bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-3β Enhances IL-10 Production by Activated Human Peripheral Blood Monocytes and T Cells
Authors: Byrnes Heather D. , Kaminski Heather , Mirza Asra , Deno Gregory , Lundell Daniel , Fine Jay S.
Published: December 2022

We report that the addition of human macrophage inflammatory protein-3β (MIP-3β) to cultures of human PBMCs that have been activated with LPS or PHA results in a significant enhancement of IL-10 production. This effect was concentration-dependent, with optimal MIP-3β concentrations inducing more than a 5-fold induction of IL-10 from LPS-stimulated PBMCs and a 2- to 3-fold induction of IL-10 from PHA-stimulated PBMCs. In contrast, no significant effect on IL-10 production was observed when 6Ckine, the other reported ligand for human CCR7, or other CC chemokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, RANTES, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β were added to LPS- or PHA-stimulated PBMCs. Similar results were observed using activated purified human peripheral blood monocytes or T cells. Addition of MIP-3β to nonactivated PBMCs had no effect on cytokine production. Enhancement of IL-10 production by MIP-3β correlated with the inhibition of IL-12 p40 and TNF-α production by monocytes and with the impairment of IFN-γ production by T cells, which was reversed by addition of anti-IL-10 Abs to the cultures. The ability of MIP-3β to augment IL-10 production correlated with CCR7 mRNA expression and stimulation of intracellular calcium mobilization in both monocytes and T cells. These data indicate that MIP-3β acts directly on human monocytes and T cells and suggest that this chemokine is unique among ligands binding to CC receptors due to its ability to modulate inflammatory activity via the enhanced production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.
Selective Up-Regulation of Phosphatidylinositol 3′-Kinase Activity in Th2 Cells Inhibits Caspase-8 Cleavage at the Death-Inducing Complex: A Mechanism for Th2 Resistance from Fas-Mediated Apoptosis
Authors: Varadhachary Arun S. , Peter Marcus E. , Perdow Somia N. , Krammer Peter H. , Salgame Padmini
Published: December 2022

In this study the mechanism of differential sensitivity of CD3-activated Th1- and Th2-type cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis was explored. We show that the Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD)/caspase-8 pathway is differentially regulated by CD3 activation in the two subsets. The apoptosis resistance of activated Th2-type cells is due to an incomplete processing of caspase-8 at the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) whereas recruitment of caspase-8 to the DISC of Th1- and Th2-like cells is comparable. Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase upon ligation of CD3 in Th2-type cells blocked caspase-8 cleavage to its active fragments at the DISC, thereby preventing induction of apoptosis. This study offers a new pathway for phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase in mediating protection from Fas-induced apoptosis.
Emergence of T, B, and Myeloid Lineage-Committed as well as Multipotent Hemopoietic Progenitors in the Aorta-Gonad- Mesonephros Region of Day 10 Fetuses of the Mouse
Authors: Ohmura Koichiro , Kawamoto Hiroshi , Fujimoto Shinji , Ozaki Shoichi , Nakao Kazuwa , Katsura Yoshimoto
Published: December 2022

We investigated the developmental potential of hemopoietic progenitors in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region, where the definitive type hemopoietic progenitors have been shown to emerge before the fetal liver develops. By using an assay system that is able to determine the developmental potential of individual progenitors toward the T, B, and myeloid lineages, we show that not only multipotent progenitors but also progenitors committed to the T, B, or myeloid lineage already exist in this region of day 10 fetuses. Bipotent progenitors generating myeloid and T cells or those generating myeloid and B cells were also detected, suggesting that the commitment to T and B cell lineages is in progress in the AGM region. The numbers of these progenitors, however, were only 1/200–1/1000 of those in fetal liver of day 12 fetuses. Such small numbers of progenitors suggest that hemopoiesis has just started in the AGM region of day 10 fetuses. Although most of T cell lineage-committed progenitors in the AGM region generated only a small number of immature T cells, some were able to generate a large number of mature T cells. The detection of various types of lineage-committed progenitors strongly suggests that the AGM region is not only the site of stem cell emergence, but also the site of hemopoiesis, including lineage commitment. The T cell progenitors found in the AGM region may represent the first immigrants to the thymus anlage.
Mutual Regulation Between B7-1 (CD80) Expressed on T Cells and IL-4
Authors: Schweitzer A. Nicola , Sharpe Arlene H.
Published: December 2022

We have used T cells from B7-1-deficient TCR transgenic DO11.10 mice to demonstrate a functional role for B7-1 on T cells. B7-1-deficient DO11.10 T cells produce more IL-4 than wild-type DO11.10 T cells, suggesting that B7-1 expressed by T cells regulates the differentiation of IL-4-producing cells. In addition, we found that IL-4 inhibits B7-1 expression by wild-type DO11.10 T cells. Our results suggest that there is a reciprocal relationship between B7-1 expressed on T cells and IL-4 production, which results in a modulatory feedback loop. When high levels of IL-4 are produced by T cells, B7-1 expression by T cells is inhibited, which allows amplification of IL-4 production by these T cells. When low levels of IL-4 are produced by T cells, B7-1 expression by these T cells is increased, and a further reduction in IL-4 production follows. However, in addition to being influenced by IL-4, B7-1 expression by T cells is affected by peptide concentration and by B7 costimulation from APCs. The studies presented here demonstrate that B7-1 on T cells as well as on APCs regulates IL-4 production. However, whereas B7-1 expression on APCs can promote IL-4 production, IL-4 production is inhibited by B7-1 on T cells.
Analysis of 4-1BB Ligand (4-1BBL)-Deficient Mice and of Mice Lacking Both 4-1BBL and CD28 Reveals a Role for 4-1BBL in Skin Allograft Rejection and in the Cytotoxic T Cell Response to Influenza Virus
Authors: DeBenedette Mark A. , Wen Tao , Bachmann Martin F. , Ohashi Pamela S. , Barber Brian H. , Stocking Kim L. , Peschon Jacques J. , Watts Tania H.
Published: December 2022

4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) is a member of the TNF family expressed on activated APC. 4-1BBL binds to 4-1BB (CD137) on activated CD4 and CD8 T cells and in conjunction with strong signals through the TCR provides a CD28-independent costimulatory signal leading to high level IL-2 production by primary resting T cells. Here we report the immunological characterization of mice lacking 4-1BBL and of mice lacking both 4-1BBL and CD28. 4-1BBL−/− mice mount neutralizing IgM and IgG responses to vesicular stomatitis virus that are indistinguishable from those of wild-type mice. 4-1BBL−/− mice show unimpaired CTL responses to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and exhibit normal skin allograft rejection but have a weaker CTL response to influenza virus than wild-type mice. 4-1BBL−/−CD28−/− mice retain the CTL response to LCMV, respond poorly to influenza virus, and exhibit a delay in skin allograft rejection. In agreement with these in vivo results, allogeneic CTL responses of CD28−/− but not CD28+/+ T cells to 4-1BBL-expressing APC are substantially inhibited by soluble 4-1BB receptor as is the in vitro secondary response of CD28+ T cells to influenza virus peptides. TCR-transgenic CD28−/− LCMV glycoprotein-specific T cells are insensitive to the presence of 4-1BBL when a wild-type peptide is used, but the response to a weak agonist peptide is greatly augmented by the presence of 4-1BBL. These results further substantiate the idea that different immune responses vary in their dependence on costimulation and suggest a role for 4-1BBL in augmenting suboptimal CTL responses in vivo.
An Essential Role for Antibody in Neutrophil and Eosinophil Recruitment to the Cornea: B Cell-Deficient (μMT) Mice Fail to Develop Th2-Dependent, Helminth-Mediated Keratitis
Authors: Hall Laurie R. , Lass Jonathan H. , Diaconu Eugenia , Strine Ellen R. , Pearlman Eric
Published: December 2022

Invasion of the corneal stroma by neutrophils and eosinophils and subsequent degranulation disrupts corneal clarity and can result in permanent loss of vision. In the current study, we used a model of helminth-induced inflammation to demonstrate a novel role for Ab in mediating recruitment of these inflammatory cells to the central cornea. C57BL/6 and B cell-deficient (μMT) mice were immunized s.c. and injected intrastromally with Ags from the parasitic helminth Onchocerca volvulus (which causes river blindness). C57BL/6 mice developed pronounced corneal opacification, which was associated with an Ag-specific IL-5 response and peripheral eosinophilia, temporal recruitment of neutrophils and eosinophils from the limbal vessels to the peripheral cornea and subsequent migration to the central cornea. In contrast, the corneas of μMT mice failed to develop keratitis after intrastromal injection of parasite Ags unless Ags were injected with immune sera. Eosinophils were recruited from the limbal vessels to the peripheral cornea in μMT mice, but failed to migrate to the central cornea, whereas neutrophil recruitment was impaired at both stages. With the exception of IL-5, T cell responses and peripheral eosinophils were not significantly different between C57BL/6 and μMT mice. Taken together, these findings not only demonstrate that Ab is required for the development of keratitis, but also show that recruitment of neutrophils to the cornea is Ab-dependent, whereas eosinophil migration is only partially dependent upon Ab interactions.
T Cell-Derived IL-10 Promotes Lung Cancer Growth by Suppressing Both T Cell and APC Function
Authors: Sharma Sherven , Stolina Marina , Lin Ying , Gardner Brian , Miller Patrice W. , Kronenberg Mitchell , Dubinett Steven M.
Published: December 2022

We have found previously that human lung cancers potently induce T lymphocyte IL-10 production in vitro. To assess the impact of enhanced T cell-derived IL-10 on antitumor immunity in vivo, we utilized transgenic mice expressing IL-10 under the control of the IL-2 promoter. We have shown previously that Lewis lung carcinoma cells (3LL) have more aggressive growth potential in IL-10 transgenic mice compared with control littermates. In this study, we show that transfer of T cells from IL-10 transgenic mice to control littermates transferred the IL-10 immunosuppressive effect and led to enhanced 3LL tumor growth. In addition to changes in T cell-mediated immunity, professional APC from IL-10 transgenic mice were found to have significantly suppressed capacity to induce MHC alloreactivity, CTL responses, and IL-12 production. Tumor Ag-pulsed dendritic cells from IL-10 transgenic mice also failed to generate antitumor reactivity. These results suggest that increased levels of T cell-derived IL-10 severely impair antitumor immunity in vivo, due to defects in both T cell and APC function.
IL-1αβ Blockade Prevents Cartilage and Bone Destruction in Murine Type II Collagen-Induced Arthritis, Whereas TNF-α Blockade Only Ameliorates Joint Inflammation
Authors: Joosten Leo A. B. , Helsen Monique M. A. , Saxne Tore , van de Loo Fons A. J. , Heinegård Dick , van den Berg Wim B.
Published: December 2022

Anti-TNF-α treatment of rheumatoid arthritis patients markedly suppresses inflammatory disease activity, but so far no tissue-protective effects have been reported. In contrast, blockade of IL-1 in rheumatoid arthritis patients, by an IL-1 receptor antagonist, was only moderately effective in suppressing inflammatory symptoms but appeared to reduce the rate of progression of joint destruction. We therefore used an established collagen II murine arthritis model (collagen-induced arthritis(CIA)) to study effects on joint structures of neutralization of either TNF-α or IL-1. Both soluble TNF binding protein and anti-IL-1 treatment ameliorated disease activity when applied shortly after onset of CIA. Serum analysis revealed that early anti-TNF-α treatment of CIA did not decrease the process in the cartilage, as indicated by the elevated COMP levels. In contrast, anti-IL-1 treatment of established CIA normalized COMP levels, apparently alleviating the process in the tissue. Histology of knee and ankle joints corroborated the finding and showed that cartilage and joint destruction was significantly decreased after anti-IL-1 treatment but was hardly affected by anti-TNF-α treatment. Radiographic analysis of knee and ankle joints revealed that bone erosions were prevented by anti-IL-1 treatment, whereas the anti-TNF-α-treated animals exhibited changes comparable to the controls. In line with these findings, metalloproteinase activity, visualized by VDIPEN production, was almost absent throughout the cartilage layers in anti-IL-1-treated animals, whereas massive VDIPEN appearance was found in control and sTNFbp-treated mice. These results indicate that blocking of IL-1 is a cartilage- and bone-protective therapy in destructive arthritis, whereas the TNF-α antagonist has little effect on tissue destruction.
Proteinase-Activated Receptor-2-Activating Peptides Induce Leukocyte Rolling, Adhesion, and Extravasation In Vivo
Authors: Vergnolle Nathalie
Published: December 2022

Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) has been suggested to play a role in inflammatory reactions. Because leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions are critical events during inflammatory reactions, and because PAR2 is expressed both on endothelium and leukocytes, we have examined the effects of PAR2-activating peptides (PAR2-APs) on leukocyte rolling and adhesion in mesenteric venules and on leukocyte recruitment into the peritoneal cavity. Using intravital microscopy, leukocyte rolling, flux, and adhesion in rat mesenteric postcapillary venules were quantified. Topical addition of PAR2-APs (10 μM) for 1 min to the superfused venule induced a significant increase in leukocyte rolling and adherence. The increase in leukocyte adherence was not affected by pretreatment with a mast cell stabilizer (sodium cromoglycate) nor by prior degranulation of mast cells with compound 48/80. Nonetheless, both leukocyte rolling and adhesion were completely inhibited by pretreatment with a platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist (WEB 2086). Intraperitoneal injections of a selective PAR2-AP (SLIGRL-NH2) caused a significant increase in leukocyte migration into the peritoneal cavity. The effect of SLIGRL-NH2 on peritoneal leukocyte infiltration was completely inhibited by WEB 2086. These data suggest that PAR2 activation could contribute to several early events in the inflammatory reaction, including leukocyte rolling, adherence, and recruitment, by a mechanism dependent on platelet-activating factor release.
L-Selectin Ligands Expressed by Human Leukocytes Are HECA-452 Antibody-Defined Carbohydrate Epitopes Preferentially Displayed by P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1
Authors: Tu LiLi , Murphy Patricia G. , Li Xuan , Tedder Thomas F.
Published: December 2022

Leukocytes express L-selectin ligands critical for leukocyte-leukocyte interactions at sites of inflammation. The predominant leukocyte L-selectin ligand is P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), which displays appropriate sialyl Lewis x (sLex)-like carbohydrate determinants for L-selectin recognition. Among the sLex-like determinants expressed by human leukocytes is a unique carbohydrate epitope defined by the HECA-452 mAb. The HECA-452 Ag is a critical component of L-selectin ligands expressed by vascular endothelial cells. However, HECA-452 Ag expression on human leukocyte L-selectin ligands has not been assessed. In this study, the HECA-452 mAb blocked 88–99% of neutrophil rolling on, or attachment to, adherent cells expressing L-selectin in multiple experimental systems. A function-blocking anti-PSGL-1 mAb also inhibited L-selectin binding to neutrophils by 89–98%. In addition, the HECA-452 and anti-PSGL-1 mAbs blocked the majority of P-selectin binding to neutrophils. Western blot analysis revealed that PSGL-1 immunoprecipitated from neutrophils displayed HECA-452 mAb-reactive determinants and that PSGL-1 was the predominant scaffold for HECA-452 Ag display. Leukocyte L-selectin ligands also contained sulfated determinants since culturing ligand-bearing cells with NaClO3 abrogated L-selectin binding. Consistent with this, human neutrophils expressed mRNA encoding five different sulfotransferases associated with the generation of selectin ligands: CHST1, CHST2, CHST3, TPST1, and HEC-GlcNAc6ST. Therefore, the HECA-452-defined carbohydrate determinant displayed on PSGL-1 represented the predominant L-selectin and P-selectin ligand expressed by neutrophils.
Anaphylaxis
Authors: Bally L. H.
Published: December 2022

In 1880 Schmidt-Mulheim (1) observed that on rapid injection of “peptone” into a dog a marked fall in blood pressure immediately results, accompanied by a delaying or failure of the blood to clot. From such a classic experiment many investigations have started and a great amount of literature has accumulated on the subject.

Underhill (2) makes the following statement in summarizing the effects of peptone: “Physiological reactions called forth by the intravenous injection of the ‘peptone’ of earlier writers are diverse and include the rendering of the blood incoagulable together with changes in its reaction and composition; an acceleration of the lymph flow; a fall of arterial pressure; anuria; deep narcosis and other toxic symptoms as well as a certain degree of immunity toward subsequent injections.”

The fact that the dog is readily susceptible to the action of peptone has led to numerous statements and theories regarding peptone action, which cannot be generally stated but must be qualified as being peculiar to carnivora, especially the dog.
Note on the Further Purification of Diphtheria and Tetanus Antitoxins Concentrated by Ammonium-Sulfate Fractionation
Authors: Murdick Philip P.
Published: December 2022

The most commonly used method for concentrating diphtheria and tetanus antitoxins is by ammonium-sulfate fractionation. Antitoxin refined in this manner contains a considerable amount of lipoid material which gradually separates out on standing. Chick (1), working with antitoxin concentrated by the Gibson method, found that after prolonged dialysis followed by slight acidification, it was possible to separate a protein resembling euglobulin from the pseudoglobulin fraction. This precipitated protein amounted to from 10 to 20 per cent of the total protein and contained most of the lipoid constituents. Our experiments have followed along the lines of this earlier work of Miss Chick.

The pseudoglobulin fraction used in these experiments was obtained by our routine method for the concentration of antitoxin. Briefly it is as follows:

Pooled plasma is adjusted to a reaction of pH 8.0 with ammonium hydroxide. It is then diluted one-half with water and saturated ammonium-sulfate solution added to give a final concentration of 30 per cent.
The Technic of Producing the Tuberculin Type of Sensitization with Eggwhite in Tuberculous Guinea Pigs
Authors: Dienes L.
Published: December 2022

Several methods are described by which we regularly succeeded in producing a tuberculin type of a sensitiveness with eggwhite in tuberculous guinea pigs. The different methods have this in common that an extensive local lesion is produced, usually with pronounced inflammatory reaction, and the eggwhite is introduced into this lesion.
Further Studies on Herpes Virus
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Seastone C. V.
Published: December 2022

In the literature of attempted transmission of encephalitic disease from human brain and spinal cord material to rabbits there are two recorded instances in which the fresh material transmitted no disease whatever but in which the same tissue, preserved in glycerine for several weeks in the ice-chest, produced typical herpes encephalitis. The first of these observations was made by Berger (1), another by Perdrau (2). MacIntosh and Turnbull (3) also obtained a positive inoculation in a monkey with material that had been similarly kept in glycerine for two weeks. Although difficult to explain, these observations have seemed to us of considerable significance, since the experiments were simple and straightforward and were carried out separately by reliable and experienced investigators. Perdrau's work, particularly, seemed surely free from any possibility of experimental error, since it was repeated and quite elaborately controlled.
Further Investigations on the Reported Antianaphylactic Action of Heparin
Authors: Reed C. I.
Published: December 2022

In a recent review of the literature dealing with investigations on heparin, it was pointed out that there is some disagreement as to the power of heparin to protect sensitized animals against anaphylaxis (Reed, 1928). Keyes and Strauser (1926) reported that pigeons sensitized to normal horse serum were protected against anaphylactic shock by previous injection of heparin. Later, Van de Carr and Williams (1927) reported similar results with guinea pigs sensitized to horse serum, and checked the systemic effects by the smooth muscle reaction. While both of these investigations are very definite and clear cut, the results have not been confirmed by other investigators.

In the summer of 1925, Waud (1927) obtained diametrically opposite results with guinea pigs and expressed the opinion that not only was there no protective reaction by administration of heparin but that there was actually an intensification of the anaphylactic response.
A Study of the Effect of Sodium Citrate on the Anti-Pneumococcus Defense Processes of the Body in Relation to its Use in Transfusion
Authors: Cheer Sheo Nan
Published: December 2022

Experiments were carried out to determine whether or not sodium citrate in amounts ordinarily employed in clinical transfusions exerted a deleterious effect on the pneumococcidal properties of the blood. Observations were made first to test the action of citrate on the transfused blood. For this purpose sodium citrate in varying concentrations was added to rabbit serum-leucocyte mixtures seeded with pneumococci and containing specific immune serum. It was found that the presence of sodium citrate in concentrations of 0.5 per cent for the period of one hour had no depressant effect on the pneumococcidal action of the serum-leucocyte mixture. Higher concentrations up to 1 per cent produced only a very slight depression in activity. However, when allowed to remain in the serum-leucocyte mixtures for prolonged periods of time concentrations of sodium citrate above 0.1 per cent produced a definite diminution in their pneumococcidal activity. Tests made separately on the leucocytes and immune bodies in high dilution indicated that the serum or plasma protects them against injury by the citrate. The effect of sodium citrate in the circulation was next observed by testing the pneumococcidal promoting properties of the serum of rabbits before and after citrated blood transfusions. It was found that the injection of a quantity of citrate calculated to produce concentrations of as much as 0.3 per cent in the circulating blood, had no detectable harmful action on the pneumococcusdestroying properties of the rabbits blood. Larger quantities caused a marked injurious effect. As a further means of detecting any possible harmful action of sodium citrate on the anti-pneumococcus process of the body, a series of protective tests in mice were carried out using citrated immune whole blood or serum. It was found that 0.4 to 0.5 per cent citrate interfered in no way with their protective properties. The concentration of sodium citrate used in the above experiments which were found to be without detectable deleterious action on the pneumococcidal properties of the blood elements, are considerably less than those customarily employed in citrated blood transfusions.
The Serologic Diagnosis of Pullorum Disease in Domestic Fowls
Authors: Casman E. P. , Valley George , Rettger Leo F.
Published: December 2022

In the first part of this paper experimental results concerning constancy in agglutinability of three strains of Bact. pullorum are given. It is shown that the usual variations in the cultural conditions such as temperature, original pH of the agar medium and frequency in transferring cultures have less influence on agglutinability than the final pH of the culture antigen and the temperature at which the agglutination is conducted. Antigens adjusted to pH 6.4 and to pH 8.0 were more agglutinable than the same antigens adjusted to pH 7.0. At 37°C. the rapidity and degree of agglutination were much greater than at 16°C.

Attempts to select daughter strains of different agglutinability were unsuccessful, indicating further that the strains with which these studies were conducted are remarkably constant in their agglutination property.

The factors influencing and causing the so-called “cloudy” reaction were studied. It was found that by employing phenol in concentrations of from 0.2 to 0.3 per cent and adjusting the H-ion concentration of the antigen to pH 8.2 to 8.5, the formation of the flocculent precipitate was prevented. At this H-ion concentration the bacteriostatic action of the phenol (0.2 to 0.3 per cent) is apparently complete. The suppression of the pH by sera which tend to produce “cloudy reaction” when added to the agglutination fluid is reported here apparently for the first time.

Antigens adjusted to a definite pH by means of alkali or buffer should find general application in the elimination of interference in the routine agglutination test by the so-called “cloudy” reaction.
Allergic Reactions in Vaccinia-Immune Rabbits
Authors: Thompson Richard
Published: December 2022

Evidence is given to indicate that allergic reactions do occur in a certain percentage of vaccinia-immune rabbits. Some evidence is given indicating that the reactions obtained may be partly due to homologous testicle tissue reacting with organ specific antibodies. That the virus does play some part in the reaction is indicated by the fact that the reactions are much greater in virus immune animals than in animals immune only to testicle tissue. While a state of hyperimmunity tends to reduce the amount of induration in the allergic reaction, there is no conclusive evidence that the negative results in some animals are due to this hyperimmunity. The chief factor determining the occurrence or non-occurrence of an allergic reaction is the individual factor in the animal. From apparently successful passive transfer,—general and local—of the allergic state and from the apparent acceleration of vaccinal reactions by treatment with immune serum, it seems probable that the allergic reactions are the result of antigenantibody reactions. Evidence in a human subject of a local factor in the allergic reaction indicates that the antigen-antibody reaction concerned does not entirely depend upon antibodies in the serum.
The Placental Transmission of Foreign Proteins in Rabbits
Authors: Holford Frances E.
Published: December 2022

Introduction. That antibodies may be transmitted from mother to fetus by way of the placenta has been demonstrated in a number of species (1). As to soluble antigens in this same respect, there is little definite evidence in the literature. Yet the answer to the implied question has more than purely academic significance. That it may have a bearing not only upon the problem of hypersusceptibility of the young but also upon that of racial immunity, of variation in individual resistance, and possibly even upon the more general problem of apparent hereditary transmission of acquired characteristics, must be apparent. Against such a background of inquiry and in ignorance of any work touching directly upon the question, the author some years ago began the experiments out of which the present paper has grown.

In the meantime a more thorough search of the literature and the contemporaneous work of Ratner and his associates have yielded other evidence for the placental transmission of foreign proteins.
The Bactericidins of B. Typhosus and B. Enteritidis Antisera
Authors: Hale William M.
Published: December 2022

With the adoption of the receptor-analysis technic as a significant serological procedure many studies have been made which serve to introduce new interpretations into the questions of the essential relationships of the various antibodies and their contribution to the mechanisms of resistance. Even a superficial survey of the conclusions offered suggests that possibly some of the rather broad generalizations made are inadequately supported by experimental data. That two serological phenomena possess a common attribute, or are to be observed coincidently, does not of necessity prove identity, and since many of the deductions made are based upon such an assumed identity, it may well be that the reactions in question are less obviously involved in immune states than has been supposed.

The experiments here reported represent, in part, an attempt to gain further insight into such antibody-immunity relationships, and the specific point of attack bears on the question of the identity of the bactericidal amboceptors of B. enteritidis and B typhosus antisera.
Immunoelectrophoretic Analysis of the Serum of Germfree Rats
Authors: Grabar Pierre , Courcon Janine , Wostmann Bernard S.
Published: December 2022

By using immunoelectrophoretic techniques and anti-germfree rat and anti-conventional rat immune rabbit sera it was shown that the serum of germfree rats contains the same major antigenic components observed in the serum of conventional rats. Certain constituents, especially those of low mobility, are present in such small amounts that detection is difficult, even with methods as sensitive as specific precipitation. Only small amounts of γ-globulin were detectable by direct analysis. These “germfree” γ-globulins showed a relatively high mobility. Injection of germfree rat serum into rabbit produced the entire spectrum of “anti-γ” antibody otherwise found upon immunization with conventional rat serum.
Biological Activity of Soluble Antigen-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko , Sugahara Takao
Published: December 2022

The effect of enzymatic treatment of rabbit antibody in the induction of the skin-reactive and complement-fixing properties of soluble complexes was studied. Antibody fragments obtained by papain or peptic digestion failed to induce these biological activities with antigen and failed to sensitize guinea pigs for passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Three fragments (Fractions I, II and III) of normal rabbit γ-globulin, obtained by papain digestion by the method of Porter, were aggregated by coupling with bis-diazotized benzidine. Two of the three fragments (Fractions I and II) did not induce either complement-fixing or skin-reactive properties upon aggregation, whereas the aggregated product of the third fragment (Fraction III) had both these activities. This fragment (Fraction III) had an affinity for guinea pig tissues and would compete with antibody for the same site in tissue fixation. The role of an antibody segment (Fraction III), containing no antibody-combining site, in the induction of allergic reactions and complement fixation was discussed.
Patterns of Measles Antibodies in Residents of Tahiti and Their Stability in the Absence of Re-Exposure
Authors: Black Francis L. , Rosen Leon
Published: December 2022

Sera collected in Tahiti were tested for measles neutralizing, hemagglutination inhibition, and complement-fixing antibodies and for canine distemper neutralizing antibody. The mean titers of the neutralizing antibody showed little change in paired sera drawn 8 years apart. The HI and complement-fixing antibodies declined little more than twofold and the canine distemper antibody rose about twofold. The three kinds of measles antibody were quantitatively and qualitatively related, but the ratio between them varied slightly in different age groups. The presence of measles antibodies of all kinds was closely correlated with history of exposure to the disease. Canine distemper antibodies were also dependent on exposure to measles and were independent of exposure to distemper.
Immunochemical Studies on Blood Groups
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Schiffman Gerald
Published: December 2022

α-galactosyl 1, 3 galactose was a better inhibitor of precipitation than galactinol which in turn was better than α-galactosyl-1,6-N-acetylglucosamine in both the B-anti-B and BP1-anti-BP1 systems. Since the B and BP1 determinants are distinct and since melibiose behaves quite differently as an inhibitor in these two systems, an unambiguous interpretation as to the second unit in these two determinants cannot as yet be made.
A Comparison of the Hemagglutination-Inhibition, Neutralization and Complement Fixation Tests in the Assay of Antibody to Measles
Authors: Cutchins Ernest C.
Published: December 2022

The CF, HI and neutralization tests have been used to assay the antibody content of sera from animals and man following vaccination with killed measles virus and/or natural infection with the live virus. The CF test was demonstrated to be the least sensitive method of assay. The HI test was found to be as sensitive to measles antibody as the neutralization test and the titers obtained by the two methods closely parallel one another. The utilization of the HI test for large scale measles serology should result in considerable saving in time and reagents with no loss of reliability.
Peran Roh Kudus Dalam Pertumbuhan Gereja Menurut Kitab Kisah Para Rasul
Authors: Epan Yovianus , Sumiwi Asih Rachmani Endang
Published: December 2022

Kitab sejarah dalam perjanjian baru yaitu Kitab Para Rasul mencatatkan bahwa pasca hari Pentakosta. Gereja Tuhan secara organisme berkembang melalui pemberitaan para Rasul dan orang percaya dan kemudian membentuk suatu persekutuan di dalamnya. Alkitab mencatatkan bahwa munculnya persekutuan jemaat mula-mula terdapat pada Kis. 2:41-47 jemaat tersebut muncul akibat mengalami pertobatan dari khotbah Rasul Petrus pasca hari Pentakosta yang diterima para rasul di loteng Yerusalem. Pertumbuhan gereja pada waktu itu didasari atas pekerjaan Roh Kudus melalui para Rasul dan orang-orang percaya melalui pemberitaan yang disampaikan ada banyak orang yang dipertobatkan kemudian membentuk perkumpulan-perkumpulan orang percaya. Persekutuan tersebut diakibatkan dari pekerjaan Roh Kudus di dalam kehidupan orang-orang percaya sehingga peranan Roh Kudus memberikan dampak pertumbuhan kepada gereja baik secara organisme mampu membentuk persekutuan besar jemaat Tuhan
Ukrainian experience of thepedagogical training of medical specialists in the context of European integration processes
Authors: Viznіuk Inessa , Dzekan Olga , Dolynnyi Serhii , Fomin Oleksandr , Fomina Nadiia , Ordatii Nataliia
Published: December 2022

Modern European integration aspirations of Ukraine cover various aspects of social development, in particular medicine. Research the newest methods of training medical

workers for the Ukrainian system of training medical workers is an extremely relevant topic. The purpose of the article is to analyze the Ukrainian experience of the peculiarities of pedagogical training of medical workers in the context of European integration processes. The main methods used in the work are general scientific methods (synthesis, analysis, deduction, and induction). The results determined the essence of the main pedagogical components used in the structure of the professional education of medical workers.

The peculiarities of the formation of the pedagogical competence of medical workers in the light of European integration were separately investigated, attention was paid to its main elements, which are important to introduce into the Ukrainian training system and which meet the requirements of the Bologna system. The social and practical aspects of pedagogical training of medical workers, which are already applied as a result of European integration processes in the education of Ukraine, are characterized. The conclusions emphasize the need for further transformations in the field of training medical workers, in connection with the further use of European experience.
PLANLANMIŞ DAVRANIŞ KURAMI VE GİRİŞİMCİLİK: TİB ALANINDA ÇALIŞAN GİRİŞİMCİLER İLE İLGİLİ NİTEL BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Authors: OZBOLAT Gulcan , BEYHAN ACAR Aslı
Published: December 2022

Bu araştırma, bilgi – iletişim – teknoloji alanlarında faaliyet gösteren girişim kurucularının Planlanmış Davranış Kuramı bileşenleri kapsamında girişimcilik davranışını tanımlama amacındadır. Analizler için geçmiş yıllarda kurulmuş ve hala hayatına devam eden 10 girişimcinin röportajları söylem ve içerik analizleri ile MaxQda 22 programında incelenmiştir. Girişimciliğe yönelik bireysel tutumlar, öznel normlar, öz yeterlilik ve girişimcilik niyetleri yazın ile tutarlıdır. Üç girişimci yeterlilik hakkında konuşurken kolektif yeterlilikten bahsetmiştir. Bu durum, girişimciliğin düşünülenden daha kolektif bir yapıda olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. On girişimciden ikisinin ise girişimcilik niyetleri hakkındaki ifadeleri arasında faydalı olmaya yönelik söylemleri bulunmaktadır. Yapılan yazın taramasında, faydalı olmanın sosyal girişimcilik ve sosyal değişim kuramı ile ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Planlanmış davranış kuramı bileşenleri çerçevesinde girişimcilik davranışını, Türkiye özelinde ve ülkemiz kültürel normlarıyla tutarlı olacak şekilde tespit edilmesinin hem bu alandaki yazına hem de reel olarak işsizlik oranlarının düşürülmesine dolayısıyla nitelikli bireylerin artmasına fayda sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.
KENDALA DAN SOLUSI PENERAPAN AKHLAK ISLAMI MENUNTUT ILMU PADA KBM DARING SELAMA PANDEMI “STUDI KASUS PADA MAHASISWA IT PENS ANGKATAN 2021”
Authors: Murtadho Arga , Arifin Imamul Arifin , Achmad Achmad Zahir Wajdi
Published: December 2022

Selama masa pandemi, penggunaan media online terus meningkat, khususnya untuk sektor pendidikan di Indonesia. Semua ini dikarenakan akses pendidikan harus dilakukan dari rumah untuk menghindari penyebaran wabah covid-19 yang lebih luas. Tetapi faktanya ada banyak kekurangan yang dialami siswa dalam penggunaan metode belajar secara online/daring. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengatasi masalah terhadap sikap Mahasiswa yang kurang sopan disaat pembelajaran daring. Dalam penelitian ini kami menggunakan metode Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif. Data didapat dari teknik kuesioner dan wawancara terhadap Mahasiswa maupun pengajar/dosen kampus PENS dan juga mencari beberapa referensi di berbagai jurnal dengan topik pembahasan yang sama. Alasan kami mengangkat tema ini dikarenakan masih sering kami jumpai Mahasiswa PENS yang tidak serius/menyepelekan pembelajaran secara daring, sehingga membuat mereka melakukan kegiatan lain di saat KBM berlangsung. Dari penelitian ini kami berharap menemukan hasil yang bisa membantu Mahasiswa maupun dosen/pengajar dalam mengatasi masalah pembelajaran secara daring. Jadi itulah beberapa motivasi dari kami untuk membuat penelitian ini, kami berharap dengan penelitian ini bisa membantu Mahasiswa maupun pengajar/dosen PENS untuk menemukan solusi dari permasalahan tersebut.
GAMBARAN PROSES PEMBENTUKKAN KEPRIBADIAN SYAHADATAIN PADA MUALAF
Authors: Halimatussyadiyah
Published: December 2022

Mualaf merupakan orang yang baru masuk Islam, dan belum memahami banyak mengenai ajaran agama Islam. Mereka melalui proses bimbingan dan pembentukkan kepribadian mengenai ajaran Islam. Setelah mualaf melakukan konversi agama terbentuklah kepribadian baru seperti salah satunya kepribadian syahadatain, yaitu: Kepribadian yang didapat setelah mengucap dua kalimat syahadat, melalui 3 aspek: domain kognitif (pikiran), domain afektif (perasaan) dan domain psikomotorik (perbuatan). Penelitian ini bertujuan menjelaskan konversi agama pada mualaf dan merujuk kepada proses pembentukkan kepribadian syahadatain. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan  jenis fenomenologi. Subjek yang digunakan pada penelitian ini berjumlah tiga orang dengan kriteria seorang mualaf. Hasil penelitian diketahui tentang gambaran proses pembentukkan kepribadian syahadatain ini dimulai dari subjek meyakini atas KeEsaan Allah Swt dan keRasullan Nabi Muhammad Saw, mereka meyakini Allah Swt adalah Tuhan yang sebenar-benarnya dan Nabi Muhammad adalah utusan Allah Swt yang patut di tauladani untuk menjadi sebaik-baiknya umat muslim. Subjek merasakan kenikmatan, kebahagiaan, kebersyukuran, keikhlasan dalam menerima takdir yang Allah Swt berikan, mereka menjalani hidup semata-mata bertujuan untuk mencari ridhanya Allah Swt. Mereka berusaha melaksanakan kewajiban dan rukun-rukun layaknya sebagai seorang muslim yang beriman dan bertakwa.
Pengaruh Khalwat Tareqat Naqsabandiyah Terhadap Emotional Control dan Kualitas Ibadah pada Santri di Ponpes Darus Shofa Kandis
Authors: Lailatul Izzah
Published: December 2022

The purpose of this study was to find out how the influence of the Seclusion Method in the Naqsyabandiyah Al-Kholidiyah Order has on Emotional Control and the Quality of Worship of the Santri Darus Shofa Kandis Islamic Boarding School. The research method in this research is quantitative with the type of field research. The selection of subjects in this study used purposive sampling with the characteristics of MA and SMK Darus Shofa Islamic Boarding School students aged 15-18 years who participated in Khalwat activities. Based on the results of the F test, it was found that seclusion had an effect on Emotional Control with a result of 69.3% including the good category. This means that seclusion has an influence on emotional control and 58.1% of the seclusion variable affects the quality of worship in a good category. It can be concluded that variable X affects both variables Y1 and Y2
Studi Analisa Keandalan Pada Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap (PLTU) Embalut Kalimantan Timur Menggunakan Perhitungan LOLP (Loss of Load Probabilty) dan LOLE (Loss of Load Expectation)
Authors: Apriliyanto Idham , Malia Elkim Dwijayanto , Uspa Alfian Rachmadana , Bhaswara Andhika Dwi , Rahman Fatur
Published: December 2022

Keandalan produksi sistem kelistrikan merupakan aspek yang sangat penting dalam pengoperasian sistem kelistrikan, karena selama pengoperasian generator berjangka waktu tidak selalu dapat bekerja sesuai dengan jadwal yang diberikan, banyak kendala yang dihadapi pabrik. dapat menyebabkan. baik karena gangguan tidak bekerja dengan baik di luar atau di dalam sistem genset. Nilai probabilitas dari sistem kelistrikan memberi kita seberapa baik operasi berkelanjutan dari sistem pembangkit. Oleh karena itu nilai keandalan sistem listrik harus dijaga. Pada artikel ini perhitungan untuk menentukan tingkat keandalan sistem pembangkit listrik PLTU Embalut menggunakan perhitungan indeks keandalan lolp dan lole. Analisis dibuat berdasarkan data tahun 2019 dengan menggunakan reliabilitas LOLE (Loss of Load Expectation). Dalam mencari indeks keandalan lolp dan lole suatu sistem pembangkitan, mengacu pada standar PT PLN (Persero) pada periode RUPTL PLN 2018-2027 adalah 1 hari /tahun.
Rancang Bangun Peringatan Banjir Di Jalan Cipto Mangun Kusumo Berbasis Arduino
Authors: Akbar Muhammad , Murdiyat ‪Prihadi , Putra Marson Ady
Published: December 2022

Jika terjadi hujan deras, banjir sering terjadi di satu area di Jalan Cipto Mangun Kusumo, yang merupakan jalan utama di Kota Samarinda. Banjir yang umumnya terjadi di sore hari ini menyebabkan masyarakat terjebak berjam-jam di jalan tersebut saat pulang kerja atau kuliah karena di sekitar area ini terdapat banyak perusahaan dan kampus perguruan tinggi. Sebenarnya terdapat jalan alternative lain, tetapi Jalan Dr. Ciptomangunkusumo merupakan jalan terpendek. Agar masyarakat dapat mengetahui situasi terkini di area rawan banjir untuk menentukan saat masyarakat pulang dari kerja sering terjadi banjir yang bahkan dapat menyebabkan kemacetan. Maka dirancang alat pendeteksi banjir di Jalan Cipto Mangun Kusumo Berbasis Arduino. Arduino untuk sensor node dan display node adalah Arduino Nano, sedangkan control node menggunakan Arduino Uno. Sensor ultrasonik HCSR-04 pada sensor node akan mendeteksi ketinggian air yang kemudian data dari sensor node akan dikirimkan ke dengan sistem komunikasi LoRa. Data yang diterima oleh control node merupakan data dari sensor node1 dan sensor node2 yang kemudian akan diperoleh hasil perhitungan (rata-rata). Data dari control node akan dikirimkan ke display node yang akan menampilkan data pada papan display berupa tinggi air dan pesan sesuai kondisi tinggi air
Atypical Enhancement Pattern of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Portal Vein Thrombosis on Multiphasic CT
Authors: Thian Yee Liang , Low Albert SC , Chow Pierce KH , Ooi London L , Chung Alexander YF , Low Shoen CS , Xie Wanying , Thng Choon Hua
Published: December 2022

Introduction: The 2005 American Association for Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) diagnostic criteria allow non-invasive diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) based on their enhancement pattern but we have observed a high incidence of atypical enhancement characteristics in HCC associated with portal vein thrombosis. This study seeks to examine the radiological features of this particular subgroup. Materials and Methods: Patients with HCC and portal vein thrombosis who underwent pre-treatment multiphasic CT imaging were drawn from a surgical database. The arterial, portal venous and delayed phase images were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively (with region of interest [ROI] analysis) for lesion hypervascularity and washout. The background enhancement of the left and right lobes of the liver was also quantified by ROI analysis. Results: Twenty-five lesions in 25 patients were selected for analysis. Qualitative analysis showed that 10/25 (40%) lesions demonstrated arterial hypervascularity while 16/25 (64%) lesions showed washout. Ten out of 25 (40%) lesions demonstrated both arterial hypervascularity and washout. Quantitative analysis showed that the average absolute lesion enhancement from precontrast to arterial phases was 49.1 (±17.1) HU for hypervascular lesions compared to 23.8 (±16.6) HU for non-hypervascular lesions (P <0.01). The mean absolute enhancement of the background liver parenchyma in the arterial phase was 13.79 (±7.9) HU for hypervascular lesions compared to 36.6 (±30.6) HU for non-hypervascular lesions (P = 0.03). Conclusion: A large proportion of HCC with portal vein thrombosis lack characteristic arterial hypervascularity, which may be secondary to compensatory increased arterial supply to the background liver. This is a potential pitfall when applying imaging criteria for diagnosis of HCC.

Key words: HCC, Hypervascular, Pitfall, Wash-out