bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Асимптотика коэффициентов корреляции поперечных импульсов в модели со слиянием струн
Authors: Vechernin Vladimir Viktorovich
Published: January 2017

В рамках модели со слиянием кварк-глюонных струн на поперечной решетке найдены асимптотики коэффициентов корреляции между наблюдаемыми в разнесенных быстротных интервалах при большой плотности струн для реалистического случая с неоднородным распределением струн в плоскости прицельного параметра. Асимптотики рассчитаны для трех типов корреляций: для корреляции между средними поперечными импульсами частиц с быстротами в этих интервалах, для корреляции между средним поперечным импульсом частиц в одном быстротном интервале и множественностью частиц в другом, а также для корреляции между множественностями заряженных частиц в этих интервалах. Показано, что обнаруженная ранее независимость асимптотики коэффициента корреляции между средними поперечными импульсами от величины дисперсии по числу частиц, образующихся при фрагментации струны, имеет место только в случае равномерного распределения струн в поперечной плоскости. Показано также, что найденные общие выражения для коэффициентов дальних корреляций, в частном случае с равномерным распределением струн в поперечной плоскости, переходят в формулы, полученные ранее другим методом, применимым только в этом простом случае.
The Embodiment of Zhuangzi‘s Ecological Wisdom in Chinese Literati Painting (wenrenhua 文人畫) and Its Aesthetics
Authors: POŠKAITĖ Loreta
Published: January 2017

The paper deals with the relation of Daoist (mainly Zhuangzi’s) ecological ideas on inter- penetration and “communication-without-communication” of things to Chinese landscape and bamboo painting, more specifically, to the ideas about the harmonization of the painter with the things (scene) painted in the process of producing the artwork. Its purpose is to explore a more nuanced, philosophical and non-Eurocentric interpretation of this peculiar kind of harmony of things or their “unity in particularity”, as inspired by Zhuangzi’s ideas and seemingly embodied in Chinese literati painting. For this purpose, the paper introduces few conceptual models, formulated by Western sinologists, as the particular philosophical schemes for the understanding of Zhuangzi’s epistemology and cosmology, and then discusses their applicability with regard to the relationships between the painter and the world, as presented in early and classical Chinese painting aesthetics and theory.
Yang Zhu – enfant terrible filozofskega daoizma in njegov koncept privatizma
Authors: ROŠKER Jana S.
Published: January 2017

Yang Zhu, kitajski filozof iz četrtega stoletja pred našim štetjem, se je v zgodovino kitajske filozofije zapisal kot egoističen hedonist, nezmožen krepostnega življenja v skupnosti, ustrojeni po načelih stroge konfucijanske filozofije. Kot takega ga je uradno konfucijansko zgodovinopisje vselej znova ožigosalo za heretičnega misleca, nevrednega položaja resničnega filozofa. Ta članek poskuša zavrniti takšno intepretacijo Yang Zhujeve filozofije in pokazati, da gre pri njegovem idejnem opusu za izjemno egalitarno filozofijo, ki si prizadeva za svobodo, dostojanstvo in osebno integriteto vsakega posameznika v družbi. Članek izhaja iz predpostavke, da je prav Yang Zhu tisti predstavnik klasičnega daoizma, ki je poskušal v svojem nauku najbolj dosledno uresničiti načelo družbene strpnosti, avtonomije in individualne svobode v smislu, ki prihaja do izraza v reku »živi in pusti živeti «. Yang Zhu je pogosto označen kot zagovornik anarhizma in individualizma. Avtorica na podlagi kontekstualne analize kritično preveri to predpostavko in ugotovi, da je za označevanje Yangove filozofije, ki temelji na zaščiti »zasebnosti«, morda najprimernejši koncept »privatizma«.
Struggle for the Right to Cover Up for Family Members: The Significance and Value of the Confucian Thought “Cover Up for Family Members” in Modern Society
Authors: TSENG Wei-Chieh
Published: January 2017

The argument for covering up for family members who had committed offenses was a core part of Confucian thinking, and a topic that has long been controversial. This idea tended to be deemed by traditional Legalist scholars and contemporary law-centered scholars as an outdated approach that compromised legal fairness, and thus should not be accepted by contemporary society. However, it is understood through Honneth’s recognition theory that the “law” is in fact merely a principle of recognizing a person’s identity as a member of civil society, and we cannot ignore that man also has an identity of the “family” relation that is connected to “love”. The identity recognition based on the principle of “love” is an intrinsic need of humans, and also an essential link in the establishment of an integrated personality. The desire to cover up for a family member is nothing other than an attempt to rebuild an ethics-centered identity recognition, so as to avoid the materialization of humans by “laws”.
Real-time detection of highly oxidized organosulfates and BSOA marker compounds during the F-BEACh 2014 field study
Authors: Brüggemann Martin , Poulain Laurent , Held Andreas , Stelzer Torsten , Zuth Christoph , Richters Stefanie , Mutzel Anke , van Pinxteren Dominik , Iinuma Yoshiteru , Katkevica Sarmite , Rabe René , Herrmann Hartmut , Hoffmann Thorsten
Published: January 2017

Abstract. The chemical composition of ambient organic aerosols was analyzed using complementary mass spectrometric techniques during a field study in central Europe in July 2014 (Fichtelgebirge – Biogenic Emission and Aerosol Chemistry, F-BEACh 2014). Among several common biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA) marker compounds, 93 acidic oxygenated hydrocarbons were detected with elevated abundances and were thus attributed to be characteristic for the organic aerosol mass at the site. Monoterpene measurements exhibited median mixing ratios of 1.6 and 0.8 ppbV for in and above canopy levels respectively. Nonetheless, concentrations for early-generation oxidation products were rather low, e.g., pinic acid (c  =  4.7 (±2.5) ng m−3). In contrast, high concentrations were found for later-generation photooxidation products such as 3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid (MBTCA, c  =  13.8 (±9.0) ng m−3) and 3-carboxyheptanedioic acid (c  =  10.2 (±6.6) ng m−3), suggesting that aged aerosol masses were present during the campaign period. In agreement, HYSPLIT trajectory calculations indicate that most of the arriving air masses traveled long distances (>  1500 km) over land with high solar radiation. In addition, around 47 % of the detected compounds from filter sample analysis contained sulfur, confirming a rather high anthropogenic impact on biogenic emissions and their oxidation processes. Among the sulfur-containing compounds, several organosulfates, nitrooxy organosulfates, and highly oxidized organosulfates (HOOS) were tentatively identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Correlations among HOOS, sulfate, and highly oxidized multifunctional organic compounds (HOMs) support the hypothesis of previous studies that HOOS are formed by reactions of gas-phase HOMs with particulate sulfate. Moreover, periods with high relative humidity indicate that aqueous-phase chemistry might play a major role in HOOS production. However, for dryer periods, coinciding signals for HOOS and gas-phase peroxyradicals (RO2•) were observed, suggesting RO2• to be involved in HOOS formation.
Uncertainty in counting ice nucleating particles with continuous diffusion flow chambers
Authors: Garimella Sarvesh , Rothenberg Daniel A. , Wolf Martin J. , David Robert O. , Kanji Zamin A. , Wang Chien , Roesch Michael , Cziczo Daniel J.
Published: January 2017

Abstract. This study investigates the measurement of ice nucleating particle (INP) concentration and sizing of crystals using continuous flow diffusion chambers (CFDCs). CFDCs have been deployed for decades to measure the formation of INPs under controlled humidity and temperature conditions in laboratory studies and by ambient aerosol populations. These measurements have, in turn, been used to construct parameterizations for use in models by relating the formation of ice crystals to state variables such as temperature, humidity, and aerosol particle properties such as composition and number. We show here that assumptions of ideal instrument behavior are not supported by measurements made with a commercially available CFDC, the SPectrometer for Ice Nucleation (SPIN), and the instrument on which it is based, the Zurich Ice Nucleation Chamber (ZINC). Non-ideal instrument behavior, which is likely inherent to varying degrees in all CFDCs, is caused by exposure of particles to different humidities and/or temperatures than predicated from theory. This can result in a systematic, and variable, underestimation of reported INP concentrations. We use a machine learning approach to show that non-ideality is most likely due to small scale flow features where the aerosols are combined with sheath flows and to minimize the uncertainty associated with measured INP concentrations. We suggest that detailed measurement, on an instrument-by-instrument basis, be performed to characterize this uncertainty.
Formation of secondary organic aerosols from gas–phase emissions of heated cooking oils
Authors: Liu Tengyu , Li Zijun , Chan ManNin , Chan Chak K.
Published: January 2017

Abstract. Cooking emissions can potentially contribute to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) but remain poorly understood. In this study, formation of SOA from gas-phase emissions of five heated vegetable oils (i.e. corn, canola, sunflower, peanut and olive oils) was investigated in a potential aerosol mass (PAM) chamber. Experiments were conducted at 19–20 ºC and 65–70 % RH. The characterization instruments included a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-TOF-AMS). The efficiency of SOA production, in ascending order, was peanut oil, olive oil, canola oil, corn oil and sunflower oil. The major SOA precursors from heated cooking oils were related to the content of mono-unsaturated fat and omega-6 fatty acids in cooking oils. The average production rate of SOA, after aging at an OH exposure of 1.7 × 1011 molecules cm−3 s, was 1.35 ± 0.30 µg min−1, three orders of magnitude lower compared with emission rates of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from heated cooking oils in previous studies. The mass spectra of cooking SOA highly resemble field-derived COA (cooking-related organic aerosol) in ambient air, with R2 ranging from 0.74 to 0.88, suggesting that COA might not be entirely primary in origin. The average carbon oxidation state (OSc) of SOA was −1.51–−0.81, falling in the range between ambient hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA) and semi-volatile oxygenated organic aerosol (SV-OOA), indicating that SOA in these experiments was lightly oxidized.
Holocene climatic evolution at the Chinese Loess Plateau: testing sensitivity to the global warming-cooling events
Authors: Anwar Taslima , Kravchinsky Vadim A. , Zhang Rui , Koukhar Lioudmila P. , Yang Lirong , Yue Leping
Published: January 2017

Abstract. A high resolution petromagnetic and sedimentary grain size analyses demonstrate that pedogenic alterations in the Holocene loess sequences from the region of the Guanzhong Basin and the Mu Us Desert of the Chinese Loess Plateau were affected by the climatic variations in temperature and precipitation, but not by the climatic variations of wind intensity. Three warm-humid intervals (~ 8.4–3.7 ka, ~ 2.4–1.2 ka, and ~ 0.81–0.48 ka), associated with the soil formation and relatively high values of petromagnetic parameters, occurred during the Holocene. A significant paleosol development from ~ 8.4 to 3.7 ka, along with the higher values of proxy parameters, indicates a generally strong warm-humid phase in the mid-Holocene which can be attributed as the Holocene optimum in the studied regions. The study demonstrates that the Holocene climate in China is sensitive to the large warming and cooling events and insensitive to millennial scale climate changes. A complete Holocene climate record is constructed, and that correlates well with the other regional climate records along the south-to-north of eastern Chinese loess plateau, suggesting that similar climatic pattern of changes occurred in the eastern monsoonal China during the Holocene. Results are supported by the other evidence of climate record in different regions of the world, implying the Holocene climatic optimum took place at the same time interval all over the northern hemisphere, and thus, our results correspond to global climate records as well.
Sea Ice Assimilation into a Coupled Ocean-Sea Ice Adjoint Model of the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Koldunov Nikolay V. , Köhl Armin , Serra Nuno , Stammer Detlef
Published: January 2017

Abstract. High-resolution satellite sea ice concentrations (SIC), together with several ocean parameters, are assimilated into a regional Arctic coupled ocean-sea ice model covering the period 2000–2008 using the adjoint method. There is substantial improvement in the representation of the SIC spatial distribution, in particular with respect to the position of the ice edge and to the concentrations in the central parts of the Arctic Ocean during summer months. Seasonal cycles of total Arctic sea ice area show an overall improvement. During summer months values of sea ice extent become underestimated, however, it is shown that this metric is not suitable to characterize the quality of the sea ice simulation, as the root-mean-square difference to the data is reduced in nearly all months and years. Along with the SIC the sea ice thickness fields also become closer to observations, providing added-value by the assimilation. Very sparse data in the Arctic ocean, corresponding to a very small contribution to the cost function, prevent sizable improvements of assimilated ocean variables, with the exception of the sea surface temperature. The bias between simulated and observed SIC decreases mainly due to corrections to the surface atmospheric temperature, while contributions of other control variables remain small.
Frank O'Hara's Virtuosity
Authors: Rounds Anne Lovering
Published: January 2017

This article illuminates the way American poet Frank O'Hara (1926–1966) develops Romantic tropes of musical virtuosity. While the term “virtuosity” has been used to decry O'Hara's work, scholarship has not acknowledged the extent to which his poetry, via elliptical hints to Keats and Liszt, could partake in a nineteenth-century discourse about this aesthetic mode. Virtuosity highlights a relationship between performance and form; interaction of these forces is what a strain of O'Hara's poems examines and more broadly what his poetics exemplify. The article argues that his poems are piqued by pianistic virtuosity and its problems, rather than a victim of them.
Barriers to Use of Educational Technology in the Learning Process of Primary School Students in District 13 in Tehran
Authors: Doshmanziari Esfandiar , Mostafavi Aida
Published: January 2017

The aim of this study was to examine the barriers to use of educational technology in the learning process of primary school students in district 13 of Tehran. This research in terms of purpose is practical, in terms of the title characteristics of the research is descriptive, and in terms of data collection method is a field research. The statistical population is 350 people, consisted of all primary school teachers and administrators for girls in district 13 of Tehran in the academic year of 2016-2017. Random sampling was simple and available. The sample size was calculated about 124 people based on Cochran formula. In this research, a questionnaire was used to collect data. Content validity of the questionnaire was approved by using expert and corrective opinions of some teachers and subject specialists, and to determine the reliability of the questionnaire the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used. In order to analyze the collected data, the proportional statistical tests such as correlation coefficients and regression analysis were used that in this regard, the spss statistical software was used. The research results showed that 4 human, cultural, and physical factors and courses content can create barriers in the use of educational technology in the process of student learning.
Façades and Functions Sigurd Frosterus as a Critic of Architecture
Authors: Sarje Kimmo
Published: January 2017

Alongside his work as a practising architect, Sigurd Frosterus (1876–1956) was one of Finland’s leading architectural critics during the first decades of the 20th century. In his early life, Frosterus was a strict rationalist who wanted to develop architecture towards scientific ideals instead of historical, archaeological, or mythological approaches. According to him, an architect had to analyse his tasks of construction in order to be able to logically justify his solutions, and he must take advantage of the possibilities of the latest technology. The particular challenge of his time was reinforced concrete. Frosterus considered that the buildings of a modern metropolis should be constructivist in expressing their purpose and technology honestly. The impulses of two famous European architects – Otto Wagner and Henry van de Velde – had a life-long influence on his work. Urban architecture with long street perspectives and houses with austere façades and unified eaves lines was the stylistic ideal that he shared with the Austrian architect Wagner. An open and enlightened urban experience was Frosterus’s future vision, not National Romantic capriciousness or intimacy drawing from the Middle Ages. According to Frosterus, the Belgian van de Velde was the master interior architect of the epoch, the interior of the Nietzsche Archives in Weimar being an excellent example of his work. However, already in the 1910s Frosterus’s rationalism developed towards a broader understanding of the functions of the façades of business edifices. In his brilliant analyses of the business palaces by the Finnish architects Armas Lindgren and Lars Sonck, he considered the symbolic and artistic values of the façades to be even more important than technological honesty. Moreover, references to the history of architecture had a crucial role in the 1920s and 1930s when he wrote about his main work– the Stockmann department store in the centre of Helsinki.
Form-of-Life: From Politics to Aesthetics (and Back)
Authors: Smith Jason E.
Published: January 2017

This article examines an often-mentioned but largely undeveloped concept in the work of Giorgio Agamben and in particular his Homo Sacer project: form-of-life. What is at stake in this concept is, I attempt to show, a way of thinking “politics” outside of the space of sovereignty. By examining a short text on this notion published just before the opening installment of the Homo Sacer sequence, this article demonstrates the way this early formulation of the concept is indebted to certain strains of Italian workerist and post-workerist thought. The fundamental question this analysis poses, however, is whether the concept of form-of-life, being to some extent “beyond” the classical space of politics, should in fact be understood as fundamentally aesthetic in nature.
The Disenchantment of the Wonderful - A Doll’s House and the Idealist Imagination
Authors: Kallenbach Ulla
Published: January 2017

During the course of the nineteenth century, the notion of imagination under- went a radical redefinition. From being the highest, divine, power of man to being subjected to a growing pathologization and degradation, the redefinition of imagination played a central role in the transition from idealism and roman- ticism to the emerging modernism and realism. Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House (1879) may be read into this particular context with its ‘disenchantment’ of the ‘wonderful’ – a word which Georg Brandes termed the very keyword of romanticism. Focusing on the specific Scandinavian context, where idealist aesthetics continued to be particularly strong, I will examine A Doll’s House from the perspective of the contemporary spectator in the context of an on-going Nordic aesthetic dispute. The contemporary Scandinavian reviews will serve to bear evidence of this dispute. In the article, I analyse how the play thematizes imagination and employs recurrent references to idealist culture in order to disenchant the romantic imagination of the wonderful. The analysis will focus in particular on the representation of the characters of Nora and Helmer, but also comes to implicate the spectator of the play.
A Twist in the Song: Retracing Myth and Dante´s Poem in Heavy Metal Music
Authors: Botero Camacho Manuel , Picón del Campo Nuria
Published: January 2017

Abstract:The study of music is gathering strength in the academic world, although the scope is still growing, and there are plenty of elements it does not contemplate yet. As a multidisciplinary subject, music has the power of the melody and the power of the lyrics, which, apart from being able to reach any social nook, makes it a gigantic cultural tool with the force of sending any kind of message in a dynamic and effective way. The way in which heavy metal – and especially its symphonic branch – plays with this duality of melody and text, together with the mythological content where its lyrics feed on makes this genre an essential step in this kind of research. This investigation has been focused on symphonic metal as a source of mythological knowledge to build a bridge that links this genre of popular music with one of the most celebrated works of literature of all times: The  Divine Comedy: with a double purpose: on the one hand, to demonstrate the importance of this genre within our society and, on the other, to study yet one more field which has not escaped the influence of the Dantesque world.Resumen:El estudio de la música está cobrando fuerza en el mundo académico, aunque el alcance todavía está creciendo, y hay un montón de elementos que no contempla todavía. Al ser un tema multidisciplinario, la música tiene el poder de la melodía y el poder de las letras, que, además de ser capaz de llegar a cualquier rincón social, hace que sea una herramienta cultural gigantesca con la fuerza de enviar cualquier tipo de mensaje en una dinámica y manera efectiva. La manera en la que el Heavy Metal - y especialmente su rama sinfónica - juega con esta dualidad de la melodía de texto, junto con el contenido mitológico en el que sus letras se alimentan de este género se hace esencial en este tipo de investigación. Esta investigación se ha centrado en el metal sinfónico como una fuente de conocimiento mitológico para construir un puente que une el género de la música popular con una de las obras más célebres de la literatura de todos los tiempos: la Divina Comedia, con un doble objetivo: por una parte, para demostrar la importancia de este género dentro de nuestra sociedad y, por otro, para estudiar todo campo adicional que no ha escapado a la influencia del mundo dantesco.
The Gait of Hephaistos: Crooked Perceptions into Consilience
Authors: De Ciantis Cheryl
Published: January 2017

Depth psychology provides a means to view consilience as an expression of anima mundi, a world ‘alive’ with consciousness, in which humanity takes part. Mythopoïesis becomes an active mode of cognition via the imaginative interaction with the cosmos. The Greek god Hephaistos, crippled god of technology and making, is the paradigmatic possessor not only of consummate technical skill (techne), but also of cunning intelligence and flexible opportunism (metis). Logic places these qualities at opposing ends of a cognitive and behavioral spectrum, but the unique combination of techne with metis, seen in light of another Hephaistean epithet, amphigueeis, an ambiguous term which can be translated either as “crippled” or “ambidextrous,” lameness or crooked-walking reveals itself as emblematic of the ability to contain apparent opposites in dynamic tension.  The myth of the wounded maker-god becomes a way of perceiving, understanding and reifying the ambidextrous, consilient consciousness needed to navigate a dangerous world.
La protección de la intimidad y vida privada en internet: la integridad contextual y los flujos de información en las redes sociales (2004-2014)
Authors: Calderón-Garrido Diego
Published: January 2017

"Las redes sociales se han convertido en una herramienta de comunicación y contacto habitual para millones de personas". Tras esta frase tan certera como lapidaria escrita en el prologo de este libro por Mar España Martí, directora de la Agencia Española de Protección de Datos, se encuentran una serie de preguntas que casi todos los usuarios nos hemos hecho en más de una ocasión. Se trata, en definitiva, de un minucioso documento de 550 páginas distribuidas en cinco partes que parten organizan una investigación, desde sus orígenes hasta la exposición de unas conclusiones bien argumentadas, magníficamente expuestas y, sobre todo, de utilidad en nuestra sociedad actual.
Oxytocin improves behavioral and electrophysiological deficits in a novel Shank3-deficient rat
Authors: Harony-Nicolas Hala , Kay Maya , Hoffmann Johann du , Klein Matthew E , Bozdagi-Gunal Ozlem , Riad Mohammed , Daskalakis Nikolaos P , Sonar Sankalp , Castillo Pablo E , Hof Patrick R , Shapiro Matthew L , Baxter Mark G , Wagner Shlomo , Buxbaum Joseph D
Published: January 2017

Mutations in the synaptic gene SHANK3 lead to a neurodevelopmental disorder known as Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS). PMS is a relatively common monogenic and highly penetrant cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID), and frequently presents with attention deficits. The underlying neurobiology of PMS is not fully known and pharmacological treatments for core symptoms do not exist. Here, we report the production and characterization of a Shank3-deficient rat model of PMS, with a genetic alteration similar to a human SHANK3 mutation. We show that Shank3-deficient rats exhibit impaired long-term social recognition memory and attention, and reduced synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal-medial prefrontal cortex pathway. These deficits were attenuated with oxytocin treatment. The effect of oxytocin on reversing non-social attention deficits is a particularly novel finding, and the results implicate an oxytocinergic contribution in this genetically defined subtype of ASD and ID, suggesting an individualized therapeutic approach for PMS.
An aging-independent replicative lifespan in a symmetrically dividing eukaryote
Authors: Spivey Eric C , Jones Stephen K , Rybarski James R , Saifuddin Fatema A , Finkelstein Ilya J
Published: January 2017

The replicative lifespan (RLS) of a cell—defined as the number of cell divisions before death—has informed our understanding of the mechanisms of cellular aging. However, little is known about aging and longevity in symmetrically dividing eukaryotic cells because most prior studies have used budding yeast for RLS studies. Here, we describe a multiplexed fission yeast lifespan micro-dissector (multFYLM) and an associated image processing pipeline for performing high-throughput and automated single-cell micro-dissection. Using the multFYLM, we observe continuous replication of hundreds of individual fission yeast cells for over seventy-five generations. Surprisingly, cells die without the classic hallmarks of cellular aging, such as progressive changes in size, doubling time, or sibling health. Genetic perturbations and drugs can extend the RLS via an aging-independent mechanism. Using a quantitative model to analyze these results, we conclude that fission yeast does not age and that cellular aging and replicative lifespan can be uncoupled in a eukaryotic cell.
Distinct mechanisms mediate speed-accuracy adjustments in cortico-subthalamic networks
Authors: Herz Damian M , Tan Huiling , Brittain John-Stuart , Fischer Petra , Cheeran Binith , Green Alexander L , FitzGerald James , Aziz Tipu Z , Ashkan Keyoumars , Little Simon , Foltynie Thomas , Limousin Patricia , Zrinzo Ludvic , Bogacz Rafal , Brown Peter
Published: January 2017

Optimal decision-making requires balancing fast but error-prone and more accurate but slower decisions through adjustments of decision thresholds. Here, we demonstrate two distinct correlates of such speed-accuracy adjustments by recording subthalamic nucleus (STN) activity and electroencephalography in 11 Parkinson’s disease patients during a perceptual decision-making task; STN low-frequency oscillatory (LFO) activity (2–8 Hz), coupled to activity at prefrontal electrode Fz, and STN beta activity (13–30 Hz) coupled to electrodes C3/C4 close to motor cortex. These two correlates differed not only in their cortical topography and spectral characteristics but also in the relative timing of recruitment and in their precise relationship with decision thresholds. Increases of STN LFO power preceding the response predicted increased thresholds only after accuracy instructions, while cue-induced reductions of STN beta power decreased thresholds irrespective of instructions. These findings indicate that distinct neural mechanisms determine whether a decision will be made in haste or with caution.
Sintomas de refluxo relatados por pacientes com asma grave
Authors: Dos Santos Feitosa Carolina Rocha , Oliveira Bruna Geórgia Lordêlo Seixas de , Scarpel Renata Darc , Campos Paulo Sérgio Flores
Published: January 2017

Introdução: A asma é uma inflamação crônica das vias aéreas caracterizada por Shiperresponsividade brônquica, limitação reversível do fluxo aéreo, sibilância, tosse, dentre outros.  Apresenta diversos fenótipos, alta incidência no mundo e pode estar relacionada   a diversas complicações envolvendo o seu mau controle. O refluxo gastroesofágico tem sido associado a apresentação clínica da asma. A pesar da sua alta frequência na população com asma, estudos buscam se aprofundar na sua etiologia, complicações e sua relação com o controle da doença. Objetivo: Investigar a presença de queixas de refluxo gastroesofágico em pacientes com asma e a relação com o controle da doença. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, a partir da coleta de dados secundários de questionários sorteados de pacientes com asma grave (GINA, 2002), de ambos os sexos, a cima de 18 anos, acompanhados pelo Programa de Controle da asma e da Rinite Alérgica (ProAr).  Resultados: Total de 40 prontuários, com predominância de pacientes do sexo feminino (85%), com média de idade de 53,18±14,97 anos, entre as faixas de sobrepeso e obesidade (62,5%), com renda de 0 a 2 salários mínimos (95%), com 50% dos indivíduos apresentando ausência de mais de 50 % das unidades dentárias e nível de escolaridade entre o ensino médio e o fundamental (60%). A idade média de diagnóstico da asma foi 19,09 ±19,39. O tempo médio de diagnóstico da asma foi 34,85 ± 19,46. A média dos escores para o QS-DRGE foi de 10,4±7,85 e para o ACQ6 foi de 1,65±1,33. 0). A pontuação do escore QS-DRGE para os indivíduos com asma não controlada foi maior que para os indivíduos com o controlados. A razão de prevalência de queixa de refluxo em pacientes asmáticos foi de 1,35. Coeficiente de Spearman foi de 0,641. Conclusão: refluxo foi frequentemente relatado por pacientes com asma e foi associada à ausência de controle da doença, porém foi encontrada uma fraca correlação entre as variáveis.
Conductivity structure of the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary beneath the eastern North American margin
Authors: Attias Eric , Evans Rob. L. , Naif Samer , Elsenbeck Jimmy , Key Kerry
Published: January 2017

Tectonic plate motion and mantle dynamics processes are heavily influenced by the characteristics of the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB), yet this boundary remains enigmatic regarding its properties and geometry. The processes involved in rifting at passive margins result in substantial alteration of the lithosphere through the transition from continental to oceanic lithologies. Here we employ marine magnetotelluric (MT) data acquired along a ∼135 km long profile, offshore Martha's Vineyard, New England, USA, to image the electrical conductivity structure beneath the New England continental margin for the first time. We invert the data using two different MT 2‐D inversion algorithms and present a series of models that are obtained using three different parameterizations: fully unconstrained, unconstrained with an imposed LAB discontinuity and a priori constrained lithosphere resistivity. This suite of models infers variability in the depth of the LAB, with an average depth of 115 km at the eastern North America passive margin. Models robustly detect a ∼350 Ωm lithospheric anomalous conductivity zone (LACZ) that extends vertically through the entire lithosphere. Our preferred conductivity model is consistent with regional P‐to‐S receiver function data, shear‐wave velocity, gravity anomalies, and prominent geological features. We propose that the LACZ is indicative of paleolithospheric thinning, either resulting from kimberlite intrusions associated with rifting and the New England Great Meteor hot spot track, or from shear‐driven localized deformation related to rifting.
Small‐scale structure of the midlatitude storm enhanced density plume during the 17 March 2015 St. Patrick's Day storm
Authors: Heine Thomas R. P. , Moldwin Mark B. , Zou Shasha
Published: January 2017

Kilometer‐scale density irregularities in the ionosphere can cause ionospheric scintillation—a phenomenon that degrades space‐based navigation and communication signals. During strong geomagnetic storms, the midlatitude ionosphere is primed to produce these ∼1–10 km small‐scale irregularities along the steep gradients between midlatitude storm enhanced density (SED) plumes and the adjacent low‐density trough. The length scales of irregularities on the order of 1–10 km are determined from a combination of spatial, temporal, and frequency analyses using single‐station ground‐based Global Positioning System total electron content (TEC) combined with radar plasma velocity measurements. Kilometer‐scale irregularities are detected along the boundaries of the SED plume and depleted density trough during the 17 March 2015 geomagnetic storm, but not equatorward of the plume or within the plume itself. Analysis using the fast Fourier transform of high‐pass filtered slant TEC suggests that the kilometer‐scale irregularities formed near the poleward gradients of SED plumes can have similar intensity and length scales to those typically found in the aurora but are shown to be distinct phenomena in spacecraft electron precipitation measurements.
Carbon Nanoparticle‐Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites: Microstructural Tailoring and Predictive Modeling
Authors: Reinert Leander , Suarez Sebastian , Müller Thomas , Mücklich Frank
Published: January 2017

Nickel matrix composites are produced with concentrations of 0.5–10 vol% of carbon nanotubes (CNT), onion‐like carbon (OLC), or nanodiamonds (nD) as reinforcement phase by hot pressing. The effect of the carbon nanoparticle (CNP) type and concentration on the microstructure is analyzed. Grain sizes are measured and a model is adapted to predict the observed grain refinement for all CNP. The individual saturation concentration and maximum achievable grain refinement differs (for CNT: 3 vol%, OLC: 6.5 vol% and nD: 10 vol%), which is correlated to the agglomerate diameter distribution. This can be traced back to different hybridization states and different particle geometries, therefore providing valuable information for CNP‐reinforced Metal matrix composites to a general extent.
Redox Chloride Elimination Reaction: Facile Solution Route for Indium‐Free, Low‐Voltage, and High‐Performance Transistors
Authors: Liu Ao , Guo Zidong , Liu Guoxia , Zhu Chundan , Zhu Huihui , Shin Byoungchul , Fortunato Elvira , Martins Rodrigo , Shan Fukai
Published: January 2017

Solution‐processed oxide semiconductor and dielectric thin films have been widely studied for achieving flexible, high‐performance, and low‐power electronics and circuits. In this report, high‐k HfO2 dielectrics and amorphous ZnSnO (ZTO) semiconductors are synthesized via a simple and facile redox reaction by introducing perchloric acid (HClO4, PA) as oxidizer to eliminate the Cl residuals. Thermogravimetric analysis indicates that the thermal decomposition of PA‐involved HfCl4(PA‐HfO2) xerogel is completed at 350 °C, whereas the decomposition temperature of pristine HfCl4 xerogel is higher than 450 °C. The optical, structural, morphological, compositional, and electrical properties of PA‐HfO2 and the pristine HfO2 dielectric films are investigated systematically. Meanwhile, by using chloride elimination reaction, PA‐ZTO semiconducting thin films are fabricated at various temperatures and their applications in thin‐film transistors (TFTs) are examined. Furthermore, the optimized PA‐ZTO channel layer is fabricated on PA‐HfO2 dielectric. The resulting device exhibits high electrical performance and operational stability at a low voltage of 2 V, including high saturation mobility of 13.2 cm2 V−1 s−1, small subthreshold slope of 70 mV dec−1, current ratio of 108, and threshold voltage shift of 0.05 V under positive bias stress for 3000 s. Finally, a low‐voltage resistor‐loaded inverter is built using PA‐ZTO/PA‐HfO2 TFT, exhibiting a linear relationship between supplied voltage and gain voltage and a maximum gain of 11 at 2.5 V.
Individual (f,tA)‐ and (f,tC)‐Fullerene‐Based Nickel(II) Glycinates: Protected Chiral Amino Acids Directly Linked to a Chiral π‐Electron System
Authors: Levitskiy Oleg A. , Grishin Yuri K. , Semivrazhskaya Olesya O. , Ambartsumyan Asmik A. , Kochetkov Konstantin A. , Magdesieva Tatiana V.
Published: January 2017

Stereoselective electrosynthesis of the first individual (f,tA)‐ and (f,tC)‐1,4‐fullerene derivatives with a non‐inherently chiral functionalization pattern is described, as well as the first example of an optically pure protected primary amino acid directly linked to the fullerene through only the chiral α‐amino‐acid carbon atom. An application of an auxiliary chiral nickel‐Schiff base moiety as derivatizing agent allowed separation of (f,tA)‐ and (f,tC)‐1,4‐fullerene derivatives using an achiral stationary phase, a separation which has never been done before.
Fabrication and structural regulation of PLLA porous microspheres via phase inversion emulsion and thermally induced phase separation techniques
Authors: Nie Taotao , He Meng , Ge Min , Xu Jianzhong , Ma Haiyun
Published: January 2017

In this work, a facile, scalable technique was developed to produce biodegradable porous microspheres by combining an oil‐in‐oil (O/O) surfactant‐free phase inversion emulsion technique with thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) method. The effects of PLLA concentration, stirring speed, macromolecule weight, and organic solvents on the size and microstructure of microspheres were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed a highly porous structured microsphere with controllable sizes and morphologies by tuning the synthesis conditions. The typical resulting PLLA microspheres consist of nanoscale topographic structured surface and highly microporous interior. The coarse nanotopography and microcellular inner structure lead to a high drug loading capacity up to 60% for the PLLA microspheres from THF. The cumulative release percentage of the ibuprofen could reach 80% for drug‐loaded microspheres with different microstructures. The fabricated PLLA microspheres would have potential applications in the field of drug delivery and tissue engineering. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44885.
Profibrotic Infrapatellar Fat Pad Remodeling Without M1 Macrophage Polarization Precedes Knee Osteoarthritis in Mice With Diet‐Induced Obesity
Authors: Barboza Erika , Hudson Joanna , Chang Wan‐Pin , Kovats Susan , Towner Rheal A. , Silasi‐Mansat Robert , Lupu Florea , Kent Collin , Griffin Timothy M.
Published: January 2017

Objective

To test the hypothesis that high‐fat (HF) diet–induced obesity increases proinflammatory cytokine expression, macrophage infiltration, and M1 polarization in the infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) prior to knee cartilage degeneration.

Methods

We characterized the effect of HF feeding on knee OA pathology, body adiposity, and glucose intolerance in male C57BL/6J mice and identified a diet duration that induces metabolic dysfunction prior to cartilage degeneration. Magnetic resonance imaging and histomorphology were used to quantify changes in the epididymal, subcutaneous, and infrapatellar fat pads and in adipocyte sizes. Finally, we used targeted gene expression and protein arrays, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry to quantify differences in fat pad markers of inflammation and immune cell populations.

Results

Twenty weeks of feeding with an HF diet induced marked obesity, glucose intolerance, and early osteoarthritis (OA), including osteophytes and cartilage tidemark duplication. This duration of HF feeding increased the IFP volume. However, it did not increase IFP inflammation, macrophage infiltration, or M1 macrophage polarization as observed in epididymal fat. Furthermore, leptin protein levels were reduced. This protection from obesity‐induced inflammation corresponded to increased IFP fibrosis and the absence of adipocyte hypertrophy.

Conclusion

The IFP does not recapitulate classic abdominal adipose tissue inflammation during the early stages of knee OA in an HF diet–induced model of obesity. Consequently, these findings do not support the hypothesis that IFP inflammation is an initiating factor of obesity‐induced knee OA. Furthermore, the profibrotic and antihypertrophic responses of IFP adipocytes to HF feeding suggest that intraarticular adipocytes are subject to distinct spatiotemporal structural and metabolic regulation among fat pads.
Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Dehydrative “One‐Step” Construction of Spirocarbocycles via a Ru/H+‐Catalyzed Tsuji–Trost Approach
Authors: Suzuki Yusuke , Vatmurge Namdev , Tanaka Shinji , Kitamura Masato
Published: January 2017

Chiral spirocarbocyclic skeletons are ubiquitous in natural products. An intramolecular Tsuji–Trost (T–T) α‐allylation of simple cyclic ketones is a reasonable approach to construct chiral spriocarbocyclic motifs; however, it has been a challenging approach despite many excellent intermolecular examples. For the first time, this has been achieved by a Ru/H+ combined catalyst that dehydratively cyclizes racemic allylic alcohols comprising a simple ketone via simultaneous activation of the C=O and OH groups. This chiral technology facilitates the construction of various spirocarbocycles containing two contiguous spiro all‐carbon quaternary and tertiary stereocenters. Among four possible stereoisomers, one stereoisomer can be selectively produced in high yield, enhancing the feasibility of the T–T strategy, particularly in the synthesis of spirocarbocycles.
Anti‐inflammatory effects of the petasin phyto drug Ze339 are mediated by inhibition of the STAT pathway
Authors: Steiert Sabrina A. , Zissler Ulrich M. , Chaker Adam M. , Esser‐von‐Bieren Julia , Dittlein Daniela , Guerth Ferdinand , Jakwerth Constanze A. , Piontek Guido , Zahner Catherine , Drewe Juergen , Traidl‐Hoffmann Claudia , Schmidt‐Weber Carsten B. , Gilles Stefanie
Published: January 2017

Ze339, an herbal extract from Petasites hybridus leaves is effective in treatment of allergic rhinitis by inhibition of a local production of IL‐8 and eicosanoid LTB4 in allergen‐challenged patients. However, the mechanism of action and anti‐inflammatory potential in virally induced exacerbation of the upper airways is unknown. This study investigates the anti‐inflammatory mechanisms of Ze339 on primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) upon viral, bacterial and pro‐inflammatory triggers. To investigate the influence of viral and bacterial infections on the airways, HNECs were stimulated with viral mimics, bacterial toll‐like‐receptor (TLR)‐ligands or cytokines, in presence or absence of Ze339. The study uncovers Ze339 modulated changes in pro‐inflammatory mediators and decreased neutrophil chemotaxis as well as a reduction of the nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of STAT molecules. Taken together, this study suggests that phyto drug Ze339 specifically targets STAT‐signalling pathways in HNECs and has high potential as a broad anti‐inflammatory drug that exceeds current indication. © 2016 BioFactors, 43(3):388–399, 2017
Pt‐Pd Bimetallic Nanoparticles Decorated Nanoporous Graphene as a Catalytic Amplification Platform for Electrochemical Detection of Xanthine
Authors: Wang Mei , Zheng Zhixiang , Liu Juanjuan , Wang Chunming
Published: January 2017

The nanoporous graphene papers (NGPs) was prepared by the hard‐template method. The Pt−Pd modified NGPs hybrid was prepared by the self‐assembly method. Then a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with Pt−Pd bimetallic nanoparticles‐functionalized nanoporous graphene composite has been prepared for the electrochemical determination of Xanthine (XA). The Pt−Pd/NGPs hybrid was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscope and X‐ray diffraction. The electrochemical behavior of XA on Pt−Pd/NGPs/GCE was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and amperometric i‐t. The Pt−Pd/NGPs modified electrode exhibited remarkably electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation reaction of XA in phosphate buffer solution (pH=5.5). Under the optimal conditions, the determination of XA was accomplished by using amperometric i‐t, the linear response range from 1.0×10−5∼1.2×10−4 M. The detection limit was 3.0×10−6 M (S/N=3). The proposed modified electrode showed good sensitivity, selectivity, and stability with applied to determine XA in human urine.
A bias‐adjusted evidence synthesis of RCT and observational data: the case of total hip replacement
Authors: Schnell‐Inderst Petra , Iglesias Cynthia P. , Arvandi MARJAN , Ciani ORIANA , Matteucci Gothe Raffaella , Peters Jaime , Blom Ashley W. , Taylor Rod S. , Siebert Uwe
Published: January 2017

Evaluation of clinical effectiveness of medical devices differs in some aspects from the evaluation of pharmaceuticals. One of the main challenges identified is lack of robust evidence and a will to make use of experimental and observational studies (OSs) in quantitative evidence synthesis accounting for internal and external biases. Using a case study of total hip replacement to compare the risk of revision of cemented and uncemented implant fixation modalities, we pooled treatment effect estimates from OS and RCTs, and simplified existing methods for bias‐adjusted evidence synthesis to enhance practical application.

We performed an elicitation exercise using methodological and clinical experts to determine the strength of beliefs about the magnitude of internal and external bias affecting estimates of treatment effect. We incorporated the bias‐adjusted treatment effects into a generalized evidence synthesis, calculating both frequentist and Bayesian statistical models. We estimated relative risks as summary effect estimates with 95% confidence/credibility intervals to capture uncertainty.

When we compared alternative approaches to synthesizing evidence, we found that the pooled effect size strongly depended on the inclusion of observational data as well as on the use bias‐adjusted estimates. We demonstrated the feasibility of using observational studies in meta‐analyses to complement RCTs and incorporate evidence from a wider spectrum of clinically relevant studies and healthcare settings. To ensure internal validity, OS data require sufficient correction for confounding and selection bias, either through study design and primary analysis, or by applying post‐hoc bias adjustments to the results. © 2017 The Authors. Health Economics published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.