bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychological Symptomatology in Siblings of Children With ADHD
Authors: Listug-Lunde Lori , Zevenbergen Andrea A. , Petros Thomas V.
Published: May 2008

Objective: Studies utilizing parent-report measures have identified above average levels of internalizing and externalizing problems in siblings of children diagnosed with ADHD. Scant research has examined siblings' self-report on standardized measures of emotional functioning. The current study examined parent-reported and child self-reported symptoms of siblings of children with ADHD compared with a control group. Method: Measures completed included the Children's Depression Inventory, the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children, the Child Behavior Checklist and the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale. Results: Parent-report measures indicated that siblings of children with ADHD had higher levels of internalizing, hyperactivity, and inattention problems compared with control siblings. Significant differences between groups were not revealed on child self-report measures. Conclusions: Although parent-report measures continue to demonstrate higher levels of symptoms for siblings of children diagnosed with ADHD compared with control siblings, there are no indications that self-reported internalizing symptoms are different. (J. of Att. Dis. 2008; 12(3) 239-247)
Avoiding the Value Added Tax
Authors: de Mello Luiz
Published: May 2008

This article develops a differential game of tax avoidance by modeling the interactions between a taxpayer and the tax authority. The solution to the game is a noncooperative Nash that depends on the resources used by the tax authority to enforce legislation and the cost borne by the taxpayer in tax compliance. Empirical evidence is provided for the value added tax (VAT) using a cross-section of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and non-OECD countries. VAT efficiency, defined as the ratio of collections as a share of consumption to the statutory rate, rises the lower the VAT rate, the lower the share of administrative costs in tax revenue (proxying for the efficiency of tax administration), the more pro-competition the regulatory framework in product markets (measuring non-tax incentives for noncompliance) and the better the country's governance indicators (regulatory quality, rule of law, and government effectiveness).
Young Adult Attitudes About Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Lundquist Tessa S. , Ready Rebecca E.
Published: May 2008

The current generation of young adults will be greatly affected by Alzheimer's disease(AD), but little is known about their attitudes toward persons with Alzheimer's disease. The current study assessed attitudes about Alzheimer's disease in young adults with varying levels of contact with the disease. It was hypothesized that participants who had a high level of contact with someone with Alzheimer's disease previously, in the form of a close relationship, would report more positive attitudes than participants with a low level of contact or no contact. Results revealed that participants who had a high level of contact with persons with AD were more willing to make personal sacrifices for Alzheimer's disease than those who had no contact. Younger persons may realize a greater need to support persons with Alzheimer's disease if they have been personally affected by the disease through a close relationship.
Estimate of Infant HIV-Free Survival at 6 to 8 Weeks of Age Due to Maternal Antiretroviral Prophylaxis in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2004-2005
Authors: Boeke Caroline E. , Jackson J. Brooks
Published: May 2008

The objective of this study is to estimate the number of infants alive and HIV-free at 6 to 8 weeks in sub-Saharan Africa due to intervention with antiretroviral prophylaxis to prevent mother-to-child transmission. The number of additional uninfected live infants at 6 to 8 weeks of age due to prophylaxis was calculated using prevalence and prophylaxis data from the World Health Organization and United Nations Children's Fund and data on the efficacy of nevirapine and birth and mortality rates among infants of infected mothers who received prophylaxis in sub-Saharan Africa. Approximately 31 474 African infants were spared from HIV infection or death by 6 to 8 weeks of age due to prophylaxis in 2004 and 2005. The number of infections and deaths averted per year increased from 13 710 in 2004 to 17 764 in 2005. The estimated number of infant HIV infections and deaths averted in 2004 and 2005 due to prophylaxis is encouraging.
Analysis of two grain size α-Al2O3 sintering at low heating rate based on master sintering curves
Authors: Shao W. Q. , Chen S. O. , Li D. , Wan Y. , Zhang Y. C. , Zhang S. S. , Cao H. S.
Published: May 2008

Master sintering curves (MSC) were constructed for dry pressed compacts composed of either a submicrocrystalline or a microcrystalline α-Al2O3 powder using constant heating rate dilatometry data containing lower heating rates only. The MSC constructed for two grain size α-Al2O3 were used to evaluate the sintered densities, which agreed well with the density obtained with different heating procedures and determined by Archimedes method. So the applicability of the MSC theory to alumina ceramic sintering under lower heating rates was validated. Apparent activation energies for submicrocrystalline and microcrystalline α-Al2O3 were determined to be 1035 and 1148 kJ mol−1 based on the MSC respectively. The calculated activation energies for densification are higher than the values reported in the literature concerning heating rates >5 K min−1.
Influence of Al on strength and impact behaviour of hot rolled plain C–Mn steels
Authors: Mintz B. , Gunawardana W. D. , Su H.
Published: May 2008

The influence of Al on the strength and impact properties of hot rolled plain C–Mn low S steels has been examined at two C levels, 0˙02 and 0˙1% and two N levels, 0˙001 and 0˙004–0˙005% (where percentage is to be taken as wt-%). It has been found that Al is an excellent element to add to hot rolled steels, an addition of 0˙2% to a plain 0˙1C–1˙4Mn steel with 0˙004–0˙005%N resulting in an impact transition temperature of −95°C at a strength level of ∼300 MPa. At this Al level, Al removes the N from solution but also importantly refines the grain boundary carbides and to a lesser degree the grain size resulting in a 40°C lowering of the impact transition temperature in a coarse grained steel (15–20 μm; d− 1/2, 7–8 mm−1/2). Strength is not affected by this Al addition. The decrease in strength due to the removal of nitrogen from solution as AlN is balanced by the solid solution hardening from the Al in solution in the iron lattice, (a 1%Al addition increasing the strength by ∼70 MPa), and the small grain refinement that occurs from AlN precipitation. Increasing the Al level to 1% in the 0˙1%C steels, results in the formation of martensite with consequent deterioration in impact behaviour. When the N level is reduced to very low levels, 0˙001%N, no grain refinement in the γ occurs in the 0˙02% and 0˙1%C steels at the 0˙2%Al level. The solid solution hardening effect of Al now dominates the properties with the impact transition temperature remaining constant due to Al refining the grain boundary carbides.
Interleukin-3 promotes expansion of hemopoietic-derived CD45+ angiogenic cells and their arterial commitment via STAT5 activation
Authors: Zeoli Annarita , Dentelli Patrizia , Rosso Arturo , Togliatto Gabriele , Trombetta Antonella , Damiano Laura , di Celle Paola Francia , Pegoraro Luigi , Altruda Fiorella , Brizzi Maria Felice
Published: May 2008

Interleukin-3 (IL-3) released by infiltrating inflammatory cells in different pathologic settings contributes to organ and tumor angiogenesis. Here we demonstrate that IL-3 expands a subset of CD45+ circulating angiogenic cells clonally derived from the hemopoietic progenitors. Moreover, CD45+ cells exposed to IL-3 acquire arterial specification and contribute to the formation of vessels in vivo. Depletion of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) provides evidence that IL-3–mediated cell expansion and arterial morphogenesis rely on STAT5 activation. In addition, by means of Tie2-transgenic mice, we demonstrate that STAT5 also regulates IL-3–induced expansion and arterial specification of bonemarrow–derived CD45+ cells. Thus, our data provide the first evidence that, in inflammatory microenvironments containing IL-3, angiogenic cells derived from hemopoietic precursors can act as adult vasculogenic cells. Moreover, the characterization of the signaling pathway regulating these events provides the rationale for therapeutically targeting STAT5 in these pathologic settings.
Rituximab efficacy and safety in adult splenectomy candidates with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura: results of a prospective multicenter phase 2 study
Authors: Godeau Bertrand , Porcher Raphael , Fain Olivier , Lefrère François , Fenaux Pierre , Cheze Stéphane , Vekhoff Anne , Chauveheid Marie-Paule , Stirnemann Jerôme , Galicier Lionel , Bourgeois Emmanuelle , Haiat Stéphanie , Varet Bruno , Leporrier Michel , Papo Thomas , Khellaf Mehdi , Michel Marc , Bierling Philippe
Published: May 2008

Whether rituximab could effectively and safely avoid splenectomy for adults with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) remains unresolved. A multicenter, prospective, open-label, single-arm, phase 2 trial was conducted to assess rituximab safety and efficacy in adult splenectomy candidates with chronic ITP. Sixty patients with chronic (≥ 6 months) ITP and platelet counts less than 30 × 109/L received a weekly intravenous infusion of rituximab (375 mg/m2) for 4 weeks. All other ITP treatments were stopped. A good response was defined as a platelet count 50 × 109/L or more, with at least a doubling of the initial value at 1 and 2 years after the first rituximab infusion. Patients who required another treatment during follow up were considered nonresponders. Sixteen patients experienced transient side effects that necessitated treatment discontinuation for only 1. Good 1-year responses were obtained in 40% of the patients (24/60 [95% confidence interval: 28%-52%]). At 2 years, 33.3% (20/60 patients) had good responses and 6.7% (4/60) had sustained platelet counts of 30 × 109/L or more without treatment. Thirty-six (60%) patients failed to respond; 25 underwent splenectomy. Based on these results, rituximab was an apparently safe and effective splenectomy-avoiding option in some adults with chronic ITP. This trial is registered at http://clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00225875.
CPSP-tools – Exact and complete algorithms for high-throughput 3D lattice protein studies
Authors: Mann Martin , Will Sebastian , Backofen Rolf
Published: May 2008

Background

The principles of protein folding and evolution pose problems of very high inherent complexity. Often these problems are tackled using simplified protein models, e.g. lattice proteins. The CPSP-tools package provides programs to solve exactly and completely the problems typical of studies using 3D lattice protein models. Among the tasks addressed are the prediction of (all) globally optimal and/or suboptimal structures as well as sequence design and neutral network exploration.

Results

In contrast to stochastic approaches, which are not capable of answering many fundamental questions, our methods are based on fast, non-heuristic techniques. The resulting tools are designed for high-throughput studies of 3D-lattice proteins utilising the Hydrophobic-Polar (HP) model. The source bundle is freely available [1].

Conclusion

The CPSP-tools package is the first set of exact and complete methods for extensive, high-throughput studies of non-restricted 3D-lattice protein models. In particular, our package deals with cubic and face centered cubic (FCC) lattices.
Birth season and environmental influences on blood leucocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations in rural Gambian infants
Authors: Collinson Andrew C , Ngom Pa Tamba , Moore Sophie E , Morgan Gareth , Prentice Andrew M
Published: May 2008

Background

In rural Gambia, birth season predicts infection-related adult mortality, providing evidence that seasonal factors in early life may programme immune development. This study tested whether lymphocyte subpopulations assessed by automated full blood count and flow cytometry in cord blood and at 8, 16 and 52 weeks in rural Gambian infants (N = 138) are affected by birth season (DRY = Jan-Jun, harvest season, few infections; WET = Jul-Dec, hungry season, many infections), birth size or micronutrient status.

Results

Geometric mean cord and postnatal counts were higher in births occurring in the WET season with both season of birth and season of sampling effects. Absolute CD3+, CD8+, and CD56+ counts, were higher in WET season births, but absolute CD4+ counts were unaffected and percentage CD4+ counts were therefore lower. CD19+ counts showed no association with birth season but were associated with concurrent plasma zinc status. There were no other associations between subpopulation counts and micronutrient or anthropometric status.

Conclusion

These results demonstrate a seasonal influence on cell counts with a disproportionate effect on CD8+ and CD56+ relative to CD4+ cells. This seasonal difference was seen in cord blood (indicating an effect in utero) and subsequent samples, and is not explained by nutritional status. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis than an early environmental exposure can programme human immune development.
New evidence of a mitochondrial genetic background paradox: Impact of the J haplogroup on the A3243G mutation
Authors: Pierron Denis , Rocher Christophe , Amati-Bonneau Patricia , Reynier Pascal , Martin-Négrier Marie-Laure , Allouche Stéphane , Batandier Cécile , de Camaret Benedicte Mousson , Godinot Catherine , Rotig Agnes , Feldmann Delphine , Bellanne-Chantelot Christine , Arveiler Benoit , Pennarun Erwann , Rossignol Rodrigue , Crouzet Marc , Murail Pascal , Thoraval Didier , Letellier Thierry
Published: May 2008

Background

The A3243G mutation in the tRNALeu gene (UUR), is one of the most common pathogenic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in France, and is associated with highly variable and heterogeneous disease phenotypes. To define the relationships between the A3243G mutation and mtDNA backgrounds, we determined the haplogroup affiliation of 142 unrelated French patients – diagnosed as carriers of the A3243G mutation – by control-region sequencing and RFLP survey of their mtDNAs.

Results

The analysis revealed 111 different haplotypes encompassing all European haplogroups, indicating that the 3243 site might be a mutational hot spot. However, contrary to previous findings, we observed a statistically significant underepresentation of the A3243G mutation on haplogroup J in patients (p = 0.01, OR = 0.26, C.I. 95%: 0.08–0.83), suggesting that might be due to a strong negative selection at the embryo or germ line stages.

Conclusion

Thus, our study supports the existence of mutational hotspot on mtDNA and a "haplogroup J paradox," a haplogroup that may increase the expression of mtDNA pathogenic mutations, but also be beneficial in certain environmental contexts.
Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in primary Sjögren syndrome may be associated with non-erosive synovitis
Authors: Atzeni Fabiola , Sarzi-Puttini Piercarlo , Lama Nicola , Bonacci Eleonora , Bobbio-Pallavicini Francesca , Montecucco Carlomaurizio , Caporali Roberto
Published: May 2008

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP) in patients with primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS) and its correlation with clinical and laboratory data.

Methods

We analysed the clinical and serological data of 155 consecutive patients with pSS. Among these, 14 were excluded due to fulfillment of American College of Rheumatology criteria for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). So, 141 patients (27 males and 114 females; mean age 48 years, range 39 to 60) were clinically assessed for the presence of synovitis (objective swelling of one or more joints) and extra-glandular involvement. The anti-CCP antibodies were tested using a commercially available second-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IgM rheumatoid factor (RF) was determined by nephelometry.

Results

Fourteen patients (9.9%) had moderate to high levels of anti-CCP, and 94 (66.7%) were positive for RF. Eighty-one (57.4%) showed extra-glandular involvement, and 44 (31.2%) had synovitis without any radiographic sign of erosion. There was a close correlation between the presence of anti-CCP and synovitis (P < 0.001) but no association between anti-CCP and extra-glandular involvement (P = 0.77). Multivariate analysis confirmed the association between anti-CCP and an increased prevalence of synovitis (prevalence odds ratio for positive versus negative anti-CCP status 7.611, 95% confidence interval 1.475 to 74.870; P = 0.010).

Conclusion

Only a minority of patients with pSS are anti-CCP-positive, which seems to be closely associated with the prevalence of synovitis. Anti-CCP positivity in patients with pSS therefore may be a predictor of future progress to RA or an expression of the inflammatory process of synovial tissue.
A phase 1 trial of nebulised heparin in acute lung injury
Authors: Dixon Barry , Santamaria John D , Campbell Duncan J
Published: May 2008

Introduction

Animal studies of acute lung injury (ALI) suggest nebulised heparin may limit damage from fibrin deposition in the alveolar space and microcirculation. No human studies have been undertaken to date. We assessed the feasibility, safety and potential anticoagulant effects of administration of nebulised heparin to patients with ALI.

Methods

An open label phase 1 trial of four escalating doses of nebulised heparin was performed. A total of 16 ventilated patients with ALI were studied. The first group was administered a total of 50,000 U/day, the second group 100,000 U/day, the third group 200,000 U/day and the fourth group 400,000 U/day. Assessments of lung function included the PaO2/FiO2 ratio, lung compliance and the alveolar dead space fraction. Monitoring of anticoagulation included the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and the thrombin clotting time. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected and the prothrombin fragment and tissue plasminogen activator levels were assessed. Analysis of variance was used to compare the effects of dose.

Results

No serious adverse events occurred for any dose. The changes over time for the PaO2/FiO2 ratio, lung compliance and the alveolar dead space fraction levels were similar for all doses. A trend to increased APTT and thrombin clotting time levels was present with higher doses (P = 0.09 and P = 0.1, respectively). For the highest dose, the APTT reached 64 seconds; following cessation of nebulised heparin, the APTT fell to 39 seconds (P = 0.06). In bronchoalveolar lavage samples a trend to reduced prothrombin fragment levels was present with higher doses (P = 0.1), while tissue plasminogen activator levels were similar for all doses.

Conclusion

Administration of nebulised heparin to mechanically ventilated patients with ALI is feasible. Nebulised heparin was not associated with any serious adverse events, and at higher doses it increased APTT levels. Larger trials are required to further investigate the safety and efficacy of nebulised heparin. In these trials due consideration must be given to systemic anticoagulant effects.

Trial registration

Australian Clinical trials registry ACTRN12606000388516.
A New Look at Screening and Diagnosing Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Saudek Christopher D. , Herman William H. , Sacks David B. , Bergenstal Richard M. , Edelman David , Davidson Mayer B.
Published: May 2008

Objective: Diabetes is underdiagnosed. About one third of people with diabetes do not know they have it, and the average lag between onset and diagnosis is 7 yr. This report reconsiders the criteria for diagnosing diabetes and recommends screening criteria to make case finding easier for clinicians and patients.

Participants: R.M.B. invited experts in the area of diagnosis, monitoring, and management of diabetes to form a panel to review the literature and develop consensus regarding the screening and diagnosis of diabetes with particular reference to the use of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Participants met in open session and by E-mail thereafter. Metrika, Inc. sponsored the meeting.

Evidence: A literature search was performed using standard search engines.

Consensus Process: The panel heard each member’s discussion of the issues, reviewing evidence prior to drafting conclusions. Principal conclusions were agreed on, and then specific cut points were discussed in an iterative consensus process.

Conclusions: The main factors in support of using HbA1c as a screening and diagnostic test include: 1) HbA1c does not require patients to be fasting; 2) HbA1c reflects longer-term glycemia than does plasma glucose; 3) HbA1c laboratory methods are now well standardized and reliable; and 4) errors caused by nonglycemic factors affecting HbA1c such as hemoglobinopathies are infrequent and can be minimized by confirming the diagnosis of diabetes with a plasma glucose (PG)-specific test. Specific recommendations include: 1) screening standards should be established that prompt further testing and closer follow-up, including fasting PG of 100 mg/dl or greater, random PG of 130 mg/dl or greater, or HbA1c greater than 6.0%; 2) HbA1c of 6.5–6.9% or greater, confirmed by a PG-specific test (fasting plasma glucose or oral glucose tolerance test), should establish the diagnosis of diabetes; and 3) HbA1c of 7% or greater, confirmed by another HbA1c- or a PG-specific test (fasting plasma glucose or oral glucose tolerance test) should establish the diagnosis of diabetes. The recommendations are offered for consideration of the clinical community and interested associations and societies.
Growth Hormone Signaling in Vivo in Human Muscle and Adipose Tissue: Impact of Insulin, Substrate Background, and Growth Hormone Receptor Blockade
Authors: Nielsen Charlotte , Gormsen Lars C. , Jessen Niels , Pedersen Steen Bønløkke , Møller Niels , Lund Sten , Jørgensen Jens Otto L.
Published: May 2008

Context: GH induces insulin resistance in muscle and fat, and in vitro data indicate that this may involve cross-talk between the signaling pathways of the two hormones.

Objective: Our objective was to investigate GH and insulin signaling in vivo in human muscle and fat tissue in response to GH, GH receptor blockade, and insulin stimulation.

Design: We conducted two randomized crossover studies.

Participants: Sixteen healthy males participated.

Intervention: GH was administered as a bolus (n = 8) and constant infusion (n = 8). The bolus study included three arms: 1) control (saline), 2) GH (0.5 mg iv), and 3) GH blockade (pegvisomant 30 mg sc), each combined with a hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp. The infusion study included two arms: 1) GH infusion (45 ng/·kg·min, 5.5 h) and 2) saline infusion (5.5 h) combined with a hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp during the final 2.5 h.

Main Outcome Measures: Muscle and fat biopsies were subjected to Western blotting for expression of Stat5/p-Stat5, Akt/p-Akt, and ERK1/2/p-ERK1/2 and to real-time RT-PCR for expression of SOCS1–3 and IGF-I mRNA.

Results: GH significantly reduced insulin sensitivity. The GH bolus as well as GH infusion induced phosphorylation of Stat5 in muscle and fat, and SOCS3 and IGF-I mRNA expression increased after GH infusion. Hyperinsulinemia induced Akt phosphorylation in both tissues, irrespective of GH status. In muscle, ERK1/2 phosphorylation was increased by insulin, but insulin per se did not induce phosphorylation of Stat5.

Conclusions: GH exposure associated with insulin resistance acutely translates into GH receptor signaling in human muscle and fat without evidence of cross-talk with insulin signaling pathways. The molecular mechanisms subserving GH-induced insulin resistance in humans remain unclarified.
Plasma Resistin Levels and Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Weikert Cornelia , Westphal Sabine , Berger Klaus , Dierkes Jutta , Möhlig Matthias , Spranger Joachim , Rimm Eric B. , Willich Stefan N. , Boeing Heiner , Pischon Tobias
Published: May 2008

Context: Resistin is a hormone that has been linked to insulin resistance, inflammatory processes, and coronary heart disease in case-control studies; however, prospective data on the association between plasma resistin levels and future risk of cardiovascular disease are lacking.

Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the association between plasma resistin levels and risk of future myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke (IS) in a large prospective cohort.

Methods: We investigated the association between plasma resistin levels and risk of MI and IS in a case-cohort design among 26,490 middle-aged subjects from the European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Potsdam Study without history of MI or stroke at time of blood draw. Plasma resistin levels were measured in baseline blood samples of 139 individuals who developed MI, 97 who developed IS, and 817 individuals who remained free of cardiovascular events during a mean follow-up of 6 yr.

Results: After multivariable adjustment for established cardiovascular risk factors including C-reactive protein, individuals in the highest compared with the lowest quartile of plasma resistin levels had a significantly increased risk of MI (relative risk 2.09; 95% confidence interval 1.01–4.31; P for trend = 0.01). In contrast, plasma resistin levels were not significantly associated with risk of IS (relative risk 0.94; 95% confidence interval 0.51–1.73; P for trend = 0.88).

Conclusion: Our data suggest that high plasma resistin levels are associated with an increased risk of MI but not with risk of IS. Further studies are needed to evaluate the predictive value of plasma resistin levels for cardiovascular disease.
The Insulin-Sensitizing Effect of Rosiglitazone in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Does Not Require Improved in Vivo Muscle Mitochondrial Function
Authors: Schrauwen-Hinderling Vera B. , Mensink Marco , Hesselink Matthijs K. C. , Sels Jean-Pierre , Kooi M. Eline , Schrauwen Patrick
Published: May 2008

Aims: Our objective was to investigate whether improved in vivo mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle and intramyocellular lipids (IMCLs) contribute to the insulin-sensitizing effect of rosiglitazone.

Methods: Eight overweight type 2 diabetic patients (body mass index = 29.3 ± 1.1 kg/m2) were treated with rosiglitazone for 8 wk. Before and after treatment, insulin sensitivity was determined by a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Muscular mitochondrial function (half-time of phosphocreatine recovery after exercise) and IMCL content were measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Results: Insulin sensitivity improved after rosiglitazone (glucose infusion rate: 19.9 ± 2.8 to 24.8 ± 2.1 μmol/kg·min; P < 0.05). In vivo mitochondrial function (phosphocreatine recovery half-time: 23.8 ± 3.5 to 20.0 ± 1.7 sec; P = 0.23) and IMCL content (0.93 ± 0.18% to 1.37 ± 0.40%; P = 0.34) did not change. Interestingly, the changes in PCr half-time correlated/tended to correlate with changes in fasting insulin (R2 = 0.50; P = 0.05) and glucose (R2 = 0.43; P = 0.08) levels. Changes in PCr half-time did not correlate with changes in glucose infusion rate (R2 = 0.08; P = 0.49).

Conclusion: The rosiglitazone-enhanced insulin sensitivity does not require improved muscular mitochondrial function.
Myosin II regulates the shape of three-dimensional intestinal epithelial cysts
Authors: Ivanov Andrei I. , Hopkins Ann M. , Brown G. Thomas , Gerner-Smidt Kirsten , Babbin Brian A. , Parkos Charles A. , Nusrat Asma
Published: May 2008

The development of luminal organs begins with the formation of spherical cysts composed of a single layer of epithelial cells. Using a model three-dimensional cell culture, this study examines the role of a cytoskeletal motor, myosin II, in cyst formation. Caco-2 and SK-CO15 intestinal epithelial cells were embedded into Matrigel, and myosin II was inhibited by blebbistatin or siRNA-mediated knockdown. Whereas control cells formed spherical cysts with a smooth surface, inhibition of myosin II induced the outgrowth of F-actin-rich surface protrusions. The development of these protrusions was abrogated after inhibition of F-actin polymerization or of phospholipase C (PLC) activity, as well as after overexpression of a dominant-negative ADF/cofilin. Surface protrusions were enriched in microtubules and their formation was prevented by microtubule depolymerization. Myosin II inhibition caused a loss of peripheral F-actin bundles and a submembranous extension of cortical microtubules. Our findings suggest that inhibition of myosin II eliminates the cortical F-actin barrier, allowing microtubules to reach and activate PLC at the plasma membrane. PLC-dependent stimulation of ADF/cofilin creates actin-filament barbed ends and promotes the outgrowth of F-actin-rich protrusions. We conclude that myosin II regulates the spherical shape of epithelial cysts by controlling actin polymerization at the cyst surface.
Zygotically controlled F-actin establishes cortical compartments to stabilize furrows duringDrosophilacellularization
Authors: Sokac Anna Marie , Wieschaus Eric
Published: May 2008

Cortical compartments partition proteins and membrane at the cell surface to define regions of specialized function. Here we ask how cortical compartments arise along the plasma membrane furrows that cellularize the early Drosophila embryo, and investigate the influence that this compartmentalization has on furrow ingression. We find that the zygotic gene product Nullo aids the establishment of discrete cortical compartments, called furrow canals, which form at the tip of incipient furrows. Upon nullo loss-of-function, proteins that are normally restricted to adjacent lateral regions of the furrow, such as Neurotactin and Discs large, spread into the furrow canals. At the same time, cortical components that should concentrate in furrow canals, such as Myosin 2 (Zipper) and Anillin (Scraps), are missing from some furrows. Depletion of these cortical components from the furrow canal compartments precipitates furrow regression. Contrary to previous models, we find that furrow compartmentalization does not require cell-cell junctions that border the furrow canals. Instead, compartmentalization is disrupted by treatments that reduce levels of cortical F-actin. Because the earliest uniform phenotype detected in nullo mutants is reduced levels of F-actin at furrow canals, we propose that Nullo compartmentalizes furrows via its regulation of F-actin, thus stabilizing furrows and insuring their ingression to complete cellularization.
Influence of Ultrasound Treatment on Assembling Structures and Properties of Supramolecular Hydrogels Formed from 1,3,5-Benzenetricarboxylic Acid and 4-Hydroxypyridine
Authors: Cao Yu , Tang Li Ming , Wang Yu Jiang , Zhang Bo Yuan , Jia Lian Kun
Published: May 2008

A new gelator synthesized from 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (BTA) and 4-hydroxypyridine (PHP) was capable of gelling water under different ultrasound power. The resulting gels were investigated by gel-to-sol dissociation temperature (Tgel), SEM, DSC, and rheology measurement, which showed that the assembling structures and gel properties were correlated to the ultrasound power.
Cholesterol Suppresses Pressure-induced Interdigitation of Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine Bilayer Membrane
Authors: Tamai Nobutake , Matsui Takayuki , Moribayashi Nobutaka , Goto Masaki , Matsuki Hitoshi , Kaneshina Shoji
Published: May 2008

We investigated the effect of cholesterol on the pressure-induced interdigitation of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayer membrane by fluorescence technique using 6-propionyl-2-(dimethylamino)naphthalene (Prodan) as a probe. The interdigitation pressure (IP), minimum pressure required for the bilayer interdigitation, was elevated with increasing cholesterol composition (Cch) up to ca. 2 mol %. Further increase of Cch did not give any effect on the IP value. Finally, the interdigitation could not be observed at Cch=8 mol %. Constructed pressure–Cch phase diagram at 50 °C suggests that the retardation and the abolition of the interdigitation are attributable to an interference effect and eventual formation of ordered molecular orientation induced by cholesterol.
Effect of Surface Structure on Wettability of TiO2 Nanofibrils Prepared in Aluminum Oxide Template
Authors: Zhang Ya-nan , Chen Miao , Liang Shan , Zhao Yanchun
Published: May 2008

Porous anodic alumina (PAA) with regular channel structure was chosen as a template, and highly ordered TiO2 nanofibrils arrays were fabricated within the pores of PAA by a sol–gel process. A series of TiO2 nanostructures obtained after the TiO2/Al2O3 composite film was treated with the NaOH for different times. Contact angle measurements indicated that the surface structure strongly affected the wetting behavior of the TiO2 nanofibrils. The wettability of the surface changed from hydrophilic to hydrophobic when the structure of aligned nanofibrils with end tips was obtained.
Functionalized Silver Nanowires for Live Cell Study
Authors: Kuo Chiung-Wen , Shiu Jau-Ye , Wei Kung Hwa , Chen Peilin
Published: May 2008

The biocompatibility of the surface-functionalized silver nanowires has been investigated in two cell lines. It was found that the functionalized silver nanowires with 200 nm diameter and length up to a few μm can be internalized by cells. The cytotoxicity of the silver nanowires was found to depend on their surface modifications. It was also demonstrated that the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) could be measured on the silver nanowires, which added additional functionality to the silver nanowires.
The Inhibition Effect of Potassium Addition on Methane Formation in Steam Reforming of Acetic Acid over Alumina-supported Cobalt Catalysts
Authors: Hu Xun , Lu Gongxuan
Published: May 2008

The inhibition effect of potassium addition on methane formation in steam reforming of acetic acid over alumina-supported cobalt catalyst has been studied. Co–K/Al2O3 catalyst showed much higher activity for hydrogen generation and much lower selectivity for methane than Co/Al2O3. Potassium addition resulted in the inhibition of methanation process. The similar effect was also observed in methanol and ethanol reforming reactions.
Preparation and Characterization of a π-Conjugated Donor–Accepter-type Ligand Molecule with Redox Abilities
Authors: Katoh Keiichi , Sato Naoki
Published: May 2008

We have synthesized a zwitterion-like molecule 1 having an N,N,N-tridentate ligand site for metal complexation. Compound 1 exhibited negative solvatochromism of the intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) band in its UV–visible absorption spectrum for different polarity of solvents. Its anion radical (1−•) was generated from both electrical and chemical reduction of the p-naphthoquinone moiety.
Alumina-supported Molybdenum (VI) Oxide: An Efficient and Recyclable Heterogeneous Catalyst for Regioselective Ring Opening of Epoxides with Thiols, Acetic Anhydride, and Alcohols under Solvent-free Conditions
Authors: Singhal Sweety , Jain Suman L , Sain Bir
Published: May 2008

An efficient and simple protocol for regioselective ring opening of epoxides with thiols, acetic anhydride, and alcohols using 16 wt % MoO3 supported on alumina as a recyclable catalyst is described.
Facile Synthesis of Novel Nonplanar Arylamine-centered Oligofluorenes Based on Complicated 9,9-Diarylfluorene Building Blocks by Friedel–Crafts Reaction
Authors: Zhao Bao-Min , Fu Ni-Na , Xie Ling-Hai , Wang Lian-Hui , Huang Wei
Published: May 2008

The syntheses of two well-defined organic nanomaterials, TDFF-TPA and TDFF-FBCz, with highly nonplanar structures, based on complicated 9,9-diarylfluorenes (DAF) by BF3·OEt2-mediated Friedel–Crafts reactions are presented.
Estimation of Hexenuronic Acids and Kappa Number in Kraft Pulps of Eucalyptus Globulus by Fourier Transform near Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Monrroy Mariel , Mendonça Regis , Baeza Jaime , Ruiz José , Ferraz André , Freer Juanita
Published: May 2008

Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy was evaluated as an analytical tool for monitoring residual lignin, kappa number and hexenuronic acids (HexA) content in kraft pulps of Eucalyptus globulus. Sets of pulp samples were prepared under different cooking conditions to obtain a wide range of compound concentrations that were characterised by conventional wet chemistry analytical methods. The sample group was also analysed using FT-NIR spectroscopy in order to establish prediction models for the pulp characteristics. Several models were applied to correlate chemical composition in samples with the NIR spectral data by means of PCR or PLS algorithms. Calibration curves were built by using all the spectral data or selected regions. Best calibration models for the quantification of lignin, kappa and HexA were proposed presenting R 2 values of 0.99. Calibration models were used to predict pulp titers of 20 external samples in a validation set. The lignin concentration and kappa number in the range of 1.4–18% and 8–62, respectively, were predicted fairly accurately (standard error of prediction, SEP 1.1% for lignin and 2.9 for kappa). The HexA concentration (range of 5–71 mmol kg−1 pulp) was more difficult to predict and the SEP was 7.0 mmol kg−1 pulp in a model of HexA quantified by an ultraviolet (UV) technique and 6.1 mmol kg−1 pulp in a model of HexA quantified by anion-exchange chromatography (AEC). Even in wet chemical procedures used for HexA determination, there is no good agreement between methods as demonstrated by the UV and AEC methods described in the present work. NIR spectroscopy did provide a rapid estimate of HexA content in kraft pulps prepared in routine cooking experiments.
Quality Control of Agrochemical Formulations by Diffuse Reflectance near Infrared Spectrometry
Authors: Armenta Sergio , Garrigues Salvador , de la Guardia Miguel
Published: May 2008

A near infrared (NIR)-based methodology has been developed for the determination of 11 pesticides in commercially available formulations. This solvent free, fast and environmentally friendly method was based on the direct measurement of the diffuse reflectance spectra of solid samples, a hierarchical cluster classification and the use of multivariate calibration models to determine each considered active principle in agrochemicals. The proposed partial least squares (PLS) models used for quantification of each compound were built from specific calibration sets composed of nine spectra corresponding to triplicate measurements of a single well characterised commercial sample and two additional doped (under- and over-dosed) samples. Different formulations and commercial samples were employed as validation sets. Data obtained by PLS/NIR were comparable with results found by reference liquid chromatography procedures. For bensulfuron, buprofezin and metalaxyl determination, the information in the spectral range between 1000 nm and 2640 nm of the zero order reflectance spectra was used. For chlorsulfuron, cyromazine, daminozide, diuron, fenoxycarb, iprodione, procymidone and tricyclazole determination, the information of the first order derivative spectra in the range between 1000 nm and 2640 nm was used. In both cases, a linear removed correction was applied as data pre-treatment. The developed PLS/NIR method can be applied directly to solid samples without using any solvent or sample pre-treatment and thus any contact between the operator and toxic reagents is avoided providing a safe and environmentally acceptable analytical methodology.
Prediction of Chemical Composition of Sugar Beet Pulp by near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy
Authors: Fernández B. , Andrés S. , Prieto N. , Mantecón A.R. , Giráldez F.J.
Published: May 2008

The feasibility of near infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy to estimate the chemical composition of dehydrated sugar beet pulp was examined in the present study. Seventy-three samples from different processing plants were analysed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and soluble (NDSF) fibre, according to the conventional chemical methods. The parameters predicted by NIR spectroscopy with the highest accuracy were DM (R2 = 0.97; SECV= 5.69 g kg−1 FM) and CP (R2 = 0.90; SECV = 3.81 g kg−1 DM) content. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that NIR technology can be used to discriminate samples of sugar beet pulp manufactured by different chemical procedures.
Prediction of Total Soluble Solid Content in Intact and Cut Melons and Watermelons Using near Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Flores K. , Sánchez M.T. , Pérez-Marín D.C. , López M.D. , Guerrero J.E. , Garrido-Varo A.
Published: May 2008

There is currently a growing tendency for fruit to be classified and marketed in accordance with quality criteria. One parameter used to evaluate quality in melons and watermelons is total soluble solid content, measured by invasive analytical methods which are incompatible with current quality-assurance requirements for individual pieces of fruit. Use of near infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy as a nondestructive technique for measuring total soluble solid content could therefore be of considerable interest to the fruit and vegetable sector. The present study assesses the use of a NIR diode array spectrometer for estimating total soluble solid content (°Brix) in intact and cut melons and watermelons. NIR calibration models were developed using two sets for each fruit, a 2006 set ( N = 158) and a 2007 set ( N=415) for melon samples and a 2006 set ( N=77) and 2007 set ( N = 183) for watermelon samples, grown in El Ejido (Almeria, Spain). The predictive ability of the calibrations developed were greater for cut fruit ( SECV= 0.60°Brix, r2 = 0.88, RPD=2.94 in melons and SECV = 0.49 °Brix, r2 = 0.85, RPD=2.50 in watermelons) than for intact fruit (SECV = 0.98°Brix, r2 = 0.76; RPD=2.05 in melons and SECV= 0.93°Brix, r2 = 0.65, RPD = 1.69 in watermelons). This study demonstrates the value of NIR spectroscopy for grading cut melons and watermelons, intact melons and possibly intact watermelon fruits into categories of high, medium and low levels of sweetness.
Applicants regard structured interviews as a fair method of selection: an audit of candidates
Authors: Westwood Mark A , Nunn Laurence M , Redpath Calum , Mills Peter , Crake Tom
Published: May 2008

Summary

Objective

To discover whether applicants regard structures interviews as a fair method of selection for jobs.

Design

Audit study of short-listed candidates for postgraduate specialty training programmes in the London Deanery.

Setting

Postgraduate applications for the London Deanery.

Main outcome measures

Satisfaction or otherwise with the application and selection process for postgraduate specialty training programmes amongst short-listed candidates in the London Deanery. Questions were asked under five categories: the applicant, the advertisement, the application form, the short-listing process, and the interview.

Results

89 of 118 forms were completed and analysed. Candidates thought the advertisement was clear on who to contact (97%), when short-listed candidates would be notified of their interview (66%) and when interviews would occur (93%). The design of the application form and the short-listing process both scored a median of 1 or 2 (strongly agree or agree) on all points. The interview process itself also scored well, with most candidates scoring broadly positively.

Conclusions

As in the previous study, the overall response was broadly a positive one from the candidates' perspective, with the majority of candidates finding the system fair and objective.
Vascular Surgery, ICU and HDU: A 14-Year Observational Study
Authors: Teli Mary , Morris-Stiff Gareth , Rees John R , Woodsford Paul V , Lewis Michael H
Published: May 2008

INTRODUCTION

Over the course of the past decade, numerous changes have occurred in the management of patients undergoing vascular surgical operations. The introduction of high dependency units (HDUs) has meant that many patients previously requiring observation in intensive care units (ICUs) are now managed in this new environment. In addition, many vascular patients may now be suitable for management on a vascular ward immediately following their surgery. This study reports the chronological changes in resource utilisation of patients undergoing major vascular surgery in a district general hospital over a 14-year period.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Details of all patients admitted to either the ICU or HDU under the care of a single vascular surgeon during the period 1991–2004 were extracted from a prospectively maintained anaesthetic department database. Details of the age and gender of the patients were obtained together with source of admission, place of discharge and need for re-admission. Operative details for each patient were extracted from a prospectively maintained vascular surgery database including type of procedure undertaken and degree of urgency.

RESULTS

During the 14-year period under study, there was a dramatic decrease in the use of ICU facilities for the management of vascular patients from 100% in 1991 to 36% in 2004. There was a corresponding increase in the use of HDU for major vascular cases during the same period from 0% to 66%. However, despite a significant increase in the total number of major vascular operations performed, from 67 in 1991 to 185 in 2004 as a result of sub-specialisation, overall use of all high-care facilities fell as the number of patients returned directly to the vascular ward increased from 34% in 1991 to 64% in 2004. The efficacy of the choice of management venue was confirmed by the observation that only 7.7% of those managed on ICU had been initially managed at a lower level of care. In addition, only 1.8% of patients managed on HDU had been admitted after initially being managed on the vascular ward.

CONCLUSIONS

Sub-specialisation over the past decade has meant a significantly increased major vascular work-load. Since the introduction of the HDU, there has been a significant fall in the use of ICU facilities for routine cases. These changes in resource utilisation have significant implications in terms of budget allocation. It would appear that finances, in relation to vascular surgery, should be concentrated on expanding HDU facilities and ensuring vascular surgery expertise amongst ward nursing staff.
Unilateral Epididymo-Orchitis: A Rare Complication of MMR Vaccine
Authors: Abdelbaky AM , Channappa DB , Islam S
Published: May 2008

We report the case of an 18-year-old male patient with epididymo-orchitis following MMR vaccine. Salivary gland involvement, meningitis/encephalitis are well-known complications of the MMR vaccine, but involvement and infection of the testis is a rarity. A search for this complication on the medical databases showed no reported cases in the UK.