bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of transformational leadership and organizational culture in service delivery within a public service organization
Authors: Ledimo Ophillia
Published: December 2016

Continuous changes in the external environment deriving from legislative, economic and technological factors, puts pressure not only to corporate organizations, but also to public service organizations. These changes have increased pressure on service delivery and calls for accountability in public service organizations. With this increased pressure comes the need for public service organizations to discover how to most effectively enhance their organizational performance. Two of the most effective ways to improve performance are through the organizational leadership and culture. Although many studies were conducted on transformational leadership and organizational culture, there is still a need to investigate the link between these constructs in public service organizations. Hence the objective of this study was to explore the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational culture for service delivery practices. The Leadership Practice Inventory (LPI) and Organizational Culture Inventory (OCI) were administered to a random sample size of N=238, from a population of 4350 employees working within the public service organization. Descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation were conducted to analyse the data. The results of this study indicated a significant positive relationship between transformational leadership and the constructive dimension of organizational culture within a public service organization. In terms of contributions and practical implications, insight gained from the findings may be used in proposing leadership and organizational development interventions and future research.
Urban transformations of historic areas: A case study of Nezir-Aga mosque complex, the Old Town of Mostar
Authors: Cakaric Jasenka , Idrizbegovic-Zgonic Aida
Published: December 2016

City is a living organism in a continuous evolutive process; its historic
core evolves with it as well. Current transformations create ever more
tensions between the need for preservation of historic urban areas, being the
identification parameters of culture and the need for modernisation and
inclusion into flow of contemporary city life. This paper aims to provide
insight into intricate action that will allow both, preservation and
development to work together to create better living conditions. All
complexities and dualities encountered though the processes of urban
transformation are tools for generating guidelines and procedures concerning
the interventions within a historic urban area. Systematic research and
analyses of the past, of the changes that occurred in previous times, as well
as their adequate evaluation is the essence of decision making in urban
transformations, which is further supported by the Case study presented. In
order to be successful, transformative processes must be in agreement with
not only the physical manifestation of heritage, but also with the underlying
processes and circumstances that created the place in all of its
peculiarities and uniqueness. A methodological procedure is established and
defined by actions on design projects and urban spatial entities that is a
contribution to the general theoretical background of urban design.
Visitors’ centres - new coordinates of Serbian rural areas improvement
Authors: Videnovic Aleksandar , Arandjelovic Milos , Krkljes Milena
Published: December 2016

Visitor centres are mandatorily info-promotional facilities, often focused on
service and accommodation, and less often on research and education, and
which should satisfy different needs of a specific natural or an artificially
created area by means of a narrower or wider range of different activities.
They are very important as special purpose points for development of a
tourist offer in a specific wider area, but also as marketing and promotional
markers for popularization and attractiveness, i.e. ?new recognisability? of
individual locations in a narrower spatial sense. As modern benchmarks, they
can use their functionality and design symbolism to become important
generators of development and increase the number of visits to rural areas,
where specific sites are most often located. This paper examines these
specific functionally designed facilities from the viewpoint of potential
typological divisions, empirical patterns, i.e. the overview of needs for
their individual aspects in rural spaces and areas of Serbia, while taking
into consideration the environment and experience they are to present to
users.
Effect of solar radiation models on evapotranspiration estimation
Authors: Gocic Milan , Milanovic Mladen , Trajkovic Slavisa
Published: December 2016

The crop evapotranspiration has the great effect on defining and planning of
water resources. The estimation of evapotranspiration depends on various
climatic parameters. In this study, the analysis of the effect of solar
radiation (Rs) on daily reference evapotranspiration (ET0) was conducted. The
FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method (FAO-56 PM) was used for the estimation of ET0
in Serbia at eight meteorological stations for the period 1980-2010. The Rs
was estimated using the ten one-parameter global solar radiation models. The
ET0 with Almorox and Hontoria model 1 had the smallest deviation related to
the ET0 with Angstr?m-Prescott (AP) model, and ET0 with To?rul et al. model 2
and Rietveld model had the greatest deviation from ET0 with AP model.
The impact of pedagogical concepts of social environment on the organization of the physical environment
Authors: Tanic Milan , Stankovic Danica , Nikolic Vojislav , Kostic Aleksandra
Published: December 2016

The paper discusses the implications of the social environment on the modern
pedagogical process and their interdependence with the physical environment.
The initial assumption is that pedagogical processes form certain types of
social activities which encourage the development of the appropriate physical
environment. Different patterns of social environment are defined by the
typological analysis of social activities in the pedagogical process. In
addition, the basic research framework implies the cooperation of various
forms of social environment and the influencing factors on the organization
of the physical environment in terms of contextual changes in the pedagogical
process. Defined qualitative properties suggest the creation of a polyvalent
physical environment that offers a whole range of intermediate forms for the
implementation of various forms of social activities in the pedagogical
process.
Soil microbial activity under conventional and organic production of bean and maize
Authors: Marinkovic Jelena , Susnica Ivan , Bjelic Dragana , Tintor Branislava , Vasic Mirjana
Published: December 2016

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of conventional and
organic production system on microbial activity in the soil cultivated with
bean and maize crops. The trial in Djurdjevo was set up according to the
conventional farming system, while organic farming system was used in Futog.
Two maize hybrids and two bean cultivars were used in the trial. Soil samples
were collected in two periods during 2014 (before sowing, at flowering stage
of bean crops, and at 9-11 leaf stage of maize) at two depths, at both
locations. The following microbiological parameters were tested: the total
number of micro?organisms, number of ammonifiers, Azotobacter sp., free
nitrogen fixing bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and activity of dehydrogenase
enzyme. The results showed that the total number of microorganisms, number of
free N-fixers and dehydrogenase activity were higher within organic
production, while Azotobacter sp. was more abundant in conventional
production. Variations in the number of ammonifiers, fungi and actinomycetes
in relation to the type of production were not obtained. Significant
differences in microbial activity were also obtained between period and
depths of sampling.
The effect of inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum on microorganisms in rhizosphere and sugar beet yield in organic farming
Authors: Mrkovacki Nastasija , Bjelic Dragana , Maksimovic Livija , Curcic Zivko , Ciric Mihajlo , Zivanov Milorad
Published: December 2016

The effect on sugar beet yield parameters and microbiological soil status was
studied using two techniques of sugar beet inoculation with strains of
Azotobacter chroococcum. Cultivar ?Drena? was used in the study, and field
trial was set under the conditions of organic farming system in Backi
Petrovac. A mixture of three strains of Azotobacter chroococcum was used as
microbial fertilizer. Inoculation was performed by: (A) incorporation of
strains into soil before sowing; and (B) repeated incorporation of strains
into soil two weeks after sowing. PGP characterization of the strains
confirmed the ability of producing indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) from 12.63 ?g
ml-1 to 14.95 ?g ml-1, nitrogen fixation, and P-solubilization. Positive
effects on the number of azotobacter and free nitrogen fixers in rhizosphere
were obtained by inoculation, as well as positive effects on the tested sugar
beet yield parameters. The largest increase in root yield, yield of crystal
sugar, and yield of polarised sugar compared with the control was obtained by
repeated soil inoculation, ranging from 22 to 23%.
Pollen morphology of the Balkan-Carpathian endemic Campanula lingulata Waldst. & Kit. (Campanulaceae)
Authors: Macukanovic-Jocic Marina , Jaric Snezana
Published: December 2016

Palynomorphological characteristics of Campanula lingulata, the
Balkan-Carpathian endemic species growing in Serbia, have been investigated
using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy for the first time,
in order to provide some information helpful for a better understanding of
the taxonomic position of this species within the genus, as well as to
contribute to the pollen atlas of Serbian apiflora. The pollen grains are
radially symmetrical, isopolar, 3-zonoporate and medium-sized monads
oblate-sphaeroidal in shape. Mean of the polar axis (P) is 27.6?1.9 ?m, while
the average length of the equatorial axis (E) is 28.8?1.6 ?m. The apertures
are operculate. The sculpturing pattern of the exine is
microre?ticulate-microechinatae. The exine surface is covered with evenly
distributed supratectal spinules of variable length and sparse granules. The
longest supratectal spinules are 0.64?0.05 ?m in length and the smallest
sculptural elements are less than 0.2 ?m high. The microechinae density per
sample area of 5 ?m x 5 ?m averages 17.4?2.4.
Breeding of the common kingfisher Alcedo atthis at the Boracka River
Authors: Novcic Ivana
Published: December 2016

The breeding population of the common kingfisher Alcedo atthis was studied in
the Boracka River area in 2006 and 2007. A high breeding density was
docu?mented in 2007 with five breeding pairs recorded along the 1.4 km
section of a stream habitat. All of the studied nests were placed in vertical
banks without excessive riparian vegetation, while the distance between
adjacent nests ranged 120-430 m. The same nest holes were used in both years,
although birds excavated a couple of new ones in 2007. One pair bred in two
consecutive years; the same pair had two breeding attempts in 2007, while
three breeding attempts were recorded for one male. Birds used the same holes
for subsequent clutches or excavated new nests. Also, one nest was used by
different pairs in the same breeding season. In the study period 21
individuals were banded - none of the juvenile in?dividuals was recaptured,
suggesting that the fledglings dispersed shortly after they had left their
nests. Also, none of the breeding individuals was recaptured at the river
outside the breeding season.
Withers height of pig - Sus scrofa domestica L. 1758, domestic cow - Bos taurus L. 1758 and sheep - Ovis aries L. 1758 at the “Gornja suma” archaeological site (Novi Sad)
Authors: Radmanovic Darko , Kostic Desanka , Veselinov Dusanka , Lujic Jelena
Published: December 2016

In spring 2012, osteological material was collected at the ?Gornja Suma? site
(site no. 47), located in the territory of Novi Sad, and it was dated to the
early 9th century. The withers heights of pig - Sus scrofa domestica,
domestic cow - Bos taurus and sheep - Ovis aries, as the three most dominant
species at this archaeological site, were analysed based on the length of
bones and according to various authors [Boessneck 1956; Zalkin 1960;
Matolcsi 1970; Teichert 1975]. It was determined that in these three species
the withers heights mostly corresponded to the data from the Middle Ages.
Application of geoinformation techniques to determine zones of sediment resuspension induced by wind waves in lakes (using two lakes from Northern Poland as examples)
Authors: Bajkiewicz-Grabowska Elżbieta , Markowski Maciej , Lemańczyk Krzysztof
Published: December 2016

Resuspension in lakes affects the quality of lake water. It is possible to model this process and visualize its outcomes using GIS tools. An assessment of the size of the zone of sediment resuspension was made for two lakes located in Northern Poland threatened by rapid eutrophication. For each of the lakes, four simulations using two methods for determining the effective wind length (F) (Model 1 and Model 2) and two methods for determining the wind wavelength (Lw) (Model A and Model B) were performed. The analysis, taking into account the morphometry of the studied lakes and anemometric conditions, indicated that the differentiator is the applied simulation method of calculating the wavelength caused by the wind. The analysis is theoretical in nature and the results need to be verified in the field..
A proposal of protection techniques in the catchment of a lake in the context of improving its recreational value
Authors: Grochowska Jolanta , Tandyrak Renata , Parszuto Katarzyna , Brzozowska Renata
Published: December 2016

The study was carried out on Lake Rentyńskie (100.8 ha; 9.4 m) situated approximately 20 km to the west of Olsztyn, in the drainage basin of the rivers Giłwa and Pasłęka. The direct catchment area of the lake is 166.2 ha. Forests cover most of the drainage basin area (74%). As revealed in the study, Rentyńskie is a highly eutrophic reservoir. The lake waters were characterized by a high content of nutrients, up to 1.508 mg P dm-3 and 11.7 mg N dm-3. The high fertility of the lake was also evident in the values of chlorophyll a - 75.4 μg dm-3, and low water transparency - average 1 m. The total annual phosphorus and nitrogen load to Lake Rentyńskie, calculated according to Giercuszkiewicz-Bajtlik (1990) equals 759.0 kg of phosphorus and 31869.7 kg of nitrogen, or per unit surface 0.753 g P m-2 yr-1 and 31.611 N m-2 yr-1. Allowable and critical load levels to Lake Rentyńskie calculated according to the hydrological model of Vollenweider (1976) equal (respectively) 0.090 g P m-2 yr-1 and 0.189 g P m-2 yr-1. From a comparison between the actual phosphorus load and the values calculated according to Vollenweider it can be concluded that the loads not only exceed the allowable values by several times but also the critical values responsible for advanced eutrophication. The study showed that the River Giłwa, which flows through the reservoir, posed a major threat to the analysed lake . In order to improve the water quality in Lake Rentyńskie drastic protective measures should be taken in the basin of the River Giłwa, which is intensively used for agriculture, and also, at the point where the river enters the lake a special system to reduce the level of phosphorus compound concentrations should be set up.
The relationship between land management and the nature of helophytes in small lakes (Eastern Poland)
Authors: Sender Joanna , Grabowski Magda
Published: December 2016

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the development of rush zones in small lakes and the utilization and condition of surrounding lands. Generally, the width of the helophyte zone increased along shores with gentle slopes (>5˚) that were covered with vegetation. The most favourable conditions for rush development and spread were along sloped areas bordered by farmlands and rural developments. In addition, pasturelands that developed on top of peat accumulation adjacent to lakes were found to facilitate the development of rushes. We observed a positive effect of anthropogenic development, especially agriculture and infrastructure, on stem density and total biomass of Phragmites austalis populations in the lakes studied. However, individual stem biomass of plants was lower. In different parts of the studied lakes, macrophyte distribution patterns were influenced by environmental conditions including nutrient availability, wind exposure, and bottom slope. The poorest macrophyte communities were found in areas within the lakes that were shaded by trees growing on neighboring banks and where slopes were forested rush zones were absent altogether.
Dance of the Dialectic? Some Reflections (Polemic and Otherwise) on the Present State of Nineteenth-Century Asylum Studies
Authors: Brown Thomas E
Published: December 2016

The 1970s witnessed an intense, often acrimonious debate between revisionist and Whig/neo-Whig historians over the origins and nature of the ninteenth-century asylum experience. By the early 1980s, however, there had emerged no “new synthesis” (as one might have expected given the dialectical nature of the historical enterprise) but rather a new counter-revisionist paradigm grounded in the precepts of the “new social history.” This counterrevisionist paradigm has become, in turn, the “new orthodoxy” in asylum studies in the 1990s. This article argues that the counter-revisionist account is itself highly problematic, offering no convincing synthetic overview of the nineteenth-century asylum experience.
Nineteenth-Century Narrative Case Histories: An Inquiry into Stylistics and History
Authors: Nowell-Smith Harriet
Published: December 2016

This study of Canadian nineteenth-century obstetrical and gynaecological case histories enters the current debate about narrative prose and its postulated relation to humanitarianism from a particular point of view. It uses literary analysis to generate new types of evidence to shed light on the development of this medical specialty, and so demonstrates how close textual analysis can be of use to medical historians.

The finding that narrative structure played a central role in the development of statistical thinking about disease grants it a highly ambivalent role in relation to humanitarianism. It supports the conclusion that the literary form has no content of its own; narrative appears as a powerful vehicle for creating consensus, but this insight cannot commit one to a view about the subject of the consensus or its social implications.
Book Culture and Medicine
Authors: Connor Jennifer J
Published: December 2016

Despite the bountiful presence of computer technology, with its explosive media hype surrounding even the launch of new software, one might still be tempted to characterize the 1990s as deeply immersed in a culture of the book. Book iconography confronts the consumer everywhere—in household furnishings and fabrics, in personal attire and jewelry, in giftwrap, greeting cards, and wallpaper. Most likely, this iconography keys into the voracious North American market for nostalgia: evoking an imaginary space and time, the iconography of leather-bound books and tranquil libraries lends the average person an instant aura of serene gentility in an age otherwise marked by harried commercialism.
Thomsonian Medical Books and the Culture of Dissent in Upper Canada
Authors: Connor Jennifer J
Published: December 2016

Adherents to American lay healer Samuel Thomson’s system of medicine have been viewed in Canada primarily as antagonists of mainstream medicine. Their publishing activities, however, reveal a wide reform impulse. As this discussion illustrates by considering publishers, printers, editors, and compilers of Thomsonian books in Upper Canada, most had links—real and temperamental—to Reform politics and to dissenting Protestant beliefs, especially Methodism. Their publications may thus be viewed as vehicles for social change in a British colony having a strong Tory alliance between church and state.
Case Histories/Notes et dossiers de recherche: The Library of Thomas Kincaid, a Seventeenth-Century Scottish Surgeon
Authors: Stott R.M
Published: December 2016

In 1709 the library of the Incorporation of Surgeons of Edinburgh (now The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh) received a donation of approximately 230 books. They had belonged to Thomas Kincaid, a master surgeon who lived and worked in Edinburgh in the second half of the seventeenth century. Little is known about Kincaid; however, he was not unimportant in both burgh and Incorporation affairs in the 1640s and 1650s. Reconstructing the collection to allow us to peer along Kincaid’s bookshelves, therefore, will shed some light on this otherwise obscure surgeon.
A Search for Gold: Reconstructing a Private Library—The Case of Dr. Robert Bell
Authors: MacDonald Bertrum H
Published: December 2016

Early on the morning of Sunday, 28 October 1962, catastrophe struck at 136 MacLaren Street, Ottawa. Fire swept through the three-storey brick home of John and Olga Outram, claiming their lives in its wake. That event, tragic as it was, also set in motion the widespread dispersal of a massive estate (an estimated 26 tons of books and artifacts were stored in the house). Three decades later in my quest to discover only a portion of the contents of the Outram house, I have found it necessary to spend hundreds of hours, following countless leads, to document what was an entirely uncatalogued collection. The MacLaren Street address had been the home of Olga Outram’s father, Dr. Robert Bell, a medical doctor and one of Canada's outstanding geological explorers during the last half of the Victorian era. It is the story of Bell and his personal library that I will trace here.
The 1846 Catalogue of the Halifax Garrison Medical Library
Authors: Marble A.E
Published: December 2016

While carrying out research in the Public Archives of Nova Scotia several years ago, I discovered A Catalogue of the Halifax Garrison Medical Library, dated 1846. I had believed that the only medical libraries in Halifax prior to 1868 were the personal libraries of the physicians and surgeons practising there. The existence of the Garrison Medical Library therefore altered my opinion about the availability of medical literature since this library was both extensive and current in its holdings. Furthermore, the cover page of the 1846 catalogue indicates that the library had been established 30 years earlier, in 1817.
Medical Students at the University of Toronto, 1910-40: A Profile
Authors: Gidney R.D , Millar W.P.J
Published: December 2016

This article is intended to contribute to the small but growing literature on university students in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Canada—in this case, to add to our knowledge about medical students at the University of Toronto between 1910 and 1940. Aside from crude estimates of total numbers, we know very little about medical students before the early twentieth century because the kinds of records required to probe further have rarely survived. Beginning in 1910, however, all of the applications for entry to the University of Toronto medical faculty have been preserved, as have the academic record cards of many graduates. Using these and other sources, this article focuses on the academic standards students had to meet to get into medical school; on the socio-economic composition of the student body, and how that changed over time; and on some key features of students' progress through the program of studies.
Les femmes et les pratiques de la santé dans le « Registre des plaidoiries du Parlement de Paris, 1364–1427 »
Authors: Dumas Geneviève
Published: December 2016

L’étude de la pratique des femmes dans le milieu médical médiéval est un objet de recherche récent qui se heurte à des probèkmes de sources, de méthode et d’interprétation. Le plus important de ces obstacles est sans doute la sous-représentation des femmes dans les sources. Nous avons trouvé, au cours de nos recherches dans les sources judiciaires parisiennes du XIVe et XVe siécle, des femmes qui ont été jugées pour pratique illicite de la médecine ou de la chirurgie. Sur 34 procés impliquant la santé recensés au «Registre des plaidoiries du Parlement de Paris 1364-1427», huit cases concernent des femmes. Deux de ces cas sont particuliérement intéressants parce qu’ils nous informent largement sur certaines modalités de la pratique médicale par les femmes au Moyen Âge. Le premier est celui de Perette la Pétone, chirurgienne, qui a été traduite en justice par la corporation des chirurgiens de Paris pour pratique illicite de la chirurgie et le second est celui de Jeanne Pouquelin, barbiére, qui est poursuivie par la communauté des barbiers de Paris pour pratique illicite de a «barberie». Cet article inclut un transcription du texte original intégrale non-publié des ces deux procès. Les deux cas ci-haut mentionnés éclairent des questions comme quel est le rô1e et la place des femmes dans les corporations de métiers, quelles sont les modalités de leur apprentissage, comment sont-elles considérées par leurs pairs et par la société en généra1, quel est le degré de leurs connaissances médicales?
For “the Honor and Dignity of the Profession”: Organized Medicine in Colonial New Brunswick, 1793-1860
Authors: Mitham Peter J
Published: December 2016

This article discusses the several attempts to organize and regulate the medical profession in New Brunswick, Canada, between 1793 and 1860. It examines medical legislation during the colonial era, culminating in the creation of the Medical Faculty of New Brunswick in 1859. Also, it explores the desire within the profession itself for increased protection and recognition. This desire inspired the formation of several medical societies in the years following 1827. A central figure in professional organization was Robert Bayard (1788-1868), who graduated from Edinburgh in 1809. The article examines his relationship with his colleagues, notably Thomas Paddock, John Boyd, and Alexander Boyle, to identify personal tensions affecting the development of the medical profession. The article concludes that the medical profession acquired a significant degree of authority in New Brunswick only following the enlistment of legislative support. The search for greater authority stemmed from the advent of sectarian doctors in the province. Although sectarian practitioners never flourished in New Brunswick, the law of 1859 gave the province’s regular doctors a sense of identity that facilitated the establishment of medical societies and the province’s first general public hospital, in Saint John.
Cruel Knives? Vivisection and Biomedical Research in Victorian English Canada
Authors: Connor J.T.H
Published: December 2016

This discussion shows how the use of animals in biomedical research in Canada evolved during the latter half of the nineteenth century from simple demonstrations to more sophisticated series of experiments. More important, however, is the argument advanced that Anglo-Canadian society's response to vivisection and the use of animals in research centred on issues such as cruelty, exploitation, and broader notions of religion, power, and gender. This exploration of vivisection in Victorian Canada, then, reveals that it was, as elsewhere, a complex debate involving more than the use of animals for biomedical research purposes.
Establishing Standards for Health Care Archives: A Case Study of the Calgary Regional Health Authority
Authors: Kynaston Donna
Published: December 2016

Due to recent restructuring of Alberta’s health care system, many historically valuable records are at risk. However, Freedom and Information and Protection of Privacy legislation has created awareness of the need to care for both administrative and medical records of health care institutions, and standards for the maintenance of these records are evolving. The Calgary Regional Health Authority has established archives, records management, and access and privacy programs, and now has the opportunity to establish a serious medical research repository. The CRHA’s experience proves the feasibility of preserving historical health care records for both medical and historical use.
Masculinity, Work, and the Fountain of Youth: Irving Fisher and the Life Extension Institute, 1914-31
Authors: Hirshbein Laura Davidow
Published: December 2016

In 1914, Progressive Era reformer Irving Fisher and wealthy contractor Harold Ley founded the Life Extension Institute (LEI), a business venture organized to address the problems of American health. For approximately two decades, from 1914 until the death of its medical director in 1931, the Life Extension Institute widely promoted its health maintenance program of annual physical examinations and health literature. The advertised goal of the LEI was to extend life without old age, as well as improve masculinity and good business practices through adherence to health principles. The first two decades of activities of the Life Extension Institute offer a window for examining early twentiethcentury ideas about the relationships between health, old age, and masculinity. The LEI literature constructed a picture of healthy, vigorous, and efficient American working men that helped to cement ideals of masculinity to ideals of health.
“I Do Not Care for a Lunatic’s Role”: Modes of Regulation and Resistance Inside the Colquitz Mental Home, British Columbia, 1919–33
Authors: Menzies Robert
Published: December 2016

This article chronicles the experiences of 100 male patients who were confined at the Provincial Mental Home, Colquitz, Vancouver Island between 1919 and 1933. Through an analysis of clinical records and other sources, I reconstruct the organizational and human environment that prevailed at Colquitz during the tenure of its first lay supervisor, Granby Farrant; I chart the diverse modes of discipline through which officials sought to maintain the institutional regimen; and I document the efforts undertaken by patients to resist authority, transcend their surroundings, and seek redemption and hope both inside and beyond the Colquitz walls.
«Diminuer le danger par de bons règlemens intérieurs». État colonial et contrôle médical des migrations au Bas-Canada et au Canada-Uni, 1795-1854
Authors: Pâquet Martin
Published: December 2016

Depuis la Révolution française et les guerres napoléoniennes, le Parlement du Bas-Canada adopte tout un dispositif rationnel et scientifique de régulation des mouvements migratoires sur son territoire. Outre les impératifs de sécurité interne, ce dispositif’s élabore autour d’un contrôle prophylactique de ces mouvements de population. Avec les grandes migrations des années 1830-1834 et 1847, les responsables politiques du Bas-Canada et du Canada-Uni doivent revoir leur dispositif réglementaire, afin de rendre la régulation sociale plus efficace. En effet, les nouveaux venus sont souvent les vecteurs de maladies contagieuses. Les grandes épidémies, comme celles du choléra en 1832 et du typhus en 1847, sont porteuses non seulement de mortalité, mais aussi de funestes désordres sociaux.
Poisoning the Spindle: Serendipity and Discovery of the Anti-Tumor Properties of the Vinca Alkaloids
Authors: Duffin Jacalyn
Published: December 2016

In 1995, Canadian scientists Robert Noble and Charles Beer were inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame for their 1950s “discovery” of Vinblastine. Their “chance” finding of an anticancer drug in the leaves of the periwinkle plant (Vinca rosea, Linn.), is used to explore the historical issue of discovery, accidental discovery, and priority. The elements of the discovery are reconstructed through the oral testimony of key players and their published and unpublished records. Several “unsung heroes” played key roles in this project and reasons for their relative invisibility will be presented. Special attention is paid to the relationship between the small Canadian academic group working at UWO and the large pharmaceutical company (Eli Lilly) engaged in similar research at the same time.
“Lively Combat”: Kathleen Ellis and the Canadian Nurses Association’s Lobby during the Second World War
Authors: Richardson Sharon
Published: December 2016

Although it has become unfashionable in recent years to extol the achievements of those who have become known as the “elite” in Canadian nursing, it is nonetheless true that a number of early Canadian nurse leaders contributed significantly to the advancement of their profession. One such individual was Kathleen Wilhelmina Ellis. This article analyzes her impact as Emergency Nursing Advisor for the Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) during World War II. The previously unreported success of the CNA in capitalizing on the “crisis” of World War II to counter plans of the Canadian Hospital Council to increase pupil nurse enrolments beyond hospitals’ clinical teaching and supervision capabilities provides the context for analysis. From 1942 to 1946, the CNA administered a $774,000 grant from the Federal Government to improve teaching in hospital and university schools of nursing, provide bursaries for graduate nurses, and recruit increased numbers of qualified applicants to hospital nurse training programs. The success of the CNA in securing and administering these funds signalled its political acumen as national representative of Canadian nurses and nursing. Kathleen Ellis’ contribution as, Emergency Nursing Advisor for the CNA was important to the success of the CNA’s lobby during World War II.
Health Issues and the Pala Indian Reservation, 1903–20
Authors: Hyer Joel R
Published: December 2016

Joel R. Hyer investigates health conditions on one Indian reservation in Southern California during the first two decades of the twentieth century. Hyer contends that unsanitary conditions on the Pala Reservation actually facilitated the spread of diseases among local Cupeño, Luiseño, and Kumeyaay Indians. He also describes how the United States federal government employed doctors, field matrons, and others to promote good health and combat disease among Indians at Pala. The author asserts that, despite their altrustic intentions, some of these government workers attempted to discourage local indigenous peoples from consulting their shamans for medical attention—Native healers whose extensive knowledge of roots and herbs had cured many forms of illness for years. In addition, the teacher at the reservation’s day school sought to prevent the spread of disease among her Indian pupils by exposing them to American modes of health care. Furthermore, Hyer maintains that one national health program, the "Save the Babies" campaign, was successful on the Pala Reservation because Indian mothers believed in it and followed specific guidelines to lower mortality rates among their own children. Throughout his essay, the author addresses the pressures of assimilation and acculturation that were so acute at this time in the United States. Hyer concludes by suggesting that many of his findings reflect broader health trends on Indian reservations throughout the United States during this period.
Race, Class, and Health: School Medical Inspection and “Healthy” Children in British Columbia, 1890 to 1930
Authors: Gleason Mona
Published: December 2016

School medical inspection provides a window on the construction of “healthy” children in British Columbia over the turn of the 20th century. Public health reformers, doctors, teachers, and school nurses encouraged children and their parents to conform to a particular model of healthy living. This paper argues that this model, reflecting Anglo-Celtic, middle-class, and urban sensibilities, pathologized children and families unable or unwilling to conform to this powerful social ideal. Far from simply, simply, signalling, the triumph of sanitary science, school medical inspection was a powerful means of legitimizing existing relations of power and confirming social boundaries.
“To See Today with the Eyes of Tomorrow”: A History of Screening Mammography
Authors: Lerner Barron H
Published: December 2016

Mammography represents an interesting chapter in the history of American medical technology. Throughout much of the 20th century, physicians showed little interest in using x-rays to help diagnose breast cancer. But beginning in the 1960s, with the growing interest in early detection, the professionalization of radiology and cancer activism, and the increasing allure of visual imagery in medicine, screening mammograms became the centerpiece of efforts to lower mortality from breast cancer. Despite its popularity, however, mammography remains highly controversial as physicians, statisticians and the public have continued to debate its actual clinical value. Mammography well exemplifies how cultural, ideological and political factors influence both the dissemination and evaluation of medical technologies.
“No Place Like Home”: Gender, Family, and the Politics of Home Care in Post-World War II Ontario
Authors: Struthers James
Published: December 2016

Since the early 1990s home care increasingly has emerged as a favoured policy response to the growing costs which an aging population poses for our health care system. This paper explores the early history of home care for the elderly in Ontario during the first three decades after World War II. It demonstrates that policy debates over the merits of home versus institutional care for the elderly, and community-based over hospital-based approaches to home care are not recent phenomenon but have been ongoing since the 1940s within the public health and social services sector. The paper examines why home care failed for so long to develop beyond the margins of Ontario’s highly institutionalized health care system. It also explores how earlier visions of community-based home care, designed to help the elderly age in place, increasingly were obscured by an exclusive preoccupation with home care’s “cost-effectiveness” as an alternative to hospital or residential care, a rationale which discounted home care’s costs to unpaid and principally female family care givers. The paper concludes that the Ontario health ministry’s systematic devaluing of caregiving and home maker skills, the fear of undermining the family’s willingness to provide care, as well as the failure to develop effective mechanisms for integrated regional health care planning, also impeded the progress of home care’s development before the 1980s.
Le suicide à Buenos Aires: la contribution des médecins à sa «thématisation» comme problème social
Authors: OTERO MARCELO
Published: December 2016

Entre 1880 et 1910, une nouvelle préoccupation s'installe dans la communauté médicale argentine : la hausse du taux des suicides. La conception du suicide, considéré jusqu'à ce moment comme étant un comportement privé et individuel, se transforme sensiblement. Un ensemble d'institutions et de discours vont porter de plus en plus leur attention aussi bien sur les causes produisant l'apparente accélération du nombre des suicides que sur les moyens a mettre en ceuvre pour l'enrayer.

En dépit des différentes orientations et specialisations des medecins argentins (hygiénistes, alienistes, psychologues, criminologues et sociologues avant la lettre) qui tentent de comprendre le phenomène de la hausse des suicides, une préoccupation fondamentale se trouve au coeur de leurs analyses : l'encadrement déficient, voire inexistant à leurs yeux, de nouveaux comportements qui perturbent l'ordre social ou, du moins, la representation de cet ordre dans l'imaginaire des medecins. S'agit-il d'une épidemie sociale, d'une monomanie ou d'un mécanisme «naturel» de selection social? Autour du processus complexe de constitution du phenomène du suicide en problème social, les discours médicaux mettent en lumière les limites instables entre la prétention scientifique a l'objectivation de certains comportements et la reconduction de la normativité dans les sociétés modernes.
Organizing Practice: Nursing, the Medical Model, and Two Case Studies in Historical Time
Authors: D’Antonio Patricia
Published: December 2016

The medical model of clinical practice has long presented rather awkward challenges to the discipline of nursing. This study explores this challenge within nursing practice more deeply by examining two moments in the history of nursing practice: that before and that after the late 19th century professionalizing of the discipline. The first historical case study looks to the experiences of lay men and women staff caring for insane patients at the Friends Asylum in early 19th-century Philadelphia. This case study explores the workings of particular clinical encounters in day-to-day clinical practice. The second historical case study looks to the organizational efforts of pediatric nurse practitioners in the 1970s. This case study, set during a time when the heuristic value of themedical model was already well-established, explores the tensions exerted by organized medicine and by organized nursing on the practicing nurse, and the efforts of both organizations to cloak their concerns surrounding professional legitimacy and control in the rhetoric of patient care and safety. These two seemingly disparate case studies suggest that the medical model has historically worked as an effective framework to contain the turmoil and turbulence that inevitably comes with the realities of both clinical practice and more organizationally focused disciplinary strategies. This study argues that the medical model has been an effective tool for thinking about all kinds and models of care for the sick. Nurses appropriated the model to free them to do what they did best both before and after the development of modern models of practice. Hence, this study re-conceptualizes the medical model as both a source of power in nursing, and as a multidisciplinary, multidimensional organizational model of clinical and organizational practice.
This Last Frontier: Isolation and Aboriginal Health
Authors: McCallum Mary Jane
Published: December 2016

Using the evidence of articles on Native and Inuit health in Canadian medical and public health periodicals, this paper will show that medical professionals defined Aboriginal health in terms of isolation. Notions of isolation influenced how Aboriginal bodies were depicted as “primitive” and “susceptible,” while images of empty, isolated territory inspired a vision for expanded federal services. These services were provided in part in the hopes that health programs would assist national goals to integrate "isolated" Aboriginal people as citizens. Last, a discourse on isolation served to sanctify those medical professionals who worked with Native and Inuit people.
« Dedi clysterem purgantem » — Haller et la médecine de l’enfance (1731–1736)
Authors: Ritzmann Iris , Boschung Urs , Martin Pierre-G
Published: December 2016

Avant d'être nommé professeur d'anatomie et de botanique à l'université de Gottingen, Albert Haller pratiqua la médecine à Berne. De 1731 à 1736, il tint un journal détaillé des traitements prescrits à ses patients, au nombre de 300 environ. Parmi ceux-ci, on trouve 63 enfants et adolescents. Le journal mentionne 580 consultations de pédiatrie en précisant les affections, l'évolution de la maladie et la thérapie appliquée, ce qui permet de reconstituer des histoires de cas s'étendant parfois sur plusieurs années. En analysant ces données, nous tentons ici de répondre à des questions telles que, par exemple: quelles maladies poussent-elles les parents à demander l'intervention du médecin auprès de leur enfant? Quelle est la structure des âges dans ce groupe de jeunes patients? A quel point Haller prend-il au sérieux leurs déclarations et leurs symptômes? Quelle est la fréquence des consultations? Quelles sont les mesures thérapeutiques ordonnées? Peut-on en tirer des conclusions sur la valeur attribuée à la vie d'un enfant dans la médecine et la société de l'époque?
Regard d’observateurs médicaux sur l’état sanitaire de la Tunisie sous le Protectorat français (1881–1956)
Authors: Gaumer Benoit
Published: December 2016

De l'occupation militaire de la Tunisie par la France en 1881 à l'Indépendance du pays en 1956, se succèdent plusieurs groupes d'observateurs médicaux qui nous ont légué une connaissance précieuse des états de santé des populations composant la mosaïque tunisienne. Alors que la Tunisie précoloniale a été souvent présentée comme une terre de «calamités et de fléaux», les «topographes médicaux», pour la plupart des médecins militaires qui accompagnent le corps expéditionnaire français, mettent plutôt l'accent sur la relative rareté des épidémies dans la Régence. Pour certains d'entre eux la situation sanitaire serait nettement meilleure qu'en Algérie, pourtant colonisée depuis un demi-siècle. Avec les travaux de l'Institut Pasteur de Tunis et les thèses de doctorat en médecine des internes des hôpitaux de la capitale de la Régence nous disposons d'un second corpus de connaissances quasi exhaustives sur les principales maladies infectieuses qui sévissaient dans le pays. Dans l'entre Deux Guerres mondiales, l'apparition de l'hygiène sociale met l'accent sur la lutte antituberculeuse et la protection de la santé de l'enfant et de la mère. Le regard des observateurs médicaux se déplace vers les maladies sociales ou «ordinaires» et leur conditionnement. A la veille de l'Indépendance du pays, un troisième corpus de connaissances produit par le groupe d'études médicosociales de l'Université nouvelle, renforce cette notion d'une forte relation entre niveaux de vie et santé. L'analyse et la confrontation des corpus de ces trois groupes d'observateurs médicaux permettent de dresser un portrait plutôt nuancé de la situation sanitaire de la Tunisie sous le Protectorat français.
“Lo! the Poor Indian!” Colonial Responses to the 1862–63 Smallpox Epidemic in British Columbia and Vancouver Island
Authors: Rijn Kiran Van
Published: December 2016

The smallpox epidemic that swept through the colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia in 1862-63 was particularly devastating to the First Nations of the region. Colonists responded to the developments with a mixture of pity, revulsion, a smug sense of inevitability, and, above all, an overriding concern for their own self-interest. The colonial population may not have consciously attempted to devastate the First Nations populations, but their frequently negative attitudes towards them ensured that actions to prevent this occurrence were sporadic, poorly planned, counterproductive, or simply minimal.
From Osler’s Library to the Osler Library of the History of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal: An Overview
Authors: Lyons Christopher
Published: December 2016

The Osler Library of the History of Medicine was opened in 1929 at McGill University, Montreal, Canada. Sir William Osler (1849-1919), arguably McGill’s and Canada’s most famous doctor at the time, had bequeathed his magnificent library of almost 8,000 historical works in medicine and, to a lesser extent, science and literature to the university. Under the 30-year reign of its first librarian, Dr. W. W. Francis, the Osler Library became famous for its rare books and for its connection with Sir William. Since the 1950s, however, the library has pursued an active collection development policy for both primary and secondary material that has taken it far beyond Osler’s original gift. The library has grown in both the size and scope of its holdings and the services it offers to scholars and students of the history of medicine. These have made the Osler Library a major resource centre for studies in the history of the health sciences. This article looks at the Osler Library today in the hopes of making the range of its collections and services better known to the Canadian and international communities.