bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Number Sense Growth in Kindergarten: A Longitudinal Investigation of Children at Risk for Mathematics Difficulties
Authors: Jordan Nancy C. , Kaplan David , Nabors Oláh Leslie , Locuniak Maria N.
Published: April 2006

Number sense development of 411 middle‐ and low‐income kindergartners (mean age 5.8 years) was examined over 4 time points while controlling for gender, age, and reading skill. Although low‐income children performed significantly worse than middle‐income children at the end of kindergarten on all tasks, both groups progressed at about the same rate. An exception was story problems, on which the low‐income group achieved at a slower rate; both income groups made comparable progress when the same problems were presented nonverbally with visual referents. Holding other predictors constant, there were small but reliable gender effects favoring boys on overall number sense performance as well as on nonverbal calculation. Using growth mixture modeling, 3 classes of growth trajectories in number sense emerged.
A Warm Heart and a Clear Head
Authors: Keller Matthew C. , Fredrickson Barbara L. , Ybarra Oscar , Côté Stéphane , Johnson Kareem , Mikels Joe , Conway Anne , Wager Tor
Published: April 2006

Prior studies on the association between weather and psychological changes have produced mixed results. In part, this inconsistency may be because weather's psychological effects are moderated by two important factors: the season and time spent outside. In two correlational studies and an experiment manipulating participants' time outdoors (total N = 605), pleasant weather (higher temperature or barometric pressure) was related to higher mood, better memory, and “broadened” cognitive style during the spring as time spent outside increased. The same relationships between mood and weather were not observed during other times of year, and indeed hotter weather was associated with lower mood in the summer. These results are consistent with findings on seasonal affective disorder, and suggest that pleasant weather improves mood and broadens cognition in the spring because people have been deprived of such weather during the winter.
The Hemoglobin Receptor Protein ofPorphyromonas gingivalisInhibits Receptor Activator NF-κB Ligand-Induced Osteoclastogenesis from Bone Marrow Macrophages
Authors: Fujimura Yuji , Hotokezaka Hitoshi , Ohara Naoya , Naito Mariko , Sakai Eiko , Yoshimura Mamiko , Narita Yuka , Kitaura Hideki , Yoshida Noriaki , Nakayama Koji
Published: April 2006

Extracellular proteinaceous factors ofPorphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontal pathogen, that influence receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis from bone marrow macrophages were investigated. The culture supernatant ofP. gingivalishad the ability to inhibit RANKL-induced in vitro osteoclastogenesis. A major protein of the culture supernatant, hemoglobin receptor protein (HbR), suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in a dose-dependent fashion. HbR markedly inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis when present in the culture for the first 24 h after addition of RANKL, whereas no significant inhibition was observed when HbR was added after 24 h or later, implying that HbR might interfere with only the initial stage of RANKL-mediated differentiation. HbR tightly bound to bone marrow macrophages and had the ability to induce phosphorylation of ERK, p38, NF-κB, and Akt. RANKL-induced phosphorylation of ERK, p38, and NF-κB was not suppressed by HbR, but that of Akt was markedly suppressed. HbR inhibited RANKL-mediated induction of c-Fos and NFATc1. HbR could induce beta interferon (IFN-β) from bone marrow macrophages, but the induction level of IFN-β might not be sufficient to suppress RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis, implying presence of an IFN-β-independent pathway in HbR-mediated inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. Since rapid and extensive destruction of the alveolar bone causes tooth loss, resulting in loss of the gingival crevice that is an anatomical niche for periodontal pathogens such asP. gingivalis, the suppressive effect of HbR on osteoclastogenesis may help the microorganism exist long in the niche.
The Most Polymorphic Residue on
Plasmodium falciparum
Apical Membrane Antigen 1 Determines Binding of an Invasion-Inhibitory Antibody
Authors: Coley A. M. , Parisi K. , Masciantonio R. , Hoeck J. , Casey J. L. , Murphy V. J. , Harris K. S. , Batchelor A. H. , Anders R. F. , Foley M.
Published: April 2006

Apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) is currently one of the leading malarial vaccine candidates. Anti-AMA1 antibodies can inhibit the invasion of erythrocytes by
Plasmodium
merozoites and prevent the multiplication of blood-stage parasites. Here we describe an anti-AMA1 monoclonal antibody (MAb 1F9) that inhibits the invasion of
Plasmodium falciparum
parasites in vitro. We show that both reactivity of MAb 1F9 with AMA1 and MAb 1F9-mediated invasion inhibition were strain specific. Site-directed mutagenesis of a fragment of AMA1 displayed on M13 bacteriophage identified a single polymorphic residue in domain I of AMA1 that is critical for MAb 1F9 binding. The identities of all other polymorphic residues investigated in this domain had little effect on the binding of the antibody. Examination of the
P. falciparum
AMA1 crystal structure localized this residue to a surface-exposed α-helix at the apex of the polypeptide. This description of a polymorphic inhibitory epitope on AMA1 adds supporting evidence to the hypothesis that immune pressure is responsible for the polymorphisms seen in this molecule.
Protective Immunity Elicited by a Divalent DNA Vaccine Encoding Both the L7/L12 and Omp16 Genes ofBrucella abortusin BALB/c Mice
Authors: Luo Deyan , Ni Bing , Li Peng , Shi Wei , Zhang Songle , Han Yue , Mao Liwei , He Yangdong , Wu Yuzhang , Wang Xiliang
Published: April 2006

This study was designed to evaluate the immunogenicity and the protective efficacy of a divalent fusion DNA vaccine encoding both theBrucella abortusL7/L12 protein (ribosomal protein) and Omp16 protein (outer membrane lipoprotein), designated pcDNA3.1-L7/L12-Omp16. Intramuscular injection of this divalent DNA vaccine into BALB/c mice elicited markedly both humoral and cellular immune responses. The specific antibodies exhibited a dominance of immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) over IgG1. In addition, the dual-gene DNA vaccine elicited a strong T-cell proliferative response and induced a large amount of gamma interferon-producing T cells upon restimulation in vitro with recombinant fusion protein L7/L12-Omp16, suggesting the induction of a typical T-helper-1-dominated immune response in vivo. This divalent DNA vaccine could also induce a significant level of protection against challenge with the virulent strainB. abortus544 in BALB/c mice. Furthermore, the protection level induced by the divalent DNA vaccine was significantly higher than that induced by the univalent DNA vaccines pcDNA3.1-L7/L12 or pcDNA3.1-Omp16. Taken together, the results of this study verify for the first time that the Omp16 gene can be a candidate target for a DNA vaccine against brucellosis. Additionally, a divalent genetic vaccine based on the L7/L12 and Omp16 genes can elicit a stronger cellular immune response and better immunoprotection than the relevant univalent vaccines can.
Bgp, a Secreted Glycosaminoglycan-Binding Protein of
Borrelia burgdorferi
Strain N40, Displays Nucleosidase Activity and Is Not Essential for Infection of Immunodeficient Mice
Authors: Parveen Nikhat , Cornell Kenneth A. , Bono James L. , Chamberland Christen , Rosa Patricia , Leong John M.
Published: April 2006

Bgp, one of the surface-localized glycosaminoglycan-binding proteins of the Lyme disease spirochete,
Borrelia burgdorferi
, exhibited nucleosidase activity. Infection of SCID mice with
B. burgdorferi
strain N40 mutants harboring a targeted insertion in
bgp
and apparently retaining all endogenous plasmids revealed that Bgp is not essential for colonization of immunocompromised mice.
The Iron Efflux Protein Ferroportin Regulates the Intracellular Growth ofSalmonella enterica
Authors: Chlosta Sabine , Fishman Douglas S. , Harrington Lynne , Johnson Erin E. , Knutson Mitchell D. , Wessling-Resnick Marianne , Cherayil Bobby J.
Published: April 2006

We investigated the influence of the macrophage iron exporter ferroportin and its ligand hepcidin on intracellularSalmonellagrowth. Elevated ferroportin expression inhibited bacterial multiplication; hepcidin-induced ferroportin down-regulation enhanced it. Expression analysis of iron-responsiveSalmonellagenes indicated ferroportin-mediated iron deprivation. These results demonstrate a role for ferroportin in antimicrobial resistance.
Modification of a Mammalian Cell Protein in the Presence of [
32
P-Adenylate]NAD: Evidence for ADP Ribosylation Activity Associated with
Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Nossa Carlos W. , Blanke Steven R.
Published: April 2006

Culture filtrates from
Helicobacter pylori
promote the transfer of the radiolabel from [
32
P-adenylate]NAD to one or more heat-labile factors within extracts prepared from several mammalian cell lines, with the predominate radiolabeled species exhibiting an apparent molecular mass of greater than 130 kDa. Our results suggest that several
H. pylori
strains release a factor that ADP-ribosylates a mammalian target protein.
Regulatory Roles for IscA and SufA in Iron Homeostasis and Redox Stress Responses in the Cyanobacterium
Synechococcus
sp. Strain PCC 7002
Authors: Balasubramanian Ramakrishnan , Shen Gaozhong , Bryant Donald A. , Golbeck John H.
Published: April 2006

SufA, IscA, and Nfu have been proposed to function as scaffolds in the assembly of Fe/S clusters in bacteria. To investigate the roles of these proteins further, single and double null-mutant strains of
Synechococcus
sp. strain PCC 7002 were constructed by insertional inactivation of genes homologous to
sufA
,
iscA
, and
nfu
. Demonstrating the nonessential nature of their products, the
sufA
,
iscA
, and
sufA iscA
mutants grew photoautotrophically with doubling times that were similar to the wild type under standard growth conditions. In contrast, attempts to inactivate the
nfu
gene only resulted in stable merodiploids. These results imply that Nfu, but not SufA or IscA, is the essential Fe/S scaffold protein in cyanobacteria. When cells were grown under iron-limiting conditions, the
iscA
and
sufA
mutant strains exhibited less chlorosis than the wild type. Under iron-sufficient growth conditions,
isiA
transcript levels, a marker for iron limitation in cyanobacteria, as well as transcript levels of genes in both the
suf
and
isc
regulons were significantly higher in the
iscA
mutant than in the wild type. Under photosynthesis-induced redox stress conditions, the transcript levels of the
suf
genes are notably higher in the
sufA
and the
sufA iscA
mutants than in the wild type. The growth phenotypes and mRNA abundance patterns of the mutant strains contradict the proposed scaffold function for the SufA and IscA proteins in generalized Fe/S cluster assembly and instead suggest that they play regulatory roles in iron homeostasis and the sensing of redox stress in cyanobacteria.
Dust related risks of clinically relevant lung functional deficits
Authors: Cowie H A , Miller B G , Rawbone R G , Soutar C A
Published: April 2006

Aim:To quantify the risks of clinically important deficits of FEV1 in coal miners in relation to cumulative and average concentrations of respirable dust.

Methods:Data were studied from over 7000 men who had been surveyed in the late 1970s. Linear regression equations for the association between FEV1 and self-reported breathlessness on mild exertion were used to define clinically important levels of FEV1 deficit, and the probabilities that individuals with different dust exposures would experience these deficits were calculated.

Results:Levels of FEV1 were lower among breathless men than among others, with a large overlap of the distributions. The relations between standardised FEV1 and breathlessness were constant over all age and smoking groups. A decrease of 100 ml in FEV1 was associated with an increase of 1.12 in the odds of reporting breathlessness. FEV1 deficits of −0.367, −0.627, and −0.993 l (designated as “small”, “medium”, and “large” deficits) were, on average, associated with proportional increases of risks of breathlessness by factors of 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 respectively. Cumulative respirable dust exposure ranged up to 726 gh/m3, mean 136 gh/m3(British Medical Research Council measurement convention). An increase of 50 gh/m3was associated with an increase of about 2% in the proportion of men with small deficits in FEV1. For medium deficits the increases ranged from 1.5% to 2%, depending on age. A similar pattern was seen for large deficits, but with smaller increases.

Conclusions:In the unlikely event of continuous exposure at the proposed new maximum respirable dust limit for British mines of 3 mg/m3(ISO-CEN measurement convention) for a working lifetime, the risk of a medium deficit of FEV1 for a non-smoker at age 60 would be estimated to be 34%, compared with 25% for zero dust exposure; for smokers, about 54% compared with 44%.
A randomised controlled trial evaluating the effects of two workstation interventions on upper body pain and incident musculoskeletal disorders among computer operators
Authors: Rempel D M , Krause N , Goldberg R , Benner D , Hudes M , Goldner G U
Published: April 2006

Background:Call centre work with computers is associated with increased rates of upper body pain and musculoskeletal disorders.

Methods:This one year, randomised controlled intervention trial evaluated the effects of a wide forearm support surface and a trackball on upper body pain severity and incident musculoskeletal disorders among 182 call centre operators at a large healthcare company. Participants were randomised to receive (1) ergonomics training only, (2) training plus a trackball, (3) training plus a forearm support, or (4) training plus a trackball and forearm support. Outcome measures were weekly pain severity scores and diagnosis of incident musculoskeletal disorder in the upper extremities or the neck/shoulder region based on physical examination performed by a physician blinded to intervention. Analyses using Cox proportional hazard models and linear regression models adjusted for demographic factors, baseline pain levels, and psychosocial job factors.

Results:Post-intervention, 63 participants were diagnosed with one or more incident musculoskeletal disorders. Hazard rate ratios showed a protective effect of the armboard for neck/shoulder disorders (HR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.97) after adjusting for baseline pain levels and demographic and psychosocial factors. The armboard also significantly reduced neck/shoulder pain (p = 0.01) and right upper extremity pain (p = 0.002) in comparison to the control group. A return-on-investment model predicted a full return of armboard and installation costs within 10.6 months.

Conclusion:Providing a large forearm support combined with ergonomic training is an effective intervention to prevent upper body musculoskeletal disorders and reduce upper body pain associated with computer work among call centre employees.
Shift work and work injury in the New Zealand Blood Donors’ Health Study
Authors: Fransen M , Wilsmore B , Winstanley J , Woodward M , Grunstein R , Ameratunga S , Norton R
Published: April 2006

Objective:To investigate associations between work patterns and the occurrence of work injury.

Methods:A cross sectional analysis of the New Zealand Blood Donors Health Study conducted among the 15 687 (70%) participants who reported being in paid employment. After measurement of height and weight, a self-administered questionnaire collected information concerning occupation and work pattern, lifestyle behaviour, sleep, and the occurrence of an injury at work requiring treatment from a doctor during the past 12 months.

Results:Among paid employees providing information on work pattern, 3119 (21.2%) reported doing shift work (rotating with nights, rotating without nights, or permanent nights) and 1282 (8.7%) sustained a work injury. In unadjusted analysis, work injury was most strongly associated with employment in heavy manual occupations (3.6, 2.8 to 4.6) (relative risk, 95% CI), being male (1.9, 1.7 to 2.2), being obese (1.7, 1.5 to 2.0), working rotating shifts with nights (2.1, 1.7 to 2.5), and working more than three nights a week (1.9, 1.6 to 2.3). Snoring, apnoea or choking during sleep, sleep complaints, and excessive daytime sleepiness were also significantly associated with work injury. When mutually adjusting for all significant risk factors, rotating shift work, with or without nights, remained significantly associated with work injury (1.9, 1.5 to 2.4) and (1.8, 1.2 to 2.6), respectively. Working permanent night shifts was no longer significantly associated with work injury in the adjusted model.

Conclusion:Work injury is highly associated with rotating shift work, even when accounting for increased exposure to high risk occupations, lifestyle factors, and excessive daytime sleepiness.
Persisting risk of nickel related lung cancer and nasal cancer among Clydach refiners: Table 1
Authors: Grimsrud T K , Peto J
Published: April 2006

Objective:To evaluate the risk of lung cancer and nasal cancer among workers employed at the Clydach nickel refinery, South Wales since 1930 by combining data from the two most recently published papers on this cohort.

Methods:Observed and expected numbers of cancer deaths were extracted for workers who had a minimum of five years service and were employed for the first time between 1902 and 1992. Standardised mortality ratios (SMR) were calculated for subgroups according to year of employment, time since first employment, and process work.

Results:A persisting excess of respiratory cancer was found for workers employed in the period 1930–92, with a lung cancer SMR of 133 (95% CI 103 to 172) and a SMR for nasal cancer of 870 (95% CI 105 to 3141). The lung cancer excess was most clearly seen 20 years or more after first employment and seemed to be confined to process workers. There was no indication of a further reduction in risk since 1930.

Conclusion:The extreme nickel related cancer hazard at the refinery before 1920 was greatly reduced during subsequent years. Some of the carcinogenic exposures seem to have remained after 1930, producing an elevated risk of nasal cancer and a 30% excess of lung cancer in the workforce. There was evidence of a persisting risk among process workers first employed since 1953.
Induction of Profound Hypothermia for Emergency Preservation and Resuscitation Allows Intact Survival After Cardiac Arrest Resulting From Prolonged Lethal Hemorrhage and Trauma in Dogs
Authors: Wu Xianren , Drabek Tomas , Kochanek Patrick M. , Henchir Jeremy , Stezoski S. William , Stezoski Jason , Cochran Kristin , Garman Robert , Tisherman Samuel A.
Published: April 2006

Background—

Induction of profound hypothermia for emergency preservation and resuscitation (EPR) of trauma victims who experience exsanguination cardiac arrest may allow survival from otherwise-lethal injuries. Previously, we achieved intact survival of dogs from 2 hours of EPR after rapid hemorrhage. We tested the hypothesis that EPR would achieve good outcome if prolonged hemorrhage preceded cardiac arrest.

Methods and Results—

Two minutes after cardiac arrest from prolonged hemorrhage and splenic transection, dogs were randomized into 3 groups (n=7 each): (1) the cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) group, resuscitated with conventional CPR, and the (2) EPR-I and (3) EPR-II groups, both of which received 20 L of a 2°C saline aortic flush to achieve a brain temperature of 10°C to 15°C. CPR or EPR lasted 60 minutes and was followed in all groups by a 2-hour resuscitation by cardiopulmonary bypass. Splenectomy was then performed. The CPR dogs were maintained at 38.0°C. In the EPR groups, mild hypothermia (34°C) was maintained for either 12 (EPR-I) or 36 (EPR-II) hours. Function and brain histology were evaluated 60 hours after rewarming in all dogs. Cardiac arrest occurred after 124±16 minutes of hemorrhage. In the CPR group, spontaneous circulation could not be restored without cardiopulmonary bypass; none survived. Twelve of 14 EPR dogs survived. Compared with the EPR-I group, the EPR-II group had better overall performance, final neurological deficit scores, and histological damage scores.

Conclusions—

EPR is superior to conventional CPR in facilitating normal recovery after cardiac arrest from trauma and prolonged hemorrhage. Prolonged mild hypothermia after EPR was critical for achieving intact neurological outcomes.
Papias of Hierapolis
Authors: Hill Charles E.
Published: April 2006

Despite many doubts surrounding the interpretation of the traditions he collected, the importance of Papias of Hierapolis remains high to this day. The fragments of his five-volume work, Exposition of the Dominical Oracles, written in the early second century, preserve valuable reflections of the significance of Jesus and the Gospels, and put us in touch with an even earlier generation of Christians.
Sermons in Stone: Cumbria
Authors: Hexham Irving
Published: April 2006

John Ruskin’s comment that English Cathedrals are ‘Sermons in Stone’ applies equally well to parish churches and other ancient religious sites. This article explores the rich Christian heritage of Cumbria and seeks to encourage British Christians to recognize the rich cultural treasures that are all around them in the belief that an awakened sense of Christian history will help revive British Christianity by providing an evangelical resource that has great potential in terms of cultural tourism.
Transverse and Longitudinal CTE Measurements of Carbon Fibers and their Impact on Interfacial Residual Stresses in Composites
Authors: Kulkarni Raghav , Ochoa Ozden
Published: April 2006

In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is utilized to evaluate the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of two polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based (T1000 and IM7) and one pitch-based (P55) carbon fiber in the temperature range 20–1100 C. The transverse morphology of the fibers is studied using field emission scanning electron microscope and selected area diffraction (SAD) patterns in a TEM and is co-related to the fiber transverse CTE. The PAN-based IM7 and T1000 fibers revealed a transversely isotropic structure, which was consistent with their transverse CTE measurements. Even though the pitch-based P55 fiber revealed cylindrical orthotropy, it did not translate to orthotropy in the transverse CTE. Finite element models of unidirectional IM7/977 composite, utilizing the present IM7 CTE values, are compared to experimental lamina scale CTE results where good agreement was obtained for cool-down regime. The models also indicate that the Tresca stresses in the epoxy matrix at the fiber–matrix interface exceed the allowable strength at cryogenic regimes suggesting possible fiber–matrix debonding and transverse matrix cracking.
Study on the Polydimethylsiloxane Polyurethane Modified Novolac Type Epoxy Precursor for Manufacturing Carbon–Carbon Composites
Authors: Kuan Chen-Feng , Kuan Hsu-Chiang , Ma Chen-Chi M. , Wu Han-Lang , Chen Chih-Yuan
Published: April 2006

The objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of utilizing the aromatic amine-terminated polydimethylsiloxane polyurethane modified novolac type epoxy to prepare carbon–carbon (C–C) composite with improved mechanical and anti-oxidation properties. The curing kinetics of modified epoxy and the compatibility of polymer blend were investigated. Thermal, physical, and mechanical properties during the post-cure stage and carbonization stage were also examined.

The curing kinetic studies show that epoxy matrix modified with polydimethylsiloxane polyurethane decrease the collision factor and increase the total heat of reaction and the active energy of reaction. Polydimethylsiloxane polyurethane is compatible with epoxy resin when the content is below 5 phr (parts per one hundred parts of epoxy resin). Adding polydimethylsiloxane polyurethane can reduce the weight loss of composite during the post-cure process. The volume shrinkage and porosity of carbon fiber reinforced composite and C–C composite decrease with the increase of polydimethylsiloxane polyurethane content. The polydimethylsiloxane polyurethane can increase the mechanical properties after carbonization since polydimethylsiloxane polyurethane releases the internal pressure and protects the fiber surface during the carbonization process. The novolac epoxy, with polydimethylsiloxane polyurethane modified, has better oxygen resistance and lower oxidation rate from the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) oxidation testing results after the addition of this silicon-containing resin.
Studies on Preparation and Performance of Sodium Silicate/Graphite Conductive Composites
Authors: Chunhui Shen , Mu Pan , Qin Yuan , Runzhang Yuan
Published: April 2006

Sodium silicate/graphite conductive composites are prepared by mold pressing at room temperature. The effects of graphite content, size of graphite particles, mold pressing pressure, and mold pressing time on the electrical conductivity of composites are discussed. The density and the water content are composites with different graphite content and are also investigated. The optimized preparation conditions are determined. The results show that the electrical conductivity, the density, and the water content of sodium silicate/graphite composite bipolar plate for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is >100 s/cm, 1.8g/cm3, and 9 wt%, respectively. The density of this composite bipolar plate material is smaller than that of another bipolar plate. This composite bipolar plate material contains gel capillary pores and has sufficient hydrophilicity, which can humidify the proton exchange membrane during the operating process of PEMFC.
Quality Control of Textile Electrodes by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Westbroek Philippe , Priniotakis Georgios , Palovuori Elina , De Clerck Karen , Van Langenhove Lieva , Kiekens Paul
Published: April 2006

In this paper an electrochemical cell is developed to test and follow-up the quality of electrodes made of knitted, woven and non-woven conductive textile material. This cell is constructed of two electrodes planarly positioned against each other using a series of PVC plates. The obtained impedance, as a result of applied alternating potential and measured current signal, is equal to the resistance of the system electrode–electrolyte in the frequency region where no shift is observed in phase angle between applied potential and measured current. This resistance provides information about the properties and performance of the electrodes and a change of this resistance during the lifetime of the electrodes is an interesting parameter for quality control of the used electrodes. After characterization of the cell a range of textile electrodes (woven, non-woven and knitted) were investigated and compared. Results showed that the textile electrodes behave initially similar, obeying an equation that shows that the resistance is proportional to d, c–1and A–2/3, dbeing the distance between the electrodes, cthe electrolyte concentration and Athe electrode surface. However, after longer exposure some indication of corrosion and malfunction was detected.
Enzyme Treatment of Wool and Specialty Hair Fibers
Authors: Das Trina , Ramaswamy Gita N.
Published: April 2006

Enzyme treatment is one of the most prospective eco-friendly processes, for treating wool. Although, extensive research has been conducted on the effectiveness of enzymes as antifelting agents for wool, the use of enzymes as scouring agents for wool, versus conventional soap-scouring has not been studied. Furthermore, limited studies have been conducted on enzyme treatment of specialty hair fibers. This study evaluated the efficiency of enzymes (xylanase, pectinase, savinase, and resinase) in scouring wool, (merino and rambouillet) and specialty hair fibers (llama, alpaca, mohair and camel), in comparison with control treatments with hot water, and conventional soap. Various physical, chemical, and structural properties of the treated and untreated fibers were evaluated. Xylanase, and pectinase were found to clean the fibers as efficiently as soap, but without causing any physical damage to the fibers. Resinase was however, not an efficient scouring agent.
Transnational Democracy in an Insecure World
Authors: Dryzek John S.
Published: April 2006

If global governance is consequential, its legitimacy ought to rest on principles of democracy. However, unilateral action such as that taken by the USA in Iraq and elsewhere has hurt the most visible such project, cosmopolitan democracy, by undermining its liberal multilateralist foundations. Other democratic projects have not been quite so badly damaged, in particular, the idea of a transnational discursive democracy grounded in the engagement of discourses in international public spheres. The discourse aspects of international affairs are important when it comes to issues of war and peace, conflict and security, no less so here than elsewhere. Democracy faces competition in the informal realm of discourses from both the “war of ideas” and “soft power” projections, but can hold up well against them, and can more easily pass the test of reflexivity. Discursive democracy can help constitute effective responses to global insecurity.
‘Seeing with the hands’: Blindness, touch and the Enlightenment spatial imaginary
Authors: Paterson Mark
Published: April 2006

The centrality of the so-called Molyneux problem and its concern with blindness, touch and sight is examined here in relation to some current work in psychology and neuropsychology. From debates and correspondence in the 18th century onwards, sparked by this hypothetical question, first-person accounts from blind people were sought to bolster these philosophical speculations. The question asked by Molyneux is crucial in Enlightenment philosophy, and is discussed in a series of dialogues between philosophers such as Locke, Berkeley, Descartes and Diderot. This article shows how such a historical and philosophical moment was an attempt to draw together a psychological philosophy of sensory experience, and how its legacy concerning a spatial imaginary remains to this day.
An empirical approach on the design of tactile maps and diagrams: The cognitive tactualization approach
Authors: Jehoel Sandra , McCallum Don , Rowell Jonathan , Ungar Simon
Published: April 2006

Tactile maps and diagrams need to be carefully designed in order to be readable by the visually impaired user. In the Tactile Inkjet Mapping Project, we attempt to provide a new orientation for tactile map design through a rigorous programme of experimental research on design issues ( cognitive tactualization approach). In this article we discuss three of our studies. The first study evaluates the use of different background materials for tactile graphics. The second study looks at the minimal perceptible distance between two lines. The third study investigates the optimal elevation (height off the paper) at which graphics are produced. We argue that experimental studies like these represent a necessary basis for the design of tactile maps.
Reading virtual maps with a haptic mouse: Effects of some modifications of the tactile and audio-tactile information
Authors: Jansson Gunnar , Juhasz Imre , Cammilton Arina
Published: April 2006

An earlier experiment demonstrated both possibilities and problems with reading a virtual map with a haptic mouse, the VTPlayerTM, the task being to locate states on a US map. The result was that addition of tactile matrix information had no effect on performance. The aim of the present experiment was to investigate the possibilities of improving the usefulness of the device by introducing two software modifications, one concerning texture within the states, another concerning temporal relations between tactile and auditory information when a state is entered. It was found that the former modification had a significant positive effect, but not the latter. The conclusion is that a haptic mouse may be a useful aid for non-visual reading of virtual maps, but that the software has to be optimized for touch. The general problem of how to use a computer mouse efficiently without visual feedback has also to be solved.
Talking TMAP: Automated generation of audio-tactile maps using Smith-Kettlewell's TMAP software
Authors: Miele Joshua A. , Landau Steven , Gilden Deborah
Published: April 2006

Traditional tactile cartography is complicated by problems associated with braille labeling and feature annotation. Audio-tactile display techniques can address many of these issues by associating spoken information and sounds with specific map elements. This article introduces Talking TMAP – a collaborative effort between The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute and Touch Graphics, Inc. Talking TMAP combines existing tools such as the World Wide Web, geographic information systems, braille embossers and touch tablet technology in new ways to produce a system capable of creating detailed and accurate audio-tactile street maps of any neighborhood. The article describes software design, user interface and plans for future implementation.
Braid Effects on Contractile Range and Friction Modeling in Pneumatic Muscle Actuators
Authors: Davis S. , Caldwell Darwin G.
Published: April 2006

Within braided pneumatic Muscle Actuators (pMA) the braid structure is vital to the actuator's performance, preventing over-inflation, converting radial expansion into axial contraction and setting limits for both dilation and contraction. This paper seeks to explore the nature of the contractile limit and the hysteresis observed by researchers during the actuation cycle.

Maximum actuator dilation occurs when adjacent braid strands are forced against one another. Within this work this is analyzed mathematically and it is shown that by halving the number of strands used to create the braided shell the actuator's contractile range can be increased by approximately 7%. This also results in a simultaneous peak contractile force increases of over 16%. These results are verified experimentally.

Hysteresis due to friction between braid strands during muscle operation is also explored. The paper will show how consideration of the deformation of the strands allows the contact area and therefore friction to be calculated without the need for experimentally obtained data as in previous research. A mathematical model is produced and verified experimentally.
Exploiting Natural Dynamics to Reduce Energy Consumption by Controlling the Compliance of Soft Actuators
Authors: Vanderborght Bram , Verrelst Björn , Van Ham Ronald , Van Damme Michaël , Lefeber Dirk , Duran Bruno Meira Y , Beyl Pieter
Published: April 2006

Exploiting natural dynamics for bipedal locomotion, or passive walking, is gaining interest because of its energy efficiency. However, the natural trajectories of a passive walker are fixed during the design, thus limiting its mobility. A possible solution to this problem is creating a “semi-passive walker” equipped with actuators with adaptable compliance, which allows the natural dynamics to be changed according to the situation.

This paper proposes a compliance controller, a strategy for continuously changing the compliance in such a way as to adapt the natural motion of the system to a desired trajectory. This opens up the possibility of following a range of different trajectories with a relatively low energy consumption.

The idea is to fit the controllable actuator compliance to the “natural” compliance of the desired trajectory, and combine that with trajectory tracking control. This strategy was implemented and tested on a 1-DOF pendulum setup actuated by an antagonistic pair of pleated pneumatic artificial muscles. Both simulations and measurements show that the proposed strategy for choosing actuator compliance can significantly reduce the amount of control activity and energy consumption without harming tracking precision.
Interlaminar Stress Analysis of Thick Thermoplastic AS4-PEEK Composite Laminates
Authors: Ding Shurong , Huo Y. Z. , Tong Jingwei , Shen Min , Aymerich F. , Priolo P.
Published: April 2006

The three-dimensional viscoplasticity model, which can characterize the nonlinear behavior and the strain-rate dependence behavior of the thermoplastic composite AS4-PEEK, is realized through the procedure developed. The interlaminar stresses at different interfaces for two kinds of strain rates are computed. Depending on the plots of the three-dimensional distribution of the interlaminar stresses, the distribution characters of the interlaminar stresses at the different interfaces are analyzed and the major factors that may result in delamination are demonstrated. According to the computing results of the interlaminar stresses for the different strain rates, the effects of the variation of the strain rates on the interlaminar stresses are studied.
Viscoplastic Analysis of the Off-axis Rate-dependent Inelastic Behavior of Unidirectional AS4/PEEK
Authors: Ding S. R. , Huo Y. Z. , Tong J. W. , Shen M. , Aymerich F. , Priolo P.
Published: April 2006

Using the finite element program generator (FEPG), the three-dimensional viscoplasticity model is introduced into this finite element automatic generating system. The corresponding element subroutine is developed, which is verified by comparing the finite element computing results with the experimental ones. With the generated procedure the monotonic tensile stress–strain curves are obtained under the strain rate of 0.1 s 1for the off-axis angles 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90, respectively. The above stress versus strain curves show marked nonlinearity for the off-axis angles in the range 10 < <60. Furthermore, in order to observe the rate-dependent nonlinear stress–strain behavior for unidirectional thermoplastic composites of different off-axis angles, we have acquired the stress–strain curves under the strain rate of 1 10 5, 1 10 3, and 1from which we can conclude that the unidirectional AS4/PEEK composites have distant rate-dependent behavior when the stress extends some values which are different especially for the off-axis angles.
Pultruded Glass Fiber-reinforced Plastic and Paperboard Composite Tubes
Authors: Fink Eric , Bank Lawrence
Published: April 2006

This research investigates the production of hybrid composite tubes by combining spirally wound paperboard tubes and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials using the pultrusion process to improve selected mechanical and physical properties of the paperboard tube. Higher natural frequencies of vibration of tubes used in the converting industry is needed in the marketplace because of continued pressure for throughput productivity improvements. This study focuses on hybrid tubes with increased natural frequencies of flexural vibration. A manufacturing feasibility study is conducted which determined that the pultrusion method is the most cost-effective process for this purpose. To evaluate the proposed method, a series of production trials is conducted using 1-in. (2.54 cm) diameter paperboard tubes as the internal mandrel with a thin layer (0.050 in. (0.13 cm)-0.15 in. (0.38 cm)) of FRP material pultruded on the outer surface. Trials are conducted with different FRP layer thicknesses, fiber architectures, and volume fractions. Bonding between the interface of the paperboard and the FRP layer is examined by a microscopy study, and flexural properties of the hybrid tubes are determined using modal analysis. Overall, the research project reveals that manufacturing composite FRP/paperboard tubes is feasible and that little modification is needed to the existing production machinery. In addition, the process results in a highly cost-effective method to produce hybrid paperboard and FRP tubes with high natural frequencies of vibration.
Studies on Mechanical Behavior of Microwave and Thermally Cured Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites
Authors: Mooteri Pankaj S. , Sridhara B. K. , Rao Sandhya , Prakash M. Rajendra , Rao R. M. V. G. K.
Published: April 2006

An investigation into the mechanical behavior of microwave-cured glass–epoxy composites is carried out and the results are compared with those of thermally cured composites. Microwave curing of a glass fiber reinforced bifunctional epoxy resin system (LY556/HY951) is carried out in custom-built, multi-mode, industrial microwave cure equipment operating at a frequency of 2450 MHz. Through tensile, compression, and flexural strength tests, it is demonstrated that while the mechanical properties of microwave-cured composites compare well with those of the thermally cured ones, the microwave curing process, per se, results in a significant reduction in the process cycle time and power consumption.
Estimating Public Library Efficiency Using Stochastic Frontiers
Authors: Hemmeter Jeffrey Andrew
Published: April 2006

This article uses public libraries to analyze public sector cost-efficiency. The growth of large bookstores and the Internet in recent years may have motivated libraries to behave in a more cost-efficient manner. Alternatively, monitoring of libraries may have decreased as patrons shift away from library use, increasing inefficiency. Using a stochastic cost frontier, the level of cost-inefficiency is estimated and analyzed. The results suggest that competition, regardless of the source, does not have a large effect on cost-efficiency. Local government spending decreases inefficiency in smaller libraries, consistent with the monitoring role governments can have on public spending.
Income Inequality and Redistributive Government Spending
Authors: de Mello Luiz , Tiongson Erwin R.
Published: April 2006

This article examines empirically the question of whether more unequal societies spend more on income redistribution than their more egalitarian counterparts. Theoretical arguments on this issue are inconclusive. The political economy literature suggests that redistributive spending should be higher in more unequal societies due to median voter preferences. Alternatively, it can be argued that unequal societies may spend less, not more, on redistribution because of capital market imperfections. Based on different data sources, the cross-country evidence reported in the article supports the “imperfect markets” hypothesis, showing that more unequal societies do spend less on redistribution. The empirical analysis also takes into account the fact that the share of redistributive transfers in GDP is nonnegative.
Factors Associated With Participation in Breast Cancer Treatment Clinical Trials
Authors: Avis Nancy E. , Smith Kevin W. , Link Carol L. , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Rivera Edgardo
Published: April 2006

Purpose

It is well established that recruitment to clinical trials (CTs) is difficult and time consuming. This article reports on factors related to CT participation among women who were invited to participate in a CT for breast cancer.

Patients and Methods

Breast cancer patients who were eligible for a CT were identified by 16 different cancer centers. After their invitation to participate in a trial, patients who were undecided about participation in a CT were recruited into the present study at that time. After a patient made a decision about trial participation, a telephone interview was conducted to assess knowledge of CTs, perceived benefits and drawbacks of CTs, and personal factors affecting the women's decision regarding participation.

Results

A total of 208 patients participated in the study. Fifty-eight percent of the patients decided to participate in a trial. Logistic regression analyses showed that the factors best explaining participation were trial phase, perceived drawbacks, time and travel considerations, therapeutic benefit of trial, and physician recommendation. Participation rates were similar for both phase I and phase III trials. However, a higher percentage of women recruited to phase II trials accepted.

Conclusion

This study suggests that reducing drawbacks of CT participation, particularly travel time, and improving physician communication of trials are needed to increase trial participation.
Alemtuzumab As Consolidation After a Response to Fludarabine Is Effective in Purging Residual Disease in Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Montillo Marco , Tedeschi Alessandra , Miqueleiz Sara , Veronese Silvio , Cairoli Roberto , Intropido Liliana , Ricci Francesca , Colosimo Anna , Scarpati Barbara , Montagna Michela , Nichelatti Michele , Regazzi Mario , Morra Enrica
Published: April 2006

Purpose

Treatment with alemtuzumab has resulted in negative responses for minimal residual disease (MRD) in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In a prior analysis we demonstrated that it is possible to achieved MRD negativity, as assessed by polyclonality of immunoglobulin heavy chain after consolidation with alemtuzumab. This phase II study evaluated 34 patients with CLL who received alemtuzumab consolidation in an effort to improve the quality of their response to fludarabine-based induction. Subsequent peripheral blood stem-cell (PBSC) collection and transplantation, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics also were assessed.

Patients and Methods

Thirty-four patients younger than 65 years who had a clinical response to fludarabine-based induction therapy received alemtuzumab 10 mg subcutaneously three times per week for 6 weeks. PBSCs were collected after mobilization with cytarabine and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Blood samples for pharmacokinetics study were taken between days 1 and 31.

Results

The complete response rate improved from 35% after fludarabine induction to 79.4% after alemtuzumab consolidation, including 19 patients (56%) who achieved MRD negativity. The most common adverse events were injection-site reactions and fever. Cytomegalovirus reactivation occurred in 18 patients, all of whom were successfully treated with oral ganciclovir. PBSC collection was successful in 24 (92%) of 26 patients, and 18 patients underwent autologous PBSC transplantation. Alemtuzumab plasma concentrations increased gradually during the first 2 weeks and accumulated more rapidly thereafter.

Conclusion

Subcutaneously administered alemtuzumab was effective, safe, and well tolerated as consolidation therapy in patients with CLL who responded to fludarabine induction therapy. Subsequent PBSCT was feasible thereafter.
Gene Expression Signature Predicting Pathologic Complete Response With Gemcitabine, Epirubicin, and Docetaxel in Primary Breast Cancer
Authors: Thuerigen Olaf , Schneeweiss Andreas , Toedt Grischa , Warnat Patrick , Hahn Meinhard , Kramer Heidi , Brors Benedikt , Rudlowski Christian , Benner Axel , Schuetz Florian , Tews Bjoern , Eils Roland , Sinn Hans-Peter , Sohn Christof , Lichter Peter
Published: April 2006

Purpose

Primary systemic therapy (PST) with gemcitabine (G), epirubicin (E), and docetaxel (Doc) has resulted in a pathologic complete response (pCR) in 26% of primary breast cancer patients. This study was aimed at the identification of a gene expression signature in diagnostic core biopsy tissue samples that predicts pCR.

Patients and Methods

Core biopsy samples from patients with operable primary breast cancer, T2-4N0-2M0, enrolled onto two phase I and II trials evaluating GEDoc (n = 48) and GE sequentially followed by Doc (GEsDoc; n = 52) as PST were snap frozen and subjected to RNA expression profiling. A signature predicting pCR was discovered in the training set (GEsDoc) applying a support vector machine algorithm, and performance of this classifier was validated on the independent test set (GEDoc) by receiver operator characteristics analysis.

Results

We identified a signature consisting of 512 genes, which was enriched in genes involved in transforming growth factor beta and RAS-mediated signaling pathways, that predicts pCR with a sensitivity of 78%, a specificity of 90%, and an overall accuracy of 88% (95% CI, 75% to 95%). Apart from our signature, only HER2 overexpression was an independent predictor of pCR in multivariate analysis.

Conclusion

In conclusion, our gene expression signature allows prediction of pCR to PST containing G, E, and Doc with unprecedented high overall accuracy and robustness.