bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ozone-Induced Immobilization of Chitosan and Heparin on Polyethylene Terephthalate Films to Improve Antithrombogenic Properties
Authors: Li Jian Xin , Wang Jin , Li Peng , Weng Ya Jun , Ren Ling , Fei Xue Ling , Sun Hong , Huang Nan
Published: March 2009

of artificial blood catheters. This paper describes the immobilization of chitosan and
heparin molecules on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films by ozonization. The concentration of
peroxide groups (-OOH) was 1.72 × 10-7 mol/cm2 on the PET surface oxidized by ozonization.
The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicate that chains of chitosan and heparin
were successfully immobilized on the PET films. The static contact angle(STA) of water
decreases from 83.5° to 68.3° by immobilization of chitosan and heparin, which means that the
hydrophilic properties of the modified PET is improved. The antithrombogenic property of PET
surface was evaluated by a platelet-rich plasma (PRP) adhesion test. The results indicate that the
number of platelet adhered on the modified-PET surface incubated with PRP for 240 min decreased
significantly and platelets did not aggregate and distort.
Influence of Hydrothermal Processing Parameters on Phase Stability of Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Park Sun Hyo , Ryu In Young , Kim Dae Joon , Lee Won Jun , Han Jung Suk , Lee Myung Hyun
Published: March 2009

Nanosized hydroxyapatite(HAp) was synthesized hydrothermally and influence of
processing parameters, such as reaction temperature and time, pH, and Ca/P ratio, on the phase
stability of HAp was evaluated after pressureless sintering at 1250°C in air. The highest stability
was achieved from the powder obtained at a processing condition for the lowest solubility of Ca2+,
which corresponds to temperature close to 200°C, time <4h, pH>9.0, and Ca/P = 1.67. The stability
of nanosized HAp in HAp/3Y-TZP composites was slightly inferior to commercial one, but the
involvement of hydrothermally synthesized HAp improved sintered density of the composites and
stability of t-ZrO2 phase in the composites.
Non-Invasive Measurement of In-Vivo Elasticity of Skeletal Muscles with MR-Elastography
Authors: Kang Yu Bong , Oida T. , Jung Duk Young , Fukuma A. , Azuma T. , Okamoto J. , Takizawa O. , Matsuda T. , Tsutsumi Sadami
Published: March 2009

In order to evaluate the mechanical properties of the human skeletal muscles, the
elasticity and viscosity of the human calf muscles were measured with Magnetic Resonance
Elastography (MRE). MRE is a novel method to measure the mechanical properties of living soft
tissues in vivo quantitatively by observing the strain waves propagated in the object. In this study,
the shear modulus and viscosity coefficient were measured with MRE. The shear modulus was 3.7
kPa in relaxed state, and increased with increasing the muscle forces. Interestingly, the viscosity
was changed with the vibration frequency applied to the muscles, that was 4.5 Pa·s at 100Hz
vibration and 2.4 Pa·s at 200Hz vibration. This shows clearly the visco-elastic property.
The Microstructural and Biomechanical Properties of the Primary Compressive Trabecular System in Human Femoral Head
Authors: Baek Myong Hyun , Won Ye Yeon , Cui Wen Quan , Min Byung Woo
Published: March 2009

To analyze the importance of bone quality, we studied 21 primary compressive trabecular
system by micro-computed tomography(micro-CT), finite element analysis and destructive
mechanical test. Significant correlations were found between histomorphometry and biomechanical
parameters. The results indicate that the bone quality of primary compressive trabecular system is
determined more by its combined micro-structural parameters (histomorphometry) and
biomechanical parameters than histomorphometry only. Assessment of trabecular bone by finite
element analysis may become important not only for assessment of bone quality but also for
prediction of bone fracture risk of bone degeneration.
Effect of Inorganic Ions on Morphology and Crystallinity of Collagen Fibrils
Authors: Wei Qing Rong , Yang Xiu Dong , Lu Jian , Zhang Bo , Jiang Bo , Fan Hong Song , Chen Ji Yong , Gu Zhong Wei , Zhang Xing Dong
Published: March 2009

As a natural biomaterial, collagen especially pepsin-solubilized collagen (type I) has been
used widely in biomedical fields due to its excellent biocompatibility. In this preliminary study, we
investigate the effect of some inorganic ions which are frequently utilized in the preparation of
collagen on the morphology and crystallinity of fibrils. The scanning electron microscope and x-ray
diffraction were applied to analyze the morphology and the crystallization of the reconstituted
collagen fibrils, respectively. Although further studies are needed, these initial results indicate that
by controlling the self-assembly conditions of collagen molecules, we may achieve the desired
properties of fibrillar collagen products.
Investigation into Thermal Characteristics in Cutting of a Low Carbon Sheet Using a High-Power CW Nd:YAG Laser for Net Shape Manufacturing
Authors: Ahn Dong Gyu , Park Hyung Jun
Published: March 2009

The objective of this paper is to investigate the influence of process parameters on
kerfwidth and the melted area in sharp corners for cutting of a low carbon (CSP 1N) sheet using a high
power Nd:YAG laser with a continuous wave for net shape manufacturing. In order to investigate the
effects of the power of laser, the cutting speed of the laser and the thickness of the material on the
kerfwidth, several linear cutting tests have been carried out. From the results of experiments, the
relationship between the effective heat input and kerfwidth has been obtained. In addition, it has been
shown that the kerfwidth ranges from 0.47 mm to 0.79 mm. In order to investigate the influence of the
corner angle and size of the loop on the melted area in sharp corners for each cutting condition,
angular cutting tests and loop cutting tests have been performed. From the results of angular cutting
tests, the relationship between the corner angle and the melted area has been obtained and it has been
found that the melted area is nearly zero at the corner angle of 150 o. Through the results of loop
cutting experiments, the relationship between the corner angles on the melted area in the corner
according to the size of the loop has been obtained. In addition, a proper size of loop for each corner
angle has been obtained. The above empirical results have been applied in the development of a
knowledge-based path generation program for laser cutting with algorithms of the offset generation
and the path modification.
The Influence of Cutting Methods on the Cut-Surface Quality of Titanium Sheets
Authors: Adamus Janina
Published: March 2009

In this paper, the influence of the cutting method on the cut-surface quality is analysed. A
WT1-0 titanium sheet was cut in three different ways: using a guillotine, a laser and an abrasivewaterjet.
The cut-surface’s appearance, microstructure, microhardness and the roughness of the cutsurface
were tested. Moreover, a numerical simulation of the banking process of a titanium disk was
carried out with the ADINA System v.8.3 based on the finite element method. The influence of the
radius of the cutting edge and the clearance on the surface quality was analysed.
Case Studies and Applications of Flowforming to Aircraft Engine Component Manufacturing
Authors: Savoie Jean , Bissinger Melinda
Published: March 2009

Aircraft engine components are assemblies of several parts that are manufactured using
various processes: deep drawing and machining, among others. Deep drawing cannot control
accurately wall thicknesses and is performed in numerous steps. Machining parts from solids is less
and less cost effective as prices for raw materials increase. Hence, the use of near net shape
manufacturing methods is becoming more appealing. An alternative forming process is here
investigated: flowforming, process well adapted to axisymmetric parts. The amount of forming
steps, welding and machining could be significantly reduced, reducing lead-times and
manufacturing costs. Examples are presented for the forming of selected parts (gas generator cases,
fan cases and diverter ducts), together with their metallurgical and mechanical properties.
Flowforming, however, can only generate shells with some hollow details: most flanges, bosses,
stiffeners or weld lips cannot be obtained. Hence, methods of adding material are explored.
On The Stability of Superplastic Deformation Using Nonlinear Wavelength Analysis
Authors: Nazzal Mohammad , Khraisheh Marwan K.
Published: March 2009

Optimum variable strain rate forming paths based on two multiscale deformation-based
stability criteria are developed. The first criterion is based on Hart’s linear stability analysis while in
the second criterion; we introduce a modified one dimensional nonlinear long wavelength analysis
introduced by Hutchinson and Neale [7] based on the well known 2-D Marciniak-Kuczynski
criterion. The stability criteria are calibrated for the AZ31 Mg alloy at 400 °C yielding two different
variable strain rate forming paths. These paths show that the nonlinear wavelength analysis is more
sensitive to strain rate sensitivity and results in larger attainable uniform strains than Hart’s
approach especially at low strain rates. This result is demonstrated through finite element
simulations of a deep rectangular box using pressure profiles derived from the two variable strain
rate forming paths. The FE results clearly illustrate that Hart’s approach underestimates the amount
of uniform deformation and therefore prolongs the forming time to prevent failure compared to the
nonlinear analysis.
Hydromechanical Deep Drawing of Funerary Vases: A Suitable Alternative to the Traditional Forming Processes
Authors: Bortot Paolo , Ceretti Elisabetta , Fiorentino Antonio , Giardini Claudio
Published: March 2009

In the present paper a feasibility study of a funerary vase, made of stainless steel, using
the Hydromechanical Deep Drawing process, is presented. The component is currently made of
bronze and manufactured by die casting technology in a low volume production environment. To
investigate the part feasibility, several FE simulations were implemented using the Aquadraw tool
of the explicit FE code Pam Stamp 2G 2005®. The FE simulations showed that HDD process can
produce the part in one single step without the requirement of finishing operations such as painting
or polishing. Furthermore experimental tests were conducted and the first prototypes were
successfully produced.
The Increased Forming Limits of Incremental Sheet Forming Processes
Authors: Allwood J.M. , Shouler D.R. , Tekkaya A. Erman
Published: March 2009

Incremental sheet forming is known to give higher forming limits than conventional sheet
forming processes, but investigation of this effect has been impeded by the computational cost of
process models which include detailed predictions of through thickness behaviour. Here, a
simplified process is used to gain insight into the mechanics of a broad class of incremental forming
processes. The simplified process is described and shown to give increases in forming limits
compared to a conventional process with the same geometry. A model of the process is set up with
a commercial finite element package, validated, and used to trace the history of a ‘pin’ inserted
perpendicularly into the workpiece. The history of the deformation of the ‘pin’ demonstrates
significant through thickness shear occurring in the direction parallel to tool motion. This insight is
used to modify an existing analysis used to predict forming limit curves. The analysis shows that for
a sheet with uniform proportional loading, the forming limit is increased when through thickness
shear is present, and this is proposed as an explanation for the increased forming limits of
incremental sheet forming processes.
Mechanical Properties and Plastic Anisotropy of the Quenchenable High Strength Steel 22MnB5 at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Merklein Marion , Lecher Jürgen , Gödel Vera , Bruschi Stefania , Ghiotti Andrea , Turetta Alberto
Published: March 2009

Within the scope of this paper, the formability of the press hardenable steel 22MnB5 will
be investigated with regard to its anisotropic properties at elevated temperatures under the
processing conditions of hot stamping. Two different experimental setups have been realized, one at
the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg using conductive heating, and the other one at the University
of Padova using inductive heating. Both of these equipments enable the characterization of the
material anisotropy behavior by performing uniaxial, hot tensile tests in the range of hot stamping
temperatures.
Mechanical and Laser Micro Deep Drawing
Authors: Schulze Niehoff H. , Hu Zhen Yu , Vollertsen Frank
Published: March 2009

Mechanical micro deep drawing becomes a more and more industrial relevant process.
But due to size effects new challenges are involved in this process compared to macro deep
drawing. The size effects cause an increase of friction and thus hinder the material flow. The change
of friction in mechanical micro deep drawing is subject of the presented investigations in this paper.
Additionally to this, a new non-mechanical micro deep drawing process is presented, whereby a
laser beam acts as a punch. This new laser deep drawing process is based on a totally different
mechanism compared to thermal laser forming, e.g. forming by laser induced thermal stresses: The
laser produces a pulse with an extremely high power density, which causes plasma generation at the
target and thus a shock wave. The shock wave can be used as in explosive forming, but is smaller
and easier to generate. Recent investigations showed that using this technology laser deep drawing
is possible with a sheet metal out of Al 99.5 and a thickness of 50 'm. The deep drawing process
was carried out with a die diameter of 4 mm and shows promising results.
Classification of Problems Under Uncertainty, in FEM-Based Analysis and Design of Sheet Metal Forming Operations
Authors: Strano Matteo , Burdi Andrea
Published: March 2009

During sheet metal forming operations, many different sources of non-controllable process
variations usually display their effect, leading to a degree of uncertainty in the final parts’ quality. For
this reason, statistical tools are increasingly used in combination with FEM numerical simulation. The
focus is moving in recent times beyond mere feasibility to robustness of the product and process being
engineered. Ensuring robustness is the next big challenge for the virtual tryout / simulation technology.
In this paper, some of the numerous applications of statistical analysis combined with simulation of
sheet forming processes are presented and discussed: 1) sensitivity analysis under uncertainty, 2)
process capability studies, 3) reliability assessment, 4) reliability optimization, 5) process design
optimization under uncertainty. Problems of type 2) and 5) will be particularly addressed, by giving the
description of some innovative methods and applications.
Laser Forming Oriented CAD/CAM for Developable Surfaces
Authors: Callebaut B. , Duflou Joost R. , Kruth Jean Pierre
Published: March 2009

Laser forming of sheet material has been widely investigated for the last 15 years. While
researchers encounter severe problems during the forming of a 3D free form shape, at least one
category of surfaces can be made with the process of laser forming, namely the developable
surfaces, which are widely used in, for example, ship building. Those surfaces show a zero gaussian
curvature and can be unrolled onto a plane without distortion. Until now, the forming of such
surfaces has been more or less heuristic, but this paper aims to treat the CAD/CAM issues of this
problem in a generic way. Once the surface has been defined, in order to obtain a developable
surface, the surface is rebuilt into a number of planar flanges. After collision testing, the unfolding
of the surface is calculated. The developable surface is scanned on the boundary between two
flanges using laser settings that are determined based on efficiency optimisation considerations,
keeping in mind the hardware limitations and the possible surface damage for a too high input
energy. In this paper, the proposed CAD/CAM procedure is validated by means of a developable
parabolic cylinder.
Towards the Mastering of the Free Surface Position in Roll Coating
Authors: Szczurek E. , Dubar M. , Deltombe R. , Dubois A. , Dubar L.
Published: March 2009

This paper deals with an industrial three rolls coater. The behaviour law of the elastomer
roll cover in different environments is first established in order to be taken into account in the
numerical simulation of the process. Cyclic compression tests are performed and compared to the
corresponding numerical simulation to precisely determine the viscoelastic parameters. With the
identified parameters, a finite element simulation of the process is then performed to evaluate the
meniscus stability in real contact conditions. The influence of the determined elastomer behaviour
laws on the free surface position is discussed.
Time-Temperature Dependence of Compressive Behavior of Polypropylene Foams
Authors: Hwang Jae Jung , Adachi Tadaharu , Araki Wakako
Published: March 2009

The time-temperature dependence of the compressive behavior of polypropylene (PP)
foam was investigated to make predictions about what sort of behavior for wide ranges of
temperature and strain rate. Compressive stress relaxation tests were conducted at 213 K and 373 K.
Compression tests were also conducted. The strain rate was 2×10-3 1/s at 213 K and 373 K. The
compressive stress-strain curves were roughly linear and dependent on temperature until the
maximum stress was reached. The maximum stress occurred at 5% strain regardless of temperature.
The plateau stresses decreased as temperature increased. By plotting compressive behavior of the
PP foam at the master curve of the stress relaxation modulus, its temperature dependence could be
explained by the thermo-viscoelastic properties. Therefore, the behavior of PP foam at different
strain rates could be approximately predicted from the stress relaxation modulus with the timetemperature
equivalence principle.
Twinning and Twinned Bands Turning During Plastic Deformation in Rolled Mg Alloy AZ31
Authors: Quan Gao Feng
Published: March 2009

It is studied the deformation process by IN SITU surface morphology observation for Mg alloy AZ31 sheet in an SEM. It is found that the deformation starts phenomenologically from twinning process, making out of the first twinning in both intact crystallite grains and existing twinned bands by rolling process, and the secondary twinning in original twinned bands. As the plastic strain increases the twinned bands turn to transverse direction (TD) of the sheet in all three tensile directions: rolling direction (RD), TD and 45° to rolling direction (45). The turning characteristic of grain boundaries were dealt with as well.
Microstructure and Texture Dependence of Asymmetric Rolled AZ31 Mg Alloy
Authors: Lee Jae Seol , Son Hyeon Taek , Kim Young Kyun , Lee Ki Yong , Kim Hyoung Mo , Oh Ik Hyun
Published: March 2009

In this study, we try to investigate the asymmetric rolling process affects microstructure, texture and formability of AZ31 Mg sheet. The deformation twins are clearly apparent, small and recrystallized grains are visible along some grain boundary and twinned regions in the as-rolled both samples. The symmetrically rolled sample tended to show peak inclined to the rolling direction. On the other hand, the asymmetrically rolled sample tended to show peak slightly inclined to the transverse direction. From the pole figure observation by EBSD, the intensity decrease of basal fiber texture after asymmetric rolling should be attributed to the severe shear strain induced during asymmetric process. The Erichsen value was measured to be 6.5 for asymmetrically rolled sample and 5.2 for symmetrically rolled sample.
A Study on Melting Phenomena and Enhanced Heat Transfer of Phase Change Material by Ultrasonic Vibrations
Authors: Yang Ho Dong , Oh Yool Kwon
Published: March 2009

This study focused on observing the melting phenomena and investigated a principle
factor of enhanced heat transfer in phase change material when the ultrasonic vibrations were
applied during the melting process. For visualization, particle image velocimetry and thermal-vision
camera for observing the flow phenomenon was used. Also, experiments were performed to obtain
the experimental results such as melting time and temperature distribution. Besides, structural
vibration simulator which is applying a coupled finite element-boundary element method (Coupled
FE-BEM) was used for calculation of acoustic pressure occurred by ultrasonic vibrations in liquid
region. The results of experimental and numerical observations show that acoustic streaming
induced by ultrasonic vibrations is one of the prime effects acoustically enhanced phase change heat
transfer and help to accelerate the melting of phase change material. Also, the application technique
of visualization and computational simulation introduced in this study is very useful and important
to analyze the mechanical behavior of material in a fast fluid dynamic or acoustic field.
The Effect of Solids Microcharacteristics on the Macroscopic Parameters of Plastic Deformation Localization in Metals
Authors: Zuev Lev , Barannikova Svetlana A.
Published: March 2009

A new approach is proposed for description of autowave processes responsible for plastic deformation localization in metals and alloys. It is postulated that to a localized flow autowave there corresponds a quasi-particle. The characteristics of the quasi-particle have been determined. A direct relationship has been established between the processes involved in the deformation on a macro- and a micro-scale level.
On Application of Periodic Boundary Conditions in Micro/Meso Multi-Scale Analyses of Composites
Authors: Xia Zi Hui , Zhang Yun Fa , Ellyin Fernand
Published: March 2009

Both micro- and meso-scale structures are involved in the analyses of many composite materials
such as filament-wound tubes. In this paper, a unified approach for applying periodic boundary conditions to
micro/meso-scale repeated unit cell models in the finite element analysis is presented. As an application
example, a two-scale analysis of a ±θ helical filament-wound tube is provided.
Finite Element Model Updating of a Steel–Concrete Composite Moment - Resisting Structure with Partial Strength Joints
Authors: Bursi Oreste S. , Molinari Marco , Savadkoohi Alireza , Zonta Daniele
Published: March 2009

Dynamic and static identification of a full scale moment-resisting steel-concrete
composite structure with partial strength joints that was tested by means of the pseudo-dynamic
testing technique at the ELSA laboratory of the Joint Research Centre at Ispra, Italy, is the subject
of this paper. The structure was subjected to pseudo-dynamic and dynamic tests at different damage
and peak ground acceleration levels; and the results were used for identifying the behaviour of the
structure. Two and three-dimensional refined finite element models of the structure accompanied by
a robust nonlinear optimization method, the Powell’s Dog Leg method, were updated in order to
reproduce in an optimal fashion the experimental static and dynamic behaviour of the structure.
Vibration–Based Structural Damage Detection and Precise Assessment via Stochastic Functionally Pooled Models
Authors: Kopsaftopoulos Fotis P. , Fassois Spilios D.
Published: March 2009

This work aims at the precise assessment of a recently introduced method that, in addition
to damage detection, allows for complete and accurate damage identification (localization)
and magnitude estimation. The method is based on Vector–dependent Functionally Pooled (VFP)
models and is capable of offering an effective and precise solution in a unified framework. The effectiveness
of the method is experimentally assessed via its application to a prototype GARTEURtype
laboratory scale aircraft structure.
Fatigue Damage Prevention on Turbine Blades: Study of Underplatform Damper Shape
Authors: Berruti Teresa , Firrone Christian M. , Pizzolante M. , Gola Muzio M.
Published: March 2009

Forced vibrations can lead to an irreparable damage of a blade array. Devices called “underplatform
damper” that dissipate the vibration energy are employed in order to reduce blade vibration
amplitude. The present paper deals with the design of the underplatform damper. A numerical code
to calculate the forced response of a blade array with dampers has been previously purposely
developed. A method is here proposed for the estimation of the unknown contact parameters
demanded by the code. The computation results are here validated by means of comparison with
experimental results on a static test rig. Three dampers with different shape are tested.
Nonstationary System Monitoring Using Cointegration Testing Method
Authors: Xu Zhen , Chen Qian
Published: March 2009

Cointegration testing method from economics area is introduced for condition monitoring
and fault diagnosis for nonstationary engineering systems. The cointegration testing method seeks a
a linear combination of a set of nonstationary stochastic variables, which describes long-run
dynamic equilibrium relation of the nonstationary variables. This feature provides a possibility for
researchers in engineering areas to utilize the cointegration testing method for nonstationary system
monitoring and fault diagnosis. To verify the feasibility and performance of the cointegration testing
method, an example based on a simulated nonstationary fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU)
system is discussed. The results of the example show that the cointegration testing method has a
potential in engineering system monitoring and fault diagnosis.
Structural Health Monitoring on Real Scale Model of a Masonry Triumphal Arch
Authors: Damonte Giovanni , Podestà Stefano , Riotto Giuseppe , Lagomarsino Sergio , Magonette Georges , Marazzi Francesco
Published: March 2009

Monitoring represents one solution for the safeguard of historical buildings. The need for
a non-destructive and comprehensive monitoring methodology suggests using related to Structural
Health Monitoring. This paper is intended to present the outcomes of an experimental campaign on
a masonry triumphal arch representing a real scale model of a church part, which was built outside
ELSA laboratory at the Joint Research Centre of European Commission. This study aims to evaluate
the damage pattern of the structure through simplified dynamic methods producing a quick
evaluation of structural safety, easy to use on real cases. As in traditional monitoring, both the
instrumentation precision and the measurement variability due to the different testing condition (e.g.
ambient conditions) have to be considered. The related effects on the structural dynamic behaviour
were analysed and evaluated in order to distinguish an effective change in the “structural health” (a
real damage) from an alteration caused by external conditions (a “false positive”). Once studied
such effects, settlements were induced to one column base through an “ad hoc” device. Varying the
settlement width, three damage levels were obtained in the structure. For each state the structural
dynamic properties and their variation were evaluated. Sensitivity of dynamic behaviour to
structural damage and to its changes was analysed comparing the results for each level.
Damage Quantification and Monitoring in Masonry Monuments through Digital Photogrammetry
Authors: Armesto Julia , Arias Pedro , Ordóñez Celestino , Lorenzo Henrique , Caparrini Natalia
Published: March 2009

The measurement and monitoring of structural damages in masonry monuments is an
important task in the field of conservation and restoration of architectonic heritage. Traditional
surveying devices provide punctual measurements of the damage size and usually are contactdemanding,
being an important limitation since risky systems are needed when structural problems
appear in no accessible locations. In this field close-range Photogrammetry depict a valuable option.
In this paper the dimensional analysis and temporal monitoring of crack is accomplished. Accurate
3D clouds of points defining the crack boundary are obtained in different dates. A quantification of
the crack size in each date is obtained by shape parameters. This procedure allows detecting any
displacement in ashlars and obtaining a feasible knowledge of the crack growth even when no fixed
references are available to align 3D models obtained in different times.
The Structural Stability Analysis of a Container Crane According to the Boom Shape Using Wind Tunnel Test
Authors: Lee Seong Wook , Ahn Tae Won , Han Dong Seop , Kim Tae Hyung , Han Geun Jo
Published: March 2009

In this study we carried out to analyze the effect of wind load on the structural stability of a
container crane according to the change of the boom shape using wind tunnel test and provided a
container crane designer with data which can be used in a wind resistance design of a container crane
assuming that a wind load at 75m/s wind velocity is applied on a container crane.
Data acquisition conditions for this experiment were established in accordance with the similarity.
The scale of a container crane dimension, wind velocity and time were chosen as 1/200, 1/13.3 and
1/15. And this experiment was implemented in an Eiffel type atmospheric boundary-layer wind tunnel
with 11.52m2 cross-section area. Each directional drag and overturning moment coefficients were
investigated.
Combining Cyclostationarity and the Frequency Domain Subspace Technique for Operational Modal Analysis
Authors: Antoni Jerome , Hanson David , Randall Bob
Published: March 2009

An underlying assumption of many operational modal analysis techniques is that the
excitation is evenly distributed over the system, i.e. the inputs are spatially white, and is constant
with frequency, i.e. frequentially white. This paper investigates the use of cyclostationarity, in
combination with the Frequency Domain Subspace identification technique, to relax these
constraints. Such a technique is suitable for application on systems which are excited by at least one
cyclostationary input with a unique cyclic frequency, such as an internal combustion engine in a car
or locomotive. The cyclostationary properties of this input are employed to reduce a multiple-inputmultiple-
output system to a single-input-multiple-output system by extracting the component of
each response measurement which is attributable to the cyclostationary input alone. The system
modal properties; the resonances, damping and mode shapes, are then identified using the frequency
domain subspace algorithm. The effectiveness of the technique is demonstrated through
experiments on a laboratory test rig and a passenger train, and compared with results obtained using
the knowledge of the inputs.
Wireless Sensor Network Based Bridge Monitoring System
Authors: Uhl Tadeusz , Hanc Artur , Tworkowski Krzysztof , Sekiewicz Łukasz
Published: March 2009

This paper presented idea and implementation of efficient, reliable wireless bridge
monitoring system. The system using Wireless Sensor Network to collect the related environment
parameters (vibrations, temperature, humidity) and transmitting data to the main server. The system
eliminates stand-alone laboratory benchtop equipment sets and cable-based, hard-wired sensor
networking.
Modern MEMS technology for vibrations measurement and integrated humidity/temperature
sensors application for structural monitoring is presented.
Data collected by the wireless monitoring system is compared to data from a traditional wired
monitoring system. Both – traditional and wireless collected data that can be used to accurately
identify modal frequencies and mode shapes of the bridge. Case study of the system on bridge
located over Vistula river in Krakow is shown.
Computing Method for Estimating Strain and Stress of Steel Beams Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning and FEM
Authors: Kang D.S. , Lee H.M. , Park Hyo Seon , Lee I.
Published: March 2009

Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is the technique able to acquire the dense
three-dimensional (3D) coordinates effectively over entire surfaces of the objects using laser pulses.
Recently, TLS is often used in various fields such as civil engineering or archeology for object
modeling, volume survey of tunnel, geographic information system (GIS), and the purpose to
conserve the detailed shapes of cultural heritages. However, though its applications are extended
continually, an application for system identification and structural health monitoring is a beginning
stage. To improve the quality of data for the model based on TLS coordinate information, the digital
elevation model (DEM) constructing method is applied. In a practical point of view, since there is no
need to place a strain or stress sensor to a structure to be monitored, this model could has many
advantages such as no in situ instrumentation of sensors, no difficulties to reach structures or
structural members, independence of natural light source and no wiring cost. For the verification of
this model, experimental tests are performed with a continuous steel beam subjected to point loads.
Fabrication of HfO2 Thin Film on Si Substrate by Double-Pulse Excitation PLD
Authors: Tabara Tomohiro , Wakiya Naoki , Kiguchi Takanori , Tanaka M. , Shinozaki Kazuo
Published: March 2009

Thin films of HfO2 were fabricated on a p-Si(001) substrate using double pulse excitation (DPE)
pulsed laser deposition (PLD) with KrF excimer and Nd:YAG lasers, and using conventional
Nd:YAG laser PLD under two typical oxygen pressures (7.3 × 10-2 and 7.3 × 10-1 Pa). At 400°C or
higher temperatures, the films are crystalline; at less than 400°C, they are amorphous. At higher
oxygen pressures, DPE-PLD was effective against droplets. Then the surface morphology and
electrical insulation properties of thin films were improved. At lower pressure, DPE-PLD was
ineffective.
Superconductivity of Layered Perovskite Synthesized by Soft Chemistry
Authors: Teranishi Takashi , Takezawa Sachi , Toda Kenji , Ishikawa Hironori , Sato Kenji , Uematsu Kazuyoshi , Sato Mineo
Published: March 2009

Reduced niobates, MLixCa2Nb3O10 (M = Rb, K and Na) and KNaxCa2Nb3O10 were synthesized by
intercalation reaction with n-butyllithium or sodium azide. Ruddlesden-Popper type structure of
sodium intercalation compound, KNaCa2Nb3O10, differ from that of the parent compound and
lithium intercalation compound, KLiCa2Nb3O10. The magnetic susceptibility measurements showed
that the sodium intercalation compound became superconductor with transition temperatures below
3.5 K. New lithium intercalation compound Na0.1Li0.8Ca2.45Nb3O10, for an ion exchange compound,
Na0.1Ca2.45Nb3O10, with KCa2Nb3O10 type structure show the diamagnetic signals below 5 K.
Oxygen Reduction Electrode Properties of Pyrochlores Ln2Ru2O7-δ(Ln=Pr, Nd, Sm) in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Saito Yoshinobu , Yokota Kenji , Yoshihara Kenji , Saito Morihiro , Kuwano Jun , Shiroishi Hidenobu
Published: March 2009

The activity of electrochemical oxygen reduction (EOR) for the pyrochlores Ln2Ru2-XO7-δ (Ln=Pr,Nd,Sm) [LnR] were examined in 0.1 M KOH aqueous solution at 70oC. The onset voltage (Vo) of the oxygen reduction current and the efficiency (E4) of 4-electron reduction of oxygen were evaluated by semi-steady state voltammetry with rotating ring-disk electrodes. PrR with the highest EOR activity showed Vo = ~ 0.85 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode and E4 values above 80 %. Their Vo and E4 values show that LnR containing Ln with a smaller atomic number has a higher EOR activity, i.e. the order of the activity is PrR > NdR > SmR. This was in good agreement with that of the lattice parameters of LnR. These results indicate that the EOR activity of LnR depends on the kind and/or the size of the lanthanide metal ion on the A-site. PrR and NdR exhibited higher E4 values than known excellent Pb2Ru2O7-δ electrocatalyst containing toxic Pb.
Effect of SnO2 Addition on Electrical Degradation of ZnO Varistors
Authors: Takada Masayuki , Yoshikado Shinzo
Published: March 2009

The effects of SnO2 addition on the electrical degradation characteristics of Bi2O3-MnO2-Co3O4 -added
ZnO varistors were investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and voltage-current (V-I)
characteristics. The ZnO grain size was made uniform by the addition of SnO2 or Sb2O3. The
nonlinearity index α of the V-I characteristic for Bi-Mn-Co-SnO2-added samples was approximately 50
and the varistor voltage was 120~140V/mm. The value of α after the electrical degradation showed a
local maximum at approximately 0.1mol% added SnO2 and then showed a local minimum at
approximately 0.5mol%, similar to the relative integral intensity of the XRD diffraction peak for the
(004) plane for a small amount of SnO2 added. It is suggested that the diffusion of oxygen ions through
the grain boundary is affected by the change in crystal orientation of ZnO grains at the grain boundary
induced by the addition of a small amount of SnO2.
Crystallinity of Barium Titanate Nanoparticles Synthesized by Sol-Gel Method
Authors: Makino Teruhisa , Arimura Masashi , Fujiyoshi Kunitaka , Yamashita Yoko , Kuwabara Makoto
Published: March 2009

We synthesized barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanoparticles by sol-gel process and investigated their
crystallization behavior using differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. BaTiO3
nanoparticles with various degrees of crystallinity were obtained by adjusting synthesis conditions.
Under aging conditions that do not allow dealcholization reaction to complete, many hydroxyl
ligands remain in as-synthesized BaTiO3 nanoparticles, resulting in the formation of voids or
defects in the nanoparticles after calcination. It is essential to use high concentration alkoxides
precursor solutions for producing BaTiO3 nanoparticles with high crystallinity at low temperature.
Sintering and Dielectric Properties of BaTiO3 Nano-Particle Prepared by Aerosol Plasma Pyrolysis Process
Authors: Kodera Takayuki , Ogihara Takashi , Ogata Nobuo , Nakane Koji , Yoshida Ryo , Omura Suetaka , Uede Masao
Published: March 2009

BaTiO3 nano-sized powders were successfully prepared by spray pyrolysis using multiphase
plasma under the air atmosphere. The particles characteristics of BaTiO3 nano-sized powders were
studied by SEM and XRD. The effect of volume of arc plasma and precursor solution on the
formation of BaTiO3 nano-sized powders was investigated. The use of Ba-Ti complex precursor
solution derived from lactic acid led to formation of tetragonal BaTiO3 nano-sized powders with
140 nm size. As for BaTiO3 ceramics, the effect of sintering temperature on relative density and the
temperature dependence of dielectric properties were investigated.
Growth and Properties of Pulsed Laser Deposited K3Li2Nb5O15 Thin Films
Authors: Zhan Zu Sheng , Gong Yan Sheng , Shen Qiang , Zhang Lian Meng
Published: March 2009

Potassium lithium niobate (KLN: K3Li2Nb5O15) films have been deposited on quartz
glass by Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique using a stoichiometric KLN target as starting
materials. By investigating the effects of both the oxygen pressure and the substrate temperature on
the structure of KLN films, optimum parameters have been identified for the growth of high-quality
KLN films. At 10Pa oxygen ambient pressure, tetragonal tungsten-bronze-type structure of KLN
films with (310) preferred orientation can be achieved at substrate temperatures in the range of
700-800°C. Optical studies indicate that the films are highly transparent in the visible-near-infrared
wavelength range.
The Role of Strength, Fracture Cause, and Fracture Location Data on the Reliability Analysis of Ceramics
Authors: Matsuo Yohtaro , Shiota Tadashi , Yasuda Kouichi , Suzuki Kazuyuki
Published: March 2009

Strength reliability of ceramics depends on accuracy of parameters involved in the probability
distribution function for fracture. The parameters are usually estimated by use of strength data.
However, one may have additional information in the experiment, such as fracture cause data,
fracture location data, flaw-size data and flaw-orientation data. In this paper, we will incorporate
these additional information in the parameter estimation to improve the accuracy of the reliability. A
new theory on the asymptotic variances is presented.
Effect of Diluents on Post-Reaction Sintering of Silicon Nitride Ceramics
Authors: Wakihara Toru , Yabuki Masahiro , Tatami Junichi , Komeya Katsutoshi , Meguro Takeshi , Kita Hideki , Kondo Naoki , Hirao Kiyoshi
Published: March 2009

Post-reaction sintering as a technique for the fabrication of Si3N4 ceramics has received much attention as a cost-effective process due to the use of cheap Si powder as a raw material. In this method, the rapid exothermic nitridation of Si results in local melting of Si to cause its agglomeration, which is expected to be a flaw after densification. Therefore, control of the exothermic reaction is needed to improve the reliability of post-reaction sintered Si3N4 ceramics. In this study, Si3N4 ceramics were fabricated by post-reaction sintering with Si3N4 or SiO2 powders in order to control the exothermic reaction. As a result, the microstructure and bending strength of Si3N4 ceramics was changed by adding these additives. In particular, the addition of SiO2 resulted in the high strength of Si3N4 ceramics. Consequently, it was found that Si3N4 and SiO2 particles played the role of diluents, and SiO2 was effective in post-reaction sintering as an oxygen donor.
Mechanical Properties of SiC Processed with Nanometer-Sized Powder and Polytitanocarbosilane
Authors: Matsunaga Naoki , Hidaka Nobuhiro , Sameshima Soichiro , Hirata Yoshihiro
Published: March 2009

A bimodal powder system of 800 nm SiC (75 vol%) - 30 nm SiC (25 vol%) was dispersed at 20 vol% solid in a 0.3 M Y(NO3)3 solution containing 0.2 μm Al2O3 and 1.0 mg/m2 polyacrylic acid (PAA: dispersant). The SiC (97.6 vol%)-Al2O3 (1.2 vol%)-Y2O3 (1.2 vol%)-PAA system suspension was consolidated by casting in a gysum mold. Polytitanocarbosilane (PTC) of 3 vol% was infiltrated into the SiC compact calcined at 800 °C to increase the mechanical properties and Weibull modulus. Both the calcined powder compacts with and without PTC were hot-pressed to relative density above 97 % at 1950 °C. The hot-pressed SiC with or without PTC provided the following excellent mechanical properties: average four-point flexural strength of 911 and 812 MPa, fracture toughness of 5.2 and 6.0 MPa·m1/2, and Weibull modulus 11.3 and 5.8 for PTC addition and no addition, respectively. The PTC addition was effective to decrease the shape factor of flaw and increased the strength and Weibull modulus.
Investigation of Factors Influencing the Formation of Tungstate-Based Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Nanobelts/Nanotubes
Authors: Chen De Liang , Sugahara Yoshiyuki
Published: March 2009

Tungstate-based inorganic−organic hybrid nanobelts/nanotubes were synthesized in a
system of H2W2O7·xH2O/n-octylamine/heptane (n-octylamine:H2W2O7·xH2O molar ratio: 30), and
the effects of the volume ratios of heptane to n-octylamine and the amounts of interlayer water in
H2W2O7·xH2O on the formation behavior of the hybrids were investigated. The belt/tubelike hybrids
obtained were 10–20 +m in length and 200–500 nm in apparent diameter. Large volume ratios of
heptane to n-octylamine not only enhanced the degree of the long-range order of the lamellar
structures in the hybrids, but they also improved the morphologic uniformity of the hybrids. The
existence of interlayer water in H2W2O7·xH2O was indispensable to the formation of tungstate-based
inorganic−organic hybrid nanobelts/nanotubes. The amounts of interlayer water in H2W2O7·xH2O
varied over a wide range (x, from 0.85 to 4.1), had a neglectable effect on the morphology of the
tungstate-based nanophase hybrids, but exerted a remarkable influence on the rate of the reaction of
H2W2O7·xH2O with n-octylamine in the heptane solvent. The larger the amount of interlayer water,
the more rapid the reaction rate.
A Fast Approximate Method for Reliability Sensitivity Based on Markov Chain Simulation
Authors: Yuan Xiu Kai , Lu Zhen Zhou
Published: March 2009

On the basis of Markov chain simulation, an efficient method is presented to analyze
reliability sensitivity of structure. In the presented method, Markov chain is employed to draw the
samples distributed in the failure region, and these samples are fitted in a form of hyperplane by the
weighted regression. By use of the regressed hyperplane, it is convenient to complete the sensitivities
of the failure probability with respect to the distribution parameters of basic random variables by the
available method. The presented method is applied to some examples to validate its accuracy and
efficiency. The obtained results show that the presented reliability sensitivity analysis method is far
more efficient than Monte Carlo based method.
Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Crack Tip of Rubber-Like Material
Authors: Sang Jian Bing , Xing Su Fang , Li Xiao Lei , Zhang Jie
Published: March 2009

It has been well known that rubber-like material can undergo large deformation and
exhibit large nonlinear elastic behavior. Because of the geometrically nonlinear of rubber like
material, it is more difficult to analyze it with finite element near the notch tip. What is more,
because there are varieties of the strain energy functions, implementation of these models in a
general finite element program to meet the need of industry applications can be time consuming. In
order to make use of the constitutive equation of Y.C. Gao in 1997 and analyze the notch tip of
rubber-like material, a framework to implement the rubber-like material model is established within
the general-purpose finite element program MSC.Marc. It will be very convenient to implement this
isotropic hyperelastic model into the program with a user subroutine. This paper starts with the
theoretical analysis based on the strain energy function given by Y.C. Gao in 1997. A user
subroutine is programmed to implement this strain energy function into the program of MSC.Marc,
which offer a convenient method to analyze the stress and strain of rubber-like material with the
strain energy function that is needed. Though analysis with MSC.Marc, it is found that the result
with finite element is consistent with the analytical result that given by Y.C. Gao in 1997, which
testify that analyzing rubber like material with this method is reasonable and convenient.
Research of Fatigue Life Simulations Applied to Large Complex Structure
Authors: Miao Bing Rong , Xiao Shou Ne , Jin Ding Chang , Yang Guang Wu
Published: March 2009

In structural design for safety and durability, the primary concern is to reduce structural
fatigue damages due to random dynamic loadings during the service life of locomotive vehicle
system. Rolling stocks is facing new sever safety problems, such as bogie frame structure components
fracture and safety-based design optimization to durability of locomotive. The objective of the current
research is to find the most efficient approach to predict structure safety with Multi-Body Simulation
(MBS) and Finite Element Method (FEM). The method is implemented to evaluate bogie frame
fatigue damages under dynamic stochastic loadings. The time varying boundary conditions and
dynamic load history acting on the large structure can be evaluated by applying the Multi-body
Simulation technique in software SIMPACK. Stress/strain analysis technology with software
ANSYS yields the danger stresses in the critical locations of the structure depending on the unite
loads. And modal analysis is used to determine frequencies and mode shapes of structure. Based on
these danger stresses distribution and dynamic load time history, fatigue life can be estimated with
Palmgren-Miner theory. The standard time history method involves stress or strain cycle counting,
damage prediction, and finally life estimation in Software FE-Fatigue with factor of safety
technology.