bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil Properties and Clover Establishment Six Years after Surface Application of Calcium‐Rich By‐Products
Authors: Ritchey K. D. , Belesky D. P. , Halvorson J. J.
Published: July 2010

Calcium‐rich soil amendments can improve plant growth by supplying Ca and reducing detrimental effects of soil acidity, but solubility and neutralizing capacity of Ca sources vary. Our objectives were to evaluate effects of calcitic dolomite and several coal combustion by‐products on soil properties at various depths 6 yr after surface application and their influence on grass–clover herbage accumulation. Calcium and Mg soil amendments were surface‐applied to an acidic grassland in 1993, and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerataL.) and tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum(Schreb.) Darbyshire] were oversown in 1994. In 1998, amendment treatment plots were split to accommodate sod seeding with red clover (Trifolium pratenseL.) or white clover (T. repensL.) as well as a nonseeded control. No N fertilizer was applied after sod seeding. Six years after amendment application, reductions in soil Al and Mn and increases in Ca and pH from 4654 kg ha−1calcitic dolomite, 15000 kg ha−1fluidized bed combustion residue, or 526 kg ha−1. MgO amendment were greatest in the surface 2.5 cm while rates of gypsum as high as 32000 kg ha−1left little residual effect except for decreases in Mg. Percentage clover in the sward tripled as pH increased from 4.3 to 5.0 while herbage mass increased 75% as clover percentage increased. Herbage mass was generally more closely correlated with properties of soil samples collected from the surface 2.5 cm than from deeper samples.
Effects of Broiler Litter on Soybean Production and Soil Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations
Authors: Adeli Ardeshir , Sistani Karamat R. , Rowe Dennis E. , Tewolde Haile
Published: July 2010

Although most of the N required by soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] is provided through the process of symbiotic N2fixation, supplemental N using broiler litter may boost soybean grain yields. The effects of broiler litter and commercial fertilizer applications on soybean yield, N and P uptake, and residual soil N and P were evaluated on a Leeper silty clay loam (fine, smectitic, nonacid, thermic Vertic Epiaquepts) at the Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station in Starkville, MS. Treatments were broiler litter application at the rates of 0, 40, 80, 160 kg plant available N (PAN) ha−1and commercial fertilizer at equivalent to broiler litter PAN and P rates. Soybean grain yield and N and P uptake were quadratically increased with increasing broiler litter and commercial fertilizer application rates. Soybean grain yield and N uptake from broiler litter applications were significantly greater than those from commercial fertilizer. Soybean grain yield was not correlated to soybean P uptake but linearly increased with increasing N uptake. Application of broiler litter at rates > 80 kg PAN ha−1were not effectively used by soybean as evidenced by declining apparent recovery values, increasing residual soil NO3–N concentrations, and increasing P accumulation at the top 15 cm of the soil profile. For every unit of N uptake, broiler litter treatment produced 3.4% more grain yield than commercial fertilizer. The results of this study indicate that application of broiler litter to soybean may be beneficial.
Use of a Rye Cover Crop following Corn in Rotation with Soybean in the Upper Midwest
Authors: De Bruin Jason L. , Porter Paul M. , Jordan Nicholas R.
Published: July 2010

There is a need for improved soil and water conservation in the corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation common to the upper Midwest, and an appropriate cover crop may fulfill this need. A corn–soybean rotation that included a rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop was studied at two Minnesota locations in 2002 and 2003 to evaluate rye management method and timing for no‐till soybean production. Fall‐planted rye following corn harvest at Waseca and Rosemount was managed the next spring by: (i) mowing once, (ii) mowing twice, (iii) applying glyphosate herbicide once, (iv) applying herbicide twice, and (v) mowing once followed by applying herbicide, with four mow dates beginning 1 May separated by approximately 1 wk. Rye regrowth after mowing but before stem elongation in early to mid‐May was similar to that of uncut rye but decreased dramatically when mowed at anthesis in early June. At Rosemount, low weed populations and the presence of the rye cover crop, when properly managed, had only a minimal affect on soybean yield, resulting in the one‐pass mowing system being equally profitable as the no‐rye two‐pass herbicide system. At Waseca, where weed pressure was high, the rye cover crop treatments without subsequent herbicide application as well as the early one‐pass herbicide applications did not provide adequate control, making these systems less profitable. Our research indicated soybean yields following a rye cover crop were often comparable to yields where no rye cover crop was grown, but economic returns were usually reduced.
Dynamic Cropping Systems: Contributions to Improve Agroecosystem Sustainability
Authors: Liebig M. A. , Tanaka D. L. , Krupinsky J. M. , Merrill S. D. , Hanson J. D.
Published: July 2010

Cropping systems need to be inherently flexible to take advantage of economic opportunities and/or adapt to environmental realities. A dynamic cropping systems concept—characterized by a management approach whereby crop sequencing decisions are made on an annual basis—has been proposed to improve the adaptability of cropping practices to externalities. A symposium on dynamic cropping systems was held at the 2005 ASA–CSSA–SSSA annual meetings in Salt Lake City, UT. Presentations at the symposium reviewed research results from a recent experiment near Mandan, ND, investigating short‐term crop sequence effects on crop production, plant diseases, soil residue coverage, and soil water depletion. This paper briefly reviews each of the presentations at the symposium. Future research opportunities on dynamic cropping systems abound, and may have increased impact if emerging issues in agriculture (e.g., increased use of biofuels; livestock integration in cropping systems) are incorporated in evaluations.
Yield Stability of Maize Hybrids Evaluated in Multi‐Environment Trials in Yunnan, China
Authors: Fan Xing‐Ming , Kang Manjit S. , Chen Hongmei , Zhang Yudong , Tan Jing , Xu Chuxia
Published: July 2010

Stable performance of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids in multi‐environment trials (MET) is important. The objectives of this investigation were (i) to evaluate grain yield stability of 13 Chinese hybrids tested across 10 locations in 2002 and 2003 via GGE biplot analysis and Kang's yield‐stability statistic (YSi) and (ii) to identify nonrepresentative and/or nondiscriminating locations. Within years, cultivars and cultivar‐by‐location (C × L) interactions were significant. Heterogeneity caused by environmental index did not contribute appreciably to C × L interactions. The YSi identified, among the top five hybrids, LD10, Hai He, and YR1 as common between years. The GGE biplot analysis ranked hybrids with above‐average yield across years as Hai He > LD10 > YR1 > Tun004 and for stability of performance as LD10, Hai He, Tun004, and YR1. The GGE biplots revealed that Hai He had the highest yield in seven and LD10 in 10 environments. Three different locations were identified in 2002 and 2003 as the least discriminating. Three common locations in 2002 and 2003 were the least representative of test locations. GGE biplot and YSi identified QC3, XHD892ck, and R313 as the least desirable hybrids. The YSi indicated ZZY6 and SB21‐3 to be the most unstable hybrids between years. The only hybrid showing stable performance across locations was Tun004 in 2002. Overall, YSi versus GGE distance correlation (r) = −0.92∗∗. YSi should be useful in selecting superior hybrids in the absence of GGEbiplot software. This information should help streamline the maize testing program in Yunnan.
Some Thermodynamic Properties of Soil Water
Authors: Taylor Sterling A. , Stewart Gordon L.
Published: July 2010

The partial specific Gibbs free energy or moisture potential of soil water has been measured by methods that are widely accepted. There are several other thermodynamic properties that are of significance in soil moisture relationships that are not so readily measured and are not well understood. The partial specific entropy and enthaply (heat content) of soil water are two such properties of interest. They have been calculated from the temperature dependence of the moisture potential.

The moisture content, solute content and pressure of soil samples were held constant. The temperature of the system ranged between 2° and 45° C. It was changed periodically and controlled at well‐defined intervals. After each change in temperature, the system was allowed to come to equilibrium and the moisture potential, as measured by tensiometers, was determined. From the temperature dependence of the moisture potential, the partial entropy change of soil water was found to be more negative than that of free water. Significant entropy differences were found in soils that contained water at a moisture potential of 0.008 joules per g. (0.08 bars suction) at about 20° C. The partial specific entropy and enthalpy of soil water were found to be dependent upon moisture content and temperature.
Amino Components of Soil Organic Matter Formed During Humification of 14C Glucose
Authors: Wagner G. H. , Mutatkar V. K.
Published: July 2010

After a 6‐month period of incubation of 14C glucose in soil, the soil organic matter was acid hydrolyzed and amino compounds were isolated by ion exchange chromatography. The 13 major amino compounds contained 17 to 22% of the radioactive carbon that had become incorporated into the soil organic matter. Although all of the amino compounds were labeled with 14C the amount of label was not the same in all cases. Amino compounds with the highest specific activities were those which are known to predominate in bacterial and fungal cell walls. The results suggest that the cell walls of microorganisms utilizing glucose are more resistant to further decomposition than are the cytoplasmic proteins.
Nonlinear Denitrification Kinetics with Continuous Flow in Soil Columns
Authors: Starr J. L. , Parlange J.‐Y.
Published: July 2010

An undisturbed core of surface soil was placed in an acrylic plastic perforated column. Saturated air or N2 was passed horizontally through the soil while a NO3‐‐N solution was leached vertically through the soil. Aerobic breakthrough curves were used to measure the convective diffusion and the denitrification rates were measured by switching to anaerobic conditions after the NO3‐ concentration in the effluent equalled that in the influent. The theoretical model was developed which did not assume a priori the functional relationship between the reaction rate and the NO3‐ concentration. The validity of the model was checked by sending a pulse of NO3‐ into the column, with no NO3‐ present initially. The breakthrough curve was predicted using the convective diffusion and denitrification rate previously measured under different boundary condition. The good agreement between theory and experiment showed that the deviation from first‐ or zero‐order kinetics is of crucial importance in predicting the breakthrough curve.
Ethylene Production in Soil Containing Quackgrass Rhizomes and Other Plant Materials
Authors: Harvey R. G. , Linscott J. J.
Published: July 2010

Ethylene was generated in the presence of quackgrass rhizomes [Agropyrou repens (L.) Beauv.] resulting in concentrations as high as 6.4 µliter/liter when rhizomes were incubated in sealed vials and 14.3 µliters/liter in waterlogged soil. These levels exceeded those previously shown to inhibit growth of crop plants. Reduced ethylene production following sterilization of rhizomes and soil demonstrated that microorganisms were actually responsible. Ethylene was also generated in the presence of other plant materials and by field soil alone. Fresh and dried quackgrass rhizomes were equally effective in producing ethylene. Significant concentrations of ethylene were not observed under aerobic soil conditions in the field. Ethylene production from quackgrass tissue as a result of microbial activity in the soil may be partially responsible for alleged allelopathic effects of the weed, but would probably only occur when soils are excessively wet or if physical soil properties produced anaerobic conditions.
Acid Tolerance of Rhizobia in Culture and in Symbiosis with Cowpea
Authors: Keyser H. H. , Munns D. N. , Hohenberg J. S.
Published: July 2010

In greenhouse trials, 21 strains of slow‐growing rhizobia were tested for symbiotic effectiveness and ability to nodulate three varieties of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata L. Walp., in two Ultisol subsoil samples, each adjusted to pH 4.6 and pH 6.0–6.2.

The results confirmed that cowpea rhizobia contain a large and perhaps continuous variation in symbiotic tolerance of soil acidity. Some strains combined tolerance with high effectiveness.

Laboratory testing, based on ability of rhizobia to grow in acid (pH 4.5) liquid media containing Al (50 µM), successfully identified about 65% of the strains that proved symbiotically sensitive in the greenhouse trials. No highly tolerant effective strain was misidentified as sensitive. Similar simple rapid growth tests, appropriately modified, might prove useful for screening other groups of rhizobia.
Soil Compaction from Logging with a Low‐Ground Pressure Skidder in the Oregon Coast Ranges
Authors: Sidle R. C. , Drlica D. M.
Published: July 2010

Increased bulk density of a clay loam soil on logging skid trails in the Oregon Coast Ranges was most highly correlated with the logarithm of the number of turns with a low‐ground pressure (FMC) skidder. The surface 15 cm of soil was impacted more by uphill than by downhill yarding. Downhill skid trails with three or fewer turns had small increases in bulk density, usually < 10%. The regression relationship (r2 = 0.411; Sy·x = 23.16) developed for the 7.5‐cm depth indicated that nine turns with an FMC skidder would increase soil bulk density approximately 25 and 45% for downhill and uphill yarding, respectively. After approximately 18 turns with an FMC skidder, the predicted bulk density increase at the 22.5‐cm soil depth was 25% (±5% at α = 0.1). Modified 10‐blow Proctor tests slightly overestimated increases of soil bulk density on high‐use downhill skid trails. The 15‐ and 10‐blow Proctor tests very closely estimated these density increases for the 7.5‐ and 15‐cm depths, respectively, for uphill skidding.
Method to Measure Soil Pores Outside the Range of Mercury Intrusion Porosimeter
Authors: Olson K. R.
Published: July 2010

A method was developed to extend the pore size measurement range of the Hg intrusion porosimeter. Normally, the pore size diameters and corresponding volumes that can be measured are limited by the minimum pressure necessary to fill the sample chamber with Hg and by the maximum pressure that can be applied through the porosimeter. By comparing Saran coated clod bulk densities to a density measured at the minimum porosimeter pressure, the volume of large pores can be estimated. The volume of pores smaller than the ones that can be directly measured by intrusion porosimetry are calculated by comparing the difference between the sample density measured at the maximum porosimeter pressure and the solid particle density. The volume of Hg intruded into the soil can be used as a direct measure of the pore volume between the maximum and minimum pore size diameters. The volume of solids can be calculated by dividing the oven‐dried sample weight by the soil particle density, taken here as 2.65 Mg m−3. The volume of solids and three pore size class volumes can then be added together to calculate the total volume of soil solids and pores.
Vadose‐Zone Techniques for Estimating Groundwater Recharge in Arid and Semiarid Regions
Authors: Allison G. B. , Gee G. W. , Tyler S. W.
Published: July 2010

Both physical and chemical methods have been used to estimate recharge in arid and semiarid areas. Our review indicates that indirect, physical approaches, such as water balance and Darcy flux measurements, are the least successful, while methods using tracers (e.g., Cl, 3H, and 36Cl) have been the most successful in estimating ground‐water recharge in dry regions. Lysimeters, which can directly measure root‐zone drainage, have been useful in quantifying recharge, particularly for coarse soils, but are costly to construct and operate. Of the tracer techniques available, Cl balance techniques appear to be the simplest, least expensive, and most universal for recharge estimation. In Australian studies, under native vegetation in semiarid areas, Cl profiles were found to be remarkably uniform, indicating very low and relatively uniform rates of groundwater recharge. Following changes in land use, recharge appeared to become much more variable, increasing more than two orders of magnitude. Methods for scaling point estimates of recharge to large areas using indirect techniques (such as nondestructive electromagnetic induction) have also been developed. In deep unsaturated zones, the pressure response in the soil water may be recorded in the profile, and simple field measurements may be used to obtain semi‐independent verification of recharge rates determined by using Cl balance techniques.
Differential Availability of Manure and Inorganic Sources of Phosphorus in Soil
Authors: Sharpley Andrew N. , Sisak Istvan
Published: July 2010

As little information is available on whether differences in the availability of manure and fertilizer P in soil exist, manure management recommendations are being based on fertilizer response. Thus, the availability of P (as Fe‐oxide strip P) from poultry litter leachate or KH2PO4 was investigated by incubation for 7 d with 193 soils with a wide range of properties associated with P sorption. Phosphorus availability, calculated as the slope of the linear relationship (F) between strip P and P added (0–108 mg inorganic P kg−1), was consistently greater for soils treated with KH2PO4 (Fk of 0.50) than litter leachate (F1 of 0.29). Although Fk and Fl were linearly related (r2 of 0.92), relative availabilities were inversely related to the ratio of soil clay/organic C content (r2 of 0.68), an estimate of the reactive surface area involved in P sorption and availability. The differential availability in soil of the two sources of P is attributed to the complexation of P with Ca and organo‐Ca, Fe, and Al, with the addition of Ca and soluble organic compounds in poultry litter leachate. Thus, manure management recommendations should be based on yield trials for manure and its availability in soil rather than on fertilizer P. Current fertilizer recommendations may be modified by soil CaCO3, extractable Fe, and clay/organic C to account for the differential availability of manure and inorganic P sources in soil.
Effects of Soil Structure Disturbance on Mineralization of Organic Soil Nitrogen
Authors: Kristensen H. L. , McCarty G. W. , Meisinger J. J.
Published: July 2010

Disturbance of soil structure by tillage operations is thought to make soil organic N accessible for mineralization which was otherwise protected from degradation. The origin of N released by disturbance of soil structure is, however, poorly understood and needs to be related to microbial activity. This study was performed to investigate the effect of soil structure disturbance on the release of active or protected organic N pools in surface soils (0–2 cm) under plow‐ (PT) or no‐tillage (NT) management. Active soil N was defined as the pool participating in mineralization–immobilization turnover during short‐term incubation (6 d) while protected pools were considered inactive during this period. The active pool of soil N was labelled with 15N in intact samples of PT and NT soils. The samples were either kept intact or sieved and repacked, and then leached weekly during a 35‐d incubation period. The disturbance of soil structure increased mineral N release from 6 to 15 mg kg−1 in the NT soil within the first week after disturbance. This release was found to originate from both active and physically protected N pools as could be assessed by the relative differences in 15N content of mineralized N by intact and disturbed soil samples. In contrast, the release from the PT soil was 7 to 9 mg N kg−1 after disturbance, with only a minor contribution from protected N pools. These results support the theory that disturbance of soil structure by tillage may destabilize and release protected pools of soil N. Over the entire period of incubation, protected N accounted for 27% of total N release in the NT soil and 12% in that of PT. The calculation of availability ratios, defined as the ratio between the 15N enrichment of mineralized N and that of total soil N, showed that recently added 15N was less available for mineralization in the NT soil as compared to that of PT. The probable cause for this difference was the higher C/N ratio of organic matter in NT surface soil indicating more nonhumified organic matter when compared to PT organic matter.
T. Vernon Wollaston and the “monstrous doctrine”
Authors: COOK L.M.
Published: July 2010

T. V. Wollaston (1822–1878) was a passionate naturalist, specializing in Coleoptera and secondarily in land molluscs. As a result of illness, which took him to Madeira for convalescence, his main work was carried out on the faunas of the Atlantic islands. Interest in molluscs was almost certainly stimulated by his friend R.T. Lowe, who played a major part in naming and describing the endemic molluscan species of Madeira.

Wollaston was particularly concerned with intraspecific variation, and wrote a book (1856) in which he discussed the physical, geological and geographical factors associated with particular kinds of variation, enabling him to describe rules governing the likelihood of finding variant races within a species. He admired Darwin for his accurate field observations. His own observations convinced him that there was no evidence that one species ever evolved into another, so that the races fall entirely into the category of adaptation to particular conditions within species. Wollaston therefore concluded that species are separately created according to a divine plan, the details of which can be elucidated by the study of natural history. In his theoretical writing he is at pains to point out that this conclusion stems not from religious belief but from observation and application of the inductive scientific method, his sources for this being Bacon's Novum Organum and a work of an eighteenth-century ancestor William Wollaston.

These views led to disagreement with Darwin, resulting in a well-known hostile review of the Origin of Species. A progressive deterioration of their relationship can be seen in Darwin's correspondence. Wollaston may be sidelined as a nineteenth-century writer who opposed the idea of evolution by natural selection on religious grounds. However, this view underestimates the quality of his taxonomic and field observations and the rigour of his scientific method. He identified a difficulty which is still important in evolutionary studies. Observations on microevolution do not automatically account for the processes of speciation or the proliferation of guilds or similar species. Wollaston drew the contemporary conclusion from this difficulty, that speciation does not occur. We now look to various kinds of genomic reorganization for explanations of species formation.
Edward Forbes (1815-1854) and Clement Reid (1853-1916): two generations of pioneering polymaths
Authors: PREECE R. C.
Published: July 2010

Edward Forbes and Clement Reid wrote influential papers on the origin of the European fauna and flora and on various other important issues. Short biographies are presented of each, which outline their respective contributions to biogeography in general, and malacology in particular.
Gentlemen and players in malacology. An appreciation of A.E. Boycott and H.E. Quick
Authors: EVANS N.J.
Published: July 2010

This paper concentrates mainly on Professor A.E. Boycott and his contribution to malacology in Britain. This does not diminish in any way the contribution made by Dr H.E. Quick but merely reflects that his contribution was rather more restricted and specialised than Boycott's.
An “uninteresting scrawl”… some correspondence of Marmaduke Tunstall (1743–1790)
Authors: JESSOP L.
Published: July 2010

Selected extracts from hitherto unpublished letters held by the Bodleian Library (Oxford) are presented in order to illustrate Marmaduke Tunstall's character, interests and concern with contemporary issues. Correspondents include Tunstall's half-brother William Constable, Thomas Pennant and Sir Joseph Banks.
Exponential stability of string system with variable coefficients under non‐collocated feedback controls
Authors: Chen Yunlan , Han Zhongjie , Xu Genqi , Liu Dongyi
Published: July 2010

In this paper, we describe a linear boundary non‐collocated feedback controller to stabilize a string system with variable coefficients and investigate the exponential stability of the closed‐loop system. We show that the system associates with aC0semigroup. Through the asymptotic analysis technique, we get the asymptotic values of all eigenvalues of the system operator 𝒜. Furthermore, we prove that there is a sequence of generalized eigenvectors of 𝒜 that forms a Riesz basis with parentheses for the energy state space. Hence, the system satisfies the spectrum determined growth assumption. Finally, we show that the system is exponentially stable with suitable choice of the feedback gains.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Material Properties and Structural Characterization of M3Si6O12N2:Eu2+(M=Ba, Sr)—A Comprehensive Study on a Promising Green Phosphor for pc‐LEDs
Authors: Braun Cordula , Seibald Markus , Börger Saskia L. , Oeckler Oliver , Boyko Teak D. , Moewes Alexander , Miehe Gerhard , Tücks Andreas , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: July 2010

The efficient green phosphor Ba3Si6O12N2:Eu2+and its solid‐solution series Ba3−xSrxSi6O12N2(withx≈0.4 and 1) were synthesized in a radio‐frequency furnace under nitrogen atmosphere at temperatures up to 1425 °C. The crystal structure (Ba3Si6O12N2, space groupP$\bar 3$(no. 147),a=7.5218(1),c=6.4684(1) Å,wR2=0.048,Z=1) has been solved and refined on the basis of both single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction data. Ba3Si6O12N2:Eu2+is a layer‐like oxonitridosilicate and consists of vertex‐sharing SiO3N‐tetrahedra forming 6er‐ and 4er‐rings as fundamental building units (FBU). The nitrogen atoms are connected to three silicon atoms (N3), while the oxygen atoms are either terminally bound (O1) or bridge two silicon atoms (O2) (numbers in superscripted square brackets after atoms indicate the coordination number of the atom in question). Two crystallographically independent Ba2+sites are situated between the silicate layers. Luminescence investigations have shown that Ba3Si6O12N2:Eu2+exhibits excellent luminescence properties (emission maximum at ≈527 nm, full width at half maximum (FWHM) of ≈65 nm, low thermal quenching), which provides potential for industrial application in phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diodes (pc‐LEDs). In‐situ high‐pressure and high‐temperature investigations with synchrotron X‐ray diffraction indicate decomposition of Ba3Si6O12N2under these conditions. The band gap of Ba3Si6O12N2:Eu2+was measured to be 7.05±0.25 eV by means of X‐ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and X‐ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES). This agrees well with calculated band gap of 6.93 eV using the mBJ‐GGA potential. Bonding to the Ba atoms is highly ionic with only the 4p3/2orbitals participating in covalent bonds. The valence band consists primarily of N and O p states and the conduction band contains primarily Ba d and f states with a small contribution from the N and O p states.
Alcohol‐involved assault and the course of PTSD in female crime victims
Authors: Kaysen Debra L. , Lindgren Kristen P. , Lee Christine M. , Lewis Melissa A. , Fossos Nicole , Atkins David C.
Published: July 2010

Although alcohol use has been associated with increased risk of victimization, little is known about how victim substance use at the time of assault may affect posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom development. The present study is a longitudinal examination of substance use on PTSD symptom severity and course. A community sample of female crime victims (n = 60) were assessed within 5 weeks of sexual or physical assault with 3 and 6 month postassault follow‐ups. Twenty‐three participants had consumed alcohol or alcohol/drugs prior to the assault (38%) and 37 had consumed neither alcohol nor drugs. Analyses were conducted using hierarchical linear modeling. Participants who had consumed alcohol had lower initial intrusive symptoms, but their symptoms improved less over time.
The use of MR‐detectable reporter molecules and ions to evaluate diffusion in normal and ischemic brain
Authors: Ackerman Joseph J. H. , Neil Jeffrey J.
Published: July 2010

As a result of the technical challenges associated with distinguishing the MR signals arising from intracellular and extracellular water, a variety of endogenous and exogenous MR‐detectable molecules and ions have been employed as compartment‐specific reporters of water motion. Although these reporter molecules and ions do not have the same apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) as water, their ADCs are assumed to be directly related to the ADC of the water in which they are solvated. This approach has been used to probe motion in the intra‐ and extracellular space of cultured cells and intact tissue. Despite potential interpretative challenges with the use of reporter molecules or ions and the wide variety used, the following conclusions are consistent considering all studies: (i) the apparent free diffusive motion in the intracellular space is approximately one‐half of that in dilute aqueous solution; (ii) ADCs for intracellular and extracellular water are similar; (iii) the intracellular ADC decreases in association with brain injury. These findings provide support for the hypothesis that the overall brain water ADC decrease that accompanies brain injury is driven primarily by a decrease in the ADC of intracellular water. We review the studies supporting these conclusions, and interpret them in the context of explaining the decrease in overall brain water ADC that accompanies brain injury. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can you market God? A case study of the ‘God Speaks’ social marketing campaign
Authors: Lancendorfer Karen M. , Reece Bonnie B.
Published: July 2010

Public service campaigns, spanning more than 60 years and thousands of mass media advertisements, have asked individuals to take actions such as “Say No to Drugs” and “Keep America Beautiful,” as well as to support various nonprofit organizations. A case study of the “God Speaks” religious social marketing campaign is offered as an example of a non‐traditional campaign that provides insights for future endeavors. Although the campaign, which began as a local paid media effort, appeared to have little measurable impact on attitudes and behavior, it was able to generate extensive non‐paid media coverage that greatly increased its reach.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coping bei binationalen Paaren
Authors: Gagliardi Simona , Bodenmann Guy , Bregy Monika
Published: July 2010

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Obwohl die Anzahl binationaler Eheschließungen kontinuierlich zunimmt, ist das Wissen darüber, wie solche Partnerschaften funktionieren, noch relativ gering. Fragestellung: Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, einen Einblick in den Umgang mit Stress bei binationalen Paaren zu gewinnen. Methode: 225 thailändisch-schweizerische Paare (lediglich Schweizer Männer mit thailändischen Frauen) wurden mit 234 mononationalen Schweizer Paaren mittels multivariater Kovarianzanalysen bezüglich des individuellen und dyadischen Copings miteinander verglichen. Kontrolliert wurden die Partnerschaftszufriedenheit, die Partnerschaftsdauer und das Alter. Ergebnisse: Thailänderinnen setzen häufiger Verleugnung/Verdrängung als individuelle Bewältigungsstrategie ein als Schweizer. Zudem kommunizieren binationale Paare Stress seltener und üben weniger negatives dyadisches Coping aus als mononationale Paare. Schlussfolgerungen: Es bestehen Ähnlichkeiten, aber auch Unterschiede zwischen mono- und binationalen Paaren hinsichtlich ihres Umgangs mit Stress. Diese sollten in therapeutischer Arbeit mit Paaren vermehrt berücksichtigt werden.
Measuring Endogenous 5-HT Release by Emission Tomography: Promises and Pitfalls
Authors: Paterson Louise M , Tyacke Robin J , Nutt David J , Knudsen Gitte M
Published: July 2010

Molecular in vivo neuroimaging techniques can be used to measure regional changes in endogenous neurotransmitters, evoked by challenges that alter synaptic neurotransmitter concentration. This technique has most successfully been applied to the study of endogenous dopamine release using positron emission tomography, but has not yet been adequately extended to other neurotransmitter systems. This review focuses on how the technique has been applied to the study of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) system. The principles behind visualising fluctuations in neurotransmitters are introduced, with reference to the dopaminergic system. Studies that aim to image acute, endogenous 5-HT release or depletion at 5-HT receptor targets are summarised, with particular attention to studies in humans. Radiotracers targeting the 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT4receptors and the serotonin reuptake transporter have been explored for their sensitivity to 5-HT fluctuations, but with mixed outcomes; tracers for these targets cannot reliably image endogenous 5-HT in humans. Shortcomings in our basic knowledge of the mechanisms underlying changes in binding potential are addressed, and suggestions are made as to how the selection of targets, radiotracers, challenge paradigms, and experimental design might be optimised to improve our chances of successfully imaging endogenous neurotransmitters in the future.
Oestrogen treatment enhances the sensitivity of hormone-resistant breast cancer cells to doxorubicin
Authors: Scherbakov Alexander M. , Lobanova Yulia S. , Andreeva Olga E. , Shatskaya Valentina A. , Krasil'nikov Mikhail A.
Published: July 2010

Recently, it was shown that the resistance of breast cancer cells to growth-stimulating oestrogen action may be accompanied with the paradoxical tumour sensitization to oestrogen apoptotic action. In the present paper, we studied the influence of oestrogens on the sensitivity of resistant breast tumours to cytostatic drugs, and to evaluate the role of NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) signalling in the regulation of the apoptotic response of the resistant cells. The experiments were carried out on the oestrogen-dependent MCF-7 breast cancer cells and resistant MCF-7/LS subline generated through long-term cultivation of the parental cells in the absence of oestrogen. The cell treatment with the combination of oestradiol and Dox (doxorubicin) was found to enhance the apoptotic action of Dox in MCF-7/LS cells but not in the parent cells. MCF-7/LS cells were characterized by the increased level of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and decreased NF-κB activity. Oestradiol in combination with Dox leads to significant NF-κB stimulation and its accumulation in the nucleus of MCF-7/LS cells. The knockdown of NF-κB with siRNA (small interfering RNA) increased the apoptotic response of the MCF-7/LS cells to both Dox and oestradiol demonstrating the important role of NF-κB in the protection of the MCF-7/LS cells against apoptosis. In general, the results obtained show that: (i) oestradiol enhances the apoptotic action of Dox in the resistant breast cancer cells; and (ii) suppression of NF-κB signalling amplifies the apoptotic response of the resistant cells to both oestrogen and Dox, demonstrating that NF-κB may serve as a potential target in the therapy of the resistant breast cancer.
Room temperature terahertz electro-optic modulation by excitons in carbon nanotubes
Authors: Ogawa T. , Watanabe S. , Minami N. , Shimano R.
Published: July 2010

We have investigated the electroabsorption of aligned micelle-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes induced by intense terahertz (THz) pulses by using THz-pump and optical-probe spectroscopy at room temperature. The electroabsorption signal is enhanced at exciton resonances near the optical communication wavelength. The signal showed a quadratic dependence on the THz electric field and instantaneously followed the THz oscillation (∼1 ps). The observed ultrafast electro-optic modulation with a THz bandwidth suggests the potential functionality of carbon nanotubes in high-speed electro-optic devices.
The Participant's Dilemma: Bringing Conflict and Representation Back In
Authors: BECHER DEBBIE
Published: July 2010

Innovations in democratic participation involving small‐scale, long‐term focused governing bodies have increased citizen influence in poor American urban neighborhoods. Scholars have described these emerging forms of participation as essentially cooperative in spirit and directly democratic in nature. I argue that the new participatory regimes continue to involve social processes of representation and conflict inherent to more traditional forms of engagement. Participants move dynamically between cooperation and conflict and between participating as individuals and representing constituencies. This article presents a careful study of how a single decision developed and was implemented in such a participatory experiment, the American Street Empowerment Zone in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, between 1994 and 2008. Archival and interview data support the general perspective shared by articles in this symposium — that participation involves dynamic movement between conflict and cooperation. This article suggests that the durability of the participatory regime depends not on the level of conflict but on how participants move between displaying identification with either government or their community constituents. This article uses the concept of intermediation to describe this kind of dynamism and to reflect the flexibility a participatory structure must nurture to endure.

Les innovations en matière de participation démocratique qui impliquent des organes de gouvernement œuvrant à petite échelle et à long terme ont accru l'influence des habitants dans les quartiers urbains pauvres américains. D'après certains auteurs, ces formes nouvelles de participation sont, dans l'esprit, essentiellement coopératives et, par nature, directement démocratique. Il est exposé ici que les nouveaux régimes participatifs font encore intervenir des processus sociaux de représentation et de conflit propres à des formes d'engagement plus traditionnelles. Les participants oscillent de manière dynamique entre coopération et conflit, et entre participation en tant qu'individus et représentation collective. Cet article présente une étude minutieuse de la manière dont une décision a étéélaborée et mise en œuvre dans le cadre d'une expérience participative de ce type, ‘American Street Empowerment Zone’à Philadelphie (Pennsylvanie), de 1994 à 1998. Des données issues d'archives et d'entretiens corroborent la perspective générale commune aux articles de ce symposium: la participation implique un mouvement dynamique entre conflit et coopération. L'article suggère que la pérennité du régime participatif dépend, non pas du niveau de conflit, mais de la façon dont les participants alternent dans leur manifestation d'une identification soit au gouvernement soit aux membres de leur communauté. Le concept d'intermédiation est utilisé pour décrire cette forme de dynamique et pour traduire la souplesse que doit garder une structure participative pour perdurer.
Hygienic quality of cleaning cloths used in professional cleaning of private domestic homes
Authors: Toiviainen‐Laine Erja , Kymäläinen Hanna‐Riitta , Kuisma Risto
Published: July 2010

The objective of this laboratory study was to obtain general background information concerning professional cleaning in private domestic homes. The specific aim was to examine the effect of storage and washing of dirty cloths on their hygienic status. The effect of storage on the number ofStaphylococcus aureusbacteria in cleaning cloths was examined using current or potential materials for professional cleaning in private homes. The bacterial content increased in microfibre cloths in some cases during a normal working day (8 h storage), and more clearly after 16 h or 48 h of storage. Disposable fibre cloths did not promote the growth of microbes as well as microfibre cloths. The effect of detergents on the hygienic status of cleaning cloths was unclear: some cleaning agents appeared to enhance the growth of bacteria, while others did not. In many cases, organic substances, i.e. protein added to the cloths, enhanced the growth of microbes. Washing of microfibre cloths at 60°C reduced the numbers of bacteria on the cloths but did not remove them entirely. Storage of dirty cloths before washing will probably cause difficulties in the proper washing of the cloths, and thus negatively affect their capacity for hygienic results in cleaning surfaces, as well as presenting a risk to the safety of the worker. Cleaning cloths should be washed as soon as possible after use: washing after each working day, at the latest, is recommended. Furthermore, cleaning cloths should be selected for professional use to allow washing at hot temperatures. The findings of this study could be used for training in professional home cleaning. They also provide valuable information for other branches of cleaning, including consumer use in households.
α1‐Adrenergic Receptor‐Mediated Downregulation of Angiotensin II Receptors in Neuronal Cultures
Authors: Sumners Colin , Watkins Lana L. , Raizada Mohan K.
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrevious evidence has suggested that brain catecholamine levels are important in the regulation of central angiotensin II receptors. In the present study, the effects of norepinephrine and 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine) on angiotensin II receptor regulation in neuronal cultures from rat hypothalamus and brainstem have been examined. Both catecholamines elicit significant decreases in [125I]angiotensin II‐specific binding to neuronal cultures prepared from normotensive rats, effects that are dose dependent and that are maximal within 4–8 h of preincubation. Saturation and Scatchard analyses revealed that the norepinephrine‐induced decrease in the binding is due to a decrease in the number of angiotensin II receptors in neuronal cultures, with little effect on the receptor affinity. Norepinephrine has no significant actions on [125I]angiotensin II binding in cultures prepared from spontaneously hyper tensive rats. The downregulation of angiotensin II receptors by norepinephrine or dopamine is blocked by α1‐adrenergic and not by other adrenergic antagonists, a result suggesting that this effect is initiated at the cell surface involving α1‐adrenergic receptors. This is further supported by our data indicating a parallel downregulation of specific α1‐adrenergic receptors elicited by norepinephrine. In summary, these results show that norepinephrine and dopamine are able to alter the regulation of neuronal angiotensin II receptors by acting at α1‐adrenergic receptors, which is a novel finding.
Real‐Time Monitoring of the Secretory Function of Cultured Adrenal Chromaffin Cells
Authors: Kumakura Konosuke , Ohara Mica , Satô Gen P.
Published: July 2010

A system to discriminate the real‐time dynamics of the secretory function in cultured adrenal chromaffin cells, using a cell bed perfusion technique and an amperometric detector, was established. Examination of basal conditions revealed that the electrode potential and flow rate are crucial factors for monitoring precise dynamics of the secretory process. Stimulation of the cells either with acetylcholine (ACh) or with high K* concentration caused a transient current response. The current responses showed concentration dependence for both stimuli, and also showed a high correlation with the amount of catecholamines (CA) in the respective peak fraction of perfusate. Either prolonged cholinergic stimulation or maintained depolarization produced a transient response, which is not attributable to a depletion of releasable storage of CA as indicated by double‐stimulation experiments. Stimulation with high K* concentration evoked an additional release of CA even after the cellular response to prolonged ACh was inactivated, whereas maintained depolarization with high K* produced both facilitatory and inhibitory effects on the cell responsiveness to ACh. Most probably the transient natures of the secretory responses to ACh and to high K* are mediated by different mechanisms. All the results suggest that the direct monitoring is profitable for studies on the regulatory mechanisms of the secretory function.
EVIDENCE FOR A PHOTON MASS
Authors: SIDHARTH B. G.
Published: July 2010

Recently Spavieri and Rodriguez had proposed a table top experiment using Aharanov–Bohm type effects to determine the mass of a photon and concluded that a value as small as 10-51g is achievable. It is pointed out in this paper that this value is already much higher than latest experimental limits. Furthermore, the author's work over the past years has, on the other hand, indicated that the photon has a mass ~10-65g = 10-33eV . We point out in this papers that recent observations from three different viewpoints, which are not table top experiments, but rather the time lag in cosmic gamma rays with different frequencies, the observation of the spectra of blazars and an analysis of the CMB power spectrum from the WMAP data, all vindicate this conclusion and remarkably, this value.
CHARGE DISTRIBUTION AND RADII IN CLUSTERS FROM NUCLEAR PASTA MODELS
Authors: PÉREZ-GARCÍA M. ÁNGELES
Published: July 2010

We study the consistency of the description of charge distributions and radii of nuclear clusters obtained with semiclassical nuclear pasta models. These nuclei are expected to exist in the low density outer crust of neutron stars. Properties of the arising clusterized nucleon matter can be compared to realistic nuclear properties as experimentally extracted on earth. We focus on non iso-symmetric light clusters with nucleon number 8 ≤ A ≤ 30 and use Monte Carlo many-body techniques. We simulate isotopic chains for a set of selected nuclei using a model Hamiltonian consisting of the usual kinetic term, hadronic nucleon nucleon (NN), Coulomb and an effective density dependent Pauli potential. It is shown that for neutron rich (deficient) clusters neutron (proton) skins develop. Different (matter, neutron, proton, electric charge) radii are computed for this set of non iso-symmetric nuclei. Nuclear binding energies are also analyzed in the isotopic chains.