bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and correlates of current tobacco use and non-user susceptibility to using tobacco products among school-going adolescents in 22 African countries: a secondary analysis of the 2013-2018 global youth tobacco surveys
Authors: James Peter Bai , Bah Abdulai Jawo , Kabba John Alimamy , Kassim Said Abasse , Dalinjong Philip Ayizem
Published: April 2022

Background

Our study examined the prevalence and associated factors of tobacco product use and non-users’ susceptibility to using tobacco products among school-going adolescents in 22 African countries.

Methods

We analyzed the cross-sectional 2013-2018 Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) data from 22 African countries. We conducted complex sampling descriptive and logistic regression analyses.

Results

The overall prevalence of current use of any tobacco product among adolescents was 19.1%, with more males (23.7%) than females (13.7%) being current users. Zimbabwe and Morocco were the highest (47.1%) and least (12.6%) reported prevalence, respectively. Being male (AOR = 1.93;95%CI:1.61-2.32), being 16 and older(AOR = 1.37;95%CI:1.01-1.86), exposure to secondhand smoke within (AOR = 1.98;95%CI:1.69-2.32) and outside (AOR = 1.37;95%CI:1.13-1.65) the home, not knowledgeable about the harmful effect of secondhand smoke (AOR = 1.44;95%CI:1.20-1.74), exposure to tobacco industry promotion (AOR = 3.05;95%CI:2.68-3.47) and not in favour of banning smoking in enclosed places (AOR = 1.32;95%CI:1.08-1.60) were associated with current use of any tobacco product.

The prevalence of the susceptibility to using tobacco products among never users of tobacco products was 12.2%, with no significant gender difference. Mozambique (24.6%) and Algeria (4.5%) had the highest and least prevalence of susceptibility to using tobacco products among never users, respectively. Exposure to tobacco industry promotion (AOR = 1.54;95%CI:1.31-1.82), those not in favour of banning smoking in enclosed places (AOR = 1.29;95%CI:1.14-1.45) and those not exposed to anti-smoking school education (AOR = 1.24;95%CI:1.06-1.46) were associated with susceptibility to using any tobacco product among never users of tobacco products.

Conclusion

Our study reports that tobacco use and non-user susceptibility to using tobacco products among school-going adolescents in the 22 African countries is high. As part of public health efforts, governments and other stakeholders need to fully implement anti-tobacco use campaigns, enforce a complete ban on tobacco promotion and advertising, institute educational programs for families, and anti-tobacco use education for the general public and in schools in line with WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control guidelines.
Ruminal bacteria lipopolysaccharides: an immunological and microbial outlook
Authors: Sarmikasoglou E. , Faciola A. P.
Published: April 2022

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are outer membrane components of Gram-negative bacteria made of three regions: the O-antigen; the core oligosaccharide; and a glucosamine disaccharide linked to hydroxy fatty acids, which is named lipid A. The number phosphate groups, and hydroxy fatty acid chains is associated with the immunopotency and the immunomodulatory activity of LPS, where six-acyl chain lipid A with two phosphate groups is found in virulent strains and five- or four-acyl chain lipid A with one phosphate group are found in non-virulent bacteria strains. Ruminal bacteria are predominantly Gram-negative and their LPS have not been thoroughly investigated. In the rumen, LPS is comprised of mixed ruminal LPS. Drawing upon a body of theoretical and applied work, this paper aims to critically review the scientific literature regarding single-species and mixed ruminal bacteria LPS, highlighting the importance of ruminal LPS to the host. Lastly, future research directions are suggested in order to further our understanding of the roles of LPS in the rumen. Possible suggestions for further understanding ruminal LPS include (1) in silico evaluation of major bacteria contributing to ruminal LPS, (2) structural characterization of LPS from prominent ruminal bacteria species, such as ruminal selenomonads and Megasphaera elsdenii, and, (3) ruminal epithelial tissue immune response evaluation from single-species and mixed ruminal LPS. In conclusion, this review identifies numerous areas for future research, including setting the basis for future modeling and simulation of host microbiome interactions in ruminants.
Pulmonary valve myxoma requiring pulmonary valve replacement: a case report
Authors: Tanabe Sawaka , Yano Keita , Mizunaga Tae , Kawamura Yuko , Takamori Atsushi , Yamada Narihisa , Morioka Koichi , Koshiji Takaaki
Published: April 2022

Background

Most cardiac myxomas occur in the atria. Myxomas arising from the heart valves are rare, and there are only a few reports of myxomas arising from the pulmonary valve. Complete resection and prevention of embolization at the time of the first surgery are important to prevent the recurrence of myxomas.

Case presentation

An 82-year-old female was scheduled to undergo surgery for a fracture of the right femoral neck. The preoperative echocardiography showed a mass in the right ventricular outflow tract. The mass was 36 × 30 mm in size and entered into the pulmonary artery during systole. Cardiac synchronous computed tomography showed a stalked bifurcated mass near the pulmonary valve, which was suspected to be a myxoma. Surgical findings showed a lumen-occupying tumor when the main pulmonary artery was incised. Since the tumor was a single mass with a stalk on the pulmonary valve (right and left pulmonary valve cusps), tumor resection and pulmonary valve replacement (bioprosthetic valve) were performed. A right prosthetic femoral head insertion was performed on postoperative day 36, and the patient was transferred to the hospital on postoperative day 44. However, 1 year later, the patient developed a large myxoma (recurrence) that completely occluded the right pulmonary artery and died of right heart failure.

Conclusions

We report the case of a patient with a very rare myxoma arising from the pulmonary valve, which was treated with tumor resection and pulmonary valve replacement surgery; however, the patient developed another myxoma 12 months later and this tumor was larger than the primary tumor. The surgical margins were indistinct, and there was a high possibility of residual tumor in the pulmonary artery wall; hence, an extended resection should have been considered. The recurrence of myxoma, in this case, suggests that it is important to completely resect the primary tumor during the first surgery and to prevent intraoperative embolization.
Traffic simulation of continuous flow intersection with displaced left-turn: a case study
Authors: Alkaissi Zainab Ahmed
Published: April 2022

Today, our community is facing a growing numbers of transportation challenges, as traffic grows and congestion worsens for signalized intersections. Based on that its needed balances solutions that improve safety and keep mobility for users with minimum travel time. The objective of this research is to investigate the implementation of continuous flow intersection with displaced left turn with developed simulation traffic model by VISSIM program to evaluate the traffic operation impacts of displaced left turn on performance of signalized intersection in terms of vehicle delay, length of queue, and stopped delay. This research studied congested signalized intersections in Baghdad City. An innovative solution of continuous flow intersection with displaced left turn was implemented to alleviate congestion and high vehicle delay.

The displaced left turn DLT reduced the average vehicle delay about 44% and improved the deterioration level of service from (F) to better level of service (D) for north and south approaches which represented the most congested legs of intersection during the peak period. The results of stopped delay for DLT intersection with developed signal timing were lowest than the conventional intersection by about 51% and 34% for south and north approaches respectively. This implies that DLT intersection reduced the extra stops of vehicle and improved the overall efficiency of signalized intersection. The reduction in the queue length ranged from 47.5 to 42%; otherwise conventional intersection showed long queue length and higher vehicle delay. Therefore, regarding queue length, DLT intersection with developed signal timings strategy had better performance for traffic operation than conventional intersection.
Perioperative hypotension: causes and remedies
Authors: Guarracino Fabio , Bertini Pietro
Published: April 2022

Background

Arterial hypotension is common in patients during surgery and those admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) postoperatively. Perioperative arterial hypotension reportedly significantly affects surgical patients’ outcomes. Blood pressure level is the most crucial factor that influences organ perfusion. Hypoperfusion and organ dysfunction are correlated based on their severity associated with hypotension. As several factors can cause intraoperative hypotension, anesthetists must promptly identify the etiology for appropriate treatment and revert the patient’s hemodynamic profile.

Objectives

This review discusses the concept of perioperative hypotension, identifies its effects in clinical situations, and provides remedies and techniques to predict and avoid its significant consequences.

Conclusions

The primary determinant of organ perfusion is blood pressure. On the other hand, profound hypotension is common in surgical patients and is connected to hypoperfusion and organ failure. Currently, hypotension is addressed once low blood pressure levels are recorded. Early detection of oncoming hypotension or its clinical prediction is of paramount importance in allowing the clinician to treat hypotension and reduce the incidence and length of hypotensive episodes promptly and aggressively.
Intravenous Ketamine Infusion as an Adjunctive Pain Treatment for Erythromelalgia: A Pediatric Case Report
Authors: Montoya Liliana , Adams Anngela C. , Popenhagen Mark P. , Russi Daniela C. , Singhal Neil R. , Price Harper N.
Published: April 2022

Erythromelalgia is a rare neurovascular pain condition characterized by erythematous, warm, and painful extremities. Symptoms are exacerbated by heat and relieved by cooling. Treatment is challenging and focuses on symptom control with various medications and therapies targeted toward eliminating destructive cooling behaviors. This pediatric case was notable because the patient’s pain dramatically improved after a short-term, low-dose ketamine infusion, allowing her to finally wean off detrimental cooling practices of her extremities. Intravenous ketamine has rarely been described as an adjunctive analgesic strategy for erythromelalgia.
Case Report: Desmoglein-3 Gene Mutation Leading to Airway Compromise in Fraternal Twin Infants
Authors: Bajwa Jasmine , Deserres Lianne , Lando Tali , Salik Irim
Published: April 2022

The desmoglein 3 18q11 gene mutation has not been well described in humans, except for a few case reports. The desmoglein 3 gene controls a transmembrane component of the desmosome complex that mediates epidermal cell adhesion and integrity of the oropharyngeal mucosa. We present two fraternal twin infants who exhibited features of airway compromise and respiratory distress shortly after birth. These infants presented with chronic, cyclical sloughing of the upper airway, larynx, and pharynx associated with difficult airway management and eventual respiratory failure. It is imperative that practitioners be aware of the severity of this rare mutation.
Regioselective Functionalization of Nitrogen-Embedded Perylene Diimides for High-Performance Organic Electron-Transporting Materials
Authors: Kumagai Shohei , Koguma Takeru , Annaka Tatsuro , Sawabe Chizuru , Tani Yukio , Sugiura Hiroki , Watanabe Tetsuya , Hashizume Daisuke , Takeya Jun , Okamoto Toshihiro
Published: April 2022

Functionalization of π-conjugated compounds is an important strategy to tune electronic states and aggregated structures, leading to development of high-performance organic optoelectronic materials ranging from small molecules to conjugated polymers. Regioselective functionalization can be particularly striking for highly ordered aggregated structures, which is crucial for excellent carrier-transport properties. Herein, we report the regioselective dibromination of the bay position of a nitrogen-embedded perylene diimide analogue, benzo[de]isoquinolino[1,8-gh]quinolinetetracarboxylic diimide (BQQDI), via palladium(II)-catalyzed oxidation directed by the embedded nitrogen, followed by dicyanation. The dicyanated compound showed a remarkably deep lowest-unoccupied molecular orbital and redox stability, which were useful for air-stable n-channel transistors exhibiting the electron mobility of 1 cm2 V−1 s−1. In addition, the embedded nitrogen atoms play a significant role in making the bay functionalized π-core planar, which promises advantages for future development of not only small-molecular compounds but also conjugated polymers as high-performance organic electron-transporting materials.
Coordination Amphiphile: Design of Planar-Coordinated Platinum Complexes for Monolayer Formation at an Air-Water Interface Based on Ligand Characteristics and Molecular Topology
Authors: Adachi Junya , Naito Masaya , Sugiura Sho , Le Ngoc Ha-Thu , Nishimura Shoma , Huang Shufang , Suzuki Shuichi , Kawamorita Soichiro , Komiya Naruyoshi , Hill Jonathan P , Ariga Katsuhiko , Naota Takeshi , Mori Taizo
Published: April 2022

We aim to establish the importance of molecular design for the formation of monolayers at an air-water interface within the concept “coordination amphiphile”, which is based on ligand characteristics and molecular topology. For this purpose, five types of platinum complexes containing a coordination plane, including salicylaldiminato (SA) and β-(iminomethyl)azolato (IA) complexes, were prepared where the ligand characteristics were controlled. Polymethylene-vaulted and non-vaulted complexes were then examined to assess the effects of molecular topology on interfacial activity. SA complexes tend to undergo random aggregation at an air-water interface, while the weak hydrophilicity of SA can assist in the formation of a stable monolayer if hydrophobic and hydrophilic chains are introduced to the structure. In contrast, IA complexes exhibit topological specificity; imidazolato and pyrazolato complexes form monolayers only for non-vaulted and vaulted complex, respectively. Molecular modelling and association constants of the compounds suggest that an appropriate hydrophilicity of the coordination plane and intermolecular interactions involving hydrogen bonding are important factors for monolayer formation.
Long-Duration Crystal-Jumping by a Stepwise Stimulation: Thermal Induction of Strain and Its Release by Spontaneous Desolvation
Authors: Sasaki Toshiyuki
Published: April 2022

Here we report thermally-induced and long-duration jumping phenomena in a toluene-solvated crystal of zinc(II) tetraphenylporphyrin. The crystal splits into pieces along with a jumping phenomenon by cooling after heating over its desolvation temperature. Interestingly, the jumping phenomenon was observed for more than a few minutes after the thermal stimulus. Microscope observations, thermal analyses, and X-ray crystallographic studies revealed that the long-duration jumping phenomenon is due to a stepwise stimulation: accumulation of thermally-induced strain by coexisting the solvated and unsolvated crystal structures, i.e. pseudo-polymorphs, in the crystal and release of the strain triggered by time, i.e. gradual spontaneous desolvation at the ambient conditions. Our findings based on the stepwise approach demonstrate that time can work as a stimulus for jumping molecular crystals and demonstrate their designability by introduction of strain as an artificial modification.
Using CO2 Reactions to Achieve Mass-spectrometric Discrimination in Simultaneous Plutonium-isotope Speciation with Inductively Coupled Plasma–Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Matsueda Makoto , Kawakami Tomohiko , Koarai Kazuma , Terashima Motoki , Fujiwara Kenso , Iijima Kazuki , Furukawa Makoto , Takagai Yoshitaka
Published: April 2022

Simultaneous isotope speciation of various Pu isotopes is difficult to achieve with conventional inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) owing to isobaric interferences. In analyzing ICP tandem MS (ICP–MS/MS), CO2 gas reactions in a dynamic reaction cell (DRC) almost eliminated the background noise intensity produced by isobaric interference from isotopes originating from actinides such as Am, Cm, and U at the locations (m/z) of significant Pu isotopes (239Pu, 240Pu, 241Pu, 242Pu, and 244Pu).
Preseason Eccentric Strength Is Not Associated with Hamstring Strain Injury: A Prospective Study in Collegiate Athletes
Authors: WILLE CHRISTA M. , STIFFLER-JOACHIM MIKEL R. , KLIETHERMES STEPHANIE A. , SANFILIPPO JENNIFER L. , TANAKA CLAIRE S. , HEIDERSCHEIT BRYAN C.
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Established risk factors for hamstring strain injuries (HSI) include older age and prior HSI. However, these are nonmodifiable and have a limited role in injury prevention. Eccentric hamstring strength is a common component of HSI prevention programs, but its association with injury is less clear.

Purpose

This study aimed to determine if eccentric hamstring strength was prospectively associated with HSI among collegiate athletes, while controlling for sex, age, and prior HSI. We hypothesized that athletes with lower eccentric hamstring strength or greater between-limb strength asymmetry at preseason would have an increased risk of HSI.

Methods

Hamstring eccentric strength measures, maximum total force (F
Total) and between-limb asymmetry in maximum force (F
Asym), were measured at preseason on male and female athletes. HSIs were tracked over the subsequent 12 months. Generalized estimating equations were used to identify univariable and multivariable associations between athlete demographics, eccentric hamstring strength, and HSI risk.

Results

Data for 326 athletes (85 female; 30 track, 43 basketball, 160 American football, 93 soccer) were included, and 64 HSIs were observed. Univariable associations between eccentric hamstring strength and subsequent HSI were nonsignificant (F
Total: odds ratio [OR], 0.99 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.93–1.05); P = 0.74; F
Asym: OR, 1.35 (95% CI, 0.87–2.09); P = 0.23). No relationship between eccentric hamstring strength and HSI (F
Asym: OR, 1.32 (95% CI, 0.84–2.08); P = 0.23) was identified after adjusting for confounders including sex, age, and prior HSI.

Conclusions

No association between preseason eccentric hamstring strength and risk of subsequent HSI was identified after controlling for known risk factors and sex among collegiate athletes. Eccentric hamstring strengthening may continue to serve as a preventative approach to HSI, but it does not provide additional insight into HSI risk beyond factors such as age and prior HSI.
Exercise Training Lowers Arterial Blood Pressure Independently of Pannexin 1 in Men with Essential Hypertension
Authors: MØLLER SOPHIE , HANSEN CAMILLA COLLIN , EHLERS THOMAS SVARE , TAMARIZ-ELLEMANN ANDREA , TOLBORG SARAH Á RÒGVI , KURELL MELANIE EMMONDS , PÉREZ-GÓMEZ JORGE , PATRZALEK SIMON SCHULTZ , MAULITZ CHRISTINE , HELLSTEN YLVA , GLIEMANN LASSE
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Regular exercise training reduces arterial blood pressure, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we evaluated the potential involvement of pannexin 1, an ATP releasing channel, in the blood pressure–reducing effect of training.

Methods

Middle-age men, 13 normotensive and 14 nonmedicated stage 1 hypertensive, completed 8 wk of intensive aerobic cycle training. Before and after training, blood pressure and changes in leg vascular conductance, induced by femoral arterial infusion of tyramine (induces endogenous noradrenaline release), acetylcholine, or sodium nitroprusside, were measured during control conditions and after acute pannexin 1 inhibition by probenecid. A skeletal muscle biopsy was obtained from the thigh, pre- and posttraining.

Results

Exercise training reduced mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure by ~5 (P = 0.013) and 5 mm Hg (P < 0.001), respectively, in the hypertensive group only. The reduction in blood pressure was not related to changes in pannexin 1 function because mean arterial blood pressure and tyramine-induced vasoconstriction remain unaltered by pannexin 1 inhibition after training in both groups. After training, pannexin 1 inhibition enhanced leg vascular conductance in the normo- and hypertensive groups at baseline (41.5%, P = 0.0036, and 37.7%, P = 0.024, respectively) and in response to sodium nitroprusside infusion (275%, P = 0.038, and 188%, P = 0.038, respectively). Training did not alter the pannexin 1 protein expression in skeletal muscle. Training enhanced the vasodilator response to acetylcholine infusion and increased the expression of microvascular function-relevant proteins.

Conclusions

The exercise training-induced lowering of arterial blood pressure in nonmedicated hypertensive men does not involve an altered function of pannexin 1.
Case Report: Natal tooth in a four-day old newborn
Authors: Fatima Nabeela , Karki Saurab , Pokharel Subashchandra , Basnet Samikshya
Published: April 2022

Background: A natal tooth is a tooth that is present at the time of birth. Eruption of teeth in infants is a rare phenomenon. Though rare, natal and neonatal tooth must be looked upon with great importance because they may lead to many complications.

Case report: We present a case of a four-day old baby presenting with a mandibular natal tooth, which was successfully extracted without any complications. The mother had presented with a single umbilical artery during her pregnancy, which might be the proposed etiology of the natal tooth as the exact etiology is unknown.

Conclusion: The exact etiology of natal tooth is unknown but there are a lot of factors that might be a cause. For the majority of cases, extraction is the mainstay of therapy as the risk associated is higher and can be life-threatening in most cases.
TReNCo: Topologically associating domain (TAD) aware regulatory network construction
Authors: Bennett Christopher , Amin Viren , Kim Daehwan , Cobanoglu Murat Can , Malladi Venkat
Published: April 2022

Introduction: There has long been a desire to understand, describe, and model gene regulatory networks controlling numerous biologically meaningful processes like differentiation. Despite many notable improvements to models over the years, many models do not accurately capture subtle biological and chemical characteristics of the cell such as high-order chromatin domains of the chromosomes.

Methods: Topologically Associated Domains (TAD) are one of these genomic regions that are enriched for contacts within themselves. Here we present TAD-aware Regulatory Network Construction or TReNCo, a memory-lean method utilizing epigenetic marks of enhancer and promoter activity, and gene expression to create context-specific transcription factor-gene regulatory networks. TReNCo utilizes common assays, ChIP-seq, RNA-seq, and TAD boundaries as a hard cutoff, instead of distance based, to efficiently create context-specific TF-gene regulatory networks.

Results: We used TReNCo to define the enhancer landscape and identify transcription factors (TFs) that drive the cardiac development of the mouse.

Conclusion: Our results show that we are able to build specialized adjacency regulatory network graphs containing biologically relevant connections and time dependent dynamics.
A study protocol for the cardiac effects of a single dose of either oxytocin 2.5 IU or carbetocin 100 µg after caesarean delivery: a prospective randomized controlled multi-centre trial in Norway
Authors: Bekkenes Maria , Jørgensen Marte Morin , Flem Jacobsen Anne , Wang Fagerland Morten , Rakstad-Larsen Helene , Solberg Ole Geir , Aaberge Lars , Klingenberg Olav , Steinsvik Trude , Rosseland Leiv Arne
Published: April 2022

Background: Both oxytocin and carbetocin are used to prevent uterine atony and post-partum haemorrhage after caesarean delivery in many countries, including Norway. Oxytocin causes dose-dependent ST-depression, troponin release, prolongation of QT-time and arrythmia, but little is known about myocardial effects of carbetocin. We have previously demonstrated comparable vasodilatory effects of oxytocin and carbetocin and are now undertaking a Phase 4 trial to investigate whether carbetocin causes similar changes to myocardial markers compared with oxytocin.

Methods: Our randomized controlled trial will be conducted at three obstetrics units at Oslo University Hospital and Akershus University Hospital, Norway. Planned enrolment will be of 240 healthy, singleton pregnant women aged 18 to 50 years undergoing planned caesarean delivery. Based on pilot study data, each participant will receive a one-minute intravenous injection of either oxytocin 2.5 IU or carbetocin 100 µg during caesarean delivery. The prespecified primary outcome is the change from baseline in high-sensitive troponin I plasma concentrations at 6–10 hours after study drug administration. Secondary outcomes include uterine tone grade at 2.5 and five minutes after study drug administration, adverse events for up to 48 hours after study drug administration, estimated blood loss within eight hours of delivery, need for rescue treatment and direct/indirect costs. Enrolment and primary analysis are expected to be completed by the end of 2021.

Discussion: Women undergoing caesarean delivery should be assessed for cardiovascular risk particularly as women with an obstetric history of pregnancy induced hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, preterm birth, placental abruption, and stillbirth are at increased risk of future cardiovascular disease. Any additional ischaemic myocardial risk from uterotonic agents will need to be balanced with the benefit of reducing the risk of postpartum haemorrhage. Any potential cardiotoxicity difference between oxytocin and carbetocin will help inform treatment decisions for pregnant women.

Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03899961 (02/04/2019).
An open dataset of Plasmodium vivax genome variation in 1,895 worldwide samples
Authors:   MalariaGEN, Adam Ishag , Alam Mohammad Shafiul , Alemu Sisay , Amaratunga Chanaki , Amato Roberto , Andrianaranjaka Voahangy , Anstey Nicholas M , Aseffa Abraham , Ashley Elizabeth , Assefa Ashenafi , Auburn Sarah , Barber Bridget E , Barry Alyssa , Batista Pereira Dhelio , Cao Jun , Chau Nguyen Hoang , Chotivanich Kesinee , Chu Cindy , Dondorp Arjen M. , Drury Eleanor , Echeverry Diego F. , Erko Berhanu , Espino Fe , Fairhurst Rick M. , Faiz Abdul , Fernanda Villegas María , Gao Qi , Golassa Lemu , Goncalves Sonia , Grigg Matthew J , Hamedi Yaghoob , Hien Tran Tinh , Htut Ye , Johnson Kimberly J , Karunaweera Nadira , Khan Wasif , Krudsood Srivicha , Kwiatkowski Dominic P , Lacerda Marcus , Ley Benedikt , Lim Pharath , Liu Yaobao , Llanos-Cuentas Alejandro , Lon Chanthap , Lopera-Mesa Tatiana , Marfurt Jutta , Michon Pascal , Miotto Olivo , Mohammed Rezika , Mueller Ivo , Namaik-larp Chayadol , Newton Paul N , Nguyen Thuy-Nhien , Nosten François , Noviyanti Rintis , Pava Zuleima , Pearson Richard D , Petros Beyene , Phyo Aung P , Price Ric N , Pukrittayakamee Sasithon , Rahim Awab Ghulam , Randrianarivelojosia Milijaona , Rayner Julian C , Rumaseb Angela , Siegel Sasha V , Simpson Victoria J , Thriemer Kamala , Tobon-Castano Alberto , Trimarsanto Hidayat , Urbano Ferreira Marcelo , Vélez Ivan D , Wangchuk Sonam , Wellems Thomas E , White Nicholas J , William Timothy , Yasnot Maria F , Yilma Daniel
Published: April 2022

This report describes the MalariaGEN Pv4 dataset, a new release of curated genome variation data on 1,895 samples of Plasmodium vivax collected at 88 worldwide locations between 2001 and 2017. It includes 1,370 new samples contributed by MalariaGEN and VivaxGEN partner studies in addition to previously published samples from these and other sources. We provide genotype calls at over 4.5 million variable positions including over 3 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), as well as short indels and tandem duplications. This enlarged dataset highlights major compartments of parasite population structure, with clear differentiation between Africa, Latin America, Oceania, Western Asia and different parts of Southeast Asia. Each sample has been classified for drug resistance to sulfadoxine, pyrimethamine and mefloquine based on known markers at the dhfr, dhps and mdr1 loci. The prevalence of all of these resistance markers was much higher in Southeast Asia and Oceania than elsewhere. This open resource of analysis-ready genome variation data from the MalariaGEN and VivaxGEN networks is driven by our collective goal to advance research into the complex biology of P. vivax and to accelerate genomic surveillance for malaria control and elimination.
“I Have to Start All over Again.” The Role of Institutional and Personal Arrival Infrastructures in Refugees’ Home-making Processes in Amsterdam
Authors: Kox Mieke , Van Liempt Ilse
Published: April 2022

In this study, we take the concept of arrival infrastructures as a starting point to explore refugees’ home-making processes in Amsterdam. This concept allows us to look beyond formal infrastructures set up for refugees and to take a closer look at all (f)actors playing a role in refugees’ processes of “starting all over again”. Drawing on participatory ethnographic research in a community centre for refugees, we describe the role of institutional as well as personal infrastructures in material and affective terms and show how these are related to refugees’ sense of belonging in the city. We illustrate that refugees become entangled in a web of reception/asylum seekers centres and civic integration requirements that facilitate and constrain their home-making processes in a new place. It is more the informal, personal infrastructures that enable refugees to build social and affective ties in the city. Nevertheless, refugees are still struggling with social isolation and a lack of participation due to their limited opportunities and the relatively closed character of Dutch society. This impacts their sense of belonging and comes at the cost of their integration in the city. These insights raise not only questions on the current organisation of arrival infrastructures for refugees, but also show the need to move towards a multidimensional integration model that includes the role of (civil) society in the destination society in the refugees’ integration processes.

* This article belongs to a special issue on "Refugee Migration to Europe – Challenges and Potentials for Cities and Regions".
Disaggregating Multinationality: An Empirical Examination of Aggregation, Adaptation, and Arbitrage Activities by U.S. Multinational Corporations
Authors: Berry Heather , Kaul Aseem
Published: April 2022

Using Ghemawat’s AAA framework, we distinguish between different types of activities—aggregation, adaptation, and arbitrage—that firms can pursue when operating abroad and empirically examine the distribution and combinations of these activities by U.S. multinationals. Taking a question-based approach, we develop empirical measures of these activities and then examine their prevalence, their correlates, their association with firm performance, and differences across industries in the population of U.S. multinational corporations (MNCs) from 1989 to 2014. Though only a small proportion of U.S. MNCs actively pursue aggregation, adaptation, and arbitrage together, our results show that this combination is most strongly associated with firm performance, especially in industries with high technological intensity. Overall, our study highlights the need to take the heterogeneity of activities MNCs pursue into account when examining multinationality while also providing one of the first large-scale quantitative examinations of the different combinations of Ghemawat’s three approaches to global value creation.
A Case of Graves’ Disease Following Vaccination with the Oxford-AstraZeneca SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Cuenca Dalia , Aguilar-Soto Mercedes , Mercado Moises
Published: April 2022

A 57-year-old man presented to the outpatient clinic with tremor, palpitations, weight loss and fatigue 1 week after receiving the first dose of the Oxford-AstraZeneca SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19). Laboratory studies showed a suppressed TSH with elevated total and free T4. Thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin antibodies were elevated but thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies were indeterminate. Thyroid scintigraphy with technetium Tc-99m pertechnetate revealed increased diffuse, symmetric uptake. The patient was treated with thiamazole 15 mg three times a day and propranolol with resolution of his symptoms and normalization of his thyroid function tests until discontinuation of the antithyroid drug 6 months after symptom onset.
Datos y evidencias del teletrabajo, antes y durante la pandemia por COVID-19
Authors: Benavides Fernando , Silva-Peñaherrera Michael
Published: April 2022

Este breve ensayo parte de la hipótesis de que el teletrabajo no es nada más, y nada menos, que la manifestación de un anunciado cambio de época, del cual la pandemia está actuando como acelerador. Un cambio de época definida por un nuevo espacio económico y laboral, además de social, que es el ciberespacio, que profundiza en la digitalización de la economía y la flexibilización del mercado de trabajo. El teletrabajo es un resultado esperado en esta nueva realidad.

La pandemia ha incrementado exponencialmente esta nueva forma de organización del trabajo, definida como el trabajo realizado en domicilio utilizando equipos electrónicos. Desde una perspectiva global, la OIT ha estimado, en base a las encuestas de hogares de 31 países realizadas en el segundo trimestre de 2020, que el 17,4% de las personas ocupadas de todo el mundo, unos 557 millones, trabajaron en ese periodo en sus domicilios, oscilando entre el 25,4% en los países de renta alta y el 13,6% en los países de renta baja. Para América Latina, el teletrabajo se elevó entre a un 25-30% en el segundo trimestre de 2020, y en Europa, Eurofound, en el mes de abril de 2020, estimó que el 37% de los participantes había empezado a trabajar en el domicilio con el inicio de la pandemia. Todo lo cual ha permitido mantener cierta actividad económica y la relación laboral de estas personas durante la pandemia.

Asimismo, no hay que olvidar que la pandemia ha provocado también enormes pérdidas de empleo, especialmente durante el segundo trimestre de 2020, en que según las estimaciones de la OIT se perdieron más de 300 millones de empleos a jornada completa. Unas pérdidas de empleos que en el segundo trimestre de 2021 aún no se han recuperado respecto a los niveles anteriores a la pandemia. En este sentido, no hay que olvidar que el teletrabajo no crea nuevas ocupaciones, solo proporciona una nueva forma de organizar el trabajo para aquellas ocupaciones cuyas tareas pueden realizarse virtualmente.

En el momento de elaboración de este artículo, después de un año de restricciones en la actividad económica, la movilidad y la interacción social, las encuestas que ha continuado realizando Eurofound muestran que el teletrabajo exclusivo, todos los días de la semana, está disminuyendo en el conjunto de la Unión europea, desde el 34% en verano de 2020 al 24% en la primavera de 2021. Dado que la pandemia aún no ha finalizado, y que no sabemos cómo acabará este “experimento”, debemos continuar monitorizando estos cambios en la manera de trabajar, y cómo afectan al mercado de trabajo y a las condiciones de empleo y trabajo.

Hasta donde sabemos, el teletrabajo ofrece grandes ventajas, pero también importantes inconvenientes, respecto a las condiciones de trabajo y empleo, las cuales pueden afectar a la salud de la persona que teletrabaja, positiva o negativamente. La regulación del teletrabajo es un elemento clave de la regulación de la economía digital basada en el ciberespacio, y debe tener un alcance global.
So close to love: compassionate leadership in healthcare
Authors: Evans David
Published: April 2022

Compassionate leadership has received significant attention in the UK health system, particularly following the COVID-19 pandemic. This scoping literature review aimed to explore current knowledge about compassionate leadership in healthcare. A search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMed and ASSIA databases identified 34 papers published between 2015 and 2020. The review found broad agreement regarding the definition of and need for compassionate leadership, as well as the existence of differences in practice, dependent on the hierarchical levels in healthcare organisations. However, current research lacks clarity and depth concerning the theoretical underpinnings of compassionate leadership. The question ‘how can you be critical of something so close to love?’ draws attention to the paucity of critical analysis and research. As a result, the ability of compassionate leadership to define a new way of working and deliver real change is unclear.
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: diagnosing subtypes and the challenges
Authors: Hague Christina , Farquharson Nina , Menasce Lia , Parry Eileen , Cowan Richard
Published: April 2022

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a rare type of extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that primarily affects the skin. The uncertain pathogenesis and variable clinical presentation make the diagnosis and management of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma a challenge. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a chronic, relapsing illness with treatment aimed at symptomatic relief and improving patient related quality of life.

Early-stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma typically follows an indolent course, often being mistaken for benign dermatological conditions which can lead to a diagnostic delay. Advanced stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma has a poor prognosis with significant morbidity. Accurate diagnosis and early involvement of a specialist team is paramount to ensure correct management and improved patient outcomes. Promising advances are being made to develop novel agents which could improve prognosis and quality of life. This article provides an overview of the two main subtypes of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. Clinical presentation, histopathological correlation and diagnostic challenges are reviewed alongside example case studies.
Didactic Oriented Study: Move and Transitivity Analysis of Method, Result, and Discussion Sections in Research Articles
Authors: Hendrawan Wawan , Sujatna Eva Tuckyta Sari , Krisnawati Ekaning , Darmayanti Nani
Published: April 2022

This study expounds how the analysis of move and transitivity in the method, result, and discussion sections contributes to the advancement of novice writers’ writing skills by providing a writing pattern applied when composing research articles. To this aim, a qualitative approach with descriptive technique is employed to encapsulate and explain the phenomena being studied. The data are the method, result, and discussion sections of research articles (RAs) drawn from top tier journals categorized as language and linguistics and analyzed based on macro structure (move and steps) and micro structure (transitivity). The results indicate that 11 moves and 38 steps discovered, in detail, these consist of three moves and 15 steps in method, four moves and 10 steps in result, and four moves and 13 steps in discussion. As for the successions of the move steps, few inter-move step shifts observed. This is in contrast with the outer-move step shifts that commonly occurred. Meanwhile, the outcomes of the transitivity analysis suggest that there are six processes revealed including material, relational, verbal, mental, existential, and behavioral consecutively with material dominating and behavioral the fewest. The results of the present study may supplement the teaching materials reside in English for a research purpose.  
Reshaping the Preservice Preschool Teachers’ Curriculum to Give the Emphasis to the Managerial Domain
Authors: Savluk Halyna , Dovbnia Sopfiia , Tsvietkova Hanna , Olefirenko Taras , Voityuk Irina
Published: April 2022

The purpose of the study was to determine whether emphasising the managerial domain of the preservice preschool teachers’ curriculum is capable to improve their management and leadership skills. This study used the mixed-method methodology that combined the exploratory design and the experimental design. It included three basic phases such as feasibility assessment of making changes to the curriculum, intervention, and controlled observation, followed by the analytical phase. It was proved that the university curriculum upgraded the training approach by using the guided interim directorship. This change addressed the Professional Standard requirements for the preschool heads as well as job requirements. The intervention produced a positive shift in students’ skills of micromanagement, long-term planning, communicating vision, emotional control, and mentoring. There was a shift from the basic level of management skills before the intervention to the intermediate level of the skills after the intervention. The number of students with a superior level of skills increased by 11.54% as well. The students’ comments concerning the integration of the managerial component into the curriculum were complimentary. The observers’ reports suggested that they appreciated the students' work which was the outcome of the updated curriculum.
Game-based Learning Sustainability During Social Distance: The Role of Gamification Quality
Authors: Musyaffi Ayatulloh Michael , Sulistyowati Wiwit Apit , Wolor Christian Wiradendi , Sasmi Aji Ahmadi
Published: April 2022

Online learning is an obligation in teaching and learning activities during the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Game-based learning is a solution in improving student learning outcomes. This research aims to determine the level of acceptance of gamification in terms of Gamification quality (GQ), instructor characteristic (IC), and technology anxiety (TA). The target respondents were students taking information systems courses based on enterprises resources planning (ERP) Gamification. The sample used is a census. That is, the entire population is taken as a sample. A total of 93 students filled out the online questionnaire. Then, data analysis using Structural Equation Model - Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS). Student satisfaction (SS) and perceived ease of use (PEOUG) are the most influences. PEOUG is also the construct that has the most significant relationship impact, especially with the perceived usefulness (PUG). Meanwhile, two constructs do not significantly impact TA on PUG and PUG on Intention to use gamification (INTG). The obligation of students requires students to ignore the impact and function of gamification. The results of this research also show that technology acceptance model (TAM), the constructs IC, TA, and GQ have a positive effect on PEOUG. Then PUG and PEOUG can positively affect SS.
Design of an ultra-broadband optical filter based on a local micro-structured long period fiber grating near PMTP
Authors: Li Zhengyuan , Gu Zhengtian , Ling Qiang , Jiang Huiping
Published: April 2022

This paper presents a local micro-structured long period fiber grating (LMS-LPFG) ultra-broadband optical filter based on the wide bandwidth near the phase-matching turning point (PMTP). The structure of LMS-LPFG is obtained by dividing a LPFG into two parts of equal length and reducing the cladding radius of the second LPFG. At this time, the LMS-LPFG can be regarded as a cascade of two equal-length LPFGs with different resonance wavelengths. The cladding mode and grating period are determined to make the first LPFG work in the double-peak resonance state, and the second LPFG operates near PMTP. It is found that the transmission spectra of the two LPFGs can be superimposed to form a wide loss bandwidth. Then the cladding radii of the second LPFG and grating structure parameters are designed based on coupled-mode theory. First, the grating period corresponding to the operating wavelength is determined from the phase-matching curve of LMS-LPFG. Then, the radius of the second LPFG with a designated grating period is selected to make LPFG 2 work in PMTP by reducing its cladding radius. In addition, the grating lengths of the two LPFGs are determined by maximizing the loss of the LMS-LPFG’s transmission spectrum. Finally, the two LPFGs are cascaded into a LMS-LPFG, and the optical transmission spectrum of the LMS-LPFG is calculated by the transfer matrix method. Simulation results show that the bandwidth of the transmission spectrum can reach 380 nm. In addition, the flexibility of design for the operating wave band is discussed and confirmed, and can meet different actual requirements of optical communication.
Accurate EOM-based phase-shifting digital holography with a monitoring interferometer
Authors: Lin Ye , Yan Liping , Xie Jiandong , Huang Liu , Lou Yingtian , Chen Benyong
Published: April 2022

Phase-shifting digital holography (PSDH) can effectively remove the zero-order term and twin image in on-axis holography, but the phase-shifting error deteriorates the quality of reconstructed object images. In this paper, accurate PSDH with an electro-optic modulator (EOM) is proposed. The EOM is used to generate the required phase shift of on-axis digital holography, and the required phase shift is precisely measured with orthogonal detection of a homodyne interferometer and controlled with proportional-integral-derivative feedback in real time. The merits of our method are that it can achieve fast and accurate phase shifting without mechanical motion or sacrificing the resolution and field of view. The optical configuration was designed, an experimental setup was constructed, and real-time phase shifting was realized. Experiments of the phase-shifting accuracy evaluation, suppression effectiveness of the zero-order and twin image terms, and the specimen measurement demonstrate that the proposed method has significant application for precision topography measurement.
Study on total reflection performance of films grown by atomic layer deposition relevant to X-ray reflective optics
Authors: Li Yanli , Lu Weier , Zhang Xinyue , Kong Xiangdong , Qu Fei , Han Li
Published: April 2022

For X-ray reflective optics that work based on the concept of total external reflection, coating the reflector surface with high-density film is a common idea to enhance performance. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been proven to be a promising way to coat the reflector surface with a large curvature, even the inner surface of an X-ray capillary. In this paper,

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and iridium films were prepared on flat silicon and glass substrates via ALD, and X-ray reflectivity (XRR) was used as a main tool to investigate the effect of film properties on the total reflection performance.
Dual-biprism-based coaxial fringe projection system
Authors: Li Jian , Ding Shumeng , Zeng Zhoumo , Deng Ji
Published: April 2022

Fringe projection profilometry (FPP) has been widely used for three-dimensional shape measurement because of its simple hardware and high measurement accuracy. However, the use of most FPP systems to measure complex surfaces such as stepped height objects can result in severe occlusion and shadow. To alleviate this problem, a coaxial measurement method based on dual biprisms is presented in this paper. The system is low-cost and easy to implement, and does not require the introduction of mechanical moving parts. Only dual biprisms are introduced into the coaxial system to provide the geometric constraints required for reconstruction. Experimental results on the reconstruction of a surface with significant height changes demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve shadow-free measurements.