bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prognostic value of ESR2 expression on adjuvant chemotherapy in completely resected NSCLC
Authors: Yu Hongliang , Gu Dayong , Qian Pudong
Published: December 2020

Background

Prognostic biomarker, which can inform the treatment outcome of adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) after complete resection of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), is urgently needed for the personalized treatment of these patients.

Patients and methods

The prognostic value of gene expression of the estrogen receptor (ER) on the effect of ACT in completely resected NSCLC was investigated in the present study. Two independent datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) with a total of 309 patients were included in this study. The prognostic value of ER gene expression on ACT’s efficacy was evaluated by survival analysis and Cox hazards models.

Results

We found a consistent and significant prognostic value of ERβ (ESR2) expression for ACT’s efficacy in completely resected NSCLC in both of the two independent cohorts. After multivariate adjustment, a significant survival benefit of ACT was observed in patients with low expression of ESR2, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.19 (95%CI 0.05–0.82, p = 0.026) in the discovery cohort and an HR of 0.27 (95%CI 0.10–0.76, p = 0.012) in the validation group. No significant benefit of ACT in the subgroup of patients with high expression of ESR2 was observed, with an HR of 0.80 (95%CI 0.31–2.09, p = 0.644) in the discovery cohort and an HR of 1.05 (95%CI 0.48–2.29, p = 0.896) in the validation group.

Conclusion

A significant survival benefit from ACT was observed in patients with low ESR2 expression. No significant survival benefit was observed in patients with high ESR2 expression. Detection of ESR2 expression in NSCLC may help personalize its treatment after complete resection.
Evolutionary algorithm using surrogate models for solving bilevel multiobjective programming problems
Authors: Liu Yuhui , Li Hecheng , Li Hong
Published: December 2020

A bilevel programming problem with multiple objectives at the leader’s and/or follower’s levels, known as a bilevel multiobjective programming problem (BMPP), is extraordinarily hard as this problem accumulates the computational complexity of both hierarchical structures and multiobjective optimisation. As a strongly NP-hard problem, the BMPP incurs a significant computational cost in obtaining non-dominated solutions at both levels, and few studies have addressed this issue. In this study, an evolutionary algorithm is developed using surrogate optimisation models to solve such problems. First, a dynamic weighted sum method is adopted to address the follower’s multiple objective cases, in which the follower’s problem is categorised into several single-objective ones. Next, for each the leader’s variable values, the optimal solutions to the transformed follower’s programs can be approximated by adaptively improved surrogate models instead of solving the follower’s problems. Finally, these techniques are embedded in MOEA/D, by which the leader’s non-dominated solutions can be obtained. In addition, a heuristic crossover operator is designed using gradient information in the evolutionary procedure. The proposed algorithm is executed on some computational examples including linear and nonlinear cases, and the simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the approach.
A tuberculin skin test survey among healthcare workers in two public tertiary care hospitals in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam Md Saiful , Chughtai Abrar Ahmad , Nazneen Arifa , Chowdhury Kamal Ibne Amin , Islam Muhammad Tauhidul , Tarannum Sayeeda , Islam S. M. Hasibul , Banu Sayera , Seale Holly
Published: December 2020

In Bangladesh, there is currently no data on the burden of latent TB infection (LTBI) amongst hospital healthcare workers (HCWs). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of LTBI and compare the prevalence among HCWs in two public tertiary care hospitals. Between September 2018 and August 2019, we conducted a cross-sectional study in two public tertiary care general hospitals. Using a survey and tuberculin skin test (TST), we assessed risk factors for LTBI, adjusting for known and plausible confounders. In addition, a facility assessment was undertaken to understand the implementation of relevant IPC measures. The prevalence of LTBI among HCWs was 42%. HCWs spent a median of 6 hours (SD = 1.76, IQR 2.00) per day and attended an average of 1.87 pulmonary TB patients per week. HCWs did not receive any TB IPC training, the wards lacked a symptom checklist to screen patients for TB, and no masks were available for coughing patients. Seventy-seven percent reportedly did not use any facial protection (masks or respirators) while caring for patients. In the multivariable model adjusting for hospital level clustering effect, TST positivity was significantly higher among HCWs aged 35–45 years (aOR1.36, 95% CI: 1.06–1.73) and with >3 years of service (aOR 1.67, 95% CI: 1.62–1.72). HCWs working in the medicine ward had 3.65 (95% CI: 2.20–6.05) times, and HCWs in the gynecology and obstetrics ward had 2.46 (95% CI: 1.42–4.27) times higher odds of TST positivity compared to HCWs working in administrative areas. This study identified high prevalence of LTBI among HCWs. This may be due to the level of exposure to pulmonary TB patients, and/or limited use of personal protective equipment along with poor implementation of TB IPC in the hospitals. Considering the high prevalence of LTBI, we recommend the national TB program consider providing preventative therapy to the HCWs as the high-risk group, and implement TB IPC in the hospitals.
Gender specific differences in COVID-19 knowledge, behavior and health effects among adolescents and young adults in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, India
Authors: Pinchoff Jessie , Santhya KG , White Corinne , Rampal Shilpi , Acharya Rajib , Ngo Thoai D.
Published: December 2020

On March 24, 2020 India implemented a national lockdown to prevent spread of the novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) among its 1.3 billion people. As the pandemic may disproportionately impact women and girls, this study examines gender differences in knowledge of COVID-19 symptoms and preventive behaviors, as well as the adverse effects of the lockdown among adolescents and young adults. A mobile phone-based survey was implemented from April 3–22, 2020 in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar among respondents randomly selected from an existing cohort study. Respondents answered questions related to demographics, COVID-19 knowledge, attitudes, and preventive behaviors practiced, and impacts on social, economic and health outcomes. Descriptive analyses and linear probability regression models were performed for all participants and separately for men and women. A total of 1,666 adolescents and young adults (18–24 years old) were surveyed; 70% were women. While most participants had high awareness of disease symptoms and preventive behaviors, there was variation by gender. Compared to men, women were seven percentage points (pp) less likely to know the main symptoms of COVID-19 (coeff = -0.071; 95% confidence interval: -0.122 - -0.021). Among women, there was variation in knowledge by education level, urban residence, and household wealth. Women were 22 pp less likely to practice key preventive behaviors compared to men (coeff = -0.222; 95% CIL -0.263, -0.181). Women were also more likely to report recent depressive symptoms than men (coeff = 0.057; 95% CI: 0.004, 0.109). Our findings underscore that COVID-19 is already disproportionately impacting adolescent girls and young women and that they may require additional targeted, gender-sensitive messaging to foster behavior change. Gender-sensitive information campaigns and provision of health services must be accessible and provide women and girls with needed resources and support during the pandemic to ensure gains in public health and gender equity are not lost.
A prospective survey of Streptococcus pyogenes infections in French Brittany from 2009 to 2017: Comprehensive dynamic of new emergent emm genotypes
Authors: Boukthir Sarrah , Moullec Séverine , Cariou Marie-Estelle , Meygret Alexandra , Morcet Jeff , Faili Ahmad , Kayal Samer
Published: December 2020

Streptococcus pyogenes or group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes diseases ranging from uncomplicated pharyngitis to life-threatening infections. It has complex epidemiology driven by the diversity, the temporal and geographical fluctuations of the circulating strains. Despite the global burden of GAS diseases, there is currently no available vaccination strategy against GAS infections. This study, based on a longitudinal population survey, aimed to understand the dynamic of GAS emm types and to give leads to better recognition of underlying mechanisms for the emergence of successful clones. From 2009 to 2017, we conducted a systematic culture-based diagnosis of GAS infections in a French Brittany population with a prospective recovery of clinical data. The epidemiological analysis was performed using emm typing combined with the structural and functional cluster-typing system for all the recovered strains. Risk factors for the invasiveness, identified by univariate analysis, were computed in a multiple logistic regression analysis, and the only independent risk factor remaining in the model was the age (OR for the entire range [CI95%] = 6.35 [3.63, 11.10]; p<0.0001). Among the 61 different emm types identified, the most prevalent were emm28 (16%), emm89 (15%), emm1 (14%), and emm4 (8%), which accounted for more than 50% of circulating strains. During the study period, five genotypes identified as emm44, 66, 75, 83, 87 emerged successively and belonged to clusters D4, E2, E3, and E6 that were different from those gathering “Prevalent” emm types (clusters A-C3 to 5, E1 and E4). We previously reported significant genetic modifications for emm44, 66, 83 and 75 types resulting possibly from a short adaptive evolution. Herein we additionally observed that the emergence of a new genotype could occur in a susceptible population having specific risk factors or probably lacking a naturally-acquired cluster-specific immune cross-protection. Among emergent emm types, emm75 and emm87 tend to become prevalent with a stable annual incidence and the risk of a clonal expansion have to be considered.
Serum Krebs von den Lungen-6 level predicts disease progression in interstitial lung disease
Authors: Ko Ui Won , Cho Eun Jung , Oh Heung-Bum , Koo Hyun Jung , Do Kyung-Hyun , Song Jin Woo
Published: December 2020

Disease progression (DP) in interstitial lung disease (ILD) is variable and difficult to predict. In previous reports, serum Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) was suggested to be useful in diagnosing and predicting survival in ILD. The aim of our study was to investigate the usefulness of serum KL-6 as a predictor of DP in ILD. Clinical data of 199 patients with ILD (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: 22.8%) were prospectively collected and serum KL-6 levels were measured. DP was defined as a relative decline in forced vital capacity (FVC) ≥ 10%, acute exacerbation, or death during follow-up. The median follow-up period was 11.1 months. The mean age of the subjects was 62.2 years, and 59.8% were male. DP occurred in 21.6% of patients. The progressed group showed lower FVC, lower diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, lower the minimum oxygen saturation during the 6-minute walk test, higher fibrosis scores on high-resolution computed tomography, and higher KL-6 levels (826.3 vs. 629.0 U/mL; p < 0.001) than those of the non-progressed group. In receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, serum KL-6 levels were a significant predictor of DP in ILD (area under the curve = 0.629, p = 0.009, and the optimal cut-off level was 811 U/mL). In multivariable Cox analysis, high serum KL-6 levels (≥ 800 U/mL) were only independently associated with DP in ILD (HR 2.689, 95% CI 1.445–5.004, P = 0.002). Serum KL-6 levels might be useful to predict DP in patients with ILD.
What factors impact student performance in introductory physics?
Authors: Burkholder Eric , Blackmon Lena , Wieman Carl
Published: December 2020

In a previous study, we found that students' incoming preparation in physics—crudely measured by concept inventory prescores and math SAT or ACT scores—explains 34% of the variation in Physics 1 final exam scores at Stanford University. In this study, we sought to understand the large variation in exam scores not explained by these measures of incoming preparation. Why are some students’ successful in physics 1 independent of their preparation? To answer this question, we interviewed 34 students with particularly low concept inventory prescores and math SAT/ACT scores about their experiences in the course. We unexpectedly found a set of common practices and attitudes. We found that students’ use of instructional resources had relatively little impact on course performance, while student characteristics, student attitudes, and students’ interactions outside the classroom all had a more substantial impact on course performance. These results offer some guidance as to how instructors might help all students succeed in introductory physics courses.
Efficient crowdsourcing of crowd-generated microtasks
Authors: Hotaling Abigail , Bagrow James P.
Published: December 2020

Allowing members of the crowd to propose novel microtasks for one another is an effective way to combine the efficiencies of traditional microtask work with the inventiveness and hypothesis generation potential of human workers. However, microtask proposal leads to a growing set of tasks that may overwhelm limited crowdsourcer resources. Crowdsourcers can employ methods to utilize their resources efficiently, but algorithmic approaches to efficient crowdsourcing generally require a fixed task set of known size. In this paper, we introducecost forecastingas a means for a crowdsourcer to use efficient crowdsourcing algorithms with a growing set of microtasks. Cost forecasting allows the crowdsourcer to decide between eliciting new tasks from the crowd or receiving responses to existing tasks based on whether or not new tasks will cost less to complete than existing tasks, efficiently balancing resources as crowdsourcing occurs. Experiments with real and synthetic crowdsourcing data show that cost forecasting leads to improved accuracy. Accuracy and efficiency gains for crowd-generated microtasks hold the promise to further leverage the creativity and wisdom of the crowd, with applications such as generating more informative and diverse training data for machine learning applications and improving the performance of user-generated content and question-answering platforms.
Residual cyst of the jaws: A clinico-pathologic study of this seemingly inconspicuous lesion
Authors: Titinchi Fadi , Morkel Jean
Published: December 2020

Objectives

Residual cysts are relatively rare inflammatory cysts of the jaws. They are essentially radicular cysts without the presence of the offending dentition. These lesions have the ability to destroy bone within the jaws without any symptoms. Moreover, they can mimic more aggressive cysts and tumours on radiographs. The aim of this study was to describe the clinico-pathological features of residual cysts in order to discern them from other cystic lesions as well as analyse their management and recurrence patterns.

Materials and methods

Sixty-four histopathologically confirmed residual cysts were analysed based on their clinical, radiological and histopathological features. Their management and follow-up were also noted.

Results

The majority of lesions presented in elderly (46.8%), edentulous patients (60.9%) and were most commonly found in the posterior regions of the mandible (51.6%). Clinico-pathological features that aided in their diagnosis included long-standing history with slow growing swelling and presence of well-defined, unilocular cystic lesion associated with previously extracted dentition. Enucleation was a successful method in the management of residual cysts with very low recurrence rate (1.6%). Two patients (3.1%) developed squamous cell carcinoma from the cyst lining.

Conclusion

Residual cysts should be high on the list of differential diagnosis when elderly, edentulous patients present with cystic lesions in the jaws compared to dentate patients (P<0.01). All lesions should by biopsied and sent for histopathological examination along with radiological correlation as they have the potential to transform into primary intra-osseous squamous cell carcinoma with devastating consequences to the patient.
Stat3 oxidation-dependent regulation of gene expression impacts on developmental processes and involves cooperation with Hif-1α
Authors: Grillo Michela , Palmer Carolyn , Holmes Nadine , Sang Fei , Larner Andrew C. , Bhosale Rahul , Shaw Peter E.
Published: December 2020

Reactive oxygen species are bona fide intracellular second messengers that influence cell metabolism and aging by mechanisms that are incompletely resolved. Mitochondria generate superoxide that is dis-mutated to hydrogen peroxide, which in turn oxidises cysteine-based enzymes such as phosphatases, peroxiredoxins and redox-sensitive transcription factors to modulate their activity. Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (Stat3) has been shown to participate in an oxidative relay with peroxiredoxin II but the impact of Stat3 oxidation on target gene expression and its biological consequences remain to be established. Thus, we created murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) that express either WT-Stat3 or a redox-insensitive mutant of Stat3 (Stat3-C3S). The Stat3-C3S cells differed from WT-Stat3 cells in morphology, proliferation and resistance to oxidative stress; in response to cytokine stimulation, they displayed elevated Stat3 tyrosine phosphorylation and Socs3 expression, implying that Stat3-C3S is insensitive to oxidative inhibition. Comparative analysis of global gene expression in WT-Stat3 and Stat3-C3S cells revealed differential expression (DE) of genes both under basal conditions and during oxidative stress. Using differential gene regulation pattern analysis, we identified 199 genes clustered into 10 distinct patterns that were selectively responsive to Stat3 oxidation. GO term analysis identified down-regulated genes to be enriched for tissue/organ development and morphogenesis and up-regulated genes to be enriched for cell-cell adhesion, immune responses and transport related processes. Although most DE gene promoters contain consensus Stat3 inducible elements (SIEs), our chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and ChIP-seq analyses did not detect Stat3 binding at these sites in control or oxidant-stimulated cells, suggesting that oxidised Stat3 regulates these genes indirectly. Our further computational analysis revealed enrichment of hypoxia response elements (HREs) within DE gene promoters, implying a role for Hif-1. Experimental validation revealed that efficient stabilisation of Hif-1α in response to oxidative stress or hypoxia required an oxidation-competent Stat3 and that depletion of Hif-1α suppressed the inducible expression of Kcnb1, a representative DE gene. Our data suggest that Stat3 and Hif-1α cooperate to regulate genes involved in immune functions and developmental processes in response to oxidative stress.
[Review] Natalie Porter and Ilana Gershon, editors. Living with Animals: Bonds across Species. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2018. 266 pp.
Authors: Woodward Wendy
Published: December 2020

[Review] Natalie Porter and Ilana Gershon, editors. Living with Animals: Bonds across Species. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2018. 266 pp. Living with Animals, as the dust jacket avers, ‘is a collection of imagined animal guides – a playful look at different human-animal relationships’. The collection has an international range from dogs in Australia, to sacrificial cattle in Madagascar, chimpanzees in West Africa, tamed hyenas in Harar, and returning birds in Buenos Aires. At the same time the reader learns more about animals in processes and places we might take for granted – training service dogs, marketing rescue dogs, introducing a gorilla into a zoo troop – or prefer to deny – dealing with pigs in a factory farm, artificially inseminating cows and horses, responding to mice and ferrets in laboratories.
The Definition of Nonhuman Animal Euthanasia
Authors:   University of Warwick, Lorenzini Daniele
Published: December 2020

Under what conditions does the killing of a nonhuman animal qualify as euthanasia? In this paper, I elaborate an original nonprescriptive definition of nonhuman animal euthanasia which avoids the conceptual confusions surrounding the use of this expression. Such a definition imposes strict limitations on the notion of nonhuman animal euthanasia. On the one hand, the nonhuman animal whose life is ended through an act that legitimately qualifies as euthanasia is normally a sentient domestic animal. On the other, the painless and merciful nature of the termination of a nonhuman animal’s life is a necessary but not sufficient condition for it to count as a genuine instance of nonhuman animal euthanasia.
The Influences of Buddhism and Development on the Well-Being of Bhutan's Street Dogs
Authors: Willetts Marion , Beck Frank
Published: December 2020

Bhutan is the only country that has implemented a nationwide capture-neuter- vaccinate-release (CNVR) program to manage its street dog population. To explore motivations for the implementation of the program and the extent to which it is successful, face-to-face interviews were conducted with representatives of all three animal sanctuaries in Bhutan that focus on the well-being of street dogs. Results suggest that Bhutan’s transition to democracy, coinciding with increases in socioeconomic development and tourism from the West, and incorporation of Buddhist teachings in its consideration of street dog management strategies guided the implementation of a nationwide CNVR program. A lack of both resources and a plan to acquire them, along with inexperience with democratic practices, however, may interfere with successful management of the program, resulting in a growing street dog population. Development in Bhutan also poses risks to the well-being of street dogs.
Pengembangan formula enteral hepatogomax untuk penyakit hati berbasis tepung kedelai dan tepung susu kambing
Authors: Rahmadanti Tia Sofa , Candra Aryu , Nissa Choirun
Published: December 2020

Background: Patients with chronic liver disease were risk to be malnourished due to malabsorption, hipermetabolic condition, and not receiving adequate nutrients orally. Diet therapy through enteral feeding based on soybean flour and goat milk flour play role as an alternative formula for chronic liver patients since it contains high Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAA) and Medium-chain Triglyceride (MCT).Objectives: to analyze viscosity, nutrient content, protein digestibility, and organoleptic properties of enteral feeding using soybean flour and goat milk flour.Methods: An experimental study using 3 distinc formula with ratio soybean flour to goat milk flour was P1(45:55), P2(50:50), P3(55: 45).  Viscosity, fat, carbohydrate content, and energy density were analyzed using One Way Anova followed by Tukey test while protein content, protein digestibility, and energy density were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis followed by Mann Whitney test. Organoleptic properties were analyzed using Friedman followed by Wilcoxon test.Results:The higher the soybean flour, the higher the formula viscosity (p=0.000) and protein (0.007). In contrast, the higher the got milk flour, the higher the fat (p=0.000), carbohydrate (p=0.000), energy (p=0.000) and energy density (p=0.013). Formula P3 has the highest viscosity (1.93±0.039 cP) and protein (9.66±0.16%), while P1 has the highest fat (27.33±0.15%), carbohydrate (65.97±0.23%), energy (1.175±3.04 kkal), energy density (1.17±0.00 kkal/ml), and protein digestibility (45.90±1.49%) among others. However, there is no effect of different formula toward protein digestibility (p=0.116). Organoleptic properties showed that the higher the got milk flour, the higher its acceptance in all aspect including color (p=0.046), flavor (p=0.000), taste (p=0.009) dan texture (p=0.002).Conclusion: P1 was the best formula due to its level of viscosity, fat, energy, protein and energy density that meet requirements according to European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN). P1 also has the highest protein digestibility, and have the highest score of all organoleptic parameters.
THE ROLE OF SELF-CONSTRUAL AND GOAL ORIENTATION ON EMPLOYEE INNOVATIVE WORK BEHAVIOR
Authors: Frislia Ernie , Handoyo Seger
Published: December 2020

Innovation is an effort to increase the companies' competitiveness in Indonesia in the era of the ASEAN Economic Community and confront the fourth industrial era. Innovative work behavior is an organization's methods to implement innovations and improve performance, excellence, competitiveness, and confront changes in the dynamic external environment. This study aims to examine the effect of self-construal and goal orientation on innovative work behavior by testing hypotheses using multiple regression analysis. Data collection in this study uses an innovative work behavior scale, self-construal scale, and goal orientation scale, an online survey method filled by 168 employees working in the manufacturing industry sectors in Indonesia. The results show that self-construal and goal orientation have a positive effect on innovative work behavior, enhancement in self-construal, and goal orientation to increase employees' innovative work behavior—the contribution of goal orientation significant higher for employees' innovative work behavior than for self-construal contributions. Individuals with goal orientations can help organizations to develop innovation through innovative work behavior.
DEVELOPMENT OF INDONESIAN WORK READINESS SCALE ON FRESH GRADUATE IN INDONESIA
Authors: Sagita Marisa Putri , Hami Azhar El , Hinduan Zahrotur Rusyda
Published: December 2020

Fresh graduates need to have work readiness as one of the essential attributes. Work readiness is a condition when fresh graduates ready to succeed in the working world. In Indonesia, studies explaining the measurement scale of work readiness are still limited. This study aims to develop a work readiness scale for undergraduates, which is beneficial for companies, universities, and fresh graduates. The research sample consists of 118 fresh graduates, with no prior work experiences. After several examinations, the scale contains 49 items. As a result, the construct validity test using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) shows that the developed instrument can measure the work readiness construct. The results of the reliability test using Cronbach's alpha coefficient is .961. This number means that the developed instrument is reliable. The analysis results show that the developed work readiness scale has good validity and reliability.
The total economic value of forest ecosystem services in the tropical forests of Malaysia
Authors: Nitanan K.M. , Shuib A. , Sridar R. , Kunjuraman V. , Zaiton S. , Herman M.A. Syamsul
Published: December 2020

Direct and indirect use of values and non-use values from forest ecosystem services perform an invaluable set of functions that cater to the needs of both living and non-living things. The values include market services obtained from timber and non-timber forest products, and non-market
services (recreation, watershed protection and conservation value) were identified as components of the Total Economic Value (TEV). However, it is difficult to assign a monetary value to all goods and services provided by the forest. Failure to conserve the national park will result in the
degradation of the forest and a reduction in the contribution of the forest ecosystem services to the community. Based on the result of this study, the TEV value of forest ecosystem services was estimated at RM 13 billion, and the estimation provides policy-relevant information for forest
management and conservation purposes in Malaysia.
A Novel Metric System to Quantify Antibiotic Consumption in Paediatric Population: A Hospital Based, Biphasic Pilot Study
Authors:   Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, Ahmed Shah Newaz , Jhaj Ratinder ,   Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, Patidar Ritendra ,   Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, Dangi Mahendra ,   Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, Malik Shikha ,   Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Indi, Sadasivam Balakrishnan ,   Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, Atal Shubham ,   Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Published: December 2020

Background: The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification / Defined Daily Dose (ATC/DDD) system recommended by World Health Organization is accepted worldwide as the standard method of quantification of drug consumption. However, owing to individual variation in body weight, the ATC/DDD system cannot be used for comparison across paediatric population. Objective: This study aimed to develop a novel metric system for standard quantification of antibiotic consumption in paediatric population. Method: The standard unit of drug quantification in adult population is DDD/100 patient days (PD). We conceived a new unit of DDD/1000 kg-days (KD) where KD is the product of the body weight and length of hospital stay of an individual patient. We simulated the quantification and comparison of drugs in a computer model of five virtual paediatric hospitals (H1 to H5, n=100, 200, 100, 100, 100 respectively). We re-applied the metric system on two, real world, hospital-based, time cohorts (TC) (TC18, n=38 and TC19, n=47) of 2 weeks each, in two consecutive years. Results: The body weights (mean±SD) in H1-H5 were 5.7±3.0, 5.7±2.8, 25.3±8.5, 20.6±11.7 and 19.8±11.4 kg, respectively. The antibiotic consumption in terms of DDD/100 PD and DDD/1000 KD in the five hospitals was 1.26, 1.20, 5.52, 4.41 and 2.00, and 2.24, 2.14, 2.22, 2.17 and 1.06 respectively. In TC18 and TC19, the mean body weight, DDD/100 PD and DDD/1000 KD were 12.24±13.17, 30.93, 20.34 and 19.51±12.28, 11.99, 6.23, respectively. Conclusion: DDD/1000 kg-days is a potential standard unit for drug quantification in paediatric population independent of weight distribution and size of the study sample. The universal application and comparison across diverse samples can generate useful information for resource allocation, anti-microbial stewardship, disease burden and drug use, and can help in taking policy decisions to improve healthcare delivery in the paediatric population.
About the Mechanism of Mammalian Erythrocytes Osmotic Stability
Authors:   Department of Cryocytology, Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine, Shpakova Natalia , Orlova Natalia ,   Department of Cryocytology, Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
Published: December 2020

The peculiarities of the effect of hypertonic shock and hypotonic stress on erythrocytes of different species of mammals (human, bull, horse, rabbit, dog, rat) have been investigated. Based on the results of correlation analysis (using the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient), the relationship between osmotic sensitivity of mammalian erythrocytes and the well-known structural and functional characteristics of these cells was assessed. The paper presents and analyzes the significant relationships. Under hypotonic stress of mammalian erythrocytes, the values of the threshold concentration of NaCl and the one of osmotic fragility were found to correlate with the size of cells (diameter). Under hypertonic shock of mammalian erythrocytes, the values of the threshold concentrations of NaCl and that of hemolysis of cells in a medium containing 4.0 mol/L NaCl correlated with the membrane permeability to water. Mammalian erythrocytes with a high value of the coefficient of diffusion water transport due to the protein channels are more resistant to hypertensive shock.
To the history of the fight against the spanish pandemic: Kyiv and Kharkiv
Authors:   Odesa National Medical University, Vasyliev К. , Vasilyeva О. ,   Sumy State University
Published: December 2020

Influenza 1918—1920 went down in history under the name of “Spanish flu”. There was a civil war in Ukraine during those years. Therefore, there is little data available on efforts to control the disease. This article made the first attempt to highlight the issue. This publication is about the Spanish disease in Kyiv and Kharkiv.
About the museum I.I. Mechnikov in Dvorichna
Authors:   Dvorichansky Center for Children and Youth Creativity, Berveno О.М.
Published: December 2020

Due to the fact that in 2020 the whole world celebrates the 175th anniversary of the birth of I.I. Mechnikov, in order to preserve and promote the spiritual culture of Slobozhanshchina and to create a chronicle of unknown pages of the history of our region that is the small motherland of the great scientist, a number of events have been held. At the initiative of Dvorichna Children and Youth Creativity Center in 2015 the museum “Our great countryman I.I. Mechnikov — the Citizen of the World “ was established and a strategic plan for its development was developed. In the process of researches a fund of museum objects and museum collections of historical and cultural content was created in accordance with the tasks set for the museum. The museum has almost 400 exhibits of the main fund. The museum offers tours for visitors of all ages. In recent years we have intensified cooperation with many higher education establishments. We are supported by scientists-followers of I.I. Mechnikov from Israel, the USA, France, Great Britain, Latvia by holding international Internet conferences. It has become a tradition to hold annual Mechnikov readings.
Lviv University Dental School during World War II
Authors:   Lviv National Medical University named by Danylo Halytsky, Hrynovets V.
Published: December 2020

The article demonstrates the development of Lviv University Dental School during World War II. The peculiarity is that during World War II 1939—1945 Lviv University School, despite significant losses, continued to function fully at the Lviv State Medical Institute.
Heart failure: historical aspects of the investigation
Authors:   Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Korzh О.М.
Published: December 2020

The history of the issue of heart failure goes back many millennia. Thus, indirect evidence of the attentive attitude of ancient doctors is associated with Hippocrates, who described such phenomena as edema of the extremities and the accumulation of fluid in the cavities, changes in the characteristics of the heart, which obviously had a direct relationship to the symptomatology of heart failure. At the present stage, pathogenetic views have been significantly developed in heart failure. First of all, this concerns the properties of contractility and relaxation of the heart muscle as key in the pathogenesis of heart failure. So, it is now accepted to distinguish between clinical and pathophysiological concepts of systolic and diastolic dysfunction. In recent years, the development of cellular and molecular biology has contributed to a deeper penetration into the essence of the processes of myocardial trophism in heart failure. There has been a transition from the systemic organ to the cellular, molecular and even genetic levels of research on the problems of heart failure.
To the issue of accuracy of determination of irradiation embrittlement coefficient
Authors:   Institute for Nuclear Research, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Chyrko L.I. , Revka V.M. , Chaikovskyi Yu.V. , Goliak M.G. , Trygubenko O.V. , Shkapyak O.V.
Published: December 2020

The paper presents the statistical analysis of experimental results of radiation-induced critical brittle temperature ΔTF shifts and reference temperatures ΔT0 obtained respectively from the impact bend and fracture toughness tests of the reactor vessel metal surveillance specimens to define the possibility of their mutual application for the irradiation embrittlement coefficient to be determined more accurately. The correlation between these parameters is shown to remain up to the accumulation of over-design fast neutron fluence.
Exclusión del ‘estudiante secundario’. Análisis multimodal en medios de Chile
Authors: Vásquez-Rocca Liliana , Manghi Dominique
Published: December 2020

This study shows how three Chilean media construct in their discourse the social actor ‘secondary students’, in a multimodal way. It focuses on the representation of Televisión Nacional de Chile (also known as TVN), El Dínamo and El Ciudadano of this social group which is often suppressed suppressed from the media sphere. It is a qualitative study with a social semiotic approach, following the guidelines of Visual Grammar and the typology of representation of social actors by van Leeuwen (2003). The corpus comprised 15 multimodal texts of 2018 compiled from internet sites, which constitute a semiotic chain of a news event about education. The results suggest that TVN creates the meaning of an ‘aggressor student’, El Dínamo as a ‘student to be reformed’; whereas El Ciudadano, represents him as a social actor who is an ‘active participant’.
Significado complexo e racionalidade ampla
Authors: Penz Yuri Fernando da Silva , Ibaños Ana Maria Tramunt
Published: December 2020

O presente texto busca corroborar conceitualmente as noções metateóricas de significado complexo e racionalidade a partir de óticas linguístico-filosóficas. Nesse sentido, o texto organiza-se a partir de quatro seções, sendo: a) seção introdutória, caracterizando o ponto de partida para o desenvolvimento do problema de pesquisa abordado; b) apresentação de fundamentos característicos de significado complexo, buscando localizar sua instanciação em teorias linguísticas distintas, relacionando-se direta ou indiretamente com a significação linguística; c) caracterização de aspectos disciplinares tipicamente envolvidos com a racionalidade ampla, circunscrevendo-a à área da ciência linguística por meio de modelos e métodos; e d) seção de conclusão, situando os conceitos de significado complexo e racionalidade ampla a partir de uma abordagem multiforme e heteromórfica em conformidade com a proposta de Metateoria das Interfaces, seção fortemente marcada por uma análise epistemológica sobre a teoria linguística.
The Influence of Student Stress on Collaborative Efforts of International Publications: The Mediating Role of Student Reward and Psychological Capital
Authors: Indartono Setyabudi , Mahfud Tuatul , Sukidjo  , Sutirman  , Susilawati
Published: December 2020

Introduction. The international publication is now a requirement for graduate students. It is part of the strategy of higher education institutions to improve their quality and compete at the global level. Hence, their intention to develop academic networks and their level of acceptance at the international level. Accordingly, this study seeks to investigate the mediation role of reward and psychological capital on stress relations and student effort for international joint publications. Materials and Methods. There are 421 master and doctoral students employed in this research. The data collected by questionnaire. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is used to analyze the data. Results. The results show that the reward and psychological capital mediate the effect of stress on the student effort for international joint publication. The overall analysis shows that stress does not affect the student effort for international joint publication. Hence the mediation analysis is necessary for explaining the evidence of the stress-effort relationship. The reward is found significantly mediated by the stress-effort relationship and stress-psychological relationship, and the psychological shows a significant effect on the reward-effort relationship. The model of this study represents the joint mediation effect of rewards and psychological capital on the stress-effort relationship in the satisfactorily model of compliance. Discussion and Conclusion. This finding makes researchers develop the integrated behavioral model of stress-effort relationship by using various behavioral mechanisms in order to extend student achievement on international publication.
Features of Coping Strategies among Teachers with Various Teaching Experience and Speciality
Authors: Kiseleva Anastasia A. , Kuzmin Mikhail Y. , Kozlov Vladimir V.
Published: December 2020

Introduction. The choice of coping behavior strategies is a factor in increasing the efficiency of professional activities of educators. Despite the large number of publications on this topic, there is a lack of research on teachers’ choice factors regarding coping strategies. The authors suggest that the choice of coping strategies is determined not only by the teaching experience, but also by the special subject a teacher has to teach. Materials and Methods. The methods, used in the study are the following: Ways of Coping by R. Lazarus and S. Folkman and Questionnaire by E. Heim. The survey group was 475 teaching employees with various lengths of teaching experience and teaching specialities. For statistical processing, MANOVA, the Kruskal-Wallis H-test, and the χ² criterion were used. Results. In the course of analysis of variance, it was found that the choice of preferred coping strategies depends not only on the length of teaching experience, but also on the speciality area taught. This refers to both specific strategies (Distancing, Self-control and Positive Revaluation) and productive, relatively productive and unproductive strategies in general. Based on the severity of coping behavior strategies, two groups of pedagogical workers were identified: with a more evident (preschool educators, psychologists and subject teachers) and less evident (primary school teachers and teachers of additional education) coping strategies. Discussion and Conclusion. The specificity of the choice of both productive and unproductive strategies for coping behavior is determined not only by the length of teaching experience, but also by the specialization taught. The authors have highlighted coping strategies that are most typical for various groups of teaching staff. The results obtained can be useful for educational psychologists who provide psychological support for teams of educational organizations. The revealed specificity of coping behavior of teaching staff can serve as a basis for the development of preventive measures to offset professional burnout.
Nation-state, Education and the Fabrication of National-Minded Citizens (Introduction)
Authors: Tröhler Daniel
Published: December 2020

This Special Issue is dedicated to a social phenomenon that can deliver so muchimpact precisely because it is largely ignored: Nationalism, and more specificallyeveryday or banal nationalism and its relationship to education. Concerned peopleand researchers often discuss globalization or its supposed opposite, aggressive andostentatious nationalism. They usually do this as moralists, and it is precisely in thisrole that they always point to others, other perpetrators and other victims, but neveractually to themselves. The history of the last 200 years has shown how stronglynationalism creates identities, which, not least – and not coincidentally –, havebecome extremely visible again just now as mankind has had to fight a global virus,Covid-19. Under the motto, “Looking away is useless,” this Special Issue is devotedto the question of the extent to which modern education with its institutions,strategies and practices is related to the discursive reproduction of nationalismas an identity-generating cultural thesis about belonging. While the contributionscollected here present individual case studies, the introduction first aims at definingbasic concepts such as “nation,” “state” and “nation-state.” On this basis, approachesto educationally relevant research on nationalism will be discussed, such as thenotion of nation as “second nature” of man, the idea of “doing nation” borrowedfrom gender studies, or, finally – with specific reference to the curricula – thedevelopment of “national literacies” as core effects on modern schooling.Key words: curriculum; doing nation; globalization; national identity; nationalliteracy.
Regional variation in Ghanaian Student Pidgin
Authors: Hampel Elisabeth
Published: December 2020

Student Pidgin (SP) is an African youth language practice among Ghanaian students and graduates. It originated in cities along the Ghanaian coast, where most empirical research on SP has been conducted so far. Little is known about the use of SP in other regions of the country. The present paper aims to fill that research gap by comparing reported use and language attitudes of students in Ghana’s two largest cities, the capital Accra and Kumasi, capital of the Ashanti region. The cities have a comparable number of inhabitants, but are located in different regions of Ghana. Over two hundred high school and university students answered a written questionnaire or participated in qualitative interviews. The results show significant regional differences both in reported use and attitudes towards the youth language, which can be explained by the different language ecologies of Kumasi and Accra.
Situar a hiperatividade e déficit de atenção em Portugal: dimensões sociais, históricas e éticas de um tema emergente na saúde global
Authors: Filipe Angela Marques
Published: December 2020

A perturbação de hiperatividade e déficit de atenção (PHDA) é considerada um dos problemas de comportamento e neurodesenvolvimento mais frequentes nas crianças e adolescentes em idade escolar, tanto em Portugal como a nível mundial. Além disso, a categorização diagnóstica da PHDA e a prescrição de psicoestimulantes como tratamento de primeira linha têm sido não só objeto de pesquisa científica e validação clínica, mas também alvo de polêmica e crítica social, sobretudo à luz do conceito de medicalização. Apesar do seu aspecto midiático e relevância em domínios tão diversos quanto os da educação, do medicamento, da saúde mental e dos apoios psicossociais, existe uma lacuna profunda na caracterização das dimensões históricas, socioéticas e institucionais da PHDA em Portugal. Aliando dados historiográficos e etnográficos à análise documental e da mídia, este artigo procura responder a esse desafio, traçando a trajetória social da PHDA neste país - desde a emergência da “hiperatividade” nos anos 1970/1980 ao debate público e político sobre a prescrição de psicoestimulantes. Dessa perspectiva interdisciplinar e por meio do estudo do caso português, procura contextualizar-se a definição, validação e ampliação da PHDA como parte de um processo dinâmico e socialmente situado na interseção de sistemas diagnósticos e farmacêuticos globais, contingências institucionais e socioeconômicas e, ainda, políticas públicas e especificidades locais. Discute-se, por fim, a forma como o caso da PHDA em Portugal contribui para o desenvolvimento de novas linhas de reflexão e de pesquisa interdisciplinar que permitem repensar o escopo social da saúde mental e da saúde global.