bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth of Highly Conformal TiCx Films Using Atomic Layer Deposition Technique
Authors: Hong Tae Eun , Choi Sang‐Kyung , Kim Soo‐Hyun , Cheon Taehoon
Published: March 2013

TiCx films were deposited by atomic layer deposition using tetrakis–neopentyl–titanium [Ti(CH2C(CH3)3)4] and H2 plasma as the precursor and reactant, respectively. The growth of the rock‐salt–structured TiCx films was confirmed by X‐ray and electron diffraction. The C‐to‐Ti ratio determined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry was ~0.52 and the film resistivity was as low as ~600 μΩ cm with a high density of 4.41 g/cm3. The step coverage was approximately 90% over the trench structure (top opening diameter of 25 nm) with an aspect ratio of ~4.5.
Caveolin‐1 as a promoter of tumour spreading: when, how, where and why
Authors: Senetta Rebecca , Stella Giulia , Pozzi Ernesto , Sturli Niccolo , Massi Daniela , Cassoni Paola
Published: March 2013

Caveolae are non‐clathrin invaginations of the plasma membrane in most cell types; they are involved in signalling functions and molecule trafficking, thus modulating several biological functions, including cell growth, apoptosis and angiogenesis. The major structural protein in caveolae is caveolin‐1, which is known to act as a key regulator in cancer onset and progression through its role as a tumour suppressor. Caveolin‐1 can also promote cell proliferation, survival and metastasis as well as chemo‐ and radioresistance. Here, we discuss recent findings and novel concepts that support a role for caveolin‐1 in cancer development and its distant spreading. We also address the potential application of caveolin‐1 in tumour therapy and diagnosis.
Corn pith weevil, Geraeus penicillus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in transgenic, insect‐resistant and conventional field corn hybrids
Authors: Bohnenblust E. , Breining J. , Roth G. , Tooker J.
Published: March 2013

The corn pith weevil Geraeus penicillus (Herbst) is occasionally found boring in corn stalks throughout the eastern and Midwestern United States. Injury caused by G. penicillus is not typically economical, but may be confused with that of the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), an important economic pest throughout the United States. During efforts to assess European corn borer infestations, we discovered G. penicillus in field corn in south‐eastern Pennsylvania, including hybrids genetically modified (i.e. Bt hybrids) to control European corn borer among other herbivore species. Our analysis across sites indicated that tunnels of G. penicillus were significantly more abundant in transgenic Bt hybrids than non‐Bt hybrids, but comparisons of Bt hybrids and their near isolines revealed mostly similar numbers of G. penicillus tunnels, suggesting other hybrid features might be affecting the distribution of G. penicillus. Tunnels of G. penicillus were equally distributed among the three transgenic trait packages represented in our study. In plants where we found G. penicillus, tunnels were more abundant in stalks free of European corn borer damage. Our report appears to be the first to note G. penicillus feeding in Bt corn hybrids. These findings are notable because they document insect damage in Bt hybrids that may be mistaken for European corn borer damage and may provide evidence of an insect herbivore proliferating following a mild winter or possibly even moving into competitor‐free space.
Short‐term dynamics of nest occupancy in an allopaternal species, the tessellated darter Etheostoma olmstedi
Authors: Kindsvater H. K. , Alonzo S. H.
Published: March 2013

To inquire how male size interacts with alloparental behaviour and mating success in the tessellated darter Etheostoma olmstedi, males were given a choice of nests with or without eggs; subsequent nest occupancy, takeovers and egg deposits were monitored. Subordinate males readily occupied available nests with eggs but were often evicted by dominant males, suggesting that males of all sizes compete for the opportunity to provide allopaternal care in this species.
Age and growth of two newly established invasive populations of Tilapiamariae in northern Australia
Authors: Russell D. J. , Thomson F. E. , Thuesen P. A.
Published: March 2013

Sagittal otoliths were used to age the samples of Tilapia mariae collected from a coastal river and an impoundment. Validation of sagittae checks was achieved using both quantitative marginal increment analysis and by tetracycline marking of the otoliths of fish kept in tanks and in a farm dam. The annulus pattern on the otoliths was generally clear and their formation appeared to be temperature related and largely completed in the Austral spring around September and October. Male T. mariae grow faster and larger than females and the maximum ages of fish from the coastal river and impoundment was 9+ and 4+ years, respectively. Past fish surveys and the absence of older age classes in the impoundment population would suggest that this population was only very recently established.
Association Between Northern Manhattan Study Global Vascular Risk Score and Successful Aging
Authors: Warsch Jessica R. L. , Rundek Tatjana , Paik Myunghee C. , Elkind Mitchell S. V. , Sacco Ralph L. , Wright Clinton B.
Published: March 2013

Objectives

To examine the association between successful aging without subsequent cognitive decline (SA‐ND) and the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS) global vascular risk score (GVRS), which is predictive of stroke, myocardial infarction, and vascular death.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

A stroke‐free sample of Hispanic, black, and white participants living in the same community enrolled in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) substudy of NOMAS, a population‐based prospective cohort study.

Participants

One thousand two hundred ninety individuals in whom a cognitive screen was administered at baseline and at enrollment in the MRI substudy.

Measurements

SA‐ND was based on disease, disability, and cognitive function. The GVRS includes age, sex, race and ethnicity, waist circumference, alcohol intake, smoking, physical activity, blood pressure, antihypertensive medication use, fasting blood sugar, lipid levels, and peripheral vascular disease.

Results

Data at baseline and follow‐up were available for 1,162 participants (mean age 70 ± 9; 61% women; 13% white, 16% black, 69% Hispanic; mean GVRS 8.6 ± 0.9). Logistic regression, adjusted for education, socioeconomic status, and follow‐up time, showed that the odds of SA‐ND were 38% greater for each additional 1‐point decrease on the GVRS (odds ratio = 1.38, 95% confidence interval = 1.17–1.61; P < .001). An inverse dose‐response was observed between quartiles of GVRS and SA‐ND. Greater diastolic blood pressure in participants taking antihypertensive medication and a history of claudication (P = .003) or peripheral arterial disease (P < .001) were inversely associated with SA‐ND in the fully adjusted model.

Conclusion

Potentially modifiable vascular risk factors were independently associated with SA‐ND in a multiethnic community‐based sample. Improvements in GVRSs could help promote healthy longevity in the aging population.
Dermal innervation in healthy subjects and small fiber neuropathy patients: a stereological reappraisal
Authors: Karlsson Páll , Porretta‐Serapiglia Carla , Lombardi Raffaella , Jensen Troels S. , Lauria Giuseppe
Published: March 2013

The aim of this study was to estimate dermal nerve fiber length (DNFL) using a stereological sampling technique in comparison with a previously reported manual estimation. DNFL was analyzed in skin punch biopsy specimens from 24 healthy volunteers and 18 patients with small fiber neuropathy (SFN) using global spatial sampling that yields unbiased and reliable length estimation. The estimation was carried out in 50‐µm biopsy sections after immunostaining with anti‐protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 antibodies. The length of the PGP9.5‐positive dermal nerves from the dermal–epidermal junction and 200 µm down was measured (DNFL mm−2). Results were compared with our previously reported manual method. Patients showed a significantly (p < 0.0001) lower DNFL (105 mm−2 ± 6.4 SD) than healthy subjects (246 mm−2 ± 8.39 SD). Moderate correlation with age was observed for both healthy subjects (Pearson's r = −0.33) and patients (Pearson's r = −0.59). A significant (p < 0.001) correlation between global spatial sampling and manual estimation was observed in both patients and healthy subjects (Pearson's r = 0.62 and 0.61, respectively). These findings provide further evidence on the reliability of dermal nerve morphometry in human skin and strengthen the hypothesis that dermal nerve fibers undergo significant degeneration in SFN.
Novel mutation in the replication focus targeting sequence domain of DNMT1 causes hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy IE
Authors: Yuan Junhui , Higuchi Yujiro , Nagado Tatsui , Nozuma Satoshi , Nakamura Tomonori , Matsuura Eiji , Hashiguchi Akihiro , Sakiyama Yusuke , Yoshimura Akiko , Takashima Hiroshi
Published: March 2013

DNMT1, encoding DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1), is a critical enzyme which is mainly responsible for conversion of unmethylated DNA into hemimethylated DNA. To date, two phenotypes produced by DNMT1 mutations have been reported, including hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN) type IE with mutations in exon 20, and autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia, deafness, and narcolepsy caused by mutations in exon 21. We report a sporadic case in a Japanese patient with loss of pain and vibration sense, chronic osteomyelitis, autonomic system dysfunctions, hearing loss, and mild dementia, but without definite cerebellar ataxia. Electrophysiological studies revealed absent sensory nerve action potential with nearly normal motor nerve conduction studies. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed mild diffuse cerebral and cerebellar atrophy. Using a next‐generation sequencing system, 16 candidate genes were analyzed and a novel missense mutation, c.1706A>G (p.His569Arg), was identified in exon 21 of DNMT1. Our findings suggest that mutation in exon 21 of DNMT1 may also produce a HSAN phenotype. Because all reported mutations of DNMT1 are concentrated in exons 20 and 21, which encode the replication focus targeting sequence (RFTS) domain of Dnmt1, the RFTS domain could be a mutation hot spot.
The human lung during the embryonic period: vasculogenesis and primitive erythroblasts circulation
Authors: Pereda J. , Sulz L. , San Martin S. , Godoy‐Guzmán C.
Published: March 2013

Vascularization and blood cell circulation are crucial steps during lung development. However, how blood vessels are generated and when lung circulation is initiated is still a matter of debate. A morpho‐functional analysis of pulmonary vasculature was done using human lung samples between 31 and 56 days post‐fertilization (pf). The immunolocalization and expression of CD31, CD34, FLT‐1, KDR and the vascular growth factor (VEGF) were investigated. The results showed that at day 31 pf, a capillary plexus is already installed, and a few primitive erythroblasts were seen for the first time within the lumen of some blood vessels. Around day 45 pf, an increase in the amount of primitive erythroblasts was detected in the parenchyma surrounding the distal segment of the bronchial tree. The expression of FLT‐1, KDR, CD31 and CD34 was observed in endothelial cells of the capillary plexus and the VEGF was detected in the endodermal epithelium. Our results support the hypothesis that the initial formation of the capillary plexus around the tip of the growing airway bud occurs by vasculogenesis, probably regulated by VEGF and KDR. We also showed a very early onset of blood circulation, starting from day 34 pf, concomitant with the generation of new lung buds. In addition, the increasing number of primitive erythroblasts from week 6 onward, associated with a change in the shape of the blood vessels, suggests a remodeling process and that the generation of new distal vessels at the tip of the lung bud occurs mainly by a process of angiogenesis.
Reconstructing the Maize Market in Rural Mexico
Authors: Appendini Kirsten
Published: March 2013

The transition in Mexico from a maize market once characterized by heavy state intervention along the entire maize–tortilla chain to the ‘free market’ of today has been a long and complex process. Over two decades, the production of maize has seen a radical transition both in the geographical location of maize agriculture and the type of farmers growing maize. In this paper, I argue that the restructuring of the domestic maize supply is due to policy decisions to support private agents in the maize market; hence the state did not withdraw its involvement but, rather, has had a key role in the construction of the ‘free’ maize market, with the result that domestic supply for the market is concentrated in the hands of relatively few agents and in relatively few regions. I discuss the background to these policies and analyse the programmes implemented by the state agency ASERCA (Apoyos y Servicios a la Comercialización Agropecuaria) that support the commercialization of maize.
Melatonin antagonizes hypoxia‐mediated glioblastoma cell migration and invasion via inhibition of HIF‐1α
Authors: Zhang Yanmin , Liu Qian , Wang Fuwu , Ling Eng‐Ang , Liu Shangming , Wang Liyan , Yang Yang , Yao Linli , Chen Xueran , Wang Fen , Shi Wei , Gao Ming , Hao Aijun
Published: March 2013

Hypoxia is a crucial factor in tumor aggressiveness and resistance to therapy, especially in glioblastoma. Our previous results have shown that melatonin exerts antimigratory and anti‐invasive action in glioblastoma cells under normoxia. However, the effect of melatonin on migration and invasion of glioblastoma cells under hypoxic condition remains poorly understood. Here, we show that melatonin strongly reduced hypoxia‐mediated invasion and migration of U251 and U87 glioblastoma cells. In addition, we found that melatonin significantly blocked HIF‐1α protein expression and suppressed the expression of downstream target genes, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP‐2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Furthermore, melatonin destabilized hypoxia‐induced HIF‐1α protein via its antioxidant activity against ROS produced by glioblastoma cells in response to hypoxia. Along with this, HIF‐1α silencing by small interfering RNA markedly inhibited glioblastoma cell migration and invasion, and this appeared to be associated with MMP‐2 and VEGF under hypoxia. Taken together, our findings suggest that melatonin suppresses hypoxia‐induced glioblastoma cell migration and invasion via inhibition of HIF‐1α. Considering the fact that overexpression of the HIF‐1α protein is often detected in glioblastoma multiforme, melatonin may prove to be a potent therapeutic agent for this tumor.
The effect of long‐term life dissatisfaction on health‐related quality of life among general population subjects
Authors: Saharinen T. , Koivumaa‐Honkanen H. , Hintikka J. , Kylmä J. , Lehto S. M. , Honkalampi K. , Haatainen K. , Viinamäki H.
Published: March 2013

Accessible summary

Health‐related quality of life (HRQL) measures subjects perceived well‐being and functioning in physical, mental and social domains of life. In mental health nursing there is a need for improving knowledge of how life dissatisfaction, as an indicator of poor mental health, is associated and impacts on HRQL.

In the present study, both long‐term and concurrent life dissatisfaction (Life satisfaction scale; LS‐4) were found to have a strong adverse impact on HRQL in the general population.

Screening of life dissatisfaction with only four items may help mental health nurses to identify service users with poor HRQL or those at risk of it, and then investigating HRQL particularly among the dissatisfied service users would provide information on the domains and factors that most require intervention.

Monitoring of life satisfaction and HRQL in mental health nursing practice or in primary care can help nurses to cooperate with service users in promoting their mental, physical or social well‐being and functioning and in alleviating adverse consequences of disease.

The aim of this population‐based study (n = 329) was to explore how long‐term life dissatisfaction (LS burden) and concurrent life dissatisfaction are associated with the concurrent health‐related quality of life (HRQL) (RAND‐36), and how long‐term life dissatisfaction predicts HRQL in the general population. The sum of the life satisfaction scores in 1998, 1999, 2001 (LS burden) and the concurrent life satisfaction score (LS) in 2005 were used to categorize the study participants into satisfied, intermediate and dissatisfied groups. Differences in RAND‐36 dimensions in 2005 were investigated with respect to the LS burden and concurrent life dissatisfaction. The predictive power of the LS burden for HRQL dimensions was assessed with logistic regression models. Both a high LS burden and concurrent life dissatisfaction were strongly associated with HRQL and were risk factors for poor HRQL, regardless of its dimensions. The LS burden predicted all of the RAND‐36 dimensions, except for physical functioning. Screening of life dissatisfaction can be used to identify service users whose HRQL should be further investigated. Assessment of HRQL provides information on the domains and factors that require mental health nursing intervention. This knowledge could assist mental health nurses in both the alleviation of disease consequences and promotion of well‐being of service users.
A Qualitative Analysis of Provider Barriers and Solutions to HIV Testing for Substance Users in a Small, Largely Rural Southern State
Authors: Wright Patricia B. , Curran Geoffrey M. , Stewart Katharine E. , Booth Brenda M.
Published: March 2013

Purpose

Integrating HIV testing programs into substance use treatment is a promising avenue to help increase access to HIV testing for rural drug users. Yet few outpatient substance abuse treatment facilities in the United States provide HIV testing. The purpose of this study was to identify barriers to incorporating HIV testing with substance use treatment from the perspectives of treatment and testing providers in Arkansas.

Methods

We used purposive sampling from state directories to recruit providers at state, organization, and individual levels to participate in this exploratory study. Using an interview guide, the first and second authors conducted semistructured individual interviews in each provider's office or by telephone. All interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and entered into ATLAS.ti software (ATLAS.ti Scientific Software Development GmbH, Berlin, Germany). We used constant comparison and content analysis techniques to identify codes, categories, and primary patterns in the data.

Findings

The sample consisted of 28 providers throughout the state, 18 from the substance use system and 10 from the public/ community health system. We identified 7 categories of barriers: environmental constraints, policy constraints, funding constraints, organizational structure, limited inter‐ and intra‐agency communication, burden of responsibility, and client fragility.

Conclusions

This study presents the practice‐based realities of barriers to integrating HIV testing with substance use treatment in a small, largely rural state. Some system and/or organization leaders were either unaware of or not actively pursuing external funds available to them specifically for engaging substance users in HIV testing. However, funding does not address the system‐level need for coordination of resources and services at the state level.
Pediatric nurses' postoperative pain management practices: An observational study
Authors: Twycross Alison , Finley G. Allen , Latimer Margot
Published: March 2013

Purpose

This study was an in‐depth examination of pediatric postoperative pain care.

Design and Methods

Participant observational data were collected on the care of 10 children. Particular attention was paid to actions when pain scores were ≥5 and to the relationship between pain scores and medications administered.

Results

A pattern of care emerged of giving pain medications regularly even if they were prescribed pro re nata. Actions when pain scores were ≥5 varied. Recorded pain scores rarely guided treatment choices.

Practice Implications

The use of pain scores to guide treatment choices needs further debate. Future research should explore the implications of divorcing treatment from pain scores on children's pain experience.
Metabolic and Endocrine Profiles in Sick Neonatal Foals Are Related to Survival
Authors: Armengou L. , Jose‐Cunilleras E. , Ríos J. , Cesarini C. , Viu J. , Monreal L.
Published: March 2013

Background

Sick neonatal foals suffer from a variety of endocrine and metabolic derangements that may be related to outcome. There are several hepatic and lipid metabolism blood markers that have never been assessed in neonatal foals.

Objectives

Assess panel of endocrine and metabolic variables in group of sick and healthy neonatal foals in order to describe their relationship with diagnosis and survival.

Animals

All neonatal foals referred to Unitat Equina‐Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari during 3 consecutive foaling seasons and a group of healthy foals.

Methods

Observational prospective study. Blood samples were obtained on admission and, when possible, after 24–48 h of hospitalization and immediately before discharge or death. Measured variables were triglycerides, nonsterified fatty acids, glucose, creatinine, urea, γ‐glutamyltransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), insulin, cortisol, bile acids, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH/cortisol and glucose/insulin ratios were calculated.

Results

Urea, creatinine, and cortisol had median concentrations in septic and nonseptic foals 2‐ to 8‐fold higher than in the control group (P < .001). Median ACTH concentration in the septic group was approximately 4 times higher than in nonseptic and control foals (P < .001). ACTH/cortisol ratio was significantly lower in sick foals compared to control foals (P < .001). A score was designed including creatinine, GLDH, and cortisol. When ≥2 of these variables were altered (P < .001), the foal had 32 times more risk of dying (OR, 31.7; 95% CI, 7.7–130.3).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Plasma creatinine, GLDH, and cortisol should be determined in sick newborn foals on admission because of their association with survival.
Acquired Proximal Renal Tubular Dysfunction in 9 Labrador Retrievers with Copper‐Associated Hepatitis (2006–2012)
Authors: Langlois D.K. , Smedley R.C. , Schall W.D. , Kruger J.M.
Published: March 2013

Background

Copper‐associated hepatitis (CAH) has been well described in Labrador Retrievers. However, the association of CAH with proximal renal tubular dysfunction in this breed has not been characterized.

Objectives

To report clinical features, hepatic and renal histopathologic findings, tissue copper concentrations, and outcome of Labradors with CAH and proximal renal tubular disease.

Animals

Nine Labrador Retrievers with renal glucosuria and biopsy‐confirmed CAH.

Methods

Clinical, clinicopathologic, and light microscopic findings were retrospectively reviewed. Rhodanine staining or atomic emission spectroscopy was performed on all hepatic samples and available renal tissue (4 dogs) to assess copper concentrations.

Results

Eight dogs had a history of polyuria and polydipsia, and all dogs had increased serum bilirubin concentrations. Five dogs had hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Three dogs with acidemia had paradoxical alkalinuria. All renal specimens had increased copper concentrations. Renal tubular vacuolization, degeneration, and regeneration were observed on light microscopy. Four dogs died within 10 days of diagnosis. One dog survived 2 months; 4 dogs survived more than 1 year. In long‐term survivors, including 2 that did not undergo immediate copper chelation, resolution of renal tubular dysfunction occurred within weeks to months.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Labrador Retrievers with CAH can develop clinical and laboratory evidence of renal tubular dysfunction in association with increased renal copper concentrations. Given the rarity of renal tubular disorders, detection of renal glucosuria and increased ALT activity in a Labrador Retriever is suggestive of CAH. Although renal tubular dysfunction may indicate advanced disease, successful long‐term outcome is possible with a variety of therapies.
Hypercoagulability in Dogs with Protein‐Losing Nephropathy as Assessed by Thromboelastography
Authors: Lennon E.M. , Hanel R.M. , Walker J.M. , Vaden S.L.
Published: March 2013

Background

Dogs with protein‐losing nephropathy (PLN) are at risk of thromboembolic disease, but the mechanism leading to hypercoagulability and the population of dogs at risk are unknown.

Objectives

To characterize thromboelastography (TEG) and its association with serum albumin (SALB),UPC, and antithrombin activity in dogs withPLN.

Animals

Twenty‐eight client‐owned dogs withPLN(urine protein:creatinine ratio [UPC] > 2.0) and 8 control dogs were prospectively enrolled in this observational study.

Methods

TEGparameters, antithrombin activity, serum biochemical profiles, andUPCwere measured.TEGanalyses were run in duplicate with kaolin activation; reaction time (R), clot formation time (K), α‐angle (α), maximal amplitude (MA), and global clot strength (G) were analyzed.

Results

Dogs withPLNhad lower K (P = .004), and higher α (P = .001),MA(P < .001), and G (P < .001) values than controls. No significant correlation betweenTEGparameters andUPC,SALB, or antithrombin was noted. TwelvePLNdogs (42.8%) were azotemic and 19 (67.8%) were hypoalbuminemic (SALB< 3.0 g/dL); 11 hadSALB< 2.5 g/dL.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

These results indicate that dogs withPLNhaveTEGvalues that demonstrate hypercoagulability compared with a control population but that antithrombin,SALB, orUPCcannot be used in isolation to predict this result. A comprehensive evaluation of the coagulation system in individual patients may be necessary to predict the point at which anti‐thrombotic therapy is indicated.
A cognitive perspective on aggressive mimicry
Authors: Jackson R. R. , Cross F. R.
Published: March 2013

We use the term ‘aggressive mimic’ for predators that communicate with their prey by making signals to indirectly manipulate prey behaviour. For understanding why the aggressive mimic's signals work, it is important to appreciate that these signals interface with the prey's perceptual system, and that the aggressive mimic can be envisaged as playing mind games with its prey. Examples of aggressive mimicry vary from instances in which specifying a model is straight forward to instances where a concise characterization of the model is difficult. However, the less straightforward examples of aggressive mimicry may be the more interesting examples in the context of animal cognition. In particular, there are spiders that prey on other spiders by entering their prey's web and making signals. Web invasion brings about especially intimate contact with their prey's perceptual system because the prey spider's web is an important component of the prey spider's sensory apparatus. For the web‐invading spider, often there is also a large element of risk when practising aggressive mimicry because the intended prey is also a potential predator. This element of risk, combined with exceptionally intimate interfacing with prey perceptual systems, may have favoured the web‐invading aggressive mimic's strategy becoming strikingly cognitive in character. Yet a high level of flexibility may be widespread among aggressive mimics in general and, on the whole, we propose that research on aggressive mimicry holds exceptional potential for advancing our understanding of animal cognition.
Mayan Historical Linguistics in a New Age
Authors: Law Danny
Published: March 2013

Mayan historical linguistic research has progressed at a healthy pace since the 1970s. The recent decipherment of ancient Maya hieroglyphic writing and the publication, in the last decade, of a large cohort of high quality linguistic descriptions of several Mayan languages, many of them written by native speakers of those languages, have opened a floodgate of new linguistic data that promises to revolutionize our understanding of the history of the language family. In particular, recent research has shown the Mayan region to have been a remarkably dynamic zone of language contact. Contact among Mayan languages has the potential to illuminate mechanisms and constraints on language contact between related languages. New data and attention to contact phenomena may also help clarify long‐standing disagreements about the historical relationships among Mayan languages, particularly Wastek, Tojol‐ab’al, and the language of the hieroglyphs, all of which have been an important impetus for historical linguistic research in the past decades.
Noun Phrase Structure in Article‐less Slavic Languages: DP or not DP?
Authors: Pereltsvaig Asya
Published: March 2013

Arguments for and against the DP analysis of nominals in article‐less Slavic languages are outlined and supporting evidence is reviewed. It is shown that even though both positions are not without merit, much careful consideration of facts both within and across relevant languages is still needed before the debate can be resolved. The importance of the noun phrase structure and its implications for other areas of Slavic syntax and semantics, both on the nominal and clausal levels, are pointed out.
Analysis of CIC‐associated CpG island methylation in oligoastrocytoma
Authors: Sahm F. , Lass U. , Herold‐Mende C. , von Deimling A. , Hartmann C. , Mueller W.
Published: March 2013

Aims

Combined deletion of the whole chromosomal arms 1p and 19q is a frequent event in oligodendroglial tumours. Recent identification of recurrent mutations in CIC on 19q and FUBP1 on 1p and their mutational patterns suggest a loss of function of the respective proteins. Surprisingly, oligoastrocytomas harbouring identical genetic characteristics regarding 1p/19q codeletion and frequent IDH1/2 mutations have been shown to carry CIC mutations in a significantly lower number of cases. The present study investigates whether epigenetic modification may result in silencing of CIC.

Methods

As IDH1/2 mutation‐mediated DNA hypermethylation is a prominent feature of these tumours, we analysed a set of CIC wild‐type oligoastrocytomas and other diffuse gliomas with regard to 1p/19q status for presence of CIC‐associated CpG island methylation by methylation‐specific PCR.

Results

Both methylation‐specific PCR and subsequent bisulphite‐sequencing of selected cases revealed an unmethylated status in all samples.

Conclusion

Despite the hypermethylator phenotype in IDH1/2 mutant tumours and recent detection of gene silencing particularly on retained alleles in oligodendroglial tumours, hypermethylation of CIC‐associated CpG islands does not provide an alternative mechanism of functional CIC protein abrogation.
Body mass index and periodontal infection in a sample of non‐smoking older individuals
Authors: Oikarinen R , Syrjälä A‐MH , Komulainen K , Knuuttila M , Ruoppi P , Hartikainen S , Sulkava R , Ylöstalo P
Published: March 2013

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between BMI and periodontal infection in a sample of non‐smoking individuals aged 75 years or older.

Subjects and Methods

The study sample included 157 non‐smoking dentate persons (110 women, 47 men, mean age 80.6 years) belonging to the Geriatric Multidisciplinary Strategy for the Good Care of Older People study in Kuopio, Finland. The data were gathered by interview together with geriatric and oral clinical examination. The outcome variable was the number of teeth with periodontal pockets measuring 4 mm or more in depth. Poisson regression models were used to estimate relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results

After adjustment for confounding factors, the relative risk for the number of teeth with deepened periodontal pockets (≥4 mm) was 0.7 (CI: 0.6–0.9) among those with a BMI 25–29.99 and 1.1 (CI: 0.8–1.4) among those with a BMI ≥30, compared with those having a BMI <25.

Conclusion

Within the limitations of this study, including small sample size, possibility of confounding and other biases, the results do not provide evidence that elevated body weight would be a risk for periodontal infection among older people.
Lumbar Zygapophyseal Pain During Extension‐Based Stabilization Protocol Following Lumbar Transdiscal Biacuplasty
Authors: Sayal Puneet K , Desai Mehul J
Published: March 2013

Introduction

Transdiscal biacuplasty (TDB) is a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of lumbar discogenic pain. Theoretically, TDB ablates the aberrant ingrowth of nerve fibers beyond the outer third of the annulus fibrosis of the lumbar intervertebral disk and treats annular tears via collagen reformation. Typically, recovery involves a robust rehabilitation protocol that emphasizes lumbar stabilization exercises, focusing on extension maneuvers while also strengthening the multifidi and transverse abdominus. New‐onset postprocedural pain during recovery may occur; evaluation of nondiscogenic causes should be considered. We report 3 of 12 patients who developed zygapophyseal‐mediated pain during the recovery period.

Cases

Three of 12 patients who underwent TDB over a 1‐year period, developed zygapophyseal‐mediated back pain at the level of the original discogenic pathology. All three underwent unilateral intra‐articular zygapophyseal injections with resolution of their new‐onset symptoms.

Discussion

Novel postprocedural low back pain should provoke re‐evaluation of potential etiologies such as persistent discogenic pathology, zygapophyseal or sacroiliac joint involvement, and other mechanical sources of pain. We postulate that extension maneuvers during rehabilitation, combined with lumbar bracing in extension, inadvertently triggered and potentially exacerbated pre‐existing zygapophyseal irritation. The clinical implication of this scenario is novel distracting pain, caused by an alternative etiology to the original discogenic pain, and may present a confounder to the assessment of the efficacy of TDB.
Genetic variation, heritability, divergence and biomass accumulation of rice genotypes resistant to bacterial blight revealed by quantitative traits and ISSR markers
Authors: Mazid Muhammad S. , Rafii Mohd Y. , Hanafi Mohamed M. , Rahim Harun A. , Latif Md Abdul
Published: March 2013

A field experiment was carried out in order to evaluate genetic diversity of 41 rice genotypes using physiological traits and molecular markers. All the genotypes unveiled variations for crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), yield per hill (Yhill−1), total dry matter (TDM), harvest index (HI), photosynthetic rate (PR), leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll‐a and chlorophyll‐b at maximum tillering stage. The CGR values varied from 0.23 to 0.76 gm cm−2 day−1. The Yhill−1 ranged from 15.91 to 92.26 g, while TDM value was in the range of 7.49 to 20.45 g hill−1. PR was found to vary from 9.40 to 22.34 µmol m−2 s−1. PR expressed positive relation with Yhill−1. Significant positive relation was found between CGR and TDM (r = 0.61**), NAR and CGR (r = 0.62**) and between TDM and NAR (r = 0.31**). High heritability was found in RGR and Yhill−1. Cluster analysis based on the traits grouped 41 rice genotypes into seven clusters. A total of 310 polymorphic loci were detected across the 20 inter‐simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. The UPGMA dendrogram grouped 41 rice genotypes into 11 clusters including several sub‐clusters. The Mantel test revealed positive correlation between quantitative traits and molecular markers (r = 0.41). On the basis of quantitative traits and molecular marker analyses parental genotypes, IRBB54 with MR84, IRBB60 with MR84, Purbachi with MR263, IRBB65 with BR29, IRBB65 with Pulut Siding and MRQ74 with Purbachi could be hybridized for future breeding program.
Differentiating the wild or farmed origin ofMediterranean fish: a review of tools for sea bream and sea bass
Authors: Arechavala‐Lopez Pablo , Fernandez‐Jover Damian , Black Kenneth D. , Ladoukakis Emmanuel , Bayle‐Sempere Just T. , Sanchez‐Jerez Pablo , Dempster Tim
Published: March 2013

Based on the fact that farmed fish experience different environments, stocking densities and feeding regimes compared with wild fish, several techniques have been developed to discriminate the wild or farmed origin of fish. These techniques quantify differences between genetics, chemical characteristics, fatty acid compositions, trace elements, pollutants, stable isotopes, morphology and organoleptic characteristics. Gilthead sea bream and European sea bass are the most important marine fish in Mediterranean aquaculture and are highly appreciated by commercial and recreational fisheries. A total of 60 studies that used techniques to discriminate farmed from wild fish for sea bream and sea bass form the basis of this review. The most common technique used differences in the lipid and fatty acid composition of fish. Many of these studies dealt with food science and product quality, rather than tracing escapees. A wide range of identification tools is useful in determining the correct origin of captures and proper labelling of marketed fish. External appearance and morphometry are useful for rapid assessments and can be achieved with high accuracy and little cost, especially for sea bream. This makes these methods suitable for detecting large and recent escape events, applicable in fisheries studies, and for ensuring that wild and farmed fish are separated in the marketplace. Techniques using differences in chemical or genetic composition are more useful for environmental monitoring, as they have higher accuracy and can detect escapees long after the escape incident. Regulatory bodies should legislate protocols that describe the technique(s) that must be applied in specific circumstances.
Moult inhibiting hormone: a new approach to the discovery and design of growth promoters in crustaceans?
Authors: Shrivastava Sajal , Princy Adline
Published: March 2013

Several chemicals have been tested as growth promoters in aquaculture but they cannot be endorsed for commercial processes due to their residual effects in the body of prawns, lobsters and crabs. The concern over environmental hazard, human health and food safety have led to a search for alternative growth promoters significantly to improve the growth of crustaceans with no such effects. Neurohormones, regulatory signalling molecules of crustaceans that coordinate multiple developmental and physiological processes, are major determinants underlying phenotypic integration. Competitive inhibitors for the moult inhibiting hormone receptor are expected to have a direct growth promoting effect on crustaceans by direct involvement in interference with the receptor in the Y‐organ, which can cause a surge the production of ecdysteroids. Competitive inhibitors therefore can be regarded as growth promoters in crustacean fishery in addition to various other benefits. This review emphasizes the manifold effects of moult inhibiting hormone, a most versatile animal hormone, with an emphasis on the target sites and competitive inhibition.
Economic risk associated with white spot disease and stochastic variability in economic, zootechnical and water quality parameters for intensive production of Litopenaeus vannamei
Authors: Hernández‐Llamas Alfredo , Ruiz‐Velazco Javier M.J. , Gomez‐Muñoz Victor M.
Published: March 2013

A bio‐economic model was used to analyse the risks of intensive production of shrimp and to propose alternative schemes of risk management by controlling aeration, pond size, stocking density and duration of cultivation. The model was calibrated from databases of farm operations in the State of Nayarit, Mexico. Improving management allowed us to project an increase in the annual net revenue from $3900 to $26 600 ha−1 and to improve the benefit–cost ratio from 1.14 to 1.55. Managing an early start of aeration, small‐sized ponds, high stocking densities and long cultivation periods maximized economic outcomes. Operating a small farm (consisting of a single 2.5 ha pond) involves more risk than operating a large one (50 ha, consisting of 20 ponds of 2.5 ha each). Improving management also resulted in diminished risk, as indicated by increased values of return per unit risk from 0.14 to 0.21 or from 0.42 to 0.51 (depending on farm size). From sensitivity analysis, we concluded that small ponds are recommended for intensive production of Litopenaeus vannamei and that white spot disease is a major risk factor that can be partly controlled by managing dissolved oxygen levels and aeration.
Expression of Genes Associated with Apoptosis in the Porcine Corpus Luteum During the Oestrous Cycle
Authors: Zorrilla LM , D'Annibale MA , Swing SE , Gadsby JE
Published: March 2013

Contents

The corpus luteum (CL) of the pig lacks luteolytic sensitivity (LS) to prostaglandin (PG) F‐2α until after day 12 of the oestrous cycle, but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are poorly understood. As luteolysis involves apoptosis, we hypothesized that critical apoptotic proteins may be deficient in CLs that lack LS. The specific aim of these studies was to examine mRNA expression and protein levels of apoptosis genes/proteins (BAX/Bax, BCLX/Bcl‐x, CASP3/Caspase‐3, CASP8/Caspase‐8, NFΚB1/NFκB, TP53/p53) in porcine CLs collected at different stages of the oestrous cycle. CLs were collected surgically, mRNA and protein extracted, and expression/levels analyzed by semi‐quantitative (SQ) PCR and Western blots, respectively. At the mRNA expression level, only BAX (maximal on day 4) and TP53 (maximal on day 7) showed significant variations during the oestrous cycle. At the protein level, only Bcl‐x and Caspase‐3 showed significant changes during the cycle; Bcl‐x decreased on day 13 and Caspase‐3 increased on day 13. It is concluded that apoptosis‐associated proteins (i.e. Bcl‐x and Caspase 3) may play a critical role in luteolytic sensitivity in the pig.
Characterizing Poliovirus Transmission and Evolution: Insights from Modeling Experiences with Wild and Vaccine‐Related Polioviruses
Authors: Duintjer Tebbens Radboud J. , Pallansch Mark A. , Kalkowska Dominika A. , Wassilak Steven G. F. , Cochi Stephen L. , Thompson Kimberly M.
Published: March 2013

With national and global health policymakers facing numerous complex decisions related to achieving and maintaining polio eradication, we expanded our previously developed dynamic poliovirus transmission model using information from an expert literature review process and including additional immunity states and the evolution of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). The model explicitly considers serotype differences and distinguishes fecal‐oral and oropharyngeal transmission. We evaluated the model by simulating diverse historical experiences with polioviruses, including one country that eliminated wild poliovirus using both OPV and inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) (USA), three importation outbreaks of wild poliovirus (Albania, the Netherlands, Tajikistan), one situation in which no circulating vaccine‐derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) emerge despite annual OPV use and cessation (Cuba), three cVDPV outbreaks (Haiti, Madura Island in Indonesia, northern Nigeria), one area of current endemic circulation of all three serotypes (northern Nigeria), and one area with recent endemic circulation and subsequent elimination of multiple serotypes (northern India). We find that when sufficient information about the conditions exists, the model can reproduce the general behavior of poliovirus transmission and outbreaks while maintaining consistency in the generic model inputs. The assumption of spatially homogeneous mixing remains a significant limitation that affects the performance of the differential equation‐based model when significant heterogeneities in immunity and mixing may exist. Further studies on OPV virus evolution and improved understanding of the mechanisms of mixing and transmission may help to better characterize poliovirus transmission in populations. Broad application of the model promises to offer insights in the context of global and national policy and economic models.
‘Patients' experiences of seeing their obesity in CT images allow for an active self‐care: a qualitative study’
Authors: Bergelin Eva , Lundgren Solveig M.
Published: March 2013

Medical images are primarily used to ensure an accurate diagnosis and make treatment possible. They are more rarely used for explanation or information to or education of patients. This study investigates patients' experiences of being shown and given an explanation of their obesity disease using CT images. Twelve patients participated: >30 BMI kg/m2, age between 34 and 65, and mixed sexes, seven women and five men. Patients said that seeing their own images made them more aware of and more involved in their disease, enabling them to carry out more active self‐care. The deeper involvement offered them a new approach to their body and helped them to make decisions on treatment to reduce their weight.
Improving the Uptake of Independent Dialysis using the Humanbecoming Theoretical Approach
Authors: Duteau Jennifer
Published: March 2013

Soaring healthcare costs, increasing rates of chronic illness, and an aging population have left Canada struggling to meet the growing demands for quality health care. Hospitals battle to cope with altering patient demand, higher costs, provincially imposed global budgets, fast developing technology, rigid rules, new drugs, and social inequalities that lead to poor health. Canadian population health trends have played an important role in examining innovation opportunities that can dictate terms for the effective re‐design of Canada's health system. Independent (home) dialysis is associated with cost savings and improved quality of life in comparison with hospital‐based hemodialysis treatment. Despite this, independent dialysis has failed to increase at the same rate as hospital‐based treatment for chronic kidney disease. One probable reason is the lack of healthcare providers to truly understand the patient experience of living with chronic kidney disease. Qualitative data have shown that patients living with chronic kidney disease desire independence and minimal impact to their quality of life. Parse's Humanbecoming theory has been widely accepted in nursing practice as a theoretical base in which to gain an understanding of the lived experience. The values and assumptions of the Humanbecoming theory are also congruent with patient‐centered care practice and transferable to all areas of healthcare practice and disciplines.
Novel instrumentation to determine peel force in vivo and preliminary studies with adhesive skin barriers
Authors: Krueger Evan M. , Cullum Malford E. , Nichols Thom R. , Taylor Michael G. , Sexton William L. , Murahata Richard I.
Published: March 2013

Background/purpose

Adhesive barriers secure medical devices to skin. Laboratory adhesion models are not predictive of in vivo performance. The objectives of these studies were to validate a novel peel force device, and to investigate relationships between barrier formulations, barrier width, subjective discomfort during barrier removal, and substrates.

Methods

Three hydrocolloid barrier formulations in three widths were adhered to ethylene/methyl acrylate film (EMA), VITRO‐SKIN® and human abdominal skin. Peel force was measured using a MTS Insight™ and a cyberDERM Inc. Mini Peel Tester (CMPT). Subjects reported their discomfort.

Results

Peel forces were highly correlated between devices and highly dependent on substrate. Data suggested a weak direct association between peel force in vivo and discomfort. The 0.5″‐wide barriers had the most precise peel forces measurements in vivo. A weak negative relationship between normalized peel force and barrier width on human skin was found. There was a strong positive relationship between peel force in vivo and on EMA, whereas no correlation was observed with VITRO‐SKIN®.

Conclusion

The CMPT correlates with a standard instrument and can advantageously investigate adhesion in vivo. Barrier width and substrate impact the reliability and predictability of peel force measurements.