bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial‐Resistance Genetic Markers in Potentially Pathogenic Gram Positive Cocci Isolated from Brazilian Soft Cheese
Authors: Resende Juliana Alves , Fontes Cláudia Oliveira , Ferreira‐Machado Alessandra Barbosa , Nascimento Thiago César , Silva Vânia Lúcia , Diniz Cláudio Galuppo
Published: January 2018

Although most Brazilian dairy products meet high technological standards, there are quality issues regarding milk production, which may reduce the final product quality. Several microbial species may contaminate milk during manufacture and handling. If antimicrobial usage remains uncontrolled in dairy cattle, the horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes in foodstuffs may be of particular concern for both food producers and dairy industry. This study focused on the evaluation of putative Gram positive cocci in Minas cheese and of antimicrobial and biocide resistance genes among the isolated bacteria. Representative samples of 7 different industrially trademarked Minas cheeses (n= 35) were processed for selective culture and isolation of Gram positive cocci. All isolated bacteria were identified by DNA sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Antimicrobial resistance genes were screened by PCR. Overall, 208 strains were isolated and identified as follows:Enterococcus faecalis(47.6%),Macrococcus caseolyticus(18.3%),Enterococcus faecium(11.5%),Enterococcus caseliflavus(7.7%),Staphylococcus haemolyticus(7.2%),Staphylococcus aureus(4.3%),Staphylococcus epidermidis(2.9%), andEnterococcus hirae(0.5%). The genetic markersmecA (78.0%) andsmr(71.4%) were the most prevalent, but others were also detected, such asblaZ (65.2%),msrA (60.9%),msrB (46.6%),linA (54.7%), andaacA‐aphD (47.6%). The occurrence of opportunist pathogenic bacteria harboring antimicrobial resistance markers in the cheese samples are of special concern, since these bacteria are not considered harmful contaminating agents according to the Brazilian sanitary regulations. However, they are potentially pathogenic bacteria and the cheese may be considered a reservoir for antimicrobial resistance genes available for horizontal transfer through the food chain, manufacturing personnel and consumers.
Phytochemicals, Anti‐Inflammatory, Antiproliferative, and Methylglyoxal Trapping Properties of Zijuan Tea
Authors: Gao Xiong , Ho Chi‐Tang , Li Xiaofei , Lin Xiaorong , Zhang Yuanyuan , Chen Zhongzheng , Li Bin
Published: January 2018

Zijuan tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) is a unique anthocyanin‐rich tea cultivar in China. Although chemical component analysis of Zijuan tea and extraction technology of anthocyanins was widely documented, its functional properties have not been extensively explored. In this study, the anti‐inflammatory, antiproliferative, and methylglyoxal (MGO) trapping activities of water extract (ZWE) and ethyl acetate extract (ZEE) of Zijuan tea were investigated for the 1st time. Results showed that ZWE and ZEE exhibited inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, and interleukin (IL)‐6 production as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase protein (iNOS) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Moreover, Zijuan tea extracts exerted stronger antiproliferative activity against HCT‐116 cells compared with HepG2 and MDA‐MB‐231 cells, and thus could induce apoptosis in HCT‐116 cells in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, Zijuan tea extracts were effective in trapping MGO under simulated physiological conditions, and the T1/2 (the time for 50% MGO remaining) values of ZWE and ZEE were 3.69 and 6.20 min, respectively. Additionally, the contents of total phenolics and catechins in ZEE were 685.43 ± 16.00 and 454.96 ± 4.21 mg/g extract, respectively, and in ZWE were 422.59 ± 12.09 and 307.29 ± 0.85 mg/g extract, respectively. Therefore, ZEE exhibited better anti‐inflammatory, antiproliferative, and MGO trapping properties than ZWE may be mainly attributed to its higher (P < 0.05) content of total phenolics, expecially catechins. These results suggest that Zijuan tea could be a potential natural resource for the development of functional tea beverage.

Practical Application

This study revealed that Zijuan tea extracts possessed anti‐inflammatory, antiproliferative, and methylglyoxal trapping potentials in vitro. With high anthocyanins and polyphenols, Zijuan tea can be developed into a healthy tea beverage or used as a natural component to reduce the level of methylglyoxal in Maillard reaction.
Influence of culture change on the perception of fear and anxiety pathways in Endodontics: A pilot proof of concept study
Authors: Carter Ava Elizabeth , AlShwaimi Emad , Boschen Mark , Carter Geoffery , George Roy
Published: January 2018

This study assessed the influence of cultural changes (known as acculturation) on pathways of fear and anxiety in Endodontics. A purposive sampling technique identified patients of Saudi Arabian descent living in Australia and Saudi Arabia. Only patients with root canal fillings (or treatment planned for endodontic treatment) were included. Patients with intellectual disabilities, surgical root therapy, and aged under 20 were excluded. Consenting patients attending the dental clinics of University of Griffith University, Australia and University of Dammam, Saudi Arabia completed the “My Endodontic Fear Questionnaire.” Three hundred and twenty‐four patients (21–75 years) were included, 90% of participants reported more than one pathway. Australian Saudi Arabians mainly utilised vicarious pathway (94.9%), whilst Saudi Arabians utilised the verbal threat (93.5%) and parental pathway (78.3%). This study highlights the possible role of acculturation on the perception of fear and anxiety in Endodontics; however, further research with other ethnic groups is essential to enhance our understanding.
Complications of curative radiation treatment for early prostate cancer
Authors: James Melissa , McLean Gabrielle , Williams Stephen , Robinson Bridget , Yi Ma
Published: January 2018

Aim

To report the incidence of urological complications following curative radiation treatment for early prostate cancer, including minimally invasive urological procedures (MUIP), hospital admissions and open surgical procedures. Second malignancies following radiation are also reported and compared with patients undergoing a prostatectomy.

Methods

Included were patients receiving curative intent external beam radiation treatment for early prostate cancer between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2009. Medical records were reviewed for baseline characteristics, treatment details and outcomes. Kaplan–Meier methods were used to derive the 5‐year cumulative incidence of the urological outcomes and second malignancy.

Results

There were 439 patients identified. The median follow‐up was 6.96 years. The median age was 69. A total of 56 patients developed a radiation related urological complication, 25 requiring hospital admission. The 5‐year cumulative incidence for an MIUP and admission was 3.95% (95% confidence interval (CI), 2.47–6.28) and 2.24% (95% CI, 1.17–4.27), respectively. There were no open surgical procedures. Further malignancy developed in 27 patients during the 5‐ to 9‐year posttreatment period with a cumulative incidence of 10.7% (95% CI, 7.31–15.51). Of the comparator prostatectomy group, of the 265 eligible patients analyzed, 19 patients developed a second malignancy with a cumulative incidence of 9.92% (95% CI, 6.28–15.48). On log‐rank testing, there was no difference in the cumulative incidence rates of second malignancy between 5 and 9 years, following respective treatments (P  =  0.8554).

Conclusions

The incidence of MUIP, hospital admissions and open surgical procedures following radiation is reassuringly low. The second malignancy rates are also low and similar to the rates in patients treated with a prostatectomy.
Sputum cytology during late‐phase responses to inhalation challenge with different allergens
Authors: Revez J. A. , Killian K. J. , O'Byrne P. M. , Boulet L.‐P. , Upham J. W. , Gauvreau G. M. , Ferreira M. A. R.
Published: January 2018

Background

In mouse models of allergic asthma, exposure to different allergens can trigger distinct inflammatory subtypes in the airways. We investigated whether this observation extends to humans.

Methods

We compared the frequency of sputum inflammatory subtypes between mild allergic asthma subjects (n = 129) exposed to different allergens in inhalation challenge tests. These tests were performed using a standardized protocol as part of clinical trials of experimental treatments for asthma, prior to drug randomization. Five allergen types were represented: the house dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae, ragweed, grass, and cat.

Results

Of 118 individuals with a sputum sample collected before allergen challenge (baseline), 45 (38%) had paucigranulocytic, 51 (43%) eosinophilic, 11 (9%) neutrophilic, and 11 (9%) mixed granulocytic sputum. Of note, most individuals with baseline paucigranulocytic sputum developed eosinophilic (48%) or mixed granulocytic (43%) sputum 7 hours after allergen challenge, highlighting the dynamic nature of sputum inflammatory subtype in asthma. Overall, there was no difference in the frequency of sputum inflammatory subtypes following challenge with different allergen types. Similar results were observed at 24 hours after allergen challenge.

Conclusions

Unlike reported in mice, in humans the sputum inflammatory subtype observed after an allergen‐induced asthma exacerbation is unlikely to be influenced by the type of allergen used.
Preventing post‐traumatic stress disorder following childbirth and traumatic birth experiences: a systematic review
Authors: de Graaff Lisanne F. , Honig Adriaan , van Pampus Mariëlle G. , Stramrood Claire A.I.
Published: January 2018

Introduction

Between 9 and 44% of women experience giving birth as traumatic, and 3% of women develop a post‐traumatic stress disorder following childbirth. Knowledge on risk factors is abundant, but studies on treatment are limited. This study aimed to present an overview of means to prevent traumatic birth experiences and childbirth‐related post‐traumatic stress disorder.

Material and methods

Major databases [Cochrane; Embase; PsycINFO; PubMed (Medline)] were searched using combinations of the key words and their synonyms.

Results

After screening titles and abstracts and reading 135 full‐text articles, 13 studies were included. All evaluated secondary prevention, and none primary prevention. Interventions included debriefing, structured psychological interventions, expressive writing interventions, encouraging skin‐to‐skin contact with healthy newborns immediately postpartum and holding or seeing the newborn after stillbirth. The large heterogeneity of study characteristics precluded pooling of data. The writing interventions to express feelings appeared to be effective in prevention. A psychological intervention including elements of exposure and psycho‐education seemed to lead to fewer post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms in women who delivered via emergency cesarean section.

Conclusions

No research has been done on primary prevention of traumatic childbirth. Research on secondary prevention of traumatic childbirth and post‐traumatic stress disorder following delivery provides insufficient evidence that the described interventions are effective in unselected groups of women. In certain subgroups, results are inhomogeneous.
The influence of delayed cord clamping and cord milking on inflammatory cytokines in umbilical vein and neonatal circulation
Authors: Daskalakis George , Papapanagiotou Angeliki , Siristatidis Charalambos , Drakakis Petros , Mole Ioanna , Barbouni Anastasia , Papavassiliou Athanasios G. , Pergialiotis Vasilios
Published: January 2018

Introduction

The purpose of the present study was to compare the levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), and interleukins (IL) 1, 6, 8 and 10 in the umbilical cord and neonatal circulation among neonates with early and late cord clamping.

Material and methods

A consecutive series of 76 cases of uncomplicated pregnancy and an uneventful parturition was evaluated. In 40 cases, delayed cord clamping was used and in the remaining 36, early cord clamping was practiced. Blood samples were collected from the umbilical vein immediately after cord clamping and at 24 h from the median cubital or basilic vein of the neonate.

Results

Significant differences were noted in the hematocrit and hemoglobin levels at 24 h that favored delayed clamping. None of the evaluated markers of inflammation differ between the two groups. Spearman's rho revealed a significant correlation between umbilical cord TNF‐α and TNF‐α neonatal values at 24 h (r = 0.551, p = 0.022) in the early clamped group. Significant correlations were also noted between umbilical cord TNF‐α and TNF‐α neonatal values at 24 h (r = 0.728, p = 0.001), umbilical cord IL‐10 and neonatal IL‐10 at 24 h (r = 0.487, p = 0.047) and umbilical cord IL‐1b and neonatal IL‐1b at 24 h (r = 0.516, p = 0.034).

Conclusions

Delayed cord clamping or cord milking does not alter the levels of inflammatory cytokines in cord blood and neonatal serum. Future studies should evaluate the impact of delayed cord clamping in selected high‐risk pregnancies.
Correlation between morphological characteristics in spectral‐domain‐optical coherence tomography, different functional tests and a patient's subjective handicap in acute central serous chorioretinopathy
Authors: Gerendas Bianca S. , Kroisamer Julia‐Sophie , Buehl Wolf , Rezar‐Dreindl Sandra M. , Eibenberger Katharina M. , Pablik Eleonore , Schmidt‐Erfurth Ursula , Sacu Stefan
Published: January 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to identify quantitatively measurable morphologic optical coherence tomography (OCT) characteristics in patients with an acute episode of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and evaluate their correlation to functional and psychological variables for their use in daily clinical practice.

Methods

Retinal thickness (RT), the height, area and volume of subretinal fluid (SRF)/pigment epithelium detachments were evaluated using the standardized procedures of the Vienna Reading Center. These morphologic characteristics were compared with functional variables [best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA), contrast sensitivity (CS), retinal sensitivity/microperimetry, fixation stability], and patients’ subjective handicap from CSC using the National Eye Institute 25‐item Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI VFQ‐25).

Results

Data from 39 CSC patients were included in this analysis. Three different SRF height measures showed a high negative correlation (r = −0.7) to retinal sensitivity within the central 9°, which was also negatively correlated with SRF area and volume (r = −0.6). The CS score and fixation stability (fixation points within 2°) showed a moderate negative correlation (r = −0.4) with SRF height variables. Comparison of the subjective handicap with morphological characteristics in spectral‐domain (SD)‐OCT showed SRF height had the highest correlation (r = −0.4) with the subjective problems reported and overall NEI VFQ‐25 score.

Conclusion

In conclusion, SRF height measured in SD‐OCT showed the best correlation with functional variables and patients’ subjective handicap caused by the disease and therefore seems to be the best variable to look at in daily clinical routine. Even though area and volume also show a correlation, these cannot be so easily measured as height and are therefore not suggested for daily clinical routine.
Systematic review of predictive risk models for adverse drug events in hospitalized patients
Authors: Falconer Nazanin , Barras Michael , Cottrell Neil
Published: January 2018

Aim

An emerging approach to reducing hospital adverse drug events is the use of predictive risk scores. The aim of this systematic review was to critically appraise models developed for predicting adverse drug event risk in inpatients.

Methods

Embase, PubMed, CINAHL and Scopus databases were used to identify studies of predictive risk models for hospitalized adult inpatients. Studies had to have used multivariable logistic regression for model development, resulting in a score or rule with two or more variables, to predict the likelihood of inpatient adverse drug events. The Checklist for the critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS) was used to critically appraise eligible studies.

Results

Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Ten described the development of a new model, whilst one study revalidated and updated an existing score. Studies used different definitions for outcome but were synonymous with or closely related to adverse drug events. Four studies undertook external validation, five internally validated and two studies did not validate their model. No studies evaluated impact of risk scores on patient outcomes.

Conclusion

Adverse drug event risk prediction is a complex endeavour but could help to improve patient safety and hospital resource management. Studies in this review had some limitations in their methods for model development, reporting and validation. Two studies, the BADRI and Trivalle's risk scores, used better model development and validation methods and reported reasonable performance, and so could be considered for further research.
Can compliance restart integrity? Toward a harmonized approach. The example of the audit committee
Authors: Calderón Reyes , Piñero Ricardo , Redín Dulce M.
Published: January 2018

The compliance‐based approach and the integrity approach have been the mainstream responses to corporate scandals. This paper proposes that, despite each approach comprising necessary elements, neither offers a comprehensive solution. Compliance and integrity, far from being mutually exclusive, reinforce each other. Working together, in a correct relationship, they build a harmonized system that yields positive synergies and which also advocates prudence (phrónesis). It enables the generation of a culture of compliance that tends to minimize the technical and ethical errors in decision making. In order to explore an applied harmonized approach, we analyze the audit committee, a specific and broadly accepted regulatory instrument. Formed by non‐executive members, regulation requires these members to be dedicated, qualified, and independent as a guarantee of efficiency. We show how the compound of those elements produces positive effects in a context of solid governance. We conclude that it is the strong relationship between efficiency and prudence, in the creation of a culture of compliance, which enables the minimization of errors.
My mind, your mind, and God's mind: How children and adults conceive of different agents’ moral beliefs
Authors: Heiphetz Larisa , Lane Jonathan D. , Waytz Adam , Young Liane L.
Published: January 2018

Extending prior research on belief attributions, we investigated the extent to which 5‐ to 8‐year‐olds and adults distinguish their beliefs and other humans’ beliefs from God's beliefs. In Study 1, children reported that all agents held the same beliefs, whereas adults drew greater distinctions among agents. For example, adults reported that God was less likely than humans to view behaviors as morally acceptable. Study 2 additionally investigated attributions of beliefs about controversial behaviours (e.g., telling prosocial lies) and belief stability. These data replicated the main results from Study 1 and additionally revealed that adults (but not children) reported that God was less likely than any other agent to think that controversial behaviours were morally acceptable. Furthermore, across ages, participants reported that another person's beliefs were more likely to change than either God's beliefs or their own beliefs. We discuss implications for theories regarding belief attributions and for religious and moral cognition.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject

Preschoolers can attribute different beliefs to different humans

Children and adults attribute greater cognitive capacities to God than to humans

What the present study adds

Children attribute the same moral beliefs to God and humans

Adults distinguish among different agents’ minds when attributing moral beliefs

Developmental differences are less pronounced in judgements of belief stability
Gabapentin prevents synaptogenesis between sensory and spinal cord neurons induced by thrombospondin‐4 acting on pre‐synaptic Cavα2δ1 subunits and involving T‐type Ca2+ channels
Authors: Yu Yanhui Peter , Gong Nian , Kweon Tae Dong , Vo Benjamin , Luo Z David
Published: January 2018

Background and Purpose

Nerve injury induces concurrent up‐regulation of the voltage‐gated calcium channel subunit Cavα2δ1 and the extracellular matrix protein thrombospondin‐4 (TSP4) in dorsal root ganglia and dorsal spinal cord, leading to the development of a neuropathic pain state. Interactions of these proteins promote aberrant excitatory synaptogenesis that contributes to neuropathic pain state development through unknown mechanisms. We investigated the contributions of Cavα2δ1 subunits and TSP4 to synaptogenesis, and the pathways involved in vitro, and whether treatment with gabapentin could block this process and pain development in vivo.

Experimental Approach

A co‐culture system of sensory and spinal cord neurons was used to study the contribution from each protein to synaptogenesis and the pathway(s) involved. Anti‐synaptogenic actions of gabapentin were studied in TSP4‐injected mice.

Key Results

Only presynaptic, but not postsynaptic, Cavα2δ1 subunits interacted with TSP4 to initiate excitatory synaptogenesis through a pathway modulated by T‐type calcium channels. Cavα2δ1/TSP4 interactions were not required for maintenance of already formed synapses. In vivo, early, but not delayed, treatment with low‐dose gabapentin blocked this pathway and the development of the pain state.

Conclusions and Implications

Cavα2δ1/TSP4 interactions were critical for the initiation, but not for the maintenance, of abnormal synapse formation between sensory and spinal cord neurons. This process was blocked by early, but was not reversed by delayed, treatment with gabapentin. Early intervention with gabapentin may prevent the development of injury‐induced chronic pain, resulting from Cavα2δ1/TSP4‐initiated abnormal synapse formation.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Recent Advances in Targeting Ion Channels to Treat Chronic Pain. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.12/issuetoc
Drug resistance in anaplastic lymphoma kinase‐rearranged lung cancer
Authors: Katayama Ryohei
Published: January 2018

The anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase, and many kinds of ALK fusion genes have been found in a variety of carcinomas. There is almost no detectable expression of ALK in adults. However, through ALK gene rearrangement, the resultant ALK fusion protein is aberrantly overexpressed and dimerized through the oligomerization domains, such as the coiled‐coil domain, in the fusion partner that induces abnormal constitutive activation of ALK tyrosine kinase. This results in dysregulated cell proliferation. ALK gene rearrangement has been observed in 3%‐5% of non‐small‐cell lung cancers, and multiple ALK inhibitors have been developed for the treatment of ALK‐positive lung cancer. Among those inhibitors, in Japan, 3 (4 in the USA) ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been approved and are currently used in clinics. All of the currently approved ALK‐TKIs have been shown to induce marked tumor regression in ALK‐rearranged non‐small‐cell lung cancer; however, tumors inevitably relapse because of acquired resistance within a few years. This review focuses on ALK‐TKIs, their resistance mechanisms, and the potential therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance.
A Metatheory for Cognitive Development (or “Piaget is Dead” Revisited)
Authors: Bjorklund David F.
Published: January 2018

In 1997, I argued that with the loss of Piaget's theory as an overarching guide, cognitive development had become disjointed and a new metatheory was needed to unify the field. I suggested developmental biology, particularly evolutionary theory, as a candidate. Here, I examine the increasing emphasis of biology in cognitive development research over the past 2 decades. I describe briefly the emergence of evolutionary developmental psychology and examine areas in which proximal and distal biological causation have been particularly influential. I argue that developmental biology will continue to increasingly influence research and theory in cognitive development and that evolutionary theory is well on its way to becoming a metatheory, not just for cognitive development, but for developmental psychology generally.
Uncontrolled asthmatics have increased FceRI+ and TGF‐β–positive MCTC mast cells and collagen VI in the alveolar parenchyma
Authors: Andersson C. K. , Weitoft M. , Rydell‐Törmänen K. , Bjermer L. , Westergren‐Thorsson G. , Erjefält J. S.
Published: January 2018

Background

Asthma has been associated with increased collagen deposition in both conducting airways and alveolar parenchyma. Mast cells (MCs) are key effector cells in asthma and have the ability to affect collagen synthesis. However, the link between clinical control and changes in bronchial and alveolar MC phenotypes and specific collagens in controlled and uncontrolled asthma remains unknown.

Objective

To investigate MC phenotypes in correlation with deposition of specific collagen subtypes in patients with controlled and uncontrolled asthma as well as to healthy controls.

Methods

The tissue expression of IgE+, FcεRI+ and TGF‐β+ MCs, as well as immunoreactivity of collagen I, III and VI, was assessed using immunohistochemistry on bronchial and transbronchial biopsies from controlled asthmatics (n = 9), uncontrolled asthmatics (n = 16) and healthy controls (n = 8).

Results

In the alveolar parenchyma, the total number of MCs, as well as the number of FcεRI+ MCs and pro‐fibrotic TGF‐β+ MCTC, was significantly increased in uncontrolled asthma compared to both controlled asthma and healthy controls. The proportion of TGF‐β+ MCTC correlated positively to an increased immunoreactivity of alveolar collagen VI but not collagen I and III. Collagen VI was increased in the alveolar parenchyma of uncontrolled asthmatics compared to controlled asthmatics. Controlled asthmatics had an increased deposition of alveolar collagen I. In bronchi, the immunoreactivity of collagen I was increased in both controlled and uncontrolled asthmatics while collagen III was increased only in controlled asthmatics.

Conclusions

Patients with uncontrolled atopic asthma have an altered pro‐fibrotic MCTC phenotype in the alveolar parenchyma that is associated with alveolar collagen VI. The present data thus support distal lung mast cell and matrix changes as histopathological features of asthma that may be of particular clinical relevance in patients who have remaining symptoms despite conventional inhaler therapy.
Interleukin‐17A and vascular remodelling in severe asthma; lack of evidence for a direct role
Authors: Panariti A. , Baglole C. J. , Sanchez V. , Eidelman D. H. , Hussain S. , Olivenstein R. , Martin J. G. , Hamid Q.
Published: January 2018

Background

Bronchial vascular remodelling may contribute to the severity of airway narrowing through mucosal congestion. Interleukin (IL)‐17A is associated with the most severe asthmatic phenotype but whether it might contribute to vascular remodelling is uncertain.

Objective

To assess vascular remodelling in severe asthma and whether IL‐17A directly or indirectly may cause endothelial cell activation and angiogenesis.

Methods

Bronchial vascularization was quantified in asthmatic subjects, COPD and healthy subjects together with the number of IL‐17A+ cells as well as the concentration of angiogenic factors in the sputum. The effect of IL‐17A on in vitro angiogenesis, cell migration and endothelial permeability was assessed directly on primary human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC‐L) or indirectly with conditioned medium derived from normal bronchial epithelial cells (NHBEC), fibroblasts (NHBF) and airway smooth muscle cells (ASMC) after IL‐17A stimulation.

Results

Severe asthmatics have increased vascularity compared to the other groups, which correlates positively with the concentrations of angiogenic factors in sputum. Interestingly, we demonstrated that increased bronchial vascularity correlates positively with the number of subepithelial IL‐17A+ cells. However IL‐17A had no direct effect on HMVEC‐L function but it enhanced endothelial tube formation and cell migration through the production of angiogenic factors by NHBE and ASMC.

Conclusions & Clinical Relevance

Our results shed light on the role of IL‐17A in vascular remodelling, most likely through stimulating the synthesis of other angiogenic factors. Knowledge of these pathways may aid in the identification of new therapeutic targets.
Provision of information on dental implant treatment: Patients’ thoughts and experiences
Authors: Kashbour Wafa Ahmed , Rousseau Nikki S. , Thomason John Mark , Ellis Janice Sarah
Published: January 2018

Objectives

To explore patients’ thoughts and perceptions of information provision regarding dental implant treatment.

Methods

This generic qualitative study involved 38 semi‐structured face‐to‐face and telephone interviews with 34 participants, who were at different stages of dental implant treatment. The interviews were transcribed verbatim. The data collection and coding process followed the principles of qualitative thematic analysis.

Results

Clinical sources of information were generally trusted by patients; however, patients clearly lacked information relative to their own specific situation, concerns and preferences, and this may lead to patients’ reliance on other general sources of information. Crucial information on the long‐term prosthesis needs was requested by patients at all treatment stages. Issues concerning the longevity and functional capability of the implant restoration and the long‐term maintenance including optimisation of hygiene practice were questioned by patients and required greater explanation.

Conclusion

With growing patient interest in implants for replacement of missing teeth, complete and accurate knowledge and understanding of implants should be established with patients. This should be undertaken with more reliance on reliable clinically based sources of implant information.
The timing of liver resection in patients with colorectal cancer and synchronous liver metastases: a population‐based study of current practice and survival
Authors: Vallance A. E. , van der Meulen J. , Kuryba A. , Charman S. C. , Botterill I. D. , Prasad K. R. , Hill J. , Jayne D. G. , Walker K.
Published: January 2018

Aim

There is uncertainty regarding the optimal sequence of surgery for patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and synchronous liver metastases. This study was designed to describe temporal trends and inter‐hospital variation in surgical strategy, and to compare long‐term survival in a propensity score‐matched analysis.

Method

The National Bowel Cancer Audit dataset was used to identify patients diagnosed with primary CRC between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2015 who underwent CRC resection in the English National Health Service. Hospital Episode Statistics data were used to identify those with synchronous liver‐limited metastases who underwent liver resection. Survival outcomes of propensity score‐matched groups were compared.

Results

Of 1830 patients, 270 (14.8%) underwent a liver‐first approach, 259 (14.2%) a simultaneous approach and 1301 (71.1%) a bowel‐first approach. The proportion of patients undergoing either a liver‐first or simultaneous approach increased over the study period from 26.8% in 2010 to 35.6% in 2015 (P < 0.001). There was wide variation in surgical approach according to hospital trust of diagnosis. There was no evidence of a difference in 4‐year survival between the propensity score‐matched cohorts according to surgical strategy: bowel first vs simultaneous [hazard ratio (HR) 0.92 (95% CI: 0.80–1.06)] or bowel first vs liver first [HR 0.99 (95% CI: 0.82–1.19)].

Conclusion

There is evidence of wide variation in surgical strategy in dealing with CRC and synchronous liver metastases. In selected patients, the simultaneous and liver‐first strategies have comparable long‐term survival to the bowel‐first approach.
Risky Returns: The Implications of Financialization in the Food System
Authors: Clapp Jennifer , Isakson S. Ryan
Published: January 2018

This article examines the rise of financialization in the agrifood sector and maps out both the way it has unfolded as well as its implications. The article argues that financialization has opened up new arenas for capital accumulation in the agrifood sector; reshaped the agrifood firms in ways that respond to demands of shareholders; and transformed everyday practices of food and social provisioning. The authors make the case that these three broad processes, while each important in their own right, are interconnected and mutually reinforcing. The article also argues that the complex iteration of financialization in the agrifood sector carries three important implications for the long‐term social and ecological sustainability of food and agricultural provisioning: it exacerbates the existing imbalances of power and wealth in the food system; it increases economic and ecological vulnerabilities within agrifood systems; and it has evolved in ways that impede and dampen collective demands for change and resistance. Taken together, these wider implications of financialization in the agrifood sector present a direct challenge to the ability of food systems to provide livelihoods and food security over the long term.
Apelin‐13 treatment enhances the stability of atherosclerotic plaques
Authors: Fraga‐Silva Rodrigo A. , Seeman Hugo , Montecucco Fabrizio , da Silva Analina R. , Burger Fabienne , Costa‐Fraga Fabiana P. , Anguenot Léa , Mach François , dos Santos Robson A. S. , Stergiopulos Nikolaos , da Silva Rafaela F.
Published: January 2018

Background

Apelin is an endogenous peptidergic system which modulates cardiovascular function. Recent studies pointed out a fundamental contribution of apelin on atherosclerosis development; however, such reports revealed contradictory data, and to date, it is difficult to accurately define a beneficial or deleterious role. To better understand apelin function on atherosclerosis, we aimed to investigate apelin‐13 treatment effects on atherosclerotic plaques composition.

Design

Apolipoprotein E gene‐deleted mice were fed on Western‐type diet for 11 weeks. Atherosclerotic plaque formation was induced in the carotid artery by a shear stress modifier device, which exposes the same vessel to distinct patterns of shear stress enabling the formation of plaques with different composition. Mice were treated with apelin‐13 (2 mg kg−1 day−1) or vehicle for the last 3 weeks.

Results

Apelin‐13 treatment did not alter the lipid content of low shear stress‐ and oscillatory shear stress‐induced plaques in the carotid. However, apelin‐13 greatly ameliorated plaque stability by increasing intraplaque collagen content and reducing MMP‐9 expression. Furthermore, apelin‐13 decreased the infiltration of inflammatory cells (neutrophil and macrophage) and intraplaque reactive oxygen species content. Interestingly, apelin‐13 treatment reduced total cholesterol, LDL levels and free fatty acid serum levels, while HDL, triglycerides serum levels were not significantly changed.

Conclusions

Apelin‐13 treatment for 3 weeks did not alter the lesion size, but it significantly enhanced the stable phenotype of atherosclerotic plaques and improved serum lipid profile. These results indicate that activation of apelin system decreases plaque vulnerability.
Thermal‐specific patterns of longevity and fecundity in a set of heat‐sensitive and heat‐resistant genotypes of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Stazione L. , Norry F.M. , Sambucetti P.
Published: January 2018

Fitness‐related traits are often affected by temperature. Heat‐resistant genotypes could influence the dependence of fitness traits on temperature, which should be important in adaptation to directional changes in temperature including global warming. Here, we tested temperature‐dependent variation in longevity and fecundity between Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae) genotypes that differ in heat‐resistance QTL. Longevity and fecundity were affected by heat‐resistance genotypes at constant moderate and high temperature. However, these differences between heat‐resistant and heat‐sensitive genotypes disappeared in a cyclic thermal regime. Analysis with the logistic mortality function indicated that mortality patterns are dependent on temperature and genotype. The results suggest that genotype*temperature interactions are substantial for senescence‐related traits. In particular, fluctuating temperatures can drastically reduce any differences in life‐history traits between heat‐resistance genotypes, even if such genotypes differentially affect the traits at constant temperatures.
Effects of acclimation and diapause on the cold tolerance of Trogoderma granarium
Authors: Wilches D.M. , Laird R.A. , Floate K.D. , Fields P.G.
Published: January 2018

Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), is a pest of stored grain in Africa, Asia, and Europe. It is a quarantine insect for much of the rest of the world. Control of T. granarium can be achieved with methyl bromide, but this fumigant is an ozone‐depleting substance and is being phased out worldwide. Thus, there is an urgent need to find new methods of control, including the use of low temperatures. Here, we assess the effects of diapause and cold acclimation on the cold tolerance of T. granarium. The percentage of larvae in diapause increased with larval density, reaching 57.3% when reared at a density of 73 larvae g−1 diet. The cold tolerance of T. granarium was assessed by the supercooling points (SCPs) of various life stages. The SCP of non‐acclimated insects ranged from −26.2 ± 0.2 °C (mean ± SEM) for eggs to −14.4 ± 0.4 °C for larvae. The lowest SCP for larvae, −24.3 ± 0.3 °C, was obtained for diapausing‐acclimated larvae. Based on mean LT50 values, the most cold‐tolerant stage at −10 °C was the diapausing‐acclimated larvae (87 days) followed by non‐diapausing‐acclimated larvae (51 days), diapausing non‐acclimated larvae (19 days), adults (4 days), non‐diapausing non‐acclimated larvae (2 days), pupae (0.4 days), and eggs (0.2 days). The estimated times to obtain 99.9968% mortality (Probit 9) for diapausing‐acclimated larvae are 999, 442, 347, 84, and 15 days at 0, −5, −10, −15, and −20 °C, respectively. Probit 9 is an estimated value used by quarantine experts to estimate conditions that are required to kill all insects. In light of the long exposure time needed to control T. granarium even at −20 °C, cooling to below −27 °C (i.e., below the SCP of eggs) will quickly kill all life stages and may be the best way to control this insect with low temperatures.
Seasonal variation in the activity of selected antioxidant enzymes and malondialdehyde level in worker honey bees
Authors: Orčić Snežana , Nikolić Tatjana , Purać Jelena , Šikoparija Branko , Blagojević Duško P. , Vukašinović Elvira , Plavša Nada , Stevanović Jevrosima , Kojić Danijela
Published: January 2018

The recent decline in managed honey bee populations, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), has caused scientific, ecological, and economic concern. Research into the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidative defense mechanisms, and oxidative stress can contribute to our understanding of bee survival and conservation of this species. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S‐transferase (GST) enzymes together with levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in summer and winter honey bees sampled from three colonies. One colony was stationary (C1), entering the winter period having accumulated Robinia pseudoacacia L. (Fabaceae) honey, and two were migratory (C2 and C3), entering the winter period with mainly Tilia (Malvaceae) and Brassica (Brassicaceae) honey, respectively. Compared to summer workers, winter worker bees had decreased SOD and GST activity, and MDA level, whereas CAT activity increased in all three colonies. We also demonstrated that seasonality is the main factor responsible for changes in antioxidant enzymes and MDA levels in worker honey bees. Overall, our results indicate a difference between summer and winter worker bees, pointing at a reduced level of antioxidant enzyme defenses during overwintering which may be due to a decrease in production of ROS. The decreased levels of MDA measured in winter honey bees confirm this. As ROS are actively used by insects as a defense mechanism to fight pathogens, we suggest that reduced production of ROS contributes to higher susceptibility of winter honey bees to infections and reduced overwinter survival.
Different effects of exogenous jasmonic acid on preference and performance of viruliferous Bemisia tabaci B and Q
Authors: Shi Xiaobin , Pan Huipeng , Xie Wen , Wang Shaoli , Wu Qingjun , Chen Gong , Tian Lixia , Zhou Xuguo , Liu Yong , Zhang Youjun
Published: January 2018

The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), B and Q biotypes have caused severe losses to crops and vegetables through virus transmission. Our previous studies showed that Q is more efficient than B in acquisition and transmission of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and viruliferous Q is better equipped than B in counterattacking jasmonic acid (JA)‐related plant defense. To understand how plant‐mediated defensive responses involving JA affect insect vectors within a tritrophic framework of plants, insects, and viruses, we examined the effects of exogenous JA on preference and performance of non‐viruliferous and viruliferous B and Q on tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L., Solanaceae). Our results demonstrated a significantly lower fecundity, shorter longevity, shorter developmental time, and lower survival rate of whiteflies on JA‐treated than on control plants. In addition, viruliferous Q performed significantly better than B in fecundity, longevity, developmental time, and survival rate. When given a choice between JA‐treated and control tomato plants, viruliferous Q was not repelled to JA‐treated plants when the JA concentration was 0.01 and 0.1 mm, whereas others all preferred the untreated control plants. Exogenous JA increased the concentration and the composition of plant volatiles, such as α‐terpinene and β‐ocimene, which deterred whiteflies in a Y‐tube bioassay. It is worth noting that Q has a mutualistic relationship with TYLCV to counteract the host defenses. A better understanding of tritrophic interactions between plants, insects, and viruses will facilitate the development of sustainable management of this invasive global pest.
How often is the diagnosis of the permanent vegetative state incorrect? A review of the evidence
Authors: Wade D. T.
Published: January 2018

Some research suggests that 40% of people in the vegetative state are misdiagnosed. This review investigates the frequency, nature and causes of reported misdiagnosis of patients in the vegetative state, focusing on the nature of the error. It is a systematic review of all relevant literature, using references from key papers identified. The data are summarized in tables. Five clinical studies of the rate of misdiagnosis in practice were identified, encompassing 236 patients in the vegetative state of whom 80 (34%) were reclassified as having some awareness, often minimal. The studies often included patients in the recovery phase after acute injury, and were poorly reported. Five systematic reviews of signs and technologically based neurophysiological tests were identified, and they showed that most studies were small, lacked accurate or important details, and were subject to bias. Studies were not replicated. Many signs and tests did not differ between people in the vegetative state and in the minimally conscious state, and those that did were unable to diagnose an individual patient. The few single case reports suggest that failure to ensure an accurate diagnosis of the underlying neurological damage and dysfunction could, rarely, lead to significant misdiagnosis usually in patients who had brain‐stem damage with little thalamic or cortical damage. Significant misdiagnosis of awareness, with an apparently ‘vegetative’ patient having good awareness, is rare. Careful neurological assessment of the cause and routine measurement of awareness using the Coma Recovery Scale − Revised should further reduce mistakes.
Changes in surface characteristics of titanium and zirconia after surface treatment with ultraviolet light or non‐thermal plasma
Authors: Henningsen Anders , Smeets Ralf , Heuberger Roman , Jung Ole T. , Hanken Henning , Heiland Max , Cacaci Claudio , Precht Clarissa
Published: January 2018

Positive effects of irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light or treatment with non‐thermal plasma on titanium and zirconia surfaces have been described in various studies. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the changes in the physicochemical surface conditions of titanium and zirconia surfaces after a short treatment with UV light or with non‐thermal plasmas of argon or oxygen. Titanium and zirconia samples with moderately rough surfaces were treated for 12 min either in a UV‐light oven or in a non‐thermal plasma reactor that generates non‐thermal plasmas of oxygen or argon. Changes in surface conditions were assessed by confocal microscopy, dynamic contact angle measurement, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). No changes in roughness occurred. Ultraviolet irradiation and non‐thermal plasma significantly increased the wettability of the titanium and zirconia surfaces. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed an increase of oxygen and a significant decrease of carbon after treatment with either method. Thus, ultraviolet light and non‐thermal plasma were found to be able to improve the chemical surface conditions of titanium and zirconia following a short exposure time. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to determine the relevance of the results.