bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
More than they could chew: Activity‐induced dental modifications in a Portuguese medieval–modern rural population
Authors: Neves Dulce , Silva Ana Maria , Simões Flávio , Wasterlain Sofia N.
Published: May 2022

Non‐masticatory dental lesions (e.g., notching, interproximal grooving, polished surfaces, lingual tilting, and dental trauma) may help evaluate the impact that dietary, individual, or social‐cultural habits had on ancient populations. Thus, this study aims to describe and discuss possible causes for dental wear and trauma recorded in 1206 commingled teeth recovered from a medieval‐modern ossuary in Miranda do Corvo (Coimbra, Portugal). All teeth were observed macroscopically under good light conditions. Dental wear and traumatic injuries were recorded according to their location. Atypical wear was divided into five categories—notches and grooves, polished surfaces, oblique wear plane, interproximal grooves, and lingual tilting. Higher mean values of occlusal dental wear were found in the anterior dentition (3.03 ± 1.457; n = 396), being the central incisors the more worn out (3.19 ± 1.28; n = 102). In all, 11.0% of the observed teeth presented atypical wear (130/1185), being anterior teeth (26.7%; 112/419) more affected than posterior (17.0%; 128/765). The most common alterations were notches/grooves (50.0% of the teeth with atypical wear; 65/130) and dental microtrauma (20.3% of the observed teeth; 240/1184). Furthermore, teeth presenting microtrauma were more affected by atypical wear, affecting 38.9% (48/130) of the worn teeth. An association between chipping and notches and/or grooves (62.5%; 30/48) was also noted. The obtained results, namely, the morphology and distribution of the “incisor‐dominant” dental wear and dental trauma patterns, suggest that many individuals of this population may have used their teeth as a “third hand” in routine practices. However, some types of atypical wear, namely, polished lingual surfaces of anterior teeth, may have had other causes, such as malocclusion. This study provides new insights into how ancient populations used their dentitions, even when the osteological remains are recovered from a commingled context.
The effect of foaming process with supercritical CO2 on the morphology and properties of 3D porous polylactic acid scaffolds
Authors: Athanasoulia Ioanna‐Georgia , Louli Vasiliki , Schinas Petros , Rinotas Vagelis , Douni Eleni , Tarantili Petroula , Magoulas Konstantinos
Published: May 2022

A systematic study was carried out in order to identify the optimum processing conditions for the preparation of PLA 3D porous structures applying foaming with supercritical CO2 (sc‐CO2). Both the depressurization rate and the CO2 saturation pressure had a significant effect on the obtained sc‐CO2 PLA structures. When sc‐CO2 was instantaneously depressurized, a thin wall pore structure was formed, characterized by anisotropy with pores diameter ranging from 100 to 650 μm, whereas the scaffold porosity varied between 85% and 95%. In this case, a decrease in the porosity percentage was observed with increasing saturation pressure. A trend of increase in the pores' size was recorded from 150 to 200 bar, followed by a decrease at 300 bar. Highly organized pore structures with thicker pore walls and pores with diameters within the range of 10–350 μm and porosity and 74%–77% were fabricated when a slow depressurization rate was applied. An optimum porous structure, with average pore diameter 340 μm and porosity 88% was prepared when Psat was maintained at 200 bar, followed by instantaneous depressurization. Although this scaffold included the biggest number of closed pores in its structure, it presented the highest degree of pore interconnectivity due to CO2 bubbles' coalescence.
Association between glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists and biliary‐related diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes: A nationwide cohort study
Authors: Dong Yaa‐Hui , Wu Jo‐Hsuan , Chang Chia‐Hsuin , Lin Jou‐Wei , Wu Li‐Chiu , Toh Sengwee
Published: May 2022

Study Objective

Clinical trials have suggested that glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RAs) may be associated with a higher risk of biliary‐related diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes. Limited real‐world studies have examined the comparative biliary safety of GLP‐1RAs versus other antihyperglycemic drugs. We aimed to estimate the comparative risk of biliary‐related diseases between GLP‐1RAs and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is), which are indicated for patients with similar diabetes severity in Taiwan.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Data Source

Taiwan National Health Insurance Database during 2011 to 2018.

Patients

Patients with type 2 diabetes who initiated GLP‐1RAs or SGLT2is.

Intervention

GLP‐1RAs versus SGLT2is.

Measurements and Main Results

We used an on‐treatment approach to examine the effect of continuous use and an intention‐to‐treat approach to assess the effect of initiation of GLP‐1RAs versus SGLT2is. We used Coxregression models to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidenceintervals (CIs) for the composite hospitalized biliary‐related diseases, including acute cholecystitis or cholecystectomy, choledocholithiasis, and acute cholangitis, after matching each GLP‐1RA initiator to up to 10 SGLT2iinitiators using propensity scores (PSs). Among 78,253 PS‐matched patients, GLP‐1RA use was associated with a numerically higher risk of biliary‐related diseases versus SGLT2i use in the on‐treatment analysis, with an HR of 1.20 (95% CI, 0.93–1.56) for the composite outcome, an HR of 1.22 (95% CI, 0.92–1.62) for acute cholecystitis or cholecystectomy, an HR of 1.20 (95% CI, 0.69–2.07) for choledocholithiasis, and an HR of 1.14 (95% CI,0.82–2.42) for acute cholangitis. The HRs were more pronounced in theintention‐to‐treat analysis (1.27 [95% CI, 1.05–1.53] for the composite outcome, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.04–1.58] foracute cholecystitis or cholecystectomy, 1.74 [95% CI, 1.23–2.46] for choledocholithiasis, and 1.31 [95% CI, 0.89–1.94] for acute cholangitis). The increased risk of the composite outcome associated with GLP‐1RAs was more evident in patients aged 〉60 years, women, and 120 days after treatment initiation. Liraglutide, but not dulaglutide, was associated with an elevated risk.

Conclusions

GLP‐1RAs might be associated with an elevated risk of biliary‐related diseases compared to SGLT2is in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes.
The quality of outcome measure reporting in early numeracy intervention studies
Authors: Park Soyoung , Nelson Gena
Published: May 2022

There is an increased demand for useful measures that capture students' math learning during intervention. Similarly, there is an awareness of the importance of researchers observing guidelines for study quality in publishing intervention results, including information related to outcome measures. We investigated the characteristics of outcome measures to assist researchers and practitioners in selecting appropriate outcome measures for early numeracy interventions. We also explored the level of quality regarding how studies reported outcome measure information. To do this, we analyzed 94 outcome measures of math achievement across 25 kindergarten early numeracy intervention studies. Overall, studies met 84% of the quality indicators related to outcome measures. Fewer studies met the recommendation to include multiple measures (i.e., proximal and distal measures; 60%) or provide validity information about measures (39%). Ultimately, the results of this study provide researchers with valuable information for developing and selecting outcome measures to determine the effectiveness of early numeracy interventions.
Variation in electrophilicity on electronic excitation
Authors: Patra Shanti Gopal , Mondal Himangshu , Chattaraj Pratim Kumar
Published: May 2022

The rationality of the minimum electrophilicity principle (MElP) as a companion of minimum polarizability principle and maximum hardness principle is studied for simple diatomic, triatomic, and tetratomic molecules. The applicability is further justified considering organic molecules (e.g., pyrene and acridine yellow) are known for their photophysical properties and accordingly their excited state properties. Single excitation CI (CIS) and time‐dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) are employed to study the excited state reactivity. Two types of excitations, namely vertical and adiabatic, are considered. Processes involving conservation and change in spin multiplicity are included during excitation. The general trend is that the molecules are less electrophilic in the ground state than those in the corresponding excited states. It is found that adiabatic excitation validates the principle even for the triplet ground state molecules undergoing an excitation where spin multiplicity gets altered. The TDDFT method explains the validity of the MElP augmenting the CIS method. This study echoed the MElP during molecular electronic excitation.
Proteomics and phosphoproteomics analysis of vitreous in idiopathic epiretinal membrane patients
Authors: Sun Chao , Zou Huan , Yang Zhouquan , Yang Mei , Chen Xiaofan , Huang Yanming , Fan Wei , Yuan Rongdi
Published: May 2022

Purpose

The purpose of the present study was to characterize the idiopathic epiretinal membrane (iERM) through proteomics and phosphoproteomics analysis to facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of iERM.

Experimental Design

The vitreous of 25 patients with an iERM and 15 patients with an idiopathic macular hole were analyzed by proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis based on tandem mass tag. PRM was used to verify the differential proteins.

Results

Proteomic analysis identified a total of 878 proteins, including 50 differential proteins. Tenascin‐C, galectin‐3‐binding protein, glucose‐6‐phosphate isomerase, neuroserpin, collagen alpha‐1(XI) chain, and collagen alpha‐1(II) chain were verified to be upregulated in iERM by PRM. Phosphoproteomic analysis identified a total of 401 phosphorylation sites on 213 proteins, including 27 differential phosphorylation sites on 24 proteins. Mitogen‐activated protein kinase‐activated protein kinase (MAPKAPK)3 and MAPKAPK5 were predicted as the major kinases in the vitreous of iERM. Twenty‐six of the differential proteins and phosphorylated proteins may be closely related to fibrosis in iERM.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

Our results indicated the potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets for iERM, provided key kinases that may be involved in iERM. Fibrosis plays an essential role in iERM, and further exploration of related differential proteins has important clinical significance.
Assessment of Mechanical Properties of Aged Composite Propellant Using Non‐Destructive Indentation Technique in Solid Propellant Rocket Motor
Authors: Kumar Bihari Bipin , Kumaraswamy Adepu , Jain Mukesh , Murthy Krothapalli P S
Published: May 2022

Ageing study of composite propellant is one of the important aspects for the long term usage of a solid propellant rocket motor (SPRM). The assessment of mechanical properties is essential to predict the structural performance of rocket motors before its flight test. Mostly, the study of ageing behavior of composite propellant is limited to sample level which is subjected to either for normal ageing or accelerated ageing. In the present study, an attempt was made to assess the aging behavior of HTPB based composite propellant at full scale rocket motor level using a non‐destructive indentation technique. The mechanical properties of naturally aged HTPB based composite propellant samples were comprehensively studied by both Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and indentation technique. The mathematical correlation was developed using least square method between UTM and indentation data. An attempt was made to establish the method to assess the aging behavior of composite propellant by indentation technique directly. The developed correlation was validated on aged composite propellant samples. Further, indentation technique was used to assess the mechanical properties of the propellant of in‐flight fielded SPRM which was 11 years old.
Improved Burn Rate Measurement of Deterred Gun Propellants with Multivariate Size Distribution
Authors: Wurster Sebastian , Lietz Martin , Winter Andreas
Published: May 2022

Deterred gun propellants with multivariate size distribution are widely used in small‐calibre guns. While the surface treatment is used to increase the progressivity of the propellant and therefore the performance, the size distribution is due to variations in the production process. When standard models or methods for the burn rate measurement, e. g. according to STANAG 4115, are used to determine burning rates and burn rate parameters, they generally suffer from poor generalizability and are of little use for the simulation of the burning behaviour inside a gun. Therefore, a new model based on STANAG 4367 was developed, that addresses these issues. It describes the burning velocity with a depth‐dependent Vieille's law and can also take into account a multivariate size distribution of the propellant grains and depth and pressure‐dependent thermodynamic properties. The model is used to define an objective function to fit simulated dynamic vivacities to experimental data and thus determine burn rate coefficients in a modified Vieille's law. The method was validated by using synthetic dynamic vivacities as input data for the fitting procedure. To test the model, closed vessel experiments were conducted with a deterred double‐base propellant. It is shown that the model gives an excellent description of the experimental data with reasonable burn rate coefficients and does not suffer from the drawbacks of other methods.
Joule Heating and Nonlinear Charge Transport in Bipolar Semiconductors
Authors: El Filali Brahim , Titov Oleg Yu. , Ballardo Rodriguez Chetzyl , Gurevich Yuri G.
Published: May 2022

Joule heating of a homogeneous bipolar semiconductor leads to the appearance of nonequilibrium spatially inhomogeneous current carriers. Both energetic and concentration nonequilibrium states arise. Temperature and concentration gradients at the boundaries always have opposite signs. The concentration will become lower in heated regions, while it will become higher in less heated ones. Moreover, the spatial distributions of concentrations have one minimum in thin samples and two minimums and one maximum in thick samples. As a result, the current–voltage characteristic can take superlinear and sublinear forms.
Real‐world treatment patterns, healthcare resource utilization, and cost among adults with pulmonary arterial hypertension in the United States
Authors: Pizzicato Lia N. , Nadipelli Vijay R. , Governor Samuel , Mao Jianbin , Lanes Stephan , Butler John , Pepe Rebecca S. , Phatak Hemant , El‐Kersh Karim
Published: May 2022

Treatment for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) has evolved over the past decade, including approval of new medications and growing evidence to support earlier use of combination therapy. Despite these changes, few studies have assessed real‐world treatment patterns, healthcare resource utilization (HCRU), and costs among people with PAH using recent data. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using administrative claims from the HealthCore Integrated Research Database®. Adult members with claims for a PAH diagnosis, right heart catheterization, and who initiated PAH treatment (index date) between October 1, 2015 and November 30, 2020 were identified. Members had to be continuously enrolled in the health plan for 6 months before the index date (baseline) and ≥30 days after. Treatment patterns, HCRU, and costs were described. A total of 843 members with PAH (mean age 62.3 years, 64.2% female) were included. Only 21.0% of members received combination therapy as their first‐line treatment, while most members (54.6%) received combination therapy as second‐line treatment. All‐cause HCRU remained high after treatment initiation with 58.0% of members having ≥1 hospitalization and 41.3% with ≥1 emergency room visit. Total all‐cause costs declined from $15,117 per patient per month at baseline to $14,201 after treatment initiation, with decreased medical costs ($14,208 vs. $6,349) more than offsetting increased pharmacy costs ($909 vs. $7,852). In summary, despite growing evidence supporting combination therapy, most members with PAH initiated treatment with monotherapy. Total costs decreased following treatment, driven by a reduction in medical costs even with increases in pharmacy costs.
A new global ocean ensemble system at the Met Office: Assessing the impact of hybrid data assimilation and inflation settings
Authors: Lea Daniel J. , While James , Martin Matthew J. , Weaver Anthony , Storto Andrea , Chrust Marcin
Published: May 2022

We have developed a global ocean and sea‐ice ensemble forecasting system based on the operational forecasting ocean assimilation model (FOAM) system run at the Met Office. The ocean model Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) and the community ice code (CICE) sea‐ice model are run at 1/4 resolution and the system assimilates data using a three‐dimensional variational assimilation (3DVar) version of NEMOVAR. This data assimilation (DA) system can perform hybrid ensemble/variational assimilation. A 36‐member ensemble of hybrid ensemble variational assimilation systems with perturbed observations (values and locations) has been set up, with each member forced at the surface by a separate member of the Met Office Global–Regional Ensemble Prediction System (MOGREPS‐G). The unperturbed member is forced by atmospheric fields from the Met Office operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) deterministic system. The system includes stochastic model perturbations and a relaxation to prior spread (RTPS) inflation scheme. A control run of the system using an ensemble of 3DVars is shown to be generally reliable for Sea‐Level Anomaly (SLA), temperature, and salinity (the ensemble spread being a good representation of the uncertainty in the ensemble mean), although the ensemble is underspread in eddying regions. The ensemble mean gives a 4% reduction in error in SLA compared with the deterministic 3DVar system currently used operationally. The system was tested with different weights for the ensemble component of the hybrid background‐error covariance matrix and different inflation factors. The best results, in terms of short‐range forecast error and ensemble reliability statistics, were obtained with hybrid three‐dimensional ensemble variational DA (3DEnVar). The RTPS inflation scheme is shown to be beneficial in producing an appropriate ensemble spread in response to hybrid DA. 3DEnVar with an ensemble hybrid weight of 0.8 leads to a reduction of 20% (5%) in the ensemble mean error for SLA (profile temperature and salinity) compared with an ensemble of standard 3DVars.
Biliary candidiasis mimicking IgG4‐related disease in a patient with normal immunity
Authors: Bian Wenjie , Zhong Yuchao , Zhang Xia , Chen Hongbin , Feng Ruie , Zhang Xinyu , Shen Danhua , Liu Yanying
Published: May 2022

Purpose

To report a rare case of biliary candidiasis in a host with normal immunity.

Methods

Laboratory tests indicated an elevated G level of 1000 pg/ml. Microscopic examination of pathological sections demonstrated multiple, narrow base, budding yeast cells following Grocott's methenamine silver staining and periodic acid‐Schiff staining. Subsequent sequence analysis supported the diagnosis of biliary candidiasis.

Results

A 31‐year‐old previously healthy man developed obstructive jaundice under no obvious inducement. He experienced cholecystectomy and biliary drainage. Surgical specimens revealed granulomatous chronic inflammation in the gallbladder, liver, bile ducts and mesenteric lymph nodes. He was misdiagnosed with tuberculosis and received antituberculosis treatment. However, his condition did not improve. He was finally diagnosed with biliary candidiasis and administered the antifungal treatment with fluconazole. His symptoms improved after such treatment.

Conclusions

We reported a case of biliary candidiasis that mimicked IgG4‐RD in a host with normal immunity. Our findings highlighted the need for pathological diagnosis in patients with symptoms resembling IgG4‐RD.
A Review of the Selection Process and Decontamination Methods with the Use of Face Shields in UV Phototherapy During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic
Authors: Granahan A. , McCavana J. , Lally A. , Morgan I. , Fitzgerald S. , Moriarty B.
Published: May 2022

Targeted ultraviolet (UV) phototherapy has been used in the management of a wide variety of dermatological clinical conditions including moderate to severe psoriasis unresponsive to topical therapies, vitiligo, severe atopic dermatitis and lymphoproliferative disorders. To date there are no uniform, standardised guidelines for the selection and decontamination process for UV personal protective equipment (PPE) and facial shields used in phototherapy. In the current climate, Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, standards regarding all decontamination and disinfection processes are under significant scrutiny. In terms of the UV-PPE and facial shields used in phototherapy, careful disinfection procedures need to be implemented to ensure that the decontamination practice is effective enough to neutralise the virulent virus whilst maintaining maximal protection to the user from UV-rays and safeguard the equipment from damage during the cleaning process. The aim of this report is to provide an evidence based review of the current and international practice standards guiding the selection, use and decontamination processes of UV facial shields in phototherapy. The complications and concerns that the COVID-19 pandemic has had on this practice is highlighted. As such, we performed a comprehensive evaluation of the literature to provide recommendations as to the most effective, time efficient and safest practices for disinfection and decontamination of UV facial shields used in phototherapy during these unprecedented times.
Parametric study on seismic performance of prefabricated bridge piers connected by ultra‐high performance concrete grout
Authors: Geng Jiashuo , Wang Fei , Liu Chao , Wang Jianqiang , Zhao Zhuo
Published: May 2022

In this study, a novel prefabricated pier connected by ultra‐high performance concrete (UHPC) connection is introduced based on an actual project, and several seismic preformance related parametric analyses were conducted based on the validated numerical models. The objective of this research is to evaluate the impact of several critical parameters on the seismic performance of the novel prefabricated piers. The validity of the numerical modeling method has been verified based on a cyclic loading test of a relevant large‐scale novel prefabricated pier. Meanwhile, several seismic design‐related parameters are selected, e.g., shear‐span ratio, mechanical properties of UHPC, embedded length of reinforcement bars, etc., to evaluate the seismic performance of UHPC grout connected prefabricated piers. In order to ensure that the novel prefabricated pier exhibits acceptable seismic performance, the shear‐span ratio of the prefabricated bridge piers should be higher than 2.5, the axial compression ratio should be lower than 0.35, the recommended minimum embedded length is 8 times bar diameter and UB or UA UHPC with strain hardening properties should be selected as grouting material. Meanwhile, the reasonable longitudinal reinforcement ratio should be carefully considered according to engineering requirements and seismic design details.
Different chromosome numbers but slight morphological differentiation and genetic admixture among populations of the Pulmonaria hirta complex (Boraginaceae)
Authors: Liu Lijuan , Astuti Giovanni , Coppi Andrea , Peruzzi Lorenzo
Published: May 2022

Hybridization and introgression have a significant impact on the taxonomically controversial genus Pulmonaria. Within this genus, the P. hirta complex shows puzzling systematic relationships among P. hirta s.str. (2n = [22, 26] 28), P. apennina (2n = 22 [26]), and P. vallarsae (2n = 22), showing range overlaps and mixed phenotypes in southern Europe. We carried out morphometric analyses of basal leaves and flower features along with AFLP characterization of 236 plants belonging to 11 populations within the complex and 1 population of P. officinalis. We also implemented an already available phylogeny with sequences from our target populations and characterized their karyotype. For all the populations within the complex, we found molecular evidence of a hybrid origin involving species belonging to different clades (angustifolia and officinalis clades). However, there is a certain morphological differentiation between some populations (“hirtoid” morph) and others (“vallarsoid” morph), albeit single individuals or entire populations show intermediate features. According to our results, hybridization and/or backcrossing/introgression have occurred, and gene flow is currently taking place among these “taxa”. Following the hybridization event(s), we can elaborate three possible evolutionary scenarios: (1) one hybrid “vallarsoid” (2n = 22) species spread across the Italian peninsula, and from this originated the “hirtoid” morph (2n = 28) through dysploidy; (2) two geographically distinct hybridization events produced both “vallarsoid” and “hirtoid” morphs; (3) one “hirtoid” alloploid hybrid species originated and backcrossed with P. officinalis generating “vallarsoid” plants. Under scenarios 1 and 2, the different morphs met again in central Italy, with massive current gene flow. Under scenario 3, “vallarsoid” plants spread across the Italian peninsula, but further backcrossed with “hirtoid” plants in central Italy, leaving pure lineages of “vallarsoid” plants only in the extreme north and south of their range. This latter scenario is supported by populations with 2n = 22, 26 chromosomes, having karyotype asymmetry indices intermediate between those of 2n = 16 and 2n = 28 cytotypes. Irrespective of the evolutionary dynamics, today, a single lineage showing three cytotypes occurs throughout the Italian peninsula, supporting the circumscription of a single polymorphic species, namely P. hirta.
Development and evaluation of a deep learning model to improve the usability of polyp detection systems during interventions
Authors: Brand Markus , Troya Joel , Krenzer Adrian , Saßmannshausen Zita , Zoller Wolfram G. , Meining Alexander , Lux Thomas J. , Hann Alexander
Published: May 2022

Background

The efficiency of artificial intelligence as computer‐aided detection (CADe) systems for colorectal polyps has been demonstrated in several randomized trials. However, CADe systems generate many distracting detections, especially during interventions such as polypectomies. Those distracting CADe detections are often induced by the introduction of snares or biopsy forceps as the systems have not been trained for such situations. In addition, there are a significant number of non‐false but not relevant detections, since the polyp has already been previously detected. All these detections have the potential to disturb the examiner's work.

Objectives

Development and evaluation of a convolutional neuronal network that recognizes instruments in the endoscopic image, suppresses distracting CADe detections, and reliably detects endoscopic interventions.

Methods

A total of 580 different examination videos from 9 different centers using 4 different processor types were screened for instruments and represented the training dataset (519,856 images in total, 144,217 contained a visible instrument). The test dataset included 10 full‐colonoscopy videos that were analyzed for the recognition of visible instruments and detections by a commercially available CADe system (GI Genius, Medtronic).

Results

The test dataset contained 153,623 images, 8.84% of those presented visible instruments (12 interventions, 19 instruments used). The convolutional neuronal network reached an overall accuracy in the detection of visible instruments of 98.59%. Sensitivity and specificity were 98.55% and 98.92%, respectively. A mean of 462.8 frames containing distracting CADe detections per colonoscopy were avoided using the convolutional neuronal network. This accounted for 95.6% of all distracting CADe detections.

Conclusions

Detection of endoscopic instruments in colonoscopy using artificial intelligence technology is reliable and achieves high sensitivity and specificity. Accordingly, the new convolutional neuronal network could be used to reduce distracting CADe detections during endoscopic procedures. Thus, our study demonstrates the great potential of artificial intelligence technology beyond mucosal assessment.
An effective wind speed prediction model combining secondary decomposition and regularised extreme learning machine optimised by cuckoo search algorithm
Authors: Zhang Ye , Zhang Wenyu , Guo Zhenhai , Zhang Shuwen
Published: May 2022

Wind speed prediction has an important impact on the planning, economic operation and safe maintenance of wind power systems. However, the high volatility and intermittency of wind speed make it difficult to predict accurately. To improve the prediction accuracy, we developed a hybrid multistep wind speed prediction model named EWP‐CS‐RELM. In this model, a secondary decomposition technique of ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and wavelet packet transform (WPT) is used, and it is called the EWP decomposition technique. This decomposition technique can achieve an adaptive processing of the data and accurately extract the characteristic components of the signal, avoiding the occurrence of pattern overlap and reducing the mutual interference between components. At the same time, the high and low‐frequency parts of the complex signal (component) can be decomposed into different frequency bands, and the corresponding frequency band can be selected adaptively to match the signal spectrum. The subsequence obtained after EWP decomposition is then predicted using a regularised extreme learning machine (RELM) optimised by the cuckoo search (CS) algorithm with strong global search ability to obtain the results. The hybrid prediction model is validated using four seasons of wind speed data from two wind farms in Shandong, China, and compared with seven other prediction models. Simulation results illustrate that the EWP‐CS‐RELM model outperforms the other seven models with the smallest statistical errors.
Our current understanding of West Nile virus in upland game birds
Authors: Kunkel Melanie R. , Mead Daniel G. , Ruder Mark G. , Nemeth Nicole M.
Published: May 2022

Since its introduction to the United States in 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) rapidly spread and is now endemic throughout much of North America. West Nile virus has impacted many North American birds, including suspected population‐level declines. However, the potential effects of WNV on upland game bird species remain largely unknown. We reviewed the published literature on WNV infection in upland game birds, with the majority comprised of experimental infection trials, serologic surveys, and natural infection reports. Early WNV research indicated that some species within Galliformes are not susceptible to WNV‐associated disease, but reports were primarily based on studies in domestic fowl with small sample sizes. Research on greater sage‐grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) and ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) confirmed both species are highly susceptible to WNV‐associated morbidity and mortality, which highlights the need to better understand the potential effects of WNV on other upland game bird species. Serological data using primarily hunter‐harvested, greater sage‐grouse samples revealed low seroprevalence among several populations, indicating WNV may pose a risk to greater sage‐grouse populations. Currently, data are lacking on the effects of WNV in wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo), for which low recruitment rates and depressed population numbers have been documented across parts of the eastern United States. Despite low virulence of WNV in experimentally‐infected domestic turkeys, sporadic cases of WNV‐associated morbidity are reported in wild turkeys. Serosurveys that include wild turkeys are limited in number, sample size, and geographic distribution, but available results suggest that a substantial percentage of WNV‐infected wild turkeys survive. Research focused on experimental infection trials, serosurveys, and documenting natural infections, along with land cover and vector studies, are necessary to provide a more complete understanding of the potential population level implications WNV may have on various upland game birds, including wild turkey.
A review of harvest and population monitoring methods for western wild turkeys
Authors: Wakeling Brian F. , Sandrini Joseph M. , Lerich Scott P. , Cardinal Casey
Published: May 2022

Several subspecies of wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) are managed throughout the western USA for wildlife viewing and hunting, including Merriam's (M. g. merriami), Rio Grande (M. g. intermedia), eastern (M. g. silvestris), and Gould's (M. g. mexicana) wild turkey. In addition to the variety of subspecies, the West also comprises a wide variety of occupied vegetative communities throughout an array of state and federal jurisdictions. In 1993, the Colorado Division of Wildlife published the Management Guidelines for Merriam's Wild Turkeys (Hoffman et al. 1993). Since that time, harvest and monitoring methods have evolved. Harvests are monitored through mandatory or voluntary phone surveys, online surveys, mail surveys, email surveys, mobile phone applications, field checks, and wing or foot collections. Populations are monitored through harvest indices, summer brood surveys, winter flock counts, winter classifications, summer classifications, presence‐absence surveys, camera traps, forward‐looking infrared, aerial surveys, telemetry, weather indices, citizen science reports, and a variety of modeling approaches. We provide a limited review highlighting the substantive strengths and challenges associated with each population monitoring technique to provide agencies and organizations involved in monitoring harvest and populations of turkeys with an overview to assist in selecting appropriate tools for use in their jurisdiction.
Effectiveness of long‐distance translocation of eastern diamondback rattlesnakes
Authors: Kelley Allison G. , Welch Shane M. , Holloway John , Dillman James W. , Atkinson April , Waldron Jayme L.
Published: May 2022

Wildlife translocations have the potential to assist conservation efforts by mitigating mortality caused by site‐specific human activities. Despite the potential, the effectiveness of snake translocations for conservation purposes is not yet clear. Eastern diamondback rattlesnakes (Crotalus adamanteus, EDB) have limited ability to adapt to habitat loss and fragmentation due to the species' slow life history, high habitat specificity, and minimal dispersal ability. We translocated a cohort of EDBs to investigate the potential of using translocations as a conservation tool for this species. In July 2018, we translocated 12 adult eastern diamondback rattlesnakes from Parris Island Marine Corps Recruit Depot to an inland wildlife management area. We used radio‐telemetry data to examine the effects of translocation on home‐range size and average daily movement. We used known‐fate survival models to examine adult survival post‐translocation. Post‐translocation home ranges were larger than the pre‐translocation home ranges and EDBs moved more, on average, per day post‐translocation. We failed to detect an effect of translocation on 2‐year survival probability. We suspect that large post‐translocation home ranges and average daily movements reflected the need to find suitable ambush and hibernacula sites and differences between coastal and inland habitats. More research is needed to determine the long‐term viability of translocated rattlesnake populations. Our results suggest that translocations may be a viable conservation and mitigation strategy for eastern diamondback rattlesnakes.
Introduction
Authors: Yeung Wei-Jun Jean
Published: May 2022

In the past decade, Southeast Asia’s economic and geopolitical profile in the world has risen dramatically. It is one of the fastest growing markets and least well-known regions in the world. Countries in this region are important because they are large in aggregate, strategically located, exceptionally diverse, and intellectually interesting. This book on Demographic and Family Changes in Southeast Asia (SEA) presents the trends and patterns of family changes from all eleven countries in the region for the past 50 years (till 2015). It collects indicators on marriage, fertility, and household structures, and child and youth well-being based on data that are dispersed in many different sources and compiles them in one single document making it easier for researchers, practitioners, and policy-makers who are interested in this diverse and rapidly growing region to refer to. The report is meant to be a resource book to provide a snapshot of changes in the last half a century in key demographic, socio-economic characteristics, and family structure in the region to facilitate an understanding of the transitions that have undergone.
Household Structures
Authors: Yeung Wei-Jun Jean
Published: May 2022

The average household size is shrinking. Nuclear family is a predominant family structure in Southeast Asia long before industrialization. Most older adults live with their children although increasingly more live alone or with only spouse.
Education and Youth Unemployment in Southeast Asia
Authors: Yeung Wei-Jun Jean
Published: May 2022

There is a gradual increase in the proportion of adults aged 25 and above who completed upper secondary since 2000. Singapore has the highest rate of adults completed tertiary education. Female enrolment rates in tertiary education are higher than that for males in half of the countries in this region.
Whole-Body Hyperthermia (WBH) in Psychiatry
Authors: Knobel A. , Hanusch K. , Auen N. , Rübener F. , Fischer S. , Borzim C. , Heinz A. , Schäfer M.
Published: May 2022

New effective therapies for managing and treating psychiatric disorders such as major depression are urgently needed. Mood-enhancing effects have repeatedly been observed after whole-body hyperthermia (WBH) treatment in other medical disciplines, and there is promising evidence that WBH may be used in psychiatry for patients suffering from depressive disorders. Most importantly, a recent study demonstrated a significant, rapid, and partially lasting reduction of depressive symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder following a single session of water-filtered infrared-A induced whole-body hyperthermia (wIRA-WBH). Underlying mechanisms of actions may include immune modulation and serotonergic neurotransmission via warm-sensitive afferent thermosensory pathways to the midbrain.

Current studies are focused on verifying these earlier findings and clarifying the mechanisms involved. Herein, we report on the establishment of WBH methodology in the psychiatry setting and provide our opinions on necessary future research.
Physical and Photobiological Basics of wIRA-Hyperthermia
Authors: Piazena H. , Müller W. , Vaupel Peter
Published: May 2022

Information regarding physical and photobiological basics of wIRA-HT has been derived under in vivo conditions in piglets and human tissues. Since wIRA fits into the optical window of tissues, direct conversion of absorbed radiation into heat (T >39 °C) has been proven up to tissue depths of 26 mm. Tissue heating cannot sufficiently be characterized by the specification of the radiant exposure (dose) due to its dependence on the thermal impact of irradiance and exposure time and on heat dissipation and metabolic heat production. If irradiations of identical doses are used, resulting tissue hyperthermia levels are the higher, the shorter the exposure time and the higher the irradiance. To comply with the ESHO criteria, incident wIRA irradiances should exceed ≈ 110 mWcm−2 (IR-A). At higher irradiances, steady-state temperatures (SST) ≥ 39 °C have been observed to tissue depths >20 mm in piglets and up to 26 mm in humans. SST values ≥40 °C have been measured up to tissue depths >20 mm (piglets) and up to 16 mm (humans), and SSTs ≥41 °C up to 16 mm (piglets) and up to 8 mm (humans). Post-heating temperature decay times limit optimal intervals between hyperthermia (HT) and subsequent radiotherapy (RT) sessions to periods ≤5 min.
Thermography and Thermometry in wIRA-Hyperthermia
Authors: Müller W. , Piazena H. , Thomsen A. R. , Vaupel Peter
Published: May 2022

Contact-free temperature determination is based on the measurements of electromagnetic radiation. The corresponding physical laws are related to the properties of black bodies. This background allows for the development of thermometric and thermographic systems for remote temperature measurements. Precise absolute temperature data, required in hyperthermia, do not only depend on the technical quality of the systems (hardware and software) and their calibration, but also depend on accurate determination of the emissivity of human skin. Pyrometers are restricted to temperature measurements within a small area (measurement spot), while thermographic cameras allow measurements across a relatively large region on the target area in real time. The subdivision of the IR image into spatially separated pixels allows access to temperature data of small areas on the skin and thus combines thermometry and thermography. Quality assurance standards of the European Society of Hyperthermic Oncology for water-filtered IR-A-hyperthermia (wIRA-HT) are met, except for the accuracy of the absolute temperature. Since the relation between the temperatures at the skin surface and in deeper tissue layers, considering irradiation and heating time, in wIRA-HT can be assessed, the temperature needed for efficient thermal treatment of superficial tumors within superficial tissue layers can therefore be achieved in a controlled manner.
Einleitung
Authors: Wild Jochen
Published: May 2022

In der Antriebstechnik ist die Übertragung dynamischer und oft stoßartig auftretender Torsionsmomente $$M_{t}$$

M
t

von einer Welle zur Nabe oder umgekehrt eine häufige Problemstellung. Hierfür sind Profilwellenverbindungen im Allgemeinen besonders geeignet. Als Resultat ihrer fertigungsbedingt wirtschaftlichen Vorteile, finden in weiterführender Konkretisierung evolventisch basierte Zahnwellenverbindungen nach [DIN 5480] für die genannten Anforderungen gegenwärtig breite Anwendung. Ihre Gestaltfestigkeitsgrenzen werden in der Praxis allerdings immer öfter erreicht. Problem hierbei ist oftmals die hohe zugseitige Spannungskonzentration im Zahnfuß der Welle, vgl. Abbildung 1.1.
Research Trends in Open, Distance, and Digital Education
Authors: Zawacki-Richter Olaf , Bozkurt Aras
Published: May 2022

This chapter sets out to explore the research field of open, distance, and digital education (ODDE) building upon the 3 M-Framework developed in the context of distance education along three broad lines of research: ODDE systems and theories (global macro-level); management, organization, and technology (institutional meso-level); and teaching and learning in ODDE (individual micro-level). Based on various bibliographic analyses, the flow of research areas and trends is described. The COVID-19 pandemic is discussed as a turning point that already has a huge impact on research and practice of the entire field of ODDE. According to thematic similarities and dissimilarities in the academic fields of educational technology (EdTech), distance education (DE), and instructional design (ID), four clusters of academic journals are identified with different thematic foci in various educational contexts. This information can be used to guide researchers to choose an appropriate journal in which to submit their work.
Nuclei in the toy world: beyond the Pomeron in zero transverse dimensions
Authors: Kovner Alex , Levin Eugene , Lublinsky Michael
Published: May 2022

Abstract

We explore possible extensions of the t-channel and s-channel unitary model of high energy evolution in zero transverse dimensions appropriate to very high energy/atomic number where the dipole density in a toy hadron is parametrically high. We suggest that the appropriate generalization is to allow emission of more than one dipole in a single step of energy evolution. We construct explicitly such a model that preserves the t-channel and s-channel unitarity and have the correct low density limit, and study the particle multiplicity distribution resulting from this evolution. We consider initial conditions of a single dipole and many dipoles at initial rapidity. We observe that the saturation regime in this model is preceded by a parametric range of rapidities $$ \frac{1}{\alpha_s}\ln \frac{1}{\alpha_s}<Y<\frac{1}{\alpha_s}\ln \frac{1}{\alpha_s^2} $$

1

α
s

ln

1

α
s

<
Y
<

1

α
s

ln

1

α
s
2

, where the saturation effects are still unimportant, but multiple emissions determine the properties of the evolution. We also discuss the influence of the saturation on the parton cascade and, in particular, find that in the saturation regime the entropy of partons becomes S ≈ $$ \frac{1}{2} $$

1
2

ln N where N is the mean multiplicity.
On the differential representation and color-kinematics duality of AdS boundary correlators
Authors: Herderschee Aidan , Roiban Radu , Teng Fei
Published: May 2022

Abstract

The AdS boundary correlators and their dual correlation functions of boundary operators have been the main dynamic observables of the holographic duality relating a bulk AdS theory and a boundary conformal field theory. We show that tree-level AdS boundary correlators for generic states can be expressed as nonlocal differential operators of a certain structure acting on contact Witten diagrams. We further write the boundary correlators in a form that is very similar to flat space amplitudes, with Mandelstam variables replaced by certain combinations of single-state conformal generators, prove that all tree-level AdS boundary correlators have a differential representation, and detail the conversion of such differential expressions to position space. We illustrate the construction through the computation of the boundary correlators of scalars coupled to gluons and gravitons; when converted to position space, they reproduce known results. Color-kinematics duality and BCJ relations can be defined in analogy with their flat space counterparts, and are respected by the scalar correlators with a gluon exchange. We also discuss potential approaches to the double copy and find that its direct generalization may require nontrivial extensions.