bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proverbs with Solomon: A critical revision of the pre‐critical commentary tradition in the light of a biblical intertextual study
Authors: Moss Alan
Published: March 2003

The historical criticism of the Book of Proverbs has substituted the pre‐Enlightenment view that Solomon was the real author with the finding that Israel’s post‐exilic sages added the name and prestige of the wisest of kings to their work. However the pre‐Enlightenment commentators of Proverbs recognised that the name Solomon is integral to the text of Proverbs. This article recognises this textual datum and reads Prov 1–9 from an unusual angle today, namely as if Solomon were the author and principal speaker. In such a reading of Prov 1–9 the portrait of Solomon emerging from within the text is sharpened by a comparison with the depiction of Solomon in 1 Kgs 1–11.

The article seeks to make the point that the character of Solomon so construed in a textual comparison of Prov 1–9 and 1 Kgs 1–11 is but one of a number of diverse portraits made of Solomon in Proverbs throughout the centuries of commentary. In the first part of the article we study three early commentaries, those of Bede, of Hugo Grotius, and of Augustin Calmet. We show that the portrait of Solomon discovered in our own reading of Prov 1–9 in the second part of the article takes its place alongside numerous others. However we today are able to be more faithful to the biblical text than the early commentators because we need not harmonise Proverbs with 1 Kings, as the early commentators felt obliged to do. A contemporary intertextual study of Prov 1–9 can recoup a valid aspect of the ancient literary tradition, that of making Solomon integral to Proverbs. The Solomon we have discovered in Prov 1–9 is the one that spoke through Proverbs at its first publication. In Prov 1–9 the royal attribute is set aside. Solomon is represented as an Israelite teaching parent.
The prior Prior: Neglected Early writings of Arthur N. Prior
Authors: Grimshaw Michael
Published: March 2003

It is commonly presumed that the earliest recoverable writing of the New Zealand born Philosopher Arthur N. Prior is that published in the Australasian Journal of Philosophy and Psychology in 1937. Yet Prior was an extremely active writer as both an undergraduate and as a recent graduate, in a variety of publications. This paper recovers the unknown early Prior and discusses the importance of neo–orthodox Christian theology upon the life and thought of the early Arthur Prior. During the 1930s Prior was primarily a theologian–philosopher and in these early writings there can be discerned important influences upon his thinking. This paper traces Prior’s writings from an early unpublished manuscript through his theological writings and the development of his neo–orthodox thinking to a point where preparatory work for his influential 1942 article ‘Can Religion be Discussed?’ occurs. It ends where Prior bibliographies begin, with a theologian–philosopher remaking himself as a philosopher theologian. Yet to understand the later Prior we need to understand his early life, thought and writing. This paper is an attempt to recover Prior’s early life and note his influences and talent in areas apart from tense logic.
A Venetian Secretary in England: an unpublished diplomatic report in the Biblioteca Marciana, Venice1
Authors: Barrington Robert
Published: March 2003

Venetian diplomatic relazioni are a familiar source to sixteenth‐century historians. They often present a detailed philosophical and political analysis of the courts to which Venice had sent ambassadors. At their best, they are sophisticated humanist commentaries on the state. Relazioni from Tudor England were no exception. Unfortunately, the politically turbulent years of the early Reformation are marked by a break in the Venetian relazioni coinciding with the period when diplomatic representation was suspended. However, a newly‐discovered document reproduced here, from the Biblioteca Marciana in Venice, is almost certainly a secretary's report which fills this chronological gap. The document is formal in tone and follows the structure of a model relazione. The lengthy descriptions of England's history and geography and references to contemporary events suggest a date of c. 1540.
Eighteenth‐century Equity Lawsuits in the Court of Exchequer as a Source for Historial Research
Authors: Milhous Judith , Hume Robert D.
Published: March 2003

Equity lawsuits in the court of Exchequer remain neglected by historical scholars. They present a treasure‐trove for historians, literary scholars, musicologists and others: any suit that could be brought in Chancery between the mid‐seventeenth century and 1841 could equally well be brought in Exchequer. Relying largely on name searches, we have discovered more than fifty suits connected with our own interests in theatre and opera history. Organization (and hence the search process) differs significantly from Chancery, but we have provided a kind of beginner's guide to the records as well as illustrations of the sorts of discoveries we have made.
The career of Sir Thomas Everingham, ‘Knight of the North’ in the service of Maximilian, duke of Austria, 1477–81*
Authors: Meek Edward L.
Published: March 2003

Sir Thomas Everingham's distinguished career in the armies of Maximilian, duke of Austria, led contemporaries to regard him as one of the most capable English military commanders of his generation. Nevertheless his career has been rather neglected by historians of Yorkist England. Using the substantial records of the Archives Départementales at Lille, this article provides for the first time a full survey of Everingham's activities in the service of the duke of Austria. It also argues that English military activity in the Low Countries after 1477 was greater than previously thought. Furthermore, this article challenges the belief that Edward IV was unenthusiastic during the later part of his reign towards any kind of English military support of Maximilian's government.
African voices from two world wars
Authors: Killingray David
Published: March 2003

Hundreds of thousands of African soldiers and labourers served in colonial armies during the two World Wars. Most were non-literate and there are relatively few first-hand records of their experiences. Using oral evidence, soldiers' letters and official reports, this article allows the African voice to describe the role of individual men as they enlisted, or were conscripted; the period of initial training; the encounter with new forms of clothing, food and the artefacts of the modern world; travel overseas by ship to the war theatre; the face of battle; leave in foreign cities; and the stresses of long absence from wives and families. A final section looks at the process of demobilization and home-coming and places in perspective the involvement of ex-servicemen in nationalist politics after 1945.
Political Biography and Pitt the Younger as Chancellor of the Exchequer
Authors: O'Brien Patrick
Published: March 2003

Biographies of Pitt are surveyed and placed in historical context in this short article, which seeks to demonstrate that, with the completion of John Ehrman's multi‐volume study, historical interpretation has both deepened and come full circle. The pattern of early biographies was established by contemporary concerns over the financial consequences of the wars against France, and it was unthinkable not to assess Pitt's abilities as chancellor of the exchequer. This dimension to his career was subsequently marginalized and, at times, trivialized. The reasons for this tendency are analysed and, in conclusion, a new agenda for historical debate is outlined in the light of Ehrman's contribution to our understanding of Pitt the financier.
John Redmond and the Irish National League in Australia and New Zealand, 1883
Authors: Campbell Malcolm
Published: March 2003

In 1883 John Edward Redmond, future leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party, toured the Australasian colonies on behalf of the Irish National League. Redmond's ten‐month mission in Australia and New Zealand proved influential in shaping both his political outlook and personal life. This article traces Redmond's visit to the colonies, from the discord that marked the opening stages of the mission through to the more amenable atmosphere at the time of his departure, and demonstrates how the 1883 tour significantly affected Redmond's experience of the British empire and his vision for Ireland's future.
Mourning, Identity, and the Uses of History
Authors: Bann Stephen
Published: March 2003

Roth, Michael S., The Ironist's Cage: Memory, Trauma, and the Construction of History
Reading Kemple Reading Marx Writing
Authors: Jackson Ned
Published: March 2003

Kemple, Thomas M., Reading Marx Writing: Melodrama, the Market, and the Grundrisse
Employing Ex‐Offenders: A Risk or an Opportunity?
Authors: Gill Martin
Published: March 2003

This paper considers barriers to the employment of ex‐offenders. It is based on interviews with offenders in the last six months of their sentence, employers with experience of employing ex‐offenders and other specialists including probation officers and employment officers. The findings suggest that ex‐offenders seeking work can count on very little help from the criminal justice system and that both employers and ex‐offenders are ignorant about the risks and opportunities which exist. Indeed, obtaining work for ex‐offenders may depend as much on eradicating ignorance amongst employers as it does on focusing help on ex‐offenders.
Robbery, Death, and Irony: How an Armed Robbery Wave in Hong Kong Led to the Abolition of the Death Penalty
Authors: Vagg Jon
Published: March 2003

Hong Kong experienced a wave of armed robberies from 1989 to 1993. As the number of robberies increased in 1990 and 1991, there were several calls for the use of capital punishment as a deterrent. Yet when a Legislative Councillor proposed a motion in favour of the death penalty at the height of the wave, in June 1991, the motion was not only defeated but, due to the adroit use of a procedural device by a single Councillor, resulted in a majority vote to abolish it. It was formally abolished some two years later. This paper discusses the background to the abolition and argues that any post‐1997 reintroduction of the death penalty would generate massive popular resentment.
The Forgotten Voice: Probation Service Users and Partnerships
Authors: Gibbs Anita
Published: March 2003

Throughout the 1990s this journal has featured articles discussing themes and issues related to probation partnerships with the voluntary sector. A missing element and valid perspective in these articles has been the viewpoint of the service user. In seeking to remedy this omission the author draws on her PhD research, which included interviews with 15 probation service users attending partnership projects. An overview of the users'experiences and feelings about being involved in partnerships is provided, as well as a discussion of the key issues which influence the way partnership is both constructed and implemented in relation to service provision for such users.
‘An Iron Fist in an Iron Glove’ The Zero Tolerance Policing Debate
Authors: Innes Martin
Published: March 2003

This article examines the development of zero tolerance policing in Britain and America. It traces the philosophical and theoretical bases of the zero tolerance approach and how they have influenced the practical implementation of a particular view of the police role in society. It is argued that central to the changes in public policing within the wider remit of social control, is an increasingly influential populist dynamic which is transforming political approaches to law and order.
Some Alternative Strategies for Improving the Effectiveness of the English Prisons Ombudsman Scheme
Authors: Henham Ralph
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this article is to analyse the operation of the English Prisons Ombudsman scheme in the context of some alternative strategies for reform. The article begins by describing briefly1 the origins, remit and operation of the Ombudsman scheme focusing on key weaknesses and areas of potential development. It is argued that the impetus effectively provided to the future development of prisoners' rights by the Human Rights Act 1998 will further exacerbate the limitations and ineffectiveness of the Ombudsman scheme, threaten its legitimacy and prevent the realisation of its potential. Drawing on comparable developments in the United States, the article then considers what lessons may be learned from the comprehensive statutory Ombudsman scheme which has operated in Minnesota since 1972. It also analyses the strengths and weaknesses of the widely acclaimed (and more radical) approach of the Missouri Constituent Services Office created in 1994, suggesting ways in which this might inform the debate to reform the English Prisons Ombudsman Scheme.
Who’s Displaced First? The Role of Race in Layoff Decisions
Authors: Elvira Marta M. , Zatzick Christopher D.
Published: March 2003

We test empirically the proposition that race significantly affects an employee’s layoff chances. Using data from a financial firm (N = 8918), we find that whites are less likely to be laid off than nonwhites and that, among nonwhites, Asians are less likely to be laid off than blacks or Hispanics. These findings are statistically significant after controlling for structural factors (business unit, occupation, and job level) and individual characteristics (tenure and performance rating). A similar pattern of racial differences exists in other employment practices more actively monitored by the firm, including promotions, pay raises, and performance ratings. Yet these differences are smaller than those in layoffs and are significant for blacks only, not for Hispanics. Our findings suggest that monitoring personnel decisions can reduce racial inequality. Furthermore, our findings highlight that racial differences in employment outcomes vary among minority groups.
The Hypothesis–Testing Ordering System: A New Competitive Weapon of Japanese Convenience Stores in a New Digital Era
Authors: Ogawa Susumu
Published: March 2003

This study focuses on the store–ordering system practiced by Japanese convenience stores. The article examines (1) the conceptual categorization of such ordering systems, (2) the history of the system development at three major convenience stores, and (3) the characteristics of 7–Eleven’s development that led the way toward an innovative ordering system.
Voting for the Baseball Hall of Fame: The Effect of Race on Election Date
Authors: Jewell R. Todd
Published: March 2003

This article examines whether a player's race affects his date of election to the National Baseball Hall of Fame. If the election process exhibits biases against minority‐race players, then they may be required to wait longer to be elected. The results show no evidence of racial discrimination in the timing of election. Moreover, the results validate past research indicating that discrimination does not negatively affect a minority player's ability to enter the Hall of Fame.
The Impact of Public Policies on Innovation and Imitation: The Role of R&D Technology in Growth Models
Authors: Cheng Leonard K. , Tao Zhigang
Published: March 2003

It has been shown under the assumption of linear R&D technology that a government subsidy to imitative (innovative) R&D decreases (increases) imitative effort but increases (decreases) innovative effort, and that strengthening the enforcement of patent laws leads to a decrease in innovative R&D but to an increase in imitative R&D. By replacing the linear R&D technology with a sufficiently convex R&D technology, we have shown that the counter‐intuitive results are reversed. In the case of linear R&D technology, the socially optimal R&D policies and activities are indeterminate, but with convex R&D technology, optimal innovation and imitation subsidies would induce the market to generate socially ‘balanced’ innovative and imitative activities.
Gender Differences in Education in a Dynamic Household Bargaining Model
Authors: Echevarria Cristina , Merlo Antonio
Published: March 2003

We explore the issue of gender differences in education in the context of a two‐sex overlapping generations model where men and women of each generation bargain over consumption, number of children, and investment in education of their children. We show that the gender difference implied by our model is smaller than the one that would result from a pure investment model. We use our model to estimate the cost to a woman of having a child. The estimate we obtain is about 5% of the working lifetime of a woman.
Cost‐Reducing Investment, Competition, and Industry Dynamics
Authors: Petrakis Emmanuel , Roy Santanu
Published: March 2003

We demonstrate the possibility of shake‐out of firms and emergence of interfirm heterogeneity along the (socially optimal) dynamic equilibrium path of a competitive industry with free entry and exit, even when there is no uncertainty and all firms are ex ante identical with perfect foresight. Atomistic firms with upward‐sloping marginal cost curves undertake investment in firm‐specific cost reduction. They earn negative net profits in early periods, compensated later by strictly positive net profits; no entry occurs after the initial time period. Some firms may exit before others even while other firms earn positive net profits.
Elicitation of Subjective Probabilities when Preferences are State‐Dependent
Authors: Karni Edi
Published: March 2003

This paper presents an experimental design that enables the elicitation of subjective probabilities of decision makers' whose preferences satisfy the axioms of expected utility theory and are state‐dependent.
A Matching Model with Bounded Holdings of Indivisible Money
Authors: Taber Alexander , Wallace Neil
Published: March 2003

Recent versions of pairwise random matching models of money with divisible and perishable goods are amended to allow individuals to hold more than one unit of an indivisible asset. The asset resembles a fiat asset, except that nominal holdings of it yield a small amount of utility. There is a general upper bound on the number of units of the asset that individuals can hold. A steady state with trade is shown to exist. The model is applied to study numerically the effect on welfare of the degree to which the asset is divisible.
On the Political Economy of Income Redistribution and Crime
Authors: İmrohoroğlu Ayşe , Merlo Antonio , Rupert Peter
Published: March 2003

This article analyzes a general equilibrium model in which agents choose to specialize in either legitimate or criminal activities. Expenditures on police to apprehend criminals, as well as income redistribution, are determined endogenously through majority voting. We investigate how crime, redistribution, and police expenditures depend on characteristics of the underlying distribution of income‐earning abilities and on the apprehension technology. Our model accounts for the positive correlation between inequality and crime, the positive correlation between expenditures on police and redistribution, and the lack of correlation between crime and redistribution observed in U.S. data.
Piece Rates, Fixed Wages, and Incentive Effects: Statistical Evidence from Payroll Records
Authors: Paarsch Harry J. , Shearer Bruce
Published: March 2003

We develop and estimate an agency model of worker behavior under piece rates and fixed wages. The model implies optimal decision rules for the firm's choice of a compensation system as a function of working conditions. Our model also implies an upper and lower bound to the incentive effect (the productivity gain realized by paying workers piece rates rather than fixed wages) that can be estimated using regression methods. Using daily productivity data collected from the payroll records of a British Columbia tree‐planting firm, we estimate these bounds to be an 8.8 and a 60.4 percent increase in productivity. Structural estimation, which accounts for the firm's optimal choice of a compensation system, suggests that incentives caused a 22.6 percent increase in productivity. However, only part of this increase represents valuable output because workers respond to incentives, in part, by reducing quality.
Welfare and Integration
Authors: Kowalczyk Carsten
Published: March 2003

This article argues that the terms‐of‐trade and volume‐of‐trade taxonomy from the theory of tariffs constitutes an attractive alternative to Viner's trade diversion and creation effects for the analysis of preferential trading arrangements. In applications of the alternative approach, the article establishes that results by Lipsey and Riezman on large versus small preunion trade flows for choice of partners are not ‘contradictory’ and that under some conditions a small country's optimal strategy is to seek membership of multiple free‐trade areas.
Secondary Capital Markets, Long‐Run Growth, and the Term Structure of Asset Yields
Authors: Bencivenga Valerie R. , Smith Bruce D. , Starr Ross M.
Published: March 2003

An endogenous growth model is presented in which production uses a vector of capital inputs. Technologies for creating capital of different types vary by gestation period and productivity. Ownership of gestating capital must be “rolled over” in secondary capital markets in which transactions are costly. We study how reductions in transactions costs affect the equilibrium growth rate, the rate of return on saving, the volume of activity in secondary capital markets, and the term structure of asset yields. We give conditions under which reductions in transactions costs result in higher or lower growth rates.
Strategic Certification and Provision of Quality
Authors: Albano Gian Luigi , Lizzeri Alessandro
Published: March 2003

We study the effect of the presence of a certification intermediary in an environment where information asymmetries are particularly severe. The intermediary improves the information that buyers have about quality. This in turn increases the incentives that the seller has to provide high‐quality goods. Efficiency is increased by the presence of the intermediary, but quality is underprovided in equilibrium relative to full information. The intermediary can implement the optimal policy in many ways. The amount of information revealed ranges from full disclosure to partial, noisy disclosure.
Common Ground Between Free‐Traders and Environmentalists
Authors: Karp Larry , Sacheti Sandeep , Zhao Jinhua
Published: March 2003

We use a North–South model with property right differences and resource dynamics to study the effects of trade on resource use and welfare. Autarky is likely to Pareto‐dominate free trade in the long run when the environment is quite fragile, and the result is reversed when the environment is quite resilient. Trade may cause an environmentally poor country to “drag down” its richer trading partner, when they degrade their stocks which would be preserved under autarky. It may enable the environmentally richer country to “pull up” its partner, when they preserve their stocks which would be degraded under autarky.
Price Index Convergence Among United States Cities*
Authors: Cecchetti Stephen G. , Mark Nelson C. , Sonora Robert J.
Published: March 2003

We study the dynamics of price indices for major U.S. cities using panel econometric methods and find that relative price levels among cities mean revert at an exceptionally slow rate. In a panel of 19 cities from 1918 to 1995, we estimate the half‐life of convergence to be approximately nine years. The surprisingly slow rate of convergence can be explained by a combination of the presence of transportation costs, differential speeds of adjustment to small and large shocks, and the inclusion of nontraded goods prices in the overall price index.
Optimal Patent Protection in a Two‐Sector Economy
Authors: Goh Ai‐Ting , Olivier Jacques
Published: March 2003

This article addresses the issue of optimal patent protection in an economy with a downstream and an upstream sector. The key insight is that higher patent protection in the downstream sector raises the incentives of agents to do R&D in that sector but discourages innovation in the upstream sector because of a market size effect. Hence, higher patent protection in the upstream sector accelerates growth whereas higher patent protection in the downstream sector slows it down. If some innovation is socially desirable, optimal patent protection is necessarily higher in the upstream than in the downstream sector.
Portfolio Choice and Liquidity Constraints*
Authors: Haliassos Michael , Michaelides Alexander
Published: March 2003

We study the infinite‐horizon model of household portfolio choice under liquidity constraints and revisit the portfolio specialization puzzle. We show why the puzzle is robust to several model variations, and argue that positive correlation between earnings shocks and stock returns is unlikely to provide an empirically plausible resolution. We find that relatively small fixed costs for stock market entry are sufficient to deter stockholding because, for a plausible range of parameter values, households can achieve desired consumption smoothing with small or zero holdings of stocks. Such costs could arise from informational considerations, sign‐up fees, and investor inertia.
Efficient Rules for Monetary Policy
Authors: Ball Laurence
Published: March 2003

This paper defines an efficient rule for monetary policy as one that minimizes a weighted sum of output variance and inflation variance. It derives several results about the efficiency of alternative rules in a simple macroeconomic model. First, efficient rules can be expressed as ‘Taylor rules’ in which interest rates respond to output and inflation. But the coefficients in efficient Taylor rules differ from the coefficients that fit actual policy in the United States. Second, inflation targets are efficient. Indeed, the set of efficient rules is equivalent to the set of inflation‐target policies with different speeds of adjustment. Finally, nominal‐income targets are highly inefficient: they create great volatility in both inflation and output.
New Perspective on FX Markets: Order‐Flow Analysis
Authors: Lyons Richard K.
Published: March 2003

Though fundamental and technical analysis are still widely used in foreign exchange markets, a new type of analysis has emerged: order‐flow analysis. Order‐flow analysis uses the flow of buy and sell orders to both explain exchange rates contemporaneously and forecast future movements. This article contrasts order‐flow analysis with the traditional approaches and reviews lessons learned. Most important among those lessons is order flow’s ability to account for the lion’s share of movements in the major floating rates. On the policy front, widespread availability of electronic order‐flow data brings many policy questions within reach for the first time. After reviewing these policy questions, the article closes with a discussion of how FX market institutions are evolving and how this evolution will affect application of order‐flow analysis in the future.
Core Inflation and Monetary Policy
Authors: Nessén Marianne , Söderström Ulf
Published: March 2003

What are the implications of targeting different measures of inflation? We extend a basic theoretical framework of optimal monetary policy under inflation targeting (Svensson 1997) to include several components of CPI inflation, and analyse the implications of using different measures of inflation as the target variable – headline CPI inflation, core inflation, and CPI excluding interest rates. Our main results are the following. First, barring the interest rate component, temporary shocks to inflation do not affect optimal monetary policy under any regime. Second, indirect (second‐round) effects of disturbances on target variables need to be accounted for properly. Simply excluding seemingly temporary disturbances from the reaction function risks leading to inappropriate policy responses. Third, it may be optimal to respond to changes in one measure of inflation even if the target is defined in terms of another. Fourth, the presence of the direct interest rate component in the CPI tends to push optimal monetary policy in an expansionary direction. The net effect, considering also the traditional channel, however, depends on the nature of the initial disturbance.
Knowledge management systems: surveying the landscape
Authors: Gallupe Brent
Published: March 2003

Knowledge management systems (KMS) are the tools and techniques that support knowledge‐management practices in organizations. The study of these systems consists of a small but growing body of literature. In the last two years alone, at least four books, two special editions of journals and a number of academic and practitioner articles have been published related to this area. However, much of the work that has been published has been in the form of isolated survey studies, or anecdotal case studies into particular aspects of KMSs. This has made it difficult to build a cumulative body of knowledge into the development, use and management of these systems. The purpose of this paper is to ‘survey the current landscape’ of KMSs, and provide a framework for research into the development and use of these systems in organizations. The intent is to highlight areas where ‘gaps’ exist in what we know about KMSs and suggest ways to close those gaps.
In pursuit of a new ‘enterprise’ and ‘entrepreneurship’ paradigm for learning: creative destruction, new values, new ways of doing things and new combinations of knowledge
Authors: Gibb Allan
Published: March 2003

The paper argues for a new approach to the study of entrepreneurship and a new paradigm as a basis for entrepreneurship education. It also argues that such an approach is unlikely to come from university business schools. It needs an organisational revolution which, however, can be managed within a university as a whole. The paper is divided into two parts. The first explores the political imperative in Europe for development of the ‘enterprise culture’ and attributes this mainly to pressures for greater international competitiveness. The educational response is then examined and, with the help of a number of recent surveys, some of the key issues pertaining to the development of entrepreneurship education in higher education institutions in the UK and Europe are reviewed. The second part attempts to address the imperative at a more conceptual level. The pursuit of entrepreneurial behaviour is seen as a function of the degree of uncertainty and complexity in the task and broader environment and/or the desire of an individual, in pursuit of an opportunity or problem solution, to create it. It is argued that the key trigger for the growing interest in entrepreneurship is globalization. The way in which this has impacted on the role of the state, the organization of business activity and public services and on individuals to create greater uncertainty and complexity in the environment is explored. This leads to a conclusion that a wide range of stakeholders are being confronted with the need for entrepreneurial behaviour, for example, priests, doctors, teachers, policemen, pensioners and community workers and, indeed, potentially everyone in the community. Entrepreneurship is therefore not solely the prerogative of business.

It follows that the traditional focus of entrepreneurship education on business, and new venture management in particular, provides an inadequate basis for response to societal needs. Moreover, the pervasive ideology of the ‘heroic’ entrepreneur can be seen as a dysfunctional when viewed against the needs of a wider community. The wider notion of ‘enterprise’ is therefore introduced as a means of moving away from the hitherto narrow paradigm. How this relates to the development of the individual and the design of enterprising organizations is explored. The paper explores the challenge of this broader context by reference to a number of issues central to the globalization debate including: culture, market liberalization, forms of governance and democracy. It then links these with the ontological and epistemological challenge to education. It concludes with discussion as to how this relates to the traditional concept of a university and argues that universities as a whole are in a much better position to respond to the challenge than are business schools.
Darwinism, probability and complexity: market‐based organizational transformation and change explained through the theories of evolution
Authors: Sammut‐Bonnici Tanya , Wensley Robin
Published: March 2003

The study of transformation and change is one of the most important areas of social science research. This paper synthesizes and critically reviews the emerging traditions in the study of change dynamics. Three mainstream theories of evolution are introduced to explain change: the Darwinian concept of survival of the fittest, the Probability model and the Complexity approach. The literature review provides a basis for development of research questions that search for a more comprehensive understanding of organizational change. The paper concludes by arguing for the development of a complementary research tradition, which combines an evolutionary and organizational analysis of transformation and change.
The Effect of Selection Ratio on Perceptions of the Fairness of a Selection Test Battery
Authors: Thorsteinson Todd J. , Ryan Ann Marie
Published: March 2003

This research examined the effects of the selection ratio on applicants’ perceptions of the fairness of a battery of tests. These fairness perceptions were also examined to assess whether they moderated the validity of the tests. A laboratory study was undertaken to examine the effects of the selection ratio on applicants going through a selection process and to examine the effects of being hired or rejected. Results revealed that the selection ratio did not have an effect on perceptions, but that hired individuals perceived greater distributive fairness. Furthermore, attitudes towards the cognitive ability test moderated the validity of the cognitive ability test, but attitudes toward the personality test did not moderate the validity of the personality test.
Factors which Improve the Construct Validity of Assessment Centers: A Review
Authors: Lievens Filip
Published: March 2003

This article reviews 21 studies which manipulated specific variables to determine their impact on the construct validity of assessment centers. This review shows that the studies regarding the impact of different observation, evaluation, and integration procedures yielded mixed results. Conversely, dimension factors (number, conceptual distinctiveness, and transparency), assessor factors (type of assessor and type of assessor training), and exercise factors (exercise form and use of role‐players) were found to moderate construct validity. On the basis of the review, practical recommendations are derived to maximize the probability that practitioners design and administer an assessment center with construct validity. Finally, new perspectives for future research are identified.
A Cross‐Modal Comparison of Telephone and Face‐to‐Face Selection Interviews in Graduate Recruitment
Authors: Silvester Joanne , Anderson Neil , Haddleton Emma , Cunningham‐Snell Nicole , Gibb Andy
Published: March 2003

Although there has been an increase in the use of telephone interviews for graduate recruitment by companies in the UK, there is little evidence attesting to their equivalence with traditional face‐to‐face selection interviews. A total of 70 candidates applying to a multinational oil corporation received both face‐to‐face and telephone interviews as the first stage of the 1996 graduate recruitment milkround. Group A (N = 41) received an initial face‐to‐face interview followed by a telephone interview and group B (N = 29) a telephone interview followed by a face‐to‐face interview. Findings indicate that candidates received significantly lower ratings when interviewed by telephone than when interviewed face‐to‐face (p ≤ 0.001). A significant interaction was also found (p ≤ 0.05) with candidates who received face‐to‐face interviews following telephone interviews demonstrating improved performance in their face‐to‐face interviews. The practical implications of these findings for companies wishing to use telephone interviews are discussed.
Globalization and the emerging welfare state — the experience of South Korea
Authors: Lee H. K.
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the experience of South Korea (hereafter referred to as Korea) as a testing ground for the prospects of the contemporary welfare state as affected by globalization. Korea is known as one of the most successful cases of intentional economic growth. Over three and a half decades, from 1961 to 1996, it grew from a war‐torn wreck to become the world’s 11th largest economy, with a per capita gross domestic product exceeding US$10,000, and to become a member of the rich nations’ club, OECD. But, with the financial crisis of 1997, the Korean miracle is said to have ingloriously ended. This paper examines the development of the Korean welfare state as a composite system of democratic welfare capitalism in the context of its export‐oriented economic growth, and looks into the current features of the welfare state efforts under the direct tutelage of the IMF.
Social exclusion, solidarity and the challenge of globalization
Authors: Room G. J.
Published: March 2003

During the 1990s, the notion of “social exclusion” has given a new impetus to the debate about poverty and disadvantage. This paper assesses the extent of conceptual reconfiguration that the concept of social exclusion involves and the implications for empirical research and policy evaluation. It proceeds to examine critically the extent to which current notions of social exclusion risk neglecting patterns of inequality in the wider society. It concludes by arguing that the globalization of our market economies is tending to erode the support which more advantaged groups are ready to offer and to force retrenchment of the formal welfare organizations on which the poor can call. In a global economy, moral solidarity with the disadvantaged atrophies, and the national communities within which the postwar welfare states were built no longer serve as the focus for good neighbourliness.
Should mothers work? Age and attitudes in Germany, Italy and Sweden
Authors: Sunström E.
Published: March 2003

Welfare states are constructed around values and political and economic preferences, creating social relationships between the genders. As women increase their labour market participation, new patterns of conflict within families and around policies arise. In this article, attitudes towards family and gender relations among men and women in different age groups in Germany, Italy and Sweden are analysed. The findings show that national policies seem to influence the level of attitudes among men and women. Despite the differences between the countries, an overall pattern emerges in which both age and gender influence people’s understanding of women’s paid work within and between the three countries. Finally, some implications of changing attitudes on welfare state policies for gender equality are discussed.
After Safety, What is the Goal of Child Welfare Services: Permanency, Family Continuity or Social Benefit?
Authors: Barth R.P.
Published: March 2003

Child welfare services have multiple goals, including child protection, family continuity, and achievement of legal permanency so children can end their involvement with child welfare services and have a lifetime family. These goals are not all achievable to the same extent in all cases. American child welfare policy has, in the last few years, become more definitive about the priority of child protection above family preservation. Now, situations which involve safety risks that are too great do not require any efforts at reunifying children to their biological homes. Less clear in American child welfare policy and practice is the value to be placed on other factors – particularly when a child cannot return home and will need an alternative adoptive family. Practitioners often emphasize family continuity– that is, the opportunity to maintain contact with the biological parent and extended family members – as a key decision making consideration. Yet, family continuity does not necessarily predict a successful transition to adulthood that is healthy for children or provides social benefits to the community. This paper explores the rationale for expanding child welfare decision making criteria by adding longer‐term outcomes and the likelihood that children will eventually generate social benefits.
Social Policy in Harsh Times. Social Security Development in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden during the 1980s and 1990s
Authors: Nordlund Anders
Published: March 2003

For the past two decades, Nordic social policy has been subject to a range of serious challenges, among which economic problems and critiques by neo‐classical economists have been most prominent. This article raises the question whether Nordic social policy has significantly changed during this period of challenges. Based on an empirical analysis of social expenditure data and three central social security programs, this article provides evidence that changes in Nordic social policy over this period have, in fact, been relatively minor. Indeed, the four welfare states of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden have shown remarkable resilience considering the harsh challenges that they have been exposed to since the early 1980s.
Defining responsibility for care: approaches to the care of older people in six European countries
Authors: Blackman Tim
Published: March 2003

This article examines the social care of older people in six contrasting European countries. Family, institutional and community care are compared, focusing on vulnerability, empowerment and the gatekeeping of resources. The article considers the position of older people in each care system by presenting individual case studies. The six countries include the family‐oriented systems of Ireland, Italy and Greece, and the individual‐oriented systems of Denmark, Norway and England. To improve the care of older people in any of these welfare cultures, resources need to be developed that work with existing sources of care but extend the rights of older people, at least to assessment and an equitable matching of needs to the care services available. Overall, the different levels of provision of organised social care services are a major aspect of inequality within and between the countries. Whilst there is little prospect for any major policy transfer across national boundaries, there is potential for selective cross‐national learning with regard to particular service developments.
Social development strategies of a non‐governmental grassroots women’s organisation in Nigeria
Authors: Lucas Emma
Published: March 2003

Social development initiatives of rural and poor urban women in Africa are efforts that redress the post‐colonial economic development planning oversights of many African nations. Grass roots movements are responsive initiatives that have provided rural women with bottom‐up management and planning opportunities focused on quality of life issues for themselves, their families, the community, and, ultimately, the nation. Since 1982, Country Women’s Association of Nigeria (COWAN), a non‐governmental organisation, has addressed the needs of rural and urban poor women through economic activities that have empowered them and increased their levels of self‐sufficiency. With COWAN’s emphasis on popular participation and indigenous leadership, macro‐community development practices are employed, as is the recognition of individual and collective skills and talents. Social workers of today should be aware of commonalities that exists in the struggles of these and other Third World women, for their struggles are not unlike those of oppressed groups found in the USA and other developed countries.
Social work in the press: a cross‐national study
Authors: Reid William J. , Misener Elizabeth
Published: March 2003

This study examined the image of social work in newspapers in the United States and the United Kingdom. Using the LEXIS‐NEXIS database of full text articles, a sample of 20 constructed weeks were randomly drawn from 60 major dailies over a four‐and‐a‐half‐year period, yielding 399 articles in which reference was made to social work. Ratings of the image of social work were largely positive in the USA; in the UK more stories had negative than positive ratings. In both countries stories about child welfare practice were rated more negatively than other fields. Positive images of the profession were most likely to occur in stories in which social workers were portrayed as experts, presented programme innovations, or were described as carrying out interesting practice activities.
Social epidemiologic comparisons in a European cohort of substance‐dependent therapeutic community clients: a case‐oriented analysis
Authors: Reichmann Sébatien , Kaplan Charles D. , Jannson Ingegerd
Published: March 2003

A case‐oriented analytical approach compared the index national case of France with the typical European outcome, other European cases and American results on social epidemiological indicators. Modal distributions were found to be most similar between the French sample and the total European sample on most social network items in a European therapeutic community cohort (n=723). The characteristics of the American and our sample were also found to be strikingly similar. Network size varies mainly with the number of substance‐dependent contacts reported by the client. Southern European clients have been living with their parents while northern clients have been living alone. Spending most of the time with drug‐using friends is not related to developing intimate relationships and a counterbalance to a situation of peer loneliness. The importance of looking at the function of social network relations in risk networks in harmonising European policy is emphasised.
China: developmentalism and social security
Authors: Tang Kwong‐leung , Ngan Raymond
Published: March 2003

China began its social security reform when the market‐oriented economy was first promoted in the late 1970s. Initiatives have been taken to replace the employer‐based labour insurance model with a largely social insurance model. However, it is a mistake to argue that China is pursuing a neo‐liberal agenda in its social initiatives. Instead, the state has played a major role in the process. Based on a developmental analysis, it is argued that the direction of change is generally encouraging. The emerging social insurance programme has the following advantages: it widens coverage, facilitates economic development, seeks a minimum entitlement, fosters social integration, and enhances individual participation and responsibility. The creation of an economically and socially viable social insurance programme will support the economic development of the country in the twenty‐first century.
Coping with long–term unemployment: economic security, labour market integration and well–being. Results from a Danish panel study, 1994–1999
Authors: Goul Andersen Jørgen
Published: March 2003

On the basis of a Danish panel study of the long–term unemployed 1994–1999, the article challenges core premises underlying labour market reforms, assigning too high a priority to work and work incentives, and too little priority to social protection. Economic hardship has become widespread among long–term unemployed even in Denmark, and this is a more serious threat against well–being than unemployment as such. Generous social security, denounced as ‘passive support’, enables the unemployed to cope with their situation, and there are no signs of any ‘dependency culture’. Incentives in terms of economic hardship may stimulate active job seeking but the panel study reveals that it has no positive effect on subsequent labour market integration.