bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A ROLE OF THE ARCTIC MUNICIPALITIES ASSOCIATION IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE POLICY IN THE ARCTIC ZONE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Authors: ВОРОНЧИХИНА Д.Н.
Published: February 2021

Введение. В статье рассматривается взаимодействие между органами государственной власти, органами власти субъектов Федерации и муниципалитетами посредством исследования роли Ассоциации «Арктические муниципалитеты» при реализации политики в Арктике.
Цель работы:проанализировать действенность работы и оценить роль Ассоциации «Арктические муниципалитеты» при реализации государственной политики в Арктическом регионе Российской Федерации.
Задачи: проанализировать степень участия Ассоциации при осуществлении государственной политики в Арктической зоне России и предложить конкретные меры по совершенствованию деятельности Ассоциации «Арктические муниципалитеты».
Методы: системный и исторический подходы, сравнительный анализ.
Результаты: раскрыты цели, задачи и предмет деятельности Ассоциации «Арктические муниципалитеты». Проанализирована активность и действенность работы Ассоциации.
Выводы: в круг полномочий Ассоциации не входят вопросы обеспечения экологической безопасности Арктики. Проблемой является отсутствие официальных докладов о проделанной работе в свободном доступе. Автор считает необходимым передать круг вопросов по вопросам обеспечения экологической безопасности в компетенцию органов местного самоуправления в лице Ассоциации, а также привлечь коренные народы Севера к процессу принятия решений на местном уровне путем их представительства в Ассоциации.
CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES TO THE FORMATION OF NATIONAL MODEL OF CIVIL SOCIETY DEVELOPMENT IN UZBEKISTAN
Authors: СУЛТАНОВА А.Р.
Published: February 2021

В данной статье рассмотрены концептуальные подходы к формированию национальной модели развития гражданского общества в Узбекистане, анализирован международный опыт по поддержке институтов гражданского общества, оценка применимости для условий Узбекистана Концепции неразрывного единства государства и гражданского общества. А также, для программно-целевого ориентирования национальной модели развития гражданского общества отмечена необходимость разработки индикаторов измерения эффективности развития гражданского общества, позволяющие в каждый конкретный момент времени объективно оценить достигнутый уровень и тенденции развития гражданского общества и, в соответствии с этой оценкой, внести коррективы в стратегические направления развития гражданского общества на ближайшую и среднесрочную перспективу. В статье особо отмечено, что взаимосвязь и взаимодействие институтов гражданского общества с представителями второго сектора является самым эффективным механизмом решения социально-экономических проблем.
CHINA AND AFRICAN UNION: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
Authors: АДУМ К. , ШУЛЕНИНА Н.В.
Published: February 2021

В статье рассмотрены проблемы и перспективы сотрудничества Китая и Африканского Союза. Авторы показывают, что китайско-африканское сотрудничество по линии «Юг – Юг» развивается особенно интенсивно. Важнейшую роль в данном направлении играет Форум сотрудничества Китай-Африка.
THE CRITERION OF INFORMATION SECURITY IN THE PROCESSES OF INTERCULTURAL INTEGRATION
Authors: ЮЛДАШЕВА М.К.
Published: February 2021

В данной статье рассмотрены вопросы относительно критериев информационной безопасности в процессах межкультурной интеграции, тенденции развития государственной информационной структуры, процессов интеграции глобализации с мировой общественностью, взаимопроникновения культур в современное информационное пространство, ряда сложностей во внутреннем и внешнем обмене информацией, проблем защиты национальных интересов в информационном пространстве, а также формирования реформ в сфере информационной технологии как результат взаимодействия национальных культур.
Corporate Sustainability Practices in Polluting Industries: Evidence from India, China and USA
Authors: Mishra Prem Sagar , Kumar Ajay , Das Niladri
Published: February 2021

In recent years, the tilt of the corporate world towards non-financial reporting can be clearly seen from traditional accounting practices. Sustainability reporting disclosures are an important tool for providing information about the environmental and social performance of companies to their various stakeholders. From a financial perspective, for any firm, there is always a possibility of reporting more of the information that favours their interests or conceal that which is not in their favour. This study evaluates the annual and sustainability reports of 380 Indian, 400 Chinese and 400 USA companies from five highly polluting industries on the basis of GRI (global reporting initiatives) guidelines. From the result, it is inferred that the findings are consistent with the legitimacy theory. The result shows that the profitability and capital structure of firms in the sample do not affect the sustainability reporting practices significantly. In addition, larger firms have a tendency to disclose more information in their annual and sustainability reports than smaller firms.
POLITIK ANGGARAN DEWAN PERWAKILAN RAKYAT DAERAH PROVINSI RIAU (Studi Kasus Pada Sekwan Sebagai Mitra Kerja Komisi I Tahun Anggaran 2020)
Authors: Hartanto Ade Agus , Muchid Muchid , Saeri M.
Published: February 2021

The purpose of the research is to find out the Budget Politics Of The Regional People'S Representative Council Of Riau Province At the Secretariat of the Council as a Working Partner of Commission I of Fiscal Year 2020. The research method used is qualitative and the data collection technique used in this study is Descriptive Qualitative. The results of this study showed in the budgeting process between the Riau Provincial Parliament, namely Commission I which is affiliated with the Secretary of the Council of one of the Regional Device Organizations of the Riau Provincial Government there are several issues where there are several interests in budgeting for Commission I and the Secretary of the Council for 2020 such as the budget in recruiting experts. The community is not very involved in the decision making, it should be input from the community into consideration for the DPRD. Some actors are very influential in making political decisions on budgets in 2020, both from the Executive and the Legislature.
O Potencial fisiológico de sementes de cártamo tratados por termo terapia via calor úmido
Authors: Farias Menegaes Janine , Antonio Bellé Rogério , Nunes Ubirajara Russi
Published: February 2021

A cultura do cártamo (Carthamus tinctorius L.) apresenta interesse econômico com ampla aptidão de uso, desde alimentar a ornamental, oferecendo alta variabilidade de matérias-primas, com boa adaptabilidade de cultivo no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial fisiológico das sementes de cártamo tratadas por termoterapia via calor úmido. Visando o tratamento de semente como alternativa de agricultura com baixo impacto ambiental. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, em fatorial 4x4 (níveis de temperaturas e períodos de tempo), com oito repetições, sendo cada unidade experimental composta por 50 sementes. Os níveis de temperaturas foram compostos por 25, 35, 45 e 55º C e os períodos de tempo de 5, 10, 15 e 30 min. Avaliou-se o potencial fisiológico das sementes pelos testes de germinação, entropia, frequência relativa de germinação e teste de emergência. Observou-se que os tratamentos de sementes por termoterapia afetaram positivamente o potencial fisiológico das sementes de cártamo, incrementando o percentual de germinação e de emergência de plântulas. Conclui-se que a termoterapia é uma alternativa viável de tratamento de sementes para a cultura do cártamo, desde que utilize os níveis de temperaturas entre 25 a 45º C, pelos períodos de tempo entre 5 e 15 minutos.
Nitrogen-doped amorphous carbon coating on copper pads for direct wire bonding with a long-term humidity reliability
Authors: Gomasang Ploybussara , Nakajima Shun , Ueno Kazuyoshi
Published: February 2021

To improve the long-term reliability of copper (Cu) pads used in LSIs, nitrogen-doped amorphous carbon (a-C:N) coating is applied to the Cu pads with direct wire-bonding to prevent Cu oxidation in humidity. To obtain a thin barrier, the thickness optimization of a-C:N layer was carried out under temperature humidity storage (THS) testing at the conditions of 85 °C/85% relative humidity. Cu pad chains coated with the optimized a-C:N film were fabricated by direct bonding with aluminum (Al) wires. The electrical connection up to 210 bonds was obtained with the 10 and 15 nm thick a-C:N coated Cu pads. The reliability test of the pad-chains under the THS was carried out, and a 15 nm thick a-C:N can preserve the electrical connection along 100 h of the THS test. The a-C:N coating is expected to improve the humidity reliability of Cu pads with direct wire-bonding for long-term data storage.
Design space exploration of hysteretic negative capacitance ferroelectric FETs based on static solutions of Landau–Khalatnikov model for nonvolatile memory applications
Authors: Takeuchi Kiyoshi , Kobayashi Masaharu , Hiramoto Toshiro
Published: February 2021

Systematic design space exploration of negative capacitance ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FeFETs) for nonvolatile memory operations was performed, combining load line analyses and circuit simulations. Unlike those FeFETs aiming at a steep subthreshold slope, the key design target here is to achieve bi-stable current versus voltage FET characteristics with appropriate hysteresis width (i.e. memory window). Remanent polarization, coercive voltage, and interfacial layer thickness were selected as design parameters. The results show that, if a ferroelectric gate dielectric film obeying ideal single-domain Landau–Khalatnikov model dynamics with reduced remanent polarization is available, ultralow voltage nonvolatile memories operating with sub-one volt voltage swing would become possible. An interesting feature of the negative capacitance FeFETs is that, unlike conventional multiple domain FeFETs, the memory window can be adjusted to a much smaller value than twice the coercive voltage. The lowered remanent polarization is required to suppress the depolarization field to an acceptable level for reliability. It is proposed that considering the abrupt polarization switching, three-transistor and two-transistor memory cells would be suitable for working and code storage memories, respectively.
Penegakan Hukum Tindak Pidana Korupsi di Sulawesi Barat
Authors: Sukmawati Sukmawati
Published: February 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan menjelaskan hukum dan peraturan dalam mendukung penegakan hukum tindak pidana korupsi, upaya penegakan hukum dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penegakan hukum korupsi di Sulawesi Barat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian Hukum Empiris. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: pertama, instrumen yuridis normatif yang mengatur penegakan hukum tindak pidana korupsi sudah memadai, tetapi membutuhkan komitmen yang kuat oleh petugas penegak hukum dalam mengimplementasikan artikel yang relevan, LSM dan dukungan masyarakat untuk penegakan hukum bagi korupsi dan kurangnya pemahaman untuk semua elemen penegakan hukum. kedua, upaya penegakan hukum untuk korupsi di Sulawesi Barat terdiri dari Partisipasi Masyarakat, Profesionalisme Aparat Penegak Hukum, Kemauan Politik Pemerintah Daerah dan Dukungan DPRD Sulawesi Barat. Ketiga, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penegakan hukum korupsi di Sulawesi Barat adalah faktor hukum, faktor penegakan hukum, fasilitas atau fasilitas, faktor masyarakat, dan faktor budaya.

This study aims to analyze and explain the laws and regulations in supporting law enforcement of criminal acts of corruption, law enforcement efforts and the factors that influence law enforcement of corruption in West Sulawesi. The research method used is Empirical Law research. The results of this study indicate that: first, a normative juridical instrument that regulates the law enforcement of criminal acts of corruption is adequate, but it requires a firm commitment by law enforcement officials in implementing relevant articles, NGO and community support for law enforcement of corruption and lack of understanding for all law enforcement elements. second, law enforcement efforts for corruption in West Sulawesi consist of Community Participation, Professionalism of Law Enforcement Officials, Political Will of Regional Government and West Sulawesi DPRD Support. Third, the factors that influence law enforcement of corruption in West Sulawesi are legal factors, law enforcement factors, facilities or facilities, community factors, and cultural factors.
Kedudukan Hak Angket sebagai Fungsi Pengawasan terhadap Penyelenggaraan Negara
Authors: Muin Sri Amlinawaty
Published: February 2021

Tujuan Penelitian untuk menganalisis kedudukan hak angket sebagai fungsi pengawasan terhadap penyelenggaraan negara. Metode Penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitan hukum mormatif. Hasil penelitian bahwa  Hak Angket Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (Pasal 20A ayat (2)) mengatur dan merekomendasikan diatur dengan Undang-Undang dengan asumsi dan dengan keinginan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat dalam Sistem Pemerintahan Presidensil adalah juga Parlemen harus punya hak sebagai bagian dari Fungsi Pengawasan yang dimiliki Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan penggunaannya cenderung royal bahkan sasarannya melebar menjadi alat penekan terhadap Pemerintah. Ini terjadi sebagai akibat belum diaturnya dalam Undang-Undang tentang Hak Angket.

The purpose of the study was to analyze the position of the questionnaire right as a function of supervision of state administration. The research method used is a normative legal research method. The results of the study that the House of Representatives' Questioning Rights (Article 20A paragraph (2)) regulates and recommends are regulated by law with the assumption and with the wishes of the House of Representatives in the Presidential Government System that the Parliament must have the right as part of the Oversight Function owned by the Council House of Representatives. Research results show that their use tends to be royal even the target is widening to be a pressure tool on the Government. This happened as a result of not having been regulated in the Law on Questionnaire Rights.
Efektifitas Mediasi Terhadap Perkara Perceraian Di Pengadilan Agama Kelas 1a Watampone
Authors: Askaruddin Muh , Busthami Dachran , Kadir Hasan
Published: February 2021

Tujuan penelitian mengungkap efektivitas mediasi dalam perkara perceraian di Pengadilan Agama Kelas 1A Watampone. Berdasarkan hasil analisa efektivitas mediasi dalam perkara perceraian di Pengadilan Agama Kelas 1A Watampone, menunjukan bahwa mediasi belum efektif. Faktor-faktor penyebabnya adalah: Tingkat kepatuhan masyarakat yang menjalani proses mediasi sangat rendah. Fasilitas dan sarana mediasi di Pengadilan Agama Kelas 1A Watampone masih kurang memadai baik dari segi ruang mediasi maupun fasilitas penunjang didalamnya. Selain Ketua Pengadilan Agama Kelas 1A Watampone, hakim yang ditunjuk menjadi mediator seluruhnya belum mengikuti pelatihan mediasi yang diselenggrakan oleh Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia. Penempatan pelaksanaan mediasi di Pengadilan Agama tidak tepat atau tidak sesuai dengan apa yang telah digariskan oleh Allah swt., dalam QS al-Nisa>’/4: 35, tentang kedudukan dan kewenangan hakam (mediator) dalam menyelesaikan konflik yang terjadi dalam rumah tangga.

The purpose of the study revealed the mediation method in divorce cases in the Class 1A Religious Court of Watampone. Based on the results of the analysis of mediation in divorce cases in Watampone Class 1A Religious Courts, it shows that mediation has not been effective. The contributing factors are: The level of community participation that supports the mediation process is very low. Mediation facilities and facilities in the Class 1A Religious Court of Watampone are still inadequate in terms of mediation space and supporting facilities therein. In addition to the Chairperson of Class 1A Religious Court Watampone, the judge appointed to be a mediator had fully received mediation training conducted by the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia. Placement of mediation in the Religious Courts is not right or not in accordance with what has been outlined by God Almighty.
Kemerdekaan Hakim Dan Kemandirian Kekuasaan Kehakima Dalam Konsep Negara Hukum
Authors: Hambali Azwad Rachmat
Published: February 2021

Tujuan penelitian menganalisis kemerdekaan hakim dan kemandirian kehakiman dalam konsep negara hukum. Metode Penelitian menggunakan penelitian hukum normative, Hasil penelitian bahwa Kemerdekaan Hakim  dan kemandirian Kekuasaan Kehakiman sebagai  penjelmaan konsep Negara Hukum sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 1 ayat 3 Undang Undang Dasar Negara Republik indonesia Tahun 1945  (hasil amandemen) beserta beberapa peraturan perundang undangan yang terkait seperti Undang Undang Kekuasaan Kehakiman, Undang Undang Mahkamah Agung, Undang Undang Komisi Yudisial  serta ketetapan MPR yang merupakan rujukan dalam pelaksanan Kemerdekaan Hakim, dan kemandirian personal, kemandirian substantive ,kemandirian internal serta kemandirian institusi. Rekomendasi mewujudkan konsep Negara Hukum perlu ditata peraturan perundang undangan yang menjamin kemerdekaan Hakim dan Kemandirian Kekuasaan.

The research objective is to analyze the independence of judges and the independence of the judiciary in the concept of a rule of law. The research method uses normative legal research. The results show that the independence of judges and the independence of the judicial power as the embodiment of the concept of the rule of law as regulated in Article 1 paragraph 3 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (amendments) along with several related laws and regulations such as the Law Judicial Power, the Law on the Supreme Court, the Judicial Commission Law and the MPR decrees which are references in the implementation of Judges' Independence, and personal independence, substantive independence, internal independence and institutional independence. Recommendations to embody the concept of a rule of law need to put in place laws and regulations that guarantee the independence of judges and independence of power.
Re-Evaluasi Proses Penyelesaian Pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia
Authors: Arief Muhammad
Published: February 2021

Tujuan Penelitian menganalisis proses penyelesaian pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) berat pada Persitiwa Trisaksi oelh Kejaksanaan Agung Republik Indonesia. Metode Penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian hukum. Normative dengan pendekatan kualitatif yang diuraikan secara deskriptif. Hasil peneltian menunjukan bahwa pelanggaran HAM berat pada peristiwa penanganan demonstrasi di Kampus Universitas Trisakti pada tahun 1998, oleh aparat keamanan; sehingga menyebabkan tewasnya empat orang mahasiswa dan ratusan lainnya luka. Komnas HAM telah melakukan (investigasi) penyelidikan terhadap peristiwa tersebut, dan laporan Komnas HAM menyimpulkan telah terjadi pelanggaran HAM berat atas insiden tersebut. Hasil penyelidikan tersebut telah dilaporankn Komnas HAM, dan berkas laporan tersebut telah diserahkan kepada Jaksa Agung; tetapi sampai saat ini (±18 tahun) Jaksa Agung belum memproses ke tingkat peneyidikan dan penuntutan. Alasan Jaksa Agung, berkaitan dengan hal-hal teknis yuridis, yang oleh publik dianggap tidak relevan dengan substansi kasus/masalah. Tetapi intinya aspek politis dan non yudisial lebih mengitari kasus-kasus tersebut.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the process of resolving gross violations of human rights (HAM) at the Trisaksi event by the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia. The research method used is legal research methods. Normative with a qualitative approach described descriptively. The research results show that gross human rights violations during the handling of demonstrations at the Trisakti University Campus in 1998, by security forces; causing the death of four students and hundreds of others injured. Komnas HAM has conducted (investigated) investigations into the incident, and the Komnas HAM report concludes that gross human rights violations have occurred in the incident. The results of the investigation have been reported by Komnas HAM, and the report files have been submitted to the Attorney General; but until now (± 18 years) the Attorney General has not yet proceeded to the level of investigation and prosecution. The Attorney General's reasons relate to juridical technical matters which the public deems irrelevant to the substance of the case / problem. But in essence, the political and non-judicial aspects surround these cases.
Penegakan Hukum Melalui Pendekatan Restorative Justice Penyelesaian Perkara Tindak Pidana
Authors: Hambali Azwad Rachmat
Published: February 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisi pendekatan hukum melalui pendekatan restorative justice penyelesaian perkara tindak pidana. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif. Sumber data yang diperoleh melalui penelitian lapangan, maupun studi dokumen. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa sebagai suatu filosofi pemidanaan, restorative justice dapat membingkai berbagai kebijakan, gagasan program dan strategi penanganan perkara pidana sehingga diharapkan hasil proses tersebut dapat menciptakan keadilan yang dirasakan oleh pelaku, korban dan masyarakat serta menjawab berbagai permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh sistem peradilan pidana saat ini.

This study aims to analyze legal issues through reforming restorative justice to request criminal cases. This study used qualitative research methods. Sources of data obtained through field research, or document studies. The results of the research find facts as a philosophy of criminalization, restorative justice can frame various policies, programs and case planning strategies requiring results that can be made related to disputes, victims and the community related to solving the problems raised by the justice system.
Baby Incubator Monitoring Center for Temperature and Humidity using WiFi Network
Authors: Kristya Furi , Luthfiyah Sari , Hari Wisana I Dewa Gede , Thaseen Mohseena
Published: February 2021

Monitoring the condition of premature babies inside the baby incubator is very necessary. Babies who are born prematurely with a birth age of less than 38 weeks have a higher risk of death and difficulty to adapt outside the womb due to immaturity of the organ system. Premature babies need continuous monitoring by the nurse to find out the baby's body condition remains stable in temperature and humidity to match the conditions in the womb. The purpose of this research to develop a baby incubator temperature and humidity monitoring system quickly and practically. As technology develops, the monitoring process that was initially carried out by looking directly at the baby incubator display, now developed with various innovations that make it easier to monitor premature babies. The baby incubator temperature and humidity monitoring center module via the WiFi network uses a temperature sensor and DHT 22 which will be sent via WiFi ESP 32 and the values ​​obtained will be displayed on the nextion tft display. Based on the measurement results obtained the largest temperature error value of 2.083% at the incubator client 1 temperature at the measurement point 32 ° C. The results showed that the device has an average error suitable for use, because based on ecri 415-20010301-01, the maximum allowable error limit is ± 1 ° C. The results of this study can be implemented to make it easier for nurses to monitor premature babies to avoid neglect.
Design of a Monitoring System for Hydroganics based on Arduino Uno R3 to Realize Sustainable Development Goal`s number 2 Zero Hunger
Authors: Anggara Trisna Nugraha  , Priyambodo Dadang
Published: February 2021

In 2019 Indonesia is able to support its nation and does not need rice imports from abroad. This situation is called rice self-sufficiency. Then in order to maintain rice self-sufficiency from year to year, it is necessary to apply technology to increase the quality of rice production. Therefore, a Hydroganic Monitoring System Design was created which is used to monitor plant watering automatically using the YL-69 soil moisture sensor controlled by Arduino Uno and instructed to the LCD to display the soil moisture value according to soil pH in real time. The watering system that has been created can automatically drain water to the plants. The water that is flowed automatically by this system comes from the fish pond that is right below it, where the water from fish excrement will produce organic nutrients for rice plants. With this research, rice production will grow more effectively to improve rice quality. With this research, it is expected that Indonesian rice production will increase effectively and in line with the improvement of rice quality. From the research that has been conducted, it is found that from the experimental data above, it can be calculated that the average water discharge in one irrigation is 2.37 m/s.
Remote Control, Protection and Monitoring of Pump for Agricultural Purposes
Authors:   Electrical Engineering Department, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore, India., Sengar* Neetika , Parakh Arun ,   Electrical Engineering Department, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore, India
Published: February 2021

With the increasing pressure on our natural resources and diminishing soil quality, there is a need to make better efforts to conserve them. This project aims to help control the irrigation in a small field. The motor pump set equipped at the field is prone to a variety of operational issues like Power Quality issues, Reverse run of the pump, Irregular Power Supply. Using an ATMEGA Microcontroller equipped with GSM Module for connectivity, this model is able to provide the user with remote control for the motor pump set equipped at his field. Additionally, this model comes with protection schemes for detection of Input Phase Sequence Supply and protection against Over Voltage and Over Current. This system aims to reduce the man power requirement in the field by providing remote or at home control of the pump set applied on the field with cost effective and easy control which can be used by unskilled operators as well.
Validating Machine-learned Diagnostic Classifiers in Safety Critical Applications with Imbalanced Populations
Authors: Wade Daniel , Wilson Andrew , Reddy Abraham , Bharadwaj Raj
Published: February 2021

Data science techniques such as machine learning are rapidly becoming available to engineers building models from system data, such as aircraft operations data. These techniques require validation for use in fielded systems providing recommendations to operators or maintainers. The methods for validating and testing machine learned algorithms generally focus on model performance metrics such as accuracy or F1-score. Many aviation datasets are highly imbalanced, which can invalidate some underlying assumptions of machine learning models. Two simulations are performed to show how some common performance metrics respond to imbalanced populations. The results show that each performance metric responds differently to a sample depending on the imbalance ratio between two classes. The results indicate that traditional methods for repairing underlying imbalance in the sample may not provide the rigorous validation necessary in safety critical applications. The two simulations indicate that authorities must be cautious when mandating metrics for model acceptance criteria because they can significantly influence the model parameters.
Assessment of Overhaul Effectiveness and Usage-based Inference using Bayesian Networks
Authors: Nenadic Nenad G. , Valant Christopher J. , McConky Sean P. , Thurston Michael G.
Published: February 2021

The process of assessment of effectiveness of the existing overhaul practices determined that the historical usage of assets provides valuable contextual information. Usage data is typically highly reliable, but not in legacy fleets, featuring older vehicles with missing, incomplete, inconsistent, and contradictory data. This paper describes two methods for usage estimation from noisy data by exploiting two data sources: 1) unreliable, manually-entered usage data and 2) part replacements. The first method employs a probabilistic model to reconcile missing and inconsistent data entries; the second is based on the replacement of consumable components. The probabilistic model, fully and uniquely specified by the probabilistic variables (with their distributions) and deterministic variables, is validated using synthetic datasets because the real ground truth associated with the field data does not exist. Disproportional impact of an incorrect initial data point is mitigated by training the model in both forward and reverse directions. The motivating hypothesis for usage estimation from part replacements is based on a plausible assumption that specific consumables, e.g. brake pads, have reasonably repeatable replacement patterns which can be related to usage. For many vehicles mean time between failures of a component was even longer than the average data collection time span. But for assets with sufficiently longer data records, the cumulative replacements of components are well-correlated with the probabilistic usage estimates, providing additional reinforcement for the inference.
Calculating A Tachometer Signal From Onboard A Smart Vibration Sensor
Authors: Bechhoefer Eric , He David
Published: February 2021

Because of the bandwidth limitation of the engine controller, all helicopter gearboxes change speed over time. This change in speed necessitates the resampling of the data, based on a tachometer signal, to facilitate shaft, gear and bearing analysis of the rotating equipment. Without resampling, the quality of vibration analysis is degraded, and many mechanical faults would be missed. Further, interfacing with existing tachometer can be both expensive, and in some cases change certification requirements. The ability for a smart sensor to acquire vibration data, extract the shaft speed from the vibration data, and then process the data allows vibration based fault detection capability at a lower cost, weight and reduced installation complexity than previously possible. Reducing cost, weight and installation complexity will expand the business case for condition monitoring, improving safety and reliability in industrial and transportation systems. This paper demonstrates a twostep process to recover a tachometer signal from vibration data that is of higher quality than raw tachometer data. Statistics are generated from known fault cases to demonstrate the effectiveness.
Impact of Early Life Failures in Services of Engineering Asset Fleets
Authors: Dourado Arinan , Viana Felipe A. C.
Published: February 2021

Services and warranties of large fleets of engineering assets is a very profitable business where original equipment manufacturers and independent service providers offer contracts designed to cover events in day-to-day service as well as major maintenance and repairs over the life of the asset. Accurate reliability modeling, as a way to understand how the complex stochastic interactions between operating conditions and component capability define useful life, is key for services profitability. The modeling task is daunting as factors such as aggressive mission mixes introduced by operators, exposure to harsh environment, inadequate maintenance, and problems with mass production (bad batch of materials) can lead to large discrepancies between designed and observed useful lives. This paper is focused on how to quantify the impact of infant mortality in fleets of industrial assets. A simple numerical experiment is used to address the fundamental question: how does number of observations and fleet size interact with each other in fleet management? The results demonstrate that material capability, penetration of bad batch of material in the fleet, and commissioning time can drastically influence fleet unreliability. Moreover, infant mortality due to manufacturing problems/material capability is a manifestation of an outlier problem. As a consequence, the propensity to observe first failures depend on the actual fleet size. Since failure observations are used to build/update the reliability models, small fleet operators have to deal with large uncertainties when quantifying infant mortality. This impacts their ability to make provisions for service and maintenance (inventory, labor, loss of productivity, etc.). Although the large number of failure observations causes a financial burden in large fleet operators, it also allows for reduced uncertainty in building/updating the reliability models. In turn, this improves their ability to forecast future failures and make provisions for service and maintenance.
Interpretable Unsupervised Feature Extraction and Learning of Abnormal System State Transitions in Aircraft Sensor Data
Authors: Sundareswara Rashmi , Betz Franz David , Lu Tsai-Ching
Published: February 2021

Commercial aircrafts generate a huge amount of data during each flight by sampling hundreds of variables at different resolutions during all phases of flight. While having this enormous source of data is useful for learning of faulty system behavior, its huge dimensionality and size can be an impeding factor to such analysis.

To address this problem, we have devised a data-driven process that automatically extracts persistent, underlying latent states that can succinctly describe the data and thereby reduce its dimensionality, while preserving the most salient aspects important for fault or potential fault analysis. By analyzing how these latent states transition in time by computing a transition matrix for every leg, which we use as features, we can classify certain precursors which are indicative of a potential fault. Specifically, this is achieved by supervised and unsupervised learning of hundreds of latent state transitions for a given subsystem. Analysis of temporal dynamics of state transitions allows us to pinpoint at what time the sensor variables were behaving atypically in a flight leg, thus allowing airline maintainers to fix the faulty component quicker and avoid flight delays due to unplanned maintenance. We demonstrate our method of supervised and unsupervised classification over temporal dynamics of system state transition on two subsystems, the Fan Air Modulating Valve (FAMV) and the Flow Control Valve (FCV), and have obtained 100% true positive rate (for both systems) and a false positive rate of 0.05-0.08%.
Dynamic Data Communications for Real-time Information Fusion
Authors: Wang Weichang , Ying Lei
Published: February 2021

This paper studies dynamic data communications between airplanes and a control tower, where the control tower needs to monitor the state of each aircraft close to the airport or on the ground in real time. Given limited communication bandwidth, it is impossible for the control tower to communicate with all aircrafts at the same time. This paper focuses on the problem of optimal scheduling of data communications for the control tower to acquire information from aircrafts to minimize tracking errors. A dynamic learning problem with limited communication bandwidth is formulated in this paper where the objective is to minimize the total variance of real-time tracking. To solve the problem, a dynamic scheduling algorithm for data communications is proposed, which prioritizes data communications based on the tracking variances of the aircrafts, channel conditions and importance of the information. Our simulations demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms policies such as a round robin policy.
Feature Selecting Hierarchical Neural Network for Industrial System Health Monitoring
Authors: Michau Gabriel , Arias Chao Manuel , Fink Olga
Published: February 2021

Industrial System Health Monitoring relies usually on the monitoring of well-designed features. This requires both, the engineering of reliable features and a good methodology for their analysis. If traditionally, features were engineered based on the physics of the system, recent advances in machine learning demonstrated that features could be automatically learned and monitored. In particular, using Hierarchical Extreme Learning Machines (HELM), based on random features, very good results have already been achieved for health monitoring with training on healthy data only.

Yet, although very useful and mathematically sound, random features have little popularity as they contradict the intuition and seem to rely on luck. This tends to increase the “blackbox” effect often associated with Machine Learning. To mitigate this, in this paper, we propose to modify the traditional HELM architecture such that, while still relying on random features, only the most useful features among a large population will be selected.

Traditional HELM are made of stacked contractive autoencoders with `1- or `2-regularisation and of a classifier as last layer. To achieve our objective, we propose to opt for expanding auto-encoders instead, but trained with a strong Group-LASSO regularization. This Group-LASSO regularisation fosters the selection of as few features as possible, making the auto-encoder in reality (or in testing condition) contractive. This deterministic selection provides useful features for health monitoring, without the need of learning or manually engineering them.

The proposed approach demonstrates a better performance for fault detection and isolation on case studies developed for HELM evaluation.
Bayesian-entropy Network for Information Fusion and Reliability Assessment of National Airspace Systems
Authors: Wang Yuhao , Liu Yongming , Sun Zhe , Tang Pingbo
Published: February 2021

The air traffic control (ATC) system is critical in maintaining the safety and integrity of the National Airspace System (NAS). This requires the information fusion from various sources. This paper introduces a hybrid network model called the Bayesian-Entropy Network (BEN) that can handle various types of information. The BEN method is a combination of the Bayesian method and the Maximum Entropy method. The Maximum Entropy method introduces constraints and is given as an exponential term added to the classical Bayes’ theorem. The exponential term can be used to encode extra information in the form of constraints. The extra information can come from human experience, historical data etc. These knowledges, once written in a mathematical format, can be incorporated into the classical Bayesian framework. The BEN method provides an alternative way to consider common data types (e.g., point observation) and uncommon data types (e.g., linguistic description for human factors) in the NAS. The reported work is demonstrated in two example problems. The first example involves an air traffic control network model and the BEN uses information from various sources to update for the risk event probability. The second example is related to the prediction of the cause of runway incursion. A network model studying different sources of error is used to make predictions of the cause of runway incursion. The training and validation data is extracted from existing accident report in the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) database. The results are compared with that of the traditional Bayesian method. It is found that the BEN can make use of the available information to modify the distribution function of the parameter of concern.
Acoustic Time-frequency Approach to Condition Monitoring of Ventricular Assistive Devices
Authors: Prechtl Ian R. , Day Steven W. , Kolodziej Jason R.
Published: February 2021

This paper studies the acoustic signals of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) as it relates to machine health. Current LVAD condition monitoring requires examination from trained medical professionals, and is both inefficient and roughly-prognostic. To better quantify a patient's condition, the diagnostic method must be robust, non-invasive, and simple to apply. The concept behind this work is to determine an identifying pattern between the specific acoustics produced by an LVAD with the related overall health of the patient. Due to the cycle-to-cycle variance of heart sounds, the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) is applied to the objective audio signal so that a high resolution spectra is obtained. From this, region specific image features are developed and subsequently used in a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm to classify between health conditions. The preliminary goal is to develop an accurate and non-invasive diagnostic method for determining patient health that can be applied for any LVAD variant. This process is validated through in vitro testing using a DC motor as an LVAD proxy.
Deep Learning-based Approach for Fault Diagnosis of Rolling Element Bearings
Authors: Sadoughi Mohammadkazem , Downey Austin , Bunge Garrett , Ranawat Aditya , Hu Chao , Laflamme Simon
Published: February 2021

Condition monitoring and fault detection of roller element bearings is of vital importance to ensuring safe and reliable operation of rotating machinery systems. Over the past few years, convolutional neural network (CNN) has been recognized as a useful tool for fault detection of roller element bearings. Unlike the traditional fault diagnosis approaches, CNN does not require manually extracting the fault-related features from the raw sensor data and most CNN-based fault diagnosis approaches feed the raw or shallowly pre-processed data as the training/testing inputs to a CNN model, thereby avoiding the need for manual feature extraction. As such, these approaches can be considered as purely data-driven. However, it has been proven that some well-established signal pre-processing techniques such as spectral kurtosis and envelope analysis can effectively clean and pre-process a raw signal to be a better representative of the health condition of a bearing without losing critical diagnostic information. This study proposes a new approach to bearing fault diagnosis, termed the SK-based multi-channel CNN (SCNN), that combines signal pre-processing techniques with a modified 1D CNN. The proposed SCNN approach involves two main steps: in the first step, each raw sensor signal acquired from a bearing is pre-processed to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio without losing critical diagnostic information carried by the signal; and in the second step, all pre-processed signals are fed into a 1D multi-channel CNN that classifies the health condition of the bearing. An experimental case study was carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach. In this case study, a machinery fault simulator was used to validate the performance of SCNN in the presence of faults unrelated to bearings such as shaft misalignment and rotor unbalance.
Force Reconstruction for Nonlinear Structures in Time Domain
Authors: Liu Jie , Li Bing , Li Meng , Miao Huihui
Published: February 2021

With growing complexity of mechanical structure, nonlinear factors existing in the structure have drawn much attention in recent years. Meanwhile, accurate information of dynamic force is an important index for analyzing nonlinear mechanical structure. However, these data are always difficult and even impossible to be measured directly. Therefore, in this paper, a novel reconstruction strategy is proposed to calculate the external force of the nonlinear structure on the basis of measured response at the reference position. For the reconstruction strategy, the force reconstruction equation of nonlinear structure is established by the nonlinear state-space model, and nonlinear subspace identification (NSI) algorithm is utilized to estimate coefficient matrices of the nonlinear state-space model to form the transfer matrix. And then, considering the illcondition of the transfer matrix, the regularization method combined with the generalized cross-validation criterion is utilized to solve the ill-posed reconstruction equation to obtain the unknown external force. Numerical study is conducted to illustrate the feasibility of the reconstruction strategy. The results demonstrate that the proposed reconstruction strategy can be utilized to accurately obtain the external force of the nonlinear structure.
Nonlinear Analytical Redundancy Method for Sensor Fault Diagnosis in an Automotive Application
Authors: Shui Huanyi , Duan Shiming , Sankavaram Chaitanya , Ni Jun
Published: February 2021

Sensors have been widely implemented in vehicle systems for control, driving, and vehicle condition monitoring purposes. In a typical automotive vehicle, there are 60-100 sensors on board and is projected to reach 200 sensors per car. Those sensors provide rich information to ensure safe vehicle operation. However, like any dynamic systems, sensors are vulnerable to degrade or fail over time, which leads to the need of real-time sensor fault diagnosis. Analytical redundancy has been the key model-based approach for sensor fault diagnosis. However, existing analytical redundancy approaches are limited to linear systems, or some special cases of nonlinear systems. In this paper, the analytical redundancy approach is extended to nonlinear systems in general to ensure the accuracy of sensor measurements. Parity relations based on nonlinear observation matrix are formulated to characterize system dynamics and sensor measurements. Robust optimization is designed to identify the coefficient of parity relations that can tolerate certain level of measurement noise and model uncertainties. At last, sensor fault diagnosis in an air intake system is employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Benchmarking for Keyword Extraction Methodologies in Maintenance Work Orders
Authors: Sexton Thurston , Hodkiewicz Melinda , Brundage Michael P. , Smoker Thomas
Published: February 2021

Maintenance has largely remained a human-knowledge centered activity, with the primary records of activity being textbased maintenance work orders (MWOs). However, the bulk of maintenance research does not currently attempt to quantify human knowledge, though this knowledge can be rich with useful contextual and system-level information. The underlying quality of data in MWOs often suffers from misspellings, domain-specific (or even workforce specific) jargon, and abbreviations, that prevent its immediate use in computer analyses. Therefore, approaches to making this data computable must translate unstructured text into a formal schema or system; i.e., perform a mapping from informal technical language to some computable format. Keyword spotting (or, extraction) has proven a valuable tool in reducing manual efforts while structuring data, by providing a systematic methodology to create computable knowledge. This technique searches for known vocabulary in a corpus and maps them to designed higher level concepts, shifting the primary effort away from structuring the MWOs themselves, toward creating a dictionary of domain specific terms and the knowledge that they represent. The presented work compares rules-based keyword extraction to data-driven tagging assistance, through quantitative and qualitative discussion of the key advantages and disadvantages. This will enable maintenance practitioners to select an appropriate approach to information encoding that provides needed functionality at minimal cost and effort.