bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic Implications of Soybean Maturity Group, Herbicide Program, and Irrigation Requirement
Authors: Wegerer Ryan , Popp Michael , Hu Xiaoyan , Purcell Larry C.
Published: April 2016

Herbicide program, seeding rate, and seed technology interactions were analyzed using yield and irrigation tradeoffs for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Maturity Groups (MG) II through IV. Profit‐maximizing seeding rates were calculated and sensitivity analyses were performed. Results suggested that high seeding rates, affordable as a result of low seed cost, led to fast canopy closure which largely eliminated the need for postemergence herbicide use. Postemergence herbicide applications or early weed interference (in the case of the postemergence‐glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine] program) may have resulted in some yield loss. Using MG IV soybean as opposed to earlier‐maturing soybean with lower water requirements was optimal over a wide range of soybean price and input cost assumptions. Larger, later‐maturing plants at high plant density contributed to competitiveness of soybean with weeds.
Family Relationship In Gabrielle Lord`s Lethal Factor
Authors: Kinanti Ruth Sri
Published: April 2016

Jenis karya sastra cerita detektif bukan hal baru dalam kesusastraan Australia. Salah satu penulis cerita detektif, Gabrielle Lord, menampilkan masalah yang tidak pernah diangkat oleh penulis lainnya, yaitu masalah hubungan keluarga. Novel yang akan dikaji dalam tulisan ini adalah Lethal Factor. Dalam karya ini masalah keluarga dan penyalahgunaan anak dibahas dan dilibatkan dalam kasus kriminal yang terjadi dalam kehidupan penyidik forensic, Jack McCain. Kasus kriminal terjadi dalam beberapa kasus yang menggunakan senjata tajam yang menimpa seorang biarawati dan senjata racun kimia yang menimpa teman McCain. Persoalan menjadi menarik dan penting ketika McCain juga harus menyelesaikan kasusnya dengan istri dan terancamnya jiwa anaknya.
Efektivitas Penggunaan Metode Oral Drill Untuk Latihan Kemampuan Berbicara Bahasa Jepang Di Kelas Dasar
Authors: Asih Nur Saadah Fitri
Published: April 2016

Article content a research result about effectiveness of oral drill method to practice speaking ability of Japanese in elementary class.  This is an experiment research to Japanese course’s student in elementary class in BLCI (British Language Course of Indonesia) Bandung at 2006 year.  Experiment research is according to the condition of learning Japanese to the experiment class with oral drill method, in the other hand to the experiment class in using another method which is eklektik method that combine translating method and grammar method. Research data was got from result of the final test from the experiment class an control class.  From the process result and analize data can be know that the average score of the student’s speaking ability in experiment class is bigger than the average score of the student’s speaking ability in control class.
Intelligence Inside the King’s College of Cambridge
Authors: Nugroho Henriono
Published: April 2016

Article concerns with a stylistic analysis on a poem in terms of Systemic Functional Linguistics and Verbal Art Semiotics. The writing uses library research, qualitative data, documentary study, descriptive method and intrinsic-objective approach. The semantic analysis results in both automatized and foregrounded meanings. Then the automatized meaning produces lexical cohesion and in turn, it produces subject matter. Meanwhile, the foregrounded meaning produces the literary meaning and in turn, it creates theme. Finally, the analysis indicates that the subject matter is about the establishment of Cambridge University, the literary meaning is about eternal thoughts of Cambridge University, and the theme is about intelligence.
Efektivitas Penggunaan Media Flashcard dalam Pengajaran Kakikata to Yomikata III pada Mahasiswa UBINUS Semester Tiga Tahun Ajaran 2010/2011
Authors: Astami Timur Sri
Published: April 2016

Article clarified the process of language learning, especially Japanese in a class environment, in which closely related to the teacher, material learning, and the learning media. In kakikata to yomikata subject (Writing and Reading III), students frequently got difficulties in reading or spelling kanji letters. To observe these difficulties, the researcher uses flashcard for developing the Japanese vocabularies in six weeks regularly in thirty minutes. The result indicates that around 64% of the respondents get significant developments. The positive impact on those successful respondents is their ability in remembering vocabularies as well as writes them in kanji letters.
“She Had ‘Balls’”: Islamic Liberalism And The Modern Woman In A Contemporary Malaysian Fiction In English
Authors: Hosmillo Bernidick Bryan P.
Published: April 2016

The paper wants to dissect the plurality of contemporary Malay society by focusing on the construction of woman sexuality as charged with an amalgam of Islam Parochialism that is seen as a restrictive sociopolitical mechanism and (de)concentrated modernization that decentres religious functions in contemporary Malay society and uses instead a rather ‘filtered’ Islam as colour for the contours of life. Further, the paper underscores the fictive, yet real advances of the Malay woman in terms of critical consciousness and beauty manifested in cultural materialism as both are seriously equated to power. The woman, however, with all the intellectual and material elevation intervenes with (masculine) sexualisation. Hence, the paper capitalizes thenecessity to examine the complexities of masculine sexualisation, as fortified by Western modernity, which is a process of recognizing the feminine presence that inevitably generate erotic desire to sexual fantasy that ultimately constructs the woman. The paper’s major thrust is to reconceptualise the notion of power anchored in the ideological framework of its polysemous nature. Such progressive elucidation of the concept creates tension between empowerment and domination which is a relevant concern in feminist politics and interpretations in that the specific implication of such reconceptualization is the   object of becoming not oppressors, but of becoming liberated that in the discourse of Malayness is largely problematic as it is always perceived to be antithetical to revitalization of Islam through authentic Malaysian Literature in English for ‘liberalism’ in this case, is associated with the rupture of women’s sexuality.
Analisis Penerjemahan Metafora: Studi Kasus Metafora Dalam Novel Yukiguni Karya Kawabata Yasunari Dan Terjemahannya Daerah Salju Oleh Ajip Rosidi
Authors: Widiarti Rini
Published: April 2016

This study aims to describe the form of metaphorical translation of the source language (SL), Japanese, into the target language (TL), Indonesian, as well as the equivalences in TL. The study also explains any the translation procedures used by the translator to get a natural translation so that the metaphor contained in the target text is able to give the same impression with the original text. Data were collected from the work of Kawabata Yasunari “Yukiguni” Novel and the translation "Daerah Salju" by Ajip Rosidi. Metaphor data were obtained by recognizing the collocation incompatibility of that the referent of a word des not match common sense. The results found are TL metaphors are translated in two forms of metaphor and non metaphor. Forms of non-metaphor are divided into simile and non-figurative expression. The results showed that procedure of modulation translation plays an important role to convey the meaning of TL, especially about viewpoint changes and explicit indication. Viewpoint changes occur on metaphorical imagery while explicit indication occurs at similarity points. Transposition procedure is not only used to generate a natural translation in terms of language but also to divert the message from SL to TL. Noted equvalences are widely used by translators to explain the concept of Japanese culture.
Xu Guangqi’s Thought On Supplementing Confucianism With Christianity
Authors: Seo Anna
Published: April 2016

Xu Guangqi is one of the most influential Chinese scholars who accepted Christian faith during the late Ming dynasty. His idea of “supplementing Confucianism and replacing Buddhism by Christianity” had great impact on the development of Christianity in China. His idea, however, has often been accused of syncretism, and genuineness of his Christian faith has been put into question. Some argue that his theology lacks Christology. Others suggest that his ultimate goal was to achieve the Confucian political ideals through adopting some of the Christian moral teachings. Through the analysis of Xu Guangqi’ works and life, we find that he accepted all the essential Christian doctrines and Christology is the core of his understanding of “Tianzhu”. His view on Confucianism itself istransformed through Christian perspective. In his new understanding, the ultimate goal of Confucianism is to serve and to worship “Tianzhu”，same as Christianity. The ultimate problem of life is to save one’s soul.Xu Guangqi considered his scientific works as a way to propagate Christian faith,since science was seen as an integral part of Christian thought and practice. His idea of “supplementing Confucianism by Christianity” integrated Confucianism into the overarching framework of Christian thought.
The Social Status Of Female Characters In Chi Li’s Novels 池莉小说中女性的社会地位
Authors: Mariana Mariana
Published: April 2016

Chi Li is a novelist writing “new realism” novels based on the custom of Wu Han people. Chi Li’s works have different social background according to different period stages. The first period of her works was at early 80s called beginner period. The second period was at mid 80s until mid 90s called famous period. The last period was at the end of 90s until now called evolution period. Chi Li created different female characters on different work stages. At the first period, Chi Li described the females were still obedient to the tradition. Their self-determination consciousness was weak and depended to men. At the second period, Chi Li’s female characters were changed into awaken ones who sought a new way of life. They could survive and make life by themselves, but the traditional concepts still influenced their thoughts. They still believed that devotion to men was the life idealism.Meanwhile, strong personality, strong self-determination consciousness, independence were female characters found in Chi Li’s last period works.
Minat Bekerja di Perusahaan Jepang di Indonesia pada Mahasiswa Sastra Jepang Semester Akhir di Perguruan Tinggi
Authors: Handayani Ratna , Marion Elisa Carolina , Koda Natsumi
Published: April 2016

The term nenkoujoretsu as one characteristic of Japanese culture gives much influence on management system for Japanese companies operating in Indonesia, including promotion system for employee career development. This system is very much different from the promotion system of western companies. Current developments show promotion system in the company does not entirely focus on seniority and age, but focuses on educational background and individual achievement. Thus the implementation of nenkoujoretsu on Japanese companies has changed. Further research related to the implementation of nenkoujoretsu on Japanese companies in Indonesia was conducted by examining working interest in Japanese companies in Indonesia of the Japanese literature students at final semester. The scope of this study was students at final or seventh semester in STBA JIA-Bekasi, Universitas Al Azhar Indonesia-Jakarta, Universitas Darma Persada, STBA LIA-Jakarta, Universitas Bina Nusantara, and Universitas Nasional-Jakarta. This study used questionnaire and literature method. Purpose of this research is readers can understand about student interest in Japanese literature to work in Japanese companies in Indonesia. This study concludes most students of Japanese literature at final or seventh semester are interested in working in Japanese companies. A large part of the reasons for respondents who were interested in working in a foreign company is due to big salary. In addition, performance also plays an important role and determines the position and higher salary than the senior as well as the ability to apply skills in Japanese language and knowledge about Japanese.
Metaphors Expressing Emotions in Lisa Kleypas’s Rainshadow Road Novel
Authors: Ko Novi Liana , Winiharti Menik
Published: April 2016

Metaphors have been always interesting to explore since they are able to represent many things, one of which is feelings. Article examined the metaphorical sentences which expressed emotions found in Lisa Kleypas’s the Rainshadow Road. Library research was conducted to find the kinds of emotions which were expressed by the metaphorical sentences. It was also done to figure out what the metaphors refered to. Another objective was to reveal the most dominant emotion which appeared through the metaphors expressed in the novel. The analysis used metaphor theory to compare the dictionary meaning and the metaphorical one. The result shows that there are various emotions which are expressed through the metaphorical sentences. Happiness is found as the most dominant emotion which appears in the novel.
A Comparison on Hyponymy and Cultural Symbolism of Six Color Words between Chinese Language and Bahasa Indonesia
Authors: Rahayu Kristina Indah Setyo
Published: April 2016

Color words originate from natural world. In general different languages have similar patterns of color hypernymy. Nevertheless, when it comes to color hyponymy, it is not the case. Specific color hyponyms have emerged because different countries have different cultures. Besides, color words are also rich in cultural symbolism. In other words, same colors in different countries have different cultural symbolisms. This paper analyzed six color words (red, white, yellow, blue, green, and black) between Chinese language and bahasa Indonesia to find similarities and differences both in hyponymy and in culture symbolism.
Prinsip Penulisan Bahan Ajar Bahasa Mandarin yang Efektif untuk Jurusan Komunikasi Pemasaran Universitas Bina Nusantara
Authors: Rosalin Kelly , Agustian Agustian
Published: April 2016

Article discussed the writing principles that must be considered in compiling Chinese language teaching material specifically used for Marketing Communication students regarding the interest and target of Marketing Communication of Bina Nusantara University. The methodologies used are descriptive quantitative for distributing questionnaires and qualitative approach through observation and interview. Research found the appropriate and effective Chinese language teaching material would enhance the standard of Chinese language learning. At present, Chinese language teaching material used by Marketing Communication students has not been able to fulfill their requirements. In addition, the target learners of the teaching material are universal.
Therapeutic Ultrasound and Treadmill Training Suppress Peripheral Nerve Injury–Induced Pain in Rats
Authors: Hung Ching-Hsia , Huang Po-Ching , Tzeng Jann-Inn , Wang Jhi-Joung , Chen Yu-Wen
Published: April 2016

Background

Although evidence suggests that therapeutic ultrasound (TU) in combination with treadmill training (TT) suppresses nerve injury–associated pain, the molecular mechanisms for this action are not clear.

Objective

The purpose of this research was to study the possible beneficial effects of TU and TT, alone and in combination, on 2 clinical indicators of neuropathic pain and correlate these findings with changes in inflammatory mediators within the spinal cord. Our experimental model used the well-known chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the rat sciatic nerve.

Design

This was an experimental study.

Methods

Each group contained 10 rats. Group 1 underwent only the CCI procedure. Group 2 underwent a sham operation where the sciatic nerve was exposed but not ligated. Group 3 had the sham operation followed by both TT and TU. Groups 4, 5, and 6 underwent the CCI procedure followed by TT alone, TU alone, and both the TT and TU interventions, respectively. Heat and mechanical sensitivity, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) were evaluated.

Results

Compared with group 1 animals, TT or TU, or both, produced smaller decreases in mechanical withdrawal threshold and heat withdrawal latencies. The combination of TT and TU was more effective than either treatment alone. In addition, rats that received these treatments did not express the upregulation of IL-6 and Iba1 in their spinal cords on postoperative days 14 and 28, as was found in the group 1 animals.

Limitations

These experimental findings may not be generalizable to humans.

Conclusions

The combination of TU and TT reduces neuropathic pain more than either modality alone. This beneficial effect appears related to downregulation of proinflammatory IL-6 and Iba1, while upregulating the anti-inflammatory IL-10.
Towards a successful reintroduction of capercaillies — activity, movements and diet of young released to the Lower Silesia Forest, Poland
Authors: Merta Dorota , Kobielski Janusz , Theuerkauf Jörn , Gula Roman
Published: April 2016

Combining radio‐telemetry with direct observations, we followed 22 released juvenile captive‐bred capercaillies throughout the day to assess if their seasonal and daily patterns of activity, movements, and diet are in accordance with published information on wild birds. Day length was the most important factor determining birds' mobility and activity. Capercaillies were active for 46 ± 2% of daytime, during which they mostly foraged (30 ± 2%). The average distance travelled per day was 0.93 ± 0.14 km. The time budget of capercaillies was mostly allocated to activities on the ground but they spent at least 20% of the daytime in trees. They fed primarily on blueberries, cowberries and pine needles. The mean daily feeding time in fall and winter was 3 h, but it increased to 6 h in spring and summer. We conclude that released birds behave similarly to wild birds and reintroduction of captive‐bred capercaillies can be successful if the initial mortality is reduced.
Measuring Mental Chronometry and Cognitive Efficiency through Discrimination Reaction Test for Acquired Reflexes – Case of Loco Pilots of Western Railway
Authors: Khan SM
Published: April 2016

In this article 80 Loco Pilots of Indian Railways participated and screened for deployment on EMUs in Mumbai sub-urban as Motorman. Their mental chronometry and cognitive efficiency through discrimination reaction test (DRT) for acquired reflexes measured. Psycho motor performance of left, right hand and foot was studied while responding associated color signals. The mean reaction time was lowest in case of yellow color associated to left hand comparing to green and red color associated to right hand and foot respectively. The correlation coefficient of age and experience with DRT of participants was found positive but not statistically significant. The positive correlation coefficient in case of working experience and DRT is indeed a good sign of inert aptitude of train driving staff of the Indian Railways. Further, based on ‘t’ values, it can be concluded that the difference between DRT means for yellow, green and red color associated to hands and foot is significant at (p<0.01) level of significance. Results discussed at length and intervention to improve the DRT suggested.Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol-3, issue-2: 102-107
Canine Ovariohysterectomy: A Survey of Surgeon Concerns and Surgical Complications Encountered by Newly Graduated Veterinarians
Authors: Blacklock Kelly L. Bowlt , Langer Pierre , Halfacree Zoe , Yool Donald A. , Corr Sandra , Owen Laura , Friend Ed , Ekiri Abel
Published: April 2016

The objective of this study was to document newly qualified veterinarians' concerns and surgical complications encountered during canine ovariohysterectomy (cOVH) during the first year of general practice. A questionnaire investigating concerns about cOVH procedures was sent to all final-year veterinary students (group 1) enrolled at five UK universities. Participants were later asked to complete a similar questionnaire 6 months (group 2) and 12 months (group 3) after graduation, which involved grading their concern about different aspects of the cOVH procedure and reporting surgical complications encountered after completing three cOVHs. Responses were compared between different time points.

There were 196 respondents in group 1, 55 in group 2, and 36 in group 3. Between groups 1 and 2, there was a statistically significant reduction in the respondents' levels of concern in every aspect of cOVH (p<.05). Between groups 2 and 3, there was no statistically significant change in respondents' levels of concern in any aspect of cOVH (p≥.21). There was a significant reduction in the number of complications encountered by veterinarians in group 3 (39/102, 38.2%) compared to those in group 2 (117/206, 56.8%) (p=.002).

Employers should anticipate high levels of concern regarding all aspects of cOVHs in new graduates, and supervision during the first 6 months may be particularly useful.
Dystonic tics induced by deep brain stimulation of the posterior subthalamic area for essential tremor
Authors: Chandran Arjun S. , Joshi Stuti , Thorburn Megan , Stell Rick , Lind Christopher R. P.
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVE

The posterior subthalamic area (PSA) is a promising target of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for medication-refractory essential tremor (ET). This case series describes a novel adverse effect manifesting as dystonic tics in patients with ET undergoing DBS of the PSA.

METHODS

Six patients with ET received electrode implants for DBS of the dorsal and caudal zona incerta subregions of the PSA.

RESULTS

Five of the 6 patients developed dystonic tics soon after clinical programming. These tics were of varying severity and required reduction of the electrical stimulation amplitude. This reduction resolved tic occurrence without significantly affecting ET control. Dystonic tics were not observed in 39 additional patients who underwent DBS of the same brain regions for controlling non-ET movement disorders.

CONCLUSIONS

The pathophysiology of tic disorders is poorly understood and may involve the basal ganglia and related cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits. This series is the first report of DBS-induced tics after stimulation of any brain target. Although the PSA has not previously been implicated in tic pathophysiology, it may be a candidate region for future studies.
Clinical utility and cost analysis of routine postoperative head CT in elective aneurysm clippings
Authors: Zygourakis Corinna C. , Winkler Ethan , Pitts Lawrence , Hannegan Lisa , Franc Benjamin , Lawton Michael T.
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVE

Postoperative head CT scanning is performed routinely at the authors' institution on all neurosurgical patients after elective aneurysm clippings. The goal of this study was to determine how often these scans influence medical management and to quantify the associated imaging costs.

METHODS

The authors reviewed the medical records and accounting database of 304 patients who underwent elective (i.e., nonruptured) aneurysm clipping performed by 1 surgeon (M.T.L.) from 2010 to 2014 at the University of California, San Francisco. Specifically, the total number of postoperative head CT scans, radiographic findings, and the effect of these studies on patient management were determined. The authors obtained the total hospital costs for these patients, including the cost of imaging studies, from the hospital accounting database.

RESULTS

Overall, postoperative CT findings influenced clinical management in 3.6% of cases; specifically, they led to permissive hypertension in 4 patients for possible ischemia, administration of mannitol for edema and high-flow oxygen for pneumocephalus in 2 patients each, seizure prophylaxis in 1 patient, Plavix readjustment in 1 patient, and return to the operating room for an asymptomatic epidural hematoma evacuation in 1 patient. When patients were stratified on the basis of postoperative neurological examination, findings on CT scans altered management in 1.1%, 4.8%, and 9.0% of patients with no new neurological deficits, a nonfocal examination, and focal deficits, respectively. The mean total hospital cost for treating patients who undergo elective aneurysm clipping was $72,227 (± $53,966) (all values are US dollars), and the cost of obtaining a noncontrast head CT scan was $292. Neurologically intact patients required 99 head CT scans, at a cost of $28,908, to obtain 1 head CT scan that influenced medical management. In contrast, patients with a focal neurological deficit required only 11 head CT scans, at a cost of $3212, to obtain 1 head CT scan that changed clinical management.

CONCLUSIONS

Although there are no clear guidelines, the large number and high cost of CT scans needed to treat neurologically intact elective aneurysm patients suggest that careful neurological monitoring may be more clinically useful and a better use of hospital resources than routine postoperative CT.
Athleticism Is Not Joy: Extricating Artaud from Deleuze's Spinoza
Authors: Shaw Jon K.
Published: April 2016

Deleuze's writings often bring Spinoza and Artaud into close proximity, and given that the latter is often first encountered by many anglophone readers through Deleuze, the tendency to think of Artaud as a Spinozist risks becoming conventional. In fact, much of Artaud's metaphysics is incompatible with Deleuze's Spinozism, not least the relation between a body and its constitutive outside, and the questions of affect and expression. In reading Artaud's ‘An Affective Athleticism’ essay and with recourse to his final works, this article will explore these differences with particular reference to vitalism, experimentation and unilateral difference.
Hip Hop Battles and Facial Intertexts
Authors: Dodds Sherril
Published: April 2016

Hip hop dance battles are organized around a face-to-face danced exchange and, although dancers mobilize a diverse range of facial expression, scarcely any scholarly work addresses the face as a choreographic device. Several scholars, however, have noted that hip hip battles are dialogic or conversational in style, and I assert that dancers strategically employ facial expression to challenge and comment upon their opponents. In this article, I draw on the theory of intertextuality, and in particular Henry Louis Gates's concept of signifyin(g), to show how dancers deploy facial choreography as a mode of embodied articulation. Based on an ethnography of hip hop battles in Philadelphia, I examine the choreography of facial expression in four particular ways: as a strategy to signal generic particularity; to make commentary on the actions of other body parts; to create dialogic exchange between other faces at the battle event; and to reference facial intertexts from the broader popular culture.
Beyond Binarism: Exploring a Model of Living Cultural Heritage for Dance
Authors: Iacono Valeria Lo , Brown David H. K.
Published: April 2016

This essay, inspired by the 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, explores meanings and definitions of the term ‘cultural heritage’ as it may be applied to dance. UNESCO's effort to include many different types of human expressions in its lists is commendable and an important attempt to safeguard the aspects of the world's cultural heritage. However, the binary oppositions of ‘tangible’/’intangible’, frequently used to describe material and immaterial elements of culture and heritage create a false dichotomy. This label is particularly problematic for dance, given its complex, multi-dimensional nature in which intangible and tangible elements are indissolubly linked. Instead, we suggest an alternative perspective of ‘living cultural heritage’ which is informed by three post-dualist conceptions contained within Giddens' Structuration theory (structure-agency), Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology (mind-body) and Bourdieu's theory of cultural practice (field-practice-habitus). This essay introduces the idea of a living cultural heritage by using the above post-dualist concepts as a stepping stone towards a more inclusive and fluid model of heritage. In this model, the cultural, embodied, practical, spatial, temporal and artefactual elements of cultural heritage are retained as each contributes to an emergent process of exchange and dialogue resulting in cultural heritage.
THE CASE FOR PSR J1614–2230 AS A NICER TARGET
Authors: Miller M. Coleman
Published: April 2016

The Neutron star Interior Composition ExploreR (NICER) is expected to launch in 2017 and will gather X-ray data on neutron stars and other high-energy sources from a berth on the International Space Station. Its prime scientific goal is to measure the masses and radii of non-accreting neutron stars via fits to the energy-dependent waveforms produced by the rotation of hot spots on their surfaces. These measurements will provide valuable input to theoretical models of cold matter beyond nuclear density. Here we propose that PSR J1614−2230, despite its low count rate, is a promising source to observe with NICER. The reason is that XMM-Newton observations suggest that the fractional oscillation amplitude from PSR J1614−2230 could be high enough that this star cannot be very compact. We show that if we analyze 0.5 Ms of NICER data and 0.1 Ms of nearby off-source data and combine that analysis with the known mass of this star, we would find a robust lower limit to the radius with a statistical uncertainty of only

km. We also show that even if there is an unmodeled nonthermal component modulated at the pulsation frequency, good statistical fits could rule out significant biases. The low count rate will make reliable upper limits on the radius difficult, but the lower limit could rule out some equations of state that are currently being discussed. This analysis would require a good estimate of the non-source background, so Chandra observations of the vicinity of PSR J1614−2230 would be helpful.
L’agriculture brésilienne en débat : évolutions récentes, controverses et politiques publiques
Authors: Sabourin Éric
Published: April 2016

Cet article fait le point sur la situation, les évolutions récentes et les défis de l’agriculture brésilienne à partir d’une lecture des débats et interactions entre les groupes d’intérêt qui la composent et des politiques qui en ont résulté. L’approche associe une lecture socio-historique et une sociologie politique de l’agriculture brésilienne de ses acteurs et de l’institutionnalisation progressive d’une politique agricole duale. La première partie rappelle le cadre social et historique de l’agriculture brésilienne et introduit quelques éléments de son évolution récente. La seconde partie propose une lecture des débats qui animent l’état et la société brésilienne en matière d’agriculture, à partir du positionnement des principaux groupes d’intérêts et représentations professionnelles des agriculteurs. La troisième partie analyse l’évolution spécifique du modèle brésilien de politique agricole et ses principaux défis.
Une autre lecture du discours capitaliste selon Jacques Lacan
Authors: Lérès Guy
Published: April 2016

Avant toute parole, la structure du langage creuse les places qui recevront les éléments du discours. C'est là l'invariant qui en ordonne la logique. Le discours du capitalisme ne peut y échapper faute de ne plus être un discours... variante du discours du maître
Toxicomane : figure du martyr moderne ?
Authors: Balat Slavka
Published: April 2016

L’article se propose, à partir d’une vignette clinique, d’examiner non seulement le contexte socio-historique de la toxicomanie et la façon dont une subjectivité peut s’y loger, mais également les répercutions sur les modalités du transfert. L’hypothèse selon laquelle la toxicomanie serait une tentative de sauver le désir prend sa racine dans le rapport de cette dernière à la science et au discours capitaliste. La répétition du manque dans la chair, dans une société qui promet la satisfaction à tout prix, ferait du toxicomane une des figures de martyr contre le mensonge du discours capitaliste.
Application of a New Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) Paradigm on the Design of a Crisis Management Distributed System
Authors: Domdouzis Konstantinos , Andrews Simon , Akhgar Babak
Published: April 2016

The complexity and the intensity of crisis-related situations require the use of advanced distributed systems infrastructures. In order to develop such infrastructures, specific architectures need to be applied such as Component-based Modelling, Object-Oriented, Aspect-Oriented and Service-Oriented Design. This paper focuses on the use of Service-Oriented Design techniques for the development of the ATHENA Crisis Management Distributed System. The function of the ATHENA Crisis Management Distributed System is based on the use of data generated by social media for the evaluation of the severity of the conditions of a crisis and the coordination of the appropriate measures in response to the crisis. The paper presents a new definition for Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) and specifies the benefits that are generated by the use of this new definition in the development of the ATHENA system. Useful conclusions are also drawn in relation to how the definition considers the different technical backgrounds of users.
Characterization of Fuzzy δg*-Closed Sets in Fuzzy Topological Spaces
Authors: Kamali Anahid , Moradi Hamid Reza
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this research article is to explain the meaning of g-closed sets in fuzzy topological spaces, which is more understandable to the readers and we find some of its basic properties. The concept of fuzzy sets was introduced by Zadeh in his classical paper (1965). Thereafter many investigations have been carried out, in the general theoretical field and also in different applied areas, based on this concept. The idea of fuzzy topological space was introduced by Chang (1968). The idea is more or less a generalization of ordinary topological spaces. Different aspects of such spaces have been developed, by several investigators. This paper is also devoted to the development of the theory of fuzzy topological spaces.
What a Tangible Digital Installation for Museums Can Offer to Autistic Children and Their Teachers
Authors: Marchetti Emanuela , Valente Andrea
Published: April 2016

This study is a cooperation between the authors and a teacher who works with pupils affected by autism spectrum disorders (9-12 years old) in a primary Danish school. The aim was assess the benefits of game-based learning with respect to teachers' main challenges: facilitating the discussion of curricular subjects and enabling learning through conceptual thinking and social interaction. An existing digital and tangible installation called MicroCulture, originally created by the authors to bridge history learning across museums and schools was re-contextualised and placed at the school's disposal, in a three weeks study involving 15 pupils. Data was gathered unobtrusively, with qualitative methods. Through mediated play and teacher's facilitation, children occasionally engaged in interactions leading to conceptual thinking, cooperation, and forms of role play. The authors present both problems and positive experiences the pupils and teachers had in playing at MicroCulture; the findings allowed us to outline guidelines for developing similar installations.
3D Printing of High Voltage Printed Wiring Boards
Authors: MacDonald Eric , Wicker Ryan , Espalin David , Kwas Andy , Kief Peter Ruby Craig
Published: April 2016

In the last decade, research has focused on 3D printing for not only creating conceptual models but functional end-use products as well. As patents for 3D printing expire, new low cost desktop systems are being adopted more widely. This trend is leading to products being fabricated locally and improving supply chain logistics. However, currently low cost 3D printing is limited in the number of materials used simultaneously in fabrication and consequently is confined to fabricating enclosures and conceptual models. For additively manufactured end-use products to be useful, supplementary features and functionalities will need to be incorporated in to the final structures in terms of electronic, electromechanical, electromagnetic, thermodynamic, and optical content. The University of Texas at El Paso has recently been reporting on embedding electronic components and electrical interconnect into 3D printed structures either by interrupting the process or by inserting the additional content after the structure has been built. However, only until recently and with an investment from the presidential initiative on Additive Manufacturing “America Makes” has there been a concentrated research focus on developing technology that produces multi-functionality. This presentation will describe a project in which copper wires were used to supply a short burst of energy at high voltages in order to activate electro-propulsion. Pulsed Plasma Thursters provided by Busek were demonstrated where one joule of energy was supplied at 2000 volts in order to ablate the thruster in a vacuum and provide precise micro-newton-levels of force - as required for attitude control in small and nano satellites.
Low profile Flip-Type or Embedded Silicon Capacitors for decoupling
Authors: Bunel Catherine , Murray Franck
Published: April 2016

The very high capacitance platform of the 3D Silicon capacitors technology presents lots of interest in different domains. In this paper we'll focus on Optical networking, Signal and Power integrity .The intrinsic IPDiA Silicon capacitors group delay, a key parameter in the phase sensitive broadband applications, will be compared with the multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) one. All the components involved in the main signal line have indeed to manage properly their phase behavior to minimize their group delay impact on final performances. First ,the intrinsic construction and the simplified equivalent electrical models will be compared .Secondly, it will be demonstrated how the Silicon Capacitors are better candidates for performances ,miniaturization and integration thanks to their low profile whereas the high thickness is a limiting factor for Ceramic capacitors. On top of the competitive overview of performances specific to the Ultra Wide Broadband Capacitors, signal integrity, frequency response, linearity, dielectric absorption, the silicon capacitor technology benefits will be detailed .Design recommendations will be given to those who want to optimize performances in the overall broadband optical system. The perspectives and roadmap for the future will be disclosed.
Numerical Simulation of Copper Migration in Single Crystal CdTe
Authors: Guo Da , Vasileska Dragica
Published: April 2016

With better CdTe material properties and more effective contacts, the compensated Cu doping is crucial for enhancing the performance of CdTe solar cells. Moreover, the metastable behavior of CdTe devices is associated with Cu migration. To understand the formation of Cu acceptors in CdTe and Cu-related metastabilities, we developed a one-dimensional diffusion-reaction simulator to study the kinetics of Cu-related defects in CdTe material. A detailed kinetic model that explicitly describes the evolutions of point defects was developed and applied for the first time. Migration of intrinsic and Cu-related extrinsic defects in single crystal CdTe (sx-CdTe) bulk has been investigated in time-space domain self-consistently with free carrier transport. Cu profiles achieved from simulations match with the experimental profiles quantitatively. The simulation results provide explanations of limited Cu incorporation (also known as the Cu solubility limits) and the development of Cu compensation in course of annealing and cooling processes. Although the one-dimensional simulation has intrinsic limitations when applied to poly-crystalline CdTe solar cells, the results suggest that the approach still has strong potential in better understanding the performance and the metastabilities of poly-crystalline CdTe photovoltaic devices.
Wafer-level packaging for ultra-thin glasses using hermetic room temperature welding technology
Authors: Lundén Heidi , Peltonen Antti , Määttänen Antti
Published: April 2016

The aim of the study was to develop a hermetic package using ultra-thin glass wafers. A novel glass welding technology, with a minimal heat load, was used to construct the encapsulations.

Industry requirements of the miniaturization of the electronic components, for example in medical implants and consumer electronics and opto-electronics, challenge the conventional manufacturing technologies and package materials [1]. Low-cost glass interposers and packages have been research by GeorgiaTech at their PRC industry program. Glass packaging can offer even ten times affordable option than using silicon [2]. During the last few years, the advancements in the glass manufacturing technologies have enabled a cost effective production of the ultra-thin glass wafers and panels. Laborious glass grinding process from thick material to ultra-thin is no longer necessary since the fusion forming process can be used. Ultra-thin glass makes it possible to reduce the package size and weight [3]. Typically, glasses thickness of 300 μm or less are considered as ultra-thin material. However, even as thin as 25 μm glass is commercially available [4].

Several methods are used for glass joining including: anodic, fusion, and adhesive bonding [5]. During the recent years increasing number of laser based techniques are applied to glass packaging. Numerous studies have concentrated on frit bonding [6, 7]. Elementary study of the direct laser joining without any additive layers has been demonstrated by Miyamoto et al. [8]. Glass welding method has been further investigated in several researches [9, 10].

The package is constructed of three ultra-thin glass wafers: base and lid, thicknesses of 200 μm and spacer, thickness of 100 μm. Commercially available 6” borosilicate, D263T, wafers are used which were welded together by using novel laser welding technology. Welding is implemented on material interface without using any additive materials or coating layers. Glass surfaces are left untouched and optical quality is retained. Welding was performed on a wafer level and the single packages were cut after the final welding.

Hermeticity test was performed to ensure the welding quality. Radioisotope leak test with krypton 85 was performed at Oneida Research Services. The results showed an excellent hermeticity: leak rate less than 6,0×10–12 atmcm3/s Kr-85 was achieved. Limits set in the MIL-standard are easily reached. The study proves that novel glass welding technology can be applied to wafer-level packaging with ultra-thin glasses. Technique eliminates the need of additive materials, and due to the minimal heat load bending and warping of the material can be avoided. Also, glass offers effortless visual inspection through the entire lifetime of the device.
M-Series with Adaptive Patterning for High-Yield Fan-Out SIP
Authors: Bishop Craig , Jayaraman Suresh , Rogers Boyd , Scanlan Chris , Olson Tim
Published: April 2016

Fan-Out Wafer Level Packaging (FOWLP) holds immediate promise for packaging semiconductor chips with higher interconnect density than the incumbent Wafer Level Chip Scale Packaging (WLCSP). FOWLP enables size and performance capabilities similar to WLCSP, while extending capabilities to include multi-device system-in-packages. FOWLP can support applications that integrate multiple heterogeneously processed die at lower cost than 2.5D silicon interposer technologies. Current industry challenges with die position yield after die placement and molding result in low-density design rules and the high-cost of accurate die placement. Efficiently handling die shift is essential for making FOWLP cost-competitive with other technologies such as FCCSP and QFN.

This presentation will provide an overview of Adaptive Patterning, a new technology for overcoming variability of die positions after placement and molding. In this process, an optical scanner is used to measure the true XY position and rotation of each die after panelization. The die measurements are then fed into a proprietary software engine that generates a unique pattern for each package. The resulting patterns are dispatched to a lithography system, which dynamically implements the unique patterns for all packages within a panel. For system-in-packages, this process offers a unique advantage over a fixed pattern: each die shift can be handled independently. With a fixed pattern, the design tolerances need to be large enough for all die to shift in opposing directions, otherwise yield loss in incurred. With Adaptive Patterning, vias and RDL features remain at minimum size and are matched to the measured die shift. The die-to-die interconnects are dynamically generated and account for the unique position of each die. Thus, Adaptive Patterning retains the same high-density design rules regardless of how many die are in a package.

Adaptive Patterning provides the capability to use high-throughput die placement to drive down cost, while enabling higher-density system-in-package interconnect. With this technology the industry can finally realize the cost, flexibility, and form factor benefits of FOWLP.
Ultra Fine Pitch RDL Development in Multi-layer eWLB (embedded Wafer Level BGA) Packages
Authors: Adams Bernard , Choi Won Kyung , Na Duk Ju , Yong Andy , Yoon Seung Wook , Lee Jaesik , Ray Urmi , Radojcic Riko
Published: April 2016

The market for portable and mobile data access devices connected to a virtual cloud access point is exploding and driving increased functional convergence as well as increased packaging complexity and sophistication. This is creating unprecedented demand for higher input/output (I/O) density, higher bandwidths and low power consumption in smaller package sizes. There are exciting interconnect technologies in wafer level packaging such as eWLB (embedded Wafer Level Ball Grid Array), 2.5D interposers, thin PoP (Package-on-Package) and TSV (Through Silicon Via) interposer solutions to meet these needs.

eWLB technologies with the ability to extend the package size beyond the area of the chip are leading the way to the next level of high density, thin packaging capability. eWLB provides a robust packaging platform supporting very dense interconnection and routing of multiple die in very reliable, low profile, low warpage 2.5D and 3D solutions. The use of these embedded eWLB packages in a side-by-side configuration to replace a stacked package configuration is critical to enable a more cost effective mobile market capability. Combining the analog or memory device with digital logic device in a semiconductor package can provide an optimum solution for achieving the best performance in thin, multiple-die integration aimed at very high performance.

One of the greatest challenges facing wafer level packaging at present is the availability of routing and interconnecting high I/O fine pitch area array. RDL (redistribution layer) allows signal and supply I/O's to be redistributed to a footprint larger than the chip footprint in eWLB . Required line widths and spacing of 2/2 μm for eWLB applications support the bump pitch of less than 40um. Finer line width and spacing are critical for further design flexibility as well as electrical performance improvement.

This paper highlights the rapidly moving trend towards eWLB packaging technologies with ultra fine 2/2um line width and line spacing and multi-layer RDL. A package design study, process development and optimization, and mechanical characterization will be discussed as well as test vehicle preparation. JEDEC component level reliability test results will also be presented.