bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural characterization of a new N‐substituted pantothenamide bound to pantothenate kinases from Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Hughes Scott J. , Antoshchenko Tetyana , Kim Kyung Phil , Smil David , Park Hee‐Won
Published: January 2014

Pantothenate kinase (PanK) is the rate‐limiting enzyme in Coenzyme A biosynthesis, catalyzing the ATP‐dependent phosphorylation of pantothenate. We solved the co‐crystal structures of PanKs from Staphylococcus aureus (SaPanK) and Klebsiella pneumonia (KpPanK) with N‐[2‐(1,3‐benzodioxol‐5‐yl)ethyl] pantothenamide (N354‐Pan). Two different N354‐Pan conformers interact with polar/nonpolar mixed residues in SaPanK and aromatic residues in KpPanK. Additionally, phosphorylated N354‐Pan is found at the closed active site of SaPanK but not at the open active site of KpPanK, suggesting an exchange of the phosphorylated product with a new N354‐Pan only in KpPanK. Together, pantothenamides conformational flexibility and binding pocket are two key considerations for selective compound design. Proteins 2014; 82:1542–1548. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Barrier diagram (Bow Tie) quality issues for operating managers
Authors: Pitblado Robin , Weijand Pieter
Published: January 2014

The Oil & Gas (O&G) and petrochemical industries have been much more successful at reducing occupational safety events as compared to major process accidents over the past 20 years. A novel approach based on barrier diagrams, called Bow Ties, directly addresses major accidents and the focus on barriers and maintaining barrier functions has been shown to be effective in O&G operations in the North Sea. While not mandated in OSHA 1910.119, many companies are starting to apply barrier methods to improve operations and reduce major accidents. The Bow Tie approach is deceptively simple and many errors are made in Bow Tie diagrams. This is due to a lack of a formal standard or accepted methodology for the approach. This article describes many common errors that appear in Bow Ties used for operational safety and how these might be rectified. Since Operating Managers will rely on these risk diagrams as a key part of their process safety program, it is essential that they have good quality and not contain structural errors. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 33: 355–361, 2014
Measuring surface state density and energy distribution in InAs nanowires
Authors: Halpern Eliezer , Cohen Gilad , Gross Shahar , Henning Alexander , Matok Max , Kretinin Andrey V. , Shtrikman Hadas , Rosenwaks Yossi
Published: January 2014

Semiconducting nanowires are expected to have applications in various areas as transistors, sensors, resonators, solar cells, and thermoelectric systems. Understanding the surface properties is crucial for the fabrication of high‐performance devices. Due to the large surface‐to‐volume ratio of nanowires, their surface electronic properties, like surface states, can a have a large effect on the performance of both electronic and optoelectronic devices. At present, determination of the surface state density depends on a combination of experimental measurements of the capacitance and/or drain current, in a nanowire field‐effect transistor, and a fitting to simulation. This technique follows certain assumptions, which can severely harm the accuracy of the extracted density of states. In this report, we demonstrate a direct measurement of the surface state density of individual InAs and silicon nanowires. The method is based on measuring the surface potential of a nanowire field‐effect transistor, with respect to a changing gate bias. The extracted density of states at the surface helps to explain various electronic phenomena in such devices.
Novel high performance AlGaN/GaN based enhancement‐mode metal‐oxide semiconductor high electron mobility transistor
Authors: Brown Raphael , Al‐Khalidi Abdullah , Macfarlane Douglas , Taking Sanna , Ternent Gary , Thayne Iain , Wasige Edward
Published: January 2014

This paper presents first results of a new high performance enhancement‐mode (E‐mode) gallium nitride (GaN) based metal‐oxide semiconductor high electron mobility transistor (MOS‐HEMT) that employs an ultrathin 3 nm aluminium gallium nitride (Al0.25G0.75aN) barrier layer and relies on an induced two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) for operation. Devices have been demonstrated on both sapphire and silicon substrates. Single finger devices on a sapphire substrate were fabricated using 10 nm and 20 nm, and on a silicon substrate using 30 nm of plasma enhanced chemical vapour‐deposited (PECVD) silicon dioxide (SiO2) as the gate dielectric. They demonstrated threshold voltages of +3 V, +2 V, +0.8 V and very high maximum drain currents of over 620 mA/mm, 550 mA/mm and 450 mA/mm, respectively. These results show that the proposed device concept can be a building block for future power electronic devices. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Strain relief mechanisms and growth behavior of superlattice distributed Bragg reflectors
Authors: Wille Ada , Reuters Benjamin , Finken Matthias , Heyroth Frank , Schmidt Georg , Heuken Michael , Kalisch Holger , Vescan Andrei
Published: January 2014

In this work, the successful use of AlN/GaN superlattices (SL) as the low‐index λ/4 layer of distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR) is demonstrated. DBR samples were grown with MOVPE on 2 inch sapphire substrates and a standard GaN buffer structure. The samples were characterized using high‐resolution X‐ray diffraction (HRXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and white‐light reflectometry. With this concept, effective Al contents of 30% in the low‐index layers of the DBR can be realized without the occurrence of layer cracking or relaxation. This is attributed to a staircase propagation of the TD in the DBR structure. By kinking into the in‐plane direction, the TD is able to relieve in‐plane strain on a micro‐scale. In this way, relaxation or cracking of the whole layer can be prohibited. A study of growth rate optimization was performed. As a result, the growth rate of the DBR was increased maintaining the high interface quality and optical performance. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analysis of light extraction efficiency for gallium nitride‐based coaxial microwall light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Nami Mohsen , Rishinaramangalam Ashwin , Feezell Daniel
Published: January 2014

In this work, the light extraction efficiency (LEE) of gallium nitride‐based coaxial microwall LEDs is examined as a function of microwall length, cross‐section geometry, aspect ratio, and number. Commercial ray tracing software is used to model the structures. We demonstrate that the LEE significantly decreases as the microwall length increases. To reduce this effect, we suggest the use of surface roughening and a tapered cross‐section geometry. The dependence of LEE on microwall aspect ratio is also studied and reveals that a trade‐off exists between LEE and effective active region area. Finally, we examine arrays of adjacent microwalls and show that the light extraction efficiency decreases as the number of microwalls increases due to reabsorption. Microwall LEDs may approach state‐of‐the‐art LEEs but only for limited geometries and with the addition of surface roughing. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigation into low‐temperature photoluminescence internal quantum efficiency and defect‐recombination in InGaN light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Ji Xiaoli , Ma Jun , Wei Xuecheng , Duan Ruifei , Wang Junxi , Yi Xiaoyan , Zeng Yiping , Wang Guohong , Yang Fuhua , Li Jinmin
Published: January 2014

This paper is focused on the temperature‐dependence of photoluminescence (PL) internal quantum efficiency (IQE) and defect‐recombination in InGaN light‐emitting diodes. It is found low‐temperature PL‐IQE is remarkably lower than 100% for some samples, suggesting the existence of residual defect‐recombination under low temperature. Theoretical analysis deduces that defect‐recombination cannot be frozen out at low temperature, because it follows T1/2 temperature‐dependent defect‐capture coefficient without defect‐activation energy. The empirical formulas describing temperature‐dependence of defect‐recombination lifetime and PL‐IQE are correspondingly revised. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cautious Greedy Strategy for Bearing‐only Active Localization: Analysis and Field Experiments
Authors: Vander Hook Joshua , Tokekar Pratap , Isler Volkan
Published: January 2014

We study the problem of optimally choosing bearing measurement locations for localizing a stationary target in minimum time. The targets are transmitting radio tags, and bearing measurements are acquired from radio signal strength by a robot carrying a direction‐sensitive radio antenna. Actively localizing radio tags has many applications in surveillance, search and rescue, and environmental monitoring. Our work is motivated by the task of monitoring radio‐tagged invasive fish using autonomous vehicles. An active localization algorithm is provided in order to locate a target up to the desired uncertainty. The time required to locate the target includes time spent traveling as well as taking measurements. Since bearing measurements inferred from radio signals have an inherent ambiguity associated with them, the proposed algorithm chooses measurements to minimize the effect of ambiguous measurements on the target estimate. We present a closed‐form bound on the time required to locate a target using the presented active localization strategy. We also present the first known lower bound on the time required by any active localization algorithm (including the unknown optimal). Finally, we bound the ratio of the upper and lower bounds, showing that the expected cost of our algorithm is within a constant factor of the expected cost of the optimal solution. Robust initialization strategies that are motivated by practical sensing limitations are also provided. Our algorithm is shown to reliably locate radio tags to a desired uncertainty in simulations and multiple field experiments.
How anticipated employee mobility affects acquisition likelihood: Evidence from a natural experiment
Authors: Younge Kenneth A. , Tong Tony W. , Fleming Lee
Published: January 2014

This study draws on strategic factor market theory and argues that acquirers' decisions regarding whether to bid for a firm reflect their expectations about employee departure from the firm post‐acquisition, suggesting a negative relationship between the anticipated employee departure from a firm and the likelihood of the firm becoming an acquisition target. Using a natural experiment and a difference‐in‐differences approach, we find causal evidence that constraints on employee mobility raise the likelihood of a firm becoming an acquisition target. The causal effect is stronger when a firm employs more knowledge workers in its workforce and when it faces greater in‐state competition; by contrast, the effect is weaker when a firm is protected by a stronger intellectual property regime that mitigates the consequences of employee mobility. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coupling of Crystal Plasticity Finite Element and Phase Field Methods for the Prediction of SRX Kinetics after Hot Working
Authors: Güvenç Onur , Bambach Markus , Hirt Gerhard
Published: January 2014

The conventional approach to model static recrystallization (SRX) kinetics is to use the well‐known Kolmogorov–Johnson–Mehl–Avrami (KJMA) equation. However, the validity of KJMA kinetics depends on whether the real recrystallization process follows the assumptions made in the derivation of the KJMA kinetics, which are a random distribution of nucleation sites, isotropic growth and a constant growth velocity. When these assumptions are violated the KJMA kinetics loose their physical meaning and turn into an empirical formula with limited predictive capability. In such cases, phase field (PF) method can be an alternative to the KJMA model, since it is based on irreversible thermodynamics. An effective strategy to apply the PF method to static recrystallization problems is coupling it to a deformation model though which the prior deformation process is simulated. For that purpose crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM) can be employed. In this work, an example of a weak coupling strategy was applied to a steel grade of commercial interest (X60Mn23 TWIP steel) for which KJMA equation is invalid. Deformation of a Voronoi type representative volume element was modeled using a Crystal plasticity finite element formulation after determining the material parameters of a strain hardening model from macroscopic experiments. Afterwards, the deformed structure was transferred on to a finite difference grid with a dedicated mapping scheme, which was then used as input for phase field simulation. Finally, the simulation results were compared with the results of stress relaxation tests. It was found that although the grain morphology of the simulation differed from the experimental results, the coupled simulation strategy was able to mimic the main features of the static recrystallization (SRX) kinetics.
Scaffolded Reading Instruction of Content‐Area Texts
Authors: Fisher Douglas , Frey Nancy
Published: January 2014

In this column, we focus on increasing text complexity during scaffolded, small group instruction. We begin with a discussion about the need to adjust expectations for leveled texts for older readers and then focus on the ways in which teachers can accomplish this.
An altruistic cross‐layer recovering mechanism for ad hoc wireless networks
Authors: Arce Pau , Guerri Juan Carlos
Published: January 2014

Video streaming services have restrictive delay and bandwidth constraints. Ad hoc networks represent a hostile environment for this kind of real‐time data transmission. Emerging mesh networks, where a backbone provides more topological stability, do not even assure a high quality of experience. In such scenario, mobility of terminal nodes causes link breakages until a new route is calculated. In the meanwhile, lost packets cause annoying video interruptions to the receiver. This paper proposes a new mechanism of recovering lost packets by means of caching overheard packets in neighbor nodes and retransmit them to destination. Moreover, an optimization is shown, which involves a video‐aware cache in order to recover full frames and prioritize more significant frames. Results show the improvement in reception, increasing the throughput as well as video quality, whereas larger video interruptions are considerably reduced. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient delivery‐guaranteed geographic routing in 3D wireless sensor networks with holes
Authors: Liu Bing‐Hong , Cheng Yuan‐Po , Wen Chien‐Hong
Published: January 2014

In many applications, sensor nodes are deployed in a 3D environment with obstacles, in which case a great deal of holes exist in 3D wireless sensor networks constructed. Recently, several geographic routing protocols are proposed for 3D wireless sensor networks. Each of them, however, cannot guarantee packet delivery or demands a long routing path to turn around a hole. In this paper, we first introduce a method of constructing a guide to the navigation on the surface of a hole. Subsequently, a geographic routing protocol termed the Greedy‐Guide_Navigation‐Greedy protocol (GGNG) that can always route a packet to turn around a hole with the help of the guide is proposed. GGNG guarantees packet delivery and can be extended toward a mobile sensor network in a limited 3D space. Simulations show that the path stretch of each routing protocol to GGNG in approximately 90 % of the cases is between 1.02 and 189.24. In addition, the number of messages transmitted by a node surrounding a hole in the guide construction is approximately three. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Research into practice: Postsecondary success in the Chicago Public Schools
Authors: Johnson David W. , Moeller Eliza , Holsapple Mathew
Published: January 2014

In this chapter, the authors describe nearly a decade of research examining postsecondary outcomes of students in the Chicago Public Schools conducted by the Consortium on Chicago School Research (CCSR). These analyses include both long‐term trends in college going and findings on the dimensions of students’ postsecondary transition experiences that shape those outcomes. The authors describe the evolution of research at CCSR, which emphasizes a specific type of partnership between researchers, district officials, and practitioners that builds the capacity of practitioners and district officials to think critically about big problems and utilize data to inform decision‐making and evaluation. In addition to describing these findings, the authors discuss the development and operation of the Network for College Success, a research‐based, integrated and intensive support for school improvement to principals, their instructional leadership teams, grade level teams, and counselors. The authors describe how NCS builds the capacity of school leaders to work together and to use data to improve practice in the postsecondary transition. Finally, the authors discuss ongoing challenges and new directions for ongoing and future research.
The Role of Attitudes Toward White Privilege and Religious Beliefs in Predicting Social Justice Interest and Commitment
Authors: Todd Nathan R. , McConnell Elizabeth A. , Suffrin Rachael L.
Published: January 2014

The current study examines links among attitudes toward White privilege, religious beliefs, and social justice interest and commitment for White Christian students. Two distinct patterns of results emerged from a path analysis of 500 White Christian students. First, a willingness to confront White privilege was positively associated with the sanctification of social justice (i.e., attributing spiritual significance to working for social justice) and both were positively associated with social justice interest and commitment. Second, awareness of White privilege was negatively associated with religious conservatism, and religious conservatism was negatively associated with social justice interest. These patterns show that White privilege attitudes directly (i.e., willingness to confront White privilege) and indirectly (i.e., awareness of White privilege through religious conservatism) predicted social justice interest and commitment. Moreover, religious beliefs demonstrated opposite patterns of association with social justice interest and commitment such that the sanctification of social justice positively predicted social justice interest and commitment whereas religious conservatism negatively predicted social justice interest. Overall, findings demonstrate direct and indirect links between White privilege attitudes, religious beliefs, and social justice interest and commitment. Limitations and implications for future community psychology research and collaboration also are discussed.
Airbag-Induced Thumb Avulsion: Two Case Reports
Authors: Stoel Anne-Marie C. C. , Vanhaecke Jeroen , Dezillie Marleen , Oosterlinck Dirk , Stockmans Filip
Published: January 2014

Although airbags are designed to save lives and protect victims from serious injuries, airbag deployment can cause unwanted lesions. In this case report, two cases are presented of young women who sustained an important fracture dislocation of the first carpometacarpal joint (CMC I joint) caused by airbag deployment during a car collision.
Lumbo-sacral motion conserved after isthmic reconstruction: Long-term results
Authors: de Bodman C. , Bergerault F. , de Courtivron B. , Bonnard C.
Published: January 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical and radiological results of repair of the interarticularis pars defect by a modified Buck's repair technique in patients with symptomatic spondylolysis with grade 1 spondylolisthesis.

Summary of background data

These patients with painful spondylolisthesis are the most eligible for direct repair of the defect rather than lumbo-sacral fusion in an attempt to save motion segments.

Methods

Forty-six patients with symptomatic spondylolysis with grade 1 spondylolisthesis and normal L4–L5 and L5–S1 disks, following the failure of conservative treatment, underwent surgery between 1988 and 2010. All interventions involved direct pars repair by a modified Buck's repair technique with internal fixation of the defect using screws and cancellous bone grafting. The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) was used to evaluate the functional outcome. Healing of the pars defect was assessed by plain radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scanning. Motion of the L4–L5 and L5–S1 segments was measured with dynamic radiographs in flexion and extension.

Results

Thirty-five patients were evaluated. The mean follow-up period was 10 years. Functional outcome was excellent in 22 patients (ODI ≤ 10) and good for 8 patients (10 < ODI ≤ 20); five patients continued to have pain (ODI >20). Isthmus bone union occurred in 32 of 35 patients (91.4 %). L4–L5 motion was conserved with a mean angle of 11.8° (0–22); the mean lumbo-sacral angle was 9.9° (0–21).

Conclusion

Direct repair of spondylolisthesis was described to avoid fusion in young patients with slight slipping and painful symptoms. A modified Buck's repair technique allows the conservation of L4–L5 motion with a rate of consolidation comparable to other series. The anatomy and stability of the spine were normalized by restoring the continuity of the loose posterior elements using this modified Buck's technique.
Expression of miR-15/107 Family MicroRNAs in Human Tissues and Cultured Rat Brain Cells
Authors: Wang Wang-Xia , Danaher Robert J. , Miller Craig S. , Berger Joseph R. , Nubia Vega G. , Wilfred Bernard S. , Neltner Janna H. , Norris Christopher M. , Nelson Peter T.
Published: January 2014

The miR-15/107 family comprises a group of 10 paralogous microRNAs (miRNAs), sharing a 5′ AGCAGC sequence. These miRNAs have overlapping targets. In order to characterize the expression of miR-15/107 family miRNAs, we employed customized TaqMan Low-Density micro-fluid PCR-array to investigate the expression of miR-15/107 family members, and other selected miRNAs, in 11 human tissues obtained at autopsy including the cerebral cortex, frontal cortex, primary visual cortex, thalamus, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, stomach and skeletal muscle. miR-103, miR-195 and miR-497 were expressed at similar levels across various tissues, whereas miR-107 is enriched in brain samples. We also examined the expression patterns of evolutionarily conserved miR-15/107 miRNAs in three distinct primary rat brain cell preparations (enriched for cortical neurons, astrocytes and microglia, respectively). In primary cultures of rat brain cells, several members of the miR-15/107 family are enriched in neurons compared to other cell types in the central nervous system (CNS). In addition to mature miRNAs, we also examined the expression of precursors (pri-miRNAs). Our data suggested a generally poor correlation between the expression of mature miRNAs and their precursors. In summary, we provide a detailed study of the tissue and cell type-specific expression profile of this highly expressed and phylogenetically conserved family of miRNA genes.
Geochemistry of Early Paleozoic granitoids of the Baikal region and their geodynamic setting exemplified by the Khamar-Daban Ridge and Olkhon Island
Authors: Antipin V.S. , Gorlacheva N.V. , Makrygina V.A.
Published: January 2014

Comparative study of geological and isotope-geochemical features of the Early Paleozoic granitoids of the Khamar-Daban Ridge and Olkhon Island located in the Baikal region has revealed their close age and composition. Besides, they were referred to as syncollisional S-type formations derived from gneiss-schistose substratum of metamorphic sequences.

Granitoids of the Solzan massif in the Khamar-Daban Ridge, as well as the Sharanur complex on Olkhon Island, occur in the autochthonous and allochthonous facies. They primarily consist of migmatites, plagiogranites, gneiss granites, and K–Na-granites. The magmatic rocks of the Sharanur complex include subalkaline granosyenites and quartz syenites spatially proximal to K–Na-granites. In the north of the island we investigated alkaline syenites which might be related to the Budun massif of basic rocks. On Olkhon Island in the Tashkiney valley, the surveyors recognized the geochemical type of pegmatoid rare-metal granites bearing beryllium mineralization. As was found, they are distinguished from Be-muscovite and spodumene pegmatites of the Khamar-Daban by high Rb, Cs, Sn, Nb, Ta, and W but low Li concentrations, which is probably due to Li-enrichment in the protolith of the Kornilova Formation relative to the Olkhon sequence. This points to the inheritance of the protolith composition at all stages of syncollisional granite formation.

The geochemical study has shown similarity of calc-alkaline and subalkaline granitoids of the Khamar-Daban Ridge and Olkhon Island and their affinity in age and average composition of the regional continental crust. In addition, it has revealed the evidence for the existence of the Olkhon–Khamar-Daban block occurring as a single terrane in the Baikal region.
Origin and evolution of Neogene alkali-basaltic magmas in the southwestern flank of the Baikal rift system (Heven lava plateau, northern Mongolia)
Authors: Tsypukova S.S. , Perepelov A.B. , Demonterova E.I. , Pavlova L.A. , Travin A.V. , Puzankov M.Yu.
Published: January 2014

The Heven lava plateau in the Hövsgöl field of the South-Baikal igneous province formed in the Early–Middle Miocene between 20 and 15.5 Ma. It consists of Early Miocene hawaiites and trachybasalts and Middle Miocene basanites erupted, correspondingly, during two major events in its history. The Heven alkali-basaltic lavas are compositionally similar to their counterparts from other volcanic fields in the southern flank of the Baikal rift system and are richer in Ba, K, Pb, and Sr than oceanic island basalts (OIB). The basanitic, hawaiitic, and trachybasaltic magmas were generated at pressures from 25 to 15 kbar and at temperatures in the range from 1434 to 1358 ºC. The magma sources occurred at 74 to 41 km in asthenospheric and lithospheric mantle and were ~200 ºC hotter than the ambient lithospheric mantle in the surrounding areas and the continental geotherm. The crystallization history of dark-colored began with liquidus highly magnesian olivine and Cr-spinel, and then several other parageneses formed successively as pressures and temperatures decreased: Ol + Cpx and Ol + Cpx + TiMgt ± Pl phenocrysts and subphenocrysts, Cpx + TiMgt + Ilm + Pl microphenocrysts, and finally interstitial Ne + Kfs alkali aluminosilicates. There were two crystallization stages with different mineral chemistry trends. The chemistry of minerals changed as the rising magmas first reached the crust–mantle region and then moved to shallow depths, erupted, and solidified. The generation of the Heven hawaiite–trachybasalt and basanite magmas was controlled by the depth of the reservoirs and the melt fraction in garnet-bearing asthenospheric and lithospheric mantle associated with progressive and regressive dynamics of the lower heterogeneous mantle plume consisting of PREMA and EMI components.
Structurally and superficially bound gold in pyrite from deposits of different genetic types
Authors: Tauson V.L. , Kravtsova R.G. , Smagunov N.V. , Spiridonov A.M. , Grebenshchikova V.I. , Budyak A.E.
Published: January 2014

The gold distribution in 32 pyrite samples and some samples of other ore minerals is studied using the method of statistical samplings of analytical data for single crystals. The samples were recovered from deposits of different genetic types within the largest gold provinces of Russia and Uzbekistan. The contents of uniformly distributed gold and the ratios of its structurally to superficially bound forms have been determined. According to the Au–As diagram for the chemical states of gold, uniformly distributed gold in pyrite is chemically bound in the overwhelming majority of cases. The previous experimental data suggest that it is partly incorporated into pyrite and partly into the structures of nanosized nonautonomous phases on the surface of the pyrite crystals. Micro- and nanoparticles of native gold might appear during postgrowth transformations of these phases. Data on the other ore minerals suggest that the dependence of the content of uniformly distributed gold on the size or specific surface area of the crystal and the superficial position of its considerable part are common to the ore minerals. It is shown for pyrite that the observed features are commonly found at deposits of different genetic types, only with differences in the slope and determination coefficients of the dependences. The size dependences of the contents of gold and other elements in pyrite are genetically significant, because they give an insight into the ore-forming processes. The data on structurally bound gold permit comparative evaluation of gold concentrations in ore fluids forming gold deposits of different genetic types.
Rethinking the Relevance or Irrelevance of Directors’ Duties in China: The Intersection between Culture and Laws
Authors: CHAN Raymond Siu Yeung , HO Daniel , YOUNG Angus
Published: January 2014

This paper investigates how culture affects people’s attitudes towards directors’ duties in the People’s Republic of China by surveying a sample of Chinese business executives. If cultural practices lead people to behave differently from what the law prescribes, it is a serious regulatory oversight. Our results suggest that Chinese cultural values do matter when it comes to the perception of breaches of directors’ duties. Specifically, we find that respondents who identify with moral-discipline related traditional Chinese values are more lenient to the chairman breaching his director's duties, whereas respondents who subscribe to modern Chinese values are less receptive to the director failing to report the chairman’s contravention of his director’s duties. These results suggest that it is imperative for China’s law-makers to rethink their approach to regulating directors’ duties instead of the wholesale transplantation of laws from Western countries.
“Legal at the Time”?: Companies, Governments and Reparations for Mauritian Slavery
Authors: Croucher Richard , Michel Didier
Published: January 2014

This article critiques the “legal at the time” argument used by states and companies which historically practised slavery to defend themselves against claims for restitution, examining the Mauritian case. Although slavery was largely legal there before its abolition by the British, torts were common under slavery and, during the years of historic rupture, 1794–1839, when the local élite defied first French and then English law, generated systemic unlawful activity. Most types of legal action for restitution for slavery face formidable difficulties; pursuing reparations supported by broad legal arguments may therefore be a more viable route. Slavery may be argued to have been an illegitimate endeavour in itself. While sympathetic to that view, this article does not pursue it but rather seeks to demonstrate that the “legal at the time” argument against reparations contains significant lacunae even within its restricted terms. It also shows that French constitutional law offers possibilities in the form of rights that are not time-bound.
Detection of tomato leaf curl virus resistance and inheritance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Authors: SINGH R. K. , RAI N. , SINGH M. , SAHA S. , SINGH S. N.
Published: January 2014

Tomato leaf curl virus (TLCV) is a major viral disease in tomato that causes quantitative and qualitative losses to the crop. One hundred and fifty three tomato genotypes were screened for three consecutive years (2006–09) under glasshouse and field conditions for TLCV resistance. The incidence of disease was higher during the Rabi season as compared to the Kharif season trials. The reactions of different genotypes were studied by artificial inoculation. Based on the coefficient of infection, nine genotypes (viz. EC-520049 (Solanum chmielewskii), EC-520058, EC-520060 and EC-520061 (S. habrochaites), EC-520070, EC-520071, EC-520077, EC-520079 (S. pimpinellifolium) and H-88-78-1(S. lycopersicum; a derivative of S. habrochaites f. glabratum) were found to be highly resistant in both environments. H-88-78-1 was used for inheritance studies during 2008–10. Using F2 Mendelian segregation, populations showed a 3 (resistant):1 (susceptible) ratio for TLCV disease and were proposed to have both additive and dominant non-allelic gene interactions for various traits.
Treatment modality: a predictor of continued tobacco use after treatment in patients with laryngeal cancer
Authors: Narwani V , Harries M
Published: January 2014

Background:

Laryngeal cancer patients who continue to smoke after treatment are at an elevated risk of mortality and morbidity. This study aimed to identify factors associated with continued tobacco use following treatment in patients with laryngeal cancer.

Methods:

A smoking behaviour questionnaire, a self-report measure, was sent to 112 patients who were diagnosed with laryngeal cancer during 2006–2011 at the Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals, Brighton, UK. Patient demographics, tumour and treatment-related variables, comorbidity and socio-economic status were obtained from the medical records.

Results:

Eighty-one per cent of patients responded to the survey; 22 per cent of these reported continued tobacco use after treatment. Treatment modality was found to be a predictor of post-therapeutic smoking (odds ratio: 4.9, p = 0.01); patients who received less invasive therapy (transoral laser microsurgery) were more likely to smoke after treatment.

Conclusions:

The findings of this preliminary study suggest that treatment modality influences smoking behaviour in patients with laryngeal cancer, which may have important implications for the design of anti-smoking interventions.
Cervical oesophagostomy in patients with severe dysphagia following radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Wang Y-J , Chen W-X , Zhang J-L , He F-Y , Zhu Z-F , Zeng Y , Yang F , Tang S-C
Published: January 2014

Objective:

This study aimed to investigate the validity and feasibility of cervical oesophagostomy as a treatment for patients with severe dysphagia after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Methods:

The study retrospectively analysed the clinical data, symptoms, physical signs, treatment and outcomes of 12 patients treated with cervical oesophagostomy for severe dysphagia after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, from 2006 to 2010.

Results:

In all 12 cases, the oesophageal stoma remained stable, without any complications such as pharyngeal fistula or inflammation. No oesophageal stricture or granuloma growth was observed. All patients reported significant improvement in their nutritional status and quality of life after the oesophagostomy surgery.

Conclusion:

Cervical oesophagostomy is a valid and feasible method of treating severe dysphagia following radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oesophagostomy shows specific advantages over nasogastric tubing, gastrostomy and jejunostomy. Patients' nutrition and quality of life can be improved significantly if cervical oesophagostomy is executed in a timely fashion, especially in cases with severe trismus and multiple radiation-induced cranial nerve palsies unresponsive to rehabilitation.
Successful vaccines for naturally occurring protozoal diseases of animals should guide human vaccine research. A review of protozoal vaccines and their designs
Authors: MCALLISTER MILTON M.
Published: January 2014

Effective vaccines are available for many protozoal diseases of animals, including vaccines for zoonotic pathogens and for several species of vector-transmitted apicomplexan haemoparasites. In comparison with human diseases, vaccine development for animals has practical advantages such as the ability to perform experiments in the natural host, the option to manufacture some vaccinesin vivo, and lower safety requirements. Although it is proper for human vaccines to be held to higher standards, the enduring lack of vaccines for human protozoal diseases is difficult to reconcile with the comparatively immense amount of research funding. Common tactical problems of human protozoal vaccine research include reliance upon adapted rather than natural animal disease models, and an overwhelming emphasis on novel approaches that are usually attempted in replacement of rather than for improvement upon the types of designs used in effective veterinary vaccines. Currently, all effective protozoal vaccines for animals are predicated upon the ability to grow protozoal organisms. Because human protozoal vaccines need to be as effective as animal vaccines, researchers should benefit from a comparison of existing veterinary products and leading experimental vaccine designs. With this in mind, protozoal vaccines are here reviewed.
A Comparison of the End of the Canton and Nagasaki Trade Control Systems
Authors: Murakami Ei
Published: January 2014

Owing to the development of global history in recent decades, the idea of the West as the standard by which to consider economic development in other parts of the world has been abandoned.

In his studies, Kenneth Pomeranz emphasised the similarities in the living standards that existed in the core region of East Asia and Northwest Europe until the beginning of the nineteenth century. He concludes that the reasons for the great divergence between East Asia and Northwest Europe had to do with the regions' access to coal mines and the New World. His studies stimulated comparisons between East Asian countries, such as China, India, and Japan, with Northwest Europe using different economic indicators.

However, these studies do not adequately explain the reason for the “small divergence” between China and Japan after the mid-nineteenth century. There were no significant differences in the living standards or real wages in the core regions of China and Japan until late in the century. Because of the development of transportation technology during the 1800s, the location of coalmines cannot explain the difference between the two countries. Therefore, it is important to examine the institutional background for the “small divergence” between China and Japan.
Economic Links with Ayutthaya: Changes in Networks between Japan, China, and Siam in the Early Modern Period
Authors: Shimada Ryuto
Published: January 2014

Ayutthaya was a key transit port and a centre for the intra-Asian maritime trade in the early modern period. Consequently, Siam's international trade must have been transformed once the maritime trade in Asia changed on a large scale. This essay aims to offer a systematic picture of the changing trend in the maritime trade in the China Sea region, with particular emphasis on Ayutthaya's trade with Japan and China. To this end, the transition of the Siamese trade will be examined from the point of view of regional trade patterns and how these changed from the mid-seventeenth century to the end of the eighteenth century.

This essay has two general purposes. First, it provides a multinational perspective for a comparative study of Japan and China's foreign trade. The second is to use this case study of the Siamese trade to examine the hypothesis posed by Leonard Blussé that the eighteenth century should be regarded as a “Chinese century.”

Keeping these aims in mind, I shall analyse the Siamese trade with Japan and China in the long run and after detailed investigation, propose a model for the triangular trade between Japan, China, and Siam.
The Transfer of Learning: The Import of Chinese and Dutch Books in Togukawa Japan
Authors: Boot W. J.
Published: January 2014

I have often said, though mainly to captive audiences of students of Leiden University, that the mental map Japanese intellectuals had of their country counted three important hubs: Kyoto, Edo, and Nagasaki. Kyoto had the highest density ofjuku; it was the place where people studied. Edo was the place where everyone, and certainly the samurai, met; it was a clearing-house of all kinds of information. Nagasaki, finally, was the place that all self-respecting scholars and physicians would want to visit at least once, to get a whiff of the atmosphere of their “source country,” be it China or the Netherlands, and to acquire books.

This thesis, such as it is, breaks down into three questions that can, in principle, be answered. (1) Who travelled to Nagasaki? When? What did they do there? How long did they stay? What are the aggregate numbers? (2) Did an appreciable quantity of the imported Dutch and Chinese books remain in Nagasaki? (3) Did there exist an intellectual establishment in Nagasaki that catered to the needs of visiting students? In practice, it might well be a life's work to answer these questions. In this article, I will concentrate on one aspect of the second of these questions: the import of foreign books through Nagasaki. The context, however, should be kept in mind.

This idea has been with me ever since I read that Hayashi Razan(1583–1657) visited Nagasaki twice—once as a private person in the autumn of Keichō 7 (1602), when he stayed for over one month, and the second time in Keichō 12 (1607), immediately after he had been taken into the employ of Tokugawa Ieyasu's (1542–1616; shogun 1603–5).
Generation of high-energy ion bunches via laser-induced cavity pressure acceleration at ultra-high laser intensities
Authors: Jabłoński S. , Badziak J. , Rączka P.
Published: January 2014

In this paper, a new method for efficient generation of high-energy ion bunches via laser-induced cavity pressure acceleration (LICPA) is examined using one-dimensional particle-in-cell code PIC1D. It is found that for high laser beam intensities of the order of 1022 W/cm2 and for circular light polarization, a substantial increase in parameters of the accelerated ions is obtained when the target is placed inside a special cavity, into which the laser beam is introduced by a small hole. As compared to the pure radiation pressure acceleration scheme, the LICPA scheme leads to an increase in ion energies and the laser-to-ions energy conversion efficiency while the width of the ion energy spectrum are similar for both the schemes. Such a tendency was observed for all carbon targets (from 2 µm to 0.2 µm thick) investigated in the paper. The results of PIC1D simulations agree very well with predictions of the suitably generalized light sail model.
Experiments with three approaches to recognizing lexical entailment
Authors: TURNEY P. D. , MOHAMMAD S. M.
Published: January 2014

Inference in natural language often involves recognizing lexical entailment (RLE), that is, identifying whether one word entails another. For example,buyentailsown. Two general strategies for RLE have been proposed: One strategy is to manually construct an asymmetric similarity measure for context vectors (directional similarity) and another is to treat RLE as a problem of learning to recognize semantic relations using supervised machine-learning techniques (relation classification). In this paper, we experiment with two recent state-of-the-art representatives of the two general strategies. The first approach is an asymmetric similarity measure (an instance of thedirectional similaritystrategy), designed to capture the degree to which the contexts of a word,a, form a subset of the contexts of another word,b. The second approach (an instance of therelation classificationstrategy) represents a word pair,a:b, with a feature vector that is the concatenation of the context vectors ofaandb, and then applies supervised learning to a training set of labeled feature vectors. In addition, we introduce a third approach that is a new instance of therelation classificationstrategy. The third approach represents a word pair,a:b, with a feature vector in which the features are the differences in the similarities ofaandbto a set of reference words. All three approaches use vector space models of semantics, based on word–context matrices. We perform an extensive evaluation of the three approaches using three different datasets. The proposed new approach (similarity differences) performs significantly better than the other two approaches on some datasets and there is no dataset for which it is significantly worse. Along the way, we address some of the concerns raised in past research, regarding the treatment of RLE as a problem of semantic relation classification, and we suggest, it is beneficial to make connections between the research in lexical entailment and the research in semantic relation classification.
Empfehlungen zur Diagnostik und Therapie der behavioralen und psychologischen Symptome der Demenz (BPSD)
Authors: Savaskan Egemen , Bopp-Kistler Irene , Buerge Markus , Fischlin Regina , Georgescu Dan , Giardini Umberto , Hatzinger Martin , Hemmeter Ulrich , Justiniano Isabella , Kressig Reto W. , Monsch Andreas , Mosimann Urs P. , Mueri Renè , Munk Anna , Popp Julius , Schmid Ruth , Wollmer Marc A.
Published: January 2014

Patienten mit Demenz-Erkrankungen weisen neben kognitiven Symptomen eine Reihe von behavioralen und psychologischen Symptomen der Demenz (BPSD) auf, welche die Therapie, Diagnostik und Betreuung zusätzlich erschweren. Diese Symptome haben schwerwiegende Folgen für die Betroffenen und ihre Betreuer, und sind in dieser multimorbiden Patientengruppe oft schwierig behandelbar. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Therapieempfehlungen der Schweizer Fachgesellschaften ist es, eine auf Evidenz und auf der klinischen Erfahrung der Schweizer Experten basierende Hilfestellung für die Therapie der Begleitsymptome der Demenz aufzuzeigen. Die Berücksichtigung der klinischen Erfahrung ist wichtig, weil für die meisten Behandlungsmöglichkeiten nicht ausreichend kontrollierte Studien vorliegen. Eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme der pharmakotherapeutischen Interventionen ist notwendig, weil Medikamente in dieser vulnerablen Population aufgrund möglicher Nebenwirkungen mit Bedacht eingesetzt werden müssen. Es ist auch ein Anliegen, die psychosozialen und pflegerischen Interventionsmöglichkeiten zu berücksichtigen und diese systematisch abzubilden.
Potential role of omega‐3‐derived resolution mediators in metabolic inflammation
Authors: White Phillip J , Marette André
Published: January 2014

In its most reduced form, metabolic inflammation can be best described as a maladaptive process that involves an integrated innate and acquired immune response to nutrient surplus. Although originally these events were thought to be restricted to the expanding adipose depots of obese individuals, there are increasing reports that other metabolic centers such as the gut, liver, skeletal muscle and hypothalamus are also foci for metabolic inflammation. This review presents an overview of the major events and players identified thus far as central components of metabolic inflammation, and will examine recent findings concerning a novel class of omega‐3‐derived bioactive lipids that suggest that altered resolution processes may also contribute to metabolic inflammation.