bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physiological correlates of social behaviour in Bighorn sheep: a field study using electrocardiogram telemetry
Authors: Macarthur Robert A. , Geist Valerius , Johnston Ronald H.
Published: August 2009

Telemetered heart rates (HR) were correlated with social interactions of adult free‐ranging Bighorn sheep (0vi.s canadensis canadensis). Minimal cardiac responses suggest that economy of expression is a pervasive feature of social behaviour in this species. Commonly performed courtship, dominance and agonistic displays elicited few HR responses in either sender or receiver; those that did occur, were transitory and usually accompanied motor reactions by the subject. Intense behavioural acts that occurred infrequently, such as mount attempts, rush‐charges and clashes, evoked maximal HR increases in both performer and receiver. These findings are consistent with the complex social behaviour of Bighorn sheep and a life‐strategy demanding frugal investment of resources in maintenance, in order to maximize growth and reproduction.
Annual cycles of body weight in the Namie's frosted bat, Vespertilio superans superans
Authors: Funakoshi Kimitake , Uchida Teru Aki
Published: August 2009

In order to elucidate the circannual cycles of fat deposition and depletion in hibernating bats, annual rhythm of body weight was examined in Vespertilio superans superans under a variety of environmental conditions. Under near natural conditions, adult females put on weight rapidly from October to November. The laboratory born subadult females kept in constant darkness at warm temperature gained weight at the same time as the adults. The length of weight cycle was about 10 months in adult females kept in 14 L : 10 D at about 24°C. These results suggest that cycles of fat deposition and loss are controlled by a modifiable endogenous circannual rhythm. Body weight rhythm persisted normally under warmer environmental conditions preventing the bats from hibernation. It is considered that the circannual cycles of fat gain and loss are relatively stable and not dependent on the hibernation cycle. Prolonged gestation period and delayed beginning of lactation by cold environment in summer did not affect the body weight rhythm. Temperature may be a more important environmental stimulus (or Zeitgeber) for the circannual rhythm than light and its effects may vary with phases.
The fine structure of the outer surface of the incubated eggshells of the Helmeted guinea fowl (Numidia meleagris)
Authors: Board R. G. , Perrott H. R.
Published: August 2009

The surface of the eggshells of the Helmeted guinea fowl (Numidia meleagris) was polished during incubation by the parent. Examination with the light microscope showed that the cuticle had been removed from the ridges on the outer surface of the shell and that the plugs in the outer orifice of the pore canals had acquired extraneous materials including grease. Studies with a scanning electron microscope revealed that the spheres that made up the pore plugs retained their identity even though they were stained. It was concluded that ridges on the shell surface protected the pore plugs from damage by attrition and that the plugs acted as filters thereby preventing nest debris from occluding the pore canals or contaminating the shell membranes.
A new species of Afrolernaea (Copepoda: Lernaeidae) parasitic on mormyrid fishes in Gabon and a discussion of its affinities
Authors: Fryer Geoffrey
Published: August 2009

A new lernaeid copepod of the genus Afrolernaea parasitic on mormyrid fishes from Gabon is described. A fin parasite, this species has been found only on the inner face of the pectoral fins. The new species is the most primitive member of the genus yet discovered and the structure of its appendages throws light on the nature of the anchoring hooks of the more advanced species, and on the probable course of evolution within the genus. The suggested affinities of the species of the genus are indicated in a dendrogram.
The density and dimensions of exchange vessels in Octopus pallidus
Authors: Browning J.
Published: August 2009

The microvasculature of the brachial muscle and neuropil tissues of Octopus pallidus was investigated quantitatively with the aid of electron microscopy. Morphometrically the microvascular beds of the two tissue types proved very similar. The average lumenal diameter of the exchange vessels was approximately 8·0 μm, and the average minimum vessel wall (or pericyte) thickness and associated basement membrane thickness were about 0·1 and 0·08 μm, respectively. Forty‐four or 45 vessels were encountered per mm2. The results were incorporated into the Krogh‐Erlang equation. The analysis indicated that the Octopus tissues studied are likely to quickly suffer oxygen deprivation once the metabolic rate moves above the resting level. The results are compared with the vertebrate system where vessels are essentially similar in lumenal diameter and wall thickness, but where the microvascular density is an order of magnitude, or more, higher.
The relation between maximal running speed and body mass in terrestrial mammals
Authors: Garland Theodore
Published: August 2009

The available data on maximal running speeds of mammals are presented, and the relationship between speed and body mass is considered. For all mammals (n= 106), maximal running speed scales as (body mass)0–17; however, the largest mammals are not the fastest, and an optimal size with regards to running ability is suggested ( 119 kg). Maximal running speeds are, on the average, somewhat more than twice maximal aerobic speeds.

Within the Artiodactyla, Carnivora or Rodentia, maximal running speed is mass independent, in agreement with theoretical expectations for geometrically similar animals (Thompson, 1917; Hill, 1950). McMahon's (1975b) model for elastic similarity is therefore not supported by the available data on maximal running speeds, and there appears to be no necessary correspondence between scaling of limb bone proportions and running ability.
Community structure of the frugivours‐folivorous forest mammals of Gabon
Authors: Emmons Louise H. , Gautier‐Hion Annie , Dubost Gerard
Published: August 2009

The distribution of 66 spcies of mammalian primary consumers in a Gabon rain forest is analysed by broad categories of habitat, height, activity cycle, diet and body weight. Aa few species are restricted to waterside habita; most inhabit dry‐land forest. Species are almost equally divided between the roles of arboreal and terrestrial, diurnal and nocturnal, but there are five times as many frugivores as folivores. Terrestriality, large body size, and folivory are correlated with mixed diurnal‐nocturnal activity. Frugivores ahve a wider range of ecological roles than folivores. Different taxa have radiated in similare patterns, suggesting similar ecologcical constraints on the diversification of different families.
Reproduction of the House mouse (Mus musculus) in farm buildings
Authors: Rowe F. P. , Swinney T. , Quy R. J.
Published: August 2009

Live and kill traps were used to remove House mice living in granaries, mixed‐food stores, dairy units and ancillary stores on farms. Structural weaknesses were common to all buildings. Cavities in walls, in particular, provided favourable living and nesting quarters for mice and were rapidly exploited. The body‐weight structure and reproductive traits of the populations in the different habitats were compared. The onset of maturity, in both sexes, was closely related to body‐weight increase in the 10 to 14 g range. Breeding, unlike that in most out‐door populations in temperate climates, continued throughout the year. Ancillary buildings holding limited food supported small reservoir populations. Mice inhabiting dairy units containing pelleted cattle feed tended to be heavier than those sampled elsewhere and females in the units produced the largest litters. Reproductive performance on farms was intermediate between that of mice occupying urban buildings and corn ricks. There was evidence that environmental and behavioural factors were operating to limit increase in numbers in the dairy units.
Some implications of helical fibres in worm cuticles
Authors: Seymour Maloclm K.
Published: August 2009

The cuticles of many worms contain a cylindrical trellis made of layers of collagen fibres wound round the body in left‐ and right‐hand helices. This kind of extensible skeletal structure imposes various constraints on a worm's behaviour, and some of these are examined, using the nematomorph Parachordodes woltersforffii as the main example. Upon extension or shortening of the cuticle, neighbouring fibres in one layer will eventually touch and so limit further movement; this in turn affects the extent of shortening, elongation, bending and coiling of the whole worm. Simple equations relate: the angle between a fibre and the worm's long axis; fibre spacing and radius; worm body radius and radius of curvature. The relevance to the life of the worm of fibre arrangement, matrix properties and volume changes is discussed.
Intestinal length of three California pinniped species
Authors: Helm Roger C.
Published: August 2009

Forty‐eight intestinal tracts, extracted from both sexes of California sea lions, Harbour seals and Northern elephant seals, were measured. The majority of intestinal tracts were removed from stranded animals that died from various causes. The sea lions and elephant seals, approximately equal in size, were larger than the Harbour seals. All species possess a small intestine which is significantly longer than even the entire gastrointestinal tract of herbivores of comparable size. Elephant seal small intestines, averaging approximately 25 times the seal's body length, were considerably longer than the small intestines of either sea lions (averaged more than 18 times the body length) or Harbour seals (averaged nearly 16 times the body length). However, the large intestines of elephant seals were shorter than either of the other two species. Among the sea lions and Harbour seals the large intestines were approximately equal in length. Sea lions and Harbour seals also showed a close correlation between standard length and total intestinal length. Among elephant seals these two parameters showed greater variability. The functional significance of the extremely long small intestine remains unclear. Certainly, the large body mass and high energy requirements of these animals has contributed to the development of a long intestinal tract. It also appears likely that diet and the high motility rate of digesta influenced the intestinal development. Comparatively, the significantly shorter large intestine of elephant seals probably relates to this species' remarkable capabilities in water conservation and metabolic water retention.
Image analysis of the burrowing mechanisms of Polyphysia crassa (Annelida: Polychaeta) and Priapulus cudatus (Priapulida)
Authors: Hunter R. D. , Moss V. A. , Elder H. Y.
Published: August 2009

The burrowing mechanisms of two soft‐bodied marine invertebrates, Polyphysia crassa (Annelida: Polychaeta) and Priapulus caudatus (Priapulida) were re‐examined and extended utilizing computer image analysis. Predetermined points on sequential photographs of animals burrowing in methylcellulose (an artificial medium of high transparency) were digitized and stored as x, y coordinates from which were calculated segment length, width, and volume in addition to producing real and straightened images of the animal on a plotter. Both species are adapted to soft substrata and both utilize a direct peristaltic wave to advance the body into a cavity or loosened area formed by anterior structures. Polyphysia displaces and loosens the substratum with lateral scraping movements of its anterior six segments (the “head region”) while Priapulus makes a large cavity anteriorly by the forceful eversion and dilation of the praesoma. Unlike Priapulus, Polyphysia utilizes a different method of locomotion when moving on the mud surface as opposed to burrowing, the former involving two direct peristaltic waves at a time and negligible internal pressures resulting in nearly continuous advance. However when burrowing, Polyphysia, like Priapulus, utilizes a single direct peristaltic wave alternating with phasic pressure pulses which advance the animal in step‐wise fashion.
The surface of spiders' eggs
Authors: Humphreys W. F.
Published: August 2009

The spheres on the chorion of spider eggs are examined by electron microscopy from 14 species in eight families. The spheres vary in surface morphology but are mostly smooth. The spheres are either attached to the chorion by a chemically distinct matrix substance or remote from the chorion where they may be joined by a network of the matrix substance. Sphere size (0.14–10.8 μm) has no phylogenetic significance but the frequency distribution of sphere size appears to be characteristic of a species. The range of structures of the egg sac and the chorion features are presented diagrammatically and an attempt made to assess their functional and dynamical properties.
Biogeographical variation in the harvestman Mitopus morio (Opiliones, Arachnida)
Authors: Jennings Amanda L.
Published: August 2009

The taxonomic status of three forms of the harvestman Mitopus morio in Britain have been examined. These have been identified by previous workers as a small, upland M, morio cinerascens, a larger, lowland M. morio morio, and a northern M. morio borealis. In this paper, the delimitation of trinomials has been found to be inappropriate for M. morio. since all three forms have been shown to lie at different points on a continuum of phenotypic variation within the species M. morio. It is suggested that this phenotypic variation is mediated by the variation in temperature regimes between different localities.
Biochronometry of photoperiodically induced fat deposition in a migratory finch, the Blackheaded bunting (Emberiza melanocephala) (Aves)
Authors: Tewary P. D. , Kumar Vinod
Published: August 2009

This investigation attempts to identify the mechanism(s) involved in the fat deposition in a photoperiodic migratory species, the Blackheaded bunting (Emberiza melanocephala). Groups of photosensitive male buntings were exposed to resonance, interrupted night, and ultra‐short‐day light cycles for 35, 42 and 75 days, respectively. Birds were weighed at the beginning and at the end of the experiments. Those exposed to ultra‐short‐day light cycles were also weighed at critical intervals during the treatment period. Our results indicate that: (a) a light‐sensitive rhythm with a period of about 24 hr is involved in the photoperiodic induction of premigratory fattening and weight gain in Blackheaded buntings: (b) buntings possess a bimodal pattern 'of sensitivity to photoperiods that induce fattening, and (c) this endogenous circadian rhythm can be entrained by an ultrashort photophase of 3 h if the latter is coupled with scotophases of specific duration.
A biometric study of the effects of growth on the analysis of geographic variation: Tooth number in Green geckos (Reptilia: Phelsuma)
Authors: Thorpe R. S.
Published: August 2009

Using tooth number in Green geckos from the Seychelles it is shown that growth influences can perturb an analysis of geographic variation in two ways. First, the pervasive influence of growth results in a high within‐group correlation between characters as each character is repeatedly measuring similar aspects of the phenotype. Second, there can be a bias in the growth stage of the sample such that one population is represented mainly by juveniles whilst another is represented mainly by adults. The former source of perturbation (correlation) is shown to be more influential than the latter (bias). Growth is negated, either by bivariate regression using the pooled‐within group slope, or by multiple‐group principal component analysis. The relative advantages of these procedures is discussed but in practice they gave extremely similar results. When growth is negated in this way the choice of final ordination technique is unimportant. When growth is not negated then the choice of technique is extremely important. Techniques that take account of the within‐group covariance (canonical variates) give results that are similar to the growth‐free analyses even when growth is not negated. Several facets of morphometrics such as logarithmic transformation, assessing the contribution of characters and pooling irrespective of group are critically discussed.
Behaviour of Malay peacock pheasant Polyplectron malacense (Aves: Phasianidae)
Authors: Davison G. W. H.
Published: August 2009

The breeding behaviour of Malaysian peacock pheasants Polyplectron malacense was studied in West Malaysian rain forest. Males maintained territories, within which some called from cleaned display areas. There were calling interactions between males but no stable dominance hierarchy. Females approached calling males at these display areas for mating. There were year to year variations in males' behaviour, apparently related to the food supply, and it is suggested that food levels may shift the balance between alternative mating strategies.
Mechanics of locomotion and jumping in the forelimb of the horse (Equus): in vivo stress developed in the radius and metacarpus
Authors: Biewener A. A. , Thomason J. , Lanyon L. E.
Published: August 2009

Principal stresses acting in the midshafts of the radius and metacarpus of the horse were determined from in vivo strain recordings during locomotion and jumping. Ground forces and limb position were also recorded. Over a range of speed and gait the radius was subjected to considerable bending, whereas the metacarpus was loaded primarily in axial compression. As a result, peak stresses acting in the radius (maximum: –45 MN/m2) were consistently 50% greater than those acting in the metacarpus (maximum: –31 MN/m2). The increase in peak bone stress (radius: 119% and metacarpus; 114%) with increasing speed was matched by a 103% increase in the mass‐specific vertical force (Av) exerted on the limb and a 55% decline in duty factor of the limb. The forelimb was closely aligned with the direction of ground force during the support phase (<9° when peak force acted) to minimize bending forces exerted on the distal limb bones. Hence, bending of the radius resulted mainly from axial forces acting about its longitudinal curvature. This was in contrast to the metacarpus, which is a much straighter bone.

Significantly greater stresses were recorded in each bone during jumping: –81 MN/m2 in the radius and –53 MN/m2 in the metacarpus. While the distribution of loading in the radius was similar to that during steady state locomotion, greater variability in the magnitude and/or distribution of metacarpal loading was observed between animals, largely due to differences in the orientation of the limb during takeoff and landing. These data demonstrate that the horse, despite its large size, maintains a safety factor of nearly 3–4 during peak performance.
Social interactions of juvenile Collared peccaries, Tayassu tajacu (Mammalia: Artiodactyla)
Authors: Byers John A.
Published: August 2009

Is there a predictable relationship between species‐typical behavioural development and social organization in mammals? Earlier work on canids and rodents suggested that adult sociality is associated with a developmental schedule in which juveniles showed, among themselves: (1) frequent social play; (2) frequent amicable contact; (3) frequent olfactory contact; (4) a delay in the emergence of agonistic behaviour. In the highly social Collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) the behaviour of juveniles conformed only partially to this scheme. Juveniles engaged in social play with each other at an early age, but showed no other observable amicable or olfactory contact until eight to twelve weeks of age and showed no delay in the emergence of agonistic behaviour among themselves. Adults, in contrast, were conspicuously tolerant of juveniles, and 86% of juvenile social interactions in the first year took place with adults.
The mucus producing glands and the distribution of the cilia of the pulmonate slug Limax pseudoflavus
Authors: Cook Anthony , Shirbhate Rajshree
Published: August 2009

The gross anatomy and histochemistry of the mucus‐producing glands of Limax pseudoflavus Evans were investigated. The body mucus can be divided into three areas. The dorsal body surface is covered with a sulphated acid mucopolysaccharide/protein mixture secreted largely by five cell types. The pedal mucus is a mixture of neutral mucopolysaccharide from the suprapedal gland. The dorsal and pedal mucus sheets are separated by the peripodal groove whose cells secrete a weakly acid mucus. The duct of the suprapedal gland, the epidermis around the pneumostome, the ventral surface of the peripodal groove and the centre of the underside of the foot are ciliated. The dorsal and pedal mucus remain stationary relative to the body and the substrate respectively and the only rejection currents seen in the mucus are around the pneumostome.

It is suggested that the pedal mucus is formed by the mixture of the products of the suprapedal gland and the mucoprotein secreting gland in the leading edge of the foot, thus producing a mucus suitable for locomotion. Many areas of the animal (e.g. the head, pneumostome, sole and the leading edge of the foot) are capable of producing both a fluid (neutral or weakly acid) and a viscous (acid) mucus. It is postulated that such an arrangement allows for both adhesion and lubrication at different times.
A dynamic similarity hypothesis for the gaits of quadrupedal mammals
Authors: Alexander R. McN. , Jayes A. S.
Published: August 2009

The dynamic similarity hypothesis postulates that different mammals move in a dynamically similar fashion whenever they travel at speeds that give them equal values of a dimensionless parameter, the Froude number. Thus, given information about one species, it could be possible to predict for others relationships between size, speed and features of gait such as stride length, duty factor, the phase relationships of the feet and the patterns of force exerted on the ground.

Data for a diverse sample of mammals have been used to test the hypothesis. It is found to be tenable in many cases when comparisons are confined to quadrupedal mammals of the type described by Jenkins (1971) as “cursorial”. Most mammals of mass greater than 5 kg are of this type. Although the hypothesis applies less successfully to comparisons between cursorial and non‐cursorial mammals it is shown to be a reasonable approximation even for such comparisons and for comparisons between quadrupedal mammals and bipedal mammals and birds.
Wound healing and the haemocyte response in the skin of the Lesser octopus Eledone cirrhosa (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)
Authors: Polglase Jane L. , Bullock A. M. , Roberts R. J.
Published: August 2009

The general structure of the skin of the Lesser octopus, Eledone cirrhosa is described. The component regions and cell types being (1) the epidermis, composed of columnar cells with a border of microvilli on their external surface, mucous cells and secretory cells of an unknown type, abutting a non cellular basal lamina; (2) the dermis, containing the elements of the colour change system, vascular and neural processes and an a cellular matrix.

A sequential, morphological study of wound closure revealed three major mechanisms in the healing response; muscular contraction, a dermal cellular reaction and epidermal migration. The process of wound closure in Eledone is significantly slower than that seen, for example, in teleost fish (30 h rather than 30 min for the initiation of epidermal migration). The significance of these results in relation to the osmotic balance between seawater and the internal milieu of Eledone is discussed, together with their relevance to resistance against infection by pathogens.
Haematocrit values of breeding Red‐billed queleas Quelea quelea (Aves: Ploceidae) in relation to body condition and thymus activity
Authors: Jones P. J.
Published: August 2009

In a Red‐billed quelea colony in north‐eastern Nigeria that was later abandoned as a result of the poor nutritional condition of the adults, laying females showed low haematocrit values compared with normal pre‐breeding haematocrit levels but nestbuilding males did not. In females the low haematocrits were correlated with extremely low levels of reserve lipid and labile protein but males in equally poor condition did not have such low haematocrits. This difference must result in some way from the additional nutritional burden for females of mobilizing sufficient protein to form eggs. Earlier observations of massive red blood cell production in the thymus of queleas during incubation suggest that low haematocrits, indicating anaemia, may be a normal occurrence in queleas during breeding, and were not peculiar to this abnormal abandoned colony.
Mechanical properties and structure of the spine‐joint central ligament of the sea urchin, Diadema setosum (Echinodermata, Echinoidea)
Authors: Motokawa Tatsuo
Published: August 2009

In the regular echinoid Diadema setosum Leske the central ligament that connects the spine to its tubercle is mainly composed of closely‐packed collagen fibres which are arranged in the longitudinal axis of the ligament. The mechanical properties of the ligament are quite different from ligament to ligament: the viscosity determined by creep tests ranges from 0·02 to 6 GPa·s. The viscosity of a ligament changes reversibly in response to stimulation. Adrenaline and noradrenaline (10‐6‐10‐3 M) decrease the viscosity. Acetylcholine (10‐8‐10‐3 M), artificial sea water containing high (100 MM) potassium concentration, and electrical stimulation increase the viscosity. As the ligament contains no muscle cells in it, the viscosity change cannot be attributable to muscle activities. The functional significance of having a central ligament with variable and controllable viscosity is that it binds the spine base onto the articulation surface of the tubercle, so as to reduce the possibility of spine dislocation, while being flexible enough to allow the spine considerable freedom of movement when necessary.
The relationship between plasma progesterone and the timing of ovulation and early embryonic development in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Harlow C. R. , Gems Sara , Hodges J. K. , Hearn J. P.
Published: August 2009

Levels of progesterone in peripheral plasma samples showed a mean (± S.E.M.) ovarian cycle length of 28 ·63 ± 1·01 days (n= 19).

The preovulatory, or follicular phase (mean ± S.E.M. length: 8·25 ± 0·30 days, n= 56) was defined as that period of the cycle during which progesterone levels remained below 10 ng/ml. The postovulatory, or luteal phase (mean ± S.E.M. length: 19·22 ± 0·63 days, n= 48) was defined as the remaining period of the cycle during which levels remained between 10 ng/ml and 150 ng/ml.

The day of ovulation (day 0) was defined as that preceding the day on which progesterone levels first exceeded 10 ng/ml (day l), at the onset of the luteal phase. Oocytes and preim‐plantation embryos recovered from the reproductive tract provided supporting evidence for the timing of ovulation.

The short follicular phase indicated that follicular growth may be initiated during the previous luteal phase. The long luteal phase may be related to the extended period of preim‐plantation development.
Biochemical evaluation of colubrid snake phylogeny*
Authors: Dowlings Herndon G. , Highton§ Richard , Maha George C. , Maxson Linda R.
Published: August 2009

Quantitative biochemical comparisons of albumin differences within the snake family Colubridae were performed, using micro‐complement fixation analysis. These tests support the recognition of the subfamilies Colubrinae and Natricinae, and corroborate their distinctness from snakes usually placed in the subfamilies Xenodontinae and Lycodontinae. Genetic differentiation within each of the two latter subfamilies is much greater than that measured within either the Colubrinae or the Natricinae. Reallocation of some genera and recognition of some additional taxa are proposed and a summary classification of the revised family Colubndae is presented.
On the massive legs of a Moa (Pachyornis elephantopus, Dinornithes)
Authors: Alexander R. McN.
Published: August 2009

Pachyornis, which is extinct, was a huge bird with massively thick leg bones. These have been measured, to assess their strength. A mathematical model is used to calculate the forces that must have acted on them, when Pachyornis ran. Hence it is shown that the stresses likely to have acted on them are similar in magnitude to the stresses experienced (in stenuous activities) by bones of modem birds and mammals. The femur and tarsometatanus, however, seem disproportionately strong in comparison with the tibiotanus.
Observations on the growth and development of the duck leech, Theromyzon tessulatum (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae), as a function of feeding
Authors: Lande Virginia M. Vander
Published: August 2009

Theromyzon tessulatum were reared individually from hatching until they attained sexual maturity. They were fed at different seasons and cultured at one of two temperature regimes. A series of weight measurements enabled growth curves to be constructed. Observations were also made on the digestive processes. In keeping with at least one other sanguinuous glossiphoniid, a restricted and constant number of blood meals precede reproduction and the hungry and sated stages show contrasting and distinctive behaviour. A notable feature is the great increase in weight after feeding resulting from the absorption of water and its incorporation into the body tissues. It probably enters through the body surface. The role of microorganisms within epithelial cells of certain crop caecae, was also considered.
Aspects of the biology of the deep‐sea spider crab, Dorhynchus thomsoni (Crustacea: Brachyura)
Authors: Rice A. L. , Hartnoll R. G.
Published: August 2009

Pelagic first crab stages of the deep‐sea spider crab, Dorhynchus thomsoni, are reported from mid‐water samples taken at a variety of localities in the Porcupine Seabight and the Rockall Trough. Some of these samples were from hauls made near the surface over depths of 3000 m or more.

An analysis of these pelagic samples, and of benthic catches of D. thomsoni held by the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences and the British Museum (Natural History), indicate that most females and at least some males undergo the puberty prior to the third crab instar, these individuals therefore probably pass through a total of only three larval and three post‐laval instars. There is at least a possibility that some individuals moult after the moult of puberty, unlike any other spider crabs.
A new species of land planarian from Madeira (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria, Tricladida)
Authors: Sluys Ronald
Published: August 2009

A new species of terrestrial planarian from Madeira, Kontikia bulbosasp. nov., is described. The genus Kontikia is redefined and its scope and status reviewed.
Structure, microbial associations and function of the so‐called “mixed segment” of the gut in two soil‐feeding termites, Procubitermes aburiensis and Cubitermes severus (Termitidae, Termitinae)
Authors: Bignell D. E. , Oskarsson H. , Anderson J. M. , Ineson P. , Wood T. G.
Published: August 2009

The morphology, histology and ultrastructure of the mesenteric and proctodaeal components of the mixed segment are described in detail, together with the disposition of the associated gut musculature, the patterns of peristalsis and the streaming movements of soil particles in the gut lumen. The mesenteric epithelium is characterized by very extensive basal infoldings which are associated with a large population of mitochondria, but evidence of significant protein synthesis and secretion is lacking. It is proposed that this tissue is a transporting epithelium whose major function is the secretion of a copious, K+ ‐rich fluid into the intestinal lumen to irrigate the hindgut (proctodaeum) and that alkaline hydrolysis of humic fractions by this fluid is an essential component of digestion.

Malpighian tubules are present, but do not participate in fluid excretion. Since the hind‐guts of soil‐feeding termites are exceptionally voluminous and elongated and the major symbiotic micro‐organisms occupy fixed positions by virtue of their attachment to the lining cuticle, it is argued that flushing is necessary to sustain microbial activity and for the recovery of end‐products by the host. A survey of the protodaeal epithelium suggests that the anterior colon (P4a) is the most likely site of fluid reabsorption and that the wall of the hindgut anterior to this site is impermeable. The greater degree of ultrastructural differentiation of the mixed segment of Cubitermes severus and its more complete morphological separation from the midgut suggests that this species is a more advanced soil‐feeder than Procubitermes aburiensis.
The relationship between kidney fat index and marrow fat percentage as indicators of condition in Red deer stags (Cervus eluphus)
Authors: Suttie J. M.
Published: August 2009

The level of fat reserves of an animal gives a good indication of body condition. Riney (1955) who studied various methods of evaluating condition in Red deer in New Zealand considered that fat was deposited in a pre‐determined sequence over the range of body weight studied, which had been described earlier by Hammond (1932) as a general sequence in farm animals. Fat was deposited firstly in the bone marrow, then around the kidney, and finally subcutaneously. He concluded that kidney fat, expressed as a percentage of kidney weight, was the best index of condition as it embraced almost the entire range of physical condition. However, several authors have noted that small areas of fat are found around the kidneys of starved animals with marrow fat percentages < 80% (Ransom, 1965; Brooks, Hanks & Ludbrook, 1977; Anderson, Medin & Bowden, 1972). This means that values for kidney fat index of below < 40% may not be reliable, as another fat store, the marrow fat is depleted in parallel with it and not after it as Riney (1955) suggested. The relationship between kidney fat index and marrow fat at low levels of kidney fat index has been shown for White tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus (Ransom, 1963, Eland Taurotragus oryx, Impala (Aepyceros melampus) and Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) Brooks et al., 1977 and Mule deer 0. hemionus (Trainer, Hartmann & Kistner, 1979) but has never been shown for Red deer. The aim of this study was to accomplish this.
Annual foods of the Red deer (Cervus elaphus) and the Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in the east of England
Authors: Hearney A. W. , Jennings T. J.
Published: August 2009

There have been few studies on the foods of Red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) and Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) in British forests. Notable exceptions are the work of Prior (1968), Henry (1978) and Hosey (1981) on Roe deer. British work on the food of Red deer seems to have been confined to studies of animals on upland swards (Charles, McCowan & East, 1977; Staines ∓ Crisp, 1978). However, a more abundant supply of data on the food and feeding of both Red and Roe deer comes from the Continent (Dragoev, 1964; Gabuzov, 1960; Kolev, 1966; Novikov & Timofeeva, 1964; Siuda, Zorowski & Suida, 1969; Dzieciolowski, 1967a, b, 1969). Even so the data available were obtained from studies made on individual species of deer. This paper reports the results of an investigation into seasonal changes in the diet of Red and Roe deer coexisting in a conifer forest in the east of England.
The use of radio‐tracking in studying the foraging behaviour of the Indian Flying fox (Pteropus giganteus)
Authors: Walton R. , Trowbridge B. J.
Published: August 2009

Although much is known about the behaviour of the Indian Flying fox (Pteropus giganteus Brunnich) whilst at the roost (e.g. Neuweiler, 1969), very little is known of its foraging behaviour. The purpose of this paper is to describe the techniques and results of a preliminary radio‐tracking study of P. giganteus. In view of the fact that some species of Pteropus are commercial pests (Ratcliffe, 1932) and others are declining rapidly in numbers so as to cause alarm to conservation bodies (Nicoll & Racey, 1981), it is likely that this genus will receive considerable attention in the future. P. giganteus is the largest species of frugivorous bat in Ceylon and is most widely distributed throughout the wet zone (Eisenberg & McKay, 1970).
Synchronization of defaecation in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana)
Authors: Rees P. S.
Published: August 2009

The ecological significance of defaecation in African elephants (Loxodonta africana) has been discussed from a number of points of view. Dropping counts have been used to investigate population size and movements (Wing & Buss, 1970; Laws, Parker & Johnstone, 1975); the chemical composition of dung has been examined (Dougall, 1963; Weir, 1972); and dung decomposition and its role in nutrient cycles have been described (Anderson & Coe, 1974). Defaecation in captive African elephants has been examined (Coe, 1972) and food consumption of wild elephant herds has been calculated from data on gross assimilation efficiency and dung production (Coe, 1972; Rees, 1982). This paper presents evidence of a synchronization of defaecation in elephants and discusses its possible ecological significance.
The biology and biomass of the skinks Mabuya sechellensis and Mabuya wrightii on Cousin Island, Seychelles (Reptilia: Scincidae)
Authors: de Brooke M. L. , Houston D. C.
Published: August 2009

The skinks Mabuya sechellensis and M. wrightii scavenged among the seabird colonies of Cousin Island. particularly under the colony of Lesser noddies Anous tenuirostris which, in 1979, contained about 60.000 pairs. The density of skinks in different areas of the island did not vary greatly through the year. The mean density of M. sechellensis was 1393 individuals/ha equivalent to a biomass of 21.7 kg/ha and of M. wrightii 320 individuals/ha equivalent to 17.7 kg/ha. These biomass figures are the highest recorded for any terrestrial lizard population. Skink and Lesser noddy density were closely correlated. The skinks deposited fat equivalent to up to about 50% of their lean dry weight during the noddy nesting season but were leaner and lighter at other times. Our calculations of the amount of skink food emanating from the noddy colonies, in the form of faeces, dropped fish and eggs suggest that there is sufficient to maintain a skink population of the density observed.

The skinks bred throughout the year, the larger M. wrightii more frequently than the smaller M. sechellensis, and the young/adult ratio was higher in M. wrigh:htii. The possible relevance of these differences to the two species' coexistence is discussed. The young/adult ratio varied according to skink density; in both species few young were found at high density.

Mean home range sizes of M. sechellensis and M. wrightii were 26·6 and 78· m2, respectively.
The hopping gaits of crows (Corvidae) and other bipeds
Authors: Hayes G. , Alexander R. McN.
Published: August 2009

Crows walk at low speeds but hop to go faster, setting their feet down out of phase with each other. In contrast, various other bipeds that hop set their feet down in phase with each other. Films of four species of crows have been analysed to obtain quantitative descriptions of their gaits. Comparisons are made with kangaroos, hopping rodents and a small passerine bird.
Resource partitioning in two species of vespertilionid bats (Chiroptera) occupying the same roost
Authors: Swift S. M. , Racey P. A.
Published: August 2009

Colonies of Plecotus auritus (L.) and Myotis daubentoni (Kuhl) occupying the same roost showed no interspecific interaction. They utilized separate areas of the roost, departed from and returned to it at different times and foraged in different habitats on different groups of insects. P. auritus emerged from the roost before dusk, foraged singly in woodland areas with slow, hovering flight and fed on insects commonly found flying in woodland, on insects and spiders gleaned from foliage and on insects caught inside the roost. M. daubentoni emerged from the roost after dusk, flew fast and low over water and around riparian vegetation and foraged on long, straight beats. They frequently foraged in groups, and fed opportunistically on insects which fly in swarms in riparian habitats. The diets of the two species occupying the same roost did not differ from those established in areas where each species was found alone.
The ecology of Saint Paul's Rocks (Equatorial Atlantic)
Authors: Edwards Alasdair , Lubbock Roger
Published: August 2009

St Paul's Rocks are a remote group of islets, barely 400 m across, in the equatorial mid‐Atlantic (o°55'N 29°21'W). The results of a primarily zoological survey of the Rocks, carried out in September 1979 by the Cambridge Expedition to Saint Paul's Rocks, are reported. In addition, earlier studies of the Rocks' biology are discussed in the light of recent research. The terrestrial fauna is dominated by three species of sea‐bird and a land crab. Also reported from on land are a few species of insects, ticks and spiders, an endemic pseudoscorpion, and a centipede; the majority of these species are associated with the seabirds.

The islets are devoid of tracheophytes, bryophytes and lichens.

The marine ecology of the Rocks is discussed with respect to habitat. Five habitats are distinguished in the supralittoral and littoral zones; the fauna and to a limited extent the flora of each is described. Sublittorally the Rocks consist almost entirely of steep escarpments extending to 60 m depth and beyond. The shallow sublittoral (< 60 m deep) is divided into four habitats: (1) Palythoa zone; (2) Caulerpa zone; (3) sub‐Cauferpa zone, and (4) areas of unstable substrates. The Palythoa zone occupies a band extending from the base of the littoral to a depth of c. 5m and is dominated by a mat‐forming hexacoral, Palythoa caribaeorum. Below this zone to a depth of c. 33 m the rock faces are thickly invested by a species of green‐alga, Caulerpa racemosa. At depth this Caulerpa dominated zone is succeeded by an invertebrate dominated community. Unstable substrates are represented by a few pockets of coarse sand and some patches of rubble. The communities in each of these habitats are described. A primarily taxonomic review of the deep‐water fauna is also included. Finally, the influence of ocean currents on the zoogeographical relationships of the Rocks' fauna is briefly examined.
Burrows, surface movement, and swimming of Tachyoryctes splendens (Rodentia: Rhizomyidae) during flood conditions in Kenya
Authors: HICKMAN GRAHAM C.
Published: August 2009

The effect of flooding on the behaviour of most mammals has not been studied, even though in tropical areas there are well delineated wet and dry seasons which produce flood conditions on a regular basis. Fossorial mammals can be expected to be particularly vulnerable to flooding because of the absolute dependence on a sub‐surface existence and poor climbing ability.

Behaviour of the East‐African mole‐rat, Tachyoryctes splendens, was studied under flood conditions and compared with published field work conducted under non‐flood conditions. Four completely excavated burrow systems were obviously abbreviated (2–9 m in length), although the nest area did not appear to be affected. Live‐trapped animals released on the surface travelled as far as 80 m before attempting to dig; surface speed was generally slow (7 m/min). Animals generally (83% of the trials) excavated towards the increase in slope on the study area; total digging time before closure of the tunnel ranged from 7–49 min. In swimming trials, animals were not hesitant to enter water but swimming endurance was short (range 115‐550s).

Flooding may be a very disruptive but not an entirely negative aspect of the biology of Tachyoryctes. Dispersal may be instigated and even assisted by providing surface routes over edaphic barriers and moist soils which are readily workable.
Reproductive endocrinology of free living Pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca): prolactin and FSH secretion in relation to incubation and clutch size
Authors: Silverin Bengt , Goldsmith Arthur R.
Published: August 2009

Plasma levels of prolactin and FSH in free‐living Pied flycatchers were studied in relation to breeding stage, clutch size and diurnal variations. In the female, the concentration of prolactin started to increase during the egg‐laying and reached maximal values at the end of the incubation period. After hatching prolactin levels decreased. Male Pied flycatchers showed an increase in plasma levels of prolactin at the time when they returned to their home‐territories, i.e. at the end of the incubation period. Males still occupying secondary territories at this time had low levels of prolactin. In the males, as in the females, plasma levels of prolactin decreased after hatching.

Male Pied flycatchers showed at all times higher plasma levels of FSH than did females. In both sexes FSH levels were high during the early part of the breeding season and started to decrease after the egg‐laying period. After hatching time plasma levels of FSH were below the sensitivity of the assay. No differences in FSH were found between males occupying secondary territories and males in home‐territories.

In incubating females FSH, but not prolactin, showed a distinct unimodal daily cycle.

No differences were found in plasma levels of prolactin and FSH between females incubating different sized clutches.
Relative size and myocardial structure of the heart of an Antarctic fish devoid of haemoglobin and myoglobin, Channichthys rhinoceratus
Authors: Feller G. , Bassleer R. , Goessens G. , Hamoir G.
Published: August 2009

The relative size and the ultrastructure of the heart ventricle of a haemoglobinless and myoglobinless teleost, Channichthys rhinoceratus, has been investigated. It is two to three times larger than that of a red‐blooded species which also lives in the Kerguelen archipelago, Notothenia magellanica. At first sight, electron micrographs of the myocardial cell do not reveal peculiar features related to the absence of respiratory pigments. A mitochondrial compartment amounting to 18% volume fractions indicates a fairly high aerobic metabolism.
Lead levels in the blood of Mute swans Cygnus olor on the River thames
Authors: Birkhead Mike
Published: August 2009

In this paper blood lead levels in three categories of Mute swan are examined, (i) flock birds (ii) breeding birds and (iii) cygnets. From these regional, seasonal and sex variation for both 1980 and 1981 was examined. In addition a portable haematofluorometer was assessed to determine its possible use as an alternative to atomic absorption and spectrophotometry for determining a measure of lead exposure.

Very few swans on the River Thames had blood lead levels below the maximum acceptable level of 40 mgg/100 ml. In general lead levels increased with proximity to London and the swans on the tributaries consistently had the lowest levels which were always below the maximum acceptable level. Blood lead levels in flock birds were shown to be highest during the coarse fishing season and it was only during the close season that levels dropped to around 40 m̀g/1OO ml. Breeding females had significantly higher lead levels than males and females with lead levels in excess of 200 m̀g/1OO ml seemed to have a poor chance of producing cygnets or surviving to the next breeding season. Cygnet mortality was significantly higher on the lower Thames where blood lead levels were also known to be at their highest.