bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of EU Trade Policies on Its Textile and Clothing Imports: A Comparison Between India, Bangladesh, China, and Vietnam
Authors: Sharma Toni , Bharti Nalin
Published: February 2025

The European Union has implemented various trade policies in the textile and clothing sector, a major global employment generator, over the past three decades. This paper investigates how these evolving policies have impacted the four largest exporters of textiles and clothing to the EU. A notable trend emerges: India’s share of the EU market has declined and China has stagnated, while Bangladesh and Vietnam have seen significant gains. Using an Augmented Gravity Model, the study examines whether this shift is a result of broader global market dynamics or specific consequences of the EU’s tariffs, non-tariff measures, and its preferential trade agreement—the Everything But Arms initiative—with Bangladesh. Drawing on New Trade Theory, the research explores the interplay between these policies and their differential impact on developed (China), developing (India and Vietnam), and least-developed (Bangladesh) countries. It highlights the strategic role of NTMs and questions whether the EU’s focus on supporting least-developed countries might unintentionally undermine trade fairness for other nations within the global textile and clothing market. The paper contributes to the ongoing policy debate on strengthening the India–EU trade relationship, particularly in the context of current discussions around the India–EU Free Trade Agreement.
Feasibility Study on Contactless Feature Analysis for Early Drowsiness Detection in Driving Scenarios
Authors: Choi Yebin , Yang Sihyeon , Park Yoojin , Choi Choin , Lee Eui Chul
Published: February 2025

Drowsy driving significantly impairs drivers’ attention and reaction times, increasing the risk of accidents. Developing effective prevention technologies is therefore a critical task. Previous studies have highlighted several limitations: (1) Most drowsiness-detection methods rely solely on facial features such as eye blinking or yawning, limiting their ability to detect different drowsiness levels. (2) Sensor-based methods utilizing wearable devices may interfere with driving activities. (3) Binary classification of drowsiness levels is insufficient for accident prevention, as it fails to detect early signs of drowsiness. This study proposes a novel drowsiness-detection method that classifies drowsiness into three levels (alert, low vigilant, drowsy) using a non-contact, camera-based approach that integrates physiological signals and visible facial features. Conducted as a feasibility study, it evaluates the potential applicability of this method in driving situations. To evaluate generalizability, experiments were conducted with seen-subject and unseen-subject conditions, achieving accuracies of 96.7% and 75.7%, respectively. This approach provides a more comprehensive and practical solution to drowsiness detection, contributing to safer driving environments.
Reducing Patient Movement During Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Case Study
Authors: Edelman Valentina , Chassidim Hadas , Rabaev Irina
Published: February 2025

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a highly informative diagnostic method; however, its quality heavily depends on the patient’s immobility. Even minimal movements, such as breathing, can cause artifacts that complicate image interpretation, not to mention more significant movements, such as twitching or shivering. Given the high cost of the procedure, repeated scanning is undesirable. The aim of this study was to prepare patients for MRI procedures using specialized training software designed to minimize involuntary movements and improve diagnostic quality. The software tracked participants’ movements in an MRI simulator and reproduced characteristic scanning sounds. The Farnebäck optical flow algorithm detected even the slightest movements captured by the camera, allowing for the evaluation of movements during training sessions and improving patient readiness for actual scanning. A pilot study conducted on a group of 10 students aged 21–27 years demonstrated a significant reduction in the average number of movements during testing—from 27.7 in the first test to 8.3 in the second, corresponding to an average decrease of 19.4 movements. Additionally, two participants showed a noticeable reduction in anxiety levels after the first test, which likely contributed to the decrease in movements, emphasizing the importance of psychological preparation in enhancing training effectiveness. The study results suggest potential improvements in the quality of diagnostic images, which can increase their diagnostic value and enhance patient comfort during actual scanning, reducing the likelihood of repeated procedures.
Passive and Battery-Free UWB Sensor with Multiple Digital Bits Based on Spectral–Temporal Joint Coding
Authors: Li Rong , Liu Jian , Huang Xiaojun
Published: February 2025

In this paper, a passive wireless sensor is designed and developed specifically for a wireless sensing system required by multi-bit applications. The proposed sensor is abided by the formula of UWB spectrum ranging from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz band, and the capability of carrying multiple digital bits can be realized by the combination of multiple sensor units that are operated in the principle of Spectral–Temporal Joint Coding and Modulation. A prototype of such a sensor is configured by four such kinds of UWB sensor units, each of which is functionalized by modulating UWB pulse in the time domain and simultaneously modulating UWB spectrum in the frequency domain, forming the spectral–temporal joint modulation coded by 1/0 bits with enhanced deliverables of data capacity up to eight bits. Simulation and measurement have verified the performance of this sensor, validating its effectiveness in the delivery of multiple data information under dangerous and hazardous sensing scenarios where remote, contactless, and battery-free sensors are utterly required.
Simultaneous Source Number Detection and DOA Estimation Using Deep Neural Network and K2-Means Clustering with Prior Knowledge
Authors: Liu Aifei , Zhou Yuan , Li Zi , Xie Yuxuan , Zeng Cao , Liu Zhiling
Published: February 2025

Source number detection and Direction-of-Arrival (DOA) estimation are usually addressed in two stages, leading to high computational load. This paper proposes a simple solution to efficiently estimate the source number and DOAs using deep neural network (DNN) and clustering, named DNN-C. By observing that sources in space are usually few, DNN-C uses a simple fully connected DNN to obtain a spatial spectrum. Then, the K2-means clustering is specially designed to extract the source information from the obtained spatial spectrum. In particular, to enable the proposed DNN-C with the ability to detect the mixed sources, we first develop a new strategy for training data generation, and provide a guideline for data balance setting. We then explore the prior knowledge of array signal processing and spatial spectrum to obtain a peak vector and propose to add a virtual peak into the peak vector, and thus transform the task of source detection as a binary clustering problem of noise and sources. Overall, DNN-C provides a lightweight solution to implement source number detection and DOA estimation simultaneously and efficiently. Its testing time is about 2 times less than the classical solution (i.e., minimum descriptive length and multiple signal classification, shortened as MDL-MUSIC) when the grid step is 1° Importantly, it is robust to nonuniform noise by nature and can identify the absence of sources. The effectiveness of DNN-C is verified by simulation results. Furthermore, the DNN-C model trained by simulated data shows its generalization to real data measured by a circular array of eight sensors.
Does Income Inequality Influence Energy Consumption in the European Union?
Authors: Simionescu Mihaela , Oancea Bogdan
Published: February 2025

This study examines the emerging challenge of how income inequality affects household energy consumption within the European Union amidst the ongoing energy crisis. Using the Gini index and the gender pay gap as indicators of income inequality, the analysis covers the period 2000–2023 across EU member states. Dynamic panel data models reveal that the Gini index negatively impacted final energy consumption per capita as well as energy consumption specifically from gas oil and diesel, while the gender pay gap is associated with less energy consumption in the realms of natural gas and ambient heating. Causality is further explored through recent methodology developed for panel data and Bayesian networks, and the results confirm the causality between energy consumption and income inequality. To address the complex relationship between income inequality and energy consumption, policymakers should implement integrated strategies promoting energy efficiency, clean energy transitions, gender equality, and social safety nets, particularly in light of the energy crisis exacerbated by the Russia–Ukraine conflict.
Iterative Optimization of PV/T Microchannel Structure Based on Non-Uniform Parallel Arrangement
Authors: Hong Bing , Zhou Zhigang , Song Xuewei , Yao Jie , Wang Xinye , Geng Wenqiang , Su Xiaolian
Published: February 2025

The traditional uniform parallel microchannel structure in PV/T system results in the formation of high-temperature zones in a silicon cell. This paper proposes using the iterative optimization to change the uniform arrangement of microchannel width to a non-uniform arrangement, making the temperature distribution more uniform. A vertical Z-shape structure is selected as the optimization object for its relatively good performance. Its middle path resistance is high, resulting in a high-temperature zone in the middle-upper part of a silicon cell. Three characteristic parameters are compared to select the optimal monitored variable for the iterative calculations. Specific flow rate is found to be the best characteristic parameter, followed by flow rate, while flow velocity cannot be used for iteration. The optimization significantly improves the uniformity of temperature distribution in the silicon cell. The air layer further enhances the performance of the PV/T system, with a thickness of 7 mm being optimal. At the ambient temperature from −15 °C to 40 °C, the outlet water temperature ranges from 37.7 °C to 53.7 °C, and the overall efficiency ranges from 40.8% to 73.0%, showing good application potential.
High-Voltage Measurement Infrastructure Based on Optical Technology for Transmission Lines
Authors: da Rosa Mauro Augusto , Henrique Clayrton Monteiro , Bolacell Gabriel Santos , Del Monego Hermes Irineu , de Lima Junior Paulo César Rodrigues
Published: February 2025

This paper introduces a singular measurement infrastructure for real-time monitoring of transmission lines, applied to a 230 kV section of the Brazilian grid. The system aimed to expand the scope of monitoring variables using new concepts of optical sensing. Thus, variables are captured not only in the electrical domain but also in the mechanical, thermal, and environmental domains through optical technologies and meteorological measurement sensors strategically positioned along the transmission line. The system relies on new features, including a high-voltage polymeric insulator instrumentalized with optical fiber sensors to measure line electrical current, conductor temperature, mechanical strain, and an electro-optical signal processing unit fed by a solar system. The correlations between the monitored variables provide more complete information about what happens in the transmission line compared to the analysis of purely electrical quantities. For instance, the Spearman coefficient of 0.9909 highlights the strong correlation between anchoring force and ambient temperature. This new way of monitoring systems opens the doors to a multivariate power system analysis.
Investigation of the Impact of Environmental Degradation on the Transition to Clean Energy: New Evidence from Sultanate of Oman
Authors: Kilinc-Ata Nurcan
Published: February 2025

All nations are searching for ways to address their environmental gaps to assure long-term sustainability, given the alarming rate at which the environment is deteriorating. As one of the nations pursuing clean energy, Oman needs to embrace eco-friendly practices that can encourage sustainability and resource efficiency to establish green ecosystems. This study uses an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to examine the link between CO2 emissions, GDP, energy consumption, financial development, foreign direct investment, urbanization, and population in the Sultanate of Oman between 1990 and 2023. The Middle Eastern nation of Oman was selected for the case study because it has traditionally depended on its domestic fossil fuel resources. Furthermore, the country has been a net exporter and surplus oil producer, underscoring Oman’s long-standing reliance on fossil fuels. The findings indicate that urbanization and GDP lower CO2 emissions, whereas population growth, energy use, FDI, and financial development raise emissions. As per the EKC model, the GDP2 coefficient was 0.488 and β1 < 0. This suggests that there is a positive correlation between environmental degradation and economic growth in Oman, although the EKC only applies up to a particular income level. The findings suggest enacting additional environmental regulations to support sustainable business behavior, raising public understanding of environmental issues, using more clean energy technologies, lowering energy consumption, and reaching the goal of net-zero carbon emissions.
Designing a Photovoltaic–Wind Energy Mix with Energy Storage for Low-Emission Hydrogen Production
Authors: Małek Arkadiusz , Dudziak Agnieszka , Marciniak Andrzej , Słowik Tomasz
Published: February 2025

In the introduction to this article, a brief overview of the generated energy and the power produced by the photovoltaic systems with a peak power of 3 MWp and different tilt and orientation of the photovoltaic panels is given. The characteristics of the latest systems generating energy by wind turbines with a capacity of 3.45 MW are also presented. In the subsequent stages of the research, the necessity of balancing the energy in power networks powered by a mix of renewable energy sources is demonstrated. Then, a calculation algorithm is presented in the area of balancing the energy system powered by a photovoltaic–wind energy mix and feeding the low-emission hydrogen production process. It is analytically and graphically demonstrated that the process of balancing the entire system can be influenced by structural changes in the installation of the photovoltaic panels. It is proven that the tilt angle and orientation of the panels have a significant impact on the level of power generated by the photovoltaic system and, thus, on the energy mix in individual hourly intervals. Research has demonstrated that the implementation of planned design changes in the assembly of panels in a photovoltaic system allows for a reduction in the size of the energy storage system by more than 2 MWh. The authors apply actual measurement data from a specific geographical context, i.e., from the Lublin region in Poland. The calculations use both traditional statistical methods and probabilistic analysis. Balancing the generated power and the energy produced for the entire month considered in hourly intervals throughout the day is the essence of the calculations made by the authors.
Annual Simulation of Phase Change Materials for Enhanced Energy Efficiency and Thermal Performance of Buildings in Southern California
Authors: Chan Yiu , Hoke Thomas , Meredith Kevin , Chen Xi
Published: February 2025

The use of advanced thermal storage materials, such as phase change materials (PCMs), offers a practical approach to reducing energy consumption in buildings while maintaining comfortable indoor temperatures. This work employs EnergyPlus to simulate the energy consumption of residential homes equipped with paraffin-based PCMs in Southern California, a region that experiences extremely high summer temperatures and significant day–night temperature variations. Two computational methods, the basic method and the hysteresis method, are employed. The effect of position, melting point, thickness, and thermal conductivity of PCMs on the energy savings rate in buildings is systematically investigated. The results show that the optimized melting point of PCM for Riverside and Palm Springs falls within the range of 19 to 21 °C. As thermal conductivity increases from 0.2 W m−1 K−1 to 3 W m−1 K−1, energy consumption in Riverside decreases by about 5%, whereas in Palm Springs, with its hotter summer temperatures, energy consumption increases. The optimal parameters yielded a total annual energy savings rate of 35.24% in Riverside and 18.52% in Palm Springs using the basic method and 35.47% in Riverside and 22.13% in Palm Springs using the hysteresis method. Under natural ventilation conditions, PCMs can reduce indoor day–night temperature differences in summer to 2.4 °C and 2.2 °C in Riverside, depending on the method used, compared to a 7 °C temperature difference without PCMs. Even without air conditioning, PCMs effectively maintain indoor temperatures within a comfortable range. This work demonstrates that optimizing PCMs in building design can significantly enhance energy efficiency and thermal comfort, providing a sustainable solution for reducing energy demands in residential settings.
Simulated Results of a Passive Energy Retrofit Approach for Traditional Listed Dwellings in the UK
Authors: Menconi Michela , Painting Noel , Piroozfar Poorang
Published: February 2025

Energy performance improvements in existing homes play a substantial role in the achievement of the UK’s net-zero emissions target. However, retrofitting dwellings remains a particularly challenging task in the UK, where traditional dwellings make up a large part of the building repository. Traditional dwellings’ contribution to decarbonization has not yet been fully realized due to the risks imposed to the thermo-hygrometric balance of their constructions and to their heritage value. These tend to hinder the “fabric-first” approach for the retrofit of such dwellings, where active measures are often prioritized. The aim of this research is to propose a systemic approach to intervene in Traditional Listed Dwellings (TLDs) to improve their energy performance by means of passive retrofit measures and to shape a more future-proof heritage. A mixed methodology was developed that utilizes 19th C TLD case studies (CSs) in South-East England and dynamic energy simulation (DES) to investigate their current energy performance and possible improvements using responsible, safe and effective energy retrofit scenarios. Providing an overview of the methodology adopted in this research, this paper presents the main results of this study. This paper highlights the savings associated with the best-performing combinations of retrofit measures and the areas of intervention where the highest energy and carbon savings can be achieved.
Enhanced Raccoon Optimization Algorithm for PMSM Electrical Parameter Identification
Authors: Hu Zhihong , Zhan Jihao , Li Zelan , Hou Xiangqing , Fu Zhiang , Yang Xiaoliang
Published: February 2025

This article proposes an improved algorithm for the parameter identification of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). An enhanced raccoon optimization algorithm (EROA) was formed by combining the raccoon optimization algorithm (ROA) with the adaptive exploration radius, raccoon-washing-food-inspired, and escaping-predator strategies. First, using some of the functions in IEEE CEC2015, the EROA solution has a large improvement in convergence speed and solution accuracy compared with other algorithms. Second, the EROA solution is more stable under the same conditions, as demonstrated by MATLAB parameter identification simulation. Finally, EROA is applied to motor parameter identification through motor control experiments.
Potential Enhanced Geothermal Systems in Western Poland—Petrothermal and Geochemical Issues
Authors: Labus Krzysztof , Moska Rafał , Labus Małgorzata
Published: February 2025

This study evaluates the potential of enhanced geothermal systems (EGSs) in Poland, focusing on formations composed by igneous rocks, such as crystalline rocks of the Karkonosze pluton and volcanic rocks of the Gorzów Block. A total of 57 rock samples, including granites and rhyolites from these formations, were analyzed for their thermal and geochemical properties to assess their suitability for EGS development. The results highlight the importance of thermal parameters, such as conductivity and diffusivity, in optimizing geothermal exploitation. The measurements reveal that Karkonosze granite exhibits high thermal diffusivity and conductivity, making it a prime candidate for heat extraction. Although the Gorzów Block rhyolites show slightly lower values, their high initial temperatures still promise long-term geothermal viability. Geochemical modelling indicates that mineral precipitation that causes permeability damage is unlikely in these reservoirs. Instead, minor increases in porosity due to mineral dissolution can reduce hydraulic resistance, potentially affecting the performance of the system.
Speed Optimization Control of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on TD3
Authors: Hu Zuolei , Zhang Yingjie , Li Ming , Liao Yuhua
Published: February 2025

Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are widely used in industrial automation and electric vehicles due to their high efficiency and excellent dynamic performance. However, controlling PMSMs presents challenges such as parameter variations and system nonlinearities. This paper proposes a twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (TD3)-based energy-saving optimization control method for PMSM drive systems. The TD3 algorithm uses double networks, target policy smoothing regularization, and delayed actor network updates to improve training stability and accuracy. Simulation experiments under two operating conditions show that the TD3 algorithm outperforms traditional proportional–integral (PI) controllers and linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) controllers in terms of reference trajectory tracking, q-axis current regulation, and speed tracking error minimization. The results demonstrate the TD3 algorithm’s effectiveness in enhancing motor efficiency and system robustness, offering a novel approach to PMSM drive system control through deep reinforcement learning.
Is the Digital Divide Inhibiting Urban Energy Transitions?—Evidence from China
Authors: Jiao Zhilun , Xia Zixuan
Published: February 2025

The swift advancement of information technology has significantly impacted the energy transition. Being the largest energy consumer globally, China’s acceleration of the urban energy transition will promote sustainable development and pave the way for future development. This study examines the impact of the digital divide between cities regarding the energy transition by using panel data for 271 Chinese cities from 2006 to 2021. We found the following results. (1) The digital divide has an inhibitory effect on the energy transition of cities, hindering their development towards green and low-carbon development. (2) Further analyses found that the negative impact of the digital divide on energy transition can be effectively mitigated by strengthening urban infrastructure construction, promoting emerging technological innovation, and cultivating and attracting talent in the digital industry. (3) The results of the subsample analyses show that the inhibitory effect of the digital divide on energy transition is more significant in densely populated cities, economically and technologically developed cities, and non-resource-based cities. The above findings hold significant practical implications for overcoming the digital divide and the stagnation of energy transition, and for the scientific implementation of China’s “Carbon Neutrality” initiative.
Monitoring and Early Warning System: Regional Monitoring Strategy in Lombardy Region
Authors: Cataldi Sarah , Ticozzi Elena Maria , Morani Federica , Bodina Annalisa , Migliari Maurizio , Perotti Gabriele , Lombardo Massimo , Pregliasco Fabrizio Ernesto , Cereda Danilo
Published: February 2025

Background: This article examines the infectious disease surveillance system in the Lombardy region of Italy, with a focus on its response mechanisms to respiratory syndromes. This study aims to describe the alert system and the organizational procedures in place, assessing their effectiveness in managing health crises. Methods: This study is based on the analysis of Lombardy’s regional resolution No. 1125, developed by regional public health experts. Surveillance levels were categorized based on incidence thresholds and healthcare system impacts, establishing specific indicators and activation protocols. Information flows are managed through real-time data portals, enabling the real-time monitoring of COVID-19, influenza, and other infectious respiratory diseases. Results: A multi-level response system was established, with levels ranging from ordinary regimes to critical epidemic activation. Each level includes specific actions, such as resource reallocation, emergency department support, and the suspension of elective procedures. The use of technological tools, such as electronic health records, streamlined reporting processes, and real-time data flow management, has strengthened the region’s response capabilities. Conclusions: This study underscores the value of a structured, multi-level response system for infectious disease management, showing that a unified regional approach improves crisis response efficiency. It suggests that sharing activation indicators and protocols within the scientific community can help harmonize national and international responses to future pandemics. The system, while effective in its current context, may require adaptation for future health challenges.
Novel Epigenetics Control (EpC) Nanocarrier for Cancer Therapy Through Dual-Targeting Approach to DNA Methyltransferase and Ten-Eleven Translocation Enzymes
Authors: Mitsuhashi Risa , Sato Kiyoshi , Kawakami Hiroyoshi
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Aberrant hypermethylation in the promoter regions of tumor suppressor genes facilitates the pathogenesis and progression of cancer. Therefore, inhibitors targeting DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) have been tested in clinical studies. However, the current monotherapy of DNMT inhibitors shows limited efficacy. Furthermore, the mechanism of action of DNMT inhibitors is DNA replication-dependent. To address these limitations, we developed a novel core–shell-type “epigenetics control (EpC) nanocarrier” that encapsulated decitabine (5-aza-dC) in the PLGA core nanoparticle and hybridized TET1 gene-encoding pDNA on the lipid shell surface. This study aimed to evaluate whether the dual delivery of DNMT inhibitors and pDNA of TET1 could synergistically enhance tumor suppressor gene expression and induce cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis in cancer cells. Herein, we demonstrate the potential of the EpC carrier in HCT116 human colon cancer cells to upregulate tumor suppressor gene expression and rapidly achieve cell cycle arrest. Methods: PLGA core nanoparticles were prepared by the W/O/W double emulsion method. The formation of core–shell nanoparticles and complexation with pDNA were investigated and optimized by dynamic light scattering, zeta potential measurement, and agarose gel electrophoresis. The cellular uptake and transfection efficiency were measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy and a luciferase assay, respectively. The expression of p53 protein was detected by Western blotting. The anti-tumor effects of the EpC nanocarrier were evaluated by cell cycle analysis and an apoptosis assay. Results: The EpC nanocarrier delivered the DNMT inhibitor and TET gene-encoding pDNA into HCT116 cells. It promoted the expression of the tumor suppressor protein p53 and induced rapid cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase in HCT116 cells. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the dual-targeting of DNMT and TET enzymes effectively repairs aberrant DNA methylation and induces growth arrest in cancer cells, and the dual-targeting strategy may contribute to the advancement of epigenetic cancer therapy.
The Impact of the Small Urban Green Space on the Urban Thermal Environment: The Belgrade Case Study (Serbia)
Authors: Kecman Snežana , Stojanović Nadežda , Vukmirović Milena , Vasiljević Nevena , Bjedov Ivana , Vujović Dragana
Published: February 2025

Small green spaces are the most common type of greenery in cities, but very little is known about their impact on thermal comfort. It has been established that larger green spaces (large city parks, urban forests, etc.) have a significant effect on the formation of thermal comfort in cities. Conversely, it has been shown that this effect is highly variable in smaller green spaces (particularly those <3 ha). This study investigated the impact of smaller green spaces (<3 ha) of various categories (parks, squares, and street tree lines) on the thermal comfort of urban open spaces. In total, 18 green spaces in Belgrade were selected, where specialised meteorological measurements were conducted during summer and winter, and the PET index and UTCI were calculated using the RayMan Pro (Version 3.1 Beta) software. Research has shown that green spaces ranging from 0.9 to 3 ha have an average difference of 4.04 °C in the PET index and 3.27 °C in the UTCI. For areas between 0.3 and 0.9 ha, the differences are 2.32 °C for PET and 2.05 °C for UTCI, while for spaces <0.3 ha, the differences are 2.19 °C for PET and 2.12 °C for UTCI. In all cases, the values of the PET index and UTCI were higher in green spaces compared to areas without greenery, with differences ranging from 2.19 to 4.04 °C for PET and 2.05–3.27 °C for UTCI. It was determined that green spaces <3 ha increased the PET index by an average of 2.75 °C and the UTCI by 2.41 °C. The results of this study showed that despite their size, small green areas can significantly improve thermal comfort. This study highlights the importance of these green spaces and provides a basis for the planning of new or renovated existing urban green spaces to mitigate the effects of climate change in cities.
Farmland Afforestation by Poplar Shelterbelts Increased Soil Inorganic Carbon but Showed Ambiguous Effects on Soil Organic Carbon as Revealed by Carbon Isotopic Composition: Inter-Fraction and Inter-Site Differences in Northern China
Authors: Ji Qianru , Jiang Huan , Xu Zhihong , Zhu Meina , Zhang Shaoqing , Wang Huimei , Tang Zhonghua , Wang Qiong , Wang Wenjie
Published: February 2025

Afforestation has been considered to be the cost-effective way to sequestrate carbon (C) dioxide from the atmosphere in the soils, while concurrent responses of soil inorganic C (SIC) and soil organic C (SOC), and their turnover are still not well-defined. During the C cycle, inorganic C is enriched in heavy isotopes (13C), while organic C, due to photosynthetic fractionation, is enriched in light isotopes (12C). This leads to distinct C isotope fractionation in terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, 72 paired soils (0–20 cm) from poplar shelterbelts and adjacent farmland sites were collected in six regions (Zhaozhou, Fuyu, Dumeng, Zhaodong, Lanling, and Mingshui) of northeastern China. Five soil fractions of dissolved organic C (DOC), particulate organic matter (POM), sand and stable aggregates (S + A), silt and clay (S + C), and resistant SOC (rSOC) and bulk soils were used in C content assay and the natural δ13C determination. The results showed that, compared with SOC, poplar shelterbelts resulted in SIC accrual in the soils across all six sites; however, only half of the six sites showed SOC accrual, indicating an ambiguous effect of afforestation on SOC. The natural δ13C method could identify the SOC turnover owing to the C isotopic discrimination. The δ13C–SOC-derived turnover ratio was 23%. When SIC was included in the δ13C measurement, bulk soils and four soil fractions (S + C, S + A, rSOC, DOC) showed a 2%–10% lower turnover percentage than the δ13C–SOC-derived turnover ratios. The SIC inclusion resulted in the dependency of δ13C–TC (TC = SIC + SOC) values on SOC (negative, R2: 0.21–0.44) and SIC content (positive, R2: 0.39–0.63). By contrast, when SIC was excluded, the δ13C–SOC values were independent of them (R2 < 0.18). Redundancy ordination analysis manifested that more SOC in the soils, together with more POM and farming uses would be accompanied with the lower δ13C values. Moreover, forest characteristics (e.g., age and density) and farmland backgrounds (e.g., crop history and distance between forest and farmland) could explain differences in δ13C-related features. Our results highlighted that SIC in natural δ13C determination underestimated the C turnover ratio in general. However, SIC storage should be included in the soil C sequestration evaluation owing to a general SIC accrual pattern across regions when compared with those of SOC.
Recent Advances in MXene-Based Flame Retardants for Enhancing Fire Safety in Thermoplastic Resins
Authors: Guo Qinhe , Yuan Yao , Xu Lulu , Wang Wei
Published: February 2025

Thermoplastic resins are indispensable materials in various applications, including automotive, electronics, packaging, and construction, owing to their superior mechanical strength, ease of processing, and versatility. However, their inherent flammability poses a significant challenge to fire safety, limiting their broader use in environments demanding stringent flame-retardant performance. MXenes, a newly emerging class of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, have recently attracted significant attention for their application in flame-retardant polymer composites because of their multilayered structure and exceptional versatility. This review comprehensively explores the state-of-the-art advancements in flame-retardant thermoplastic resins, focusing on the use of MXenes and MXene-based materials to meet high-performance requirements, including mechanical strength, thermal stability, flame retardancy, electromagnetic interference (EMI) properties, and multifunctionality. Furthermore, the modification approaches of MXene-based flame retardants, the preparation of MXene-based thermoplastic resin composites, and the mechanisms of action for different matrices are also discussed in this review. Finally, this review discusses the challenges and potential developments for MXene-based thermoplastic composites, offering insights into the practical applications and growing demands for flame-retardant materials.
Mangosteen Seed Fat: A Typical 1,3-Distearoyl-Sn-2-Linoleoyl-Glycerol-Rich Fat and Its Effects on Delaying Chocolate Fat Bloom
Authors: Hou Xueying , Chen Yuhang , Wei Lai , Jin Jun
Published: February 2025

Mangosteen seed fat (MSF), a novel tropical seed fat, predominantly comprises 1,3-distearoyl-2-linoleoyl-glycerol (StLSt) and 1,3-distearoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol (StOSt). The fat was blended with cocoa butter (CB) in proportions of 5%, 25% and 60% in the present study, and the binary blends achieved acceptable miscibility. It was indicated that StLSt could be mixed well with the symmetrical monounsaturated triacylglycerols in CB, especially StOSt, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3-stearoyl-glycerol (POSt) and 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol (POP). Although the solid fat contents of the binary blends gradually decreased with the addition of MSF, which resulted from low-melting triacylglycerols in MSF, the well-compatible fat matrix contributed to keeping their desirable melting behaviors and hardness at hot temperatures. A chocolate fat bloom test showed that replacing CB with 25–60% MSF improved fat-bloom-resistant stabilities effectively. The effective steric hindrance of StLSt crystals may improve fat compatibilities and further delay liquid–oil migration and recrystallization in chocolates during temperature fluctuations.
Bioactive Potential of Olive Leaf By-Product Throughout In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion
Authors: Sánchez-Gutiérrez Mónica , Gómez-García Ricardo , Carrasco Elena , Rodríguez Alejandro , Pintado Manuela
Published: February 2025

Olive leaf, an abundant and underutilized byproduct of the olive industry, has gained attention as a potential functional ingredient due to its high content of dietary fiber and phenolic compounds. However, little is known about its bioaccessibility and transformation throughout the digestive process, limiting its application in food formulations. This study provides a comprehensive and quantitative assessment of how ground olive leaf bioactive compounds behave during gastrointestinal digestion, offering new insights into their stability and potential health benefits. The total phenolics content and antioxidant activity of ground olive leaf increased in the oral and gastric phases, decreasing slightly in the intestinal phase, with a bioaccessibility of 46% and up to 70% for the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, respectively. The principal individual phenolic compounds identified in the intestinal phase were oleuropein, luteolin-7-glycoside, luteolin-6-glycoside and ferulic acid, with bioaccessibilities of up to 97%. The main soluble sugars (fructose, glucose, and sucrose) and organic acids (succinic, citric, and acetic acids) detected in the olive leaf samples showed different behaviors during gastrointestinal digestion: sugars increased in the oral and gastric phases but decreased in the intestinal phase, with high bioaccessibility despite reduced recovery, while organic acids remained mostly stable, except for citric acid, which decreased significantly in the intestinal phase, all showing close to 100% bioaccessibility. These results provide the first detailed evidence of the digestive fate of ground olive leaf bioactive compounds, reinforcing its potential as a functional ingredient. Its natural availability, without requiring pre-treatment, combined with its high antioxidant potential and bioaccessibility, highlights its relevance for the development of innovative food ingredients, aligning with circular economy principles and sustainable food strategies.
Design and Bioanalysis of Nanoliposome Loaded with Premium Red Palm Oil for Improved Nutritional Delivery and Stability
Authors: Rodsamai Tanatchapond , Chaijan Manat , Rodjan Prawit , Tamman Arlee , Supaweera Nassareen , Yin Mingyu , Kim Siriporn Riebroy , Panpipat Worawan
Published: February 2025

Red palm oil (RPO), which is rich in carotenoids and tocotrienols, offers significant health-promoting properties. However, its utilization in functional foods is hindered by poor water solubility and instability under certain processing conditions. This study aimed to overcome these limitations by enhancing the bioactivity and stability of RPO through the ultrasound-assisted fabrication of nanoliposomes, formulated with varying ratios of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (EYPC) to RPO. At a 3:1 ratio, the encapsulation efficiency (EE) began to reach >90%. Nanoliposome with the highest β-carotene EE (94.9%) (p < 0.05) and a typical oil loading content of 13.40% was produced by EYPC-to-RPO at a 7:1 ratio. As EYPC levels increased, the average vesicle size and the polydispersity index decreased, but the zeta potential and pH gradually increased. Nanoliposome prepared with an EYPC: RPO ratio of 3:1 showed the lowest peroxide value (PV) of 4.99 meqO2/kg, a thiobarbuturic acid reactive substances (TBARS) value of 0.20 mmol/kg, and greater 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•) inhibition over 30 days of storage at 25 °C. All nanoliposomes showed anti-inflammatory activity without cell toxicity. Nanoliposomes present a promising delivery system for enhancing the biological activity and storage stability of RPO.
Revealing the Differences in Microbial Community and Quality of High-Temperature Daqu in the Southern Sichuan–Northern Guizhou Region
Authors: Yan Cheng , Huang Zhangjun , Tu Rongkun , Zhang Liqiang , Wu Chongde , Wang Songtao , Huang Ping , Zeng Yunhang , Shi Bi
Published: February 2025

High-temperature Daqu is crucial to Jiang-flavor Baijiu production in the Southern Sichuan–Northern Guizhou region of China. However, the complex interplay among microorganisms, enzymes, and metabolites in the Daqu from this region requires further investigation. This study compared four high-temperature Daqu samples from this region, analyzing their physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, volatile compounds, and microbial community composition and function, and exploring the influence of microorganisms on the saccharification and aroma-formation function of Daqu in combination with correlation analysis. The microbial communities in the Daqu samples exhibited functional redundancy, with Desmospora sp. 8437 being consistently dominant (3.6–7.3%). Members of the family Bacillaceae were the principal factors contributing to the differences in starch degradation capacity, protein degradation capacity, and pyrazine content among the Daqu samples, mainly through the amylases and proteases they produce. Kroppenstedtia spp. were principal factors causing the differences in aldehyde and ketone contents, primarily via the lipid degradation enzymes they synthesize. Overall, the bacterial community composition of Daqu greatly influenced its characteristics. This study provided a theoretical basis for understanding the diversity of high-temperature Daqu in the Southern Sichuan–Northern Guizhou region.
Profiling the Nutritional, Phytochemical, and Functional Properties of Mung Bean Varieties
Authors: Idris Fekiya Mohammed , Urga Kelbessa , Admassu Habtamu , Fentie Eskindir Getachew , Kwon Sook-Min , Shin Jae-Ho
Published: February 2025

The Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute (EARI) adopted four mung bean varieties for cultivation, following extensive research on their adaptability, productivity, and drought tolerance. However, the physicochemical, techno-functional, and antioxidant properties of these cultivars, which can vary significantly due to genetic and agro-ecological differences, have not been sufficiently explored in previous research. Hence, this study aimed to elucidate these properties to facilitate their seamless integration into food formulation and product development. The study results revealed that the protein content of these varieties ranged from 22.63 to 25.84 g/100 g, while carbohydrate content ranged from 54.9 to 58.82 g/100 g. Moreover, all examined varieties exhibited elevated levels of essential amino acids, particularly lysine, phenylalanine, and leucine. The foaming capacity and emulsion activity varied between 40.27–49.2% and 52.75–54.13%, respectively. The loss modulus of all varieties surpassed the storage modulus. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents ranged from 2.36 to 3.05 mg GAE/g and 1.42 to 2.22 mg QE/g, respectively. The antioxidant activities were assessed using different assays and revealed that all samples were concentration-dependent, with all cultivars exhibiting high antioxidant activity at higher concentrations. The comparative analysis of the examined varieties revealed that none excelled in all of the tested parameters. However, these diverse qualities make Ethiopian mung bean varieties suitable for various food formulations tailored to specific desired characteristics.
Reduced Doses of Diatomaceous Earth and Basil Essential Oil on Stored Grain Against the Wheat-Damaging Sitophilus oryzae: Influence on Bread Quality and Sensory Profile
Authors: Bianchi Alessandro , Farina Priscilla , Venturi Francesca , Trusendi Francesca , Flamini Guido , Ascrizzi Roberta , Sarrocco Sabrina , Ortega-Andrade Sania , Echeverria Maria Cristina , Conti Barbara , Taglieri Isabella
Published: February 2025

Stored grain pests like Sitophilus oryzae pose significant challenges to food security and quality, necessitating eco-friendly pest management strategies. This study investigates the combined efficacy of reduced doses of diatomaceous earth (DE) and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) essential oil (EO) as an alternative to conventional pesticides. Laboratory trials evaluated the effectiveness of the treatments—DE, EO, and a mixture of both (at halved doses)—against S. oryzae in wheat, alongside their impact on bread quality and sensory attributes. Results showed that DE and the DE + EO at halved doses combination achieved over 82% pest mortality, comparable to standard DE doses but with reduced mechanical and environmental drawbacks. EO alone demonstrated limited insecticidal activity. Bread made from treated wheat retained high sensory acceptability, with DE enhancing elasticity and crumb aroma. EO-enriched bread exhibited a complex aromatic profile due to methyl chavicol, though with reduced crumb elasticity and a slightly bitter aftertaste. Shelf-life assessments indicated that DE and DE + EO at halved doses extended mold-free storage by one day compared to untreated bread. These findings highlight the potential of combining DE and EO at reduced doses to manage stored grain pests sustainably, aligning with integrated pest management (IPM) and organic farming principles, while preserving the technological and sensory qualities of derived food products.
Establishment and Application of Duplex Recombinase-Aided Amplification Combined with Lateral Flow Dipsticks for Rapid and Simultaneous Visual Detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus in Milk
Authors: Zhang Ni , Hou Laiwang , Li Darong , Lan Weiqing , Zhao Yong , Sun Xiaohong
Published: February 2025

Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae are significant and prevalent pathogens associated with bovine mastitis on dairy farms worldwide, resulting in severe infections in both dairy cows and, subsequently, human beings. Fast and dependable pathogen diagnostics are essential to minimize the effects of cow mastitis and human infections. The aim of this research was to develop a duplex recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) combined with the lateral flow dipstick (LFD) method, which was used for rapid, simultaneous detection of S. aureus and K. pneumoniae. The SKII culture medium for S. aureus and K. pneumoniae cocultivation was developed in this study. By optimizing the duplex RAA–LFD reaction conditions in terms of primer concentration, amplification temperature, and reaction time, the duplex RAA–LFD assay could successfully detect S. aureus and K. pneumoniae when the reaction was conducted at 39 °C for 20 min. The duplex RAA–LFD method demonstrated good specificity, exhibiting no cross-reactivity with other pathogens. In addition, the detection limit of the duplex RAA–LFD for S. aureus and K. pneumoniae was 60 fg of genomic DNA and 1.78 × 103 and 2.46 × 103 CFU/mL of bacteria in pure culture. Moreover, the duplex RAA–LFD technique is capable of identifying S. aureus and K. pneumoniae in artificially spiked milk samples even at very low initial concentrations of 1.78 × 101 and 2.46 × 100 CFU/mL, respectively, after 6 h of enrichment. The result of the actual samples showed that the total concordance rate of the duplex RAA–LFD method with the biochemical identification method and PCR method could reach 92.98~98.25% with high consistency. The results of this study indicated that the duplex RAA–LFD assay, which is a precise, sensitive, and simple field testing technique, can be used to identify S. aureus and K. pneumoniae and is expected to be used for disease diagnosis.