bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Effects of the British Climate and Constant Temperatures on the Life-cycle of Ephestia cautella (Walker)
Authors: Burges H. D.
Published: July 2009

The effect of temperature on the life-cycle of Ephestia cautella (Wlk.) has been investigated, with emphasis on the effects of constant low temperatures and of the variable conditions of the English winter. The humidity was never low enough to have any effect on survival.

The total life-cycle (egg laid to adult) takes about 64 days at 20°C. and about 41–45 days at 25°C. on a wheatfeed-glycerine mixture.

The lowest temperatures at which the major changes in the life-cycle can be completed are:— hatching, 10° to 13°C; pupation, 8·5°C; and the change to adult, 10° to 13°C.

Large larvae are more resistant to cold than smaller larvae or eggs. The shortest exposures necessary to prevent large larvae from becoming adult are about one day at –1°C., five days at 0°C, 32 days at 5°C., or 83 days at 10°C.

Pupae can become adult at slightly lower temperatures than large larvae and also they can survive slightly longer exposures at – 1°C.

Adult moths live for a mean of 18 days at about 10°C. Below this temperature adult life is shortened by cold, until at – 1°C. moths survive for only one or two days. Adult life is also shortened at temperatures above 10°C., presumably by increased metabolism. At 35°C. adults live about three days. Copulation is infrequent at 13°C. and below, and few fertile eggs are laid at these temperatures. The highest number of eggs are laid at temperatures between 20°C. and 33°C.
The Development and Fecundity of the Oriental Fruit Moth,Grapholitha(Cydia)molesta(Busck) under Controlled Temperatures and Humidities
Authors: Chaudhry Ghulam-Ullah
Published: July 2009

A study of the development and fecundity of the Oriental Fruit Moth,Grapholitha molesta(Busck), under controlled temperatures of 60°, 65°, 75°, 85° and 95°F. and relative humidities of 35, 70 and 100 per cent, was carried out at East Lansing, Michigan, in 1950–51. The technique adopted is described. The incubation period of the eggs decreased from 7–8 days at 60°F. to 2–76 days at 94°F., increasing to 3–56 days at 95°F. A large number of eggs withstood an exposure of 40 hours at 98°F., but an exposure of 48 hours proved fatal. An exposure of 21 hours to 105°F. reduced the viability of eggs to 25–43 per cent, and increased the incubation period by 36–40 hours.
The Leucoptera Leaf Miners of Coffee on Kilimanjaro. II.—Leucoptera caffeina Wshbn.
Authors: Notley F. B.
Published: July 2009

A description is given of the bionomics of Leucoptera caffeina Wshbn. in the Kilimanjaro District, Tanganyika, and of the characters that distinguish it in its various stages from L. coffeella (Guér.), together with the results of population studies of the former insect and its parasites in both shaded and unshaded coffee in 1938–40.

During the 1939 outbreak, the numbers of eggs per tree, and the number of live pupae present in samples of about 100 cocoons (estimated from te number of moths and parasites emerging) showed large fluctuations. The times between peak numbers approximated to the total life-cycle, indicating that at any moment one developmental stage was dominant.
Seasonal and weather factors influencing the annual flight cycle of Prostephanus truncatus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and its predator Teretriosoma nigrescens (Coleoptera: Histeridae) in Benin
Authors: Borgemeister C. , Meikle W. G. , Scholz D. , Adda C. , Degbey P. , Markham R. H.
Published: July 2009

Investigations were carried out in southern Benin on the annual flight cycle and the effects of weather variables on the flight activity of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) and its natural enemy, Teretriosoma nigrescens Lewis. Two seasonal peaks in flight activity of P. truncatus were observed, one between the end of December and the beginning of January and a second one between May and June. Teretriosoma nigrescens showed a single delayed peak in June, approximately six weeks after the major peak of P. truncatus. Flight activity of P. truncatus was only weakly associated with weather characteristics (standardized regression coefficient for mean daily temperature b = 0.18, t = 2.87, P < 0.05)), whereas for T. nigrescens it was associated with precipitation (standardized regression coefficient for accumulated rainfall during the trapping period b = 0.38, t = 4.76, P < 0.05). The possibility that one of the P. truncatus peaks was associated with dispersal from crowded maize stores and the other with the search for natural woody host plants is discussed.
The flight activity and infectivity of the major leafhopper vectors (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) of rice tungro viruses in an irrigated rice area in the Philippines
Authors: Chancellor T. C. B. , Cook A. G. , Heong K. L. , Villareal S.
Published: July 2009

The flight activity of each of the three major leafhopper vectors of rice tungro viruses, Nephotettix virescens (Distant), N. nigropictus (Stål) and Recilia dorsalis (Motschulsky) was closely associated with rice cropping periods and was influenced by crop growth stage and season. Leafhopper flight was influenced by changing levels of illumination at dusk and dawn and, for R. dorsalis only, was significantly affected by moon phase. Recilia dorsalis was the dominant species caught in suction traps at 0.75 m and 1.5 m and an upwardly-directed light trap at 4.0 m, whereas N. virescens was the most abundant species caught on sticky yellow traps at the height of the canopy. Infectivity tests on migrant leafhoppers caught in upwardly-directed light traps showed that N. virescens was the most common transmitter of rice tungro viruses. Infective leafhoppers were recorded at the end of dry seasons and during wet seasons in 1991 and 1992. The risk of tungro disease incidence was very low early in the 1991 dry season, when aerial abundance of leafhoppers was small and no infective individuals were recorded.
The influence of temperature on egg mortality in the budmoth Zeiraphera diniana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and its role in determining the regional abundance of an important forest pest
Authors: Day K. R.
Published: July 2009

The range of the moth Zeiraphera diniana Guénée and the regions where high population densities are infrequent and unpredictable are thought to be determined by high temperatures during egg pre-diapause. Exposure of eggs to incubation temperatures known to be optimal for Z. diniana elsewhere resulted in a pre-diapause mortality of 13% which corresponds to known rates of egg mortality in British forests. Evidence suggests that high temperature and its duration are both important determinants of pre-diapause egg mortality which, if experienced in forest conditions, may prevent populations from reaching outbreak levels. Historical records of outbreaks were associated with lower than average August temperature. However, high temperatures on their own are unlikely to determine the range of the insect in Britain since a high proportion of eggs survives extremes; more than 70% of British eggs survived 24 h exposure to a temperature of 30°C. Variations in egg mortality among families of moths suggests a genetic basis for differences in thermal tolerance. Furthermore, there may be selection for thermally-tolerant eggs in British forest environments and this could be connected with other forms of genetic differentiation in budmoth populations.
Mitochondrial DNA variability and geographic origin of the sheep blowfly,Lucilia cuprina(Diptera: Calliphoridae), in New Zealand
Authors: Gleeson D. M. , Sarre S.
Published: July 2009

Variation in the sheep blowfly,Lucilia cuprina(Weidemann), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was assessed using restriction endonucleases. Ten individuals from 13 localities throughout New Zealand and Australia were examined using 18 restriction endonucleases. Only two localities exhibited polymorphism, suggesting historical events have contributed to this low level of mitochondrial variability inL. cuprinafrom these regions. A 472 base pair region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) was sequenced from six Australasian regions and samples from South Africa and Malaysia. Phylogenetic analyses using both parsimony and neighbor-joining methods indicates possible multiple introductions ofL. cuprinain New Zealand.
Convergence of molecular and morphological data reveals phylogenetic information on Tetranychus species and allows the restoration of the genus Amphitetranychus (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Authors: Navajas M. , Gutierrez J. , Gotoh T.
Published: July 2009

Nucleotide sequence variation and morphological characters were used to study the evolutionary relationships among nine tetranychid mites species. A phylogenetic study of this family based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences had previously placed the species Tetranychus viennensis Zacher outside the other species analysed in the genus. Phylogenetic relations within the genus were re-examined with the addition of the species Tetranychus quercivorus Ehara & Gotoh, which is morphologically close to T. viennensis. Another region of the genome, the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of ribosomal DNA, was also studied and proved to be of considerable interest at this taxonomic level. Both COI and ITS2 sequences indicated a close relationship between T. viennensis and T. quercivorus, which are grouped together and distinct from the other Tetranychus examined. The two species display morphological characteristics such as the absence of a medio-dorsal spur on all empodia of the legs of both sexes and the presence of anastomosing peritremes. This distinguishes them from the other members of the genus Tetranychus. The convergence of molecular and morphological data suggests that T. viennensis and T. quercivorus should not be classified in the genus Tetranychus. It is proposed that the genus Amphitetranychus Oudemans should be restored for classification of these species. Finally, a key to the Tetranychini tribe genera with one pair of para-anal setae is presented.
Pyrethroid resistance of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Pakistan
Authors: Ahmad M. , Arif M. I. , Attique M. R.
Published: July 2009

The status of pyrethroid resistance in some field populations of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) from Pakistan was determined using an IRAC leaf-dip method. Resistance factors varied between populations, and the general trend was for a moderate to high resistance to cypermethrin and cyfluthrin; a low to moderate resistance to deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin; and a comparatively low resistance to bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and zeta-cypermethrin. Depending on which physiological mechanisms are shown to be present in Pakistani field strains, the latter group of pyrethroids may serve as useful tools in the management of insecticide resistance.
Diversity of moths in forest plantations and natural forests in Sabah
Authors: Chey V. K. , Holloway J. D. , Speight M. R.
Published: July 2009

The diversity of macromoths in the various fast-growing exotic tree plantations and natural secondary forest in Brumas, Sabah, Malaysia was assessed by means of an annual cycle of light-trap samples. The moth diversity in the forest plantations, viz. Acacia mangium, Gmelina arborea, Paraserianthes (=Albizia) falcataria, Pinus caribaea, and in particular Eucalyptus deglupta, was unexpectedly high. Eucalyptus deglupta showed moth diversity as high as that in the natural secondary forest, a finding attributed to the fact that the E. deglupta plantation had a very diverse understorey both in terms of plant species (secondary regrowth species) and architecture, and thus supported a more diverse moth fauna. Subsidiary samples showed that primary natural forest in the neighbouring Danum Valley does not show higher moth diversity compared to the disturbed forest habitats in Brumas, though moth diversity at Danum is lower than that recorded in other Bornean primary forests. The value of plantation forests for conservation of invertebrate diversity is discussed, together with the implications for plantation management strategy.
Preliminary note on the Tsetse-flies of the Kabalo-Albertville (Lualaba-Tanganyika) Railway
Authors: Schwetz
Published: July 2009

The Kabala-Albertville Railway is an important section of that great river and railroad route by which one can now cross the whole of equatorial Africa from Banana to Daressalaam, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean, without having to walk a single step. It is therefore a railway with a great future, which deserves to be studied from all points of view, and particularly with regard to the distribution of tsetse-flies, as the region traversed by this railway was ravaged a few years ago by sleeping sickness and the railway is probably destined in part for the transport of cattle.
The Status of Introduced Coccids in South Africa in 1917
Authors: Brain Chas. K. , Kelly Albert E.
Published: July 2009

It will probably be of interest to workers on Coccids in other parts of the world to know which species have been introduced into South Africa and to what extent they have become established. Moreover, since so many of these are constantly found during the inspection of our nurseries, etc., it seems desirable to place on record their known distribution (August, 1917) for future reference. Fifty-five are included in this list, which is considered to be approximately complete. Others, such as Lecanium bituberculatum, Targ., L. corni, Bouché, Pulvinaria betulae (L), Sign., Diaspis rosae (Bouché), Aspidiotus piri, Licht., and A. ostreaeformis, Curt., have been stopped at the ports of entry, but since these species are not established in the country they are not included.
A list of Uganda Coccidae, their food-plants and natural enemies
Authors: Gowdey C. C.
Published: July 2009

In the following list the species marked with an asterisk were described as new from the material collected by the author.

Subfamily Monophlebinae.

1. Monophlebus raddoni, Westw. Food-plant unknown.

2. Icerya caudatum, Newst. On crotons.

3. Icerya nigroareolata, Newst. On coffee and crotons.

4. Icerya seychellarum, Westw. On Monodora myristica, Eranthemum bicolor and mango.

5. Icerya sulphurea, Lind. On Castilloa rubber and guava.
Bionomics of Tsetse and other parasitological notes in the Gold Coast
Authors: Simpson James J.
Published: July 2009

The following report is based on a tour which extended from September 1915 to February 1917, but included in it are also some observations made during a few months residence in 1914.

The area comprised lies partly in the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast, and partly in Togoland (see Map, Bull. Ent. Res., V, p. 32). It extends from 8° N. to 9° 45' N. and from 0° 15' E. to 2° 30' W. My headquarters were at Yapi on the River Volta about 28 miles south-west of Tamale, the capital of the Northern Territories. I have already described in a previous report the nature of the country and the type of vegetation, so need not repeat them here. I examined the whole of the Volta from Yapi to Yeji by canoe, and then followed a sinuous route on my return journey, keeping as close to the River as possible. The country between Yapi and Daboya, a large town with an important ferry on the Volta, was traversed on several occasions. From Daboya I went to Bole and made my temporary headquarters at Larabanga, the centre of the game and Glossina submorsitans area. Here I spent several weeks under canvas in three separate localities in the bush. On my homeward journey I visited Yendi, formerly an important German post in Togoland, thence going to Salaga and Kete-Krachi, where I crossed the Volta and proceeded to join the main north road at Atabubu (Tabobo).
Notes on the Ethiopian Fruit-flies of the Family Trypaneidae, other than Dacus (s.l.), with descriptions of new genera and species (Dipt.).—I
Authors: Bezzi M.
Published: July 2009

While the Oriental and Neotropical Trypaneids have been the subject in recent times of extensive studies, those of the Ethiopian Region are still almost in the same condition in which they were left by H. Loew in his valuable paper of 1861. Only more recently Prof. Hendel has made an attempt to erect some Ethiopian genera in his general classification of the family; but all these genera are only shortly characterised by means of dichotomic tables, and most of their type-species have been given names as new species, but without any description.
The structure of the mouth-parts of Pangonia longirostris in relation to the probable feeding-habits of the species
Authors: Tetley H.
Published: July 2009

The present research was carried out in the Department of Agricultural Entomology at Manchester University, under the direction of Dr. A. D. Imms. I am greatly indebted to him both for giving me the insects upon which this research was prosecuted, and also for much help at the University, and afterwards in looking over my paper and aiding its publication.
A new Scolytid injurious to dried Sweet Potatoes in Jamaica
Authors: Sampson Winn
Published: July 2009

The specimens here dealt with were collected by Mr. A. H. Ritchie, Government Entomologist for Jamaica, and were handed to me for determination by Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, Director of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology.
Notes on the Ethiopian Fruit-flies of the Family Trypaneidae, other than Dacus (s.l.) (Dipt.).—II
Authors: Bezzi M.
Published: July 2009

This genus was recently described by Dr. Speiser and is a very characteristic one, on account of its elongate and slender body and bare 3rd longitudinal vein. The species belonging here, as long ago pointed out by Loew, have a great resemblance to those of the genus Elaphromyia, but they are at once distinguished by the thin and black occipital row, by the pointed lower angle of the anal cell and by the non-reticulate wing pattern. The genus is evidently allied to Ocneros, but has nothing to do with Rioxa. I will give here some additional details to the short description of Dr. Speiser
Some New Species of Tachinidae from India
Authors: Tothill John D.
Published: July 2009

A collection of Indian Tachinid flies was received some time ago through the kindness of Dr. A. D. Imms. An examination has shown that most of the specimens are new, and these are described forthwith. In the use of genera a conservative course has been adopted, and the new species have been placed for the time being at least in genera already in use.

The type specimens have been deposited for the present in the National Collection of Insects maintained by the Entomological Branch of the Department of Agriculture at Ottawa.
On a new Method of ascertaining the Parasites of the respective Host-Insects in a mixed Infestation
Authors: Trägårdh Ivar
Published: July 2009

When studying the injurious insects of a plant it is, as a rule, easy when several insects occur together to isolate them and breed them separately in order to ascertain their parasites. In some instances, however, this method is unworkable, and this applies particularly to the often very complicated fauna of the cones of the coniferous trees.
The Coccidae of South Africa—III
Authors: Brain Chas. K.
Published: July 2009

Like Aspidiotus, except that the adult ♀ remains enclosed in the skin of the 2nd stage, with the exception of the pygidium, which extends through the hind part of the enclosing skin, beyond the posterior margin of the 2nd stage female (fig. 114).
Two New Ethiopian Lonchaeidae, with Notes on other Species (Dipt.)
Authors: Bezzi M.
Published: July 2009

Very little is known about the Dipterous Family Lonchaeidae in the Ethiopian Region, notwithstanding the small extension of the group (almost limited to the two main genera Lonchaea, Fallén, and Palloptera, Fallén), and in spite of its economic importance. Some tropical or sub-tropical species of Lonchaea pass their larval stage in fruits, in which they sometimes occur in company with Trypaneids, and are often mistaken for them, being thus comprised under the same name of “ fruit-flies.”
A Note on the Occurrence of a Coleopterous Larva in the Urinary Tract of Man in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
Authors: Archibald R. G. , King Harold H.
Published: July 2009

The larva figured in the accompanying illustration was obtained from the urinary tract of a native of Mongalla Province, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. A careful search through the literature at our disposal has failed to reveal any reference to a similar case of parasitism of a Coleopterous larva in the urinary tract.
An Economic Study of Nasonia brevicornis, a Hymenopterous Parasite of Muscid Diptera
Authors: Froggatt John L.
Published: July 2009

In considering the methods of coping with any group of injurious insects, the study of natural enemies must occupy an important place in any laboratory or field investigations that are carried out in connection with such pests.
Some Observations on the Bionomics of Glossina palpalis on the Islands of Victoria Nyanza
Authors: Duke H. Lyndhurst
Published: July 2009

On arriving at Nsazi Island on Victoria Nyanza in July 1918 to carry out some experiments with Glossina palpalis and rinderpest, I was at once struck by a marked diminution in the numbers of the fly on this and the neighbouring islands. Since the days of the first Commission of the Royal Society, the small island of Kimmi, about three-quarters of a mile N.E. of Nsazi, has been noted for the numbers of its tsetse. I had with me some of the original Mpumu fly boys and others who had worked on these islands with Fiske and Carpenter from 1911 to 1916. Their evidence on such matters is reliable, as they receive a bonus for their catches. They were all unanimous that the fly on Kimmi, Nsazi, and Tavu Islands had decreased very markedly in numbers. My own observations confirmed this in each case.
Inventaire d'une Collection d'Oestrides africains
Authors: Gedoelst Par L.
Published: July 2009

Les larves d'Oestrides qui font l&objet de la présente note ont été récoltées sur le continent africain et nous ont été soumises pour détermination par Monsieur Guy A. K. Marshall, Directeur du Bureau Impérial d'Entomologie de Londres. Elles appartiennent à quatre des sous-families auxquelles on rapporte les diptères que l'on convient de désigner communément sous le nom d'Oestrides : les Gasterophilinae, les Oestrinae, les Hypoderminae et les Cobboldiinae.
An Invasion of British Guiana by Locusts in 1917, with a complete Illustrated Account of the Life-history of the Species
Authors: Bodkin G. E. , Cleare L. D.
Published: July 2009

British Guiana has not been invaded by migratory locusts since the year 1886, when, as far as it is possible to ascertain from the records of those bygone days, the same species of locust was implicated. Also, on the occasion of this previous attack, it seems very probable that a swarm first infested the North West and Pomeroon areas and, multiplying there, migrated further down the coast to Berbice.
Mosquito Notes.—XII
Authors: Edwards F. W.
Published: July 2009

Uranotaenia painei, sp. n.

♂♀.—Head clothed with blackish scales, many erect and forked. Proboscis dark, slightly shorter than abdomen but not thickened. Thorax rather dark ochreous-brown, uniform in tint, except that the postnotum is darker, without ornamentation of any kind; bristles and scales dark. No flat scales above wing-root, and no scales at all on front margin of mesonotum or on posterior pronotal lobes; a patch of small flat scales on upper part of sternopleura which are difficult to detect as they are of the same colour as the integument. Abdomen entirely dark brown both above and below. Legs uniformly dark brown, devoid of special features in ♂; first tarsal segment of fore and mid legs about as long as tibia, that of hind legs slightly longer than tibia. Wings dark, venation and scaling normal; length 2·5 mm.
Sirex noctilio (Hym.) and its Parasite in New Zealand
Authors: Miller D. , Clark A. F.
Published: July 2009

Although on the whole our plantations of exotic conifers, now amounting to some 500,000 acres, have not yet suffered from widespread epidemics, there are certain exotic insects already well established in the country that must be considered as potentially dangerous. Attention is being given to the most important of these.
Histological Researches into the Action of Insecticides on the Intestinal Tube of Insects
Authors: Pilat M.
Published: July 2009

The object of the present work is to study the histological picture of the intestinal tube of insects when subjected to the action of insecticides, in order to discover the mechanism of the action of poisons on insects.
Coccid-inhabiting Parasites from Africa with Descriptions of new Encyrtidae and Aphelinidae
Authors: Compere Harold
Published: July 2009

The species of Encyrtidae and Aphelinidae described as new or listed in this paper were among a lot of Coccid-inhabiting parasites received from the Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, New South Wales. This material was obtained in Kenya and Uganda during August to October 1935 by William B. Gurney, Entomologist, Department of Agriculture, N.S.W., mostly from Ceroplastes spp. Except for Scutellista sp., only species of Encyrtidae and Aphelinidae are reported upon in this paper. Mr. Gurney visited Kenya and Uganda for the purpose of finding and despatching living parasites of White Wax Scale (Ceroplastes spp.) in East Africa to establish in New South Wales for control of White Wax Scale of citrus trees and shrubs. While in Africa he arranged for Mr. H. Wilkinson, Entomologist, Kenya, and Messrs. H. Hargreaves and T. H. C. Taylor, Entomologists in Uganda, to continue to despatch further consignments of parasitised White Wax Scale after he had left.
The Morphology of the Larva ofSerica brunnea, L.
Authors: Jepson W. F.
Published: July 2009

It is a remarkable fact that out of the six commonly occurring species of the familyScarabaeidae(chafers, white grubs) in Britain, five are constantly reported as causing damage, either as grubs or as adults, to agricultural and forest crops. Thus, of the six species listed in Table I, only the last named,Anomala aenea, de Geer, which is very abundant locally on sand-dunes, finds agricultural conditions unsuitable to its existence.
Moisture as the Factor affecting Wing Development in the Citrus Aphis, Toxoptera aurantii, Boy
Authors: Rivnay E.
Published: July 2009

1. Temperature does not affect wing development in Aphids.

2. A great percentage of Aphids developed wings when they were crowded, or when they were forced to feed on stale or wilted food. This was due to the small amount of food and particularly of water which each individual Aphid obtained.

3. A reduced percentage of water in the food of Aphids, as well as a low atmospheric humidity, are primary factors causing wing development.

4. All the factors such as light, temperature, crowding, humidity, precipitation, growth of plant, etc., exert, directly or indirectly, an influence on the water balance in the body of the Aphid, which in turn causes wing development.
Notes on the Life-history of Cheiloneurus noxius, Compere (Hym.)
Authors: Le Pelley Richard H.
Published: July 2009

A number of species of this genus of Encyrtid parasites are known to be, and others are suspected to be, secondary parasites ; but apparently the complete life-history has not been observed in any one case. As the genus has an almost world-wide distribution and is doubtless of considerable economic importance, the following observations made in Southern California in part of 1935 and 1936 are recorded.
Simuliidae of the Buganda, Eastern and Western Provinces of Uganda
Authors: Gibbins E. G.
Published: July 2009

Five years ago, when a study was commenced of the Simuliid fauna of Uganda, 24 species were known from the whole of Africa. To-day, Uganda can claim more than that number within its own boundaries. In fact 30 species are known to occur in the country. And yet it is probable that many more species remain to be discovered, particularly as the investigation has not included the Northern Province, which will undoubtedly prove to be one of the richest inSimulium, since within its confines are the River Nile and its many subsidiary tributaries. Quite a number of species found in Uganda occur in other parts of the African continent. Some extend their distribution over to the west and also to the east coast, while other species do not confine their range to the tropics and are found as far afield as the Transvaal and Natal in the Southern Hemisphere. Early observations (1934) indicated a specialised Simuliid fauna on each of the high mountains in Uganda, and while this may still be true in the case of some species, subsequent investigations have shown that several have a wider distribution.
An Indian Cerambycid damaging Tea Cases
Authors: van Emden Fritz
Published: July 2009

During November 1936, a fine powder was noticed dropping from tea cases on the premises of an industrial firm in London. These cases were constructed of three-ply wood which originated probably from Scandinavia ; it had been brought to India and remained there for probably about 18 months. The cargo arrived in this country in March 1936 and had been lying untouched in the warehouse till November. The interior of the cases was lined with tin. When this was removed, large flat cavities containing living larvae were discovered. Samples were sent to the Imperial Institute of Entomology with a request for information if possible as to where infestation of the timber took place.
The Senses of Smell and Sight in Glossina swynnertoni
Authors: Napier Bax S.
Published: July 2009

1. Male G. swynnertoni were placed in a cage in the middle of a grass enclosure (to curtail their sight) and their powers of smell tested by recording their reactions when a span of six oxen (with two men) passed to windward outside the enclosure. Reactions were obtained at the ranges of 110 and 180 ft. but failed at 300 ft.

Female G. swynnertoni reacted at 110 ft. but were not tested at greater ranges.

2. Men in groups of two and eight were substituted for the oxen, and human scent was found to be attractive, but in spite of this there was evidence that the oxen and not the men with them were the main attraction in the scent experiments with the oxen.

3. The scents of kamba (onion-scented bark rope), hessian and manure were tested at 110 ft. and were not attractive. There was evidence, however, that the exhaust of a lorry at 300 ft. was attractive.

4. The tsetses did not react to shouting, the trampling of oxen or the noise of a lorry.

5. These results are discussed and the experimental conditions compared with the conditions in the natural environment.

6. Wind of a strength from 1½ to 5½ m.p.h. outside the cage (i.e., from about ¾ to 2½ within it) successfully bore the scent of the oxen at a range of 110 ft. to the tsetses. Lower and higher velocities were not tested.

7. The powers of sight of male G. swynnertoni were tested by passing the span of oxen to leeward of the enclosure, from the circumference of which an arc had been cut. The direction of the wind ensured that the tsetses could receive no scent. A maximum tonal contrast was obtained (to human eyes) by using black oxen against a light background and carrying out the experiments in bright sunshine. Positive results were obtained up to and including a range of 450 ft., but at 600 ft. there was no reaction.

Female G. swynnertoni reacted at 110 ft. but were not tested at greater ranges.

8. There was evidence that as the tonal contrast between the oxen and their background became less (through a weak sun or the background in semi-shadow) so the distance at which the tsetses could see diminished. This was supported by an experiment at 110 ft. in which the effect of a dark-blue background was greatly to reduce the reactions.

9. A small dark screen at 110 ft. gave as good reactions as the span of oxen.

10. The results of the sight experiments are discussed and the experimental conditions compared with those in the natural environment.
The Fauna of injurious Soil Insects of Arable Land
Authors: Ghilarov M. S.
Published: July 2009

Clean summer fallow is often recommended for reducing wireworm and white-grub infestations, but our investigations on this subject, conducted during the years 1933–35 at the Ukrainian Rubber Plants Experimental Station (near Kremenchug) showed that in arable fertile “ chernozem ” soil there is no significant decrease in the number of these pests after a clean summer fallow. These divergent results led us to suppose that the reaction of various species of wireworms and white-grubs to soil cultivation and fallow may be different.
Similarity in oviposition aggregation pheromone composition within the Simulium damnosum (Diptera: Simuliidae) species complex
Authors: McCall P. J. , Wilson M. D. , Dueben B. D. , de Clare Bronsvoort B. M. , Heath R. R.
Published: July 2009

The oviposition aggregation pheromone of six species or forms of the Simulium damnosum Theobald complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) from different sites in West Africa, was investigated by gas chromatographic analysis of hexane extracts of the ovaries from wild-caught flies, bloodfed and maintained until gravid in the laboratory. The two compounds previously shown to be released from fresh eggs and associated with mediation of oviposition aggregation were found in S. leonense Boakye, Post & Mosha (Sierra Leone), S. yahense Vajime & Dunbar (Ghana), S. sanctipauli Vajime & Dunbar (Ghana), S. sqnamosum; Enderlein (Cameroon), S. sirbanum Vajime & Dunbar (Ghana) and the Bioko form (island of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea). Coupled gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of the S. leonense, S. sanctipauli and the Bioko form extracts showed the two compounds to be identical in all three. Volatile emissions from freshly laid eggs of S. sanctipauli were similar to those previously described from S. leonense, and identical in chemical composition to gravid ovaries. No new compounds were detected in any ovary extracts or volatile emissions examined, demonstrating that the composition of the aggregation pheromone is similar throughout the S. damnosum species complex. Analysis of S. leonense adults of different age groups and physiological states showed that the compounds are detectable only in gravid ovaries at 2 or more days following the bloodmeal, suggesting that production of the pheromone occurs during egg development. Demonstration of an oviposition aggregation pheromone common throughout the species complex raises the possibility of developing an odour-baited trapping system for blackflies, which could be employed across the large area of Africa where they are the vectors of onchocerciasis.
Blood feeding patterns ofAnopheles freeborniandCulex tarsalis(Diptera: Culicidae): effects of habitat and host abundance
Authors: Wekesa J. W. , Yuval B. , Washino R. K. , de Vasquez A. M.
Published: July 2009

The blood feeding patterns ofAnopheles freeborniAitken andCulex tarsalisCoquillett were studied, and the effects of host availability on these patterns were assessed in four different habitats within a northern California rice agroecosystem. Resting mosquitoes were collected from June to September of 1991 and 1992. The source of mosquito blood meals was identified with the modified precipitin test.Anopheles freeborniexhibited a ‘specialized’ (fixed) blood feeding pattern, predominantly (99% of the time) feeding on mammalian hosts; leporids and bovids were the major hosts, while equines, suids, and other mammals were minor hosts.Culex tarsalisexhibited a more ‘generalized’ (catholic) blood feeding pattern, taking blood meals from both birds and mammals at a ratio of 3:1 with Passeriformes being the most fed upon host group. Human blood indices were under 3% for both mosquito species, and multiple blood meals were estimated at less than 2%. The host feeding patterns for both mosquito species differed among the four (riparian, rice, pasture and mixed) habitats. The host feeding pattern forC. tarsalisreflected the distribution of both mammalian and avian hosts available. On the contrary, the host feeding patterns forA. freebornireflected the distribution of mammalian but not the available avian hosts. Overall, host availability may be an important determinant of population size of some mosquito taxa (e.g.A. freeborni) than others (e.g.C. tarsalis) in rice culture agroecosystems.
An Eriophyid Mite injurious to Tomato
Authors: Massee A. M.
Published: July 2009

Phyllocoptes lycopersici, Massee, sp. n.

Tryon, Rept. Queensland Agric. Dept. 1916–17, pp. 49–63. (No description.)

Body spindle-shaped, stout, tapering sharply towards anal end. Thoracic shield triangular, sides sinuate, apex produced and rounded, not completely covering rostrum. Centre of shield smooth, sides ornamented with two longitudinal furrows at end near lateral margins. Shield 44 μ long.
Notes on the Development of Red Locust Hoppers (Nomadacris septemfasciata, Serv.) under Natural Climatic Conditions
Authors: Smee C.
Published: July 2009

A pronounced variation in the time taken by hopper bands of Nomadacris septemfasciata, Serv., to become adult swarms in different localities in the Nyasaland Protectorate during the four breeding seasons from 1932 to 1936, led to an investigation and comparison of certain climatic factors occurring during the critical months of hopper development at a number of stations where such variation had been particularly noticeable.

It was found that temperature and percentage relative humidity appeared to have considerable influence on the rate of development of the hopper bands, and that the quiescent nature of the bands in certain areas in some years, together with the unexpectedly small adult swarms that matured from these bands, seemed to be correlated with these same factors. It was noticeable that conditions during the first season, when development was generally normal, were somewhat hotter and drier throughout the country than in the later years and that, in most places, a marked increase in humidity usually accompanied by a decline in temperature was recorded each year up to 1936. In certain areas where hopper development occurred each year without much variation in length of time or intensity, such as the lower Shire River Valley, temperatures and humidity were found to have fluctuated only slightly from year to year.
New injurious Curculionidae (Col.)
Authors: Marshall Guy A. K.
Published: July 2009

Blosyrus ipomoeae, sp. n. (Plate XII, fig. 1).

♂. Derm black, with dense brown scaling; prothorax with an indefinite paler patch in a line with interval 3 of the elytra and extending from the base to the middle; elytra with variable black patches on intervals 3 and 5 and the usual ill-defined oblique paler band from the middle of interval 3 to the shoulder.
Root Aphids and Ants affecting Rubber-producing Plants
Authors: Ghilarov M. S.
Published: July 2009

In the course of entomological investigations of the rubber-producing plants, Scorzonera tau-saghyz, Lipsch. & Bossé, Taraxacum kok-saghyz, Rodin, and Taraxacum megalorhizon, Hand.-Maz., at the Ukrainian Rubber-Plants Experimental Station (near Kremenchug), it was discovered that the destruction of these plants can be caused by root Aphids and the ants associated with them.
The Varieties of Anopheles maculipennis in a Region of Greek Macedonia
Authors: Rice J. B. , Barber M. A.
Published: July 2009

In summing up the results of our study of the local varieties of maculipennis in a region of Macedonia, we have tried to deal with the region as a thing by itself, without allowing ourselves to be influenced by what we might know regarding the varieties of maculipennis found elsewhere.

We found a maculipennis nearly uniform throughout the whole region as regards habits and morphology, and not varying greatly except with respect to one character, the sculpturing of the eggs. On the basis of this character, we may make two groups, provisionally called typicus and messeae, but we must use statistical methods to establish these two groups, for we find much variability in them. The amount of variability is not uniform over the whole region; in some localities the egg-type is nearly all typicus, in others messeae greatly predominates. Our problem has been to test the validity of this characteristic, especially with regard to its persistence from parent to offspring and its constancy in varying environments.
Aerial baiting to control leaf-cutting ants (Formicidae, Attini) in Trinidad. I. The bait, its production, and the effects of weathering on attractiveness and persistence of toxicants
Authors: Lewis T. , Phillips F. T.
Published: July 2009

A technique is described for the preparation of large quantities (up to 1100 kg) of plain and waterproofed leaf-cutting ant bait from dried citrus meal, soyabean oil and aldrin. Small amounts (500 g) were weathered in sun and shade during wet and dry periods in Trinidad and the acceptability of the bait to ants {Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich) and Atta cephalotes (L.)) and the persistence of toxicants in it were assessed in laboratory tests. Methyltrichlorosilane was the most effective of three waterproofing agents tested. In the wet season, waterproofed bait remained acceptable to ants for at least 30 days whereas plain bait deteriorated in less than four days; in the dry season waterproofed bait was only marginally more attractive. In the wet season, Acromyrmex strongly preferred weathered waterproofed bait to fresh leaves, whereas Atta slightly preferred leaves to bait. In the dry season, Acromyrmex showed little preference between bait and leaves, whereas Atta strongly preferred bait. Over the period that the bait remained attractive to the ants it retained between one-third and two-thirds of the original aldrin in the form of aldrin and dieldrin.
Aerial baiting to control leaf-cutting ants (Formicidae, Attini) in Trinidad. II. Field application, nest mortality and the effect on other animals
Authors: Lewis T.
Published: July 2009

Aircraft were used to apply a bait containing aldrin, soyabean oil and citrus meal against leaf-cutting ants (Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich) and Atta cephalotes (L.)) in Trinidad. The distribution patterns of bait applied by different aircraft were measured. Plain bait applied at 2.2 kg/ha to an uncultivated island in the dry season destroyed 91% of nests of Acromyrmex, and waterproofed bait applied in the wet season to cultivated land on the mainland destroyed 85%. Small nests of Atta were also destroyed by this treatment but large nests in forest required much heavier dosages applied to the nest itself. Lizards and crabs living in the baited areas were contaminated with aldrin but there was no evidence to show that they were harmed.
The influence of accumulated rainfall and its pattern on mosquito (Diptera) populations in Brazil
Authors: de Kruijf H. A. M. , Woodall J. P. , Tang A. T.
Published: July 2009

Weekly catches of five species of mosquitoes over nearly two years at Belém, Brazil, were plotted against accumulated rainfall during the four weeks before catching. Rain-pool-breeding species (Aedes serratus (Theo.), A. scapularis (Rond.), Psorophora ferox (Humb.)) show a marked peak in catch size (population density) at 100–180 mm accumulated rainfall; one swamp-breeding species (Culex portesi Senevet & Abonnenc) shows no relation to rainfall while another (C. taeniopus D. & K.) reaches a plateau at 180 mm. A more detailed analysis of catches in relation to rainfall distribution showed that maximal populations of A. serratus appear 16 days after 39.7–87.9 mm of rainfall has accumulated over 14 consecutive days, which should include 3–7 dry days; P. ferox requires 55.2–99.4 mm rainfall in the same period; and A. scapularis requires 26.5–114.9 mm rainfall, with a marked alternation of wet and dry days.
Combined autogenous and anautogenous ovarian development in individual Culex tarsalis Coq. (Dipt., Culicidae)
Authors: Bellamy R. E. , Corbet Philip S.
Published: July 2009

The ability to mature eggs without feeding on blood (autogeny), occurring in most populations of Culex tarsalis Coq., approaches an incidence of 50% in the Bakersfield, California strain. Females that were not allowed to lay eggs matured autogenously would occasionally feed on blood but much less readily than anautogenous females. When such females did feed on blood, additional eggs started maturing in other follicles. This produced a heterogeneous assemblage of eggs, some matured autogenously in primary follicles interleaved with others in secondary follicles (on other ovarioles) that matured following the blood-meal. During or soon after autogenous maturation of eggs in some primary follicles, the contemporary primary follicles were resorbed, forming ovariolar dilatations, a condition commonly interpreted as signifying a parous condition.
The biology of Anopheles claviger (Mg.) (Dipt., Culicidae) in southern England
Authors: Service M. W.
Published: July 2009

The biology of Anopheles claviger (Mg.) was studied for a varying number of years in three localities in southern England. The fluctuations in the proportions of the larval instars and pupae were studied by weekly sampling throughout the year. The population overwintered from October to April as pre-adults, and in mid-winter larval development was arrested, but was resumed in March. The construction of a simple life-table showed the existence of a large mortality of immature stages during the overwintering period. Females were sampled at two localities by human bait catches, and at one also by insect suction traps. There was an interval of 1–2 weeks between adult emergences in April and blood-feeding, during which time females apparently fed on sugar solutions. Maximum biting densities of nullipars in May and September showed that A. claviger was bivoltine. The physiological age structure of the population showed that most parous adults at bait had oviposited only once or twice, but a few females had laid four batches. Live Hygrobatid-type mites proved reliable in indicating nulliparity. Mature larvae developed in the eggs 5–7 days after oviposition and while most eggs hatched within the next three days, a few remained unhatched until the 30th day. Females of the second generation (September) laid fewer eggs than those of the first generation (May). About six days were required for blood digestion, and females supplied with sugar were able to live 46 days. The marked delays between successive gonotrophic cycles in natural populations would make parous rates unreliable for the estimation of daily mortalities.