bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Specular Reflections and Illumination in the Perception of Thickness in Solid Transparent Objects
Authors: Ohara Masakazu , Kim Juno , Koida Kowa
Published: February 2022

Specular reflections and refractive distortions are complex image properties of solid transparent objects, but despite this complexity, we readily perceive the 3D shapes of these objects (e.g., glass and clear plastic). We have found in past work that relevant sources of scene complexity have differential effects on 3D shape perception, with specular reflections increasing perceived thickness, and refractive distortions decreasing perceived thickness. In an object with both elements, such as glass, the two optical properties may complement each other to support reliable perception of 3D shape. We investigated the relative dominance of specular reflection and refractive distortions in the perception of shape. Surprisingly, the ratio of specular reflection to refractive component was almost equal to that of ordinary glass and ice, which promote correct percepts of 3D shape. The results were also explained by the variance in local RMS contrast in stimulus images but may depend on overall luminance and contrast of the surrounding light field.
Effect of Different Types of Empathy on Prosocial Behavior: Gratitude as Mediator
Authors: Pang YaLing , Song Chao , Ma Chao
Published: February 2022

With the development of positive psychology, prosocial behavior has received widespread attention from researchers. Some studies have shown that emotion has a significant influence on individual prosocial behavior, but little research has studied the effect of different types of empathy on college students’ prosocial behaviors. The current study examined the mediating effects of gratitude among the associations between different types of empathy (perspective-taking, fantasy, empathic concern, and personal distress) and prosocial behavior among Chinese college students. For the study, we used the Prosocial Tendency Measurement questionnaire, the Hebrew version of Interpersonal Reactivity Index-C, and The Gratitude Questionnaire that investigated 1,037 participants. The results indicated that gratitude played a mediating role between perspective-taking and prosocial behavior, fantasy and prosocial behavior, empathic concern and prosocial behavior, and personal distress and prosocial behavior, respectively. The current study contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between empathy and prosocial behavior.
Cognitive Impairment in Non-critical, Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19 Survivors
Authors: Henneghan Ashley M. , Lewis Kimberly A. , Gill Eliana , Kesler Shelli R.
Published: February 2022

Importance

Previous studies of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome have focused on critical cases with severe disease. However, most cases are mild to moderate in disease severity.

Objective

We aimed to examine cognitive outcomes in cases of non-critical, mild-to-moderate COVID-19. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 72 adults aged 22 to 65 years in Central Texas who had non-critical, mild-to-moderate COVID-19 infection between 13 January 2021 and 20 April 2021.

Main Outcomes and Measures

We remotely administered cognitive-behavioral testing to determine the frequency of cognitive impairment and examine demographic, clinical, and psychosocial contributors to impairment.

Results

The frequency of objective cognitive impairment was 40%. The largest number of participants (24%) showed impairment on a measure of executive functioning. Attention and processing speed was more impaired in males (OR = 1.5, 95%CI = 0.23–2.9). Males endorsed lower adherence to social distancing guidelines (U = 590, p = 0.01), which was in turn associated with cognitive impairment across participants (r = −0.30, p = 0.01). Younger age was correlated with impairment (r = −0.26, p = 0.03) but was also associated with racial/ethnic minority status (r = −0.31, p = 0.01) and increased psychological symptoms (p < 0.04). Greater number of COVID-19 symptoms was correlated with lower subjective cognitive function (r = −0.38, p = 0.001) as well as psychosocial function (r > 0.24, p < 0.05). Moderate COVID-19 severity was associated with attention/processing speed impairment (r = 0.27, p = 0.03), increased pain (r = 0.31, p = 0.01), and higher number of COVID-19 symptoms (r = 0.32, p = 0.01).

Conclusion and Relevance

Mild or moderate COVID-19 infection may be associated with cognitive impairments, especially in the domain of executive functioning. A subgroup of younger individuals may be more vulnerable to cognitive and psychosocial effects of COVID-19.

Highlights

Question: How frequent is cognitive impairment among non-critical, mild-to-moderate COVID-19 survivors?

Findings

In this cross-sectional study of 72 adults, 40% demonstrated cognitive impairment, particularly in executive function.

Meaning

Neurologic sequelae, such as cognitive impairment, may be common following COVID-19 infection.
Hearing Someone Laugh and Seeing Someone Yawn: Modality-Specific Contagion of Laughter and Yawning in the Absence of Others
Authors: De Weck Micaela , Perriard Benoît , Annoni Jean-Marie , Britz Juliane
Published: February 2022

Laughter and yawning can both occur spontaneously and are highly contagious forms of social behavior. When occurring contagiously, laughter and yawning are usually confounded with a social situation and it is difficult to determine to which degree the social situation or stimulus itself contribute to its contagion. While contagious yawning can be reliably elicited in lab when no other individuals are present, such studies are more sparse for laughter. Moreover, laughter and yawning are multimodal stimuli with both an auditory and a visual component: laughter is primarily characterized as a stereotyped vocalization whereas yawning is a predominantly visual signal and it is not known to which degree the visual and auditory modalities affect the contagion of laughter and yawning. We investigated how these two sensory modalities contribute to the contagion of laughter and yawning under controlled laboratory conditions in the absence of a social situation that might confound their contagion. Subjects were presented with naturally produced laughter and yawning in three sensory modalities (audio, visual, audio-visual), and we recorded their reaction to these stimuli. Contagious responses differed for laughter and yawning: overall, laughter elicited more contagious responses than yawning, albeit mostly smiling rather than overt laughter. While the audio-visual condition elicited most contagious responses overall, laughter was more contagious in the auditory modality, and yawning was more contagious in the visual modality. Furthermore, laughter became decreasingly contagious over time, while yawning remained steadily contagious. We discuss these results based on the ontogenetic and phylogenetic trajectories of laughter and yawning.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness May Protect Memory for Poorer Sleepers
Authors: Kuhn Tara , Heisz Jennifer
Published: February 2022

Objectives

Physical activity has been shown to protect executive functions against the deleterious effects of poorer sleep among older adults (OA); however, it is unknown whether memory is protected too, and if this relationship differs by age. The present study investigated the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness, sleep, and memory in both older and young adults (YA).

Methods

This observational study recruited 26 OA (70.7 ± 2.8 years) and 35 YA (21.0 ± 3.1 years). Participants completed the Rockport 1-mile walk test to evaluate cardiorespiratory fitness. Participants wore an actigraph for 1 week to measure habitual sleep and returned for a second visit to perform the memory tests. The interaction between cardiorespiratory fitness and sleep to predict memory was assessed separately in OA and YA.

Results

In OA, cardiorespiratory fitness significantly moderated the relationship between memory and sleep quality, specifically number of nighttime awakenings, sleep efficiency, and wake after sleep onset. Further analyses reveal that a high number of nighttime awakenings and low sleep efficiency significantly predicted worse memory performance in the low fit OA, but high fit OA. Notably, every nighttime awakening was associated with a nearly 4% decrease in memory in low fit OA, but not high fit OA. Wake after sleep onset did not significantly predict memory in either fitness group. No interaction was found when looking at sleep duration or self-report sleep quality in OA and no significant interactions were observed between fitness, sleep, and memory in YA.

Conclusion

Overall, the results suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness may act as a protective buffer for memory in OA with poor sleep quality. These same was not true for YA suggesting that the protective effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on sleep-related memory impairments may be age specific.
Effect of Product Presentation Videos on Consumers' Purchase Intention: The Role of Perceived Diagnosticity, Mental Imagery, and Product Rating
Authors: Cheng Zhendong , Shao Bingjia , Zhang Yong
Published: February 2022

The product presentation videos on E-commerce platforms have a significant influence on consumers' purchase decisions, and enterprises have focused on choosing the type of product presentation videos. Based on the resource matching theory, mental imagery theory and cue utilization theory, this study investigated the influence of product presentation videos type (product appearance video vs. product usage video) on consumers' purchase intention and the moderating effect of product rating (low vs. high). Through three pre-experiments and two formal experiments, the results showed that the product usage video has a stronger effect on consumers' purchase intention more than the product appearance video, which is mediated by perceived diagnosticity and mental imagery. In addition, product rating moderated the influence of product presentation videos type on consumers' purchase intention. The product usage video would improve consumers' purchase intention more than the product appearance video when the product rating is high; however, there is no significant difference in the impact of two types of videos on consumers' purchase intention when the product rating is low. This study supplements the research on product presentation videos and provides a reference for online retailers to select effective product presentation videos.
Speech Perception in Older Adults: An Interplay of Hearing, Cognition, and Learning?
Authors: Shechter Shvartzman Liat , Lavie Limor , Banai Karen
Published: February 2022

Older adults with age-related hearing loss exhibit substantial individual differences in speech perception in adverse listening conditions. We propose that the ability to rapidly adapt to changes in the auditory environment (i.e., perceptual learning) is among the processes contributing to these individual differences, in addition to the cognitive and sensory processes that were explored in the past. Seventy older adults with age-related hearing loss participated in this study. We assessed the relative contribution of hearing acuity, cognitive factors (working memory, vocabulary, and selective attention), rapid perceptual learning of time-compressed speech, and hearing aid use to the perception of speech presented at a natural fast rate (fast speech), speech embedded in babble noise (speech in noise), and competing speech (dichotic listening). Speech perception was modeled as a function of the other variables. For fast speech, age [odds ratio (OR) = 0.79], hearing acuity (OR = 0.62), pre-learning (baseline) perception of time-compressed speech (OR = 1.47), and rapid perceptual learning (OR = 1.36) were all significant predictors. For speech in noise, only hearing and pre-learning perception of time-compressed speech were significant predictors (OR = 0.51 and OR = 1.53, respectively). Consistent with previous findings, the severity of hearing loss and auditory processing (as captured by pre-learning perception of time-compressed speech) was strong contributors to individual differences in fast speech and speech in noise perception. Furthermore, older adults with good rapid perceptual learning can use this capacity to partially offset the effects of age and hearing loss on the perception of speech presented at fast conversational rates. Our results highlight the potential contribution of dynamic processes to speech perception.
The Effect of Safety Signs on the Monitoring of Conflict and Erroneous Response
Authors: Hu Linfeng , Feng Dingzhong , Li Yelang , Xu Jinwu , Zheng Jiehui
Published: February 2022

The safety sign is important in our daily life and workplace to prevent potential safety issues. However, it remains undetermined whether the safety signs would influence the cognitive control ability of the people, which serves to guide the behaviors in a goal-directed manner. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of safety signs on cognitive control by uncovering the behavioral performance and neural manifestations underlying the monitoring of conflict and error. The participants performed a flanker task after watching low- and high-hazard safety signs with the electroencephalogram (EEG) data recorded continually. The behavioral results indicated a classic congruency effect with higher accuracy rate and faster response time under a congruent condition compared to an incongruent condition. However, no hazard effect on behavioral performances was observed. The results of event-related potentials (ERPs) demonstrated a more negative N2 elicited by the incongruent trials and an increased (error-related negativity) ERN difference between the error and correct responses in the high-hazard condition compared to those in the low-hazard condition, implying that the monitoring of the conflict and error were both enhanced after watching the high-hazard safety signs. This study contributes to the understanding of the relationship between safety signs and cognitive control, and further expand the measurements that can be applied to assess the effectiveness of safety signs design.
Association of Paternal Workplace and Community Social Capital With Paternal Postnatal Depression and Anxiety: A Prospective Study
Authors: Doi Satomi , Isumi Aya , Fujiwara Takeo
Published: February 2022

Objective

The aim of this study is to examine the association between workplace and community social capital and fathers' postpartum depression and anxiety at 3 months after delivery in Japan.

Methods

Fathers who had babies delivered in two obstetric clinics in Tokyo, Japan were recruited to take part in the study (response rate = 76.2%). Participants completed questionnaires measuring workplace and community social capital, depression, and anxiety at 1 week and a follow-up at 3 months post-delivery (N = 398). Multiple linear regression analyses were performed with multiple imputation for missing data (at most, N = 60, 15.1%).

Results

Community social capital was inversely associated with both depressive symptoms (β = −0.21, 95%CI = −0.33 to −0.08) and anxiety (β = −0.38, 95%CI = −0.66 to −0.11) at 3 months, after adjusting for covariates. No association was found between workplace social capital and depressive symptoms and anxiety.

Conclusion

Paternal community social capital, but not workplace social capital, was shown to be a preventive factor for paternal depression and anxiety up to 3 months post-delivery. To prevent paternal mental health problems during the postpartum period, an intervention to promote paternal community, rather than workplace, social capital may be warranted.
Possible Avoidant Personality Disorder Magnifies the Association Between Bullying Victimization and Depressive Symptoms Among Chinese University Freshmen
Authors: Xu Yan-Min , Pu Shan-Shan , Li Yi , Zhong Bao-Liang
Published: February 2022

Background

Bullying victimization has been associated with depressive symptoms in Chinese university students. This study examined the moderating effect of possible avoidant personality disorder (APD) on association between bullying victimization and depressive symptoms in university freshmen.

Methods

A total of 1,453 freshmen were recruited from a comprehensive university in Wuhan, China, and administered a self-report questionnaire. The APD subscale of Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire–Version 4 and Beck Depression Inventory were used to measure the presence of possible APD and depressive symptoms, respectively. The moderating effect of possible APD was examined by testing the statistical significance of the interaction between victimization and possible APD in multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results

The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 24.8%. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the interaction between bullying victimization and possible APD was significantly associated with depressive symptoms (OR: 1.80, P = 0.029). Subsequent subgroup analyses according to the status of possible APD showed that, the victimization-depression association was stronger among freshmen with possible APD (OR: 3.23, P < 0.001) than those without possible APD (OR: 1.82, P = 0.001).

Conclusion

In Chinese university freshmen, bullying victimization is significantly associated with depressive symptoms, and possible APD magnifies the victimization-depression association. Bullied freshmen, particularly freshmen with possible APD, could be considered as the target group of campus-based depression intervention programs.
Association Between Environmental and Socioeconomic Risk Factors and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Lu Wenfeng , Zheng Fengjiao , Li Zhi , Zhou Rui , Deng Lugang , Xiao Wenwei , Chen Wenyan , Zhao Rong , Chen Yulan , Tan Yuxing , Li Zhibo , Liu Limin , Tan Duxun , Liu Nan
Published: February 2022

Background

The association between environmental and socioeconomic risk factors and the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are still inconclusive. A meta-analysis was conducted to address this issue.

Methods

We systematically searched the databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar and collected the related risk factors of HCC before March 6, 2020. Statistical analysis was performed on the odds ratio (OR) value and 95% CI of the correlation between environmental and socioeconomic factors and HCC. Begg's rank correlation test, Egger's linear regression test, and the funnel plot were employed for identification of the publication bias.

Results

Out of 42 studies, a total of 57,892 participants were included. Environmental and socioeconomic risk factors including ever educated (illiteracy); race (Black, Hispanic, and Asian); medium and low incomes; occupations (farmer and labor); passive smoking; place of residence (rural); blood aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) adduct level; exposure of pesticide, etc., were statistically increased with the occurrence of HCC (P < 0.05) and OR values and 95% CIs were 1.37 (1.00, 1.89), 2.42 (1.10–5.31), 1.90 (0.87–4.17), 5.36 (0.72–40.14), 1.48 (1.11, 1.96), 1.74 (1.00–3.03), 1.49 (1.06–2.08), 1.52 (1.07–2.18), 1.43 (0.27, 7.51), 1.46 (1.09, 1.96), 2.58 (1.67–3.97), and 1.52 (0.95–2.42), respectively. We found 6–9, 9–12, and ≥12 years of education that statistically reduced the risk of the occurrence of HCC (P < 0.05) and OR values and 95% CIs were 0.70 (0.58, 0.86), 0.52 (0.40, 0.68), and 0.37 (0.23, 0.59), respectively. No significant associations (P > 0.05) were observed between race (Hispanic and Asian), passive smoking, marital status, place of birth, place of residence, and HCC. In stratified analysis, exposure of pesticide was statistically significant (P < 0.05), while race of black was on the contrary.

Conclusion

Environmental and socioeconomic risk factors have great impacts on the incidence rate of HCC. Improving national education and income levels can significantly reduce the risk of HCC.

PROSPERO Registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier: CRD42020151710.
Regional Innovation in Arts Provision Spawned by COVID-19: “It Became a Lifeline for a Lot of People Who Are Stuck at Home”
Authors: Worsley Joanne , Billington Josie , Balabanova Ekaterina , Watkins Megan
Published: February 2022

Although the impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural sector due to the closure of galleries, museums, arts venues, and other cultural assets represents a significant health risk, new opportunities for arts and cultural engagement have arisen. Interviews with 24 representatives including service providers and creative practitioners from 15 arts and cultural organizations within the Liverpool City Region were conducted. The aim was to examine the impact of COVID-19 on arts and cultural provision and on organizations and people providing these services, as well as to understand the perceptions of service providers and practitioners of the effects on those whom arts and cultural organizations serve, including those who would usually access arts through formal healthcare routes (e.g., through collaboration with health partners). Interview data were analyzed using framework analysis. Four overarching themes were identified: Response: Closures, adaptations, and new directions; Challenges of online provision; Value of online provision; and the future of the arts. The arts and cultural sector has innovated rapidly, notably with accelerated digitalisation. Alternative provision has been “a lifeline” for vulnerable groups, such as those with mental health difficulties. Arts organizations have been most effective in reaching vulnerable, isolated and disadvantaged populations when they have worked in close collaboration with health and social care providers. The implementation of hybrid provision is an important move forward for the sector in light of our findings that alternative modes of provision are advantageous additions to service as usual. Given the increasing concerns about the mental health sequelae of the pandemic in the UK, arts and cultural engagement could play a pivotal role in the future recovery period.
The Role of Physical Activity and Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients: A Review
Authors: Zhang Fan , Wang Hui , Wang Weiqiong , Zhang Huachun
Published: February 2022

Available data indicated that physical activity was related to improved outcomes in hemodialysis patients. Multiple observational studies involving different cohorts have reported that increased physical activity level was associated with decreased mortality among hemodialysis patients. Therefore, promoting physical activity has become an increasingly critical and promising approach to improving cardiovascular health and clinical outcomes in hemodialysis patients. This review summarizes the published articles regarding physical activity and hemodialysis patients, focusing on mortality and strategy to promote physical activity.
Segmentation of Lung Nodules on CT Images Using a Nested Three-Dimensional Fully Connected Convolutional Network
Authors: Kido Shoji , Kidera Shunske , Hirano Yasushi , Mabu Shingo , Kamiya Tohru , Tanaka Nobuyuki , Suzuki Yuki , Yanagawa Masahiro , Tomiyama Noriyuki
Published: February 2022

In computer-aided diagnosis systems for lung cancer, segmentation of lung nodules is important for analyzing image features of lung nodules on computed tomography (CT) images and distinguishing malignant nodules from benign ones. However, it is difficult to accurately and robustly segment lung nodules attached to the chest wall or with ground-glass opacities using conventional image processing methods. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a method for robust and accurate three-dimensional (3D) segmentation of lung nodule regions using deep learning. In this study, a nested 3D fully connected convolutional network with residual unit structures was proposed, and designed a new loss function. Compared with annotated images obtained under the guidance of a radiologist, the Dice similarity coefficient (DS) and intersection over union (IoU) were 0.845 ± 0.008 and 0.738 ± 0.011, respectively, for 332 lung nodules (lung adenocarcinoma) obtained from 332 patients. On the other hand, for 3D U-Net and 3D SegNet, the DS was 0.822 ± 0.009 and 0.786 ± 0.011, respectively, and the IoU was 0.711 ± 0.011 and 0.660 ± 0.012, respectively. These results indicate that the proposed method is significantly superior to well-known deep learning models. Moreover, we compared the results obtained from the proposed method with those obtained from conventional image processing methods, watersheds, and graph cuts. The DS and IoU results for the watershed method were 0.628 ± 0.027 and 0.494 ± 0.025, respectively, and those for the graph cut method were 0.566 ± 0.025 and 0.414 ± 0.021, respectively. These results indicate that the proposed method is significantly superior to conventional image processing methods. The proposed method may be useful for accurate and robust segmentation of lung nodules to assist radiologists in the diagnosis of lung nodules such as lung adenocarcinoma on CT images.
Hydrogen Line Shape Uncertainties in White Dwarf Model Atmospheres
Authors: Montgomery M. H. , Dunlap B. H. , Cho P. B. , Gomez T. A.
Published: February 2022

For isolated white dwarf (WD) stars, fits to their observed spectra provide the most precise estimates of their effective temperatures and surface gravities. Even so, recent studies have shown that systematic offsets exist between such spectroscopic parameter determinations and those based on broadband photometry. These large discrepancies (10% inTeff, 0.1 M⊙in mass) provide scientific motivation for reconsidering the atomic physics employed in the model atmospheres of these stars. Recent simulation work of ours suggests that the most important remaining uncertainties in simulation-based calculations of line shapes are the treatment of 1) the electric field distribution and 2) the occupation probability (OP) prescription. We review the work that has been done in these areas and outline possible avenues for progress.
Simulated Game-Based Ice Hockey Match Design (Scrimmage) Elicits Greater Intensity in External Load Parameters Compared With Official Matches
Authors: Byrkjedal Per Thomas , Luteberget Live Steinnes , Bjørnsen Thomas , Ivarsson Andreas , Spencer Matt
Published: February 2022

Objective

A limited number of studies have explored the external load experienced in indoor sports such as ice hockey, and few the link between training and match performance. As a paucity exists within this topic, this study explored whether a simulated match design (i.e., scrimmage) could be representative of official match demands and elicit similar external loads as in official matches in a group of elite youth male ice hockey players.

Methods

A total of 26 players were monitored during eight official and four simulation matches using a Local Positioning System. Total distance, max velocity, slow (0–10.9 km/h), moderate (11–16.9 km/h), high (17.0–23.9 km/h), and sprint (>24 km/h) speed skating distance, distance per min, PlayerLoadTM, PlayerLoadTM per min, high-intensity events (HIEs) (>2.5 m/s−2), acceleration (ACCs), decelerations (DECs), and change of directions (CODs) were extracted from the tracking devices. A two-level regression analysis was conducted to compare the difference between match types when controlling for time on ice, match day, and position.

Results

Between match-type results showed a credible difference in all variables except max velocity and ACCs. Distance per min was 27.3% higher during simulation matches and was explained by a 21.3, 24.1, and 14.8% higher distance in sprint-, high-, and moderate speed skating distance, while slow speed-skating distance was 49.2% lower and total distance only trivially different from official to simulation matches. Total PlayerLoadTM was 11.2% lower, while PlayerLoadTM per min was 8.5% higher during simulation matches. HIEs, CODs, and DECs were 10.0, 11.9, and 22.3% higher during simulation matches.

Conclusion

The simulated match design is related to official match demands with comparable match-time, playing time, number of shifts, and shift duration. However, simulation matches provoked a higher external load output compared with official matches, possibly explained by a more continuous movement design. A game-based simulation match design can therefore be utilized when match-related actions at high intensity are warranted.
Performance and Micro-Pacing Strategies in a Freestyle Cross-Country Skiing Distance Race
Authors: Staunton Craig A. , Colyer Steffi L. , Karlsson Øyvind , Swarén Mikael , Ihalainen Simo , McGawley Kerry
Published: February 2022

This study examined the micro-pacing strategies during a distance freestyle cross-country (XC) skiing competition. Nine female and 10 male highly trained XC skiers wore a GNSS device during a FIS-sanctioned race. The course was ~4900 m; women completed two-laps; men completed three-laps. The course was divided into uphill (S1, S3, S5, S7), downhill (S2, S4, S6, S8), and flat (S9) sections for analyses. Statistical parametric mapping was used to determine the course positions (clusters) where total race time or section time was significantly associated with instantaneous skiing speed. Total race time was associated with instantaneous skiing speed during a cluster in S1 on lap 2 for both sexes (t ≥ 5.899, p ≤ 0.008). The two longest uphill sections (S1; S5) and the flat section (S9) contained clusters where section times were related to instantaneous skiing speed for both sexes (p < 0.05). The fastest woman gained 6.9 s on the slowest woman during a cluster in S1 on lap 1 and 7.3 s during a cluster in S9 on lap 1. The fastest man gained 51.7 s on the slowest man over all clusters in S5 over the 3 laps combined. Compared to skiers with longer total race times, skiers with shorter race times skied with faster instantaneous speeds in some clusters of the uphill sections, as well as on the flat section of the course. This study also identified different relative micro-pacing strategies for women and men during freestyle distance XC skiing races. Finally, statistical parametric mapping analyses can help to identify individual strengths and weaknesses for guiding training programs and optimise competition pacing strategies.
Maximal Resection of Tumors Encasing the Internal Carotid Artery and Hindering Internal Carotid Artery Expansion Followed by Revascularization Surgery: A Series of Nine Cases at a Single Tertiary Center
Authors: Sun Yuming , Wang Long , Shi Xiangen , Liu Fangjun
Published: February 2022

Purpose

Cerebral reconstruction appears to play a diminished role in managing complex skull base tumors involving vital neurovascular structures.

Materials and Methods

Patients with recurrent or progressive middle cranial fossa tumors treated by radical resection followed by extracranial-to-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass from 2014 to 2019 were included. Balloon test occlusion (BTO) was performed preoperatively.

Results

Overall, 9 patients (5 males, 4 females; mean age, 29.9 years) were enrolled. The lesions arose from the parasellar region (3), cavernous sinus (3), petroclival region (2), or orbital apex (1), and all encased the cavernous/petrous portion of the internal carotid artery. Before tumor resection, internal maxillary artery (IMA) bypass was performed for 7 patients, cervical EC-IC bypass was performed for 1 patient, and interposed superficial temporal artery (STA) bypass was performed for 1 patient. BTO failed in 8 patients and was tolerated by one patient. Intraoperative blood flow of the interposed graft was 79.7 ± 37.86 ml/min after IMA bypass, 190.6 ml/min following cervical EC-IC bypass and 75 ml/min after interposed STA bypass. All bypasses were patent on intraoperative indocyanine green angiography. Radical tumor resection was achieved in 5 patients (55.6%), and patency was confirmed postoperatively in 88.8% (8/9) of bypasses. Six patients showed favorable outcomes at discharge. At the 2-year follow-up, 7 patients (77.8%) had favorable outcomes (Karnofsky Performance Scale score>80). At the 1.5-year follow-up, one patient had died due to infarction; at the 3-year follow-up, another patient had developed tumor recurrence despite being asymptomatic.

Conclusion

Cerebral bypass remains a vital tool for managing select middle cranial fossa tumors that invade or erode the surrounding neurovasculature or hinder carotid artery expansion and are difficult to resect.
Natural History of Histopathologic Changes in Cardiomyopathy of Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Schneider Sarah M. , Sansom Garett T. , Guo Lee-Jae , Furuya Shinji , Weeks Brad R. , Kornegay Joe N.
Published: February 2022

Background

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked inherited myopathy that causes progressive skeletal and cardiac muscle disease. Heart lesions were described in the earliest DMD reports, and cardiomyopathy is now the leading cause of death. However, diagnostics and treatment for cardiomyopathy have lagged behind those for appendicular and respiratory skeletal muscle disease. Most animal model studies have been done in the mdx mouse, which has a relatively mild form of cardiomyopathy. Dogs with the genetically homologous condition, Golden Retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD), develop progressive cardiomyopathy analogous to that seen in DMD. Previous descriptive studies of GRMD cardiomyopathy have mostly been limited to selective sampling of the hearts from young dogs.

Methods and Results

We systematically assessed cardiac lesions in 31 GRMD and carrier dogs aged 3 to 76 months and a separate cohort of 2–10-year-old normal hounds. Both semi-quantitative lesion scoring and quantitation of the cross-sectional area of fibrosis distinguished dogs with GRMD disease from normal dogs. The carriers generally had intermediate involvement but had even greater fibrosis than GRMD dogs. Fatty infiltration was the most prominent feature in some older GRMD dogs. Vascular hypertrophy was increased in GRMD dogs and correlated positively with lesion severity. Purkinje fiber vacuolation was also increased but did not correlate with lesion severity. Histopathologic changes correlated with late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac MRI.

Conclusion

These features are generally compatible with those of DMD and further validate GRMD as a useful model to study cardiomyopathy pathogenesis and treatment. Additionally, the nature of some degenerative lesions suggests that functional hypoxia or non-thrombotic ischemia may contribute to disease progression.
Fine-Scale Analysis of Runs of Homozygosity Islands Affecting Fertility in Mares
Authors: Laseca Nora , Molina Antonio , Ramón Manuel , Valera Mercedes , Azcona Florencia , Encina Ana , Demyda-Peyrás Sebastián
Published: February 2022

The loss of genetic variability in livestock populations bred under strict selection processes is a growing concern, as it may lead to increased inbreeding values and lower fertility, as a consequence of the “inbreeding depression” effect. This is particularly important in horses, where inbreeding levels tend to rise as individuals become more and more closely related. In this study, we evaluated the effect of increased inbreeding levels on mare fertility by combining an SNP-based genomic approach using runs of homozygosity and the estimation of genetic breeding values for reproductive traits in a large population of Pura Raza Española mares. Our results showed a negative correlation between whole-genome homozygosity and fertility estimated breeding values (EBVs) at the genome level (ρ= −0.144). However, the analysis at chromosome level revealed a wide variability, with some chromosomes showing higher correlations than others. Interestingly, the correlation was stronger (−0.241) when we repeated the analysis in a reduced dataset including the 10% most and least fertile individuals, where the latter showed an increase in average inbreeding values (FROH) of around 30%. We also found 41 genomic regions (ROHi, runs of homozygosity islands) where homozygosity increased 100-fold, 13 of which were significantly associated with fertility after cross-validation. These regions encompassed 17 candidate genes previously related to oocyte and embryo development in several species. Overall, we demonstrated the relationship between increased homozygosis at the genomic level and fertility in mares. Our findings may help to deal with the occurrence of inbreeding depression, as well as further our understanding of the mechanisms underlying fertility in mares.
Transgenerational Effects of Maternal Immune Activation on Specific Antibody Responses in Layer Chickens
Authors: Verwoolde Michel B. , Arts Joop , Jansen Christine A. , Parmentier Henk K. , Lammers Aart
Published: February 2022

Activation of the maternal immune system may affect innate and adaptive immune responses in the next generation and may therefore have implications for vaccine efficacy and dietary immune modulation by feed additives. However, transgenerational effects on immune responses in chickens have been investigated to a limited extend. The present study investigated effects of intratracheal (i.t) specific and aspecific immune activation of laying hens on specific antibody production in the next generation. In two experiments laying hens received intratracheally an immune stimulus with human serum albumin (HuSA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In experiment 1, hatchlings of the immune activated hens were at 4 weeks i.t. immunized with HuSA or HuSA+LPS. Maternal immune activation with LPS increased HuSA specific IgY and IgM responses in offspring. These results suggest a transgenerational effect of the maternal immune system on the specific antibody response in the next generation. In experiment 2 hatchlings received either β-glucan-enriched feed or control feed and were i.t. immunized with HuSA. Maternal immune activation with LPS decreased IgY anti-HuSA responses after HuSA immunization within hatchlings that received β-glucan enriched feed. The results of Experiment 2 suggest a transgenerational link between the innate immune system of mother and specific antibody responses in offspring. Despite variabilities in the outcomes of the two experiments, the observations of both suggest a link between the maternal innate immune system and the immune system of the offspring. Furthermore, our results may imply that maternal activation of the innate immune system can influence immune modulating dietary interventions and vaccine strategies in the next generation.
Internal Rotor Actuation and Magnetic Bearings for the Active Control of Rotating Machines
Authors: Fieux Gauthier A. , Bailey Nicola Y. , Keogh Patrick S.
Published: February 2022

Passive rotors are often limited in rotational speed due to bearing constraints, stability and excessive vibration levels. To address the vibration issue, Active Magnetic Bearings (AMBs) levitating the rotor with a magnetic field can be used. They offer a clearance and variable stiffness and damping to the rotor support, which help to mitigate greatly the vibration issue. However, they are also limited at large rotational speed because of the high frequency control force required to levitate the rotor safely. To overcome the frequency limitation, a dual AMBs/internal bending control concept is investigated with associated modelling and control algorithms. This approach is examined in simulation with a 19 kg rotor running up to 10,000 RPM, where three resonance frequencies are present at 2700, 5300, and 9300 RPM, with the first resonant frequency being the most strongly excited. Using internal rotor bending control, a maximum radial displacement of 15 μm for the rotor mid-point is achieved, which gives a reduction in vibration amplitude of 45% compared to the case of no control. Variations of the algorithm are presented and discussed, showing the potential of the proposed approach.
Electro-Thermal Parameters of Graphene Nano-Platelets Films for De-Icing Applications
Authors: Lahbacha Khitem , Sibilia Sarah , Trezza Gianmarco , Giovinco Gaspare , Bertocchi Francesco , Chiodini Sergio , Cristiano Francesco , Maffucci Antonio
Published: February 2022

This paper provides a study of some relevant electro-thermal properties of commercial films made by pressed graphene nano-platelets (GNPs), in view of their use as heating elements in innovative de-icing systems for aerospace applications. The equivalent electrical resistivity and thermal emissivity were studied, by means of models and experimental characterization. Macroscopic strips with a length on the order of tens of centimeters were analyzed, either made by pure GNPs or by composite mixtures of GNPs and a small percentage of polymeric binders. Analytical models are derived and experimentally validated. The thermal response of these graphene films when acting as a heating element is studied and discussed.
Clap-and-Fling Mechanism in Non-Zero Inflow of a Tailless Two-Winged Flapping-Wing Micro Air Vehicle
Authors: Au Loan Thi Kim , Park Hoon Cheol , Lee Seok Tae , Hong Sung Kyung
Published: February 2022

The aerodynamic performance of clap-and-fling mechanism in a KU-Beetle—a tailless two-winged flapping-wing micro air vehicle—was investigated for various horizontal free-stream inflows. Three inflow speeds of 0 (hovering), 2.52 m/s and 5.04 m/s corresponding to advance ratios of 0, 0.5 and 1 were considered. The forces and moments for two wing distances of 16 mm (in which the clap-and-fling effect was strong) and 40 mm (in which the clap-and-fling effect was diminished) were computed using commercial software of ANSYS-Fluent 16.2. When the advance ratio increased from 0 to 0.5 and 1, the lift enhancement due to clap in the down-stroke reversal increased from 1.1% to 1.7% and 1.9%, while that in the up-stroke reversal decreased from 2.1% to −0.5% and 1.1%. Thus, in terms of lift enhancement due to clap, the free-stream inflow was more favorable in the down stroke than the up stroke. For all investigated inflow speeds, the clap-and-fling effect augmented the lift and power consumption but reduced the lift-to-power ratio. The total contributions of the fling phases to the enhancements in lift, torque, and power consumption were more than twice those of the clap phases. For the advance ratio from 0 to 0.5 and 1, the enhancement in average lift slightly decreased from 9.9% to 9.4% and 9.1%, respectively, and the augmentation in average power consumption decreased from 12.3% to 10.5% and 9.7%. Meanwhile, the reduction in the average lift-to-power ratio decreased from 2.1% to 1.1% and 0.6%, implying that in terms of aerodynamic efficiency, the free-stream inflow benefits the clap-and-fling effect in the KU-Beetle.
The Design and Experimentation of EVPIVS-PID Harvesters’ Header Height Control System Based on Sensor Ground Profiling Monitoring
Authors: Yang Ranbing , Wang Zhichao , Shang Shuqi , Zhang Jian , Qing Yiren , Zha Xiantao
Published: February 2022

In this paper, an adaptive header height control system is designed. Through the influence of the natural frequency, ωn, and damping ratio, ζ, on the system’s dynamic index, the optimal hydraulic cylinder parameters are determined comprehensively. The ground profiling monitoring mechanism and the header height feedback mechanism based on the angle sensor are designed. An integrated electromagnetic proportional valve was installed to replace the original header-controlled, electronically-controlled reversing valve, and a PWM (pulse width modulation) control-simulated counterweight test was performed. The limitation of traditional PID facing the integral saturation state is analysed, and a new EVPIVS-PID algorithm is proposed and simulated. Through the analysis of multiple groups of sample data in the field test, the accuracy of the control system in the header height control and output PWM value is demonstrated. The effectiveness of the EVPIVS-PID control algorithm to change the corresponding PID parameters based on the monitoring operation speed is analysed and demonstrated. Experiments show that the adaptive control system of header height based on ground profiling has a stable control effect. The height error of cutting stubble is not more than 2 cm, which can meet the requirements of a 5–11 km/h harvesting speed in plain areas.
How Agriculture, Connectivity and Water Management Can Affect Water Quality of a Mediterranean Coastal Wetland
Authors: Vera-Herrera Lucía , Romo Susana , Soria Juan
Published: February 2022

The Natural Park of Albufera (Valencia, Spain) is an important Mediterranean coastal wetland that suffers continuous environmental effects from human activities and water uses, mainly related to agriculture and urban/industrial sewage discharges. The aim of this research was to assess the water quality of the different aquatic environments of this wetland, taking into account the connection between them, the agricultural impact and the management of irrigation water. The UE Water Framework Directive was followed in order to evaluate the ecological and trophic status of water systems. Spatial approaches were used to integrate physicochemical data into GIS vector layers to map the more problematic points of pollution. The results showed a globally eutrophic system with poor ecological potential. The wetland is nutrient-overloaded during the entire rice cultivation period. Good-quality water inputs are deficient, since the river network already has high levels of nutrients and pollutants, especially in the northern area, where river water is mixed with inappropriate effluents from wastewater treatment plants. Agriculture and water management affected the area intensively up to the Albufera lake, modulating most of the studied variables. The information gathered here can help to optimize the global study and management of the coastal Mediterranean wetlands, which are highly linked to agriculture.
Selection of Hyperspectral Vegetation Indices for Monitoring Yield and Physiological Response in Sweet Maize under Different Water and Nitrogen Availability
Authors: Sellami Mohamed Houssemeddine , Albrizio Rossella , Čolović Milica , Hamze Mohamad , Cantore Vito , Todorovic Mladen , Piscitelli Lea , Stellacci Anna Maria
Published: February 2022

This study used hyperspectral reflectance data to evaluate the crop physiological parameters of sweet maize. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to identify the wavelengths that primarily contributed to each selected PC. Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression, with a stepwise algorithm, were used to select the best-performing vegetation indices (VIs) for monitoring the yield and physiological response of sweet maize grown under different water and nitrogen availability. The spectral reflectance measurements of crops were taken during the mid-season stage, for two consecutive growing seasons. The multivariate regression results showed that red-edge group indices, such as CARI (Chlorophyll Absorption Reflectance Index), DD (Double Difference Index), REIP (Red-Edge Inflection Point), and Clred-edge (Chlorophyll Red-Edge) indices were good predictors of yield and physiological parameters, confirming the crucial role of the red-edge spectral region that also emerged through PCA. Moreover, DD, REIP, and Clred-edge VIs were able to discriminate transient temporary stress at the mid-season stage, as well as to separate water and N stress levels. Therefore, hyperspectral reflectance VIs can provide valid information to growers, helping them identify and discriminate between different stress conditions.