bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of pre‐ and post‐ alighting detection mechanisms in the responses to patch size by specialist herbivores
Authors: Bukovinszky Tibor , Potting Roel P. J. , Clough Yann , Van Lenteren Joop C. , Vet Louise E. M.
Published: March 2005

Experimental data on the relationship between plant patch size and population density of herbivores within fields often deviates from predictions of the theory of island biogeography and the resource concentration hypothesis. Here we argue that basic features of foraging behaviour can explain different responses of specialist herbivores to habitat heterogeneity. In a combination of field and simulation studies, we applied basic knowledge on the foraging strategies of three specialist herbivores: the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae), the cabbage butterfly (Pieris rapae L.) and the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.), to explain differences in their responses to small scale fragmentation of their habitat. In our field study, populations of the three species responded to different sizes of host plant patches (9 plants and 100 plants) in different ways. Densities of winged cabbage aphids were independent of patch size. Egg‐densities of the cabbage butterfly were higher in small than in large patches. Densities of diamondback moth adults were higher in large patches than in small patches. When patches in a background of barley were compared with those in grass, densities of the cabbage aphid and the diamondback moth were reduced, but not cabbage butterfly densities. To explore the role of foraging behaviour of herbivores on their response to patch size, a spatially explicit individual‐based simulation framework was used. The sensory abilities of the insects to detect and respond to contact, olfactory or visual cues were varied. Species with a post‐alighting host recognition behaviour (cabbage aphid) could only use contact cues from host plants encountered after landing. In contrast, species capable with a pre‐alighting recognition behaviour, based on visual (cabbage butterfly) or olfactory (diamondback moth) cues, were able to recognise a preferred host plant whilst in flight. These three searching modalities were studied by varying the in flight detection abilities, the displacement speed and the arrestment response to host plants by individuals. Simulated patch size – density relationships were similar to those observed in the field. The importance of pre‐ and post‐ alighting detection in the responses of herbivores to spatial heterogeneity of the habitat is discussed.
Patterns of interaction between plants and pollinators along an environmental gradient
Authors: Devoto Mariano , Medan Diego , Montaldo Norberto H.
Published: March 2005

Patterns of variation in plant–pollinator (p–p) systems in response to environmental variables have been the focus of much recent attention. We analyzed species diversity and generalization of interactions of flower visitors belonging to eight p–p networks along a steep rainfall gradient in NW Patagonia, Argentina. To our knowledge, this is the first published study that applies a humidity‐gradient approach to p–p networks analysis. Throughout the gradient, we recorded 1232 interactions between 413 different animal species and 111 plant species. We found that (a) specialization measures showed no clear pattern of variation throughout the rainfall gradient, (b) the diversity of flower‐visiting insects does not consistently respond to rainfall gradients along the gradient, and (c) as we predicted, flies dominated the wetter end of the gradient, while at the drier end bees prevailed. The lack of differences in diversity could be explained by the repeated cycles of species extinctions undergone in the past by the southern temperate forests, which dominate the wetter end of the gradient. A logistic model that related the flies’ dominance of the visitor assemblage with latitude was good predictor of the average fly composition of the entire region, although we found major between‐site variations in response to local environmental conditions. The replacement of flies by bees towards the drier end of the gradient seemed to repeat a worldwide pattern where flies dominate humid regions while bees attain their greatest abundance in xeric regions. Regional patterns in the structure of our p–p systems (composition of the visitor fauna) were better explained by altitudinal differences, while function (percentage of interactions established by each taxon) seemed to be more influenced by precipitation.
The role of nectar sources for oviposition decisions of the common blue butterfly Polyommatus icarus
Authors: Janz Niklas , Bergström Anders , Sjögren Anna
Published: March 2005

Neural limitations on information processing have been shown to play an important role for host plant specialization in herbivorous insects. The necessity of fast and accurate decisions favors the adoption of a few high‐contrast signals, which selects against the use of multiple resources. Many species face a similar problem when searching for adult food sources and the simultaneous need to fulfill both search tasks can lead to a potential conflict. Some insects use the same host plant species for both adult and larval nutrition, which makes it possible to decrease the number of search images and thus potentially increase efficiency of the choices. The aim of this study was to investigate if there is a connection between choice of nectar sources and choice of oviposition host plant. In a laboratory experiment, females of Polyommatus icarus preferred to oviposit on Lotus corniculatus plants with flowers over those without flowers. Observations of behavioral sequences also revealed that oviposition often followed immediately after nectaring. The results suggest that nectar availability could play an important role in oviposition decisions of P. icarus and can provide one explanation to why some phytophagous insects not always choose the host plant that gives the best offspring performance.
New once‐daily, highly effective rescue triple therapy after multiple Helicobacter pylori treatment failures: a pilot study
Authors: Coelho L. G. V. , Moretzsohn L. D. , Vieira W. L. S. , Gallo M. A. , Passos M. C. F. , Cindr J. M. , Cerqueira M. C. , Vitiello L. , Ribeiro M. L. , Mendonça S. , Pedrazzoli‐Júnior J. , Castro L. P.
Published: March 2005

Background:  Helicobacter pylori treatment failure is a growing problem in daily practice.

Aim:  To determine the efficacy of the combination of rabeprazole, levofloxacin and furazolidone as a rescue therapy.

Methods:  Duodenal ulcer patients previously submitted, without success, to at least two H. pylori treatment regimens were included. Gastroscopy (urease test, histological examination and culture) and 13C‐urea breath test were performed. All patients received a combination of rabeprazole 20 mg, levofloxacin 500 mg and furazolidone 200 mg (two tablets) administered in a single dose in the morning for 10 days. Clinical examination and a new 13C‐urea breath test were performed 90 days after therapy.

Results:  Twelve patients (eight females and four males), mean age 43 (30–58) years were included. Two patients failed to complete the treatment because of nausea and vomiting. Ten patients completed the study and took all the medications as advised. Culture was obtained in six patients: 100 and 83% of the samples were sensitive to furazolidone and levofloxacin, respectively. Per‐protocol and intention‐to‐treat eradication rates were 100 and 83% (P = 0.019).

Conclusions:  the combination of rabeprazole, levofloxacin and furazolidone in a single daily dose for 10 days constitutes a highly‐effective and low‐cost alternative as a third‐line therapy in patients infected with H. pylori.
Bioequivalence of a new liquid formulation of ursodeoxycholic acid (Ursofalk suspension) and Ursofalk capsules measured by plasma pharmacokinetics and biliary enrichment
Authors: Setchell K. D. R. , Galzigna L. , O'Connell N. , Brunetti G. , Tauschel H.‐D.
Published: March 2005

Background:  Ursodeoxycholic acid is an approved therapy for hepatobiliary disorders but in infants and children compliance is compromised because it is formulated exclusively as capsules, or tablets.

Aim:  To determine the pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of a new liquid formulation of ursodeoxycholic acid (Ursofalk suspension) with a standard capsule (Ursofalk) in a randomized, unblinded, crossover designed study of 24 healthy adults.

Methods:  Equivalence was based on single bolus oral plasma pharmacokinetics and biliary ursodeoxycholic acid enrichments after repeat doses. Biliary bile acid composition and hydrophobicity index were also compared. Ursodeoxycholic acid was measured in duodenal bile by high‐performance liquid chromatography and in plasma by mass spectrometry.

Results:  The mean percentage biliary ursodeoxycholic acid enrichment after administration of the suspension was not significantly different from that obtained with capsules (44.2 ± 11.7% vs. 46.9 ± 10.2%, respectively). The equivalence ratio was 0.94 (95% CI: 0.8–1.1), establishing bioequivalence between suspension and capsules. Both formulations reduced the biliary hydrophobicity index and no differences in bile acid composition were observed between formulations. The plasma pharmacokinetics of both formulations was similar and the tolerability of the suspension was excellent.

Conclusions:  A new liquid formulation of ursodeoxycholic acid suitable for paediatric patients is pharmacologically bioequivalent to capsules when given as single, or repeated oral doses.
Review article: hepatitis C virus infection and type‐2 diabetes mellitus in renal diseases and transplantation
Authors: Fabrizi F. , Lampertico P. , Lunghi G. , Mangano S. , Aucella F. , Martin P.
Published: March 2005

A link between hepatitis C virus infection and development of diabetes mellitus has been suggested by many investigators; however, this remains controversial.

The mechanisms underlying the association between hepatitis C virus and diabetes mellitus are unclear but a great majority of clinical surveys have found a significant and independent relationship between hepatitis C virus and diabetes mellitus after renal transplantation and orthotopic liver transplantation.

We have systematically reviewed the scientific literature to explore the association between hepatitis C virus and diabetes mellitus in end‐stage renal disease; in addition, data on patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation were also analysed. The unadjusted odds ratio for developing post‐transplant diabetes mellitus in hepatitis C virus‐infected renal transplant recipients ranged between 1.58 and 16.5 across the published studies. The rate of anti‐hepatitis C virus antibody in serum was higher among dialysis patients having diabetes mellitus (odds ratio 9.9; 95% confidence interval 2.663–32.924). Patients with type‐2 diabetes‐related glomerulonephritis had the highest anti‐hepatitis C virus prevalence [19.5% (24/123) vs. 3.2% (73/2247); P < 0.001] in a large cohort of Japanese patients who underwent renal biopsy. The link between hepatitis C virus and diabetes mellitus may explain, in part, the detrimental role of hepatitis C virus on patient and graft survival after orthotopic liver transplantation and/or renal transplantation.

Preliminary evidence suggests that anti‐viral therapies prior to renal transplantation and novel immunosuppressive regimens may lower the occurrence of diabetes mellitus in hepatitis C virus‐infected patients after renal transplantation. Clinical trials are under way to assess if the hepatitis C virus‐linked predisposition to new onset diabetes mellitus after renal transplantation may be reduced by newer immunosuppressive medications.
Review article: drugs interfering with visceral sensitivity for the treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders – the clinical evidence
Authors: Kuiken S. D. , Tytgat G. N. , Boeckxstaens G. E.
Published: March 2005

At present, the concept of visceral hypersensitivity provides the leading hypothesis regarding the generation of symptoms in functional gastrointestinal disorders.

This paper discusses the current clinical evidence for drugs that have been proposed to interfere with visceral sensitivity in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Several possible pharmacological targets have been identified to reduce visceral pain and to reverse the processes underlying the persistence of visceral hypersensitivity. However, most of the available evidence comes from experimental animal models and cannot simply be extrapolated to patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders. In this review, we selected five drug classes that have been shown to exhibit visceral analgesic properties in experimental studies, and of which data were available regarding their clinical efficacy. These included opioid substances, serotonergic agents, antidepressants, somatostatin analogues and α2‐adrenergic agonists.

Although clinical trials show a limited benefit, in particular for serotonergic agents, the evidence illustrating that these effects result from normalization of visceral sensation is currently lacking.

Therefore, we conclude that the concept of targeting visceral hypersensitivity as a treatment for functional gastrointestinal disorders is still controversial. Future evaluations require patient selection based on the presence of visceral hypersensitivity and application of compounds that exhibit ‘true’ viscerosensory effects.
Systematic review: regression of lymphoproliferative disorders after treatment for hepatitis C infection
Authors: Gisbert J. P. , García‐Buey L. , Pajares J. M. , Moreno‐Otero R.
Published: March 2005

Aim:  To systematically review the experience of therapeutic studies where α‐interferon with or without ribavirin was administered to patients with lymphoproliferative disorders, in order to evaluate whether eradication of hepatitis C virus may induce regression of lymphoproliferative disorders.

Methods:  We used bibliographical searches in electronic databases and in the Cochrane Library to determine our results.

Results:  Sixteen studies where an anti‐viral regimen was administered to 65 hepatitis C virus‐infected patients with lymphoproliferative disorders were identified. Complete remission of the lymphoproliferative disorder was achieved in 75% of the cases. In contrast, hepatitis C virus‐negative subjects did not respond to interferon, indicating that the response in the hepatitis C virus‐infected patients is not merely due to the antiproliferative effect of interferon. Remission after HCV eradication was maintained, provided that infection did not reappear. In hepatitis C virus‐infected patients with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with corticosteroids/chemotherapy liver function tests deterioration did not occur. The addition of interferon to standard chemotherapy may decrease hepatic side‐effects of chemotherapy.

Conclusions:  Although it is evident that larger therapeutical trials of anti‐viral therapy are needed to determine the role of this strategy in hepatitis C virus‐infected patients with lymphoproliferative disorders, encouraging data emerge from recent studies showing that interferon (plus ribavirin) is an attractive therapeutic option for some hepatitis C virus‐related low‐grade lymphomas.
Missense mutations in exon 4 of the porcine LEPR gene encoding extracellular domain and their association with fatness traits
Authors: Mackowski M. , Szymoniak K. , Szydlowski M. , Kamyczek M. , Eckert R. , Rozycki M. , Switonski M.
Published: March 2005

Three non‐synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (T221C, T232A and C233T) were detected in exon 4 of the porcine leptin receptor (LEPR) gene. The T232A substitution could be identified as a (Tsp509I) restriction fragment length polymorphism. The frequency of genotype TT varied in six genetic groups from 0.62 (Duroc) to 0.99 (Polish Large White). Sequencing of exon 4, performed for 30 animals, revealed that only two intragenic haplotypes (TC and AT at nucleotide position 232–233) were present. The phenotypic effect of the Tsp509I polymorphism was tested for the Polish Landrace (n = 241) and a synthetic line 990 (n = 243). There was no statistical evidence for the direct effect of the LEPR polymorphisms on fatness traits. However, in Polish Landrace allele A at position 232 was associated with thicker backfat over shoulder.
Tyrosinase mutations associated with Siamese and Burmese patterns in the domestic cat (Felis catus)
Authors: Lyons L. A. , Imes D. L. , Rah H. C. , Grahn R. A.
Published: March 2005

The Siamese cat has a highly recognized coat colour phenotype that expresses pigment at the extremities of the body, such as the ears, tail and paws. This temperature‐sensitive colouration causes a ‘mask’ on the face and the phenotype is commonly referred to as ‘pointed’. Burmese is an allelic variant that is less temperature‐sensitive, producing more pigment throughout the torso than Siamese. Tyrosinase (TYR) mutations have been suspected to cause these phenotypes because mutations in TYR are associated with similar phenotypes in other species. Linkage and synteny mapping in the cat has indirectly supported TYR as the causative gene for these feline phenotypes. TYR mutations associated with Siamese and Burmese phenotypes are described herein. Over 200 cats were analysed, representing 12 breeds as well as randomly bred cats. The SNP associated with the Siamese phenotype is an exon 2 G > A transition changing glycine to arginine (G302R). The SNP associated with the Burmese phenotype is an exon 1 G > T transversion changing glycine to tryptophan (G227W). The G302R mutation segregated concordantly within a pedigree of Himalayan (pointed) Persians. All cats that had ‘pointed’ or the Burmese coat colour phenotype were homozygous for the corresponding mutations, respectively, suggesting that these phenotypes are a result of the identified mutations or unidentified mutations that are in linkage disequilibrium. Because the same mutations were identified in different breeds with similar phenotypes, the mutations are likely to be identical by descent rather than multiple mutation events occurring at the same site.
Progressing evidence‐based practice: an effective nursing model?
Authors: Tolson Debbie , McAloon Marie , Hotchkiss Rhona , Schofield Irene
Published: March 2005

Aims.  This paper presents findings from telephone interviews completed with link nurses 2 years into the project to explore how participation progressed achievement of evidence‐based practice where the link nurses worked.

Background.  In 2001, an innovative practice development initiative was launched in Scotland. A national network of experienced nurses from across the country was recruited to form the inaugural Community of Practice. This involved describing gerontological nursing, pioneering a nurse‐sensitive methodology to craft care guidance that reflects the agreed practice model, and constructing a virtual college based on a situated learning model.

Methods.  A volunteer sample of link nurses took part in telephone interviews exploring experiences of using the virtual college and the extent to which the description of gerontological nursing and the first best practice statement on nutrition had influenced practice.

Findings.  Five components (themes) were identified as facilitating the attainment of evidence‐based practice. These focussed on confidence‐building and the positive benefits of achieving vision and clarity for gerontological nursing. Membership of a national Community of Practice afforded status and strengthened sense of professional identity. The inclusive knowledge synthesis methodology used to prepare, pilot and support implementation of the best practice statement was highly valued. Progress towards evidence‐based practice in all affiliated areas was reported. Major challenges for nurses in participating in the virtual college included the absence of a learning‐at‐work culture, lack of time and doubts about the legitimacy of internet‐based learning.

Conclusion.  The evaluation indicates the potential merits of e‐practice development, particularly for nurses who feel geographically and professionally isolated or disenchanted with available continuing professional development opportunities. Participation in the virtual college appeared to enrich practice and foster a culture of change.
Cancer patients’ descriptions of their nursing care
Authors: Radwin Laurel E. , Farquhar Stephanie L. , Knowles Michelle N. , Virchick Barbara G.
Published: March 2005

Aim.  This paper reports a study of cancer patients’ descriptions of nurses and nursing care.

Background.  Nurses lament their poor representation in the media, and campaigns to improve their portrayal have been initiated. Media portrayal of nurses might be more realistic if patients’ descriptions of nursing care were incorporated.

Method.  Qualitative data from an instrument development study were analysed. A total of 461 patients answered the question, ‘In general, how do you feel about nurses?’ The data were analysed by the constant comparative method and grounded theory coding techniques.

Findings.  A typology of four concepts reflecting cancer patients’ descriptions of their nursing care emerged from the data. The concepts were: laudable, caring, professional and outcomes. The concept laudable refers to commendable qualities of the nurse and nursing care. Caring refers to the nurse showing compassion, concern and kindness. Professional refers to the nurse as meeting expected standards of knowledge, skill and demeanour. Outcomes refer to the affective, cognitive, or physical effects attributed to nursing care. Both positive and negative instances of the concepts were included in the analysis. Examples of each concept using patients’ own words are given.

Conclusions.  These cancer patients held nurses in relatively high esteem. These findings could be disseminated to the public press as an example of what patients’ value about nurses and nursing care. They also could be used in media efforts to recruit and retain nurses.
Meta‐synthesis method for qualitative research: a literature review
Authors: Walsh Denis , Downe Soo
Published: March 2005

Aim.  This paper discusses the purpose and stages of meta‐synthesis and the epistemological status of knowledge generated from the technique. Particular attention is paid to exploring the contested areas of the method that remain.

Background.  There is a growing interest in meta‐synthesis as a technique for generating new insights and understanding from qualitative health care research. An increasing number of meta‐synthesis papers are appearing in the nursing and midwifery literature.

Methods.  Literature on the technique of meta‐synthesis and examples of meta‐synthesis papers were searched and reviewed. A meta‐synthesis exercise was undertaken, and this informed reflection and critique of the method.

Findings.  Meta‐synthesis attempts to integrate results from a number of different but inter‐related qualitative studies. The technique has an interpretive, rather than aggregating, intent, in contrast to meta‐analysis of quantitative studies. Examples from the literature indicate that some aspects of the technique are not yet fully established.

Conclusion.  Despite the contingent nature of evidence gleaned from meta‐synthesis and current lack of consensus about some of its aspects, meta‐synthesis is an important technique for qualitative researchers and can deepen understanding of the contextual dimensions of health care.
Changes in coagulation‐fibrinolysis marker and neutrophil elastase following the use of tourniquet during total knee arthroplasty and the influence of neutrophil elastase on thromboembolism
Authors: Katsumata S. , Nagashima M. , Kato K. , Tachihara A. , Wauke K. , Saito S. , Jin E. , Kawanami O. , Ogawa R. , Yoshino S.
Published: March 2005

Background:  To clarify in detail the mechanism underlying the development and exacerbation of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and/or pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE), we focused on the following factors: the thrombin‐antithrombin III complex (TAT), D‐dimer and neutrophil elastase (NE). We basically investigated whether NE played an important role in the development of PTE I a mice model.

Methods:  Nineteen rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and six osteoarthritis (OA) patients underwent total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with tourniquet, and 13 RA and 12 OA patients underwent TKA without tourniquet in each group. The blood levels of TAT, D‐dimer and NE were measured before surgery, immediately after and during the days following surgery. For the induction of experimental PTE due to coagulation of platelets, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was administrated, and human NE with ADP was also administrated for the development of DVT and/or PTE.

Results:  The rates of increase in the mean TAT, D‐dimer and NE levels in the group with tourniquet were statistically higher than those in the group without tourniquet after surgery. The mortality of the mouse due to PTE increased from 43 to 67% following ADP and human NE administration compared to a single ADP administration. Histological changes of the lungs in the mice receiving NE and ADP injections were characterized by a diffuse and extensive accumulation of platelets and fibrin in alveolar capillaries and other microvessels.

Conclusion:  We suggest that during TKA, the use of tourniquet induces local release of a large amount of NE from neutrophils, inducing the development of DVT and/or PTE and their exacerbation.
Methemoglobinemia misdiagnosed as ruptured ectopic pregnancy
Authors: Yang J. J. , Lin N. , Lv R. , Sun J. , Zhao F. , Zhang J. , Xu J. G.
Published: March 2005

A 22‐year‐old woman with an initial diagnosis of ‘ruptured ectopic pregnancy’ and ‘hemorrhagic shock’ was sent to the operation room for surgical treatment. The mucocutaneous color was deeply cyanosed and the pulse oximeter oxygen saturation (SpO2) was only 86% after tracheal intubation (100% O2). ‘Chocolate‐brown’ blood was observed and methemoglobinemia was considered. Then the arterial blood gas (ABG) sample was obtained, an intravenous infusion of methylene blue and vitamin C followed. The patient recovered quickly, and later two other patients with similar symptoms were treated in the same way. The success was due to a correct diagnosis accompanied with prompt treatment and quick recognition of the etiology.
Efficacy of sufentanil addition to ropivacaine epidural anaesthesia for Caesarean section
Authors: Bachmann‐Mennenga B. , Veit G. , Steinicke B. , Biscoping J. , Heesen M.
Published: March 2005

Background:  This prospective double‐blind trial evaluated the effect of sufentanil addition to epidural ropivacaine for elective Caesarean section.

Methods:  Sixty healthy parturients were randomly assigned to receive an initial dose of 90 mg of plain ropivacaine, or 90 mg of ropivacaine plus 10 or 20 µg of sufentanil (n = 20 each). Before surgery, if necessary, additional epidural ropivacaine was injected. Primary outcome parameter was time to achieve sensory block at T4.

Results:  Time to reach the sensory block was remarkably reduced (P < 0.001 each) by addition of 10 or 20 µg of sufentanil (21 ± 8 min, 15 ± 5 min, 11 ± 4 min in the plain ropivacaine, the 10‐ and 20‐µg sufentanil groups, respectively) whereas the visual analogue scale (VAS) scores at delivery were significantly reduced (P = 0.028) only by 20 µg of sufentanil (32 ± 35 mm in the plain ropivacaine vs. 9 ± 19 mm in the 20‐µg sufentanil groups). The total dose of ropivacaine was significantly lower (P = 0.005) in patients receiving 20 µg of sufentanil (100.5 ± 15.0 mg) compared with those treated with plain ropivacaine (118.5 ± 17.3 mg). The incidence of maternal side‐effects (hypotension, bradycardia, nausea, vomiting, shivering, pruritus) and neonatal outcome [APGAR score, neurologic and adaptive capacity (NAC) score, umbilical cord blood‐gas values] did not differ between the groups.

Conclusion:  Our results suggest that addition of 20 µg of sufentanil improved the epidural anaesthesia with ropivacaine 0.75% for Caesarean section.
Pathogenicity of threePhytophthoraspp. causing late seedling rot ofQuercus ilexssp.ballota
Authors: Sánchez M. E. , Andicoberry S. , Trapero A.
Published: March 2005

Within a research project on quality of plants for forestation of agricultural lands, we studied the aetiology of a late seedling rot affecting holm oak (Quercus ilexssp.ballota) in two forest nurseries in southern Spain. Major disease symptoms were foliage wilting and necrosis of feeder roots.Phytophthora cinnamomi,Phytophthora cryptogeaandPhytophthora drechsleriwere isolated from necrotic roots of holm oaks. Selected isolates of the threePhytophthoraspecies were pathogenic toQuercus ilexssp.ballotaandQuercus suberseedlings in artificial inoculations. Soil flooding conditions were essential for infection and root rot development. There was no host specificity among the species, the isolates ofP. cinnamomibeing the most virulent in all inoculated plants. In these inoculations,Q. ilexssp.ballotaplants were more susceptible than those ofQ. suber. This work is the first report ofP. cinnamomi,P. drechsleriandP. cryptogeaaffectingQ. ilexssp.ballotain forest nurseries.
Biological control of Heterobasidion annosum on Pinus pinea by Phlebiopsis gigantea
Authors: Annesi T. , Curcio G. , D'Amico L. , Motta E.
Published: March 2005

The efficacy of a native isolate of Phlebiopsis gigantea in protecting the stumps of Pinus pinea against spore infection by Heterobasidion annosum s.str. was investigated. In preliminary tests carried out in stem pieces of P. pinea in confined environment, the efficacy of the isolate was compared with Rotstop®, the commercial formulation prepared from a north European P. gigantea strain. Both showed a fully protective effect against artificial inoculation of H. annosum. Moreover, in stump treatment experiments carried out in a coastal P. pinea forest close to Rome, the native P. gigantea was effective against heavy airborne inoculum of H. annosum. Some natural infection by P. gigantea occurred in the stumps, but it was unable to control the pathogen. Random amplified microsatellite analysis allowed to recognize the presence of different P. gigantea strains in the forest.
Respiratory illness during winter: A cohort study of urban children from temperate Australia
Authors: Lambert SB , O'Grady KF , Gabriel SH , Nolan TM
Published: March 2005

Objective:  To examine the epidemiology and burden of respiratory illness during winter in urban children from temperate Australia.

Methods:  We conducted a cohort study of healthy Melbourne children, aged from 12 to 71 months. Parents kept a daily respiratory symptom diary and recorded resource use when an influenza‐like illness (ILI) occurred.

Results:  One‐hundred and eighteen children had 137 ILI episodes over 12 weeks for a rate of 0.53 ILI episodes per child‐month (95% CI 0.44–0.61). Risk factors for ILI included younger age, fewer people residing in the household, structured exposure to other children outside the home, and a higher household income. Episodes had a mean duration of 10.4 days with 64 visits to a general practitioner (46.7 GP visits per 100 episodes), 27 antibiotic courses prescribed (19.7 antibiotic courses per 100 episodes), and three overnight hospitalizations (2.2 admissions per 100 episodes). Parents reported an average of 11.7 h excess time spent caring for a child per episode.

Conclusions:  Respiratory illnesses are a common and largely neglected cause of illness in Australian children. Pathogen‐specific data are required to better assess the likely impact of available and developing vaccines and other treatment options.
Systematic review of day‐case laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication
Authors: Ng Raphael , Mullin Emma J. , Maddern Guy J.
Published: March 2005

Background:  Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is increasingly being performed on a day‐case basis. The aim of the present paper was to systematically review published data on day‐case or ambulatory laparoscopic fundoplication and discuss the differing criteria for patient selection, postoperative management and patient outcomes presented in each series.

Methods:  An optimally sensitive search strategy of subject headings and text words were used and the databases used included MEDLINE, PubMed and the Cochrane Library. All databases were searched from 1 January 1994 onwards.

Results:  A total of seven papers were included in the present review, of which six were prospective single‐cohort studies. Overall, there was large heterogeneity among the studies but with similar complication and readmission rates.

Conclusions:  Short‐term outcomes for laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication in terms of complications and readmission rates are comparable to inpatient procedures. However there is a paucity of published data.
Takayasu arteritis: clinical features and management: report of 272 cases
Authors: Mwipatayi Bibombe P. , Jeffery Peter C. , Beningfield Steve J. , Matley Philip J. , Naidoo Naid G. , Kalla Abdullah A , Kahn Del
Published: March 2005

Background:  Takayasu's arteritis is a condition of unknown aetiology with an unpredictable natural history. Most of the literature available has originated from Asia, with a few contributions from Africa where the pattern of the disease may be different. This is a single institution's experience review.

Methods:  Data were obtained retrospectively from the angiographic and medical records of patients treated at Groote Schuur Hospital over the period 1952−2002. The criteria for inclusion were those proposed by the Aortitis Syndrome Research Committee of Japan and the American College of Rheumatology.

Results:  Two hundred and seventy‐two patients were identified. The mean age at presentation was 25 years (range 14−66 years) and 75% were female. Only 8% were Caucasian. Hypertension was the most common presentation (77%) and was usually a consequence of renal artery stenosis or aortic coarctation. Cardiac failure was the most common problem. Cerebrovascular symptoms were recorded in 20%. Convincing evidence of tuberculosis was present in 20%. The entire aorta was involved in 70% of cases. Thirty per cent had aortic bifurcation involvement. Occlusions were noted in 93% and aneurysms in 46%. Vascular reconstruction was performed on 115 occasions in 99 patients, with an operative mortality of 4%. Cardiac failure was the usual cause of death. One hundred and six patients (39%) were followed for a minimum of 5 years. No further progression of disease was noted in 70 patients.

Conclusion:  The natural history and prognosis of Takayasu's arteritis still remain poorly defined.
Clinical utility of a de‐functioning loop ileostomy
Authors: Platell Cameron , Barwood Nigel , Makin Gregory
Published: March 2005

Background:  The de‐functioning loop ileostomy was introduced as a technique to create a manageable stoma that would divert the faecal stream from a more distal anastomosis in order to reduce the consequences of any anastomotic leakage. The value of de‐functioning stomas is currently being challenged. The purpose of the present study was to review the clinical utility of performing a de‐functioning loop ileostomy in patients undergoing colorectal surgery.

Methods:  A review was undertaken of a prospective colorectal database maintained at Fremantle Hospital. All end‐points were defined prior to the collection of data. The study reviewed the indications and type of surgery performed. The main end‐points included (i) the prevalence and management of anastomotic leaks at the primary surgery; (ii) unplanned readmissions prior to stoma closure; and (iii) the mortality, reoperation rate, and morbidity associated with closure of the stoma.

Results:  The study involved 233 patients of mean age 58 years (range 15−89 years) and a male : female ratio of 1.1:1. The majority of patients were undergoing elective surgery (82%) for colorectal neoplasia (71%). The commonest surgical procedure was an ultra‐low anterior resection (62%). At the initial surgery, 16 patients (7.0%) developed anastomotic leaks, but only two (0.9%) required reoperation. Eleven patients (4.8%) required 12 unplanned readmissions prior to stoma closure. At closure (n = 230), there were no postoperative deaths, one patient developed an ileal anastomotic leak that was managed with antibiotics, and five patients (2.2%) required reoperation within 30 days of surgery.

Conclusion:  De‐functioning loop ileostomy was found to be associated with a relatively low morbidity and no mortality.
Postoperative methemoglobinemia with associated G‐6‐P‐D deficiency in infant cardiac surgery – enigmas in diagnosis and management
Authors: Maddali Madan Mohan , Fahr Jutta
Published: March 2005

Methemoglobinemia could cloud a turbulent postoperative course in infant cardiac surgery by interfering with the diagnosis of various critical conditions. Issues surrounding the treatment with methylene blue in the presence of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G‐6‐P‐D) deficiency are highlighted.
Sevoflurane and epileptiform EEG changes
Authors: CONSTANT ISABELLE , SEEMAN ROBERT , MURAT ISABELLE
Published: March 2005

Sevoflurane has become the volatile agent of choice for inhalation induction of anesthesia. Hemodynamic stability and lack of respiratory irritation have justified its rapid extension to pediatric inhalation induction. The epileptogenic potential of sevoflurane has been suspected since the first case reports of abnormal movements in children without a history of epilepsy. The objectives of this short review are to: (i) analyze clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) features supporting epileptogenic activity of sevoflurane, (ii) identify factors which may modulate that activity, and (iii) suggest guidelines of clinical practice to limit expression of this epileptiform phenomenon, which has thus far unknown morbidity. The use of sevoflurane may be associated with cortical epileptiform EEG signs, usually without clinical manifestation. No lasting neurological or EEG sequelae have been described thus far, and the potential morbidity of this epileptogenic effect is unknown. The use of sevoflurane in children, with its remarkable cardiovascular profile, should include a number of precautions. Among them, the limitation of the depth of anesthesia is essential. The wide use of cerebral function monitoring (the most simple being the EEG), may permit optimization of sevoflurane dose and avoidance of burst suppression and major epileptiform signs in fragile subjects, notably the very young and the very old.
Argatroban for anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass in an infant
Authors: DYKE PETER C. , RUSSO PIERANTONIO , MUREEBE LEILA , RUSSO JOANNE , TOBIAS JOSEPH D.
Published: March 2005

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a rare, but potentially life‐threatening complication of heparin therapy. In patients with HIT, alternative means of anticoagulation are necessary. The authors present an infant with HIT who required anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass for tricuspid valve excision in the treatment of bacterial endocarditis. The direct thrombin inhibitor, argatroban, was successfully used. Previous reports regarding the use of argatroban and other nonheparin anticoagulants for anticoagulation are reviewed and suggestions regarding argatroban dosing in infants are presented.
Anesthesia for cleft lip surgery in a child with Seckel syndrome – a case report
Authors: RAJAMANI ARVIND , KAMAT VIJAYLAKSHMI , MURTHY JYOTSNA , HUSSAIN SYED ALTAF
Published: March 2005

We describe the anesthetic management of a 5‐year‐old girl diagnosed with Seckel syndrome, for cleft lip surgery. The syndrome is characterized by severe intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation with proportional dwarfism, typical beak‐like triangular nose, and mental retardation, accounting for its various synonyms such as bird‐headed dwarfism, microcephalic primordial dwarfism, nanocephalic dwarfism and Seckel‐type dwarfism.
Syringe pumps take too long to give occlusion alarm
Authors: DÖNMEZ A. , ARAZ C. , KAYHAN Z.
Published: March 2005

Background:  The aim of this study was to assess the time needed to trigger an occlusion alarm, and the influence of the type of infusion pump, type and size of the syringe, and the set infusion rate.

Methods:  Forty syringe pumps (20 JMS SP‐100 and 20 JMS SP‐500 machines) were tested using two types (JMS® and Hayat®) and two sizes (20 and 50 ml) of syringes at four infusion rates (0.5, 1, 2 and 5 ml·h−1). Syringes filled with saline were occluded with a stopcock, and times to activation of the occlusion alarm were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed with Wilcoxon and Mann–Whitney U‐tests, P < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results:  The mean time to alarm activation was longer with lower infusion rates and larger syringes (P < 0.05). We recorded delays up to 117.3 ± 9.4 min with 50 ml syringe at 0.5 ml·h−1 and 15.0 ± 7.1 min at 5 ml·h−1. Syringe type had no effect on time to alarm activation (P > 0.05). The alarm on the JMS SP‐500 pump was activated faster than the JMS SP‐100 pump (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:  Our results showed that activation of occlusion alarms on both pumps takes a considerable time, and that the mean time to alarm activation was longer with low infusion rates and larger syringes. To reduce occlusion alarm delays smaller sized syringes with low compliance should be used and staff be alerted when using low flow rates with highly concentrated potent drugs.
Evaluation of satisfaction level by parents and children following pediatric anesthesia
Authors: IACOBUCCI TIZIANA , FEDERICO BRUNO , PINTUS CLAUDIO , DE FRANCISCI GIOVANNI
Published: March 2005

Background: Research in the field of patient satisfaction first took place in the 1980s in the USA, and later in Europe, aimed at meeting competitive requirements in the field of health care. Very few studies of this type exist in regard to pediatric anesthesia. Our aim was to develop a rapidly interpretable questionnaire to measure the level of parental satisfaction when their children undergo surgery and provide information on those factors triggering anxiety in these children.

Methods: Over a period of 18 months 179 parents of children in pediatric surgery responded to 214 questionnaires designed to investigate principally the emotional/behavioral spheres as well as the comfort provided.

Results and conclusions: We found that parents generally expressed a high degree of satisfaction which was good and correlated significantly with environmental comfort and postoperative observations performed by anesthetists and nursing staff. In the children, lack of fear at the moment of being anesthetized, and lack of anxiety on the day preceding surgery, were attributed to the serenity transmitted by the anesthetist and nurses. Significant anxiety resulted from the fear of an unpleasant impact with the operating room.
Pediatric intravenous paracetamol (propacetamol) pharmacokinetics: a population analysis1
Authors: ANDERSON BRIAN J. , PONS GERARD , AUTRET‐LECA ELISABETH , ALLEGAERT KAREL , BOCCARD ERIC
Published: March 2005

Background:  The aim of this study was to describe propacetamol pharmacokinetics in children in order to predict concentrations after a standard dosing regimen of propacetamol 30 mg·kg−1 (15 mg·kg−1 paracetamol) 6 h.

Methods:  A population pharmacokinetic analysis of paracetamol time–concentration profiles (846 observations) from 144 children [postconception age (PCA) 27 weeks–14 years] was undertaken using nonlinear mixed effects models (nonmem). These data were taken from seven separate studies involving children given intravenous propacetamol. Time–concentration profiles (503 observations) from a further 86 children (PCA: 37 weeks–14 years) given paracetamol elixir orally were included in the analysis to assess relative bioavailability of intravenous propacetamol.

Results:  A three‐compartment (depot, central and peripheral) linear disposition model fitted data better than a two‐compartment (depot and central) model. Population parameter estimates (between subject variability, %) were central volume (V2/Foral) 24 (55%) l · 70 kg−1, peripheral volume of distribution (V3/Foral) 30 (32%) l · 70 kg−1, clearance (CL/Foral) 16 (40%) l · h−1 · 70 kg−1 and intercompartment clearance (Q/Foral) 55 (116%) l · h−1 · 70 kg−1. Clearance increased from 27 weeks PCA (1.87 l·h−1 70 kg−1) to reach 84% of the mature value by 1 year of age (standardized to a 70 kg person using allometric ‘ power’ models). Peripheral volume of distribution decreased from 27 weeks PCA (45.0 l·70 kg−1) to reach 110% of its mature value by 6 months of age. Central volume of distribution and intercompartment clearance did not change with age. Between occasions variability for the peripheral volume of distribution (V3/Foral) and clearance (CL/Foral) were 18.5 and 19.3%, respectively. A rate constant representing hydrolysis of propacetamol to paracetamol (Ka 96 h−1) was size related, but not age related. The relative bioavailability of intravenous propacetamol compared with an oral elixir was 0.5.

Conclusions:  A mean paracetamol serum concentration of 10 mg·l−1 is achieved in children 2–15 years given a standard dose of propacetamol 30 mg·kg−1 6 h. This concentration in the effect compartment is associated with a pain reduction of 2.6/10 after tonsillectomy and provides satisfactory analgesia for mild to moderate pain. Clearance is reduced in children less than 1 year of age and the target concentration of 10 mg·l−1 may be achieved by scaling this standard dose regimen using predicted clearance in this younger age group.
LAND DEVELOPMENT UNDER REGULATION: COMPARISON BETWEEN THE EAST AND WEST SIDES OF THE CASCADE RANGE IN OREGON, WASHINGTON, AND CALIFORNIA
Authors: Cho Seong‐Hoon , Wu JunJie , Alig Ralph
Published: March 2005

We compare how socioeconomic factors, physical landscape, profit uncertainty, and local land use policies have affected land development on the east and west sides of the Cascade Range in Oregon, Washington, and California. It is found that the west side has more actively planned and regulated land use than the east side. Consequently, the more intense land use regulations on the west side have reduced more land development than on the east side. Risks associated with alternative land uses as well as profits were important in land development decisions of both sides.
SOURCES OF REGIONAL INCOME INEQUALITY: AN EXAMINATION OF SMALL REGIONS IN QUEENSLAND
Authors: Trendle Bernard
Published: March 2005

In this study, data for the 125 Local Government Areas of Queensland are used to explain the cross‐sectional variation in the Gini coefficient of income inequality. This study updates earlier work for Australian regions that has used the 1981, 1986 and 1991 census data sets and incorporates a wider range of variables, allowing the testing of several competing hypotheses. The study commences with an analysis of the spatial pattern of income inequality in Queensland. Previous work in this area has not considered problems such as spatial autocorrelation, and although no evidence of this is found, the testing uncovers heteroscedasticity with the estimation techniques used in the final version of the model accounting for this problem.
DO MIGRANTS REACT TO INFRASTRUCTURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS? DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXTENDED HARRIS–TODARO MODEL
Authors: Issah Ismail , Khan Tariq Y. , Sasaki Komei
Published: March 2005

Developing an extended model of the basic Harris–Todaro model of rural–urban migration, we analyze the effects of infrastructure availability together with time‐tested income effects while accommodating government behavior through the provision and financing of infrastructure. Our theoretical analysis confirms that infrastructure presence can be a significant factor in making migration decisions. Comparison with the basic Harris–Todaro model also reveals that while the Todaro paradox is absent in the basic model, it can be present in the extended model.