bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reproductive history and breast cancer prevention
Authors: Russo Jose
Published: August 2016

The hormonal milieu of an early full-term pregnancy induces lobular development, completing the cycle of differentiation of the breast. This process induces a specific genomic signature in the mammary gland that is represented by the stem cell containing a heterochomatin condensed nucleus (HTN). Even though differentiation significantly reduces cell proliferation in the mammary gland, the mammary epithelium remains capable of responding with proliferation to given stimuli, such as a new pregnancy. The stem cell HTN is able to metabolize the carcinogen and repair the induced DNA damage more efficiently than the stem cell containing an euchromatinic structure (EUN), as it has been demonstrated in the rodent experimental system. The basic biological concept is that pregnancy shifts the stem cell EUN to the stem cell HTN that is refractory to carcinogenesis. Data generated by the use of cDNA micro array techniques have allowed to demonstrate that while lobular development regressed after pregnancy and lactation, programmed cell death genes, DNA repair genes, chromatin remodeling, transcription factors and immune-surveillance gene transcripts all of these genes are upregulated and are part of the genomic signature of pregnancy that is associated with the preventive effect of this physiological process.
Wheelchair users’ perspectives on barriers in public spaces in Vienna: implications for the development of a barrier information system / Barrieren aus der Sicht von Rollstuhlnutzern/-innen im öffentlichen Raum in Wien: Implikationen für ein Barriere-Informationssystem
Authors: Außermaier Hannes , Costa Ursula Margarethe , Essmeister Maria , Diermayr Gudrun
Published: August 2016

Background

Wheelchair users often encounter barriers reducing community mobility and participation in societal life. Information on barrier-free routes may improve mobility and therefore societal participation. In addition to technical prerequisites, a routing system will only be effective and used by the target group, if the development process is based on their perceptions and needs. The aim of the study was therefore to collect data on barriers from the viewpoint of wheelchair users in Vienna.

Methods

A multiprofessional team conducted three focus group discussions with 22 wheelchair users from Vienna (maximum variation sampling, wheelchair-bound individuals and assistants). Data were analyzed qualitatively using inductive and deductive content analysis. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, and the Occupational Performance Model (Australia) served as guiding frameworks during deductive data analysis. Barriers within the physical environment were further subcategorized.

Results

Barriers identified in all three groups could be assigned mainly to physical and socio-cultural environments. Most important physical barriers were ground conditions, curbstones and gradients. Other barriers were related to one’s own body, other people in the environment, and lack of information on structural conditions.

Discussion

Our results underline the benefit of participatory research and they demonstrate the complexity of barriers encountered by wheelchair users in the community. A routing system provides information to wheelchair users enabling them to avoid physical barriers in the community and to stakeholders enabling them to reduce and remove barriers in public spaces.
“Out gay boys? There’s, like, one point seven five”: Negotiating identity in super-diversity
Authors: Woolley Susan
Published: August 2016

Examining processes through which identity and semiotic markers of race, gender, and sexuality are constructed, this article looks at the ways categories like “gay”, “Asian”, and “Latino”, for example, are articulated, counted, and delineated as well as complicated by intersecting lines of difference that entangle subject positions. Drawing on findings from a three-year ethnographic study in a Northern California urban public high school, this research connects the micro-level processes of language and the macro-level processes through which difference is constructed. Arguing that notions of enoughness and authenticity are used to assess participants’ claims to identities, this article further pushes scholars of super-diversity to consider the role of power and privilege in shaping such forms of legitimacy. Focusing on power and privilege in the negotiation of identity is significant for scholars of super-diversity because it moves us toward an analysis of the ways unequal power relations are produced and articulated through people, their interactions and relations, and perceived differences. In an era of super-diversity, subjects live with multiple, overlapping, mutually inflecting identities, far from previous tick-box approaches which treat identity as a static set of categories one may check off as representing. Considering intersecting lines of difference, we see that identity is not just discrete categories, but a process of drawing boundaries, taking positions, playing with representations, and making meaning out of symbolic resources.
From truncated to sociopolitical emergence: A critique of super-diversity in sociolinguistics
Authors: Flores Nelson , Lewis Mark
Published: August 2016

Sociolinguists have always been leaders in advocating for the legitimacy of all language practices. Recently, sociolinguists have begun to question whether frameworks that have historically been used as part of this advocacy are adequate for describing the language practices that have emerged as part of contemporary globalization. Some scholars have proposed
The Adam Smith Problem Revisited: A Methodological Resolution
Authors: Wagner-Tsukamoto Sigmund
Published: August 2016

The Adam Smith problem refers to a claimed inconsistency between the
Religious Culture and Customary Legal Tradition: Historical Foundations of European Market Development
Authors: Liggio Leonard P.
Published: August 2016

This paper traces back the sources of our present legal system and of market economy to Medieval Europe which itself benefited from Hellenistic and Roman legal culture and commercial practices. Roman provinces placed Rome in the wider Greek cultural and commercial world. If Aristotle was already transcending the narrow polis-based conceptions of his predecessors, after him Hellenistic Civilization saw the emergence of a new school of philosophy: Stoicism. The legal thought in the Latin West will hence be characterized by Cicero’s writings and its Stoic sources. The Roman legal system was similar to the later northern European customary law and the English common law; Roman law was evolutionary and customary. The rise of Western individualism, whether it dates back to St. Augustine in the fifth century, or to the two Papal Revolutions of Gregory I (establishing the nuclear family as the core of individualism) and of Gregory VII, also played a crucial role in shaping the western legal tradition. The paper describes the main forces that led to this second (Gregorian) revolution. Monasticism is one of them. Benedictine monasticism plaid a leading role in the Peace of God Movement. Hence collective oath-taking by groups in the name of peace was essential in the founding of cities and in the formation of guilds. Europe’s economic resurgence in the Eleventh Century was on the basis of the creation of the rule of law by the Peace of God movement. This movement also allowed for Europe’s agricultural economy to progress. Indeed, the European Middle Ages is one of the major periods of technological innovation in the history of the world. The Gregorian Revolution itself was supported and financed by the Commercial Revolution: Italian bankers sustained Papal reformers against the Emperors. The independence of the Italian cities and provinces reveals one of the most important consequences of the Gregorian Revolution: the polycentricism of Western Europe. This Revolution also witnessed the first large number of political pamphlets in European history; the Gregorian clergy emphasizing a compact theory of government. Soon after, the order of Cistercians was founded (1098) and underwent spectacular growth during the next two centuries. The Cistercians accepted no rents or labor services from feudal donors but would take only full possession of land to do with it as they wished.These monasteries were the most economically effective units that had ever existed in Europe, and perhaps in the world, before that time. Finally, the Magna Carta (1215) that will be so influential on modern political thought can be seen as a direct consequence of the Gregorian Revolution.
Analysis of Urban Sprawl Dynamics Using Geospatial Technology in Ranchi City, Jharkhand, India
Authors: Ahmad Firoz , Goparaju Laxmi
Published: August 2016

The availability of remote sensing satellite data at various spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions provides enormous opportunity to map the urban sprawl. When coupled with Geographic Information System (GIS) it is possible to evaluate, analyse and integrate large data. We need to understand and quantify the urban sprawl on spatial and temporal scales which forms a basis for better planning and sustainable management of cities and towns. The city of Ranchi has witnessed unprecedented urban growth after assuming the status of a capital of Jharkhand state, India in 2000. The increasing population has put pressure on the natural resources of the city. The urban growth has been in a haphazard manner at the cost of agricultural lands, forest land and open green spaces such as park, garden and recreational forestry.

The present study analysed the urban sprawl in Ranchi city, using Landsat data from 1976, 2002 and 2015. The study revealed that the annual urban growth rate was 1.76 ha/yr over the period from 1976 to 2002 whereas the annual growth rate was 2 ha/yr over the period from 2002 to 2015. The northern side of the city has witnessed more expansion in 2002 when compared with the growth in 1976. Increase in urban density was seen at the distances of 3, 4,5,6,7 and 8km between 1976 and 2015 and the rate was higher than 25%.The driving factors of the development were infrastructure, educational and business expansion. Thus, spatial analyses of urban sprawl are a prerequisite for curbing the unplanned urban growth and ensure sustainable living.
A photonic self-oscillator based on porous silicon
Authors: Sánchez Castro N. , Palomino-Ovando M. A. , Estrada-Wiese D. , del Río J. A. , de la Mora M. B. , Doti R. , Faubert J. , Lugo J. E.
Published: August 2016

We induced mechanical self-oscillations in
a microcavity structure made of porous silicon onedimensional
photonic crystals (PSi-1DPC) with an air gap.
The electromagnetic force generated within the whole
photonic structure, by light with a wavelength of 633 nm,
is enough to overcome energy losses and sustain selfoscillations.
From these mechano-optical measurements
we estimated the stiffness and Young’s modulus of porous
silicon and compared the results with values reported elsewhere
and with values estimated herein by a mechanical
method.We obtained good agreement between all values.
Crystal structure of dichlorido(1,3-bis(2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-1H-3λ4-imidazol-2-yl)(isoquinolinyl)palladium(IV), C28H27Cl2N3Pd
Authors: Liu Feng , Li Guo-Xing
Published: August 2016

C28H27Cl2N3Pd, monoclinic (no. 15), C2/c, a = 24.7394(17) Å, b = 15.9451(11) Å, c = 27.4301(19) Å, β = 107.8650°, V = 10293.7(12) Å3, Z = 16, R
gt(F) = 0.0249, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1168, T = 100(2) K.
Ernährungs-Apps für den Ernährungsversorgungsalltag – Hindernisse und Chancen
Authors: Schnellbächer Carina
Published: August 2016

Anwendungsprogramme in Form von Apps erobern viele Lebensbereiche, so auch den Sektor Ernährung und Gesundheit. Studien gaben erste Hinweise darauf, dass durch den Gebrauch von Applications (Apps) die Umsetzung von Ernährungsempfehlungen und die Gewichtskontrolle gefördert werden. Damit ernährungskompetente Handlungen im Ernährungsversorgungsalltag unterstützt werden können, ist es nötig, zielgruppenspezifisch auf fachlich fundierte Apps aufmerksam zu machen und die Nutzungskompetenz der Anwender zu stärken.
Idiome und ihre kommunikative Leistung
Authors: Dalmas Martine , Dobrovol’skij Dmitrij
Published: August 2016

The aim of this paper is to analyze the communicative function of idioms and their constituents in the information structure of an utterance. Usually idioms tend to occupy the final position in a sentence, which correlates with their inherent rhematic properties. However, structural transformations such as fronting, passivization and conversion can lead to changes in their communicative status. Among such changes, we single out (a) topicalization or thematization of the fronted sentence constituent, (b) its focusing or emphatic rhematization, (c) focusing of the postponed constituent, or (d) rhematization of the sentence as a whole, etc. In spite of their lexical stability, idioms make use of the possibilities provided by German syntax. This allows them to contribute to the communicative structuring of utterances.
Synthesis and structural characterization of Ca12Ge17B8O58
Authors: Bräuchle Sebastian , Wurst Klaus , Huppertz Hubert
Published: August 2016

Ca12Ge17B8O58 was prepared by high-temperature solid state synthesis at 1100°C in a platinum crucible from calcium carbonate, boric acid, and germanium(IV) oxide. The compound crystallizes in the tetragonal crystal system in the space group P4̅ (No. 81) isotypically to Cd12Ge17B8O58. The structure was refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data: a = 15.053(8), c = 4.723(2) Å, V = 1070.2(2) Å3, R1 = 0.0151, and wR2 = 0.0339 for all data. The crystal structure of Ca12Ge17B8O58 consists of [Ge4O12]
n
chains composed of GeO4 tetrahedra and GeO6 octahedra. The chains are interconnected into a [Ge4O10.5]
n
network via corner sharing. By additional [Ge(B2O7)4]28– clusters, these units are connected to a three-dimensional [Ge17B8O58]24– framework. The open structure forms three types of tunnels with five-, six-, and seven-membered rings (MRs) along the c axis, where the Ca2+ are located.
Neurons That UnderlieDrosophila melanogasterReproductive Behaviors: Detection of a Large Male-Bias in Gene Expression infruitless-Expressing Neurons
Authors: Newell Nicole R , New Felicia N , Dalton Justin E , McIntyre Lauren M , Arbeitman Michelle N
Published: August 2016

Male and female reproductive behaviors in Drosophila melanogaster are vastly different, but neurons that express sex-specifically spliced fruitless transcripts (fru P1) underlie these behaviors in both sexes. How this set of neurons can generate such different behaviors between the two sexes is an unresolved question. A particular challenge is that fru P1-expressing neurons comprise only 2–5% of the adult nervous system, and so studies of adult head tissue or whole brain may not reveal crucial differences. Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP) identifies the actively translated pool of mRNAs from fru P1-expressing neurons, allowing a sensitive, cell-type-specific assay. We find four times more male-biased than female-biased genes in TRAP mRNAs from fru P1-expressing neurons. This suggests a potential mechanism to generate dimorphism in behavior. The male-biased genes may direct male behaviors by establishing cell fate in a similar context of gene expression observed in females. These results suggest a possible global mechanism for how distinct behaviors can arise from a shared set of neurons.
A Genetic Mosaic Screen Reveals Ecdysone-Responsive Genes RegulatingDrosophilaOogenesis
Authors: Ables Elizabeth T , Hwang Grace H , Finger Danielle S , Hinnant Taylor D , Drummond-Barbosa Daniela
Published: August 2016

Multiple aspects of Drosophila oogenesis, including germline stem cell activity, germ cell differentiation, and follicle survival, are regulated by the steroid hormone ecdysone. While the transcriptional targets of ecdysone signaling during development have been studied extensively, targets in the ovary remain largely unknown. Early studies of salivary gland polytene chromosomes led to a model in which ecdysone stimulates a hierarchical transcriptional cascade, wherein a core group of ecdysone-sensitive transcription factors induce tissue-specific responses by activating secondary branches of transcriptional targets. More recently, genome-wide approaches have identified hundreds of putative ecdysone-responsive targets. Determining whether these putative targets represent bona fide targets in vivo, however, requires that they be tested via traditional mutant analysis in a cell-type specific fashion. To investigate the molecular mechanisms whereby ecdysone signaling regulates oogenesis, we used genetic mosaic analysis to screen putative ecdysone-responsive genes for novel roles in the control of the earliest steps of oogenesis. We identified a cohort of genes required for stem cell maintenance, stem and progenitor cell proliferation, and follicle encapsulation, growth, and survival. These genes encode transcription factors, chromatin modulators, and factors required for RNA transport, stability, and ribosome biogenesis, suggesting that ecdysone might control a wide range of molecular processes during oogenesis. Our results suggest that, although ecdysone target genes are known to have cell type-specific roles, many ecdysone response genes that control larval or pupal cell types at developmental transitions are used reiteratively in the adult ovary. These results provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms by which ecdysone signaling controls oogenesis, laying new ground for future studies.
Long Terminal Repeat Retrotransposon Content in Eight Diploid Sunflower Species Inferred from Next-Generation Sequence Data
Authors: Tetreault Hannah M , Ungerer Mark C
Published: August 2016

The most abundant transposable elements (TEs) in plant genomes are Class I long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons represented by superfamilies gypsy and copia. Amplification of these superfamilies directly impacts genome structure and contributes to differential patterns of genome size evolution among plant lineages. Utilizing short-read Illumina data and sequence information from a panel of Helianthus annuus (sunflower) full-length gypsy and copia elements, we explore the contribution of these sequences to genome size variation among eight diploid Helianthus species and an outgroup taxon, Phoebanthus tenuifolius. We also explore transcriptional dynamics of these elements in both leaf and bud tissue via RT-PCR. We demonstrate that most LTR retrotransposon sublineages (i.e., families) display patterns of similar genomic abundance across species. A small number of LTR retrotransposon sublineages exhibit lineage-specific amplification, particularly in the genomes of species with larger estimated nuclear DNA content. RT-PCR assays reveal that some LTR retrotransposon sublineages are transcriptionally active across all species and tissue types, whereas others display species-specific and tissue-specific expression. The species with the largest estimated genome size, H. agrestis, has experienced amplification of LTR retrotransposon sublineages, some of which have proliferated independently in other lineages in the Helianthus phylogeny.
Diversifying Selection Between Pure-Breed and Free-Breeding Dogs Inferred from Genome-Wide SNP Analysis
Authors: Pilot Małgorzata , Malewski Tadeusz , Moura Andre E , Grzybowski Tomasz , Oleński Kamil , Kamiński Stanisław , Fadel Fernanda Ruiz , Alagaili Abdulaziz N , Mohammed Osama B , Bogdanowicz Wiesław
Published: August 2016

Domesticated species are often composed of distinct populations differing in the character and strength of artificial and natural selection pressures, providing a valuable model to study adaptation. In contrast to pure-breed dogs that constitute artificially maintained inbred lines, free-ranging dogs are typically free-breeding, i.e., unrestrained in mate choice. Many traits in free-breeding dogs (FBDs) may be under similar natural and sexual selection conditions to wild canids, while relaxation of sexual selection is expected in pure-breed dogs. We used a Bayesian approach with strict false-positive control criteria to identify FST-outlier SNPs between FBDs and either European or East Asian breeds, based on 167,989 autosomal SNPs. By identifying outlier SNPs located within coding genes, we found four candidate genes under diversifying selection shared by these two comparisons. Three of them are associated with the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway regulating vertebrate morphogenesis. A comparison between FBDs and East Asian breeds also revealed diversifying selection on the BBS6 gene, which was earlier shown to cause snout shortening and dental crowding via disrupted HH signaling. Our results suggest that relaxation of natural and sexual selection in pure-breed dogs as opposed to FBDs could have led to mild changes in regulation of the HH signaling pathway. HH inhibits adhesion and the migration of neural crest cells from the neural tube, and minor deficits of these cells during embryonic development have been proposed as the underlying cause of “domestication syndrome.” This suggests that the process of breed formation involved the same genetic and developmental pathways as the process of domestication.
A Genetic Screen for Mutants with Supersized Lipid Droplets in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Li Shiwei , Xu Shibin , Ma Yanli , Wu Shuang , Feng Yu , Cui Qingpo , Chen Lifeng , Zhou Shuang , Kong Yuanyuan , Zhang Xiaoyu , Yu Jialei , Wu Mengdi , Zhang Shaobing O
Published: August 2016

To identify genes that regulate the dynamics of lipid droplet (LD) size, we have used the genetically tractable model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, whose wild-type LD population displays a steady state of size with an upper limit of 3 μm in diameter. From a saturated forward genetic screen of 6.7 × 105 mutagenized haploid genomes, we isolated 118 mutants with supersized intestinal LDs often reaching 10 μm. These mutants define nine novel complementation groups, in addition to four known genes (maoc-1, dhs-28, daf-22, and prx-10). The nine groups are named drop (lipid droplet abnormal) and categorized into four classes. Class I mutants drop-5 and drop-9, similar to prx-10, are up-regulated in ACS-22-DGAT-2-dependent LD growth, resistant to LD hydrolysis, and defective in peroxisome import. Class II mutants drop-2, drop-3, drop-6, and drop-7 are up-regulated in LD growth, are resistant to LD hydrolysis, but are not defective in peroxisome import. Class III mutants drop-1 and drop-8 are neither up-regulated in LD growth nor resistant to LD hydrolysis, but seemingly up-regulated in LD fusion. Class IV mutant drop-4 is cloned as sams-1 and, different to the other three classes, is ACS-22-independent and hydrolysis-resistant. These four classes of supersized LD mutants should be valuable for mechanistic studies of LD cellular processes including growth, hydrolysis, and fusion.
Genetic Regulation of Transcriptional Variation in NaturalArabidopsis thalianaAccessions
Authors: Zan Yanjun , Shen Xia , Forsberg Simon K G , Carlborg Örjan
Published: August 2016

An increased knowledge of the genetic regulation of expression in Arabidopsis thaliana is likely to provide important insights about the basis of the plant’s extensive phenotypic variation. Here, we reanalyzed two publicly available datasets with genome-wide data on genetic and transcript variation in large collections of natural A. thaliana accessions. Transcripts from more than half of all genes were detected in the leaves of all accessions, and from nearly all annotated genes in at least one accession. Thousands of genes had high transcript levels in some accessions, but no transcripts at all in others, and this pattern was correlated with the genome-wide genotype. In total, 2669 eQTL were mapped in the largest population, and 717 of them were replicated in the other population. A total of 646 cis-eQTL-regulated genes that lacked detectable transcripts in some accessions was found, and for 159 of these we identified one, or several, common structural variants in the populations that were shown to be likely contributors to the lack of detectable RNA transcripts for these genes. This study thus provides new insights into the overall genetic regulation of global gene expression diversity in the leaf of natural A. thaliana accessions. Further, it also shows that strong cis-acting polymorphisms, many of which are likely to be structural variations, make important contributions to the transcriptional variation in the worldwide A. thaliana population.
MeSH-Informed Enrichment Analysis and MeSH-Guided Semantic Similarity Among Functional Terms and Gene Products in Chicken
Authors: Morota Gota , Beissinger Timothy M , Peñagaricano Francisco
Published: August 2016

Biomedical vocabularies and ontologies aid in recapitulating biological knowledge. The annotation of gene products is mainly accelerated by Gene Ontology (GO), and more recently by Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Here, we report a suite of MeSH packages for chicken in Bioconductor, and illustrate some features of different MeSH-based analyses, including MeSH-informed enrichment analysis and MeSH-guided semantic similarity among terms and gene products, using two lists of chicken genes available in public repositories. The two published datasets that were employed represent (i) differentially expressed genes, and (ii) candidate genes under selective sweep or epistatic selection. The comparison of MeSH with GO overrepresentation analyses suggested not only that MeSH supports the findings obtained from GO analysis, but also that MeSH is able to further enrich the representation of biological knowledge and often provide more interpretable results. Based on the hierarchical structures of MeSH and GO, we computed semantic similarities among vocabularies, as well as semantic similarities among selected genes. These yielded the similarity levels between significant functional terms, and the annotation of each gene yielded the measures of gene similarity. Our findings show the benefits of using MeSH as an alternative choice of annotation in order to draw biological inferences from a list of genes of interest. We argue that the use of MeSH in conjunction with GO will be instrumental in facilitating the understanding of the genetic basis of complex traits.
Septate Junction Proteins Play Essential Roles in Morphogenesis Throughout Embryonic Development inDrosophila
Authors: Hall Sonia , Ward Robert E
Published: August 2016

The septate junction (SJ) is the occluding junction found in the ectodermal epithelia of invertebrate organisms, and is essential to maintain chemically distinct compartments in epithelial organs, to provide the blood–brain barrier in the nervous system, and to provide an important line of defense against invading pathogens. More than 20 genes have been identified to function in the establishment or maintenance of SJs in Drosophila melanogaster. Numerous studies have demonstrated the cell biological function of these proteins in establishing the occluding junction, whereas very few studies have examined further developmental roles for them. Here we examined embryos with mutations in nine different core SJ genes and found that all nine result in defects in embryonic development as early as germ band retraction, with the most penetrant defect observed in head involution. SJ genes are also required for cell shape changes and cell rearrangements that drive the elongation of the salivary gland during midembryogenesis. Interestingly, these developmental events occur at a time prior to the formation of the occluding junction, when SJ proteins localize along the lateral membrane and have not yet coalesced into the region of the SJ. Together, these observations reveal an underappreciated role for a large group of SJ genes in essential developmental events during embryogenesis, and suggest that the function of these proteins in facilitating cell shape changes and rearrangements is independent of their role in the occluding junction.
Glucose or Altered Ceramide Biosynthesis Mediate Oxygen Deprivation Sensitivity Through Novel Pathways Revealed by Transcriptome Analysis inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Ladage Mary L , King Skylar D , Burks David J , Quan Daniel L , Garcia Anastacia M , Azad Rajeev K , Padilla Pamela A
Published: August 2016

Individuals with type 2 diabetes display metabolic abnormalities, such as hyperglycemia, increased free fatty acids, insulin resistance, and altered ceramide levels, that contribute to vascular dysfunctions and compromised oxygen delivery. Caenorhabditis elegans fed a glucose-supplemented diet or with altered ceramide metabolism, due to a hyl-2 mutation, are sensitive to oxygen deprivation (anoxia). Our experiments showed that the combination of these factors further decreased the anoxia survival. RNA-sequencing analysis was performed to assess how a glucose-supplemented diet and/or a hyl-2 mutation altered the transcriptome. Comparison analysis of transcripts associated with anoxia-sensitive animals [hyl-2(tm2031) mutation or a glucose diet] revealed 199 common transcripts encoded by genes with known or predicted functions involving innate immunity, cuticle function (collagens), or xenobiotic and endobiotic phase I and II detoxification system. Use of RNA interference (RNAi) to target gene products of the xenobiotic and endobiotic phase I and II detoxification system (UDP-glycosyltransferase and Cytochrome p450 genes; ugt-15, ugt-18, ugt-19, ugt-41, ugt-63, cyp-13A12, cyp-25A1, and cyp-33C8) increased anoxia survival in wild-type animals fed a standard diet. Anoxia sensitivity of the hyl-2(tm2031) animals was suppressed by RNAi of cyp-25A1 or cyp-33C8 genes. A glucose diet fed to the P0 hermaphrodite decreased the anoxia survival of its F1 embryos; however, the RNAi of ugt-63 and cyp-33C8 suppressed anoxia sensitivity. These studies provide evidence that the detoxification system impacts oxygen deprivation responses and that C. elegans can be used to model the conserved detoxification system.
Synthetic Physical Interactions Map Kinetochore-Checkpoint Activation Regions
Authors: Ólafsson Guðjón , Thorpe Peter H
Published: August 2016

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a key mechanism to regulate the timing of mitosis and ensure that chromosomes are correctly segregated to daughter cells. The recruitment of the Mad1 and Mad2 proteins to the kinetochore is normally necessary for SAC activation. This recruitment is coordinated by the SAC kinase Mps1, which phosphorylates residues at the kinetochore to facilitate binding of Bub1, Bub3, Mad1, and Mad2. There is evidence that the essential function of Mps1 is to direct recruitment of Mad1/2. To test this model, we have systematically recruited Mad1, Mad2, and Mps1 to most proteins in the yeast kinetochore, and find that, while Mps1 is sufficient for checkpoint activation, recruitment of either Mad1 or Mad2 is not. These data indicate an important role for Mps1 phosphorylation in SAC activation, beyond the direct recruitment of Mad1 and Mad2.
Prenatal Substance Exposure and Reporting of Child Maltreatment by Race and Ethnicity
Authors: Putnam-Hornstein Emily , Prindle John J. , Leventhal John M.
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND:

Substance exposure is thought to contribute to reports of suspected maltreatment made to child protective services (CPS) at or shortly after birth. There are limited data, however, on whether clinicians are more likely to report black and Hispanic substance-exposed infants compared with white infants.

METHODS:

We examined racial differences in diagnosed substance exposure and subsequent maltreatment reports by using linked birth, hospital discharge, and CPS records. Diagnostic codes were used to document substance exposure; CPS records provided information on maltreatment reports. Prevalence of infant exposure was calculated by race or ethnicity, substance type, and sociodemographic covariates. We estimated racial differences in maltreatment reporting among substance-exposed infants using multivariable models.

RESULTS:

In a 2006 population-based California birth cohort of 474 071 black, Hispanic, and white infants, substance exposure diagnoses were identified for 1.6% of infants (n = 7428). Exposure varied significantly across racial groups (P < .001), with the highest prevalence observed among black infants (4.1%) and the lowest among Hispanic infants (1.0%). Among white and Hispanic infants, the most frequently observed substances were amphetamine and cannabis; for black infants, cannabis was the most common, followed by cocaine. After adjusting for sociodemographic and pregnancy factors, we found that substance-exposed black and Hispanic infants were reported at significantly lower or statistically comparable rates to substance-exposed white infants.

CONCLUSIONS:

Although we were unable to address potential racial and ethnic disparities in screening for substances at birth, we found no evidence that racial disparities in infant CPS reports arise from variable responses to prenatal substance exposure.
Relações federativas no Programa Academia da Saúde: estudo de dois municípios paulistas
Authors: Mota Paulo Henrique dos Santos , Viana Ana Luiza d'Ávila , Bousquat Aylene
Published: August 2016

O objetivo é a análise das relações federativas na implementação do Programa Academia da Saúde em municípios do estado de São Paulo. Realizado estudo de caso com análise documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas; utilizou-se o referencial teórico do ciclo da política. Observou-se indução direta do Ministério da Saúde no município por meio da normalização, dos interesses políticos e do incentivo financeiro. A participação dos estados é burocrática e restrita à Comissão Intergestora Bipartite. Municípios são financeiramente dependentes para implementação. Não se observa possibilidade concreta de adaptação às realidades locais.
Os médicos e a racionalização das práticas hospitalares: novos limites para a liberdade profissional?
Authors: Jamra Carolina Chaccur Abou , Cecilio Luiz Carlos de Oliveira , Correia Tiago
Published: August 2016

Os hospitais brasileiros experimentam um marcado processo de racionalização de suas práticas na busca de maiores eficiência e eficácia organizacional. Considerando a existência de um sistema dual de autoridades composto pelos poderes médico e administrativo, este estudo visa a compreender como os médicos vivenciam e dão sentido às políticas racionalizadoras da gestão hospitalar implementadas pela direção de um hospital da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo. Utilizando-se de análise documental e entrevistas, o estudo evidenciou um aparente paradoxo entre os avanços dos mecanismos de controle organizacional sobre o trabalho médico e a percepção de tais avanços pelos médicos.
Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (ACIC): avaliação da aplicabilidade e resultados
Authors: Costa Karine Cavalcante da , Cazola Luiza Helena de Oliveira , Tamaki Edson Mamoru
Published: August 2016

Estudo descritivo de abordagem quanti-qualitativa, cujo objetivo foi avaliar a aplicação do Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (ACIC) e seus resultados junto aos profissionais de equipes da Estratégia Saúde da Família, em Campo Grande (MS). A amostra constituiu-se de 30 profissionais em 5 equipes, e a coleta de dados foi realizada em maio e junho de 2014, por meio do instrumento ACIC. A média das equipes resultou em capacidade razoável para atenção às condições crônicas, sendo o sistema de informação clínica a principal fragilidade e o desenho do sistema de prestação de serviços de saúde, o maior potencial.
Promoção da saúde e participação: abordagens e indagações
Authors: Mendes Rosilda , Fernandez Juan Carlos Aneiros , Sacardo Daniele Pompei
Published: August 2016

Este ensaio discute as diferentes abordagens da promoção da saúde e da participação e suas implicações no sentido de contribuir para a construção de novas práticas e compromissos em torno da produção social da saúde. Defende a ideia de que práticas de promoção da saúde podem ser ativadoras de potência de ação para construir medidas que resultem em fortalecimento dos sujeitos e das coletividades, na ampliação da autonomia e no fomento da participação e das redes. A intenção deste artigo é compartilhar ideias, além de ser um convite a afastarmo-nos das receitas e das reproduções, a fim de inventarmos nossos próprios modos de construir a promoção da saúde.
Política de saúde no Brasil: produção científica 1988-2014
Authors: Santos Jamilli Silva , Teixeira Carmen Fontes
Published: August 2016

O objetivo deste trabalho é mapear a produção científica em política de saúde no Brasil, na base SciELO, no período 1988-2014. Foram identificados 769 artigos, classificados em três grupos: a) análises políticas em saúde (10,2%) com predominância de estudos que analisam a reforma sanitária brasileira; b) estudos sobre financiamento, gestão, organização e infraestrutura do sistema de saúde (28,8%); c) estudos sobre análises de políticas de saúde específicas (49%). Constatou-se aumento da quantidade de publicações ao longo do tempo e concentração de estudos no último grupo, evidenciando a progressiva substituição de análises do processo político mais geral por estudos de políticas específicas.
Práticas de cuidado em saúde mental na voz dos usuários de um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial do estado do Pará
Authors: Cardoso Márcia Roberta de Oliveira , Oliveira Paulo de Tarso Ribeiro de , Piani Pedro Paulo Freire
Published: August 2016

RESUMO Este artigo buscou analisar como as práticas de cuidado em saúde mental são percebidas pelos usuários de um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (Caps) do estado do Pará. A metodologia utilizada foi de abordagem qualitativa, de cunho discursivo e etnográfico. Participaram do estudo 14 usuários cadastrados no Caps. As entrevistas foram analisadas de acordo com os eixos: Processo Saúde e Doença; Itinerário Terapêutico; Práticas de Cuidado em Saúde Mental; e Usuário e Autonomia. Nos discursos, o Caps foi o local em que os usuários se sentiram mais bem cuidados. Foi observada a coexistência de práticas de cuidado que corroboram os princípios da Reforma Psiquiátrica e outras que ainda reproduzem a lógica manicomial.
Expansão e diversificação da força de trabalho de nível superior nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde no Brasil, 2008 - 2013
Authors: Carvalho Marselle Nobre de , Costa Ester Massae Okamoto Dalla , Sakai Marcia Hiromi , Gil Célia Regina Rodrigues , Leite Silvana Nair
Published: August 2016

RESUMO Este artigo objetiva identificar os trabalhadores de nível superior cadastrados nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) entre 2008 e 2013, visando contribuir com o debate sobre o planejamento da força de trabalho na Atenção Básica em saúde. Trata-se de estudo descritivo, retrospectivo e de abordagem quantitativa. Embora médicos, enfermeiros e cirurgiões-dentistas componham as ocupações de nível superior tradicionalmente hegemônicas nas UBS, constatou-se a ampliação da participação de outras categorias profissionais, o que se atribui à implantação de equipes do Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família em todo o País.
Avaliação da implementação da Rede Mãe Paranaense em três Regionais de Saúde do Paraná
Authors: Frank Bruna Regina Bratti , Toso Beatriz Rosana Gonçalves de Oliveira , Viera Cláudia Silveira , Guimarães Ana Tereza Bittencourt , Caldeira Sebastião
Published: August 2016

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar a implementação da Rede Mãe Paranaense em três Regionais de Saúde (RS) do Paraná: 9ª, 10ª e 17ª. A pesquisa avaliou a Rede nos anos anteriores (2010, 2011) e posteriores (2012, 2013) a sua implantação. Optou-se por coleta de dados documental, com formulário validado contemplando cinco domínios, cuja média resultou no Índice Avaliativo (IA), dos quais se considerou adequados valores acima de 70 e inadequados, abaixo desse valor. A 10ª RS apresentou o melhor IA após implantação da rede, seguida da 17ª, e a 9ª não atingiu valores adequados, mostrando necessidade de melhorar a estrutura da rede, principalmente em relação à qualificação dos profissionais quanto aos sistemas de informação.
A Cooperação Sul-Sul em saúde, segundo organismos internacionais, sob a perspectiva da bioética crítica
Authors: Almeida Samira Santana de , Lorenzo Cláudio Fortes Garcia
Published: August 2016

RESUMO A Cooperação Sul-Sul em saúde apresenta-se como alternativa ao caráter assistencialista e de transferência de tecnologias que marca o antigo modelo Norte-Sul. As ações dela decorrentes têm uma dimensão ética evidente, já que envolvem alocação de recursos, relações interculturais, compartilhamento de biotecnologias e processos decisórios coletivos. No presente ensaio, é apresentado o modelo de bioética crítica a partir do qual se analisam três importantes documentos internacionais contendo diretrizes para a Cooperação Sul-Sul, com vistas a compreender em que medida favorecem a construção de programas estruturantes e emancipatórios.
Obtenção de austenita expandida (fase S): Nitretação por plasma em baixa temperatura x SHTPN - Parte 2
Authors: Reis Ricardo Fernando dos , Durante Gabriela Costa
Published: August 2016

Corpos de prova de aço inoxidável austenítico ISO 5832-1 apresentando camada superficial rica em nitrogênio (fase S), obtidas pelos processos de nitretação por plasma em baixa temperatura e SHTPN (Solution Heat Treatment after Plasma Nitriding), caracterizadas em trabalho anterior, além de amostras na condição de fornecimento, ou seja, solubilizadas, e amostras nitretadas por plasma em 750 ºC por 3 horas foram testadas quanto à resistência a corrosão. A resistência a corrosão foi avaliada com base no método de polarização potenciodinâmica e obtenção de potencial de circuito aberto (Ecorr vs tempo) em uma solução de 0,5 M NaCl. Os resultados comprovaram o ganho na resistência a corrosão localizada proveniente do nitrogênio em solução sólida, tanto para nitretação em baixa temperatura quanto no processo SHTPN, bem como o efeito deletério proveniente da precipitação do nitreto de cromo.
Neurodiversity and the Revision of Book History
Authors: Silverman Gillian
Published: August 2016

The field of neurodiversity offers new ways to think about the history of the book and the history of reading. Because autistic individuals—especially those marked by “classical” symptoms—often report a strong reliance on physical objects and a pronounced tendency toward sensory engagement, their interests coincide with those of book historians and reception critics who investigate the embodied reading experience and the material aspects of the book. Indeed, the textual practices of autistic individuals can resemble those of bibliophiles, who often enjoy touching and smelling books. But autistic textual engagement occasionally takes singular forms, thereby pushing historians of the book into surprising new territory. For example, many classical autists attest to an intense intimacy and intercorporeity with the material book. In so doing they create opportunities for reflecting on the interdependence of the human and nonhuman worlds.
Networking Networks and Constellating New Practices in the Environmental Humanities
Authors: Adamson Joni
Published: August 2016

Academic institutionalization of the environmental humanities began in the early 1990s, and since 2000 the field has grown rapidly because of infrastructural support and because of funding for curricular innovation and programming. The environmental humanities include historical, philosophical, aesthetic, religious, literary, filmic, and media studies; they are informed by the most recent research in the sciences of nature and the anthropogenic factors that contribute to increasingly extreme weather events—drought, fire, hurricanes, melting glaciers, and warming and rising oceans (see Adamson, “Humanities” 135; Nye et al. 22-28).
Language Ecologies: Ethics, Community, and Digital Affect
Authors: Hsy Jonathan
Published: August 2016

The global linguasphere is in a state of ecological and humanitarian crisis. In a powerful meditation in pmla, simon gikandi notes that the loss of any language (and of a culture sustained by it) is worthy of mourning and that language death around the globe is a matter of urgent collective concern. Relating great emotion when the “UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger confronted me with the bleak reality of language endangerment measured in maps, graphs, and data sets,” he ponders the ethical and political stakes of widespread language loss (9). He ends by quoting (and translating) a poem by the anthropologist Miguel León-Portilla “captur[ing] what happens when a language dies” (13), and he builds to a stark closing dictum: “Letting a language die is an injustice, a denial of will to those who speak it” (14). In this forceful essay, metaphorical discourse of language death gives way to a poignant elegy that registers a strong affective and political investment in the sustainment of languages.
Theater, Philosophy, Pedagogy
Authors: Puchner Martin
Published: August 2016

On my first day as an undergraduate at the university of konstanz, i attended a lecture i had been particularly looking forward to: an introduction to philosophy. The professor, Jürgen Mittelstraß, began by declaring that he hoped very few of us would become professional philosophers—ideally, none. Philosophy was a kind of training that should be carried into other endeavors, not pursued as an end in itself. I got really mad. After the lecture I marched into his office and declared that I was going to be the exception. He smiled and kindly took me under his wing for the rest of my studies. But somehow, after majoring in analytic philosophy in college, I began to gravitate toward literature and theater, probably because I had been doing a lot of extracurricular theater along the way. When, twenty years later, I wrote to tell him what had become of me, he revealed that he had once contemplated a career in theater himself.
Comparative Literature and Hegel's Historical Thinking
Authors: Park John
Published: August 2016

Haun saussy opens his influential discussion of past and present conceptions of comparative literature, “exquisite cadavers Stitched from Fresh Nightmares,” by linking them in an apparently historic claim to victory: “Comparative literature has, in a sense, won its battles” (3). The ambiguous nature of that claim, and the real subject of Saussy's ensuing discussion, is indicated, however, by the qualifying phrase “in a sense.” Inanothersense, Saussy implies, the achievements of comparative literature remain open to debate. For, despite the widespread adoption by national-literature departments of comparative literature's theoretical methods of inquiry, comparative approaches to literature continue to be considered inessential or secondary to the defining aim of national-literature departments—investigating and describing the reality of historically grounded national traditions and identities. Saussy's “sense” of victory is thus snatched from the jaws of an unapologetic sense of defeat:

What needs propagating is the comparative reflex, the comparative way of thinking, not the departmental name; and if those are to spread at the cost of identity and institutional reward, so much the worse for identity.

—It so happens that identity is the pivot of our triumph—and our wraithlikeness. (5)
“Philosophy Has Become Worldly”: Marx on Ruthless Critique
Authors: Butler Judith
Published: August 2016

Marx's early article “for a ruthless critique of everything existing” was written as a letter to arnold ruge, a young hegelian, in September 1843 and then printed in the Deutsch-Französischen Jahrbücher in 1844. It is one of several letters that Marx wrote to Ruge during that period on the need to upend philosophical authority. Translated into English, the essay is often taken to be an exuberant and ironic prefiguration of the writings that came to be known as the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844. The essay's title is taken from Marx's letter, in which he remarks that we must undertake “die rücksichtlose Kritik alles Bestehenden”—the ruthless critique not of “everything existing,” exactly, but of everything established, even institutionalized as the establishment over time.