bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of diet and type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia upon structure of triacylglycerols and phosphatidyl cholines from human plasma lipoproteins
Authors: Gordon Dennis T. , Pitas Robert E. , Jensen Robert G.
Published: November 2006

Four normal and two individuals with Type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia were placed on the National Heart and Lung Institute Type IIa diet (low cholesterol, <300 mg/day, high polyunsaturated, low saturated fat diet) for 1 week and on a normal diet the following week. Plasma samples were obtained and the triacylglycerols, phospholipids, and cholesterol contents of plasma and of very low density lipoproteins, low density lipoproteins, and high density lipoproteins determined. Triacylglycerol fatty acid composition was determined and stereospecific analyses of triaclglycerols and phosphatidyl cholines performed. Structural determinations were limited to one normal and one Type IIa individual. In normal and Type IIa individuals, chylomicrons contained twice the amount of 18∶0 as did the very low density lipoproteins, low density lipoproteins, or high density lipoproteins. The structure of the triacylglycerols from the very low density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins was asymmetric with at least 50M% 16∶0 in thesn‐1 position and mostly 18∶1 in positionssn‐2 and 3. There was a marked difference in the distribution of 18∶2 in low density lipoproteins of the normal and Type IIa individuals. The control contained equal amounts of 18∶2 in thesn‐1 andsn‐3 positions, whereas IIa low density lipoprotein was asymmetric with 26% of the 18∶2 in positionsn‐1 and 3% in thesn‐3 position. Very low density lipoprotein was asymmetric with regard to 18∶2 in control and IIa samples with an average of 5% of the 18∶2 in positionsn‐1 and 40% in positionsn‐3. The phosphatidyl cholines contained predominantly 16∶0 and 18∶0 in positionsn‐1, whereas the acids in positionsn‐2 were unsaturated with very little difference between lipoprotein classes. Neither the short dietary periods nor source of plasma affected the structure of the phosphatidyl cholines.
Reaction of anti‐phosphatidyl inositol antisera with neural membranes
Authors: Guarnieri Michael
Published: November 2006

Ca. 15% of the phosphatidyl inositol in myelin and microsomal membranes from rat brain was detectable by antiphosphatidyl inositol antibody. Antibody‐detectable phosphatidyl inositol in myelin and microsomes readily increased when the membranes were incubated at 45 C with the antiserum. Synaptic membranes also had only a limited capacity to adsorb antibody. Quantitative binding studies with synaptic membranes and mitochondria were limited, because these membranes contain cardiolipin, which cross reacts with phosphatidyl inositol antisera. Moreover, highly purified synaptic and mitochondrial membranes contain appreciable amounts of other membrane fractions.
Fluorescent pigments from uterus of vitamin E‐deficient rats
Authors: Desai I. D. , Fletcher B. L. , Tappel A. L.
Published: November 2006

Spectrophotofluorometric analyses of the extracts of uterus from sterile rats maintained on a vitamin E‐deficient diet for a prolonged period of time indicated that the brown ceroid‐like pigments present were highly fluorescent, having characteristics typical of products formed during lipid peroxidation in vivo. The aqueous‐methanol layer of the uteral extract from vitamin E‐deficient animals had higher fluorescence than the corresponding chloroform layer, indicating the presence of more polar water‐soluble pigments than those found in most other tissues so far examined.
Use of internal vial for determining quench correction in scintillation counting of heterogeneous media
Authors: Noble R. C.
Published: November 2006

An insert vial situated at the center of the counting medium and containing a standard count has been used for quench correction in the liquid scintillation counting of gels containing suspensions of silicic acid scrapings from thin layer chromatoplates. The method has provided a simple and direct means of routine count correction for a range of14C‐labeled lipid classes following separation on thin layer chromatoplates. The use of insert vial provides several advantages over other methods for the count correction of these suspensions.
D‐galactosamine induced fatty liver: II. Analyses of hepatic lipid compositions
Authors: Morita A.
Published: November 2006

Female rats of the Wistar strain received six separate intraperitoneal injections of D‐galactosamine (250 mg/kg body wt per single injection). The rats were sacrificed 48 hr after the initial injection and the livers analyzed for their lipid compositions. A marked increase in the levels of total lipids and triglyceride with a pronounced decrease in phospholipid content in the liver was observed. However the percentage of individual phospholipid fractions obtained by thin layer chromatography showed no significant changes after D‐galactosamine administration, except for a slight increase in lysophosphatidylcholine. Fatty acid analyses of total lipids and phospholipids demonstrated an increase in the percentage of oleic and linoleic acids, with a decrease in the percentage of arachidonic acid after D‐galactosamine administration. In the triglyceride fraction, a slight increase in the percentage of myristic, palmitoleic and linolenic acids was observed.
Mass spectral analysis of eleven analogs of vitamin A
Authors: Reid R. , Nelson E. C. , Mitchell E. D. , McGregor M. L. , Waller G. R. , John K. V.
Published: November 2006

The low resolution mass spectra of 5,6‐monoepoxyretinoic acid, 5,8‐monoepoxyretinoic acid, 5,6‐monoepoxyretinyl acetate, 5,8‐monoepoxyretinyl acetate, 5,8‐monoepoxyretinal, trimethylsilyl‐5,6‐monoepoxyretinoate, trimethylsilyl‐5,8‐monoepoxyretinoate, methyl‐5,6‐monoepoxyretinoate, methyl‐5,8‐monoepoxyretinoate, β‐C19‐retinal and β‐C19‐retinyl acetate‐analogs of vitamin A—are presented. Characteristic features of the spectra are discussed. In addition, high resolution mass measurements are presented for six fragment ions of all‐trans‐retinoic acid and eleven fragment ions of methyl‐5,6‐monoepoxyretinoate.
Antagonistic effects ofMyxococcus xanthus on fungi: II. Isolation and characterization of inhibitory lipid factors
Authors: Norén Börje , Odham Göran
Published: November 2006

The chemical composition of the lipophilic excretion ofMyxococcus xanthus inhibitory to the germination of fungal spores and growth has been investigated. The inhibitory effect was attributed to a mixture of fungistatically acting fatty acids and a component of antibiotic character. The fatty acid mixture has been fully characterized and found to constitute a mixture of saturated (68%) and unsaturated (32%) structures in the C13–C17 range. The major part is methylbranched of theiso‐type, with 13‐methyltetradecanoic acid being the main component (33% of the total). The fungistatic activity of the fatty acid mixture on spore germination is attributed to the structures withiso‐configuration. The presence of unsaturation is of minor importance. Observed morphological changes of the spores and hyphae in the presence ofiso‐fatty acids suggest that they act on the plasma membrane.
Enzymatic conversion of 5α‐cholesta‐7,14‐dien‐3β‐ol to 5α‐cholesta‐8,14‐dien‐3β‐ol
Authors: Hsiung H. M. , Spike T. E. , Schroepfer G. J.
Published: November 2006

5α‐Cholesta‐7,14‐dien‐3β‐ol, previously shown to be efficiently converted to cholesterol upon incubation with rat liver homogenate preparations under aerobic conditions, has been studied as to its possible conversion to 5α‐cholesta‐8,14‐dien‐3β‐ol. Efficient conversion was observed upon incubation in the presence of washed microsomes of rat liver under anaerobic conditions. This observation is of importance in consideration of possible metabolic pathways in the biosynthesis of cholesterol.
Studies on tocopherol derivatives: V. Intestinal absorption of several d,1‐3,4‐3H2‐α‐tocopheryl esters in the rat
Authors: Nakamura T. , Aoyama Y. , Fujita T. , Katsui G.
Published: November 2006

Twelve d,1‐3,4‐3H2‐α‐tocopheryl esters were synthesized from d,1‐3,4‐3H2‐α‐tocopherol. They were acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, caprylate, palmitate, acid succinate, benzoate, nicotinate, o‐hydroxybenzoate, o‐acetoxybenzoate, and pivalate. The hydrolysis of these esters with bile‐pancreatic juice and with 9,000 × g supernatant of small intestine and liver homogenates of rats was examined. When these esters were incubated in small intestine or liver supernatants, hydrolysis occurred at a similar rate. In the incubation experiments, α‐tocopheryl acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, caprylate, palmitate, and acid succinate were classified as an easily hydrolyzable group. α‐Tocopheryl benzoate and nicotinate were in a moderately hydrolyzable group. o‐Hydroxybenzoate and pivalate, which resisted hydrolysis, were in a scarcely hydrolyzable group. o‐Acetoxybenzoate was easily hydrolyzed to the o‐hydroxybenzoate. Hydrolysis on straight chain fatty acid esters of α‐tocopherol easily occurred in bile‐pancreatic juice. In in vivo experiments, the lymphatic absorption rate of 6 esters, acetate, palmitate, acid succinate, nicotinate, o‐hydroxybenzoate, and pivalate, was measured on thoracic duct fistula rats. Easily hydrolyzable esters were recovered mostly in lymph as α‐tocopherol, whereas, an ester which strongly resisted hydrolysis, such as pivalate, appeared mainly unchanged. This fact suggested that hydrolysis of α‐tocopheryl esters was not necessarily a prerequisite for intestinal absorption. The percentage of absorption of slowly hydrolyzed esters in lymph was relatively lower than that of moderately or easily hydrolyzable esters.
Dietary alteration of fatty acid composition of lipid classes in mouse mammary adenocarcinoma
Authors: Rao G. Ananda , Abraham S.
Published: November 2006

The composition of total fatty acids in serially transplanted mammary adenocarcinomas of C3H mice which were fed a fat free diet or a stock diet containing 4% fat for 8 weeks were significantly different, although fatty acid amounts were similar. The difference in composition was manifested in the triglyceride, phosphatidyl choline, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine fractions. Tumors of mice fed fat free diet had appreciable amounts of eicosatrienoic acid, whereas neoplasms of stock diet fed animals had none. In addition, higher levels of oleic acid and lower contents of linoleic acid were found in tumors from mice fed fat free diet than in those from mice fed the stock diet. Thus, mechanisms which maintained the triglyceride fatty acid composition in some tumors, such as 7288CTC hepatoma, were not observed in mouse mammary adenocarcinomas, and, therefore, were not a general phenomena associated with carcinogenesis.
Effect of diet on the composition of cholesteryl esters of sheep adrenals
Authors: Christie W. W. , Hunter M. L. , Moore J. H. , Noble R. C. , Vernon R. G.
Published: November 2006

Fatty acid components of cholesteryl esters from the adrenals of sheep, like those of nonruminants, were characterized by significant amounts of the longer chain metabolites of linoleic acid. Administration to sheep of diets rich in linoleic acid and protected against biohydrogenation did not alter the concentration of these components significantly. Although 18∶2 levels were elevated, this was largely at the expense ofcis‐monoenoic fatty acids.
Inhibition of cholesterol absorption by (−)N‐[α‐phenyl‐β‐(p‐tolyl) ethyl] linoleamide in rats
Authors: Nagata Akihiko , Nakatani Hiroshi , Toki Katsuyuki
Published: November 2006

The effect of (−)N‐[α‐phenyl‐β‐(p‐tolyl)ethyl] linoleamide (PTLA) on intestinal absorption of cholesterol was studied in rats. Oral administration of 15 mg PTLA to rats resulted in a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the radioactivity in serum and liver 4 hr after administration of labeled cholesterol. The effect of PTLA was greater on the absorption of cholesteryl oleate as compared with free cholesterol. The rate of hydrolysis of cholesteryl oleate in mucosal homogenates of rat intestine was decreased with PTLA, suggesting that the inhibition of cholesterol absorption by PTLA is related to its effect on cholesteryl ester hydrolysis in the intestine.
Effects of colestipol hydrochloride and neomycin sulfate on cholesterol turnover in the rat
Authors: Phillips William A. , Elfring Gary L.
Published: November 2006

Three groups of male rats were fed diets containing the bile acid sequestrant colestipol hydrochloride (1%), neomycin sulfate (0.25%), or basic diet during the test. After 15 days, each rat was injected IV with 3.9 μCi cholesterol‐1,2‐3H complexed with serum lipoproteins; specific radioactivity of the total serum cholesterol was measured at several time intervals for a period of 7 weeks. Computer analysis of the data indicated that the turnover of cholesterol could best be fitted by a three‐pool model. In pool 1, colestipol HCl caused a significant increase in production rate (10.09 to 15.96 mg/day) and the excretion rate constant (0.53 to 0.79 day−1) of cholesterol without significantly altering the size of the pool or serum cholesterol concentrations. These results are compatible with an agent capable of binding bile acids in the rat but do not cause a decrease of the sterol pool because of an adequate compensatory increase in cholesterol biosynthesis. Neomycin SO4 caused a significant reduction in serum cholesterol (9%) without altering turnover parameters and apparently exerts its hypocholesterolemia by some mechanism other than bile acid sequestration.
Studies on the mechanism of action of halofenate
Authors: Mandel Lewis R.
Published: November 2006

This paper reviews most of the preclinical studies on the mode of action of halofenate, an established hypolipidemic‐hypouricemic agent in man. In yeast cultures and in isolated rat adipocytes, halofenate was found to inhibit the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. While pyruvate dehydrogenase was inhibited in vitro, halofenate also inhibited the activity of various other isolated enzymes. In rats maintained on halofenate in the diet (0.02–0.10%) for 2–14 days, there were 20–40% decreases in plasma cholesterol, trigly cerides, phospholipids, and free fatty acids. Inhibition of liver HMG‐CoA reductase does not appear to account for the hypocholesterolemic effect, and activation of mitochondrial α‐glycerophosphate dehydrogenase does not explain the hypotriglyceridemic action. Kinetic measurements of the serum appearance and disappearance of triglycerides in drug‐treated rats suggest that the hypotriglyceridemic activity is due to a net inhibition of hepatic triglyceride synthesis. Reduction of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in rats with sucrose‐induced hyperlipidemia and normalization of the altered apolipoprotein profiles are in accord with the effects of halofenate on plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels. The reduced insulin‐to‐glucagon ratio observed in Zucker obese hyperlipemic rats is also consistent with halofenate's hypotriglyceridemic activity. Preliminary experiments in rats on the mechanism of its hypoglycemic activity, observed in some diabetic hyperlipidemic patients, indicate that halofenate acts differently than conventional oral hypoglycemic agents. Some, but not all, of the effects of halofenate were observed with clofibrate at two to ten times higher levels.
FDA considerations regarding new hypolipidemic agents
Authors: Finkel Marion J.
Published: November 2006

Food and Drug Administration policy being considered for new marketed hypolipidemic agents includes: long‐term safety to be demonstrated in postmarketing studies; evidence of clinical effectiveness to be demonstrated within a specified time period. Effectiveness is to be judged by one or more of the following: reduction in xanthomata, reduction in atherosclerotic plaque, reduction in morbidity of coronary artery disease or peripheral and cerebral atherosclerosis, and reduction in mortality. Randomized double blind trials are deemed necessary.
Regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis in Ehrlich cells by ascites tumor plasma lipoproteins
Authors: McGee Richard , Brenneman Douglas E. , Spector Arthur A.
Published: November 2006

Fatty acid biosynthesis in Ehrlich cells in vitro was reduced when very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) isolated from the ascites tumor plasma were added to the incubation medium. The degree of inhibition was dependent on the VLDL concentration. At the VLDL concentrations usually present in the ascites plasma, there was a 30% decrease in biosynthesis as measured by3H2O incorporation into fatty acids. Analysis of the labeled fatty acids by gas liquid chromatography indicated that this decrease was due to a reduction in fatty acid de novo biosynthesis and that chain elongation actually was increased when VLDL were present. Although ascites plasma low‐ and high density lipoproteins also produced a concentration‐dependent inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis, their effects were much smaller than those of the VLDL. Studies employing VLDL and radioactive free fatty acids indicated that the cells took up and utilized fatty acids derived from these lipoproteins. When VLDL were present, labeled free fatty acid incorporation into cell phospholipids, cholesteryl esters, and CO2 decreased, whereas its incorporation into the cell free fatty acid pool increased. By contrast, the cells incorporated only very small amounts of fatty acid from either low‐ or high density lipoproteins. This suggests that the VLDL exert their inhibitory effect on fatty acid synthesis by supplying exogenous fatty acids to the cells.
Serum lipoproteins as inhibitors of haemagglutination by rubella virus
Authors: Ho W. K. K. , Shortridge K. F.
Published: November 2006

The role of serum lipoproteins as nonantibody‐like inhibitors of haemagglutination for rubella virus was investigated. Dissociation of lipoproteins into their respective lipid and protein components significantly reduced their inhibitory titre. This reduction was more prominent with the protein component. When mixtures of pure lipids were tested for their haemagglutination inhibitory activities, no inhibition was observed. Sonication of the three major lipoprotein fractions significantly increased the inhibitory activities of low density lipoproteins (LDL) and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) but not high density lipoproteins (HDL). Succinylation, acetylation, and methylation of the lipoproteins did not appear to affect their inhibitory titre. On the other hand, phospholipase A treatment significantly increased the inhibitory properties of all lipoproteins fractions. These results are discussed in terms of the possible mechanisms by which the lipoproteins interact with the rubella haemagglutinins.
The phytanic acid content of the lipids of bovine tissues and milk
Authors: Lough A. K.
Published: November 2006

In three steers which were given grass silage for six months, the content of phytanic acid (i.e. 3,7,11,15‐tetramethylhexadecanoic acid) in plasma lipid increased to about 8% of the total fatty acids, whereas after this time the proportion in the total fatty acids of liver and heart lipids was about 1%, and only 0.1% in those of kidney lipids; the acid was present in trace amounts in adipose‐tissue triglycerides and was apparently absent from brain lipids. In eight lactating cows which were given grass silage for about 3 months, the content of phytanic acid in the total long chain fatty acids of milk and of plasma was 0.7% and 13%, respectively. In the plasma lipids of both steers and lactating cows, phytanic acid constituted a substantial proportion of the total fatty acids of the triglycerides and phospholipids; the acid was present in lowest proportion in the cholesteryl esters.
Metabolism of chenodeoxycholic acid in hamsters
Authors: Tateyama Tadashi , Katayama Kouichi
Published: November 2006

The study on the metabolism after oral administration of chenodeoxycholic acid‐24‐14C was performed by analysis of radioactivity that had appeared in bile and feces of male hamsters. The radioactive bile acids were analyzed by thin layer chromatography and identified by the isotope dilution method. In the bile of the hamsters with bile fistula, radioactivity was originated from unchanged chenodeoxycholic acid for the most part, and 7‐ketolithocholic acid, lithocholic acid, and β‐muricholic acid for the remainder. In the feces lithocholic acid, dehydrolithocholic acid, isolithocholic acid, and unchanged form were identified. After the multiple dosing of chenodeoxycholic acid‐24‐14C for 6 days, β‐muricholic acid was also identified in the feces.
The occurrence and distribution of octadecapentaenoic acid in a natural plankton population. A possible food chain index
Authors: Mayzaud P. , Eaton C. A. , Ackman R. G.
Published: November 2006

It is shown that marine dinoflagellates under natural conditions synthesize the unusual fatty acid octapentadecaenoic (18∶5ω3). This acid is very likely a characteristic of certain groups of phytoplankters and is not an artifact from artificial culture conditions. Various species of herbivorous copepods as well as contemporary carnivorous chaetognaths living in the same environment present traces of this fatty acid. The decreasing quantity of 18∶5ω3 on moving up the food chain, and its absence in certain species, makes it a possible ecological tracer.
Localization of a marine source of odd chain‐length fatty acids. I. The amphipodPontoporeia femorata (Kröyer)
Authors: Paradis M. , Ackman R. G.
Published: November 2006

The amphipodPontoporeia femorata (Kröyer) contains approximately equal amounts of odd chain length and even chain length fatty acids. Mature males of this species are released into the waters of Jeddore Harbour during winter months as the result of a regular reproductive cycle and become food for smeltOsmerus mordax moving into the harbor in preparation for spring spawning runs, thus accounting for the previously reported unusual fatty acid composition of these smelt. The exceptionally high levels of odd chain length fatty acids inP. femorata occur at all stages of maturity in both sexes of the animal and are found inP. femorata in other locations.
Determination of the specific positions ofcis andtrans double bonds in polyenes
Authors: Privett O. S. , Nickell E. C.
Published: November 2006

A method is described for the determination of the positions and geometric configurations of double bonds in polyunsaturated fatty acids. The procedure consists of three steps:

Partial reduction of the double bonds with hydrazine under conditions which give high yields of monoenes.

Isolation of thecis‐ and thetrans‐monoene fractions by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) directly or in the form of their ozonide derivatives. In the former technique, selective argentation is employed, in the latter, silicic acid adsorption.

Determination of the structure of the monoenes via reductive ozonolysis.

The position of the double bonds is determined from the structures of the monoenes. Since thecis‐monoenes are separated from thetrans‐monoenes the geometric configuration of each double bond is determined.

The method also provides a direct determination of the spacings of the internal double bonds and it may be employed for the determination of the structures of mixtures of fatty acids in conjunction with direct ozonolysis procedures. The various ramifications of the method are demonstrated on pure fatty acids and model mixtures thereof.
An electrostatic precipitator for preparative gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Borka L. , Privett O. S.
Published: November 2006

The effect of the operating variables of electrostatic precipitators on the recovery and structure of methyl esters and related aerosol forming compounds collected in preparative gas‐liquid chromatography was studied.

Aerosol formation was prevented by AC or DC voltages of 5000 to 12000 volts. AC was more effective than DC but caused changes in structure which were detectable by both thin‐layer and gas‐liquid chromatographic methods of analysis.

An apparatus of simple construction and operation was designed for the collection of methyl esters and its use demonstrated with several model compounds.
Lipid peroxidation in rat tissue homogenates: Interaction of iron and ascorbic acid as the normal catalytic mechanism
Authors: Barber Albert A.
Published: November 2006

Iron and ascorbic acid appear to be the normal catalytic components responsible for the lipid peroxidation reaction in aerobically incubated rat tissue homogenates. The amounts of each present in the catalytically‐active fractions of rat liver, brain, testis, and kidney are appropriate to explain the lipid peroxidation reaction measured. Utilization of ascorbic acid as part of the normal catalytic mechanism is indicated by the following: The catalytic activity of the tissue soluble phase occurs only in the small molecule fraction eluted from Sephadex, and ascorbic acid occurs only in this fraction; the extent of catalysis by the small molecule fractions of the soluble phases from several tissues is proportional to their ascorbic acid content; and pH effect on lipid peroxidation is the same for both soluble‐phase and ascorbic acid catalysis. Utilization of iron as part of the normal catalytic mechanism is indicated by EDTA inhibition studies and by measurements of pH effects. Previous studies have demonstrated the lack of catalytic activity by cations other than iron for the lipid peroxidation reaction in homogenates. Lipid peroxidation is inhibited at high tissue concentration and the inhibition is due to components occurring in the large molecule fraction of the soluble phase.
Glyceryl ethers in insects: Biosynthesis of ethanolamine phosphoglycerides containing alkyl and alk‐1‐enyl glyceryl ether linkages
Authors: Lambremont Edward N.
Published: November 2006

When14C‐labeled acetate, fatty acids or fatty alcohols were injected into or fed to the tobacco budworm, acyl, alkyl and alk‐1‐enyl moieties of the phospholipids incorporated radioactivity. Fatty acids were the principal precursor in acyl bond formation and fatty alcohols in the synthesis of alkyl and alk‐1‐enyl glyceryl ethers. Detailed analysis of the etherlinked phosphoglycerides revealed that most of the radioactivity was in the ethanolamine phosphoglycerides, and very little14C was found in the choline phosphoglycerides. In experiments of a short duration, the alkyl glyceryl ethers incorporated more radioactivity than the alk‐1‐enyl glyceryl ethers. The reverse was found with long term experiments, when the alk‐1‐enyl ethers had higher radioactivity. In addition to demonstrating the synthesis of ether‐linked ethanolamine phosphoglycerides, the data suggested that fatty alcohols and acids were interconverted by insects and that the alk‐1‐enyl ethers were derived from the alkyl ethers.
Ratio of in vivo incorporation of3H arachidonic acid and14C linoleic acid into liver lipids from normal and diabetic rats
Authors: Mercuri Osvaldo , De Tomas Maria Elena
Published: November 2006

Normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats were injected via the portal vein with a labeled solution containing3H arachidonic acid and14C linoleic acid (3H/14C ratio, 0.5) during a 1 min period. Livers were quickly frozen, pulverized, and the lipids extracted and fractioned by thin layer chromatography. The incorporation of3H and14C into liver lipids was measured and the percentage distribution of radioactivity into the different lipid fractions was determined. The incorporation of14C linoleic acid and3H arachidonic acid into liver lipids is apparently reduced in rats with severe diabetes. The higher3H/14C ratio found in the 1,2 diglycerides from diabetic rats may be explained by the apparently smaller incorporation of14C linoleic acid or by an isotopic dilution attributable to the great availability of this acid in diabetic rats. On the other hand, the higher3H/14C ratio observed in triglycerides and phospholipids from diabetic rats, due to a relatively large incorporation of3H arachidonic acid into this fraction, may be explained by the affinity of the enzymes involved in their synthesis for some 1,2‐diglyceride units. Insulin was unable to correct the changes observed in the diabetic rats.
Inhibition of hepatic sterol and squalene biosynthesis in rats fed di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate
Authors: Bell Frank P.
Published: November 2006

Di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), a commonly used plasticizer, was found to be an inhibitor of the biosynthesis of hepatic nonsaponifiable lipids in the rat. The addition of DEHP at levels of 0.5% or 1.0% to a stock diet of rats resulted in a decreased conversion of acetate‐1‐14C and mevalonate‐5‐3H into squalene, C30 sterols, and C27 sterols by liver minces or slices, in vitro. In studies conducted with 0.5% DEHP feeding from 2 to 11 days, the degree of inhibition was found to increase with the duration of DEHP feeding; the inhibition of3H‐mevalonate conversion to squalene and sterols developed more slowly, being reduced to ca. 70% of control values in 11 days, whereas14C‐acetate conversion was reduced to ca. 35% of control values during the same period.3H‐mevalonate conversion to sterols and squalene was, however, found to be suppressable to the same extent as14C‐acetate conversion when diets containing 1.0% DEHP were fed for 18 days. The inhibitory effect of dietary DEHP on sterol and squalene biosynthesis from14C‐acetate and3H‐mevalonate by rat liver preparations is unlikely to be accounted for by the negative feedback of cholesterol secondary to hepatic sterol accumulation since, in these studies, hepatic total lipid and hepatic total sterol levels were simialr in control and DEHP‐fed rats.
Long chain fatty acid methyl ester hydrolase activity in mammalian cells
Authors: Spector Arthur A. , Soboroff Janice M.
Published: November 2006

Long chain fatty acid methyl esters were hydrolyzed by cell free homogenates and subcellular fractions prepared from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The highest enzyme specific activity was observed in the microsomal fraction. Maximum hydrolase activity occurred in the pH range of 6.5–7.0. The relative activities for the methyl ester substrates that we tested were: methyl palmitate > methyl laurate > methyl oleate > methyl stea‐rate. Butyl palmitate also was hydrolyzed by this enzyme. Enzymatic activity increased when the methyl ester‐albumin complex concentration or the methyl ester‐albumin molar ratio was raised. In addition to Ehrlich cells, methyl ester hydrolase activity was observed in homogenates of rat heart and liver. The highest enzyme specific activities also occurred in the microsomal fractions prepared from these tissues.
Hydroperoxides from oxidation of linoleic and linolenic acids by soybean lipoxygenase: Proof of thetrans‐11 double bond
Authors: Gardner H. W. , Weisleder D.
Published: November 2006

Hydroperoxides produced by oxidation of linoleic and linolenic acids with soybean lipoxygenase were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance. The isomerized double bond α,β to the hydro‐peroxide group at carbon‐13 was determined to betrans. The complete structures of the major products proved to be 13‐hydroperoxy‐cis‐9,trans‐11‐octa‐decadienoic acid from linoleic acid and 13‐hydroperoxy‐cis‐9,trans‐11,cis‐15‐octadecatrienoic acid from linolenic acid. The configuration of the double bonds indicates that oxidation took place through a free radical mechanism as proposed previously by others.
Subfractionation of Sf 4–105, Sf 4–20 and high density lipoproteins
Authors: Lindgren F. T. , Jensen L. C. , Wills R. D. , Stevens G. R.
Published: November 2006

Subfractionation of the total low density Sf 4–105, the low density Sf 4–20 and high density plasma (or serum) lipoproteins has been accomplished using a cumulative flotation rate procedure. Fractionation employs nonlinear salt gradients and high performance swinging bucket rotors. Subfractionation of the total low density lipoproteins with minimal contamination allows and extremely accurate lipoprotein mass measurement of Sf > 400, total very low density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins (LDL) by elemented CHN analysis. Physical and chemical data on LDL and high density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions are in general agreement with earlier data. Lower molecular weight data are obtained for HDL subfractions than reported earlier; however this may be the result of the different fractionation procedures used.
Long term human studies on the lipid effects of oral calcium
Authors: Bierenbaum Marvin L. , Fleischman Alan I. , Raichelson Robert I.
Published: November 2006

Ingestion of 2 g of supplemental dietary calcium carbonate daily over a period of one year by eight hyperlipemic men and two hyperlipemic women caused a significant 25% decrease in serum cholesterol, after these subjects had shown stable levels for the previous year, and when compared to a group without therapy. Body weights for both groups remained stable throughout the period of observation. The experimental group also showed a reversal in the cholesterol‐phospholipid ratio from a preexperimental ratio of 1.04 to a ratio of 0.92. In addition there was a 113 mg per 100 ml decrease in serum triglycerides and a 48 mg per 100 ml decrease in serum phospholipids, but these were not statistically significant due to the large between individual variations and the limited sample size. Calcium carbonate should be considered as a potential agent for usage in long term studies designed to produce hypolipemia, since it appears to be effective and without significant side effects.
Lipid composition of further purified bovine liver nuclear membranes
Authors: Keenan T. W. , Berezney Ronald , Crane F. L.
Published: November 2006

The lipid content, distribution and fatty acid composition of highly purified bovine liver nuclear membranes was determined and compared to those of microsomes prepared in parallel. Contrasted with microsomes, nuclear membranes while containing nearly the same levels of lipid had more cholesterol and total neutral lipid and less phospholipid. Phospholipid and neutral lipid patterns generally were similar for the two types of membranes. The same fatty acids, in similar proportions, were observed in respective total lipid, total polar lipid, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine fractions of the two membrane types. The microsomal lipid fractions contained slightly greater percentages of unsaturated fatty acids. With respect to previous results from preparations contaminated with nonmenbranous nuclear material, purified fractions contained more total lipid on a protein basis and more total unsaturated fatty acids. Only minor differences in levels and distribution of phospholipids and neutral lipids were observed between the crude and highly purified fractions.
Stereospecific analysis of triglycerides fromMonnina emarginata seed oil
Authors: Phillips B. E. , Smith C. R.
Published: November 2006

InMonnina emarginata seed oil triglycerides, more than two‐thirds of theS‐coriolic (13l‐hydroxy‐cis‐9,trans‐11‐octadecadienoic) acid occurs in position 3 (relative tosn‐glycerol). All but a trace of the remainder is in position 1.
The synthesis of ceramide galacturonate
Authors: Kanfer Julian N.
Published: November 2006

Ceramide galacturonate was synthesized from ceramide galactoside by the sequential treatment with galactose oxidase and hypoiodite oxidation. The sole water soluble hydrolysis product was galacturonic acid.
Some monomethyl‐branched fatty acids from ruminant fats: Open‐tubular GLC separations and indications of substitution on even‐numbered carbon
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Hooper S. N. , Hansen R. P.
Published: November 2006

Isomeric methyl esters of fatty acids in three groups (C15, C17, C19) have been isolated from ruminant fats. Basic structural analysis by physiochemical techniques indicated that these odd‐numbered fatty acids were even chain with a single methyl branch on the chain. High resolution open‐tubular gas liquid chromatographic studies indicate that, with the exception of iso acid impurities in these fractions, only even‐numbered carbons of the fatty acid chains bear the methyl branch.
Lipid composition of rat superior cervical ganglion
Authors: Organisciak D. T. , Klingman J. D.
Published: November 2006

Excised rat superior cervical ganglion were incubated in Krebs‐Ringer solution, freeze‐dried, and lipids extracted with chloroform: methanol (2∶1) v/v. Chromatography of lipid extracts in three separate thin layer chromatography solvents was accomplished on a single thin layer chromatography plate coated with acid‐washed Silica Gel H. Individual lipids were eluted from the silica gel using a modified Swinny filter holder technique and transesterified with methanolic‐BF3. Fatty acid methyl esters were separated and quantitated by gas liquid chromatography, while phospholipids were determined with a Malachite green dye organic phosphorus assay. Quantitation of neutral lipids was accomplished with a micro Liebermann‐Burchard technique and sphingolipids estimated colorimetrically as free sphingosine. The composition of lipids from freezedried rat ganglia resembles the lipid composition of rat brain. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine represent 76% of the glycerolphosphatides. The sphingolipids were comprised primarily of sphingomyelin with moderate levels of cerebroside and sulfatide. Cholesterol was the predominant neutral lipid. The major phospholipid fatty acids included palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids.
Effects of different culture media and oxygen upon lipids ofEscherichia coli K‐12
Authors: Naccarato William F. , Gilbertson John R. , Gelman Rose A.
Published: November 2006

The effects of altering the chemical composition of the culture media and the oxygen content of the environment upon the lipid metabolism ofEscherichia coli K‐12 were investigated. WhenE. coli cells were grown on the same culture medium but under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, an increase in the free fatty acids of anaerobically grown cells was observed with a disproportionate increase in the unsaturated fatty acids. When glucose was the sole carbon source, both fatty alcohols and hydrocarbons were detected as component lipids of these cells, whether growth occurred under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Based upon this observation, acetate is considered the initial precursor for fatty alcohol and hydrocarbon biosynthesis. A possible metabolic pathway involving fatty alcohols in hydrocarbon synthesis has been postulated.
Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters from triglycerides on thin layer plates
Authors: Saha S. , Dutta J.
Published: November 2006

A simple and convenient procedure for the preparation of methyl esters from triglycerides with potassium methoxide (KOMe) as catalyst on thin layer chromatoplates has been described. The triglyceride was separated and the reaction was carried out on a thin layer chromatoplate without extraction of triglyceride. A final extraction with CS2 was sufficient for injection of the product into a gaschromatograph. The method has been tested with coconut, peanut, and watermelon seed oils. The method is applicable to 10–20 mg of oil sample and is rapid.
Synthesis of conjugated trienoic fatty acids by a cell‐free preparation of tung endosperm
Authors: Jacks T. J. , Yatsu L. Y.
Published: November 2006

An acetone‐insoluble fraction that catalyzes the synthesis of conjugated trienoic fatty acid was prepared from maturing tung nuts. Greatest synthesis with the enzymic fraction occurred in the presence of CoASH, NADH and either ATP or ADP.
Effect of dietary linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on growth and fatty acid composition of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Yu T. C. , Sinnhuber R. O.
Published: November 2006

Methyl linolenate 18∶3ω3 and docosahexaenoate 22∶6ω3 were incorporated in semipurified diets at several levels and fed to trout previously maintained on a fat‐free diet. After 14 weeks, the weight gain and feed conversion of the fish on each diet were determined. The fatty acid composition of the lipid from each group of fish was analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. Both 18∶3ω3 and 22∶6ω3 fed at the 1% level supported maximum growth of the fish. The control group, which were fed no ω3 fatty acids, exhibited a shock syndrome, poor appetite and a very slow growth rate. Tissue fatty acid analysis revealed eicosatrienoic acid 20∶3ω9 accumulated in the phospholipid fraction of this group. The 20∶3ω9 level was lowered when either 18∶3ω3 or 22∶6ω3 was included in the diet. Analysis showed that the dietary 18∶3ω3 was rapidly converted by the fish into 22∶6ω3 with a high concentration in the phospholipid. However 22∶6ω3 fed to the fish remained unchanged and little or no retroconversion of this fatty acid was observed.
The intravenous use of fat for the total parenteral nutrition of the infant
Authors: Coran Arnold G.
Published: November 2006

A new program for the total iv feeding of the postoperative neonate has been described and evaluated. The program is based on a crystalline 1‐amino acid solution as the nitrogen source and a soybean fat emulsion as the major source of calories. This program has three main advantages over ones based on hypertonic glucose as the main calorie source: (a) no central venous catheter is needed, (b) the complication of osmotic diuresis is eliminated, and (c) the high caloric value of fat allows small volumes of fluid to be infused into the infant. The present regimen has been shown to sustain nitrogen and potassium retention in amounts similar to those found in normal newborns and in other parenteral feeding programs. In the initial phase of this study, 32 newborns were treated with this program and 26 survived, following surgery for life‐threatening congenital anomalies. Since this first evaluation, over 75 infants have been placed on this iv feeding protocol.
cis andtrans Analysis of fatty esters by gas chromatography: Octadecenoate and octadecadienoate isomers
Authors: Emken E. A.
Published: November 2006

A gas chromatographic method has been developed for quantitative determination of thecis andtrans percentages in octadecenoate and octadecodienoate esters. To separatecis‐ andtrans‐monoene and diene isomers on a packed GC column, the fatty esters were stereospecifically epoxipized with peracetic acid. A simple and quantitative epoxidation procedure allows thecis‐ andtrans‐epoxyoctadecanoates to be analyzed without prior isolation from the reaction mixture. No positional or geometric isomerization of the double bond occurred during epoxidation. Synthetic mixtures containingcis‐ andtrans‐6,‐9 and‐12 octadecenoate isomers were completely separated intocis andtrans fractionstrans‐15‐Octadecenoate was the only isomer investigated that partially interfered in the analysis. Diene mixtures containingrans,trans‐, cis,trans‐ andcis,‐cis‐9,12‐octadecadienoates were also successfully analyzed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) after epoxidation with peracetic acid. Each diene isomer formed two pairs of diepoxy diastereomers, some of which could be separated. Onecis,cis‐diepoxyoctadecanoate diastereomer peak overlapped thecis,trans‐diepoxyoctadecanoate peaks. The totalcis,‐cis‐diepoxyoctadecanoate percentages were calculated by using the ratio of the twocis,cis‐diepoxyoctadecanoate diastereomers. Other positional octadecadienoate isomers were also epoxidized and analyzed by GLC. The large number of possible octadecadienoate isomers requires that some preeiminary fractionation be made before GC analysis is practical for diene isomers.
A comparative study of the lipids of globule membrane and fat core and of the milk serum of cows
Authors: Huang T. C. , Kuksis A.
Published: November 2006

Nine samples of fresh raw cow's milk were separated into fat globules and milk serum by centrifugation. After destabilization by freezing and thawing, the milk fat globules were resolved into membranes and fat cores. The lipid composition of these structures was compared to that of the surrounding milk serum. Of the total milk fat, 95–98% was in the fat cores, 0.5–1% in the globule membranes and the rest (1.5–4%) in the milk serum. The fat cores contained 88–93% triglyceride, 5.2–9.8% diglyceride, 1.5–7.3% free fatty acid and 0.2–0.4% cholesterol, but no phospholipid. The lipids of the membrane contained 21–44% phospholipid, made up of about equal proportions of phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, and sphingomyelin. The other lipids of the membrane (56–79%) consisted of 83–88% triglyceride, 5.1–10.7% diglyceride, 1–5.1% free fatty acid and 0.4–1.9% cholesterol. The milk serum contained 30–45% phospholipid divided about equally among phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline and sphingomyelin. The rest (55–70%) of the milk serum lipids was made up of 71–83% triglycerides, 4.3–10.1% diglycerides, 8.7–15.7% free fatty acids, and 1.2–8.4% cholesterol. Corresponding phospholipid classes of milk serum and globule membranes had identical fatty acid compositions. The triglycerides and diglycerides of the globule membranes possessed increased proportions of palmitic and stearic acids in comparison to the glycerides of the fat cores.
Analysis of fecal neutral steroids and bile acids in humans on constant fat diet
Authors: Mitchell W. D. , Diver M. J.
Published: November 2006

A method is described for the separation and quantification of fecal neutral steroids and fecal bile acids. The fecal extract is separated into the neutral steroid fraction and bile acid fraction with ionexchange resin columns. The principal neutral steroids and bile acids are then separated and quantitated by thin‐layer chromatography. Values for the fecal neutral steroids, cholesterol, coprostanol and coprostanone and fecal bile acids, deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid of 5 subjects on a constant fat diet for a 3‐week period are presented.
(S)‐1,2‐diacyl‐3‐acetins: Optically active triglycerides fromEuonymus verrucosus seed oil
Authors: Kleiman R. , Miller R. W. , Earle F. R. , Wolff I. A.
Published: November 2006

The seed oil ofEuonymus verrucosus Scop., family Celastraceae, contains more than 90% 1,2‐diacyl‐3‐acetins (monoacetotriglycerides). The constituent triglyceride acids, other than acetic, are the usual long‐chain fatty acids.

Thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), infrared (IR) and hydrolysis with pancreatic lipase indicate that the acetic acid is esterified exclusively on the outer glycerol carbon atoms. The isolated mixed monoacetotriglycerides exhibit optical rotation caused by asymmetry of the central glycerol carbon atom. Comparison with synthetic products of known configuration shows that the natural material is essentially all (S)‐1,2‐diacyl‐3‐acetin.

IR, TLC and GLC analyses indicate the presence of monoacetotriglycerides in seven other species of Celastraceae and five species in three other plant families in amounts from 13 to 98%.
Brain cholesterol. XII. The incorporation of 1‐14C‐acetate into baboon sterol
Authors: Kabara Jon J. , Werthessen N. T.
Published: November 2006

The incorporation of 1‐14C‐Acetate into tissue cholesterol of the baboon was measured. Using this indicator gray matter of the cerebrum indicated greater metabolic activity than did white matter.

Other tissues besides neural tissue were examined. The peak of radioactivity occurred between 3 and 4 hr. The highest incorporation of radioactivity was measured in the adrenal gland. Liver, spleen and kidney values were of intermediate order.