bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interacting Electron–Hole–Phonon System
Authors: Horing Norman J. Morgenstern
Published: January 2018

Chapter 11 employs variational differential techniques and the Schwinger Action Principle to derive coupled-field Green’s function equations for a multi-component system, modeled as an interacting electron-hole-phonon system. The coupled Fermion Green’s function equations involve five interactions (electron-electron, hole-hole, electron-hole, electron-phonon, and hole-phonon). Starting with quantum Hamilton equations of motion for the various electron/hole creation/annihilation operators and their nonequilibrium average/expectation values, variational differentiation with respect to particle sources leads to a chain of coupled Green’s function equations involving differing species of Green’s functions. For example, the 1-electron Green’s function equation is coupled to the 2-electron Green’s function (as earlier), also to the 1-electron/1-hole Green’s function, and to the Green’s function for 1-electron propagation influenced by a nontrivial phonon field. Similar remarks apply to the 1-hole Green’s function equation, and all others. Higher order Green’s function equations are derived by further variational differentiation with respect to sources, yielding additional couplings. Chapter 11 also introduces the 1-phonon Green’s function, emphasizing the role of electron coupling in phonon propagation, leading to dynamic, nonlocal electron screening of the phonon spectrum and hybridization of the ion and electron plasmons, a Bohm-Staver phonon mode, and the Kohn anomaly. Furthermore, the single-electron Green’s function with only phonon coupling can be rewritten, as usual, coupled to the 2-electron Green’s function with an effective time-dependent electron-electron interaction potential mediated by the 1-phonon Green’s function, leading to the polaron as an electron propagating jointly with its induced lattice polarization. An alternative formulation of the coupled Green’s function equations for the electron-hole-phonon model is applied in the development of a generalized shielded potential approximation, analysing its inverse dielectric screening response function and associated hybridized collective modes. A brief discussion of the (theoretical) origin of the exciton-plasmon interaction follows.
Graphene
Authors: Horing Norman J. Morgenstern
Published: January 2018

Chapter 12 introduces Graphene, which is a two-dimensional “Dirac-like” material in the sense that its energy spectrum resembles that of a relativistic electron/positron (hole) described by the Dirac equation (having zero mass in this case). Its device-friendly properties of high electron mobility and excellent sensitivity as a sensor have attracted a huge world-wide research effort since its discovery about ten years ago. Here, the associated retarded Graphene Green’s function is treated and the dynamic, non-local dielectric function is discussed in the degenerate limit. The effects of a quantizing magnetic field on the Green’s function of a Graphene sheet and on its energy spectrum are derived in detail: Also the magnetic-field Green’s function and energy spectrum of a Graphene sheet with a quantum dot (modelled by a 2D Dirac delta-function potential) are thoroughly examined. Furthermore, Chapter 12 similarly addresses the problem of a Graphene anti-dot lattice in a magnetic field, discussing the Green’s function for propagation along the lattice axis, with a formulation of the associated eigen-energy dispersion relation. Finally, magnetic Landau quantization effects on the statistical thermodynamics of Graphene, including its Free Energy and magnetic moment, are also treated in Chapter 12 and are seen to exhibit magnetic oscillatory features.
Causal Paradoxes
Authors: Wasserman Ryan
Published: January 2018

Chapter 5 surveys the various causal paradoxes of time travel. Section 1 introduces the concept of a causal loop and reviews some of the standard arguments against backward causation. Sections 2 focuses on the bootstrapping paradox, and the question of whether or not time travel allows for self-caused events. Section 3 addresses the ex nihilo paradox, and the question of whether or not time travel allows for uncaused events. Section 4 looks at the restoration paradox, and the question of how to understand the life cycle of an object in a causal loop. Section 5 considers D. H. Mellor’s frequency-based argument against causal loops. Section 6 discusses Michael Tooley’s counterfactual-based argument against backward causation.
Euroscepticism and the Future of European Integration
Authors: De Vries Catherine E.
Published: January 2018

The European Union (EU) is facing one of the rockiest periods in its existence. At no time in its history has it looked so economically fragile, so insecure about how to protect its borders, so divided over how to tackle the crisis of legitimacy facing its institutions, and so under assault by Eurosceptic parties. The unprecedented levels of integration in recent decades have led to increased public contestation, yet at the same the EU is more reliant on public support for its continued legitimacy than ever before. This book examines the role of public opinion in the European integration process. It develops a novel theory of public opinion that stresses the deep interconnectedness between people’s views about European and national politics. It suggests that public opinion cannot simply be characterized as either Eurosceptic or not, but rather that it consists of different types. This is important because these types coincide with fundamentally different views about the way the EU should be reformed and which policy priorities should be pursued. These types also have very different consequences for behaviour in elections and referendums. Euroscepticism is such a diverse phenomenon because the Eurozone crisis has exacerbated the structural imbalances within the EU. As the economic and political fates of member states have diverged, people’s experiences with and evaluations of the EU and national political systems have also grown further apart. The heterogeneity in public preferences that this book has uncovered makes a one-size-fits-all approach to addressing Euroscepticism unlikely to be successful.
What Is the Matter with Europe?
Authors: De Vries Catherine E.
Published: January 2018

The recent rise in Euroscepticism gives rise to important empirical puzzles that present difficulties for existing theories of public opinion towards European integration that highlight economic interests or communal identities. For example, why is support for Eurosceptic parties the most pronounced in countries that have weathered the Eurozone crisis fairly well, and much lower in countries that have been hardest hit? This chapter provides an overview of the empirical puzzles associated with the recent trends in Euroscepticism, outlines how existing theoretical explanations struggle to deal with them, and explains how a benchmark theory of European public opinion can help. The chapter argues that public opinion towards European integration resembles a kaleidoscope mirroring people’s experiences with and evaluations of the starkly different national, political, and economic conditions within the member states.
King Lear and its Origins
Authors: Kerrigan John
Published: January 2018

The agreed, major sources of King Lear are the anonymous history play King Leir and Sidney’s Arcadia. To these and other early modern ‘originals’ this chapter adds classical tragedies by Seneca, Euripides, and Sophocles—most conspicuously his Oedipus at Colonus, which was readily available in Latin translation. The ancient tragedies resonate with King Lear thanks to conventions of literary imitation that were well understood in the Jacobean period, but their presence is also symptomatic of a drive within the play to get back to the origins of nature, injustice, and causation. The influences of Plutarch and Montaigne are also highlighted. The portrayal of death (or the illusion of it) and the desire for death, in the play and its sources, are analysed. Focusing on the scenes at Dover Cliff and the division of the kingdom/s, this chapter moves to a new account of the complications of the play’s conclusion in both quarto and Folio texts.
Introduction
Authors: Gillon Carrie , Rosen Nicole
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides some background on the history of Michif, the language spoken by at least a few hundred Métis people. The Métis were originally located in the Red River Valley, and are today mostly located in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, Canada. As Michif is usually characterized as a ‘mixed language’, arising from contact of Plains Cree and French, this chapter discusses ‘contact languages’ more generally, including creoles, pidgins, and mixed languages, as well as the claim that Michif is a ‘mixed language’ itself. This chapter also provides background on the elements within the Michif Determiner Phrase (DP), such as the origin of certain syntactic categories, and presents the basic facts that are investigated in more detail in the rest of the book. Other facts relevant to the issues discussed in the book are also briefly discussed.
Mass/count
Authors: Gillon Carrie , Rosen Nicole
Published: January 2018

This chapter investigates the mass/count distinction in Michif. In many languages, mass and count nouns are distinguished via the (in)ability to occur with plural marking, the (in)ability to occur with numerals without a measure phrase, and the (in)ability to occur with certain quantifiers (Jespersen 1909; Chierchia 1998). However, these diagnostics do not apply to all languages. For example, in Inuttut (Labrador Inuktitut), none of those diagnostics distinguishes between mass and count nouns, but there are other diagnostics that do (Gillon 2012). This chapter shows that Michif displays a split: in one part of the grammar, the three diagnostics distinguish between mass and count nouns, and in another part, the diagnostics do not. This shows that Michif disambiguates between French-derived vocabulary and Algonquian-derived vocabulary, which complicates the notion that the Michif DP is French (Bakker 1997).
Demonstratives
Authors: Gillon Carrie , Rosen Nicole
Published: January 2018

This chapter investigates the syntax and semantics of demonstratives within the Michif DP. Michif demonstratives can occupy three different positions: prenominal, postnominal, and discontinuous. Michif demonstratives behave like Algonquian demonstratives: French only allows prenominal demonstratives, whereas Algonquian languages allow demonstratives to occupy prenominal, postnominal, and discontinuous positions. This is further evidence that the Michif DP is mostly Algonquian, rather than mostly French (contra Bakker 1997; Bakker and Papen 1997). However, there is one way in which the Michif DP is like some Romance languages (and Algonquian languages): some Romance languages allow postnominal demonstratives. In Michif, some Algonquian languages, and some Romance languages, postnominal demonstratives are associated with focus, whereas prenominal demonstratives generally receive a more neutral interpretation.
Random matrices and loop equations
Authors: Eynard Bertrand
Published: January 2018

This chapter is an introduction to algebraic methods in random matrix theory (RMT). In the first section, the random matrix ensembles are introduced and it is shown that going beyond the usual Wigner ensembles can be very useful, in particular by allowing eigenvalues to lie on some paths in the complex plane rather than on the real axis. As a detailed example, the Plancherel model is considered from the point of RMT. The second section is devoted to the saddle-point approximation, also called the Coulomb gas method. This leads to a system of algebraic equations, the solution of which leads to an algebraic curve called the ‘spectral curve’ which determines the large N expansion of all observables in a geometric way. Finally, the third section introduces the ‘loop equations’ (i.e., Schwinger–Dyson equations associated with matrix models), which can be solved recursively (i.e., order by order in a semi-classical expansion) by a universal recursion: the ‘topological recursion’.
Modern telecommunications: a playground for physicists?
Authors: Moustakas Aris L.
Published: January 2018

Data traffic in wireless networks has been increasing exponentially for a long time and is expected to continue this trend. The emerging data-hungry applications, such as video-on-demand and cloud computing, as well as the exploding number of smart user devices demand the introduction of disruptive technologies. An analogous situation appears in the case of wireline (mostly fiber-optical) traffic, where the currently deployed infrastructure is expected to soon reach its limits, leading to the so-called capacity crunch. The aim of this chapter is to introduce the physics and mathematics community to a number of relevant problems in communications research and the types of solutions that have been used to tackle them. In the process, interested readers may be able to further acquaint themselves with research in engineering bibliography cited herein.
Impurity models and products of random matrices
Authors: Comtet1 Alain , Tourigny2 Yves
Published: January 2018

This is an introduction to the theory of one-dimensional disordered systems and products of random matrices, confined to the 2×2 case. The notion of impurity model—that is, a system in which the interactions are highly localized—links the two themes and enables their study by elementary mathematical tools. After discussing the spectral theory of some impurity models, Furstenberg’s theorem is stated and illustrated, which gives sufficient conditions for the exponential growth of a product of independent, identically distributed matrices.
Plato's Moral Psychology
Authors: Kamtekar Rachana
Published: January 2018

Plato’s Moral Psychology is concerned with Plato’s account of the soul insofar as it bears on our living well or badly, virtuously or viciously. The core of Plato’s moral psychology is his account of human motivation, and PMP argues that throughout the dialogues Plato maintains that human beings have a natural desire for our own good, and that actions and conditions contrary to this desire are involuntary (from which follows the ‘Socratic paradox’ that wrongdoing is involuntary). Our natural desire for our own good may be manifested in different ways: by our pursuit of what we calculate is best, but also by our pursuit of pleasant or fine things—pursuits which Plato assigns to distinct parts of the soul, sometimes treating these soul-parts as homuncular sub-agents to facilitate psychic management, and other times providing a natural teleological account for them. Thus PMP develops a very different interpretation of Plato’s moral psychology from the mainstream interpretation, according to which Plato first proposes that human beings only do what we believe to be the best of the things we can do (‘Socratic intellectualism’) and then in the middle dialogues rejects this in favour of the view that the soul is divided into parts with good-dependent and good-independent motivations (‘the divided soul’). PMP arrives at its different interpretation through the methodology of reading dialogues with a close eye to the dialectical dependence of what the main speaker says on the precise intellectual problem set up between himself and his interlocutors.
Introduction
Authors: Kamtekar Rachana
Published: January 2018

If we want to know how we might live well, or live a good life, it is natural to ask who we are (Alcibiades I 128e–129a), and in particular what the capabilities and limitations are that we as human beings and as individuals bring to living our lives. Famously, Plato’s Socrates identifies that by which we live well or badly, and by which we are just or unjust (...
Doctrine and Dialectic in Plato’s Dialogues
Authors: Kamtekar Rachana
Published: January 2018

Chapter 1 lays out the methodological approach employed throughout the book, which is to pay attention to the dialectical dependence of what the main speaker in the dialogue says on the intellectual problem(s) set up in the dialogue both by himself and the other speakers. To illustrate, Chapter 1 describes Socrates’ use of the method of hypotheses from the Meno and Phaedo to answer questions that go beyond his claims to knowledge in the Republic.
Overview and introduction to advance care planning
Authors: Thomas Keri
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides an introduction to advance care planning (ACP) and an introductory overview of the book. It affirms the importance of ACP, the strong evidence base and experience in practice. It cites the current and evolving models of ACP in the UK, linked with the Mental Capacity Act, and the use of advance statements (AS), refusals of treatment (ADRT) and nominated spokesperson (LPOA). There is encouragement that most can initiate such discussions and suggested ways to do this. It describes the evolving ACP model balancing both medical (transactional) and personal (transformational) aspects of it, with a description of the different conversations and suggested five steps in ACP to raise public awareness. There is a reflection of the deeper significance of ACP including hope and expectations, concluding with a call for ACP to become a mainstream part of care for all people nearing the end of life.
What are the benefits of advance care planning and how do we know?
Authors: Russell Sarah , Detering Karen
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides a brief outline of the development of advance care planning (ACP) and a selective summary of the current evidence base of its benefits and challenges. It discusses the variety of policy, clinical, and legal definitions, and the interface between decision making and documentation. The concept of ACP has evolved over the years towards a broader relational communication, and this chapter also considers how conversations can help patients and their families prepare for death, review their immediate goals and hopes for the future, and strengthen their relationships. The convincing evidence base for ACP is now well established, and despite international variations in definitions and forms of implementation, there is robust evidence of its benefits within person-centred end-of-life care.
Advance care planning: a personal view and stories from the frontline
Authors: Bonser Tony
Published: January 2018

This chapter includes a personal view of advance care planning (ACP) from Tony Bonser, whose son, Neil died aged 35 and who now works for the National Council for Palliative Care, with examples from others. It describes the importance and impact of ACP on people nearing the end of life and their families, and recommends that ACP should be mainstreamed across health and social care as part of good practice, and become part of the public debate through movements like Dying Matters. It affirms that ACP: enables a dialogue to be started; must be centred on patients and enable the implementation of patient wishes; will centre on giving advice rather than prescribing outcomes; has positive effects; needs high-level communication skills; helps restore control; and has societal implications.
Advance decisions to refuse treatment and the impact of wider legislation
Authors: Lobo Ben
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides insight into practice and legislative changes that relates to advance decisions to refuse treatment and advance care planning (ACP) for end of life. It sets this in the context of the Medical Control Agency (MCA) which provides the legal framework In England and Wales. The chapter explore aspects of the impact of this legislation including Lasting Power of Attorney, and Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards, the role of the Office of the Public Guardian and Court of Protection. Case law examples are given relating to decisions on mental capacity and best interests decisions including life sustaining treatment. Also discussed are: ADRT and children; decisions relating to CPR; assisted suicide, legal challenges and reform. The chapter concludes with a reflection on dilemmas that persists. It offers positive suggestions to move forwards, postulating that ACP and advance decisions overall reduce uncertainty and increases the chances of achieving patient-centred outcomes.
Discussions and decisions about cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Authors: Pitcher David
Published: January 2018

Discussions and decisions about whether or not cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be attempted are challenging for patients and clinicians. Misunderstandings, poor decision making, and communication failures are common and have led to complaints, litigation, and adverse media reports. This chapter considers why decisions and recommendations about CPR and other potentially life-sustaining treatments are an important part of advance care planning (ACP), and are needed in other contexts as well. It summarizes what is needed to achieve high-quality, person-centred planning that is both ethical and lawful, and considers current efforts to develop a scheme that will encourage and support clinicians and their patients in that endeavour.
Advanced care planning: thinking ahead for parents, carers, children, and young people
Authors: Thompson Angela
Published: January 2018

Advance care planning (ACP) in paediatrics applies from the diagnosis of a life-limiting/life-threatening condition onwards. It encompasses the management of intermittent potentially reversible episodes through to end-of-life care in keeping with the child’s best interest. It is an active approach to managing care and acknowledges the child’s and family’s broader social, emotional, and spiritual needs and keeps the child central and paramount to all planning. It requires transparent discussions and effectively documented agreements that are well communicated, readily accessible, and immediately identifiable. It is essential to regularly review and amend as necessary. They describe the care agreed at that point in time in the child’s best interest, in line with RCPCH guidance. Challenges may particularly occur at the time of transition to adult services.
Advance care planning and people with dementia
Authors: Dening Karen Harrison
Published: January 2018

Advance care planning (ACP) is widely recognised as a process to enable an individual’s preferences and wishes for palliative and end-of-life care to be recognized at a time when they no longer have the capacity to make such ‘real time’ and autonomous decisions. In dementia, it is essential that ACP be offered early in the diagnostic process and supported when the person still has the ability to do so. Often decisions about end-of-life care for a person with dementia are made in the later stages of the illness, at a point of transition or crisis and with the absence of a clear understanding of their wishes. Clinicians may then turn to family members in the assumption that they know what these would be, however, this is often not the case which can add undue pressure to families in distressing circumstances.
Advance directives and advance care planning
Authors: Silveira Maria J. , Rodgers Phillip
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the history of advance directives (ADs) and Advance Care Planning (ACP) in the United States of America, the evidence base regarding the application of ADs and ACP in American healthcare, and the use of technology to facilitate ACP and AD in the US. Improvements in public health and biomedical technology during the latter half of the twentieth century substantially extended life expectancy in the US from 47 in 1900 to 79 by 2014. This accomplishment paired with the aging of America’s largest generation (know fondly as the ‘baby boomers’), is largely responsible for an exponential increase in expenditures related to healthcare over the last 20 years.
Communication skills and advance care planning
Authors: Russell Sarah
Published: January 2018

All clinicians have a part to play in advance care planning (ACP) conversations. This chapter covers some of the communication issues, evidence, models, and practical examples for ACP conversations. Discussions are highlighted as key to helping people live well until they die as well as they prepare and plan for the end of their life. Communication is defined, facilitative skills identified, as well as barriers and blocks to communication discussed. Communication skills. Models. and example scenarios are explored. ACP imagines and contemplate ones’ future death. This may be in the next few weeks, months, or years. It is about helping people to live well (wherever that may be) until they die within the context of their life and relationships with that or those who matter to them.
A population-based approach to end of life care and advance care planning
Authors: Gray Muir , Matthews Rammya , Thomas Keri
Published: January 2018

A population-based approach takes account of the needs of the people within a given population. A key aspect of this is reducing unwarranted variation and addressing both the underuse of high-value interventions and the overuse of low-value interventions. In the context of end-of-life care, high-value interventions are those that enhance quality of life. In contrast, low-value interventions are those that are futile, those that negatively impact on quality of life, and those that are not in line with the person’s wishes. Advance care planning (ACP) is a means by which a person can document their choices at the end of life; it supports person-centred care and also facilitates the redistribution of investment from low-value to high-value interventions.
Wars and Rumours of Wars
Authors: Gunn Steven
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how many people took part in war in Henry VIII’s England and how far those not directly involved were aware of what was happening. Ever larger numbers of men were mobilized, up to perhaps one in six of adult males. Others read about the prospect of war in almanacs, worried about it in prophecies, or guarded against it in prayer. Real wars were reported in official and unofficial newsletters, printed pamphlets, campaign diaries, and oral news. The chapter also demonstrates that English people showed familiarity with the terminology and dress fashions of contemporary armies.
Noblemen and Gentlemen
Authors: Gunn Steven
Published: January 2018

This chapter asks how military service related to the social power and self-image of lords and gentlemen. Contemporaries complained that they were giving up the knightly ways of their forebears, turning to law, accountancy, and soft living. But many still valued their martial honour and found a satisfying place in the new structures of the lord lieutenancy or the increasingly permanent English army in Ireland. Noble power remained important to the assembly of armies to the 1550s and beyond, through retaining, estate stewardships, and the arming of household servants, though some lords did find their tenants reluctant to follow them to war.
Introduction
Authors: Dufallo Basil
Published: January 2018

In the introduction Dufallo lays out the volume’s main arguments, briefly summarizes its contents, explains its relation to recent work in classical reception studies, and advances its theoretical claim in response to the poststructuralist view of classical reception advanced especially by Charles Martindale. All reception could be considered “error” insofar as it involves “misreading” in the sense elaborated by Harold Bloom. But the essays in this volume reveal specific ways in which reception’s transgressive content may relate to its transgressive form or style because of the investments of receivers in a future that will view that content differently: the particular social, cultural, or political projects in which authors, artists, etc. participate as they set in motion the infinite malleability of signs. This foregrounds a pair of issues that have figured centrally in recent debates over classical reception: its relation to collective, as opposed to individual, receivers and to the future.
Correcting Rome with Rome
Authors: Lowrie Michèle , Vinken Barbara
Published: January 2018

Victor Hugo’s Quatrevingt-treize, this chapter argues, uses a classicizing allusive technique to set different models of Rome against each other, so that each corrects the flaws or errors of the other. Vergilian refoundation counteracts Lucan’s perpetual civil war. Augustine’s Civitas Dei counteracts the fruitlessness of suicide and promises to bring closure to the perennial cycle of refoundation and collapse. But the Roman Church, for Hugo, has failed to live up to the promise of Christianity and classical Rome offers literature itself as the secular institution that will bring Hugo’s progressive vision to fruition. Quatrevingt-treize presents every model of Rome as flawed, but Roman models offer the very framework for combating the Roman inheritance. Could such a dialectical reception of Roman antiquity, this chapter asks, in fact be a “better” way—even the “right” way—to practice reception?
Ancient Quarrels, Modern Contexts
Authors: Hayes Patrick , Wilm Jan
Published: January 2018

At its heart, what Socrates called the ‘ancient quarrel’ between literature and philosophy turns on whether literature should be thought of as a useful supplement to philosophy, or whether it is in some sense a rival form of discourse. In this introductory chapter we orient readers in the contemporary contexts for this debate, and define why Coetzee’s fiction is a particularly salient way of exploring its parameters and its limits. Mindful that the boundaries between literature and philosophy are as much institutional as they are intellectual, here we situate Coetzee as an academic writer, and explain why this is important in understanding the particular way his work challenges disciplinary boundaries.
Health and Deviance, Irony and Incarnation
Authors: Mulhall Stephen
Published: January 2018

Stephen Mulhall’s chapter explores the boundaries between literature, philosophy, and theology: specifically, the ways in which The Childhood of Jesus ironically recounts themes from Plato’s The Republic, Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations, and the story of the Incarnation in the New Testament. He draws attention to the unsettling provocation offered by Coetzee’s text, and the uncertain direction of its many ironies. Refusing to recuperate the enigmatic and disorienting impact of this text into a format that is more easily digestible to normative reasoning, Mulhall’s chapter stands as a provocation in its own right: a mode of literary criticism that questions many of the usual protocols that define what counts as an interpretation.
Double Thoughts
Authors: Dean Andrew
Published: January 2018

Coetzee’s interest in destabilizing the boundaries of literature and philosophy is most evident in later fictions such as Elizabeth Costello. But as Andrew Dean argues in this chapter, this interest in moving across boundaries in fact originates much earlier, in Coetzee’s quarrel with the institutions and procedures of literary criticism. Coetzee used the occasion of his inaugural professorial lecture at the University of Cape Town (Truth and Autobiography) to criticize the assumption that literary criticism can reveal truths about literature to which literary texts are themselves blind. Influenced in part by such figures as Jacques Derrida and Paul de Man, Coetzee posed a series of challenging questions about the desires at stake in the enterprise of literary criticism. Developing these thoughts, Dean explores the way in which Coetzee’s earlier fiction, including such texts as Foe (1986), is energized by its quarrelsome relationship with literary criticism and theory, especially postcolonial theory.
Coetzee and Eros
Authors: John Eileen
Published: January 2018

In Chapter 7, Eileen John uses Coetzee’s exploration of sexual desire to pose questions about the normative claims of moral philosophy. She argues that Coetzee’s fiction complicates Thomas Nagel’s conception of altruism by its insistence that desire must form part of any account of apparently moral motivation, of how we are moved by the suffering of others, and moved more broadly by the good. Coetzee responds in complex ways to Plato’s model of eros, granting its transformative power, while portraying it as too deeply interwoven with aggressive and self-absorbed drives to constitute an unequivocal path to the purely ‘good’ action. Coetzee’s treatment of the self relating to itself further engages with Nagel’s and Hannah Arendt’s ideas about the moral significance of solipsism. John argues that Coetzee’s fiction explores the limits of moral philosophy, and attunes readers to the elements of risk within moral life.
Coetzee’s Quest for Reality
Authors: Crary Alice
Published: January 2018

In this chapter, Alice Crary argues that a truly ‘realist’ work of literature might be one that, instead of conforming to familiar genre-specifications, attempts by other means to expose readers to the real—that is, to how things really are. Crary highlights Coetzee’s efforts to elicit what she calls ‘transformative thought’: a process that involves both delineating the progress of individual characters in their quests for reality, and, in formal terms, inviting readers to, for instance, imaginatively participate in such quests. With regard to The Childhood of Jesus, she highlights resonances between these features of Coetzee’s writing and Wittgenstein’s procedures in the Philosophical Investigations. In doing so, Crary brings out a respect in which literature and philosophy are complementary discourses: literature can deal in the sort of objective or universal truth that is philosophy’s touchstone, and philosophical discourse can have an essentially literary dimension.
Coetzee’s Critique of Language
Authors: McDonald Peter D.
Published: January 2018

The critique of language at stake in this chapter is Fritz Mauthner’s little-known Beiträge zu einer Kritik der Sprache (1901–2), a text remembered in philosophical circles chiefly because of a brief, categorically negative aside in Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1922). In comparing Mauthner with Coetzee’s own critique of language, McDonald’s wider interest lies in reflecting upon the way in which scholarship often treats literary texts as the vehicles for ideas that can be unproblematically ‘compared’ with philosophical texts. What is involved, McDonald asks, in crediting the fact that literary texts are not ‘quasi-philosophical essays in disguise’? His answer draws on further questions of literary history and the practice of close reading, and examines the faultlines between philosophical questions and literary experience. In particular, through a reading of Disgrace he suggests that the formal workings of literary texts have the potential to unsettle the very salience of the philosophical questions being posed.
(Perceived) Authenticity and the Physical Presence of the Performer
Authors: Schlapbach Karin
Published: January 2018

In this chapter, ‘authenticity’ refers to situations where the actions and emotions represented by a pantomime seemingly or truly merge with reality. The chapter examines the dance scene that concludes Xenophon’s Symposium, which is widely recognized as a proto-pantomime. In this dance the myth that is represented is progressively eclipsed from the horizon of the spectators, who end up focusing on the dancers themselves. The episode is situated in the context of the so-called New Music, which emerged around the dramatic date of the Symposium. A fragment from Aristoxenus transmitted by Athenaeus suggests that Xenophon’s dance scene became emblematic of a certain type of mousikē. The rest of the chapter is dedicated to the characteristic lifelikeness of pantomimes in a number of Greek and Latin epigrams.
Epilogue: Dance as Experience
Authors: Schlapbach Karin
Published: January 2018

The epilogue synthesizes the insights gained from the preceding chapters. The observation that non-representational dances trigger interpretations in the internal audiences highlights at once the capability of dance to go beyond representation and the need to find meaning in it. Just as the dancers are affected by the physical reality of their performance, so the spectators too are affected by the physical presence of the dancers. Dance is performative and dynamic, and its way to cognition and action is experience. Dance reconciles opposites by encapsulating vitality and disruption, rational patterns and sensory experience, presence and transience, active and passive. The mimesis of dance interacts in many ways with the pragmatic contexts of its performance, making it a powerful cultural force.
The Law of Contraband
Authors: Drew Phillip
Published: January 2018

Similar in many respects to the law of maritime blockade, the law of contraband provides naval forces with the legal right to interdict neutral vessels carrying prohibited goods to enemy ports during periods of armed conflict. Because the two types of interdiction share a number of charateristics, the law of contraband and the law of blockade are often mistakenly thought of as being identical. This chapter provides an overview of the development of the law of contraband, tracing it from its early roots through to modern times. Importantly, this chapter describes the types of contraband found under the law, and demonstrates the primary characteristics that set the law of contraband apart from the law of maritime blockade.
Blockade in Non-International Armed Conflict
Authors: Drew Phillip
Published: January 2018

Whether or not a blockade can be lawfully conducted during a civil war is an issue of contention. Under the traditional concept of the law of armed conflict, blockades could only be conducted by the naval forces of belligerent states, thus making it legally impossible for a blockade to occur outside of an international armed conflict. The one exception to this rule was the doctrine of recognition of belligerency, under which either the state involved in a civil war, or a third state, recognized the belligerent status of the non-state party. Through analysis of the Geneva Conventions and case law from international criminal tribunals, it is argued that the doctrine of belligerency is no longer required, and that the existence of an armed conflict should be the determinative factor in considering whether or not a blockade can be undertaken during a civil war.
Machines to Live In
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: January 2018

Modernism has a particular meaning in the context of architecture: Loos’s and Le Corbusier’s war on ornament; plain white buildings with massive windows. One enormous problem with modern-movement buildings is that they typically refuse to engage with time at all—as well as being a conscious break with the past, they tend to be strangely unable to envisage a future. Meanwhile, Geoffrey Scott’s 1914 The Architecture of Humanism was a reassessment of baroque architecture which attempted a non-moralized way of judging architectural merit, and there were also modernist architects whose work had elements of the playful, surprising, deceitful, camp, or surreal. Lutyens, Oliver Hill, and Raymond McGrath are considered in this light.
Four Dozen White Lilies
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: January 2018

Flowers may be baroque by virtue of being excessive or surprising. They are an important aspect of interwar elegance and conspicuous consumption. Flowers were used as a statement of wealth and luxury. They were also used for the creation of startling yet temporary effects. The key figure in this development is Constance Spry.
Flowers in the Abstract
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: January 2018

Before the 1920s perfume was strongly encoded. Musky scents and tropical ‘heavy florals’ were associated with prostitution, oriental perfumes with decadence and Catholicism, and light floral scents such as rose and lavender with virtuous femininity, while citrus colognes were unisex. Blending perfumes was held to be decadent in itself. The discovery of synthetic aldehydes increased the range of possible scents, and perfumers began experimenting. The modernization of perfume began with mixing scents from different semiotic categories, thus moving from naturalism to abstraction. ‘Chanel No. 5’ was the most successful of these new inventions, and was consciously conceived of as a synthetic creation.
The Ghost of a Rose
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: January 2018

The ballet brings together many of the threads pursued in this book: patronage, queerness, the Sitwells, interactions between fine art, design, and popular culture. Because Diaghilev made ballet a fashion, his public found themselves exposed to avant-garde music and art which would otherwise have struggled to find an audience, but ballet’s relationship with modernism is uneasy. Apart from being unnatural, ballet is collective and collaborative rather than individualistic, which sets it at an angle to any idea of art as the product of a purely individual consciousness. The radical modernist approach to dance was to deconstruct ballet and start again from the ground up, evolving expressive dance forms based on natural movement. However, ballet was a meeting point of high and low culture.
Organization and Officeholders, c.1650–1764
Authors: Godsey William D.
Published: January 2018

This chapter introduces the organization of the Lower Austrian Estates including the main assemblies and officeholders. The Estates’ presiding officer was the ruler-appointed Landmarschall, who was always drawn from the Estate of lords. The Estate of knights provided the Landuntermarschall. The Estates met and conducted business in differing combinations in a variety of assembles: the annual diet; the “three upper Estates” of prelates, lords, and knights; and three standing committees. One of these committees, the college of Deputies, constituted the Estates’ directorial panel, which was also a key administrative conduit between central power and the localities. Aristocrats and great abbots dominated, but did not monopolize, these bodies.
Evolving Fiscal Foundations, c.1650–1730
Authors: Godsey William D.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how the exigencies of decades-long Habsburg rivalry with the Ottoman empire and France affected provincial revenue, fiscal practices, and flows of money. Special attention is paid to the interplay of innovative forms of taxation, new agreements between ruler and Estates known as “recesses” that fixed a minimum level of the diet’s annual grant over a number of years, and the increasing use of the Estates’ credit on the government’s behalf. In particular, it draws attention to the inherent and increasingly visible link between taxation and borrowing as manifested in the Estates’ financial intermediation. The profound change in the financial relations between government and Estates between the 1680s and 1710s helps explain Habsburg international staying power.
“Fifteen Years of Military Government,” 1763–80
Authors: Godsey William D.
Published: January 2018

The scale of the Estates’ financial intercession on behalf of the government during the Seven Years War had been unprecedented. It also laid bare problems of financial oversight and resistance to changing conceptions of good government. As the war wound down, tension resurfaced between government and Estates that would combust in scandal and confrontation. The result was a far-reaching reform of the Estates’ organization in 1764 that aimed to reduce mismanagement and improve coordination. Given what was now the fundamental financial interdependence of central and intermediary authority, not only could the government not dispense with the Estates but it had to respect the autonomy necessary to the Estates’ financial intermediation.
Desire
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the meanings of ‘desire’ in Paradise Lost. The chapter analyses the diverse uses of the term, exploring particularly the ways in which different characters understand and use the idea in different ways, some of which the poem invites us to correct. The exploration of this idea therefore forms part of the education of Milton’s reader.
Ease
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the meanings of ‘ease’ in Paradise Lost. The chapter analyses the diverse uses of the term, exploring particularly the ways in which different characters understand and use the idea in different ways, some of which the poem invites us to correct. The exploration of this idea therefore forms part of the education of Milton’s reader.
Envy
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the meanings of ‘envy’ in Paradise Lost. The chapter analyses the diverse uses of the term, exploring particularly the ways in which different characters understand and use the idea in different ways, some of which the poem invites us to correct. The exploration of this idea therefore forms part of the education of Milton’s reader.
If and Perhaps
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the meanings of ‘if’ and ‘perhaps’ in Paradise Lost. The chapter analyses the diverse uses of the terms, exploring particularly the ways in which different characters understand and use the ideas in different ways, some of which the poem invites us to correct. The exploration of this idea therefore forms part of the education of Milton’s reader.
Naked
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the meanings of ‘naked’ in Paradise Lost. The chapter analyses the diverse uses of the term, exploring particularly the ways in which different characters understand and use the idea in different ways, some of which the poem invites us to correct. The exploration of this idea therefore forms part of the education of Milton’s reader.
New and Old
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the meanings of ‘new’ and ‘old’ in Paradise Lost. The chapter analyses the diverse uses of the terms, exploring particularly the ways in which different characters understand and use the ideas in different ways, some of which the poem invites us to correct. The exploration therefore forms part of the education of Milton’s reader.
Re-
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the meanings of ‘re-’ in Paradise Lost. The chapter analyses the diverse uses of the term, exploring particularly the ways in which different characters understand and use the idea in different ways, some of which the poem invites us to correct. The exploration of this idea therefore forms part of the education of Milton’s reader.
Self-
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the meanings of ‘self-’ in Paradise Lost. The chapter analyses the diverse uses of the term, exploring particularly the ways in which different characters understand and use the idea in different ways, some of which the poem invites us to correct. The exploration of this idea therefore forms part of the education of Milton’s reader.
Within
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the meanings of ‘within’ in Paradise Lost. The chapter analyses the diverse uses of the term, exploring particularly the ways in which different characters understand and use the idea in different ways, some of which the poem invites us to correct. The exploration of this idea therefore forms part of the education of Milton’s reader.
Leveller Legacies
Authors: Loughlin Martin
Published: January 2018

This chapter presents an account of the constitutional ideas of a political group known as the Levellers. Formed during the course of the English revolution, they survived only a few years and failed to achieve any of their main objectives. Leveller ideas nevertheless acquire importance as the first movement to expound the main precepts of modern constitutional democracy. The development of that movement is sketched and the key themes of their constitutional thought examined. Arguing that modern British constitutional practice has developed in ways that diverge from Leveller ideas, the chapter shows how, by focusing on their ideas, the tensions within contemporary governmental arrangements—especially those between the discourses of governing and of constitutionalism—can be more clearly delineated.