bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Voltage-sensor movements describe slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels I: Wild-type skeletal muscle NaV1.4
Authors: Silva Jonathan R. , Goldstein Steve A.N.
Published: February 2013

The number of voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels available to generate action potentials in muscles and nerves is adjusted over seconds to minutes by prior electrical activity, a process called slow inactivation (SI). The basis for SI is uncertain. NaV channels have four domains (DI–DIV), each with a voltage sensor that moves in response to depolarizing stimulation over milliseconds to activate the channels. Here, SI of the skeletal muscle channel NaV1.4 is induced by repetitive stimulation and is studied by recording of sodium currents, gating currents, and changes in the fluorescence of probes on each voltage sensor to assess their movements. The magnitude, voltage dependence, and time course of the onset and recovery of SI are observed to correlate with voltage-sensor movements 10,000-fold slower than those associated with activation. The behavior of each voltage sensor is unique. Development of SI over 1–160 s correlates best with slow immobilization of the sensors in DI and DII; DIII tracks the onset of SI with less fidelity. Showing linkage to the sodium conduction pathway, pore block by tetrodotoxin affects both SI and immobilization of all the sensors, with DI and DII significantly suppressed. Recovery from SI correlates best with slow restoration of mobility of the sensor in DIII. The findings suggest that voltage-sensor movements determine SI and thereby mediate NaV channel availability.
Celiac Disease–Associated Autoimmune Hepatitis in Childhood
Authors: Nastasio Silvia , Sciveres Marco , Riva Silvia , Filippeschi Irene P. , Vajro Pietro , Maggiore Giuseppe
Published: February 2013

Objectives:

Celiac disease (CD) is common in patients with autoimmune liver disease (AILD); however, the long‐term response to treatment of patients with AILDs coexistent with CD has not been explored in detail. The aim of the present study was to analyze the features and the long‐term response to immunosuppressive treatment in children with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) associated with CD.

Methods:

Retrospective and prospective evaluation of patients followed at a single center.

Results:

Among 79 patients with AIH, 15 (19%) had CD (9 type 1, 3 type 2, 3 seronegative). In the group of patients with AIH and CD, female sex was significantly more represented than in the group of patients with AIH alone; also, in the former group, diagnosis was made significantly earlier (P < 0.05). All of the 15 patients on a gluten‐free diet achieved sustained remission when treated with prednisone and azathioprine or cyclosporine. The mean period of follow‐up was 73 months; discontinuation of therapy was attempted in 9 patients while in remission: 4 patients relapsed, 5 (33%) could definitively stop immunosuppressive treatment with a mean period of treatment‐free sustained remission of 89 months (range 26–174). In the same period, treatment discontinuation, attempted in 24 of 64 patients with AIH without CD, was successful in 5 patients (8%; P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

Patients with AIH coexisting with CD achieve treatment‐free sustained remission in a significantly higher proportion, when compared with patients with AIH without CD, suggesting a possible long‐term adjuvant effect of a gluten‐free diet.
High Helicobacter pylori Resistance to Metronidazole and Clarithromycin in Brazilian Children and Adolescents
Authors: Ogata Silvio K. , Godoy Anita P. Ortiz , da Silva Patricio Francy R. , Kawakami Elisabete
Published: February 2013

Objective:

The aim of the present study was to assess the primary and secondary resistance of Helicobacter pylori strains to clarithromycin, amoxicillin, furazolidone, tetracycline, and metronidazole, the conventional antibiotics presently used in Brazilian children and adolescents.

Methods:

Seventy‐seven consecutive H pylori strains, 71 of 77 strains obtained from patients without previous eradication treatment for H pylori infection, and 6 strains from patients in whom previous eradication treatment had failed.

Results:

Global rate of resistance was 49.3% (38/77): 40% of strains were resistant to metronidazole, 19.5% to clarithromycin, and 10.4% to amoxicillin. All of the tested H pylori strains were susceptible to furazolidone and tetracycline. Multiple resistance were detected in 18.2% (14/77 patients) of the strains: 6 of 14 (43%) simultaneously resistant to clarithromycin and metronidazole; 5 of 14 (36%) to amoxicillin and metronidazole; 2 of 14 (14%) to amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and metronidazole; and 1 of 14 (7%) to clarithromycin and amoxicillin.

Conclusions:

The high resistance rate to metronidazole and clarithromycin observed in clinical H pylori isolates can exclude these antimicrobials in empirical eradication treatment in Brazil. Otherwise, furazolidone and tetracycline presented no resistance. Properly assessing the risks and benefits, these 2 antimicrobials and their derivatives could be used in empirical eradication schedules, both associated with amoxicillin, which showed a low resistance rate despite its wide use in pediatric patients.
Healthy Range of Serum Alanine Aminotransferase and Its Predictive Power for Cardiovascular Risk in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Park Hong Kyu , Hwang Jin Soon , Moon Jin Soo , Lee Jun Ah , Kim Dong Ho , Lim Jung Sub
Published: February 2013

Background and Aim:

Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is not only a surrogate marker of chronic liver disease but also predictive of future development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults; however, pediatric reference data are rare, and “healthy‐range ALT limits” have not been assessed to predict cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents.

Methods:

Data from 2242 examinees (1171 boys and 1071 girls; 10–18 years of age) in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV (2007–2009) were analyzed. The reference values of ALT levels were determined according to age and sex. Multiple logistic regressions were used to assess the association between healthy‐range ALT limits (ALT level >30 IU/L for boys and >19 IU/L for girls) and each cardiovascular risk factor.

Results:

The 50th, 90th, and 95th percentiles of ALT levels were respectively 14, 27, and 35 IU/L in boys and 11, 19, and 24 IU/L in girls. Subjects with ALT levels higher than healthy‐range ALT limits not only exhibited higher odds ratios for metabolic syndrome but also showed higher each cardiovascular risk related to obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia compared with subjects whose ALT levels were within the healthy range (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

The present study shows normal ALT reference data of Korean children and adolescents. The present study also showed the effectiveness of healthy‐range ALT limits in predicting each cardiovascular risk factor in a national representative population.
A Stereotype Threat Account of Boys' Academic Underachievement
Authors: Hartley Bonny L. , Sutton Robbie M.
Published: February 2013

Three studies examined the role of stereotype threat in boys' academic underachievement. Study 1 (children aged 4–10, n = 238) showed that girls from age 4 years and boys from age 7 years believed, and thought adults believed, that boys are academically inferior to girls. Study 2 manipulated stereotype threat, informing children aged 7–8 years (n = 162) that boys tend to do worse than girls at school. This manipulation hindered boys' performance on a reading, writing, and math test, but did not affect girls' performance. Study 3 counteracted stereotype threat, informing children aged 6–9 years (n = 184) that boys and girls were expected to perform similarly. This improved the performance of boys and did not affect that of girls.
The political transnationalism of Ecuadorians in Barcelona, Madrid and Milan: the role of individual resources, organizational engagement and the political context
Authors: MORALES LAURA , PILATI KATIA
Published: February 2013

In this article, we examine the transnational political engagement of Ecuadorians in three European cities – Barcelona, Madrid and Milan. Drawing on previous studies that emphasize the role of organizational and institutional resources for political mobilization (as well as those that take into consideration respondents’ resources and the migration process), we analyse the results of a survey conducted between 2006 and 2008 on approximately 300 Ecuadorian individuals in each of these three cities. We examine two different dimensions of Ecuadorian political transnationalism at the individual level, namely attitudinal and participatory. Contrary to previous findings, our results show that recently arrived Ecuadorians and those with less stable household conditions are more involved in transnational politics. Associational involvement shows multiple effects. Engagement in Ecuadorian associations fosters political interest in and information about Ecuador, whereas involvement in any organization promotes electoral transnational politics. The political context is only relevant when accounting for participation in Ecuadorian elections.
Employability and Career Success: Bridging the Gap Between Theory and Reality
Authors: Hogan Robert , Chamorro-Premuzic Tomas , Kaiser Robert B.
Published: February 2013

Employability is defined as the capacity to gain and retain formal employment, or find new employment if necessary. Reasons for unemployment are often attributed to economic factors, but psychological factors associated with employability also contribute to the problem. Consequently, industrial-organizational psychologists should be uniquely suited to contribute to policy solutions for enhancing employability. This review begins by surveying the most common research approach to employability—the study of career success—which psychologists believe is determined by cognitive abilities, personality, and educational achievement. Next, we review the literature concerning what employers actually want. This section highlights the importance of social skills (being rewarding to deal with) as a key determinant of employability. We conclude by proposing a model for understanding the psychological determinants of employability and for bridging the gap between what psychologists prescribe and what employers want.
Employability and Career Success: The Need for Comprehensive Definitions of Career Success
Authors: Olson Deborah A. , Shultz Kenneth S.
Published: February 2013

In their focal article, Hogan, Chamorro-Premuzic, and Kaiser (2013) define career success objectively “in terms of occupational prestige and financial attainment.” However, it is clear from the careers literature that workers in early, mid, and late career are likely to define both subjective and objective career success differently (Wang, Olson, & Shultz, 2013). Therefore, we recommend an expanded definition of career success that includes both subjective and objective measures when exploring the relationship between employability and career success across individuals' careers.
Focusing on Employability Through the Lens of Stigma
Authors: Waltz Pamela R. , Santuzzi Alecia M. , Finkelstein Lisa M.
Published: February 2013

By examining the psychological determinants of employability, Hogan, Chamorro-Premuzic, and Kaiser's (2013) model of employability provides a framework for exploring the hurdles that applicants with stigmatizing conditions must overcome in selection contexts. Specifically, the most qualified applicants not only must be willing and able to do the job, but they also must be rewarding to deal with. Reframing selection research in terms of perceptions of employability calls attention to the subjective decisions that continue to disadvantage members of stigmatized groups. Our comments address several issues with respect to the desirability of compensatory selection procedures that emphasize perceptions of social desirability and P–O fit.
Maybe Too Little But Not Too Late: Four Challenges for Employment Discrimination Research in I–O
Authors: Derous Eva , Buijsrogge Alexander , Ryan Ann Marie
Published: February 2013

In their focal article “Gone fishing,” Ruggs et al. (2013) suggest that members of marginalized groups, such as ethnic/racial minorities other than Blacks, receive too little attention in top-tier industrial and organizational (I–O) psychology journals. Although we acknowledge the particularities each stigmatized group must face in the workplace and society, our commentary pleads for a better understanding of (a) general, underlying processes of discrimination across stigmatized groups while taking (b) complexity of discrimination into consideration. Whereas we concur with the authors regarding the need for more research, relevant studies on employment discrimination—even on the marginalized groups mentioned in the focal article—have been published, albeit many of them outside the focal I–O psychology journals mentioned and even outside the I–O psychology field. We believe that employment discrimination research might further benefit from (c) triangulation and (d) cross-cultural validation to advance insights, two other aspects that the focal article only slightly touched upon. We will illustrate these four challenges for future research on employment discrimination in I–O psychology with findings on hiring discrimination of Arab ethnics, one of the marginalized groups in the focal article, and one to which we have devoted considerable research effort.
Studying Individual Identities Is Good, But Examining Intersectionality Is Better
Authors: Sawyer Katina , Salter Nicholas , Thoroughgood Christian
Published: February 2013

As diversity researchers, it is encouraging to see seasoned scholars discussing the need to study demographic populations that have been historically silenced in our literature. At the same time, although studying singular identities (such as gender, race, sexual orientation, religion, ability, and size) is useful in demonstrating the unique experiences of members of individual groups, investigating the intersection of multiple identities will ultimately provide us with a more holistic perspective on the impact of identity at work. The focal article by Ruggs et al. (2013) suggests this but also underscores the potentially distracting nature of studying multiple identities at once, as well as the possibility for individuals without stigmatized identities to claim that they are also diverse in some way. Though these concerns are worth consideration, we believe it is important to pursue research on singular identities only as a building block to a larger end goal: Studying and understanding the realities of identity through intersectional research. The following commentary will outline our reasons for why studying multiple intersecting identities is vital to achieving a more complete view of diversity at work.
The Model Minority Thesis and Workplace Discrimination of Asian Americans
Authors: Lai Lei
Published: February 2013

In the focal article, Ruggs et al. (2013) observed that there is a dearth of racial discrimination research beyond the traditional White–Black or White–nonWhite comparisons in the industrial–organizational (I–O) literature and urged researchers to treat each minority race separately because individuals may have unique experiences with discrimination based on different racial stereotypes associated with their race/ethnicity. I agree with the above assessments. Moreover, I argue that the overlook of negative consequences of positive stereotypes of some marginalized groups, such as Asian Americans, is another “missed opportunity” that has not been addressed in the focal article. Specifically, the traditional paradigm, which tends to exclusively focus on how negative stereotypes of a marginalized group (e.g., Blacks, individuals with disabilities) lead to workplace discriminations against them, may be too narrowly focused. In this commentary, I use Asian Americans as an example to illustrate how seemingly positive stereotypes, the model minority thesis, may also lead to workplace discrimination of Asian Americans, an often overlooked minority group in the discrimination literature.
Chemical Expansion and Change in Lattice Constant of Y‐Doped BaZrO3 by Hydration/Dehydration Reaction and Final Heat‐Treating Temperature
Authors: Hiraiwa Chihiro , Han Donglin , Kuramitsu Akiko , Kuwabara Akihide , Takeuchi Hisao , Majima Masatoshi , Uda Tetsuya
Published: February 2013

Knowledge of thermal behavior of electrolyte is important for fuel cell fabrication. In this study, using high‐temperature X‐ray diffraction analysis (HT‐XRD) and thermo‐mechanical analysis (TMA), a systematic investigation of lattice constants was performed on Y‐doped BaZrO3, which is a promising candidate for electrolyte in protonic ceramic fuel cells. The results revealed that a chemical expansion was observed between 300°C and 450°C during the heating process in HT‐XRD, and was attributed to the dehydration of BZY. Furthermore, it was found that the lattice constants of the samples doped with Y, Sm, Eu, and Dy were larger for the ones finally heat‐treated at 1600°C for sintering than those heat‐treated at 1300°C for synthesizing. The similar behavior was not observed in Sc‐doped samples.
Thermal and Oxidation Response of UHTC Leading Edge Samples Exposed to Simulated Hypersonic Flight Conditions
Authors: Parthasarathy Triplicane A. , Petry Melvin D. , Cinibulk Michael K , Mathur Tarun , Gruber Mark R.
Published: February 2013

Sharp leading edge (LE) samples of UHTC (20 vol%SiC–HfB2) and SiC were exposed to simulated hypersonic flight conditions using a direct‐connect scramjet rig and their thermal and oxidation responses measured. The measured back‐wall temperatures and scale thicknesses were significantly smaller than might be expected from stagnation temperatures at the LE. Furthermore, the scale that formed around the LE was more uniform than expected from the steep drop in cold wall heat flux with distance from the tip. These results were interpreted and rationalized using physics‐based models. An aerothermal model in combination with an oxidation model accounted for the observed scale thicknesses at the tip and their slight variation with distance. The scale thicknesses were similar to values reported for exposures in furnaces at temperatures calculated for the tip, but less than those reported in arc jet tests. The formation of hafnon (HfSiO4) and the absence of external glassy layer and of silica in the outer portions of the oxide region are unique to scramjet tested samples, presumably due to the high fluid flow (high shear and evaporation) rates.
High‐Energy Density Dielectrics and Capacitors for Elevated Temperatures: Ca(Zr,Ti)O3
Authors: Lee Haijoon , Kim Jeong Ryeol , Lanagan Michael J. , Trolier‐McKinstry Susan , Randall Clive A.
Published: February 2013

The Ca(Zr1−xTix)O3 (CZT) solid solution system is a linear dielectric that is of interest for high‐temperature power capacitor applications. This dielectric was synthesized by conventional solid‐state processes and prototyped into single‐layer CZT capacitors, which were fabricated with interdigitated electrodes cofired between dielectric layers ~10‐μm thick. The dielectric properties of these capacitors were extensively investigated as a function of Zr/Ti ratio on the CaZrO3 side of the solid solution. The electrostatic energy density and breakdown strength of the CZT capacitors were investigated by measuring polarization–electric field curves as a function of temperature from room temperature to 250°C. The Ca(Zr0.80Ti0.20)O3 capacitors show high electrostatic energy density of 4 J/cm3 at 250°C. Highly accelerated life testing (HALT) was also performed on these dielectrics, and we quantified the thermal stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) to access the major point defects in the CZT system.
Electrical Properties of Stoichiometric BiFeO3 Prepared by Mechanosynthesis with Either Conventional or Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Perejón Antonio , Masó Nahum , West Anthony R. , Sánchez‐Jiménez Pedro E. , Poyato Rosalía , Criado José M. , Pérez‐Maqueda Luis A.
Published: February 2013

Phase‐pure powders of stoichiometric BiFeO3 have been prepared by mechanosynthesis. Ceramics sintered by either conventional heating in air or spark plasma sintering (SPS) followed by oxidative anneal in air are highly insulating at room temperature with resistivity, extrapolated from the Arrhenius plots, of ~1016 Ωcm and activation energy 1.15(2) eV, comparable with those of a good‐quality BiFeO3 single crystal. By contrast, the as‐prepared SPS sample without the postsinter anneal shows lower resistivity, e.g., ~1010 Ωcm at 25°C and activation energy 0.67(3) eV, indicating some reduction in the sample by the SPS process. The reason for the high conductivity reported for some ceramic samples in the literature remains unclear at present.
Diffusion Properties of Tm3+ in Congruent LiNbO3 Crystal
Authors: Zhang De‐Long , Zhang Wen‐Zhu , Hua Ping‐Rang , Yu Dao‐Yin , Pun Edwin Yue‐Bun
Published: February 2013

Diffusion properties of Tm3+ in congruent LiNbO3 crystal have been investigated, together with other two related issues, i.e., Tm3+‐doping contribution to refractive index of LiNbO3 substrate and Li out‐diffusion. Four X‐cut and four Z‐cut congruent LiNbO3 substrates locally coated with 15–31 nm‐thick Tm‐metal films were annealed in surrounding air under different temperatures of 1030°C–1130°C for different durations of 20–70 h. After anneal, refractive index at Tm3+‐doped and Tm3+‐free parts of crystal surface was measured at the wavelengths of 1311 and 1553 nm and surface Li2O contents were evaluated from measured refractive index. The results show that Tm3+ doping has a weak effect on substrate index and a small contribution to index increment in waveguide layer in comparison with Ti4+‐ or Zn2+ doping. The Li2O content at the Tm3+‐doped surface equals that at the Tm3+‐free surface. The Li out‐diffusion depends mainly on the diffusion temperature. Below 1100°C, the Li out‐diffusion is not measurable. At 1130°C, a 30‐h diffusion procedure may cause 0.2–0.3 mol% slight loss of Li2O content. Secondary ion mass spectrometry was used to study the Tm3+ diffusion properties. The results show that the diffused Tm3+ ions in all samples follow a complementary error function profile. From measured Tm3+ profiles, characteristic diffusion parameters such as diffusivity, diffusion constant, activation energy, solubility, solubility constant, and heat of solution were obtained and discussed in comparison with the case of Er3+ diffusion. In comparison with Er3+ diffusion, the Tm3+ diffusion shows similar anisotropy and temperature dependence of solubility. In the aspect of diffusivity, under lower temperature the Tm3+ has a lower diffusivity than the Er3+, and their diffusivity difference reduces with the increased temperature and becomes null at 1130°C.
Abundance, distribution and habitat characteristics of winter skate Leucoraja ocellata in the southern Gulf of St Lawrence: a population on the brink of extirpation?
Authors: Kelly J. T. , Hanson J. M.
Published: February 2013

Abundance indices of southern Gulf Leucoraja ocellata residing in Northumberland Strait, Canada, declined from 2001 to 2005, but increased during 2006 to 2008. Catch rates in 2009 were the lowest in the time series. The size of the area occupied in Northumberland Strait varied with changes in the abundance indices. Leucoraja ocellata were primarily caught in the north‐west half of the strait over sandy to gravelly seabed; a near total absence was documented from the eastern half despite suitable habitat and a previously established presence documented during research surveys conducted before 2000. In Northumberland Strait, L. ocellata occupied shallow (50% cumulative occurrence = 12 m) and warm (50% cumulative occurrence = 16·5° C) coastal waters and were not present in the cold (<1° C, >35 m) intermediate layer. Abundance and distribution data highlight the need for continuing studies to monitor the status of this population, which is classified as endangered by the IUCN and Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada.
Narratives of Female Suffering in the Petitionary Literature of Civil War Period and its Aftermath
Authors: Thorne Alison
Published: February 2013

This article examines the symbiotic relationship between narratives of female suffering in the civil war period and its aftermath and the polemical agendas promulgated by various religious sects. It focuses on three specific groups: the female petitioners of the 1640s, the Levellers (1645–53) and the first generation Quakers (1652–1670). The aim is to show how closely intertwined political, legalistic and affective discourses were in the petitionary literature of that era. At the heart of this discursive matrix stands the iconic image of the suffering woman which can be analysed on both a symbolic and literal plane, whether as an emblem of the war‐torn body politic or in terms of women’s actual struggle for survival. The article considers the ways in which women were emboldened in this period, either through their involvement in political debates and civic agitation in relation to parliament or due to their religious faith. It also notes the limits of their battle for civil rights, freedom of speech and sexual equality. Tales of female adversity, it is argued, were used both to evoke an empathetic response and as a means of legitimising women’s bold speaking and, by extension, the political agendas of their menfolk.
The response of the maize nitrate transport system to nitrogen demand and supply across the lifecycle
Authors: Garnett Trevor , Conn Vanessa , Plett Darren , Conn Simon , Zanghellini Juergen , Mackenzie Nenah , Enju Akiko , Francis Karen , Holtham Luke , Roessner Ute , Boughton Berin , Bacic Antony , Shirley Neil , Rafalski Antoni , Dhugga Kanwarpal , Tester Mark , Kaiser Brent N.
Published: February 2013

An understanding of nitrate () uptake throughout the lifecycle of plants, and how this process responds to nitrogen (N) availability, is an important step towards the development of plants with improved nitrogen use efficiency (NUE).

uptake capacity and transcript levels of putative high‐ and low‐affinity transporters (NRTs) were profiled across the lifecycle of dwarf maize (Zea mays) plants grown at reduced and adequate .

Plants showed major changes in high‐affinity uptake capacity across the lifecycle, which varied with changing relative growth rates of roots and shoots. Transcript abundances of putative high‐affinity NRTs (predominantly ZmNRT2.1 and ZmNRT2.2) were correlated with two distinct peaks in high‐affinity root uptake capacity and also N availability. The reduction in supply during the lifecycle led to a dramatic increase in uptake capacity, which preceded changes in transcript levels of NRTs, suggesting a model with short‐term post‐translational regulation and longer term transcriptional regulation of uptake capacity.

These observations offer new insight into the control of uptake by both plant developmental processes and N availability, and identify key control points that may be targeted by future plant improvement programmes to enhance N uptake relative to availability and/or demand.
Heavy traffic in the fast lane: long‐distance signalling by macromolecules
Authors: Turnbull Colin G. N. , Lopez‐Cobollo Rosa M.
Published: February 2013

The two major vascular conduits in plants, the xylem and phloem, theoretically provide opportunities for the long‐distance translocation of almost any type of water‐borne molecule. This review focuses on the signalling functions conveyed by the movement of macromolecules. Here, a signal is defined as the communication of information from source to destination, where it modifies development, physiology or defence through altered gene expression or by direct influences on other cellular processes. Xylem and phloem sap both contain diverse classes of proteins; in addition, phloem contains many full‐length and small RNA species. Only a few of these mobile molecules have proven functions in signalling. The transduction of signals typically depends on connection to appropriate signalling pathways. Incoming protein signals require specific detection systems, generally via receptors. Mobile RNAs require either the translation or presence of a homologous target. Given that phloem sieve elements are enucleate and lack translation machinery, RNA function requires subsequent unloading at least into adjacent companion cells. The binding of RNA by proteins in ribonucleoprotein complexes enables the translocation of some signals, with evidence for both sequence‐specific and size‐specific binding. Several examples of long‐distance macromolecular signalling are highlighted, including the FT protein signal which regulates flowering time and other developmental switches.

Contents

Summary
33

I.
Introduction – plant communication systems
33

II.
The importance of method selection and experimental design
34

III.
Macromolecules in xylem and phloem
37

IV.
Plasmodesmata – complex intercellular exchange junctions enabling short‐ and long‐range signalling
39

V.
Phloem signalling: regulation
40

VI.
Phloem signalling: specific examples
43

VII.
Conclusions and prospects
45

Acknowledgements
46

References
46
Bridging the genotype–phenotype gap: what does it take?
Authors: Gjuvsland Arne B. , Vik Jon Olav , Beard Daniel A. , Hunter Peter J. , Omholt Stig W.
Published: February 2013

Abstract  The genotype–phenotype map (GP map) concept applies to any time point in the ontogeny of a living system. It is the outcome of very complex dynamics that include environmental effects, and bridging the genotype–phenotype gap is synonymous with understanding these dynamics. The context for this understanding is physiology, and the disciplinary goals of physiology do indeed demand the physiological community to seek this understanding. We claim that this task is beyond reach without use of mathematical models that bind together genetic and phenotypic data in a causally cohesive way. We provide illustrations of such causally cohesive genotype–phenotype models where the phenotypes span from gene expression profiles to development of whole organs. Bridging the genotype–phenotype gap also demands that large‐scale biological (‘omics’) data and associated bioinformatics resources be more effectively integrated with computational physiology than is currently the case. A third major element is the need for developing a phenomics technology way beyond current state of the art, and we advocate the establishment of a Human Phenome Programme solidly grounded on biophysically based mathematical descriptions of human physiology.
Scaling of Strength of Metal-Composite Joints—Part III: Numerical Simulation
Authors: Yu Qiang , Bažant Zdeněk P. , Le Jia-Liang
Published: February 2013

The size effect in the failure of a hybrid adhesive joint of a metal with a fiber-polymer composite, which has been experimentally demonstrated and analytically formulated in preceding two papers, is here investigated numerically. Cohesive finite elements with a mixed-mode fracture criterion are adopted to model the adhesive layer in the metal-composite interface. A linear traction-separation softening law is assumed to describe the damage evolution at debonding in the adhesive layer. The results of simulations agree with the previously measured load-displacement curves of geometrically similar hybrid joints of various sizes, with the size ratio of 1:4:12. The effective size of the fracture process zone is identified from the numerically simulated cohesive stress profile at the peak load. The fracture energy previously identified analytically by fitting the experimentally observed size effect curves agrees well with the fracture energy of the cohesive crack model obtained numerically by optimal fitting of the test data.
Sweet Enough to Flower
Authors: Hines Pamela J.
Published: February 2013

Specific sugar signals integrate carbohydrate status with day length and developmental age to regulate flowering.
Cortinarius hesleri from eastern North America and related species from Europe and western North America
Authors: Ammirati Joseph F. , Hughes Karen W. , Liimatainen Kare , Niskanen Tuula , Matheny P. Brandon
Published: February 2013

The following four species of Cortinarius are presented: Cortinarius californicus and Cortinarius hesleri from North America and Cortinarius cinnabarinus and Cortinarius coccineus from Europe. Cortinarius cinnabarinus and C. coccineus form a clade with C. bulliardii, whereas C. californicus and C. hesleri form a clade with C. colymbadinus. An epitype is selected for C. cinnabarinus, and Cortinarius hesleri is described as a new species from eastern North America.
Density-dependent interactions in an Arctic char – brown trout system: competition, predation, or both?
Authors: Persson Lennart , Amundsen Per Arne , De Roos André M. , Knudsen Rune , Primicerio Raul , Klemetsen Anders
Published: February 2013

In the study of mechanisms structuring fish communities, mixed competition–predation interactions where large predators feed on prey fish versus those in which small predators compete with prey fish for a shared prey have been the focus of substantial research. We used a long-term data set from a system inhabited by brown trout (Salmo trutta) (predator) and Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) (prey) to evaluate whether mixed interspecific interactions were present in this system as suggested in other studies focusing on this species pair. We found no evidence for a negative interspecific density dependence in individual performance in either Arctic char or brown trout. In contrast, a negative intraspecific density dependence was present, especially in Arctic char. Furthermore, large brown trout condition showed a positive response to encounter rate with Arctic char (related to the density of small Arctic char). The most parsimonious interaction module to explain the Arctic char – brown trout interaction patterns in the studied system does therefore not need to include interspecific competition. We suggest that size-structured mixed competition–predation interactions in different systems are realized as being either mainly structured through interspecific predation or by competition depending on species life history characteristics and environmental conditions.
Suspended sediment pulse effects in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) — relating apical and systemic responses
Authors: Michel Christian , Schmidt-Posthaus Heike , Burkhardt-Holm Patricia
Published: February 2013

To provide an integrated perspective on mineral particle effects in salmonids, juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to daily mica particle pulses for 8 and 24 days. On day 8, increased immature erythrocyte proportions indicated a previous stress response. This response was absent on day 24, on which condition factor as well as plasma protein and aspartate aminotransferase activity decreased. The latter two related negatively to the hepato-somatic index, suggesting metabolic adaptations. The hepato-somatic index increased on days 8 and 24, while spleen-somatic index increased on day 24. No histopathological damage occurred in gills, liver, spleen, or kidney. However, splenic melano-macrophages increased on both days, and hyaline degenerations of kidney tubular cells were apparent on day 24. Overall, particle pulses affected rainbow trout more via turbidity rather than by physical damage. We conclude that (i) rainbow trout may adapt to sediment pulses as early as 8 days of exposure and (ii) particle pulses over 24 days can cause structural and metabolic changes in rainbow trout, even when gill damage is absent and apical effects on condition are moderate.
A contact sheet approach to searching untagged images on smartphones
Authors: Richter Wolfgang , Ha Kiryong , Shankar Alok , Sani Ardalan Amiri , Harkes Jan , Zhong Lin , Satyanarayanan Mahadev
Published: February 2013

We present a cloud-based approach to opportunistic, near real-time search of untagged images on smartphones that is sensitive to bandwidth and energy constraints. Our approach is inspired by the long-established practice of photographers using contact sheets to rapidly visualize a new collection of photographs, and then selecting a subset on which to focus attention. On behalf of each smartphone, the cloud maintains a virtual contact sheet of images that have been captured but not yet uploaded. The virtual contact sheet consists of a set of low-fidelity images as well as full or partial meta-data associated with each image. If search processing on the cloud indicates that a particular low-fidelity object is relevant, then its full-fidelity image can be obtained just-in-time from the corresponding smartphone for further search processing or presentation to the user. Our approach is not limited to images, but they provide a convenient query space to test search optimizations.
Implementation of distributed mobile storage and location-based message sharing among smart phones
Authors: Kasai Hiroyuki
Published: February 2013

Our new area-based distributed mobile storage system enables cache data temporarily in a designated local area. It requires no infrastructure network or server. For that reason, it is sure to hasten the development of new location-based communication services. This paper reports implementation of middleware for the cache system. Furthermore, an implemented location-based message sharing application is detailed. It uses the implemented middleware via application programming interfaces.
Field tests and indoor emulation of distributed autonomous multi-hop vehicle-to-vehicle communications over TV white space
Authors: Altintas Onur , Ihara Yutaka , Kremo Haris , Tanaka Hideaki , Ohtake Masaaki , Fujii Takeo , Yoshimura Chikara , Ando Keisuke , Tsukamoto Kazuya , Tsuru Masato , Oie Yuji
Published: February 2013

Vehicular networking has significant potential to enable diverse range of applications, including safety and convenience. As the number of vehicles and applications using the specially designated wireless spectrum grow, one can expect substantial increase in the bandwidth requirements. In this paper and demonstration, we advocate that dynamic spectrum access techniques facilitating the utilization of white spaces for vehicles will be the first step towards solving the expected spectrum shortage. In the demonstration, we will introduce field tests of a multi-hop inter-vehicle communication system with distributed and autonomous TV white space channel selection, performed in Japan from January to February 2012. Furthermore, in addition to the field test videos, we will show an indoor emulation of the entire system used during the field tests in the vehicles.
On the biology of technostress
Authors: Riedl René
Published: February 2013

Despite the fact that human society has greatly benefited from the availability of information and communication technologies (ICT), both the use and ubiquity of ICT may also have a "dark side." Direct human interaction with ICT, as well as perceptions, emotions, and thoughts regarding the implementation of ICT in organizations and its pervasiveness in society in general, may lead to notable stress perceptions--a type of stress referred to as technostress. Analysis of the information systems (IS) literature reveals that technostress has hardly been addressed from a biological perspective. This is problematic, because biology not only provides objective measurements, but also, to a notable degree, determines human behavior toward ICT. Most important, biological measures (e.g., stress hormone levels, cardiovascular activity) are crucial predictors of human health, making them an indispensable complement to self-reports on stress perceptions. Against this background, the present article reviews the technostress research based on biological approaches that has been published in various disciplines such as human-computer interaction, medicine, biological psychology, and ergonomics. With the goal of developing a "big-picture" view of technostress and biology, this article integrates a body of highly fragmented work. The review reveals significant negative biological effects that develop from human interaction with ICT (e.g., increased activity of the cardiovascular system, or elevated levels of stress hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol). However, the review also indicates that countermeasures, which may positively affect biological parameters (e.g., reduced levels of stress hormones), do exist. Drawing on the literature review, this article also specifies a research agenda for future technostress research. The agenda is organized along three themes (theory and methods, design science and engineering, health and coping strategies), and proposes fifteen research questions (topics) that can be addressed in future investigations.
Dual Approach Using Vitrectorhexis Combined with Anterior Vitrectomy in Pediatric Cataract Surgery
Authors: İlhan Özgür , Coşkun Mesut , Keskin Uğurcan , Ayıntap Emre , İlhan Nilüfer , Tuzcu Esra , Dağlıoğlu Mutlu , Öksüz Hüseyin
Published: February 2013

Purpose. To evaluate efficacy and safety of vitrectorhexis method for both anterior and posterior capsules combined with anterior vitrectomy in children with cataract.Methods. A retrospective chart review was performed for 19 children with cataract operated at a tertiary referral center. Dual approach including anterior and posterior segments was used during the surgery in terms of capsulotomy, intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, and anterior vitrectomy.Results. A total of 23 eyes of 19 patients were enrolled in the study. The mean age of the children was months (5–78). The mean postoperative followup duration was months (3–32). Intraoperative tear was observed only in one of 23 (4.3%) eyes during anterior capsulotomy. All of the patients had a clear visual axis and showed no IOL decentration.Conclusions. Dual approach using vitrectorhexis and anterior vitrectomy is an easy-to-perform technique that seems safe and effective in the short term for younger children.
Combustion of Submillimeter Heptane/Methanol and Heptane/Ethanol Droplets in Reduced Gravity
Authors: Aharon I. , Tam V. K. , Shaw B. D.
Published: February 2013

Reduced-gravity experiments were performed on combustion of droplets composed of n-heptane mixed with methanol or ethanol. The initial alcohol mass fraction in a droplet was 0% (pure heptane) or 5%. The experiments were performed at 0.1 MPa and 25°C with air or with ambients of oxygen and helium with oxygen mole fractions of 0.3 or 0.4. Initial droplet diameters were in the range 0.67 mm to 0.92 mm. After considering measurement uncertainties, burning rates decreased appreciably as the initial droplet diameter increased for combustion in air but not for combustion in the oxygen/helium environments. It was also found that addition of either methanol or ethanol did not influence burning rates appreciably and that burning rates were larger for the oxygen/helium environments than for air if initial droplet diameter dependences were accounted for.
Azastilbene Analogs as Tyrosinase Inhibitors: New Molecules with Depigmenting Potential
Authors: Lima Larissa Lavorato , Lima Rebeca Mól , Silva Annelisa Farah da , Carmo Antônio Márcio Resende do , Silva Adilson David da , Raposo Nádia Rezende Barbosa
Published: February 2013

This research has been an effort to develop synthetic resveratrol analogs in order to improve the depigmenting potential of natural resveratrol. Six resveratrol analogs were synthesized and tested for tyrosinase inhibitory activity in vitro, by qualitative and quantitative steps. The results showed the analog C as being the most powerful tyrosinase inhibitor (IA50 = 65.67 ± 0.60 μg/mL), followed by the analogs B, E, F, A, and D, respectively. The analog C presented a tyrosinase inhibition potential better than natural resveratrol (P < 0.001). The best depigmenting activity was provided by the presence of hydroxyl in the orthoposition on the second phenolic ring.
Vitexicarpin Acts as a Novel Angiogenesis Inhibitor and Its Target Network
Authors: Zhang Bo , Liu Lu , Zhao Shiwen , Wang Xu , Liu Liyang , Li Shao
Published: February 2013

Vitexicarpin (VIT) isolated from the fruits ofVitex rotundifoliahas shown antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory properties. This work is designed to evaluate the antiangiogenic effects of VIT and address the underlying action mechanism of VIT by a network pharmacology approach. The results validated that VIT can act as a novel angiogenesis inhibitor. Firstly, VIT can exert good antiangiogenic effects by inhibiting vascular-endothelial-growth-factor- (VEGF-) induced endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and capillary-like tube formation on matrigel in a dose-dependent manner. Secondly, VIT was also shown to have an antiangiogenic mechanism through inhibition of cell cycle progression and induction of apoptosis. Thirdly, VIT inhibited chorioallantoic membrane angiogenesis as well as tumor angiogenesis in an allograft mouse tumor model. We further addressed VIT’s molecular mechanism of antiangiogenic actions using one of our network pharmacology methods named drugCIPHER. Then, we tested some key molecules in the VEGF pathway targeted by VIT and verified the inhibition effects of VIT on AKT and SRC phosphorylation. Taken together, this work not only identifies VIT as a novel potent angiogenesis inhibitor, but also demonstrates that network pharmacology methods can be an effective and promising approach to make discovery and understand the action mechanism of herbal ingredients.
Coronary Artery and Pulmonary Artery Fistula Originated from Significant Stenosis in the Left Anterior Descending Artery
Authors: Kunt Alper Sami
Published: February 2013

Coronary artery fistula (CAF) is defined as a rare anomalous connection between a coronary artery and a major vessel or a cardiac chamber. We report a case of a left anterior descending coronary (LAD) stenosis and coronary artery fistula between the LAD coronary artery and the pulmonary artery (PA). CAF is often diagnosed by coronary angiogram. We describe our diagnostic approach and review the literature on the epidemiology, the pathophysiology, the diagnostic modalities, and the treatment options.
Acute Systemic Viral Infection Masquerading as an Infiltrating Lymphoma in an Elderly Patient: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Babiker Hani M. , Wiedenbeck Troy , Robetorye Ryan S. , Acharya Utkarsh , Wilansky Susan , Kusne Shimon
Published: February 2013

Primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection occurs mainly in adolescents and young adults, with more than 90% of adults having serological evidence of past infection. Primary infection in those over the age of 40 is associated with an atypical and often more severe presentation that can lead to more extensive and invasive, and often unnecessary, diagnostic testing. The incidence of severe EBV-related illness in older adults has been observed to be increasing in industrialized nations. The characteristic presentation of infectious mononucleosis (IM) syndrome in elderly patients (age > 65) is not clearly defined in the literature. Here, we describe a case of primary EBV infection in an 80-year-old female and review the literature regarding primary seroconversion in elderly patients.
Why I Am Not SHY: A Reply to Tononi and Cirelli
Authors: Frank Marcos Gabriel
Published: February 2013

In a recent article I reviewed an influential theory of sleep function, the “synaptic homeostasis hypothesis (SHY.)” According to SHY, sleep renormalizes synapses that are potentiated during prior wakefulness. I concluded that while SHY is a seminal theory with important implications about sleep function and the brain, its underlying mechanisms are poorly defined. In an accompanying article, the authors of SHY responded at length. Their reply is thoughtful and provocative, but unfortunately many of the points I raised were not accurately represented or addressed. In this brief commentary, I attempt to clarify some points of confusion. I also explain why any theory of sleep function is incomplete without an understanding of the underlying cellular mechanisms.