bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Explore the effect of LLY‐283 on the ototoxicity of auditory cells caused by cisplatin: A bioinformatic analysis based on RNA‐seq
Authors: Zhao Bin , Zhang Dongdong , Sun Yixin , Lei Min , Zeng Peiji , Wang Yue , Hong Yongjun , Jiao Yanchao , Cai Chengfu
Published: January 2022

Background

Cisplatin is a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug in clinics, and long‐term application will lead to hearing impairment. LLY‐283, an inhibitor of PRMT5, has not been reported in deafness. Our study aimed to explore the mechanism of LLY‐283 in hearing impairment.

Materials and Methods

First, we performed RNA‐seq (cisplatin in the experimental group and DMSO in the control group) to obtain the biological processes mainly involved in differentially expressed genes (DEGs). CCK‐8 and LDH experiments were used to observe the effect of LLY‐283 on cisplatin‐induced auditory cell injury. ROS experiment was used to monitor the impact of LLY‐283 on oxidative damage of auditory cells. Effect of LLY‐283 on apoptosis of auditory cells detected by TUNEL experiment. PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of genes and proteins related to auditory cell apoptosis in LLY‐283 cells. Meanwhile, we explored the effect of LLY‐283 on the expression of PRMT5 in cisplatin‐induced hearing impaired cells at RNA and protein levels.

Results

Biological process analysis showed that DEGs were mainly enriched in the apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis (‐Log10 P = 3.71). CCK‐8 and LDH experiments confirmed that LLY‐283 could save cisplatin‐induced auditory cell injury. ROS experiments confirmed that LLY‐283 could rescue cisplatin‐induced oxidative damage to auditory cells. TUNEL experiments confirmed that LLY‐283 could protect cisplatin‐induced apoptosis of auditory cells. Meanwhile, LLY‐283 could inhibit the expression of PRMT5 in auditory cells induced by cisplatin.

Conclusion

LLY‐283 can rescue cisplatin‐induced auditory cell apoptosis injury. LLY‐283 can inhibit the increase in PRMT5 expression induced by cisplatin.
Proline‐rich transmembrane protein 2 specifically binds to GluA1 but has no effect on AMPA receptor‐mediated synaptic transmission
Authors: Feng Hao‐Yang , Qiao Fengchang , Tan Jianxin , Zhang Xiaozuo , Hu Ping , Shi Yun Stone , Xu Zhengfeng
Published: January 2022

Background

Proline‐rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) is a neuron‐specific protein associated with seizures, dyskinesia, and intelligence deficit. Previous studies indicate that PRRT2 regulates neurotransmitter release from presynaptic membranes. However, PRRT2 can also bind AMPA‐type glutamate receptors (AMPARs), but its postsynaptic functions remain unclear.

Methods and results

Whole‐exome sequencing used to diagnose a patient with mental retardation identified a nonsense mutation in the PRRT2 gene (c.649C>T; p.R217X). To understand the pathology of the mutant, we cloned mouse Prrt2 cDNA and inserted a premature stop mutation at Arg223, the corresponding site of Arg217 in human PRRT2. In mouse hippocampal tissues, Prrt2 interacted with GluA1/A2 AMPAR heteromers but not GluA2/A3s, via binding to GluA1. Additionally, Prrt2 suppressed GluA1 expression and localization on cell membranes of HEK 293T cells. However, when Prrt2 was overexpressed in individual hippocampal neurons using in utero electroporation, AMPAR‐mediated synaptic transmission was unaffected. Deletion of Prrt2 with the CRIPR/Cas9 technique did not affect AMPAR‐mediated synaptic transmission. Furthermore, deletion or overexpression of Prrt2 did not affect GluA1 expression and distribution in primary neuronal culture.

Conclusions

The postsynaptic functions of Prrt2 demonstrate that Prrt2 specifically interacts with the AMPAR subunit GluA1 but does not regulate AMPAR‐mediated synaptic transmission. Therefore, our study experimentally excluded a postsynaptic regulatory mechanism of Prrt2. The pathology of PRRT2 variants in humans likely originates from defects in neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic membrane as suggested by recent studies.
Evaluating a semi‐nested PCR to support histopathology reports of fungal rhinosinusitis in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue samples
Authors: Ashraf Mohammad Javad , Kord Mohammad , Morovati Hamid , Ansari Saham , Shekarkhar Golsa , Badali Hamid , Pakshir Kayvan , Shamsizadeh Forough , Khademi Bijan , Shishegar Mahmood , Ahmadikia Kazem , Zomorodian Kamiar
Published: January 2022

Background

Fungal rhinosinusitis (FRS) encompasses a various spectrum of diseases. Histopathology is the “reference method” for diagnosing FRS, but it cannot determine the genus and species. Moreover, in more than 50% of the histopathologically proven cases, the culture elicited no reliable results. This study was an attempt to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of semi‐nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) in FRS patients.

Methods

One hundred ten specimens were subjected to DNA extraction and histopathology examination. The amplification of the β‐globin gene by conventional PCR was used to confirm the quality of extracted DNA. The semi‐nested PCR was performed using ITS1, ITS2, and ITS4 primers during two steps. Sequencing the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2) to identify causative agents was performed on PCR products.

Results

Sixty‐four out of 110 samples were positive by histopathology evidence, of which 56 samples (87.5%) were positive by PCR. Out of 46 negative samples by histopathological methods, five samples (10.9%) yielded positive results by PCR. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the semi‐nested PCR method were reported 87.5%, 89.2%, 92.7%, and 85.2%, respectively. The kappa factor between PCR and histopathological methods was 0.76, indicating substantial agreements between these two tests.

Conclusion

Due to the acceptable sensitivity and specificity of the present method, it might be used to diagnose fungal sinusitis infections along with microscopic techniques. This method is recommended to confirm the diagnose of suspected fungal sinusitis with negative histopathology results.
The association between non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and serum ferritin levels in American adults
Authors: Yang Naibin , Lu Yi , Cao Liwen , Lu Mingqin
Published: January 2022

Background

Elevated serum ferritin levels (SFLs) was previously reported to be related with hepatic histologic severity and advanced liver fibrosis among non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. However, whether NAFLD influences SFLs remains uncertain and needs more clinical evidences. This study explored the differences of SFLs in US adults with or without NAFLD.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional study of 3689 participants aged 18–80 years using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017–2018 cycle. NAFLD status was confirmed based on controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) values ≥274 dB/m through vibration controlled and transient elastography (VCTE). We performed weighted multivariable logistic regression models to evaluate the associations between NAFLD and SFLs in different age and gender.

Results

There was a positive association between NAFLD and SFLs in all three models (model 1:β = 23.07, 95% CI: 10.32, 35.81; model 2:β = 23.68, 95% CI: 10.86, 36.50; model 3:β = 13.86, 95% CI: 0.29, 27.43). After adjusting for the covariates, this positive association persisted in females (β = 16.22, 95% CI: 2.81, 29.62). Further, relationships between NAFLD and SFLs were significantly different in various age groups. In the subgroup stratified by gender, their associations further differed. In males, the positive association was more prominent in 50–64 age group (β = 70.89, 95% CI: 25.14, 116.64). In females, this positive association was more prominent in 18–34 age group (β = 20.72, 95% CI: 7.45, 33.99). However, no correlations between severe steatosis, significant fibrosis, advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis, and SFLs in adults with NAFLD were found.

Conclusion

This study indicated that US adults suffered with NAFLD had significantly higher SFLs compared with their counterparts in non‐NAFLD group. Moreover, the associations between NAFLD and SFLs further differed by age and gender.
Disability self‐worth relates to lower anxiety and depression in people with visual impairment
Authors: Zapata Mercedes A. , Pearlstein Jennifer G.
Published: January 2022

Objective

Visual impairment (VI) has been associated with depression and anxiety. Although researchers have identified several relevant individual differences associated with risk for depression and anxiety, researchers have not considered the role of personal disability identity (PDI) in depression and anxiety for people with VI. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between two aspects of PDI, perceived self‐worth and personal meaning, and depression and anxiety among people with VI.

Method

Hierarchical linear regressions assessed the relative contribution of PDI and disability characteristics to anxiety and depression in an international sample of adults with VI (N = 390).

Results

Lower disability self‐worth, but not lower personal meaning, was significantly associated with higher depression and anxiety, explaining more variance than demographic or disability‐related factors.

Conclusion

By introducing disability self‐worth as a correlate of depression and anxiety in VI, study findings suggest that considering and cultivating PDI for people with VI may be useful for improving clinical outcomes.
Parents matter: Parent acceptance of school‐based executive functions interventions relates to improved child outcomes
Authors: Rothschild Leah B. , Ratto Allison B. , Kenworthy Lauren , Hardy Kristina K. , Verbalis Alyssa , Pugliese Cara , Strang John F. , Safer‐Lichtenstein Jonathan , Anthony Bruno J. , Anthony Laura G. , Guter Madison M. , Haaga David A. F.
Published: January 2022

Objectives

School‐based interventions with parent‐training components might improve access among lower‐income families to effective help for children with neurodevelopmental disorders. This potential might be realized, however, only if parents perceive the interventions as acceptable and therefore engage with treatment.

Methods

Parents (N = 124) of 3rd−5th grade students diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder or Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder rated the acceptability of their child's treatment (one of two culturally responsive behavioral interventions). Parent engagement was measured through attendance at parent training sessions and the extent to which they read a corresponding workbook.

Results

Education and income correlated inversely with parent perceptions of treatment acceptability. Acceptability correlated positively with engagement, more strongly among lower‐income families. Acceptability had an indirect effect on treatment outcome, mediated by parent engagement.

Conclusions

Treatment providers should focus on strategies to increase parent acceptability, with particular attention to improving access for lower‐income families.
A systematic review of self‐report measures of generalized shame
Authors: Lear M. Kati , Lee Eric B. , Smith Sarah M. , Luoma Jason B.
Published: January 2022

Objective

Shame is a transdiagnostic emotion of strong clinical and research interest. Yet, there is a lack of consensus on the definition and varying methods employed across self‐report measures, potentially affecting our ability to accurately study shame and examine whether clinical interventions to alter shame are effective. This paper offers a systematic review of self‐report measures of generalized shame.

Methods

PubMed, PsycInfo, and Web of Science were searched. Studies were included when they were available in English and the primary aim was to evaluate measurement properties of scales or subscales designed to measure generalized shame in adults.

Results

Thirty‐six papers examining 19 scales were identified, with measures of trait shame more common than state shame. Construct validity, internal consistency, and structural validity were relative strengths. Development and content validity studies were lacking and suffered from low methodological quality.

Conclusions

All measures evaluated needed additional research to meet criteria for recommended use.
Renal failure suppresses muscle irisin expression, and irisin blunts cortical bone loss in mice
Authors: Kawao Naoyuki , Kawaguchi Miku , Ohira Takashi , Ehara Hiroki , Mizukami Yuya , Takafuji Yoshimasa , Kaji Hiroshi
Published: January 2022

Background

Chronic renal failure induces bone mineral disorders and sarcopenia. Skeletal muscle affects other tissues, including bone, by releasing myokines. However, the effects of chronic renal failure on the interactions between muscle and bone remain unclear.

Methods

We investigated the effects of renal failure on bone, muscle, and myokines linking muscle to bone using a mouse 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx) model. Muscle mass and bone mineral density (BMD) were analysed by quantitative computed tomography 8 weeks after Nx.

Results

Nephrectomy significantly reduced muscle mass in the whole body (12.1% reduction, P < 0.05), grip strength (10.1% reduction, P < 0.05), and cortical BMD at the femurs of mice (9.5% reduction, P < 0.01) 8 weeks after surgery, but did not affect trabecular BMD at the femurs. Among the myokines linking muscle to bone, Nx reduced the expression of irisin, a proteolytic product of fibronectin type III domain‐containing 5 (Fndc5), in the gastrocnemius muscles of mice (38% reduction, P < 0.01). Nx increased myostatin mRNA levels in the gastrocnemius muscles of mice (54% increase, P < 0.01). In simple regression analyses, cortical BMD, but not trabecular BMD, at the femurs was positively related to Fndc5 mRNA levels in the gastrocnemius muscles of mice (r = 0.651, P < 0.05). The weekly administration of recombinant irisin to mice ameliorated the decrease in cortical BMD, but not muscle mass or grip strength, induced by Nx (6.2% reduction in mice with Nx vs. 3.3% reduction in mice with Nx and irisin treatment, P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The present results demonstrated that renal failure decreases the expression of irisin in the gastrocnemius muscles of mice. Irisin may contribute to cortical bone loss induced by renal failure in mice as a myokine linking muscle to bone.
Skeletal muscle alterations in patients with acute Covid‐19 and post‐acute sequelae of Covid‐19
Authors: Soares Madu N. , Eggelbusch Moritz , Naddaf Elie , Gerrits Karin H. L. , van der Schaaf Marike , van den Borst Bram , Wiersinga W. Joost , van Vugt Michele , Weijs Peter J.M. , Murray Andrew J. , Wüst Rob C.I.
Published: January 2022

Skeletal muscle‐related symptoms are common in both acute coronavirus disease (Covid)‐19 and post‐acute sequelae of Covid‐19 (PASC). In this narrative review, we discuss cellular and molecular pathways that are affected and consider these in regard to skeletal muscle involvement in other conditions, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, critical illness myopathy, and post‐viral fatigue syndrome. Patients with severe Covid‐19 and PASC suffer from skeletal muscle weakness and exercise intolerance. Histological sections present muscle fibre atrophy, metabolic alterations, and immune cell infiltration. Contributing factors to weakness and fatigue in patients with severe Covid‐19 include systemic inflammation, disuse, hypoxaemia, and malnutrition. These factors also contribute to post‐intensive care unit (ICU) syndrome and ICU‐acquired weakness and likely explain a substantial part of Covid‐19‐acquired weakness. The skeletal muscle weakness and exercise intolerance associated with PASC are more obscure. Direct severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV)‐2 viral infiltration into skeletal muscle or an aberrant immune system likely contribute. Similarities between skeletal muscle alterations in PASC and chronic fatigue syndrome deserve further study. Both SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific factors and generic consequences of acute disease likely underlie the observed skeletal muscle alterations in both acute Covid‐19 and PASC.
Muscle‐specific functional deficits and lifelong fibrosis in response to paediatric radiotherapy and tumour elimination
Authors: Kallenbach Jacob G. , Bachman John F. , Paris Nicole D. , Blanc Roméo S. , O'Connor Thomas , Furati Esraa , Hernady Eric , Johnston Carl J. , Williams Jacqueline P. , Chakkalakal Joe V.
Published: January 2022

Background

As paediatric cancer survivors are living into adulthood, they suffer from the age‐related, accelerated decline of functional skeletal muscle tissue, termed sarcopenia. With ionizing radiation (radiotherapy) at the core of paediatric cancer therapies, its direct and indirect effects can have lifelong negative impacts on paediatric growth and maintenance of skeletal muscle. Utilizing our recently developed preclinical rhabdomyosarcoma mouse model, we investigated the late effects of paediatric radiation treatment on skeletal muscles from late adolescent (8 weeks old) and middle‐aged (16 months old) mice.

Methods

Paediatric C57BL/6J male mice (3 weeks old) were injected with rhabdomyosarcoma cells into their right hindlimbs, and then fractionated irradiation (3 × 8.2 Gy) was administered to those limbs at 4 weeks old to eliminate the tumours. Radiation‐alone and tumour‐irradiated mice were assessed at either 8 weeks (3 weeks post‐irradiation) or 16 months (14 months post‐irradiation) of age for muscle physiology, myofibre characteristics, cell loss, histopathology, fibrosis, inflammatory gene expression, and fibrotic gene expression.

Results

Mice that received only paediatric radiation demonstrated reduced muscle mass (−17%, P < 0.001), muscle physiological function (−25%, P < 0.01), muscle contractile kinetics (−25%, P < 0.05), satellite cell number (−45%, P < 0.05), myofibre cross‐sectional area (−30%, P < 0.0001), and myonuclear number (−17%, P < 0.001). Paediatric radiation increased inflammatory gene expression, increased fibrotic gene expression, and induced extracellular matrix protein deposition (fibrosis) with tumour elimination exacerbating some phenotypes. Paediatric tumour‐eliminated mice demonstrated exacerbated deficits to function (−20%, P < 0.05) and myofibre size (−17%, P < 0.001) in some muscles as well as further increases to inflammatory and fibrotic gene expression. Examining the age‐related effects of paediatric radiotherapy in middle‐aged mice, we found persistent myofibre atrophy (−20%, P < 0.01), myonuclear loss (−18%, P < 0.001), up‐regulated inflammatory and fibrotic signalling, and lifelong fibrosis.

Conclusions

The results from this paediatric radiotherapy model are consistent and recapitulate the clinical and molecular features of accelerated sarcopenia, musculoskeletal frailty, and radiation‐induced fibrosis experienced by paediatric cancer survivors. We believe that this preclinical mouse model is well poised for future mechanistic insights and therapeutic interventions that improve the quality of life for paediatric cancer survivors.
Prevalence of depression in patients with sarcopenia and correlation between the two diseases: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Li Zhenzhen , Tong Xiang , Ma Yao , Bao Ting , Yue Jirong
Published: January 2022

Background

Depression may be the most common cause of emotional distress later in life and can significantly reduce the quality of life in elderly individuals. Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by the continuous loss of skeletal muscle mass and decreased strength and function. In recent years, many studies have shown a correlation between sarcopenia and depression. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of depression among individuals with sarcopenia and to ascertain whether sarcopenia is independently associated with depression.

Methods

We systematically searched the PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar databases for papers on sarcopenia published up to 31 August 2021. We reviewed the literature on the number of individuals with sarcopenia, the number of individuals with both sarcopenia and depression, and the odds ratio (OR) of sarcopenia to depression. Statistical analyses were performed using Meta‐DiSc 1.4 software and Stata version 12.0.

Results

Nineteen articles met the inclusion criteria for review: nine reported both prevalence and ORs, four described prevalence only, and six detailed the ORs only. Regarding prevalence, there were 1476 cases of sarcopenia and 364 of depression in the selected studies; the mean age of the patients was 75.5 years, and the overall prevalence of depression was 0.28 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.21–0.36]. Significant heterogeneity was noted (P < 0.001; I2 = 92.2%). In the case of ORs, there were 16 869 subjects with a mean age of 73 years; the overall adjusted OR between sarcopenia and depression was 1.57 (95% CI: 1.32–1.86). Significant heterogeneity was noted in the adjusted ORs (P < 0.001; I2 = 75.1%).

Conclusions

The prevalence of depression in patients with sarcopenia was high relatively, and there was a correlation between sarcopenia and depression.
Dental students’ perception of a blended learning approach to clinic orientation
Authors: Cho Aleah , Ganesh Nisha
Published: January 2022

Purpose/objectives

The pandemic presented a big challenge to dental education: rapid conversion of a hands‐on, experiential learning program to a virtual environment. The objectives of this study are to examine the conventional approaches of facilitating the transition from pre‐clinic to clinic, to analyze how a blended learning approach including virtual learning modules facilitated this transition, and to assess the benefits of virtual learning in the future of dental school curriculum.

Methods

Rising third‐year dental students in 2020 (n = 134) were engaged in a three‐month (from the end of May to the end of August 2020) clinic orientation consisting of virtual didactic and clinic simulated activities. Part I consisted of didactic courses presented virtually. Part II consisted of simulated clinical activities for operative and radiology along with 3‐week virtual treatment planning (TP) sessions with quizzes for each week. Part III consisted of clinical assisting and shadowing activities in the clinic on restorative procedures and TP sessions with senior students. Surveys were administered before and after each part of the orientation program.

Results

Data confirmed that 1) virtually‐delivered didactic materials increased students' knowledge in learning relevant key topics of clinic transition and 2) virtual TP sessions increased students' perceived confidence and knowledge in assessment and TP.

Conclusion

Despite challenges faced during school closure, most dental students positively valued the virtual orientation methods of learning. Integrating a virtual mode of didactic can serve as a new methodology of the dental school curriculum in preparation for the clinic.
Quantifying the effects of anaerobic soil disinfestation and other biological soil management strategies on nitrous oxide emissions from raised bed plasticulture tomato production
Authors: Li Zhuona , Di Gioia Francesco , Paudel Bodh , Zhao Xin , Hong Jason , Pisani Cristina , Rosskopf Erin , Wilson Patrick
Published: January 2022

Soilborne pests are a major obstacle that must be overcome for the production of horticultural crops. Methyl bromide (MBr) was an effective preplanting soil broad‐spectrum biocide, but its use has been banned due to its role in depleting the ozone layer. As a result, sustainable alternative methods for controlling soilborne pathogens and pests are needed. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are of concern in crop production due to the role of N2O as a greenhouse gas. Agricultural lands are known sources for emission of N2O into the atmosphere. Emissions are related to many environmental factors as well as fertilization and fumigation practices. This study evaluated the influence of different alternatives to MBr on N2O emissions throughout a tomato production season in two locations representative of southern and northern Florida. We evaluated eight soil management practices, including (a) untreated controls; (b) chemical soil fumigation; (c) anaerobic soil disinfestation using molasses (M) + composted poultry litter and (d and e) M + composted yard waste (CYW, at two rates); (f) Soil Symphony Amendment (SSA), a commercially available mix of microbes and nutrients; (g) CYW alone; and (h) CYW + SSA. Nitrous oxide emissions were measured throughout the cropping season. Emissions were highest on the day of planting (Day 21), ranging from 213 to 1,878 μg m–2 h–1, likely due to the release of N2O that had accumulated under the totally impermeable film when it was punctured for planting. However, statistical significance varied between sites. Estimated cumulative emissions of N2O throughout the production season ranged from 1.3 to 4.8 kg N2O–N ha–1.
Clinical characteristics of primary carnitine deficiency: A structured review using a case‐by‐case approach
Authors: Crefcoeur Loek L. , Visser Gepke , Ferdinandusse Sacha , Wijburg Frits A. , Langeveld Mirjam , Sjouke Barbara
Published: January 2022

A broad spectrum of signs and symptoms has been attributed to primary carnitine deficiency (PCD) since its first description in 1973. Advances in diagnostic procedures have improved diagnostic accuracy and the introduction of PCD in newborn screening (NBS) programs has led to the identification of an increasing number of PCD patients, including mothers of screened newborns, who may show a different phenotype compared to clinically diagnosed patients. To elucidate the spectrum of signs and symptoms in PCD patients, we performed a structured literature review. Using a case‐by‐case approach, clinical characteristics, diagnostic data, and mode of patient identification were recorded. Signs and symptoms were categorized by organ involvement. In total, 166 articles were included, reporting data on 757 individual patients. In almost 20% (N = 136) of the cases, the diagnosis was based solely on low carnitine concentration which we considered an uncertain diagnosis of PCD. The remaining 621 cases had a diagnosis based on genetic and/or functional (ie, carnitine transporter activity) test results. In these 621 cases, cardiac symptoms (predominantly cardiomyopathy) were the most prevalent (23.8%). Neurological (7.1%), hepatic (8.4%), and metabolic (9.2%) symptoms occurred mainly in early childhood. Adult onset of symptoms occurred in 16 of 194 adult patients, of whom 6 (3.1%) patients suffered a severe event without any preceding symptom (five cardiac events and one coma). In conclusion, symptoms in PCD predominantly develop in early childhood. Most newborns and mothers of newborns detected through NBS remain asymptomatic. However, though rarely, severe complications do occur in both groups.
Divergent locomotor evolution in “giant” kangaroos: Evidence from foot bone bending resistances and microanatomy
Authors: Wagstaffe Amber Y. , O'Driscoll Adrian M. , Kunz Callum J. , Rayfield Emily J. , Janis Christine M.
Published: January 2022

The extinct sthenurine (giant, short‐faced) kangaroos have been proposed to have a different type of locomotor behavior to extant (macropodine) kangaroos, based both on physical limitations (the size of many exceeds the proposed limit for hopping) and anatomical features (features of the hind limb anatomy suggestive of weight‐bearing on one leg at a time). Here, we use micro computerised tomography (micro‐CT) scans of the pedal bones of six kangaroos, three sthenurine, and three macropodine, ranging from ~50 to 150 kg, to investigate possible differences in bone resistances to bending and cortical bone distribution that might relate to differences in locomotion. Using second moment of area analysis, we show differences in resistance to bending between the two subfamilies. Distribution of cortical bone shows that sthenurines had less resistant calcaneal tubers, implying a different foot posture during locomotion, and the long foot bones were more resistant to the medial bending stresses. These differences were the most pronounced between Pleistocene monodactyl sthenurines (Sthenurus stirlingi and Procoptodon browneorum) and the two species of Macropus (the extant M. giganteus and the extinct M. cf. M. titan) and support the hypothesis that these derived sthenurines employed bipedal striding. The Miocene sthenurine Hadronomas retains some more macropodine‐like features of bone resistance to bending, perhaps reflecting its retention of the fifth pedal digit. The Pleistocene macropodine Protemnodon has a number of unique features, possibly indicative of a type of locomotion unlike the other kangaroos.
Ultrastructural research of spermiogenesis in two sponges, Crellomima imparidens and Hymedesmia irregularis (Demospongiae): New evidence of sperms with acrosome in sponges
Authors: Ereskovsky Alexander , Tokina Daria
Published: January 2022

Details of spermatogenesis and sperm organization are often useful for reconstructing the phylogeny of closely related taxa of invertebrates. Here, the spermiogenesis and the ultrastructure of sperm were studied in two marine demosponges, Crellomima imparidens and Hymedesmia irregularis (order Poecilosclerida). In C. imparidens and H. irregularis, we found bundles of microtubules arranged along the nucleus during spermiogenesis. These bundles derived from the basal body of axoneme, reaching the apical pole of the cell. In C. imparidens, the microtubules surround the nucleus, forming the manchette. In H. irregularis, the microtubules pass along only one side of the cell periphery. During spermiogenesis, the nucleus stretches and elongates. In both species, the nucleus is twisted into a spiral structure. We suppose that the manchette of microtubules could be responsible for controlling the elongation and shaping of the sperm nucleus to a helical form and for the twisting and/or condensation of chromatin in these sponges. The spermatozoon of both species has an elongated shape. Its apical part has an acrosome, which is dome‐shaped in C. imparidens and flattened and lenticular in H. irregularis. The cytoplasm of the spermatozoa contains some small mitochondria, and proximal and distal centrioles arranged at an angle to each other. There is a small volume of residual cytoplasm with dark glycogen‐like granules. The axoneme of the spermatid and the flagellum of the sperm of both sponges is located in the deep tunnel‐like cytoplasmic depression. The comparison of spermatozoa morphology of different species of the order Poecilosclerida demonstrates that the knowledge of variation within genera and families can give valuable insights into the significance of many characters proposed for phylogenetic studies of this order.
Induction of humoral and cellular immune responses to COVID‐19 mRNA and vector vaccines: A prospective cohort study in Bulgarian healthcare workers
Authors: Nikolova Maria , Todorova Yana , Emilova Radoslava , Trifonova Iva , Gladnishka Teodora , Petrova‐Yancheva Nina , Chervenyakova Tatyana , Dragusheva Elena , Popov Georgi , Christova Iva
Published: January 2022

Installing efficient protective immunity by anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines is the only current means to overcome coronavirus disease 2019 pandemics. The cellular and humoral immune responses induced with an messenger RNA (mRNA) (BNT162b2) or with a vector (ChAdOx1nCoV‐19) vaccine among Bulgarian healthcare workers (n = 123, aged 23–71 years) were studied in the course of 16 weeks after priming. Receptor‐binding domain (RBD)‐blocking Abs and SARS‐CoV‐2 RBD immunoglobulin A  (IgA) were evaluated in parallel with interferon gamma (IFNγ)‐producing virus‐specific T cells. Both vaccines induced RBD‐blocking Abs in 100% of the participants after complete immunization while the levels of protection after a single dose largely varied (22%–98%). Advanced age had a negative impact on the level and longevity of virus‐neutralizing activity induced by one dose mRNA, but not by the vector vaccine. RBD‐binding IgA was detected in 100% of tested donors from the mRNA vaccine cohort, and in 67% of tested from the vector vaccine cohort, at least 1 month after completed immunization. One month after completing mRNA immunization, the number of IFNγ‐producing T cells correlated significantly with the levels of RBD‐specific IgA and virus‐neutralizing activity induced after priming. Enumeration of circulating virus‐specific IFNγ+ T cells is not recommended for evaluation of protective immunity as their detection may require longer stimulation beyond the firstmonth postimmunization.

In conclusion, BNT162B2 and ChAdOx1nCoV‐19 induced potent and comparable humoral and cellular anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 immune responses, peaking between 10 and 30 days after complete immunization. A single dose of any vaccine did not induce adequate protection in a great part of donors, making the shorter interval between mRNA vaccine doses preferable in the settings of increased risk of infection.
The puzzling mutational landscape of the SARS‐2‐variant Omicron
Authors: Fantini Jacques , Yahi Nouara , Colson Philippe , Chahinian Henri , La Scola Bernard , Raoult Didier
Published: January 2022

The recently emerging SARS‐CoV‐2 variant omicron displays an unusual association of 30 mutations, 3 deletions, and 1 insertion. To analyze the impact of this atypic mutational landscape, we constructed a complete structure of the omicron spike protein. Compared with the delta variant, the receptor‐binding domain (RBD) of omicron has an increased electrostatic surface potential, but a decreased affinity for the ACE‐2 receptor. The N‐terminal domain (NTD) has both a decreased surface potential and a lower affinity for lipid rafts. The omicron variant is predicted to be less fusogenic and thus less pathogenic than delta, due to a geometric reorganization of the S1‐S2 cleavage site. Overall, these virological parameters suggest that omicron does not have a significant infectivity advantage over the delta variant. However, in omicron, neutralizing epitopes are greatly affected, suggesting that current vaccines will probably confer little protection against this variant. In conclusion, the puzzling mutational pattern of the omicron variant combines contradictory properties which may either decrease (virological properties) or increase (immunological escape/facilitation) the transmission of this variant in the human population. This Janus‐like phenotype may explain some conflicting reports on the initial assessment of omicron and provide new insights about the molecular mechanisms controlling its dissemination and pathogenesis worldwide.
Dust events in southwestern Iran: Estimation of PM10 concentration based on horizontal visibility during dust events
Authors: Mobarak Hassan Elham , Alizadeh Omid
Published: January 2022

Due to the lack of air quality data in many regions across the globe, determination of PM10 concentration based on horizontal visibility is of considerable importance. This study aims to obtain the best empirical equation to estimate PM10 concentration in southwestern Iran during dust events based on horizontal visibility. By analysing long‐term (2000–2019) meteorological data, a statistically significant correlation is found between horizontal visibility and PM10 concentration in southwestern Iran. A distinct seasonal pattern in the frequency of dust events is observed, with the highest and lowest frequency in June and December, respectively. The diurnal variation is also identified in the frequency of dust events in southwestern Iran, with a higher frequency in the afternoon during which thermal instability is maximum, but a relatively lower frequency at night when the atmosphere is generally thermally stable. A relatively high year‐to‐year variability in the frequency of dust events is observed in southwestern Iran, suggesting a large contribution of natural internal climate variability. However, the frequency of dust events has not changed significantly during the period 2000–2019. Analysis of three dust events in southwestern Iran in winter and the long‐term wind rose in Ahvaz indicates that dust events in southwestern Iran are mainly associated with strong northwesterly winds and transport of dust from Iraq. Strong southerly winds and activation of local sources or transport of dust from Saudi Arabia also occasionally contribute. PM10 concentrations in southwestern Iran during dust events are estimated based on horizontal visibility using eight different equations, three of which are introduced in this study. Results show that exponential equations provide a more accurate estimation of PM10 concentration in southwestern Iran during dust events when horizontal visibility is less than 500 m, while power equations perform better when horizontal visibility is greater than 500 m.
The Askov long‐term field experiment (1894–2021) represents a unique research platform#
Authors: Christensen Bent T. , Thomsen Ingrid K. , Eriksen Jørgen
Published: January 2022

Long‐term agricultural field experiments are essential for quantifying changes in soil properties and associated crop productivity that occur slowly but continue over long periods. Initiated in 1894 in the South of Denmark, the Askov long‐term experiment (LTE) is among the few LTEs in the world that continued for more than 125 years. The experiment compares different rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium applied in mineral fertilizers or animal manure with abundant treatment replicates. With well‐managed treatments, detailed yield records, and a soil archive dating back to 1923, today the Askov‐LTE represents a unique platform for research not envisioned at the start of experiments. Here, we provide a short description of site characteristics and experimental layout, examples of historic crop yields and changes in soil carbon (C) content. We provide short overviews of some of the studies that have used the Askov‐LTE as a research platform. These include crop yield‐related research; models simulating changes in soil C; availability of soil P reserves; indicators of biological, chemical, and physical soil quality; and studies related to prehistoric archaeology. Finally, we offer some reflections on long‐term field experimentation.
The impact of konjac glucomannan on the physical and chemical stability of walnut oil‐in‐water emulsions coated by whey proteins
Authors: Tian Li , Zhang Shulin , Yi Jianhua , Zhu Zhenbao , Decker Eric Andrew , McClements David Julian
Published: January 2022

BACKGROUND

Walnut oil, which is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), can be incorporated into food emulsions to increase their nutritional value. However, these emulsions are highly susceptible to deterioration during storage due to lipid oxidation. Konjac glucomannan (KGM) is a neutral plant polysaccharide used as a stabilizer, thickener or gelling agent in foods. The goal of this study was to incorporate KGM into oil‐in‐water emulsions containing walnut oil droplets coated by whey protein isolate (WPI) and then determine its effects on their physical and oxidative stability.

RESULTS

At pH 3, inclusion of KGM (0.1–1 g kg−1) reduced the positive surface potential on the droplets in the emulsions and modified the secondary structure of the adsorbed whey proteins, suggesting an interaction between KGM and WPI at the droplet surfaces. The physical stability of the emulsions was enhanced when 0.1–0.6 g kg−1 KGM was added but reduced at higher levels. Lipid oxidation was inhibited in the emulsions in a dose‐dependent manner when 0.2–0.6 g kg−1 KGM was added but protein oxidation was promoted at higher KGM levels. The steric hindrance provided by the thick WPI–KGM interfaces, as well as the ability of the polysaccharides to modify the antioxidant properties of the adsorbed proteins, may account for these effects.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that KGM can be used to inhibit lipid oxidation in emulsified foods containing protein‐coated oil droplets. However, its level must be optimized because higher doses can result in droplet aggregation and protein oxidation. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Encapsulation of lipases by nucleotide/metal ion coordination polymers: enzymatic properties and their applications in glycerolysis and esterification studies
Authors: Chen Wenyi , He Lihong , Song Wenzhu , Huang Jianrong , Zhong Nanjing
Published: January 2022

BACKGROUND

In the present study, lipases of TLL (lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus), AOL (lipase from Aspergillus oryzae), RML (lipase from Rhizomucor miehei), BCL (lipase from Burkholderia cepacia), CALA (Candida antarctica lipase A) and LU (Lecitase® Ultra) were encapsulated into nucleotide‐hybrid metal coordination polymers (CPs). Enzyme concentration was optimized for encapsulation and the enzymatic properties of the obtained lipases were investigated. In addition, their performance in glycerolysis and esterification was evaluated, and glycerolysis conditions (water content, temperature and time) were optimized.

RESULTS

Hydrolysis activity over 10 000 U g−1 and activity recovery over 90% were observed from AOL@GMP/Tb, TLL@GMP/Tb and RML@GMP/Tb. GMP/Tb encapsulation (of AOL, TLL, RML and LU) improved their thermostability when incubated in air. The encapsulated lipases exhibited moderate [triacylglycerols (TAG) conversion 30–50%] and considerable glycerolysis activity (TAG conversion over 60%). TAG conversions from 69.37% to 82.35% and diacylglycerols (DAG) contents from 58.62% to 64.88% were obtained from CALA@GMP/metal samples (except for CALA@GMP/Cu). Interestingly, none of the encapsulated lipases initiated the esterification reaction. AOL@GMP/Tb, TLL@GMP/Tb, RML@GMP/Tb and CALA@GMP/Tb showed good reusability in glycerolysis, with 88.80%, 94.67%, 89.85% and 78.16% of their initial glycerolysis activity, respectively, remaining after five cycles of reuse. The relationships between temperature and TAG conversion were LnV0 = 6.5364–3.7943/T and LnV0 = 13.8820–6.4684/T for AOL@GMP/Tb and CALA@GMP/Tb, respectively; in addition, their activation energies were 31.55 and 53.78 kJ mol−1, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Most of the present encapsulated lipases exhibited moderate and considerable glycerolysis activity. In addition, AOL@GMP/Tb, TLL@GMP/Tb, RML@GMP/Tb and CALA@GMP/Tb exhibited good reusability in glycerolysis reactions and potential in practical applications. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Proteins from pseudocereal seeds: solubility, extraction, and modifications of the physicochemical and techno‐functional properties
Authors: Constantino Augusto Bene Tomé , Garcia‐Rojas Edwin Elard
Published: January 2022

Pseudocereals (amaranth, buckwheat and quinoa) are emerging as popular gluten‐free crops. This may be attributed to their wide‐ranging health benefits, including antioxidant, hypoglycemic and serum‐cholesterol reducing properties. Proteins of these crops have a high nutritional quality as a result of the presence of essential amino acids. Additionally, amaranth, buckwheat and quinoa proteins (AP, BP and QP, respectively) have physicochemical properties that are useful for the manufacture of different types of food. However, native pseudocereal proteins demonstrate a low solubility in water, mainly because of their composition. The major components of these proteins are albumins (water‐soluble) and globulins (salt‐soluble), although some proportions of glutelin (alkali‐soluble) and prolamins (alcohol‐soluble) are also found. The most commonly used method for extracting pseudocereal proteins is the alkaline extraction method, which may contribute to the low solubility of pseudocereal protein. Fortunately, different methods for modifying physicochemical (or techno‐functional) properties have been proposed to extend their industrial application. For example, high‐intensity ultrasound (HIUS) proved useful for improving the solubility of API and QP. Heating can allow for the formation of soluble aggregates of QP. The combination of heating and HIUS can improve the digestibility, solubility and foam properties of AP. Conjugation through the Maillard reaction can improve BPI and QP interfacial properties. Thus, present study provides a review of the solubility, extraction and modification of the techno‐functional properties of AP, BP and QP. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry
High hydrostatic pressure treatment reduces the potential antigenicity of β‐conglycinin by changing the protein structure during in vitro digestion
Authors: Bu Guanhao , Li Tanghao
Published: January 2022

BACKGROUND

High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment has been used to alleviate the allergenicity of soybeans, but there are little data about the potential antigenicity of β‐conglycinin after HHP treatment.

RESULTS

We examined the effects of HHP treatment on the antigenicity and structure of β‐conglycinin. When the pressure was 300 and 400 MPa, HHP treatment reduced the immunoglobulin (Ig)G binding capacity of β‐conglycinin, while its IgE binding capacity did not change significantly. After in vitro digestion, both the IgE and IgG binding of β‐conglycinin was obviously inhibited after HHP treatment at 400 MPa and 60 °C, although its binding capacity with linear epitope antibodies increased. Moreover, HHP treatment changed the secondary structure of β‐conglycinin, the content of α‐helix and random coils increased, while the β‐sheet and β‐turn decreased. After HHP treatment, the conformational structure was unfolded so that a large number of hydrophobic regions were exposed.

CONCLUSION

HHP treatment alleviated the potential antigenicity of β‐conglycinin by modifying its structure, which facilitated in vitro digestion and destroyed epitopes. This research provides a new insight into the mechanism of HHP treatment that affects the sensitization of soy protein allergens. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Effect of drying on the physical and chemical properties of palm kernel oil
Authors: Habibiasr Mina , Mokhtar Mohd Noriznan , Ibrahim Mohd Nordin , Yunos Khairul Faezah Md. , Ibrahim Nuzul Amri
Published: January 2022

BACKGROUND

Palm kernel is the edible seed of the oil palm fruit obtained during the palm oil milling process. For efficient processing and storage, the moisture content of palm kernel must be reduced to an optimal level by drying. This study aimed to see how drying influenced the physical structure and physicochemical properties of palm kernel and oil. Before and after drying, the free fatty acid (FFA), color, fatty acid composition, Fourier transform infrared, thermal properties and structure of palm kernel were investigated.

RESULTS

Results show that drying significantly (P < 0.05) reduced FFA and color of palm kernel oil. Drying also significantly affected (P < 0.05) composition of some fatty acids in palm kernel oil such as capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid and oleic acid. However, drying did not affect palm kernel and palm kernel oil functional groups and thermal properties. After drying, structural damage of palm kernel was observed.

CONCLUSION

Based on these findings, the quality of kernel oil may be maintained after drying, and it can even be improved based on lower FFA content. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.