bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microarray analysis of salicylic acid‐ and jasmonic acid‐signalling in responses of Nicotiana attenuata to attack by insects from multiple feeding guilds
Authors: HEIDEL A. J. , BALDWIN I. T.
Published: November 2004

Resistance to herbivore attack is elicited by damage‐ and herbivore‐specific signals. To understand the role of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signalling in the herbivore‐induced transcriptional responses of the native tobacco Nicotiana attenuata, a comparison was made of the responses in undamaged systemic leaves after attack by five herbivore species (Manduca sexta, Spodoptera littoralis, Trichoplusia ni, Tupiocoris notatus and Myzus nicotianae) from three feeding guilds and to elicitation by SA, BTH and methyl‐JA with a 789‐gene oligo‐microarray and measured endogenous SA and JA levels. Systemic responses to M. sexta attack were similar to the responses in locally attacked tissues; however, the up‐regulation of genes (such as proteinase inhibitor, PI) was more attenuated and resembled the responses to attack from the other Lepidopteran, S. littoralis, and to methyl‐JA elicitation. Responses to attack from the puncture‐feeding T. notatus repressed some JA‐elicited genes (PI) elicited by the leaf‐chewing Lepidopterans and most closely resembled SA elicitation. Attack from the phloem‐feeding M. nicotianae aphids elicited few responses. Treatment with the SA‐mimic BTH induced both SA‐ and JA‐elicited genes and most closely resembled the aphid response. SA concentrations were uniformly increased by herbivore attack and correlated with the down‐regulation of photosynthetic genes in all treatments.
Split‐plot microarray design allows sensitive detection of expression differences after ultraviolet radiation in the inbred parental lines of a key maize mapping population
Authors: BLUM J. E. , CASATI P. , WALBOT V. , STAPLETON A. E.
Published: November 2004

Gene expression levels were quantified after ultraviolet radiation treatment in the parental inbred lines of the maize mapping (IBM) population. This allows us to take advantage of natural variation between maize lines to analyse variation in gene expression. Using a statistically sound split‐plot experiment cDNAs were identified with differently regulated expression in B73 and Mo17 after UV treatment. Fewer genes were down‐regulated in B73; this global strain difference in the number of genes up‐ and down‐regulated does not appear to reflect general hybridization differences. Contrary to our expectation, there was a higher proportion of highly expressed genes (based on EST recovery) that were differently expressed by UV between lines. Genes affected by UV (but not significantly different between B73 and Mo17) include gene types proposed to function in UV acclimation and adaptation based on experiments in other species or other experiments in maize. Several new functional classes were identified as UV‐regulated, including genes encoding proteins that modulate chromatin structure.
Identification of genes regulated by dark adaptation and far‐red light illumination in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana*
Authors: SATO‐NARA K. , NAGASAKA A. , YAMASHITA H. , ISHIDA J. , ENJU A. , SEKI M. , SHINOZAKI K. , SUZUKI H.
Published: November 2004

Roots in the soil are illuminated by far‐red (FR) light passed through plant tissues in the daytime, and are in complete darkness at night. To evaluate whether gene expression of roots is affected by a dark‐FR light cycle, gene expression profiles were analysed for dark‐adapted versus light‐grown plants and for FR light‐illuminated versus dark‐adapted plants using the RIKEN Arabidopsis full‐length cDNA microarray (containing approximately 7000 independent, full‐length cDNA groups). Among candidate dark‐ and FR‐regulated genes, several were further analysed. Eleven dark‐inducible and five dark‐repressed genes were characterized. Almost all the dark‐inducible and –repressed genes were oppositely regulated by FR light illumination. The functions of dark‐ and FR‐responsive genes and the significance of FR light‐regulated gene expression in roots under ground are discussed.
Impact of soluble sugar concentrations on the acquisition of freezing tolerance in accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana with contrasting cold adaptation – evidence for a role of raffinose in cold acclimation
Authors: KLOTKE J. , KOPKA J. , GATZKE N. , HEYER A. G.
Published: November 2004

In the present study the cold acclimation potential of two accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana was investigated. Significant variation was found for basic tolerance as well as the capacity to acclimate to freezing temperatures. During cold acclimation, levels of soluble sugars increased in both genotypes, but raffinose accumulation discriminated the more tolerant accession Col‐0 from C24. Concentrations of other compatible solutes such as proline and glutamine were also higher in cold‐acclimated Col‐0 than C24 plants. Changes of invertase activity during cold exposure corresponded to changes in sucrose and fructose, but not glucose concentrations and were consistent with an initial chilling response and a later decline in hexose metabolization. When vacuolar invertase was suppressed by siRNA expression, reduced sucrolytic activity resulted in elevated leaf sucrose concentration, whereas the fructose content was strongly reduced. This led to elevated freezing tolerance in the cold‐tolerant genotype Col‐0, but not in C24. The most pronounced metabolic changes in invertase‐inhibited Col‐0 plants occurred for proline and glutamine concentrations, indicating indirect metabolic effects of altered sugar concentrations.
The inhibitory effects of UV‐B radiation (280–315 nm) on Gunnera magellanica growth correlate with increased DNA damage but not with oxidative damage to lipids
Authors: GIORDANO C. V. , GALATRO A. , PUNTARULO S. , BALLARÉ C. L.
Published: November 2004

Damage to DNA and disruption of membrane integrity by lipid peroxidation processes are two of the proposed causes of UV‐B‐induced growth inhibition in plants. However, the relative significance of these different types of molecular damage has not been established in experiments carried out under realistic physiological conditions. Plants of Gunnera magellanica (a native herb from southern Patagonia) were exposed to a gradient of biologically effective UV‐B doses (from 0 to 6.5 kJ m−2 d−1 of UV‐Bbe) in a greenhouse study. Leaf expansion was measured and sensitive techniques were used to detect damage to DNA (in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers; CPDs) and lipid peroxidation (via electronic‐paramagnetic resonance; EPR). Leaf expansion decreased and the CPD density increased with increasing UV‐B doses, but the degree of lipid peroxidation remained unaffected. The highest UV‐B dose induced a transient oxidative stress situation (as evaluated using the ratio of ascorbyl radical to ascorbate, A·/AH–), which was rapidly controlled by an increase in the ascorbate pool. The present results suggest that under a range of UV‐Bbe doses that overlaps the range of doses that G. magellanica plants experience in their natural environment, growth inhibition is better explained by DNA damage than by increased lipid peroxidation.
Dual targeting of Myxococcus xanthus protoporphyrinogen oxidase into chloroplasts and mitochondria and high level oxyfluorfen resistance
Authors: JUNG S. , LEE Y. , YANG K. , LEE S. B. , JANG S. M. , HA S. B. , BACK K.
Published: November 2004

Much attention has been paid to the signal sequences of eukaryotic protoporphyrinogen oxidases (protoxes); both the organelles targeted by protoxes and the role of protoxes in conferring resistance against protox‐inhibiting herbicides, such as oxyfluorfen, have been examined. However, there have been no reports on the translocation of prokaryotic protoxes. This study investigated the targeting ability of Myxococcus xanthus protox in vitro and in vivo. In an in vitro translocation assay using a dual import system, M. xanthus protein was detected in chloroplasts and mitochondria, suggesting that the M. xanthus protox protein was targeted into both organelles. In order to confirm the in vitro dual targeting ability of M. xanthus, we used a stable transgenic strategy to investigate dual targeting in vivo. In transgenic rice plants overexpressing M. xanthus protox, M. xanthus protox antibody cross‐reacted with proteins with predicted molecular masses of 50 kDa from both chloroplasts and mitochondria, and this in vivo transgene expression corresponded to a prominent increase in chloroplastic and mitochondrial protox activity. Seeds from the transgenic lines M4 and M7 germinated in solid Murashige and Skoog media of up to 500 µm of oxyfluorfen, whereas wild‐type seeds did not germinate in 1 µm. After 4‐week‐old‐rice plants were treated with oxyfluorfen for 3 d, lines M4 and M7 exhibited normal growth, whereas the wild‐type line was severely bleached and necrotized. The herbicidal resistance is attributed to the insignificant accumulation of photodynamic protoporphyrin IX in cytosol because the high chloroplastic and mitochondrial protox activity in oxyfluorfen‐treated transgenic lines, compared with that in oxyfluorfen‐treated and untreated wild‐type plants, metabolizes protoporphyrinogen IX to chlorophyll and heme. A practical application of the dual targeting of M. xanthus protox for obtaining outstanding resistance to peroxidizing herbicides is discussed.
Evaporation of a model skin lotion with beta‐hydroxy acids
Authors: Al Bawab A. , Friberg S. E. , Fusco C.
Published: November 2004

Synopsis

Two β‐hydroxy acids, malic and salicylic acids were combined with a non‐ionic surfactant, a commercial pentaoxyethylene sorbitan mono‐oleate and water to form a simple model of a skin lotion and the phase diagrams were determined. One emulsion formulation with relative amounts of the three components similar to those in commercial lotions was used to observe microscopically the changes in the emulsion structure during evaporation. The microscope images were subsequently compared to the information from the phase diagram under equilibrium conditions. The results showed the behavior of the systems of the two acids to be distinctly different; as exemplified by that of a typical formulation with 3% by weight of acid and 5% of surfactant. The malic acid system consisted of vesicles, exclusively formed by the surfactant and water, in an aqueous molecular solution of the acid and the initial evaporation resulted in an increase of the acid concentration in the aqueous solution to reach 35.5%, before solid crystals of the acid solid solution appeared. The salicylic acid formulation, on the other hand, already at the beginning of the determination consisted of water, particles of the acid solid solution and surfactant vesicles. In both cases the remaining deposit after total evaporation was particles of a solid acid solution and liquid surfactant.
Advances in sebaceous gland research: potential new approaches to acne management
Authors: Downie M. M. T. , Guy R. , Kealey T.
Published: November 2004

Synopsis

Sebaceous gland development and function is regulated by an expanding array of molecules including transcription factors, hormones, retinoids, growth factors, cytokines and nuclear hormone receptors. We have reviewed the literature to present the current understanding of sebaceous gland development and physiology, with particular emphasis on the control of the sebaceous gland and its implications for acne management. Interestingly, retinoids, cytokines and nuclear hormone receptors appear to be promising inhibitors of sebum synthesis, thus offering new approaches to acne management.
Non‐invasive methods for assessment of dermal UV damage
Authors: Oba A. , Gomi T. , Nishimori Y. , Graves C. , Pearse A. , Edwards C.
Published: November 2004

Repeated exposure to UV radiation can induce cutaneous damage leading to permanent structural degeneration of the dermal extracellular matrix and formation of visible wrinkles. It is not so easy to efface severely UV‐damaged skin, because the degenerated abnormal structure of that skin is usually fixed by tight cross‐linkings. So, we think that one of the important approaches to the anti‐wrinkle skin care is the treatment of photodamaged skin in the early stage. However, it is difficult for most cosmetic users to perceive their dermal UV damage. In the present study, we investigated the possibilities of two non‐invasive measurements of skin mechanical properties as convenient biomarkers of degeneration of the extracellular matrix. The condition of the three‐dimensional structures of dermal collagen fibres, which depends on the degree of UV damage, correlated with a mechanical parameter measured by the Resiliometer we developed. Accumulation of denatured elastic fibres (elastosis) induced by photoaging correlated with certain mechanical parameters measured by the Cutometer. These findings suggest that dermal structural changes associated with photoaging can be assessed non‐invasively using these devices.
Dermatological study on dark eye circles and their treatment with newly developed cosmetics
Authors: Masuda Y. , Takahashi M. , Satou A. , Yanai M. , Yamashita T. , Iikura T. , Ochiai N. , Ogawa K. , Sayama K.
Published: November 2004

Blood flow stagnation is said to be an important factor for the incidence of dark eye circles, but there are few reports, which have studied dark eye circles and the relationship to blood flow. We have examined dark eye circles dermatologically using a non‐invasive method and made clear the factor related to it. We have also studied the effect of newly developed cosmetics on improvement of dark eye circles. Melanin and haemoglobin content, haemoglobin oxygen saturation and blood flow rate were measured to compare dark eye circles with a normal control. An increased amount of haemoglobin and decreased haemoglobin oxygen saturation were observed at the site of dark eye circles. We also observed that the blood flow rate was slow at dark eye circles in comparison with cheek. From these results, blood flow stagnation seems to be one of the factors that could induce dark eye circles. In addition, the increase of melanin at dark eye circles was also observed in older subjects. It was considered that not only congestion but also an increase of melanin content in the skin could induce dark eye circles. On the basis of these results, we developed anti‐dark eye circle cosmetics that can improve blood circulation, reduce melanin content and maintain high moisture retention in the skin. After 3 weeks’ usage of this product, it was confirmed that dark eye circles were improved, judging from the result of non‐invasive instrumental measurements.
Repair of dry skin by minerals in seawater: OLIGOMARINE® as a skin moisturizer
Authors: Ooe M. , Okumura H. , Yamamura T. , Matsunaka H. , Morioka T.
Published: November 2004

OLIGOMARINE® is a complex of minerals obtained from seawater. In a cell culture system, OLIGOMARINE® stimulated not only the cell activation but also the collagen synthesis of fibroblasts. In addition, OLIGOMARINE® might have accelerated the keratinization as the expression of suprabasal markers, such as involucrin and transglutaminase, were promoted in cultured normal human keratinocytes. Furthermore, the water‐holding properties and permeability barrier function of the stratum corneum were enhanced by using lotion containing OLIGOMARINE®. These results suggested that OLIGOMARINE® would be useful as a humectant for the prevention or improvement of dry skin.
Soft press: the ultra‐low pressure molding technology for powder cosmetics
Authors: Kashimoto A. , Nonomura Y. , Hotta H. , Suzuki T. , Kaneko Y. , Iitaka K.
Published: November 2004

Pressed‐powder cosmetics with an extremely soft and light sense of touch were prepared using a novel ultra‐low pressure molding technology. These novel pressed‐powder cosmetics have a very high porosity creating a light silky feeling. Furthermore, with this novel molding, large quantities of organic crystalline powder can be incorporated into the cosmetics resulting in a good spreadability and smooth sense of touch. The novel molding technology named soft press molding developed in the current study involves several characteristic stages: (i) mixing the binder dispersion; (ii) soft compression; and (iii) drying (volatilizing a disperse medium). The first process is the mixing of water‐repellent powder with an aqueous dispersion of elastic film‐forming polymer into a pendular or funicular state. After compressing and drying, an interspersed polymer effectively combines the particles forming contact between the particles. In this study, calcium lauroyl taurate (CaLT) was used as an example of an organic crystalline powder to provide a silky smooth sense of touch to a powdery foundation. CaLT particles deform to a thin layer readily when applied to skin, creating a smooth pleasing sensation while spreading. Conventional high‐pressure molding causes deformation during compression resulting in hard‐caking of the molded cosmetics. However, by using soft press molding, the powdery foundation can contain more than 30 wt% of CaLT without hard‐caking, and the resultant powdery foundation expresses an extremely smooth sensation to the touch. Furthermore, this powdery foundation shows a natural finish approximating bare skin due to the deformation of a thin layer on application restricting the light scattering, a characteristic property of a powder.
Photochemical behavior assessment of sunscreen preparations by in vitro UV spectroscopy
Authors: Ferrero L. , Pissavini M. , Marguerie S. , Zastrow L.
Published: November 2004

In this study, we used a spectroscopic method, found effective in measuring sunscreen photo‐degradation results in terms of a photoabsorption decrease. The traditional approach was to measure variations in well‐known parameters such as the absolute in vitro sun protection factor (SPF) or the relative UVA/UVB ratio after a controlled dose of UV radiation. However, these parameters fail to fully reflect the product's photochemical behavior. Variation in the SPF mainly depicts changes in UVB filtration, and variation in the relative parameter UVA/UVB ratio can be subjected to misinterpretation, as is the case for products in which a parallel loss of photoabsorption is observed in the UVA and UVB regions. In our laboratory, we developed a new approach using pure spectroscopic UVA and UVB attenuation factors called UVA attenuation factor and UVB attenuation factor. Attenuation factors are defined here as the inverse of the arithmetic mean of the transmittance data, taken either from the UVB region (290–320 nm, 1 nm steps) or the UVA region (320–400 nm, 1 nm steps). Using these two new spectroscopic indices, the photochemical behavior of a sunscreen formula can be assessed in each UV region. The general procedure consists of applying two UV doses to a film of sunscreen previously spread on a roughened polymethylmethacrylate plate and then measuring the UV transmission versus wavelength before and after the irradiation process. We tested different UV filters in a cosmetic base to demonstrate the efficacy of the method.
Categorical evaluation of the ocular irritancy of cosmetic and consumer products by human ocular instillation procedures
Authors: Gao Y. , Kanengiser B. E.
Published: November 2004

The assessment of ocular irritation potential is an important part of safety testing for cosmetic and consumer products. The purpose of this investigation was to examine ocular irritancy levels elicited in humans by various categories of a specific class of cosmetic and consumer products that have a potential to enter the eye inadvertently during use. Test materials assessed belonged to one of seven categories, which included liquid make‐up, shampoo, baby wash, mascara, eye make‐up remover, powder eye shadow, and facial cleanser. These test materials were evaluated by human ocular instillation, followed by examinations, for which subjective perceptions of irritation were recorded, and component areas of ocular tissues were individually examined for inflammation and for the area and density of fluorescein staining patterns at 30 s and at 5, 15, 60, and 120 min post‐instillation. Subjective and objective ocular irritation scores of 410 eyes were analyzed by product classification. Average score levels were determined for subjective responses, inflammation, and fluorescein staining patterns. This investigation determined that irritation levels of the evaluated test materials varied markedly with respect to product category, type of ocular irritation, and ocular tissue, demonstrating that these factors are important considerations for the prediction of the ocular irritancy of a test material.
Evaluation for collagen products for cosmetic application
Authors: Peng Y. , Glattauer V. , Werkmeister J. A. , Ramshaw J. A. M.
Published: November 2004

Collagen is an important component for cosmetic formulation, where it is an effective natural humectant with high substantivity. Commercial collagen preparations have a wide range of properties. In the present study, various techniques have been used to examine three distinct commercial collagens that illustrate the range of properties that are available. The usefulness of the various techniques for assessing collagen quality and batch‐to‐batch variation is discussed. The results indicate that there are several simple, cheap and effective methods such as gel electrophoresis that provide excellent information on collagen quality. The appropriate selection of tests allows informed decisions on the choice of which collagen preparation to use in providing the desired functionality and shelf life of a formulation.
Quantitative determination of formaldehyde in cosmetics using combined headspace–solid‐phase microextraction chromatography
Authors: Rivero T. , Topiwala V.
Published: November 2004

The objective of this research was the application of headspace (HS)–solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) for quantitation of formaldehyde present in raw materials and cosmetic formulations. The formaldehyde was derivatized in situ first with pentafluorophenylhydrazine (PFPH), to form a derivative hydrazone. The hydrozone was adsorbed on a SPME fiber during headspace extraction under controlled conditions (temperature, volume, etc.). After the adsorption step, the SPME fiber was directly transferred into the chromatography (GC) injection port, in which the analytes were thermally desorbed. Deuterated acetone is regarded as an internal standard (IS) in order to quantitate the formaldehyde content. For the experiment, chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID) was employed. A gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) was used for the qualitative confirmation of results in this work.
Failure of intercellular adhesion in hair fibers with regard to hair condition and strain conditions
Authors: Robbins* C. , Weigmann H.‐D. , Ruetsch S. , Kamath Y.
Published: November 2004

Although adhesion failure in hair fibers can occur inside cells, it occurs more frequently in the cell membrane complex (CMC), often involving the rupture of interlayer bonds. Therefore, a model of the CMC presented, based on prior research, in which we propose interconnecting bonds between the layers to assist interpretation of hair‐fracturing mechanisms for cuticle chipping, deep transverse cuticle cracks, during heat drying, scale lifting by surfactants, and catastrophic failure. Failure in the wet state involves hydrophilic layers, e.g. the contact zone of the CMC or the endocuticle or bonding to hydrophilic layers, whereas failure in the dry state generally involves bonding between hydrophobic, e.g. beta‐delta failure. Chemical damage by perms, bleaches, and sunlight, by breaking specific bonds, influences the sites of initial failure and increases the number of routes for crack propagation, leading to more complex fracture patterns.
Economic Stress, Parenting, and Child Adjustment in Mexican American and European American Families
Authors: Parke Ross D. , Coltrane Scott , Duffy Sharon , Buriel Raymond , Dennis Jessica , Powers Justina , French Sabine , Widaman Keith F.
Published: November 2004

To assess the impact of economic hardship on 111 European American and 167 Mexican American families and their 5th‐grade (Mage=11.4 years) children, a family stress model was evaluated. Structural equation analyses revealed that economic hardship was linked to indexes of economic pressure that were related to depressive symptoms for mothers and fathers of both ethnicities. Depressive symptoms were linked to marital problems and hostile parenting. Paternal hostile parenting was related to child adjustment problems for European Americans, whereas marital problems were linked to child adjustment problems for Mexican Americans. Maternal acculturation was associated with both higher marital problems and lower hostile parenting. The utility of the model for describing the effects of economic hardship in Mexican Americans is noted.
Attachment and Attention: Protection in Relation to Gender and Cumulative Social‐Contextual Adversity
Authors: Pasco Fearon R. M. , Belsky Jay
Published: November 2004

Data from 918 children from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care were examined to test the interrelation of attachment and attentional performance and 2 known risks for poor attentional performance: male gender and social‐contextual adversity. Attachment was measured using the Strange Situation at 15 months, attentional performance by a Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and maternal questionnaires at 54 months, and social‐contextual adversity by a variety of measures from birth to 54 months. Findings indicated (a) that children with secure attachment were less susceptible to the effects of cumulative risk and gender on CPT attentional performance than their insecure counterparts and that (b) no such differential risk susceptibility was evident for maternal reports of attention‐related behavior problems.
Children's Developing Awareness of Diversity in People's Trains of Thought
Authors: Eisbach Anne O'Donnell
Published: November 2004

This research explored the development of one insight about the mind, namely, the belief that people's trains of thought differ even when they see the same stimulus. In Study 1, 5‐year‐olds, 9‐year‐olds, and adults heard stories about characters who saw the same object. Although the older groups predicted the object would trigger different trains of thought, most 5‐year‐olds did not. In Study 2, 5‐year‐olds (preschoolers and kindergartners) and 7‐year‐olds heard similar stories, plus stories with additional individuating information about each character. With age, children increasingly recognized that thoughts would differ and could explain why. The development of this insight during the school years likely provides children with a more complete understanding of what it means to be a unique individual.
Transfer by Very Young Children in the Symbolic Retrieval Task
Authors: DeLoache Judy S. , Simcock Gabrielle , Marzolf Donald P.
Published: November 2004

Cumulative experience with a variety of symbolic artifacts has been hypothesized as a source of young children's increasing sensitivity to new symbol‐referent relations. Evidence for this hypothesis comes from transfer studies showing that experience with a relatively easy symbolic retrieval task improves performance on a more difficult task. Significant transfer was found for the 2½‐year‐old children in the 3 studies reported here, even with relatively low levels of contextual support (according to the taxonomy of transfer by Barnett & Ceci, 2002). Transfer occurred even though the 2 tasks were encountered in very different settings and there was a prolonged (1‐week) delay interval between them. Transfer also occurred to a much more difficult task (one that even 3‐year‐olds typically fail).
Category‐Use Effects in Children
Authors: Hayes Brett K. , Younger Katherine
Published: November 2004

Three experiments examined the changes in category representation that take place when children use exemplars for tasks other than classification. In Experiments 1 and 2, 6‐ and 10‐year‐old children learned to classify exemplars of a novel category and then used the same exemplars in an inferential prediction task. In a subsequent classification task, features that were predictive for both classification and inference were classified more accurately than features that were predictive only of category membership. Experiment 3 showed that features with multiple uses were also more likely to be retrieved in feature listing. The findings show that children's category representations are affected by the way exemplars are used after they have been categorized.
Modeling Referential Actions in 6‐ to 18‐Month‐Old Infants: A Precursor to Symbolic Understanding
Authors: Callaghan Tara C. , Rochat Philippe , MacGillivray Tanya , MacLellan Crystal
Published: November 2004

Social precursors to symbolic understanding of pictures were examined with 100 infants ages 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 months. Adults demonstrated 1 of 2 stances toward pictures and objects (contemplative or manipulative), and then gave items to infants for exploration. For pictures, older infants (12, 15, and 18 months) emulated the adult's actions following both types of demonstration trials. For objects, infants did not emulate actions following either stance at any age. The findings suggest that infants enlist their imitative learning skills in the context of learning the conventions of action on pictorial symbols. The data are interpreted as pointing to the importance of social learning in developing an understanding of the referential function of pictorial symbols.
Developmental Consequences of Early Parenting Experiences: Self‐Recognition and Self‐Regulation in Three Cultural Communities
Authors: Keller Heidi , Yovsi Relindis , Borke Joern , Kärtner Joscha , Jensen Henning , Papaligoura Zaira
Published: November 2004

This study relates parenting of 3‐month‐old children to children's self‐recognition and self‐regulation at 18 to 20 months. As hypothesized, observational data revealed differences in the sociocultural orientations of the 3 cultural samples' parenting styles and in toddlers' development of self‐recognition and self‐regulation. Children of Cameroonian Nso farmers who experience a proximal parenting style develop self‐regulation earlier, children of Greek urban middle‐class families who experience a distal parenting style develop self‐recognition earlier, and children of Costa Rican middle‐class families who experience aspects of both distal and proximal parenting styles fall between the other 2 groups on both self‐regulation and self‐recognition. Results are discussed with respect to their implications for culturally informed developmental pathways.
Comparison of Sadness, Anger, and Fear Facial Expressions When Toddlers Look at Their Mothers
Authors: Buss Kristin A. , Kiel Elizabeth J.
Published: November 2004

Research suggests that sadness expressions may be more beneficial to children than other emotions when eliciting support from caregivers. It is unclear, however, when children develop the ability to regulate their displays of distress. The current study addressed this question. Distress facial expressions (e.g., fear, anger, and sadness) were examined in 24‐month‐old toddlers throughout 4 episodes as well as specifically during looks to their mothers. Consistent with hypotheses and the literature, toddlers expressed sadness more frequently and with more intensity than target emotions only during looks to their mothers. These findings indicate that toddlers as young as 24 months of age are using particular emotional displays to elicit support from the social environment.
Stability and Change in Attachment Security Across Adolescence
Authors: Allen Joseph P. , McElhaney Kathleen Boykin , Kuperminc Gabriel P. , Jodl Kathleen M.
Published: November 2004

This study examined both continuity and familial, intrapsychic, and environmental predictors of change in adolescent attachment security across a 2‐year period from middle to late adolescence. Assessments included the Adult Attachment Interview, observed mother–adolescent interactions, test‐based data, and adolescent self‐reports obtained from an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of moderately at‐risk adolescents interviewed at ages 16 and 18. Substantial stability in security was identified. Beyond this stability, however, relative declines in attachment security were predicted by adolescents' enmeshed, overpersonalizing behavior with their mothers; depressive symptoms; and poverty status. Results suggest that although security may trend upward for nonstressed adolescents, stressors that overwhelm the capacity for affect regulation and that are not easily assuaged by parents predict relative declines in security over time.
Fathers and Mothers at Play With Their 2‐ and 3‐Year‐Olds: Contributions to Language and Cognitive Development
Authors: Tamis‐LeMonda Catherine S. , Shannon Jacqueline D. , Cabrera Natasha J. , Lamb Michael E.
Published: November 2004

Father–child and mother–child engagements were examined longitudinally in relation to children's language and cognitive development at 24 and 36 months. The study involved a racially/ethnically diverse sample of low‐income, resident fathers (and their partners) from the National Early Head Start evaluation study (n=290). Father–child and mother–child engagements were videotaped for 10 min at home during semistructured free play, and children's language and cognitive status were assessed at both ages. Fathers' and mothers' supportive parenting independently predicted children's outcomes after covarying significant demographic factors. Moreover, fathers' education and income were uniquely associated with child measures, and fathers' education consistently predicted the quality of mother–child engagements. Findings suggest direct and indirect effects of fathering on child development.
Development of Self‐Recognition, Personal Pronoun Use, and Pretend Play During the 2nd Year
Authors: Lewis Michael , Ramsay Douglas
Published: November 2004

This study examined the relation of visual self‐recognition to personal pronoun use and pretend play. For a longitudinal sample (N=66) at the ages when self‐recognition was emerging (15, 18, and 21 months), self‐recognition was related to personal pronoun use and pretend play such that children showing self‐recognition used more personal pronouns and demonstrated more advanced pretend play than did children not showing self‐recognition. The finding of a relation among these measures provides additional evidence that in the middle of the 2nd year of life a metarepresentation of self emerges in the human child.
Cumulative Environmental Risk and Youth Maladjustment: The Role of Youth Attributes
Authors: Gerard Jean M. , Buehler Cheryl
Published: November 2004

Using data from 5,070 youth ages 11 to 18 years old who participated in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, concurrent and longitudinal associations among cumulative risk, protective factors, and youth maladjustment were examined. Cumulative risk was associated with concurrent conduct problems and depressed mood. For conduct problems, a compensatory effect was found for scholastic achievement and problem‐solving ability. For depressed mood, a compensatory effect was found for scholastic achievement. A protective‐reactive effect of self‐esteem was found for both forms of maladjustment. Youth gender, grade, and ethnicity moderated these associations. Cumulative risk predicted change over time in depressed mood. Scholastic achievement and self‐esteem compensated for this risk. Findings indicate that youth attributes offer limited protection when adolescents experience risk factors across life domains.
Don't Believe Everything You Hear: Preschoolers' Sensitivity to Speaker Intent in Category Induction
Authors: Jaswal Vikram K.
Published: November 2004

A label can convey nonobvious information about category membership. Three studies show that preschoolers (N=144) sometimes ignore or reject labels that conflict with appearance, particularly when they are uncertain that the speaker meant to use those labels. In Study 1, 4‐year‐olds were more reluctant than 3‐year‐olds to accept that, for example, a cat‐like animal was a dog just on the basis of hearing it called adog. In Studies 2 and 3, this reluctance was overcome when the speaker explicitly or implicitly indicated that use of the unexpected labels was intentional. These studies demonstrate that preschoolers do not treat labels as atheoretical features of objects; rather, they interpret them in light of their understanding of the labeler's communicative intent.
Psychosocial Adjustment, School Outcomes, and Romantic Relationships of Adolescents With Same‐Sex Parents
Authors: Wainright Jennifer L. , Russell Stephen T. , Patterson Charlotte J.
Published: November 2004

This study examined associations among family type (same‐sex vs. opposite‐sex parents); family and relationship variables; and the psychosocial adjustment, school outcomes, and romantic attractions and behaviors of adolescents. Participants included 44 12‐ to 18‐year‐old adolescents parented by same‐sex couples and 44 same‐aged adolescents parented by opposite‐sex couples, matched on demographic characteristics and drawn from a national sample. Normative analyses indicated that, on measures of psychosocial adjustment and school outcomes, adolescents were functioning well, and their adjustment was not generally associated with family type. Assessments of romantic relationships and sexual behavior were not associated with family type. Regardless of family type, adolescents whose parents described closer relationships with them reported better school adjustment.
Political Practices of Care: Needs and Rights*
Authors: WHITE JULIE A. , TRONTO JOAN C.
Published: November 2004

Abstract.  In this paper the authors argue that the exploration of the nature of needs and rights should begin with the actually existing organization of care and of justice in society. The authors raise two key concerns with this organization: 1) the invisibility of care to some, and 2) the inaccessibility of rights to others. Recent work by care scholars has called attention to the ways the current organization of care work perpetuates the myth of self‐sufficiency for some, while reducing others to mere dependents. Law and Society scholars have demonstrated the problems of uneven access to legal remedies within the current organization of the legal system. Addressing these concerns simultaneously reveals both the problems of the current organization of needs and rights as well as illuminating alternative possibilities. The authors argue, first, that a justice perspective, based on rights is inadequate because its presumed universality is belied by the reality of the inaccessibility of rights to many. Second, the authors argue that a care perspective, currently formulated upon the assumption that only some people have needs, is also flawed because its presumed particularity distorts the human experience and subsequent policies. Instead, the authors need to conceive of care in a public way that permits both rights and needs to be understood as applicable to all. The authors propose some initial thoughts about how to create such a public concept of care.
A Fossilised Constitution?
Authors: SILVA VIRGÍLIO AFONSO DA
Published: November 2004

Abstract.  The purpose of this paper is to analyse the limits of constitutional reform. Some constitutions, for example, the German (art. 79, sec. 3), the Italian (art. 139), the Portuguese (art. 288), the French (art. 89, sec. 5), and the Brazilian (art. 60, sec. 4), contain an “essential core” of rights, which is usually understood as being immune to change. The initial focus in the paper is on the discussion on whether and to what extent these “essential cores” are indeed immune to change. A second focus is on Ross's paradox. Here I analyse and reject Ross's own solution to the paradox and I show, too, that the paradox admits no solution that does not imply a discontinuity in the legal system.
Must Legalistic Conceptions of the Rule of Law Have a Social Dimension?
Authors: BARBER N. W.
Published: November 2004

Abstract.  The article considers the nature of legalistic, or formal, conceptions of the rule of law, focusing particularly on the work of Joseph Raz and Albert Venn Dicey. It asks how such apparently narrow conceptions are generated, and how far they can resist including broader social claims. It concludes that the rationale behind legalistic conceptions compels them to address issues of poverty and the literacy of the law's subjects. However, legalistic conceptions of the rule of law can still avoid sliding into the wider non‐legalistic models advanced by writers such as T. R. S. Allan.
Hart's and Kelsen's Concepts of Normativity Contrasted*
Authors: DELACROIX SYLVIE
Published: November 2004

Abstract.  Hart's and Kelsen's respective outlooks on the concept of normativity not only differ by the way they explain this concept but also, more importantly, in what they seek to achieve when endeavouring to account for the normative dimension of law. By examining Hart's and Kelsen's models in the light of Korsgaard's understanding of the “normativity problem,” my aim is to emphasise not only their contrasted perspectives, but also the common limit they impose on their theories by dismissing as inappropriate any question regarding the emergence of legal normativity. On the basis of my previous arguments, I shall explain why I deem Raz's analysis of the contrast between Hart's and Kelsen's conceptions of normativity to be misleading.
Goodness of Fit via Non‐parametric Likelihood Ratios
Authors: Claeskens Gerda , Hjort Nils Lid
Published: November 2004

Abstract. To test if a densityfis equal to a specifiedf0, one knows by the Neyman–Pearson lemma the form of the optimal test at a specified alternativef1. Any non‐parametric density estimation scheme allows an estimate off. This leads to estimated likelihood ratios. Properties are studied of tests which for the density estimation ingredient use log‐linear expansions. Such expansions are either coupled with subset selectors like the Akaike information criterion and the Bayesian information criterion regimes, or use order growing with sample size. Our tests are generalized to testing the adequacy of general parametric models, and to work also in higher dimensions. The tests are related to, but are different from, the ‘smooth tests’ that go back to Neyman [Skandinavisk Aktuarietidsskrift 20(1937) 149] and that have been studied extensively in recent literature. Our tests are large‐sample equivalent to such smooth tests under local alternative conditions, but different from the smooth tests and often better under non‐local conditions.
Functional Coefficient Regression Models for Non‐linear Time Series: A Polynomial Spline Approach
Authors: Huang Jianhua Z. , Shen Haipeng
Published: November 2004

Abstract. We propose a global smoothing method based on polynomial splines for the estimation of functional coefficient regression models for non‐linear time series. Consistency and rate of convergence results are given to support the proposed estimation method. Methods for automatic selection of the threshold variable and significant variables (or lags) are discussed. The estimated model is used to produce multi‐step‐ahead forecasts, including interval forecasts and density forecasts. The methodology is illustrated by simulations and two real data examples.
Collapsibility of Graphical CG‐Regression Models
Authors: Didelez Vanessa , Edwards David
Published: November 2004

Abstract. CG‐regressions are multivariate regression models for mixed continuous and discrete responses that result from conditioning in the class of conditional Gaussian (CG) models. Their conditional independence structure can be read off a marked graph. The property of collapsibility, in this context, means that the multivariate CG‐regression can be decomposed into lower dimensional regressions that are still CG and are consistent with the corresponding subgraphs. We derive conditions for this property that can easily be checked on the graph, and indicate computational advantages of this kind of collapsibility. Further, a simple graphical condition is given for checking whether a decomposition into univariate regressions is possible.
Estimation for Discretely Observed Small Diffusions Based on Approximate Martingale Estimating Functions
Authors: Uchida Masayuki
Published: November 2004

Abstract.  We consider an asymptotically efficient estimator of the drift parameter for a multi‐dimensional diffusion process with small dispersion parameter ɛ. In the situation where the sample path is observed at equidistant times k/n, k = 0, 1, …, n, we study asymptotic properties of an M‐estimator derived from an approximate martingale estimating function as ɛ tends to 0 and n tends to ∞ simultaneously.
A Dimensional CLT for Non‐Central Wilks’ Lambda in Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Butler Ronald W. , Wood Andrew T. A.
Published: November 2004

Abstract.  We consider the non‐central distribution of the classical Wilks’ lambda statistic for testing the general linear hypothesis in MANOVA. We prove that as the dimension of the observation vector goes to infinity, Wilks’ lambda obeys a central limit theorem under simple growth conditions on the non‐centrality matrix. In one case we also prove a stronger result: the saddlepoint cumulative distribution function (CDF) approximation for the standardized version of Wilks’ lambda converges uniformly on compact sets to the standard normal CDF. These theoretical results go some way towards explaining why saddlepoint approximations to the distribution of Wilks’ lambda retain excellent accuracy in high‐dimensional cases.
Comparison of Within‐Subject Covariance Matrices in 2 × 2 Crossover Trials with Multivariate Response
Authors: Sjögren Niclas , Guilbaud Olivier
Published: November 2004

Abstract.  In a multivariate framework, it is shown how the two treatments in a 2 × 2 crossover trial with multivariate response can be compared with respect to mean vectors, i.e. fixed treatment effects, as well as within‐subject covariance matrices, marginally and simultaneously. No distributional assumption is made about the between‐subject variability, whereas multivariate normality is assumed for the within‐subject variability. The proposed exact statistical inferences are valid even with few subjects. Data from a crossover trial with bivariate response are analysed with the proposed multivariate methods as well as with univariate methods.
Minimum Contrast Estimation for Fractional Diffusions
Authors: Ludeña Carenne
Published: November 2004

Abstract.  When the Hurst coefficient of a fractional Brownian motion is greater than 1/2 it is possible to define a stochastic integral with respect to

, as the pathwise limit of Riemann sums, and thus to consider pathwise solutions to fractional diffusion equations. In this paper, we consider the vanishing drift case and assume that the solution Xt is parameterized by θ in a compact parameter space Θ. Our main interest is the estimation of θ based on discrete time, but with very frequent observations. It is shown that the estimation problem in this context is locally asymptotically mixed normal. The asymptotic behaviour of a certain class of minimum contrast estimators is then studied and asymptotic efficiency is discussed.
Efficiency of a Linear Combination of the Median and the Sample Mean: The Double Truncated Normal Distribution
Authors: Damilano Gabriela , Puig Pedro
Published: November 2004

Abstract.  We characterize all symmetric location models for which a linear combination of the median and the sample mean is an asymptotically efficient estimator of the location parameter. The resulting model can be understood as a symmetrized or double truncated normal distribution. A simple algorithm to estimate the parameters is given and an application is presented.