bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Objetos intencionais e existência objetiva
Authors: Silva Jairo José da
Published: December 2011

Neste artigo quero apontar para a possibilidade de uma ontologia da matemática que, mesmo mantendo alguns pontos em comum com o platonismo e com o construtivismo, desliga-se destes em outros pontos essenciais. Por objeto matemático entendo o foco referencial do discurso matemático, ou seja, aquilo sobre o qual a matemática fala. Entendo que a existência destes objetos é meramente intencional, presuntiva, mas, simultaneamente, objetiva, no sentido de ser uma existência comunalizada, compartilhada por todos aqueles engajados no fazer matemático. A existência objetiva das entidades matemáticas não está, entretanto, garantida de uma vez por todas, mas apenas enquanto o discurso matemático for consistente. Este é o espírito do critério de existência objetiva enunciado que, acredito, deve sustentar uma ontologia matemática sem o pressuposto da existência independente de um domínio de objetos matemáticos, sem o empobrecimento que lhe impõem as diferentes versões construtivistas e sem a aniquilação que lhe infringe o formalismo sem objetos.
Etiquetado y rotulación de los alimentos en la prevención del sobrepeso y la obesidad: una revisión sistemática
Authors: Sebastián-Ponce Miren Itxaso , Sanz-Valero Javier , Wanden-Berghe Carmina
Published: December 2011

Revisión de los artículos sobre el etiquetado o la rotulación en la prevención de la obesidad y el sobrepeso. Estudio, mediante técnica sistemática, de los trabajos recuperados mediante revisión bibliográfica. Bases de datos consultadas: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Knowledge, Cochrane Library Plus, Food Science and Technology Abstracts, LILACS y CINAHL. Descriptores DeCS/MeSH: obesity y food labeling. 207 artículos recuperados, mediante los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se seleccionaron 14: 11 sobre etiquetado y la rotulación en el consumo final del producto; 2 sobre establecimientos de comida rápida. Uno sobre atributos sensoriales en contraste con recomendaciones saludables y 2 realizaron un seguimiento de las intervenciones. El etiquetado y la rotulación tienen efecto positivo en el consumo final de los alimentos, suceso no observado en restaurantes de comida rápida. Los atributos sensoriales fueron más efectivos que las recomendaciones recogidas en el etiquetado. El seguimiento de las actuaciones confirmó el efecto a largo plazo de las intervenciones estudiadas.
Violências e acidentes entre adultos mais velhos em comparação aos mais jovens: evidências do Sistema de Vigilância de Violências e Acidentes (VIVA), Brasil
Authors: Luz Tatiana Chama Borges , Malta Deborah Carvalho , Sá Naíza Nayla Bandeira de , Silva Marta Maria Alves da , Lima-Costa Maria Fernanda
Published: December 2011

Dados do Sistema de Vigilância de Violências e Acidentes (VIVA) de 2009 foram utilizados para examinar características sociodemográficas, desfechos e tipos de acidentes e violências que levaram a atendimento em 74 serviços sentinela situados em 23 capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal. A análise incluiu 25.201 indivíduos com idade > 20 anos (10,1% com > 60 anos), dos quais 89,3% foram vítimas de acidentes e 11,9% de violências. A hospitalização foi o desfecho de 11,1% dos casos. Em comparação à população geral, observou-se ainda um excesso de homens e da cor da pele não branca entre vítimas de acidentes e, sobretudo, de violência. O perfil desses eventos entre os mais velhos diferiu dos mais jovens (20-59 anos), com destaque para a menor contribuição do álcool, o predomínio de ocorrências no domicílio, a maior importância relativa das quedas e a maior vulnerabilidade a atropelamentos e a agressões por familiares. Políticas para a prevenção de acidentes e violências devem levar em conta as especificidades desses eventos na população mais velha.
Preparação e Caracterização de Nanofibras de Nanocompósitos de Poliamida 6,6 e Argila Montmorilonita
Authors: Santos Camila R. dos , Bretas Rosario E. S. , Branciforti Márcia C. , Canova Thomas
Published: December 2011

A busca por fibras poliméricas com diâmetros na ordem de nanômetros tem sido alvo dos pesquisadores e das indústrias, sendo que essas fibras possuem diversas aplicações. Estas fibras podem ser produzidas pelo processo de eletrofiação a partir da solução polimérica. Neste trabalho, fibras de nanocompósitos de poliamida 6,6 e argila montmorilonita foram obtidas via mistura no estado fundido, seguida da eletrofiação da solução dessa mistura. Nanocompósitos com três diferentes concentrações de argila, 2, 3 e 4% em peso, foram obtidos via mistura no estado fundido, e soluções desses nanocompósitos em ácido fórmico foram preparadas em diferentes concentrações. A influência da adição de argila, da concentração da solução de nanocompósitos, da variação do campo elétrico aplicado sobre as propriedades das misturas, das soluções e finalmente sobre o diâmetro médio das fibras obtidas foi estudada. Medidas de difração de raios-x a altos ângulos (DRX) e de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) comprovaram que o processo de eletrofiação foi eficiente na manutenção da esfoliação da argila das fibras obtidas. Resultados de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e de calorimetria de varredura diferencial (DSC) permitiram concluir que as fibras obtidas possuem diâmetros médios na ordem de nanômetros, são cilíndricas, não porosas, possuem baixo grau de cristalinidade e apresentam solvente residual. A adição de argila aumentou ligeiramente a viscosidade da solução e consequentemente um pequeno aumento do diâmetro médio das nanofibras foi observado. Por outro lado, um aumento do diâmetro médio das nanofibras com o aumento da concentração polimérica foi observado. Em relação ao campo elétrico aplicado notou-se uma tendência na diminuição do diâmetro médio das fibras à medida que este parâmetro diminui.
A liberdade como condição das relações de poder em Michel Foucault
Authors: Sampaio Simone Sobral
Published: December 2011

O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar a reflexão sobre a liberdade, a partir das relações de poder em Michel Foucault. Tem como material de análise documentos apresentados no formato de entrevistas, artigos, ou organizados em livros, a exemplo dos cursos do Collège de France, proferidos por Foucault. É nesse disperso material que se encontram as ofertas analíticas sobre a liberdade, neste autor que tanto priorizou as pesquisas sobre as relações de poder. A compreensão da liberdade, na cartografia foucaultiana, mostra-se como possibilidade estratégica de enfrentamento às relações de poder, as quais operam com dispositivos entranhados e móveis em todos os espaços da vida social na sociedade capitalista.
Relatando la memoria: ser del MIR y sobrevivir en dictadura
Authors: Arriagada Luís A. Vivero
Published: December 2011

Este documento está sustentado principalmente en los relatos de Pedro Cardyn, un ex-militante del Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria (MIR). A partir de ello, se analiza sus vivencias en la lucha contra la dictadura de Pinochet en Chile, y los significados que hoy tiene aquellas utopías de los años setenta y retomadas como bandera de lucha en la década del ochenta. Es una historia de sobrevivencia y lucha, articulado con un análisis hermenéutico, que permite comprender los significados que hoy tienen la lucha revolucionaria y el haber sido víctima de violación a sus derechos fundamentales.
Neotropical Ichthyology: trajectory and bibliometric index (2003 - 2010)
Authors: Stumpf Ida Regina Chitto , Vanz Samile Andrea de Souza , Gastaud Natália , Vargas Rosely , Bentancourt Silvia Maria Puentes
Published: December 2011

The Neotropical Ichthyology journal was created in 2003 and soon became one of the main publications in its field as it is reflected in the number of articles submitted every year and the fact that it has been indexed by both SciELO and ISI. In order to understand the reasons for its trajectory, the journal history was recovered and bibliometric indices on author, citation and impact factor were mapped for the period between 2003 and 2010. A descriptive study on journal information source and a bibliometric study of the 388 articles published by the journal and the 642 articles that cite it have been carried out. Bibliometric analyses showed that 75.8% of the articles had been written by Brazilian authors and 91.3% had been published in collaboration. The journal was cited by 171 different publications from 28 countries, including renowned journals in the field. Self-citation accounted for 26.8% of journal citation. Analyses have been able to show that strict evaluation control and editing of the articles have contributed towards its success and internationalization.
Iodine-131 levels in sludge and treated municipal wastewaters near a large medical complex.
Authors: Prichard H M , Gesell T F , Davis E
Published: December 2011

Iodine-131 was found to dominate the gamma spectra of dried sludge and concentration liquid effluent samples from a sewage treatment plant serving the area containing the Texas Medical Center in 1975. The concentration of Iodine-131 varied considerably on a time scale of weeks but was fairly stable in the course of a single day. The partition of Iodine-131 between the dried sludge and the liquid effluent was found to be reasonably constant during the sampling period. Knowledge of the concentration in these phases and the daily output of sludge and effluent let to be estimate of an annual discharge of over one Curie of Iodine-131. Circumstantial evidence linking this discharge to the practice of nuclear medicine in the area is considered strong, but an attempt to correlate variation in the effluent activity with actual nuclide use was inconclusive due, among other reasons, to an insufficient clinical data base. An analysis of possible exposure pathway indicated that negligible human exposure resulted from the Iodine-131 released primarily because the receiving body of water is a saline industrial waterway. A more extensive analysis would be in order for a similar plant discharging treated wastewaters into an inland water system.
Smoking, drinking, and drug use among American high school students: correlates and trends, 1975-1979.
Authors: Bachman J G , Johnston L D , O'Malley P M
Published: December 2011

This paper uses findings from five nationally representative surveys of high school seniors from 1975 through 1979 to examine the correlates of licit and illicit drug use, and to consider whether recent changes in youthful drug use are linked to any changes in the correlates. Males still exceed females in use of alcohol and marijuana, but no longer in cigarette smoking. Black seniors now report less drug use than Whites. Other dimensions of family background, region, and urbanicity show only modest associations with drug use. Above average drug use occurs among those less successful in adaptation to the educational environment, as indicated by truancy and low grades; those who spend many evenings out for recreation; and those with heavy time commitments to a job and/or relatively high incomes. Drug use is below average among seniors with strong religious commitments and conservative political views. From 1975 through 1979, among seniors cigarette use peaked and subsequently declined, marijuana use rose and then leveled off, and the (still infrequent) use of cocaine rose rapidly. However, these shifts in drug use were not accompanied by substantial shifts in the above correlates of use. The findings thus suggest that the kinds of young people most at risk remain much the same, while the types and amounts of substances they use shift somewhat from year to year.
Patterns of alcohol among veterans and nonveterans: a confirmation of previous findings.
Authors: Boscarino J
Published: December 2011

Analysis of alcohol consumption among veterans (N = 684) included in a 1977 national household survey of 3,322 adults confirmed previous findings based on 1975 national survey data. As previously found, higher levels of alcohol consumption were significantly related to being a veteran of U.S. military service. However, when demographic differences were adjusted between veterans and nonveterans, this was no longer the case. It was suggested that this confirmation of earlier findings strengthens the validity of these findings.
Homicide in childhood: a public health problem in need of attention.
Authors: Christoffel K K
Published: December 2011

Homicide is now among the five leading causes of death in childhood, accounting for 1/20 deaths of those less than 18 years of age. Based on childrens' changing developmental vulnerabilities, it is possible to characterize three subtypes of child homicide--infanticide, fatal child abuse and neglect after infancy, and homicide in the community. Specific approaches to primary prevention include measures to strengthen families and their community support systems, and to educate adults and children concerning appropriate behaviors of children at different ages.
Co-Production as a Political Form
Authors: Eriksson Kai
Published: December 2011

The concept of co-production is gaining ground rapidly in the political and administrative sciences. Generally speaking, it is about involving citizens and users in the production of the same services they consume. Although the reforms and initiatives related to co-production have been considered as having many democratizing features, they also have the tendency to narrow and reduce the area of political discussion. This is mainly because individualized and personalized forms of governance seem to make it difficult to discern the structural issues underlying these forms. The article investigates how co-productional practices both open up and close down the opportunities for political deliberation and debate. In other words, how it both politicizes and depoliticizes political and administrative questions.
Impact of heart myxoma localization upon its clinical course and outcome
Authors: Rafajlovski Saso , Ilic Radoje , Gligic Branko , Kanjuh Vladimir , Tatic Vujadin , Ristic Andjelka , Obradovic Slobodan , Dincic Dragan , Ratkovic Nenad , Romanovic Radoslav , Karic Jasna , Djenic Nemanja , Vukotic Snjezana
Published: December 2011

Introduction. Primary heart tumors are very rare. They can be benign and
malignant. Benign ones make about two thirds of all heart tumors. However,
they are benign only by their biologic characteristics, but potentially
malignant by their localization. About three forths of benign tumors are
myxomas. Their growth is usually slow and they can be for a long time silent,
particularly if they do not compromise vital functional parts of the heart.
Myxomas grow in the atria, mostly in the left one and very rarely in the
ventricles. Case report. We presented two patients with myxomas in the left,
and, in the right atrium which are representative samples of the most common
localization of heart myxoma considering previous knowledge of these tumors.
Analysis of the clinical course in the two presented patients with
characteristic localizations showed general characteristics of the clinical
course of heart myxoma. The patients did not have characteristic symptoms for
a rather long period of time and the findings obtained by standard
examinations did not raise suspicion of heart tumor. Pulmonary symptomatology
in one patient and cardial in the other, when tumor had already occupied
almost the entire atrium, suggested necessity of cardiologic examination.
Indication for operation was in both patients confirmed after performed
echocardiography, computed tomography of the thorax and angiography with
ventriculography. The size of the removed atrial tumors and their
localization explained some of the patients' troubles, but it was also
amazing that they had not caused more serious problems. Operation as the only
method of treatment was successful in both female patients and its effect was
permanent. At annual controls neither recurrence of the tumor nor troubles
possibly associated with it were observed. Conclusion. Patients with heart
myxoma usually pass through asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic phase, but when
troubles become manifested, they do not much differ from those due to other
causes. For this reason this tumor can be diagnosed just when complications
caused by its localization and growth develop. Modern cardiologic
diagnostics, primarily preventive non-invasive echocardiography, enables
timely diagnosis and removal of the tumor because only then it may take a
name benign tumor.
The case for family screening for intracranial aneurysms
Authors: Chalouhi Nohra , Chitale Rohan , Jabbour Pascal , Tjoumakaris Stavropoula , Dumont Aaron S. , Rosenwasser Robert , Gonzalez L. Fernando
Published: December 2011

Given that relatives of patients with intracranial aneurysms (IAs) or subarachnoid hemorrhage have a greater risk of harboring an aneurysm, family screening has become a common practice in neurosurgery. Unclear data exist regarding who should be screened and at what age and interval screening should occur. Multiple factors including the natural history of IAs, the risk of treatment, the cost of screening, and the psychosocial impact of finding an aneurysm should be taken into account when family screening is considered. In this paper, the authors review the current literature regarding risk factors and natural history of sporadic and familial aneurysms. Based on these data the authors assess current recommendations for screening and propose their own recommendations.
Management of incidental cavernous malformations: a review
Authors: Dalyai Richard T. , Ghobrial George , Awad Issam , Tjoumakaris Stavropoula , Gonzalez L. Fernando , Dumont Aaron S. , Chalouhi Nohra , Randazzo Ciro , Rosenwasser Robert , Jabbour Pascal
Published: December 2011

Cavernous malformations (CMs) are angiographically occult vascular malformations that are frequently found incidentally on MR imaging. Despite this benign presentation, these lesions could cause symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, seizures, and focal neurological deficits. Cavernomas can be managed conservatively with neuroimaging studies, surgically with lesion removal, or with radiosurgery. Considering recent studies examining the CM's natural history, imaging techniques, and possible therapeutic interventions, the authors provide a concise review of the literature and discuss the optimal management of incidental CMs.
The management of incidental low-grade gliomas using magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review and optimal treatment paradigm
Authors: Shah Ashish H. , Madhavan Karthik , Heros Deborah , Raper Daniel M. S. , Iorgulescu J. Bryan , Lally Brian E. , Komotar Ricardo J.
Published: December 2011

Object

The discovery of incidental low-grade gliomas (LGGs) on MR imaging is rare, and currently there is no existing protocol for management of these lesions. Various studies have approached the dilemma of managing patients with incidental LGGs. While some advocate surgery and radiotherapy, others reserve surgery until there is radiological evidence of growth. For neurosurgeons and radiologists, determining the course of action after routine brain imaging poses not only a medical but also an ethical dilemma. The authors conducted a systematic review of case reports and case series in hopes of enhancing the current understanding of the management options for these rare lesions.

Methods

A PubMed search was performed to include all relevant MR imaging studies in which management of suspected incidental LGG was reported. Comparisons were made between the surgical treatment arm and the active surveillance arm in terms of outcome, mode of discovery, reasons for treatment, and histology.

Results

Nine studies with 72 patients were included in this study (56 in the surgical arm and 16 in the active surveillance arm). Within the surgical arm, 49% remained deficit free after treatment, 25% showed evidence of tumor progression, 13% underwent a second treatment, and 7% died. The active surveillance group resulted in no unanticipated adverse events, with serial imaging revealing no tumor growth in all cases. Lesion regression was reported in 31% of this group. The surgical arm's mortality rate was 7% compared with 0% in the active surveillance arm.

Conclusions

Treatment decisions for incidental LGG should be individualized based on presenting symptoms and radiological evidence of growth. The asymptomatic patient may be monitored safely with serial MR imaging and occasionally PET scanning before treatment is initiated. In patients presenting with nonspecific symptoms or concurrent symptomatic lesions, treatment may be initiated earlier to reduce potential morbidity. All treatment decisions must be tempered by patient factors and expectations of anticipated benefit.
The Perception of English Speech Sounds by Cantonese ESL Learners in Hong Kong
Authors: CHAN ALICE Y. W.
Published: December 2011

This article reports on the results of a research study which investigated the perception of English speech sounds by Hong Kong Cantonese English as a second language speakers. A total of 40 university English majors participated in one categorial discrimination task and two second language (L2) minimal pair identification tasks, which aimed at discerning the participants' perception of different English speech sounds. The results show that certain English speech sounds trigger more perception problems than others, but perception problems do not necessarily correspond to documented production difficulties. It is argued that learners' preconception of word pronunciations may be a contributing factor for their perception problems. The position of a sonorant consonant may also play a role in perception, but positional effects do not seem to be as significant in the perception of obstruents as in that of sonorant consonants. It is suggested that remedial teaching on both perception and production should go hand in hand to enhance learners' L2 phonology acquisition.
Evaluating the Validity of a High‐Stakes ESL Test: Why Teachers' Perceptions Matter
Authors: WINKE PAULA
Published: December 2011

The English Language Proficiency Assessment (ELPA) is used in the state of Michigan in the United States to fulfill government‐mandated No Child Left Behind (NCLB) requirements. The test is used to promote and monitor achievement in English language learning in schools that receive federal NCLB funding. The goal of the project discussed here was to evaluate the perceived effectiveness of the ELPA and to see if those perceptions could meaningfully contribute to a broad concept of the test's validity. This was done by asking teachers and test administrators their views on the ELPA directly after its administration. Two hundred and sixty‐seven administrators took a survey with closed and open‐ended questions that aimed to tap into the consequential dimensions of test validity. An exploratory factor analysis identified five factors relating to the participants' perceptions of the ELPA. Analysis of variance results revealed that educators at schools with lower concentrations of English language learners reported significantly more problems in administering the ELPA. Three themes (the test's appropriateness, impacts, and administration) emerged from an analysis of qualitative data. This article discusses these results not only as a means of better understanding the ELPA, but also to contribute to larger‐scale discussions about consequential validity and standardized tests of English language proficiency. It recommends that broadly defined validity data be used to improve large‐scale assessment programs such as those mandated by NCLB.
The Yugoslav Economy: Systemic Changes, 1945-1986
Authors: Mencinger Joze
Published: December 2011

In the theory of economic systems, the Yugoslav economy serves as the one example of the self-managed, participatory, labor-managed, socialist market economy. Benjamin Ward's "lliyrian firm" (Ward, 1958), Evsey Domar's "producers' cooperative" (Domar, 1966), Jaroslav Vanek's "tabormanaged market eco~omy" (Vanek, 1970) and Branko Horvat's "realistic model" (Horvat, 1972) have all been (iirectly or indirectly inspired by the particularities of the Yugoslav institutional setting. This setting has, however, not been very stable. Thus, Yugoslav post-war systemic development is often divided into distinct systemic periods.
Religious Compromise, Political Salvation: The Greek Catholic Church and Nation-building in Eastern Europe
Authors: Himka John-Paul , Flynn Jarnes T. , Niessen Jarnes
Published: December 2011

The transformation of the former Soviet bloc has seen the resurrection of the Greek Catholic or Uniate Churches! of the Ukrainians, Belorussians, and Romanians, each of them ministering to a minority of the titular nation and concentrated in a particular region of the national territory. These churches had been suppressed in 1946-48 (and, in the case of Belorussia, in 1839) by church synods or decree, acts of dubious canonicity. The interests and confessional animus of the Orthodox bishops made possible their manipulation and complicity in these acts. Yet it was the Greek Catholics' contribution to national identity that caused the state to favor their suppression.' Religious and national motives were also present in the loyalty of millions to the illegal churches after their suppression and in their role in the revival of these peoples' national aspirations.
The Revolutionary Russian Army and Romania, 1917
Authors: Torrey Glenn E.
Published: December 2011

The growth ofthe  revolutionary movement in the ranks of the Russian army on the Romanian front in 1917 has attracted the attention of a number of Soviet historians. M.M. Gitsiu, Deiatel 'nost' soldatskikh sovetov i komitetov na rumynskom fronte i v Moldavii v 1917 g. (Kishinev, 1985), concentrates on the soldier's organizations and the growth of Bolshevik influence among them. E.N. Istrati, Demokraticheskoe dvizhenie za mir na rumynskom fronte v. 1917 gody (Kishinev, 1973), has a broader perspective emphasizing the question of war or peace. M.S. Frenkin, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie na rumynskom fronte 1917 g. - mart  1918 (Moscow, 1965), is the best of this genre but despite the title, covers only one of four Russian armies attached to the Romanian front, and the one which was not on Romanian soil. Frenkin's second book, Russkaia armiia i revoliutsiia  1917-1918 (Munich, 1978), written after his emigration to Israel, is a welcome corrective to all Soviet accounts, including his earlier one. But in covering all four fronts, Frenkin devotes limited attention to the Romanian. By far the best general survey of the impact of the Revolution at the front is Allan Wildman, The End of the Russian Imperial Army, 2 vols. (Princeton, 1980, 1987), which is distinguished by balance and insight. However, neither Wildman nor the others mentioned deal with the Romanian response to Russian revolutionary agitation or with Russo-Romanian relations.
Anatoly Fedorovich Koni: Liberal Jurist as Moralist
Authors: Pomar Mark G.
Published: December 2011

On 10 February 1924, the Russian Academy of Sciences celebrated the eightieth birthday of its honorary member, the jurist and writer Anatoly Fedorovich Koni. A frail, scholarly man of Victorian sensibilities, Koni achieved prominence in the tsarist era as judge, senator, and member of the State Council, as well as essayist and literary critic.
Answering for Bacchanalia: Management, Authority and the Putilov Tractor Program, 1928-1930
Authors: Black Clayton
Published: December 2011

On September 25, 1930, Vasilii F edorovich Grachev was relieved of his post as director ofLeningrad's famous "Red Putilov" factory. He had assumed control of the plant in early 1926, when his predecessor was removed for participating in the Leningrad Opposition movement. Four and a half years later he, too, faced ignominy, in his case for falling short in his efforts to meet the challenge of producing 12,000 tractors in a single year. Things could have been worse for Grachev. In June his technical director, V. L. Sablin, in whose hands the day-to-day operation of the factory had been entrusted since 1923, was arrested along with the director ofPutilov' s tractor department and several engineers on charges of"wrecking" and sent, rumor had it, to the Solovki penal colony in the north. Grachev undoubtedly suspected that his tenure at Putilov was nearing its end by the time OGPU agents seized Sablin. The tractor program had failed to reach its quota for the past seven months straight, and the quality of the tractors that rolled off the line was notoriously bad. Collective farms awaited the arrival of mechanized agriculture, only to find that Putilov's tractors frequently broke down on their maiden voyages.
Exile and Discipline: The June 1948 Campaign Against Collective Farm Shirkers
Authors: Lévesque Jean
Published: December 2011

In February and June 1948, the Stalinist state issued two decrees aimed at a radical solution of the problem of labor discipline among Soviet collective farm peasants. Borne out of the initiative of the Ukrainian Communist Party Secretary N.S. Khrushchev, who found examples of community self-policing in tsarist legislation, the decrees granted collective farm general meetings the right to deport to distant parts of the Soviet Union peasants reluctant to fulfi ll the minimal labor requirements set by the state. Based on a wide array of formerly classifi ed Russian archival documents, this study draws the complete story of this little known page in the history of Stalinist repression. It demonstrates that despite the harshness of the measures employed, the decree did little to force peasants back to work on collective farms given the seriousness of the postwar agrarian crisis.
Toward Automated Oligosaccharide Synthesis
Authors: Hsu Che‐Hsiung , Hung Shang‐Cheng , Wu Chung‐Yi , Wong Chi‐Huey
Published: December 2011

Carbohydrates have been shown to play important roles in biological processes. The pace of development in carbohydrate research is, however, relatively slow due to the problems associated with the complexity of carbohydrate structures and the lack of general synthetic methods and tools available for the study of this class of biomolecules. Recent advances in synthesis have demonstrated that many of these problems can be circumvented. In this Review, we describe the methods developed to tackle the problems of carbohydrate‐mediated biological processes, with particular focus on the issue related to the development of the automated synthesis of oligosaccharides. Further applications of carbohydrate microarrays and vaccines to human diseases are also highlighted.
Synthesis and antioxidant activities in polyolefin of dendritic antioxidants with hindered phenolic groups and tertiary amine
Authors: Li Cuiqin , Wang Jun , Ning Mengmeng , Zhang Huiping
Published: December 2011

Two novel primary antioxidants with dendritic structure and hindered phenolic groups were synthesized using 3‐(3,5‐diter‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid as raw material and dendritic poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) as linker in chloroform. The antioxidant activities of the dendritic antioxidants were evaluated in polyolefin by melt flow index (MFI), yellowness index (Y.I.), and oxidation induction time (OIT). The dendritic antioxidants had excellent processing property and oxidation resistance behavior in polyolefin. At the same weighed amount of antioxidant, the MFI and Y.I. values of mulitiple‐extruded polyethylene (PE) stabilized with the dendritic antioxidants were smaller than those of the commercial antioxidants, as well as the OIT values of polyethylene (PE) stabilized with the dendritic antioxidants were larger. Applying to polypropylene, the antioxidant ability of the second‐generation dendritic antioxidant (G2.0 dendritic antioxidant) with larger molecular weight was superior to the commercial antioxidants and that of the first‐generation dendritic antioxidant (G1.0 dendritic antioxidant) was equal to the commercial antioxidants. The dendritic antioxidants can prevent polyolefin from breaking of macromolecular chain in processing and had stabilizing effect in polyolefin in service life by donating H‐atoms and electron to free radicals. The dendritic antioxidants combined with Irgafos 168 had improvement of antioxidant activities of the dendritic antioxidants in polyolefin. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Comparative study of the hydrolysis of different oils by lipase‐immobilized membranes
Authors: Gupta S. , Ingole P. , Singh K. , Bhattacharya A.
Published: December 2011

Lipase immobilization on asymmetric polysulfone (PS) membranes was done by physical adsorption and covalent coupling techniques. The glutaraldehyde (Glu) crosslink showed maximum immobilization (1.53 mg/cm2) on the hydrazine (Hz)‐modified membrane surface. Lipase immobilization on the membrane was proved by different analytical tools (viz., X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy). The hydrolase‐immobilized enzyme marked its hydrolyzing ability to different oils (olive, palm, and castor oils). The hydrolysis yield (U/mg) for the different immobilized membranes was in the following order: Olive oil > Palm oil > Castor oil. The PS–Hz–Glu–lipase membrane showed maximum hydrolyzing ability for olive oil (62.37 U/mg) and minimum hydrolyzing ability for castor oil (38.11 U/mg). The low aptitude for the hydrolysis of castor oil was explained by the presence of ricinoleic acid in the main composition. The lowest affinity toward castor oil (Michaelis–Menten constant = 18.86 mM) also featured the same. The order of maximum reaction rate for the same membrane was as follows: Olive oil (64.5) > Palm oil (62.5) > Castor oil (41.6). The immobilized lipase on PS–Hz–Glu suffered only a 12.5% deterioration for olive oil after five cycles. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Comparison of styrene reversible addition–fragmentation chain‐transfer polymerization in a miniemulsion system stabilized by ammonlysis poly(styrene‐alt‐maleic anhydride) and sodium dodecyl sulfate
Authors: Yu Yitao , Zhang Qinghua , Zhan Xiaoli , Chen Fengqiu
Published: December 2011

In this study, we conducted the reversible addition–fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) polymerization of styrene (St) in a miniemulsion system stabilized by two different stabilizers, ammonlysis poly(styrene‐alt‐maleic anhydride) (SMA) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), with identical reaction conditions. The main objective was to compare the polymerization kinetics, living character, latex stability, and particle morphology. The macro‐RAFT agent used in both systems was SMA, which was obtained by RAFT solution polymerization mediated by 1‐phenylethyl phenyldithioacetate. The experimental results show that the St RAFT miniemulsion polymerization stabilized by SDS exhibited a better living character than that stabilized by ammonlysis SMA. The final latices were very stable in two systems, but different stabilizers had an obvious effect on the polymerization kinetics, living character, and particle morphology. All of the particles obtained by RAFT miniemulsion polymerization stabilized by SDS were solid, but an obvious core–shell structure was observed in the miniemulsion system stabilized by ammonlysis SMA. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Pt doped H3PW12O40/ZrO2 as a heterogeneous and recyclable catalyst for the synthesis of carbonated soybean oil
Authors: Wang Junwei , Zhao Yuhua , Li Qifeng , Yin Ning , Feng Yuelai , Kang Maoqing , Wang Xinkui
Published: December 2011

Carbonated soybean oil (CSBO) is a precursor of nonisocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs). So far, the ruling catalysts for CSBO synthesis through the coupling of epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) with CO2 are homogeneous ones. In this work, a heterogeneous catalyst, 5 wt % H3PW12O40 (PW)/ZrO2 was investigated for the coupling reaction and proved quite efficient. However, the catalyst showed poor reusability due to the difficult elimination of bulky by–products retained in the spent catalyst. To remedy this deficiency, the 5 wt % PW/ZrO2 was modified with 0.3% Pt. It is found that Pt addition markedly improved the reusability of the 5 wt % PW/ZrO2 without loss in carbonation activity. An ESBO conversion of 78.3% was obtained at the end of third recycle, indicating that Pt species incorporated could promote the removal of the by‐products and hence protect the active centres of 5 wt %PW/ZrO2 catalyst. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Preparation and characterization of novel polymer hydrogel from industrial waste and copolymerization of poly(vinyl alcohol) and polyacrylamide
Authors: El‐Zawawy Waleed K. , Ibrahim Maha M.
Published: December 2011

A novel hydrogel was prepared from industrial waste to form a green polymer with a higher swelling capacity. This hydrogel was synthesized by two methods for chemical crosslinking, namely crosslinking by radical polymerization and crosslinking by addition reaction. In crosslinking by radical polymerization, graft copolymerization of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and polyacrylamide (PAAm) was carried out using ceric ammonium sulfate in presence of N,N',‐methylenebisacrylamide, and then mixed with the black liquor resulting from alkaline pulping of rice straw. While, in crosslinking by addition reaction, the same above reagents were mixed with the black liquor in absence of the initiator. The black liquor is an industrial waste resulting from the pulping method and consists of dissolved lignin and carbohydrates. The black liquor causes environmental water pollution due to its dumping into the sea. The formed hydrogels were characterized using FT‐IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was noted that the hydrogel prepared by radical polymerization showed high swelling capacity, 60.00%, compared to that prepared by the addition reaction, 27.27%. The hydrogels formed were used also to study the influence of sodium chloride on the absorption capacity at room temperature and swelling ratios at different temperatures and pHs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Cellular response to prosthetic wear debris differs in patients with and without rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Vasudevan Anant , DiCarlo Edward F. , Wright Timothy , Chen Dan , Figgie Mark P. , Goldring Steven R. , Mandl Lisa A.
Published: December 2011

Objective

To examine whether patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) demonstrate patterns of prosthetic wear or cellular responses to implant wear debris different from those demonstrated by patients without inflammatory joint disease.

Methods

Thirty‐eight patients who had undergone a primary revision of a total elbow arthroplasty for aseptic loosening between 1996 and 2008 were identified. Twenty‐five of these patients had RA, and 13 did not have inflammatory arthritis. Clinical data, gross wear patterns of the removed prostheses, and histopathologic analyses of peri‐implant tissue were compared between the patients with RA and those without RA.

Results

Evaluation of the retrieved prostheses showed that conformational change of the humeral polyethylene bushing was associated with the generation of polyethylene and metal particles. The amount and type of wear debris in periprosthetic tissues were similar in patients with and those without RA. Patients with RA who were not receiving anti–tumor necrosis factor (anti‐TNF) therapy exhibited a histologic pattern of interstitial and sheet‐like lymphocytic infiltrates associated with a high plasma cell composition, which was different from the predominantly perivascular infiltrates with few plasma cells seen in non‐RA patients (P= 0.04). Patients with RA who were receiving anti‐TNF therapy showed a mixed perivascular and interstitial pattern of infiltrates with variable cell composition.

Conclusion

Patients with RA exhibited a distinct cellular response to implant wear debris compared with patients without RA. This reaction was unrelated to differences in the type or amount of wear debris and was mitigated by anti‐TNF therapy. These results suggest an intrinsic alteration in immunoregulation in RA and have implications for potential immunologic treatment of osteolysis in these patients.
The Anatomy Competence Score—A new marker for anatomical ability
Authors: Schoeman Scarpa , Chandratilake Madawa
Published: December 2011

The assessment of students' ability in gross anatomy is a complex process as it involves the measurement of multiple facets. In this work, the authors developed and introduced the Anatomy Competence Score (ACS), which incorporates the three domains of anatomy teaching and assessment namely: theoretical knowledge, practical 3D application of the knowledge, and clinical or bedside application of knowledge on patients. Equal contributions from these tripartite domains were used to synthesize the ACS. The theory knowledge was assessed using MCQs and short answer questions while the knowledge of practical 3D application was assessed using an Objective Structured Practical Examination (OSPE). The clinical or bedside application of anatomy knowledge was assessed by an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). In this correlation study, the authors examined the interdomain correlations of the summative marks for the three contributing domains of the ACS, in order to examine the rationality of this new marker. Three cohorts of medical students (n = 538) at St. George's, University of London (SGUL) Medical School in the United Kingdom were included and analyzed. The results demonstrated that the correlations between the three domains were significantly low or moderate. The three domains probably represent unique knowledge and abilities. Therefore, it would appear that the average of the domains scores (the ACS) provide a comprehensive picture of a student's ability in anatomy. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
The Potential Role for Corticosterone in the Induction of Cleft Palate in Mice After Treatment With a Selective NK‐1 Receptor Antagonist, Casopitant (GW679769B)
Authors: Ziejewski Mary K. , Solomon Howard M. , Stanislaus Dinesh , Clark Robert L. , White Tacey E. , Apostoli April R.
Published: December 2011

BACKGROUND

Casopitant is a potent and selective NK‐1 receptor antagonist that has shown clinical efficacy in the prevention of chemotherapy‐induced and postoperative‐induced nausea and vomiting.

METHODS

In an embryo‐fetal development study, pregnant mice were given vehicle (sterile water) or doses of 30, 100, or 300 mg/kg/day casopitant on Gestation Day (GD) 6 to 15. Fetuses were evaluated for external, visceral, and skeletal abnormalities on GD 18. In a follow‐on study to investigate casopitant‐induced hormonal changes during the developmental period for palate formation, pregnant mice were given vehicle (sterile water) or 300 mg/kg/day casopitant once daily on GD 6 to 13. Blood was collected on GD 13 at various time‐points for measurement of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone (CRT) concentrations.

RESULTS

There was no evidence of developmental toxicity in mice at 30 or 100 mg/kg/day but 9% of fetuses at 300 mg/kg/day had cleft palate. Mice are sensitive to glucocorticoid‐induced cleft palates, and NK‐1 antagonists are known to modulate the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis leading to increases in corticosterone. On GD 13, mean plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone levels at 300 mg/kg/day were elevated by approximately twofold from vehicle‐treated levels at 1 hr post‐dose and mean plasma CRT levels were elevated by 3, 5, and 10‐fold at 0.5, 1, and 2 hr post‐dose, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The increased level of CRT was in the range previously shown in the literature to cause cleft palates in mice and was likely the underlying mechanism behind casopitant‐induced cleft palate in mice.
Rational Method for Designing Efficient Chromatography Processes based on the Iso‐Resolution Curve
Authors: Hosono M. , Maeda R. , Yoshimoto N. , Yamamoto S.
Published: December 2011

A method for designing efficient chromatography processes was proposed and verified experimentally. The model samples were polyphenols. Polystyrene divinylbenzene resins were employed for the column stationary phase. The mobile phase was an ethanol‐water mixture. The distribution coefficient, K, was determined as a function of ethanol concentration, I, by linear gradient elution experiments. The HETP‐mobile phase velocity (u) curves were determined as a function of I. A method for calculating the iso‐resolution curve was developed with K and HETP‐u as a function of I. The calculated iso‐resolution curve was verified by comparison with experimental elution curves. The iso‐resolution curve was found to be useful for determining suitable separation conditions.
Probing the Intestinal α‐Glucosidase Enzyme Specificities of Starch‐Digesting Maltase‐Glucoamylase and Sucrase‐Isomaltase: Synthesis and Inhibitory Properties of 3′‐ and 5′‐Maltose‐Extended De‐O‐sulfonated Ponkoranol
Authors: Eskandari Razieh , Jones Kyra , Ravinder Reddy Kongara , Jayakanthan Kumarasamy , Chaudet Marcia , Rose David R. , Pinto B. Mario
Published: December 2011

The synthesis and glucosidase inhibitory activities of two C‐3′‐ and C‐5′‐β‐maltose‐extended analogues of the naturally occurring sulfonium‐ion inhibitor, de‐O‐sulfonated ponkoranol, are described. The compounds are designed to test the specificity towards four intestinal glycoside hydrolase family 31 (GH31) enzyme activities, responsible for the hydrolysis of terminal starch products and sugars into glucose, in humans. The target sulfonium‐ion compounds were synthesized by means of nucleophilic attack of benzyl protected 1,4‐anhydro‐4‐thio‐D‐arabinitol at the C‐6 position of 6‐O‐trifluoromethanesulfonyl trisaccharides as alkylating agents. The alkylating agents were synthesized from D‐glucose by glycosylation at C‐4 or C‐2 with maltosyl trichloroacetimidate. Deprotection of the coupled products by using a two‐step sequence, followed by reduction afforded the final compounds. Evaluation of the target compounds for inhibition of the four glucosidase activities indicated that selective inhibition of one enzyme over the others is possible.
2′‐Aminoethoxy‐2‐amino‐3‐methylpyridine in Triplex‐Forming Oligonucleotides: High Affinity, Selectivity and Resistance to Enzymatic Degradation
Authors: Lou Chenguang , Shelbourne Montserrat , Fox Keith R. , Brown Tom
Published: December 2011

The phosphoramidite monomer of the C‐nucleoside 2′‐aminoethoxy‐2‐amino‐3‐methylpyridine (AE‐MAP) has been synthesized for the first time and incorporated into triplex‐forming oligonucleotides (TFOs). Ultraviolet melting and DNase I footprinting studies show that AE‐MAP is a potent triplex‐stabilizing monomer that is selective for GC base pairs. TFOs containing AE‐MAP bind with high affinity to duplexes but only weakly to single stranded DNA. In addition, AE‐MAP confers high nuclease resistance on oligonucleotides. TFOs containing AE‐MAP have potential for gene knock‐out and gene expression studies.
Direct Numerical Simulation of Binary Collisions of Shear‐Thinning Droplets
Authors: Focke Christian , Bothe Dieter
Published: December 2011

Um Sprayprozesse in skalenreduzierten numerischen Simulationen, wie etwa mittels Euler‐Euler‐ oder Euler‐Lagrange‐Modellen, abbilden zu können, sind Schließungsterme notwendig, die den Ausgang von binären Tropfenkollisionen beschreiben. Für komplexe Fluide fehlen solche Schließungsterme. Mittels Direkter Numerischer Simulation der Kollision nicht‐newtonscher Tropfen kann ein tieferes Verständnis der Strömungsvorgänge gewonnen und somit die Herleitung verbesserter Schließungsterme ermöglicht werden.