bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Review of the Healthcare System in the State of Punjab, India
Authors: Kaur Mandeep , Singh Baljit
Published: April 2022

This study attempted to analyse the healthcare system in the state of Punjab at a community level, village level, and district level. In the chapter, an attempt is made to review the literature concerned with different aspects such as organizational structure, institutions and infrastructure, service delivery, and healthcare expenditure. It will enable the reader to have a look at the past trends and present functioning of healthcare system of the state and give the reader a direction for further research in the potential areas. This review accounts for various studies conducted in the healthcare in the state of Punjab, India. A thematic comprehensive presentation of literature review is done in this chapter.
Does It Hold Water?
Authors: Schneider Rainer
Published: April 2022

Recently, it was shown that regular consumption of a standardized amount of filtered tap water over a period of three weeks improved self-reported physical complaints. However, since individuals were fully aware of the type of water they consumed, it was unclear to what extent this effect was ascribable to placebo effects. This chapter tests the effectiveness of an in-home water filter system (AcalaQuell®) by comparing it with a sham water filter containing no significant filter ingredients. Both filters were concealed, and participants knew that the probability to receive the clinically proven filter was 50%. There were large differences with regard to symptom reduction between the two groups. For individual-specific complaints, the reduction was 38% for the filtered water group while the reduction in the placebo group was about 8%. Subjective health complaints are considerably reduced after daily intake of AcalaQuell®-filtered tap water during a three-week administration period. This effect is specific and independent from placebo effects.
Assessing Differential Vulnerability to Health Risks Associated With Microbial Contamination of Vegetables
Authors: Kyeremeh Emmanuel , Aboagye Dacosta , Asante Felix
Published: April 2022

In the Sunyani Municipality, rapid population growth and uncertainties in rainfall have encouraged the use of untreated surface water for irrigating vegetables. However, microbial levels of ready-to-eat vegetables remain untested, and the differences in exposure unexplored. Further, there is a paucity of studies that compare the quality of local and exotic vegetables. A mixed method approach was used to collect and analyse primary data for the study. Forty-one farmers were sampled whilst 24 vegetable samples were used. The results showed on-farm vegetables in the municipality had microbial counts beyond the acceptable World Health Organization (WHO) threshold. Comparatively, the microbial counts of on-farm vegetables in rural and peri-urban locations differed, and the quality of local and exotic vegetables also differed. Also, vulnerability to on-farm microbial contamination differed across space and among producers. It is recommended that vegetable farmers should be educated on the safety of vegetables by the Agricultural Extension Officers in the municipality.
Executive Function Development
Authors: Federico Francesca , Mellone Michela
Published: April 2022

Executive functions change during the lifespan and can both be improved or adversely affected by various events that affect an individual. For example, resource-rich environments, stress-response systems are understood to shape brain development in ways conducive to executive function and high levels of self-control. Conversely, in lower-resource unpredictable environments, stress-response systems are understood to shape the brain in ways that promote highly reactive behavior and poor executive function ability leading to school failure and early school leaving. Knowing well the impact of stress and an unfavorable environment on the development of executive functions can lead to the construction of intervention programs that can guide these children from disadvantage towards resilience.
Executive Functions and Sociocognitive Abilities in Natural Metalanguage
Authors: Ciurana David Navarro
Published: April 2022

Reported speech is a natural metalinguistic skill, where the speaker uses language as both an object of thought and a vehicle of communication, with the aim of quoting alienated utterances. In this chapter, a constructivist approach is used to review the involvement of executive functions in the production and comprehension of this linguistic technique, with a special focus on its development in child language. The change of mental spaces involved in any reported speech clause requires a load on executive functions, as well as the involvement of other higher-order socio-cognitive skills to conjugate perspective conflicts.
Executive Functions as an Interface in Language Development
Authors: Fernández-Pérez Milagros , Martínez Iván Enríquez
Published: April 2022

The main objective of the present study is to highlight which verbal tactics are associated with executive skills in the early stages, and how the emergence and anchoring of formal processes and various structures take place in this process. From the theoretical perspective of construction linguistics, which assumes the value of spontaneous verbal usages and the importance of a bottom-up route, the authors consider the acquisition of Spanish, examining in particular the presence and weight of communicative-interactive resources such as signalling, emphasis, maintenance of conversational threads, narrative voices, and temporal and spatial turns. The more specific aim here is to offer early evidence of such tactics, showing both their evolutionary tendency towards conscious and active interaction and their support in genuine semiotic-structural procedures characteristic of emergent grammar. For this purpose, they look at language production drawn from corpora of children's speech.
Technological Tools for the Intervention and Computerized Dynamic Assessment of Executive Functions
Authors: Bustamante Juan Carlos , Navarro Juan-José
Published: April 2022

Computerized cognitive training is popular for some of its advantages. In this sense, clinical approaches based on cognitive rehabilitation and cognitive stimulation and research-based approaches based on the maintenance and reinforce of cognitive functions through systematic processes are both the basis of the application of technological tools for interventions in executive functions. Different cognitive remediation tools like Cogmed Working Memory Training and CogniFit and other possibilities like home computer-based training, use of smartphone apps, gamification, virtual reality, Exergame, educational robotics, and web-based counselor-assisted problem-solving interventions can generate different types of training transfer effects on working memory, inhibitory control, among others. Moreover, the integration of computerized adaptive testing and dynamic assessment would introduce another type of technological intervention-oriented assessment. The objective of the chapter is to present updated material about technological interventions in executive functions.
Taboo Language
Authors: Darrah Adrienne
Published: April 2022

As taboo language among women and men becomes more common, an understanding of how taboo language is used is necessary. Unfortunately, studies have returned mixed results at once finding taboo language is associated with negative emotions while also finding taboo language is associated with positive emotions. What is understood, however, is the inequity between the genders in relation to taboo language usage. Taboo words and expressions are given weight by cultural norms that have long been established by the patriarchal standards in the United States. These standards trace their roots back to the Puritan and Victorian eras when society dictated that men held more power than women. This chapter explores the literature on taboo language while examining the dyadic representations of the patriarchal norms that punish women for using taboo speech while ignoring taboo language usage by men.
Family Communication at the End of Life
Authors: Nickels Bonnie M. , Tenzek Kelly E.
Published: April 2022

Communication at end-of-life remains a stigmatized and taboo topic among families. Despite evidence indicating open communication and engagement among family members in the end-of-life process, people still struggle to communicate in this taboo topic. This chapter will review the literature of end-of-life communication among families, including theoretical approaches, challenges and barriers to open end-of-life communication and advance care planning, and depictions of end-of-life in entertainment media. Opportunities to overcome the taboo nature of communicating about death and dying by using media entertainment, specifically film and television, as a conversational platform to launch discussion aimed at overcoming the stigma surrounding death and dying are provided.
Audio Ageplay and Sonic Spankings
Authors: Hester Jennessa
Published: April 2022

Global perspectives on sexuality are changing, with “deviancies” that were once considered entirely taboo occupying newly uncontroversial roles in society. However, one subsect of erotic expression remains largely unacceptable: kink. This totalizing demonization of alternative desire has led many to hide their sexuality from others, creating a crisis of shame rooted in the prohibition of open discourse. Thankfully, research indicates that kinky podcasts might provide a solution to this problem. This chapter examines six such shows—The Dildorks, Why Are People Into That?!, Dudes Spankin' Dudes, The Big Little Podcast, the Brat Perversions Podcast, and Diaper Girl Gossip—and explains how their rhetorical choices help kinky listeners gain an alternative sexual education, improve their interpersonal communication and community building skills, and achieve personal affectual liberation.
Communicating Quadriplegia
Authors: Parrish Garett Lee
Published: April 2022

Autoethnography is an intriguing and promising qualitative research method that gives voice to personal experience to extend psychological and sociological understanding. The author's experience of having a spinal cord injury (SCI) provides the reader with insight regarding perceptions of quadriplegia and informalities of addressing disabilities in communication settings. Education on communication is valuable because it helps people who have not had previous exposure to disabilities understand guidelines for appropriate and ethical behavior when having a conversation with an individual with disabilities. Taboo conversations that are mishandled can lead to adverse physical and mental health outcomes in society. This chapter includes quantitative and qualitative research to provide evidence of these negative social and health outcomes and present communication and coping strategies for dealing with the more difficult conversations associated with quadriplegia and paralysis.
Determinants of Data Science Adoption in Organizations
Authors: Daradkeh Mohammad K.
Published: April 2022

While the hype around data science and its key role in driving business and industry change is pervasive, there is scant insight into the factors underlying its successful and widespread adoption in organizations. This chapter presents a systematic approach that integrates text analytics with technology-organization-environment (TOE) framework to analyze the digital voice of practitioners and identify the factors driving data science adoption in organizations. The authors collected 4100 user-generated reviews for 13 prominent data science platforms from Gartner.com and then categorized them into different topics using Latent-Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model. From the identified topics, 48 factors were derived and synthesized into a model for data science adoption using the TOE framework. The results reveal that alongside technological capabilities, several organizational and environmental factors can significantly influence data science adoption. The results also provide evidence on the potential impact of data science adoption on various aspects of business performance.
Sign of the Times
Authors: Soiferman Tyler W. , Bracewell Paul J.
Published: April 2022

Natural language processing is a prevalent technique for scalably processing massive collections of documents. This branch of computer science is concerned with creating abstractions of text that summarize collections of documents in the same way humans can. This form of standardization means these summaries can be used operationally in machine learning models to describe or predict behavior in real or near real time as required. However, language evolves. This chapter demonstrates how language has evolved over time by exploring historical documents from the USA. Specifically, the change in emotion associated with key words can be aligned to major events. This research highlights the need to evaluate the stability of characteristics, including features engineered based on word elements when deploying operational models. This is an important issue to ensure that machine learning models constructed to summarize documents are monitored to ensure latent bias, or misinterpretation of outputs, is minimized.
Combating the Phishing Attacks
Authors: Tasmin Sonia , Sarmin Asma Khanam , Shalehin Mitul , Haque A. K. M. Bahalul
Published: April 2022

The phishing attack targets the client's email and any other connection medium to illicitly get the user credentials of e-commerce websites, educational websites, banks, credit card information, and other crucial user information. Exploitations caused by different types of cyberattacks result in data loss, identity theft, financial loss, and various other adversaries on both human and infrastructure. Therefore, investigating the threats and vulnerabilities on web applications and analysis of recent cyberattacks on web applications can also provide a holistic scenario about the recent security standpoint. Therefore, in this chapter, phishing attack techniques and their current scenario will be discussed extensively. Moreover, recent phishing techniques will be discussed to understand the severity of this type of attack. Finally, this chapter will outline the proposed and existing countermeasures for protecting users' identities and credentials from the phishing technique.
Analysis of Encryption and Compression Techniques for Hiding Secured Data Transmission
Authors: Kumar M. Ravi , Priyadarshini K. Mariya , Santhosh Chella , Prasanna J Lakshmi , Likitha G. U. S. Aiswarya
Published: April 2022

Galois finite field arithmetic multipliers are supported by two-element multiplication of the finite body thereby reducing the result by a polynomial p(x) which is irreducible with degree m. Galois field (GF) multipliers have a variety of uses in communications, signal processing, and other fields. The verification methods of GF circuits are uncommon and confined to circuits of critical information sources and yields with realized piece locations. They also require data from the final polynomial P(x), which affects the execution of the final equipment. Here the authors introduce a math method that is based on a PC variable that easily verifies and figures out GF (2m) multipliers from the use of the initial level and compares with Vedic multiplier and Wallace tree multiplier. The technique relies on the parallel elimination of extraordinary final polynomial and proceeds in three phases: 1) decision of the yield bit – the situation is made; 2) decision of the info bit – the situation is made; and 3) the invariable polynomial used in the structure is segregated.
A New Insight on the Morphology of Web Mining
Authors: Nehinbe Joshua Ojo
Published: April 2022

Recent surveys have revealed that about 199 million of active and over 1.2 Billion of inactive websites exist across the globe. The categories of websites have also increased beyond espionage networks of spies, computer networks for corporate organizations, networks for governments' agencies, networks for social interactions, search engines and networks for religious bodies, etc. These diversities have generated complex issues regarding the morphology and classification of webs and web mining. Thus, the validity of the generic web classification, web mining taxonomy, and contemporary studies on the regularities of web usage, web content, web semantic, web structures, and the process of extracting useful information and interesting patterns from the intricate of the Internet are frequently questionable. The existing web mining taxonomy can also lead to misinformation, misclassification, and crisscrossed issues such that numerous webs' patterns could be marked with crossing and inexplicable lines. By using qualitative virtual interviews of 26 skilled web-designers and a focus group-conference of 7 experts in web-usage to brainstorm on the above issues, this chapter comprehensively discusses the above concepts and how they relate to web classification and web mining taxonomy. The themes obtained elucidate the techniques that commonly underpin basic web mining taxonomy. New concepts like existence of esoteric web data, exoteric web data; mysterious, inexplicable, and mystifying patterns; and cryptic vocabularies are discussed to assist web analytics. Finally, the author suggests eight classification attributes for web mining patterns (illustrative, expositive, educative, advisory, interpretative, demonstrative, revealing, and informatory) and proposes a new web mining taxonomy to minimize the impacts of the above concerns on global settings.
A Brief Discussion on Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum (ACC)
Authors: Mouda Mohammed Junaid , Dinamani M.  , Jyothi M. S.  , Sangmesh D.
Published: April 2022

The word “cognitive disorder” is assigned to behavioral and personality changes leading to a gradual decline of various cognitive realms which further disturbs the day-to-day social as well as professional activities. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) are the irreversible and growing brain conditions destroying the memory and thinking ability causing dementia. Though there exists an exponential increase in both the patients, they are well demarcated clinically with various biomarkers. However, the limited efficiency of the available therapeutic agents for treating AD is a spotlight to develop novel drugs. Herein, the chapter deals with the basic information on symptoms, stages, causes, and even treatment methods for ADEM and ACC.
A Brief Discussion on Depression, Schizophrenia, and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Andavar Venkatesh , Gupta Shweta
Published: April 2022

This chapter describes three types of cognitive diseases: depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and schizophrenia. Depression is a frequent kind of mental illness. More than 264 million individuals of all ages suffer from depression across the world. Women are more likely than males to suffer from depression. Suicide can be caused by depression. For mild and severe depression, there are effective psychological and pharmaceutical therapies. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or obsessive-compulsive ailment is an anxiety disorder. It is divided into two parts: obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are recurring thoughts, ideas, visions, or impulses that are unpleasant and distressing. Compulsions are behaviors, routines, or mental acts that you engage in to relieve the distress brought on by your obsessions. Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness in which patients have distorted perceptions of reality. Schizophrenia can include hallucinations, delusions, and severely disorganized thought and behavior, which can make it difficult to operate on a daily basis.
The Influence of Artificial Intelligence on People With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Shushma G. B.  , Jacob I. Jeena
Published: April 2022

This literature review examines the past and recent relevant research on autism disorder. As undergoing many changes in the whole world, especially after the deadly effect of the COVID-19 widespread in the year 2020, has led to drastic adoption of more intelligent devices for quicker detection of certain human diseases and delivering the results quicker via electronic media, the research will focus on the autism disorder intelligent device detection and feed these data to machine learning models to predict the issues without human intervention. Based on the outcome of the results, the diseases can be treated accordingly in an appropriate manner. The individual suffering from autism disorder can be detected early using AI or machine learning, and this domain can be integrated with the IoT sensors. Such sensors can be combined with the human body, and this sensor will extract the data and send it to the centralized healthcare system. Such data will be removed from the data storage and processed using the AI algorithm to get the desirable results to give an appropriate treatment at the correct stages.
Diagnostic Categorization and Neurocognitive Prediction Employing Neuroimaging Data Using Deep Learning in Alzheimer's Illness
Authors: Bharadwaja Srividya , Sasi Smitha
Published: April 2022

Traditional analytic strategies for investigating neuroimaging biomarkers for neuropsychiatric illnesses have relied on mass univariate statistics, assuming that various brain areas function separately. Machine learning (ML) methods that take into account intercorrelation across areas have recently become a popular and important part of computer-assisted analytical procedures and are now frequently used for the automated diagnosis and analysis of neuropsychiatric illnesses. The goal of this chapter is to provide a detailed overview of CNN and RNN applications in medical image comprehension. The overarching goal is to encourage medical image understanding experts to use CNNs extensively in their research and diagnosis. This chapter describes the development of various novel DL-based approaches and models as well as advancements in high-speed computing techniques, which provide a once-in-a-lifetime chance to anticipate and control Alzheimer's disease.
The Fallacy of Higher Education as the Great Social Equalizer
Authors: Zengaro Sally , Warley Raquel
Published: April 2022

This chapter addresses issues of race and social identity that can affect the academic success and educational attainment of students from various backgrounds, races, and ethnicities. It begins with a description of the historical view of higher education with a focus on underrepresented populations and the effect of lasting discriminatory practices. Next, this chapter examines the role of stereotype threat, implicit bias, and teacher expectations on student achievement. It concludes with workable solutions and recommendations for the classroom. The chapter asserts that teacher expectations have a powerful influence on students' thoughts, behaviors, and ultimate success in school.
Beyond Critical Race Theory
Authors: Brand Susan T. , Tutwiler M. Shane
Published: April 2022

Critical race theory (CRT) teaching currently plays a leading and controversial role in school board meetings; parent teacher meetings, media outlets, and in local, state, and national policy decision making. Proponents of CRT teaching maintain that students deserve an honest education that is free from omissions, distortion, and bias. Through the lens of CRT, students in grades K-16 learn history with accuracy and in developmentally appropriate ways. They explore transparently presented historical events and discuss contextual factors that led to these events as well as the progress that Americans have achieved over the last two centuries. This chapter addresses the impact of CRT teaching in learning transparent history, their resultant quest for more knowledge about marginalization and oppression, and their eagerness to “turn it around” and promote understanding and unity. Through enlisting the related practices of culturally responsive pedagogy (CRP), lessons and activities are illustrated in a content-integrated manner.
Meet the Need
Authors: Wuerzburger Jared Lee , Henriquez Oscar G. , Tinnerman Larry S.
Published: April 2022

The classroom is a living body that is molded and shaped by different factors. The factors that make up the classroom experience are determined by the universities, colleges, accrediting bodies, and professors. Colleges and universities increasingly demand that professors incorporate social justice issues in the classroom. For this study, volunteering was recommended in an information technology course at a Midwestern institution to incorporate social justice pedagogy. Students participated in volunteering at a food pantry and took a volunteer functions inventory (VFI) assessment before volunteering and then after volunteering. The VFI assessment identifies six motivation categories. This chapter examines only two of those six categories, social and values. The study analyzed participating students before volunteering and then after volunteering for both motivation categories. Implications and recommendations are featured to provide context.
Using Multicultural Children's Literature to Leverage Student Cultural Competence and Promote Social Justice
Authors: Lee Chaehyun
Published: April 2022

According to a National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) report, the total enrollment of minority groups in public elementary and secondary schools reached 52%, and 48% of school students were White/European American. The percentage of children attending school who are White is projected to continue decreasing, whereas each minority ethnic group is projected to continue increasing. Therefore, since schools are becoming much more culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD), educators need to not only learn about the cultural and linguistic backgrounds of all their learners but also strive to provide curricula that can mirror their diverse cultural and linguistic environments. As classroom teachers encounter CLD students, several scholars advocate using multicultural literature in the classroom. Yet, despite the merits of multicultural literature, books about CLD children are seldom available and rarely used in the United States school curriculum.
Working Conditions of Healthcare Professionals and Their Implication in COVID-19 Times
Authors: Silva Carlos Alberto , Carvalheira Francisca , Ramos Victor Manuel Borges , Gemito Maria Laurência
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss healthcare workers' (HCW) working conditions under the COVID-19 pandemic, including their challenges and needs. Through a brief systematic review, PubMed, and Science Direct, the authors searched up to mid-September 2021. Twenty-seven studies were included in the analysis. The majority addressed mental health issues reported by HCWs in COVID-19 times arising from their respective workplace for several reasons: fear of infection, lack of personal protective equipment (PPE), insufficient training, among others. The authors also found evidence of other subjects concerning working conditions of HCWs in COVID-19 times, such as physical health, job satisfaction, safety, and training. Empirical evidence urges the establishment of a number of interventions concerning HCWs' working conditions under the COVID-19 pandemic to mitigate risks, especially those tackling mental health issues; to train HCWs in dealing with the pandemic and their resilience; and to have HCWs safely and satisfyingly working.
The Role of New Technologies During the COVID-19 Syndemic in the Andalusian Health System
Authors: Rodríguez-Reinado Carmen , Chaves-Montero Alfonso
Published: April 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has generated the greatest health crisis experienced in the 21st century, straining the capacity of health systems and posing an unparalleled challenge: how to make the health system efficient through the implementation and use of new information and communication technologies. The general objective of this chapter is to present the case of the Andalusian public health system and the use of information and communication technologies during the first stages of the pandemic with the aim of outlining some reflections and proposals for improvement in order to advance along the path of modernisation and digitalisation of the Andalusian public health system.
Training, Skills, Professions, and Labor Market in Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy
Authors: Abrantes António Fernando Caldeira Lagem
Published: April 2022

The health professions are constantly facing unavoidable challenges and contingencies due to the wide range of societal challenges. Despite the differences between training, knowledge, skills, professions, and the labor market, it is certain that there must be some coherence between them, otherwise it will not meet the emerging social needs in this area. Portugal is usually recognized as an excellent trainer in the areas of healthcare technologies, specifically radiology, radiotherapy, and nuclear medicine. Recently, for reasons that are still unclear, training paths were reformulated, making them much less specialized than the previous ones. Despite the pretext of aiming to a European convergence, analyzing the documents of the European Federation of Radiographers Society (EFRS), the authors find that Portugal, along with Hungary, is isolated in this new training model.
Improving Allied Health Professions Education With Clinical Training and Interdisciplinary Translational Research
Authors: Ramos Magda
Published: April 2022

The constant publication of studies and clinical trials provides evidence of good quality that can be used by the clinician as a basis for medical decision making, even in a context of uncertainty and risk. The quality in radiotherapy education considering it as applying not only in college but across the clinical practice and clinical implementation with a global thinking is an ongoing challenge. The author concludes by posturing ways other discipline areas across the translational and clinical research have grown sufficiently complex that training should include and also have processes that allow them to find the best available evidence, critically evaluate the literature, and use the found evidence to make evidence-informed decisions in clinical practice in radiotherapy.
Patient Safety
Authors: Azevedo Kevin Barros
Published: April 2022

Patient safety has become one of the most important issues in healthcare. Clearly and desirably, a patient in need of healthcare should not, as a result of such care, suffer harm that is clearly unnecessary. It is in this context, and starting from the alert for this problem, that the concept of patient safety emerges and, around it, a whole body of knowledge is carved, and today it is a subject with a vertiginous development. The articles published involving this theme are numerous, and increasingly, there are clear paths for what should and what should not be done. This chapter intends to address this theme from the begging of the concept to the importance of its implementation as a subject integrated in radiography curriculum at the initial formation level. It is also intended to provide ways to increase patient safety in imaging departments that must start as a cultural issue at the degree level, being integrated by students in the perspective that they will become the future professionals.
Current and Future Challenges in Physiotherapy Education
Authors: Tomé Ana , Santos Catarina Duarte , Sequeira Margarida
Published: April 2022

The physiotherapy profession and education have evolved aligned with over a century of worldwide historic moments, sociodemographic challenges, and advances in science and technology. The goal of this chapter is to describe future challenges in physiotherapy education, recognizing physiotherapists as allied health professionals with specific core competences, whose educational outcomes can be enhanced through active learning strategies integrated in a real context for practice, in a never ending continuous professional development leveraged by a lifelong learning experience.
Reflective Practices in Speech and Language Therapy Degree
Authors: Gonçalves Maria João , Patrício Brígida F. , Araújo André G. M. , Faria Paula Cristina , Pinto Marta Joana
Published: April 2022

Speech and language therapists are health professionals working with people with communication and swallowing-related problems. The scope of practice includes competences that go far beyond clinical and technical abilities. As in other fields, inter and intrapersonal competences are crucial to develop and establish quality health services and a well-succeeded career. Reflective practices are used to achieve a professional profile aligned with 21st century competences, with strong soft skills, and capacity to develop new competences during professional lifetime. This chapter presents the experience of a Portuguese health school where several tools and strategies have systematically been used for the last 15 years in a Speech and Language Therapy degree, as tutorials, portfolio, reflective reports, self- and peer assessments, simulations, and clinical practicum. The outcomes are relevant and may be inspiring for other allied health professions' education, including students, teachers, and clinical educators.
Education in Prosthetics and Orthotics
Authors: Cavaco Adriana Isabel Rodrigues González , Guerreiro João Miguel Quintino
Published: April 2022

The study and manufacturing of prostheses and orthotics have been developed over the years based on the need to enable people with disabilities. The International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics has stimulated technology improvement, scientific meetings, P&O curriculum program recognition. The P&O B.Sc. degree at the University of the Algarve has four academic years structured with a logical gradual increase in the acquisition of general and specific skills, through different teaching methods. The first two years are dedicated to general content with expositive methodologies. The syllabus more related with the specific formation areas is developed in the third academic year, where the autonomy of the students is stimulated, and the main teaching methods focus on active strategies. The fourth year is entirely dedicated to clinical practice, which promotes the autonomy of students in professional environment. Throughout the academic course, applied research is also encouraged and valued as a way of integrating knowledge from different areas.
Evidence-Based Practice in Osteopathy
Authors: Frias Andre , Ferreira da Costa Ana Cristina
Published: April 2022

Osteopathy is a science that is aimed at primary and preventive healthcare and takes a global approach to the individual, emphasizing the relationship between structure and function. It is a primary contact healthcare profession, and so osteopaths' basic and continuing training must guarantee patient safety. The standards of education of osteopaths and their implementation vary significantly worldwide. Although some countries have raised the level of training to a university degree, gaps still exist. Higher education standards provide more complete, rigorous, and evidence-based training, significantly improving the quality of consultations. The authors aim to show how evidence-based practice can be a useful methodology not only for clinical practice but also in undergraduate training, improving patient safety and reducing the risk of adverse events. They focus on the cooperation of osteopathy with other health areas. Sources of evidence applied to osteopathy are provided, and the importance of continuous professional development and remote learning are discussed.
Interdisciplinary Professional Doctoral Education
Authors: Hayes Catherine , Corrie Ian
Published: April 2022

Interdisciplinary professional doctoral pathways and their associated learning trajectories are now a recognised mechanism of operationalising translational research from the context of work-based praxis. The longstanding debates of how best to bridge the theory-practice nexus in healthcare remains a challenge, although the progressive development of professional doctorate programmes has seen a rise in the number of clinical and professional practice doctorates across Western educational providers. This chapter provides an insight into how core concepts of performativity, transformative learning, and the potential to measure the impact of knowledge translation at the front line of person-centred care can all influence the holistic provision of doctoral education pathways with strategic relevance and operational pragmatism.
Improving Comparative Opinion Mining Through Detection of Support Sentences
Authors: Yeow Teck Keat , Gan Keng Hoon
Published: April 2022

Comparative opinion contains contrasting views of products (e.g., which aspect of a product is better or worse). Most existing works for comparative opinion mining focus on single comparative sentences but have yet explored the benefits of additional comparative details in neighbouring sentences of a comparative sentence. Motivated by the needs to exploit these supporting details, this chapter proposes an approach to identify the link between a comparative sentence and its neighbouring sentences. As contextual similarity between comparative sentence and neighbouring sentence is crucial to determine their relatedness, contextual features of these two sentences are exploited to measure the similarity between them. Then, linear-chain conditional random field (CRF) is used to identify neighbouring sentence that is related to comparative sentence. Detection of supporting neighbouring sentence using linear-chain CRF with optimized contextual features (cosine similarity, Wordnet similarity, and comparative keywords) outperforms sentence similarity baseline by 4% in accuracy and 0.06 in F-score.
Sentiment Analysis of the Harry Potter Series Using a Lexicon-Based Approach
Authors: Al Mamun Md Habib , Keikhosrokiani Pantea , Asl Moussa Pourya , Anuar Nur Ain Nasuha , Hadi Nurfarah Hadira Abdul , Humida Thasnim
Published: April 2022

The objective of this chapter is to conduct a sentiment analysis of the Harry Potter novel series written by British author J.K. Rowling. The text of the series is collected from GitHub as an R package provided by Bradley Boehmke. The chapter analyzed the text by R programming to explore dominant sentiments using a lexicon approach of natural language processing (NLP). The results revealed that Professor Slughorn scored the most positive sentiment among the main characters that have heroic qualities; Death Eaters had the most negative sentiment among the anti-hero characters; negative sentiment in the text around the anti-hero characters increased significantly, while the positive sentiment around the hero characters remained constant as the story progressed throughout the series; among the series of novels, The Deathly Hallows contained the most negative sentiment; among all the houses of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, Hufflepuff had the most positive sentiment; and each book of the series appeared negative until the final chapter, which always ended with a positive sentiment.
Threat Emotion Analysis in Social Media
Authors: Ibañez Marilyn Minicucci , Rosa Reinaldo Roberto , Guimarães Lamartine Nogueira Frutuoso
Published: April 2022

In recent decades, the internet access growth has generated a substantial increase in the information circulation in social media. Within the information variety circulating on the internet, extreme social events such as armed conflicts have become areas of great public interest because of their direct influence on society. The study of such data from social media is useful in understanding an event's evolution, in particular how threats over time can generate an endogenous evolution resulting in an extreme event. This chapter uses the technique of sentiment analysis to identify the threat degree of news about armed conflicts distributed in social media. This analysis generates an endogenous threat time series that is used to predict the future threat variation of the analyzed extreme social events. In the prediction of the endogenous time series, the authors apply the deep learning technique in a structure that uses the long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network.
Depression Detection in Online Social Media Users Using Natural Language Processing Techniques
Authors: Ahmad Haseeb , Nasir Faiza , Faisal C. M. Nadeem , Ahmad Shahbaz
Published: April 2022

Depression is considered among the most common mental disorders impacting the daily lives of people around the globe. Online social media has provided individuals the platforms to share their emotions and feelings; therefore, the depressive individuals may also be identified by processing the content. The advancements of natural language processing have provided the methods for depression detection from the content. This chapter intends to highlight the mainstream contributions for depression detection from the text contents shared on online social media. More precisely, hierarchical-based segregation is adopted for detailing the research contributions in the underlying domain. The top hierarchy depicts early detection and generic studies, followed by method, online social media, and community-based segregation. The subsequent hierarchy contains machine learning, deep learning, and hybrid studies in the context of method, Facebook, Twitter, and Reddit in terms of online social media, and general, literary, and geography as subhierarchies of community.
Sentiment Analysis and Stance Detection in Turkish Tweets About COVID-19 Vaccination
Authors: Küçük Doğan , Arıcı Nursal
Published: April 2022

Public health surveillance has gained more importance recently due the global COVID-19 pandemic. It is important to track public opinions and positions on social media automatically, so that this information can be used to improve public health. Sentiment analysis and stance detection are two social media analysis methods that can be applied to health-related social media posts for this purpose. In this chapter, the authors perform sentiment analysis and stance detection in Turkish tweets about COVID-19 vaccination. A sentiment- and stance-annotated Turkish tweet dataset about COVID-19 vaccination is created. Different machine learning approaches (SVM and Random Forest) are applied on this dataset, and the results are compared. Widespread COVID-19 vaccination is claimed to be useful in order to cope with this pandemic. Therefore, results of automatic sentiment and stance analysis on Twitter posts on COVID-19 vaccination can help public health professionals during their decision-making processes.
The expression of interleukin-1β and nuclear factor erythroid-2 in the periodontitis after treatment of liquid smoke rice hull
Authors: Arundina Ira , Budhy Theresia Indah , Juliastuti Wisnu Setyari , Surboyo Meircurius Dwi Condro , Halimah Anisa Nur , Lestari Putrisa
Published: April 2022

Nonsurgical treatment such as scaling and root planing has been the main therapy of periodontal management. However, some individuals are nonresponsive with only mechanical therapy. Rice hull liquid smoke (RH-LS) with higher of phenolic compound supposed to interfere with inflammation process. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammation properties of RH-LS for chronic periodontitis adjunct therapy by observing the expression of nuclear factor erythroid-2 (Nrf-2) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Two groups of Wistar rats were used. Control group was induced by 1 × 109 colony-forming unit (CFU)/ml Porphyromonas gingivalis (PG) and treated with aquadest for 2 and 7 days. Meanwhile, the other group was induced by 1 × 109 CFU/ml PG and treated with RH-LS for 2 and 7 days. Two central incisive/mandibulae were dissected and stained with immunohistochemistry for analyzed the expression of Nrf-2 and IL-1β. Data were then analyzed statistically using independent t-test (P = 0.05). Treatment with RH-LS for 7 days showed lower expression of IL-1β (4.00 ± 1.58) than control group (13.60 ± 2.70) and showed higher expression of Nrf-2 (11.60 ± 1.95) than control group (4.20 ± 1.64) (P = 0.000) (P < 0.05). Treatment of RH-LS for 2 days showed higher expression of Nrf-2 (2.20 ± 1.31) than control group (6.80 ± 1.92) (P = 0.003) (P < 0.05). RH-LS showed anti-inflammation properties by elevating the expression of Nrf-2 and depressing expression of IL-1β in periodontitis induced by PG.
Application of three-dimensional bioprinting technology in orthopedics
Authors: Li Shimin , Ouyang Xiao
Published: April 2022

The treatment of bone defects, especially large-area bone defects caused by trauma, congenital malformations, senile diseases, and other factors, is often the key and difficult point of orthopedic diseases, which often brings a lot of troubles in the daily work of orthopedic physicians. Bone tissue engineering attempts to repair bone defects using three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted living tissue, and induces osteoblasts to differentiate and proliferate by placing biological scaffolds, thus finally forming bone tissue commensurate with the original tissue functional structure, reducing the difficulty of surgery. Compared with the traditional bone grafting surgery, it causes less trauma to patients. It is an emerging technology with crossover and cutting edge, and has huge application space and good application prospect in biomedical field. In this article, the clinical application of 3D bioprinting technology in various orthopedic fields in recent 5 years is briefly discussed.
Quantitative analysis of masseter muscle hardness with shear-wave elastography
Authors: Minami Yoshiyuki , Ogura Ichiro
Published: April 2022

Background:

Ultrasound examination is one of the widespread diagnostic imaging methods and still a developing method, which underwent an intense development for biomechanical evaluation of muscles important in temporomandibular disorders, muscle injuries, and training.

Aims:

This study aims to analyze masseter muscle hardness with shear-wave elastography, especially comparison between during rest and contraction in young adults.

Materials and Methods:

Thirty-seven volunteers (20 men and 17 women; mean age 25.0 years [age 22–43 years]) were examined by shear-wave elastography with a 14-MHz linear transducer. The shear elastic modulus and thickness of masseter muscles with ultrasonography were compared between during rest and contraction, and between men and women using Mann–Whitney U-test. The statistical analysis of the relationships between contraction and during rest was compared using Wilcoxon signed-rank sum test. P < 0.05 indicates significant differences.

Results:

Shear elastic modulus data of masseter muscles at contraction were significantly higher than those at during rest (P < 0.001). The thickness of masseter muscles at contraction was significantly higher than those at during rest (P < 0.001). Shear elastic modulus data of masseter muscles at during rest were not a significant difference between men and women (P = 0.402). Similarly, shear elastic modulus data of masseter muscles at contraction were not a significant difference between men and women (P = 0.223).

Conclusions:

Shear-wave elastography could be an effective tool for the quantitative analysis of masseter muscle hardness.