Comparative Genomic Analysis of Globally Dominant ST131 Clone with Other Epidemiologically Successful Extraintestinal Pathogenic
Escherichia coli
(ExPEC) Lineages
Authors: Shaik Sabiha , Ranjan Amit , Tiwari Sumeet K. , Hussain Arif , Nandanwar Nishant , Kumar Narender , Jadhav Savita , Semmler Torsten , Baddam Ramani , Islam Mohammed Aminul , Alam Munirul , Wieler Lothar H. , Watanabe Haruo , Ahmed Niyaz 
Published: October 2017

Escherichia coli
sequence type 131 (ST131), a pandemic clone responsible for the high incidence of extraintestinal pathogenic
E. coli
(ExPEC) infections, has been known widely for its contribution to the worldwide dissemination of multidrug resistance. Although other ExPEC-associated and extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing
E. coli
clones, such as ST38, ST405, and ST648 have been studied widely, no comparative genomic data with respect to other genotypes exist for ST131. In this study, comparative genomic analysis was performed for 99 ST131
E. coli
strains with 40 genomes from three other STs, including ST38 (
n =
12), ST405 (
n =
10), and ST648 (
n =
18), and functional studies were performed on five in-house strains corresponding to the four STs. Phylogenomic analysis results from this study corroborated with the sequence type-specific clonality. Results from the genome-wide resistance profiling confirmed that all strains were inherently multidrug resistant. ST131 genomes showed unique virulence profiles, and analysis of mobile genetic elements and their associated methyltransferases (MTases) has revealed that several of them were missing from the majority of the non-ST131 strains. Despite the fact that non-ST131 strains lacked few essential genes belonging to the serum resistome, the in-house strains representing all four STs demonstrated similar resistance levels to serum antibactericidal activity. Core genome analysis data revealed that non-ST131 strains usually lacked several ST131-defined genomic coordinates, and a significant number of genes were missing from the core of the ST131 genomes. Data from this study reinforce adaptive diversification of
E. coli
strains belonging to the ST131 lineage and provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying clonal diversification of the ST131 lineage.

IMPORTANCE
E. coli
, particularly the ST131 extraintestinal pathogenic
E. coli
(ExPEC) lineage, is an important cause of community- and hospital-acquired infections, such as urinary tract infections, surgical site infections, bloodstream infections, and sepsis. The treatment of infections caused by ExPEC has become very challenging due to the emergence of resistance to the first-line as well as the last-resort antibiotics. This study analyzes
E. coli
ST131 against three other important and globally distributed ExPEC lineages (ST38, ST405, and ST648) that also produced extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). This is perhaps the first study that employs the high-throughput whole-genome sequence-based approach to compare and study the genomic features of these four ExPEC lineages in relation to their functional properties. Findings from this study highlight the differences in the genomic coordinates of ST131 with respect to the other STs considered here. Results from this comparative genomics study can help in advancing the understanding of ST131 evolution and also offer a framework towards future developments in pathogen identification and targeted therapeutics to prevent diseases caused by this pandemic
E. coli
ST131 clone.