bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL CLASS: IS VERBAL DEPRIVATION A MYTH?
Authors: Tizard Barbara , Hughes Martin , Carmichael Helen , Pinkerton Gill
Published: December 2006

A study was made of complex usages of language in the spontaneous conversation of 30 4‐year‐old girls, their mothers and their teachers, at home and at school. There were significant social class differences in frequency, but almost all the usages appeared in the talk of almost all the mothers and children at least once. The working class girls' language style changed more between home and school than did that of the middle class girls. The teachers' talk contained a higher proportion of these usages than the mothers', but the overall input to the children was less at school. The findings are discussed in relation to Labov's argument that verbal deprivation is a myth.
CHILDREN WITH READING DISORDERS—I. EFFICACY OF READING REMEDIATION
Authors: Gittelman Rachel , Feingold Ingrid
Published: December 2006

Summary The efficacy of reading remediation, which emphasized phonetic decoding, was investigated in children with pure reading disorders, controlling for the influence on non‐specific treatment effects. Sixty‐one children were randomly assigned to receive instruction in reading or in other subjects for four months. Children were re‐evaluated immediately after, and two and eight months after, the cessation of the intervention. At the end of treatment, the children who had received reading remediation obtained significantly higher scores than the controls on all reading tests. Some of the treatment advantages were maintained beyond the treatment period. Results clearly support the efficacy of reading remediation which emphasizes phonetic skills. The study does not address itself to whether this treatment method differs from other remedial interventions.
CHILDREN WITH READING DISORDERS–II. EFFECTS OF METHYLPHENIDATE IN COMBINATION WITH READING REMEDIATION*
Authors: Gittelman Rachel , Klein Donald F. , Feingold Ingrid
Published: December 2006

Summary Sixty‐six children received individual reading instruction for 18 weeks, in combination with methylphenidate (mean daily dose 44.2 mg/day) or a placebo. Assignment to medication was random and double blind. Children were re‐evaluated at the end of treatment, and two and eight months later.

Only occasional and weak methylphenidate effects were obtained on measures of reading performance. Highly significant improvement in some tests of mathematics was found. No treatment differences occurred at follow‐up. The results do not support the hypothesis that the enhancement of attention with stimulant treatment facilitates the acquisition of reading skills in children with pure reading disorders.
FACTOR STRUCTURE OF THE RUTTER ‘CHILDREN'S BEHAVIOUR QUESTIONNAIRE’ IN A PRIMARY SCHOOL POPULATION IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY
Authors: Venables P. H. , Fletcher R. P. , Dalais J. C. , Mitchell D. A. , Schulsinger F. , Mednick S. A.
Published: December 2006

Summary Data from Rutter's ‘Children's Behaviour’ questionnaire derived from the use of the scale in a developing country suggest that its factor structure is stable over sex and over racial groups. However, when analysis is undertaken on potentially pathological groups, then a more differentiated factor structure is apparent.
SOME FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK OF SMOKING BY CHILDREN
Authors: Murray M. , Swan A. V. , Johnson M. R. D. , Bewley B. R.
Published: December 2006

Summary In 1974 and 1975 over 6000 secondary schoolchildren in an English county answered questionnaires on their smoking behaviour, social activities and attitudes towards various issues. An analysis of the 1974 replies of those children who were present in both years revealed certain factors which were associated with an increased risk of smoking in 1975. The most important factors were the extent of the children's involvement in social activities, the smoking behaviour of their parents, siblings and friends, and their own attitudes and beliefs about smoking. Analysis examining the relationships between these factors further helped to explain the development of smoking among schoolchildren.
A CASE REPORT IN RELATION TO ACCESS
Authors: Noble Peter
Published: December 2006

Summary A case history is given in which a doctor, at the request of solicitors, prepared a court report in relation to access of children. Extracts from counsel's advice and a judgement are quoted which illustrate the need to give prime consideration to the welfare of the children in the preparation of such reports, and that it is proper to refuse to delete references to the children at the behest of solicitors.
HANDEDNESS IN SWEDISH 10‐YEAR‐OLDS. SOME BACKGROUND AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS
Authors: Gillberg Christopher , Waldenström Eva , Rasmussen Peder
Published: December 2006

Summary Forty‐five left‐handed and 46 right‐handed 10‐year‐old children were subjected to a limited set of neurological tests and a square tracing task, ‘Pathological’ handedness was diagnosed in cases showing poor performance with the non‐preferred hand on the squares task. The frequency of left‐handedness in the population was estimated at 9.2%. The boy: girl ratio was 1.6:1. ‘Pathological’ handedness was twice as common among left‐handers as among right‐handers. Neurological dysfunction was more common in ‘pathological’ handers, especially left‐handers. Reduced pre‐, peri‐ and neonatal optimality was seen in boys with ‘pathological handedness’. School achievement problems and behaviour problems were much more common in left‐handed boys than in other study groups. The results lend partial support for the extended pathological left‐handedness model recently hypothesized by Bishop, but it is suggested that left‐handedness in boys is more often a symptom of pathological shift of handedness than is left‐handedness in girls.
SHORT‐TERM TREATMENT OUTCOME USING PARENTS AS CO‐THERAPISTS FOR THEIR OWN AUTISTIC CHILDREN
Authors: Short Andrew B.
Published: December 2006

Summary This study evaluates the effects of Schopler and Reichler's developmental; treatment for autistic children, which uses parents as co‐therapists. Fifteen children were followed during waiting and treatment periods. Direct behavioral observations, a blind rating of family stress based on interviews with mothers and two questionnaires were used to assess outcome. All data were collected during home visits. Significant treatment effects were found for appropriate child behavior and parental involvement. Treatment effects were not shown for inappropriate child behavior and the measure of family stress and adaptation. Data are presented which suggest a positive change with treatment in parent‐child interaction patterns. A lack of change in independent play is noted. Questionnaire responses indicated that parents saw the treatment as helpful. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for treatment, prognosis and future outcome research.
THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF AN IMPOSED FORAGING TASK IN DISTURBED MONKEYS*
Authors: Rosenblum Leonard A. , Smiley Jayne
Published: December 2006

Summary A group of twelve bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) raised in partial social isolation from birth to adulthood expressed moderate‐to‐severe behavioral disturbance as a function of their early rearing environments. The range of these behavioral abnormalities in this species are described for die first time. In order to assess the role of the current environment on their behavior, the animals as a group were required to obtain all of their food from a foraging device presenting two levels of difficulty. The therapeutic effect of the imposed foraging task was dependent upon the individual's status in the dominance hierarchy. Low‐ and high‐ranking animals responded positively and became more social (338% above baseline levels) and showed lower levels of specific abnormal behaviors (nearly 75% lower). Mid‐ranking animals responded negatively and became less social (89% lower), while their levels of abnormal behavior dramatically increased (200% higher).
THE RUTTER SCALE FOR COMPLETION BY TEACHERS: FACTOR STRUCTURE AND RELATIONSHIPS WITH COGNITIVE ABILITIES AND FAMILY ADVERSITY FOR A SAMPLE OF NEW ZEALAND CHILDREN
Authors: McGee Rob , Williams Sheila , Bradshaw Jennifer , Chapel James L. , Robins Arthur , Silva Phil A.
Published: December 2006

A large sample of 7‐year‐old children (n ‐ 940) was rated by teachers using the Rutter Child Scale B, a 26‐item questionnaire covering a variety of behavioural problems. A factor analysis of the data revealed three main factors of interest, identified as aggressiveness, hyperactivity and anxiety‐fearfulness. Measures based upon these factors had a reasonably high level of reliability and were moderately stable over a 2‐year interval. An analysis of the relationship between these three behavioural measures and some cognitive measures indicated that only hyperactivity was negatively associated with cognitive ability. However, both hyperactivity and aggressiveness were related to adversity in the child's family background. The findings suggest the usefulness of distinguishing between aggressive and hyperactive dimensions of behaviour.
CHILD FIRESETTERS: A CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
Authors: Jacobson Robin R.
Published: December 2006

The demographic, symptomatic, psychosocial and diagnostic profile of 104 child fire‐setters was investigated in a controlled case note and item sheet study of all children referred to an Inner London clinic between 1973 and 1981. Firesetters form a subgroup of severe conduct disorders, and are distinguished by a younger peak age of 8, higher boy/girl ratio and more marked psychosocial disturbance. The paper focuses on the relationships between background factors and firesetting, and also examines the relevance of enuresis and situational antecedents as specific determinants.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTS OF SIMULTANEITY IN CHILDREN'S UNDERSTANDING OF EMOTIONS
Authors: Reissland Nadja
Published: December 2006

The development of children's understanding of simultaneously occurring emotions was investigated. A developmental progression was found in their giving examples of ambivalent situations (e.g. characterised by both happiness and anger); and in their descriptions of situations. The youngest children (mean age = 5.8) gave as examples of ambivalence two unrelated events associated with different emotions. At the next stage children (mean age = 7.0) were able to connect sequentially two events. At a third stage (mean age = 10.1) the children were able to conceive of situations in which two emotions of opposite valence occurred simultaneously.
THE EFFECTS OF MENTALLY HANDICAPPED CHILDREN ON FAMILIES–A CONCEPTUAL REVIEW
Authors: Byrne E. A. , Cunningham C. C.
Published: December 2006

Recent research which examines the effects of mentally handicapped children upon families is reviewed. The studies are grouped into three categories based on the underlying conceptions which appear to guide them. The first category examines which families are most vulnerable to the presumed stress of a mentally handicapped child. The second category emphasises the material and practical problems families experience. The third category stresses the competence of families and describes the resources used to develop coping strategies. Links are drawn between these three categories and to parallel developments in related areas, and implications for future research are discussed.
COMPLIANCE, ‘NEGATIVISM’, AND THE EFFECTS OF TREATMENT STRUCTURE IN AUTISM: A NATURALISTIC, BEHAVIORAL STUDY
Authors: Volkmar Fred R. , Hoder E. Lawrence , Cohen Donald J.
Published: December 2006

Nineteen autistic individuals were observed in their familiar residential environment using a time‐sample technique. Rates of stereotyped and self‐injurious behaviors, the direction of the subject's gaze (at staff, task or elsewhere) and the number of requests made to a subject by staff were a function of treatment structure, as defined by the staff:child ratio. While patterns of compliance in response to different types of requests were observed, subjects were generally compliant. The data do not support the notion that autistic children are unusually ‘negativistic”. The utility of ecologically valid observations and the need for normative data are discussed.
SOME QUALITATIVE ASPECTS OF THE SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR OF AUTISTIC CHILDREN: AN ETHOLOGICAL APPROACH
Authors: Van Engeland H. , Bodnàr F. A. , Bolhuis G.
Published: December 2006

Quantitative as well as qualitative aspects of the social behaviour of a group of autistic children (n=20) and a group of primary school children (n= 20) were studied by means of an ethological method. Principal components analysis of the behaviour protocols made clear that the social behaviour of autistic children was less well organized, lacked the factor ‘inferential behaviour’ and was characterized by a factor ‘stereotyped behaviour”. Although the autistic group showed less eye contact than the normal group, no further signs of any particular social avoidance tendency was found.
QUANTITATIVE CRITERIA FOR ATTENTION AND ACTIVITY IN CHILD PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS
Authors: Dienske H. , De Jonge G. , Sanders‐Woudstra J. A. R.
Published: December 2006

The aim was to find empirically justified criteria for attention and activity. Patients with various disorders and controls were observed during psychiatric examinations. Measures of attention increased with age, were lower in patients than controls, were correlated with each other and related to the quality of task performance. Activity measures decreased with age, were higher in patients, were correlated among each other and concerned motility as well as talking initiatives. Criteria from other studies and the DSM‐III were critically examined. Inattention was not associated with hyperactivity, except in mentally retarded children. Inattention was common in many diagnostic categories.
THE NAMING OF DISORIENTED LETTERS BY NORMAL AND READING‐DISABLED CHILDREN*
Authors: Corballis Michael C. , Macadie Lindy , Crotty Amanda , Beale Ivan L.
Published: December 2006

Normal and reading‐disabled children, 11–13 years old, named the letters F, G and R, presented in normal and backward versions, in varying angular orientations, in left and right visual fields. Both groups were faster at naming the normal than the backward letters, even though mental rotation was evidently not required. The results also offered no support for Orton's theory concerning the interrelations between mirror‐image equivalence, hemispheric differences and reading disability. The only measures unrelated to reading itself that discriminated the groups were digit span and a special difficulty among the disabled readers in naming the letter G.
THE PREVALENCE OF NOCTURNAL ENURESIS: DO DSM III CRITERIA NEED TO BE CHANGED? A BRIEF RESEARCH REPORT
Authors: Verhulst F. C. , van der Lee J. H. , Akkerhuis G. W. , Sanders‐Woudstra J. A. R. , Timmer F. C. , Donkhorst I. D.
Published: December 2006

In this study the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis defined according to the DSM III criteria was determined in a random sample of 2070 children aged from 4 to 16 years. Nocturnal enuresis declines in prevalence with age and is more frequent in boys than in girls. Moreover, the decline in prevalence with age was found to take place earlier in girls than in boys. It is therefore argued that the DSM III age limit for enuresis should be raised to 8 years for boys.
AN EVALUATION OF INTERPERSONAL COGNITIVE PROBLEM SOLVING TRAINING WITH CHILDREN*
Authors: Pellegrini David S. , Urbain Eugene S.
Published: December 2006

A number of social skill training approaches have been devised for remediating peer relationship difficulties in children and adolescents. One recently developed approach, focusing on interpersonal cognitive problem solving (IPCS) skills, is described. ICPS training studies are also reviewed. Despite the pervasive methodological problems that characterize this literature, ICPS training appears to be effective as a remediation strategy with maladjusted youngsters, and as a secondary prevention strategy with children ‘at risk’. While initial findings with nonclinical groups have been less encouraging, available follow‐up data suggest that ICPS training may be efficacious as a primary prevention strategy, as well. Several suggestions are offered for improving the methodology of future training studies, while important issues and problems are highlighted for future investigation.
TEMPERAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE‐ TO FOUR‐YEAR‐OLD BOYS AND GIRLS AND CHILD‐FAMILY INTERACTIONS
Authors: Simpson A. E. , Stevenson‐Hinde J.
Published: December 2006

Mothers interviewed in their homes provided information concerning their child's temperamental characteristics, mild behaviour problems and family interactions. The characteristics active, shy (approach/withdrawal; not settling in) and moody/ intense were consistent from 42 to 50 months of age for both sexes. No simple sex differences appeared in these three characteristics. There was little evidence for an association between active and either mild behaviour problems or family interactions. For both girls and boys, moody/intense scores were associated with mild behaviour problems and ‘negative’ family interactions. However, while shy scores of boys were associated with negative family interactions, shy scores of girls were associated with positive interactions, especially at the later age of 50 months.
INTERACTIONS OF LANGUAGE‐DELAYED AND NORMAL PRESCHOOL BOYS WITH THEIR PEERS
Authors: Siegel Linda S. , Cunningham Charles E. , van der Spuy H. I. J.
Published: December 2006

This study examined the impact of specific language delay (LD) on peer interactions in preschool children. Three groups of dyads were studied: normal children interacting with normal children, normals interacting with LD children and LD children with each other. The normal children were more likely to initiate interaction when the partner was non‐responsive and to attempt to dominate the interaction. The results of this study illustrate reciprocity in the social interactions of young children, the significant role of dominance and control in interaction and the sensitivity of preschool children to the characteristics of their peers.
MALTREATED INFANTS: VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE
Authors: Crittenden Patricia M.
Published: December 2006

This study of maltreated infants offers evidence supporting a model of bidirectional effects in which the mother initiates the maltreatment but both mother and infant behave so as to maintain the situation. Maltreated infants were found not to differ from control infants in congenital characteristics. They did, however, display deviance in learned behavior patterns. After intervention with the mother the infants showed behavioral improvement. These results suggested that maltreated infants were not inherently different from other children and that they were resilient in response to environmental improvement. Their earlier behavior may, however, have functioned to maintain their mothers' maltreating responses.
TEMPERAMENT AND ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN'S ACTUAL AND RATED ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: A TEST OF A‘GOODNESS‐OF‐FIT’ MODEL
Authors: Lerner Jacqueline V. , Lerner Richard M. , Zabski Stacia
Published: December 2006

To test a goodness‐of‐fit model of temperament, 194 Pennsylvania fourth‐grade students were studied. It was predicted that children whose temperament fitted or exceeded demands or expectations of their teachers would show more positive functioning than children whose temperament fell below expectations. Children responded to the Dimensions of Temperament Survey (DOTS), which assesses 5 temperamental attributes. Teachers specified demands/expectations for their students for each of the DOTS attributes and rated students' academic ability and adjustment. Objective measures of academic achievement were also obtained. Results indicated that for 2 of the 3 temperament attributes for which directional predictions were made some support was obtained for the model.
HYPNOTHERAPY AS A TREATMENT FOR ENURESIS
Authors: EDWARDS S. D. , SPUVY H. I. J. VANDER
Published: December 2006

The main objective of this study was to provide an adequately controlled experimental and clinical study to assess the efficacy of hypnotherapy in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis. Subjects were 48 nocturnal enuretic boys, aged 8–13 yr. Treatment consisted of six standardized sessions, one hourly session per subject per week. Results indicated that hypnotherapy was significantly effective over 6 months in decreasing nocturnal enuresis, compared with both pretreatment baseline enuresis frequency and no‐treatment controls. It also suggested that trance induction was not a necessary prerequisite for success. Comparison with other methods of treatment provided evidence that hypnotherapy was an effective alternative or adjunctive form of treatment for enuresis.
JACK TIZARD MEMORIAL LECTURE DELINQUENCY, ENVIRONMENT AND INTERVENTION
Authors: Clarke R. V. G.
Published: December 2006

Twenty years of Home Office research into delinquency prevention support Jack Tizard's belief that greater improvements in performance and behaviour are likely to attend efforts to change environments rather than inner dispositions. Situational measures which reduce opportunities for crime seem more effective than attempts to reform delinquents. Moreover, given that most delinquents desist from crime in early adulthood, minimal interference in their lives may be the best policy. For those requiring institutional placement, humane care rather than reform should be the goal.
INFLUENCE OF YORUBA BELIEFS ABOUT ABNORMALITY ON THE SOCIALIZATION OF DEAF CHILDREN: A RESEARCH NOTE
Authors: Togonu‐Bickersteth Funmi , Odebiyi A. I.
Published: December 2006

The study examines patterns of communication modes of guidance and discipline and affectional bond between 176 Yoruba hearing mother and their deaf children. Results relating to communication support earlier findings about the frustrations inherent in such endeavour. Contrary to other published reports, the Yoruba mothers studied perceived expressive linguistic abilities of deaf children more negatively than receptive abilities. Communication difficulties affected mothers' guidance and discipline, particularly since the culturally preferred modes of discipline rely very heavily on children's age‐related language competence. Mothers' verbal claims of affectional bonds were not supported by evidence from other sources close to and including the deaf children.
CLINICAL JUDGEMENT IN CONTEXT: A REVIEW OF SITUATIONAL FACTORS IN PERSON PERCEPTION DURING CLINICAL INTERVIEWS
Authors: Cline Tony
Published: December 2006

Abstract— The literature on the clinical interview and clinical judgement has generally tended to ignore relevant research in social psychology. It is argued that the basic psychological processes involved in clinical judgement can be compared with those involved in everyday social judgement. This review summarises evidence on the sophistication and complexity of clinical judgement and on the likely impact on it of a number of factors: the judge's personality, the stimulus background, institutional norms, objectives in the interview, and the interaction process as influenced by situational factors. It is suggested that a model of clinical judgement is required that can encompass, interpret and find value in the artifacts of the clinician's situation.
MATERNAL WITHDRAWAL FROM HANDICAPPED TODDLERS*
Authors: Wasserman Gail A. , Allen Rhianon
Published: December 2006

Abstract—Videotaped observations of the free‐play interaction of mothers and (a) 12 physically handicapped, (b) 14 premature and (c) nine healthy 2‐year‐olds were evaluated. Mothers of handicapped toddlers were significantly more likely to ignore their children at 24 months than were mothers in other groups. Further, although children's Bayley scores had not differed when seen previously at 1 year, children of mothers who ignored at 2 years had lower concurrent 2‐year IQ scores and experienced an average 30‐point drop between the two evaluations. These results support clinical reports of maternal withdrawal from handicapped young children and suggest that the mother‐child dyad in such cases may be at continuing risk throughout the early years.
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF 9‐YEAR‐OLD BOYS WITH GENERAL READING BACKWARDNESS OR SPECIFIC READING RETARDATION
Authors: Silva Phil A. , McGee Rob , Williams Sheila
Published: December 2006

Abstract— In 1975 Rutter and Yule distinguished between ‘specific reading retardation’ and ‘general reading backwardness’. In a sample of 952 9‐year‐olds from Dunedin, New Zealand, 4.2% were identified as specific reading retarded and 4.1% as having general reading backwardness. Boys from each problem group were compared with boys without reading delay. General reading backwardness was associated with a history of long‐term cognitive and motor delay. Specific reading retardation was only associated with lower verbal IQ and poor speech articulation. A number of differences between the findings of Rutter and Yule and the present results were noted.
INSPECTION TIME AND INTELLIGENCE IN DYSLEXIC CHILDREN
Authors: Whyte Jean , Curry Carol , Hale David
Published: December 2006

Abstract— Dyslexics and normal readers aged 9–11 were compared on an inspection time task. Results indicated that dyslexics required significantly longer inspection times. The findings suggested, however, that there was greater individual variation among dyslexics than among normal readers and that the dyslexics benefited from practice to a considerable extent. Inspection times were not significantly related to IQ as measured by a non‐verbal test.
AN INVESTIGATION OF TWO SELF‐REPORT MEASURES OF OBSESSIONAL PHENOMENA IN OBSESSIVE‐COMPULSIVE ADOLESCENTS: RESEARCH NOTE
Authors: Clark David A. , Bolton Derek
Published: December 2006

Abstract— A number of studies have recently demonstrated the clinical utility of objective self‐report inventories in the assessment of obsessive‐compulsive disorders in adults. To date, the usefulness of these instruments has not been demonstrated with obsessive‐compulsive adolescents. In the present study the Leyton Obsessional Inventory and the Maudsley Obsessional‐Compulsive Inventory were administered to 11 obsessive‐compulsive adolescents and a group of 10 anxious non‐obsessional patients. The obsessional adolescents scored significantly higher than the controls on the Maudsley total score and checking factors alone. Possible explanations of the results are discussed.
CHILDREN'S PERCEPTION OF DEATH IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS AS A FUNCTION OF AGE, ANXIETY AND COGNITIVE ABILITY
Authors: Orbach Israel , Gross Yigal , Glaubman Hananyah , Berman Devora
Published: December 2006

Abstract— This study investigated the impact of age, cognitive level and anxiety level on children's conception of death in humans and animals. Children from three age groups (6–7; 8–9; 10–11) were divided into high and low anxiety levels and high and low cognitive abilities. Then, the children were administered two questionnaires on human and animal death. The findings show that there was a main effect of age, anxiety and cognition on the conception of both animal and human death. Human death scores were higher than animal death scores. The interactions indicate that anxiety has a stronger impact on cognitively high subjects than on cognitively low subjects and that cognition affects the animal death concept more than the human death concept.
DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF ADOLESCENT PROBLEM DISCLOSURE IN ENGLAND AND IRELAND
Authors: Porteous M. A.
Published: December 2006

Abstract— Adolescents in England and Ireland completed a problem checklist and results showed that problem experience varied systematically with age, sex and culture. Boys were less mature than girls in their problem experience, and were more concerned with authority, self‐image and behavioural problems. Girls showed more worries in personal and emotional areas. In both sexes concern about unemployment and feelings of self inadequacy increased with age, while concerns in other areas showed a general decrease. Irish adolescents had a less mature problem pattern than English, and they admitted to more worries. Cultural differences were specifically reflected in the adolescents’ problem experience.
A HONEYMOON EFFECT IN CHILD PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITALIZATION: A RESEARCH NOTE
Authors: LaBarbera Joseph D. , Dozier J. Emmett
Published: December 2006

Abstract— This study assessed the changes in the intensity of behavior problems over the course of 12‐week hospitalization in 28 children hospitalized on a child psychiatry inpatient service. The results indicated that the symptoms of uncontrolled aggression, misbehavior and excessive dependency were more vivid 60 days post‐admission than they had been after 14 days of hospitalization. The results provide some empirical support for the‘honeymoon’ effect.
MATERNAL CARETAKING AND PLAY WITH FULL‐TERM AND PREMATURE INFANTS
Authors: Minde Klaus , Perrotta Marie , Marton Peter
Published: December 2006

Abstract— The contribution of past psychological experiences of the mother and medical complications of the infant to differences in caretaking of pre‐and full‐term infants are examined. Twenty full‐and 20 pre‐term matched mother‐infant dyads were studied during a feed and play 1, 2 and 3 months after the expected date of birth. Full‐term infants were more active than pre‐terms at 4 weeks only. Mother of pre‐terms showed differences in their interactions at all times. Interactions were related to maternal experiences in full‐term infants only. Degree of neonatal illness was correlated with behavioral disorganization of premature infants, leading to differences in caretaking style.
DEPRESSION IN MOTHERS IN A MULTI‐ETHNIC URBAN INDUSTRIAL MUNICIPALITY IN MELBOURNE. AETIOLOGICAL FACTORS AND EFFECTS ON INFANTS AND PRESCHOOL CHILDREN*
Authors: Williams Howard , Carmichael Allan
Published: December 2006

Abstract— In a cohort of 99 families with a newborn infant in a multi‐ethnic poor socio‐economic municipality 35 mothers were depressed during the first year. While the clinical manifestations of depression in Australian‐born and immigrant mothers were similar, there were differences in some aetiological factors. Immigrant mothers who had recently arrived in Australia, were unable to speak English and did not have a supporting social network had a significantly higher rate of depression. Depressed Australian‐born mothers often had unhappy, unstable and insecure childhoods, having been reared in families with marital disruption, violence, alcoholism and desertion. Some also had previous depressive episodes. A strong supporting social network, especially by the father, and also by the extended family and friends, was significant in preventing depression. Behavioural problems in infants and preschool children were more common in families with depressed mothers.
AUDITORY ATTENTIONAL ABILITIES IN HYPERACTIVE CHILDREN
Authors: Prior Margot , Sanson Ann , Freethy Christopher , Geffen Gina
Published: December 2006

Abstract— Using dichotic monitoring procedures, various aspects of auditory attention were examined in hyperactive children and matched normal controls. Hyperactive children did not show deficits in the ability to sustain attention, although signal detection analysis showed some lowered capacity in both focused and selective attention to targets. Subsamples of learning‐disabled and neurologically impaired hyperactive children showed minimal impairment of auditory attentional capacities. It was argued that more evidence concerning task and situational effects is needed before it can be claimed that hyperactive children show attention deficits.
CHILDREN WITH PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN PRIMARY CARE
Authors: Garralda M. E. , Bailey D.
Published: December 2006

Abstract A substantial minority (23%) of children between 7 and 12 years of age attending general practice were found to have psychiatric disorders. Disturbance was slightly more frequent in girls than in boys, and emotional disorder was the most common diagnosis.

Psychiatric disorder was associated with psychological disadvantage (broken homes, the child had lived away from the family, family history of psychiatric disorder) and with current high levels of parental stress in relation to their children. Disturbed children tended to present with symptoms of anxiety, bed‐wetting, hayfever, nosebleeds or scabies. Amongst a subsample of children consulting in general practice, psychiatric disorder may be a relevant factor contributing to somatic consultation.
‘SITUATIONAL HYPERACTIVITY’ IN A U.S. CLINICAL SETTING
Authors: Rapoport Judith L. , Donnelly Maureen , Zametkin Alan , Carrougher John
Published: December 2006

Abstract Eight of 69 males referred to a Hyperactivity Clinic for participation in psychopharmacological trials were not rated hyperactive by their primary caretaker on a parent symptom questionnaire. In comparison to eight boys for whom both parent and teacher ratings of hyperactivity were high, the group differed only in caretaker status. ‘Situational’ children were less likely to be living with both biological parents (P > 0.05). In contrast, direct observation and actometer measurement of activity did not differ significantly between the groups. The findings suggest that at least in clinical settings, a distinction between ‘situational’ and ‘pervasive’ hyperactivity reflects caretaker status or attitude and not characteristics of the child.
SOCIAL INTERACTIONS OF AUTISTIC, MENTALLY RETARDED AND NORMAL CHILDREN AND THEIR CAREGIVERS
Authors: Sigman Marian , Mundy Peter , Sherman Tracy , Ungerer Judy
Published: December 2006

Abstract The social interactions of young autistic children and their caregivers were contrasted to interactions involving normal and mentally retarded controls. The autistic children displayed a much lower frequency of attention sharing behaviors, such as pointing to or showing objects. Alternatively, the autistic children directed as much looking, vocalizing and proximity behaviors toward their caregivers as did the other groups. Thus, although the autistic children did not show a clear lack of responsiveness to their caregivers, they did display a significant deficit in indicating behaviors during child‐caregiver interaction.
ADAM–A SEVERELY‐DEPRIVED COLOMBIAN ORPHAN: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Thompson Angela M.
Published: December 2006

Abstract The case study of Adam, a severely‐deprived Colombian orphan, is presented. At 16 months of age the child was suffering from severe marasmic malnutrition, his development was about the level of a 3‐month old, he had been physically neglected and was emotionally withdrawn. Adam was adopted at 34 months of age. At 8 years of age his Full‐Scale WISC‐R‐IQ was 113 and at 10 years of age he scored 100% on the Michigan Assessment Test. Now at 13 years 10 months he is functioning at the 8th grade school level, which is appropriate for his age, and his weight and height are in the 50th centile range.
SCREENING FOR BEHAVIOUR PROBLEMS IN NURSERIES: THE RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE PRESCHOOL BEHAVIOUR CHECKLIST
Authors: McGuire Jacqueline , Richman Naomi
Published: December 2006

Abstract The development of the Preschool Behaviour Checklist, for screening emotional and behavioural problems in preschool children in group settings, is described. Inter‐rater reliability and internal consistency was established, and its validity was shown using a variety of methods. These include observations of the children, interviews with staff, comparison between clinic and nonclinic populations, factor and cluster analysis and comparison with another screening questionnaire. Uses of the PBCL for training and in service work are outlined. The limitations of screening as a method of identifying children with behaviour problems are discussed.
RESEARCH NOTE: PATTERNS OF MENTAL DEVELOPMENT AMONG YOUNG, MIDDLE‐CLASS JAMAICAN CHILDREN
Authors: Chambers Claudia M. , Grantham‐Mcgregor Sally M.
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis study looked at the performance on the Griffiths Mental Development Scales of 149 middle‐class children, aged 6–60 months, from three suburban neighbourhoods in Kingston, Jamaica. Their mean DQs were higher than the English standardisation sample. The high scores below 2 years were similar to those reported from black children elsewhere. After 2 years the scores fell into the general range reported for middle‐class children from other countries. The children had relatively high hearing and speech scores and low performance scores. Girls scored higher than boys, but birth order and maternal age were not associated with DQs.
MATERNAL CONTROL OF CO‐VOCALIZATION AND INTER‐SPEAKER SILENCES IN MOTHER‐INEANT VOCAL ENGAGEMENTS*
Authors: Elias Gordon , Hayes Alan , Broerse Jack
Published: December 2006

Abstract— Co‐vocalizations and inter‐speaker silences were used to investigate the vocal engagements of six mother‐infant dyads. Observed records of vocal behaviours were compared with records in which the vocal behaviours were randomized. The results indicated that there were significantly fewer co‐vocalizations in observed than in randomized records; that the durations of inter‐speaker silences following infant vocalization were significantly shorter in observed than in randomized records; and that the durations of inter‐speaker silences following maternal vocalization were significantly longer in observed than in randomized records. These findings were interpreted as being consistent with the view that mothers attempt to engage their infants in turn‐taking encounters, and that descriptions of such engagements in terms of conversational metaphors may be misleading in this regard.
THE DIETING AND BODY SHAPE CONCERNS OE ADOLESCENT FEMALES
Authors: Davies Elizabeth , Furnham Adrian
Published: December 2006

Abstract— This study set out to examine dietary and body shape concerns of four age groups (12–18 yr) of British female adolescents in order to compare current findings with previous results. Although less than 4% were overweight as measured by standard tables over 10 times this number considered themselves overweight. Approximately half desired to alter their weight and considered various ways of doing so. The subjects' shape related directly to the subjects' desire to alter body shape particularly in the oldest group. These results are discussed in terms on the literature on the development of an idea of ideal body shape increasing interest in exercise and previous research in the area.
THE TRAIT AND METHOD COMPONENTS OF RATINGS OF CONDUCT DISORDER—PART I. MATERNAL AND TEACHER EVALUATIONS OF CONDUCT DISORDER IN YOUNG CHILDREN
Authors: Fergusson D. M. , Horwood L. J.
Published: December 2006

Abstract A theoretical model designed to estimate the trait and method specific components of maternal and teacher ratings of childhood conduct disorder is presented. The model was applied to data collected on a birth cohort of New Zealand children. The model produced evidence to indicate that maternal and leather ratings of childhood behaviour were contaminated by method variance. It was estimated that one‐third of the variance in these scores reflected variance attributable to child behaviour rates When the data were adjusted for the effects of method specific factors, the model suggested that conduct disorder measures were highly stable over time.
THE TRAIT AND METHOD COMPONENTS OF RATINGS OF CONDUCT DISORDER—PART II. FACTORS RELATED TO THE TRAIT COMPONENT OF CONDUCT DISORDER SCORES
Authors: Fergusson D. M. , Horwood L. J.
Published: December 2006

Abstract A theoretical model designed to estimate the associations of variables of interest with the trait component of maternal and teacher ratings of conduct disorder is outlined. This method was applied to data collected in a birth cohort of New Zealand children. The analysis showed marked differences between the correlations for various measures and observed conduct disorder scores and the corresponding correlations with the estimated trait components of these scores. In some cases correlations increased as a result of correction for measurement error whereas in other eases correlations declined as a result of correction for the effects of method factors.
MEDICAL COMPLIANCE AND COPING WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Authors: Czajkowski Dennis R. , Koocher Gerald P.
Published: December 2006

Abstract This investigation evaluated the utility of a new assessment tool based on a competency/coping skills model in predicting medical compliance of adolescents with cystic fibrosis. The Medical Compliance Incomplete Stories Test (M‐CIST) and an assessment of several coping behaviors identified as assisting chronically ill children in their adaptation were used with 40 adolescent inpatients aged 13–23. These data were compared to objective measures of the patient's medical compliance. The total M‐CIST score was shown to be positively correlated with compliance and to significantly discriminate between compliant and non‐compliant groups. Although the assessment of coping behaviors also discriminates significantly between the two groups, it provided no additional power when used in common with the M‐CIST. The data identified differences in wiping behaviors between compliance non‐compliant patients which may prove useful to clinicians treating adolescents with cystic fibrosis.
THE COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF LOW‐BIRTHWEIGHT CHILDREN
Authors: Holwerda‐Kuipers J.
Published: December 2006

Abstract The cognitive development of 30 preterm infants and 40 growth‐retarded infants was studied in comparison with 105 control children. Half of tire study group had a neurologically suspect/abnormal diagnosis at birth, while the other half was neurologically normal. IQ tests of the low‐birth weight group al age 4.5–6 yean showed no delay in comparison with the group that was born at term and on‐weight. Piagetian tests indicated an interaction effect in which the group which was bam at term, on‐weight and neurologically normal scored best. In the analysis of the whole cognitive battery, the neurologically suspect/abnormal group achieved significantly worse than the neurologically normal group.
PSYCHIATRIC CARE AND COURSE OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS FROM CHILDHOOD TO EARLY ADULTHOOD IN A REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE
Authors: von Knorring Anne‐Liis , Andersson Ola , Magnusson David
Published: December 2006

Abstract The incidence and prevalence of registered and psychiatric disorders were studied from birth to 24 years of age in a total population. The cumulative incidence of psychiatric disorders (meeting DSM III criteria) below 25 years was 13.9% for boys and 14.2% for girls. The outcomes of psychiatric disorders during childhood were generally good. Only 11 % of children with an onset before age 10 remained in psychiatric care as young adults. Psychiatric disorders were more common among boys who had attended special classes, how intelligence was related to psychiatric disorders with an onset before 15 years of age in males, but after 15 in females
THE RELIABILITY OF AXIS V OF THE MULTIAXIAL CLASSFICATION SCHEME
Authors: Van Goor‐Lambo G.
Published: December 2006

Abstract In a reliability study concerning axis V (abnormal psychosocial situations) of the Multiaxial classification scheme for psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence, it was found that the level of agreement in storing was adequate for only 2 out of 12 categories, A proposal for a modification of axis V was made, including a differentiation and regrouping of the categories and an adjustment of the descriptions in the glossary With this modification of axis V another reliability study was carried out, in which the level of agreement in scoring was adequate for 12 out of 16 categories.
CHILD CHARACTERISTICS AND THE EMPLOYMENT OF MOTHERS WITH YOUNG CHILDREN: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY
Authors: Galambos Nancy L. , Lerner Jacqueline V.
Published: December 2006

Abstract The present longitudinal study investigated the relative influence or child, maternal, and demographic characteristics on the labor force participation of 93 mothers with young children in the New York Longitudinal Study. Multiple regression analyses revealed that child characteristics such as temperamental difficulty and the presence of physical problems were as potent as demographic features in predicting the mother's labor market activities throughout the child's early years. Conclusions were that multiple aspects of the context, including child characteristics, must be addressed if a more comprehensive picture of the employment patterns of mothers is to be gained.
THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF DELINQUENT CONDUCT
Authors: Emler Nicholas , Reicher Stephen , Ross Andrew
Published: December 2006

Abstract Findings from two studies are presented cm degree of group involvement in delinquency among young people. The first study indicates that among boys, although there is wide variation in the degree to which particular types of offence are committed alone or in the company of others, there is no general category of offence that is predominantly solitary. Moreover we could identify no individuals who always offended alone. The second study compared adolescent boys and girls and indicated that girls are if anything even more likely than boys to commit any offences to the company of others. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the role of the group context in delinquency.
THERAPIST‐ASSISTED VERSUS SELF‐HELP RELAXATION TREATMENT OF CHRONIC HEADACHES IN ADOLESCENTS: A SCHOOL‐BASED INTERVENTION
Authors: Larsson Bo , Daleflod Bengt , Håkansson Lars , Melin Lennart
Published: December 2006

Abstract This study compared the relative efficacy of a therapist‐assisted relaxation treatment programme with a self‐help approach and a self‐monitoring condition in the treatment of chronic headaches in adolescents within a school setting. The subjects were 46 high school students, 16–18 years of age, who were randomly assigned to the three treatment conditions. The results indicated that the sell‐help approach was as effective as the therapist‐assisted relaxation condition in reducing the students' headache, and that these findings were maintained at a 5‐month follow‐up evaluation. The results suggest that the self‐help relaxation procedure is a potential low‐cost alternative treatment to a more traditional therapist‐based intervention condition
FAMILY LIFE AND DIABETIC CONTROL
Authors: Marteau Theresa M. , Bloch Sidney , Baum J. David
Published: December 2006

Abstract Seventy two children with diabetes and their parents were studied to examine the relationship between family functioning and diabetic control.

Children in families characterised by cohesion, emotional expressiveness, lack of conflict and a mother Satisfied with her marriage, had better diabetic control than children living in families with opposing characteristics. Children living with both biological parents or with a single parent had significantly better diabetic control than thaw living with a step‐parent or adoptive parents. There was no relationship between social class, family income, employment status or educational attainment of either parent, and diabetic control.
PARENT‐REFERRED PROBLEM THREE‐YEAR‐OLDS: DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN SYMPTOMS
Authors: Campbell Susan B.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Parent referred problem three‐ yr‐olds whose externalizing problems had improved by age six were compared with children whose problems persisted and with controls on symptom ratings obtained from mothers at ages three, four and six. Children who improved and those with persistent problems were Initially rated high on over activity, concentration difficulties and disobedience. Improved youngsters did not differ initially from controls on ratings of peer problems and other signs of antisocial behavior but children with persistent problems did. Groups also showed differential patterns of developmental change. The data suggest that both the nature and intensity of problems distinguish between children who do and do not outgrow their early difficulties.