bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Precise microdissection of human bladder carcinomas reveals divergent tumor subclones in the same tumor
Authors: Cheng Liang , Gu Jian , Ulbright Thomas M. , MacLennan Gregory T. , Sweeney Christopher J. , Zhang Shaobo , Sanchez Katya , Koch Michael O. , Eble John N.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Human bladder carcinoma is thought to arise from a field change that affects the entire urothelium. Whether independently transformed urothelial cell populations exist in the same patient is uncertain.

METHODS

We studied the clonality of urinary bladder carcinoma in 18 female patients who underwent cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma. None had multiple tumors. Tumor samples were obtained from different areas of the same tumor. Sixty‐seven tumor samples were analyzed. Tumor genomic DNA was microdissected and extracted from formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded slides. The clonality of urothelial tumors was evaluated on the basis of a polymorphism of the X chromosome‐linked human androgen receptor gene (HUMARA) locus. The technique is dependent on digestion of DNA with the methylation‐sensitive restriction enzyme HhaI, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of HUMARA locus, and detection of methylation of this locus. With this method, only the methylated HUMARA allele is selectively amplified by PCR.

RESULTS

Eleven of 18 patients were informative. Nonrandom inactivation of the X chromosome was found in 9 of the 11 informative patients (82%). Seven patients showed different patterns of nonrandom X chromosome inactivation for tumor samples obtained from different regions of the same tumor. Two patients showed the same pattern of nonrandom X chromosome inactivation in all samples.

CONCLUSIONS

Some muscle‐invasive urothelial carcinomas may arise from independently transformed progenitor urothelial cells, supporting the “field effect” theory for bladder carcinogenesis. Cancer 2002;94:104–10. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Pathologic features of superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with lymph node and distal metastasis
Authors: Araki Koshi , Ohno Shinji , Egashira Akinori , Saeki Hiroshi , Kawaguchi Hidetoshi , Sugimachi Keizo
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is a less invasive localized treatment for patients with esophageal carcinoma. However, indications for EMR use in cases of superficial esophageal carcinoma are controversial. The authors evaluated histopathologic risk factors for lymph node metastasis and recurrence.

METHODS

In the specimens resected, the authors examined depth, the superficial area and the area attached to or infiltrating the lamina muscularis mucosa.

RESULTS

The authors found that the superficial area and the attached or infiltrated area reflected the depth of the tumor. However, there was a recurrence of esophageal carcinoma even in m3 cases attached only to the lamina muscularis mucosa.

CONCLUSIONS

The authors concluded that m1 and m2 esophageal carcinoma had almost no risk of lymph node metastasis and recurrence no matter how extensive the superficial area. In addition, sm2 and sm3 carcinoma have a high frequency of lymph node metastasis and recurrence. M3 and sm1 carcinoma run the risk of lymph node metastasis and recurrence however small the superficial area and the area attached to or infiltrating the lamina muscularis mucosa. Treatment strategies for patients with superficial esophageal carcinoma, including EMR, should take the above findings into account. Cancer 2002;94:570–5. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Undifferentiated sarcoma of the liver in childhood
Authors: Bisogno Gianni , Pilz Thorsten , Perilongo Giorgio , Ferrari Andrea , Harms Dieter , Ninfo Vito , Treuner Jorn , Carli Modesto
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Undifferentiated (embryonal) sarcoma of the liver (UESL) is a rare childhood hepatic tumor, and it is generally considered an aggressive neoplasm with an unfavorable prognosis.

METHODS

The Soft Tissue Sarcoma Italian and German Cooperative Groups enrolled 17 children with UESL in studies conducted between 1979 and 1995. They were treated using the same multimodal approach as for patients with sarcomas including conservative surgery at diagnosis, multiagent chemotherapy, and second‐look operation in cases of residual disease. Radiotherapy was occasionally used (2 of 17 patients).

RESULTS

Twelve patients are alive with follow‐up ranging from 2.4 to 20 years. Eight underwent complete tumor resection either at diagnosis or after preoperative chemotherapy, and all are currently alive. After initial chemotherapy tumor reduction was evident in six of nine evaluable cases. Overall three patients died of disease and one of a surgical complication. One child died in second complete remission for a non‐disease‐related cause.

CONCLUSIONS

The current prognosis of UESL no longer should be regarded as poor. Modern multimodal treatment and supportive therapy have improved survival. Cancer 2002;94:252–7. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Stromelysin‐3 is expressed by aggressive meningiomas
Authors: Perret Anne Gentil , Duthel Robert , Fotso Marie‐Jeanette , Brunon Jacques , Mosnier Jean‐François
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Stromelysin‐3 (ST3) that belongs to the metalloproteinase family is proposed to play a role in tumor invasion. The purpose of this work was to study the variation of ST3 expression in meningiomas.

METHODS

Twenty atypical meningiomas were retrieved from the Pathology Department's files at Hopital de Bellevue, Saint‐Etienne, France. They were compared with 20 benign meningiomas randomly selected from the same file. The tumors were classified using standard histologic criteria. Frozen sections of the tumors were immunostained for ST3 and MIB‐1 to evaluate the proliferative activity of tumor cells.

RESULTS

The study included 5 fibrous meningiomas, 10 transitional meningiomas, 20 syncitial meningiomas, 2 secretory meningiomas, 2 microcystic meningiomas, and 1 angiomatous meningioma. Stromelysin‐3 was expressed within the stromal and neoplastic cells of only 1 benign meningioma and 13 atypical meningiomas. The MIB‐1 proliferation index was significantly higher in the meningiomas expressing ST3 (Student t test: P < 0.001). The invasion of bone, muscle, and brain by meningiomas as well the recurrence were statistically correlated with their ST3 expression (Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric correlation test, P = 0.001 and P = 0.008, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Stromelysin‐3 might play an important role in the invasiveness of meningiomas. Therefore, considering, ST3 in association with evaluation of the MIB‐1 proliferating index may be an useful tool to assess the behavior of meningiomas. Cancer 2002;94:765–72. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10270
Association of the −160 C → a promoter polymorphism of E‐cadherin gene with gastric carcinoma risk
Authors: Wu Ming‐Shiang , Huang Shih‐Pei , Chang Yu‐Ting , Lin Ming‐Tsan , Shun Chia‐Tung , Chang Ming‐Chu , Wang Hsiu‐Po , Chen Chien‐Jen , Lin Jaw‐Town
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

A −160 C → A polymorphism in the promoter region of E‐cadherin has been shown to decrease gene transcription. This allelic variation might be a potential genetic marker for identifying individuals at risk for cancer. There remains no report regarding the polymorphism of E‐cadherin in gastric carcinoma (GC).

METHODS

A hospital‐based case–control study, including 201 GC cases and 196 unaffected controls, was performed. DNA from peripheral blood samples was examined by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism. Logistic regression analyses were used to compute odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) after adjusted for Helicobacter pylori infection, smoking, and other relevant factors.

RESULTS

In 196 healthy Taiwanese, the distribution of genotype C/C was 42.3%, C/A was 48.0%, and A/A was 9.7%. The frequency of variant A/A genotype in GC case (4 of 201, 2%) was significantly lower than that of controls (19 of 196, 9.7%) (P < 0.005), conferring a 5‐fold decrease in the risk of GC (OR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.06–0.56) compared with the C/C genotype. Stratification of the GC cases according to their location (cardia and noncardia), histology (intestinal and diffuse), tumor stage (early and advanced), and lymph node metastasis (positive and negative) failed to reveal any heterogeneity with respect to E‐cadherin genotype.

CONCLUSIONS

The authors' data suggest that individuals with E‐cadherin −160 A/A genotype have a decreased risk of GC. Further work is mandatory to clarify the functional relevance of the A allele in vivo and to confirm the inverse association of the A/A genotype with GC in large epidemiologic studies. Cancer 2002;94:1443–8. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10371
High incidence of thyroid dysfunction despite prophylaxis with potassium iodide during 131I‐meta‐iodobenzylguanidine treatment in children with neuroblastoma
Authors: van Santen Hanneke M. , de Kraker Jan , van Eck Berthe L. F. , de Vijlder Jan J. M. , Vulsma Thomas
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Treatment modalities like targeted radiotherapy with 131I‐meta‐iodobenzylguanidine (131I‐MIBG) improve survival rates after neuroblastoma (NB). Radiation to the thyroid gland can lead to hypothyroidism and even malignancy. Because hypothyroidism after 131I‐MIBG treatment was reported, the current KI prophylaxis against thyroidal radiation damage was evaluated.

METHODS

The incidence, pathogenesis, and consequences of thyroid dysfunction among 42 NB patients treated with 131I‐MIBG were evaluated retrospectively. Efficacy of KI prophylaxis was established by measuring thyroidal radioiodide uptake. Thyroid damage was expressed as thyrotropin elevation (TE, plasma concentration of thyroid stimulating hormone ≥ 4.5 mU/L).

RESULTS

The mean followup was 2.3 years ( range, 0.1‐8.5). The mean number of treatments with 131I‐MIBG was 3.3. Of 428 scintigrams, uptake of 131I in the thyroid was visible in 92 (21.0%). Twenty two patients (52.4 %) presented TE after a mean period of 1.4 years (range, 0.1–5.8). Clinical signs of hypothyroidism were not observed. Eight patients received suppletion therapy with thyroxine. Thyrotropin elevation was transient in four patients. Of 25 survivors, with a mean followup of 3.5 years, 16 (64%) developed TE. No correlation was found between TE and thyroid visualization after 131I‐MIBG administration or the number of treatments. No abnormalities were seen by ultrasound imaging of the thyroid.

CONCLUSIONS

Occurrence of thyroid dysfunction after treatment with 131I‐MIBG for NB is high, in spite of KI prophylaxis. Close followup of thyroid function and structure is required in patients treated with 131I‐MIBG. New ways of protecting the thyroid during exposure to radioiodine should be developed. Cancer 2002;94:2081–9. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10447
Breast ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion
Authors: de Mascarel Isabelle , MacGrogan Gaëtan , Mathoulin‐Pélissier Simone , Soubeyran Isabelle , Picot Véronique , Coindre Jean‐Michel
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

The significance of microinvasion is still debated and clinical management is controversial. The authors defined ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion (DCIS‐MI) as DCIS with infiltration of the periductal stroma by a few tumor cells, singly (type 1) or in clusters (type 2). With this definition, the authors attempted to evaluate the clinical significance of microinvasion.

METHODS

The authors compared the clinical, pathologic features, and survival (median follow‐up, 7.3 years) of 1248 patients with, respectively, DCIS (722 patients), DCIS‐MI with microinvasion type 1 and type 2 (243 patients), and invasive ductal carcinoma in situ with a predominant DCIS component greater than or equal to 80% of the tumor (IDC‐DCIS, 283 patients).

RESULTS

Microinvasion was associated with DCIS histologic type, grade, and extent (respectively, P < 10−8, P < 10−3, P < 10−4). Axillary lymph node metastases were observed in a few patients with DCIS and DCIS‐MI type 1 (respectively, 1.4% and none), in 10.1% with DCIS‐MI type 2 and in 27.6% with IDC‐DCIS. Metastasis free and overall survival probabilities were significantly different between three groups in the following order from best to worst prognosis: 1) the group comprising DCIS and DCIS‐MI type 1, 2) the DCIS‐MI type 2 group, and 3) the IDC‐DCIS group.

CONCLUSIONS

The authors' results suggest there are two types of DCIS‐MI: 1) type 1 that behaves like DCIS and should be managed as such; 2) type 2 that is less pejorative than IDC‐DCIS but is more so than type 1. Cancer 2002;94:2134–42. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10451
The economic burden of prostate cancer, California, 1998
Authors: Max Wendy , Rice Dorothy P. , Sung Hai‐Yen , Michel Martha , Breuer Wendy , Zhang Xiulan
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy diagnosed among men in the United States. This article reviews previous studies of the annual cost of all cancers and of prostate cancer in the United States and California and estimates the direct and indirect costs of prostate cancer in California in 1998.

METHODS

Hospitalization costs, including costs of primary and secondary diagnoses of prostate cancer, were derived from the California Hospital Discharge data set (CHDS). Charges were converted to costs using hospital specific cost‐to‐charge ratios and an imputed cost for Health Maintenance Organization hospitalizations. Other direct medical costs were derived from the 1997 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Indirect mortality costs are the product of the number of deaths and the expected value of a male's future earnings taking into account age at death, earning patterns at successive ages, labor force participation, imputed value of housekeeping services, and a 3% discount rate.

RESULTS

Prostate cancer direct health care costs in California were estimated at $180 million, and lost productivity from premature death was estimated at $180 million, for a total cost of $360 million in 1998. The disease is largely one of older men; hospitalization costs account for three‐fifths of total direct costs, and Medicare and private health insurance share almost equally in paying for hospital care.

CONCLUSIONS

It is critical to identify cost‐effective screening efforts that permit early detection of prostate cancer to reduce illness, premature deaths, and the high costs of prostate cancer. Cancer 2002;94:2906–13. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10532
Adenosquamous carcinoma of the gallbladder warrants resection only if curative resection is feasible
Authors: Oohashi Yasuhiro , Shirai Yoshio , Wakai Toshifumi , Nagakura Shigenori , Watanabe Hidenobu , Hatakeyama Katsuyoshi
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Adenosquamous/squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder generally has been considered a lethal disease. The objective of this study was to clarify the effectiveness of resection for patients with adenosquamous/squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder.

METHODS

Twenty‐nine patients who underwent resection for either adenosquamous carcinoma (n = 28 patients) or squamous cell carcinoma (n = 1 patient) were analyzed retrospectively. Sixteen patients underwent radical resection, whereas the other patients underwent primary tumor resection alone. To elucidate the factors that influenced postresectional survival, 10 variables (age, gender, presence or absence of gallstones, size of the primary tumor, lymphatic vessel invasion, blood vessel invasion, perineural invasion, TNM stage, residual tumor status, and type of resection) were examined.

RESULTS

Twenty‐three patients (79.3%) were categorized with T3 or T4 tumors that invaded adjacent organs. The outcome after undergoing radical resection (cumulative 5‐year survival rate, 48.6%) was significantly better compared with the outcome of patients after undergoing primary tumor resection alone (cumulative 3‐year survival rate, 7.7%; P = 0.004). The outcome after undergoing resection was better in 14 patients who had no residual tumor (cumulative 5‐year survival rate, 62.9%) compared with the outcome in 15 patients who had residual tumor (cumulative 5‐year survival rate, 0%; P < 0.001). Univariate analysis revealed that residual tumor status (P < 0.001), type of resection (P = 0.004), patient age (P = 0.012), and blood vessel invasion (P = 0.017) were significant prognostic factors. Residual tumor status (P = 0.026) was the only significant independent prognostic factor.

CONCLUSIONS

Adenosquamous/squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder warrants resection only if potentially curative (R0) resection is feasible. Cancer 2002;94:3000–5. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10578
Hooded sensilla homologues: Structural variations of a widely distributed bimodal chemomechanosensillum
Authors: Cate Holly S. , Derby Charles D.
Published: August 2002

A diversity of sensilla has been described in crustaceans, both across species and within a given species. However, few homologous setal types have been identified in crustaceans. In this study we examined setae with features of the hooded sensillum, which is a class of bimodal chemomechanosensilla first identified on antennules of the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus. We examined the antennules of 13 species representing seven families of malacostracan crustaceans, and most body surfaces of P. argus, and compared the sensillar morphology from different species and from different body regions to identify interspecific and intraspecific homologues of hooded sensilla. Our results show that sensilla with morphological characteristics of antennular hooded sensilla are present and have a similar pattern of distribution on the antennules of reptantian species representing three families (Palinuridae and Scyllaridae of the Achelata and Nephropidae of the Homarida). Furthermore, hooded sensillar homologues are present on most body surfaces of P. argus. However, there are intraspecific and interspecific variations in the morphology of these sensilla. We present evidence that supports the idea that postembryonic changes in individual sensilla may be responsible for some of these morphological variations. Despite these variations, we conclude that the sensilla are homologues, because they have several common characteristics, similar positions on the body surface, similar substructures, a continuum to their morphological variations, and morphological variation that is correlated with phylogenetic similarity. Taken together these results support the idea that the hooded sensillum is a singular and biologically important sensillar type that has a broad distribution. J. Comp. Neurol. 444:345–357, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projection patterns of commissural interneurons in the lumbar spinal cord of the neonatal rat
Authors: Stokke Mathis Frøshaug , Nissen Ulla Vig , Glover Joel C. , Kiehn Ole
Published: August 2002

We have studied the axonal projection patterns of commissural interneurons (CINs) in the neonatal rat spinal cord. Some CINs are integral components of the neuronal networks in the vertebrate spinal cord that generate locomotor activity. By using differential retrograde labeling protocols with fluorescent dextran amines, we show that CINs with ascending axons (ascending CINs, or aCINs) and CINs with descending axons (descending CINs, or dCINs) constitute largely different populations. We show that aCINs and dCINs occupy partially overlapping domains in the transverse plane. The aCINs are located at the dorsal margin, within the dorsal horn, centrally within the intermediate zone, and in the medial region of the ventral horn, whereas the dCINs are located predominantly among the ventral and central aCINs and in smaller numbers within the dorsal horn. The labeled aCINs and dCINs project for at least one and a half segment rostrally or caudally and are present in roughly equal numbers. We also demonstrate the presence of a third, smaller population of CINs whose axons bifurcate to project for at least one and a half segment both rostrally and caudally (adCINs). The adCINs are located predominantly among the central and ventral groups of aCINs and dCINs. Finally, we demonstrate the presence of CINs with axons projecting for fewer than one and a half segment in either direction. These “short‐range CINs” are intermingled with the aCINs, dCINs, and adCINs. Our results provide an anatomical framework for further electrophysiological studies aimed at identifying the CINs that participate in the mammalian locomotor central pattern generator. J. Comp. Neurol. 447:349–359, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Central administration of neuropeptide FF (NPFF) causes increased neuronal activation and up‐regulation of NPFF gene expression in the rat brainstem
Authors: Jhamandas Jack H. , Mactavish David
Published: August 2002

Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) is a morphine modulatory peptide that plays an important role in a wide variety of physiological functions, including those related to nociception and central autonomic regulation. NPFF fibers and cells have been shown to be discretely localized in key autonomic centers within the brain, including the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). Central applications of NPFF evoke a number of important biological effects through activation of central neuronal circuits whose identities remain unknown at present. NPFF administered in this manner may also be capable of up‐ or down‐regulating its own gene expression. In this study, we investigated the effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of NPFF on the activation and the gene expression of NPFF in NTS neurons. Conscious rats received saline or NPFF (8 or 10 μg i.c.v.), with concomitant monitoring of arterial blood pressure. Brains were prepared for Fos immunohistochemistry to identify neuronal activation and NPFF in situ hybridization to determine cells expressing NPFF mRNA in the NTS. At a dose of 8 μg, i.c.v., NPFF did not evoke alterations in blood pressure, but, at 10 μg, there was an increase in arterial blood pressure of 30–40 mmHg. Image analysis showed a dose‐dependent increase in number of NPFF neurons that were activated in rats receiving i.c.v. NPFF compared with saline controls. NPFF gene expression in the NTS showed a similar dose‐dependent increase following i.c.v. administration of either 8 or 10 μg of NPFF. Significantly greater numbers of activated neurons expressing the NPFF gene (double labeled) were observed in the NTS at the level of the area postrema in animals receiving i.c.v. NPFF compared with saline controls. These data indicate that centrally administered NPFF is capable of up‐regulating its own gene expression in the NTS and that this effect appears in part to be independent of elevations in arterial blood pressure that this peptide can evoke when administered i.c.v. at the higher dose. The up‐regulation of NPFF may play a homeostatic role in response to specific cardiovascular challenges, such as hypotension. J. Comp. Neurol. 447:300–307, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of GABABR1 and GABABR2 receptor immunoreactivity in neurochemically identified neurons of the rat neostriatum
Authors: Ng Tony K.Y. , Yung Ken K.L.
Published: August 2002

Gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the neostriatum. Functions of GABA are known to mediate GABAA and GABAB receptors. A functional GABAB receptor is known to compose of heteromeric subunits, namely the GABABR1 and GABABR2 subunits. Our previous report (Yung et al. [1999] Brain Res. 830:345–352) has demonstrated that all major subpopulations of striatal neurons express GABABR1 immunoreactivity. The cellular localization of the second subunit of GABAB receptor protein, i.e., GABABR2 immunoreactivity, in the rat neostriatum is not yet known. By using a new commercially available specific antibody against GABABR2, immunofluorescence was performed to investigate the cellular expression of GABABR2 in neurochemically identified subpopulations of neurons in the rat neostriatum. Immunoreactivity for GABABR2 was primarily found in the neuropil of the rat neostriatum. Double labeling revealed that those perikarya that expressed immunoreactivity for parvalbumin, choline acetyltransferase, nitric oxide synthase, glutamate receptor two, N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor one, or GABAAα1 receptor, respectively, did not express GABABR2 immunoreactivity. In addition, perikarya and most of the neuropilar elements in the neostriatum that expressed glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 immunoreactivity were found to be GABABR2‐negative. In contrast, immunoreactivity for GABABR1 was found to be expressed by all of the above neuronal subpopulations. Moreover, a vast number of SV2‐immunoreactive profiles and a number of tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunoreactive profiles in the neuropil of the neostriatum were found to display GABABR2 immunoreactivity. The present results indicate that there is a differential expression of GABABR2 and GABABR1 immunoreactivity in different subpopulations of striatal neurons that are identified by their specific neurochemical markers. Immunoreactivity for GABABR2 is likely to localize in neuropilar elements of the neostriatum that may belong to non‐GABAergic elements. These findings provide anatomical evidence of GABABR2 receptor localization in the neostriatum that may have an important functional implication of the GABAB‐mediated functions in neurons of the neostriatum. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:458–470, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
As the gut ages: Timetables for aging of innervation vary by organ in the Fischer 344 rat
Authors: Phillips Robert J. , Powley Terry L.
Published: August 2002

To explore the effects of aging on the vagal innervation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, male Fischer 344 rats at 3 and 24 months of age were injected in the left nodose ganglion with 3 μl of either 4% wheat germ agglutinin‐horseradish peroxidase (to label sensory endings) or 1% cholera toxin subunit B‐horseradish peroxidase (to label motor endings). The stomach and duodenum were prepared as wholemounts and processed with tetramethyl benzidine. In addition, to study age‐related changes in the myenteric plexus, the stomachs, small intestines, and large intestines from 3‐, 12‐, 21‐, 24‐ and 27‐month‐old rats were prepared as wholemounts and processed with Cuprolinic Blue (to stain the neurons). Vagal afferent endings, motor terminal profiles, and myenteric neurons were counted and mapped with a sampling grid. In the stomach, both the vagal and myenteric innervation were stable between the ages of 3 and 24 months; however, a decrease in the number of myenteric neurons in the forestomach was noted at 27 months. In the small and large intestines, myenteric cell loss occurred by 12 months of age, progressed with age, and appeared to be governed by several general principles: (1) the rate of cell loss was organ‐specific, with a gradient of increasing severity from proximal to distal in the gut; (2) within organs of the GI tract, the rate of cell loss differed between regions; and (3) for given regions, cell losses progressed linearly with increasing age. The findings suggest that a positive relationship exists between the density of vagal extrinsic innervation and myenteric neuron survival; however, whether this results from the vagal innervation and/or other factor(s) protecting or rescuing myenteric neurons from age‐related attrition remains to be determined. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:358–377, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On learning of Sigmoid Neural Networks
Authors: Najarian Kayvan
Published: August 2002

The Probably Approximately Correct (PAC) learning theory creates a framework to assess the learning properties of static models for which the data are assumed to be independently and identically distributed (i.i.d.). One important family of dynamic models to which the conventional PAC learning can not be applied is nonlinear Finite Impulse Response (FIR) models. The present article, using an extension of PAC learning that covers learning with m‐dependent data, the learning properties of FIR modeling with sigmoid neural networks are evaluated. These results include upper bounds on the size of the data set required to train FIR sigmoid neural networks, provided that the input data are uniformly distributed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
What predicts failure to engage in or drop out from treatment for bulimia nervosa and what implications does this have for treatment?
Authors: Bell Lorraine
Published: August 2002

The aim of this review was to analyse and summarize the research findings regarding which factors predict failure to engage (FTE) or drop out from treatment for bulimia nervosa. A literature search was carried out with PubMed and PsychLit from 1985 to September 2000. Key terms searched were those classified as bulimia nervosa: outcome, FTE, drop‐out and attrition. Outcome studies were also screened for inclusion of characteristics of those who failed to engage or dropped out. Twenty‐eight studies were identified. They examined a range of factors—patient characteristics, patient–therapist and therapist factors. Three trials report different drop‐out rates between treatments. Most samples studied are small and studies vary methodologically, making comparison difficult. FTE and drop‐out is not a uniform phenomenon. The only robust finding for patient characteristics is that co‐morbid borderline personality disorder increases the risk of FTE or drop‐out. Discrepant expectations between patients and therapists may also contribute to drop‐out. Drop‐out is higher for medical treatment. Recommendations are made as to how clients may be more successfully engaged or maintained in treatment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tunable fibre Bragg grating based optical cross connects using multi‐port optical circulators: structure and crosstalk analyses
Authors: Wu Xiangnong , Ghassemlooy Z. , Lu Chao
Published: August 2002

Tunable fibre Bragg grating (FBG)‐based reconfigureably non‐blocking optical cross connect (OXC) using multi‐port optical circulators (MOCs) are proposed and presented. In an FBG–MOC‐based OXC, system insertion loss, system differential insertion loss together with OXC dimensions have been analysed and compared with FBG–OC‐based OXC structure using three‐port optical circulators (OCs). Optical crosstalk in a multiwavlength FBG–OC‐based OXC is discussed, and two crosstalk mechanisms, intraband and interband are identified. To compare FBG based OXC with other OXC structures, an analytical model of intraband optical crosstalk is presented. Results show that tunable FBGs based OXCs are attractive OXC schemes as crosstalk level is independent of the number of wavelength channel per fibre. For the worst case the coherent crosstalk is the dominant crosstalk, which is about 20–30 dB higher than the incoherent crosstalk, depending on the sitching state of the cascaded 2×2 OXCs. However, in practical applications incoherent crosstalk is usually dominant, since it is highly unlikely that all the same wavelength‐channels will originate from the same optical source. And the crosstalk of FBGs is the dominant crosstalk. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A path accommodation method for reliable ring networks with optical compression TDM
Authors: Baba K. , Yamaguchi T. , Gokyuu K. , Murata M.
Published: August 2002

Very high‐speed optical ring networks were recently developed for metropolitan area network (MAN). In such high‐speed networks, survivability is a very important issue since a single failure leads to a disastrous service interruption. In this paper, we propose a design method for the reliable ring network based on optical compression TDM. We assume a single failure; at most a single link fails at a time. We then propose methods to establish paths accommodating all traffic demands among nodes. As protection/restoration methods, we consider a dedicated path protection, a shared path protection, and a path restoration method. For these networks, we first derive theoretical lower bounds on the numbers of slots and frames in order to accommodate all paths among nodes. We next propose path accommodation algorithms which allocate paths to slots in order to achieve the theoretical lower bound as closely as possible. Our proposed path accommodation methods are evaluated through several numerical examples. Three protection/restoration methods are also compared by applying our algorithms in order to investigate which method is suitable for optical compression TDM. The numerical results show that the shared path protection and path restoration methods can achieve better performance than the dedicated path protection method. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intraoperative diagnosis of tanycytic ependymoma: Pitfalls and differential diagnosis
Authors: Dvoracek Marc A. , Kirby Patricia A.
Published: August 2002

Smear preparations have become increasingly popular in the intraoperative assessment of central nervous system pathology. The cytological features of a histologically proven tanycytic ependymoma are presented with the pitfalls and differential diagnosis. The smear preparation showed a glial neoplasm composed of cells with long, bipolar glial processes and oval to spindle‐shaped nuclei resembling those seen in pilocytic astrocytoma smears. The smear characteristics of an ependymoma usually show remarkably uniform round‐to‐oval nuclei, fluffy glial processes, and a perivascular nuclear‐free zone (pseudorosetting). None of these features were present in our case. The accompanying frozen section showed a fascicular spindle‐cell tumor that resembled a schwanomma, a commonly reported misinterpretation of the histology of tanycytic ependymomas on frozen sections. Careful attention to the radiological findings, the surgeon's impression, and the intraoperative smear preparation details should allow one to include this uncommon entity in the differential diagnosis of spinal neoplasms. Diagn. Cytopathol. 24:289–292, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cloned P2X receptor subunits in cerebellum and hippocampus
Authors: Soto Florentina , Rubio Maria E.
Published: August 2002

P2X receptor subunits have been found in the brain, with P2X2, P2X4, and P2X6 showing a high level of expression. Here, we review the findings about the distribution of P2X receptor subunits in cerebellum and hippocampus and discuss their implication on the possible roles of ATP as neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in the brain. Drug Dev. Res. 52:133–139, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ontogenesis of female‐to‐male sex‐reversal in XX polled goats
Authors: Pailhoux Eric , Vigier Bernard , Vaiman Daniel , Servel Nathalie , Chaffaux Stéphane , Cribiu Edmond P. , Cotinot Corinne
Published: August 2002

The association of polledness and intersexuality in domestic goats (PIS mutation) made them a practical genetic model for studying mammalian female‐to‐male sex reversal. In this study, gonads from XX sex‐reversed goats (PIS‐/‐) were thoroughly characterized at the molecular and histologic level from the first steps of gonadal differentiation (36 days post coitum [dpc]) to birth. The first histologic signs of gonadal sex reversal were detectable between 36 and 40 dpc (4–5 days later than the XY male) and were mainly characterized by the reduction of the ovarian cortex and the organization of seminiferous cords. As early as 36 dpc, aromatase (CYP19) gene expression was decreased in XX (PIS‐/‐) gonads, whereas genes normally up‐regulated in males, such as SOX9 and AMH, showed an increased expression level from 40 dpc. Thereafter, steroidogenic cell precursors were affected, and at 56 dpc, WNT4 and 3β‐HSD were expressed in a male‐specific manner in sex‐reversed gonads. Another noticeable feature was a progressive disappearance of germ cells, clearly visible in testicular cords around 70 dpc where 50–75% of germ cells were absent in XX (PIS‐/‐) gonads. These observations indicated that the causal mutation of PIS acts very early in the sex‐determining cascade and affects primarily the supporting cells of the gonad. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Villin: A marker for development of the epithelial pyloric border
Authors: Braunstein Evan M. , Qiao Xiaotan T. , Madison Blair , Pinson Kathleen , Dunbar Laura , Gumucio Deborah L.
Published: August 2002

In the adult gastrointestinal tract, the morphologic borders between esophagus and stomach and between stomach and small intestine are literally one cell thick. The patterning mechanisms that underlie the development of these sharp regional divisions from a once continuous endodermal tube are still obscure. In the embryonic endoderm of the developing gut, region‐specific expression of certain genes (e.g., intestine‐specific expression of the actin bundling protein villin) can be detected as early as 9.0 days post coitum, although the morphologic differentiation of the gut epithelium proper does not begin until 4 to 5 days later. By using a mouse model in which a β‐galactosidase marker has been inserted into the endogenous villin locus, we examined the development of the stomach/intestinal (pyloric) border during gut organogenesis. The data indicate that the border is not sharp from the outset. Rather, the initial border region is characterized by a decreasing gradient of villin/β‐galactosidase expression that extends into the distal stomach. A sharp epithelial border of villin/β‐galactosidase expression appears abruptly at day 16 and is further refined over the next 3 weeks to form the distinct one‐cell‐thick border characteristic of the adult. These results indicate that an important previously unrecognized patterning event occurs in the gut epithelium at 16 days; this event may define an epithelial compartment boundary between the stomach and the intestine. The villin/β‐galactosidase mouse model characterized here provides an excellent substrate with which to further dissect the mechanisms involved in this patterning process. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enzymes active in the areas undergoing cartilage resorption during the development of the secondary ossification center in the tibiae of rats aged 0–21 days. II. Two proteinases, gelatinase B and collagenase‐3, are implicated in the lysis of collagen fibrils
Authors: Davoli Maria Antonietta , Lamplugh Lisa , Beauchemin Annie , Chan Kevin , Mordier Sylvie , Mort John S. , Murphy Gillian , Docherty Andrew J.P. , Leblond Charles Philippe , Lee Eunice R.
Published: August 2002

In the transformation of the cartilaginous epiphysis into bone, the first indication of change in the surfaces destined for resorption is the cleavage of aggrecan core protein by unidentified matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) (Lee et al., this issue). In cartilage areas undergoing resorption, the cleavage leaves as superficial, 6‐μm‐thick band of matrix, referred to as “pre‐resorptive layer.” This layer harbors G1‐fragments of the aggrecan core protein within a framework of collagen‐rich fibrils exhibiting various stages of degeneration. Investigation of this layer in every resorption area by gelatin histozymography and TIMP‐2 histochemistry demonstrates the presence of an MMP whose histozymographic activity is inhibited by such a low dose of the inhibitor CT1746 as to identify it as gelatinase A or B. Attempts at blocking the histozymographic reactions with neutralizing antibodies capable of inhibiting either gelatinase A or B reveals that only those against gelatinase B do so. Immunostaining of sections with anti–gelatinase B IgG confirms the presence of gelatinase B in every pre‐resorptive layer, that is, at the blind end of excavated canals (stage I; 6‐day‐old rats), at sites along the walls of the forming marrow space (stage II; 7days), at sites within the walls of this space as it becomes the ossification center (stage III; 9 days) and along the wall of the maturing center (stage IV; 10–21 days). We also report the presence of collagenase‐3 in precisely the same sites, possibly as active enzyme, but this remains to be proven. Because the results reveal that collagenase‐3 is present beside gelatinase B in every pre‐resorptive layer and, because these sites exhibit various signs of degradation including fibrillar debris, reduction in fibril number, or overt loss, we propose that gelatinase B and collagenase‐3 mediate the lysis of this pre‐resorptive layer—most likely through a cooperative attack leading to the disintegration of the collagen fibril framework. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognitive factors in anorexia nervosa: A case history
Authors: Lena S. M. , Chidambaram U. , Panarella C. , Sambasivan K.
Published: August 2002

Method and Results

This paper reports on an anorexic adolescent female with a history of attentional problems and on the favorable effects on eating‐disordered behavior of a pharmacotherapeutic intervention for attentional deficits.

Discussion

The role of cognitive and attentional deficits in the initiation and maintenance of eating disorders (ED) is discussed and guidelines for the use of stimulant medication with anorexic patients are presented. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 354–358, 2001.
Gender differences in patients with binge eating disorder
Authors: Barry Declan T. , Grilo Carlos M. , Masheb Robin M.
Published: August 2002

Objective

This study examined gender differences in patients with binge eating disorder (BED).

Method

Participants were 182 adults (35 male, 147 female) who were consecutively evaluated for outpatient clinical trials and met criteria for BED as outlined in the 4th ed. of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. They were administered a battery of measures to examine developmental, eating and weight‐related disturbances, and psychological features associated with BED.

Results

Men and women did not differ significantly on several developmental variables (age at first overweight, age at first diet, age at onset of regular binge eating, or number of weight cycles). Men had significantly higher current body mass index (BMI), highest adult BMI, and were significantly more likely to be classified as obese. Men and women did not differ significantly on measures of current eating disorder features (binge eating, eating concerns, weight or shape concerns) but women reported significantly greater body image dissatisfaction and drive for thinness. Men and women did not differ significantly on current depression or self‐esteem but men reported a greater frequency of past drug abuse problems.

Discussion

Although men and women who present for treatment for BED show many similarities in current eating disorder features, we observed a number of gender differences on important developmental and physical variables as well as associated psychological features. © 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 63–70, 2002.
Dynamic driving/braking force distribution in electric vehicles with independently driven four wheels
Authors: Sakai Shin‐Ichiro , Sado Hideo , Hori Yoichi
Published: August 2002

A novel algorithm for the dynamic driving/braking force distribution is proposed for electric vehicles (EV) with four in‐wheel motors. In such EVs, the vehicle lateral motion can be controlled by a yaw moment, generated by the torque difference between wheels. This method is known as DYC (Direct Yaw moment Control) in ordinary engine vehicle engineering; however, the torque difference can be generated more directly with in‐wheel motors. One problem of DYC is its instability on slippery roads, such as wet or snowy asphalt. To achieve high stability, the loads of wheels are preferably equal. The load on each wheel can be evaluated as the square root of the sum of squares of driving/braking force and side force. Therefore, the driving/braking forces, or motor torques, should be distributed depending on the side forces of the wheels, to minimize the load imbalance between wheels. The proposed algorithm can solve this optimization problem approximately with little calculation cost, and thus this method can be applied for real‐time calculation within a control period. Approximate solutions obtained with the proposed method are evaluated by comparison with numerical solutions that require much calculation time. The difference between these solutions is shown to be negligible, indicating the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(1): 79–89, 2002
Environmental partnerships in sustainable energy
Authors: Glasbergen Pieter , Groenenberg Ria
Published: August 2002

Partnerships between environmental organizations and the private sector are fairly new. They are an expression of a professional approach in the environmental movement and a private sector vision of the environment as a business opportunity. Focusing on the field of sustainable energy production, this article considers which functions the partnerships perform and which conditions determine their success. The conclusion is that, although partnerships may shake up the market, their potential is still constrained by their ad hoc character, their limited knowledge of the market, the exclusive nature of the arrangement and the lack of international coordination. Interestingly, partnerships call upon the government for policy to help them make further breakthroughs in the development of sustainable products. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Tobacco smoke carcinogens and breast cancer
Authors: Hecht Stephen S.
Published: August 2002

Cigarette smoking is an established cause of a variety of cancer types, but its role in breast cancer etiology is not clear. In this report, the potential role of cigarette smoke carcinogens as causes of human breast cancer is evaluated. Of over 60 known carcinogens in tobacco smoke, several are known to induce mammary tumors in laboratory animals: benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P), 2‐toluidine, 4‐aminobiphenyl, 2‐amino‐3‐methylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoline (IQ), 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP), 1,3‐butadiene, isoprene, nitromethane, ethylene oxide, and benzene. Studies in humans demonstrate that tobacco constituents can reach breast tissue. The uptake and metabolic activation of mammary carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 4‐aminobiphenyl are frequently higher in smokers than in nonsmokers. Although it is likely that specific mammary carcinogens in tobacco smoke can reach breast tissue, evidence is lacking at the present time. Some PAHs present in cigarette smoke can be metabolized to sterically hindered diol epoxides, which are potent mammary carcinogens. Thus, compounds such as benzo[c]phenanthrene (B[c]P), not classically considered to be a strong carcinogen in rodents, could nevertheless be metabolized in humans to diol epoxides carcinogenic to the breast. Collectively, the link between smoking and breast cancer is plausible but has been difficult to establish, probably because of the low carcinogen dose. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:119–126, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.