bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Principles of Design for Information Systems
Authors: Zimmerman Patricia J.
Published: September 2023

Three models for the design of information systems are presented: microanalytic, macroanalytic, and esoteric. Each model has characteristics which are illustrated by a discussion of systems selected from the literature. The underlying design principles of each model are identified and evaluated in terms of their effectiveness in solving the central design problem. This central problem is the encroachment of technology into areas which traditionally have been the sole domain of human thought. The result has been conflict between subconscious expectations of users and explicit system goals. The discussion emphasizes those principles of design which are most useful in identifying and resolving this conflict.
Comparing Two Algorithms for Document Retrieval using Citation Links
Authors: Bichteler Julie , Eaton Edward A.
Published: September 2023

This investigation compared the retrieval effectiveness of a one‐pass algorithm which employs a simple similarity calculation to that of the more complex multi‐pass Schiminovich algorithm. By means of lists of proposed relevant citations from users, searches on the AIP SPIN data base were conducted, resulting in two ordered lists of documents for each request. Recall/precision plots, based on user evaluations, illustrated that the average performance of the Schiminovich algorithm is marginally worse than that of the similarity algorithm. Thus, a relatively inexpensive procedure is sufficient to provide quite satisfactory document retrieval performance from citation data alone.
A Conceptual Model for Circulation Control Systems
Authors: Miller G. , Coleridge F.
Published: September 2023

Systems and procedures in libraries or any other business are based on the synthesis of business objectives, policies, activities, and management control and reporting requirements. The synthesis of these elements constitutes a model. In this paper a semimathematical model is developed for library circulation control. The authors agrue that the application of the model contributes to a more structured and yet flexible approach to library circulation management. The model includes provisions for circulation policy analysis and management, and for the recording and controlling of activities transacted at the circulation desk.
Patterns of Scientific Productivity and Social Change: A Discussion of Lotka's Law and Bibliometric Symmetry
Authors: Bookstein Abraham
Published: September 2023

This paper examines the application of symmetry principles to bibliometric laws, using Lotka's law for illustration. A general model describing scientific productivity is defined and modified to be consistent with a generalized form of Lotka's law; the model in this form is shown to be stable with regard to at least two forms of social change. Then the consequences of invariance under change of time span are investigated, and it is shown that the function occurring in Lotka's law, with an arbitrary exponent, is essentially the only one with desireable properties that is consistent with the symmetry constraint.
Problems of Thesaurus Construction
Authors: Ghose Amitabha , Dhawle Anand S.
Published: September 2023

The basic assumptions of the different methods of thesaurus construction are analyzed both from the epistemological point of view as well as from the information retrieval needs of the users. The construction of thesauri for social sciences becomes particularly difficult, because of the inherent ambiguity of the terms used in social sciences. Since the idea of a “growing thesaurus” is impracticable, it is suggested that an empirical study of the semantic differential of different sociological groups would suffice for the purpose of thesaurus construction.
Information Sciences in International Agricultural Research
Authors: April Jay E. , Hersh Gilbert N.
Published: September 2023

This paper summarizes the activities with the organized group of international agricultural research institutes and the application of information sciences to agricultural problems to implement changes that foster increased effectiveness. The activities at these institutes are classified into five associated data‐related groupings: plant improvements, production technique improvements, genetic resources conservation and utilization, library maintenance, and administration. We explain how the initiation of information science methods is being integrated into scientific areas within the institution. Although applications of information sciences are still in their infancy in international agriculture, preliminary studies indicate that the current magnitude of data problems can be effectively handled with the application of recently developed computer‐assisted tools and techniques .
Adapting direct filtration to increasing source water dissolved organic carbon using clarification and granular activated carbon
Authors: Anderson Lindsay E. , Tchonlla Manda , Earle Martin , Swinamer Ryan , Gagnon Graham A.
Published: September 2023

Changing source water quality namely through increasing natural organic matter (NOM) concentration challenges surface water treatment, especially direct filtration. We conducted a pilot‐scale assessment of various adaptation strategies (e.g., clarification, granular activated carbon [GAC] filtration) for direct filtration facilities under the stress of rising NOM levels. Recognizing that changing source water can impact broader aspects of treatment, we considered the implications of Fe and Mn removal via KMnO4 pre‐oxidation. GAC media showed promise as an adaptation strategy, providing ~60% removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and a significant reduction in disinfection by‐product formation potential (DBPfp). However, KMnO4 pretreatment showed limited Mn and Fe removal, and filters with GAC media released dissolved Mn at up to ~30% of prefilter levels. These data suggest that using GAC may come with the risk of poor Mn removal performance if Mn is not removed during pretreatment. This work highlights the complexities anticipated under emerging climate pressures and emphasizes the need for comprehensive treatment solutions that consider factors beyond NOM.
Artificial Intelligence for Quantitative Modeling in Drug Discovery and Development: An Innovation and Quality Consortium Perspective on Use Cases and Best Practices
Authors: Terranova Nadia , Renard Didier , Shahin Mohamed H. , Menon Sujatha , Cao Youfang , Hop Cornelis E.C.A. , Hayes Sean , Madrasi Kumpal , Stodtmann Sven , Tensfeldt Thomas , Vaddady Pavan , Ellinwood Nicholas , Lu James
Published: September 2023

Recent breakthroughs in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have ushered in a new era of possibilities across various scientific domains. One area where these advancements hold significant promise is model‐informed drug discovery and development (MID3). To foster a wider adoption and acceptance of these advanced algorithms, the Innovation and Quality (IQ) Consortium initiated the AI/ML working group in 2021 with the aim of promoting their acceptance among the broader scientific community as well as by regulatory agencies. By drawing insights from workshops organized by the working group and attended by key stakeholders across the biopharma industry, academia, and regulatory agencies, this white paper provides a perspective from the IQ Consortium. The range of applications covered in this white paper encompass the following thematic topics: (i) AI/ML‐enabled Analytics for Pharmacometrics and Quantitative Systems Pharmacology (QSP) Workflows; (ii) Explainable Artificial Intelligence and its Applications in Disease Progression Modeling; (iii) Natural Language Processing (NLP) in Quantitative Pharmacology Modeling; and (iv) AI/ML Utilization in Drug Discovery. Additionally, the paper offers a set of best practices to ensure an effective and responsible use of AI, including considering the context of use, explainability and generalizability of models, and having human‐in‐the‐loop. We believe that embracing the transformative power of AI in quantitative modeling while adopting a set of good practices can unlock new opportunities for innovation, increase efficiency, and ultimately bring benefits to patients.
Ethical Requirements for Human Challenge Studies: A Systematic Review of Reasons
Authors: Katzer Matthias , Salloch Sabine , Schindler Christoph , Mertz Marcel
Published: September 2023

Human challenge studies (HCS) are controlled clinical trials in which participants are deliberately infected with a pathogen. Such trials are being developed for an increasing number of diseases. Partly as a result of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, there has been a recent ethical debate about the reasons for and against HCS in general, or rather, about the requirements that individual HCS must fulfill to be ethically acceptable. A systematic review was conducted to categorize and summarize such requirements and the reasons given for them. Ethics literature was searched in PubMed, Google Scholar, BELIT, and PhilPapers; eligibility criteria were articles published in a scientific/scholarly journal (original research, reviews, editorials, opinion pieces, and conference/meeting reports). Of 1,322 records identified, 161 publications were included, with 183 requirements (with associated reasons) in 10 thematic categories extracted via qualitative content analysis. In synthesizing and interpreting the requirements and their reasons, three issues emerge as particularly sensitive in the case of HCS: the meaning of the right to withdraw from research procedures, communication of researchers with the public and various stakeholders, and the conditions of informed consent. However, four other issues, not specific to HCS, stand out as the most controversial: the acceptable level of risk to participants, payment of participants, protection of vulnerable groups, and standards for international collaborations. Controversies in these areas indicate that further debate is warranted, possibly leading to more specific instructions in ethics guidance documents.
Terrorism and child mortality
Authors: Meierrieks Daniel , Schaub Max
Published: September 2023

How does terrorism affect child mortality? We use geo‐coded data on terrorism and spatially disaggregated data on child mortality to study the relationship between both variables for 52 African countries between 2000 and 2017 at the 0.5 × 0.5° grid level. Our estimates suggest that moderate increases in terrorism are linked to several thousand additional annual deaths of children under the age of five. A panel event‐study points to economic effects that are larger and compound over time. Interrogating our data, we show that the direct impact of terrorism tends to be very small. Instead, we theorize that terrorism causes child mortality primarily by triggering adverse behavioral responses by parents, medical workers, and policymakers. We provide tentative evidence in support of this argument.
AaLaeA targets AaFla1 to mediate the production of antitumor compound in Alternaria alstroemeria
Authors: Feng Can , Zheng Wen , Han Long , Wang Jian‐kang , Zha Xing‐ping , Xiao Qing , He Zhang‐jiang , Kang Ji‐chuan
Published: September 2023

Endophytic fungi are an important source of novel antitumor substances. Previously, we isolated an endophytic fungus, Alternaria alstroemeria, from the medicinal plant Artemisia artemisia, whose crude extracts strongly inhibited A549 tumor cells. We obtained a transformant, namely AaLaeAOE26, which completely loses its antitumor activity due to overexpression of the global regulator AaLaeA. Re‐sequencing analysis of the genome revealed that the insertion site was in the noncoding region and did not destroy any other genes. Metabolomics analysis revealed that the level of secondary antitumor metabolic substances was significantly lower in AaLaeAOE26 compared with the wild strain, in particular flavonoids were more downregulated according to the metabolomics analysis. A further comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that a gene encoding FAD‐binding domain protein (Fla1) was significantly downregulated. On the other hand, overexpression of AaFla1 led to significant enhancement of antitumor activity against A549 with a sevenfold higher inhibition ratio than the wild strain. At the same time, we also found a significant increase in the accumulation of antitumor metabolites including quercetin, gitogenin, rhodioloside, liensinine, ginsenoside Rg2 and cinobufagin. Our data suggest that the global regulator AaLaeA negatively affects the production of antitumor compounds via controlling the transcription of AaFla1 in endophytic A. alstroemeria.
Preoperative prognostic nutritional index predicts survival of patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma after curative resection
Authors: Akgül Özgür , Bagante Fabio , Olsen Griffin , Cloyd Jordan M. , Weiss Matthew , Merath Katiuscha , Alexandrescu Sorin , Marques Hugo P. , Aldrighetti Luca , Maithel Shishir K. , Pulitano Carlo , Bauer Todd W. , Shen Feng , Poultsides George A. , Soubrane Olivier , Martel Guillaume , Koerkamp B. Groot , Guglielmi Alfredo , Itaru Endo , Pawlik Timothy M.
Published: September 2023

Background

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is an aggressive malignancy. We sought to examine the association between preoperative prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and long‐term overall survival among patients with ICC who underwent curative‐intent resection.

Methods

Patients who underwent hepatectomy for ICC between 1990 and 2015 were identified using an international multi‐institutional database. Clinic‐pathological characteristics and long‐term outcomes of patients with PNI ≥ 40 and <40 were compared using univariable and multivariable analyses.

Results

Among 637 patients, 53 patients had PNI < 40 (8.3%) and 584 patients had PNI ≥ 40 (91.7%). While there was no difference between PNI groups with regard to tumor size (P = .87), patients with PNI < 40 were more likely to have multifocal disease (PNI < 40, n = 16, 30.2% vs PNI ≥ 40, n = 65, 11.1%; P < 0.001), poorly differentiated or undifferentiated ICC (PNI < 40, n = 13, 25.5% vs PNI ≥ 40, n = 75, 13.1%; P = 0.020) and T2/T3/T4 disease vs patients with PNI ≥ 40 (PNI < 40, n = 38, 71.7% vs PNI ≥ 40, n = 265, 45.4%; P < 0.001). Patients with PNI ≥ 40 had better OS vs patients with PNI < 40 (5‐year OS: PNI ≥ 40: 47.5%, 95% CI, 42.2 to 52.6% vs PNI < 40: 24.6%, 95% CI, 12.1 to 39.6%; P < 0.001). On multivariable analysis, PNI < 40 remained associated with increase risk of death (HR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.15 to 2.53; P = 0.008).

Conclusion

A low preoperative PNI was associated with a more aggressive ICC phenotype. After controlling for these factors, PNI remained independently associated with a markedly worse prognosis.
A negative‐doughnut distal resection margin less than 5 mm does not affect prognosis in rectal cancer
Authors: Keranmu Adili , Liu Hai‐Ning , Wu Yu‐Chen , Liu Tao‐Tao , Li Cong , Guo Tian‐An , Liu Fang‐Qi , Zheng Hong‐Tu , Xu Ye
Published: September 2023

Aim

Many issues relating to the distal margin of anterior resection of the rectum still exist. We aimed to investigate whether negative distal resection margin (DRM) and positive DRM in the main specimen with negative doughnut has equivalent prognosis in patients with rectal cancer.

Methods

We included 287 patients with rectal cancer, including 69 cases with positive margins and 218 cases with negative margins, all of whom underwent regular follow‐up. Survival rate was calculated using Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis, while the log‐rank test was used to determine statistical difference. Prognostic factors were found using the Cox regression model.

Results

There was no significant difference in clinicopathological features between the two groups with the exception of tumor location. Positive findings in the DRM with negative findings in the doughnut resection do not affect the overall survival, local recurrence, or distant metastasis. Factors relating to resection margin, such as the length of resection, negative, or positive findings, were not found to be prognostic.

Conclusion

Given postoperative pathology results with positive DRM but negative findings in the doughnut resection, a second surgery was not necessary. Instead, adjuvant radiochemotherapy and close follow‐up will suffice.
Optimal surgical margin for infiltrative soft tissue sarcomas: Assessing the efficacy of excising beyond the infiltration
Authors: Iwata Shintaro , Araki Akinobu , Funatsu Hiroyuki , Yonemoto Tsukasa , Kamoda Hiroto , Itami Makiko , Ishii Takeshi
Published: September 2023

Background

Tumor infiltration in soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is known to correlate with an inadequate surgical margin and poor local control. This study aims to determine whether the radiological infiltration (R‐inf) in STS cor relates with histological infiltration (H‐inf) and to devise methods to determine a resection margin for infiltrative STS.

Methods

We reviewed the medical records of 145 patients with high‐grade STS. We measured the R‐inf on short‐T1 inversion recovery or gadolinium‐enhanced fat‐suppressed (GdFS) magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, we assessed H‐inf as the infiltrative growth of atypical tumor cells. The local control rate (LCR) was assessed using the Kaplan‐Meier method.

Results

A statistically significant positive correlation was found between H‐inf and R‐inf (P < 0.0001). The R‐inf obtained from the GdFS images exhibited a stronger correlation with H‐inf than that obtained from the short‐T1 inversion recovery images. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that a positive H‐inf significantly correlated with a poor LCR. Moreover, the contaminated margins, which included intrainfiltration margins, significantly correlated with a poor LCR compared with the wide margins.

Conclusions

R‐inf as assessed by the GdFS images significantly correlates with H‐inf, suggesting that we should exercise the infiltrative STS beyond their R‐infs detected by the GdFS images.
Safety of rectum anastomosis after cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy
Authors: von Breitenbuch Philipp , Piso Pompiliu , Schlitt Hans J
Published: September 2023

Background and Objectives

In highly selected patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis, cytoreductive surgery (CRS) combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) can be an aggressive but worthwhile treatment regimen. Resection of the rectosigmoid is frequently performed with CRS. The aim of the study was to assess the safety of the rectal anastomosis in this setting.

Methods

Between 2005 and 2016, 436 patients underwent CRS/HIPEC. Clinical data were analyzed with respect to the morbidity associated with a rectum resection.

Results

In 436 patients, 174 rectum resections (40%) were performed with CRS, including 149 anterior resections of the rectosigmoid, 23 low anterior rectum resections, and 2 abdominoperineal rectum excisions. A total of 141 rectum anastomoses were performed; 33 patients received a permanent ostomy, and 48 patients received a protective ileostomy. After changing the operation technique of the rectum anastomosis, the number of protective ileostomies decreased from 65% to 20%. The overall postoperative morbidity was 31%. Rectal anastomotic leakages were seen in only 5% of cases.

Conclusions

Anastomotic leakages of the rectum are rarely seen after CRS/HIPEC. HIPEC performed immediately after surgery seems to have no negative effect on the rectum anastomosis. Performing rectum anastomoses after CRS/ HIPEC appears to be a safe procedure.
Fast‐Gelling Polyethylene Glycol/Polyethyleneimine Hydrogels Degradable by Visible‐Light
Authors: Paula Carlos T.B. , Leandro Ana , Pereira Patrícia , Coelho Jorge F.J. , Fonseca Ana C. , Serra Arménio C.
Published: September 2023

The treatment of burn wounds remains a clinical challenge due to the need for repeated dressings changes. Therefore, the development of a dressing system that can be atraumatically removed from the wound bed can be considered a breakthrough and improve treatment times. In this work, the development of an injectable, fast‐gelling hydrogel is proposed that can change its mechanical properties when exposed to visible light. The hydrogels are prepared by a “click” amino‐yne reaction between poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) functionalized with propiolic acid and the amino groups of poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI). The hydrogels exhibit a fast gelation time, which can be adjusted by changing the weight percentage and molecular weight of the precursors. They also exhibit good swelling ability and adhesion to living tissues. More importantly, their mechanical properties changed upon irradiation with green light. This loss of properties is achieved by a 1O2‐mediated mechanism, as confirmed by the degradation of the β‐aminoacrylate linker. Moreover, the in vitro cell compatibility results of the hydrogels and their degradation products show good cytocompatibility. Therefore, it is believed that these hydrogels can be considered as materials with great potential for an innovative strategy for the treatment of burn wounds.
Single‐cell RNA sequencing reveals the heterogeneity and intercellular communication of hepatic stellate cells and macrophages during liver fibrosis
Authors: Cheng Sheng , Zou Yunhan , Zhang Man , Bai Shihao , Tao Kun , Wu Jiaoxiang , Shi Yi , Wu Yuelan , Lu Yinzhong , He Kunyan , Sun Peng , Su Xianbin , Hou Shangwei , Han Bo
Published: September 2023

Uncontrolled and excessive progression of liver fibrosis is thought to be the prevalent pathophysiological cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer, and there are currently no effective antifibrotic therapeutic options available. Intercellular communication and cellular heterogeneity in the liver are involved in the progression of liver fibrosis, but the exact nature of the cellular phenotypic changes and patterns of interregulatory remain unclear. Here, we performed single‐cell RNA sequencing on nonparenchymal cells (NPCs) isolated from normal and fibrotic mouse livers. We identified eight main types of cells, including endothelial cells, hepatocytes, dendritic cells, B cells, natural killer/T (NK/T) cells, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), cholangiocytes and macrophages, and revealed that macrophages and HSCs exhibit the most variance in transcriptional profile. Further analyses of HSCs and macrophage subpopulations and ligand–receptor interaction revealed a high heterogeneity characterization and tightly interregulated network of these two groups of cells in liver fibrosis. Finally, we uncovered a profibrotic Thbs1+ macrophage subcluster, which expands in mouse and human fibrotic livers, activating HSCs via PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Our findings decode unanticipated insights into the heterogeneity of HSCs and macrophages and their intercellular crosstalk at a single‐cell level, and may provide potential therapeutic strategies in liver fibrosis.
New CMS codes to support delivery of coordinated specialty care for FEP
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: September 2023

A recent move by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) to authorize team‐building codes for Coordinated Specialty Care for Early Psychosis (CSC‐EP) — an evidence‐based model for young people experiencing early psychosis — has encouraged many in the field who have said that this new approach to reimbursement could expand lifesaving service access to more individuals experiencing this condition.
APA's new racial equity fund includes $1.1 million investment
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: September 2023

Reaffirming its ongoing work toward dismantling systemic racism, the American Psychological Association (APA) last week announced the launch of its racial equity fund, along with a $1.1 million investment to support research and initiatives that strategically align with its goals outlined in their racial equity action plan, officials stated.
Massachusetts seeks commercial coverage for team‐based care
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: September 2023

The Massachusetts advocacy community is supporting legislation to mandate that commercial insurance carriers expand coverage for evidence‐based treatments with wraparound services and peer supports for young people experiencing early psychosis.
Is ChatGPT‐4 Accurate in Proofread a Manuscript in Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery?
Authors: Lechien Jerome R. , Gorton Amy , Robertson Jean , Vaira Luigi A.
Published: September 2023

ChatGPT is a new artificial intelligence‐powered language model of chatbot able to help otolaryngologists in clinical practice and research. We investigated the ability of ChatGPT‐4 in the editing of a manuscript in otolaryngology. Four papers were written by a nonnative English otolaryngologist and edited by a professional editing service. ChatGPT‐4 was used to detect and correct errors in manuscripts. From the 171 errors in the manuscripts, ChatGPT‐4 detected 86 errors (50.3%) including vocabulary (N = 36), determiner (N = 27), preposition (N = 24), capitalization (N = 20), and number (N = 11). ChatGPT‐4 proposed appropriate corrections for 72 (83.7%) errors, while some errors were poorly detected (eg, capitalization [5%] and vocabulary [44.4%] errors. ChatGPT‐4 claimed to change something that was already there in 82 cases. ChatGPT demonstrated usefulness in identifying some types of errors but not all. Nonnative English researchers should be aware of the current limits of ChatGPT‐4 in the proofreading of manuscripts.
The Feasibility and Outcome of Integra® Bilayer Matrix in the Reconstruction of Oral Cavity Defects
Authors: Mansour Jobran , Nesbitt Blaine , Khanjae Sonam , Horowitz Gilad , Amit Moran , Muhanna Nidal , Hofstede Theresa M. , Gillenwater Ann
Published: September 2023

Objective

To evaluate the feasibility, safety, and failure rate of Integra® Bilayer Wound Matrix (Integra) in the reconstruction of oral cavity defects.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

All study information was collected from a single academic tertiary care hospital.

Methods

Subjects included adult patients who underwent oral cavity resection and immediate subsequent reconstruction with Integra® Bilayer Wound Matrix at MD Anderson Cancer Center between the years 2015 and 2020. The following variables were collected: patient's demographics, comorbidities, disease stage, treatment and reconstruction modalities, and surgical outcome from the medical records. Statistical analysis included distribution analysis for all collected parameters and Pearson's χ2 tests to find correlation between variables and take rate of Integra.

Results

Eighty‐three patients underwent reconstruction with Integra® Bilayer Wound Matrix dressing. Average age was 66 years old. Thirty‐nine patients (47%) had history of previous resections for oral cavity tumors. Fourteen patients (17%) had history of radiation therapy to the Head and Neck region. Most common pathology was invasive squamous cell carcinoma (75%) followed by dysplasia (12%). Complete wound healing with good cellular integration occurred in 83 patients (96%) with only 3 failures requiring additional surgery. Reconstruction of mandibulectomy defects was associated with increased risk of dehiscence and bone exposure (0.66, P = .03).

Conclusion

This study shows promising results with high take rate of Integra® Bilayer Wound Matrix dressing in the reconstruction of various oral cavity defects. We encourage surgeons to adopt this technique as a viable and versatile option into the reconstruction ladder of oral cavity defects.
A design of experiments based on the Normal‐boundary‐intersection method to identify optimum machine settings in manufacturing processes
Authors: Gellerich Peter Anton , Majschak Jens‐Peter
Published: September 2023

Finding the appropriate machine settings for a given manufacturing process is an important issue in industrial production. A set of minimum and maximum machine settings correspond to the lower and upper quality limits that are specified for the produced product, and by this define the boundaries of all appropriate machine settings. This paper shows that these boundaries are the solution of a multi‐objective optimisation problem, which is called the optimum machine settings problem. However, for most processes there is no mathematical model of the manufacturing process available, which maps the setting parameters on the quality key figures in a way that allows to compute the optimisation problem. In this case, experiments may provide the required empirical data simultaneously while executing the optimisation procedure. Using a case study on heat sealing in industrial packaging, the paper shows, how to develop a design of experiments based on the Normal‐boundary‐intersection method (NBI), and how to generate the Pareto‐frontier by executing test according to this test plan. It addresses the specific limitations inherent in solving an optimisation problem by experiments. The behaviour of the method towards discrete and binary objectives and constraints is discussed.
Simultaneous solution of ropes and membranes on all level sets within a bulk domain
Authors: Kaiser Michael Wolfgang , Fries Thomas‐Peter
Published: September 2023

We formulate a mechanical model in the context of the finite strain theory for implicitly defined ropes and membranes, which applies simultaneously to all level sets of a level‐set function over a bulk domain. Further, a numerical method to solve this model is introduced. Tangential operators, which occur in the geometrically non‐linear model, are defined in the framework of the tangential differential calculus (TDC). The weak form of the governing PDE, which is required for the numerical simulation, is formulated using the co‐area formula. For the numerical analysis, the bulk domain is discretized with higher‐order finite elements which are conforming to the boundary but do not have to be aligned to the level sets within the domain. The resulting numerical method may be called Bulk Trace FEM. Higher‐order convergence studies of numerical examples, based on the residual error, the stored energy error, or the length/area of the deformed structures, ensure the validity of this method and confirm optimal convergence rates.
Adaptive time stepping for generalized convolution quadrature
Authors: Menon Arjun Balagopal , Schanz Martin
Published: September 2023

Through the current work, we aim to improve the boundary element method (BEM) in acoustics. The proposed adaptivity is based on a time‐domain boundary element formulation. In this setting, an elegant method for solving the acoustic problem is through the transformation of the underlying partial differential equation on to the boundary of the domain as a space–time boundary integral equation. However, accurate modeling of temporal behavior is crucial, requiring careful consideration of the time step size to ensure numerical stability and capture the dynamics of the system accurately. The boundary integral equation in the time domain has a convolution in time and the generalized convolution quadrature method (gCQ) is introduced, providing a framework for numerically evaluating the convolution integral within the boundary integral equation. The gCQ method under consideration uses a higher order time stepping method from the Runge–Kutta family. The gCQ method allows for adaptive time stepping, enabling the refinement of the time step size to focus computational resources where they are most needed. The current work shows that an approach similar to that of the ordinary differential equations can be included in the gCQ to introduce an adaptive control of the time step size in the 3D boundary element formulation. Numerical experiments are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate improved solution resolution, particularly in capturing steep changes and localized variations through the adaptive time stepping scheme. The proposed method shows promising performance, dynamically adjusting the time step size based on the evolving solution, thereby enabling efficient and accurate computations in BEM simulations of radiation phenomena.
Use of differential forms in the determination of divergence of cross products of tensors in nonlinear solid mechanics
Authors: Flajs Rado
Published: September 2023

We consider the cross product of tensors introduced by R. de Boer (1982) and used by J. Bonet et al. (2016) in describing problems from nonlinear solid mechanics. From the paper by J. Bonet et al., it appears that the cross product of tensors can be used to rearrange the mechanical descriptions and significantly simplify the expressions of selected mechanical quantities encountered in the description of mechanical problems in solid mechanics with large strains. In this paper, we derive some additional properties of the cross product of tensors, which also allow some simplifications of selected mechanical quantities. In particular, we establish a connection between the cross product of operators and differential forms introduced by M. Spivak (1971, 1999). These connections allow further generalization of some expressions. At this point, we take advantage of the important fact that the second differentials of differential forms are zeros. This fact allows further simplification of certain expressions and opens up further new possibilities in the description of mechanical problems in nonlinear solid mechanics.
Gabor's “complex signal” revisited: Complexifying frames and bases
Authors: Fink Thomas , Forster Brigitte , Heinrich Florian
Published: September 2023

In 1946, Dennis Gabor introduced the analytic signal for real‐valued signals f. Here, H is the Hilbert transform. This complexification of functions allows for an analysis of their amplitude and phase information and has ever since given well‐interpretable insight into the properties of the signals over time. The idea of complexification has been reconsidered with regard to many aspects: examples are the dual tree complex wavelet transform, or via the Riesz transform and the monogenic signal, that is, a multi‐dimensional version of the Hilbert transform, which in combination with multi‐resolution approaches leads to Riesz wavelets, and others. In this context, we ask two questions:

Which pairs of real orthonormal bases (ONBs), Riesz bases, frames and Parseval frames and can be “rebricked” to complex‐valued ones ?

And which real operators A allow for rebricking via the ansatz ?

In this short note, we give answers to these questions with regard to a characterization which linear operators A are suitable for rebricking while maintaining the structure of the original real valued family. Surprisingly, the Hilbert transform is not among them.
Modeling and estimation of the reliability of electrical components for autonomous driving
Authors: Kimmerle Sven‐Joachim , Avenhaus Rudolf
Published: September 2023

From automated to autonomous cars, a higher and higher reliability of the electrical components is required, while on the other hand the number of electrical components is continuously increasing in modern cars. Therefore for these components the estimation of a mean‐time‐to‐failure (MTTF) and a failure rate, a so‐called failure‐in‐time (FIT) rate, and the quantification of the corresponding uncertainties is crucial. The verification of the required FIT rates of less than one failure in one billion hours of lifetime is a challenge.

Risk estimates have to be determined before and within the development process of future automated/autonomous cars. However, tests in real time take too long and are too expensive. As the next step, the uncertainty quantification of networks of components as in the vehicle electric system or a battery (with cells and management systems) are to be considered as well.

This paper discusses several options for the determination of these failure rates. Following an overview we focus on the approach of experimental overstress tests and the combination of overstresses varying in time. Mathematically, the latter means a switching between different probability distributions in time. We state how to combine probability distributions that are typical for MTTF. Results for step functions in time as well as continuous changes in time of the probability distribution are presented. The main result is that the order of the temporal stresses is essential. This calls into question whether the common practice using temperature collectives is applicable here.
Numerical optimisation of damage in extrusion processes
Authors: Guhr Fabian , Gitschel Robin , Barthold Franz‐Joseph , Tekkaya A. Erman
Published: September 2023

Numerical optimisation is applied to rod extrusion in order to generate optimal parameter sets which result in reduced damage accumulation. A brief overview of academic applications for damage optimisation is given. Their restrictions are reflected upon, leading to the proposed framework utilising the commercial software Abaqus FEA, which enables optimisation of industrial problems with frictional contact. The framework is setup modularly to enable arbitrary choices of design variables, such as geometric parameters, and process parameters like friction coefficients or boundary conditions. The optimisation strategy is applied to forward hollow extrusion. Compared to forward rod extrusion, an additional design variable, that is, the mandrel radius, is introduced into the forming process, which increases the design space.
An approach to stress conversion between different deformation states for incompressible first‐invariant hyperelastic models
Authors: Buchen Stefan , Kröger Nils Hendrik , Weinberg Kerstin
Published: September 2023

To characterize generally valid hyperelastic material parameters, tensile tests at different deformation states are essential. This necessity arises from the hyperelasticity theory for incompressible materials, which is based on the first and second invariants of the right Cauchy–Green tensor. These invariants describe the elongation and surface change during a deformation process. By comparing different deformation states using the incompressibility plane of invariants, an equivalent deformation state can be determined for first‐invariant hyperelastic models. This deformation equivalence results in equal strain energy and is used to derive a method for converting stress‐strain relations of different deformation modes. The presented approach is verified and validated with experimental data.
Computationally efficient implementation of the Gauss–Newton method for solving the forward kinematics of redundant cable‐driven parallel robots
Authors: Bieber Jonas , Pallmer Steffen , Beitelschmidt Michael
Published: September 2023

Cable‐driven parallel robots (CDPRs) are parallel robots in which cables are used instead of rigid connecting elements. An important task here, as in other areas of robotics, are kinematic calculations. The state of the CDPR can be described either in Cartesian workspace coordinates as a pose or in the joint space via the cable lengths. The calculation of the cable lengths from a given platform pose is relatively simple for CDPRs. In contrast, the forward kinematics, that is, the calculation of the pose from the cable lengths, is complex due to the parallel topology and often cannot be solved analytically. In addition, CDPR systems are often designed redundantly, with more cables than Cartesian degrees of freedom. This redundancy causes that the solution of the forward kinematics can be considered as a fitting problem, where for measured cable lengths, the solution with minimum error norm is sought. In this paper, an approach based on the Gauss–Newton method is presented. It is described how a computationally efficient implementation is possible when using quaternions under consideration of the unit quaternion constraints.
Identifying microstructural properties of paper
Authors: Kloppenburg Greta , Li Xiangfeng , Dinkelmann Albrecht , Finckh Hermann , Neumann Johannes , Simon Jaan‐Willem
Published: September 2023

Nowadays, paper is no longer used only as a writing and printing material. In addition to its use as a packaging material, it is an important substitute for products that were previously made from carbon‐based resources. Due to its high recycling potential, paper will very likely become even more important in the future. Therefore, it is essential to know the structure and performance and to know how to influence them depending on the application. One key aspect is the distribution of the fibers in the paper. It has a great influence on the load‐bearing capacity of different directions and on the strength of the product. Forty samples of a three‐layer paperboard were examined for their fiber distribution. For this purpose, X‐ray microcomputed tomography scans were performed, which provided data on the entire thickness of the paper in a nondestructive manner. The fiber orientations were described using orientation tensors. The distribution of the principal direction was analyzed and approximated with parametric probability density functions chosen on the basis of statistical tests. It was first proved that the fibers are mainly aligned in the plane. Furthermore, variations in the fiber distributions within a paper roll were found, with a larger scatter visible in the center of the paper roll.
Multiple scatter correction for single plane Compton camera imaging in nuclear decommissioning
Authors: Burger Martin , Jansen Sven , Hölzer Karsten , Kaden Thomas , Kuger Lorenz , Lösch Henry , Petrak Sybille , Rieger Tobias , Schönmuth Thomas
Published: September 2023

This paper focuses on the application of Compton cameras in nuclear decommissioning, aiming to develop efficient and affordable radiological characterization methods. Compton cameras offer advantages over traditional Anger cameras, including increased sensitivity and a larger field of view. We showcase the use of monolithic scintillation detectors in a Compton camera setup to compute two‐dimensional reconstructions of the source location of incident gamma rays. The presence of multiple scattering effects in the large, spatially non‐resolved detectors can lead to spatial artifacts in the reconstructed source activity. To address this, the paper proposes an extended forward model that accounts for double scattering interactions within a single detector element. Experimental and simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Collision dynamics of particles and bubbles in gravity‐driven flotation: A DNS investigation
Authors: Tiedemann Benedikt , Fröhlich Jochen
Published: September 2023

This paper presents a numerical method to study the collision process of mineral particles and air bubbles in flotation cells. A bubble‐resolved and particle‐modelled direct numerical simulation was performed to study the particle–bubble collision frequency for representative flotation conditions. The location of the particle collisions on the bubble surface and the particle concentration around a bubble are investigated.
Interplay of heparan sulfate chains with the core proteins of syndecans 2 and 4
Authors: Maszota‐Zieleniak Martyna , Liwo Adam , Ricard‐Blum Sylvie , Samsonov Sergey A.
Published: September 2023

We have previously shown that the extracellular domains of the four syndecans are intrinsically disordered, and adopt a wide range of conformations. We report here the building of coarse‐grained models of the extracellular domains of human syndecans 2 and 4 using small‐angle X‐ray scattering restraints. One, two or three heparan sulfate (HS) hexadecasaccharides, (IdoA[2S]GlcNS[6S])8, were attached to three serine residues of the core proteins, resulting in eight variants for each syndecan that were used for all‐atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations (0.5–1 µs). Syndecan‐4 had a larger conformational diversity than syndecan‐2, and remained extended during MD simulations in absence of HS whereas syndecan‐2 adopted more compact conformations. Their core proteins thus appeared to be structurally distinct. The HS chains also behave differently, the middle chain being more flexible in syndecan‐4, and the third chain being able to interact with the core protein regions mediating cell adhesion. The cell adhesion sites on both core proteins were flexible, with or without HS chains, the NXIP motif of syndecan‐2 being located in a particularly flexible region. In conclusion, the HS chains induce moderate changes in the conformational dynamics of both syndecans, depending on the number of HS chains and their location on the core protein, and on the core protein itself.
An updated and validated model for predicting the performance of a biological control agent for the oriental migratory locust
Authors: Finch Elizabeth A. , Li Hongmei , Cornelius Alex , Styles Jon , Beeken Joe , Cheng Yumeng , Wang Guangjun , Qiu Guiguang , Luke Belinda
Published: September 2023

BACKGROUND

The oriental migratory locust is a major crop pest across eastern and south‐eastern Asia. Metarhizium anisopliae is an effective biopesticide agent used for locust control, but its performance is temperature dependent, and thus can be more variable than chemical pesticide performance. To predict biopesticide performance for the control of the oriental migratory locust, we adapted a previous temperature‐dependent model and validated it using field trial data. To increase the applicability of this model, we explored the use of readily available temperature variables, as well as our own satellite‐derived canopy temperature variable, to run the model.

RESULTS

Compared to collected in situ temperature data, our canopy temperature variable most accurately represented the ambient temperature experienced by the locust. When the biopesticide performance model was run using this canopy temperature and compared to field trials results, the model predictions were more accurate than when the model was run with the other temperature variables. The accuracy of the biopesticide performance model was impacted by vegetation cover, but across the areas most associated with locust oviposition, growth and migration, the model predictions were satisfactorily accurate to guide biopesticide operational use.

CONCLUSION

We validated the model in six provinces in China, representing the three agro‐ecological zones largely representative of the oriental migratory locust problem areas in China, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. Whilst further validation work is needed, this model could be used in these countries to assess, at a fine spatial scale, the appropriateness of M. anisopliae for controlling the oriental migratory locust. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Collector Spacer and Doping Profile on Triple‐Barrier Resonant Tunneling Diodes
Authors: Mutlu Enes , Grygoriev Anton , Clochiatti Simone , Kress Robin , Preuss Christian , Possberg Alexander , Prost Werner , Weimann Nils
Published: September 2023

Upcoming THz applications require compact, robust, and efficient sources with high output‐power. Among electronic devices, resonant tunneling diodes are a promising candidate for THz operation. Triple‐barrier resonant tunneling diodes provide a high degree of design and operation freedom. Zero‐bias detection and THz emission are possible with the same device due to the asymmetric structure and IV curve. However, more investigations in the layer stack design are required. An investigation is presented into the effect of collector spacer thickness and doping profile in the subcollector contact region. The aim is to simultaneously optimize the RF output‐power and cut‐off frequency in triple‐barrier structures. A series of devices with different collector spacers and two distinct doping profiles are fabricated. A trade‐off between collector spacer thickness and doping profile for either higher output power or cut‐off frequency is observed. In addition, the simulation results are presented from a nonequilibrium Green's function solver implemented in Python. Herein, a need for accurate determination of the extent of the nonequilibrium region to achieve simulation results matching the IV measurements is observed.