bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Quine Hector
Published: November 2023

When everything that can be said about technique has been said (and this book makes no claim to being exhaustive), the ultimate aim must be to forget about technique altogether, and just to play. While performing, making music should occupy all the thoughts and emotions; the technical detail which has been worked at through many hours of preparation must now be excluded. In any case, by then it is far too late to effect any changes or improvements!

The ‘technically flawless’ performance, like the genuine ‘authentic’ one, will, for the vast majority of guitarists, remain forever an unattainable ideal, but real commitment to the music and a wish to communicate its message are within the reach of all players, and will give far more pleasure to player and audience alike than any amount of virtuosic ‘fireworks’.
Mutants Affecting Water Relations and Mineral Nutrition
Authors: King John
Published: November 2023

Many plant functions depend on the properties of water and on the mineral ions dissolved in it. The first topics to be dealt with, therefore, have been chosen to illustrate ways in which mutants have been used to study how modifications to the plant can affect plant-water-mineral ion relations.
Children’s Health and Welfare
Authors: Tuttle William M
Published: November 2023

In July 1944 Life magazine documented the tragedy befalling scores of children in North Carolina. The cause was infantile paralysis, or polio. Afflicted children brought in from small towns and backwoods in the state were overflowing the isolation ward in Charlotte Memorial Hospital. Perhaps the most evocative photograph in the Life article showed an older boy carrying his sick brother away from the hospital. The little boy had polio, but the hospital had space “only for serious cases.”
Age, Culture, and History
Authors: Tuttle William M
Published: November 2023

Human Development, as well as social change, often proceeds in fits and starts. Sometimes it is linear, sometimes orderly. Frequently, however, its movement reflects the chaos of its major elements-age, culture, and history-which are constantly shifting and realigning. For this reason, it is clear that historians and social scientists need each other. Historians understand the nature of social change, including the significance of culture, but they generally fail to recognize that social change has differential effects based on whether children, adolescents, or adults are affected. Psychologists fall into the other trap; they value age as the most significant variable, while discounting the other variables.
Frege on Demonstratives
Authors: Perry John
Published: November 2023

In “The Thought,” Frege briefly discusses sentences containing such demonstratives as “today,” “here,” and “yesterday,” and then turns to certain questions that he says are raised by the occurrence of “I” in sentences (1918/1967, 24-26). He is led to say that, when one thinks about oneself, one grasps thoughts that others cannot grasp, that cannot be communicated. Nothing could be more out of the spirit of Frege’s account of sense and thought than an incommunicable, private thought. Demonstratives seem to have posed a severe difficulty for Frege’s philosophy of language, to which his doctrine of incommunicable senses was a reaction.
Castaneda on He and I
Authors: Perry John
Published: November 2023

In a series of thoughtful, original, and thought-provoking papers published in the late 1960s, HectorNeri Castaneda brought forcefully to the attention of analytical philosophers the importance of indexicals and demonstratives in thought and in descriptions of thought (1966, 1967a, 1968, 1968a). Castaneda put forward a theory to deal with these phenomena; in this paper I explain and criticize basic parts of his original theory, restricting myself to issues associated with the first person.
Perception, Action, and the Structure of Believing
Authors: Perry John
Published: November 2023

Psychology has its beginning in ethological observation, Grice says. Systematic philosophical psychology appropriately enough has its beginning in ethological fiction, Grice’s Toby and his fellow squarrels (1975). Toby and the other squarrels often gobble nuts in front of them, particularly after doing without nuts for some time. The theoretical apparatus we use to describe this in an explanatorily promising way allows us to say such things as Toby prehends nuts as in front of him and Toby judges on nuts in front, for squarrel food. Appeal to certain laws or near-laws then allows the explanation of Toby’s gobbling. Prehending is a type of protoperception, and judging a type of protobelief. Prehending nuts as in front of him and judging on nut.s in front, for squarrel food are states instantiated at different times, in front of different nuts; by different squarrels; gobbling is a type of act, similarly instantiated by different squarrels at different times; when successful, different nuts are gobbled. Thus the laws relate (proto) perceptual states, (proto) belief states, and types of action.
The Prince and the Phone Booth: Reporting Puzzling Beliefs (with Mark Crimmins)
Authors: Perry John
Published: November 2023

In Mark Twain’s The Prince and The Pauper, Tom Canty and Edward Tudor decide to change lives for a day, but fate intervenes, and the exchange goes on for a considerable period of time. The whole story turns on what people believe and do not believe about the two boys; and an intelligent reader, unexposed to recent philosophy of language and mind, could probably describe the key facts of the story with some confidence.
A Plea for Fictional Histories and Old-Time ‘Jewesses”
Authors: Cagidemetrio Alide
Published: November 2023

Was the Face of the Earth vacant of other Plants, it might be gradually sowed and overspread with one kind only; as, for Instance with Fennel; and were it empty of other Inhabitants, it might in a few Ages be replenish’d from one Nation only; as, for Instance, with Englishmen.
Deviant Girls and Dissatisfied Women: A Sociologist’s Tale
Authors: Cappetii Carla
Published: November 2023

My past ... seems very remote to me. The changes in ways of life have recently been so great as to separate all of us from our early years profoundly, and in my case this separation seems to be more profound because I was born in an isolated region of Old Virginia, 20 miles from the railroad in a social environment resembling that of the 18th century, and I consequently feel that I have lived in three centuries, migrating gradually toward the higher cultural areas.
Blood in the Marketplace: The Business of Family in the Godfather Narratives
Authors: Ferraro Thomas J
Published: November 2023

Giorgio introduces me to his friend Piero Paco, hero of the Italo­ American breach into American literature. He looks like a massive gangster but turns out to be a plain, nice guy with a lot of folksy stories and no complexes. He doesn’t feel guilty about blacks, doesn’t care about elevating ltalo-American prestige. He’s no missionary for wops. No gripes about the Establishment. He just decided in the best American way to write a book that would make half a million bucks because he was tired of being ignored.
Conscious Experiences And Subjects Of Consciousness: Six Metaphysical Doctrines
Authors: Unger Peter
Published: November 2023

Each of us is, in fact, a complex physical being, occupying a region of space for a period of time. For one of us to survive into the future, there must be, in fact, significant physical continuity, from now until that future time, of whatever physically realizes, from now until then, that person’s basic dispositional psychology. We are not purely subjective, transcendental beings that might have much better prospects for indefinitely great future existence. Nor are we even immaterial souls that might be quite immune from eventual physical deterioration and decay.
Physically Based Subjects And Their Experiences: Against The Six Metaphysical Doctrines
Authors: Unger Peter
Published: November 2023

The best approach to our survival, I have been arguing, is one that is based on, or inspired by, the physical approach. For some of those who are philosophically most sensitive, however, all of this may have proceeded too fast. They may agree that, with mere ships, for instance, our conventions really are needed to discriminate them, one from the other and, indeed, each from the rest of the world. And this is how it is, too, they may agree, with ever so many other sorts of ordinary things: rocks, mountains, planets, bushes, brains, and so on.
Fission And The Focus Of One’S Life
Authors: Unger Peter
Published: November 2023

Especially through consideration of their middle ranges, many fine-grained spectra of cases can show us that, even in the prudential use of the term, what matters in survival sometimes comes apart from our survival itself. In the literature, there is a second main way of showing, or attempting to show, that the two sometimes come apart: These are the various sorts of branching cases, especially certain cases of fission. In the present chapter, we will focus on some of these cases and, inspired by them, on some new branching cases. Even if not before, now we can properly study these examples.
Mending Bodies, Saving Souls
Authors: Risse Guenter B
Published: November 2023

By chronicling the transformations of hospitals from houses of mercy to tools for confinement, from dwellings of rehabilitation to spaces for clinical teaching and research, from rooms for birthing and dying to institutions of science and technology, this book provides a historical approach to understanding of today’s hospitals. The story is told in a dozen episodes which illustrate hospitals in particular times and places, covering important themes and developments in the history of medicine and therapeutics, from ancient Greece to the era of AIDS. This book furnishes a unique insight into the world of meanings and emotions associated with hospital life and patient hood by including narratives by both patients and care givers. By conceiving of hospitals as houses of order capable of taming the chaos associated with suffering, illness, and death, we can better understand the significance of their ritualized routines and rules. From their beginnings, hospitals were places of spiritual and physical recovery. They should continue to respond to all human needs. As traditional testimonials to human empathy and benevolence, hospitals must endure as spaces of healing.
Could an Economist Take the Hippocratic Oath?
Authors: Menzel Paul T
Published: November 2023

In the best of all possible worlds both economic efficiency and commitment to the individual patient would govern the delivery of medical care. In the real world the conflict between these two factors is increasingly disrupting the health professions.
Measuring Quality of Life
Authors: Menzel Paul T
Published: November 2023

Giving up on any life because of expense is tough, but explicitly selecting some people to live and others not to live is morally even tougher. Yet unless we are going to spend the resources to do everything possible in medicine, selecting some people in and others out is as inevitable as life and death itself. A controversial view in health economics states that the goal of health services should be to create as many years of healthy life as possible. The basis for this view is simply the attractive, innocent-sounding assumption that for all alike a year of healthy life is equally valuable.
Raising Transplants
Authors: Menzel Paul T
Published: November 2023

In 1983, Jamie Fisk and Brandon Hall both grabbed the nation’s heart when biliary atresia left them stranded at infancy. Their parents and their pictures pleaded for the right new livers out there somewhere. Also that year a dying mother of four in Michigan found a match, but Medicaid officials refused to pay the more than $150,000 her liver transplant would have cost. They called the procedure experimental, though then and now that label hardly settles the issue. Liver transplant numbers may be small (roughly 200 in 1984, growing rapidly to more than 900 by 1986), but the new immunosuppressant drug cyclosporin has raised the one-year survival rate of this lifesaving procedure to more than 70 percent.
From Flies to Molecules: Physiological Genetics During the Morgan Era
Authors: Kay Lily E
Published: November 2023

Jack Schultz’s work constituted probably the earliest linkages between genetics, physiology, and the physicochemical studies of proteins and nucleic acids. When Schultz announced his interest in the biochemistry and physiology of heredity during the late 1920s, his ideas floated in the margins of American genetics. “Doing genetics” meant primarily Mendelian analyses. “I am very sorry to have given you the impression that I have lost my interest in genetics,” Schultz had to defend his position to T. H. Morgan in 1929 to salvage his research plans at Caltech. “This is far from the case. My primary interest is in genetic problems, and it is with them that I have been chiefly engaged in the last two years. My concern with general physiology, and in particular with the chemistry of pigments and enzymes, has been directly inspired by the reasoning and results of the genetic analysis. ”
Spoils of War: lmmunochemistry and Serological Genetics, 1940-1945
Authors: Kay Lily E
Published: November 2023

Immunology was traditionally tied to medical research and clinical practice. Medically trained immunologists shared little common scientific vocabulary with geneticists or with researchers in the botanical and zoological traditions. Intellectual links between the sciences of immunity and heredity were weak during the early 1930s. Immunology therefore had not been an active interest of the Rockefeller Foundation’s natural sciences division, nor did it seem to have a useful function within the medically divorced biology program at Caltech. Thus when Pauling and Sturtevant submitted an application to the Rockefeller Foundation in 1940 for support of immunology-immunochemistry and serological genetics—their plans represented a surprising departure from the molecular biology program as initially formulated at the Rockefeller Foundation and at Caltech. From 1940 until the mid-1950s, immunology (the biology and chemistry of antibodies) became a common research area for the chemistry and biology divisions. Though consistently omitted from the historical constructions of both immunology and molecular biology, this program in immunochemistry and serological genetics comprised a principal chapter in the study of the biological and chemical specificities of the “giant protein molecules,” a key project within the cognitive structure of the molecular biology program.
Molecular Empire (1946-1953)
Authors: Kay Lily E
Published: November 2023

During the decade after World War II, through the partnership of Beadle and Pauling and the implementations of the “magnificent plan,” Caltech became the leading edge of the nascent discipline of molecular biology. Virus research occupied a strategic position within these plans: It defined fundamental researches in genetics, microbiology, and biophysics; and by legitimizing the claims to medical utility it was well positioned to attract private and federal support. Thus one of Beadle’s first steps upon assuming the chairmanship of the biology division in 1946 was to offer the German physicist Max Delbriick, now at Vanderbilt University, a professorship in biology. “You know our plans for the future development of physical and chemical biology at the Institute,” Beadle wrote. “We need you as a key member of a team that will further elaborate them as well as carry them out.”
Lasers and Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry: Applications with a YAG Laser
Authors: Chiarelli M Paul , Gross Michael L
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to describe some applications of lasers coupled with Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS). The chapter will be centered on applications of the neodymium: YAG laser because it produces radiation in the near infrared (1064 nm) and the output frequency can be readily multiplied, affording not only IR and UV-VIS resonant desorption but also multiphoton ionization. Other reviews, broader in scope, were recently published, and they describe the basic principles of FTMS operation and other applications.
Laser Photodissociation on a Tandem Quadrupole Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometer
Authors: Shabanowitz Jeffrey , Hunt Donald F
Published: November 2023

Fourier transform mass spectrometers have tremendous potential for the analysis of large biomolecules because ( l) they record the masses of all ions in the spectrum simultaneously and sample is not continuously consumed during the time needed to generate a mass spectrum, (2) they function as ion storage devices that permit accumulation of ions produced in low abundance from small amounts of sample, (3) they facilitate direct analysis of mixtures by using ion ejection techniques, and (4) they appear to be ideally suited for laser photodissociation experiments.
Two-Color Threshold Photoionization Spectroscopy of Polyatomic Molecules and Clusters
Authors: Hager James W , Wallace Stephen C
Published: November 2023

In spite of the importance of ion chemistry in determining the outcome of microscopic and macroscopic molecular dynamics, much less is known about the properties of ions in general, and polyatomic ions in particular, than their neutral counterparts.
Multidimensional, Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry for Characterizing Environmental and Biological Samples for Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Weeks Stephan , D’Silva Arthur P , Dobson Roy L M
Published: November 2023

Analysis of environmental samples for polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) is the proverbial tip of the iceberg. These compounds are ubiquitous. The potential human health hazard of some PACs, such as the infamous benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), as mutagens and carcinogens is well established.1 Common wisdom dictates the development of analytical methods that allow studies determining the sources of these potential carcinogenic compounds, their transport in the environment, and, finally, the metabolism to their ultimate carcinogenic form.
The Science of Sensibility
Authors: Kitcher Patricia
Published: November 2023

“The science of all principles of sensibility a priori, I call transcendental aesthetic” (A21/B35, amended translation). This introduction leaves no doubt about the subject matter of the Transcendental Aesthetic. Its doctrines concern sensibility, one of the two fundamental faculties required for knowledge, just as the doctrines of the Transcendental Analytic concern understanding, the second fundamental faculty. Every beginning student of Kant is taught this fact, sometimes through appeal to the analogy of colored spectacles. After class, however, Kantians do not seem to accept the basic point about the Aesthetic that they dutifully impart to students. Few recent discussions make any but fleeting references to the Aesthetic ‘s science of sensibility.
Manufacturing You Into A Personage: Hawthorne, the Canon, and the Institutionalization of American Literature
Authors: Brodhead Richard H
Published: November 2023

IT 1s A LITTLE OF A WONDER how many things Melville managed to get wrong about Hawthorne during the time of their close connection. Melville was wrong, to start with, about Hawthorne’s social disposition. The writer he made out as a solitary traveller, available for the alternative intimacies of fellow outsiders-”Ah! it’s a long stage, with no inn in sight, and night coming, and the body cold. But with you for a passenger, I am content and can be happy”-was in fact the most perfectly domestic of all American writers, the one most devoted to the family as the scene of fulfilling relation (Hawthorne’s famous reserve, it could be argued, is a sign not of a general social disability but of his reserving of full intimacy for the home); and Hawthorne was never more intensely or contentedly absorbed in family life than he was in his Berkshire years.
Late Hawthorne, Or The Woes Of The Immortals
Authors: Brodhead Richard H
Published: November 2023

DIFFERENT LITERARY FORMS have been associated, at different moments of literary history, with different sorts of career trajectories and patterns of normal production. The pattern for the novel in the nineteenth century is easy to name: this is the time of what Henry James calls “the great army of constant producers.” The authors who dominated this genre Scott, Balzac, Dickens, Thackeray, Trollope, Daudet, Zola, and the rest wrote not just novels but shelves of them. The form of authorship they define is strongly associated with the production of new works at regular intervals, continued over a long span of years.
The Modernization Of Tradition
Authors: Brodhead Richard H
Published: November 2023

AT ONE POINT in Moby-Dick Melville asks: “Does the Whale’s Magnitude Diminish?-Will He Perish?” His brave answer is that such reductions are unthinkable; but from a later point in environmental history we know that his confidence was misplaced. If we vary the question to ask whether the literary giants diminish, the ready answer would be like Melville’s: that these figures are in a different class from punier creatures; a class exempt from the ravages of time. But for authors no more than for whales can the imposing stature possessed at one moment guarantee that they will survive in that form to another.
Rhetor and Eiron: Plato”s Defense of Dialogue
Authors: Swearingen C Jan
Published: November 2023

At the base of the genre lies the Socratic notion of the dialogic nature of truth, and the dialogic nature of human thinking about truth. The dialogic means of seeking truth is counterposed to official monologism, which pretends to possess a ready-made truth. Truth is not born nor is it to be found inside the head of an individual person, it is born between people collectively searching for truth, in the process of their dialogic interaction.
The Classical Model
Authors: Cooke Roger M
Published: November 2023

The classical model constructs a weighted combination of expert probability assessments. The weights are based on the theory of proper scoring rules as described in Chapter 9, and reward good calibration and low entropy (or equivalently, high information) with calibration playing a dominant role. The designation “classical” derives from a close relation between calibration scoring and hypothesis testing in classical statistics. The variables assessed may be uncertain quantities with a discrete or continuous range of possible values.
Future Directions
Authors: Lauffenburger Douglas A , Linderman Jennifer J
Published: November 2023

Recalling the intent we outlined in Chapter 1, to build a bridge between cell biology and engineering in the area of cell receptor phenomena, we recognize that this book provides only a beginning. In offering a framework for analysis of the effects of receptor and ligand properties on cell responses, we have tried to integrate the influence of these properties through the various levels involved in behavioral responses: binding, trafficking, signaling, and interaction with other cell components. Yet, for the most part, the specific modeling efforts we have discussed have been limited in the number of levels combined in any given example. None really put together detailed description of events in all these four areas to generate predictions of resulting cell function. Further, we have not identified any body of work to date on relating receptor signaling to gene regulation processes, so this important level of response has been present only implicitly at best.
Persons and Projects
Authors: Lomasky Loren E
Published: November 2023

Concern for basic rights is concern for the individualism they express. We would not be inclined to recognize rights were it not for the conviction that individuals genuinely are owed some measure of sovereignty over their own lives, that a person’s life is deficient unless it is directed by his own will. Self-direction as an essential component of human good is one postulate of an ethic with an individualistic core. It is not the only postulate, however; a person’s path to perdition can be one he consciously and deliberately chooses for himself. Perhaps Socrates is persuasive in arguing that the person who so chooses must lack some element of knowledge concerning the badness of the condition toward which he guides himself, but lack of omniscience is the common human condition, not a myopia that blinds a wretched few. At any rate, there is no reason to think that self-direction is incompatible with ignorance, viciousness, bad luck, or any of the numerous other shortcomings that can debilitate a life. Not all goods come wrapped together in one package.
The Derivation of Basic Rights
Authors: Lomasky Loren E
Published: November 2023

The ends to which project pursuers can commit themselves are extraordinarily diverse. Precisely because of that diversity, because there is no one common good to which all other goods are subsidiary, the prospect of an ethic binding on all has seemed to be in jeopardy. Morality claims to be generally binding on actors, but how can that claim possibly be substantiated unless all have reason to adhere to its dictates? It has been argued that what A has reason to advance is E1, that what B has reason to advance is E2• . . , and therefore that what counts as a good reason for A can decisively lack that status for B. Bogged down in this plethora of divergent and frequently competing rational motivations for action, it may seem impossible that anything that can be characterized as a common morality could emerge. At most, it seems, one might be able to chart the trajectories of prudential considerations that bear on each project pursuer as they flit their way across each other’s path.
Property Rights Within a Liberal Order
Authors: Lomasky Loren E
Published: November 2023

A liberal order adequate to the interest individuals have in being able to live as project pursuers places a moral premium on noninterference. Traditional civil liberties descend as a corollary of this postulate. Freedom of speech and assembly, in conjunction with an unconstrained press, is conducive to individuals’ articulation of their conceptions of the good, for attempts to enlist the cooperation of others in ends which are rendered attainable or enhanced through joint efforts, to secure access to information that bears instrumentally on one’s pursuit of designs, and to secure entry into a forum through which one’s conception of a good can be modified in the open air of unconstrained conversation. Freedom of religion directly attaches to one major area within which individuals seek to construct meaningful lives through commitment to regulative ends.
At the Margin
Authors: Lomasky Loren E
Published: November 2023

Whatever difficulties there are in developing an account of the rights possessed by paradigmatic project pursuers-and they are many--only multiply when gaze is shifted to beings that bear some affinity to project pursuers yet differ from them in significant ways. Are these marginal beings to be counted as in or out? And if they are, in some ways, members of the moral community, is it a full, unrestricted membership that they possess, or are they less-than-maximal members? A theory of basic rights can be adequate even if it fails to settle all such issues with respect to all such beings. One possibility that needs to be confronted is that there simply is no one correct answer to some of these queries. Whether beings of a certain sort possess rights may be undetermined by moral theory. Finer and finer analyses will yield diminishing-and, eventually, no-returns. The upshot will be that under one set of social conditions it is reasonable or even mandatory to accord rights to beings of that kind while in another setting there is no good basis for taking them to possess rights.
Chemical Systems Approach to German Cockroach Control
Authors: Koehler Philip G , Patterson Richard S , Owens John M
Published: November 2023

A wide variety of chemicals, formulations and application methods should be considered for integration into a German cockroach control program. Programs utilizing insecticides must be carefully planned and implemented in order to achieve the highest degree of German cockroach suppression with the least amount of pesticide exposure to the applicator and residents (Bennett et al. 1988, Knipling 1979). The continual use of a single chemical and formulation in a German cockroach control program can lead to the evolution of insecticide resistance and, often, undesirable human exposure due to repeated, excessive applications of ineffective pesticides (Anon. 1974b, Cochran 1987b). A chemical systems approach to German cockroach control relies on the rational integration of several methods and techniques to successfully manage populations, with chemical insecticides being the primary direct control method available for practical and effective use (Brown and Pal 1971, Cochran 1982, Cochran 1990b, Cornwell 1976). Modern German cockroach control evolved about forty years ago with the widespread use of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. These insecticides, such as chlordane and dieldrin, were so potent when applied at relatively low dosages, that German cockroach populations were virtually eliminated following a single application to the baseboards of a house (Cochran 1982). Many pest control operators and homeowners remember the days when the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides were diluted (forming an emulsion) in a hand-held compressed air sprayer and applied to walls, baseboards, furniture and kitchen cabinets of houses, apartments and restaurants to suppress German cockroach populations. With the evolution of resistance to DDT, chlordane and other chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphate insecticides were substituted for chlorinated hydrocarbons; however, the concept of single treatments and sole reliance on
Introduction
Authors: Double Richard
Published: November 2023

The ideas of free will and moral responsibility play a deep and central role in the· way that we view ourselves. Because of this, almost all of the great figures in Western philosophy have addressed free will and moral responsibility, most of them attempting to vindicate these beliefs. In recent years, the importance of freedom and responsibility have been well documented. The belief that we often act freely and are at those times morally responsible for our behavior is an integral constituent of the Manifest Image of Man, the view of ourselves and the world that we hold before we entertain the postulation of theoretical entities that constitutes the Scientific Image (Sellars, 1963, Chapter 1). The belief that persons are capable of moral responsibility and deserve moral consideration comprises (along with the logically prior intentional stance) the pesonal stance that we take toward each other (Dennett, 1978, Chapter 12). This personal attitude is characterized by “reactive attitudes” such as gratitude and resentment, which stand in distinction to the “objective” attitude that we take toward beings that we believe are not endowed with free will (Strawson, 1962; Nagel, 1986). The capacity for free will has been alleged to be a criterion for distinguishing persons from non-persons (Frankfurt, 1971). And in law, besides the obvious issue of retributive justice, the ideas of free will and moral responsibility provide the moral rationale for legal responsibility.
A Compatibilist Account of Free Will
Authors: Double Richard
Published: November 2023

Abstract I begin by examining the hierarchical accounts of free will provided by Frankfurt and Watson, which can be viewed as improvements of the classical compatibilist views of Hobbes, Locke, and Hume. The hierarchical views are shown to face several serious objections. I divide these into what I call local and global challenges and then show how to answer them. First, I distinguish between those challenges that a compatibilist account must meet and those illegitimate challenges that it may safely ignore. This will make the compatibilist’s task somewhat more manage¬ able. Next, I argue that the compatibilist needs to produce a hierarchical account that makes stringent demands on the cognitive capabilities of free agents. Such a view, which I call the autonomy variable account, is couched in terms of five factors that I call autonomy variables.
Free Will as an Exemplar Concept
Authors: Double Richard
Published: November 2023

Abstract The argument of Part I of this book was designed to present a compatibilist view of free will and moral responsibility that is internally consistent and able to stand up to some important incompatibilist objections. Although I believe that the autonomy account is largely successful on that score, I do not believe that it is ultimately acceptable. Compatibilism plays to only some of our intuitions regarding free will. There remain several issues over which the application of free will is simply irresolvable. These issues include: (1) whether persons must meet the normative requirements of free will; (2) whether bribes ever reduce our freedom; (3) whether we are made unfree by forces that strongly influence, without absolutely dictating, our choices; and (4) whether being free requires feeling free. In addition, I reconsider the debate from Chapter 2 between the compatibilists and incompatibilists over the internalistic construal of free will, which I argued is required by compatibilism.
Troubles with Libertarianism
Authors: Double Richard
Published: November 2023

Abstract The argument of Part II so far has been that no account of free will can succeed, not even the compatibilist account of Part I. But there are, no doubt, readers who believe that libertarianism, or maybe libertarianism supplemented with some rationality constraints, can vindicate the notion of free will. So, it is to libertarianism that I turn directly. In this chapter, I argue that a libertarian conception of free will must satisfy the three conditions of the ability-to-choose-otherwise, control, and rationality, interpreted as dual abilities. I then look at two broad classes of libertarian theories, Nonvalerian theories that satisfy the first condition at the expense of the other two, and Valerian theories, none of which does better than compatibilist theories at satisfying the dual abilities. My conclusion is that the deep reason why no libertarian view can satisfy all three conditions is that the conditions are logically incompatible. Hence, libertarianism, despite its intuitive appeal, turns out to be incoherent, although it captures enough of the way we feel about freedom to rule out compatibilism. I conclude by suggesting that libertarianism has no resources of its own for dealing with rationality objections and must help itself to something like the compatibilist’s account from Part I, which we have already seen reason to reject.
Conclusion
Authors: Double Richard
Published: November 2023

Abstract In this book, I have tried to show that there can be no such thing as free will and, hence, that both compatibilists and incompatibilists are mistaken. The incompatibilist argues that in a deep sense being free is incompatible with determinism, and, hence, if anyone is free in this sense, then determinism is false. The compatibilist argues that people can be deeply free within a deterministic universe, despite the fact that their ability to choose otherwise is only hypothetical. My view is that although both of these positions derive considerable strength from the way that we think about freedom, they are both wrong because there is no deep sense of “free will” to be explicated. Although one can conceive of many varieties of freedom, there can be no single, deep sort of free will to be found. The argument is the same regarding moral responsibility. There is no more profound sense of “moral responsibility” than ‘caused-by-your-character¬ responsibility,’ which, although different from mere causal responsibility, does not closely resemble what philosophers mean by “moral responsibility.”
Light Hypotheses
Authors: Achinstein Peter
Published: November 2023

At the beginning of the nineteenth century Thomas Young published papers that defended the wave theory of light against the Newtonian particle theory. Following this there occurred a lengthy and sometimes heated dispute be tween particle theorists and wave theorists which, it is alleged, stemmed from deep divisions over scientific methodology. Particle theorists, it is said, particularly British ones, used the method of induction whereas wave theorists employed the antithetical method of hypothesis.
Scientific Discovery and Maxwell’s Kinetic Theory
Authors: Achinstein Peter
Published: November 2023

For the hypothetico-deductivist the initial proposing of a new hypothesis or theory in the “context of discovery,” by contrast to its testing in the “context of justification,” is a nonrational event. It involves a guess or conjecture, that may have a variety of causes, but not an inference subject to logical analysis. Since N. R. Hanson’s revival in the 1950s of Peirce’s account of retroduction, this h-d view has become much less popular than it once was. Using as an example James Clerk Maxwell’s early kinetic theory, I want to argue that there is an important element of truth in what h-d theorists say about the context of discovery.
On The Human Will’S Contribution To Moral Actions
Authors: Carr Craig L
Published: November 2023

Since the most wise Creator wished to make man a law-governed animal, He instilled into his soul a will as a sort of internal directress of his actions. This allows him, by means of an internal principle not dependent on any physical necessity, to pursue and select among the familiar objects before him those he judges to be most suited to himself and, on the other hand, to avoid those that seem not to agree with him. Now, there are two faculties, as it were, through which the will is conceived to exert itself concerning human actions: Through one of them it is understood to act spontaneously, through the other freely.
On The Norm Of Moral Actions, Or, On Law In General
Authors: Carr Craig L
Published: November 2023

1. Next we must examine that moral norm or law [lex] by which moral actions are to be measured, and whose consistency or inconsistency with them determines their special qualities. Before all else here, law must be carefully distinguished from advice, pact, and right, from those things, namely, whose partial resemblance to law leads some people to confuse them with it.
On The Origin Of Dominion
Authors: Carr Craig L
Published: November 2023

It was due to another principle, however, that this faculty of humankind over things began to have an effect in relation to other men (for no ownership of men should be opposed to the most eminent right of God ), or that dominion (through which a thing belongs to one person and not to another) came about from this indefinite right. We must, before dealing with it, preface that ownership and communion are moral qualities that do not physically and intrinsically affect things themselves but produce only a moral effect in relation to other men, and that these qualities-like the rest of this sort-refer their birth back to imposition. Hence it is foolish to ask whether ownership of things is by nature or, indeed, the result of institution. For it is obvious that it arises from the imposition of men, and that whether ownership is added to or withdrawn from things, their physical substance experiences no change.
On Occupancy
Authors: Carr Craig L
Published: November 2023

Our next task is to examine the ways in which dominion is acquired. These, following Grotius, are appropriately divided into original and derivative. The former are those by which ownership is initially introduced into some thing, the latter those by which dominion already established passes from one man to another. The original manner of acquisition is in tum either simply a way of initially acquiring dominion over some thing, or secondarily, a way by which what is already ours is some-how increased.
On The Forms Of Commonwealths
Authors: Carr Craig L
Published: November 2023

Supreme sovereignty, which is found in every state as in a common subject, produces different forms of commonwealths according to its inherence, as in a proper subject, in one man or one council consisting of either a few or all the citizens. (We think here, first of all, that we may still avail ourselves of the word ‘form’ in order to express that condition of states resulting from the different subjects in which the supreme sovereignty fundamentally inheres.)
On The Sanctity Of Supreme Civil Sovereignty
Authors: Carr Craig L
Published: November 2023

Just as supreme civil sovereignty was established for the safety of human-kind and to take away the infinite miseries of the natural state, so it is in human-kind’s greatest interest that everyone consider it sacrosanct and inviolable No sensible person doubts, at any rate, that it is wrong to resist sovereigns so long as they stay within the limits of their authority. For it is apparent from the end and character of sovereignty that there should necessarily be conjoined with it an obligation not to resist, that is, to obey without reluctance by doing or omitting that which it enjoins.
On the supreme civil sovereignty’s authority to determine The value of citizens
Authors: Carr Craig L
Published: November 2023

There are also certain foundations outside the state, in natural freedom, on the basis of which one person can be deservedly preferred to another. Yet since it depends on a pact or a determination of the civil sovereignty whether these foundations furnish someone with a right, it seems most appropriate at this point to set forth the general substance of the distinctions among men according to their esteem. For esteem is the value of persons in communal life according to which they can be equated or compared with others, and ranked before or after them.
“On a Certain Blindness”: Henry James and the Politics of Cultural Response
Authors: Posnock Ross
Published: November 2023

“I hate American simplicity. I glory in the piling up of complications of every sort. If I could pronounce the name of James in any different or more elaborate way I should be in favor of doing so” (Letters 4: xxxi). The touch of bravado in James’s avowal to his niece reminds us of his delight in complexity itself as a source of the “fun” to which art “all comes back to” (A11 345). At other times James spoke of being “accursedly born to touch nothing save to complicate it.” James’s passion for difficulty-the only thing “at bottom ... that interests me”-is obvious to any reader. Less clear is what his commitment to “complications of every sort” means in a Protestant culture of “simplicity,” one that “affords little room for the cultivation of ambiguity,” as sociologist Donald Levine has observed. Recently he has argued that although a “flight from ambiguity characterizes the culture of most modern societies ... in the United States this tendency has been manifest to an exceptional degree” (37).
“The Religion of Doing”: Breaking the Aura of Henry James
Authors: Posnock Ross
Published: November 2023

I take the opening pages of The American Scene as a kind of Proustian teacup: from them springs into being a Henry James who will be at the center of our attention, a “restored absentee” risking “exposure” and a “certain recklessness.” Upon his record of impressions he resolves “to stand naked and unashamed,” even willing to “go to the stake for them.” Like some voluntary Hester Prynne on the scaffold or some Whitman tramping a perpetual journey, this Henry James stages his own spectacle of public vulnerability. He relishes walking the teeming streets of New York, riding the “denselypacked street-cars,” feeling “the whole quality and allure ... of the pushing male crowd,” mingling with the “polyglot” vistors to Central Park and the “great swarming” life of the “New Jerusalem” on the Lower East Side (Scene 126, 83, 177, 131).
Some Remarks On The Genealogy Of Morals
Authors: Danto Arthur C
Published: November 2023

The third essay of the three which compose The Genealogy of Morals is, according to Nietzsche’s preface to the work, a gloss on its prefixed aphorism, which reads: “Unconcerned, mocking, violent-thus wisdom wants us: She is a woman, and always loves only a warrior.” What sort of warrior is unconcerned? One, I suppose, for whom the means is an end, for whom warmaking is not so much what you do but what you are, so that it is not a matter of warring for, but as, an end. There is, he tell us in the first essay “no being behind doing … the ‘doer’ is merely a fiction added to the deed.” So the unconcerned warrior is perhaps best exemplified by the great archer Arjuna, in the Bhagavad Gita, instructed by Krishna that unconcern for consequences, hence disinterested participation in the battle, is the path to follow if release is sought from karma: it is not desisting from action, which is in any case impossible as much for the Gita as for Nietzsche, but a certain enlightened view of the metaphysics of action, which wisdom loves.
Sex Crimes in the Press: A Recent History
Authors: Benedict Helen
Published: November 2023

Violent crimes have been the meat and potatoes of daily American newspapers since the mid-18oos. It was then that the penny presses first produced their lurid accounts of violence and murder and it was then, in 1833, that the first crime beat was established by a newspaper, the New York Sun. Once the popularity of crime stories was discovered, the press quickly began to prefer violent crimes to all other types ofnews. Until the 1930s, however, sex crimes were written about rel­atively little, with one glaring exception-when they occurred as the supposed reason for a lynching.
The Jogger and the Wolfpack: The 1989-1990 Central Park jogger Case
Authors: Benedict Helen
Published: November 2023

In April 1g89, the most gruesome of all the 1g8os sex crimes to hit the national headlines occurred in New York’s Central Park: The victim was a white woman in her late twenties, wealthy, well-educated, up-and-coming, an investment banker, and a jogger. The suspects were a gang of black and Hispanic teenage boys roving the park at night looking for trouble. Not since Kitty Genovese had a case hit the conscience of New York so hard.
Introduction
Authors: Neiman Susan
Published: November 2023

How should we explain the fact that no full-length study has been devoted to Kant’s conception of reason? Perhaps it is due to the suggestion, furthered by Kant himself, that the subject of his critique of reason is one of magnitude: its guiding question is, How much can reason accomplish? This suggests that Kant accepted a notion of reason that was given by his predecessors while simply being more cautious than they had been in determining its powers. This book will argue, instead, that a fundamental aim of the Critical Philosophy is to reconceive the nature of reason. The basis of Kant’s reconception is his insistence upon the unity of theoretical and practical reason. The route to that conception is the denial that the rational is, or is centrally concerned with, the cognitive.
Philosophical Preliminaries
Authors: Darden Lindley
Published: November 2023

This book will discuss three types of strategies for theory change: strategies for producing new ideas, strategies for theory assessment, and strategies for anomaly resolution. This briefly discusses some of the previous work relevant to each type of strategy, makes clearer the goals of this analysis, and introduces some of the terminology to be used. The final section of the introduces a diagrammatic representation of stages in theory construction that will be refined as the analysis proceeds.
Tests of Segregation
Authors: Darden Lindley
Published: November 2023

This discusses challenges to the Mendelian theoretical components of segregation, also called “purity of the gametes.” That hybrids form germ cells of two types, each pure with respect to one or the other of paired, alternative parental characters, was the central new claim of Mendelism in 1900. Testing the generality of segregation and forming hypotheses to account for exceptions were major activities of Mendelians, especially between 1900 and 1910, but continuing until about 1920.