bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“I’m Ready to Die”
Authors: Calvente Lisa B. Y.
Published: August 2018

This chapter highlights the significance of the Notorious B.I.G.’s music as a product of neoliberal racism and as resistance through embodied acts of solidarity, love, and death. The chapter locates the Notorious B.I.G. within the modernity/coloniality relationship and the neoliberal landscape of post-1975 New York City in order to emphasize the importance of Black radical performance at this conjunctural moment. It then turns to the Notorious B.I.G.’s embodied critique of necessary death, the killing of Blackness both socially and physically. It highlights how this critique is performed through the interplay of sound and content (lyrics, delivery, sampling, and especially call and response). The chapter argues B.I.G.’s performances and his play on and of death produce affective moments of loving Blackness as subversive action.
Dewey’s Chicago-Functionalist Conception of Logic
Authors: Burke F. Thomas
Published: August 2018

Both Dewey and Russell were Hegelians in their early careers. Acquaintance with Hegel left permanent deposits in their respective thinking about logic. Russell’s atomistic logicism aspired to achieve a foundationalist unity characteristic of his Tiergarten Programme. Dewey’s instrumentalism was rooted in an inside-out inversion and naturalization of Hegel’s dialectical schematism, replacing Hegel’s grand sweep of human history with a down-to-earth pattern of inquiry. Russell’s structuralist approach to deductive logic greatly influenced the development of mathematical logic and linguistics in the twentieth century, some highpoints of which are surveyed here. Dewey’s functionalist approach to logic as a normative theory of inquiry had little influence on this development. Dewey viewed logic more broadly as a study of how abductive, deductive, and inductive forms of inference best work together in the course of inquiry. This approach is spelled out, addressing points of consistency and conflict with contemporary mainstream views of logic.
Dewey’s Pragmatic Politics
Authors: Stuhr John
Published: August 2018

The chapter presents John Dewey’s philosophy in terms of three central commitments: a dynamic ontology of impermanence, change, and temporality; a descriptive logic of experimental inquiry; and a democratic politics of individuals having opportunities to share equally in the direction of communities that, in turn, provide resources needed for individual fulfillment consonant with shared goods. This account makes possible a critical assessment of Dewey’s account of democracy as a way of life. Commitment to Deweyan democracy, this chapter shows, requires faith, new kinds of inquiry and education, and difficult social change. After explaining these demands, the chapter examines three issues that necessitate additions and reconstructions to make Dewey’s thought a “pragmatism for realists”: relations of power embedded in experimental inquiries, practical limits to the effectiveness of democratic means for democratic ends, and the gap between tribal political realities and Deweyan inclusive ideals.
Dewey and Anti-Representationalism
Authors: Godfrey‐Smith Peter
Published: August 2018

John Dewey is often portrayed as a critic of “representationalist” views in epistemology and the philosophy of mind. Despite writing in a different context, Dewey’s position is indeed similar to some recent forms of anti-representationalism. Some of his central arguments in this area suffer from the use of false dichotomies: the fact that we wish to transform the world does not show that we have no business representing things as they are. We might represent them first, in order to change them later. A detailed discussion of cartographic maps in Dewey’s 1938Logic is especially useful for working out where Dewey might differ from a more modern representationalist position and whether he would have reason to reject such views.
Dewey, Rorty, and Brandom
Authors: Hildebrand David
Published: August 2018

Sixty-five years after John Dewey’s last publication, there is an enormous literature interpreting, criticizing, and developing his pragmatism. Some working this vein are called “pragmatists,” while others are variously named “neopragmatists,” “new pragmatists,” and “linguistic pragmatists.” In general, the latter groups (a) focus more upon language, truth, and logic; (b) minimize or eschew talk of “experience”; (c) incline more toward professional, intraphilosophy dialogue rather than practical, extra-philosophy dialogue. Whither Dewey? What are the newer pragmatisms’ impacts on his reception and interpretation? What opportunities or obstacles are presented? Which among Dewey’s original insights still shine with signal importance? This chapter first considers the two most important neopragmatists, Richard Rorty and Robert Brandom, giving the largest space to Brandom. It concludes with Dewey, arguing that his melioristic, experiential starting point remains central and, indeed, indispensable to any pragmatism wishing to connect with everyday ethical, social, and political realities.
The Development of Brazilian Education
Authors: Castro Claudio de Moura
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the evolution of education in Brazil over the long term. It is established that historical circumstances allied to successive policy failures help account for Brazil’s disappointing performance in the educational field in international comparative terms. In 1920, the system covered 9% of school-age children, 26% by 1950 and, more recently, 98% of 6–14-year-old children have been covered. The acceleration in growth, particularly since the 1950s, has been an impressive achievement. The latest records indicate that 71% of the relevant age cohort finishes basic education. Secondary education is completed by 51%. Compared to the past, this is quite an achievement. Compared to world or even Latin American standards, these results are mediocre at best. The available tests indicate weak performance. The chapter highlights the kinds of issues that will need to be addressed if this situation is to be tackled adequately.
Writing Grammars of Endangered Languages
Authors: Camp Amber , Campbell Lyle , Chen Victoria , Lee Nala H. , Magnuson Matt , Rarrick Samantha
Published: August 2018

As pointed out in several chapters in this volume, the preparation of a grammar is considered a centrally important component of adequate language documentation. Our goal in this chapter is to present a set of best-practice guidelines for grammar writing with specific recommendations. These recommendations are based on surveys of a number of exemplary grammars, questionnaires aimed at aiding fieldwork and guiding grammar preparation, and various publications that make recommendations for grammar writing.
Orthography Design and Implementation for Endangered Languages
Authors: Cahill Michael
Published: August 2018

One factor in maintaining an endangered language is literacy, and for this, a sound orthography is desirable. This chapter outlines the features of a good orthography for any unwritten language, and then focuses on factors specific to endangered languages in the context of two broad categories: usability and acceptability. Usability of a given orthography involves how well people can read it. Much of this depends on how well the orthography matches the linguistic system of the language, including the phoneme inventory, word breaks, etc. Acceptability involves how much people actually want to use the orthography. This involves a multitude of sociopolitical factors, often relating to a group’s perceived identity. An orthography for an endangered language, in addition to the above considerations, also mandates a closer examination of the desired purpose of the orthography, whether for use in practical literacy or more as a symbolic representation of the group’s identity.
Language Archiving
Authors: Berez-Kroeker Andrea L. , Henke Ryan
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, the authors examine the role of language archiving in endangered-language scholarship. First they explore the history of archiving for endangered languages, from the age of Boas and the archiving of analog materials through the rise of the endangered-language movement and the development of best practices for digital archiving to the current era of established archiving standards. Then they discuss a potential future for language archiving, that of the participatory model of language archiving, which is radically user-centered and draws on trends in the archival sciences. Next they present some of the extant archives for language documentation, the members of the Digital Endangered Languages and Music Archiving Network. Finally, because archiving is an activity that is now available to anyone undertaking endangered-language work, they close by presenting the steps one would take to work with an archive to deposit one’s own materials.
Myaamiaataweenki
Authors: Baldwin Daryl , Costa David J.
Published: August 2018

The discussion around indigenous language revitalization must include languages “reawakening” after a period of dormancy. New paradigms are needed to describe the developing role of reawakening languages, their impact on community and individual identity, and the necessary capacity-building to support their reconstruction and reintroduction into tribal society. If sleeping languages are excluded from the conversation, much will be lost in understanding minority language development and vitality for contemporary life within a larger dominant society. This chapter describes the development of a recently “reawakened” language that ceased to be spoken in the mid-twentieth century, and attempts to capture its developmental trajectory in the context of an evolving community-based educational system. The Myaamia language is emerging in new domains. It is driven by a collaborative effort of internal and external resources that demonstrate what is possible for a reclaimed language.
Sustaining Biocultural Diversity
Authors: Maffi Luisa
Published: August 2018

The term “biocultural diversity” describes the idea that the diversity of life on earth is comprised not only of biodiversity but also of cultural and linguistic diversity, all of which are interrelated (and possibly coevolved) within a complex socioecological adaptive system. This chapter presents the history and foundations of this concept and of the field of research and practice it has spawned, and discusses how they are helping bridge the nature-culture conservation gap. After reviewing the interrelated environmental, cultural, and socioeconomic factors that are leading to biocultural diversity loss worldwide, the chapter examines the nature and goals of integrative biocultural diversity conservation and the challenges and opportunities that this approach faces. This is illustrated with examples of on-the-ground biocultural conservation projects from different parts of the world. Concluding remarks point to further steps to be taken to protect diversity in nature and culture for an ecologically and culturally sustainable future.
Climate Change and Its Consequences for Cultural and Language Endangerment
Authors: Dunn Christopher P.
Published: August 2018

Climate change is arguably one of the most pressing issues facing humanity. The implications for natural ecological (terrestrial and marine) and agricultural systems are enormous. The diminishment and extinction of native species and the increase in number and impact of invasive species are well documented. As natural systems are altered, the local communities and indigenous groups that have co-evolved with, and depend on, native plants and animals are challenged to maintain their integrity and livelihoods. Thus, the erosion of biological diversity can lead directly to the erosion of cultural and, thusly, linguistic diversity. Here the ramifications of climate change with respect to cultural and language endangerment are examined, with particular emphasis on island systems, ecological calendars, civil conflict, and migration. Strong mitigation and adaptation strategies will be essential for cultural and language survival.
Interdisciplinary Language Documentation
Authors: Holton Gary
Published: August 2018

Documenting the linguistic practices of an endangered-language community necessarily crosses the boundaries of fields other than linguistics, as these practices encode a rich knowledge of the natural world. In pursuing a language documentation project linguists will encounter questions which cross into the domains of biology, astronomy, geology, mathematics, nutrition, agriculture, and more. Adequate recording of these domains requires collaboration with specialists from relevant disciplines, in order to ensure that the resulting documentation is useful to a broad range of scholars. Interdisciplinary language documentation brings additional benefits in the form of insights which can be gained only when indigenous language experts work with disciplinary peers. This chapter outlines some of the benefits of interdisciplinary language documentation as well as some of the challenges and suggestions for overcoming those challenges. Examples of interdisciplinary fieldwork are illustrated through case studies in ethnobotany, cultural astronomy, and ethnomathematics.
Indigenous Language Use Impacts Wellness
Authors: Taff Alice , Chee Melvatha , Hall Jaeci , Hall Millie Yéi Dulitseen , Martin Kawenniyóhstha Nicole , Johnston Annie
Published: August 2018

Supported by qualitative eyewitness accounts and reported quantitative experimental evidence, this chapter makes a case that using Indigenous languages has beneficial effects on the health of descendant language users. The chapter draws connections between traditional lands–culture–language, and suggests that the oppression of each of these affects the well-being of the people. Quantitative data correlates language use with lower suicide rates, diabetes symptoms, and reduction in risk factors for youth. Being bi- or multilingual, not necessarily in an ancestral language, appears to improve cognitive function throughout the life of an individual, and maintain gray and white matter such that aging of the brain is delayed. The chapter concludes with suggestions for action.
Afterword
Authors: Crystal David
Published: August 2018

This afterword looks back over the articles in the book, using a developmental metaphor to identify the stage that endangerment linguistics seems to have reached. Pure and applied aspects of the subject are identified. It reviews some of the myths associated with endangerment studies, and brings together themes addressed in various chapters, such as rate of loss, the nature of collaboration, and community concerns. Several chapters explore exactly what is involved in such notions as intergenerational transmission, immersion, minority status, contact situations, correctness, and metadata. A comparative perspective is seen to be of particular importance, with the emergence of a more standardized methodology for data gathering and description, and fresh opportunities for hypothesis testing and case studies, especially in a digital world. Terminological issues are also addressed, especially the mind-set switch from endangerment to empowerment.
The Design and Implementation of Documentation Projects for Spoken Languages
Authors: Chelliah Shobhana
Published: August 2018

The goal of this chapter is to provide a blueprint for planning a language documentation project. The scope is limited to the documentation of languages with average vitality but the chapter has relevance to other levels of endangerment as well. Language documentation is improved by key partnerships. By seeking out a supportive network of similarly motivated researchers, the language documenter can learn how to sequence and budget for documentation activities and how to plan workflow and data management so that dissemination and archiving goals are met. Implementing a documentation project as a lone academic or community member is possible, but having partners with complementary expertise can lead to the best results. Creating such teams requires funding and infrastructure so seeking out financial and institutional support is also part of the planning process for a documentation project.
Political Consumerism in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Pellandini-Simányi Léna , Gulyás Emese
Published: August 2018

This chapter compares political consumerism in Western Europe and Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) as well as within the CEE region, using European Social Survey, Special Eurobarometer, Fairtrade sales, and qualitative data. The chapter begins by discussing the largely neglected legacy of the socialist era for political consumerism. The discussion then compares European countries along twenty-two aspects of political consumerism, encompassing everyday consumer choices, attitudes, and awareness. The chapter shows, first, that certain forms of political consumerism cross-cut the East-West divide. Second, it proposes a threefold classification of the CEE countries (Mainstreamer, Reluctant Comfortable, and Passively Willing). Finally, the chapter outlines a version of political consumerism, referred to as the embedded politics of everyday life, prevalent in CEE, which differs from its Western counterpart in that it is less linked to political action and more to everyday ethics, such as thrift and patriotism.
Politicizing Consumption in Latin America
Authors: Portilho Fátima , Micheletti Michele
Published: August 2018

Latin America is not only a region where labelled goods are produced for the Northern hemisphere. It is also a region where consumption has been politicized. Political consumerism takes a different trajectory in Latin America when compared with the northern hemisphere. Reasons include its different countries’ political culture and how corporations, governments, and social movements are driving forces for sustainable consumption. The region has a strong tradition of social movements, and these movements have incorporated political consumerism into their action repertoire. Political consumer tools are now becoming part of Latin American social movements’ strategies, though more emphasis is still put on working through the parliamentary arena rather than using the market as an arena for politics. The chapter covers some limitations and opportunities for the expansion of political consumerism throughout the continent. It also addresses weaknesses in the northern hemisphere’s theoretical framing of the phenomenon.
Government Engagement with Political Consumerism
Authors: Hysing Erik
Published: August 2018

Political consumerism is described as a civil society response to perceived failures by governments to address global problems. It has been theorized as representing a challenge and complement to the state’s authority and legitimacy. This chapter reviews the roles of government in relation to political consumerism, focusing in particular on how governments have influenced the development and implementation of voluntary nongovernmental labeling schemes. The aim is to discern and discuss critical issues and debates on the interaction between government and political consumerism. It is concluded that political consumerism is part of a new governance landscape but that its development and effectiveness are fundamentally dependent on government. Political consumerism needs to be understood and critically researched in relation to a multifaceted understanding of government actors, responses, and interactions that recognizes both the varying conditions between states and the unique powers and responsibilities of government.
Racialized Political Consumerism in the United States
Authors: Park Bo Yun
Published: August 2018

In the United States, political consumerism has evolved alongside the country’s racial struggles. Throughout American history, ethnoracial minority groups have used different forms of racialized political consumerism in order to advance their rights. White supremacist groups have also taken part in boycotts to promote their cause. Addressing the need to assess the meaning and significance of a tactic that is considered to be a longstanding political tradition, this chapter provides an analytical guide for the study of racialized political consumerism in democratic societies. It does so by (1) illustrating the historical and contemporary uses of political consumerism in racial struggles in the United States, (2) examining the different forms of political consumerism used by ethnoracial minorities, and (3) discussing the theoretical value of the concept of racialized political consumerism.
A Behavioural Economic Perspective on Political Consumerism
Authors: Berger Sebastian
Published: August 2018

This chapter aims to present theoretical approaches and empirical methods and results from behavioral economics to an audience interested in political consumerism. It takes a behavioral economic view on political consumerism and presents theory, methods, and empirical results linking behavioral research to political consumerism in consumer as well as financial markets. Then, drawing on developments within behavioral economics, the chapter discusses the relevance of behaviorally informed policy (e.g., “nudging”) in the domain of political consumerism. Subsequent discussion shows selected research results in consumer and financial markets before focusing on real-world factors associated with political consumerism or the lack thereof. Taken together, the chapter relies on behavioral economic and psychological theorizing and results to give a novel perspective on developments in the field. The conclusion discusses strengths and weaknesses of the behavioral economic approach in political consumerism research to help the reader determine the suitability for related research questions.
Mass Consumption and Political Consumerism
Authors: Boström Magnus , Klintman Mikael
Published: August 2018

This chapter focuses on the relation between mass consumption and political consumerism. Mass consumption concerns the omnipresent role of consumption in contemporary societies with associated problems of excessive resource use in current practices of consumption. The late modern context and forces of mass consumption can both trigger and prevent political consumerism as well as shape its outcome. The chapter offers a literature review that addresses both examples of alternative consumption (e.g., buycotts) and various kinds of anticonsumption, which involve politically motivated ambitions to cut down on consumption. The chapter addresses how mass consumption activates political consumerist potentials, including sentiments towards anticonsumption. It furthermore shows how mass consumption makes people unable to link consumption to political considerations. Finally, the chapter analyses possibilities and difficulties in transforming niche political consumerist initiatives to the mainstream in a society that is dominated by mass consumption.
Sharing John Blacking
Authors: Emberly Andrea , Post Jennifer C.
Published: August 2018

As ethnomusicological collections become accessible to individuals, communities, and institutions beyond the scope of the original collector, their contents are often repurposed, reimagined, and reinformed. With the growing engagement with repatriation by archives, individuals, and institutions, field recordings, fieldnotes, images, and other supporting materials offer tangible and intangible records of musical performance, context, and historical data to scholars and the communities that first offered their music for scholarly research. Drawing from the Vhavenda materials in the John Blacking collection housed at the University of Western Australia, this chapter uses two case studies, on children’s music and musical instruments, to explore some of the myriad issues surrounding the repatriation of a historical ethnomusicological collection. The goal is to help shape how future archivists, scholars, and communities engage with archiving and repatriating ethnomusicological collections.
Societal Drivers of Food and Water Systems 2
Authors: Beck M. Bruce , Gyawali Dipak , Thompson Michael
Published: August 2018

The theory of plural rationality has a fourfold typology: four styles in which households and societies consume food and water; four basic ways of understanding the world and acting in it; four ways of living with one another and with nature; and, as now argued, four contending schools of engineering thought. Our argument is illustrated with two case studies: one where water is the core resource, as in irrigation for rural agricultural production in Nepal; the other where what has been entrained in the water as a result of the urban metabolism—the nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon nutrient resources—is key, here to the prospect of achieving a circular urban economy (in cities such as London).
The Baroque City
Authors: Mayernik David
Published: August 2018

The city was a primary theater of Baroque rhetorical projection. At once political, anagogical, and aesthetic, from its built form to the ephemeral structures and processions that animated it, the Baroque city was shaped into a theatrical space. The city was also a microcosm, a world in miniature. Political means were directed toward the representation of civic harmony, the concordance of the civic and the celestial, and the mirror of Justice; beauty was not only an aesthetic experience, it was a sign of a harmonious society. This chapter focuses on several cities that are representative of some critical aspects of Baroque urbanism. Beginning in Rome, where many of the techniques of Baroque urban design were generated, it tracks their propagation to Paris and across France, to Germany, and finally to Amsterdam. The picture that emerges depicts those characteristics of the Baroque city that made it both unique and influential.
Spillovers from FDI in Emerging Market Economies
Authors: Bhaumik Sumon Kumar , Driffield Nigel , Song Meng , Vahter Priit
Published: August 2018

This chapter explores the prospects for technology transfer and spillovers from inward investment in the setting of emerging markets. The chapter builds on the large literature on spillovers to explore the drivers of such effects. First, it is necessary to explore why the analysis of technology transfer between inward investors and local firms is important in the context of emerging market development, and also why a different perspective may be required compared with that developed for traditional economies such as the UK or USA. In doing so, the authors explore issues such as absorptive capacity and institutional quality, e.g., the protection of property rights, and link those to the common issues identified by international business scholars and others in terms of the challenges presented by operating in emerging markets. This, in turn, enables them to explore possible policy responses.
Entrepreneurship in Emerging Markets
Authors: Estrin Saul , Mickiewicz Tomasz , Stephan Ute , Wright Mike
Published: August 2018

The level of entrepreneurial activity is higher in emerging markets than in developed economies, driven by high levels of necessity entry and less daunting entry barriers, especially in the informal sector. However, a gap remains in our understanding of its extent and of the drivers of its change. This chapter addresses this gap by conceptualizing and providing evidence about the scale and nature of entrepreneurship in emerging markets. The chapter begins with an empirical analysis of entrepreneurship in emerging economies. In particular, it contrasts the way in which human capital is utilized by entrepreneurs in emerging market economies and in developed countries. The chapter goes on to the theme of human capital, bringing in theory, and considering entrepreneurship in emerging economies at the individual level as well as the role of entrepreneurs’ social capital in the emerging economy context. Furthermore, it considers the scale and impact of the repatriation of human and social capital from abroad, which is found to play an important role in entrepreneurship in many emerging economies, especially when considering innovation. The survey goes on to provide a macro-level analysis, with cross-country comparisons of the effects of institutions and finance on entrepreneurial activity in emerging markets. It concludes by suggesting avenues for future research.
Emerging Market Multinationals in Advanced Economies
Authors: Cui Lin , Aulakh Preet S.
Published: August 2018

This chapter aims to take stock of existing research on emerging economy multinationals (EMNEs) in advanced host economies, a phenomenon often referred to as “South-North investment.” Both the extent of such investments and the stage in the firms’ internationalization life cycle in which these occur challenge some of the tenets of the traditional theories of multinational enterprises. The chapter critically evaluates the literature on this phenomenon and identifies three research themes related to the strategic motivation behind the investments, institutional influences, and network-based resources that explain EMNEs’ aggressive forays in advanced economies. Collectively, these theoretical and empirical studies contribute to a rethinking and refinement of current traditional understanding of the pace and paths of firm internationalization. The chapter further suggests that the unique strategic asset-seeking orientation behind EMNEs investments in advanced markets and the institutional support facilitating such expansion create important strategic and organizational challenges for these firms in their globalization efforts. Accordingly, the chapter identifies some research possibilities around related themes of ambidexterity, comparative institutionalism, and legitimacy that may facilitate further theorization and a better understanding of both normative and policy implications of the increasing investments of EMNEs in more developed economic and institutional environments.
Managing Emerging Markets in Russia
Authors: Puffer Sheila M. , McCarthy Daniel J. , May Ruth C. , Shirokova Galina V. , Panibratov Andrei Yu.
Published: August 2018

This chapter provides an overview of the business climate in Russia, which in turn depends upon the country’s political-economic environment. The chapter also focuses on the conditions for doing business by both domestic and foreign firms. The chapter consists of four sections: (1) introducing the institutional environment for doing business in Russia, focusing on the political-economic conditions that comprise that environment; (2) discussing entrepreneurship in this relatively negative environment; (3) describing the circumstances for Russian multinationals, noting progress made in internationalization and outward foreign direct investment; and(4) focusing on implications for managers in both domestic and foreign firms dealing with activities including knowledge transfer, management and leadership, and innovation. In summary, the chapter provides an overview for doing business in Russia that is challenging for both domestic and foreign firms due to the country’s negative institutional environment, except for those Russian multinationals favored by the government.
How Real are the Opportunities for Multinationals in China?
Authors: Williamson Peter J. , Wan Feng
Published: August 2018

Many multinationals continue to see the China market as a major contributor to their global growth over the medium term. With the rising capabilities and competitiveness of local Chinese players, however, how real are the opportunities for multinationals in China? This chapter begins by reviewing the evidence on the performance of multinationals versus their local competitors in the Chinese market. The chapter then analyzes the changing strategies and evolution of sources of competitive advantage of both Chinese companies and multinationals competing in China. It compares the differential success of these competing groups in accessing the “country-specific advantages” available in China. The chapter also examines the evidence on “catch-up” by Chinese companies in building their own firm-specific advantages. This includes an analysis of internal investment and learning by Chinese companies with the aim of building new capabilities, improving their absorptive capacity, and accessing strategic assets through foreign partnerships and cross-border acquisitions. The chapter then examines the changing role of Chinese companies in global value chains. This leads the chapter to address the question of whether, in addition to narrowing the capability gaps with multinationals, Chinese companies have also developed new and distinctive dynamic capabilities and sources of competitive advantage. The chapter concludes by examining how multinationals have responded to increased competition from local players in China and the options open to multinationals as they seek to secure future opportunities in China in the face of a rapidly changing market environment.
Institutional Theory Perspectives on Emerging Markets
Authors: Kostova Tatiana , Marano Valentina
Published: August 2018

This chapter presents a critical review of the applications of the institutional perspective in research focused on emerging markets. The review is organized along (a) three distinct institutional strands (i.e., institutional economics, organizational institutionalism, and comparative institutionalism), and (b) three domain areas regarding how each perspective has examined the evolution of the national business environment, the interface between the firm and the institutional context in its home and host countries, and the unique strategies and ways of organizing and managing of firms operating in emerging markets. The chapter concludes with several ideas about promising opportunities for future research on emerging markets in the institutional tradition.
The Superior Paraolivary Nucleus
Authors: Magnusson Anna K. , Gómez-Álvarez Marcelo
Published: August 2018

This chapter summarizes the current concepts of the superior paraolivary nucleus (SPON)—a structure embedded in the superior olivary complex in the mammalian auditory brainstem. SPON is driven by input pathways from two of the most temporally secure neurons in the brain: the octopus cells in the cochlear nucleus and the neurons of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. These inputs activate spiking activity that marks the onset and offset of sound, the latter based on a rebound depolarization mechanism. This makes the SPON an excellent detector of transient sound energy. Robust detection of the coarse sound pattern over time further gives SPON the capacity to track the temporal envelope of complex sounds with supreme precision. Since the SPON circuitry is constant in mammals and resilient to sensory perturbation, it indicates its high survival value. A possible neuroevolutionary role of SPON in the processing of vocalizations is discussed.
Combining simulations and physical observations to estimate cosmological parameters
Authors: Higdon Dave , Heitmann Katrin , Nakhleh Charles , Habib Salman
Published: August 2018

This article focuses on the use of a Bayesian approach that combines simulations and physical observations to estimate cosmological parameters. It begins with an overview of the Λ-cold dark matter (CDM) model, the simplest cosmological model in agreement with the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and largescale structure analysis. The CDM model is determined by a small number of parameters which control the composition, expansion and fluctuations of the universe. The present study aims to learn about the values of these parameters using measurements from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Computationally intensive simulation results are combined with measurements from the SDSS to infer about a subset of the parameters that control the CDM model. The article also describes a statistical framework used to determine a posterior distribution for these cosmological parameters and concludes by showing how it can be extended to include data from diverse data sources.
Introduction and guide to the handbook
Authors: Akemann Gernot , Baik Jinho , Di Francesco Philippe
Published: August 2018

This article discusses random matrix theory (RMT) in a nutshell — what it is about, what its main features are, and why it is so successful in applications. It first considers the simplest and maybe most frequently used standard example, the Gaussian Unitary Ensemble (GUE) of random matrices, before looking at several types of applications of RMT, focusing on random operators, counting devices, and RMT without matrices. It then provides a guide to the handbook, explaining how the other forty-two articles on mathematical properties and applications of random matrices are related and built one upon the other. It also lists some topics that are not covered in detail in the book and reviews recent new developments since the first edition of this handbook before concluding with a brief survey of the existing introductory literature.
Random matrix theory and integrable systems
Authors: van Moerbeke Pierre
Published: August 2018

This article discusses the interaction between random matrix theory (RMT) and integrable theory, leading to ordinary and partial differential equations (PDEs) for the eigenvalue distribution of random matrix models of size n and the transition probabilities of non-intersecting Brownian motion models, for finite n and for n → ∞. It first provides an overview of the connection between the theory of orthogonal polynomials and the KP-hierarchy in integrable systems before examining matrix models and the Virasoro constraints. It then considers multiple orthogonal polynomials, taking into account non-intersecting Brownian motions on ℝ (Dyson’s Brownian motions), a moment matrix for several weights, Virasoro constraints, and a PDE for non-intersecting Brownian motions. It also analyses critical diffusions, with particular emphasis on the Airy process, the Pearcey process, and Airy process with wanderers. Finally, it describes the Tacnode process, along with kernels and p-reduced KP-hierarchy.
Determinantal point processes
Authors: Borodin Alexei
Published: August 2018

This article presents a list of algebraic, combinatorial, and analytic mechanisms that give rise to determinantal point processes. Determinantal point processes have been used in random matrix theory (RMT) since the early 1960s. As a separate class, determinantal processes were first used to model fermions in thermal equilibrium and the term ‘fermion’ point processes were adopted. The article first provides an overview of the generalities associated with determinantal point processes before discussing loop-free Markov chains, that is, the trajectories of the Markov chain do not pass through the same point twice almost surely. It then considers the measures given by products of determinants, namely, biorthogonal ensembles. An especially important subclass of biorthogonal ensembles consists of orthogonal polynomial ensembles. The article also describes L-ensembles, a general construction of determinantal point processes via the Fock space formalism, dimer models, uniform spanning trees, Hermitian correlation kernels, and Pfaffian point processes.
Random matrix representations of critical statistics
Authors: Kravtsov Vladimir
Published: August 2018

This article examines two random matrix ensembles that are useful for describing critical spectral statistics in systems with multifractal eigenfunction statistics: the Gaussian non-invariant ensemble and the invariant random matrix ensemble. It first provides an overview of non-invariant Gaussian random matrix theory (RMT) with multifractal eigenvectors and invariant random matrix theory (RMT) with log-square confinement before discussing self-unfolding and not self-unfolding in invariant RMT. It then considers a non-trivial unfolding and how it changes the form of the spectral correlations, along with the appearance of a ghost correlation dip in RMT and Hawking radiation. It also describes the correspondence between invariant and non-invariant ensembles and concludes by introducing a simple field theory in 1+1 dimensions which reproduces level statistics of both of the two random matrix models and the classical Wigner-Dyson spectral statistics in the framework of the unified formalism of Luttinger liquid.
Phase transitions
Authors: Cicuta Giovanni , Molinari Luca
Published: August 2018

This article considers phase transitions in matrix models that are invariant under a symmetry group as well as those that occur in some matrix ensembles with preferred basis, like the Anderson transition. It first reviews the results for the simplest model with a nontrivial set of phases, the one-matrix Hermitian model with polynomial potential. It then presents a view of the several solutions of the saddle point equation. It also describes circular models and their Cayley transform to Hermitian models, along with fixed trace models. A brief overview of models with normal, chiral, Wishart, and rectangular matrices is provided. The article concludes with a discussion of the curious single-ring theorem, the successful use of multi-matrix models in describing phase transitions of classical statistical models on fluctuating two-dimensional surfaces, and the delocalization transition for the Anderson, Hatano-Nelson, and Euclidean random matrix models.
Chain of matrices, loop equations, and topological recursion
Authors: Orantin Nicolas
Published: August 2018

This article considers the so-called loop equations satisfied by integrals over random matrices coupled in a chain as well as their recursive solution in the perturbative case when the matrices are Hermitian. Random matrices are used in fields such as the study of multi-orthogonal polynomials or the enumeration of discrete surfaces, both of which are based on the analysis of a matrix integral. However, this term can be confusing since the definition of a matrix integral in these two applications is not the same. The article discusses these two definitions, perturbative and non-perturbative, along with their relationship. It first provides an overview of a matrix integral before comparing convergent and formal matrix integrals. It then describes the loop equations and their solution in the one-matrix model. It also examines matrices coupled in a chain plus external field and concludes with a generalization of the topological recursion.
Unitary integrals and related matrix models
Authors: Morozov Alexei
Published: August 2018

This article examines the basic properties of unitary matrix integrals using three matrix models: the ordinary unitary model, the Brézin-Gross-Witten (BGW) model and the Harish-Chandra-Itzykson-Zuber (HCIZ) model. The tricky sides of the story are given special attention, such as the de Wit-’t Hooft anomaly in unitary integrals and the problem of correlators with Itzykson-Zuber measure. The method of character expansions is also emphasized as a technical tool. The article first provides an overview of the theory of the BGW model, taking into account the de Wit-’t Hooft anomaly and the M-theory of matrix models, before discussing the theory of the HCIZ integral. In particular, it describes the basics of character calculus, character expansion of the HCIZ integral, character expansion for the BGW model and Leutwyler-Smilga integral, and pair correlator in HCIZ theory.
Non-Hermitian ensembles
Authors: Khoruzhenko Boris , Sommers Hans-Jurgen
Published: August 2018

This article discusses the three-fold family of Ginibre random matrix ensembles (complex, real, and quaternion real) and their elliptic deformations. It also considers eigenvalue correlations that are exactly reduced to two-point kernels in the strongly and weakly non-Hermitian limits of large matrix size. Ginibre introduced the complex, real, and quaternion real random matrix ensembles as a mathematical extension of Hermitian random matrix theory. Statistics of complex eigenvalues are now used in modelling a wide range of physical phenomena. After providing an overview of the complex Ginibre ensemble, the article describes random contractions and the complex elliptic ensemble. It then examines real and quaternion-real Ginibre ensembles, along with real and quaternion-real elliptic ensembles. In particular, it analyses the kernel in the elliptic case as well as the limits of strong and weak non-Hermiticity.
Characteristic polynomials
Authors: Brezin Edouard , Hikami Sinobu
Published: August 2018

This article considers characteristic polynomials and reviews a few useful results obtained in simple Gaussian models of random Hermitian matrices in the presence of an external matrix source. It first considers the products and ratio of characteristic polynomials before discussing the duality theorems for two different characteristic polynomials of Gaussian weights with external sources. It then describes the m-point correlation functions of the eigenvalues in the Gaussian unitary ensemble and how they are deduced from their Fourier transforms U(s1, … , sm). It also analyses the relation of the correlation function of the characteristic polynomials to the standard n-point correlation function using the replica and supersymmetric methods. Finally, it shows how the topological invariants of Riemann surfaces, such as the intersection numbers of the moduli space of curves, may be derived from averaged characteristic polynomials.
Free probability theory
Authors: Speicher Roland
Published: August 2018

This article focuses on free probability theory, which is useful for dealing with asymptotic eigenvalue distributions in situations involving several matrices. In particular, it considers some of the basic ideas and results of free probability theory, mostly from the random matrix perspective. After providing a brief background on free probability theory, the article discusses the moment method for several random matrices and the concept of freeness. It then gives some of the main probabilistic notions used in free probability and introduces the combinatorial theory of freeness. In this theory, freeness is described in terms of free cumulants in relation to the planar approximations in random matrix theory (RMT). The article also examines free harmonic analysis, second-order freeness, operator-valued free probability theory, further free-probabilistic aspects of random matrices, and operator algebraic aspects of free probability.
Random banded and sparse matrices
Authors: Spencer Thomas
Published: August 2018

This article discusses some mathematical results and conjectures about random band matrix ensembles (RBM) and sparse matrix ensembles. Spectral problems of RBM and sparse matrices can be expressed in terms of supersymmetric (SUSY) statistical mechanics that provides a dual representation for disordered quantum systems. This representation offers important insights into nonperturbative aspects of the spectrum and eigenfunctions of RBM. The article first presents the definition of RBM ensembles before considering the density of states, the behaviour of eigenvectors, and eigenvalue statistics for RBM and sparse random matrices. In particular, it highlights the relations with random Schrödinger (RS) and the role of the dimension of the lattice. It also describes the connection between RBM and statistical mechanics, the spectral theory of large random sparse matrices, conjectures and theorems about eigenvectors and local spacing statistics, and the RS operator on the Cayley tree or Bethe lattice.
Random permutations and related topics
Authors: Olshanski Grigori
Published: August 2018

This article considers some topics in random permutations and random partitions highlighting analogies with random matrix theory (RMT). An ensemble of random permutations is determined by a probability distribution on Sn, the set of permutations of [n] := {1, 2, . . . , n}. In many ways, the symmetric group Sn is linked to classical matrix groups. Ensembles of random permutations should be given the same treatment as random matrix ensembles, such as the ensembles of classical compact groups and symmetric spaces of compact type with normalized invariant measure. The article first describes the Ewens measures, virtual permutations, and the Poisson-Dirichlet distributions before discussing results related to the Plancherel measure on the set of equivalence classes of irreducible representations of Sn and its consecutive generalizations: the z-measures and the Schur measures.