bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Garibaldi’s Shadows: Heroism and Melancholia in Italian Children’s Literature
Authors: Truglio Maria
Published: May 2015

This essay examines the theme of heroism as embodied in the figure of Giuseppe Garibaldi in Italian children’s books from the 1880s to just before the First World War. These stories mourn rather than celebrate heroism. The melancholy representation of the Hero becomes a strategy of constituting national identity.
Playing with the Past in Jane Yolen’s The Devil’s Arithmetic
Authors: Feldman Daniel
Published: May 2015

In its trope of playing with the past as a kind of game, The Devil’s Arithmetic by Jane Yolen wavers between conviction in young readers’ ability to confront the traumatic past and anxiety about the uncensored model of exposure that the novel is often thought to epitomize. Role-play emerges as this Holocaust text’s central modality of concomitantly pretending to know and not know, expose and conceal, hide and seek the truth without real danger or risk.
The Whites of the Child?: Race and Class in the Politics of Child Welfare in Cape Town, c. 1900–1924
Authors: Muirhead Jennifer , Swart Sandra
Published: May 2015

In the first decades of the twentieth century, South Africa started to devise its own formalized child welfare system as part of a transnational (especially British) network of ideas. The state became an increasingly powerful agent in effecting change, and private charities (previously predicated on elite philanthropic volunteerism) buckled to its authority. Poor white children became understood as a category to be rescued, while the poverty of black children became normalized. The essay explores the ironies of embryonic child welfare and also how contemporary role players thought about these contradictions. State involvement did bring about relief for some sectors, but this came at the cost of reinforced racial hierarchies.
Conceptions of Childhood, Student Rights, and the Citizenship Crusade: Meyer, Pierce , and the Pledge of Allegiance Cases
Authors: Buckley Phillip
Published: May 2015

American student rights jurisprudence reflects three conceptions of childhood: children as subjects, children as civic learners, and children as citizens. This article traces the historical roots of this ambivalence to a set of cases regarding the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century citizenship crusade. The article details the process through which the conception of children as subjects was complicated by the emergence of competing conceptions based on children’s status as civic learners and citizens. While the cases laid the groundwork for student rights jurisprudence, they also began the process through which judicial ambivalence was enshrined in American constitutional law.
“O! Sir I do not know either to kill myself or to stay”: Childhood Emotion, Poverty, and Literary Culture in Nigeria, 1900–1960
Authors: Aderinto Saheed
Published: May 2015

This article concerns the expression of fearful emotions in the correspondence of Nigerian children written to the British colonial government requesting assistance during the 1940s. Unlike most existing works that use materials composed by adults to research children’s history, this paper employs sources composed by children themselves. It views the children’s letters as an integral aspect of colonial African literary culture, an important contribution that scholars have overlooked. The overall objective of this article is to stimulate the study of the emotions of African children within the broader history of social change during the first half of the twentieth century.
Cold War Teenitiative: American Evangelical Youth and the Developing World in the Early Cold War
Authors: Luhr Eileen
Published: May 2015

This essay examines evangelicals’ responses to events in the developing world during the early Cold War through a cultural analysis of the rhetorical and tactical deployment of youth and youth activism. At the moment of Third World decolonization and burgeoning nationalism, evangelical leaders—especially youth leaders—viewed themselves as potential allies to “young churches” abroad. Although evangelicals expressed conventional understandings of the need to “contain”—if not roll back—Soviet Communism through vigilant military and diplomatic means, they also espoused a plan of action consistent with ideologies of modernization and integration in the free (and Christian) world. Within these views, young Christian activists offered a symbol of hope and progress in contrast to the desiccated old order undergoing decolonization in the midst of the Cold War. Using an analysis of the youth-oriented magazine Youth for Christ , this article combines research regarding the global Cold War with research on the emerging Christian youth culture of the postwar era. As imagined in the pages of Youth for Christ , Christian “teenitiative” was a critical weapon in winning the Cold War and hastening progress in vulnerable decolonizing areas of the world.
Youth in the Devil’s Service, Manhood in the King’s: Reaching Adulthood in the Eighteenth-Century British Army
Authors: Hurl-Eamon Jennine
Published: May 2015

British soldiers were popularly regarded as frozen in a stage of adolescence. The army appeared to cultivate this image of youthful dependency. It attracted boyish recruits for whom the promise of travel and comradeship held strong appeal. A significant component of those recruits eventually rejected this adolescent culture, however. Using military memoirs, this article unearths the hegemony of civilian models of masculinity in the military. It argues that some soldiers sought marriage and responsibility. They were aided by officers who espoused a similar form of masculinity and by the army incentives of promotion and pension for those displaying such manly characteristics.
“So that they may be usefull to themselves and the community”: Charting Childhood Disability in an Eighteenth-Century Institution
Authors: Mathisen Ashley
Published: May 2015

While much of the eighteenth-century discourse on impairment focused on “repairing” the disabled body, a parallel line of thinking also emphasized the potential of disabled children to lead normal lives. By the 1770s, the London Foundling Hospital was faced with the daunting task of securing arrangements of employment or care for a large number of its disabled children. The hospital responded to this challenge by initiating a series of apprenticeship negotiations motivated not only by practical concerns, but by a specific understanding of the possible potential of the disabled child. The hospital’s efforts on behalf of its disabled children reflected a unique understanding of the disabled child and adolescent that was built upon the notion that any child, regardless of infirmity, needed to be afforded the opportunity to progress from the dependence of childhood to the independence of adulthood. The London Foundling Hospital thus played an essential role in demonstrating to the public that the disabled child did not require a “normal” body in order to live an independent adult life.
“Concerning Printed Poison”: 19th Century American Adults’ Ambivalence about Children’s Interactions with Cheap Fiction
Authors: Cassidy Margaret
Published: May 2015

In the middle of the nineteenth century, American adults worried about a dramatic change in the media environment, one that made a huge quantity of sensational, cheap fiction available to children. Many adults reacted strongly and negatively to changes in children’s access to this fiction, believing that it would alter children’s attitudes and behaviors in negative ways. These concerns were closely tied to, and influenced by, changes taking place in society at the time that were contributing to shifts in family structure and relationships. Much as today, when adults are ambivalent about the proliferation of inexpensive digital media and children’s increasing access to those media, nineteenth-century adults were not sure what to think about the changes taking place in the media environment of their children, or what the impact of those changes might be.
A Revolution’s History, A Historians’ War
Authors: ZAYARNYUK Andriy
Published: May 2015

SUMMARY:
The article explores the ways in which historians of Ukraine are trying to make sense of modern political developments: the Maidan revolution and the Russo-Ukrainian war. It argues that much of the historical commentary on the Ukrainian events is shaped by the essentialist understanding of both identity and history. Scrutinizing the use of evidence, references to history, and moral judgment in recent texts of historians discussing Ukraine, the author argues that attempts to find explanations for a contemporary crisis in the cultures and structures of the past are not only historically inaccurate but also much less insightful than experiments with applying only the methods of historical inquiry, removed from any teleological explanatory frameworks. Pointing to the gaps in our knowledge of Ukraine, the author also urges historians to be more circumspect and considerate when dealing with still unfolding events that affect millions of our contemporaries.

В статье обсуждается сложившаяся недавно ситуация: историки Украины выступают в качестве экспертов современной политической ситуации, анализируя революцию Евромайдана и российско-украинскую войну. Автор приходит к выводу, что большая часть комментариев историков пронизана эссенциалистским пониманием идентичности и исторического процесса. Исследуя работу со свидетельствами, обращение к историческим примерам и моральные оценки в недавних текстах историков, обсуждающих Украину, автор приходит к следующему выводу: попытки найти объяснение современному кризису в культурах и структурах прошлого не только исторически некорректны, но и мало что объясняют. Гораздо продуктивнее использование методов и моделей исторического исследования, очищенных от любых телеологических объясняющих схем. Указывая на лакуны в наших знаниях об Украине, автор также призывает историков быть более осмотрительными и тактичными, когда они пишут о разворачивающихся на наших глазах событиях, затрагивающих миллионы наших современников.
В поисках литовской Литвы: литовское национальное движение и процесс конструирования национальной территории (до 1914 г.)
Authors: СТАЛЮНАС Дарюс
Published: May 2015

The article studies the contested process of construing a new geographic image of Lithuania as a national territory (rather than a historical land) at the turn of the twentieth century. Different approaches to defining Lithuanians as a nation begot alternative visions of the boundaries of their national territory. The author distinguishes two principal aspects of this process. First, by manipulating the boundaries of historical lands, modern-day administrative units, and linguistic groups, Lithuanian national activists carved the future national territory in such a way as to secure the dominant position for ethnically defined Lithuanians. Second, they were determined to include Vilnius (which at the time has only a tiny minority of Lithuanians among its population) in the future national territory. The historical capital of the medieval and Early Modern Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilnius was seen as a symbolic link to the glorious past and vivid proof of the “historical” nature of the emerging new Lithuanian nation. There was also a political significance for claiming Vilnius as Lithuanian: the much more powerful Polish nationalism claimed the entire territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania as part of the Polish national territory, so the Lithuanianization of Vilnius was seen as a way to undermine these historical claims with very practical implications.
Что нового в Киевской Руси?
Authors: АРИСТОВ Вадим
Published: May 2015

Vadim Aristov outlines prospective directions for the study of Medieval Rus lands or, alternatively, East European Medieval history. He lists seven main objectives: deconstruction of seemingly self-evident concepts used to frame the historical narrative; critical revision of the available pool of primary sources; reflection on the analytical language of scholars; rehabilitation of the material aspect of the past currently overshadowed by textual projections; transcendence of the territorial and conceptual constraints imposed by national history; revolutionary innovation of themes and approaches to the study of the period; and last, but not least, proliferation of dialogue between different historiographic schools and traditions.
ПРОИЗВОДСТВО И РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИЯ “СВОЕГО” ПРОСТРАНСТВА БЕЛАРУСКИМ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫМ ДВИЖЕНИЕМ В НАЧАЛЕ ХХ ВЕКА
Authors: МАСТЯНИЦА Ольга
Published: May 2015

The article reconstructs spatial thinking about Belarus as a national territory in the early twentieth century. Different approaches to national mental mapping, suggesting and revising boundaries with analogous national territories of other national groups (first of all, Poles and Lithuanians), were developed within the rising nationalist movement. The author reconstructs the most influential discursive practices of Belarusian nationalism by looking into political documents as well as the few national Belarusian periodicals existing at the time, belles lettres, and educational materials. Targeting the broad Belarusian public (first of all, peasantry), these literatures collectively pursued the goal of their nationalization. Intertextual analysis allows the author to discuss the rival projects of the territorialization of Belarus (including the supranational idea of restoring the ancient Grand Duchy of Lithuania as a commonwealth of Belarusians, Lithuanians, and other nationalities); various criteria of identifying belonging to a nation, with language becoming the primary factor; and the political implications of different versions of the Belarusianization of territory.
Перспективы Изучения Истории Украины Раннего Нового Времени, или онеобходимости диалога между политической исоциокультурной историями
Authors: ОСИПЯН Александр
Published: May 2015

Alexandr Osipian surveys the state of the field of Early Modern History in Ukraine over the past quarter century. He registers important developments in themes and approaches that marked the radical departure of Ukrainian historiography from the Soviet historical canon, and maps even more spacious lacunae still awaiting exploration by historians. They include understudied territories (such as the Crimean khanate) and themes (e.g., the history of everyday life), methodological approaches (including memory studies), and biographies of personalities not included in the conventional historical canon. In Osipian’s view, the key to success is the growing integration of Ukrainian Studies into the global historiographic process and cooperation in research with colleagues from other countries.
“Удовлетворяя идеалу будущего”: дневники Екатерины Сахаровой как поиски будущего в прошлом (1905−1919)
Authors: ГЕРАСИМОВ Илья
Published: May 2015

The article introduces the publication of an archival document − extracts from the diary of Ekaterina Sakharova (1886−1963). Trained as an agronomist, after the Revolution of 1917 she worked as a secretary for various academic organizations and as a translator. Ilya Gerasimov argues that Sakharova’s diary is unique not just in its time span (the first entry dates back to 1905, and the last – to 1963) but also for its comprehensive reflection of the main stages in the evolution of the Russian intelligentsia in the early twentieth century. From 1905 to 1922, Sakharova’s worldview went through at least five major transformations – as dramatic as switching from endorsing revolutionary terrorism to taking an explicitly counterrevolutionary political stance. The diarist tried to present her latest change of heart each time as an “objective” and “predetermined” consequence of her previous experiences and thoughts, explicitly claiming that it was a final life decision and that nothing could change it in the future. Analyzing her perception of time and attitude to her social environment, Gerasimov concludes that Sakharova’s diary reveals a dynamics of individual subjectivity different from that suggested by the mainstream literature on the topic. Rather than presenting the work on her “self“ for the future, the text shows the author’s attempts to interiorize a new, recently crystallized hegemonic public discourse by rewriting herself (her emotions, values, aspirations) in the past. A new future becomes possible by revisiting her own past, and this probably holds true not only in the case of one exemplary intelligent’s personal diary.
Поиски Неиспользованных Возможностей
Authors: МАСЛИЙЧУК Владимир
Published: May 2015

Volodymyr Masliychuk acknowledges that he belongs to a “blank generation” of Ukrainian scholars: fully formed professionally after the collapse of the USSR, it benefited from the demise of rigid ideological constraints but was handicapped by the institutional collapse of the academic sphere. Besides financial and infrastructural hardships, the main disadvantage of Masliychuk’s cohort has been the disintegration of the old professional community and the failure to create a new, modernized one. A year after the Maidan revolution, the situation has not changed. Masliychuk’s answer to the absence of universally upheld professional criteria and relativization of academic standards is methodological conservatism: his self-proclaimed positivism aims at making his conclusions “bulletproof” by providing exhaustive evidence and curbing any hint of speculation. A social historian of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Masliychuk identifies several of the most promising directions of study in his field. He insists on the importance of studying Ukrainian lands within the broader imperial and European context, paying special attention to emancipation movements of different kinds and local versions of modernity.
Фрагменты дневника
Authors: САХАРОВА Екатерина
Published: May 2015

Ekaterina Sakharova (1886−1963) is primarily remembered as the first wife of the famous Russian biologist, Nikolai Vavilov (1887−1943), one of the founding fathers of genetics in Russia. Yet, Sakharova was a remarkable person herself, as can be seen in the diary that she kept, with interruptions (not making entries for some periods or destroying them), from 1905 to 1963. Fragments of this diary published in this issue of Ab Imperio present the fascinating personal evolution of Sakharova, which, as if in a mirror, reflected the main stages of the evolution of the dominant intelligentsia worldview: from revolutionarism, through a rediscovery of individualism and psychology, to progressivist reformism, the upsurge of nationalism during World War I, to frustration over the Bolshevik takeover and the outbreak of civil war. Sakharova’s diary explicates the logic behind the formation of the “statist” complex of the intelligentsia that still persists in Russia. Traditionally suspicious of the state and its institutes, sometime around 1920, the Russian intelligentsia produced a very influential discourse about the state (regardless of the political regime) as the sole guardian of Russia’s integrity and viability. This departure from almost a century-long essentially anarchist tradition of the Russian intelligentsia made the survival of the Bolshevik regime possible. In the last entry made several weeks before her death, Sakharova summarized her experience of the twentieth century – as an individual and as an exemplary intelligent, a role she consciously accepted as the author of the diary. At the end of the day, after the Soviet regime deprived the intelligentsia of its primary role – producing and debating hegemonic public discourses – the main mission of this exemplary intelligent was to be a custodian of European culture. At least, this is how Ekaterina Sakharova summarized her own experience of the twentieth century.
Исторический манифест: Введение. Костер из гуманитарных наук
Authors: ГУЛДИ Джо , АРМИТЕДЖ Дэвид
Published: May 2015

SUMMARY:
This is the Russian translation of the introduction and first chapter of The History Manifesto by Jo Guldi and David Armitage. The main focus of the book is a critique of the shortage of long-term thinking that, according to the authors, characterizes the social imagination of our time and the dominant mode of history writing. They propose the return to a longue durée history as a tool of social analysis directed toward the future. In a crisis of short-termism, Guldi and Armitage claim, our world needs somewhere to turn for information about the relationship between past and future. History – as a discipline and a subject matter – is an ideal candidate for the job, just the arbiter we need at this critical time. The introduction outlines the structure of this small book and presents the main arguments and themes of each of its four chapters.
Imagining Modern Ukraїnica
Authors: KOTENKO Anton
Published: May 2015

SUMMARY:
The author argues that, with very few exceptions, the history of Ukraine of the nineteenth century, written in any language, still largely presents a tabula rasa. Key topics remain unexplored by scholars, including the history of concepts used at the time – a sine qua non for any sustained analysis of the cultural sphere. There is no cohort of universally recognized authorities on the history of the late imperial period in Ukrainian lands that is comparable with the group of highly reputed experts on the Early Modern period, for example. The author concludes that the question posed by Mark von Hagen in his 1995 seminal article “Does Ukraine Have a History?” remains open when it comes to the nineteenth century. The twenty years of immense opportunities that have passed since 1995 seem to have been largely wasted on petty bustle and the wars over history and memorial politics.
РезюМе:
Автор статьи считает, что, за немногими исключениями, международная историография Украины периода XIX в. представляет собой пустынный степной пейзаж. Неисследованными остаются наиболее важные сюжеты, включая историю понятий, использовавшихся в то время, без чего невозможно полноценное изучение культурной сферы. Не сформировалась и когорта общепризнанных авторитетов по истории украинских земель позднеимперского периода, сравнимая, к примеру, с лидерами в области изучения раннего Нового времени. Автор приходит к выводу, что вопрос, поставленный Марком фон Хагеном в его основополагающей статье 1995 г. “Имеет ли Украина историю?”, остается открытым – по крайней мере, в отношении истории XIX в. Двадцать лет беспрецедентных возможностей, прошедших после 1995 г., кажутся растраченными зря на мелочные разбирательства и войны по поводу политики исторической памяти.
Исторический манифест: Глава 1. Взгляд назад как движение вперед:
Authors: ГУЛДИ Джо , АРМИТЕДЖ Дэвид
Published: May 2015

SUMMARY:
This is the Russian translation of the introduction and first chapter of The History Manifesto by Jo Guldi and David Armitage. The main focus of the book is a critique of the shortage of long-term thinking that, according to the authors, characterizes the social imagination of our time and the dominant mode of history writing. They propose the return to a longue durée history as a tool of social analysis directed toward the future. In a crisis of short-termism, Guldi and Armitage claim, our world needs somewhere to turn for information about the relationship between past and future. History – as a discipline and a subject matter – is an ideal candidate for the job, just the arbiter we need at this critical time.
Pепрезентации “Литвы” в культурных и политических контекстах первой половины XIX века
Authors: МЕДИШАУСКЕНЕ Зита
Published: May 2015

SUMMARY:
The article traces the process of transformation of the idea of Lithuania in the lands of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the first half of the nineteenth century. The Grand Duchy had all but disappeared within the Polish kingdom in the eighteenth century, and the partition of Poland seemed to be delivering the final blow to the medieval and early modern concept of Lithuania. Incorporated into the Russian Empire, the lands of the Grand Duchy were redistributed among new provinces in such a way that administrative borders would not coincide with historical ones. Later on, the very mention of Lithuania was prohibited in the names of provinces and titles of periodicals. And yet, precisely during this period, when even the cultural elite of the region was exclusively Polish-speaking, a radical transformation of mental mapping took place. The archaic concept of a historical region inhabited by a multiconfessional and multicultural population, “Lithuania” was reinvented as a national territory of the Lithuanian ethnic nation. This transformation proceeded over several stages, and was influenced by the rise of a Herderian linguistic understanding of the nation, a Romantic obsession with nativism, and the development of population statistics. Russian imperial anti-Polish policies helped the process of differentiation of the Lithuanian cultural elite from the former common Polish public sphere. Parallel to this, the Lithuanian lower classes were differentiated from the local Slavic population, and for the first time was imagined as belonging to the same horizontal community of solidarity as the elite – the community of culturally, historically, and territorially defined Lithuanians. The scene was set for the rise of a modern Lithuanian nationalist movement.
Staging Narcocorridos : Las Reinas Chulas’ Dissident Audio-Visual Performance
Authors: Baker Christina
Published: May 2015

The four female performers of Banda de Las Recodas (a.ka., Las Reinas Chulas) are a teatro-cabaret group based in Mexico City. Originally conceived as a theatre piece, the musical group has taken on a life of its own, becoming known for its socio-politically engagement. This paper focuses on Banda de Las Recodas’ (re)-interpretation of the narcocorrido in their song “Lo hecho en México.” Banda de Las Recodas utilizes auditory and visual performative strategies as part of a satirical critique of the role of this popular music in Mexican society as well as the government’s pervasive lack of response to the Juárez femicides. The exploration of audio-visual techniques includes the song’s accessibility on iTunes, YouTube, and its live transmission, all of which compliment and complicate the way audiences understand its meaning. Moreover, this study examines how the two modes of watching and listening to “Lo hecho en México” at once inform listener/audience interpretations of the work and emphasize the need to critically consider how cultural products are consumed.
Staging Revolution: Form and Violence in La noche de los asesinos
Authors: Beltrán Gina
Published: May 2015

Written within the first years of the Cuban revolution, José Triana’s La noche de los asesinos (1965) has traditionally been read as either a revolutionary or an antirevolutionary play. This article argues that more than its historical and political context, revolution constitutes La noche ’s form. The concept of revolution as a violent, paradigm-shattering phenomenon relates to La noche ’s shifting and unstable dramatic spaces. Triana creates a complex performative space that turns La noche into a dramaturgical exploration of revolution as violent change and transformation. Through Franz Fanon’s theoretical understanding of structural violence, this article ultimately investigates how La noche offers important insights into the experiential and emotional processes of the Cuban subject within the historical process of the revolution.
Hemispheric Travelers on the Rioplatense Stage
Authors: Acree William
Published: May 2015

In mid-July 1886 Sarah Bernhardt arrived to Buenos Aires, where she gave a limited number of functions before traveling to nearby towns and across the Río de la Plata to Montevideo. Her tour tells us about her fearlessness to brave Transatlantic travel. But beyond this quality of her character, her time in the Plata river region reveals a rich entertainment market whose performers followed a circuit including Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, and, above all, Montevideo, Buenos Aires, and smaller towns along the tributary rivers leading to the Río de la Plata. The decade of 1880 was a moment of significant growth in the number of participants in this entertainment market, but by this time it already had a history half a century deep. Beginning with Bernhardt’s tour and then working backward to uncover the widespread presence of Italian, French, and North American performers in Argentina and Uruguay, this article showcases performance circuits and hemispheric travelers who staged opera, the bizarre, and circus and equestrian spectacles, and who were especially successful in attracting crowds. The result was the emergence of an entertainment market that ignited a passion for attending the circus and the theater.
Staging the “Forgotten Genocide” in the Aftermath of the Dirty War: Una bestia en la luna by Richard Kalinoski
Authors: Strichartz Ariel
Published: May 2015

The most recent Argentine military dictatorship (1976–1983) and the Armenian Genocide (1915–1923) share legacies of state-sanctioned denial and impunity, which have left survivors and subsequent generations grappling with issues of memory and mourning. The intersection of these two collective memories in Argentina, home to a sizable Armenian population, offers a glimpse into how post-dictatorial and post-genocidal memory politics have borrowed from and shaped each other. This article examines the positive reception in Argentina of Una bestia en la luna by the U.S. playwright Richard Kalinoski. While the work treats the struggles of two survivors of the Armenian Genocide and sets its dramatic action in the U.S., Kalinoski’s use of photography to warn against the dangers of silencing memory engages non-Armenian spectators in postdictatorial Argentina.
Staging Postmemory: Self-representation and Parental Biographying in Lagartijas Tiradas al Sol’s El rumor del incendio
Authors: Ward Julie
Published: May 2015

Mexico in the 1970s was at the peak of what Vargas Llosa called its “perfect dictatorship” under the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI). This perfection, however, did not preclude resistance from student groups, militias, and peasant movements. Decades later, theatre company Lagartijas Tiradas al Sol would stage this rebellion in their documentary play El rumor del incendio (2010) and its accompanying textual and digital publications. Director and actor Luisa Pardo plays both herself and her real-life mother, Margarita, in the play. This study examines the strategies used to convey the family ties between Margarita and Pardo, which include documentary evidence, bodily relationships, and genealogical connections. It shows the way that theatrical self-representation challenges the auto/biographical genre by blurring lines between biography and autobiography, as well as redefining drama, asking spectators to consider the stage as an alternative source of historical fact.
RepresentaXión” de un muxe : la identidad performática de Lukas Avendaño
Authors: Stambaugh Antonio Prieto
Published: May 2015

Lukas Avendaño is an emerging Mexican performance artist whose recent work constitutes a queer performatic intervention of Mexican nationalistic representations, particularly that of Zapotec Tehuana women. Avendaño embodies the complex identity of muxes , or male homosexuals from the Tehuantepec Isthmus where he was born. His cross-dressing performance interweaves ritual dances with autobiographical passages and actions that involve audience members to challenge the widely-held view of a gay-friendly indigenous culture and point towards the existence of lives that negotiate pain and loneliness with self-affirming pride. The article concludes with a theoretical argument regarding the way Avendaño’s work queers the very concept of representation to suggest the possibility of representaXión , a sensual, disidentificatory, and body-based performance.
Musicalized Metatheatre: The Bolero as Intertext in Quíntuples by Luis Rafael Sánchez
Authors: Piazza Sarah
Published: May 2015

The present article analyzes the ways in which the drama Quíntuples (1984) by Puerto Rican playwright Luis Rafael Sánchez uses the bolero as an important intertext. The essay traces the parallels between the bolero as a culturally syncretistic musical genre and Quíntuples as a fusion of dramatic and narrative elements. The play’s narrative elements include the incorporation of an author figure, monologue, and metaliterary comments. This article examines how spectator and reader involvement in Quíntuples relates to the bolerista ’s affective communication with the audience. The analysis focuses on the three most ostentatiously melodramatic characters, who reveal connections to the entertainment industry and enact different characteristics of the bolero : Dafne, Mandrake, and Papá Morrison. The article ultimately explores how the characters deconstruct the act of performing, inviting readers to reflect on the nature of theater and the necessary complicity between actor and spectator, writer and reader.
Processing (Post)humanism, Mediating Desire: Technology in the Works of Three Border Playwrights
Authors: Fallon Paul
Published: May 2015

New electronic technology, such as personal video cameras, videotape players, and the internet, has increasingly sparked interest from Northern Mexican border authors across genres. In Juan Ríos’s Generación Atari , Francisco J. López´s Cibernauta: cómo vivir atrapado en la red , and Bárbara Colio’s Teoría y práctica de la muerte de una cucaracha (sin dolor) and La habitación , technological innovations play a key role in the development of the central emotional conflicts. The four dramatic works relate new technology to an increased social openness regarding more diverse expressions of sexuality, yet they also portray existing hierarchies, fraught relationships, and tragic events that signal the limits and interruptions involved in the technological mediation of desire. Rather than any wholesale condemnation or celebration of technology, these works pose human-machine relations as an open question to be shared with and pondered by the audience.
Frustración magnífica y drama puro: El teatro de Legom
Authors: Touriño Daniel Vázquez
Published: May 2015

The characters that populate the plays of Legom (Luis Enrique Gutiérrez Ortiz Monasterio) pertain to a family of literary beings who are unable to adapt to a dysfunctional society. This phenomenon links to the concept of the “pelado” featured in Cantinflas films and to the “utopia of the hunter” described by Zygmunt Bauman as a postmodern, hegemonic system that excludes and alienates. The tension between local and global is a fundamental aspect in the characters created by Legom. While the use of uniquely Mexican vulgarities establishes the “mexicanness” of his characters, their ideals and aspirations, albeit twisted and often misunderstood, are unmistakably transnational. Critics tend to use the term narraturgia to describe Legom’s dramatic production, yet closer analysis suggests that the playwright indeed strives to exclude the extra-dramatic in the creation and development of his characters.
La primera modernización teatral argentina y el surgimiento del teatro independiente
Authors: Puga Grisby Ogás
Published: May 2015

The emergence of the Independent Theatre movement was a determining factor in promoting theatrical modernization in Argentina. This study shows how Independent Theatre spurred the negation of national models and exercised a form of patricide that was much more effective than previous attempts at aesthetic and ideological rupture. The most important impetus behind modernization was Roberto Arlt, whose extraordinarily innovative work established rich intertextual dialogue with European models.
Flower of War: An Environmental History of Opium Poppy in Afghanistan
Authors: Parenti Christian
Published: May 2015

Afghanistan’s opium production has soared despite eradication efforts. This is partly due to a prolonged drought linked to climate change. But it is also due to the collapses of traditional irrigation systems and the social cohesion upon which the maintenance of those systems depend. This crisis, in turn, raises deeper questions about prevailing notions of the “natural” and the “social” as dichotomous and distinct.
Did We See It Coming?: State Fragility, Climate Vulnerability, and the Uprisings in Syria and Egypt
Authors: Werrell Caitlin E. , Femia Francesco , Sternberg Troy
Published: May 2015

This article examines how climate change, drought, environmental conditions, and natural resource management contributed to instability in Syria and Egypt leading up to the events of 2011. It further examines the Failed States Index and the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index as two popular indices and predictive tools utilized by foreign policy and security analysts, to determine how (or if) climate and natural resource variables were well-integrated into those indices prior to the Arab uprisings. The article concludes that climate events in China, Russia, and Syria in the years prior to the Arab uprisings interacted with existing water and food insecurities, as well as natural resource mismanagement, to create conditions that contributed to insecurity and unrest in the two countries. The article’s findings also show that the indices and predictive tools used by analysts to examine state fragility and the likelihood of state fragility, respectively, did not include sufficient attention to these natural resource dynamics.
Green Terror: Environmental Crime and Illicit Financing
Authors: Bergenas Johan , Knight Ariella
Published: May 2015

For decades, politicians have left the responsibility to protect the world’s natural resources to environmental organizations and aid agencies. Yet, with environmental crime on the rise and revenue filling the coffers of the world’s worst terrorist organizations and transnational criminals, governments are now responding with more resources and energy than at any other time. Novel and innovative approaches, nonetheless, are necessary in the public and private sectors, and new partnerships need to be forged to overcome this threat to conservation, sustainable development, and global security.
Analyzing Climate Uncertainty and Risk with an Integrated Assessment Model
Authors: Repetto Robert , Easton Robert
Published: May 2015

Uncertainty over the consequences of unprecedented global warming is central to environmental insecurity. Global warming threatens to exacerbate all other ecological stresses and menaces human populations and economies. Despite scientific efforts, great uncertainties still pervade crucial aspects of the climate change process and its consequences. Yet integrated assessment models widely used to analyze climate policy options, such as the Nordhaus DICE model, establish that model outputs are highly sensitive to plausible alternative parameter values. This paper further explores uncertainties by substituting probability distributions for pre-determined values of key parameters in the DICE model. It then draws randomly from these probability distributions to implement a Monte Carlo analysis of policy outcomes, generating hundreds of policy simulations. An important finding is that the sacrifice in world consumption entailed in keeping the rise in global temperatures below two degrees centigrade would likely be negligible if emitting countries cooperate in adopting efficient mitigation policies. In other words, the cost of insurance against dangerous climate change is close to zero. Thus, the result of this analysis suggests that science and economics agree on keeping climate change below a level threatening serious damage.
The Dragon as a Fisherman: China’s Distant Water Fishing Fleet and the Export of Environmental Insecurity
Authors: Carolin Christopher
Published: May 2015

China has been a coastal fishing nation known for targeting “trash fish,” which are smaller, less valuable coastal and bottom-dwelling species. Over the last thirty years, the country’s fishing activities have evolved considerably as China has grown increasingly reliant on a growing Distant Water Fishing (DWF) fleet to provide for the steadily rising domestic demand for wild-caught fish. The goal of this study is to explore the possible environmental security implications of China’s large and growing DWF fleet.
Climate Change Blowback: The Threats to Energy Security
Authors: Klare Michael T.
Published: May 2015

The role of energy in driving climate change is well understood. Far less understood, however, is the reciprocal effect of climate change on energy. Not all of these effects can be foreseen, but many are beginning to be perceptible. This essay looks at some of these perceptible effects, focusing on the relationship between climate change and the supply and demand for fossil fuels and renewable energies. The essay argues that while climate change may enhance energy production in some respects, its overall impact is likely to be negative unless far greater efforts are made to enhance the resilience of existing energy systems and shift reliance from fossil fuels to renewables.
Conflict Basins: Powderkegs to Peacepipes
Authors: Michel David , Passarelli Ricky
Published: May 2015

Many of the world’s most critical transboundary waterways are facing unprecedented economic and environmental pressures. The combined impacts of population growth, climate change, and wasteful or ineffective water management are particularly concerning in several geopolitically important areas in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, which are likely to emerge as critical nodes of regional and global security in the coming years. But as heightened competition for shared water resources raises the potential for conflict between and within countries, it is also increasing opportunities for cooperative hydro-diplomacy efforts. A thorough understanding of how the confluence of environmental and human pressures shapes the security and livelihoods of populations within these basins is key to improving cross-border collaboration and mitigating regional tensions. Conflict basin management has often involved formal efforts by governments, but newer, more informal strategies that include non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the private sector are also helping to bolster security and cooperation in some of the most complex regions of the world.
Enemy Number One for the Electric Grid: Mother Nature
Authors: Burke Sharon , Schneider Emily
Published: May 2015

Infrastructure has always been a target in a time of war, both to erode military capabilities and to bring political pressure to bear. Recent attacks on the electric grid in the United States and around the world have underscored that critical infrastructure is still very much a target today. Indeed, senior Obama administration officials have expressed concerns about the rising vulnerability of the American electric grid to cyber attacks, even as the administration has invested billions in “smart grid” technologies that have the potential to increase the vulnerability of US energy infrastructure. This article examines the risks, vulnerabilities, and threats facing the US electric grid, concluding that building resiliency to everyday threats and hazards, such as climate change and “insider” threats, will go a long way towards preventing cyber and other deliberate attacks.
America’s Forgotten Nuclear Waste Dump in the Pacific
Authors: Gerrard Michael B.
Published: May 2015

During the Cold War the United States detonated sixty-seven nuclear weapons over the atolls of Bikini and Enewetak in the Marshall Islands. In the late 1970s the United States addressed the massive amount of residual contamination by abandoning Bikini as permanently uninhabitable and pushing much of the waste at Enewetak into the open lagoon. Much of the plutonium was dumped into the crater that had been left by an atomic bomb explosion, and then covered with a thin shell of cement. The resultant “Runit dome” sits unmarked and unguarded in a small island and one day will be submerged by the rising waters of the Pacific Ocean, unless it is first torn apart by typhoons. Radiation from the Marshall Islands has already been detected in the South China Sea. Using the experience of the Marshall Islands as a case study, this article seeks to shed light on the environmental and security challenges of nuclear waste disposal in the Pacific and beyond.
Confronting Climate Change and Reframing Security
Authors: Dumaine Carol , Mintzer Irving
Published: May 2015

Scientific consensus has emerged that emissions from economically important human activities worldwide are accelerating the impacts of climate change, with profound consequences for national economies and ecosystems. In recent years, official documents of many governments have acknowledged that environmental changes present security challenges. This paper highlights some of the challenges environmental security poses for traditional security concepts. It concludes that current institutions and policy paradigms are ill-equipped to manage these challenges and explores the potential for reframing the concept of “security” in ways that help decision-makers devise pluralistic and resilient societies.
Signals, Noise, and Swans in Today’s Arctic
Authors: Zysk Katarzyna , Titley David
Published: May 2015

The Arctic is a unique maritime domain and physical environment that is changing faster than any other place on Earth. The trend of abrupt and substantial variations in ice coverage, increasing temperatures, waves and coastal erosion, and unusual weather patterns is likely to continue, given persistent emission of greenhouse gases, primarily by the world’s industrialized countries. These transformations, although non-linear, profoundly affect both weather and climate in much of the Northern Hemisphere, and spur political dynamics that force governments and organizations to form new policies toward the Arctic region. Numerous factors, including changes in energy prices, global shipping trends, environmental and governance policies all impact the trajectory and pace of Arctic development. Given Russia’s dominant position in the region, the country’s Arctic policies and relations with the outside world have a particularly strong bearing on the regional development. This article examines the “signals” (ongoing trends), the “noise” (short-term fluctuations) and the “swans” (the wild cards) in the environmental changes in the Arctic and their geopolitical implications. Considering the rate and scope of the multilayered regional transformations, this paper argues that it is best to focus on the signals and not the noise, or the short-term fluctuations, while hedging, to the best of our ability, against the wild cards.
Climate Change, Migration, and the Demand for Greater Resources: Challenges and Responses
Authors: Werz Michael , Hoffman Max
Published: May 2015

Climate change will increasingly threaten humanity’s shared interests and collective security across the globe, but particularly in the least developed countries. Faced with deteriorating conditions, humans have long turned to migration—an ancient adaptive mechanism to which humans could increasingly turn in the face of a changing climate. Cumulative effects of climate change and associated migration have serious implications for stability in nations lacking sufficient financial and human resources or good governance to adequately respond to them. Although there is a need for greater understanding of the causes of migration as well as its resulting economic and political instability, a growing body of evidence already links climate change, migration, and conflict in ways that could undermine governments and stability in key regions. Mitigating and adapting to the overlapping effects of climate change, migration, and conflict demands mobilization of resources by the international community on a scale normally reserved for issues of war and peace.