bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrostatic potentials in the downward auroral current region
Authors: Vedin Jörgen , Rönnmark Kjell
Published: August 2005

Assuming a fixed ion density, adiabatic electron motion, and quasi‐neutrality, we use the stationary Vlasov equation to derive the self‐consistent potential in an auroral flux tube that carries downward current. Our model predicts downward electric fields ∼5 mV/m at an altitude near 2000 km, and around 4000 km the potential reaches ∼2.5 kV. A weak upward electric field at high altitudes reduces the potential, and the potential difference between the ionosphere and magnetosphere is much smaller.
Global auroral responses to abrupt solar wind changes: Dynamic pressure, substorm, and null events
Authors: Lyons L. R. , Lee D.‐Y. , Wang C.‐P. , Mende S. B.
Published: August 2005

Global auroral images are used to investigate how specific types of solar wind change relate to the resulting type of auroral‐region disturbance, with the goal of determining fundamental response types. For not strongly southward IMF conditions (Bz ≳ −5 nT), we find that IMF changes that are expected to reduce the convection electric field after ≳30 min of negative IMF Bz cause typical substorms, where expansion phase auroral activity initiates within the expected location of the Harang electric field reversal and expands in ∼10 min to cover ∼5 hours of MLT. For not strongly southward IMF conditions, solar wind dynamic pressure (Pdyn) enhancements compress the entire magnetosphere, leading to a global auroral enhancement with no evidence for substorm bulge‐region aurora or current wedge formation. Following prolonged strongly southward IMF (Bz ≲ −8 nT), an IMF change leading to convection electric field reduction gives a substorm disturbance that is not much different from substorms for less strongly southward IMF conditions, other than the expansion phase auroral bulge region seems to expand somewhat more in azimuth. However, under steady, strongly southward IMF conditions, a Pdyn enhancement is found to cause both compressive auroral brightening away from the bulge region and a Harang‐region substorm auroral brightening. These two auroral enhancements merge together, leading to a very broad auroral enhancement covering ∼10–15 hours of MLT. Both current wedge formation and compressive energization in the inner plasma sheet apparently occur for these events. We also find that interplay of effects from a simultaneous IMF and Pdyn change can prevent the occurrence of a substorm, leading to what we refer to as null events. Finally, we apply the plasma sheet continuity equation to the IMF and pressure driven substorm responses and the null events. This application suggests that solar wind changes cause substorm onset only if the changes lead to a reduction in the strength of convection within the inner plasma sheet.
Solar cycle–dependent helicity transport by magnetic clouds
Authors: Lynch B. J. , Gruesbeck J. R. , Zurbuchen T. H. , Antiochos S. K.
Published: August 2005

Magnetic clouds observed with the Wind and ACE spacecraft are fit with the static, linear force‐free cylinder model to obtain estimates of the chirality, fluxes, and magnetic helicity of each event. The fastest magnetic clouds (MCs) are shown to carry the most flux and helicity. We calculate the net cumulative helicity which measures the difference in right‐ and left‐handed helicity contained in MCs over time. The net cumulative helicity does not average to zero; rather, a strong left‐handed helicity bias develops over the solar cycle, dominated by the largest events of cycle 23: Bastille Day 2000 and 28 October 2003. The majority of MCs (“slow” events, 〈Vr〉 < 500 km/s) have a net cumulative helicity profile that appears to be modulated by the solar activity cycle. This is far less evident for “fast” MC events (〈Vr〉 ≥ 500 km/s), which were disproportionately left‐handed over our data set. A brief discussion about the various solar sources of CME helicity and their implication for dynamo processes is included.
Modeling irrigated agricultural production and water use decisions under water supply uncertainty
Authors: Marques Guilherme F. , Lund Jay R. , Howitt Richard E.
Published: August 2005

Farmers make joint water and land use decisions for economic purposes based in part on water availability and reliability. A two‐stage economic production model is developed to examine the effects of hydrologic uncertainty and water prices on agricultural production, cropping patterns, and water and irrigation technology use. The model maximizes net expected farm profit from permanent and annual crop production with probabilistic water availability and a variety of irrigation technologies. Results demonstrate effects of water availability, price, and reliability on economic performance, annual and long‐run cropping patterns, and irrigation technology decisions. Variations in water price and availability affect the desirability of different irrigation technologies. Increased water supply reliability can raise the probability of higher economic returns and promote more effective use of water for permanent crops. Such economic benefits can be compared to costs of operational changes and programs to increase water supply reliability for agricultural areas.
Multipactor discharge on a dielectric surface: Statistical theory and simulation results
Authors: Sazontov A. , Semenov V. , Buyanova M. , Vdovicheva N. , Anderson D. , Lisak M. , Puech J. , Lapierre L.
Published: August 2005

This paper presents a novel theory for describing the initial stage of a single-surface multipactor discharge on a dielectric surface in the presence of a dc electric field, which returns secondary emitted electrons to the surface. The calculations employ a statistical method based on an exact analytical solution for the probability density of the arrival times of the secondary electrons. A general integral equation determining the steady-state distribution of the emission phases of the secondary electrons and the threshold of the multipactor growth is formulated. A computer program has been developed to implement this theory for realistic secondary yield curves and arbitrary, nonuniform, distributions for velocities and angles of emitted electrons. Susceptibility diagrams, applicable to a wide range of materials, are obtained in terms of the rf and dc electric fields and are found to be relatively independent of the emission distribution of the electrons.
Powder evolution at low powers in silane-argon discharge
Authors: Chaudhuri P. , Gupta N. Dutta , Bhaduri A. , Longeaud C. , Vignoli S. , Marty O.
Published: August 2005

Powder formation in a 13.56-MHz radio frequency (rf) capacitive glow discharge plasma of silane-argon mixture has been studied by in situ laser light-scattering measurements. The rf power density (Prf) was varied from 18to53mW∕cm2. At high Prf the light scattering occurs all along the discharge and extends even beyond the exit end of the electrodes toward the pumping system. With decreasing Prf the maximum intensity of the light scattering decreases and the scattering zone shrinks and moves toward the exit end. With Prf≈20mW∕cm2 a very bright scattering zone only a few centimeters wide appears located at the electrodes outlet. The powders studied by transmission electron microscopy did not show a drastic decrease of their sizes with Prf though clear coagulation of small particles is observed at high Prf. In this paper we have tried to link the laser light-scattering evolution with Prf to various parameters such as the microstructure factor, the deposition rate, the electron mobility×lifetime product, the density of states, and the minority-carriers diffusion length of the films in an attempt to link the effect the evolution of powder formation to the films properties.
Hybrid simulation of the Z-pinch instabilities for profiles generated during wire array implosion in the Saturn pulsed power generator
Authors: Sotnikov V. I. , Leboeuf J. N. , Deeney C. , Coverdale C. A. , Hellinger P. , Travnicek P. , Fiala V.
Published: August 2005

Experimental evidence suggests that the energy balance between processes in play during wire array implosions is not well understood. In fact the radiative yields can exceed by several times the implosion kinetic energy. A possible explanation is that the coupling from magnetic energy to kinetic energy as magnetohydrodynamic plasma instabilities develop provides additional energy. It is thus important to model the instabilities produced in the after implosion stage of the wire array in order to determine how the stored magnetic energy can be connected with the radiative yields. To this aim three-dimensional hybrid simulations have been performed. They are initialized with plasma radial density profiles, deduced in recent experiments [C. Deeney et al., Phys. Plasmas 6, 3576 (1999)] that exhibited large x-ray yields, together with the corresponding magnetic field profiles. Unlike previous work, these profiles do not satisfy pressure balance and differ substantially from those of a Bennett equilibrium. They result in faster growth with an associated transfer of magnetic energy to plasma motion and hence kinetic energy.
Neoclassical magnetic microislands in tokamaks
Authors: Kovalishen E. A. , Mikhailovskii A. B. , Botov P. V. , Shirokov M. S. , Konovalov S. V. , Tsypin V. S. , Galvão R. M. O.
Published: August 2005

Possibility of existence of neoclassical magnetic microislands (island width smaller than the ion Larmor radius) in a tokamak in the banana regime is shown. The rotation frequency of such islands is found. It is shown that for the case of positive electron temperature gradient, the bootstrap current destabilizes the microislands while the polarization current leads to their stabilization. Maximally possible neoclassical microisland width is estimated.
Surface plasmon enhanced photon drag in metal films
Authors: Vengurlekar Arvind S. , Ishihara Teruya
Published: August 2005

We report a significantly enhanced photon drag effect (PDE) in a Au thin film at the surface plasmon resonance when the film is mounted in the Kretschmann-Raether geometry. The PDE is observed in the form of an electrical direct current induced by optical excitation. We discuss a model to describe how excitation of surface plasmons may give rise to a current in the Au thin film.
Nutritive value of Sesbania aculeata grown on salty soil and its effect on reproductive parameters of Syrian Awassi ewes
Authors: Zarkawi M. , Al-Masri M. R. , Khalifa K.
Published: August 2005

Nutritive value of Sesbania aculeata hay was determined by estimating the nutritive components, nitrogen forms, in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM), and metabolisable energy (ME). A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of feeding 2 groups of Syrian Awassi ewes with 2 wheat straw-concentrate diets without (control) or with (experimental) added S. aculeata hay on some reproductive parameters of the ewes at different stages. Half of the wheat straw in the daily ration of the experimental group of ewes was replaced by S. aculeata hay (whole plant) grown on salty soil and irrigated by saline water. Daily metabolisable energy and crude protein consumed by the ewes in the 2 groups were the same during the different stages (2.5 months before mating, throughout pregnancy, and during lactation). Crude fibre and cell wall constituents’ values were lower, whereas the values of crude protein and crude ash were higher in leaves and pods than in stalks. The values of IVDOM in S. aculeata hay were 537, 380, and 626 g/kg DM, and of ME were 7.19, 5.43, and 8.58 MJ/kg DM for the whole plant, stalks, and leaves and pods, respectively. The values of buffer soluble nitrogen were 27% or 39% and of buffer soluble non-protein nitrogen were 21% or 35% of the total nitrogen in leaves and pods or stalks, respectively. Feeding with S. aculeata hay had no effects on the liveweight of the ewes during the periods before mating and throughout pregnancy, on mating rate, fertility rate, duration of pregnancy, birth weight, or weaning weight of lambs. Furthermore, feeding with sesbania hay had no effect on either the response of ewes to the oestrous synchronisation programme or on the blood serum concentration and pattern of progesterone during the period extending from the commencement of feeding the ewes sesbania hay (2.5 months before mating) until the time of their lambing.
Anther culture in Citrus clementina: a way to regenerate tri-haploids
Authors: Germanà M. A. , Chiancone B. , Lain O. , Testolin R.
Published: August 2005

Abstract. Regenerants from anther culture of Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan. cvv. Nules, SRA 63, and Monreal were obtained in different experiments from 1994 to 2002. Genetic analysis of 37 such regenerants was carried out using 4 microsatellite markers that were heterozygous in the parental genotypes. The results showed that in all cases but one the regenerants carried only one or the other allele of the parental genotype, and were therefore homozygous and produced through a process of gametophytic embryogenesis. Ploidy analysis by flow cytometry of 94 regenerants showed that as many as 82% of them were tri-haploids, rather than haploids or doubled-haploids as expected, with other ploidy levels such as n, 2n, 4n, and 6n occurring at very low percentages (2, 10, 3, and 3%, respectively). Regeneration from anther culture is therefore proposed as a rapid, and attractive method of obtaining new triploid varieties in clementine, which could be of great interest for the fresh fruit market that now requires fruit to be seedless.
Anatomical and photosynthetic acclimation to the light environment in species with differing mechanisms of phloem loading
Authors: Amiard Véronique , Mueh Kristine E. , Demmig-Adams Barbara , Ebbert Volker , Turgeon Robert , Adams William W.
Published: August 2005

Plants load sugars from photosynthesizing leaves into the phloem of exporting veins either “apoplastically” (by using H+/sucrose symporters) or “symplastically” (through plasmodesmata). The ability to regulate photosynthesis in response to the light environment was compared among apoplastic loaders (pea and spinach) and symplastic loaders (pumpkin andVerbascum phoeniceum). Plants were grown under low light (LL) or high light (HL) or transferred from LL to HL. Upon transfer, pea and spinach up-regulated photosynthesis to the level found in HL-acclimated plants, whereas up-regulation in pumpkin andV. phoeniceumwas limited. The vein density of pea and spinach was the same in HL and LL. Although spinach did not exhibit anatomical or ultrastructural acclimation to the light environment, in pea, wall invaginations in minor vein companion (transfer) cells were more extensive in HL. Furthermore, upon transfer from LL to HL, these invaginations increased in mature pea leaves. Foliar starch levels in mature leaves of plants transferred from LL to HL were not greater than in HL-acclimated leaves of either apoplastically loading species. In the symplastic loaders, plasmodesmatal frequency per loading cell did not vary with treatment, but vein density and thus total plasmodesmatal frequency were higher in HL. Upon transfer of symplastic loaders, however, vein density remained low, and starch levels were higher than in HL; the incomplete acclimation of photosynthesis upon transfer is thus consistent with a carbon export capacity physically limited by an inability to increase vein and plasmodesmatal density in a mature leaf.
Physics and evolution of thermophilic adaptation
Authors: Berezovsky Igor N. , Shakhnovich Eugene I.
Published: August 2005

Analysis of structures and sequences of several hyperthermostable proteins from various sources reveals two major physical mechanisms of their thermostabilization. The first mechanism is “structure-based,” whereby some hyperthermostable proteins are significantly more compact than their mesophilic homologues, while no particular interaction type appears to cause stabilization; rather, a sheer number of interactions is responsible for thermostability. Other hyperthermostable proteins employ an alternative, “sequence-based” mechanism of their thermal stabilization. They do not show pronounced structural differences from mesophilic homologues. Rather, a small number of apparently strong interactions is responsible for high thermal stability of these proteins. High-throughput comparative analysis of structures and complete genomes of several hyperthermophilic archaea and bacteria revealed that organisms develop diverse strategies of thermophilic adaptation by using, to a varying degree, two fundamental physical mechanisms of thermostability. The choice of a particular strategy depends on the evolutionary history of an organism. Proteins from organisms that originated in an extreme environment, such as hyperthermophilic archaea (
Pyrococcus furiosus
), are significantly more compact and more hydrophobic than their mesophilic counterparts. Alternatively, organisms that evolved as mesophiles but later recolonized a hot environment (
Thermotoga maritima
) relied in their evolutionary strategy of thermophilic adaptation on “sequence-based” mechanism of thermostability. We propose an evolutionary explanation of these differences based on physical concepts of protein designability.
Structure of the light chain-binding domain of myosin V
Authors: Terrak Mohammed , Rebowski Grzegorz , Lu Renne C. , Grabarek Zenon , Dominguez Roberto
Published: August 2005

Myosin V is a double-headed molecular motor involved in organelle transport. Two distinctive features of this motor, processivity and the ability to take extended linear steps of ≈36 nm along the actin helical track, depend on its unusually long light chain-binding domain (LCBD). The LCBD of myosin V consists of six tandem IQ motifs, which constitute the binding sites for calmodulin (CaM) and CaM-like light chains. Here, we report the 2-Å resolution crystal structure of myosin light chain 1 (Mlc1p) bound to the IQ2–IQ3 fragment of Myo2p, a myosin V from
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. This structure, combined with FRET distance measurements between probes in various CaM–IQ complexes, comparative sequence analysis, and the previously determined structures of Mlc1p-IQ2 and Mlc1p-IQ4, allowed building a model of the LCBD of myosin V. The IQs of myosin V are distributed into three pairs. There appear to be specific cooperative interactions between light chains within each IQ pair, but little or no interaction between pairs, providing flexibility at their junctions. The second and third IQ pairs each present a light chain, whether CaM or a CaM-related molecule, bound in a noncanonical extended conformation in which the N-lobe does not interact with the IQ motif. The resulting free N-lobes may engage in protein–protein interactions. The extended conformation is characteristic of the single IQ of myosin VI and is common throughout the myosin superfamily. The model points to a prominent role of the LCBD in the function, regulation, and molecular interactions of myosin V.
Variation in resistance to parasitism in aphids is due to symbionts not host genotype
Authors: Oliver Kerry M. , Moran Nancy A. , Hunter Martha S.
Published: August 2005

Natural enemies are important ecological and evolutionary forces, and heritable variation in resistance to enemies is a prerequisite for adaptive responses of populations. Such variation in resistance has been previously documented for pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) attacked by the parasitoid waspAphidius ervi. Although the variation was presumed to reflect genotypic differences among the aphids, another potential source of resistance toA. erviis infection by the facultative bacterial symbiontHamiltonella defensa. Here, we explored whether variation among symbiont isolates underlies variation amongA. pisumclones in resistance toA. ervi. Although maternally transmitted,H. defensais sometimes horizontally transferred in nature and can be experimentally established in clonal aphid lineages. We established fiveH. defensaisolates in a commonA. pisumgenetic background. All of the five isolates tested, including one originating from another aphid species, conferred resistance. Furthermore, isolates varied in levels of resistance conferred, ranging from 19% to nearly 100% resistance. In contrast, a singleH. defensaisolate established in five different aphid clones conferred similar levels of resistance; that is, host genotype did not influence resistance level. These results indicate that symbiont-mediated resistance to parasitism is a general phenomenon inA. pisumand that, at least for the isolates and genotypes considered, it is the symbiont isolate that determines the level of resistance, not aphid genotype or any interaction between isolate and genotype. Thus, acquisition of a heritable symbiont appears to be a major mode of adaptation to natural enemy pressure in these insects.
A transcriptional response to replication status mediated by the conserved bacterial replication protein DnaA
Authors: Goranov Alexi I. , Katz Luba , Breier Adam M. , Burge Christopher B. , Grossman Alan D.
Published: August 2005

Organisms respond to perturbations in DNA replication. We characterized the global transcriptional response to inhibition of DNA replication in
Bacillus subtilis
. We focused on changes that were independent of the known
recA
-dependent global DNA damage (SOS) response. We found that overlapping sets of genes are affected by perturbations in replication elongation or initiation and that this transcriptional response serves to inhibit cell division and maintain cell viability. Approximately 20 of the operons (>50 genes) affected have potential DnaA-binding sites and are probably regulated directly by DnaA, the highly conserved replication initiation protein and transcription factor. Many of these genes have homologues and recognizable DnaA-binding sites in other bacteria, indicating that a DnaA-mediated response, elicited by changes in DNA replication status, may be conserved.
p120-Catenin Regulates Clathrin-dependent Endocytosis of VE-Cadherin
Authors: Xiao Kanyan , Garner Jennifer , Buckley Kathleen M. , Vincent Peter A. , Chiasson Christine M. , Dejana Elisabetta , Faundez Victor , Kowalczyk Andrew P.
Published: August 2005

VE-cadherin is an adhesion molecule critical to vascular barrier function and angiogenesis. VE-cadherin expression levels are regulated by p120 catenin, which prevents lysosomal degradation of cadherins by unknown mechanisms. To test whether the VE-cadherin cytoplasmic domain mediates endocytosis, and to elucidate the nature of the endocytic machinery involved, the VE-cadherin tail was fused to the interleukin (IL)-2 receptor (IL-2R) extracellular domain. Internalization assays demonstrated that the VE-cadherin tail dramatically increased endocytosis of the IL-2R in a clathrin-dependent manner. Interestingly, p120 inhibited VE-cadherin endocytosis via a mechanism that required direct interactions between p120 and the VE-cadherin cytoplasmic tail. However, p120 did not inhibit transferrin internalization, demonstrating that p120 selectively regulates cadherin internalization rather than globally inhibiting clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Finally, cell surface labeling experiments in cells expressing green fluorescent protein-tagged p120 indicated that the VE-cadherin–p120 complex dissociates upon internalization. These results support a model in which the VE-cadherin tail mediates interactions with clathrin-dependent endocytic machinery, and this endocytic processing is inhibited by p120 binding to the cadherin tail. These findings suggest a novel mechanism by which a cytoplasmic binding partner for a transmembrane receptor can serve as a selective plasma membrane retention signal, thereby modulating the availability of the protein for endo-lysosomal processing.
THE CASE FOR CROSS‐MEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
Authors: FERNANDEZ LINDA
Published: August 2005

Balancing air, water, and land environmental goals can prevent use of harmful substances like methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) in gasoline. This article offers an economic analysis of fuel choices using data from California. The full costs of various fuel blends are measured accounting for all multiple environmental impacts. The cost effectiveness of the product standard for oxygenates in gasoline is also assessed. The numerical results show the nonoxygenated gasoline is most cost effective and meets all environmental quality goals. (JEL Q53, Q58, Q49)
Relationships Among Infant Sleep Patterns, Maternal Fatigue, and Development of Depressive Symptomatology
Authors: Dennis Cindy‐Lee , Ross Lori
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT:  Background:
Postpartum depression is a serious condition for women after childbirth. Although its etiology is unclear, one potentially important predictive variable that has received little attention is maternal sleep deprivation. The objective of this study was to examine relationships among infant sleep patterns, maternal fatigue, and the development of postpartum depression in women with no major depressive symptomatology at 1 week postpartum. Methods: As part of a population‐based postpartum depression study, 505 women who had an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score < 13 at 1 week postpartum completed questionnaires at 4 and 8 weeks postpartum. Results: Mothers exhibiting major depressive symptomatology (EPDS > 12) at 4 and 8 weeks were significantly more likely to report that their baby cried often, be woken up 3 times or more between 10 pm and 6 am, have received less than 6 hours of sleep in a 24‐hour period over the past week, indicate that their baby did not sleep well, and think that their baby's sleep pattern did not allow them to get a reasonable amount of sleep. Consistent with these findings, mothers with an EPDS score > 12 were significantly more likely to respond that they often felt tired. Conclusions: These results suggest that infant sleep patterns and maternal fatigue are strongly associated with a new onset of depressive symptoms in the postpartum period, and provide support for the development of postpartum depression preventive interventions designed to reduce sleep deprivation in the early weeks postpartum.
Measuring Preferences for Delivery Services in Rural Vietnam
Authors: Duong Dat Van , Lee Andy H. , Binns Colin W.
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT:  Background:
The relatively low use of maternity services at the primary health care level in Vietnam has highlighted the need for economic evaluations of the current maternal health delivery network. This study measured willingness‐to‐pay for obstetric delivery preferences in rural Vietnam. Methods: An interviewer‐administered survey was conducted among 200 postpartum and 196 pregnant women, and 196 men in Quang Xuong district, Thanh Hoa province of Vietnam, using the payment card technique. Results: A kappa score of 0.98 showed very good agreement between the two interviewers administering the survey. An association was found between willingness‐to‐pay and satisfaction with the quality of maternity services. No significant differences were found in willingness‐to‐pay values between prenatal and postpartum groups, and between male and female participants. Conclusions: The study demonstrates that the willingness‐to‐pay instrument is a feasible tool, and is relatively reliable to measure the benefit of different alternatives of delivery services in rural Vietnam. For wider application of the instrument, its validity should be investigated further. Meanwhile, health care managers and decision makers should be encouraged to apply the instrument in the evaluation of maternal health programs.
Goals in Maternal and Perinatal Care in Latin America and The Caribbean
Authors: Belizán José M. , Cafferata María L. , Belizán María , Tomasso Giselle , Chalmers Beverley
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT:  Ten goals have been developed to guide perinatal caregivers by the Latin American Centre for Perinatology (CLAP), a PAHO/WHO unit dedicated to improving perinatal care in Latin America and The Caribbean. The goals were inspired by the current troubled perinatal care situation, the need to make significant changes, principles of evidence‐based medicine, and reviews of many sources from other regions or countries.
Skin Care in the Well Term Newborn: Two Systematic Reviews
Authors: Walker Lynne , Downe Soo , Gomez Liz
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT:  Background:
Awareness is increasing that the use of some commercial products on the premature neonatal skin may be beneficial, whereas the use of others may be harmful. The World Health Organization developed general postnatal care guidelines and the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses published specific evidence‐based guidance relating to neonatal skin care. No systematic reviews on the topic have focused on the term newborn. The objective of this review was to determine, for the well term baby, if the use of soaps or detergents in bath water is associated with the development of dry, cracked, or flaking skin in the perinatal period, and short‐ and long‐term consequences of the use of emollients, lotions, or moisturizers for dry skin.
Methods:
We conducted a structured systematic review of prospective studies involving term newborns.
Results:
No relevant studies were located.
Conclusions:
No prospective studies of research in skin care involving the term newborn were found. Some recommendations for skin care may balance risk and benefit for the compromised infant, but this balance may be different for the healthy term newborn. Clinical practitioners should be aware that outcomes related to the use of soaps, detergents, emollients, and lotions on the term neonatal skin have not been formally investigated. Systematic reviews that yield no formal results provide insights into unresearched areas of practice, and should be reported to highlight these deficits, and to avoid duplication of effort by future investigators.
Comparative Study of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Shikoku, Japan: a Study of 198 Autopsy Cases in Tokushima and Ehime Prefectures
Authors: Akagi Go , Furuya Keizo , Otsuka Hisashi , Tao Shigeru , Moriwaki Shozo
Published: August 2005

A total of 198 cases with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) autopsied in two different areas in Shikoku, Tokushima and Ehime, was examined clinicopathologically. The incidence of HBsAg‐positives in overall HCC cases was 49.0%, being higher in Tokushima (52.4%) than in Ehime (43.1%). The difference seemed to be caused by the high incidence in female cases in Tokushima (46.7% in Tokushima vs. 23.1% in Ehime). The mean age of HCC cases with HBsAg (53.9 years) is younger than that of cases without HBsAg (58.8 years). The incidence of HBsAg‐positive HCC cases in Shikoku decreased step by step toward older age groups from 63.4% in 41–50, 59.5% in 51–60, 34.6% in 61–70, to 15.8% in over‐71 age groups, and has been decreasing gradually with the passage of time from 57.1% in 1960–1971, 50.0% in 1972–1976, to 40.8% in 1977–1981. The incidences of HBsAg‐negatives in all autopsy cases increased from 2.0% in 1960–1971 to 3.3% in 1977–1981 (P< 0.05) although the incidences of HBsAg‐positives showed almost the same level. Both in Tokushima and Ehime, the incidences of HCC associated with cirrhosis and HCC with HBsAg were smaller in grade IV cases, and the incidence of HBsAg‐positive HCC was high in cases with macronodular type of cirrhosis.
Mediation of in vivo Tumor‐neutralizing Activity by Lyt‐2+ as Well as L3T4+ T Cell Subsets*1
Authors: Yoshioka Takayuki , Sato Soichiro , Ogata Masato , Sakamoto Kohichi , Sano Haruo , Shima Junko , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Fujiwara Hiromi , Hamaoka Toshiyuki
Published: August 2005

The present study reexamines the cell surface nature of T cells mediating in vivo protective tumor immunity with the use of anti‐L3T4 and ‐Lyt‐2 antibodies. C3H/HeN mice hyperimmune against syngeneic MH134 hepatoma or MCH‐1‐A1 fibrosarcoma were prepared by intradermal (id) inoculation of viable tumor cells followed by surgical resection of the tumor and by repeated challenges with viable tumor cells. Spleen cells from these mice were fractionated into L3T4+ or Lyt‐2+ T cell subset by treatment with anti‐Lyt‐2 or ‐L3T4 antibody plus complement (C). Winn assays performed by utilizing such fractionated T cells have revealed that both L3T4+ and Lyt‐2+ T cell subsets from hyperimmune mice produced complete tumor protection. Flow microfluorometry study illustrated that the treatment with anti‐L3T4 or ‐Lyt‐2 antibody plus C resulted in the complete isolation of L3T4− Lyt‐2+ (Lyt‐2+) or L3T4+ Lyt‐2− (L3T4+) T cell subset, respectively. This contrasted with the failure of treatment with anti‐Lyt‐1 antibody plus C to isolate all T cells expressing Lyt‐2 marker. It was further demonstrated that each subset of T cells exerted its anti‐tumor effect in a tumor‐specific way and without a requirement for the other alternative subpopulation of unprimed T cells. These results indicate that Lyt‐2+ T cell subset can be successfully isolated by treatment with anti‐L3T4 but not with anti‐Lyt‐I antibody plus C, and that each single subset of Lyt‐2+ and L3T4+ T cells can function as in vivo effector T cells.
Mechanisms for Recognition of Tumor Antigens and Mediation of Anti‐tumor Effect by Noncytolytic Lyt‐2+ T Cell Subset*1
Authors: Sakamoto Kohichi , Yoshioka Takayuki , Shimizu Jun , Sato Soichiro , Nakajima Hiroto , Fujiwara Hiromi , Hamaoka Toshiyuki
Published: August 2005

The mode of anti‐tumor function in vivo of noncytolytic Lyt‐2+ T cells from C3H/He mice hyperimmune to syngeneic MH134 hepatoma was investigated in a double diffusion chamber system which was recently established in our laboratory. C3H/He mice were implanted intraperitoneally with the double diffusion chamber unit in which each chamber contained either L3T4+ T cell‐depleted MH134‐hyperimmune spleen cells plus mitomycin C‐treated MH134 tumor cells or other syngeneic X5563 viable tumor cells plus normal spleen cells as a source of macrophages. Inclusion of anti‐MH134 Lyt‐2+ T cells together with MH134 tumor cells in one chamber resulted in comparable growth inhibition of viable X5563 tumor cells in the other chamber to that obtained by unfractionated MH134‐hyperimmune spleen cells. The induction in the Lyt‐2+ T cell‐containing chamber of anti‐tumor effect to be delivered into the other chamber was dependent on the co‐existence of la‐positive adherent cells along with Lyt‐2+ T cells. Although adherent cell‐depleted Lyt‐2+ T cells regained the inducibility of anti‐tumor immunity when supplemented with splenic adherent cells, the addition of adherent cells pretreated with chloroquine failed to restore the ability of Lyt‐2+ T cells to induce their anti‐tumor effect. In addition, paraformaldehyde‐treated MH134 tumor cells instead of untreated tumor cells were not capable of activating Lyt‐2+ T cells. These results indicate that a portion of Lyt‐2+ T cells exerts their anti‐tumor effect by a mechanism distinct from direct tumor cell lysis and that their activation for mediation of this type of tumor immunity requires the recognition of tumor antigens processed and presented by la‐positive adherent cells.
Antitumor Effect of Normal Intestinal Microflora on Ehrlich Ascites Tumor
Authors: Sakamoto Kenichi , Konishi Kenichi
Published: August 2005

In order to investigate the antitumor activity of intestinal microflora, the constitution of normal flora was examined in humans, guinea pigs and mice. It was clarified that Eubacterium, Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides were the predominant bacterial genera in humans. In addition, neither Clostridium nor Enterobacteriaceae was detected in guinea pigs and neither Clostridium nor Bifidobacterium was present in mice. Total bacterial counts in tumor‐bearing mice were reduced in comparison with those in normal mice. Especially, in the ileum of tumor‐bearing mice, the incidence of anaerobic bacterial genera was strikingly decreased. From the bacteria found, 59 living and killed strains isolated from intestinal microflora were examined for antitumor activity against Ehrlich ascites tumor. It was observed that 11 of the tested strains had antitumor activity. Four of these were toxic to the host, and in particular, all mice injected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (TYM‐8) died within several days. Eubacterium lentum (TYH‐11), Propionibacterium acnes (TYM‐28), Proteus mirabilis (TYM‐7) and Serratia marcescens (TY‐142), in which anti‐tumor activity was recognized with living and formalin‐killed bacteria, cured the tumor‐bearing mice, and the culture supernatant of 5. marcescens contained apparent antitumor activity.
Antitumor Activity and Its Properties of Eubacterium lentum
Authors: Morinaga Shinich , Sakamoto Kenichi , Konishi Kenichi
Published: August 2005

In the present study, some basic effects of Eubacterium lentum (TYH‐11), isolated from normal intestinal flora, upon the immune system and various experimental tumor cell lines were investigated. E. lentum showed no direct cytotoxicity against Ehrlich ascites tumor, while Serratia marcescens (TY‐142) did show direct cytotoxicity. E. lentum presented striking antitumor activity which differed according to the injection route and time. This strain showed antitumor activity against 11 experimental tumor cell lines including Ehrlich ascites tumor, Meth‐A, etc., but not against EL4 or Lewis lung carcinoma. The antitumor activity in this strain was recognized to lie in the cell wall and granular fractions. The effect of this strain on the immune system was studied by using plaque formation and the footpad reaction. When mice received 5 injections of E. lentum, the plaque number increased to treble the control level. Spleen weight was also increased following administration of E. lentum. In normal and tumor‐bearing mice immunized with SRBC alone, the footpad reaction was increased significantly to the control level by administration of E. lentum.
DNA PLOIDY IN 1,2‐DIMETHYL‐HYDRAZINE‐INDUCED RAT TUMORS
Authors: Sano Takeshi , Remvikos Yorghos , Vielh Philippe , Buisson Jean Pierre , Manceau Rogée , Salmon Rémy Jacques
Published: August 2005

The DNA content of 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine (DMH)‐induced intestinal tumors of male Wistar rats was analyzed by using flow cytometry. All adenomas and carcinomas were DNA diploid. S‐phase fractions of tumors showed no significant difference from those of normal mucosae. Histological evidence of adenoma‐carcinoma sequence was observed in our series. The lack of DNA aneuploidy is one of the principal differences between the DMH model and human colorectal cancers.
AMPLIFICATION OF THE hst‐1 GENE IN HUMAN ESOPHAGEAL CARCINOMAS
Authors: Tsuda Toshitaka , Nakatani Hiroshi , Matsumura Takashi , Yoshida Kazuhiro , Tahara Eiichi , Nishihira Tetsuro , Sakamoto Hiromi , Yoshida Teruhiko , Terada Masaaki , Sugimura Takashi
Published: August 2005

The hst‐1 gene, previously designated as the hst gene, and seven other oncogenes were examined for possible structural changes in esophageal, gastric and colorectal carcinomas by Southern blot hybridization. The hst‐1 gene was amplified in eight (42.1%) of the nineteen esophageal squamous cell carcinomas and in all four metastatic tumors of lymph nodes. The degree of amplification ranged from two to eight times. Coamplification of the hst‐1 and c‐erbB‐1 gene was found in one case of esophageal carcinoma. However, no amplification of the hst‐1 gene was detected in gastric and colorectal carcinomas.
TRANSPLANTABLE OSTEOSARCOMAS WITH HIGH LUNG METASTATIC POTENTIAL IN FISCHER 344 RATS
Authors: Mii Yoshio , Tsursumi Masahiro , Shiraiwa Kazumi , Miyauchi Yoshizumi , Hohnoki Kanya , Maruyama Hiroshi , Ogushi Hajime , Masuhara Kenji , Konishi Yoichi
Published: August 2005

Both spontaneous (SOS) and 4‐hydroxyaminoquinoline 1‐oxide (4‐HAQO)‐induced osteosarcomas (COS) could be serially transplanted in the subcutaneous back space of syngeneic F344 rats, the success rate becoming 100% within 5 passage generations. Transplanted tumors demonstrated rapid growth and displayed high potential for metastasis to the lung in later generations. Tbus, a 100% lung metastasis rate was observed for SOS after the 20th and for COS after the 14th generation. The histological features of the primary SOS and COS were retained during serial transfer. These model systems should be useful for investigation of the biology of this very important tumor type.
In vitro Augmentation of Natural Killer Cell Activity and Production of Interferon‐α/β and ‐γ with Deoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction from Mycobacterium bovis BCG
Authors: Yamamoto Saburo , Kuramoto Etsuro , Shimada Shizuo , Tokunaga Tohru
Published: August 2005

A nucleic acid‐rich fraction extracted and purified from BCG (MY‐1) augmented natural killer (NK) cell activity of mouse spleen cells in vitro, and produced factor(s) which showed anti‐viral activity and rendered normal macrophages cytotoxic towards tumor cells. These cellular responses were induced by the MY‐1 digested preliminarily with RNase, but not by the MY‐1 digested with DNase, indicating that DNA contained in MY‐1 was essential for the responses. The function of the factor to activate macrophages was destroyed by treatment with a small amount of anti‐interferon (IFN)‐γ antiserum or under acidic conditions (pH 2), but not by treatment with anti‐IFN‐α/β antiserum, while the anti‐viral activity was destroyed almost completely by treatment with anti‐IFN‐α/β antiserum. It appears that DNA from BCG stimulated mouse spleen cells in vitro, resulting in augmentation of NK activity and production of IFN‐α/β and ‐γ.
Manifestation of Metastatic Potential in Human Gastric Cancer Implanted into the Stomach Wall of Nude Mice
Authors: Yamashita Takumi
Published: August 2005

The biological properties of human gastric cancer cell line G/F implanted into either the subcutis or the stomach wall of nude mice were compared. The G/F tumor in the stomach wall showed a slower growth rate than that in the subcutis. The level of carcinoembryonic antigen in serum was greater when the tumor was in the stomach wall than when it was in the subcutis. The tumor in the stomach wall invaded the surrounding tissues and metastasized to the regional lymph nodes and distant organs such as the lung and the liver in 27 of the 43 mice (68%). In contrast, the tumor in the subcutis was highly encapsulated and metastasis to other organs was not observed. These findings indicate that the stomach wall might provide a suitable microenvironment for G/F gastric cancer to exert its intrinsic properties. Therefore, implantation of human gastric cancer into the stomach wall of nude mice may provide a useful model to study the intrinsic characteristics of human cancer as well as the effectiveness of experimental chemotherapy.
pH‐Dependent Degradation of Nitrosocimetidine and Its Mechanisms
Authors: Frank Norbert , Sato Shigeaki , Tsuda Mitsuhiro
Published: August 2005

The degradation of nitrosocimetidine (NC) and its mechanism were found to be strongly dependent upon pH by monitoring NC and its degradation products by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). NC was relatively stable at neutral pH, but it degraded rapidly under both acidic and alkaline conditions. In a strongly acidic solution, the degradation was shown to be entirely by denitrosation, but under alkaline conditions scarcely any denitrosation was observed and various other degradation products were found. At neutral pH, both these degradation mechanisms were observed. In neutral solution, the presence of thiol compounds greatly shortened the half life of NC, and enhanced its denitrosation. The high degradation rate in acidic solution, the strong influence of thiol groups, and the preference of denitrosation at pH 0.3‐5 can explain the discrepancy between the in vitro genotoxicity and the lack of carcinogenicity of NC.
Mega Base Map of the Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) Receptor Gene Flanking Regions and Structure of the Amplification Units in EGF Receptor‐hyperproducing Squamous Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Kawasaki Kazuhiko , Kudoh Jun , Omoto Keiichi , Shimizu Nobuyoshi
Published: August 2005

We have established a mega base scale physical map of the 5′‐ and 3′‐ flanking regions of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor gene using CpG‐recognition rare‐cutting restriction enzymes and pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis. In this map, a methylation‐free CpG island (HTF island) is located within an 8‐kilobase pair (kb) EcoRI fragment which includes exon 1 of the EGF receptor gene. From this HTF island, a 390‐kb NotI fragment was identified as the longest 5’‐flanking region and a 540‐kb MluI fragment as the longest 3′‐flanking region. Utilizing this map information, we have analyzed the structure of the flanking regions of amplified EGF receptor genes which are found in various squamous carcinoma cells. Among seven cell lines tested, four cell lines carrying EGF receptor genes in amounts more than 20 times that of normal cells showed amplification together with large 5′‐ and 3′‐ flanking regions. The amplified 5′‐flanking regions were rearranged in different forms but were distinct in each cell line. The amplified 3′‐flanking regions were at least 540 kb in size and common to all the cell lines, except that A431 had rearrangement points within 540 kb downstream of the HTF island. Thus, the size of amplification units appears to be large and different in each cell line.
A Novel B Cell Line Established from Ki‐1‐positive Diffuse Large Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Kamesaki Hiroshi , Miwa Hiroshi , Ohno Yohichiro , Miyanishi Setsuko , Yamabe Hirohiko , Doi Shoichi , Arita Yu , Ohno Hitoshi , Tatsumi Eiji , Nishikori Masaru , Fukuhara Shirou , Hatanaka Masakazu , Uchino Haruto
Published: August 2005

A novel cell line, designated KIS‐1, was established from a patient with Ki‐1‐positive diffuse large cell lymphoma. Multiple phenotypic analysis of the KIS‐1 cells was carried out with a total of 22 monoclonal antibodies defining hematopoietic cell subsets and lineages. The KIS‐1 cells were positive for Ki‐1, B4, HLA‐DR, and 2D1 (common leucocyte) antigens, but were negative for the antigens reportedly specific for T cells, natural killer cells, granulocytes, monocytes, interdigitating reticulum cells and dendritic reticulum cells. The genomic analysis of the KIS‐1 cells showed not only the rearrangement of JH and Jk genes but also the probable rearrangement of Cγ genes. Moreover, the cells produced immunoglobulin γ chains. Thus, KIS‐1 was considered to be of B‐cell lineage. The lymphoma‐cell derivation of KIS‐1 was based on the following facts. The cytochemical, immunologic, cytogenetic properties and the results of the molecular genomic analysis in the KIS‐1 cells were essentially the same as those of the original tumor cells, and the KIS‐1 cells were negative for Epstein‐Barr virus‐associated nuclear antigen. KIS‐1 is the only known B‐cell line derived from Ki‐1‐positive diffuse large cell lymphoma, and should be useful for defining the biological implications of Ki‐1 antigen.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors in Cancer Tissues of Esophagus, Lung, Pancreas, Colorectum, Breast and Stomach
Authors: Ozawa Soji , Ueda Masakazu , Ando Nobutoshi , Abe Osahiko , Shimizu Nobuyoshi
Published: August 2005

The levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors were investigated in surgically resected tumors of various origins including esophagus (n = 33), lung (n = 14), pancreas (n = 9), colorectum (n = 10), breast (n = 23) and stomach (n = 8). The 125I‐EGF binding capacities of squamous cell carcinomas of esophagus and lung were exceptionally higher than those of the other cancer tissues. Immunohistochemical staining with an anti‐EGF receptor monoclonal antibody detected EGF receptors in the basal cells and parabasal cells of normal esophageal epithelium and in all the cancer cells of squamous cell carcinoma tissues of esophagus and lung. DNA replicating cells were examined by the bromodeoxyuridine staining method and it was found that the basal cells and parabasal cells of normal epithelium and peripheral cells of cancer pearls are proliferating. Contrary to this, a tumor antigen TA‐4, known as a specific marker for squamous carcinoma, was detected in the differentiated cancer cells and in middle‐layer squamous cells. These results strongly suggest that the increase in EGF receptor levels may be associated with the development of human squamous cell cancers of esophagus and lung. Thus, measurement of EGF receptor expression in tumor tissues has diagnostic value and should prove useful for the development of new therapies.