bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection ofGBAmissense mutations and other variants using the Oxford Nanopore MinION
Authors: Leija-Salazar Melissa , Sedlazeck Fritz J. , Mokretar Katya , Mullin Stephen , Toffoli Marco , Athanasopoulou Maria , Donald Aimee , Sharma Reena , Hughes Derralynn , Schapira Anthony H , Proukakis Christos
Published: March 2018

Purpose

Mutations inGBAcause Gaucher disease when biallelic, and are strong risk factors for Parkinson’s disease when heterozygous.GBAanalysis is complicated by the nearby pseudogene. We aimed to design and validate a method for sequencingGBAon the Oxford Nanopore MinION.

Methods

We sequenced an 8.9 kb amplicon from DNA samples of 17 individuals, including patients with Parkinson’s and Gaucher disease, on older and current (R9.4) flow cells. These included samples with known mutations, assessed in a blinded fashion on the R9.4 data. We used NanoOK for quality metrics, two different aligners (Graphmap and NGMLR), Nanopolish and Sniffles to call variants, and Whatshap for phasing.

Results

We detected all known mutations, including the common p.N409S (N370S) and p.L483P (L444P), and three rarer ones, at the correct zygosity, as well as intronic SNPs. In a sample with the complex RecNciI allele, we detected an additional coding mutation, and a 55-base pair deletion. We confirmed compound heterozygosity where relevant. False positives were easily identified.

Conclusion

The Oxford Nanopore MinION can detect missense mutations and an exonic deletion in this difficult gene, with the added advantage of phasing and intronic analysis. It can be used as an efficient diagnostic tool.
Identification of novelMECOMgene fusion and personalized therapeutic targets through integrative clinical sequencing in secondary acute myeloid leukemia in a patient with severe congenital neutropenia: a case report and literature review
Authors: Connelly James A. , Mody Rajen J. , Wu Yi-Mi , Robinson Dan R. , Lonigro Robert J. , Vats Pankaj , Rabban Erica , Anderson Bailey , Walkovich Kelly
Published: March 2018

Severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) is a rare hematologic disorder characterized by defective myelopoiesis and a high incidence of malignant transformation to myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). SCN patients who develop MDS/AML have excessive toxicities to traditional chemotherapy, and safer therapies are needed to improve overall survival in this population. In this report, we outline the use of a prospective integrative clinical sequencing trial (PEDS-MIONCOSEQ) in a patient with SCN and AML to help identify oncogenic targets for less toxic agents. Integrative sequencing identified two somaticcis-mutations in the colony stimulating factor 3 receptor (CSF3R) gene, a p.T640N mutation in the transmembrane region and a p.Q768* truncation mutation in the cytoplasmic domain. A somatic mutation p.H105Y, in the runt homology domain (RHD) of runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1), was also identified. In addition, sequencing discovered a unique in-frameEIF4A2-MECOM(MDS1and ectopic viral integration site 1 complex) chromosomal translocation with highMECOMexpression. His mutations inCSF3Rserved as potential targets for tyrosine kinase inhibition and therefore provided an avenue to avoid more harmful therapy. This study highlights the utility of integrative clinical sequencing in SCN patients who develop leukemia and outlines a strategy on how to approach these patients in a future clinical sequencing trial to improve historically poor outcomes. A thorough review of leukemia in SCN and the role ofCSF3Rmutations in oncologic therapy are provided to support a new strategy on how to approach MDS/AML in SCN.
4-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-{3-[5-methyl-1-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1,3-thiazole
Authors: El-Hiti Gamal A. , Abdel-Wahab Bakr F. , Khidre Rizk E. , Mostafa Mohamed S. , Hegazy Amany S. , Kariuki Benson M.
Published: March 2018

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C37H28BrClN8S, comprises one molecule. The molecule consists of two ring systems joined by a C—C bond between the dihydropyrazolyl and pyrazolyl rings of the two extended ring systems. The angles between adjacent ring planes of the tolyl–triazolyl–pyrazolyl–phenyl ring system are 48.2 (1), 12.3 (2) and 22.2 (2)°, respectively, with angles of 19.7 (1), 5.6 (2) and 0.9 (2)° between the rings of the chlorophenyl–thiazolyl–dihydropyrazolyl–bromophenyl set. The pyrazolyl and dihydropyrazolyl rings are inclined at 68.3 (1)° to one another. In the crystal, C—H...Cl interactions form chains of molecules parallel to theb-axis direction.
5-[Phenyl(pyridin-4-yl)amino]penta-2,4-diyn-1-ol
Authors: Umezono Satoru , Okuno Tsunehisa
Published: March 2018

In the title diacetylene derivative, C16H12N2O, the amino plane makes dihedral angles of 3.90 (4) and 60.53 (4)°, respectively, with the pyridyl and phenyl rings, indicating that an electron-deficient pyridyl ring makes better conjugation with a lone pair of the amino nitrogen atom. In the crystal, molecules form inversion dimersviapairs of hydrogen bonds between the hydroxy and pyridyl groups, with an O...N distance of 2.7765 (16) Å. The dimers stack along theaaxis, but the title compound shows little solid-state polymerization reactivity.
Adolescents’ experiences of street harassment: creating a typology and assessing the emotional impact
Authors: Betts Lucy , Harding Rachel , Peart Sheine , Sjolin Knight Catarina , Wright David , Newbold Kendall
Published: March 2018

Purpose

Research examining young people’s experiences of harassment has tended to focus on the school and digital environment. Despite street harassment being identified as a common experience for adult women, very few studies have explored adolescents’ experiences of street harassment. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

A person-centred analytical approach, based on experienced reporting, was used to create a typology of street harassment. The reports of street harassment were received from 118 (68 female, 43 male, no gender reported in 7) 11-15-year olds over a 6-8 week period.

Findings

Cluster analysis revealed four distinct groups: “predominately verbal”, “non-verbal/non-direct”, “other incident”, and “all forms”. Young women and those in the “all forms” group reported experiencing greater negative emotions following the episode of street harassment. Young men were equally as likely as young women to report experiencing street harassment.

Originality/value

The findings uniquely highlight that adolescents experience distinct types of street harassment, some of which are associated with negative emotions.
Incidence and outcomes of out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest: A New Zealand perspective
Authors: Dicker Bridget , Davey Paul , Smith Tony , Beck Ben
Published: March 2018

Objective

To describe the incidence and outcomes from out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in the New Zealand population served by the St John Ambulance Service.

Methods

A retrospective observational study was conducted using data from the St John New Zealand OHCA registry, which serves a population of around 4 million. The incidence and outcomes of adult patients who were treated for an OHCA between 1 October 2013 and 30 September 2015 are reported.

Results

A total of 7996 adult OHCA cases were attended, resuscitation was attempted in 3862 cases (60 per 100 000 person‐years). The median response time was 9 min (interquartile range 7–12), the median age was 66 (interquartile range 53–77) and 69% were men. Most events occurred in the home (67%), bystanders witnessed 53%, EMS witnessed 16% and 31% were unwitnessed. Bystander CPR was administered in 62% of cases and 8% were defibrillated prior to EMS arrival. Most events had a presumed cardiac aetiology (77%) and 38% presented in a shockable rhythm. Of those who had attempted resuscitation, a return of spontaneous circulation sustained to hospital handover occurred in 30% of events and 15% survived to 30 days. Adjusted survival outcomes demonstrated differences according to ethnicity.

Conclusion

This is the first study to describe the epidemiology and outcomes of OHCA in New Zealand. Our findings provide important baseline data to monitor temporal trends, investigate the impact of changes in the management of OHCA and demonstrate that there are opportunities for improvement across the system of care.
Description of a new species of the whitefly genus Pealius Quaintance & Baker (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from China
Authors: Wang Ji‐Rui , Du Yu‐Zhou , Martin Jon H. , Xu Zhi‐Hong
Published: March 2018

A new whitefly species, Pealius yunnanensis sp. nov., collected from Mengzi, Caoba village (Yunnan, China) on Ficus microcarpa Linn. f. (Urticales: Moraceae), is described with morphology, line illustrations, photographs and scanning electron microscope images. In addition, a checklist of Chinese species of Pealius is provided and all Pealius species recorded from Ficus around the world are listed. Specimens have been deposited in the Insect Collection of Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University (ZAFU), Lin'an, China.
Sex‐biased gene expression during the adult stage of the Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella
Authors: Shafeeq Tahir , Lee Kyeong‐Yeoll
Published: March 2018

Sexual dimorphisms are primary regulated by sex‐biased gene expression. In the present study, using real‐time polymerase chain reaction, we determined the expression profiles of nine genes associated with development, metabolism, stress, and defense throughout adulthood of the Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella, a global pest of stored food products. Most genes were differentially expressed in a sex‐biased manner during the adult lifespan of the moth. Expression of the heat shock protein genes hsp25 and hsp90 and the antioxidant gene thioredoxin peroxidase (Tpx) was highly female biased, whereas the expression of a gene related to host development (ecdysone receptor [EcR]) and two genes associated with immunity (β‐glycan recognition protein [βgrp] and prophenoloxidase [ProPO]) was male biased. In contrast, the expression of hsp70, glucose‐regulated protein 78 (grp78) and ultraspiracle (USP) was not sex biased. The results of the present study provide important insights into the role of sex‐biased genes in the physiology and behavior of P. interpunctella.
Comparison of outcomes of laparoscopy‐assisted and open proximal gastrectomy with jejunal interposition for early gastric cancer in the upper third of the stomach: A retrospective observational study
Authors: Takayama Yuichi , Kaneoka Yuji , Maeda Atsuyuki , Fukami Yasuyuki , Onoe Shunsuke
Published: March 2018

Introduction

Laparoscopy‐assisted proximal gastrectomy with jejunal interposition (LAPG‐JI) is not yet widely used because the three anastomotic procedures involved in this operation are technically complicated. This study aimed to describe our surgical procedure for LAPG‐JI and assess its feasibility and safety.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of 70 patients who had undergone proximal gastrectomy with jejunal interposition for gastric cancer in the upper third of the stomach between July 2007 and October 2016. Of these patients, 32 underwent LAPG‐JI, and 38 underwent open proximal gastrectomy with jejunal interposition. Clinical characteristics and both surgical and postoperative outcomes were compared between LAPG‐JI and open proximal gastrectomy with jejunal interposition.

Results

The operation time was longer in the LAPG‐JI group (189 vs 154 min, P < 0.001) and estimated blood loss was lower (30 vs 180 mL, P < 0.001). There were no differences in the rates of early (9.4% vs 13.2%) or late postoperative complications (12.5% vs 10.5%). No anastomotic leakage was observed in either group. In the LAPG‐JI group, the time to first eating was shorter, and the white blood cell counts on postoperative days 1 and 7 and body temperature on postoperative day 3 were lower. The number of additional doses of postoperative analgesia was lower in the LAPG‐JI group. Reflux esophagitis graded C according to the Los Angeles classification was observed in only one patient (3.1%) in the LAPG‐JI group.

Conclusion

Although the operation time was longer in the LAPG‐JI group, the procedure seemed to be feasible and safe. Also, it offered the advantages of laparoscopic surgery, including less invasiveness and quicker recovery.
ENDOGENOUS DEBT‐EQUITY RATIO AND BALANCE‐SHEET CHANNEL: IMPLICATIONS FOR GROWTH AND WELFARE
Authors: Shaw Ming‐fu , Chang Juin‐jen , Fan Chih‐ping
Published: March 2018

This paper endogenizes the debt‐equity ratio and embodies financial leverage in a cash‐in‐advance model of endogenous growth. Our analysis finds that the debt‐equity ratio is positively related to the balanced‐growth rate, since it serves as a ‘financial accelerator’ to stimulate investment projects. Compared to previous studies, this positive relationship gives rise to an additional balance‐sheet effect, which substantially affects the macroeconomic consequences of monetary and taxation policies. Due to the existence of the balance‐sheet effect, we also find that the Friedman rule is not necessarily optimal.
Diagnostic and prognostic value of serum Cripto‐1 in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Xu Chun Hua , Chi Chuan Zhen , Zhang Qian , Wang Yu Chao , Wang Wei , Yuan Qi , Zhan Ping , Zhang Xiu Wei , Lin Yong
Published: March 2018

Introduction

Cripto‐1 (CR‐1) is a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐CFC protein family, which is involved in tumor pathogenesis.

Objectives

This study aimed to explore the diagnostic and prognostic value of serum CR‐1 level in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods

Serum specimens from 312 NSCLC patients and 120 healthy controls were collected. Serum CR‐1 level was measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

The serum CR‐1 level was significantly elevated in NSCLC patients compared with healthy controls (P < .001). Higher serum CR‐1 level was associated with advanced TNM stage, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. With a cutoff value of 1.67 ng/mL, CR‐1 showed a good diagnostic performance for NSCLC. Kaplan–Meier log rank analysis revealed that the low serum CR‐1 patients had a better overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) compared with high CR‐1 patients (P = .004 and .001, respectively). Further univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that serum CR‐1 level was an independent risk factor of prognosis of NSCLC patients.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that serum CR‐1 level is a useful diagnostic and prognostic marker for NSCLC patients.
Eighteen‐month‐olds selectively generalize words from accurate speakers to novel contexts
Authors: Luchkina Elena , Sobel David M. , Morgan James L.
Published: March 2018

The present studies examine whether and how 18‐month‐olds use informants' accuracy to acquire novel labels for novel objects and generalize them to a new context. In Experiment 1, two speakers made statements about the labels of familiar objects. One used accurate labels and the other used inaccurate labels. One of these speakers then introduced novel labels for two novel objects. At test, toddlers saw those two novel objects and heard an unfamiliar voice say one of the labels provided by the speaker. Only toddlers who had heard the novel labels introduced by the accurate speaker looked at the appropriate novel object above chance. Experiment 2 explored possible mechanisms underlying this difference in generalization. Rather than making statements about familiar objects' labels, both speakers asked questions about the objects' labels, with one speaker using accurate labels and the other using inaccurate labels. Toddlers' generalization of novel labels for novel objects was at chance for both speakers, suggesting that toddlers do not simply associate hearing the accurate label with the reliability of the speaker. We discuss these results in terms of potential mechanisms by which children learn and generalize novel labels across contexts from speaker reliability.
Sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of low doses of xylazine with and without acepromazine in Nordestino donkeys
Authors: Lucas Castillo J. A. , Gozalo‐Marcilla M. , Werneck Fonseca M. , Possebon F. S. , da Rosa A. C. , de Araujo Aguiar A. J.
Published: March 2018

Background

Information on appropriate protocols for sedation of Nordestino donkeys is scarce.

Objectives

To evaluate the sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of low doses of intravenous (i.v.) xylazine with and without acepromazine in ‘Nordestino’ donkeys.

Study design

Seven healthy female Nordestino donkeys (150 ± 18 kg) were included in this blinded, randomised, crossover experiment.

Methods

Four treatments were administered, consisting of two i.v. injections, at baseline (T0, 1st injection) and 15 min later (T15, 2nd injection). Treatments included acepromazine 0.05 mg/kg bwt + saline (AS), saline + xylazine 0.5 mg/kg bwt (SX0.5), acepromazine + xylazine 0.25 mg/kg bwt (AX0.25) or acepromazine + xylazine 0.5 mg/kg bwt (AX0.5). Sedative and cardiorespiratory parameters were evaluated before T0 and 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 min after treatment. Degree [height of head above ground (HHAG)] and quality of sedation [ataxia, responses to stimuli and visual analogue scale (VAS) scoring] and respiratory rate were evaluated by the main investigator in situ, and heart rate was measured by an assistant investigator. Three experienced evaluators assessed vídeos for ataxia and responses to stimuli. Normal data were analysed by repeated measures ANOVA, and non‐normal by Kruskal–Wallis (P<0.05).

Results

HHAG was lower than baseline for 15 min after xylazine administration in AX0.25 and for 30 min in SX0.5 and AX0.5 groups. All treatments with xylazine increased VAS and ataxia scores in situ for 15 min after xylazine administration, with no differences between groups. Ataxia scores in situ were higher in SX0.5 and AX0.5 groups than AS for 15 and 30 min after xylazine administration, respectively.

Main limitations

Absence of a negative control group (saline‐saline).

Conclusion

Acepromazine added to xylazine at 0.25 mg/kg bwt produced briefer and milder sedation than xylazine at 0.5 mg/kg bwt.
Pre‐Viking Swedish hillfort glass: A prospective long‐term alteration analogue for vitrified nuclear waste
Authors: Weaver Jamie L. , Pearce Carolyn I. , Sjöblom Rolf , McCloy John S. , Miller Micah , Varga Tamas , Arey Bruce W. , Conroy Michele A. , Peeler David K. , Koestler Robert J. , DePriest Paula T. , Vicenzi Edward P. , Hjärthner‐Holdar Eva , Ogenhall Erik , Kruger Albert A.
Published: March 2018

Models for long‐term glass alteration are required to satisfy performance predictions of vitrified nuclear waste in various disposal scenarios. Durability parameters are usually extracted from short‐term laboratory tests, and sometimes checked with long‐term natural experiments on glasses, termed analogues. In this paper, a unique potential ancient glass analogue from Sweden is discussed. The hillfort glass found at Broborg represents a unique case study as a vitrified waste glass analogue to compare to Low Activity Waste glass to be emplaced in near surface conditions at Hanford (USA). Glasses at Broborg have similar and dissimilar compositions to LAW glasses, allowing the testing of long‐term alteration of different glass chemistries. In addition, the environmental history of the site is reasonably well documented. Initial investigations on previously collected samples established methodologies for handling and characterizing these artifacts by laboratory methods while preserving their alteration layers and cultural context. Evidence of possible biologically influenced glass alteration, and differential alteration in the 2 types of glass found at the Broborg site is presented.
Left ventricular remodelling and vascular adaptive changes in adolescents with obesity
Authors: Kulkarni A. , Gulesserian T. , Lorenzo J. M. M. D. , Haroonian Y. , Ngyuyen M. , Lo Y. , Wang D. , Hsu D. , Kaskel F. , Mahgerefteh J.
Published: March 2018

Background

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of obesity on myocardial mechanics and ventriculo‐arterial coupling (V‐A) in children.

Methods

Strain parameters, stroke volume, arterial elastance, left ventricular (LV) elastance and V‐A were compared after adjusting for age and hypertension and after multivariate sub‐group analysis between patients with and without obesity.

Results

Among 123 retrospectively enrolled subjects, 6–21 years age, 79.7% males, 52% were obese. Median (range) Body Mass Index Z score was +2.35 (1.67–4.43) for obese and +0.68 (−2.48–1.63) for non‐obese. Subjects with obesity had higher LV mass indexed2.7 (LVMI2.7) compared with non‐obese (P < 0.001). Lower global longitudinal strain (GLS) (P = 0.012), global circumferential strain (GCS) (P = 0.004), average longitudinal strain rate (P = 0.002) and average circumferential strain rate (P < 0.001) were seen in subjects with obesity; no difference was noted in arterial elastance, LV end systolic elastance and V‐A. Increased LVMI2.7, decreased GLS, GCS, average longitudinal strain rate, average circumferential strain rate and maintained V‐A were noted in the multivariate analysis between subgroups.

Conclusions

Obesity causes alterations in myocardial mechanics with preserved V‐A in children. These findings may aid intervention in preventing the long‐term cadiovascular effects of obesity.
Migrant Workers and the Right to Family Accompaniment: A Case for Family Rights in International Law and in Canada
Authors: Nakache Delphine
Published: March 2018

International human rights instruments provide for protection of the family as the fundamental unit of society. However, a consequent right to family accompaniment, which can be defined as the right of migrants to bring their family members to the destination state, is not sanctioned and continues to be resisted. This article reviews the international and regional legal framework regarding migrants’ family rights. Using Canada as a case study, it explains why labor migration, as currently developing in the country, requires Canada to implement appropriate family accompaniment policies for migrant workers. One key argument is that is in the interest of Canada, as of every state of destination, to facilitate ‐ rather than hinder ‐ migrant workers’ family unity.
Ambulatory blood pressure in relation to oxygen desaturation index as simultaneously assessed by nighttime finger pulse oximetry at home
Authors: Chen Qi , Cheng Yi‐Bang , Liu Chang‐Yuan , Guo Qian‐Hui , Xu Shao‐Kun , Huang Qi‐Fang , Sheng Chang‐Sheng , Shen Meng , Zhu Ya‐Jing , Li Yan , Wang Ji‐Guang
Published: March 2018

We investigated the relationship between ambulatory blood pressure (BP) and oxygen desaturation index (ODI), while accounting for pulse rate and age. ODI was assessed by overnight finger pulse oximetry in 2342 participants on the day of ambulatory BP monitoring, and calculated as the number of desaturation episodes per sleeping hour. Both BP and pulse rate increased significantly (P ≤ .006) from normal (< 5 events/h) to mildly (5‐14), moderately (15‐30), and severely (≥ 30 events/h) elevated ODI. The association for BP was substantially attenuated by accounting for pulse rate (partial r² from .003‐.012 to .002‐.006). In adjusted analysis, the associations of 24‐hour diastolic BP and 24‐hour pulse rate with ODI were dependent on age (P ≤ .0001) and only significant in younger subjects (< 60 years, P ≤ .0001). In conclusion, the association between ambulatory BP and ODI was partially mediated by pulse rate, a measure of sympathetic activity, and was more prominent in younger subjects.
A novel functional polymorphism of GSTM3 reduces clear cell renal cell carcinoma risk through enhancing its expression by interfering miR‐556 binding
Authors: Wang Ying , Yang Zi‐Ying , Chen Yi‐Huan , Li Feng , Shen Han , Yu You , Huang Hao‐Yue , Shen Zhen‐Ya
Published: March 2018

Dysregulation of glutathione‐S‐transferase M3 (GSTM3) has been related to clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) in our former study. GSTM3 plays a pivotal role of detoxification and clearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tumour tissues. This study aimed to examine: (1) the associations between GSTM3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and risk of ccRCC, and (2) the potential molecular mechanism accounting for its effects. 5 SNPs in 3′UTR of GSTM3 were initially genotyped in 329 cases and 420 healthy controls. A SNP‐rs1055259 was found to be significantly associated with the susceptibility of ccRCC (OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.41‐0.92; P = .019). The minor allele of rs1055259 (G allele) was associated with RCC risk. This SNP was predicted to affect microRNA (miR)‐556 binding to 3′UTR of GSTM3 mRNA. To determine the functional impact, plasmid constructs carrying different alleles of rs1055259 were created. Compared to rs1055259 A‐allele constructs, cells transfected with rs1055259 G‐allele construct had higher transcriptional activity and were less responsive to miR‐556 changes and gene expression. Elevated GSTM3 expression in G‐allele cells was associated with ROS activity and ccRCC development. Taken together, this study indicated that a functional polymorphism of GSTM3 ‐rs1055259 reduced susceptibility of RCC in the Chinese population. It influenced GSTM3 protein synthesis by interfering miR‐556 binding, subsequently suppressed ROS activity and ccRCC progression.
Maternal factors and preoperative nutrition in children with mild cases of congenital heart disease
Authors: Qin Chunxiang , Li Ying , Wang Dianjun , Shi Zeya , Yao Rui , Wang Dan , Tang Siyuan
Published: March 2018

Aim

The preoperative poor nutrition of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) impacts the postoperative rehabilitation process of pediatric CHD cases. The factors of these children's preoperative poor nutrition, excluding the disease, have been underreported. The aim was to investigate the preoperative nutritional status of children with CHD who required a simple surgical repair and to analyze the maternal characteristics that are associated with poor nutrition in these sick children.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional survey. The weight and height of the children were measured, maternal data were collected via a questionnaire and a univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the association between maternal factors and the preoperative poor nutrition of the children with CHD.

Results

A total of 119 children with simple CHD were recruited to the study. The prevalence of poor nutrition was higher in the children with CHD (“cases”) than in the healthy children (“controls”). An increased risk of poor nutrition was associated with lower mothers’ perception, education level, understanding of the disease, and higher anxiety.

Conclusions

Paying attention to maternal anxiety, depression, and knowledge and providing interventions for the mothers of children with CHD are important in order to promote the nutritional status of these children.
Deep komatiite signature in cratonic mantle pyroxenite
Authors: Spengler Dirk , van Roermund Herman L.M. , Drury Martyn R.
Published: March 2018

We present new and compiled whole‐rock modal mineral, major and trace element data from extremely melt depleted but pyroxenite and garnet(‐ite)‐bearing Palaeoarchean East Greenland cratonic mantle, exposed as three isolated, tectonically strained orogenic peridotite bodies (Ugelvik, Raudhaugene and Midsundvatnet) in western Norway. The studied lithologies comprise besides spinel‐ and/or garnet‐bearing peridotite (dunite, harzburgite, lherzolite) garnet‐clinopyroxenite and partially olivine‐bearing garnet‐orthopyroxenite and ‐websterite. Chemical and modal data and spatial relationships between different rock types suggest deformation to have triggered mechanical mixing of garnet‐free dunite with garnet‐bearing enclosures that formed garnet‐peridotite. Inclusions of olivine in porphyroclastic minerals of pyroxenite show a primary origin of olivine in olivine‐bearing variants. Major element oxide abundances and ratios of websterite differ to those in rocks expected to form by reaction of peridotite with basaltic melts or silica‐rich fluids, but resemble those of Archean Al‐enriched komatiite (AEK) flows from Barberton and Commondale greenstone belts, South Africa. Websterite GdN/YbN, 0.49–0.65 (olivine‐free) and 0.73–0.85 (olivine‐bearing), overlaps that of two subgroups of AEK, GdN/YbN 0.25–0.55 and 0.77–0.90, with each of them being nearly indistinguishable from one another in not only rare earth element fractionation but also concentration. Websterite MgO content is high, 22.7–29.0 wt%, and Zr/Y is very low, 0.1–1.0. The other, non‐websteritic pyroxenites overlap—when mechanically mixed together with garnetite—in chemistry with that of AEK. It follows an origin of websterite and likely all pyroxenite that involves melting of a garnet‐bearing depleted mantle source. Pyroxene exsolution lamellae in the inferred solidus garnet in all lithological varieties require the pyroxenites to have crystallized in the majorite garnet stability field, at 3–4 GPa (90–120 km depth) at minimum 1,600°C. Consequently, we interpret the websterites to represent the first recognized deep plutonic crystallization products that formed from komatiite melts. The other pyroxenitic rocks are likely fragments of such crystallization products. An implication is that a mantle plume environment contributed to the formation of (one of) the worldwide oldest lithospheric mantle underneath the eastern Rae craton.
Peripheral giant cell granuloma: An updated analysis of 2824 cases reported in the literature
Authors: Chrcanovic Bruno Ramos , Gomes Carolina Cavalieri , Gomez Ricardo Santiago
Published: March 2018

Objective

To integrate the available data published on peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG) into a comprehensive analysis of its clinical/radiological features.

Materials and Methods

An electronic search was undertaken in January 2018 in 5 databases, looking for publications reporting cases of PGCGs. Probability of recurrence was calculated for some variables.

Results

A total of 165 publications were included, 2824 lesions identified. PGCGs were slightly more prevalent in women and more prevalent in mandibles, usually asymptomatic, and presenting erosion of the subjacent bone in almost one‐third of cases. Additional curettage (2.8%) or peripheral osteotomy (0%) after excision presented lower recurrence rates in comparison with excision alone (16%). Excision followed by curettage decreases the probability of recurrence by 85% in comparison with excision alone. Other factors (age, lesion size, follow‐up, gender, location, clinical symptoms, bone erosion) seem to do not influence the probability of recurrence.

Conclusions

As surgical excision alone shows a considerable recurrence rate, excision followed by an additional therapy—curettage or peripheral osteotomy—should be the first choice of treatment of PGCG.
Abundance estimates of six species of Delphinidae cetaceans off the Pacific coast of Japan between 1985 and 2015
Authors: Kanaji Yu , Miyashita Tomio , Minamikawa Shingo , Yoshida Hideyoshi
Published: March 2018

The abundances of six delphinids off the Pacific coast of Japan were estimated using line transect survey data collected in 1985, 1992, 2006, 2007, 2014, and 2015. A multiple covariate distance sampling method was used to estimate a detection function. Because of unsurveyed blocks in 2006, 2007, and 2015, total abundance was estimated only in 1985, 1992, and 2014, when the estimated abundances were for the 3 yr respectively 3,626 (coefficient of variation = 0.74), 2,085 (0.85), and 5,029 (1.24) for rough‐toothed dolphins; 72,762 (0.48), 37,513 (0.54), and 44,529 (0.57) for common bottlenose dolphins; 59,727 (0.46), 60,014 (0.62), and 130,718 (0.43), for pantropical spotted dolphins; 71,983 (0.36), 6,972 (1.03), and 144,163 (0.69) for Risso's dolphins; 38,966 (0.41), 20,507 (0.57), and 31,569 (0.65) for short‐finned pilot whales; and 8,135 (1.23), 5,051 (1.70), and 56,522 (0.56) for melon‐headed whales. To deal with measurement error due to distance and angle, we additionally estimated error‐corrected abundance using data from distance and angle experiments. These new abundance estimates and time series will update 20‐yr‐old estimates and provide a baseline to facilitate dolphin conservation and management around Japan.
Antigen I/II mediates interactions between Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans
Authors: Yang C. , Scoffield J. , Wu R. , Deivanayagam C. , Zou J. , Wu H.
Published: March 2018

Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans are frequently co‐isolated from dental plaque of children with early childhood caries (ECC) and are only rarely found in children without ECC, suggesting that these species interact in a manner that contributes to the pathogenesis of ECC. Previous studies have demonstrated that glucans produced by S. mutans are crucial for promoting the formation of biofilm and cariogenicity with C. albicans; however, it is unclear how non‐glucan S. mutans biofilm factors contribute to increased biofilm formation in the presence of C. albicans. In this study we examined the role of S. mutans antigen I/II in two‐species biofilms with C. albicans, and determined that antigen I/II is important for the incorporation of C. albicans into the two‐species biofilm and is also required for increased acid production. The interaction is independent of the proteins Als1 and Als3, which are known streptococcal receptors of C. albicans. Moreover, antigen I/II is required for the colonization of both S. mutans and C. albicans during co‐infection of Drosophila melanogaster in vivo. Taken together, these results demonstrate that antigen I/II mediates the increase of C. albicans numbers and acid production in the two‐species biofilm, representing new activities associated with this known S. mutans adhesin.
A case of severe soft tissue infection due to Streptococcus tigurinus diagnosed by necropsy in which genomic analysis was useful for clarifying its pathogenicity
Authors: Yoshizawa Hidenori , Motooka Daisuke , Matsumoto Yuki , Katada Ryuichi , Nakamura Shota , Morii Eiichi , Iida Tetsuya , Matsumoto Hiroshi
Published: March 2018

Post‐mortem detection of pathogenetic microorganisms in severe infectious death is significantly important for diagnosing the cause of death as well as for public health. However, it is difficult to recognize whether a microorganism detected from post‐mortem materials is truly pathogenic or not. We report a case of severe soft tissue infection due to Streptococcus oralis subsp. tigurinus (S. tigurinus), a recently reported species, in which whole‐genome analysis was performed to clarify its pathogenicity. A 46‐year‐old woman had died with symptoms of a severe infectious disease. A post‐mortem examination was performed by a medical examiner. The external findings suggested a soft tissue infection; subsequently, pathological specimens sampled by necropsy revealed findings compatible with necrotizing fasciitis. In the post‐mortem bacterial test, S. tigurinus was detected from the localized autopsy sample. Whole‐genome sequencing was performed to analyze its pathogenicity and detected a strain of S. tigurinus with genetic determinants that were specific and unique to its highly virulent strains as a result of gene annotation. Utilizing various technologies, such as whole‐genome sequencing, may be a powerful tool for diagnosing the cause of infectious death accurately and safely.
Spatial Vulnerability of Network Systems under Spatially Local Hazards
Authors: Hu Xiao‐Bing , Li Hang , Guo XiaoMei , van Gelder Pieter H. A. J. M. , Shi Peijun
Published: March 2018

A hazard is often spatially local in a network system, but its impact can spread out through network topology and become global. To qualitatively and quantitatively assess the impact of spatially local hazards on network systems, this article develops a new spatial vulnerability model by taking into account hazard location, area covered by hazard, and impact of hazard (including direct impact and indirect impact), and proposes an absolute spatial vulnerability index (ASVI) and a relative spatial vulnerability index (RSVI). The relationship between the new model and some relevant traditional network properties is also analyzed. A case study on the spatial vulnerability of the Chinese civil aviation network system is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the model, and another case study on the Beijing subway network system to verify its relationship with traditional network properties.
Controls on tidal sedimentation and preservation: Insights from numerical tidal modelling in the Late Oligocene–Miocene South China Sea, Southeast Asia
Authors: Collins Daniel S. , Avdis Alexandros , Allison Peter A. , Johnson Howard D. , Hill Jon , Piggott Matthew D.
Published: March 2018

Numerical tidal modelling, when integrated with other geological datasets, can significantly inform the analysis of physical sedimentation processes and the depositional and preservational record of ancient tide‐influenced shoreline–shelf systems. This is illustrated in the Oligo–Miocene of the South China Sea, which experienced significant changes in basin physiography and where tide‐influenced, shoreline–shelf deposition is preserved in ca 10 sub‐basins. Palaeogeographic reconstructions, palaeotidal modelling and regional sedimentary facies analysis have been integrated in order to evaluate the spatial–temporal evolution and physiographic controls on tidal sedimentation and preservation during the ca 25 Myr Oligo–Miocene record in the South China Sea. Palaeotidal modelling, using an astronomically‐forced and global tidal model (Fluidity) at a maximum 10 km resolution, indicates that spring tides along Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene coastlines were predominantly mesotidal–macrotidal and capable of transporting sand, which reflects two main conditions: (i) increased tidal inflow through wider ocean connections to the Pacific Ocean; and (ii) tidal amplification resulting from constriction of the tidal wave in a ‘blind gulf’ type of basin morphology. Since the Middle to Late Miocene, a reduction in the amplitude and strength of tides in the South China Sea was mainly due to diminishing tidal inflow from the Pacific Ocean caused by the northward movement of the Philippines and Izu–Bonin–Mariana arc. Sensitivity tests to palaeogeographic and palaeobathymetric uncertainty indicate that regional‐scale (hundreds to thousands of kilometres) palaeogeographic changes influencing tidal inflow versus outflow can override local‐scale (one to hundreds of kilometres) changes to tidal resonance and convergence effects (funnelling and shoaling), such as shelf width and shoreline geometry. Palaeotidal model results compare favourably to the distribution and sedimentary fabric of Oligo–Miocene, tide‐influenced, shoreline–shelf successions in peripheral South China Sea basins. However, the preservation potential of tidal deposits is lower in open coastline environments, probably due to enhanced reworking during storms and river floods.
JRE4 is a master transcriptional regulator of defense‐related steroidal glycoalkaloids in tomato
Authors: Nakayasu Masaru , Shioya Naoki , Shikata Masahito , Thagun Chonprakun , Abdelkareem Ayman , Okabe Yoshihiro , Ariizumi Tohru , Arimura Gen‐ichiro , Mizutani Masaharu , Ezura Hiroshi , Hashimoto Takashi , Shoji Tsubasa
Published: March 2018

Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are specialized anti‐nutritional metabolites that accumulate in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) and Solanum tuberosum (potato). A series of SGA biosynthetic genes is known to be upregulated in Solanaceae species by jasmonate‐responsive Ethylene Response Factor transcription factors, including JRE4 (otherwise known as GAME9), but the exact regulatory significance in planta of each factor has remained unaddressed. Here, via TILLING‐based screening of an EMS‐mutagenized tomato population, we isolated a JRE4 loss‐of‐function line that carries an amino acid residue missense change in a region of the protein important for DNA binding. In this jre4 mutant, we observed downregulated expression of SGA biosynthetic genes and decreased SGA accumulation. Moreover, JRE4 overexpression stimulated SGA production. Further characterization of jre4 plants revealed their increased susceptibility to the generalist herbivore Spodoptera litura larvae. This susceptibility illustrates that herbivory resistance is dependent on JRE4‐mediated defense responses, which include SGA accumulation. Ethylene treatment attenuated the jasmonate‐mediated JRE4 expression induction and downstream SGA biosynthesis in tomato leaves and hairy roots. Overall, this study indicated that JRE4 functions as a primary master regulator of SGA biosynthesis, and thereby contributes toward plant defense against chewing insects.
Debates over dam removal in Japan
Authors: Noda Keigo , Hamada Junya , Kimura Masaomi , Oki Kazuo
Published: March 2018

Japan is facing a severe problem with the aging of its infrastructure, including dams. We studied eight controversial cases (the Ararse, Okusawa, Setoishi, Tamayodo, Minochi, Yasuoka, Tsuga and Nibutani Dam) involving dam removal in Japan and elucidated the triggers and suggested reasons for the debate. Renewal of water rights was a major trigger in three of the eight cases. Environmental reasons in five cases were not relevant to the demolition decision regarding dams conferring public benefit, even if restoration of the river environment was a recognized benefit. Compared with single‐purpose dams, the removal debate for a multi‐purpose dam, based on economic reasons regarding a single function, did not gain traction. Among the eight cases, there has been no case triggered by the renewal of water right by reason of economics, which should be highlighted options for stock management purposes.
A Study of Developing an Attitude Scale Towards Authentic Learning Environments and Evaluation
Authors: Çetinkaya Murat
Published: March 2018

The aim of the research is to improve a valid and reliable attributing scale which identifies authentic learning environments and evaluation attributes of the science teacher candidates. The study has been designed on the base of validity and reliability of the scale developed to evaluate the authentic learning environments. The research group is consisted of teacher candidates at education faculty of Ordu University (n=202). The study has been carried out by the teacher candidates being trained in 2nd and 3rd class of science, mathematics, and elementary teaching classrooms at education faculty. A descriptive factor analysis has been carried out to ensure the structural validity of the scale. The test of Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett has been implemented to check the reliability for the sampling size and factor analysis of the obtained data. In addition, an anti-image correlation matrix has been checked. The latest 20-item scale regulated according to the results of the analysis has been formed. The reliability coefficient (Cronbach Alpha) has been determined as 0.931. Confirmatory factor analysis has been applied to the scale which was determined as two factors. From the results of the analysis, it is expressed that the attitude scale created for the authentic learning and measurement is a valid and reliable.
Closing the Water Cycle
Authors: Abrams Michael
Published: March 2018

This article discusses how wastewater can be recycled for consumption if there is scarcity of water. It gives the example of the Orange County plant that is in operation since 2008, and is the largest “indirect to potable reuse” plant in the world. It is “indirect” because that water does not flow straight from the plant to the faucet. Instead, after being treated with microfiltration, reverse osmosis, and then ultraviolet light, the water is pumped back into the ground. Pumping water to an underground basin gives the county time to react if there’s a problem. The soil also works to remove accidental contaminants. The Orange County facility processes some 70 million gallons of water a day, using 14 different reverse osmosis units. Currently, the water is tested – for total organic carbon – at the point where it is all mixed to a single stream.
How Fiction Puts the Science in Engineering
Authors: Brown Alan S. , Logan Brittany
Published: March 2018

This article elaborates how science fiction can inspire innovators in their lives. Adam Steltzner, Curiosity Lead Engineer at NASA Jet Propulsion Lab, reveals that he was a big fan of Larry Niven’s Lucifer’s Hammer, Ringworld, and his Known Space stories. Steltzner says he was intrigued by having a job where somebody might put him in a helicopter and send him somewhere exotic. Science fiction gave him models of smart people using their smarts, usually in some technical way, to figure out problems and exploit that. That model of a smart guy as a hero motivated Steltzner. Science fiction also allows him to ponder what might be. His favorite stories inspire him to figure out what is far out and what might actually be possible. Steltzner says if he could have any sci-fi invention, it would be a flying car. It would give him the ability to use all the three-dimensionality of the world to get around all the bumps and wrinkles and curves.
Mercury and Steam
Authors: Wicks Frank
Published: March 2018

This article is a memoir of William Emmet, a General Electric engineer in the field of combined-cycle gas turbine power plants. Despite the odds against the idea, several combined mercury and steam plants were built and achieved the promised high efficiency. This improbable achievement can be credited to a General Electric engineer named William Emmet. While Emmet’s early experience had been with direct current, he recognized the benefits and challenges of alternating current. The fuel efficiency of Emmet’s mercury dual cycle was eventually made obsolete by increased steam plant efficiencies from higher pressures and reheating the steam. Emmet’s contributions today are mostly hidden improvements in rotating electric machinery and apparatus. In contrast, his success in developing the impulse turbine helped create a technology base of engineers and manufacturing. It positioned General Electric to take the lead in turbochargers for piston aircraft engines, and later global leadership in aircraft jet engines and land-based gas turbines for electricity and industry.
Forward Future
Authors: Langston Lee S.
Published: March 2018

This study analyses the changes that gas turbines have brought in the field of air and land transport and technology. The worldwide production of gas turbines includes the commercial and military aviation markets, as well as non-aviation markets for electrical generation, marine applications, and mechanical power. In recent years, gas turbine combined-cycle plants have become key players in the generation of electric power. Aviation gas turbines make up the largest segment, whereas, the non-aviation gas turbine market is characterized by a particular vitality and volatility. The original equipment manufacturers (OEM) who supply large gas turbine combined-cycle plants are General Electric (GE), Siemens, Mitsubishi, and Alstom. And soon, the industry will be consolidated further, as GE is in the process of acquiring the power segment of Alstom, thus narrowing the field of large plant OEMs to a big three – similar to the threesome in aviation: GE, Rolls-Royce, and Pratt & Whitney – with GE in the lead.