamin , Lauzier Martin , Courcy François
Published: December 2020

Research on transfer of training (training transfer) has flourished in recent years. Given the absence so far of any comprehensive review of the various transfer measurement instruments used, a systematic review of research to date was performed. Three main findings emerged from the 51 studies reviewed: (1) there is a divergence between the definitions of transfer described in the studies and the concept of transfer reflected in the measurement instruments; (2) there are many different kinds of measurement instruments; and (3) scant information has been published on the parameters of the training whose transfer is being measured. In light of these findings, a research agenda is proposed for evaluating training transfer.
Straw Application and Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon Change: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Wang Qiuju , Cao Xu , Jiang Hui , Guo Zhenhua
Published: December 2020

Soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) can reveal the total microbial count, and microbial community diversity can be investigated using the Shannon index. Straw application is an important factor affecting soil MBC. Many studies have found that straw application increases soil MBC, although some studies suggest that straw application decreases soil MBC. This discrepancy underscores the need for a meta‐analysis. A global dataset is established from 47 studies, compiling a total of 71 individual datasets. The results reveal that in tropical and temperate zones, the addition of maize, rice, and wheat straw causes a significant improvement in MBC content, although it has no effect on microbial community diversity. The research also indicates that MBC does not increase with the addition of straw of >10 Mg ha−1; therefore, the amount of straw and nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) fertilizer used should be appropriate. According to the analysis, the optimum usage is 10 Mg ha−1. The best fertilization method consists of analyzing the soil fertility first and then adding NPK fertilizer appropriately according to the type and composition of straw application.
Synthesis of Hydroxylated Biphenyl Derivatives Bearing an α,β‐Unsaturated Ketone as a Lead Structure for the Development of Drug Candidates against Malignant Melanoma
Authors: Dettori Maria Antonietta , Pisano Marina , Rozzo Carla , Delogu Giovanna , Fabbri Davide
Published: December 2020

A small collection of C2‐symmetric hydroxylated biphenyl derivatives featuring an α,β‐unsaturated ketone as a lead structure was prepared, and the capacity of these compounds to act as antiproliferative agents against four human malignant melanoma cell lines was assayed. The prodrug approach was applied in order to improve the delivery of compounds into the cell by modulation of the phenolic hydroxy protecting group. The hydroxylated biphenyl structure bearing an α,β‐unsaturated ketone and a phenolic‐O‐prenylated chain was found to facilitate the delivery of the molecule and interactions with biological targets. Four compounds showed antiproliferative activity resulting in IC50 values in the range of 1.2 to 2.8 μM.
Dental implant surface temperatures following double wavelength (2780/940 nm) laser irradiation in vitro
Authors: Fahlstedt Peter , Bunæs Dagmar F , Lie Stein Atle , Leknes Knut N
Published: December 2020

Objective

To estimate the implant surface temperature at titanium dental implants during calibrated irradiation using double wavelength laser.

Material and methods

A double wavelength laser, 2780 nm Er,Cr:YSGG and 940 nm diode, was calibrated and used to irradiate pristine titanium dental implants, OsseoSpeed, TiUnite and Roxolid SLActive, representing different surface modifications. Initial calibration (21 implants; 7 implants/group) intended to identify optimal wavelength/specific output power/energy that not critically increased the temperature or altered the micro‐texture of the implant surface. Subsequent experimental study (30 implants; 10 implants/group) evaluated implant surface temperature changes over 190 s. Irradiation using a computerized robotic setup.

Results

Based on the initial calibration, the following output powers/energies were employed: Er,Cr:YSGG laser 18.4 mJ/pulse (7.3 J/cm2)–36.2 mJ/pulse (14.4 J/cm2) depending on implant surface; diode laser 3.3 W (1321.0 W/cm2). During double wavelength irradiation, implant surface temperatures dropped over the first 20 s from baseline 37°C to mean temperatures ranging between 25.7 and 26.3°C. Differences in mean temperatures between OsseoSpeed and TiUnite implants were statistically significant (p < 0.001). After the initial 20 s, mean temperatures continued to decrease for all implant surfaces. The decrease was significantly greater for TiUnite and Roxolid SLActive compared with OsseoSpeed implants (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Calibrated double wavelength laser irradiation did not critically influence the implant surface temperature. During laser irradiation the temperature decreased rapidly to steady‐state levels, close to the water/air‐spray temperature.
Food for mood: Experimentally induced negative affect triggers loss of control over eating in adolescents with low inhibitory control
Authors: Van Malderen Eva , Kemps Eva , Verbeken Sandra , Goossens Lien
Published: December 2020

Objective

Loss of control over eating (LOC) is common among adolescents and is associated with negative developmental outcomes. Low self‐regulation, and specifically low inhibitory control, is increasingly emphasized as an underlying factor in LOC. However, the specific context in which these capacities fail remains unclear. The affect regulation model proposes that negative affect may trigger LOC; however, research has mostly assessed trait negative affect using questionnaires, whereas measuring state negative affect is needed to determine its triggering role. Therefore, this study examined the interaction between inhibitory control and state negative affect in predicting LOC among adolescents using an experimental mood‐induction design.

Method

Participants were 50 adolescents (10–18 years; 76% girls) from the general community. Participants first reported on their self‐regulatory and inhibitory control capacities. They were then assigned to a sad or neutral mood‐induction (using a film clip), followed by a multi‐item food buffet from which they could eat as much as they liked. Finally, participants reported on their experience of loss of control while eating.

Results

Inhibitory control (but not self‐regulation in general) interacted with the mood‐induction to predict LOC. Adolescents with low inhibitory control experienced significantly more LOC, but only in the sad mood condition.

Discussion

The experience of negative affect appears to be an important trigger for LOC in adolescents with low inhibitory control. With a view to prevention and early intervention of LOC, inhibitory control training may be most effective in contexts where adolescents experience high levels of negative affect.
Short‐term and long‐term outcomes of revascularization interventions for patients with severely reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Pei Junyu , Wang Xiaopu , Xing Zhenhua , Zheng Keyang , Hu Xinqun
Published: December 2020

Aims

This meta‐analysis aimed to determine whether coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) should be preferred in patients with severely reduced left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction.

Methods and results

We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases from the conception of the databases till 1 May 2020 for studies on patients with severely reduced LV ejection fraction undergoing CABG and PCI. The primary clinical endpoints were 30 day and long‐term mortalities. The secondary endpoints were 30 day and long‐term incidences of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke, long‐term cardiovascular mortality, and repeat revascularization. Eighteen studies involving 11 686 patients were analysed. Compared with PCI, CABG had lower long‐term mortality [hazard ratio (HR): 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.61–0.80, P < 0.01], cardiovascular mortality (HR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.43–0.85, P < 0.01), MI (HR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.36–0.72, P < 0.01), and repeat revascularization (HR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.23–0.47, P < 0.01) risk. Significant differences were not observed for long‐term stroke (HR: 1.18, 95% CI: 0.74–1.87, P = 0.49), 30 day mortality (HR: 1.18, 95% CI: 0.89–1.56, P = 0.25), and MI (HR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.16–1.11, P = 0.08) risk. CABG was associated with a higher risk of stroke within 30 days (HR: 2.88, 95% CI: 1.07–7.77, P = 0.04). In a subgroup analysis of propensity score‐matched studies, CABG was associated with a higher long‐term risk of stroke (HR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.20–2.16, P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Among patients with severely reduced LV ejection fraction, CABG resulted in a lower mortality rate and an increased risk of stroke.
Bioinspired Divergent Oxidative Cyclizations of Geissoschizine: Total Synthesis of (–)‐17‐nor‐Excelsinidine, (+)‐16‐epi‐Pleiocarpamine, (+)‐16‐Hydroxymethyl‐Pleiocarpamine and (+)‐Taberdivarine H
Authors: Jarret Maxime , Tap Aurélien , Turpin Victor , Denizot Natacha , Kouklovsky Cyrille , Poupon Erwan , Evanno Laurent , Vincent Guillaume
Published: December 2020

We report a full account of our efforts towards bioinspired oxidative cyclizations of geissochizine and analogs to mimic the biosynthesis of the mavacuran, akuammilan, and excelsinidine groups of monoterpene indole alkaloids. The construction of the A,B,C,D ring system of geissoschizine was first achieved by merging two known syntheses of this alkaloid. Modified Ma's oxidative conditions (KHMDS/I2) applied directly to geissoschizine induced formation of the N4–C16 bond encountered in the excelsinidines core. Identical conditions applied to C16‐dimethylmalonate‐containing N4‐quaternized substrates ended in the formation of the mavacurans core (N1–C16 bond). With this unified oxidative cyclization strategy: (–)‐17‐nor‐excelsinidine, (+)‐16‐epi‐pleiocarpamine, (+)‐16‐hydroxymethyl‐pleiocarpamine, 16‐formyl‐pleiocarpamine and (+)‐taberdivarine H were synthetized. We also report a shortened total synthesis of 16‐epi‐pleiocarpamine compared to our preliminary communication from a C16‐monoester analog. Alternatively, 17‐nor‐excelsinidine was synthesized via an intramolecular nucleophilic substitution of a 7‐membered ring α‐chlorolactam prepared from 16‐desformyl‐geissoschizine.
A fast‐screening approach for the tentative identification of drug‐related metabolites from three non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in hydroponically grown edible plants by HPLC‐drift‐tube‐ion‐mobility quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Mlynek Franz , Himmelsbach Markus , Buchberger Wolfgang , Klampfl Christian W.
Published: December 2020

The (tentative) identification of unknown drug‐related phase II metabolites in plants upon drug uptake remains a challenging task despite improved analytical instrument performance. To broaden the knowledge of possible drug metabolization, a fast‐screening approach for the tentative identification of drug‐related phase II metabolites is presented in this work. Therefore, an in silico database for the three non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (ketoprofen, mefenamic acid, and naproxen) and a sub‐group of their theoretical phase II metabolites (based on combinations with glucose, glucuronic acid, and malonic acid) was created. Next, the theoretical exact masses (protonated species and ammonia adducts) were calculated and used as precursor ions in an autoMS/MS measurement method. The applicability of this workflow was tested on the example of eleven edible plants, which were hydroponically grown in solutions containing the respective drug at a concentration level of 20 mg/L. For the three drugs investigated this led to the tentative identification of 41 metabolites (some of them so far not described in this context), such as combinations of hydroxylated mefenamic acid with up to four glucose units or hydroxylated mefenamic acid with two glucose and three malonic acid units.
Sensitivity and Accumulation of Perfluorooctanesulfonate and Perfluorohexanesulfonic Acid in Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) Exposed over Critical Life Stages of Reproduction and Development
Authors: Suski J.G. , Salice C.J. , Chanov M.K. , Ayers J. , Rewerts J. , Field J.
Published: December 2020

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have emerged as contaminants of environmental concern following release from industrial practices and use of aqueous film–forming foam (AFFF). Of the identified PFAS in surface water samples from known AFFF release sites, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) are frequently detected. The focus of the present study was to determine the effects of PFOS and PFHxS to the native (and common) fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, over critical life stages of reproduction and development. Two separate, 42-d experiments were carried out using sexually mature fish, exposed to either PFOS or PFHxS. Measured exposure concentrations for PFOS and PFHxS were 0, 44, 88, 140, and 231 µg/L and 0, 150, 300, 600, and 1200 µg/L, respectively. At day 21 of the adult exposure, eggs were collected and reared for 21 d to determine the effects of PFOS or PFHxS on development, growth, and survival of larvae. The no-observable-effect concentration (NOEC) for PFOS was 44 µg/L, and the lowest-observable-effect concentration was 88 µg/L based on reduced growth in juvenile (F1) fish. Effects from PFOS exposures that did not follow a standard dose–response curve were reduced gonadosomatic index in adult males (at 44 µg/L) and reduced fecundity in females (at 140 µg/L). There was no toxicity on apical endpoints to report on adult or juvenile fish exposed to PFHxS up to 1200 µg/L. Importantly, we note that both PFOS and PFHxS accumulated in gonads and liver of adult fish following the respective exposures. The present study supports previous literature on PFOS toxicity and accumulation in fathead minnows but resulted in a lower NOEC than previously established for this species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:811–819. © 2020 SETAC
Honesty based democratic scheme to improve community cooperation for Internet of Things based vehicular delay tolerant networks
Authors: Rehman Ghani ur , Ghani Anwar , Zubair Muhammad , Ghayyure Shahbaz A. K. , Muhammad Shad
Published: December 2020

Many Internet of Things (IoT) applications have been developed and implemented on unreliable wireless networks like the delay tolerant network (DTN); however, efficient data transfer in DTN is still an important issue for the IoT applications. One of the application areas of DTN is vehicular delay tolerant network (VDTN) where the network faces communication disruption due to lack of end‐to‐end relay route. It is challenging as some of the nodes show selfish behavior to preserve their resources like memory and energy and become noncooperative. In this article, an honesty‐based democratic scheme (HBDS) is introduced where vehicles with higher honesty level are elected as heads—during the process. Vehicles involved in the process would maximize their rewards (reputation) through active participation in the network activities, whereas vehicles with noncooperative selfish behavior are punished. The honesty level of the heads is analyzed using Vickrey, Clarke, and Groves (VCG) model. The mathematical model and algorithms developed in the proposed HBDS technique are simulated using the VDTNSim framework to evaluate their efficiency. The performance results show that the proposed scheme dominates current schemes in terms of packet delivery probability, packet delivery delay, number of packets drop, and overhead ratio.
Evaluating tail risks for the U.S. economic policy uncertainty
Authors: Apergis Nicholas
Published: December 2020

The goal of this paper is to employ a relatively new methodological approach to extract quantile‐based economic policy uncertainty (EPU) risk forecasts using the Quantile Autoregressive Distributed Lag Mixed‐Frequency Data Sampling (QADL‐MIDAS) regression model recommended by Ghysels and Iania. This type of modelling delivers better quantile forecasts at various forecasting horizons. The forecasting results not only imply that the risk measure of EPU measure is linked to the future evolution of the index itself, but also it help constructing explicitly EPU risk measures, which are used to identify what drives such risk policy measures, especially across certain sub‐sample periods associated with major global events, such as the collapse of the Lehman Brothers, the Trump's election and the trade‐war tensions between the United States and China. The findings offer a new empirical perspective to the existing EPU literature, documenting that special world events carry a strong informational content as being a primary key to understand the dynamics of the economic policy tails.
Research and discussion on the evaluation scheme of reagent lot‐to‐lot differences in 16 chemiluminescence analytes, established by the EP26‐A guidelines of the CLSI
Authors: Tao Ran , Zhang Chenli , Liu Min , Yang Miao , Gao Wenying , Chen Jianbo , Mo Nanxun , Cheng Yating , He Jun , Xie Qin
Published: December 2020

Background

Verification of new reagent lots is a part of the crucial tasks in clinical laboratories. The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) EP26‐A guideline provides laboratories with an evaluation method for reagent verification. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of EP26‐A with our laboratory reagent lot verification protocol and get the final scheme.

Method

16 chemiluminescence analytes including estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), ferritin (FER), cortisol (COR),carbohydrate antigen 153 (CA153), and free prostate‐specific antigen (FPSA). were prospectively evaluated in two reagent lots. The laboratory's lot verification process included evaluating 5 patient samples with the current and new lots and acceptability according to a predefined criteria. For EP26‐A, method imprecision data and critical differences at medical decision points were important factors affecting the sample size requirements and rejection limits.

Result

The number of samples required for EP26‐A was 3 to 12, of which P, CA153, and FPSA had increased by more than 5 samples compared with the current protocol. Of the 16 chemiluminescence analytes, 11 had higher rejection limits when using EP26‐A than the current laboratory scheme. Our current protocol and EP26‐A were in agreement in 32 of the 32 (100%) paired verifications.

Conclusion

The EP26‐A protocol is an important tool to find the differences between reagent lots, and it makes up for the loopholes in the statistical efficiency, sample concentration and quantity, and the selection of rejection limits in the current protocol.
Pre‐registration is a Game Changer. But, Like Random Assignment, it is Neither Necessary Nor Sufficient for Credible Science
Authors: Simmons Joseph P. , Nelson Leif D. , Simonsohn Uri
Published: December 2020

We identify 15 claims Pham and Oh (2020) make to argue against pre‐registration. We agree with 7 of the claims, but think that none of them justify delaying the encouragement and adoption of pre‐registration. Moreover, while the claim they make in their title is correct—pre‐registration is neither necessary nor sufficient for a credible science—this is also true of many our science’s most valuable tools, such as random assignment. Indeed, both random assignment and pre‐registration lead to more credible research. Pre‐registration is a game changer.
Production of water‐soluble sulfated exopolysaccharide with anticancer activity from Anoxybacillus gonensisYK25
Authors: Karadayi Yaprak Ilayda , Aykutoglu Gurkan , Arslan Nazli Pinar , Baltaci Mustafa Ozkan , Adiguzel Ahmet , Taskin Mesut
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND

Thermophilic bacteria are accepted as novel sources of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) with different biological activities. This study was conducted to test EPS production potential of thermophilic bacteria isolated from hot springs in Erzurum province (Turkey), to optimize EPS production from the best isolate in molasses medium, to characterize the produced EPS, and to investigate its anticancer activity.

RESULTS

Among 28 isolates, the best EPS producer isolate was found to be Anoxybacillus gonensis YK25 (GenBank No: MN865832). Under optimized culture conditions (initial pH 7.0, temperature 55 °C, molasses concentration 100 mL/L, peptone concentration 6 g/L, and incubation time 96 h), 4.4 g/L EPS was produced. Molecular weight of EPS was 102 kDa. Carbohydrate and protein contents of EPS were 91.4% and 4.1%, respectively. EPS was a heteropolysaccharide containing xylose (59%), sucrose (18%), glucose (16%), and galactose (5%). It had a high solubility in water and a moderate solubility in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), but it was insoluble in polar solvents. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of hydroxyl, carboxyl, amide, and sulphate groups. EPS showed anticancer activity against SHSY‐5Y, HT‐29, DU‐145, and A‐549 cell lines in a dose‐dependent manner. The IC50 values of EPS for A‐549, DU‐145, SHSY‐5Y, and HT‐29 cancer cells were 5.5, 9.61, 15.62, and 17.35 mg/mL, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The EPS production potential of A. gonensis, and the anticancer activity of the produced EPS were revealed. Furthermore, it was shown for the first time that the main monomer of bacterial heteropolysaccharides would be xylose. This study indicates that Anoxybacillus species may be a novel source of pharmaceutically‐important EPSs. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of ferric iron dosing on aerobic granular sludge: granule formation, nutrient removal and microbial community
Authors: Zou Jinte , Yu Fengfan , Chen Jia , Mannina Giorgio , Li Yongmei
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND

Three lab‐scale sequencing batch reactors were used to investigate the effects of Fe3+ on aerobic granular sludge (AGS) formation, nutrient removal, and microbial community.

RESULTS

The addition of 6 and 12 mg Fe3+ L−1 could not shorten the granulation time. However, compared to the reactor without Fe3+ addition (average sludge volume index at 30 min (SVI30) 70.8 mL g−1; stable average particle size 548 μm), the addition of 12 mg Fe3+ L−1 helped improve the physical properties of AGS (average SVI30 57.0 mL g−1; stable average particle size 1067 μm). Furthermore, with 12 mg Fe3+ L−1 addition (Fe3+ to PO43−‐P molar ratio = 1.33), effective removal of NH4+‐N (≤0.5 mg L−1) and PO43−‐P (<1 mg L−1) was achieved. The addition of Fe3+ reduced the microbial diversity and specific activity of heterotrophic bacteria, but promoted the growth of nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria. The growth of particle size not only increased the active biomass ratio and microbial diversity, but alleviated the inhibition effect of Fe3+ on the specific heterotrophic bacteria activity.

CONCLUSION

The addition of Fe3+ had both negative and positive effects on the formation and stability of AGS. The results will help enrich the understanding of AGS application in nutrient removal and especially that of phosphorus. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Impact of interventional and non‐interventional variables on anthropometric long‐term development in glutaric aciduria type 1: A national prospective multi‐centre study
Authors: Märtner E. M. Charlotte , Maier Esther M. , Mengler Katharina , Thimm Eva , Schiergens Katharina A. , Marquardt Thorsten , Santer René , Weinhold Natalie , Marquardt Iris , Das Anibh M. , Freisinger Peter , Grünert Sarah C. , Vossbeck Judith , Steinfeld Robert , Baumgartner Matthias R. , Beblo Skadi , Dieckmann Andrea , Näke Andrea , Lindner Martin , Heringer‐Seifert Jana , Lenz Dominic , Hoffmann Georg F. , Mühlhausen Chris , Ensenauer Regina , Garbade Sven F. , Kölker Stefan , Boy Nikolas
Published: December 2020

Glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1) is a rare neurometabolic disorder, caused by inherited deficiency of glutaryl‐CoA dehydrogenase, mostly affecting the brain. Early identification by newborn screening (NBS) significantly improves neurologic outcome. It has remained unclear whether recommended therapy, particular low lysine diet, is safe or negatively affects anthropometric long‐term outcome. This national prospective, observational, multi‐centre study included 79 patients identified by NBS and investigated effects of interventional and non‐interventional parameters on body weight, body length, body mass index (BMI) and head circumference as well as neurological parameters. Adherence to recommended maintenance and emergency treatment (ET) had a positive impact on neurologic outcome and allowed normal anthropometric development until adulthood. In contrast, non‐adherence to ET, resulting in increased risk of dystonia, had a negative impact on body weight (mean SDS −1.07; P = .023) and body length (mean SDS −1.34; P = −.016). Consistently, longitudinal analysis showed a negative influence of severe dystonia on weight and length development over time (P < .001). Macrocephaly was more often found in female (mean SDS 0.56) than in male patients (mean SDS −0.20; P = .049), and also in individuals with high excreter phenotype (mean SDS 0.44) compared to low excreter patients (mean SDS −0.68; P = .016). In GA1, recommended long‐term treatment is effective and allows for normal anthropometric long‐term development up to adolescence, with gender‐ and excreter type‐specific variations. Delayed ET and severe movement disorder result in poor anthropometric outcome.
Synthesis of “Nereid,” a new phenol‐free detergent to replace Triton X‐100 in virus inactivation
Authors: Farcet Jean‐Baptiste , Kindermann Johanna , Karbiener Michael , Scheinecker Richard , Kostner Otto , Kreil Thomas R.
Published: December 2020

In the 1980s, virus inactivation steps were implemented into the manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals in response to earlier unforeseen virus transmissions. The most effective inactivation process for lipid‐enveloped viruses is the treatment by a combination of detergents, often including Triton X‐100 (TX‐100). Based on recent environmental concerns, the use of TX‐100 in Europe will be ultimately banned, which forces the pharmaceutical industry, among others, to switch to an environmentally friendly alternative detergent with fully equivalent virus inactivation performance such as TX‐100. In this study, a structure–activity relationship study was conducted that ultimately led to the synthesis of several new detergents. One of them, named “Nereid,” displayed inactivation activity fully equivalent to TX‐100. The synthesis of this replacement candidate has been optimized to allow for the production of several kg of detergent at lab scale, to enable the required feasibility and comparison virus inactivation studies needed to support a potential future transition. The 3‐step, chromatography‐free synthesis process described herein uses inexpensive starting materials, has a robust and simple work‐up, and allows production in a standard organic laboratory to deliver batches of several hundred grams with >99% purity.