bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying metabolites of diphenidol by liquid chromatography‐quadrupole/orbitrap mass spectrometry using rat liver microsomes, human blood, and urine samples
Authors: Yang Liu , Zhao Junbo , Liu Mengxi , Li Le , Yang Huan , Guo Caixia , Hu Jing , Xiang Ping , Shen Baohua , Qiao Zheng , Dang Yonghui , Shi Yan
Published: February 2021

In recent years, diphenidol [1,1‐diphenyl‐4‐piperidino‐1‐butanol] has been one of the drugs that appears in suicide cases, but there are few research data on its metabolic pathways and main metabolites. Metabolite identification plays a key role in drug safety assessment and clinical application. In this study, in vivo and in vitro samples were analyzed with ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high‐resolution mass spectrometry. Structural elucidation of the metabolites was performed by comparing their molecular weights and product ions with those of the parent drug. As a result, 10 Phase I metabolites and 5 glucuronated Phase II metabolites were found in a blood sample and a urine sample from authentic cases. Three other Phase I metabolites were identified in the rat liver microsomes incubation solution. The results showed that the main metabolic pathways of diphenidol in the human body include hydroxylation, oxidation, dehydration, N‐dealkylation, methylation, and conjugation with glucuronic acid. This study preliminarily clarified the metabolic pathways and main metabolites of diphenidol. For the development of new methods for the identification of diphenidol consumption, we recommend using M2‐2 as a marker of diphenidol entering the body. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the pharmacokinetics and forensic scientific research of diphenidol.
Phylogenetic relations and mitogenome‐wide similarity metrics reveal monophyly of Penaeus sensu lato
Authors: Katneni Vinaya Kumar , Shekhar Mudagandur S. , Jangam Ashok Kumar , Paran Balasubramanian C. , Selvaraj Ashok , Krishnan Karthic , Kaikkolante Nimisha , Prabhudas Sudheesh K. , Gopalapillai Gopikrishna , Koyadan Vijayan K.
Published: February 2021

Splitting of the genus Penaeus sensu lato into six new genera based on morphological features alone has been controversial in penaeid shrimp taxonomy. Several studies focused on building phylogenetic relations among the genera of Penaeus sensu lato. However, they lack in utilizing full mitochondrial DNA genome of shrimp representing all the six controversial genera. For the first time, the present study targeted the testing of all the six genera of Penaeus sensu lato for phylogenetic relations utilizing complete mitochondrial genome sequence. In addition, the study reports for the first time about the complete mitochondrial DNA genome sequence of Fenneropenaeus indicus, an important candidate species in aquaculture and fisheries, and utilized it for phylogenomics. The maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches were deployed to generate and comprehend the phylogenetic relationship among the shrimp in the suborder, Dendrobranchiata. The phylogenetic relations established with limited taxon sampling considered in the study pointed to the monophyly of Penaeus sensu lato and suggested collapsing of the new genera to a single genus. Further, trends in mitogenome‐wide estimates of average amino acid identity in the order Decapoda and the genus Penaeus sensu lato supported restoration of the old genus, Penaeus, rather promoting the creation of new genera.
Risky movements? Natal dispersal does not decrease survival of a large herbivore
Authors: Long Eric S. , Diefenbach Duane R. , Lutz Clayton L. , Wallingford Bret D. , Rosenberry Christopher S.
Published: February 2021

Natal dispersal is assumed to be a particularly risky movement behavior as individuals transfer, often long distances, from birth site to site of potential first reproduction. Though, because this behavior persists in populations, it is assumed that dispersal increases the fitness of individuals despite the potential for increased risk of mortality. The extent of dispersal risk, however, has rarely been tested, especially for large mammals. Therefore, we aimed to test the relationship between dispersal and survival for both males and females in a large herbivore. Using a radio‐transmittered sample of 398 juvenile male and 276 juvenile female white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), we compared survival rates of dispersers and nondispersers. We predicted that dispersing deer would experience greater overall mortality than philopatric deer due to direct transfer‐related risks (e.g., vehicular collision), indirect immigration‐related mortality attributable to colonization of unfamiliar habitat, and increased overwinter mortality associated with energetic costs of movement and unfamiliarity with recently colonized habitat. For both male and female yearlings, survival rates of dispersers (male = 49.9%, female = 64.0%) did not differ from nondispersers (male = 51.6%, female = 70.7%). Only two individuals (both female) were killed by vehicular collision during transfer, and overwinter survival patterns were similar between the two groups. Although dispersal movement likely incurs energetic costs on dispersers, these costs do not necessarily translate to decreased survival. In many species, including white‐tailed deer, dispersal is likely condition‐dependent, such that larger and healthier individuals are more likely to disperse; therefore, costs associated with dispersal are more likely to be borne successfully by those individuals that do disperse. Whether low‐risk dispersal of large mammals is the rule or the exception will require additional research. Further, future research is needed to evaluate nonsurvival fitness‐related costs and benefits of dispersal (e.g., increased reproductive opportunities for dispersers).
Biodiversity loss leads to reductions in community‐wide trophic complexity
Authors: Gabara Scott S. , Konar Brenda H. , Edwards Matthew S.
Published: February 2021

With increasing biodiversity loss occurring worldwide, there is a need to understand how these losses will affect ecosystem structure and function. Biodiversity loss leads to changes in species interactions and alters the trophic complexity of food webs. These alterations to trophic complexity can be described by changes to the diversity of food resources and the diversity of trophic levels. To understand how biodiversity affects trophic complexity of food webs, we used 10 islands across the Aleutian Archipelago to compare the alternate state communities found in kelp forest ecosystems (kelp forest and urchin barren communities) and then compared these to natural reference communities without local benthic production (their associated offshore communities). We constructed food webs for each community across the Aleutian Archipelago using primary producer and consumer carbon (δ13C, a proxy for food sources to a consumer) and nitrogen (δ15N, a proxy for consumer trophic level) stable isotope values. Our findings suggest that biodiversity loss (i.e., phase change from kelp forest to urchin barren) leads to reductions in trophic complexity, which was similar to naturally occurring communities with low local resource biodiversity. This was expressed by lower consumer isotopic dietary niche areas, especially omnivores and herbivores, and lower omnivore and carnivore trophic levels within the urchin barren communities. We clarify how biodiversity promotes food resources and increases trophic levels and complexity through critical trophic conduits.
Length of stay for anorexia nervosa: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Kan Carol , Hawkings Ysabella‐Rozetta , Cribben Hannah , Treasure Janet
Published: February 2021

Objective

Evidence regarding global trends in length of stay for patients with anorexia nervosa is limited. The aim of this study is to conduct a meta‐analysis examining the length of stay for anorexia nervosa patients globally, and to investigate moderators of the variance.

Method

Medline, EMBASE and PsycINFO were searched for studies published up to January 2019. Two independent reviewers assessed the eligibility of each report based on predefined inclusion criteria. A meta‐analysis was performed to calculate a pooled mean length of stay using the random‐effects model. Subgroup analyses and meta‐regression were conducted to explore potential sources of heterogeneity between studies.

Results

Of 305 abstracts reviewed, 71 studies met the inclusion criteria, generating 111 datasets. The pooled mean length of stay (95% confidence interval) was 76.3 days (73.3, 79.4) using the random‐effects model, with marked variation across countries and time. Heterogeneity between studies was explained by age and admission body mass index.

Conclusions

This meta‐analysis found that although clinical features do contribute to length of admissions for anorexia nervosa, there are also global and temporal variations. Future research should provide an in‐depth analysis of why and how this variation exists and what the impact is on the well‐being of people with anorexia nervosa.
From dimming to brightening during 1961 to 2014 in the maize growing season of China
Authors: Liu Zhijuan , Yang Xiaoguang , Lin Xiaomao , Zhang Zhentao , Sun Shuang , Ye Qing
Published: February 2021

Climate patterns, cropping systems, and agricultural technologies have greater diversity among various regions in China. Knowledge of the spatial–temporal patterns of solar radiation during the maize growing season is essential for farmers and extension technicians in their optimization of cropping choices and development of adaptation strategies for climate change. In this study, based on the observed solar radiation in six subregions of China, we analyzed the spatial distributions and temporal trends of incident solar radiation (SRi), beam solar radiation (SRb), and diffuse solar radiation (SRd) during 1961–2014. From 1961 to 1984, the annual SRi in most areas showed a downward trend, with a median value of −27.8 MJ m−2 year−1, which is primarily due to a decrease in SRb. However, after 1985, 76% of locations had reversed to brightening. This finding is primarily due to an increase in SRd. The trends in SRi during the whole growing season (WGS) of maize changed by −12.4% to 18.3% during the past 30 years, and 74% of the selected locations showed an increasing trend. At most of the stations, SRb showed a decreasing trend during the WGS, and SRd showed an increasing trend. The trends of SRi, SRb, and SRd during the vegetative period and reproductive period of maize have generally followed a trend similar to the WGSs. Therefore, we conclude that annual solar radiation changed from dimming to brightening from 1961 to 2014 in China. Solar brightening occurred during the maize growing season, which was mainly caused by an increase in diffuse radiation.
Comparison of hydrability, antioxidants, microstructure, and sensory quality of barley grass powder using ultra‐micro‐crushing combined with hot air and freeze drying
Authors: Zhou Wei , Cao Xiaohuang , Islam Md. Nahidul , Zheng Huiting , Li Jihua , Liu Fei , Cao Yupo , Dai Yaping
Published: February 2021

To explore the physicochemical characters of barley grass, ultra‐micro‐crushing (UMC) technology combined with air drying or freeze drying was carried out. After barley grass was air‐dried at 70°C or freeze‐dried at 15°C, it was grinded for 30, 60, 90, and 120 min using UMC, respectively. After combined processing, moisture content, particle size, odor, color, microstructure, water and oil‐holding capacity, the content of flavonoid and chlorophyll, water activity, and sensory qualities were determined. The particle size of barley grass powder decreased, and lightness value was increased; water and oil‐holding capacity decreased significantly (p ≤ .05), whereas swelling and dissolving capacity increased in the processed grass powder. On the other hand, the total flavonoid content increased significantly (p ≤ .05). Barley grass odor features sulfide aroma, and its microstructure demonstrates lamellar morphology with some fewer fragmented pieces. The results suggested combined UMC at 90–120 min will be suitable for processing barley grass powder.
Microbiological quality assessment (including antibiogram and threat assessment) of bottled water
Authors: Gautam Bikram
Published: February 2021

Water pollution is a major global problem that has been the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. This study was carried out to assess the microbiological quality of popular domestic brands of bottled water available in the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. For the study of bottled water, a total of 50 samples each of different volumes (20 and 1 L) were selected. The samples were processed at the Microbiology laboratory at St. Xavier's College, Maitighar, Kathmandu. The microbiological assessments were performed as per the methods described in the American Public Health Association, 2005. Out of 100 samples, 48% of samples were found to be contaminated with total coliform. Escherichia coli was the predominant strain among the coliforms. Multidrug‐resistant E. coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from the 48 bottled water. Treat assessment test revealed that 88.23% of the isolated E. coli produced β hemolytic colonies, while 11.77% did not show hemolytic colonies, 100% E. aerogenes colonies were not able to develop hemolytic colonies and 100%, P. aeruginosa colonies gave β hemolytic colonies, respectively. Chi–square test shows that there is a significant association (p ≤ .05) between fecal coliform and volume of the vessel (i.e., 20 and 1 L), bottle type (i.e., unscratched and undented and scratched and/or dented), season (i.e., monsoon and postmonsoon), and total coliform. Chi‐square test shows that there is no significant (p > .05) association between Pseudomonas spp and season (i.e., monsoon and postmonsoon). Out of 100 samples, 48% of samples were found to be contaminated with total coliform. Microorganisms survive in bottled water as they have many nutrients required for the microorganism in ionic form. Surveillance is lacking by the license‐providing organizations followed by governmental organizations.
Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of phlorizin from Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd in diabetes rats
Authors: Zhang Wei , Chen Shiqi , Fu Hualin , Shu Gang , Tang Huaqiao , Zhao Xiaoling , Chen Yang , Huang Xiangyue , Zhao Ling , Yin Lizi , Lv Cheng , Lin Juchun
Published: February 2021

The objective of this study was to investigate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of phlorizin on sweet tea in rats with diabetes. Diabetic rat model was established by feeding with HFD (high‐fat diet) and then treating with intraperitoneal injection of STZ (streptozocin). The experiments were divided into therapeutic and preventive experiments. In both experiments, rats were divided into normal, diabetic control, positive control, and phlorizin groups. Symptoms of diabetes, fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, serum lipid parameters, and pathological changes in the pancreas and liver were evaluated. It was found that the symptoms of diabetes were improved by phlorizin treatment. In addition, phlorizin could decrease FBG, improve serum lipid levels, protect against damaged pancreas islet, and decrease fat deposition in hepatic cells. These effects of phlorizin can be shown only attain to a certain dosage. It can be concluded that phlorizin has the therapeutic and preventive effects on hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in diabetes rats.
Contextual effects on loudness judgments for sounds with continuous changes of intensity are reflected in nonauditory areas
Authors: Behler Oliver , Uppenkamp Stefan
Published: February 2021

Psychoacoustic research suggests that judgments of perceived loudness change differ significantly between sounds with continuous increases and decreases of acoustic intensity, often referred to as “up‐ramps” and “down‐ramps.” The magnitude and direction of this difference, in turn, appears to depend on focused attention and the specific task performed by the listeners. This has led to the suspicion that cognitive processes play an important role in the development of the observed context effects. The present study addressed this issue by exploring neural correlates of context‐dependent loudness judgments. Normal hearing listeners continuously judged the loudness of complex‐tone sequences which slowly changed in level over time while auditory fMRI was performed. Regression models that included information either about presented sound levels or about individual loudness judgments were used to predict activation throughout the brain. Our psychoacoustical data confirmed robust effects of the direction of intensity change on loudness judgments. Specifically, stimuli were judged softer when following a down‐ramp, and louder in the context of an up‐ramp. Levels and loudness estimates significantly predicted activation in several brain areas, including auditory cortex. However, only activation in nonauditory regions was more accurately predicted by context‐dependent loudness estimates as compared with sound levels, particularly in the orbitofrontal cortex and medial temporal areas. These findings support the idea that cognitive aspects contribute to the generation of context effects with respect to continuous loudness judgments.
Divided by choice? For‐profit providers, patient choice and mechanisms of patient sorting in the English National Health Service
Authors: Beckert Walter , Kelly Elaine
Published: February 2021

This paper studies patient choice of provider following government reforms in the 2000s, which allowed for‐profit surgical centers to compete with existing public National Health Service (NHS) hospitals in England. For‐profit providers offer significant benefits, notably shorter waiting times. We estimate the extent to which different types of patients benefit from the reforms, and we investigate mechanisms that cause differential benefits. Our counterfactual simulations show that, in terms of the value of access, entry of for‐profit providers benefitted the richest patients twice as much as the poorest, and white patients six times as much as ethnic minority patients. Half of these differences is explained by healthcare geography and patient health, while primary care referral practice plays a lesser, though non‐negligible role. We also show that, with capitated reimbursement, different compositions of patient risks between for‐profit surgical centers and existing public hospitals put public hospitals at a competitive disadvantage.
Phase II study of nimotuzumab (TheraCim‐hR3) concurrent with cisplatin/radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Ang Mei‐Kim , Montoya Jose Enrique , Tharavichitkul Ekkasit , Lim Cindy , Tan Terence , Wang Lan Ying , Wee Joseph , Soong Yoke‐Lim , Fong Kam‐Weng , Ng Quan Sing , Tan Daniel Shao‐Weng , Toh Chee‐Keong , Tan Eng‐Huat , Lim Wan‐Teck
Published: February 2021

Background

The efficacy of a combination of nimotuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody to the epidermal growth factor receptor, with chemoradiation in locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) was evaluated in a phase II study.

Methods

Patients with stage III/IV HNSCC received 3‐weekly cisplatin 100 mg/m2 for three cycles and weekly nimotuzumab 200 mg for 8 weeks concurrently with radiotherapy. Primary endpoint was best overall response (BOR) and secondary endpoint was progression‐free survival (PFS).

Results

Thirty‐seven patients were included; the majority were Chinese (76%), male (89%), and had stage IVA/IVB HNSCC (92%). BOR of complete and partial response was seen in 22/37 (59%) and 10/37 (27%) patients, respectively. Median PFS was 17.5 months (95% CI: 11.1–54.5) and 3‐year PFS was 40.4% (95% CI: 24.3–55.9). The frequency and type of adverse events observed were similar to standard chemoradiation.

Conclusion

The combination of nimotuzumab with cisplatin and radiotherapy was safe and achieved high response rates in HNSCC.
Cross‐regional phase amplitude coupling supports the encoding of episodic memories
Authors: Wang David X. , Schmitt Kelsey , Seger Sarah , Davila Carlos E. , Lega Bradley C.
Published: February 2021

Phase amplitude coupling (PAC) between theta and gamma oscillations represents a key neurophysiological mechanism that promotes the temporal organization of oscillatory activity. For this reason, PAC has been implicated in item/context integration for episodic processes, including coordinating activity across multiple cortical regions. While data in humans has focused principally on PAC within a single brain region, data in rodents has revealed evidence that the phase of the hippocampal theta oscillation modulates gamma oscillations in the cortex (and vice versa). This pattern, termed cross‐regional PAC (xPAC), has not previously been observed in human subjects engaged in mnemonic processing. We use a unique dataset with intracranial electrodes inserted simultaneously into the hippocampus and seven cortical regions across 40 human subjects to (1) test for the presence of significant cross‐regional PAC (xPAC), (2) to establish that the magnitude of xPAC predicts memory encoding success, (3) to describe specific frequencies within the broad 2–9 Hz theta range that govern hippocampal‐cortical interactions in xPAC, and (4) compare anterior versus posterior hippocampal xPAC patterns. We find that strong functional xPAC occurs principally between the hippocampus and other mesial temporal structures, namely entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices, and that xPAC is overall stronger for posterior hippocampal connections. We also show that our results are not confounded by alternative factors such as inter‐regional phase synchrony, local PAC occurring within cortical regions, or artifactual theta oscillatory waveforms.
Strategic assessment of mental health and suicide amid COVID‐19 pandemic in Bangladesh
Authors: Ahmed Faria , Sifat Ridwan Islam
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this study is to explore how the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has affected the mental health of our society in Bangladesh as a thorough assessment of mental health is salient during this pandemic crisis. The study seeks to ensure that their unheard voices are reached to both national and international academic discourse, which has so far been uninhabited. It adopted qualitative interpretative methods of social research through content analysis. The study found that the pandemic did not affect all groups of society uniformly, rather the intensity of its impact varied depending on factors such as economic status and family institutions. The lower socioeconomic class is the worst affected as the pandemic made them unemployed, leading them to an uncertain future. Despite such variations, the general population has experienced a subsequent increase in workload, and challenges in using routine health facilities that increased behavioural changes, higher levels of stress, anxiety, depression and suicides.
Association between hepatitis B and E virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma risk
Authors: Xue Meng , Lin Xiaona , Lin Qiu‐Xiong , Pu Xiaoyong , Liu Jiumin , Li Xing‐Fang , Hou Jun , Liu Xudong , Chen Ren
Published: February 2021

The role of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unclear. Our study aimed to investigate the role of HE infection in HCC development and the effect of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HEV coinfection on HCC risk. A hospital‐based case‐control study was conducted. A total of 474 eligible HCC cases and 586 control patients were successfully recruited. The fasting venous blood was collected from the patients at the first visited to hospital and HBV infection and HEV infection were examined within 5 days. Crude and adjusted odd ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were estimated by using logistic regression model. HBV infection (OR: 63.10, 95% CI: 42.02‐97.26) rather than HEV infection (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 0.721‐1.65) was associated with an increased risk of HCC after adjustment for confounders. The association between HBV infection and HCC risk was more remarkable in male (OR: 72.61, 95% CI: 45.10‐121.38) than in female (OR: 61.89, 95% CI: 25.74‐169.26). In comparison with patients who infected with neither HEV nor HBV, those who infected with only HBV (OR: 69.62, 95% CI: 40.90‐123.52) and who coinfected with HEV and HBV (OR: 67.48, 95% CI:37.23‐128.19) were significantly associated with an increased risk after adjustment for potential confounders. The results showed that HBV infection rather than HEV infection was associated with an increased risk of HCC, and the HEV infection may alleviate the promoting impact of HBV on HCC development.
Stock co‐movement and governance bundles: Does the quality of national governance moderate this relationship?
Authors: Egwuonwu Ambrose , Lodh Suman , Nandy Monomita
Published: February 2021

In this study, we examine if corporate governance, as a bundle, can better explain stock co‐movement. To test the implication of governance bundles on stock co‐movement, we consider a monitoring and incentive alignment bundle. Using 2,659 firm‐year observations from 321 firms listed on the S&P 500 from 2009 to 2017, we find that the governance mechanism bundle can enhance the ability of stock prices to integrate better firm‐specific information, which reflects on stock co‐movement. In addition, we find the existence of a complementary relationship between National Governance Quality and a firm's board monitoring. This also helps in explaining the puzzle of stock co‐movement. The findings will extend the understanding about the co‐movement‐related literature mentioned in the corporate governance and corporate finance research. The findings are also helpful for decision makers and policy makers involved in the efficient controlling of stock co‐movement.
Global connectivity between commodity prices and national stock markets: A time‐varying MIDAS analysis
Authors: Enilov Martin , Fazio Giorgio , Ghoshray Atanu
Published: February 2021

In this paper, we provide a comprehensive study of the linkages between global commodity price shocks and national financial markets. We consider an overall price index, three proxies of global oil shocks (overall, supply and demand) and non‐oil (metal) price shocks and assess their causal relationships with the stock prices of a large set of heterogeneous countries in terms of development. Using a mixed‐frequency VAR approach in a time‐varying setting, we construct a Global Commodity Connectivity Index and a Global Stock Connectivity Index to monitor the prevalence, over time, of Granger‐Causality from commodities to stock markets and vice versa. Our results show the existence of time‐varying causality during the observed period depending on the level of country development and the position on the global commodity shocks super‐cycles: the commodities depression of the 1980s and 1990s, the commodity boom of the 2000s and the post‐Global Financial Crisis.
Negative interest rates: How do they work? Case studies in Japan, Europe, Switzerland, Sweden, and Denmark
Authors: Gilman Jacquelyne
Published: February 2021

This paper will focus on the impacts of negative interest rate implementations in five areas. To this day, there have only been a handful of areas that have had their central banks lower the interbank interest rate to below zero, thus breaking through the zero‐lower bound theory in economics. The areas studied here are Japan, Switzerland, Europe, Denmark, and Sweden. All but Japan lowered the interest rates below zero on reserve funds in their respective central banks while Japan lowered the rate only for the amounts excess of reserves. The goal of this survey article is to explain why these areas decided to implement such an unorthodox policy and determine what implications these policies have on the general economy of the area and the banks within.
Theoretical study on the interaction of phenylalaninal with groupIA(Li+, Na+, K+) andIIA(Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+) metal cations
Authors: Alirezapour Fahimeh , Khanmohammadi Azadeh
Published: February 2021

In this study, the structural and electronic effects of the interaction of the metal cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+) with the π‐system of phenylalaninal (PhA) are investigated using the M06‐2X method and the 6–311++G(d,p) basis set in the gas phase and the solution. The quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) is applied to elucidate the interaction characteristics of these complexes. Properties of the electron density (ρ) and the Laplacian (∇2ρ), estimated by AIM calculations, indicate that the bond between the cations and the PhA possesses low ρ and positive ∇2ρ values. Moreover, the natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis is performed to understand the orbital interactions and the charge delocalization during complexation. To achieve better insight on the mentioned interactions, physical properties such as the energy gap, electronic chemical potential, chemical hardness, softness, and global electrophilicity power are investigated. Several correlations based on the topological, geometrical, and energetic parameters are suggested for investigating the cation–π interactions in the studied complexes.
Fever Associated With Dexmedetomidine in Adult Acute Care Patients: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Schurr James W. , Ambrosi Lara , Lastra Jordan L. , McLaughlin Kevin C. , Hacobian Gaspar , Szumita Paul M.
Published: February 2021

Dexmedetomidine‐associated fever has been reported in the literature and can lead to lengthy workups and unnecessary antibiotic exposure. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate and describe the evidence of fever or hyperthermia caused by dexmedetomidine in adult patients. Data sources included PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Web of Sciences. English‐language studies of any design published from inception through April 2020 including conference abstracts were included. The target population was hospitalized adult patients. Quality of evidence was determined based on GRADE recommendations and risk of bias assessed using the Evidence Project Risk of Bias tool. Naranjo scores were assessed to determine the likeliness of adverse event being caused by dexmedetomidine. All data were extracted independently and with the guidance of a medical librarian. Four hundred and eighty‐eight total citations were found on formal search, with 329 left after removal of duplicates. Independent record screening was performed, leaving 17 citations including 4 retrospective cohort studies, 1 case series, and 12 case reports. Quality of evidence ranged from very low to low for identified analyses. Evidence with patient‐level data (case reports and series) were combined to establish a cohort for descriptive results. The median Naranjo score was 4 (range, 3 to 8), and dexmedetomidine doses ranged from 0.1 to 2 μg·h/kg. Obesity and cardiac surgery appear to be significant risk factors. Dexmedetomidine‐associated fever appears uncommon, but the true incidence is unknown. Clinicians should keep dexmedetomidine‐associated fever in their differential, and stewardship programs should consider assessing for this adverse effect in their patient monitoring.
Identifying Picky Shoppers: Who They Are and How to Spot Them
Authors: Cheng Andong , Baumgartner Hans , Meloy Margaret G.
Published: February 2021

Although pickiness fundamentally concerns one’s preferences, there is currently no definition of this construct in the consumer psychology literature. This paper presents a conceptualization of shopper “pickiness”—an overly narrow latitude of acceptance around an idiosyncratic ideal point. Pickiness is revealed in two ways: pickiness by acceptance (PBA) (i.e., choosing to accept few options) and pickiness by rejection (PBR) (i.e., choosing to reject many options). This work introduces the Picky Shopper Scale to assess relative degrees of pickiness among individuals, show how pickiness is related to other individual‐difference variables, and articulate how pickiness differs from maximizing. Picky shoppers consider both horizontal (taste‐based) and vertical (quality‐based) product attributes as important in product evaluation, while maximizers primarily prioritize vertical product attributes. A field test reveals that those who score higher on the Picky Shopper Scale (but not on a Maximizer scale) more frequently reject a free gift that comes with a subjectively undesirable horizontal attribute than those who score lower. Downstream implications of pickiness are discussed.
Introduction to the special issue–Beyond CTMAXand CTMIN: Advances in studying the thermal limits of reptiles and amphibians
Authors: Telemeco Rory S. , Gangloff Eric J.
Published: February 2021

Research Highlights

We contextualize contributions to the special issue emerging from a symposium at the 9th World Congress of Herpetology.

This collection includes recent advances in thermal biology, reviews of major concepts, and guideposts for future work.
A star is born again: Methods for larval rearing of an emerging model organism, the False clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris
Authors: Roux Natacha , Logeux Valentin , Trouillard Nancy , Pillot Rémi , Magré Kévin , Salis Pauline , Lecchini David , Besseau Laurence , Laudet Vincent , Romans Pascal
Published: February 2021

As interest increases in ecological, evolutionary, and developmental biology (Eco‐Evo‐Devo), wild species are increasingly used as experimental models. However, we are still lacking a suitable model for marine fish species, as well as coral reef fishes that can be reared at laboratory scales. Extensive knowledge of the life cycle of anemonefishes, and the peculiarities of their biology, make them relevant marine fish models for developmental biology, ecology, and evolutionary sciences. Here, we present standard methods to maintain breeding pairs of the anemonefish Amphiprion ocellaris in captivity, obtain regular good quality spawning, and protocols to ensure larval survival throughout rearing. We provide a detailed description of the anemonefish husbandry system and life prey culturing protocols. Finally, a “low‐volume” rearing protocol useful for the pharmacological treatment of larvae is presented. Such methods are important as strict requirements for large volumes in rearing tanks often inhibit continuous treatments with expensive or rare compounds.
Supporting a sense of inclusion and belonging for genetic counseling students who identify as racial or ethnic minorities
Authors: Carmichael Nikkola , Redlinger‐Grosse Krista , Birnbaum Shira
Published: February 2021

Racial and ethnic minority graduate students in a variety of academic and professional disciplines have been reported to experience microaggressions and feelings of isolation during the course of their training. The purpose of this constructivist grounded theory study was to characterize the training experiences of genetic counseling students who identify as racial or ethnic minorities. The goal of enhancing racial and ethnic diversity has been discussed for decades within the genetic counseling profession, but the actual training experience of underrepresented minorities has yet to be fully explored. We conducted 13 videoconference focus groups with 32 recent graduates of genetic counseling training programs who identify as racial or ethnic minorities. This paper presents results from three of the thematic categories identified in that larger study: Participants’ interactions with classmates, Sense of belonging in the GC profession, and Available or desired supports. Participants reported experiencing negative interactions within their training program, during supervised clinical rotations, and at professional events; negative interactions included comments suggesting they did not belong in the United States, being confused with another non‐white classmate, and intrusive questions or assumptions about their family, culture, or religion that were not similarly directed at white classmates. Trainees who were Muslim or Black/African American reported feeling particularly isolated by these incidents. Participants reported that they sought support from a variety of sources following negative experiences. Non‐minority program faculty were perceived as able to offer listening or action but not understanding or guidance, which were perceived as more likely to be available from individuals who identify as racial or ethnic minorities. Results of this exploratory study suggest the need for training programs to ensure that appropriate supports are available to minority students, including diverse faculty and staff and non‐program resources.
Neural correlates of visuoperceptive changes in severe alcohol use disorder: A critical review of neuroimaging and electrophysiological findings
Authors: Creupelandt Coralie , D'Hondt Fabien , Maurage Pierre
Published: February 2021

Visuoperceptive deficits are frequently reported in severe alcohol use disorder (SAUD) and are considered as pervasive and persistent in time. While this topic of investigation has previously driven researchers' interest, far fewer studies have focused on visuoperception in SAUD since the ‘90s, leaving open central questions regarding the origin and implications of these deficits. To renew research in the field and provide a solid background to work upon, this paper reviews the neural correlates of visuoperception in SAUD, based on data from neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies. Results reveal structural and functional changes within the visual system but also in the connections between occipital and frontal areas. We highlight the lack of integration of these findings in the dominant models of vision which stress the dynamic nature of the visual system and consider the presence of both bottom‐up and top‐down cerebral mechanisms. Visuoperceptive changes are also discussed in the framework of long‐lasting debates regarding the influence of demographic and alcohol‐related factors, together stressing the presence of inter‐individual differences. Capitalizing on this review, we provide guidelines to inform future research, and ultimately improve clinical care.
Effect of the heme oxygenase gene on mycelial growth and polysaccharide synthesis in Ganoderma lucidum
Authors: Wang Ting , Wang Yihong , Chen Chen , Ren Ang , Yu Hanshou , Zhao Mingwen
Published: February 2021

The heme oxygenase gene has antioxidant and cytoprotective effects in organisms, but no related research has been conducted in Ganoderma lucidum. For the first time, we cloned the HMX1 gene in G. lucidum. The CDS is 1092 bp in length and encodes 363 amino acids. The HMX1 protein was prokaryotically expressed and purified, and the enzyme activity of the purified protein was measured. The value of Km was 0.699 μM, and Vm was 81.9 nmol BV h−1 nmol−1 protein. By constructing the silencing vector pAN7‐dual‐HMX1i, the transformants HMX1i1 and HMX1i2 were obtained. Compared with the wild‐type (WT), the average growth rate of HMX1i1 and HMX1i2 decreased by 31% and 23%, respectively, and the mycelium biomass decreased by 53% and 48%, respectively. Compared with the WT, the extracellular polysaccharide content of HMX1i1 and HMX1i2 increased by 59% and 51%, and the intracellular polysaccharide content increased by 24% and 22%, respectively. These results indicate that the HMX1 gene affects mycelial growth and polysaccharide synthesis in G. lucidum.
Are traditional screening tools adequate for monitoring the nutrition risk of in‐hospital patients? An analysis of the nutritionDay database
Authors: Cardenas Diana , Bermúdez Charles , Pérez Angélica , Diaz Gustavo , Cortés Lilia Yadira , Contreras Claudia Patricia , Pinzón‐Espitia Olga Lucía , Gómez Gabriel , González Maria Cristina , Fantin Romain , Gutierrez José , Sulz Isabella , Tarantino Silvia , Hiesmayr Michael
Published: February 2021

Background

Monitoring of adequate food intake is not a priority in hospital patients' care. The present study aimed to examine selective data from the nutritionDay survey to determine the impact of food intake during hospitalization on outcomes according to the nutrition risk status.

Methods

We conducted a descriptive analysis of selected data from 7 consecutive, annual, and cross‐sectional nutritionDay samples from 2009 to 2015. The impact of food intake on outcomes was assessed by univariate and multivariate Cox models controlling for PANDORA scores.

Results

A total of 7994 adult patients from Colombia, 7243 patients from 9 Latin American countries, and 155,524 patients worldwid were included. Less than half of the patients worldwide consumed their entire meal on nutritionDay (41%). The number of reduced eaters is larger in the “no nutrition risk group” than in the “nutrition risk group” (30% vs 25%). Reduced eating is associated with higher mortality and delayed discharge in patients, regardless of the nutrition risk status. Patients without nutrition risk at the screening who ate “nothing, but were allowed to eat” had 6 times more risk of mortality (hazard ratio, 6.48; 95% CI, 3.5311.87).

Conclusions

This is the first large‐scale study evaluating the relationship of food intake on clinical outcomes showing an increase of in‐hospital mortality rates and a reduction in the probability of being discharged home regardless of the nutrition risk status. Traditional screening tools may not identify a group of patients who will become at risk because of reduced intake while in the hospital.
Pharmacological management of stroke in older people
Authors: Thomson Julia , New Peter Wayne
Published: February 2021

Stroke is one of the most common causes of death and disability. It is more common in people aged 65 years or older. Most patients survive the stroke and live with their disabilities, impacting their quality of life and day‐to‐day function to varying degrees. Stroke sequelae can be associated with a broad range of physical, functional, cognitive, behavioural, emotional and socioeconomic consequences. Optimising the management of stroke and its complications, as well as strategies to prevent stroke recurrence, using both non‐pharmacological and pharmacological approaches, is crucial. This narrative review covers the pharmacological management of acute stroke, common post‐stroke complications and secondary prevention, with a focus on older people.
What is a refugium? Questions for the Middle–Upper Palaeolithic transition in peninsular southern Europe
Authors: Jones Emily Lena
Published: February 2021

The word ‘refugium’ is often used to describe patterns of human settlement during various parts of the Palaeolithic. While, classically, a refugium is a location which supports an isolated population of a once more widespread species, some have argued that discrepancies in how this term is used have led to methodological confusion and a weakening of its meaning. Differences in the spatial and temporal scales of how refugia are defined, as well as in the specifics of how they operate, mean that many so‐called refugia serve different biological functions and have different implications for long‐term species survival (Ashcroft, 2010). In this article, I review four questions that may shape individual refugia. I then use the late Middle Palaeolithic record of peninsular southern Europe to explore how attention to these questions may help to advance Middle–Upper Palaeolithic research.
A technical review of three clinical trials register resources indicates where improvements to the search interfaces are needed
Authors: Cooper Chris , Court Rachel , Kotas Eleanor , Schauberger Ute
Published: February 2021

Clinical trials registers form an important part of the search for studies in systematic reviews of intervention effectiveness but the search interfaces and functionality of registers can be challenging to search systematically and resource intensive to search well. We report a technical review of the search interfaces of three leading trials register resources: ClinicalTrials.gov, the EU Clinical Trials Register and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registers Platform. The technical review used a validated checklist to identify areas where the search interfaces of these trials register resources performed well, where performance was adequate, where performance was poor, and to identify differences between search interfaces. The review found low overall scores for each of the interfaces (ClinicalTrials.gov 55/165, the EU Clinical Trials Register 25/165, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registers Platform 32/165). This finding suggests a need for joined‐up dialogue between the producers of the registers and researchers who search them via these interfaces. We also set out a series of four proposed changes which might improve the search interfaces. Trials registers are an invaluable resource in systematic reviews of intervention effectiveness. With the continued growth in systematic reviews, and initiatives such as ‘AllTrials’, there is an anticipated need for these resources. We conclude that small changes to the search interfaces, and improved dialogue with providers, might improve the future search functionality of these valuable resources.
The legume information system and associated online genomic resources
Authors: Berendzen Joel , Brown Anne V. , Cameron Connor T. , Campbell Jacqueline D. , Cleary Alan M. , Dash Sudhansu , Hokin Samuel , Huang Wei , Kalberer Scott R. , Nelson Rex T. , Redsun Sven , Weeks Nathan T. , Wilkey Andrew , Farmer Andrew D. , Cannon Steven B.
Published: February 2021

The Legume Information System (LIS; https://legumeinfo.org) houses genetic and genomic data, integrated in various online tools to allow comparative genomic analyses. The website and database maintain data for more than two dozen species, particularly focusing on crop and model species and holding data for other diverse species of taxonomic interest. Major analysis features include genome browsers, sequence‐search tools, legume‐focused gene families and a phylogenetic tree viewer, a gene annotation service (which places a submitted gene into a gene family and phylogenetic tree), an interactive microsynteny and pan‐genome viewer, a novel viewer of genetic variant data, genetic maps and viewers, a Data Store for data sets such as assemblies and annotations, InterMine instances for querying genetic and genomic data, and a tool for viewing geographic distributions of germplasm accessions. LIS also integrates with several other legume data resources and tools, including PeanutBase (https://peanutbase.org), SoyBase (https://soybase.org), Medicago Hapmap (https://medicagohapmap2.org), Alfalfa Breeder's Toolbox (https://alfalfatoolbox.org), and the Legume Federation (https://legumefederation.org).