bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glyceryl Trinitrate for Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Krishnan Kailash , Scutt Polly , Woodhouse Lisa , Adami Alessandro , Becker Jennifer L. , Berge Eivind , Cala Lesley A. , Casado Ana M. , Caso Valeria , Chen Christopher , Christensen Hanna , Collins Ronan , Czlonkowska Anna , Dineen Robert A. , Gommans John , Koumellis Panos , Lees Kennedy R. , Ntaios George , Ozturk Serefnur , Phillips Stephen J. , Pocock Stuart J. , de Silva Asita , Sprigg Nikola , Szatmari Szabolcs , Wardlaw Joanna M. , Bath Philip M.
Published: December 2015

Background and Purpose—

The Efficacy of Nitric Oxide in Stroke (ENOS) trial found that transdermal glyceryl trinitrate (GTN, a nitric oxide donor) lowered blood pressure but did not improve functional outcome in patients with acute stroke. However, GTN was associated with improved outcome if patients were randomized within 6 hours of stroke onset.

Methods—

In this prespecified subgroup analysis, the effect of GTN (5 mg/d for 7 days) versus no GTN was studied in 629 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage presenting within 48 hours and with systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg. The primary outcome was the modified Rankin Scale at 90 days.

Results—

Mean blood pressure at baseline was 172/93 mm Hg and significantly lower (difference −7.5/−4.2 mm Hg; both
P
≤0.05) on day 1 in 310 patients allocated to GTN when compared with 319 randomized to no GTN. No difference in the modified Rankin Scale was observed between those receiving GTN versus no GTN (adjusted odds ratio for worse outcome with GTN, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 0.78–1.37;
P
=0.84). In the subgroup of 61 patients randomized within 6 hours, GTN improved functional outcome with a shift in the modified Rankin Scale (odds ratio, 0.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.07–0.69;
P
=0.001). There was no significant difference in the rates of serious adverse events between GTN and no GTN.

Conclusions—

In patients with intracerebral hemorrhage within 48 hours of onset, GTN lowered blood pressure was safe but did not improve functional outcome. Very early treatment might be beneficial but needs assessment in further studies.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN99414122
. Unique identifier: 99414122.
Confucius as Seen through the Lenses of the Zuo zhuan and Lunyu
Authors: Cook Scott
Published: December 2015

While the Lunyu has traditionally been seen as the most authoritative source of Confucius’s thought, it is far from our only such source. Others, such as the Zuo zhuan, are no less important to any examination of Confucius’s life and philosophy, and yet they appear to portray the Master with a different agenda in mind. In an attempt to explore these differences, this essay first categorizes the various references to and citations of Confucius in the Zuo zhuan, analyzing them in light of related passages in the Lunyu, to show the ways in which they diverge and the possible compositional motivations and ideologies underlying such divergences. It then goes on to discuss the implications this might hold in terms of understanding the historical Confucius and his political career, while suggesting new ways in which alternate sources for this understanding might be more fully utilized. 

Même si le Lunyu a toujours été considéré comme la source faisant le plus autorité sur la pensée de Confucius, c’est bien loin d’être la seule. D’autres, tel le Zuo zhuan, ne sont pas moins importantes pour étudier la vie et la philosophie de Confucius; mais elles semblent faire le portrait du Maître avec une intention différente. Cherchant à explorer cette différence, le présent article commence par classer les références variées à Confucius et les citations de ses propos dans le Zuo zhuan tout en les analysant à la lumière des passages correspondants dans le Lunyu afin de montrer la façon dont elles en divergent et de mettre en évidence les motifs compositionnels ou idéologiques susceptibles d’expliquer ces divergences. Il examine ensuite les implications possibles pour comprendre le Confucius historique et sa carrière politique, tout en suggérant la façon dont les sources alternatives pourraient être utilisées plus complètement à cet effet.
In Search of Stability
Authors: Morgenbesser Lee
Published: December 2015

This article accounts for how authoritarian regimes use elections to achieve stability (and, thus, longevity). At the domestic level, elections are deployed to either feign conformity to established rules and/or shared beliefs about how political power should be maintained or mobilise citizens in a unanimous show of manufactured support for the ruling party. At the international level, elections are employed to simulate compliance to international democratic norms about the appropriate method of selecting political authority. It validates this theory using the case of Myanmar, where three different ruling cliques have sanctioned elections in the pursuit of this dividend. The institutionalisation of this function over time has in turn contributed to the stabilisation of autocratic rule, which has occurred through a combination of endogenous self-reinforcement, exogenous reinforcement and reciprocal reinforcement. This positive relationship offers further opportunities for within-case and cross-case comparisons to be made in the future.
‘Civilising’ and ‘Modernising’ the Feet
Authors: Lee Ju-Ling
Published: December 2015

The feet of Taiwanese people, both men and women, went through a variety of experiences during Japanese colonial rule. The bodily practices of the colonised were repeatedly problematised and scrutinised under the Japanese colonial gaze, at the same time as their perception of their own bodies gradually changed with the transformation of society. This study will examine the body experience of the colonised Taiwanese through their feet—bound feet and bare feet—looking at different subjects at different periods of colonisation. It will analyse the process through which the feet of the colonised people were emancipated, domesticated and aestheticised as a result of the cooperation between the colonial authorities and the local elites as well as literary, cultural and iconographic representation.
The Rural Tax Problem in Modern Japan
Authors: Revelant Andrea
Published: December 2015

This paper discusses taxation in interwar Japan from the standpoint of rural–urban inequality, in order to assess whether fiscal extraction had a significantly negative impact on the economy of farmers. The first part reviews macroeconomic estimates on the distribution of the tax burden by either productive sector or territory, pointing to the limits of these approaches. The paper then turns to the analysis of sample surveys conducted in the 1910s–1930s, which provide information on both the horizontal and the vertical structure of the burden. Data show that taxes relevant to farmers were relatively inelastic with income and drained a large share of household surplus until the early 1930s. This problem, however, was primarily the consequence of low returns in agriculture and lost importance in the latter half of the decade, when economic recovery enhanced the effectiveness of fiscal reform.
Intellectual Property and Development in the Arab World: A Development Agenda for Libyan Intellectual Property System
Authors: Elmahjub Ezieddin
Published: December 2015

Intellectual property (ip) laws in Libya are under revision. The proposed revision will raise the standards of protection and enforcement for ip holders. Policymakers assume that raising the standards of protection can help promote development. This research evaluates that assumption in the Libyan context. It argues that Libya’s level of development requires resisting unnecessary privatisation of knowledge resources thorough ip laws. Libya needs an ip infrastructure that provides an enabling environment for people to capitalise on knowledge resources. This has to be done by adopting several policy measures and legislative reforms oriented towards expanding the open zone for accessing and reusing knowledge and cultural resources.
Contemporary Attempts to Harmonize Usury with Islamic Law: A Study of Al-Sanhūrī’s Civil Codes
Authors: Kareem Zanki Najmaldeen K.
Published: December 2015

This study sheds light on the question of usury (ribā) and the attempts made to harmonise it with Sharīʿah principles in the Muslim world. Special reference is made to the 20th century works of al-Sanhūrī. A descriptive, analytic methodology is adopted to explain the arguments advanced for admissibility of contemporary interest-based banking systems and to evaluate the excuses put forward for application of interest in the Muslim world. This study concludes that the array of excuses advanced during the 20th century for the admissibility of interest was not precisely founded on the principles of Islamic jurisprudence.
L’évolution du droit positif libanais sur la question de l’arbitrage en matière administrative
Authors: Jaber Rita Waked
Published: December 2015

Le droit libanais figure au rang des législations nationales qui évoluent aujourd’hui vers une plus grande ouverture à l’arbitrage. En effet, l’analyse de la question de l’arbitrabilité au regard du droit positif libanais – qui renferme d’ailleurs la vision de l’arbitrage en tant qu’institution – en offre une parfaite illustration. Elle permet de présenter un cadre général complet et concret de l’état de l’évolution du droit de l’arbitrage au Liban, au niveau tant interne qu’international.
Narratives of Engagement in us–India Relations: A Look Back at the us–India 123 Agreement Debate
Authors: Walker M. Karen
Published: December 2015

This article presents a rhetorical critique of diplomatic and public discourse that emanated from a joint commitment of the United States and India to pursue full civilian nuclear cooperation. The article argues that four narratives combined to transform the us–India relationship from estrangement to engagement. The narratives of exceptionalism, kinship, sojourning and convergence changed perspectives on the context, social order and substance of the us–India relationship, effectuating India’s movement from outside to inside the nuclear non-proliferation regime, and constituting the United States and India as strategic partners.
A Phonological Sketch of Duoxu
Authors: Chirkova Katia
Published: December 2015

This article presents a phonological sketch of Duoxu, a little-known and virtually undescribed Tibeto-Burman language, spoken in Sichuan province, China. The presented data, collected with a semi-speaker, are compared to those in an earlier description of Duoxu by Huáng & Yǐn (2012), collected with one of the last fluent speakers. All illustrative examples in the paper are accompanied by audio files to encourage further research and analysis of Duoxu, and to contribute to its preservation. 

Cet article est une esquisse phonologique du duoxu, une langue tibéto-birmane peu connue et quasiment non-décrite, parlée dans la province du Sichuan en République populaire de Chine. Les données ont été recueillies auprès d’un semi-locuteur. Elles sont comparées à celles contenues dans l’esquisse précédente de la langue par Huáng et Yǐn (2012) et collectées auprès d’un des derniers locuteurs disposant d’une maîtrise complète de la langue duoxu. Tous les exemples dans le texte sont accompagnés de fichiers sonores, ce qui a pour but d’encourager la réutilisation des données par d’autres chercheurs et de contribuer à la sauvegarde de cette langue en voie d’extinction.
Taxonomic studies in the Aganisia complex (Orchidaceae, Zygopetalinae)
Authors: Meneguzzo Thiago E. C. , Baumgratz José F. A. , Van den Berg Cássio
Published: December 2015

The Aganisia complex (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae, Cymbidieae, Zygopetalinae), which comprises the genera Aganisia, Cheiradenia, Koellensteinia, Otostylis and Paradisanthus, are all revised except Koellensteinia, for which a synopsis is proposed. We reviewed 109 generic, sectional, specific and infraspecific names. Of these, five are for the first time listed as names in scheda. We propose two new combinations, 17 new synonyms, 30 typifications, and two types for which the category is corrected. Doubtful, misapplied and non-applicable names are also treated. We recognize three species and two forms of Aganisia, one species of Cheiradenia and Paradisanthus, eleven species of Koellensteinia and two species Otostylis. The Aganisia complex is completely South American, with exception of K. tricolor, which also occurs in Belize, and A. pulchella, C. cuspidata and K. graminea, in Trinidad. Aganisia and Otostylis occur predominantly in lowland areas of western and northern South America; Cheiradenia in Trinidad and the Guianas Shield; Paradisanthus mainly on the coast of eastern and southern Brazil; and Koellensteinia the most widely distributed, occurring predominantly in South America strictly north of the Tropic of Capricorn. Aganisia and Cheiradenia grow in rainforests; Paradisanthus in rainforests and coastal vegetation; Otostylis in grassy areas; and Koellensteinia in all of these.
New hosts and localities for helminths of carnivores in Argentina
Authors: MOLEÓN MARÍA SOLEDAD , KINSELLA JOHN MIKE , MORENO PABLO GASTÓN , FERREYRA HEBE DEL VALLE , PEREIRA JAVIER , PÍA MÓNICA , BELDOMENICO PABLO MARTÍN
Published: December 2015

A total of 111 samples (43 faeces and 79 gastrointestinal tracts) of 14 wild carnivore species from 12 Argentine provinces were analyzed. Helminth eggs were identified in 73% of the faecal samples and adult worms were recovered from 81% of the gastrointestinal tracts. We found 19 helminth species. Among the most frequent findings were parasites of domestic carnivores, namely Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonina, Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma tubaeforme and Uncinaria stenocephala. In addition, new hosts are reported for 6 nematode species and 5 helminth species are recorded for the first time in Argentina: Aonchotheca putorii, Molineus brachiurus, Cyathospirura chevreuxi, Physaloptera praeputialis and Oncicola martini.
Analysis of Urban Effects in Oklahoma City using a Dense Surface Observing Network
Authors: Hu Xiao-Ming , Xue Ming , Klein Petra M. , Illston Bradley G. , Chen Sheng
Published: December 2015

Many studies have investigated urban heat island (UHI) intensity for cities around the world, which is normally quantified as the temperature difference between urban location(s) and rural location(s). A few open questions still remain regarding the UHI, such as the spatial distribution of UHI intensity, temporal (including diurnal and seasonal) variation of UHI intensity, and the UHI formation mechanism. A dense network of atmospheric monitoring sites, known as the Oklahoma City (OKC) Micronet (OKCNET), was deployed in 2008 across the OKC metropolitan area. This study analyzes data from OKCNET in 2009 and 2010 to investigate OKC UHI at a subcity spatial scale for the first time. The UHI intensity exhibited large spatial variations over OKC. During both daytime and nighttime, the strongest UHI intensity is mostly confined around the central business district where land surface roughness is the highest in the OKC metropolitan area. These results do not support the roughness warming theory to explain the air temperature UHI in OKC. The UHI intensity of OKC increased prominently around the early evening transition (EET) and stayed at a fairly constant level throughout the night. The physical processes during the EET play a critical role in determining the nocturnal UHI intensity. The near-surface rural temperature inversion strength was a good indicator for nocturnal UHI intensity. As a consequence of the relatively weak near-surface rural inversion, the strongest nocturnal UHI in OKC was less likely to occur in summer. Other meteorological factors (e.g., wind speed and cloud) can affect the stability/depth of the nighttime boundary layer and can thus modulate nocturnal UHI intensity.
Wintertime Northern Hemisphere Response in the Stratosphere to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation Using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
Authors: Kren A. C. , Marsh D. R. , Smith A. K. , Pilewskie P.
Published: December 2015

The response of the Northern Hemisphere winter stratosphere to the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is examined using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model. A 200-yr preindustrial control simulation that includes fully interactive chemistry, ocean and sea ice, constant solar forcing, and greenhouse gases fixed to 1850 levels is analyzed. Based on principal component analysis, the PDO spatial pattern, frequency, and amplitude agree well with the observed PDO over the period 1900–2014. Consistent with previous studies, the positive phase of the PDO is marked by a strengthened Aleutian low and a wave train of geopotential height anomalies reminiscent of the Pacific–North American pattern in the troposphere. In addition to a tropospheric signal, a zonal-mean warming of about 2 K in the northern polar stratosphere and a zonal-mean zonal wind decrease of about 4 m s−1 in the PDO positive phase are found. When compositing PDO positive or negative winters during neutral El Niño years, the magnitude is reduced and depicts an early winter forcing of the stratosphere compared to a late winter response from El Niño. Contamination between PDO and ENSO signals is also discussed. Stratospheric sudden warmings occur 63% of the time in the PDO positive phase compared to 40% in the negative phase. Although this sudden warming frequency is not statistically significant, it is quantitatively consistent with NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data and recent observational evidence linking the PDO positive phase to weak stratospheric vortex events.
FluxEngine: A Flexible Processing System for Calculating Atmosphere–Ocean Carbon Dioxide Gas Fluxes and Climatologies
Authors: Shutler Jamie D. , Land Peter E. , Piolle Jean-Francois , Woolf David K. , Goddijn-Murphy Lonneke , Paul Frederic , Girard-Ardhuin Fanny , Chapron Bertrand , Donlon Craig J.
Published: December 2015

The air–sea flux of greenhouse gases [e.g., carbon dioxide (CO2)] is a critical part of the climate system and a major factor in the biogeochemical development of the oceans. More accurate and higher-resolution calculations of these gas fluxes are required if researchers are to fully understand and predict future climate. Satellite Earth observation is able to provide large spatial-scale datasets that can be used to study gas fluxes. However, the large storage requirements needed to host such data can restrict its use by the scientific community. Fortunately, the development of cloud computing can provide a solution. This paper describes an open-source air–sea CO2 flux processing toolbox called the “FluxEngine,” designed for use on a cloud-computing infrastructure. The toolbox allows users to easily generate global and regional air–sea CO2 flux data from model, in situ, and Earth observation data, and its air–sea gas flux calculation is user configurable. Its current installation on the Nephalae Cloud allows users to easily exploit more than 8 TB of climate-quality Earth observation data for the derivation of gas fluxes. The resultant netCDF data output files contain >20 data layers containing the various stages of the flux calculation along with process indicator layers to aid interpretation of the data. This paper describes the toolbox design, which verifies the air–sea CO2 flux calculations; demonstrates the use of the tools for studying global and shelf sea air–sea fluxes; and describes future developments.
Overview of Bering and Chukchi Sea Wave States for Four Severe Storms following Common Synoptic Tracks
Authors: Pingree-Shippee Katherine A. , Shippee Norman J. , Atkinson David E.
Published: December 2015

Strong storms occur regularly over the ocean west of Alaska. These systems often loiter, generating persistent winds that can result in fully developed marine states that can maximize damage and hazard potential. Detailed analyses of storm events in terms of the resultant wave states are uncommon. This analysis examines the wave states associated with four particular storm events over the Bering and Chukchi Seas: October 2004, September 2005, and November 2009, and a September 2011 event that exhibited north winds. For each event a brief synoptic overview is presented followed by consideration of the resultant wave state, including parameters such as wave steepness. Wave data come from NOAA’s WAVEWATCH III (WW3) operational global ocean wave model, implemented for scenario use at the Arctic Region Supercomputing Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. In situ data are available from several National Data Buoy Center buoys and a wave buoy located in the Bering Strait, funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and NOAA and deployed for a few months in 2011. WW3 accurately captures the timing and evolution of the observed wave action (onset, growth, peak, and decline of large, steep wind waves) for each of the storm events. As per previous climatologically oriented studies, WW3 is found to underestimate significant wave heights on the order of 0.5 m or less. Also larger discrepancies, on the order of 1–2 m, are observed during periods of peak significant wave heights (Hs). In some cases WW3 overestimated Hs, especially during periods of rapid Hs decline.
A Mental Models Study of Hurricane Forecast and Warning Production, Communication, and Decision-Making*
Authors: Bostrom Ann , Morss Rebecca E. , Lazo Jeffrey K. , Demuth Julie L. , Lazrus Heather , Hudson Rebecca
Published: December 2015

The study reported here explores how to enhance the public value of hurricane forecast and warning information by examining the entire warning process. A mental models research approach is applied to address three risk management tasks critical to warnings for extreme weather events: 1) understanding the risk decision and action context for hurricane warnings, 2) understanding the commonalities and conflicts in interpretations of that context and associated risks, and 3) exploring the practical implications of these insights for hurricane risk communication and management. To understand the risk decision and action context, the study develops a decision-focused model of the hurricane forecast and warning system on the basis of results from individual mental models interviews with forecasters from the National Hurricane Center (n = 4) and the Miami–South Florida Weather Forecast Office (n = 4), media broadcasters (n = 5), and public officials (n = 6), as well as a group decision-modeling session with a subset of the forecasters. Comparisons across professionals reveal numerous shared perceptions, as well as some critical differences. Implications for improving extreme weather event forecast and warning systems and risk communication are threefold: 1) promote thinking about forecast and warning decisions as a system, with informal as well as formal elements; 2) evaluate, coordinate, and consider controlling the proliferation of forecast and warning information products; and 3) further examine the interpretation and representation of uncertainty within the hurricane forecast and warning system as well as for users.
Malleus to Stapes Bone Cement Rebridging Ossiculoplasty
Authors: Edizer Deniz Tuna , Durna Yusuf Muhammed , Hamit Bahtiyar , Demirhan Hasan , Yigit Ozgur
Published: December 2015

Objective:

To evaluate the effectiveness of malleus to stapes bone cement rebridging (MS-BCR) for Austin Kartush group A ossicular defects and compare the audiological results with incus interposition (IP) and incus to stapes bone cement rebridging (IS-BCR).

Methods:

Patients for whom type 2 tympanoplasty had been performed in a tertiary referral center were examined. Revision cases and those with graft failure were excluded. Three treatment groups were IS-BCR, IP, and MS-BCR. Preoperative and postoperative audiological results were compared.

Results:

A total of 92 patients were enrolled. The IS-BCR was performed in 42 (45.65%), IP in 18 (19.56%), and MS-BCR in 32 (34.78%) patients. Postoperative mean air bone gap was 20.1 ± 9.8 dB HL and did not differ significantly between the groups ( P = .271). Postoperative mean air bone gap less than 20 dB HL was achieved in 23 (54.7%) patients in IS-BCR, 10 (55.5%) patients in IP group, and 24 (75%) patients in MS-BCR group ( P = .06). Mean closure in air bone gap was 14.0 ± 11.6 dB HL. The changes in mean and frequency-specific air bone gap were not significantly different between treatment groups ( P > .05).

Conclusion:

Malleus to stapes bone cement rebridging may provide hearing results comparable to IS-BCR and IP.
Integrating Environmental Management of Asthma into Pediatric Health Care
Authors: Roberts James R. , Newman Nicholas , McCurdy Leyla E. , Chang Jane S. , Salas Mauro A. , Eskridge Bernard , De Ybarrondo Lisa , Sandel Megan , Mazur Lynnette , Karr Catherine J.
Published: December 2015

The National Environmental Education Foundation (NEEF) launched an initiative in 2005 to integrate environmental management of asthma into pediatric health care. This study, a follow-up to a 2013 study, evaluated the program’s impact and assessed training results by 5 new faculty champions. We surveyed attendees at training sessions to measure knowledge and the likelihood of asking about and managing environmental triggers of asthma. To conduct the program evaluation, a workshop was held with the faculty champions and NEEF staff in which we identified major program benefits, as well as challenges and suggestions for the future. Trainee baseline knowledge of environmental triggers was low, but they reported robust improvement in environmental triggers knowledge and intention to recommend environmental management. The program has a broad, national scope, reaching more than 12 000 physicians, health care providers, and students, and some faculty champions successfully integrated materials into health record. Program barriers and future endeavors were identified.
The Role of District Office Leaders in the Adoption and Implementation of the Common Core State Standards in Elementary Schools
Authors: Durand Francesca T. , Lawson Hal A. , Wilcox Kristen Campbell , Schiller Kathryn S.
Published: December 2015

Purpose: This multiple case study investigated district leaders’ orientations and strategies as their elementary schools proceeded with state-mandated implementation of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS). We identified differences between schools achieving above-predicted outcomes on state CCSS assessments (“odds-beaters”) and schools achieving predicted outcomes (“typical performers”). Theory: The implementation of multiple race-to-the-top (RTTT) innovations recommends a theoretical hybrid consisting of policy implementation theory, leadership theory, organizational change theory, and organizational learning theory, especially learning-focused leadership strategies such as bridging, brokering, and buffering strategies for crafting coherence across organizational boundaries. Research Methods: This mixed methods study used statistical regressions for sampling and interviews to collect data. Inductive and deductive methods were used to identify themes that might differentiate the two kinds of sample schools and their district leaders. Findings: District leaders for odds-beating schools anticipated the state’s policy innovations and developed organizational capacity for RTTT innovation implementation. Leaders permitted CCSS adaptations and they employed bridging, brokering, and buffering strategies to craft coherence and facilitate organizational learning and improvement. Conclusions: Odds-beating district leaders played pivotal roles in developing organizational readiness and implementation capacity. Whereas the RTTT agenda in typical districts amounted to a second-order, disruptive change, the odds-beating leaders in this study were instrumental in making this same agenda a first-order change.
Fully Automated Driving
Authors: Payre William , Cestac Julien , Delhomme Patricia
Published: December 2015

Objective:

An experiment was performed in a driving simulator to investigate the impacts of practice, trust, and interaction on manual control recovery (MCR) when employing fully automated driving (FAD).

Background:

To increase the use of partially or highly automated driving efficiency and to improve safety, some studies have addressed trust in driving automation and training, but few studies have focused on FAD. FAD is an autonomous system that has full control of a vehicle without any need for intervention by the driver.

Method:

A total of 69 drivers with a valid license practiced with FAD. They were distributed evenly across two conditions: simple practice and elaborate practice.

Results:

When examining emergency MCR, a correlation was found between trust and reaction time in the simple practice group (i.e., higher trust meant a longer reaction time), but not in the elaborate practice group. This result indicated that to mitigate the negative impact of overtrust on reaction time, more appropriate practice may be needed.

Conclusions:

Drivers should be trained in how the automated device works so as to improve MCR performance in case of an emergency.

Application:

The practice format used in this study could be used for the first interaction with an FAD car when acquiring such a vehicle.
First-birth Timing, Marital History, and Women’s Health at Midlife
Authors: Williams Kristi , Sassler Sharon , Addo Fenaba , Frech Adrianne
Published: December 2015

Despite evidence that first-birth timing influences women’s health, the role of marital status in shaping this association has received scant attention. Using multivariate propensity score matching, we analyze data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to estimate the effect of having a first birth in adolescence (prior to age 20), young adulthood (ages 20–24), or later ages (ages 25–35) on women’s midlife self-assessed health. Findings suggest that adolescent childbearing is associated with worse midlife health compared to later births for black women but not for white women. Yet, we find no evidence of health advantages of delaying first births from adolescence to young adulthood for either group. Births in young adulthood are linked to worse health than later births among both black and white women. Our results also indicate that marriage following a nonmarital adolescent or young adult first birth is associated with modestly worse self-assessed health compared to remaining unmarried.
Do Fathers’ Sexual Behaviors Vary with the Sex of Firstborns? Evidence from 37 Countries
Authors: Weitzman Abigail
Published: December 2015

This article investigates whether men’s sexual behavior is influenced by the sex of their firstborn children and, if so, at what stage of firstborns’ development this occurs. Using standardized data from 37 Demographic and Health Surveys ( N = 61,801), I compare the sexual activities, sexually transmitted infection symptoms, and sexual ideologies of fathers with firstborn sons and fathers with firstborn daughters. I also explore whether fathers’ attitudes mediate the effects of firstborn sex. The findings indicate that fathers with firstborn sons are less likely to report using condoms and more likely to report paying for sex and having genital ulcers than fathers with firstborn daughters. These differences are limited to the firstborn’s adolescent years and are slightly mediated by attitudinal differences. Together, these results raise new questions about the underlying mechanisms linking men’s sexual behavior to their children’s gendered development.
Inhibitory Control of Spanish-Speaking Language-Minority Preschool Children: Measurement and Association With Language, Literacy, and Math Skills
Authors: Lonigan Christopher J. , Allan Darcey M. , Goodrich J. Marc , Farrington Amber L. , Phillips Beth M.
Published: December 2015

Children’s self-regulation, including components of executive function such as inhibitory control, is related concurrently and longitudinally with elementary school children’s reading and math abilities. Although several recent studies have examined links between preschool children’s self-regulation or executive function and their academic skill development, few included large numbers of Spanish-speaking language-minority children. Among the fastest growing segments of the U.S. school-age population, many of these children are at significant risk of academic difficulties. We examined the relations between inhibitory control and academic skills in a sample containing a large number of Spanish-speaking preschoolers. Overall, the children demonstrated substantial academic risk based on preschool-entry vocabulary scores in the below-average range. Children completed assessments of language, literacy, and math skills in English and Spanish, when appropriate, at the start and end of their preschool year, along with a measure of inhibitory control, the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders task, which was administered at the start of the preschool year in the child’s dominant conversational language. Scores on this last measure were lower for children for whom it was administered in Spanish. For both English and Spanish outcomes, those scores were significantly and uniquely associated with higher scores on measures of phonological awareness and math skills but not vocabulary or print knowledge skills.
It’s only money
Authors: Miller Charles , Barber Benjamin S
Published: December 2015

The sunk costs fallacy is an important concept in the academic and policy worlds. It has helped explain consequential national security decisions such as the escalation in Vietnam and the surges in Iraq and Afghanistan. While previous analysis of sunk costs in international relations has made no distinction between financial and human sunk costs, there is evidence in psychology that people treat human lives and financial costs differently. The consensus in the casualty sensitivity literature is that human sunk costs should lower support for a conflict, but there is as yet no evidence on whether financial costs operate in the same way. Using the Environmental Protection Agency’s value of a statistical life to equalize human and financial costs, we create survey experiments through Mechanical Turk and GfK/Knowledge Networks about a hypothetical US military intervention to test if financial and human costs have the same effects on public opinion. We find that public reaction to sunk costs is contingent on the type of costs incurred. Consistent with the growing ‘sunk costs skeptic’ literature we find no evidence that any sunk costs induce greater commitment to a mission. Where the US contribution to the conflict is purely financial, sunk costs induce a desire to cut losses. When intervention involves US lives, sunk costs make no difference to the level of support. Finally, contrary to the implicit assumptions of past policymakers, ex ante levels of public support for sending troops and sending money are indistinguishable. These findings hold true both in situations involving high Iraq War level sunk costs and low Somalia-style costs.
Old Wine, New Bottle? Comparing Interpersonal Bullying and Cyberbullying Victimization
Authors: Payne Allison Ann , Hutzell Kirsten L.
Published: December 2015

This study uses a large nationally representative sample to compare and contrast interpersonal bullying and cyberbullying by asking the following questions: (a) How does the prevalence of cyberbullying victimization compare with the prevalence of interpersonal bullying victimization? (b) How does the relationship between demographic predictors and cyberbullying victimization compare with the relationship between these predictors and interpersonal bullying victimization? and (c) How does the relationship between cyberbullying victimization and avoidance behaviors compare with the relationship between interpersonal bullying victimization and avoidance behaviors? Findings demonstrate that interpersonal bullying victimization is far more prevalent than cyberbullying victimization. Results also illustrate differences in the relationships between demographics and bullying victimization. Finally, students who are a victim of either form of bullying are more likely to engage in school avoidance behaviors. These results highlight the need for comprehensive and preventive programs that can reduce the negative consequences of bullying victimization.
Time-dependent thermodynamics applied to flow of suspensions and polymer melts
Authors: Nakajima Nobuyuki
Published: December 2015

Rheological behavior has been treated in terms of the energy flow by coupling it with deformation and flow of material. The method follows time-dependent thermodynamics, which is different from Prigogine’s irreversible thermodynamics. We have examined the rate of energy production with particular attention to the physical meaning of the sign of the rate. Just as the sign of energy indicates in thermodynamics, whether or not the reaction is spontaneous, the sign of the rate indicates in time-dependent thermodynamics, whether or not the reaction is stable. In the stable region, the reaction is reversible. For a change from stable region to an unstable region, there is a discontinuity. Then, there is a pseudo-stable region, where a partial reversibility may be observed. This behavior involves yielding, which leads to fracture, like that seen in a longtime creep failure of a solid material. We have examined non-Newtonian flow of polyvinyl chloride plastisol, steady-state flow of high-density polyethylene melts, and its stress growth toward steady state.
“I Know I'll Get an A”: Confident Overestimation of Final Course Grades
Authors: Prohaska Vincent
Published: December 2015

Undergraduates enrolled in advanced courses in psychology estimated their final course grades at the beginning of the semester. Estimates were collected before students received information about instructors’ requirements and grading practices. Students were grouped by their cumulative grade point averages (GPAs) from the previous semester. Differences were observed in estimated and actual grades earned. Low-GPA subjects showed the greatest overestimation of their final grades. Although high-GPA students did not significantly overestimate their grades, almost 50% of their estimates were over estimations. Confidence ratings were also collected. High-GPA students were significantly more confident about their estimates than were low-GPA students, perhaps indicating that low-GPA students possessed some awareness that their estimates were inaccurate.
Psychological Implications of Infantilization: A Class Exercise
Authors: Whitbourne Susan Krauss , Cassidy Erin L.
Published: December 2015

To sensitize undergraduate students to the phenomenon of infantilization, the childlike treatment of older adults, the instructor of a psychology of aging course designed an exercise simulating an activity in a nursing home. The instructor required students to color within the lines of a drawing, commented about their dress and level of compliance, and spoke in a patronizing manner. The 138 participants recorded their reactions in a three-item questionnaire immediately after the exercise. Most students reacted negatively to the infantilizing treatment but believed that they learned from the experience, making this a valuable teaching method for psychology of aging courses and for introductory or life-span developmental psychology courses.
An Exercise for Explicating and Critiquing Students’ Implicit Personality Theories
Authors: Anderson Dana D. , Rosenfeld Paul , Cruikshank Lori
Published: December 2015

Despite, its recent growth, implicit psychology is largely excluded from undergraduate personality textbooks. Students’ preconceptions about personality likely bias their evaluation of formal personality theories and are generally ignored by personality instructors. We present an exercise that requires students to critique their preconceived beliefs about personality as if these beliefs constituted formal personality theories. Students rated the assignment as difficult but though-provoking and valuable for the insight it gave them into the formal theories and their own beliefs. The exercise engenders active learning by involving students directly in the difficulties of theory construction. Students probably relate the more formal theories they learn to the existing framework of their own theories. This self-referencing should enhance memory of formal theories.
A Computerized Stroop Experiment that Demonstrates the Interaction in a 2 × 3 Factorial Design
Authors: Vernoy Mark W.
Published: December 2015

This article describes a computerized Stroop-type experiment that demonstrates the effects of an interaction in a factorial design. The independent variables in this experiment are (a) the presentation of a congruent color word with a color bar or the presentation of a conflicting color word with a color bar and (b) the spatial placement of the color word above, on, or below the color bar. The dependent variable is the reaction time for the subject to say the color of the bar. Data for six semesters of an experimental psychology lab course indicate a significant difference between the conflicting and congruent conditions and a consistent significant interaction between the two independent variables. The computer program that runs this experiment is described, and explanations for the interaction are discussed.
A Child Panel to Facilitate the Instruction of Child Development
Authors: Vacha-Haase Tammi
Published: December 2015

This classroom activity enables college students to synthesize theoretical constructs of child development by providing students with an opportunity to interact with children who are invited to visit the classroom to serve as members on a panel. Following a panel discussion, students complete a written assignment relating their observations of the children to information provided in the textbook and class lectures. Students are also required to locate a relevant journal article and compare this material to their observations during the panel. This activity is appropriate for any class size.
Computer-Assisted Instruction as a Supplement to Lectures in an Introductory Psychology Class
Authors: Worthington Everett L. , Welsh Josephine A. , Archer C. Ray , Mindes Erica J. , Forsyth Donelson R.
Published: December 2015

Educational benefits of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) were investigated. A quasi-experimental design contrasted learning outcomes of students in an introductory psychology class that incorporated CAI exercises to students in a lecture-only introductory psychology class. A number of potential mediating variables, such as instructor, size of class, textbook, and year in school, were controlled. Analysis of students’ final examination scores indicated that students in the lecture-plus-CAI section obtained higher scores than students in the lecture-only section, and these higher scores were due to their better performance on concepts that were taught in both lecture and CAI exercises. These findings offer modest support for the use of CAI as a supplement to lecture in teaching psychology, particularly for domain-specific learning.
Computers and the Teaching of Psychology: A Call for Papers
Authors: Pittenger David J.
Published: December 2015

Computers have become an increasingly important tool for the teaching of psychology. With recent advances in computer technology, many claims of using the computer as an adjunct for teaching can now be realized. In this article, I call for increased scholarship on this medium.
Developing insight in aspiring researchers
Authors: Jacobs Richard M
Published: December 2015

A 2 × 2 matrix identifying four discrete thought processes was presented. The contributions of the first three processes in developing the knowledge base of public administration were detailed as were their limitations. It was argued that the fourth process – insight and its mental powers – builds upon the strengths and overcomes the limitations identified with the first three and provides the appropriate pedagogical focus for developing insight in aspiring scholars. Challenges to public administration teachers and researchers were identified and discussed.
Imbedding Interdisciplinary Diabetes Group Visits Into a Community-Based Medical Setting
Authors: Berry Diane C. , Williams Wanda , Hall Emily Gail , Heroux Regina , Bennett-Lewis Tara
Published: December 2015

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate an interdisciplinary approach and test the efficacy of diabetes group visits tailored to low-income patients in a community-based medical practice.

Methods

A randomized repeated measures design was used with 40 patients in the experimental group and 40 patients in the control group. The diabetes group visit consisted of individualized sessions with a physician or nurse practitioner to review medications and conduct a medical examination and group sessions to deliver diabetes self-management education. Data collected included clinical data and questionnaires. A control group shared comparable demographic characteristics, medication regimens, and baseline A1C levels.

Results

The patients in the experimental group decreased their A1C, triglycerides, and heart rate from time 1 to time 5 and maintained their high-density lipoprotein significantly more than the control group. In exit interviews, the patients said that the group diabetes visits helped them be more accountable about their diabetes self-management goals.

Conclusions

Diabetes group visits that combined diabetes self-management education and a medical visit with a health care provider improved A1C and were well received by the patients. The study provided patients with a quality program in an environment in which they felt safe to learn and that met them where they were in their diabetes self-management behaviors. This approach could be widely disseminated into other clinic settings that serve patients with type 2 diabetes.
A Longitudinal Study of the Development of Emotional Deception Detection Within New Same-Sex Friendships
Authors: Morris Wendy L. , Sternglanz R. Weylin , Ansfield Matthew E. , Anderson D. Eric , Snyder Jillian L. H. , DePaulo Bella M.
Published: December 2015

Previous studies show that close friends improve at lie detection over time. However, is this improvement due to an increase in the ability to decode the feelings of close friends or a change in how close friends communicate their true and deceptive emotions? In a study of 45 pairs of friends, one friend from each pair (the “sender”) was videotaped showing truthful and faked affect in response to pleasant and unpleasant movie clips. The other friend from each pair (the “judge”) guessed the true emotions of both the friend and a stranger 1 month and 6 months into the friendship. Judges were better at guessing the true emotions of friends than strangers, and this advantage in judging friends increased among close friends over time. Surprisingly, improvement over time was due mostly to a change in the sender’s communication, rather than an increase in judges’ ability to decode their friends’ feelings.