bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Short Review of Layered Double Oxide-Based Catalysts for NH3-SCR: Synthesis and NOx Removal
Authors: Sun Tao , Wang Xin , Zhang Jinshan , Wang Lan , Song Xianghai , Huo Pengwei , Liu Xin
Published: October 2024

Nitrogen oxides are one of the main atmospheric pollutants and pose a threat to the ecological environment and human health. Selective catalytic reduction (NH3-SCR) is an effective way of removing nitrogen oxides, with the catalyst being the key to this technology. Two-dimensional nanostructured layered double oxide (LDO) has attracted increasing attention due to the controllability of cations in the layers and the exchangeability of anions between layers. As a derivative of layered double hydroxide (LDH), LDO not only inherits the controllability and diversity inherent in the LDH structure but also exhibits excellent performance in the catalytic field. This article contains three main sections. It begins with a brief discussion of the development of LDO catalysts and analyzes the advantages of the LDO structure. The later section introduces the synthesis methods of LDH, clarifies the conversion relationship between LDH and LDO, and summarizes the modification impacts of the properties of LDO catalysts. The application of LDO catalysts used in NH3-SCR under wild temperature conditions is discussed, and the different types, reaction processes, and mechanisms of LDO catalysts are described in the third section. Finally, future research directions and outlooks are also offered to assist the development of LDO catalysts and overcome the difficult points related to NH3-SCR.
Performance of Dye-Containing Wastewater Treatment Using MnxOy-Catalyzed Persulfate Oxidation
Authors: Li Yujuan , Guo He , Li Hu , Wang Tiecheng
Published: October 2024

Dye wastewater is characterized by high salinity, intense coloration, difficulty in degradation, and complex organic compositions, posing significant environmental risks. Manganese oxide (MnxOy)-based materials have been widely used for the removal of recalcitrant organic pollutants in water environments. In this study, various MnxOy polymorphs were prepared, and their catalytic activities for persulfate (PS) activation were evaluated using Orange II (AO7) as a model molecule. After 50 min treatment, the degradation efficiency of AO7 ranked as α-MnO2/PS > γ-MnO2/PS > β-MnO2/PS > Mn2O3/PS, with α-MnO2/PS achieving the highest efficiency of 98.6%. XPS, XRD, and electrochemical analyses indicated that α-MnO2 exhibited an exceptional crystal structure and performance. The α-MnO2/PS system exhibited a strong pH adaptability across a wide pH range of 3.0–9.0. The presence of coexisting anions at 0.1 mM, including Cl−, NO3−, CO32−, and SO42−, slightly reduced the degradation rate of AO7. The reactive oxygen species, mainly SO4•− and 1O2, predominantly destroyed the naphthalene ring structure of AO7. Furthermore, α-MnO2 exhibited an excellent stability, allowing for multiple reuse cycles without interference from common anions in water, highlighting its strong potential for practical applications. These results provided insights into the environmental fates of AO7 in the α-MnO2/PS system.
Oxidative Steam Reforming of Methanol over Cu-Based Catalysts
Authors: Tommasi Matteo , Ceriotti Davide , Gramegna Alice , Degerli Simge Naz , Ramis Gianguido , Rossetti Ilenia
Published: October 2024

Several Cu and Ni-based catalysts were synthetized over Ce-based supports, either pure or mixed with different amounts of alumina (1:2 and 1:3 mol/mol). Different metal loadings (10–40 wt%) and preparation methods (wet impregnation, co-precipitation, and flame-spray pyrolysis—FSP) were compared for the oxidative steam reforming of methanol. Characterization of the catalysts has been performed, e.g., through XRD, BET, XPS, TPR, SEM, and EDX analyses. All the catalysts have been tested in a bench-scale continuous setup. The hydrogen yield and methanol conversion obtained have been correlated with the operating conditions, metal content, crystallinity of the catalyst particles, total surface area, and with the interaction of the metal with the support. A Cu loading of 20% wt/wt was optimal, while the presence of alumina was not beneficial, decreasing catalyst activity at low temperatures compared with catalysts supported on pure CeO2. Ni-based catalysts were a possible alternative, but the activity towards the methanation reaction at relatively high temperatures decreased inevitably the hydrogen yield. Durability and deactivation tests showed that the best-performing catalyst, 20% wt. Cu/CeO2 prepared through coprecipitation was stable for a long period of time. Full methanol conversion was achieved at 280 °C, and the highest yield of H2 was ca. 80% at 340 °C, higher than the literature data.
Acute Chikungunya Infection Induces Vascular Dysfunction by Directly Disrupting Redox Signaling in Endothelial Cells
Authors: Oliveira-Neto José Teles de , Souza Juliano de P. , Rodrigues Daniel , Machado Mirele R. , Alves Juliano V. , Barros Paula R. , Bressan Alecsander F. , Silva Josiane F. , Costa Tiago J. , Costa Rafael M. , Bonaventura Daniella , Arruda-Neto Eurico de , Tostes Rita C. , Abrão Emiliana P.
Published: October 2024

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection is characterized by febrile illness, severe joint pain, myalgia, and cardiovascular complications. Given that CHIKV stimulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, events that disrupt vascular homeostasis, we hypothesized that CHIKV induces arterial dysfunction by directly impacting redox-related mechanisms in vascular cells. Wild-type (WT) and iNOS knockout (iNOS−/−) mice were administered either CHIKV (1.0 × 106 PFU/µL) or Mock vehicle via the intracaudal route. In vivo, CHIKV infection induced vascular dysfunction (assessed by a wire myograph), decreased systolic blood pressure (tail-cuff plethysmography), increased IL-6 and IFN-γ, but not TNF-α levels (determined by ELISA), and increased protein content by Western blot. Marked contractile hyporesponsiveness to phenylephrine was observed 48 h post-infection, which was restored by endothelium removal. L-NAME, 1400W, Tiron, and iNOS gene deletion prevented phenylephrine hyporesponsiveness. CHIKV infection increased vascular nitrite concentration (Griess reaction) and superoxide anion (O2•−) generation (lucigenin chemiluminescence), and decreased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, by Amplex Red) levels 48 h post-infection, alongside increased TBARS levels. In vitro, CHIKV infected endothelial cells (EA.hy926) and upregulated ICAM-1 and iNOS protein expression (determined by Western blot). These data support the conclusion that CHIKV-induced alterations in vascular ROS/NF-kB/iNOS/NO signaling potentially contribute to cardiovascular events associated with Chikungunya infection.
Renal Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Metabolic Abnormalities During the Initial Stages of Hypertension in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Wojtacha Paweł , Bogdańska-Chomczyk Ewelina , Majewski Mariusz Krzysztof , Obremski Kazimierz , Majewski Michał Stanisław , Kozłowska Anna
Published: October 2024

Background: Hypertension is a major cause of mortality worldwide. The kidneys play a crucial role in regulating blood pressure and fluid volume. The relationship between the kidneys and hypertension is complex, involving factors such as the renin–angiotensin system, oxidative stress, and inflammation. This study aims to assess the levels of inflammatory markers, oxidative stress, and metabolic factors in the kidneys, focusing on their potential role in early renal damage and their association with the development of hypertension. Methods: This study was designed to compare the levels of selected inflammatory markers, e.g., interleukins, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor, and serine/threonine-protein (mTOR); oxidative stress markers such as malondialdehyde, sulfhydryl group, and glucose (GLC); and metabolic markers among other enzymes, such as alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), hexokinase II (HK-II), and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), as well as creatinine in the kidneys of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR/NCrl, n = 12) and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY/NCrl, n = 12). Both juvenile (5 weeks old) and maturing (10 weeks old) specimens were examined using spectrophotometric methods, e.g., ELISA. Results: Juvenile SHRs exhibited reduced renal levels of all studied cytokines and chemokines, with lower oxidative stress and deficits in the mTOR and HK-II levels compared to the age-matched WKYs. Maturing SHRs showed increased renal levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α, alongside elevated carbonyl stress and increased HIF-1α as opposed to their control peers. The levels of all other studied markers were normalized in these animals, except for ALT (increased), ALP, and GLC (both reduced). Conclusions: This study underscores the significant impact of inflammatory, oxidative stress, and metabolic marker changes on renal function. Juvenile SHRs display lower marker levels, indicating an immature immune response and potential subclinical kidney damage that may contribute to hypertension development. In contrast, mature SHRs exhibit chronic inflammation, oxidative dysregulation, and metabolic disturbances, suggesting cellular damage. These changes create a feedback loop that worsens kidney function and accelerates hypertension progression, highlighting the kidneys’ crucial role in both initiating and exacerbating this condition.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Contributor or Consequence?
Authors: Wu Tzong-Jin , Teng Michelle , Jing Xigang , Pritchard Kirkwood A. , Day Billy W. , Naylor Stephen , Teng Ru-Jeng
Published: October 2024

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common complication of prematurity. Oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation are the major contributors to BPD. Despite aggressive treatments, BPD prevalence remains unchanged, which underscores the urgent need to explore more potential therapies. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays crucial roles in surfactant and protein synthesis, assisting mitochondrial function, and maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Under OS, disturbed metabolism and protein folding transform the ER structure to refold proteins and help degrade non-essential proteins to resume cell homeostasis. When OS becomes excessive, the endogenous chaperone will leave the three ER stress sensors to allow subsequent changes, including cell death and senescence, impairing the growth potential of organs. The contributing role of ER stress in BPD is confirmed by reproducing the BPD phenotype in rat pups by ER stress inducers. Although chemical chaperones attenuate BPD, ER stress is still associated with cellular senescence. N-acetyl-lysyltyrosylcysteine amide (KYC) is a myeloperoxidase inhibitor that attenuates ER stress and senescence as a systems pharmacology agent. In this review, we describe the role of ER stress in BPD and discuss the therapeutic potentials of chemical chaperones and KYC, highlighting their promising role in future therapeutic interventions.
Heavy Metals in Umbilical Cord Blood: Effects on Epigenetics and Child Development
Authors: Dutta Sudipta , Ruden Douglas M.
Published: October 2024

Heavy metals like arsenic, mercury, cadmium, and lead are harmful pollutants that can change how our genes are regulated without altering the DNA sequence, specifically through a process called DNA methylation (DNAm) at 5-methylcytosine, an epigenetic mark that we will focus on in this review. These changes in DNAm are most sensitive during pregnancy, a critical time for development when these modifications can affect how traits are expressed. Historically, most research on these environmental effects has focused on adults, but now there is more emphasis on studying the impacts during early development and childhood. The placenta acts as a protective barrier between the mother and the baby, and by examining it, scientists can identify changes in key genes that might affect long-term health. This review looks at how exposure to heavy metals during pregnancy can cause changes in the gene regulation by DNAm in newborns, as seen in their umbilical cord blood. These changes reflect the baby’s genetic state during pregnancy and can be influenced by the mother’s environment and genetics, as well as the baby’s own genetics.
Targeted Delivery to Dying Cells Through P-Selectin–PSGL-1 Axis: A Promising Strategy for Enhanced Drug Efficacy in Liver Injury Models
Authors: Lien Te-Sheng , Sun Der-Shan , Chang Hsin-Hou
Published: October 2024

To minimize off-target adverse effects and improve drug efficacy, various tissue-specific drug delivery systems have been developed. However, even in diseased organs, both normal and stressed, dying cells coexist, and a targeted delivery system specifically for dying cells has yet to be explored to mitigate off-target effects within the same organ. This study aimed to establish such a system. By examining the surfaces of dying cells in vitro, we identified P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) as a universal marker for dying cells, positioning it as a potential target for selective drug delivery. We demonstrated that liposomes conjugated with the PSGL-1 binding protein P-selectin had significantly greater binding efficiency to dying cells compared to control proteins such as E-selectin, L-selectin, galectin-1, and C-type lectin-like receptor 2. Using thioacetamide (TAA) to induce hepatitis and hepatocyte damage in mice, we assessed the effectiveness of our P-selectin-based delivery system. In vivo, P-selectin-conjugated liposomes effectively delivered fluorescent dye and the apoptosis inhibitor z-DEVD to TAA-damaged livers in wild-type mice, but not in PSGL-1 knockout mice. In TAA-treated wild-type mice, unconjugated liposomes required a 100-fold higher z-DEVD dose compared to P-selectin-conjugated liposomes to achieve a comparable, albeit less effective, therapeutic outcome in lowering plasma alanine transaminase levels and alleviating thrombocytopenia. This emphasizes that P-selectin conjugation enhances drug delivery efficiency by approximately 100-fold in mice. These results suggest that P-selectin-based liposomes could be a promising strategy for targeted drug delivery, enabling both diagnosis and treatment by specifically delivering cell-labeling agents and rescue agents to dying cells via the P-selectin–PSGL-1 axis at the individual cell level.
Improving the Genome Editing Efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 in Melon and Watermelon
Authors: Wang Zhuanrong , Wan Lili , Ren Jian , Zhang Na , Zeng Hongxia , Wei Jiaqi , Tang Mi
Published: October 2024

CRISPR/Cas9 is a powerful genome editing tool for trait improvement in various crops; however, enhancing mutation efficiency using CRISPR/Cas9 in watermelon and melon remains challenging. We designed four CRISPR systems with different sgRNA expression cassettes to target the phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene in melon. The constructed vectors were delivered to host plants using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Phenotypic and genotypic analyses of the edited melon seedlings revealed that the CRISPR systems with tRNA and Csy4 spacers driven by the Pol II-type promoter significantly improved mutation efficiency, reaching 25.20% and 42.82%, respectively. Notably, 78.95% of the mutations generated by the Csy4 system involved large-fragment deletions (LDs) between the two target sites. In watermelon, the Csy4 system achieved a PDS editing efficiency of 41.48%, with 71.43% of the edited seedlings showing LD between the two target sites. Sequencing analysis indicated that the edited melon seedlings exhibited heterozygous, three-allele mutation and chimeric events; the edited watermelon seedlings included 2/14 homozygous mutations. Compared to the commonly used Pol III promoter, using the Pol II promoter to drive sgRNA expression cassettes containing Csy4 showed the best improvement in CRISPR/Cas9 editing efficiency in melon; this system was also effective in watermelon.
Islet Transplantation: Current Limitations and Challenges for Successful Outcomes
Authors: Langlois Allan , Pinget Michel , Kessler Laurence , Bouzakri Karim
Published: October 2024

Islet transplantation is a promising approach for treating patients with unstable T1DM. However, it is confronted with numerous obstacles throughout the various stages of the transplantation procedure. Significant progress has been made over the last 25 years in understanding the mechanisms behind the loss of functional islet mass and in developing protective strategies. Nevertheless, at present, two to three pancreases are still needed to treat a single patient, which limits the maximal number of patients who can benefit from islet transplantation. Thus, this publication provides an overview of recent scientific findings on the various issues affecting islet transplantation. Specifically, we will focus on the understanding of the mechanisms involved and the strategies developed to alleviate these problems from the isolation stage to the post-transplantation phase. Finally, we hope that this review will highlight new avenues of action, enabling us to propose pancreatic islet transplantation to a maximum number of patients with T1DM.
Synthesis and Characterization of TiO2 Thin Films Modified with Anderson-Type Polyoxometalates (Ni, Co, and Fe)
Authors: Vallejo William , Corzo Gabriel , Berrio Ricardo , Diaz-Uribe Carlos , Duran Freider , Zarate Ximena , Schott Eduardo
Published: October 2024

In this work, TiO2 and Anderson-type polyoxometalates (Ni, Co, and Fe) thin-film composites were fabricated. The composites were characterized by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance, and scanning electronic microscopy. The methylene blue (MB) photocatalytic degradation on the composites under UV irradiation was studied. Spectroscopic results verified the modification of TiO2 thin films. Optical and morphological properties changed after TiO2 modification. The largest change in the optical band gap was observed for the FePOM/TiO2 system, which reported a value of 3.05 eV. The POM/TiO2 systems were more efficient in methylene blue (MB) adsorption than bare TiO2. Furthermore, the modified films were more efficient than bare TiO2 during MB photodegradation tests. The NiPOM/TiO2 and the CoPOM/TiO2 were the most efficient in the MB adsorption, reaching ~20%. The NiPOM/TiO2 and the CoPOM/TiO2 composites were the most efficient in the photodegradation process, reaching ~50% of MB removal. The stability tests indicated that composite films were moderately stable after the three performed reusability cycles. Thus, these results suggest that POM modification of TiO2 can improve the adsorption and photodegradation capacity of semiconductors.
Shrouding Gas Plasma Deposition Technique for Developing Low-Friction, Wear-Resistant WS2-Zn Thin Films on Unfilled PEEK: The Relationship Between Process and Coating Properties
Authors: Kopp Dietmar , Bandl Christine , Kaindl Reinhard , Prethaler Thomas , Coclite Anna Maria , Waldhauser Wolfgang
Published: October 2024

In this study, tungsten disulfide–zinc (WS2-Zn) composite films were generated on polyether ether ketone (PEEK) disks by an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) equipped with a shrouding attachment. The friction and wear properties of the WS2-Zn coatings were intensively investigated by using a rotational ball-on-disk setup under dry sliding and ambient room conditions. In order to gain more information about the lubrication mechanism, the coating areas as deposited and the worn areas (i.e., in the wear track) were analyzed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with regard to their chemical composition in depth by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was conducted to obtain precise chemical information from the surface. The results indicated that WS2-Zn coatings significantly improved the tribological properties, exhibiting a coefficient of friction (COF) of <0.2. However, the tribological performance of the coatings is strongly dependent on the plasma process settings (i.e., plasma current, dwell time of the powder particles in the plasma jet), which were tuned to reduce the oxidation by-products of WS2 to a minimum. The COF values achieved of the dry lubricant films were significantly reduced in contrast to the uncoated PEEK by a factor of four.
Corrosion Behavior of High-Pressure Cold-Sprayed Zn30Al Alloy Coating on Q235 Steel
Authors: Ding Xiang , Wu Kunze , Li Ruiqi , Wang Qun , Liang Xingxin , Yuan Chengqing , Yuan Zhennan , Ramachandran Chidambaram Seshadri
Published: October 2024

This study employed a high-pressure cold spray to apply a Zn30Al alloy coating to Q235 steel substrates to provide corrosion protection for steel in marine environments. The corrosion resistance of the coatings was investigated through full immersion tests, and the corrosion mechanisms were further analyzed using electrochemical experiments. The results were compared with those of traditional flame-sprayed Zn30Al alloy coating. The findings indicate that the high-pressure cold-sprayed Zn30Al alloy coating possesses a dense microstructure with a porosity of only 0.32%, providing effective cathodic protection to the substrate during the immersion tests. The cold-sprayed Zn30Al alloy coating maintained good integrity after 720 h immersion in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, whereas the flame-sprayed Zn30Al alloy coating exhibited significant pitting corrosion.
Novel Antibacterial Resin Coating for Dental Provisional Crowns to Suppress Biofilms and Inhibit Secondary Caries
Authors: Ba-Armah Ibrahim , Alenizy Mohammad , Almutairi Nader , Alqarni Heba , Alhussein Abdullah , Masri Radi , Hack Gary D. , Oates Thomas W. , Sun Jirun , Weir Michael D. , Xu Hockin H. K.
Published: October 2024

Provisional crowns are often used in dentistry for prolonged periods, but bacterial attachment and dental plaque often lead to gingival inflammation and secondary caries. The aims of this research were to develop a novel resin-based antibacterial provisional crown coating to prevent secondary caries and investigate the physical properties and antibacterial efficacy. The resin-based coating was prepared by addition of triethylene glycoldivinylbenzyl ether and urethane dimethacrylate, with the antibacterial monomer dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) incorporated at different mass fractions. Surface characteristics including surface roughness and contact angle were assessed. The antibacterial effects were evaluated by 48 h biofilms of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) on provisional crowns coated with the resin-based coating. No statistically significant difference was observed in surface roughness across all groups (p > 0.05), showing that adding DMADDM did not have a negative impact on surface roughness. The contact angle results revealed a significant difference in hydrophilicity between different concentrations of DMADDM (p < 0.01), but overall hydrophilicity did not negatively affect the performance of the coating. The incorporation of 5% DMADDM demonstrated a significant antibiofilm effect on S. mutans biofilm CFU with a 4-log reduction compared to controls (p < 0.01). Significant reductions of 4–5 folds were observed in biofilm metabolic activity and lactic acid production (p < 0.01). The findings suggest that the novel coating material could enhance the long-term performance and clinical outcomes of provisional crowns, contributing to better patient oral health.
Mini-LED Backlight: Advances and Future Perspectives
Authors: Lei Junhua , Zhu Hengli , Huang Xiao , Lin Junjie , Zheng Yifen , Lu Yijun , Chen Zhong , Guo Weijie
Published: October 2024

Miniaturized-light-emitting diode (mini-LED) backlights have emerged as the state-of-the-art technology for liquid crystal display (LCD), facilitating the improvement in a high dynamic range (HDR) and power saving. The local dimming technology divides the backlight into several dimming zones. Employing mini-LEDs, whose size ranges from 100 to 200 μm, as the light sources can enlarge the number of zones in the local dimming backlight, fulfilling the requirement for HDR. However, the halo effect still acts as one of the primary technological bottlenecks for mini-LED backlights. In this review, packaging technology of LEDs, color conversion, and the driving scheme of mini-LED backlights have been discussed. The strategies to reduce optical crosstalk in adjacent areas by various improved optical structures or to suppress the halo effect of LCDs by mini-LED backlights are summarized. The development trends of mini-LED backlights are also discussed.
Toughening Mechanism of CaAl12O19 in Red Mud–Al2O3 Composite Ceramics
Authors: Jiang Shiwei , Li Anmin , Wang Zhengliang
Published: October 2024

The utilization of red mud in the production of ceramic products represents an efficient approach for harnessing red mud resources. Composite ceramics were prepared from Al2O3, red mud, and Cr2O3 by atmospheric pressure sintering, and the phase composition and microscopic morphology of the composite ceramics were investigated by XRD, SEM, and EDS. The flexural strength and fracture toughness of composite ceramics were measured by three-point bending and SENB methods. The results showed that the composite ceramics sintered at 1500 °C with the addition of 1.5 wt.% Cr2O3 had a flexural strength of 297.03 MPa, a hardness of 17.44 GPa, and a densification of 97.75% and fracture toughness of 6.57 MPa·m1/2. The addition of Cr2O3 helps to improve the low strength of red mud composite ceramic samples. The CaAl12O19 phase can form a similar “endo-crystalline” structure with Al2O3 grains, which changes the fracture mode of the ceramics and thus significantly improves the fracture toughness. The wettability tests conducted on Cu and RM–Al2O3 composite ceramic materials revealed that the composites exhibited non-wetting behavior towards Cu at elevated temperatures, while no interfacial reactions or elemental diffusion were observed. Composites have higher surface energy than Al2O3 ceramic at high temperatures. The present study provides a crucial foundation for enhancing the comprehensive utilization value of red mud and the application of red mud ceramics in the field of electronic packaging.
Effect of Heat Input on Tin Bronze-Induced Intergranular Cracks During Arc Cladding Process
Authors: Chen Chen , Li Wenjing , Tu Fuqiang , Qin Tao
Published: October 2024

This work aimed to figure out the effect of heat input on the characteristics, formation, and elimination of liquid tin bronze-induced intergranular cracks in steel sheets with a thickness of 2 mm. Tin bronze cladding layers were prepared using an arc cladding technique on the steel. A statistical method was adopted to analyze the severity of intergranular cracks. Microstructures and intergranular cracks were characterized by SEM and TEM. The tensile experiments were carried out using an electronic universal testing machine. For the bare steel sheets, the intergranular cracks originated from the cladding layer and propagated into the interior of the steel along the grain boundaries. The intergranular cracks could evolve into macrocracks and lead to the failure of steel. With the increase in heat input, the maximum temperature, maximum stress, and contact time between steel and liquid tin bronze increased. The severity of intergranular cracks was also increased, and the longest crack reached 520 μm. The mechanical properties of the steel sheets decreased with the increase in heat input. For nickel-plated steel sheets, intergranular cracks were eliminated under low heat input, and a transition layer with a nickel content of 12.32 wt.% was generated. The intergranular cracks generated under high heat input and nickel content in the transition layer were only 1.34 wt.%. The strength of the nickel-plated steel also decreased drastically, and the ductility was almost zero.
Development of Machine Learning Atomistic Potential for Molecular Simulation of Hematite–Water Interfaces
Authors: Shiranirad Mozhdeh , English Niall J.
Published: October 2024

A novel approach for constructing a machine-learned potential energy surface (MLP) from unlabeled training data is presented. Utilizing neural networks augmented with a pool-based active learning sampling method, a potential energy surface (PES) is developed for the accurate modeling of interfaces of hematite iron oxide and water, fitting the much more expensive density functional theory (DFT). Molecular dynamics simulations were performed using this DFT-based PES to characterize the structural and energetic properties of the system. By utilizing the developed machine learning potential (MLP), it was possible to simulate much larger systems for extended periods of time, which will be important for leveraging machine learning potentials as accurate and pragmatic simulation-led molecular design and prototyping tools whilst preserving the ab initio accuracy.
The Vulnerability of Malagasy Protected Areas in the Face of Climate Change
Authors: Lai Qi , Beierkuhnlein Carl
Published: October 2024

This study examines the vulnerability of Madagascar’s protected areas (PAs) to climate change, focusing on climate change velocity, and its impact on biodiversity. We analyzed current and near future climate data using principal component analysis (PCA) and climate change velocity metrics to predict shifts in climatic conditions from the present to the near future, while under the mild and extreme emission scenarios (SSP 126, SSP 585). Forward velocities, which are characterized by the minimum distances that must be overcome by species to keep in track with their appropriate comparative climate, are most pronounced in western and southern Madagascar. In contrast, the backward velocity, which uses future climatic conditions in grid cells in comparison to current conditions, is more common in the eastern regions of the island, and hints at the minimum distance that organisms would have to overcome in colonizing a new habitat. Even though the correlations between PA size and climate change velocity are weak, there is a tendency for larger PAs to exhibit more stable climatic conditions. Conservation strategies must prioritize enhancing the resilience of PAs through adaptive management to mitigate climate impacts. Our findings provide crucial insights for policymakers and conservation planners to develop climate-smart strategies that ensure the long-term efficacy of Madagascar’s PA network.
Understanding Ultrasound Power Doppler Synovitis at Clinically Quiescent Joints and Thermographic Joint Inflammation Assessment in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Tan York Kiat , Thumboo Julian
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory arthritis. We aim to study subclinical PD synovitis and thermographic joint inflammation assessment in patients with RA. Methods: We compared (1) PD synovitis at clinically quiescent (non-swollen; non-tender) joints based on patients’ disease activity and (2) thermography (hands/wrists) outcomes based on PD joint inflammation findings and patient’s disease activity. Results: Among eighty RA patients (mean (SD) age 57.0 (12.6) years; 61 of whom (76.3%) were female), the wrists (62.7%), second metacarpophalangeal joints (MCPJs) (37.0%), third MCPJs (33.8%), fourth MCPJs (24.8%), and fifth MCPJs (20.9%) were the five joint sites most frequently displaying subclinical PD synovitis; with no statistically significance differences (p > 0.05) between patients with 28-joint disease activity score (DAS28) < 3.2 versus those with DAS28 ≥ 3.2. At these five joint sites bilaterally, (1) the total maximum (Total Tmax), total average (Total Tavg), and total minimum (Total Tmin) temperatures were significantly greater (p < 0.05) for Total PD (TPD) score >1 versus TPD score ≤ 1, while their area under the ROC curve (AUC) values in identifying TPD score >1 ranged from 0.789 to 0.810, and (2) Total Tmax, Total Tavg, Total Tmin, and TPD score were significantly greater (p < 0.05) for patients with DAS28 ≥ 3.2 versus those with DAS28 < 3.2. Conclusions: Our results would serve as useful background data in studies on RA monitoring strategies detecting subclinical PD synovitis. Thermographic temperatures were greater in patients with greater disease activity and can help discriminate ultrasound PD joint inflammation severity.
Sarcoid Nodule or Lung Cancer? A High-Resolution Computed Tomography-Based Retrospective Study of Pulmonary Nodules in Patients with Sarcoidosis
Authors: Catelli Chiara , Guerrini Susanna , D’Alessandro Miriana , Cameli Paolo , Fabiano Antonio , Torrigiani Giorgio , Bellan Cristiana , Mazzei Maria Antonietta , Paladini Piero , Luzzi Luca
Published: October 2024

Background: The objective of this retrospective study was to compare the characteristics of sarcoid nodules and neoplastic nodules using high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) in sarcoidosis patients. Methods: This is a single-center retrospective study. From 2010 to 2023, among 685 patients affected by pulmonary sarcoidosis, 23 patients developed pulmonary nodules of a suspicious malignant nature. The HRCT characteristics of biopsy-proven malignant (Group A) vs. inflammatory (Group B) nodules were analyzed and compared. Results: A significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of age (p = 0.012). With regard to HRCT features, statistical distinctions were observed in the appearance of the nodule, more frequently spiculated in the case of lung cancer (p < 0.01), in the diameter of the nodule (Group A: 23.5 mm; Group B: 12.18 mm, p < 0.02), in the median nodule density (Group A: 60.0 HU, Group B: −126.7 HU, p < 0.01), and in the number of pulmonary nodules, as a single parenchymal nodule was more frequently observed in the neoplastic patient group (p = 0.043). In Group A, the 18-PET-CT demonstrated hilar/mediastinal lymphadenopathy in 100% of cases; histology following surgery did not report any cases of malignant lymph node involvement. Conclusions: An accurate clinical evaluation and HRCT investigation are crucial for diagnosing lung cancer in patients with sarcoidosis in order to determine who requires surgical resection. The spiculated morphology of the nodule, greater size, the number of pulmonary nodules, and density using HRCT appear to correlate with the malignant nature of the lesion.
Real-World and Patient-Reported Outcomes of Dupilumab and Other Biological Drugs for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease—A Systematic Review
Authors: Freund Ophir , Wand Ori , Kutzkel Sara , Tiran Boaz , Pumin Irina , Friedman Regev Inbal , Levy Liran , Bar-Shai Amir
Published: October 2024

Background: Over the last few decades, the efficacy of biological therapies for COPD has been evaluated by different randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Still, the evaluation of real-world data and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) have not been performed in this field before. In the current work, we present a systematic literature review of the real-world data and PROMs of biological treatments for COPD. Methods: Three large databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect) were utilized for the systematic literature review. Clinical studies (RCT, cohorts, case series/reports) assessing patients with COPD treated by any biological therapy were included. Results: The review resulted in twelve eligible studies (nine randomized controlled trials and three “real-world” case series/reports). The evaluation of PROMs in the included studies was mainly limited to the severity and burden of respiratory symptoms. Most biological therapies were associated with improved PROMs compared to the baseline, although not for the placebo. Dupilumab was the only biologic therapy with proven efficacy in RCT for both objective and subjective measures. One prior study reported patients’ self-perceived drug effects, and none evaluated patients’ perceived disease status. Only 25 patients were assessed in a real-world setting for all biologic therapies combined. Real-world data were retrospective in the form of case reports or series. Conclusions: There are limited data on patients’ experience with biological therapies for COPD. While real-world data and PROMs are missing, biases such as a placebo effect must be considered, requiring their incorporation with objective outcomes from prospective controlled trials.
Validation of Inter-Reader Agreement/Consistency for Quantification of Ellipsoid Zone Integrity and Sub-RPE Compartmental Features Across Retinal Diseases
Authors: Bell Jordan , Whitney Jon , Cetin Hasan , Le Thuy , Cardwell Nicole , Srivasatava Sunil K. , Ehlers Justis P.
Published: October 2024

Background: An unmet need exists when clinically assessing retinal and layer-based features of retinal diseases. Therefore, quantification of retinal-layer-thicknesses/fluid volumes using deep-learning-augmented platforms to reproduce human-obtained clinical measurements is needed. Methods: In this analysis, 210 spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scans (30 without pathology, 60 dry age-related macular degeneration [AMD], 60 wet AMD, and 60 diabetic macular edema [total 23,625 B-scans]) were included. A fully automated segmentation platform segmented four retinal layers for compartmental assessment (internal limiting membrane, ellipsoid zone [EZ], retinal pigment epithelium [RPE], and Bruch’s membrane). Two certified OCT readers independently completed manual segmentation and B-scan level validation of automated segmentation, with segmentation correction when needed (semi-automated). Certified reader metrics were compared to gold standard metrics using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) to assess overall agreement. Across different diseases, several metrics generated from automated segmentations approached or matched human readers performance. Results: Absolute ICCs for retinal mean thickness measurements showed excellent agreement (range 0.980–0.999) across four cohorts. EZ-RPE thickness values and sub-RPE compartment ICCs demonstrated excellent agreement (ranges of 0.953–0.987 and 0.944–0.997, respectively) for full dataset, dry-AMD, and wet-AMD cohorts. Conclusions: Analyses demonstrated high reliability and consistency of segmentation of outer retinal compartmental features using a completely human/manual approach or a semi-automated approach to segmentation. These results support the critical role that measuring features, such as photoreceptor preservation through EZ integrity, in future clinical trials may optimize clinical care.
Exploring IRGs as a Biomarker of Pulmonary Hypertension Using Multiple Machine Learning Algorithms
Authors: Yang Jiashu , Chen Siyu , Chen Ke , Wu Junyi , Yuan Hui
Published: October 2024

Background: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe disease with poor prognosis and high mortality, lacking simple and sensitive diagnostic biomarkers in clinical practice. This study aims to identify novel diagnostic biomarkers for PAH using genomics research. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive analysis of a large transcriptome dataset, including PAH and inflammatory response genes (IRGs), integrated with 113 machine learning models to assess diagnostic potential. We developed a clinical diagnostic model based on hub genes, evaluating their effectiveness through calibration curves, clinical decision curves, and ROC curves. An animal model of PAH was also established to validate hub gene expression patterns. Results: Among the 113 machine learning algorithms, the Lasso + LDA model achieved the highest AUC of 0.741. Differential expression profiles of hub genes CTGF, DDR2, FGFR2, MYH10, and YAP1 were observed between the PAH and normal control groups. A diagnostic model utilizing these hub genes was developed, showing high accuracy with an AUC of 0.87. MYH10 demonstrated the most favorable diagnostic performance with an AUC of 0.8. Animal experiments confirmed the differential expression of CTGF, DDR2, FGFR2, MYH10, and YAP1 between the PAH and control groups (p < 0.05); Conclusions: We successfully established a diagnostic model for PAH using IRGs, demonstrating excellent diagnostic performance. CTGF, DDR2, FGFR2, MYH10, and YAP1 may serve as novel molecular diagnostic markers for PAH.
Chemotherapy Induced Corneal Changes Assessed by Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Review
Authors: Cosmo Eleonora , Midena Giulia , Parrozzani Raffaele , Midena Edoardo
Published: October 2024

The eye, and the cornea in particular, is a common site of chemotherapy induced toxicity, and ocular side effects of both traditional and novel agents have been reported. Corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) is an in vivo technique that allows for the study of all the corneal layers in an easy, non-invasive and reproducible way via the direct visualization of corneal cell morphologies as well as of sub-basal nerve plexus. Thus, it represents a useful way to identify and monitor chemotherapy induced corneal alterations. This work aims to review the use of CCM in identifying corneal toxicity secondary to chemotherapy treatment, as regards both corneal nerves alterations in the setting of chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) and other corneal structure changes, particularly involving the corneal epithelium.
Future Scenarios of Forest Carbon Sink in a Typical Subtropical County
Authors: Gong Weipeng , Zhang Qin , Fan Zemeng , Shi Wenjiao , Zhao Na , Du Zhengping , Yang Yang , Chen Kainan , Hu Jingxuan , An Tongrui , Yue Tianxiang
Published: October 2024

In the context of achieving global carbon neutrality, forests play a pivotal role in sequestering atmospheric CO2, particularly in China, where forest management is central to national climate strategies. This study evaluates the forest carbon sink capacity in Zixi County, a subtropical region, under varying climate scenarios (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5). Using the Forest-DNDC (Denitrification–Decomposition) model, combined with high-precision climate data and a random forest model, we simulate forest carbon density and forest carbon sink under different management strategies. The results indicate that under the baseline scenario, forest carbon density in Zixi County increases by 31% over 42 years under the SSP2-4.5 climate scenario and by 28.6% under SSP5-8.5. In the enhancing economic scenario, carbon density increases by 8.5% under SSP2-4.5 and by 7.2% under SSP5-8.5. For the natural development scenario, a significant increase of 130% is observed under SSP2-4.5, while SSP5-8.5 shows an increase of 120%. Spatially, forest carbon sinks in Zixi County total 843,152 T C in 2020, 542,852 T C in 2030, and 877,802 T C in 2060 under the baseline SSP2-4.5 scenario; under SSP5-8.5, these values are 841,321 T C in 2020, 531,301 T C in 2030, and 1,016,402 T C in 2060. In the enhancing economic scenario, the total carbon sink is 34,650 T C in both 2020 and 2030, increasing to 427,351 T C in 2060 under SSP2-4.5, while under SSP5-8.5, it is 46,200 T C in 2020, 34,650 T C in 2030, and 415,801 T C in 2060. The natural development scenario shows the total carbon sink under SSP2-4.5 as 11,157,332 T C in 2020, 3,441,910 T C in 2030, and 1,409,104 T C in 2060, and under SSP5-8.5, it is 10,903,231 T C in 2020, 3,337,960 T C in 2030, and 1,131,903 T C in 2060. Spatial analysis reveals that elevation and forest type significantly affect carbon density, with high-altitude areas and forests dominated by Chinese fir and broadleaf species showing higher carbon accumulation. The findings highlight the importance of targeted forest management, prioritizing species with higher carbon sequestration potential and considering spatial heterogeneity. These strategies, applied locally, can contribute to broader national and global carbon neutrality efforts.
Functional Characterization of the Sterol-Synthesis-Related Gene CgCYP51 in the Poplar Anthracnose-Causing Fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Authors: Zhang Manyang , Li Fuhan , Meng Fanli
Published: October 2024

Poplar is an economically and ecologically valuable tree species. Anthracnose, which severely affects poplar tree growth, is mainly caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. In the infestation cycle of poplar anthracnose, the entry of C. gloeosporioides into the host tissue depends on the formation of an appressorium. The subsequent development of the appressorium determines the pathogenesis of poplar anthracnose and the degree of damage. Previous studies have found that the transcription factor CgSte12 affects appressorium formation and development by regulating the expression of a series of genes, including the sterol-synthesis-related gene CgCYP51, which influences appressorium formation and development. In this study, knockout and functional analyses of CgCYP51 revealed decreases in differentiation, darkening rate, and turgor pressure of appressoria in mutants. Additionally, compared with the wild-type appressorium, mutant appressoria secreted less mucus and exhibited abnormal penetration pore formation, ultimately leading to decreased pathogenicity. Moreover, CgCyp51 affected the sensitivity of C. gloeosporioides to sterol biosynthesis inhibitors. Considered together, the study findings indicate CgCYP51 is a key CgSte12-regulated gene that affects C. gloeosporioides appressorium formation and development. Furthermore, the study data provide new insights into the molecular basis of C. gloeosporioides appressorium formation and development.
Health-Related Parameterization Evaluating Thermal Comfort in Urban Green Spaces: Data Sourced from a Global Database and Mapping at National Scale
Authors: Chen Changhong , Wang Xiaopei , Wei Hongxu , Liu Yifeng , Cao Zhanhua , Guo Peng
Published: October 2024

Outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) is one of the most important issues for people exposed to urban green space (UGS). It is mainly evaluated by assessing equivalent meteorological factors that may combine and result in human responses of perceptions about comfortable vs. uncomfortable environments. The assessment of these responses is challenged by limits in a database that is powerful enough to support big-data analysis and an essential parameter that can evaluate health-related responses to OTC in urban forests. In this study, a meta-analysis was conducted by synthesizing studies of physiological and psychological health responses of green space (GS) visitors to meteorological factors in host cities on a global scale. A total of 15,000 numerical records about the psychological and physiological responses of UGS visitors were obtained from 105 papers across 68 global cities in 21 countries. A novel parameterization was developed to evaluate OTC by normalizing changes in health-related parameters and detecting their regressions against multiple meteorological factors. It was revealed that OTC resulted in more benefits in psychological health parameters than in physiological ones for UGS visitors worldwide. Globally, health-promoting OTC environments were more found in temperate countries than in countries subjected to other climates. People in Asian countries were indicated to live in environments with higher comfort that benefitted health states in cities at low latitudes. Thermal environments tended to be harsher and more challenging, mostly too chilling, in northern cities than in the south globally. A deep learning model using the ResNet algorithm was found to perform to an expected level with R2 as high as >70% and errors controlled generally lower than 0.01. Taking mainland China for instance, it was predicted that thermal environments in eastern cities of China highly challenged the psychological health of local UGS visitors across all seasons of the year. Northern cities of China were predicted to have satisfied thermal environments that benefited psychological and psychological health responses in spring. In summer, cities in West China were predicted to have comfortable thermal environments, and in winter, environments in the southwestern cities were more comfortable.