bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AMBLYOPIA SCREENING IN KINDERGARTENS WITH TNO STEREOTEST
Authors: MØLGAARD INGE‐LISE , BIERING‐SØRENSEN K. , MICHELSEN NIELS , ELMER JENNY , RYDBERG AGNETA
Published: May 2009

One hundred and fifty children between 3 and 6 years old were screened for amblyopia with TNO stereotest in their kindergartens. Thirty screening positive children were found of whom 3 were amblyopic with strabismus and no stereopsis. Re‐testing showed that 19 children were false screening positive. Three children with refractive errors and equally impaired vision in both eyes were not detected. The test was found suitable for screening of monocular amblyopia in kindergartens, as it was easy to administrate and indicated all children with monocular amblyopia.
SEPARATION OF BACKGROUND AND DEFECT IN AUTOMATIC PERIMETRY
Authors: KRAKAU C. E.T.
Published: May 2009

Sepration of the performance values obtained at computerized perimetry (Competer system) into 2 parts, one related mainly to the defect and the other to the general background, opens up new and improved ways for the study of correlations involving the visual field performance.
EFFECTS ON CHOROIDAL NERVES AFTER PANRETINAL XENON ARC AND ARGON LASER PHOTOCOAGULATION
Authors: SCHIØDTE S. N.
Published: May 2009

The effect on range of accommodation, size of pupil and corneal sensitivity of panretinal photocoagulations was investigated in 30 diabetic patients. Treatments with the xenon arc or the argon laser produced significant changes in the 3 parameters one month after photocoagulation, but only when retro‐bulbar anaesthesia was used. After 6 months the range of accommodation and the size of the pupil were almost normalized. The corneal sensitivity remained significantly reduced.
DIABETIC RETINOPATHYI
Authors: NIELSEN NIELS VESTI
Published: May 2009

The course of diabetic retinopathy was investigated in 215 out of 227 insulin‐treated diabetics in a one year epidemiological cohort study. Twelve diabetics, all with an onset age ≥ 30 years, could not be re‐examined due to deaths in 11 diabetics and deny in 1 diabetic. At the one year follow‐up no change (P > 0.10) occurred in the prevalence of background retinopathy (50.0% vs 51.6%) or of proliferative retinopathy (16.3% vs 18.6%). The one year incidence of newly developed background retinopathy was 3.7% and of deteriorated retinopathy 10.7%. Newly developed proliferative retinopathy was found in 2.3 % of the diabetics after one year. Deterioration of pre‐existing background retinopathy developed most frequently among diabetics with a diabetes duration above 10 years. Deterioration of both background retinopathy and proliferative retinopathy showed a sudden onset in some diabetics. Partial sight and legal blindness caused by diabetic retinopathy developed in 3.7% of the diabetics, respectively.
LIGHT PENETRATION OF NORMAL AND PHOTOKERATITIS INDUCED RABBIT CORNEA
Authors: SCHIVE KIRSTI , KAVLI GUNNAR , VOLDEN GUNNAR
Published: May 2009

The passage of light through photokeratitic and normal corneas was investigated using a grating monochromator. The energy output was measured at each selected central wavelength from 280 to 700 nm. The absorption by epithelial and stromal suspensions was continuously registered over the total light spectrum in a recording spectrophotometer. The penetrating quantity of the physiologically effective middle wave ultraviolet (UVB) rays varies according to wavelengths from about 11 % at 290 nm up to 50% at 320 nm. Photokeratitis did not alter the transmission characteristics at wavelengths below 310nm. At longer wavelengths transmission was significantly decreased in photokeratitic corneas compared to normal. No difference was found between the light absorption of the supernatants of photokeratitic and normal corneas.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CONTACT LENS INDUCED CHANGES
Authors: VANNAS ANTTI , HOLDEN BRIEN A. , MAKITIE JUKKA
Published: May 2009

The endothelium of 15 human corneas was studied with specular and electron microscopy after exposure to a thick, low water content, soft contact lens (SCL). Five control corneas (no lens wear) were studied using the same methods. SCL wear produced obvious changes in endothelial morphology in 12 of the 15 eyes. With specular microscopy, the changes consisted of an apparent increase in separation of cells and development of areas of loss of membrane reflectivity (blebs). When viewed with electron microscopy, the changes in the same corneas consisted of oedema in the nuclear area of the cells and bulging of the posterior endothelial surface, in some cases over an area of several cells. In 4 cases, the cellular oedema was marked showing both intracellular and intercellular vacuoles. It was concluded that the transient endothelial changes seen with specular microscopy following SCL lens wear were produced by alterations in the contour of the posterior endothelial surface resulting from disturbance to the endothelial environment.
LIGHT MICROSCOPIC AUTORADIOGRAPHY OF RAT RETINAE AFTER INTRAVITREAL INJECTION OF [3H]6‐METHOXY‐TETRAHYDRO‐β‐CARBOLINE
Authors: LEINO MARKKU , MARKKANEN SEPPO , AIRAKSINEN MAUNO M. , GYNTHER JUKKA , KARI ILKKA
Published: May 2009

Many β‐carbolines have recently been shown to occur in the human body and animals. β‐carbolines may act as neuromodulators although their physiological role is not known. We have studied the autoradiographic retinal distribution of intravitreally injected [3H]6‐methoxy‐tetrahydro‐β‐carboline (6‐MeO‐THBC) in rats. The synaptic and ganglion cell layers accumulate pronounced radioactivity, as do some intra‐ and extracellular locations in the inner nuclear layer and the outer segments of the photoreceptors. The pigment epithelium gradually accumulates a very dense band of radioactivity. 6‐MeO‐THBC (pinoline, 5‐methoxytryptoline, 6‐methoxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydronorharmane) has been shown to possess many important biochemical and pharmacological properties. It has been demonstrated to occur as a normal constituent in the retina of some animals. The relationship between 6‐MeO‐THBC, melatonin and other 5‐methoxy‐indoles is discussed.
HUMAN TEARS: GLUCOSE INSTABILITIES
Authors: DAUM K. M. , HILL R.M.
Published: May 2009

Using a photometric method, a comparative analysis based on 717 human tear samples was made between systematically collected non‐reflex, open eye tears and tears associated with prolonged eye closure (sleep), as well as for certain reflex provoking conditions (mild mechanical irritation, irritating vapours and osmotic imbalance). Although the closed eye tear glucose mean for the 8 young adults studied was found to be less that their open eye mean (5.01 versus 7.00 mg%), those 2 values were not found to be significantly different. However, statistical comparisons made between non‐reflex open eye tears and the mechanical, irritating vapour and osmotic responses were found to be different at the P < 0.05 level of significance, a higher mean concentration being found for the mechanical and osmotic conditions, and a lower mean concentration fo the vapour induced condition.
A DOUBLE‐BLIND CROSSOVER STUDY COMPARING SODIUM CROMOGLYCATE EYE DROPS WITH PLACEBO IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC CONJUNCTIVITIS
Authors: VAN BIJSTERVELD O. P.
Published: May 2009

In a placebo controlled double‐blind crossover study, 60 patients with chronic non‐infections conjunctivitis were treated for 4 weeks with either sodium cromoglycate eye drops or with placebo followed by 4 weeks on the alternative treatment. The dose was one drop into each eye 4 times daily. The scores for a number of symptoms and signs were significantly lower after 4 weeks sodium cromoglycate treatment than after similar placebo treatment. In both the patients' and clinician's opinion significantly more patients responded to the active treatment than to the placebo treatment. At the end of the trial clinician recorded more preferences for sodium cromoglycate (27) than for placebo (9), and the difference was highly significant (P < 0.01). No side effects were reported during the trial.
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON THE ELECTRORETINOGRAM OF THE ISOLATED CARP RETINA
Authors: ARMINGTON JOHN C. , ADOLPH ALAN R.
Published: May 2009

The electroretinogram was recorded from the isolated retina of the carp while the temperature was varied systematically and while the preparation was under the influence of various pharmacological agents. In addition to the a‐wave and the b‐wave, the electroretinogram gave evidence of early and late oscillatory potentials. The procedures selectively modified the prominence of these and other less conspicuous components. A particularly significant finding was that some oscillatory potentials are largest at intermediate temperatures, but that they persist to very low ones. It is suggested that temperature control, variation of stimulus intensity, and the application of pharmacological agents may be combined to provide a useful method of separating retinal response components.
DEPOSITS ON HYDROPHILIC ‘BANDAGE’ LENSES A scanning electronmicroscopic and x‐ray microanalytic study
Authors: HØVDING GUNNAR , SELAND JOHAN H.
Published: May 2009

Scanning electronmicroscopy of 34 continuously worn Sauflon PW ‘bandage’ lenses showed an initial deposition of cellular debris, followed by an increasing, general, non‐penetrating, organic coating, particularly on the anterior lens surface. No microorganisms were found. X‐ray microanalysis of the 34 Sauflon PW lenses as well as 11 daily worn Hydro flex m lenses showed that elements may be added to or ‘washed out’ from the lenses during storage before preparation for microscopy. The elements obtained were constituents of both normal tear fluid and lens storage solutions. Only sulphur appeared firmly bound in the deposits, probably as sulphur‐containing macromolecules of ocular mucus. Calcium was only detected in a few cases.
THE EFFECT OF PHENYLEPHRINE ON THE ACCOMMODATIVE PROCESS IN MAN
Authors: ZETTERSTRÖM CHARLOTTA
Published: May 2009

Accommodation was measured in a double‐blind study on 10 healthy volunteers (22–29 years) before and after the instillation of 0.1%, 1.0% and 10% phenylephrine eye drops. Accommodation decreased exponentially with increasing concentration, reaching an average of 3 dioptres after one drop of 10% phenylephrine. The effect of adding phenylephrine to an alropinized eye was studied in 20 children (3–6 years), The children were randomized to placebo or phenylephrine treatment. The cycloplegic effect of atropine was unchanged in 8 out of 9 placebo‐treated children, whereas 5 out of 11 phenylephrine‐treated children showed a slight, but not significant, increase in hypermetropia.
THE HEALING OF HUMAN CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM An in vitro study
Authors: OLSEN ERLING GRÖNVOLD , DAVANGER MARTIN
Published: May 2009

A 4 mm circular defect was made on the endothelium by transcorneal freezing of 5 normal human corneas. The eyes were enucleated because of malignant tumours, patient age 3 to 74 years. After excision, the corneas were kept in culture medium for 3 (4) days, and subsequently prepared for SF.M. At this stage, the defect was covered with endothelium, whose origin was a narrow zone adjoining the edge of the defect. The endothelium on the peripheral, undamaged part of the cornea did not seem to take part in the repair process, neither by proliferation, enlargement nor by migration. Dividing cells were found scattered on the damaged area. The repair process was found to be similar in all five eyes, irrespective of the age of the patient. In organ culture, the healing of corneal endothelial defects is similar in rabbits and in humans.
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE AMPLITUDE OF ACCOMMODATION AND LOW‐LUMINANCE MYOPIA
Authors: EPSTEIN DANIEL
Published: May 2009

The relationship between the amplitude of accommodation and low‐luminance myopia was studied in subjects whose ages ranged from 20 to 65. The correlation coefficient values obtained indicate a strong positive correlation between these two factors. The results are discussed in the context of previously‐published experimental evidence pointing to accommodation as the primary cause of low‐luminance myopia.
ABO‐BLOOD GROUPS AND D‐ANTIGEN IN SIMPLE AND CAPSULAR GLAUCOMA
Authors: BLIKA SIGMUND , RINGVOLD AMUND , BRAATHEN LEIF N. , JUEL ERIK
Published: May 2009

ABO‐blood groups and Rh‐factor (D‐antigen) were determined in 236 patients with POAG, 104 simple and 132 capsular glaucoma. There was a statistical significant difference in the ABO‐distribution between the two glaucoma subgroups, and also between the capsular‐group and our control material. The simplex‐group did not differ from the control material in this respect. For the Rh‐group (D‐antigen) no differences were found, neither between the two glaucoma subgroups nor between each of them and a reference material.
The value of sight‐screening, a comparative study of the Rodenstock sight‐screener and a clinical eye examination of 109 adult employees in a hospital
Authors: Pugesgaard T. , Krogh E. , Orthoptist M. Nyholm , Orthoptist I. Nordström
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A Rodenstock sight‐screener has been used in examinations of more than 20000 employees in trade and industry by an organisation sponsored by Danish optical companies. In a following report it was stated, that a great deal of these people, because of reduced sight‐function, would benefit from further examination by optician or ophthalmologist with prescription of glasses. On that background we undertook an examination of 109 adults working in our hospital. First they were tested with the Rodenstock sight‐screener and afterwards they underwent orthoptic and clinical ophthalmological examinations in a blind design. The sight‐screening included examination of vision for near and far, stereopsis, phoria, dark adaption and visual fields. We found some difference between our results and those published earlier. Furthermore we found bad clinical accordance. In conclusion, many people will be worried by this kind of sight‐screening procedure and only few will benefit from it.
Binocular interaction in the VEP to grating stimulation: I. Orientational effects
Authors: Jakobsson Peter
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The orientational effects of monocular stimulation with sinusoidal grating patterns were studied with transient VEP technique in 10 subjects with normal vision and binocular functions. No significant variation in amplitude with orientation was obtained. The latency for 45° (oblique) orientation was slightly longer than the latency for other orientations. The orientational effects on binocular interaction in dichoptic stimulation were determined with sinusoidal grating patterns at a reversing rate of 1.9 and 2.1 Hz for each eye respectively. The binocular interaction was assessed as the binocular/monocular ratio of the VEP amplitude for each eye. There was a significantly reduced binocular interaction for dichoptically presented perpendicular gratings as compared to parallel gratings at the spatial frequencies of 2, 4 and 6 cycles/degree, when mean values of the whole group of subjects were statistically analysed. A broad orientation tuning of about 45° was found for the binocular interaction at 4 cycles/degree for the group as a whole, although tuning was hard to establish in the VEP of each individual. This compares well with other neurophysiological and electrophysiological data but is broader than the orientation tuning demonstrated psychophysically.
Alterations to eye structures in hairless mice by long‐term ultraviolet irradiation A histopathological study
Authors: Vangsted Peter
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The eyes of 75 Hr/Hr hairless mice were irradiated with one minimal erythema dose/day of UV light for a period of 12 months, and then observed for a further 6 months. The mice were diviede into 3 subgroups, – one without protectans, – one protected by the sun protection lotion Sea and Ski, factor 5, – and one by Piz Buin, Factor 6. The eyes of 75 non‐irradiated mice of the same type, subdivided into 3 comparable groups, served as controls. Animals which died during the test period were examined immediately. After the 18 months period, eyes and adnexa of the surviving animals were examined macroscopically and by light microscopy. The lifespan of unprotected, irradiated mice was significantly shorter than the protected groups. The eyelids of irradiated mice presented hyperplasia, actinic keratosis and invasive carcinoma, the latter in 20%. No melanotic tumours were recorded. Since the sun lotion protected animals had a significantly longer lifespan they showed a higher number of palpebral tumours. No irradiation lesions could be demonstrated in the lens, the vitreous or the retina.
Prostaglandin E2 level in tears during postoperative inflammation of the eye
Authors: Gluud B. S. , Jensen O. L. , Krogh E. , Birgens H. S.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The concentration of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in tears was measured by a radio immuno assay technique in 25 persons before cataract extraction and during the post‐operative period. In addition we studied the clinical signs of inflammation, the tear secretion rate, the content of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) in tears, the bacteriology of the conjunctival sac and the central corneal thickness (CCT) during this period. We found pre‐operative median level of PGE2 of 82 pg/ml and on the first post‐operative day a significant rise in PGE2 concentration despite increased tearing. There was a tendency towards further gradual increase in PGE2 concentration until the 5th day and thereafter a decline to pre‐operative level 12 days after surgery. The conjunctiva is proposed as a possible source of the PGE2 in tears. No significant correlation could be demonstrated between PGE2 levels and clinical signs of inflammation, CCT, PMN level, bacteriology or tear secretion rate.
Malignant melanoma of the uvea in Iceland 1955–1979
Authors: Gíslason Ingimundur , Magnússon Bjarki , Tulinius Hrafn
Published: May 2009

Abstract. During the 25‐year period 1955 to 1979, 29 cases of malignant melanoma of the choroid and ciliary body, and 4 cases of melanoma of the iris, were diagnosed in Iceland. Excluding the iris melanomas, the annual incidence rate per 100000, adjusted to standardized Icelandic population, was 0.7 in males and 0.5 in females. No change in the incidence rate was noted over the period. There was no significant difference in incidence rates between urban and rural regions. At the time of 31st December, 1982, 19 patients with melanoma of the choroid and ciliary body had died. In 10 cases the cause of death was melanoma metastases. All deaths with metastases occurred within 5 years from the day of enucleation. In no case were metastases found before enucleation. Five year survival rates for all patients were 51%, 64% in males and 30% in females. This difference between the sexes was significant.
Oxygen saturation of blood in the anterior ciliary veins in patients with primary glaucoma
Authors: Gamm E. G. , Puchkov S. G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Results of the investigation of the oxyhaemoglobin content in the blood of the anterior ciliary veins in 23 patients with primary glaucoma and in 4 patients with senile cataract are presented. An extremely high content of oxyhaemoglobin in the anterior ciliary veins was revealed in all patients irrespective of the level of the intraocular pressure and the stage of the disease.
Timolol and aceclidine
Authors: van der Pol B. A. E. , Wattel E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. In the Netherlands timolol maleate, probably the drug of first choice in antiglaucoma therapy, is often combined with other intraocular pressure lowering drugs. The efficacy of most combinations have been discussed in the literature several times, except the one with aceclidine, a parasympathic drug, that has a reasonable popularity in Western Europe. Unlike pilocarpine, aceclidine does not seem to give a clinically significant additional pressure lowering effect in timolol pre‐treated eyes. The decrease in IOP in aceclidine pre‐treated eyes after single dose timolol seems to be an effect of timolol alone. Our results suggest that co‐administration of timolol and aceclidine is not a rational action in antiglaucomatous therapy.
Experimental epithelial ingrowth
Authors: Davanger Martin , Olsen Erling Grønvold
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The interaction of confronting corneal epithelium and endothelium has been studied by cultivation of corneas with open perforating wounds. In some experiments, the epithelium and the endothelium were initially damaged adjacent to the perforation, and the repair capacity was reduced by adding steroids or colchicine to the culture medium. The specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The epithelium covered the stromal walls of the open perforation within 3 days. In most experiments, the epithelium and the endothelium met at the cut edge of Descemet's membrane, and this appeared to be a stable situation. However, if the endothelium was damaged and had reduced repair capacity, the epithelium invaded Descemet's membrane. The clinical implication is that the risk of epithelial ingrowth is present in eyes with a pathological endothelium.
The normal fundus fluorescein angiogram IV
Authors: Nielsen Niels Vesti
Published: May 2009

Abstract.A comparison of fundus elements in the posterior pole of the eye in a group of 48 clinically healthy subjects and in a group of 17 insulin dependent diabetics showed a significant overrepresentation (P< 0.05) of hyperfluorescent and hypofluorescent elements among the diabetics, as estimated from serial fundus fluorescein angiograms at 3 examinations during one year. In the diabetics a significant intraindividual variation of hyperfluorescent elements (6/17 eyes) occurred during one year in contrast to the clinically healthy subjects (0/48)–(P< 0.01). The normal fundus fluorescein angiogram (i.e. in clinically healthy subjects) is characterized by: 1) a wide physiologic variation of the number of hyperfluorescent elements i.e. 0–4 elements or 0–11 elements as assessed with and without a one tailed 10% percentile as an upper limit. 2) Hypofluorescent elements in variable number may occur in 21% (upper limit 10% percentile) or 31% (without an upper limit) of normal eyes. 3) No intra‐individual variation of these hyper‐ and hypofluorescent elements developed during the observation period.
Topographical corneal oedema
Authors: Holden Brien A. , McNally John J. , Mertz George W. , Swarbrick Helen A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Corneal thickness changes were monitored across the cornea in 10 subjects during 7 days continuous wear of 3 types of hydrogel contact lenses of different back vertex powers. Analysis of topographical corneal thickness changes indicates that the periphery of the cornea swells significantly less than the central cornea. The effect is more dramatic with higher levels of central corneal oedema, and with lenses of higher minus power, in spite of their thicker lens periphery. An anoxic stimulus was also found to produce greater central than peripheral corneal swelling, indicating that tear exchange under the periphery of the contact lens is not a significant factor in limiting peripheral corneal swelling. It was concluded that the topographical swelling profile is not contact lens‐related, but reflects a reduced swelling capability of the peripheral cornea, due to physical restraint in the limbal region.
Early diagnosis of retinal changes in diabetes: A comparison between electroretinography and retinal biomicroscopy
Authors: Wanger Peter , Persson Hans E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The present study was undertaken in order to find out whether electroretinographic examinations could reveal signs of functional abnormalities before morphological changes are detected in the diabetic retina. Pattern‐reversal and flash electroretinograms (ERG) and oscillatory potentials (OP) were recorded in 24 diabetics and 10 age‐matched normal controls. The diabetic group consisted of 11 patients without retinopathy and 13 patients with background retinopathy. No significant changes in pattern‐reversal or flash ERG or OP amplitudes were observed in the diabetic group with normal fundus or with background retinopathy. The findings imply that ERG examination with the described techniques does not reveal retinal dysfunction in diabetics before retinopathy can be detected by means of retinal biomicroscopy.
Fluorescein angiography in the long‐term follow‐up of choroidal melanoma after conservative treatment
Authors: Tarkkanen A. , Laatikainen L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Three patients showed a growing choroidal melanoma, of them 2 in the only eye. The tumours were treated with Ru106/Rh106 plaques and surrounded by argon or krypton photocoagulation. The patients were followed up for 34–36 months by regular fluorescein angiography. In areas in which the radiation effect was optimal most choroidal and retinal vessels disappeared within 3–6 months. Outside this area occlusion of the vasculature as well as progressing atrophy of the tumour and the overlying retinal pigment epithelium were seen to continue for more than 12 months after treatment. Disappearance of the leaking vessels of the tumour may be the most reliable fluorescein angiographic sign of tumour regression following conservative treatment.
Recurrence of periphlebitis retinae in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Engell Tine , Hvidberg Anders
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Periphlebitis retinae (PR) in multiple sclerosis (MS) is defined as ophthalmoscopically visible cuffs around veins in the otherwise normal retina. PR in MS has been suggested to be of a recurring nature, but to the authors knowledge this is the first study in which PR in MS has been seen to recur. A recurrence of PR in MS reflects the neurological progress. The material is unique because of the span of years these patients have been followed. In the 4 patients here presented the interval between the two episodes of PR was 16, 13, 5 and 0.5 years, respectively.
Tear secretion in juvenile diabetics with and without autonomic neuropathy
Authors: Andersen Jørgen , Baun Ole , Aamand Hans E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Tear secretion rates measured by Schirmer test No. 1 were studied in three groups, group 1 comprising 26 diabetics without autonomic neuropahty, group 2 comprising 26 diabetics with autonomic neuropathy (according to Wheeler & Watkins 1973; Hilsted & Jensen 1979). Group 3 comprised 32 non‐diabetic controls. No significant difference in tear secretion was found between the three groups. The interindividual variation in tear secretion was of the same order in the three groups. Significantly greater right‐left eye difference (P < 0.05) was found in the controls as compared to the diabetic groups between which no difference was found.
Allergic conjunctivitis, total and specific IgE in the tear fluid
Authors: Kari O. , Salo O. P. , Björkstén F. , Backman A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Twenty‐three patients with allergic conjunctivitis caused by birch, timothy or mugwort pollen were examined for the presence of total and specific IgE in the tear fluid. In thirteen of the 23 patients IgE could be shown in the tears. Specific IgE antibodies against the causative pollens were present in the tear fluid of 8 of the patients. The relation between serum and tear IgE on one hand and serum and tear albumin on the other hand suggests local production of the specific IgE antibody.
Central contrast sensitivity tests in the detection of early glaucoma
Authors: Lundh Björn L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The value of contrast sensitivity testing in glaucoma is still unsettled. To determine their value in screening for glaucoma 2 methods were applied to glaucoma patients (12 simplex, 9 pseudo‐exfoliative). The techniques included an oscilloscope method generating centrally presented gratings and the Arden grating test. Results obtained were compared to those of age‐matched normals (n=11, one eye randomly selected). Unacceptable false negative rates were found for both methods, as well as a high false positive rate (2/11 normals) with the Arden grating test, confirming findings in earlier studies. No correlation could be demonstrated between contrast sensitivity deficits and visual field disturbance, glaucoma type or duration. It was concluded that central contrast sensitivity for static gratings is unable to reliably indicate the presence or absence of early glaucoma.
The anatomy of the rabbit aqueous outflow pathway
Authors: Bergmanson Jan P. G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The morphology of the filtration angle and pathway of aqueous outflow was studied in 10 pigmented rabbits using light and electron microscopic techniques. The following conclusions were arrived at:

1. Numerous pectinate ligaments were found to cross the rabbit filtration angle. However, large spaces between these ligaments allows aqueous access to the peripheral portion of the angle and then to the trabeculum. The drainage of aqueous filtered through the meshwork is served by a plexus of 1 to 4 channels, which contain giant vacuoles along their internal and external walls.

2. A single layer of endothelial cells was found covering all meridians of the entire trabeculum from the termination of the cornea to the filtration angle recess. This layer, here termed the trabecular endothelial layer, is a continuation of the corneal endothelium, and it is accompanied by the posterior limiting lamina (Descemet's membrane) for its full length.

3. The aqueous passes through the trabecular endothelial layer by an intracellular route that possibly requires energy.

4. The presence of the trabecular endothelial layer in the rabbit may explain the variation that is known to exist between human and rabbit in responses to pharmaceutical agents. The physiology of the rabbit trabecular endothelial layer needs to be investigated to determine the suitability of this species as an animal model for the human glaucomatous conditions caused by the presence of such a layer.
Effect of oxygen free radical products on rabbit iris vascular permeability
Authors: Hull David S. , Green Keith , Elijah R. David
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Oxygen free radicals and their products are known to be elaborated by inflammatory cells during the ‘respiratory burst’. Xanthine oxidase combined with hypoxanthine was injected into the anterior chamber of rabbit eyes. This combination is known to result in the production of oxygen free radicals. Iris fluorescein angiography performed 2 h and 24 h following injection of xanthine oxidase and hypoxanthine into the anterior chamber resulted in increased iris vascular permeability. The increased permeability was not modified by either of the prostaglandin inhibitors naproxen or aspirin nor by the free radical scavenger D‐penicillamine. This study demonstrates that iris vascular permeability, and possibly blood‐aqueous barrier permeability is increased following exposure to chemically generated oxygen free radicals. It is possible that the increased iris vascular permeability that occurs during ocular inflammatory processes may in part be mediated by oxygen free radical products. This model may be useful in developing therapeutic modalities directed at preventing the damaging effect of oxygen free radical products, and this may be of benefit in reducing the untoward effects of ocular inflammatory disorders.
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy: at risk patients identified by early detection of microalbuminuria
Authors: Vigstrup J. , Mogensen C. E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The aim of the study was to clarify if these diabetics, with the greatest risk for development of proliferative retinopathy, could be identified by early measurement of urinary albumin excretion (UAE), using sensitive methods. In addition, the possible role of blood pressure was assessed. All male diabetics originally examined in 1969–1976 were re‐examined by measuring UAE and blood pressure together with an ordinary ophthalmoscopic examination. Patients fulfilling the following criteria were incorporated in the study: age at diagnosis of diabetes < 20 years; initial duration of diabetes 7–20 years; follow‐up period > 7 years, and no clinical proteinuria. 44 patients were identified, all but one accepted reexamination. 29 patients initially had UAE < 15 μg/min, one of these developed proliferative retinopathy. 14 patients initially had UAE < 15 μg/min, 9 of these developed poliferative retinopathy. Blood pressure was elevated both initially and at follow‐up in diabetics showing progression to proliferative retinopathy. It is concluded that even a slightly elevated UAE ‘micro‐albuminuria’, is a strong predictor with respect to development of proliferative retinopathy.
Visual illusion mimicking dyslexia
Authors: Hyvärinen Lea , Lindstedt Eva , Laurinen Pentti , Nyman Göte
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A 14‐year‐old girl with reading difficulties was found to have an unusual illusory movement of objects in the central visual field. The movement could be blocked by using a 26 mm Visolette magnifier with an arrow pasted on its lower surface to function as a reference point. After having read with help of this arragement for 19 months the girl suddenly could see normally and has now been able to read without difficulties for over 3 years. We report the first documented case of visual illusion as the cause of reading difficulty which disappeared at the age of 15 years, thus years after the maturation of visual functions is thought to be completed. Although visual illusion like the one presented here must be rare, it should be diagnosed, because the treatment is totally different from that of usual dyslexia.
Lens thickness in Western Nigeria
Authors: Clemmesen Viggo , Olurin Oyin
Published: May 2009

Abstract A comparative ultrasonic, oculometric study was performed in negroes, West Nigeria (151 persons) and in Caucasians, Denmark (88 persons). The negros have thinner lenses than Caucasians, and overall ethnic difference of 0.12 mm was found. Male negroes have longer vitreous and axial lengths than male Caucasians (VB 0.56 mm, AxL 0.30 mm).
Regional variation in indications for cataract surgery?
Authors: Bernth‐Petersen Peter
Published: May 2009

Abstract A comparison of indications for cataract surgery in 3 major clinics was done. These clinics serve the population of 3 Danish counties for which the standard operation ratio previously has been shown to be below average, average and above average. Evaluated on basis of pre‐operative visual acuity in both eyes, no differences in the indications were found between the 3 clinics. Other possible determinants of rate variation might be differences in doctors' and patients' attitude towards cataract treatment, variation in cataract prevalence and in ophthalmic service supply.
The normal fundus fluorescein angiogram II
Authors: Nielsen Niels Vesti
Published: May 2009

Abstract Three consecutive photographic fundus examinations using colour, interference filter photographs and fluorescein angiography showed no intraindividual variation within one year, but a considerable interindividual variation of the morphologic fundus elements was found in 48 eyes of 48 clinically healthy middle aged subjects. There were 20 eyes with distinctly outlined minute hyperfluorescent elements, 15 eyes with minute indistinctly outlined and 3 eyes with distinctly outlined hypofluorescent elements. These elements remained unchanged after one year. In 80% of the eyes with hypofluorescent elements there were characteristically no concomitant hyperfluorescent elements. Seventeen of 48 eyes had fundus elements exclusively visible in the colour and filter pictures. Most hyperfluorescent elements corresponded with elements in the green interference filter photographs (85% of the eyes). These findings indicate minute changes in the layers of Bruch's membrane and the retinal pigment epithelium in most of the eyes. The indistincdy outlined hypofluorescent elements might represent minute choroidal vascular filling defects or minute areas with blockage of the choroidal fluorescence.
The normal fundus fluorescein angiogram III
Authors: Nielsen Niels Vesti
Published: May 2009

Abstract In 17 insulin dependent diabetics with an apparently normal ophthalmoscopy at the entry of the study, there was a) an individual variation regarding observed fundus elements and b) an intraindividual variation during the observation time of one year, as evident from fundus fluorescein angiography, colour photography and red free filter photography. The examinations were performed on one eye in each subject three times within one year. Hyperfluorescent elements ‐ varying in number from 1 to 5 ‐ were found totally in 14 eyes (= 82%). In 6 eyes (= 35%) the number of minute hyperfluorescent fundus elements varied during one year. Hypofluorescent elements were present in 14 eyes (12 eyes with indistinctly and and 2 with distinctly outlined elements) and showed no variation during one year. Eleven eyes (65%) had minute elements ‐ varying in number from 1 to 7 ‐ in the colour and red free filter photographs not visualized in the angiograms. After one year 8 red elements were found in 5 eyes, 6 with and 2 without fluorescence. The remaining fluorescent and non‐fluorescent elements, constantly present, appeared as minute yellowish spots (n = 37).
Serum fibrin degradation products in acute idiopathic anterior uveitis
Authors: Sen D. K. , Sarin G. S. , Mathur M. D.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Levels of serum fibrin degradation products were measured by the Staphylococcal clumping test in patients with acute idiopathic anterior uveitis and traumatic anterior uveitis. We found them to be significantly increased (P < 0.001) in patients with acute idiopathic anterior uveitis (11.0 μg/ml). The extent of this increase in the serum levels of fibrin degradation products correlated well with increased severity of the disease. It showed return to normal levels (5.0 μg/ml) with the clinical improvement. It increased again with the re‐appearance of acute stage of the disease. We found no alteration in the levels of serum fibrin degradation products in patients with traumatic anterior uveitis. We hypothesise that uveal deposition of immune complexes causes secondary platelet damage and intravascular coagulation which results in uveal tissue damage through inflammation.
Rabbit corneal endothelial physiologic and morphologic characteristics following storage in MK medium and K‐Sol
Authors: Hull David S. , Green Keith , Frey Nanalane
Published: May 2009

Abstract Rabbit corneas were stored for 3, 7, 10 or 14 days in MK medium or K‐Sol. Corneas were thinner immediately following removal from K‐Sol than following removal from MK medium at all time periods studied. Following 3 days of storage, corneas stored in both solutions showed similar temperature reversal characteristics. Corneas stored for 7 and 10 days in MK medium also temperature reversed, whereas those stored in K‐Sol did not. Corneas stored for 14 days in both solutions swelled following mounting in the specular microscope. Endothelial cell morphology was similar following storage in MK medium and K‐Sol at all time periods studied. It is postulated that a persistant osmotic gradient is present across the endothelium following storage in K‐Sol. This osmotic gradient occurs because of retention of chondroitin sulphate in the corneal stroma thereby preventing early temperature reversal.
Goniodysgenesis in elderly glaucoma and non‐glaucoma patients
Authors: Svedbergh Björn , Alm Albert , Amér Birgitta , Jerndal Tord , Thorburn William
Published: May 2009

Abstract The aim was to elucidate whether goniodysgenesis is more frequently observed in elderly patients with glaucoma, and furthermore, which signs of goniodysgenesis are of importance and most unanimously detected. Thus, 3 examiners evaluated 21 glaucoma patients and 19 non‐glaucoma patients in a masked fashion. None of the patients had a First‐degree heredity. Gonioscopy, slit‐lamp examination and measurements of the corneal and pupillary diameter were performed, in all 26 variables. Significantly (P < 0.05) more frequent in glaucoma were an increased corneal diameter, scleral overriding, hypoplasia of the pupillary seam, abnormal Schwalbe's line and an opaque pretrabecular membrane (one examiner). Less frequent were a peripupillary yellow pigment ring and pigment stars on the lens. Inter‐observer variation was small regarding e.g. corneal diameter but rather large regarding e.g. the pretrabecular membrane.
A system for a computer‐assisted glaucoma care unit
Authors: Holmin Catharina , Krakau C. E. T.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A computerized system for a glaucoma care unit is described. The aim is to examine and record every patient classified as a case of glaucoma in a way which permits subsequent use of the data in studies of the natural history of glaucoma. A main topic concerns the choice of those examinations, treatments etcetera which have to be included in the records to satisfy clinical and scientific requirements. The system is distensible by allowing the introduction of new parameters to be introduced. Graphic presentation of IOP and visual field development over long periods improve the surveyability to a large measure. So far about 200 patients from the glaucoma care unit have been included in the system.
The use of sodium hyaluronate (Healon) in the treatment of complicated cases of retinal detachment
Authors: Vatne Harald Overskott , Syrdalen Per
Published: May 2009

Abstract Thirty ‐six eyes with retinal detachment and various degrees of proliferative vitreoretinopathy were operated with conventional buckling techniques and the additional use of intravitreal injected sodium hyaluronate (Healon). Eightteen eyes (50%) had re‐attached retina 6 months post‐operatively. The re‐attachment rate depended upon the severity of the proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Three of 4 eyes with grade B, 4 of 5 with grade C‐1, 8 of 13 with grade C‐2, 2 of 11 with grade C‐3 and 1 of 3 eyes with grade D‐1 were reattached. Major complication occurred in 3 aphakic eyes where persistent intraocular pressure rise to 60–70 mmHg necessitated removal of Healon to normalize the intraocular pressure. In one eye Healon passed through a retinal rupture to the subretinal space.
Lipid pattern of plasma in the presence of episcleral lipid deposits
Authors: Hjørne Niels , Norn Mogens S.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Examination of 40 subjects aged under 70 with episcleral lipid deposits revealed an abnormal serum lipid pattern in 48% of all. No correlation was noticed between the number of lipid deposits and the raised plasma lipid concentration or the distribution of fatty acids (saturated, unsaturated).
Repeated argon laser trabeculoplasty
Authors: Bergeå Bengt
Published: May 2009

Abstract In 20 eyes (18 patients) with simple or capsular glaucoma in which a first full‐circumference argon laser trabeculoplasty resulted in early or late failure, laser trabeculoplasty was repeated. In 12 eyes the second trabeculoplasty was clinically successful. At an average follow‐up time of 30 months after second trabeculoplasty, the treatment was still successful in six patients. Early failure after the first treatment seems to be unfavourable for the outcome of secondary treatment. No correlation was found between the accumulated dose of laser energy delivered into the trabecular meshwork and I he degree of intraocular pressure reduction after the second trabeculoplasty in this retrospective study.
Indications of trabeculectomy in open angle glaucoma
Authors: Wilke Kennerth , Storr‐Paulsen Allan
Published: May 2009

Abstract The indications and frequency of trabeculectomy operations in Swedish eye clinics in 1980 and 1981 were assessed. The incidence of operations are significantly higher in the north than in the south of the country. The geographical influence was eliminated by excluding the 6 northernmost clinics, but the frequency of operations still varied with a factor of nearly 5 between the clinics. Most clinics seemed to allow individual modifications and exceptions to the rules of indication for surgery. An IOP surpassing a certain limit, locally fixed but varying greatly between clinics, was an indication in most places, even if the visual field was normal. An optic disc defect alone was an indication for surgery in one clinic only. In most clinics a progression of the glaucoma visual field defect with or without disc damage was an indication of surgical intervention.
Glaucomatous disc haemorrhages photographed at short intervals
Authors: Bo Sonnsjö
Published: May 2009

Abstract Fundus photography was performed at an interval of 1–2 weeks on two glaucoma patients with disc haemorrhages (hh). It was shown that

1. Haemorrhages (hh) appear again and again at the same place over a long period, which may, if the observations are made at long intervals, give the false impression of one, very slowly resorbed h. The opinion that hh are caused by a singular vascular acute disorder is not supported.

2. The blood is seen propagating peripherically along the nerve fibres. After resorption of the papillary part the h may remain only outside the disc, thus giving the impression of a completely extrapapillary h.

3. The resorption of blood occurs probably more rapidly over the papillary tissue than in regions outside the disc.
Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy
Authors: Autzen T. , Faurschou S.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Five patients with acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) have been subject to a follow‐up study. All the patients had bilateral lesions. The follow‐up period ranged from 1 month to 8 years (mean 4 years). All had resumed their previous work, although two patients had severe visual loss in one eye (6/36). No recurrences were observed. Automatic perimetry of the central visual field revealed moderate central scotomata between 5 and 10 db, corresponding to derangement of the pigment epithelium. This may indicate that the pigment derangement may be caused by alterations in the pigment granules in the pigment epithelial cells, and that the pigment epithelial cells have recovered. There were absolute scotomata in two eyes corresponding to chorioretinal atrophy.
Trabeculectomy with the use of sodium hyaluronate
Authors: Raitta Christina , Setälä Kirsi
Published: May 2009

Abstract The effect of sodium hyaluronate (Healon®) on the post‐operative course and IOP 1 week and 1 month after trabeculectomy is reported. Twenty‐nine eyes of 23 patients with open‐angle glaucoma (10 simple, 11 capsular and 8 secondary glaucoma) were operated with the use of sodium hyaluronate. The study was prospective. For comparison, 29 eyes of 21 age‐ and sex‐matched patients with glaucoma, operated during the pre‐Healon period were selected. Patients in the study group were operated by the same surgeon and in the control group by different senior staff members. The method for trabeculectomy is described. IOP decrease was 56 and 54% in the H‐ and control group. No differences in post‐operative pressure level existed between the different types of glaucoma. Shallow or flat chamber occurred frequently in both groups, but had a greater incidence in the control group. Sodium hyaluronate seems to prevent early excessive filtration. In five eyes of both groups choroidal detachment was simultaneously present. The incidence of choroidal detachment was the same as the overall incidence of this complication in this clinic. Post‐operative pressure rise of > 30 mmHg after restoration of a flat chamber was more frequent in the control series. Sodium hyaluronate is useful in trabeculectomy. It prevents collapse of the anterior chamber and hyphema during the operation, it stabilizes early post‐operative pressure and prevents excessive filtration combined with shallow or flat anterior chamber. It does not prevent choroidal detachment after trabeculectomy.