bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Multi-Drug Resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – A High Tuberculosis Endemic Area of Pakistan
Authors: ALI SAJID , KHAN MUHAMMAD TAHIR , KHAN ANWAR SHEED , MOHAMMAD NOOR , KHAN MUHAMMAD MUMTAZ , AHMAD SAJJAD , NOOR SADIQ , JABBAR ABDUL , DAIRE CANTILLON , HASSAN FARIHA
Published: June 2020

Anti-tuberculosis therapy involves the combination of drugs to hamper the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). The emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a global concern. Pakistan has been ranked 5th position in terms of a high burden of MDR-TB in the world. The aim of the current study was to investigate the prevalence of drug resistance in MTB in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Random samples were collected from 25 districts using the simple random sampling formula. All samples were processed in a biosafety level 3 laboratory for culture and drug susceptibility testing. Among 5759 presumptive tuberculosis (TB) cases, 1969 (34%) were positive. The proportion of TB was higher in females (39%) than males (29%), thus it represents a significant association between gender and tuberculosis (p < 0.05). People ages between 25 to 34 years were more likely to be infected with MTB (40%). Drug-resistant profile showed 97 (4.9%) patients were infected with MDR-TB. Streptomycin resistance was the highest and was observed in 173 (9%) isolates followed by isoniazid in 119 (6%) isolates. The lowest resistance was observed to pyrazinamide (3%). The prevalence of MDR-TB (10.4%) among patients that previously received anti-tuberculosis treatment is seemingly high. A large-scale drug resistance survey is required to evaluate the drug resistance for better management of tuberculosis.
Evcil hayvanını kaybeden bireylerin yaşadıkları yas süreci ile ilgili bir nitel araştırma
Authors: KARASU Seher , YALÇINKAYA ALKAR Özden
Published: May 2020

Kayıp yaşamak, hayatın her anında karşılaşılabilecek bir olgu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Nitekim insan ilişkileri dışında, insan- evcil hayvan ilişkilerinde de aynı olgu ile karşılaşılabilir. Bu çalışmada amaç, beslediği hayvanını kaybeden bireylerin, kayıp sürecinde yaşadıkları yas sürecini ve bu sürece karşılık olarak ortaya çıkan duyguları ile nasıl baş ettiğini öğrenebilmektir. Çalışmanın yöntemi, nitel araştırma yöntemi benimsenerek oluşturulmuştur. Nitel araştırmalarda veri toplama yöntemlerinden olan görüşme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Görüşmeler esnasında yarı-yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Örneklem evcil hayvanını kaybeden 18 gönüllü katılımcıdan oluşmaktadır. Ölçüt örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilen örneklemin ölçütü; son altı ayda beslediği evcil hayvanını kaybetmesi olmuştur. Sonuçlar içerik analizi yapılarak; yas süreci ve baş etme şekilleri olacak şekilde iki tema başlığı altında toplanmıştır. Yas süreci temasında; süreçte görülen duygusal, bilişsel, davranışsal tepki alt başlıkları yer almaktadır. Baş etme şekilleri temasında ise sosyal destek, sokak hayvanlarını besleme, başka bir evcil hayvan edinme gibi alt başlıklar yer almaktadır. Kaybedilen evcil hayvanın ardından yas sürecine tepki olarak verilen baş etme şekillerinin ne derece uyumlu olduğunu öğrenmek amacıyla başka çalışmalar yapılması öneri olarak verilmiştir.
Megaesophagus development after surgical treatment of diaphragmatic hernia in three cats
Authors: ŞEN Yusuf , BAŞER Medine İrem , ERGİN İrem , SÖNMEZ Gonca , BUMİN Ali
Published: May 2020

A one year old and two three year old domestic short hair cats presented with trauma induced diaphragmatic hernia at Ankara University Animal Hospital. After clinical and radiographic examination all three cats diagnosed with diaphragmatic hernia. All cats gone under surgical repair for hernias. Several days after surgery all cats brought back to the clinic with vomiting, regurgitation and anorexia. Direct radiographs show esophageal dilatation and right shift in esophagus. Megaesophagus persisted for several weeks and was an unexpected complication as no association between diaphragmatic hernia (and diaphragmatic rupture) and megaesophagus has never been described in the veterinary literature. With medical treatment using prokinetic and antacid and high ground feeding, all cats recovered from megaesophagus without need for surgical intervention. There is no report of gastroesophageal reflux or megaesophagus associated with DH (or DY) in veterinary literature although there were three cases in very little amount of time in our clinic thus megaesophagus due to DH can be more common in cats than believed to be.
Türkiye sığır besiciliğinde yapısal durum ve sektörel analiz
Authors: ARAL Yılmaz , ALTIN Oğuz , SARIHAN ŞAHİN Tuğba , GÖKDAİ Arzu
Published: May 2020

Türkiye’de 2018 yılı itibariyle toplam kırmızı et üretiminin %89,73’ünü (1.003.859 ton) sığır eti oluşturmaktadır. Sığır besiciliğinde maliyeti oluşturan masraf unsurları içerisinde besi materyali ve yem başta gelmektedir. Son yıllarda artan nüfus ve talep düzeyine bağlı olarak piyasada oluşan kırmızı et arz açığı başta kasaplık-besilik hayvan ve karkas et ithalatına gidilmesine yol açmıştır. 2016-2018 yılları arasındaki 3 yıllık dönemde kasaplık ve besilik sığır ithalatı sırasıyla 257.131 baş ve 1.972.224 baş olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Yapılan bu ithalatın değeri 2.448.225.330 USD (9.044.379.646 TL) olarak hesaplanmıştır. Besiciler üzerinde son dönemde artan üretim maliyetleri ile gümrük vergisi avantajıyla yurtiçine giren ithal kasaplık hayvan ve ete bağlı olarak yıkıcı bir rekabet ortamı ve fiyat baskısı oluşmuştur. Diğer taraftan sığır besi işletmelerinin karlılık düzeyleri azalmış ve sektörel sürdürülebilirlik olumsuz yönde etkilenmiştir. Son 2 yılda yaklaşık 20 bin sığır besi işletmesi kapanmış veya faaliyetini durdurmuştur. Türkiye genelinde 264.230 adet sığır besi işletmesi mevcut olup, bu işletmelerin %64,02’si 10 başın altında hayvana sahip küçük ölçekli işletmelerdir. Sığır besiciliğinde 50 baş ve üzeri işletmelerin toplam işletmeler içerisindeki payı ise sadece %5,07’dir. Buna karşın büyük ölçekli olarak sınıflandırılan bu işletmeler 1.532.564 baş sığır varlığı ile besi sığırlarının %38,41’ine sahip bulunmaktadır. Sığır besiciliğinde üretim maliyetleri üzerinde etkili olan başlıca faktörler arasında besi süresi, hayvanın menşei, kullanılan ırkın verim özellikleri, günlük canlı ağırlık artışı, yem rasyon içeriği, yem hammadde fiyatlarındaki değişim, döviz kurundaki dalgalanmalar, besi performansı ve karkas randımanı, işletme girdilerinin dönemsel tutarı, hastalık ve ölüm oranları gibi unsurlar yer almaktadır. Sektörde üretimin sürdürülebilirliği açısından uygun fiyat ve kalitede yem ile besi materyali tedariki başta olmak üzere sığır besi işletmelerinde maliyet minimizasyonu amacıyla gerekli önlemlerin alınması, işletmelerin sınıflandırılarak desteklenmesi yanı sıra kârlı ve optimum ölçekte faaliyet göstermeleri için uygun piyasa koşullarının sağlanması, perakende et satış fiyatları üzerinden üreticiye aktarılan marjın artırılması ve pazarlama zincirindeki aracı sayısının azaltılarak tüketici için daha uygun fiyattan et satın alabilecekleri bir piyasanın temin edilmesi önem taşımaktadır.
Bitkisel ekstrakt karışımlarının broylerlerde performans, karkas randımanı ve bazı iç organ ağırlıkları üzerine etkisi
Authors: ŞAHİN Tarkan , SURAL Tolga , ÖLMEZ Mükremin , KARADAĞOĞLU Özlem
Published: May 2020

Bu araştırma broyler rasyonlarına farklı düzeylerde ilave edilen bitkisel ekstrat karışımının performans karkas parametreleri ve bazı iç organ ağırlıkları üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada toplam 192 adet günlük yaşta karışık cinsiyette broyler civciv (Ross 308) her birinde 48 civciv bulunan dört gruba ayrılmıştır. Gruplar kendi içinde 12 adet hayvan içeren 4 alt gruba ayrılmıştır. Denemede bir kontrol ve üç deneme grubu oluşturulmuştur. Denemede basal rasyon (katkı içermeyen) başlangıç, ve bitirme dönemlerine uygun şekilde hazırlanmıştır. Deneme gruplarının rasyonlarına sırası ile 1gr/kg, 2 gr/kg ve 4 gr/kg düzeyinde bitkisel ekstrakt karışımı ilave edilmiştir. Deneme 42 gün sürdürülmüştür. Deneme sonunda rasyonlara ilave edilen bitkisel ekstrakt karışımı (BEK) ‘nın performans parametreleri (GCAA, GYT, YYO), kesim parametreleri ve iç organ ağırlıkları üzerine istatistiksel açıdan önemli farklılıklar yaratmamıştır. Çalışmada BEK performans değerleri üzerine etki göstermemesi broyler rasyonlarına katılan bu ekstraktın aktif moleküllerine ve hayvanlara uygulama dozundan kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Sonuç olarak bitkisel ekstrakt karışımının performans değerleri, karkas ve iç organ ağırlıkları üzerine önemli değişikliklere neden olamadıkları ancak adı geçen katkıların optimum karışımlarının dozları belirlenerek farklı dozlarda farklı dönemlerde hayvanlar üzerinde etkilerinin incelenmesinin faydalı olacağı kanaatine varılmıştır.
Pilomatricoma in a papillon dog
Authors: KUTLU Tuncer , MONSEF Yanad , ERGİN İrem , KUTSAL Osman
Published: May 2020

Pilomatricoma is a benign adnexal skin neoplasm uncommonly reported in dogs. Three nodules surgically removed from the back of a 13-year-old female papillon dog at the Surgery Department of Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, formed the material of this study. The mass formation started six months earlier. Surgically resected nodules were sent to the Pathology Department of Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, for a detailed histopathological examination. Grossly, the nodules were 1x0,5x0,5 cm; 2x2x1 cm and 1x1x1 cm in diameter and covered with ulcerated skin. The masses were elastic in consistency with yellow-reddish cut sections. Histopathological examination revealed subcutaneous cystic structures surrounded by ghost cells or shadow cells and containing keratin filaments on the surface in all the nodules. The tumor was diagnosed according to the pilomatricoma chronological staging method used in human medicine as an early stage of pilomatricoma due to the presence of cystic structures and the absence of calcification and giant cells. This study is thought to assist by the definition of early lesion of canine pilomatricoma to the histopathological classification of pilomatricomas in canine species.
Pathological features of fetal anasarca in Pekingese puppies
Authors: MONSEF Yanad , KARAKAŞ ALKAN Kübra , YÜCEL Gözde , HAZIROĞLU Rıfkı
Published: May 2020

Fetal anasarca is a congenital condition defined by excessive fluid accumulation throughout the body and subcutaneous edema. A 9-month-old Pekingese bitch with dystocia was presented to the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Three stillborn puppies were removed by caesarian section and sent to the Pathology Department of Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine for necropsy. Grossly, two of the puppies were larger than normal, had diffuse subcutaneous swelling with visceral effusion and were diagnosed with fetal anasarca. As for the third one, pulmonary hypoplasia was reported. All the fetuses additionally showed palatoschisis, bird tongue and lissencephaly. For histopathological examination, samples from the organs were collected and routinely processed. Severe edematous and degenerative changes were noted in the skin, liver, heart and kidneys of the anasarcous fetuses. Extramedullary hematopoiesis was also observed to different degrees in the livers and the spleens of all fetuses. The current case represents the first histopathologically described case of canine fetal anasarca in Turkey and it highlights the predisposition of brachycephalic dogs to fetal anasarca which is referred to be heritable as a recessive trait.
Rapid and successful treatment of a dog with severe generalized demodicosis
Authors: KÖSE Onur , OKUR Onur
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT: The present study was carried out to treat a dog that was diagnosed with generalized demodicosis with no response to localized demodicosis treatment. The material of the study consisted of a 10 month old German shepherd dog. Amitraz solution (2%) as bathing three days a week and spraying for the other days and oral ivermectin tablet (0,4mg/kg) three days a week were used together for etiological treatment. Amoxicillin was used to treat secondary bacterial infections for 10 days and vitamin/mineral supplementation and liver preservation were also applied to support general health. Recovery was observed at the end of six weeks both clinically and microscopically, but amitraz bathing and orally ivermectin tablets were continued for another four weeks to prevent any recurrence. As a result; it’s considered that, the amitraz (0,2%) application as a bathing solution for three days a week and spraying for other days, oral ivermectin (0,4 mg/kg) three days a week, oral amoxicillin (400/57 mg suspension) daily for 10 days and supportive treatments were successful for treatment of generalized canine demodicosis in 45 days and no recurrence of infestation were observed for six months follow up. It is also understood that predisposing factors should never be ignored for an effective treatment.
Nosemosis’in (nosematosis) bal arısı (Apis mellifera) midesine etkileri üzerine histokimyasal gözlemler
Authors: CEYLAN Ahmet , ÖZGENÇ Özge , ERHAN Füsun , SEVİN Sedat , YARSAN Ender
Published: May 2020

Nosemosis, Nosema apis ve Nosema ceranae'nin neden olduğu ergin bal arılarının (Apis mellifera) ciddi bir paraziter hastalığıdır. Hastalık mide (orta bağırsak) mukozasında sindirim ve metabolik bozukluklara neden olan kritik değişikliklere yol açabilir. Bu çalışmada sağlıklı ve enfekte işçi arıların mide mukozasının histokimyasal özellikleri ile birlikte mukozanın ve peritrofik membranın yapısındaki değişikliklerin karşılaştırılması amaçlandı. Doku örnekleri Kalecik/Ankara bölgesindeki kolonilerden toplanan sağlıklı ve enfekte işçi arılardan alındı. Doku örnekleri, % 10 nötr tamponlu formalin çözeltisi içinde tespit edildi, parafine gömüldü ve 5 µm kalınlığında kesitler alındı. Kesitler, genel morfolojik değişiklikleri ortaya çıkarmak için Mallory’in üçlü boyaması, nötr mukosubsansları, asit ve sülfat mukosubsanslarını tanınmlamak içinse periyodik asit-Schiff (PAS), Alcian blue ve Toluidin blue (TB) ile boyandı. Mide epitelinin analizi, bazı hücrelerin çekirdeklerinin ortadan kaybolduğunu, bu hücrelerin sitoplazmasının çeşitli boyutlarda vakuollerle yoğun bir şekilde granüle edildiğini, hücre sınırlarının açıkça belirlenemediğini ve hücre zarlarının çoğunun parçalandığını gösterdi. Histokimyasal analiz, karboksilik gruplara sahip ve siyalik asit bakımından zengin mukosubtans üretiminde bir azalmayı ortaya koydu. Sonuçlarımız bu sekresyonun azalmasında hangi mekanizmaların yer aldığını açıklamak için yeterli değildi. Bununla birlikte, nosemosisin besin bloke edici etkisi ve enfekte epitel hücrelerinin ölümünün mukosubtans üretimini üzerine olumsuz etkileri olabileceği düşünülmektedir.
The Amelioration of Post Tin Mining Sand Tailing Medium with Chicken Manure for Pepper Cultivation
Authors: Inonu Ismed , Kusmiadi Riwan , Yuliana Ayu , Nurtjahya Eddy
Published: June 2020

Inonu I, Kusmiadi R, Yuliana A, Nurtjahya E. 2020. The amelioration of post tin mining sand tailing medium with chicken manure for pepper cultivation. Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal: Journal of Suboptimal Lands 9(1): 31-40. Pepper cultivation in tin mining sand tailings requires the amelioration of organic matter to improve soil characteristics. The paper investigates the effect of chicken manure dosage on the growth of three pepper cultivars in sand tailing medium. This study was conducted on April-August 2016 at Experiment Station of Universitas Bangka Belitung, Balunijuk Village, Bangka Island. This study was arranged in a completely randomized design with two factors and three replications. The first factor was the dosage of chicken manure (5 kg; 6 kg; 7 kg/plant). The second factor was pepper cultivars (Lampung Daun Lebar; Lampung Daun Kecil; Merapin). The. result of the analysis of variance showed that the treatment of chicken manure dosage significantly affected only on total leaf area. The treatment of pepper cultivars significantly affected the total of chlorophyll, root dry weight, and shoot dry weight. There was no interaction between chicken manure dosage and pepper cultivar. Pepper cv. Lampung Daun Lebar tends to grow better than the other cultivars in the sand tailing medium.
Method of Estimating the Equivalence of Dissolution Profiles: a Modern View (Review)
Authors: Shohin I. E. , Bagaeva N. S. , Malashenko E. A. , Kuzina V. N.
Published: May 2020

Introduction. One of the purposes of dissolution profile comparison is to establish the equivalence of dissolution profiles of the studied drug and the comparison drug.

Text. According to the current regulatory documents, the main tool for quantitative confirmation of equivalence of drug release profiles is the calculation of the similarity factor (f 2). However, it does not consider the form of dissolution profiles, incomplete release of the drug substance, time correlation, and is not susceptible to the «outliers», which leads to false positive results. Special attention should be paid to the dissolution of drugs with high variability, which is not eliminated by either increasing the sample or changing the sampling scheme. If f 2 is not used, it is necessary to use model-dependent and model-independent methods that are statistically correct, and their use is sufficiently justified (difference factor f 1 , Weibull distribution function, comparison of release degrees at different time points (according to the student's t-criterion). However, these models have an empirical nature that calls into question the application of such methods. Multivariate analysis is widely discussed in the literature and can be used to compare the similarity of dissolution with the assumption that the data has a normal distribution. The most common methods for checking similarity of dissolution profiles for highly variable drugs are the Mahalanobis distance test and the bootstrap for f 2. There is a document of EMA about suitability of the Mahalanobis distance as a tool to assess the comparability of drug dissolution profiles and to a larger extent to emphasise the importance of confidence intervals to quantify the uncertainty around the point estimate of the chosen metric. The bootstrap methodology for f 2 does not provide a clear understanding of the application to dissolution profile comparison for incomplete-release drugs, particularly in biorelevant environments. The «T2EQ» function, based on the Mahalanobis distance for highly variable drugs (Hoffelder), gives undefined results in practice.

Conclusion. The topic of equivalence of dissolution profiles requires discussion, since it is shown that the convergence factor is outdated and cannot be adequately applied. The use of modern methods does not have a clear regulatory confirmation by the regulatory authority. In the published scientific literature, several statistical methods have been explored and compared for their design and performance. It is necessary to develop a clear plan (decision treeы) for conducting the procedure for equivalence of dissolution profiles, employing a range of statistical methods.
The Influence of Deuterium on the Properties of Pharmaceutical Substances (Review)
Authors: Syroeshkin A. V. , Elizarova T. E. , Pleteneva T. V. , Uspenskaya E. V. , Levitskaya O. V. , Zlatskiy I. A. , Maksimova T. V.
Published: May 2020

Introduction. The study discusses the hydrogen isotope 2 H effect on the biological activity of pharmaceutical substances.

Text. Two aspects of the deuterium effect on the properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients are considered. The first one involves the use of deuterated substances, new compounds or substituted counterparts. Replacing protium with deuterium is used to reduce the rate of biotransformation. The kinetic isotope effect (KIE), expressed in a decrease in the rate of biotransformation as a result of deuteration, allows us to predict the rapid development of new directions in the development of pharmaceuticals. With the same therapeutic effect, an improvement in pharmacokinetic characteristics, a decrease in toxicity, a blocking of the epimerization of optically active substances, a change in the mechanisms of action are observed. The second aspect of the deuterium effect is associated with an increase in KIE of known pharmaceutical substances in aqueous solutions with a deuterium/protium ratio (D/H) lower than in natural water. For the first time, dose-response diagrams for deuterium demonstrate identity with essential microelements. There is a safety zone for the certain D/H relationship, beyond which the organism's vitality decreases. Improved kinetic characteristics are demonstrated for molecular level and for biological objects of various hierarchical levels. In particular, they include the possibility of increasing the dissolution rate of substances, the influence on the processes of mutarotation and the optical activity of chiral substances, the degree of accumulation of necessary elements in medicinal plants, and other processes.

Conclusion. The results make it possible to predict the mechanisms of deuterium influence on the biochemical transformations of pharmaceutical substances in the body.
The Prospect of Creating Medicines Based on Selenium Nanoparticles (Review)
Authors: Skorinova K. D. , Kuzmenko V. V. , Vasilenko I. A.
Published: May 2020

Introduction. The prospects of using nanoparticles in the production of medicines are widely discussed in the literature. In 2018 alone, the quantity of registration certificates issued by national regulators for medicines that use nanoparticles in one form or another is around forty. Most of them are medicines based on liposomes, polymers, iron oxides, micelles. So far, no registration certificates have been issued for selenium nanoparticles. One of the reasons for this situation in this area, from our point of view, is that the mechanisms of interaction of nanoparticles with cells are not sufficiently studied. The lack of basic research in this area is one of the main obstacles to the development of new-generation drugs based on nanoparticles.

Text. This review is devoted to the analysis of scientific data on the interaction of selenium nanoparticles with different types of cells. The article discusses the biological properties of selenium and its role in cell metabolism. Data on the cytotoxic effect of selenium nanoparticles on various cell cultures are presented. Methods of preparation of nanoparticles and methods for studying the interaction of nanoparticles with cell cultures are described.

Conclusion. Analysis of the literature data allows us to draw conclusions about the relevance of research on the interaction of selenium nanoparticles with living cells. This is necessary to determine the mechanisms of selenium nanoparticles absorption, study their cytotoxic and / or cytostatic action, and distribution in cells. Investigation of the biological interaction of selenium nanoparticles with tumor and normal cells will determine the most informative methods for registering and quantifying their antitumor activity, which is relevant for the development of new drugs to treat cancer.
Features of Hyaluronic Acid Solutions for Intra-articular Introduction and Recent Trends in Their Development (Review)
Authors: Zagorulko Y. Y. , Zagorulko E. Y.
Published: May 2020

Introduction. The most common way to maintain the viscoelastic properties of synovial fluid is intra-articular administration of hyaluronic acid solutions. Such forms have several features due to the method of administration, the characteristics of the substance, as well as their composition, technology, and packaging. The aim of the work to analyze the features of hyaluronic acid solutions for intra-articular administration, as well as to consider resent trends to their pharmaceutical development.

Text. Currently, in Russia, most of these forms are registered as medical devices. Each drug has its characteristics, including the source of the substance, the main molecular weight and the molecular weight range of hyaluronic acid, the structure of the molecule (linear or cross-linked), the method of its chemical modification, concentration, solution volume, dosage, etc. As excipients most often use sodium chloride, water for injection, and phosphate-buffered saline to maintain pH values close to the synovial fluid. Some prostheses contain mannitol as an antioxidant. Combinations of hyaluronic acid with active chondroprotective substances (chondroitin sulfate, sodium succinate) are known. The main type of primary packaging is glass prefilled syringes. The choice of sterilization methods is determined by the chemical structure of hyaluronic acid, aseptic production is used for most prostheses.

Conclusion. Currently, research solutions to create thermostable and enzyme-resistant compositions with hyaluronic acid for intra-articular administration are being successfully applied. Modern developments are aimed at creating polymer complexes of hyaluronic acid with substances that improve the lubricity of solutions, the development of nanosystems (liposomes, nanoparticles, nano micelles, etc.) with chondroprotective, as well as the creation of inert biocompatible prostheses with viscoelastic properties. The creation of forms of hyaluronic acid and alternative drugs that can support the rheological properties of synovial fluid is currently a promising area of research.
Modern Technologies of Controlled Release of Biologically Active Substances in Pharmaceutical Research and Development (Review)
Authors: Savelieva E. I.
Published: May 2020

Introduction. The review describes various systems used as inclusion matrices or modifiers of biologically active substances to enhance their absorption or deposition and subsequent release, both continuous or «on demand», i.e. in response to a stimulus.

Text. Technologies for the incorporation of active substances into cyclodextrin nanoaggregates are developed to the greatest extent. Such technologies were used to obtain modified forms of hydrocortisone, glibenclamide, and a number of peptide drugs. Acetylcysteine immobilized on ethyl cellulose or other polymer particles significantly increases the bioavailability of peptide drugs on their intranasal administration. The deposition of active substances in the body takes place by way of their delayed controlled dissolution, adsorption, encapsulation, or esterification. The release of deposited substances upon exposure to an endogenous (change in pH, temperature) or external (exposure to ultrasound, electric or magnetic field, chemical activators) stimulus can be single or multiple, depending on the ability of the accommodating matrix for self-aggregation.

Conclusion. Self-aggregated peptides are most promising for stimulus-induced release/delivery of biologically active substances. Modern technologies for the modification of active substances increase the efficiency of their administration and favor targeted location and implementation time of biological effects.
Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes Based on Eudragit® Copolymers as Carriers for Bioadhesive Gastroretentive Metronidazole Delivery System
Authors: Gordeeva D. S. , Sitenkova (Bukhovets) A. V. , Moustafine R. I.
Published: May 2020

Introduction. There are a number of drugs, the absorption zone of which is the upper region of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) – the stomach and duodenum. To increase bioavailability, gastroretentive (intragastric) systems for the controlled drug delivery are being developed. To date, there are various approaches to ensure intragastric drug delivery. One of the most promising approaches is the use of excipients with bioadhesive properties, both individually and in combination with other types of gastroretentive systems.

Aim. Development and research of new carriers for gastroretentive bioadhesive drug delivery systems based on interpolyelectrolyte complexes (IPEC) with the participation of chemically complementary poly(meth)acrylates of the Eudragit®.

Materials and methods. The study of swelling ability was carried out in a medium of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution (pH 1.2) at a temperature of 37 ± 0.5 °C for 6 hours. The study of the release of metronidazole (MZ) from matrices based on the corresponding IPEC was performed on a DFZ II instrument (ERWEKA, Germany) according to the Flow Trough Cell method in 0.1 M HCl medium, pH 1.2, flow rate 4 ml/min in a closed cycle within 6 hours. The amount of released MZ was estimated by UV spectrophotometry on a Lambda 25 instrument (PerkinElmer, USA) at a wavelength of 274 nm. IPEC adhesion was studied using a TA.XTplus texture analyzer (Stable Micro Systems, UK).

Results and discussion. Matrices based on IPEC 1 were disintegrated after being in a medium with a pH of 1.2 for 4 hours, matrices based on IPEC 4 were dissolved in an acidic medium for 3 hours. At the same time, matrices based on IPEC 2 and IPEC 3 retain their shape throughout the experiment and are characterized by rather high values of the degree of swelling. IPEC samples are characterized by higher adhesion performance compared to individual copolymers. The release of metronidazole from matrices based on IPEC 1 occurs in accordance with Fick's law of diffusion; from the matrix based on IPEC 4, MZ is released according to the anomalous transport mechanism.

Conclusion. IPEC 3 is promising for use as carrier for gastroretentive bioadhesive systems of controlled delivery of metronidazole.
Comparative Characteristics of Sugar Determination by Different Methods in Leaves of Nettle
Authors: Trineeva O. V.
Published: May 2020

Introduction. According to the literature, nettle leaves contain polysaccharides and mucus as an integral part of the hydrophilic fraction. This group of biologically active substances (BAS) is involved in the manifestation of the physiological activity of the infusion. The traditional gravimetric method for the determination of polysaccharides in medicinal plant raw materials (PRM), pharmaceutical substances of plant origin and medicinal herbal preparations cannot provide a true picture of their content due to the presence of impurities. Therefore, it is advisable to determine the reducing sugars that are most fully extracted into the aqueous phase during the preparation of the infusion using modern physicochemical methods of analysis.

Aim. The aim of the work was to determine the amount of polysaccharides and simple sugars in nettle leaves by various physico-chemical methods and their comparative characteristics.

Materials and methods. A comparative determination of the sum of polysaccharides and simple sugars in the leaves of nettle by pharmacopoeial methods (picrine, anthrone and orcine) was carried out. Free and bound simple sugars were identified and quantified by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The composition and content of free simple sugars was studied by capillary electrophoresis (CE) in raw materials.

Results and discussion. The content of free and bound sugars in raw materials has been established. The largest content of both the sum of polysaccharides and free simple sugars in the polysaccharide complex of nettle leaves, as well as the sum of free reducing simple sugars, according to experimental data, was obtained using the picrine method. The content of pentoses in the studied PRM was four times less, which is consistent with the literature data on the preferential construction of polysaccharides of plant objects from sugars of the hexose class. The resulting total content of the fraction of free sugars in the leaves, determined by the CE method, is an order of magnitude less compared with spectrophotometric methods. The obtained results of quantitative determination of the amount of free and bound simple sugars in the studied PRM are consistent with the determination data by the picrine pharmacopoeial method.

Conclusion. In general, complete information, depending on the goals of the analysis, on the composition and quantitative content of simple and related sugars in the polysaccharide complex of plant objects can only be obtained by combining spectral methods with CE or TLC.
Model biomedyczny w psychopatologii. Krytyczny szkic historyczny, współczesny kontekst i problemy etyczne
Authors: Stupak Radosław
Published: May 2020

Artykuł prezentuje krytyczny szkic historyczny i charakterystykę biomedycznego modelu psychopatologii, koncentrując się na drugiej połowie XX w. Wskazuje i opisuje także kluczowe problemy związane z jego dominacją we współczesnej praktyce klinicznej i badawczej. Problemy te dotyczą, m. in., trafności i rzetelności diagnoz psychiatrycznych, metodologii badań, skuteczności leczenia, czy też wpływów koncernów farmaceutycznych na działalność naukową i terapeutyczną. Poważne konceptualne problemy całego modelu stawiają pod znakiem zapytania fundamenty współczesnej psychiatrii oraz opartą na nich wiedzę. Nie udało się stworzyć przekonujących biologicznych wyjaśnień zaburzeń psychicznych ani zidentyfikować mechanizmów odpowiadających za ich powstawanie. Uzasadnione wątpliwości istnieją także w odniesieniu do najczęściej przepisywanych współcześnie leków: przeciwpsychotycznych i antydepresyjnych – pomimo ich coraz szerszego stosowania, przybywa ludzi przewlekle chorych. Rodzi to poważne dylematy etyczne i uzasadnione pytania o nadmierną medykalizację kwestii wiązanych ze zdrowiem psychicznym. Konieczna wydaje się reforma dominującego modelu i wzrost nakładów na badania i praktykę uwzględniającą czynniki psychologiczne, społeczne i kulturowe.
Kajian Kondisi Lamun Pada Perairan Pantai Waemulang Kabupaten Buru Selatan
Authors: Samson Efraim Samson , Kasale Daniati , Wakano Deli
Published: May 2020

Research of seagrass vegetation structure has been carried out in Waemulang Coastal Waters, South of Buru Regency. This explorative study uses a linear quadrate transect method with 13 transect lines that are mounted perpendicular to the coastline, starting from the highest tide to the lowest tide. The results showed mixed vegetation types with species composition consisting of 5 seagrass species, namely: Enhalus ocoroides, Halophila ovalis, Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea serrulata and Cymodocea rotundata, which are members of 2 orders, 2 families, and 4 genera of seagrasses. The species that are most commonly found and have a value of density, relative density, frequency type, relative frequency, percentage of cover, relative closure, and index of important value which is higher, namely Enhalus acoroides, while the lowest, namely Halophila ovalis. In addition, the diversity index of seagrass species is 1,493, or belongs to medium category and the dominance index of seagrass species is 0.239, or there is no dominance of species. It can be concluded that the seagrass vegetation structure in Waemulang Coastal Waters is still relatively stable and Enhalus acoroides is the most influential seagrass species in the growing community. Environmental parameters are very supportive for seagrass growth in this area.
Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Berbasis Kearifan Lokal Permainan Kanikir Di Desa Hitu Lama Kecamatan Leihitu Kabupaten Maluku Tengah
Authors: Limba Anatasija , Suharlan Lisa
Published: May 2020

The implementation of cultural values or traditions of local people in learning is something that is important to be done by teachers today. The use of teaching materials based on Local Wisdom is expected to preserve the positive values of the nation's culture in learning and produce maximum learning outcomes. This study aims to develop a valid, practical, and effective local high school physics teaching model for high school physics teaching and its implications for island-based physics learning in Leihitu District, Central Maluku Regency using the Plomp model. The research activities were carried out through the stages of development, namely 1) the development of a model of teaching materials for high school physics based on local wisdom in Leihitu District, Central Maluku Regency, and 2) The validity of small-scale empirical validity (small groups) of the developed model. The results obtained are teaching materials in the form of LKPD Physics High School Momentum and Impulse concepts based on local wisdom “permainan kanikir”.
Yeast Concentration, pH, and Fermentation Time on the Production and Concentration of Bioethanol Made from Sargassum crassifolium as a Renewable Energy Source
Authors: Tuaputty Hasan
Published: May 2020

Sargassum crassifolium is one type of brown algae which has many benefits and has a high economic value. It has a relatively short harvest age. It is widespread in Indonesia's marine waters with high production potential, but the production is still largely from the harvest of natural supplies. Sargassum contains a lot of alginate polysaccharides that are used for food-beverage, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. In addition, it also contains other types of polysaccharides namely cellulose (part of the cell wall), manithol (as stored carbohydrates) and fucoidan. The cellulose content in Sargassum ranges from 23.97 to 35.22%. Thus, it can be processed into a raw material in the production of bioethanol. The results of the research showed that the yeast concentration 3%, the medium pH 7, and fermentation time 72 hours gave the best results in increasing the production and content of bioethanol made from Sargassum crasifolium.
Self Assessment (Kunci Keberhasilan Mahasiswa Calon Guru Dalam Menganalisis Konsep)
Authors: Tamaela Elsina S. , Sopacua Venty
Published: May 2020

Self assessment is one form of assessment that can improve student learning outcomes. This research is a descriptive study that aims to describe in detail the achievement of competencies of prospective physics teacher students in analyzing concepts. The population in this study were physics education students and the samples were those who offered physics studies courses with a total of 30 students. Data collection was carried out for two months in a physics material study class. The research data will then be processed descriptively according to the research needs. The results showed that self-assessment was able to improve the ability of students to analyze concepts. This happens because self-assessment gives space to students to assess their abilities; know their strengths and weaknesses in analyzing concepts; find the root of their failure. Besides that model self assessment is a tool for students to communicate with lecturers to find solutions to their failures. Thus it can be concluded that self assessment is able to improve the competency of prospective physics teacher students in analyzing concepts well.
Laju Pertumbuhan Lamun Enhalus acoroides yang Di Transplantasi dengan Menggunakan Metode Terfs Di Perairan Pantai Desa Waai Kabupaten Maluku Tengah
Authors: T Rosmawati , Huliselan N. V , Khouw A. S. , Tupan Ch. I.
Published: May 2020

Coastal utilization that is not directed by the surrounding community such as sand and stone extraction and disposal of solid and liquid waste to the beach can cause damage to coastal ecosystems including seagrass ecosystems. Efforts to restore the diminishing condition of the seagrass ecosystem is through seagrass transplantation activities using the TERFS (Transplanting Eelgrass Remotely With Frame System) method. This research was conducted from February 2019 - 31 May 2019. This study aimed to analyze the survival rate and growth rate and physical chemical factors of the waters that affect the growth of the seagrass Enhalus acorides transplanted using the poly bag method and the TERFS method (Transplanting Eelgrass Remotely With Frame System) in the coastal waters of Waai Village, Central Maluku Regency. The results showed that the Enhalus acorides seagrass had a survival rate of 100%. The value of the growth of seagrass for three weeks of observation is in frame 1 of 0.43 cm / day, in frame II of 0.47 cm / day and in frame III of 0.46 cm / day. The average value of the physical chemistry parameters of the waters at the transplantation location using the coastal waters of Waai Village, Central Maluku Regency is still within the range of environmental parameters of the marine waters supporting the growth of seagrass Enhalus acorides, including temperatures of 30.67 ℃, brightness of 100%, water depth of 45.67 cm, current velocity of 0.46 cm / sec, salinity of 29 ‰ and water pH of 7.53. The average value of nitrate content in the water column
Analisis Kandungan Merkuri (Hg) dan Kadar Klorofil Lamun Enhalus Acoroides Di Perairan Marlosso dan Nametek Kabupaten Buru Provinsi Maluku
Authors: Natsir Nur Alim , Selanno Debby A.J. , Tupan Ch I , Male Yustinus T.
Published: May 2020

Seagrass is a type of vegetation that is able to live and develop well in coastal areas and is a habitat for several types of marine animals,such as sea cucumbers, sea urchins, starfish and sea urchins. Seagrass is an organism that is susceptible to pollution of the coastal environment such as mercury (Hg) so that it has an impact on the chlorophyll content of seagrass leaves. This study aims to determine the content of heavy metal Hg and its relationship with the chlorophyll content of seagrass Enhalus acoroides in the waters of Marlosso and Nametek in Buru District Maluku Province. The study was conducted in May 2018 and laboratory analysis was conducted in June 2018. Samples were taken at two stations namely Nametek Beach and Muos Sungai Marlosso. The results showed that the content of heavy metal Hg in roots> rhizoma> seagrass leaves. The content of heavy metals and seagrass chlorophyll content has a negative correlation where the Hg metal has a correlation of (r = - 0.97) and indicates that the higher the content of heavy metals will reduce the seagrass chlorophyll content
Sampul Biosel
Authors: Biosel Sampul
Published: May 2020

Biosel adalah Jurnal Biologi Sains dan Pendidikan yang diterbitkan oleh Jurusan Pendidikan Biologi Fakultas Ilmu Tarbiyah dan Keguruan IAIN Ambon. Penyunting menerima tulisan hasil penelitian bidang sains ataupun pendidikan yang belum pernah diterbitkan dalam media lain. Naskah diketik di atas kertas ukuran kwarto spasi 1,15 margin 2,2,2,2 maksimal 15 halaman. Penyunting berhak memperbaiki susunan kalimat tanpa merubah isi tulisan
Daftar Isi
Authors: Isi Daftar
Published: May 2020

Biosel adalah Jurnal Biologi Sains dan Pendidikan yang diterbitkan oleh Jurusan Pendidikan Biologi Fakultas Ilmu Tarbiyah dan Keguruan IAIN Ambon. Penyunting menerima tulisan hasil penelitian bidang sains ataupun pendidikan yang belum pernah diterbitkan dalam media lain. Naskah diketik di atas kertas ukuran kwarto spasi 1,15 margin 2,2,2,2 maksimal 15 halaman. Penyunting berhak memperbaiki susunan kalimat tanpa merubah isi tulisan
Not all nudibranchs are carnivorous: trophic ecology of Polycerella emertoni in the Ebro Delta
Authors: Camps-Castellà J , Ballesteros M , Trobajo R , Pontes M , Prado P
Published: June 2020

Nudibranchs have always been regarded as a group of specialized predators. In Alfacs Bay (Ebro Delta, Spain), the cryptic nudibranch Polycerella emertoni is found associated with the pseudo-indigenous bryozoan Amathia verticillata, which has been thought to be its target prey. Here, we assessed the trophic ecology of P. emertoni using a combination of methods, including stable isotope analyses coupled with Bayesian mixing models, examination of stomach contents, and video recording of feeding activities. A morphological analysis of the radula was also conducted to explore a possible relationship with feeding behavior. Finally, we investigated the seasonal abundance of both species throughout an entire year in order to assess the nature and strength of their association. Contrary to current belief, our results show that P. emertoni is a micro-herbivore that feeds on the periphyton covering A. verticillata (up to 99% of the diet, according to mixing models). In particular, a diverse diatom community was observed on A. verticillata, and several of these taxa were found within the stomach contents of P. emertoni. Our results evidence a distinctive radular formula and morphology compared to other species and suggest the presence of multiple feeding strategies in nudibranchs. The high seasonal association observed between P. emertoni and A. verticillata may be attributed to mimicking habitat features as a mechanism to avoid predation. The possible effects of periphyton removal in the survival of detached fragments of A. verticillata may have implications for the dispersal of fouling species and functioning of ecosystems.
EXTENT OF HEMODIALYSIS NURSES’ PRESENCE AS PERCEIVED BY PATIENTS
Authors: Nebres Ma. Almira Pliego , Nebres Clarence Bien Ladion , Nebres Bienvisa Ladion
Published: June 2020

Background: Nursing presence is an essential nurse caring behavior of being with the patient. This is particularly true for those with chronic renal disease and who regularly undergo maintenance hemodialysis treatment in the hospital setting. When nursing presence is perceived by patients in a nurse-patient relationship, it is more likely to result in enhanced satisfaction with the quality of nursing care. Thus, it is important for hemodialysis nurses to be aware of the relevance of nurse-patient interactions in planned care considering that these interactions are integral to the extent to which nursing presence is experienced and perceived by patients.Objective: This study aims to determine the hemodialysis nurses’ extent of nursing presence as perceived by patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment in two hospitals in Iligan City, Philippines.Methods: Utilizing the descriptive research design, the study was conducted in two hospitals in Iligan City, Philippines.  A total of 121 hemodialysis patients were purposely selected to determine their perception as to the extent of hemodialysis nurse’s nursing presence utilizing the 25-item Presence of Nursing Scale (PONS) instrument. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis.Result: The overall rating by the hemodialysis patients in both hospitals was “always" on the hemodialysis nurses’ extent of nursing presence with an average mean score of 4.47 in all 25 items of the PONS. The highest rated item which reflects that the nurse cares for the patient as a person had an average mean score of 4.63 (always) while the lowest rated item indicating that the nurse is meeting the spiritual needs of the patient had an average mean score of 4.23 (always).Conclusion: The nurse-patient relationship is enhanced by the presence of nurses who are more responsive and interactive with the patients, resulting in patients who are more satisfied with nursing care. Thus, it is suggested that nurses in dealing with patients of varying backgrounds should consider their unique needs when giving information, explanations, health education and nursing care.
Modern urban culture: not a style but a “method of functional analysis”
Authors: Di Trinca Giada
Published: May 2020

The essay is focused on urban plannning and environment in the light of Modernism paradigm as a new way of building and conceptualising the metropolis. In particular, Russian research in 1920s and 1930s on linear cities by OSA group are ambitious and remarkable examples of such reserach which was spread all over European countries and the U.S.A. This work tries also to rewrite the history of Modernism according to Leonardo Benevolo study which underline as Postmodernism is a misunderstanding concept in order to correctly evaluate Modern Architecture.
Padovan numbers that are concatenations of two distinct repdigits
Authors: Ddamulira Mahadi
Published: May 2020

Let $ (P_{n})_{n\ge 0} $ be the sequence of Padovan numbers defined by $ P_0=0 $, $ P_1 =1=P_2$, and $ P_{n+3}= P_{n+1} +P_n$ for all $ n\ge 0 $. In this paper, we find all Padovan numbers that are concatenations of two distinct repdigits.