bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Task and Situational Variables on the Applicability of Vigilance Data to Physical Security
Authors: Morgan Ben B.
Published: July 2017

Vigilance is one of the most thoroughly researched areas of human performance. Volumes have been written concerning vigilance performance in both laboratory and real-world settings, and there is a clear trend in the literature toward an increasing emphasis on the study of operational task behavior under environmental conditions that are common to real world jobs. Although a great deal of this research has been designed to test various aspects of the many theories of vigilance, there is a general belief that vigilance research is relevant and applicable to the performances required in real-world monitoring and inspection tasks. Indeed, many of the reported studies are justified on the basis of their apparent relevance to vigilance requirements in modern man-machine systems, industrial inspection tasks, and military jobs. There is a growing body of literature, however, which suggests that many vigilance studies are of limited applicability to operational task performance. For example, Kibler (1965) has argued that technological changes have altered job performance requirements to the extent that laboratory vigilance studies are no longer applicable to real-world jobs. Many others have simply been unable to reproduce the typical “vigilance decrement” in field situations. This has led Teichner (1974) to conclude that “the decremental function itself is more presumed than established.”
A Human Factors Evaluation of Backhoe Control Designs and Related Safety Issues
Authors: Turpin James A. , Costanza Edward B.
Published: July 2017

A field study was conducted in which the control arrangements of four major backhoe models were investigated. The existing designs are compared to design recommendations presented in the literature to assess their compatibility. The issue of standardization of operator controls on an industry-wide basis is addressed on the premise that safety would be improved and training times reduced if a standard arrangement were implemented. Critical incident interviews were collected in an effort to verify the hypothesis that safety problems are associated with inadequate control design and lack of standards. Recommendations for mechanical and procedural changes that may enhance production as well as safety are included.
Consequences of Production Feedback and Standards in a Human-Machine Task
Authors: Das Biman
Published: July 2017

The experimental research results showed that in a repetitive human-machine industrial production task, only the combination of production feedback on quantity and quality in the presence of a high-task production standard had significant positive effect or impact on worker productivity, satisfaction and job attitudes, all at the same time. The percentage increase in production quantity and quality output were 13% and 15% respectively, compared to the control group. The assigned high-task production standard and the operators increased workpace did not cause an adverse effect on worker physiological cost. The incorporation of an assigned normal or high-task production standard had no impact on worker productivity. However, the provision of production quantity and quality feedback had a favorable effect on worker satisfaction and job attitudes. The monetary incentive had no beneficial effect on worker productivity, satisfaction and job attitudes.
Constructing a Search Model to Predict Percent Correct Counts for Each Sample
Authors: Noro Kageyu
Published: July 2017

Drop in reliability of counting inspection is due to the miscounting of objects being inspected. A series of experimental runs was taken to determine the causes of this miscounting. In the experiment, the eye movements of the subject were measured with an eye camera. The analysis of the measured eye movements showed that there are two causes of miscounting: making a smaller number of eye movements than the number of objects to be counted and overlooking objects present in the field of peripheral vision. It was found that the former type of miscounting occurs during the counting process, one of the two human information processes, and that the latter occurs during the immediate apprehension process. A model to predict miscounts was constructed from the obtained findings.
Visibility of Cyclists at Night: Laboratory Evaluation of Three Rear Warning Devices
Authors: Matthews Michael L. , Boothby Ronald D.
Published: July 2017

The relative effectiveness of three bicycle rear warning devices (a red light, a red reflector and amber pedal reflectors) was evaluated using slides of nighttime traffic scenes. Situational variables of target lane position and distance and visual complexity of the scene were also manipulated. Performance was assessed in terms of detection accuracy and response latency. For both measures the red light was shown to be most effective in relatively difficult detection situations (distant target, noisy scene). At closer distances the three devices produced approximately equal performance rates that were all significantly higher than for a cycle that carried no rear warning equipment.
Low-Level Laser Light Effects—Long-Term Effects
Authors: Zwick Harry , Stuck Bruce E. , Beatrice Edwin S.
Published: July 2017

Although present laser safety standards are based on an adequate data base for acute viewing situations, they are limited in predicting the type of change in visual function that might be induced from prolonged or repetitive viewing of laser sources. Viewing requirements in holography, laser display systems, and, in general, repeated exposure to low levels of laser radiation require a more complete data base for optimizing the environmental protection of individuals who will be required to work in such environments. In these studies, we have simulated very low-level radiation environments and determined the effects of repetitive prolonged exposure on the visual function of the Rhesus. Our data suggest that prolonged viewing of such sources, even though they are well below present laser safety standards, can produce permanent changes in visual processes that underlie normal human day (photopic) and night (scotopic) vision, although preliminary studies of morphology have shown no morphological correlate. The coherency of laser light is implicated as a significant factor in inducing these effects. It is recommended that individuals required to work in these situations be frequently evaluated for changes in visual function by presently available clinical instruments for assessment of visual function. Further confirmation of these studies will determine the impact of these research findings on present laser safety standards.
Changes in Spectral Acuity following Laser Irradiation
Authors: Robbins D.O. , Zwick H. , Haenlein M.
Published: July 2017

Maximal visual acuity and normal color vision are closely associated with foveal receptor function. When the fovea is destroyed or altered by intense laser irradiation, severe and sometimes permanent losses in visual acuity ensue. In this paper we have shown that the threshold for long-term functional alterations in the fovea is determined not only by the wavelength and corneal exposure power of a laser flash but also by the types of performance criteria used to assess visual functioning. Chromatic acuity provides a much lower threshold for permanent alterations (Krypton — 6 mW; Argon — 3 mW) as opposed to achromatic targets (HeNe — 11 mW). Further, the use of chromatic acuity to assess post-exposure functioning can more accurately delineate the specific cone process most affected by the exposing source. The data from these studies also suggest that some relatively long-term (24 h) cumulative process within the retina is occurring which obviously will affect any threshold value determined.
Human Factors in Underground Metal and Nonmetal Mining
Authors: Crooks William H. , Schwalm Norman D. , Peay James M.
Published: July 2017

The study describes the environmental, job, and work site characteristics of underground metal and nonmetal mining operations from a human factors viewpoint. Attention is given to the problems associated with the man-machine-environment interface in underground mining and to the accidents and injuries associated with underground mining operations. Differences in methods and equipment used in mining metal and nonmetal materials versus those used in mining coal are noted. Problem areas in the metal and nonmetal mining industry that would benefit from further human factors research and development are outlined.
Human Factors Problem Identification in Surface Mines
Authors: Conway Ernest , Helander Martin , Sanders Mark , Krohn Gregory , Peay James
Published: July 2017

The authors are involved in a project to identify and to assess the criticality of various human factors problems in the U. S. surface mining industry. This study will result in a series of recommendations for future research in this area. The effort has been organized into two phases; the development of a candidate list of known or suspected problems and the field validation and assessment of the problems. Because of limited project resources, it was necessary to develop a list of candidate human factors problems that would have widespread health and safety consequences to surface miners. This paper discusses the methodology used to develop this candidate list of human factors problems.
Effects of Amount of Visual Feedback on Typing Performance
Authors: Rosinski Richard R. , Chiesi Harry , Debons Anthony
Published: July 2017

Current hardware and software make it unnecessary to provide visual feedback for a typist. There are little data regarding whether visual feedback is necessary. Prior studies are unclear on this question. Some researchers (Long, 1976) suggest that visual feedback is an important component of the typing task. In the present study, typists of various skill levels typed text, computer programs, or numeric data under conditions which allowed 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 15, 26, 46, or 79 characters to be seen. Analysis of typing speed, typographical errors, semantic errors, and an analysis of errors with speed as a covariate revealed that amount of feedback did not affect performance. Visual feedback had an effect only on the number of erasures (corrections) made by the typists.
Space Telescope-Design for Orbital Maintenance
Authors: Fisher H. T.
Published: July 2017

In late 1983 NASA plans to orbit the Space Telescope (ST) utilizing the Space Shuttle as the launch platform. The NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center*, in association with other NASA Centers, selected contractors, Agencies, and institutions, has the lead responsibility for ST development. Accordingly, NASA – MSFC has planned for an integral on-orbit maintenance capability and overall 15 year orbital life-time goal for ST. The ST is the first free-flying payload explicity designed for major on-orbit maintenance (approximately every 2–1/2 years) which is expected to result in significant program cost savings by reducing earth returns and extending the overall life of the payload. Design for orbital maintenance by the extra-vehicular (EV) flight crew has presented a unique challenge to both NASA and contractor program and systems/engineering personnel. Thus, this paper will primarily be focused on design considerations associated with on-orbit servicing of ST.
Images, Images, Images (Lecture Presentation and Discussion)
Authors: Marcus Aaron
Published: July 2017

The role of images of information (charts, diagrams, maps, and symbols) for effective presentation of facts and concepts is expanding dramatically because of advances in computer graphics technology, increasingly hetero-lingual, hetero-cultural world target populations of information providers, the urgent need to convey more efficiently vast amounts of information, the broadening population of (non-expert) computer users, the decrease of available time for reading texts and for decision making, and the general level of literacy. A coalition of visual performance experts, human engineering specialists, computer scientists, and graphic designers/artists is required to resolve human factors aspects of images of information. The need for, nature of, and benefits of interdisciplinary effort are discussed. The results of an interdisciplinary collaboration are demonstrated in a product for visualizing complex information about global energy interdependence. An invited panel will respond to the presentation.
Estimating Occupant Satisfaction from Effective Temperature (ET*)
Authors: Rohles Frederick H. , Konz Stephen A. , Munson Deanna
Published: July 2017

The concept of effective temperature, introduced by Houghten and Yaglou in 1923, stands as one of the major contributions to thermal comfort research. However, because it tends to overestimate the effects of humidity at cold temperatures and underestimate its effect at high temperatures, a new effective temperature index was proposed by Gagge. It is based on constant body wettedness caused by regulatory sweating. This paper describes a study in which the responses of 1600 subjects who were tested at 20 dry bulb temperatures at each of 8 relative humidities were treated by probit analysis. The results yielded two equations, one predicting “cold discomfort” and one predicting “warm discomfort”. The predicted percentage of people who will be dissatisfied was determined and is incorporated in an easily-read psychrometric chart. The results are discussed in terms of the new ASHRAE Comfort Standard and the Federal Energy Guidelines that mandates 65 F maximum for winter heating and 78 F mimimum for summer cooling.
Stress Research: Review and Reappraisal
Authors: Salvendy Gavriel , Sharit Joe
Published: July 2017

The pervasive nature of stress is an all too familiar phenomenon. That undesirable levels of stress can affect our productivity and the quality of our work as well as our general health and well-being has been thoroughly established. These critical effects however that stress has on our working and leisure life for both blue and white-collar workers and its significant contribution to the development of coronary heart disease makes it essential for industrial engineers to understand this phenomenon, with the objective that consideratons of stress-management be given during the design and maintenance of the work environment.

This paper discusses the phenomenon of stress, reviews methodologies for measuring stress, discusses some sources of occupational stress, and presents some strategies for its management.
A Comparison of the Predictive Validities of Single- and Dual-Task Measures
Authors: Damos Diane L. , Lintern Gavan
Published: July 2017

An experiment comparing the predictive validity of single-versus dual-task measures is reported. Fifty-seven males received two trials on each of two identical one-dimensional compensatory tracking tasks followed by 25 dual-task trials. Finally, they performed each task alone for one trial. The subjects then were given a short basic flight course consisting of ground instruction and practice in a GAT-2 simulator. After completing the course, the subjects performed four repetitions of three maneuvers. Performance in the simulator then was correlated with performance on each tracking trial. The predictive validity of the early single-task scores decreased with practice while the dual-task validity increased throughout the testing session. However, the predictive validity of the late single-task scores was almost as large as that of the late dual-task scores.
Procedures for Human Engineering Evaluation of Nuclear Power Plant Control Rooms
Authors: Mailory Kenneth M. , Baker Clifford C. , West Robin K.
Published: July 2017

Few human engineering standards or criteria for the design of nuclear power plant control rooms existed prior to the accident at Three Mile Island — Unit 2. For the most part control room design was dictated by electrical criteria, costs, and, most importantly, by precedent evolved from fossil fuel plant experience.

Since the TMI-2 accident, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission has undertaken an ambitious program to develop control room design and operational guidelines to be used by utilities in evaluating the human engineering fitness of control rooms and in identifying human engineering problems requiring backfit.

The following paper reviews the method used to develop control room guidelines, the process suggested to the utilities for performing control room evaluations, and sources for and the content of guidelines.

As reported in the paper, evaluation guidelines evolved from a basic set of military standards and checklists through a series of on-site control room reviews. The methods used in these reviews involve surveys, checklists, and videotaped walk-throughs of emergency procedures.

The final product is a Guidebook containing: (a) procedures for scheduling, planning, administration, and staffing of human engineering reviews; (b) the evaluation procedures to be used, including guidelines, human engineering data, references, and methods; (c) a trade-off process for sorting out problems needing immediate vs. more remote attention; and (d) suggestions for backfits for the human engineering problems most widespread in the industry.
Preliminary Research on Perceiving Patterns of Underwater Acoustic Transients
Authors: Ballas James A. , Howard James H.
Published: July 2017

The present studies were conducted to determine whether an implicit structure or grammar has an effect on a listener's ability to classify transient patterns. Three experiments were conducted. In each there were two groups, one which learned a set of structured patterns and one which learned a set of random patterns. In the first study, the structure was syntactic and pure tones were used to construct the patterns. In the second study, the structure was also only syntactic but a semantic structure was implied by using meaningful sounds. In the third study, both syntactic and semantic structure were used and the stimuli were water related acoustic transients. The results indicated that the listeners used the structure to identify the patterns even though they were unaware of its exact nature. The strongest facilitation was produced by both syntactic and semantic structure. Syntactic structure generally facilitated the listener's task but not as much when a semantic structure was implied but not present. In this case, the listeners' attempts to find a semantic structure interfered with their utilization of the syntactic structure.
The Event-Related Brain Potential as an Index of Attention Allocation in Complex Displays
Authors: Wickens Christopher D. , Heffley Earle F. , Kramer Arthur F. , Donchin Emanuel
Published: July 2017

The advantages of employing the event-related brain potential (ERP) in the assessment of allocation of attention in dynamic environments are discussed. Three experiments are presented in which the P300 component of the ERP is demonstrated to be a useful index of subjects' locus of attention. The first two experiments were concerned with the allocation of atttention during discrete and continuous visual monitoring tasks. The results indicated that a P300 was elicited only by stimuli to which the subject had to attend in order to perform successfully the task. The third experiment was conducted to assess the sensitivity of P300 to the manner in which attention is allocated to different aspects of a display during the performance of a 3-dimensional target acquistion task. The amplitude of the P300 was found to reflect differences between two levels of workload, as well as the task relevance of the stimuli. The results of the experiments are discussed in terms of their utility in the evaluation of the design of man-machine systems as well as in the study of the allocation of attention in operational environments.
Text Formatting Effects in Speed Reading
Authors: Kak Anita V. , Knight James L.
Published: July 2017

Text page-layout may influence both reading speed and comprehension. Available data obtained from low-speed readers suggests a superiority for two-column format over full-page format. As reading speed increases, visual scanning strategies change. The appropriateness of layouts designed for low-speed strategies are evaluated in the context of high-speed reading.
The Validity of Task Analytic Information to Human Performance Research in Unusual Environments
Authors: Shannon Richard H.
Published: July 2017

Recurring naval student flight errors were collected using three types of task analytic methodologies: maneuver description questionnaires, critical incident technique of observed student problems and inflight maneuver rating forms. The results from these three efforts were highly correlated, which indicated that the task analytic methodology was valid; and therefore, would have utility in the future development of a performance battery for environmental research.
A Catalogue of Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research
Authors: Kennedy Robert S. , Carter Robert C. , Bittner Alvah C.
Published: July 2017

Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (PETER) are under development at the Naval Biodynamics Laboratory and supporting organizations. The tests, or tasks, studied in this program have been largely derived from the literature. Each task was evaluated for suitability for repeated measures experimental designs which are almost universally used in environmental research. Suitability criteria included the “stability” of task means, standard deviations, and between-trial correlations. The magnitude of the “stabilized” between-trial correlations, task definition, was also examined with respect to the administration time. There are 60 active tasks in the present program. All tasks examined to date exhibit stable means and variances after adequate practice but: (a) less than 30% meet minimal stability criteria for intertrial correlations; and (b) substantial practice (typically more than an hour over five days) is required to achieve stability. A tabular catalogue of the research findings and background for 15 tasks is presented and discussed.
Human Factor Approaches for the Enhancement of Nuclear Control Rooms
Authors: Pine Steven M.
Published: July 2017

The accident at Three Mile Island (TMI) has underscored the need for human factors review and analysis of Nuclear Control Rooms. Virtually every study of the TMI debacle has come to the conclusion that one of the major contributors of the accident was poor human engineering. In recognition of this fact, the nuclear industry, through its research institutes, has initiated a series of research programs designed to provide individual utilities with guidelines on how to apply human factors principles and criteria to improve the safety and performance of their nuclear facilities.

The present paper reports on one of the major studies being undertaken by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in the area. The objective of this research project is to identify and prioritize the existing Human Engineering Discrepancies (HEDs) in nuclear control rooms and to develop retrofits for correcting these HEDs that can be implemented during normal plant operation or during planned outages. Data was collected during one week visits to five power plants. Structured interviews, checklists, task analyses, surveys (noise, light, etc.) and procedural walk-throughs/talk-throughs were employed to assess the design and layout of the control rooms. In depth analyses of these data led to the identification of numerous HEDs. A prioritization scheme was developed to determine the relative seriousness of these HEDs and to rank alternative retrofit solutions in terms of cost and feasibility. The results revealed fairly wide variance in the extent to which control rooms violate human factors principles. The most frequent areas in which violations were found are labeling, alarm/display systems, functional grouping, design conventions, and anthropometric limits. Numerous HEDs along with alternative retrofits are shown and discussed. Emphasis is given to cost and engineering consideration in selecting appropriate backfits.
Training Effectiveness Evaluation of Device 2F117: OFT for CH-46 Helicopter
Authors: Voss Brendan X. , Mcguire Bernard J. , Theisen Charles J. , Malone Thomas B.
Published: July 2017

This paper summarizes the project activities accomplished during a twelve (12) month Training Effectiveness Evaluation of Device 2F117, the Operational Flight Trainer for the CH-46 Helicopter. The application of the operational flight trainer to squadron training was analyzed in consideration of instructional system requirements. The intent was to assess OFT effectiveness with minimal interference with established training procedures.

A survey of pilots to assess the performance characteristics of the OFT and instructional support materials; an OFT utilization survey; the development of criterion based evaluation procedures; and the results of the evaluation are reported. The paper concludes with discussion of the application of OFTs to helicopter training systems; the development and implementation of criterion referenced performance measurement techniques; and issues related to conducting TEEs in a military training setting.
Male and Female Responses to Stoopwalking Tasks
Authors: Morrissey S. J. , Ayoub M. M. , George C. E. , Ramsey J. D.
Published: July 2017

This study was performed to evaluate the changes in physiological responses to task performance in trained male and female subjects while stoopwalking in increasingly bent postures. Following a 10-day training program, 5 male and 5 female subjects stoopwalked at heights corresponding to 100, 90, 80, and 70 percent of each subjects normal upright stature at speeds of 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 miles per hour. Physiological variables were equilibrium heart rate, ventilation volume, weight adjusted oxygen uptake, and the percentage of work capacity required for task performance.

A MANOVA analysis of the dependent variables showed there to be a significant sex difference in the composite response to task performance. Univariate ANOVA and discrimate analyses performed on the dependent variables showed that this difference was due to females experiencing significantly greater heart rates than the males, and greater, but not significantly so, percentages of work capacity to perform the same task loadings as the males.
Development of A Standard Methodology for Optimizing Remote Visual Displays for Nuclear Maintenance Tasks
Authors: Clarke Margaret M. , Garin John , Preston-Anderson Andrea
Published: July 2017

Optimal closed-circuit television viewing is a critical component in the development of remote teleoperator systems for the performance of complex work in high radiation environments. This paper describes the development of a methodology whereby the visual display components of such a system can be optimized from a human factors viewpoint. The following steps were taken: (1) Identification of generic remote tasks using chronology of typical operations, equipment specifications, and projections of maintenance and repair requirements. (2) Specification of task remote visual cue requirements on which experimental remote visual displays (independent variables) were designed. (3) Measurement of subjects’ task-related characteristics: general aptitude, work history, television habits, vision, and visual motor dexterity. (4) Design and implementation of an experiment to identify optimal remote visual displays as related to remote task performance (dependent variable). (5) Treatment of learning effects. The paper concludes with a discussion of the advantages of this method, the incorporation of subjects and experimental observations into future studies, and suggestions for the applicability of this methodology to other related remote visual display areas.
Design Guidelines for The User-System Interface of On-Line Computer Systems: A Survey Report
Authors: Smith Sidney L.
Published: July 2017

From a survey of 77 people involved in information system development, it is estimated that on average more than 30 percent of operational software is devoted to the user-system interface (USI). Improvements are needed in early requirements definition, guidance and documentation of USI design.
Industrial Human Factors Research in a British Health and Safety Institute
Authors: Ridd J. E. , Davis P. R.
Published: July 2017

The role of the Materials Handling Research Unit (MHRU) within the Health and Safety Institute is to investigate industrial manual handling problems and their associated accidents. In particular the Unit's work is directed towards the prevention of back disorders which constitute the largest single attributed cause of absence for manual handling accidents (Davis and Sheppard, 1980: Stubbs and Nicholson, 1979). This research is directed firstly at ameliorating existing handling problems in industry and secondly, establishing safe guidelines for the design of future working environments. To this end the Unit has developed an analytical method which when applied to a particular industry can identify those areas where the risk of accidents and injury is greatest, and hence where preventative measures may have most effect. Of the industrial groups studied to date by the MHRU several are included here to illustrate the complete methodology.
Use of Accident Information in The Development of Mining Industry Training Programs
Authors: Woodward J. L. , Adkins G. E.
Published: July 2017

The investigation of serious injury and fatal accidents in the mining industry is mandated by 30 CFR 50 under the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977. The information derived from investigations can be put to important use in formulating training programs. Analysis of accident reports can result in information that points out contributing factors to accidents which not only can be modified or eliminated via administrative and/or design controls, but which can be addressed through training. This paper describes the use of accident reports to determine the relative necessity for development of training programs for mobile mining equipment operators.
Problems and Needs of Mine Trainers: Emphasis on Mandated Annual Refresher Training
Authors: Dorton Joseph C. , Christopherson Karen I.
Published: July 2017

This paper discusses the problems and needs of trainers in the mining industry. Particular emphasis is placed on annual refresher training as required by Title 30 – Code of Federal Regulations, Part 48 (30 CFR 48). The information contained herein has been compiled by the Mining Extension Service at West Virginia University as a function of their continuing effort to assist miners, trainers, and the industry as a whole. Issues discussed include but are not limited to the following: length of training sessions, training sessions held after miners have worked an eight-hour shift, physical characteristics of training rooms (facilities), on-the-job reinforcement of safety procedures stressed during training, trainer's ability to cover certain topics in depth, difficulty of trainers in attending workshops to improve their skills, lack of workshops designed to meet the needs of trainers, and company support of training efforts.
Use of Structured Training for the Handling of Abnormal and Emergency Operating Conditions
Authors: Collins Brett , Krupp Kris
Published: July 2017

Training in the mining industry received considerable attention since the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 mandating thorough health and safety training. The response to a large extent has been one in which individual facilities developed their own training “programs” rather than sharing in the development of appropriate programs or using another's proven materials. With the basic achievement of health and safety training requirements, the industry has turned its attention to training to improve job performance; here again, independent and relatively informal approaches have been developed. Woodward Associates, Inc., San Diego, has developed, under contract to the U.S. Bureau of Mines, structured equipment operator training programs which teach how to (1) operate the machine and (2) perform the task. The WAI Six-Element approach provides the structure to guide the learning process to (1) ensure exposure to information, (2) promote knowledge and skill acquisition, (3) aid transfer of knowledge and skills to new situations, and (4) assess knowledge and skill acquisition and application.

Because of the potential severity of accidents in the mining (and construction) industries, particular attention has been directed to helping future operators to cope with not only normal but also with the abnormal (machine malfunction) and emergency (machine failure) conditions which tend to result in accidents. The Six-Element approach has taken this concern and addressed it through (1) classroom instruction in the cues and procedures for handling abnormal and emergency conditions, and (2) structured on-machine training which employs a truck as task trainer and an OBSAC (On-Board Simulator of Abnormal Conditions) which induces apparent malfunctions, and actual system degrades to allow trainees to experience abnormal and emergency situations under safe conditions and under an instructor's watchful eye.

This paper discusses the purpose, benefit, and challenges of introducing and using structured operator training in the mining industry. An evaluation of the experience related to the Haulage Truck Training Program will be discussed. Applications related to training operators of other mobile surface mining machines in normal and abnormal operating conditions will also be discussed.
Training Navajo Indians as Miners
Authors: Aboud W.
Published: July 2017

When a mine opens, people must be found to perform all the necessary functions attendant to the mine's operation. Often the local populace is the source of this labor pool. Many of the newer U.S. mines are located in remote, relatively unpopulated regions of the country or regions which are populated by identifiable “special groups” or subpopulations. Utah International Inc., as one of the larger mining companies in the United States, encountered such a special group in the Navajo Indians when opening and operating the Navajo and San Juan Mines in northwestern New Mexico. This paper discusses the problems which arose from differences in cultural, familial, and societal background and experiences from those of the larger American society, how these differences impacted and continue to impact upon training, and the “solutions” by which they were and are handled. An example of such a difference to be discussed is the difficulty getting the desired photography for a visual training presentation. The Navajos believe that a portion of a person's spirit is captured in a photograph and can never be regained; therefore, it is imperative to get the permission of all Navajo individuals who will be in a photograph, slide, or film footage before endeavoring any photography.
Plans and The Structure of Target Acquisition Behavior
Authors: Miller R. A. , Jagacinski R. J. , Nalavade R. B. , Johnson W. W.
Published: July 2017

Subjects manipulated a position control stick with one hand and a velocity control stick with the other hand in order to capture a moving target displayed on an oscilloscope screen. The two control sticks were additively coupled. In order to understand the coordination of the two control sticks, event-based first-order markov “activity sequence generators” were constructed for individual subjects. These discrete probabilistic structures are closely related to each subject's overall plan or general strategy for the capture task. Striking individual differences and strategic errors in performance were revealed. When combined with additional time-conditioned (open-loop) and error-conditioned (closed-loop) details, the activity sequence generators provide a basis for a hierarchic description of this perceptual-motor skill.
Getting the Picture in Fighter Cockpits
Authors: Reising John M. , Kopala Carole Jean , Herron Emmett L. , Calhoun Gloria L.
Published: July 2017

This narrated, color, 16 1/2 minute film describes the type of experiments being performed in the Air Force's Flight Dynamics Laboratory's Digital Synthesis Simulator. The purpose of these experiments is to develop new controls/displays concepts for the next generation fighter aircraft. The simulator is fixed-base and its cockpit is the size of an A-7. The cockpit's electro-mechanical instruments have been replaced with six cathode ray tubes (CRTs). Two of the CRTs are color and four are black-and-white. Through software programming, new display and control concepts are implemented on the display surfaces.

Past work discussed in the film includes: development of multifunction control logic, design of integrated monochrome display formats, and development of color-coded formats. On-going projects discussed in the film include: designing pictorial formats to replace current alphanumeric formats; designing computer-generated synthetic terrain displays to replace current radar displays; and designing algorithms which enable the cockpit computer to identify emergency conditions and perform the necessary emergency procedures for the pilot.

The film emphasizes the necessity of a research team composed of members with different areas of expertise. For example, the Digital Synthesis Simulation team is composed of human factors psychologists, pilots, engineers, and software and hardware experts. It also emphasizes the necessity to examine the human factors design of equipment in as near an operational setting as possible before production is pursued.
Space Telescope Neutral Buoyancy Mockup – A Test Bed for Evaluating Man/System Interfaces
Authors: Pruett Edwin C. , Robertson Kem B.
Published: July 2017

A man/system simulation test program is being conducted at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) to support design and evaluation of crew interface hardware used in the Space Telescope (ST) on-orbit servicing tasks. A neutral buoyancy (NB) mockup of the telescope developed for MSFC was used as a test bed for evaluating many proposed crew interfaces associated with changeout of the scientific instruments and support systems. Tests were conducted in MSFC's NB simulator under simulated weightless conditions using pressure-suited crew members as test subjects. Test results are presented, including suggestions and recommendations for the design of tools, crew restraints, instrument stowage and transfer devices, and insertion guiderails. A final discussion applies the lessons learned from Space Telescope to the design of other serviceable spacecraft.
Lighting for a Visual Inspection Task
Authors: Misra Sudhakar , Bennett Corwin A.
Published: July 2017

An inspection study tested colored lighting as a means of helping detection of difficult “red dumet” defects in fluorescent lamp mounts. Blue lighting raised the hit rate for this defect while not affecting other defect detections. While the inexpensive installation of this lighting is recommended, good performance cannot be expected at the existing pacing rates.
An Evaluation of The Harris Inspection Test
Authors: Gallwey Timothy J. , Czaja Sara J.
Published: July 2017

Two experiments assess the validity of the Harris Inspection test as a selection tool for industrial inspectors. The test is a short, two-part paper-and-pencil test which requires subjects to inspect a series of symbols for defects. Harris validated the test using inspectors who inspected four different types of electronic equipment. These studies fail to duplicate his findings. The data indicate that the Harris Test is not a valid selection test for industrial inspectors.
Sex Differences in the Transfer of Training of Basic Flight Skills
Authors: Mccloy Thomas M. , Koonce Jefferson M.
Published: July 2017

Twenty-four Air Force Academy cadets participated in an experiment designed to investigate gender differences in the transfer of training between various basic instrument maneuvers. Half the subjects, six males and six females, first flew a climb, cruise, descend profile and then flew a transfer task profile of right turn, cruise, left turn. The remaining subjects, six males and six females, flew the profiles in the reverse order. The results indicate that gender differences in performance of basic flying skills are probably due to previous differential exposure to similar type tasks. Males and females transferred previous training equally well to more difficult basic instrument maneuvers.
An Experience-Judgement Approach to Tactical Flight Training
Authors: Meyer Robert P. , Laveson Jack I. , Plus Design
Published: July 2017

Due to the critical role which vision plays in tactical operations, the experience-judgement approach emphasized visual cues and referents. A theory of internal pilot performance provided the framework for this approach. Visual referent details were carefully defined in their relationship with complex performance. An expanded surface task analysis which stressed cues and cognitive activity started the process of categorizing flying tasks into behavioral components. Visual cues and their referents were further analyzed to develop environmental background scenes for each task through an intermediate word to picture conversion. Behavioral components were structured into instructional procedures from which behavioral goals were specified. The resulting goals and background scenes were integrated to form a phased learning plan that included event requirements, instructional techniques, and instructional features. These procedures are also applicable to other advanced training situations which have complex visual perception, decision making, and motor output requirements.
Evaluation and Modification of an Underwater Test Battery to Measure Gross Motor Performance
Authors: Unger Kenneth , Halcomb Charles G. , Dixon David J. , Reichenbach John
Published: July 2017

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate and modify a previously developed test battery to measure gross motor performance underwater. The addition of new tests, modification of existing tests, and standardization of instructions and procedures was successful in substantially improving validity and reliability.
Lighting Characteristics of VDTS
Authors: Grandjean E. , Bräuninger U. , Fellmann Th. , Gierer R.
Published: July 2017

Eight VDTs of different trademarks were analyzed in relation to several lighting characteristics. They showed essential differences as far as the degree of oscillation as well as sharpness and stability of characters are concerned. It is assumed that some of the differences might partially be responsible for eye strain of operators.
More Driving Safety with a Better Designed Trip Computer Keyboard
Authors: Haller R. , Bouis D. , Heintz F. , Bosch Robert
Published: July 2017

The need for more economic driving and the new possibilities of electronic equipment in cars lead to additional display and control devices for the driver. Such systems contain potential safety risks, if they are not designed with special emphasis on ergonomic requirements. Several keyboard concepts for an information center (trip computer) were compared experimentally. By measuring operating time, eye fixation time to keyboard and display etc. it was discovered, that a so called sequence keyboard with one key corresponding to each display digit or column has several advantages compared with a 10-key telephone keyboard. Especially the fixation time to each keyboard as a measure of the potential safety risk differed by 0.5 to 1.0 second. The longer operating time for the sequence keyboard compared with the telephone keyboard does not impair traffic safety because the sequence keyboard mostly was actuated without fixation and in accordance with the traffic situation the input sequence was interrupted.
Alcohol, Drugs and Road Traffic Accidents of Rural College Students
Authors: Koushki Parviz A.
Published: July 2017

The extent of alcohol and drug abuse among rural college students is identified and its effect upon road traffic accidents is examined, Data was obtained from a sample population of rural college students enrolled in four small institutions. Approximately 600 randomly chosen students were interviewed and asked to fill in questionnaires, 459 of which were completed. Subjects consisted of 226 male and 233 female students. All of those sampled had experimented with alcohol and half of them has taken drugs. Although the effect of socio-economic characteristics upon alcohol and drug consumption proved to be negligible, more frequent users came from lower income families. Nearly 3/4 of the sample observations reported “sometimes” driving after drinking and/or taking drugs. Close to 1/2 of the total sample had experienced at least one road traffic accident, 4/10 and 1/10 of which were alcohol and drug-related, respectively.
Measuring Performance with A Menu-Selection Human-Computer Interface
Authors: Dray S. M. , Ogden W. G. , Vestewig R. E.
Published: July 2017

We compared speed and accuracy of operators using either multiple item line menus or menus calling sub-menus. Results suggest that naive users are faster when using menus which present all of the information on one screen (multiple-item line menus). Once trained, however, operators perform faster with menus calling sub-menus.
Military Applications of Advanced Speech Technology: Interactive Session
Authors: North Robert A.
Published: July 2017

This interactive panel discussion session will address current research programs in speech technology for military applications. Panel members are composed of government and industry laboratories that are conducting this research. Topics include airborne, computer integration, and training applications of speech recognition and generation.
Display Systems Development Logic
Authors: Rogers Jon G.
Published: July 2017

A display systems development logic is described which has proved useful as a communication aid in assuring human factors input in the development process. The logic in the form of a flow chart begins with an examination of the system mission objective and works the display problem to the final configuration. The procedure is thorough, systematic and assures attention to basic human factors data and standards.
Issues in the Design of Annunciator Systems
Authors: Benel Denise C. R. , Mccafferty Denise B. , Neal Valerie , Mallory Kenneth M.
Published: July 2017

A major source of qualitative information in nuclear power plant control rooms is provided by the annunciator system. In many control room operations the alarm system is the initiating stimulus for operator response. Annunciators are an especially critical source of information in an emergency. For this reason, sound annunciator design and layout are crucial to efficient and safe nuclear power plant operation.

Over the past few years, several investigators have determined that annunciator systems fail to fulfill the intended purpose. Human factors engineering principles often have been ignored or violated. Much work is needed to optimize the man-machine interface of annunciator systems. This paper discusses the importance of human factors criteria for consistency, accuracy, readability, position, and priority in the design of annunciator systems. The areas of functional grouping and prioritization, standardization of window nomenclature and format, and color coding are reviewed and evaluated. Additional problem areas in the design of an annunciator system are identified.
Effects of Work at a Vdt-Intensive Laboratory Task on Performance, Mood, and Fatigue Symptoms
Authors: Happ Alan J. , Beaver Craig W.
Published: July 2017

The relationship between reports of visual, musculoskeletal and psychological complaints of VDT users and performance was examined during an unpaced video-coding task. Additionally, the relationship between reports of visual stress and general fatigue was explored. Subject complaints increased during the task, but performance was unaffected. A strong association between visual stress and fatigue was found.