bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-Reported Variability and Enhancement of Prediction
Authors: Knapp John R. , Sebes Janet M.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the role of self-reported variability in facilitating the prediction of behavior. Anxiety and extraversion scores based on the 16 PF were obtained for 100 (50 male and 50 female) students in introductory psychology. Each participant also was asked to judge how variable he was in each trait and to judge how anxious he would be in each of 18 situations and how extraverted he would behave in each of 17 situations. Multiple regression analyses showed that self-reported variability enhanced prediction of experiences of anxiety in 13 of 18 situations but had minimal impact on enhancing prediction of extravertive behavior. The results, in contrast with other research, suggest that self-reported variability need not undermine prediction of behavior and support the use of aggregate criteria and predictors to facilitate prediction.
Evaluating Equity in the Marital Relationship: An Alternative Approach
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Kirn Julia E.
Published: September 2011

Theory concerning the differing perceptions of marital partners often seems to invite the use of difference scores for measuring concepts such as equity, homogamy, inconsistency in social status, consensus regarding various attitudes, and similarity of personality traits. However, as illustrated with an example from equity theory, difference scores should be replaced by interaction terms in multiple regression analysis to evaluate such theory adequately. More careful attention needs to be paid to how family social scientists integrate theory, measurement, and statistical analysis in research.
Use of Feedback in Reducing Television Watching
Authors: Jason Leonard A. , Klich Michele M.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the use of several types of feedback (e.g., self-monitoring, alone, and in combination with meter recording) to reduce television watching in two individuals manifesting excessively high levels of television viewing. At the end of a self-recording phase, meters were placed in their television sets. For one participant, reductions in television viewing were found during both self-monitoring alone and in combination with meter recording; for the other participant, television watching was reduced only when self-monitoring was paired with monitoring the meter. At a 2-mo. follow-up, increases in television watching were noted by one individual and decreases by the other. Installation of a meter and daily recording once again reduced television watching in the individual whose rates had increased.
Children's Knowledge and Use of Gender Stereotypes
Authors: Rosenthal Doreen A. , Paltiel Minna
Published: September 2011

70 young children rated two babies, identified as male or female, on gender-stereotyped behaviors. Although the children showed well-developed knowledge of such stereotypes, these were infrequently used in a free-choice situation.
Incidence of Shyness in Elementary-School Age Children
Authors: Lazarus Philip J.
Published: September 2011

In a survey of 396 elementary-aged children, 38% labeled themselves shy, 59% responded that they would rather be less shy, 46% felt that being shy was a personal problem, and 47% wanted to participate in a counseling group to ameliorate this problem Sex differences were found; approximately one-quarter of all boys (26%) and one-half of all girls (49%) applied this label to themselves. This finding differs from surveys of adults for whom no sex differences in shyness were noted.
Validity of Teachers' Evaluations of Students' Social Behavior
Authors: Loranger Michel , Lacroix Modette , Kaley Richard
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the validity of teachers' judgments in evaluating classroom social behavior. Two teachers' judgments were compared with systematic observations by 6 observers for the same students. Data from the two types of assessment were compared, using correlational and prediction analysis procedures. Subjects were 29 boys, 13 yr. of age and experiencing a variety of learning difficulties. Teachers' judgments were correlated with 15 behavioral categories. Teachers' judgments, then, seemed an acceptable representation of these students' observable classroom behavior.
Sex Differences in Assertive Behavior: A Research Extension
Authors: Mathison David L. , Tucker Raymond K.
Published: September 2011

This study was an extension of earlier empirical research measuring sex differences in assertive behavior. The Rathus Assertiveness Schedule was used for measuring assertiveness and discriminant analysis was employed to differentiate maximally responses of males and females. 140 men and 195 women were tested. There were four significant findings. Men reported a significant tendency to assert themselves more than women in public situations while women reported a tendency to be more assertive in private interpersonal settings. Men reported a significantly greater tendency than women to be shy in dating situations. Finally, men reported a greater willingness than women to question publicly a person of high status. The implications of these results were discussed both in terms of earlier research and as they apply to behavior therapy.
Pepsi versus Coke: Labels, Not Tastes, Prevail
Authors: Woolfolk Mary E. , Castellan William , Brooks Charles I.
Published: September 2011

60 subjects tasted cola from two cups, one marked L, the other marked S. The same product (either Pepsi or Coke) was placed in both cups. Whether both cups contained Pepsi or Coke, subjects overwhelmingly reported cup S contained the better-tasting product. In Experiment 2, 30 subjects were asked their preference for either Pepsi or Coke. Then they drank from a Pepsi bottle (which contained Coke) and from a Coke bottle (which contained Pepsi). Subjects were significantly influenced by the label of the product they preferred and not by taste differences between these products. It was concluded that a taste comparison of colas should avoid using any labels, even presumably neutral ones like letters of the alphabet, since such labels may have more powerful influences on product comparisons than taste differences.
Degree of Difficulty in Giving up Cigarettes
Authors: Hills A. A.
Published: September 2011

A method of giving up smoking based on a modified (target-setting) self-control procedure was investigated with reference to self-rated difficulty in giving up particular cigarettes. In a 10-wk. quit-smoking group (that also involved 4-wk. follow-up) of 14 subjects, those who gave up ‘hard’ cigarettes prior to ‘easy’ ones produced significantly greater reductions in smoking than those who attempted ‘easy’ before ‘hard’ ones (‘easy’ and ‘hard’ were defined according to rankings made by subjects of cigarettes smoked, from ‘easiest’ to ‘hardest’ to give up). The implication of this result for treatment programmes was discussed.
Psychological Aging and the Cohort of Reference
Authors: Dixon R. A.
Published: September 2011

The concept of reference cohort, in which the level of an individual's identification is established for a given social event and then associated with the cohort defined around that event, is described. An occupational reference cohort is derived and compared, in terms of explanatory power, to birth cohort and occupational status for a set of four social psychological dependent variables. Preliminary tests of its usefulness for developmental research are suggestive but inconclusive.
Statistical Analysis of Multiracial Group Characteristics and Interracial Conflict
Authors: Vaid-Raizada Vishist K.
Published: September 2011

This research examined the relationships between interracial conflict and various racial group characteristics such as relative size, average age, difference in earnings, educational level, and length of association with multiracial organizations. ns = 15 to 17 for the five groups.
Cognitive Styles of Caucasian and Native Indian Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Valliant Paul M. , Asu Marjatta E. , Howitt Rhoderick
Published: September 2011

13 Native Indian and 24 Caucasian male juvenile offenders were compared with 21 Native Indian and 14 Caucasian male juvenile nonoffenders on Byrne's Repression-Sensitization Scale, Rotter's locus of control questionnaire, and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory including derived factors. Significant differences were noted between Offenders and Nonoffenders and between Native Indians and Caucasians on these variables. There is some concern regarding the validity of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory as applied to the Native Indian population as a result of insufficient normative data.
Predictive Validity of the Career Decision Scale Administered to High School Students
Authors: Hartman Bruce W. , Fuqua Dale R. , Hartman Paul T.
Published: September 2011

To study the predictive validity of the Career Decision Scale adapted for high school students, the scale was administered to 205 seniors in a suburban Chicago high school in the spring of the senior year. Two years later, students were surveyed by telephone about their career decisions. Two of the three factor scores on the adapted Career Decision Scale taken during the senior year contributed to the discriminant function that resulted in 85% correct classification of students remaining either decided or undecided two years after high school graduation.
Factor Structure of Problem Behavior for Mildly Handicapped and Non-Handicapped Students
Authors: Hutton Jerry B. , Roberts Timothy
Published: September 2011

Mildly handicapped ( n = 521) and non-handicapped students ( n = 561) in Grades 1 to 12 were rated by 52 teachers on a checklist of items corresponding to Bower's list of characteristics of emotional disturbance. An unrotated principal component factor analysis identified 8 factors for both groups of students with eigenvalues greater than 1.00. Coefficients of congruence indicated a similar factor structure for the two groups of students on the first three factors. The mildly handicapped students were reported to have significantly more problem behaviors than the non-handicapped students. Those who work with both groups of students should be trained to cope with behaviors that suggest emotional disturbance.
Verbatim Recall of Ambiguous Sentences
Authors: Steiner Bruce A. , Allen Gordon A.
Published: September 2011

Three experiments demonstrated that ambiguous sentences lead to higher rates of verbatim recall than comparable nonambiguous sentences. Two variables which markedly influenced retention levels were presentation rate and subjects' expectation. The increased retention was obtained only if sufficient time to complete processing of the sentence was provided and only if the subjects were expecting ambiguous sentences. These experiments furnished further evidence for the importance of comprehension in memory for sentences.
Improving Effectiveness of Interviewing: Cognitive Awareness versus Skills Training
Authors: McPherson Cherry , Wolf Fredric M. , Sachs Larry A.
Published: September 2011

117 medical students' performance on Carkhuff's Discrimination Index improved significantly after skills training. Students who participated in a cognitive awareness program showed no improvement on the same measure. Communication skills for medical students can apparently be improved by using this skills-training model but not through the cognitive awareness program.
Development of Intimacy in Young Adults, a Multidimensional View
Authors: Prager Karen J.
Published: September 2011

50 female and 37 male adult college students responded to an interview, which permitted subjects to be categorized according to their style of coping with the intimacy crisis of young adulthood. The five categories are intimate, preintimate, pseudointimate, stereotyped relationships, and isolate. Subjects in the five statuses were compared on their levels of emotional, physical and intellectual intimacy as measured by the Holt Intimacy Development Inventory. Women who had achieved depth and commitment in their relationships scored higher on emotional and intellectual intimacy than women whose relationships were uncommitted and superficial. Women in deep and committed relationships were also older than women in uncommitted, superficial relationships, while men in committed relationships were older than uncommitted men, regardless of depth. Results were interpreted as supporting Erikson's concept of intimacy, i.e., that relationships combining depth and commitment are the most mature.
Indicators of Depression and Suicidal Ideation among Drug Abusers
Authors: Flynn Patrick , Mc Mahon Robert C.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to provide data relating to the validity of the Dysthymia and Psychotic Depression scales of the Millon Clinical Mulriaxial Inventory as indicators of serious depression measured by self-report data from che Treatment Outcome Prospective Study (TOPS) survey form. Scores on both Millon scales had low bur staristically significant correlations with TOPS survey items dealing with depression-related physical immobilization and suicidal ideation. Results indicate that these scale had limited value in identifying these significant depression-related symptoms among the 88 drug abusers (M age of 29 yr.)
Social Management Techniques for Classroom Teachers
Authors: Fontenelle Scuddy , Holliman William
Published: September 2011

The present study incorporated contingent positive verbal feedback from the teacher and contingent students' free-time in an applied behavioral management program. Data demonstrate increased on-task behavior by students following introduction of high rates of positive verbal feedback from the teacher. Finally, students exhibited on-task behavior when free-time was made contingent upon completion of academic tasks.
Socially Maladjusted Adolescents' Perceptions of Their Families
Authors: Fox Robert , Rotatori Anthony F. , Macklin Faye , Green Herman , Fox Theresa
Published: September 2011

The Family Environment Scale, a 90-item true-false instrument used to evaluate the social climate of families, was administered to 17 socially maladjusted adolescents. The results showed that these adolescents perceived their families as not highly supportive or concerned about each member's welfare. These families were perceived as providing little cultural, intellectual or recreational stimulation in the home. The families scored relatively higher on the Conflict subscale which measures the extent to which open expression of anger and aggression are characteristic of the family. Implications of these data for understanding and programming for the socially maladjusted child were discussed. Also the clinical and educational utility, e.g., structuring counseling sessions, planning home visits, of the scale was delineated.
Correlations of Shyness with Depression, Anxiety, and Academic Performance
Authors: Traub Gary S.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the correlation of shyness with depression, anxiety, and academic performance ( N = 187). As reported previously, shyness was positively correlated with anxiety and depression. However, shy people tended to have higher grade point averages than nonshy people. The author suggests that the attainment of high grades may play a maintaining role in the avoidance of social interaction. Further research is needed.
Older People's Anxiety about Afterlife
Authors: Baum Steven K.
Published: September 2011

293 elderly persons in Los Angeles were administered an item on anxiety about afterlife and several measures of wellness to test the relationship between afterlife anxiety and well-being. Pearson correlations did not support the hypothesis, although small effects were noted for time perception and setting, that is, elders who perceive time as slow and those who lived in institutions tended to feel more anxious about life after death.
Female Teachers' Classroom Interactions with Boys and Girls as Predictors of Their Self-Definition of Sex-Role Type
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

44 female teachers in Grades 7 and 8 were observed by two observers for 6 separate 20-min. periods, from which 2 measures of teachers' interaction were derived, proportion of approval to total behavior in interactions with boys and proportion of approval to total behaviors with girls. Teachers then completed the Bem Sex-role Inventory and 11 teachers each were categorized as Androgynous (+,+), Masculine (+, −), Feminine (−, +), and Undifferentiated (−, −) by a median-split procedure. The two measures of classroom behavior were then used as predictor variables in a discriminant analysis to predict sex-role type. Of 44, 23 or 53% were correctly classified, 17 of whom were self-defined as “Masculine” or “Feminine.”
Characteristics of Persons Utilizing the Insanity Plea
Authors: Hawkins Michael R. , Pasewark Richard A.
Published: September 2011

Analysis of studies reporting upon defendants using the insanity defense suggests such defendants to be generally: male, of Caucasian ethnicity, older than the typical criminal defendant, single, unskilled vocationally, having previous psychiatric hospitalization, and having a prior arrest history.
Quantitative Analysis of Previous Research on Use of Evaluation
Authors: Thompson Bruce , Levitov Justin E.
Published: September 2011

The study reports effect-size computations for previous quantitative studies of the use of information on program evaluation, with a view toward identifying patterns in previous results and possible directions for further research. It is suggested that more non-simulation studies and more studies using non-university samples are needed. Studies investigating the possible influences of context on use of evaluation are also needed. Although this literature is still emerging, such research may eventually provide guidance for more effective evaluative practices.
“X” and the Single Girl: Of Parental Investment, Reproductive Strategies, and the Overly Cautious Female
Authors: Bixler Ray H.
Published: September 2011

Female mammals are more cautious in their selection of mates than are males. These differing reproductive strategies are a function of their differing degrees of parental investment. It is reasonable to predict that variations in deviant and unfit strategies would differ between the sexes. That males are much more likely than females to utilize “unfit” sexual outlets is well known. Kinsey, et al. (1953) reported that the incidence of human females incapable of erotic arousal is much larger than that of males. That this “unfit” deviation is more common in females is consistent with their cautious reproductive strategy.
Community Dispersion or Problem Resolution?: Hypothetical Plight of Community Residential Patients with Appendicitis
Authors: Morgan Robert F.
Published: September 2011

A fresh role for fading institutions is suggested: resolution of problems migrating now to new community settings.
Personal Space, Crowding, and the Interference Model of Test Anxiety
Authors: Mc Elroy James C. , Middlemist R. Dennis
Published: September 2011

A university examination provided the setting for testing a hypothesis from the interference model of test anxiety. Since the model assumes that the test situation interferes with task-relevant behavior, two environmentally-relevant test factors were manipulated, the number of students present in the examination room and the positions of proctors. No effect for either environmental factor alone was noted; however, a significant interaction was found. Students taking the examination in the crowded test room and positioned a medium distance from the proctor reported higher anxiety levels and scored lower on the test than did those students in the other treatment conditions. Results are discussed in light of the literature on spatial constraint.
Movie-Inspired Violence
Authors: Wilson Wayne , Hunter Randy
Published: September 2011

A compilation of 58 incidents of alleged movie-inspired violence from 1970 through 1982 produced findings dominated by male victims, handguns, and one particular movie, The Deer Hunter. The need to structure a causal connection between pretend violence and real violence led the authors to propose a three-step standard of identification, perseveration of beliefs, and execution of those beliefs. This standard is explored in relation to several movies, including the insanity case of John Hinckley ( Taxi Driver) and of a young mother charged with killing her daughter ( The Exorcist).
Normative Ethics of Two Categories of Offenders
Authors: Wolff Joseph L. , Smith Kathi S.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has established that various measures of moral reasoning and axiological orientation are capable of differentiating criminal from noncriminal populations and between probationers convicted of various types of offenses. Traditional personality measures (such as the MMPI), by comparison, do not seem to discriminate so reliably. In the present study a new measure of moral reasoning, the Moral Content Components Test, was explored as a possible aid for the classification of probationers requiring different degrees of supervision. Two scales reliably distinguished probationers requiring regular or intensive supervision. It was concluded that the test has potential as an aid to probationary classification.
Applied Relaxation (Coping) in Control of Laboratory Pain: Effects of Signalled Pain and Instructions of When to Relax
Authors: Linton Steven J. , Götestam K. Gunnar
Published: September 2011

This experiment was designed to test the idea that using a warning signal and relaxing before a pain stimulus was applied (a common coping strategy) would lead to significantly greater improvements in pain threshold and tolerance than relaxing after pain was first experienced. Three groups of 10 subjects participated in cold-pressor pain tests before and after relaxation training. The relaxation training was exactly the same for all three groups, but the experimental group was provided a warning signal 1 min. before the posttest began, and they relaxed at the signal. One control group was given the same signal, but they relaxed when they first felt pain. A second control group had no signal, and they also relaxed when they felt the pain. The results did not support the hypothesis. Both control groups improved significantly more in pain threshold and tolerance than the experimental group. There were no significant differences between the groups on subjective evaluations of the pain or on control measures of expectancy level, compliance, or ability to relax. These results point to the need for research concerning the use of warning signals and early relaxation in coping programs.
Adolescent Compulsion: A Case Study Involving Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment
Authors: Morelli George
Published: September 2011

Behavioral tapping in three's by a 13-yr.-old boy during baseline, treatment, and 9-mo. follow-up is described. Treatment at home involved training family members in awareness of distorted cognitions and contingency management using a repetition-extinction technique. A marked change in compulsive behavior occurred on Day 3 of treatment. At follow-up no such behavior was noted.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale
Authors: Mitchell Susan E. , Newell G. Kathleen , Schumm Walter R.
Published: September 2011

Further development of a brief measure of marital satisfaction is reported. The Kansas Marital Satisfaction (KMS) Scale was administered to 106 mothers who participated in a pretest for a nutrition education program. In accordance with previous research, Cronbach alpha estimates of internal consistency reliability were, at .96 or greater, more than adequate; test-retest reliability of the scale was substantial, as indicated by an r of .71 over a 10-wk. interval. Non-significant to moderate correlations of scores on the scale with individual social desirability and with scores on subscales of the Family Environment Scale were found.
Developmental Changes in Attitudes toward Cigarette Smokers during Early Adolescence
Authors: Botvin Elizabeth M. , Botvin Gilbert J. , Baker Eli
Published: September 2011

Attitudes of 104 sixth, 137 seventh, and 110 eighth graders concerning the social image of cigarette smoking were examined to identify potential developmental differences. Significant differences were found between the attitudes of sixth, seventh, and eighth graders; sixth graders had the least positive attitudes and the eighth graders the most positive attitudes. A significant interaction of sex × grade was also evident; the sixth grade boys had the least favorable attitudes toward smokers. No significant differences were evident between students who had friends who smoke and those who did not. These findings suggest that, in addition to the many other developmental changes occurring during early adolescence, there is a shift toward a more positive social image of cigarette smoking that is unrelated to the smoking status of friends.
The Carleton University Responsiveness to Suggestion Scale: Stability, Reliability, and Relationships with Expectancy and “Hypnotic Experiences”
Authors: Spanos Nicholas P. , Radtke H. Lorraine , Hodgins David C. , Bertrand Lorne D. , Stam Henderikus J. , Dubreuil Debora L.
Published: September 2011

The Carleton University Responsiveness to Suggestion Scale was administered twice to 152 subjects in small groups. The interval between testings ranged from 2 wk. to 3 mo. The three suggestibility dimensions remained relatively stable across testings. For both testings scores on the Objective dimension (CURSS: O) were substantially higher than those on the Objective-Involuntariness dimension (CURSS: OI). This indicates that many subjects who “passed” suggestions in terms of overt response, rated their responses as primarily voluntary rather than involuntary. All three suggestibility dimensions correlated significantly with expectations for hypnosis and Field's “hypnotic experiences” inventory. However, neither expectancies nor “hypnotic experiences” correlated significantly with the number of “passed” responses rated as primarily voluntary (CURSS: VC, i.e., Voluntary Cooperation scores). Theoretical implications are discussed.
Effects of Sample Composition on Coefficient Estimation and Hypothesis Testing by Correlation with a Dummy Variable
Authors: Reidenbach R. Eric , Oliva Terence A. , Crino Michael D.
Published: September 2011

This paper explored sample composition as a potential source of error in coefficient estimation and hypothesis testing by correlation with a dummy variable. Specific examples were provided to demonstrate to researchers the significance of this source of error. Although the problem is examined in light of the statistical consequences, composition of the sample, which is the actual source of error, is a methodological issue.
Neuroticism, Extraversion and Sex Differences in Short and Long Sleepers
Authors: Skinner Nicholas F.
Published: September 2011

Compared to 27 long sleepers, 28 short sleepers (particularly females) scored significantly lower on Neuroticism and higher on Extraversion. These data support earlier findings and argue against more recent suggestions that high levels of anxiety are characteristic of individuals who sleep less than 6 hr. daily.
Adolescents' Self-Disclosure in Individual and Group Theme-Centered Modeling, Reflecting, and Probing Interviews
Authors: Mills Marlene Christine
Published: September 2011

The effectiveness of psychotherapeutic techniques, individual and group conditions, and themes as facilitators of self-disclosure were assessed. 50 subjects aged 12 to 16 yr. were assigned to one of the five techniques: control or no technique, Modeling 1, Modeling 2, reflecting, or probing. Within their techniques the adolescents were interviewed either individually or in a group and discussed either a medium-intimate or low-intimate theme during 5 30-min. tape-recorded sessions. Self-statements were measured according to Haymes' and Neidhart's instruments. Modeling 2 facilitated the most self-disclosure for subjects interviewed individually. This indicates that subjects who read a large number of self-disclosing statements produced much disclosure. Group conditions stimulated disclosure due to social modeling effects, and low-intimate themes influenced the quality not the quantity of expression. The response categories on the two instruments were positively correlated and valid measures of self-disclosure. The findings question whether the transparency stimulated by the modeling techniques and group social models reflected imitation or reciprocity and to what extent modeled disclosure can be considered as one's own.
Impulsive Behavior and Assessment of Impulsivity with Hospitalized Adolescents
Authors: Oas Peter
Published: September 2011

Psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents were administered Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures test and were rated for impulsive behavior based on the DSM III criteria for the diagnosis of Attention Deficit Disorder. Scores on these two measures were compared to actual reported incidents of impulsive behavior in an attempt to assess the construct validity of Kagan's test and the Behavior Rating Scale.
Attitude toward Equal Rights Amendment Scale: An Objective Measurement Tool of Attitudes toward Equal Rights Legislation
Authors: Gibb Gerald D. , Bailey James R.
Published: September 2011

One of the most recent controversial topics concerns the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). There is, however, no objective instrument currently available to measure directly attitudes toward such legislation. This study developed such an instrument. The newly developed instrument was administered to 282 men and women who ranged in age from 15 to 76 yr. and were from rural, suburban, and urban environments. Women were significantly more favorable in attitudes toward the ERA than men. Age was a reliable predictor of attitude toward the ERA for women, older women being less favorable.
Romantic Attitudes of American University Students
Authors: Prentice Daniel S. , Briggs Nancy E. , Bradley David W.
Published: September 2011

To identify attitudes toward romantic behavior among college students and to construct an instrument which measures those attitudes two phases of a romantic attitude survey were administered in successive samples to a total of 787 college students. Three major dimensions of romantic love were identified as Traditional Romance, Sexual Behavior, and Routine Activities. Four additional, less stable factors also emerged but were absorbed by the three major factors in the cross-validation sample. The more salient indicaters of romance were found among Traditional Romance and Sexual Behavior factors.
A Speculative Illness Model of Over-Eating and Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Bachmann Meinolf , Röhr Heinz-Peter
Published: September 2011

We have speculated that over-eating or voluntary starving may lead to physical addiction to certain eating practices after which the practice is permanently misused as a means of tranquilization. The addiction was defined as a breaking off of excessive starving or eating practices is only possible with great physical and psychic symptoms of withdrawal. Abstinence of over-eaters and anorexia nervosa patients is handled as follows: “Eating is reduced to the nourishing of the body; the excessive eater and anorexia nervosa patient stop any further variable arrangements for eating.” The targets of therapy which are motivation, insight into one's condition, and working off of the background of the addiction are considered compulsory and must be addressed in this sequence.
Relationship between Social Support and Selected Measures of Psychological Well-Being
Authors: Schultz B. J. , Saklofske D. H.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between the qualitative and quantitative dimensions of social support and various psychological variables, including loneliness, stress, self-esteem, locus of control, and psychological impairment. 104 volunteer undergraduate students were administered questionnaires evaluating each variable. On the basis of scores derived from the Social Relationships Scale, subjects were classified into four levels of social support. A significant multivariate effect was found for the qualitative dimension, Helpfulness. Follow-up procedures determined that significant differences between groups high and low on helpfulness were evidenced for the loneliness variable only, with the low-scoring group reporting more loneliness.
Effect of a Positive Reminiscing Intervention on Affect, Expectancy, and Performance
Authors: Hedgepeth Bruce E. , Hale W. Daniel
Published: September 2011

The effects of a positive reminiscing intervention were examined in 60 females who ranged in age from 60 to 98 yr. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. The subjects in the first group received a positive reminiscing intervention and were then tested for changes in affect, expectancy, and performance. The subjects in the second group were encouraged to discuss pleasant present experiences and then given the same dependent measures. The control group subjects were given the dependent measures and then asked to talk about either past or present experiences. In this sample no significant differences among the groups were found on any measure, which indicates that reminiscing may not always be an effective intervention.
Polarizations of Personality: A Factor Explanation
Authors: Hudson Maxie P.
Published: September 2011

This study examines six polarities to determine whether a one-factor (unipolar) or two-factor (bipolar) canonical interpretation generated the more precise data for the eight subscales of the Tennessee Self-concept Scale. A canonical correlation was performed on each of the six polarities. For four of the six, a bipolar explanation provided more precise data than did a unipolar explanation of self-concept as measured by the self-concept scale. The four significant polarities were sensing-intuition, thinking-feeling, judgment-perception, and masculinity-femininity.
Social Functioning Assessment of Aftercare Psychiatric Patients in Socialization Therapy
Authors: Peterson Lorrie
Published: September 2011

The Social Functioning Index, a rating scale for assessment of aftercare psychiatric patients in socialization therapy, is presented with a summary of its developmental and validation procedures.
The Academic Psychologist
Authors: Shapiro S. I.
Published: September 2011

Graduate students are often not given sufficient practical information to ensure their academic and professional success. Appropriate references are therefore provided in a variety of practical areas.
Evaluating Firefighters' Performance
Authors: Allen Lawrence
Published: September 2011

This study compared the performance ratings of 171 firefighters over a 1½-yr. period using a newly developed performance evaluation system. The objective was to develop an evaluation system that would not discriminate against blacks and that would eliminate a strong leniency bias in effect for all firefighters. Data analysis for three separate rating periods showed that there were no significant differences between scores of whites and blacks and that the leniency bias had been eliminated.
Against Generic “Behavior”
Authors: Teske John A.
Published: September 2011

An argument is presented against the generic use of the term “behavior” in characterizing the entire range of human activity. Historical variations in the use of “behavior” are mentioned, and a terminology is suggested based on part-whole rather than class-inclusion relations and incorporating distinctions based on function and intention. Support for an emergence-holist approach to distinct levels of observed human activity is drawn from the literature on event perception and on the perceptual segmentation of behavior. Finally, an emergent-unit vocabulary is put forth to distinguish between action, behavior, and movement. Further extensions are suggested with an aim toward bridging the person-behavior gap.
Studies Show People Still Willing to Help a Stranger, but Especially a Woman
Authors: Fedler Fred
Published: September 2011

Five field studies indicate that most people will help anyone, even a stranger, who requests their help. But also, people are more willing to help women than men and, under most circumstances, people who are well dressed rather than poorly dressed.
Correlations of Scores on the Developing Cognitive Abilities Test and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised for Intellectually Gifted Students
Authors: Karnes Frances A. , Lee Leta A.
Published: September 2011

The Spatial Ability area of the Developing Cognitive Abilities Test gave small correlations of .22 with the WISC-R Performance IQ and .32 with the WISC-R Full Scale IQ for 77 intellectually gifted students in Grades 5 to 8. Other correlations among measures were negligible.
Efficacy of Popular Music in Learning Music Concepts in Seventh Grade General Music Classes
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

In each of 12 class periods during a 20-day exploratory experiment in seventh-grade general music classes, examples of popular music were played in an experimental group ( n = 30) while additional serious music examples were played in the control group ( n = 28). The examples were carefully selected to illustrate particular musical concepts. The experimental group scored significantly higher on the Perceptive Listening Skills Test with IQ a significant covariate. Age and sex main effects were not significant but an interaction of age by sex showed that younger males and older females scored higher than older males and younger females.
Personality Traits of Parents of Gifted Children
Authors: Fell Larry , Dahlstrom Mark , Winter D. Campbell
Published: September 2011

62 parents of gifted children completed the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire. In comparison to the general male population, the fathers tended to be more intelligent, more independent, more aloof, more assertive, and more tense. The mothers also tended to be more intelligent and more independent but were also more conscientious, persistent, and took a more calculated controlled approach to life than the general female population. As a combined group, the parents of gifted children were found to be more intelligent, more likely to stand by their own ideas, more assertive, more independent, self-controlled, and persistent than the general population.
Enhancing Prosocial Play between Handicapped and Nonhandicapped Preschool Children
Authors: Poresky Robert H. , Hooper Dani Jo
Published: September 2011

In a single-subject experimental design effects of social toys in a teacher-mediated comprehensive treatment on the social play of three preschool handicapped children was examined. The comprehensive treatment included imitative cooperative lesson plans, environmental structure, and teachers' in-service education. The children's baselines began with solitary play and rose to parallel play in the second comprehensive treatment when the. teachers made greatest use of appropriate prompting and reinforcement. These results illustrate the feasibility of teacher-mediated versus researcher-mediated efforts to enhance the social interaction of handicapped and nonhandicapped preschool children.
Test-Retest Reliability of a Formula-Scored Multiple-Choice Test
Authors: Weitzman R. A.
Published: September 2011

In an ideal multiple-choice test, defined as a multiple-choice test containing only items with options that are all equally guessworthy, the probability of guessing the correct answer to an item is equal to the reciprocal of the number of the item's options. This article presents an asymptotically exact estimator of the test-retest reliability of an ideal multiple-choice test. When all test items have the same number of options, computation of the estimator requires, in addition to the number of options per item, the same information as computation of the Kuder-Richardson Formula 21: the total number of items answered correctly on a single testing occasion by each person tested. Both for ideal multiple-choice tests and for nonideal multiple-choice tests for which the average probability of guessing the correct answer to an item is equal to the reciprocal of the number of options per item, Monte Carlo data show that the estimator is considerably more accurate than the Kuder-Richardson Formula 21 and, in fact, is very nearly exact in populations of the order of 1000 persons.
Relationship of the Child Behavior Checklist to an Independent Measure of Psychopathology
Authors: Rosenberg Leon A. , Harris James C. , Singer Harvey S.
Published: September 2011

The parents of 28 patients with Tourette syndrome completed the Child Behavior Checklist. Severity of illness rankings were obtained from the therapist by use of the Q-sort method. Statistically significant positive correlations were obtained between several of the checklist measures and the measure of severity of illness. The results demonstrated a sensitivity of the checklist to variations in degree of dysfunction that if successfully replicated would indicate that the Child Behavior Checklist could be a valuable measure in research on treatment outcome.
Death Anxiety Scale Means and Standard Deviations for Ontario Undergraduates and Funeral Directors
Authors: Schell Bernadette H. , Zinger J. Terence
Published: September 2011

Templer's Death Anxiety Scale is a 15-item true-false inventory designed to assess death anxiety in individuals. This procedure, developed and tested in the United States, has here been applied to a Canadian sample of 340 respondents: 42 community college computer science students, 93 university students, 56 community college funeral service students, and 149 licensed funeral service directors in Ontario. In doing so, the stability of previous USA findings and the reliability and generalizability of the instrument have also been investigated. The instrument was distributed to all respondents by mail. A major finding was that funeral directors appear to have lower death anxiety than college students. Implications of this research along educational lines are discussed.
Disablement and Helping
Authors: Edelmann Robert J. , Scott Allan , Scott Janice , Singh Eleanor , Trotter Ray , Wright Maria
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effect of apparent disablement and sex differences on helping behaviour. Women received more help than men but the presence of a wheelchair did not decrease the amount of help offered. It is suggested that the presence of a wheelchair may cause less embarrassment to the help-giver than other more disfiguring handicaps.
Factor Analytical Study of Nunnally's Scale of Popular Concepts of Mental Health
Authors: Ahmed S. M. S. , Viswanathan P.
Published: September 2011

This study reports factor analysis of and estimates of reliability of responses to Nunnally's scale measuring popular concepts of mental health. The study employed 179 subjects. The factor analyses resulted in 18 factors, which are difficult to interpret. Both estimates of reliability are low. That is, all the measures indicate that the scale lacks homogeneity.
Factor Analysis of Curiosity Measures in Adults
Authors: Olson Kenneth R. , Camp Cameron J.
Published: September 2011

Factor analyses were conducted of several commonly used questionnaire measures of curiosity in adults. A General Curiosity factor emerged in both total scale and subscale factorings. This factor included the Melbourne State and Trait Personality Questionnaires, the Academic Curiosity Scale, the Ontario Test of Intrinsic Motivation Specific Curiosity subscales, and Spielberger's State and Trait Curiosity Inventories. Rather than measuring curiosity, the Proverbs Test appeared to reflect venturesomeness, and the Diversive Curiosity Scale and Sensation Seeking Scale loaded on an Experience Seeking factor. Additional findings are discussed.
Fear of Success Consequence Scale: Measurement of Fear of Social Consequences of Academic Success
Authors: Ishiyama F. Ishu , Chabassol David J.
Published: September 2011

An 18-item fear of consequences of success scale was developed and administered to 381 high school students. The scale has three subscales which measure (a) fear of negative peer reactions, (b) fear of compliments, and (c) fear of increased responsibility and expectations for continuous success as possible consequences of academic success. The scale evidenced an internal consistency reliability coefficient (Cronbach a) of .90 and significant item-total correlations (.50 ∼ .73), with a test-retest coefficient of .64 over 8 wk. Girls scored significantly higher on all the subscale and the total scores than did boys. The younger groups were more fearful about social consequences of success than were the older groups. Differences among the three grades were also significant. Possible research is mentioned.
Emotive-Reconstructive Therapy and Reduction of Artists' Problem Behaviors and Negative Self-Constructs: A Pilot Study
Authors: Morrison James K. , Holdridge Susan
Published: September 2011

A pilot study of the effect of emotive-reconstructive therapy on 10 artists' problem behaviors and self-constructs indicated that after an average of 15 sessions of therapy, artists reported a significant reduction of problem behaviors, e.g., depression, sleep disturbances, and negative self-constructs.
Notes toward a Formal Definition of Strategy
Authors: Best John B.
Published: September 2011

Some criticisms of the use of the term “strategy” are presented, and a formal definition is offered.
Precipitants of Agoraphobia: Role of Stressful Life Events
Authors: Last Cynthia G. , Barlow David H. , O'Brien Gerald T.
Published: September 2011

Detailed clinical interviews were conducted with 58 agoraphobics to assess the precipitants of the disorder. Results supported the notion that stressful life events usually precede the development of agoraphobia. While interpersonal conflict was the most frequently cited stressor, other stressful life events also were often reported as precipitants.
Comparison of Behavioral Characteristics and Self-Concepts of American Indian and Caucasian Preschoolers
Authors: Bruneau Odette J.
Published: September 2011

In this study were compared the scores of American Indian and Caucasian preschoolers on the Preschool Behavior Questionnaire, which is scored by teachers to screen for emotional disturbance, and the Primary Self-concept Inventory, a self-report measure of self-concept. Also examined were the intercorrelations of behavioral characteristics and elements of self-concept. A multivariate analysis of the variance comparing scores on each measure gave no significant difference for race. Pairwise comparisons examined relationships between separate scores on the two tests. Significant correlations were found between the Primary Self-concept Inventory factor, Intellectual-self, and the Preschool Behavior Questionnaire factors of Total, Anxious, and Hyperactive. Findings suggest that preschoolers who show indications of emotional disturbance are more likely to retain negative views of themselves as learners.
Appreciation of Cartoons with Profanity in Captions
Authors: Sewell Edward H.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated sex differences in appreciation of cartoons with three levels of profanity in the captions. 111 female and 99 male students evaluated the cartoon with mild profanity in the caption as funnier than either the non-profane or strong-profanity caption. When the cartoon caption was non-profane, there was no difference between men's and women's evaluations of funniness, but when the cartoon caption included either mild or strong profanity, men found the cartoon funnier than women.
The Nomothetical Network of a Machiavellianism Scale
Authors: Vleeming R. G.
Published: September 2011

The study examined construct validity of a Machiavellianism scale for 123 students aged 19 to 42 yr. Analysis indicated a four-cluster solution and significant relations with authoritarianism and social desirability. All results supported previous findings.