bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hand washing practices at critical times among mothers in selected health facilities in Akwa Ibom State
Authors: Ekanem AM  , Johnson OE
Published: December 2023

Background: Poor hygiene practices, unsafe water supply and inadequate sanitation are important causes of diarrhoeal disease, one of the biggest killers of children in developing countries. Hand washing with soap and water, a simple act notably ignored, is known to significantly reduce diarrhoea risk by almost half. This study assessed the practices of hand washing with soap at critical times and the determinants of good hand washing practices among caregivers of under-five children in selected health facilities in Uyo.

Materials and Methods- A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out among mothers and caregivers of under-five children in two selected primary health facilities in two local government areas in Uyo senatorial district of Akwa Ibom State who consecutively presented their babies for immunization. Data was collected using interviewer and self administered questionnaire on hand washing at critical times and type of hand washing practiced by mothers and analysed with SPSS version 17.0

Results: Two hundred and nineteen mothers /care givers participated in the study with a mean age of 27.9 + 5.4 years. All mothers had some form of formal education and majority (72.6%) were delivered of their babies in an orthodox setting. Sixty one point two percent, 47.0% and 84.9% always washed their hands before preparing food, before feeding child and after defecation respectively. Also, 25.6% and 51.6% always washed their hands before breastfeeding child and after cleaning up a child who defecates respectively .Sixty five (29.7%) were graded as having good hand washing practice,102 (46.6%)  had fair hand washing practice while fifty two (23.7%) had poor hand washing practice. Good hand washing practice was significantly associated with delivery setting (p=0.008), availability of water source in their residence (p=0.000) and the point of receiving immunization for their babies (p=0.000).

CONCLUSSION: Health workers should intensify health education messages in and outside health facilities on the benefits of good hand washing practice among mothers. The provision of water to every home, a factor that promotes good hand washing should be a priority of government if the task of reducing child mortality is ever to be achieved.
Hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury secondary to cardiac arrest from spinal anaesthesia: A case report
Authors: Edubio MN  , Eyo CS
Published: December 2023

BACKGROUND: Hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury is usually due to cardiac arrest or severe hypotension. The clinical manifestation and outcome will depend on the severity of the initial insult, the promptness and effectiveness of the resuscitation, and the post resuscitation management in the intensive care unit.OBJECTIVE: To highlight the need for vigilance and preparedness in every case of spinal anaesthesia.CASE REPORT: Patient was a 32years old housewife who was booked for emergency lower segment caesarean section on account of transverse lie in labour at term. She had no co-morbidities. A subarachnoid block was established with a 25G Quinke needle through L3 – L4 intervertebral space using 2ml of 0.5% heavy bupivacaine, after preloading, she was then wedged in a left lateral tilt. Five minutes after this procedure, and before the commencement of surgery, the patient had a cardiac arrest. She was resuscitated, intubated, ventilated, and delivered of a live asphyxiated baby. She was then transferred to the intensive care unit, where she eventually made a full recovery.

CONCLUSION: While hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury is not commonly associated with spinal anaesthesia, vigilance, and prompt and aggressive management is key to a favourable outcome.
Medication adherence in schizophrenia: The role of family supervision, dosage frequency and medication knowledge
Authors: Jombo HE  , Abasiubong F
Published: December 2023

BACKGROUND: Non adherence to antipsychotic medications in patients with schizophrenia leads to frequent relapses, poor treatment outcome, reduced quality of life and significant increases in healthcare cost in a resource poor country and a healthcare system already overburdened by infectious illnesses and other diseases. This study verified the adherence of people with schizophrenia and compared among adherent and non-adherent patients the impact of supervised treatment, regimen complexity and patients' understanding of medication regimen.Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of poor treatment adherence to anti-psychotic medications and to explore its association with these potentially modifiable factors.Method: This study is a cross sectional study of outpatients with schizophrenia in a tertiary healthcare facility in southeast Nigeria (n=150). The participants were aged 18 years and above, with illness duration of at least one year who have been on oral antipsychotic medications were selected using systematic sampling. They were assessed for socio-demographic details, dosage frequency, understanding of treatment regimen and availability of treatment supervision.Results: The prevalence of treatment non-adherence was 52%. The factor most significantly associated with adherence was availability of treatment supervision (OR 0.055, 95%CI= 0.021-0.142 p-value <0.001). Other significant variables on univariate analysis include marital status (x2=5.035,df=1,p=0.03),  number of tablets taken per day (x2=10.667,df=1,p=0.01)  and patients' living arrangement (x2=4.287,df=1,p=0.03). The non-adherent patients were more likely to be living alone, less likely to be married, less likely to have supervised treatment and also less likely to be employed.   Conclusion: Adherence to antipsychotic medications among patients with schizophrenia is suboptimal. Active intervention strategies should take these factors into consideration while implementing programmes to improve adherence behaviour among out-patients with schizophrenia.
Prevalence and associated risk factors of group b streptococcus in pregnant women attending antenatal care in a Nigerian urban hospital
Authors: Onwuezobe IA  , Effiom RA
Published: December 2023

Background: Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is one of the common microbial agents causing urogenital infections in women of reproductive age especially pregnant women; it is also a common cause of neonatal infections in the world. Objective: To determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of GBS colonisation in pregnant women in an Urban Hospital in Nigeria.Methods: A prospective cross sectional study of 150 pregnant women conducted in an Urban Hospital in Uyo, Nigeria between May and October 2013. Vaginal and anorectal swabs were collected from each participant and processed using standard microbiological methods and cultured on CHROMagarTM Strep B medium. Questionnaires for data were also used. Results: The age range of the participants was between 18 to 44years. Only 2 out of the 150 pregnant women were GBS carriers. The 2 women (1.33%) were found to be anorectal carriers, although 1 (0.67%), in addition had vaginal GBS. There was a statistically significant association between GBS colonisation and premature rupture of amniotic membranes (P<0.05). However, there was no association between GBS colonisation and risk factors such as age and gravidity.Conclusions: Group B Streptococcus colonisation in pregnant women in Uyo, Nigeria, is associated with premature rupture of amniotic membrane.
Biological relationship between body weight and blood pressure – A one year prospective study of patient in oral diagnosis and radiology clinic, University Of Benin Teaching Hospital
Authors: Madukwe IU
Published: December 2023

Background: Overweight and high blood pressure are topical and challenging issues in healthcare but less stressed in dental care.Aim: The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between body weight and blood pressure in the patients attending dental clinic.

Methodology: This study was a one year prospective study of patients attending dental clinic between 2011-2012. African average adult weights (60.7kg) was used as baseline, above which constitutes overweight, while two times measurement and two times visit of physician classification 140/90mmHg was used as basis for blood pressure status.Result: A total of 4756 patients were seen .50 %( 2378) were overweight and 2.6 %( 124) were hypertensive with weight range of (91-110kg). Grand average blood pressure of patients weighing 101-110kg was 139.67/91.43mmHg.

Conclusion: We therefore conclude that blood pressure check is a necessity especially in overweight patients requiring dental procedures.
Biological profile of oral health subscribers in both tertiary and secondary healthcare centres: A postmorterm analysis and policy implication
Authors: Madukwe IU
Published: December 2023

Oral health and dentistry in Africa have been afflicted by the problems characterizing the world’s developing regions, such as poverty, malnutrition, high incidence of infectious diseases and child mortality, lack of oral health policy, and inadequate national budget for oral health.  The retrospective study period of 10 years, in both centres revealed 72,818 subscribers, of which 54.23% were from tertiary health centre (UBTH).  Female subscribers were dominant in both centres; 54.89% (UBTH) and 56.06% (Central Hospital, Benin City), with the means and the analysis of variable between means and within means (ANOVA), with an F-test, one tail probability of P>0.05.  We conclude that a well articulated strategy and policy on increased oral health subscription in our communities is most desirable.  Integration of oral health into national and community health programs is recommended.
Anatomical crown-root-ratio: A proxy to root length determination in rural endodontic practice
Authors: Madukwe IU
Published: December 2023

Background: Power supply has become increasingly erratic.    In the rural communities it may be completely lacking, making radiography impossible. Tooth multiplication factor is a viable option to periapical radiographs in endodontic treatment.Methodology: A total of 120 upper central permanent incisor teeth were selected from 2,765 extracted teeth used for teaching of oral biology to dental students. These teeth were collected over 10-year period. The permanent central incisors were sorted using size, shape, colour and specific central incisor indices as parameter.   Tooth location to the left or right was not of prime importance.Anatomical root-crown-ratio was determined using calibrated card board paper, simple ruler and Vernier calipers. One hundred and twenty upper permanent central incisors were randomly divided into six groups (A to F) before measurement of crown and root lengths.Result: Crown-root-ratio was 1:1.375.   Every millimeter of crown is equal to1.375mm of root. Where (x) is the crown length. Therefore an anatomical crown length of 10mm will have an endodontic root length of 13.75mm given a total canal length of 23.75mm which is in tandem with reported average maxillary central incisors average canal length of 22mm – 23.8mm    

Conclusion: Tooth multiplication factor is recommended for trial especially in this power situation, especially worse in rural communities
Assessment of the attitude of public health workers in Calabar, Cross River State of Nigeria towards people living with HIV/AIDS using the aids attitude scale
Authors: Etokidem AJ  , Oparah S  , Asibong U  , Ndifon W  , Nsan E
Published: December 2023

Context: According to the UNAIDS, Nigeria has the second heaviest burden of HIV/AIDS in Africa, with 3,459,363 people now living with the condition. Cross River State currently has HIV prevalence of 7.1%, almost double the national prevalence of 4.1%. One of the greatest challenges militating against HIV/AIDS control is stigma and discrimination. When exhibited by health care providers, stigma and discrimination can deter people living with HIV/AIDS from utilising HIV/AIDS care and services.

Objective: To assess the attitude of healthcare providers towards people living with HIV/AIDS.Materials and methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study among 194 public health workers in Calabar, Cross River State of Nigeria, using a semi-structured questionnaire with a 15- point AIDS Attitude Scale.  Data collected from the study were analyzed using SPSS Software.

Results: Majority of respondents, 58.8%, agreed that despite all they know concerning how HIV is transmitted, they are still afraid of contacting it while 61.4% indicated that HIV/AIDS has made their jobs a high risk occupation. Nearly 83% of respondents indicated that they don't find it hard to be sympathetic to HIV/AIDS patients and 66% indicated that they would not feel resentful if AIDS patients accounted for a significant part of their caseload.

Conclusion: There was evidence of stigmatizing and discriminatory attitude among the respondents that need to be addressed. There is need for further attitudinal orientation and re-orientation and health education of health-workers so as to remove any vestiges of stigmatizing attitude and ensure quality health care for PLWHAs.
Potensi Bisnis Hotel sebagai Trend Staycation dalam Mendukung Pertumbuhan Sektor Pariwisata di Indonesia
Authors: Sesde Seharja  , Giska Hitto  , Andin Rusmini
Published: December 2023

The Covid-19 pandemic affected many sectors, including the hospitality, the businesses of travel, food and drink, and entertainment services. Even the future of tourism is seen with pessimism, particularly in places where it is the main industry and where growth is planned. This may incentivize the travel and hospitality sector, particularly the hotel sector, to explore for strategies to weather the Covid-19 pandemic. This research uses a literature survey method. This method helps understand the relevance of new research and its relationship with previous research, identifying all previous scientific literature, including books, journal articles and theses, relating to the potential of the hotel business as a Staycation trend. This research aims to determine the potential of the hotel business as a Staycation trend. The research results show that 4-star and 3-star hotels differ in their understanding and application of the terms Daycation and Staycation, which mean a holiday of one day or a maximum of eight hours, however two out of five hotels still use the term Staycation even though the holiday is less than eight hours. During the pandemic, the term Staycation is also used. The findings indicate that it is important to maintain or improve hotel products and the use of digital marketing, especially social media, and continue to innovate to maintain a good image which relate to the prospects of the hotel business as a holiday style.
A Study on the Assessment of Nutritional Status among Children Using Anthropometric Measurements
Authors: Kumar Amit , Venkat Gopal K , Prince K , Srilakshmi P , Prathana S , Manita G
Published: December 2023

Aim: To assess the nutritional status of children aged 5-12 years using anthropometric measurements.

Materials and methods: This prospective study was carried out among 200 children (100 males, 100 females) between 5 to 12 years of age in a rural village of East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh. Anthropometric measurements were observed and data were collected for age, gender, height and weight. In this study, Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) guidelines was used to categorize the severity of malnutrition, stunting status and wasting status.

Results: Majority of the subjects were moderately malnourished with Grade-II (15%) followed by mildly malnourished with Grade-I (13.5%). Majority of the subjects were having mild stunting (22%) followed by severe stunting (15.5%). Majority of the subjects were having mild wasting (15%) followed by moderate wasting (13.5%) in the aspect of wasting status.

Conclusion: In this study, malnutrition was found to be prevalent in 33% of subject as per IAP classification. Both male and female children were found to be almost equally susceptible to malnutrition. Anthropometric measurements can be a vital tool in identifying nutritional status at population level more accurately. Growth assessment best defines the health and nutritional status of children as health and nutrition inconveniency directly hinders child growth. It is crucial that the nation should initiate timely measures to overcome malnutrition crisis by the improving nutritional status of its citizens which is imperative for a nation in its road to development.
Von Willebrand Disease
Authors: Mylapalli Hima Bindu
Published: December 2023

Von Willebrand Disease (VWD) is a disorder of blood in which the proper clotting of the blood does not occur. Von Willebrand Factor (VMF) is an important multimeric glycoprotein of the blood that helps to stop the bleeding. When the function of this von Willebrand factor is impaired we can observe this Von Willebrand Disease.  Usually, the VWF in the blood attaches to small blood cells called platelets when a person is injured and starts to bleed. In order to stop bleeding at the site of injury, this VWF helps the platelets stick together to form a clot by acting like a glue. In case of the patients with Von Willebrand Disease it is very difficult to stop the bleeding and is often life threatening. In this review, the symptoms, diagnosis and the treatment strategies were discussed. Health care professionals expertise in the haemostasis are required in the clinical scenario for better management of this disease. As it is an inherited disease, special care must be taken in evaluating the family history during the diagnosis and extensive research is still required for providing the better management and treatment.
Formulation, Optimization and Evaluation of Gastroretentive Alginate Beads of Ivacaftor by Using Factorial Design
Authors: Balaji Kalpana G , Vijaya Bhaskar N , Arshad Ahmed Khan K , Ravi Prakash P
Published: December 2023

Aim: The main aim of study is to improve solubility of Ivacaftor by formulating into solid dispersions and to prolong the drug release, the solid dispersion of ivacaftor is formulated into gastroretentive alginate beads by Ionotropic Gelation method by using 24 factorial design. Methods: Ivacaftor solid dispersions were prepared by solvent evaporation method using polyethylene glycol, urea and mannitol as carriers by taking 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 drug:carrier ratios. The best solid dispersion with better dissolution rate was incorporated into gastroretentive alginate beads by Ionotropic Gelation method using 24 factorial design. The independent variables are Sodium alginate concentration, Calcium chloride concentration, drug:HPMC ratio and drug:chitosan ratio and the dependent variables are percentage entrapment efficiency and percentage in-vitro drug release. The optimization of formulation was carried out using Stat Ease Design Expert Software. Results: The solid dispersion with polyethylene glycol and drug in 1:2 ratio showed better in-vitro dissolution of 98.17% at 120 mins. This solid dispersion was incorporated into gastroretentive alginate beads. The optimized formulation with 2% sodium alginate concentration, 4% calcium chloride concentration, 1:1 ratio of drug:HPMC and 1:1 ratio of drug:chitosan of solid dispersion entrapped alginate beads showed entrapment efficiency of 96.23% and in-vitro drug release of 95.62% at 12 hrs. The FTIR studies shown compatibility between drug and the excipients. The drug release kinetics of optimized formulation followed first order with Fickian diffusion. Conclusion: Ivacaftor entrapped solid dispersion entrapped alginate beads were successfully optimized using 24 full factorial design, which gave maximum entrapment efficiency and high drug release for extended period of 12 hrs. The release of ivacaftor was found to follow first order kinetics by Fickian diffusion. It can be concluded that this method may prove to be a suitable potential option for effective delivery of drug for treatment of cystic fibrosis.
A Study on the Assessment of Severity of Stroke Patients at an Indian Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Sasikala P , Sai Anitha P , Jemini Charan K , Tirumala Rao MVV , Mounika G , Boniface Amah Chukwuebuka
Published: December 2023

Aim: To assess the severity of stroke by using the NIH stroke scale among the ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients. Materials and Methods: Patients who were newly diagnosed with stroke were included in the study. All the demographics of the patient were collected by using a data collection form and the severity of the stroke was assessed by using the NIHSS questionnaire. According to this questionnaire, the severity of the stroke was classified into minor (0-4), moderate (5-15), moderate to severe (16-20) and severe (21-42). Results: Among the 150 patients involved in the study 107 (71.3%) were found to be males and 43 (28.7%) were found to be females. In this study, the patients with ischemic stroke were observed to be 97 (64.7%) where as the patients with hemorrhagic stroke were 53 (35.3%). Hypertension (40%) was the most common co-morbidity observed in this study The severity of the stroke in majority of the patients were observed to be severe (40.7%) followed by moderate severity (35.3%). Conclusion: In this study, ischemic stroke was more prevalent when compared to hemorrhagic stroke. Hypertension is the most common co morbidity observed. According to the NIH stroke scale assessment, the severity of the most of the study participants was observed to be severe followed by moderate in this study. Clinical pharmacists should create awareness among the general public regarding the negative consequences of the stroke and also should suggest the life style modifications which may increase the quality of life of the stroke patients.
A Study on the Drug Utilization Evaluation of Antiepileptics among the Pediatric Patients at an Indian Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Guttula Sunil Paul , Raju MS , Jemini Charan K , Loko Theophilus Adeyi , Kojo Basagnia Emmanuel
Published: December 2023

Aim: The main of the study is to evaluate the drug utilization pattern of antiepileptics among the pediatric patients at an Indian tertiary care hospital.

Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study. In-patients who were having seizures with infant (1 month - 2 years), children (2-12 years) and adolescent (12-16 years) age groups were included in this study. Out-patients and patients with brain tumors were excluded from the study.

Results: A total of 200 study participants were involved in this study and among them, 117 (58.5%) were found to be males and 83 (41.5%) were found to be females. Among the 200 study participants, 149 (74.5%) were prescribed with monotherapy, 38 (19%) were prescribed with dual therapy, 9 (4.5%) were prescribed with triple therapy and the remaining 4 (2%) were prescribed with other combinations. Among the study participants who were prescribed with monotherapy, Phenytoin (41.6%) was the most commonly prescribed drug followed by clobazam (24.8%) and sodium Valproate (23.5%). Phenytoin + benzodiazepine (42.1%) and sodium Valproate + benzodiazepine (31.6%) were the most commonly prescribed dual therapy drugs in this study. Sodium Valproate + Phenytoin + Levetiracetam (33.4%) and Phenytoin + Sodium Valproate + Clobazam (22.2%) were the most commonly prescribed triple therapy drugs in this study.

Conclusion: Majority of the patients were prescribed with monotherapy followed by dual therapy. Phenytoin was the most commonly prescribed drug in monotherapy whereas the combination of Phenytoin+benzodiazepine was the most commonly prescribed among the patients prescribed with dual therapy. Clinical pharmacists should involve in providing better pharmaceutical care and their involvement can improve the treatment outcomes and as well as the patient’s quality of life.
Drug Induced Diabetes
Authors: Usha Vanya V
Published: December 2023

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) refers to a group of common metabolic disorders that share the phenotype of hyperglycemia. Due to the ingestion of a drug, the development of a hyperglycemic state that meets the definition of diabetes is known as drug-induced diabetes. The fasting glucose criterion for diabetes was revised by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) in the year 1997 by lowering the cutoff fasting glucose value from 140mg/dl to 126mg/dl. ADA and World Health Organization (WHO) recognized drug induced diabetes as a separate etiological category. The offending drugs that induce diabetes are grouped based on the mechanism by which they induce diabetes. The rise for developing drug induced diabetes includes an unsuspected and underlying abnormality in carbohydrate metabolism or family history. This review article is mainly focused on the drug classes that cause diabetes like thiazides, ?- antagonists, steroids, statins, antipsychotic agents, protease inhibitors and immunosuppressive agents. In case of patients with pre diabetes, diabetes and insulin resistance syndrome, a drug that has the tendency to affect the blood glucose levels must be avoided.
A Brief Review on Kernicterus
Authors: Bammidi Meghana , SB Yuvaraj Rejeti , Magharla Dasaratha Dhanaraju
Published: December 2023

Kernicterus is a rare neurological condition which occurs when the unconjugated bilirubin levels rises above 25 mg/dL in the blood leading to decreased elimination and increased production of bilirubin. Most commonly, it affects newborns and infants of age three to four years, in that the premature infants are more prone to this condition. Accumulation of toxic levels of bilirubin in blood as well as in brain leads to life threatening complications. However, early diagnosis and management of this condition helps in preventing brain damage and also developmental abnormalities in an infant. In this article, we mainly reviewed about the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and the treatment of kernicterus. It is necessary for the health care team and professionals to detect the early signs of kernicterus by close monitoring of infant at the time of birth to prevent it from getting worsen. However, there are various effective and advanced techniques available to treat the condition as soon as it is diagnosed and thus it is a preventable condition if managed with utmost care.
A case report on Intramuscular Myxoma
Authors: Kapoor Prabjoth Kaur , Midhula MJ , Shreya VS
Published: December 2023

Intramuscular myxoma is a rare mesenchymal tumour reported to be in 1 in one lakh population and most frequently diagnosed in females (~57%) patients between fifth and sixth decades of life. These tumours are commonly benign in nature and it usually favours in thighs, shoulders, buttocks. A very rare site of this tumour is forearm mainly found in elderly patients. Generally, myxoma is composed of gelatinous material that has a myxoid histologic appearance. They are slow growing, asymptomatic and submucosal masses. There is no known underlying cause for this condition but it is suspected that it can occur due to the combination of genetic and environmental risk factors. In this case report local reoccurrence has not been reported after resection. We treated the patient with surgical excision and that seems to be the most effective treatment. After surgical excision if reoccurrence occurs histopathologic diagnosis should be reviewed. The tumor may be low grade myxoid neoplasm and treatment plan may be changed. An elderly patient presenting with a solitary soft tissue tumour should be thoroughly investigated to rule out the soft tissue sarcomatous conditions, which in many ways mimic the intramuscular myxoma.
Carbamazepine Induced Ataxia: A Case Report in Pediatrics
Authors: Srilakshmi P , Prathana S , G Manita
Published: December 2023

Ataxia is a manifestation which is characterized by lack of coordination in the movement of different muscles in the body due to variety of diseased conditions. Carbamazepine is used as an antiepileptic and for pain disorders and a range of psychiatric diagnoses that shows ataxic symptoms in a dose-dependent manner. Toxic effects are due to the drug’s anti-cholinergic activity, sodium channel blockade, CNS depression and myocardial depressant properties. Even at therapeutic doses, patient might show mild signs of toxicity and hence serum drug concentration needs to be monitored regularly. In case of mild to moderate toxicity, treatment is not required. This is a common yet rarely reported case report of carbamazepine induced ataxia in a pediatric patient of 6 years old male child who was presented with chief complaints of headache, stiffness of body, generalized weakness and nausea since one week. He had 2 episodes of vomiting at morning and stiffening of body which lasted for few seconds on the day of admission. He had history of ingestion of 3 tablets of carbamazepine of strength 100mg for headache. Supportive treatment was provided and was closely monitored by a multi-disciplinary team for clinical features of ataxia which was reversed after 3 days of hospital stay.
A Case Report on Fournier’s Gangrene and its Management
Authors: Chaliki Sunil Chowdary , Paladugula Renuka , Midhula MJ , Shreya VS , Kapoor Prabjoth Kour
Published: December 2023

Fournier’s gangrene is an eruptive form of necrotizing fasciitis of the perineal & genital regions. General burden in population is 1.6 cases per 1,00,000 men per year. It is a flesh-eating infection where the bacteria kill the soft tissues, often quickly including muscles, nerves and blood vessels. It presents with scrotum pain & redness, tenderness or swollen perineal region along with rapid progression to gangrene and sloughing of tissues. Along with high fever spikes and leukocytosis which deteriorates to sepsis. The Route of infection is identifiable in 95% of cases which arises from anorectal, genito-urinary and cutaneous sources. The other risk factors include diabetes mellitus, morbid obesity, immune compromised, alcohol abuse, unprotected sex, masturbation, genital piercing, abscess and malignant neoplasms. However, in Healthy adults, the exact cause is unknown. Fournier’s Gangrene Severity Index (FGSI) is used to predict mortality risk. The basic treatment for Fournier’s gangrene includes an emergency surgical debridement with higher antibiotics therapy and ICU care. In this case report, we discussed a case of a young male of 24 years with necrotizing fasciitis of the perineal and genital regions, who was reconstructed and surgically managed in a two staged procedure with good outcome.
OTC Drug Abuse: Role of Clinical Pharmacist in its Management
Authors: Saha Kumar Akash , Devakar L , Kashyap Ritik , Kumar Amit
Published: December 2023

Over the counter medications is a part of self-care and self-medication practices that are essential for any health care system. The ease of availability at low cost increases the abuse of these OTC drugs among the population. As these medications can be purchased without any consultation of physician or prescription, its abuse can lead to several health-related issues and addiction. Pharmacists being accessible to interfere with the patients and drug dispensing, they can educate and create awareness among the general public as well as the patients about the OTC drug abuse, addiction and their ill effects. Multiple challenges are also being faced by the pharmacists while interacting and counseling the patients in order to prevent OTC drug abuse. OTC drug addiction is a major problem being faced and their management mainly includes drug detox therapy, drug rehab therapy and sober lifestyle modifications. This article provides a brief review on the potential OTC drugs abuse and their management. This review further explains the challenges faced by the pharmacists during OTC drug abuse management. By proper monitoring of these OTC medications, their abuse may be controlled more effectively, thereby providing better pharmaceutical care.
A Study on the Evaluation of Sleep Quality Index among Indian Undergraduate Students Using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Scale
Authors: Sai Ganesh M , Rupa M , Dhana Sri K , Bideshki Yasaman , Srinivasa Rao V , Rajeswara Rao P
Published: December 2023

Aim: To evaluate the sleep quality among the Indian undergraduate students using Pittsburgh sleep quality index scale. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study conducted among the Indian undergraduate students by using the Pittsburgh sleep quality index scale which was circulated by Google form to various undergraduate students. In this study, students from various undergraduate colleges with both the genders of all age groups were included and students who previously diagnosed with sleep disorders were excluded. Results: A total of 326 Indian undergraduate students were participated in the study and among them 138 (42.3%) were found to be males and 188 (57.7%) were found to be females. Among the 326 study participants, about 138 (42.3%) students were observed to be with good sleep quality and the remaining 188 (57.7%) students were observed to be with poor sleep quality. Conclusion: In this study, more than half of the study participants were observed to be with poor sleep quality index. Poor sleep quality index among the undergraduate students may lead to stress, depression, anxiety, poor academic performance and impaired social relationships. Academicians along with support of the health care professionals should take responsibility in creating the awareness regarding the good sleep quality index which might show a great impact in the student’s academic career and overall wellbeing.
Drug Utilization Evaluation among the Patients with Renal Disease In a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Kumar Amit , Asha Rani V , Prince K , Srilakshmi P , Prathana S , Manita G
Published: December 2023

Aim: The main aim of this study was to conduct drug utilization evaluation among the patients with renal disease in a tertiary care hospital.Materials and Methods: An observational study was conducted among 102 patients for a period of six months in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Both male and female genders with renal diseases undergoing pharmacological therapy who were aged between 20-70 years were included in this study. Pregnant and lactating women and patients with incomplete laboratory data were excluded from this study. Results: Out of 102 patients included in this study, 54.9% (n=56) were male and 45.1% (n=46) were female. In this study, antibiotics (17.3%) were prescribed mostly and anti-fungals (1.9%) were found to be less prescribed. Among the antibiotics used, combination of Piperacillin + ?-lactamase inhibitors were prescribed mostly followed by combination of Cephalosporins + ?-lactamase inhibitors and Aminoglycosides were prescribed leastly. Conclusion: Drug utilization evaluation plays a major role to evaluate and improve drug use especially in a country like India, where illiteracy, poverty, different medicine system practices, dispensing without prescription, predominance in medical and marketing field and lack of drug information is evident. It is critical that standard guidelines in the therapeutic management to be developed and adopted that will help to prescribe the medication based on the evidence, hence improves the overall quality of drug use and ensures betterment of patients.
Dyschromatosis Universalis Hereditaria: A Rare Case Report in Southern India
Authors: Sharma Rishabh , Kashyap Ritik , L Devakar , Saha Kumar Akash , Kumar Amit
Published: December 2023

Dyschromatosis Universalis Hereditaria (DUH) is a rare genodermatosis characterised by hyper and hypo pigmented macules in reticulate pattern. The clinical manifestations includes occurrence of lesions at the trunk and extremities as the dominants sites. The lesions may spread to the face, hands and feet. Hair, teeth, nails, palms and soles may also be involved. Here, we present a case of 7 year old male patient with DUH with the involvement of whole body surface. The treatment pattern in this case includes cortisol hormone replacement therapy with the use of hydrocortisone tablets for a long period of time.
Enhancing Oral Absorption of Orlistat through Gastroretentive Mucoadhesive Pellets: Formulation and Evaluation
Authors: Thummala Uday Kumar , Vallabhareddy Prasanna Saisree , Sarella Prakash Nathaniel Kumar
Published: December 2023

Aim: The aim of this study was to develop gastroretentive mucoadhesive pellets of Orlistat to improve its oral bioavailability and enhance its absorption.

 Methods: Orlistat pellets were prepared using Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) K100M, Sodium Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (NaCMC), Carbopol 934P, and Polyvinyl Pyrrollidone (PVP) K30 in varying ratios. Physical characteristics of the tablets were evaluated, and compatibility studies were performed between Orlistat and the excipients. Swelling index, mucoadhesion strength and drug release were measured for each formulation. Drug release kinetics and stability studies were carried out.

 Results: The combination of HPMC K100M, NaCMC, Carbopol 934P and PVP K30 provided balanced release and mucoadhesion with F13 showing sustained release up to 16 hours. The calibration curve demonstrated a good linear relationship between Orlistat concentration and absorbance over the range of 10 to 50 ?g/ml. Swelling index increased with time and polymer concentration and mucoadhesion strength increased with polymer viscosity and concentration. Drug release from formulations containing HPMC K100M, NaCMC and Carbopol 934P were 12-14 hours, 10-12 hours and 8-11 hours, respectively. Combination polymers in F10-F13 provided balanced release and mucoadhesion, with F13 showing sustained release up to 16 hours. The drug release followed zero order kinetics with non-Fickian diffusion. Stability studies on the optimized F13 formulation showed no significant changes in appearance, hardness, mucoadhesion or drug release over 3 months.

 Conclusion: The combination of HPMC K100M, NaCMC, Carbopol 934P and PVP K30 improved the oral bioavailability and absorption of Orlistat. The study demonstrated the importance of compatibility studies and the use of calibration curves for quantitative analysis. The findings provide valuable insights into the development of drug delivery systems for poorly bioavailable drugs.
Persistent Infection in a Patient with Tibial Non-union
Authors: Sarella Prakash Nathaniel Kumar , Maddali Seetha Sirisha , Asogwa Patrick Oliver , Kakarparthy Ravishankar
Published: December 2023

This report presents a case of persistent pin site infection that resulted in the removal of hardware in a patient who underwent Ilizarov stabilization for compound tibial fractures. Despite antibiotics, the infection worsened, necessitating removal of the entire Ilizarov frame to prevent permanent damage or non-union. Bone marrow stimulators were subsequently placed for healing support. The report emphasizes the importance of rigorous pin site care, meticulous monitoring, low threshold for diagnosis of complications and swift escalation of treatment when needed. However, vigilance alone may not be enough, especially in those with co-morbidities, open injuries or hardware applications simplifying opportunities for nosocomial infection. The patient's recovery process involved early, optimized rehabilitation, medical and social supports, leading to a return to partial mobility and function despite a prolonged recovery process. Diligent follow-up was necessary at each stage to recognize complications before permanent damage and revise treatment plans as needed. The report aims to share lessons learned and strengthen preparedness for future cases facing similar challenges. Success emerged from determination, vigilance and partnership. Close monitoring makes the difference between catastrophic loss and maximal benefit from an ordeal already threatened by overcoming disability.
A Study on the Assessment of Risk in the Management of Acute Coronary Syndrome using GRACE score
Authors: H Nikhil Chandra , Govula Sindhuja , Swathi Buyyani , P Soumya
Published: December 2023

Aim: To assess the risk in the management of acute coronary syndrome by using GRACE score.

Methods: This was an observational study conducted among 155 patients of cardiology department. Myocardial infarction patients of age above 20 years who were treated with fibronolytics were included in the study. Patients were assessed for the risk by using the GRACE (Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events) score criteria and was classified into low (?108 points), intermediate (109 to 140 points) and high (>140 points).

Results: In this study, the severity of the LV dysfunction in most of the patients was observed to be mild followed moderate and severe. Majority of the patients were observed to be with high risk 61 (39.35%) followed by low risk 49 (31.61%) and intermediate risk 45 (29.04%). Most of the patients with high risk were observed to be in the age group 61-70 years (26.23%) whereas with intermediate risk were observed to be in the age group 41-50 years (35.55%).

Conclusion: Among the mild, moderate and severe LV dysfunction, most of the patients were observed to be with high risk according to the GRACE score criteria.
PENERAPAN ZERO ACCIDENT MELALUI PENYULUHAN KESELAMATAN DAN KESEHATAN KERJA (K3) PT. ANHARU MITRA BAROKAH PADA PROYEK PENGEBORAN LUBANG LEDAK
Authors: Sulistianto Dedy , Rus Tatag Yufitra , Rio Wahyu Yusuf , Rio Wahyu Yusuf
Published: December 2023

Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (K3) di Indonesia telah lama mendapatkan perhatian khusus dari pemerintah. Secara umum jumlah kecelakaan kerja terus menurun tiap tahunnya sesuai data BPJS Ketenagakerjaan yaitu jumlah kecelakaan kerja mencapai 221.740 kasus pada 2020. Jumlah itu naik menjadi 234.370 kasus pada 2021 dan 265.334 kasus sampai dengan November 2022. Didasari ini, Tim PKM Politeknik Negeri Balikpapan melaksanakan kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat dengan memberikan pelatihan K3 kepada mitra PT Anharu Mitra Barokah, bertujuan membekali pengetahuan K3 kepada pekerja di perusahaan tersebut. Secara umum kegiatan pelatihan memberikan pengetahuan dan pengalaman kepada para pekerja dalam penerapan K3, diharapkan akan membangkitkan semangat mereka untuk menerapkan di lingkungan kerja nantinya sehingga tercapai zero accident. Kegiatan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat ini dilakukan dengan 3 tahapan utama. Dimana tahap pertama adalah kegiatan Koordinasi, tahap kedua adalah pemberian materi/wawasan tahap ketiga adalah monitoring, yaitu melakukan kunjungan ke lokasi kerja untuk melihat perubahan yang terjadi setelah paparan materi. Hasil dari kegiatan tersebut adalah antara lain peserta lebih waspada terhadap ancaman bahaya di tempat kerja, mampu melindungi dan memelihara K3 sehingga kinerja dapat meningkat, memastikan sumber produksi terpelihara dengan baik.
PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN TEPUNG MOCAF DI DESA TANAH MERAH KABUPATEN TANA TIDUNG
Authors: Nia Kurniasih Suryana  , Hendi Lesmana  , Nizhamuddin AB  , Mardhiana
Published: December 2023

Desa Tanah Merah merupakan salah satu desa yang ada di Kabupaten Tana Tidung. Mayoritas penduduknya bermata pencaharian di bidang pertanian baik bertani maupun nelayan, memiliki potensi sumber daya alam yang melimpah. Komoditi pertanian yang banyak diusahakan salah satunya jenis umbi-umbian yaitu singkong. Tujuan dari pengabdian ini adalah meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat Desa Tanah Merah dalam memanfaatkan singkong menjadi tepung mocaf dan pengolahannya menjadi beberapa jenis makanan dan memberikan keterampilan dalam pembuatan tepung mocaf dan pengolahan makanan berbahan dasar tepung mocaf. Metode dilaksanakan dengan cara edukasi dan pelatihan. Hasil pengabdian menunjukan peningkatan keterampilan dan pengetahuan masyarakat Desa Tanah Merah terkait pembuatan tepung mocaf dari singkong, peningkatan potensi ekonomi masyarakat setempat melalui pengembangan usaha tepung mocaf yang dapat memberikan nilai tambah pada hasil panen singkong.Serta  meningkatkan kesadaran akan pentingnya diversifikasi pangan lokal dalam memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat akan pangan yang lebih bergizi dan beragam.
Social, family context, and prevention of mosquito-borne diseases in developing countries: A case of dengue in Sri Lanka
Authors: Wickrama Thulitha , Wickrama K A S , Merten Michael , Gunasingham Sukunan , Thanigaseelan Sivaguru , Sathiyavasan Saranya
Published: December 2023

The Sri Lankan population has been exposed to the dengue virus for years and dengue contraction has emerged as a serious public health concern in recent years. The purpose of this study was to bring an understanding of the individual, familial, and contextual risk and protective factors associated with dengue infection in Sri Lanka from a social epidemiological perspective. The current study uses path analysis in a structural equation modeling framework to analyze data from 313 residents living in 25 villages in Eastern Sri Lanka. The findings showed that spatial, community, family and individual characteristics uniquely contributed to dengue contraction in Sri Lanka, particularly emphasizing the direct role of social and family resiliency factors such as familism and collectivism. The findings also elucidate the mediating roles of individual agency, knowledge, and preventive behaviors linking distal socioeconomic factors and dengue contraction. Additionally, findings yield that physical/spatial characteristics, such as rurality of communities, housing density/clustering and the proximity to stagnant water, contribute to dengue contraction. The identification of specific social, family and intra-individual processes, as well as structural characteristics of communities can be useful for the formulation and implementation of dengue prevention programs.
Partisipasi Politik Pemilih Disabilitas di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan pada Pilkada Tahun 2020
Authors: Anshari M. , Husin Husin
Published: December 2023

Dalam Undang-undang Nomor 8 Tahun 2016 tentang penyandang disabilitas, pada pasal 13  huruf (a) dinyatakan bahwa setiap penyandang disabilitas memiliki hak untuk memilih dan dipilih dalam jabatan publik dan huruf (c) memilih partai polotik dan/atau individu yang menjadi peserta pemilihan umum. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji partisipasi penyandang disiblitas sebagai pemilih pada pilkada di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan Pada tahun 2020. Tulisan ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil tulisan gambaran bahwa partisipasi politik pemilih disabilitas pada Pilkada Tahun 2020 di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan termasuk baik dengan 3.721 pemilih setara dengan  56,31 %. Meskipun dikategorikan angka partisipasi pemilih disabilitas pada Pilkada Tahun 2020 di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan termasuk kategori baik dan tinggi, akan tetapi angka pemilih penyandang disabilitas yang tidak mengunakan hak pilih sebanyak 2.887 pemilih setara dengan 43,69% pemilih.
Peranan Teknologi dalam Pembelajaran Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam
Authors: Hafiz Muhammad
Published: December 2023

Pesatnya kemajuan teknologi informasi semakin meningkat di era globalisasi saat ini telah menjadi pengaruh yang tak terhindarkan bagi dunia pendidikan. Keterbatasan Global menekankan perlunya dunia pendidikan terus beradaptasi dengan kemajuan teknologi untuk meningkatkan mutu pendidikan, terutama dalam penggunaan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi dalam pembelajaran. Penelitian ini merupakan metode penelitian kuantitatif (library research). Melalui analisis literatur dan sumber-sumber tertulis yang bertujuan menyelidiki dampak positif dari perkembangan teknologi serta memberikan wawasan mendalam tentang bagaimana teknologi berperan dalam meningkatkan efektivitas pembelajaran Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam dan membantu pendidik menjadikan kegiatan belajar yang menarik, interaktif, dan dipersonalisasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa manfaat teknologi tidak hanya meningkatkan akses terhadap informasi sejarah, tetapi juga memperkukuh pemahaman siswa melalui pendekatan audio visual. Serta teknologi dalam pendidikan memiliki peranan penting dalam pembelajaran seperti teknologi dapat menyediakan fasilitas belajar melalui proses perencanaan, memberikan solusi alternative untuk penyelesaian masalah kinerja organisasi pendidikan dan menciptakan inovasi baru dalam pendidikan untuk memecahkan permasalahan.