bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Personality dimensions and reactivity to 35% CO2 in panic patients and healthy controls
Authors: Perna G , Arancio C , Bertani A , Gabriele A , Bellodi L
Published: April 2020

The authors investigated the relationship between personality dimensions and 35% CO2, reactivity. Fifty-one patients with PD and 26 healthy controls were assessed by the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire and inhaled one-vital capacity of a gas mixture of 35% CO2, and 65%; 02. PD patients showed stronger reactivity to 35%. CO2, and higher scores on Harm Avoidance personality dimension. No significant relationship between reactivity to 35% CO2, and Harm Avoidance, Novelty Seeking and Reward Dependence personality dimensions were found in PD patients or controls. These results suggest that the reactivity to 35% CO2, might not be related to personality.
Acute intermittent porphyria and disturbances in amino-acid metabolism in a psychiatric in-patient population
Authors: Rijn-van den Meijdenberg JCC , Fekkes D , Wilson JHP , Pepplinkhuizen L , Verhoeven WMA , Jansen HML , Ederveen AB
Published: April 2020

In recent years an enhanced catabolism of serine, with or without the existence of porphyria, has been demonstrated in relation to a specific subtype of psychosis, according to ICD-10 criteria, the acute polymorphic psychosis with or without symptoms of schizophrenia. Since sensory perceptual distortions play a key role in the symptomatology, patients with this disorder are referred to as Acute Polymorphic Psychosis plus psychosensory phenomena (APP+). In a retrospective study, including a total of 140 chronic psychiatric patients, we investigated the prevalence of Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP) and APP+. No subjects with AIP were found. In two patients APP+ could be demonstrated, based on both clinical characteristics and positive biochemical markers, ie lowered plasma serine concentration and increased TSM-ratio (100 × Taurine (μmol/l)/Serine concentration * Methionine concentration). In three patients the psychotic disorder was suspected to be present. It is concluded that careful psychiatric diagnosing may reveal specific psychotic disorders with a distinct biological pathogenetic factor, ie a disturbed serine metabolism.
The use of benzodiazepines in schizophrenia: a review
Authors: Llorca PM , Wolf MA , Estorges JP
Published: April 2020

Benzodiazepines were first used in schizophrenia because of their anxiolytic properties. At high doses, or in association with neuroleptics, diazepam and estazolam also appears to exhibit an antihallucinatory effect, whereas alprazolam preferably acts on negative symptomatology due to its antidepressant properties.
Rationale for BPRS use in routine clinical practice: quantitative assessment of psychopathology, consistent with clinical sense
Authors: Eisele R , Gex-Fabry M , Balant-Gorgia AE , Balant L , Garrone G
Published: April 2020

The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) is expected to provide a valuable instrument for routine evaluation of the patient's status and correct interpretation of concentrations measured during therapeutic monitoring of antipsychotic drugs. Inpatient files were searched for information relative to acute episodes and BPRS items were scored every 10 days until discharge from the hospital according to a retrospective scheme. Eighty patients were included, who met DSM III criteria for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Clusters of symptoms that tend to appear together were identified through principal components analysis and are in keeping with factors described previously. Differences with respect to diagnosis further suggest that such clusters convey clinically relevant information. The time course of haloperidol action was also investigated: an average 51 % improvement was observed over the first 10 days, while the proportion of patients showing a 50% or larger BPRS decrease at the time of discharge reached 90%. The prominent contribution of changes in positive, florid symptoms to global improvement is also described. Finally, association of clinical improvement with a shorter period of hospitalization is shown. These results indicate that the BPRS represents a level of abstraction compatible with the way clinicians communicate and that its introduction into routine practice may allow for better description of the course of illness
Reduced suicidality with paroxetine
Authors: López-Ibor JJ
Published: April 2020

Depression is commonly associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviour. The effect of the antidepressant, paroxetine, on suicidality in depressed patients has been assessed by retrospective analysis of the worldwide database of short-term clinical trials. Data were analysed on 2963 patients treated with paroxetine. 554 placebo patients, and 1151 patients treated with an active control. The results clearly demonstrate the beneficial effect of antidepressant therapy on suicidal ideation. Paroxetine was not associated with the emergence of suicidality, which appears to be a feature of depressive disorder unrelated to antidepressant therapy.
Adolescence et suicide : le point sur la littérature récente
Authors: Ladame F , Wagner P
Published: April 2020

Les auteurs présentent une revue des tendances actuelles concernant divers aspects du suicide de I’adolescent telles qu’elles apparaissent aujourd’hui dans la littérature. L’accent est mis sur la relation entre psychopathologie et suicide, I’épidémiologie, la prévention et les problèmes thérapeutiques que pose le suicide.
Trouble anxieux et dépressif mixte : problèmes cliniques
Authors: Boulenger JP , Boyer P
Published: April 2020

Le trouble anxieux et dépressif mixte (ADM) représente une nouvelle catégorie diagnostique regroupant essentiellement des patients vus dans le cadre des soins primaires. Ces patients se définissent comme des sujets présentant des symptômes d’anxiété et de dépression d’intensité limitée et comparable, s’accompagnant au moins de quelques signes neurovégétatifs. En outre, ces patients sont censés ne pas répondre aux critères diagnostiques spécifiques de troubles anxieux ou dépressifs. Cependant, les cas de dépression anxieuse ne sont pas limités aux patients entrant dans cette nouvelle catégorie « sous-syndromale ». De nombreux patients qui répondent aux critères soit de troubles dépressifs soit de troubles anxieux peuvent également présenter des symptomes, un syndrome ou répondre à un diagnostic d’anxiété ou de dépression. On ne sait pas encore si les symptômes d’anxiété et de dépression sont deux expressions différentes d’un même processus psychopathologique sous-jacent. La description récente d’un « syndrome névrotique généralisé » (Tyrer, 1990) représente une tentative de réunification de syndromes séparés dans nos classifications actuelles. Avec cette approche globale, les états d’anxiété,de dépression ou d’ADM sont associés, à un moment ou à un autre, à des traits de personnalité spécifiques et on considère qu’ils expriment différents niveaux d’hyperréactivité à diverses situations stressantes. Cette hypothèse expliquerait le rapport étroit entre ces deux catégories de symptômes, et I’efficacité dont témoignent certains agents psychopharmacologiques à la fois sur les troubles anxieux et dépressifs.
Vers un élargissement des indications des antidépresseurs
Authors: Allain H , Benéton C , Bellissant E
Published: April 2020

Les données neurochimiques directes ou indirectes obtenues dans différentes affections du système nerveux central (SNC) constituent la base rationnelle de I'utilisation des médicaments dans des indications précises. Les antidépresseurs (AD) tricycliques agissant sur les principales amines du SNC trouvent ainsi des applications thérapeutiques variées en dehors de la dépression. L'arrivée de nouveaux AD au mécanisme d'action, soit plus cibé (la sérotonine), soit différent (IMAO) pose de nouveau cette question des indications psychiatriques et neurologiques, qui ne peut être résolue que par des essais méthodologiquement irréprochables. Une telle approche évitera d'ignorer pendant des années des effets thérapeutiques incontestables d'une molécule ancienne, tel que ce fut le cas de la clomipramine dans les troubles obsessifs-compulsifs.
La psychiatrie française et les lois. La loi du 27 juin 1990 *
Authors: Mercuela A , Caroli F , Smagghe PO , Baldacci-Epinette C
Published: April 2020

La loi du 27 juin 1990 relative aux droits et á la protection des personnes hospitalisées en raison de troubles mentaux et á leurs conditions d'hospitalisation a maintenant remplacé en France, I'ancienne loi de 1838 sur les « aliénés ». Elle précise les droits des malades et veut instaurer un meilleur contrôle des conditions d'hospitalisation. L'hospitalisation á la demande d'un tiers nécessite maintenant, en plus de la demande d'admission, deux certificats médicaux attestant que le consentement du malade est impossible, que son état nécessite des soins immédiats et une surveillance médicale constante. L'hospitalisation d'office exige un certificat médical circonstancie portant sur l'état actuel du malade. Elle est prononcée par le préfet du département. La levée de l’ hospitalisation d'office est décidée par deux psychiatres experts qui doivent établir que l'intéressé n'est plus dangereux. Ces nouvelles dispositions visent essentiellement à protéger le sujet sain contre I'arbitraire, plutôt que le malade contre son entourage et lui-même. La notion de consentement impossible est en particulier ambiguë et peut aboutir à exclure de l'hospitalisation des malades dont l'état va s'aggraver. La notion de dangerosité (article 348) sur les conditions d'entrée et de sortie des malades hospitalisés d'office fait appel à des prérequis contradictoires et devrait être clarifiée.
Mood disorders with delusionsversusschizophrenic disorders with delusions. Second phase of a longitudinal study of a cohort of adolescent psychiatric inpatients with delusions
Authors: Halfon O , Mouren-Simeoni MC , Radat F , Albert E , Nahama V , Dugas M
Published: April 2020

The prognostic significance of an index episode of affective disorder with delusions was assessed in a longitudinal study of a cohort of adolescent psychiatric inpatients (n= 43). Part I of a study has been reported in a previous article. Initial assessmentdata (anamnestic variables, clinical assessment) did not discriminate between onset of affective disorder and schizophrenia. Part II of the study provides a longitudinal perspective of the cohort's diagnostic and life adjustment: diagnoses of schizophrenia increased, schizophreniform disorders disappeared, affective disorders were stable and a schizo-affective category emerged. Patients in the schizophrenic category had severely impaired life adjustment, while the level of functioning in unipolar and bipolar patients was consistently satisfactory. Compared to the initial diagnosis, the cohort showed a tendency to develop into schizophrenia. It is too early to affirm that every adolescent with delusional symptoms at onset will later develop schizophrenia, however, this risk appears real.
Therapist-patient relationship as a predictor of the course of schizophrenic illness
Authors: Stark FM , Lewandowski L , Buchkremer G
Published: April 2020

Schizophrenic patients seem to react sensitively to expressed affect. Expressed emotion research has shown the negative impact of specific family communication styles on the course of illness. Further studies have discussed its relation to gender. This study examines the dyadic aspects of the therapist-patient relationship, the interaction between therapist's ratings and patient's psychopathology, and the predictive value concerning the course of illness. Results show a significant association with gender. Male therapists were inclined to reduce their therapeutic commitment when being confronted with patients who suffered from disturbances Of ego-function, attention, or perception. Female therapists felt rejected by patients with delusions and with formal thought disorders, but perceived themselves as competent when dealing with anergic patients. Furthermore, patients with a less favorable course of illness at the 2-year follow-up could be discriminated by the quality of the therapist-patient relationship at the end of the primary therapeutic intervention.
Antidepressant modulation of isolation and restraint stress effects on brain chemistry and morphology
Authors: McEwen BS , Angulo J , Gould E , Mendelson S , Watanabe Y
Published: April 2020

Stress elicits adaptive responses from the brain, but it can also lead to maladaptive consequences. For example, stress can precipitate mental illness, including depression. Prolonged stress also causes damage to neurons in the hippocampus. Antidepressant drugs must be evaluated, not only for their ability to potentiate adaptive responses, but also to inhibit maladaptive consequences of stress. Ongoing research in our laboratory has compared the atypical tricyclic antidepressant, tianeptine, with the typical tricyclics, desipramine and imipramine, with respect to the effects of isolation and repeated restraint stress. Tianeptine and desipramine similarly attenuated isolation stress-induced increases in locus coeruleus and midbrain tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels and isolation-stress induced decreases in preproenkephalin mRNA levels in striatum and nucleus accumbens. However, tianeptine and imipramine differed in their effects in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus on 5HT2, and 5HT1A receptor levels but, surprisingly, produced similar effects on levels of the serotonin transporter labelled with [3H] paroxetine. Tianeptine also prevented stress-induced reductions in the length and number of branchpoints of dendrites of CA3 pyramidal neurons in hippocampus; comparison with effects of typical tricyclics are ongoing. Tianeptine also blocked effects of corticosterone treatment to reduce branching and length of CA3 dendrites. These actions of tianeptine may be due to interactions between 5HT and excitatory amino acids in the mossy fiber terminals on CA3 pyramidal neurons. Taken together, these results indicate that tianeptine has unique properties compared to some other antidepressant drugs, but shares in common with those drugs the ability to attenuate stress effects on tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression and on the serotonin transporter. It remains to be seen whether these actions are the basis of a common antidepressant action.
Effect of the antidepressant tianeptine on the activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis
Authors: Delbende C , Mocaër E , Rettori M , Kamoun A , Vaudry H
Published: April 2020

The effect of the antidepressant agent, tianeptine, on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis was studied in adult male rats under basal and stressed conditions. Chronic treatment with tianeptine (10 mg/kg; 2 weeks; twice a day) induced a significant decrease of hypothalamic CRF (–12%) and pituitary ACTH concentrations (–21%), suggesting that tianeptine reduces the activity of hypothalamic CRF neurons and pituitary corticotrophs. The possible effect of tianeptine in the neuroendocrine response to stress was thus investigated. Rats were submitted to restraint stress for 30 min; under these conditions ACTH and corticosterone levels were considerably increased. A single injection of tianeptine was found to significantly reduce stress-evoked elevations of plasma ACTH and corticosterone. Time-course experiments, consisting of administering tianeptine 1–3 h before immobilization stress, revealed that the maximum inhibitory effect of tianeptine occurs about 2 h after injection of the antidepressant. Administration of various doses of tianeptine (from 2.5 to 20 mg/kg) showed that the effect of the drug was dose-dependent; the maximum effective dose being 10 mg/kg. Taken together, these data indicate that tianeptine may exert original ‘anti-stress’ activity.
Effects of tianeptine on attention, memory and psychomotor performances using neuropsychological methods in young healthy volunteers
Authors: Poirier MF , Galinowski A , Amado-Boccara I , Delalleau B , Gougoulis N , Lôo H
Published: April 2020

A study was performed in young healthy volunteers in order to test the possible action of tianeptine, a new antidepressant drug, on cognitive performances. Attention tests, memory tests, a non-verbal inductive reasoning test and a sleep questionnaire were used in this double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. The two one-week drug administration periods were separated by a one-week wash-out period. The methodology permitted us to evaluate the learning effect during the familiarization with the tests and to clear the results of the study from this parameter which could possibly distort analysis. For this large range of tests, the results showed that tianeptine did not affect the level of functioning of the volunteers after their familiarization with the tests. These results are in contrast with those obtained by different authors with classical tricyclic antidepressants.
A daily diary study of sleep chronotype among Mexican-origin adolescents and parents: Implications for adolescent behavioral health
Authors: Bai Sunhye , Karan Maira , Gonzales Nancy A. , Fuligni Andrew J.
Published: April 2020

The current study used daily assessments of sleep to examine stability and change in sleep chronotype in adolescents and their parents. The study assessed adolescent sleep chronotype according to age, gender, and parent chronotype, and evaluated its associations with emotional and behavioral problems in youth. Participants included of 417 Mexican American adolescents (Mage = 16.0 years, Range = 13.9–20.0) and 403 caregivers, who reported bed and wake times daily for 2 consecutive weeks at two time points spaced 1 year apart. In addition, adolescents completed established self-report questionnaires of emotional and behavioral problems. Chronotype was computed as the midsleep point from bed to wake time on free days, correcting for sleep debt accumulated across scheduled days. Multilevel modeling showed a curvilinear association between adolescent age and chronotype, with a peak eveningness observed between ages 16 to 17. Adolescent and parent chronotypes were contemporaneously correlated, but each was only moderately stable over the 1-year period. Later adolescent chronotype was contemporaneously associated with more substance use in all adolescents. Individual development and the family context shape sleep chronotype in adolescents and parents. Sleep chronotype is implicated in adolescent behavioral health.
Fetal CHD and perinatal outcomes
Authors: Ge Christina J. , Mahle Amanda C. , Burd Irina , Jelin Eric B. , Sekar Priya , Jelin Angie C.
Published: April 2020

Objective:

To evaluate delivery management and outcomes in fetuses prenatally diagnosed with CHD.

Study design:

A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 6194 fetuses (born between 2013 and 2016), comparing prenatally diagnosed with CHD (170) to those with non-cardiac (234) and no anomalies (5790). Primary outcomes included the incidence of preterm delivery and mode of delivery.

Results:

Gestational age at delivery was significantly lower between the CHD and non-anomalous cohorts (38.6 and 39.1 weeks, respectively). Neonates with CHD had a significantly lower birth weights (p < 0.001). There was an approximately 1.5-fold increase in the rate of primary cesarean sections associated with prenatally diagnosed CHD with an odds ratio of 1.49 (95% CI 1.06–2.10).

Conclusions:

Our study provides additional evidence that the prenatal diagnosis of CHD is associated with a lower birth weight, preterm delivery, and with an increased risk of delivery by primary cesarean section.
Prehospital Disposition and Patient Outcomes in Cardiac Arrest AFTER Resuscitation Termination Protocol Change in an Urban Setting
Authors: Cheung Brian H. , Mercer Mary P.
Published: April 2020

Introduction:

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a leading cause of death in the United States, and efforts have been made to develop termination of resuscitation protocols utilizing clinical criteria predictive of successful resuscitation and survival to discharge. A termination of resuscitation protocol utilizing longer resuscitation time and end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) monitoring criteria for termination was implemented for Emergency Medical Service (EMS) providers in an urban prehospital system in 2017. This study examines the effect the modified termination of resuscitation protocol had on rates of patient transport to a hospital, return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), and survival to discharge.

Methods:

A retrospective analysis was performed utilizing data from the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES) database. A total of 1,005 prehospital cardiac arrest patients 18 years and older from 2016 through 2017 were included in the analysis. Patients with traumatic cardiac arrest or had valid do-not-resuscitate orders were excluded. Unadjusted analysis using chi-square statistics was performed, including an analysis stratified by Utstein style reporting. Adjusted analysis was also performed using logistic regression with multiple imputation for missing values.

Results:

Unadjusted analysis showed a significant decrease in ROSC on emergency department (ED) arrival (30% versus 13%; P <.001) following the change in protocol. There was no significant difference in patient transport rate (62%) and a statistically non-significant decrease in overall survival (15% versus 11%). When stratified by Utstein style analysis, statistically significant decreases in ED arrival with ROSC were seen for unwitnessed asystolic, as well as bystander witnessed asystolic, pulseless electrical activity (PEA), and shockable OHCA. Adjusted analysis showed a decreased likelihood of ROSC with the protocol change (0.337; 95% CI, 0.235-0.482).

Conclusion:

The modification of termination of resuscitation protocol was not associated with a statistically significant change in transport rate or survival. A significant decrease in rate of arrivals to the ED with ROSC was seen, particularly for bystander witnessed OHCA.
“This is my story”: Children's war memoirs and challenging protectionist discourses
Authors: Berents Helen
Published: April 2020

Protectionist frames of children as passive, uncomprehending victims characterize the international architecture of responding to children in war. However, stories such as those in children's war memoirs draw attention to the agency and capacity of children to negotiate and navigate distinct traumas and experiences in war. Children experience particular vulnerabilities and risks in conflict zones and their potential as contributors to the solutions to war must also be taken seriously. Children's authoritative voices in memoir writing reveal the limitations of protectionist-dominated approaches and offer a rationale for taking the participatory elements of international humanitarian mechanisms and responses to conflict more seriously. Such a move may help address the comprehensive silencing of children's voices in the institutional architecture concerned with children in war.
Superiority of Mega‐ENSO Index in the Seasonal Prediction of Tropical Cyclone Activity Over the Western North Pacific
Authors: Sun Yuan , Zhong Zhong , Li Tim , Yi Lan , Shi Jian , Shen Yixuan , Liu Kefeng , Hu Yijia , Xu Zanmin
Published: April 2020

In this study, we compared the performance of two potential predicators, that is, El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index (Niño‐3.4) and mega‐ENSO index, in the seasonal forecast of tropical cyclone (TC) activity and its spatial distribution over the western North Pacific (WNP) during the extended TC season, which is of public concern. Our results clearly show that, although both mega‐ENSO and Niño‐3.4 indices in the preceding May are important predictors for the seasonal predication, the relative‐sea surface temperature (SST)‐dependent mega‐ENSO exhibits a higher skill in the seasonal forecasting compared with the absolute‐SST‐dependent ENSO. Further results show that, despite of stronger destructiveness of TCs in high mega‐ENSO (El Niño) years than in low mega‐ENSO (La Niña) years, more attention should be paid to the TCs in low mega‐ENSO years, which are more likely to occur in coastal areas compared with the TCs in high mega‐ENSO years. Due to the responses of TC genesis, TC potential intensity, and large‐scale flow to the SST change in low mega‐ENSO years, the WNP TCs tend to originate in the northwestern quadrant and intensify at high latitudes and then turn northwestward over the TC prevailing region, which contributes to the northwestward migration of the WNP TC exposure in terms of track density and destructiveness density and thus imposes more risks in the coastal areas in low mega‐ENSO years. In addition, despite the significant predication skill in forecasting TC activity when using mega‐ENSO/Niño‐3.4 as a single predicator, it is still far to predict reliable WNP activity, especially its spatial distribution, without considering other predictors.
Robustness Assessment of the RSDt‐Test for Detecting Trend Turning in a Time Series
Authors: Zuo Bin , Hou Zhaolu , Zheng Fei , Sheng Lifang , Gao Yang , Li Jianping
Published: April 2020

Trend turning (or trend change) is a type of structural change that is common in climate data, and methods for detecting it in time series with multiple turning‐points need to be developed. A recently developed method for this, the running slope difference (RSD)t‐test, examines trend differences in sub‐series of the sample time series to identify the trend turning‐points. In this paper, we use Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate this method's detection ability. Evaluation results show the method to be an effective tool for detecting trend turning time series and identify three major advantages of the RSDt‐test: ability to detect multiple turning‐points, capacity to detect all three types of trend turning, and great performance of reducing false alarm rate.
Analysis of Eddy Current Generation on the Juno Spacecraft in Jupiter's Magnetosphere
Authors: Kotsiaros S. , Connerney J. E. P. , Martos Y. M.
Published: April 2020

The Juno mission to Jupiter, in polar orbit around the gas giant since 4 July 2016, samples the planet's environment with dedicated particle and fields instruments. Juno's magnetometer investigation employs a pair of boom‐mounted vector fluxgate magnetometers colocated with a set of star cameras to map Jupiter's magnetic field with high accuracy. Juno is a spinning spacecraft, rotating at approximately two rotations per minute. In strong magnetic field environments experienced near periapsis, Eddy currents are generated within electrically conductive material near the magnetic sensors. These currents adversely affect measurements of the environment, most evident in the appearance of a spin modulation in the field magnitude. We demonstrate, by finite element modeling and laboratory measurements, that the spin modulation is caused by a physical signal due to Eddy currents generated by the rotation of the conductive spacecraft structure in the presence of a strong magnetic field. We present a finite element model of the induced field and develop a matrix method for removing the Eddy current contribution to the measured field. Juno magnetic field measurements in strong fields are corrected for Eddy current contributions using this model of the interaction.
Probing the Variation in Aseismic Slip Behavior Around an Active Suture Zone: Observations of Repeating Earthquakes in Eastern Taiwan
Authors: Chen Yaochieh , Chen Kate Huihsuan , Hu Jyr‐Ching , Lee Jian‐Cheng
Published: April 2020

An examination of repeating earthquakes in eastern Taiwan revealed previously unrecognized quasiperiodic repetition of aseismic creep along two reverse faults in an active suture zone. Using 202 ML 2.0 to 4.6 repeating earthquake sequences (RES) during the period from 2000 to 2011, we studied where and how certain faults creep. The RES were found to be highly concentrated in the southern segment of the Longitudinal Valley fault (LVF) and in the northern segment of the Central Range fault (CRF). They are mainly located at a depth of 10–25 km and show strong regional differences in creep behavior. Using the moment release rate of RES and geodetically derived long‐term slip rate, we re‐estimate the empirical relationship between deep creep and seismic moment for creeping sections in eastern Taiwan. For the 30‐km‐long LVF, the creep rate increased dramatically from 1.5 to 12.3 cm/year under the influence of the ML 6.4 Chengkung earthquake of 2003. For the 80‐km‐long CRF, the high creep rate of 4.3 cm/year appears to have been stable over time and is descriptive of a previously unrecognized deep structure underneath the eastern flank of the Central Range. The quasiperiodic pulsing of the deep slip rate has a predominant interval of 1 year for both segments. After the ML 6.4 event, the predominant interval for the creeping LVF halved in duration. The time‐dependent aseismic slip showed a strong correlation with the creepmeter data, suggesting that the positing of a common mechanism is needed to connect the surface and deep creep variation.
Potential Effect of Halogens on Atmospheric Oxidation and Air Quality in China
Authors: Li Qinyi , Badia Alba , Wang Tao , Sarwar Golam , Fu Xiao , Zhang Li , Zhang Qiang , Fung Jimmy , Cuevas Carlos A. , Wang Shanshan , Zhou Bin , Saiz‐Lopez Alfonso
Published: April 2020

Air pollution has been a hazard in China over recent decades threatening the health of half a billion people. Much effort has been devoted to mitigating air pollution in China leading to a significant reduction in primary pollutants emissions from 2013 to 2017, while a continuously worsening trend of surface ozone (O3, a secondary pollutant and greenhouse gas) was observed over the same period. Atmospheric oxidation, dominated by daytime reactions involving hydroxyl radicals (OH), is the critical process to convert freshly‐emitted compounds into secondary pollutants, and is underestimated in current models of China's air pollution. Halogens (chlorine, bromine, and iodine) are known to profoundly influence oxidation chemistry in the marine environment; however, their impact on atmospheric oxidation and air pollution in China is unknown. In the present study, we report for the first time that halogens substantially enhance the total atmospheric oxidation capacity in polluted areas of China, typically 10% to 20% (up to 87% in winter) and mainly by significantly increasing OH level. The enhanced oxidation along the coast is driven by oceanic emissions, and that over the inland areas by anthropogenic emission. The extent and seasonality of halogen impact are largely explained by the dynamics of Asian monsoon, location and intensity of halogen emissions, and O3 formation regime. The omission of halogen emissions and chemistry may lead to significant errors in historical re‐assessments and future projections of the evolution of atmospheric oxidation in polluted regions.
The Nlrp3 inflammasome as a “rising star” in studies of normal and malignant hematopoiesis
Authors: Ratajczak Mariusz Z. , Bujko Kamila , Cymer Monika , Thapa Arjun , Adamiak Mateusz , Ratajczak Janina , Abdel-Latif Ahmed K. , Kucia Magda
Published: April 2020

Recent investigations indicate that hematopoiesis is coregulated by innate immunity signals and by pathways characteristic of the activation of innate immunity cells that also operate in normal hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs). This should not be surprising because of the common developmental origin of these cells from a hemato/lymphopoietic stem cell. An important integrating factor is the Nlrp3 inflammasome, which has emerged as a major sensor of changes in body microenvironments, cell activation, and cell metabolic activity. It is currently the best-studied member of the inflammasome family expressed in hematopoietic and lymphopoietic cells, including also HSPCs. It is proposed as playing a role in (i) the development and expansion of HSPCs, (ii) their release from bone marrow (BM) into peripheral blood (PB) in stress situations and during pharmacological mobilization, (iii) their homing to BM after transplantation, and (iv) their aging and the regulation of hematopoietic cell metabolism. The Nlrp3 inflammasome is also involved in certain hematological pathologies, including (i) myelodysplastic syndrome, (ii) myeloproliferative neoplasms, (iii) leukemia, and (iv) graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) after transplantation. The aim of this review is to shed more light on this intriguing intracellular protein complex that has become a “rising star” in studies focused on both normal steady-state and pathological hematopoiesis.
First observation of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide from the Environmental Trace Gases Monitoring Instrument onboard the GaoFen-5 satellite
Authors: Zhang Chengxin , Liu Cheng , Chan Ka Lok , Hu Qihou , Liu Haoran , Li Bo , Xing Chengzhi , Tan Wei , Zhou Haijin , Si Fuqi , Liu Jianguo
Published: April 2020

The Environmental Trace Gases Monitoring Instrument (EMI) is the first Chinese satellite-borne UV–Vis spectrometer aiming to measure the distribution of atmospheric trace gases on a global scale. The EMI instrument onboard the GaoFen-5 satellite was launched on 9 May 2018. In this paper, we present the tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) vertical column density (VCD) retrieval algorithm dedicated to EMI measurement. We report the first successful retrieval of tropospheric NO2 VCD from the EMI instrument. Our retrieval improved the original EMI NO2 prototype algorithm by modifying the settings of the spectral fit and air mass factor calculations to account for the on-orbit instrumental performance changes. The retrieved EMI NO2 VCDs generally show good spatiotemporal agreement with the satellite-borne Ozone Monitoring Instrument and TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (correlation coefficient R of ~0.9, bias < 50%). A comparison with ground-based MAX-DOAS (Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) observations also shows good correlation with an R of 0.82. The results indicate that the EMI NO2 retrieval algorithm derives reliable and precise results, and this algorithm can feasibly produce stable operational products that can contribute to global air pollution monitoring.
Translating research findings into clinical practice: a systematic and critical review of neuroimaging-based clinical tools for brain disorders
Authors: Scarpazza C. , Ha M. , Baecker L. , Garcia-Dias R. , Pinaya W. H. L. , Vieira S. , Mechelli A.
Published: April 2020

A pivotal aim of psychiatric and neurological research is to promote the translation of the findings into clinical practice to improve diagnostic and prognostic assessment of individual patients. Structural neuroimaging holds much promise, with neuroanatomical measures accounting for up to 40% of the variance in clinical outcome. Building on these findings, a number of imaging-based clinical tools have been developed to make diagnostic and prognostic inferences about individual patients from their structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging scans. This systematic review describes and compares the technical characteristics of the available tools, with the aim to assess their translational potential into real-world clinical settings. The results reveal that a total of eight tools. All of these were specifically developed for neurological disorders, and as such are not suitable for application to psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, most of the tools were trained and validated in a single dataset, which can result in poor generalizability, or using a small number of individuals, which can cause overoptimistic results. In addition, all of the tools rely on two strategies to detect brain abnormalities in single individuals, one based on univariate comparison, and the other based on multivariate machine-learning algorithms. We discuss current barriers to the adoption of these tools in clinical practice and propose a checklist of pivotal characteristics that should be included in an “ideal” neuroimaging-based clinical tool for brain disorders.
Sepiapterin reductase promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression via FoxO3a/Bim signaling in a nonenzymatic manner
Authors: Wu Yao , Du Hongzhi , Zhan Meixiao , Wang Hongxv , Chen Peng , Du Danyu , Liu Xinyi , Huang Xingxv , Ma Pengcheng , Peng Dezheng , Sun Li , Yuan Shengtao , Ding Jian , Lu Ligong , Jiang Jingwei
Published: April 2020

Sepiapterin reductase plays an enzymatic role in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin, which is reported in limited studies to regulate the progression of several tumors. However, the role of sepiapterin reductase in hepatocellular carcinoma remains largely unknown. Here, we found that sepiapterin reductase was frequently highly expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma, which was significantly associated with higher T stage, higher tumor node metastasis stage, and even shorter survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Furthermore, cell and animal experiments showed that sepiapterin reductase depletion inhibited cancer cell proliferation and promoted cancer cell apoptosis. Importantly, the results suggested that sepiapterin reductase enzymatic activity was not necessary for the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma, based on the comparison between SMMC-7721 and SMMC-7721 containing sepiapterin reductase mutant. Moreover, we showed that sepiapterin reductase regulated the development of hepatocellular carcinoma via the FoxO3a/Bim-signaling pathway. Collectively, our study suggests that sepiapterin reductase controls hepatocellular carcinoma progression via FoxO3a/Bim signaling in a nonenzymatic manner, which provides a potential prognostic factor and therapeutic strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma.
Ancient genomes reveal social and genetic structure of Late Neolithic Switzerland
Authors: Furtwängler Anja , Rohrlach A. B. , Lamnidis Thiseas C. , Papac Luka , Neumann Gunnar U. , Siebke Inga , Reiter Ella , Steuri Noah , Hald Jürgen , Denaire Anthony , Schnitzler Bernadette , Wahl Joachim , Ramstein Marianne , Schuenemann Verena J. , Stockhammer Philipp W. , Hafner Albert , Lösch Sandra , Haak Wolfgang , Schiffels Stephan , Krause Johannes
Published: April 2020

Genetic studies of Neolithic and Bronze Age skeletons from Europe have provided evidence for strong population genetic changes at the beginning and the end of the Neolithic period. To further understand the implications of these in Southern Central Europe, we analyze 96 ancient genomes from Switzerland, Southern Germany, and the Alsace region in France, covering the Middle/Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age. Similar to previously described genetic changes in other parts of Europe from the early 3rd millennium BCE, we detect an arrival of ancestry related to Late Neolithic pastoralists from the Pontic-Caspian steppe in Switzerland as early as 2860–2460 calBCE. Our analyses suggest that this genetic turnover was a complex process lasting almost 1000 years and involved highly genetically structured populations in this region.
TAGAP instructs Th17 differentiation by bridging Dectin activation to EPHB2 signaling in innate antifungal response
Authors: Chen Jianwen , He Ruirui , Sun Wanwei , Gao Ru , Peng Qianwen , Zhu Liwen , Du Yanyun , Ma Xiaojian , Guo Xiaoli , Zhang Huazhi , Tan Chengcheng , Wang Junhan , Zhang Wei , Weng Xiufang , Man Jianghong , Bauer Hermann , Wang Qing K. , Martin Bradley N. , Zhang Cun-Jin , Li Xiaoxia , Wang Chenhui
Published: April 2020

The TAGAP gene locus has been linked to several infectious diseases or autoimmune diseases, including candidemia and multiple sclerosis. While previous studies have described a role of TAGAP in T cells, much less is known about its function in other cell types. Here we report that TAGAP is required for Dectin-induced anti-fungal signaling and proinflammatory cytokine production in myeloid cells. Following stimulation with Dectin ligands, TAGAP is phosphorylated by EPHB2 at tyrosine 310, which bridges proximal Dectin-induced EPHB2 activity to downstream CARD9-mediated signaling pathways. During Candida albicans infection, mice lacking TAGAP mount defective immune responses, impaired Th17 cell differentiation, and higher fungal burden. Similarly, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis, TAGAP deficient mice develop significantly attenuated disease. In summary, we report that TAGAP plays an important role in linking Dectin-induced signaling to the promotion of effective T helper cell immune responses, during both anti-fungal host defense and autoimmunity.
Quantitative cellular-resolution map of the oxytocin receptor in postnatally developing mouse brains
Authors: Newmaster Kyra T. , Nolan Zachary T. , Chon Uree , Vanselow Daniel J. , Weit Abigael R. , Tabbaa Manal , Hidema Shizu , Nishimori Katsuhiko , Hammock Elizabeth A. D. , Kim Yongsoo
Published: April 2020

The oxytocin receptor (OTR) plays critical roles in social behavior development. Despite its significance, brain-wide quantitative understanding of OTR expression remains limited in postnatally developing brains. Here, we develop postnatal 3D template brains to register whole brain images with cellular resolution to systematically quantify OTR cell densities. We utilize fluorescent reporter mice (Otrvenus/+) and find that cortical regions show temporally and spatially heterogeneous patterns with transient postnatal OTR expression without cell death. Cortical OTR cells are largely glutamatergic neurons with the exception of cells in layer 6b. Subcortical regions show similar temporal regulation except the hypothalamus and two hypothalamic nuclei display sexually dimorphic OTR expression. Lack of OTR expression correlates with reduced dendritic spine densities in selected cortical regions of developing brains. Lastly, we create a website to visualize our high-resolution imaging data. In summary, our research provides a comprehensive resource for postnatal OTR expression in the mouse brain.
Complex k-uniform tilings by a simple bitopic precursor self-assembled on Ag(001) surface
Authors: Kormoš Lukáš , Procházka Pavel , Makoveev Anton O. , Čechal Jan
Published: April 2020

The realization of complex long-range ordered structures in a Euclidean plane presents a significant challenge en route to the utilization of their unique physical and chemical properties. Recent progress in on-surface supramolecular chemistry has enabled the engineering of regular and semi-regular tilings, expressing translation symmetric, quasicrystalline, and fractal geometries. However, the k-uniform tilings possessing several distinct vertices remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that these complex geometries can be prepared from a simple bitopic molecular precursor – 4,4’-biphenyl dicarboxylic acid (BDA) – by its controlled chemical transformation on the Ag(001) surface. The realization of 2- and 3-uniform tilings is enabled by partially carboxylated BDA mediating the seamless connection of two distinct binding motifs in a single long-range ordered molecular phase. These results define the basic self-assembly criteria, opening way to the utilization of complex supramolecular tilings.
Nitrogen limitation reveals large reserves in metabolic and translational capacities of yeast
Authors: Yu Rosemary , Campbell Kate , Pereira Rui , Björkeroth Johan , Qi Qi , Vorontsov Egor , Sihlbom Carina , Nielsen Jens
Published: April 2020

Cells maintain reserves in their metabolic and translational capacities as a strategy to quickly respond to changing environments. Here we quantify these reserves by stepwise reducing nitrogen availability in yeast steady-state chemostat cultures, imposing severe restrictions on total cellular protein and transcript content. Combining multi-omics analysis with metabolic modeling, we find that seven metabolic superpathways maintain >50% metabolic capacity in reserve, with glucose metabolism maintaining >80% reserve capacity. Cells maintain >50% reserve in translational capacity for 2490 out of 3361 expressed genes (74%), with a disproportionately large reserve dedicated to translating metabolic proteins. Finally, ribosome reserves contain up to 30% sub-stoichiometric ribosomal proteins, with activation of reserve translational capacity associated with selective upregulation of 17 ribosomal proteins. Together, our dataset provides a quantitative link between yeast physiology and cellular economics, which could be leveraged in future cell engineering through targeted proteome streamlining.
Stepwise internal potential jumps caused by multiple-domain polarization flips in metal/ferroelectric/metal/paraelectric/metal stack
Authors: Li Xiuyan , Toriumi Akira
Published: April 2020

Negative capacitance (NC) effects in ferroelectric/paraelectric (FE/PE) stacks have been recently discussed intensively in terms of the steep subthreshold swing (SS) in field-effect transistors (FETs). It is, however, still disputable to stabilize quasi-static-NC effects. In this work, stepwise internal potential jumps in a metal/FE/metal/PE/metal system observed near the coercive voltage of the FE layer are reported through carefully designed DC measurements. The relationship of the internal potential jumps with the steep SS in FETs is also experimentally confirmed by connecting a FE capacitor to a simple metal-oxide-semiconductor FET. On the basis of the experimental results, the observed internal potential jumps are analytically modelled from the viewpoint of bound charge emission associated with each domain flip in a multiple-domain FE layer in a FE/PE stack. This view is different from the original NC concept and should be employed for characterizing FE/PE gate stack FETs.
All-dielectric metasurface for high-performance structural color
Authors: Yang Wenhong , Xiao Shumin , Song Qinghai , Liu Yilin , Wu Yunkai , Wang Shuai , Yu Jie , Han Jiecai , Tsai Din-Ping
Published: April 2020

The achievement of structural color has shown advantages in large-gamut, high-saturation, high-brightness, and high-resolution. While a large number of plasmonic/dielectric nanostructures have been developed for structural color, the previous approaches fail to match all the above criterion simultaneously. Herein we utilize the Si metasurface to demonstrate an all-in-one solution for structural color. Due to the intrinsic material loss, the conventional Si metasurfaces only have a broadband reflection and a small gamut of 78% of sRGB. Once they are combined with a refractive index matching layer, the reflection bandwidth and the background reflection are both reduced, improving the brightness and the color purity significantly. Consequently, the experimentally demonstrated gamut has been increased to around 181.8% of sRGB, 135.6% of Adobe RGB, and 97.2% of Rec.2020. Meanwhile, high refractive index of silicon preserves the distinct color in a pixel with 2 × 2 array of nanodisks, giving a diffraction-limit resolution.
Perturbing proteomes at single residue resolution using base editing
Authors: Després Philippe C. , Dubé Alexandre K. , Seki Motoaki , Yachie Nozomu , Landry Christian R.
Published: April 2020

Base editors derived from CRISPR-Cas9 systems and DNA editing enzymes offer an unprecedented opportunity for the precise modification of genes, but have yet to be used at a genome-scale throughput. Here, we test the ability of the Target-AID base editor to systematically modify genes genome-wide by targeting yeast essential genes. We mutate around 17,000 individual sites in parallel across more than 1500 genes. We identify over 700 sites at which mutations have a significant impact on fitness. Using previously determined and preferred Target-AID mutational outcomes, we find that gRNAs with significant effects on fitness are enriched in variants predicted to be deleterious based on residue conservation and predicted protein destabilization. We identify key features influencing effective gRNAs in the context of base editing. Our results show that base editing is a powerful tool to identify key amino acid residues at the scale of proteomes.