bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of Chondroitin Sulfate Content in Raw Materials and Dietary Supplements by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with UV Detection After Enzymatic Hydrolysis: Single-Laboratory Validation First Action 2015.11
Authors: Brunelle Sharon L
Published: January 2016

A previously validated method for determination of chondroitin sulfate in raw materials and dietary supplements was submitted to the AOAC Expert Review Panel (ERP) for Stakeholder Panel on Dietary Supplements Set 1 Ingredients (Anthocyanins, Chondroitin, and PDE5 Inhibitors) for consideration of First Action Official MethodsSM status. The ERP evaluated the single-laboratory validation results against AOAC Standard Method Performance Requirements 2014.009. With recoveries of 100.8–101.6% in raw materials and 105.4–105.8% in finished products and precision of 0.25–1.8% RSDr within-day and 1.6–4.72% RSDr overall, the ERP adopted the method for First Action Official Methods status and provided recommendations for achieving Final Action status.
Travailler et survivre aux marges de l’emploi à Québec dans la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle : récits de travail domestique rémunéré
Authors: Charron Catherine
Published: January 2016

Dans la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle, la généralisation du travail salarié des mères, dans un contexte de transition vers une économie de services et de précarisation du travail, est une mutation socio-économique majeure, dont les répercussions – y compris sur le plan culturel – commencent à peine à être scrutées par les historiennes et les historiens. Dans cet article, nous proposons d’exposer le potentiel heuristique des récits de travail domestique rémunéré pour comprendre les transformations contemporaines du service domestique au Québec. L’approche biographique nous permet de saisir de façon simultanée et compréhensive à la fois les mécanismes sociohistoriques de refoulement d’un grand nombre de femmes vers des emplois domestiques ou associés au care au cours des dernières décennies du XXe siècle, ainsi que différents enjeux identitaires découlant de leur rapport au salariat domestique.
Droits humains et minorités culturelles
Authors: Catala Amandine
Published: January 2016

J’aborde tout d’abord l’objection relativiste aux droits humains, afin de pouvoir ensuite me concentrer sur d’autres questions soulevées par la question des droits humains et des minorités culturelles. Le but de ma discussion est d’identifier et d’interroger les tensions potentielles entre minorités culturelles et droits humains, afin de montrer en quoi les droits humains peuvent protéger les minorités culturelles et, ultimement, de problématiser la manière dont cette protection peut se déployer. Dans ce but, je commence par clarifier deux notions-clés de ce débat : les minorités culturelles et les droits différenciés selon l’appartenance à un groupe, en en proposant une typologie (section 1). J’examine ensuite dans quelle mesure les aspects collectiviste et particulariste des droits différenciés se trouvent ou non en tension respectivement avec les aspects individualiste et universaliste des droits humains (section 2). Prenant comme points de référence quelques droits humains particuliers, je me penche enfin sur la situation de certaines minorités culturelles dans les démocraties libérales occidentales pour dégager les conditions délibératives de la réalisation de ces droits humains (section 3). Au fil de ces trois sections, une de mes préoccupations est de mettre en lumière les enjeux méthodologiques qui sous-tendent ces différents débats et de montrer la nécessité d’adopter une approche améliorative.
Promouvoir la liberté de choix pour conforter les droits dans la prise en charge ?
Authors: Picavet Emmanuel
Published: January 2016

Les droits individuels fondamentaux ne sont-ils pas fragilisés, dans les contextes de prise en charge liés au vieillissement ou aux situations de handicap, si leur lien avec l’autonomie individuelle apparaît perturbé par la perte ou l’absence de capacités individuelles jugées importantes ? Il est montré dans cet article que les inquiétudes à cet égard reposent sur des présupposés qui concernent le pouvoir de décision des individus. Un point de vue renouvelé sur ce pouvoir contribue à lever les inquiétudes. Il est ensuite montré que cet enrichissement nécessaire est pertinent pour l’organisation en vue de la prise en charge.
Long‐term immune responses and comparative effectiveness of one or two doses of 7‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in HIV‐positive adults in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Cheng Aristine , Chang Sui‐Yuan , Tsai Mao‐Song , Su Yi‐Ching , Liu Wen‐Chun , Sun Hsin‐Yun , Hung Chien‐Ching
Published: January 2016

Introduction

HIV infection impairs maintenance of immunological memory, yet few studies of HIV‐positive adults receiving 7‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) have followed them beyond the first year. We determined and compared the durability of serological responses and the clinical outcomes of HIV‐positive adults annually for five years following vaccination with one or two doses of PCV7.

Methods

In this non‐randomized clinical trial, 221 pneumococcal vaccine‐naïve HIV‐positive adults receiving one (n=109) or two doses four weeks apart (n=112) of PCV7 between 2008 and 2010 were longitudinally followed for evaluation of significant serological response and for episodes of pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease.

Results

At the time of vaccination, the two groups were well matched for age, risk factors, combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) coverage, CD4 count and plasma HIV RNA load (PVL). At the end of five years, the CD4 counts for the one‐ and two‐dose groups had increased from 407 and 406 to 550 and 592 cells/µL, respectively, and 82.4 and 81.6% of the participants had fully suppressed PVL. Significant immune responses to ≥2 serotypes persisted for 67.9 vs 78.6%, 64.2 vs 71.4%, 66.1 vs 71.4%, 57.8 vs 69.6% in the second, third, fourth and fifth years after one and two doses of PCV7 in the intention‐to‐treat analysis, respectively. In multivariate analysis, immunization with two doses of PCV7 (odds ratio (OR) 1.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10 to 2.65, p=0.016), concurrent cART (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.16 to 4.00, p=0.015) and CD4 proliferation (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.27, p=0.031) were predictive of persistent serological responses in the fifth year. Only one patient in the one‐dose group had documented pneumococcal pneumonia (non‐bacteraemic) and none had invasive pneumococcal disease in the 6.5 years of follow‐up.

Conclusions

One or two doses of PCV7 achieve durable seroprotective responses in HIV‐treated participants; however, two doses may be more robust than one dose in a larger study population or in real‐world populations with less cART coverage.
Electromechanical properties of amorphous indium–gallium–zinc-oxide transistors structured with an island configuration on plastic
Authors: Park Chang Bum , Na Hyung Il , Yoo Soon Sung , Park Kwon-Shik
Published: January 2016

A comparative study of the electromechanical properties was carried out on a low-temperature-processed amorphous indium–gallium–zinc-oxide thin-film transistor, particularly with regard to the structural design of the device under the stress accumulation of an outward bending surface. Shown herein is the reliable electromechanical integrity of island-structured devices against the mechanical strain at bending radii of mm order. The onset of crack strain also closely corresponded to the electrical failure of the stressed device. These results revealed that the island configuration on the bending surface effectively suppresses the stress accumulation on sheets composed of inorganic stacked layers in a uniaxial direction.
Metal resist for extreme ultraviolet lithography characterized by scanning transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Toriumi Minoru , Sato Yuta , Koshino Masanori , Suenaga Kazu , Itani Toshiro
Published: January 2016

We characterized the structures of metal resists used in EUV lithography by low-voltage aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) combined with electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). This study presents the first atomic-level observation of resist components in resist film. The structures of metal (zirconium or titanium) oxide cores are unambiguously identified, and the local elemental distribution in the resist film is obtained. The initial size of zirconium oxide cores is well maintained in the resist film. However, titanium oxide cores tend to aggregate to form an indefinite structure. The spatial distribution of metal cores may influence lithographic characteristics.
Photoluminescence from a quantum well in a ghost cavity
Authors: Omura Fuminori , Yasutake Yuhsuke , Fukatsu Susumu
Published: January 2016

Nontrivial multipass interference fringes are found in the photoluminescence spectra taken from a single-quantum-well structure in the backscattering geometry. Fringe spacing indicates light interference within the 3.3-µm-thick capping layer, whereas the transmission spectra apparently lack the corresponding fringes. This indicates that an otherwise unlikely detour of photons towards the rough backside of the 350-µm substrate is relevant, which gives rise to a 3.3-µm-thick ghost cavity. The visibility of such ghost-cavity fringes is the largest for a single emission layer and is even enhanced by forward-scattering, which can facilitate light-emitter design rather than compromising the peak assignment of spectra.
Characterization of material parameters of La0.33Pr0.34Ca0.33MnO3 thin film by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
Authors: Zhang Chao , Su Fuhai , Dai Jianming , Pi Li , Mei Hongying , Zhang Peng , Xu Wen
Published: January 2016

We present a systemic study of the terahertz (THz) optical conductivity of a strongly correlated La0.33Pr0.34Ca0.33MnO3 (LPCMO) thin film on a LaAlO3 substrate. The measurements are carried out by THz time-domain spectroscopy in the temperature regime from 15 to 105 K. The frequency-dependent optical conductivity in the metallic phase region of the samples exhibits a non-Drude-like response. We find that below 105 K, both the real and imaginary parts of the complex conductivity can be reproduced by the Drude–Smith model. The important sample and material parameters of the LPCMO thin film (such as the persistence of velocity, the ratio of carrier density to effective mass, and electronic scattering time) can be determined by fitting experimental data. The results obtained agree with those obtained from four-probe electrical transport measurements.
Temperature and pulse duration effects on the growth of MgZnO via pulsed metal organic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Alema Fikadu , Hertog Brian , Ledyaev Oleg , Miller Ross , Osinsky Andrei , Schoenfeld Winston V.
Published: January 2016

The effect of substrate temperature (T
S) and pulse duration (PD) on Mg incorporation, surface quality, and photoresponse properties of MgZnO films grown via PMOCVD were studied. Films grown at T
S ranging from 500 to 700 °C but at identical PDs had band gaps varying from 3.38 to 3.87 eV, corresponding to Mg content between x = 0.06 and 0.27. The film with Mg content of 0.27 was the smoothest and achieved at 630 °C-optimal T
S. Additionally, pulse time effect was studied by growing films at the same T
S but different PDs. A film grown at PD of 12 s has incorporated ∼40% higher Mg than one grown in a continuous mode (PD → ∞), indicting the cruciallity of PMOCVD to realize high Mg film. The peak response spectra of photodetectors were also varied with T
S and PD, in accordance with Mg content in the films.
Self inductance of a wire loop as a curve integral
Authors: Dengler R.
Published: January 2016

It is shown that the self inductance of a wire loop can be written as a curve integral akin to the Neumann formula for the mutual inductance of two wire loops. The only difference is that contributions where the two integration variables get too close to each other must be excluded from the curve integral and evaluated in detail. The contributions of these excluded segments depend on the distribution of the current in the cross section of the wire. They add to a simple constant proportional to the wire length. The error of the new expression is of first order in the wire radius if there are sharp corners and of second order in the wire radius for smooth wire loops.
ALÉM DO QUARTO DO HOSPITAL: APRENDENDO CIÊNCIAS EM UMA CLASSE HOSPITALAR
Authors: Tomio Daniela , Andrade Michele Francine Muniz , Oliveira Patrícia Leopoldo da Silva
Published: January 2016

Em tempos em que, na construção da cidadania, é preciso incorporar no universo cultural a ciência e a tecnologia como atividades sociais, o ensino na modalidade pedagogia hospitalar representa um desafio também para o professor de ciências. Com base nesse pressuposto, relata-se uma prática de ensino de ciências desenvolvida em uma classe hospitalar. Esta é uma modalidade de educação, regulamentada pelo Ministério da Educação, que assiste estudantes na impossibilidade de frequência à escola, durante o período sob tratamento de saúde.  Diante disso, apresenta-se uma experiência desenvolvida em um hospital de Blumenau/SC que consistiu no trabalho com um grupo de adolescentes internados a partir do tema “sistema esquelético e as fraturas”. Foram desenvolvidas atividades relacionando as histórias de vidas dos estudantes, conhecimentos científicos e tecnológicos e uma forma de socialização dos trabalhos para além do quarto de hospital.

 
O USO DE SOFTWARES, TABELAS E PLANILHAS NAS PRÁTICAS LABORAIS DE ENGENHEIROS
Authors: Rehfeldt Márcia Jussara Hepp , Hauschild Cristiane Antonia , Quartieri Marli Teresinha , Giongo Ieda Maria
Published: January 2016

Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar resultados parciais da pesquisa “Formas de vida, jogos de linguagem e currículo: implicações para o ensino de engenharia”, em desenvolvimento num Centro Universitário, localizado no sul do Brasil. Assim, tem-se o intuito de socializar depoimentos de um grupo de engenheiros sobre como usam a matemática para resolver situações-problemas do cotidiano. Como aporte teórico foram usadas obras de Bazzo e Pereira (2008), Timm (2005) e Kipper (2014). Metodologicamente caracteriza-se como um estudo qualitativo. As informações foram obtidas por meio de entrevistas gravadas e transcritas, realizadas com cerca de trinta engenheiros, que posteriormente foram categorizadas. Uma destas categorias, discutida neste artigo, mostra que estes profissionais fazem uso de softwares, de tabelas e de planilhas. Estes recursos auxiliam os profissionais facilitando cálculos matemáticos complexos, reduzindo o tempo de elaboração e criação de projetos, bem como auxiliando no gerenciamento de atividades no âmbito da gestão.
UMA ABORDAGEM DO TEMA BIODIESEL NO ENSINO MÉDIO UTILIZANDO UMA SITUAÇÃO-PROBLEMA
Authors: Silva Suzana Pedroza da , Rodrigues Jaqueline Bezerra , Simões Neto José Euzebio , Morais Carina Siqueira de
Published: January 2016

Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem do tema biodiesel e seus aspectos relacionados à produção e utilização por meio de uma situação-problema. Buscamos avaliar as potencialidades de uma estratégia didática baseada na resolução de uma situação-problema para a compreensão dos conceitos relativos ao biodiesel. Foram sujeitos desta investigação dez estudantes do 3ª ano do Ensino Médio de uma escola da rede pública estadual de Pernambuco, em São José do Belmonte, sertão do Pajeú. Os dados foram recolhidos por meio de questionário de concepções prévias e da resolução da situação-problema. Observamos que os referidos estudantes apresentaram uma compreensão inicial bastante superficial sobre o tema trabalhado. Após participação efetiva nas atividades propostas da estratégia elaborada, e com a resolução da situação-problema, observamos uma aproximação de noções científicas. Desta forma, pudemos considerar, devido a eficácia da estratégia didática utilizada, o potencial das situações-problema na abordagem dos conceitos associados ao tema biodiesel. 
PdxH proteins of mycobacteria are typical members of the classical pyridoxine/pyridoxamine 5′‐phosphate oxidase family
Authors: Ankisettypalli Karthik , Cheng Jasmin Jo‐Yu , Baker Edward N. , Bashiri Ghader
Published: January 2016

Pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate (PLP) biosynthesis is essential for the survival and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). PLP functions as a cofactor for 58 putative PLP‐binding proteins encoded by the Mtb genome and could also act as a potential antioxidant. De novo biosynthesis of PLP in Mtb takes place through the ‘deoxyxylulose 5′‐phosphate (DXP)‐independent’ pathway, whereas PdxH enzymes, possessing pyridoxine/pyridoxamine 5′‐phosphate oxidase (PNPOx) activity, are involved in the PLP salvage pathway. In this study, we demonstrate that the annotated PdxH enzymes from various mycobacterial species are bona fide members of the classical PNPOx enzyme family, capable of producing PLP using both pyridoxine 5′‐phosphate (PNP) and pyridoxamine 5′‐phosphate (PMP) substrates.
High‐resolution images of tremor migrations beneath the Olympic Peninsula from stacked array of arrays seismic data
Authors: Peng Yajun , Rubin Allan M.
Published: January 2016

Episodic tremor and slip (ETS) in subduction zones is generally interpreted as the manifestation of shear slip near the base of earthquake‐generating portion of the plate interface. Here we devise a new method of cross‐correlating stacked Array of Arrays seismic data that provides greatly improved tremor locations, a proxy for the underlying slow slip, beneath the Olympic Peninsula. This increased resolution allows us to image many features of tremor that were not visible previously. We resolve the spatial transition between the rupture zones of the inter‐ETS and major ETS episodes in 2010, suggesting stress redistribution by the former. Most tremor migrations propagated along the slowly advancing main tremor front during both the inter‐ETS and the major ETS episodes, even though the main front of the former deviated strongly from its usual (along‐dip) orientation. We find a distinct contrast between along‐dip rupture extent of large‐scale rapid tremor reversals (RTRs) to the south and that to the north in our study region that anticorrelates with the locations of inter‐ETS events. These RTRs originate from the main front, similar to smaller‐scale RTRs previously observed at high‐resolution, and many start by propagating along the main front. This could be consistent with RTRs being triggered by a cascading failure of brittle asperities. After initiation, the RTRs repeatedly occupy the same source region, and the early repetitions appear not to be tidally driven. Their stress drop may come from continuing fault weakening processes within the tremor zone, or loading by aseismic slip in surrounding regions.
Comment on “Low time resolution analysis of polar ice cores cannot detect impulsive nitrate events” by D.F. Smart et al.
Authors: Wolff E. W. , Bigler M. , Curran M. A. J. , Dibb J. E. , Frey M. M. , Legrand M. , McConnell J. R.
Published: January 2016

Smart et al. (2014) suggested that the detection of nitrate spikes in polar ice cores from solar energetic particle (SEP) events could be achieved if an analytical system with sufficiently high resolution was used. Here we show that the spikes they associate with SEP events are not reliably recorded in cores from the same location, even when the resolution is clearly adequate. We explain the processes that limit the effective resolution of ice cores. Liquid conductivity data suggest that the observed spikes are associated with sodium or another nonacidic cation, making it likely that they result from deposition of sea salt or similar aerosol that has scavenged nitrate, rather than from a primary input of nitrate in the troposphere. We consider that there is no evidence at present to support the identification of any spikes in nitrate as representing SEP events. Although such events undoubtedly create nitrate in the atmosphere, we see no plausible route to using nitrate spikes to document the statistics of such events.
The inner magnetosphere ion composition and local time distribution over a solar cycle
Authors: Kistler L. M. , Mouikis C. G.
Published: January 2016

Using the Cluster/Composition and Distribution Function (CODIF) analyzer data set from 2001 to 2013, a full solar cycle, we determine the ion distributions for H+, He+, and O+ in the inner magnetosphere (L < 12) over the energy range 40 eV to 40 keV as a function magnetic local time, solar EUV (F10.7), and geomagnetic activity (Kp). Concentrating on L = 6–7 for comparison with previous studies at geosynchronous orbit, we determine both the average flux at 90° pitch angle and the pitch angle anisotropy as a function of energy and magnetic local time. We clearly see the minimum in the H+ spectrum that results from the competition between eastward and westward drifts. The feature is weaker in O+ and He+, leading to higher O+/H+ and He+/H+ ratios in the affected region, and also to a higher pitch angle anisotropy, both features expected from the long‐term effects of charge exchange. We also determine how the nightside L = 6–7 densities and temperatures vary with geomagnetic activity (Kp) and solar EUV (F10.7). Consistent with other studies, we find that the O+ density and relative abundance increase significantly with both Kp and F10.7. He+ density increases with F10.7, but not significantly with Kp. The temperatures of all species decrease with increasing F10.7. The O+ and He+ densities increase from L = 12 to L ~ 3–4, both absolutely and relative to H+, and then drop off sharply. The results give a comprehensive view of the inner magnetosphere using a contiguous long‐term data set that supports much of the earlier work from GEOS, ISEE, Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorers, and Polar from previous solar cycles.
Local time asymmetries and toroidal field line resonances: Global magnetospheric modeling in SWMF
Authors: Ellington S. M. , Moldwin M. B. , Liemohn M. W.
Published: January 2016

We present evidence of resonant wave‐wave coupling via toroidal field line resonance (FLR) signatures in the Space Weather Modeling Framework's (SWMF) global, terrestrial magnetospheric model in one simulation driven by a synthetic upstream solar wind with embedded broadband dynamic pressure fluctuations. Using in situ, stationary point measurements of the radial electric field along the 1500 LT meridian, we show that SWMF reproduces a multiharmonic, continuous distribution of FLRs exemplified by 180° phase reversals and amplitude peaks across the resonant L shells. By linearly increasing the amplitude of the dynamic pressure fluctuations in time, we observe a commensurate increase in the amplitude of the radial electric and azimuthal magnetic field fluctuations, which is consistent with the solar wind driver being the dominant source of the fast mode energy. While we find no discernible local time changes in the FLR frequencies despite large‐scale, monotonic variations in the dayside equatorial mass density, in selectively sampling resonant points and examining spectral resonance widths, we observe significant radial, harmonic, and time‐dependent local time asymmetries in the radial electric field amplitudes. A weak but persistent local time asymmetry exists in measures of the estimated coupling efficiency between the fast mode and toroidal wave fields, which exhibits a radial dependence consistent with the coupling strength examined by Mann et al. (1999) and Zhu and Kivelson (1988). We discuss internal structural mechanisms and additional external energy sources that may account for these asymmetries as we find that local time variations in the strength of the compressional driver are not the predominant source of the FLR amplitude asymmetries. These include resonant mode coupling of observed Kelvin‐Helmholtz surface wave generated Pc5 band ultralow frequency pulsations, local time differences in local ionospheric dampening rates, and variations in azimuthal mode number, which may impact the partitioning of spectral energy between the toroidal and poloidal wave modes.
Future ozone air quality and radiative forcing over China owing to future changes in emissions under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)
Authors: Zhu Jia , Liao Hong
Published: January 2016

We apply the nested grid version of the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) chemical transport model (GEOS‐Chem) to assess 2000–2050 changes in O3 air quality and associated radiative forcing in China owing to future changes in emissions under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5). Changes in surface layer O3 concentrations, numbers of O3 exceedance days (days with maximum daily 8 h average (MDA8) O3 exceeding 74.7 ppbv), and tropospheric O3 radiative forcing (RF) are simulated for 2000–2050. Over China, RCP8.5 is the worst scenario for near future (2020–2030) and RCP6.0 is the worst scenario over 2040–2050; the maximum increases in annual mean surface layer O3 concentrations of 6–12 ppbv relative to present day (year 2000) are found over southern China in 2020 and 2030 under RCP8.5 and in 2040 and 2050 under RCP6.0. The numbers of MDA8 O3 exceedance days are simulated to be 10, 0, 0, and 2 days over Beijing‐Tianjin‐Tanggu (BTT), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), Pearl River Delta (PRD), and Sichuan Basin (SCB), respectively, in the present day (year 2000). No exceedance days are simulated in year 2050 for all the four regions under RCP2.6 and RCP4.5, but extremely high numbers of exceedance days are found in 2050 under RCP6.0 (with 102, 75, 57, and 179 days in BTT, YRD, PRD, and SCB, respectively) and in 2030 under RCP8.5 (with 94, 60, 34, and 162 days in BTT, YRD, PRD, and SCB, respectively). The tropospheric O3 RF in 2050 relative to 2000 averaged over eastern China (18°–45°N, 95°–125°E) is simulated to be −0.11, 0.0, 0.01, and 0.14 W m−2 under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5, respectively. When we consider both the health and climate impacts of tropospheric O3 over China in 2050, RCP2.6 is a significantly improving scenario for both air quality and climate, RCP4.5 is a significantly improving scenario for air quality but has small consequences for climate, RCP6.0 is a significantly worsening scenario for air quality and a slightly worsening scenario for climate, and RCP8.5 is a slightly worsening scenario for air quality and a significantly worsening scenario for climate. These results indicate that to simultaneously abate air pollution and climate warming induced by O3 in China, both the anthropogenic emissions of NOx, CO, nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), and global CH4 levels should be reduced, as represented by RCP2.6.
Factors for inconsistent aerosol single scattering albedo between SKYNET and AERONET
Authors: Khatri P. , Takamura T. , Nakajima T. , Estellés V. , Irie H. , Kuze H. , Campanelli M. , Sinyuk A. , Lee S.‐M. , Sohn B. J. , Pandithurai G. , Kim S.‐W. , Yoon S. C. , Martinez‐Lozano J. A. , Hashimoto M. , Devara P. C. S. , Manago N.
Published: January 2016

SKYNET and Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) retrieved aerosol single scattering albedo (SSA) values of four sites, Chiba (Japan), Pune (India), Valencia (Spain), and Seoul (Korea), were compared to understand the factors behind often noted large SSA differences between them. SKYNET and AERONET algorithms are found to produce nearly same SSAs for similarity in input data, suggesting that SSA differences between them are primarily due to quality of input data due to different calibration and/or observation protocols as well as difference in quality assurance criteria. The most plausible reason for high SSAs in SKYNET is found to be underestimated calibration constant for sky radiance (ΔΩ). The disk scan method (scan area: 1° × 1° area of solar disk) of SKYNET is noted to produce stable wavelength‐dependent ΔΩ values in comparison to those determined from the integrating sphere used by AERONET to calibrate sky radiance. Aerosol optical thickness (AOT) difference between them can be the next important factor for their SSA difference, if AOTs between them are not consistent. Inconsistent values of surface albedo while analyzing data of SKYNET and AERONET can also bring SSA difference between them, but the effect of surface albedo is secondary. The aerosol nonsphericity effect is found to be less important for SSA difference between these two networks.
Impacts of meteorological parameters and emissions on decadal and interannual variations of black carbon in China for 1980–2010
Authors: Mao Yu‐Hao , Liao Hong , Han Yongming , Cao Junji
Published: January 2016

We quantified the impacts of variations in meteorological parameters and emissions on decadal trends and interannual variations of black carbon (BC) in China for 1980–2010 using a global chemical transport model (GEOS‐Chem) driven by the Modern Era Retrospective‐analysis for Research and Applications meteorological fields. Model results reasonably captured the decadal and interannual variations of observed BC in China. From 1980 to 2010, simulated surface concentrations and tropospheric column burdens of BC increased by 0.21 µg m−3 (29%) and by 0.29 mg m−2 (37%), respectively, averaged over China; the corresponding all‐sky direct radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere increased by 0.35 W m−2 (51%). Considering variations in both meteorological parameters and emissions for 1980–2010, simulated annual mean surface concentrations (column burdens) of BC were in the range of 0.7–1.0 µg m−3 (0.8–1.1 mg m−2) averaged over China. The associated decadal trends were 0.31 µg m−3 decade−1 (0.29 mg m–2 decade–1) in the 1980s, −0.20 (−0.10) in the 1990s, and 0.16 (0.21) in the 2000s. The interannual variations were −20% to 15% (−20% to 11%) for deviation from the mean, 0.068 µg m−3 (0.069 mg m−2) for mean absolute deviation, and 7.7% (7.1%) for absolute percent departure from the mean. Model sensitivity simulations indicated that the decadal trends of surface concentrations and column burdens of BC were mainly driven by changes in emissions, while the interannual variations were dependent on variations of both meteorological parameters and emissions.
Variability of bromine monoxide at Barrow, Alaska, over four halogen activation (March–May) seasons and at two on‐ice locations
Authors: Peterson Peter K. , Simpson William R. , Nghiem Son V.
Published: January 2016

Reactive halogens profoundly influence springtime Arctic atmospheric chemistry, but their relationship to sea ice and environmental conditions is not well understood. Multiple axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy measured bromine monoxide (BrO) at Barrow, Alaska, and at two Arctic Ocean buoys. For each season of Barrow measurements, we examined the air mass histories using back trajectory modeling and ice coverage maps. We find a weak positive linear correlation (R = 0.38) between half‐hourly BrO lower tropospheric vertical column densities (LT‐VCD) and time in first year sea ice (FYI) areas. These data show evidence of a nonlinear increase of LT‐VCD BrO with low‐average column in the absence of ice contact, with the column increasing and saturating at ice contact longer than ≈1.5 days. We find that trajectories arriving at Barrow are dominated by FYI area influence with little multiyear ice (MYI) area contact; therefore, this study cannot make any conclusions regarding MYI area influences on reactive halogen production. Contact with calculated potential frost flower influence is not correlated with BrO column (R = 0.04). At Barrow, annual averages of BrO column over the halogen activation season and time in FYI areas are highly correlated (R = 0.93, significant at 90% confidence), which is interpreted as an effect of interannual transport variability. At on‐ice locations, we observe a wide range of BrO LT‐VCDs, suggesting that while an air mass spending time in sea ice areas is required to observe significant BrO, sea ice contact alone does not imply high BrO, and other environmental controls are important.
Kinetically limited weathering at low denudation rates in semiarid climatic conditions
Authors: Schoonejans Jérôme , Vanacker Veerle , Opfergelt Sophie , Ameijeiras‐Mariño Yolanda , Christl Marcus
Published: January 2016

Biogeochemical cycling within the Critical Zone depends on the interactions between minerals and fluids controlling chemical weathering and physical erosion rates. In this study, we explore the role of water availability in controlling soil chemical weathering in semiarid climatic conditions. Weathering rates and intensities were evaluated for nine soil profiles located on convex ridge crests of three mountain ranges in the Spanish Betic Cordillera. We combine a geochemical mass balance with 10Be cosmogenic nuclides to constrain chemical weathering intensities and long‐term denudation rates. As such, this study presents new data on chemical weathering and 10Be‐derived denudation for understudied semiarid climate systems. In the Betic Cordillera, chemical weathering intensities are relatively low (~5 to 30% of the total denudation of the soil) and negatively correlated with the magnitude of the water deficit in soils. Chemical mass losses are inversely related to denudation rates (14–109 mm/kyr) and positively to soil thickness (14–58 cm); these results are consistent with kinetic limitation of chemical weathering rates. A worldwide compilation of chemical weathering data suggests that soil water balance may regulate the coupling between chemical weathering and physical erosion by modulating soil solute fluxes. Therefore, future landscape evolution models that seek to link chemical weathering and physical erosion should include soil water flux as an essential driver of weathering.
Quantifying the patterns and dynamics of river deltas under conditions of steady forcing and relative sea level rise
Authors: Liang Man , Van Dyk Corey , Passalacqua Paola
Published: January 2016

Understanding deltaic channel dynamics is essential to acquiring knowledge on how deltas respond to environmental changes, as channels control the distribution of water, sediment, and nutrients. Channel‐resolving morphodynamic models provide the basis for quantitative study of channel‐scale dynamics, but they need to be properly assessed with a set of robust metrics able to quantitatively characterize delta patterns and dynamics before being used as predictive tools. In this work we use metrics developed in the context of delta formation, to assess the morphodynamic results of DeltaRCM, a parcel‐based cellular model for delta formation and evolution. By comparing model results to theoretical predictions and field and experimental observations, we show that DeltaRCM captures the geometric growth characteristics of deltas such as fractality of channel network, spatial distribution of wet and dry surfaces, and temporal dynamics of channel‐scale processes such as the decay of channel planform correlation. After evaluating the ability of DeltaRCM to produce delta patterns and dynamics at the scale of channel processes, we use the model to predict the deltaic response to relative sea level rise (RSLR). We show that uniform subsidence and absolute sea level rise have similar effects on delta evolution and cause intensified channel branching. Channel network fractality and channel mobility increase with higher‐RSLR rates, while the spatial and temporal scales of avulsion events decrease, resulting in smaller sand bodies in the stratigraphy. Our modeling results provide the first set of quantitative predictions of the effects of RSLR on river deltas with a specific focus on the distributary channel network.
Late Paleocene‐middle Eocene benthic foraminifera on a Pacific seamount (Allison Guyot, ODP Site 865): Greenhouse climate and superimposed hyperthermal events
Authors: Arreguín‐Rodríguez Gabriela J. , Alegret Laia , Thomas Ellen
Published: January 2016

We investigated the response of late Paleocene‐middle Eocene (~60–37.5 Ma) benthic foraminiferal assemblages to long‐term climate change and hyperthermal events including the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 865 on Allison Guyot, a seamount in the Mid‐Pacific Mountains. Seamounts are isolated deep‐sea environments where enhanced current systems interrupt bentho‐pelagic coupling, and fossil assemblages from such settings have been little evaluated. Assemblages at Site 865 are diverse and dominated by cylindrical calcareous taxa with complex apertures, an extinct group which probably lived infaunally. Dominance of an infaunal morphogroup is unexpected in a highly oligotrophic setting, but these forms may have been shallow infaunal suspension feeders, which were ecologically successful on the current‐swept seamount. The magnitude of the PETM extinction at Site 865 was similar to other sites globally, but lower diversity postextinction faunas at this location were affected by ocean acidification as well as changes in current regime, which might have led to increased nutrient supply through trophic focusing. A minor hyperthermal saw less severe effects of changes in current regime, with no evidence for carbonate dissolution. Although the relative abundance of infaunal benthic foraminifera has been used as a proxy for surface productivity through bentho‐pelagic coupling, we argue that this proxy can be used only in the absence of changes in carbonate saturation and current‐driven biophysical linking.
Spatiotemporal densification of river water level time series by multimission satellite altimetry
Authors: Tourian M. J. , Tarpanelli A. , Elmi O. , Qin T. , Brocca L. , Moramarco T. , Sneeuw N.
Published: January 2016

Limitations of satellite radar altimetry for operational hydrology include its spatial and temporal sampling as well as measurement problems caused by local topography and heterogeneity of the reflecting surface. In this study, we develop an approach that eliminates most of these limitations to produce an approximately 3 day temporal resolution water level time series from the original typically (sub)monthly data sets for the Po River in detail, and for Congo, Mississippi, and Danube Rivers. We follow a geodetic approach by which, after estimating and removing intersatellite biases, all virtual stations of several satellite altimeters are connected hydraulically and statistically to produce water level time series at any location along the river. We test different data‐selection strategies and validate our method against the extensive available in situ data over the Po River, resulting in an average correlation of 0.7, Root‐Mean‐Square Error of 0.8 m, bias of −0.4 m, and Nash‐Sutcliffe Efficiency coefficient of 0.5. We validate the transferability of our method by applying it to the Congo, Mississippi, and Danube Rivers, which have very different geomorphological and climatic conditions. The methodology yields correlations above 0.75 and Nash‐Sutcliffe coefficients of 0.84 (Congo), 0.34 (Mississippi), and 0.35 (Danube).
Sexually dimorphic expression of Dmrt1 and γH2AX in germ stem cells during gonadal development in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Fujitani Kazuko , Otomo Asako , Wada Mikako , Takamatsu Nobuhiko , Ito Michihiko
Published: January 2016

In many animals, primordial germ cells (PGCs) migrate into developing gonads. There, they proliferate and differentiate into female and male germ stem cells (GSCs), oogonia and spermatogonia, respectively. Few studies have focused on the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of GSC sex determination. Here, we investigated the expression of the transcription factor Dmrt1 and a phosphorylated form of the histone variant H2AX (γH2AX) during gonadal development in Xenopus laevis. During early sexual differentiation, Dmrt1 was expressed in the GSCs of the ZW (female) and ZZ (male) gonads as well as somatic cells of the ZZ gonads. Notably, the PGCs and primary GSCs contained large, unstructured nuclei, whereas condensed, rounder nuclei appeared only in primary oogonia during tadpole development. After metamorphosis, Dmrt1 showed its expression in secondary spermatogonia, but not in secondary oogonia. Like Dmrt1, γH2AX was expressed in the nuclei of primary GSCs in early developing gonads. However, after metamorphosis, γH2AX expression continued in primary and secondary spermatogonia, but was barely detected in the condensed nuclei of primary oogonia. Taken together, these observations indicate that spermatogonia tend to retain PGC characteristics, compared to oogonia, which undergo substantial changes during gonadal differentiation in X. laevis. Our findings suggest that Dmrt1 and γH2AX may contribute to the maintenance of stem cell identity by controlling gene expression and epigenetic changes, respectively.
Hierarchical Carbon Nanotubes with a Thick Microporous Wall and Inner Channel as Efficient Scaffolds for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Mi Kan , Jiang Yong , Feng Jinkui , Qian Yitai , Xiong Shenglin
Published: January 2016

The proposal herein is based on an efficient sulfur host, namely hierarchical microporous–mesoporous carbonaceous nanotubes (denoted as HMMCNT) that feature a thick microporous wall and inner hollow channel. The electrochemical performance of the composite (HMMCNT‐S) is studied systematically at different discharge cut‐off voltages and at varying sulfur content. The cycling behavior in different voltage windows is compared and the highest specific capacity is shown for HMMCNT‐S‐50 in the range of 1.4–2.8 V. These results imply that better energy densities can be achieved by controlling the discharge cut‐off voltage. Moreover, we show that when the sulfur loading is 50% (HMMCNT‐S‐50), the cycling and rate performance is better than that of the composite loaded with 40% sulfur (HMMCNT‐S–40). Benefiting from the attractive hierarchical micro/mesoporous configuration, the obtained hybrid structure not only promotes electron and ion transfer during the charge/discharge process, but also efficiently impedes polysulfide dissolution. More specifically, the electrode can deliver a specific capacity of 558 mA h g‐1 even after 150 cycles at a high rate of 1600 mA g‐1 with a decay rate of only 0.13% per cycle. Considering the beneficial structure of these carbon nanotubes, it is very feasible that these structures may also be used in other research fields, including in catalysis, as supercapacitors, in drug‐delivery applications, for absorption, and so on.
Stable Li–Organic Batteries with Nafion‐Based Sandwich‐Type Separators
Authors: Song Zhiping , Qian Yumin , Otani Minoru , Zhou Haoshen
Published: January 2016

Similar to Li–S batteries, Li–organic batteries have also been plagued by the dissolution of active materials and the resulting shuttle effect for many years. An effective strategy to eliminate the shuttle effect is adopting solid electrolytes or Li–ion permselective separators to prohibit the dissolved electroactive species from migrating to the Li anode. A polypropylene/Nafion/polypropylene (PNP) sandwich‐type separator is reported with many advantages in comparison with previously reported LISICON, polymer electrolyte, and other Nafion utilization forms. The physical and chemical properties of PNP separators are studied in detail by cross‐section scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. 1,1′‐Iminodianthraquinone (IDAQ), a novel organic cathode, is taken as an example to quantitatively investigate the function of PNP separators. In the presence of PNP5 with the most appropriate Nafion loading of 0.5 mg cm–2, IDAQ is able to achieve dramatically improved cycling stability with capacity retention of 76% after 400 cycles and Coulombic efficiency above 99.6%, which reaches the highest level for reported soluble organic electrode materials. Besides Li–organic batteries, such kind of Nafion‐based sandwich‐type separators are also promising for Li–S batteries and other new battery designs involving dissolved electroactive species.
Electrically accelerated removal of organic pollutants by a three‐dimensional graphene aerogel
Authors: Sun Xue‐Fei , Guo Bei‐Bei , He Lin , Xia Peng‐Fei , Wang Shu‐Guang
Published: January 2016

Fast and effective methods for the removal of pollutants are crucial for the development of new sustainable water treatment technologies. In this work, we have reported the electrically accelerated removal of some typical organic pollutants by a three‐dimensional graphene aerogel (3DG). The porous 3DG was fabricated by chemical reduction of graphene oxide. The morphology and structure of 3DG were characterized by microscopic and spectroscopic approaches. The experiments indicated that 3DG‐based electrosorption could accelerate the removal of positively and negatively charged pollutants, such as Acid Red 88, Orange II, and Methylene Blue, as well as enhance the maximum adsorption capacity toward these contaminants. The interaction mechanisms between these organic pollutants and 3DG surface were further elucidated by Dispersion corrected Density Functional Theory (DFT‐D) calculations. This 3DG‐based system offers a potentially effective method for the rapid removal of organic pollutants and provides a new sustainable approach for water and wastewater treatment. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2154–2162, 2016
Hepcidin as a new biomarker for detecting autologous blood transfusion
Authors: Leuenberger Nicolas , Barras Laura , Nicoli Raul , Robinson Neil , Baume Norbert , Lion Niels , Barelli Stefano , Tissot Jean‐Daniel , Saugy Martial
Published: January 2016

Autologous blood transfusion (ABT) is an efficient way to increase sport performance. It is also the most challenging doping method to detect. At present, individual follow‐up of haematological variables via the athlete biological passport (ABP) is used to detect it. Quantification of a novel hepatic peptide called hepcidin may be a new alternative to detect ABT. In this prospective clinical trial, healthy subjects received a saline injection for the control phase, after which they donated blood that was stored and then transfused 36 days later. The impact of ABT on hepcidin as well as haematological parameters, iron metabolism, and inflammation markers was investigated. Blood transfusion had a particularly marked effect on hepcidin concentrations compared to the other biomarkers, which included haematological variables. Hepcidin concentrations increased significantly: 12 hr and 1 day after blood reinfusion, these concentrations rose by seven‐ and fourfold, respectively. No significant change was observed in the control phase. Hepcidin quantification is a cost‐effective strategy that could be used in an “ironomics” strategy to improve the detection of ABT. Am. J. Hematol. 91:467–472, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Three new cases of terminal deletion of the long arm of chromosome 7 and literature review to correlate genotype and phenotype manifestations
Authors: Ayub Seemi , Gadji Macoura , Krabchi Kada , Côté Sylvie , Gekas Jean , Maranda Bruno , Drouin Régen
Published: January 2016

Partial monosomy of the long arm of chromosome 7 has been characterized by wide phenotypic manifestations, but holoprosencephaly (HPE) and sacral agenesis have frequently been associated with this chromosomal deletion. A clear relationship between genotype and phenotype remains to be defined in the 7q deletion syndrome. Three patients (1, 2, and 3) were investigated with 7q terminal deletion and compared with similar deletion cases in the literature in order to stratify the phenotypes associated with 7q35 and 7q36 terminal deletion patients. Patients 1, 2, and 3 were carrying a de novo terminal deletion at bands 7q36.2, 7q35, and 7q36.1, respectively. In patient 3, a small Xq28 duplication was also identified by array‐CGH. Our patients presented with heterogeneous phenotypic manifestations, which could imply the possible role of environmental factors (multifactorial inheritance), structural variations in the non‐coding regions, penetrance, and/or polymorphism. The varying length of deletion was also taken into account. Growth retardation was the most frequent symptom found in both 7q35 and 7q36 patients we reviewed. The occurrence of HPE and sacral malformation together was seen in less than 10% of the reviewed cases in both kinds of deletion. HPE was associated mainly in cases with an unbalanced translocation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.