bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Establishing Standards for Studying Renal Function in Mice through Measurements of Body Size-Adjusted Creatinine and Urea Levels
Authors: Rodrigues Wellington Francisco , Miguel Camila Botelho , Napimoga Marcelo Henrique , Oliveira Carlo Jose Freire , Lazo-Chica Javier Emilio
Published: August 2014

Strategies for obtaining reliable results are increasingly implemented in order to reduce errors in the analysis of human and veterinary samples; however, further data are required for murine samples. Here, we determined an average factor from the murine body surface area for the calculation of biochemical renal parameters, assessed the effects of storage and freeze-thawing of C57BL/6 mouse samples on plasmatic and urinary urea, and evaluated the effects of using two different urea-measurement techniques. After obtaining 24 h urine samples, blood was collected, and body weight and length were established. The samples were evaluated after collection or stored at −20°C and −70°C. At different time points (0, 4, and 90 days), these samples were thawed, the creatinine and/or urea concentrations were analyzed, and samples were restored at these temperatures for further measurements. We show that creatinine clearance measurements should be adjusted according to the body surface area, which was calculated based on the weight and length of the animal. Repeated freeze-thawing cycles negatively affected the urea concentration; the urea concentration was more reproducible when using the modified Berthelot reaction rather than the ultraviolet method. Our findings will facilitate standardization and optimization of methodology as well as understanding of renal and other biochemical data obtained from mice.
Missing IUD Despite Threads at the Cervix
Authors: Atkinson Andrew L. , Baum Jonathan D.
Published: August 2014

Today, the intrauterine device (IUD) is by far the most popular form of long term reversible contraception in the world. Side effects from the IUD are minimal and complications are rare. Uterine perforation and migration of the IUD outside the uterine cavity are the most serious complications. Physician visualization and/or the patient feeling retrieval threads at the cervical os are confirmation that the IUD has not been expelled or migrated. We present a case of a perforated, intraperitoneal IUD with threads noted at the cervical os. Office removal was not possible using gentle traction on the threads. Multiple imaging and endoscopic modalities were used to try and locate the IUD including pelvic ultrasound, diagnostic hysteroscopy, cystoscopy, and pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The studies gave conflicting results on location of the IUD. Ultimately, the missing IUD was removed via laparoscopy.
The Deployment of Routing Protocols in Distributed Control Plane of SDN
Authors: Jingjing Zhou , Di Cheng , Weiming Wang , Rong Jin , Xiaochun Wu
Published: August 2014

Software defined network (SDN) provides a programmable network through decoupling the data plane, control plane, and application plane from the original closed system, thus revolutionizing the existing network architecture to improve the performance and scalability. In this paper, we learned about the distributed characteristics of Kandoo architecture and, meanwhile, improved and optimized Kandoo’s two levels of controllers based on ideological inspiration of RCP (routing control platform). Finally, we analyzed the deployment strategies of BGP and OSPF protocol in a distributed control plane of SDN. The simulation results show that our deployment strategies are superior to the traditional routing strategies.
A Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Litramine IQP‐G‐002AS, an Opuntia ficus-indica Derived Fiber for Weight Management
Authors: Chong Pee-Win , Lau Kai-Zhia , Gruenwald Joerg , Uebelhack Ralf
Published: August 2014

Sedentary lifestyle and caloric overconsumption are the key determinants of the escalating obesity prevalence. Reducing dietary fat absorption may help to induce a negative energy balance and thus help in managing weight problem. Apart from approved drug therapies, weight problems may also be aided with alternative and natural treatments. This paper compiled and reviewed the efficacy and safety of Litramine IQP‐G‐002AS, an Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI) derived fiber, in reducing dietary fat absorption and promoting weight loss. Evidence reviewed shows that Litramine IQP‐G‐002AS displays efficacy in promoting fat excretion and weight loss in four randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical studies (including an unpublished pilot study). With a daily dosage of 3 g over a seven‐day period, Litramine IQP‐G‐002AS showed an increased faecal fat excretion compared with placebo (15.8% (SD 5.8%) versus 4.6% (SD 3.1%); P < 0.001). In a 12‐week study, significant greater weight loss (3.8 kg (SD 1.8 kg) versus 1.4 kg (SD 2.6 kg); P < 0.001) was observed in overweight and obese subjects treated with Litramine IQP‐G‐002AS as compared to placebo. No relevant gastrointestinal side effects have been reported for Litramine IQP‐G‐002AS at the dosages studied.
Low SAR, Simple Printed Compact Multiband Antenna for Mobile and Wireless Communication Applications
Authors: Sultan K. S. , Abdullah H. H. , Abdallah E. A.
Published: August 2014

Simple multiband planar antenna for wireless communication applications is presented. The proposed antenna performs four resonant modes covering multibands of wireless standards, including LTE 700, GSM, DCS, PCS, UMTS, and LTE 2300/2500. Furthermore, it covers the ISM, WiMAX, and the WLAN bands. The geometry of the proposed antenna consists of a single FR4 substrate where an open cavity fed by a coplanar U-shaped monopole is etched on one side and a short-circuited meander line in the opposite side. The cavity by its nature supports a wide range of higher frequencies, while its boundary that consists of a thin monopole resonates at 900 MHz. The meander line in the opposite side supports the LTE 700 band. The operating bands ranges are (680–748 MHz), (870–960 MHZ), (1.36–1.59 GHz), and (1.71–2.56 GHz). The antenna size is 30 × 18 × 0.8 mm3. The antenna not only has a compact size but also supports a low SAR radiation at all the operating frequencies. The proposed antenna is tested using the four recommended test positions of the CTIA association where the proposed antenna reveals good performance in all test cases in the presence of handset (keypad, battery, speaker camera, RF circuit, and LCD) in talking position, and in standby position.
Generalized Stampacchia Vector Variational-Like Inequalities and Vector Optimization Problems Involving Set-Valued Maps
Authors: Chai Yanfei , Liu Sanyang , Wang Guotao
Published: August 2014

We first obtain that subdifferentials of set-valued mapping from finite-dimensional spaces to finite-dimensional possess certain relaxed compactness. Then using this weak compactness, we establish gap functions for generalized Stampacchia vector variational-like inequalities which are defined by means of subdifferentials. Finally, an existence result of generalized weakly efficient solutions for vector optimization problem involving a subdifferentiable and preinvex set-valued mapping is established by exploiting the existence of a solution for the weak formulation of the generalized Stampacchia vector variational-like inequality via a Fan-KKM lemma.
The Study of the Optimal Parameter Settings in a Hospital Supply Chain System in Taiwan
Authors: Liao Hung-Chang , Chen Meng-Hao , Wang Ya-huei
Published: August 2014

This study proposed the optimal parameter settings for the hospital supply chain system (HSCS) when either the total system cost (TSC) or patient safety level (PSL) (or both simultaneously) was considered as the measure of the HSCS’s performance. Four parameters were considered in the HSCS: safety stock, maximum inventory level, transportation capacity, and the reliability of the HSCS. A full-factor experimental design was used to simulate an HSCS for the purpose of collecting data. The response surface method (RSM) was used to construct the regression model, and a genetic algorithm (GA) was applied to obtain the optimal parameter settings for the HSCS. The results show that the best method of obtaining the optimal parameter settings for the HSCS is the simultaneous consideration of both the TSC and the PSL to measure performance. Also, the results of sensitivity analysis based on the optimal parameter settings were used to derive adjustable strategies for the decision-makers.
A Test Data Compression Scheme Based on Irrational Numbers Stored Coding
Authors: Wu Hai-feng , Cheng Yu-sheng , Zhan Wen-fa , Cheng Yi-fei , Wu Qiong , Zhu Shi-juan
Published: August 2014

Test question has already become an important factor to restrict the development of integrated circuit industry. A new test data compression scheme, namely irrational numbers stored (INS), is presented. To achieve the goal of compress test data efficiently, test data is converted into floating-point numbers, stored in the form of irrational numbers. The algorithm of converting floating-point number to irrational number precisely is given. Experimental results for some ISCAS 89 benchmarks show that the compression effect of proposed scheme is better than the coding methods such as FDR, AARLC, INDC, FAVLC, and VRL.
The Role of Hypoxia and Exploitation of the Hypoxic Environment in Hematologic Malignancies
Authors: Muz Barbara , de la Puente Pilar , Azab Feda , Luderer Micah , Azab Abdel Kareem
Published: August 2014

Tumor hypoxia is a well-described phenomenon during the progression of solid tumors affecting cell signaling pathways and cell metabolism; however, its role in hematologic malignancies has not been given the same attention in the literature. Therefore, this review focuses on the comparative differences between solid and hematologic malignancies with emphasis on the role of hypoxia during tumorigenesis and progression. In addition, contribution of the bone marrow and angiogenic environment are also discussed. Insight is provided into the role of hypoxia in metastatic spread, stemness, and drug resistance in hematologic conditions. Finally, emerging therapeutic strategies such as small-molecule prodrugs and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) targeting approaches are outlined to combat hypoxic cells and/or adaptive mechanisms in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. Mol Cancer Res; 12(10); 1347–54. ©2014 AACR.
Targeting Apoptosis Pathways in Cancer and Perspectives with Natural Compounds from Mother Nature
Authors: Millimouno Faya M. , Dong Jia , Yang Liu , Li Jiang , Li Xiaomeng
Published: August 2014

Although the incidences are increasing day after day, scientists and researchers taken individually or by research group are trying to fight against cancer by several ways and also by different approaches and techniques. Sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, diterpenoids, and polyphenolic represent a large and diverse group of naturally occurring compounds found in a variety of fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants with various anticancer properties. In this review, our aim is to give our perspective on the current status of the natural compounds belonging to these groups and discuss their natural sources, their anticancer activity, their molecular targets, and their mechanism of actions with specific emphasis on apoptosis pathways, which may help the further design and conduct of preclinical and clinical trials. Unlike pharmaceutical drugs, the selected natural compounds induce apoptosis by targeting multiple cellular signaling pathways including transcription factors, growth factors, tumor cell survival factors, inflammatory cytokines, protein kinases, and angiogenesis that are frequently deregulated in cancers and suggest that their simultaneous targeting by these compounds could result in efficacious and selective killing of cancer cells. This review suggests that they provide a novel opportunity for treatment of cancer, but clinical trials are still required to further validate them in cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Prev Res; 7(11); 1081–107. ©2014 AACR.
The Impact of Fingernail Psoriasis on Patients' Health-Related and Disease-Specific Quality of Life
Authors: van der Velden Haike M.J. , Klaassen Karlijn M.G. , van de Kerkhof Peter C.M. , Pasch Marcel C.
Published: August 2014

Background: The impact of various dermatological conditions on quality of life (QoL) has been extensively studied, however the impact of nail psoriasis on QoL is an underexplored area. Objective: To investigate the impact of fingernail psoriasis on patients' QoL. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study using validated questionnaires concerning QoL (SF-36, modified onychomycosis questionnaire) was performed in 49 patients with fingernail psoriasis. Results: The mean SF-36 scores for fingernail psoriasis patients were comparable to the mean scores of the Dutch reference population. However, mean scores on the modified onychomycosis QoL questionnaire for all domains were reduced. Localisation, gender and duration of nail psoriasis influenced the impact of nail psoriasis on patients' QoL. Conclusion: Fingernail psoriasis can interfere with patients' social, mental and physical well-being. Assessing patients' QoL in daily practice offers the opportunity of a patient-centred approach to treatment.
Agitation in Dementia: Relation to Core Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarker Levels
Authors: Bloniecki Victor , Aarsland Dag , Cummings Jeffrey , Blennow Kaj , Freund-Levi Yvonne
Published: August 2014

Background: The objective of this study was to examine the associations of agitation with the cerebrospinal fluid dementia biomarkers total-tau (T-tau), phosphorylated-tau (P-tau) and Aβ1-42. Methods: One hundred patients (mean age ± SD, 78.6 ± 7.5 years) with dementia and neuropsychiatric symptoms, of whom 67% were female, were included. Agitation was measured using the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI; 46.5 ± 11.8 points). Results: Total CMAI correlated with T-tau [rs (31) = 0.36, p = 0.04] and P-tau [rs (31) = 0.35, p = 0.05] in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD; n = 33) but not in the total dementia population (n = 95). Conclusions: Our results suggest that tau-mediated pathology including neurofibrillary tangles and the intensity of the disease process might be associated with agitation in AD.
Asbestos-Related Diffuse Pleural Thickening
Authors: Fujimoto Nobukazu , Kato Katsuya , Usami Ikuji , Sakai Fumikazu , Tokuyama Takeshi , Hayashi Seiji , Miyamoto Kenji , Kishimoto Takumi
Published: August 2014

Background: The clinical features of asbestos-related diffuse pleural thickening (DPT) remain unclear. Objectives: To clarify the association between radiological findings of DPT and respiratory function. Methods: Medical data from patients with asbestos-related DPT were collected, including their history of occupational or neighborhood asbestos exposure, initial symptoms, modified Medical Research Council dyspnea grade, smoking history, radiological findings, and respiratory function test results. Results: There were 106 DPT patients between 2005 and 2010 [i.e. 103 men (97.2%) and 3 women (2.8%)]. The median age at diagnosis was 69 years (range 46-88). Patient occupations related to asbestos exposure included: asbestos product manufacturing (n = 17); the shipbuilding industry (n = 14); the construction industry (n = 13); heat insulation work (n = 12); plumbing, asbestos spraying, and electrical work (n = 7 each), and transportation and demolition work (n = 4 each). The median duration of asbestos exposure was 25 years (range 2-54), and the median latency period before the onset of DPT was 46 years (range 25-66). Involvement of the costophrenic angle (CPA) was also negatively correlated with the percent vital capacity (%VC; r = -0.448, p < 0.01). Pleural thickness and the craniocaudal and horizontal extension of pleural thickening, as determined by chest computed tomography (CT), were also negatively correlated with %VC (r = -0.226, p < 0.05; r = -0.409, p < 0.01, and r = -0.408, p < 0.01, respectively). Conclusions: DPT develops after a long latency period following occupational asbestos exposure and causes marked respiratory dysfunction. The extension of DPT should be evaluated by chest CT, and chest X-ray would be important for the evaluation of the involvement of the CPA.
Changes in the Surgical Approach to Colonic Emergencies during a 15-Year Period
Authors: Costa Gianluca , La Torre Marco , Frezza Brabara , Fransvea Pietro , Tomassini Federico , Ziparo Vincenzo , Balducci Genoveffa
Published: August 2014

Purpose: The present study aims to determine the morbidity and mortality of emergency colonic surgery and the factors associated with adverse outcome, and to evaluate any change in incidence of the different types of pathological conditions and in the surgical approach over the last 15 years. Materials and Methods: A total of 319 patients who underwent emergency colonic surgery between January 1997 and December 2011 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups according to the date of surgery, namely group 1, between 1997 and 2006, and group 2, between 2006 and 2011. The differences in terms of postoperative outcomes between the groups were analyzed. Results: Overall postoperative morbidity and mortality rates were 25.3 and 17.2%, respectively; no differences were found between the groups. Group 2 showed a significantly increased rate of primary resection and anastomosis (p < 0.001), as well as an increase in laparoscopic approach compared with group 1 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Emergency colon surgery is today primarily performed for benign diseases, of these the most common is diverticular disease followed by ischemic colitis. Age, comorbidities, and ischemic colon disease are predictors of adverse outcomes, while the surgical procedure per se is not.
Sinus Mucosal Thickening in Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Gallego Lorena , Junquera Luis , Pelaz Alejandro , García-Consuegra Luis , Alvarez-Arenal Ángel , Costilla Serafín
Published: August 2014

Osteonecrosis of the jaws is a clinically significant complication of bisphosphonate (BP) medications. Otherwise, the effects of BPs on oral soft tissue or cells remain unknown. The main objective of the present study was to determine whether the presence of sinus mucosal thickening was significantly related to BP-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). A case-control study was conducted on 32 patients who underwent treatment of BRONJ with conventional radiological investigations (panoramic radiographs) and computed tomography. The results indicated that patients with BRONJ had a 5.57-fold greater probability of presenting sinus mucosal thickening than controls. Although the existence of this thickening was more common in patients with advanced-stage disease or low levels of C-telopeptide-cross-linked type I collagen, no significant difference was observed between cases and controls. While considering the limitations inherent in the design and number of cases analyzed in our study, patients with osteonecrosis of the jaw were found to have a 5.57-fold greater probability of presenting sinus mucosal thickening (>3 mm) than healthy subjects.
Assessment of the Completeness and Accuracy of Case Ascertainment in the Michigan Stroke Registry
Authors: Reeves Mathew J. , Nickles Adrienne V. , Roberts Stacey , Hurst Rochelle , Lyon-Callo Sarah
Published: August 2014

Background—

Accurate case ascertainment is essential for clinical registries to be valid and representative. We assessed case ascertainment in the Michigan Stroke Registry by linking to a statewide hospital discharge database (Michigan Inpatient Database [MIDB]).

Methods and Results—

In 2009, all ischemic stroke cases submitted by 30 registry hospitals were linked to ischemic stroke discharges (
International Classification of Diseases
,
Ninth Revision
code 433.x1, 434.x1, or 436) in the MIDB. Databases were linked using hospital, age, sex, and admission date. The MIDB was regarded as the gold standard. To assess completeness, we calculated the percent difference between the number of cases entered in the registry relative to the MIDB. To quantify accuracy, we defined sensitivity as the proportion of cases identified in the MIDB that were matched to the registry and positive predictive value as the proportion of cases identified in the registry that were matched to the MIDB. Before data linkage, 4 hospitals were known to be using a case sampling approach. The remaining 26 registry hospitals submitted 21% fewer cases (n=3403) than were found in the MIDB (n=4340). The overall sensitivity was 68.8% (95% confidence interval, 76.4%–79.3%), and positive predictive value was 87.7% (95% confidence interval, 87.4%–89.8%). The sensitivity of case ascertainment was significantly lower in teaching hospitals and primary stroke centers but was higher in the sites that used prospective case ascertainment methods.

Conclusions—

Among registry hospitals, these results revealed relatively high levels of completeness and accuracy. Matching registry data to hospital discharge data identified hospitals that changed their case ascertainment method to a case sampling approach. This study illustrates the value of monitoring case ascertainment in stroke registries using external data sources.
Venous Thromboembolism and Varicose Veins Share Familial Susceptibility: A Nationwide Family Study in Sweden
Authors: Zöller Bengt , Ji Jianguang , Sundquist Jan , Sundquist Kristina
Published: August 2014

Background

Varicose veins (
VV
s) have been associated with venous thromboembolism (
VTE
), but whether these diseases share familial susceptibility has not been determined. This nationwide study aimed to determine whether
VTE
shares familial susceptibility with
VV
s.

Methods and Results

Swedish Multigeneration Register data for persons aged 0 to 76 years during the period 1964–2008 were linked to the Swedish Inpatient and Outpatient Registers. Familial risks (standardized incidence ratios [
SIR
s]) of
VTE
and
VV
s were examined in 2 ways (ie, bidirectionally): risk of
VTE
in subjects whose siblings had been diagnosed with
VV
s and risk of
VV
s in persons whose siblings had been diagnosed with
VTE
. The analyses were repeated for spouses to determine the importance of shared adult family environment. In total, 96 810 siblings had
VV
s and 87 564 had
VTE
. An increased risk of
VTE
was observed in persons whose siblings had
VV
s (
SIR
1.30, 95%
CI
1.26 to 1.33), whereas persons whose siblings had
VTE
had an increased risk of
VV
s (
SIR
1.30, 95%
CI
1.27 to 1.34). If 2 or more siblings were affected by
VTE
, the risk for
VV
s was 1.70 (95%
CI
1.53 to 1.88). Conversely, if 2 or more siblings were affected by
VV
s, the risk for
VTE
was 1.52 (95%
CI
1.38 to 1.67). In spouses of
VTE
patients, a minor increased risk of
VV
s was observed (
SIR
1.05 for husbands,
SIR
1.06 for wives). The risk of
VTE
in spouses of
VV
patients was similarly small (
SIR
1.01 for husbands,
SIR
1.05 for wives).

Conclusions

VV
s and
VTE
share familial susceptibility. This novel finding suggests the existence of shared familial and possibly genetic factors.
Impacts of 4DVAR Assimilation of Airborne Doppler Radar Observations on Numerical Simulations of the Genesis of Typhoon Nuri (2008)
Authors: Li Zhan , Pu Zhaoxia , Sun Juanzhen , Lee Wen-Chau
Published: August 2014

The Weather Research and Forecasting Model and its four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVAR) system are employed to examine the impact of airborne Doppler radar observations on predicting the genesis of Typhoon Nuri (2008). Electra Doppler Radar (ELDORA) airborne radar data, collected during the Office of Naval Research–sponsored Tropical Cyclone Structure 2008 field experiment, are used for data assimilation experiments. Two assimilation methods are evaluated and compared, namely, the direct assimilation of radar-measured radial velocity and the assimilation of three-dimensional wind analysis derived from the radar radial velocity. Results show that direct assimilation of radar radial velocity leads to better intensity forecasts, as this process enhances the development of convective systems and improves the inner-core structure of Nuri, whereas assimilation of the radar-retrieved wind analysis is more beneficial for tracking forecasts, as it results in improved environmental flows. The assimilation of both the radar-retrieved wind and the radial velocity can lead to better forecasts in both intensity and tracking, if the radial velocity observations are assimilated first and the retrieved winds are then assimilated in the same data assimilation window. In addition, experiments with and without radar data assimilation led to developing and nondeveloping disturbances in numerical simulations of Nuri’s genesis. The improved initial conditions and forecasts from the data assimilation imply that the enhanced midlevel vortex and moisture conditions are favorable for the development of deep convection in the center of the pouch and eventually contribute to Nuri’s genesis. The improved simulations of the convection and associated environmental conditions produce enhanced upper-level warming in the core region and lead to the drop in sea level pressure.
Contrast Volume-to-Creatinine Clearance Ratio Predicts the Risk of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With Reduced Ejection Fraction
Authors: Liu Yong , Chen Shi-Qun , Duan Chong-Yang , Tan Ning , Chen Ji-Yan , Zhou Ying-Ling , Chen Ping-Yan , Huang Shui-Jin , Liu Xiao-Qi
Published: August 2014

We determined a relatively safe contrast media volume-to-creatinine clearance (V/CrCl) cutoff value to avoid contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients (n = 111) with reduced ejection fraction (<40%). Improved prediction of CIN in these patients would be useful. Multivariate regression models were used to evaluate whether V/CrCl is an independent risk factor for CIN. Nine (8.1%) patients developed CIN. The V/CrCl was significantly ( P = .023) higher in patients with CIN than in those without. The incidence of CIN in patients with the highest tertile of V/CrCl was significantly higher than the middle and lowest tertiles (18.4% vs 2.7% and 2.8%; P = .013). After adjusting for other potential risk factors, a V/CrCl ≥3.87 remained significantly associated with risk of CIN. A V/CrCl <3.87 might be valuable in predicting the risk of CIN in patients with reduced ejection fraction undergoing PCI.
Presence of Renal Simple Cysts Is Associated With Increased Risk of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
Authors: Song Bong Gun , Park Yong Hwan
Published: August 2014

We compared the incidence of renal simple cysts in 271 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and 1387 patients without AAA (controls) using computed tomography (CT) angiography and abdominal CT, as a health screening program. The AAA group had significantly higher prevalence of renal simple cysts (55% vs 19%, P = .001) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; 12% vs 1%, P = .011) than the controls. After propensity score matching (n = 164), the prevalence of renal simple cysts was still significantly higher in the AAA group. In multivariate analysis, independent predictors of AAA were age, male gender, smoking history, hypertension, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, creatinine, COPD, and renal simple cysts. The structural weakness predisposing for renal simple cysts may be associated with the initiation of AAA formation. More studies are needed to determine whether the presence of renal simple cysts can be considered as a risk factor for AAA.
Uncertainty of measurement: an immunology laboratory perspective
Authors: Beck Sarah C , Lock Robert J
Published: August 2014

‘Measurement uncertainty of measured quantity values’ (ISO15189) requires that the laboratory shall determine the measurement uncertainty for procedures used to report measured quantity values on patients’ samples. Where we have numeric data measurement uncertainty can be expressed as the standard deviation or as the co-efficient of variation. However, in immunology many of the assays are reported either as semi-quantitative (i.e. an antibody titre) or qualitative (positive or negative) results. In the latter context, measuring uncertainty is considerably more difficult. There are, however, strategies which can allow us to minimise uncertainty. A number of parameters can contribute to making measurements uncertain. These include bias, precision, standard uncertainty (expressed as standard deviation or coefficient of variation), sensitivity, specificity, repeatability, reproducibility and verification. Closely linked to these are traceability and standardisation. In this article we explore the challenges presented to immunology with regard to measurement uncertainty. Many of these challenges apply equally to other disciplines working with qualitative or semi-quantitative data.
General Equilibrium Analysis of Strategic Trade
Authors: Das Koushik
Published: August 2014

Strategic trade refers to international trade under market imperfections. The purpose of the article is to comprehend general equilibrium implications of trade liberalization on Indian macroeconomic aspects under alternative market structures. We applied computable general equilibrium modelling as our relevant methodology following the work of Shoven and Whalley (1984). Constructing a four sector social accounting matrix for India, this article attempts to purport the effects of liberalized trade over different macroeconomic aspects under monopolistic competition and compares the results with the same obtained under benchmark perfect competition scenario. Our study reveals that trade under imperfect competition could not produce any greater domestic output, expansion of trade in terms of volume of export and import, and gains from trade as compared to standard perfect competition scenario.
A Pragmatic Situational and Symbiotic Market Requirements Appraisal
Authors: Kariuki Ndwiga Duncan , Wu Xiong-Ying , Chen Li-Hong , Ding Xue-Mei
Published: August 2014

African textile and clothing industry though has been in a state of instability, have undergone great transformation to fit in the international trade through implementing the World Trade Organization requirements of a liberalized market and promoting bilateral trade. However, little is known about the current market situation and regulation requirements being implemented. This article provides a comprehensive appraisal to enable understand the African business environment in ways useful in developing this sector, and guiding textile and clothing companies wishing to invest and trade in Africa. It focuses on the structure and characteristics of African four most active Regional Economic Communities (REC) pillars, consisting 42 of the 48 Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries. Through a situational comparative and symbiotic trade analysis of these integrated regional economic markets, this study assesses the current policies towards promoting internal and external trade. The analysis reveals that the integration of regional economic trading blocs has led to the development of more competitive and sustainable markets, and mitigating effects of trade liberalization.
The Right to Manumit and British Relations with Ibn Saud and Persia in the 1920s
Authors: Zdanowski Jerzy
Published: August 2014

Abolitionism as a humanitarian trend at the height of the colonial period was a great intellectual achievement by the European civilization. But the process of making Asian and African people and the right to manumit slaves exercised by Europeans also was a part of complex colonial policy and combined moral assumptions with political and economic interests. This article aims to show how the right to manumit became an important issue in British Imperial policy. It proves that for the British, with the on-going process of self-determination of people in Arabia and Persia, it became more and more difficult to exercise the right to manumit slaves and that in some cases a humanitarian approach was sacrificed for political interests and for imperial strategy.
Improving Student Learning Requires District Learning
Authors: Rothman Robert
Published: August 2014

A school improvement initiative in Connecticut points to lessons that can benefit all districts seeking systemic changes that support student learning.
Sustainable Workplaces, Retainable Teachers
Authors: Eklund Nathan
Published: August 2014

The sense of calling that compels educators to persist through difficult times and cope with stressful situations also puts educators at risk for burning out.
Immigrant Students and the Obstacles to Achievement
Authors: Stratton Tamiko , Pang Valerie Ooka , Madueño Marcelina , Park Cynthia D. , Atlas Miriam , Page Cindy , Oliger Jennifer
Published: August 2014

Today's immigrants bring needed skills and attitudes to the United States. It's about time we helped them work for the American Dream.
Research Demonstrates the Value of Service Learning
Authors: Furco Andrew , Root Susan
Published: August 2014

Significant studies point to to the value of service learning, but the field needs more experimental research to firmly establish the value of this approach.
Teachers Say the Most Interesting Things — An Alternative View of Testing
Authors: Buck Stuart , Ritter Gary W. , Jensen Nathan C. , Rose Caleb P.
Published: August 2014

In spite of the barrage of anti-testing news, some teachers say tests have not sapped their creativity or hindered collaboration and that they appreciate having useful data, a road map for instruction, and a sense of accountability for all educators.
Seeing What You Normally Don't See
Authors: Zhang Meilan , Lundeberg Mary , Eberhardt Jan
Published: August 2014

Video can be a powerful tool to support teacher research, help teachers notice what's not readily visible in their daily teaching, transform their practice, and improve student learning.
What Should Students Read?
Authors: Wolk Steven
Published: August 2014

When looking at what students are required to read in school in 2010, it might as well be 1960. We need visionary educators who see bold purposes for school and who understand that what students read in school has profound, lifelong effects, both good and bad.
Lies and American History: An Interview with James W. Loewen
Authors: Richardson Joan
Published: August 2014

Bland, boring textbooks don't tell the truth about American history, nor do they prepare students adequately for their important work as citizens.
Earthquakes Threaten Many American Schools
Authors: Bailey Nancy E.
Published: August 2014

Millions of American schoolchildren in earthquake-prone areas go to schools that are unsafe in earthquakes. So why are so few people doing anything about it?
The Delicate Task of Developing an Attractive Merit Pay Plan for Teachers
Authors: Ritter Gary W. , Jensen Nathan C.
Published: August 2014

Successful implementation of any merit pay scheme requires attending to some basics of sound school improvement, including developing relationships and encouraging collaboration.
Should Value-Added Measures Be Used for Performance Pay?
Authors: Eckert Jonathan M. , Dabrowski Joan
Published: August 2014

Value-added measures are becoming a critical piece of compensation reform, but buyers should be wary that any single number can express the effect teachers have on students.
Teaching without Talking
Authors: Hansen Jacqueline
Published: August 2014

Teachers need to be aware of more than just the words they speak to children. They also need to monitor the nonverbal messages that they're sending to students through proximity, eye contact, gestures, and touching.
Why Don't Teachers Collaborate?: A Leadership Conundrum
Authors: Piercey David
Published: August 2014

If education leaders want teachers to collaborate more, then leaders must truly lead the way and model the collaboration that they want to see among teachers.
Why Children are Left behind
Authors: Chassman Jennifer
Published: August 2014

High school students should be able to hit the ground running when school begins, but budget uncertainties lead to schedule changes that lead to disruptions for the first several weeks of classes for most students and many teachers.
What Does it Take to Make a Teacher?
Authors: Ball Deborah Loewenberg , Forzani Francesca M.
Published: August 2014

Allowing teachers to learn at children's expense is unethical. We must build a system for ensuring that new teachers have the requisite professional skills and know how to use them.
Focus on the Essentials of Reading Instruction
Authors: Frager Alan M. , Frye Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2014

A rubric can guide young teachers toward developing classrooms that focus on literacy, rather than shoving it to the sidelines.
Incompetent Teachers or Dysfunctional Systems?
Authors: Futernick Ken
Published: August 2014

Rather than blame teachers, we must ensure that teachers work within a highly functional system that provides meaningful evaluations, high-quality professional development, reasonable class sizes, reliable and stable leadership, and time for planning and collaboration.
In the Future, Diverse Approaches to Schooling
Authors: Hill Paul , Johnston Mike
Published: August 2014

Some of the basic ways that we've delivered education will be changing in the future – in fact, it's already happening.
It's All about the People
Authors: Lynch Doug , Worden Jennifer M.
Published: August 2014

Although schools differ significantly from business, educators still can gain insights by comparing schools to other enterprises that are labor-intensive and service-focused.
Kindling: The Amazon e-Reader as an Educational Tool
Authors: Brezicki Colin
Published: August 2014

If e-readers are reading, then e-reading is reading in the same way that Second Life is reality, in the same way that Epcot is nature and Wii is an Olympic sport.
Engage Educators in Order to Achieve the Best Results for Students
Authors: Weast Jerry D.
Published: August 2014

Investing in a vision is essential, but the real work of school improvement can't be done unless leaders engage the hearts of the educators who must do the work.
The Policy and Politics of Rewriting the Nation's Main Education Law
Authors: Jennings Jack
Published: August 2014

The issues are difficult and politics tricky, which means that renewing the Elementary and Secondary Education Act next year will be particularly challenging.
Editing into Clarity
Authors: Wineburg Sam
Published: August 2014

A scholar's initial stab at sharing his ideas gets mixed results; his continued effort to clarify his meaning produces a valuable article.
Historical Thinking and other Unnatural Acts
Authors: Wineburg Sam
Published: August 2014

Debates about national history standards become so fixated on the question of “which history” that a more basic question is neglected: Why study history at all?
Is the Computer Plugged in?: A Comment from the other Side of the Phone
Authors: Fitton Kevin
Published: August 2014

The tech support person who answers the questions about tech problems can provide some valuable insight about how to avoid the questions in the first place.
An Educator's Primer on the Gender War
Authors: Sadker David
Published: August 2014

Reframing gender equity to include boys could result in making schools fairer and more humane environments for all students.
Research: Why Wait Till High School?
Authors: Landreau Janice
Published: August 2014

Introducing elementary students to research skills makes their learning more active and pays off by deepening and improving their abilities over time.
What Does the Brain Have to Do with Learning?
Authors: Worden Jennifer M. , Hinton Christina , Fischer Kurt W.
Published: August 2014

Ignoring important findings from educational neuroscience can be just as dangerous as uncritically embracing “brain-based” products or interventions.
Testing to the Top: Everything but the Kitchen Sink?
Authors: Dietel Ron
Published: August 2014

Many questions remain unanswered as the United States forges ahead into greater uses of performance assessments — potentially even linking them to teacher and principal evaluations.
I Learned to Believe in Me
Authors: Olson Kirsten
Published: August 2014

The experiences of great learners and resilient learners can teach individuals how to improve their own learning and show schools how to support learners of all kinds.
Disestablishing Sex: The Case for Released-Time Sex Education
Authors: Glanzer Perry L.
Published: August 2014

The U.S. can improve sex education by allowing outside groups — including religious groups — to provide the instruction.
Teach for America Teachers: How Long do They Teach? Why do They Leave?
Authors: Donaldson Morgaen L. , Johnson Susan Moore
Published: August 2014

Most TFA alumni continue to teach after completing their two-year obligation. Those who leave the profession exit because of the same poor working conditions that drive away other young teachers.
The Cost of Changing Lives?: Lessons from the Making Waves Foundation
Authors: Scully John H. , Holsclaw Glenn W.
Published: August 2014

What does it cost to provide poor children with good schools and supports for their lives outside them? Not as much as you might think.
Teaching with Television: New Evidence Supports an Old Medium
Authors: Linebarger Deborah L.
Published: August 2014

TV still gets a bad rap in education precincts, but studies consistently confirm TV's value in teaching rudimentary concepts to children, especially those from low-income homes.
Face to Faith: Teaching Global Citizenship
Authors: Beauchamp Marcia
Published: August 2014

Videoconferencing connects students of different faiths around the globe to help them learn about religion and global issues.
Sounding the Charge for Change
Authors: Haycock Brooke
Published: August 2014

[Formula: see text] How Leaders Communicate can Inspire or Defeat the Troops.
Saving Black and Latino Boys: What Schools can Do to Make a Difference
Authors: Noguera Pedro A.
Published: August 2014

Solving the educational challenges facing black and Latino boys is an American responsibility, not just the responsibility of the black and Latino communities.
Teaching Students Not to Sweat the Test
Authors: Salend Spencer J.
Published: August 2014

Teachers can change some of their practices to ensure that students don't feel extreme anxiety at exam time.
Listen First, Then Teach
Authors: Weissglass Julian
Published: August 2014

Laying a foundation of respect in classrooms will enable teachers to learn from students even as the students learn from teachers.
Lesson of the Heart: An Extra-Credit Assignment
Authors: Lehman Linda L.
Published: August 2014

The most important qualities for teachers are empathy, a work ethic, and a genuine fondness for students.
Teaching STEM Means Teacher Learning
Authors: O'Neill Tara , Yamagata Lisa , Yamagata Justin , Togioka Susan
Published: August 2014

Three veteran teachers learn that teaching STEM courses requires more than just changing course content.
To Ed.D. or not to Ed.D.?
Authors: Perry Jill Alexa
Published: August 2014

Universities are working intentionally to refashion Ed.D. and transform it into a degree that truly serves professional practitioners.
Walking a Union Tightrope
Authors: Colvin Richard Lee
Published: August 2014

Supported by the teacher unions in 2008, President Obama has nonetheless been more independent about defining his vision for reforming education.
Religion in the Schools
Authors: Darden Edwin C.
Published: August 2014

A flurry of court decisions has only deepened the fog surrounding battles over religion in public schools.
Sharing the learning
Authors: Carpenter Jeffrey P. , Pease Jennifer S.
Published: August 2014

Instead of pushing more responsibility for learning onto teachers, let's consider new models in which students assume greater responsibility for their own learning.
Build the Capacity of Teachers and Their Schools
Authors: Johnson Susan Moore
Published: August 2014

Improve the quality of teachers and teaching by investing in individual teachers and assessing their effectiveness while also improving the schools where they work.
When the 96-Crayon Box doesn't Cut it
Authors: Sanchez David
Published: August 2014

A college freshman reminisces about high school and calls for more classes in STEM and the arts and for more community at schools.
The Right Start: Creating a Strong Foundation for the Teaching Career
Authors: Darling-Hammond Linda
Published: August 2014

A quality system of teacher evaluation would be built on high-quality preparation and evaluated authentically through performance assessments that develop and measure beginning teacher effectiveness.
Can Student Surveys Measure Teaching Quality?
Authors: Ferguson Ronald F.
Published: August 2014

The results are in: Surveys of K-12 students covering a range of classroom characteristics linked to teacher quality can successfully predict student achievement.
If a Tree Falls in a Forest, but no one Hears…
Authors: Ritter Gary W. , Shuls James V.
Published: August 2014

Value-added measures shouldn't be the sole source of information in a teacher evaluation system, but they can play an important role in a system that values student learning gains.
Digital Media Shapes Youth Participation in Politics
Authors: Kahne Joseph , Middaugh Ellen
Published: August 2014

Social media are changing how youth involve themselves in politics. Educators also must change how they prepare students to be involved citizens.
Leading Leaders
Authors: Bambrick-Santoyo Paul
Published: August 2014

District headquarters were designed for regulatory or business support, not to support teaching and learning. That needs to change — and here's one way to get started.
Don't Bribe My Kids to Read
Authors: Spencer John T.
Published: August 2014

One of the joys of teaching is helping students learn to love reading, even if it doesn't seem to be part of the curriculum plan.
Navigating Autism's Swirling Waters
Authors: Hart Juliet E.
Published: August 2014

Discovering the “why” behind behaviors can help teachers develop interventions to prevent behaviors before they happen.
Literature Opens Doors for All Children
Authors: Miller Donna L.
Published: August 2014

Inclusion literature can broaden perspectives for all readers and create classrooms where all are accepted.
How do other Countries Evaluate Teachers?
Authors: Williams James H. , Engel Laura C.
Published: August 2014

Countries known to outpace the U.S. in student achievement use a variety of educational and organizational methods, but rarely use the approaches to education reform that we are promoting.
Good Coaching Leads to Good Leadership
Authors: Bambrick-Santoyo Paul
Published: August 2014

There is no magic elixir for leadership. Those skills can be taught and learned and practiced until they become second nature.
Staying Optimistic in Tough Times
Authors: Levin Ben
Published: August 2014

Shrinking budgets and unrelenting demands for higher achievement are threatening education, but education around the world is still better than ever.
Ok with Discomfort
Authors: Richardson Joan
Published: August 2014

The assigned book was The Scarlet Letter. My seat was right behind the girl who got pregnant.
“I didn't Mean to…”: Practical Suggestions for Understanding and Teaching Students with Sexualized Behavior
Authors: Rappaport Nancy , Minahan Jessica
Published: August 2014

Teachers can develop a plan for dealing with students who struggle with challenging behaviors, which helps teachers respond effectively and helps students change their behavior.
Build a Curriculum that Includes Everyone
Authors: McGarry Robert
Published: August 2014

Ensuring that schools are more accepting of LGBT students and issues requires more than passing mentions of diversity in sex education classes.
The Finnish Way
Authors: Richardson Joan
Published: August 2014

Once an also-ran in international comparisons, Finland has soared to the top by building a system based on trust and responsibility.
Teaching a New Chapter of History
Authors: Santiago Maribel
Published: August 2014

Educators must find ways to incorporate the uniquely American culture and history of Latinos into school curricula.