bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Race, Violence, and Law
Authors: Slaughter Thomas P
Published: November 2023

There Was A Complicated Interplay among race, class, gender, politics, and law in nineteenth-century Lancaster, as there was in the previous century and as there still is today. African-Americans are certainly more visible in the antebellum records than in those from the colonial period. Nonetheless, race is still an elusive variable in the local equation of justice, and verdicts defy any categorical statements about discrimination in law based on a defendant’s race. Surely the more frequent appearance of blacks in the courtroom reflected their increased presence in the county, their changing social circumstances, and white fears about the growing numbers of free blacks in their midst. And yet, the Christiana rioters were released without even a trial for their role in Edward Gorsuch’s death. Of course, the grand jurors who considered charges against the Christiana rioters did not have before them the black men literally responsible for dealing death blows to the fallen slave master; or, at least, they did not have in custody anyone who could be placed at the scene with a gun, stick, sword, knife, or stone in his hand by a credible witness. But such legal niceties were not always a bar to judicial revenge against racial minorities during that period, in either the North or the South. So it is essential to explore this one act of violence within the context of others committed by individuals and groups.
The Origins of Homelessness in Early America
Authors: Kusmer Kenneth L
Published: November 2023

The Homeless Have Been a Part of American civilization almost since the founding of the first English colonies four hundred years ago. As early as 1640 “vagrant persons” were listed among the social outcasts that peace officers in Boston were charged with apprehending. By the mid-eighteenth century, “sturdy beggars” had become a fairly common sight wandering along backcountry roads, but they were much more likely to congregate in bustling seaport towns like Philadelphia and Baltimore. The decades immediately before and after the American Revolution witnessed a substantial increase in homelessness. After 1820, accelerating economic change forced many more individuals into the ranks of vagrants and beg- gars, prompting the first concerted attempt by private charities to deal with this problem. By the depression of 1857, every substantial urban center was grappling with throngs of homeless persons. This trend was not equally evident in all sections of the country, however. On the eve of the Civil War the homeless problem, and responses to it, remained local in nature.
Tramps, Trains, and Towns, 1880 –1915
Authors: Kusmer Kenneth L
Published: November 2023

The Return Of Prosperity In 1879 reduced the numbers of homeless unemployed, temporarily calming the anxieties of those who viewed the ragged squadrons of vagabonds as the advance guard of revolution. But it could not end the problem. Homelessness in its various forms was too intimately connected to major changes in American society and its economic structure for that to happen. From time to time, especially after the return of prosperity following a period of financial depression, editorialists might talk hopefully about “the end of the tramp,” but railroad workers and communities near major transportation routes knew better. “The tramp problem shows no sign of letting up,” observed one railroad journal in 1913, and the prediction was borne out during the next two years, when the number of men on the road reached new heights.1 By the beginning of the twentieth century, however, both the nature of the phenomenon itself and the response of Americans to it were under- going significant change.
A Changing Image: The Homeless in Popular Culture, 1890 –1930
Authors: Kusmer Kenneth L
Published: November 2023

As The Homeless Became An Established feature of American society in the early twentieth century, the image of this outcast group underwent a dramatic transformation. In middle-class literature and periodicals the view of the tramp as a dangerous, criminal agitator all but disappeared. No single stereotype replaced it; rather there emerged a number of overlapping—and frequently competing— images. Aspects of the traditional view that were not discarded were sometimes transformed in a way that would have astounded the moralists of the 1870s. What was once regarded as a defect in the moral sensibilities of the vagabond—such as his irresponsible desire to avoid work—sometimes became little more than a quaint idiosyncracy, if not actually a trait to be admired. The figure of the tramp also was significant in vaudeville, popular music, and early motion pictures. Reflecting the concerns and sentiments of a working- class or mixed-class audience, these popular entertainment forms often employed the symbol of the homeless man to criticize the in- equities of the new industrial order.
From Tramp to Transient: The Great Depression
Authors: Kusmer Kenneth L
Published: November 2023

The Great Depression Brought The Issue of homelessness back to the forefront of public consciousness and debate, injecting a note of real- ism into a topic that had largely become a battle of cultural symbols. Illegal train-riding, which had declined in the 1920s, again became commonplace as an army of unemployed wanderers took to the road in search of work. Shantytowns built by the homeless sprang up in cities across the nation, and social workers and municipal officials struggled to deal with increasing numbers of the destitute crowding into private and public shelters. By 1932, the “starvation army” of men (and, to some extent, women and children) on the road had become the clearest evidence of a nation in the midst of a deepening economic crisis. Out of these circumstances would come the first—and only—federal program in American history designed to deal directly with the problem of the homeless unemployed. The Federal Transient Service, a neglected aspect of the New Deal’s Hundred Days legislation, broke new ground in providing humane treatment for this outcast group.
The Forgotten Men, 1935 –1975
Authors: Kusmer Kenneth L
Published: November 2023

The Release of Close to 400,000 persons from the federal transient centers in late 1935 taxed local welfare institutions to the limit. “In most cases,” one reporter said of New York City’s homeless, “the best that can be offered these strays is the municipal lodging house at night—and the public streets by day.” Some of the homeless responded to this situation by taking to the road. The hobo jungles, little used while the Federal Transient Service was in operation, experienced a dramatic revival. During the winter of 1935‒36, Florida and California instituted border patrols in an attempt to bar indigent persons from entering their states. The effect of this action was limited at best and failed to discourage a new wave of transiency during the “Roosevelt recession” of 1937‒38. The blockades, however, did symbolize the return of a hos- tile, punitive attitude toward homeless wanderers, an attitude best illustrated by the title of a 1938 Commonweal article on the treatment of transients: “Move On, You!”
A New Homeless?
Authors: Kusmer Kenneth L
Published: November 2023

PUBLIC AWARENESS OF THE “NEW HOMELESS” can be traced to the late 1970s, when beggars and “street people” became increasingly noticeable in the downtowns of many cities. During the recession of the early 1980s, the homeless population continued to increase, shocking many who had assumed that such visible signs of destitution had been eradicated from American society. Like the “tramp problem” of the late nineteenth century, the new homelessness was not a temporary phenomenon. The economic recovery of 1983‒84 failed to halt the growth of the homeless population. A widely cited 1984 Department of Housing and Urban Development report estimated that there were 250,000 persons living on the street or in shelters on any given night. By 1990, that figure had doubled. A 1996 Urban Institute survey estimated that on an average night 470,000 persons in the United States were sleeping in shelters but that a much larger number, close to 2 million, had experienced homelessness at some point during the previous year. Regard- less of how one measured the phenomenon, by the end of the twentieth century a much enlarged homeless population was apparently on the way to becoming a permanent feature of postindustrial America.
Adoption from the Inside Out: A Psychoanalytic Perspective
Authors: Brinich Paul M
Published: November 2023

I would like to begin this chapter with a reminder to the reader that, as Freud (1926/ 1959) himself stated, “Psychoanalysis is part of psychology; not of medical psychology in the old sense, not of the psychology of morbid processes, but simply of psychology” (p. 252). Psychoanalysis is just as much concerned with normality as it is with psychopathology; and the inclusion of this chapter on adoption from a psychoanalytic perspective does not suggest that there is any necessary relationship between adoption and psychopathology. It is, rather, an attempt to highlight the conscious and unconscious attitudes that adoptees, adoptive parents, and relinquishing parents have toward themselves, as they have been observed via the technique of psychoanalysis.
The Meaning of the Search
Authors: Schechter Marshall D , Bertocci Doris
Published: November 2023

The winds of change are swaying the structure of adoption. Portions of that structure have been undergoing radical modification, sending its current generation of architects back to examine the original design. The search by the adopted person for birth information or for the birthparents themselves has in some respects shaken the structure to its foundations.1 For however large or small a subgroup searchers may constitute, the search confronts some of the most fundamental premises, tenets, and values of adoption as an institution of North American and possibly Western culture. The clashing of views on the subject tends to obfuscate a more dispassionate and probing attempt to understand, from the subjective experience of the adopted person, what the need to search really means.
Acknowledgment or Rejection of Differences?
Authors: Kaye Kenneth
Published: November 2023

In our family, adoption was a joke. We older cousins would tease the younger ones by pretending to let slip the fact that they were adopted. In reality, no one was; it was simply a way of saying, “You’re different; you’ll never fit in.” We inherited the joke from our mothers, who have been recycling it on their baby sister for nearly 60 years. Since I have come to know adoptive families, the humor has been lost on me.
Adoption and Identity Formation
Authors: Hoopes Janet L
Published: November 2023

The title of this chapter links two very complex constructs: identity and adoption. Identity is a personality construct that has been defined and discussed in much theoretical writing as well as in research, while adoption presents an equally complex social and family phenomenon with a clinical and research literature of its own. The interrelationship of these two complex phenomena has rarely been specifically addressed in adoption outcome research, although speculation has appeared in the literature and data presented in clinical studies, with inferences drawn concerning this interrelationship. The goal of this chapter is to summarize the theory on identity formation, examine some of the complexities of adoption, and then to look at the research and clinical literature on adoptive families and children. From this research and literature it is hoped that conclusions can be drawn regarding identity development in the adoptee.
Open Adoption
Authors: Baran Annette , Pannor Reuben
Published: November 2023

Adoption practice in the United States is still basically closed, secretive, and involved with the protection of everyone’s anonymity. However, there is a growing movement toward reform from secrecy to openness. Change is coming about very slowly but steadily as more and more agencies throughout the United States become involved in open adoptive placements.
Managing American Minds
Authors: Schaffer Ronald
Published: November 2023

Almost from the beginning of hostilities in Europe, President Wilson had imagined how difficult it would be to lead a divided country into the Great War. He recognized that in such a conflict unity was vital and internal opposition, or even apathy, might be ruinous. As the United States took its place among the belligerents, he initiated programs to shape the way Americans perceived the war, to provide them information the government wished them to know, and to motivate them. Meanwhile, his administration set out to silence dissenters.
The War and Social Reform: Workers and the Poor
Authors: Schaffer Ronald
Published: November 2023

At one time, historians believed World War I had delivered a coup de grace to the Progressive movement, the series of campaigns that had arisen before 1914 to reform American society. There is considerable evidence for this view. We have noted the way business groups, assailed by reformers in the pre war years, took command of the councils of defence, the War Industries Board, and other volunteer agencies and used them to reassert their influence. We have seen how people who wanted to make fundamental reforms in the relationships between social classes (for in stance, members of the Industrial Workers of the World and certain elements of the Socialist Party) were persecuted during the war years.
The Great War and the Equality Issue: African-Americans and Women
Authors: Schaffer Ronald
Published: November 2023

When America began its crusade to free the victims of German autocracy, millions of its own black citizens, oppressed by poverty, segregation, political impotence, and violence, were badly in need of liberation. Yet even before the United States became a belligerent, the Great War had begun to change their lives. War accelerated a migration of rural blacks to the cities, particularly to large industrial cities in the North.
Quaker Domesticity with the Grain
Authors: Levy Barry
Published: November 2023

The first party of forty Welsh Quakers set sail to Pennsylvania in May 1682 from Liverpool aboard the Lyon. During their eleven week voyage, the passengers drank three pints of beer daily, ate cheese, and held silent meetings. Edward Jones, a barber-surgeon and their leader from Bala, oversaw the passengers spiritual and physical health. On August 13, 1682, the Lyon sailed onto the Delaware River and the passengers disembarked at Upland, the center of a small Swedish settlement.
Saints and Republicans
Authors: Levy Barry
Published: November 2023

By 1750 the Welsh Tract and Chester Quaker communities reached their apex of exemplary communal development, reconciling wealth, productivity, tenderness, and holiness like no other people had in North America. By this time they were already attracting the attention of the French philosophes and continued to be the darlings of Pennsylvania voters. The province they ruled was luring more European immigrants than any other, and their city Philadelphia was growing faster than any other North American city. They had clearly made Quaker domesticity a force to contend with.
“The Party is Always Right”
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila
Published: November 2023

Few histories of everyday life start with a chapter on government and bureaucracy. But it is one of the peculiarities of our subject that the state can never be kept out, try though we may. Soviet citizens attempting to live ordinary lives were continually running up against the state in one of its multifarious aspects. Their lives were tossed around by Communist policies; their tempers were tried on a daily basis by incompetent and arbitrary officials, clerks, and salespeople, all working for the state. This was the omnipresent context of Soviet everyday life; there was no way to live without it. Thus, our story begins with an overview of the Stalinist regime and its institutions and practices, particularly the Communist Party’s style of rule and mentalitC. At the end of the 1920s, the conventional starting point for the Stalin period, the Soviet regime had been in power for not much more than a decade. Its leaders still thought of themselves as revolutionaries, and they behaved like revolutionaries too. They meant to transform and modernize Russian society, a process they described as “building socialism.” Since they believed that this revolutionary transformation was in the long-term interests of the people, they were willing to force it through, even when, as with collectivization, a majority of the relevant population dearly opposed it. They explained popular resistance as a result of the backwardness, prejudices, and fears of the unenlightened masses. The Communists’ sense of mission and intellectual superiority was far too great to allow them to be swayed by mere majority opinion.
The Black Oldest Old: Health, Functioning, and Informal Support
Authors: Gibson Rose C , Jackson James S
Published: November 2023

Blacks constitute the most rapidly growing portion of the oldest old population (Siegel and Taeuber 1986; Taeuber and Rosenwaike, Chapter 2, this volume). Little is known about very old blacks, except that compared with whites of the same age, their number is growing more rapidly; they are more likely to live in families with limited economic resources and more likely to be in poor physical and functional health, yet less likely to be institutionalized. The rapid growth of this group, combined with their tendency to live with families that can ill afford to keep them economically, make their levels of health, functioning, and quality of family support matters of high national concern. These issues shape the long-term care needs of the black oldest old. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the health, functioning, and informal supports of the black oldest old and to recommend new directions for research on this population.
Making It Last: Economic Resources of the Oldest Old
Authors: Atkins G Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Congress increasingly is considering proposals to shift more of Medicare costs to the elderly themselves. Public policy proposals aimed at shifting costs to elderly beneficiaries, such as the ill-fated Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988, have often ignored age variations in the economic resources of the elderly. The oldest old are treated just like the newly retired, regardless of differences that may exist in their ability to bear these costs. Yet, as the oldest old population grows in size and prominence, public policy will need to become more sensitive to their unique conditions. This chapter addresses the question of whether the economic resources of the oldest old are sufficiently different to justify more age-specific public policy.
Mendicity-The Language of Poverty
Authors: Adams Thomas Mcstay
Published: November 2023

All three of the men whom Vieuloup and Pelicot led away to the royal prisons at Rennes on that early September day in 1777 claimed to be searching for work. Like many others who gravitated to the market square of Toussaints, they were far from home. Nicolas le Coz (who went by the name of “Le Floe”), about forty-eight, said he was the son of a fisherman, Jan, and of Catherine Kersalle, and that he was born in the diocese of Quimper. The recorder could not spell the parish consistently, but it appears to have been the small community of Locronon, whose church tower looks out over an arm of the sea and the westernmost shores of Brittany, a hundred and fifty miles west of Rennes. Julien Buquet, aged seventy-four, came from the diocese of Doi on the northern coast, where he claimed to reside in the parish of La Boussac with his wife and children. At twenty years of age, Guillaume Vary was the youngest of the three. Born in Normandy, he gave the parish of Bazoges as his home. Gabliet was the name of his deceased father. His mother’s name he could not recall.
The Impulse to Legislate
Authors: Adams Thomas Mcstay
Published: November 2023

“Nam ista mendicorum frequentia arguit et in privatis malitiam ac inhumanitatem, et in magistratibus neglegentium boni publici,” the humanist scholar Juan Luis Vives admonished the citizens of Bruges in 1526 in an unadorned Latin, exhorting them to provide for the poor in their midst. “ For that throng of beggars,” he was saying, “argues both the ill-will and inhumanity of private citizens and a neglect of the public good on the part of the magistrates.” Whatever they thought of the medieval Christian tradition of sacred poverty, the reformers of the sixteenth century saw corruption-not beatitude-in the daily public jostling of beggars in the urban centers of an increasingly mercantile society. It was corruption of the human spirit, the reformers thought, in private citizens who lacked the good will to help their fellows extricate themselves from the degradation of a beggar’s’s life; it was corruption of the will in those magistrates who allowed such a state of affairs to persist, when it was in the interest of the community as a whole to tum idle hands to productive labor and to make true citizens of the outcast poor. Vives captures in a sentence the recurrent themes underlying the modem impulse to eliminate public begging.
“Provisional Dépóts”
Authors: Adams Thomas Mcstay
Published: November 2023

Laver dy’s commission had moved quickly to frame a stiff law against vagabonds. The preamble of the “Declaration of the King concerning vagabonds and shiftless persons” of August 3, 1764, unmistakably echoes the words of the semiofficial propagandist Le Trosne. Banishment was deemed ineffective against those whose life was “a perpetual banishment.” Therefore vagabonds were to be punished by a fixed sentence to the galleys in the case of able-bodied males, and confinement elsewhere for those excepted by reason of age, infirmity, or sex. The first article gave jurisdiction over the arrest of vagabonds to the marechaussee, in conformity with the Declaration of February 5, 1731.
Philosophy and Bureaucracy
Authors: Adams Thomas Mcstay
Published: November 2023

By 1774 the critics of the depots had undermined the schemes of Joly de Fleury, breached the defenses of the system confided to the energetic younger Bertier, and resurrected all the issues that Laverdy’s commission had swept under the rug in 1767. The controller-general of finance, Turgot, had spoken with the voice of the Encyclopediste, urging that citizens’ energies be mobilized by means of more ra tional institutions. His close relationship with provincial spokesmen for “advanced” opinion-the archbishops of Aix and Toulouse-seemed to promise a new era of cooperation between the king’s council and provincial elites in sharing the tasks of reform.
Old Medicine and New
Authors: Adams Thomas Mcstay
Published: November 2023

Looking back in 1778, Bertier could allude to Turgot’s ministry as an unfortunate episode that had only momentarily frustrated a lengthy campaign to eradicate mendicity: “the dearness of grains and the suspension ordered by M. Turgot arrested the complete success that had been expected.” Since Turgot’s departure, the lieu tenant de police of Paris (the restored Lenoir) and Bertier had devised new measures.
Laboratory of Virtue
Authors: Adams Thomas Mcstay
Published: November 2023

Not long after Turgot’s fall from office, the academy of Chalons-sur-Marne an nounced a prize-essay contest on the subject, “How to make beggars useful to the state without making them unhappy?”There was nothing extraordinary about the academy’s desire to serve as critic and counsellor of authority. The provincial academies were, in Daniel Roche’s phrase, “daughters of administration” in several senses: they were promoted by royal authority and protected by royal intendants; they counted among their members a high proportion of officials and consultants in royal bureaucracies; and when they addressed policy issues, they cast themselves in the role of experts whose critical diagnosis of a problem would reflect credit both on the civic zeal of a local elite and on the beneficent intentions of the king and his ministers.
Founding a New Regime
Authors: Adams Thomas Mcstay
Published: November 2023

One result of the growth of clinical medicine in the eighteenth century, according to Michel Foucault, was that doctors began to lift their gaze from the individual case history to the environment in which the phenomena of disease and health were constituted. Foucault’s interpretation applies particularly well to the depots, which functioned in the narrow sense as medical clinics, but which also provided amphi theaters for observing social pathology case by case. The revolutionary Comite de Mendicite carried this panoptic impulse to its logical conclusion, subjecting an en tire society to diagnostic scrutiny. Two sets of issues linked the work of the Comite de Mendicite of the Constituent Assembly with the experience of the depots under the Old Regime. The problem of maintaining standards of hygiene within an institution became linked with an effort to monitor the welfare of the 1mpulation at large. Likewise, the challenge of rehabilitating inmates through work came to be predicated on a broader social question: could every citizen expect to attain well being through work? Work, well-being, and citizenship could no longer be defined in isolation from each other.
Suffering in Chronic Illness
Authors: Cassell Eric J
Published: November 2023

SUFFERING THAT OCCURS during acute illness seems to arise largely from sources external to the person-from the injury or the disease. This appears true to those who suffer, even though the factors that convert even severe pain into suffering depend on the particular nature of the individual, and although painful sensations may arise from deep inside the body. Thus, if suffering results from the pain of cancer, both the pain and the cancer are not considered part of the suffering person. The cancer is a “thing” that afflicts the patient and the pain arises from that distinct alien thing. In fact, the cancer is not so easily separable from the tissues of the patient, and the factors that have promoted its growth are part of the patient’s physiology.
Patriarchy and Paternalism
Authors: Bowman Shearer Davis
Published: November 2023

One Can NOT study the historical literature on either planters or Junkers without encountering questions about the degree to which each landed elite and its regional society were characterized by “patriarchy” and “paternalism.” It is hardly surprising that scholars have provided different answers to these questions, and that the differences sometimes reflect disagreement about the precise meanings and proper usage of the key terms. This chapter has two interrelated goals: to investigate the etymological roots and historical usages of the terms patriarchy and paternalism, and to explore questions about the patriarchal and paternalistic characteristics of the planter and Junker elites in a comparative context.
A Moral History of Indian-White Relations Revisited
Authors: Axtell James
Published: November 2023

Studies in Inter-Ethnic confligt are Rife with Moral Judgments, Some intended by their authors, others unnoticed. Scholarly disinterestedness seems to be especially difficult to achieve when the conflicts studied are between the (native, Native, first) Americans and (imperial, invading, intrusive) Europeans, as a sample choice of adjectives graphically shows. Recognizing in myself strong if shifting feelings about Indian-white relations over a dozen years of teaching and writing about them, I wanted to explore the philosophical status of normative judgments in historical thought to see if it was legitimate to have such feelings and to register them in writing.
Some Thoughts on the Ethnohistory of Missions
Authors: Axtell James
Published: November 2023

While Engaged in Long-term Projects, scholars–Unless they have preternatural reservoirs of patience–often get the itch to write something finite. Usually a request comes over the transom about that time for a conference paper, a guest lecture, or an article to fill the thematic issue of a journal. With alacrity he accepts and bolts from the library to the typewriter to write what is half-affectionately known as a “spin-off,” a piece that can be ripped from or is suggested by a problem or theme in the larger work.

“Some Thoughts” was born of such tergiversation during the twelve-year gestation of The Invasion Within.
Colonial America Without the Indians
Authors: Axtell James
Published: November 2023

The Historical Profession can often be as hard to move as a cemetery. At other times it rolls over for the latest and least fad. Before the media maneuvers of the American Indian Movement in the early 1970s, American historians and their textbooks paid virtually no attention to the native role in American history. But the disenchantment with the white, male “Establishment” growing out of the civil-rights movement and protests over U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia, and the simultaneous popularity of “the New Social History,” led many teachers and textbook writers to add Indians to a growing syllabus of new subjects worthy of attention. This venture in mostly compensatory history was often flawed by quick-fix ideology and frustrated greatly by a lack of ethnohistorical scholarship which focused at least in part on the Euro-American side of the frontier. Too often good intentions and political zeal stood in for viable history.
Square One: Veritas or Hallucination
Authors: Diamond Sigmund
Published: November 2023

Square One —The point of departure for the entire investigation —consisted of my article on Seymour Martin Lip set and David Riesman, Education and Politics at Haroard (New York, 1976), one of more than a hundred reports and volumes produced under the direction of the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education; McGeorge Bundy’s reply to that article and my rejoinder; a lengthy letter from Professor Robert Bellah setting forth his experience at Harvard during the Bundy regime, together with comments by Bundy and me; and letters from Clark Kerr, director of the Carnegie study and president of the University of California, Lip set, and some of Bundy’s Harvard associates.
More on Harvard: Public Masks, Private Faces
Authors: Diamond Sigmund
Published: November 2023

We Now Know that Harvard had an institutional “arrangement” with the FBI and, at least so far as the Russian Research Center is concerned, with the CIA as well. The relationship with the intelligence agencies was sufficiently close for the FBI to consider talking directly to President Conant about getting information concerning the research center and other parts of Harvard. It is possible for the head of an organization not to know all the activities carried on by his subordinates, but it is also likely that some of Conant’s subordinates had reason to feel that their cooperation with the intelligence agencies had his sympathetic understanding, even if not his open support. The statements to the FBI of a number of Conant’s closest friends and associates, made during the security investigation at the time of his appointment as high commissioner to Germany, attest to the depth of Conant’s feelings about the dangers of communism.
Ivy-covered Surveillance
Authors: Diamond Sigmund
Published: November 2023

How did I learn that Yale University had on its staff a liaison officer with the FBI named Harry B. Fisher? An FBI memorandum concerning Buckley, from SAC New Haven to the director, September 28, 1949, refers to “[named deleted], Liaison Officer at Yale University.” The phrase suggests that relations between the FBI and Yale were so formalized that a special office-—that of “Liaison Officer” —-had been created to handle them. It was impossible to determine from the text of the memorandum whether the deleted name was that of an FBI employee who had liaison responsibilities with Yale or that of a Yale employee who had liaison responsibilities with the FBI.
Ellington’s First Article: “The Duke Steps Out” (1931)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

My first thought when I began to write this article was one of admiration for whoever chose the name of this magazine. Our very lives are dependent on rhythm, for everything we do is governed by ordered rhythmic sequences: that modern dance music of the best type is completely rhythmic is only in accor dance with the natural law.
Wilder Hobson: “Introducing Duke Ellington” (1933)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Leaders are not so fortunate. Manager Mills wastes considerable money buying Ellington special arrangements of standard tunes. By the time the orchestra plays them they are Ellingtonian-lustered with his own harmonies, pungent with his rhythm. Ellington spends his spare moments writing a score for a Negro musical show to be produced next season by John Henry Hammond Jr., son of the New York lawyer John Henry Hammond, and one of the leading jazz con noisseurs of the country. Ellington is also conceiving a suite in five parts, tentatively entitled Africa, The Slave Ship, The Plantation, Harlem-the last being a climactic restatement of themes. Whether this will be arranged for his band as now constituted or for an augmented group has not been decided. The composer expects to leave the piano, taking a baton in the form of a drumstick which, while conducting, he will beat on an elaborate choir of tom toms. And he is trying desperately to find a reed instrument lower even than a contrabassoon with which to produce voodoo accents in the opening section. His friends say he will ultimately invent one.
Interview in Los Angeles: On Jump for Joy, Opera, and Dissonance as a “Way of Life” (1941)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

When Edward Kennedy Ellington came to San Francisco this week to head the stage show at the Golden Gate Theater, that was big news in the enter tainment world. It’s always big news in the entertainment world of every city here and abroad-when the Duke arrives. Ellington’s name is a synonym for the best in modern popular music. To attempt to “gild the lily” would be presumptuous.
“Interpretations in Jazz: A Conference with Duke Ellington” (1947)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Jazz today is no longer the jazz of twenty years ago. When I began my work jazz was a stunt, something different. Not everybody cared for jazz and those who did felt that it wasn’t the real thing unless they were given a shock sensation of loudness or unpredictability along with the music. For that rea son, I feel that I was extremely lucky to enter the picture when I did! I had to teach myself to read music. I relied on instinct rather than knowledge to guide me, and had to develop many techniques in spotlight positions. When I was playing at the Cotton Club, for instance, I had the luck to be engaged for three days at a theater in mid-town. All went well, and on the third day, kind of music. In addition, it requires a peculiar awareness of form and of the human thoughts and feelings these forms express. The young musician will do well to reflect on the needs of jazz before he gets himself a drum and starts out on a career.
“Changing Woman” and the Politics of Difference
Authors: Anderson Karen
Published: November 2023

This Work Seeks to provide historical perspectives on the lives of American Indian, African American, and Mexican American women in the United States over the course of the last century. It places racial ethnic women at the center of its inquiry in order to illuminate the historical processes revealed and shaped through their lives and actions. It also does so in the hope that Cornel West is right that

Empathy is precisely an attempt to identify with the other fellow citizen’s frustration, anxieties—what it’s like to walk a mile in their shoes, to get inside their skin. One can do that most easily when one has a sense of history that keeps track of what they are up against, their conditions and circumstances.

In focusing in part on the ways in which exclusionary definitions of “fellow citizens” have inflicted harm on women of color (and others), this book also calls into question the emancipatory possibilities of identities based in national “citizenship.”
An Expensive Luxury
Authors: Anderson Karen
Published: November 2023

Beginning with The Dawes Acr, Native Americans faced intensified efforts by whites to “civilize” them through a process of gender-specific acculturation. White acculturative goals for Indian women included the abandonment of their traditional cultural values and activities, subordination to and economic dependence on husbands, and the loss of meaningful authority over their children. For men, whites urged the assumption of a power over women and children that was ostensibly to be secured by masculine privilege in a capitalist economy and in political life. The degree of Indian conformity to the normative gender division of labor and authority became the measure of Indian “civilization.”
Introduction
Authors: Harris Barbara J
Published: November 2023

When Lady Lettice Treesham wrote her will in June 1557, she could look back with satisfaction on a life during which she had married three times; borne eight children; launched her eldest son’s, Francis’s, political career; and triumphantly defended her property against her stepson. Her ambitions and the basic course of her life resembled those of hundreds of other aristocratic women who lived between 1450 and 1550. Like Lady Tresham, they married more than once, bore large numbers of children, became rich through consecutive marriages, arranged their children’s careers and marriages, litigated successfully against their stepsons or in-laws, exploited their connections at court, and carefully distributed their property when they died.
Single Women and Compulsory Marriage
Authors: Harris Barbara J
Published: November 2023

Aristocratic wives enjoyed the fullest careers open to women of their class except for the small number who combined wifehood with appointments at court. In a class in which the female marriage rate was just under 94 percent, their lives provided the dominant model of adult womanhood. No comparable careers or opportunities existed for the tiny group of Yorkist and early Tudor aristocratic women who neither married nor entered convents. Whatever their personal qualities and capacities, never-married laywomen remained perpetual daughters and life-long dependents, residing in the households of their relatives or friends and functioning as gentlewomen servants and companions of their hosts. The scanty surviving information about them accurately mirrors their marginality in aristocratic society. There is not a single example of a never-married aristocratic woman who accumulated large amounts of property, real or movable, or who occupied a central position in her immediate or extended kin network. The narrow scope and relative insignificance of their activities contrasts dramatically with those of their married and widowed sisters.
The Thirties’ Literary Left
Authors: Coiner Constance
Published: November 2023

This chapter and the following one describe the historical parameters in which Le Sueur and Olsen fluctuated, consciously and unconsciously, between a full volumed accord with and a muted dissent from the Party’s positions on literature and “the woman question.” This chapter deals with the American Left literary milieu in the late ‘20s and ‘30s by identifying the major debates within the Left, especially those between proponents of a new proletarian literature and writers influenced by Trotsky’s Literature and Revolution. Although Le Sueur and Olsen were not major participants in these discussions, they were aware of and affected by their central issues. For the most part, Le Sueur, Olsen, and other women are absent from this chapter. Indeed, as much as anything I have written in this book, their noticeable absence comments on the patriarchal character of the literary Left. I have organized this chapter in ways that will be familiar to those acquainted with the history of ‘30s literary radicalism: Drawing on primary sources as well as the valuable work of Daniel Aaron, James Burkhart Gilbert, Richard H. Pells, Walter B. Rideout, and Alan M. Wald, I discuss the CPUSA’s shifting political and literary policies as well as literary debates between Party regulars and the anti Stalinist Left. But I do so in order to provide, for those unfamiliar with ‘30s literary radicalism, the background necessary to understand how Le Sueur and Olsen, oscillating between versions of literary orthodoxy and heterodoxy, complicate the schema that have generally been used to map the literary Left during this period.
“No One’s Private Ground”1: Olsen’s Tell Me a Riddle and Silences
Authors: Coiner Constance
Published: November 2023

The areas on which Yonnondio focused-domestic labor, familial relations, thwarted creativity, and the complex realm of consciousness-hindsight finds noticeably absent not only from Olsen’s other ‘30s writing but also from most proletarian literature and from discussions of its “proper” settings and subjects. From the ‘50s on, however, these areas constitute Olsen’s central concerns. While Olsen’s “message” continues to be agitational in her “second period,” the rhetorical model is more heteroglossic than that of her ‘30s publications. Moreover, like Yonnondio, Tell Me a Riddle and Silences foreground institutionalized mother hood, exposing what Olsen has rightly termed a “taboo area; the last refuge of sexism [the] least and last explored, tormentingly complex core of women’s oppression.”3 As it has been socially constructed, motherhood is an Achilles heel of the women’s movement: Even the women whom the movement has most benefited, the educated professionals, learn that in our social system the pretense of equal opportunity collapses around the issue of responsibility for children. Tell Me a Riddle’s title story and Silences are virtually unique in American writing for their uncompromising look at the anguish of women who must choose between having children and the need to carry on other serious work. That more women than men have valued Olsen’s fiction reminds us that textual meaning, rather than being fixed, is a consequence of a reader’s particular situation in the world.
A Dominion Materializes: The Children s Bureau, 1903-1917
Authors: Muncy Robyn
Published: November 2023

In 1905, Florence Kelley claimed: “The noblest duty of the Republic is ... so cherishing all its children that they ... may become self-governing citizens The care and nurture of childhood;’ she continued, “is thus a vital concern of the nation:’ These assertions indicated the direction that Hull House women would take in the early twentieth century: they and their growing network of reforming women would begin seeking national influence, and child welfare policy would provide the field for their broader authority.
Introduction
Authors: Cooper Sandi E
Published: November 2023

In 1989-1990, as the fin de siecle of the twentieth century begins, Europeans again seriously debate the possibility of transforming their continent from a geographic expression to a formal political-cultural community. If they succeed, they will realize a recurrent dream of their nineteenth-century ancestors. A German executive, relishing the fruits that the [re]awakening giant will pluck, observed that what was about to happen was what should have happened in 1914:

The European challenge is to restore the Europe of 1914, when Europe was the biggest economic power in the world and had the best-educated population, one that is twice the population of the United States and four times the population of Japan.’
The Debut of European Peace Movements, 1815- 1850: From Elite Prescriptions to Middle-Class Participation
Authors: Cooper Sandi E
Published: November 2023

Nothing inspires interest in a durable international peace quite as effectively as decades of murderous, debilitating warfare. In April 1792, France, in its third year of revolution, went to war against the Hapsburgs and eventually all the crowned heads of Europe. In the next twenty-three years, ending with the Battle of Water loo, there were few years of peace as the peoples of Europe and, eventually, the new United States battled for a host of new causes, such as liberty, national freedom, the rights of neutrals, and the abolition of feudalism, or in defense of older causes, such as privilege, imperial control and the salvation of the old regimes. The wars commingled ideological and material motives. At the end; besides the traditional diplomatic meeting to shape the formal peace, there was an unexpected outcome: a critical citizen consciousness that challenged the necessity as well as morality of this presumably legal form of mass murder.
Arbitration: The Search for Persuasive Propaganda
Authors: Cooper Sandi E
Published: November 2023

On the centennial of the French Revolution, the founding congresses of the Inter-parliamentary Conference and the Universal Peace Congress in Paris celebrated the promise of international arbitration. Frederic Passy articulated the sentiment:

His peroration derived from real experience mixed with a dash of hope. By 1889, peace activists and legal scholars counted ninety successful cases of arbitration during the century. From 1871 to 1890, despite rising tensions-the creation of the Triple Alliance, the intractable hostility between France and the German Empire, conflicts over imperial acquisitions-arbitration was used three times as frequently as in the preceding seven decades.2 From 1890 to 1900, sixty-three more successful arbitration decisions were reached.3 After two decades of meetings of the International Law Association and the Association for the Reform and Codification of International Law, more than half a dozen serious scholarly projects for systematizing international arbitration existed, all carefully couched to pre serve national sovereignty. The prestigious Revue de droit international et legislation comparee treated international law as if it were a reality in the process of becoming positive law-as medieval customary practice once became common law.
The Endings and Beginnings of Persons: Death, Abortion, and Infanticide
Authors: Engelhardt H Tristram
Published: November 2023

Persons are central to morality. As chapter 4 recounted, only persons have moral problems and moral obligations. The very world of morality is sustained by persons. The problem is that not all humans are persons in terms of general secular morality. To be a person for secular morality, one must be able to give morally authoritative permission. Or, to put matters somewhat differently, only those entities who can give permission, who can convey moral authority concerning themselves and their possessions will be termed persons. Person in the strict sense will be used to identify those entities who can establish by their agreements a web of moral authority for their collaboration, or who can refuse to be involved with others. Persons in the strict sense are the active participants in the morality that can bind moral strangers, for only persons can negotiate their areas of joint labor and by their refusals set limits to the intrusions of others. As such, per sons in the strict sense are moral agents who may be held responsible for their actions.
Means and Ends: Workers and the Value of Work
Authors: Zonderman David A
Published: November 2023

The debate over the mechanized factory system in antebellum New England can not be reduced to simple biographical, chronological, or demographic categories. Workers did not criticize or praise the factories simply on the basis of their age, sex, occupation, location, or any other single factor. Nor were they always likely to paint the factories in stark black-and-white terms-the debate spread over a broad spectrum of attitudes, ranging from outright condemnation, to profound ambivalence, to enthusiastic support. Workers from similar backgrounds could stand on opposite ends of this spectrum, and a single worker could pass through various emotional stages in the course of years working in the factories. Some workers, struggling to make sense of the changes taking place on the shop floor, could find themselves whether they realized it or not-trying to hold contradictory ideas within their own world view of the factories.