bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Lord of the Flaws. The Autonomy of the Artist and the Function of Art
Authors: Schmücker Reinold
Published: January 2017

In aesthetics a misleading idea of autonomy prevails: art is  autonomous because it does not serve any heteronomous purposes. This conviction is deeply rooted in the philosophy of art from Romanticism to Heidegger and Adorno. However, it is not convincing because art is functional in various ways. It can have a variety of very different purposes – including some that the artist does not approve. Against this background, the article focuses on a peculiarity of modern aesthetics which has not been noticed so far: the development of the modern concept of art has made the category of the mistake almost disappear. Works of art are taken to be something given which is not supposed to be examined for mistakes but to be explained and made understandable by the artistic decisions they are based on. By reflecting this peculiarity, the author develops an understanding of the autonomy of art as a normative artistic competence, which is compatible with the functionality of works of art and can help to clarify the social importance of art.
Is There a Transmedial Dispositif? Aesthetic Epistemes and the Question of Disciplinarity
Authors: Grønstad Asbjørn
Published: January 2017

In this article, I argue that one has yet to acknowledge the extent to which the notion of the aesthetic and its content is institutionally negotiated. A central question that we ought to bear in mind is: does the organization of “aesthetic knowledge” that the traditional disciplines facilitate promote or prevent insight into meta-aesthetic and transaesthetic concerns?
Publications of aesthetic interest
Authors: Lund Jacob
Published: January 2017

(no abstract)
Screens ‘As Representation’ and Screens ‘As Simulation’ in Mainstream Cinema Detection
Authors: Virginás Andrea
Published: January 2017

Detection in contemporary genre films is in the process of being transformed: viewers see less and less of moving, traveling, and active human bodies entering in interaction and exchanging words. Instead, what takes up a significant part of film time is the view of computer screens, with digitally stored and retrieved traces, meaningful for detection, playing the lead role. One result of this type of detection on screen – rather than detection in the streets or on murder scenes – is that detection is (re)presented as a process happening on the human-computer interface. With reference to Lev Manovich the article asks how the “illusion of navigating through virtual spaces” is recreated, when the context of such an illusion is filmic diegesis defined by genre rules (in this case: detection films), where “the virtual spaces of the screen” should have a direct effect on “the real spaces of filmic diegesis”?
Materialism is Not the Solution
Authors: Harman Graham
Published: January 2017

This article defends a new sense of “formalism” in philosophy and the arts, against recent materialist fashion. Form has three key opposite terms: matter, function, and content. First, I respond to Jane Bennett’s critique of object-oriented philosophy in favor of a unified matter-energy, showing that Bennett cannot reach the balanced standpoint she claims to obtain. Second, I show that the form/function dualism in architecture gives us two purely relational terms and thus cannot do justice to the topic of form. Third, I argue against Greenberg, Heidegger, and McLuhan that content cannot be trivialized in favor of deeper form. I close with a new conception of mimesis as performance rather than as the fabrication of copies. The form underlying any work’s content is provided by the spectator herself as the only real object that does not withdraw from the aesthetic scene.
If Materialism Is Not the Solution, Then What Was the Problem?
Authors: Jackson Robert
Published: January 2017

What follows is a cursory response to Graham Harman’s article “Materialism is Not the Solution.” It seeks to branch out his conception of ‘form’ and more specifically, ‘aesthetic form’ whilst expanding on Harman’s principal objections to the materialist account of change, and how this may challenge the contemporary aesthetic trajectory of relational encounter: particularly Bourriaud’s Relational Aesthetics (2002). Quite generally, Harman’s Object Oriented Ontology might be understood through two chief aesthetic mechanisms; the contingency of counterfactuals complimented with the preliminary development of a nonmodern formalism. The latter is briefly cashed out in a philosophical juxtaposition to Greenberg and Fried’s modernist principles.
The Power of Illusion
Authors: Gjervan Ellen Karolina
Published: January 2017

In this article, I examine how two English theatrical phenomena used stage technology to produce illusions for certain political ends. The two phenomena of interest are the court masque of the early 1600s and the illegitimate genres of the late Georgian London theatre. My focus will be on the latter, through an examination of the pantomime The Picture of Paris – opening at Covent Garden in 1790. Whereas a political reading of the court masque is well established in theatre studies, the same cannot be said regarding a political understanding of the theatre culture of the late Georgian period. Furthermore, those who have focused on the political aspects of this theatre culture have not been interested in the role played by stage technology. This is where this article aims to contribute to the existing body of knowledge. Although the court masques and the illegitimate genres used much of the same stage technology, they differed in how they used it and to what political ends. Whereas the masque could be understood as a conservative statement of royal powers, asserting their right to rule, the illegitimate genres approached the governing powers and policies in a more subversive manner. Late Georgian cultural politics, censoring the spoken word on stage and patenting the performance of tragedy and comedy, gave rise to new theatrical genres where visual aspects – by legal necessity – took centre stage. The resulting spectacular theatre of action and visual image was exempt from government censorship, making possible a special kind of political freedom of expression in these genres. It was during performance, through their use of dumb shows, setting, stage machinery and special effects that government criticism could unfold within these genres.
Centripetal Force of locus: Dilemmas of Nomadism in Contemporary Lithuanian Artistic Practices
Authors: Petrikas Martynas
Published: January 2017

By using two cases – a production, called The Heart in Vilnius (2012) and a social-artistic project Give Yourself to Vilnius (2014), the article aims to discuss the issue of a “liquid” mind-set (Bauman) as it is perceived, reflected and formulated in contemporary Lithuanian artistic practices. These examples were intentionally chosen because both seem to address the issue of “roots” in one’s native land in opposition to physical or intellectual mobility. By establishing Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania, as the spiritual locus of emotional fulfillment, both cases dwell on a social anxiety that Zygmunt Bauman terms “a meaninglessness”, typical for a transitional society, where modernization progresses at a different pace in differ- ent strata. Moreover, whether it is a political statement or a popular attraction, both examples portray a nomad and nomadism of late modernity as an “Other”, drawing a divisional and alienating line between a “liquid” mind-set and a “stable” one.
Reconstructing a Nomadic Network: Itineraries of Jewish Actors during the First Lithuanian Independence
Authors: Pukelytė Ina
Published: January 2017

This article discusses the phenomenon of openness and its nomadic nature in the activities of Jewish actors performing in Kaunas during the first Lithuanian independence. Jewish theatre between the two world wars had an active and intense life in Kaunas. Two to four independent theatres existed at one time and international stars were often touring in Lithuania. Nevertheless, Lithuanian Jewish theatre life was never regarded by Lithuanian or European theatre society as significant since Jewish theatre never had sufficient ambition and resources to become such. On the one hand, Jewish theatre organized itself in a nomadic way, that is, Jewish actors and directors were constantly on the road, touring from one country to another. On the other hand, there was a tense competition between the local Jewish theatres both for subsidies and for audiences. This competition did not allow the Jewish community to create a theatre that could represent Jewish culture convincingly. Being a theatre of an ethnic minority, Jewish theatre did not enjoy the same attention from the state that was given to the Lithuanian National Theatre. The nomadic nature of the Jewish theatre is shown through the perspective of the concept of nomadic as developed by Deleuze and Guattari.
Mapping the Regional Distribution of Theatre in Denmark. Three Different Approaches Based on Official Theatre Statistics
Authors: Hansen Louise Ejgod
Published: January 2017

This article presents three different mappings of the regional distribution of theatre in Denmark. Together, the three mappings cover important aspects of a national theatre system: production (subsidy), distribution of performances and theatre consumption. All of them are based on official theatre statistics and should, as such, be considered authoritative credible mappings on which a cultural policy debate on the decentralization of theatre in Denmark could be based. However, the article demonstrates that the three different mappings result in three different results regarding the regional distribution of theatre in Denmark. This adds complexity to the policy debates because no definite conclusions can be made. In addition, the methodological discussion in the article demonstrates that the existing data sets have severe limitations.
Norwegian Political Theatre in the 1970s: Breaking Away from the “Ibsen Tradition”
Authors: Watson Anna
Published: January 2017

The dominant theatre aesthetic in Norwegian theatre has been, and remains at large to be, psychological-realism and the bourgeois “living room drama”. In a Norwegian context this tradition is best represented by Henrik Ibsen’s dramas, staged at Nationaltheatret and Den Nasjonale Scene. However, throughout the 20th century there have been several attempts to break with the “Ibsen tradition”, especially among left-wing political and socially engaged theatre-makers and playwrights such as Gunvor Sartz, Olav Daalgard, and Nordahl Grieg in the 1930s, and Jens Bjørneboe and Odin Teatret in the 1960s. I argue that the clearest and most decisive break with Realism and the Aristotelian dramaturgy, in a Norwegian political theatre context, was made in the late 1970s, instigated by the independent theatre groups Perleporten Teatergruppe and Tramteatret. Their break did not only constitute an aesthetic and dramaturgical break, but also a break in organizational terms by breaking the hierarchy of the institutional theatre ‘machine’. Perleporten Teatergruppe and Tramteatret aimed at making a political, progressive theatre both in form and content. Perleporten and Tramteatret were both inspired by contemporaneous political and experimental theatre in Europe and Scandinavia as well as by the historical avant-garde experiments, and, for Tramteatret’s part, the workers' theatre movement from the 1920s and 30s in their search for a theatre that could express the social and political climate of the day. In this article, I will place Tramteatret and Perleporten Teatergruppe’s debut performances Deep Sea Thriller (1977) and Knoll og Tott (1975) within a historiographical and cultural-political context.
Rural and urban encounters in Reijo Kela's choreographies "Ilmari's Ploughed Field" (1988) and "Cityman" (1989)
Authors: Kukkonen Aino
Published: January 2017

Since the early 1980s, the solo performances of Reijo Kela (b. 1952) have brought original perspectives to Finnish dance, particularly in terms of how he wanted to dance in close proximity to the spectator and how the lines between art-forms were blurred. In his first large-scale site-specific works, Ilmari's Ploughed Field (Ilmarin kynnös, 1988) and Cityman (1989), he dealt with the relationship between dance, site, and changing Finnish society. They occurred in the heart of rural and urban life: one, in an abandoned field in Suomussalmi Eastern Finland and the other, in the busiest shopping area of the capital. In my article I examine how and what kind of ideas of countryside and city Kela's work manifest. What kind of cultural images they represent? And how they were received at the time of their premiere? The theoretical approach includes Rosalyn Deutsche's ideas of assimilative space and disturbance of space.
Entertainment as a Complex Form of Communication. Two Examples of Hemsöborna.
Authors: Strömberg Mikael
Published: January 2017

An increasing interest in popular culture, entertainment, and leisure studies has resulted in a more thorough discussion of entertainment and its function in everyday life. That entertainment needs to be studied on its own terms, and not just in relation to some other area, is important. Instead of viewing entertainment as merely something connected with enjoyment and pleasure, the article looks at how entertainment renegotiates vital questions and topics from everyday life through its performance practice. Entertainment is used as an enhanced awareness, a de-familiarization, illustrating the function of different norms.The article examines two different scenes from two different productions of August Strindberg’s novel The People of Hemsö. The first analyses the arrival of an outsider, coming from the mainland to the archipelago. The second underlines the seriousness of gender inequality. Both examples stress the importance of studying how entertainment functions as a specific performance style/practice that re-negotiates the content being communicated.
Trigeminal Neuralgia Commonly Precedes the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Fallata Ahmad , Salter Amber , Tyry Tuula , Cutter Gary R. , Marrie Ruth Ann
Published: January 2017

Background:

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a well-recognized cause of facial pain in the general population, and multiple sclerosis (MS) accounts for some of these cases. However, the prevalence of TN in MS is poorly understood. We investigated the prevalence of TN and how often TN is the initial presentation of MS in a large MS cohort.

Methods:

In 2009, we surveyed participants in the North America Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis Registry regarding TN, including date of onset and pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments used. We estimated the frequency of TN and the frequency with which TN preceded the diagnosis of MS. We compared the demographic and clinical characteristics of participants who reported TN with those of participants who did not using descriptive statistics and logistic regression.

Results:

Among 8590 eligible survey respondents, the prevalence of TN was 830 (9.7%). Of these respondents, 588 reported the year when TN was diagnosed. The diagnosis of TN preceded that of MS in 88 respondents (15.0%), and the mean ± SD age at diagnosis of TN was 45.3 ± 11.0 years. The odds of reporting TN were higher in women and those with greater disability and longer disease duration. Pharmacologic treatments were used by 88.3% of respondents; 9.7% underwent surgical interventions.

Conclusions:

In MS, TN occurs frequently and precedes the diagnosis of MS in 15.0% of individuals. Given the frequency of TN in MS, further epidemiological studies and clinical trials to identify effective pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies for TN in MS are warranted.
Matrix-regulated integrin αvβ5 maintains α5β1-dependent desmoplastic traits prognostic of neoplastic recurrence
Authors: Franco-Barraza Janusz , Francescone Ralph , Luong Tiffany , Shah Neelima , Madhani Raj , Cukierman Gil , Dulaimi Essel , Devarajan Karthik , Egleston Brian L , Nicolas Emmanuelle , Katherine Alpaugh R , Malik Ruchi , Uzzo Robert G , Hoffman John P , Golemis Erica A , Cukierman Edna
Published: January 2017

Desmoplasia, a fibrotic mass including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and self-sustaining extracellular matrix (D-ECM), is a puzzling feature of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDACs). Conflicting studies have identified tumor-restricting and tumor-promoting roles of PDAC-associated desmoplasia, suggesting that individual CAF/D-ECM protein constituents have distinguishable tumorigenic and tumor-repressive functions. Using 3D culture of normal pancreatic versus PDAC-associated human fibroblasts, we identified a CAF/D-ECM phenotype that correlates with improved patient outcomes, and that includes CAFs enriched in plasma membrane-localized, active α5β1-integrin. Mechanistically, we established that TGFβ is required for D-ECM production but dispensable for D-ECM-induced naïve fibroblast-to-CAF activation, which depends on αvβ5-integrin redistribution of pFAK-independent active α5β1-integrin to assorted endosomes. Importantly, the development of a simultaneous multi-channel immunofluorescence approach and new algorithms for computational batch-analysis and their application to a human PDAC panel, indicated that stromal localization and levels of active SMAD2/3 and α5β1-integrin distinguish patient-protective from patient-detrimental desmoplasia and foretell tumor recurrences, suggesting a useful new prognostic tool.
Operon mRNAs are organized into ORF-centric structures that predict translation efficiency
Authors: Burkhardt David H , Rouskin Silvi , Zhang Yan , Li Gene-Wei , Weissman Jonathan S , Gross Carol A
Published: January 2017

Bacterial mRNAs are organized into operons consisting of discrete open reading frames (ORFs) in a single polycistronic mRNA. Individual ORFs on the mRNA are differentially translated, with rates varying as much as 100-fold. The signals controlling differential translation are poorly understood. Our genome-wide mRNA secondary structure analysis indicated that operonic mRNAs are comprised of ORF-wide units of secondary structure that vary across ORF boundaries such that adjacent ORFs on the same mRNA molecule are structurally distinct. ORF translation rate is strongly correlated with its mRNA structure in vivo, and correlation persists, albeit in a reduced form, with its structure when translation is inhibited and with that of in vitro refolded mRNA. These data suggest that intrinsic ORF mRNA structure encodes a rough blueprint for translation efficiency. This structure is then amplified by translation, in a self-reinforcing loop, to provide the structure that ultimately specifies the translation of each ORF.
An early geikiid dicynodont from theTropidostomaAssemblage Zone (late Permian) of South Africa
Authors: Kammerer Christian F. , Smith Roger M.H.
Published: January 2017

Based on specimens previously identified asTropidostoma, a new taxon of dicynodont (Bulbasaurus phylloxyrongen. et sp. nov.) from the Karoo Basin of South Africa is described.Bulbasaurusis a medium-sized dicynodont (maximum dorsal skull length 16.0 cm) restricted to theTropidostomaAssemblage Zone (early Lopingian) of the Beaufort Group.Bulbasauruscan be distinguished fromTropidostomaby an array of characters including the presence of a tall, sharp premaxillary ridge, large, rugose, nearly-confluent nasal bosses, a nasofrontal ridge, massive tusks, robust pterygoids, prominently twisted subtemporal bar, and absence of a distinct postfrontal. Inclusion ofBulbasaurusin a phylogenetic analysis of anomodont therapsids recovers it as a member of Geikiidae, a clade of otherwise later Permian dicynodonts such asAulacephalodonandPelanomodon.Bulbasaurusexhibits many of the characters typical of adultAulacephalodon, but at substantially smaller skull size (these characters are absent in comparably-sizedAulacephalodonjuveniles), suggesting that the evolution of typical geikiid morphology preceded gigantism in the clade.Bulbasaurusis the earliest known geikiid and the only member of the group known from theTropidostomaAssemblage Zone; discovery of this taxon shortens a perplexing ghost lineage and indicates that abundant clades from the later Permian of South Africa (e.g., Geikiidae, Dicynodontoidea) may have originated as rare components of earlier Karoo assemblage zones.
Nest-site selection, reproductive ecology and shifts within core-use areas of Black-necked Cranes at the northern limit of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhang Lixun , An Bei , Shu Meilin , Yang Xiaojun
Published: January 2017

We investigated population dynamics, breeding pairs, breeding habitat selection, nest density, distance between neighboring nests, nest survival, reproductive success, and recruitment rate for Black-necked Cranes (BNC,Grus nigricollis) during 2013–2015 in Yanchiwan National Nature Reserve (YCW), Gansu, China. Numbers of BNC and breeding pairs remained relatively stable at around 140 individuals and 40 pairs. Recruitment rates ranged from 15.7% to 25.8%. The average nest distance was 718.66 ± 430.50 m (2013), 1064.51 ± 323.99 m (2014) and 534.99 ± 195.45 m (2015). Average nest survival rate, hatching success, and breeding success of all 29 nests were 65.56 ± 5.09%, 57.04 ± 6.12% and 32.78% ± 2.55. Water depth, water body area, and distance to land were positively related to nest survival, while disturbance level showed a negative relationship. However, nest site selection of BNC was determined by habitat type, disturbance and water depth. BNC often foraged in mudflats and freshwater marsh but seldom foraged in saline-alkali wet meadows due to food density and quantity in April, the month when BNC choose nest sites. Conservation strategies based on habitats should consider ecological factors that may not be well predicted by nest site selection. Shifts within core-use areas from satellite tracking of BNC demonstrated that maintaining populations demands that conservation areas are large enough to permit breeding BNC changes in space use. Our results are important for conservation management and provide quantitative reproductive data for this species.
Boxer crabs induce asexual reproduction of their associated sea anemones by splitting and intraspecific theft
Authors: Schnytzer Yisrael , Giman Yaniv , Karplus Ilan , Achituv Yair
Published: January 2017

Crabs of the genusLybiahave the remarkable habit of holding a sea anemone in each of their claws. This partnership appears to be obligate, at least on the part of the crab. The present study focuses onLybia leptochelisfrom the Red Sea holding anemones of the genusAlicia(family Aliciidae). These anemones have not been found free living, only in association withL. leptochelis. In an attempt to understand how the crabs acquire them, we conducted a series of behavioral experiments and molecular analyses. Laboratory observations showed that the removal of one anemone from a crab induces a “splitting” behavior, whereby the crab tears the remaining anemone into two similar parts, resulting in a complete anemone in each claw after regeneration. Furthermore, when two crabs, one holding anemones and one lacking them, are confronted, the crabs fight, almost always leading to the “theft” of a complete anemone or anemone fragment by the crab without them. Following this, crabs “split” their lone anemone into two. Individuals ofAliciasp. removed from freshly collectedL. leptocheliswere used for DNA analysis. By employing AFLP (Fluorescence Amplified Fragments Length Polymorphism) it was shown that each pair of anemones from a given crab is genetically identical. Furthermore, there is genetic identity between most pairs of anemone held by different crabs, with the others showing slight genetic differences. This is a unique case in which one animal induces asexual reproduction of another, consequently also affecting its genetic diversity.
Análise do efeito da plataforma vibratória na regeneração de defeito ósseo
Authors: Daltro Ana Flávia Calmon , Barreto Isabela Cerqueira , Rosa Fabiana Paim
Published: January 2017

Introdução: a plataforma vibratória é um equipamento que produz movimentos oscilatórios sinusoidais, que geram estímulos mecânicos e aumentam a carga gravitacional, detectável às células, como as que compõem o tecido ósseo. Objetivo: comparar dois protocolos de utilização da plataforma vibratória como terapia auxiliar para a regeneração óssea, por meio de análise histomorfológica. Metodologia: foram utilizados 15 ratos, machos, distribuídos em três grupos experimentais: Grupo Plataforma Vibratória 30 minutos (GPV 30), Grupo Plataforma Vibratória 10 minutos (GPV 10) e Grupo Calvária Vazia Preenchida por Coágulo (GCVPC). Em todos os grupos, confeccionou-se um defeito ósseo com 5,0 mm de diâmetro na calvária dos animais. A partir do primeiro dia pós-operatório, os animais dos GPV 30 e GPV 10 foram submetidos ao protocolo de aplicação da plataforma vibratória por 30 e 10 minutos, respectivamente, em única sessão diária, por três dias semanais alternados, durante 15 dias. Após este período, os animais foram eutanasiados e os espécimes processados para análise histológica. Resultados: dentre os grupos experimentais, houve maior incremento da regeneração óssea no GPV 30, seguido do GPV 10 quando comparado ao GCVPC, em que houve neoformação óssea restrita à região de borda óssea. Em todos os grupos, a neoformação não reestabeleceu o volume ósseo original. Conclusão: o uso da plataforma vibratória incrementou a regeneração de defeito ósseo, com melhores resultados observados no maior tempo de aplicação (GPV30).

 
Intercellular Tension Negatively Regulates Angiogenic Sprouting of Endothelial Tip Cells via Notch1‐Dll4 Signaling
Authors: Wang Shue , Sun Jian , Xiao Yuan , Lu Yi , Zhang Donna D. , Wong Pak Kin
Published: January 2017

Mechanical force plays pivotal roles in vascular development during tissue growth and regeneration. Nevertheless, the process by which mechanical force controls the vascular architecture remains poorly understood. Using a systems bioengineering approach, it is shown that intercellular tension negatively regulates tip cell formation via Notch1‐Dll4 signaling in mouse retinal angiogenesis in vivo, sprouting embryoid bodies, and human endothelial cell networks in vitro. Reducing the intercellular tension pharmacologically by a Rho‐associated protein kinase inhibitor or physically by single cell photothermal ablation of the capillary networks promotes the expression of Dll4, enhances angiogenic sprouting of tip cells, and increases the vascular density. Computational biomechanics, RNA interference, and single cell gene expression analysis reveal that a reduction of intercellular tension attenuates the inhibitory effect of Notch signaling on tip cell formation and induces angiogenic sprouting. Taken together, the results reveal a mechanoregulation scheme for the control of vascular architecture by modulating angiogenic tip cell formation via Notch1‐Dll4 signaling.
Bis(aminoaryl) Carbon‐Bridged Oligo(phenylenevinylene)s Expand the Limits of Electronic Couplings
Authors: Burrezo Paula Mayorga , Lin Nai‐Ti , Nakabayashi Koji , Ohkoshi Shin‐ichi , Calzado Eva M. , Boj Pedro G. , Díaz García María A. , Franco Carlos , Rovira Concepciò , Veciana Jaume , Moos Michael , Lambert Christoph , López Navarrete Juan T. , Tsuji Hayato , Nakamura Eiichi , Casado Juan
Published: January 2017

Carbon‐bridged bis(aminoaryl) oligo(para‐phenylenevinylene)s have been prepared and their optical, electrochemical, and structural properties analyzed. Their radical cations are class III and class II mixed‐valence systems, depending on the molecular size, and they show electronic couplings which are among the largest for the self‐exchange reaction of purely organic molecules. In their dication states, the antiferromagnetic coupling is progressively tuned with size from quinoidal closed‐shell to open‐shell biradicals. The data prove that the electronic coupling in the radical cations and the singlet–triplet gap in the dications show similar small attenuation factors, thus allowing charge/spin transfer over rather large distances.
Electrospun poly(2‐aminothiazole)/cellulose acetate fiber membrane for removing Hg(II) from water
Authors: Zou Hua , Lv Peng‐Fei , Wang Xia , Wu Di , Yu Deng‐Guang
Published: January 2017

Fiber membrane adsorbent not only has the advantage of ease of handling, but also offers high specific surface area that can benefit the adsorption process when compared with powdered adsorbent. In this work, a poly(2‐aminothiazole) (PAT)/cellulose acetate (CA) composite fiber membrane is prepared by a coaxial electrospinning process, and used as adsorbent for removing Hg(II) from water. The adsorption processes are investigated as functions of pH value, contact time and temperature. The results suggest that the Hg(II) adsorption is preferred to be conducted at pH 6.5 and the adsorption is a monolayer process through chemical interaction. The maximum adsorption capacity in theory is 177 mg/g at 298 K with a very low PAT percentage (6.5 wt %), which is much higher than that of the nanoparticle‐type PAT through conversion. Desorption results exhibit excellent reusability of the composite fiber membrane. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44879.
Finite element method‐based approach for radiofrequency magnetic resonance coil losses estimation
Authors: Giovannetti Giulio , Tiberi Gianluigi , Tosetti Michela
Published: January 2017

The simulation and the design of radiofrequency (RF) coils are fundamental tasks to maximize Signal‐to‐Noise Ratio (SNR) in Magnetic Resonance (MR) applications. The estimation of coil resistance, that is, the losses within the coil conductors, which depends on tuning frequency, allows the prediction of coil performance and data SNR. At RF, the conductor resistance is increased due to the skin effect, which distributes the current primarily near the conductor surface instead of uniformly over the cross section. Moreover, the radiative losses estimation as a function of tuning frequency permits a total coil performance characterization, especially for high‐frequency tuned coils when this loss mechanism could be the dominant one. In this work we compared Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations with analytical calculations performed in wire loop RF coils for MR applications. Our results showed that FEM can predict the losses within the coil conductors at 5.7 MHz with a relative difference of <3% compared to analytical calculation, while the relative difference increased to 58% at 127.8 MHz. Concerning the radiative losses, the relative difference between analytical formulation and FEM was lower than 3% at 5.7 MHz, and increasing to 44% at 127.8 MHz. Experimental measurements on a circular coil prototype were also performed at 85.2 MHz and 127.8 MHz, showing a better agreement with FEM simulations than with analytical calculations.
Metabonomics by proton nuclear magnetic resonance in human pleural effusions: A route to discriminate between benign and malignant pleural effusions and to target small molecules as potential cancer biomarkers
Authors: Zennaro Lucio , Vanzani Paola , Nicolè Lorenzo , Cappellesso Rocco , Fassina Ambrogio
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUND

Cytopathology is a noninvasive and cost‐effective method for detecting cancer cells in pleural effusions (PEs), although in many cases, the diagnostic performance is hindered by the paucity of significant cells or the lack of clear morphological criteria. This study presents the results of an omics approach to improving the diagnostic performance of PE cytology.

METHODS

Metabolic profiling with proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR) was performed for 92 PEs (44 malignant cases of 8 different cancers and 48 benign cases of 7 nonneoplastic conditions). Light's criteria were used to further classify PEs as transudates or exudates, and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy was used to differentiate malignant pleural effusions (mPEs) from benign pleural effusions (bPEs).

RESULTS

1H‐NMR metabolic analysis showed clearly different spectra for mPEs and bPEs in the regions of the signals due to lipids, branched amino acids, and lactate, which were increased in mPEs. Transudates and exudates in bPEs were differentiated as well on the basis of the 1H‐NMR signals from lipids and lipoproteins, which were increased in exudates.

CONCLUSIONS

Subject to validation in further larger studies, 1H‐NMR metabonomics could be an effective and reliable ancillary tool for PE investigations and diagnoses. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:341–348. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Are we ready for citywide learning? Examining the nature of within‐ and between‐program pathways in a community‐wide learning initiative
Authors: Akiva Thomas , Kehoe Stacy , Schunn Christian D.
Published: January 2017

Learning and development occur over time across multiple settings both in‐ and out‐of‐school. However, educational programs have not been designed for coordination across settings. Successfully supporting community‐wide youth learning requires greater understanding of how youth may move between settings and the learning pathways available to them. We investigated this topic with data from the adult leaders of 17 programs that participated in a regional summer learning initiative. Respondents tended to conceptualize within‐program pathways (e.g., offering more advanced activities in their organization to current participants) but rarely described actively encouraging youth to move to related programs in other organizations. The results suggest that realization of supportive communities for cross‐program learning and development will require shifts in models of knowledge sharing and program incentive structures.
Application of a full‐scale wood gasification biochar as a soil improver to reduce organic pollutant leaching risks
Authors: Trinh Bao‐Son , Werner David , Reid Brian J
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUND

The application of biochar to sandy loam soil to reduce leaching of three representative pollutants (a persistent hydrocarbon (phenanthrene; logKOW 4.46), a herbicide (isoproturon; logKOW 2.50), and an antibiotic (sulfamethazine; logKOW 0.28)) were investigated. The wood‐derived biochar evaluated in our laboratory study was the solid co‐product of a full‐scale gasifier feeding a combined heat and power plant. The research aimed to demonstrate multiple environmental benefits with the innovative use of this biochar as a soil improver.

RESULTS

Batch sorption experiments indicated that 5% biochar added to soil enhanced the partitioning coefficient (Kd) by factors of 2 for phenanthrene and 20 for both sulfamethazine and isoproturon. Column leaching experiments indicated a reduced porewater flow rate, up to 80% slower in the column amended with 5% biochar, and reduced pollutant leaching risks. Numerical models interlinked batch and column study observations.

CONCLUSION

(i) Biochar enhanced sorption for the hydrophobic pollutant phenanthrene, and also the less hydrophobic pollutants sulfamethazine and isoproturon; (ii) reduced porewater flow rates following biochar amendment gave rise to greater opportunity for pollutant–solid interaction; (iii) mixing with soil resulted in biochar fouling affecting pollutant partition; and (iv) irreversible retention of pollutants by the soil was an important mechanism affecting pollutant transport. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Combined anterior‐posterior approach with enlarged sciatic foramen to remove sciatic notch dumbbell‐shaped tumors
Authors: Li Mi , Li Hao , Du Yu , Cai Zhuo , Liao Hui , Guo Fengjing , Chen Anmin , Li Feng , Yang Caihong
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

To explore a new method for resecting huge sciatic notch dumbbell‐shaped tumors.

METHODS

Preoperative thin‐slide scanning magnetic resonance images (MRI) and computerized tomography angiography (CTA) scans were conducted. The images were processed to reconstruct a 3‐dimensional (3D) model. The relationship between the tumor and surrounding anatomical structures was accurately identified. By combining an anterior‐posterior approach, about 1.0 × 5.0 cm2 c‐shaped bone around the greater sciatic foramen was removed using piezosurgery osteotomy to enlarge the sciatic notch, after which retroperitoneal dumbbell‐shaped tumors in the four patients were excised.

RESULTS

Tumors in four patients were completely removed. Two patients obtain a total en bloc tumor resection; one patient was clinically determined to be a benign nerve‐sheath tumor which was removed within the sciatic nerve sheath, and one patient had an extremely asymmetric tumor shape. The tumor unexpectedly split at the dumbbell isthmus across the greater sciatic foramen during blunt dissection, while both sections were completely removed.

CONCLUSIONS

The combined anterior‐posterior approach with an enlarged sciatic notch is an effective method to remove sciatic notch dumbbell‐shaped tumors. Compared to the reported study, it is a new method probably helpful for selected patients.
Optimization of the source field‐plate design for low dynamic RDS‐ON dispersion of AlGaN/GaN MIS‐HEMTs
Authors: Ronchi N. , Bakeroot B. , You S. , Hu J. , Stoffels S. , Wu T.‐L. , De Jaeger B. , Decoutere S.
Published: January 2017

AlGaN/GaN MIS‐HEMTs with two levels of source field‐plates were studied by means of pulsed I–V measurements. These measurements showed that the presence of a source field‐plate itself is not enough to guarantee a low dynamic RDS‐ON at high OFF‐state drain‐bias. Simulations of the electric field were carried out to explain the experimental results. It was found that not only does the intensity of the electric field affects the dynamic RDS‐ON, but also that the position of the electric field peaks plays a role in the trapping phenomenon, responsible for the dynamic RDS‐ON increase at high OFF‐state drain‐bias. These results show that the source field‐plate must be carefully designed in order to obtain a low dynamic RDS‐ON at high bias.
Colorimetric Detection of Hg2+ Based on the Growth of Aptamer‐Coated AuNPs: The Effect of Prolonging Aptamer Strands
Authors: Tan Lulu , Chen Zhengbo , Zhang Chi , Wei Xiangcong , Lou Tianhong , Zhao Yan
Published: January 2017

Herein, a versatile and sensitive colorimetric sensor for Hg2+ based on aptamer–target specific binding and target‐mediated growth of AuNPs is reported. The 15 T bases are first designed to detect Hg2+ through T–Hg2+–T coordination. Aptamer–target binding results in the desorption of the aptamer from AuNP surface, the remaining aptamers adsorbed on AuNP surface trigger the growth of AuNPs with morphologically varied nanostructures, and then different colored solutions are formed. On this occasion, the limit of detection (LOD) of 9.6 × 10−9m is obtained. The other two aptamer strands (25‐ and 59‐mer) are designed by increasing A bases on either side and both sides of 15 T, respectively. The interaction of the binding domain and Hg2+ makes desorption of 15 T from AuNP surface, whereas excess bases not committed to the binding domain still adsorbed on AuNP surface. These excess bases control the growth of AuNPs, and enhance the sensitivity. The LODs are 4.05 and 3 × 10−9m for 25‐ and 59‐mer aptamers, respectively. In addition, the 59‐mer aptamer system is applied to identify Hg2+ in real river samples, the LOD of 6.2 × 10−9m is obtained.
Whole-Genome DNA Methylation Analyses Revealed Epigenetic Instability in Tumorigenic Human iPS Cell-Derived Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells
Authors: Iida Tsuyoshi , Iwanami Akio , Sanosaka Tsukasa , Kohyama Jun , Miyoshi Hiroyuki , Nagoshi Narihito , Kashiwagi Rei , Toyama Yoshiaki , Matsumoto Morio , Nakamura Masaya , Okano Hideyuki
Published: January 2017

Although human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) derivatives are considered promising cellular resources for regenerative medicine, their tumorigenicity potentially limits their clinical application in hiPSC technologies. We previously demonstrated that oncogenic hiPSC-derived neural stem/progenitor cells (hiPSC-NS/PCs) produced tumor-like tissues that were distinct from teratomas. To gain insight into the mechanisms underlying the regulation of tumorigenicity in hiPSC-NS/PCs, we performed an integrated analysis using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array and the HumanHT-12 v4.0 Expression BeadChip array to compare the comprehensive DNA methylation and gene expression profiles of tumorigenic hiPSC-NS/PCs (253G1-NS/PCs) and non-tumorigenic cells (201B7-NS/PCs). Although the DNA methylation profiles of 253G1-hiPSCs and 201B7-hiPSCs were similar regardless of passage number, the methylation status of the global DNA methylation profiles of 253G1-NS/PCs and 201B7-NS/PCs differed; the genomic regions surrounding the transcriptional start site of the CAT and PSMD5 genes were hypermethylated in 253G1-NS/PCs but not in 201B7-NS/PCs. Interestingly, the aberrant DNA methylation profile was more pronounced in 253G1-NS/PCs that had been passaged more than 15 times. In addition, we identified aberrations in DNA methylation at the RBP1 gene locus; the DNA methylation frequency in RBP1 changed as 253G1-NS/PCs were sequentially passaged. These results indicate that different NS/PC clones have different DNA methylomes and that DNA methylation patterns are unstable as cells are passaged. Therefore, DNA methylation profiles should be included in the criteria used to evaluate the tumorigenicity of hiPSC-NS/PCs in the clinical setting.
Neuraxial Anesthesia and the Use of Sterile Gowning
Authors: Aleman‐Ortega Heidi , Lee Rebecca , Shambo Lyda , Czinn Edward
Published: January 2017

Epidural or spinal anesthesia–related infections cause serious and devastating morbidity and mortality. The possible infectious complications of neuraxial anesthesia have become better understood in the past 10 years. We assessed information from published case series, studies, randomized controlled trials, and retrospective cohort studies to determine the rate of neuraxial infection and to evaluate iatrogenic causes of infection. The use of sterile gowning appears to be a factor associated with the decreased infection rates noted in some studies. A review of the literature demonstrated that personnel in interdisciplinary specialties use gowns for invasive procedures to prevent infection, and national and international multidisciplinary health care professionals appear to be increasing their use of sterile gowning to prevent infections. We undertook this literature review to explore the incidence of neuraxial infection, provide additional insight into multidisciplinary standards, and evaluate whether the use of sterile gowns while performing neuraxial anesthesia decreases infection rates.
Guideline Implementation: Hand Hygiene
Authors: Goldberg Judith L.
Published: January 2017

Performing proper hand hygiene and surgical hand antisepsis is essential to reducing the rates of health care–associated infections, including surgical site infections. The updated AORN “Guideline for hand hygiene” provides guidance on hand hygiene and surgical hand antisepsis, the wearing of fingernail polish and artificial nails, proper skin care to prevent dermatitis, the wearing of jewelry, hand hygiene product selection, and quality assurance and performance improvement considerations. This article focuses on key points of the guideline to help perioperative personnel make informed decisions about hand hygiene and surgical hand antisepsis. The key points address the necessity of keeping fingernails and skin healthy, not wearing jewelry on the hands or wrists in the perioperative area, properly performing hand hygiene and surgical hand antisepsis, and involving patients and visitors in hand hygiene initiatives. Perioperative RNs should review the complete guideline for additional information and for guidance when writing and updating policies and procedures.
Archaeology in French education: work in the département of the Drôme
Authors: Planel Philippe
Published: January 2017

The French have long been proud of their prehistoric sites. Lascaux and, more recently, Tautavel and la Grotte Chauvet are part of the national cultural consciousness. This interest in prehistory begins at primary school; Lascaux and Tautavel are specifically mentioned in programmes of study, even though the 1999 programmes have been pruned and ‘lightened’ (alleges). French primary school children all know who ‘Lucy’ was.
Archaeology education and the political landscape of American schools
Authors: Davis M. Elaine
Published: January 2017

Education, a primary mode for transmitting society's knowledge, values and beliefs, is a highly political endeavour. To understand fully the place of archaeology within the framework of public education in the United States, some background in the broader political landscape and sanctioned curricula in American schools is necessary. This article examines some key aspects of these issues, including governmental control of education, the ‘history of history’ in schools, and the appropriation of the past. It also looks at the status of archaeology education in the United States and considers an appropriate role for pre-college archaeology.
Glutamate and norepinephrine interaction: Relevance to higher cognitive operations and psychopathology
Authors: Abdallah Chadi G. , Averill Lynnette A. , Krystal John H. , Southwick Steven M. , Arnsten Amy F. T.
Published: January 2017

Mather and colleagues present an impressive interdisciplinary model of arousal-induced norepinephrine release and its role in selectively enhancing/inhibiting perception, attention, and memory consolidation. This model will require empirical investigation to test its validity and generalizability beyond classic norepinephrine circuits because it simplifies extremely complex and heterogeneous actions including norepinephrine mechanisms related to higher cognitive circuits and psychopathology.
Beyond perceptual judgment: Categorization and emotion shape what we see
Authors: Most Steven B.
Published: January 2017

By limiting their review largely to studies measuring perceptual judgment, Firestone & Scholl (F&S) overstate their case. Evidence from inattentional blindness and emotion-induced blindness suggests that categorization and emotion shape what we perceive in the first place, not just the qualities that we judge them to have. The role of attention in such cases is not easily dismissed as “peripheral.”
Job displacement and social safety net on depressive symptoms in individuals aged 45 years or above: findings from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging
Authors: KIM WOORIM , CHOI YOUNG , LEE TAE-HOON , JANG SUK-YONG , HAN KYU-TAE , PARK EUN-CHEOL
Published: January 2017

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the unemployment experience and depressive symptoms among mid-aged (ages 45–59) and elderly (ages 60 or above) persons and to examine further the effects of unemployment insurance, industrial accident compensation insurance (IACI) and national pension on the stated relationship. Data were used from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) between 2006 and 2012. A total of 1,536 individuals employed at the 2006 baseline were followed. The association between employment status change during 2006 to 2008, 2008 to 2010 or 2010 to 2012 and depressive symptoms in years 2008, 2010 or 2012 were analysed using a generalised estimating equation model. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D 10) scale. The results showed that the ‘employed to unemployed’ group had statistically significant increases in depression scores in the mid-aged (β = 0.4884,p= 0.0038) and elderly (β = 0.8275,p⩽ 0.0001) categories, compared to the ‘employed to employed’ group. Findings were maintained in groups without a social safety net. Contrastingly, the ‘employed to unemployed’ groups with unemployment insurance and IACI did not show statistically significant increases in depression scores. The ‘employed to unemployed’ category of individuals enrolled in the national pension system exhibited a lower increase of depression. Therefore, an enhanced focus on the mental health of unemployed individuals is required, in addition to the provision of a reliable social safety net.