bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘NACH UND NACH MÜSSEN WIR ALLES ABLEHNEN’: HYPERBOLISCHE NEGATIVITÄT BEI THOMAS BERNHARD
Authors: Knobloch Jan
Published: February 2021

Thomas Bernhard's work abounds in rejections. The impulse of not wanting to participate, of refusing to be complicit, lies at the heart of Bernhard's oeuvre. If this refusal is frequently embedded in discursive or even programmatic strategies, it really seems to undermine its own foundations, the very arguments and justifications put forward to make the refusal possible. Before being directed at a specific object, the refusal appears to stem from a more general disposition to say no. Drawing on Der Keller (1976), the second book of Bernhard's Autobiographie, as well as on Auslöschung (1986), the article examines the narrative as well as the discursive aspects of what could be called hyperbolic negativity in Bernhard's work. Hyperbolic negativity is characterised by totalisation. As Auslöschung’s protagonist Murau puts it: ʻBy and by, we have to reject everything.ʼ While in Bernhard's autobiographical writings the primacy of rejection is turned into work and a renewal of life, this impulse becomes aporetic in Auslöschung. Employed as a means of constituting the subject against the determining effects of education, heritage and history, negativity at the same time triggers a destructive turn against the narrator himself. The gnostic attitude, moreover, rules out political action. Yet, as a mode of discourse that is able to point at its unsaid other, hyperbolic negativity generates aesthetic productivity.

Ablehnung ist für Thomas Bernhards Werk essenziell. Der Impuls, nicht teilnehmen zu wollen, jegliche Komplizenschaft zu verweigern, führt ins Zentrum von Bernhards Poetik. Wenn diese Verweigerung auch häufig in diskursive oder gar programmatische Strategien eingebettet ist, so unterhöhlt sie doch ihre eigenen Grundlagen: Ebenjene Argumente und Rechtfertigungen, die vorgebracht worden waren, um sie zu ermöglichen. Bevor sie sich gegen ein spezifisches Objekt richtet, scheint die Verweigerung aus einer allgemeinen Disposition hervorzugehen, Nein zu sagen. Im Rückgriff auf Der Keller (1976), den zweiten Band der Autobiographie, sowie auf Auslöschung (1986) untersucht der Artikel die narrativen und diskursiven Aspekte dessen, was man hyperbolische Negativität nennen könnte. Hyperbolische Negativität bestimmt sich durch Totalisierung. In den Worten Muraus, des Protagonisten der Auslöschung: ‘Nach und nach müssen wir alles ablehnen’. Während der Primat der Ablehnung in den autobiografischen Schriften produktiv gemacht wird und in eine Erneuerung des Lebens führt, zeigen sich in Auslöschung deutlich die Aporien dieses Impulses. Soll Negativität einerseits dazu dienen, das Subjekt gegenüber Vergangenheit und Fremdbestimmung (Bildung, Erbe, Geschichte) zu konstituieren, so leitet sie zugleich eine zerstörerische Wendung gegen den Erzähler selbst ein. Die gnostische Haltung schließt politisches Handeln aus. Als Redeweise, die ihr ungesagtes Anderes mit anzeigt, erzeugt hyperbolische Negativität jedoch zugleich ästhetische Produktivität.
DER VERWEIGERTE KNIEFALL EINES BUCHBINDERS: EINE ‘PRIMARY REJECTION’ AM 31. MAI 1839 IN INGOLSTADT
Authors: Gehrlach Andreas
Published: February 2021

This article examines ‘primary rejection’ on the basis of a concrete historical example. This ‘primary rejection’ was that of a Bavarian soldier who in 1839 refused to go on bended knee when taking part in a Corpus Christi procession. Ludwig I had decreed that Protestant soldiers should, like their Catholic counterparts, kneel during Catholic services. In this order to kneel, political, religious, military and aesthetic imperatives are woven together in complex ways. Having been placed in its historical context, the soldier's refusal is used as a ‘theoretical incident’ to investigate the practice of bending the knee. Drawing on Louis Althusser, Blaise Pascal, Siegfried Kracauer, Judith Butler, Sigmund Freud and Ludwig Wittgenstein, an attempt is made to construct a theory of ‘the bended knee’. The ‘primary rejection’ of refusing to kneel can then be seen not as an intuitive refusal to comply with a single demand, but as physical resistance to an entire cluster of imperatives, some of which even contradict each other.

Dieser Aufsatz untersucht die Verweigerungshaltung der ‘primary rejection’ von einem konkreten historischen Beispiel ausgehend. Diese ‘primary rejection’ bestand darin, dass ein Soldat sich im Jahr 1839 in Bayern weigerte, bei einer Fronleichnamsprozession auf die Knie zu gehen. Vorher hatte Ludwig I. den Befehl gegeben, dass in katholischen Gottesdiensten auch die protestantischen Soldaten einen Kniefall tun sollten. In diesem ‘Kniebeugeerlass’ sind politische, religiöse, militärische und ästhetische Imperative auf komplexe Weise miteinander verwoben. Nach einer Historisierung wird diese Weigerung als ‘Theorieszene’ für die Untersuchung des Kniefalls verwendet. Mit Louis Althusser, Blaise Pascal, Siegfried Kracauer, Judith Butler, Sigmund Freud und Ludwig Wittgenstein wird eine Theoretisierung des ‘in‐die‐Knie‐Gehens’ versucht. Die ‘primary rejection’ der Verweigerung des Kniefalls stellt sich von dort aus als eine intuitive Verweigerung nicht einer einzelnen Aufforderung dar, sondern als körperlich wirksamer Widerstand gegen ein ganzes Bündel an Imperativen, die zum Teil auch widersprüchlich zueinander stehen.
TO ACTIVELY NOT DO OR NOT TO DO: REFLECTIONS ON THE DOUBLE COMMANDMENT TO AVOID ACTION ON THE SHABBAT DAY AS A FORM OF PRIMARY REJECTION1
Authors: Shechter Ella
Published: February 2021

Shabbat plays a unique role within Jewish law as it includes both positive and negative orders. Both forms of order supposedly share the same normative content: they both prohibit work on Shabbat – one as a command not to do something, in which one is required not to act; and the other, an order to do something, whereby one must do something in order to not act on Shabbat. Maimonidesʼ ruling on the matter states that the Shabbat order is utterly positive and, in fact, presents the avoidance of acts or the non‐action altogether as one form of action. Thus, he suggests that the command to not do is not identical to a conscious and primary rejection of action. Referring to Franz Rosenzweigʼs approach to the difference between absence, nothingness, and negation – as well as Giorgio Agambenʼs analysis of potential and being as sharing a dualistic relationship – I analyse the positive order of Shabbat as an exemplary form of primary rejection. Referencing Hermann Cohenʼs interpretation of Shabbat, I demonstrate that the communal dimension of Shabbat could make the primary rejection involved in it easier, as it grants the believer a social position within a community of believers.
Predictive factors of postoperative complications and hospital readmission after implementation of the single‐port robotic platform: A single‐center and single‐surgeon experience
Authors: Lenfant Louis , Aminsharifi Alireza , Kim Soodong , Kaouk Jihad
Published: February 2021

Objectives

To measure the incidence, and identify potential risk factors of conversion, postoperative complication and readmission for patients treated with urological robotic single‐port surgery.

Methods

All consecutive urological surgery procedures carried out with the single‐port robotic platform by the same surgeon in a single institution between September 2018 and March 2020 were included in this retrospective analysis. Demographic data, main perioperative outcomes and information related to the surgical technique were gathered and analyzed. A logistic regression model was used to assess predictive factors for any grade and high‐grade (e.g. Clavien grade ≥3) postoperative complications, as well as predictive factors for readmission.

Results

Analysis included 221 patients, of whom 194 (88%) underwent pelvic surgery and 27 (12.2%) underwent upper urinary tract surgery. Only one patient was converted to open surgery in the entire cohort. A total of 40 patients (18.1%) experienced postoperative complications, with grade ≥3 postoperative complications in 7.6% of the entire cohort. On multivariable analysis, the factors significantly associated with the risk of postoperative complication of any grade were diabetes (P < 0.001), perineal approach (P < 0.01) and postoperative pain management with opioids (P = 0.01). Only diabetes (P = 0.03) predicted a grade ≥3 complication. Overall, 17 patients (7.7%) were readmitted during the 3 months after surgery. A body mass index >30 kg/m2 was the only identified predictor of readmission (P = 0.01).

Conclusion

A wide range of pelvic, extraperitoneal and upper‐tract urological procedures can be carried out using the robotic single‐port platform with a minimal conversion rate and low complication or readmission rate.
Clostridioides difficile infection in a rural New Zealand secondary care centre: an incidence case–control study
Authors: Johnston Matthew , Irwin James , Roberts Sally , Leung Almond , Andersson Hanna‐Sofia , Orme Gareth , Deroles‐Main Jan , Bakker Sarah
Published: February 2021

Background

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a form of antibiotic‐associated infectious diarrhoea resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Community‐acquired disease in low‐risk individuals is increasingly recognised. There are limited New Zealand data published.

Aim

To determine the incidence and location of onset of CDI cases in the Manawatu region, and further describe the demographics, risk factors and prevalent C. difficile ribotypes of the population.

Methods

We performed an incidence case–control study of CDI in the Manawatu region between September 2018 and September 2019. Cases were matched to controls with a negative test for C. difficile. Demographic and comorbidity data, location of onset, drug exposure, disease recurrence and 30‐day mortality were collected. Ribotype analysis was performed on C. difficile isolates.

Results

Thirty‐two specimens tested toxin positive over 12 months, yielding an incidence of 18.3 cases per 100 000 person‐years. Twenty‐five percent of cases had community onset disease. Cases were more likely to have had amoxicillin/clavulanate or ceftriaxone prescribed. Elevated blood white cell count and lower HbA1c were significantly associated with CDI. The dominant ribotype was 014/020. Two cases were RT 023.

Conclusion

Our data are similar to previous national data. RT 023 has not been previously reported in New Zealand and has been associated with severe colitis. We demonstrated a significant proportion of community‐acquired cases and the true incidence might be higher. Vigilance for community onset disease is required. These data may allow observation of temporal changes in incidence and infection patterns of CDI in New Zealand.
The Present's Uniqueness
Authors: Dolev Yuval
Published: February 2021

This paper offers an account of what makes the present unique. The present, it is argued, plays a constitutive role regarding succession, pastness and futurity, and is thus a pivot sustaining temporality. This is first shown with respect to experienced temporality, but the claim is then expanded to objective temporal relations and properties. A bulk of the argumentative effort goes towards establishing that, despite the crucial role experienced temporality plays in it, the result of the study is a Wittgensteinean kind of realism regarding objective time. That sets the proposal of this paper apart from both eternalism and presentism.
HLA‐E diversity unfolded: Identification and characterization of 170 novel HLA‐E alleles
Authors: Paech Christin , Albrecht Viviane , Putke Kathrin , Schöfl Gerhard , Schöne Bianca , Schmidt Alexander H. , Lange Vinzenz , Klussmeier Anja
Published: February 2021

HLA‐E is a member of the nonclassical HLA class Ib genes. Even though it is structurally highly similar to the classical HLA class Ia genes, it is less diverse and only 45 alleles and 12 proteins were known in December 2019 (IPD‐IMGT/HLA, release 3.38.0). Since 2017, we have genotyped over 3 million voluntary stem cell donors for HLA‐E by sequencing the most relevant allele‐determining bases of exons 2 and 3. As expected, most donors harbor the two predominant alleles HLA‐E*01:01 and/or HLA‐E*01:03. However, in 1666 (0.05%) of our samples we detected 345 distinct novel HLA‐E sequences. The most frequent one was identified in 162 samples and has by now been named HLA‐E*01:114. To characterize these novel alleles in full‐length, we used both short‐read Illumina and long‐read PacBio sequencing to obtain fully phased and highly accurate sequences. This resulted in 234 submissions to IPD‐IMGT/HLA comprising 170 novel HLA‐E alleles, which encode for 93 novel HLA‐E proteins, as well as 64 confirmations or sequence extensions. Consequently, the number of HLA‐E alleles in the database (release 3.42.0) has now increased to 256 HLA‐E alleles and 110 HLA‐E proteins.
An Analysis of Previewing Reading Strategy in Business Texts: A Think Aloud Protocol Study
Authors: Handayani Wuriy , Widijantie Nunung
Published: February 2021

Students who study business and economics might read business texts related to their major. Some students get problem in finding main ideas or detail information. Finding main idea is not an easy job for EFL students since they need to understand the context and learn a lot of business vocabularies. To make it easier, there is one technique in reading which is called previewing. The business texts are previewed by students by reading the tittle, discussing the topic, and answering questions. This paper seeks to identify the effects of having previewing strategies used by EFL students and strategies most used by students in finding main idea and supported detail information. The qualitative research aimed at analyzing of how previewing can help students to find main ideas and detail information. This research also tried to decide whether students answered the questions correctly after using previewing strategy. Think Aloud Protocol (TAP) and interview collecting data techniques are carried to identify students’ strategies. TAP is data collecting technique that involves verbal thought. This methodology is used to determine what goes on students’ head while they are reading, finding main ideas and answering detail questions from business text. The research participants consist of thirteen students of the seventh semester in the Accounting major at ABFI Perbanas Institute Jakarta, Indonesia. The result shows that the participants used four parts of strategies in reading business text: (1) strategies of finding main idea, (2) strategies of finding detail information (strategies to find the word refers to, strategies of synonym, strategies to find definition), (3) previewing strategies, and (4) accuracy and inaccuracy to answer questions from reading business texts. The strategy that is often used by students in finding main idea is taking from the first sentence in paragraph. The strategies that are frequently used by students in finding detail information are referring to subject in previous sentence, choosing the right word from the option provided, finding the answer from dictionary and mentioning the place and time directly.
From NiSi2 experiments to density functional theory calculations: How the Schottky barrier mystery was solved
Authors: Tung Raymond T.
Published: February 2021

A cloud of mystery hung over the formation mechanism of the Schottky barrier height (SBH) for many decades. The experimental discovery of an insensitivity of the SBH of polycrystalline metal-semiconductor (MS) interfaces to the metal work function (WF), known as “Fermi-level pinning (FLP),” prompted the proposal of many empirical interface state models, which dominated the theoretical scenes of SBH research for decades. The reliance on empiricism in this field is curious because being a direct consequence of charge distribution at MS interfaces, the magnitude of the SBH should be predictable from principles that govern charge distribution in general, i.e., chemistry. With experimental work on epitaxial NiSi2/Si interfaces more than three decades ago that showed a sharp dependence of the SBH on atomic structure, the shroud covering the FLP mystery began to lift. Subsequently, SBHs of polycrystalline MS interfaces were widely recognized to be inhomogeneous, meaning that the FL was never “pinned” after all. The insensitivity of the SBH to metal WF was also shown to be in agreement with bond polarization that can be expected at the MS interface. Even though theoretical calculation was able to numerically reproduce SBHs for specific interfaces, it has not been possible to quantitatively predict/explain the SBH from chemical principles. That has remained the state of the affairs for SBH for the last two decades, until very recently, when density functional theory calculations demonstrated that SBH could be quantitatively predicted from basic chemical principles, provided the traditional analysis method, based on the Schottky–Mott model, was abandoned and a newly proposed neutral polyhedra theory was adopted. Through the same study, the cause for the FLP effect and the apparent experimental “pinning level” were also identified. It appears that the SBH mystery is finally over. This article chronicles important advances in the last four decades on different fronts of research that finally brought in a scientifically based understanding of the formation of the SBH.
A practical method of estimating the time-varying degree of vowel nasalization from acoustic features
Authors: Carignan Christopher
Published: February 2021

This paper presents a simple and easy-to-use method of creating a time-varying signal of the degree of nasalization in vowels, generated from acoustic features measured in oral and nasalized vowel contexts. The method is presented for separate models constructed using two sets of acoustic features: (1) an uninformed set of 13 Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) and (2) a combination of the 13 MFCCs and a phonetically informed set of 20 acoustic features of vowel nasality derived from previous research. Both models are compared against two traditional approaches to estimating vowel nasalization from acoustics: A1-P0 and A1-P1, as well as their formant-compensated counterparts. Data include productions from six speakers of different language backgrounds, producing 11 different qualities within the vowel quadrilateral. The results generated from each of the methods are compared against nasometric measurements, representing an objective “ground truth” of the degree of nasalization. The results suggest that the proposed method is more robust than conventional acoustic approaches, generating signals which correlate strongly with nasometric measures across all vowel qualities and all speakers and accurately approximate the time-varying change in the degree of nasalization. Finally, an experimental example is provided to help researchers implement the method in their own study designs.
Buffered λ-DNA solutions at high shear rates
Authors: Dakhil H. , Basu S. K. , Steiner S. , Gerlach Y. , Soller A. , Pan Sharadwata , Germann Natalie , Leidenberger M. , Kappes B. , Wierschem A.
Published: February 2021

We study buffered aqueous solutions of deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from bacteriophage lambda (λ-DNA) at shear rates up to 105 s−1. The shear rates are accessed with a narrow-gap rheometer at gap widths down to 20 μm. At lower shear rates, our data merge with the literature values. At high shear rates, the viscosity levels off into an infinite-shear viscosity plateau. Hence, the viscosity functions of buffered aqueous DNA solutions are now available for the entire shear-rate range from the first Newtonian plateau to that of infinite-shear viscosity. The latter hardly differs from the solvent viscosity. For the normal-stress differences, we observe a power-law dependence on the shear rate close to previous findings up to shear rates of about 104 s−1. Beyond this shear-rate range, we observe a stepwise change with the shear rate. By means of agarose gel electrophoresis, we confirm that the λ-DNA is not fragmented during our rheometric study at high shear rates. Yet, at the highest shear rates studied, shear-induced changes in the DNA to structures not being able to travel through the gel appear.
The Travel Demands of an Elite Rugby Sevens Team: Effects on Objective and Subjective Sleep Parameters
Authors: Leduc Cédric , Robineau Julien , Tee Jason C. , Cheradame Jeremy , Jones Ben , Piscione Julien , Lacome Mathieu
Published: February 2021

Purpose: To explore the effects of travel related to international rugby sevens competition on sleep patterns. Methods: A total of 17 international male rugby sevens players participated in this study. Actigraphic and subjective sleep assessments were performed daily during 2 separate Sevens World Series competition legs (Oceania and America). The duration of each competition leg was subdivided into key periods (pretour, precompetition, tournament 1, relocation, tournament 2, and posttour) lasting 2 to 7 nights. Linear mixed models in combination with magnitude-based decisions were used to assess (1) the difference between preseason and key periods and (2) the effect of travel direction (eastward or westward). Results: Shorter total sleep time (hours:minutes) was observed during tournament 2 (mean [SD], 06:16 [01:08]), relocation (06:09 [01:09]), and the pretour week (06:34 [01:24]) compared with the preseason (06:52 [01:00]). Worse sleep quality (arbitrary units) was observed during tournament 1 (6.1 [2.0]) and 2 (5.7 [1.2]), as well as during the relocation week (6.3 [1.5]) than during the preseason (6.5 [1.8]). When traveling eastward compared with westward, earlier fall-asleep time was observed during tournament 1 (ES − 0.57; 90% CI, −1.12 to −0.01), the relocation week (−0.70 [−1.11 to −0.28]), and the posttour (−0.57 [−0.95 to −0.18]). However, possibly trivial and unclear differences were observed during the precompetition week (0.15 [−0.15 to 0.45]) and tournament 2 (0.81 [−0.29 to 1.91]). Conclusion: The sleep patterns of elite rugby sevens players are robust to the effects of long-haul travel and jet lag. However, the staff should consider promoting sleep during the tournament and relocation week.
Two new vaccines deliver good and bad news for the pandemic
Authors: Cohen Jon
Published: February 2021

Novavax and J&J data underscore challenge of viral variants.
NIH's ‘precision nutrition’ bet aims for individualized diets
Authors: Kaiser Jocelyn
Published: February 2021

Effort will piggyback on giant genomics and health program.
The soundscape of the Anthropocene ocean
Authors: Duarte Carlos M. , Chapuis Lucille , Collin Shaun P. , Costa Daniel P. , Devassy Reny P. , Eguiluz Victor M. , Erbe Christine , Gordon Timothy A. C. , Halpern Benjamin S. , Harding Harry R. , Havlik Michelle N. , Meekan Mark , Merchant Nathan D. , Miksis-Olds Jennifer L. , Parsons Miles , Predragovic Milica , Radford Andrew N. , Radford Craig A. , Simpson Stephen D. , Slabbekoorn Hans , Staaterman Erica , Van Opzeeland Ilse C. , Winderen Jana , Zhang Xiangliang , Juanes Francis
Published: February 2021

An anthropogenic cacophony

Sound travels faster and farther in water than in air. Over evolutionary time, many marine organisms have come to rely on sound production, transmission, and reception for key aspects of their lives. These important behaviors are threatened by an increasing cacophony in the marine environment as human-produced sounds have become louder and more prevalent. Duarte
et al.
review the importance of biologically produced sounds and the ways in which anthropogenically produced sounds are affecting the marine soundscape.

Science
, this issue p.
eaba4658
Reactivation of the pluripotency program precedes formation of the cranial neural crest
Authors: Zalc Antoine , Sinha Rahul , Gulati Gunsagar S. , Wesche Daniel J. , Daszczuk Patrycja , Swigut Tomek , Weissman Irving L. , Wysocka Joanna
Published: February 2021

Reactivating neural crest pluripotency

Cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) are a transient cell group with an extraordinary differentiation potential that extends beyond its ectodermal lineage to form the majority of facial mesenchyme. Zalc
et al.
identified a neuroepithelial precursor population that transiently reactivates pluripotency factors to generate CNCCs. The pluripotency factor Oct4 is required for the expansion of CNCC developmental potential to form facial mesenchyme. Analysis of the chromatin landscape of Oct4
+
CNCC precursors showed that these cells resemble those of epiblast stem cells, with additional features suggestive of future priming for neural crest programs. Thus, to expand their cellular potency, CNCC precursors undergo a natural in vivo reprogramming event.

Science
, this issue p.
eabb4776
Reconfiguring the band-edge states of photovoltaic perovskites by conjugated organic cations
Authors: Xue Jingjing , Wang Rui , Chen Xihan , Yao Canglang , Jin Xiaoyun , Wang Kai-Li , Huang Wenchao , Huang Tianyi , Zhao Yepin , Zhai Yaxin , Meng Dong , Tan Shaun , Liu Ruzhang , Wang Zhao-Kui , Zhu Chenhui , Zhu Kai , Beard Matthew C. , Yan Yanfa , Yang Yang
Published: February 2021

A-sites join the band edge

The band edge of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites, which have the general formula ABX
3
, is mainly controlled by the inorganic X anions (such as chloride) and the B cation (such as lead). Organic A-site cations usually only exert indirect structural effects because their electronic levels lie far from the band edge. Xue
et al.
show that cations with large π-conjugated structures can interact with inorganic frontier molecular orbitals. A surface layer of ethylammonium pyrene, which had an optimal intercalation distance, increased hole mobilities and power conversion efficiencies relative to a reference inorganic perovskite and also improved device stability.

Science
, this issue p.
636
Role of iodine oxoacids in atmospheric aerosol nucleation
Authors: He Xu-Cheng , Tham Yee Jun , Dada Lubna , Wang Mingyi , Finkenzeller Henning , Stolzenburg Dominik , Iyer Siddharth , Simon Mario , Kürten Andreas , Shen Jiali , Rörup Birte , Rissanen Matti , Schobesberger Siegfried , Baalbaki Rima , Wang Dongyu S. , Koenig Theodore K. , Jokinen Tuija , Sarnela Nina , Beck Lisa J. , Almeida João , Amanatidis Stavros , Amorim António , Ataei Farnoush , Baccarini Andrea , Bertozzi Barbara , Bianchi Federico , Brilke Sophia , Caudillo Lucía , Chen Dexian , Chiu Randall , Chu Biwu , Dias António , Ding Aijun , Dommen Josef , Duplissy Jonathan , El Haddad Imad , Gonzalez Carracedo Loïc , Granzin Manuel , Hansel Armin , Heinritzi Martin , Hofbauer Victoria , Junninen Heikki , Kangasluoma Juha , Kemppainen Deniz , Kim Changhyuk , Kong Weimeng , Krechmer Jordan E. , Kvashin Aleksander , Laitinen Totti , Lamkaddam Houssni , Lee Chuan Ping , Lehtipalo Katrianne , Leiminger Markus , Li Zijun , Makhmutov Vladimir , Manninen Hanna E. , Marie Guillaume , Marten Ruby , Mathot Serge , Mauldin Roy L. , Mentler Bernhard , Möhler Ottmar , Müller Tatjana , Nie Wei , Onnela Antti , Petäjä Tuukka , Pfeifer Joschka , Philippov Maxim , Ranjithkumar Ananth , Saiz-Lopez Alfonso , Salma Imre , Scholz Wiebke , Schuchmann Simone , Schulze Benjamin , Steiner Gerhard , Stozhkov Yuri , Tauber Christian , Tomé António , Thakur Roseline C. , Väisänen Olli , Vazquez-Pufleau Miguel , Wagner Andrea C. , Wang Yonghong , Weber Stefan K. , Winkler Paul M. , Wu Yusheng , Xiao Mao , Yan Chao , Ye Qing , Ylisirniö Arttu , Zauner-Wieczorek Marcel , Zha Qiaozhi , Zhou Putian , Flagan Richard C. , Curtius Joachim , Baltensperger Urs , Kulmala Markku , Kerminen Veli-Matti , Kurtén Theo , Donahue Neil M. , Volkamer Rainer , Kirkby Jasper , Worsnop Douglas R. , Sipilä Mikko
Published: February 2021

Faster than expected

Iodine species are one of only a handful of atmospheric vapors known to make new aerosol particles, which play a central role in controlling the radiative forcing of climate. He
et al.
report experimental evidence from the CERN Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets, or CLOUD, chamber demonstrating that iodic acid and iodous acid rapidly form new particles and can compete with sulfuric acid in pristine regions.

Science
, this issue p.
589
A quantum-logic gate between distant quantum-network modules
Authors: Daiss Severin , Langenfeld Stefan , Welte Stephan , Distante Emanuele , Thomas Philip , Hartung Lukas , Morin Olivier , Rempe Gerhard
Published: February 2021

Quantum gating at a distance

The processing of quantum information is reliant on the encoding and manipulation of quantum states of a qubit. Superconducting circuits are the most advanced platform at present, but there is an issue with cross-talk between the qubits and the challenge of error correction as the systems are scaled up. Another approach being pursued is a modular platform in which the qubits are spatially separated. Daiss
et al.
demonstrate the operation of a quantum gate in which one qubit conditionally controls the state of another qubit spatially separated by 60 meters (see the Perspective by Hunger). Because the approach is platform independent, it could be extended from the demonstrated neutral atoms to ions, impurity vacancy centers, or even a combination of these qubits.

Science
, this issue p.
614
; see also p.
576
Programmable hyperbolic polaritons in van der Waals semiconductors
Authors: Sternbach A. J. , Chae S. H. , Latini S. , Rikhter A. A. , Shao Y. , Li B. , Rhodes D. , Kim B. , Schuck P. J. , Xu X. , Zhu X.-Y. , Averitt R. D. , Hone J. , Fogler M. M. , Rubio A. , Basov D. N.
Published: February 2021

Lighting a route for hyperbolic dispersion

The propagation of light within a material is usually well defined, with the propagation described by scattering and dispersion. In artificially designed metamaterials and in anisotropic layered materials, the dispersion can be hyperbolic, giving rise to subwavelength confinement of the light. Sternbach
et al.
show that the hyperbolic dispersion can be optically switched on and off on demand in the layered transition metal dichalcogenide tungsten diselenide (see the Perspective by Deng and Chen). Illuminating the material with ultrafast pulses of sub-bandgap light creates a transient waveguide, resulting in hyperbolic dispersion in the material. The ability to tune the dispersion characteristics on demand using optical pumping is an effective approach for developing ultrafast switching photonic devices and controlling the propagation of light on the nanoscale.

Science
, this issue p.
617
; see also p.
572
Electrophotocatalytic diamination of vicinal C–H bonds
Authors: Shen Tao , Lambert Tristan H.
Published: February 2021

Double C–H amination

The conversion of C–H bonds into C–N bonds is broadly useful in producing pharmaceutically important compounds from simple, readily available feedstocks. Shen and Lambert report a method to induce this reaction twice in a row at benzylic and neighboring alkyl carbon centers, using acetonitrile solvent as a convenient source of nitrogen. The method relies on successive electrochemical and photochemical activation of a cyclopropenium catalyst and yields hydrogen gas as a clean co-product.

Science
, this issue p.
620
Genomics and genre
Narrative in the Age of the Genome: Genetic Worlds
Lara Choksey
Bloomsbury Academic, 2021. 232 pp.
Authors: Campos Luis A.
Published: February 2021

A scholar probes subtle shifts in stories told through genes
Designing the right protection
Authors: Xie Jingxiu
Published: February 2021

A new iron-based catalyst helps avoid common pitfalls for making olefins
Drug-Drug Interaction Study of Benznidazole and E1224 in Healthy Male Volunteers
Authors: Ribeiro Isabela , Blum Bethania , Fernandes Jayme , Santina Glaucia , Asada Makoto , Everson Michael , Schuck Edgar , Feleder Ethel , Evene Eric , Gualano Virginie
Published: February 2021

E1224 is a prodrug of ravuconazole (RVZ), an antifungal drug with promising anti-
Trypanosoma cruzi
activity, the causative organism of Chagas disease (CD). This study was designed to assess the pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety interactions of benznidazole (BNZ), the drug of choice for treatment of CD, and E1224 in healthy volunteers.
Enisamium Reduces Influenza Virus Shedding and Improves Patient Recovery by Inhibiting Viral RNA Polymerase Activity
Authors: te Velthuis Aartjan J. W. , Zubkova Tatiana G. , Shaw Megan , Mehle Andrew , Boltz David , Gmeinwieser Norbert , Stammer Holger , Milde Jens , Müller Lutz , Margitich Victor
Published: February 2021

Infections with respiratory viruses constitute a huge burden on our health and economy. Antivirals against some respiratory viruses are available, but further options are urgently needed. Enisamium iodide (laboratory code FAV00A, trade name Amizon) is an antiviral marketed in countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States for the treatment of viral respiratory infections, but its clinical efficacy and mode of action are not well understood.
G-Protein-Coupled Receptor and Ion Channel Genes Used by Influenza Virus for Replication
Authors: Orr-Burks Nichole , Murray Jackelyn , Todd Kyle V. , Bakre Abhijeet , Tripp Ralph A.
Published: February 2021

Influenza epidemics result in morbidity and mortality each year. Vaccines are the most effective preventive measure but require annual reformulation, since a mismatch of vaccine strains can result in vaccine failure.
Anabolic steroid use and ischaemic stroke in a young fitness enthusiast
Authors: Choulerton James , Guha Nishan , Squires Rebecca
Published: February 2021

We report a case of ischaemic stroke in a 34-year-old male recreational bodybuilder following a 3-month period of anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use and 1-month period of ‘post-cycle therapy’ (tamoxifen and clomiphene citrate), the latter treatments aimed at restoring normal endogenous testosterone production after initial AAS use. We hypothesise a transient drug-related prothrombotic state with paradoxical embolisation via an atrial septal defect which was later found on bubble echocardiogram. We highlight a rare but important cause of stroke in younger patients which is relevant given the increasing use of AAS misuse among casual fitness enthusiasts. We explore the various possible mechanisms by which AAS use can increase ischaemic stroke risk in such patients.
Horner’s syndrome secondary to internal carotid artery occlusion
Authors: Saleemi Saadat Ali , Sahathevan Ramesh
Published: February 2021

Horner’s syndrome results from interruption of the sympathetic innervation to the eye. This interruption may occur at three anatomical levels along the sympathetic trunk pathway. There are numerous causes of Horner’s syndrome, including injury to the carotid artery, of which arterial dissection is the commonest pathology. Occlusive carotid disease secondary to atherosclerosis is a relatively rare cause of Horner’s syndrome. We describe a patient with Horner’s syndrome due to complete occlusion of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery.
A huge haemorrhagic suprarenal pseudocyst: an unusual presentation of a rare condition
Authors: Olowu Adekunle A , Alzehairy Adel Abbas
Published: February 2021

Haemorrhagic suprarenal pseudocysts are very rare and are often incidental findings at surgery or autopsy, though they can sometimes present with predominantly gastrointestinal or endocrine symptoms, including intraperitoneal bleeding or sepsis. Our case report is of a 48-year-old man who presented at our primary healthcare centre with 2-month history of predominantly respiratory symptoms of cough and shortness of breath. CT scan revealed a suprarenal cyst measuring 14.2×13.5×13.1 cm for which he was operated and made a full recovery. A detailed literature review reveals that there has never been a case of a haemorrhagic suprarenal pseudocyst presenting with predominantly respiratory symptoms, which is why we decided to document this case report.
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and brain stem involvement: a rare combination
Authors: Kathuria Heena , Prabhat Nandita , Shree Ritu , Singh Rajveer
Published: February 2021

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a progressive lethal neurological inflammatory disease due to persistent, wild measles virus infection in the central nervous system that is seen most frequently in children and young adolescents. Atypical presentations are seen in up to 10% of cases. Most frequently and severely affected region in the brain is the parieto-occipital region of the brain. Less commonly involved organs are the cerebellum, basal ganglia and corpus callosum. Brainstem involvement is rare and usually occurs when other areas of brain are involved along with it. Here, we describe an unusual male patient of 15 years age, having SSPE with MRI of brain showing extensive involvement of brainstem with no significant involvement of other cortical structures of the brain. It is very rarely described in SSPE, but one should be vigilant about such involvement of brainstem and cerebellum, and SSPE should not be missed when brainstem hyperintensities are seen in MRI brain with or without other region of the brain to avoid misdiagnosis.
Cytomegalovirus retinitis in a patient of granulomatosis with polyangiitis on long-term immunosuppressants
Authors: Reddy Subhakar , Tyagi Mudit , Behera Shashwat , Pappuru Rajeev Reddy
Published: February 2021

A 69-year-old male patient presented to the retina clinic with a sudden decrease in vision in his right eye since 1 day. He was a known case of granulomatosis with polyangiitis and was on systemic immunosuppression for the past 3 years. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in his right eye was 20/60 and he has no perception of light in the left eye. Fundus examination revealed the presence of retinitis lesions in the right eye and total optic atrophy in the left eye. A vitreous biopsy was done and the PCR was found to be positive for cytomegalovirus (CMV). He was treated with intravitreal ganciclovir injections. Subsequently, the retinitis lesions regressed and BCVA in the right eye improved to 20/40.

This case report elaborates on the risks of the development of opportunistic ocular infections in patients receiving long-term systemic immunosuppressants and the need for regular ocular examinations in such cases.
Atraumatic trismus induced by duloxetine: an uncommon presentation of acute dystonia
Authors: Ohn May Honey , Loo Jiann Lin , Ohn Khin Maung
Published: February 2021

Atraumatic trismus can be one of the presentations of medication-induced acute dystonia, particularly by antipsychotics and less commonly antidepressants. A case of an unusual emergency presentation of atraumatic trismus on initiation of duloxetine is reported. The patient was a 40-year-old woman experiencing sudden difficulty in mouth opening and speaking due to a stiffened jaw after taking 5 days of duloxetine prescribed for her fibromyalgia-related chest pain. Assessment of vital signs is prudent to ensure there is no laryngeal involvement. Other physical examinations and her recent investigations were unremarkable. She was treated for acute dystonia and intravenous procyclidine was given together with oral diazepam. Her symptoms improved immediately and her duloxetine was suggested to be stopped. To our knowledge, this is the first case of isolated trismus induced by duloxetine. Clinicians should be aware of this risk, especially considering the limitation of important physiological functions (such as swallowing, eating, etc) associated with this condition.
Laparoscopic removal of mesh migrating into the sigmoid colon after totally extraperitoneal (TEP) laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair with positive faecal occult blood test
Authors: Gang Sujin , Kim Min Jung , Park Ji Won , Ryoo Seung-Bum
Published: February 2021

A 76-year-old man was referred to our clinic after a foreign body seen in his sigmoid colon during a colonoscopy. He had undergone three operations for a left inguinal hernia within the previous 8 years, and the first procedure was a laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal approach. Four years later, removal of migrated and infected mesh was conducted by open approach. He then had a positive stool occult blood test for routine check-up 4 years after the remnant mesh removal. An ill-defined lesion was identified on colonoscopy. CT revealed a 2.7 cm diameter enhancing lesion in the sigmoid colon. Laparoscopic sigmoidectomy was performed, and remnant mesh fragment was found in the sigmoid colon and removed. The migrated mesh could not be wholly removed by open abdominal approach and the remnant mesh fragment migrated to sigmoid colon. It suggests the importance of a laparoscopic approach to remove the entire mesh.
Proliferating trichilemmal tumour of the eyelid in a 7-year-old girl
Authors: Bryan Avery , Kurian Susan , Li Yan , Bundrick Paige
Published: February 2021

Proliferating trichilemmal tumours (PTTs) are rare cutaneous adnexal tumours derived from the hair shaft outer root sheath. We are reporting the first case of PTT in a young child. In this case, a 7-year-old girl presented with trichilemmal keratinisation consistent with PTT. The patient was monitored with no signs of recurrence. PTT is a rare tumour occurring primarily in adults and we present this case so that young patients with PTT can be diagnosed and treated appropriately with a painless, mobile, rapidly growing mass on the right upper eyelid. CT imaging showed well-circumscribed, heterogenous mass measuring 1.6 cm with fluid-filled appearance and no tissue invasion. Surgical excision was performed and pathology revealed an unencapsulated, well-demarcated tumour.
Giant lipoma of descending colon masquerading as a colonic malignancy
Authors: Vishwajeet Vikarn , Soni Subhash , Elhence Poonam , Khera Sudeep
Published: February 2021

Lipomas of the large intestine are uncommon tumour. They are often innocuous and do not cause any clinical problem, particularly if they are small (<2 cm) is size. However, they can give rise to significant clinical symptoms if they become large and can be mistaken for colorectal carcinoma. Herein, a giant submucosal lipoma of descending colon is described, which was preoperatively suspected of carcinoma and underwent left hemicolectomy. The diagnosis was only reached after pathological examination of the resected tumour. The case highlights that a large colonic lipoma still poses diagnostic difficulty. Accurate diagnosis of the lipomas is important as they can be removed by endoscopic polypectomy or segmental resection, obviating the need of unnecessary major surgical resection.
Cardiac arrest in a patient with trichorhinophalangeal syndrome and dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Sen Gautam , Barendt Eleanor , Sinha Manas
Published: February 2021

A 44-year-old woman with known trichorhinophalangeal syndrome presented with an unheralded out of hospital cardiac arrest. Transthoracic echocardiography showed severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction with an ejection fraction <25% and cardiac MRI confirmed a diagnosis of congenital non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy. The case highlights a very rare syndrome, it is previously unknown association with dilated cardiomyopathy and the possible benefit of cardiac screening for patients with known trichorhinophalangeal syndrome.
Appendicular tuberculosis: a less encountered clinical entity
Authors: Ambekar Sachin , Bhatia Mohit
Published: February 2021

A 21-year-old female patient presented with vague lower abdominal pain associated with nausea since 2 days. On examination, she was tender in the right iliac fossa. Based on clinical presentation and radiological test finding, she was diagnosed as appendicitis and was subjected for diagnostic laparoscopy and appendectomy. Histopathology proved it to be a tubercular appendix, which is a rarely encountered entity. However, in a country like India, tuberculosis (TB) is highly prevalent; however, TB of appendix is rare and less known.
Accidentally discovered high INR in pregnancy unmasks an inherited factor VII (FVII) deficiency that is paradoxically associated with thrombotic tendency
Authors: Elkhateb Islam Tarek , Mousa Abdalla , Mohye Eldeen Riham , Soliman Yssra
Published: February 2021

A 32-year-old multiparous obese woman was referred to our center at 37 weeks of twin gestation. She was referred for birth planning following an accidentally discovered high international normalised ratio (INR) in routine preoperative labs. Her history was significant for recurrent pregnancy-associated deep venous thrombosis as well as two early pregnancy losses. Further work-up revealed transaminitis, mild splenomegaly and high lupus anticoagulant titre. A multidisciplinary team of physicians from the high-risk pregnancy, anaesthesiology, haematology, gastroenterology and hepatology departments put a management plan; it culminated into uncomplicated delivery of the patient by repeated caesarian section. The team was also able to figure out the cause of the patient’s high INR that is associated with thrombophilia rather than haemophilia.
Hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state: first presentation of type 1 diabetes mellitus in an adolescent with complex medical needs
Authors: Maduemem Kene Ebuka , Adesanya Omotayo , Anuruegbe Obinna O , Rafiq Anjum
Published: February 2021

This is a case of hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) as first presentation of type 1 diabetes mellitus in a 14-year-old girl with background complex medical needs. She presented with marked hyperglycaemia (56 mmol/L) without significant ketonaemia (2.6 mmol/L) and serum hyperosmolality (426 mOsm/kg). Managing her profound hypernatraemic (>180 mmol/L) dehydration was challenging but resulted in good outcome. Paediatric patients with HHS will likely be treated with the diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) protocol because of perceived rarity of HHS leading to inadequate rehydration and risk of vascular collapse. Hence, emphasis on the differences in the management protocols of DKA and HHS is paramount. Prompt recognition and adequate management are crucial to avert complications. The undesirable rate of decline of hypernatraemia due to the use of hypotonic fluid was captured in this case. We describe the pivotal role of liberal fluid therapy with non-hypotonic fluids.
Polyethylene liner dissociation in a DePuy pinnacle cup with a manufacturer analysis of the failed component
Authors: Keohane David , Sheridan Gerard A , Harty James , O'Loughlin Padhraig
Published: February 2021

A 74-year-old patient presented to the emergency department with acute atraumatic hip pain 9 years after her primary left total hip arthroplasty (THA). Plain radiographic imaging demonstrated lateralisation of the femoral head within the acetabular shell—indicating an issue with the polyethylene liner. The patient required revision of the acetabular component and the femoral head, as well as a new polyethylene liner. A detailed analysis of the components removed was performed by DePuy Synthes Engineering. Between 2009 and 2020, 8 publications have documented 52 cases of liner dissociation with the Pinnacle acetabular component and Marathon polyethylene liner. Various theories have been proposed in the literature as all of these components appear to fail in the same way, with shearing of the locking tabs in the polyethylene liner. In spite of a manufacturer analysis of the components, no root cause was identified as to why the polyethylene liner failed.
Primary aortoduodenal fistula and chronic Q fever infection
Authors: Do Cuong Nghi , Mar Ethan Oskar , Sim Beatrice , Looke David
Published: February 2021

We report a case of chronic Q fever presenting with catastrophic bleeding from an infected abdominal aortic aneurysm causing a primary aortoduodenal fistula in an 80-year-old retired farmer. This presentation is rarely reported in literature and only through case reports. Early diagnosis and definitive surgery were critical to a successful outcome. Serological diagnosis of Q fever was initiated on the patient’s past exposure to animal reservoirs. Complicating the case was ongoing gastrointestinal bleeding postsurgery, with multiple endoscopies undertaken before a culprit remnant fistula was found. This case highlights the value in consideringCoxiella burnetiias an underlying cause in patients with known risk factors presenting with primary aortoduodenal fistulas. Though rare, it represents a readily treatable cause.