bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is Nature Motherly?
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

The 1970s and 1980s were heady decades for evolutionary biology. Creationist movements emerged in many countries, dismissing evolutionary theory in a wholesale way.2 Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould launched their theory of “punctuated equilibria” arguing against gradualism, that evolution was interspersed with periods of rapid speciation, perhaps resulting from “hopeful monsters.”3 A new discipline of sociobiology was born, proclaiming that it could account for cooperation and much of human social evolution in terms of gene selection, and asserting that we are born selfish. With environmentalists warning that through our increased industrial activities we are acting out a great tragedy that may lead to our destruction, and with the threat of nuclear war continuing, “extinction studies” emerged as a field in its own right. Catastrophe theorists argued that “a great clock in the sky is controlling our biological destiny.” They warned that a death star, named Nemesis after the ancient Greek goddess of retribution and justice, had caused the extinction of dinosaurs and will return in a few million years.4 Still others protested against what they saw as the Newtonian mechanical worldview underlying neo-Darwinian theory, which separated organisms from their environment and treated them as if they were mechanical objects acted on by selective forces in the environment. Referring to the goddess of mother earth, Gaia, they argued that the evolution of organisms and their physical environment were tightly coupled into a global adaptive control system. The scope and significance of symbiosis as a source of evolutionary innovation became associated with many of these issues.
Epidemiology of Deficiency
Authors: Sommer Alfred , West Keith P
Published: November 2023

Prevention, at the community level, seeks to improve and sustain adequate vitamin A nutriture among individuals who would otherwise be deficient, thereby blocking the morbid consequences of vitamin A deficiency. Successful prevention would reduce the extent and severity of vitamin A deficiency so as to minimize or eliminate entirely its health consequences.

A number of fundamental epidemiologic characteristics of xerophthalmia and vitamin A deficiency help to identify high-risk groups and aid in understanding its genesis. These include its magnitude and distribution by age, sex, socioeconomic status, location, and season (periodicity), and associated dietary patterns and infectious disease risk factors (addressed in Chapter 3). These characteristics provide a basis for selecting and designing appropriate intervention strategies. Effective prevention policy and action depend on a solid knowledge of occurrence of deficiency (by place, time, and person) and an understanding of its determinants (diet, morbidity [Chapters 2–3], and related factors).
Understanding Cultures through Their Key Words
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: November 2023

Wierzbicka demonstrates that every language has its “key concepts” (expressed in key words) and that these concepts reflect the core values of the culture in question. Examining empirical evidence from five languages, and using her own “natural semantic metalanguage” to provide an analytical framework, she shows that cultures can be revealingly studied, compared, and explained to outsiders through their key concepts.
Data Processing: Diffraction Patterns of 2-D Crystals
Authors: Glaeser Robert M , Downing Kenneth , DeRosier David , Chiu Wah , Frank Joachim
Published: November 2023

This chapter covers many of the practical details that are associated with digitizing electron diffraction patterns and processing the data. The subsequent use of the diffraction intensities to compute density maps is covered at length in chapter 11. Before getting started with the practical aspects of data processing, however, section 9.2 gives a general overview of how diffraction data are used in the context of electron crystallography.
Neurophysiological Phenotypic Factors in the Development of Alcoholism
Authors: Begleiter Henri , Bernice Porjesz
Published: November 2023

Alcoholism is clearly a genetically influenced disorder, but in many respects it is different from other disorders that follow a more traditional Mendelian mode of inheritance. In contrast to such disorders as cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s chorea, and sicklecell anemia, the development of alcoholism (at least in some individuals) depends on the interaction of genetically determined predisposing factors with environmentally determined precipitating factors. The search for genes is rather complicated because alcoholism is a common disorder with a number of features characteristic of complex diseases: Clinical heterogeneity. Alcoholism has a variable age of onset and can involve a number of different symptoms. Because it might develop late in life, a person’s status as an alcoholic could remain uncertain for a long period of time.
Linkage Analysis in the Study of the Genetics of Alcoholism
Authors: Wilson Alexander F , Elston Robert C
Published: November 2023

If genetic components are involved in the etiology of alcoholism, it will be necessary to determine where these components reside in the human genome. Given that the human haploid genome contains about 3 billion base pairs and that a gene may span as few as 1000 bases, the mapping of a gene for alcoholism to a specific region in the genome resembles the proverbial search for a needle in a haystack. Linkage analysis is a statistical method of determining the location of genes that underlie a disease or trait phenotype relative to marker loci with known chromosomal locations. Linkage analysis can be used to determine, to within a few million base pairs, the approximate physical location of genetic components that may be involved in the etiology of alcoholism.
Authority and Sexuality in Early Modern Burgundy (1550-1730)
Authors: Farr James R
Published: November 2023

A sociocultural analysis of the relationships among law, religion, and sexual morality in Burgundy during the Catholic Reformation, this book is divided into two, interrelated parts: the world of prescription and the world of practice. The first part examines the construction of authority, focusing primarily upon Burgundy’s dominant elite legal community. The second part of the book examines the deployment of authority, and its appropriation by French men and women. The new moral order focused on sexuality and the imposition of this order involved a legal contest over the disposition of bodies, both male and female, be they priests, courting couples, victims of seduction or rape, or prostitutes. James Farr’s book offers an unusually fertile approach to study the link between sexuality and criminality.
Myth and Ritual: Hero Worship in Greece and the Origins of the Theseus Myth
Authors: Walker Henry J
Published: November 2023

After the fall of the Mycenaean kingdoms, the Greek world went through the long period of relative poverty and obscurity known as the Dark Ages, out of which the Greek republics emerged in the eighth century. Surprisingly enough, these republics made no attempt to repress their monarchist past. On the contrary, they guarded the memory of their legendary kings as a precious heritage, and most of the literary works produced in these republics celebrated the great achievements of these kings, whom they referred to as heroes.
Theseus at Colonus
Authors: Walker Henry J
Published: November 2023

Theseus plays a major role in Sophocles’ Oedipus at Co/onus, and to some extent this play could almost be seen as a response to Euripides’ Suppliant Women. Sophocles is, of course, a very different person from Euripides, and a suppliant play written at the end of the Peloponnesian War will naturally be very different from one written at its beginning. In Sophocles’ play there is no conflict between Theseus the adventurer and Theseus the re former, between Theseus the king and Theseus the democrat.
Correlational Learning
Authors: Valiant Leslie G
Published: November 2023

Humans appear to have an aptitude for noticing pairs of attributes that occur together with above average odds. We can easily identify acquaintances who are frequently late or streets that are often busy. In performing this task some attentional mechanism appears to mediate. It allows us to spot correlations only between those pairs of attributes that we have some reason to have noticed.
Reasoning
Authors: Valiant Leslie G
Published: November 2023

Adaptability and flexibility are traits that are particularly associated with humans, who can often react to situations not previously experienced with inexplicable speed and competence. These traits have proved particularly difficult to emulate in machines. There have been many attempts to endow computers with large amounts of knowledge, but for large systems the result is usually brittle. The systems do not work competently in situations not foreseen by the programmer. This failure contrasts with the often impressive performance even of certain nonhuman species. The following experiment has been reported (D. Premack 1983): Two widely separated deep containers in a room or field are pointed out to a chimpanzee. An apple is then placed in one and a banana in the other before the animal is temporarily removed from the scene. The animal is then brought back, at which time it sees the experimenter eat a fruit, either an apple or a banana. Does the chimpanzee behave sensibly by moving toward the bin containing the remaining fruit? The answer reported is yes. Performance on this task was found to be comparable to four and a half year old humans.
More Detailed Neural Models
Authors: Valiant Leslie G
Published: November 2023

In previous sections we described a number of algorithms for solving our various idealizations of simple cognitive tasks. The algorithms were all vicinal in the sense that whenever two nodes wished to communicate in some manner either they had a common neighbor and the necessary communication could be realized through that node, or there was none, but this mattered little since the replication of nodes having the same intended function ensured that a sufficient fraction of the parallel attempts at communication succeeded.
Afterword
Authors: Valiant Leslie G
Published: November 2023

Speculation about the nature of the mind is an enduring human preoccupation. For this reason it may be presumptuous for any one generation to believe that it can add significantly to all that has been said by its predecessors. Nevertheless, intellectual opportunities may arise from time to time that offer hope of progress even on this question.
Food Allergies
Authors: Janowitz Henry D
Published: November 2023

The intestinal symptoms that arise from food allergies and intolerances and those that arise from disorders of the intestinal tract often overlap. Their differences become blurred at times. It seems appropriate, therefore, to discuss this area now to provide the reader with some guidelines for sorting out the differences and seeking the appropriate medical help.
Intestinal Repercussions of Other Diseases
Authors: Janowitz Henry D
Published: November 2023

You must not assume that because your intestine is upset, the cause must be solely in the intestine itself. The intestine often responds to disturbances from other areas of the body. It is these intestinal repercussions I want to discuss now.
Medicines and the Gut
Authors: Janowitz Henry D
Published: November 2023

Remember that every pill we take by mouth must pass out of the stomach and enter the small intestine for it to be absorbed into the system. Some drugs need to reach the colon to exert their effect. These include the anti-inflammatory drug salazopyrine and its active component 5-aminosalicylic acid.
Intestinal Gas
Authors: Janowitz Henry D
Published: November 2023

We all seem to know what it is. We complain of belching and burping; we feel bloated and distended; we are embarrassed by passing gas through the rectum. There is an old, four-letter AngloSaxon word for this; more politely, we pass or break “wind.” Our doctors use the more neutral word “flatulence” to describe this condition.
Sexually Transmitted Bowel Diseases (STBD)
Authors: Janowitz Henry D
Published: November 2023

A book devoted to information for the general public regarding bowel disorders would, in my opinion, be deficient if even a brief discussion of the subject of sexually transmitted bowel diseases (STBD) were omitted. I should emphasize that this section is not centered around the widely popularized and disturbing disease of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The increased sexual freedom of the last decades, however, has led to an increase in the usual STBDs and has been associated with the appearance of AIDS. Among homosexual men and some heterosexual couples, the rectum is a sexual organ, and this allows for the local transmission of a large number of viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Breaks in the fragile lining of the rectum permit the transfer of an infection by such organisms. The wider sexual contact involving rectum, mouth, and hands allows also for the transmission of organisms that normally live in the intestinal tract-Shigella and Salmonella, for example, which are more frequently derived from eating and drink.
The Theoretical Dimensions of Aspect
Authors: Nuckolls Janis B
Published: November 2023

The grammatical category aspect concerns the ways in which abstract temporal concepts such as ongoingness or completion are encoded within an utterance. Such a minimal definition, however, suggests little of the deeper issues that have emerged in discussions of aspect grammar. It is sometimes difficult, for example, to isolate the temporal dimensions of an action’ s unfolding from the spatial frame in which that un folding takes place. The sentence “He walked around the block” is aspectually perfective because the phrase “around the block” gives the action a definite spatial1 and therefore temporal closure.
Sound-Symbolic Contrasts of Sensible Experience
Authors: Nuckolls Janis B
Published: November 2023

Although sound-symbolic adverbs form a distinctive word class, they share certain semantic characteristics with the rest of the lexicon. One such characteristic is their ability to pattern in oppositional relationships. This chapter describes twelve sound symbolic adverbs that are semantically related by their contrast. These twelve adverbs pair into six sets of contrasts. Sa and dzawn describe an opposition between an internally complex action or event which is centrifugally oriented (moving away from a center) versus one that is centripetally oriented (moving toward a center.) ‘ Tam and toa describe an opposition between a complete, 360-degree angle turn around, and a 180-degree turn, which is typically upside down as well.
“Rotating” Porgy and Bess
Authors: Shirley Wayne D
Published: November 2023

Since 1969 the George and Ira Gershwin Collection in the Music Division of the Library of Congress has contained, among its sketches for Porgy and Bess, a set of four leaves, in Gershwin’s hand, which show the Porgy motive in four distinct forms. The leaves, each written on one side only, are labeled A, B, C, and D. (These leaves, and the music on them, will be referred to in italics A,B,C, D-to differentiate them from other As, Bs, Cs, and Ds in this essay.) Leaf D contains, besides its version of the motive, the cabalistic symbol
Musings on “Nice Gershwin Tunes;” Form, and Harmony in the Concert Music of Gershwin
Authors: Starr Larry
Published: November 2023

Since the day he first set pen to music paper to compose a “concert” work, George Gershwin-that gifted and supposedly naive Tin Pan Alley tunesmith-has been a suspect figure in the world of “serious” music. Praise for Gershwin’s melodic gift and rhythmic imagination, those characteristics that are so evident in his “pop” tunes and contributed so much to his success as a tunesmith, has always been lavish. But from the first reviews of Rhapsody in Blue through the early criticism of Porgy and Bess and up to the present day, connoisseurs and sophisticates, authorities and would-be authorities on Gershwin have claimed that he simply lacked the technique to construct convincing large-scale works. Critics have claimed that the Rhapsody, the Piano Concerto, An American in Paris, and even Porgy succeed, to some limited extent, virtually in spite of themselves-not because of their ambitious dimensions and “higher” aspirations but because Gershwin’s talents as a tunesmith are abundantly evident in them. After reading such criticism, one can only conclude that enjoying Gershwin requires the lowering of one’s sights.
Gershwin on the Cover of Rolling Stone
Authors: Richardson Susan
Published: November 2023

Scholarly studies and especially biographies of George Gershwin have been wide-ranging in content and, because of the continuing success of such works as Rhapsody in Blue and Porgy and Bess, have appeared rather consistently since his death. But surprisingly little attention has been paid to his position as a popular music figure per se. Yet Gershwin was exactly that: a new kind of popular musician. He bridged “serious” and popular music and found himself squarely within the complexities of the emerging twentiethcentury music business. Moreover, he was a cultural figure who transcended specifically music circles and was “famous” in society at large.
George Gershwin’s Piano Rollography
Authors: Montgomery Michael
Published: November 2023

A “rollography” is an annotated and classified list of an artist’s piano roll recordings. George Gershwin’s piano rollography, which follows, lists the 140 (perhaps 141) known piano rolls he recorded, according to roll label credits.
Ed Martinez
Authors: Freeman John M , Mcdonnell Kevin
Published: November 2023

“Mrs. Martinez, . . . Marta,” you call out as you walk into the waiting room outside the operating suite. Marta Martinez, sitting in the far comer of the room waiting for her husband to come out of surgery, looks up from her magazine. “We have to talk. Let’s go to the conference room across the hall.” Marta Martinez is in her mid-50s, a nurse’s aid at Community Hospital. You have known Marta and Eduardo for years in their various jobs in the hospital and around town. Ed put the roof on your lake cottage two or three years ago. This is not going to be an easy discussion.
Christie
Authors: Freeman John M , Mcdonnell Kevin
Published: November 2023

You are the chief resident in pediatrics at University Hospital. It is 9 P.M. and you are just signing out when the call comes. An obstetrician from Suburban Hospital is on the line. She has just attended the birth of a baby girl with spina bifida. The family practice residents are working with the baby now, but there is no crisis. The child did not need resuscitation in the delivery room. When can the child be transferred to University? You agree to take the child first thing in the morning and sign out for the night.
1916–1917
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

As the war became standard news and thus less of an all-absorbing interest, and as prosperity bred from supplying belligerents and from the expansion of America’s own tentative efforts at preparedness, ticket sales picked up. Still, as late as October 21, the Dramatic Mirror ran a headline noting “Many Plays but Slim Audiences.” If the season brought forth virtually nothing that would later be deemed a theatrical classic, it was rich in superb entertainments. Playgoers could ask for little more.
1924–1925
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

The roaring twenties roared on. And the theatre flourished and prospered along with so much else in American society. According to Variety, first-class houses introduced a record 228 attractions, 162 of which were new dramas or comedies. Other surveys offered slightly different figures, but all attested to the indisputable vigor of the American stage, especially in New York. Moreover, in his latest Best Plays Burns Mantle pointed with pride to the fact that he did not have to consider importations to fill out his list of ten top entries-for the first time in the series all ten were native works. Of course, some problems did arise. A new form of competition was emerging-radio. William Brady, a professional alarmist, who a decade earlier had bewailed the growing menace of films, now cried out hat the new medium “threatens the very existence of the drama in this country.” In fact, since October of 1922 WGY had been broadcasting more or less uncut versions of recent Broadway hits. A few astute producers, Arthur Hammerstein among them, had begun to advertise their offerings on radio and reported good results. Out-of-work players found a fresh source of income. So clearly, radio was not all bad. It would be a different matter if someone could combine radio’s sightless sounds and film’s soundless scenes. Any number of people were attempting just that and a few years down the road would accomplish the task.
1926–1927
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

Burns Mantle, waxing increasingly Cassandraic with the passing years, bemoaned that the 1926-27 season “was one of comparatively few successes and several rather conspicuous failures.” Admittedly, some of those failures, at least by his lights, were the failure of the play jury system, the failure in the battle against ticket speculators, and the failure of producers of a few so-called dirt shows to avoid fines and jail terms. Still, he also listed “the expected failure” of 70 percent of the shows produced, including the 163 new straight plays plus a handful of “revivals and what not.” The more businesslike Variety reported a higher toll of paybacks, since a number of plays that flopped on Broadway enjoyed subsequent success on the road. Moreover, the trade sheet counted 188 new plays and 26 revivals and return engagements, albeit it failed to note how many of the revivals were not straight plays.Only one play opened in late June, Douglas Murray’s The Man from Toronto (6-17-26, Selwyn). It was not a new play, since Henry Miller and Ruth Chatterton had starred in it when it was done as Perkins in October of 1918 and had failed after twenty-three performances. A London revival prompted this New York rehearing with a far less distinguished cast. Once more Broadway said no, even if the revival ran five performances more than the original.
1927–1928
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

Broadway peaked in 1927-28. Whether one accepts Variety’s figure of 264 entertainments or Burns Mantle’s of 270, no season before or since has brought forth so many productions. True, a jump in the number of musicals and revivals helped push up the figure, while the count of new straight plays slipped a notch or two. Still, the trade sheet recorded 183 new comedies and dramas. Even more so than in the preceding season, they were packed in tightly. The early summer months were a washout, and in the spring the season collapsed more strikingly than the year before. For all that, it was a great season, probably the greatest. Among its musical delights were Good News, My Maryland, Manhattan Mary, The 5 O’Clock Girl, Funny Face, A Connecticut Yankee, The Three Musketeers, Blackbirds of 1928, Rosalie, and, best of all, Show Boat. The high percentage of straight plays still revived now and then, or remembered glowingly, will become evident as the season progresses.
1928–1929
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

The seasons of 1928-29 and 1929-30 constitute an epilogue to the great years that Broadway enjoyed, or should have, from the end of World War I until the waning months of 1927-28. Broadway would never again be as lively, generous, diversified, or insistently exciting. With a few small exceptions, from 1928-29 onward each year saw a discernible drop not only in the total number of productions but in the number of new plays offered as well. The arrival of sound films unquestionably took a serious toll, and the stock market crash of October 1929 with the ensuing Depression aggravated matters. Some of Broadway’s best talents and a far larger group of lesser, but heretofore dependable, figures deserted live theatre, most of them permanently. Even some of the great figures who remained did so because they were deemed unphotogenic or could not adapt to Hollywood’s often different methods. Looking back, modern theatregoers would be grateful for any season whose successes ranged from the raucous comedy of The Front Page to the gripping drama of Street Scene, yet the often Cassandraic Burns Mantle spoke for many when he rued, “The legitimate theatre came a cropper this last season. I am without record of the number of times the report has been sent out from New York that ... the season of 1928-29 was, in very fact, the worst theatre season the Broadway stage has suffered within the memory of living playgoers.” In its annual summation the Times concurred, observing that the theatrical session had been “lamented up and down Broadway as the worst in many years.”
1933-1934
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

Cautious optimism was the note of the hour. A singularly dreary summer prompted Broadway’s incorrigible gaggle of keeners to wail that the theatre clearly was in its death throes. Then, in mid-September a spate of hits chased away the doom-criers. Business, too, began to look up however hesitantly. Although the happy pace of late September and early October was not maintained, by season’s end the record of new plays had not slipped further (Variety’s count was again 124), the proportion of flops had dropped slightly, and optimists sidled back into the driver’s seat.
1934-1935
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

The new season, described in one end-of-year survey as “neither good nor bad,” saw the number of productions hold relatively steady for the third time in a row. Once again, depending on which survey was employed, somewhere between 101 and 110 new plays premiered. This led optimists to suggest that Broadway’s decline had ceased. Alas, the optimists were wrong. In the very next season, the plunge would resume and continue headlong until, down the road, some seasons would introduce fewer than thirty non-musical productions. The doleful state of the road should have hinted at problems ahead. Week after week Variety reported touring houses converting to films or simply closing, and plays folding out of town for lack of trade.
1941-1942
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

In the new season the count of novelties, which had been declining steadily for so many years, took a hopeful upward leap. Variety counted fifty-eight; the Times, fifty-seven. Of course, that was a far cry from the threedigit figures common in the twenties. The rising figure aside, the news was not good. Considerably fewer shows ran 100 performances or more-still a rule-ofthe-thumb indication of success. Worse, there was no gainsaying that quality plummeted. No outstanding serious drama emerged, the season’s hits consisting almost entirely of frothy comedies and thrillers. For the firstbut not the last-time, no play was considered worthy of a Pulitzer Prize or a New York Drama Critics Circle Award.
1942-1943
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

Wartime brought problems and prosperity to Broadway. To save fuel, a dim-out was ordered. Marquees were left largely unlit, but while this lessened a certain sense of excitement and glamor, it did not hurt business. In fact, more plays ran beyond the benchmark 100- performance line, and even failures generally lasted.
1954-1955
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

Although the slump in the number of novelties offered to Broadway resumed-most sources this season agree-ing on a count of thirty-four—the news was not entirely gloomy. Despite the drop, no fewer than fifteen comedies and dramas traipsed beyond the once charmed 100- performance mark. That the charm had long since lost its potency was attested to by the fact that only nine of these wound up as commercial successes—repaying their original investments. More happily, the season was constantly and, in one way, surprisingly interesting. The surprise was the marked return to “good old fashioned theatre, toward rousing second acts, toward stately, plump Recognition Scenes.” Added to this was the on going “great resurgence” of Off Broadway.
1960-1961
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

It was n’t the best of seasons. “Depressing” and “bleak” were words that cropped up in assessments at the season’s end. The number of new plays continued to slide, and whether one accepted Variety’s figure of thirtythree or the Times’s twenty-nine, it represented the lowest total in living memory. Morever, so much of what was good in the season came from overseas. Apart from the first American appearance of Japan’s Grand Kabuki, which began a three-week stand at the City Center on June 2 and delighted critics with its exotically stylized presentations, the hot-weather months were unproductive. The City Center itself helped rekindle matters when it brought back the French pantomimist Marcel Marceau on September 6. He, too, was given a three-week engagement.
The History of Jazz
Authors: Gioia Ted
Published: November 2023

Jazz is the most colourful and varied art form in the world and it was born in one of the most colourful and varied cities, New Orleans. From the seed first planted by slave dances held in Congo Square and nurtured by early ensembles led by Buddy Bolden and Joe ‘King’ Oliver, jazz began its long winding odyssey across America and around the world, giving flower to a thousand different forms -- swing, bebop, cool jazz, jazz-rock fusion -- and a thousand great musicians. Now, in The History of Jazz, Ted Gioia tells the story of this music as it has never been told before, in a book that brilliantly portrays the legendary jazz players, the breakthrough styles, and the world in which it evolved. Here are the giants of jazz and the great moments of jazz history -- Jelly Roll Morton (`the world’s greatest hot tune writer’), Louis Armstrong (whose O-Keh recordings of the mid-1920s still stand as the most significant body of work that jazz has produced), Duke Ellington at the Cotton Club, cool jazz greats such as Gerry Mulligan, Stan Getz, and Lester Young, Charlie Parker’s surgical precision of attack, Miles Davis’s 1955 performance at the Newport Jazz Festival, Ornette Coleman’s experiments with atonality, Pat Metheny’s visionary extension of jazz-rock fusion, the contemporary sounds of Wynton Marsalis, and the post-modernists of the Knitting Factory. Gioia provides the reader with lively portraits of these and many other great musicians, intertwined with vibrant commentary on the music they created. Gioia also evokes the many worlds of jazz, taking the reader to the swamp lands of the Mississippi Delta, the bawdy houses of New Orleans, the rent parties of Harlem, the speakeasies of Chicago during the Jazz Age, the after hours spots of corrupt Kansas city, the Cotton Club, the Savoy, and the other locales where the history of jazz was made. And as he traces the spread of this protean form, Gioia provides much insight into the social context in which the music was born. He shows for instance how the development of technology helped promote the growth of jazz -- how ragtime blossomed hand-in-hand with the spread of parlor and player pianos, and how jazz rode the growing popularity of the record industry in the 1920s. We also discover how bebop grew out of the racial unrest of the 1940s and ‘50s, when black players, no longer content with being ‘entertainers’, wanted to be recognized as practitioners of a serious musical form. Jazz is a chameleon art, delighting us with the ease and rapidity with which it changes colors. Now, in Ted Gioia’s The History of Jazz, we have at last a book that captures all these colors on one glorious palate. Knowledgeable, vibrant, and comprehensive, it is among the small group of books that can truly be called classics of jazz literature.
Introduction
Authors: Bauer Brigitte L M
Published: November 2023

Many have deplored the loss of Latin, which they considered the epitome of a concise, systematic, and even elegant language. In the past, poets as well as linguists have identified the linguistic system of Latin with the civilization it carried: the language of Rome reflected, it was thought, the elegance and refinement of its civilization. These epithets did not apply, of course, to modern times, nor to their languages. Even in recent history we find examples of the prestige attributed to inflected languages. For Schleicher, for instance, according to whom language was to be considered a living organism, Latin as well as the Ursprache reflected maturity in its full bloom, whereas the Romance development was only the decay and decomposition of a living organism (1873; Robins 1979:181 et seq.). And even in this century Marr, the official linguist of the former Soviet Union, classified the inflected languages as being the most evolved; isolating languages on the other hand were considered primitive and therefore occupied a low place in the linguistic hierarchy. The political reasons were clear as well as the motives that pushed the Soviets to change their official linguistic judgment when the communists came to power in China: Chinese is an isolating language (see Lehmann 1993:38). The aim of the present study is not to bewail the loss of Latin nor to praise Russian inflection. Its aim is to analyze and identify the nature of the development the structures of Latin underwent and to understand the advantage of the new structural organization. Therefore, this study has two parts: first I will examine in detail the ordering of the Latin grammatical sequences and the reorganization they underwent.
Diachronic Analysis: The Noun Phrase
Authors: Bauer Brigitte L M
Published: November 2023

In order to account consistently for the underlying regularity of Latin syntactic and morphological structures and their evolution, I will carry out an analysis in terms of branching. Systematic diachronic analysis of word order patterns is not new, of course. (See Lehmann [1971 et seq.] and Adams [1977a], who deals with typological word order patterns in Latin.) In the preceding chapter I therefore indicated in what respect the branching analysis is different from earlier systematic analyses of word order. I elaborated this approach and its relation to typology and other phrase structure analyses and attempted to give an independently motivated definition of head. With this definition it is possible to determine the branching of every grammatical structure. In the following chapters I analyze the linear organization of grammatical structures of Latin and their development. I show with this analysis that the syntactic and morphological structures of Latin shifted from left to right branching. Since the analysis in terms of branching is based on the principle that every unit or phrase has its own head, I will proceed by individual phrases. For each phrase I first determine the original unmarked place of the head and then trace its development. Moreover, the analysis of morphological units is integrated into the discussion of syntactic phrases because the underlying principle of organization is identical in both types of entities. My diachronic analysis of grammatical structures is treated in three chapters. In the first, I discuss the nominal phrase, where the noun can be combined with a genitival complement (section 3.1), an adjective (section 3.2), and a determiner (section 3.3).
Expressing Antibodies in Escherichia coli
Authors: Ge Liming , Knappik Achim , Pack Peter , Freund Christian , Pluckthun Andreas
Published: November 2023

There are many reasons why researchers may wish to work with recombinant antibodies: for answering basic questions of protein architecture, specific binding and protein folding, for applying the modified antibodies in biology and biotechnology (ranging from biosensors to affinity chromatography), or for use in medicine. At the beginning of each project there is the problem of producing the protein in sufficient quantities. This problem will still be encountered, even if the antibody is first selected from a phage library. This chapter will summarize methodology for cloning, expression, purification, and detection of recombinant antibodies, using Escherichia coli, the most familiar host in biochemical laboratories.
Robert Schumann
Authors: Daverio John
Published: November 2023

Forced by a hand injury to abandon a career as a pianist, Robert Schumann went on to become one of the world’s great composers. Among many works, his Spring Symphony (1841), Piano Concerto in A Minor (1841/1845), and the Third, or Rhenish, Symphony (1850) exemplify his infusion of classical forms with intense, personal emotion. His musical influence continues today and has inspired many other famous composers in the century since his death. Indeed Brahms, in a letter of January 1873, wrote: ‘The remembrance of Schumann is sacred to me. I will always take this noble pure artist as my model’. Now, in Robert Schumann: Herald of a ‘New Poetic Age’, John Daverio presents the first comprehensive study of the composer’s life and works to appear in nearly a century. Long regarded as a quintessentially romantic figure, Schumann also has been portrayed as a profoundly tragic one: a composer who began his career as a genius and ended it as a mere talent. Daverio takes issue with this Schumann myth, arguing instead that the composer’s entire creative life was guided by the desire to imbue music with the intellectual substance of literature. A close analysis of the interdependence among Schumann’s activities as reader, diarist, critic, and musician reveals the depth of his literary sensibility. Drawing on documents only recently brought to light, the author also provides a fresh outlook on the relationship between Schumann’s mental illness - which brought on an extended sanitarium stay and eventual death in 1856 - and his musical creativity. Schumann’s character as man and artist thus emerges in all its complexity. The book concludes with an analysis of the late works and a postlude on Schumann’s influence on successors from Brahms to Berg. This well-researched study of Schumann interprets the composer’s creative legacy in the context of his life and times, combining nineteenth-century cultural and intellectual history with a fascinating analysis of the works themselves.
Musical Love Letters in the Higher and Smaller Forms
Authors: Daverio John
Published: November 2023

Art and life are perhaps more closely interwoven in Schumann’s music than in that of any other composer of the nineteenth century. Nowhere is this phenomenon better represented than in his piano music of the middle and later 1830s, much of it bound up with the young woman with whom he fell passionately and irrevocably in love during the latter half of 1835: Clara Wieck. As he put it to his old counterpoint teacher, Heinrich Dorn, in a letter of 5 September 1839: “Certainly much in my music embodies, and indeed can only be understood against the background of the battles that Clara cost me. She was practically the sole motivation for the Concert [sans Orchestre, op. 14], the Sonata [op. 11], the Davidsbundlertiinze, Kreisleriana, and the Novelletten.” 1 The Kinderscenen, op. 15, and Fantasie, op. 17, belong in the same list. So too does a little piece in A major composed in December 1838 while Schumann was unsuccessfully attempting to gain a professional footing in Vienna. A nocturne in A major eventually published as the lead item in Bunte Blatter, op. 99, it was dedicated wishfully “To my beloved bride.”
The Symphonic Year: 1841
Authors: Daverio John
Published: November 2023

On 11 December 1839, Schumann dispatched to his future wife a breathless account of a reading of Schubert’s “Great” C-major Symphony he had heard just that day at the Leipzig Gewandhaus:

Clara, today I was in seventh heaven. A symphony of Franz Schubert [the “Great” C-major) was played in the rehearsal [of the Gewandhaus orchestra]. It’s beyond description; the instruments are made to sound like human voices-ingenious beyond measure-and this instrumentation despite Beethoven-and this length, this heavenly length like a novel in four volumes, longer than [Beethoven’s] Ninth Symphony. I was totally happy, and wished only that you should be my wife and that I also could write such symphonies.
Tense And Aspect From Semantics to Morphosyntax
Authors: Giorgi Alessandra , Pianesi Fabio
Published: November 2023

This book examines the interactions between the morphosyntax and the semantic interpretation of tense and aspectual forms in the Germanic and Romance languages. These languages diverge not only in their variety of tense and aspectual forms, but also in the distribution and interpretation of given forms. Adopting Noam Chomsky's minimalist framework, AG and FP attempt to provide theoretical explanations for the observed patterns of form and meaning which link the morphosyntactic properties of languages in both universal and language-particular constraints on interpretation.
On the Italian, Latin, and Portuguese Temporal Systems
Authors: Giorgi Alessandra , Pianesi Fabio
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we compare the morphosyntactic systems of tense in Italian with that of (classical) Latin, and then we further extend our analysis to Portuguese. The reason for this choice of languages is due to the consideration that Latin on the one hand and Italian and Portuguese on the other are strictly related for historical reasons, although superficially they are very different. A major point of investigation is constituted by the fact that Italian uses auxiliaries to obtain complex verbal forms, whereas this seems not to be the (classical) Latin, at least in the active voice. We will show, however, that the main difference between Latin and Italian, and to a certain extent Portuguese, does not lie in the presence or absence of auxiliaries, but rather in a divergent feature specification of the temporal morphemes in the two languages. We will show that, in spite of the differences, the same theoretical apparatus which accounts for Italian can be adopted for Latin; the temporal systems of the two languages, in fact, instantiate similar temporal values by means of items that exhibit different morphological properties. According to the hypothesis sketched in the first chapter, in fact, languages vary morphosyntactically. The inventory of features contained in the adult grammar and the way in which they are organised into categories—that is, the syncretic and hybrid realisations—differ from language to language. We will show that the main property which distinguish Latin and Italian in the domain considered here consists in a different categorial specification of the temporal items—that is, in a difference in the association of the temporal morphemes with the features determining the categorial status. Independent evidence in favour of our ideas will be provided by our analysis of the (European) Portuguese temporal system. We will show that Portuguese exhibits intermediate properties with respect to Italian on the one hand and Latin on the other.
The Economics of Music Study
Authors: Machover Wilma , Uszler Marienne
Published: November 2023

As you consider, the economks of musk study, a prime question will be whether to choose the teacher or the instrument first. In our estimation, it is better to know the instrument your child wants to study, but to wait for the actual purchase or rental until you have selected a teacher. The teacher will then be able to give you valuable opinions about instrument makers, sources for purchase, rental, maintenance, and a variety of other options that are unique to your location. Once you have selected a teacher, you will need to make decisions about the instrument. Will you rent or purchase? Will you choose a brand name? And what of hidden costs?

The budgets listed in this chapter include most items you will need to consider. The cost of an instrument and lessons themselves will be your biggest expenses. The specific price of each item has been left blank for you to fill in after you do some calling and shopping. We will go over each item, describing choices, but not exact figures because fluctuation in the economic climate as well as regional differences will affect each item on the budget.
The Child with Special Needs
Authors: Machover Wilma , Uszler Marienne
Published: November 2023

If you have a chHd wilh special needs, you are busy coping with many adjustments to help him get through an ordinary day. You are probably meeting with medical and educational experts, who provide opinions and assistance that aid you in understanding your child’s needs and challenges. None of these specialists, nor you yourself, are likely to give much thought to how music might contribute to your child’s happiness and growth. Music is often regarded as an extra and, for children with special needs, an extra that may seem to be only remotely useful. It is important to remember that all children respond to music and enjoy taking part in activities that include it. A child with special needs is no different.

As you consider whether, and how, music may play a role in your child’s life, keep in mind that, although some general recommendations are possible (and that is about the limit of what we offer in this chapter) the real focus must be on the needs of your own child. Her age, the home environment, and her specific physical and mental abilities determine what will be possible and useful for her as an individual. The variety of disabilities, and the complex way in which these are identified and dealt with, is as impressive as it is bewildering. Challenges faced by a child with Down syndrome are not those confronted by one with dyslexia. A child with hearing impairment trusts the use of different senses than a child who is blind. Here, more than anywhere, a child must be seen as unique. The course of action taken to aid each child is indeed a special education.
Category Theory as a Conceptual Tool in the Study of Cognition
Authors: Magnan François , Reyes Gonzalo E
Published: November 2023

The aim of this paper is to introduce category theory as a conceptual tool in the study of cognition. We believe that category theory has several advantages over set theory as a guide in analyzing and conceptualizing basic intentional abilities of the human mind such as the abilities to refer, to count and to learn.

We illustrate consideration (1) with an example. We all know from high school that some quantities are scalars (temperature, pressure), whereas others are vectors (velocity, force).The latter have not only magnitude but direction. As physics developed, the need for a generalized notion of vector was felt and the question arose how one should define such a notion. The answer turned out to be both deep and simple: a generalized vector is an element of a vector space, i.e., of an algebraic structure satisfying some simple laws. Thus, we do not over-deter mine a generalized vector by defining it as a kind of “super-arrow” with more directions and further angles (including possibly solid ones) and satisfying complicated conditions which generalize those of high school vectors. Using an Aristotelian term, we could say that the essence of a vector is its belonging to a vector space.
Referential Structure of Fictional Texts
Authors: Reyes Marie La Palme
Published: November 2023

The commonplace observation that motivated this work is that we can understand narrative fictional texts, although to do so we are forced, as in fairy tales and fables, for instance, to allow for a wide variety of possibilities that seem to contradict our system of background beliefs. But if this is so, how can we understand fictional texts? I do not confront this question directly, but remark that certain aspects of our understanding of fiction are quite systematic and, in fact, may be formulated in the systematic way that we call logic or, more precisely, logic of fictional texts. This logic will be partly “unveiled” through an analysis of reference, that is, an analysis of the relation between words and their reference. As we will see, the analysis of this relation will permit us to deal in a new way with the well-known problems of existence, possibility and identity which lie at the heart of the fictional phenomenon.