bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying an Evaporative Thermal Refugium for the Preservation of Coral Reefs in a Warming World—The Gulf of Eilat (Aqaba)
Authors: Abir Shai , McGowan Hamish A. , Shaked Yonathan , Lensky Nadav
Published: February 2023

Coral bleaching events are more frequent and severe as global temperatures rise and marine heat waves are more frequent. However, quantifying the surface energy fluxes in coral reefs at various geoclimatic regions and the mechanisms by which the air-water interactions regulate water temperature is rare. We measure surface energy fluxes over coral reefs using Eddy Covariance towers in two contrasting geo-climatic regions: The typical setup of humid/tropical coral reefs (Heron Reef, Great Barrier Reef, Australia) and the rarer desert coral reef (Golf of Eilat, Israel). We analyze how the surface heat fluxes regulate the temperature of shallow coral reef environments. We show that in the desert reefs, the dry air overlying the shallow coral reef results in extremely high evaporation rates which in turn results in extensive cooling of the water. In humid/tropical reefs, evaporation is suppressed by humidity and is limited in the ability to offset the heating of the water. The extreme difference in evaporative cooling in desert versus tropical reefs is key in the response to marine heat waves. Marine heat waves which impose thermal stress on corals are a result of synoptic-scale circulation variations which suppress evaporation and increase heating. The most severe marine heatwave ever measured at the Gulf of Eilat (August 2021) was found to be caused by low evaporation rates, which resulted from synoptic circulation with weak winds and high humidity. After the onset of water temperature rise and the return of the dry winds, evaporation instantly cooled the water overlying the corals- relieving potential stress. Whereas, at the humid/tropical Heron Reef (Great Barrier Reef, Australia) evaporation solely is unable to reduce the high water temperature and therefore coral heat induce stress events are inevitably longer and more frequent. We conclude that evaporative cooling is a key mechanism protecting coral reefs located in deserts from extreme high-water temperatures, thereby representing possible thermal refugium for corals against background global warming.
A new release of deep ocean datasets for a better understanding of ocean dynamics
Authors: Lo Bue Nadia , Giambenedetti Beatrice , Embriaco Davide , Marinaro Giuditta , Bagiacchi Paolo , Vagni Riccardo
Published: February 2023

Although it is now known that deep marine processes play a crucial role in the study and assessment of climate variability, deep-sea ocean dynamics remain largely unknown. This is due to the lack of data above 2000 m of depth. Given the paucity of observation of the deep ocean environment, is essential to improve the availability and accessibility of in-situ high-quality datasets, standardized in accordance with the FAIR principles. This allows enhanced knowledge of local deep variability, and contributes to maximizing the utility of data, also supporting ocean modeling which so far has been unable to realistically depict the deep-layers state. Several high sampling frequency dataset collected by benthic multidisciplinary observatories in key sites such as Mediterranean Sea, Marmara Sea and Atlantic Ocean has been elaborated, verifying the sensor efficiency through post-calibration and standardized Quality Control (QC) procedures, adapted from international protocols and recommendations specifically for deep-sea observations. QC tests were automated as much as possible aiming for a standardized procedure while taking into account the specificity of each different technology used.The aim of this work is to disseminate verified in-situ dataset, together with properly formatted raw data and metadata, providing high-quality open-access data including Ocean Essential Variables  ready for user analysis intended to fill the gap in deep ocean knowledge.
Reconstructing Earth Energy Imbalance over the Common Era
Authors: Hakim Gregory , Black Anna , Armour Kyle
Published: February 2023

Many aspects of climate change are related to the net energy imbalance at top of Earth's atmosphere. This measures the difference between incoming solar radiation and outgoing radiation from emission and reflected solar radiation; the net imbalance must be reflected in changes to global energy storage. While the net imbalance has been measured by satellites in recent decades and constrained by ocean heat-content estimates from Argo floats, long-term changes are poorly constrained, even in the 20th century. Here we test the hypothesis that the planetary energy imbalance can be estimated from observations, and proxies, of surface temperature using data assimilation over the Common Era.We present and evaluate a method for reconstructing outgoing radiation at the top of the atmosphere from assimilation of surface temperature observations. The method is first tested during the satellite era by assimilating HadCRUT surface temperature observations using prior estimates drawn from historical climate-model simulations outside the validation period. Results show higher skill in the reconstructions compared to AMIP simulations for interannual variability in both the outgoing infrared, and reflected solar radiation fields, when compared to CERES measurements. Over longer periods of time, the effective radiative forcing (ERF) from changing greenhouse gases and aerosols must be considered since ERF is, by definition, the radiative response independent of surface temperature changes. Adding estimates of ERF from climate simulations to the reconstructed radiation fields shows good agreement with AMIP simulations over the historical period. We extend the method to the Common Era using PAGES2K temperature-sensitive proxies and the Last Millennium Reanalysis assimilation framework.
Evaluating Seismic Hazard based on Simulated Earthquake Strong Ground Motions in Himalaya
Authors: Kumar Dinesh , Sharma Anjali , Yadav Renu
Published: February 2023

The importance of site-specific earthquake strong ground motions for the proper evaluation of seismic hazard of a region has now been well recognized.  It is useful to generate site-specific ground motions required for the designing of earthquake resistant buildings in seismic active regions as required number of observed records are not available at all the sites of interest.  The simulated time histories enhance the sparse data base of observed accelerograms which is useful for improving seismological understanding of an earthquake process.  Most of the earthquakes in Indian region occur in Himalaya which is the result of collision of northward drifting Indian plate with Eurasian plate.  The seismic hazard is severe in the region of Himalaya.  The first step to mitigate the seismic hazard is to evaluate the same.In the present study, the seismic hazard has been estimated in the regions of Himalaya using simulated strong ground motions from earthquakes.  A modified hybrid technique has been used for the simulation of earthquake strong ground motions. In this technique a composite source model (Zeng et al, 1994) has been combined with semi-empirical envelope technique (Midorikawa, 1993).  In the technique, the envelope function of target earthquake is computed by summation of envelope functions that are generated from small size earthquakes distributed randomly on the fault plane. In order to simulate the ground motions at surface level, the high frequency decay parameter and site amplification functions have been taken into account.The strong ground motions have been simulated at large number of points distributed spatially in the region.  The scenario hazard maps in the form of spatial distribution of peak ground acceleration values have been presented due to a great earthquake (M 8.5) in Central Seismic Gap of Himalaya and a major earthquake (M 6.9) in NE Himalaya.  The scenario hazard maps prepared in the present study may be useful to the local administrators for the mitigation of the earthquake hazard in the region.  These maps give the idea about the possible scenario in case of similar size future earthquake occurs in the region. The maps presented here are useful to mitigate the seismic hazard from the region.
Study of modern regional and local anomal variations of seismicity in the Tavro-Caucasian region
Authors: Karapetyan Jon , Geodakyan Eduard , Karapetyan Roza , Hovhannisyan Lilya , Matevosyan Gurgen
Published: February 2023

The real-time monitoring of the seismicity of the territory of the Taurus-Caucasus region shows that at present, since 2021, geodynamic processes of significant intensity have been taking place in the earth's crust of the Taurus-Caucasus region, which can form anomalous areas of increased seismotectonic deformations on separate segments of seismically active faults. The article studies the activation of weak seismicity in the study area during the period of instrumental observations from 2021 to the present.  The structure of the set of sources of weak earthquakes in five-dimensional space (hypocenter, time, energy) is considered.  Based on the methods of statistical analysis of instrumental data, clusters of earthquake sources interconnected in space and time with magnitudes M≥3.0 (Figure 1).Figure 1.A detailed analysis shows that almost all types of anomalous manifestations of seismicity (swarms, earthquake doublets, pseudo-gaps, etc.) are observed in the same period in the Taurus-Caucasus region.  It was revealed that during the same period, the earthquake epicenters in real time line up mainly along trajectories that have a quasi-perpendicular direction with respect to the main seismically active faults of the Caucasus strike.  In the same period, in the Tavrokavkaz region, there is an alternation of seismotectonic stress variations in tense series of earthquakes in the magnitude range M=3.0-5.4 by sequential occurrence in the region of Eastern Turkey, Northern Armenia, Iran, Azerbaijan and the Greater Caucasus. The results obtained indicate that in the Taurus-Caucasus region there are regional and local significant changes in the stress-strain state of the earth's crust that are complex in their manifestation, which must be taken into account in a detailed study of seismic geodynamic processes in the Taurus-Caucasus region in order to identify possible zones of occurrence of strong earthquakes and medium-term earthquake forecast. This work was funded by the Science Committee of the Republic of Armenia, as part of the research project (No. ACH-01/22, 21SCG-1E021).
Phytoplankton trajectories in the Elbe estuaries - examinig retention and die-off in the Hamburg harbor
Authors: Steidle Laurin
Published: February 2023

Phytoplankton populations have been in a steep decline in the elbe estuary since several decades. Previous studies using concentration based biochemical models helped to further the understanding of the ecosystem in general but fail to pinpoint specific reasons due to their high complexity.We approach this problem with a novel langrangian model. By explicitly simulating phytoplankton trajectories, we are able to examine bathymetry-related effects. These effects can play a big role in the Elbe estuary due the high average depth in the navigational channel of Hamburg’s harbor.  In detail, or model represent processes like turbulent dispersion, vertical migration and stranding mechanics to study this problem. To our knowledge this is the first time that this problem is tackled with such a method that includes biological processes in an estuarine context.We will present results from experiments looking at Phytoplankton retention mechanics to avoid outwashing and depth related mortality in the navigational channel.
Impact of urban canyons on atmospheric processes in Minsk, Belarus: observational and modelling study
Authors: Barodka Siarhei , Schlender Tsimafei , Silkov Piotr , Borisovets Aliaksei , Sycheuski Aliaksei , Bruchkouski Ilya , Tabalchuk Tatiana
Published: February 2023

This study is devoted to analysis of the impact of urban canyons and other features of urban morphology on formation of wind patterns and micrometeorological weather regimes in the urban area of Minsk, Belarus. For that purpose we combine urban morphology analysis with high-resolution mesoscale simulations with the WRF-BEP+BEM modelling system and observational data.
Urban morphology parameters for Minsk are first obtained on basis of OpenStreetMap (OSM) vector data processed with machine learning techniques. We then apply several algorithms of urban street canyon identification to this data to get an overall picture of main urban morphology features of Minsk and their possible role in wind patterns formation. Furthermore, OSM data is processed to form a representation of buildings data and other urban parameters for use in the WRF-BEP+BEM modelling system along with other sources of data for land use/land cover description. Modelling results are then analyzed along with observational data, which includes available satellite data, regular ground-based measurements, crowdsourced data from citizen weather stations and compact sensors, and our own street observations conducted with mobile instruments during several field campaigns in different parts of Minsk (including previously identified urban canyon zones.
Does hydrologically consistent data improve model performance? The importance of closing the water balance of input and evaluation data
Authors: Wong Jefferson S. , Yassin Fuad , Famiglietti James S.
Published: February 2023

Due to the lack of accurate representation of hydrological processes and parameter measurements, physically-based hydrological models consist of many parameters requiring calibration to historical observations so that reliable hydrological inference can be obtained. With the increasing data availability from various sources (e.g., satellite remote sensing, climate model reanalysis), additional information on different water balance components (e.g., soil moisture, groundwater storage, etc.) are used to constrain and validate hydrological models, resulting in better model performance and parameter identifiability. However, given the emergence of multiple datasets for various water budget components, and their differences in temporal and spatial resolutions, the uncertainties in these datasets, when used together in driving and evaluating hydrological models, could introduce potential inconsistencies in water balance estimation and lead to a non-closure problem, which could result in potentially biased parameter and water balance component estimates in hydrological modelling.This study addresses this issue by examining the impact of inconsistent water balance component data on model performance and exploring the importance of hydrologically consistent data for robust hydrological inference. The assessment is done using a Canadian Hydrologic-Land Surface Models named MESH in the Saskatchewan River basin, Canada over the period of 2002 to 2016. Seven precipitation datasets, seven evapotranspiration products, one source of water storage data – GRACE from three different centers using spherical harmonic and mass concentration approaches – and observed discharge data from hydrometric stations are selected as the input and evaluation data. A reference water balance dataset is developed to optimally combine all available data sources for each water balance component and to obtain water balance closure though a constrained Kalman filter data assimilation technique. The MESH model is rerun with this reference dataset and results are assessed and compared to different combinations of input and evaluation data. Preliminary results reveal great variations of model performance in the water balance components when using different combinations of input and evaluation data and results of using the reference dataset is expected to have less biased water balance component estimates. This study aims to highlight the necessity of using a set of hydrologically consistent data before any model runs and model evaluation.
Evaluating the performance of border irrigation through a glimpse at what happens in northern Italy
Authors: Masseroni Daniele , Gangi Fabiola , Costanzo Carmen , Costabile Pierfranco , Gandolfi Claudio
Published: February 2023

Achieving a good irrigation performance is not straightforward in border irrigation practices. This is almost always due to a lack of balance between natural factors (i.e. soil texture, infiltration characteristics), geometrical features (filed length, slope and border strip width) and management elements (flow rate and cut-off time). Such lack of balance makes it difficult to reach an optimal water depth across the field and a uniform intake opportunity time to satisfy crop water requirements at every point. In light of these concerns, studies investigating the current irrigation performance of border irrigated fields, and the potential improvements in irrigation managements are needed in order to better understand how we can keep this ancient but still crucial irrigation method alive.

In this work, the results of an intensive monitoring campaign of more than ten border strip irrigation events carried out between the years 2021 and 2022 over two maize fields located in the Padana Plain (North Italy), are analyzed to understand the current performance level of this practice. Specifically, observed variables at the experimental sites included the actual flow rate, cut-off time and distance, advance and recession trajectories and water distribution uniformity, were investigated and their spatio-temporal variability discussed. Then, the IrriSurf2D model which is constituted by an integrated 2D hydrodynamic modelling framework intended to describe the dynamics of surface irrigation, was used for reproducing waterfront propagation under new irrigation management practices, i.e. different irrigation durations, flow rates and border layouts (slopes and border widths).

Results show that microtopography, border width and antecedent moisture conditions before the irrigation intervention, plays a key role in the advancement of the waterfront along the longitudinal direction of the field and in the spatial variability of the water depth. A significant variability in time of advance and recession trajectories was observed over the experimental fields, whereas the distribution uniformity was generally consistent with literature standards. Additionally, the fields could be irrigated in considerably less time if the cut-off time is adjusted in according with the real flow rate and border layout. In general, the study has demonstrated a great potential to significantly improve irrigation performance by applying alternative field designs and operation strategies. These findings pave the way to define suitable guidelines for practical field irrigations with positive impacts in terms of water distribution uniformity and water saving. 
Joint geophysical and numerical insights of the coupled thermal-hydro-mechanical processes during heating in salt
Authors: Wu Yuxin , Wang Jiannan , Uhlemann Sebastian , Otto Shawn , Dozier Brian , Kuhlman Kristopher
Published: February 2023

Salt is an ideal medium for permanent isolation of heat-generating radioactive waste due to its tightness regarding fluid flow, high thermal conductivity, and ability to creep close fractures. Understanding the thermal-hydrological-mechanical (THM) processes, including the resulting brine migration, is a key part of the scientific basis for safe radioactive waste disposal in salt formations. Underground at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), to study brine migration near an excavation during active heating, we conducted joint in-situ geophysical monitoring experiments using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and high-resolution fiber optic-based distributed temperature sensing (DTS), during a controlled heating experiment. ERT electrode arrays and fiber optic sensors were cemented into parallel horizontal boreholes. In addition, DEM (Discrete Element Model) based numerical simulations were conducted to simulate the THM processes during heating to understand better the mechanisms that led to changes in these geophysical measurements. During heating, resistivity changes near the heater can be explained well with a simple temperature effect. Yet, at more distant regions that were cooler, the resistivity decreased much more than is predicted from temperature effects alone. DEM simulations indicate that brine migration, driven by a pore pressure gradient, is likely the primary reason for the significant resistivity decrease beyond temperature effects. Comparison between the predicted ERT responses and observations is much improved when considering the DEM simulated brine migration effects. In support of our understanding of salt for radioactive waste disposal, this geophysical and simulation evidence provided mechanistic insights into field-relevant THM processes. 
Late Messinian Mediterranean base level fall : insights from sulfur isotopic variations coupled with isostasy-based paleo-depth estimates
Authors: Guibourdenche Laetitia , Heida Hanneke , Andreetto Federico , Aloisi Giovanni
Published: February 2023

At the end of the Miocene, the restriction of the Atlantic-Mediterranean seaway led to the deposition of a basin-wide salt giant (of up to 2.5km in thickness) in the Mediterranean. Drawdown(s) of the water level of the Mediterranean during this Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC) have been proposed to have occurred. However, their number, timing and amplitude are still largely debated, with estimates ranging from 200m to 2km. While an important sea level fall could have efficiently blocked the Mediterranean outflow to the Atlantic Ocean, a limited drawdown would have allowed huge export of salt from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic Ocean, and in turn to the global ocean.  These two scenarios would thus have had opposite effects on thermohaline circulation and consecutively on climate. It is therefore crucial to estimate the water level of the Mediterranean during the MSC to understand its climatic and environmental effects both on a regional and global scale.Here we investigated the deposits drilled by ODP and DSDP expeditions that characterize the terminal phase of the MSC in deep basins of the Mediterranean.  We measured the sulfur isotopic composition (both in sulfide and sulfate bearing minerals) in these deposits to constrain the maximal depth under which they formed, building on the observation that sea level is an important factor controlling sedimentary sulfur isotopic composition. We then used these maximal depths of deposition in a paleo-bathymetric reconstruction to constrain the amplitude of the base level fall that characterized the end of the Messinian Salinity Crisis. The result of this approach suggests a minimal water level drop of 1.1km in the western Mediterranean and a 1.7km drawdown at least in the eastern Mediterranean. This imply that these two basins were disconnected at the end of the MSC, and supports the findings of studies using independent seismic markers.
Deciphering the Cenozoic evolution of circum-Mediterranean fold-and-thrust belts through the integration of structural and thermal maturity studies of sedimentary basins
Authors: Corrado Sveva
Published: February 2023

In recent decades, reconstructing the geometric and kinematic evolution of fold-and-thrust belts around the Mediterranean region has been one of the priority goals of the scientific community, also with the aim of energy resource retrieval. However, the frequent poor quality of subsurface constraints has sometimes led to the production of even very different geometric-kinematic evolutionary models, characterized by different amounts of shortening and deformation timing, with important implications on the kinematic reconstructions of the Africa-Europe convergence process. In this talk, I intend to propose a journey through a series of fold-and thrust belts around this region, that in recent years have been studied by the team of the Academic Lab of Basin Analysis or Roma Tre, in collaboration with many colleagues around the Mediterranean, through the integration of classical stratigraphic and structural data with the reconstruction of the paleo-thermal evolution of these structures. Particular attention will be paid to thermal modeling, constrained through different parameters of thermal and thermo-chronological evolution of both pre-orogenic and syn-orogenic sedimentary successions.
A differentiable modeling approach to systematically integrating deep learning and physical models for large-scale hydrologic prediction and knowledge discovery
Authors: Feng Dapeng , Shen Chaopeng
Published: February 2023

Although deep learning (DL) models have shown extraordinary performance in hydrologic modeling, they are still hard to interpret and not able to predict untrained hydrologic variables due to lacking physical meanings and constraints. This study established hybrid differentiable models (namely the delta models) with regionalized parameterization and learnable structures based on a DL-based differentiable parameter learning (dPL) framework. The simulation experiments on both US and global basins demonstrate that the delta models can approach the performance of the state-of-the-art long short-term memory (LSTM) network on discharge prediction. Different from the pure data-driven LSTM model, the delta models can output a full set of hydrologic variables not used as training targets. The evaluation with independent data sources showed that the delta models, only trained on discharge observations, can also give decent predictions for ET and baseflow. The spatial extrapolation experiments showed that the delta models can surpass the performance of the LSTM model for predictions in large ungauged regions in terms of the daily hydrographic metrics and multi-year trend prediction. The spatial patterns of the parameters learned by the delta models remain remarkably stable from the in-sample to spatial out-of-sample predictions, which explains the robustness of the delta models for spatial extrapolation. More importantly, the proposed modeling framework enables directly learning new relations between intermediate variables from large observations. This study shows that the model performance and physical meanings can be balanced with the differentiable modeling approach which is promising to large-scale hydrologic prediction and knowledge discovery.
Mapping soil organic carbon stocks in Tunisian topsoils
Authors: Bahri Haithem , Raclot Damien , Barbouchi Meriem , Lagacherie Philippe , Annabi Mohamed
Published: February 2023

​ Better knowledge of the amount and spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) stock at national level is a key element for monitoring, planning and decision-making regarding soil quality management, agriculture or carbon storage options. The present study proposed a new digital soil mapping (DSM) initiative to map SOC stocks in Tunisian topsoils (0-30 cm) at 100 m resolution, using a Quantile Regression Forest algorithm and a national database of 1540 SOC stock profiles. Our results showed that the new prediction of SOC stocks outperformed global DSM products such as SoilGrids2.0 in both R² (0.44 vs 0.15) and RMSE (1.94 vs 2.52 kg m-2). It provided an updated assessment of the SOC stock on the Tunisian territory at 391Tg C in the first 30 cm of soil profile, i.e. an average of 2.53 kg m-2. The importance of the environmental covariates tested indicates the major role of bioclimatic data and, to a lesser extent, remote sensing images and topography-related variables. Our study did not show a significant added value of using additional covariates in relation to nationally available variables or the SOC map predicted by SoilGrids2.0. Future improvements should focus on additional field surveys and exploration of new covariates through sub-national approaches, starting with the northern region of Tunisia, which has the highest SOC stock predictions and uncertainties in the country.
Adaptability of lessons learnt from recent medium-sized earthquakes to moderate seismic zones – disaster management perspectives for unprepared societies
Authors: Kegyes-Brassai Orsolya , Shah Md Faiz
Published: February 2023

Being part of the expert team sent by Hungarian National Directorate General for Disaster Management to Tirana after the 6.4 magnitude earthquake in 2019, and experienced the fear of residents living in slightly or heavily cracked buildings raised the question of preparedness to against seismic events in other moderate seismic regions such as Hungary. Recent earthquakes within the moderate range have proved that moderate seismicity does not necessarily equate to moderate damage suffered.Vulnerability to earthquakes has increased due to extending urban areas. This paper presents lessons learnt after medium-sized earthquakes and examines the adaptability of measures taken afterwards and the possibility to apply these methods to other regions in Hungary and throughout Europe where the seismic hazard is not great, but cannot be ignored. To reduce the potential damage, a comprehensive assessment of the seismic risk followed by a package of relevant remedial measures is needed. Methods developed for Hungary is presented compared to methods applied in other regions to determine local site effects, vulnerability, and preparedness, being the main components responsible to risks. Based on the results, engineers can better plan to make improvements to infrastructure, and authorities can better plan for emergency activities in case of a seismic event.
The Central-Sudetic ophiolites (NE Bohemian Massif) and their geodynamic setting compared with Devonian ophiolites of the Variscan suture in Europe
Authors: Wojtulek Piotr , Schulz Bernhard , Klemd Reiner , Gil Grzegorz , Dajek Michał , Delura Katarzyna
Published: February 2023

The Central-Sudetic Ophiolites (CSO) are located in the Sudetes constituting the NE fragment of the Bohemian Massif, one of Variscan basement outcrops in Central Europe. The CSO involve the Ślęża, Braszowice-Brzeźnica, Szklary and Nowa Ruda massifs that are dated at 404.8 ± 0.3 – 401.2 ± 0.3 Ma (Awdankiewicz et al., 2020). These massifs display highly depleted, harzburgite mantle sections containing gabbroic dykes and local occurrences of mostly isotropic, large gabbroic bodies as well as volcanic rocks. The ultramafic rocks locally show melt percolation-derived clinopyroxene-olivine aggregates and chromitites. The low REE composition and depletion in LREE relative to HREE of the clinopyroxene as well as the chromite Cr# and Mg# values point to phases formed from refractory melts occurring in the supra-subduction zone environment. The gabbroic bodies consist of differently evolved, mostly cumulate rocks, while the volcanic rocks form a relatively monotonous basalt sequence. The trace element compositions of both the plutonic and volcanic rocks display depleted N-MORB affinities, their derivation from a refractory mantle source is further reflected by depleted mantle-like Sr-Nd isotopic compositions. The ultramafic and mafic members of the CSO show greenschist- to lower amphibolite facies metamorphic overprints.The CSO represent an ancient supra-subduction-type oceanic lithosphere that formed in a slow- to intermediate spreading regime. The lithosphere of the CSO is heterogeneous and lacks the structure of a typical layered ophiolitic complex, but rather resembles that of slow spreading oceanic complexes with gabbroic bodies formed due to local magma injections. Melt percolation phases in ultramafic member as well as plutonic and volcanic rocks of the CSO display geochemical signatures accounting for their derivation from a refractory mantle source, typical of N-MORB-type melts depleted in supra-subduction zone settings but lacking subduction-related enrichment. These rocks of the CSO are believed to have formed in a mature, intra-oceanic back-arc basin. Chemical affinities between the CSO and other Devonian ophiolites belonging to the Middle Allochthon (for instance Careón ophiolite in the NW Iberian Massif, Spain or Tisoviţa Iuţi ophiolitic massif in Romania) confirm that a typical MORB-type lithosphere is absent in the European Variscides. Therefore, these ophiolites are thought to constitute fragments of lithosphere that were generated in supra-subduction-zone domains during the amalgamation of Pangea.Reference:Awdankiewicz, M., Kryza, R., Turniak, K., Ovtcharova, M., Schaltegger, U., 2020. The Central Sudetic Ophiolite (European Variscan Belt): precise U-Pb zircon dating and geotectonic implications. Geological Magazine 158, 555–556.
Best Practices in Program Management: A Review of Experiences and Insights from the ITINERIS PROJECT proposal
Authors: Abruzzese Luigi , Bilotta Massimo , Beranzoli Laura
Published: February 2023

Best Practices in  Program Management: A Review of Experiences and Insights from the ITINERIS PROJECT proposalObjective: The objective of this study is to identify and analyze the various experiences and best practices that have been documented in the ITINERIS proposal with a focus on the research and academic aspectMethodology: To achieve this objective, we will conduct a literature review of multiple sources, including academic journals and industry publications. In addition, we will conduct interviews with research coordinators and project managers to gather insights into their own experiences and best practices during the time of the proposal. The data collected through these methods will be analyzed using a qualitative approach to identify common themes and patterns in the experiences, and best practices reported.Expected Outcomes: The expected outcomes of this study are as follows:A comprehensive overview of the experiences and best practices pertaining to the research and academic sector.Identify key themes and patterns in the experiences, and best practices reported, including the importance of strong leadership, clear communication, and robust project management processes.Recommendations for researchers and project managers on how to effectively apply these best practices in their own work.Contribution to the academic literature on how to propose a successful research infrastructure proposal. 
LiDAR-based data assimilation during offshore transient events
Authors: Bakhoday-Paskyabi Mostafa , Bui Hai , Mohammadpour Penchah Mohammadreza
Published: February 2023

Atmospheric conditions and instabilities affect directly the performance of modern large offshore wind farms and several offshore operations, particularly farther offshore in deep waters. However, our current knowledge regarding to the atmospheric processes over a wide range of spatiotemporal scales needs further improvements by the use of measurements, and sophisticated modelling of Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer (MABL) processes relevant to the offshore wind energy. Processes like gravity waves, Open Convective Cells (OCCs), Low Level Jets (LLJs) affect both horizontal and vertical structures of MABL flow fields and the interactions between the ambient flow and offshore constructions. For example, LLJs are common physical processes over the Southern North Sea. These transient events occur during stably stratified atmosphere with jet cores at heights between 150 m and 300 m. Strong positive and negative shears are observed below and above the nose of LLJ (i.e a maxima in the vertical wind profile). Structure, timing, shape, and characteristics of LLJs influence the loads on turbines and the overall power generation of offshore wind parks. Therefore, precise modelling and measurement of these episodes are highly important.While advanced measurement systems such as LiDAR provides important information on formation and characteristics of LLJs, such measurements are sparse in time and space. On the other hand, modelling tools are sensitive in prediction of LLJ characteristics such as LLJ’s height, spatial position, and timing, the choice of initial and boundary conditions, and planetary boundary layer schemes used in the Numerical Weather Prediction models (NWPs).  Predictive skills of these models can be enhanced through assimilation of available quality observational data with NWPs like Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. In this study, we use the WRF model to model wind variability for a geographical area covering the FINO1 offshore meteorological met-mast and Alpha Ventus offshore wind park (in the Southern North Sea). We first examine the performance of WRF, with an appropriate configuration, in forecasting few LLJ events. We then apply a LiDAR-based data assimilation (for sometimes during 2015) and study how different DA techniques (namely observational nudging and 3DVAR) can improve the accuracy of wind forecasting and reduce the model uncertainity during the LLJ events.
Development of a New Microphysics Scheme with In-Cloud Processes for Weather Forecasting
Authors: Hong Songyou , Li Haiqin , Bao JIan-Wen , Dudhia Jimy
Published: February 2023

A new double-moment parameterization with in-cloud microphysical processes is developed for use in weather forecasting and climate studies. A main ingredient of the scheme utilizes a concept to represent the partial cloudiness effect on the microphysical processes, following the study of Kim and Hong (2018). The underlying assumption is that all the microphysical processes occur in a cloudy part of the grid box. Based on the long-term evaluation of the WRF Single-Moment (WSM) and WRF Double-Moment (WDM) schemes by WRF community, several revisions are made in microphysics terms, along with a newly introduced aerosol effect in ice processes. An aerosol-aware feature with prognostic aerosol emissions of sea salt, dust, anthropogenic and wildfire organic carbon for CCN is also designed. A mass-conserving Semi-Lagrangian sedimentation is re-configured for double-moment physics, which is superior to the conventional Eulerian algorithm in the context of the computational accuracy and numerical accuracy. The new scheme reproduces the storm structure in an idealized 2D testbed, accompanying better organized front-to-rear jets, cold pools, and convective updrafts, as compared to the results in the case of conventional microphysics. The wall-clock time is about a half in the US NOAA/GFS model, as compared to that of Thompson scheme.
From Hindcast to Forecast with Deep Learning Streamflow Models
Authors: Nearing Grey , Gauch Martin , Klotz Daniel , Kratzert Frederik , Metzger Asher , Shalev Guy , Shenzis Shlomo , Tekalign Tadele , Weitzner Dana , Gilon Oren
Published: February 2023

Deep learning has become the de facto standard for streamflow simulation. While there are examples of deep learning based streamflow forecast models (e.g., 1-5), the majority of the development and research has been done with hindcast models. The primary challenge in using deep learning models for forecasting (e.g., flood forecasting) is that the meteorological input data are drawn from different distributions in hindcast vs. forecast. The (relatively small) amount of research that has been done on deep learning streamflow forecasting has largely used an encoder-decoder approach to account for forecast distribution shifts. This is, for example, what Google’s operational flood forecasting model uses [4]. In this work we show that the encoder-decoder approach results in artifacts in forecast trajectories that are not detectable with standard hydrological metrics, but which can cause forecasts to have incorrect trends (e.g., rising when they should be falling and vice-versa).  We solve this problem using regularized embeddings, which remove forecast artifacts without harming overall accuracy. Perhaps more importantly, input embeddings allow for training models on spatially and/or temporally incomplete meteorological inputs, meaning that a single model can be trained using input data that does not exist everywhere or does not exist during the entire training or forecast period. This allows models to learn from a significantly larger training data set, which is important for high-accuracy predictions. It also allows large (e.g., global) models to learn from local weather data. We demonstrate how and why this is critical for state-of-the-art global-scale streamflow forecasting.  Franken, Tim, et al. An operational framework for data driven low flow forecasts in Flanders. No. EGU22-6191. Copernicus Meetings, 2022.
Kao, I-Feng, et al. "Exploring a Long Short-Term Memory based Encoder-Decoder framework for multi-step-ahead flood forecasting." Journal of Hydrology 583 (2020): 124631.
Liu, Darong, et al. "Streamflow prediction using deep learning neural network: case study of Yangtze River." IEEE access 8 (2020): 90069-90086.
Nevo, Sella, et al. "Flood forecasting with machine learning models in an operational framework." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26.15 (2022): 4013-4032.
Girihagama, Lakshika, et al. "Streamflow modelling and forecasting for Canadian watersheds using LSTM networks with attention mechanism." Neural Computing and Applications 34.22 (2022): 19995-20015.
 
Determining the Sputtered Secondary Ion Densities at Phobos and Deimos: A combined computational and experimental study
Authors: Schaible Micah , Morrissey Liam , Sarantos Menelaos , Johnson Robert
Published: February 2023

Introduction: Space weathering by ion irradiation is ubiquitous on the surfaces of airless bodies in the Solar System. Sputtering occurs when solar wind (SW) or magnetosphere ions (MI) impact the suraces of bodies in space. Asteroids and moons are too small to maintain a significant atmosphere, and therefore they are directly exposed to ionizing radiation from the solar wind and magnetospheric plasmas. Incident ions can transfer sufficient energy to surface species to cause them to desorb and potentially escape to space. A small fraction of the sputtered species can escape as ions, called sputtered secondary ions (SSI). Mass, charge, and energy analysis of the sputtered ions using secondary ion mass spectrometry is highly diagnostic of the irradiated surface composition. The upcoming JAXA MMX mission will carry a Mass Spectral Analyzer (MSA) instrument will be capable of making measurements of SSI around its target bodies Phobos and Deimos (P&D). However, there is currently limited estimates of SSI yields from relevant surface compositions under relevant irradiation conditions, and the expected SSI fluxes around P&D are not well constrained.Background: Although P&D are exposed to both the SW and MI and SSI are expected to be present throughout their orbits. However, several challenges arise when attempting to derive a precise surface composition from a measured SIMS spectra, or when estimating the expected count rates and elemental ratios that will be observed by MSA for a given composition: (i) the relative abundances measured by SIMS are not directly correlated with the actual surface composition, and (ii) the relative and absolute SSI yields (# of SSI ejected per incident ion) likely depend on the surface chemistry and exposure history, and on the incident ion type and energy.Results: A combined computational and experimental approach has been used in order to better constrain the solar wind sputtering rates of small, rocky bodies. First, a series of SIMS measurements in the laboratory were carried out to determine the relative ion sputtering ratios from several lunar samples of known composition. Then, using Monte Carlo simulations of sputtering due to both solar wind and magnetosphere ions and the measured SSI energy distributions to determine the total sputtering yields, the total abundance and relative composition of sputtered ions can be determined for an arbitrary small body. This work will (1) estimate the the SSI yields from analog Mars and Carbonaceous Chondrite analog materials and correlate the expected yields with the surface composition, and (2) provide estimates the SSI fluxes and densities during their orbits around Mars. Further, this work will demonstrate how measurement of the elemental ratios of SSI can be used to estimate the potential origins scenarios for small bodies.
Keys to risk management in the energy efficiency conversion of government buildings: the INGV NZEB case study
Authors: Abruzzese Luigi , Bilotta Massimo , Migliazza Robert , De Luca Giovanni
Published: February 2023

Keys to risk management in the energy efficiency conversion of government buildings

 

1. The importance of risk management in the energy efficiency building conversion

 

The energy sector is an important part of any economy and the risks associated with it can be significant. Risk management is essential to ensure that the transition from conventional buildings to Near Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) remains viable and sustainable.
There are five key steps to effective risk management in the energy sector. 1. Identifying Risks: The first step in effective risk management is to identify and assess the risks in a NZEB building. This includes identifying potential sources of risk, such as market fluctuations, regulatory changes, and technological advances. It also involves assessing the likelihood of these risks occurring and their potential impact on operations.  2. Developing a Risk Strategy: Once the risks have been identified, it’s essential to develop a strategy for managing them. This involves creating processes and procedures to mitigate the risks and ensuring they are implemented effectively. This strategy should also include contingency plans so that if a risk occurs, it can be managed effectively. 3. Monitoring and Reviewing: Risk management isn’t a one-time process – it needs to be continuously monitored and reviewed to ensure it remains effective in dealing with changing circumstances or emerging risks. Regular reviews should be conducted to evaluate whether existing strategies are still appropriate or whether new ones need to be developed or existing ones modified or replaced. 4. Training & Awareness: Training employees about risk management is essential for ensuring its effectiveness across all departments within an organisation. Employees must be aware of what constitutes a risk and how best to manage it when it arises so that they can take appropriate action when required. 5. Communication: Effective communication between all departments within an organisation is critical for successful risk management, as it ensures everyone is aware of any potential risks and understands how they need to be handled when they arise. This also helps foster collaboration between teams when dealing with any issues related to risk management. In conclusion, effective risk management in NZEB building conversions is essential for ensuring its sustainability over time and avoiding costly mistakes or disruptions caused by unexpected events or circumstances arising from existing or emerging risks. By following these five key steps, organizations can ensure they have an effective strategy in place for managing risk in their operations now, as well as in the future.