bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
X‐it: Gen‐X and Older Wine Drinker Comparisons in New Zealand
Authors: Thomas Art , Pickering Gary
Published: January 2010

Some wine marketing studies make reference to the importance of Generation‐X as the next wave of wine drinkers, but draw attention to a glaring fact; this next generation is consuming less wine than national averages. Whilst considerable amounts of information about Generation‐X exist, few studies have addressed their underlying wine purchasing behaviours. A mock label for a red and white wine was developed and respondents were asked to indicate their probability of purchase and the price they would pay. A range of wine purchasing behaviour questions were included. A questionnaire was randomly presented in a mail survey to 1,144 New Zealand respondents drawn from a national wine mailing list (n=640) and an academic institution (n=504). No follow‐up was undertaken and a 28% response rate was achieved. Generation‐X wine consumers exhibited more differences than similarities to the older age cohort, with many differences being statistically significant. Whilst Generation‐X purchase wines in a similar fashion, they are mainly light purchasers of bottled wine. Generation‐X respondents showed a stronger likelihood of purchasing a never‐before‐seen wine and place a different emphasis on wine label information. More research on Generation‐X and their behaviours as wine consumers is required.
An Econometric Analysis of Wine Consumption in the United Kingdom
Authors: Selvanathan E.A. , Selvanathan S.
Published: January 2010

The consumption patterns of beer, wine and spirits in the UK are analysed to find reasons for the rapid growth in recent years of wine consumption. Data are presented together with the demand model and estimation results. Consumption of the three beverages is simulated to see the effect of various levels of tax and the effects of changes of preference over time. Growth in income, changing preferences and lower tax rates are found to be possible causes for the growth in wine consumption and the corresponding fall in spirits consumption.
Circulating tumor cells as a surrogate marker for determining response to chemotherapy in patients with advanced gastric cancer
Authors: Matsusaka Satoshi , Chìn Keisho , Ogura Mariko , Suenaga Mitsukuni , Shinozaki Eiji , Mishima Yuji , Terui Yasuhito , Mizunuma Nobuyuki , Hatake Kiyohiko
Published: January 2010

The purpose of this study was to quantify circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in advanced gastric cancer (AGC) patients, and to demonstrate the role of CTCs in cancer therapy. This study investigates the hypothesis that CTCs can predict clinical outcomes in patients with AGC. From November 2007 to June 2009, 52 patients with AGC were enrolled into a prospective study. The chemotherapy regimen was an S‐1‐based regimen (S‐1 with or without cisplatin) or paclitaxel. CTCs of whole blood at baseline, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks after initiation of chemotherapy, were isolated and enumerated using immunomagnetics. Patients with ≥4 CTCs at 2‐week points and 4‐week points had a shorter median progression‐free survival (PFS) (1.4, 1.4 months, respectively) than those with the median PFS of <4 CTCs (4.9, 5.0 months, respectively) (log‐rank test; P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). Patients with ≥4 CTCs at 2‐week points and 4‐week points had shorter median overall survival (OS) (3.5, 4.0 months, respectively) than those with the median PFS of <4 CTCs (11.7, 11.4 months, respectively) (log‐rank test; P < 0.001, P = 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that CTC measurement may be useful as a surrogate marker for determining response to S‐1‐based or paclitaxel regimens in AGC.

(Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 1067–1071)
Diachronous isotopic and sedimentary responses to topographic change as indicators of mid‐Eocene hydrologic reorganization in the western United States
Authors: Kent‐Corson Malinda L. , Mulch Andreas , Graham Stephan A. , Carroll Alan R. , Ritts Bradley D. , Chamberlain C. Page
Published: January 2010

Early Cenozoic terrestrial deposits in the western United States represent well‐preserved archives of climatic and tectonic processes that together shaped the Earth's surface during the demise of a large continental plateau. This study examines a Cenozoic terrestrial sedimentary sequence in the central part of the Cordilleran orogen (Montana) using sedimentologic and geochemical techniques. At ∼49 Ma, we observe rapid major shifts in oxygen, carbon and strontium isotope records that are too large to directly reflect changes in meteoric water composition due to simple orographic rainout. The transition to low‐δ18O values in pedogenic carbonate in concert with changes in the composition of clastic material at ∼49 Ma points to the input of evolved meteoric water to the hydrological cycle due to a change in the source of waters reaching Cordilleran intermontane regions in southwestern Montana. This drainage reorganization coincides with the initiation of magmatism and extension to the west in what is now Montana and Idaho. The sedimentological record shows evidence that depositional gradients increased in the study area ∼46 Ma, ∼3 Myr after the drainage reorganization occurred. This interval is most likely the time it took for extensional deformation to propagate to the study area itself. Evidence of freshening events in Laramide Basins to the southeast suggests that this drainage reorganization diverted waters to progressively fill these basins and highlights the impact of post‐plateau extension‐related landscape reorganization on river networks and lake dynamics. This study also emphasizes the importance of using multiple tools in deciphering topographic history through the study of terrestrial basin deposits, in that interpretation based on any single method employed would have compromised our ability to successfully identify the regional evolution of topography and drainage networks.
KIT mutations confer a distinct gene expression signature in core binding factor leukaemia
Authors: Lück Sonja C. , Russ Annika C. , Du Juan , Gaidzik Verena , Schlenk Richard F. , Pollack Jonathan R. , Döhner Konstanze , Döhner Hartmut , Bullinger Lars
Published: January 2010

Core binding factor (CBF) leukaemias, characterized by either inv(16)(p13.1q22) or t(8;21)(q22;q22), constitute acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) subgroups with favourable prognosis. However, 40–50% of patients relapse, emphasizing the need for risk‐adapted treatment approaches. In this regard, studying secondary genetic aberrations, such as mutations of the KIT gene, is of great interest, particularly as they can be targeted by receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). However, so far little is known about the biology underlying KIT‐mutated CBF leukaemias. We analysed gene expression profiles of 83 CBF AML cases with known KIT mutation status in order to gain novel insights in KIT‐mutated CBF pathogenesis. KIT‐mutated cases were characterized by deregulation of genes belonging to the NFkB signalling complex suggesting impaired control of apoptosis. Notably, a subgroup of KIT wildtype cases was also characterized by the KIT mutation signature due to yet unknown aberrations. Our data suggest that this CBF leukaemia subgroup might profit from TKI therapy, however, the relevance of the KIT mutation‐associated signature remains to be validated prior to clinical implementation. Nevertheless, the existence of such a signature supports the notion of relevant biological differences in CBF leukaemia and might serve as diagnostic tool in the future.
Sustained pharmacological depletion of serum amyloid P component in patients with systemic amyloidosis
Authors: Gillmore Julian D. , Tennent Glenys A. , Hutchinson Winston L. , Gallimore Janet Ruth , Lachmann Helen J. , Goodman Hugh J.B. , Offer Mark , Millar David J. , Petrie Aviva , Hawkins Philip N. , Pepys Mark B.
Published: January 2010

Serum amyloid P component (SAP) is a universal constituent of amyloid deposits and contributes to their formation and/or persistence. We therefore developed CPHPC ((R)‐1‐[6‐[(R)‐2‐carboxy‐pyrrolidin‐1‐yl]‐6‐oxo‐hexa‐noyl]pyrrolidine‐2 carboxylic acid), a novel bis(D‐proline) drug, to specifically target SAP and report here a first, exploratory, open label proof of principle study in systemic amyloidosis. CPHPC produced sustained, >95% depletion of circulating SAP in all patients and c. 90% reduction in the SAP content of the two amyloidotic organs that became available. There were no significant adverse effects of either SAP depletion or CPHPC itself. No accumulation of amyloid was demonstrable by SAP scintigraphy in any patient on the drug. In hereditary fibrinogen amyloidosis, which is inexorably progressive, proteinuria was reduced in four of five patients receiving CPHPC and renal survival was prolonged compared to a historical control group. These promising clinical observations merit further study.
Comparisons of growth and condition of fluvial and resident brook trout within partially migratory populations
Authors: STOLARSKI J. T. , HARTMAN K. J.
Published: January 2010

Abstract  In partially migratory salmonid populations, growth and condition of migratory fish may be different than that of residents. To ascertain if a similar phenomenon exists in fluvial brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchell), populations, the growth and condition of fluvial and resident brook trout was measured in four Appalachian stream networks. Sites were sampled during summer, cohorts separated via scale analysis and differences in length and condition were investigated. Age‐1 and ‐2 fluvial fish were significantly longer (P < 0.001) than residents of the same cohort. Additionally, age‐2 fluvial fish had significantly greater condition (P < 0.005) than resident fish of the same cohort. This suggests that the use of spatially segregated resources can result in growth and condition advantages. However, potentially greater rates of mortality as suggested by low abundance in main stem sites may limit the fitness advantages of this energetically profitable, but ultimately risky, behaviour.
Night sampling improves indices used for management of yellow perch in Lake Erie
Authors: KOCOVSKY P. M. , STAPANIAN M. A. , KNIGHT C. T.
Published: January 2010

Abstract  Catch rate (catch per hour) was examined for age‐0 and age‐1 yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill), captured in bottom trawls from 1991 to 2005 in western Lake Erie: (1) to examine variation of catch rate among years, seasons, diel periods and their interactions; and (2) to determine whether sampling during particular diel periods improved the management value of CPH data used in models to project abundance of age‐2 yellow perch. Catch rate varied with year, season and the diel period during which sampling was conducted as well as by the interaction between year and season. Indices of abundance of age‐0 and age‐1 yellow perch estimated from night samples typically produced better fitting models and lower estimates of age‐2 abundance than those using morning or afternoon samples, whereas indices using afternoon samples typically produced less precise and higher estimates of abundance. The diel period during which sampling is conducted will not affect observed population trends but may affect estimates of abundance of age‐0 and age‐1 yellow perch, which in turn affect recommended allowable harvest. A field experiment throughout western Lake Erie is recommended to examine potential benefits of night sampling to management of yellow perch.
Implications of flexible foraging for interspecific interactions: lessons from simple models
Authors: Abrams Peter A.
Published: January 2010

1. Some types of flexible foraging behaviours were incorporated into ecological thought in the 1960s, but the population dynamical consequences of such behaviours are still poorly understood.

2. Flexible foraging‐related traits can be classified as shifts in general and specific foraging effort, and shifts in general and specific defense.

3. Many flexible foraging behaviours suggested by theory have received very little empirical attention, and empirical techniques used to compare the magnitudes of behavioural and non‐behavioural responses to predation are likely to have overestimated the behavioural components.

4. Adaptively flexible foraging in theory causes significant changes in the forms of consumer functional responses and generates a variety of indirect interactions. These can alter fundamental ecological processes, such as co‐existence of competitors, and top‐down or bottom‐up effects in food webs.

5. Many aspects of flexible foraging are still largely unknown, including the issues of how to represent the dynamics of such phenotypically plastic traits, how flexible traits in multiple species interact, what types of adaptive movements occur in metacommunities, and how adaptive behaviours influence evolutionary change.

6. Population dynamics in large food webs may be less dependent on behavioural flexibility than in small webs because species replacement may preempt some potential types of behavioural change within species.
Scaling from individuals to networks in food webs
Authors: Stouffer Daniel B.
Published: January 2010

1.  Food webs, the set of predator–prey interactions in an ecosystem, are a prototypical complex system. Much research to date has concentrated on the use of models to identify and explain the key structural features which characterize food webs.

2.  These models often fall into two general categories: (i) phenomenological models which are built upon a set of heuristic rules in order to explain some empirical observation and (ii) population‐level models in which interactions between individuals result in emergent properties for the food web. Both types of models have helped to uncover how food‐web structure is a product of factors such as foraging behaviour, prey selection and species’ body sizes.

3.  Historically, the two types of models have followed rather different approaches to the problem. Despite the apparent differences, the overlap between the two styles of models is substantial. Examples are highlighted here.

4.  By paying greater attention to both the similarities and differences between the two, we will be better able to demonstrate the ecological insights offered by phenomenological models. This will help us, for example, design experiments which could validate or refute underlying assumptions of the models. By linking models to data, scaling from individuals to networks, we will be closer to understanding the true origins of food‐web structure.
Coastal and ancient harbour geoarchaeology
Authors: Marriner N. , Morhange C. , Goiran J.P.
Published: January 2010

What roles have human impacts and natural processes had in shaping the evolution of Mediterranean coastlines during the Holocene? Where, when and how did societies transform the coastal zone? At what scales and rhythms did these changes take place? What can ancient harbour sediments tell us about human‐environment interactions? During the past 20 years, geoarchaeological research in the Mediterranean has attempted to understand the interplay between culture and nature, and more particularly how environments and processes have played a role in Holocene human occupation of the coastal zone. This approach has drawn on the multidisciplinary study of sediments, as archives of information, to attempt to differentiate between anthropogenic and natural factors, the latter, we argue, having played an increasingly secondary role with time. Three important spatial scales of analysis have emerged, local, regional and Mediterranean, all of which are outlined here.
Pyrite—‘fool's gold’ or misunderstood mineral?
Authors: Barrie Craig D.
Published: January 2010

Pyrite (FeS2) is the most abundant sulphide mineral in the Earth's crust, and with its characteristic shape and appearance, is easily one of the most recognizable. Yet, pyrite has a somewhat tarnished reputation with many considering it to be waste material and of little economic importance, never‐mind interest. This assessment however, is misleading and a considerable volume of current research focuses upon the unique characteristics and formation of pyrite. Indeed, with its potential for revealing the very foundations of life, as well as maximizing the discovery and exploitation of society's future metallic resources, pyrite may be of much greater interest and benefit than many geologists realize.
Laboratory identification of factor VIII inhibitors in the real world: the experience from Australasia
Authors: FAVALORO E. J. , BONAR R. , KERSHAW G. , MOHAMMED S. , DUNCAN E. , MARSDEN K. ,   ON BEHALF OF RCPA HAEMATOLOGY QAP HAEMOSTASIS COMMITTEE
Published: January 2010

Summary.  The laboratory has a key role in the initial detection of factor inhibitors and an ongoing role in the measurement of inhibitor titres during the course of inhibitor eradication therapy. The most commonly seen factor inhibitors are those directed against factor VIII (FVIII), usually detected either using the original or Nijmegen‐modified Bethesda assay. In view of previously demonstrated high variability in laboratory results for inhibitor assays, we have more extensively examined laboratory performance in the identification of FVIII inhibitors. Over the past 3 years, we conducted two questionnaire‐based surveys and two wet‐challenge surveys utilizing eight samples comprising no FVIII inhibitor (n = 1), or low‐titre (n = 2), medium‐titre (n = 3) or high‐titre (n = 2) FVIII inhibitor. Four samples were tested by 42 laboratories in 2007, and four by 52 laboratories in 2009. High inter‐laboratory variation was evident, with CVs around 50% not uncommon, and some 10% of all laboratories (or around 15% of laboratories using Bethesda method) failed to detect low‐level inhibitors of around 1 BU mL−1. Laboratories using the Nijmegen method appeared to perform better than those using a standard Bethesda assay, with lower evident assay variation and no false negatives. There was a wide variety of laboratory practice, with no two laboratories using exactly the same process for testing and interpretation of factor inhibitor findings. In conclusion, our study indicates that there is still much need for standardization and improvement in factor inhibitor detection, and we hope that our findings provide a basis for future improvements in this area.
A metallurgical characterization of ten endodontic Ni‐Ti instruments: assessing the clinical relevance of shape memory and superelastic properties of Ni‐Ti endodontic instruments
Authors: Zinelis S. , Eliades T. , Eliades G.
Published: January 2010

Zinelis S, Eliades T, Eliades G. A metallurgical characterization of ten endodontic Ni‐Ti instruments: assessing the clinical relevance of shape memory and superelastic properties of Ni‐Ti endodontic instruments. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 125–134, 2010.

Aim  To evaluate the elemental composition, microstructure and hardness of Ni‐Ti endodontic instruments and to assess the relevance of shape memory and superelastic properties.

Methodology  Ten brands of Ni‐Ti endodontic instrument were evaluated (EndoSequence, Ergoflex K, FlexMaster, Hero 642, Hyflex X‐File, K3 Endo, Liberator, NRT, Profile and ProTaper). After embedding in resin and metallographic preparation the elemental composition, structure and hardness were evaluated employing SEM/energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometer (EDX), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and microhardness measurements. The results of elemental composition and hardness were analysed statistically by one‐way anova followed by SNK test (α : 0.05). The correlation between Ni content and microhardness was examined by the Pearson test.

Results  The instruments comprised of Ni (52.1–56.2%wt) and Ti (43.8 to 47.9%wt) and were classified in four different Ni content groups: ProTaper, Liberator, ProFile and K3 demonstrated higher Ni content than Hylfex X‐File but lower than Hero 642, NRT and Ergoflex. EndoSequence and FlexMaster had the highest Ni content. XRD analysis revealed the presence of the austenitic structure in all instruments. Vickers hardness values ranged from 312 (K3) to 376 VHN (Endosequence). No correlation (r2 = 0.026) was found between Ni content and hardness among the instruments tested. Microstructural and hardness data confirm that the Ni‐Ti instruments were manufactured by cold worked Ni‐Ti and do not posses shape memory or superelastic properties.

Conclusions  The endodontic instruments tested were manufactured from cold worked Ni‐Ti wires and thus have neither shape memory nor superelastic properties.
Cytotoxicity evaluation of various resin based root canal sealers
Authors: Al‐Hiyasat A. S. , Tayyar M. , Darmani H.
Published: January 2010

Al‐Hiyasat AS, Tayyar M, Darmani H. Cytotoxicity evaluation of various resin based root canal sealers. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 148–153, 2010.

Aim  To investigate the cytotoxic effects of four resin‐based root canal sealers, namely, AHPlus, an epoxy resin; EndoREZ, a single‐methacrylate‐based sealer; Epiphany, a multi‐methacrylate resin‐based sealer; and Metaseal, one of the latest generation methacrylate 4‐META–containing resin‐based sealers.

Methodology  The materials were mixed according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and elutes of the materials were prepared by incubating 1 g of the endodontic sealers in sterile phosphate‐buffered saline for 1 week at 37 °C. The elutes were incubated with Balb C 3T3 fibroblasts for 48 h, and cytotoxic activity was measured using the MTT assay ([3‐4,5‐dimethyl thiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide succinate), which tests for mitochondrial enzyme activity.

Results  All materials were cytotoxic to different degrees. AHPlus was the least cytotoxic followed by EndoRez, Epiphany and Metaseal, which was the most cytotoxic. Statistical analysis of variance (anova) showed highly significant differences between the effects of the elutes of different materials on cell viability (P < 0.001). Follow‐up comparison by Tukey test showed that all the materials were significantly different from each other (P < 0.05).

Conclusion  AHPlus was the most biocompatible material tested because it showed low cytotoxicity, followed by EndoRez, which was moderately cytotoxic; Epiphany, which was highly cytotoxic; and Metaseal, which was severely cytotoxic. Dilution of the elutes of the materials by tenfold markedly reduced the cytotoxic effect of AHPlus, EndoRez and Epiphany but did not affect that of the elute of Metaseal, which remained severly cytotoxic even after dilution.
A systematic literature review of incontinence care for persons with dementia: the research evidence
Authors: Hägglund Doris
Published: January 2010

Background.  Urinary/faecal incontinence in persons with dementia is a potentially treatable condition. However, which type of incontinence care is most appropriate for persons with dementia remains undecided.

Aim.  The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of literature on incontinence care in persons with dementia focusing on assessment/management and prevention.

Design.  A systematic search of the literature.

Method.  The search was performed in the CINAHL, PubMed and Cochrane Library databases.

Results.  Of the 48 papers analysed, two were systematic literature reviews of management of urinary incontinence including persons with dementia. These reviews showed that the best‐documented effect of toilet assistance for urinary incontinence in elderly persons with/without dementia had prompted voiding. However, prompted voiding in persons with dementia raises ethical concerns related to the person’s integrity and autonomy. Timed voiding in combination with additional interventions like incontinence aids, staff training on the technique of transferring participants from bed to commode and pharmacological treatment decreased the number of urinary incontinence episodes in older persons with/without dementia. There is good scientific evidence that prevention of urinary incontinence in elders with/without dementia decreases incontinence or maintains continence. However, the evidence is insufficient to describe the state of knowledge of faecal incontinence.

Conclusions.  Toilet assistance, including timed voiding in combination with additional interventions and prompted voiding, are the available evidence‐based interventions; however, nursing incontinence care is an experience‐based endeavour for persons with dementia.

Relevance to clinical practice.  There is a lack of evidence‐based nursing interventions related to incontinence care for persons with dementia. More research is needed to show whether experience‐based incontinence care is effective and which activities are most appropriate for persons with dementia. However, the practice of effective nursing will only be realised by using several sources of evidence, namely research, clinical experience and patient experience.
The focus of family members’ functioning in the acute phase of traumatic coma
Authors: Verhaeghe Sofie TL , Van Zuuren Florence J , Grypdonck Mieke HF , Duijnstee Mia SH , Defloor Tom
Published: January 2010

Aims.  The identification and description of the basic psychological process linked with the focus of family members’ functioning during the acute phase of traumatic coma.

Background.  Earlier research learned that hope is a core category in coping with traumatic coma. Hope seems to be the drive to keep family members going and to enable them to fulfil their main task, namely protecting. In the two articles on the focus of family members functioning, this task is defined and the process linked with it is described.

Design.  A qualitative approach according to the ‘grounded theory’ method.

Method.  Twenty‐four in‐depth interviews with 22 family members of 16 patients with traumatic coma.

Results.  Family members describe the period after the confrontation with traumatic coma as a battle. During this battle, they feel the urge to protect their relative in coma, other family members and themselves. They go through three phases: protecting life, protecting from suffering, protecting what remains to rebuild life. In this article (Part Two) we describe the phase of protecting from suffering and protecting what remains to rebuild life.

Conclusions.  All relatives go through the three phases. Family members who have already overcome previous set‐backs get through the process slightly more quickly and experience less extreme emotions.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Understanding the process of protecting in different phases may help health care professionals to do anything in their power to avoid unnecessary suffering, to ease the pain and to support family members in their task of protecting.
Patient‐focused nursing documentation expressed by nurses
Authors: Laitinen Heleena , Kaunonen Marja , Åstedt‐Kurki Päivi
Published: January 2010

Aim.  The aim of the study was to investigate what expressions nurses use when documenting patient‐focused nursing care in electronic patient records.

Background.  Much effort has been made in the development of nursing documentation. Many studies have found inadequate reporting, focused more on tasks and treatment than on the patient’s voice. Electronic patient record‐systems have been introduced, bringing new challenges because of unfamiliarity with computers. Electronic patient records have caused dissatisfaction and frustration, however, some studies show improvement in documentation given enough time and effort. Electronic patient record documentation is an integral part of patient‐focused care and thus needs to be investigated.

Design.  The study is based on the grounded theory approach, as developed by Strauss and Corbin.

Methods.  Forty electronic patient records were analysed, considering whether nurses’ written expressions reflected a patient‐focused approach. An inductive qualitative method was used, involving constant comparative analysis, up to axial coding.

Results.  Three categories emerged from the data: Patient’s voice: the patient has expressed his/her thoughts, which are written by the nurse, Nurse’s view: the nurse recounts the patient’s own thoughts, state or situation and mutual view in patient–nurse relationship: the documentation describes the patient–nurse relationship.

Conclusions.  This study found that the nursing documentation was patient‐focused, to some extent. This is significant because nursing documentation represents much more than simply a record of the continuity of care. Many topics for further studies were presented, e.g., the timing of documentation and the differences between the mode of nursing and the documentation.

Relevance to clinical practice.  The presented findings may be helpful in the development of nursing documentation in electronic patient records and in nursing practice generally. Highlighting the patient’s voice could become an effective tool in nursing and its documentation, saving time and getting clear information for improving the patient’s care.
The next 25 years?: future scenarios and future directions for education and technology
Authors: Facer K. , Sandford R.
Published: January 2010

The educational technology research field has been at the heart of debates about the future of education for the last quarter century. This paper explores the socio‐technical developments that the next 25 years might bring and the implications of such developments for educators and for educational technology research. The paper begins by outlining the diverse approaches to educational futures that are currently visible in the field, and suggests four principles to underpin future thinking in educational technology. It then describes the methods used to inquire into long‐term socio‐technical futures in the 2‐year Beyond Current Horizons Programme. These included a foresight and scenario development process bringing together evidence reviews and insights from over 100 researchers from disciplines as diverse as computer science, demography and sociology of childhood, as well as consultation with over 130 organizations and individuals from industry, practice and educational beneficiary groups. The outcomes of this programme are then presented, including a set of future scenarios for education and a set of socio‐technical developments that might underpin such scenarios. The scenarios emerge from three future worlds (‘Trust Yourself’, ‘Loyalty Points’ and ‘Only Connect’), and from projections including: changing demography, new human–machine relations and a weakening of institutional boundaries. The paper then argues that the next 25 years will challenge our current organization of education around the unit of the individual child, the school and the discourses of the knowledge economy; and will require the development of new approaches to curriculum, cross‐institutional relationships, workforce development and decision‐making in education. Finally, the paper argues that these developments challenge educational technology research to move beyond pedagogy to curriculum; beyond the school to the community, home and workplace; and beyond social sciences to collaborations with medical and bio‐ethics fields.
Use of electronic sales data to tailor nutrition education resources for an ethnically diverse population
Authors: Eyles H. , Rodgers A. , Ni Mhurchu C.
Published: January 2010

Background:  Nutrition education may be most effective when personally tailored. Individualised electronic supermarket sales data offer opportunities to tailor nutrition education using shopper’s usual food purchases. The present study aimed to use individualised electronic supermarket sales data to tailor nutrition resources for an ethnically diverse population in a large supermarket intervention trial in New Zealand.

Methods:  Culturally appropriate nutrition education resources (i.e. messages and shopping lists) were developed with the target population (through two sets of focus groups) and ethnic researchers. A nutrient database of supermarket products was developed using retrospective sales data and linked to participant sales to allow tailoring by usual food purchases. Modified Heart Foundation Tick criteria were used to identify ‘healthier’ products in the database suitable for promotion in the resources. Rules were developed to create a monthly report listing the tailored and culturally targeted messages to be sent to each participant, and to produce automated, tailored shopping lists.

Results:  Culturally targeted nutrition messages (n = 864) and shopping lists (n = 3 formats) were developed. The food and nutrient database (n = 3000 top‐selling products) was created using 12 months of retrospective sales data, and comprised 60%‘healthier’ products. Three months of baseline sales data were used to determine usual food purchases. Tailored resources were successfully mailed to 123 Māori, 52 Pacific and 346 non‐Māori non‐Pacific participants over the 6‐month trial intervention period.

Conclusions:  Electronic supermarket sales data can be used to tailor nutrition education resources for a large number of ethnically diverse supermarket shoppers.
Inhibitory effects of furanone metabolites of a rhizobacterium, Pseudomonas jessenii, on phytopathogenic Aphanomyces cochlioides and Pythium aphanidermatum
Authors: Deora A. , Hatano E. , Tahara S. , Hashidoko Y.
Published: January 2010

An antagonistic rhizobacterium, Pseudomonas jessenii EC‐S101, isolated from the rhizosphere of spinach, produces two related secondary metabolites, 3‐[(1R)‐hydroxyoctyl]‐5‐methylene‐2(5H)‐furanone (4,5‐didehydroacaterin) (1) and 3‐[(1R)‐hydroxyhexyl]‐5‐methylene‐2(5H)‐furanone (2). This study demonstrated their in vitro inhibitory effects, in particular those of (1), against Aphanomyces cochlioides AC‐5 and Pythium aphanidermatum PA‐5. The compounds inhibited radial growth and induced morphological abnormalities characterized by hyperbranching and periodic swelling in AC‐5 and PA‐5 hyphae, respectively. Staining with rhodamine‐phalloidin, which binds to plasma‐membrane‐associated filamentous‐actin (F‐actin), revealed that tip‐specific actin filaments were remodelled into a plaque‐like form at an early stage of encounter (up to 24 h) with (1) or (2), whereas at later stages of encounter (48 h), the plaques were eliminated, reflecting the disorganization of actin arrays in the morphologically abnormal AC‐5 and PA‐5 hyphae. A similar response of actin disorganization was observed in AC‐5 and PA‐5 hyphae upon treatment with latrunculin B (3), an actin‐assembly inhibitor produced by a sea sponge. It is suggested that (1) and (2) caused actin disorganization and their inhibitory activities were comparable to that of (3). Further ultrastructural observations substantiated abnormal functioning and delocalization of F‐actin‐linked cell organelles.
Biochemical responses of coffee resistance against Meloidogyne exigua mediated by silicon
Authors: Silva R. V. , Oliveira R. D. L. , Nascimento K. J. T. , Rodrigues F. A.
Published: January 2010

Coffea arabica cultivars Catuaí 44 and IAPAR 59, susceptible and resistant, respectively, to the root knot nematode Meloidogyne exigua, were grown in pots containing Si‐deficient soil amended with either calcium silicate (+Si) or calcium carbonate (−Si). There was an increase of 152 and 100%, respectively, in Si content of root tissue of cvs Catuaí 44 and IAPAR 59 in the +Si compared to the −Si treatment, but no significant difference between Si treatments for calcium content. Plants, assessed 150 days after inoculation (d.a.i.) showed that the number of galls (NG) and number of eggs (NE) significantly decreased by 16·8 and 28·1% respectively, for susceptible cv. Catuaí 44 in the presence of Si, whilst both NG and NE were significantly lower for cv. IAPAR 59 compared to the susceptible cultivar regardless of Si treatments. In a separate experiment, biochemical assays were carried out 5 and 10 d.a.i. There was no significant difference between Si treatments and cultivars for concentration of total soluble phenolics. The concentration of lignin‐thioglycolic acid (LTGA) derivatives significantly increased by 11·5% in roots of nematode‐inoculated plants of susceptible cv. Catuaí supplied with Si. In roots of inoculated plants of resistant cv. IAPAR 59, the increase was 23 and 10%, respectively, for treatments with and without silicon. Peroxidase (POX), polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activities significantly increased in roots of inoculated plants compared with roots of non‐inoculated plants, regardless of cultivar or Si treatment. In +Si treatments at 10 d.a.i., POX activity in roots of nematode‐inoculated plants of cvs Catuaí 44 and IAPAR 59 increased by 39·9 and 31·3%, respectively; PPO increased by 54·9 and 56·1%; and PAL activity was also higher at 26·6 and 62·9%. It was concluded that supplying Si to coffee plants increases root resistance against M. exigua by decreasing its reproductive capacity.
Development and evaluation of a one‐hour DNA extraction and loop‐mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of phytoplasmas
Authors: Tomlinson J. A. , Boonham N. , Dickinson M.
Published: January 2010

A rapid DNA extraction and loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) procedure was developed and evaluated for the detection of two specific groups of phytoplasmas from infected plant material. Primers based upon the 16–23S intergenic spacer (IGS) region were evaluated in LAMP assays for amplification of group 16SrI (aster yellows group) and group 16SrXXII (Cape St Paul wilt group) phytoplasma strains. DNA could be extracted from leaf material (16SrI phytoplasmas) or coconut trunk borings (16SrXXII phytoplasmas) onto the membranes of lateral flow devices, and small sections of these membranes were then added directly into the LAMP reaction mixture and incubated for 45 min at 65°C. Positive reactions were detected through the hydroxyl napthol blue colorimetric assay within 1 h of the start of DNA extraction, and were confirmed by subsequent agarose gel electrophoresis of the LAMP products. The level of detection was comparable to that obtained by nested PCR using conventional 16S rDNA phytoplasma‐specific primers. Furthermore, the assays were specific for the phytoplasmas they were designed to detect – the 16SrI assay only detected 16SrI phytoplasmas and not those from any other phylogenetic groups, whilst the 16SrXXII assay only detected 16SrXXII phytoplasmas. The DNA extractions and LAMP assay are easy to perform, requiring minimal equipment, and may therefore form the basis of a rapid and reliable field‐detection system for phytoplasmas.
Patient satisfaction with nursing care and its relationship with patient characteristics
Authors: Findik Ummu Yildiz , Unsar Serap , Sut Necdet
Published: January 2010

The aim of this study was to assess patient satisfaction with nursing care and the relationship between patient satisfaction and patient characteristics. This cross‐sectional study was conducted at a 1100‐bed tertiary care teaching hospital in Turkey. Data were collected using the Newcastle Satisfaction with Nursing Care Scales and a patient information form. Overall, data indicated a high level of patient satisfaction. Hospitalization affected the Experience of Nursing Care Scale independently, while the type of ward, sex, income, and education independently affected the Satisfaction with Nursing Care Scale. Patients who underwent surgical procedures, male patients, the 40–59‐year‐old age group, those who had low levels of education or income, and patients who were hospitalized for long periods were most satisfied. Patients' sex, age, income, duration of hospitalization, and ward type were important factors that affected their satisfaction with nursing care. The characteristics of patients who have a low level of satisfaction with nursing care should be assessed and taken into consideration by nurses.
Influence of bulk damage on crack initiation in low‐cycle fatigue of 316 stainless steel
Authors: KAMAYA M.
Published: January 2010

To investigate the effect of bulk damage on fatigue crack initiation, crack initiations due to low‐cycle fatigue of Type 316 stainless steel were observed by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and scanning electron microscopy. The EBSD observations showed that local misorientation developed inhomogeneously due to the cyclic strain, and many cracks were initiated from the slip steps and grain boundaries where the local misorientation was relatively large. The crack initiations could be categorized into two types: enhancement of the driving force by geometrical discontinuity (slip steps and notches), and reduction of material resistance against crack initiation caused by accumulated bulk damage at grain boundaries. In particular, more than half of the cracks were initiated from grain boundaries. However, in spite of the significant bulk damage, the fatigue life was extended by removing the surface cracks under strain of 1 and 2% amplitude. The stress state at the microstructural level was changed by the surface removal, and the damaged portion did not suffer further damage. It was concluded that although bulk damage surely exists, the fatigue life can be restored to that of the untested specimen by removing the surface cracks.
Sensitivity of different taxonomic levels of soil Gamasina to land use and anthropogenic disturbances
Authors: Bedano José Camilo , Ruf Andrea
Published: January 2010

The effect of taxonomic level on the sensitivity of bioindicators has been widely investigated in aquatic ecosystems and, to a lesser extent, in terrestrial ecosystems. However, no studies have been conducted on the sensitivity of the different taxonomic levels of soil mites, especially Gamasina, to human activities.

The present study aimed to assess the sensitivity of different taxonomic levels of soil Gamasina mites to anthropogenic disturbances in Europe and Argentina. We arranged the data from previous projects in a hierarchical system and conducted a study to identify the critical taxonomical levels that had the highest discriminative potential between sites (Europe and Argentina) or management types (forests, grasslands, fallows, succession, recultivation and agricultural sites).

For the Gamasina community, geographical location was by far more important than the influence of any land use type. The analysis including only the European sites demonstrated that communities belonging to sites subjected to different land uses were also significantly different.

The species data set provided a clearer separation of sites according to both the geographical and the land‐use gradients than the genus and family data sets. The genus and, to a lesser extent, the family approach may be sufficient to elucidate the influence of great geographical differences and also of certain land uses (e.g. grasslands from the forests and arable sites).

Species presence/absence data provided valuable information in our analyses, although the use of quantitative data yielded a clearer separation of sites.
Hand‐assisted laparoscopic colectomy: the learning curve is for operative speed, not for quality
Authors: Ozturk E. , da Luz Moreira A. , Vogel J. D.
Published: January 2010

Aim  We aimed to define the learning curve for hand‐assisted laparoscopic colectomy (HALC).

Method  A retrospective analysis of prospectively recorded data was performed. Consecutive segmental and total HALC performed by a single surgeon with no prior HALC experience was included. Operative time and quality‐related outcomes, including conversions, operative and postoperative complications, length of stay, reoperations and readmissions were compared for consecutive cohorts of 25 HALC. A subgroup analysis of right, left, total and proctocolectomy performed in each cohort of 25 HALC was also performed.

Results  From December 2005 to February 2009, 200 HALC were performed. When evaluated in cohorts of 25 consecutive cases, operative times (155–206 min), operative complications (4–12%), postoperative complications (8–36%), length of stay (4–5 days), reoperations (0–8%) and readmissions (0–16%) were similar. In the subgroup analysis, there were no changes in the quality‐related measures for any colectomy type or the operative time for right and proctocolectomy as experience was gained. Operative time decreased for left (183–127 min) and total HALC (259–218 min) after experience with 50 cases (P < 0.05).

Conclusion  HALC operative times decreased with surgeon experience. For quality‐related outcomes, there was no learning curve for HALC.
Prostate‐specific antigen relapse‐free survival and side‐effects in 734 patients with up to 10 years of follow‐up with localized prostate cancer treated by permanent125iodine implants
Authors: Prada Pedro J. , Juan Germán , González‐Suárez Herminio , Fernández José , Jimenez Isabel , Amón José , Cepeda Marcos
Published: January 2010

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4

OBJECTIVE

To report our analysis of the oncological outcome, side‐effects and complications after125I‐brachytherapy, based on 10 years of experience, as low dose‐rate (LDR) prostate brachytherapy is an accepted, effective and safe therapy for localized prostate cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Between April 1999 and December 2006, 734 consecutive patients were treated with clinically localized prostate cancer with a follow‐up of ≥30 months. No patients received external beam radiotherapy and 43% received hormonal therapy before brachytherapy; this therapy was given for 3–4 months. All patients had LDR prostate brachytherapy administered by one radiation oncologist. Biochemical failure was defined according to the ‘Phoenix consensus’.

RESULTS

The median follow‐up for the 734 patients was 55 months; 26 had a clinical relapse and 11 died from prostate cancer; 20 patients died from other illnesses. The 10‐year actuarial biochemical control was 92%, 84% and 65%, respectively (P < 0.001) for the low‐, intermediate‐ and high‐risk groups. Multivariate Cox regression analyses identified Gleason score and prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level as independent prognostic factors for biochemical failure. The actuarial biochemical control with Gleason score was 88%, 76% and 67% for patients with a Gleason score of ≤6, 7 and >7, respectively (P < 0.001). The biochemical control was 90%, 80% and 42% for patients with a PSA level of ≤10, 10.1–20 and >20 ng/mL, respectively (P < 0.001). No patients reported incontinence after treatment. There was acute urinary retention in 22 (2.9%) patients. Logistic regression showed that the most significant factors correlating with the probability of catheterization were the pretreatment prostate volume and hormonal therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

The excellent long‐term results and low morbidity, and the many advantages of prostate brachytherapy over other treatments, show that brachytherapy is an effective treatment for clinically organ‐confined prostate cancer.