bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seroepidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 infections in an urban population-based cohort in León, Nicaragua
Authors: González Fredman , Vielot Nadja A. , Sciaudone Michael , Toval-Ruíz Christian , Premkumar Lakshmanane , Gutierrez Lester , Cuadra Edwing Centeno , Munguia Nancy , Blandón Patricia , de Silva Aravinda M. , Rubinstein Rebecca , Bowman Natalie , Becker-Dreps Sylvia , Bucardo Filemon
Published: October 2021

In a Nicaraguan population-based cohort, SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence reached 28% in the first 6 months of the country's epidemic and reached 35% 6 months later. Immune waning was uncommon. Individuals with a seropositive household member were over three times as likely to be seropositive themselves, suggesting the importance of household transmission.
Topographical effect of the Antarctic Peninsula on a strong wind event
Authors: Kwon Hataek , Kim Seong-Joong , Kim Sang-Woo , Kim Sinu
Published: October 2021

The topographical effect on a strong wind event that occurred on 7 January 2013 at King Sejong Station (KSJ), Antarctica, was investigated using the Polar Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Numerical experiments applying three different terrain heights of the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) were performed to quantitatively estimate the topographical effect on the selected strong wind event. The experiment employing original AP topography successfully represented the observed features in the strong wind event, both in terms of peak wind speed (by ~94%; ~19.7 m/s) and abrupt transitions of wind speed. In contrast, the experiment with a flattened terrain height significantly underestimated the peak wind speeds (by ~51%; ~10.4 m/s) of the observations. An absence of AP topography failed to simulate both a strong discontinuity of sea-level pressure fields around the east coast of the AP and a strong south-easterly wind over the AP. As a result, the observed downslope windstorm, driven by a flow overriding a barrier, was not formed at the western side of the AP, resulting in no further enhancement of the wind at KSJ. This result demonstrates that the topography of the AP played a critical role in driving the strong wind event at KSJ on 7 January 2013, accounting for ~50% of the total wind speed.
Purified proteases of two Antarctic bacteria: from screening to characterization
Authors: Peralta-Figueroa Christian , Martínez-Oyanedel José , Bunster Marta , González-Rocha Gerardo
Published: October 2021

Proteases are widely used in industrial processes, and the discovery of new, more kinetically efficient proteases can have a positive impact on industry. Enzymes from Antarctic microorganisms exhibit cold-adaptive properties, making them useful in biotechnology. The cold and harsh environment of Antarctica makes it a valuable source for new biotechnologically related enzymes. In this study, we characterized two cold-adapted proteases purified from Pseudoalteromonas issachenkonii P14M1-4 and Flavobacterium frigidimaris ANT34-7, isolated from King George Island, Antarctica, and compared these with proteases from the non-cold-adapted bacteria Bacillus licheniformis and Geobacillus stearothermophilus. The best temperature growing conditions were used for protease purification and characterization. The protease from P. issachenkonii P14M1-4 was identified as a 40–43 kDa metal-dependent subtilisin-like serine protease and the protease from F. frigidimaris ANT34-7 was identified as a 28 kDa metalloprotease. The enzymes showed an optimum temperature of between 35°C and 40°C and an optimum pH in the neutral to alkaline range. Their activation energies, catalytic constants and growth capacities at different temperatures categorize them as cold-adapted enzymes. We conclude that the characteristics exhibited by these proteases make them useful for biotechnological purposes requiring high activity at low temperatures. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first characterization of a cold-adapted protease from F. frigidimaris.
Expansions for the linear-elastic contribution to the self-interaction force of dislocation curves
Authors: VAN MEURS PATRICK
Published: October 2021

The self-interaction force of dislocation curves in metals depends on the local arrangement of the atoms and on the non-local interaction between dislocation curve segments. While these non-local segment–segment interactions can be accurately described by linear elasticity when the segments are further apart than the atomic scale of size
$\varepsilon$
, this model breaks down and blows up when the segments are
$O(\varepsilon)$
apart. To separate the non-local interactions from the local contribution, various models depending on
$\varepsilon$
have been constructed to account for the non-local term. However, there are no quantitative comparisons available between these models. This paper makes such comparisons possible by expanding the self-interaction force in these models in
$\varepsilon$
beyond the O(1)-term. Our derivation of these expansions relies on asymptotic analysis. The practical use of these expansions is demonstrated by developing numerical schemes for them, and by – for the first time – bounding the corresponding discretisation error.
Experimental comparison of absorber and conductive floor automotive near field antenna measurement systems
Authors: Saccardi F. , Mioc F. , Scannavini A. , Iversen P. O. , Estrada J. , Edgerton M. , Graham J. A. , Foged L. J.
Published: October 2021

Large truncated spherical near-field systems with conductive or absorbing floors are typically used in the measurement of the performances of vehicle-installed antennas. The main advantage of conductive floor systems is the ease of accommodation of the vehicle under test, but their performances are affected by the interaction with the reflecting ground floor. Instead, absorbing-based systems emulating free-space conditions minimize the effect of the interaction with the floor, but generally require longer setup times, especially at lower frequencies (70–400 MHz), where bulky absorbers are typically used to improve reflectivity levels. Considering scaled measurements of a vehicle model, the performances of these two typical implementations are analyzed in the 84–1500 MHz range and compared to free-space measurements. Absorbers with different dimensions and reflectivity have been installed in the scaled measurement setup, and measured data have been investigated with proper post-processing to verify the applicability to realistic systems. Figures of merit of interest for automotive applications, like gain and partial radiated powers, have been compared to free-space to evaluate the impact of different scenarios.
Das Darmmikrobiom und seine klinischen Implikationen im Kontext der Anorexia nervosa
Authors: Trinh Stefanie , Keller Lara , Seitz Jochen
Published: October 2021

Zusammenfassung. Die vielseitigen Wechselwirkungen des Darmmikrobioms mit dem Stoffwechsel, dem Immunsystem und dem Gehirn des Wirtes werden zunehmend zu einem relevanten Forschungsschwerpunkt. Studien legen einen Zusammenhang zwischen einem veränderten Darmmikrobiom und sowohl somatischen Erkrankungen wie Colitis ulcerosa, Morbus Crohn und Diabetes als auch psychischen Erkrankungen wie Ängsten und Depression nahe. Auch Patient_innen mit Anorexia nervosa (AN) zeigen deutliche Veränderungen des Darmmikrobioms. Diese Veränderungen scheinen unter anderem mit einer abweichenden Energieaufnahme aus der Nahrung, immunologischen und entzündlichen Prozessen, genetischer Prädisposition, hormonellen Veränderungen und einer möglicherweise erhöhten Darmpermeabilität assoziiert zu sein. Transplantation von Stuhl von Patient_innen mit AN in Ratten führte zu einer Appetitminderung und Gewichtsreduktion sowie ängstlichem und zwanghaftem Verhalten. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit fassen wir mögliche Mechanismen der Interaktion zwischen dem Darmmikrobiom und dem Wirt zusammen und stellen erste Befunde zum Mikrobiom bei AN vor. Forschung zu Ernährungsinterventionen zum Beispiel mit Prä- und Probiotika oder Nahrungssupplementen wie Omega-3 Fettsäuren, die darauf abzielen, das Darmmikrobiom positiv zu beeinflussen, könnte zu zusätzlichen Behandlungsmöglichkeiten in der Therapie von Patient_innen mit AN führen.
Effects of Action Planning After Employee Surveys
Authors: Huebner Lena-Alyeska , Zacher Hannes
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Employee surveys are commonly used tools in organizations for the purpose of organizational development. We investigated the post-survey action planning process in 3,091 organizational units (OUs) of one large company in Germany. We expected action planning to lead to improvements on subsequent employee survey scores, with OUs that continuously and repeatedly planned actions showing the greatest improvements. Results suggest that the development of action plans can lead to improvements on subsequent survey scores, but effect sizes were generally small. Furthermore, managers who initiated action planning in the previous year were more likely to do so again the following year. Overall, these findings contribute to the literature on employee surveys by investigating effects of post-survey action planning.
Foraminiferal Mn/Ca as Bottom‐Water Hypoxia Proxy: An Assessment of Nonionella stella in the Santa Barbara Basin, USA
Authors: Brinkmann I. , Ni S. , Schweizer M. , Oldham V. E. , Quintana Krupinski N. B. , Medjoubi K. , Somogyi A. , Whitehouse M. J. , Hansel C. M. , Barras C. , Bernhard J. M. , Filipsson H. L.
Published: October 2021

Hypoxia is of increasing concern in marine areas, calling for a better understanding of mechanisms leading to decreasing dissolved oxygen concentrations ([O2]). Much can be learned about the processes and implications of deoxygenation for marine ecosystems using proxy records from low‐oxygen sites, provided proxies, such as the manganese (Mn) to calcium (Ca) ratio in benthic foraminiferal calcite, are available and well calibrated. Here we report a modern geochemical data set from three hypoxic sites within the Santa Barbara Basin (SBB), USA, where we study the response of Mn/Caforam in the benthic foraminifer Nonionella stella to variations in sedimentary redox conditions (Mn, Fe) and bottom‐water dissolved [O2]. We combine molecular species identification by small subunit rDNA sequencing with morphological characterization and assign the SBB N. stella used here to a new phylotype (T6). Synchrotron‐based scanning X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) show low Mn incorporation (partition coefficient DMn < 0.05) and limited proxy sensitivity of N. stella, at least within the range of dissolved [O2] (2.7–9.6 μmol/l) and Mnpore‐water gradients (2.12–21.59 μmol/l). Notably, even though intra‐ and interspecimen Mn/Ca variability (33% and 58%, respectively) was only partially controlled by the environment, Mn/Caforam significantly correlated with both pore‐water Mn and bottom‐water [O2]. However, the prevalent suboxic bottom‐water conditions and limited dissolved [O2] range complicate the interpretation of trace‐elemental trends. Additional work involving other oxygenation proxies and samples from a wider oxygen gradient should be pursued to further develop foraminiferal Mn/Ca as an indicator for hypoxic conditions.
Surviving on the Periphery of a City of Earthquakes
Authors: Basilio Humberto
Published: October 2021

Mexico City is one of the most disaster-prone urban areas in the world. Following an earthquake, marginalized communities living on the city’s periphery are exposed to more dangers than just collapsing buildings.
Machine Learning Uncovers Aerosol Size Information From Chemistry and Meteorology to Quantify Potential Cloud‐Forming Particles
Authors: Nair Arshad Arjunan , Yu Fangqun , Campuzano‐Jost Pedro , DeMott Paul J. , Levin Ezra J. T. , Jimenez Jose L. , Peischl Jeff , Pollack Ilana B. , Fredrickson Carley D. , Beyersdorf Andreas J. , Nault Benjamin A. , Park Minsu , Yum Seong Soo , Palm Brett B. , Xu Lu , Bourgeois Ilann , Anderson Bruce E. , Nenes Athanasios , Ziemba Luke D. , Moore Richard H. , Lee Taehyoung , Park Taehyun , Thompson Chelsea R. , Flocke Frank , Huey Lewis Gregory , Kim Michelle J. , Peng Qiaoyun
Published: October 2021

Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) are mediators of aerosol‐cloud interactions, which contribute to the largest uncertainty in climate change prediction. Here, we present a machine learning (ML)/artificial intelligence (AI) model that quantifies CCN from model‐simulated aerosol composition, atmospheric trace gas, and meteorological variables. Comprehensive multi‐campaign airborne measurements, covering varied physicochemical regimes in the troposphere, confirm the validity of and help probe the inner workings of this ML model: revealing for the first time that different ranges of atmospheric aerosol composition and mass correspond to distinct aerosol number size distributions. ML extracts this information, important for accurate quantification of CCN, additionally from both chemistry and meteorology. This can provide a physicochemically explainable, computationally efficient, robust ML pathway in global climate models that only resolve aerosol composition; potentially mitigating the uncertainty of effective radiative forcing due to aerosol‐cloud interactions (ERFaci) and improving confidence in assessment of anthropogenic contributions and climate change projections.
Electromagnetic Characteristics of Upward Leader Initiated From the Canton Tower: A Comparison With Rocket‐Triggered Lightning
Authors: Fan Yanfeng , Lyu Weitao , Lu Gaopeng , Wu Bin , Qi Qi , Zhang Yang , Ma Ying , Lyu Fanchao , Chen Lyuwen
Published: October 2021

By using the synchronous observation data obtained at the Tall‐Object Lightning Observatory in Guangzhou (TOLOG) of 2019, the electromagnetic characteristics of upward positive leader (UPL) ascending from the 600‐m high Canton Tower are examined, and are compared with the magnetic field (B‐field) radiation of UPL in rocket‐triggered lightning. Before the inception of sustained UPL, small electric field (E‐field) pulses are superposed on the fast E‐field changes. The timescale of B‐field pulses corresponding to the E‐field pulses ranges from 5 to 9 μs, and the inter‐pulse interval is about 30 μs, which are both similar to the B‐field pulses associated with the precursors of rocket‐triggered lightning. Measurements show that the precursor‐like stage is likely common for upward lightning initiated from the Canton Tower. Moreover, the UPL channel of tower‐initiated upward lightning extends significantly in the first several ms with the initial average two‐dimensional (2‐D) velocity of 8.77 × 105 m/s (3‐D velocity of 11.0 × 105 m/s), which is one order of magnitude faster than the UPL initiated from the wire tip of rocket‐triggered lightning, indicating that initiation of UPL from Canton Tower benefits from a substantial E‐field enhancement of nearby lightning discharges. However, this favorable condition is rapidly consumed during the UPL development, causing the average 2‐D velocity of UPL to decrease rapidly and maintain at about 0.5 × 105 m/s. It is noted that the variation in the 2‐D speed of sustained UPL differs from tower‐initiated upward lightning reported in the literature, which is possibly associated with the physical and geometric properties of the tower.
Controlling Factors of Historical Variation of Winter Tibetan Plateau Snow Cover Revealed by Large‐Ensemble Experiments
Authors: Li Shixue , Sato Tomonori , Nakamura Tetsu , Liu Xiaoyue , Guo Wenkai
Published: October 2021

This study investigated the factors controlling the interannual variability of Tibetan Plateau snow cover (TPSC) in winter using large‐ensemble simulations. Composite analysis reveals that years with high TPSC are associated with a positive Arctic Oscillation (AO)‐like pattern in which a strengthened subtropical westerly enhances zonal water vapor flux, resulting in greater precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau. Observations and simulations commonly show that TPSC tends to be high during the positive phase of AO, and vice versa. Meanwhile, the magnitude of the contribution of tropical sea surface temperature (SST) to TPSC is different based on observations and simulations. Observations indicate that TPSC is insensitive to El Niño/La Niña events, whereas the simulated ensemble mean TPSC is correlated strongly with Niño 3.4 SST index. In El Niño years, higher specific humidity and more numerous synoptic disturbances are found around the Tibetan Plateau. As several ensemble members show features close to those observed, the observed insensitivity of TPSC to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events is considered attributable to the limited sample size of the observations. This is corroborated in the analysis for a relatively short period, in which the observed TPSC is sensitive to ENSO. Comparison of the results of the historical simulations with those of the simulations without warming suggests that global warming has reduced the snow‐to‐rain ratio over the Tibetan Plateau, which is compensated by the overall increase in precipitation. Consequently, the impact of global warming on TPSC was negligibly weak until the 2000s.
Quasi‐2‐Day and Diurnal Cloud Variation Timescales Over Convectively Active Regions
Authors: Yu Hungjui , Rasmussen Kristen L. , Kuo Hung‐Chi
Published: October 2021

Climatological features of the cloud variability on quasi‐2‐day (Q2D) and diurnal cycle (DC) timescales are investigated by utilizing the high‐resolution satellite infrared brightness temperature (IRBT) observations from January 1998 to December 2019. A distinct land‐sea contrast between the distributions of Q2D and DC signals is evident. Diurnally driven cloud activity mainly occurs over land and mountainous regions, and the Q2D timescale is more prominent over tropical ocean basins and land where organized convection is usually observed, for example, Congo and Amazon Rainforests, the United States and subtropical South America during warm seasons. The long‐term relationship between the Q2D variability and sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the clouds are more active on Q2D timescales over higher SST environments. The Q2D variability correlates well with both the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) from 1998 to 2019. The cloud variability associated with a range of convective available potential energy (CAPE) values is analyzed. The result over land shows that increased Q2D cloud variability emerges with higher CAPE, suggesting the coincidence of Q2D and organized convection, particularly given that this effect is strongest over regions with frequent mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) around the world. The cloud variability and the Q2D timescale analyses provide an alternative perspective to understand the global features of mesoscale convective systems. Overall, this study objectively examines the global variability of convective timescales related to the diurnal cycle and longer‐lived convective systems to provide a greater understanding of how the global convection population varies in space and time.
VinCaP: a phase II trial of vinflunine in locally advanced and metastatic squamous carcinoma of the penis
Authors: Nicholson Steve , Tovey Holly , Elliott Tony , Burnett Stephanie M. , Cruickshank Clare , Bahl Amit , Kirkbride Peter , Mitra Anita V. , Thomson Alastair H. , Vasudev Naveen , Venugopal Balaji , Slade Rachel , Tregellas Lucy , Morgan Bruno , Hassall Alison , Hall Emma , Pickering Lisa M.
Published: October 2021

Background

We investigated the first-line activity of vinflunine in patients with penis cancer. Cisplatin-based combinations are commonly used, but survival is not prolonged; many patients are unfit for such treatment or experience toxicity that outweighs clinical benefit.

Methods

Twenty-five patients with inoperable squamous carcinoma of the penis were recruited to a single-arm, Fleming–A’Hern exact phase II trial. Treatment comprised 4 cycles of vinflunine 320 mg/m2, given every 21 days. Primary endpoint was clinical benefit rate (CBR: objective responses plus stable disease) assessed after 4 cycles. Seven or more objective responses or disease stabilisations observed in 22 evaluable participants would exclude a CBR of <15%, with a true CBR of >40% being probable.

Results

Twenty-two participants were evaluable. Ten objective responses or disease stabilisations were confirmed. CBR was 45.5%, meeting the primary endpoint; partial response rate was 27.3%. Seven patients received >4 cycles of vinflunine. Dose reduction or treatment delay was required for 20% of cycles. In all, 68% of patients experienced at least one grade 3 adverse event. Two deaths on treatment were not caused by disease progression.

Conclusions

Pre-specified clinical activity threshold was exceeded. Toxicity was in keeping with experience in other tumours. Vinflunine merits further study in this disease.

Trial registration

NCT02057913.
A functional and self-assembling octyl-phosphonium-tagged esculetin as an effective siRNA delivery agent
Authors: Shaikh Altab , Neeli Praveen Kumar , Singuru Gajalakshmi , Panangipalli Sravya , Banerjee Rajkumar , Maddi Sridhar Reddy , Thennati Rajamannar , Bathula Surendar Reddy , Kotamraju Srigiridhar
Published: October 2021

Herein, we describe the self-assembling ability of an amphiphilic phosphonium cationic lipid to form nanoparticles and deliver MnSOD siRNA into MDA-MB-231 cells.
Easy synthesis of imidazo[1,5-a]indol-3-ones through Rh(iii)-catalyzed C–H allenylation/annulation
Authors: Zhu Bin , Yao Zhenyu , Huang Lang , Cui Xiuling
Published: October 2021

A highly efficient and regioselective synthesis of imidazo[1,5-a]indol-3-ones has been developed via a sequential C–H allenylation/annulation starting from easily available N-methoxycarbamoyl indoles and propargyl alcohols, in which the propargyl alcohols served as a C1 synthon.
Nitrous oxide as a diazo transfer reagent: the synthesis of triazolopyridines
Authors: Landman Iris R. , Fadaei-Tirani Farzaneh , Severin Kay
Published: October 2021

Nitrous oxide (N2O, ‘laughing gas’) can be used as diazo transfer reagent for the synthesis of triazolopyridines.
2-(Chlorodiisopropylsilyl)-6-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl triflate: a modified platform for intramolecular benzyne cycloadditions
Authors: Tawatari Tsukasa , Takasu Kiyosei , Takikawa Hiroshi
Published: October 2021

2-(Chlorodiisopropylsilyl)-6-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl triflate has been developed as a novel platform for expanding the utility of the intramolecular cycloaddition of benzyne.
Reaction mechanism and dynamics for C8-hydroxylation of 9-methylguanine radical cation by water molecules
Authors: Zhou Wenjing , Liu Jianbo
Published: October 2021

In contrast to their spontaneous deprotonation in aqueous solution, reactions of guanine and guanosine radical cations with water in the gas phase are exclusively initiated by hydration of the radical cations which may lead to the formation of C8-hydroxyl derivatives.
Improved methods for high-precision Pb–Pb dating of extra-terrestrial materials
Authors: Connelly J. N. , Bollard J. , Costa M. M. , Vermeesch P. , Bizzarro M.
Published: October 2021

Schematic drawing of the device used in the refined stepwise dissolution method presented in the paper.
Investigation of NH3absorption by protic imidazolium thiocyanate-based deep eutectic solvents with multiple binding sites and low viscosity
Authors: Zhou Ziyue , Li Ke , Zong Kai , Deng Xiaoxia , Deng Dongshun
Published: October 2021

Protic [Im][SCN]-based DESs with multiple binding sites and low viscosity for NH3capture and separation are reported.
A novel Dy3+-activated single-phase white light-emitting phosphor for solid-state lighting
Authors: Kuang Meng , Li Junhao , Zhang Jinjun , Ding Jianhong , Zhang Ziwang , Huang Kangrong , Yang Nan , Zhang Ziheng , Yang Mingming , Ni Haiyong
Published: October 2021

The doping of Dy3+ in the SCB host is capable of producing blue, yellow and red emissions, and therefore, SCB:Dy3+ can serve as a single-phase white-light-emitting phosphor for solid state lighting.
A machine learning approach using frequency descriptor for molecular property predictions
Authors: Chen Jialu , Xu Wenjun , Zhang Ruiqin
Published: October 2021

Vibrational frequencies were used to achieve chemical accuracy with 3% data by Δ-machine learning.
Higher expression of proline dehydrogenase altered mitochondrial function and increased Trypanosoma cruzi differentiation in vitro and in the insect vector
Authors: Mantilla Brian S. , Paes-Vieira Lisvane , de Almeida Dias Felipe , Calderano Simone G. , Elias Maria Carolina , Cosentino-Gomes Daniela , Oliveira Pedro L. , Meyer-Fernandes José Roberto , Silber Ariel M.
Published: October 2021

The pathogenic protist Trypanosoma cruzi uses kissing bugs as invertebrate hosts that vectorize the infection among mammals. This parasite oxidizes proline to glutamate through two enzymatic steps and one nonenzymatic step. In insect vectors, T. cruzi differentiates from a noninfective replicating form to nonproliferative infective forms. Proline sustains this differentiation, but to date, a link between proline metabolism and differentiation has not been established. In T. cruzi, the enzymatic steps of the proline-glutamate oxidation pathway are catalyzed exclusively by the mitochondrial enzymes proline dehydrogenase [TcPRODH, EC: 1.5.5.2] and Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase [TcP5CDH, EC: 1.2.1.88]. Both enzymatic steps produce reducing equivalents that are able to directly feed the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) and thus produce ATP. In this study, we demonstrate the contribution of each enzyme of the proline-glutamate pathway to ATP production. In addition, we show that parasites overexpressing these enzymes produce increased levels of H2O2, but only those overexpressing TcP5CDH produce increased levels of superoxide anion. We show that parasites overexpressing TcPRODH, but not parasites overexpressing TcP5CDH, exhibit a higher rate of differentiation into metacyclic trypomastigotes in vitro. Finally, insect hosts infected with parasites overexpressing TcPRODH showed a diminished parasitic load but a higher percent of metacyclic trypomastigotes, when compared with controls. Our data show that parasites overexpressing both, PRODH and P5CDH had increased mitochondrial functions that orchestrated different oxygen signaling, resulting in different outcomes in relation to the efficiency of parasitic differentiation in the invertebrate host.
The dynamics of mitochondrial autophagy at the initiation stage
Authors: Ktistakis Nicholas T.
Published: October 2021

The pathway of mitochondrial-specific autophagy (mitophagy, defined here as the specific elimination of mitochondria following distinct mitochondrial injuries or developmental/metabolic alterations) is important in health and disease. This review will be focussed on the earliest steps of the pathway concerning the mechanisms and requirements for initiating autophagosome formation on a mitochondrial target. More specifically, and in view of the fact that we understand the basic mechanism of non-selective autophagy and are beginning to reshape this knowledge towards the pathways of selective autophagy, two aspects of mitophagy will be covered: (i) How does a machinery normally working in association with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to make an autophagosome can also do so at a site distinct from the ER such as on the surface of the targeted cargo? and (ii) how does the machinery deal with cargo of multiple sizes?
The Variability in Potential Biomarkers for Cochlear Synaptopathy After Recreational Noise Exposure
Authors: Maele Tine Vande , Keshishzadeh Sarineh , Poortere Nele De , Dhooge Ingeborg , Keppler Hannah , Verhulst Sarah
Published: October 2021

Purpose:

Speech-in-noise tests and suprathreshold auditory evoked potentials are promising biomarkers to diagnose cochlear synaptopathy (CS) in humans. This study investigated whether these biomarkers changed after recreational noise exposure.

Method:

The baseline auditory status of 19 normal-hearing young adults was analyzed using questionnaires, pure-tone audiometry, speech audiometry, and auditory evoked potentials. Nineteen subjects attended a music festival and completed the same tests again at Day 1, Day 3, and Day 5 after the music festival.

Results:

No significant relations were found between lifetime noise-exposure history and the hearing tests. Changes in biomarkers from the first session to the follow-up sessions were nonsignificant, except for speech audiometry, which showed a significant learning effect (performance improvement).

Conclusions:

Despite the individual variability in prefestival biomarkers, we did not observe changes related to the noise-exposure dose caused by the attended event. This can indicate the absence of noise exposure–driven CS in the study cohort, or reflect that biomarkers were not sensitive enough to detect mild CS. Future research should include a more diverse study cohort, dosimetry, and results from test–retest reliability studies to provide more insight into the relationship between recreational noise exposure and CS.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.16821283
Clinical relevance of intradermal test results in atopic dogs
Authors: Mallmann Stefanie , Klinger Christoph J. , Claßen Janine , Wagner Iris , Klima Andre , Castelletti Noemi , Müller Ralf S.
Published: October 2021

Topic and aims Canine atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory and pruritic skin disease and in most cases associated with IgE antibodies against environmental allergens. To date, the only causative therapeutic option is allergen immunotherapy (AIT). Offending allergens for AIT can be identified by intradermal testing (IDT) or serum allergen-specific IgE testing. The aim of the study was to evaluate positive IDT results considering the atopic dogs’ clinical history.

Material and methods An IDT was performed on 48 atopic dogs and their owners completed a detailed questionnaire about the seasonal course of their pruritus. Results of IDT were correlated with the seasonal occurrence of pruritus.

Results The most common positive IDT reactions were observed to mite allergens (33.3–62.5 %). Prevalence of positive reactions to individual tree, grass and weed pollen ranged between 8.3 % and 25 %. Moulds and epithelial allergens produced positive reactions in only 0–6.3 %. A correlation between positive IDT reactions and course of pruritus could neither be found for perennial nor for seasonal allergens.

Conclusion The evaluation of IDT reactions may not be an optimal method for identification of clinically relevant allergens in canine AD.

Clinical relevance The results of this study emphasise the importance of considering clinical history in addition to allergy test results in the formulation of an allergen extract for desensitisation.
Schienen und Tapes nach Sportverletzungen der Hand
Authors: Jourdan Joanna , Meyer Nora
Published: October 2021

Aktive Nachbehandlung, Ruhigstellung oder OP: Sportverletzungen können
auf verschiedenen Wegen behandelt werden. Der Artikel stellt Behandlungen
typischer Sportverletzungen der Finger vor. Die Autoren zeigen, wie Tapes
helfen, wann eine thermoplastische Schiene das Mittel der Wahl ist und ob
Sportler*innen präventiv tätig werden
können.
Frequency of synchronous malignant liver lesions initially detected by ultrasound in patients with newly diagnosed underlying non-hematologic malignant disease: a retrospective study in 434 patients
Authors: Safai Zadeh Ehsan , Baumgarten Martin Axel , Dietrich Christoph F. , Görg Christian , Neesse Albrecht , Trenker Corinna , Alhyari Amjad
Published: October 2021

Introduction This study described the frequency of malignant synchronous focal liver lesions (FLLs) in patients with newly diagnosed non-hematologic malignant disease.

Methods From June 2013 to January 2017, 434 patients with synchronous FLLs and newly diagnosed underlying malignant disease were included in the study. The diagnosis of the FLLs was made by histology and/or contrast-enhanced imaging. The final medical report was used for analysis in the study.

Results Of the 434 liver lesions, 258 (59.4%) were malignant and 176 (40.6%) benign. All malignant lesions were metastases. The benign liver lesions were comprised of 93 cysts (21.4%), 52 hemangiomas (12.0%), 20 focal fatty sparing (4.6%), 4 focal nodular hyperplasia (0.9%), 3 unspecified benign lesions (0.7%), 2 regenerative nodules (0.5%), 1 calcification (0.2%), and 1 adenoma (0.2%). Diseases with the highest percentage frequency of synchronous malignant FLLs were cholangiocarcinoma with 86.7%, neuroendocrine tumor with 72.7%, and pancreatic carcinoma with 72.0%. Gastric carcinoma (33.3%), breast carcinoma (44.4%), and urothelial cell carcinoma (45.5%) were the diseases with the lowest percentage frequency of synchronous malignant FLLs.

Conclusion In total, the frequency of malignant synchronous FLLs in newly diagnosed non-hematologic malignant disease was 59.4%. In particular, cholangiocarcinoma, neuroendocrine tumor, and pancreatic carcinoma were the diseases with the highest rate of synchronous malignant FLLs.
Enantioselective Construction of Multi-Nitrogen-Containing Spirocycles: Asymmetric [3+2] Annulation of 4-Isothiocyanato­pyrazolones with Azodicarboxylates
Authors: Wang Baomin , Wei Shiqiang , Wang Wenyao , Xue Aiqi , Nawaz Shah , Qu Jingping
Published: October 2021

The 4-isothiocyanatopyrazolones were exploited as a class of efficient synthons for the construction of triazoline derivatives via asymmetric [3+2] annulation with azodicarboxylates, providing a wide range of structurally diverse multi-nitrogen-containing spirocycles in excellent yields (up to 97%) with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 97% ee).
Correlation and Prediction of Oxygen Index from Oxygen Saturation Index in Neonates with Acute Respiratory Failure
Authors: Maneenil Gunlawadee , Premprat Nutchana , Janjindamai Waricha , Dissaneevate Supaporn , Phatigomet Manapat , Thatrimontrichai Anucha
Published: October 2021

Objective The aim of this article was to evaluate the correlation between the oxygen index (OI) and the oxygen saturation index (OSI, measured by pulse oximetry and noninvasively) in neonates with acute respiratory failure and to predict the OI from the OSI.

Study Design A retrospective cohort study was conducted in neonates requiring invasive mechanical ventilation who had arterial blood gas between 2018 and 2019 at a neonatal intensive care unit. The correlation between OI and OSI was analyzed by using the Pearson correlation coefficient.

Results A total of 636 measurements from 68 neonates (35 preterm and 33 terms) were recruited into the study. There was a strong correlation between the OI and the OSI (r = 0.90) in all neonates. The correlation between the OI and the OSI in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, congenital cyanotic heart disease, and other causes of respiratory failure also showed a strong correlation (r = 0.88, 0.93, and 0.88, respectively). The correlation was strong in neonates with an oxygen saturation less than 85% (r = 0.88), those with oxygen saturation ranging from 85 to 95% (r = 0.87), and also in preterm and term infants (gestational age < 28, 28 − 34, 34 − 36, and ≥37 weeks, r = 0.87, 0.92, 0.89, and 0.90, respectively). There were strong accuracy measures of the OI for OI cutoffs of 5, 10, 15, and 20 (area under the curve > 0.85). The equation relating the OI and OSI was represented by: OI = (2.3 × OSI) – 4.

Conclusion The OSI has a strong correlation with the OI, is a reliable assessor of the severity of respiratory failure in neonates without arterial sampling, and has high accuracy when the OI is less than 40.

Key Points
Prediction of Distance Running Performances of Female Runners Using
Nomograms
Authors: Lerebourg Lucie , Guignard Brice , Racil Ghazi , Jlid Mohamed Chedly , Held Eric , Coquart Jeremy Bernard
Published: October 2021

This study examined the validity, precision and accuracy of the predictions of
distance running performances in female runners from three nomograms. Official
rankings of French women for the 3000-m, 5000-m, and 10 000-m
track-running events from 2005 to 2019 were examined. Only female runners who
performed in the three distance events within the same year were included
(n=158). Each performance over any distance was predicted using the
three nomograms from the two other performances. The 3000-m, 5000-m and
10 000-m performances were 11min17 s±1min20 s, 19min29
s±2min20 s, 41min18 s±5min7 s, respectively. No difference was
found between the actual and predicted running performances regardless of the
nomogram (p>0.05). All predicted running performances were significantly
correlated with the actual ones, with a very high correlation coefficient
(p<0.001; r>0.90). Bias and 95% limits of agreement were
acceptable because, whatever the nomogram, they were less than or equal to
− 0.0±6.2% on the 3000-m,
0.0±3.7% on the 5000-m, and 0.1±9.3% on the
10 000-m. The study confirms the validity of the three nomograms to
predict track-running performance with a high level of accuracy. The predictions
from these nomograms are similar and may be used in training programs and
competitions.
Mononuclear carbonyl anion complexes of groups IV and V metals
Authors: Lei Shu-jun , Zhou Yang-yu , Jin Xiao-yang , Wang Guan-jun , Zhou Ming-fei
Published: October 2021

The anionic carbonyl complexes of groups IV and V metals TM(CO)6,7(TM=Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta) are prepared in the gas phase using a laser vaporation-supersonic expansion ion source. The infrared spectra of TM(CO)6,7− anion complexes in the carbonyl stretching frequency region are measured by mass-selected infrared photodissociation spectroscopy. The six-coordinated TM(CO)6− anions are determined to be the coordination saturate complexes for both the group IV and group V metals. The TM(CO)6− complexes of group IV metals (TM = Ti, Zr, Hf) are 17-electron complexes having a 2A1g ground state with D3d symmetry, while the TM(CO)6− complexes of group V metals (TM = V, Nb, Ta) are 18-electron species with a closed-shell singlet ground state possessing Oh symmetry. The energy decomposition analyses indicate that the metal-CO covalent bonding is dominated by TM−(d) → (CO)6 π-backdonation and TM−(d) ← (CO)6 σ-donation interactions.
Ion storage mechanism ofδ-MnO2 as supercapacitor cathode in multi-ion aqueous electrolyte: Experimental and theoretical analysis
Authors: Wan Jing , Gu Xiao , Ji Peiyuan , Li Jien , Lu Junlin , Luo Shuang , Li Bangxing , Huang Li , He Mingquan , Hu Chenguo
Published: October 2021

The ion storage mechanism and ion concentration play crucial roles in determining the electrochemical energy storage performances of multi-ion-based batteries and/or capacitors. Here, we take δ-MnO2-A2SO4 (A = Li, Na, K) as an example system to explore the physical and chemical mechanisms related to electrochemical energy storage using experimental analysis and first-principles calculations. Among the studied systems, superior capacitance performance is found in δ-MnO2-Li2SO4 due to excellent mobility (migration barrier 0.168 eV) of lithium ions. Better cycling stability appears in δ-MnO2-K2SO4, which is attributed to larger adsorption energy (−0.655 eV) between potassium ions and δ-MnO2. Moreover, compared with a pure Li2SO4 electrolyte, our calculations suggest that incorporation of moderate Na2SO4 or K2SO4 into the Li2SO4 electrolyte could considerably elongate the cycling lifetime. Overdose of Na+ or K+ is, however, adverse to the capacitance performance as verified by our experiments. We argue that the dominance role of Na+ or K+ ions played in the hybrid electrolyte originates from the larger formation enthalpy and adsorption energy of Na+ or K+ when reacting with δ-MnO2 compared with those of Li+. Our findings suggest that understanding of the ion storage mechanism can provide useful clues for searching the proper ion concentration ratio, which takes advantages of individual ions in multi-ion-based δ-MnO2 electrochemical energy storage devices.
Cavity coupled plasmonic resonator enhanced infrared detectors
Authors: Zhou Jing , Deng Jie , Shi Mengdie , Chu Zeshi , Li Haowen , Dong Rui , Chen Xiaoshuang
Published: October 2021

Plasmonic structures have been widely employed to manipulate the light coupling of infrared detectors to enhance sensitivity and achieve multidimensional light field recognition. Recently, cavity coupled plasmonic resonators as an improved version of plasmonic light coupling structures have received much attention. A variety of ordinary plasmonic structure integrated infrared detectors and cavity coupled plasmonic resonator integrated infrared detectors are reviewed. Compared with ordinary plasmonic structures, cavity coupled plasmonic resonators are more effective in adjusting the light in-coupling efficiency, local field polarization, and light absorption competition, which is beneficial to performance enhancement in infrared detectors. Several features of cavity coupled plasmonic resonator integrated infrared detectors, including deep subwavelength light concentration with high efficiency, Ohmic loss suppression, high-contrast polarization discrimination, are discussed. As a brief outlook, cavity coupled plasmonic resonators for infrared detectors are expected to have optical-electrical joint functions, be compatible with focal plane array technology, and have new features stemming from innovative combinations of different kinds of cavities and plasmonic structures.
Extension of Babinet's principle for plasmonic metasurfaces
Authors: Ortiz J. D. , del Risco J. P. , Baena J. D. , Marqués R.
Published: October 2021

Babinet's principle is widely applied in optics and has been useful for designing metasurfaces with dual behavior. Although this principle can be rigorously demonstrated for infinitely thin perfect conducting screens, it is not exact for any real screen. In fact, metals used in plasmonic metasurfaces are far from good conductors, and the thickness of samples is not negligible in comparison with the typical size of the patterned structure. In this paper, we propose an extension of Babinet's principle valid for plasmonic metasurfaces by redefining the concept of complementary screens and finding impedance relations between such screens that ultimately leads to a simple relation between the transmission matrices of two complementary plasmonic metasurfaces. The theory is valid under the assumptions of the electroquasistatic approximation and plane waves in the far field. It may find applications in the design of optical plasmonic metasurfaces, nanocircuits, and nanoantennas.
Sn-based quasi-two-dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskite for high-performance photodetectors
Authors: Yang Yi , Zhang Huafang , Hou Sumin , Wang Tao , Chen Weizhen , Xian Siyi , Zhang Zhenlong , Mao Yanli
Published: October 2021

Quasi-two-dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskite materials have attracted extensive attention in the field of optoelectronic devices owing to their unique photoelectric properties. However, lead toxicity greatly hinders their practical applications. Using environmentally friendly elements to substitute lead is an effective solution, but even worse stability and photoelectric performance pose a great challenge for further device fabrication. Here, high-performance lead-free photodetectors (PDs) are developed based on a BA2FAn-1SnnI3n+1 (n = 1, 2) film via a one-step spin coating method. The films could be stable for two to three hours in ambient conditions. The devices show the dark current of 2.1 × 10−9 (n = 1) and 2.6 × 10−9 A (n = 2), the on/off ratio of 458 (n = 1) and 1108 (n = 2), and the detectivity of 1.46 × 1013 (n = 1) and 6.23 × 1012 Jones (n = 2), which were outstanding in the reported Sn-based PDs. The excellent performance is attributed to the low Sn4+ self-doping realized by adding Sn powder and SnF2 in a precursor solution in the synthesis process and the high-performance optoelectronic properties of FA-based perovskite. This study demonstrates that BA2FAn-1SnnI3n+1 is a promising material for photovoltaic devices.
Picosecond excited-state lifetimes of protonated indazole and benzimidazole: The role of the N–N bond
Authors: Marlton Samuel J. P. , McKinnon Benjamin I. , Greißel Phillip , Shiels Oisin J. , Ucur Boris , Trevitt Adam J.
Published: October 2021

Certain chemical groups give rise to characteristic excited-state deactivation mechanisms. Here, we target the role of a protonated N–N chemical group in the excited-state deactivation of protonated indazole by comparison to its isomer that lacks this group, protonated benzimidazole. Gas-phase protonated indazole and protonated benzimidazole ions are investigated at room temperature using picosecond laser pump–probe photodissociation experiments in a linear ion-trap. Excited state lifetimes are measured across a range of pump energies (4.0–5.4 eV). The 1ππ* lifetimes of protonated indazole range from 390 ± 70 ps using 4.0 eV pump energy to ≤18 ps using 4.6 eV pump energy. The 1ππ* lifetimes of protonated benzimidazole are systematically longer, ranging from 3700 ± 1100 ps at 4.6 eV pump energy to 400 ± 200 ps at 5.4 eV. Based on these experimental results and accompanying quantum chemical calculations and potential energy surfaces, the shorter lifetimes of protonated indazole are attributed to πσ* state mediated elongation of the protonated N–N bond.
Oviposition preferences of the native budworm,
Authors: Bawa Samuel A. , Gregg Peter C. , Del Socorro Alice P. , Miller Cara , Andrew Nigel R.
Published: October 2021

The native budworm, Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren), is an important economic insect pest of cotton and other crops. It is widely distributed in Australia and has been recorded on a range of host plants including native, non-crop hosts in inland regions. To date, there are few records of its occurrence on plants with the C4 photosynthetic pathway. Here, we assessed the oviposition preferences of H. punctigera for naturally occurring C3 and C4 plants under glasshouse conditions, to establish their potential as hosts. We conducted bioassays on two C4 plants, saltbushes Atriplex nummularia Lindl. and Atriplex vesicaria Heward ex Benth.; and two C3 plants, legumes Medicago polymorpha L. (burr medic) and Cullen cinereum (Lindl.) J.W.Grimes (annual verbine). The two C4 plants attract egg laying in the field; however, C3 plants are the preferred hosts. Ovipositing females showed a preference for the C3 over the C4 plants but oviposition occurred on both. Of the C4 plants, females preferred to oviposit on A. nummularia (77%) over A. vesicaria (24%) in both a multi- and two-choice test. In addition, ovipositing females preferred the upper leaf surface of A. nummularia (68%) and the under leaf surface of A. vesicaria (64%) as their oviposition site. Our findings suggest that under field conditions, when C4 plants such as saltbushes grow near C3 plants, as occurs in inland regions, the C4 plants could receive eggs along with the C3 plants, enabling the initial stages of larval recruitment to occur in C3 plants.