bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular response of canola to salt stress: insights on tolerance mechanisms
Authors: Shokri-Gharelo Reza , Noparvar Pouya Motie
Published: May 2018

Canola (Brassica napus L.) is widely cultivated around the world for the production of edible oils and biodiesel fuel. Despite many canola varieties being described as ‘salt-tolerant’, plant yield and growth decline drastically with increasing salinity. Although many studies have resulted in better understanding of the many important salt-response mechanisms that control salt signaling in plants, detoxification of ions, and synthesis of protective metabolites, the engineering of salt-tolerant crops has only progressed slowly. Genetic engineering has been considered as an efficient method for improving the salt tolerance of canola but there are many unknown or little-known aspects regarding canola response to salinity stress at the cellular and molecular level. In order to develop highly salt-tolerant canola, it is essential to improve knowledge of the salt-tolerance mechanisms, especially the key components of the plant salt-response network. In this review, we focus on studies of the molecular response of canola to salinity to unravel the different pieces of the salt response puzzle. The paper includes a comprehensive review of the latest studies, particularly of proteomic and transcriptomic analysis, including the most recently identified canola tolerance components under salt stress, and suggests what researchers should focus on in future studies.
Obesidade: Controle Neural e Hormonal do Comportamento Alimentar
Authors: Landeiro Fernanda Montero , Quarantini Lucas De Castro
Published: May 2018

Introdução: A obesidade é considerada um problema grave de saúde pública e seu crescimento endêmico na população mundial tem levado ao desenvolvimento de diversas pesquisas nessa área. Cada vez mais estudos apontam na direção de fatores hormonais e neuroquímicos como importantes elementos relacionados a essa patologia complexa. Objetivo: Identificar as evidências relativas a associação entre os processos psicobiológicos e o comportamento alimentar. Método: Revisão baseda nos artigos completos publicados em inglês e português, indexados na base de dados Pubmed, nos últimos 5 anos, com as palavras-chave “obesity”, “hormonal regulation” e “food intake”. Resultados: Foram encontrados 439 artigos no cruzamento das palavras "obesity" AND e "hormonal regulation" e 129 artigos com as palavras "obesity" AND e "hormonal regulation" AND e "food intake". Conclusões: Apesar dos avanços dos estudos nessa área, muitos mecanismos envolvidos no processo de fome e saciedade ainda precisam ser esclarecidos. Dessa forma, pesquisas nesse campo devem ser incentivadas para um melhor embasamento das medidas de promoção à saúde, prevenção e tratamento da obesidade e suas comorbidades..
Complicações cardiovasculares e renais no diabetes mellitus
Authors: Viana Máilla Rebouças , Rodriguez Tânia T.
Published: May 2018

Resumo

O diabetes mellitus é uma doença metabólica caracterizada pelo excesso de glicose no sangue e eventualmente na urina. Os dois tipos mais comuns são tipo 1 e tipo 2 e ambos apresentam comprometimento na regulação da glicemia por ação da insulina. A doença cardiovascular é uma importante causa de morte em populações, especialmente na diabética. Indivíduos diabéticos apresentam risco aumentado de sofrer evento cardiovascular e o dobro do risco de morrer deste evento quando comparados à população. A nefropatia diabética afeta cerca de 10 a 40% dos doentes diabéticos e é hoje a patologia mais frequentemente associada a novos casos de doentes hemodialisados. Objetivo: Descrever as características clínicas e diagnósticas do diabetes e algumas complicações cardiovasculares e renais. Metodologia: Levantamento bibliográfico nas principais bases de dados: Scielo e PubMed, publicadas no período de 2007 a 2011. Conclusão: O diabetes apresenta altas taxas de morbi-mortalidade na população e tem como principais causas a destruição das células produtoras de insulina e defeito na secreção e/ou ação de insulina. A doença cardiovascular é a principal causa de mortalidade em pacientes com o tipo 1 e 2, enquanto que a  nefropatia diabética é a maior responsável em pacientes com o tipo 1 da doença. Mudanças no estilo de vida são fundamentais para prevenir ou retardar o surgimento das complicações crônicas do diabetes, além de diminuir o risco de progressão da doença.
Doença periodontal e aterosclerose: uma revisão de 5 anos da resposta do hospedeiro frente ao desafio microbiano da porphyromonas gingivalis via imunidade inata através do receptor Toll-like
Authors: Rios Marcelo De Azevedo , Campos Paulo Sérgio Flores , Nascimento Roberto José Meyer
Published: May 2018

Introdução: A doença periodontal é uma entidade infecciosa e inflamatória bastante comum em adultos. Recentes pesquisas, focando na participação da imunidade inata através de receptores tipo Toll, concernente a relação entre doença periodontal, especialmente relacionada com a Porphyromonas ginvgivalis, e aterosclerose estão disponíveis. Objetivo: realizar uma revisão crítica da literatura acerca da inter-relação Porphyromonas ginvgivalis X aterosclerose X receptores tipo Toll. Métodos: uma busca na base de dados PUBMED através da associação das seguintes palavras-chave: Porphyromonas ginvgivalis, aterosclerose e receptores tipo Toll; Porphyromonas ginvgivalis, doença cardiovascular e receptores tipo Toll; Porphyromonas ginvgivalis, doença cardíaca e receptores tipo Toll. Artigos de revisão (exceto meta-análises) foram excluídos, e o período de investigação foi 2006 a 2011. Apenas artigos que apresentassem, no mesmo texto, a relação entre Porphyromonas ginvgivalis, aterosclerose e receptores tipo Toll foram selecionados. Resultados: Um total de 25 artigos retornou da busca inicial, remanesceram sete que preenchiam os critérios de inclusão. Conclusão: Pesquisas de laboratório arrolados nesse texto demonstraram que reações imunes inatas foram capazes de causar dano endotelial e participar na aterogênese. Uma ligação entre o processo e a presença de Porphyromonas ginvgivalis, uma bactéria periodontal putativa, foi verificada. Todos os trabalhos analisados mostraram clara evidência de que a Porphyromonas ginvgivalis, relacionada à doença periodontal, participa em diferentes momentos da aterogênese e a imunidade inata parece desempenhar um papel importante em todo o processo. Contudo, os estudos revisados foram conduzidos em ambiente laboratorial e devem ser testados em ensaios clínicos em humanos, usando desenhos variados, de modo a tornar o conhecimento aplicável na rotina clínica.
Baixo peso ao nascer e sua relação com obesidade e síndrome metabólica na infância e adolescência
Authors: Santos Susana Paim dos , Oliveira Luciana Mattos Barros
Published: May 2018

Informações recentes sugerem que o baixo peso ao nascer é uma variável importante para a ocorrência de obesidade e de componentes relacionados à síndrome metabólica, e que essas alterações podem ser detectadas, precocemente, na infância e adolescência. Alguns fatores relacionados ao feto e à mãe são mencionados na literatura como desencadeadores da prematuridade e subsequente baixo peso ao nascer. Os indivíduos com pequena idade gestacional têm alto risco de ganho de peso rápido no pós-natal, obesidade tardia e de apresentar alguns processos ligados a síndrome metabólica, como diabetes tipo 2, dislipidemia, hipertensão e doenças cardiovasculares. Conhecer o panorama dessas condições poderia contribuir para uma atenção precoce à saúde da criança com histórico de baixo peso ao nascimento com riscos à programação para essas doenças em longo prazo. O presente artigo teve como objetivo revisar as considerações atuais sobre a associação entre baixo peso ao nascer e a obesidade e síndrome metabólica na infância e adolescência.
Citocinas Th1 e Th2 em crianças com hemoglobinopatias e infecção por malária não complicada
Authors: Tatfeng Y. M. , Agbonlahor D. E.
Published: May 2018

O relativo equilíbrio entre as citocinas Th1 e Th2 parece crucial para o resultado das infecções. Foram avaliados os

níveis de citocinas pró-inflamatórias Th1, interleucina 2 (IL2) e interferon gama (IFNγ) e as citocinas antiinflamatórias

Th2, IL4 e IL10 em indivíduos homizigotos para hemoglobina (Hb) AA, SS e heterozigotos AS com malária não

complicada por P. falciparum, na cidade de Benin, na Nigéria. Os níveis de citocinas Th1 e Th2 de 111 crianças com

malária não complicada e 89 controles saudáveis foram determinados por método imunoenzimático. Células CD4 e

CD8 foram contadas utilizando o protocolo T4T8 Dynabeads Quantification, enquanto os parâmetros hematológicos

foram estimados através de técnicas hematológicas. Níveis de citocinas Th1 e Th2 foram significativamente maiores

em pacientes HbAA, HBAs e HbSS do que os respectivos controles (P <0,05). Citocinas Th1 e Th2 foram significativamente

elevadas em indivíduos HbAA (IFNγ: 57,31 ± 77.79pg/ml, IL2: 108,75 ± 63.53pg/ml, IL10: 18,39 ± 15.08pg/ml) do que

em HbAS (IFNγ: 32,48 ± 24,83 pg / ml, IL2: 64,16 ± 56,0 pg / ml, IL10: pg / ml) e HbSS (IFNγ: 23,36 ± 14,73 pg/ml, IL2:

76,74 ± 39,99 pg / ml, IL10: 7,19 ± 4,50 pg/ml) (P <0,05). A média do parâmetros hematológicos (contagem total de

leucócitos, monócitos) HbSS de crianças infectadas foram significativamente maiores do que HbAA e indivíduos HbAS

(P <0,05), porém, o volume corpuscular médio foi significativamente menor do que os outros (P <0,05). Finalmente,

é importante reconhecer que o papel das citocinas na resposta imune ainda está para ser totalmente compreendido.
Focos em vacinas pneumocócicas e o portador na nasofaringe
Authors: Rocha Cristyane G. B. B. , Andrade Ana Lucia S. S. , Pimenta Fabiana C.
Published: May 2018

A vacinação é a única ferramenta disponível para prevenir as doenças causadas pelo Streptococcus pneumoniae. Nesta revisão,

foi dada ênfase na vacina conjugada pneumocócica (PCV) e o portador de S. pneumoniae de nasofaringe, uma vez que a

colonização da nasofaringe precede a doença invasiva. Para otimizar o desenvolvimento de futuras vacinas conjugadas e

avaliar a sua eficácia, é necessário compreender a epidemiologia e os sorotipos específicos de pneumococos e os tipos associados

à doença. A monitoração contínua dos sorotipos de S. pneumoniae é essencial, uma vez que foi demonstrado que os tipos

responsáveis pela doença invasiva podem mudar ao longo do tempo. A cobertura da PCV demonstrada justifica a sua utilização

em países com poucos recursos. No entanto, a experiência acumulada mostra também que ocorre imunidade do rebanho

devido a PCV, bem como substituição dos sorotipos da vacina por outros sorotipos não-incluídos na vacina. Devido à sua

reduzida virulência, só se observou um efeito modesto sobre a doença, mas a possibilidade de ocorrer sorotipos não-vacinais

mais virulentos não pode ser ignorada e devem ser monitorados de forma contínua.
Reconstrução de assoalho orbital com polietileno de alta densidade
Authors: Pozza Daniel Humberto , Blaya Diego Segatto , Oliveira Marcos André Matos de , Neto Nelson Ribeiro , Oliveira Marília Gerhardt de
Published: May 2018

Justifica-se intervir cirurgicamente em fraturas do tipo blow out naqueles casos em que haja alterações da função orbital,

como a diplopia, ou mesmo por razões estéticas, como a enoftalmia. Clinicamente, as fraturas do tipo blow out revelam

alterações estéticas e funcionais que, associadas aos exames complementares por imagem, como a tomografia

computadorizada, indicam o procedimento cirúrgico reparador. A utilização do polietileno de alta densidade (PAD) na

reconstrução do assoalho orbital reduz a morbidade do enxerto autógeno, apresentando estabilidade e biocompatibilidade.

Este artigo discute um caso cirúrgico de evolução favorável após seis meses de reconstrução do assoalho orbital com PAD.
Elastin molecular aging promotes MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cell invasiveness
Authors: Salesse Stéphanie , Odoul Ludivine , Chazée Lise , Garbar Christian , Duca Laurent , Martiny Laurent , Mahmoudi Rachid , Debelle Laurent
Published: May 2018

Elastin is a long‐lived extracellular matrix protein responsible for the structural integrity and function of tissues. Breast cancer elastosis is a complex phenomenon resulting in both the deposition of elastotic masses and the local production of elastin fragments. In invasive human breast cancers, an increase in elastosis is correlated with severity of the disease and age of the patient. Elastin‐derived peptides (EDPs) are a hallmark of aging and are matrikines – matrix fragments having the ability to regulate cell physiology. They are known to promote processes linked to tumor progression, but their effects on breast cancer cells remain unexplored. Our data show that EDPs enhance the invasiveness of MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells through the engagement of matrix metalloproteases 14 and 2. We therefore suggest that elastosis and/or an aged stroma could promote breast cancer cell invasiveness.
Microfluidic Hydrogel Hanging‐Drop Network for Long‐Term Culturing of 3D Microtissues and Simultaneous High‐Resolution Imaging
Authors: Aeby Elise A. , Misun Patrick M. , Hierlemann Andreas , Frey Olivier
Published: May 2018

Three‐dimensional (3D) microtissues, cultured in microfluidic platforms, enable to study complex biological mechanisms that cannot be replicated in two‐dimensional cell cultures. Deeper insights can be obtained if these 3D culture systems are rendered compatible with high‐resolution time‐lapse imaging systems, which requires precise placement and immobilization of the specimen while ensuring high viability and functionality of the 3D cell constructs. This article presents a versatile microfluidic platform for long‐term culturing and analysis of 3D microtissues. The platform is compatible with time‐lapse high‐resolution confocal microscopy. Hanging hydrogel drops enable the precise placement and stable immobilization of the microtissues in the microfluidic chip. The chip includes perfusion capability to apply drugs, staining and clearing solutions. The features of the chip are demonstrated by studying (i) colon cancer microtissues to monitor tissue growth and cell death; on‐chip clearing was used to augment the penetration depth for endpoint imaging; (ii) primary human liver microtissues were exposed to cytochalasin D to observe its effect on the bile canaliculi. The results obtained with both sample types demonstrate the suitability of the system for investigating complex processes in organotypic 3D microtissues, down to single‐cell level, and for observation of physiologically relevant processes at subcellular scale.
Development and Characterization of Zr‐Based Multi‐Component Nanocomposite Coatings Prepared Using Single Alloying Target
Authors: Moon Kyoung Il , Lee Han Chan , Sun Ju Hyun , Lee Chang Hun , Shin Seung Yong
Published: May 2018

Nanocomposite coatings comprising multiple phases on the nanoscale are increasingly used for automobile engine systems as they offer high thermal stability, high hardness, and low coefficient of friction. Since it is not easy to fabricate alloying targets, multiple targets have been used to prepare conventional nanocomposite coatings, resulting in the need for complex equipment and processes. Therefore, single alloying targets with homogeneous compositions and high toughness will simplify mass production of nanocomposite coatings. In this study, amorphous alloys are introduced to prepare the alloying target because of their homogeneous composition, good mechanical properties, and design rules that are similar to those for nanocomposites. Multi‐component alloying targets comprising Zr, Al, Mo, and Cu are successfully prepared by atomization and spark plasma sintering, both of which are powder metallurgical processes. The targets with amorphous structure are subsequently heat‐treated in a vacuum at ≈800 °C to crystallize the microstructure and improve the mechanical properties for sputtering. This study is the first report on modification of the fracture toughness of Zr‐based intermetallic compounds by changing the grain size. Improved fracture toughness of these compounds with a specific range of grain size is obtained by heat treatment of the amorphous target.
Gap‐Mode Surface‐Plasmon‐Enhanced Photoluminescence and Photoresponse of MoS2
Authors: Wu Zhi‐Qian , Yang Jing‐Liang , Manjunath Nallappagar K. , Zhang Yue‐Jiao , Feng Si‐Rui , Lu Yang‐Hua , Wu Jiang‐Hong , Zhao Wei‐Wei , Qiu Cai‐Yu , Li Jian‐Feng , Lin Shi‐Sheng
Published: May 2018

2D materials hold great potential for designing novel electronic and optoelectronic devices. However, 2D material can only absorb limited incident light. As a representative 2D semiconductor, monolayer MoS2 can only absorb up to 10% of the incident light in the visible, which is not sufficient to achieve a high optical‐to‐electrical conversion efficiency. To overcome this shortcoming, a “gap‐mode” plasmon‐enhanced monolayer MoS2 fluorescent emitter and photodetector is designed by squeezing the light‐field into Ag shell‐isolated nanoparticles–Au film gap, where the confined electromagnetic field can interact with monolayer MoS2. With this gap‐mode plasmon‐enhanced configuration, a 110‐fold enhancement of photoluminescence intensity is achieved, exceeding values reached by other plasmon‐enhanced MoS2 fluorescent emitters. In addition, a gap‐mode plasmon‐enhanced monolayer MoS2 photodetector with an 880% enhancement in photocurrent and a responsivity of 287.5 A W−1 is demonstrated, exceeding previously reported plasmon‐enhanced monolayer MoS2 photodetectors.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization/Alkynylation and Alkenylation of Alkynone O‐Methyloximes with Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Li Jianxiao , Hu Miao , Li Chunsheng , Li Can , Li Jiawei , Wu Wanqing , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: May 2018

A palladium‐catalyzed cascade cyclization for the assembly of polyfunctionalized isoxazoles derivatives has been accomplished. This new protocol exhibits mild conditions, high efficiency, good functional group tolerance and broad substrate scope. Remarkably, the easy availability of starting materials along with the efficiency of the present strategy provides a new tool for the construction of structurally diverse isoxazole derivatives, becoming a promising application in synthetic and pharmaceutical chemistry.

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ROS‐Responsive Microneedle Patch for Acne Vulgaris Treatment
Authors: Zhang Yuqi , Feng Peijian , Yu Jicheng , Yang Jia , Zhao Jiacheng , Wang Jinqiang , Shen Qundong , Gu Zhen
Published: May 2018

Acne vulgaris is a common inflammatory skin disease associated with a colonization of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), which can cause both physiological and psychological impact to the patients. Although antibiotic cream is commonly used to treat acne, limited transport of drug to the lesions within the pilosebaceous unit leads to poor bactericidal effect. Here, the authors described a new method of drug administration using a reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐responsive microneedle (MN) patch for anti‐acne therapy. Compared to the commonly used anti‐acne cream, enhanced efficacy toward dermis lesions can be achieved through the skin penetration by MNs. A controlled and sustained drug release in response to the over‐generated ROS within acne is also important for improving the antibacterial effect and reducing the side effects. In addition, the patch base, formed by hyaluronic acid (HA) and diatomaceous earth (DE) with high physical adsorption capability, is beneficial for accelerating healing of skin via the absorption of pus and dead cell debris. In vivo studies in a P. acnes‐induced mouse model demonstrated this bioresponsive patch with adsorption capability could efficiently reduce the skin swelling and inhibit the bacterial growth.
Aluminum‐Mediated C6‐Selective C−H Alkylation of 2‐Carbamoylbenzofuran by Nickel Catalysis
Authors: Okumura Shogo , Nakao Yoshiaki
Published: May 2018

Benzofuran is a key structural motif due to its bioactivity and frequent occurrence in nature. Although C−H functionalization can be one of the most efficient methods to synthesize poly‐substituted benzofurans, C6‐selective C−H functionalization has been undeveloped so far. Herein we report aluminum‐mediated C6‐selective linear alkylation of 2‐carbamoylbenzofurans with 1‐alkenes by nickel/N‐heterocyclic carbene catalysis. In the presence of a bulky aluminum additive [(2,6‐tBu2‐4‐Me‐C6H2O)2AlMe] (MAD), N,N‐diisobutylbenzofuran‐2‐carboxamide undergoes the C6‐selective linear alkylation reaction. Different terminal alkenes can afford the corresponding C6‐alkylation products in moderate to high yields. The site‐selectivity can be understood in terms of both steric and electronic factors.
Competitive escalation and interventions
Authors: Hafenbrädl Sebastian , Woike Jan K.
Published: May 2018

Competitive escalation occurs frequently in managerial environments, when decisions create sunk costs and decision makers compete under time pressure. In a series of experiments using a minimal dollar auction paradigm, we test interventions to prevent competitive escalation. Without any intervention, most people, including experienced managers, escalate and lose money by bidding more than the price is worth (e.g., more than 10 € for 10 €). We test several interventions, in which we provide individuals with different types of experience: direct experience in structurally identical and in structurally similar situations, as well as direct experience in similarly competitive situations (lacking the escalation dimension). We also study indirect experience based on vicariously learning about the situation's consequences (experienced by others) and based on mental simulation by setting oneself a limit regarding where to exit the competition. In 3 experiments (N = 1,229), we find that direct experience in exactly the same or a structurally similar situation allows individuals to prevent subsequent escalation, whereas direct experience in a similar situation without escalation does not. Indirect experience based on vicarious learning successfully reduces competitive escalation, whereas a goal‐setting intervention that has proven instrumental in reducing classic escalation of commitment is not effective. This pattern of variation in the effectiveness of different interventions is consistent with the theory of a hot‐cold empathy gap that prevents people from anticipating how they will experience a competitive situation before entering it. As a methodological contribution, we developed a deception‐free computer‐player dollar‐auction for online participants and a dynamic chicken game.
Evaluating public posting, goal setting, and rewards to increase physical activity during school recess
Authors: Miller Bryon G. , Valbuena Diego A. , Zerger Heather M. , Miltenberger Raymond G.
Published: May 2018

We evaluated a pedometer‐based intervention consisting of public posting between two teams of students, with additional self‐monitoring, goal setting, and reinforcement components, to increase physical activity during school recess. In the absence of self‐monitoring, performance feedback alone did not increase physical activity levels above those observed during baseline. Additionally, higher levels of physical activity were observed when goal‐setting was introduced, with the highest levels of activity observed when raffle tickets could be earned for exceeding a specified step‐total goal.
Hippocampal lipidome and transcriptome profile alterations triggered by acute exposure of mice to GSM 1800 MHz mobile phone radiation: An exploratory study
Authors: Fragopoulou Adamantia F. , Polyzos Alexandros , Papadopoulou Maria‐Despoina , Sansone Anna , Manta Areti K. , Balafas Evangelos , Kostomitsopoulos Nikolaos , Skouroliakou Aikaterini , Chatgilialoglu Chryssostomos , Georgakilas Alexandros , Stravopodis Dimitrios J. , Ferreri Carla , Thanos Dimitris , Margaritis Lukas H.
Published: May 2018

Background

The widespread use of wireless devices during the last decades is raising concerns about adverse health effects of the radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF‐EMR) emitted from these devices. Recent research is focusing on unraveling the underlying mechanisms of RF‐EMR and potential cellular targets. The “omics” high‐throughput approaches are powerful tools to investigate the global effects of RF‐EMR on cellular physiology.

Methods

In this work, C57BL/6 adult male mice were whole‐body exposed (nExp = 8) for 2 hr to GSM 1800 MHz mobile phone radiation at an average electric field intensity range of 4.3–17.5 V/m or sham‐exposed (nSE = 8), and the RF‐EMR effects on the hippocampal lipidome and transcriptome profiles were assessed 6 hr later.

Results

The data analysis of the phospholipid fatty acid residues revealed that the levels of four fatty acids [16:0, 16:1 (6c + 7c), 18:1 9c, eicosapentaenoic acid omega‐3 (EPA, 20:5 ω3)] and the two fatty acid sums of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (SFA and MUFA) were significantly altered (p < 0.05) in the exposed group. The observed changes indicate a membrane remodeling response of the tissue phospholipids after nonionizing radiation exposure, reducing SFA and EPA, while increasing MUFA residues. The microarray data analysis demonstrated that the expression of 178 genes changed significantly (p < 0.05) between the two groups, revealing an impact on genes involved in critical biological processes, such as cell cycle, DNA replication and repair, cell death, cell signaling, nervous system development and function, immune system response, lipid metabolism, and carcinogenesis.

Conclusions

This study provides preliminary evidence that mobile phone radiation induces hippocampal lipidome and transcriptome changes that may explain the brain proteome changes and memory deficits previously shown by our group.
Variation in Polyphenolic Profiles, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Different Achillea Species as Natural Sources of Antiglycative Compounds
Authors: Afshari Mahvash , Rahimmalek Mehdi , Miroliaei Mehran
Published: May 2018

A comparative study was carried out on the methanolic extracts from six Achillea species and the examined polyphenols from these plants on the formation of advanced glycation end‐products (AGE) in vitro. A. pachycephala which was richer in flavonoids (15 mg quercetin/g W) and phenolics (111.10 mg tannic acid/g DW) with substantial antioxidant activity (IC50 = 365.5 μg/ml) presented strong anti‐AGE properties. Chlorogenic acid, luteolin, quercetin and caffeic acid were identified as the major polyphenols in the extracts by HPLC. In general, polyphenolic content follows the order of A. pachycephalla > A. nobilis > A. filipendulina > A. santolina > A. aucheri > A. millefolium. Most extracts exhibited marked anti‐AGE ability in the bovine serum albumin (BSA)/methylglyoxal (MG) system, though A. pachycephala showed the highest potential. The formation of AGEs was assessed by monitoring the production of fluorescent products and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Diminution in free radical production (assessed by 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays) is discussed as potential mechanism for delay or reduced AGE. The results demonstrate the antiglycative, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of Achillea species which can be attributed to polyphenols content and the effectiveness on generation of AGEs, thus Achillea species can be considered as natural sources for slowing down glycation related diseases.
Four New Diterpenoid Alkaloids from the Roots of Aconitum carmichaelii
Authors: Li Yu , Gao Feng , Zhang Ji‐Fa , Zhou Xian‐Li
Published: May 2018

Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine and an important source of clinical drugs, of which the parent and lateral roots are known as ‘Chuanwu’ and ‘Fuzi’, respectively. Four new C19‐diterpenoid alkaloids, carmichasines A – D (1 – 4), were isolated from the roots of Aconitum carmichaelii, together with twelve known compounds (5 – 16). Their structures were elucidated via spectroscopic analyses, including HR‐ESI‐MS, IR, and NMR. Carmichasine A (1) is the first natural C19‐diterpenoid alkaloid possessing a cyano group. Most of the diterpenoid alkaloids isolated were C19‐category, which might provide further clues for understanding the chemotaxonomic significance of this plant. The cytotoxicity of the new compounds was also investigated against several human cancer cell lines, including MCF‐7, HCT116, A549, and 786‐0, and none of them showed considerable cytotoxic activity.
Synthesis, Characterisation and Reactivity of 3‐Mercaptopyruvic Acid
Authors: Galardon Erwan , Lec Jean‐Christophe
Published: May 2018

The synthesis, isolation and spectroscopic characterisation of the sulfur metabolic compound 3‐mercaptopyruvic acid (3‐MPH) is reported, for the first time. The compound is isolated without tedious workup, with a purity of 97 %, as indicated by chemical and biochemical analyses. Detailed kinetic and thermodynamic studies of its complex behaviour in solution are discussed. 3‐MPH is stable in the enol form in non‐polar solvent. In polar solvent, a fast equilibrium between the α‐ketoacid and a cyclic dimer dithiane is observed. The formation of the dimer confers increased stability to 3‐MPH towards hydrogen peroxide, in comparison with cysteine.
Effects of temperature‐cycled retrogradation on properties of amylosucrase‐treated waxy corn starch
Authors: Nam Sae Mi , Kim Ha Ram , Choi Seung Jun , Park Cheon‐Seok , Moon Tae Wha
Published: May 2018

Background and objectives

Though amylosucrase (AS)‐treated starches have been studied recently, the retrogradation properties of AS‐treated starches have not been studied yet. In this study, AS‐treated waxy corn starch was retrograded by temperature cycling, and the effects of storage conditions on the structure and digestibility of the starch were investigated.

Findings

Amylosucrase‐treated waxy corn starch had a larger amount of long chains (degree of polymerization ≥25) than the control starch and exhibited amylose‐like behavior. Temperature cycling induced the reassociation of the elongated chains of AS‐treated starch and accelerated retrogradation, causing rapid and significant increases (p < 0.05) in melting enthalpy, relative crystallinity, and resistant starch (RS) content compared to those observed during isothermal storage.

Conclusions

Structural changes affected the reassociation and/or melting properties of starch, as the two starches (control starch and AS‐treated starch) had different favored steps of retrogradation (propagation and nucleation, respectively) during temperature‐cycling storage.

Significance and novelty

This study provided information on retrogradation‐related changes in the properties of AS‐treated starch. Temperature‐cycled retrogradation can be used as a physical modification method to enhance the RS content of AS‐treated starch, allowing AS‐treated starch to be used as a low‐glycemic index ingredient.
Prosthodontic management of a patient with mandibular asymmetry: a case report
Authors: Holland Nicola , McKenna Gerald
Published: May 2018

Key Clinical Message

This case report outlines a conservative treatment approach utilized in the management of a patient with a transverse left‐sided mandibular asymmetry, in an attempt to obtain a functional and esthetic occlusion using removable intraoral prostheses. A positive final result was achieved by maintaining close communication with the on‐site dental technician.
Response Surface Optimization of Dysprosium Extraction Using an Emulsion Liquid Membrane Integrated with Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Raji Maliheh , Abolghasemi Hossein , Safdari Jaber , Kargari Ali
Published: May 2018

A new emulsion liquid membrane was prepared for dysprosium (Dy) extraction from aqueous solution using multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The influence of MWCNT concentration, carrier and surfactant concentration, stirring speed, feed‐phase pH, and internal phase concentration and their interactive effects were studied. A regression model for Dy extraction was developed and the parameters were optimized by response surface methodology. The extent of extraction increases with higher MWCNT concentration up to a certain level. The Dy extraction through the liquid membrane containing MWCNT improves with time. Moreover, the overall mass transfer coefficient was enhanced in the presence of MWCNT due to the formation of a more stable emulsion and liquid membrane.
Influence of Diacylglycerol on Physicochemical Properties and Crystallization Behavior of Palm Oil
Authors: Huang Xin , Wang Jingkang , Bi Jingtao , Hao Hongxun
Published: May 2018

The physicochemical properties of palm olein fractions obtained by dry fractionation were studied. Chromatographic purification was applied to separate diacylglycerol from palm olein fractions without changing the triacylglycerol composition, and the effects of diacylglycerol on the cold stability of palm olein fractions were investigated. The cold test results proved that the influence of diacylglycerol on the crystallization behavior of palm olein fractions depended both on its concentration and the temperature of the system. Finally, the influencing mechanisms of diacylglycerol on the cold stability of palm olein fractions were proposed and discussed. Essential information for food application purposes in the palm oil industry is provided.
Conductive Hydrogels as Smart Materials for Flexible Electronic Devices
Authors: Rong Qinfeng , Lei Wenwei , Liu Mingjie
Published: May 2018

Flexible conductive materials have gained considerable research interest in recent years because of their potential applications in flexible energy storage devices, sensors, touch panels, electronic skins, etc. With excellent flexibility, outstanding electric properties and tunable mechanical properties, conductive hydrogels as conductive materials offer plentiful insights and opportunities for flexible electronic devices. Numerous synthetic strategies have been developed to obtain various conductive hydrogels, and high‐performance flexible electronic devices based on these conductive hydrogels have been realized. This review provides a comprehensive overview of conductive‐hydrogel‐based flexible electronics, ranging from conductive hydrogels synthesis to several important flexible devices applications, including touch panels, sensors and energy storage. Finally, we provide new future research directions and perspectives for conductive‐hydrogel‐based flexible and portable electronic devices.
Reversible C−H Activation, Facile C−B/B−H Metathesis and Apparent Hydroboration Catalysis by a Dimethylxanthene‐Based Frustrated Lewis Pair
Authors: Vasko Petra , Zulkifly Ili A. , Fuentes M. Ángeles , Mo Zhenbo , Hicks Jamie , Kamer Paul C. J. , Aldridge Simon
Published: May 2018

A dimethylxanthene‐based phosphine/borane frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) is shown to effect reversible C−H activation, cleaving phenylacetylene, PhCCH, to give an equilibrium mixture of the free FLP and phosphonium acetylide in CD2Cl2 solution at room temperature. This system also reacts with B−H bonds although in a different fashion: reactions with HBpin and HBcat proceed via C−B/B−H metathesis, leading to replacement of the ‐B(C6F5)2 Lewis acid component by ‐Bpin/‐Bcat, and transfer of HB(C6F5)2 to the phosphine Lewis base. This transformation underpins the ability of the FLP to catalyze the hydroboration of alkynes by HBpin: the active species is derived from the HB(C6F5)2 fragment generated in this exchange process.
Paper‐Based Polymer Electrodes for Bioanalysis and Electrochemistry of Neurotransmitters
Authors: Trouillon Raphaël , Gijs Martin A. M.
Published: May 2018

The front cover artwork is provided by the Laboratory of Microsystems at EPFL. The image shows the oxidation of dopamine at the surface of a PEDOT‐coated paper electrode. The background picture is a typical SEM image of a paper electrode. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/cphc.201701124.
MRI to Assess Neurological Function
Authors: Nieman Brian J. , van Eede Matthijs C. , Spring Shoshana , Dazai Jun , Henkelman R. Mark , Lerch Jason P.
Published: May 2018

This article describes a detailed set of protocols for mouse brain imaging using MRI. We focus primarily on measuring changes in neuroanatomy, and provide both instructions for mouse preparation and details on image acquisition, image processing, and statistics. Practical details as well as theoretical considerations are provided. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Controlled Selectivity of CO2 Reduction on Copper by Pulsing the Electrochemical Potential
Authors: Kimura Kevin W. , Fritz Kevin E. , Kim Jiyoon , Suntivich Jin , Abruña Héctor D. , Hanrath Tobias
Published: May 2018

We demonstrate a simple strategy to enhance the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) selectivity by applying a pulsed electrochemical potential to a polycrystalline copper electrode. By controlling the pulse duration, we show that the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is highly suppressed to a fraction of the original value (<5 % faradaic efficiency) and selectivity for the CO2RR dramatically improves (>75 % CH4 and >50 % CO faradaic efficiency). We attribute the improved CO2RR selectivity to a dynamically rearranging surface coverage of hydrogen and intermediate species during the pulsing. Our finding provides new insights into the interplay of transport and reaction processes as well as timescales of competing pathways to enable new opportunities to tune CO2RR selectivity by adjusting the pulse profile. Additionally, the pulsed potential method we describe can be easily applied to other catalysts materials to improve their CO2RR selectivity.
The relation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia to later shyness: Moderation by neighborhood quality
Authors: Zhang Hui , Spinrad Tracy L. , Eisenberg Nancy , Zhang Linlin
Published: May 2018

The purpose of the study was to predict young children's shyness from both internal/biological (i.e., resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia; RSA) and external (i.e., neighborhood quality) factors. Participants were 180 children at 42 (Time 1; T1), 72 (T2), and 84 (T3) months of age. RSA data were obtained at T1 during a neutral film in the laboratory. Mothers reported perceived neighborhood quality at T2 and children's dispositional shyness at T1 and T3. Path analyses indicated that resting RSA interacted with neighborhood quality to predict T3 shyness, even after controlling for earlier family income and T1 shyness. Specifically, high levels of resting RSA predicted low levels of shyness in the context of high neighborhood quality. When neighborhood quality was low, resting RSA was positively related to later shyness. These findings indicate that children's shyness is predicted by more than biological processes and that consideration of the broader context is critical to understanding children's social behavior.
Developmental Chromatin Restriction of Pro‐Growth Gene Networks Acts as an Epigenetic Barrier to Axon Regeneration in Cortical Neurons
Authors: Venkatesh Ishwariya , Mehra Vatsal , Wang Zimei , Califf Ben , Blackmore Murray G.
Published: May 2018

Axon regeneration in the central nervous system is prevented in part by a developmental decline in the intrinsic regenerative ability of maturing neurons. This loss of axon growth ability likely reflects widespread changes in gene expression, but the mechanisms that drive this shift remain unclear. Chromatin accessibility has emerged as a key regulatory mechanism in other cellular contexts, raising the possibility that chromatin structure may contribute to the age‐dependent loss of regenerative potential. Here we establish an integrated bioinformatic pipeline that combines analysis of developmentally dynamic gene networks with transcription factor regulation and genome‐wide maps of chromatin accessibility. When applied to the developing cortex, this pipeline detected overall closure of chromatin in sub‐networks of genes associated with axon growth. We next analyzed mature CNS neurons that were supplied with various pro‐regenerative transcription factors. Unlike prior results with SOX11 and KLF7, here we found that neither JUN nor an activated form of STAT3 promoted substantial corticospinal tract regeneration. Correspondingly, chromatin accessibility in JUN or STAT3 target genes was substantially lower than in predicted targets of SOX11 and KLF7. Finally, we used the pipeline to predict pioneer factors that could potentially relieve chromatin constraints at growth‐associated loci. Overall this integrated analysis substantiates the hypothesis that dynamic chromatin accessibility contributes to the developmental decline in axon growth ability and influences the efficacy of pro‐regenerative interventions in the adult, while also pointing toward selected pioneer factors as high‐priority candidates for future combinatorial experiments. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 00: 000–000, 2018
Recent Developments in CoIII2LnIII2 Single‐Molecule Magnets
Authors: Funes Alejandro V. , Alborés Pablo
Published: May 2018

In this work we review the Co2IIILn2III family of compounds reported up to date that shows SMM features. The vast majority of them show a butterfly arrangement with LnIII ions placed at the body positions. The number of DyIII examples constitutes the majority, probably because of the intrinsic properties of this lanthanide ion regarding SMMs characteristics. Butterfly complexes have a SAP geometry around LnIII ions with a variety of distortion degrees. However, when looking at the key Ueff parameter trend through this family of complexes, it becomes clear that a pure geometrical consideration is not enough to explain it. Ab initio based calculations provide evidence of highly anisotropic mJ ground states for complexes where LnIII = DyIII, pointing to exclusively mJ = 15/2 ground Kramers doublets. These calculations also agree with the thermally activated relaxation involving the first excited state and, in some examples where multiple relaxation pathways are observed, higher excited states. A few examples prove that Raman and/or direct mechanisms cannot be discarded a priori. Only two examples of isostructural LnIII families of the same Co2IIILn2III complex can be found.
Enantioselective Cyanosilylation of α,α‐Dialkoxy Ketones by Using Phosphine‐Thiourea Dual‐Reagent Catalysis
Authors: Yu Qi‐Wen , Wu Lu‐Ping , Kang Tian‐Chen , Xie Jin , Sha Feng , Wu Xin‐Yan
Published: May 2018

The first highly enantioselective cyanosilylation of α,α‐dialkoxy ketones enabled by a dual‐reagent catalysis has been developed. With the combination of a chiral bifunctional phosphine‐thiourea and methyl acrylate, the key organophosphorus zwitterion intermediate was generated in situ as a novel Lewis base, which catalyzed the enantioselective cyanosilylation reaction in excellent yields (up to 99 %) with good‐to‐excellent enantioselectivities (up to 94 % ee).
Decarboxylative Borylation: New Avenues for the Preparation of Organoboron Compounds
Authors: Xu Liang
Published: May 2018

The preparation of organoboron compounds has been widely explored and persistently pursued in organic chemistry. Recently, redox‐activated N‐hydroxyphthalimide carboxylic esters have been utilized as efficient feedstocks for decarboxylative borylation processes, enabling coupling between the abundant carboxylic acids and the versatile organoboron compounds. Here we highlight such advances, with an emphasis on clarifying the different working mechanisms for Ni‐catalyzed, light‐promoted, or organocatalytic decarboxylative borylative reactions.
Gold surface plasmon crystal structure based‐on polystyrene template for biosensor application
Authors: Cheng Min‐Zhuo , Zhang Jing , Bao Dequan , Huang Xiwei
Published: May 2018

In this communication, we assembled ordered polystyrene (PS) microsphere array as a template with the drop‐coating method, and the oxygen plasma was used to etch the template to adjust the spacing between the PS microspheres. Nano‐triangular gold array and silver nano‐pyramid array were obtained by ion beam sputtering to deposit precious metal gold and silver. We observed the surface morphology of Au and Au/Ag composite films by scanning electron microscope and characterized the films by X‐ray diffraction and ultraviolet/visible light spectrophotometer. The results show that the etching time of oxygen plasma has an obvious effect in adjusting the spacing between PSs and has a significant effect on the morphology of Au structure.
Systematic review of clobazam use in patients with status epilepticus
Authors: Mahmoud Sherif Hanafy , Rans Caleb
Published: May 2018

Clobazam (CLB) is a commonly used oral antiepileptic drug (AED) that has been shown to be effective in various forms of epilepsy. Given its distinct 1,5‐benzodiazepine structure, rapid absorption, minimal drug interactions, and favorable safety profile, CLB displays unique properties when compared to other commonly used benzodiazepines. Recent evidence has shown that CLB may demonstrate therapeutic efficacy in status epilepticus (SE). The objective of this systematic review was to summarize the available evidence pertaining to the efficacy of CLB use in SE. An electronic literature search of Medline (1946 to November 6, 2017), Embase (1974 to November 6, 2017), and the Cochrane Library (1999 to November 6, 2017) databases was performed to identify reports of CLB use in SE. After screening and full text review, a total of 15 articles were included: 8 retrospective studies, 2 case series, and 5 case reports. Efficacy rates for CLB have varied among reports. Overall, based on the retrospective studies, a total of 76 patients with SE have been reported. CLB was introduced within 2–4 days from SE onset and has been reported to contribute to remission in 36 patients (47%). CLB maintenance dose ranged from 10 to 60 mg/day. However, the results need to be interpreted carefully because SE patients are a heterogeneous group with different etiologies and disease severities, and the response to CLB might vary in different patient population or seizure types. In conclusion, there is not sufficient evidence to determine the safety and efficacy of clobazam in the setting of SE. However, the current limited evidence combined with the unique characteristics of CLB suggest that the drug might be considered as an add‐on option in SE patients, with a suggested dosage range of 10–60 mg/day. Prospective studies are needed to fully establish the role of CLB in the management of SE.
Analytical and empirical models for predicting the drift capacity of modern unreinforced masonry walls
Authors: Wilding Bastian Valentin , Beyer Katrin
Published: May 2018

Displacement‐based seismic assessment of buildings containing unreinforced masonry (URM) walls requires as input, among others, estimates of the in‐plane drift capacity at the considered limit states. Current codes assess the drift capacity of URM walls by means of empirical models with most codes relating the drift capacity to the failure mode and wall slenderness. Comparisons with experimental results show that such relationships result in large scatter and usually do not provide satisfactory predictions. The objective of this paper is to determine trends in drift capacities of modern URM walls from 61 experimental tests and to investigate whether analytical models could lead to more reliable estimates of the displacement capacity than the currently used empirical models. A recently developed analytical model for the prediction of the ultimate drift capacity for both shear and flexure controlled URM walls is introduced and simplified into an equation that is suitable for code implementation. The approach follows the idea of plastic hinge models for reinforced concrete or steel structures. It explicitly considers the influence of crushing due to flexural or shear failure in URM walls and takes into account the effect of kinematic and static boundary conditions on the drift capacity. Finally, the performance of the analytical model is benchmarked against the test data and other empirical formulations. It shows that it yields significantly better estimates than empirical models in current codes. The paper concludes with an investigation of the sensitivity of the ultimate drift capacity to the wall geometry, static, and kinematic boundary conditions.