bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Rearrangements of Compounds with Clovane and Caryolane Skeletons in Superacids.
Authors: NISNEVICH G. A. , MAKAL'SKII V. I. , KORCHAGINA D. V. , GATILOV YU. V. , BAGRYANSKAYA I. YU. , BARKHASH V. A.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoinduced Molecular Transformations. Part 149. Stereospecific Photoadditions and Photorearrangements of the Oximes of Some Steroidal α,β‐Unsaturated Cyclic Ketones and Their Deuterio Derivatives.
Authors: SUGINOME H. , OHSHIMA K. , OHUE Y. , OHKI T. , SENBOKU H.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Acetal‐Initiated Asymmetric Pentacyclization. Enantioselective Synthesis of 18α(H)‐Oleananes.
Authors: FISH P. V. , JOHNSON W. S. , JONES G. S. , THAM F. S. , KULLNIG R. K.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Hydroxyalkyl and Aminoalkyl Estradiols.
Authors: LOVELY C. J. , BRUEGGEMEIER R. W.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Bouvardin, O‐Methylbouvardin, and O‐Methyl‐N9‐ desmethylbouvardin.
Authors: BOGER D. L. , PATANE M. A. , ZHOU J.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantiomerically Enriched α‐Vinyl Amino Acids Via Lipase‐ Mediated “Reverse Transesterification”.
Authors: BERKOWITZ D. B. , PUMPHREY J. A. , SHEN Q.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyhydroxylated Cyclohexane and Cyclopentane α‐Amino Acids from Cyclizations of an Azidolactone.
Authors: FAIRBANKS A. J. , HUI A. , SKEAD B. M. , DE Q. LILLEY P. M. , LAMONT R. B. , STORER R. , SAUNDERS J. , WATKIN D. J. , FLEET G. W. J.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Substitution of Tetra‐O‐benzyl‐α‐D‐glucopyranosyl 1‐ O‐Phosphate under Phase‐Transfer Catalyzed Conditions.
Authors: BOGUSIAK J. , SZEJA W.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Method for the stereoselective Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐β ‐D‐ and α‐D‐Glycosides from Peracylated Sugars Using Active Acidic Species.
Authors: MATSUBARA K. , MUKAIYAMA T.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Polyfunctionalized Bis‐Anellated Pyranosides: Useful Intermediates for Triquinane Synthesis.
Authors: NAZ N. , AL‐TEL T. H. , AL‐ABED Y. , VOELTER W.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 8‐O‐Sialylation of Derivatives of Neuraminic Acid 1,7‐Lactone. Unusual Stereoselectivity.
Authors: TSVETKOV Y. E. , SCHMIDT R. R.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Sugar‐Derived β‐Keto Phosphonates and Their Use in the Synthesis of Higher Sugars.
Authors: NARKUNAN K. , NAGARAJAN M.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiazole‐Based Synthesis of Formyl C‐Glycosides.
Authors: DONDONI A. , SCHERRMANN M.‐C.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Sialyl‐Tn Antigen. Regioselective Silylation of a Galactosamine Threonine Conjugate Unblocked in the Carbohydrate Portion.
Authors: LIEBE B. , KUNZ H.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Sulfation of Galactose Derivatives Through the Stannylene Procedure. New Synthesis of the 3′‐O‐Sulfated Lewisa Trisaccharide.
Authors: LUBINEAU A. , LEMOINE R.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Glycosidation of Echinochrome and Related Hydroxynaphthazarins by the ortho Ester Method.
Authors: POLONIK S. G. , TOLKACH A. M. , UVAROVA N. I.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective (4 + 2) Type Cycloaddition of 1‐Azatriene Iron‐ tricarbonyl Complex: Asymmetric Synthesis of a Piperidine Alkaloid.
Authors: TAKEMOTO Y. , UEDA S. , TAKEUCHI J. , NAKAMOTO T. , IWATA C.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Iminophosphorane‐Mediated Syntheses of the Fascaplysin Alkaloid of Marine Origin and Nitramarine.
Authors: MOLINA P. , FRESNEDA P. M. , GARCIA‐ZAFRA S. , ALMENDROS P.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: .epsilon.‐PMTC, an Opioid Antagonist Bivalent Ligand Based on N‐( Phenylpropyl)normetazocine with Very High Preference for μ Sites.
Authors: RONSISVALLE G. , PAPPALARDO M. S. , PREZZAVENTO O. , MARRAZZO A. , CACCAMESE S. , CARBONI L. , SPAMPINATO S.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structure Activity Relationships of 4‐ Quinolonecarboxamides with 5‐HT3 Antagonist Activity.
Authors: WARD T. J. , CHAHAL K. , WHITE J. C. , COLEMAN J. , MIDDLEFELL V. M. , RHODES K. F.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a Nucleoside Analogue Bearing a Branched Difunctional Sidechain Using the Palladium‐Mediated Cyclization of a γ‐ Oxoallene.
Authors: WALKUP R. D. , MOSHER M. D.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: β‐Anomer Selectivity in 2′‐Deoxynucleoside Synthesis: A Novel Approach Using an Acyl Carbamate Directing Group.
Authors: YOUNG R. J. , SHAW‐PONTER S. , HARDY G. W. , MILLS G.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Anti‐HIV Derivatives of 1‐(2,3‐Dideoxy‐3‐N‐hydroxyamino‐β‐D‐threo‐ pentofuranosyl)thymine.
Authors: TRONCHET J. M. J. , ZSELY M. , CAPEK K. , KOMAROMI I. , GEOFFROY M. , DE CLERCQ E. , BALZARINI J.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Simplified and Cost Effective Syntheses of Fully Protected Phosphoramidite Monomers Suitable for the Assembly of Oligo(2′‐O‐ Allylribonucleotides).
Authors: BEIJER B. , GROETLI M. , DOUGLAS M. E. , SPROAT B. S.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: High Yield Endoselective Heterocycloadditions Involving Benzylidenepyruvic Esters as the Heterodiene and an Alkoxystyrene as the Dienophile.
Authors: DUJARDIN G. , MAUDET M. , BROWN E.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Radical Addition Reactions to Allylstannanes Having Substituents at C‐ 1. Highly Efficient Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure α‐ Alkylcyclopentenones, the Key Component for Synthesis of Prostaglandins by the Two‐Component Coupling Process.
Authors: YOSHIDA Y. , ONO N. , SATO F.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Approach to the Synthesis of Mycalamide B. Construction of the 2,4, 7‐Trioxabicyclo(4.4.0)decane Ring System (XV).
Authors: DAVIS J. , KOCIENSKI P. J. , BOYLE T.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Enantioselective Synthesis of (+)‐8‐epi‐Goniofufurone.
Authors: YANG Z.‐C. , ZHOU W.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereostructural Studies on the 4‐Hydroxylated Annonaceous Acetogenins: Synthesis of Model Butenolides of Known Relative and Absolute Configuration Involving an Intriguing Translactonization Reaction.
Authors: HOYE T. R. , HANSON P. R. , HASENWINKEL L. E. , RAMIREZ E. A. , ZHUANG Z.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Models of Biopolymers and Bioanalogous Polymers with Backbones of Poly( alkylene phosphate)s
Authors: PENCZEK S. , LAPIENIS G. , KALUZYNSKI K. , NYK A.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Signal Transduction by Heterotrimeric G Proteins
Authors: NUERNBERG B.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Assignment of absolute configuration using chiral reagents and NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Wenzel Thomas J. , Chisholm Cora D.
Published: September 2010

An overview of chiral reagents that are used to assign the absolute configuration of particular classes of compounds using NMR spectroscopy is presented. The use of chiral derivatizing agents, chiral solvating agents, metal complexes, and liquid crystals is described. Chirality, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinetic Study of OH Radical Reactions with CF3CClCCl2, CF3CClCClCF3 and CF3CF=CFCF3
Authors: Cometto Pablo M. , Taccone Raúl A. , Nieto Jorge D. , Dalmasso Pablo R. , Lane Silvia I.
Published: September 2010

The relative rate technique has been used to determine the rate constants of the reactions of OH radicals with CF3CClCCl2 (k1), CF3CClCClCF3 (k2) and CF3CFCFCF3 (k3). Experiments were carried out at (298±2) K and atmospheric pressure using ultrapure nitrogen as gas bath. The decay rates of the organic species were measured relative to those of ethane, methanol, acetone, chloroethane and 2‐butanone. The following rate constants were derived in units of cm3 molecule−1 s−1: k1= (10±1)×10−13, k2=(2.1±0.2)×10−13 and k3=(3.7±0.2)×10−13. This is the first experimental determination of k1 and k2. The rate constants obtained are compared with previous literature data to establish reactivity trends and are used to estimate the atmospheric lifetimes of the studied perhaloalkenes. From the calculated lifetimes, using an average global concentration of hydroxyl radicals, the atmospheric loss of these compounds by the OH‐initiated oxidation was determined. Also, estimations have been made of the ozone depletion potential (ODP), the radiative forcing efficiency (RE), the halocarbon global warming potential (HGWP) and the global warming potential (GWP) of the perhaloalkenes. The approximate nature of these values is stressed considering that these are short‐lived compounds for which these atmospheric parameters may vary according to latitude and season.
Numerical analysis of growth kinetics of bulk III‐V crystals grown by liquid phase electroepitaxy
Authors: Strak P. , Zytkiewicz Z. R. , Sakowski K. , Krukowski S.
Published: September 2010

Results of time‐dependent simulations of growth of bulk binary III–V crystals by current controlled liquid phase electroepitaxy (LPEE) are presented using GaAs as example. Without any electrical current the LPEE system is isothermal, kept at 1073 K, thus no growth occurs. The electric current density of 10 A/cm2 leads to ohmic heating of the entire system, Peltier cooling of the Ga‐GaAs(seed) interface and electromigration of As species in liquid Ga. Neither Peltier nor Joule effects are considered at the source/solution interface since in the configuration chosen the electric current bypasses the source crystal. The Peltier‐induced cooling and electromigration of As induce growth of GaAs, originally at the rate of 0.5 μm/min. As the growth proceeds, the Peltier cooling is overcompensated by Joule heating, which leads to the reduction of growth rate and finally to standstill. It is shown that the LPEE growth is strongly time dependent, leading to the change of crystallization front, reflecting the fastest growth rate at the center of the crucible and the slowest, close to the crucible wall. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nano‐ and microcrystals of doped niobates
Authors: Mielewczyk‐Gryn A. , Gdula K. , Lendze T. , Kusz B. , Gazda M.
Published: September 2010

A Fergusonite–type phase of acceptor‐doped lanthanum ortho‐niobate La1‐xAx NbO4 (A = Ca, Mg or Sr) has been synthesised by molten salt synthesis route. The high temperature behaviour and microstructure of samples doped by magnesium, calcium and strontium have been studied. The high temperature X‐ray diffraction measurements in the temperature range from room temperature to 700 °C has been carried out. The scanning electron microscopy has been used to determine the samples microstructure and to compare the grain size of each material. The differences in the phase transition temperature and morphology of the samples, depending on the dopant, have been discussed. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Improved blue photorefractive properties of near‐stoichiometric LiNbO3:Mn:Fe:Zr crystal
Authors: Xu Chao , Yang Chunhui , Mo Yang , Wang Yijie , Sun Liang , Cao Liangcai , Xu Yuheng
Published: September 2010

Near‐stoichiometric LiNbO3 single crystal tri‐doped with ZrO2, MnO and Fe2O3 was grown from Li‐riched melt by Czochralski method. The defect structures and composition of these crystals were analyzed by means of ultraviolet‐visible and infrared transmittance spectra. The appearance of 3466 cm‐1 peak in infrared spectra showed that the crystal grown from Li‐riched melt was near stoichiometric. The photorefractive properties at the wavelength of 488 nm and 633 nm were investigated with two‐beam coupling experiment, respectively. The experimental results showed that the response speed and sensitivity were enhanced significantly and the high diffraction efficiency was obtained at 488 nm wavelength. This manifested that near‐stoichiometric LiNbO3:Mn:Fe:Zr crystal was an excellent candidate for holographic storage. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ubiquitous expression of the monomeric red fluorescent protein mcherry in transgenic mice
Authors: Fink Dieter , Wohrer Stefan , Pfeffer Martin , Tombe Tabitha , Ong Christopher J. , Sorensen Poul H.B.
Published: September 2010

The use of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) to label specific cell types and track gene expression in animal models, such as mice, has evolved to become an essential tool in biological research. Transgenic animals expressing genes of interest linked to GFP, either as a fusion protein or transcribed from an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) are widely used. Enhanced GFP (eGFP) is the most common form of GFP used for such applications. However, a red fluorescent protein (RFP) would be highly desirable for use in dual‐labeling applications with GFP derived fluorescent proteins, and for deep in vivo imaging of tissues. Recently, a new generation of monomeric (m)RFPs, such as monomeric (m)Cherry, has been developed that are potentially useful experimentally. mCherry exhibits brighter fluorescence, matures more rapidly, has a higher tolerance for N‐terminal fusion proteins, and is more photostable compared with its predecessor mRFP1. mRFP1 itself was the first true monomer derived from its ancestor DsRed, an obligate tetramer in vivo. Here, we report the successful generation of a transgenic mouse line expressing mCherry as a fluorescent marker, driven by the ubiquitin‐C promoter. mCherry is expressed in almost all tissues analyzed including pre‐ and post‐implantation stage embryos, and white blood cells. No expression was detected in erythrocytes and thrombocytes. Importantly, we did not encounter any changes in normal development, general physiology, or reproduction. mCherry is spectrally and genetically distinct from eGFP and, therefore, serves as an excellent red fluorescent marker alone or in combination with eGFP for labelling transgenic animals. genesis 48:723–729, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oxidation of Alkylcatecholboranes with Functionalized Nitroxides for Chemical Modification of Cyclohexene, Perallylated Polyglycerol and of Poly(butadiene)
Authors: Wagner Christine B. , Studer Armido
Published: September 2010

The present communication reports on the synthesis of alkoxyamines by hydroboration of olefins with catecholborane and subsequent oxidation by using nitroxides. Oxidation occurs via a radical process and the intermediately formed C‐radicals are trapped by the nitroxides to form the corresponding alkoxyamines. If functionalized nitroxides are used, the method allows incorporation of interesting functional moieties via this approach. The novel method is applied for chemical modification of cyclohexene as a test substrate. More importantly, it is also shown that the reaction sequence can be used for chemical modification of macromolecules containing multiple double bonds. This is documented by successful functionalization of poly(butadiene) and of perallylated polyglycerol.
Chronoamperometric Investigations of the Electrode–Electrolyte Interface of a Commercial High Temperature PEM Fuel Cell
Authors: Kamat A. , Huth A. , Klein O. , Scholl S.
Published: September 2010

This paper presents investigations into the chronoamperometric experiments performed on polybenzimidazole/phosphoric acid based high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Electrolyte loadings in the membrane electrode assembly are varied to realise three different degrees of flooding of the electrode. Steady state as well as dynamic measurements at three different temperatures (160, 120 and 80 °C) is made via chronoamperometry on these cells. The transient current behaviour resulting from a voltage step change from open circuit voltage (∼1 V) to low voltages (0.1 V) are recorded and analysed. Analysis using the Cottrell plot depicts the underlying mass transport processes in the three different electrodes, catalyst utilisation as well as a better description of the three phase boundary reaction zone. An extension of the Cottrell equation is deduced to describe a regular commercial fuel cell behaviour.
An investigation of the economic perspective in modeling occupational risk
Authors: Targoutzidis Antonis
Published: September 2010

The existing approaches to modeling occupational risk assume that the goals of the enterprise and the worker are identical and that they are served through a mutually optimal performance level. This paper aims to challenge this assumption and indicate the implications in the absence of it. This discussion is conducted by focusing on the economic perspective through the application of utility analysis in workplace risk. Different cases of employment status are examined with special reference to rational and biased decision‐making under uncertainty. This analysis does not offer a new alternative to risk modeling on its own, but it can offer some important insight into this process. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
FGFR2 intronic SNPs and breast cancer risk: Associations with tumor characteristics and interactions with exogenous exposures and other known breast cancer risk factors
Authors: Marian Catalin , Ochs‐Balcom Heather M. , Nie Jing , Kallakury Bhaskar V. , Ambrosone Christine B. , Trevisan Maurizio , Edge Stephen , Shields Peter G. , Freudenheim Jo L.
Published: September 2010

Recent genome‐wide association studies have revealed several new candidate genes for breast cancer, including fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene. The associations were also replicated in several other independent studies. The next important step is to study whether these common variants interact with known breast cancer risk factors, exogenous exposures and tumor characteristics. In a population‐based case–control study of 1,170 breast cancer cases and 2,115 controls, we examined genetic associations of four intronic FGFR2 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and breast tumor characteristics and assessed the potential interactions with smoking, alcohol consumption, adiposity and known breast cancer risk factors. FGFR2 variants were significantly associated with breast cancer risk regardless of estrogen and progesterone receptor status, metastasis, lymph node involvement and histologic and nuclear grade. The FGFR2–breast cancer association was modified by smoking status, with increased risk for former and current smokers compared to never smokers; former/current smokers carrying two copies of the rs1219648 minor allele were at highest risk with a crude OR (95% confidence interval) of 2.11 (1.52–2.92) compared to never smokers with no rs1219648 variant alleles. Our study found no evidence for either modification of FGFR2 and breast cancer by alcohol intake or adiposity, even when analyses were stratified by menopausal status. Although these results require further replication, they may provide new insight into the possible new exposures that may interact with FGFR2 susceptibility alleles.
Insight into the complex regulation of CD133 in glioma
Authors: Campos Benito , Herold‐Mende Christel C.
Published: September 2010

The transmembrane protein CD133 and its extracellular epitope AC133 are controversial cancer markers. In glioma, AC133 demarcates a subpopulation of stem‐like tumor cells, so‐called cancer stem cells (CSCs), which seem to drive tumor formation and are highly resistant to conventional chemo‐ and radiotherapy. Lately, experimental evidence for the existence of AC133‐independent CSCs has challenged the importance previously attributed to AC133‐positive glioma cells. These findings either imply that (i) AC133‐positive and AC133‐negative glioma cells comprise different, independent CSC populations, (ii) AC133‐positive glioma cells are derived from primordial AC133‐negative CSCs or (iii) AC133‐negative CSCs have lost AC133 expression, while retaining their stem‐like features and tumor initiation capacity, and can reacquire AC133 expression in vivo. In our article, we review evidence for and against each of the possible tumor models in glioma and will discuss technical hurdles in the AC133 detection process. In addition, we will outline new insights into CD133 regulation, which suggest certain degree of plasticity between some AC133‐positive and AC133‐negative CSC populations.
Electrochemistry of Single Nanoparticles via Electrocatalytic Amplification
Authors: Bard Allen J. , Zhou Hongjun , Kwon Seong Jung
Published: September 2010

Recent experiments on the observation of collisions of single nanoparticles (NPs) with an electrode through amplification of the current by electrocatalysis are described. Systems in which the particles adhere to the electrode upon collision produce a step and staircase response, while those in which particles only interact for a short time with the electrode produce a spike or blip, with little change in the steady state current. Examples of both behaviors, e. g., Pt NPs on a Au electrode for hydrazine oxidation (staircase response) and IrOx NPs on a Pt electrode for water oxidation (blip response) are shown. Controlling the nature of the electrode surface is important in generating useful responses, for example, in the case of gold NPs on an oxidized Pt electrode for borohydride oxidation.
Thermal constraints for range expansion of the invasive green mussel, Perna viridis, in the southeastern United States
Authors: Urian Alyson G. , Hatle John D. , Gilg Matthew R.
Published: September 2010

Cold temperatures are thought to be among the most important determining factors of geographic distribution for tropical and sub‐tropical marine invertebrates. The Asian green mussel, Perna viridis, has been introduced into coastal waters of Florida where its current distribution is hypothesized to be limited by low temperatures during winter. Lethal and sub‐lethal effects (heat shock protein/Hsp70 expression) of cold water and air temperatures were analyzed in two size classes of P. viridis from Florida in an effort to determine the effects of current and forecasted temperatures on the potential for range expansion. Mussels were exposed to water temperatures of 14, 10, 7 and 3°C for up to 30 days, or to air temperatures of 14, 7, 0 and −10°C for periods of 2 hr. Mortality was significantly increased at all water and air temperatures ≤14°C. No differences in mortality rates were observed between small (15–45 mm) and large (75–105 mm) size classes except after exposure to 7°C air, in which small mussels had higher mortality. Significant increases in Hsp70 expression were observed after a 2‐hour exposure to 10°C water, but Hsp70 expression was not significantly increased at any temperatures in which mortality was not also significant. The temperature threshold for survival in this population appears to be between 10 and 14°C, suggesting that under current conditions P. viridis may already be at the northern edge of its potential range in the United States. If water temperatures increase with global climate change, northerly flowing currents may permit range expansion as temperatures allow. J. Exp. Zool. 315:12–21, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Review Part 3: Human herpesvirus‐6 in multiple non‐neurological diseases
Authors: Ablashi Dharam V. , Devin Courtney L. , Yoshikawa Tetsushi , Lautenschlager Irmeli , Luppi Mario , Kühl Uwe , Komaroff Anthony L.
Published: September 2010

J. Med. Virol. 82:1903–1910, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular tropism of human enterovirus D species serotypes EV‐94, EV‐70, and EV‐68 in vitro: Implications for pathogenesis
Authors: Smura Teemu , Ylipaasto Petri , Klemola Päivi , Kaijalainen Svetlana , Kyllönen Lauri , Sordi Valeria , Piemonti Lorenzo , Roivainen Merja
Published: September 2010

Enterovirus 94 (EV‐94) is an enterovirus serotype described recently which, together with EV‐68 and EV‐70, forms human enterovirus D species. This study investigates the seroprevalences of these three serotypes and their abilities to infect, replicate, and damage cell types considered to be essential for enterovirus‐induced diseases. The cell types studied included human leukocyte cell lines, primary endothelial cells, and pancreatic islets. High prevalence of neutralizing antibodies against EV‐68 and EV‐94 was found in the Finnish population. The virus strains studied had wide leukocyte tropism. EV‐94 and EV‐68 were able to produce infectious progeny in leukocyte cell lines with monocytic, granulocytic, T‐cell, or B‐cell characteristics. EV‐94 and EV‐70 were capable of infecting primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells, whereas EV‐68 had only marginal progeny production and did not induce cytopathic effects in these cells. Intriguingly, EV‐94 was able to damage pancreatic islet β‐cells, to infect, replicate, and cause necrosis in human pancreatic islets, and to induce proinflammatory and chemoattractive cytokine expression in endothelial cells. These results suggest that HEV‐D viruses may be more prevalent than has been thought previously, and they provide in vitro evidence that EV‐94 may be a potent pathogen and should be considered a potentially diabetogenic enterovirus type. J. Med. Virol. 82:1940–1949, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular and epidemiological profiles of hepatitis C virus genotype 4 in Denmark
Authors: Eriksen Mette Brandt , Jørgensen Louise Bruun , Krarup Henrik , Laursen Alex Lund , Christensen Peer Brehm , Møller Axel , Schlichting Poul , Kuiken Carla , Bukh Jens , Weis Nina ,   the DANHEP Group
Published: September 2010

The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 4 has increased throughout Europe. This is an epidemiological study of patients infected chronically with HCV genotype 4 in Denmark. The HCV strains analyzed originated from patient samples collected between 1999 and 2007 as part of the national Danish hepatitis B and C network, DANHEP. Sequence analyses were based on the envelope 1 region of HCV. Results from a total of 72 patients indicated a high degree of genetic heterogeneity. Fifty‐six patients (78%) were infected with one of the three dominating subtypes: 4d, 4a, or 4r. The remaining 16 patients (22%) were infected with subtypes 4h, 4k, 4l, 4n, 4o, or 4Unclassified. Three epidemiological profiles were identified: (1) patients infected with HCV by intravenous drug use were infected solely with subtype 4d. They were all of European origin, and 15 of the 16 patients were ethnic Danes. No single transmission event could be confirmed, but the pairwise nucleotide identity within the patients of Danish origin was relatively high (∼95%), suggesting a recent introduction into Denmark. (2) The 21 patients infected with subtype 4a all came from Northern Africa, Egypt, Pakistan, or the Middle East. (3) Patients from Southern Africa dominated among patients infected with subtype 4r (10 of 12 patients). This study demonstrates that HCV genotype 4d has been introduced in and spread among Danish intravenous drug users. The remaining subtypes show restricted distribution, infecting almost exclusively patients from geographical areas with a relatively high prevalence of HCV genotype 4 infections. J. Med. Virol. 82:1869–1877, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficacy of adefovir add‐on lamivudine rescue therapy compared with switching to entecavir monotherapy in patients with lamivudine‐resistant chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Ryu Han Jak , Lee Jung Min , Ahn Sang Hoon , Kim Do Young , Lee Myoung Ha , Han Kwang‐Hyub , Chon Chae Yoon , Park Jun Yong
Published: September 2010

No study has reported on the comparative effect of adefovir (ADV) add‐on lamivudine (LAM) versus switching to entecavir (ETV) in LAM‐resistant patients with chronic hepatitis B. From October 2007 to September 2008, 92 consecutive LAM‐resistant patients were enrolled (47 LAM + ADV and 45 ETV 1 mg). All patients were followed for at least 12 months. The parameters assessed included normalization of ALT, HBeAg seroconversion, undetectable HBV DNA, reduction of HBV DNA, and predictors of virologic response. In the LAM + ADV and ETV groups, the baseline DNA levels were 7.61 (5.19–9.49) and 7.10 (5.43–9.74) log10 copies/ml, respectively. At month 12, a virologic response occurred in 18/47 (38.3%) and 11/45 (24.4%; P = 0.182) patients; ALT normalization, in 39/41 (95.1%) and 36/40 (90.0%; P = 0.432); HBeAg seroconversion, in 5.1% and 2.4% (P = 0.606); and virologic breakthrough, in 2.1% and 11.1% (P = 0.107), respectively. The mean reduction from the baseline HBV DNA level was greater in the LAM + ADV group at month 12 (3.80 ± 1.12 vs. 2.72 ± 1.32 log10 copies/ml; P < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, the independent parameters related to a virologic response at month 12 were baseline ALT (OR = 1.003, 95% CI = 1.000–1.006, P = 0.026) and baseline HBV DNA (OR = 0.495, 95% CI = 0.298–0.823, P = 0.007). Compared with switching to ETV monotherapy, ADV add‐on LAM therapy was more effective at reducing the viral load in patients with LAM resistance, and the baseline HBV DNA and ALT levels were independent predictors of the virologic response. However, ADV add‐on therapy had limitations in patients with a higher baseline HBV DNA in LAM rescue therapy. J. Med. Virol. 82:1835–1842, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Profile of pre‐S deletions in the natural history of chronic hepatitis B infection
Authors: Yeung Pok , Wong Danny Ka‐Ho , Lai Ching‐Lung , Fung James , Seto Wai‐Kay , Yuen Man‐Fung
Published: September 2010

It have been suggested that hepatitis B virus (HBV) pre‐S deletions may play a role in hepatocarcinogenesis. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of pre‐S deletions in chronic hepatitis B patients in Hong Kong, the factors associated with the deletions and its relationship with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion. HBV pre‐S deletions were determined by nucleotide sequence analysis in 178 patients with chronic HBV (cross‐sectional study). Eighty‐four patients had paired samples before and after HBeAg seroconversion (longitudinal study). The prevalence of pre‐S deletions was 12.9% (23/178). A majority of the pre‐S deletions (73.9%) occurred in the 5′ terminus of pre‐S2 region whereas deletions in the pre‐S1 region appeared less frequently (47.8%). There was no relationship between age and pre‐S deletions. Male gender [odds ratio (OR) = 10.88; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.37–86.52; P = 0.024] and HBV genotype C (OR = 13.85; 95% CI = 3.05–62.92; P = 0.001) were independent factors associated with pre‐S deletions. Only 17 out of the 84 patients with paired samples before and after HBeAg seroconversion had pre‐S deletions. The patterns of pre‐S deletions before and after HBeAg seroconversion were variable. Compared with genotype B, HBV genotype C was associated with earlier emergence of pre‐S deletions. In conclusion, 12.9% of chronic HBV carriers had pre‐S deletions (predominantly pre‐S2 deletions) in a geographical area highly endemic for chronic hepatitis B. Male gender and HBV genotype C were associated independently with the development of pre‐S deletion mutations. There was no clear relationship between HBeAg seroconversion and pre‐S deletions. J. Med. Virol. 82:1843–1849, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutation pattern of lamivudine resistance in relation to hepatitis B genotypes: Hepatitis B genotypes differ in their lamivudine resistance associated mutation pattern
Authors: Damerow Hans , Yuen Lilly , Wiegand Johannes , Walker Christine , Bock C.‐Thomas , Locarnini Stephen , Tillmann Hans L.
Published: September 2010

Little is known about differences between individual hepatitis B genotypes and mutation patterns associated with lamivudine resistance. This study analyses the lamivudine‐associated mutation pattern in relation to the four major HBV genotypes A–D. The PubMed database was screened for keywords “HBV OR Hepatitis B,” “YMDD,” “genotype,” and “lamivudine”; all identified publications published till June 2009 were analyzed for differences in mutation pattern. To confirm the literature‐based findings the databases of two reference laboratories in Tübingen (Germany), and Melbourne (Australia) were analyzed. Twenty‐nine studies were identified reporting 827 patients with known hepatitis B genotype who underwent lamivudine treatment and developed resistance mutations. The literature data revealed that genotype A favors the rtM204V mutation unlike the other major genotypes (P < 0.001), which corresponds to a significant difference in the mutation pattern of genotypes endemic in Asian countries and those found in the rest of the world. These significant findings of the literature‐review could be reproduced in the analysis of the databases from Tübingen and Melbourne. Furthermore, the rtL180M mutation is significantly connected to the rtM204V mutation in genotypes A, B, and C, respectively. It is concluded that there is proof that HBV genotypes differ in their mutation pattern of lamivudine resistance. Future studies will need to evaluate whether this will translate into genotype‐specific differences in resistance emergence on either entecavir or telbivudine as these antivirals differ in their mutation profile, rtM204V for entecavir and rtM204I for telbivudine. J. Med. Virol. 82:1850–1858, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Latency of herpes simplex virus type‐1 in human geniculate and vestibular ganglia is associated with infiltration of CD8+ T cells
Authors: Arbusow Viktor , Derfuss Tobias , Held Kathrin , Himmelein Susanne , Strupp Michael , Gurkov Robert , Brandt Thomas , Theil Diethilde
Published: September 2010

Herpes simplex virus type‐1 latency and CD8+ T‐cell occurrence were investigated in the trigeminal, geniculate, and vestibular ganglia from seven deceased humans. The HSV‐1 “latency‐associated transcript” was assessed by in situ hybridization and quantitative RT‐PCR. Infiltration of CD8+ T cell was detected by immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT‐PCR. The data show that HSV‐1 latency and CD8+ T‐cell infiltration are not solely confined to the trigeminal ganglia but can also occur in other cranial ganglia along the neuroaxis. However, the HSV‐1 latency transcripts in the geniculate and vestibular ganglia were expressed at a very low level. The difference in CD8 transcript levels among HSV‐1 latently infected trigeminal ganglia, geniculate, and vestibular ganglia was less conspicuous. Colocalization of latent HSV‐1 and CD8+ T cells in geniculate and vestibular ganglia supports further the hypothesis that HSV‐1 reactivation is possible in these ganglia and is the cause of Bell's palsy and vestibular neuritis. J. Med. Virol. 82:1917–1920, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A high HIV DNA level in PBMCs at antiretroviral treatment interruption predicts a shorter time to treatment resumption, independently of the CD4 nadir
Authors: Piketty Christophe , Weiss Laurence , Assoumou Lambert , Burgard Marianne , Mélard Aurélie , Ragnaud Jean‐Michel , Bentata Michele , Girard Pierre‐Marie , Rouzioux Christine , Costagliola Dominique ,   the ANRS 116 SALTO Study Group
Published: September 2010

This study aimed to evaluate the safety of antiretroviral treatment interruption (TI) in HIV‐infected patients who started treatment based on earlier guidelines, and to identify baseline factors predictive of the time to reach fixed criteria for treatment resumption. Prospective, open‐label, multicenter trial. Patients were eligible if they had a CD4 cell count >350/mm3 and plasma HIV RNA <50,000 copies/ml when they first started antiretroviral therapy (ART); and if they had a CD4 count >450/mm3 and stable plasma HIV RNA <5,000 copies/ml for at least 6 months prior to enrolment. The criteria for ART resumption were a CD4 cell count <300/mm3 and/or a CDC stage B or C event. 116 patients had received ART for a median of 5.3 years. The median CD4 cell count and plasma HIV RNA values at inclusion were 809/mm3 and 2.6 log copies/ml, respectively. Median HIV DNA load at inclusion was 2.3 log copies/106 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Thirty‐six months after TI, 63.9% of the patients had not yet reached the criteria for ART resumption, and 55.9% of patients had not resumed ART. In Cox multivariable analysis, a high HIV DNA level at TI, a low CD4 nadir, and pre‐existing AIDS status were the only significant risk factors for reaching the criteria for ART resumption (hazards ratio: 2.15 (1.02–4.53), 4.59 (1.22–17.24), and 5.74 (1.60–20.56), respectively). Patients who started ART with a CD4 cell count above 350/mm3 were able to interrupt treatment for long periods without a high absolute risk of either AIDS or severe non‐AIDS morbidity/mortality. A high PBMC HIV DNA level at TI was a strong predictor for more rapid treatment resumption. J. Med. Virol. 82:1819–1828, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Welding and Marking of Plastics with Lasers
Authors: Wissemborski Rüdiger , Klein Rolf
Published: September 2010

Today laser radiation as a tool for The Authors welding, cutting and marking in manufacturing of plastic components and products has achieved a good market acceptance. It offers an alternative to conventional processes such as ultrasonic, vibration or friction welding, mechanical cutting, milling or water jet cutting, tampon printing or ink jet printing. Main advantages for laser marking are flexibility and a contact free process [1]. Laser welding of plastics offers advantages in case of cleanness of processed components, low thermal and mechanical stress to components and inner sensitive parts as well as flexibility [2]. Although laser beam welding seems to be a relatively expensive processing method, savings can be achieved by entirely consideration of production process and logistics.
Gradation Rolling – Technology for graded ultrafine‐grained materials
Authors: Neugebauer R. , Sterzing A. , Bergmann M.
Published: September 2010

Zur erheblichen Verbesserung mechanischer Eigenschaften und einer belastungsgerechten Gestaltung von Bauteilen wurde ein Verfahren zur Halbzeugmodifikation entwickelt, dass den Ansatz der gezielten Einstellung einer variablen Mikrostruktur verfolgt. Das neue Verfahren Gradierungswalzen erlaubt die Fertigung gradierter stabförmiger Halbzeuge, mit Bereichen von normalkörnig bis ultrafeinkörnig. Ausgehend von der Betrachtung eines Bauteiles mit Gefügegradienten wird das Verfahren vorgestellt und der Einfluss der Prozessparameter beschrieben. Weiterhin wird ein Ansatz zur Beschreibung der Verformungscharakteristik des Verfahrens vorgestellt.

A new type of process is developed to achieve considerably enhanced mechanical properties by load adapted design resulting from a local adaption of the grain size. The new method called gradation rolling is applied to the modification of rod shaped billets. A grain size gradient with a range from coarse grained state to ultrafine‐grained state is created. The forming method, its parameters and an exemplary application is described. An approach to theorise the deformation characteristics during processing is presented.