bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ЭНЕРГОИНФОРМбиИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: ПЕТРАКОВ А.В. , Баранов Н.Н.
Published: March 2020

Публикация предназначена широкому кругу читателей - для более глубокого ознакомления с направлениями и возможностями практического использования электромагнитных полей различных диапазонов длин волн, которые человек напрямую не воспринимает, и на которые не реагируют его органы чувств.
ДОРОГОЙ КОЛЛЕКТОР ДЛЯ БЕСПЛАТНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: ВАСИЛЬЕВ Сергей
Published: March 2020

Для Европы, Америки и других регионов гелиоустановки на основе солнечных коллекторов (СК) - привычное дело. В некоторых странах их можно увидеть практически на каждой крыше. В России же СК малоизвестны и пока не получили широкого распространения. Между тем специалисты убеждены, что применение СК целесообразно для климатических условий большинства регионов нашей страны. Пользоваться бесплатной энергией солнца - весьма заманчивая перспектива. Однако вокруг солнечных коллекторов немало дискуссионных вопросов. Какова должна быть конструкция СК Под каким углом к светилу его разместить В каких ситуациях целесообразно использовать И, пожалуй, главный вопрос: можем ли мы, жители северной страны, вообще рассчитывать на какой-то ощутимый эффект от такого устройства
ВОЗОБНОВЛЯЕМАЯ ЭНЕРГИЯ ДОЛЖНА СТАТЬ ОБЩЕДОСТУПНОЙ, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: КИРИЛЛОВ Вадим
Published: March 2020

Так можно охарактеризовать итоги конференции RE: Source-2018, прошедшей 21-22 ноября в Амстердаме под эгидой ассоциации Wind Power Europe. Количество участников данного события превысило 800 человек. Среди приглашённых были крупные энергетические компании, оптовые потребители электроэнергии, представители европейских промышленных ассоциаций, регулирующих органов, финансовых учреждений. Конференция была совмещена с форумом продавцов и покупателей зелёной энергии.
ВСЁ ВО ИМЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: ОРЛОВ Александр
Published: March 2020

Людям XXI века несказанно повезло. Нам открыт и доступен мир инновационных технологий и смелых идей, новаторских подходов и прогрессивных решений. Не существует рамок и запретов. Большинство негласных правил и законов, прописанных веками существования человечества, теряют свою актуальность. И это только начало. Под сомнения ставятся основы мировосприятия, прежние устои нарекаются термином “пережитки”. Но как жить правильно в новом мире, пока никто не может придумать, хотя направление всё же выбрано. Наш путь в светлое будущее называется “безопасность”.
Россия для всего мира, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: ОРЛОВ Александр
Published: March 2020

На развитие и поддержку Северного морского пути (СМП), кратчайшего в мире судоходного маршрута из Европы в Азию, Россия планирует в ближайшие пять лет потратить огромные деньги - почти 1 трлн руб. Несмотря на весь грандиозный потенциал, Севморпуть всё ещё остаётся малоэффективной и невостребованной транспортной артерией. Его популяризация - одна из наиболее приоритетных задач, поставленных президентом Владимиром Путиным в рамках майских указов. Получится ли у России реформировать международную транспортную систему путём многомиллиардных вливаний Эту проблему мы обсудим в нашей статье
ЭНЕРГОСЕРВИСНЫЙ КОНТРАКТ - РОЛЬ В РАЗВИТИИ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ России, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: КИРИЛЛОВ Вадим
Published: March 2020

Согласно Федеральному закону № 261-ФЗ “Об энергосбережении…”, одним из инструментов внедрения энергоэффективных технологий является энергосервисный контракт - он позволяет потребителю использовать преимущества энергоэффективного оборудования без первоначальных инвестиций. В общем объёме энергосервисных контрактов преобладают контракты в сфере теплоснабжения. В этом сегменте сформирован рынок компаний, работающих по проверенным и доказавшим свою эффективность технологиям.
ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ СИНДРОМЫ РАЙОНОВ ЕВРОПЕЙСКОЙ РОССИИ, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: Клюев Н.Н.
Published: March 2020

Дана краткая геоэкологическая характеристика Европейской России. Введено представление об “экологическом синдроме” - совокупности признаков, определяющих районную экологическую патологию. Выявлены “экологические синдромы” экономических районов: Севера, Северо-Запада, Центра, Урала, Поволжья, Волго-Вятского района, Центрального Черноземья, Северного Кавказа и Крыма. Особое внимание уделено трансформации этих “синдромов” в постсоветский период. Выявление “экологических синдромов” необходимо для разработки региональной экологической политики
ЗОЛА И ШЛАКИ - ОТХОДЫ ИЛИ ПОЛЕЗНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ?, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: КИРИЛЛОВ Вадим
Published: March 2020

На 172 угольных теплоэлектростанциях России в год сжигается более 123 млн тонн твёрдого топлива. При этом годовой выход золы и шлака от ТЭС, работающих на твёрдом угольном топливе, в среднем составляет около 25 млн тонн, а накопление золошлаков в золоотвалах -примерно 1.5 млрд тонн. Такие показатели озвучил председатель Комитета Государственной Думы по энергетике Павел Завальный в ходе круглого стола на тему Законодательное регулирование использования золошлаковых отходов (ЗШО) угольных ТЭС, состоявшегося 18 февраля 2019 г.
ЗОЛОШЛАКОВЫЕ ОТВАЛЫ УГОЛЬНЫХ ТЭС РОССИИ, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: КРЫЛОВ Д. А.
Published: March 2020

На 172 угольных теплоэлектростанциях России в год сжигается более 123 млн т твёрдого топлива. При этом годовой выход золы и шлака от ТЭС, работающих на твёрдом угольном топливе, в среднем составляет около 25 млн т, а накопление золошлаков в золоотвалах - примерно 1.5 млрд т.
ВЕК ЖИВИ - ВЕК УЧИСЬ!, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: КИРИЛЛОВ Вадим
Published: March 2020

Бизнес-школа или школа управления Разница очевидна, если речь идёт о СКОЛКОВО: здесь готовят управленцев для разных сфер - от государственной службы до коммерческих компаний. При этом знания управленца нужно постоянно обновлять, чтобы он мог оставаться востребованным и конкурентоспособным, и в СКОЛКОВО этому правилу следуют неукоснительно, подтверждая справедливость пословицы: век живи - век учись. О трендах в переподготовке и непрерывном образовании высшего руководства отрасли, компетенциях Энергоцентра, новых методах обучения и уроках, на которые всегда был самый высокий спрос, мы побеседовали с руководителем направления Электроэнергетика Центра энергетики Московской школы управления СКОЛКОВО Алексеем Хохловым и Татьяной Богатовой, руководителем учебного центра “Энергия” АО Мытищинская теплосеть.
ЗАЩИТИТЬ ОТ ХАКЕРСКИХ АТАК ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКУЮ ОТРАСЛЬ, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: ВАСИЛЬЕВ Сергей
Published: March 2020

Искусственный интеллект (ИИ) давно вышел за рамки локальных проектов и с каждым днём наращивает масштабы. Но эксперты отрасли опасаются, будет ли ИИ так же предсказуем, как и глобален. Нормативная база и стандарты использования технологий искусственного интеллекта и больших данных пока не развиты настолько, чтобы судить о безопасности ИИ как для пользователей, так и для других систем. Значит ли это, что энергетика - более уязвимая отрасль, чем другие Пока эксперты схожи во мнении, что да, она атакуется злоумышленниками чаще других. Хотя и методы борьбы с такими вторжениями существуют и постоянно совершенствуются. Об этом мы побеседовали с менеджером по развитию бизнеса компании Kaspersky Industrial CyberSecurity Кириллом Набойщиковым.
НОВОЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ТВЁРДОГО БИОТОПЛИВА: ОТКАЗ ОТ ПАРА, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: КУСКОВ А.И.
Published: March 2020

В качестве приоритетного направления применительно к небольшим распределённым объектам сельскохозяйственного назначения предлагается использовать теплоэлектрогенератор на твёрдом топливе с турбиной, работающей в составе с генератором, компрессором, эжектором. Предлагаемое преобразование тепловой энергии сгораемого твёрдого топлива - пример работы газовой турбины как силового агрегата, использующего смесь продуктов сгорания топлива с воздухом. В этом - новизна предлагаемой технологии.
СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ВИХРЕВОЙ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: СЕРЕБРЯКОВ Р.А.
Published: March 2020

В проблемах преобразования солнечной и ветровой энергии, а также энергии гидроресурсов, применение закрученных ламиниризированных потоков способно сыграть важную роль в связи с термогидравлической особенностью этих течений, концентрирующих в вихревой струе потоки кинетической энергии, рассеянные в окружающем пространстве. Это позволяет использовать низкопотенциальные термовосходящие течения, индуцированные солнечным нагревом, слабые ветры и кинетическую энергию потоков в руслах рек и гидроканалов. В статье представлены некоторые примеры современных технологий использования вихревой энергетики.
ЯДЕРНАЯ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКАЯ УСТАНОВКА ДЛЯ ТУШЕНИЯ ЛЕСНЫХ ПОЖАРОВ И УКРЕПЛЕНИЯ ЗАШИТЫ ОТ НАВОДНЕНИЙ, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: ВЕЛИХОВ Е. П. , ЦИБУЛЬСКИЙ В.Ф.
Published: March 2020

В статье рассматривается возможность применения новых способов противодействия пожарам и наводнениям путём принятия энергонасыщеных мер с использованием ядерных энергетических установок, что позволяет привлекать большой энергетический ресурс для производства и применения жидкого азота в удалённых регионах в качестве основного компонента для тушения пожаров и укрепления гидросооружений, препятствующих наводнениям. Для решения этих задач предполагается строительство мобильного энергетического криогенного комплекса, который при размещении его на дирижабле способен оперативно перемещаться в опасные места и эффективно купировать негативные проявления природных процессов, минимизируя их масштаб и ущерб.
Determinants of Agroforestry Practitioners Income in Semi-Arid Region of Nigeria
Authors: Zira B. D. , Gupa M. A.
Published: March 2020

This study examined the determinants of farm income among Agroforestry Practitioners in Semi-arid region of Nigeria. Using a multistage sampling technique, 300 Practitioners were randomly selected from six purposive selected semi-arid region of Nigeria. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The study revealed an income of between N301,000 and N400,000 among the Agroforestry Practitioners in the study area. Result on the linear regression analysis revealed that the coefficients of Agroforestry farm output (p<0. 01), farm size (p<0. 01, household size (p<0. 05,) and education (p<0. 05,) were found to positively and statistically influence Agroforestry farm income in the study area. It is recommended that multifaceted interventions through infrastructural development that supports access to education and land, skill acquisition and empowerment program should be implemented in the study area.
Statistical Analysis on the Waiting Line System in Automated Teller Machines (ATM): A Study of Fidelity Bank Plc, Service Point, Plateau State, Nigeria
Authors: Samson Kuje , Auwal Abubakar, Muhammad , Akolo Kuje, Habila , Dashal Moses, Longji
Published: March 2020

The purpose of this paper is to find out the operating characteristics of the ATM service point of the Fidelity bank Plc, plateau state. Specifically, a computer package (MS60) was used for analyzing the data. Results obtained from the analysis showed the traffic intensity (ρ) to be 0.96, which indicated that the service facility is highly utilized. The average length of the queue was found to be 21 while the average waiting time in the queue was 1.10 hours. On the basis of this investigation, the conclusion was made that the service utility is highly utilized, implying that there are more customers than the service point can accommodate thus giving rise to the lengthy customer waiting time. It is recommended that one additional ATM be deployed to the bank's premises so as to minimize customer waiting time and to also increase the service rate.
Hypertension and Its Association with Body Fat Composition among Chinese Community in Melaka, Malaysia, Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Lwin Htay , Htay Mila Nu Nu , Aye Mra , Soe Htoo Htoo Kyaw , Abas Adinegara Lutfi , Moe Soe , Phyu Khine Lynn
Published: March 2020

Introduction: Obesity, high body fat percentage and hypertension could increase the mortality and morbidity due to cardiovascular diseases. These risk factors develop during childhood and adolescent period. The present study aimed at determining the association between body fat composition and BP level among the Chinese community in Melaka, Malaysia.

Methodology: This is a cross-section study with the secondary data analysis of the health records of the patients who had attended the medical camps conducted in Melaka, Malaysia. The body fat and visceral fat were measured by using (Handheld Body Fat Scale Analyzer). The blood pressure measurement was done according to the Clinical Practice Guidelines, Ministry of Health, Malaysia. The participants who had systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 140 mmHg and/ or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 90 mmHg were defined as hypertension.

Results: The prevalence of hypertension among male participants was 42.5%, meanwhile, among female was 23.6%. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher among males (37%) compared to females (20.8%). Gender, body fat (%) and was found to be associated with systolic blood pressure. Visceral fat (%) was the only associated factor of diastolic blood pressure.

Conclusion: This study found that body and visceral fat compositions are significantly correlated with systolic BP and visceral fat composition is significantly correlated with diastolic BP. High body and visceral fat composition should be used as a measure of increased risk for hypertension among old age peoples.
Compatibility Studies in Exotic and Indigenous Almond Varieties/Selections under Temperate Conditions of Kashmir Valley
Authors: Majid Shabeena , Kumar Amit , Amin Asima , Rashid Zahida , -Ul-Nisa Seerat , Dar Z. A.
Published: March 2020

Almond is a self–incompatible plant and incompatibility are of the gametophytic type requiring pollen transfer between trees of different cultivars for fruit set. The present investigation was carried out for two consecutive years to evaluate cross-compatibility among selected varieties (three exotic) and selections (six indigenous) of a given segment of almond germplasm. Effective bloom period in the genotypes ranged between 8th March to 18th March and 7th March to 19th March in Mukhdoom, Shalimar, KD-03, KD-05, KD-06 and 23rd March to 31st March and 24th March to 2nd April in Pranyaj, Merced, Primorskij and Waris. Fruit set varied with each cross combination, initial fruit-set ranged from 5.55 per cent in Shalimar x KD-03 to 77.77 per cent in Waris x Shalimar in the first year and varied from 11.11 per cent in Merced x Shalimar to 85.71 per cent in Waris x KD-06 in second year. The highest final fruit set of 58.00 per cent was obtained in Merced x KD-05 as compared to lowest fruit set of 1.01 per cent recorded in Shalimar x KD-03 in the first year whereas the final fruit set ranged between 3.23 per cent to 66.00 per cent in Merced x Shalimar and Waris x KD-06 during the second year. Fruit set under open pollination varied from 9.00 to 60.00 per cent among different varieties/selections. No fruit set was observed in any genotype following selfing by bagging. Overall it is observed that the early blooming selections viz. Shalimar, KD-03, KD-05 and KD-06 exhibits maximum compatibility with most of the exotic and indigenous varieties/selections and obtained higher fruit set.
Integrated Soil Fertility Management for Small Holder Cocoa Farms: Using Combination of Cocoa Pod Husk Based Compost and Mineral Fertilizers
Authors: Ogunlade Moses Ogunwole , Orisajo Samuel Bukola
Published: March 2020

Nutrients are being removed through pod harvest without replacement in the form of fertilizer application leaving the soil impoverished and the nutrients grossly inadequate for optimum cocoa yield. To address this issue, a randomised complete block designed study was carried out to examine the effects of readily available source of organic fertilizer like cocoa pod husks compost combined with mineral fertilizers on the yield of cocoa. The treatments with three replications consisted of Compost (100%), Compost (75%) + NPK (25%), Compost (50%) + NPK (50%), NPK (100%) and Control (no fertilizer). Results indicated that cocoa yield obtained with the compost plus NPK fertilization was significantly higher than with sole compost, NPK applications, and control in all locations. Percentage dry cocoa bean yield gain was 72.4% with the compost plus NPK fertilization, while sole compost or NPK alone was 36.4% compared to the control. Additionally, compost plus NPK fertilization significantly reduced black pod losses compared to sole compost, NPK, or control with percentage loss rate ranging from 9.9 to 13.4%, 21.6 to 23.1, 19.6 to 22.3, 32.2 to 35.5, respectively, in all locations. The use of CPH-based compost plus NPK fertilization has the potential to provide efficient integrated soil fertility restoration scheme that incorporated good agricultural practices and addressed disease management.
Multiple Antibiotic Resistant Surveillance of Oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Beef and Frozen Poultry Meat (Chicken)
Authors: Fasiku Samuel Adedayo , Olayiwola John Olusola , Babayemi Emmanuel Oluwasegun , Lasekan Omorinsola Tolulope , Olanbiwoninu Afolake Atinuke
Published: March 2020

Introduction: Oxacillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ORSA) associated with beef and frozen chicken is a threat to public health because of the potential ability of them being multiple antibiotics resistant.

Aim: The aim of this study is therefore to isolate, determine the susceptibility of S. aureus to oxacillin and subsequently other antibiotics so as to establish their antibiotic profiles.

Methodology: Beef meat (20) and frozen chicken (20) samples were collected from different markets and restaurants in Oyo town, Oyo state, Nigeria. S. aureus was isolated from these samples using Mannitol Salt Agar and pure culture obtained. Pure culture of isolates was characterized and identified based on morphological, biochemical properties and were further subjected to susceptibility to oxacillin and other antibiotics.

Results: Eighty S. aureus were isolated from beef meat and frozen chicken with occurrence of 34 and 46 respectively. Twenty five out of the 80 isolates were susceptible to oxacillin and termed as oxacillin susceptible S. aureus (OSSA) while 55 were resistant to oxacillin and termed as oxacillin resistant S. aureus (ORSA). S. aureus (ORSA and OSSA) from beef are susceptible (˃ 80%) to augmentin, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, ofloxacin, cefuroxime and erythromycin. However, rate of resistance of ORSA to ceftazidime and cloxacillin was high (˃ 70%). The susceptibility rate among the ORSA and OSSA isolates from chicken is also slight high with minimum of 71% for ofloxacin.

Conclusion: The overall antibiotic profiling revealed that cefuroxime, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, erythromycin, ofloxacin and augmentin are viable antibiotics. Food products remain a potential interface in the transmission of Staphylococcus species and therefore there is constant need for the surveillance and subsequently recommendation on the good hygiene practice.
Illness Perception is a Predictor of Medication Adherence and Health Related Quality of Life in Patients Living with Epilepsy
Authors: Eshiet Unyime , Ekeh Bertha , Oparah Sidney
Published: March 2020

Objective: To determine the relationship between illness perception, medication adherence and health related quality of life in patients living with epilepsy.

Design: A cross-sectional prospective survey among patients living with epilepsy recruited from two tertiary referral centers in Nigeria.

Methods: Patients’ illness perception, adherence to antiepileptic drugs, and health related quality of life were determined using the brief illness perception questionnaire (BIPQ), the eight-item     Morisky medication adherence scale (MMAS-8), and the patient weighted quality of life in     epilepsy instrument (QOLIE-10-P) respectively. Correlation and linear regression analysis were used to test the relationship between the assessment variables. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results: Multivariate linear regression revealed that patients’ medication adherence score was predicted by their illness perception score (B = -0.030; p = 0.033). Also, patients’ QOLIE score was predicted by their illness perception score (B = -0.318; p = 0.0001).

Conclusion: In patients living with epilepsy, illness perception is a predictor of their adherence to antiepileptic drug regimen and their health-related quality of life.
Effective Treatment for Incarcerated Obturator Hernia With Bowel Dilatation by Combined Laparoscopy and Preperitoneal Approach: A Case Report
Authors: Yaegashi Mizunori , Tono Chihiro , Minagawa Yukihiro , Ishioka Hideki , Nakamura Yuya , Yoshida Toru
Published: March 2020

Background:

We report a case of a 90-year-old woman with intestinal obstruction due to left-sided incarcerated obturator hernia, which was revealed using computed tomography.

Methods:

Emergency surgerywas performed using laparoscopy, which showed a dilated small intestine and bilateral obturator hernia in the intraperitoneal space. After reducing incarceration of the small intestine using laparoscopy, we approached the bilateral preperitoneal space and inserted a Kugel patch via a small lower abdominal median incision (approximately 4 cm).

Results:

The patient was discharged on postoperative day 10 and showed no recurrence at the 18-month follow-up. Although relatively rare, obturator hernia can significantly cause intestinal obstruction. It has no specific clinical symptoms and is thus often difficult to diagnose. Treating obturator hernia is essential; however, mesh infection, recurrence, and opposite side of the obturator hernia should be carefully monitored.

Conclusions:

Although laparoscopy is used for treating obturator hernia, it may be difficult in patients with intestinal obstruction. In this case, a surgical technique combining laparoscopy and preperitoneal space approach via a small lower abdominal median incision was used to effectively treat an incarcerated occult bilateral obturator hernia.
Cyanides
Authors: Maxwell Gary , Allison James , Dixon Randall
Published: March 2020

Cyanide compounds are used for making many everyday products including nylon, acrylic plastics, paint, animal feed, and pharmaceuticals, as well as in gold recovery processes.

Over the years, production processes of cyanide compounds, which were first developed in the 1840s, have been developed further into large‐scale, efficient processes. Production processes of industrially important cyanides and safe practices for handling these compounds are discussed in the article.
Plant Location
Authors: Moran Sean
Published: March 2020

Identifying a suitable location for a greenfield (new) process plant is a key consideration in designing a plant to operate in a safe, economic, and robust manner during its working life, which is usually decades long. In addition, the chosen location must be capable of supporting the extensions and modifications to processes and plant items that are likely to be required over its working life. Site selection can be a lengthy process involving extensive consultation and analysis of a wide range of factors, including geographical, geological, meteorological, social, political, and economic issues.

This article discusses the main factors to be considered in the development of both greenfield and brownfield. It also sets out the key stakeholders to be consulted and discusses the pros and cons of different construction approaches.
Sprays
Authors: Lipp Charles W.
Published: March 2020

Spray is a collection of liquid drops dispersed in gas. The many types of spray nozzles or atomizers may be classified based on the energy source required to cause the atomization of the material. Pressure or single‐fluid nozzles are the most common type of nozzle with different shape spray patterns.

One of the most important spray characteristics is drop size distribution. Current measurement instrumentation permits robust quantification of drop size distribution, which is essential for system optimization. Correlations are often used to relate the effects of liquid physical properties, especially surface tension and viscosity, to average drop diameter.

Selection and optimization of a spray system for various applications are discussed.
Flow Measurement of Powders and Bulk Solids
Authors: Carson John W. , Cid Liz Del , McInerney Joseph
Published: March 2020

Handling powders and bulk solids is difficult and costly and may affect production, quality, and the overall bottom line. Therefore, measurement of the flow properties of powders and bulk solids has become a necessity for their successful handling, storage, and transfer.

This article covers the common methods for measuring the flow properties of powders and bulk solids.
Clinical impact of the VOLO optimizer on treatment plan quality and clinical treatment efficiency for CyberKnife
Authors: Schüler Emil , Lo Anthony , Chuang Cynthia F. , Soltys Scott G. , Pollom Erqi L. , Wang Lei
Published: March 2020

With the recent CyberKnife treatment planning system (TPS) upgrade from Precision 1.0 to Precision 2.0, the new VOLO optimizer was released for plan optimization. The VOLO optimizer sought to overcome some of the limitations seen with the Sequential optimizer from previous TPS versions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical impact of the VOLO optimizer on treatment plan quality and clinical treatment efficiency as compared to the Sequential optimizer. Treatment plan quality was evaluated in four categories of patients: Brain Simple (BS), Brain Complex (BC), Spine Complex (SC), and Prostate (PC). A total of 60 treatment plans were compared using both the Sequential and VOLO optimizers with Iris and MLC collimation with the same clinical constraints. Metrics evaluated included estimated treatment time, monitor units (MUs) delivered, conformity index (CI), and gradient index (GI). Furthermore, the clinical impact of the VOLO optimizer was evaluated through statistical analysis of the patient population treated during the 4 months before (n = 297) and 4 months after (n = 285) VOLO introduction. Significant MU and time reductions were observed for all four categories planned. MU reduction ranged from −14% (BS Iris) to −52% (BC MLC), and time reduction ranged from −11% (BS Iris) to −22% (BC MLC). The statistical analysis of patient population before and after VOLO introduction for patients using 6D Skull tracking with fixed cone, 6D Skull tracking with Iris, and Xsight Spine tracking with Iris were −4.6%, −22.2%, and −17.8% for treatment time reduction, −1.1%, −22.0%, and −28.4% for beam reduction and −3.2%, −21.8%, and −28.1% for MU reduction, respectively. The VOLO optimizer maintains or improves the plan quality while decreases the plan complexity and improves treatment efficiency. We anticipate an increase in patient throughput with the introduction of the VOLO optimizer.
Changing counterproductive beliefs about attention, memory, and multitasking: Impacts of a brief, fully online module
Authors: Miller Michelle D. , Doherty John J. , Butler Nicholas M. , Coull Wade G.
Published: March 2020

Ubiquitous mobile technology is part of contemporary life, bringing with it the potential for distraction and reduction in performance associated with multitasking. The predisposition toward dysfunctional multitasking may be shaped in part by beliefs that individuals hold about memory and attention. The issue is particularly pressing for college students, given established links between distraction, multitasking, and learning. This project assessed the impact of an online learning module on beliefs about attention, memory, and learning in college students. It also contrasted these beliefs in a college and non‐college community sample. Significant reductions in counterproductive beliefs were associated with completing the module; counterproductive beliefs were also no more prevalent in the college vs. the non‐college sample. Our findings suggest that brief online modules are a practical way to address counterproductive beliefs related to multitasking with technology, and add to the literature on metacognition, attention, and multitasking in college and non‐college populations.
Anion‐Dependent Imidazolium‐Based Catalysts for Allylation of Aniline with Tunable Regioselectivity
Authors: Albert‐Soriano María , M. Pastor Isidro
Published: March 2020

Metal‐free catalysts based on 1,3‐bis(carboxymethyl)imidazolium halides mediate the reaction between allylic alcohols and anilines, providing the corresponding N‐, 2‐ and 4‐allylaniline isomers selectively. The imidazolium counterion plays a crucial role in the outcome of the reaction. Thus, while the imidazolium chloride selectively provides the N‐substituted aniline, the bromide and iodide imidazolium salts produce the 2‐ and 4‐allylaniline isomers, respectively, with excellent selectivities. A set of complementary catalysts, which are available by simple modulation, is here presented to conduct a highly regioselective allylation reaction of anilines. Not only the catalysts are synthesized in a straightforward and easily scalable manner, but they can be recycled and used under solvent‐free reaction condition, due to the favorable interactions with the reactants.

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Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Organoboronic Acids to Carbonyl‐Activated Alkenyl Azaarenes
Authors: Zhu Huilong , Yin Long , Chang Zhiqian , Wang Yuhan , Dou Xiaowei
Published: March 2020

The enantioselective synthesis of chiral azaarenes by rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric conjugate addition of organoboronic acids to carbonyl‐activated alkenyl azaarenes was reported. Diverse chiral azaarenes were produced in up to 99% yield and with up to 99% ee (>60 examples). Catalytic asymmetric syntheses of dexchlorpheniramine and dexbrompheniramine were realized by using the developed method.

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Growth, water productivity, nutritive value, and physiology responses of silage corn to water stress
Authors: Nilahyane Abdelaziz , Islam M. Anowarul , Mesbah Abdel O. , Herbert Stephen K. , Garcia y Garcia Axel
Published: March 2020

Water is a crucial factor affecting expression of crop yield potential. A field experiment was conducted during 2014 and 2015 to determine the effect of limited water on growth, yield, water productivity (WP), nutritive value, and physiological parameters of silage corn (Zea mays L.) grown in a semi‐arid region. Hybrid ‘P8107HR’ was planted in replicated plots under 100ETc (100% crop evapotranspiration), 80ETc, 60ETc, and limited 100ETc (100ETc from planting to V9, no water from V9 to R3, then 100ETc again) managed with a surface drip irrigation. Canopy height, leaf area index (LAI), specific leaf area (SLA), biomass yield, WP, and nutritive value were determined. Photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), and intrinsic WP (iWP) were obtained with an infrared gas analyzer from V14 to R2 stages. Relative water content (RWC) of leaves was determined at V8, V12, VT, and R3 stages. Results showed that canopy height and biomass yield were greatly affected by water stress. Biomass yield decreased by 40% in the limited 100ETc treatment compared to 100ETc, with no effect of irrigation on nutritive value. Water‐stressed plants from V14 to R2 were affected in their ability to perform gas exchange and exhibited changes in crop growth and biomass yield. RWC was affected by water stress, mostly under 60ETc at V8 (71%) and VT (78%). Overall, limited water at late vegetative and early reproductive stages affected physiology and yield of silage corn, indicating that irrigation timing is a key factor for optimizing silage corn production in water‐scarce regions.
Grain yield, and nitrogen uptake and translocation of peanut under different nitrogen management systems in a wheat–peanut rotation
Authors: Liu Zhaoxin , Gao Fang , Li Ying , Zhao Jihao , Wang Ying , Wang Zhaoyi , Li Yuerong , Li Xiangdong , Yang Dongqing
Published: March 2020

Better N fertilizer management is essential for improving crop productivity and reducing N losses to the environment. However, few studies have reported N absorption, use, and balance in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) relay intercropping system. This study aimed to determine the effects of different N application rates and ratios at different maturation stages on the yield and N use of peanut in this system. Nitrogen (300 kg ha−1) was applied the day before sowing and at jointing, booting, and anthesis in peanut at the following ratios: 50–50–0–0 (N1), 35–35–0–30% (N2), and 35–0–35–30 (N3) (control: 0 kg ha−1). Nitrogen isotope‐labeled urea was used under the same conditions in microplot. Peanut pod yield increased by 19.0 and 24.8% under the N2 and N3 treatments, respectively, compared with the N1 treatment. Applying N at three stages and withholding N until booting improved the N derived from fertilizer in peanut, promoted the distribution of 15N to pods, and increased pod yield. The 15N experiment revealed that N uptake at different growth stages of peanut was 20.7 to 30.4% higher under N3 than under N2, increasing N harvest index and apparent N recovery efficiency compared with N2. The N3 treatment also significantly increased the N recovery efficiency and the agronomic N use efficiency and reduced the apparent N loss. Therefore, applying N fertilizer as in the N3 treatment could be appropriate for wheat–peanut relay intercropping systems in China.
Chimerism in health and potential implications on behavior: A systematic review
Authors: Johnson Brandon N. , Ehli Erik A. , Davies Gareth E. , Boomsma Dorret I.
Published: March 2020

In this review, we focus on the phenomenon of chimerism and especially microchimerism as one of the currently underexplored explanations for differences in health and behavior. Chimerism is an amalgamation of cells from two or more unique zygotes within a single organism, with microchimerism defined by a minor cell population of <1%. This article first presents an overview of the primary techniques employed to detect and quantify the presence of microchimerism and then reviews empirical studies of chimerism in mammals including primates and humans. In women, male microchimerism, a condition suggested to be the result of fetomaternal exchange in utero, is relatively easily detected by polymerase chain reaction molecular techniques targeting Y‐chromosomal markers. Consequently, studies of chimerism in human diseases have largely focused on diseases with a predilection for females including autoimmune diseases, and female cancers. We detail studies of chimerism in human diseases and also discuss some potential implications in behavior. Understanding the prevalence of chimerism and the associated health outcomes will provide invaluable knowledge of human biology and guide novel approaches for treating diseases.
Human RAD50 deficiency: Confirmation of a distinctive phenotype
Authors: Ragamin Aviël , Yigit Gökhan , Bousset Kristine , Beleggia Filippo , Verheijen Frans W. , de Wit Marie‐Claire Y. , Strom Tim M. , Dörk Thilo , Wollnik Bernd , Mancini Grazia M. S.
Published: March 2020

DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs) are highly toxic DNA lesions that can lead to chromosomal instability, loss of genes and cancer. The MRE11/RAD50/NBN (MRN) complex is keystone involved in signaling processes inducing the repair of DSB by, for example, in activating pathways leading to homologous recombination repair and nonhomologous end joining. Additionally, the MRN complex also plays an important role in the maintenance of telomeres and can act as a stabilizer at replication forks. Mutations in NBN and MRE11 are associated with Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) and ataxia telangiectasia (AT)‐like disorder, respectively. So far, only one single patient with biallelic loss of function variants in RAD50 has been reported presenting with features classified as NBS‐like disorder. Here, we report a long‐term follow‐up of an unrelated patient with facial dysmorphisms, microcephaly, skeletal features, and short stature who is homozygous for a novel variant in RAD50. We could show that this variant, c.2524G > A in exon 15 of the RAD50 gene, induces aberrant splicing of RAD50 mRNA mainly leading to premature protein truncation and thereby, most likely, to loss of RAD50 function. Using patient‐derived primary fibroblasts, we could show abnormal radioresistant DNA synthesis confirming pathogenicity of the identified variant. Immunoblotting experiments showed strongly reduced protein levels of RAD50 in the patient‐derived fibroblasts and provided evidence for a markedly reduced radiation‐induced AT‐mutated signaling. Comparison with the previously reported case and with patients presenting with NBS confirms that RAD50 mutations lead to a similar, but distinctive phenotype.
Nucleophiler Angriff von Azid auf elektrophile Azide: Bildung von N6‐Einheiten in Hexazen‐ und Aminopentazolderivaten
Authors: Banert Klaus , Pester Tom
Published: March 2020

Experimente mit selektiver 15N‐Markierung bestätigen den nucleophilen Angriff von Azid auf Iminium‐aktivierte, organische Azide, der zu kurzlebigen Hexazenintermediaten führt. Solche Spezies neigen nicht nur zu einer Spaltungsreaktion unter Erzeugung von N‐Azidoverbindungen, sondern gehen auch einen Ringschluss unter Bildung beispielloser Amidino‐funktionalisierter Pentazole ein. Daher liefert die Einwirkung von zwei Äquivalenten an Natriumazid auf die Stammverbindung der Vilsmeier‐Reagenzien ein Aminopentazolderivat als Hauptprodukt, das leicht mithilfe der NMR‐Spektroskopie zu charakterisieren ist.
Highly Converged Valence Bands and Ultralow Lattice Thermal Conductivity for High‐Performance SnTe Thermoelectrics
Authors: Sarkar Debattam , Ghosh Tanmoy , Banik Ananya , Roychowdhury Subhajit , Sanyal Dirtha , Biswas Kanishka
Published: March 2020

A two‐step optimization strategy is used to improve the thermoelectric performance of SnTe via modulating the electronic structure and phonon transport. The electrical transport of self‐compensated SnTe (that is, Sn1.03Te) was first optimized by Ag doping, which resulted in an optimized carrier concentration. Subsequently, Mn doping in Sn1.03−xAgxTe resulted in highly converged valence bands, which improved the Seebeck coefficient. The energy gap between the light and heavy hole bands, i.e. ΔEv decreases to 0.10 eV in Sn0.83Ag0.03Mn0.17Te compared to the value of 0.35 eV in pristine SnTe. As a result, a high power factor of ca. 24.8 μW cm−1 K−2 at 816 K in Sn0.83Ag0.03Mn0.17Te was attained. The lattice thermal conductivity of Sn0.83Ag0.03Mn0.17Te reached to an ultralow value (ca. 0.3 W m−1 K−1) at 865 K, owing to the formation of Ag7Te4 nanoprecipitates in SnTe matrix. A high thermoelectric figure of merit (z T≈1.45 at 865 K) was obtained in Sn0.83Ag0.03Mn0.17Te.
Self‐Assembled Artificial Ion‐Channels toward Natural Selection of Functions
Authors: Zheng Shao‐Ping , Huang Li‐Bo , Sun Zhanhu , Barboiu Mihail
Published: March 2020

Owing to their significant physiological functions, especially as selective relays for translocation of physiological relevant species through cellular membranes, natural ion channels play important role in the living organisms. During the last decades, the field of self‐assembled ion channels has been continuously developed. Convergent multidimensional self‐assembly strategies have been used for the synthesis of unimolecular channels or non‐covalent self‐organized channels, designed to mimic natural ion channel proteins and for which a rich array of interconverting or adaptive channel conductance states can be observed. In this review, we give an overview on the development of various self‐assembled artificial channels in a bottom‐up approach, especially their design, self‐assembly behaviour, transport activity in lipid bilayer membranes, mechanism of transport and comparison with natural ion channels. Finally, we discuss their applications, the potential challenges facing in this field as well as future development and perspectives.
Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective 1,4‐Difunctionalization of Borylenynes by Catalytic Conjunctive Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Law Chunyin , Kativhu Elton , Wang Johnny , Morken James P.
Published: March 2020

Enantioselective conjunctive cross‐coupling of enyne‐derived boronate complexes occurs with 1,4 addition of the electrophile and migrating group across the π system. This reaction pathway furnishes α‐boryl allenes as the reaction product. In the presence of a chiral catalyst, both the central and axial chirality of the product can be controlled during product formation.
Nucleophilic Attack of Azide at Electrophilic Azides: Formation of N6 Units in Hexazene and Aminopentazole Derivatives
Authors: Banert Klaus , Pester Tom
Published: March 2020

With the help of selective 15N labeling experiments, it has been confirmed that nucleophilic attack of azide at iminium‐activated organic azides leads to short‐lived hexazene intermediates. Such species do not only tend to a cleavage reaction with formation of N‐azido compounds, but also undergo ring closure to generate unprecedented amidino‐functionalized pentazoles. Thus, treatment of the parent Vilsmeier reagent with two equivalents of sodium azide creates an aminopentazole derivative as the main product, which is easily characterized by NMR spectroscopy.
Acid–Base Interaction Enhancing Oxygen Tolerance in Electrocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction
Authors: Li Pengsong , Lu Xu , Wu Zishan , Wu Yueshen , Malpass‐Evans Richard , McKeown Neil B. , Sun Xiaoming , Wang Hailiang
Published: March 2020

Hybrid electrodes with improved O2 tolerance and capability of CO2 conversion into liquid products in the presence of O2 are presented. Aniline molecules are introduced into the pore structure of a polymer of intrinsic microporosity to expand its gas separation functionality beyond pure physical sieving. The chemical interaction between the acidic CO2 molecule and the basic amino group of aniline renders enhanced CO2 separation from O2. Loaded with a cobalt phthalocyanine‐based cathode catalyst, the hybrid electrode achieves a CO Faradaic efficiency of 71 % with 10 % O2 in the CO2 feed gas. The electrode can still produce CO at an O2/CO2 ratio as high as 9:1. Switching to a Sn‐based catalyst, for the first time O2‐tolerant CO2 electroreduction to liquid products is realized, generating formate with nearly 100 % selectivity and a current density of 56.7 mA cm−2 in the presence of 5 % O2.
Coagulation as pretreatment for membrane‐based wetland saline water desalination
Authors: Elma Muthia , Rahma Aulia , Pratiwi Amalia E. , Rampun Erdina L.A.
Published: March 2020

Wetland saline water is the enormous problem faced by rural people in Kalimantan, Indonesia. During rainy season, seawater intrudes wetland aquifer and turns water to saline. Application of membrane silica–pectin is eligible to solve this issue. Sadly, this water contains high concentration of organic matter that contributes to declining of membrane performance. Therefore, coagulation pretreatment is explored to enhance membrane filtration performance. The objective of this work is to investigate the optimum condition of coagulation pretreatment to enhance silica–pectin membrane performance for wetland saline water desalination. Sol gel process was employed to fabricate silica–pectin membrane and calcined via rapid thermal processing technique. Desalination was operated by pervaporation at 25–60°C. Maximum removal of organic matter UV254 was obtained at coagulant 30 g L−1 of 83.5% (pH 7). Combination processes between coagulation pretreatment and silica–pectin membranes offered high water flux at 60°C (12.2 kg m−2 h−1). The UV254 rejection of the feed water with coagulation is 43% higher than without applying coagulation pretreatment. Overall, salt rejection for all processes was extremely good (99.9%). Application of coagulation as pretreatment is promising to enhance performance of silica–pectin membrane for wetland water desalination.
Modification of thermoplastic polyurethane nanofiber membranes by in situ polydopamine coating for tissue engineering
Authors: Lin Jixin , Wang Weiwen , Cheng Jiaqi , Cui Zhixiang , Si Junhui , Wang Qianting , Chen Wenzhe
Published: March 2020

To improve the interaction between cells and scaffolds, the appropriate surface chemical property is very important for tissue engineering scaffolds. In this work, the dopamine (DA) was first introduced into thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix to obtain TPU/DA nanofibers by electrospinning. Subsequently, the TPU@polydopamine (PDA) composite nanofibers with core/shell structure were fabricated by in situ polymerization of PDA. In comparison with TPU nanofibers, the uniformization of PDA coating layer on the surface of TPU/DA composite nanofibers significantly increased due to the addition of DA, which used as the active sites to guide the PDA particles accumulated along with the fiber direction. The hydrophilicity and water uptake ability of TPU@PDA composite nanofibers were larger than those of TPU nanofibers. The TPU@PDA composite nanofibers possess excellent comprehensive mechanical properties of high strength, stiffness, elasticity, and recoverability because of the hydrogen bonding occurrence between PDA and DA, as well as between PDA and TPU matrix. The attachment and viability of mouse embryonic osteoblasts cells (MC3T3‐E1) cultured on TPU@PDA composite nanofibers were obviously enhanced compared with TPU nanofibers. Those results suggested that the modified TPU@PDA composite nanofibers have superior mechanical and biological properties, which promoting them potentially useful for tissue engineering scaffolds.
Reducing Agents for Improving the Stability of Sn‐based Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Tianyue , Yan Feng
Published: March 2020

Organic‐inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have aroused tremendous research interest for their high efficiency, low cost and solution processability. However, the involvement of toxic lead in state‐of‐art perovskites hinders their market prospects. As an alternative, Sn‐based perovskites exhibit similar semiconductor characteristics and can potentially achieve comparable photovoltaic performance in comparison with their lead‐based counterparts. The main challenge of developing Sn‐based PCSs lies in the intrinsic poor stability of Sn2+, which could be oxidized and converted to Sn4+. Notably, introduction of SnX2 (X=Cl, Br, I) additive becomes indispensable in the fabrication process, which highlights the importance of incorporating a reducing agent to improve the device stability. Additionally, efforts are made to utilize other reducing agents with different functions for the further enhancement of device performance. Currently, Sn‐based PSCs could attain a record efficiency over 10% with great stability. In this review, we present the recent progress on reducing agents for improving the stability of Sn‐based PSCs, and we hope to shed light on the challenges and opportunities of this research field.