bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rationales and Norms for Teacher Dress Codes: A Review of Employee Handbooks
Authors: Freeburg Beth W. , Workman Jane E. , Arnett Sally E. , Robinson Joyce R.
Published: April 2011

The research question was “What dress norms and related rationales are found in teacher dress policies?” Data were 102 school employee handbooks. Eighty-two handbooks (80.4%) provided one or more rationale, most frequently being “To project a positive image in the community” ( n = 56). Dress norms, categorized as broad and itemized, were determined to positively and negatively affect the learning environment. Findings can provide school administrations with the components of a clear teacher dress code policy.
Preparing for parenthood: How feelings of responsibility and efficacy impact expectant parents
Authors: Biehle Susanne N. , Mickelson Kristin D.
Published: April 2011

Relatively little is known about what impacts perinatal outcomes in expectant mothers and fathers. In the current study, we examined the association between expected parenting efficacy and feelings of pregnancy responsibility on mental health and relationship satisfaction in 104 primiparous couples during their third trimester. Parenting efficacy was related to better perinatal mental health and relationship satisfaction for both mothers and fathers, while communal pregnancy responsibility was more important for mothers. At the couple level, being concordant on feelings of pregnancy responsibility was related to better mental health and relationship satisfaction for expectant mothers only. These results suggest the importance of examining predictors of perinatal outcomes, as well as the dynamic interplay between mothers’ and fathers’ feelings of pregnancy responsibility.
Nativelike right-dislocation in near-native French
Authors: Donaldson Bryan
Published: April 2011

Recent research on advanced and near-native second-language (L2) speakers has focused on the acquisition of interface phenomena, for example at the syntax—pragmatics interface. Proponents of the Interface Hypothesis (e.g. Sorace, 2005; Sorace and Filiaci, 2006; Tsimpli and Sorace, 2006; Sorace and Serratrice, 2009) argue that (external) interfaces present difficulties for L2 grammars, resulting in permanent deficits even in near-native grammars. Other research, however, has argued that interfaces are acquirable, albeit with delays (Ivanov, 2009; Rothman, 2009). This study examines right-dislocation (RD) in experimental and production data from near-native French. Right-dislocation marks topic in discourse and thus requires the integration of syntactic and discourse—pragmatic knowledge. Participants were 10 near-native speakers of French who learned French after age 10 and whose grammatical competence was comparable to the near-native speakers of French in Birdsong (1992), and 10 French native speakers. The data come from two experimental tasks and an 8.5-hour corpus of spontaneous informal dyadic conversations. The near-natives demonstrated nativelike judgments, preferences, and use of RD in authentic discourse. Only one near-native displayed evidence of first-language (L1) transfer, which resulted in non-nativelike use of RD. On the whole, the results suggest nativelike acquisition of this area of the syntax—pragmatics interface and fail to provide support for the Interface Hypothesis.
The behavior of GFRP-stiffened and -unstiffened shells under cyclic axial loading and unloading
Authors: Yazdani M. , Rahimi G.H.
Published: April 2011

The results of an experimental study on the cyclic axial loading and unloading behaviors of thin-walled GFRP cylindrical shells are presented. Each specimen was tested first under pure axial compression until the first visible damage occurred, At that point, loading stopped and the unloading step started until the load returned to zero. Based on the results, it seems that for cyclic loading, using stiffened shells is better than using unstiffened shells. On the other hand, the damage growth in the stiffened shells is slower than in the unstiffened shells. For aerospace and aircraft structures, which have been using cyclic axial loading, it seems that composite structures with composite helical stiffeners are better than unstiffened composite structures.
Dynamique des réseaux sociaux et trajectoire d’entreprises informelles à Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso)
Authors: Berrou Jean-Philippe , Gondard-Delcroix Claire
Published: April 2011

Dynamics of Social Networks and Trajectories of Informal Businesses in Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso): This paper analyzes the evolution/transformation of social relations and networks for access to resources during the career of micro entrepreneurs in an informal urban economy in Sub-Saharan Africa. From a methodological point of view, the analysis of life histories from micro and small entrepreneurs in Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso) was done by combining different forms of qualitative and quantitative analysis (Grossetti and Barthe, 2008). This novel method can identify the characteristics of the joint evolution of the business activity and the entrepreneur’s social network, and then provide a comprehensive analysis of the processes underlying these dynamics. It appears that the gradual professionalization and institutionalization of the social network of the entrepreneur are forms of securing access to resources promoting the development of the economic activity.
Introduction du générateur de liens sociaux par contextes (GLSC) dans une approche mixte : Etude sur l’hétérogénéité dans les liens de collaboration des chercheurs en biotechnologie et en sciences de la vie
Authors: Bourque Claude Julie
Published: April 2011

Introduction to the Social Context Name Generator (GLSC) in a Mixed Methods Approach — Study of the Heterogeneity of Researcher Cooperation Links in Biotechnology and Life Sciences: Are social dynamics in the field of biotechnology research more heterogeneous than those of other fields? To answer this question, we have constructed a tool producing comparable data on collaboration networks in three practice settings. The Contextual Social Ties Generator (CSTG) was administered in the fall of 2009 to 735 Quebec researchers from three sectors: health sciences, natural sciences, and engineering. Results indicate that the morphology of social networks significantly differs in the context of funding for a majority of researchers, regardless of their discipline. Results also counter the hypothesis according to which collaboration practices are significantly more heterogeneous in university biotechnology and life sciences research.
Short-Term Incentives: Top Down or Bottom Up?
Authors: Ellig Bruce R.
Published: April 2011

This article positions the short-term incentive plan in relation to the other four pay elements: salary, employee benefits, perquisites (executive benefits) and long-term incentives. Short-term incentives typically have a measurement period of 1 year or less; long-term incentives measurement periods are multiyear in nature. Top down plans begin with a determination of how much to pay in aggregate and then proceed to determine individual awards. These plans begin with a fund determined by a formula, judgment (discretion), or a combination of the two. Bottom-up plans typically begin with how much to pay for individual performance and then aggregate those awards to determine total payment.
Skill-Based Pay: Fad or Classic?
Authors: Giancola Frank L.
Published: April 2011

Paying employees based on their skills and abilities rather than their current job is an idea that has been around for more than 25 years. Despite strong support from leading experts, it has not achieved the level of use that many expected. Although it continues to be recommended, usage has actually declined in recent years. This article examines the skill-based pay concept using an innovative tool that applies eight criteria to determine if an idea is a management classic or passing fad. It identifies the reasons why the pay practice has endured, despite bearing the markings of a fad.
Housing, institutions, money: the failures and promise of human settlements policy and practice in South Africa
Authors: Bradlow Benjamin , Bolnick Joel , Shearing Clifford
Published: April 2011

This paper considers why the housing subsidy programme in South Africa has had so little impact on poverty reduction despite its scale and generous funding. It discusses how this was linked to the government’s conception of housing, the institutions involved and who controlled funding flows for housing. Most government funding went to contractors to build new units “for the poor”; it was assumed that these would replace homes in informal settlements that the poor developed themselves. Despite statements about the government’s commitment to the People’s Housing Process (PHP), informal settlements were only seen in negative terms and there was no support for incremental upgrading and very little support for low-income households to build their own homes. Meanwhile, the contractor-built houses were usually too small, of poor quality and in locations far from livelihoods and services. The paper ends with suggestions for how the formal institutions of government can learn to support and work with the poor. The incremental approaches of the poor to their own housing and livelihoods can serve as an alternative first principle for conceiving of the challenge of human settlements policy and practice. Furthermore, funding flows and their associated institutions should support people-centred development and institutionalize systems that make the informed participation of residents of informal settlements a pre-condition for state support.
Urban wildscapes and green spaces in Mombasa and their potential contribution to climate change adaptation and mitigation
Authors: Kitha Justus , Lyth Anna
Published: April 2011

Well-planned urban green landscapes, including wildscapes and green spaces, have the potential to contribute to climate change adaptation and mitigation. Yet for cities in low-income countries, the value of these urban landscapes in climate change response strategies is often disregarded and remains largely unexploited and unaccounted for. This paper discusses the potential role of urban green landscapes as a “soft engineering” climate change response strategy, and calls for the pursuance of management practices that preserve and promote the use of these urban spaces. It does so by combining theoretical arguments with an empirical example based on an innovative and novel approach to landscape rehabilitation, the Lafarge Ecosystems Programme, in the coastal city of Mombasa, Kenya. The paper finds that a well-managed system of green landscapes in resource-poor urban areas can generate net social benefits under a range of future scenarios. It further finds that climate change adaptation and mitigation responses can be initiated by a range of stakeholders operating at all scales.
From theory to practice: building more resilient communities in flood-prone areas
Authors: López-Marrero Tania , Tschakert Petra
Published: April 2011

Enhancing community resilience is key to reducing vulnerability in the face of natural hazards. In this article, we discuss the elements that support or undermine community resilience to floods and propose ways of enhancing it. In the study, participatory methods and techniques were used with community members and emergency managers from a flood-prone municipality of Puerto Rico, including conceptual mapping, participatory mapping, and listing and ranking. The findings suggest that enhancing resilience in these communities requires: support for social learning by building on existing knowledge; stressing the importance of developing a diverse set of flood management options; and promoting effective linkages and collaborations between community members and emergency managers to encourage collective flood management. For this to happen, however, mutual distrust, lack of confidence and other obstacles must be overcome.
Indian cities, sanitation and the state: the politics of the failure to provide
Authors: Chaplin Susan E
Published: April 2011

The environmental problems confronting Indian cities today have arisen because millions of people have been forced to live in illegal settlements that lack adequate sanitation and other basic urban services. This is the result of two factors. The first is the legacy of the colonial city characterized by inequitable access to sanitation services, a failure to manage urban growth and the proliferation of slums, and the inadequate funding of urban governments. The second is the nature of the post-colonial state, which, instead of being an instrument for socioeconomic change, has been dominated by coalitions of interests accommodated by the use of public funds to provide private goods. This has enabled the middle class to monopolize what sanitation services the state has provided because the urban poor, despite their political participation, have not been able to exert sufficient pressure to force governments to effectively implement policies designed to improve their living conditions. The consequence is that public health and environmental policies have frequently become exercises in crisis intervention rather than preventive measures that benefit the health and well-being of the whole urban population.
Youth and “the hood” - livelihoods and neighbourhoods
Authors: Mabala Richard
Published: April 2011

This paper describes how large youth populations in low- and middle-income countries, particularly those living in urban areas, are being demonized as potential threats to stability and development (the “youth bulge”). This negative perception is a self-fulfilling prophecy, as by neglecting or mistreating youth, they may become the very threats the proponents of the status quo fear most. In most of Africa, the majority are no longer in school, are unable to get jobs, often live in informal settlements and are out of touch with any organization at all. Meanwhile, national efforts to address their issues are confined to a ministry with minimal budget and influence. Usually, only small groups of the most educated, mainly male and older youth are reached, who are then hailed in international meetings as the creative resourceful leaders of tomorrow (or today). This paper argues that new, creative, holistic and youth-led programmes are needed to enable the majority of youth to participate as full citizens in the development of their communities and society as a whole. Young people need to have their own institutions at community level that provide a focus for their education, recreation and entrepreneurial activities, as well interaction with other organizations and involvement in and activism on issues that matter to them at local, national and international level. Such youth institutions should be supported by local as well as national governments, with sufficient funding and authority to ensure that youth are integrated and involved in all sectors. Africa’s development depends on it.
Motivating service improvement with awards and competitions - hygienic city campaigns in China
Authors: Yongmei Zhang  , Bingqin Li
Published: April 2011

Awards and competitions are often used to motivate public servants, and this paper examines how the central government of China uses these to try and motivate cities to improve public hygiene. The authors argue that apart from improving performance,(1) awards and competitions are good at motivating user participation and spreading good practice. However, the design of the schemes used in China tends to prioritize disproportionately the winning mentality, and sometimes causes high costs and social tension.
Revisiting urban health and social inequalities: the devil is in the detail and the solution is in all of us
Authors: Stephens Carolyn
Published: April 2011

This paper considers how the subject of urban inequalities has come to be given more consideration within the discussions of urban poverty and urban health. It suggests a need for more precision in understanding and acting on such inequalities — and discusses how measurement and policy response are influenced by whether the focus is on urban poverty, differentials, inequality or inequity. Many authors fail to clarify the difference between a differential, an unequal and an unjust distribution of services or resources, or health outcomes. This paper discusses what aspects of inequality can and cannot be addressed through conventional local government interventions (for instance, in upgrading informal settlements or public transport, or water pricing). It argues that to change urban inequalities at root, we have to recognize and address unjust distributions of power and control of resources.
The state of urban health in India; comparing the poorest quartile to the rest of the urban population in selected states and cities
Authors: Agarwal Siddharth
Published: April 2011

India has the world’s second largest urban population (after China). This paper shows the large disparities within this urban population in health-related indicators. It shows the disparities for child and maternal health, provision for health care and housing conditions between the poorest quartile and the rest of the urban population for India and for several of its most populous states. In the poorest quartile of India’s urban population, only 40 per cent of 12 to 23 month-old children were completely immunized in 2004—2005, 54 per cent of under-five year-olds were stunted, 82 per cent did not have access to piped water at home and 53 per cent were not using a sanitary flush or pit toilet. The paper also shows the large disparities in eight cities between the poorest population (the population in the city that is within the poorest quartile for India’s urban areas), the population living in settlements classified as “slums” and the non-slum population. It also highlights the poor performance in some health-related indicators for the population that is not part of the poorest quartile in several states — for instance in under-five mortality rates, in the proportion of stunted children and in the proportion of households with no piped water supply to their home.
Cancer note from the slums
Authors: Moser Caroline
Published: April 2011

This short note reports on the difficulties facing a community leader in Guayaquil, whom the author has known for more than 30 years, in getting and affording treatment for breast cancer. It serves as a reminder that low-income households in low- and middle-income nations face many of the same health risks from non-communicable diseases as higher-income groups, but cannot get appropriate treatment from public health care and cannot afford private treatment.
In the first place: community prevention’s promise to advance health and equity
Authors: Chehimi Sana , Cohen Larry , Valdovinos Erica
Published: April 2011

This paper highlights the role of community prevention in improving overall health and in supporting health equity. By addressing the underlying causes of illness and injury, community prevention efforts can prevent illness and injury before they occur. The paper presents three frameworks that support quality community prevention efforts. The first, Taking Two Steps to Prevention, analyzes the underlying causes of illness, injury and health inequities and helps identify key opportunities for intervention and prevention. The second framework, the Spectrum of Prevention, guides users in thinking through the elements of a comprehensive community prevention strategy: strengthening individual knowledge and skills; promoting community education; educating providers and leaders (in all sectors); fostering coalitions and networks; changing organizational practice (within government, health institutions and workplaces, among others); and influencing policy and legislation. Both Taking Two Steps and the Spectrum are explained through the demonstration of two successful and ongoing community prevention efforts: first, preventing smoking; and second, promoting breastfeeding. The third framework, Collaboration Multiplier, focuses on developing sustainable interdisciplinary partnerships capable of addressing a variety of health and social problems. Collaboration Multiplier provides a matrix that clarifies the contributions that different sectors bring to a particular health or social problem and helps develop a shared language and understanding for working together.
Health, hygiene and appropriate sanitation: experiences and perceptions of the urban poor
Authors: Joshi Deepa , Fawcett Ben , Mannan Fouzia
Published: April 2011

“Don’t teach us what is sanitation and hygiene.” This quote from Maqbul, a middle-aged male resident in Modher Bosti, a slum in Dhaka city, summed up the frustration of many people living in urban poverty to ongoing sanitation and hygiene programmes. In the light of their experiences, such programmes provide “inappropriate sanitation”, or demand personal investments in situations of highly insecure tenure, and/or teach “hygiene practices” that relate neither to local beliefs nor to the ground realities of a complex urban poverty. A three-year ethnographic study in Chittagong, Dhaka, Nairobi and Hyderabad illustrated that excreta disposal systems, packaged and delivered as low-cost “safe sanitation”, do not match the sanitation needs of a very diverse group of urban men, women and children. It is of little surprise that the delivered systems are neither appropriate nor used, and are not sustained beyond the life of the projects. This mismatch, far more than an assumed lack of user demand for sanitation, contributes to the elusiveness of the goal of sanitation and health for all. The analysis indicates that unless and until the technical, financial and ethical discrepancies relating to sanitation for the urban poor are resolved, there is little reason to celebrate the recent global declaration on the human right to water and sanitation and health for all.
Un humour ethnoculturel et socio-générationnel: L’exemple du programme télévisuel Jamel Comedy Club
Authors: Béru Laurent
Published: April 2011

Émission de télévision française diffusée au cours de la période estivale durant trois années consécutives (2006−8), Jamel Comedy Club est destinée à un jeune public. Présentés et performés par une majorité de jeunes comiques issus des quartiers populaires et originaires des communautés ethnoraciales minoritaires, les sketches filmés proposent un humour peu exposé jusqu’à présent à la télévision française. Les différents auteurs de ce programme stigmatisent certains poncifs socioculturels, tout en les réutilisant à leur tour pour faire rire leur public de manière efficace. Ainsi, moquer certaines dérives discursives — notamment racistes et xénophobes — n’empêche pas d’en reprendre les trames afin de bénéficier d’une efficience comique.
A ‘Picture-Perfect’ Banlieue Artist: Abd Al Malik or the Perils of a Conciliatory Rap Discourse
Authors: Bourderionnet Olivier
Published: April 2011

This paper concentrates on the media representation of the young rapper Abd Al Malik, whose recent albums Gibraltar (2006) and Dante (2008) have been largely embraced by the Parisian elite. Along with the cultural legitimation that affords Malik’s articulate rap discourse access to a mainstream audience, questions regarding cooptation, authenticity and identity politics reveal strong divides in the French public sphere, as well as the general sense of a preordained space assigned to rap artists in the media. Malik’s artistic vision, successfully blending rap and the most aristocratic of chanson, while asserting a strong multicultural identity, comes across as gently subversive and echoes France’s struggle to reconcile its attachment to tradition and its need to adapt to a changing society.
Transpolitical Spaces in Transnational French Cinemas: Vampires and the Illusions of National Borders and Universal Citizenship
Authors: Hudson Dale
Published: April 2011

Historically conceived as a ‘welcoming land’ ( terre d’accueil), postcolonial France evokes a threshold of tolerance ( seuil de tolérance) in relation to immigrants and refugees. This article considers the illusions of universal citizenship, alongside the illusions of national borders, by examining the ‘terror’ evoked by the transnational figure of the vampire within relations between France and Franco-Maghrebis in transnational French cinemas. Like the vampire, non-European nationals who are racialised as ‘arabes’ are denied the universal rights of citizenship in postcolonial France. Vampirism, however, signals a potential collapse of republicanism, which, because it extends colonialism, fails to recognise spaces for difference without the oppression of unidirectional assimilation. The article examines the racialisation of immigration and the politicisation of assimilation in France since the mid-1970s as these processes are imagined in two films that reject realist conventions of ‘French national cinema’ for anti-realist conventions of transnational genre cinema. Dracula, père et fils (Molinaro, 1976) and Un vampire au paradis (Bahloul, 1992) expose the ‘common sense’ and ‘science’ of racism within a transpolitical space of France and Algeria in ways that canonical films would not dare. As such, the films prompt a rethinking of French cinema beyond the often nationally or culturally discrete spaces of auteur cinema into global spaces of transnational genre films.
Avoir vingt ans dans les Aurès de René Vautier: Le cinéma militant face à la censure d’État au tournant des années 1970
Authors: Schilling Derek
Published: April 2011

Premier film français de mise en scène à être directement consacré à la guerre d’Algérie, Avoir vingt ans dans les Aurès (1972) est à première vue une œuvre gauchement didactique dénonçant l’incorporation psychologique du soldat français ordinaire. Mais au-delà de son ‘message’ pacifiste le film de René Vautier raconte une autre histoire, celle de la lutte pour la libre expression. En revenant sur la production et la réception du film de 1972 et en explorant son utilisation stratégique d’éléments documentaires dans la fiction, le présent article fait apparaître Avoir vingt ans… comme un ‘film de guerre’ à plus d’un titre. Si l’œuvre révèle, par sa mise en scène de sept jours dans la vie d’un commando, les contradictions de la vie militaire auxquelles fut initiée une génération de jeunes Français, elle expose simultanément la situation politico-économique d’un cinéma indépendant qui depuis les débuts des mouvements anti-colonialistes tente de déjouer les pièges de l’État-censeur.
Representations of Women in Subtitled Films: L’Auberge espagnole and La Vie rêvée des anges
Authors: Turek Sheila
Published: April 2011

Subtitled films are often maligned for providing a false or incomplete representation of the original dialogue. As language use often reinforces an objectified or derogatory vision of women, an analysis and comparison of the original dialogue with the subtitled version can reveal important nuances in this domain that have either been retained, altered or omitted in the target language version. In two popular French films , La Vie rêvée des anges (Erick Zonca, 1998) and L’Auberge espagnole (Cedrick Klapisch, 2001), the dialogue underscores the attitudes of the characters towards the women in the film as well as towards women generally. Lexical, grammatical and cultural differences between French and English often inform subtitlers’ choices, as do time and space constraints inherent to the subtitling process. The subtitled dialogue in both films will be compared with their original, illustrating the degree to which linguistic reflections of attitudes have been preserved or altered in each subtitled version.
Two-Scale Model for Mechanical Analysis of Nastic Materials and Structures
Authors: Zhang H.W. , Lv J.
Published: April 2011

Nastic actuators are high energy density active materials that mimic the working processes in the plant kingdom to produce large deformation through the conversion of chemical energy inside the materials. In these actuators, the transport of the charge and fluid across a selectively permeable membrane is controlled to achieve bulk deformation. The permeable membrane may contain biological ion pumps, ion channels, and ion exchangers surrounding fluid-filled cavities embedded within a matrix. To study the working mechanism of the nastic actuators, the coupled process of ion transport and matrix response in nastic materials is characterized at two-scales by developing and solving biological transport models at one scale that are coupled with a finite element model of the matrix at a much larger scale. The emphasis is mainly focused on the mechanical analysis of the multi-actuators array structures. To increase the computational efficiency, the analysis of a nastic structure with multi-actuators is performed using an appropriate homogeneous method. A two-scale model is developed to simulate the mechanical response of the structure composed of multi-actuators. Numerical results are shown to illustrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed method.
Ethical Aspects of Outcome Studies in Social, Behavioral, and Educational Interventions
Authors: Gambrill Eileen
Published: April 2011

The domain of outcome research is enormous and the consequences weighty. Ethical, practical, and political goals of evaluation have insured a multitude of outcome studies concerning social, behavioral, and educational interventions as well as critiques thereof and descriptions of how to conduct related research. We have a rich literature guiding the design, conduct, reporting, and dissemination of outcome studies as well as a rich literature showing that such studies are often flawed and often hype inflated claims of knowledge (or ignorance). Uncertainties are often ignored resulting in harm to clients. I suggest that a focus on avoidable ignorance and its harmful consequences as well as taking advantage of Grice’s maxims of discourse guided by ethical obligations of professionals to do more good than harm will increase the percentage of sound outcome studies and accurate reporting.
A Fuzzy Knowledge Fusion Framework for Terms Conflict Resolution in Concurrent Engineering
Authors: Hu Xiao , Hu Jie , Sekhari Aicha , Peng Yinghong , Cao Zhaomin
Published: April 2011

Due to the increased complexity of engineering products and design process, concurrent engineering practices still face enormous challenges. Design teams often provide the knowledge involving multiple disciplines in natural language at conceptual design stage. As a result, conflicts often arise during communications. To increase the efficiency of design process, it is necessary to avoid interpretation conflicts. This article presents a system framework to resolve terminology conflicts. First, a semantic hierarchical structure of knowledge is proposed. Knowledge is decomposed into terms and predicates. Second, a fuzzy knowledge fusion framework is proposed to identify and resolve terminology conflicts. The conflict is resolved by unifying the usage of terminologies. By using the fuzzy linguistic computational model based on extension principle to measure the similarity of terms, the terminology conflict problem is converted into a linguistic decision-making problem. Finally, the methodology is applied to a piece of automotive electronics knowledge. The best term to describe electronic control unit is identified.
The Long Arc of Recovery: Characterizing Intimate Partner Violence and Its Psychosocial Effects Across 17 Years
Authors: Lindhorst Taryn , Beadnell Blair
Published: April 2011

Little is known about how intimate partner violence (IPV) affects women’s long-term mental health. Using 17 years of data from adolescent mothers, this study (a) empirically identified three subgroups based on patterns of IPV exposure during 4 years of their adolescence; (b) found that subgroup membership was a predictor of psychosocial outcomes in the subsequent 13 years, and (c) showed that the long-term effects of IPV exposure persisted even while controlling for the role of early poverty. By their 30s, women had recovered from IPV such that there were no significant differences between groups at the final time point.
New Evidence on Asset Location from the Survey of Consumer Finances
Authors: Jinjarak Yothin , Jie Zhou
Published: April 2011

This article provides new evidence on household asset location decisions using the latest Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF). The authors find that the difference between the equity share in tax-deferred accounts (TDAs) and the equity share in taxable accounts (TAs), a measure of asset location in the article, declined significantly after 2001. They also discuss potential explanations of the change in asset location.
It’s Unfair
Authors: Porath Christine , MacInnis Deborah , Folkes Valerie S.
Published: April 2011

Employees sometimes engage in uncivil behavior in the workplace. We ask (a) How commonly do customers witness an employee behaving uncivilly? (b) What negative effects does customers' witnessing of an employee’s uncivil behavior have on customers and firms? (c) Why do these effects occur? The results of three studies suggest that it is not uncommon for customers to witness an employee behaving in an uncivil manner. It occurs in many industries. Moreover, witnessing such behavior makes customers angry and creates desires to get back at the uncivil perpetrator and the firm. These effects occur even when a manager’s uncivil comment is aimed at correcting a subordinate’s job-related offense and even when it is delivered offstage, outside of the customer servicescape. Finally, we demonstrate that these effects are driven by customers' concerns about deontic injustice from incivility (reaction to a wrongful misconduct that violates fairness standards). These results contribute to the literature on workplace incivility and customer reactions to service encounters as well as the burgeoning literature on customer anger and revenge. We suggest that organizations invest in training programs focusing on employee civility. Managers should receive training in coaching to mitigate against the detrimental effects of incivility.
Piston skirt surface topography modelling during a low wear process
Authors: Krzyzak Z , Pawlus P
Published: April 2011

Piston skirt surface topographies during a low wear process were analysed. The tendencies of parameter changes were studied. It was found that during the wear process one-directional random structures were superimposed on the machined piston skirt surface topographies. On the basis of this observation, a method of piston skirt surface topography modelling during engine operating was proposed. Piston skirt axial two-dimensional (2D) profiles and 3D surface topographies were simulated. The imposition of a computer-generated random surface with a Gaussian ordinate distribution on the machined piston skirt surface is the idea of the proposed method. The worn piston surface could be modelled when its maximum height was known. The obtained results of this modelling type were compared with a simple truncation model. The matching criteria of real and simulated surface topographies were presented with the results of the model accuracy assessment.
Solid lubricants in machining
Authors: Vamsi Krishna P , Srikant R R , Nageswara Rao D
Published: April 2011

This article presents a review of solid lubricants application in different machining processes such as grinding, milling, drilling, and turning. Of late, several reasons have led to the increased usage of solid lubricants in machining. The heat generated in the cutting zone during machining is critical in deciding the workpiece quality. Although cutting fluids are widely employed to carry away the heat in machining, their usage poses threat to ecology and the health of workers. Hence, there arises a need to identify eco-friendly and user-friendly alternatives to conventional cutting fluids. Modern tribology has facilitated the use of solid lubricants as an alternative to cutting fluids in machining. Graphite, calcium fluoride, molybdenum disulphide, and boric acid are the general solid lubricants used in machining. Process performance is improved with the application of solid lubricants in machining. By reducing coefficient of friction, cutting forces and tool wear are reduced in machining with solid lubricants. Reduction in cutting forces results in lower specific energy requirement and thus reduces production cost. Surface quality of the machined workpiece is also improved with solid lubricants.
Mistaken identity
Authors: Weeks John
Published: April 2011

Newly independent Republic of Moldova joined the World Bank and the IMF in 1992. The World Bank designated it a ‘middle income’ country, a status it retained for Bretton Woods lending until 1997. The middle income designation implied that the government of Moldova was not eligible for concessionary finance from the multilateral and major bilateral development agencies. After demonstrating that assigning middle income status to Moldova was a mistake, this article investigates the consequences. A simple procedure is used for calculating counterfactual scenarios of Moldova being assigned low income status in the early 1990s. The counterfactual scenarios suggest that the development and welfare costs of the mistake were extremely high: a much greater fall in income per capita than would otherwise have been the case, with associated increases in headcount poverty and lower life expectancy. Had Moldova been designated a low income country in the early 1990s, by the mid-2000s it would have been a middle income country instead of the poorest in Europe.
New Latin American networks of solidarity?
Authors: Artaraz Kepa
Published: April 2011

The term ‘network’ has become prominent in many areas of public policy, including international development and global social policy. In these subject areas it is generally used to refer to the mechanisms by which those levels of governance that extend beyond the state can transmit influence and ideas, exercising power and shaping economic, political and social change. This article explores the role played by the Latin American solidarity network represented by ALBA in Bolivia’s National Development Plan, particularly in the areas of health and education. The article argues that ALBA offers a new perspective from which to understand this process of international solidarity, its effects in Bolivia’s development and the creation of a new post-neoliberal paradigm in human development.
Study on the electrical and surface properties of polyester, polypropylene, and polyamide 6 using pen-type RF plasma treatment
Authors: Liu Jen-Yung , Kou-Bing Cheng , Hwang Jin-Fon , Lee Mei-Hui
Published: April 2011

The plasma treating process used to adjust the functional groups and modifying surface properties and mechanical behavior is a very important treatment method. Many researches have shown the results, especially in the versatility of polymer material fields. In this study, a pen-type radio frequency plasma system was used to modify the surface of various organic materials, such as polyester, polypropylene, and polyamide 6. Because of the short distance between two stainless steel electrodes, argon has been selected to trigger the plasma. The Taguchi method was used to decide the optimal combinations of the experimental parameters such as argon gas flow amount, plasma irradiation power and time, and the distance between the plasma torch and the organic fabric samples. The L9 orthogonal arrays were also used to analyze the nine combinations of samples and achieve the optimal results for improving the hydrophilic ability of polyester, polypropylene, and polyamide 6. Then, the analysis of three different types of conductive resin coating on the matrix and surface resistance of the polyester, the 50d fabric type, exhibited much higher conductive ability. After washing, the fabric treated with poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene showed higher decent resistance. The experimental results found that the surface resistivity of the polyester fabric would improve by three orders and the contact angle, until reaching 180°.
Effects of Different Learning Methods for Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in Patients With Alzheimer’s Dementia: A Pilot Study
Authors: Dechamps Arnaud , Fasotti Luciano , Jungheim Jeltine , Leone Elsa , Dood Erna , Allioux Apolline , Robert Philippe H. , Gervais Xavier , Maubourguet Nathalie , Olde Rikkert Marcel G. M. , Kessels Roy P. C.
Published: April 2011

We examined whether errorless learning (EL) and learning by modeling (LM) were more advantageous than trial and error learning (TEL) in the acquisition of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) in Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) patients (n = 14). Using a counterbalanced within-subject design, participants performed 3 learning conditions. EL consisted of straightforward prompts before any action, LM focused on the modeling of each step of the tasks and standard TEL without cues was used as a control condition. The participants had to (re)learn 3 IADL. Repeated-measure analyses during learning and follow-up assessments were performed 1 and 3 weeks after learning. The LM and the EL procedures resulted in significantly better learning compared to TEL, with effect sizes (partial eta squared) of 0.42 and 0.35, respectively. This is the first controlled study to show that (re)learning of IADL is possible in patients with AD using an error-reduction approach.
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior and Extinction to Reduce Loitering and Stealing for an Adult With an Intellectual Disability and Dementia
Authors: Vogl Mark , Rapp John T.
Published: April 2011

The authors present the case study of a 52-year-old female with Down’s syndrome and Alzheimer’s-type dementia. After a functional assessment suggested that this individual’s theft was maintained by access to preferred activity material, the authors used a differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) procedure with extinction to reduce loitering in an area where other consumers’ belongings were kept, thereby reducing stealing of items (i.e., nonapproved items) from other consumers. The results show that DRO plus extinction reduced number of intervals the participant was in the entryway and number of nonapproved items in the participant’s possession to zero. Two follow-up probes, which were conducted 2 months and 3 months after the formal intervention was discontinued, indicated that reductions in both target behaviors were maintained over time.
Impact of a Psychoeducative Intervention on Adherence to HAART among Low-Literacy Patients in a Resource-Limited Setting: The Case of an Arab Country—Morocco
Authors: Khachani Imane , Harmouche Hicham , Ammouri Wafa , Rhoufrani Fatima , Zerouali Latifa , Abouqal Redouane , Tazi-Mezalek Zoubida , Adnaoui Mohamed , Aouni Mohamed , Maouni Abdelaziz
Published: April 2011

Research has demonstrated that strict adherence is necessary to maximize highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) benefits. This is particularly challenging for low-literacy populations in resource-limited settings like Morocco and motivated the implementation of a psychoeducative program for patients under HAART at Rabat University Hospital. The study aimed at assessing the program’s impact on adherence to antiretroviral medication, knowledge of HIV/AIDS and HAART, quality of life, and biological parameters. It included patients under treatment for at least 2 months that benefited from 3 to 5 educational and psychological support sessions. Data were collected at baseline, 3 and 6 months. In all, 50 patients were included. The mean age was 38 years; 52% were illiterate and 62% unemployed. Adherence scores were high at baseline (98%) and showed no significant change throughout the study. Knowledge of HAART and HIV/AIDS, and quality of life improved significantly both at months 3 and 6. Significant increase for CD4 count rates and decrease for viral load rates were also reported. The program had no significant impact on adherence but substantively developed patients' knowledge of HIV/AIDS and HAART and improved their quality of life.
Secure Closure of the Tracheal Incision After Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery With a Surgical Sealant (CoSeal)
Authors: Liu Yun-Hen , Wu Yi-Cheng , Chen Tzu-Ping , Ko Po-Jen
Published: April 2011

Background: To evaluate the effectiveness of surgical sealant (CoSeal) in sealing the tracheal assess sites after transtracheal thoracoscopy. Methods: Two dogs underwent transtracheal thoracic exploration and pericardial window creation. The thoracic cavity was approached with flexible bronchoscope through a 9-mm tracheal incision. The pericardial window was performed with a needle knife via the working channel of the bronchoscope, and the tracheal assess site was closed with CoSeal using a rubber catheter. The integrity of tracheal healing was evaluated under positive pressure ventilation. Result: Transtracheal creation of pericardial window and closure of tracheal incision with CoSeal was successfully performed in both dogs. There was no evidence of air leaks from the chest tube during positive pressure ventilation. Autopsy revealed no injury to the mediastinum and intrathoracic structure. Conclusion: Endoscopic closure of tracheal access site of NOTES with CoSeal appears to be a feasible technique.
Impact of Body Mass Index on Outcomes of Laparoscopic Adrenal Surgery
Authors: Kazaryan Airazat M. , Marangos Irina Pavlik , Røsok Bård I. , Rosseland Arne R. , Edwin Bjørn
Published: April 2011

Objective. The aim of this article is to define the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and outcomes of laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Method. A total of 172 patients were eligible for inclusion in the study. The patients were divided into 3 groups: group I, normal weight; group II, overweight; and group III, obesity. Perioperative outcomes were compared between the groups. Results. The median operative time was 72, 75, and 90 minutes in groups I, II, and III, respectively. The median blood loss was <50 mL in all groups. There were no intraoperative blood transfusions. There was no statistical difference in the rate of intraoperative incidences and postoperative complications. Moderately increased operative time was the only perioperative parameter that statistically differed from nonobese patients. The regression analysis found significant but weak correlation between BMI and operative time. The BMI did not correlate with other surgical outcomes. Conclusions. Laparoscopic adrenal surgery for obese patients can be done as safely as for nonobese patients.
Beneficial Effects of Magnesium Supplementation
Authors: Beckstrand Renea L. , Pickens Jann S.
Published: April 2011

Magnesium is an essential mineral necessary for optimal cellular health and well-being. Many adults in the United States fail to get recommended amounts of magnesium from their diets. Even so, symptoms of magnesium deficiency are rarely seen; however, maintaining normal body stores could be preventative against common diseases.