bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sclerosing Angiomatoid Nodular Transformation Presend Nodulartransformation Presenting with Abdominal Hemorrhage: First Report in Infancy
Authors: Pelizzo Gloria , Villanacci Vincenzo , Lorenzi Luisa , Doria Orietta , Caruso Anna Maria , Girgenti Vincenza , Unti Elettra , Putignano Laura , Bassotti Gabrio , Calcaterra Valeria
Published: May 2019

A limited number of sclerosing Angiomatoid Nodular Transformation (SANT) have been reported in pediatric age. We describe the first case of SANT occurring in a nine-week-old female infant that was admitted to our unit for severe abdominal distension and rectal bleeding. Enlarged spleen was detected on physical examination. Laboratory investigations revealed severe anemia and coagulation abnormalities. Abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography revealed ascites and splenomegaly with a large mass at the lower medial splenic pole. A diagnosis of intraabdominal hemorrhage was presumed and an exploratory laparotomy was performed. A complete transformation of the giant splenomegaly to bossellated masses and multiple bleeding capsular ruptures without subcapsular hematoma were found and an urgent splenectomy was performed. At histology, a SANT was diagnosed (CD34, CD31, CD8 positivity). The postoperative follow up was uneventful. SANT may also occur in infancy with a potentially lifethreatening presentation. Splenectomy may represent the only treatment in severe cases.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Zinc Supplementation in the Treatment of Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Thai Children
Authors: Rerksuppaphol Sanguansak , Rerksuppaphol Lakkana
Published: May 2019

Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (ALRI) are one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in young children. Zinc supplementation has been shown to have a preventive effect against respiratory infections, but little evidence is available on its effect on the treatment of ALRI. This study examined the effect of zinc supplementation on the treatment outcome in children that were hospitalized with ALRI. A randomized, doubleblinded, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on 64 hospitalized children with ALRI, who were aged between 2 and 60 months. Children were randomly allocated to receive zinc (30 mg elemental zinc/day) or placebo. The primary outcome was the time to the cessation of ALRI, while the secondary outcomes were the length of the stay in hospital and the individual features of the disease. The study found that ALRI cessation was faster in children who received zinc supplementation (median (IQR): 3 (2-4) days and 4 (3-5) days, respectively; P=0.008), and that their hospital stay was shorter (mean (SD): 3.8 (1.3) days and 6.1 (3.2) days, respectively; P<0.001) than the placebo group. Zinc supplementation was well-tolerated, and no adverse events were reported. In conclusion, zinc supplementation reduced the number of days of ALRI in Thai children, as well as their stay in hospital.
Clinical findings, synovial fluid cytology and growth factor concentrations after intra-articular use of a platelet-rich product in horses with osteoarthritis
Authors: Smit Yolandi , Marais Hendrik J. , Thompson Peter N. , Mahne Arnold T. , Goddard Amelia
Published: May 2019

Osteoarthritis is a common cause of lameness in horses, resulting in poor performance. Intra-articular platelet-rich plasma can deliver a collection of bioactive molecules, such as autologous growth factors and proteins involved in the quality of tissue repair. Horses (n=5) with osteoarthritis affecting antebrachiocarpal, middle carpal or metacarpophalangeal joints, and horses (n=5) without osteoarthritis of the corresponding joints (radiographically free of osteoarthritis), were used for the production of platelet-rich plasma which was subsequently injected into selected joints. Clinical and synovial fluid changes after intra-articular injection of platelet-rich plasma as well as synovial platelet-derived growth factor-BB and transforming growth factor-beta 1 concentration changes were evaluated in these joints and compared between normal joints and joints with osteoarthritis. A gravity filtration system produced a moderately concentrated platelet-rich plasma, representing a 4.7-fold increase in baseline platelet concentration. The synovial effusion score was significantly different between the control joints and joints with osteoarthritis on Day 0 with a higher score in the group with osteoarthritis. Within the control group, the synovial effusion score was significantly higher on Days 1 and 2 compared to Day 0. For both groups, the synovial fluid nucleated cell count, predominantly intact neutrophils, was significantly increased on Days 1 and 2, with no significant difference between groups. The mean synovial platelet-derived growth factor-BB and transforming growth factor-beta 1 concentrations were increased for both groups but significantly lowered in the group with osteoarthritis on Day 1 compared to normal joints. Concentrations for platelet-derived growth factor-BB remained unchanged on Day 5, compared to Day 1, with no significant difference between groups. In conclusion, intra-articular treatment with platelet-rich plasma resulted in increased synovial growth factor concentrations in joints but with lower concentrations in joints with osteoarthritis. A transient inflammatory reaction was seen both clinically as an increase in synovial effusion and cytologically in both normal joints and joints with osteoarthritis.
Cytogenetics' impact on the prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Gupta Monika , Mahapatra Manoranjan , Saxena Renu
Published: May 2019

INTRODUCTION: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a group of disorders characterized by a spectrum of clinical, morphological, immunophenotypic, and associated chromosomal abnormalities. The identification of cytogenetic abnormalities at diagnosis is important for the evaluation of the response to therapy and the identification of an early reemergence of disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Newly diagnosed cases of AML were included in the study. Diagnosis of AML was based on morphology on bone marrow (BM) aspirates, cytochemistry, and flow cytometric immunophenotyping. Chromosomal analysis was performed on BM by short-term unstimulated cultures using standard cytogenetic technique.

RESULTS: There were 25 males and 13 females with age group between 15 and 64 years. Cytogenetic analysis of these cases showed normal karyotype in 10 (26.3%) cases and abnormal karyotype in 28 (73.6%) cases. Cytogenetic finding in AML was divided into three groups: favorable risk, intermediate risk, and unfavorable risk. Patients in the standard risk group responded well to the chemotherapy while patients with intermediate and unfavorable karyotype had relapsed.

CONCLUSION: We recommend that cytogenetics should be performed routinely in all cases of AML. A correlation must be done with various biochemical and hematological parameters, immunophenotyping, and BM morphology. Molecular studies must be integrated with cytogenetic studies for risk stratification at diagnosis to improve therapeutic strategies.
Salmonella osteomyelitis: A rare extraintestinal manifestation of an endemic pathogen
Authors: Rohilla Ranjana , Bhatia Mohit , Gupta Pratima , Singh Arpana , Shankar Ravi , Omar Balram Ji
Published: May 2019

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi usually cause enteric fever in humans characterized by fever and gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea. Bacteremia is a constant feature of enteric fever, and occasionally, dissemination of bacilli throughout the body results in the establishment of one or more localized foci of persisting infection. This happens especially in patients with preexisting conditions such as hemoglobinopathies, previous joint trauma, surgery, connective tissue diseases, lymphoma, diabetes, alcoholism, immunosuppressive state, and extremes of ages. Rarely, these extraintestinal Salmonella infection cases have also been reported in immunocompetent individuals without any obvious predisposing factors. Salmonella osteomyelitis, a rare sequelae of typhoid, may occur as a result of hematogenous seeding of the bone or joints due to a bacteremic episode. It may also spread from nearby areas of infection or penetrating trauma. Timely diagnosis and treatment of this condition are necessary because if left untreated, it can lead to permanent functional deficits later on. We hereby present a case series with brief review of literature on Salmonella osteomyelitis in immunocompetent patients without any known predisposing conditions over a period of 1 year (2017–2018) from a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Uttarakhand, India.
Castleman's disease associated with calcifying fibrous tumor: A rare association with review of literature
Authors: Marbaniang Evarisalin , Khonglah Yookarin , Dey Biswajit , Shunyu Brian , Gogoi Bidyut
Published: May 2019

Castleman's disease is a rare disease characterized by unicentric or multicentric enlargement of the lymph node, and it is mostly of the hyaline vascular type. Calcifying fibrous tumor is a neoplasm characterized by large areas of hyalinized collagen with paucicellular areas along with dystrophic calcification and scattered lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates. There are only five case reports to describe an association between these two entities. We report a case of a 38-year-old male with seropositivity for hepatitis B virus presenting with a right-sided cervical swelling. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was done, and a diagnosis of follicular hyperplasia was offered. Biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of Castleman's disease. However, there was associated calcifying fibrous tumor in the lymph node induced by trauma due to FNAC.
Asymptotic bounds for spherical codes
Authors: Manin Yuri Ivanovich , Marcolli Matilde
Published: May 2019

The set of all error-correcting codes $C$ over a fixed finite alphabet
$\mathbf{F}$ of cardinality $q$ determines the set of code points in the unit square $[0,1]^2$ with coordinates $(R(C), \delta (C))$:= (relative transmission rate, relative minimal distance). The central problem
of the theory of such codes consists in maximising simultaneously the transmission rate of the code and the relative minimum Hamming distance between two different code words. The classical approach to this problem explored in vast literature consists in inventing explicit constructions of "good codes" and comparing new classes of codes with earlier ones.
Less classical approach studies the geometry of the whole set of code points $(R,\delta)$ (with $q$ fixed), at first independently of its computability properties, and only afterwards turning to the problems of computability, analogies with statistical physics etc.
The main purpose of this article consists in extending this latter strategy to the domain of spherical codes.
Bibliography: 14 titles.
Деление на 2 в гиперэллиптических кривых нечетной степени и их якобианах
Authors: Zarhin Yuri Gennad'evich
Published: May 2019

Пусть $K$ - алгебраически замкнутое поле характеристики, отличной от $2$, $g$ - натуральное число, $f(x)$ - многочлен степени $(2g+1)$ с коэффициентами в $K$ и без кратных корней, $\mathcal{C}\colon y^2=f(x)$ - соответствующая гиперэллиптическая кривая рода $g$ над $K$, а $J$ - ее якобиан. Мы отождествляем $\mathcal{C}$ с ее образом при каноническом вложении в якобиан $J$ (при котором единственная бесконечная точка кривой $\mathcal{C}$ переходит в ноль группового закона на $J$).
Хорошо известно, что для каждой точки $\mathfrak{b} \in J(K)$ найдется ровно $2^{2g}$ элемента $\mathfrak{a}\in J(K)$ таких, что $2\mathfrak{a}=\mathfrak{b}$. М. Штоль построил алгоритм, позволяющий найти представления Мамфорда всех таких $\mathfrak{a}$, если известно представление Мамфорда точки $\mathfrak{b}$. Цель настоящей работы - дать явные формулы в терминах координат $a,b$ для представлений Мамфорда всех таких $\mathfrak{a}$, когда $\mathfrak{b}\in J(K)$ совпадает с точкой нашей кривой $P=(a,b) \in \mathcal{C}(K)\subset J(K)$. Мы также доказываем, что если $g>1$, то $\mathcal{C}(K)$ не содержит точек кручения, порядок которых лежит между $3$ и $2g$.
Библиография: 14 наименований.
Трехмерные экстремальные окрестности кривой с одной негоренштейновой точкой
Authors: Mori Shigefumi , Prokhorov Yuri Gennadievich
Published: May 2019

Росток экстремальной окрестности - это аналитический росток трехмерного многообразия с терминальными особенностями вдоль приведенной полной кривой, допускающий стягивание, слои которого не более чем одномерны. Цель настоящей статьи - дать обзор результатов, касающихся стягиваний с неприводимым центральным слоем, содержащих только одну негоренштейнову точку.
Библиография: 43 наименования.
Can Local Tax Policy Be Efficient? Polish Communes' Agricultural Tax Policy
Authors: Felis Paweł , Szlęzak-Matusewicz Joanna , Rosłaniec Henryk
Published: May 2019

In this article we present the research of local agricultural tax policy in Poland. It is a specific kind of tax as its volume depends on an artificial measure, i.e. the price of rye. The article aims to find out if with this construction of tax the local tax policy may be efficient. Our research proves that the lower the share of agricultural tax in property taxes, the more efficient is the tax policy. The reduction in the agricultural tax correlates positively with the growth in agricultural tax in the current year, and also to a lesser extent in the next year. Higher rye prices result in an increased reduction in agricultural tax rates as well as in tax revenues, and the tendency is reversed in the following year.
The Price of Populism: The Association between Directly Elected Mayors and Unit Expenditure in Local Government
Authors: McQuestin Dana , Drew Joseph
Published: May 2019

It would appear that directly elected Mayors have indeed become fashionable. However, few seem to have paused to ponder the pecuniary impact of directly elected Mayors on local government: Indeed there is no evidence at all from the Antipodes and much of the extant work is somewhat dated. We analyse a five year panel of data for New South Wales, Australia and find evidence of strong and statistically significant increased unit operational expenditure in local governments that employ the directly elected mayor model. We conclude by outlining the effect that this association might have on local government sustainability.
The The Impact of Individualism and Uncertainty Avoidance on Interdependence of Tax Culture and Tax Evasion
Authors: Vehovar Aleksandra , Kavkler Alenka , Hauptman Lidija
Published: May 2019

The paper presents, how factors of tax culture, such as individualism and uncertainty avoidance, affect the dependence of tax evasion on tax culture on a revised sample of 34 countries. The research reveals that in the analysed countries the higher the degree of individualism, the lower the rate (affected by the degree of individual’s influence) of tax evasion.
Challenges Related to Implementing the European Charter of Local Self-Government in Spanish Legislation
Authors: Alonso Ángel Iglesias , Iglesias Roberto Barbeito
Published: May 2019

Spain was one of the first countries to ratify the European Charter of Local Autonomy. Not without some setbacks, its principles have gradually been incorporated into the Spanish legal system as the regional and state laws on local government have been implemented.  Its hermeneutics value has undoubtedly proven to be important and the legislator has considered the principles contained in the Charter when developing local laws. Therefore, it can be assured at present that the level of implementation of local autonomy in Spain is reasonably in line with the principles stipulated in the Charter. However, local autonomy in Spain is possibly in a stage of regression at present times, mainly due to the effects of the way to face the financial and economic crisis. Spain, along with other Mediterranean countries, has been required to introduce harsh austerity and adjustment policies which particularly affect the local public sector.  In this context, the main challenges which Spain would have to handle in order to fully extend and reinforce local autonomy to completely comply with the principles stipulated in the Charter are outlined in this article.
What Councillors Expect of Facilitative Mayors: The Desired Leadership Competencies in Job Advertisements for the Dutch Mayoralty and How They Are Affected by Municipal Size
Authors: Karsten Niels
Published: May 2019

Job vacancy texts for the Dutch mayoralty provide original evidence about what councillors expect of facilitative mayors. In this article, we conduct an automated content analysis of 231 advertisements and use focus groups to interpret our results. We find that the desired qualities of mayoral candidates include showing morally appropriate behaviour, acting as a liaison within local government and beyond, as well as vigour, empathy, and communicative skill. Further, we find that municipal size does affect the desirability of leadership competencies, but also that its impact is limited. This finding suggests that desired local leadership qualities may be less context-dependent than previously assumed.
Regional Influence or Institutional Constraints? Impact of Interstate Competition and Fiscal Rules on User Charge Reliance across U.S States
Authors: Kim Koomin
Published: May 2019

Few studies have been conducted to analyze influential factors of state user charge reliance. This study empirically examines the impact of interstate competition and fiscal rules on state user charge reliance between 1991 and 2014 by applying panel data analysis. Also, this study aims to investigate mechanisms of state user charge reliance and various variables related to user charge reliance, which enhances and broadens understanding of factors that affect state user charge reliance. According to this analysis, overall state user charge reliance is mainly explained by interstate competition, fiscal rules, state tax effort, ideological standpoint and income level. Practically, states need to attend to their taxable resources and consider the actual effect of TELs and balanced budget rules in limiting the growth of government. Future research is recommended to examine mechanisms of state specific user charge sources and expand the variables related to user charge reliance.
Fiscal Consolidations in Polish Local Governments in the Period 2008–2016: Course and Causes
Authors: Olejnik Łukasz Wiktor
Published: May 2019

The article presents strategies of fiscal consolidations conducted in Poland in cities with powiat rights, and a study of causes behind the decision to conduct such fiscal consolidations. Local governments showing an improvement of their public finances have been distinguished; and based on that, a description of various methods of reduction of expenditures, deficit or debt in Polish local governments has been presented. An analysis of data shows the dominance of consolidations on the revenue side. The study has identified few cases of expenditure cuts, and they mostly included investments, public transport and housing expenditures. Besides the description of data concerning fiscal consolidations, the article also presents a multivariate probit regression model and logistic regression model estimated based on panel data aimed at studying the determinants of conducting financial consolidations in a given local government. The hypotheses that macroeconomic variables and the election cycle have a statistically significant effect on the decision to conduct consolidation have been  positively verified; whereas the hypothesis that other political factors significantly affect the probability of improvement of the financial situation of a local government have been verified negatively.
Migrant Laborers in South Korean Local Communities: Making Them Work More Decently
Authors: Kim Soon-Yang
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this article is to examine the poor working conditions of migrant laborers in South Korean local communities and to explore how they can attain more decent working experiences in the dimensions of employment and working conditions, social security, basic rights at workplaces, and laborers representation and dialogue. As a result of analysis, this article identified the indecent working conditions of migrant laborers in terms of low wage and wage overdue, frequent overtime working, exclusion from social insurance programs, exposure to discrimination and verbal violence, exclusion from trade unionism, and their disadvantageous positions in wage negotiations.
Stress Tests as a Tool to Assess the Risk of Public Expenditure on Debt Servicing Increasing at Local Government Entities
Authors: Postuła Marta , Czekaj Miroslaw , Klepacki Jaroslaw
Published: May 2019

National and local government's public debt is of special interest to economic sciences. With interest rates in the EU countries now at historically low levels, there is risk of a trend change causing development expenditure to be crowded out from budgets in favour of debt servicing costs. The analysis (stress test) of the sensitivity of debt servicing costs in the local government sector in Poland to an unexpected growth of market interest rates above the values forecasted by the MoF confirms that local governments are exposed to interest rate growth risk, and consequently to the risk of their budgets incurring unplanned expenditure.
Size and Democracy Revisited A Critical Discussion of the Claimed Trade-off between Problem-Solving Capacity and Citizen Participation
Authors: Røiseland Asbjørn , Vabo Signy I
Published: May 2019

Classic literature on size and democracy argues that there is a trade-off between opportunities for broad citizen participation and communities’ ability to deal effectively with the challenges faced by their locality. Consequently, smaller political units enrich democracy, while larger units strengthen the capacity to govern. We argue that although the trade-off may be relevant within a framework concentrating on representative democratic institutions, the trade-off is questionable in the light of more recent contributions on democratic, network-based governance. The article develops this argument, and suggests elements that should be included in a revised theory of municipal size.
Participative and Deliberative Democracy on the Local Level: How the Political Characteristics of Municipalities in the Czech Republic Relate to the Use of Selected Democratic Innovation within their Territory?
Authors: Hurtikova Hana , Soukop Michal
Published: May 2019

Little current studies of democratic innovations have considered whether there is any connection between the political characteristics of a municipality and the higher degree of use of participative and deliberative tools within their territory. This article aims at contributing to the discussion by testing selected political indicators in the municipalities in relation to the utilisation rate of innovative tools. By using the case study of local territory within the Czech Republic during the election period of 2014–2018, the article uses unique data from the municipalities with extended powers to track common features of participative municipalities, e-municipalities, and transparent municipalities, and reveals the substantial positive effects of intergenerational renewal in the representative bodies and strong financial capital. Paper contributes to the discourse on democratic innovations by focusing on unexplored area, thanks to which participative and deliberative tools could become a normal part of the decision-making process on a local level.
Introduction
Authors: Regev Ronny
Published: May 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the main themes of the book. It explains Working in Hollywood’s main objective: to redraw the glamorous image of Hollywood and demonstrate that the film industry’s golden age (1920-1950) was not only defined by film content and celebrities but also by the people employed in the studio system, their work practices, and interactions on the job. It suggests there is much to learn by shifting our gaze from the pictures to the people who made them. In addition, the chapter offers a short timeline of the studio system, from the formation of Paramount, MGM, Twentieth Century-Fox, and RKO – the five vertically integrated major companies, in the 1920s, to the system’s disintegration in the 1950s.
Producing
Authors: Regev Ronny
Published: May 2019

The first chapter concentrates on a small group of men employed as studio head-producers. It argues that they were the Henry Fords of the industry, responsible for turning Hollywood into an effective modern entertainment machine. People like Irving Thalberg, David O. Selznick, and Darryl Zanuck arrived on the scene in the early 1920s and successfully reshaped the studio from an informal workplace to a well-thought-out operation with function-specific divisions and tasks. Their newly fashioned Hollywood lots served as intermediary spaces, accommodating the demands of profit seeking corporate executives as well as artists. The chapter shows how, on a day-to-day basis, head producers translated the demands and visions of each group to the other. It demonstrates how these producers served as brokers, embodying the contradictions of the system while closely supervising the production process of every picture and the studio as a whole.
Directing
Authors: Regev Ronny
Published: May 2019

The third chapter explains how directors came to be associated with film authorship. Filmmakers were indeed accorded a level of autonomy and responsibility that was unique in industry terms. This autonomy, however, was limited to the shooting portion of the production process. In other words, directors, even so-called auteurs like George Cukor or William Wyler, had no say over scriptwriting or the editing of the picture. Furthermore, directorial autonomy, the chapter argues, was the product of economic expediency rather than of respect for artistic freedom. In fact, in order to maintain a studio career, directors had to prove they were worthy of this autonomy. They had to demonstrate their conformity and commitment to the studio’s material concerns.
Acting
Authors: Regev Ronny
Published: May 2019

The fourth chapter exposes the experience of screen players and particularly of movie stars. It shows how famous actors such as Clark Gable, Katherine Hepburn, and Joan Crawford were subjected to two seemingly contradictory types of management. On the one hand, together with film extras, character actors, and other creative talent, stars were treated as regimented employees, bound by draconian contracts, which essentially alienated them from their labor. On the other hand, they were safeguarded by the studios, pampered with exorbitant salaries and a network of professionals, who worked day and night in order to make them look and sounds good. The aim of both kinds of treatment was to bind the star to the studio and prevent him or her from ever attempting to cash in on their marketable persona on their own.
Shooting
Authors: Regev Ronny
Published: May 2019

The fifth chapter deals with the experience of those who are commonly known as craftsmen or below-the-line workers. It suggests that the division between arts and crafts in the film industry resulted from the history of labor organization and the political struggles between labor unions such as IATSE and the American Society of Cinematographers. In addition, focusing on the experience of cameramen, the chapter demonstrate that workers in the technical branches of filmmaking, were concerned less with control and more with recognition. It shows how directors of photography sought to claim some of the respect and artistic stature accorded to directors and screenwriters. Thus, they struggled to form a tighter bond between the creative status of the film industry and the more traditional craft or technical work they introduced into it.
Disintegrating
Authors: Regev Ronny
Published: May 2019

The final chapter follows the decline of the studio system. Toward the late 1940s, political and economic factors such as the rise of television and changes in the tax code, pushed film production away from the studio system and towards a system based more and more on “spot production” or separate deals. Furthermore, the Paramount decision handed down by the Supreme Court ended vertical integration and eroded the power of the major film companies. Changes in labor practices followed, as demonstrated by the career of actors like Gino Corrado and producers like Hal Wallis. As the “stock-company” model ended, and the number of long-term contracts declined, new forces, particularly talent agents such as Lew Wasserman became the power brokers of the new Hollywood.
Broken Promises
Authors: García-Bryce Iñigo
Published: May 2019

This chapter follows the story of how APRA first promoted equal political rights for women and then relegated women to second-class status within the party. Women helped to build the party from its foundations. Yet Apristas put social class before gender to argue for caution in extending political rights lest women support conservative candidates. Haya’s rivalry with the party’s most powerful female leader, Magda Portal may have contributed to women’s lack of equal status within APRA. APRA had little to do with women’s finally receiving the vote in Peru in 1955.
Who Read What?
Authors: Smith Benjamin T.
Published: May 2019

This chapter is a quantitative and qualitative introduction to the rising readership of Mexico City’s popular press and the regional press in mid-twentieth century Mexico.
How to Control the Press (Badly)
Authors: Smith Benjamin T.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the ways in which state governments censored and controlled regional newspapers using financial incentives as well as violence and intimidation.
The Singer
Authors: Smith Benjamin T.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the career of Judith Reyes, the editor of Chihuahua’s radical newspaper Acción. It focuses on the role of the newspaper in civil society and radical movements in Chihuahua.
Looking for Chamberlain
Authors: Teters Kristopher A.
Published: May 2019

This study challenges much of the current historical literature about the American Civil War by arguing that western Union officers carried out a practical emancipation policy as part of a pragmatic military strategy, rather than an idealistic moral opposition to slavery. While officers came to accept emancipation as a useful instrument to win the war, their racial attitudes changed very little. In the early stages of the war, the army’s policies towards fugitive slaves were inconsistent and influenced by an officer’s individual attitudes toward slavery. The Second Confiscation Act of 1862 and the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 caused a shift in army policy to become more consistent and emancipationist. Officers, however, carried out emancipation primarily for the army’s benefit, as freed slaves could help the army as pioneers, laborers, servants, and soldiers. Union officers were committed to winning the war and saving the Union, and emancipation proved a practical policy to accomplish these goals.
William T. Sherman and His Officers
Authors: Teters Kristopher A.
Published: May 2019

From beginning to end, Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman remained a reluctant liberator who never saw emancipation as a moral imperative. He had opposed the Emancipation Proclamation at the time it was issued, but by late 1863, Sherman had come to accept the end of slavery as a necessary and inevitable consequence of the war. But even if emancipation made some pragmatic sense, Sherman harbored deep racial prejudices, despised abolitionists, and worried that emancipation issues were looming too large in the Union war effort. During his famed marches in Georgia and the Carolinas, Sherman tried to carry out emancipation on a strictly military basis to benefit the army. He and his officers willingly took in slaves that they could use and discouraged all others. Yet thousands of black refugees had still joined Sherman’s columns. Regardless of what army officers thought, many slaves viewed them as liberators and would not pass up an opportunity to gain freedom. So ironically, the general who was probably least interested in assuming the mantle of a liberator led an army that freed thousands. For many, Sherman’s results mattered more than intentions.
How Transformative Was the Civil War?
Authors: Teters Kristopher A.
Published: May 2019

The process of emancipation played out in a more comprehensive way in the western theater than in the eastern. Western officers were forced to deal with huge numbers of slaves across a vast region and implement appropriate policies and programs to carry out emancipation. In particular, the Border South proved especially difficult in managing the legal and political questions surrounding emancipation. At the war’s beginning, the government in Washington had clearly stated that its goal was to preserve the Union and not free the slaves, a view shared by many western officers. But as the war dragged on into its second year, the armies and the government became more emancipationist. Many officers also came to support emancipation and even the use of black troops. However, most officers only embraced emancipation out of pragmatism and military necessity, and their policies reflected their lack of moral idealism. Officers in the western armies liberated slaves for the army’s benefit. As Reconstruction began, many in the North were not very concerned about securing political equality for former slaves. While the war had pushed Northerners to emancipate the slaves, it did not transform them into racial egalitarians.
Violence, Competition, and Exchange in the Early Colonial Era
Authors: Strang Cameron B.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines natural knowledge among natives and newcomers from the 1500s to the mid-1700s. It suggests that European-Indian encounters generated new knowledge, patronage relationships, and webs of exchange that affected intellectual life among both groups. The chapter includes sections on conquistadors in sixteenth-century Florida, patronage networks in Florida’s mission communities, cartography and the Indian slave trade, and the networks through which Europeans and Indians exchanged specimens and commodities. In short, Europeans and natives valued knowledge and the experts who produced it as sources of power and, from the 1500s through the 1700s, learned about their mutually new world during encounters involving violence, geopolitical competition, and exchange.
Knowledge, Weakness, and Narrative in the Late Eighteenth Century
Authors: Strang Cameron B.
Published: May 2019

This chapter covers intellectual life among European, native, and African-descended peoples in the Gulf South from the 1760s to the 1790s. Spain had sovereignty from Florida to Louisiana during this period, yet Spaniards were also one of many groups in the region that were too weak to control the flow of information or reliably benefit from it. The chapter’s first two sections analyze how Spanish officials struggled to understand the region and use its resources to bolster imperial power. The three following cases concern, respectively, the trial of enslaved blacks accused of poisoning an overseer, the efforts of a Florida planter to control the circulation of botanical knowledge, and a mineralogical expedition in which a Hitchiti Indian shaped scientific knowledge through monster stories. All of these individuals packaged knowledge in narratives that reflected and perpetuated the crossing of cultural boundaries.
Skulls, Scalps, and Seminoles
Authors: Strang Cameron B.
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on the Second Seminole War (1835–1842) and how whites and natives both developed new knowledge about the Seminoles as a unique ethnic group through violence against each other’s dead. On the one hand, Euro-Americans looked to native skulls to add scientific legitimacy to assertions that the Seminoles were a clearly defined ethnicity whose supposed predisposition for violence and lack of ancestral bonds to Florida justified their removal. On the other hand, the collection and circulation of white scalps strengthened the Seminoles’ understanding of themselves as a distinct people and allowed them to rebuild complete communities—ones that integrated the living, the multiethnic dead, and Floridian land—despite the trauma of the war.
From Asylum to Prison
Authors: Parsons Anne E.
Published: May 2019

To many, insane asylums are a relic of a bygone era. State governments took steps between 1950 and 1990 to minimize the involuntary confinement of people in mental hospitals, and many mental health facilities closed down. Yet, as this book reveals, the asylum did not die during deinstitutionalization. Instead, it returned in the modern prison industrial complex as the government shifted to a more punitive, institutional approach to social deviance, mental illness, and people with disabilities. Focusing on Pennsylvania, the state that ran one of the largest mental health systems in the country, the author tracks how the lack of community-based services, a fear-based politics around mental illness, and the economics of institutions meant that closing mental hospitals fed a cycle of incarceration that became an epidemic.
This groundbreaking book recasts the political narrative of the late twentieth century, as the book charts how the history of asylums and prisons were inextricably intertwined. It argues that the politics of mass incarceration shaped the deinstitutionalization of psychiatric hospitals and social welfare policy, and vice versa. The book offers critical insight into how the prison took the place of the asylum and shaped the rise of the prison industrial complex and creating new forms of social marginality.
Mental Hospitals and the Carceral State
Authors: Parsons Anne E.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores how in the 1940s, mental hospitals comprised land, buildings, and workforces used by the states to feed and house hundreds of thousands of people. Conscientious objectors who did service work at mental hospitals in lieu of military conscription founded the National Mental Health Foundation. They also collaborated with journalists to craft exposés about concentration camp–like conditions in hospitals. The author and former patient Mary Jane Ward published her book The Snake Pit, in which she argued against the loss of freedom that people with mental illness experienced. Policy makers responded to this anti-institutionalism by implementing mental health reforms that made hospitals larger and more therapeutic, and kept involuntary commitments intact. These initiatives made up the early stages of deinstitutionalization.
The Army of Tennessee
Authors: Robertson William Glenn
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes the Army of Tennessee at the beginning of the Chickamauga Campaign—its composition, organization, strength, and leaders from army to brigade level. It delineates the prior careers of Braxton Bragg, Leonidas Polk, William Hardee, Joseph Wheeler, and Nathan Forrest. It also enumerates and describes the staff officers of the Army of Tennessee.
To the River
Authors: Robertson William Glenn
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes the struggles of the Army of the Cumberland during its movement over the mountains of the Cumberland Plateau into the valley of the Tennessee River. It includes the development of Stevenson, Alabama as the army’s new headquarters and logistics center, all focused on the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad. It also further develops William Rosecrans’s tense relationships with Henry Halleck and Ambrose Burnside.
The Crossing Begins
Authors: Robertson William Glenn
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes the initial crossings of the Tennessee River made by elements of William Rosecrans’s Army of the Cumberland. Those crossings, at Caperton’s Ferry and Bridgeport, Alabama would be supplemented by two additional crossings at Battle Creek and Shell Mound, Tennessee. In Chattanooga, Braxton Bragg and his senior commanders continued to focus their attention upstream from the city, reinforcing their assessment with intelligence that would prove to be faulty. Meanwhile, Simon Buckner continued his slow movement toward Chattanooga and the Army of Tennessee.
Sand Mountain
Authors: Robertson William Glenn
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes both the completion of and collapse of the Bridgeport bridge, throwing William Rosecrans’s timetable for the advance of the Army of the Cumberland beyond the Tennessee River into serious disarray. Unaware of Rosecrans’s logistical problems, Braxton Bragg continued to concentrate the Army of Tennessee at Chattanooga for offensive movement. While Bragg pondered his options, units of the Army of the Cumberland crossed another major terrain feature, Sand Mountain, and headed for the next obstacle, Lookout Mountain. A Federal crossing of Lookout Mountain would effectively outflank Bragg in Chattanooga.
Lookout Valley
Authors: Robertson William Glenn
Published: May 2019

In this chapter the cascading detrimental effects of the Bridgeport bridge collapse, along with overly optimistic estimates of pushing supply trains across Sand Mountain, caused the Army of the Cumberland to pause in Lookout Valley, losing several days in the process. The delays gave Braxton Bragg time to learn the location of William Rosecrans’s major units, which threatened to breach the Lookout Mountain barrier. Consequently, Bragg prepared to order the Army of Tennessee to evacuate Chattanooga. At the same time the Confederate government resolved to send troops from Virginia to augment Bragg’s command.
Changing Digital Spaces
Authors: Bunt Gary R.
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks at different phases in the development of cyber Islamic environments and examines the impact of the digital divide on Muslim societies. It includes a discussion on censorship and information control, providing brief case studies on Saudi Arabia and Iran. It introduces ideas associated with apps and their implications within social media platforms.
After the Reign of Terror
Authors: de la Torre Oscar
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the agricultural strategies used in Amazonian cacao and sugar plantations. Cacao is a tree native to the region whose fruit was exported since the colonial period. Producers relied on the river tides for soil fertilization and combined its cultivation with the exploitation of wild groves. Sugar producers adopted a similar approach, using tidal energy as a natural fertilizer and as a source of energy to propel their mills. Amazonia was able to successfully develop a slave economy that produced tropical crops for markets overseas. It also discusses the impact of Cabanagem on the region’s slaveholding properties is more complex than previously thought, as this chapter shows. While the loss of slaves in prime working age naturally affected the output of local plantations, the Cabanagem revolt also reinforced the trend toward a sexually and ethnically balanced slave population inherited from the pre-Cabanagem era, which was key to the natural reproduction of the enslaved population in later decades. Despite the damage caused by the rebellion, then, the post-Cabanagem slave demography of Paraense plantations turned out to be favorable to the reconstruction of the state’s plantation sector and to the natural reproduction of its enslaved laborers as well.
I Do Not Buy My Freedom Because I Am Not a Fool
Authors: de la Torre Oscar
Published: May 2019

The first part of the chapter analyzes the different paths by which slaves acquired environmental knowledge: importing skills and strategies from equatorial Africa, acquiring knowledge when doing agricultural work in plantations and farms, and maintaining interethnic contacts with Indians. As they learned the ways of local peasants, the enslaved gradually built entire parallel economies with vigorous ties to the expanding network of commercial houses that existed in late nineteenth-century Amazonia. Instead of using the term “internal economy of slavery,” I conceptualize them as an economy that ran parallel to that of their masters, given the size and complexity of the commercial networks in which the slaves participated. The chapter also describes the process of community formation inside the slave quarters at the time of Amazonia’s rubber boom, which had both a positive and negative impact on the prospects of Amazonia’s black slaves. On the one hand, it made it possible for them to expand their parallel economy. On the other hand, that slaves could carry out such a broad scope of activities meant that the slaveowners could adapt to the changes of the era. In Amazonia slavery was just like rubber: flexible and adaptable to multiple conditions – hence its durability.
Citizens of Tauapará
Authors: de la Torre Oscar
Published: May 2019

Taking an oral tradition conveyed by a slave-descendant from the municipality of Vigia (Pará), this chapter argues that black peasants merged slavery-era traditions embedded in the landscape with discourses of legal access to landownership learned in freedom to form a single but multifaceted discourse of citizenship. It examines two processes. The first relates to the changes in the landscape that took place as the Campina sugar plantation became a farming community between 1862 and 1944. I discuss Campina's “golden age” as a slave plantation, the end of slavery in 1888, and the transition to free peasantry in the early twentieth century. The sequence of these three moments illuminates the social and economic changes the slave-descendants experienced, and constitutes the material basis for the second part of the chapter. That part turns to the ideological and cultural origins of the construct of citizens of Tauapará by interrogating popular understandings of landownership, relationships with patriarchal landowners, and the imagined life of legal documents.
The People of the Curuá River
Authors: de la Torre Oscar
Published: May 2019

In 1921, the village of Pacoval, located not far from Santarém on the northern shore of the Amazon River, was in turmoil. In August the state government sent a special envoy to ascertain if the purchase and demarcation of Brazil nut groves were being done by the book and whether permitting its privatization was a wise policy. The protests that ensued represented a new episode in the history of black struggles for citizenship in post-emancipation Brazil, and this chapter analyzes three of their core elements. First, the Pacovalenses presented themselves as “the people of the Curuá” River and fought to keep it “free,” locating the rights of citizenship yet again in the natural landscape. Second, they tried to protect the networks of economic and political patronage that they had built since the time of slavery, which had provided a precarious but real degree of institutional leverage. Finally, in their encounters with public authorities the black peasants also portrayed themselves as “good Brazilians,” a nativist claim that mirrored Afro-Brazilian discourses in other states in those years.
Introduction
Authors: Dorr Lisa Lindquist
Published: May 2019

While most histories of Prohibition focus on the northeastern United States and the organized crime that flourished during the era, this book turns the attention to the South. The South's proximity to islands where liquor was legal, its long coastline, and presence of people interested in profit or drinking attracted smugglers. Despite temperance advocates hopes that Prohibition would bring reform, a widespread black market in illegal liquor soon developed. The continued trade in alcohol helped make the South more modern, and drew federal law enforcement efforts to the South and into Cuba.