bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diferentes focos de identificación en el trabajo: identificación organizacional, grupal y profesional
Authors: Lisbona Ana
Published: April 2010

La investigación en torno a la teoría de la identidad social en el ámbito organizational ha evolucionado considerablemente desde el trabajo pionero de Ashforth y Mael a finales de la década de los 80. Tradicionalmente se han analizado aspectos como las fusiones o adquisiciones, el liderazgo o la gestión de la diversidad, entre otros. La identificación organizacional se entiende como una forma de identificación social, originada por la percepción de pertenencia a una organización determinada, siendo la base para un amplio rango de conductas organizacionales, críticas para el éxito organizacional. Entre ellas destacamos una relación más novedosa, la relación entre la identificación organizacional y la iniciativa personal. Se describen, asimismo, aspectos como las identidades múltiples o los diferentes focos de identificación en la organización. Entre ellos destacamos los ocasionados por la diversidad demográfica, el grupo o equipo de trabajo, la profesión u ocupación y la organización o empresa en la que desempeñamos nuestro trabajo. Por último como futuras líneas de investigación se sugiere la pluralidad metodológica y se introduce la novedosa línea de la complejidad frente a la investigación con modelos lineales.
Identidad colectiva movilizada
Authors: Sabucedo José-Manuel , Durán Mar , Alzate Mónica
Published: April 2010

En este artículo se analiza la relación entre la identidad y la acción política. Frente a los conceptos de identidad colectiva e identidad colectiva politizada que han sido utilizados habitualmente para explicar ese tipo de comportamiento, se plantea un nuevo tipo de identidad, la colectiva movilizada, que está asociada a la acción política. En la construcción de esta identidad, la identificación grupal desempeña en muchos casos un papel más significativo que la instrumentalidad de la acción. Esto lleva a plantear un tipo de racionalidad política que se sitúa más allá de la lógica consecuencialista y que se fundamenta en los principios morales del sujeto y en su compromiso con el grupo.
¿Cómo influyen los cambios culturales sobre el contrato psicológico entre el trabajador y la organización?
Authors: Ayestarán Sabino , Valencia José
Published: April 2010

Se parte de una doble constatación: i) se está dando un cambio en el entorno laboral: de un entorno mecanicista se está pasando a un entorno definido por la creación del conocimiento y la innovación; ii) se está dando un cambio en el modelo de gestión de la organización: la mayor participación del trabajador del conocimiento en la gestión de la organización conlleva la exigencia de un liderazgo más compartido. Estos cambios suponen cambios culturales que, en algunas organizaciones, dan lugar a conflictos culturales que afectan a la confianza entre trabajadores y la organización y al contrato psicológico. Se subraya la relación entre confianza en la organización y cumplimiento del contrato psicológico y se analizan los factores organizativos que afectan a la confianza de los trabajadores en la organización.
The joint effects of personality and job scope on in-role performance, citizenship behaviors, and creativity
Authors: Raja Usman , Johns Gary
Published: April 2010

This study examined the relation between personality and three dimensions of job performance (in-role performance, creativity, and citizenship behavior) under differing levels of job scope. The basic premise was that higher job scope would facilitate performance for those who were dispositionally inclined toward a particular dimension of performance and damage the performance of those who were dispositionally disinclined. Among 383 work-unit dyads in 11 organizations, some support was found for the predicted interactions between Big Five personality traits and job scope in predicting various aspects of performance.
Putting work and family experiences in context: Differences by family life stage
Authors: Erickson Jenet Jacob , Martinengo Giuseppe , Hill E Jeffrey
Published: April 2010

This study explores how individuals across six family life stages (before children, transition to parenthood, youngest child preschool-age, youngest child school-age, youngest child adolescent, and empty nest) differ in their experience of the work—family interface. Data come from a global IBM work and life issues survey ( N = 41,769). Structural equation modeling was used to compare employees from six family life stages on work role factors (job hours, job responsibility, job flexibility) and family role factors (household work hours, marital status), and their relationships to work—family conflict, family—work conflict, work—family fit and four personal success measures. Meaningful differences in the means and size of the relationships among variables across family life stages provided empirical evidence of a ‘life course’ for the work—family interface influenced by differential exposure and differential effects of work and family role demands.
Lonergan on Substance and Transubstantiation
Authors: Moloney Raymond
Published: April 2010

The notion of substance has been a fundamental concept in the history of theology. While many scholars have moved away from the traditional notion, it has remained a basic element in Bernard Lonergan’s work. In his case, however, it is bound up with his critical realism, a contentious issue in itself. This article explains these issues, seeing some of their implications in Eucharistic theology and concluding with some incidental reflections of Lonergan on transubstantiation.
Toward a Wider Hospitality: Rethinking Love of Neighbour in Religions of the Book
Authors: Reynolds Thomas E.
Published: April 2010

This article argues that because hospitality—the gesture of welcoming the stranger—is a way of expressing the love found in Jewish, Christian, and Muslim traditions, it can provide a pivotal point from which a shared ethic of reciprocity can emerge. Hospitality is a bestowal of welcome that opens toward another as loved by God. But in the transaction a strange reversal occurs. The host who initially offers a gift to the guest ends up becoming blessed by the guest, receiving the presence of God. As boundaries are crossed, blessing leads to blessing in mutually enriching ways. Exploring this dynamic opens up fresh possibilities for understanding how the love of God is tied inseparably to the love of neighbour. It also helps address the collaborative vision recently expressed by Muslim leaders in A Common Word, for the praxis of hospitality holds out the promise of cultivating interfaith vistas of justice, reconciliation, and peace.
Beyond the Beyond: Ireland’s Underground Cathedral of Art
Authors: Hederman Mark Patrick
Published: April 2010

Transcendence is about escape from this world, going beyond. It is the great escape story. Great art provides a five sense breakthrough to an alternative world, escape from the prison-house of the one to which we have been condemned by unimaginative philosophies and pragmatic politics. Having seen what lies beyond we can then construct a realistic dwelling-place for ourselves in a new century, one which, provides adequately for the complex reality of what we are.
Processing of Titanium Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Metal-Matrix Composites by the Induction Melting Method
Authors: Wilson K. , Barrera E.V. , Bayazitoglu Y.
Published: April 2010

Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) reinforced titanium (Ti) matrix composites were produced by powder metallurgy (PM) and induction heating methods. It was found that nickel coating and a fast processing time associated with the induction heating method enabled nanotubes to survive the high-temperature (above 1950 K) processing conditions. The nanotubes were first covered with a nickel coating via the electroless plating method and then dispersed in the powder by ball milling. The powder was then cold pressed to make a PM preform which was melted by induction heating in an argon environment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations as well as Raman and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy verification indicate that the nanotubes survived the high-temperature melting. Testing demonstrated that the hardness of the composites, which is directly related to strength, is improved with increasing weight percent of SWCNTs.
That Day on River Valley and the Discovery of Presence
Authors: Greer Scott
Published: April 2010

This article serves as an introduction to the notion of “presence,” as described by Runia, and applies this concept to our understandings of memory, particularly involuntary memory, and personal experience. Presence is understood as the way the past resides in the present, but is unrepresented, outside of the usual venues of textual or visual representation. The discovery of presence—such as in the experience of involuntary memories—leads us to ask, “who are we that we have memory?” Questioning along ontological lines, memory is reformulated from the standpoint of being-in-the-world. In a vein not unlike Proust’s Remembrance of Things Past, this article presents a discussion of presence interwoven with first person narrative segments. It is suggested that presence works through metonymy, where meanings are revealed (viz. alethia) when a combination of factors, including time, contextual cues, and other meanings interconnect. It is concluded that memory is contained in the world, not just in the head, and further consideration of the ontology of memory, subjectivity, and their grounding in the world is warranted. Transcendence and personal growth are based on our ability to confront presence in our lives and to make meaningful connections that we evolve with or beyond.
Validation of a Supplemental Reading Intervention for First-Grade Children
Authors: Pericola Case Lisa , Speece Deborah L. , Silverman Rebecca , Ritchey Kristen D. , Schatschneider Christopher , Cooper David H. , Montanaro Elizabeth , Jacobs Dawn
Published: April 2010

This experimental study was designed to validate a short-term supplemental reading intervention for at-risk first-grade children. Although substantial research on long-term supplemental reading interventions exists, less is known about short-term interventions. Thirty first-grade children were randomly assigned to intervention or control conditions. Students in the intervention received 16 hours of instruction. Analyses of pre- and posttest data and growth measures suggest that short-term supplemental reading intervention had a significant effect on children’s reading skills; however, effects were not consistent across measures. Parent and teacher ratings moderated significant effects. Findings support the validity of a brief intervention for students at risk for reading failure that may inform Tier 2 interventions within a Response to Intervention framework.
Executive Dysfunction Among Children With Reading Comprehension Deficits
Authors: Locascio Gianna , Mahone E. Mark , Eason Sarah H. , Cutting Laurie E.
Published: April 2010

Emerging research supports the contribution of executive function (EF) to reading comprehension; however, a unique pattern has not been established for children who demonstrate comprehension difficulties despite average word recognition ability (specific reading comprehension deficit; S-RCD). To identify particular EF components on which children with S-RCD struggle, a range of EF skills was compared among 86 children, ages 10 to 14, grouped by word reading and comprehension abilities: 24 average readers, 44 with word recognition deficits (WRD), and 18 S-RCD. An exploratory principal components analysis of EF tests identified three latent factors, used in subsequent group comparisons: Planning/ Spatial Working Memory, Verbal Working Memory, and Response Inhibition. The WRD group exhibited deficits (relative to controls) on Verbal Working Memory and Inhibition factors; S-RCD children performed more poorly than controls on the Planning factor. Further analyses suggested the WRD group’s poor performance on EF factors was a by-product of core deficits linked to WRD (after controlling for phonological processing, this group no longer showed EF deficits). In contrast, the S-RCD group’s poor performance on the planning component remained significant after controlling for phonological processing. Findings suggest reading comprehension difficulties are linked to executive dysfunction; in particular, poor strategic planning/organizing may lead to reading comprehension problems.
The Role of Morphological Awareness in Reading Comprehension Among Typical and Learning Disabled Native Arabic Speakers
Authors: Mahfoudhi Abdessatar , Elbeheri Gad , Al-Rashidi Mousa , Everatt John
Published: April 2010

This work examines the role of morphological awareness in contrast to phonological processing in reading comprehension amongst two groups of native Arabic children: a group with learning disabilities (LD) and a mainstream group who were matched to the LD group in age or reading level. Measures of reading comprehension fluency, phonological skills, and morphological ability were given to both groups in addition to tests of nonverbal ability. For the mainstream children, unique variability in comprehension was predicted by the morphological measures over that of the measures of phonological skills and general nonverbal ability. In contrast, for the LD data, variability in comprehension was not predicted by morphological ability even though the children with LD performed the morphology task as well as their typically developing peers did. These findings are discussed in terms of theories of reading acquisition across languages as well as recommendations for literacy teaching and LD intervention in Arabic.
The Regression-Based Discrepancy Definition of Learning Disability
Authors: Cahan Sorel , Fono Dafna , Nirel Ronit
Published: April 2010

The regression-based discrepancy definition of learning disabilities has been suggested by Rutter and Yule as an improvement of the well-known and much criticized achievement–intelligence discrepancy definition, whereby the examinee’s predicted reading attainment is substituted for the intelligence score in the discrepancy expression. Even though the regression-based discrepancy definition has been with us for more than 30 years, critical examination of this approach is scarce. This article fills this lacuna by examining the implications of two variables in the model on the diagnosis of learning disabilities: (a) the effect of predictive validity on the proportion of examinees identified as learning disabled, and (b) the effect of the predictor’s identity on the identity of the examinees diagnosed with learning disabilities. Implications of these effects concerning the validity of the regression-based discrepancy model and of the results of its implementation are discussed.
The Mediating Role of Internet Connection, Virtual Friends, and Mood in Predicting Loneliness Among Students With and Without Learning Disabilities in Different Educational Environments
Authors: Sharabi Adi , Margalit Malka
Published: April 2010

This study evaluated a multidimensional model of loneliness as related to risk and protective factors among adolescents with learning disabilities (LD). The authors aimed to identify factors that mediated loneliness among 716 adolescents in Grades 10 through 12 who were studying in high schools or in Youth Education Centers for at-risk populations. There were 334 students with LD, divided into subgroups according to disability severity (three levels of testing accommodations), and 382 students without LD. Five instruments measured participants’ socioemotional characteristics: loneliness, Internet communication, mood, and social and academic achievement-oriented motivation. Using structural equation modeling, the results confirmed the loneliness model and revealed that the use of the Internet to support interpersonal communication with friends predicted less intense loneliness, whereas virtual friendships with individuals whom students knew only online predicted greater loneliness. Positive and negative mood and motivation also predicted students’ loneliness. In addition, the severity of LD predicted stronger loneliness feelings.
Learning Disabilities and Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Nelson Jason M. , Harwood Hannah
Published: April 2010

This article presents the results of a meta-analysis of the empirical literature on anxious symptomatology among school-aged students with learning disabilities (LD) in comparison to their non-LD peers. Fifty-eight studies met inclusion criteria. Results indicate that students with LD had higher mean scores on measures of anxiety than did non-LD students. The overall effect size was statistically significant and medium in magnitude ( d = .61) although substantial heterogeneity of results was found. Moderator effects were examined for informant type, gender, grade, publication status, and identification source. Informant type (i.e., self-, parent, or teacher report) explained a significant amount of variability in the sample of studies, and identification source (i.e., school identified or special school and clinic/hospital identified) approached statistical significance. Implications for assessment and intervention are discussed.
Benchmarking Teacher Practice in Queensland Transition Programs for Youth With Intellectual Disability and Autism
Authors: Beamish Wendi , Meadows Denis , Davies Michael
Published: April 2010

Extensive work has been done in North America to examine practices recommended to facilitate postschool transitions for youth with disabilities. Few studies in Australia, however, have investigated these practices. This study drew on the Taxonomy for Transition Programming developed by Kohler to benchmark practice at government and nongovernment schools throughout Queensland, Australia. A statewide survey was used to gather data from teachers and other influential staff ( N = 104). Participants were asked to (a) indicate their level of agreement that each practice was a program quality indicator and (b) report on the current use of that practice in school programs. Transition practices in the areas of Family–School Relationships, Student Development, and student-focused planning were strongly endorsed and frequently implemented. Lower levels of endorsement and implementation, however, were signaled in the areas of Interagency Collaboration and Program Structure. Recommendations for reform at the school, systems, and interagency levels are provided.
Gendered Internet Use Across Generations and Life Stages
Authors: Helsper Ellen Johanna
Published: April 2010

Gender inequalities in Internet use are smaller among younger people. It is unclear whether these differences can be explained by the varying circumstances in which different generations grew up or by other factors that vary within an individual’s life time. This article tests a model which proposes that generation determines the level of Internet use and life stage determines gender differences in Internet use. Descriptive analyses of a representative sample of 1,578 British Internet users confirm that there continue to be small but significant gender differences for most uses of the Internet. The findings from a series of linear regressions suggest that gender differences vary for different life stages related to occupation and marital status. This is true especially for typically male uses. The article concludes that other factors related to life stage will continue to influence gender differences in Internet use in the future.
How Social Influence Mediates Media Effects on Adolescents’ Materialism
Authors: Chia Stella C.
Published: April 2010

This study proposed a theoretical framework by which it can be identified how media influence and social influence interplay and produce joint effects on adolescents’ materialistic values. The framework began with how adolescents estimate parents’ and friends’ materialistic values from media exposure and interpersonal communication and then facilitated an examination of how the parents’ and friends’ materialistic values, in turn, influence adolescents’ materialistic values. This framework was tested with survey data of 697 adolescents in Singapore. Results showed that an adolescent’s exposure to advertising was both directly and indirectly associated with his or her materialistic values. The indirect association was mediated by the adolescent’s perception of advertising effect on friends and by the adolescents’ interpersonal communication with parents and with friends.
The Relationship Between “Textisms” and Formal and Informal Writing Among Young Adults
Authors: Rosen Larry D. , Chang Jennifer , Erwin Lynne , Carrier L. Mark , Cheever Nancy A.
Published: April 2010

The Net Generation has adopted textisms as shortcuts in electronic communication. Two studies investigated whether the reported use of textisms in daily electronic communication is related to the quality of writing. Seven hundred and eighteen young adults were queried about how often they used linguistic and contextual textisms, instant messaging, monthly cell minutes, and monthly text messaging. In Study 1 they wrote a formal letter to a company and in Study 2 they were asked to write both a formal letter and provide an informal writing sample on happiness. Textism use was quite low, a finding that was consistent with previous research on texting and instant messaging. The data reflected negative associations between reported textism use in daily communications and formal writing and positive associations between textisms use and informal writing. These relationships varied by gender and level of education, varying most strongly among those without a college education. The results are discussed in terms of Low-Road/ High-Road Transfer of Situated Learning Theory.
The Effects of a Web-Based Intervention on Psychosocial Well-Being Among Adults Aged 60 and Older With Diabetes
Authors: Bond Gail E. , Burr Robert L. , Wolf Fredric M. , Feldt Karen
Published: April 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of a 6-month Web-based intervention on the psychosocial well-being of older adults with diabetes.

Methods

This study was a randomized controlled trial (N = 62) comparing the effects of a 6-month Web-based intervention plus usual care with usual care alone among adults aged 60 years or older with diabetes. The outcomes included quality of life, depression, social support, and self-efficacy.

Results

The intervention group showed significant improvement, F(4.48) = 4.03 P = .007, when compared with the control group on measures of depression, quality of life, social support, and self-efficacy when controlling for all baseline outcome variables (age, gender, and number of years with diabetes).

Conclusions

These findings provide support for the conclusion that a Web-based intervention is effective in improving the psychosocial well-being of participants at a 6-month follow-up. Future research needs to investigate the long-term effectiveness of Web-based interventions for sustaining psychosocial well-being, including factors that may affect quality of life, such as diabetes-specific beliefs, attitudes, social support, and disease-specific coping skills.
The place of language testing and assessment in the professional preparation of foreign language teachers in China
Authors: Jin Yan
Published: April 2010

Since the late 1970s, following the major economic reforms that opened the country to the outside world, China has witnessed a growing interest in foreign language education and, hence, a substantial surge in the number of foreign language learners and practitioners. However, the situation of the professional preparation of the practitioners has been unclear due to the paucity of relevant research and literature. This study, therefore, set out to investigate the training of tertiary level foreign language teachers in China with a focus on language testing and assessment courses. A nationwide survey was conducted among 86 instructors of such courses for an overview of the current situation in terms of the instructors, teaching content, teaching methodology, student perceptions of the courses, and teaching materials. The results revealed that the courses adequately covered essential aspects of theory and practice of language testing. However, educational and psychological measurement and student classroom practice received significantly less attention. Comparison of the teaching content of the different types of courses did not show major differences. Suggestions were provided to highlight some under-addressed aspects of the teaching content and to set up a network of teacher-testers to create opportunities for practitioners to exchange experiences, professional knowledge and skills.
Effective rating scale development for speaking tests: Performance decision trees
Authors: Fulcher Glenn , Davidson Fred , Kemp Jenny
Published: April 2010

Rating scale design and development for testing speaking is generally conducted using one of two approaches: the measurement-driven approach or the performance data-driven approach. The measurement-driven approach prioritizes the ordering of descriptors onto a single scale. Meaning is derived from the scaling methodology and the agreement of trained judges as to the place of any descriptor on the scale. The performance data-driven approach, on the other hand, places primary value upon observations of language performance, and attempts to describe performance in sufficient detail to generate descriptors that bear a direct relationship with the original observations of language use. Meaning is derived from the link between performance and description. We argue that measurement-driven approaches generate impoverished descriptions of communication, while performance data-driven approaches have the potential to provide richer descriptions that offer sounder inferences from score meaning to performance in specified domains. With reference to original data and the literature on travel service encounters, we devise a new scoring instrument, a Performance Decision Tree (PDT). This instrument prioritizes what we term ‘performance effect’ by explicitly valuing and incorporating performance data from a specific communicative context. We argue that this avoids the reification of ordered scale descriptors which we find in measurement-driven scale construction for speaking tests.
The effectiveness of the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD): A South African pilot study
Authors: Travis Julia , Geiger Martha
Published: April 2010

This study investigated the effects of introducing the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) on the frequency of requesting and commenting and the length of verbal utterances of two children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who presented with some spoken language, but limited use of language in communicative exchanges. A mixed research design was used, including a quantitative component — a single-subject multiple-baseline design (MBD) across three behaviours, repeated with two participants — and a qualitative component. Data was collected in the PECS pre-training, training, post-training and follow-up stages, in both structured and unstructured settings. The quantitative data was visually represented and analysed to determine the effectiveness of the PECS. The qualitative component investigated the impact of the PECS on other areas (e.g. communication profile, speech complexity and pragmatic skills), and included parent and educator perspectives. Both participants benefited from the introduction of PECS. The findings indicated highly effective treatment for requesting and mixed results for commenting and length of verbal utterances. There were considerable increases in intentional communicative acts (ICAs) for both participants, with marked increases in requesting (function) and the development of forms of communication (from augmentation of speech with pictures to speech only utterances). Clinical, educational and research implications were raised.
Considerations for test selection: How do validity and reliability impact diagnostic decisions?
Authors: Friberg Jennifer C.
Published: April 2010

Nine preschool and school-age language assessment tools found to have acceptable levels of identification accuracy were evaluated to determine their overall levels of psychometric validity for use in diagnosing the presence/absence of language impairment. Eleven specific criteria based on those initially devised by McCauley and Swisher (1984) were applied to each of the selected tests in order to determine each test’s overall level of psychometric validity. Results indicated that each of the selected assessment tools met at least eight of the 11 criteria used to evaluate each assessment tool. Five tests met 10 out of 11 criteria. Findings are discussed to assist clinicians in applying psychometric criteria to these selected tests, as well as those not reviewed as part of this current review of standardized assessment tools. A decision tree is included within the discussion of this study’s findings to aid clinicians in the selection of standardized assessment tools that are most appropriate for clinical use, based on their psychometric characteristics.
Predicting the EuroQol Group’s EQ-5D Index from CDC’s “Healthy Days” in a US Sample
Authors: Jia Haomiao , Zack Matthew M. , Moriarty David G. , Fryback Dennis G.
Published: April 2010

Background. Obtaining reliable preference-based scores from the widely used Healthy Days measures would enable calculation of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and cost-utility analyses in many US community populations and over time. Previous studies translating the Healthy Days to the EQ-5D, a preference-based measure, relied on an indirect method because of a lack of population-based survey data that asked both sets of questions of the same respondents. Method. Data from the 2005–2006 National Health Measurement Study (NHMS; n = 3844 adults 35 years old or older) were used to develop regression-based models to estimate EQ-5D index scores from self-reported age, self-rated general health, and numbers of unhealthy days. Results. The models explained up to 52% of the variance in the EQ-5D. Estimated EQ-5D scores matched well to the observed EQ-5D scores in mean scores overall and by age, gender, race/ethnicity, income, education, body mass index, smoking, and disease categories. The average absolute differences were 0.005 to 0.006 on a health utility scale. After estimating mean EQ-5D index scores overall and for various subgroups in a large representative US sample of Healthy Days respondents, the authors found that these mean scores also closely matched the corresponding mean scores of EQ-5D respondents obtained from another large US representative sample with an average absolute difference of 0.013 points. Conclusions. This study yielded a mapping algorithm to estimate EQ-5D index scores from the Healthy Days measures for populations of adults 35 years old and older. Such analysis confirms it is feasible to estimate mean EQ-5D index scores with acceptable validity for use in calculating QALYs and cost-utility analyses based on the overall model fit and relatively small differences between the observed and the estimated mean scores.
Streptococcal Infection in Dogs
Authors: Lamm C. G. , Ferguson A. C. , Lehenbauer T. W. , Love B. C.
Published: April 2010

Streptococcus spp are opportunistic pathogens that normally reside in the upper respiratory, intestinal, lower urinary, and genital tracts but can cause localized infection or septicemia in dogs of all ages. A retrospective study of streptococcal infection in 393 dogs was conducted to identify the species of Streptococcus isolated, determine demographics of affected dogs, and characterize the disease processes associated with infection. The major streptococcal species isolated were S canis (88 cases, 22.4%), S dysgalactiae ssp equisimilis (13, 3.3%), and S equi ssp zooepidemicus (4, 1.0%). Sex was not a risk factor ( P > .30). Fetuses and neonates were more likely to have streptococcal infection than were other age groups ( P < .001). Streptococcal septicemia was considered an important cause of abortion and neonatal death and was isolated from all samples submitted for aerobic culture from dogs in that age group. There was a seasonal trend, with dogs more likely to have streptococcal infection in summer months. In dogs for which a disease process was identified, streptococcal infection was associated with dermatitis (29 dogs), pneumonia (24 dogs), adult septicemia (13 dogs), and fetal/neonatal septicemia leading to abortion or neonatal death (16 dogs). Identification of other clinically significant bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic organisms was common (267 of 393 dogs, 68%), especially in dogs with dermatitis or pneumonia. Infection with Streptococcus spp should be considered in the differential diagnosis in cases of abortion, septicemia, dermatitis, and pneumonia in dogs. Clinical significance of isolation of streptococcal organisms should be interpreted in context of clinical signs and pathologic findings.
Variability in Pathobiology of South Korean H5N1 High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Infection for 5 Species of Migratory Waterfowl
Authors: Kwon Y. K. , Thomas C. , Swayne D. E.
Published: April 2010

The pathobiology of H5N1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) virus infection in wild waterfowl is poorly understood. This study examined the pathobiology of A/chicken/Korea/IS/06 (H5N1) HPAI in 5 migratory waterfowl species—mute swans ( Cygnus olor), greylag geese ( Anser anser), ruddy shelducks ( Tadorna ferruginea), mandarin ducks ( Aix galericulata), and mallard ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos)—following intranasal inoculation or contact exposure, from which all birds became infected. In mute swans, this virus had strong vascular endothelial cell tropism, producing acute severe disease and 100% mortality; the virus was detected in various parenchymal cells; and necrotic and inflammatory changes were noted in a range of organs, including pancreas, brain, spleen, heart, oral cavity, adrenal gland, lung, and liver. The ruddy shelducks had 100% mortality, but time to death was delayed, and the lesions were primarily restricted to the brain, heart, pancreas, and spleen. The mandarin ducks had only a single mortality, with lesions similar to those in ruddy shelducks. The greylag geese became infected, developed neurological signs, and had residual meningoencephalitis when examined at termination but lacked mortality. The mallards had asymptomatic infection. These results indicate variation in the pathobiology of H5N1 virus infections in different species of wild waterfowl, ranging from severe, acute systemic disease with 100% mortality to asymptomatic infection of respiratory and gastrointestinal systems.
Crisis, What Crisis? Liberal Order Building and World Order Conventions
Authors: Koivisto Marjo , Dunne Tim
Published: April 2010

Liberal internationalism is the default setting for thinking about the development of international institutions since 1919. It provides the template for practitioners whose job it is to juggle contending norms of power and justice, rights and responsibilities. For complex reasons, proponents of liberalism believe that the default needs to be reset — their critics agree. Liberalism is in trouble because of the fragility of the inter-state order coupled to the challenge posed by rising, non-liberal powers. Closer to home, liberalism is in trouble because of a contestation over its specific liberal values. Contemporary liberal international theory understands this challenge in subtly different ways. For US-based internationalists, the crisis is one of authority; for English School internationalists, the problem with international order is that its institutions are ‘deformed’ because of a failure to legitimise power and institutions. Whether the crisis is on the legitimacy or authority side of the register, we argue that both internationalisms fail to adequately theorise world order in part because of their flawed characterisation of hierarchy and their related lack of attention to performances of social conventions.
What Comes after Liberalism? More Liberalism!
Authors: Lipschutz Ronnie D.
Published: April 2010

Liberalism will survive this crisis, as it has many others, but it will have changed. The felt need to ensure the security of the economy, and the threats posed to the social order by individuals with potentially threatening capabilities, will require more and more surveillance of our everyday lives and more and more of our participation in those processes of ‘keeping an eye out’ for anonymous parcels, suspicious behaviours, provocative speech and dangerous thoughts. We will all be enlisted in the Army of Observation, free to choose but self-regulating in our choices. Everyone will watch everyone, and the new age of opto-liberalism will have dawned.
Civilising International Politics: Republicanism and the World Outside
Authors: Long Katya
Published: April 2010

The link between republicanism and international relations theory is far from obvious. Among the many schools of contemporary theories of international relations there is not one that makes any explicit reference to republicanism. However, during the Enlightenment ‘republicanism’ emerged as a theory of liberty that offered an alternative and opposing set of ideas to the domination of absolute monarchy. It provided insights on preserving freedom within the state but it also, and this is less well known, offered a different way of thinking about interstate relations. The ambition of this article is not to elaborate a contemporary republican theory of international relations, but to expand the vocabulary of the current trend of republicanism in international political theory by bringing to light part of the considerable contribution of classical republicanism to the fundamental questions of international politics. To do so, the focus will be on the international dimension of the political thought of Montesquieu.
The ‘Jeep-Gangsters’ from Iceland
Authors: Loftsdóttir Kristín , Björnsdóttir Helga
Published: April 2010

■ The landscape of international development has changed with increased emphasis on security as a key development issue. Peacekeeping — involving a mixture of both civilian and military agencies — is constructed inside discourses of insecurity and ‘war on terror’ and legitimized as an important contribution to development. We discuss the increased emphasis on ‘security’ and its meaning in relation to critical questions that anthropologists involved in development have been formulating in relation to issues such as participation, equality and gender. We take the recent reformulation of the Icelandic development assistance policy as an example of this current trend, examining changes in policies and the recent establishment of an Icelandic peacekeeping unit.
Corrections of Double Vision
Authors: Feuchtwang Stephan
Published: April 2010

■ I argue that there are cross-cultural grounds for making political and moral judgements, but that they depend on empirical analyses of the situations in which the people concerned live and of the possibilities within them. I argue this despite the possibility of incommensurable concepts and scales of comprehension. We depend on the eliciting of local concepts or we are not anthropologists. But every part of this argument is disturbed by disconnections, or time-lapses in which the situations have changed beyond the terms of the analysis. So this argument is a comedy of aspiration, a story of learning to catch up and changing my own conceptions while never keeping up.
On the Pleasures and Dangers of Culpability
Authors: Robbins Joel
Published: April 2010

■ This article takes up the topic of culpability by asking why so many religious converts today are opting for morally strict faiths that are centered around lists of well-defined rules to be followed and that dwell on the consequences of failing to follow them. It answers this question by first reviewing the canonical Western philosophical distinction between deontological and consequentialist approaches to ethics. It then goes on to argue that these types of ethical system thrive in different kinds of social settings. Consequentialism only works as a guide to action in settings in which stability makes outcomes predictable. Deontological ethics, by contrast, is particularly suited to situations in which the future is unpredictable. I argue that globalization has led many people in the world to find themselves living in this latter kind of situation at present. This is why they find religions focused on deontological ethical ideas appealing. I support this argument with material both on Pentecostal and Islamic religious movements. In the conclusion, I suggest that anthropology has also in recent years taken on a deontological cast, and I question whether this is the best way forward for the field.
Learning
Authors: Strathern Marilyn
Published: April 2010

■ A brief commentary on processes of anthropological learning (and not-learning) drawn from personal experience in Papua New Guinea and elsewhere. — Understandings developed in one context may or may not be usefully applied in another. — Written within the context of a conversation on moral reasoning, it offers, among others, some comparative observations on ‘parental responsibility’.
Vigilantism, Culpability and Moral Dilemmas
Authors: Sundar Nandini
Published: April 2010

■ The recent resurgence of vigilantism in India connects both to the neo-liberal project of outsourcing security, as well as to a longer history of porous boundaries between states and powerful elements in society. When practiced by subaltern groups, it also reflects the failure of the judicial system. This article explores the moral plurality evoked by different forms of vigilantism and their relationship to the state, as well as the different types of culpability they imply.
Development and validation of the EUROLIGHT questionnaire to evaluate the burden of primary headache disorders in Europe
Authors: Andrée Colette , Vaillant Michel , Barre Jessica , Katsarava Zaza , Lainez Jose Miguel , Lair Marie-Lise , Lanteri-Minet Michel , Lampl Christian , J Steiner Timothy , Jacob Stovner Lars , Tassorelli Cristina , Sándor Peter S
Published: April 2010

We developed a 103-item self-reporting questionnaire to assess the burden of primary headache disorders on those affected by them, including headache characteristics, associated disability, co-morbidities, disease-management and quality of life. We validated the questionnaire in five languages with 426 participants (131 in UK, 60 in Italy, 107 in Spain, 83 in Germany/Austria, and 45 in France). After a linguistic and a face-content validation, we tested the questionnaire for comprehensibility, internal consistency and test–retest reliability at an interval of one month. In the different countries, response rates were between 73% and 100%. Test–retest reliability varied between –0.27 to 1.0 depending of the nature of the expected agreement. The internal consistency was between 0.69 and 0.91. The EUROLIGHT questionnaire is suitable for evaluating the burden of primary headache disorders, and can be used in English, German, French, Italian and Spanish.
Functional and molecular characterization of prostaglandin E2dilatory receptors in the rat craniovascular system in relevance to migraine
Authors: Myren Maja , Baun Michael , Ploug Kenneth Beri , Jansen-Olesen Inger , Olesen Jes , Gupta Saurabh
Published: April 2010

Introduction: Migraine pain is thought to involve an increase in trigeminal nerve terminal activity around large cerebral and meningeal arteries, leading to vasodilatation. Because prostaglandin E2(PGE2) is elevated in cephalic venous blood during migraine attacks, and is also capable of inducing headache in healthy volunteers, we hypothesize that PGE2dilatory receptors, EP2and EP4, mediate the response.

Materials and methods: By the use of specific agonists and antagonists, the dilatory effect of PGE2was characterized in rat cranial arteries by use of in vivo and in vitro methods. Furthermore, EP2and EP4quantitative messenger RNA (mRNA) receptor expression was studied in the rat craniovascular system.

Results: Our results suggest that EP4, and to a lesser degree EP2, receptors mediate the dilatory effect of PGE2in the craniovascular system in rats. Thus, antagonism of these receptors might be of therapeutic relevance in migraine.
CGRP receptor antagonist olcegepant (BIBN4096BS) does not prevent glyceryl trinitrate-induced migraine
Authors: Tvedskov JF , Tfelt-Hansen P , Petersen KA , Jensen LT , Olesen J
Published: April 2010

There is a striking similarity between the migraine-provoking effect of the nitric oxide (NO) donor glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) and that of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). We tested the hypothesis that NO releases CGRP to cause the delayed migraine attack after GTN.

Methods: In a double-blind-cross-over study, 13 migraine without aura (MO) patients were administered GTN 0.5 µg/kg/minute for 20 minutes and subsequently BIBN4096BS (olcegepant) 10 mg or placebo. Headache scores and development of MO were followed for 24 hours.

Results: MO developed in seven of 13 with olcegepant and in nine of 13 with placebo ( p = 0.68). The headache scores were similar after the two treatments ( p = 0.58). Thus CGRP receptor blockade did not prevent GTN-induced migraine.

Conclusions: The present study indicates that NO does not induce migraine by liberating CGRP. The most likely explanation for our findings is that CGRP has its effect higher than NO in the cascade of events leading to MO attacks.
Neurophysiological markers of central sensitisation in the trigeminal pathway and their modulation by the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor ketorolac
Authors: Sokolov Alexey Y , Lyubashina Olga A , Panteleev Sergey S , Chizh Boris A
Published: April 2010

Central sensitisation is a key mechanism of migraine; understanding its modulation by anti-migraine drugs is essential for rationalising treatment. We used an animal model of central trigeminal sensitisation to investigate neuronal responses to dural electrical stimulation as a putative electrophysiological marker of sensitisation and its modulation by ketorolac. In anaesthetised rats, responses of single convergent wide-dynamic range neurons of the spinal trigeminal nucleus to dural electrical simulation were recorded in parallel to their ongoing activity and responses to facial mechanical stimulation before and after a short-term dural application of an IS. Both ongoing activity and responses to dural electrical stimuli were enhanced by the inflammatory challenge, whereas neuronal thresholds to mechanical skin stimulation were reduced ( p < .05, N = 12). Intravenous ketorolac (2 mg/kg, N = 6) reduced ongoing activity and responses to dural electrical stimulation, and increased mechanical thresholds versus vehicle controls ( p < .05, N = 6). We conclude that neuronal responses to dural electrical stimulation can serve as a suitable marker which together with admitted electrophysiological signs can objectively detect central trigeminal sensitisation and its modulation by anti-migraine treatments in this preclinical model of migraine.