bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WTO dan Prinsip-prinsip Perdagangan Dunia
Authors: Tarmidi Lepi T.
Published: May 2018

World Trade Organization (WTO) adalah kepanjangan dari GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), dan mulai berdiri 1 Januari 1995. Karena itu semua tujuan, prinsip perdagangan dunia dan hasil-hasil perundingan Putaran-Putaran perdagangan di bawah GATT, di mana yang terakhir adalah Putaran Uruguay, menjadi bagian dan mengikat bagi WTO. Namun WTO adalah badan yang sama sekali berbeda dengan GATT. Dalam GATT dahulu tidak ada negara anggota, tetapi negara peserta adalah contacting party dari GATT, dalam arti bahwa suatu negara peserta hanya terikat dengan peraturan-peraturan tertentu saja yang ditanda-tanganinya dan tidak terikat dengan semua peraturan yang ada dalam GATT. Sementara dalam WTO, semua negara peserta adalah anggota dan semua kesepakatan yang ada dalam WTO tanpa kecuali mengikat bagi semua anggota dan ada sanksi hukumnya (legally binding) bila terjadi pelanggaran. Kedudukan hukum WTO jauh Iebih kuat, karena selain ditanda-tangani oleh Menteri Perdagangan masing-masing negara peserta, isi kesepakatan Putaran Uruguay dan pendirian WTO jugs harus diratifikasi oleh parlemen negara anggota masing-masing, artinya diperkuat oleh persetujuan wakil-wakil rakyat. Demikianpun, DPR Indonesia telah memberikan persetujuannya pada tanggal 2 November 1994.
The Acquisition of Technological Capability: Towards an Analytical Model
Authors: Zulkieflimansyah Zulkieflimansyah
Published: May 2018

In neo-classical framework, technology is defined in a static way. It is a product, a package, that is produced by one set of firms or other institutions and consumed or used by another. And as firms all operate on a given production function, their technological tasks is merely to choose whichever technology is most appropriate to their needs. The firms can shift their position on the production function effortlessly in response to change in economic circumstances. The evolutionary approach, on the other hand, views technology in a more dynamic way. The successful adoption of technology involves more than merely the purchase of machinery and the learning of operating procedures. This means that firms can not shift effortless along the production function, nor operate any particular technique immediately at optimal efficiency
Komparasi Regresi Ekonometri pada Perekonomian Indonesia 2SLS, VEC, dan ARIMA
Authors: Surya Henry Viriya , Cahjadi Prastowo
Published: May 2018

This paper compares three models of econometric analysis on economy, in this case the Indonesian economy. The regression models are the two stage least squares (2SLS) which has a strong support from the economic theory of aggregate expenditure, the Vector Error Correction (VEC) and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) which both comes from the time series analysis, that do not have to be economic time series. The study tries to find out which are most suitable in analyzing the time series of Indonesian economy. After all the estimation and comparison process, we finally agree that the use of those different methods must be sinchronized with the purpose of the user's study of the economic time series.
Analisis Aglomerasi Industri Manufaktur Besar dan Sedang di DKI Jakarta Tahun 1975-1998
Authors: Harmadi Sonny Harry B. , Brodjonegoro Bambang P.S.
Published: May 2018

Adanya faktor skala ekonomi dalam pemilihan lokasi menyebabkan beberapa perusahaan yang sejenis memilih berada pada lokasi yang berdekatan, sehingga membawa dampak menurunnya biaya produksi perusahaan. Aglomerasi industri ini dapat menjelaskan mengapa suatu kota memiliki perusahaan yang jenisnya sama lebih dari satu, dan adanya kecenderungan bahwa kota akan berkembang di sekitar lokasi industri. Suatu kota industri yang besar terbentuk karena adanya aglomerasi ekonomi dalam produksi, dimana terdapat dua jenis aglomerasi ekonomi, yaitu localization economies dan urbanization economies.Analisis regresi data panel menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan hasil yang mendasar antara industri dengan klasifikasi ISIC 2 digit dengan industri berdasarkan klasifikasi ISIC 3 digit. Sub-sektor industri di DKI Jakarta yang mengalami aglomerasi industri ialah subsektor Industri Tekstil, Pakaian Jadi, dan Kulit, Industri Kertas dan Barang-Barang dari Kertas, Percetakan dan Penerbitan, Industri Kimia dan Barang-Barang dari Kimia, Petroleum, Batu Bara, Karet, dan Barang dari Plastik, Industri Barang-Barang dari Logam, Mesin dan Perlengkapannya, Industri Pengolahan Lainnya. Sedangkan sub-sektor Industri Makanan, Minuman Serta Tembakau, Industri Kayu dan Barang-Barang dari Kayu, Termasuk Alat-Alat Rumah Tangga dari Kayu, Industri Barang-Barang Galian Bukan Logam, dan Industri Dasar Logam tidak mengalami aglomerasi. Pada golongan pokok industri teridentifikasi tidak terjadi aglomerasi industri.
Tingkat Upah, Inflasi dan Pengangguran: Aplikasi Model Lucas-Rapping terhadap Pasar Tenaga Kerja Indonesia Tahun 1960-2001
Authors: Wicaksono Teguh Yudo
Published: May 2018

Lucas - Rapping model is considered as successful model to explain the labor force in America. We are apply this model on Indonesian case to analyze the fluctuation of labor force and to know wether the shift on labor supply and unemployment is a function of current real wage or not. We also intend to analyze behaviour of household to respond the real wage change. From demand side, we can trace out how deep the education role on labor force quality. The conclusion may be helpfull on determining appropriate policy on education sector. We use data from BPS including Indikator Ekonomi dan Keuangan, Statistik Ketenagakerjaan (Sakernas), Keadaan Pekerja/Karyawan di Indonesia, Survei Sosial dan Ekonomi Nasional (SUSENAS) or Survei Penduduk Nasional (Supas). The rest of data is collected from international sources such as Summers Hestona PennWorld Table, data Barro and Lee and data Bank Dunia.
Peran Ekonomi Perkotaan dalam Ekonomi Nasional
Authors: Simarmata Djamester A.
Published: May 2018

This article discusses the indirect roles of urban economy to the national economy through its property and land market. Some national economic instruments have inevitable effects on the local variables, making the concept of regional autonomy limited. The level of interest rates is determined by the central bank, which has a strong nationwide effects, influencing the valuation of property and land, namely in the urbanized areas. One of the main concerns of many people and both local and national governments in the urbanized area is on housing. How should the national policies and local policies be harmonized so that the lower households could afford decent shelters for their families? And how should the policies on the property sectors with its interrelation to the banking system be remedied in order to avoid its negative impacts to the national economy. As is well known, the land and property sector largely depend on local policies.
Clean Development Mechanism dan Upaya Reforestasi di Indonesia
Authors: Hasanah Uswatun , Ahmad Mubariq
Published: May 2018

International environmental issue recently plays important role in world economic development and their sustainability. This trans-boundary environmental problem requires a global responsibility, especially for forest well endowed countries like Indonesia to hold main role to support the environmental sustainability. We apply cost benefit analysis on carbon trade using Clean Mechanism Development to show its significant contribution on green forestry program. This paper gives us the picture of Indonesia's forestry, the beneficial of forest's project and the finding of global responsibilities to make a better for mankind. Our perspective about the utility of forest is very important to determine the decision we choose.
Analisa Kolusi Industri Manufaktur Indonesia Tahun 1993-2000
Authors: Nurdianto Ditya Agung
Published: May 2018

Despite its shortcomings, many industrial economists believe that coxentration index is a powerful tool to use in order to analyze the level of competition within a market. This is due to the fact that concentration index influences greatly market performance. Nonetheless, there are two opposing views on how does concentration index actually influences the market (Donsimoni, 1984). On one hand, the relationship between competition and market performance, and perfect competition with market performance on the other hand, have been discussed since the 18th century, however, a common ground between those two opposing theories have relatively been left untouched by analysis (Bothwell, 1984). Even so, in the last three decades, many researches have been done based on those two opposing theories.Through the use of panel regression in this research, the degree of collusion in the Indonesian manufacturing industry can be found. Although the degree of collusion is small, nevertheless, there exists a positive relationship between the degree of collusion and the level of concentration. This proves that the first theory, Market Power Theory, applies in this case. By knowing that this is the theory which applies in the manufacturing industry in Indonesia, the policy implemented must be adjusted accordingly. Policy implemented by the government for the manufacturing industry should take into account the possibility that collusion exists within certain industries which contain a small amount oflarge firms that control the majority ofthe market share.
Estimasi Persamaan Sistem Non Linear Seemingly Unrelated Regression pada Model Perdagangan Internasional
Authors: Ekananda Mahyus
Published: May 2018

The purpose of this paper is to explain the algorithm solution for system equation which has non linier form in its parameter, especially in system equation of seemingly unrelated regression. For example, the economic model which is used in this paper is taken from disertation of Ekananda (2003) with its topic of the uncertainty of exchange rates volatility on manufacture commodity export in Indonesia. Particularly, this paper will discuss the model formation by inserting poissons probability function, which cause the non linier form. For the next application, this method can be used for all non linier form especially the non linier form on its parameter. This paper will discuss the utilization of trade standard equation which is developed become non linier system equation of trade by inserting the element of poisons probability, the dynamics of equation and the simultaneous equation.
Nilai Tukar Rupiah Riil Equilibrium Sebelum dan Selama Masa Krisis
Authors: Awaluddin Imam
Published: May 2018

This study concerns about how much economic factors have impact on real exchange rate equilibrium and how much exchange rate misalignment occurs. The objective is to find the level of real exchange rate equilibrium before and during the crisis. Real exchange rate equilibrium is founded from Behavioral Equilibrium Excange Rate approach. From regression estimation we will find real exchange rate equilibrium, which will compared with actual real exchange rate. The result is real exchange rate misalignment or deviation of real exchange rate from its equilibrium level.
Kajian Tentang Perjanjian FTA antara AFTA dan Cina
Authors: Jeong Young Kyu
Published: May 2018

This study analyses the prospects, changes and characteristics of economics cooperation between AFTA and China after the period from 1980’s. Gross trade and direct investments are studies here, as well as tariff such as per categornes, field, in order to understand AFTA China’s economics cooperation.According to FTA between AFTA and China, Crude oil, gas and other products took up the greatest portion of AFTA exports until the 2008 (in the short run), since the mid-2003, exports have grown by a large margin owing to the nation’s exportoriented economic development strategy. But, in the long run, foreign investment in the world concentrate upon China
Determinan Pertumbuhan Kota di Indonesia
Authors: Mulatip Imam , Brodjonegoro Bambang P.S.
Published: May 2018

Peran kota sebagai pusat aktivitas utama ekonomi dewasa ini, menjadi daya tarik mengapa pertumbuhan kota perlu diperhatikan. Kota memiliki populasi yang besar, dan cenderung meningkat pesat dari waktu ke waktu. Makalah ini mengkaji faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan pertumbuhan kota, serta mengkaji pola pertumbuhan kota di Indonesia. Pertumbuhan kota diukur menggunakan pertumbuhan populasi dan angkatan kerja. Hasil analisis memperlihatkan kepadatan penduduk dan spesialisasi ekonomi secara negatif signifikan mempengaruhi pertumbuhan kota. Sedangkan primacy, manufaktur dan tingkat pendidikan secara positif signfikan mempengaruhi pertumbuhan kota. Selain itu, pendapatan dan pengeluaran pemerintah tidak signifikan mempengaruhi pertumbuhan kota. Demikian pula, variabel geografis dan ukuran kota, yang juga tidak signifikan berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan kota.
Memanfaatkan Model Keseimbangan Umum Terapan untuk Perumusan Kebijakan: Hikmah dan Pengalaman Negara Lain
Authors: Powell Alan A. , Purwoto Hengki
Published: May 2018

Di setiap negara, dalam proses perkembangannya, seringkali menghadapi persoalan ekonomi yang ruwet bahkan dahsyat. Peranan para ahli ekonomi sangat diharapkan dalam upaya memecahkan persoalan tersebut dan terutama agar kebijakan yang dipilih berpihak pada kepentingan rakyat dan bangsanya. Dalam makalah ini kami mencoba menyusun kesimpulan-kesimpulan yang bisa ditarik dan pengalaman negara lain yang mempelopori penggunaan model KUT (Keseimbangan Umum Terapan = Applied General Equilibrium) secara berkesinambungan dalam penyusunan maupun analisis kebijakan ekonomi, yaitu, Norwegia dan Australia.Beberapa kesimpulan dalam tulisan ini sangat mungkin dapat diterapkan di negara-negara sedang berkembang seperti halnya Indonesia. Yang harus kita titikberatkan adalah bahwa walaupun KUT sangat berguna dalam analisis dan penyusunan kebijakan ekonomi, namun KUT hanya salah satu unsur saja dalam proses itu. Pengaruh analisis KUT dalam penyusunan kebijakan, sebagaimana halnya analisis menggunakan metode lainnya, sebenarnya tergantung pada kualitas dalil-dalil yang mendukung analisis tersebut. Dengan kata lain, jangan mengharapkan keajaiban dari KUT, melainkan sebuah proses kemajuan secara berangsur-angsur. Sumber utama kemajuan jangka panjang itu pada hakekatnya muncul dan pemahaman terhadap permasalahan ekonomi secara mendalam yang kita peroleh dan penggunaan metode KUT itu sendiri.
Dampak Kebijakan Pengembangan Kawasan Perbatasan terhadap Kinerja Perekonomian Kalimantan Barat: Analisis Simulasi dengan Pendekatan Sistem Neraca Sosial Ekonomi
Authors: Suratman Eddy
Published: May 2018

Pemerintah daerah Kalimantan Barat telah membuat rencana kebijakan untuk membangun wilayah perbatasan. Rencana tersebut terfokus pada tiga hal: (1) kapasitas pembangunan wilayah perbatasan; (2) pembangunan ekonomi perbatasan; dan (3) pembangunan sosial budaya wilayah perbatasan. Studi ini bermaksud menganalisa dampak dari kebijakan pembangunan wilayah perbatasan terhadap kinerja perekonomian Kalimantan Barat dengan didasarkan atas hasil simulasi kebijakan yang menggunakan matriks Sistem Neraca Sosial Ekonomi Kalimantan Barat pada tahun 2000. Sebagai perbandingan, studi ini juga bermaksud menganalisa kinerja perekonomian Kalimantan Barat dengan skenario tanpa intervensi kebijakan di wilayah perbatasan. Temuan simulasi kebijakan ini menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan pembangunan dan wilayah perbatasan dapat meningkatkan kinerja perekonomian dari Kalimantan Barat. Dengan menerapkan kebijakan ekonomi wilayah perbatasan akan memberi dampak yang signfikan bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi, pendapatan rumah tangga dan pendapatan dan sektor produksi.
Analisis Perubahan Struktur Ekonomi (Economic Landscape) dan Kebijakan Strategi Pembangunan Jawa Timur Tahun 1994 dan 2000: Analisis Input-Output
Authors: Amir Hidayat , Nazara Suahasil
Published: May 2018

Penelitian ini memiliki dua tujuan. Pertama, menganalisis berbagai sektor unggulan (key sector) dalam perekonomian propinsi Jawa Timur antara tahun 1994 dan 2000. Kedua, mengidentifikasi perubahan struktur perekonomian Jawa Timur pada periode yang sama. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis input-output yang telah banyak digunakan untuk menganalisis tingkat keterkaitan antar sektor perekonomian, sektor unggulan, dan angka pengganda sektor ekonomi. Lebih lanjut, perubahan struktur akan dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode yang disebut multiplier product matrix (MPM) yang dapat menggambarkan landscape suatu perekonomian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa telah terjadi pergeseran dalam beberapa sektor unggulan dan angka pengganda sektoral peranan sektor industri lainnya dan sektor industri makanan, minuman dan tembakau sangat dominan dari sisi besaran outputnya, juga memiliki angka penggandaan yang cukup tinggi. Selain itu, berdasarkan analisis MPM terlihat pula perubahan struktur ekonomi Jawa Timur selama periode 1994 sampai 2000 walaupun tidak drastis.
Sumber-Sumber Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Regional: Studi Empiris Antar Propinsi di Indonesia, 1984-2000
Authors: Wibisono Yusuf
Published: May 2018

Studi ini menelaah eksistensi disparitas pendapatan regional di Indonesia. Dengan mempergunakan kerangka teori pertumbuhan neoklasik dan teori pertumbuhan endogen, studi ini menemukan bahwa tingkat konvergensi regional di Indonesia adalah rendah. Perbedaan dalam tingkat pertumbuhan secara sistematis dapat dijelaskan oleh sejumlah variabel penjelas.Perlakuan regresi yang mengizinkan fungsi produksi berbeda-beda untuk setiap perekonomian, menghasilkan estimasi kecepatan konvergensi yang jauh lebih tinggi. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa perbedaan tingkat teknologi antar propinsi adalah besar. Jika perbedaan dalam tingkat teknologi antar propinsi ini menghilang, maka konvergensi akan terjadi secara cepat.Dengan analisa konvergensi teknologi, studi ini menemukan bahwa mekanisme utama yang berada dibalik konvergensi regional adalah pengejaran TFP (Total Factor Productivity). Peranan pengejaran TFP ini jauh lebih dominan dibandingkan dengan akumulasi faktor. Dengan pendekatan transfer teknologi, studi ini membedakan antara konvergensi yang dihasilkan dari akumulasi faktor dan konvergensi yang dihasilkan dari transfer teknologi. Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa transfer teknologi memainkan peranan tidak kecil dalam konvergensi di Indonesia. Hal ini menegaskan temuan sebelumnya bahwa perbedaan tingkat teknologi antar propinsi adalah sangat lebar. Bila perbedaan ini menghilang, maka kita berharap bahwa transfer teknologi akan berjalan jauh lebih cepat. Transfer teknologi yang lebih cepat ini akan membawa pada konvergensi pendapatan yang juga lebih cepat.
Pengaruh Nilai Tukar terhadap Aliran Kredit dan Mekanisme Transmisi Kebijakan Moneter Jalur Kredit
Authors: Arsana I Gede Putra
Published: May 2018

Terjadinya krisis di tahun 1997 memaksa bank sentral untuk melepaskan rezim nilai tukar tetap dan mengubahnya menjadi rezim nilai tukar mengambang. Perubahan tersebut menyebabkan timbulnya resiko nilai tukar di dalam perekonomian, sehingga meningkatkan resiko kegiatan usaha.Perubahan nilai tukar akan mempengaruhi kondisi neraca perbankan dan perusahaan, yang akhirnya berpengaruh pula pada keputusan pemberian kredit. Di lain pihak, perubahan kondisi neraca ditambah dengan selisih berbagai alternatif biaya pendanaan, akan berpengaruh pada keputusan pengajuan permohonan kredit perusahaan.Penelitian ini kemudian akan berusaha untuk melihat, pertama, pengaruh depresiasi nilai tukar terhadap penurunan aliran kredit; kedua, pengaruh kebijakan moneter ketat terhadap penurunan permintaan kredit dan atau peningkatan penawaran kredit; ketiga, pengaruh depresiasi nilai tukar pada efektivitas mekanisme transmisi kebijakan moneter melalui jalur kredit perbankan dan jalur kredit luas.Dengan dekomposisi varians dan IFF metode VAR, ditemukan bahwa, pertama, depresiasi nilai tukar menurunkan aliran kredit. Kedua, kebijakan moneter ketat direspon lebih cepat oleh penurunan permintaan kredit dibandingkan peningkatan penawaran kredit. Ketiga, perubahan nilai tukar dan kurang responsifnya penawaran kredit terhadap kebijakan moneter, menyebabkan mekanisme transmisi kebijakan moneter melalui jalur kredit perbankan tidak efektf. Keempat, dengan responsifnya permintaan kredit terhadap perubahan kebijakan moneter menyebabkan efektifnya jalur kredit luas.
Identifikasi Fenomena ‘Overeducation’ di Pasar Kerja di Indonesia?
Authors: Safuan Sugiharso , Nazara Suahasil
Published: May 2018

Makalah ini mengevaluasi perbedaan antara rata-rata pendidikan minimal yang dibutuhkan oleh suatu jenis pekerjaan dan pendidikan pekerja yang bekerja di jenis pekerjaan tersebut. Overeducation terjadi apabila pendidikan pekerja di jenis pekerjaan tertentu lebih tinggi dari yang dibutuhkan oleh jenis pekerjaan tersebut. Dengan menggunakan sample pekerja W1, sektor formal dari data Sakernas 1996, 1999, dan 2002, hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa persentase pekerja cenderung meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Hasil estimasi juga menunjukkan dampak pendidikan meningkatkan penghasilan dan pekerja overeducated berpengaruh signifikan pada penghasilan pekerja meskipun telah dikontrol oleh usia, jenis kelamin, jam kerja serta karakteristik individu lainnya.
Determinan Tipe Kepemilikan Rumah Perkotaan di Indonesia: Model Pilihan Kualitatif Menggunakan Data Susenas 2001
Authors: Syahrial Syarif , Nazara Suahasil
Published: May 2018

The development of housing study in Indonesia is relatively behind compared with the progressivity of this study in other countries. This study is a preliminary study on housing sector in Indonesia which concerns with the factors determining the probability of a person to own a house which is also known as housing tenure choice. This study will also reveal the factors that affect the expectation of a household that doesn't own a house to own one.  The explanatory variables in this model include age variables, highest educational achievement, and the category of job status of the household head marital status, number of household members, and access to housing credit (Kredit Pemilikan Rumah) which affects the probability and expectation of a household to own a house. To get the location aspect, we also estimate our model for urban DKI Jakarta, Java with the exception of DKI Jakarta, and Sumatera.The data utilized in this study comes from Indonesia Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS) 2001 which is the result of Indonesian Statistical Bureau (BPS) survey in all the provinces in Indonesia. This study focuses in urban area in Indonesia and use qualitative choice model in the estimation process. This study also focuses on multiple choices estimation process with logit model.The result shows that the proportion of Indonesian households which live in urban area and own a hose is 73% of the total households which is very big. The proportion of the households with rent/contract is 15.8%. DKI Jakarta has the biggest proportion of households with rent/contract which is about 31.4%. The estimation results of urban house ownership choice model in Indonesia show that number of household members, marital status, age of the head of the household and access to housing credit have a positive impact on the probability of a household to own a house (non rent/contract).From the study of the expectation of a household that doesn't own a house to own one we found that only 30% of Indonesian urban households have expectation to own a house for the next five years. Estimation of household expectation function to own a house shows that marital status, education level, income, and head of the household that works in formal sector have positive and significant impacts on the probability of a household to expect to own a house in the next 5 years. One of the most important results concerns KPR and government policy concerning KPR. The Data shows that only 6.37% of the urban households in Indonesia utilize this facility. Down payment and increase in the household expenses as a consequence of credit payment are two of the major factors causing low access of the
Persepsi Masyarakat tentang Terumbu Karang di Kepulauan Seribu
Authors: Mangunsong Farma
Published: May 2018

Kepulauan Seribu has rich natural resources in the form of coral reef coral fish, and other ocean Now which interact with each other. Resident of Kepulauan Seribu has a high dependency on these natural resources. The existence of coral reef has a strong impact on fisheries since the number offish and other biota will be high when the coral reef is in good condition. Nelayan tangkap konsumsi is one of the job types which strongly affected by the existence of coral reef Fishermen get economic benefits in the form of job and income source. Not only fishermen, all the residents also get benefits in the form of protein source, income source, and also job field from the existence of coral reef Nevertheless, based on the research done by the experts, the condition of the coral reef in Kepulauan Seribu tends to get worse because of human and natural factors. The purpose of this study is to reveal the Kepulauan Seribu residence perception of the coral reef condition and factors affect this perception. Rased on regression results, place of residency, age, education, length of stay, major sauce of household income, and condition of coral reef at the nearest island have significant relationships with the people's perception.
DAMPAK PEMBIAYAAN DEFISIT ANGGARAN DENGAN UTANG LUAR NEGERI TERHADAP INFLASI DAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI: Studi Kasus Indonesia Tahun 1970-2003
Authors: Waluyo Joko
Published: May 2018

The main purpose of this study is to find the effect of budget deficit with foreign loans as source of funding on inflation and economic growth. This study focuses on transmission mechanism of budget deficit funding effects on inflation and economic growth. We use a specific simultaneous macroeconomic model which includes 17 behavioral equations and 18 identity equations with 6 blocks in this study, Two Stage Least Square (TSLS) method is employed to estimate the behavioral equations in the model. This study use Indonesia secondary economic data from 1970 to 2003. Econometric tests are performed to produce BLUE estimator. This study also use stochastic simulation with 10000 replications to simulate policy.The results show that using foreign loan to fund budget deficit increases both economic growth and inflation. This result is also supported by the simulation results which show that increase in the proceeds of new foreign loan increases reserves which in turn increase primary money/money supply/monetary base. Interaction of monetary base with money multiplier then increases price level. increase in capital in flow from increase in foreign loan increases government spending which also increases government spending increases in the government spending then add to government capital stock so that economic growth also increases.
UKURAN OPTIMAL PEMERINTAH DAERAH DI INDONESIA: STUDI KASUS PEMEKARAN WILAYAH KABUPATEN/KOTA DALAM ERA DESENTRALISASI
Authors: Nazara Suahasil , Kholis Nur
Published: May 2018

This study tries to measure the optimum size of regional government (municipality/city) which will support the accomplishment of decentralization policy ‘s objectives. The result of this study will conclude how the reformation pattern toward regional government in Indonesia should be done. The result of regressing translog and quadratic functions using cost per capita minimalization approach shows the existence of economy of scale from the size of municipality/city‘s population. Using maximization approach, ¡t is also shown that Municipality/city government expenditure ¡s not efficient yet and has not supported the efforts to accomplish the desired development performance. With various regulations, the significant variable used in the measurement of optimum size is the number of population.The result of using minimization and maximization approaches show that the optimum size for municipality/city is not single (differ), between municipality and city, among each kind of per capita expenditure, and across tìme. Generally, the optimum and minimum size of population for municipality/city such that per capita expenditure can be minimized and such that Regional GDP per capita increases are approximately two million people. The reality of municipality/city’s size which in general is relatively small compared to the optimum and minimum measurement shows the inefficiency of municipality/city government expenditure, and its ineffectiveness to support the effort to enhance the welfare of society. Hence, territoty extension policy performed this far, is actually worsen the accomplishment of its main objective on conducting regional government and development.
PREDIKSI IHSG DENGAN MODEL GARCH DAN MODEL ARIMA
Authors: Nachrowi Nachrowi DjaIaI , Usman Hardius
Published: May 2018

This study search for proper models to forecast Jakarta Composite Index (JCI) and then compare their forecasts. The stock index from strong markers, like Dow Jonc Industrial Average (DJIA) and NJKKEI, as well as the index from regional markets, like SET, are expected to have strong influences on JCI. More specijìcally, it is expected that SET will be able to explain the realocalion of short term fund from Thailand to Indonesia through capital market due lo unfavour political situation in Thailand. Other than thai, exchange rate ¡s also expected to have effect on JCI movements. By using the daily darafrom January 3, 2005 to January 2, 2006, the study found that the proper models to be used toforecast JCI are GARCH (2,2) Model and ARIMA (1, 1,0) Model. The empirical results showed thai the forecast from ARIMA Model is superior to that of GARCH Model.
DINAMIKA UTANG PEMERINTAH DAN KESINAMBUNGAN FISKAL DI INDONESIA PERIODE 1980-2005: SUATU UJI PERBANDINGAN TIGA PENDEKATAN
Authors: Ramadhan Gaffari , SimanjunIak Robert
Published: May 2018

Economic crisis which happened several years ago has caused many impacts to Indonesia. One of these impacts is a huge amount of government debt. Particularly, the government debt whether from domestic or foreign is one of the instruments to finance government expenditure which can not be fulfilled entirely by revenues from taxes. However, using the government debt to fund the government expenditure has consequences for the government to pay-back not only for the interest rate but also for the principal of debt which have maturity-date in the future. The purpose of this study is to analyze how far the development of the government debt dynamic from both domestic and foreign is correlated to fiscal sustainability. This study uses a case of lndonesia in period 1980-2005 which is divided into three periods: before crisis (1980-1997), crisis (1998-2000), and after crisis (2001-2005). In this study, we use Branson (1992) to analyze the government debt dynamic. In addition, we also use different approaches to have several comparisons in our analysis by Hamilton and Flavin (1986), Wilcox(1989), and Trehan and Walsh (1991). Besides that, we also conduct projection of the ratio of government revenue to GDP which is needed to support in decreasing of the ratio of government debt to GDP in the middle-term until 2010. In summary, this study shows that after the crisis, the dynamic movement of the government debt is decreasing continuously. Further more, the government debt and the primary deficit still stand on the sustainable path, or the right track. Equally important, in the middle-term, the ratio of government revenue to GDP is still needed to maintain in decreasing of the government debt from year to year. Generally, this study shows that fiscal condition in Indonesia after the crisis reflects sustainable and suitable to the assumption of Non-Ponzi Game.
PENINGKATAN KINERJA INDUSTRI MANUFAKTUR DI INDONESIA MELALUI PENURUNAN HIGH COST ECONOMY PERIODE : 1990-2003
Authors: Gitaharie Beta Yulianita , Mardanugraha Eugenia , Nuryakin Chaikal , Raya Su
Published: May 2018

The economic crises attacking Asian regions in the mid of 1997 have brought depressing impacts to Indonesia‘s economy. Indonesia experiences a declining share of investment— it is even the lowest amongst neighboring countries. Indonesia also ranks the first position in the issue of inefficiency which further discourages investors to invest in Indonesia. The study focuses on the issue of efficiency in the manufacturing industry whose share in the economy tends to increase during I988-2OO5 in a higher percentage than in the agriculture and services sectors. The objectives of the study are two-folds, first is to measure the score of efficiency in the manufacturing industry in order to identify which in industries are classified as efficient, moderately efficient, or less efficient. Secondly is to identify whether there is an association between input factor or output degree of protection and the score of in efficiency of a 5-digit-JSIC industry. The method employs in the study is the stochastic production frontier where efficiency is an explicit function of specifically determining factors. The study finds that wood preservative industry has the highest efficiency score, while garment and textile industry has the lowest. The study also discovers there are more industries with less and moderately efficient classification. Sources of inefficiency are from the high output tariffs, which have potential contributions to high price and less competitive products in the market. The study recommends that manufacturing industries with low scores of efficiency should improve their productivities through lower cost of production. The government has to make effort to reduce tariff for finished goods. Taxes on luxurious goods and duty charges for export oriented industries should be eliminated as an alternative to increase efficiency in the manufacturing industry. Comparative advantages, particularly for linkage industries, should be improved.
KORUPSI DALAM PEMBANGUNAN WILAYAH: SUATU KAJIAN EKONOMI POLITIK DAN BUDAYA
Authors: Riyanto Riyanto , Gonarsyah Isang , Fauzi Akhmad , Dharmawan Arya Hadi
Published: May 2018

The main objective of the stuajl is to analyze the political economic and cultural factors aflecting corruption in regional economic development during decentralization era in Indonesia. The research uses both qualitative and quantitative methodology to elaborate the process of policy making in budgeting and in formulating regional regulation (Perda). Three districts were chosen as case studies i.e. Kabupaten Solok, Kabupaten Sukoharjo and Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara. The results of the stuajl indicate that corruption has already emerged since the begining of decision making process in the executive as well as legislative agencies. The findings show that political economic and cultural factors are strongly aflecting the corruption in regional development in the autonomy era.
PERKEMBANGAN HUBUNGAN ANTAR SEKTOR DAN ANTAR DAERAH DALAM PEREKONOMIAN INDONESIA: ANALISA MODEL INTERREGIONAL INPUT-OUTPUT TAHUN 1995 DAN 2000
Authors: Hirawan Susiati B. , Nurkholis Nurkholis
Published: May 2018

The changes in sectors and linkages in Indonesian economy have been changing thus affecting the structure. This study aims to evaluate the changes in the nation's economic structure by focusing on the development of intra/inter sectors and intra/inter regions linkage using lnterregional Input-Output (IRIO) model in 1995 and 2000 data. The model analyzes the changes by applying the concept of technical coeflicient stability, testing changes on the coeflicients, and exploring the basic IRIO model. The study found that there has been a significant decrease of relative relationship between sectors and regions in Indonesian economy albeit of seemingly insignificant. Further, the analysis in intra and inter regions showed that an increase in intra regions relationship has not been significant meanwhile the decrease of inter regions relationship has been significant. The studies also revealed that industry was a high potential sector in national development priorities notonly because of its high multiplier but also its role in strengthening and increasing theinteractions of intra/inter sectors and intra/inter regions.
The Impact of Final Demand arld Prices on Indonesia's Total - Import: Cointegration and Error Correction Model Analysis
Authors: Mutmainah Isbandriyati
Published: May 2018

This research is aimed to investigate the influence of final demand and price to Indonesian agregate imports in the long-run and short-run. We use analytical technique cointegration test Iohansen procedures for the long-term influence, and Error Correction Model to estimate the short-term influence, by using quarterly time series data period from_1980 to 2004. From the result of cointegration test and Error Correction Model we found that in the long-term, all of final demand components and price except private investment are important I in determining Indonesian agregate imports. The government expenditure variable has the highest influence, while in the short-term all of independent variables except private consumption are important in determining Indonesian agregate imports and foreign price variable has the highest influence.
The Rule of Mathematics and Econometrics in Understanding Economics
Authors: Nachrowi Nachrowi Djalal
Published: May 2018

Paper ini merupakan suatu survei literatur tentang perkembangan dan penggunaan matematika ekonomi dan ekonometrika dalam memahami ilmu ekonomi dan fenomena ekonomi secara umum. Paper ini akan diawali dengan mengangkat fenomena global yang sangat hangat akhi1akhir ini, yaitu mengenai gejolak harga minyak dunia yang sangat dramatis. Fenomena ini akan dikaitkan dengan posisi matematika ekonomi dan ekonometrika dalam melihat dampak ekonomi dari masalah Setelah it-u akan disampaikan asal-muasal masuknya pendekatan kuantitatif dalam analisis ekonomi serta penjelasan lebih jauh mengenai matematika ekonomi; terutama mengenai game theory dan siapa yang berjasa mengembangkannya serta aplikasinya pada analisis ekonomi. Selanjumya diteruskan dengan mendiskusikan model ekonometrika yaitu alat analisis yang melengkapi model matematika ekonomi. Dalam membahas ekonometrika ini akan dibahas prinsip kerjanya beserta cara pendekatannya. Teknik ekonometfika non-konvensional yang mulai banyak digunakan dalam analisis ekonomi juga akan dibahas seperti model neural network yaitu suatu teknik altematif dalam ekonometrika yang prinsip kerjanya mengikuti prinsip kelja sistem syaraf kita, dan model wavelet serta pendekatan cluster yang akan dibahas secara sepintas. Al<himya, presentasi paper ini akan ditutup dengan menyampaikan catatan-catatan kecil sebagai pengingat buat para teman-teman ekonom atau siapa saja yang menggunakan model matematika untuk lebih berhati-hati dalam membangun dan menggunakan model matematika; lebih-lebih dalam menginterpretasikan hasil dari model tersebut terutama dalam menerjemahkan implikasinya untuk membangun suatu kebijakan ekonomi yang menyangkut hajat hidup orang banyak.
Cannabinoids in the Management of Musculoskeletal Pain
Authors: Madden Kim , van der Hoek Niek , Chona Simrun , George Annie , Dalchand Tristiana , Baldawi Hassan , Mammen George , Bhandari Mohit
Published: May 2018

* The purposes of the present scoping review were to identify (1) the available studies regarding the efficacy of cannabinoids for the management of musculoskeletal pain and related conditions and (2) the knowledge gaps and opportunities in this area of research.

* There is little high-quality evidence for medical cannabis in the core orthopaedic areas of arthritis, postoperative pain, back pain, and trauma-related pain.

* The “best available” evidence suggests cannabis can be effective for managing arthritis pain, back pain, and trauma-related pain, although the quality of the evidence is poor.

* Evidence regarding the use of cannabinoids for the management of postoperative pain is mixed.

* Research on pain control in patients with arthritis, conditions related to the spine, and traumatic injuries represents major under-represented areas of study for the role of cannabinoids, and high-quality Level-I studies are needed.
Performance evaluation of waste stabilization ponds on removal of Listeria spp.: a case study of Isfahan, Iran
Authors: Taherkhani Atefeh , Attar Hossein Movahedyan , Mirzaee Seyyed Abbas , Ahmadmoazzam Mehdi , Jaafarzadeh Neemat , Hashemi Faeze , Jalali Mohammad
Published: May 2018

The aim of the present study was to assess performance of waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) on the removal of Listeria spp. in Isfahan, Iran. A total of 104 samples were taken from eight sampling locations from influent and effluent of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Sewage samples were analyzed for the presence of Listeria spp. using selective enrichment protocol. Listeria isolates were also identified by biochemical and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Listeria spp. was enumerated by a three tube most probable number (MPN) for total coliform counts (TC), fecal coliform counts (FC), total suspended solids (TSS), and total dissolved solids (TDS). In total, 54/104 (51.92%), 49/104 (47.11%), 36/104 (34.61%), and 27/104 (25.95%) samples were positive for Listeria spp., L. monocytogenes, L. innocua, and L. seeligeri, respectively. The mean MPN/100 mL enumeration of L. monocytogenes for influent, anaerobic, facultative ponds 1, 2, 3, 4 and maturation ponds 1 and 2 were 21.54, 10.61, 8, 5.77, 4, 2.54, 1.38, and 0.46, respectively. The removal percentage of Listeria spp. in the anaerobic, facultative, and maturation ponds were 44.71, 76.5, and 81.4%, respectively. Results showed that the WSPs were able to decrease the Listeria spp. levels significantly, although unable to remove them completely.
Critical Role of IL-8 Targeting in Gliomas
Authors: Kosmopoulos Marinos , Christofides Anthos , Drekolias Dimitrios , Zavras Phaedon D. , Gargalionis Antonios N. , Piperi Christina
Published: May 2018

Background:

Glioma is a heterogeneous, highly complicated central nervous
system (CNS) tumor with uncertain mechanism of initiation and progression, resulting in
an unfavorable outcome. An extended network of cytokines is recognized as a major
regulator of glioma pathogenesis, either promoting or inhibiting glioma progression based
on their type and specificity. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) has been revealed as a critical regulator
of CNS function and development with participation in many CNS disorders including
gliomas.

Objective:

The aim of the present review is to address the role of IL-8 in glioma pathogenesis
focusing on the implicated molecular pathways as well as on its potential targeting
for glioma therapy.

Methods and Results:

PubMed-Medline, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar databases were
searched for pre-clinical and clinical studies related to IL-8 implication in gliomagenesis
and IL-8 targeting strategies for gliomas. Literature data indicate that IL-8 participates in
glioma angiogenesis and cell migration and it can serve as a potential biomarker, for early
diagnosis, follow-up and response to therapy.

Conclusion:

Several promising approaches that target directly or indirectly IL-8 effects in
gliomas are currently in progress while more-in-depth studies are needed to validate its
biomarker role and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.
Exosomes in Therapy: Engineering, Pharmacokinetics and Future Applications
Authors: Arenaccio Claudia , Chiozzini Chiara , Ferrantelli Flavia , Leone Patrizia , Olivetta Eleonora , Federico Maurizio
Published: May 2018

Background:

Eukaryotic cells release vesicles of different sizes under both physiological and pathological conditions. On the basis of the respective biogenesis, extracellular vesicles are classified as apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, and exosomes. Among these, exosomes are considered tools for innovative therapeutic interventions, especially when engineered with effector molecules. The delivery functions of exosomes are favored by a number of typical features. These include their small size (i.e., 50-200 nm), the membrane composition tightly similar to that of producer cells, lack of toxicity, stability in serum as well as other biological fluids, and accession to virtually any organ and tissue including central nervous system. However, a number of unresolved questions still affects the possible use of exosomes in therapy. Among these are the exact identification of both in vitro and ex vivo produced vesicles, their large-scale production and purification, the uploading efficiency of therapeutic macromolecules, and the characterization of their pharmacokinetics.  Objective: Here, we discuss two key aspects to be analyzed before considering exosomes as a tool of delivery for the desired therapeutic molecule, i.e., techniques of engineering, and their in vivo biodistribution/ pharmacokinetics. In addition, an innovative approach aimed at overcoming at least part of the obstacles towards a safe and efficient use of exosomes in therapy will be discussed.

Conclusion:

Several biologic features render exosomes an attractive tool for the delivery of therapeutic molecules. They will surely be a part of innovative therapeutic interventions as soon as few still unmet technical hindrances will be overcome.
Synthesis, Antioxidant and Antitumor Activity of Some Substituted 9-Anilinoacridine and 4-Anilinoquinolines Derivatives
Authors: Agili Fatimah A.
Published: May 2018

Background: Acridine and quinoline derivatives have a wide range of biological activities such as
antioxidant and antitumor where quinoline derivatives intercalate between base pairs of double-stranded DNA
through π-π interactions. Therefore, the development of new compounds with antitumor activity could be an
important therapeutic strategy against this metabolic syndrome.

Objective: This study was undertaken to synthesize different series of new anilinoacridines and
anlinoquinoline with different substituents having biological activity.

Materials and Methods: A series of new anilinoacridines and anlinoquinoline with different substituents was
prepared by condensation of methyl 3-amino-4-methoxybenzoate hydrochloride with 9- chloroacridine and 4-
chloroquinoline to give the target derivatives.

Results: New anilinoacridines and anlinoquinoline with different substituents have been synthesized as antioxidant
and anti-cancer agents. The structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by using spectral
methods (FT-IR, 1H-NMR). The antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated by using
DPPH radical scavenging ability. Also, the anti-cancer activity was evaluated using lung carcinoma, breast
adenocarcinoma and liver carcinoma. The developed compounds 4a, b, 5a,b, 7a,b and 8a,b have shown a potent
antioxidant activity. On the other hand, 4a, b, 5a and 7a exhibited the best antitumor activity against both
A-549 and MCF7 cancer cells.

Conclusion: For the active developed compounds, the most active antioxidant and antitumor one was 4a
which registered the highest radical scavenging as well as antitumor activity.
Synthesis and Antichlamydial Activity of Novel Phenazines
Authors: Bao Xiaofeng , Yu Xiaowei , Xia Chao , Yang Ningjing , Yang Shengju , Zhao Yu
Published: May 2018

Abstract: Background: Chlamydiae are widespread Gram-negative bacteria that cause a number of human diseases. Chlamydia trachomatis is the most prevalent sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen.  Methods: Fourteen novel phenazine derivatives were efficiently synthesized via Buchwald-Hartwig cross coupling reaction and Suzuki reaction from 4-bromo-1-methoxyphenazine. All the derivatives displayed antichlamydial activity with IC50 values from 1.01-19.77 µM against Chlamydia trachomatis D and L2 for inhibiting progeny formation.

Results:

C-4 morpholinyl 8a and C-4 phenyl phenazine 9c exhibited stronger antichlamydial activity with no apparent cytotoxicity. Both phenazine derivatives inhibited chlamydial inclusions formation and growth in a dose-dependent manner. They inhibited Chlamydia infection by reducing elementary body infectivity and disturbing Chlamydia growth at the mid-stage of the chlamydial developmental cycle.

Conclusion:

Our findings suggest C-4 aryl and C-4 amino phenazine derivatives as promising lead molecules for antichlamydials development.