bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dual Valorization of Olive Mill Wastewater by Bio‐Nanosynthesis of Magnesium Oxide and Yarrowia lipolytica Biomass Production
Authors: Hamimed Selma , Jebli Nejib , Sellami Hanen , Landoulsi Ahmed , Chatti Abdelwaheb
Published: February 2020

This research investigates an efficient dual valorization of olive mill wastewater in the biosynthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles and in the depollution of the effluent by Yarrowia lipolytica growth evaluation. After removal of polyphenols, the recovered biophenols were reacted with the magnesium precursor to provide magnesium oxide nanoparticles. In order to confirm the biosynthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles, several analyses were undertaken. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum gives a broad absorption at 658 cm−1 confirming the presence of the magnesium oxide nanoparticles, while the UV/VIS absorption spectroscopy reveals an intense transition with a maximum absorption at 300 nm. The X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analyses show that nanoparticles are in pure cubic crystalline with spherical and hexagonal shapes (average size is 19.4 nm). The zeta potential analysis illustrates a negative potential proving a good stability of the biosynthesized nanoparticles. Nanoparticles were assigned for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus cohnii, and Bacillus niacini. The evaluation of the growth of Yarrowia lipolytica on the recovered olive mill wastewater after removal of polyphenols yielded 3.2 g/L of the Yarrowia biomass in 72 h without nutriment additions, providing an important decrease of chemical oxygen demand (73 %).
Comparison of different experimental breadmaking methods and their associations with flour quality parameters in hard red spring wheat
Authors: Baasandorj Tsogtbayar , Ohm Jae‐Bom , Simsek Senay
Published: February 2020

Background and objectives

Experimental breadmaking is the ultimate test for wheat end‐use quality. This research objective was to investigate the consistency of different breadmaking methods in the evaluation of hard red spring (HRS) wheat. Sponge‐and‐dough method (SpDM) and straight‐dough method (StDM) were tested with varying loaf sizes and fermentation times.

Findings

For pound loaf breads, SpDM showed larger volume and higher stability among wheat samples than StDM. Correlation and biplot analyses revealed that 2‐hr fermentation was more consistent with pound SpDM than 3‐hr fermentation when flour samples were evaluated by micro‐ and pup loaf StDM. Mixograph, farinograph, extensograph, and solvent retention capacity tests were also evaluated for associations with breadmaking quality. Lactic acid solvent retention capacity had a higher correlation (r = .86, p < .001) with mean breadmaking scores when compared with other parameters.

Conclusions

The findings of this study indicate that SpDM is more suited for commercial production of pound loaf, while StDM with 2‐hr fermentation is better for quality evaluation because of expediency and consistency in HRS wheat. Lactic acid solvent retention capacity is more adaptable than other flour parameters to predict breadmaking quality, especially when sample quantity is limited.

Significance and novelty

This research provides valuable insight that helps identify an experimental breadmaking procedure and a flour quality parameter useful for the evaluation of HRS wheat.
A case of subclinical Cushing's syndrome in pregnancy with superimposed preeclampsia
Authors: Eto Eriko , Mitsui Takashi , Tamada Shoko , Maki Jota , Hayata Kei , Masuyama Hisashi
Published: February 2020

When we see preexistent hypertension in pregnancy, subclinical Cushing's syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis since this disorder can cause perinatal complications. MRI can be useful for identifying adrenal incidental tumors during pregnancy.
Primary central nervous system marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma arising from the dural meninges: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Lopetegui‐Lia Nerea , Delasos Lukas , Asad Syed Daniyal , Kumar Manish , Harrison Jonathan S.
Published: February 2020

Primary central nervous system (CNS) marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma (MZBCL) arising from the dural meninges is a rare but indolent disease. This malignancy can present in various ways, hence making it difficult to diagnose. Biopsy results dictate an appropriate treatment plan, which commonly consists of a combination of surgical resection, whole brain radiotherapy and systemic therapy.
Cardiac tamponade secondary to empyema
Authors: Kawakami Naoki , Kushimoto Kohei , Saito Fumitake , Namkoong Ho
Published: February 2020

A 70‐year‐old male presented with a 1‐month history of malaise and fever. He was diagnosed with chronic empyema and went into shock by cardiac tamponade after treatment. This case shows that even chronic empyema can cause cardiac tamponade. It should be considered as differential diagnoses of shock after empyema treatment.
Leptospirosis‐induced purpura: An atypical manifestation of Weil's disease
Authors: Higny Julien , Forêt Frédéric , Laterre Pierre‐François
Published: February 2020

Purpura is a rare but documented presenting feature of severe leptospirosis. We describe a case of Weil's disease characterized by predominating coagulopathy and hepato‐nephritis. We illustrate dynamic changes in cutaneous lesions.
Towards Antimonene and 2D Antimony Telluride through Electrochemical Exfoliation
Authors: Marzo Adaris M. López , Gusmão Rui , Sofer Zdeněk , Pumera Martin
Published: February 2020

Two‐dimensional (2D) layered antimony (Sb) and antimony telluride (Sb2Te3) are two valuable materials for optoelectronic devices and thermoelectric applications. Preparing high‐quality sheets of these materials is the initial phase to promote their expected issues. Herein, micrometer‐sized few‐to‐multilayered sheets of Sb and Sb2Te3 have been obtained by electrochemical exfoliation. The layered rhombohedral Sb was exfoliated in Na2SO4 and Li2SO4 electrolytes by anodic–cationic intercalation, and Sb2Te3 was exfoliated in Na2SO4. These findings are important contributions for the solution‐based room‐temperature electrochemical exfoliation, which is stable under glove‐box‐free conditions, to further improve the production of high‐quality exfoliated sheets.
Imide‐Fused Diazatetracenes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhao Kexiang , Liu Wenbo , Yu Fei , Long Guankui , Said Ahmed Ali , Wang Zongrui , Gao Weibo , Zhang Qichun
Published: February 2020

A series of imide‐fused diazatetracenes were synthesized via Buchwald–Hartwig C−N coupling with a highly active palladium source. The introduction of an imide segment effectively lowers the LUMO levels compared with that of unsubstituted diazatetracene. By adjusting the alkyl chains of the diazatetracenes, different solid‐state packings were achieved, resulting in distinct photoluminescent behaviors. Their electron‐transporting properties were demonstrated in the proof‐of‐concept Perovskite solar cells as electron transporting layers.
Materialien in Rechnern und digitalen Computern
Authors: Wöhrle D. , Wöhrle Hendrik
Published: February 2020

Für die Funktion von Rechnern ist die Auswahl, Optimierung und Zusammenstellung von Materialien entscheidend, was in diesem Artikel besonders berücksichtigt wird. Zunächst wird beginnend mit dem Abakus im Altertum über die Frühe Neuzeit mit dem Rechenschieber und dann analogen mechanischen Rechenmaschinen der Weg bis in die heutige Zeit aufgezeigt. Heute sind digitale Rechner basierend auf der Si‐Halbleitertechnologie mit dem Bit als kleinste Maßeinheit für den Informationsgehalt bestimmend. Ein Schwerpunkt stellt hier der Aufbau und die Funktion der Hardware‐Komponenten des Personal Computers dar. Entscheidend für dessen Funktion sind Mikroprozessoren basierend auf Feldeffekttransistoren aus Silizium in integrierten Schaltungen. Daher werden die Einzelschritte zur Herstellung dieser Transistoren verfolgt. Den Abschluss bildet ein Blick in die Zukunft mit DNA als Speicher von Informationen und Quantencomputer als schnelle Rechner.
Naturkautschuk – ohne Tränen geht es nicht
Authors: Sicker Dieter
Published: February 2020

Reisen Sie gern? Oft hat man dabei unerwartete Erlebnisse, die irgendwie mit Chemie zu tun haben. Wissen und Fakten werden dabei durch Bilder illustriert; chemisches Lehrbuchwissen wird ungeahnt erweitert. Es verknüpft sich mit Geschichte und Geschichten, unbekannten Anwendungen, praktischen Handgriffen und dem realen Leben anderer Menschen. Man staunt über etwas, in dem man gar nichts Staunenswertes vermutete. Über solche kleinen Wunder soll diese Serie berichten. Mehr als sonst wollen wir dazu Fotos benutzen.
Ultrakalte Säure‐Base‐Chemie
Authors: Feil Sylvia
Published: February 2020

Die Sternbildung beginnt in interstellaren Gaswolken. Gas, Plasma und Staub bilden diese und auf den Oberflächen etwa kleinster Eiskörner adsorbieren Chlorwasserstoffmoleküle. Es ist ultrakalt und die Frage ist: Wie beginnen chemische Reaktionen im Weltall? Läuft die Dissoziation und Lösung entsprechend der terrestrischen Säure‐Base‐Chemie ab? Diese Frage stellten sich Forschungsteams aus Bochum und Nimwegen, Niederlande; ihre Antwort lautet: Auf die Reihenfolge kommt es an.
Investigation of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation improvements with microneedle array electrodes based on multiphysics simulation
Authors: Soltanzadeh Ramin , Afsharipour Elnaz , Shafai Cyrus
Published: February 2020

This paper investigates microneedle array electrodes for transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, and compares their performance with conventional surface electrodes. A three‐dimensional model of tissue was developed for finite element multiphysics simulations. Investigations included current density in different depths of a tissue, space constant under electrodes, specific absorption ratio of tissue, selectivity of stimulation, temperature rise, and blood flow. Results showed that microneedle electrodes have up to 10% higher selectivity than the surface electrodes. Furthermore, it was found that stimulation using microneedle electrodes provides more robust current density at different tissue depths compared to the surface electrode stimulation. Microneedle electrodes showed enhanced stimulation parameters, particularly for targeting a specific nerve in a specific depth of a tissue.
‘Core Maths chooses you; you don't choose Core Maths’. The positioning of a new mathematics course within the post‐16 curriculum in England
Authors: Mathieson Rachel , Homer Matt , Tasara Innocent , Banner Indira
Published: February 2020

A recent government move to increase numbers of students taking post‐16 (post‐compulsory) mathematics in England saw 2930 students being awarded the first Core Maths (CM) qualifications in 2016, the number rising to 9027 in 2019. This paper uses qualitative data, from a study investigating the successes and challenges of these new qualifications in their initial period of implementation, to explore perspectives on how the new qualification is being positioned within the existing post‐16 curriculum structure. First‐ and second‐order effects of the policy are considered, particularly in relation to the dichotomy between CM and the longstanding, highly academic, A‐level Mathematics. Our findings reveal a positive regard for many aspects of CM. However, the systemic processes by which certain students are manoeuvred onto the CM course, and the resulting opportunities for progression of those students, could be interpreted as restrictive, despite the benefits for students of new opportunities for pursuing mathematics study.
Regression coefficients of traffic flow metrics (RCTFM) for DDOS defense in IoT networks
Authors: Kalathiripi Rambabu , N. Venkatram
Published: February 2020

The term that makes physical objects and devices connect over each other through the wireless networks is called the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT networks are highly vulnerable to DDoS attacks due to their property of dynamic adapting new devices, even though several existing contributions depicted DDoS defense techniques. However, the features deliberated for notifying DDoS attacks are not competent and constant to attain minimum false alarming and optimum detection accuracy. This article portrayed a novel method called regression coefficient of traffic flow metric (RCTFM) for DDoS defense in IoT networks. This method is used for performing predictive analysis in detecting the scope of DDoS attacks from transactions buffered during a specified static time frame. Unlike the contemporary models, the proposed model considers the traffic that buffered under a given time frame as input and derives regression coefficients of the parameters portrayed as metrics of the corresponding buffered traffic flow. The simulation study evinces the scalability and significance of the proposal that scaled against other existing methods.
Virtual multiplex immunohistochemistry: Application on cell block of effusion and aspiration cytology
Authors: Chan Ronald C. K. , Li Joshua J. X. , Yeung W. , Chan Anthony W. H.
Published: February 2020

Background

With the continuous development of new antibodies, the use of immunohistochemistry (IHC) is becoming more often a requirement. IHC is frequently necessary for establishing cancer diagnosis and making therapeutic decisions. However, cytology specimens such as effusion fluid and fine‐needle aspiration are highly variable in cellularity and contain background inflammatory and mesothelial cells. Compared to biopsy or excision specimens, tissue exhaustion and levels of sections not matching are more commonly encountered. We present a method of integrating whole‐slide cell block image of multiple antibodies by digital image processing and reconstructing a virtual multiplex IHC image for enhanced interpretation.

Methods

Historic archived cell block preparations of carcinomas (n = 19) and melanoma (n = 1) and IHC performed with 3,3′‐diaminobenzidine chromogen were reviewed. The slides were digitized by a whole‐slide image scanner. Using ImageJ and self‐developed code, the slides were aligned by image registration, layered, and recolored to reconstruct a virtual multiplex image, simulating a multiplex preparation with multiple chromogens. To quantity the performance of the image registration, the mean distance between the same cell clusters in aligned images were measured.

Results

All 20 cases were successfully registered. The mean distance between cell clusters after image registration was 8.40 +/− 5.52 μm. The reconstructed images were able to demonstrate coexpression of membranous, cytoplasmic, and nuclear antibodies.

Conclusion

With virtual multiplex IHC, we were able to visualize coexpression of multiple antibodies without the added cost of multiplex IHC. Routine and historic slides, without additional tissue consumption, can be retrieved for image reconstruction. This technique is a low‐cost adjunct to diagnosis in cytology for more efficient and accurate assessment of antibody coexpression and histochemical stains.
A multiscale approach to water quality variables in a river ecosystem
Authors: Mimouni El‐Amine , Ridal Jeffrey J. , Skufca Joseph D. , Twiss Michael R.
Published: February 2020

Monitoring select ecosystem variables across time and interpreting the collected data are essential components of ecosystem assessment supporting management. Increasingly affordable sensors and computational capacity have made very large dataset assembly more common. However, these datasets initiate analytical challenges by their size and theoretical challenges due to the scale of the processes they encompass. Multiscale assessment of high temporal resolution water quality sensor data (temperature, in vivo chlorophyll a, colored dissolved organic matter) collected year‐round was conducted for the Upper St. Lawrence River. Using numerical methods that directly integrate the concept of scale, we show that consideration of scale‐dependent processes can lead to increased predictive power and a clearer understanding of ecosystem function. These results suggest that multiscale methods are not only an alternative way of approaching long‐term data assessment, but also a necessity in order to avoid spurious interpretation. Consequently, the concept of scale as described here can be consistently integrated into long‐term data studies to assist in the interpretation of high‐resolution data that help describe natural phenomena in aquatic systems.
Plant–pollinator interactions along an urbanization gradient from cities and villages to farmland landscapes
Authors: Udy Kristy L. , Reininghaus Hannah , Scherber Christoph , Tscharntke Teja
Published: February 2020

Urbanization affects pollinator diversity and plant–pollinator networks by changing resource availability locally and in the surrounding landscape. We experimentally established (N = 12) standardized plant communities in farmland, villages, and cities to identify the relative role of local and landscape effects on plant–pollinator communities along this urbanization gradient. We found that the number of flower visits by solitary bees, but not bumblebees, was highest in cities and lowest in farmland, with villages being intermediate, whereas syrphid flies exhibited lowest numbers in cities. Villages supported the richest pollinator communities, as they appeared to benefit from both farmland and city communities. Plant–pollinator network metrics such as robustness, interaction evenness, and interaction diversity decreased with increasing urbanization, although local plant richness increased toward urban areas. In conclusion, pollinator communities were most diverse and stable in farmland and village sites, despite the high plant richness in cities. The different composition of pollinator communities along the urbanization gradient suggests considering all three landscape types for conservation schemes.
Analysis of a coastal North Sea fish community: Comparison of aquatic environmental DNA concentrations to fish catches
Authors: van Bleijswijk Judith D. L. , Engelmann Julia C. , Klunder Lise , Witte Harry J. , Witte Johannes IJ. , van der Veer Henk W.
Published: February 2020

Analyses of environmental DNA have the potential to become an integrated tool in fish research and management. We performed a pilot study during the spring migration of fishes from the North Sea into the Wadden Sea and present comparative results from daily fyke catches (20 mm mesh) in the Marsdiep tidal inlet on two locations and results from weekly fish eDNA analyses on three locations, all within 2 km distance.

Fish catches did not differ significantly between the two locations, whereas the eDNA composition showed a significant location effect. However, when eDNA analysis was restricted to species that were caught with the fykes, differences among locations became insignificant. Over ten weeks, from late April to early July, presence–absence calls of fishes based on weekly eDNA sampling significantly agreed with calls based on seven days of fyke fishing 1 km westwards. Fish eDNA compositions differed significantly among sample days and months but not between tides. Over the season, patterns in eDNA concentration (12S rRNA gene copies/L) inferred from quantitative PCR and Illumina HiSeq community composition corresponded to patterns in wet mass for the eight most abundant fish species in the fyke (>6 weeks present) despite changes in water temperature and changes in fish size class. Small sandeel and gobies, which are important prey for large fishes and birds, were typically missed with the fyke but contributed up to 25%–40% of the fish eDNA depending on the sample location.
Fiber optic deployment challenges and their management in a developing country: A tutorial and case study in Ghana
Authors: Nyarko‐Boateng Owusu , Xedagbui Faith Edem Bright , Adekoya Adebayo Felix , Weyori Benjamin Asubam
Published: February 2020

The telecommunication industry in Ghana has undergone various stages of transformation. The industry has experienced exponential growth over the last decades. Sustaining this growth hinges on efficient infrastructural deployment and management. Fiber optics technology has become the primary network infrastructure and a communication medium, which provides higher bandwidth capacity high speed for current and emerging technologies. As the demand for new technology and services increases, fiber optics technology brings the promise of a flexible, scalability, full‐service network platform with potentially unlimited capacity. Although mobile network operators have invested significantly and strategically in fiber optic infrastructure, there has been an increase in the number of network outages caused by frequent failures in fiber optics networks such as fiber cable cuts. Fiber cable cuts have become the single most significant cause of transmission failure or disruption to telecommunication services in Ghana with an enormous impact on the subscriber's experience. This research seeks to investigate the challenges in fiber cable deployment in Ghana, with emphasis on the technical, regulatory, managerial challenges and recommend the appropriate solutions. The challenges of frequent fiber cuts can be attributed to external factors such as dig‐ups during road construction. Lack of regulatory guidelines and policies on fiber deployment and management poses a major threat to the fiber management in Ghana.
Porous Titanium Oxide Microspheres as Promising Catalyst for Lithium–Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Ge Juanjuan , Du Gaohui , Zhang Miao , Kalam Abul , Ding Shukai , Su Qingmei , Xu Bingshe , Al-Sehemi Abdullah G.
Published: February 2020

Lithium–oxygen (Li–O2) batteries have received much attention due to the superior theoretical energy density. However, commercialization is still hindered by several challenges including the high charge overpotential and poor cycling stability. Herein, small particle‐stacked TiO2 microspheres are successfully synthesized through a facile hydrolysis and hydrothermal method. Such unique architectures provide 3D framework with more catalytically active sites and rich porosity for the storage of discharge products and oxygen diffusion. Li–O2 batteries utilizing the TiO2 microspheres electrode show a much higher specific capacity and a lower overpotential than those with pure carbon nanotube (CNT) electrodes. Moreover, they exhibit an enhanced cycling stability and TiO2 microspheres show great potential as a promising catalyst for Li–O2 batteries.
ICID VISION 2030—THE PRESENT STATUS AND PROSPECTS FOR IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE
Authors: Makin Ian W.
Published: February 2020

Population growth and improving economic status will inevitably increase the demand for food. In 2012 the FAO estimated that global food production must increase 40% by 2050 in order to feed the expected population of 9 billion in 2050. Furthermore, developing countries would likely need to double food production to meet demands under the current market, institutional and economic systems. Irrigated agriculture is about twice as productive as rainfed. But increasing competition for land, water and labour from industry and municipalities will make meeting the growing demand for food, fibre and biofuels a major challenge for the irrigated agriculture subsector. The ICID Vision 2030 sets out an ambitious agenda for ICID and its members to revitalize the organization and to provide leadership to the irrigated agriculture subsector. This paper explores the current status of irrigated agriculture and identifies some critical areas for members to ensure ICID continues as the leading professional organization in agricultural irrigation and drainage. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissimilar sintered calcium phosphate dental inserts as dentine substitutes: Shear bond strength to restorative materials
Authors: Ayoub Giuma , Zebic Maja Lezaja , Miletic Vesna , Petrović Rada , Veljovic Djordje , Janackovic Djordje
Published: February 2020

The application of sintered calcium phosphate dental inserts in the central part of tooth cavities can reduce amount of embedded dental composite and polymerization shrinkage of final dental fillings. The aim of this study was to analyze comparatively physico‐chemical and mechanical properties of dental inserts and shear bond strength (SBS) between three dissimilar hydroxyapatite‐based dental inserts and different restorative materials, after application of different clinical protocols. Starting from two different hydroxyapatite nano powders and nanostructured stabilized zirconia (YSZ), monophasic two‐step sintered dense HAp inserts (TSSHAp), biphasic single‐step sintered controlled porous inserts (HAp/TCp), and single‐step sintered reinforced HAp/YSZ inserts were processed and characterized. Obvious differences in the microstructure of inserts surface were visualized after etching with 37% phosphoric acid. Fracture toughness of sintered inserts was ranged between 1.01 and 1.85 MPam1/2 (maximum value in the case of HAp/YSZ), while hardness values were in the range of 3.71–5.22 GPa (maximum value in the case of TSSHAp). Acid etching before application improved SBS between inserts and Maxcem compared to direct cement application. TSSHAp and HAP/TCp inserts showed comparable and relatively high SBS values, certainly higher compared to HAp/YSZ inserts. Slightly higher SBS values were measured in the case of TSSHAp insert group, and the highest mean SBS value of 18.51 MPa was determined between TSSHAp inserts and Filtek Z250_SBU following the “self‐etch” protocol.
Talazoparib nanoparticles for overcoming multidrug resistance in triple‐negative breast cancer
Authors: Guney Eskiler Gamze , Cecener Gulsah , Egeli Unal , Tunca Berrin
Published: February 2020

Herein, we investigated efflux pumps‐mediated talazoparib‐resistance in the treatment of triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC). Furthermore, we produced a novel talazoparib‐solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and then explored in vitro therapeutic efficacy of talazoparib‐SLNs to overcome talazoparib‐resistance in TNBC cells. Talazoparib‐SLNs formulation was produced and then characterized. Calcein and Rho‐123 were used to analyze the functional activity of drug efflux pumps in these cells. Additionally, RT‐PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence analysis were used to detect the messenger RNA, and protein expression level, and cellular localization of the multidrug resistance (MDR1), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and MRP1. We found that talazoparib efflux was mediated by BCRP and MRP1 pumps in TNBC cells. Talazoparib‐SLNs could significantly enhance therapeutic efficacy of talazoparib. Furthermore, talazoparib‐SLNs were more effective in the suppression of MDR1, BCRP, and MRP1 gene and protein expression levels than talazoparib. Consequently, this study suggests that talazoparib‐SLNs formulation represents a promising therapeutic carrier to reverse MDR‐mediated resistance in TNBC.
Efficient synthesis of bio‐based monomer 2,5‐bishydroxymethylfuran by the solvent‐free hydrogenation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural‐based deep eutectic mixture
Authors: Wang Ting , Wei Junnan , Feng Yunchao , Liu Huai , Tang Xing , Zeng Xianhai , Sun Yong , Lei Tingzhou , Lin Lu
Published: February 2020

BACKGROUND

Biomass holds the promise to provide a sustainable future for the chemical industry. 2, 5‐Bishydroxymethylfuran (BHMF) is a versatile bio‐based diol with a broad range of potential applications in many polymeric materials, artificial fibers and drugs. However, the controlling of the BHMF selectivity in hydrogenation of biomass‐derived 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) with complex transformation pathways is always a great challenge especially under solvent‐free conditions in which many side reactions may occur due to its rich reducible groups.

RESULTS

A facile and effective approach was developed for the selective synthesis of BHMF by solvent‐free hydrogenation of a deep eutectic mixture consisting of HMF (75 wt%) and choline chloride (ChCl), by which a BHMF selectivity up to 94.6% was gained at full HMF conversion over Raney Co at 100 °C in 4 h. In addition, the HMF conversion and selectivity toward BHMF can be regulated and controlled through altering the strength of hydrogen‐bonding interactions of HMF‐based deep eutectic mixtures (ChCl–HMF mixtures).

CONCLUSION

We developed an effective approach that allows the solvent‐free synthesis of BHMF via hydrogenation of HMF‐based deep eutectic mixtures. The extraordinary BHMF selectivity in the solvent‐free hydrogenation of HMF is reasonably attributed to the hydrogen‐bonding interactions formed between ChCl and HMF/BHMF which greatly suppresses the side reactions of HMF and the over‐reduction of BHMF. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of head‐of‐bed elevation on the measurement of inferior vena cava diameter and collapsibility
Authors: Bondarsky Eric , Rothman Adam , Ramesh Navitha , Love Angela , Kory Pierre , Lee Young I.
Published: February 2020

Purpose

Inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter and variation are commonly measured in the supine position to estimate intravascular volume status of critically ill patients. Many scientific societies describe the measurement of IVC diameter in the supine position. However, critically ill patients are rarely placed supine due to concerns for aspiration risk, worsened respiratory mechanics, increases in intracranial pressure, and the time it takes to change patient position. We assessed the influence of head‐of‐bed (HOB) elevation on IVC measurements.

Methods

We conducted a prospective observational study of critically ill patients undergoing critical care ultrasound. With HOB at 0°, IVC maximum (IVCmax0°) and minimum (IVCmin0°) diameters were measured. Measurements were then repeated with HOB elevated to 30° and 45°. Collapsibility index (CI), defined as (IVCmax − IVCmin)/IVCmax, was calculated for each HOB elevation. Mean differences were then compared.

Results

A convenience sample of 95 patients was studied, of whom 45% were on vasopressors and 44% were spontaneously breathing. The CI did not significantly differ between the three positions. We found a significant difference (P ≤ .0001) between IVCmax at 45° (2.09 cm) and 0° (1.96 cm), IVCmin at 45° (1.75 cm) and 0° (1.59 cm), IVCmax at 45° (2.09 cm) and 30° (1.97 cm), and IVCmin at 45° (1.75 cm) and 30° (1.61 cm).

Conclusions

In a population of critically ill patients undergoing goal‐directed ultrasound examinations, elevating HOB to 30° did not significantly alter IVC measurements or CI. At 45°, however, IVCmax and IVCmin diameters increased significantly, albeit with no significant change in CI. Performing ultrasound measurements of the IVC with HOB elevated to 30° is unlikely to produce clinically meaningful changes.
Impacts of groundwater extraction on calcareous fen floristic quality
Authors: Bart David , Booth Eric , Loheide Steven P. , Bernthal Thomas
Published: February 2020

Groundwater withdrawal has increased over the past several decades throughout the U.S. Upper Midwest, yet impacts of pumping on groundwater‐dependent wetlands remain understudied. Here, we compared measures of floristic quality, hydrologic conditions, and nutrient availability in pairs of more‐impacted fens and less‐impacted fens throughout Wisconsin. Floristic quality was significantly lower in more‐impacted fens than in less‐impacted fens, the result of the disappearance of rare and specialist species and the increase in richness and cover of non‐native and weedy species. Plots within more‐impacted fens generally had lower root‐zone volumetric water content, greater depth to water table, and higher available nitrogen and phosphorus than within less‐impacted fens, although nonuniformly among or within sites. Lower volumetric water content predicted plot‐level declines in floristic quality, richness of rare or specialist species, an increase in the number of non‐native or problematic species, and an increase in cover of non‐native and problematic species. Our results strongly suggest that groundwater withdrawals have substantial negative impacts on nearby fen quality and furthering imperilment of several species they contain.
Variation in mouse pelvic morphology maps to locations enriched in Sox9 Class II and Pitx1 regulatory features
Authors: Roseman Charles C. , Capellini Terence D. , Jagoda Evelyn , Williams Scott A. , Grabowski Mark , O'Connor Christine , Polk John D. , Cheverud James M.
Published: February 2020

Variation in pelvic morphology has a complex genetic basis and its patterning and specification is governed by conserved developmental pathways. Whether the mechanisms underlying the differentiation and specification of the pelvis also produce the morphological covariation on which natural selection may act, is still an open question in evolutionary developmental biology. We use high‐resolution quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in the F34generation of an advanced intercross experiment (LG,SM‐G34) to characterize the genetic architecture of the mouse pelvis. We test the prediction that genomic features linked to developmental patterning and differentiation of the hind limb and pelvis and the regulation of chondrogenesis are overrepresented in QTL. We find 31 single QTL trait associations at the genome‐ or chromosome‐wise significance level coalescing to 27 pleiotropic loci. We recover further QTL at a more relaxed significance threshold replicating locations found in a previous experiment in an earlier generation of the same population. QTL were more likely than chance to harbor Pitx1 and Sox9 Class II chromatin immunoprecipitation‐seq features active during development of skeletal features. There was weak or no support for the enrichment of seven more categories of developmental features drawn from the literature. Our results suggest that genotypic variation is channeled through a subset of developmental processes involved in the generation of phenotypic variation in the pelvis. This finding indicates that the evolvability of complex traits may be subject to biases not evident from patterns of covariance among morphological features or developmental patterning when either is considered in isolation.
Constitutively expressed MHC class Ib molecules regulate macrophage M2b polarization and sepsis severity in irradiated mice
Authors: Yao Yunliang , Zhang Ting , Ru Xiaochen , Qian Jing , Tong Zhaowei , Li Xiaoyu , Kong Xiangyang , Yao Wenjia , Zhou Hongchang , Zhong Jianfeng
Published: February 2020

Macrophages can change their physiology in response to microenvironmental signals. This differentiation into classically activated M1 or alternatively activated M2 macrophages is known as polarization. In this study, we isolated bone marrow-derived macrophages from β2m-deficient (deficient in both MHC class Ia and Ib) and KbDb-deficient (deficient only in MHC class Ia) mice and found that β2m-deficient macrophages showed a significantly lower M2b polarization efficiency. In addition, the absence of constitutive MHC class Ib expression decreased the stability of the Notch-1 intracellular domain. Finally, we found that β2m-deficient mice exposed to irradiation showed reduced bacterial translocation and sepsis severity. Overall, our study demonstrates that MHC class Ib molecules are essential for M2b macrophage polarization and suggests that MHC class Ib molecules play an important role during infection-induced innate immunity.
Cytomegalovirus burden improves a predictive model identifying measures of vascular risk in renal transplant recipients and healthy adults
Authors: Affandi Jacquita S. , Lee Silvia , Chih HuiJun , Brook Emily , Waters Shelley , Howson Prue , Reid Christopher M. , Irish Ashley , Price Patricia
Published: February 2020

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been implicated in vascular pathologies and may warrant inclusion in cardiovascular predictive algorithms. We addressed this in healthy older adults and renal transplant recipients (RTR) as they retain a high burden of CMV. RTR (n  =  45) stable more than 2 years after transplantation and 58 age‐matched healthy adults were assessed. Plasma inflammatory biomarkers (soluble isoform of the interferon‐β receptor [sIFNAR2], soluble tumour necrosis factorreceptor‐1 [sTNFR1], soluble cluster of differentiation 14 [sCD14], C reactive protein, P‐selectin, intracellular cell adhesion molecule‐1, vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1), and measures of CMV burden (antibodies, saliva CMV DNA, and interferon γ responses to CMV) were assessed in 2014 and evaluated in 2017 as predictors of vascular health—defined using flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD), pulse wave velocity (PWV), and augmentation indices (Aix@ 75). Linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) were optimized to identify risk factors. In 2017, RTR had inferior vascular health marked by impaired FMD and PWV. Detectable CMV DNA (P = .02) was associated with impaired FMD, whilst CMV glycoprotein B (gB) antibody attenuated this effect (P  =  .03) (adjusted R2 =  .42). In healthy adults, the optimal model for predicting FMD (R2 =.22) incorporated high P‐selectin (P  =  .03) and low ICAM‐1 (P  = .03) levels with no significant impact of CMV. Elevated sIFNAR2 (P  = .04) and gB antibody (P  =  .06) levels predicted increasing Aix@ 75 (poor vascular health) in healthy adults (R2 =  .4), whilst optimal models for RTR (R2 =  .37) linked low sIFNAR2 and CMV IE‐1 antibody levels with lower Aix@ 75 (better vascular health). CMV IE‐1 antibody was also protective in relation to PWV in healthy adults (R2 =  .55). Overall, measures of active CMV replication were more predictive of impaired FMD in RTR than standard biomarkers, but increased CMV gB antibodies may be protective.
Fetal Weight Estimation Using Automated Fractional Limb Volume With 2‐Dimensional Size Parameters
Authors: Lee Wesley , Mack Lauren M. , Sangi‐Haghpeykar Haleh , Gandhi Rajshi , Wu Qingqing , Kang Li , Canavan Timothy P. , Gatina Renata , Schild Ralf L.
Published: February 2020

Objectives

To develop new fetal weight prediction models using automated fractional limb volume (FLV).

Methods

A prospective multicenter study measured fetal biometry within 4 to 7 days of delivery. Three‐dimensional data acquisition included the automated FLV that was based on 50% of the humerus diaphysis (fractional arm volume [AVol]) or 50% of the femur diaphysis (fractional thigh volume [TVol]) length. A regression analysis provided population sample–specific coefficients to develop 4 weight estimation models. Estimated and actual birth weights (BWs) were compared for the mean percent difference ± standard deviation of the percent differences. Systematic errors were analyzed by the Student t test, and random errors were compared by the Pitman test.

Results

A total of 328 pregnancies were scanned before delivery (BW range, 825–5470 g). Only 71.3% to 72.6% of weight estimations were within 10% of actual BW using original published models by Hadlock et al (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 151:333–337) and INTERGROWTH‐21st (Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017; 49:478–486). All predictions were accurate by using sample‐specific model coefficients to minimize bias in making these comparisons (Hadlock, 0.4% ± 8.7%; INTERGROWTH‐21st, 0.5% ± 10.0%; AVol, 0.3% ± 7.4%; and TVol, 0.3% ± 8.0%). Both AVol‐ and TVol‐based models improved the percentage of correctly classified BW ±10% in 83.2% and 83.9% of cases, respectively, compared to the INTERGROWTH‐21st model (73.8%; P < .01). For BW of less than 2500 g, all models slightly overestimated BW (+2.0% to +3.1%). For BW of greater than 4000 g, AVol (–2.4% ± 6.5%) and TVol (–2.3% ± 6.9%) models) had weight predictions with small systematic errors that were not different from zero (P > .05). For these larger fetuses, both AVol and TVol models correctly classified BW (±10%) in 83.3% and 87.5% of cases compared to the others (Hadlock, 79.2%; INTERGROWTH‐21st, 70.8%) although these differences did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusions

In this cohort, the inclusion of automated FLV measurements with conventional 2‐dimensional biometry was generally associated with improved weight predictions.
ACHIEVING EXECUTIVE PRESENCE: INTEGRATING THE SEVEN DIMENSIONS OF LEADERSHIP INTELLIGENCE
Authors: Heimann Nicole
Published: February 2020

This article notes that leaders want to develop their executive presence, a concept elaborated on by authors such as Sylvia Ann Hewlett and Suzanne Bates. The article also expands upon my concept of Seven Dimensions of Leadership Intelligence®: Physical Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence, Pragmatic Intelligence, Communication Intelligence, Heart Intelligence, Neuroscience Intelligence, and Consciousness Intelligence. It is stressed that there is no hierarchy in these dimensions; all carry equal importance. Transforming something in one dimension impacts the whole executive presence of the leader. Each dimension is described in detail; for instance, Pragmatic Intelligence relates to consensus reality: bringing together areas such as vision, goals, strategies, events, to‐do lists, and action plans. Research is cited from a 2015 Cornell University study, and the effectiveness of the Personality Pattern Inventory (PPI), developed by Dr. Taibi Kahler, is noted. Detailed case studies from my executive coaching practice are provided, with examples of how the seven dimensions are woven together; and readers are guided to greater awareness of authenticity in leadership. The article also explores the relationship between emotional sensitivity and vulnerability, within the context of leadership. Two illustrative figures are included, to further amplify the message.
An overview of international regulatory frameworks for mesenchymal stromal cell‐based medicinal products: From laboratory to patient
Authors: López‐Beas Javier , Guadix Juan A. , Clares Beatriz , Soriano‐Ruiz Jose L. , Zugaza José L. , Gálvez‐Martín Patricia
Published: February 2020

Human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) are emerging as one of the most important cell types in advanced therapies and regenerative medicine due to their great therapeutic potential. The development of hMSC‐based products focuses on the use of hMSCs as biological active substances, and they are considered medicinal products by the primary health agencies worldwide. Due to their regulatory status, the development of hMSC‐based products is regulated by specific criteria that range from the design phase, nonclinical studies, clinical studies, to the final registration and approval. Patients should only be administered hMSC‐based products within the framework of a clinical trial or after the product has obtained marketing authorization; in both cases, authorization by health authorities is usually required. Considering the above, this paper describes the current general regulatory requirements for hMSC‐based products, by jurisdiction, to be implemented throughout their entire development process. These measures may provide support for researchers from both public and private entities and academia to optimize the development of these products and their subsequent marketing, thereby improving access to them by patients.
Bilirubin as a signaling molecule
Authors: Vítek Libor
Published: February 2020

For long time bilirubin was only considered as a potentially dangerous sign of liver diseases, but it now appears clear that it is also a powerful signaling molecule. Together with potent antioxidant activities that were only reported in the last few decades, many other biological effects have now been clearly described. These include especially profound inhibitory effects on almost all effectors of the immune system, with their clinical consequences in the bilirubin‐mediated protection against autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Separate from these, bilirubin activates various nuclear and cytoplasmic receptors, resembling the endocrine activities of actual hormonal substances. This is true for the “classical” hepatic nuclear receptors, including the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, or the constitutive androstane receptor; and also for some lesser‐explored receptors such as peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors α and γ; Mas‐related G protein‐coupled receptor; or other signaling molecules including fatty acid binding protein 1, apolipoprotein D, or reactive oxygen species. All of these targets have broad metabolic effects, which in turn may offer protection against obesity, diabetes mellitus, and other metabolic diseases. The (mostly experimental) data are also supported by clinical evidence. In fact, data from the last three decades have convincingly demonstrated the protective effects of mildly elevated serum bilirubin concentrations against various “diseases of civilization.” Additionally, even tiny, micromolar changes of serum bilirubin concentrations have been associated with substantial alteration in the risks of these diseases. It is highly likely that all of the biological activities of bilirubin have yet to be exhaustively explored, and thus we can expect further clinical discoveries about this evolutionarily old molecule into the future.
An asymptotic variational problem modeling a thin elastic sheet on a liquid, lifted at one end
Authors: Padilla‐Garza David
Published: February 2020

We discuss a 1D variational problem modeling an elastic sheet on water, lifted at one end. Its terms include all forces that are relevant in the experiment. By studying a suitable Gamma‐limit, we identify a parameter regime in which the sheet is inextensible, and the bending energy of the sheet is negligible. In this regime, the problem simplifies to one with an explicit solution. In order to prove
 convergence, we introduce a retardation argument in order to deal with the possibly infinite bending energy of the ansatz. This model involves a variational problem set in an unbounded domain and non reflexive topology, and hence requires special care.
Fixed point results for a new metric space
Authors: Kirişci Murat , Şimşek Necip , Akyiğit Mahmut
Published: February 2020

In this paper, we introduce the neutrosophic contractive and neutrosophic mapping. We establish some results on fixed points of a neutrosophic mapping.
High‐order ADI orthogonal spline collocation method for a new 2D fractional integro‐differential problem
Authors: Qiao Leijie , Xu Da , Yan Yubin
Published: February 2020

We use the generalized L1 approximation for the Caputo fractional derivative, the second‐order fractional quadrature rule approximation for the integral term, and a classical Crank‐Nicolson alternating direction implicit (ADI) scheme for the time discretization of a new two‐dimensional (2D) fractional integro‐differential equation, in combination with a space discretization by an arbitrary‐order orthogonal spline collocation (OSC) method. The stability of a Crank‐Nicolson ADI OSC scheme is rigourously established, and error estimate is also derived. Finally, some numerical tests are given.
A broadband RLC matched GaN power amplifier using interposer‐MMIC technology
Authors: Yoon Hong‐Sun , Yook Jong‐Min , Kim Jun C. , Park Youngcheol , Kim Dongsu
Published: February 2020

In this article, we report a compact and low‐profile GaN‐based broadband power amplifier using silicon interposer‐MMIC (iMMIC) technology. The iMMIC technology enables a GaN HEMT to be embedded in the silicon substrate, and passive circuit elements such as metal‐insulator‐metal (MIM) capacitors, spiral inductors, and thin film resistors to be implemented on the high‐resistivity silicon (HRS) substrate using standard integrated passive device (IPD) process, so that the final power amplifier is almost indistinguishable from a single GaN MMIC power amplifier. The RLC matched all‐pass network and LC ladder type low‐pass network are employed as the input matching network and output matching network, respectively. The proposed power amplifier has a Psat of 39.1 to 39.2 dBm with a power‐added efficiency (PAE) of 40% to 50.5% in the frequency range of 2.1 to 3.5 GHz under continuous wave (CW) input signal. The proposed iMMIC power amplifier occupies only 9.9 mm2.