bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increasing the agricultural enterprises’ competitiveness based on its components and indicators accounting, evaluation and modelling
Authors: Koval Svetlana , Shakhman Karina
Published: April 2021

The subject of the research is the theoretical, methodological principles, and practical proposals for increasing the agricultural enterprises’ competitiveness based on improving its components accounting, evaluation, and modeling. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the increase of agricultural enterprises’ competitiveness and managing it through improving accounting, evaluation, and modeling of its quantitative indices and indicators. The methodological basis of the article is the fundamentals of economic theory, business economics, and accounting; works of leading scientists on competitiveness issues; legal regulations on various aspects of agricultural enterprises and markets development. The historical and monographic methods and methods of system-structural analysis and synthesis, rating evaluation and ranking, accounting, model of competitive space are used. The results of the article. The essence of agricultural enterprises’ competitiveness is generalized, the problems of its formation are revealed and directions of improving its management are offered based on building the model of competitive space taking into account indicators of financial and economic sustainability of agribusiness, market share, and products competitiveness, and involvement of the marketing plan as well. Field of application of results. The results obtained should be used in the management of agribusiness enterprises; in the educational process of the faculties of economics and management of higher education institutions. Conclusions. Modeling of increasing the agricultural enterprises’ competitiveness and its forward-looking management is based on improving the accounting and evaluation of indicators of its factors and components. Its result can be a three-factor model of competitive space based on the following indicators: the level of competitiveness of products, the level of financial and economic sustainability, the market share size. The key to increasing the competitiveness of agricultural entities depending on the model chosen and strategies of functioning in the market space is called innovation, compliance with specialization, marketing plans.
Features of application of information and communication technologies in the process of teaching economic and mathematical disciplines
Authors: Semenenko Elena , Tsibulya Roman
Published: April 2021

The article analyzes organization of the educational process of a mixed form related to teaching economic and mathematical disciplines, identifies the didactic potential of information and communication technologies in the organization of educational activities and proposes a pedagogical and organizational model of using information and communication technologies in organizing the educational activities of students of economic specialties in the process of studying economic mathematical disciplines. The subject of the research is the process of organizing the educational activities of students of economic specialties in the study of economic and mathematical disciplines by means of information and communication technologies. The purpose of the work is to find the optimal format for teaching economics and mathematics disciplines, considering the experience of transition to the ubiquitous distance learning form of study and the creation of effective communication between students and teachers, based on existing information technologies. The methodological basis of the article was the following methods: comparative and system analysis, generalization, classification, modeling, substantiation of pedagogical conditions, design of a model for organizing educational activities, observation, expert assessment, self-assessment, conversations, questioning of teachers and students. Results of work. The state of the organization of the educational process of a mixed form is analyzed, the theoretical and existing pedagogical conditions for organizing training in economics and mathematics courses using information and communication technologies are considered. A pedagogical, structural, organizational model for the application of information and communication technologies in the process of studying economic and mathematical disciplines has been developed and measures have been proposed to optimize the learning process. Scope of the results implementation. Theoretical conclusions and practical recommendations of the research can be applied in teaching economics and mathematics at universities in the preparation of specialists in finance, economics and accounting. Conclusions. The quality of teaching economic and mathematical disciplines in a mixed form of education by means of information and communication technologies requires improvement, where information and communication technologies act both as a means and as a teaching method. The proposed organizational and pedagogical model of teaching, in these disciplines, will make it possible to implement an active learning strategy, where the interaction between students and teachers is optimized by means of information and communication technologies.
Psychology of Behavior of Managers in Conflict Situations of Educational Activities
Authors: Berulava Mikhail Mikhailovich
Published: April 2021

The presented article is based on the results of a study of the behavior of leaders of educational organizations and institutions in conflict situations. The main theories that develop ways of solving the problem under study from the standpoint of modern psychology have been determined. The aspects of increasing the competence of managers to resolve conflicts in educational activities are considered, taking into account its fundamentally important components.
The results of in-depth study of the phenomena necessary for psychological and pedagogical practice are characterized: individual strategies of behavior; the role of unconscious patterns of behavior; stable attitudes of behavior; hierarchy of scenarios and styles of behavior of educational leaders in conflict situations. Variants of using research materials in the experience of heads of educational organizations and institutions are proposed
Impliquer, informer et soutenir les pères durant la période périnatale
Authors: Labalestra M. , Culot S. , Gaugue J.
Published: April 2021

La littérature s’accorde sur l’idée que l’accompagnement du père en période périnatale doit être repensé en fonction de ses attentes et de ses besoins spécifiques. Les enjeux étant considérables au regard du risque de développement de vulnérabilités paternelles et de leurs effets délétères sur le développement de l’enfant, nous proposons dans cette synthèse des pistes de réflexion pour impliquer, informer et soutenir les pères durant cette période.
Democratic Theory and the Empirical Study of Popular Vote Processes
Authors: McKay Spencer
Published: April 2021

Altman, David. 2018.Citizenship and Contemporary Direct Democracy.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Dyck, Joshua, and Edward Lascher. 2019.Initiatives without Engagement: A Realistic Appraisal of Direct Democracy’s Secondary Effects.Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Hollander, Saskia. 2019.The Politics of Referendum Use in European Democracies.London: Palgrave MacMillan.

Matsusaka, John G. 2020.Let the People Rule: How Direct Democracy Can Meet the Populist Challenge.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Efecto del pH sobre la concentración de nutrientes en cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en la Amazonia Colombiana
Authors: Rosas-Patiño Gelber , Puentes-Páramo Yina Jazbleidi , Menjivar-Flores Juan Carlos
Published: April 2021

La acidez del suelo limita la disponibilidad, la absorción y la concentración de nutrientes y el rendimiento del cultivo de cacao. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto del pH del suelo sobre la concentración de nutrientes en hoja, cáscara y grano, para cuatro clones de cacao autocompatibles (ICS-1, CCN-51) y autoincompatibles (ICS-39, TSH-565), en el departamento del Caquetá. El diseño experimental consistió en un arreglo factorial con cuatro clones (factor A), cuatro niveles de pH y fertilidad (factor B) y cuatro repeticiones. Los resultados indican diferencias en la concentración de nutrientes por efecto del clon y tratamiento, siendo la acumulación de N, P y Mg en grano>hoja>cáscara, K en cáscara>hoja>grano, Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn y B en hoja>cáscara>grano, S en cáscara>hoja>grano y Cu en grano>cáscara>hoja. La concentración de P, Mg y S fue mayor y, a su vez, menor Mn, cuando aumentó el pH. El orden de extracción nutrimental en grano fue N>K>P>Mg>S>Ca>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu>B. Con relación a los clones, CCN-51 presentó habilidad para la toma de nutrientes y alcanzar mayores producciones, incluso, en suelos con pH ≥ 5,5, lo que sugiere efecto de las condiciones edafoclimáticas y, por lo tanto, la necesidad de evaluar los clones para cada zona de cultivo.
Transcriptomic analysis reveals that combinations of vitamins A, D2, and D3 have synergistic effects in HCT-116 colon cancer cells by altering the expression of genes involved in multiple canonical pathways including apoptosis, regulation of the...
Authors: Mahady Gail , Kanabar Pinal , Los Nina , Lawal Temitope , Patel Shitalben , Maienschein-Cline Mark , Arbieva Zarema
Published: April 2021

Integrated systems biology approaches suggest that combinations of nutrients may be more effective against cancer due to the large number of signaling pathways associated with cancer initiation and promotion. In a previous work, we have reported that combinations of vitamins A (as all trans-retinoic acid, ATRA), D2, and D3 act synergistically to induce apoptosis in colon and gastric cancer cells. In this work, we use whole-genome transcriptomic profiling to detect gene expression changes using RNA-seq to more comprehensively investigate the biological pathways affected by the combination of vitamin D2, D3 and ATRA. HCT-116 colon cancer cells were harvested, RNA was isolated and RNA-seq libraries were prepared using a Universal Plus mRNASeq kit. Sequencing was carried out on NovaSeq 6000. General quality-control metrics were obtained using FastQC and raw reads were aligned to human reference genome hg38 using STAR and BWA MEM. ENSEMBL genes were quantified using FeatureCounts, and differential expression statistics were computed using EdgeR. Specific gene expression was validated using qPCR. Transcriptomic analysis showed that of 26,313 genes analyzed, the expression of 8,402 genes was significantly altered (4030 up-regulated and 4373 down-regulated, FDR<0.05) in the treated cells, of which, 3,621 genes were differentially expressed (fold change <-1 or >+1 and an FDR <0.05). IngenuityÒ Pathway analysis revealed the involvement of 97 canonical pathways, with the top pathways including: mechanisms of cancer, apoptosis, myc-mediated apoptosis, regulation of the epithelial mesenchymal transition, and immunity.   Keywords: apoptosis, cholcalciferol, colon cancer, caspase, CRMP1, ergocalciferol, IL-12, NOTCH1, RNA-seq, SMAD7, synergism, transcriptome
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND BRAIN CIRCULATION
Authors: Franz Peter Lang
Published: April 2021

Many highly developed countries suffer the economic consequences of a growthlimiting demographic gap, which they only can fill with immigration. However, immigrants must be capable to be integrated into the receiving economy based on age and education. However, emigration raises in the home-countries the complex problem of “Brain Drain” (including loss of human capital, reduction in unemployment), which is offset by a “Brain Gain” in the destination country due to immigration. It can be shown, however, that within the framework of an adapted migration policy there can be a "Brain Circulation" that has advantages for all countries involved
CURRENT TRENDS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EUROPEAN MODEL OF ENSURING THE QUALITY OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS IN UKRAINE
Authors: Iryna Kyryliuk  , Yevhenii Kyryliuk  , Alina Proshchalykina  , Volodymyr Hunia
Published: April 2021

The most important task of the modern agrarian policy for the development of the meat products sub-complex is to maintain and increase the level of meat production, stimulate the expansion of its range and degree of processing, as well as to improve the quality. The country's transition to market relations necessitates further improvement of the economic mechanism of management in the meat products sub-complex, their reorientation to stimulate the production of competitive products, considering consumer demand. The article aims to reveal modern approaches to guaranteeing the quality and safety of livestock products in the EU and substantiate the possibilities of their application in Ukraine. This work reveals modern approaches to guarantee the quality and safety of animal products in the EU and justify their possible use in Ukraine. The key elements of the new food safety concept in the EU, rooted in the early 2000s are discovered. The specific legislation governing food safeties in the EU is shoved up. The features of the system of quality certification and livestock products produced with food are discovered. Directions for the formation of an effective system for ensuring the quality and safety of organic livestock products are proposed. The experience of product quality management in the meat sub-complex of the EU countries is revealed. The trends of the European system of compulsory labelling of animal welfare in the manufacture of certain types of livestock production and distribution systems of the voluntary certification program for the protection of animals are revealed. The problems in quality due to the intensification of livestock are noted. The trends and modern approaches to improving knowledge about the impact of a number of substances and ingredients contained in animal products, on human health are analysed
MACRO FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FORMATION OF STANDARDIZED MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS OF AN ENTERPRISE
Authors: Olena Gorlova
Published: April 2021

This article is devoted to the environmental factors, influencing the implementation of standardized management systems of the enterprise at the country level. The problem is considered from the perspective of systems theory and complexity theory. The research focuses on management systems created following ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 standards and their relationship with the external environment. The study involved 20 European countries with different levels of economic and innovative development. The formation and subsequent development of standardized management systems (SMSs) require considering environmental factors, the context of the enterprise, which is reflected in the provisions of standards for management systems. However, the issues of the influence of environmental factors on the decision of enterprises to implement standardized management systems have been insufficiently studied. The work contains three hypotheses: a) about the connection between environmental factors and the introduction of SMSs by enterprises; b) about the diversity and uniqueness of the configurations of environmental factors affecting the spread of the SMSs in different countries; c) regarding the presence of similar structures of environmental factors influencing the spread of the SMSs in separate countries, which would make it possible to identify the basic types of such configurations. The study resulted in confirmation that a connection between environmental factors on the implementation of the SMSs exists, and groups of aggregated factors along with their components were identified. The features of the configurations of factors influencing the SMSs in different countries were considered. A distinctive type of influence of the external environment on the SMSs board, common for several European countries, was revealed, and called as ‘denying’. Correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between the factorial and the resulting characteristics, the results of which were subjected to qualitative discussion. Further research in this direction should cover a larger number of countries and factors influencing the formation of the SMSs. This will allow identifying a greater number of basic types of external environment influence on the formation of SMSs for enterprises in different countries and regions
THE OPPORTUNITIES AND BENEFITS OF OPEN BANKING IMPLEMENTATION
Authors: Mariia Lutsyk
Published: April 2021

The technological innovations help improve and develop online payments, including digital wallets, P2P payments, and e-commerce payments through existing e-banking infrastructure. Privacy issues prevent data owners to share them outside their institutions for fear of fraud and abuse. Open banking can help maximize customer benefits through data sharing and deeper collaboration between financial institutions. All companies providing payment services in the European Economic Area must comply with the PSD2 account access requirements. PD2 regulates that third-party PSPs have the right to access a payment account held with banks to provide account information services and / or payment initiation services. To do this, banks must provide a secure and open interface for third-party payment systems for account access, reporting and payment initiation. In light of the update of the European Commission's Payment Services Directive, which aims to improve competition and boost economic activity by facilitating and encouraging bank account holders to send their account data in a controlled and secure manner, there is a problem with customers' lack of awareness, benefits and security. Time of operations on the principles of open banking. This study is devoted to the study of the concept of Open Banking, its economic nature, prerequisites, opportunities and risks of implementation as a new way to use payment services, introduced by the directive. The research contributes to the development of open banking technology and solves the problem raised in the work - the trust of customers in it, which determines the success of its implementation and development of such a business model.
Odpowiedzialność cywilna administratora portalu internetowego za wpisy internautów
Authors: Łukasz Kierznowski  , Paweł Szorc
Published: April 2021

Współcześnie rozpowszechnione jest łączenie działalności prasowej oraz usługi hostingu w ramach jednego portalu internetowego, na którym internauci mogą zamieszczać wpisy dotyczące publikowanych materiałów prasowych, komentując je lub dyskutując w ich kontekście między sobą. Wpisy te, zwłaszcza gdy dotyczą spraw budzących społeczne emocje, mogą naruszać dobra osobiste osób trzecich. Przedmiotem artykułu są wybrane zagadnienia dotyczące odpowiedzialności cywilnej administratora portalu internetowego za wpisy internautów naruszające dobra osobiste osób trzecich, z uwzględnieniem obowiązków spoczywających na administratorze oraz podstaw wyłączenia jego odpowiedzialności. W rozważaniach uwzględniono opracowania naukowe oraz orzecznictwo sądowe dotyczące tej tematyki. Autorzy poddali krytyce bieżące orzecznictwo w tych sprawach, wskazując także na jego potencjalne skutki w sferze prawnej i praktycznej dla działalności hostingowej i prasowej.
Prawnicze innowacje?
Authors: Wojciech Tadeusz Dajczak
Published: April 2021

artykuł wstępny - bez abstraktu
An Axiology of the European Legal Space
Authors: Iwona Wrońska
Published: April 2021

Law cannot be created without value or based on false values, therefore dealing with the axiology of law is necessary, also in the context of international law. Therefore, it was considered justified to study values and to address the issue of the axiology of law in the analyses of the legal specificity of the European legal space, which was also made an essential objective of these considerations. The framework of the considerations was narrowed down to the European legal area, considering it to be the normative sphere of influence of European international organisations, i.e. the Council of Europe, the European Union and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe. With this research area in mind, the concepts that formed the core of the considerations were analysed, namely: the concept of the European Legal Area, the axiology of European law and legal culture. The aim of the analysis is to show that the common values of the law, which the European legal area upholds, determine the direction of legislation, interpretation of legal provisions and the direction of application of law, thus promoting the formation of a coherent legal order in Europe.
The Limits of the Power of Judges
Authors: Zdeněk Koudelka
Published: April 2021

The text is devoted to an attempt of judges, especially of the constitutional courts, to seize the right to disturb the constitutional laws and to create through the theory of transcendental source of law their own standards, often with a kind of transcendental support. Article stands on the position that the only transcendental legislator is God and everything else is the work of human hands, therefore changeable by people.
Kształtowanie się zasad dostępu do zasobów cyfrowych w Stanach Zjednoczonych w ramach zarządu powierniczego
Authors: Arkadiusz Wudarski
Published: April 2021

This paper describes the development of the principles of fiduciary access to digital assets in the United States. It focuses on US legislation before the drafting of the Revised Uniform Fiduciary Access to Digital Assets Act (RUFADAA) in 2015, examining the legal and social issues faced by American lawyers in their search for a balance between facilitating fiduciary access and respecting privacy. Special attention is paid to the first legislative initiatives at the state level as well as to two model regulations that represent opposite approaches to access to digital assets: the Privacy Expectation Afterlife and Choices Act (PEAC) and the Uniform Fiduciary Access to Digital Assets Act (UFADAA). The analysis considers the requirements for gaining access to the account of a deceased user, conflicts between legally protected interests and conflicting federal and state laws, and the meaning of such legal terms as digital assets, fiduciary, custodian, content of an electronic communication, et. al. The reasons for the failure of these acts to receive final approval are also analysed. Research is based on American doctrine, state and federal legal acts, documentation of the legislative process, and the work of expert groups, including, primarily, the Uniform Law Commission (ULC).
Nieważność znaku towarowego jako przyczyna zawieszenia postępowania cywilnego
Authors: Piotr Łochowski Łochowski
Published: April 2021

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie problemu ochrony znaków towarowych w polskim prawie. Ochrona ta ma miejsce w postępowaniu cywilnym. Może być jednak utrudniona, jeśli pozwany zacznie kwestionować ważność znaku towarowego. Sąd w toku postępowania cywilnego nie może decydować o ważności znaku towarowego; decyzję o unieważnieniu znaku towarowego może podjąć jedynie Urząd Patentowy. Z tego powodu sąd powinien zawiesić postępowanie cywilne, co może znaczenie wydłużyć przebiego procesu. Dlatego w prawie polskim, na wzór prawa unijnego, należy rozważyć możliwość stwierdzenia ważności znaku towarowego również przez sąd, jeżeli taka potrzeba wystąpi w trakcie postępowania cywilnego.
Pozbawienie orderu lub odznaczenia przez Prezydenta RP
Authors: Mateusz Radajewski
Published: April 2021

Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza instytucji pozbawienia orderu lub odznaczenia przez Prezydenta RP. Autor rozważa kolejno: jej funkcję i charakter prawny, przesłanki i zakres stosowania, treść postanowienia w tej sprawie, możliwość jego sądowej kontroli oraz skutki, jakie ono wywołuje. Przeprowadzone badania wskazują, że analizowana kompetencja Prezydenta RP stanowi przejaw realizacji funkcji najwyższego przedstawiciela państwa, a jej wykonywanie nie stanowi działalności z zakresu administracji publicznej. Służy ona przede wszystkim ochronie honoru orderów i odznaczeń, jak również – w pewnym zakresie – może pełnić funkcję prewencyjną i represyjną. Istotna część przeprowadzonych badań dotyczy możliwości sądowej kontroli decyzji Prezydenta pozbawiającej orderu lub odznaczenia. Autor opowiada się przeciwko twierdzeniom większości przedstawicieli doktryny, że kontrola taka jest wykluczona. Wskazuje on, że konstatacja taka sprzeczna jest z konstytucyjnymi gwarancjami dotyczącymi ochrony praw nabytych, prawa do sądu oraz prawa do ochrony czci i dobrego imienia.
Glosa aprobująca do wyroku TK z dnia 7 marca 2018 r., sygnatura akt K 2/17
Authors: Sławomir Piotr Pawłowski
Published: April 2021

Przedmiotem niniejszej glosy jest przełomowe orzeczenie Trybunału Konstytucyjnego w zakresie jednej z instytucji dawności – prekluzji. Problematyka ta w polskim prawie administracyjnym ciągle należy do spornych, a prezentowane poglądy często znacząco różnią się do siebie. Glosowane orzeczenie zasługuje na uwagę, gdyż od dawna w polskim orzecznictwie nie zostało wprost powiedziane, że reguły obowiązujące w prawie cywilnym (powszechnym) nie mogą być wprost aplikowane w prawie publicznym (szczególnym). Stawiana jest w nim teza, że uzasadnienie instytucji dawności nie może być w prawie publicznym identyczne jak w prawie prywatnym, gdyż w tym pierwszym stosunki prawne mają charakter horyzontalny, a w drugim wertykalny. Wskazana nierównorzędność uczestników stosunku prawnego oraz posiadanie zawodowego aparatu urzędniczego dbającego o interesy Państwa, w tym majątkowe, sprawia, że klasyczne uzasadnienie instytucji dawności, w szczególności funkcja stabilizacyjna i dowodowa nie są wystarczającym uzasadnieniem skorzystania z prekluzji. Jest to tym bardziej zasadne gdy publicznoprawna ingerencja w prawa własności następuje bez należytych uprawnień gwarancyjnych.
Trwałość małżeństwa w świetle standardów międzynarodowych oraz orzecznictwa Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka
Authors: Małgorzata Maria Łączkowska-Porawska
Published: April 2021

Artykuł dotyczy trwałości małżeństwa w świetle standardów międzynarodowych oraz orzecznictwa Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka. Trwałość nie została wyraźnie wymieniona w regulacjach międzynrodowych jako jedna z cech małżeństwa, wynika jednak z natury i celu tego stosunku prawnego. Analiza orzecznictwa Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka w kontekście trwałości małżeństwa pozwala na sformułowanie następujących konkluzji. Po pierwsze, żadne z postanowień Europejskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka i POdstawowych Wolności, w tym także art. 8 i art. 12, nie gwarantują prawa do rozwodu, a rozwiązanie to stanowiło celowy zabieg twórców regulacji. Po drugie, państwa posiadają kompetencje do uregulowania przesłanek rozwodu i procedury rozwodowej w sposób najbardziej odpowiadający ich uwarunkowaniom kulturowym i światopoglądowym z poszanowaniem zasady trwałości małżeństwa. Uzależnienie możliwości rozwiązania małżeństwa od wystąpienia trwałego i zupełnego rozkładu pożycia oraz od zgody małżonka niewinnego zaistniałej między małżonkami sytuacji, nie stanowi w związku z tym naruszenia konwencji. Za niezgodne z postanowieniami konwencyjnymi uznano natomiast ograniczenia możliwości zawarcia związku małżeńskiego osobie rozwiedzionej oraz nieuzasadnione przedłużenie procedury rozwodowej wynikające z okoliczności zawinionych przez organy orzekające. Zgodnie z art. 12 EKPCz istnieje bowiem prawo do ponownego małżeństwa dla osób, których poprzednie małżeństwo zostało rozwiązane przez rozwód przewidziany w prawie krajowym. W artykule zaprezentowano także współczesne propozycje przygotowane przez Europejską Komisję Prawa Rodzinnego dotyczące upowszechnienia liberalizacji prawa rozwodowego opublikowane w Modelowym Kodeksie Rodzinnym.
Spór o korporacyjną (spółdzielczą), obligacyjną, czy mieszaną naturę prawną spółdzielczych stosunków mieszkaniowych w prawie polskim na tle prawa niemieckiego
Authors: Piotr Zakrzewski
Published: April 2021

Artykuł dotyczy problematyki natury prawnej stosunków prawnych między spółdzielnią mieszkaniową a członkiem wynikającą z umów o budowę oraz o ustanowienie spółdzielczego lokatorskiego prawa do lokalu mieszkalnego. Mogą one mieć potencjalnie korporacyjną (spółdzielczą), obligacyjną lub mieszaną naturę prawną. Zasadniczo spór dotyczy tego, czy są to swoiste stosunki prawne unormowane przez przepisy prawa spółdzielczego, które różnią się od typowego stosunku obligacyjnego i nie mogą być z nim w pełni utożsamiane, czy przeciwnie są to typowe stosunki obligacyjne.  Problematyka ta pojawiał się już w polskim piśmiennictwie i orzecznictwie w latach sześćdziesiątych XX w. za sprawą dwóch glos – Z. Radwańskiego i J. Ignatowicza. Pierwszy z nich opowiedział się za tym, że stosunki między spółdzielnią mieszkaniową, a członkiem są stosunkami obligacyjnym, a drugi przeciwnie uznał, że są to szczególne (swoiste) stosunki prawne unormowane przez przepisy prawa spółdzielczego, które różnią się od typowego stosunku obligacyjnego i nie mogą być z nimi utożsamiane. Problematyka ta nie doczekała się jednak rozstrzygnięcia i taką pozostaje także współcześnie, pomimo swojego teoretycznego i praktycznego znaczenia. Problematyka ta stanowiła natomiast przedmiot ożywionego zainteresowania w piśmiennictwie niemieckim. Do poglądów tam wyrażanych ze względu na ich wagę i znaczenie niniejszy artykuł nawiązuje. Kluczowe w mojej ocenie dla dalszych rozważań w tym zakresie ma czynione w niemieckim piśmiennictwie rozróżnienie między wolnością umów, a wolnością zakładania zrzeszeń (Vereinigungsfreiheit). Kluczowe znaczenie ma więc, która z tych wolności stoi u podstaw stosunków prawnych między spółdzielnią, a członkiem. Dalsza część artykułu mieści omówienie argumentów kluczowych przy ocenie natury omawianych prawnej stosunków prawnych, np. podwójna pozycja członka, jako udziałowca spółdzielni mieszkaniowej i strony stosunków prawnych, zależność organizacyjna, powiązanie z członkostwem. Artykuł wieńczą wnioski, z których wynika, że omawiane stosunki cechują się spółdzielczą specyfiką. Konsekwencją tego jest m.in. niemożność uznania uchwał organów spółdzielni kształtujących wysokość opłat za wzorce umowne z kodeksu cywilnego.
Doręczenie korespondencji pozwanemu przez komornika sądowego. Zagadnienia wybrane. Problemy praktyczne.
Authors: Joanna Szachta
Published: April 2021

Art. 1391 k.p.c. stanowi istotne novum, bowiem wcześniej nie obowiązywało w procedurze cywilnej podobne rozwiązanie. Wskazano, jak kształtować się będzie wspomniana regulacja w aspekcie doręczenia pisma przez komornika sądowego. Zwrócono uwagę na wysokość opłaty oraz sprzeczność pomiędzy ustawowym terminem na dokonanie doręczenia przez organ egzekucyjny a ustawowym terminem na wniesienie opłaty. Podniesiono, w jaki sposób komornik dokonuje doręczenia oraz jak będzie ustalony - w przypadku bezskuteczności doręczenia – adres pozwanego. Następnie wskazano na problemy wynikające z nowej regulacji, m.in. szeroki katalog osób, które mogą zostać upoważnione przez komornika do dokonania czynności doręczenia. Sformułowano warunki, które powinny spełniać osoby upoważnione przez komornika do doręczeń. Zwrócono uwagę na aspekt niemożności ustalenia miejsca pobytu pozwanego przez komornika, a także rozważono, czy komornik może czerpać wiedzę na temat adresu pozwanego z innych prowadzonych postępowań. Zaznaczono, że nowa regulacja prowadzi do przedłużenia postępowania rozpoznawczego.             Sformułowano proponowane brzmienie przepisów dotyczących doręczeń. Zaproponowano wprowadzenie bazy adresów korespondencyjnych pełnoletnich obywateli, w celu przyspieszenia postępowania i zerwania z fikcją doręczeń.
O postępowaniu przed Ministrem Finansów dotyczącym wpisów w księgach wieczystych na rzecz Skarbu Państwa na podstawie międzynarodowych umów o uregulowaniu roszczeń finansowych
Authors: Weronika Gabriela Szafrańska
Published: April 2021

W artykule podjęto próbę rozwiązania problemów wyłaniających się w związku ze stosowaniem przez Ministra Finansów ustawy z 9 kwietnia 1968 r. o dokonywaniu w księgach wieczystych wpisów na rzecz Skarbu Państwa w oparciu o międzynarodowe umowy o uregulowaniu roszczeń finansowych. Ustawa uchwalona w celu uregulowania w księgach wieczystych sytuacji prawnej nieruchomości przejętych przez Skarb Państwa po II wojnie światowej, ze względu na swoją lakoniczność, sprawia ogromne trudności interpretacyjne ww. organowi, który na jej podstawie został zobowiązany do wydawania decyzji deklaratoryjnych stwierdzających przejście prawa własności na rzecz Skarbu Państwa. Merytoryczne rozstrzyganie w przedmiotowym postępowaniu utrudniają dodatkowo nieujednolicone w doktrynie i orzecznictwie poglądy odnoszące się do sposobu przejęcia własności nieruchomości przez Skarb Państwa w związku ze wskazanymi w tytule ustawy międzynarodowymi umowami tzw. układami indemnizacyjnymi.
THE CONDITION OF THE HARD TISSUES OF THE TEETH IN CHILDREN WITH ACUTE FORMS OF LEUKEMIA
Authors: Lehenchuk О.V. , Plyska O.N.
Published: April 2021

Relevance. Children with oncohematological pathology have a high level of dental diseases since the use of high doses of cytostatic drugs leads to damage to the hard tissues of the teeth. In recent years, the number of children with acute leukemia has increased in Ukraine from 2.5 to 4.1 cases per 100,000 child population.

Objective: to study the indicators of the intensity of caries of temporary and permanent teeth in children with acute forms of leukemia: lymphoblastic and myeloblastic.

Materials and methods. Clinically examined 98 children aged 2-18 years, with acute forms of leukemia. The examined children were divided into groups: the first group – 61 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and the second – 37 children with acute myeloblastic leukemia. Served as control 63 practically healthy children. The analysis of the structure of the constituent elements of the indicators of the intensity of decay teeth caries (df) in children 2-5 years old and caries of permanent teeth (DMF) in children 6-18 years old was performed. The constituent elements of the df indicator are "d" – decayed tooth that is subject to treatment, "f" – filled teeth. The constituent elements of the DMF indicator are "D" – decayed tooth that is subject to treatment; "F" – filled teeth; "M" – missing teeth.

 Results. When studying the intensity of caries of temporary and permanent teeth in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, it was found that in children 2-5 years old, cf is equal to 6.64 affected teeth per child. In this case, the "d" element was 75.30%, compared with the control group of children, where the "f" element was 45.28%. Element "f" was 24.6%, and in the control group, it was significantly higher and was equal to 54.92%. In children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia 6-18 years old, the DMF is 5.34 teeth. At the same time, the "D" element was 53.13%, and in the control group – 11.06%. Element "F" was 44.24%, in the control group – 85.9%. Element "M" in the main group was equal to 2.63%.

When studying the intensity of caries in temporary and permanent teeth in children with acute myeloid leukemia, it was determined that in children 2-5 years of age, df is equal to 6.25 affected teeth per child. In this case, the "d" element was 80.64%, in comparison with the control group, where the "d" element was 45.28%. Element "f" was 19.36%, and in the control group, it was significantly higher and equal to 54.92%. In children 6-18 years old, the DMF is 5.53 teeth. At the same time, the element "D" in the main group was 41.5%, and in the control group – 11.06%. Element "F" was equal to 57.8%, in the control group - 85.94%. Element "M" in the main group was equal to 0.6%.

Conclusion. Children with acute forms of leukemia have high rates of caries intensity in temporary and permanent teeth.
PATOGENETIC ASPECT OF STUDYING INFLAMMATORY COMPLICATIONS AFTER A TOOTH EXTRACTION OPERATION. Review
Authors: Malanchuk V.O. , Topchiі D.V. , Javadiasl A.
Published: April 2021

Relevance. Inflammation of the socket of the removed tooth is one of the most frequent complications (from 3 to 40%) of the tooth extraction operation. The lack of consensus on the causes of alveolitis and the lack of an established key role of one of the many diverse factors in the pathogenesis of its development make it difficult to carry out effective preventive measures to prevent its development.

Objective: To use the literature data to summarize and systematize a variety of views on the etiology, pathogenesis, methods of prevention, and treatment of alveolitis.

Materials and methods. The available literary scientific sources are analyzed where modern views on the problems of treating alveolitis are examined. Modern approaches to understanding the etiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of alveolitis are generalized and systematized.

Results.  Most authors, analyzing the main causes and accompanying factors of alveolitis, suggest for its prevention: reduce the traumatic nature of the operation, observe aseptic and correct appointments in the postoperative period, and optimize the healing processes of the well using locally diverse medications.

Conclusion. The prevention of inflammatory complications after the tooth extraction operation is mainly based on the desire to ensure the formation in the tooth socket of a stable blood clot, which should ensure normal regeneration of damaged tissues.
Prevention and screening of Osteonecrosis of Jaw (ONJ): the Alessandria experience of a multidisciplinary team on a 900-patient population
Authors: Fasciolo Antonella , Fusco Vittorio , De Martino Iolanda , Alessio Manuela , Brigo Paola , Tartara Daniela , Campora Riccardo Alberto , Rossi Maura
Published: April 2021

PATIENTS AT RISK OF OSTEONECROSIS OF THE JAW (ONJ) INCLUDE MOSTLY CANCER AND MYELOMA PATIENTS RECEIVING ANTIRESORPTIVE TREATMENTS (BISPHOSPHONATES AND DENOSUMAB) WITH/WITHOUT BIOLOGICAL AGENTS,  BUT ALSO PATIENTS WITH OSTEOPOROSIS AND RHEUMATOLOGIC DISORDERS. ONJ CASES WERE FIRSTLY DIAGNOSED IN OUR HOSPITAL ON 2005. SINCE 2006, A ONJ MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM WAS ESTABLISHED (INCLUDING MAXILLOFACIAL SURGEONS / DENTISTS, ONCOLOGISTS, HEMATOLOGISTS, NURSES, RADIOLOGISTS, NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND OTHER MEDICINE  SPECIALISTS, DATA MANAGERS). PREVENTIVE (RISK REDUCTION) MEASURES BEFORE ANTIRESORPTIVE TREATMENT (DENTAL VISIT, DENTAL PANORAMIC RX, EVENTUAL TEETH EXTRACTIONS, DENTAL AND DENTURE CARE) HAVE BEEN PLANNED, ACCORDING TO EARLY RECOMMENDATIONS AND THEIR MODIFICATIONS. FURTHERMORE IN THE OSTEONECROSIS PREVENTION AND SCREENING OFFICE OTHER PATIENTS RECEIVED CARE IF : A)  ONJ WAS SUSPECTED AFTER TREATMENT FOR CANCER AND MYELOMA IN  NEIGHBORING HOSPITALS, OR B) ONJ WAS SUSPECTED AMONG OSTEOPOROSIS PATIENTS IN THE TERRITORY BY PRIVATE PRACTICE DENTISTS. MORE THAN 900 PATIENTS WERE VISITED AND REGISTERED IN 2006-2020 YEARS. CASES OF SUSPECTED ONJ WERE 127 (45 MALE, 82 FEMALE). TWENTY-FOUR CASES WERE EXCLUDED BY ANALYSIS DUE TO UNCONFIRMED DIAGNOSIS OR INSUFFICIENT DATA.  CHARACTERISTICS OF 103 CASES OF ONJ CONFIRMED ACCORDING TO ITALIAN (SIPMO-SICMF) DEFINITION AND RECOMMENDATIONS WERE REVIEWED. DISEASE: 40 BREAST CANCER; 16 PROSTATE CANCER; 11 MYELOMA; 7 RENAL CELL CANCER; 4 LUNG CANCER; 7 OTHER CANCERS; 18 OSTEOPOROSIS AND OTHER NON MALIGNANT DISORDERS. DISTRIBUTION OF DRUGS ASSOCIATED TO ONJ (ZOLEDRONIC ACID, DENOSUMAB, PAMIDRONATE, ALENDRONATE, RISEDRONATE, IBANDRONATE, CLODRONATE, BEVACIZUMAB, SUNITINIB) CHANGED ALONG YEARS.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Bone Scintigraphy in the Early Prediction of MRONJ
Authors: Rocchetti Federica , Giulietti Marco , Pergolini Daniele , Palaia Gaspare , Gaglioti Domenico , Romeo Umberto , Del Vecchio Alessandro
Published: April 2021

Since Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ) is challenging to treat, prevention and early detection are fundamental to limit progression. While some imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) scans are helpful to estimate the extent of osteonecrosis in clinically evident MRONJ, methods for early detection and identification of patients at risk for MRONJ need further investigations. The aim of our retrospective study was to evaluate the role of bone scintigraphy (BS) in the early prediction of MRONJ. BS of patients treated with antiangiogenic or antiresorptive therapy for bone metastases were evaluated for pathological tracer uptake of the jaws. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values of BS for the prediction of MRONJ were investigated. Moreover, the latency from the first presence of pathological tracer uptake in BS to clinically evident MRONJ was determined. The significance of pathologic BS for MRONJ detection was calculated by Fisher’s exact test and the odds ratio was determined.

A total of 19 patients with representative BS were recruited from our Department database. Whole body BS in anterior and posterior positions were reviewed by a specialist in nuclear medicine, blinded to MRONJ diagnosis, for pathological tracer uptake of the jaws. Results were compared to development of clinically evident MRONJ. Sensitivity and specificity of BS for MRONJ prediction were respectively 90% and 82%. Positive and negative predictive values were 64% and 96%, respectively. Median time from the first presence of pathological tracer uptake in BS to clinically evident MRONJ was 20.3 months (range 7–41). Pathologic findings on BS were significantly (p < 0.001) more often observed in patients who developed MRONJ compared to patients who did not. The risk to develop MRONJ was 41.4-fold increased when BS was pathologic. According to our results, BS is an accurate method for the prediction of MRONJ.
A primary prevention strategy: oral hygiene and correct lifestyles among patients at risk of developing drug-related osteonecrosis of the Jaw
Authors: Mosaico Giovanna , Casu Cinzia
Published: April 2021

Skeletal complications caused by osteoporosis or bone metastases are associated with considerable pain, increased mortality and reduced quality of life. Agents that prevent bone resorption, such as bisphosphonates or denosumab, can reduce the risk of fractures and are widely used in patients with osteoporosis or bone cancer metastases. Drug-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a rare but potentially serious adverse event associated with cumulative high doses of bisphosphonates or denosumab. MRONJ is a known potential side effect of long-term bisphosphonate therapy. Other risk factors for osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) ​​include the use of glucocorticoids, maxillary or mandibular bone surgery, poor oral hygiene, chronic inflammation, diabetes mellitus, dental prostheses, and other medications, including antiangiogenic agents. Prevention strategies for elimination and stabilization of oral disease include completion of necessary oral surgery prior to initiation of antiresorptive drug therapy, use of antibiotics before and / or after the procedure, and rinsing of the mouth with chlorhexidine antimicrobial, adequate wound healing after tooth extraction and maintenance of good oral hygiene. The primary goal of treatment should be to improve the patient's quality of life by managing pain and infections, preventing the development of new lesions and slowing the progression of the disease. As a multi-professional team, dentists and dental hygienists play a key role in the primary prevention of MRONJ. However, the need for a standardized multidisciplinary approach, with a sustained dialogue between the  specialists involved, should always be adopted in order to improve the effectiveness of preventive strategies and improve the patient's quality of life.

 This treatise describes the preventive treatment and management of patients with this condition.
Safety and efficacy of sectorial resection with piezoelectric device in ONJ
Authors: Bacci Christian , Boccuto Mariagrazia , Cerrato Alessia , Grigoletto Anna , Zanette Gastone , Angelini Annalisa , Sbricoli Luca
Published: April 2021

Aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sectorial bone resection with piezoelectric device in patients with STAGE 1 and 2 (SIPMO/SICMF) ONJ.  
Materials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted in cancer and osteometabolic patients with ONJ of Stage 1 or Stage 2 according to SIPMO/SICMF 2.0 who underwent to sectorial bone resection with piezoelectric device and contextual first intention closure.
All procedures were performed in local anesthesia and conscious sedation, in out-patients clinical setting.
Treatment was considered efficient in case of complete epithelization of the site, complete resolution of symptoms and absence of exposure of bone. Piezoelectric device was used without other rotating handpieces.
All patients were followed up at 2 weeks, 8 weeks and 6 months after the surgery.
Results: 10 patients, from 45 to 83 (average 68.4) years old, 7 females and 3 males, were identified.
Bisphosphonates were administrated in 7 cases (zoledronate) for oncological reasons, 2 patients for osteometabolic reasons (1 alendronate, 1 hybandronate) while in 1 case for algodystrophy (an off-label use of clodronate).
8 mandibular sectorial osteotomies and 2 maxillary were performed, with a single recurrence.
3 patients were heavy smokers: this surprising did not compromise the outcome.
Conclusions: According to our case studies the use of piezoelectric device in sectorial bone resection in ONJ seem to be effective and easy to use.
Histological findings of osteonecrosis spotted prior to tooth extractions. Should we consider tooth extraction still the main trigger event?
Authors: Mauceri Rodolfo , Panzarella Vera , Iurato Carbone Martina , Oteri Giacomo , Marcianó Antonia , Di Fede Olga , Campisi Giuseppina
Published: April 2021

Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is an adverse drug reaction described as the progressive destruction and death of bone that affects the mandible and maxilla of patients exposed to the treatment with medications known to increase the risk of disease, in the absence of a previous radiation treatment.

Tooth extraction often precedes the manifestation of ONJ; indeed, it is sometimes called trigger event and it have also been considered as risk factors for the onset of ONJ.

As a consequence, some of the guidelines recommend avoiding tooth extractions in patients at risk of ONJ; however, a growing body of evidence indicates that dental/periodontal infection prior to extraction, rather than dental extraction may represent the main local risk factor for ONJ.

Ten patients at risk of ONJ have undergone tooth extractions. They were identified and included in our retrospective monocentric clinical investigation. 

Patients underwent tooth extractions with standardized procedures (PROMaF protocol), and bone biopsies were taken.

Extractions were performed due to symptomatic, non-restorable teeth in patient at risk of ONJ; histological findings of ONJ were observed in all samples.

This outcome may highlight that the proof of non‐exposed ONJ might be the histopathologic confirmation of necrotic bone, as stated by European task force on MRONJ. Additionally, alveolar biopsy should possibly be taken in every case of suspected ONJ, which needs an proper and prompt management for successful healing.