bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying the limitations of the Hot Tube test as a predictor of lubricant performance in small engine applications
Authors: Hanthorn Jason , Schmiesing Jessica
Published: November 2023

The Hot Tube Test is a bench test commonly used by OEMs, Oil Marketers and Lubricant Additive manufacturers within the Small Engines industry. The test uses a glass tube heated in an aluminum block to gauge the degree of lacquer formation when a lubricant is subjected to high temperatures. This test was first published by engineers at Komatsu Ltd. (hence KHT) in 1984 to predict lubricant effects on diesel engine scuffing in response to a field issue where bulldozers were suffering from piston scuffing failures [1]. Nearly 35 years after its development the KHT is still widely used to screen lubricant performance in motorcycle, power tool and recreational marine applications as a predictor of high-temperature piston cleanliness - a far cry from the original intended performance predictor of the test. In this paper we set out to highlight the shortcomings of the KHT as well as to identify areas where it may still be a useful screening tool as it pertains to motorcycle applications.
RANS simulation of a multicomponent underexpanded gaseous jet mixing – effects of composition and injection conditions
Authors: Thawko Andy , Tartakovsky Leonid
Published: November 2023

Fuel injection and mixing processes determine quality of the subsequent combustion in a DI engine, and description of these processes is vital to optimize the engine performance. Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes approach was applied as a cost-effective tool to simulate the mixing process of a multicomponent gaseous fuel jet of various compositions typical for alcohol reformates. To learn about the physics of reformate mixing, a hydrogen-rich multicomponent jet behavior in a constant-volume chamber was investigated at conditions typical for ICE. The CFD model was validated using a reference case from the published literature. Various Impact of the gaseous jet composition, injection pressure and nozzle diameter on its behavior were studied. The important new finding shows that rising the injection pressure or increasing the nozzle diameter won't affect the jet wall impingement timing for bore sizes typical for light-duty vehicle ICEs. Furthermore, it is shown that the integral parameters of a multicomponent gaseous jet in ICE are mainly determined by the molar weight of the injected gas mixture even with high molecular diffusivity species in the mixture like hydrogen.
Development of High Productivity and Low Cost Card-Edge Type ECU for Motorcycles
Authors: TAKEDA Yuichi , SUGIO Daisuke , INOSE Koji , TAKIOKA Syuichi
Published: November 2023

To reduce global warming, Honda has been worked on emission reduction and fuel efficiency enhancement by applying fuel injection systems. The productivity enhancement and cost reduction are strongly demanded in developing countries as the market is expanding. To enhance productivity and reduce cost of ECU, application of the semiconductor production method has been started for printed circuits with edge connectors. However, products that fully meet the requirements of us have not been realized so far. The ECU developed this time has a structure shielding the whole PCB package except the edge connector terminals. Thus, the waterproofness required for an ECU has realized, as a standalone component, as the first in the world (by Honda survey). To achieve that, we developed transfer molding dies equipped with a unique mechanism never been applied. Moreover, we developed an epoxy resin that eliminates the after cure process. Thus, productivity of 5 times over conventional was realized with a multi-cavity molding capable of moldings more than 10 pieces at a time. Furthermore, a new waterproof card-edge connector was developed, in which a half pipe type terminal providing a stable contact resistance, even with a low contact pressure, and a slider structure that enables reliable coupling operations were adopted. As a result, a vibration resistance that exceeds conventional performances was realized, and ECU attachment/detachment in a narrow work space was made possible. By applying the measures described above, the total cost of the ECU and the connector was reduced by 20%.
Effect of Thermal Barrier Coating on Performance and Emissions of a DI Diesel Engine
Authors: Paik Yogeshwar , Sahu Chinmaya Ranjan , Pandey Krishna Kumar , Barik Saroj Kumar , Murugan S. , Debasish Debidutta
Published: November 2023

Recycling is an attractive solution to problems associated with the disposal of industrial and municipal wastes that are significantly available worldwide. Plastic in different forms is used in many applications day-to-day life. Some plastics can be converted into fuel or energy by thermal and catalytic degradation of plastic waste through pyrolysis processes. The oil obtained from pyrolysis of waste plastic can be used as an alternative fuel for CI engines. Most of the cases, it is reported by many researchers that the engine performance of a CI engine would be inferior when it is run on plastic pyrolysis oil (PPO) or its diesel blends than the diesel-fueled diesel engine operation. Reducing heat loss from engine components may improve the thermal efficiency and reduce fuel consumption of a CI engine. The heat loss can be reduced in CI engines by introducing thermal barrier coating (TBC). In this investigation, the effect of TBC on the performance and emissions of a CI engine run on PPO and its diesel blends was studied. For the investigation, a single cylinder, four stroke, air cooled, direct injection (DI) diesel engine developing a power of 4.4kW at a rated speed of 1500rpm was used. The PPO obtained from a pyrolysis plant was blended with diesel at four different percentages. The blends were denoted as PPO10, PPO20, PPO30 and PPO40, and the blends were used as test fuels in the test engine. The numeric value followed after PPO suggests the percentage of PPO in the blend. An optimum blend was chosen based on the performance and emission parameters alongside diesel operation of the same engine. Further, the piston of the test engine was coated with YSZ and YSZ+CeO2 separately and the experiments were conducted. The obtained performance and emission parameters of the coated engine fueled with an optimum PPO blend were compared with those of the diesel operation and presented in this paper.
High Frequency Vibration Transmission Analysis on Agricultural Tractor by Using Combined Dynamical Energy Analysis and Transfer Path Analysis Approach
Authors: Morita Satoshi , Tanner Gregor , Richter Martin
Published: November 2023

Dynamical Energy Analysis (DEA) has recently been introduced as a mesh-based high frequency method modelling structure borne sound for complex built-up structures. Using DEA, the structure-borne sound of an assembled agricultural tractor was calculated and good agreement between measurement and DEA calculations has been shown. However, it is still difficult to model a solid structure as currently DEA is based on wave-transmission calculations through plates and plate-to-plate junctions. Additionally, it is often difficult to generate accurate FE meshes of assembled complex structures because of welds, bolts, and rubber brushes between components. In this paper, we propose a novel method to generate DEA elements based on measurement data in order to model solid parts of a complex structures. The method of Advanced Transfer Path Analysis (ATPA) is employed to extract energy-transmission characteristics of a structure. Firstly, Frequency Response Functions (FRFs) are measured between interface points on a structure. Then the direct transfer functions between all interface points are calculated using ATPA. Finally, DEA elements connecting interface points are calculated. They are based on the ATPA result and therefore represent energy-transmission characteristics of the structure. the proposed method is applied to an agricultural tractor structure in order to generate DEA-TPA elements of a gear casing demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Improvement of On-board In-cylinder Gas Flow Model and Wall Heat Transfer Prediction Model for CI Engines Using CFD Analysis and PIV Measurements under Motoring and Firing Conditions
Authors: Ichiyanagi Mitsuhisa , Ndizeye Gerard , Sawamura Yuji , Saito Reina , Takahashi Kotaro , Otsubo Koki , Chen Haoyu , Takashi Suzuki
Published: November 2023

For the improvement of the transient driving performance and the thermal efficiency for diesel engines, it is effective to control the fuel injection by model-based control (MBC) on ECU with cycle-by-cycle calculation, and MBC requires six models; gas flow, spray development, mixture formation, combustion, ignition delay, and heat loss. The authors previously developed on-board in-cylinder gas flow and wall heat transfer prediction models to estimate the heat loss. However, the developed gas flow model has an undetermined coefficient called the turbulence intensity coefficient (TIC), which significantly influences the prediction accuracy of the wall heat transfer prediction model. The present study improved the gas flow model and the wall heat transfer prediction model by applying TICs obtained using the PIV and CFD analysis. In-cylinder gas flow in an optical single-cylinder diesel engine was measured by PIV under both motoring and firing conditions, and TICs were calculated and applied to the wall heat transfer prediction model. The heat flux values obtained from the model were compared with those from the experiments using heat flux sensors. It was made clear that the average heat flux using TIC at 60–80 mm plane (stroke of 96.9 mm) showed the least error of -4.7%, suggesting that the use of TIC at planes further away from the cylinder head better predicts the heat flux. For obtaining TICs without experiments, the similar calculation technique of TICs was applied to the CFD analysis, and thus, the relative error of heat flux with TIC estimated at the lower part of cylinder (60–96.9 mm) was -3.8%, which improved the prediction accuracy of the model using the CFD analysis.
Development of Drive Cycle using Fleet Data for Two-Wheelers in Indian Market
Authors: Satish Arvind , Sabu Abhijith , Saldanha Johnson Xavier , A P Nagesh
Published: November 2023

Generally, to produce reliable two-wheelers, manufacturers resort to intense engineering efforts to make sure the two-wheeler can withstand the most harsh testing conditions and requirements. This sometimes leads to a higher cost in realizing such outlier requirements. Thus, a drive cycle matching the actual riding characteristics will enable better understanding of the requirements and an optimized engineering effort. There have been several attempts by governmental and non-governmental organizations to realize a real drive cycle for various cities and countries, trying to capture the typical riding style in those regions. But the drive patterns observed in most representative cycles do not match with the scenario in India with frequently dense traffic, constrained roads and slow driving speeds.

To understand the driving pattern in India, a drive cycle generation algorithm is developed which uses real time on-road data captured from a fleet of vehicles in India and creating a database of micro-trips. These micro-trips are first categorized based on their average speeds. The algorithm concatenates these micro-trips to make a drive cycle, such that the average speed of the resulting drive cycle matches closely to the average speed of the captured on-road data. The algorithm then iterates different sequencing of these micro-trips in the drive cycle to minimize the error in various parameters like average acceleration, time percentage of acceleration, & deceleration, time percentage of idle, between the resulting drive cycle and the captured on-road data. Representative cycles of different cities and regions have been developed and described in this paper.

This paper aims in explaining the approach of extracting a drive cycle from the data collected from a fleet of two-wheelers on-road in the Indian market and comparing the different riding patterns found in different regions. The algorithm developed can be extended to any level of data, ranging from a particular city to even combining different countries together.
Design and Development of a High-Efficiency Single Cylinder Natural Gas-Fueled Jet Ignition Engine
Authors: Peters Nathan , Subramanyam Sai Krishna Pothuraju , Bunce Michael , Blaxill Hugh , Pihl Josh , Moses-Debusk Melanie , Vishwanathan Gokul , Tew David
Published: November 2023

The current energy climate has created a push toward reducing consumption of fossil fuels and lowering emissions output in power generation applications. Combined with the desire for a more distributed energy grid, there is currently a need for small displacement, high efficiency engines for use in stationary power generation. An enabling technology for achieving high efficiencies with spark ignited engines for such applications is the use of jet ignition which enables ultra-lean (λ > ~1.6) combustion via air dilution.

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the development of a 390cc, high efficiency single cylinder natural gas-fueled jet ignition engine operating ultra-lean. The engine was developed as part of the Department of Energy’s Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy (DOE ARPA-E) GENSETS program. Design choices for minimizing friction are highlighted as well as test results showing further friction reduction through downspeeding. Extensive hardware optimization of the combustion system has been performed and results are presented for air-flow path optimization and the jet igniter. The efficiency benefits related to enleanment and downspeeding are analyzed using an efficiency loss breakdown based on the First Law of Thermodynamics. Through optimization efforts a peak brake thermal efficiency in excess of 34% was achieved, representing an increase of greater than 20% over the current state-of-the-industry for comparably sized CNG engines.
A Study of the Control Logic of Electronically Controlled Suspension for Motorcycle
Authors: Terada Takenori , Ichikawa Kazuhiro , Kato Hideyuki , Iwamoto Taro
Published: November 2023

Electronically controlled suspensions are expected to improve driving performance as the damping characteristics of the suspension can be adjusted in real time to respond to road conditions. This paper reports the results of testing the suspension control logic for improving ride quality, especially when driving on rough roads, using an internally developed riding simulator.

The skyhook theory is widely known as a control logic for reducing vibration when driving a four-wheeled vehicle on a rough road, which we utilized in our riding simulator to examine the vibration reduction effects when applying control logic for motorcycle suspensions. The test results show that the skyhook theory can be applied in motorcycles.

However, sensors for suspension systems that can be installed in mass-produced motorcycles are severely limited in terms of cost and space. Therefore, we examined a control logic based on skyhook theory that can reduce vibration even with a simple and inexpensive sensor system.

A novel control logic was successfully designed that implements the relationship between the suspension stroke speed and the vertical acceleration of the sprung mass from the dynamics of the vehicle body when driving on rough roads. This control logic was tested using the riding simulator, and it was shown that this new control logic can reduce vibration to almost the same level as the original skyhook theory.
Effects of shape of ion probe on flame detecting characteristics in 2-stroke gasoline engine
Authors: Yatsufusa Tomoaki , Kamei Rio , Wentao Hu
Published: November 2023

Multiple-ion probe method is one of the beneficial method to obtain the detailed information about explosive combustion such as knocking. Our group has been trying to expand the measurement ability on multiple ion probe method from highly-controlled combustion in combustion test tube studied by previous studies to highly-unstable combustion such in spark ignition engines. The previous studies showed that multiple-ion probe method was able to capture the movement of propagating flame in 2-stroke gasoline engine in limited conditions. It requires that more reliable detection of propagating flame in the engine to capture the flame movement more stably.

In the present study, the effects of the shape of the ion probe on flame detection characteristics in 2-stroke gasoline engine was investigated. Tested parameters of the shape in the ion probe were projection length and diameter of an ion probe wire. Projection length was changed as 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5mm. Test results say that the projection length has positive effects for flame detection. Longer projection length has a higher sensitivity for flame detection. Diameter of ion probe wire was changed as 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0mm. Experimental results indicate that the size of diameter has less effect on the mean strength of detected flame signal than the projection length.
Study on the decision process of basic specification in development of general purpose engine
Authors: Aoki Takayuki , Tsuchiyama Takahiro
Published: November 2023

Social interest in global environmental issues has remained in the forefront during recent years, and as a result, internal combustion engines are expected to have further improved fuel efficiency and reduced exhaust emissions. General purpose engines are demanded for reduced cost in addition to various types of displacement developments. If optimum specifications are examined for each engine displacement and incorporated in the parts shapes, the number of dedicated parts for each engine displacement would increase, which is not desirable from a development/production cost-wise standpoint. It is considered important during the development of engines to efficiently and economically cope with market needs including improved specific power and fuel consumption. Therefore, it was considered necessary to improve combustion performance by enhanced in-cylinder flow and to commonize parts. Then, this study was designed to establish an approach for decision of engine specifications with the perspective of multiple displacement development after satisfying the target performance by combustion improvement. The long stroke and valve angle were adjusted so as to examine specifications that enable enhanced in-cylinder flow with multiple displacements. By confirming that combustion characteristic and fuel efficiency characteristic are correlated to turbulence intensity in cylinder as well as by focusing on Turbulent Kinetic Energy and stroke/bore ratio, engine specifications satisfying the target performance with multiple engine displacements was decided. By making stroke common, it has become possible configure engines of various displacements that satisfy the target performance while achieving reduction of the total number of parts and cost reduction. As a result of verification of the decided specifications by using prototype engines, it was found that the improvement of specific power and fuel efficiency was achieved in comparison to the base engine.
Experimental Investigations on a Novel Expansion Engine for Waste Heat Recovery
Authors: Lang M. , Bechter C. , Amann T. , Schurl S. , Bretterklieber N.
Published: November 2023

Waste heat recovery in medium-power systems below 400 kW waste heat power asks for a novel expansion engine concept for water-based Rankine steam cycles. The aim is to combine the advantages of reciprocating piston engines and of turbines at reasonable costs. The so-called rotational wing-piston expander uses two pivoting shafts, each holding two wing-like pistons within one housing, that perform a cyclic movement relative to each other. Thus, four working chambers with varying volumes are shaped, each experiencing repetitive compression and expansion. This solution offers the possibility of sealing the lubricated gearbox against the steam-flooded section containing the working chambers with rotational seals.

For the development of the expansion engine, starting with an initial approach for a functional prototype, experimental investigations are carried out. Motored tests are performed in order to scrutinize kinematics and mechanics. Tests with pressurized air for enhanced load on the components - without applying the corrosion and thermal stress of hot steam - are assessed. The structural problems at the piston mount during the test runs reveal improvement potential and lead to its highly effective redesign. The occurring leakage at the rotational and piston seals and the high friction demand for improvements in further investigations.

This paper treats the design and layout of the novel expansion engine concept, the special challenges of test bench investigations, especially concerning measurement equipment and test bench requirements, and shows the most important findings and insights gained during the experimental investigations of the engine, as well as possibilities for improvement.
Flexible valve timing strategies for boosting a small four-stroke spark ignition engine performance
Authors: Hanipah M. Razali , Rosli M. Haziq Adham , Razali Akhtar Razul
Published: November 2023

Variable valve timing (VVT) technology has been successful in enhancing internal combustion (IC) engine performance. VVT offers an additional control on engine breathing so that the engine operating conditions may be tailored more precisely hence, output and performance are amplified. In this paper, an approach of boosting IC engine performance through flexible valve timing (FVT) is presented. A numerical baseline model was developed using onedimensional numerical simulation tool based on a 65cc four-stroke gasoline engine. The flow coefficient values of intake and exhaust ports were obtained from flow bench experiments. The baseline model was validated against specification from manufacturer and results from previous research. This model undergone performance tuning to obtain the power and torque curves for the whole engine speed range. Next, performance optimization was conducted through design of experiments (DoE) with the target of boosting the torque and power of the baseline model between 5 to 10% for the engine speed from 1,500 until 6,000rpm. This was obtained through the variation of intake and exhaust valves timing as well as maximum lift using a full factorial experiment with three levels. The DoE experiments have identified several optimum FVT profiles. The result has shown an increase of up to 13% in brake power than the baseline. Volumetric efficiency is improved resulting in corresponding BMEP amplification. Finally, the potential of FVT system implementation is illustrated through laboratory prototype linear motor direct actuation system. The linear motor motion control preliminary testing has shown 4 to 11% difference between the demand and actual positions of the valve closing position. In conclusion, this study has shown high potential of FVT strategies which can improve engine performance over the whole range of engine speeds.
Utilization of Castor Oil-Based Ethyl Ester Biodiesel in a Diesel Engine
Authors: Pumpuang Anupap , Maithomklang Somkiat , Sukjit Ekarong , Dejvajara Disatorn , Samaiklang Phannathon , Sanluecha Somluethai , Tongroon Manida
Published: November 2023

Biodiesel was prepared through transesterification of castor oil and ethanol. The optimization of parameters related to the yield of transesterification, such as oil to ethanol molar ratio, concentration of catalyst, reaction temperature and reaction time, was investigated. The results indicated that the optimum condition for castor oil ethyl ester (COEE) production was 1:12 oil to ethanol molar ratio, 1.5% catalyst concentration, 40 °C reaction temperature and 150 minutes reaction time. To avoid extremely high viscosity of castor oil which can affect the fuel injection system, COEE was blended with commercial diesel fuel at different concentrations ranged from 5%-15% volume and key properties of fuel blends, mainly focused on fuel lubricity and viscosity were evaluated. The presence of 8% COEE in diesel fuel was concluded as the optimum concentration because the smallest wear scar diameter was obtained after the lubricity test and its viscosity was within acceptable limits prescribed by the standard specification of diesel fuel. Consequently, the blend of 8% COEE and diesel fuel was selected in the engine test. The results showed that the addition of 8% COEE to diesel fuel can improve brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption. Moreover, the reduction in carbonaceous gas emissions and oxides of nitrogen was obtained by the combustion of the COEE blend.
Performance Evaluation & Optimization Technique for Torsional Vibration Damper System (TVDS) in Multi-Plate Clutches for Improved Drivability
Authors: Kokane Girish , Jahagirdar Ashutosh , Rahane Ashish , Lahoti Gopal , Kharul Ravindra
Published: November 2023

In recent years with the advent of technological advancements, engine power & torque levels per unit engine displacement volume in motorcycles are showing significant increase. These powertrains however are prone to Torsional Vibration issues. The severity is even more with single cylinder engines. The Torsional Vibration Damper System (TVDS) in clutches has become critical as it plays an important role in isolating these torsional vibrations. Thereby increasing the lifespan of the critical powertrain components. The major challenge with TVDS is, it must transmit the high torques on one hand and effectively keep the high pulsations in torque away from the rest of drive train on the other. These are conflicting requirements & often result in a design compromise. Further this is revealed only at full vehicle testing. Thus it requires the full vehicle functional prototypes to be ready for first level evaluation of TVDS. This reduces the scope available for implementation of all possible design changes. Additionally during this full vehicle testing, very limited amount of information is generated regarding performance behavior such as natural frequency, isolation properties etc. This poses difficulty in optimizing TVDS methodically & restraints designers to opt for trial & error approach.

This paper describes a methodology to evaluate performance & subsequently optimize TVDS at component level during early phases of design when no prototype of powertrain is available. The aim of this study is to determine the stiffness & damping characteristics of TVDS for optimal comfort & drivability at early stages of design. The same setup can then be used to simulate the durability loads coming on TVDS on vehicle. The evaluation comprises of two modes. One is evaluation of "Free vibration response" of TVDS & other is evaluation of "Forced vibration response". The paper describes effective use of these modes to arrive at objective characterization of TVDS which has direct correlation with full vehicle based subjective evaluation. The paper also describes systemic approach for optimization of TVDS. The TVDS optimized with above evaluations is then tested on full vehicle & found to enhance the drivability significantly.
Evaluation of Optimal Water Content on an Emulsified Fuel Droplet for Diesel Engine
Authors: Aoki Junichi , Kaneko Tomoyuki , Tanaka Junya
Published: November 2023

It is expected for emulsified fuel to improve performance(1) of Diesel engine as thermal efficiency and emissions. The advantage of emulsified fuel is to use secondary atomization. The secondary atomization occurs, because of difference of boiling point between fuel and water. The water content strongly influence on timing of secondary atomization. However, water content is determined empirically as ever. In previous report(2)(3), it has been reported an engineering evaluation of emulsified fuel to determine optimal water content. Namely, an emulsified fuel droplet is adopted Weibull pots as a statistical evaluation. The experimental data show optimal water content is extremely difference between diesel fuel and neat bio fuel. This paper focuses on the cause of this difference of optimal water content. About this point in this paper, the remarkable parameter is kinematic viscosity and ingredients in fuel. The 4 kind of test fuels are provided, 2.65[mP·s], 13.30[mP·s], 36.50[mP·s], 75.00[mP·s]. The experimental data show that optimal water content of low kinematic viscosity fuel converges toward a point at 23%, however, higher kinematic viscosity fuel change to wider range of optimal water content gradually. It is suggested that optimal water content of fuel droplet is influenced on internal motion of dispersed water. Moreover, it is investigated that effectiveness of ingredients in fuel on optimal water content. The tested fuels are sunflower oil and bean oil which aim at similar kinematic viscosity and different kind of fatty acid ingredients. The effectiveness of ingredients has been confirmed hardly in this research.
“Experimental Investigation on the Properties of Briquettes Made from Ideal Municipal Waste: An Alternate Fuel”
Authors: G Sowndharya , V Praveena
Published: November 2023

Energy demand climbs as a consequence of the inherent relationship between the rate of consumption of energy and the growth of the economy. In light of the depletion of fossil fuels, it is necessary to implement energy efficiency techniques and policies that support sustainable development. Globally, researchers show more interest in discovering fossil fuel alternatives, as a result of fuel crisis. This research elaborates on the production and experimental investigation of briquettes made from ideal municipal solid waste (MSW), such as food waste and garden waste, as a feasible choice for alternate fossil fuels. From Municipal, agricultural, and food waste, we can get biomass waste. Municipal solid and agricultural waste is extensively dispersed, but their potential for converting biomass into energy generation still needs to be explored. This study was carried out based on the information gathered from various studies published in the scientific literature. It also details the methodology of valorizing wastes into energy by densification, such as briquetting. At different ratios, the physical and chemical characteristics of food waste/ garden waste briquettes have been examined and contrasted with commercially available ordinary coal. The results also revealed that increasing sawdust ratios would boost the briquettes compressive strength and calorific value. In addition to being a viable biomass fuel, food waste/garden waste briquettes have proven that they may be utilized to manage MSW. The carbon footprint and global environmental consequences can be reduced using waste-based briquettes. The finding of this research is considered a satisfactory alternate fuel and can be used for sustainable development.
Performance Investigation on Diesel Engine Powered by Ternary Blends of Linseed and Calophyllum Inophyllum Methyl Esters
Authors: P Selvan , Kandasamy Sudalaiyandi , J Nagarajan , Dharmaraj Jones Joseph Jebaraj
Published: November 2023

The current research is focused on combining two different biodiesels made from different sources. The goal is to take advantage of the benefits of both biodiesels. The problem being addressed is that biodiesels have lower performance and higher emissions compared to regular diesel. The study looks at using a blend of diesel fuel, Linseed oil methyl ester (LOME), and Calophyllum inophyllum methyl esters (CIME) in a single-cylinder diesel engine to evaluate performance and emissions. The biodiesels were made using a trans-esterification process from prestained oil. The blends were labeled B0, B5, B10, B15, and B20. B5 demonstrated the best performance with increased Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) and reduced Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC). The B5 blend had a maximum increase in BTE of 3.92% compared to diesel fuel, and a decrease in BSFC of 10% compared to diesel (B0). The LOME/CIME blend lowered NOx emissions by 6.15% with B5 blend at full load conditions. This suggests that the use of ternary blends such as calophyllum inoplyllum biodiesel and linseed biodiesel can combine the advantages of different feedstocks and be a good alternative fuel option for high-compression engines.
Machinability Studies and the Evolution of Hybrid Artificial Intelligent Tools for Advanced Machining of Nickel Alloy for Aerospace Applications
Authors: Natarajan Manikandan , Pasupuleti Thejasree , Sagaya Raj Gnana , Kumar V , Katta Lakshmi Narasimhamu , Kiruthika Jothi
Published: November 2023

Nickel-based superalloys are frequently adopted in various engineering applications, such as the production of food processing equipment, aerospace parts, and chemical processing equipment. Because of higher strength and thermal conductivity, they are often regarded as difficult-to-machine materials in certain processes. Various methods were evolved for machining the hard materials such as Nickel-based superalloys more effective. One of these is wire electrical discharge machining. In this paper, we will discuss the development of an artificial neural network model and an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system that can be used to predict the future performance of Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM). The paper uses the Taguchi and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) design techniques to analyze the model’s variable input. It aims to simulate the various characteristics of the process and its predicted values. A comparison of the two was then performed, and it was revealed that the prophesied values are close to the actual results. The findings of the investigation support the manufacturer’s decision-making process and demonstrate the evolved capability of the process.
Unlocking the Potential of Water-Blended Karanji Ester and EGR in CI Engines: A Micro-Explosion Effect Investigation
Authors: Sagaya Raj Gnana , Krupakaran R L , Natarajan Manikandan , Pasupuleti Thejasree , Jeyaseelan Thangaraja
Published: November 2023

Biodiesel, which is made from the methyl ester of vegetable oils, is becoming more and more popular as an alternative fuel for compression ignition engines because it is good for the environment and can be used as a replacement fuel without making major changes to the engine. Biodiesel offers several key advantages, including its ready availability, environment friendly and its ability to contribute to lower carbondioxide levels in the atmosphere. An exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)-equipped Kirloskar compression ignition engine is used in this research to examine the influence of micro-explosions on the reduction of nitrogen oxides and smoke. The fuel chosen is Karanji oil methyl ester. The experiment involved varying the exhaust gas quantity in increments of 5%, ranging from 5% to 15%, as exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is recognized as an effective technique for reducing NOx emissions. Similarly, the study also adjusted the water content, ranging from 5% to 15% in 5% increments. It has been shown that adding water to diesel fuel is an efficient and cheap way to cut down on pollution since it reduces the production of harmful nitrogen oxides (NOx) and smoke. According to the test results, water mixed diesel fuel and EGR technology achieved a significant decrease in NOx by 66.23 percent and smoke emissions by 50 percent with a 2.5 percent compromise in thermal efficiency.
Investigational Analysis on Wire Electrical Discharge Machining of Aluminium Based Composites by Taguchi’s Method
Authors: Natarajan Manikandan , Pasupuleti Thejasree , Kumar V , Kiruthika Jothi , Silambarasan R , Krishnamachary PC
Published: November 2023

A wide range of engineering domains, such as aeronautical, automobiles, and marine, rely on the use of Metal Matrix Composites (MMC). Due to the excellent properties, such as hardness and strength, Aluminum base MMC are generally adopted in various uses. Due to the increasing number of reinforcement materials being added to the MMC, its properties are expected to improve. In this exploratory analysis, an effort was given to develop a new aluminium-based MMC. The analysis of the machinability of the composite was also performed. The process of creating a new MMC using a stir casting technique was carried out. It resulted in a better and more reinforced composite than its base materials. The reinforcement materials were fabricated using different weight combinations and process parameters, such as the temperature and duration required to stir. Due to the improved properties of the composite, the traditional machining method is not feasible for machining of these materials. Wire Electro-Discharge Machining (WEDM) is commonly used for machining harder materials and especially for making intricate shapes. The machining has been performed through the use of pulse on, a pulse off, and an applied current. The experiments conducted under the supervision of Taguchi are designed to be performed according to the specified parameters and outputs. These variables are considered to be important in improving the performance of the process. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) has been adopted to examine the significance of the various factors on the preferred output. The results of this study can help the manufacturer improve the performance of the WEDM process.
Design and Thermal Analysis of Battery Thermal Management System for EV
Authors: Deepan Kumar Sadhasivam , R Vishnu Ramesh Kumar , Dinesh Kumar Devadoss , Manojkumar R , A Tamilselvan , M Boopathi , C Lokesh
Published: November 2023

Controlling thermal dissipation by operating components in car batteries requires a heat management design that is of utmost importance. As a proactive cooling method, the usage of PCM (Phase Change Materials) to regulate battery module temperature is suggested. Even at lower flow rates, liquid cooling has a heat transfer coefficient that is 1.5–3 times better. The rate of global cell production has increased today from 4,000 to 100,000 cells per day. Future-proof Li (metal) battery chemistry with a 3x increase in energy density. Ineffective thermal management of the battery is the root of the issue. In order to optimise battery modules, it is important to identify likely failure modes and causes. The medium used to carry heat from the battery over its passage duration at various operating temperatures is a variety of phase-change materials. The latent heat is significant, and many vegetable fats derived from fatty acids are more effective than salt hydrates and paraffin. Melting temperatures range between -30 and 150 degrees Celsius. As a result of optimisation, the root mean square temperature between batteries was reduced by 13.3% when compared to the primary battery temperature control system. In our work, we describe techniques for enhancing temperature uniformity and cooling in a simple pack battery. Four distinct battery pack combinations are in the works. In the first concept, an intake plenum is added to a standard battery pack. In the second design, jet inlets are integrated with the inlet plenum, and multiple vortex generators are included with the inlet plenum in the third configuration. Finally, the battery pack in the fourth iteration contains an intake plenum, jet inlets, and many vortex generators. The results reveal that integrating an intake plenum, several vortex generators, and jet inlets in the same design yielded significant improvements. According to the findings, the maximum temperature of the battery pack is reduced by 5%, and the temperature differential between the greatest and lowest temperatures recorded by the battery pack is reduced by 21.5 percent.
Predictive Modelling and Process Parameter Prediction for Monel 400 Wire Electrical Discharge Machining for Rocket Frames
Authors: Pasupuleti Thejasree , Natarajan Manikandan , Kumar V , Katta Lakshmi Narasimhamu , Kiruthika Jothi , Silambarasan R
Published: November 2023

Due to their inherent properties and superior performance over titanium-based materials, nickel-based superalloys are widely utilized in the manufacturing industry. Monel 400 is among them. This nickel-copper alloy possesses exceptional corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. Monel 400 is primarily utilized in the chemical industry, heat exchangers, and turbine component manufacturing. Due to the properties of Monel 400, it is deemed as hard to machine materials with the aid of conventional methods. For investigating the performance of this process, a three-level analysis was carried out. Pulse on duration and applied current at three levels are the independent parameters used for designing the experiments. In this present article, a single-response analysis technique is used which is known as Taguchi to investigate the impact of the various process parameters on the output variables. They focused on three response factors namely the rate of material removal, deviation in the dimension, and perpendicularity error. An efficient predictive model has been developed with the help of regression analysis. To enhance the performance of Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) process, Taguchi based grey approach has been adopted. The findings of the study revealed that the proposed approach could assist to enhance the overall effectiveness of the process.
Modelling of an IPMSM Drive and Investigation of the Torque Ripple and THD with SVPWM and SPWM
Authors: Sannasi Sabarinathan , Govvala Venkata Dhanababu , Deutel Markus
Published: November 2023

Electric vehicles (EV) require an electric motor with a better power density, greater efficiency, a wide constant power area, ease of control, and low costs. A real time control adapted electric motor design is necessary to meet these criteria. In this work, interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) design was created from Ansys rotating machine expert and 2D model was developed in Ansys Maxwell based on various design parameters for the rotor and stator configuration, and the electromagnetic (EM) simulations are carried out in accordance with the essential required EV characteristics. Using Ansys Twin Builder, a model was made for the drive circuit, proportional integral (PI) speed controller, speed references, rotor position detection, and space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) / sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) are used. This method demonstrates the investigation of the torque ripple and total hormonic distortion (THD) and shows the influence of SVPWM and SPWM techniques on torque ripple and THD. To realistically reflect the performance of the drive, coupled simulation of the IPMSM motor and drive with vector control system is used to analyze the IPMSM drive system through Ansys maxwell and Ansys Twin Builder environment during EM analysis. The simulation outcomes demonstrate the high feasibility of motor design and control strategy, that delivers the intended result and quick response with minimal torque ripple and distortion. According to the simulation findings at 10kHz, SVPWM technique has torque ripple 12.4% and THD in the input current and voltage to the motor are 4.0 and 38.4% respectively. But SPWM has torque ripple 28.5% and input current and voltage THD are 6.8 and 42.6% respectively. Investigation shows SVPWM method is more practical and effective for producing sine waves that deliver higher voltage and current to the load with minimal torque ripple and harmonic distortion.
Design of Solar Power Propagation using Silicon Nanowire Photonic Crystals for Electric Vehicles
Authors: P Geetha
Published: November 2023

Photonic crystals are materials for controlling and manipulating the light flow. Nano photonic devices deal with behavior of the light in the nanomaterial and devices. It works on the interaction of nano devices with light. They are periodic structures with different refractive indices. The wave guides can be constructed will have sharp and low-loss bending enabling high integration density of several orders of magnitude. On silicon surfaces, nano- and microstructures are created to lower reflection and increase light absorption. It can be applied to enhance infrared (IR) bolometer applications based on MEMS. In this work Silicon nanowires photonic crystals are grown and the electric characteristics and frequency characteristics are modeled, simulated and studied using finite element method. Waveguide is created by removing a set of wires making a path for signal flow for the frequency within the band gap. It is observed that depending on the displacements of the nanowires, waves of particular frequency range is getting reflected which is photonic band gap. The infrared response of silicon nanowires for the IR range (2.5 - 20m), the broadband infrared absorption is found to be boosted by around 2.5 to 3 times when compared to that of polished silicon. The Si nanowires IR sensitivity offers exciting prospective uses as a wideband IR absorbing/sensing mate.
Power Factor Enhancement Using a Modified Bridgeless Landsman Converter Driven EV Battery Charger
Authors: N Kalaiarasi , R Mohammed Abdullah
Published: November 2023

This work proposes a new type of charger for an Electric vehicle (EV) battery. There are many problems with the existing EV charger and one of them is the poor power factor. The main reason for this is the Diode Bridge Rectifier (DBR), which is used at the source side of the existing charger. In the new configuration instead of DBR a landsman converter is used at the source end. The landsman Converter further cascaded to an Isolated Fly back converter which charges the battery. The PI controller is used to control the DC output voltage of the landsman converter to generate the required voltage given as a reference. The Flyback converter is also controlled using the PI controller. Comparison is made between both configurations by comparing the THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) response of both circuits. Furthermore, a new type of configuration that uses both DBR and Landsman converter is simulated in MATLAB and results are compared with other configurations. Further, the proposed system is controlled by a fuzzy controller. The performance of the fuzzy controller-based landsman converter is compared with PI (Proportional Integral) controller. The fuzzy controller-based landsman converter provides better performance for charging applications.