bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Purification of an Antigen from the Taenia crassiceps Metacestode Vesicular Fluid Highly Sensitive in Detecting IgG‐Antibodies (ELISA) in Calves with Experimental Cysticercosis*
Authors: Kalinna B. , Geyer E. , Walther M.
Published: May 2010

This study reports on the purification of an antigen predominant within the vesicular fluid (VF) of T. crassiceps metacestodes and shown to share identity with the major vesicular fluid protein of the T.saginata larval stage. Purification was achieved by gel filtration of the VF on Sephacryl S‐300 superfine, followed by ion exchange HPLC.

The antigen represents a single polypeptide chain (Mr appr. 37,000) with carbohydrate moieties without affinity to ConA. Isoelectric focusing of the electrophoretical and immunological homogeneous antigen resulted in five bands focusing at pH4.0, 4.2, 4.4, 4.6 and 4.8, respectively.

In ELISA, the purified antigen detected serum IgG‐antibodies in all 21–35 weeks old calves (n = 10) with experimental cysticercosis (70 to 6,000 viable larvae recovered). When compared to T. saginata metacestode VF the antigen was the better reagent for discriminating between infected and non‐infected animals.

As shown by immunodiffusion and ELISA the antigen is also common to the T. saginata adult stage and obviously to other taeniid metacestodes where it is accumulated in the VF or hydatid fluid.

Reinigung eines Antigens aus Zystenflüssigkeit von T. crassiceps‐Metazestoden mit hoher Sensitivität zum Nachweis von IgG‐Antikörpern (ELISA) bei Kälbern mit experimenteller Zystizerkose

Berichtet wird über die Reinigung des in der Zystenflüssigkeit von T. crassiceps‐Metazestoden überwiegenden Antigens, das mit demjenigen der Zystenflüssigkeit von T. saginata‐Metazestoden identisch ist.

Die Reinigung erfolgte durch Gelfiltration (Sephacryl S‐300 superfine) und HPLC (TSK DEAE 5‐PW). Das Antigen besteht aus einer Polypeptidkette (Mr etwa 37000) mit Kohlenhydratanteilen ohne ConA‐Affinität. Es bildet in der SDS‐PAGE eine Bande bzw. in der 2‐D‐Immunoelektrophorese mit Antiserum gegen die Zystenflüssigkeit ein Präzipitat. Nach isoelektrischer Fokussierung lassen sich 5 Banden bei pH 4,0; 4,2; 4,4; 4,6 und 4,8 nachweisen.

Mit dem gereinigten Antigen konnten im ELISA bei allen Kälbern (n=10; Alter: 21–35 Wochen) mit experimenteller Zystizerkose (70–6000 vitale Finnen) IgG‐Antikörper nachgewiesen werden. Es war zum serologischen Infektionsnachweis besser geeignet als die T. saginata‐Zystenflüs‐sigkeit. Durch Immundiffusion und ELISA wurde gezeigt, daß das Antigen auch im T. saginata‐Adultstadium nachweisbar und angereichert offenbar auch Bestandteil der Zystenflüssigkeit anderer Taeniiden (z. B. E. granulosus) ist.
Screening for Antibodies Against Infectious Bronchitis Virus: Specificity of the Haemagglutination Inhibition Test
Authors: Toro H. , Hidalgo H. , Cardoso W. , Morales M. A.
Published: May 2010

A screening of antibodies against strain M‐41 and the Dutch variant strains D‐274 and D‐1466 of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) using the haemagglutination inhibition test (HI) was carried out in Chile. The presence of these variant strains has not been reported yet and therefore the probability of finding positive flocks is low. On this basis some statistical analysis were made with those data obtained in order to contribute to the problem of the specificity of the HI test for IBV diagnosis. All sera were distributed in different categories of possible results against each strain according with the HI titre obtained and employing different discrimination levels for a positive or negative status against IBV. It was concluded that discrimination levels varying from 4.0 to 5.0 log2 are useful for establishing the presence or absence of antibodies against IBV but if a serotype specific diagnosis is needed, then the discrimination level should be elevated, specially when secondary immune responses are measured.
Leukotoxic Activity ofClostridium perfringensof Equine Origin
Authors: Kanoe Masamitsu , Inoue Satsuki
Published: May 2010

Leukotoxic activity of equine isolates ofClostridium perfringenstype A was examined. Thirty‐seven isolates (94.9%) of 39 isolates demonstrated leukotoxic effects on mouse peritoneal macrophages. Phase contrast microscopy revealed that the toxic preparations induced rounded protoplasmic extrusion and sometimes destruction of the cells, leaving some membrane fragments. These findings suggest that the leukotoxic activity could be considered to be a virulence factor ofC. perfringens.
Epidemiological Studies on the Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in the Feces of Dairy Cattle
Authors: Husu J.R.
Published: May 2010

Seasonal variation in the fecal shedding of Listeria spp. in dairy cattle was examined by collecting a total of 3,878 fecal samples during a period of two years. The prevalences of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes were higher during the indoor season (12.7% and 9.2%, respectively) than in samples collected from the animals on pasture (5.3 % and 3.1 %, respectively). The highest frequencies of Listeria spp. (19.4%) and L. monocytogenes (16.1 %) were detected in December. Listeriae were isolated from at least one of the dairy cows from 45.8 % of the 249 herds examined. 2.9% of the 314 milk samples collected from the farm bulk tanks on 80 dairy farms on four different occasions yielded L. monocytogenes. The seasonal occurrence of these bacteria in milk reflected the frequencies of Listeria in the fecal material but not those in the main roughage used; grass silage and pasture grass. Fecal material is considered to be a potential source of contamination of raw milk by L. monocytogenes. Investigation of the numbers of viable Listeria organisms in different animal fodders is considered essential in further epidemiological studies of these bacteria.
Euter‐Immunisierung zum Schutz des Kalbes gegenüber Salmonella‐Infektionen
Authors: Staak C. , Kämpe U. , Luge E.
Published: May 2010

Mammary gland vaccination for the protection of calves against Salmonella infection

2. Serological results of colostrum in relation to its protective activity

Colostrum from cows which had been mammary gland vaccinated against salmonellosis were tested for antibodies by four different serological tests. Results from these tests were related to the protective activity for artificially infected calves. In opposition to agglutinating antibodies and antibodies detected by ELISA, complement fixing antibodies of the IgG1 class were shown to transfer early protection in artificially infected calves.

Im vorangegangenen Teil der Untersuchungen zum Schutz des Kalbes gegenüber S. dublin‐ und S. typhi‐murium‐Infektionen durch Kolostrum euter‐immunisierter Kühe wurde festgestellt, daß diese Maßnahme klinische Erscheinungen verhinderte und die Ausscheidungsrate der Erreger nach Prüfinfektionen mengenmäßig aber nicht in bezug auf die Ausscheidungsdauer erheblich reduzierte (Staak u. Mitarb., im Druck). Im Vergleich zu nicht immunisierten Kühen und deren Kälber wurden nach Euter‐Immunisierung hohe Werte spezifischer Ig‐Klassen im Kolostrum sowie im Serum des Muttertieres und im Serum des Empfängerkalbes registriert. Es gelang aber unter Einsatz des DIG‐ELISA (Johnson u. Mitarb., 1984/85) nicht, stärker oder schwächer ausgeprägte Schutzwirkungen einer bestimmten Ig‐Klasse zuzuordnen, d.h., schützendes Ig muß sich noch durch eine andere Qualität als die der reinen Klassenzugehörigkeit und Spezifität auszeichnen.

Das Erkennen eines entsprechenden Parameters ist für praktische Zwecke nützlich: Es würde erlauben, schutzmäßig wertvolles von minderwertigem Kolostrum zu unter‐scheiden, womit im Bedarfsfall die Möglichkeit gegeben wäre, auf das Verabreichen von konserviertem schützenden Kolostrum auszuweichen. Das Erkennen eines bestimmten serologischen Verhaltens als Ausdruck von Schutz kann außerdem dazu führen, durch Änderung der Immunisierung oder Beachtung bestimmter Regeln schützendes Kolostrum mit hoher Regelmäßigkeit gezielt zu provozieren.

Kolostren von Kühen, die mit einer Salmonella‐Vakzine euter‐immunisiert worden waren, wurden mit vier verschiedenen serologischen Verfahren untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen wurden zu der Schutzwirkung dieser Kolostren auf künstlich infizierte Kälber in Beziehung gesetzt. Komplement‐bindende Antikörper der IgG1‐Klasse erwiesen sich im Gegensatz zu agglutinierenden und im ELISA nachgewiesenen Antikörpern als ein Indikator für Schutz während der frühen Infektionsphase.
The Distributions of Phytohemagglutinin‐P and Concanavalin A Binding Sites on Equine, Bovine and Canine Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes
Authors: Tajima Motoshi , Fujinaga Toru , Mizuno Shinya , Otomo Kanjuro
Published: May 2010

The distributions of phytohemagglutinin‐P (PHA) and concanavalin A (ConA) binding sites were investigated for equine, bovine and canine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Non‐B lymphocytes were collected from each PBL using a fluorescence‐activated cell sorter (FACS), and the numbers of PHA and ConA binding sites on their surfaces were counted. Most PHA binding sites on PBL of the three species were shown on the surfaces of non‐B lymphocytes. On the other hand, the ConA binding sites on equine and canine PBL existed mainly on the surfaces of non‐B lymphocytes, but B lymphocytes of these two species had many ConA binding sites. These results were confirmed by the results of two‐parameter fluorescence analysis using FACS. It is, therefore, concluded that the different optimum concentrations of PHA and ConA in PBL blastogenic responses of each animal depended on the different distributions of their binding sites.

Die Ausprägung von Phytohämagglutinin‐P und Concanavalin A‐Bindungsstellen auf equinen, bovinen und caninen peripheren Blutlymphozyten

Die Verteilung der Bindungsstellen für Phytohämagglutinin‐P (PHA) and Concanavalin A (ConA) auf equinen, bovinen und caninen peripheren Blutlymphozyten (PBL) wurde untersucht.

Die nicht der B‐Zellreihe zugehörigen Lymphozyten aus den PBL jeder Spezies wurden mit Hilfe der Durchflußzytometrie (fluorescence activated cell sorter, FACS) separiert und die Zahl der PHA‐ und ConA‐Bindungsstellen auf der Zelloberfläche bestimmt. Die meisten PHA‐Bindungsstellen auf PBL der drei Spezies wurden auf der Oberfläche der nicht den B‐Zellen zugehörigen Lymphozyten nachgewiesen. Im Gegensatz dazu waren zwar bei equinen und caninen PBL auch die meisten ConA‐Bindungsstellen auf Nicht‐B‐Lymphozyten festzustellen, aber die B‐Lymphozyten dieser zwei Spezies hatten ebenfalls zahlreiche ConA‐Bindungsstellen. Diese Ergebnisse wurden durch die Zwei‐Parameter‐Fluoreszenzanalysen mit der Durchflußzytometrie bestätigt. Man kann daraus schließen, daß die verschiedenen optimalen Konzentrationen an PHA und ConA für die blastogene Lymphozytenantwort bei verschiedenen Tierarten von der unterschiedlichen Verteilung der Bindungsstellen für diese Lektine bestimmt werden.
Persistence of Porcine Parvovirus in Swine InfectedIn Uteroand Followed through Maturity
Authors: Gradil C. M. , Joo H. S. , Molitor T. W.
Published: May 2010

The potential of porcine parvovirus (PPV) to persistently infect swine exposedin uterowas studied. Forty eight 80‐ to 95‐day‐old fetuses from 5 PPV seropositive sows were inoculated intramuscularly with a virulent strain of PPV or with cell culture medium (controls). Blood samples were collected at birth prior to nursing and at monthly intervals thereafter and tested for antibodies to PPV. Virus‐inoculated and control pigs were euthanized at either 1 week before birth (‐1), at birth (0) and at weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 22, and 28 after birth. Presence of viral DNA and antigen was evaluated using slot blot DNA hybridization and indirect FA techniques, respectively. All inoculated fetuses (n = 26) and 7 control fetuses (n = 22) seroconvertedin utero, and these pigs maintained antibody titers greater than log102 for the period of testing (0–38 weeks after birth). After passive antibody titers had reached subdetectable levels in control animals, animals remained seronegative through an additional 14 weeks of testing in spite of close contact with infected pigs. Virus antigen was not detected in any tissues examined from pigs euthanized at term. In contrast, PPV DNA was detected consistently from pigs at birth from various tissues, and from the lung of one pig at 6 weeks of age and from the lymph nodes of one pig euthanized at 28 weeks of age. The results indicate that pigs infected with PPVin uteromay be persistently infected, however the likelihood of shedding to contact animals is minimal.
The Influence of Mononuclear Leukocytes on the Chemotactic Responsiveness of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes of Bovines
Authors: Henricks P.A.J. , Grommers F.J. , van der Vliet H. , van de Geer D. , Nijkamp F. P.
Published: May 2010

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) isolated from the blood of bovines which do not react with an influx of cells into the milk upon intramammary administration of low doses of endotoxin (Group II), show a diminished chemotactic activityin vitroas compared to PMN of bovines which do respond to intramammary endotoxin administration (Group I; 8). The purpose of the present study was to determine whether other immune cells affected the chemotactic activity of PMN of Group I and II bovïnes. Mononuclear leukocyte suspensions of Group I animals had no effect on the migration of PMN of Group I animals. In contrast, the distance migrated by Group II PMN was diminished in the presence of Group II mononuclear leukocytes. As a consequence, this phenomenon resulted in a much larger difference in chemotactic activity of PMNin vitrobetween Group I and Group II bovines. It can be concluded that the chemotactic activity of PMN of animals which are more susceptible for mastitis as indicated by non‐responsiveness to intramammary endotoxin‐infusions, was further down‐regulated by mononuclear leukocytes.
A Study of the Life Cycle of Eimeria praecox, Johnson 1930
Authors: Salisch H.
Published: May 2010

The life cycle of a strain of Eimeria praecox derived from a single oocyst which was obtained from litter removed from a broiler farm in West‐Germany was examined. Four generations of schizonts were observed, maturing at 24 hpi, 40 hpi, 56 hpi and 68 hpi, respectively. Mature gamonts were seen at 80 hpi to 84 hpi, and oocysts were detected in the faeces at less than 84 hours postinfection in two of the five propagations of the strain. Results are compared with previous descriptions of the life cycle of E. praecox.
Serological Surveillance for Antibodies Against Different Avian Infectious Agents on Turkey Flocks Naturally Infected with Turkey Rhinotracheitis
Authors: Hafez H.M.
Published: May 2010

Turkey Rhinotracheitis (TRT) in the state of Baden‐Württemberg, Germany appears to have become endemic affecting all farms and every new restocking.

In 5 meat turkey flocks, serological surveillance for antibodies to TRT‐, IB‐ and IBD‐viruses, as well as to Pasteurella multocida were carried out using ELISA tests. Furthermore, sera were examined for the presence of antibodies to avian adenovirus (CELO virus), reo‐ and paramyxo‐viruses 1 and 3. The birds were bled at 4 week intervals starting at the first day of age through the 20th week.

Serological data indicated that in all turkey flocks surveyed after natural exposure to infection, there was a significant increase to TRT antibody levels which was usually accompanied with an increase in the number of positive sera to adenovirus. In addition, no antibodies to IB‐ and IBD‐viruses as well as to Pasteurella multocida could be detected in any of the examined sera. The results related to reo‐ and paramyxo‐viruses 1 and 3 will also be discussed.

Serologische Untersuchung zum Antikörpernachweis verschiedener aviärer Erreger in Putenherden nach natürlicher Infektion mit „Turkey Rhinotracheitis”

Die Rhinotracheitis der Puten ist in Baden‐Württemberg seit einigen Jahren endemisch. Alle Putenherden sowie alle neu eingestallten Tiere sind betroffen.

In 5 Mastputenherden wurden im ELISA serologische Verfolgsuntersuchungen zum Nachweis von Antikörpern gegen TRT‐, IB‐ und IBD‐Viren sowie gegen Pasteurella multocida durchgeführt. Zusätzlich wurden die Seren im AGPT auf Antikörper gegen aviäres Adenovirus (CELO‐Virus), Reovirus, sowie im HAH gegen die Paramyxoviren PMV1 und PMV3 untersucht. Den Tieren wurden in 4wöchigem Abstand Blutproben entnommen, beginnend am 1. Lebenstag bis zur 20. Lebenswoche.

Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen, daß bei allen 5 Putenherden nach der natürlichen Infektion mit TRT‐Virus ein signifikanter Anstieg des TRT‐Antikörperspiegels erfolgte. In allen Herden war gleichzeitig oder im Anschluß an die TRT‐Durchseuchung auch ein prozentualer Anstieg der Tiere mit präzipitierenden Antikörpern gegen Adenovirus‐Antigen zu beobachten. Antikörper gegen IB‐und IBD‐Virus sowie gegen Pasteurella multocida konnten in keinem der untersuchten Seren nachgewiesen werden.
Numerical Variations among Blood Mononuclear Cells during the Peripartal Period in the Gilt
Authors: Magnusson U. , Fossum C.
Published: May 2010

Numerical variations among mononuclear cells (MNC) were studied in blood collected from nine cross‐bred primiparous gilts during two weeks before and two weeks after parturition. Simultaneously, the plasma levels of cortisol and oestrone sulphate were measured.

The number of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) increased significantly (p < 0.05) at parturition, while the number of MNCs decreased significantly (p < 0.01) at the same time. Concomitantly with the total number of MNCs, the proportion of Ig‐bearing MNC (Ig+‐cells) also decreased significantly (p < 0.01). No considerable variations of the proportion of MNCs expressing MHC Class II antigen could be seen throughout the study. The proportion of MNC with receptor for the Fc‐part of IgG decreased significantly (p < 0.01) during the week preceding parturition, but increased (p < 0.05) again at parturition.

The proportion of Ig+‐cells was positively correlated both to the plasma level of oestrone sulphate and cortisol, while the number of Ig+‐cells was only positively correlated to the level of cortisol.

Thus, the study shows considerable numerical variations within the leukocyte sub‐populations in the gilt around parturition.
Flow Cytometric Enumeration of Reticulocyte in the Peripheral Blood from Canine infected with Babesia gibsoni
Authors: Uemura T. , Suzuki S. , Ohnishi T.
Published: May 2010

Peripheral blood samples from dogs infected with Babesia gibsoni were analyzed by a flow cytometer for the percentage of reticulocytes after staining with a membrane‐permeable fluorochrome, thiazole orange. Though thiazole orange has been reported to stain human reticulocytes and Plasmodium‐infected erythrocytes, number of positive cells determined by the flow cytometry did not include that of erythrocytes infected with Babesia gibsoni. Analysis of 51 samples revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.96 as compared to the conventional determination by light microscopy. Separation of reticulocytes from Babesia gibsoni‐infected erythrocytes by flow cytometry with or without the stain remained unresolved.
Distribution of Immunoglobulin‐Bearing Leukocytes in Bovine Mammary Tissue Infected Chronically withStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: Sordillo L. M. , Doymaz M. Z. , Oliver S. P.
Published: May 2010

Mammary parenchymal and teat end tissues from cows with chronicStaphylococcus aureusmastitis were examined to determine the distribution of immunoglobulin (Ig) G1‐ and IgG2‐bearing leukocytes. Leukocytes bearing IgG2predominated inS. aureusinfected quarters, with highest numbers observed at the Furstenberg's rosette followed by streak canal and parenchymal tissue areas. Significantly more IgG1‐ and IgG2‐bearing leukocytes were observed at the Furstenberg's rosette and significantly more IgG2‐bearing leukocytes were observed at the streak canal ofS. aureusinfected quarters compared to uninfected quarters. Receptors for cytophilic IgG on neutrophils and macrophages may increase efficiency of phagocytosis and improve the antimicrobial effectiveness of these cells in teat end tissues.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Characterization of Bovine Coronavirus Plaques in HRT Cells
Authors: Payne H. R. , Storz J.
Published: May 2010

The ecology of cytopathic expression of bovine coronavirus (BCV) in HRT‐18 cells was analyzed within virus‐induced plaques by scanning electron microscopy. Virus replication was cytocidal for many HRT‐18 cells, a function enhanced in the presence of trypsin. A monolayer of cells remained that imparted a characteristic turbidity to the plaque. These structurally normal, lysisresistant cells did not stain with fluorescent antibodies specific for BCV antigens, failed to adsorb virus particles or mouse erythrocytes in contrast to the susceptible cells. The survival of cells in the plaque interior reflects a non‐productively infected population with evidence of viral persistence.
Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur in vitro‐Kultivierung von Zellen der Kärntner Honigbiene (Apis mellifera carnica Pollmann, 1879)
Authors: Beisser K. , Munz E. , Reimann M. , Renner‐Müller I. C. E.
Published: May 2010

Investigations on the in vitro cultivation of honey bee cells (Apis mellifera carnica Pollmann, 1879)

A synopsis about published methods and results on experiments to cultivate bee cells in vitro is given.

Experimental investigations were performed with haemocytes of larvae of the L‐5 stage using many different media and methods for the preparation of primary tissue culture.

Monolayers could be prepared and a high rate of reproduction has been achieved, although subpassages could not be obtained. Haemocytes could be kept alive up to 27 days by using BML‐TC/7A medium according to Gardiner and Stockdale, modified by Skatulla (pers. communic., 1987).

Further experiments are necessary in order to study the suitability of bee cells to detect specific pathogens and toxic substances.

Der Literaturteil befaßt sich mit den bisherigen Methoden und Ergebnissen der in vitro‐ Züchtung von Bienenzellen.

Die praktischen Versuche wurden mit Hämozyten der Larven des L‐5‐Stadiums unter Verwendung verschiedenster Medien und Methoden zur Herstellung von Primärkulturen durchgeführt.

Die Zellen konnten vermehrt werden und bildeten einschichtige Zellrasen, die sich jedoch nicht subkultivieren ließen. Unter Verwendung des in Anlehnung an Gardiner und Stockdale hergestellten BML‐TC/7 A‐Mediums (modifiziert nach Skatulla, pers. Mitt., 1987), konnten Hämozyten bis zu 27 Tagen am Leben erhalten werden.

Zur Feststellung der Eignung von Bienenzellkulturen für den Nachweis von Krankheitserregern und zur Prüfung von toxischen Substanzen müßten weitere Untersuchungen durchgeführt werden.
Zum Nachweis von Antikörpern gegen den Erreger des bösartigen Katarrhalfiebers in Schaf‐ und Ziegenseren
Authors: Schuller W. , Silber R.
Published: May 2010

On the occurrence of antibodies against the causative agens of malignant cararrhal fever in goat‐ and sheepsera

An epidemiologic study was undertaken by means of the SNT on three sets of sheepsera and one set of goatsera to evaluate for the occurrence of antibodies against strain WC11.

Out of 791 sera of a sheep breeding organisation 57 samples (7.2 %) showed positive titers. The positive samples originated from 24 farms (36.4 %) out of 66 farms under test.

Out of 118 sheepsera sent in from different parts of Austria 35 (29.7 %) showed positive titers.

73 sheepsera out of a farm where MCF had clinically occurred were also tested. 20 samples (27.4 %) scored positive.

Also 40 goatsera (20.3 %) out of 197 samples showed positive titers.

The results are in accordance with publications from other countries. Special reference is made to goats as possible carriers and transmitters of MCF.

In einer epidemiologischen Studie wurden drei Gruppen Schafseren und eine Gruppe Ziegenseren mittels SNT auf Antikörper gegen den Stamm WC 11 untersucht.

Von 791 Seren eines Schafzuchtverbandes zeigten 57 Seren (7,2 %) positiv an. Die Seren stammten von Tieren aus 24 (36,4 %) von insgesamt 66 Betrieben.

Von 118 Schafseren aus dem gesamten Bundesgebiet zeigten 35 Seren (29,7 %) positiv an.

Von 73 Schafseren aus einem Betrieb, in dem BKF bei Rindern klinisch aufgetreten war, zeigten 20 Proben (27,4 %) positiv an.

Auch 40 Ziegenseren (20,3 %) von insgesamt 197 Proben zeigten positive Antikörpertiter.

Die erhobenen Daten stehen im großen und ganzen im Einklang mit ausländischen Untersuchungen. Auf die Rolle von Ziegen als eventuelle Träger bzw. Überträger des BKF wird hingewiesen.
Milk Whey Induction of Agglutination in Ovine and Bovine MastitisStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: Baselga R. , Amorena B.
Published: May 2010

A total of 59 mastitis staphylococcic strains were tested for growth agglutination upon supplementation of growth media with ovine and bovine milk whey and mammary secretions from dry cows. Differences were observed when comparing bacterial species or origins (ovine vs. bovine) of bacteria and whey. All of the ovine and bovineS. aureusstrains tested, but only 4 among 22 other ovine mastitis staphylococcic strains, showed growth agglutination in Todd Hewitt broth (THB) supplemented with ≥ 30 % (v/v) ovine milk whey. None of the strains agglutinated during growth in regular THB medium. Ovine whey had an agglutination induction capacity higher than bovine whey (P< 0.005), concerning the number of responsive ovine and bovineS. aureusstrains. There were no differences between whey samples from different ewes with regard to their capacity to induce agglutination. OvineS. aureusstrains were more responsive than bovine strains of this bacterial species, concerning the number of responsive strains (P <0.001) to bovine whey (≥ 30 % in THB), the proportion of responsive strains at low (10%) ovine whey concentrations (P<0.001), and the strength of reaction (precipitation timing and clump sizes). Secretions from dry cows systematically induced agglutination in all of the bovine and ovineS. aureusstrains tested.
In vitroandIn vivoGlucose Consumption in Swine Eperythrozoonosis
Authors: Smith J. E. , Cipriano J. E. , Hall S. M.
Published: May 2010

One complication of swine eperythrozoonosis is the hypoglycemia that occurs during parasitemia. To determine the cause of the hypoglycemia, we studied glucose consumption in splenectomized pigs infected withEperythrozoon suis. With the rapid rise of erythroparasites, thein vitroglucose consumption of parasited whole blood increased dramatically, and hypoglycemia developed. Because mature porcine erythrocytes are impermeable to glucose, the increased glucose consumption is most logically the result ofE. suismetabolism. Iodoacetamide and sodium fluoride (which inhibit glycolysis), but not sodium cyanide (which prevents cellular respiration), and tetracycline (which is used to treat eperythrozoonosis) inhibited glucose consumption.In vivoglucose turnover studies before infection and during peak parasitemia indicated an increased glucose production by infected pigs during parasitemia. The results suggest that hypoglycemia occurs during swine eperythrozoonosis because the parasite uses glucose faster than the gluconeogenic pathways can provide it.
Isolation of Mycoplasma arthritidis from the Joint Fluid of Boars
Authors: Binder A. , Aumüller R. , Likitdecharote B. , Kirchhoff H.
Published: May 2010

During an outbreak of a disease in a swine insemination centre in Bavaria, Fed. Rep. of Germany, characterized by conjunctivitis, severe polyarthritis and infertility mycoplasmas have been isolated from the joint fluids of the three boars investigated. Two of the isolate could be typed as Mycoplasma (M.) arthritidis which causes arthritis in rats, mice and rabbits, the third as M. collis, a probably apathogenic rodent mycoplasma species. One of the two isolated M. arthritidis strains (strain D263) was injected intravenously in rats and mice, which developed mild to severe polyarthritis or even died, depending on the numbers of organisms inoculated. Since the bacteriological and virological investigations of the joints of boars did not yield a causative agent, it is to suppose that M. arthritidis played the substantial role in the production of the disease of the boars. It is very likely that the boars catched the mycoplasmas from rodents infected with the isolated species.
Measurement of Endotoxic Activity in Feces of Normal Horses
Authors: Kawamura S. , Hirayama K. , Mitsuoka T.
Published: May 2010

Two chromogenic Limulus amebocyte lysate systems were evaluated for the measurement of endotoxic activity in feces of normal horses. Fecal extracts had neither non‐specific nor inhibitory effect on the test reaction, and the two systems with different specificity showed equivalent results. Endotoxic activities in feces of healthy horses averaged 5.7±2.8μm/g wet weight. Correlation between the endotoxin levels and the fecal microbial flora could not be determined.
Morbillivirus Infections of Seals During the 1988 Epidemic in the Bay of Heligoland:
Authors: Harder T. , Willhaus Th. , Frey H.‐R. , Liess B.
Published: May 2010

Eight harbour seals (Phoca vitulina), two of them seronegative, six seropositive against PDV and a seronegative grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) were exposed to a low dosis of a cell culture‐propagated phocine distemper virus isolate (PDV 2558 / Han 88). An intranasal route of inoculation was chosen. Clinical signs, resembling those of 1988's seal disease and seroconversion were observed in both seronegative harbour seals. One of them succumbed to the infection. The virus was not transmitted to another susceptible harbour seal which served as in‐contact animal. Virus could be recovered from leucocytes of the diseased seals. Viremia was also present in a seropositive harbour seal that developed mild clinical signs; other seropositive seals were protected from clinical disease. The grey seal showed seroconversion upon inoculation, but did not develop any signs of disease.

The humoral immune response of the seals plainly discriminated between homologous (PDV) and heterologous (canine distemper virus, CDV) virus as shown by virus neutralization tests and an antibody‐binding assay (PLA).

Morbillivirus‐Infektionen bei Robben im Verlauf der Epidemie in der Deutschen Bucht 1988:

III. Übertragungsversuche mit einem in Zellkulturen vermehrten phocinen Staupevirus auf Seehunde (Phoca vitulina) und eine Kegelrobbe (Halichoerus grypus): Klinische, virologische und serologische Ergebnisse

Acht Seehunde (Phoca vitulina), zwei davon seronegativ, die anderen seropositiv gegen See‐hundstaupevirus (PDV) sowie eine ebenfalls seronegative Kegelrobbe (Halichoerus grypus) wurden einer geringen Dosis des in Zellkulturen vermehrten PDV‐Isolates 2558/Han 88 auśgesetzt. Hierzu wurde ein intranasaler Applikationsweg gewählt. Krankheitserscheinungen, vergleichbar mit solchen, die während des Seehundsterbens 1988 auftraten, sowie Serokonversion entwickelten beide seronegative Seehunde. Eine dieser Robben erlag der Infektion. Das Virus wurde nicht auf einen weiteren, ebenfalls seronegativen Seehund übertragen, der als Kontakttier diente. Virus konnte aus den Leukozyten erkrankter Robben isoliert werden. Eine Virämie wurde auch bei einem der seropositiven Seehunde nachgewiesen, bei welchem leichte Symptome auftraten. Die anderen seropositiven Robben waren vor klinischen Erscheinungen geschützt. Die Kegelrobbe zeigte Serokonversion als Folge der Inokulation, jedoch blieben klinische Erscheinungen aus.

Die humorale Immunantwort der Robben konnte eindeutig zwischen homologem (PDV) und heterologem (Hundestaupe, CDV) Virus unterscheiden, wie aus Versuchen zur Virusneutralisation und einem Antikörperbindungstest (PLA) hervorging.
Antigen Distribution in Organs of Mink with Aleutian Disease Parvovirus Infection
Authors: Wohlsein P. , Trautwein G. , Stolze B. , Haas L. , Kaaden O.‐R.
Published: May 2010

On tissues from naturally infected non‐Aleutian mink an immunohistological study was performed using monoclonal antibodies and the immunoperoxidase method. Structural proteins of ADV were demonstrated in cryosections and in ethanol‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded material which provide antigen detection in a similar amount together with good histological structure. In lymphoid organs viral antigen was restricted to B‐cell areas, particularly lymphoid follicles. The pattern of antigen distribution was typical for follicular dendritic cells which are capable to retain immune complexes. Beside macrophages in the interior of lymphoid follicles most likely proliferating B‐lymphoblasts reveal nuclear and cytoplasmatic presence of structural proteins indicating viral replication. Cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system such as cells of lymphatic sinuses and hepatic Kupffer cells harbor viral protein in the cytoplasm, probably resulting from phagocytosis of immune complexes. Renal glomeruli were consistently negative for virus antigen whereas in interstitial infiltrates cells resembling macrophages stained positive for ADV structural proteins.
IgG from Cows with Parturient Paresis Changes the Thermodynamic Behaviour of Bovine Erythrocyte Acetylcholinesterase
Authors: Axelsson S. , Yong Hao Xiao , Karlsson E.
Published: May 2010

Parturient paresis affects about 10% of all cows. The most common treatment is injection of various Ca‐salts and MgCl2 and about 80% recover after repeated injections. The effect of IgG on the Arrhenius plot of bovine erythrocyte AChE was studied. The plot was normal, i. e. biphasic (a broken line) in the presence of IgG from healthy cows. The highest concentration tested was 10 mg/ml. Before one injection of the Ca‐Mg solution 5 mg/ml IgG from sera of paretic cows (n=10) changed the Arrhenius plots to monophasic (linear). Thus, paretic cows have antibodies against AChE. After injection the change to linear plots was observed already with 1 mg/ml IgG. Apparently, the level of antibodies in serum affecting AChE increased about 5‐fold. This is considered to be due to dissociation of bound antibodies from various AChEs. All cows recovered after one injection and release of AChE antibodies might be important for the recovery. Incubation of blood from paretic cows (n = 3) with Ca‐salts and MgCl2 increased the amount of free AChE‐antibodies about twofold; the Arrhenius plots became linear at 2.5 mg/ml IgG compared with 5 mg/ml before the incubation. This should be due to release from AChEs on blood corpuscles as erythrocytes and lymphocytes. But the increase of antibodies after incubation of blood does not account for the whole increase following the treatment of paretic cows. AChE antibodies are probably also dissociated from other sites, such as neuromuscular junctions.
Detection of a Novel Chloramphenicol Resistance Plasmid from “Equine”Staphylococcus sciuri
Authors: Schwarz St. , Cardoso M. , Blobel H.
Published: May 2010

A small chloramphenicol resistance (Cm®) plasmid of 4.65 kB could be detected in an “equine” Staphylococcus sciuri‐culture. This plasmid, designated as pSC3, was identified by interspecific protoplast transformation. On the basis of restriction endonuclease analyses a detailed restriction map of pSC 3 could be constructed. This allowed structural comparisons of pSC 3 with Cm®‐plasmids of other staphylococcal species from infections of humans and animals and identification of pSC 3 as a member of the pC221‐family of staphylococcal Cm®‐plasmids. The pSC3‐plasmid encoded an inducible chloramphenicol acetyltransferase as confirmed by enzymatic assays. This enzyme could be demonstrated in cell‐free lysates of Cm®‐induced pSC 3‐transformants.
Demonstration of α and β Components of Group B Streptococcal Protein Antigen c in Serum‐soft Agar
Authors: Wibawan I. W. T. , Lämmler Ch.
Published: May 2010

Among 85 group B streptococcal cultures with protein type antigen c 56 cultures demonstrated a diffuse type of colony morphology in plain soft agar. The addition of monospecific antibodies against the protein antigen c components cα and cß converted specifically the colony morphology from diffuse to compact. According to this results the serum‐soft agar technique could also be used to further characterize individual cultures of group B streptococci with protein antigen c.
Antibiogram of Staphylococcal Strains Isolated from Milk and Milk‐Products
Authors: Umoh V. J. , Adesiyun A. A. , Gomwalk N. E.
Published: May 2010

A study of the resistance patterns of 248 staphylococcal isolates from milk and milk products to eight antimicrobial agents using the disc method showed that 80 (32.3 %) were resistant to sulphafurazole, 75 (30.2 %) to penicillin G, 63 (25.4 %) to ampicillin, 23 (9.3 %) to cloxacillin, 19 (7.7 %) to tetracycline, 17 (6.9%) to streptomycin, 14 (5.6%) to erythromycin and 12 (4.8%) to chloramphenicol. One hundred and sixteen (46.8 %) of the 248 staphylococcal isolates were sensitive to all the agents tested. A significant percentage (P < 0.05) of the isolates from raw milk were resistant to erythromycin, sulphafurazole, cloxacillin, penicillin G and streptomycin compared to isolates from fermented milk.

The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) as determined by the tube method for isolates resistant by the disc method, were ≥ 16 μg for ampicillin in 5 (11.9 %) isolates; ≥ 40 μg for cloxacillin, 9 (36.0%) and ≥ 12 international units for penicillin G amongst 12 (22.2%) isolates. MIC values of ≥ 40 μg were recorded for 9 (90.0%), 9 (69.2%), 8 (73.7%) and 7 (70.0%) isolates to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, erythromycin and tetracycline respectively. The relatively high level of resistance to antimicrobial agents is a reflection of misuse or abuse of these agents in the environment.
Zum Nachweis der Pathogenität von Listerien mittels permanenter Zellinie als Alternative für den Tierversuch
Authors: Heil Gudrun , Weber A.
Published: May 2010

Investigations on the pathogenicity of Listeria strains by use of a continuous cell line as a replacement of animal experiment

Culture filtrates of 38 strains of Listeria (L.) monocytogenes and of 4 strains of L. ivanovii were all cytotoxic for the vero cell line. Culture filtrates from 35 strains of L. innocua, 12 strains of L. seeligeri, 5 strains of L. welshimeri and 4 strains of L. grayi showed no cytotoxicity for the continuous cell line vero.

The use of continuous cell lines permits to distinguish between pathogenic and non‐pathogenic Listeria strains and seems to be a suitable method to replace the mouse pathogenicity test or the fertilized hen's eggs test.

Kulturfiltrate von 38 Listeria (L.) monocytogenes‐Stämmen sowie von 4 L. ivanovii‐Stämmen erwiesen sich als zytotoxisch für die Vero‐Zellkultur, nicht dagegen die Kulturfiltrate von 34 L. innocua‐, 12 L. seeligeri‐, 5 L. welshimeri‐ und 4 L. grayi‐Stämmen. Die Verwendung von permanenten Zellinien, die eine Unterscheidung zwischen pathogenen und apathogenen Listerien‐Stämmen ermöglicht, scheint geeignet zu sein, den Mäusepathogenitätstest oder den Pathogenitätstest am bebrüteten Hühnerei zu ersetzen.
In vitro Activation of Bovine Macrophage and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Nocardia rubra Cell Wall Skeleton (N‐CWS)
Authors: Yasutomi Yasuhiro , Onuma Misao , Yamamoto Masako , Kawakami Yoshimi , Azuma Ichiro
Published: May 2010

Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (N‐CWS) was used for immunotherapy to bovine leukemia virus (BLV)‐positive cattle with enlarged subcutaneous lymphatic nodules. Electron microscopical observations showed the infiltration of macrophage and T cells around N‐CWS treated lesions. Antitumor effect induced by N‐CWS was examined in vitro. The maximum cytolytic activity of macrophage was observed, when the cells were incubated with 10 μg/ml of N‐CWS. Chemiluminescence response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using N‐CWS as stimulant was observed with a high level of activity for a long period, 5 hr. Mitogenic effect of N‐CWS to PBMC was observed in the presence of macrophages but not without macrophages. Furthermore, interleukin 2 activity was recognized in supernatant of PBMC cultured with N‐CWS. Maximum cytotoxic T lymphocyte response was induced when PBMC were cultured with 0.1 μg/ml of N‐CWS.
Natural Infection of Nude Mice with Low‐virulent Mouse Coronavirus
Authors: Hirano N. , Ono K.
Published: May 2010

The outbreak of wasting disease of nude mice occurred in the laboratory colony of a Pharmaceutical Company. The viruses producing cytopathic effect with syncytium formation were isolated from the wasted nude mice by DBT cells, and were identified as mouse coronavirus by direct immunofluorescence. The nude mouse colony was closed and all the nude mice (about 500) were killed by the reason of disease control. At autopsy about 60 % of nude mice showed necrotic hepatitis. By the virus isolation to see the source of contamination, viruses were isolated from the feces of apparently healthy mice of ICR, CDF1, DBA/2 and C3H, and from human cancer cell line stocked in liquid nitrogen. In experimental infection, the isolates produced only mild hepatitis in ICR mice treated with cortisone. By cross‐neutralization test, the nude isolate reacted closely with the virus from C3H mice but not with the virus from cancer cell line. The isolates from nude and C3H mice produced experimentally wasting disease with necrotic hepatitis in nude mice. These findings suggest that wasting disease in nude mice might be caused by low‐virulent mouse coronavirus shed in feces from C3H mice introduced before the outbreak of disease.
Iscom (Immunostimulating Complex) Vaccines Containing Mono‐ or Polyvalent Pili of Enterotoxigenic E. coli; Immune Response of Rabbit and Swine
Authors: Nagy Bèla , Höglund Stefan , Morein Bror
Published: May 2010

Iscom (immunostimulating complex) vaccines were prepared to contain K88ab, K88ac, K99 and 987P pili (fimbriae) of enterotoxogenic E. coli bacteria as monovalent or quadrivalent preparations.

The iscoms injected into rabbits and into pigs elicited similar or higher immune response in both animal species than the oil adjuvanted vaccine containing about 5 times more of the same pilus protein. It is concluded that inclusion of pili into iscoms results in immunogenic preparations likely worth pursuing for vaccine production against enterotoxic colibacillosis of newborn pigs. The iscoms did not induce local reaction at the injection sites in contrast to the oil adjuvanted vaccines.
Fusobacterium Necrophorum Hemolysin in Bovine Hepatic Abscess
Authors: Kanoe Masamitsu
Published: May 2010

An immunofluorescence study was made on bovine hepatic abscess containing Fusobacterium necrophorum predominantly. The abscess section stained with anti F. necrophorum hemolysin serum demonstrated fluorescence which formed irregular and granular shapes. Actinomyces pyogenes isolates from the abscess were not stained with the serum. These findings suggest that the bacterial hemolysin contributes to the formation of the hepatic abscess during an infection with F. necrophorum.
Phallus‐Inflammation of Ganders: Clinical Observations and Comparative Bacteriological Examinations of Healthy and Altered Organs
Authors: Behr K.‐P. , Hinz K.‐H. , Rottmann Sabine
Published: May 2010

The examination of acute or chronically altered phallus‐tissues of ganders revealed microorganisms belonging to the genera Mycoplasma, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus, Corynebacterium, Escherichia, Campylobacter, Proteus, Pseudo‐monas and Candida and to the family Pasteurellaceae, isolated in different frequencies. Bacteriologic examinations of the phallus‐tissues and cloacal mucous membranes of healthy juvenile ganders showed microorganisms of the same genera or family, except Mycoplasma and Candida spp.

Pathogenesis and possibilities of treating phallus‐inflammations in ganders are discussed.
A Preliminary Investigation on the Latency of the Goat Herpesvirus BHV‐6
Authors: Papanastasopoulou M. , Koptopoulos G. , Lekkas S. , Georgakopoulou E. , Papadopoulos O.
Published: May 2010

An experiment was designed for a preliminary investigation of the caprine herpesvirus BHV‐6 latency. The experiment was carried out in two steps. In the first, the virus inoculated six kids and the control, showed a mild infection and excreted the virus for 4—12 days. The second part started about one month after the cease of all symptoms and the virus isolations of the first part. No immunosuppression and therefore no virus reactivation could be achieved after eight daily administered injections of dexamethasone (0.15–0.50mg/kg BW), as it was judged by the hematological, virological, pathological and serological findings.
Characterization of a Murine IgG3 Monoclonal Antibody against Chlamydia‐Specific Lipopolysaccharide and its Purification by Affinity Chromatography on IgG Fc‐Receptors from Streptococcus Dysgalactiae
Authors: Thiele D. , Lämmler C. , Sting R. , Krauss H.
Published: May 2010

Purification of a murine IgG3 monoclonal antibody (Mab 22) directed against an epitope of Chlamydia‐specific lipopolysaccharide by affinity chromatography on recently described solid phase IgG Fc‐receptors from Streptococcus dysgalactiae is reported. SDS‐PAGE studies revealed the purity of the eluted antibody. The purified Mab 22 was characterized by determination of class, subclass and light chain‐type, and by dot tests and immunoblot analysis.
Detection of Virus in Connection with “European Brown Hare Syndrome” in Hesse, F.R.G.
Authors: Biermann Ursula , Krauss H.
Published: May 2010

Materials from the liver of a wild‐living hare (Lepus europeus pallas) which had died from “European Brown Hare Syndrome” (EBHS) and of two hares kept in captivity which had been experimentally infected with the same material and died after two days with the classical signs of EBHS (Eskens and Volmer, 1989) were investigated for the presence of virus particles by electron microscopy using the negative contrast technique. Virus particles of 32 nm in diameter were found in all three samples investigated. The same particles were detected in the filtered inoculum used for experimental infection and in the supernatant of the first three passages of feline embryonic cell cultures. Haemagglutination or haemadsorption could not be achieved with the material investigated.
Gastrin and Pepsinogen Changes During anOstertagia ostertagiChallenge Infection in Calves
Authors: Hilderson H. , Dorny P. , Berghen P. , Vercruysse J. , Fransen J. , Braem L.
Published: May 2010

Daily changes in serum gastrin and pepsinogen concentration have been studied during two types of infection withOstertagia ostertagiin calves. In a first experiment two calves were trickle infected (10 times 10,000 L3Ostertagia) and two animals received a single infection of 100,000 L3Ostertagia. Gastrin and pepsinogen changes are discussed in relation to adult wormburdens.

The second experiment involved 8 calves and was designed to investigate pepsinogen and gastrin changes following a challenge infection in previously sensitized calves.

The high dosed group was infected with 5,000 L3O. ostertagiduring 30 days, the low dosed group received 500 L3O. ostertagiand group 3 served as uninfected control. At day 41 post infection all animals were treated with oxfendazole and on day 61 challenged with 100,000 L3O. ostertagi. Only in the high dosed group a distinct pepsinogen and gastrin reaction was noticed. Both parameters dropped to almost preinfection levels after treatment. Two days post challenge a moderate rise (± 1,000 mU tyr) of the pepsinogen concentration was observed in the previously infected animals and gastrin showed a temporary slight increase in several animals 8 to 10 days post challenge. The effect of treatment and challenge infection is discussed in relation to gastrin and pepsinogen changes and immunity.