bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transient Stability of Variable Speed Wind Farms during Grid Fault
Authors: Ríos Alberto , Gascó Manuel
Published: May 2013

This paper examines the transient response of a variable speed wind farm during three-phase and two-phase voltage sags, and tests its ability to maintain the continuity of supply. The transient response of wind farms has been performed using simulations, and has not been verified with experimental data, owing to the lack of measurements and the technical difficulty in implementing short circuits in wind farms. In the beginning, the equivalent and detailed model of wind farm is described, as well as the dynamic model of the electrical system to which it is connected. Later, the simulations are performed in order to:

Analyse the impact of transformer inrush current on the transient response of wind farm. Evaluate the capacity of wind farms equipped with doubly-fed induction generators to maintain the continuity of supply during two-phase and three-phase voltage sags.
Generating 3 Dimensional Pavilions Described in Mayamatam; a Traditional Indian Architecture Treatise
Authors: Garg Yogesh K. , Das Vinay M.
Published: May 2013

The traditional or classical architecture of India is an interesting subject for exploration from different perspectives. Taking pavilions described in Mayamatam as a representative of the traditional or classical architecture of India and analyzing them from the viewpoint of pattern recognition and mathematics encouraging results are obtained. A pattern is seen in the development of the design of pavilions and has been coded alpha-numerically. Based on the system of development and employing computer applications software is created to design pavilions, which follow the principles of traditional architecture. This software has multiple benefits. It can be used as a teaching aid for the subject ‘history of Indian Architecture’. For architectural conservationists and heritage enthusiasts it offers itself as a tool to help in visualization and digital reconstruction. For architects it can be a means for making structures of recent times, which have the essence of traditional architecture. The aim of this paper is to highlight the methodology for preparing this software and demonstrating its output.
Emerging Socio-Technical Networks of Innovation in Architectural Practice
Authors: Kocaturk Tuba
Published: May 2013

This article reports on the initial analyses and findings of on-going research project which investigates the socio-technical transformation of Architectural practice due to technology adoption. A conceptual framework is developed as a tool to identify, analyse, and characterize the different socio-technical networks in current practice, and the ways in which these networks are being developed and coordinated. Highly technology-mediated and interdisciplinary architectural/engineering practices have been monitored and studied in their real-life project contexts. Through comparative case analyses, a conceptual framework has been developed and used to represent and analyse emerging socio-technical networks and the ways in which these networks facilitate innovation. In this context, new modes/practices of innovations are identified through the diverse and dynamic relationships emerging between architects, digital tools/systems, the design artefact, and the various multi-disciplinary knowledge/actors in a socio-technical setting.
Design Constraint Systems - A Generative Approach to Architecture
Authors: Bollmann Dietrich , Bonfiglio Alvaro
Published: May 2013

Generative Architectural Design permits the automatic (or semiautomatic) generation of architectural objects for a wide range of applications, from archaeological research and reconstruction to digital sketching. In this paper the authors introduce design constraint systems (DCS), their approach to the generation of architectural design with the help of a simple example: The development of the necessary formalisms to generate a family of architectural designs, i.e. simple houses and pagodas. After explaining the formal system the authors introduce an approach for the generation of complex form based on the application of transformations and distortions.

Architecture is bound by the constraints of physical reality: Gravitation and the properties of the used materials define the limits in which architectural design is possible. With the recent development of new materials and construction methods however, the ways in which form and physics go together get more complicated. As a result, the shapes of architecture gain more liberty, and more and more complex shapes and structures become possible. While these advances allow for new ways of architectural expression, they also make the design process much more challenging. For this reason new tools are necessary for making this complexity manageable for the architect and enable her to play and experiment with the new possibilities of complex shapes and structures. Design constraint systems can be used as tool for experimentation with complex form. Therefore, the authors dedicate the final part of this paper to a concise delineation of an approach for the generation of complex and irregular shapes and structures.

While the examples used are simple, they give an idea of the generality of design constraint systems: By using a two-component approach to the generation of designs (the first component describes the abstract structure of the modelled objects while the second component interprets the structure and generates the actual geometric forms) and allowing the user to adjust both components freely, it can be adapted to all kind of different architectural styles, from historical to contemporary architecture.
Computing Level of Privacy in a Virtual Environment
Authors: Indraprastha Aswin , Shinozaki Michihiko
Published: May 2013

This paper presents a computational model designed to analyze architectural space and to a develop privacy level using two methods: visual distance method and viewing angle method as those are primary cognitive mechanism to experience architectural space. We suggest that the result will offer possibilities for quantitative design analysis of privacy that influenced by architectural elements. The proposed method consists of two stages: determination of subdivided enclosed spaces and measuring privacy level on each subdivided enclosed space. Previous models showed that spatial quality is related to the visual distance to the architectural elements. In addition to distance variables, our model includes viewing angle variables to determine area and the direction angle from any observation point to the architectural elements on the boundary of an interior space. The case study evaluation is able to rank the quality of design of interior spaces with respect to their privacy level.
Inspection of anisotropic composites using ultrasonic phased arrays
Authors: Yan D. , Wright B. , Cooper I.
Published: May 2013

An approach, referred to as Velocity Variation Compensation (VVC), used to improve the inspection sensitivity of composites utilizing an ultrasonic phased array technique is described. This approach uses an ultrasonic immersion through-transmission technique to measure the velocity variation within an anisotropic composite material as the incident angle varies. Delay laws for phased array inspection were then modified using the measured velocity, and applied to a 5 MHz 32 elements phased array probe. Both methods were performed on the same sample, and the results showed that the detectability of defects was significantly increased.
Vacancy cluster effects on the behaviors of mechanical stretching of Au nanowires
Authors: Huang Pei-Hsing , Huang Ming-Yue , Li Hong-Yi , Chung Yi-Chen
Published: May 2013

Extensive atomistic simulations of the mechanical deformation of defective nanowires (NWs) were performed using the embedded-atom molecular dynamics modeling approach. The investigation focuses on the coupled effects of various vacancy cluster (VC) defects, operation temperature, and wire cross-sectional area on the mechanical properties and plastic deformations of defective NWs. The stress-strain behaviors show that the elastic modulus is independent of the vacancy cluster defects. Quasi-linear decreasing Young's moduli were observed with increasing operation temperature. For a given operation temperature, NW Young's modulus increased with increasing NW size.
Thermophysical properties of woven fabrics reinforced geopolymer composites
Authors: Thang Xiem , Louda Petr , Kroisova Dora
Published: May 2013

The aim of this study is to determinate thermophysical properties (thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, specific heat and thermal expansion) of geopolymer composites reinforced with different types of woven fabrics. Many reinforcements and geopolymer matrices are now available, but our work was focused on geopolymer matrix Q13K1, which involved common of thermal silica, kaolin, and potassium water glass; and combination with fabric E-glass, basalt and carbon fibers were also investigated. The samples were prepared using a standard vacuum bagging technique. The fabrics were impregnated with the matrix by-hand, stacked together and placed in the vacuum bag. Thermophysical properties were determined in accordance with national and international standards such as ASTM E-1461, DIN 30905, DIN EN 821, DIN 53752, etc.
Active magnetic bearing condition monitoring
Authors: Gouws R.
Published: May 2013

In this paper, condition monitoring of the internal parts of a radial active magnetic bearing (AMB) system is performed by means of Cepstrum analysis, Wigner-Ville Distributions (WVD) and enveloped Equi-Sampled Discrete Fourier transforms (ESDFT). Sensor faults, power amplifier failures and controller faults were induced in both the simulation and physical AMB system. Condition monitoring by means of the abovementioned techniques were then performed on the displacement and current signals of the simulation and physical AMB system. Results were compared and conclusions were made on how effective Cepstrum analysis, WVD and enveloped ESDFT were on the faults induced on the AMB system.
The Foundations of Sociodrama: Reflecting on Our Past and Looking at the Future
Authors: Marineau René F.
Published: May 2013

Sociatry treats the diseases of interrelated individuals (psychodrama) and of interrelated groups (sociodrama). Moreno's life and environment prepared him for both a search in individual and social life (Moreno, 1953). Psychodrama and sociodrama became complementary tools to induce broader changes, individual, and social. The challenges of sociodrama today are the same that remain true of most social conflicts (Marineau, 1989).
Warming-Up, Action Methods, and Related Processes
Authors: Blatner Adam
Published: May 2013

The idea of warming-up did not start only with Moreno. Other pioneers of spontaneity training and further applications deserve recognition. Some new books on warm-up techniques and new developments in neuroscience invite a reconsideration of this fundamental dynamic in psychology.
Who's Calling? Cell-Phone Sociometry
Authors: Miller Connie
Published: May 2013

Sociometrists seek ways to enliven interactive processes, which make the spontaneity state more accessible while addressing norms and structures that inhibit and distance people from one another. A high value is placed on integration, coherence, empathic processes, authenticity, and creative solving of shared concerns. The ultimate purpose is transcendence. However, as the director, how can that happen if my own ego is in the way? What happens if I focus outside of myself and become annoyed at and do not surrender myself to the group process? The challenge becomes one of, “How do I let go of control as a group leader? How do I increase my own trust in the group process?”
Counseling and Drama: Psychodrama a Deux. By Marvin G. Knittel
Authors: Atkinson Phoebe
Published: May 2013

Counseling and Drama: Psychodrama a Deux. By Marvin G. Knittel, EdD. Xlibris, 2009.
Propofol for Procedural Sedation in the Emergency Department: A Qualitative Systematic Review
Authors: Black Emily , Campbell Samuel G , Magee Kirk , Zed Peter J
Published: May 2013

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of propofol compared to other agents for procedural sedation of adults in the emergency department (ED) and to review the use of opioids in conjunction with propofol for procedural sedation in the ED.

DATA SOURCES:

PubMed (1949-December 2012) and EMBASE (1980-December 2012) were searched using combinations of the following search terms: (procedural sedation or conscious sedation [MESH]) and propofol. A manual search of references was also performed.

STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:

English-language, full reports of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies evaluating propofol use in adults undergoing procedural sedation in the ED were included if they reported efficacy or safety outcomes. Two reviewers independently assessed each article for inclusion, data extraction, and study limitations.

DATA SYNTHESIS:

Thirteen RCTs and 20 observational studies meeting our inclusion criteria were retrieved. Regardless of the agent used for sedation, procedural success was greater than 80% and most trials demonstrated no statistically significant difference in the incidence of respiratory depression with propofol compared to alternatives. One RCT showed a significantly greater percent decrease in systolic blood pressure from baseline in those who received propofol compared to ketamine. Where reported, no significant difference was found in patient recall, pain, and satisfaction when opioids were added to propofol compared to propofol alone; the addition of opioids may have resulted in a higher incidence of respiratory adverse events.

CONCLUSIONS:

Propofol for procedural sedation is a reasonable alternative for use in the ED, with comparative efficacy and safety to other alternatives. Use of opioids in addition to propofol may not provide added benefit but does contribute to increased rates of adverse events.
Developing Common Law to Expand the Meaning of the Right to a Fair Trial in South Africa: The Accused's Right to Be Heard before the Court Imposes the Sentence
Authors: Mujuzi Jamil Ddamulira
Published: May 2013

The South African Constitution, like constitutions of other countries and international law, guarantees the right to a fair trial. Section 35(3) of the South African Constitution gives a non-exhaustive list of the rights that make up the right to a fair trial. The Constitutional Court held that an accused's right to a fair trial includes the right to be heard before the sentence is imposed. Recently, the Supreme Court of Appeal held that if the accused insists on his right to make submissions before the sentence is imposed, the court is obliged to allow him or her to make the submissions. The Constitutional Court also held recently that the right to a fair trial requires the court, if it contemplates increasing the accused's sentence, to give notice to the accused to make submissions on why the sentence should not be increased. Both courts developed common law. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the two judgments.
Sale of Goods Law Reform: An Irish Perspective
Authors: White Fidelma
Published: May 2013

The Sale of Goods Act 1893 still dominates Irish law, despite being amended in 1980 and given a European twist in 2003. In 2008, an expert group, the Sales Law Review Group, was established to review the law of sale and to make recommendations for a scheme of legislation capable of providing a statutory sales law framework appropriate to modern-day conditions and needs. The Group reported finally in late 2011, with over 120 recommendations for reform. The proposals have been welcomed by Government, although legislation implementing the proposals is still awaited. This paper seeks to place these proposals in a common law context and critically evaluate the main recommendations for reform.
Psychosocial Predictors of Eating Disorder Risk in Overweight and Obese Treatment-Seeking Adolescents
Authors: Russo Jade V. , Brennan Leah , Walkley Jeff , Fraser Steve F. , Greenway Kate
Published: May 2013

This study explored eating disorder risk factors and possible psychosocial predictors of this risk in overweight and obese treatment-seeking adolescents. Prior to commencing treatment 108 overweight and obese adolescents aged 11 to 17 years (M = 14.31, SD = 1.57; 55% female) completed self-report measures of psychosocial factors. Females reported elevated levels of bulimic tendencies, body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness (p ≤.001) and males reported elevated body dissatisfaction (p < .001). Age, sex and BMI-for-age z-score explained 15% (p < .001) of the variance in eating disorder risk and psychosocial predictors an additional 25%. Sex did not have a moderating effect on these relationships (p = .21). Among overweight and obese treatment-seeking adolescents, those experiencing lower self-esteem and elevated depression and anxiety symptomatology are at increased eating disorder risk. This highlights the need to consider psychosocial factors in preventing and treating overweight and obesity.
Deconstructing the “First Moment of Truth”: Understanding Unplanned Consideration and Purchase Conversion Using In-Store Video Tracking
Authors: Hui Sam K. , Huang Yanliu , Suher Jacob , Inman J. Jeffrey
Published: May 2013

Retailers and manufacturers are keenly interested in understanding unplanned consideration and purchase conversion, but data that capture in-store product consideration have been unavailable in the past. In the current research, the authors use in-store video tracking to collect a novel data set that records shopping behavior at the point of purchase, including product consideration. In conjunction with an entrance survey of purchase intentions, they conduct several descriptive analyses that focus on the incidence, category propensity, behavioral characteristics, and outcome of unplanned consideration. The results reveal several new empirical insights. First, the authors find significant category-level complementarities between planned items and unplanned considerations, which they capture using a latent category map. Second, planned consideration and unplanned consideration differ in key behavioral characteristics (e.g., likelihood of purchase, time of occurrence, number of product touches). Third, greater likelihood of purchase conversion is significantly associated with dynamic factors (e.g., remaining in-store slack, outcome of the previous consideration) and behavioral characteristics (e.g., number of displays viewed, distance to shelf, references to a shopping list). The authors conclude with a discussion of implications of these findings for research and shopper marketing.
Differential Effects of Dual and Unihemispheric Motor Cortex Stimulation in Older Adults
Authors: Lindenberg Robert , Nachtigall Laura , Meinzer Marcus , Sieg Mira Maria , Flöel Agnes
Published: May 2013

Bihemispheric transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is thought to upregulate excitability of the primary motor cortex (M1) using anodal stimulation while concurrently downregulating contralateral M1 using cathodal stimulation. This “dual” tDCS method enhances motor learning in healthy subjects and facilitates motor recovery after stroke. However, its impact on motor system activity and connectivity remains unknown. Therefore, we assessed neural correlates of dual and unihemispheric anodal tDCS effects in 20 healthy older subjects in a randomized, sham-controlled study using a cross-over design. Participants underwent tDCS and simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging during a choice reaction time task and at rest. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) allowed us to relate potential functional changes to structural parameters. The resting-state analysis demonstrated that, compared with sham, both dual and anodal tDCS decreased connectivity of right hippocampus and M1 (contralateral to the anode position) while increasing connectivity in the left prefrontal cortex. Notably, dual but not anodal tDCS enhanced connectivity of the left dorsal posterior cingulate cortex. Furthermore, dual tDCS yielded stronger activations in bilateral M1 compared with anodal tDCS when participants used either their left or right hand during the motor task. The corresponding tDCS-induced changes in laterality of activations were related to the microstructural status of transcallosal motor fibers. In conclusion, our results suggest that the impact of bihemispheric tDCS cannot be explained by mere add-on effects of anodal and concurrent cathodal stimulation, but rather by complex network modulations involving interhemispheric interactions and areas associated with motor control in the dorsal posterior cingulate cortex.
The SNARE Proteins SNAP25 and Synaptobrevin Are Involved in Endocytosis at Hippocampal Synapses
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Wang Dongsheng , Sun Tao , Xu Jianhua , Chiang Hsueh-Cheng , Shin Wonchul , Wu Ling-Gang
Published: May 2013

SNAP25, an essential component of the soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex that mediates exocytosis, is not considered to play a role in endocytosis, which couples to exocytosis by retrieving a similar amount of exocytosed vesicles. By knocking down SNAP25 and imaging slow endocytosis at a conventional synapse, the rat cultured hippocampal synapse, we found that SNAP25 is involved in slow, clathrin-dependent endocytosis. With similar techniques, we found that not only SNAP25, but also synaptobrevin is involved in slow endocytosis. These results provide the first evidence showing the dual role of SNAP25 and synaptobrevin in both exocytosis and slow endocytosis at conventional synapses. Such a dual role may contribute to mediate the coupling between exocytosis and clathrin-dependent endocytosis at conventional synapses, a mechanism critical for the maintenance of synaptic transmission and the normal structure of nerve terminals.
Bidirectional Modulation of Cocaine Expectancy by Phasic Glutamate Fluctuations in the Nucleus Accumbens
Authors: Suto Nobuyoshi , Elmer Greg I. , Wang Bin , You Zhi-Bing , Wise Roy A.
Published: May 2013

While glutamate in the nucleus accumbens (NAS) contributes to the promotion of drug-seeking by drug-predictive cues, it also appears to play a role in the inhibition of drug-seeking following extinction procedures. Thus we measured extracellular fluctuations of NAS glutamate in response to discriminative stimuli that signaled either cocaine availability or cocaine omission. We trained rats to self-administer intravenous cocaine and then to recognize discriminative odor cues that predicted either sessions where cocaine was available or alternating sessions where it was not (saline substituted for cocaine). Whereas responding in cocaine availability sessions remained stable, responding in cocaine omission sessions progressively declined to chance levels. We then determined the effects of each odor cue on extracellular glutamate in the core and shell subregions of NAS preceding and accompanying lever pressing under an extinction condition. Glutamate levels were elevated in both core and shell by the availability odor and depressed in the core but not the shell by the omission odor. Infusion of kynurenic acid (an antagonist for ionotropic glutamate receptors) into core but not shell suppressed responding associated with the availability odor, but had no effect on the suppression associated with the omission odor. Thus cocaine-predictive cues appear to promote cocaine seeking in part by elevating glutamatergic neurotransmission in the core of NAS, whereas cocaine-omission cues appear to suppress cocaine seeking in part by depressing glutamatergic receptor activation in the same region.
Dynamic Interactions between Intermediate Neurogenic Progenitors and Radial Glia in Embryonic Mouse Neocortex: Potential Role in Dll1-Notch Signaling
Authors: Nelson Branden R. , Hodge Rebecca D. , Bedogni Francesco , Hevner Robert F.
Published: May 2013

The mammalian neocortical progenitor cell niche is composed of a diverse repertoire of neuroepithelial cells, radial glia (RG), and intermediate neurogenic progenitors (INPs). Previously, live-cell imaging experiments have proved crucial in identifying these distinct progenitor populations, especially INPs, which amplify neural output by undergoing additional rounds of proliferation before differentiating into new neurons. INPs also provide feedback to the RG pool by serving as a source of Delta-like 1 (Dll1), a key ligand for activating Notch signaling in neighboring cells, a well-known mechanism for maintaining RG identity. While much is known about Dll1-Notch signaling at the molecular level, little is known about how this cell–cell contact dependent feedback is transmitted at the cellular level. To investigate how RG and INPs might interact to convey Notch signals, we used high-resolution live-cell multiphoton microscopy (MPM) to directly observe cellular interactions and dynamics, in conjunction with Notch-pathway specific reporters in the neocortical neural stem cell niche in organotypic brain slices from embryonic mice. We found that INPs and RG interact via dynamic and transient elongate processes, some apparently long-range (extending from the subventricular zone to the ventricular zone), and some short-range (filopodia-like). Gene expression profiling of RG and INPs revealed further progenitor cell diversification, including different subpopulations of Hes1+ and/or Hes5+ RG, and Dll1+ and/or Dll3+ INPs. Thus, the embryonic progenitor niche includes a network of dynamic cell–cell interactions, using different combinations of Notch signaling molecules to maintain and likely diversify progenitor pools.
Paternal Stress Exposure Alters Sperm MicroRNA Content and Reprograms Offspring HPA Stress Axis Regulation
Authors: Rodgers Ali B. , Morgan Christopher P. , Bronson Stefanie L. , Revello Sonia , Bale Tracy L.
Published: May 2013

Neuropsychiatric disease frequently presents with an underlying hyporeactivity or hyperreactivity of the HPA stress axis, suggesting an exceptional vulnerability of this circuitry to external perturbations. Parental lifetime exposures to environmental challenges are associated with increased offspring neuropsychiatric disease risk, and likely contribute to stress dysregulation. While maternal influences have been extensively examined, much less is known regarding the specific role of paternal factors. To investigate the potential mechanisms by which paternal stress may contribute to offspring hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation, we exposed mice to 6 weeks of chronic stress before breeding. As epidemiological studies support variation in paternal germ cell susceptibility to reprogramming across the lifespan, male stress exposure occurred either throughout puberty or in adulthood. Remarkably, offspring of sires from both paternal stress groups displayed significantly reduced HPA stress axis responsivity. Gene set enrichment analyses in offspring stress regulating brain regions, the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the bed nucleus of stria terminalis, revealed global pattern changes in transcription suggestive of epigenetic reprogramming and consistent with altered offspring stress responsivity, including increased expression of glucocorticoid-responsive genes in the PVN. In examining potential epigenetic mechanisms of germ cell transmission, we found robust changes in sperm microRNA (miR) content, where nine specific miRs were significantly increased in both paternal stress groups. Overall, these results demonstrate that paternal experience across the lifespan can induce germ cell epigenetic reprogramming and impact offspring HPA stress axis regulation, and may therefore offer novel insight into factors influencing neuropsychiatric disease risk.
μ-Opioid Receptors within Subregions of the Striatum Mediate Pair Bond Formation through Parallel Yet Distinct Reward Mechanisms
Authors: Resendez Shanna L. , Dome Mackenzie , Gormley Gwen , Franco Dena , Nevárez Natalie , Hamid Arif A. , Aragona Brandon J.
Published: May 2013

The prairie vole is a socially monogamous rodent that is an excellent animal model for studies of the neurobiology of social attachment. Such studies have demonstrated that activation of reward circuitry during social interactions facilitates pair bond formation. Within this circuitry, μ-opioid receptors (MORs) modulate naturally rewarding behavior in an anatomically segregated manner; MORs located throughout the striatum (dorsal striatum, NAc core, and the entire NAc shell) are implicated in general motivational processes, whereas those located specifically within the dorsomedial NAc shell mediate positive hedonics (and are referred to as a “hedonic hotspot”). The purpose of the present study was to determine whether MORs within these distinct subregions differentially mediate pair bond formation. We first used receptor autoradiography to compare MOR binding densities between these regions. MOR binding was significantly higher in the NAc core and dorsomedial NAc shell compared with the ventral NAc shell. We next used partner preference testing to determine whether MORs within these subregions differentially mediate pair bonding. Blockade of MORs using 1 or 3 μg of H-d-Phe-Cys-Tyr-d-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2within the dorsal striatum decreased mating during the cohabitation period and inhibited partner preference formation. In contrast, blockade of MORs within dorsomedial NAc shell inhibited partner preference formation without effecting mating behavior, whereas other regions were not involved. Thus, MORs within the dorsal striatum mediate partner preference formation via impairment of mating, whereas those in the dorsomedial NAc shell appear to mediate pair bond formation through the positive hedonics associated with mating.
Clock and Light Regulation of the CREB Coactivator CRTC1 in the Suprachiasmatic Circadian Clock
Authors: Sakamoto Kensuke , Norona Frances E. , Alzate-Correa Diego , Scarberry Daniel , Hoyt Kari R. , Obrietan Karl
Published: May 2013

The CREB/CRE transcriptional pathway has been implicated in circadian clock timing and light-evoked clock resetting. To date, much of the work on CREB in circadian physiology has focused on how changes in the phosphorylation state of CREB regulate the timing processes. However, beyond changes in phosphorylation, CREB-dependent transcription can also be regulated by the CREB coactivator CRTC (CREB-regulated transcription coactivator), also known as TORC (transducer of regulated CREB). Here we profiled both the rhythmic and light-evoked regulation of CRTC1 and CRTC2 in the murine suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the locus of the master mammalian clock. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed rhythmic expression of CRTC1 in the SCN. CRTC1 expression was detected throughout the dorsoventral extent of the SCN in the middle of the subjective day, with limited expression during early night, and late night expression levels intermediate between mid-day and early night levels. In contrast to CRTC1, robust expression of CRTC2 was detected during both the subjective day and night. During early and late subjective night, a brief light pulse induced strong nuclear accumulation of CRTC1 in the SCN. In contrast with CRTC1, photic stimulation did not affect the subcellular localization of CRTC2 in the SCN. Additionally, reporter gene profiling and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis indicated that CRTC1 was associated with CREB in the 5′ regulatory region of theperiod1gene, and that overexpression of CRTC1 leads to a marked upregulation inperiod1transcription. Together, these data raise the prospect that CRTC1 plays a role in fundamental aspects of SCN clock timing and entrainment.
Progranulin Does Not Bind Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Receptors and Is Not a Direct Regulator of TNF-Dependent Signaling or Bioactivity in Immune or Neuronal Cells
Authors: Chen Xi , Chang Jianjun , Deng Qiudong , Xu Jie , Nguyen Thi A. , Martens Lauren H. , Cenik Basar , Taylor Georgia , Hudson Kathryn F. , Chung Jaegwon , Yu Kimberley , Yu Phillip , Herz Joachim , Farese Robert V. , Kukar Thomas , Tansey Malú G.
Published: May 2013

Progranulin (PGRN) is a secreted glycoprotein expressed in neurons and glia that is implicated in neuronal survival on the basis that mutations in theGRNgene causing haploinsufficiency result in a familial form of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Recently, a direct interaction between PGRN and tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFR I/II) was reported and proposed to be a mechanism by which PGRN exerts anti-inflammatory activity, raising the possibility that aberrant PGRN–TNFR interactions underlie the molecular basis for neuroinflammation in frontotemporal lobar degeneration pathogenesis. Here, we report that we find no evidence for a direct physical or functional interaction between PGRN and TNFRs. Using coimmunoprecipitation and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) we replicated the interaction between PGRN and sortilin and that between TNF and TNFRI/II, but not the interaction between PGRN and TNFRs. Recombinant PGRN or transfection of a cDNA encoding PGRN did not antagonize TNF-dependent NFκB, Akt, and Erk1/2 pathway activation; inflammatory gene expression; or secretion of inflammatory factors in BV2 microglia and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Moreover, PGRN did not antagonize TNF-induced cytotoxicity on dopaminergic neuroblastoma cells. Last, co-addition or pre-incubation with various N- or C-terminal-tagged recombinant PGRNs did not alter lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory gene expression or cytokine secretion in any cell type examined, including BMDMs fromGrn+/− orGrn−/− mice. Therefore, the neuroinflammatory phenotype associated with PGRN deficiency in the CNS is not a direct consequence of the loss of TNF antagonism by PGRN, but may be a secondary response by glia to disrupted interactions between PGRN and Sortilin and/or other binding partners yet to be identified.
Am I Normal? American Vernacular Psychology and the Tomboy Body, 1900–1940
Authors: Miller Allison
Published: May 2013

This essay argues for the existence of a vernacular psychology in the United States centered on understandings of the body, gender, and sexuality. This was not pop psychology, which we might think of as a product of mass culture, but a complex amalgam of such influences as psychoanalysis, religion, ethics, and self-help that took shape in the first decades of the twentieth century. Analyzing a selection of sexological interviews of 295 women conducted in the 1930s, this article uncovers a childhood concept of gender that may be called “affinity”: a delight in the similarities of sexed bodies alongside conscious acknowledgment of difference, an area of play in which two sexes could become one. Rendered visible by the vernacular psychology of the 1930s, affinity played an important role in the interviews given by self-described tomboys born between 1900 and 1920. Even when they knew about gross anatomical differences, tomboys had so much in common with their boy comrades that they were able to shrug off distinctions not only of gender but of sex as well. Paradoxically, even though vernacular psychology made it possible for tomboys to describe affinity, it did not embrace affinity as normal.
Christ and the Angels
Authors: Beeny Emily A.
Published: May 2013

In 1864, with his Christ and the Angels, now in the Metropolitan Museum, New York, Manet drew an uneasy connection between the Paris salon and the public morgue, replacing the eloquent, universal body we expect to find in a religious history painting with a silent and particular corpse of the kind exhibited at the new Morgue of Paris. This replacement marked Manet’s rupture with the French tradition of religious history painting and signaled the birth of a new aesthetic vision, born at the Morgue, and defined by Zola as Naturalism.
Functional Characterization of Fission Yeast Transcription Factors by Overexpression Analysis
Authors: Vachon Lianne , Wood Justin , Kwon Eun-Joo Gina , Laderoute Amy , Chatfield-Reed Kate , Karagiannis Jim , Chua Gordon
Published: May 2013

In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, over 90% of transcription factor genes are nonessential. Moreover, the majority do not exhibit significant growth defects under optimal conditions when deleted, complicating their functional characterization and target gene identification. Here, we systematically overexpressed 99 transcription factor genes with the nmt1 promoter and found that 64 transcription factor genes exhibited reduced fitness when ectopically expressed. Cell cycle defects were also often observed. We further investigated three uncharacterized transcription factor genes (toe1+–toe3+) that displayed cell elongation when overexpressed. Ectopic expression of toe1+ resulted in a G1 delay while toe2+ and toe3+ overexpression produced an accumulation of septated cells with abnormalities in septum formation and nuclear segregation, respectively. Transcriptome profiling and ChIP-chip analysis of the transcription factor overexpression strains indicated that Toe1 activates target genes of the pyrimidine-salvage pathway, while Toe3 regulates target genes involved in polyamine synthesis. We also found that ectopic expression of the putative target genes SPBC3H7.05c, and dad5+ and SPAC11D3.06 could recapitulate the cell cycle phenotypes of toe2+ and toe3+ overexpression, respectively. Furthermore, single deletions of the putative target genes urg2+ and SPAC1399.04c, and SPBC3H7.05c, SPACUNK4.15, and rds1+, could suppress the phenotypes of toe1+ and toe2+ overexpression, respectively. This study implicates new transcription factors and metabolism genes in cell cycle regulation and demonstrates the potential of systematic overexpression analysis to elucidate the function and target genes of transcription factors in S. pombe.
Defining Specificity Determinants of cGMP Mediated Gustatory Sensory Transduction inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Smith Heidi K , Luo Linjiao , O’Halloran Damien , Guo Dagang , Huang Xin-Yun , Samuel Aravinthan D T , Hobert Oliver
Published: May 2013

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a key secondary messenger used in signal transduction in various types of sensory neurons. The importance of cGMP in the ASE gustatory receptor neurons of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was deduced by the observation that multiple receptor-type guanylyl cyclases (rGCs), encoded by the gcy genes, and two presently known cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel subunits, encoded by the tax-2 and tax-4 genes, are essential for ASE-mediated gustatory behavior. We describe here specific mechanistic features of cGMP-mediated signal transduction in the ASE neurons. First, we assess the specificity of the sensory functions of individual rGC proteins. We have previously shown that multiple rGC proteins are expressed in a left/right asymmetric manner in the functionally lateralized ASE neurons and are required to sense distinct salt cues. Through domain swap experiments among three different rGC proteins, we show here that the specificity of individual rGC proteins lies in their extracellular domains and not in their intracellular, signal-transducing domains. Furthermore, we find that rGC proteins are also sufficient to confer salt sensory responses to other neurons. Both findings support the hypothesis that rGC proteins are salt receptor proteins. Second, we identify a novel, likely downstream effector of the rGC proteins in gustatory signal transduction, a previously uncharacterized cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) ion channel, encoded by the che-6 locus. che-6 mutants show defects in gustatory sensory transduction that are similar to defects observed in animals lacking the tax-2 and tax-4 CNG channels. In contrast, thermosensory signal transduction, which also requires tax-2 and tax-4, does not require che-6, but requires another CNG, cng-3. We propose that CHE-6 may form together with two other CNG subunits, TAX-2 and TAX-4, a gustatory neuron-specific heteromeric CNG channel complex.
History of the development of tumor markers of the digestive tract cancers
Authors: Buzás György Miklós
Published: May 2013

Tumor markers are gene products which signal the occurrence of tumors in different organs as well as their response to surgery and chemotherapy. The discovery of tumor markers occurred after the demonstration of tumor-specific transplantation antigens in chemically or virally induced tumors in syngenic rodents. The history of currently used tumor markers began in the 1940s, the first discovered being alpha-fetoprotein in 1956, followed by that of carcinoembryonic antigen in 1965. Since then the range of tumor markers has widened continously. Their chemical structure and genetics is now well known. Some may play part in tumor growth and development of metastases. The potential uses of tumor markers are general or high risk population screening, adjunct in diagnosis of cancer, preoperative indicator of tumor burden, indicator of therapeutic success, evidence of postoperative recurrences and use in tumor localization. However, there is no ideal tumor marker fulfilling all the criteria. Isotope-labeled anti-carcinoembryonic antigen antibodies and small molecular E-selectin inhibitors could play a role in the molecular radio- and chemotherapy of colon and pancreatic carcinomas. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 810–819.
Role of pulse oximetric monitoring during gastrointestinal endoscopy. Prospective multicenter study of the Gastroenterological Working Group of the Veszprém Regional Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (VEAB)
Authors: Döbrönte Zoltán , Szenes Mária , Gasztonyi Beáta , Csermely Lajos , Kovács Márta , Lakatos László , Lakner Lilla , Mester Gábor , Pandur Tünde , Patai Árpád , Pák Péter , Pécsi Gyula , Rácz István , Sarang Krisztina , Stöckert Anikó , Székely András , Varga Szabó Lajos
Published: May 2013

Introduction: Recent guidelines recommend routine pulse oximetric monitoring during endoscopy, however, this has not been the common practice yet in the majority of the local endoscopic units. Aims: To draw attention to the importance of the routine use of pulse oximetric recording during endoscopy. Method: A prospective multicenter study was performed with the participation of 11 gastrointestinal endoscopic units. Data of pulse oximetric monitoring of 1249 endoscopic investigations were evaluated, of which 1183 were carried out with and 66 without sedation. Results: Oxygen saturation less than 90% was observed in 239 cases corresponding to 19.1% of all cases. It occurred most often during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (31.2%) and proximal enteroscopy (20%). Procedure-related risk factors proved to be the long duration of the investigation, premedication with pethidine (31.3%), and combined sedoanalgesia with pethidine and midazolam (34.38%). The age over 60 years, obesity, consumption of hypnotics or sedatives, severe cardiopulmonary state, and risk factor scores III and IV of the American Society of Anestwere found as patient-related risk factors. Conclusion: To increase the safety of patients undergoing endoscopic investigation, pulse oximeter and oxygen supplementation should be the standard requirement in all of the endoscopic investigation rooms. Pulse oximetric monitoring is advised routinely during endoscopy with special regard to the risk factors of hypoxemia. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 825–833.
Present radiochemotherapic approaches for advanced cervical cancer. Options for reduction of side-effects
Authors: Póti Zsuzsa , Mayer Árpád
Published: May 2013

The advantages of cisplatin based radiochemotherapy have been proven for over one and a half decades, particularly in the treatment of advanced solid tumours. In head and neck, and cervical tumours results of prospective studies are available. Those showedthat both in the early and advanced stages, local control and overall survival rates are better than radiotherapy alone. The effect of cisplatin can be probably intensified with novel, more effective molecules, such as m-TOR inhibitors and tirapazamine. The authors review cisplatin and non-cisplatin based radiochemotherapy protocols, which improve previous treatment results. It should be considered, however, radiotherapy for cervical cancer can cause hematological, urogenital and intestinal toxicity, similarly to other combined treatments. The authors briefly outline international recommendations and their own experience for the prevention of these side-effects. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 803–809.
Purulent keratoconjunctivitis due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis coinfection
Authors: Árvai Mariann , Ostorházi Eszter , Mihalik Noémi , Kárpáti Sarolta , Marschalkó Márta
Published: May 2013

Gonococcal conjunctivitis is a rare infection induced by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and it usually manifests as a hyperacute purulent conjunctivitis. Ocular access of the infectious secretion during sexual intercourse is the way of transmission among adults. Inclusion conjunctivitis caused by the serovars D-K of Chlamydia trachomatis also affects the sexually active population. Authors present a case of a 33-year-old homosexual man who was treated for late latent syphilis formerly. Clinical symptoms were yellow purulent discharge for 3 weeks without any urological or upper respiratory tract symptoms. Conjunctival Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infection was identified using cultures and polymerase chain reaction; pharyngeal swab culture and polymerase chain reaction showed positive results for both pathogens. The patient was probably under influence of party drugs at the time of sexual abuse when he became infected. After parenteral and oral cephalosporin and azithomycin therapy the patient had complete recovery within three weeks. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 834–837.
Assessing usual dietary intake in complex sample design surveys: the National Dietary Survey
Authors: Barbosa Flávia dos Santos , Sichieri Rosely , Junger Washington Leite
Published: May 2013

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) method allows the distributions of usual intake of nutrients and foods to be estimated. This method can be used in complex surveys. However, the user must perform additional calculations, such as balanced repeated replication (BRR), in order to obtain standard errors and confidence intervals for the percentiles and mean from the distribution of usual intake. The objective is to highlight adaptations of the NCI method using data from the National Dietary Survey. The application of the NCI method was exemplified analyzing the total energy (kcal) and fruit (g) intake, comparing estimations of mean and standard deviation that were based on the complex design of the Brazilian survey with those assuming simple random sample. Although means point estimates were similar, estimates of standard error using the complex design increased by up to 60% compared to simple random sample. Thus, for valid estimates of food and energy intake for the population, all of the sampling characteristics of the surveys should be taken into account because when these characteristics are neglected, statistical analysis may produce underestimated standard errors that would compromise the results and the conclusions of the survey.