bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous decays of magneto-elastic excitations in non-collinear antiferromagnet (Y,Lu)MnO3
Authors: Oh Joosung , Le Manh Duc , Nahm Ho-Hyun , Sim Hasung , Jeong Jaehong , Perring T. G. , Woo Hyungje , Nakajima Kenji , Ohira-Kawamura Seiko , Yamani Zahra , Yoshida Y. , Eisaki H. , Cheong S. -W. , Chernyshev A. L. , Park Je-Geun
Published: October 2016

Magnons and phonons are fundamental quasiparticles in a solid and can be coupled together to form a hybrid quasi-particle. However, detailed experimental studies on the underlying Hamiltonian of this particle are rare for actual materials. Moreover, the anharmonicity of such magnetoelastic excitations remains largely unexplored, although it is essential for a proper understanding of their diverse thermodynamic behaviour and intrinsic zero-temperature decay. Here we show that in non-collinear antiferromagnets, a strong magnon–phonon coupling can significantly enhance the anharmonicity, resulting in the creation of magnetoelastic excitations and their spontaneous decay. By measuring the spin waves over the full Brillouin zone and carrying out anharmonic spin wave calculations using a Hamiltonian with an explicit magnon–phonon coupling, we have identified a hybrid magnetoelastic mode in (Y,Lu)MnO3 and quantified its decay rate and the exchange-striction coupling term required to produce it.
The growth of the central region by acquisition of counterrotating gas in star-forming galaxies
Authors: Chen Yan-Mei , Shi Yong , Tremonti Christy A. , Bershady Matt , Merrifield Michael , Emsellem Eric , Jin Yi-Fei , Huang Song , Fu Hai , Wake David A. , Bundy Kevin , Stark David , Lin Lihwai , Argudo-Fernandez Maria , Bergmann Thaisa Storchi , Bizyaev Dmitry , Brownstein Joel , Bureau Martin , Chisholm John , Drory Niv , Guo Qi , Hao Lei , Hu Jian , Li Cheng , Li Ran , Lopes Alexandre Roman , Pan Kai-Ke , Riffel Rogemar A. , Thomas Daniel , Wang Lan , Westfall Kyle , Yan Ren-Bin
Published: October 2016

Galaxies grow through both internal and external processes. In about 10% of nearby red galaxies with little star formation, gas and stars are counter-rotating, demonstrating the importance of external gas acquisition in these galaxies. However, systematic studies of such phenomena in blue, star-forming galaxies are rare, leaving uncertain the role of external gas acquisition in driving evolution of blue galaxies. Here, based on new measurements with integral field spectroscopy of a large representative galaxy sample, we find an appreciable fraction of counter-rotators among blue galaxies (9 out of 489 galaxies). The central regions of blue counter-rotators show younger stellar populations and more intense, ongoing star formation than their outer parts, indicating ongoing growth of the central regions. The result offers observational evidence that the acquisition of external gas in blue galaxies is possible; the interaction with pre-existing gas funnels the gas into nuclear regions (<1 kpc) to form new stars.
Horizontal Transfer of a Novel Soil Agarase Gene from Marine Bacteria to Soil Bacteria via Human Microbiota
Authors: Song Tao , Xu Hui , Wei Congchong , Jiang Tengfei , Qin Shishang , Zhang Weijia , Cao Yu , Hu Chao , Zhang Fan , Qiao Dairong , Cao Yi
Published: October 2016

Seaweed is receiving an increasing amount of attention as a “sea vegetable”. The microbiota of coastal populations may acquire seaweed associated enzymes through marine food. Several agarases have been found in non-marine environments; however, their origin is unknown. In this study, a hypothetical protein, Aga1, was identified as an agarase from an inland soil agar-degrading bacterium, Paenibacillus sp. SSG-1.Having low similarity to known glycoside hydrolases, Aga1 may be a distant member of the glycoside hydrolase family 86. Aga1 has good pH stability (pH 3–11) and is stable in the presence of various metal ions. Aga1 is an exo-type β-agarase that produces NA 4 (neoagarotetraose) and NA 6 (neoagarohexaose) as its main products. In addition, Aga1 may be a cell-surface-binding protein. The bioinformatic analysis showed aga1 may have been transfered together with its surrounding genes, from marine bacteria to soil bacteria via human microbiota. The use of seaweed as food and the disposal of human faeces or saliva were the most likely reasons for this gene transfer pathway. Notably, the results also indicated that microbes from inland humans may degrade agar and that these microbes may have acquired seaweed associated genes because of increased seaweed in diets.
Discovery of putative capsaicin biosynthetic genes by RNA-Seq and digital gene expression analysis of pepper
Authors: Zhang Zi-Xin , Zhao Shu-Niu , Liu Gao-Feng , Huang Zu-Mei , Cao Zhen-Mu , Cheng Shan-Han , Lin Shi-Sen
Published: October 2016

The Indian pepper ‘Guijiangwang’ (Capsicum frutescens L.), one of the world’s hottest chili peppers, is rich in capsaicinoids. The accumulation of the alkaloid capsaicin and its analogs in the epidermal cells of the placenta contribute to the pungency of Capsicum fruits. To identify putative genes involved in capsaicin biosynthesis, RNA-Seq was used to analyze the pepper’s expression profiles over five developmental stages. Five cDNA libraries were constructed from the total RNA of placental tissue and sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq 2000. More than 19 million clean reads were obtained from each library, and greater than 50% of the reads were assignable to reference genes. Digital gene expression (DGE) profile analysis using Solexa sequencing was performed at five fruit developmental stages and resulted in the identification of 135 genes of known function; their expression patterns were compared to the capsaicin accumulation pattern. Ten genes of known function were identified as most likely to be involved in regulating capsaicin synthesis. Additionally, 20 new candidate genes were identified related to capsaicin synthesis. We use a combination of RNA-Seq and DGE analyses to contribute to the understanding of the biosynthetic regulatory mechanism(s) of secondary metabolites in a nonmodel plant and to identify candidate enzyme-encoding genes.
Gene-expression reversal of lncRNAs and associated mRNAs expression in active vs latent HIV infection
Authors: Nair Madhavan , Sagar Vidya , Pilakka-Kanthikeel Sudheesh
Published: October 2016

Interplay between lncRNAs and mRNAs is rapidly emerging as a key epigenetic mechanism in controlling various cell functions. HIV can actively infect and/or can persist latently for years by manipulating host epigenetics; however, its molecular essence remains undiscovered in entirety. Here for the first time, we delineate the influence of HIV on global lncRNAs expression in monocytic cells lines. Our analysis revealed the expression modulation of nearly 1060 such lncRNAs which are associated with differentially expressed mRNAs in active and latent infection. This suggests a greater role of lncRNAs in regulating transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene expression during HIV infection. The differentially expressed mRNAs were involved in several different biological pathways where immunological networks were most enriched. Importantly, we discovered that HIV induces expression reversal of more than 150 lncRNAs between its active and latent infection. Also, hundreds of unique lncRNAs were identified in both infection conditions. The pathology specific “gene-expression reversal” and “on-and-off” switching of lncRNAs and associated mRNAs may lead to establish the relationship between active and HIV infection.
Structural insights into bacterial flagellar hooks similarities and specificities
Authors: Yoon Young-Ho , Barker Clive S. , Bulieris Paula V. , Matsunami Hideyuki , Samatey Fadel A.
Published: October 2016

Across bacteria, the protein that makes the flagellar hook, FlgE, has a high variability in amino acid residue composition and sequence length. We hereby present the structure of two fragments of FlgE protein from Campylobacter jejuni and from Caulobacter crescentus, which were obtained by X-ray crystallography, and a high-resolution model of the hook from Caulobacter. By comparing these new structures of FlgE proteins, we show that bacterial hook can be divided in two distinct parts. The first part comprises domains that are found in all FlgE proteins and that will make the basic structure of the hook that is common to all flagellated bacteria. The second part, hyper-variable both in size and structure, will be bacteria dependent. To have a better understanding of the C. jejuni hook, we show that a special strain of Salmonella enterica, which was designed to encode a gene of flgE that has the extra domains found in FlgE from C. jejuni, is fully motile. It seems that no matter the size of the hook protein, the hook will always have a structure made of 11 protofilaments.
Caudal migration and proliferation of renal progenitors regulates early nephron segment size in zebrafish
Authors: Naylor Richard W. , Dodd Rachel C. , Davidson Alan J.
Published: October 2016

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney and is divided into distinct proximal and distal segments. The factors determining nephron segment size are not fully understood. In zebrafish, the embryonic kidney has long been thought to differentiate in situ into two proximal tubule segments and two distal tubule segments (distal early; DE, and distal late; DL) with little involvement of cell movement. Here, we overturn this notion by performing lineage-labelling experiments that reveal extensive caudal movement of the proximal and DE segments and a concomitant compaction of the DL segment as it fuses with the cloaca. Laser-mediated severing of the tubule, such that the DE and DL are disconnected or that the DL and cloaca do not fuse, results in a reduction in tubule cell proliferation and significantly shortens the DE segment while the caudal movement of the DL is unaffected. These results suggest that the DL mechanically pulls the more proximal segments, thereby driving both their caudal extension and their proliferation. Together, these data provide new insights into early nephron morphogenesis and demonstrate the importance of cell movement and proliferation in determining initial nephron segment size.
Unravelling the fundamentals of thermal and chemical expansion of BaCeO3 from first principles phonon calculations
Authors: Løken Andreas , Haugsrud Reidar , Bjørheim Tor S.
Published: October 2016

By completely decoupling thermal and chemical expansion through first principles phonon calculations, we explore the effect of defects and ultimately reveal new fundamental insights to lattice expansion.
In situ growth of sulfide/g-C3N4 nano-heterostructures with an adjusted band gap toward enhanced visible photocatalysis
Authors: Liu Yumeng , Zhang Xiao , Wang Junpeng , Yang Ping
Published: October 2016

Zn1−xCdxS nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of g-C3N4 nanosheets through in situ growth to fabricate Zn1−xCdxS/CN efficient photocatalysts.
High-efficiency p–n junction oxide photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting
Authors: Liu Zhifeng , Yan Lu
Published: October 2016

Development of all oxide p–n junctions makes a significant advancement in photoelectrode catalysis functional materials.
Hypoxia inducible factor down-regulation, cancer and cancer stem cells (CSCs): ongoing success stories
Authors: Martin Anthony R. , Ronco Cyril , Demange Luc , Benhida Rachid
Published: October 2016

In cancers, hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is an over-expressed transcription factor, which regulates a large set of genes involved in tumour vascularization, metastases, and cancer stem cells (CSCs) formation and self-renewal.
Efficient production of citric acid in segmented fermentation using Aspergillus niger based on recycling of a pellet-dispersion strategy
Authors: Wang Baoshi , Chen Jian , Li Hua , Sun Fuxin , Li Youran , Shi Guiyang
Published: October 2016

Segmentation recycling fermentation based on a pellet-dispersion strategy to reconstruct the traditional citric acid batch fermentation process is reported.
Engineering functional alginate beads for encapsulation of Pickering emulsions stabilized by colloidal particles
Authors: Liang Hongshan , Zhou Bin , Li Jing , He Yun , Pei Yaqiong , Li Bin
Published: October 2016

Pickering emulsions are widely used as delivery systems in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries for the encapsulation and sustained release of hydrophilic compounds.
Deformation and failure mechanisms of nanoscale cellular structures of metallic glasses
Authors: Zhang J. C. , Chen C. , Pei Q. X. , Wan Q. , Zhang W. X. , Sha Z. D.
Published: October 2016

Cellular metallic glasses (MGs) can be good candidates for structural and functional applications due to their light weight, enhanced ductility and excellent energy absorption performance.
Facile synthesis of mesoporous hierarchical ZnS@β-Ni(OH)2 microspheres for flexible solid state hybrid supercapacitors
Authors: Wei Chengzhen , Cheng Cheng , Du Weimin , Ren Jiahui , Li Man , Dong Jianning , Liu Kangfei
Published: October 2016

Mesoporous hierarchical ZnS@β-Ni(OH)2 microspheres have been successfully synthesized via a facile route and exhibited good performance as electrode materials for supercapacitors.
Degradation of organic contaminants by activated persulfate using zero valent copper in acidic aqueous conditions
Authors: Zhou Peng , Zhang Jing , Liu Jilong , Zhang Yongli , Liang Juan , Liu Ya , Liu Bei , Zhang Wei
Published: October 2016

Persulfate can accelerate the corrosion of nZVC to release Cu+ in the acidic aqueous condition, and the reactive radicals were generated through the further activation of persulfate by intermediate Cu+via a Fenton-like reaction.
Cu-Catalyzed aromatic C–H imidation with N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide: mechanistic details and predictive models
Authors: Haines Brandon E. , Kawakami Takahiro , Kuwata Keiko , Murakami Kei , Itami Kenichiro , Musaev Djamaladdin G.
Published: October 2016

Dinuclear CuII–CuIIintermediate is an active catalyst for an unusual stepwise two-electron oxidation by NFSI, a regioselectivity predictive tool and a new catalyst development.
MicroRNA-9 inhibits high glucose-induced proliferation, differentiation and collagen accumulation of cardiac fibroblasts by down-regulation of TGFBR2
Authors: Li Jiaxin , Dai Yingnan , Su Zhendong , Wei Guoqian
Published: October 2016

To investigate the effects of miR-9 on high glucose (HG)-induced cardiac fibrosis in human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs), and to establish the mechanism underlying these effects. HCFs were transfected with miR-9 inhibitor or mimic, and then treated with normal or HG. Cell viability and proliferation were detected by using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and Brdu-ELISA assay. Cell differentiation and collagen accumulation of HCFs were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot assays respectively. The mRNA and protein expressions of transforming growth factor-β receptor type II (TGFBR2) were determined by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. Up-regulation of miR-9 dramatically improved HG-induced increases in cell proliferation, differentiation and collagen accumulation of HCFs. Moreover, bioinformatics analysis predicted that the TGFBR2 was a potential target gene of miR-9. Luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-9 could directly target TGFBR2. Inhibition of TGFBR2 had the similar effect as miR-9 overexpression. Down-regulation of TGFBR2 in HCFs transfected with miR-9 inhibitor partially reversed the protective effect of miR-9 overexpression on HG-induced cardiac fibrosis in HCFs. Up-regulation of miR-9 ameliorates HG-induced proliferation, differentiation and collagen accumulation of HCFs by down-regulation of TGFBR2. These results provide further evidence for protective effect of miR-9 overexpression on HG-induced cardiac fibrosis.
Transcription by RNA polymerase III: insights into mechanism and regulation
Authors: Turowski Tomasz W. , Tollervey David
Published: October 2016

The highly abundant, small stable RNAs that are synthesized by RNA polymerase III (RNAPIII) have key functional roles, particularly in the protein synthesis apparatus. Their expression is metabolically demanding, and is therefore coupled to changing demands for protein synthesis during cell growth and division. Here, we review the regulatory mechanisms that control the levels of RNAPIII transcripts and discuss their potential physiological relevance. Recent analyses have revealed differential regulation of tRNA expression at all steps on its biogenesis, with significant deregulation of mature tRNAs in cancer cells.
The Warburg effect: 80 years on
Authors: Potter Michelle , Newport Emma , Morten Karl J.
Published: October 2016

Influential research by Warburg and Cori in the 1920s ignited interest in how cancer cells' energy generation is different from that of normal cells. They observed high glucose consumption and large amounts of lactate excretion from cancer cells compared with normal cells, which oxidised glucose using mitochondria. It was therefore assumed that cancer cells were generating energy using glycolysis rather than mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, and that the mitochondria were dysfunctional. Advances in research techniques since then have shown the mitochondria in cancer cells to be functional across a range of tumour types. However, different tumour populations have different bioenergetic alterations in order to meet their high energy requirement; the Warburg effect is not consistent across all cancer types. This review will discuss the metabolic reprogramming of cancer, possible explanations for the high glucose consumption in cancer cells observed by Warburg, and suggest key experimental practices we should consider when studying the metabolism of cancer.
First-principles study on the half-metallic properties of the d quaternary Heusler compounds: KCaCBr and KCaCI
Authors: Du Jiangtao , Dong Shengjie , Wang X.T. , Zhao Hui , Wang L.Y. , Feng L.F.
Published: October 2016

With ab initio calculations, we studied the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of quaternary Heusler compounds KCaCX (X = Br and I) adopted stable and metastable phases. We found that the most stable structure is type-3 atomic arrangement configuration where K, Ca, C, and X atoms occupy (0, 0, 0), (0.5, 0.5, 0.5), (0.25, 0.25, 0.25) and (0.75, 0.75, 0.75) positions, respectively. The metastable one is type-1 configuration where K, C, Ca and X occupy (0, 0, 0), (0.5, 0.5, 0.5), (0.25, 0.25, 0.25) and (0.75, 0.75, 0.75) positions, respectively. The results show that they are half-metallic ferromagnets with integer magnetic moments of 2.0 μB at their equilibrium lattice constants. It is also found that the spin-polarization is mainly from the C-2p states. In addition, KCaCBr compound with type-1 configuration shows an electronic transition from ordinary half-metallic state to zero-gap half-metallic state with the changing the lattice parameter.
Competing ν = 5/2 fractional quantum Hall states in confined geometry
Authors: Fu Hailong , Wang Pengjie , Shan Pujia , Xiong Lin , Pfeiffer Loren N. , West Ken , Kastner Marc A. , Lin Xi
Published: October 2016

Significance

The 5/2 fractional quantum Hall state has captured the fascination of the scientific and nonscientific community, because of proposals to use it for quantum computation. These proposals have been based on the premise that the quasiparticles in this state have non-Abelian statistics. Experiments supporting both Abelian 5/2 state and non-Abelian 5/2 state have been reported, and no consensus has been reached. Using measurements of tunneling between edge states, we suggest that both the Abelian and non-Abelian states can be stable in the same device but under different conditions. Our discovery resolves the inconsistencies between existing experiments. More importantly, the knowledge of the competition between ground states is important for maintaining non-Abelian statistics in application to topological quantum computation.
Improved properties of friction stir-welded AZ31 magnesium alloy by post-weld heat treatment
Authors: Wang G. , Yan Z. , Zhang H. , Zhang X. , Liu F. , Wang X. , Su Y.
Published: October 2016

Mechanical properties and microstructure of friction stir-welded AZ31 based on variety post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) temperatures were evaluated, and an optimal PWHT condition was identified. At rotational speed of 1200 rev min−1 and welding speed of 300 mm min−1, the average yield tensile, tensile strength and elongation of friction stir-welded joints was 92.5 MPa, 199.1 MPa and 7.3%, respectively. It was found that (300°C – 1 h) heat treatment after welding was more beneficial than other heat treatments in enhancing the mechanical properties and homogenising grain size. The maximum yield and tensile strength was 139.9 and 238.4 MPa, respectively, tensile longitudinal and compressive transverse residual stress could be effectively eliminated, and the fatigue strength increased 34.2% comparing with as-welded joints.
Decomposition in a non-concatenated morphological structure involves more than just the roots: Evidence from fast priming
Authors: Deutsch Avital , Velan Hadas , Michaly Tamar
Published: October 2016

Complex words in Hebrew are composed of two non-concatenated morphemes: a consonantal root embedded in a nominal or verbal word-pattern morpho-phonological unit made up of vowels or vowels and consonants. Research on written-word recognition has revealed a robust effect of the roots and the verbal-patterns, but not of the nominal-patterns, on word recognition. These findings suggest that the Hebrew lexicon is organized and accessed via roots. We explored the hypothesis that the absence of a nominal-pattern effect reflects methodological limitations of the experimental paradigms used in previous studies. Specifically, the potential facilitative effect induced by a shared nominal-pattern was counteracted by an interference effect induced by the competition between the roots of two words derived from different roots but with the same nominal-pattern. In the current study, a fast-priming paradigm for sentence reading and a “delayed-letters” procedure were used to isolate the initial effect of nominal-patterns on lexical access. The results, based on eye-fixation latency, demonstrated a facilitatory effect induced by nominal-pattern primes relative to orthographic control primes when presented for 33 or 42 ms. The results are discussed in relation to the role of the word-pattern as an organizing principle of the Hebrew lexicon, together with the roots.
2. Civil jurisdiction
Authors: Hill Jonathan
Published: October 2016

This chapter addresses the English court's jurisdiction other than in family law matters and excluding a few other kinds of proceedings. There are two types of claim which may be commenced in England: claims in personam and admiralty claims in rem. A claim inpersonam is one in which the claimant seeks a judgment requiring the defendant to pay money, deliver property or do, or refrain from doing, some other act. A claimant who wishes to commence proceedings in personam must be able to serve a claim form on the defendant — either in England or abroad. Admiralty proceedings in rem are directed against property, usually a ship. A typical case is where the claimant has a claim against a ship-owner in respect of his ship — for example, where the claimant's cargo has been damaged as a result of the negligent navigation of the vessel. The remainder of the chapter discusses the bases of jurisdiction in personam; declining jurisdiction and staying proceedings; provisional measure designed to maintain the status quo pending the outcome of the dispute between the parties; and restraining foreign proceedings.
5. Non-contractual obligations
Authors: Hill Jonathan
Published: October 2016

Non-contractual obligations cover both tortious obligations and obligations which arise from unjust enrichment and analogous doctrines. Until relatively recently, choice of law rules formulated by the courts held sway in relation to both torts and restitution. However, the expanding role of the European Union in the field of private international law has led to Europe-wide legislation in the form of the Rome II Regulation. The Rome II Regulation lays down choice of law rules not only for tortious obligations, but also for other non-contractual obligations (arising from unjust enrichment, negotiorum gestio, and culpa in contrahendo). Because the material scope of the Regulation is limited in certain ways, the choice of law rules which preceded the entry into force of the European choice of law regime continue to apply to some common torts (in particular, defamation). This chapter discusses the Rome II Regulation, including its scope, tortious obligations, other non-contractual obligations, general provisions, non-contractual obligations excluded from the Rome II Regulation, and the interaction of non-contractual obligations and contractual obligations.
9. Property
Authors: Hill Jonathan
Published: October 2016

This chapter considers the choice of law rules for the transfer of property. The rules are structured round a number of distinctions. First, a distinction has to be drawn between movables and immovables. Immovable property, which comprises land and things attached to or growing on the land, is subject to the control of the authorities where it is situated to a much greater extent than movable property, which can be physically removed from one country to another. As regards movables, a further distinction is drawn between tangibles and intangibles. Secondly, the law distinguishes between cases involving the transfer of property on death and cases where property is transferred inter vivos. Thirdly, transfers which arise as a result of marriage should be distinguished from other types of transfer.
4. The Human Rights Act 1998
Authors: Foster Steve
Published: October 2016

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, diagram answer plans, caution advice, suggested answers, illustrative diagrams and flowcharts and advice on gaining extra marks. Q&A Human Rights and Civil Liberties offers expert advice on what to expect from your human rights and civil liberties exam, how best to prepare, and guidance on what examiners are really looking for. Written by experienced examiners, it provides: clear commentary with each question and answer; bullet point and diagram answer plans; tips to make your answer really stand out from the crowd; and further reading suggestions at the end of every chapter. The book should help you to: identify typical law exam questions; structure a first-class answer; avoid common mistakes; show the examiner what you know; make your answer stand out from the crowd; and find relevant further reading.

This chapter covers the Human Rights Act 1998, including its central provisions, its impact on the protection of human rights in the UK, and its potential repeal.
8. Prisoners’ Rights
Authors: Foster Steve
Published: October 2016

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, diagram answer plans, caution advice, suggested answers, illustrative diagrams and flowcharts and advice on gaining extra marks. Q&A Human Rights and Civil Liberties offers expert advice on what to expect from your human rights and civil liberties exam, how best to prepare, and guidance on what examiners are really looking for. Written by experienced examiners, it provides: clear commentary with each question and answer; bullet point and diagram answer plans; tips to make your answer really stand out from the crowd; and further reading suggestions at the end of every chapter. The book should help you to: identify typical law exam questions; structure a first-class answer; avoid common mistakes; show the examiner what you know; make your answer stand out from the crowd; and find relevant further reading.

This chapter covers prisoners’ rights, including their protection in domestic law and under the ECHR, and their application to matters such as the right to life, freedom from inhuman and degrading treatment, and the democratic rights of prisoners.
1. Exam Skills for Success in Criminal Law
Authors: Allen Mischa
Published: October 2016

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, and author commentary. This introductory chapter provides an overview of the nature and complexities of the criminal law and the common features of all crimes such as actus reus, mens rea, and the defences. It outlines some techniques for achieving success in both criminal law assessment and exams. The chapter notes that to achieve success it is important to exercise good study skills from the outset and learn how to manage your time well. Relevance and structure are vital. Planning answers carefully, and providing critical analysis of the issues raised are essential.
7. Defences
Authors: Allen Mischa
Published: October 2016

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, and author commentary. This chapter presents sample exam questions focusing on the defences. The chapter covers the ‘mental defences’ of insanity, automatism, and intoxication as well as the compulsion defences of duress, necessity, and self-defence.

Defences affecting the mental element can be quite similar, and there is considerable overlap. Therefore, questions on these defences need to be tackled technically and logically. The test for duress has been tightened recently, and there is considerable debate over whether the defence of necessity exists at all.
8. Secondary Liability and Inchoate Offences
Authors: Allen Mischa
Published: October 2016

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, and author commentary. This chapter presents sample exam questions on inchoate offences and accessories, along with suggested answers. The doctrine of joint enterprise is also considered. Inchoate offences and issues of accessorial liability can feature on exam papers in the form of questions dealing with discrete topics, but typically they will feature as part of a problem question dealing with a range of substantive offences. For this reason candidates sometimes fail to prepare properly to deal with these areas. There is also the fact that accessorial liability is amongst the most confusing and conceptually difficult areas of criminal liability.
Concentrate Questions and Answers Company Law
Authors: Moore Imogen
Published: October 2016

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions and coursework. Each book includes typical questions; suggested answers with commentary; illustrative diagrams; guidance on how to develop your answer; key debates; suggestions for further reading; and advice on exams and coursework. Concentrate Q&A Company Law offers expert advice on what to expect from your company law exam and coursework, how best to prepare, and guidance on what examiners are really looking for. Written by an experienced examiner, it provides: reminders of points to consider; indications of key debates for each topic; exam-length suggested answers; clear commentary with each answer; diagram answer plans; cautionary points; tips to make your answer stand out from the crowd; and annotated further reading suggestions at the end of every chapter. The book should help you to: identify typical company law exam questions; structure and write a first-class answer; avoid common mistakes; show the examiner what you know; develop and demonstrate your understanding; identify connections between topics; and find relevant and helpful further reading. As well as separate chapters on exam skills, and preparing coursework, it covers: companies and corporate personality; the corporate constitution; shares and shareholders; directors’ duties; company management and governance; minority shareholder remedies; corporate liability (contracts, torts, and crimes); share capital; loan capital; corporate insolvency; and mixed topic questions. The book is suitable for undergraduate students taking a module in company law on the LLB and GDL, and undergraduate students studying aspects of company law on other degree courses.
3. The Corporate Constitution
Authors: Moore Imogen
Published: October 2016

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions and coursework. Each book includes typical questions, suggested answers with commentary, illustrative diagrams, guidance on how to develop your answer, suggestions for further reading, and advice on exams and coursework. This chapter discusses the company’s constitution, which can be a popular area for examination questions. The chapter focuses on the company’s articles of association, considering in particular alteration of the articles and the legal effect of the articles (the ‘statutory contract’). The chapter also considers shareholder agreements, which are often used as a supplement to the company’s constitution.
6. Company Management and Governance
Authors: Moore Imogen
Published: October 2016

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions and coursework. Each book includes typical questions, suggested answers with commentary, illustrative diagrams, guidance on how to develop your answer, suggestions for further reading, and advice on exams and coursework. This chapter explores important issues in company management and corporate governance, starting by examining the role of directors and shareholders (and the relationship between them) and the separation of ‘ownership and control’. Since the early 1990s, the governance of listed companies has been dominated by self-regulatory codes (currently the UK Corporate Governance Code). This chapter examines how these codes operate and considers key themes in corporate governance, including the role of non-executive directors and auditors; the position of institutional investors; and executive remuneration.
10. Loan Capital
Authors: Moore Imogen
Published: October 2016

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions and coursework. Each book includes typical questions, suggested answers with commentary, illustrative diagrams, guidance on how to develop your answer, suggestions for further reading, and advice on exams and coursework. This chapter examines loan capital – borrowing by companies. It focuses on the legal distinction between fixed and floating charges created by companies over their assets as security for loans; the registration of charges; the priority of charges on insolvency; and the avoidance of charges under the Insolvency Act 1986.
1. Introduction
Authors: Clements Richard
Published: October 2016

This chapter advises on how to approach the subject of public law and deal with typical exam questions. Public law differs from the other compulsory law subjects in that much is not really law at all, and therefore calls for different skills in the student. To understand public law properly it helps to have some knowledge of current affairs and politics. Public Law is sometimes called constitutional and administrative law, because it looks at both the constitution of the country and the law that regulates the administration. The chapter contains advice on how to answer a problem question using Issue, Relevant Law, Application to the Facts and Conclusion (IRAC) and how to answer an essay question using Point, Evidence and Argument (PEA). Preparation for examinations is also covered. When writing an essay, it is best for students to do a rough plan first, listing the main points that they intend to cover. For a problem question, they might also include a list of the main cases. In this subject, it is important to remember that there is no right answer to an exam question, but there is a right way to approach it.
4. The Royal Prerogative
Authors: Clements Richard
Published: October 2016

The Q&A series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each chapter includes typical questions; diagram problem and essay answer plans, suggested answers, notes of caution, tips on obtaining extra marks, the key debates on each topic and suggestions on further reading. This chapter considers the royal prerogative. The questions deal with issues such as the continued existence of prerogative power; the Queen’s formal legal power; the UK government’s exercise of royal prerogative powers; the use of the prerogative in foreign affairs; and judicial review of the prerogative. Many of the prerogative powers are now exercised by the Prime Minister in the name of the Queen.
5. Parliament
Authors: Clements Richard
Published: October 2016

The Q&A series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each chapter includes typical questions; diagram problem and essay answer plans, suggested answers, notes of caution, tips on obtaining extra marks, the key debates on each topic and suggestions on further reading. This chapter presents information relating to Parliament. It looks at all aspects of how both the House of Commons and House of Lords work and how they might be reformed. The questions the chapter looks at deal with issues such as the reform of procedures and operation of the House of Commons; how newly elected MPs can influence government policy; the role of departmental select committees; parliamentary privilege; and House of Lords reform.
8. Freedom to Protest and Police Powers
Authors: Clements Richard
Published: October 2016

The Q&A series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each chapter includes typical questions; diagram problem and essay answer plans, suggested answers, notes of caution, tips on obtaining extra marks, the key debates on each topic and suggestions on further reading. This chapter is all about the freedom to protest and police powers. Freedom to protest is protected by common law, statute and the European Convention on Human Rights. The questions looked at here consider issues such as public order law; the right to protest; the right to freedom of peaceful assembly; and police powers to arrest and search on reasonable suspicion.
10. Administrative Law:
Authors: Clements Richard
Published: October 2016

The Q&A series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each chapter includes typical questions; diagram problem and essay answer plans, suggested answers, notes of caution, tips on obtaining extra marks, the key debates on each topic and suggestions on further reading. This chapter is about judicial review. This is the means by which the citizen can use the courts to ensure that a public body obeys the law. The questions in the chapter deal with issues such as the erratic development of administrative law; the procedure to apply for judicial review; the right to apply (locus standi), procedural ultra vires; natural justice; and substantive ultra vires.
11. Administrative Law:
Authors: Clements Richard
Published: October 2016

The Q&A series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each chapter includes typical questions; diagram problem and essay answer plans, suggested answers, notes of caution, tips on obtaining extra marks, the key debates on each topic and suggestions on further reading This chapter is about administrative law. The citizen may use judicial review in the courts to ensure that public bodies obey the law, but there are alternatives to the courts, such as the Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration and the tribunal system. The questions here deal with issues such as the Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration (Ombudsman); the tribunal system; and delegated legislation such as statutory instruments.
2. The Origins, Institutions, and Development of the Union and the Legislative Processes
Authors: Foster Nigel
Published: October 2016

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter presents sample exam questions along with examiner’s tips, answer plans, and suggested answers about the origins, institutions, and development of the European Union and legislative processes.
3. The Sources, Forms, and Individual Remedies of EU Law
Authors: Foster Nigel
Published: October 2016

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter includes questions on a wide variety of often overlapping points concerned with the sources of European Union (EU) law. The sources of law are the Treaties which are regarded as primary sources and secondary legislation which can be enacted by the institutions of the Union by virtue of the powers given by the Member States and which are contained in the Treaties. Additional sources of law in the EU legal order are agreements with third countries, general principles and the case law of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) establishing, amongst other case law developments, the doctrine of direct effects, supremacy of EU law and state liability.
4. The Supremacy of EU Law and its Reception in the Member States
Authors: Foster Nigel
Published: October 2016

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter presents sample exam questions along with examiner’s tips, answer plans, and suggested answers about the supremacy of EU law and its reception in Member States. Both the legal arguments for supremacy and the political logic are often considered in establishing the reasoning for EU law supremacy. The first question concentrates on the reasons for EU law supremacy from the point of view of the Union and in the view of the European Court of Justice (ECJ).
6. The Free Movement of Goods
Authors: Foster Nigel
Published: October 2016

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter presents sample exam questions along with examiner’s tips, answer plans, and suggested answers about the free movement of goods in the EU. The questions focus on charges and measures having equivalent effect, the restrictions allowed under Art 36 TFEU and the principles of law which have emerged from the case of Cassis de Dijon and subsequent cases.
7. The Free Movement of Persons
Authors: Foster Nigel
Published: October 2016

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter presents sample exam questions along with examiner’s tips, answer plans, and suggested answers about the free movement of persons in the EU. The area of law straddles three main subdivisions, comprising the free movement of workers, involving most of the secondary legislation and case law; secondly the freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services; and additionally now, Union citizenship. The chapter includes all types of questions, such as combination essay-type questions, combination problem-type questions, problem questions concerned only with the free movement of workers, an essay-type question concentrating on the free movement of professionals and questions which involve citizenship and wider free movement issues.
9. Sex Discrimination and Equality Law
Authors: Foster Nigel
Published: October 2016

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter presents sample exam questions along with examiner’s tips, answer plans, and suggested answers about EU law on sex discrimination and equality. The questions have been divided into a general question on the inclusion of sex discrimination provision in the first place; problem questions on aspects of equal pay and equal treatment; an essay question on a specific development in this area of law, which considers the overlapping area of pay and pensions and a problem on pregnancy-related matters. A new essay type question has been introduced on the expansion of areas protected by equality legislation at the end of the chapter.
Textbook on Land Law
Authors: MacKenzie Judith-Anne
Published: October 2016

Course-focused and comprehensive, the Textbook on series provide an accessible overview of the key areas on the law curriculum. Thirty years since it was first published Textbook on Land Law continues to provide an interesting, accessible, and original account of contemporary land law. The sixteenth edition builds upon the book’s unique and straightforward approach. Using a fictional case study to illustrate the key principles of land law, the chapters demonstrate the real-life applications of this often abstract subject, while clarifying complex areas and common points of confusion. The book consists of seven parts. Part I provides an introduction to estates and interests in land. Part II looks at the acquisition of estates in land. Part III considers the two legal estates of freehold and leasehold, and in particular looks in detail at the obligations of a leasehold estate, their enforcement and remedies for their breach. Part IV looks at trusts and proprietary estoppel. Part V is about licences. The next part considers third party rights and the final part concludes with a review of the law relating to the family home, and a consideration of the definition of ‘land’.
1. Estates in land
Authors: MacKenzie Judith-Anne
Published: October 2016

Course-focused and comprehensive, the Textbook on series provide an accessible overview of the key areas on the law curriculum. This chapter introduces Trant Way, a road in the fictitious town of Mousehole in the county of Stilton, which will be used throughout the book to illustrate the application of land law rules in practical situations. It also describes one of the houses along the road, Trant House, which in the story presented here has just been put up for sale. It follows a prospective purchaser who is viewing Trant House to explain what is meant by ‘owning land’. The discussions also cover topics such as tenure, estates in land (freehold and leasehold estates), and the two modern legal estates.
4. Buying a house
Authors: MacKenzie Judith-Anne
Published: October 2016

Course-focused and comprehensive, the Textbook on series provide an accessible overview of the key areas on the law curriculum. This chapter discusses the acquisition of a fee simple estate in land. It first describes the two freehold properties that are currently for sale in Trant Way, Mousehole, Stilton. It then explains two systems of title and provides an outline of the conveyancing process.
5. The contract
Authors: MacKenzie Judith-Anne
Published: October 2016

Course-focused and comprehensive, the Textbook on series provide an accessible overview of the key areas on the law curriculum. This chapter explains the contract for the sale of an estate or an interest in land. It discusses the rules for contracts made on or after September 1989; contracts made before 27 September 1989; and the use of estoppel and constructive trusts to replace part performance after the Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989. It also covers estoppel and constructive trusts; electronic contracts; effects of the contract; remedies for breach of contract; and application of the law to the sale of the freehold property, 2 Trant Way.