bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Instrumentality Gives Girls the Edge: Gender-Differential Relations Between Instrumentality, Achievement Motivation, and Self-Esteem
Authors: Streck Hannah , Nishen Anna K. , Kessels Ursula
Published: February 2022

Gender differences in school are often discussed in reference to a particular type of masculinity, negative masculinity, which is often conceptualized as detrimental to success. Another type of masculinity, instrumentality, has rarely been studied in schools even though instrumental characteristics are often exalted outside the academic context. The current study focuses on potential benefits that students may reap from instrumentality. The extent to which an instrumental self-concept is directly and indirectly associated with achievement motivation and self-esteem was examined for adolescent boys and girls in a structural equation model (SEM). A sample of German ninth graders (N = 355) completed self-report measures pertaining to their gender role self-concept, hope for success, fear of failure, and global and academic contingent self-esteem. The SEM revealed that instrumentality was associated with lower fear of failure and higher hope for success for both male and female adolescents. High scores in instrumentality were associated with greater self-esteem and lower academic contingent self-esteem. The association between instrumentality and global self-esteem was stronger for adolescent girls, and the indirect association between instrumentality and fear of failure through global self-esteem was significant only for girls. Results indicate that instrumentality can be an asset for students and that female students especially reap the benefits of an instrumental self-concept. The results are discussed in reference to the dangers of emphasizing solely the association between negative masculinity and academic failure, and the importance of studying relations with gender role self-concept separately for male and female adolescents.
Objective Bayesian Edge Screening and Structure Selection for Ising Networks
Authors: Marsman M. , Huth K. , Waldorp L. J. , Ntzoufras I.
Published: February 2022

The Ising model is one of the most widely analyzed graphical models in network psychometrics. However, popular approaches to parameter estimation and structure selection for the Ising model cannot naturally express uncertainty about the estimated parameters or selected structures. To address this issue, this paper offers an objective Bayesian approach to parameter estimation and structure selection for the Ising model. Our methods build on a continuous spike-and-slab approach. We show that our methods consistently select the correct structure and provide a new objective method to set the spike-and-slab hyperparameters. To circumvent the exploration of the complete structure space, which is too large in practical situations, we propose a novel approach that first screens for promising edges and then only explore the space instantiated by these edges. We apply our proposed methods to estimate the network of depression and alcohol use disorder symptoms from symptom scores of over 26,000 subjects.
Impact of incorporations of various polysaccharides on rheological and microstructural characteristics of heat-induced quinoa protein isolate gels
Authors: Patole Shubham , Cheng Lirong , Yang Zhi
Published: February 2022

This study aimed to investigate the properties of heat-induced gels (85 °C for 30 min) of quinoa protein isolate (QPI) in the presence and absence of various polysaccharides including guar gum (GG), locust bean gum (LBG), and xanthan gum (XG) at pH 7. For this purpose, samples with three gum concentrations (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 wt%) at a fixed QPI concentration (10 wt%) and a fixed ionic strength (50 mM NaCl) were studied in terms of their gelation behaviour, small and large deformation rheological properties, water holding capabilities, and microstructural characteristics. Rheological measurements revealed that all polysaccharides incorporation could improve gel strength (complex modulus, G*) and breaking stress, accelerate gel formations, and more stiffer gels were obtained at greater polysaccharide concentrations. The XG exhibited the most gel strengthening effect followed by LBG and GG. Incorporation of 0.2 wt% XG led to a 15 folds increase in G* compared to the control. Confocal laser scanning microscopy observation revealed that the polysaccharides also altered gel microstructures, with the gels containing XG showing the most compact gel structures. The findings of this study may provide useful information for the fabrication of novel QPI based food gel products with improved texture.
Zeit-bezogene Perspektiven auf Jugend und Erfahrungen von Jugendlichen in der Corona-Pandemie
Authors: Heyer Lea
Published: February 2022

Dieser Beitrag der Zeitschrift Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation. (GIO) thematisiert die Erfahrungen, die Jugendliche in Deutschland während der Corona-Pandemie gemacht haben, aus einer Zeit-bezogenen Perspektive. Dazu wird ein Verständnis von Zeit angelegt, mit welchem Biografien als gesellschaftlich geordnete Strukturmuster verstanden werden. Im ersten Teil werden jugendtheoretische Überlegungen aus der Entwicklungspsychologie, Erziehungswissenschaft und Soziologie mit Blick auf Charakteristika präsentiert, welche Jugend als Zeit besonderer Veränderungen und Entwicklungsaufgaben kennzeichnen. Dabei stehen somatische Veränderungen, der Bedeutungszuwachs von Peer-Beziehungen und Gruppenerfahrungen sowie die Konzeptionalisierung von Jugend als gesellschaftlich vorstrukturierte ‚Bildungszeit‘ im Fokus. Diese Ausführungen stellen den Rahmen für den zweiten Teil des Artikels dar. In diesem werden Ergebnisse aus den „JuCo“-Studien I und II, die vom Forschungsverbund „Kindheit – Jugend – Familie in der Corona-Zeit“ der Universitäten Hildesheim und Frankfurt a. M. durchgeführt wurden, präsentiert. Es wird mit Kommentaren gearbeitet, welche Befragte am Ende eines Online-Fragebogens freiwillig hinterlassen haben. Die Berichte der Jugendlichen weisen auf Erfahrungen von Frustration über verpasste Chancen, Leistungsdruck und Zukunftsängste unter den jungen Menschen hin. Die Implikationen dieser Befunde werden abschließend mit Blick auf Bedarfe für die Gestaltung der Zeit nach der Pandemie diskutiert. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer Forderung nach offenen sozialen Räumen, in denen Jugendliche die Möglichkeit zu intergenerationalen und peer-bezogenen Begegnungen haben.
Die Positionen der Parteien zur Bundestagswahl 2021: Ergebnisse des Open Expert Surveys
Authors: Jankowski Michael , Kurella Anna-Sophie , Stecker Christian , Blätte Andreas , Bräuninger Thomas , Debus Marc , Müller Jochen , Pickel Susanne
Published: February 2022

Diese Research Note berichtet zentrale Ergebnisse des Open Expert Surveys 2021 (OES21). In diesem Expert:innen-Survey, der vor der Bundestagswahl 2021 durchgeführt wurde, haben mehr als 300 Politikwissenschaftler:innen die wichtigsten Parteien entlang zentraler politischer Sachfragen verortet und deren Wichtigkeit für die jeweilige Partei geschätzt. Der OES21 unterscheidet sich von gängigen Expert:innenbefragungen in zweierlei Hinsicht. Zum einen umfasst der Survey zahlreiche themenspezifische Items, die in anderen Befragungen bislang keine Beachtung fanden. Zum anderen ist die Anzahl der Expert:innen sehr hoch, wodurch Zusammenhänge in der Positionierung auf Ebene der einzelnen Expert:innen analysiert werden können.
Stochastic solutions for time-fractional heat equations with complex spatial variables
Authors: Beghin Luisa , De Gregorio Alessandro
Published: February 2022

We deal with complex spatial diffusion equations with time-fractional derivative and study their stochastic solutions. In particular, we complexify the integral operator solution to the heat-type equation where the time derivative is replaced with the convolution-type generalization of the regularized Caputo derivative. We prove that this operator is solution of a complex time-fractional heat equation with complex spatial variable. This approach leads to a wrapped Brownian motion on a circle time-changed by the inverse of the related subordinator. This time-changed Brownian motion is analyzed and, in particular, some results on its moments, as well as its construction as weak limit of continuous-time random walks, are obtained. The extension of our approach to the higher dimensional case is also provided.
Underwater 3D Measurements with Advanced Camera Modelling
Authors: Bräuer-Burchardt C. , Munkelt C. , Heinze M. , Gebhart I. , Kühmstedt P. , Notni G.
Published: February 2022

A novel concept of camera modelling for underwater 3D measurements based on stereo camera utilisation is introduced. The geometrical description of the ray course subject to refraction in underwater cameras is presented under assumption of conditions, which are typically satisfied or can be achieved approximately. Possibilities of simplification are shown, which allow an approximation of the ray course by classical pinhole modelling. It is shown how the expected measurement errors can be estimated, as well as its influence on the expected 3D measurement result. Final processing of the 3D measurement data according to the requirements regarding accuracy is performed using several kinds of refinement. For example, calibration parameters can be refined, or systematic errors can be decreased by subsequent compensation by suitable error correction functions. Experimental data of simulations and real measurements obtained by two different underwater 3D scanners are presented and discussed. If inverse image magnification is larger than about one hundred, remaining errors caused by refraction effects can be usually neglected and the classical pinhole model can be used for stereo camera-based underwater 3D measurement systems.
Conceptualizing Illocutions in Context: A Variationist Perspective on the Meta-Illocutionary Lexicon
Authors: Schoppa Dominik Jan
Published: February 2022

The present study takes a metapragmatics approach to studying language users' conceptualizations of requests and apologies. In particular, two spoken sub-corpora within the BNC and the COCA were searched for inflectional and derivational variants ofrequestandapology, which are part of the meta-illocutionary lexicon. The retrieved items were analyzed with respect to frequency of occurrence and communicative functions in context. Distributions of frequencies and functions were used as indicators of conceptualization, which were then compared across the two illocutions and across the two sub-corpora. The results of this study suggest that while cross-varietal differences are comparatively small, differences across the two illocutions are much more distinct. These and other findings are discussed against the background of semantic and pragmatic characteristics of these illocutions as well as relevant cross-cultural and social factors involved in discussing them. Finally, this study is characterized by its attempt to combine metapragmatics with variational pragmatics.
The effects of policy design complexity on public support for climate policy
Authors: Fesenfeld Lukas Paul
Published: February 2022

Important challenges like climate change require transformative policy responses. According to a growing public policy literature, such transformative responses typically require complex policy packages that bundle various individual policy instruments to complement each other, compensate transition losers, and create positive synergies. Nevertheless, while adding new instruments to a package can increase policy effectiveness, it comes at a price: increased policy design complexity. Increased complexity potentially leads to fundamental public misperceptions that undermine policy legitimacy and feasibility. Here, I argue that complex policy packages affect public opinion through a compensation, policy perception, and design complexity mechanism. To test this argument, this study assesses if citizens evaluate proposals for isolated climate policies related to food and mobility behaviors differently to complex policy packages. Employing a novel two-stage conjoint-experimental approach with 9115 respondents from the USA and Germany, the study shows that policy packaging increases citizens’ perceived policy effectiveness to reduce climate pollutants, but also perceived restrictions on citizens’ lifestyles. Moreover, increased design complexity can lead citizens to pay special attention to salient costly parts of policy packages. However, increased design complexity does not fundamentally reverse preferences. Through packaging desired and undesired policy instruments, policymakers can increase public support for transformative climate policies.
Machine-learning guided optimization of laser pulses for direct-drive implosions
Authors: Wu Fuyuan , Yang Xiaohu , Ma Yanyun , Zhang Qi , Zhang Zhe , Yuan Xiaohui , Liu Hao , Liu Zhengdong , Zhong Jiayong , Zheng Jian , Li Yutong , Zhang Jie
Published: February 2022

The optimization of laser pulse shapes is of great importance and a major challenge for laser direct-drive implosions. In this paper, we propose an efficient intelligent method to perform laser pulse optimization via hydrodynamic simulations guided by the genetic algorithm and random forest algorithm. Compared to manual optimizations, the machine-learning guided method is able to efficiently improve the areal density by a factor of 63% and reduce the in-flight-aspect ratio by a factor of 30% at the same time. A relationship between the maximum areal density and ion temperature is also achieved by the analysis of the big simulation dataset. This design method has been successfully demonstrated by the 2021 summer double-cone ignition experiments conducted at the SG-II upgrade laser facility and has great prospects for the design of other inertial fusion experiments.
Coping with the Loss of a Child: Evidence from Tang Funerary Writing
Authors: Yao Ping
Published: February 2022

Based on a close reading of 118 Tang epitaphs for those who died young, this paper explores how Tang parents remembered and recounted their children's lives as well as factors that contributed to the rise of intense expression of mourning. It finds that while descriptions in epitaphs for adults largely followed Confucian ideals of life course and gender roles, the epitaphs for the young are much less formulaic, allowing space and latitude for parents and families to impart anecdotes and emotions. More importantly, it argues that the rise of epitaphs for children (especially for daughters in the ninth century) reflected a strong influence of Buddhist perception of death and Buddhist mourning rituals. As a result, Tang parents ignored the restrictions and decorum stipulated in The Book of Rites and mourned their children with outward grief, regardless their age and gender.
Scaling laws of the maximum spreading factor for impact of nanodroplets on solid surfaces
Authors: Wang Yi-Feng , Wang Yi-Bo , He Xin , Zhang Ben-Xi , Yang Yan-Ru , Wang Xiao-Dong , Lee Duu-Jong
Published: February 2022

This study investigates the dynamics of low-viscosity nanodroplets impacting surfaces with static contact angles from θ = 73° to 180° via molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Two typical morphologies of impacting nanodroplets are observed at the maximum spreading state, a Hertz-ball-like in a low-Weber-number range and a thin-film-like in a high-Weber-number range. Only inertial and capillary forces dominate the impact for the former, whereas viscous force also becomes dominant for the latter. Regardless of morphologies at the maximum spreading state, the ratio of spreading time to contact time always remains constant on an ideal superhydrophobic surface with θ = 180°. With the help of different kinematic approximations of the spreading time and scaling laws of the contact time, scaling laws of the maximum spreading factor

${\beta _{max}}\sim W{e^{1/5}}$

in the low-Weber-number range (capillary regime) and

${\beta _{max}}\sim W{e^{2/3}}R{e^{ - 1/3}}$

(or

${\beta _{max}}\sim W{e^{1/2}}O{h^{1/3}}$

) in the high-Weber-number range (cross-over regime) are obtained. Here, We, Re, and Oh are the Weber number, Reynolds number, and Ohnesorge number, respectively. Although the scaling laws are proposed only for the ideal superhydrophobic surface, they are tested valid for θ over 73° owing to the ignorable zero-velocity spreading effect. Furthermore, combining the two scaling laws leads to an impact number,

$W{e^{3/10}}O{h^{1/3}} = 2.1$

. This impact number can be used to determine whether viscous force is ignorable for impacting nanodroplets, thereby distinguishing the capillary regime from the cross-over regime.
Torque scaling at primary and secondary bifurcations in a Taylor–Couette flow of suspensions
Authors: Moazzen Masoud , Lacassagne Tom , Thomy Vincent , Bahrani S. Amir
Published: February 2022

The Taylor–Couette flow of non-colloidal, neutrally buoyant spherical particle suspensions in the

$\phi =0\,\%-28\,\%$

concentration range and (17–250) Reynolds number (

$\mathcal {R})$

range is studied using synchronized flow visualization and torque measurements. Both methods are applied in ramp-up/down (acceleration/deceleration of the inner cylinder) experiments to detect the various flow structure states and bifurcation natures, their critical conditions and their lifetime in

$\mathcal {R}$

range. Torque measurement allows us to discuss the evolution of the (pseudo) Nusselt number,

$\mathcal {N}$

, and friction coefficient with

$\mathcal {R}$

or alternatively the Taylor number, Ta. Flow visualization brings additional information on the unsteady dynamics of flow states. For concentrations higher than

$\phi =6\,\%$

, two unsteady (spiral vortex flow, wavy vortex flow) and one steady (Taylor vortex flow) flow state are observed in both ramp-up/down experiments. Hysteretic behaviour is reported for some primary, secondary and tertiary bifurcations, which are thus found to be subcritical. A critical concentration is observed at

$\phi =15\,\%$

for the range of

$\mathcal {R}$

at which spiral vortex flow is encountered. Characteristic frequencies of unsteady flow state (spiral vortex flow, wavy vortex flow) for different suspension concentrations are evaluated. Finally, three hydrodynamic concentration subregimes are identified for the first time, with their distinct sets of concentration-dependent critical conditions, torque scaling exponents and friction coefficients.
Reynolds stress turbulence modelling of surf zone breaking waves
Authors: Li Yuzhu , Larsen Bjarke Eltard , Fuhrman David R.
Published: February 2022

Computational fluid dynamics is increasingly used to investigate the inherently complicated phenomenon of wave breaking. To date, however, no single model has proved capable of accurately simulating the breaking process across the entirety of the surf zone for both spilling and plunging breakers. The present study newly considers the Reynolds stress–$\omega$turbulence closure model for this purpose, where$\omega$is the specific dissipation rate. Novel stability analysis proves that, unlike two-equation closures (at least in their standard forms), the stress–$\omega$model is neutrally stable in the idealized potential flow region beneath surface waves. It thus naturally avoids unphysical exponential growth of turbulence prior to breaking, which has plagued numerous prior studies. The analysis is confirmed through simulation of a progressive surface wave train. The stress–$\omega$model is then applied to simulate a turbulent wave boundary layer, demonstrating superior accuracy relative to a two-equation model, especially during flow deceleration. Finally, the stress–$\omega$model is employed to simulate spilling and plunging breaking waves, with seemingly unprecedented accuracy. Specifically, the present work marks the first time that a single turbulence closure model collectively: (1) avoids turbulence over-production prior to breaking, (2) accurately predicts the breaking point, (3) provides reasonable evolution of turbulent normal stresses, while also (4) yielding accurate evolution of undertow velocity structure and magnitude across the surf zone, for both spilling and plunging cases. Differences in the predicted Reynolds shear stresses (hence flow resistance) are identified as key to the improved inner surf zone performance, relative to a state-of-the-art two-equation model.
Quantifying Bias from Measurable and Unmeasurable Confounders Across Three Domains of Individual Determinants of Political Preferences
Authors: Ahlskog Rafael , Oskarsson Sven
Published: February 2022

A core part of political research is to identify how political preferences are shaped. The nature of these questions is such that robust causal identification is often difficult to achieve, and we are not seldom stuck with observational methods that we know have limited causal validity. The purpose of this paper is to measure the magnitude of bias stemming from both measurable and unmeasurable confounders across three broad domains of individual determinants of political preferences: socio-economic factors, moral values, and psychological constructs. We leverage a unique combination of rich Swedish registry data for a large sample of identical twins, with a comprehensive battery of 34 political preference measures, and build a meta-analytical model comparing our most conservative observational (naive) estimates with discordant twin estimates. This allows us to infer the amount of bias from unobserved genetic and shared environmental factors that remains in the naive models for our predictors, while avoiding precision issues common in family-based designs. The results are sobering: in most cases, substantial bias remains in naive models. A rough heuristic is that about half of the effect size even in conservative observational estimates is composed of confounding.
WAASB index revealed stable resistance sources for soybean anthracnose in India
Authors: Rajput L. S. , Nataraj V. , Kumar S. , Amrate P. K. , Jahagirdar S. , Huilgol S. N. , Chakruno P. , Singh A. , Maranna S. , Ratnaparkhe M. B. , Borah M. , Singh K. P. , Gupta S. , Khandekar N.
Published: February 2022

Anthracnose caused byColletotrichum truncatumis a major soybean disease in India. Genetic resistance is the viable option to combat yield losses due to this disease. In the current study, 19 soybean genotypes were evaluated for anthracnose disease resistance at five locations (Medziphema, Palampur, Dharwad, Jabalpur and Indore) for three consecutive years (2017–2019) to identify stable and superior genotypes as resistant sources and to elucidate genotype (G) × environment (E) interactions. Genotype effect, environment effect and G × E interactions were found significant (P< 0.001) where G × E interactions contributed highest (42.44) to the total variation followed by environment (29.71) and genotype (18.84). Through Weighted Average of Absolute Scores (WAASB) stability analysis, PS 1611 (WAASB score = 0.33) was found to be most stable and through WAASBY superiority analysis NRC 128 (WAASBY score = 94.31) and PS 1611 (WAASBY score = 89.43) were found to be superior for mean performance and stability. These two genotypes could be candidate parents for breeding for durable and stable anthracnose resistance. Through principal component analysis, disease score was found to be positively associated with relative humidity, wind speed at 2 m above ground level, effect of temperature on radiation use efficiency and global solar radiation based on latitude and Julian day. Among the five locations, Indore was found to be highly discriminative with the highest mean disease incidence and could differentiate anthracnose-resistant and susceptible genotypes effectively, therefore can be considered an ideal location for breeding for field resistance against anthracnose disease.
Credit default swap pricing with counterparty risk in a reduced form model with a common jump process
Authors: Chen Yu , Xing Yu
Published: February 2022

In this paper, we study the credit default swap (CDS) pricing with counterparty risk in a reduced form model. The default jump intensities of the reference firm and counterparty are both assumed to follow the mean-reverting CIR processes with independent jumps respectively and a common jump. The approximate closed-form solutions of the joint survival probability density and the probability density of the first default can be obtained by using the PDE method. Then with the expressions of the probability densities, we can get the formula for the CDS price with counterparty risk in a reduced form model with a common jump. In the numerical analysis part, we find that the default of the reference asset has a greater impact on the CDS price than that of the default of counterparty after introducing the common jump process.
Children's Understanding of Proper Names and Descriptions
Authors: MARCHAK Kristan A. , HALL D. Geoffrey
Published: February 2022

This research addressed the question of whether children understand proper names differently from descriptions. We examined how children extend these two types of expressions from an initial object (a truck) owned by the experimenter to two identical objects created by transforming the initial object, both owned by the experimenter. Adults and 5/6-year-olds extended a name (“Tommy”) toonly onepost-transformation object, but extended a description (“my truck”) tobothobjects. Adults and 7-year-olds (but not 5/6-year-olds) also extended a description modeled as a name (“calledMy Truck”) toonly oneobject. Like adults, children understand that proper names identify unique individuals, but that descriptions identify properties.
Greek Club: Resurrecting Dead Languages in Secondary Schools
Authors: McMenamin Caitlin
Published: February 2022

This paper explores the merits of learning classical languages in an informal environment. It is argued that voluntary clubs offer a variety of benefits for students and teachers and may help promote the longevity of the discipline. For teachers, clubs can be a flexible way to teach Greek or Latin to the next generation in schools that may not be willing to offer one or both languages as subjects in the formal curriculum. For students, clubs can be an opportunity to learn freely and forgivingly in a relaxed and non-pressurised environment; an informal Greek club can help develop the skills of students formally learning Latin. Language clubs can also be used to make Classics more accessible into the future, as dated ideas of Classics being exclusive to only the most privileged and bright students can be disposed of. In this paper the author shall draw on her own experience as well as the experiences of students and teachers in Australia and abroad.1
Stresserleben und Stresssymptomatik bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Hartmann Stephanie , Lohaus Arnold , Rüth Jana-Elisa , Eschenbeck Heike
Published: February 2022

Zusammenfassung. Diese Studie untersucht, ob sich das Ausmaß des Stresserlebens und der physischen Stresssymptomatik bei Kindern und Jugendlichen in den vergangenen 20 Jahren verändert hat. Grundlage bilden die Daten von 4450 Schülerinnen und Schülern der dritten bis sechsten Klassenstufe (Altersbereich: 6 bis 14 Jahre), die im Rahmen der Normierung des Fragebogens zur Erhebung von Stress und Stressbewältigung im Kindes- und Jugendalter (SSKJ) in den Jahren 1996 (Kohorte 1, n = 960, 49 % männlich), 2006 (Kohorte 2, n = 1324, 49 % männlich) und 2018 (Kohorte 3, n = 2166, 50 % männlich) erfasst wurden. Die Überprüfung der Messinvarianz anhand konfirmatorischer Faktorenmodelle zeigte für beide Skalen partielle skalare Invarianz, wonach die Voraussetzung für die Durchführung latenter Mittelwertvergleiche erfüllt ist. Die Vergleiche weisen bei beiden Skalen nicht auf eine bedeutsame Veränderung über die Zeit hinweg hin. Gleichzeitig lassen die Invarianzanalysen erkennen, dass die Struktur der erhobenen Konstrukte über die Zeit stabil war.
Marginal Reefs Under Stress: Physiological Limits Render Galápagos Corals Susceptible to Ocean Acidification and Thermal Stress
Authors: Thompson Diane , McCulloch Malcolm , Cole Julia E. , Reed Emma V. , D’Olivo Juan P. , Dyez Kelsey , Lofverstrom Marcus , Lough Janice , Cantin Neal , Tudhope Alexander W. , Cheung Anson H. , Vetter Lael , Edwards R. Lawrence
Published: February 2022

Ocean acidification (OA) and thermal stress may undermine corals' ability to calcify and support diverse reef communities, particularly in marginal environments. Coral calcification depends on aragonite supersaturation (Ω » 1) of the calcifying fluid (cf) from which the skeleton precipitates. Corals actively upregulate pHcfrelative to seawater to buffer against changes in temperature and dissolved inorganic carbon, which together control Ωcf. Here we assess the buffering capacity of modern and fossil corals from the Galápagos Islands that have been exposed to sub‐optimal conditions, extreme thermal stress, and OA. We demonstrate a significant decline in pHcfand Ωcfsince the pre‐industrial era, trends which are exacerbated during extreme warm years. These results suggest that there are likely physiological limits to corals' pH buffering capacity, and that these constraints render marginal reefs particularly susceptible to OA.
Ethics of Probabilistic Extreme Event Attribution in Climate Change Science: A Critique
Authors: Olsson Lennart , Thorén Henrik , Harnesk David , Persson Johannes
Published: February 2022

The question whether a single extreme climate event, such as a hurricane or heatwave, can be attributed to human induced climate change has become a vibrant field of research and discussion in recent years. Proponents of the most common approach (probabilistic event attribution) argue for using single event attribution for advancing climate policy, not least in the context of loss and damages, while critics are raising concerns about inductive risks which may result in misguided policies. Here, we present six ethical predicaments, rooted in epistemic choices of single event attribution for policy making, with a focus on problems related to loss and damage. Our results show that probabilistic event attribution is particularly sensitive to these predicaments, rendering the choice of method value laden and hence political. Our review shows how the putatively apolitical approach becomes political and deeply problematic from a climate justice perspective. We also suggest that extreme event attribution (EEA) is becoming more and more irrelevant for projecting loss and damages as socio‐ecological systems are increasingly destabilized by climate change. We conclude by suggesting a more causality driven approach for understanding loss and damage, that is, less prone to the ethical predicaments of EEA.
Borehole Seismic Observations From the Chicxulub Impact Drilling: Implications for Seismic Reflectivity and Impact Damage
Authors: Nixon C. G. , Schmitt D. R. , Kofman R. , Lofi J. , Gulick S. P. S. , Saustrup S. , Christeson G. L. , Kring D. A.
Published: February 2022

We conducted a vertical seismic profile (VSP) in the borehole of International Ocean Discovery Program/International Continental Scientific Drilling Program Expedition 364 Site M0077 to better understand the nature of the seismic reflectivity and the in situ seismic properties associated with the Chicxulub impact structure peak ring. Extraction of the up‐going wavefield from the VSP shows that a strong seismic reflection event imaged in seismic reflection data results from discontinuities in the elastic impedanceZ(the product of density and wave speed) at the top and bottom of a zone of hydrothermally altered melt‐bearing polymict breccia (suevite) that are characterized by anomalously lowZ. Below this strong carbonate/suevite reflection event, the upgoing seismic wavefield is chaotic, indicating high levels of scattering from the suevites and underlying melt rocks and shocked granitoids of the peak ring, in contrast to the clear coherent reflections throughout the overlying Cenozoic sediments. We extract shear wave speeds, which, together with those provided from the complementary sonic log and densities from core scanning, allowed determination ofVP/VSand Poisson's ratiov. These values are anomalously high relative to comparable terrestrial lithologies. We also calculate a variety of damage parameters for the disrupted peak ring granitoids. These values may assist in linking seismic observations to shock levels that are necessary to calibrate current impact models and may also be useful in assessing levels of fracturing within major fault zones.
Dyke Architecture, Mineral Layering, and Magmatic Convection; New Perspectives From the Younger Giant Dyke Complex, S Greenland
Authors: Koopmans L. , McCarthy W. , Magee C.
Published: February 2022

Igneous sheet intrusions are a fundamental component of volcano plumbing systems. Identifying how sheet intrusion emplacement and geometry controls later magmatic processes is critical to understanding the distribution of volcanic eruptions and magma‐related ore deposits. Using the Younger Giant Dyke Complex (YGDC), a Mesoproterozoic suite of large (<800 m wide) mafic dykes in southern Greenland, we assess the influence sheet of emplacement and geometry on subsequent magma flow and mush evolution. Through structural mapping, petrographic observations, and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility fabric analyses, we show that the YGDC was emplaced as a series of individual dyke segments, which following coalescence into a sheet intrusion remained largely isolated during their magmatic evolution. Through petrographic evidence for liquid‐rich growth of cumulus phases, concentric magnetic fabrics, and the detailed study layered zones within the YGDC, we infer magma convection occurred within the cores of each dyke element. We particularly relate layering to hydrodynamic sorting processes at a magma‐mush boundary toward the base of each convection cell. Overall, our work demonstrates that the initial geometry of sheet intrusions can constrain magma flow patterns and affect the distribution of crystallization regimes.
Cooling Crusts Create Concomitant Cryovolcanic Cracks
Authors: Rudolph Maxwell L. , Manga Michael , Walker Matthew , Rhoden Alyssa R.
Published: February 2022

The orbital and internal evolution of the ice‐covered ocean worlds orbiting Jupiter and Saturn are coupled, leading to time‐varying thicknesses of their ice shells. As the ice thickens and thins, thermal stresses in the ice shell and pressure in the underlying ocean will change, promoting and hindering fracturing of the ice shell. We identify when and at what depth cracks initiate and whether they can penetrate the entire ice shell. For an ice tensile strength of 3 MPa, cracks do not penetrate the ice shell of Europa. On Enceladus, time‐averaged ice shell thickness of less than 15 km and variations in tidal dissipation of more than 15% over approximately 100 Myr eccentricity cycles cause cracks to cross the ice shell and permit eruptions from the ocean. Ocean overpressure is never large enough to extrude water onto the surface, suggesting that eruptions on Enceladus are sustained by decompression boiling.
Double Diffusion As a Driver of Turbulence in the Stratified Boundary Layer Beneath George VI Ice Shelf
Authors: Middleton L. , Davis P. E. D. , Taylor J. R. , Nicholls K. W.
Published: February 2022

Warmer and more persistent intrusions of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) onto the West Antarctic Peninsula are a key driver of the recent increase in ice shelf mass loss. The relatively warm and salty CDW is thought to be mixed up to the base of the ice shelves via shear‐driven turbulence where it has a high capacity to melt the ice. We analyze data from a year‐long mooring beneath George VI Ice Shelf at a location where double‐diffusive layering was observed. The turbulent dissipation rates do not vary with mean flow speed, suggesting shear‐driven mixing is not the driver of basal melt at this site. Instead, we predict the observed dissipation using a new method that links along‐isopycnal stirring of temperature anomalies with double‐diffusive convection. Our work suggests that along‐isopycnal temperature variance may be a stronger indicator of melt than flow speed within strongly stratified ice shelf‐ocean boundary layers.
On Timescales and Reversibility of the Ocean's Response to Enhanced Greenland Ice Sheet Melting in Comprehensive Climate Models
Authors: Martin Torge , Biastoch Arne , Lohmann Gerrit , Mikolajewicz Uwe , Wang Xuezhu
Published: February 2022

Warming of the North Atlantic region in climate history often was associated with massive melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet. To identify the meltwater's impacts and isolate these from internal variability and other global warming factors, we run single‐forcing simulations including small ensembles using three complex climate models differing only in their ocean components. In 200‐year‐long preindustrial climate simulations, we identify robust consequences of abruptly increasing Greenland runoff by 0.05 Sv: sea level rise of 44 ± 10 cm, subpolar North Atlantic surface cooling of 0.7°C, and a moderate AMOC decline of 1.1–2.0 Sv. The latter two emerge in under three decades—and reverse on the same timescale after the perturbation ends in year 100. The ocean translates the step‐change perturbation into a multidecadal‐to‐centennial signature in the deep overturning circulation. In all simulations, internal variability creates notable uncertainty in estimating trends, time of emergence, and duration of the response.
Recurrent Large‐Scale Solar Proton Events Before the Onset of the Wolf Grand Solar Minimum
Authors: Miyahara Hiroko , Tokanai Fuyuki , Moriya Toru , Takeyama Mirei , Sakurai Hirohisa , Ohyama Motonari , Horiuchi Kazuho , Hotta Hideyuki
Published: February 2022

Carbon‐14 in tree rings have suggested there had been multiple extreme solar proton events (SPEs) in the past. While the largest events such as in 774–775 CE can be significantly detected by the typical precision of accelerator mass spectrometry, smaller but possibly more frequent events have been difficult to be detected. Thus, the frequency or any characteristics of such relatively smaller events are still largely unknown. In this paper, we report that large SPEs had occurred in 1261–1262, 1268–1269, and 1279–1280 CE before the onset of the Wolf minimum based on high‐precision carbon‐14 analyses. It is suggested that they had occurred at the maximum and the declining phase of solar cycles, and that they had occurred during the transition time of solar activity into a deep minimum. We propose that this episode may provide a unique opportunity to elucidate a potential interaction between the solar dynamo and extreme solar flares.
Nanophase Iron Particles Derived From Fayalitic Olivine Decomposition in Chang'E‐5 Lunar Soil: Implications for Thermal Effects During Impacts
Authors: Guo Zhuang , Li Chen , Li Yang , Wen Yuanyun , Tai Kairui , Li Xiongyao , Liu Jianzhong , Ouyang Ziyuan
Published: February 2022

Surface‐correlated nanophase iron particles (npFe0) alter the reflectance spectrum characteristics of airless bodies, thus making it an essential aspect of studying space weathering. Vapor deposition has been the only strongly proven npFe0 formation mechanism owing to the long exposure time of Apollo samples, whereas other formation mechanisms remain questioned. Newly returned younger Chang'E‐5 samples provide an opportunity to study the incipient formation mechanism of npFe0. Here, we combined transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy to characterize the microscopic features of Chang'E‐5 olivine rims. The uppermost layer of these grains exhibits the simultaneous coexistence of npFe0 with Si‐rich material overlying an Mg‐rich layer, as well as numerous irregular vesicles containing oxygen‐rich (SiO and O2) components embedded in the npFe0. These microscopic features collectively suggest subsolidus olivine decomposition during (micro)impact‐induced fragmentation or local heating processes, which may be the essential agent to alter the reflectance spectrum of airless bodies.
CRISM‐Based High Spatial Resolution Thermal Inertia Mapping Along Curiosity's Traverses in Gale Crater
Authors: Christian John R. , Arvidson Raymond E. , O’Sullivan Joseph A. , Vasavada Ashwin R. , Weitz Catherine M.
Published: February 2022

Thermal inertia is a key summary property describing the thermophysical characteristics of geologic materials. Orbital estimates of thermal inertia are especially useful in conjunction with rover‐based observations to provide additional constraints on material properties and to interpret the broader region surrounding the traverse. We have developed an approach to estimate apparent thermal inertias (ATI) from observations from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) at a much higher spatial resolution than is available from any other orbital data set. We apply this method to along‐track oversampled scene FRT00021C92 over Gale Crater within Glen Torridon, where the Curiosity rover has traversed; the retrieved values are then analyzed along with remote sensing and in‐situ observations by Curiosity to characterize surface properties in and around Glen Torridon. CRISM‐based ATI estimates of basaltic sand fields indicate a correlation between higher ATI values and the abundance of large (up to 3 mm in size) grains on the crests and flanks of large ripples. On the Vera Rubin ridge, ATI estimates are used to identify a west‐to‐east increase in the abundance of rock fragments within unconsolidated surface cover. On the Greenheugh pediment, an unmixing approach is used to identify a thin layer of wind‐blown sand sourced from the nearby Sands of Forvie. Finally, within Glen Torridon, a north‐to‐south increase in the mean and width of the ATI distribution is identified as a consequence of increased bench‐like bedrock exposures.
Understanding the Complicated Relationship Between ENSO and Wintertime North Tropical Atlantic SST Variability
Authors: Jiang Feng , Zhang Wenjun
Published: February 2022

The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is known to influence the North Tropical Atlantic (NTA) sea surface temperature (SST) during its decaying spring, providing an essential source of NTA predictability. However, the positive ENSO–NTA SST relationship is absent during boreal winter, impeding accurate anticipation of wintertime NTA SST fluctuations. We find that this absence is mainly due to different NTA preconditions. Taking into account the previous summer NTA SST state as an initial condition, a robust relationship is established between ENSO and wintertime NTA SST variability. Furthermore, we show that the NTA initial conditions are in part traced to the ENSO preconditions. Besides, the simultaneous local atmospheric conditions play a role in shaping the initial NTA SST variabilities, especially in the developing summer of El Niño events. The understanding of the complicated ENSO–wintertime NTA SST relationship has implications for exploring trans‐basin climate interactions and associated climate predictability.
Quercetin induces pannexin 1 expression via an alternative transcript with a translationally active 5′ leader in rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Xiang Xiao , Hoang Huy-Dung , Gilchrist Victoria H. , Langlois Stéphanie , Alain Tommy , Cowan Kyle N.
Published: February 2022

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a deadly cancer of skeletal muscle origin. Pannexin 1 (PANX1) is down-regulated in RMS and increasing its levels drastically inhibits RMS progression. PANX1 upregulation thus represents a prospective new treatment strategy for this malignancy. However, the mechanisms regulating PANX1 expression, in RMS and other contexts, remain largely unknown. Here we show that both RMS and normal skeletal muscle express a comparable amount of PANX1 mRNAs, but surprisingly the canonical 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR) or 5′ leader of the transcript is completely lost in RMS. We uncover that quercetin, a natural plant flavonoid, increases PANX1 protein levels in RMS by inducing re-expression of a 5′ leader-containing PANX1 transcript variant that is efficiently translated. This particular PANX1 mRNA variant is also present in differentiated human skeletal muscle myoblasts (HSMM) that highly express PANX1. Mechanistically, abolishing ETV4 transcription factor binding sites in the PANX1 promoter significantly reduced the luciferase reporter activities and PANX1 5′ UTR levels, and both quercetin treatment in RMS cells and induction of differentiation in HSMM enriched the binding of ETV4 to its consensus element in the PANX1 promoter. Notably, quercetin treatment promoted RMS differentiation in a PANX1-dependent manner. Further showing its therapeutic potential, quercetin treatment prevented RMS in vitro tumor formation while inducing complete regression of established spheroids. Collectively, our results demonstrate the tumor-suppressive effects of quercetin in RMS and present a hitherto undescribed mechanism of PANX1 regulation via ETV4-mediated transcription of a translationally functional 5′ leader-containing PANX1 mRNA.
Cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring (NIRS) in children and adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Authors: Hansen Mathias Lühr , Hyttel-Sørensen Simon , Jakobsen Janus Christian , Gluud Christian , Kooi Elisabeth M. W. , Mintzer Jonathan , de Boode Willem P. , Fumagalli Monica , Alarcon Ana , Alderliesten Thomas , Greisen Gorm ,   on behalf of the European Society for Paediatric Research Special Interest Group ‘NearInfraRed Spectroscopy’ (NIRS), Austin Topun , Bruckner Marlies , de Boode Willem P. , Dempsey Eugene , Ergenekon Ebru , Gucuyener Kivilcim , Levy Philip T. , Liem Kian D. , Martini Silvia , Naulaers Gunnar , Neunhoeffer Felix , Pellicer Adelina , Pichler Gerhard , Roehr Charles Christoph , Roll Claudia , Schwarz Christoph E. , Szczapa Tomasz , Urlesberger Berndt , Wolf Martin , Wong Flora , Rhee Christopher J. , Lemmers Petra
Published: February 2022

Background

Cerebral oxygenation monitoring utilising near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is increasingly used to guide interventions in clinical care. The objective of this systematic review with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis is to evaluate the effects of clinical care with access to cerebral NIRS monitoring in children and adults versus care without.

Methods

This review conforms to PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020202986). Methods are outlined in our protocol (doi: 10.1186/s13643-021-01660-2).

Results

Twenty-five randomised clinical trials were included (2606 participants). All trials were at a high risk of bias. Two trials assessed the effects of NIRS during neonatal intensive care, 13 during cardiac surgery, 9 during non-cardiac surgery and 1 during neurocritical care. Meta-analyses showed no significant difference for all-cause mortality (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.51–1.10; 1489 participants; I2 = 0; 11 trials; very low certainty of evidence); moderate or severe, persistent cognitive or neurological deficit (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.42–1.32; 1135 participants; I2 = 39.6; 9 trials; very low certainty of evidence); and serious adverse events (RR 0.82; 95% CI 0.67–1.01; 2132 participants; I2 = 68.4; 17 trials; very low certainty of evidence).

Conclusion

The evidence on the effects of clinical care with access to cerebral NIRS monitoring is very uncertain.

Impact

The evidence of the effects of cerebral NIRS versus no NIRS monitoring are very uncertain for mortality, neuroprotection, and serious adverse events. Additional trials to obtain sufficient information size, focusing on lowering bias risk, are required.

The first attempt to systematically review randomised clinical trials with meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of cerebral NIRS monitoring by pooling data across various clinical settings.

Despite pooling data across clinical settings, study interpretation was not substantially impacted by heterogeneity.

We have insufficient evidence to support or reject the clinical use of cerebral NIRS monitoring.