bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Male Genito‐Urinary Organs of the Lepidosiren and Protopterus
Authors: Kerr J. Graham
Published: September 2010

The more important features in the morphology of the male urogenital system of Lepitlosiren and Protopterus may be summarized as follows:—

The testis is very much elongated and is divisible into an anterior formative and n posterior vesicular and conducting region.

The posterior part of the vesicular region is connected with the tubules of the hind end of the mesonephros, which serve for the passage of the genital products.

In Protopterus the testis is connected with the kidney only at its extreme tip; in Lepidosiren there is a stories of about half a dozen segmentally arranged vasa efferentia which open into Malpighinn capsules.

In Protopterus the hind genital region of the kidneys is clearly marked off from the rest, and in this region the kidneys are fused across the middle line; in Lepidosiren there is only a slight attempt at this differentiation, and the kidneys of the two sides are posteriorly, as elsewhere, quite distinct.

The Wolffian ducts open in the adult inale by a common (Protopterus) or by two separate (Lepidosiren) papillae into the distal portion of the cloacal caecum, which is morphologically a urogenital sinus formed in ontogeny as a dilatntion of the fused, but originally separate, posterior portions of the Wolffian ducts.
1. On the Ciliation of Asterids, and on the Question of Ciliary Nutrition in Certain Species.
Authors: Gemmill James F.
Published: September 2010

Summary.

A. Ciliary Action.—The arrangement of the ciliary currents on the various surfaces of four widely different species of Starfishes has been described in detail. This arrangement is constant for all individuals in each of the species, and, except as regards external surfaces, is practically the same in all the species. Everywhere the arrangement has been shown to be explicable by physiological needs. Ciliation in the perihæmal spaces has been demonstrated.

B. Ciliary Feeding.—In the case of Porania pulvillus a mechanism for ciliary feeding has been shown to exist, and the results of experiment demonstrate that this kind of feeding actually takes place. As regards Astropecten, it is only shown, so far, that the arrangement of the actinal and abactinal cilia makes ciliary feeding possible. In Solaster papposus ciliary feeding probably takes place, but in an entirely minor degree. The other Starfishes examined gave negative results. The important bearing of the above results on questions of phylogeny is briefly discussed.
39. Fauna of West Australia.—III. A new Nemertean, Geonemertes dendyi, sp. n., being the first recorded Land Nemertean from Western Australia.
Authors: Dakin W.J.
Published: September 2010

Summary.

The characteristic features of Geonentertes dendyi, sp. n., are as follows. The length of the mature female is about 15 mm. when crawling. The colour is brown‐pink, with two dorsal and some what posterior darker longitudinal bands of chocolate‐brown. The eyes are arranged in four groups—two anterior, each of or six larger spots, and two posterior groups, each of three smaller eyes, making about sixteen or seventeen altogether. Lateral organs are well developed, opening by characteristic ciliated cephalic pits on the ventral surface at the anterior end. The mouth opens into the rhynchodæum. The sexes are dist Cephalic gland apparently not well developed. Other structures agreeing well with the description of similar parts in G. australiensis. The specimen was found under a small log, together with Peripatus gilesii, in the Darling Hills, Western Australia not far from Perth.
The Colour Changes and Colour Patterns of Sepia officinalis L
Authors: Holmes William
Published: September 2010

.1. The nature of the colour changes shown by Sepia officinalis L. in different environments is discussed.

2. Several patterns in the coloration of the animal, each appearing under certain specific conditions of stimulation, are described.

3. Each pattern is formed by a pattern of expansion and contraction of the chromatophores, supplemented by reflection from the immobile iridophores which lie below them.

4. The state of expansion of each chromatophore is determined by its musculature, which is under nervous control; and therefore each colour pattern is a manifestation of a pattern in the process of excitation of the chromatophore motor neurons in the central nervous system.

5. In no other Cephalopod than Sepia have such colour patterns been described, and they form a complex and highly developed system of protective coloration, adapted to the conditions under which Sepia lives.

6. The types of protection afforded by the colorations are discussed. Cryptic patterns are found affording protection through obliterative shading, close environmental resemblance, and striking ruptive patterns.

7. Concealment is made more effective by the animal's ability to change its coloration from one pattern to another in times as short as two‐thirds of a second.

8. Certain of the colour changes probably protect Sepia by virtue of their great rapidity for, like any sudden change in the visual field, they produce a flight reaction in the predator.

9. Such rapid change of colour thus forms a new category in the classification of the means by which colour can afford protection to animals.
Some Experimental Biological Uses of the Element Beryllium (Glucinum)
Authors: Needham A.E.
Published: September 2010

1. The quantitatively outstanding effects of beryllium on embryonic development may be correlated with the rarity of this element in nature.

2. Qualitatively the effects are such as may be produced by other chemical agents in appropriate concentration and by other experimental means. The most notable are: exogastrulation, spina‐bifida, axial defects in general, hemicephaly and microcephaly.

3. Situs inversus of heart and viscera has not previously been produced in Amphibia by chemical means, but no doubt is part of the general complex of effects.

4. The common action of all reagents would seem to be essentially one of inhibition, acting differentially on different parts of gradients of activity in the embryo.

5. There is evidence for the existence of three main gradients in the embryo, in the three dimensions of space. Two gradients alone cannot explain the organization of the Vertebrate embryo.

6. The form and orientation of the gradients changes during normal development. This is reflected in the complexity of the experimental effects produced.

7. The question of the evolutionary significance of the “mosaic” stage of development is raised.

8. Rhythms in susceptibility to external agents during development are revealed.

9. Examples of dependent and of independent differentiation are noted.

1. Beryllium salts have a powerful inhibitory effect on regeneration in Amphibia. No other agent used had a comparable effect, which might indicate the chemical mechanism of the effect.

2. Inhibition of regeneration with beryllium provides a valuable means of investigating the problems of regeneration and growth. The present experiments indicate that :–

(a) A factor produced very locally at the cut surface at the time of operation is largely responsible for regeneration. It is this factor which is so rapidly inactivated by beryllium treatment.

(b) There is evidence of a second factor concerned in regeneration in Amphibia. This appears to emanate along the axis, in the tail.

(c) Partial inhibition affects both rate of regeneration and final size of the regenerate. This supports the indication that regeneration does not depend on a single factor.

(d) Partially inhibited limbs have frequently fewer digits than normal.

(e) The stump of inhibited limb‐buds develops as a mosaic (i. e., does not regulate).

(f) Normal powers of regeneration vary considerably in different animals.

(g) The “wound factor” may possibly show affinities with the “organiser” substance of embryological development.
The Duration of Larval Life in Ammoccetes and an attempt to accelerate Metamorphosis by Injections of an Anterior‐Pituitary Extract.
Authors: Knowles F. G. W.
Published: September 2010

(1) The injection of a thyreotropic fraction of the mammalian pituitary in ammoccete larvse of Lampetra planeri produces a rapid and marked decrease in body‐length, and also histological changes in the endostyle. These changes were found to be reversed if further injections were given.

(2) No other signs of metamorphosis were observed in the injected animals.

(3) Monthly samples of the ammoccete population in the river Sarno, Naples, Italy, indicate that the larval life of lampreys in that region may extend for not less than two years and not more than three years approximately.

I should like to thank Dr. R. Dohrn for the facilities afforded me at the Stazione Zoologica, Naples. The pituitary extracts used in the experiments were kindly supplied by Dr. A. S. Parkes and the British Medical Research Council. I am grateful to Professor Goodrich, F.R.S., and J. Z. Young, M.A., for reading the paper and for helpful criticism. I am also grateful to Angelo Sessa for his help in making the lamprey samples in the river Sarno.
MENTAL RETARDATION IN URBAN CHILDREN: A POPULATION STUDY OF REDUCED OPTIMALITY IN THE PRE‐, PERI‐ AND NEONATAL PERIODS
Authors: Gillberg Christopher , Enerskog Ingela , Johansson Sven‐Erik
Published: September 2010

One hundred and thirty representative cases of mentally retarded children in Sweden were surveyed in order to detect reductions in optimality in the prenatal, perinatal and postnatal periods. There was a small but statistically significant reduction in optimality, particularly pertaining to the prenatal and neonatal periods. It is of interest, however, that these mentally retarded chldren had smaller reductions of optimality than did children with cerebral palsy or infantile autism.

Retard mental chez les enfants des villes: étude de population sur la réduction d'optimalité durant les périodes pré‐natales, péri‐natales et post‐natales

Cent trente cas représentatifs des enfants mentalement retardés de Suède ont été étudiés dans le but de détecter des réductions d'optimalité durant les périodes pré‐natales, péri‐natales et post‐natales. Il a été observé une réduction d'optimalité, faible mais statistiquement significative, particulièrement pertinente pour les périodes pré‐natales et néo‐natales. Il est de quelque intérêt de signaler que la réduction d'optimalité pour ces enfants retardés était plus faible que pour les enfants infirmes moteurs cérébraux ou l'autisme infantile.

Geistige Retardierung bei Stadtkindern: eine Populationsstudie úber verminderte Optimalität in der Prä‐, Peri‐ und Post‐natalperiode

130 repräsentative Fälle geistig retardierter Kinder in Schweden wurden untersucht, um Verminderungen der Optimalität während der Prà‐, Peri‐ und Postnatalperiode herauszufinden. Es stellte sich eine geringe, statistisch aber signifikante Verminderung der Optimalitàt heraus, die besonders die Prä‐ und Neonatalperiode betraf. Es ist intereesant, daß diese geistig retardierten Kinder geringere Optimalitätseinbußen hatten als die Kinder mit Cerebralparese oder infantilem Autismus.

Retraso mental en niños de ciudad: estudio de una población con reducción de la optimalidad en los periodos pre, peri y postnatal

Se estudiaron ciento treinta casos representativos de niños retrasados metales en Suecia, con el objeto de detectar reducciones en la optimalidad en los periodos pre, peri y postnatales. Había una reducida pero estadísticamente significativa disminución de la optimalidad en especial en los periodos pre y neonatales. Tiene cierto interés el que estos niños retrasados mentales tengan una menor reducción de la optimalidad que los niños con parálisis cerebral o autismo.
ULTRASOUND MEASUREMENT OF URINE VOLUME OF CHILDREN WITH NEUROGENIC BLADDER
Authors: Massagli Teresa L. , Jaffe Kenneth M. , Cardenas Diana D.
Published: September 2010

This study assessed the accuracy and precision of a portable ultrasound unit which computes bladder volume after scans are made in the sagittal and transverse planes. 39 ultrasound measures were made on 20 children between the ages of one month and 16 years, and these measures were then compared with catheterized volumes. The mean difference of ultrasound minus true volume was 6.9ml (SD 32ml). The ultrasound scanner was found to be accurate, inexpensive and easy to use for measuring post‐voiding residual urine volumes in children with neurogenic bladder.

Mesures échographiques du volume urinaire chez les enfants avec vessie neurologique

Cette étude évalue la validité et la précision d'un appareil portable d'échographie qui calcule le volume vésical à partir de clichés faits dans les plans sagittal et transverse. 30 mesures échographiques ont été effectuées chez 20 enfants âgés d'un mos à 16 ans et ces mesures ont été comparées aux volumes obtenus par sandage. La différence moyenne en moins de l'échographie par rapport au vrai volume a été de 6,9ml (SD 32ml). L'échographie parait un moyen précis, économique et d'emploi facile: un moyen utile et non‐invasif pour mesurer les résidus vésicaux chez les enfants avec vessie neurologique.

Ultraschallmessungen von Urinvolumina bei Kindern mit neurogener Blase

Diese Studie untersuchte die Genauigkeit und Präzision eiter tragbaren Ultraschalleinheit, mit der Blasenvolumina nach sagittaler and transversaler Flächenausmessung berechnet wurden. Bei 20 Kindern im Alter zwischen einem Monat und 16 Jahren wurden 39 Ultraschalluntersuchungen durchgeführt, und diese Berechnungen wurden dann mit der katheterisierten Urinmenge verglichen. Die mittlere Differenz von Ultraschall‐ minus Kathetervolumen betrug 6.9ml (SD 32ml). Der Ultraschallrechner erwies sich als genau, billig und einfach in der Anwendung: er ist ein brauchbares, nicht invasives Mittel zur Messung von Restharnvolumina bei Kindern mit neurogener Blase.

Medición ultrasónica del volumen de orina en niños con vejiga neurógena

El presente estudio evalúa la precisión de una unidad llevable de ultrasonidos que mide el volumen de la vejiga después de haber hecho scanners en planos sagitales y transversos. Se realizaron 39 mediciones ultrasónicas en 20 niños de edades de un mes a 16 años y estas mediciones se compararon con los volúmenes obtenido por cateterización. La diferencia media entre el volumen con ultrasonido y el verdadero era de 6,9ml (SD 32ml). Se vió que la medición por scanner era precisa, barata y fácil de utilizar. Es un sistema útil y no invasivo para la medición de los volúmenes de orina residual en niös con vejiga neurógena.
An extended Family with a Dominantly Inherited Speech Disorder
Authors: Hurst J. A. , Baraitser M. , Auger E. , Graham F. , Norell S.
Published: September 2010

A three‐generation family is described in which 16 members have a severe developmental verbal dyspraxia. Inheritance is autosomal dominant, with full penetrance. Intelligence and hearing are normal.

Une famille étendue avec un trouble du langage hérité sur le mode dominant

Une famille est décrite sur trois générations, dans laquelle 16 membres présentaient une grave dyspraxie verbale de développement. La transmission est apparue de type autosomique dominant avec pénétrance totale. L'intelligence et l'audition était normales.

Eine Großfamilie mit dominant vererbter Sprachstörung

Es werden drei Generationen einer Familie beschrieben, in der 16 Mitglieder eine schwere verbale Dyspraxie haben. Der Erbgang ist autosomal dominant mit voller Penetranz. Intelligenz und Gehör sind normal.

Una gran familia con una alteración del lenguaje heredada de forma dominante

Se decribe una familia de tres generaciones en la cual 16 miembros han tenido una grave dispraxia verbal de desarrollo. La herencia es autosómica dominante con penetrancia completa. La inteligencia y la audición son normales.
Developmental Outcome in 49,XXXXY Klinefelter Syndrome
Authors: Sheridan Margaret K. , Radlinski Sara S. , Kennedy Marianne D.
Published: September 2010

The developmental histories of two males who have 49 XXXXY Klinefelter syndrome are described. Now aged 16 and six, they have been followed since the ages of four and two, respectively. They have many of the typical physical characteristics described in the literature, but their mental retardation is not as severe as has been reported. Both are moderately delayed in their general development and their personalities and learning styles are more similar to XXY Klinefelter individuals. These two case studies demonstrate previously unreported potential in individuals with this disorder, and the authors discuss the implications of this finding.

Denvir développemental dans le syndrome de Klinefelter 49 XXXXY

Les histoires développementales de deux garçons présentant und syndrome de Klinfelter de type XXXXY sont décrites. Agés maintenant de 16 et six ans, ils ont été suivis depuis les âges respectifs de quatre et deux ans. Ils présentent nombre des caractéristiques physiques typiques décrites dans la littérature mais leur retard mental n'est pas aussi grave qu'il a été rapporté. Les deux garçons présentent un retard modéré de leur développement général. Leur personnalité et leur style d'apprentissage sont assez semblables à ceux d'individus présentant un syndrome de Klinefelter de type XXY. Ces deux cas démontrent la possibilité d'un potential en cas de ce syndrome qui n'avait pas été antérieurement rapporté et les auteurs discutent les implications de cette donnée.

Entwicklungsverlauf beim 49 XXXXY Klinefelter Syndrom: zwei Langzeit‐Fall‐Studien

Die Anamnesen von zwei Jungen mit einem XXXXY Klinefelter Syndrom werden beschrieben. Sie sind jetzt 16 bzw. sechs Jahre alt und wurden bis zum Alter von vier bzw. zwei Jahren kontrolliert. Sie weisen viele der in der Literatur beschriebenen Charakteristika auf, aber ihre geistige Retardierung ist nicht so ausgeprägt. Beide sind in ihrer allgemeinen Entwicklung mäßig verlangsamt und in ihrer Persönlichkeit und ihrem Lernverhalten ähneln sie mehr den XXY Klinefelter Patienten. Diese zwei Fall‐studien zeigen ein bisher nicht beschriebenes Potential bei Patienten mit dieser Erkrankung und die Autoren diskutieren diese Befunde.

Curso evolutivo en el síndrome de Klinefelter 49 XXXXY: estudio longitudinal de dos casos

Se describe la historia evolutiva de dos varones con síndrome de Klinefelter 49 XXXXY. Actualmente tienen 16 y seis años de edad y han sido seguidos desde la edad de cuatro y dos años respectivamente. Tienen muchas de las características físicas típicas descritas en la literatura, pero su retraso mental no es tan grave como se habia mencionado. Ambos estan moderadamente retrasados en su desarrollo general y sus personalidades y estilo de aprender soñ muy semajantes a los de los individuos con XXY Klinefelter. El estudio de estos dos casos demuestra que estos individuos tienen potencialidades no descritas previamente en esta enfermedad. Los autores discuten las implicaciones de estos hallazgos.
The Verriest Lecture 2009: Recent progress in understanding mammalian color vision
Authors: Jacobs Gerald H.
Published: September 2010

There have been significant advances in our understanding of mammalian color vision over the past 15 years. This paper reviews a number of topics that have been central to these recent efforts, including: (1) the extent and nature of ultraviolet vision in mammals, (2) the evolutionary loss of short‐wavelength‐sensitive cones in some mammals, (3) the possible roles of rod signals in mammalian color vision, (4) the evolution of mammalian color vision, and (5) recent laboratory investigations of animal color vision. Successes in linking opsin genes and photopigments to color vision have been key to the progress made on each of these issues.
Chromatic effects of metamers of D65 on art paintings
Authors: Pinto P. D. , Felgueiras P. E. R. , Linhares J. M. M. , Nascimento S. M. C.
Published: September 2010

The visual impression of an artistic painting is influenced both by the colour and by the specific spectral structure of the rendering light source. The relationship between illuminant spectral structure and visual appearance assumes particular relevance with the advent of light sources with almost arbitrary spectral distribution, like modern LED based lighting. The aim of this work was to study, computationally, chromatic effects on paintings of illuminants with the same colour as D65 but different spectral profile. Hyperspectral data from twenty oil paintings were used in the analysis. A large collection of metamers of D65 was generated and the radiance reflected from each pixel of the paintings was estimated for each of the metamers. The number of discernible colours produced for each painting and illuminant was computed, and correlated with the spectral structure of the metamers. It was found that the number of colours generated varied considerably across the collection of metamers and that the metamers producing more colours were spectrally more structured, that is, less uniform. This result suggests that it may be beneficial to explore appropriate spectral tuning in practical illumination.
Unique hue loci differ with methodology
Authors: Volbrecht Vicki J. , Nerger Janice L. , Baker Lucinda S. , Trujillo Armando R. , Youngpeter Katie
Published: September 2010

Background:  Studies investigating the effect of rods on unique hue loci in the peripheral retina generally obtain measures at two time points associated with the dark adaptation function – the cone plateau and the rod plateau. In comparison, this study used a color‐naming procedure to identify the loci of unique green and unique yellow as a function of time associated with the entire dark adaptation function. The unique hue loci derived by this procedure were then compared to those obtained directly with a staircase procedure.

Method:  Hue‐scaling functions were obtained for monochromatic stimuli for four observers using the ‘4 + 1′ procedure. Data were collected every 4 min following extinction of a bleaching stimulus. These hue‐scaling functions were then converted to uniform appearance diagrams (UADs) to derive unique green and unique yellow loci. Unique green and unique yellow loci were also obtained from the same observers via a staircase procedure at 4–9 min post‐bleach (minimal rod input) and after 28 min dark adaptation (maximal rod input). Measurements were made in the peripheral retina at 10° temporal retinal eccentricity and at the fovea.

Results:  Unique green loci derived from UADs are at longer wavelengths compared to those measured directly with the staircase procedure. In addition, unique green loci derived from UADs show a progressive shift to longer wavelengths as time post‐bleach increases; whereas, unique green loci obtained from the staircase procedure differ little between the rod‐bleach and no‐bleach conditions. Unique yellow loci are similar across both experimental procedures.

Conclusion:  Unique green loci derived from UADs are not the same as those measured with traditional psychophysical procedures. These differences may be due to the different response criteria used by observers in the color‐naming and staircase procedures. The unique green loci obtained from UADs indicate that rod signals shift unique green loci to longer wavelengths as time post‐bleach increases. More direct methods need to be employed to determine if this rod effect is valid.
Edges can eliminate the appearance of the contrast asynchrony
Authors: Shapiro Arthur G. , Leaver Amber M.
Published: September 2010

Recent work in the Shapiro laboratory has suggested that the visual response to changes in chromaticity/luminance can be separated from the visual response to changes in spatial contrast. Here, we examine how spatial edges affect the relative perceptual weighting of these two types of responses. In the experiments, we separate color from color contrast with a ‘contrast asynchrony’ stimulus in which the luminance of two identical rectangles varies sinusoidally over time. We use two different stimulus configurations: in one configuration, one rectangle is placed on a black background, and the other is placed on a white background; in the other configuration, the two rectangles are placed on a striped background (similar to Munker–White’s background), with one rectangle set against a white stripe and the other against a black stripe. Experiment 1 documents that the rectangle placed on the solid white background appears to modulate out of phase with the rectangle placed on the solid black background, and that the two rectangles placed on the striped background appear to modulate in phase with each other. Experiment 2 measured the length the background stripes must be to shift from the perception of in‐phase modulation to antiphase modulation (and vice versa). In the solid background configuration, the perceived shift from in‐phase to antiphase occurred when edges above and below the rectangles were about 0.5°; and in the striped background configuration, the perceived shift from antiphase to in‐phase occurred when the edges were < 10 min of arc. Experiment 3 showed that edges that could engender the perception of the contrast asynchrony in the striped background configuration had no effect on the perceived brightness of the bars. The results indicate that edges placed on opposite sides of the modulating field can inhibit the contrast response but do not necessarily affect the perceived brightness.
The chromatic parameters of isoluminant chromatic motion examined with dissimilarity judgements
Authors: Bimler D. L.
Published: September 2010

A moving edge or contrast between equiluminant colours produces a weaker motion percept than that defined by luminance contrast. However, the specific contrasts that determine chromatic motion have not been explored systematically. Here, rivalrous chromatic motion displays were produced by superimposing two gratings, one drifting from left to right and the other in the opposite direction. Each grating oscillated between equiluminant endpoints chosen from a pool of 16 colours. The rivalrous ambiguity resolved spontaneously for each display as the more‐dissimilar colour pair dominated the less‐dissimilar pair, and produced a percept of motion in the corresponding direction. These dissimilarity judgements were analysed with multidimensional scaling to represent ‘motion salience’ as distances in a colour map, to gauge whether chromatic motion is enhanced or weakened if the oscillation aligns with particular directions in the colour plane. Judgements were compared with other control judgements involving standard subjective dissimilarities between the same stimuli. Notably, chromatic motion was strongest when grating endpoints were separated along an orange‐blue direction. This does not coincide with either cardinal axis of cone space, (L‐M) or S0, but rather is a direction that would arise if motion is computed from a combination of the (L‐M) and S0 signals.
The Macular Assessment Profile test – a new VDU‐based technique for measuring the spatial distribution of the macular pigment, lens density and rapid flicker sensitivity
Authors: Barbur J. L. , Konstantakopoulou E. , Rodriguez‐Carmona M. , Harlow J. A. , Robson A. G. , Moreland J. D.
Published: September 2010

The measurement of macular pigment optical density (MPOD) in the eye is often carried out using optical techniques based on heterochromatic flicker photometry (HFP). These require the use of two spectrally‐narrow beams, one at the wavelength of maximum absorption of the macular pigment (MP) and the other in the long wavelength region of the visible spectrum where MP absorption is negligible. A new technique for the measurement of MPOD spatial profiles has been developed by overcoming the current shortcomings associated with the use of visual displays. The new Macular Assessment Profile (MAP) test makes use of a ‘notch’ filter and a photometric model to measure and compute the peak MPOD value. Two other useful parameters are also computed from the same measurements. These describe the subject’s sensitivity to rapid flicker and the absorption of blue light by the lens. MPOD profiles, lens density, rapid flicker sensitivity, and red/green (RG) and yellow/blue (YB) colour thresholds were measured in 54 normal subjects aged 18–61 years. The results confirm previous findings on ageing effects and demonstrate the complete absence of correlation between MPOD and the subject’s YB chromatic thresholds. In contrast, RG chromatic sensitivity improves with higher levels of MPOD.
Colour change in cyanosis and the confusions of congenital colour vision deficient observers
Authors: McNamara Renae , Taylor Clair M. , McKenzie David K. , Coroneo Minas T. , Dain Stephen J.
Published: September 2010

Visual recognition of cyanosis is an important clinical activity. While pulse oximetry is almost universal in the hospital environment, there are circumstances where it is not available or may be unreliable. Cyanosis recognition is affected by lighting colour. In addition, there is, mainly anecdotal, evidence that people with greater colour vision deficiencies (CVDs) have particular difficulty and there is no effective lighting strategy to assist in the observation. The change of blood colour with oxygenation has been shown to lie close to the direction of colour confusions made by congenital red‐green dichromats. The important sites of observation are lips, nail beds and palm creases. 10 subjects who were known to be chronically hypoxaemic were recruited from the chronic respiratory program. Their blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) varied from 84% to 96% pre‐exercise, and 61–84% post‐exercise. Ten normal subjects were recruited whose SpO2 was 99% or 100%. The spectral radiances of lips, nail beds and palm creases were measured using a telespectroradiometer and compared with the spectral radiances of a white tile of known spectral reflectances measured in the same location. This is a non‐contact method of measurement, avoiding the blanching caused by pressure of contact methods. The spectral reflectances were calculated, and the chromaticities calculated for a Planckian radiator T = 4000K. Measurements on lips yielded the most consistent results. The colour changes pre‐ and post‐exercise and compared with normal colour lie generally along a deutan confusion line. These results show the direction of the colour change and confirm the, previously anecdotal, difficulties in detecting cyanosis by observers with CVDs.
Quantitative assessment of commercial filter ‘aids’ for red‐green colour defectives
Authors: Moreland Jack D. , Westland Steven , Cheung Vien , Dain Steven J.
Published: September 2010

The claims made for 43 commercial filter ‘aids’, that they improve the colour discrimination of red‐green colour defectives, are assessed for protanomaly and deuteranomaly by changes in the colour spacing of traffic signals (European Standard EN 1836:2005) and of the Farnsworth D15 test. Spectral transmittances of the ‘aids’ are measured and tristimulus values with and without ‘aids’ are computed using cone fundamentals and the spectral power distributions of either the D15 chips illuminated by CIE Illuminant C or of traffic signals. Chromaticities (l,s) are presented in cone excitation diagrams for protanomaly and deuteranomaly in terms of the relative excitation of their long (L), medium (M) and short (S) wavelength‐sensitive cones. After correcting for non‐uniform colour spacing in these diagrams, standard deviations parallel to the l and s axes are computed and enhancement factors El and Es are derived as the ratio of ‘aided’ to ‘unaided’ standard deviations. Values of El for traffic signals with most ‘aids’ are <1 and many do not meet the European signal detection standard. A few ‘aids’ have expansive El factors but with inadequate utility: the largest being 1.2 for traffic signals and 1.3 for the D15 colours. Analyses, replicated for 19 ‘aids’ from one manufacturer using 658 Munsell colours inside the D15 locus, yield El factors within 1% of those found for the 16 D15 colours.
Case Report: Use of a nanocrystalline silver dressing and vacuum‐assisted closure in a severely burned dog
Authors: Mullally Colleen , Carey Kim , Seshadri Ravi
Published: September 2010

Objective
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To describe the first veterinary use of a nanocrystalline silver dressing (NSD) and use of vacuum‐assisted closure (VAC) to treat a severely burned dog.

Case or Series Summary
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A 1‐year‐old female intact American Staffordshire Terrier with 50% total body surface area burned was referred for definitive care approximately 18–24 hours post injury. The dog was treated with crystalloid fluids, hydroxyethyl starch, and antimicrobials based on culture and sensitivity results of wound cultures, fresh frozen plasma, human serum albumin, and packed red cells. Wound care initially consisted of daily debridement under anesthesia with silver sulfadiazine application and bandaging. Because of the extent and the location of the wounds and morbid state of the patient, early wound grafting was not an option. Because of its reported improvement in granulation tissue formation and decreased tissue edema, VAC was used once the majority of burned tissue was manually debrided. Because of the pain caused by VAC and traditional bandaging techniques with this extent of injury, an NSD was utilized. This strategy was chosen due to the antimicrobial properties of NSD and the reduced necessity for daily bandage changes, which was reduced to only every 3 days. This protocol reduced the need for daily sedation or anesthesia.

New or Unique Information Provided
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VAC and NSD were used successfully for the treatment of a severe burn injury in a dog. The use of NSD decreased the cost of therapy by reducing the need for daily bandage changes, thereby reducing the anesthetic and analgesic costs and allowing the patient to be managed on an outpatient basis.
REVIEW ARTICLE: Late‐onset schizophrenic syndromes in socially isolated situations: a comparison of Janzarik's ‘Kontaktmangelparanoid’ and late paraphrenia
Authors: KOJO Keiko
Published: September 2010

The two concepts of Kontaktmangelparanoid (contact‐deficit hallucinosis) and late paraphrenia at the level of symptomatology and psychopathology from the perspective of contributing to an understanding of these special problems of psychogeriatrics are discussed in the present study. This sheds light on the important role of isolation, especially in elderly females, as a pathogenic factor in late‐onset paranoic state. Clinical physicians might naively associate late‐onset paranoid (hallucinatory) syndrome with organic factors such as age and cerebrovascular processes, and particularly with dementia, but they do not associate it with the patient's living environment. Admittedly, treatment prospects for chronic, entrenched syndromes are limited, but there are these types of exceptions. We have evaluated the two concepts, from the perspective of their modern‐day significance, with a view to the possibility that a more sophisticated exploration of the linkage among the various symptoms (symptomatology) and of the meaning inherent in the linkage of symptoms (psychopathology) in both concepts will pave the way to a therapeutic methodology that sheds light on the situation of elderly females living in imposed isolation.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Detection of early amnestic mild cognitive impairment without significantly objective memory impairment: a case‐controlled study
Authors: MURAYAMA Norio , ISEKI Eizo , FUJISHIRO Hiroshige , YAMAMOTO Ryoko , OTA Kazumi , SUZUKI Masaru , NAGASHIMA Kiichi , ARAI Heii , SATO Kiyoshi
Published: September 2010

Background:  We encountered eight early amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients (early MCI group) who did not fulfill the diagnostic criteria for aMCI. We compared the scores of neuropsychological examinations as well as the cerebral metabolic rate for glucose consumption (CMRglc) decrease on 18F‐FDG PET examination between the early MCI group and 10 aMCI patients (MCI group) or six normal elderly subjects (normal group), to examine whether the current diagnostic criteria can detect early‐stage aMCI.

Methods:  The three groups underwent Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Third Edition (WAIS‐III), Wechsler Memory Scale Revised (WMS‐R), magnetic resonance imaging and 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F‐FDG PET) examinations.

Results:  The early MCI group did not show significant memory impairment of 1.0 SD or other cognitive dysfunctions on neuropsychological examinations, and did not fulfill the diagnostic criteria of aMCI. With one‐way anova and Tukey's HSD post‐hoc test, the early MCI group showed the highest scores for WAIS‐III, whereas the MCI group showed the lowest scores for WMS‐R, although there were no significant differences between the early MCI and normal groups. In order to show a discrepancy in scores between WAIS‐III and WMS‐R, we subtracted the scores of WMS‐R from WAIS‐III. Consequently, the normal group showed significantly smaller differences in scores than the other groups, although there were no significant differences between the early MCI and MCI groups. 18F‐FDG PET recognized a CMRglc decrease in the posterior cingulate gyrus and/or part of the parietotemporal area in both the MCI and early MCI groups, of which the extent and magnitude were weaker in the early MCI group. The normal group did not show a significant CMRglc.

Conclusions:  The early MCI group should be included in aMCI not only based on the discrepancy between intelligence and memory scores, but also based on the 18F‐FDG PET findings. The combination of these examinations would make it possible to diagnose early‐stage aMCI.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Investigation of responders and non‐responders to long‐term donepezil treatment
Authors: INOUE Jun , HOSHINO Ryoichi , NOJIMA Hidenori , ISHIDA Wataru , OKAMOTO Norio
Published: September 2010

Background:  Donepezil is effective in maintaining the cognitive function of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, not all patients respond to donepezil. In the present study, we examined the clinical features of responders and non‐responders to long‐term donepezil treatment.

Methods:  The present retrospective study was performed on 95 AD outpatients who had been taking donepezil for ≥2 years. All subjects underwent periodic examinations of cognitive function, namely Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Rorschach Cognitive Index (RCI), as well as clinical evaluations using the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale. Patients were divided into three groups as follows: (i) the ‘maintained’ group (MG), in which the global CDR score was maintained over the ≥2 years of treatment; (ii) the ‘declined’ group (DeG), in which the global CDR score increased one rank over the treatment period; and (iii) the ‘obvious and rapid decline’ group (ORDeG), in which the global CDR score increased two ranks early during the treatment period. Clinical features, treatment outcome, the time lag between a caregiver's recognition of the onset of dementia and the start of treatment, behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), and cognitive functions were compared between the three groups.

Results:  Patients in the ORDeG (i.e. non‐responders) were significantly younger and had a longer time lag between the onset of dementia and the start of treatment than patients in the MG (P < 0.05). Of note, patients in the ORDeG had a longer period of executive dysfunction before treatment started than patients in the MG (P < 0.001). Evaluation of cognitive function revealed that mean changes from baseline on the MMSE and RCI were significantly lower for patients in the ORDeG compared with the MG at 8 and 4 months, respectively (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively).

Conclusion:  Donezepil non‐responders are likely to be younger and to have a longer time lag between the onset of dementia and the start of treatment, in particular a longer duration of executive dysfunction. Furthermore, the non‐responders do not demonstrate maintenance of cognitive functions in the short term. Thus, the early diagnosis of dementia and prompt initiation of donepezil treatment is indicated for a good outcome. To this end, it is important to educate people to recognize a deterioration of executive function in daily living.
MINI‐REVIEW: New national health program against dementia in Japan: The medical center for dementia
Authors: AWATA Shuichi
Published: September 2010

Herein, the Medical Center for Dementia, which was introduced in 2008 as a new national health program in Japan, is reviewed from the perspective of the recent history of the national provision against dementia and the findings of a series of studies on the current status of medical care for dementia. The Medical Center for Dementia was developed to provide special medical services for dementia and connect with other community resources in order to contribute to building a comprehensive support network for demented patients. Specifically, the Medical Center for Dementia provides the following: (i) special medical consultation; (ii) differential diagnosis and early intervention; (iii) medical treatment for the acute stage of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia and concurrent medical conditions; (iv) education for general practitioners and other community professionals; (v) network meetings for the establishment of medical–medical and medical–care connection; and (vi) provision of information regarding dementia to the public. Special Medical Consultation Rooms would play an important role in the efficient functioning of the Medical Center for Dementia. In cooperation with municipal governments, the Medical Center for Dementia is also expected to play an important role in policy making and to improve the local status of medical care for people with dementia.
Body Mass Index Is Associated With Brain Metabolite Levels in Alcohol Dependence—A Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Study
Authors: Gazdzinski Stefan , Durazzo Timothy C. , Mon Anderson , Meyerhoff Dieter J.
Published: September 2010

Background:  Recent studies demonstrated that alcohol dependence and excessive alcohol consumption are associated with increased rates of obesity. In healthy light‐drinkers, we and others have observed associations between elevated body mass index (BMI) and reductions in brain volumes, lower concentrations of N‐acetyl‐aspartate (NAA, marker of neuronal viability) and choline‐containing compounds (Cho, involved in membrane turnover), and lower glucose utilization, particularly in frontal lobe—a brain region that is particularly vulnerable to the effects of alcohol dependence. Here, we evaluated whether BMI in alcohol‐dependent individuals was independently associated with regional measures of brain structure, metabolite concentrations, and neocortical blood flow.

Methods:  As part of a study on the effects of alcohol dependence on neurobiology, we analyzed retrospectively data from 54 alcohol‐dependent males, abstinent from alcohol for about 1 month and with BMI between 20 and 37 kg/m2 by structural MRI, perfusion MRI (blood flow), and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging.

Results:  After correction for age, smoking status, and various measures of alcohol consumption, higher BMI was associated with lower concentrations of NAA, Cho, creatine and phosphocreatine (Cr, involved in high energy metabolism), and myo‐inositol (m‐Ino, a putative marker of astrocytes) primarily in the frontal lobe, in subcortical nuclei, and cerebellar vermis (p < 0.004). Regional brain volumes and perfusion were not significantly related to BMI. Furthermore, comorbid conditions, clinical laboratory measures, and nutritional assessments were not significant predictors of these MR‐based measures.

Conclusions:  The results suggest that BMI, independent of age, alcohol consumption, and common comorbidities, is related to regional NAA, Cho, Cr, and m‐Ino concentrations in this cohort of alcohol‐dependent individuals. Additionally, as some common comorbid conditions in alcohol dependence such as cigarette smoking are associated with BMI, their associations with regional brain metabolite levels in alcohol‐dependent individuals may also be influenced by BMI.
Land Rent Flows In Economic, Political And Environmental Transitions:
Authors: Smiley David H.
Published: September 2010

Abstract Previous work (Smiley, 1995) attributed failure of development efforts to the injection of aid into societies where landed institutions may absorb this aid, block growth and maintain inequality. An interactive simulation model was built (Smiley, 1996) to explore the effects of land rent flows under alternative transition strategies. In these simulations, the public collection of land rent was found to be superior to all other third world development and reformist strategies in achieving growth with equity. The underlying ethical and economic arguments are here examined in more general classes of transitions: economic transitions involving industrial and post‐industrial societies, political transitions involving territorial conflict, and environmental transitions involving adverse externalities. Recommendations are made for collective action to improve both efficiency and equity outcomes from these transitions.
Understanding Japanese Direct Investment in China (1985–1993):
Authors: Deng Liping
Published: September 2010

Abstract Japanese private investors have recently established a remarkable presence in the Chinese economy. While the comparative performance of Japanese direct investment can be attributed to managerial, economic, social and political factors, the present article shows that elements of Japanese culture have also played a role. An intercultural comparative analytical framework is developed. Aggregate data and survey reports suggest that Japanese cultural factors have contributed to the performance of Japanese direct investment (1985–1993), relating to level, pattern and managerial behavior. This study points to 1) the importance of having a comprehensive understanding of Japanese direct investment including its cultural element, and 2) the necessity for the Western investors to pay close attention to the cultural aspect of a successful investment in China.
Parent–Child Relationships: Planting the Seeds of Deviant Behavior in the Family Firm
Authors: Eddleston Kimberly A. , Kidwell Roland E.
Published: September 2010

We posit that parent–child relationships lead to subsequent leader–member exchange (LMX) differentiation in family firms. This differentiation shapes a child's behavior toward the firm. Altruism is proposed to further increase the effects of LMX differentiation on workplace behavior by fostering feelings of entitlement or rebellion among out–group children and strengthening in–group children's commitment to the firm. Our article breaks new ground by explaining how parent–child relationships and LMX can result in deviant behavior in family firms, how parental altruism can create vicious and virtuous circles of behavior and how stewardship and opportunism can occur within the same family firm.
Institutions, Latent Entrepreneurship, and Self–Employment: An International Comparison
Authors: Gohmann Stephan F.
Published: September 2010

This paper examines how the institutional environment in 18 countries affects the self–employment decision, as well as the preferences of latent entrepreneurs—individuals who prefer to be self–employed. Latent entrepreneurs fall into two groups, those who are currently self–employed and those who are not—the “truly latent entrepreneurs.” These two groups differ in their responses to changes in the institutional environment. An occupational choice model where institutions affect switching costs informs the empirical model. As institutions such as economic freedom improve, preferences for self–employment increase for both groups, but the effect is greater for those who are currently self–employed.