bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The State-of-the-Art Antibacterial Activities of Glycyrrhizin: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Chen Ru-Yi , Shi Jin-Jin , Liu Yan-Jun , Yu Jing , Li Chang-Yun , Tao Fan , Cao Jia-Feng , Yang Guan-Jun , Chen Jiong
Published: June 2024

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) is a plant of the genus Glycyrrhiza in the family Fabaceae/Leguminosae and is a renowned natural herb with a long history of medicinal use dating back to ancient times. Glycyrrhizin (GLY), the main active component of licorice, serves as a widely utilized therapeutic agent in clinical practice. GLY exhibits diverse medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, immunomodulatory, intestinal environment maintenance, and liver protection effects. However, current research primarily emphasizes GLY’s antiviral activity, while providing limited insight into its antibacterial properties. GLY demonstrates a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity via inhibiting the growth of bacteria by targeting bacterial enzymes, impacting cell membrane formation, and altering membrane permeability. Moreover, GLY can also bolster host immunity by activating pertinent immune pathways, thereby enhancing pathogen clearance. This paper reviews GLY’s inhibitory mechanisms against various pathogenic bacteria-induced pathological changes, its role as a high-mobility group box 1 inhibitor in immune regulation, and its efficacy in combating diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, combining GLY with other antibiotics reduces the minimum inhibitory concentration, potentially aiding in the clinical development of combination therapies against drug-resistant bacteria. Sources of information were searched using PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and GreenMedical for the keywords “licorice”, “Glycyrrhizin”, “antibacterial”, “anti-inflammatory”, “HMGB1”, and combinations thereof, mainly from articles published from 1979 to 2024, with no language restrictions. Screening was carried out by one author and supplemented by others. Papers with experimental flaws in their experimental design and papers that did not meet expectations (antifungal papers, etc.) were excluded.
Simple Synthesis of Cellulose-Based Nanocomposites as SERS Substrates for In Situ Detection of Thiram
Authors: Shi Boya , Kan Lian , Zhao Yuliang , Jin Shangzhong , Jiang Li
Published: June 2024

There is a growing interest in the use of flexible substrates for label-free and in situ Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) applications. In this study, a flexible SERS substrate was prepared using self-assembled Au/Ti3C2 nanocomposites deposited on a cellulose (CS) paper. The Au/Ti3C2 nanocomposites uniformly wrapped around the cellulose fibers to provide a three-dimensional plasma SERS platform. The limit of detection (LOD) of CS/Au/Ti3C2 was as low as 10−9 M for 4-mercaptobenzoic acid(4-MBA) and crystal violet (CV), demonstrating good SERS sensitivity. CS/Au/Ti3C2 was used for in situ SERS detection of thiram on apple surfaces by simple swabbing, and a limit of detection of 0.05 ppm of thiram was achieved. The results showed that CS/Au/Ti3C2 is a flexible SERS substrate that can be used for the detection of thiram on apple surfaces. These results demonstrate that CS/Au/Ti3C2 can be used for the non-destructive, rapid and sensitive detection of pesticides on fruit surfaces.
An Integrative Transcriptome Subtraction Strategy to Identify Human lncRNAs That Specifically Play a Role in Activation of Human Hepatic Stellate Cells
Authors: Ma Yonghe , Harris Jamie , Li Ping , Jiang Chengfei , Sun Hang , Cao Haiming
Published: June 2024

Fibrotic liver features excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), primarily produced from “activated” hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). While targeting human HSCs (hHSCs) in fibrosis therapeutics shows promise, the overall understanding of hHSC activation remains limited, in part because it is very challenging to define the role of human long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in hHSC activation. To address this challenge, we identified another cell type that acts via a diverse gene network to promote fibrogenesis. Then, we identified the lncRNAs that were differentially regulated in activated hHSCs and the other profibrotic cell. Next, we conducted concurrent analysis to identify those lncRNAs that were specifically involved in fibrogenesis. We tested and confirmed that transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) represents such a process. By overlapping TGFβ-regulated lncRNAs in multiple sets of hHSCs and VSMCs, we identified a highly selected list of lncRNA candidates that could specifically play a role in hHSC activation. We experimentally characterized one human lncRNA, named CARMN, which was significantly regulated by TGFβ in all conditions above. CARMN knockdown significantly reduced the expression levels of a panel of marker genes for hHSC activation, as well as the levels of ECM deposition and hHSC migration. Conversely, gain of function of CARMN using CRISPR activation (CRISPR-a) yielded the completely opposite effects. Taken together, our work addresses a bottleneck in identifying human lncRNAs that specifically play a role in hHSC activation and provides a framework to effectively select human lncRNAs with significant pathophysiological role.
Effect of Postbiotics Derived from Lactobacillus rhamnosus PB01 (DSM 14870) on Sperm Quality: A Prospective In Vitro Study
Authors: Liu Sihan , Alipour Hiva , Zachar Vladimir , Kesmodel Ulrik Schiøler , Dardmeh Fereshteh
Published: June 2024

Vaginally administered postbiotics derived from Lactobacillus were recently demonstrated to be effective in alleviating bacterial vaginosis and increasing pregnancy rates. However, their potential effect on sperm quality has not been well investigated. This controlled in vitro study aimed to assess the dose- and time-dependent effects of postbiotics derived from Lactobacillus rhamnosus PB01 (DSM 14870) on sperm quality parameters. The experiment was conducted in vitro to eliminate potential confounding factors from the female reproductive tract and vaginal microbiota. Sperm samples from 18 healthy donors were subjected to analysis using Computer-Aided Sperm Analysis (CASA) in various concentrations of postbiotics and control mediums at baseline, 60 min, and 90 min of incubation. Results indicated that lower postbiotic concentration (PB5) did not adversely affect sperm motility, kinematic parameters, sperm DNA fragmentation, and normal morphology at any time. However, concentrations exceeding 15% demonstrated a reduction in progressively motile sperm and a negative correlation with non-progressively motile sperm at all time points. These findings underscore the importance of balancing postbiotic dosage to preserve sperm motility while realizing the postbiotics’ vaginal health benefits. Further research is warranted to understand the underlying mechanisms and refine practical applications in reproductive health.
Gynostemma pentaphyllum Extract Alleviates NASH in Mice: Exploration of Inflammation and Gut Microbiota
Authors: Jiang Feng-Yan , Yue Si-Ran , Tan Yi-Yun , Tang Nan , Xu Yue-Song , Zhang Bao-Jun , Mao Yue-Jian , Xue Zheng-Sheng , Lu Ai-Ping , Liu Bao-Cheng , Wang Rui-Rui
Published: June 2024

NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis) is a severe liver disease characterized by hepatic chronic inflammation that can be associated with the gut microbiota. In this study, we explored the therapeutic effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract (GPE), a Chinese herbal extract, on methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet-induced NASH mice. Based on the peak area, the top ten compounds in GPE were hydroxylinolenic acid, rutin, hydroxylinoleic acid, vanillic acid, methyl vanillate, quercetin, pheophorbide A, protocatechuic acid, aurantiamide acetate, and iso-rhamnetin. We found that four weeks of GPE treatment alleviated hepatic confluent zone inflammation, hepatocyte lipid accumulation, and lipid peroxidation in the mouse model. According to the 16S rRNA gene V3–V4 region sequencing of the colonic contents, the gut microbiota structure of the mice was significantly changed after GPE supplementation. Especially, GPE enriched the abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria such as Akkerrmansia and decreased the abundance of opportunistic pathogens such as Klebsiella. Moreover, RNA sequencing revealed that the GPE group showed an anti-inflammatory liver characterized by the repression of the NF-kappa B signaling pathway compared with the MCD group. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) also showed that GPE downregulated the pathogen-induced cytokine storm pathway, which was associated with inflammation. A high dose of GPE (HGPE) significantly downregulated the expression levels of the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (Myd88), cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14), and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) genes, as verified by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Our results suggested that the therapeutic potential of GPE for NASH mice may be related to improvements in the intestinal microenvironment and a reduction in liver inflammation.
Dietary Intake among Lebanese Adults: Findings from the Updated LEBANese natiONal Food Consumption Survey (LEBANON-FCS)
Authors: Hoteit Maha , Khattar Maroun , Malli Dana , Antar Esraa , Al Hassani Zahraa , Abdallah Maher , Hachem Dalia , Al Manasfi Elham , Chahine Abdulrahman , Tzenios Nikolaos ,   the Adults-LEBANON-FCS Group
Published: June 2024

Background: The rates of obesity, undernutrition, and other non-communicable diseases are on the rise among Lebanese adults. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate the food consumption habits of this population to understand diet quality, analyze consumption trends, and compare them to healthy diets known to reduce risks of non-communicable diseases. Aim: To evaluate the food consumption patterns, energy intake, as well as macro- and micro-nutrient intake among a nationally representative sample of Lebanese adults aged 18−64 years old. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from May to September 2022 involving 444 participants from all eight Lebanese governorates. Sociodemographic and medical information was gathered through a questionnaire, food consumption was evaluated using a validated FFQ and 24 h recall, and anthropometric measurements were recorded. Results: There was a notable lack of adherence to three healthy diets (Mediterranean, EAT-Lancet, USDA) among Lebanese adults. Their dietary pattern is characterized by high energy, added sugars, sodium, and saturated fat intake while being low in healthy fats, vitamin A, D, and E. Adult women are falling short of meeting their daily calcium, vitamin D, iron, and vitamin B12 requirements, putting them at increased risk of anemia, osteoporosis, and other health issues. Grains and cereals were the most consumed food groups, and most participants were found to be overweight or obese. Conclusions: In conclusion, the results highlight the need for public health policies and interventions aimed at encouraging Lebanese adults to make healthier food choices and transition towards diets like the Mediterranean, EAT-Lancet, or USDA diet. These diets have been shown to promote overall health and wellbeing.
Association of Placental Pathology with Physical and Neuronal Development of Infants: A Narrative Review and Reclassification of the Literature by the Consensus Statement of the Amsterdam Placental Workshop Group
Authors: Yaguchi Chizuko , Ueda Megumi , Mizuno Yuri , Fukuchi Chie , Matsumoto Masako , Furuta-Isomura Naomi , Itoh Hiroaki
Published: June 2024

The placenta is the largest fetal organ, which connects the mother to the fetus and supports most aspects of organogenesis through the transport of nutrients and gases. However, further studies are needed to assess placental pathology as a reliable predictor of long-term physical growth or neural development in newborns. The Consensus Statement of the Amsterdam Placental Workshop Group (APWGCS) on the sampling and definition of placental lesions has resulted in diagnostic uniformity in describing the most common pathological lesions of the placenta and contributed to the international standardization of descriptions of placental pathology. In this narrative review, we reclassified descriptions of placental pathology from previously published papers according to the APWGCS criteria and comparatively assessed the relationship with infantile physical and/or neural development. After reclassification and reevaluation, placental pathology of maternal vascular malperfusion, one of the APWGCS criteria, emerged as a promising candidate as a universal predictor of negative infantile neurodevelopmental outcomes, not only in term and preterm deliveries but also in high-risk groups of very low birthweight newborns. However, there are few studies that examined placental pathology according to the full categories of APWGCS and also included low-risk general infants. It is necessary to incorporate the assessment of placental pathology utilizing APWGCS in the design of future birth cohort studies as well as in follow-up investigations of high-risk infants.
A Prebiotic Diet Containing Galactooligosaccharides and Polydextrose Produces Dynamic and Reproducible Changes in the Gut Microbial Ecosystem in Male Rats
Authors: Thompson Robert S. , Bowers Samuel J. , Vargas Fernando , Hopkins Shelby , Kelley Tel , Gonzalez Antonio , Lowry Christopher A. , Dorrestein Pieter C. , Vitaterna Martha Hotz , Turek Fred W. , Knight Rob , Wright Kenneth P. , Fleshner Monika
Published: June 2024

Despite substantial evidence supporting the efficacy of prebiotics for promoting host health and stress resilience, few experiments present evidence documenting the dynamic changes in microbial ecology and fecal microbially modified metabolites over time. Furthermore, the literature reports a lack of reproducible effects of prebiotics on specific bacteria and bacterial-modified metabolites. The current experiments examined whether consumption of diets enriched in prebiotics (galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and polydextrose (PDX)), compared to a control diet, would consistently impact the gut microbiome and microbially modified bile acids over time and between two research sites. Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed control or prebiotic diets for several weeks, and their gut microbiomes and metabolomes were examined using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted LC–MS/MS analysis. Dietary prebiotics altered the beta diversity, relative abundance of bacterial genera, and microbially modified bile acids over time. PICRUSt2 analyses identified four inferred functional metabolic pathways modified by the prebiotic diet. Correlational network analyses between inferred metabolic pathways and microbially modified bile acids revealed deoxycholic acid as a potential network hub. All these reported effects were consistent between the two research sites, supporting the conclusion that dietary prebiotics robustly changed the gut microbial ecosystem. Consistent with our previous work demonstrating that GOS/PDX reduces the negative impacts of stressor exposure, we propose that ingesting a diet enriched in prebiotics facilitates the development of a health-promoting gut microbial ecosystem.
Effect of Xanthohumol, a Bioactive Natural Compound from Hops, on Adenosine Pathway in Rat C6 Glioma and Human SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cell Lines
Authors: Tejero Adrián , León-Navarro David Agustín , Martín Mairena
Published: June 2024

Xanthohumol (Xn) is an antioxidant flavonoid mainly extracted from hops (Humulus lupulus), one of the main ingredients of beer. As with other bioactive compounds, their therapeutic potential against different diseases has been tested, one of which is Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Adenosine is a neuromodulatory nucleoside that acts through four different G protein-coupled receptors: A1 and A3, which inhibit the adenylyl cyclases (AC) pathway, and A2A and A2B, which stimulate this activity, causing either a decrease or an increase, respectively, in the release of excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate. This adenosinergic pathway, which is altered in AD, could be involved in the excitotoxicity process. Therefore, the aim of this work is to describe the effect of Xn on the adenosinergic pathway using cell lines. For this purpose, two different cellular models, rat glioma C6 and human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y, were exposed to a non-cytotoxic 10 µM Xn concentration. Adenosine A1 and A2A, receptor levels, and activities related to the adenosine pathway, such as adenylate cyclase, protein kinase A, and 5′-nucleotidase, were analyzed. The adenosine A1 receptor was significantly increased after Xn exposure, while no changes in A2A receptor membrane levels or AC activity were reported. Regarding 5′-nucleotidases, modulation of their activity by Xn was noted since CD73, the extracellular membrane attached to 5′-nucleotidase, was significantly decreased in the C6 cell line. In conclusion, here we describe a novel pathway in which the bioactive flavonoid Xn could have potentially beneficial effects on AD as it increases membrane A1 receptors while modulating enzymes related to the adenosine pathway in cell cultures.
Postprandial Antioxidative Response to Ingestion of Formulated Date- and Fruit-Based Nutritional Bars by Healthy Individuals
Authors: Alolyan Manahel A. , Alfheeaid Hani A. , Alhowail Ahmad H. , Alamri Majed M. , Alghasham Modhi S. , Alzunaidy Nada A. , Barakat Hassan
Published: June 2024

Nutritional bars (NBs) are gaining popularity among healthy and athletic individuals, but postprandial antioxidative response has not been investigated. Therefore, the current study examined the postprandial alterations in total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the plasma of healthy individuals after the ingestion of 140 g (510 Kcal) from formulated date-based bars (DBBs) or fruit-based bars (FBBs). Firstly, the free and bound phenolic contents (PCs) were determined to be 10.15 and 12.98 and 6.19 and 3.57 mg GAE g−1, respectively. FBBs were significantly higher in free PC than DBBs, while DBBs were considerably higher in bound PC than FBBs. Secondly, twenty participants with age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), fat mass, and fat-free mass averages of 21.4 years, 170.0 cm, 66.3 kg, 22.9 kg m2, 14.5, and 29.2 kg, respectively, were subjected to metabolic experiments (ISRCTN19386758). Ingestion of 140 g of FBB or DBB resulted in 288.50 or 302.14 µg TPC mL−1 blood, respectively. Postprandial TPC content increased with time progression and peaked after 120 min. T-AOC contents averaged 22.63 and 23.61 U mL−1 before ingestion of FBBs or DBBs, respectively. The T-AOC content increased significantly 120 and 180 min after ingestion of DBBs, while no significant change was noted after consuming FBBs. A significant decrease in MDA content was observed 180 min after consuming DBBs, while no significant change was noted after consuming FBBs. SOD concentrations ranged from 193.99 to 201.07 U L−1 in FBBs and DBBs, respectively. No considerable response was noted up to 3 h after ingestion of FBBs. On the contrary, a significant response was found 120 min after consuming DBBs. Pearson’s correlation coefficient indicated a highly significant positive correlation coefficient (p < 0.01) between T-AOC and either MDA or SOD, as well as between MDA and SOD. The principal component analysis demonstrated a strong and positive relationship between SOD and TPC at 60 and 120 min after DBB ingestion. In conclusion, the relative changes in postprandial responses in T-AOC and MDA did not significantly (p > 0.05) differ between DBBs and FBBs, except for TPC (p = 0.04, paired t-test) and SOD (p = 0.003, paired t-test). Further studies with an extended experimental time are needed to confirm the current findings.
Architecture of Molecular Logic Gates: From Design to Application as Optical Detection Devices
Authors: Dias Gleiston G. , Souto Francielly T.
Published: June 2024

Three decades after A. P. de Silva’s seminal paper introduced the concept of logic gates at the molecular level, the field of molecular logic gates (MLGs) has witnessed significant advancements. MLGs are devices designed to perform logical operations, utilizing one or more physical or chemical stimulus signals (inputs) to generate an output response. Notably, MLGs have found diverse applications, with optical detection of analytes emerging as a notable evolution of traditional chemosensors. Organic synthesis methods are pivotal in crafting molecular architectures tailored as optical devices capable of analyte detection through logical functions. This review delves into the fundamental aspects and physical–chemical properties of MLGs, with a particular emphasis on synthetic strategies driving their design.
Peptide-Alkoxyamine Drugs: An Innovative Approach to Fight Schistosomiasis: “Digging Their Graves with Their Forks”
Authors: Embo-Ibouanga Ange W. , Nguyen Michel , Joly Jean-Patrick , Coustets Mathilde , Augereau Jean-Michel , Paloque Lucie , Vanthuyne Nicolas , Bikanga Raphaël , Robert Anne , Benoit-Vical Françoise , Audran Gérard , Mellet Philippe , Boissier Jérôme , Marque Sylvain R. A.
Published: June 2024

The expansion of drug resistant parasites sheds a serious concern on several neglected parasitic diseases. Our recent results on cancer led us to envision the use of peptide-alkoxyamines as a highly selective and efficient new drug against schistosome adult worms, the etiological agents of schistosomiasis. Indeed, the peptide tag of the hybrid compounds can be hydrolyzed by worm’s digestive enzymes to afford a highly labile alkoxyamine which homolyzes spontaneously and instantaneously into radicals—which are then used as a drug against Schistosome adult parasites. This approach is nicely summarized as digging their graves with their forks. Several hybrid peptide-alkoxyamines were prepared and clearly showed an activity: two of the tested compounds kill 50% of the parasites in two hours at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. Importantly, the peptide and alkoxyamine fragments that are unable to generate alkyl radicals display no activity. This strong evidence validates the proposed mechanism: a specific activation of the prodrugs by the parasite proteases leading to parasite death through in situ alkyl radical generation.
First Report of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens in Bulgaria
Authors: Kizheva Yoana , Pandova Maria , Dimitrova Melani , Gladicheva Yoana , Garkova Maria , Pirnareva Desislava , Donchev Deyan , Moncheva Penka , Hristova Petya
Published: June 2024

This study aims at the identification and characterization of five actinobacterial strains with presumed belonging to the species Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens isolated from tomato and pepper plants, and establishing the potential role of both plants as natural reservoirs of this phytopathogen. Species identification was performed via MALDI-ToF MS, 16S rDNA sequencing and PCR. The strains were Gram-positive with a coryneform cell shape having yellow/orange-pigmented colonies; positive for catalase and esculin, and starch and casein hydrolysis; oxidase-, urease-, indole- and nitrate-reduction-negative and were strictly aerobic. All isolates produced antimicrobial substances against various phytopathogenic bacteria. Tomato and pepper plants were artificially infected with newly isolated strains in order to establish their role as natural reservoirs of the bacteria. Morphological alterations were observed only in the tomato plants, with defoliation of the first two to four leaves at the 28th day. Then, viable coryneform bacterial isolates (n = 73) were successfully re-isolated only from the stems of the infected plants. The similarity between the re-isolates and the respective initial isolates was confirmed phenotypically and genotypically by RAPD-PCR, confirming that solanaceous vegetables can act as reservoirs of C. flaccumfaciens. This is the first report of C. flaccumfaciens in Bulgaria.
Synthesis, Biological, and Computational Evaluations of Conformationally Restricted NAD-Mimics as Discriminant Inhibitors of Human NMN-Adenylyltransferase Isozymes
Authors: Matteucci Federica , Ferrati Marta , Spinozzi Eleonora , Piergentili Alessia , Del Bello Fabio , Giorgioni Gianfabio , Sorci Leonardo , Petrelli Riccardo , Cappellacci Loredana
Published: June 2024

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) cofactor metabolism plays a significant role in cancer development. Tumor cells have an increased demand for NAD and ATP to support rapid growth and proliferation. Limiting the amount of available NAD by targeting critical NAD biosynthesis enzymes has emerged as a promising anticancer therapeutic approach. In mammals, the enzyme nicotinamide/nicotinic acid adenylyltransferase (NMNAT) catalyzes a crucial downstream reaction for all known NAD synthesis routes. Novel nicotinamide/nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NAD/NaAD) analogues 1–4, containing a methyl group at the ribose 2′-C and 3′-C-position of the adenosine moiety, were synthesized as inhibitors of the three isoforms of human NMN-adenylyltransferase, named hNMNAT-1, hNMNAT-2, and hNMNAT-3. An NMR-based conformational analysis suggests that individual NAD-analogues (1–4) have distinct conformational preferences. Biological evaluation of dinucleotides 1–4 as inhibitors of hNMNAT isoforms revealed structural relationships between different conformations (North-anti and South-syn) and enzyme-inhibitory activity. Among the new series of NAD analogues synthesized and tested, the 2′-C-methyl-NAD analogue 1 (Ki = 15 and 21 µM towards NMN and ATP, respectively) emerged as the most potent and selective inhibitor of hNMNAT-2 reported so far. Finally, we rationalized the in vitro bioactivity and selectivity of methylated NAD analogues with in silico studies, helping to lay the groundwork for rational scaffold optimization.
Optimizing mRNA-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles as a Potential Tool for Protein-Replacement Therapy
Authors: Gambaro Rocío , Rivero Berti Ignacio , Limeres María José , Huck-Iriart Cristián , Svensson Malin , Fraude Silvia , Pretsch Leah , Si Shutian , Lieberwirth Ingo , Gehring Stephan , Cacicedo Maximiliano , Islan Germán Abel
Published: June 2024

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) tailored for mRNA delivery were optimized to serve as a platform for treating metabolic diseases. Four distinct lipid mixes (LMs) were formulated by modifying various components: LM1 (ALC-0315/DSPC/Cholesterol/ALC-0159), LM2 (ALC-0315/DOPE/Cholesterol/ALC-0159), LM3 (ALC-0315/DSPC/Cholesterol/DMG-PEG2k), and LM4 (DLin-MC3-DMA/DSPC/Cholesterol/ALC-0159). LNPs exhibited stability and homogeneity with a mean size of 75 to 90 nm, confirmed by cryo-TEM and SAXS studies. High mRNA encapsulation (95–100%) was achieved. LNPs effectively delivered EGFP-encoding mRNA to HepG2 and DC2.4 cell lines. LNPs induced cytokine secretion from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), revealing that LM1, LM2, and LM4 induced 1.5- to 4-fold increases in IL-8, TNF-α, and MCP-1 levels, while LM3 showed minimal changes. Reporter mRNA expression was observed in LNP-treated PBMCs. Hemotoxicity studies confirmed formulation biocompatibility with values below 2%. In vivo biodistribution in mice post intramuscular injection showed significant mRNA expression, mainly in the liver. The modification of LNP components influenced reactogenicity, inflammatory response, and mRNA expression, offering a promising platform for selecting less reactogenic carriers suitable for repetitive dosing in metabolic disease treatment.
Effects of Micro-Topography and Vegetation on Soil Moisture on Fixed Sand Dunes in Tengger Desert, China
Authors: Zhang Dinghai , Zhao Youyi , Qi Haidi , Shan Lishan , Chen Guopeng , Ning Ting
Published: June 2024

Soil moisture is a key factor in arid ecosystems, with local variations influenced by topography and vegetation. Understanding this relationship is crucial for combating desertification. Employing ANOVA, Mean Decrease Accuracy (MDA) analysis from random forest modeling and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), this study investigates the distribution of soil moisture and its associations with topographic and vegetative factors across four micro-geomorphic units in the Tengger Desert, China. Significant heterogeneity in soil moisture across various layers and locations, including windward and leeward slopes and the tops and bottoms of dunes, was observed. Soil moisture generally increases from the surface down to 300 cm, with diminishing fluctuations at greater depths. Soil moisture peaks in the surface and middle layers on windward slopes and in deep layers at the bottom of dunes, exhibiting an initial rise and then a decline on windward slopes. Topographic (including slope direction and elevation difference) and vegetation (including shrub and herb coverage) factors significantly influence soil moisture across three depth layers. Topographic factors negatively affect soil moisture directly, whereas vegetation positively influences it indirectly, with shrub and herb abundance enhancing moisture levels. These insights inform ecological management and the formulation of soil moisture-conservation strategies in arid deserts. The study underscores customizing sand-binding vegetation to various micro-geomorphic dune units.
Integrating NDVI, SPAD, and Canopy Temperature for Strategic Nitrogen and Seeding Rate Management to Enhance Yield, Quality, and Sustainability in Wheat Cultivation
Authors: Hnizil Oussama , Baidani Aziz , Khlila Ilham , Nsarellah Nasserelhaq , Laamari Abdelali , Amamou Ali
Published: June 2024

This study explores the interplay between nitrogen doses and seeding rates on wheat yield, biomass, and protein content. Utilizing tools such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) measurements, and canopy temperature (CT), we conducted experiments over five growing seasons. The treatments included three nitrogen levels (0, 60, 120 kg/ha) and three seeding rates (300, 400, 500 seeds/m2) in a split-plot design with 90 plots and two replications. Our results show that an intermediate nitrogen dose (60 kg/ha) combined with a moderate seed rate (400 seeds/m2) enhances wheat yield by 22.95%. Reduced nitrogen levels increased protein content, demonstrating wheat’s adaptive mechanisms under nitrogen constraints. NDVI analysis highlighted significant growth during the tillering phase with high nitrogen, emphasizing early-stage nutrient management. SPAD measurements showed that early nitrogen applications boost chlorophyll content, essential for vigorous early growth, while CT data indicate that optimal nitrogen and seed rates can effectively modulate plant stress responses. As crops mature, the predictive capacity of NDVI declines, indicating the need for adjusted nitrogen strategies. Collectively, these findings advocate for refined management of nitrogen and seeding rates, integrating NDVI, SPAD, and CT assessments to enhance yields and promote sustainable agricultural practices while minimizing environmental impacts.
Genetic Gain and Inbreeding in Different Simulated Genomic Selection Schemes for Grain Yield and Oil Content in Safflower
Authors: Zhao Huanhuan , Khansefid Majid , Lin Zibei , Hayden Matthew J.
Published: June 2024

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a multipurpose minor crop consumed by developed and developing nations around the world with limited research funding and genetic resources. Genomic selection (GS) is an effective modern breeding tool that can help to fast-track the genetic diversity preserved in genebank collections to facilitate rapid and efficient germplasm improvement and variety development. In the present study, we simulated four GS strategies to compare genetic gains and inbreeding during breeding cycles in a safflower recurrent selection breeding program targeting grain yield (GY) and seed oil content (OL). We observed positive genetic gains over cycles in all four GS strategies, where the first cycle delivered the largest genetic gain. Single-trait GS strategies had the greatest gain for the target trait but had very limited genetic improvement for the other trait. Simultaneous selection for GY and OL via indices indicated higher gains for both traits than crossing between the two single-trait independent culling strategies. The multi-trait GS strategy with mating relationship control (GS_GY + OL + Rel) resulted in a lower inbreeding coefficeint but a similar gain compared to that of the GS_GY + OL (without inbreeding control) strategy after a few cycles. Our findings lay the foundation for future safflower GS breeding.
High Concentrations of Se Inhibited the Growth of Rice Seedlings
Authors: Liu Ying , Ma Jiayu , Li Feng , Zeng Xiang , Wu Zhengwei , Huang Yongxiang , Xue Yingbin , Wang Yanyan
Published: June 2024

Selenium (Se) is crucial for both plants and humans, with plants acting as the main source for human Se intake. In plants, moderate Se enhances growth and increases stress resistance, whereas excessive Se leads to toxicity. The physiological mechanisms by which Se influences rice seedlings’ growth are poorly understood and require additional research. In order to study the effects of selenium stress on rice seedlings, plant phenotype analysis, root scanning, metal ion content determination, physiological response index determination, hormone level determination, quantitative PCR (qPCR), and other methods were used. Our findings indicated that sodium selenite had dual effects on rice seedling growth under hydroponic conditions. At low concentrations, Se treatment promotes rice seedling growth by enhancing biomass, root length, and antioxidant capacity. Conversely, high concentrations of sodium selenite impair and damage rice, as evidenced by leaf yellowing, reduced chlorophyll content, decreased biomass, and stunted growth. Elevated Se levels also significantly affect antioxidase activities and the levels of proline, malondialdehyde, metal ions, and various phytohormones and selenium metabolism, ion transport, and antioxidant genes in rice. The adverse effects of high Se concentrations may directly disrupt protein synthesis or indirectly induce oxidative stress by altering the absorption and synthesis of other compounds. This study aims to elucidate the physiological responses of rice to Se toxicity stress and lay the groundwork for the development of Se-enriched rice varieties.
Oxidized Starch-Reinforced Aqueous Polymer Isocyanate Cured with High-Frequency Heating
Authors: Li Yanrui , Kong Detao , Yang Qinghua , Sun Hao , He Yaolong , Zhang Nenghui , Hu Hongjiu
Published: June 2024

In this research, an oxidized starch/styrene–butadiene rubber system with high capability of absorbing electromagnetic energy was adopted as the main component, the effect of oxidized starch content on the bonding and mechanical properties of aqueous polymer isocyanate (API) after high-frequency curing was evaluated, and the effect mechanisms were explored by combining thermodynamic tests and material characterization methods. Our findings revealed that the addition of oxidized starch enhanced the mechanical properties of API after high-frequency curing and the increase in the amount of oxidized starch enhanced the improvement effect of high-frequency curing on API bonding and mechanical properties. At 5 wt% oxidized starch, high-frequency curing improved API bonding properties by 18.0% and 17.3% under ambient conditions and after boiling water aging, respectively. An increase in oxidized starch content to 25 wt% increased enhancement to 25.1% and 26.4% for the above conditions, respectively. The enhancement effects of tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the API adhesive body were increased from 9.4% and 18.2% to 18.7% and 22.6%, respectively. The potential enhancement mechanism could be that oxidized starch could increase the dielectric loss of API, converting more electromagnetic energy into thermal energy creating more cross-linked structures.
Preparation and Characterization of Lignin Nanoparticles from Different Plant Sources
Authors: Ortega-Sanhueza Isidora , Girard Victor , Ziegler-Devin Isabelle , Chapuis Hubert , Brosse Nicolas , Valenzuela Francisca , Banerjee Aparna , Fuentealba Cecilia , Cabrera-Barjas Gustavo , Torres Camilo , Méndez Alejando , Segovia César , Pereira Miguel
Published: June 2024

This article presents new research on producing lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) using the antisolvent nanoprecipitation method. Acetone (90%) served as the lignin solvent and water (100%) as the antisolvent, using five types of lignins from various sources. Comprehensive characterization techniques, including NMR, GPC, FTIR, TEM, and DLS, were employed to assess both lignin and LNP properties. The antioxidant activity of the LNPs was evaluated as well. The results demonstrated the successful formation of spherical nanoparticles below 100 nm with initial lignin concentrations of 1 and 2%w/v. The study highlighted the crucial role of lignin purity in LNP formation and colloidal stability, noting that residual carbohydrates adversely affect efficiency. This method offers a straightforward, environmentally friendly approach using cost-effective solvents, applicable to diverse lignin sources. The innovation of this study lies in its demonstration of a cost-effective and eco-friendly method to produce stable, nanometric-sized spherical LNPs. These LNPs have significant potential as reinforcement materials due to their reinforcing capability, hydrophilicity, and UV absorption. This work underscores the importance of starting material purity for optimizing the process and achieving the desired nanometric dimensions, marking a pioneering advancement in lignin-based nanomaterials.
Extraction of Nanocellulose from the Residue of Sugarcane Bagasse Fiber for Anti-Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) Application
Authors: Charoensopa Krairop , Thangunpai Kotchaporn , Kong Peifu , Enomae Toshiharu , Ploysri Wat
Published: June 2024

Nanocellulose contains a large number of hydroxyl groups that can be used to modify its surface due to its structure. Owing to its appealing features, such as high strength, great stiffness, and high surface area, nanocellulose is currently gaining popularity in research and industry. The extraction of nanocellulose from the leftover bagasse fiber from sugarcane production by alkaline and acid treatment was successful in this study, with a production yield of 55.6%. The FTIR and XPS results demonstrated a difference in the functional and chemical composition of untreated sugarcane bagasse and extracted nanocellulose. SEM imaging was used to examined the size of the nanocellulose with ImageJ software v1.8.0. TGA, DTG, and XRD analyses were also performed to demonstrate the successful extraction of nanocellulose in terms of its morphology, thermal stability, and crystal structure before and after extraction. The anti-S. aureus activity of the extracted nanocellulose was discovered by using an OD600 test and a colony counting method, and an inhibitory rate of 53.12% was achieved. According to the results, nanocellulose produced from residual sugarcane bagasse could be employed as an antibacterial agent.
Eco-Friendly and High-Performance Bio-Polyurethane Adhesives from Vegetable Oils: A Review
Authors: Maulana Sena , Wibowo Eko Setio , Mardawati Efri , Iswanto Apri Heri , Papadopoulos Antonios , Lubis Muhammad Adly Rahandi
Published: June 2024

Current petrochemical-based adhesives adversely affect the environment through substantial volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions during production, contributing to air pollution and climate change. In contrast, vegetable oils extracted from bio-resources provide a compelling alternative owing to their renewability, abundance, and compatibility with adhesive formulation chemistry. This review aimed to critically examine and synthesize the existing scholarly literature on environmentally friendly, sustainable, and high-performance polyurethane adhesives (PUAs) developed from vegetable oils. The use of PUAs derived from vegetable oils promises to provide a long-term replacement while simultaneously maintaining or improving adhesive properties. This quality renders these adhesives appropriate for widespread use in various sectors, including construction, automotive manufacturing, packaging, textile, and footwear industries. This review intended to perform a comprehensive assessment and integration of the existing research, thereby identifying the raw materials, strengths, weaknesses, and gaps in knowledge concerning vegetable oil-based PUAs. In doing so, it responded to these gaps and proposes potential avenues for future research. Therefore, this review accomplishes more than merely evaluating the existing research; it fosters the advancement of greener PUA technologies by identifying areas for improvement and innovation towards more sustainable industrial practices by showcasing vegetable oil-based PUAs as viable, high-performance alternatives to their petroleum-based counterparts.
Improving Thermal Efficiency and Reducing Emissions with CO2 Injection during Late Stage SAGD Development
Authors: Jiang Qi , Liu Yang , Zhou Ying , Wang Zhongyuan , Gong Yuning , Jiang Guanchen , Huang Siyuan , Yu Chunsheng
Published: June 2024

The steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) process requires high energy input to maintain the continuous expansion of the steam chamber for achieving high oil recovery. In the late stage of SAGD operation where the oil rate is low and the heat loss is high from a mature steam chamber, maintaining steam chamber pressure with a lower steam injection is the key to maintaining the economic oil-to-steam ratio (OSR). Both laboratory studies and field tests have demonstrated the effectiveness of adding a non-condensable gas (NCG) to the SAGD steam chamber for improving the overall thermal efficiency. In this study, a multi-well reservoir model was built based on the detailed geological description from an operating SAGD project area, which contains thick pay and top water. Grounded with the history matching of more than 20 years of production using CSS (cyclic steam stimulation) and SAGD as follow-up process, the model was applied to optimize the operating strategies for the late stage of SAGD production. The results from this study demonstrated that the co-injection of steam with CO2 or the injection of CO2 only has potential to improve the OSR and reduce emissions by more than 50% through the improvement in steam-saving and the storage of CO2. The results from reservoir modeling indicate that, with the current volume of a steam chamber and an operating pressure of 4.0 MPa, about 55 sm3 of CO2 could be sequestrated and utilized for producing 1.0 m3 of oil from this reservoir through the replacement of a steam injection with CO2 in the late stage of SAGD operation.
Presence and Personhood: Investigating Christian Chaplaincy Care in Two Residential Dementia Units
Authors: Hawkes Annabel , Taylor Lynne
Published: June 2024

Dementia is a growing global health issue, particularly in developed countries with high and increasing life expectancies. Often, health care and social approaches problematise and see as defective people with dementia; they are viewed in terms of their deficiencies. The concept of personhood helps provide a theological framework of inherent worth, regardless of physical or cognitive capacity. This paper takes a case study approach and considers how the notion of personhood impacted the motivations and practice of two chaplains working in Aotearoa New Zealand residential dementia care settings. These chaplains offered a ministry of personal and sacramental presence. They provided simple ecumenical services, comprising elements that were familiar to the residents. They were motivated by and acted with love and compassion. The article concludes by noting implications for chaplaincy practice, including the importance of being personhood-affirming, acting out of love, and being expectant of and attentive to the discipleship and spiritual formation of residents.
Monitoring Chlorophyll-a Concentration Variation in Fish Ponds from 2013 to 2022 in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China
Authors: Li Zikang , Yang Xiankun , Zhou Tao , Cai Shirong , Zhang Wenxin , Mao Keming , Ou Haidong , Ran Lishan , Yang Qianqian , Wang Yibo
Published: June 2024

Aquaculture plays a vital role in global food production, with fish pond water quality directly impacting aquatic product quality. The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) serves as a key producer of aquatic products in South China. Monitoring environmental changes in fish ponds serves as an indicator of their health. This study employed the extreme gradient boosting tree (BST) model of machine learning, utilizing Landsat imagery data, to assess Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration in GBA fish ponds from 2013 to 2022. The study also examined the corresponding spatiotemporal variations in Chl-a concentration. Key findings include: (1) clear seasonal fluctuations in Chl-a concentration, peaking in summer (56.7 μg·L−1) and reaching lows in winter (43.5 μg·L−1); (2) a slight overall increase in Chl-a concentration over the study period, notably in regions with rapid economic development, posing a heightened risk of eutrophication; (3) influence from both human activities and natural factors such as water cycle and climate, with water temperature notably impacting summer Chl-a levels; (4) elevated Chl-a levels in fish ponds compared to surrounding natural water bodies, primarily attributed to human activities, indicating an urgent need to revise breeding practices and address eutrophication. These findings offer a quantitative assessment of fish pond water quality and contribute to sustainable aquaculture management in the GBA.
Changes in Global Aviation Turbulence in the Remote Sensing Era (1979–2018)
Authors: Ren Diandong , Lynch Mervyn J.
Published: June 2024

Atmospheric turbulence primarily originates from abrupt density variations in a vertically stratified atmosphere. Based on the prognostic equation of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), we here chose three indicators corresponding to the forcing terms of the TKE generation. By utilizing ERA5 reanalysis data, we investigate first the maximum achievable daily thickness of the planetary boundary layer (PBL). The gradient Richardson number (Ri) is used to represent turbulence arising from shear instability and the daily maximum convective available potential energy (CAPE) is examined to understand the turbulence linked with convective instability. Our analysis encompasses global turbulence trends. As a case study, we focus on the North Atlantic Corridor (NAC) to reveal notable insights. Specifically, the mean annual number of hours featuring shear instability (Ri < 0.25) surged by more than 300 h in consecutive 20-year periods: 1979–1998 and 1999–2018. Moreover, a substantial subset within the NAC region exhibited a notable rise of over 10% in the number of hours characterized as severe shear instability. Contrarily, turbulence associated with convective instability (CAPE > 2 kJ/kg), which can necessitate rerouting and pose significant aviation safety challenges, displays a decline. Remote sensing of clouds confirms these assertions. This decline contains a component of inherent natural variability. Our findings suggest that, as air viscosity increases and hence a thickened PBL due to a warming climate, the global inflight turbulence is poised to intensify.