bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hollow silicon microneedle fabrication using advanced plasma etch technologies for applications in transdermal drug delivery
Authors: Bolton Chris J. W. , Howells Olivia , Blayney Gareth J. , Eng Pey F. , Birchall James C. , Gualeni Benedetta , Roberts Kerry , Ashraf Huma , Guy Owen J.
Published: July 2020

A novel production process flow is presented for the manufacture of hollow silicon microneedles using deep reactive-ion etching (DRIE) technology.
P2S2-Bridged binuclear metal carbonyls from dimerization of coordinated thiophosphoryl groups: a theoretical study
Authors: Zhang Zhong , Chen Zuqing , Yang Zhipeng , Wang Jianping , Pu Liang , Zhao Lingzhi , King R. Bruce
Published: July 2020

Theoretical studies indicate the complexes M(CO)n(PS) with bent 1-e/2-e donor PS groups to be unstable for giving the stable M(CO)n−1(PS) with linear 3-e donor PS groups. In addition, only Mn2(CO)8(P2S2) is energetically viable from the Mn(CO)4(PS).
Application of organic field-effect transistors in memory
Authors: Zhu Zhiheng , Guo Yunlong , Liu Yunqi
Published: July 2020

Functional organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have developed rapidly, especially OFETs with memory function. We make a comprehensive summary of the background, memory mechanism, structure construction and memory applications based on OFETs.
Electrophilic fluoroalkylthiolation induced diastereoselective and stereospecific 1,2-metalate migration of alkenylboronate complexes
Authors: Shen Feng , Lu Long , Shen Qilong
Published: July 2020

A transition metal free process for conjunctive functionalization of alkenylboron ate-complexes with electrophilic fluoroalkylthiolating reagents affords β-tri- and difluoroalkylthiolated boronic esters in good yield and diastereoselectivity.
Screening lengths and osmotic compressibility of flexible polyelectrolytes in excess salt solutions
Authors: Lopez Carlos G. , Horkay Ferenc , Mussel Matan , Jones Ronald L. , Richtering Walter
Published: July 2020

SANS measurements on NaPSS solutions in excess NaCl show systematic deviations from the scaling theory and the random phase approximation.
On the effect of the nature of counterions on the self-assembly of polyoxyethylene alkyl ether carboxylic acids
Authors: Crivello Chiara , Lazzara Giuseppe , Chiappisi Leonardo
Published: July 2020

In this contribution, we investigate the effect of the type of counterion on the properties of dilute solutions of polyoxyethylene alkyl ether carboxylic acids.
FFS modulated VSC with different phase‐shifted 12‐pulse configured transformers for grid integrated large‐scale solar PV plant
Authors: Karmakar Subir , Mishra Nidhi , Singh Bhim
Published: July 2020

The requirement for high capacity power conditioning unit (PCU) has increased for application in large‐scale solar photovoltaic (PV) plant for optimisation of the balance of system cost. For high power applications, one of the most important criteria for designing of PCU is to have lower switching losses to minimise the heat generated in the power switching devices. Conventionally, PCU utilises traditional two‐level or three‐level voltage source converter (VSC) topology with high‐frequency switching techniques and due to this, they have lower conversion efficiency and higher device switching losses. In this study, fundamental frequency switching (FFS) modulated three‐level neutral point clamp (3L‐NPC) VSC is used for MW scale PCU, as they have lower switching losses, higher conversion efficiency and higher AC/DC voltage ratio. The 3L‐NPC VSC generates lower order current harmonics, which are mitigated by using different phase‐shifted 12‐pulse PCU transformers located at different pooling location inside solar PV plant. The PV plant configuration for a 40 MW (AC) plant capacity is developed in the Matlab/Simulink environment and implemented in real‐time simulator OPAL‐RT to validate the proposed concept. Harmonics, steady‐state and dynamic performances are demonstrated at constant and changing solar irradiance levels.
Analysis of partial discharge signals from generator propagation in excitation transformer by EMTP
Authors: Wang Fan , Liu Qiang , Shang Yu , Mao Chen , Wang Sen , Jiang Tianyan , Ren Yan
Published: July 2020

This study presents the simulation experiment of the partial discharge (PD) signal transmitted by the generator in the excitation transformer. Firstly, voltage over the low‐voltage winding of the excitation transformer was displayed. The degradation process of the insulation and the PD online monitoring method were described. Electrical circuit was established by the electro‐magnetic transients program (EMTP) software, which was simulated PD signal from generator propagation in the excitation transformer. Results show that simulation model was right and benefited to fault diagnosis of PD signals in the excitation transformer.
Improved grey wolf optimisation algorithms
Authors: Gao Zheng‐ming , Zhao Juan , Hu Yu‐rong
Published: July 2020

The grey wolf optimisation (GWO) algorithm has fewer numbers of variables and appears quite simple with outstanding capabilities in solving the problems, which are used to describe mathematically what human met in nature. However, it still has its capability to be improved in the convergence ratio, stability, and reduce the errors. And it is also easily trapped in local optimum and converged slowly approaching the end, which is just the same defect appearing in other meta‐heuristic algorithms such as the bat algorithm (BA), the particle swarm optimisation (PSO) algorithm, and the genetic algorithm (GA). Lots of improvements have been proposed before. In this paper, we propose an improved GWO algorithm inspired by the PSO algorithm to fasten the convergence ratio and reduce the errors. Empirical work and verifications are carried out; and results show its better performance than the standard GWO algorithm and other well‐known meta‐heuristic algorithms
An Adaptive Filter Based on Local Slope by Adjusting Elliptic Filter Kernel for ICESat-2 Photon Counting Laser Altimetric Data
Authors: Xie Huan , Ye Dan , Hai Gang , Tong Xiaohua
Published: July 2020

The Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) was launched on September 15th, 2018, which continues to perform measurement tasks as the successor to ICESat. Unlike full waveform technology of ICESat, ICESat-2 employs micropulse photon counting technology, which provides higher accuracy, but produces plenty of noise. This paper proposes an adaptive filter based on local slope by adjusting elliptic filter kernel. The general approach is 1) data preprocessing, 2) Gaussian density calculation, 3) OTSU adaptive threshold calculation. This method is seen to be robust in identifying signal points from high background noise points and suitable for low density data caused by slope.
Initial Assessment of the Performance of the First Wind Lidar in Space on Aeolus
Authors: Reitebuch Oliver , Lemmerz Christian , Lux Oliver , Marksteiner Uwe , Rahm Stephan , Weiler Fabian , Witschas Benjamin , Meringer Markus , Schmidt Karsten , Huber Dorit , Nikolaus Ines , Geiss Alexander , Vaughan Michael , Dabas Alain , Flament Thomas , Stieglitz Hugo , Isaksen Lars , Rennie Michael , de Kloe Jos , Marseille Gert-Jan , Stoffelen Ad , Wernham Denny , Kanitz Thomas , Straume Anne-Grete , Fehr Thorsten , von Bismarck Jonas , Floberghagen Rune , Parrinello Tommaso
Published: July 2020

Soon after its successful launch in August 2018, the spaceborne wind lidar ALADIN (Atmospheric LAser Doppler INstrument) on-board ESA’s Earth Explorer satellite Aeolus has demonstrated to provide atmospheric wind profiles on a global scale. Being the first ever Doppler Wind Lidar (DWL) instrument in space, ALADIN contributes to the improvement in numerical weather prediction (NWP) by measuring one component of the horizontal wind vector. The performance of the ALADIN instrument was assessed by a team from ESA, DLR, industry, and NWP centers during the first months of operation. The current knowledge about the main contributors to the random and systematic errors from the instrument will be discussed. First validation results from an airborne campaign with two wind lidars on-board the DLR Falcon aircraft will be shown.
Aerosols and Clouds Interactions in an Urban Atmosphere
Authors: Gunaseelan Indira , Bhaskar Vijay
Published: July 2020

Aerosols create great uncertainties in studying climate change under global warming and atmospheric dynamics. To understand the impacts of aerosols on cloud properties in Madurai, we have analyzed an extensive collection of aerosol and cloud properties, obtained from the Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, over the study site during 2012-2013. Monthly, seasonal and annual variations of aerosols and clouds studied along their interactions and impacts on climate. Considering annual averages for all these parameters, most often the year 2012 was dominated with a higher presence of AOD, COD, CER, CTT, CTP whereas rainfall and CF were found to be dominated in 2013. The presence of higher CF in 2013 may be a cause for the higher rainfall and the lower level of CF in 2012 may be a cause for less rainfall. High aerosol loading in this area is due to biomass burning and urban air pollution which may significantly suppress precipitation. Increased aerosols and the local aerosol emissions may reduce the precipitation efficiency, which is responsible for the precipitation reduction and vice-versa.
Impact of the Planetary Boundary Layer Height on the Surface Aerosol Optical and Microphysical Properties
Authors: Romano Salvatore , Perrone Maria Rita
Published: July 2020

Lidar, nephelometer, and aethalometer measurements at the surface, co-located in time and space with Particulate Matter (PM) measurements, have been performed to investigate the impact of the daily evolution of the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) height on the aerosol optical and microphysical properties. Measurements were performed at a coastal site of southeastern Italy characterized by a shallow (<1000 m) PBL height. The Standard Deviation technique applied to the vertical profiles of both the lidar range corrected signal (RCS) and the linear volume depolarization ratio (δr) has been used to determine the daily evolution of the PBL height and highlight benefits and limits of using RCS and δr vertical profiles. It is shown that the PBL height, which drives the particle dispersion at the surface, significantly affects the optical and microphysical properties of the surface particles since the particle dispersion varies with their size and, consequently, the mean optical and microphysical properties of the surface particles are affected. The impact of meteorological conditions on the daily trend of the PBL height and the surface particle properties has also been highlighted.
Lidar Observations of Birch and Spruce Pollen in Finland
Authors: Bohlmann S. , Shang X. , Giannakaki E. , Filioglou M. , Saarto A. , Komppula M.
Published: July 2020

Pollen has various effects on human health and the environment. To understand phenomena behind atmospheric pollen transport and hence improve pollen forecasts, vertically resolved optical properties and geometrical characteristics of the pollen distribution need to be studied. Lidar measurements and especially the particle depolarization ratio have been found to be an excellent tool to track pollen grains. In this study we present first results of atmospheric pollen characterization based on a 11 days period of birch and spruce pollination events.
Monitoring Atmospheric Aerosols Over the Urmia Lake by CALIPSO and a Ground Based Depolarized Lidar
Authors: Khalesifard Hamid R. , Panahifar Hossein , Ghomashi Fatemeh , Alizadeh Salar , Moradhaseli Ruhollah
Published: July 2020

The Urmia Lake, a hypersaline lake in Northwest Iran is facing a severe drying scenario. We have installed an azimuthal scanning depolarized backscatter lidar in the coast of the lake to monitor the atmospheric aerosols that may originate from the dried lake bed. We also used the CALIPSO recordings to monitor the aerosol optical depth and particulate depolarization ratio just over the lake. Recordings of the lidar and CALIPSO both show that dry salt particles can be found in the atmospheric boundary layer over the lake especially in summer times. Also CALIPSO data in synergy with HYSPLIT model show that the lake is not an intense aerosol source comparing to neighboring sources like the Mesopotamia region but it is under their influence.
Shipborne And Ground-Based Lidar Monitoring of the Atmosphere Over the Lake Baikal in 2018
Authors: Balin Yurii S. , Klemasheva Marina G. , Kokhanenko Grigorii P. , Nasonov Sergey V. , Penner Ioganes E.
Published: July 2020

The paper presents the results of studies aimed at the analysis and assessment of atmospheric pollution over the Lake Baikal in the summer. This information is necessary to create physical models of the formation and transfer of atmospheric aerosol fields, taking into account the physical and geographical features of the Baikal region. Measurements were carried out by a lidar «LOSA-A2» installed on the scientific-research vessel «Academician V.A. Koptyug». The vessel’s route passed along the South, Middle and Northern Baikal, from July 15, 2018 to July 26, 2018. At the same time, observations were conducted using lidar «LOSA-M2». It was located in the background area at Boyarsky stationary site (51.84° N, 106.06° E), in the south-eastern part of the lake. The results of changes in the spatial structure of atmospheric aerosol fields in background conditions and during forest fires are shown.
Automatic Alert System for Tropospheric Particulate Pollution Monitoring
Authors: Adam Mariana , Fragkos Konstantinos , Binietoglou Ioannis
Published: July 2020

An automatic alert system is implemented in order to detect atmospheric pollution layers and establish the degree of pollution load. When such layers are heavily loaded, automatic alerts are sent towards designed scientists in order to further analyze the event and inform the relevant stakeholders. The alert system is based on continuous measurements taken by a ceilometer supplemented by a photometer. Backtrajectory model is used to establish the pollution source.
Flight Demonstration of a 2-Micron, Double Plused CO2 IPDA Lidar Instrument
Authors: Yu Jirong , Petros Mulugeta , Singh Upendra , Refaat Tamer , Reithmaier Karl , Remus Ruben , Johnson William
Published: July 2020

NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) developed a double pulsed, high energy 2-micron Integrated Path Differential Absorption (IPDA) lidar instrument to measure atmospheric CO2 column density. The 2-μm double pulsed IPDA lidar was flown ten times in March and April of 2014. It was determined that the IPDA lidar measurement is in good agreement with an in-situ CO2 measurement by a collocated NOAA flight. The average column CO2 density difference between the IPDA lidar measurements and the NOAA air samples is 1.48ppm in the flight altitudes of 3 to 6.1 km.
NAOMI GAZL: A Multispecies DIAL Tested on the TADI Gas Leak Simulation Facility
Authors: Dherbecourt Jean-Baptiste , Melkonian Jean-Michel , Godard Antoine , Lebat Vincent , Tanguy Nicolas , Blanchard Cedric , Doz Stéphanie , Foucher Pierre-Yves , Huet Thierry , Watremez Xavier , Dubucq Dominique , Raybaut Myriam
Published: July 2020

We report on a direct detection differential absorption lidar (DIAL), designed for remote detection of CH4 and CO2. The system is based on a single-frequency optical parametric oscillator/amplifier system, tunable in the 1.57-1.65 µm range. The DIAL system, called NAOMI GAZL, was tested on a controlled gas release facility in October 2018.
Observations of The Lower-Tropospheric Temperature Profiles Using Three Wavelength CO2-DIAL
Authors: Shibata Yasukuni , Chikao Nagasawa , Abo Makoto
Published: July 2020

The eye-safe lower-tropospheric temperature profiler with three wavelength differential absorption lidar (DIAL) technique which can perform the continuous temperature profile observation through daytime and nighttime is conducted. The DIAL consists of a Nd:YAG laser pumped an OPG tuned around 1573 nm of an CO2 absorption line with 2 mJ/pulse at 400 Hz repetition rate and a receiving telescope of 25cm diameter. In this paper, we show the result of continuous temperature profile observations over 25 hours from 0.39 to 2.5 km altitude in the lower-troposphere. We can see temporally the generation and disappearance of the temperature inversion layers in the planetary boundary layer.
Pollution Monitoring Based on Vehicle-borne Particulate Quantum Lidar
Authors: Wang Xu , Gao Jing , Zhao Yuefeng
Published: July 2020

From February 7 to 10, 2018, due to unfavorable meteorological conditions, a process of air pollution occurred in Hefei and its surrounding areas, and moderate to severe pollution occurred in the municipal districts. Aiming at the pollution process in Hefei City, under the leadership of Hefei Environmental Protection Bureau and with the support of Hefei Environmental Protection Sub-bureau, four fixed observation points were selected to carry out all-weather environmental network monitoring pilot projects in Hefei municipal jurisdiction area. At the same time, a "mobile monitoring vehicle of atmospheric environmental pollution" was arranged to conduct all-weather walking observation to real-time monitor the spatial distribution and three-dimensional space of pollutants in Hefei urban area、inter-transport and space subsidence and diffusion. The RaySound Series Portable high-energy high-frequency lidar was used in the environmental networking monitoring in Hefei. The air quality in the observation area was evaluated comprehensively by using the mode of fixed vertical monitoring, plane scanning monitoring and mobile walking monitoring.
Dynamic Drivers of TIFe Diurnal Cycle in Antarctica
Authors: Yu Zhibin , Chu Xinzhao , Lu Xian , Chen Cao
Published: July 2020

The discovery of the thermosphere-ionosphere Fe (TIFe) layers has opened a door to exploring the least understood thermosphere and ionosphere region between 100 and 200 km with ground-based lidar instruments. The characteristics of the polar TIFe layers, and the impacts of the atmosphere neutral dynamics, electrodynamics, and metallic chemistry on the formation of TIFe layers deserve further investigation, especially the diurnal cycles of TIFe layers observed by lidar. This paper aims at investigating the major driving forces with 1-D Thermosphere-Ionosphere Fe/Fe+ (TIFe) model. A main question to answer is whether neutral dynamics like tidal winds or electrodynamics like the convection electric fields and currents in the magnetosphere and ionosphere are responsible for the diurnal cycle of TIFe layers.
Fully Automated Light Precipitation Detection from MPLNET and EARLINET Network Lidar Measurements
Authors: Lolli Simone , Vivone Gemine , Welton Ellsworth J. , Lewis Jasper R. , Campbell James R. , Sïcard Michael , Comeron Adolfo , Pappalardo Gelsomina
Published: July 2020

The water cycle strongly influence life on Earth and precipitation especially modifies the atmospheric column thermodynamics through the evaporation process and serving as a proxy for latent heat modulation. For this reason, a correct light precipitation parameterization at global scale, it is of fundamental importance, bedsides improving our understanding of the hydrological cycle, to reduce the associated uncertainty of the global climate models to correctly forecast future scenarios. In this context we developed a full automatic algorithm based on morphological filters that, once operational, will make available a new rain product for the NASA Micropulse Lidar Network (MPLNET) and the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET) in the frame of WMO GALION Project
Various Applications of AD-Net Products for Environmental Impact Studies Related to Asian Dust
Authors: Shimizu Atsushi , Nishizawa Tomoaki , Jin Yoshitaka , Sugimoto Nobuo
Published: July 2020

AD-Net, the Asian dust and aerosol lidar observation network, is operated in East Asian counties for creating useful dataset for environmental impact studies. The products from AD-Net have been utilized as the source of data assimilation in a chemical transport model, and as the index of exposure of Asian dust to human in the area. Long term observation is indispensable to estimate climatorogical change of dust density, and sustainable operation strategies are needed for further development of regional lidar network.
Lidar Observations Versus Forecast of Water Vapor Transport
Authors: Carroll Brian , Demoz Belay , Delgado Ruben
Published: July 2020

Water vapor advection is an important diagnostic parameter for initiation and sustenance of convective systems. This variable has traditionally been explored with balloon soundings or models, but lidar provides a unique opportunity to continuously resolve spatial and temporal evolution of water vapor transport with relatively high resolution. In this study we utilize co-located Doppler wind lidars and water vapor lidars (DIAL and Raman) at multiple sites to investigate water vapor advection. A case of nocturnal convection in the Great Plains is analyzed with these observations and compared to the North American Mesoscale Forecast System (NAM) operational forecast model.
Raman Lidar for Synchronous Water Vapor, Liquid Water and Ice Water Profilings
Authors: Yufeng Wang , Jing Zhang , Qing Wang , Fei Gao , Huige Di , Tingyao He , Qing Yan , Jingjing Liu , Dengxin Hua
Published: July 2020

Water is the only atmospheric parameter with three-phase state. An ultraviolet Raman lidar was developed for synchronous measurements for water vapor, liquid water and ice water in Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China (34.233°N, 108.911°E). An accurate retrieval method on the basis of interference degree is proposed for synchronous three-phase water mixing ratio profiles. Preliminary measurements are carried out in the Laser Radar Center of Remote Sensing of Atmosphere (LRCRSA). Several representative examples are obtained and validated the performance of Raman system. Combined with atmospheric temperature profiles, the synchronous water vapor, liquid water and ice water profiling are retrieved and revealed the variation characteristics in three-phase water. The effective detection can reach up to a height of 5 km under cloudy weather, and synchronized growth in water vapor and liquid water content was obtained in cloud layers. Continuous observations are also made under haze weather condition, and the temporal and spatial evolution trend of three-phase water in clouds at 2 km altitude are successfully realized.
Wind Profiling by Passive Optical Method
Authors: Dudorov Vadim , Eremina Anna
Published: July 2020

Possibilities of the wind speed profiling along an observation path of a distant object from the analysis of a video sequence of images of the object are studied in this work. The method is based on the analysis of two neighbor frames of a video sequence of incoherent images. The wind velocity retrieved is compared with data of acoustic anemometers.
A Method of Measuring Fabry-Parot Etalon Transmittance by Using Frequency Comb Laser
Authors: Chu Yufei , Liu Dong , Wu Decheng , Wang Zhenzhu , Deng Qian , Kuang Zhiqiang , Li Lu , Zhuang Peng , Fang Zhiyuan , Xie Chenbo , Wang Yingjian
Published: July 2020

This paper presents a method for instantaneous measurement of Fabry-Parot(F-P) transmittance curve. Compared with the previous method, this method has many advantages, such as scanning-free, simple in structure and accuracy.
Development of Synergetic-Active Sensor-System for Evaluation of Observations by Earthcare
Authors: Okamoto Hajime , Sato Kaori , Fujikawa Masahiro , Oikawa Eiji , Nishizawa Tomoaki , Ishii Shoken , Jin Yoshitaka , Aoki Makoto , Sugimoto Nobuo
Published: July 2020

We develop the synergetic ground-based active-sensor-system for the evaluation of observations by space-borne lidars. The system consists of second version of multi-field-view multiple-scattering polarization lidar (MFMSPL-2), multiple-field-of-view high spectral resolution polarization lidar, direct-detection Doppler wind lidar, coherent Doppler wind lidar and 94GHz cloud profiling radar. The system can simulate observed signals from sensors onboard the joint Japanese/European mission Earth Clouds, Aerosols and Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE). The observation system can provide unique opportunity to study interaction of cloud microphysics, aerosol microphysics, vertical air motion and vertical distribution of horizontal wind and it will lead to evaluate cloud-convective parameterization and to reduce uncertainties in climate change predictions.
The Design of Focal Plane Splitting Unit in a Hyperspectral Lidar System
Authors: Liyong Qian , Decheng Wu , Xiaojun Zhou , Liujun Zhong , Wei Wei , Qian Deng , Yufei Chu , Dong Liu , Yingjian Wang
Published: July 2020

A hyperspectral lidar system with focal plane splitting unit is proposed, including an off-axis receiving telescope, a grating spectrometer, and a single-tube detector array. The spectrum of the system covers 380-930nm, and is separated by grating spectrometer. The microlens-fiber coupling system guides the echo signal of 50 channels into each detector. The system solves the data processing problem of the bandwidth and gain the line array and area array detector in traditional hyperspectral lidar. And it also meets the requirement of the high efficiency splitting coupling and weak signal acquisition and detection.
Calculations of Light Scattering Matrix of Dust Aerosols for Problems of Lidar Remote Sensing
Authors: Kustova Natalia , Konoshonkin Alexander , Borovoi Anatoli , Wang Zhenzhu , Liu Dong , Xie Chenbo , Tsekeri Alexandra , Gasteiger Josef
Published: July 2020

The light scattering matrix is calculated for large dust particles with irregular shape and refractive index of 1.3116+i0.0. The scattering matrix in the backward direction needed for lidar studies is separately discussed. In this case, the obtained results for the lidar and depolarization ratios are in good agreement with experimental data. It is shown that for randomly oriented particles the number of particle orientations needed for numerical calculations by exact methods like DDA becomes a crucial parameter. In particular, for particles with size parameters larger than 40 the number of orientations should be more than 1000.
Observations of the Horizontally Oriented Crystalline Particles with a Scanning Polarization Lidar
Authors: Kokhanenko Grigorii , Balin Yurii , Borovoi Anatolii , Klemasheva Marina , Nasonov Sergei , Novoselov Mikhail , Penner Ioganes , Samoilova Svetlana
Published: July 2020

Scanning lidar LOSA-M3 makes it possible to measure the polarization characteristics of backscattering signals from aerosol and clouds at wavelength 532 and 1064 nm. The lidar transceiver is placed on a scanning column, which allows changing the direction of sounding within the upper hemisphere at a speed of 1 degree per second. The polarization characteristics of the transmitter (linear or circular polarization) can be changed by rotating the phase plates synchronously with the laser pulses. Conical scanning of the lidar allows identifying cloud areas with preferential zenith or azimuthal orientation of the crystal particles. The article presents the results of observations of the cloud polarization structure carried out in Tomsk. Methods of the calibrations of lidar polarization channels are described.
The Nonlinear Effective Attenuation Coefficient of Spaceborne Oceanic Lidar Signal
Authors: Liu Qun , Liu Dong , Bai Jian , Cui Xiaoyu , Zhou Yudi , Xu Peituo , Liu Zhipeng , Wang Xiaobin
Published: July 2020

Multiple scattering is an inevitable effect in spaceborne oceanic lidar because of the large footprint size and the high optical density of seawater. The effective attenuation coefficient klidar in oceanic lidar equation, which indicates the influence of the multiple scattering effect on the formation of lidar returns, is an important parameter in the retrieval of inherent optical properties (IOPs) of seawater. In this paper, the nonlinearity of klidar and the relationships between klidar and the IOPs of seawater are investigated by solving the radiative transfer equation with an improved semianalytic Monte Carlo model. klidar is found to decrease exponentially with the increase of depth in homogeneous waters. klidar is given as an exponential function of depth and IOPs of seawater. The results in this paper can help to have a better understanding of the multiple scattering effect of spaceborne lidar and improve the retrieval accuracy of the IOPs of seawater using spaceborne lidar.
Using the Physical Optics Approximation for Estimating the Light Scattering Properties of Large Dust Particles for Lidar Applications
Authors: Konoshonkin Alexander , Kustova Natalia , Borovoi Anatoli , Tsekeri Alexandra , Gasteiger Josef
Published: July 2020

The physical optics approximation was used to solve the light scattering problem of large dust particles with irregular shape. The comparison between the physical optics approximation and the DDA method was made for particles with volume-equivalent size parameters of 44.21. A full light scattering matrix (Mueller matrix) was calculated for particles with volume-equivalent size parameters from 44 up to 220 for two wavelengths: 0.532 and 1.064 μm. The dependences of the lidar and depolarization ratio, and extinction coefficient on the number of spatial orientations of the particle were obtained. It was shown that the elements of the light backscattering matrix obey power laws.
Tensile and wear behaviour of friction stir welded AA5052 and AA6101-T6 aluminium alloys: effect of welding parameters
Authors: Kasirajan G. , Rengarajan Sathish , Ashok kumar R. , Raghav G.R. , Rao V.S. , Nagarajan K.J.
Published: July 2020

To improve the performance and effectiveness of cost, constructing lightweight structure is the important factor for automobile, naval and aerospace industries. AA5052 and AA6101-T6 aluminium alloys are widely applied in transport industries, due to their lightweight and high strength and hence, joining of these two are unavoidable. Friction stir welding is an unconventional welding method, which is developed for constructing lightweight structures. This work describes the detailed study of friction stir welded dissimilar AA5052 and AA6101-T6 alloys. AA5052 and AA6101-T6 plates are welded with rotation rates of 765–1400 rpm and offset distances at advancing side of 0–2 mm. For this purpose, four levels of welding parameters based on Taguchi L16 orthogonal array are chosen. To determine the optimum combinational levels and identify the effect of above-mentioned parameters on tensile and wear properties, Signal to Noise ratio and ANOVA respectively are used. From the results, it is observed that the combination of 1 mm offset distance at advancing side and 1400 rpm rotating speed produces better tensile and wear properties, which is due to high heat generation, sufficient flow of materials and balanced precipitation and strain hardening effects. On the other hand, the combination of 2 mm tool offset at advancing side and 765 rpm rotational rate exhibits poor properties, which is associated with low heat input, defects formation, precipitate coarsening and lesser strain hardening effects.
Die intramuskuläre Injektion in der Notfallmedizin
Authors: Küßner Tobias , Obermaier Manuel , Popp Erik
Published: July 2020

Auch wenn die intramuskuläre Injektion in der Notfallmedizin eher eine untergeordnete Rolle spielt, stellt sie doch einen effektiven, sicheren und schnellen Applikationsweg zur Verabreichung bestimmter Notfallmedikamente dar. So findet sie sich in verschiedenen Leitlinien als First-Line-Zugangsweg, so z. B. bei der Anaphylaxie und dem Status epilepticus. Auch bei aggressiven bzw. agitierten Patienten und Kindern bestehen gute Erfahrungen hinsichtlich der intramuskulären Verabreichung (analgo-)sedierender Medikamente. In Notfallsituationen gut zugängliche Applikationsorte sind der laterale Oberschenkel, die Wade und die Schulter. Bei sorgfältiger und antiseptischer Vorgehensweise sowie korrekter Wahl von Punktionsort und Nadellänge sind Komplikationen selten.
Fit für die Praxislehre – Anforderungsprofil für Praxisanleitende
Authors: Galler Elfriede
Published: July 2020

Durch den Wandel der Ergotherapie hin zur Akademisierung haben sich die Anforderungen an Praxisanleitende verändert. Elfriede Galler zeigt, wie man die praktische Ausbildung qualitativ hochwertig gestaltet und wie Anleitende und Lernende voneinander profitieren.
Nighttime Hypoglycemia in Children with Type 1 Diabetes after one Day
of Football Tournament
Authors: Kamiński Mikołaj , Gawrecki Andrzej , Araszkiewicz Aleksandra , Szadkowska Agnieszka , Skowrońska Bogda , Stankiewicz Witold , Michalak Arkadiusz , Cieluch Aleksandra , Dżygało Katarzyna , Seget Sebastian , Biegański Grzegorz , Adamska Anna , Ksiądz Katarzyna , Szymańska-Garbacz Elektra , Flotyńska Justyna , Zozulinska-Ziolkiewicz Dorota
Published: July 2020

The aim of the study was to investigate factors related to the occurrence of
nighttime hypoglycemia after a football tournament in children with type 1
diabetes mellitus. The multicenter study (GoalDiab study) included 189
children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus, from 11 diabetes
care centers in Poland. Hypoglycemia was defined according to the
International Hypoglycemia Study Group Statement. We analyzed the data of 95
participants with completed protocols with regards to nighttime hypoglycemia
(82% male), aged 11.6 (9.8–14.2) years, diabetes duration
5.0 (2.0–8.0) years. There were 47 episodes of nighttime Level 1
hypoglycemia (≤3.9 mmol/L). Occurrence of clinically
important Level 2 hypoglycemia (<3.0 mmol/L) during
a game period was positively associated with nighttime hypoglycemia
(≤3.9 mmol/L) incident (Odds Ratio=10.7;
95% Confidence Interval: 1.1–100.2; p=0.04). Using
Continuous Glucose Monitoring was negatively associated with the occurrence
of nighttime hypoglycemia (≤3.9 mmol/L) compared
with using glucose meters or Flash Glucose Monitoring (Odds
Ratio=0.31; 95% Confidence Interval: 0.12–0.83;
p=0.02). The occurrence of clinically important hypoglycemia related
to physical activity is associated with the occurrence of hypoglycemia
during the night. Continuous Glucose Monitoring is negatively associated
with nighttime hypoglycemia after a day of competition.
Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Synthesis of Organophosphorus Compounds Involving P–P Bond Cleavage
Authors: Arisawa Mieko
Published: July 2020

Organophosphorus compounds are used as drugs, pesticides, detergents, food additives, flame retardants, synthetic reagents, and catalysts, and their efficient synthesis is an important task in organic synthesis. To synthesize novel functional organophosphorus compounds, transition-metal-catalyzed methods have been developed, which were previously considered difficult because of the strong bonding that occurs between transition metals and phosphorus. Addition reactions of triphenylphosphine and sulfonic acids to unsaturated compounds in the presence of a rhodium or palladium catalyst lead to phosphonium salts, in direct contrast to the conventional synthesis involving substitution reactions of organohalogen compounds. Rhodium and palladium complexes catalyze the cleavage of P–P bonds in diphosphines and polyphosphines and can transfer organophosphorus groups to various organic compounds. Subsequent substitution and addition reactions proceed effectively, without using a base, to provide various novel organophosphorus compounds.

1 Introduction

2 Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Synthesis of Phosphonium Salts by Addition Reactions of Triphenylphosphine and Sulfonic Acids

3 Rhodium-Catalyzed P–P Bond Cleavage and Exchange Reactions

4 Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Substitution Reactions Using Diphosphines

4.1 Reactions Involving Substitution of a Phosphorus Group by P–P Bond Cleavage

4.2 Related Substitution Reactions of Organophosphorus Compounds

4.3 Substitution Reactions of Acid Fluorides Involving P–P Bond Cleavage of Diphosphines

5 Rhodium-Catalyzed P–P Bond Cleavage and Addition Reactions

6 Rhodium-Catalyzed P–P Bond Cleavage and Insertion Reactions Using Polyphosphines

7 Conclusions
Subwavelength seismic metamaterial with an ultra-low frequency bandgap
Authors: Zeng Yi , Peng Pai , Du Qiu-Jiao , Wang Yue-Sheng , Assouar Badreddine
Published: July 2020

A subwavelength seismic metamaterial (SM) consisting of a three-component SM plate (SMP) and a half space is proposed to attenuate ultra-low frequency seismic surface waves. The design concept and models are verified first by lab-scale experiments on the SM consisting of a two-component SMP and a half space. Then, we calculate the band structures of one-dimensional and two-dimensional subwavelength SMs and evaluate their ability to attenuate Rayleigh waves. A wide ultra-low frequency bandgap can be found, and the Rayleigh waves are deflected by the subwavelength SM and converted into bulk waves in the frequency range of this bandgap. When the number of unit cells of the subwavelength SM is sufficient, the transmission distance and deflection angle of the Rayleigh waves are constant at the same frequency. This discovery is expected to open up the possibility of pragmatic seismic protection for large nuclear power plants, ancient buildings, and metropolitan areas.
Frequency instability of a miniature optically pumped cesium-beam atomic frequency standard
Authors: Xie Weibin , Wang Qing , He Xuan , Chen Nan , Xiong Zezheng , Fang Shengwei , Qi Xianghui , Chen Xuzong
Published: July 2020

This paper proposes a miniature optically pumped cesium-beam atomic frequency standard with a volume of 38.4 l and a weight of 28 kg and examines the main factors that affect its signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Methods to improve the SNR are proposed, which improve the short-term frequency instability: installing a collimator at the exit of the cesium oven, using the beam fluorescence spectrum with the fiber-coupled output to stabilize the laser frequency, and using the 4–5 cycling transition of the cesium D2 line for the atomic detection. We also examine several frequency shifts that affect the long-term frequency instability and detail methods to reduce these shifts. At present, the frequency instability achieved by the Peking University miniature optically pumped cesium-beam frequency standard has reached 3.12×10−12/τ.
Analytic gradients for state-averaged multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory
Authors: Scott Thais R. , Hermes Matthew R. , Sand Andrew M. , Oakley Meagan S. , Truhlar Donald G. , Gagliardi Laura
Published: July 2020

Analytic gradients are important for efficient calculations of stationary points on potential energy surfaces, for interpreting spectroscopic observations, and for efficient direct dynamics simulations. For excited electronic states, as are involved in UV–Vis spectroscopy and photochemistry, analytic gradients are readily available and often affordable for calculations using a state-averaged complete active space self-consistent-field (SA-CASSCF) wave function. However, in most cases, a post-SA-CASSCF step is necessary for quantitative accuracy, and such calculations are often too expensive if carried out by perturbation theory or configuration interaction. In this work, we present the analytic gradients for multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory based on SA-CASSCF wave functions, which is a more affordable alternative. A test set of molecules has been studied with this method, and the stationary geometries and energetics are compared to values in the literature as obtained by other methods. Excited-state geometries computed with state-averaged pair-density functional theory have similar accuracy to those from complete active space perturbation theory at the second-order.
Radiative cooling for continuous thermoelectric power generation in day and night
Authors: Ishii Satoshi , Dao Thang Duy , Nagao Tadaaki
Published: July 2020

Harvesting energy from the environment often suffers from discontinuity in power generation. Typical examples of technologies where this problem occurs are photovoltaics and solar heat power generation, which can only generate power during the day. In this study, the temperature difference caused by radiative cooling is utilized to generate thermoelectric power continuously throughout the day. The emitter has a wavelength-selective emissivity such that it is radiatively cooled all the time and its surface temperature is always cooler than the bottom side of the thermoelectric module which is placed below the selective emitter. The device placed outdoor generates thermoelectric voltage during the day and night without dropping to zero. The device can be used as a power supply for sensors and monitors placed outdoors.
Effects of partial slip on the local-global linear stability of the infinite rotating disk boundary layer
Authors: Thomas Christian , Stephen Sharon O. , Davies Christopher
Published: July 2020

A numerical investigation is undertaken on the effect of small-scale surface roughness on the local absolute and global stability of the flow due to a rotating disk. Surface roughness is modeled via the imposition of the partial-slip wall boundary condition, with radial and concentric anisotropic roughnesses and isotropic roughness considered. The effect of the partial-slip parameters on the neutral characteristics for absolute instability is presented, while the azimuthal mode numbers required for global linear instability to occur are determined for the genuine inhomogeneous base flow. Predictions for the threshold values for the azimuthal mode numbers needed for globally unstable behavior are also computed by coupling solutions of the Ginzburg–Landau equation with the local linear stability properties obtained using the homogeneous flow approximation. These are found to be in excellent agreement with the exact values realized from the numerical simulations. In general, surface roughness is demonstrated to stabilize the absolute instability and the global linear instabilities.
300 kV/6 mA integrated Cockcroft–Walton high voltage power supply for a compact neutron generator
Authors: Zhao Guangyi , Liu Xiangyang , Wu Cong , Chu Yanyun , Jiang Shuqing , Xue Feibiao , Zhou Lin , Qi Jianmin , Li Zhenghong , Wang Tengfang
Published: July 2020

A high voltage power supply system for a compact neutron generator is developed. A four-stage symmetrical Cockcroft–Walton voltage multiplier circuit is adopted to produce 300 kV direct current high voltage. A two-stage 360 kV isolation transformer system is used to drive the ion source power supply. The high voltage power supply and the isolation transformer system are integrated in an epoxy bucket with a size of ϕ360 × 700 containing No. 25 transformer oil. The maximum output voltage of the power supply can reach 300 kV. The variation in the high voltage power supply is less than 0.5% when the power supply works at 300 kV/6 mA with an input voltage variation of ±8%. Meanwhile, the isolation transformer system can withstand more than 360 kV, with its output power being about 2.5 kW. No overvoltage protection devices are used in the power supply, and the protection resistors are connected in series to two pairs of rectifiers at the highest and lowest potential terminals and to the output terminal of the voltage multiplier to prevent overcurrent.
Special topic on emerging directions in plasmonics
Authors: Cortés Emiliano , Govorov Alexander O. , Misawa Hiroaki , Willets Katherine A.
Published: July 2020

Plasmonics enables a wealth of applications, including photocatalysis, photoelectrochemistry, photothermal heating, optoelectronic devices, and biological and chemical sensing, while encompassing a broad range of materials, including coinage metals, doped semiconductors, metamaterials, 2D materials, bioconjugates, and chiral assemblies. Applications in plasmonics benefit from the large local electromagnetic field enhancements generated by plasmon excitation, as well as the products of plasmon decay, including photons, hot charge carriers, and heat. This special topic highlights recent work in both theory and experiment that advance our fundamental understanding of plasmon excitation and decay mechanisms, showcase new applications enabled by plasmon excitation, and highlight emerging classes of materials that support plasmon excitation.
Nutritional potential, in vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics and methanogenesis of stover from newer cultivars of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in buffalo
Authors: Dey Avijit , Paul Shyam S. , Umakanth Akula V. , Bhat Basrur V. , Lailer Puran C. , Dahiya Satbir S.
Published: July 2020

Context In developing countries of south Asia and Africa, cereal crop residues provide important fodder resources for ruminants. Genetic improvement through plant breeding for high-quality crop residues as well as for grain yield is gaining in demand among mixed crop–livestock farmers. Aims The present study investigated the potential nutritional quality, in vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics, gas production, enzyme activities and methane production of stover of newly developed brown midrib cultivars of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) compared with other cultivars in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Methods Stover from seven sorghum cultivars – brown midrib sorghum (SPV-2017, SPV-2018), normal grain sorghum (CSV-27), forage sorghum (SSG-59-3, CSV-32F) and sweet sorghum (CSH 22SS, CSV 24SS) – was analysed for chemical composition. Stover samples (200 ± 5 mg dry matter) from each cultivar were incubated with buffered rumen fluid (30 mL) in 100-mL calibrated glass syringes at 39°C for 72 h following a standard in vitro gas-production protocol for gas production and fermentation kinetics. Key results Stover chemical composition varied significantly (P < 0.05) among cultivars, with highest organic matter in forage sorghum SSG-59-3 and lowest in sweet sorghum CSV-24SS. Acid detergent lignin was lowest in stover of the brown midrib cultivars (1.27% in SPV-2018 and 1.67% in SPV-2017) and highest in forage sorghum SSG-59-3 (9.42%). The brown midrib cultivars showed highest (P < 0.001) total gas production, truly degradable dry matter, organic matter digestibility and metabolisable energy content. The brown midrib cultivars and forage sorghum CSV-32F had highest (P < 0.05) production of volatile fatty acids (acetate, propionate and butyrate) and activity of ruminal enzymes (carboxymethyl cellulase and xylanase) during fermentation. Conclusions This study demonstrates that stover from brown midrib sorghum cultivars (SPV-2017 and SPV-2018) and forage sorghum CSV-32F could be preferred over stover of other cultivars for animal feed owing to their potential for enhanced utilisation. Implications This study provides information on nutritional quality of stover from newly developed sorghum cultivars for large-scale utilisation as animal feed in smallholder production systems of developing countries.