bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La (dé)construction de la politeia
Authors: Müller Christel
Published: January 2015

L’article propose de revenir sur la notion de citoyenneté(politeia)dans le monde grec, en confrontant une conception traditionnelle fondée notamment sur la lecture d’Aristote, qui définit la citoyenneté en termes de participation politique, au témoignage des nombreux décrets gravés à l’époque hellénistique octroyant aux étrangers bienfaiteurs des privilèges légaux (comme le droit de propriété, de commercer, de contracter un mariage légitime, d’être exempté de certains impôts…). Si la tripartition statutaire classique (citoyens, étrangers résidents et esclaves) reste assurément valable durant l’époque hellénistique et constitue l’« infrastructure » des sociétés civiques, le système de privilèges mis en place par les cités pour honorer des étrangers méritants aboutit à créer une « concaténation de positions toutes différentes » qui, sans remettre en cause la hiérarchie des statuts juridiques, introduit de la fluidité sociale dans un monde inter-connecté, bien éloigné de l’idéal platonicien et aristotélicien de la cité autarcique.
Repenser le politique en Gréce ancienne
Authors: Azoulay Vincent
Published: January 2015

Trente ans après l’article de Nicole Loraux paru dansL’Hommeen 1986, cette étude entend revenir sur l’expérience politique dans le monde grec ancien. L’objectif est de montrer qu’il est nécessaire d’articuler les deux définitions du terme politique inventé par les Grecs : d’une part,lepolitique compris comme un ensemble d’activités sans substance ni incarnation institutionnelle spécifique, un champ d’actions qui ne s’identifie pas dans les formes de l’État moderne, mais dans des expériences et des pratiques très variées, en contexte conflictuel, et, d’autre part,lapolitique, entendue non pas seulement comme l’accès réglé à différentes institutions, mais aussi comme auto-institution de la communauté par ellemême. À travers l’étude d’un cas précis, la crise de 404 à Athènes et, en particulier, le discours de Cléocritos transmis par lesHelléniquesde Xénophon, l’article propose une nouvelle manière de penser ces deux niveaux d’expression de la vie collective. Loin de la lecture réconciliatrice qu’en avait proposée N. Loraux, l’appel à la concorde de Cléocritos témoigne, dans l’effervescence et la tension des événements, de l’oubli delapolitique, au sens institutionnel du terme, au profit exclusifdupolitique et des pratiques collectives qui y sont associées. Pour finir, cette étude de cas débouche sur une interrogation plus générale sur le sens de l’événement et sa portée épistémologique. En proposant de penser la crise de 404 au sein des différents régimes d’historicité qui ont caractérisé l’histoire d’Athènes entre le Veet le IVesiècle, l’article vise à mieux réarticuler les moments instituants et le fonctionnement institué de la démocratie grecque.
Les prétendues classes censitaires soloniennes
Authors: Duplouy Alain
Published: January 2015

La mise en place par Solon de quatre classes censitaires dans l’Athènes du début du VIe siècle av. J.-C. est d’ordinaire perçue comme une étape majeure dans la structuration politique de l’État athénien. S’intéressant à la manière dont s’était élaborée l’image d’un Solon « père fondateur de la démocratie athénienne », Claude Mossé montrait, il y a près de trente-cinq ans, combien cette présentation devait en fait à l’historiographie du IVe siècle, mettant dès lors en doute l’existence d’un système censitaire solonien. Poursuivant cette démarche, bien que souvent tenue pour « post-moderne » et aux résultats qualifiés de « pessimistes », cet article envisage lestelèsoloniens comme des groupes fonctionnels parmi bien d’autres, insistant sur leur rôle dans la structuration de la cité athénienne et dans la définition d’une citoyenneté proprement archaïque fondée sur les comportements et les modes de vie.
Deux formes du communen Gréce ancienne
Authors: Macé Arnaud
Published: January 2015

Le présent article avance l’idée qu’il existait en Grèce archaïque deux conceptions fondamentales du commun et que celles-ci gagnent à être explicitées à partir du contexte des pratiques distributives qui y avaient cours, comme celles qui président à la répartition des parts de butin après une expédition guerrière. C’est dans ce contexte qu’une distinction peut être faite entre le commun qui ne se distribue pas – la part qu’une communauté met à part avant de diviser les parts individuelles – et celui qui résulte au contraire de la façon dont on répartit les parts individuelles, par exemple en vertu d’une égalité qui devient, pour tous, synonyme de communauté du partage. On propose d’appeler ces deux formes « commun exclusif » et « commun inclusif », et d’en explorer les propriétés. On suit aussi les conséquences du fait que les anciens Grecs en soient venus à appliquer à la cité ellemême ce schéma distributif, en se représentant l’ordre politique comme le résultat d’une procédure de distribution des biens et des prérogatives : la dualité du commun exclusif et du commun inclusif devrait aussi se retrouver au sein de l’expérience et de la pensée politique des anciens Grecs, comme l’un de ses principes structurants.
Psychoanalysis, Reparation, and Historical Memory
Authors: Figlio Karl
Published: January 2015

This paper presents a psychoanalytic view of the tensions in assimilating a largely disowned past into a convergent contemporary social memory. It is based on the idea that remembering is making good a relationship to the past, akin to the Kleinian concept of reparation to a good internal object. By contrast, falsely remembering, or remembering by controlling unwanted memories, is a form of manic reparation that denigrates a good internal object. Reparation is based on concern for damage to the other, while manic reparation is based on narcissistic aggrandizement and contempt for the other. Symbols of reparation, such as memorials, gather conflicting groups around them as enclaves of conflicting memories. As sites of ambivalence, they represent both reparative and manicreparative intentions, as well as intellectual, emotional, and political conflict. Focusing on memorials, the essay addresses the problem of remembering and repairing through an analysis of ambivalence in German memory of the Nazi period after the Second World War. It aligns reparation with introjective identification and manic reparation with projective identification, clarifying and illustrating these concepts as part of the understanding of ambivalent remembering.
Two Against Freud: Pinsky’s “Essay on Psychiatrists” in a Philosophical Context
Authors: Glaser Brian
Published: January 2015

This article offers a reading of Robert Pinsky’s “Essay on Psychiatrists” in the context of a contemporary theoretical work by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, Anti-Oedipus . I do not use the philosophy of Deleuze and Guattari to make interpretive comments about poetry, to identify or articulate meanings. Rather I read Pinsky’s poem in the context of the philosophy, noting points of agreement between the two texts, areas where the poetry works as a supplement to the insights of the philosophy, places where the poetry offers grounds for criticisms of the philosophy and times where there might be irreconcilable differences in the two forms of critical response. Part of my intention in taking this approach to Pinsky, Deleuze and Guattari is to show, at a time when Freud’s worth is often strenuously doubted and his work more comfortably disparaged than at any time since its creation, the value of Freud as a cultural interlocutor.
Ernst Kris in America
Authors: Thompson Nellie L.
Published: January 2015

This paper traces the career of the psychoanalyst Ernst Kris after his emigration to the United States in 1940 and describes how his work as a psychoanalyst took new dimensions that embraced a myriad of activities. He edited The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, directed longitudinal research studies at the Yale Child Study Center, and advocated for the importance of research on infant and child development for advancing psychoanalytic theory and technique, including research on the creative process in young children. At the New York Psychoanalytic Society and Institute, he was a teacher and training analyst, a discussant of 30 papers presented at its scientific meetings, and Director of the Gifted Adolescent Project. With Heinz Hartmann and Rudolph Loewenstein, he co-authored six papers on psychoanalytic drive theory and ego psychology.
What Lacan Owes to Lévi-Strauss
Authors: Lucchelli Juan Pablo
Published: January 2015

The importance of Claude Lévi-Strauss for Jacques Lacan’s structuralist return to Freud has been acknowledged in the literature but only in an abstract way. This essay examines the specific form of the debt, apparent in two talks given by Lacan during a three-year span. An examination of those talks and of Lacan’s relationship to Lévi-Strauss when they were presented leads to the conclusion that Lacan developed his own theory of repetition on the basis of his encounter with Lévi-Strauss’ ideas on myth. The essay draws upon the Claude Lévi-Strauss collection at the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, where archival documentation points to a link between Lacan’s application of structuralism and Lévi-Strauss’s analysis of myth.
Memory, Trauma, and the Matter of Historical Violence: The Controversial Case of Four Photographs from Auschwitz
Authors: Lawless Kate
Published: January 2015

This essay explores the debate that took place between French intellectuals Georges Didi-Huberman and Elisabeth Pagnoux and Gerard Wajcman following the inclusion of four photographs from Auschwitz in a Paris exhibition in 2001. Extending the controversy between Claude Lanzmann and Jean-Luc Godard on the unrepresentability of the Shoah, the debate centered on the role of the photographic image in remembering the Shoah. Departing from discourses of the unrepresentable, this essay reframes the iconoclastic impulse of Didi-Huberman’s critics, according whom the four photographs appear as “symptoms of psychic resistance,” as a mode of enclosure that reflects the intersecting logics of capitalism and psychoanalysis. The essay argues that both the fetishization and the prohibition of the four photographs are structural effects of competing logics in which the enclosure of images is read as a symptom of psychic resistance.
“Nothing Has Changed”: Social Continuity and the Gentrification of the Old City of Damascus
Authors: Totah Faedah M.
Published: January 2015

In this article, I explore how discourses on the urban–rural binary that has long defined social hierarchies in Damascus informed the gentrification of the Old City of Damascus. Gentrification was facilitated by economic policies that favored a market economy, and took the form of converting traditional couryard houses into restaurants and hotels. Moreover, it led to the displacement of long-term residents and the influx of new social users to the historic city center. I demonstrate how gentrification was widely accepted in Damascus because it was cast as saving the Shami (Damascene) city from rural migrants, a variation of the urban–rural binary theme under new economic conditions; even long-term residents did not tend to decry the displacement of families who had rural backgrounds. By examining this process in Haret Hananya, I illustrate how long-term residents were unfazed by the demographic transformations in their neighborhood, as property owners saw an increase in home values and renters saw new opportunities under amended rental laws. Though gentrification also created new distinctions among long-term residents, by privileging property owners over renters, both groups welcomed the improvements in their neighborhoods not only for the services that came with new venues, but also for the new respectability that their neighborhoods gained. This respectability allowed many long-term residents to attain some measure of social standing from living in the Old City, after many decades of disparagement. I conclude that though gentrification transformed neighborhoods, it maintained the traditional social hierarchy along urban and rural lines, even as these categories came to take on new meanings under new economic conditions.
Make Some Noise, Drari : Embodied Listening and Counterpublic Formations in Moroccan Hip Hop
Authors: Salois Kendra
Published: January 2015

This article focuses on one aspect of Moroccan hip hop performance, rappers’ “stage talk” (), to argue that performers and audiences co-construct a counterpublic with both discursive and affective powers through their responses to music and sound. I show that hip hop musicians’ stage talk simultaneously educates and disciplines the audience, providing models of “authentic” hip hop comportment while orienting the audience’s listening in a manner consistent with the position on music most prevalent among Moroccan Muslims. This article argues that learning through listening together enables practitioners to create a hip hop counterpublic that is at once ethical and open to wide variations in expressions of piety. In the context of spiritual and cultural traditions in which embodied listening does significant ethical work, learning to participate in the discourse that performers’ stage talk invokes allows musicians and audience members alike to undertake the affective work necessary to form a counterpublic, however ephemeral, with its own comportment, expressions, and values. However, an analysis of live hip hop performances shows that the emergent hip hop counterpublic joins its structural critiques to personal responsibility, shifting the response to these issues from the terrain of the political to that of the personal. By casting solutions to these problems in ethical terms, hip hop performances invoke the rights of individual citizens, rather than political or class-based solidarities, as the locus of action, thus encouraging the audience member to take him- or herself as the terrain of change and improvement.
“My Maid Watches It”: Key Symbols and Ambivalent Sentiments in the Production of Television Programming in India
Authors: Matzner Deborah
Published: January 2015

While now classic scholarship in the anthropology of media and media studies has devoted ethnographic attention to active audiences’ resistance, subversion, and enjoyment of the ideological content of media products, ethnographers have only recently turned to the complexity of the subjective and imaginative processes at play in the making of mass media. In this article, I attend to the particularly complex case of the production of commercial satellite television programming in Mumbai, India in the era following market liberalization. Scholars have identified mass media, especially television, as key drivers and signs of the cultural and ideological shift precipitated by liberalization. Here, I explore how this transformation is negotiated by a prominent group of female producers of entertainment programming. Exploring how they assess their work, their audiences, and their social roles and responsibilities as media makers, I identify a striking degree of inconsistency, ambivalence, and regret that revolves around the figure of “the maid,” who serves as a key symbol commonly invoked to stand for the “mass” audience. I argue that the complex nature of sentiments expressed around the audience-as-maid reflects conflicts between the developmental models of Indian society in which these female producers were reared and trained and the neoliberal terrain on which they now operate. Analyzing the self-reflexive, imaginative work through which they are actively mediating India’s neoliberal transition, I argue here that the transition is more indeterminate than a simplistic periodization of Indian history into developmental and neoliberal eras would imply. This case illustrates the capacity of an ethnography of media production to complicate our notions of the “culture industries” as sites of monolithic ideological dissemination, particularly in times of cultural change.
Calling Everyone to Pray: Pluralism, Secularism, and the Adhān in Hamtramck, Michigan
Authors: Weiner Isaac A.
Published: January 2015

This article critically interrogates the discourses of secularism and pluralism by analyzing their surprising effects in a 2003 dispute about the adhān (Islamic call to prayer) in Hamtramck, Michigan. Hamtramck residents advanced different understandings of how secular governance should manage religious differences, but their arguments had unintended consequences that ran counter to their stated intents. In the end, I argue, Muslims were able to make themselves heard in Hamtramck, but only if they muted that which made their voices distinct. This article uses the Hamtramck dispute to analyze the particular conditions governing Islamic entry into the American public sphere.
“Picture-Thinking”: Sovereignty and Citizenship in Bangladesh
Authors: Chowdhury Nusrat S.
Published: January 2015

This article offers insights into the classic impasse of citizenship and sovereignty in post-colonial South Asia. It focuses on two public texts, a national identification card and a censored photograph, both generated during a state of emergency in Bangladesh, from 2007-2008. By “impasse,” I point to the ideological loop that paternalistic authority resorts to in the name of governance, where a repressive, corrupt, and/or un-democratic governmental apparatus is blamed for the underdeveloped political rationality of its citizens. For the very same reason, sovereignty as domination is justified in order to protect these masses from their own unruly nature, that is, from becoming members of crowds as opposed to proper citizens. Examining the humor surrounding the electronic circulation of an identification document, amidst attempts to roll out a national ID card during the Emergency, I draw attention to the limits of the non-ancestral mode of political power that attempted to interpellate a new kind of citizen. My analysis of a photograph, that was later censored, of a man kicking an official in military uniform suggests that the crowd forms the always-threatening backdrop against which a range of individual and collective identities of the citizen are articulated. On an analytical level, I develop a theory of “picture-thinking” as a key function of sovereignty. I take the formulation from William Mazzarella who, following G. W. F. Hegel and Gustave Le Bon, historicizes the purported opposition between so-called rational citizens and affective crowds. Ultimately, I argue that the post-colonial sovereign, quick to blame the crowds for “picture-thinking,” more often than not, partakes of this very act.
Refining the Umma in the Shadow of the Republic: Performing Arts and New Islamic Audio-Visual Landscapes in France
Authors: Jouili Jeanette S.
Published: January 2015

In recent years, young pious Muslims in France have become increasingly active as arts practitioners, notably in the domain of music and performing arts. This engagement is often explained with the desire to offer the French Muslim community an alternative to the ubiquitous secular mass culture deemed detrimental to a pious subjectivity. Because the official structures of the Islamic revival movement have for a long time adopted quite a restrictive stance with regard to cultural production, but also due to Muslims’ largely working class backgrounds in France, the young artists perceive their work in terms of educating the umma. In other words, they seek to develop a cultural or artistic sensibility that is nonetheless conducive to Islamic sensitivities. By examining three small performance art pieces produced by a young generation of pious Muslim artists from the Paris region, I hope to extend our understanding of Islamic sensory politics, as well as aesthetic and ethical practices, in a world where entertainment, leisure, and the culture industry are considered increasingly decisive for the sustainability of pious self-cultivation.
Midwife Radio: The Entangled Trajectories of Global Health Programming, Broadcast Media, and the Indonesian State
Authors: Barkin Gareth , Hildebrand Vanessa M.
Published: January 2015

Shortly after the fall of Indonesia’s New Order government, the country’s public radio network began limited broadcasts of a program intended to augment the midwifery skills of the biomedically trained “skilled birthing attendants,” called bidan. This radio series was focused on educating rural health care providers in an efficient, modern way, reflecting the country’s history of Jakarta-centered nation-building through didactic mass media. After what appeared to be relatively promising trials, the national Ministry of Health let the program languish and never brought it to full implementation. This article investigates the bidan radio series as a case study not only in public health education, but as a representation of the country’s shifting narratives of nationalist modernity, and the role of mass media in reproducing them. We argue that the program depended on the medium itself as the locus of its message, and therewith national radio’s historic discourse of unifying progress. Based on an ethnographic collaboration between medical and media anthropologists, this ethnohistoric research interrogates childbirth as a disputed field of cultural knowledge production, and an exemplar of broadcast media and biomedical nationalism’s entangled trajectories.
Recovery Narratives, War Stories, and Nostalgia: Street-Based Sex Workers’ Discursive Negotiations of the Exclusionary Regime
Authors: Dewey Susan C.
Published: January 2015

This article draws upon 18 months of participant observation with 50 street-based sex workers living in a transitional housing facility. Subsequent in-depth interviews with 50 different women actively working on the street also inform analysis presented here, which explores discursive practice as one of the most salient means by which women maneuver within a socio-legal system that targets them as individuals engaged in criminalized behavior. Findings presented in this article build upon the larger project’s goal of articulating the complex and highly individualized ways in which US street-based sex workers struggling with addiction negotiate the move from membership in a criminalized group to what more than a few women describe as “being a productive member of society.” Street-based sex workers engage in this complex shift while embedded in what I term an exclusionary regime, a dense coalescence of punitive forces which involve both governance in the form of the criminal justice system and engagement with the courts and other state agents, and regular patterns of action, including myriad forms of discrimination resulting from stigma. This article discusses three narrative forms that partially enable street-based sex workers to negotiate the exclusionary regime: recovery narratives, war stories, and nostalgia. These highly context-bound expressive forms function as powerful tools that help women to obtain resources and status, as well as convey the complexities of their experiences in ways that move beyond the otherwise constrained identities available to them.
Linguistic Atonement: Penitence and Privilege in White Kenyan Language Ideologies
Authors: McIntosh Janet
Published: January 2015

This article analyzes language ideology among whites in Kenya, documenting an historical shift from colonial settlers’ condescending attitude toward Kiswahili to an enthusiastic stance among settler descendants, some of whom pride themselves on their Kiswahili abilities and say it is their languge of “connection” to Afro-Kenyans. I situate this change in a context of contemporary white anxiety about national belonging, especially given that colonial misdeeds have been put in the spotlight by events of the last decade. I argue that whites’ stance of “linguistic atonement” attempts, with mixed results, to elide racial and class-based distinctions in Kenya, but it is thwarted in part by the fact that whites perpetually link Kiswahili to a register of “slang,” banter, and informality, reserving English as a language of authority. I further suggest that settler descendants experience a certain relief in being able to move from the affectively stunted persona they associate with English to a relaxed, warm, and open one in Kiswahili, but that this very mobility between registers could be construed as a new manifestation of white privilege.
Techniques of Inattention: The Mediality of Loudspeakers in Nigeria
Authors: Larkin Brian
Published: January 2015

This article examines the religious use of loudspeakers on churches and mosques in Jos, Nigeria. It examines the medial form of the loudspeaker, how this medium technologizes urban space, and how urban residents generate cultural techniques to live with the sounds it produces. More precisely, I focus on how loudspeakers seek to compel attention by disbursing religious messages and how, in a city riven by religious conflict, residents cultivate practices of inattention in order to ameliorate the possibility of religious violence.
Casebooks in Early Modern England: Medicine, Astrology, and Written Records
Authors: Kassell Lauren
Published: January 2015

summary: Casebooks are the richest sources that we have for encounters between early modern medical practitioners and their patients. This article compares astrological and medical records across two centuries, focused on England, and charts developments in the ways in which practitioners kept records and reflected on their practices. Astrologers had a long history of working from particular moments, stellar configurations, and events to general rules. These practices required systematic notation. Physicians increasingly modeled themselves on Hippocrates, recording details of cases as the basis for reasoned expositions of the histories of disease. Medical records, as other scholars have demonstrated, shaped the production of medical knowledge. Instead, this article focuses on the nature of casebooks as artifacts of the medical encounter. It establishes that casebooks were serial records of practice, akin to diaries, testimonials, and registers; identifies extant English casebooks and the practices that led to their production and preservation; and concludes that the processes of writing, ordering, and preserving medical records are as important for understanding the medical encounter as the records themselves.
Setting Scientific Standards: Publishing in Medical Societies in Nineteenth-Century Belgium
Authors: Vandendriessche Joris
Published: January 2015

summary: This article examines the publishing procedures of nineteenth-century medical societies, using the Medical Society of Ghent (Belgium) as a case study. It argues, more precisely, that the introduction of formalized review procedures in medical societies can be considered part of the emergence of a professional scientific culture in the first half of the nineteenth century. First, by participating in these procedures physicians took on different stylized roles, for example of the contributing author, the righteous judge, or the punctual secretary, and articulated new professional values such as contributing to science. Second, the publishing procedures of medical societies also provide insight into the mechanisms of reaching consensus in nineteenth-century medicine. By developing new scientific genres, such as the published meeting report, medical societies aimed to extend the community of peers beyond the group of society members and establish trust and agreement throughout the medical community.
Targeting the American Market for Medicines, ca. 1950s–1970s: ICI and Rhône-Poulenc Compared
Authors: Quirke Viviane
Published: January 2015

summary: The forces that have shaped American medicine include a wide set of interrelated changes, among them the changing research, development, and marketing practices of the pharmaceutical industry. This article compares the research and development (R&D) and marketing strategies of the British group Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI, whose Pharmaceutical Division was spun off and merged with the Swedish company Astra to form AstraZeneca) and its French counterpart Rhône-Poulenc (now part of Sanofi-Aventis) in dealing with the American medical market. It examines how, in the process, the relationship between R&D and marketing was altered, and the firms themselves were transformed. The article also questions the extent to which their approaches to this market, one of the most significant markets for drugs in general, and for anticancer drugs in particular, became standardized in the period of “scientific marketing.”
Autopsy Issues in German Federal Republic Transplantation Legislation until 1997
Authors: Schweikardt Christoph
Published: January 2015

summary: This article analyzes the relevance of autopsy issues for German Federal Republic transplantation legislation until 1997 against the background of legal traditions and the distribution of constitutional legislative powers. It is based on Federal Ministry of Justice records and German Parliament documents on transplantation legislation. Transplantation and autopsy legislation started with close ties in the 1970s. Viewing transplantation legislation as relevant for future autopsy regulation contributed to the decision to stall transplantation legislation, because the interests of the federal government and the medical profession converged to avoid subsequent restrictions on the practice of conducting autopsies and procuring tissues for transplantation. Sublegal norms were insufficient for the prosecution of the organ trade and area-wide transplantation regulation after the reunification of Germany. In contrast to autopsy issues, legislative power for transplantation issues was extended to the federal level by an amendment to the constitution, allowing decision making for Germany as a whole.
Making Histories: Locating the Belfast Fragment of the Middle English Prose Brut
Authors: Perry Ryan
Published: January 2015

A recently discovered fragment of the Middle English Prose Brut , from the Special Collections department of Queen’s University, Belfast, illuminates the diverse production methods used in the Brut corpus. As part of this process, the author investigates the origins of the unique textual interpolation contained in the Belfast Brut fragment. Through comparison with the Dartmouth Brut , the author suggests some of the different approaches Brut producers took when tasked with “making history.”
Deciphering the Brut : Lambeth Palace MS 6 and the Perils of Transmission
Authors: Bryan Elizabeth J.
Published: January 2015

Art is some Brut manuscripts helped shape readers’ understanding of history. Whereas the Dartmouth Brut ’s single painted border fulfills an “authorizing” function common in Middle English Prose Brut manuscripts, the seventy miniatures painted by the Master of Edward IV in Lambeth Palace Library MS 6 actually interpret history. This article transcribes instructions to the artist that survive on nine folios of Lambeth 6 and addresses how the manuscript planner and the artist negotiated differences of both medium (text, image) and language (English, French). The planner instructed that pictures match text; the artist’s interpretations and iconography yielded sometimes unexpected historical nuances.
Echoes in the Margins: Reading the Dartmouth Brut in Early Modern England
Authors: Ulrich Emily
Published: January 2015

This essay examines the annotations of three readers of the Dartmouth Brut . Each engaged the manuscript in different ways: the first had prior knowledge of its contents, the second used the text to teach himself English history, and the third mined the chronicle as a primary source for facts. Together, these readers provide insight into why a medieval chronicle—outdated in content and manuscript form—would continue to attract the attention of early modern readers.
Introduction: Situating Digital Archives
Authors: Warren Michelle R.
Published: January 2015

By way of introduction to this cluster of essays inspired by the Middle English Prose Brut manuscript purchased by Dartmouth College in 2006, this essay considers how the competing pressures of access and preservation condition scholarship in medieval studies. I suggest several analogies between broad conceptions of the digital humanities and the specific contours of digital philology.
“It is to harde for my lernyng”: Making Sense of Annotations in Brut Manuscripts
Authors: Marvin Julia
Published: January 2015

Through analysis of the patterns and layers of annotation in the Middle English Prose Brut manuscript now known as the Dartmouth Brut , I consider what the manuscript’s development over time reveals about annotation itself as a collaborative activity with a tradition of its own, grounded in widely held habits of reading and writing. Recognition of such factors is essential to assessing annotation (or its absence) as potential evidence for the interests of individual readers. I conclude with discussion of the promise and hazards of manuscript digitization for the study of annotation.
The Dartmouth Brut : Conservation, Authenticity, Dissemination
Authors: Howe Deborah , Warren Michelle R.
Published: January 2015

In this photo essay, we reflect on our respective encounters with the object now known as Dartmouth College, Rauner Special Collections Library, MS 003183. Deborah Howe describes the process that turned a fragile object into a functional codex. Michelle Warren considers how this process intersects with the practices of medieval studies and digital humanities. Together, we trace the kinds of collaborations that orient material history toward the future.
Encountering the Dartmouth Brut in the Midst of History
Authors: Fisher Matthew
Published: January 2015

The texts and manuscripts of the Middle English prose Brut resist easy classification, largely because they have resulted from a long and ongoing history of re-writing. The articles in this volume grapple with these dynamics by bringing comparative perspectives to a single manuscript. In this afterword, I seek to make clear some of the pluralities at the heart of encountering the digital, physical, and always contingent Brut . I highlight the complexities of transmission with an example of how one late medieval reader responded not to the text at hand, but rather to his memories or expectations of other histories and other texts.
“History Repeats itself”: The Dartmouth Brut and Fifteenth-Century Historiography
Authors: Kennedy Edward Donald
Published: January 2015

The text represented by the Dartmouth Brut , written before 1430, was probably influenced by the political turmoil following the death of Henry V. Its omission of the stories of Constantine and Havelok—but inclusion of the story of Cadwallader—appears to represent a stage in the government’s revision of history. The stories of Constantine and Havelok would have been offensive to some since the first suggests a continuation of heroic kingship among the Welsh and the second an unflattering parallel to Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, who was attempting to control the government of the child-king Henry VI.
Contextualizing the Dartmouth Brut : From Professional Manuscripts to “The Worst Little Scribbler in Surrey”
Authors: Matheson Lister M.
Published: January 2015

This essay situates the Dartmouth Brut within the manuscript culture of mid- to late fifteenth-century England. After a brief sketch of the manuscript’s modern ownership, the author turns to the original owners, the Ewre family of County Durham, and then to a recently discovered Brut with some ownership associations with the Dartmouth Brut . Finally, the author compares the competently written Dartmouth manuscript with one of the physically sloppiest of all Brut manuscripts—Glasgow MS Hunter 443. These manuscripts provide useful foils to each other when examined against the large body of Brut manuscripts, illuminating the different methods available to fifteenth-century scribes.
Redundant, Secretive, and Isolated: When Are Clinical Trials Scientifically Valid?
Authors: Borgerson Kirstin
Published: January 2015

Clinical research has at least three problematic features: it tends to be redundant, secretive , and isolated . Research with these features not only wastes resources and causes harm, it also fails to meet a basic ethical requirement of research: scientific validity. According to a recent editorial in the BMJ , bioethicists and members of research ethics committees have been “notable by their absence” among those exposing persistent problems with clinical research and proposing solutions (Chalmers, Glasziou, and Godlee, BMJ 346, 2013, f105). In this paper I offer a theoretical diagnosis for the complicity of bioethicists and research ethics committees in these ongoing problems, as well as a partial solution in the form of a modified ethical requirement of scientific integrity .
Food Labels, Autonomy, and the Right (Not) to Know
Authors: Bonotti Matteo
Published: January 2015

Food labelling has been overlooked in the emerging body of literature concerning the normative dimensions of food and drink policies. In this paper, I argue that arguments normally advanced in bioethics and medical ethics regarding the “right to know” and the “right not to know” can provide useful normative guidelines for critically assessing existing and proposed food labelling regimes. More specifically, I claim that food labelling ought to respect the legitimate interests and the autonomy of both consumers who seek knowledge about their food in order to make informed dietary choices and consumers who prefer to remain ignorant about the contents and effects of their food in order to avoid the emotional and psychological harm, or more simply the loss of enjoyment, which may result from receiving that information.
Food Labels, Genetic Information, and the Right Not to Know
Authors: Loi Michele
Published: January 2015

Many people believe that individuals have a right not to know their genetic disease risk. Here it is argued that, if this is correct, individuals also have a right not to know their diet-related disease risk. Reasons to remain ignorant are analogous in the case of risk related to diet and genetic susceptibilities. It follows that any policy to promote healthy diets (e.g. through “judgmental” food labels, such as traffic light labels, or, hypothetically, scary pictures similar to those found in cigarette packets) ought to protect the individual right not to know.
Construction vs. Development: Polarizing Models of Human Gestation
Authors: Stith Richard
Published: January 2015

This essay argues that the polarization of our public debate over embryo-destructive research may be due, to a large extent, not to different valuations of individual human life but to different conceptions of the process of gestation, with one group treating the process as a making or construction and the other treating it as a development. These two incompatible models of reproduction are shown to explain the various positions commonly encountered in this debate over the treatment of embryos, and to a significant degree those encountered in the debate over abortion as well. Finally, the historical, theoretical, and intuitive strengths of each model are examined.
Schwarz-Bart, Levinas, and Post-Shoah–Postcolonial Gendered Ethics
Authors: Davison Neil R.
Published: January 2015

This article examines the influence of Emmanuel Levinas’s philosophy on the ethical aspects of the life and work of André Schwarz-Bart. The essay is framed through recent re-interest in Schwarz-Bart’s collaborative works with his wife, Simone, as a bridge between Holocaust and postcolonial studies. The publications, arguments, and key points of intersubjective ethics in Levinas’s work that Schwarz-Bart encountered are carefully examined. The argument confronts the critical reception of Levinas’s concepts of the feminine and dwelling to demonstrate how, when seen through a Judaic lens, these notions form a new gendered reading of Schwarz-Bart’s The Last of the Just .
Writing Under the Sign of Anne Frank: Creolized Holocaust Memory in Michelle Cliff and Caryl Phillips
Authors: Casteel Sarah Phillips
Published: January 2015

This article investigates the global circulation of Holocaust memory by considering intertextual references to Anne Frank in the Caribbean diaspora fiction of Michelle Cliff and Caryl Phillips. I argue that Cliff’s and Phillips’s invocations of Frank’s Diary participate in a larger Caribbean intellectual tradition of crosscultural engagement with the Holocaust. I further suggest that their articulations of Holocaust memory need to be read against an additional frame of reference: the deep historical presence of Sephardic Jews in the Caribbean. This historical consciousness at once supports and complicates the identification with Frank in Cliff’s Abeng and Phillips’s The Nature of Blood .
Multilingualism and Multiculturalism in Ishmael Reed’s Japanese by Spring
Authors: Lim Jeehyun
Published: January 2015

In this essay, I examine Ishmael Reed’s Japanese By Spring in light of the growing interest in bi- and multilingualism in US literary criticism. I focus on the line of inquiry in this emergent critical interest that sees multilingualism as a corrective to the shortcomings of multiculturalism based on the idea that language is a matter of voluntary affiliation. By employing Pierre Bourdieu’s notion of linguistic capital to trace a racialized subject’s desire for linguistic capital and the intersections of language and race in the novel, I argue that Japanese By Spring attends to a substantial oversight in this approach to linguistic pluralism.
Weird Investigations and Nativist Semiotics in H. P. Lovecraft and Dashiell Hammett
Authors: Hefner Brooks E.
Published: January 2015

This article argues that Dashiell Hammett’s least-known novel, The Dain Curse , which is often read as a metacritique of the detective form, actually operates as a hard-boiled critique of the competing pulp weird tale, most associated with H. P. Lovecraft. Hammett’s novel exposes the weird tale’s inherent nativism and its implicit reliance on notions of the criminally degenerate body popularized by Cesare Lombroso. The Dain Curse dismantles the positivism of Lombrosian criminology, weird fiction, and—by extension—the classical ratiocinative detective tradition, and their attendant eugenic epistemology.
Written on the Face: Race and Expression in Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go
Authors: Gill Josie
Published: January 2015

This essay argues that Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go draws an analogy between the lives of the clones and the experience of the racially marginalized, exposing the contradictions of contemporary genomic science in which race is being both effaced and revived as biological concept. As Ishiguro critiques the current postracial era, he presents an alternative postracial vision, which evokes Darwin’s theory of the universality of expression and thus the common descent of different races. Through Kathy’s privileging of facial expressions in her narrative, the novel offers a view of kinship that moves beyond the genetic assumptions that underpin (racial) identity politics, toward a model of reciprocity based on a nonbiological, nonracial affinity.
Henry James and the China Trade
Authors: Johnson Kendall
Published: January 2015

Henry James is not usually read as having much to do with China or transpacific commerce. However, his writing reflects a sustained awareness of the early nineteenth-century China trade’s effect on the visual and cultural landscape of New England where the first American millionaires deposited fortunes amassed in a world system of commerce. References to the China Trade resonate in James’s intensely visual literary style through which he verbally sketches social landscapes that convey an aura of national culture. These social landscapes eventually register his deep alienation in regard to the moral implication of American fortunes.
Shaping Modern Bodies: Edith Wharton on Weight, Dieting, and Visual Media
Authors: Toth Margaret
Published: January 2015

Edith Wharton explored not only early twentieth-century dieting and changing weight ideals but also the role visual media played in this cultural shift in several novels from the 1910s and 1920s, including The Custom of the Country , The Glimpses of the Moon , Twilight Sleep , and The Children . Characters as diverse as Undine Spragg and Pauline Manford make fundamental choices about their bodies based on mass media’s prescriptions. Wharton anticipated these concerns in the early novel The House of Mirth , wherein she comments on a relatively new social reality: thinness bestows cultural capital.
No-No Boy ’s Dilemma: Game Theory and Japanese American Internment Literature
Authors: Fickle Tara
Published: January 2015

This essay argues that the internment of Japanese Americans following the 1941 bombing of Pearl Harbor must be understood against the backdrop of game theory, a branch of applied mathematics that would eventually form the backbone of US Cold War foreign policy, but that I contend was being used against an “inscrutable” yellow menace a decade before it was applied to a red one. This effectively transformed the internment into a strategic game that Japanese Americans, as my readings of three internment-era novels suggest, also understood themselves as playing.
Get Happy: Play and the Utopian Imagination in Mark Osborne’s More
Authors: Burgess Olivia
Published: January 2015

Using the short stop-animation film More, I explore the symbiotic link between play studies and utopian studies. Play and utopia may seem like unlikely sidekicks. Utopia is often defined as a static society that is purpose-driven and bounded by strict rules, while play is a spontaneous, rule-breaking activity through which participants may encounter new experiences and ideas. However, I re-assess utopia as an essentially “playful” genre, and argue that play and the utopian imagination are crucial ingredients to disrupting powerful and oppressive systems like those represented in More .
19th-Century English Girls’ Adventure Stories: Domestic Imperialism, Agency, and the Female Robinsonades
Authors: Fair Thomas
Published: January 2015

Within the corpus of nineteenth-century Robinson Crusoe variations, considerably few of the texts have women authors, and even fewer feature a female protagonist; however, the rare English female Robinsonades present two noteworthy literary contributions. First, the earlier texts reposition the domestic component from a marginal concern to a central role within the imperial narrative. Second, later texts also challenge Victorian domestic ideology and develop a female protagonist who retains feminine characteristics in combination with the intellectual abilities and physical skills associated with men. These female “Crusoes” capably negotiate the domestic and the adventure spheres as well as create a new amount of the feminine.
A Scar is More than a Wound: Rethinking Community and Intimacy through Queer and Disability Theory
Authors: Hammer Karen
Published: January 2015

While both the queer and the disabled body have been marginalized for their supposed incoherence and even immorality, Riva Lehrer’s creative non-fiction essay, “Golem Girl Gets Lucky,” and Leslie Feinberg’s Stone Butch Blues (1993) evince how these qualities are universal to all embodiment. Through these works, I destabilize the myth of the autonomous self and initiate a particularized study of queer/crip kinship patterns, improvisatory systems of connection that adhere and reform across bodily and/or psychic scars. Thus, scars become not only evidence of wounding, but also new surfaces on which to develop community and intimacy within systemic violence and oppression.