bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Safety Topics
Authors: Mayday
Published: November 2014

ACCEPTANCE levels or performance criteria derived from impact data which may be used in the evaluation of occupant survivability in civil aircraft are contained in an advisory circular issued by the FAA. It is noted that the scientific study of human exposure to impact began during the Second World War when ejection seats were developed for high speed aircraft. After the war, the work was expanded primarily for the US military forces. The concern for automobile safety which developed during the 1950s and 1960s resulted in an expansion of studies and guidelines for the applications of these findings to Army helicopters can be found.
Safety Topics
Authors: Mayday
Published: November 2014

A Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) originally issued in 1983 proposed performance standards for floor proximity emergency escape path markings for transport category aeroplanes. It was stated that there may be a number of ways of acceptable combinations of various types of lighting that could meet the objectives of this proposal which followed on the findings of a special committee dealing with the problems of fuel spill and cabin fire protection. Related aspects of post‐crash survival were looked at, including lighting for emergency evacuation and it was recommended that additional sources of lighting be placed at a lower level in the cabin in the relatively clear air near the floor.
Current Developments in High Reliability Connector Systems
Authors: Shepherd Brian
Published: November 2014

The reliability of an electronic connector is more important now than at any time in the past. Not only has system complexity grown but operating environmental conditions are more severe and system speed has made circuits less tolerant of any interference. With “fly by wire” aircraft, and fully computer controlled communications systems, even more demanding performance is required. However system reliability is calculated, whether by MIL‐HDBK‐217B, or latest S.A.E. data, or the more traditional MTBF calculations, it is clear that connections form a key part of the total statistics. As a greater number of components have become interconnected, either by rack, module, panel, backplane, or PCB, pin counts on connectors have slowly increased. A connector which only a few years ago would have 160 ways now has 220 or 330 ways. Finally, as component sizes shrink and on‐chip integration grows there is very significant pressure to reduce the size of connectors whilst at the same time further improving reliability.
Safety Topics
Authors: Mayday
Published: November 2014

EXTENSIVE proposals recently issued by the FAA require installation of digital flight data recorders with specific parameters and/or cockpit voice recorders (CVRs) in a broad category of fixed and rotating wing aircraft. To be so equipped are aircraft operated by air carriers or commuters and in addition, certain selected smaller types operated in general aviation. Over the last few years a number of significant events have occurred that have necessitated the reconsideration of requirements. The NTSB considers that although recent rules have eliminated foil‐type flight recorders, concern is still felt about the adequacy of certain minimum standards. There is an urgent need to update the mandatory parameter list and to define new parameters, improved accuracies, range and sampling intervals.
Safety Topics
Authors: Mayday
Published: November 2014

ABOUT two years ago proposals were issued concerning improved seat standards and dynamic evaluation of transport aircraft seats. The FAA has now issued the final rule based on these proposals and has also taken into account the wide interest shown and comments received from aircraft and seat manufacturers, operators, flightcrew organizations and from US and foreign government agencies. It was proposed to upgrade the static load factors in the upward, downward and sideward direction (which had been unchanged for many years) and add an aft direction requirement. The adoption of a new dynamic test standard was also proposed which would require the demonstration of both occupant response and seat/‐restraint system structural performance. These requirements would apply only to future transport category aircraft and several comments received indicate that they should also apply to current aircraft. This will be the subject of future rulemaking procedures.
Helicopter Handling Qualities
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: November 2014

PRECISE and carefree handling and control are the qualities to be achieved in future helicopter designs and a great deal of study has been devoted to ways of achieving them. Recent conferences and reports of work undertaken on behalf of the civil and military authorities have produced evolving techniques and in some cases revolutionary ones in the ever‐more demanding environment of safe and more efficient rotary‐wing operations. It has been emphasised recently that the time is ripe for radical new approaches in the search for a reduction in the number of accidents and incidents caused by pilot error.
Safety Topics
Authors: Mayday
Published: November 2014

ISSUED by the FAA a recent notice proposes amendments to specify aircraft and equipment airworthiness standards for subsonic transport aircraft to be operated up to an altitude of 51,000 ft. The changes proposed would codify and consolidate the different high‐altitude criteria made applicable by special conditions to previously certificated subsonic transport aircraft. Unlike the special conditions, the proposed changes would establish objective standards for high altitude operations rather than address specific design features. The proposed changes also acknowledge a human physiological limit of 34,000 ft, the level above which persons not using supplementary oxygen are in serious peril.
Safety Topics
Authors: Mayday
Published: November 2014

THE inclusion of cockpit resource management in manufacturers training courses and the attitudes of pilots to increased automation on the flight deck are two subjects that have recently received increased prominence in the study of human factors in aviation. These topics together with the results of extensive research studies and the technological progress in information gathering were among areas explored at a Royal Aeronautical Society Conference which was attended by representatives from airlines, manufacturers, research and development organisations and other civil and military bodies.
Safety Topics
Authors: Mayday
Published: November 2014

Fracture of a tail rotor counterweight bearing journal and a tail rotor spindle, on two different types of helicopter, but both exhibiting fatigue initiation, are described. The first concerns a Bell 214ST which had departed from a platform and some 34 minutes into the flight and at 2,500 feet a severe high frequency vibration was felt and heard. The commander immediately initiated a gentle descent and declared his intention to seek an immediate diversion. Although the vibration was still severe at 80 knots, it had reduced slightly and the helicopter was fully controllable in level flight. When inbound to the diversion platform at a range of one n mile, a low speed (35 knots) handling check was carried out and confirmed that they still had tail rotor control. Although the vibration level had increased slightly, the descent was continued to an uneventful touchdown on the deck. Following disembarkation of the passengers it was noted that, during the shutdown, the amplitude of the vibration increased significantly before ceasing as the rotors stopped.
Safety Topics
Authors: Mayday
Published: November 2014

ONE of the most significant influences of the past decade as far as rotating wing aircraft are concerned, was the 1984 report of the Helicopter Airworthiness Review Panel (HARP). The need for such a review arose out of concern over a number of accidents in the early 1980's and the report found that helicopters are five times less safe than public transport aircraft, compared on an hourly basis. When risks per flight are compared, this difference is about halved but even so, the accident rates are significantly worse than for modern jet transports. HARP found that the percentage of accidents due to air‐worthiness causes is higher on helicopters than on fixed wing aircraft, and also, that the percentage of accidents from airworthiness causes which prove fatal, is also appreciably higher on helicopters.
Application of Bonded Composite Repair Technology to Civil Aircraft — B747 Demonstration Programme
Authors: Rarthlomeusz R,A. , Paul J.J. , Roberts J.D.
Published: November 2014

As part of a demonstration program nine bonded‐composite doublers were applied to a Boeing 747–300 aircraft in service with Qantas Airways Limited. The aim was to demonstrate the environmental durability of this type of repair, and thus the doublers were not applied to any damaged locations. This paper describes the location of the doublers, the procedures used to apply them and their status after more than two years of senvice,
A TECHNICAL LIBRARY SERVICE
Authors: BROAD S.T.
Published: November 2014

After such an inspiring address by Sir Edward Boyle and the brilliant lecture by Lord Verulam I am really left rather breathless and I expect your capacity for taking any more is almost negligible.
PUBLISHED ENGLISH TEXTS OF FOREIGN PERIODICALS
Authors: HILL E.G.
Published: November 2014

I hope that no one here thinks that I have come along today to offer an alternative to the translation pools we heard about earlier this morning. On the contrary, I think that we need more pools and bigger ones. Nevertheless, although existing translation pools can be improved the point will eventually be reached when any further increase in the size and scope of a particular pooling system will result in it becoming so unwieldy that, from the user's point of view, it will be uneconomical either in terms of the cost of maintaining and using it, or in terms of the time taken to get an answer out of the system. To delay that time as long as possible I think we shall have to try to limit the rate of growth of these translation pools. One way of doing this would be to encourage the more extensive simultaneous publication of scientific texts in several languages. There is nothing new about this type of publication. For example, foreign authors may, if they wish, submit their manuscripts for publication in the regular English‐language journals. It is also common practice to find the papers of international conferences published in several languages and most people are familiar with the multi‐language Unesco publications and journals like Progressus which have been published in several languages for many years. In general, however, this practice has tended to be haphazard, but there is a notable exception in the case of the cover‐to‐cover translations of important Russian scientific journals. Here there has been a deliberate systematic approach and now there are about seventy of these publications appearing regularly. The rate of growth of these Russian cover‐to‐cover translations has been spectacular but this, I think, is the only peculiar thing about them. In point of fact the speed with which they have been launched merely reflects the speed with which we have all become uncomfortably aware of the high status of present‐day Russian research and technical development. The Russian translation situation, therefore, should not be regarded as an isolated or unusual phenomenon, and we should be prepared to see and encourage the growth of similar translating developments with other languages. We all know how quickly yesterday's underdeveloped countries can set up important scientific and technological research establishments, and, bearing this in mind, the necessity for a massive translating programme anologous to the Russian programme in a variety of languages which, hitherto, have not been very important for the communication of scientific information, may not be too far in the future. A detailed examination of the Russian translating situation will therefore be useful and may help us to decide how best to tackle the general translating problem.
TRAINING FOR BUSINESS RECORDS WORK
Authors: THOMPSON C.H.
Published: November 2014

It is inevitable when mentioning the topic of training for a particular task for which few facilities already exist that one meets immediately the reaction—‘Is this really necessary; are we not tending to look upon every common or garden task—perhaps routine task—as one to be elevated to the rank of a specialist occupation?’ Perhaps the case may be argued that this is another instance of the so‐called modern craze for over‐specialization.
AN ECONOMIC INFORMATION SERVICE FOR MANAGEMENT
Authors: ROSS I.G.
Published: November 2014

In this paper I propose first of all to analyse the type of information required by management; secondly to give some indication of the availability of this information, both in the United Kingdom and overseas (suggesting at the same time how this information can sometimes be supplemented by the company's own effort); and finally to say something about the building up, storage and dissemination of commercial information based largely on our own practice.
The Learning Style Inventory: A Research Note
Authors: PAAddison
Published: November 2014

In a June 1998 Asian Review of Accounting: Special Education Issue article ‘Learning Styles Preferences of Accounting Students in Multicultural Cohorts’, R. Desai and D. Taylor discussed Kolb's Learning Style Inventory. This paper comments on that article. It cites Freedman and Stumpf's 1980 discussion of the Learning Style Inventory (LSI) in ‘Learning Style Inventory: Less than meets the eye.’ This article was one of the first of many criticisms, not only of the LSI‐1, but of the LSI‐11, the revised instrument issued by Kolb in 1984. Freedman and Stumpf's discussion started a debate that continues to this day. My response to research using the LSI should also involve an interactive response between reader and writer. This particular response comments on R. Desai's and D. Taylor's interpretations and cautions that some of them may be unintentionally misleading.
Palmoplantar keratosis in oculodentodigital dysplasia with a GJA1 point mutation out of the C‐terminal region of connexin 43
Authors: Kogame Toshiaki , Dainichi Teruki , Shimomura Yutaka , Tanioka Miki , Kabashima Kenji , Miyachi Yoshiki
Published: November 2014

Gap junction proteins are composed of 21 genes of the connexin (Cx) family. They play important roles in cell–cell contact by exchange of small molecules through hemichannels. Hence, mutations of Cx family genes affect various tissues of a body. The mutation of the GJA1 gene, which codes Cx43, causes oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD), commonly in an autosomal dominant manner with phenotypic variability. It has been believed that gene mutations causing truncation of the Cx43 C‐terminus is necessary and sufficient for palmoplantar keratosis (PPK) development in ODDD patients. Here, we report a case of an ODDD patient developing PPK with a GJA1 gene mutation (c.412G>A/p.Gly138Ser), which was previously reported in a case of ODDD without PPK and expected not to result in C‐terminal truncation of Cx43. This case suggests not only C‐terminal truncation, but also that a point mutation in the cytoplasmic region of Cx43 can cause PPK in ODDD patients.
Accuracy of 3D Scanners in Tooth Mark Analysis
Authors: Molina Ana , Martin‐de‐las‐Heras Stella
Published: November 2014

The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of contact and laser 3D scanners in tooth mark analysis. Ten dental casts were scanned with both 3D scanners. Seven linear measurements were made from the 3D images of dental casts and biting edges generated with DentalPrint© software (University of Granada, Granada, Spain). The uncertainty value for contact 3D scanning was 0.833 for the upper dental cast and 0.660 mm for the lower cast; similar uncertainty values were found for 3D‐laser scanning. Slightly higher uncertainty values were obtained for the 3D biting edges generated. The uncertainty values for single measurements ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 mm with the exception of the intercanine distance, in which higher values were obtained. Knowledge of the error rate in the 3D scanning of dental casts and biting edges is especially relevant to be applied in practical forensic cases.
Sex Classification Using the Three‐Dimensional Tibia Form or Shape Including Population Specificity Approach
Authors: Brzobohatá Hana , Krajíček Václav , Horák Zdeněk , Velemínská Jana
Published: November 2014

The aims of this study were to enable geometric morphometric sex classification using tibial proximal and distal sexual dimorphism and to evaluate the secular trend of tibial shape/form from the early 20th century to the present day. The study samples consisted of 61 adult tibias from an early 20th‐century Czech population and 57 three‐dimensional tibias from a 21st‐century population. Discriminant function analysis with cross‐validation was carried out to assess the accuracy of sex classification. Shape analysis revealed significant sex differences in both tibial extremities of the 21st‐century sample and in the proximal tibia of the 20th‐century population. Sex‐based divergence varied between the analyzed samples, raising the issues of population specificity and diachronic change. Classification using tibial form was more successful than using tibial shape. The highest values of correct assignment (91.80% and 88.52%) were found using the form from the early 20th Czech population.
Effects of Homeopathic Mother Tinctures on Breath Alcohol Testing
Authors: Boatto Gianpiero , Trignano Claudia , Burrai Lucia , Spanu Andrea , Nieddu Maria
Published: November 2014

In some countries, it is illegal to drive with any detectable amount of alcohol in blood; in others, the legal limit is 0.5 g/L or lower. Recently, some defendants charged with driving under the influence of alcohol and have claimed that positive breath alcohol test results were due to the ingestion of homeopathic mother tinctures. These preparations are obtained by maceration, digestion, infusion, or decoction of herbal material in hydroalcoholic solvent. A series of tests were conducted to evaluate the alcoholic content of three homeopathic mother tinctures and their ability to produce inaccurate breath alcohol results. Nine of 30 subjects gave positive results (0.11–0.82 g/L) when tests were taken within 1 min after drinking mother tincture. All tests taken at least 15 min after the mother tincture consumption and resulted in alcohol‐free readings. An observation period of 15–20 min prior to breath alcohol testing eliminates the possibility of false‐positive results.
Co‐creating Your Insight: A Case from Rural Ghana
Authors: HANOVER EVAN
Published: November 2014

As Africa becomes the next frontier for consumer innovations, researchers and designers will be faces with a challenge: how can one get deep and meaningful insights on ever‐accelerated project timetables? The following case study offers one such possibility. Drawing on work in rural Ghana, I describe my team used co‐creation as a means to generate insight, as well as iterate on concepts. Particular attention is paid here to challenges that are unique to Africa (and the base of the pyramid in general), such as how to construct a ‘third space’ for co‐creation when the participants may have no cultural referent for the roles and responsibilities inherent in a market research interaction. Once this third space was established; however, we were able to leverage storytelling and technology to rapidly and co‐creatively generate actionable insights.
Bodywork and Productivity in Workplace Ethnography
Authors: LADNER SAM
Published: November 2014

Office workers still rely on their bodies to communicate with each other, despite many decades of technology use. This Pecha Kucha explores how and in what ways office work involves people's bodies and this “bodywork” plays in productivity. I argue that technology is now able to emulate some effects of bodywork.
Trapped in Traffic: A Story about Finding Connection on the Go
Authors: MORALES NORA
Published: November 2014

While spending long hours of her everyday commuting in Mexico City traffic, capturing urban moments with her mobile camera lens and sharing them through social networks, the author reflects on emotions, inequality, beauty and time. How can someone be present and absent at the same time?, in this overwhelming traffic of people, machines, information and ideas ‘on the move’. How does each object or character defines it's own cultural geography and tempo, constructing a new pervasive mode of mobilized social inclusion and exclusion. Is this a way to avoid boredom? Or has she found a way to connect in this mobility paradigm by opening a door that has not yet been completely explored.
Business, Anthropology, and Magical Systems: The Case of Advertising
Authors: MOERAN BRIAN
Published: November 2014

Magic is one of the oldest subjects of discussion and theorizing in anthropology. From time to time, anthropologists, as well as other scholars from other disciplines, have suggested that magic is not specific to “primitive” societies, but is alive and well in contemporary industrialised societies—witness advertising. Such discussions have been more general than specific. This paper applies Mauss' theory of magic more precisely to particular examples of advertising—in particular, his distinction between magicians, magical rites, and magical representations. It also argues that advertising's system of magi—encompassing related concepts of alchemy, animism, and enchantmen—is reflected in other business practices, which have developed their own parallel and interlocking systems of magic. Certain forms of capitalism, the—fashion, for example, or finance—may be analysed as a field of magical systems.
Consulting against Culture: A Politicized Approach to Segmentation
Authors: CUCIUREAN‐ZAPAN MARTA
Published: November 2014

Because market segmentations are a familiar managerial artifact, it is easy to overlook the assumptions teams make as they construct these representations. Segmentations have become entrenched within companies because they are useful in navigating the complexity of the real world, but this generalizing tendency can also lead to stasis and misguided decision‐making. As ethnographers we encounter additional limits in how the language, categories, and beliefs embedded in a segmentation affect our work. Anthropological theory on culture and representation offers a means by which to further assess our engagement with these artifacts. Based on emerging practices in two case studies, this paper argues for a politicized approach to segmentation – a critical stance to how and why they take on power as they are circulated within organizations.
How Being rather than Doing Can Add Value
Authors: CONDON MARLISA KOPENSKI
Published: November 2014

When the currency of business is “doing,” how do we embrace “being?” When tight deadlines and budget cuts drive us, how can we pursue something you can't see or measure? How can we cultivate a culture of patience when we don't get smoke breaks anymore?

How Being Rather Than Doing Can Create Value in the Business World offers the bold proposal that business forget about filling all available time and space with action and allowing, even encouraging, time for employees to BE. Like artists who embrace white space in their work, people who take time to ruminate, to pause, will make fewer brush strokes. And those they do make they do make are that much more articulate and powerful.

Learn how to be brave and find those small moments of white space in your business life.
Collateral Revelation
Authors: RATLIFF PAUL
Published: November 2014

Our work of investigating experience is rarely directed at personal transformation. The impact we seek to create is not specific to our participants or intended for them alone, if at all.

We don't go into the field to midwife individual discovery or revelation, and this may be why we don't notice how often it happens. We change people. We change their minds, their behaviors, their understanding of themselves.

We use the tools of our trade – curiosity and empathy, questioning and watching and listening – to cultivate the conditions of discovery that serve our objectives. But what gets discovered and by whom is not bound by our intent, and what results can be surprising.

This Pecha Kucha uses the experiences of participants and practitioners to examine our role as incidental change agents and explore what this says about the value of our work.

Save entire document in MS Word with the following file name: yourlastname_EPIC‐2014‐PechaKucha_proceedings.
Digital Trust: An Analysis of Trust in the Adoption of Digital Support Services
Authors: GLAZER EMILIE , MIECZAKOWSKI ANNA , KING JAMES , FEHNERT BEN
Published: November 2014

Adoption of digital support services is mediated by varying experiences of trust. This paper deconstructs the notion of trust in technology through a design‐led research project on the long‐term adoption of a telehealth service – a context at once complex and fragile. The investigated daily experience of patients and healthcare practitioners in the UK and Germany revealed negotiations of trust that blurred boundaries between domestic and medical, and between system smartness and individual responsibility. Implications extend to the role of technology in changing healthcare landscapes, what trust means in developing digital support services more generally, and how appreciating the fragility of trust can bring both risk and hope in uncertain and evolving worlds.
Little Data, Big Data and Design at LinkedIn
Authors: NORVAISAS JULIE MARIE , KARPFEN JONATHAN “YONI”
Published: November 2014

LinkedIn's User Experience Design (UED) Research team is relatively small. The data we gather is even more drastically outnumbered. LinkedIn's design and product development process is steeped in behavioral data, real‐time metrics, and predictive models. Working alongside teams generating and focused on big numbers, our group of qualitative researchers helps decision makers understand how our products fit into members' lives, envision future experiences, and take a peek behind the numbers. We'll share how our team discovers and uses “little data” to inform and inspire, in the context of a company driven by “big data.”
Functional response, host stage preference and interference of two whitefly parasitoids
Authors: Xu Hai‐Yun , Yang Nian‐Wan , Duan Min , Wan Fang‐Hao
Published: November 2014

The functional responses of two parasitoids, Eretmocerus hayati Zolnerowich & Rose and Encarsia sophia Girault & Dodd, of whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius Middle East‐Asia Minor 1 were studied under laboratory conditions. In addition, the influence of host density and host stage on the competitive interactions between the two parasitoids, and biological control effect on whitefly were evaluated. In the functional response study, adult parasitoids were tested individually, with a conspecific or heterospecific competitor. Both Er. hayati and En. sophia exhibited a type II response to increasing host density, whether a conspecific or heterospecific competitor was present or not. Difference of searching rates and handling times between treatments suggested interference interactions existed between two parasitoid species. In the host stage preference study, two parasitoid species were jointly tested. Er. hayati had a competitive advantage over En. sophia when provided young host instars (first and second instar), whereas no advantage was found on old host instars (third and fourth instar). The biological control effect of Er. hayati and En. sophia in different introductions varied with host density. However, the effect of host instar on host mortality was not significant. These findings provide information for the practice of biological control and give better insight into how parasitoid species may coexist in diverse environments.
Spatial Distribution of Bacterial Communities and Related Biochemical Properties in Luzhou‐Flavor Liquor‐Fermented Grains
Authors: Zheng Jia , Wu Chongde , Huang Jun , Zhou Rongqing , Liao Xuepin
Published: November 2014

Grain fermenting with separate layers in a fermentation pit is the typical and experiential brewing technology for Chinese Luzhou‐flavor liquor. However, it is still unclear to what extent the bacterial communities in the different layers of fermented grains (FG) effects the liquor's quality. In this study, the spatial distributions of bacterial communities in Luzhou‐flavor liquor FG (top, middle, and bottom layers) from 2 distinctive factories (Jiannanchun and Fenggu) were investigated using culture‐independent approaches (phospholipid fatty acid [PLFA] and polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gel electrophoresis [DGGE]). The relationship between bacterial community and biochemical properties was also assessed by Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). No significant variation in moisture was observed in spatial samples, and the highest content of acidity and total ester was detected in the bottom layer (P < 0.05). A high level of ethanol was observed in the top and middle layers of Fenggu and Jiannanchun, respectively. Significant spatial distribution of the total PLFA was only shown in the 50‐y‐old pits (P < 0.05), and Gram negative bacteria was the prominent community. Bacterial 16S rDNA DGGE analysis revealed that the most abundant bacterial community was in the top layers of the FG both from Fenggu and Jiannanchun, with Lactobacillaceae accounting for 30% of the total DGGE bands and Lactobacillus acetotolerans was the dominant species. FG samples from the same pit had a highly similar bacterial community structure according to the hierarchal cluster tree. CCA suggested that the moisture, acidity, ethanol, and reducing sugar were the main factors affecting the distribution of L. acetotolerans. Our results will facilitate the knowledge about the spatial distribution of bacterial communities and the relationship with their living environment.
Incremental large and small muscle mass exercise in patients with heart failure: evidence of preserved peripheral haemodynamics and metabolism
Authors: Esposito F. , Wagner P. D. , Richardson R. S.
Published: November 2014

Aim

Doubt still remains as to whether peripheral vascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction accompanies the compromised cardiac function associated with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). The aim of this study was to examine the effect of HFrEF on the haemodynamic and metabolic responses to exercise with both a large (cycle) and a small [knee extensor (KE)] muscle mass in comparison with well‐matched healthy controls (Ctrls).

Methods

Utilizing blood sampling and thermodilution blood flow measurements, we studied incremental cycle and KE exercise in 12 patients with HFrEF (ejection fraction: 25 ± 3%) and eight Ctrls.

Results

Incremental cycle exercise in both groups [heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF): 23 ± 1 to 116 ± 10; Ctrls: 22 ± 1 to 137 ± 5 W] resulted in a similar rise in blood flow (HFrEF: 1525 ± 132 to 4216 ± 408; Ctrls: 1774 ± 161 to 4713 ± 448 mL min−1), oxygen uptake (HFrEF: 206 ± 24 to 586 ± 34; Ctrls: 252 ± 21 to 747 ± 89 mL min−1) and lactate efflux across the leg (HFrEF: 479 ± 122 to 4929 ± 1255; Ctrls: 537 ± 155 to 5776 ± 1010 mm min−1). Vascular resistance fell similarly in both groups with increasing exercise intensity (HFrEF: 66 ± 10 to 24 ± 3; Ctrls: 69 ± 12 to 24 ± 4 mmHg L−1 min−1). Incremental KE exercise also revealed similar haemodynamic and metabolic responses in both Ctrls and patients.

Conclusion

Although assessed in a relatively small cohort, these data reveal that, when compared with well‐matched healthy Ctrls, alterations in peripheral haemodynamics and skeletal muscle metabolism during exercise may not be an obligatory accompaniment to HFrEF.
Gender and age differences in parent–child emotion talk
Authors: Aznar Ana , Tenenbaum Harriet R.
Published: November 2014

This study examined gender differences in emotion word use during mother–child and father–child conversations. Sixty‐five Spanish mothers and fathers and their 4‐ (M = 53.50, SD = 3.54) and 6‐year‐old (M = 77.07, SD = 3.94) children participated in this study. Emotion talk was examined during a play‐related storytelling task and a reminiscence task (conversation about past experiences). Mothers mentioned a higher proportion of emotion words than did fathers. During the play‐related storytelling task, mothers of 4‐year‐old daughters mentioned a higher proportion of emotion words than did mothers of 4‐year‐old sons, whereas fathers of 4‐year‐old daughters directed a higher proportion of emotion words than did fathers of 4‐year‐old sons during the reminiscence task. No gender differences were found with parents of 6‐year‐old children. During the reminiscence task daughters mentioned more emotion words with their fathers than with their mothers. Finally, mothers' use of emotion talk was related to whether children used emotion talk in both tasks. Fathers' use of emotion talk was only related to children's emotion talk during the reminiscence task.
Institutional Solutions to Precariousness and Inequality in Labour Markets
Authors: Adams Zoe , Deakin Simon
Published: November 2014

It has become widely assumed that the standard employment relationship (SER) is in irreversible decline in industrialized societies. However, non‐standard and precarious work relationships often complement theSERvia labour market transitions, and are not displacing it as the focal point of labour market regulation. The co‐ordination and risk management functions of theSERcontinue to be relevant in market economies, and theSERis adjusting to new conditions. TheSERhas a complex and evolving relationship to gender and to social stratification. In the European context where theSERoriginated and achieved its clearest legal expression, institutional solutions to precariousness and inequality are being developed, the most innovative of which avoid simple deregulation in favour of integrated policy responses involving a range of complementary regulatory mechanisms.
Pancreatic cancer genomics: where can the science take us?
Authors: Graham J.S. , Jamieson N.B. , Rulach R. , Grimmond S.M. , Chang D.K. , Biankin A.V.
Published: November 2014

The incidence of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is steadily increasing and the annual death‐to‐incidence ratio approaches one. This is a figure that has not changed for several decades. Surgery remains the only chance of cure; however, only less than 20% of patients are amenable to operative resection. Despite successful surgical resection, the majority of the patients still succumb to recurrent metastatic disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutic strategies and to better select patients for current therapies. In this review, we will discuss current management by highlighting the landmark clinical trials that have shaped current care. We will then discuss the challenges of therapeutic development using the current randomized‐controlled trial paradigm when confronted with the molecular heterogeneity of PDAC. Finally, we will discuss strategies that may help to shape the management of PDAC in the near future.
Insights into genotype–phenotype correlations from CREBBP point mutation screening in a cohort of 46 Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome patients
Authors: Spena S. , Milani D. , Rusconi D. , Negri G. , Colapietro P. , Elcioglu N. , Bedeschi F. , Pilotta A. , Spaccini L. , Ficcadenti A. , Magnani C. , Scarano G. , Selicorni A. , Larizza L. , Gervasini C.
Published: November 2014

The genetic basis of Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome (RSTS), a rare, sporadic, clinically heterogeneous disorder characterized by cognitive impairment and a wide spectrum of multiple congenital anomalies, is primarily due to private mutations in CREBBP (approximately 55% of cases) or EP300 (approximately 8% of cases). Herein, we report the clinical and the genetic data taken from a cohort of 46 RSTS patients, all carriers of CREBBP point mutations. Molecular analysis revealed 45 different gene alterations including 31 inactivating (21 frameshift and 10 nonsense), 10 missense and 4 splicing mutations. Bioinformatic tools and transcript analyses were used to predict the functional effects of missense and splicing alterations. Of the 45 mutations, 42 are unreported and 3 were described previously. Recurrent mutations maybe a key tool in addressing genotype–phenotype correlations in patients sharing the same defects (at the genomic or transcript level) and specific clinical signs, demonstrated here in two cases. The clinical data of our cohort evidenced frequent signs such as arched eyebrows, epicanthus, synophrys and/or frontal hypertrichosis and broad phalanges that, previously overlooked in RSTS diagnosis, now could be considered. Some suggested correlations between organ‐specific anomalies and affected CREB‐binding protein domains broaden the RSTS clinical spectrum and perhaps will enhance patient follow‐up and clinical care.
Possible Conduit‐Matrix Water Exchange Signatures Outlined at a Karst Spring
Authors: Mitrofan Horia , Marin Constantin , Povară Ioan
Published: November 2014

During a significant flood event, reversible water exchanges may occur between a karst conduit and its adjacent porous rock (frequently designated as “matrix”): while the flood pulse rises, some conduit‐derived water is forced into the matrix; then, as the flood recedes, the same water flows back into the stream passage. The present note addresses such a karst setting in the Carpathian Mountains (Romania), where in addition, a usually stable flux of chloride originating in a natural saline inflow, was being mixed with a variable flow of karst freshwater. For that particular case, with the above‐mentioned process of matrix storage/release from storage assumedly taking place downstream of the mixing site, two distinct chemical signatures could be noticed during a flood event: an initial depletion in the spring flow chloride flux, subsequently followed by a comparable chloride flux enrichment (the depletion and the enrichment being outlined with respect to the essentially stable chloride flux value that had been noticed to persist at the spring over a long period of flow rate recession). Concomitantly with such flood‐induced fluctuations in the spring chloride flux, the spring discharge displayed, for long periods, abnormally slow variations: the latter likely indicated that the spring supply rate actual oscillations were buffered by the reversible water exchanges which took place between the karst conduit and its adjacent matrix. On the whole, these results show that conduit‐matrix water exchanges could be interpreted by simple mass balance calculations that involved fluxes of a conservative tracer (the chloride ion in that particular case).
Effect of Powder Calcination Temperature and Ceramic Post‐Treatment on the Optical Properties of Nd:YAG Ceramics
Authors: Ma Benyuan , Lu Tiecheng , Wei Nian , Lu Zhongwen , Li Feng , Chen Xingtao , Guan Yongbing , Zhang Wei
Published: November 2014

Using the raw powders synthesized via a modified coprecipitation method with the ethanol–water precipitant solvent and combined with various powder calcination temperatures, the ceramics were fabricated by dry pressing, vacuum sintering, and air annealing. The results showed that higher powder calcination temperature could promote powder crystallinity and green‐compact density, and the corresponding ceramic transmittance increased. Meanwhile, more micrometer‐sized pores emerged in final ceramic. Fortunately, these large‐sized pores did not cut the ceramic transmittance sharply. To eliminate these pores, all ceramics were post‐treated with hot isostatic pressing and re‐annealing. All post‐treated ceramics showed increasing transmittances.
Hearing the voices of young people who self‐harm: Implications for service providers
Authors: McAndrew Sue , Warne Tony
Published: November 2014

The incidence of adolescent self‐harm and suicidal behaviour has increased globally, with many adolescents repeating the behaviour. While studies indicate that large numbers of adolescents who self‐harm do not seek professional help, research focusing on barriers to help seeking from an adolescent perspective is limited. Locally, a rise in reported and unreported rates of self‐harm and a number of suspected child suicides prompted the commissioning of a research project to ascertain young people's experiences of help and support for self‐harm and how their future needs could be best met. Qualitative research, adopting an interpretive phenomenological analysis, was used to elicit narratives of adolescents engaging in self‐harm. Data were collected via 1:1 interviews with seven participants and analysed in two stages: an analysis of each individual narrative, and thematic analysis across the group. Three themes were identified: (i) cutting out the stress; (ii) stepping onto the path of help; and (iii) cutting to the chase. In conclusion, mental health nurses have a vital role in providing knowledge and support to those likely to have initial contact with this vulnerable group and to the wider population, ensuring we more effectively address the increasing use of this risky behaviour among young people.
Effect of Different Industrial Pasteurization Conditions on Physicochemical Properties of Egg‐Filled Pasta
Authors: Zardetto Stefano , Dalla Rosa Marco
Published: November 2014

The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of heat treatment using two different industrial pasteurizers (a nascent steam pasteurizer [NSP] and an inject steam pasteurizer [ISP]) on the moisture content, degree of gelatinization, color and furosine content of egg‐filled pasta samples. Moreover, a comparison of samples treated with microwave pasteurization on the packaged product was performed.

The results showed that the two pasteurization treatments resulted in significant differences in the sample properties and that all of the parameters correlated well with the thermal treatment intensity (C0) (r value ranged from 0.989 to 0.999; P < 0.05). The application of microwave heat treatment to packaged samples did not significantly alter these differences.

The NSP demonstrated lower “thermal damage” with less furosine formation in the pasta and filling; it also reduced certain positive effects, such as starch gelatinization and the presentation of yellow color in terms of hue angle.

This difference might be explained by the different apparent heat transfer coefficients observed for the two pasteurizer machines, with the higher value observed for the ISP (347 W/m2 K versus 202 W/m2 K).

Practical Applications

Pasteurization is the most important step in the industrial fresh pasta process because of its effect on the reduction of the microbial population as well as on the maintenance of the product quality and nutritional characteristics. Thus, the study on the effect of different industrial heat treatment conditions on some pasta properties can benefit the future of food pasta industry.

This research focused on the pasta modifications using different industrial pasteurizers (a nascent steam versus an inject steam pasteurizer).

Our results confirmed (1) modifications due to heat treatments and (2) correlations between the indices used to quantify the modification and thermal treatment intensity. Furthermore, the utilization of different types of pasteurizers used in industrial fresh pasta production resulted in a significant effect on pasta modifications due to different values of the apparent heat transfer coefficients. Hence, the type of pasteurization equipment used was crucial to determine the final quality of the product.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Rosemary Extract, Mint Extract and a Mixture of Tocopherols in Beef Sausage during Storage at 4C
Authors: Azizkhani Maryam , Tooryan Fahimeh
Published: November 2014

The effects of extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis (RE), Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson (ME) and a mixture of tocopherols (Toc) on microbiological parameters and lipid oxidation were investigated in beef sausages stored for 25 days at 4C. The addition of RE resulted in significant (P ≤ 0.05) inhibition of microbial growth and the lowest microbial counts were obtained in samples containing both RE and ME, indicating a possible synergistic effect. RE and its combination with Toc or ME, but especially the latter, showed the greatest antioxidative effect (P ≤ 0.05); the use of RE alone was comparable (P > 0.05) with ME and its combinations. Shelf lives of samples containing RE were almost doubled compared with the remaining samples and the best antimicrobial and antioxidative effects were obtained from the combination of RE with ME.

Practical Application

Food spoilage is considered to be one of the most important economic and health‐related matters in the food industry; thus, preservatives are used in food products to inhibit chemical deterioration and the growth of microorganisms. Concerns over the safety of some chemical preservatives and the negative consumer reaction to those perceived as being of chemical and/or artificial origin have prompted increased interest in more natural or “green” alternatives for the maintenance or extension of product shelf life. Many spices and herbs exert antioxidant and antimicrobial activities conferred by compounds present in extracts of these plants or in their essential oil fractions, some of which are classified as generally recognized as safe substances. These compounds could therefore be of considerable interest for use in the food industry as natural preservatives.
Magnetic resonance enterocolonography in detecting erosion and redness in intestinal mucosa of patients with Crohn's disease
Authors: Sato Hirokazu , Tamura Chiharu , Narimatsu Kazuyuki , Shimizu Motonori , Takajyo Takeshi , Yamashita Masataka , Inoue Yasushi , Ozaki Hayato , Furuhashi Hirotaka , Maruta Koji , Yasutake Yuichi , Yoshikawa Kenichi , Watanabe Chikako , Komoto Shunsuke , Tomita Kengo , Nagao Shigeaki , Miura Soichiro , Shinmoto Hiroshi , Hokari Ryota
Published: November 2014

Background and Aim

In Crohn's disease (CD), assessment of disease activity and extension is important for clinical management. Endoscopy is the most reliable tool for evaluating disease activity in these patients and it distinguishes between lesions based on ulcer, erosion, and redness. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is less invasive than endoscopy; however, the sensitivity of MRI in detecting lesions is believed to be lower, and whether MRI can detect milder lesions has not been studied. The aim of this study was to compare the detection ability of magnetic resonance enterocolonography (MREC) with ileocolonic endoscopy in patients with CD.

Methods

A total of 27 patients with CD underwent both MREC and ileocolonoscopy. There were 55 lesions (18 ileum and 37 colon) endoscopically detected, and the findings of MREC were compared with each ileocolonoscopic finding to determine sensitivity and specificity.

Results

For a positive lesion defined as having at least one of the following: wall thickness, edema, diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) high intensity and relative contrast enhancement (RCE) on MREC, the sensitivities were 100% for ulcer, 84.6% for erosion, and 52.9% for redness, suggesting an ability to detect milder lesions such as erosion or redness. Moreover, RCE values were well correlated with the severity of endoscopically identified active lesions.

Conclusion

MREC findings may be useful not only for evaluation of ulcers, but also for detection of endoscopically identified milder lesions in CD, suggesting a clinical usefulness of MREC for disease detection and monitoring.