bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fodder Biomass Monitoring in Sahelian Rangelands Using Phenological Metrics from FAPAR Time Series
Authors: Diouf Abdoul , Brandt Martin , Verger Aleixandre , Jarroudi Moussa , Djaby Bakary , Fensholt Rasmus , Ndione Jacques , Tychon Bernard
Published: July 2015

Timely monitoring of plant biomass is critical for the management of forage resources in Sahelian rangelands. The estimation of annual biomass production in the Sahel is based on a simple relationship between satellite annual Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and in situ biomass data. This study proposes a new methodology using multi-linear models between phenological metrics from the SPOT-VEGETATION time series of Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) and in situ biomass. A model with three variables—large seasonal integral (LINTG), length of growing season, and end of season decreasing rate—performed best (MAE = 605 kg·DM/ha; R2 = 0.68) across Sahelian ecosystems in Senegal (data for the period 1999–2013). A model with annual maximum (PEAK) and start date of season showed similar performances (MAE = 625 kg·DM/ha; R2 = 0.64), allowing a timely estimation of forage availability. The subdivision of the study area in ecoregions increased overall accuracy (MAE = 489.21 kg·DM/ha; R2 = 0.77), indicating that a relation between metrics and ecosystem properties exists. LINTG was the main explanatory variable for woody rangelands with high leaf biomass, whereas for areas dominated by herbaceous vegetation, it was the PEAK metric. The proposed approach outperformed the established biomass NDVI-based product (MAE = 818 kg·DM/ha and R2 = 0.51) and should improve the operational monitoring of forage resources in Sahelian rangelands.
Detection of Convective Initiation Using Meteorological Imager Onboard Communication, Ocean, and Meteorological Satellite Based on Machine Learning Approaches
Authors: Han Hyangsun , Lee Sanggyun , Im Jungho , Kim Miae , Lee Myong-In , Ahn Myoung , Chung Sung-Rae
Published: July 2015

As convective clouds in Northeast Asia are accompanied by various hazards related with heavy rainfall and thunderstorms, it is very important to detect convective initiation (CI) in the region in order to mitigate damage by such hazards. In this study, a novel approach for CI detection using images from Meteorological Imager (MI), a payload of the Communication, Ocean, and Meteorological Satellite (COMS), was developed by improving the criteria of the interest fields of Rapidly Developing Cumulus Areas (RDCA) derivation algorithm, an official CI detection algorithm for Multi-functional Transport SATellite-2 (MTSAT-2), based on three machine learning approaches—decision trees (DT), random forest (RF), and support vector machines (SVM). CI was defined as clouds within a 16 × 16 km window with the first detection of lightning occurrence at the center. A total of nine interest fields derived from visible, water vapor, and two thermal infrared images of MI obtained 15–75 min before the lightning occurrence were used as input variables for CI detection. RF produced slightly higher performance (probability of detection (POD) of 75.5% and false alarm rate (FAR) of 46.2%) than DT (POD of 70.7% and FAR of 46.6%) for detection of CI caused by migrating frontal cyclones and unstable atmosphere. SVM resulted in relatively poor performance with very high FAR ~83.3%. The averaged lead times of CI detection based on the DT and RF models were 36.8 and 37.7 min, respectively. This implies that CI over Northeast Asia can be forecasted ~30–45 min in advance using COMS MI data.
Incorporating Endmember Variability into Linear Unmixing of Coarse Resolution Imagery: Mapping Large-Scale Impervious Surface Abundance Using a Hierarchically Object-Based Spectral Mixture Analysis
Authors: Deng Chengbin
Published: July 2015

As an important indicator of anthropogenic impacts on the Earth’s surface, it is of great necessity to accurately map large-scale urbanized areas for various science and policy applications. Although spectral mixture analysis (SMA) can provide spatial distribution and quantitative fractions for better representations of urban areas, this technique is rarely explored with 1-km resolution imagery. This is due mainly to the absence of image endmembers associated with the mixed pixel problem. Consequently, as the most profound source of error in SMA, endmember variability has rarely been considered with coarse resolution imagery. These issues can be acute for fractional land cover mapping due to the significant spectral variations of numerous land covers across a large study area. To solve these two problems, a hierarchically object-based SMA (HOBSMA) was developed (1) to extrapolate local endmembers for regional spectral library construction; and (2) to incorporate endmember variability into linear spectral unmixing of MODIS 1-km imagery for large-scale impervious surface abundance mapping. Results show that by integrating spatial constraints from object-based image segments and endmember extrapolation techniques into multiple endmember SMA (MESMA) of coarse resolution imagery, HOBSMA improves the discriminations between urban impervious surfaces and other land covers with well-known spectral confusions (e.g., bare soil and water), and particularly provides satisfactory representations of urban fringe areas and small settlements. HOBSMA yields promising abundance results at the km-level scale with relatively high precision and small bias, which considerably outperforms the traditional simple mixing model and the aggregated MODIS land cover classification product.
NLOS Correction/Exclusion for GNSS Measurement Using RAIM and City Building Models
Authors: Hsu Li-Ta , Gu Yanlei , Kamijo Shunsuke
Published: July 2015

Currently, global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers can provide accurate and reliable positioning service in open-field areas. However, their performance in the downtown areas of cities is still affected by the multipath and none-line-of-sight (NLOS) receptions. This paper proposes a new positioning method using 3D building models and the receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) satellite selection method to achieve satisfactory positioning performance in urban area. The 3D building model uses a ray-tracing technique to simulate the line-of-sight (LOS) and NLOS signal travel distance, which is well-known as pseudorange, between the satellite and receiver. The proposed RAIM fault detection and exclusion (FDE) is able to compare the similarity between the raw pseudorange measurement and the simulated pseudorange. The measurement of the satellite will be excluded if the simulated and raw pseudoranges are inconsistent. Because of the assumption of the single reflection in the ray-tracing technique, an inconsistent case indicates it is a double or multiple reflected NLOS signal. According to the experimental results, the RAIM satellite selection technique can reduce by about 8.4% and 36.2% the positioning solutions with large errors (solutions estimated on the wrong side of the road) for the 3D building model method in the middle and deep urban canyon environment, respectively.
A New Method to Evaluate Surface Defects with an Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer
Authors: Zhang Kang , Yi Pengxing , Li Yahui , Hui Bing , Zhang Xuming
Published: July 2015

Characterizing a surface defect is very crucial in non-destructive testing (NDT). We employ an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) to detect the surface defect of a nonmagnetic material. An appropriate feature that can avoid the interference of the human factor is vital for evaluating the crack quantitatively. Moreover, it can also reduce the influence of other factors, such as the lift-off, during the testing. In this paper, we conduct experiments at various depths of surface cracks in an aluminum plate, and a new feature, lift-off slope (LOS), is put forward for the theoretical and experimental analyses of the lift-off effect on the receiving signals. Besides, by changing the lift-off between the receiving probe and the sample for testing, a new method is adopted to evaluate surface defects with the EMAT. Compared with other features, the theoretical and experimental results show that the feature lift-off slope has many advantages prior to the other features for evaluating the surface defect with the EMAT. This can reduce the lift-off effect of one probe. Meanwhile, it is not essential to measure the signal without defects.
Spatial Modeling of Urban Vegetation and Land Surface Temperature: A Case Study of Beijing
Authors: Huang Chudong , Ye Xinyue
Published: July 2015

The coupling relationship between urban vegetation and land surface temperature (LST) has been heatedly debated in a variety of environmental studies. This paper studies the urban vegetation information and LST by utilizing a series of remote sensing imagery covering the period from 1990 to 2007. Their coupling relationship is analyzed, in order to provide the basis for ecological planning and environment protection. The results show that the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), urban vegetation abundance (UVA) and urban forest abundance (UFA) are negatively correlated with LST, which means that both urban vegetation and urban forest are capable in decreasing LST. The apparent influence of urban vegetation and urban forest on LST varies with the spatial resolution of the imagery, and peaks at the resolutions ranging from 90 m to 120 m.
Effects of Large-Scale Acquisition on Food Insecurity in Sierra Leone
Authors: Yengoh Genesis , Armah Frederick
Published: July 2015

The recent phenomenon of large-scale acquisition of land for a variety of investment purposes has raised deep concerns over the food security, livelihood and socio-economic development of communities in many regions of the developing world. This study set out to investigate the food security outcomes of land acquisitions in northern Sierra Leone. Using a mixture of quantitative and qualitative research methods, the study measures the severity of food insecurity and hunger, compares the situation of food security before and after the onset of operations of a land investing company, analyzes the food security implications of producing own food versus depending on wage labour for household food needs, and evaluates initiatives put in place by the land investing company to mitigate its food insecurity footprint. Results show an increase in the severity of food insecurity and hunger. Household income from agricultural production has fallen. Employment by the land investing company is limited in terms of the number of people it employs relative to the population of communities in which it operates. Also, wages from employment by the company cannot meet the staple food needs of its employees. The programme that has been put in place by the company to mitigate its food insecurity footprint is failing because of a host of reasons that relate to organization and power relations. In conclusion, rural people are better off producing their own food than depending on the corporate structure of land investment companies. Governments should provide an enabling framework to accommodate this food security need, both in land investment operations that are ongoing and in those that are yet to operate.
Determinants of Sustainability and Organisational Effectiveness in Non-Profit Organisations
Authors: Iwu Chux , Kapondoro Lloyd , Twum-Darko Michael , Tengeh Robertson
Published: July 2015

This case study investigates the criteria for organizational effectiveness in non-profit organizations (NPOs) with the aim to determine how the elements of sustainability fit within the criteria. To achieve this, the study utilized the research questions: “what criteria do NPOs use to evaluate their effectiveness?” and “how is sustainability embedded in NPO effectiveness?” The research design was interpretivist, adopting focus group interviews to obtain data. Specifically, two focus group interviews were held with the top management of an NPO which revealed that both financial and non-financial criteria were equally essential for NPO effectiveness. This finding is consistent with the literature, although it contradicts the initial assumption of the study that NPO effectiveness was based more on non-financial criteria than financial criteria. The study also found that the effectiveness of an NPO should be viewed in two ways: firstly, “the full achievement of its mandate” and, secondly, “the ability to run business projects to cover cost.” It also emerged that both the ability to cover costs and the achievement of a mandate should be done in a sustainable manner (a sustainable manner is seen as one that is harmonious with the natural and the socio-political environment). The results of this paper present a practical case for the management of NPOs by reiterating that the full achievement of the NPO mandate and the successful running of social projects to generate funds for sustainability are key elements of effectiveness. Given the essential role that NPOs play in developing countries, this study has provided the foundation for more widespread enquiry into the sustainability and effectiveness of NPOs.
Factors Influencing Compensation Demanded for Environmental Impacts Generated by Different Economic Activities
Authors: Gutiérrez Virna , Cifuentes Luis , Bronfman Nicolás
Published: July 2015

This work advances the understanding of compensation demanded for environmental impacts on atmosphere, lakes and rivers, soil, and ocean generated by mining, urban, fishing and agriculture activities. Our aims are to determine whether compensation demanded depends on the standard variables used in the field of risk perception (as perceived risk, public acceptability and trust in regulating authorities), and to explore whether these relationships depend on the environment affected and on the economic activity generating the impacts. General Linear Models were used to analyze survey responses from 427 citizens of Santiago, Chile. Results showed that compensation demanded depends on perceived risk, acceptability, and on the economic activity, but not on the environment affected. Acceptability depends on trust in authorities, on perceived risk and on the economic activity. Perceived risk depends on trust, the economic activity and the environment affected. Overall, environmental impacts from the mining industry are perceived as riskier, less acceptable, and have a higher compensation demanded than those generated by the other sectors. These results suggest that to achieve sustainable development, regulations should consider not only environmental impacts but also the economic activity originating them.
A First Approach to Natural Thermoventilation of Residential Buildings through Ventilation Chimneys Supplied by Solar Ponds
Authors: Salata Ferdinando , Alippi Chiara , Tarsitano Anna , Golasi Iacopo , Coppi Massimo
Published: July 2015

The exploitation of natural ventilation is a good solution to improve buildings from an energetic point of view and to fulfill the requirements demanded by the thermohygrometric comfort and the air quality in enclosed spaces. Some past researches demonstrated how some devices, useful to this purpose, follow the principles of solar chimneys and are able to move air masses while exploiting the Archimedes thrust. The natural ventilation must be supplied by a flow moving upward, generated by a heat source performing at temperatures slightly higher than the one present in the environment. To have a minimum energetic effect, the heat can be extracted from solar ponds; solar ponds are able to collect and store solar energy in the geographical regions characterized by sufficient values of solar radiation. Thus it is possible, in summer, to provoke a nocturnal natural ventilation useful for the air change in indoor spaces (in those climatic areas where, during the night, there is a temperature gradient).
Energy Optimization of Road Tunnel Lighting Systems
Authors: Salata Ferdinando , Golasi Iacopo , Bovenzi Simone , Vollaro Emanuele , Pagliaro Francesca , Cellucci Lucia , Coppi Massimo , Gugliermetti Franco , Vollaro Andrea
Published: July 2015

A road tunnel is an enclosed and covered infrastructure for the vehicular traffic. Its lighting system provides 24 h of artificial sources only, with a higher amount of electric power used during the day. Due to safety reasons, when there is natural lighting outside the tunnel, the lighting levels in the stretches right after the entrance and before the exit must be high, in order to guide the driver’s eye towards the middle of the tunnel where the luminance must guarantee safe driving, avoid any over-dimensioning of the lighting systems, and produce energy savings. Such effects can be reached not only through the technological advances in the field of artificial lighting sources with high luminous efficiency, but also through new materials for road paving characterized by a higher reflection coefficient than other ordinary asphalts. This case study examines different technical scenarios, analyzing and comparing possible energy and economic savings. Traditional solutions are thus compared with scenarios suggesting the solutions previously mentioned. Special asphalts are interesting from an economic point of view, whereas the high costs of LED sources nowadays represent an obstacle for their implementation.
Topographic Relationship between the Supratrochlear Nerve and Corrugator Supercilii Muscle—Can This Anatomical Knowledge Improve the Response to Botulinum Toxin Injections in Chronic Migraine?
Authors: Lee Hyung-Jin , Choi Kwang-Seok , Won Sung-Yoon , Apinuntrum Prawit , Hu Kyung-Seok , Kim Seong-Taek , Tansatit Tanvaa , Kim Hee-Jin
Published: July 2015

Chronic migraine has been related to the entrapment of the supratrochlear nerve within the corrugator supercilii muscle. Recently, research has shown that people who have undergone botulinum neurotoxin A injection in frontal regions reported disappearance or alleviation of their migraines. There have been numerous anatomical studies conducted on Caucasians revealing possible anatomical problems leading to migraine; on the other hand, relatively few anatomical studies have been conducted on Asians. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the topographic relationship between the supratrochlear nerve and corrugator supercilii muscle in the forehead that may be the cause of migraine. Fifty-eight hemifaces from Korean and Thai cadavers were used for this study. The supratrochlear nerve entered the corrugator supercilii muscle in every case. Type I, in which the supratrochlear nerve emerged separately from the supraorbital nerve at the medial one-third portion of the orbit, was observed in 69% (40/58) of cases. Type II, in which the supratrochlear nerve emerged from the orbit at the same location as the supraorbital nerve, was observed in 31% (18/58) of cases.
Treatment of Chronic Migraine with OnabotulinumtoxinA: Mode of Action, Efficacy and Safety
Authors: Szok Délia , Csáti Anett , Vécsei László , Tajti János
Published: July 2015

Background: Chronic migraine is a common, highly disabling, underdiagnosed and undertreated entity of migraine. It affects 0.9%–2.2% of the general adult population. The present paper overviews the preclinical and clinical data regarding the therapeutic effect of onabotulinumtoxinA in chronic migraineurs. Methods: A literature search was conducted in the database of PubMed up to 20 May 2015 for articles related to the pathomechanism of chronic migraine, the mode of action, and the efficacy, safety and tolerability of onabotulinumtoxinA for the preventive treatment of chronic migraine. Results: The pathomechanism of chronic migraine has not been fully elucidated. The mode of action of onabotulinumtoxinA in the treatment of chronic migraine is suggested to be related to the inhibition of the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P in the trigeminovascular system. Randomized clinical trials demonstrated that long-term onabotulinumtoxinA fixed-site and fixed-dose (155–195 U) intramuscular injection therapy was effective and well tolerated for the prophylactic treatment of chronic migraine. Conclusions: Chronic migraine is a highly devastating entity of migraine. Its exact pathomechanism is unrevealed. Two-third of chronic migraineurs do not receive proper preventive medication. Recent clinical studies revealed that onabotulinumtoxinA was an efficacious and safe treatment for chronic migraine.
Bone Marrow Gene Therapy for HIV/AIDS
Authors: Herrera-Carrillo Elena , Berkhout Ben
Published: July 2015

Bone marrow gene therapy remains an attractive option for treating chronic immunological diseases, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This technology combines the differentiation and expansion capacity of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) with long-term expression of therapeutic transgenes using integrating vectors. In this review we summarize the potential of bone marrow gene therapy for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. A broad range of antiviral strategies are discussed, with a particular focus on RNA-based therapies. The idea is to develop a durable gene therapy that lasts the life span of the infected individual, thus contrasting with daily drug regimens to suppress the virus. Different approaches have been proposed to target either the virus or cellular genes encoding co-factors that support virus replication. Some of these therapies have been tested in clinical trials, providing proof of principle that gene therapy is a safe option for treating HIV/AIDS. In this review several topics are discussed, ranging from the selection of the antiviral molecule and the viral target to the optimal vector system for gene delivery and the setup of appropriate preclinical test systems. The molecular mechanisms used to formulate a cure for HIV infection are described, including the latest antiviral strategies and their therapeutic applications. Finally, a potent combination of anti-HIV genes based on our own research program is described.
Tsv-N1: A Novel DNA Algal Virus that Infects Tetraselmis striata
Authors: Pagarete António , Grébert Théophile , Stepanova Olga , Sandaa Ruth-Anne , Bratbak Gunnar
Published: July 2015

Numbering in excess of 10 million per milliliter of water, it is now undisputed that aquatic viruses are one of the major factors shaping the ecology and evolution of Earth’s microbial world. Nonetheless, environmental viral diversity and roles remain poorly understood. Here we report the first thorough characterization of a virus (designated TsV) that infects the coastal marine microalga Tetraselmis striata. Unlike previously known microalgae-infecting viruses, TsV is a small (60 nm) DNA virus, with a 31 kb genome. From a range of eight different strains belonging to the Chlamydomonadaceae family, TsV was only able to infect T. striata. Gene expression dynamics revealed an up-regulation of viral transcripts already 1 h post-infection (p.i.). First clear signs of infection were observed 24 h p.i., with the appearance of viral factories inside the nucleus. TsV assembly was exclusively nuclear. TsV-N1 genome revealed very different from previously known algae viruses (Phycodnaviridae). Putative function and/or homology could be resolved for only 9 of the 33 ORFs encoded. Among those was a surprising DNA polymerase type Delta (only found in Eukaryotes), and two genes with closest homology to genes from human parasites of the urogenital tract. These results support the idea that the diversity of microalgae viruses goes far beyond the Phycodnaviridae family and leave the door open for future studies on implications of microalgae viruses for human health.
Using the Hepatitis C Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase as a Model to Understand Viral Polymerase Structure, Function and Dynamics
Authors: Sesmero Ester , Thorpe Ian
Published: July 2015

Viral polymerases replicate and transcribe the genomes of several viruses of global health concern such as Hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Ebola virus. For this reason they are key targets for therapies to treat viral infections. Although there is little sequence similarity across the different types of viral polymerases, all of them present a right-hand shape and certain structural motifs that are highly conserved. These features allow their functional properties to be compared, with the goal of broadly applying the knowledge acquired from studying specific viral polymerases to other viral polymerases about which less is known. Here we review the structural and functional properties of the HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5B) in order to understand the fundamental processes underlying the replication of viral genomes. We discuss recent insights into the process by which RNA replication occurs in NS5B as well as the role that conformational changes play in this process.
Nouveaux milieux, nouveaux gibiers, nouveaux chasseurs ? Évolution des pratiques cynégétiques dans les Pyrénées du Tardiglaciaire au début du Postglaciaire
Authors: Philibert Sylvie , Martin Hélène , Galop Didier , Barbaza Michel , Dachary Morgane , Valdeyron Nicolas , Langlais Mathieu , Cazals Nathalie , Laroulandie Véronique , Ferrié Jean-Georges , Cochard David , Costamagno Sandrine
Published: July 2015

The climatic changes which occurred during the Late Glacial and at the beginning of the Post Glacial considerably modified the natural environment of prehistoric populations. For certain authors, these modifications were at the origin of a massive integration of small animals in the diet. In the French Pyrenees and on their borders, broadening diets occur at the end of the Older Dryas. Archaeozoological data coupled with palaeoenvironmental data show that the warmer climate and environmental modifications were not directly responsible for the changes observed in the exploitation of animals. Because of the multiplicity of the triggering factors and their probable interaction, it is however difficult, in the current state of research, to apprehend the causes which led the Late Glacial populations to integrate small game in their economy and their symbolic system.
Un dépôt de la fin de l’Âge du bronze à Meschers (Charente-Maritime). Remarques sur les bracelets et tintinnabula du type de Vaudrevange en France de l’Ouest
Authors: Gachina Jacques , Gomez de Soto José , Bourhis Jean-Roger , Veber Cécile
Published: July 2015

The Meschers hoard, discovered in 1985, was composed of at least 55 artefacts. Most of them are typical of hoards from the carp’s tongue sword metallurgical horizon : carp’s tongue swords, axes with sub-terminal loops, ingots, casting refuse. A socketed axe, of a seemingly unknown type, and bracelets, appear more original. An as-cast swivel axe seems to have been imported from Spain and not produced locally. Launacian-type artefacts raise the question of the anteriority of these pieces in the Atlantic hoards compared with the Languedocian ones. Saar/ Lorraine-type pieces lead to a comparison with the French and German equivalents.
Un pic double perforé en silex bartonien à Maulévrier-Sainte-Gertrude (Seine-Maritime).
Authors: Watté Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2015

A perforated double pick-axe in Bartonian flint from the middle of the Paris basin was exported as far as Maulévrier-Ste-Gertrude in Seine-Maritime. As a basis for further research, this tool could be related to the Villeneuve-Saint-Germain group.
Le site de Cassagna 2 (Blagnac, Haute-Garonne), une petite série problématique : rappel des faits en forme d’introduction
Authors: Tcheremissinoff Yaramila
Published: July 2015

Le site de Cassagna 2 a fait l’objet d’un article détaillé il y a environ deux ans dans ce même bulletin. L’attribution à un faciès campaniforme de la petite série présentée avait alors fait l’objet de vives critiques, notamment de la part du comité de lecture, en regard du déficit d’éléments typologiques et du profil taphonomique du gisement. Cependant, les questions soustendues par cette réflexion se sont finalement avérées utiles au regard de cette productive table ronde. En effet, la définition de ces faciès «innommables » , c’est-à-dire comportant des éléments mixtes situés entre le XXIIIe et le XXe siècle avant notre ère, reste compliquée, ne serait-ce que parce qu’ils sont le plus souvent escamotés sous l’appellation générique de Chalcolithique/ Bronze ancien, alors qu’ils semblent plutôt déterminants en vue de la qualification même du Bronze ancien I dans de nombreuses régions.
Le parc Georges Besse II : un site du Bronze ancien épicampaniforme à Nîmes (Gard)
Authors: Escallon Gilles , Furestier Robin , Lachenal Thibault , Convertini Fabien , Forest Vianney
Published: July 2015

En janvier 2006, lors de fouilles préventives réalisées par l’INRAP à la périphérie de la ville de Nîmes, un fossé du Néolithique final a été mis au jour sur le site du parc Georges Besse II. Sur une portion de sa longueur, le niveau supérieur de remplissage a livré un abondant mobilier céramique, lithique et osseux. L’ensemble des études de ces éléments mobiliers présenté ici permet de confirmer l’homogénéité de ce niveau qui peut donc être attribué à la phase de transition Néolithique final/ Bronze ancien. Les résultats obtenus, qui témoignent de nombreuses données inédites pour le Languedoc et le Midi méditerranéen, attestent un double phénomène d’évolution sur place des populations du début du Bronze ancien encore très marquées par les traditions techniques du Campaniforme d’une part, mais aussi sous influences extérieures d’autre part. La région nîmoise, le Gard et le Midi méditerranéen dans son ensemble présentent de nombreuses informations qui permettent de réaliser une comparaison à l’échelle interrégionale. Ces comparaisons entre les sites et les données matérielles permettent de mettre en évidence tout à la fois une rupture et une continuité pour cette période couvrant la fin du Néolithique et le début de l’Âge du bronze.
La séquence Néolithique final-Bronze ancien dans l’axe rhodanien : enseignements chronométriques et perspectives culturelle
Authors: Vital Joël
Published: July 2015

Nous dressons un bilan des connaissances relatives aux ensembles céramiques de la transition du Néolithique final au Bronze ancien dans la moyenne vallée du Rhône. Celle-ci semble s’opérer vers 2150 av. J.-C. avec un renouvellement assez net des corpus, situation qui diffère de celle connue en Provence entre Campaniforme et Épicampaniforme ou Bronze ancien de style Laure. Dans la Drôme, une réactivation des connexions centreeuropéennes est postulée être à l’origine du Bronze ancien. Dans la région lyonnaise, un groupe tardif de l’évolution campaniforme (style Vaise) est défini à partir des gisements de la plaine de Vaise, principalement ceux de Gorge de Loup et du boulevard périphérique nord de Lyon. Enfin, la mise en parallèle des séquences régionales d’évolution en Europe occidentale pose de délicats problèmes d’ajustement des différents systèmes conventionnels de classification, ce qui fragilise l’analyse des échanges réalisés entre groupes culturels.
In terra incognita : le Campaniforme normand, synthèse préliminaire du mobilier céramique
Authors: Noël Jean-Yves
Published: July 2015

In view of the multiplication of Bell Beaker sites in Normandy, a first work of analysis and synthesis has been undertaken. The inventory of sites and ceramic wares first made it possible to fill the geographical vacuum that this area represented within the European Bell Beaker phenomenon. Its analysis made it possible to define the main characteristics as well as the links with earlier and later cultures. Bell Beakers in Normandy are a late phenomenon. Nevertheless, we can adapt previously retained definitions – even those resulting from work in southern France and the rest of Europe – to it. However it quickly appears that this culture falls under a much wider phenomenon of transition between the Final Neolithic and Early Bronze Age. The beaker cannot here be separated from other ceramic forms known in common ceramics or more characteristic elements from the Early Bronze Age, in particular from the “ Groupe des Urnes à Décors Plastiques”, which seems to confirm certain theories outlined before. After a classification of the pots and a small seriation, we were able to set up a proposal for a relative chronology which shows a gradual transition between the Final Neolithic and Early Bronze Age during a period we could qualify as “ Chalcolithic” and in which Bell Beakers are a central and recurring phenomenon.
Le concept d’Aurignacien : entre rupture préhistorique et obstacle épistémologique
Authors: Teyssandier Nicolas , Liolios Despina
Published: July 2015

L’Aurignacien est un concept historique magistralement mis en place par H. Breuil au début du XXe siècle. En repartant de la conception que H. Breuil a défendue, nous essaierons de montrer comment nos représentations de ce qui caractérise ce technocomplexe fonctionnent aujourd’hui comme des obstacles épistémologiques. À travers quelques exemples pris dans les recherches récentes, nous discuterons de la discordance entre les données archéologiques et les principaux éléments du paradigme interprétatif dominant de l’Aurignacien, le considérant comme une culture homogène et exogène, au travers de laquelle sont inaugurés les caractères constitutifs du Paléolithique supérieur.
Le Néolithique ancien au Maroc septentrional : données documentaires, sériation typochronologique et hypothèses génétiques
Authors: Daugas Jean-Pierre , El Idrissi Abdelaziz , Ballouche Aziz , Marinval Philippe , Ouchaou Brahim
Published: July 2015

Until recently, our knowledge about Neolithic cultures in Northern Morocco was rather poor and lacked absolute dates. A joint Franco-Moroccan program allowed the chronostratigraphic and environmental context of the sites formerly discovered in the Tangiers Peninsula to be revised. Investigations were conducted in the field while public and private collections were re-examined. New sites were identified and new excavations undertaken in Gar Kahal, Kaf Taht El Ghar and Kaf Boussaria caves. A huge work of classification carried on some 50 000 ceramic elements allowed two phases to be distinguished in the Cardial Early Neolithic, first an «Alboran » phase (5600 to 5300 BC), then a «Lusitano-Moroccan » one (5000 to 4500 BC). An initial «Tellian » component (circa 6500 BC) originating in Algeria (Oran area) is also slightly perceived in the Eastern Rif. We thus suggest the hypothesis of an Early Neolithic origin combining both Mediterranean and Saharan inputs should be tested. In this respect, after observing a widespread sedimentary lacuna between the 9th and 7th millennia BC in the stratigraphic series of North Moroccan caves, we suggest new research should be undertaken on the Saharan borders where wind-borne sedimentation prevailed and which may have recorded a complete Holocene sequence.
Mobilier osseux et gravures sur os de la Crozo Bastido ou Grotte bâtie, commune de Saint-Sozy (Lot)
Authors: Watté Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2015

Part of the Magdalenian bone objects from Grotte bâtie at Saint-Sozy (Lot), excavated at the very beginning of the twentieth century in the Upper Dordogne Valley, are now located in the collections of the Le Havre Museum of Natural History. The study of this material yields new information and allows us to correct statements which appeared in old publications about the harpoons, spears, pierced needles, a chisel, two pierced teeth – a fox incisor and a reindeer canine tooth– and two very fine bone engravings : a horse’s head and a horse’s rear leg. The former shows a head, neck, withers, and the upper part of the chest, the latter shows a very precisely carved hoof and the root of the tail (trad. Christine Rolland, GRHIS Rouen).
Premiers épisodes de la fabrication des longues haches alpines : ramassage de galets ou choc thermique sur des blocs ?
Authors: Pétrequin Pierre , Pétrequin Anne-Marie , Errera Michel , Riveron Olaf Jaime , Bailly Maxence , Gauthier Estelle , Rossi Guido
Published: July 2015

omphacitite, en jadéitite ou en amphibolite ont alimenté des réseaux de diffusion qui, pendant le Ve millénaire, ont atteint les franges maritimes de l’Europe occidentale, le Danemark, l’Écosse, l’Irlande à 1 800 km à vol d’oiseau. D’énormes blocs en position primaire ou secondaire proches des affleurements sont à l’origine de ces extraordinaires circulations de matière première rare. La question de l’exploitation de ces blocs massifs de roches choisies pour leur extrême ténacité et leurs remarquables propriétés esthétiques a souvent été passée sous silence par les chercheurs, malgré plusieurs rappels des modèles ethnoarchéologiques où l’on voit l’emploi du feu pour détacher des lames et des éclats courts, des blocs minces avec une surface régulière, favorables à une mise en forme par taille directe au percuteur, par bouchardage ou par sciage, selon les régions et selon les périodes. Les auteurs se proposent d’explorer cette hypothèse de l’utilisation du feu – et, plus généralement, du choc thermique – lors de l’exploitation des boudins et des blocs dans le massif du mont Viso, où ils ont découvert des carrières néolithiques entre 1 800 et 2 350 m d’altitude. Le rappel des modèles ethnographiques de Nouvelle-Guinée, chez les Wano et les Una de Papua (Indonésie), sera suivi par la présentation d’approches expérimentales de fragmentation par le feu (jadéitites du Guatemala, éclogites et jadéitites du massif du Viso). Les produits expérimentaux seront alors décrits et caractérisés. On cherchera enfin, dans les déchets de taille des exploitations du mont Viso et parmi un bon millier de grandes haches alpines, à identifier d’éventuels critères spécifiques à l’exploitation première des blocs par choc

thermique.
Stratégie d’approvisionnement lithique et modalités d’occupation du site moustérien de Bas-Guillotte (Buis-les-Baronnies, Drôme)
Authors: Bernard-Guelle Sébastien , Bressy Céline , André Pierre , Bernard Cyril
Published: July 2015

by the Catelan brothers who collected more than a thousand lithic artefacts there. This material is re-examined for the first time on the basis of a technological and economical analysis in the present study. The diversity and state of preservation of the flint industry allowed a geo-archaeological and territorial approach allowing hypotheses to be presented on the function and functioning of the site. The differential management of the flint used at Bas-Guillotte clearly shows the abilities of the Mousterians to adapt to the availabilities and qualities of the siliceous resources of their territory. The specificity of the site rests on the adoption of a lithic procurement strategy more frequently seen during the Upper Palaeolithic and mainly based on the introduction to the site of raw blocks of good Bedoulian flints from sources located some ten km away.
Nouveaux éléments pour une périodisation de la céramique de la Hoguette sur le site rubané d’Ittenheim (Bas-Rhin)
Authors: Lefranc Philippe
Published: July 2015

La découverte en contexte Rubané récent évolué d’un fragment de vase de la Hoguette orné à l’aide d’un peigne à trois dents utilisé en mode pivotant, configuration jusqu’ici inédite, permet de revenir sur la définition

des groupes stylistiques de cette culture et de proposer quelques orientations pour une périodisation des vases la Hoguette ornés au peigne. Trois styles sont distingués : les styles A et B, en relation d’exclusion géographique (vallée du Neckar et vallée du Rhin), sont associés aux deux premières étapes du Rubané (Rubané le plus ancien et Flomborn). Le style A ne se rencontre qu’au sein des ensembles de la première étape, uniquement sur le cours du Neckar, alors que le style B est présent dans les ensembles du Rubané le plus ancien de la confluence du Rhin-Main et dans les ensembles Flomborn alsaciens. La question de l’articulation de ces deux styles (chronologique ou géographique) n’est pas résolue. Le style C, caractérisé par l’emploi du peigne à trois dents et de la technique pivotante, procède probablement de l’évolution du style B au cours de l’étape récente évoluée du Rubané.
Traditions techniques et savoir-faire céramiques au Néolithique récent dans le Centre-Ouest de la France : le cas des sites d’habitat attribués au Vienne-Charente
Authors: Ard Vincent
Published: July 2015

During recent years the excavations of several causewayed enclosures of western-central France dating from the Recent Neolithic have yielded original ceramic assemblages, attributed to the Vienne-Charente cultural group, previously known only in funerary contexts. This study proposes a technological analysis of four series from these sites with the aim of characterizing these ceramic assemblages in technological terms. The recognition of two main technical traditions confirms the existence of two groups of distinct producers, corresponding to the Vienne-Charente and Peu-Richard cultures. The Vienne-Charente ceramic production seems to have been occasional and lacking in care while the Peu-Richard production bears witness to sophisticated know-how and raises the question of the provenance and the status of these vases. The use of the same exogenous clay material (marl with Nanogyra virgula) for the shaping of the majority of the Vienne-Charente ceramics from Diconche and Authon-Ébéon could indicate a special function or cultural value for these vases.
Coquilles et Campaniforme en Galice et en Bretagne : mécanismes de circulation et stratégies identitaires
Authors: Pilar Prieto Martinez Maria , Salanova Laure
Published: July 2015

The aim of this study is to examine the processes through which Bell Beakers circulated between Brittany and Galicia, by means of the analysis of decoration techniques and in particular the use of shell impressions. While most Bell Beaker contexts in Galicia are domestic, and this is the major difference with Brittany, the funerary contexts display strong similarities at a structural level, enabling us to suggest a direct relationship between the two regions. Once it has been established that the ceramics were locally produced, this relationship can only be explained by the transmission from Brittany to Galicia of certain decoration techniques, in this case impressions with Donax and cockles.
Les dépôts de la fin de l’Âge du bronze final de Kergaradec à Gouesnac’h (Finistère) : note préliminaire sur une découverte récente de l’horizon métallique de l’épée en langue de carpe
Authors: Fily Muriel
Published: July 2015

Trois dépôts de la fin de l’Âge du bronze final attribuables à l’horizon métallique de l’épée en langue de carpe ont été mis au jour en 2004 au lieudit Kergaradec, dans la commune de Gouesnac’h (Finistère). Une fouille a été entreprise sur le lieu de la découverte, permettant ainsi d’observer avec exactitude le contenu des dépôts, la disposition de leur mobilier et leur contexte d’enfouissement. Les deux premiers dépôts contiennent les catégories fonctionnelles classiques de cet horizon métallique ; le troisième est composé uniquement de lingots planoconvexes. Le dépôt de Ménez Tosta, attribué au même horizon métallique, avait déjà été découvert dans cette parcelle au XIXe siècle. Cet article préliminaire se propose de présenter cette nouvelle découverte à travers la description des artefacts et de leur agencement. Les quatre dépôts sont ensuite comparés afin de déterminer si les objets ont été enfouis dans l’un ou l’autre des dépôts en fonction de leur catégorie fonctionnelle, de leur fragmentation ou de leur état d’utilisation. À travers ces observations, nous essayerons de déterminer si ces dépôts ont été enfouis au même moment ou à quelques années d’intervalle.
Le secteur GG2 de la grotte du Pape à Brassempouy (Landes) : un dépôt intentionnel d’armes gravettiennes ?
Authors: Goutas Nejma , Simonet Aurélien
Published: July 2015

Le secteur GG2 correspond à l’extrémité nord de la grotte du Pape de Brassempouy, la plus éloignée de son entrée principale, célèbre par les fouilles qu’É. Piette y réalisa à la fin du XIXe siècle. L’assemblage de la couche 2D, bien calé entre un niveau aurignacien et un niveau magdalénien grâce à l’existence de planchers stalagmitiques et phosphatiques, est caractérisé par une proportion importante d’armatures lithiques et en ivoire. À l’exception de quelques burins de Noailles, les outils domestiques contenus dans ce niveau sont ubiquistes et c’est donc sur ces armatures que repose l’attribution de ce niveau au Gravettien. L’approche que nous proposons de ce contexte, tenant compte des perturbations ayant affecté la couche 2D et s’appuyant sur l’analyse technologique et taphonomique des armatures qu’elle contient, a pour objectif d’évaluer l’homogénéité de cet assemblage et de discuter l’intentionnalité de ce dépôt singulier.
Répartition géographique des différents types de silex à lépidorbitoïdes utilisés au Paléolithique supérieur en Aquitaine. Première contribution : Dordogne (Caminade), Lot (Le Piage – Pégourié – Cloup de l’Aze), Gironde (Beauregard)
Authors: Seronie-Vivien Marie-Roger
Published: July 2015

La mise en évidence de critères permettant de différencier les silex du Maastrichtien supérieur provenant de Chalosse (Landes) de ceux originaires des Petites Pyrénées a permis de préciser quelles étaient les sources d’approvisionnement d’un certain nombre de gisements du Paléolithique supérieur du nord de l’Aquitaine (Bazadais, Sarladais, Quercy).
Les objets non utilitaires en os du site du Paléolithique supérieur récent de Byki-7 (province de Kursk, Russie)
Authors: Akhmetgaleeva Natalia
Published: July 2015

This work is dedicated to the manufacturing technology and functional analysis of the zoomorphic figurine from the Late Upper Palaeolithic site of Byki-7(I). This site is located on left bank of the Seim River in the Desna basin (Russia). The date of Byki-7(I) was generated through the analysis of horse and reindeer bones by L. Sulerzhitsky : 17000 ± 90 BP. In 2004, the site’s first truly figurative artefact was discovered. The shape of the artefact is unique. It is a large ivory ring with a sculptural top shaped like a horse’s head. The zoomorphic figurine is significant in that it may provide certain information concerning the beliefs of the seasonal camp’s dwellers. Unlike many Western European horse figurines with carved details such as eyes, nostrils, etc., the specimen in question, as mentioned above, is rather schematic. The carver’s high skill proves that the schematic representation of the horse’s image was deliberate. This leads us to consider the symbolic character of this artefact.
Déstructurations du décor de la céramique pendant le Rubané
Authors: Constantin Claude
Published: July 2015

The term destructuration is used here to refer to the mechanisms leading to the reduced visibility or disappearance of the main decoration motif (on the vessel body). The processes leading to reduced visibility of the main decoration motif involve either the proliferation of the motif itself to such an extent that the vessel surface is completely covered, or the multiplication of complementary motifs, which has the same effect. Disappearance of the main decoration motif can result from two mechanisms. One is its replacement by the repetition, on the vessel body, of a horizontal rim decoration motif. The other is a process by which the secondary decoration motif (or separator) replaces the main decoration motif (or proliferates to such an extent that the main motif only remains visible in a secondary manner). In our opinion a prior condition for these changes, appearing much earlier, is the emergence of vertical separators. These changes have their most visible outcome at the end of the Linearbandkeramik, in the Moselle valley and the Paris basin.