bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Analysis of the Influence of Sodium and Potassium Silicate Solutions on the Kinetics and Products of Slag Activation
Authors: Dakhane Akash , Peng Zihui , Marzke Robert , Neithalath Narayanan
Published: June 2014

This paper primarily explores the influence of the alkali cation (Na or K) on the reaction kinetics, product formation, gel structure, and mechanical properties of alkali activated slag systems. For the same activator Ms, i.e., molar SiO2–M2O ratio (M = Na or K), a shorter induction period, a larger acceleration peak, and consequently, a higher amount of total heat release under isothermal conditions is observed for the K-silicate activated slag pastes. The early-age compressive strengths in these systems roughly relate to the heat release response. The later-age (7 days and beyond) compressive strengths are observed to be higher for the Na-silicate activated systems, which is corroborated by: (1) higher amounts of C–(A)–S–H gel in this system indicated by a thermal analysis-based approximate quantification method, and (2) higher combined intensities of Q1 and Q2 structures that point to increased degrees of reaction, and lower amounts of unreacted slag obtained from 29Si magic-angle-spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The NMR spectra also show evidences of Al-substituted C–S–H gel, with a higher amount of substitution when Na-silicates are used.
Estimation of ASTM E1921 Master Curve of Ferritic Steels From Instrumented Impact Test of CVN Specimens Without Precracking
Authors: Sreenivasan P. R.
Published: June 2014

A semi-empirical cleavage fracture stress (CFS) model, mainly depending on the CFS, σf, has been derived for estimating the ASTM E1921 reference temperature (T0) and demonstrated for ferritic steels with yield strength in the range 400–750 MPa. This requires only instrumented impact test of CVN specimens without precracking and static yield stress data. The T0 estimate based on the CFS model, TQcfs, lies within a ±20°C band, being conservative for most of the steels, but less conservative than TQIGC based on the IGC-procedure (see Nomenclature for definition). Applicability and acceptability of the present calibration curves for highly irradiated steels need further examination.
Reversible alterations in cardiac morphology and functions in a patient with Cushing's syndrome
Authors: Iwasaki Hiroaki
Published: June 2014

A 45-year-old female was referred for endocrine evaluation of an incidental mass (31×24 mm in diameter) on the right adrenal gland. The patient was normotensive and nondiabetic, and had no history of generalised obesity (body weight, 46 kg at 20 years of age and 51.2 kg on admission); however, her waist-to-hip ratio was 0.97. Elevated urinary free cortisol levels (112–118 μg/day) and other findings indicated adrenocorticotrophic hormone-independent Cushing's syndrome due to right adrenocortical adenoma. Echocardiography before adrenalectomy revealed concentric left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy with a particular increase in interventricular septum thickness leading to impaired systolic and diastolic functions. Upon surgical remission of hypercortisolism, the asymmetric hypertrophy disappeared and the cardiac dysfunctions were considerably ameliorated. Although the mechanism(s) by which excessive cortisol contributes to LV wall thickness remain(s) unclear, serial echocardiography and cardiac multidetector-row computed tomography may support the notion that abnormal fat deposition in the myocardium owing to hypercortisolism appears to be an important factor for the reversible change in the cardiac morphology.

Learning points

Patients with Cushing's syndrome occasionally exhibit severe LV hypertrophy related to systolic and diastolic dysfunctions although they have neither hypertension nor diabetes mellitus.

Biological remission of hypercortisolism can normalise structural and functional cardiac parameters and help in differentiating the cardiac alterations induced by excessive cortisol from those induced by other diseases.

Excessive lipid accumulation within the heart before myocardial fibrosis may be implicated in reversible alterations in the cardiac morphology by Cushing's syndrome.

Early diagnosis and treatment of Cushing's syndrome appear to be pivotal in preventing irreversible cardiac dysfunctions subsequent to cardiovascular events and heart failure.
COX2 and PGE2 mediate EGF-induced E-cadherin-independent human ovarian cancer cell invasion
Authors: Qiu Xin , Cheng Jung-Chien , Chang Hsun-Ming , Leung Peter C K
Published: June 2014

Elevated expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2 (PTGS2)) has been reported to occur in human ovarian cancer and to be associated with poor prognosis. We have previously demonstrated that COX2-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) promotes human ovarian cancer cell invasion. We had also demonstrated that epidermal growth factor (EGF) induces human ovarian cancer cell invasion by downregulating the expression of E-cadherin through various signaling pathways. However, it remains unclear whether COX2 and PGE2 are involved in the EGF-induced downregulation of E-cadherin expression and cell invasion in human ovarian cancer cells. In this study, we showed that EGF treatment induces COX2 expression and PGE2 production in SKOV3 and OVCAR5 human ovarian cancer cell lines. Interestingly, COX2 is not required for the EGF-induced downregulation of E-cadherin expression. In addition, EGF treatment activates the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) signaling pathways, while only the PI3K/Akt pathway is involved in EGF-induced COX2 expression. Moreover, we also showed that EGF-induced cell invasion is attenuated by treatment with a selective COX2 inhibitor, NS-398, as well as PGE2 siRNA. This study demonstrates an important role for COX2 and its derivative, PGE2, in the mediation of the effects of EGF on human ovarian cancer cell invasion.
Genetic Architecture of Ethanol-Responsive Transcriptome Variation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains
Authors: Lewis Jeffrey A , Broman Aimee T , Will Jessica , Gasch Audrey P
Published: June 2014

Natural variation in gene expression is pervasive within and between species, and it likely explains a significant fraction of phenotypic variation between individuals. Phenotypic variation in acute systemic responses can also be leveraged to reveal physiological differences in how individuals perceive and respond to environmental perturbations. We previously found extensive variation in the transcriptomic response to acute ethanol exposure in two wild isolates and a common laboratory strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Many expression differences persisted across several modules of coregulated genes, implicating trans-acting systemic differences in ethanol sensing and/or response. Here, we conducted expression QTL mapping of the ethanol response in two strain crosses to identify the genetic basis for these differences. To understand systemic differences, we focused on “hotspot” loci that affect many transcripts in trans. Candidate causal regulators contained within hotspots implicate upstream regulators as well as downstream effectors of the ethanol response. Overlap in hotspot targets revealed additive genetic effects of trans-acting loci as well as “epi-hotspots,” in which epistatic interactions between two loci affected the same suites of downstream targets. One epi-hotspot implicated interactions between Mkt1p and proteins linked to translational regulation, prompting us to show that Mkt1p localizes to P bodies upon ethanol stress in a strain-specific manner. Our results provide a glimpse into the genetic architecture underlying natural variation in a stress response and present new details on how yeast respond to ethanol stress.
ABSORB BVS Implantation in Bifurcation Lesions – Current Evidence and Practical Recommendations
Authors: Kraak Robin P , Grundeken Maik J , de Winter Robbert J ,   AMC Heartcenter, Academic Medical Center – University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,   AMC Heartcenter, Academic Medical Center – University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,   AMC Heartcenter, Academic Medical Center – University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,   AMC Heartcenter, Academic Medical Center – University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. E: j.j.wykzykowska@amc.uva.nl
Published: June 2014

The introduction of the ABSORB bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS) provides a new tool for stenting in interventional cardiology. Initially, relatively simple coronary artery lesions were treated with this novel device; nowadays, we are gaining clinical experience when treating a wide variety of lesions with the ABSORB BVS, including bifurcation lesions. Unfortunately, data are limited in terms of the use of the ABSORB BVS in coronary bifurcation lesions, so little is known about the safety and feasibility of these procedures. Bench testing and case reports showed that single provisional scaffold placement is feasible with fenestration of the scaffold towards the side branch and sequential non-compliant balloon inflation in the side and main branches. However, no prospective randomised clinical data with optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging for different bifurcation stenting techniques are available. Based on the available data and our own experience we would recommend the use of the provisional single scaffold technique and only to fenestrate the scaffold if a severely pinched ostium combined with impaired flow seen on angiogram.
Current Evidence and Recommendations for Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy
Authors: Dewhurst Matthew J , Linker Nicholas J ,   Cardiology Specialist Registrar,   Consultant Cardiologist, The James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, TS4 3BW, UK. E: nick.linker@nhs.net
Published: June 2014

The number of people in Europe living with symptomatic heart failure is increasing. Since its advent in the 1990s, cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) has proven beneficial in terms of morbidity and mortality in selected heart failure (HF) patient populations, when combined with optimal pharmacological therapy. We review the evidence for CRT and the populations of HF patients it is currently shown to benefit, and those in which more research needs to be performed.
Device-Based Approaches to Modulate the Autonomic Nervous System and Cardiac Electrophysiology
Authors: Hucker William J , Singh Jagmeet P , Parks Kimberly , Armoundas Antonis A ,   Fellow in Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, US,   Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Director, Resynchronization and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, US,   Instructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Advanced Heart Failure and Transplantation, Massachusetts General Hospital, US,   Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, US.
Published: June 2014

Alterations in resting autonomic tone can be pathogenic in many cardiovascular disease states, such as heart failure and hypertension. Indeed, autonomic modulation by way of beta-blockade is a standard treatment of these conditions. There is a significant interest in developing non-pharmacological methods of autonomic modulation as well. For instance, clinical trials of vagal stimulation and spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of heart failure are currently underway, and renal denervation has been studied recently in the treatment of resistant hypertension. Notably, autonomic stimulation is also a potent modulator of cardiac electrophysiology. Manipulating the autonomic nervous system in studies designed to treat heart failure and hypertension have revealed that autonomic modulation may have a role in the treatment of common atrial and ventricular arrhythmias as well. Experimental data on vagal nerve and spinal cord stimulation suggest that each technique may reduce ventricular arrhythmias. Similarly, renal denervation may play a role in the treatment of atrial fibrillation, as well as in controlling refractory ventricular arrhythmias. In this review, we present the current experimental and clinical data on the effect of these therapeutic modalities on cardiac electrophysiology and their potential role in arrhythmia management.
Endurance Sport Activity and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation – Epidemiology, Proposed Mechanisms and Management
Authors: Fragakis Nikolaos , Vicedomini Gabriele , Pappone Carlo ,   Assistant Professor in Cardiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Arrhythmology, Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Via Corriera, 1 – 20132 Contignola (RA), Italy,   Department of Arrhythmology, Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Italy,   Department of Arrhythmology, Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Italy
Published: June 2014

There is evidence for a higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in athletes engaged in long-term endurance sports training compared with the general population. Although atrial anatomic adaptations, alterations in autonomic nervous system, chronic systemic inflammation and fibrosis have been proposed as potential mechanisms, they remain speculative. Medical therapy with long-term antiarrhythmic agents or pill in the pocket medications is hampered by limitations, such as sports eligibility and interference with exercise tolerance. AF ablation represents a valid therapeutic option with results similar to these achieved in other patients. Nevertheless, further clinical trials are needed to confirm whether endurance sport practice affects the maintenance of sinus rhythm following catheter ablation of AF.
The Promise of Leadless Pacing: Based on Presentations at Nanostim Sponsored Symposium Held at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2013, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2 September 2013
Authors: Knops Reinoud , Sperzel Johannes , Neuzil Petr ,   Electrophysiologist, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands,   Director, Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart Centre, Bad Nauheim, German,   Chairman, Department of Cardiology, Homolka Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
Published: June 2014

Pacemaker technologies have advanced dramatically over the decades since they were first introduced, and every year many thousands of new implants are performed worldwide. However, there continues to be a high incidence of acute and chronic complications, most of which are linked to the lead or the surgical pocket created to hold the device. A leadless pacemaker offers the possibility of bypassing these complications, but requires a catheter-based delivery system and a means of retrieval at the end of the device’s life, as well as a way of repositioning to achieve satisfactory pacing thresholds and R waves, a communication system and low peak energy requirements. A completely self-contained leadless pacemaker has recently been developed, and its key characteristics are discussed, along with the results of an efficacy and safety trial in an animal model. The results of the LEADLESS study, the first human trial to look at safety and feasibility of the leadless device, are discussed and the possible implications for future clinical practice examined.
Risks of Stroke After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft – Recent Insights and Perspectives
Authors: Palmerini Tullio , Savini Carlo ,   Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Unità Operativa di Cardiologia, Policlinico S. Orsola, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy. E: tulliopalmerini@hotmail.com,   Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Unità Operativa di Cardiochirurgia, Policlinico S. Orsola, Bologna, Italy,   Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Unità Operativa di Cardiochirurgia, Policlinico S. Orsola, Bologna, Italy
Published: June 2014

Stroke is one of the most devastating complications after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, entailing permanent disability, a 3–6 fold increased risk of mortality, an incremental hospital resource consumption and a longer length of hospital stay. Notwithstanding advances in surgical, anaesthetic and medical management across the last 10 years, the risk of stroke after CABG has not significantly declined, likely because an older and sicker population is now deemed suitable to undergo CABG. The pathogenesis of stroke is multifactorial, but two variables are believed to play a major role – cerebral embolisation of atheromatous debris arising from the ascending aorta during surgical manipulation and hypoperfusion during surgery. Identification of vulnerable patients at increased risk of stroke before CABG is of paramount importance for the surgical decision-making approach and informed consent. Several models including demographic, clinical and procedural variables have been developed to risk-stratify the hazard of stroke in patients undergoing CABG, but identification of severe atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta and pre-existing cerebrovascular disease are key determinants for appropriate risk stratification and decision-making. Atherosclerotic disease of the ascending aorta can be identified before surgery using transoesophageal echocardiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. However, intra-operative ultrasound scanning of the ascending aorta is the diagnostic tool with the best sensitivity and specificity for the detection of atheromatous debris in the ascending aorta. Although many investigators have advocated the use of off-pump CABG to minimise the risk of peri-operative stroke, results from randomised trials and meta-analyses have been inconsistent. Anaortic approaches, including total arterial revascularisation within situgrafting of both mammary arteries, or the use of the HEARTSTRING® seal device avoid any manipulation of the aorta, thus potentially minimising the risk of stroke in high-risk patients. Assessment and treatment of severe carotid artery disease, and aggressive and prompt treatment of post-operative atrial fibrillation are other important strategies that should be routinely implemented to reduce the risk of stroke in patients undergoing CABG.
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement and Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion – A Stitch in Time?
Authors: Gafoor Sameer ,   CardioVascular Center, Frankfurt, Germany,   CardioVascular Center, Frankfurt, Germany,   CardioVascular Center, Frankfurt, Germany; University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany,   CardioVascular Center, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Veterans Affairs, Minnesota, US,   CardioVascular Center, Frankfurt, Germany,   CardioVascular Center, Frankfurt, Germany,   CardioVascular Center, Seckbacher Landstrasse 65, 60389 Frankfurt, Germany. E: info@cvcfrankfurt.de
Published: June 2014

Many patients have now been able to receive transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) therapy for severe aortic stenosis. These patients have atrial fibrillation and are placed on warfarin for stroke prophylaxis. The opportunity for treatment with left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) in place of warfarin for this population exists, especially for those with increased bleeding risk. This paper discusses the prevalence and aetiology of stroke in patients presenting for TAVR (with a focus on the risk from chronic and acute atrial fibrillation) and also the benefit of LAAO closure in this population.
The Bioresorbable Stent in Perspective—How Much of an Advance is It?
Authors: Kočka Viktor , Widimský Petr ,   Cardiocenter, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Srobarova 50, 100 34 Prague 10, Czech Republic. E: viktor.kocka@fnkv.cz; petr.widimsky@fnkv.cz,   Cardiocenter, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Czech Republic
Published: June 2014

The novel idea of bioresorbable stent technology continues to fascinate the interventional community. This article aims to provide a concise and balanced overview of the available technology and clinical evidence. Both potentially positive and negative aspects of bioresorbable stents in different lesion subsets and clinical situations are discussed.
Trans-catheter Aortic Valve Implantation Guidelines – Does the Latest Evidence Change our Views?
Authors: McConkey Hannah ZR , Prendergast Bernard ,   Oxford Deanery, Oxford,   Consultant Cardiologist, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK. E: Bernard.prendergast@ouh.nhs.uk
Published: June 2014

From the wealth of recent registries and trials scrutinising its performance, trans-catheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) emerges as a viable and rapidly established option, both when compared to medical treatment in inoperable patients and when compared to conventional surgical treatment in high-risk patients. Results consistently demonstrate improvement in functional status and outcome; however, appropriate patient selection remains crucial as high-risk cohorts become apparent.
Transcatheter Mitral Valve Devices – Functional Mechanical Designs
Authors: Kliger Chad ,   Division of Structural and Congenital Heart Disease, Lenox Hill Heart and Vascular Institute – North Shore/LIJ Health System, 130 East 77th Street, 4th Floor Black Hall, New York, NY 10021-10075, US. E: ckliger@nshs.edu
Published: June 2014

Mitral regurgitation is a complex disorder involving a multitude of components of the mitral apparatus. With the desire for less invasive treatment approaches, transcatheter mitral valve therapies (TMVT) are directed at these components and available at varying stages of development. Therapeutic advancements and the potential to combine technologies may further improve their efficacy and safety. Transcatheter mitral valve replacement, while preserving the mitral apparatus, may emerge as an alternative or even a more suitable treatment option. In addition, early data on transcatheter mitral valve-in-valve and valve-in-ring implantation are encouraging and this approach may be an alternative to reoperation in the high-risk patient. This review details the expanding functional mechanical designs of current active TMVT.
European Society of Cardiology ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Guidelines in Perspective – Focused on Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Kala Petr ,   Internal and Cardiology Department, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Jihlavska 20, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic. E: kalapetr7@gmail.com
Published: June 2014

Patients suffering acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) require full attention of the whole STEMI network to save their lives and to improve the quality of life after a heart attack. Implementation of the most recent European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) STEMI Guidelines into the practice is the holy grail of the healthcare systems and all stakeholders. In relation to this, the Stent for Life Initiative can serve as one of very successful and effective models in Europe and beyond. Although the evidence-based approach may be applied to majority of patients, the tailored and updated therapy needs to be modified in concordance with the patients’ risk profile, experience and availability of medical resources. Some ‘hot topics’, issues, differences between the ESC and ACC/AHA Guidelines, latest information and perspectives are discussed in this short review; focused on primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) as the most effective reperfusion therapy.
Tudomány és irodalom a hellenizmus korában
Authors: Maróth Miklós
Published: June 2014

A kutatást régóta foglalkoztatja a tévesen Aristotelésnek tulajdonított De mundo szerzősége. A cikk amellett érvel, hogy téves kiindulópont az anonim szerzőt valamelyik filozófiai iskolában keresni, mivel a mű csakis egy rétoriskolában jöhetett létre. Nem filozófiai, hanem retorikai mű. A későbbi korokból ismert nézet, miszerint Aristotelés írt ezoterikus és exoterikus műveket, a rétoriskolai hagyomány fényében átértelmezendő: a későbbi hagyományban exoterikus műveknek tartott könyvek a retorikai hagyományban keletkeztek, de az utókor Aristotelésnek tulajdonította őket. Ilyen művek a De mundo, a Secreta secretorum stb.
Migration behavior of plutonium affected by ferrous ion in compacted bentonite by using electrochemical technique
Authors: Akiyama Daisuke , Idemitsu Kazuya , Inagaki Yaohiro , Arima Tatsumi , Konashi Kenji , Koyama Shinichi
Published: June 2014

The migration behavior of plutonium is expected to be affected by the corrosion products of carbon steel in compacted bentonite at high-level waste repositories. Electrochemical experiments were carried out to simulate the reducing environment created by ferrous iron ions in equilibrium with anoxic corrosion products of iron. The concentration profiles of plutonium could be described by the convection -dispersion equation to obtain two migration parameters: apparent migration velocity Va and apparent dispersion coefficient Da. The apparent migration velocity was evaluated within 1 nm/s and was found to be independent of the experiment duration and the dry density of bentonite in the interval 0.8-1.4 Mg/m3. The apparent dispersion coefficient increased with the experiment duration at a dry density of 1.4 Mg/m3. The results for other dry densities also showed the same trend. These findings indicate that plutonium migration likely starts after ferrous ions reach the plutonium, in other words, the reducing environment due to ferrous ions could change the chemical form of plutonium and/or the characteristics of compacted bentonite. The apparent diffusion coefficient was estimated to be around 0.5 to 2.2 µm2/s and increased with decreasing the dry density of bentonite.
Modeling of an in-situ diffusion experiment in granite at the Grimsel Test Site
Authors: Soler Josep M. , Landa Jiri , Havlova Vaclava , Tachi Yukio , Ebina Takanori , Sardini Paul , Siitari-Kauppi Marja , Martin Andrew J.
Published: June 2014

Matrix diffusion is a key process for radionuclide retention in crystalline rocks. Within the LTD project (Long-Term Diffusion), an in-situ diffusion experiment in unaltered non-fractured granite was performed at the Grimsel Test Site (www.grimsel.com, Switzerland). The tracers included 3H as HTO, 22Na+, 134Cs+ and 131I- with stable I- as carrier.

The dataset (except for 131I- because of complete decay) was analyzed with different diffusion-sorption models by different teams (NAGRA / IDAEA-CSIC, UJV-Rez, JAEA, Univ. Poitiers) using different codes, with the goal of obtaining effective diffusion coefficients (De) and porosity (ϕ) or rock capacity (α) values. A Borehole Disturbed Zone (BDZ), which was observed in the rock profile data for 22Na+ and 134Cs+, had to be taken into account to fit the experimental observations. The extension of the BDZ (1-2 mm) was about the same magnitude as the mean grain size of the quartz and feldspar grains.

De and α values for the different tracers in the BDZ are larger than the respective values in the bulk rock. Capacity factors in the bulk rock are largest for Cs+ (strong sorption) and smallest for 3H (no sorption). However, 3H seems to display large α values in the BDZ. This phenomenon will be investigated in more detail in a second test starting in 2013.
Reliability analysis of radiographic methods for determination of posterolateral lumbossacral fusion
Authors: Gotfryd Alberto Ofenhejm , Pomar Felipe de Moraes , Carneiro Neto Nicola Jorge , Franzin Fernando José , Rodrigues Luciano Miller Reis , Poletto Patricia Rios
Published: June 2014

Objective To analyze intra and interobserver agreement of two radiographic methods for evaluation of posterolateral lumbar arthrodesis.Methods Twenty patients undergoing instrumented posterolateral fusion were evaluated by anteroposterior and dynamic lateral radiographs in maximal flexion and extension. The images were evaluated initially by 6 orthopedic surgeons, and after 8 weeks, reassessed by 4 of them, totaling 400 radiographic measurements. Intra and interobserver reliability were analyzed using the Kappa coefficient and Landis and Koch criteria.Results Intra and interobserver agreement regarding anteroposterior radiographs were, respectively, 76 and 63%. On lateral views, these values were 78 and 84%, respectively. However, the Kappa analysis showed poor intra and interobserver agreement in most cases, regardless of the radiographic method used.Conclusion There was poor intra and interobserver agreement in the evaluation of lumbosacral fusion by plain film in anteroposterior and dynamic lateral views, with no statistical superiority between the methods.
Effects of Native Herbs and Light on Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Invasion
Authors: Phillips-Mao Laura , Larson Diane L. , Jordan Nicholas R.
Published: June 2014

The degree to which invasive species drive or respond to environmental change has important implications for conservation and invasion management. Often characterized as a driver of change in North American woodlands, the invasive herb garlic mustard may instead respond to declines in native plant cover and diversity. We tested effects of native herb cover, richness, and light availability on garlic mustard invasion in a Minnesota oak woodland. We planted 50 garlic mustard seeds into plots previously planted with 0 to 10 native herb species. We measured garlic mustard seedling establishment, survival to rosette and adult stages, and average (per plant) and total (per plot) biomass and silique production. With the use of structural equation models, we analyzed direct, indirect, and net effects of native cover, richness, and light on successive garlic mustard life stages. Native plant cover had a significant negative effect on all life stages. Species richness had a significant positive effect on native cover, resulting in indirect negative effects on all garlic mustard stages, and net negative effects on adult numbers, total biomass, and silique production. Light had a strong negative effect on garlic mustard seedling establishment and a positive effect on native herb cover, resulting in significant negative net effects on garlic mustard rosette and adult numbers. However, light's net effect on total garlic mustard biomass and silique production was positive; reproductive output was high even in low-light/high-cover conditions. Combined effects of cover, richness, and light suggest that native herbs provide biotic resistance to invasion by responding to increased light availability and suppressing garlic mustard responses, although this resistance may be overwhelmed by high propagule pressure. Garlic mustard invasion may occur, in part, in response to native plant decline. Restoring native herbs and controlling garlic mustard seed production may effectively reduce garlic mustard spread and restore woodland diversity.
Is Chinese Tallowtree, Triadica sebifera, an Appropriate Target for Biological Control in the United States?
Authors: Wheeler Gregory S. , Ding Jianqing
Published: June 2014

Biological control is one of the most common approaches used to manage invasive weeds of wetlands and other natural areas. Before candidate agents can be released, research is conducted to support biological control, which can be protracted and expensive, leading to a scientific and potentially lengthy regulatory review. To increase biological control safety, efficacy, and transparency, we suggest that during the early phases of a weed project, the feasibility of the invasive plant as a target should be studied explicitly. Our purpose here is to summarize information of an important invasive weed that can serve to judge whether the project is appropriate. Chinese tallowtree, Triadica sebifera, is one of the worst invasive species invading coastal wetlands and other riparian areas of the southeastern United States. Current management practices have not controlled the spread of this weed into these sensitive habitats. Initial surveys in the plant's native Chinese range for potential biological control agents have recovered several herbivore species that could be developed. These potential agents include defoliators, root and foliage feeders, and gall formers, whose biology, apparent host specificity, and impacts on plant fitness suggest that biological control offers great promise against Chinese tallowtree. When conducted during the initial phase of a project, this type of feasibility study can address potential conflicts of interest and risks, ultimately producing projects that are more effective and safer for biological control.
Tolerance of Lygodium microphyllum and L. japonicum Spores and Gametophytes to Freezing Temperature
Authors: Hutchinson Jeffrey T. , Langeland Kenneth A.
Published: June 2014

Old World climbing fern (OWCF) spores had lower germination rates (P = 0.0072) after being frozen for ≥ 3 h compared to < 3 h, and were highly susceptible to freezing periods ≥ 6 h with a 5.8- to 13.3-fold reduction in spore germination compared to controls. Freezing temperature did not affect germination of Japanese climbing fern (JCF) spores compared to controls (P = 0.32). OWCF gametophytes had reduced survival at all exposures to freezing temperatures compared to controls (P < 0.0001), and had < 0.5% survival for exposure times ≥ 3 h. The gametophytes of JCF had reduced survival at exposures to freezing temperatures ≥ 1 h (P < 0.0001) compared to controls. JCF gametophyte survival was 52.5% at 3-h exposure time, but was reduced to ≤ 0.1% at exposure times ≥ 6 h. All OWCF sporophytes exhibited 100% necrosis for all exposure times 24 h postexposure, but new growth from resprouts was observed for exposure time ≤ 6 h at 6 mo postfreezing. OWCF sporophytes' dry weight biomass was greatly reduced for all exposure times compared to controls (P < 0.0001). Results with nonlinear regression (P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.92) indicated that a single freeze for 2.4 h at −2.2 C reduced OWCF dry weight biomass to 0.01 g, a 10-fold reduction, at 6 mo postfreezing. These results indicate that JCF spores and gametophytes are more tolerant of longer exposure periods to freezing temperatures than OWCF, but OWCF exhibited the potential to spread further into northern Florida.
Medusahead Ecology and Management: California Annual Grasslands to the Intermountain West
Authors: Nafus Aleta M. , Davies Kirk W.
Published: June 2014

The spread of medusahead across the western United States has severe implications for a wide range of ecosystem services. Medusahead invasion reduces biodiversity, wildlife habitat and forage production, and often leads to increased fire frequency and restoration costs. Medusahead is problematic in the Intermountain West and California Annual Grasslands. The last review of medusahead ecology and management was completed 20 years ago. Since the last review, there have been scientific advances in medusahead management suggesting a significant need to develop an up-to-date synthesis. Medusahead continues to pose a serious threat to rangeland ecosystems. In this synthesis, we present new information regarding the ecology of medusahead, suggest a framework for managing medusahead based on invasion level, and identify research needs to further improve management of this invasive annual grass. Success of different management practices varies between the Intermountain West and California Annual Grasslands, signifying that the best management practices are those specifically tailored with consideration of climate, soil, plant community characteristics, and management objectives. Prevention and control treatments that are useful in the Intermountain West may not be practical or effective in the California Annual Grasslands and vice-versa.
Genetic Diversity of Biofuel and Naturalized Napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum)
Authors: López Yolanda , Seib Jeffery , Woodard Kenneth , Chamusco Karen , Sollenberger Lynn , Gallo Maria , Flory S. Luke , Chase Christine
Published: June 2014

Biofuel crops such as napiergrass possess traits characteristic of invasive plant species, raising concern that biofuels might escape cultivation and invade surrounding agricultural and natural areas. Napiergrass biofuel types are being developed to have reduced invasion risk, but these might be cultivated in areas where naturalized populations of this species are already present. The successful management of napiergrass biofuel plantations will therefore require techniques to monitor for escaped biofuels as distinguished from existing naturalized populations. Here we used 20 microsatellite DNA markers developed for pearl millet to genotype 16 entries of napiergrass, including naturalized populations and accessions selected for biofuel traits. Use of the markers showed a clear genetic separation between the biofuel types and naturalized entries and revealed naturalized populations undergoing genetic isolation by distance. These findings demonstrated the utility of microsatellite marker transfer in the development of an important tool for managing the invasion risk of a potential biofuel crop.
Exploring the Feasibility of Sclerotium rolfsii VrNY as a Potential Bioherbicide for Control of Swallowworts (Vincetoxicum spp.)
Authors: Gibson Donna M. , Vaughan Richard H. , Biazzo Jeromy , Milbrath Lindsey R.
Published: June 2014

Pale swallowwort (PSW) and black swallowwort (BSW) are two viney milkweeds native to Europe that have increasingly become problematic and noxious weeds in eastern North America. An indigenous fungal isolate, Sclerotium rolfsii VrNY, was discovered causing significant mortality in a dense stand of PSW in a park in upstate New York. Although this fungus is a known pathogen with a broad host range, we evaluated the host potential of S. rolfsii VrNY on a limited range of related and nonrelated U.S. species as a critical first step to assess its suitability as a mycoherbicide for PSW and BSW. In addition, PSW and BSW produce the specific stereoisomer (−)-antofine, a compound with antimicrobial and phytotoxic activity that could inhibit the pathogen. Tests revealed this compound had no effect on S. rolfsii VrNY. This isolate caused significant mortality on all broadleaf plants tested (Asclepias syriaca, Asclepias curassavica, Apocynum cannabinum, Monarda fistulosa, Rudbeckia hirta, PSW, BSW) with the exception of Glycine max, and had no effect on the monocots Schizachyrium scoparium and Zea mays. Although these laboratory studies indicate that most broadleaf vegetation may be susceptible to the pathogen, S. rolfsii might have potential as a mycoherbicide in natural eco-niche environments where invasive PSW and BSW have already become the predominant vegetation. Further laboratory testing of S. rolfsii and limited field testing at the initial discovery site are needed in order to prevent premature rejection of this isolate as a potential management tool against these highly invasive weeds.
The design of thermal tunnel energy segments for Crossrail, UK
Authors: Nicholson Duncan P , Chen Qing , de Silva Mike , Winter Alan , Winterling Ralf
Published: June 2014

Significant heat is generated by underground trains, particularly when braking, stopping at platforms and accelerating away from stations. A complex ventilation system including shaft, fans and under-platform extraction thus has to be designed to manage the rising temperature in tunnels and stations. This conventional approach results in high energy consumption for running the fans and neglects the possibility to use the extracted heat above ground in buildings. Lining underground rail tunnels with heat-exchange segments can provide an alternative solution to cool the tunnels and surrounding ground, and transfer the harvested heat to adjacent buildings for heating. It will also bring benefits in terms of reduction of energy consumption for tunnel ventilation operations. This paper reports on the work carried out in designing thermal energy segments for use on the tunnelled sections of the Crossrail project in London, UK.
Monitoring performance of a combined water recycling system
Authors: Castleton Holly Faye , Hathway Elizabeth Abigail , Murphy Edward , Beck Stephen Bernard Marcus
Published: June 2014

Global water demand is expected to outstrip supply dramatically by 2030, making water recycling an important tool for future water security. A large combined grey water and rainwater recycling system has been monitored in response to an identified knowledge gap of the in-use performance of such systems. The water saving efficiency of the system was calculated at −8ṡ5% in 2011 and –10% in 2012 compared to the predicted 36%. This was due to a lower quantity of grey water and rainwater being collected than the system filter required to backwash alone. Top-up potable water was therefore required to complete the backwash process and flush WCs and urinals. The efficiency of the filter itself was calculated at 0ṡ68, much lower than current figures used in grey water saving predictions. Using direct mains water with no recycling system would be more efficient in this case, highlighting the importance of realistic system analysis before future installations.
Field-scale bio-cementation tests to improve sands
Authors: Gomez Michael G. , Martinez Brian C. , DeJong Jason T. , Hunt Chris E. , deVlaming Len A. , Major David W. , Dworatzek Sandra M.
Published: June 2014

Microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) is a bio-mediated cementation process that improves the geotechnical properties of soils through the precipitation of calcite at soil particle contacts. This study presents a field-scale, surficial application of MICP to improve the erosion resistance of loose sand deposits and provide surface stabilisation for dust control and future re-vegetation. Three test plots were treated with a bacterial culture and nutrient solutions at varying concentrations, and a fourth test plot served as a control. Improvement was assessed to a depth of 40 cm using dynamic cone penetration (DCP) testing and calcite content measurements. The most improved test plot received the lowest concentrations of urea and calcium chloride and developed a stiff crust measuring 2·5 cm thick, which exhibited increased resistance to erosion. DCP testing and calcite content measurements indicated improvement to a depth of approximately 28 cm near the targeted depth of 30 cm. The results suggest that further optimisation of solutions and techniques could render MICP viable for larger-scale applications.
Strengthening of RC dapped-end beams under torsional moment
Authors: Atta Ahmed Mohamed , El-Shafiey Tarek Fawzy
Published: June 2014

Maintaining and strengthening existing structures is a very important issue in terms of extending the service lifespan of structures. Reinforced concrete (RC) beams with dapped ends are frequently found in bridge girders and precast concrete constructions. The reduction in depth near the supports of RC beams tends to produce a stress concentration and hence requires special analysis and detailing of the reinforcement, especially in the case of torsional stresses. This paper introduces an experimental investigation for the torsional behaviour of recessed RC beams. Along with a control specimen, three beams strengthened using different techniques (the application of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets, FRP laminates and external prestressed steel) were constructed and tested under torsion. The results of the research showed that the external prestressing technique produced a higher ductility than the other techniques. On the other hand, the use of external prestressing and carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) wrapping to strengthen RC dapped beams subjected to torsional moment increased cracking and failure loads compared with the use of externally bonded CFRP laminate. A three-dimensional truss model is presented to calculate the forces in the stirrups and the ultimate loads for the external prestressing technique. The model shows good agreement with the experimental results.
Modeling of Cyclic Hysteresis of Three-Phase Relative Permeability During Water-Alternating-Gas Injection
Authors: Shahverdi Hamidreza , Sohrabi Mehran
Published: June 2014

Multiphase flow takes place in many petroleum reservoirs—in particular, mature fields and reservoirs under fluid [e.g., gas, water-alternating-gas (WAG)] injection. The numerical simulation of such reservoirs requires knowledge of flow functions (i.e., relative permeability and capillary pressure). Because experimental measurement of fluid permeabilities (in particular) under three-phase-flow conditions is very time-consuming and difficult, many correlations and models were developed and these are widely used instead of measured data.

In this study, we have used the results of a comprehensive set of WAG-injection coreflood experiments performed under different wettability conditions and core-permeability values to obtain relative permeabilites of oil, water, and gas under reservoir pressure and temperature. Three-phase relative permeability of each phase was obtained by history matching the measured production and differential pressure obtained in the laboratory. The results of the experiments revealed significant cyclic hysteresis effects in gas and oil relative permeability.

We proposed new formulations and methodology for the modeling of cyclic hysteresis of three-phase relative permeability during WAG injection. This technique is a direct method that uses measured three-phase kr data obtained from the first cycle of WAG injection to predict the relative permeability of the subsequent cycles. The integrity of this technique was validated against the three-phase kr data obtained from our WAG experiments.

We also assess the validity of the WAG-injection hysteresis model available in reservoir simulators against our three-phase relative permeability data to evaluate its performance.
Genetic Variability and Effect of Postflowering Drought on Stalk Sugar Content in Sorghum Mini Core Collection
Authors: Upadhyaya Hari D. , Dwivedi Sangam L. , Ramu Punna , Singh Shailesh K. , Singh Sube
Published: June 2014

Sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench] is an important food, feed, and biofuel crop worldwide. Its stalks are rich in sugar, largely influenced by environments and crop stage when the stalks are harvested. This study evaluated sorghum mini core collection for stalk sugar content on the basis of Brix, phenology, and agronomic traits. Accessions were first classified into five groups based on flowering to match crop phenology, which together with controls were separately grown in split‐plot design in vertisol under irrigated and drought stress conditions for two postrainy seasons. The main and interaction effects were significant for most of the traits. Drought stress significantly increased the mean Brix (12.11 to 26.76%) in four of the five groups of accessions. The mean Brix increased under drought in 169 accessions, decreased in one accession, while the remaining accessions were not affected. IS 13294, 13549, 23216, 23684, 24139, 24939, and 24953 significantly recorded greater mean Brix (14.0 to 15.2%) as compared with best control, IS 33844 (12.4%), across environments. However, these accessions had lower yields and lower 100‐seed weight. In contrast, IS 1004, 4698, 23891, and 28141 significantly outyielded IS 33844 by 11.7 to 22.7% and had almost the same Brix content (∼13%). A hierarchical tree diagram grouped these accessions into two distinct clusters: accessions with significantly greater Brix but lower yield and those with high yield but with Brix similar to IS 33844. The grouping also separated accessions largely on the basis of geographic regions and racial classification. The identified accessions are ideal resources for the development of cultivars with bioenergy traits.