bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth and development of Potamogeton distinctus in an irrigation pond in SW Japan
Authors: Wiegleb Gerhard , Kadono Yasuro
Published: March 2008

Growth and development of a population of Potamogeton distinctus were studied over one vegetation period.

The morphological structure of the species is described. Maximum development of the size of shoot complexes occurred in August (up to 12 g dry weight/shoot complex). The plant exhibits a regular growth cycle with continuous horizontal and vertical growth that is illustrated by the development of horizontal shoots, vertical shoots and different plant parts. The lower horizontal shoots allow an extension up to 1.8 m from the point of germination. Before the rainy season in June the 1st to 5th generations of vertical shoots mainly contribute to the standing crop of the plants' stand, and after the rainy season the 5th to 9th generation shoots are predominant. Floating leaves make up the main proportion of biomass during the whole growth cycle. Almost 100% of the shoot complexes were found flowering and producing numerous seeds. Up to 16% of the standing crop are allocated to inflorescence and seeds in August. Turions failed to form that year because of rapid desiccation of the habitat. The observed average lifetime of a vertical shoot is appr. 65 days, the estimated turnover rate is between 2.15 and 2.27.
The genus Kaempferia (Zingiberaceae) in Thailand
Authors: Sirirugsa Puangpen
Published: March 2008

Three new species, Kaempferia larsenii, K. siamensis and K. spoliata are described and illustrated. A key to the Thai species is provided.
Embryology of barley: Time course and analysis of controlled fertilization and early embryo formation based on serial sections
Authors: Engell Kirsten
Published: March 2008

The aim of this work was to determine the sequences and their time schedule in fertilization, embryo and endosperm development in a barley strain grown under controlled conditions. This study involved controlled pollinations and serial sectioning of material embedded in glycol methacrylate.

In Hordeum vulgare cv. Bomi the pollen tube reaches the nucellus in the course of 40 minutes after pollination (m.a.P). In the next minutes the tube advances between the nucellar cells, through the filiform apparatus of the degenerating synergid and releases its contents, which is characterized by rod‐shaped starch grains. One of the sperm nuclei is fused with the egg nucleus 45 m.a.P., the second is in contact with the two polar nuclei 50–60 m.a.P., but the real connection between one of the polar nuclei and the sperm nucleus does not occur before 10 hours after pollination (h.a.P.). Triple fusion between all three nuclei takes place about 13 h.a.P. The first division in the zygote takes place 22–24 h.a.P. The embryo has got 3 cells at 34 h.a.P., 4 cells at 38 h. and 52 h.a.P. the embryo is composed of 7 cells. Protoderm formation takes place from a 14‐celled embryo stage at 72–80 h.a.P The primary endosperm nucleus divides 14 h.a.P. The next division takes place soon after the first; therefore the endosperm is 4‐nucleated already 18. h.a.P. Further divisions are synchronized, and 30–38 h.a.P. there will be more than 32 nuclei. The synchronous divisions continue, and the cellularisation begins at about 70 h.a.P. There is a tight correlation between the enlargement of the ovule and the embryo sac in the first days of the embryo development.
Tylanthera (Melastomataceae), a new genus of two species endemic to Thailand
Authors: Hansen Carlo
Published: March 2008

The new genus Tylanthera and its two species, T. tuberosa and T. cordata, are described. The genus is endemic to Thailand, and the species are known only from their type collections.
Gametophytes of some Ceylonese species of Thelypteridaceae
Authors: Tigerschiold Eva
Published: March 2008

Gametophytes of 12 species of the family Thelypteridaceae were investigated with Cryo‐SEM and conventional SEM. Most of the species have rounded front lobes and rounded lobes extending backwards. Metathelypteris flaccida has a cordate game‐tophyte. All species have glandular hairs, which are of different length and could be used as diagnostic character in some cases. In addition 7 of the species investigated have acicular hairs. In Thelypteris confluens the glandular hairs on margins and surfaces are born on cells that protrude from the surrounding cells. It is concluded that the combination of characters makes it possible to distinguish species of different genera with the help of gametophyte characters only.
Morphology and taxonomy of the genus Cochlearia (Brassicaceae) in Northern Scandinavia
Authors: Nordal I. , Stabbetorp O. E.
Published: March 2008

The morphological variation between populations of Cochlearia in Northern Scandinavia has been analysed. The variation is correlated to ecology, and four ecotypes are recognized. Based on the morphological differentiation of the ecotypes and the results of crossing experiments, the populations are referred to the following three taxa: C. officinalis ssp. officinalis which includes the common beach ecotype and the bird cliff ecotype; C. officinalis ssp. integrifolia stat. nov. which includes the spring ecotype growing in inland localities up to about 600 m a.s.l. in cold more or less eutrophic springs, and C. officinalis ssp. norvegica ssp. nov. which includes the estuary ecotype, growing in poor, often inundated habitats near river outlets at the fjord ends. All the differentiation has taken place at the tetraploid level (2n = 24). The subspecies are kept more or less distinct due to ecological and seasonal isolating mechanisms rather than internal, reproductive barriers. A key to the subspecies and distribution maps for ssp. integrifolia and ssp. norvegica are presented.
Tephrosia anomala sp. nov. (Leguminosae) from Somalia
Authors: Thulin Mats
Published: March 2008

The new speciesTephrosia anomalafrom SW Somalia is described and illustrated. Its possible affinity with a group of American species is pointed out.
A new species of Croton (Euphorbiaceae) from Somalia
Authors: Thulin Mats
Published: March 2008

Croton crispatus, sp. nov., from Acacia‐Commiphora bushland on sand in central Somalia, is described and illustrated.
Late Weichselian flora and vegetation of Andøya, Northern Norway‐macrofossil (seed and fruit) evidence from Nedre Æråsvatn
Authors: Alm Torbjørn , Birks Hilary H.
Published: March 2008

A Late Weichselian sediment column from Nedre Æråsvatn, Andøya, Northern Norway, spanning c. 20000 to 11000 B.P., has been analysed with respect to phanerogam macrofossils. Seeds are rare in the lower, marine part of the sequence (19500 to 15500 B.P.). They occur more frequently in the post‐15500 B.P. lacustrine sediments. Maximum seed numbers are associated with the 16000 to 15000 B.P. and 12800 B.P. (Bølling) ameliorations. Puccinellia and Papaver radicatum s.1. are the two main seed types. Their distribution and numbers agree with the Poaceae and Papaver pollen curves.

Two main vegetation types are suggested to be dominant during most of the Late Weichselian: Plains and depressions with prominent Puccinellia, and polar deserts with Papaver, both in a dry environment. Both vegetation types decreased in the more humid climate of the Older Dryas and Allerød chronozones (12000 to 11000 B.P).

Some hardy plant species, e.g. Papaver radicatum s.1., may have survived the entire Weichselian glaciation on Andøya. For most other phanerogams, a history of immigration and subsequent in situ survival, migration or disappearance is suggested.
New taxa and combinations in the Agaricales, Boletales and Polyporales
Authors: Knudsen Henning , Hansen Lise
Published: March 2008

A new species, Phaeomarasmius borealis, is described and a number of new combinations and names are proposed: Boletus luridiformis var. junquilleus comb, nov., Fayodia anthracobia comb, nov., Flagelloscypha mairei comb, nov., Hemimycena gypsella comb, nov., H. subimmaculata comb, nov., Hypholoma eximium comb. nov., Lentinus schaefferi comb, nov., Lyophyllum gangraenosum comb, nov., L. fusisporum comb, nov., L. confusum comb, nov., Micromphale acicola nom. nov., M. rufocarneum comb, nov., Pseudoomphalina absinthiata comb, nov., Psilocybe magnivelaris comb, nov., and Sericeomyces sericifer comb. nov.
Studies in species of the lichen genus Asahinea
Authors: Xiang‐gun Gao
Published: March 2008

Asahinia kurodakensis is shown to be conspecific with A. scholanderi. Cetraria saviczii var. Candida and A. culbersoniorum (nom. inval.), are only chemical strain of A. chrysantha, lacking usnic acid.
New species of Cucumis (Cucurbitaceae) from northeast tropical Africa
Authors: Thulin Mats
Published: March 2008

The new species Cucumis hastatus (widespread in southern Somalia, in deciduous bushlands), C. pubituberculatus (central Somalia, on open coastal dunes), C. Jeffrey‐anus (southwestern Somalia and eastern Ethiopia, on alluvial soils), and C. baladensis (south‐central Somalia, on fixed dunes), are described and illustrated. C. figarei is shown to be illegitimate, the correct name for the species apparently being C. pustulatus.
Two new species of Vigna (Leguminosae) from Somalia
Authors: Thulin Mats
Published: March 2008

The new species Vigna monantha (V. subgen. Vigna sect. Catjang) from coastal dunes of northern and central Somalia, and V. virescens (V. subgen. Macrorhynchus) from the inland of central and southern Somalia are described and illustrated. V. virescens is unique in Vigna by having branched stylar hairs, a character indicating a relationship between V. subgen. Macrorhynchus and the monotypic Wajira.
Two new species of Valeriana (Valerianaceae) from the northern Peruvian Andes
Authors: Eriksen Bente
Published: March 2008

Valeriana comosa and V. cumbemayensis, native to the northern Peruvian Andes, are described and illustrated and their systematic affiliations are given.
Key to the subfamilies and genera of neotropical Ericaceae
Authors: Luteyn James L.
Published: March 2008

For the first time since Drude (1897) an up‐to‐date key is given to all the genera of Ericaceae currently recognized in the Neotropics.
A synecological investigation of Athyrium distentifolium‐dominated stands in Western Norway
Authors: Odland A.
Published: March 2008

This paper presents results of a study on the synecology of Athyrium distentifolium. The investigation is based on phytosociological and ecological analyses of stands dominated by A. distentifolium within its whole distributional area in Western Norway. The distribution and floristic composition of the stands are related to different environmental parameters such as climate, soil and topography. The data are analysed by numerical methods, of which two‐way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN), canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), and simple discriminant functions (DISCRIM) are the most useful. Based on a TWINSPAN classification of the 211 investigated stands, 9 different groups (types) are distinguished. These belong mainly to three phytosociological alliances: Cryptogrammo‐Athyrion alpestris (1 group), Lactucion alpinae (5 groups) and Vaccinio‐Piceion (3 groups). The quadrats are in most cases very poor in species, even in edaphically rich areas. Soil richness in the stands is very variable. A. distentifolium may be dominant in edaphically rich areas and it is not a calciphobe species in W. Norway. Most stands show no signs of human influence. Length of snow‐lie is assumed to be of major importance for the development and distribution of A. distentifolium stands.
Intergeneric hybridization between Hordeum and Secale (Poaceae). I. Crosses and development of hybrids
Authors: Petersen Gitte
Published: March 2008

A total of 241 intergeneric combinations between Hordeum and Secale were attempted. It was only possible to obtain hybrid offspring from combinations with Hordeum as the female parent. By the aid of embryo culture technique 81 intergeneric combinations were synthesized, 72 of them not reported earlier. Generally hybridization with the polyploid species of Hordeum was most successful. Morphologically the hybrids were intermediate to the parents in most characters, though an obvious effect of genome dosage could be observed. Only few deviations from the expected chromosome numbers of the hybrids were found. All hybrid plants showed complete male sterility.
Taxonomic studies in Eremopyrum (Poaceae)
Authors: Frederiksen S.
Published: March 2008

Eremopyrum (tribe Triticeae) is revised and 4 species are recognized: E. triticeum (2n = 14), E. orientate (2n = 28), E. distans (2n = 14) and E. bonaepartis (2n = 14,28). A key and maps showing the distribution of the species are presented. The relationships within Eremopyrum, including the origin of the tetraploids, and the relationships between Eremopyrum and other genera of the Triticeae are discussed.
Intergeneric crosses of Psathyrostachys huashanica with Elymus spp. and cytogenetic studies of the hybrids with E. tsukushiensis (Poaceae, Triticeae)
Authors: Lu Bao‐Rong
Published: March 2008

Intergeneric crosses have been made between Psathyrostachys huashanica (2x= 14, NN) and three Elymus species, namely, E. pendulinus (2n = 4x = 28, SSYY), E. ciliaris (2n = 4x = 28, SSYY), and E. tsukushiensis (2n = 6x = 42, SSHHYY). Three accessions of E. tsukushiensis from different localities crossed with P. huashanica produced adult hybrid plants. Although completely sterile, the hybrid plants developed rather vigorously, and were morphologically intermediate between the two parents. Chromosome configuration of 24.62I + 1.51II + 0.03III per cell characterized meioses of the hybrids, but there existed slight variations among different combinations. These results indicate that there is little or no chromosome homoeology between “N” genome of P. huashanica and “S”, “H” or “Y” genomes of E. tsukushiensis.
New taxa of Myrsinaceae from Thailand
Authors: Larsen Kai , Ming Hu Chi
Published: March 2008

Revision of the Myrsinaceae in Thailand has resulted in the recognition of 7 genera, including 102 species. Of these, 12 species and 2 varieties of Ardisia are described as new: A. atrovirens, A. confusa, A. ficiifolia, A. fletcherii, A. gracillima, A. ionantha, A. maehongsonia, A. palustris, A. paralleloneura, A. tetramera, A. tristis, A. uniflora, A. impressa var. grandidens, A. rigida var. laev'is, and 2 species of Maesa: M. argyrophylla, M. glomerata. Descriptions, illustrations and distributional data are given.
Taxonomic studies in Dasypyrum (Poaceae)
Authors: Frederiksen S.
Published: March 2008

Dasypyrum (tribe Triticeae) is revised. Two species are recognized: the annual D. villosum (2n = 14) and the perennial D. breviaristatum (2n = 28). The typification of D. villosum is discussed. The combination D. hordeaceum is demonstrated to be based on a later homonym and for that reason a new combination, D. breviaristatum, is made. A key and a map showing the distribution of the species are presented. Interspecific hybridization and the phylogenetic relationships of the genus are discussed.
Floral morphology of southern African Orchideae. II. Habenariinae
Authors: Kurzweil H. , Weber A.
Published: March 2008

The floral morphology of the southern African genera of Orchideae‐Habenariinae (Bonatea, Cynorkis, Habenaria, Platycoryne, Stenoglottis, Centrostigma and Roe‐perocharis) is surveyed paying special attention to the gynostemium. Ontogenetic data are provided for the species from which adequate material was available. It is shown that the floral architecture is essentially an elaboration and complication of that found in the better known Orchidinae. The structural similarities are particularly evident in the early ontogeny. Although the tribe Orchideae is commonly said to have gynostemia with erect anthers, a few Habenariinae are reported here to have reflexed anthers. In most cases both ‘auricles’ (filament excrescences) and ‘basal bulges’ (staminodes) are united to form the lateral gynostemium appendages. The primordia of both structures are clearly recognizable in the early ontogeny in all species studied. In Habenaria dregeana the basal bulges are only basally fused to the auricles, but in their main portion become adnate to the lip and petal bases: the auricles then solely form the lateral gynostemium appendages. It is suspected that this occurs also in other species not studied here. Systematic and phylogenetic aspects of the southern African representatives of the Habenariinae are discussed: the generic separation of Bonatea, Platycoryne and Centrostigma from Habenaria does not appear justified. Cynorkis, Roeperocharis and Stenoglottis are morphologically dissimilar to Habenaria. Based on the findings in the southern African taxa the status of the Habenariinae, Orchidinae, Orchideae and Diseae is discussed: there is no clear distinction between Habenariinae and Orchidinae; while the Diseae seem to represent a monophyletic group, the Orchideae are possibly polyphyletic.
Taxonomy of Elytrigia sect. Caespitosae and sect. Junceae (Gramineae: Triticeae)
Authors: Jarvie J. K.
Published: March 2008

Elytrigia is a genus of the perennial Triticeae whose taxa have been treated very differently in morphologically and genomically based classifications. A series of studies considering morphology, anatomy, isozyme variation and field observations was undertaken to determine the biosystematic relationships among sections Caespitosae and Junceae. A classification is presented on the basis of their results and available cytogenetic data. Keys, descriptions, distributions and illustrations for the two sections are presented.
Hypogynous bristles and scales in basal florets in amphicarpous Schoenoplectus species (Cyperaceae)
Authors: Browning J.
Published: March 2008

A perianth of bristles is known in both aerial and basal florets of the amphicarpous sedge Eleocharis minima. For the first time, a perianth is reported within basal florets of Schoenoplectus section Supini. Aerial florets of the same plants show no evidence of a perianth. In S. erectus ssp. raynalii and in S. lateriflorus ssp. lateriflorus, the perianth to the basal amphicarp consisted of two bristles with antrorse barbs. In S. articulatus, S. roylei and S. senegalensis the perianth comprised broader, smooth‐margined structures interpreted as scales. In some cases these were three per floret and were set at two levels suggestive of two whorls. Other amphicarpous species of the section showed basal florets without a perianth.
Disassembling Papaver: a restriction site analysis of chloroplast DNA
Authors: Kadereit J. W. , Sytsma K. J.
Published: March 2008

The results from a chloroplast DNA restriction site analysis of the genera Papaver and Roemeria of subf. Papaveroideae (Papaveraceae) and five outgroup taxa are presented. Papaver is represented by 14 species of eight of the 11 sections recognized, Roemeria by two of its three species. Hunnemannia fumariifolia (subf. Eschscholzioideae), Chelidonium majus (subf. Chelidonioideae), Romneya coulteri, Argemone munita and Stylomecon heterophyllum (all subf. Papaveroideae) were chosen as outgroups. DNAs were digested with 24 restriction enzymes. The major results from this analysis are: 1. Papaver, Roemeria and Stylomecon form a monophyletic group supported by at least 17 restriction site mutations and a 150 to 300 base pair deletion in the inverted repeat of the chloroplast genome. 2. Both Stylomecon and Roemeria are nested within Papaver in its traditional circumscription. 3. Of these, Roemeria is nested within P. sect. Argemonidium and is the sister group to P. pavoninum. 4. Dependent on the mode of character weighting chosen, P. sect. Meconella either is the sister group to P. sect. Argemonidium + Roemeria or of P. sect. Argemonidium + Roemeria + Stylomecon+ the remainder of Papaver (Papaver s. str.). 5. Stylomecon is the sister group to Papaver s. str. (excluding sects Meconella and Argemonidium). These results are discussed on the background of other available systematic evidence.
Formation and succession of alvar communities in the Baltic land uplift area
Authors: Zobel Martin , Kont Are
Published: March 2008

Calciphilous plant communities, soil and geomorphology along the gradient of elevation in land uplift area in the coast of western Estonia were described. In grazed areas, species rich alvar grassland is a final stage in successional sere. The differences in site history in various points of the transect were reflected by the variability of underlying deposits. When soils with different ages but having similar parent material were compared, some successional trends (decrease of the content of Ca, increase of the content of P and humus supply) became evident. Species composition of plant communities was determined mainly by local ecological conditions (moisture level, soil pH, also grazing) at any particular site. Differences between communities of the same association but with different successional age were negligible.
Autotetraploidy in Cucumis zeyheri and a derived new species C. diniae (Cucurbitaceae)
Authors: van Raamsdonk L. W. D. , Visser D. L.
Published: March 2008

Three cytotypes at the diploid and tetraploid level of Cucumis zeyheri were investigated by means of multivariate morphological analysis, for pollen structure and by analysis of meiosis. Two main groups emerged after principal component and cluster analyses. Diploids and autotetraploids were placed in one group designated as C. zeyheri, the allotetraploids formed a separate group. Autotetraploids showed a mean number of one quadrivalent per pollen mother cell, together with 10% tetra‐porate pollen grains indicating an autoploid origin. The allotetraploids may have originated from polyploidization after hybridization of C. zeyheri and C. prophetarum. They are described as the new species C. diniae, which differs from C. zeyheri in leaf colour and width of leaf lobes, and from C. prophetarum in the concolour fruits. Leaf shape and leaf incision is intermediate between the parents.
Breeding system and seasonal variation in seed set in a population of Potentilla palustris
Authors: Olesen I. , Warncke E.
Published: March 2008

The breeding system and factors affecting seed set in a population of Potentilla palustris were studied in Central Jutland, Denmark. The reddish‐brown, bowl‐shaped, and nectariferous flowers of Potentilla palustris had an average of 376795 viable pollen grains and 187 single‐ovuled carpels. The number of ovules per flower decreased significantly along an inflorescence, from 312 in the basal flowers to 97 in the flowers in distal positions. The flowers were protandrous and opened mainly during the day. Male and female phases lasted on average 1.6 and 3.0 days, respectively. Pollination experiments showed that P. palustris was facultatively autogamous to facultatively xenogamous. The plant was selfcompatible and auto‐deposition of pollen occurred, but insect polllination enhanced seed set. Outcrossing increased seed set compared to selfing. A long outcrossing distance increased seed set comparative to short distance crossings. Seed set per flower declined through the flowering season mainly due to a significant reduction in the number of ovules per flower with time and/or node position. It is suggested that intra‐plant competition for a limited amount of resource is the main factor limiting seed set in this population, but pollen limitation occur in late season. The quantitative and qualitative impact on seed set by pollinating insects is discussed.
Long‐term changes in the phytoplankton of large lakes in response to changes in nutrient loading
Authors: Willén Eva
Published: March 2008

In Sweden the recovery process of the four largest lakes (<500 km2) has been followed since the mid‐1970's when the phosphorus loading was reduced by approximately 50%. A ten‐year investigation period before that acts as a basis of comparison. The response of the dominating species in the phytoplankton communities in the eutrophic Lake Mälaren and the oligotrophic Lake Vättern is discussed also in relation to a pristine state of the lakes. The long‐term investigations with monthly sampling make a natural phytoplankton biomass variation range possible to establish ‐ a range that is mainly due to effects of weather fluctuations. In order to get a tool for water management where disturbing and highly disturbing total phytoplankton volumes can be anticipated from a certain phosphorus concentration, a model is suggested based on experiences from more than 50 Swedish lakes investigated during a series of years.
Complex polyandry in the Magnoliatae: definition, distribution and systematic value
Authors: Decraene L.‐P. Ronse , Smets E. F.
Published: March 2008

A revised definition of complex polyandry is presented for the Magnoliatae. The differences between primary polyandry and secondary (complex) polyandry are clarified. Fascicled stamens are probably not primitive in Magnoliatae. Complex polyandry finds its origin by an increase of stamens in an oligandrous framework. Multiplications of stamens occur either on primary complex primordia, which follow the regular phyllotactic sequence in the flower, either on a girdling primordium (ringwall). The primary primordia may be fully developed before a secondary proliferation of stamens takes place or provide room for more stamens by a continuing growth process. This happens by the development of a staminal tube (e.g. Malvales) or by the growth of a hypanthium (e.g. Myrtales). A typical floral vasculature is developed concomitantly with complex polyandry. Stamen trunk bundles (stamen fascicle traces) are correlated with preformed complex primordia and the absence of a hypanthium. The inception of a ringwall is responsible for a higher complexity in vasculature and for obscuring the identity of the trunk bundles. The presence of a hypanthium does not permit trunk bundle formation because stamens develop on a limited section of the hypanthial slope. In that case the vasculature is characteristically represented by few large bundles linked with the perianth and the androecium. The distribution of complex polyandry is plotted on a Dahlgrenogram and presented in a table. The systematic relevance of complex polyandry is limited to the lower taxonomic (e.g. familial) levels.
Pollen and seed morphology of Nordic Draba (Brassicaceae): phylogenetic and ecological implications
Authors: Brochmann Christian
Published: March 2008

Pollen and seed morphology were examined in 54 diploid and allopolyploid populations representing 15 Nordic species of the taxonomically complex genus Draba. The pollen size was strongly correlated with chromosome number, but it was unreliable for inferring the exact ploidal level of individual populations. Five main pollen types were recognized based on sculpturing of the exine. Two populations of D. lactea had conspicuously different exine sculpturing, supporting a previous hypothesis based on molecular data that this hexaploid is polyphyletic and has been derived from various combinations of diploid species. The pollen morphological data are also consistent with the hypotheses that the 16‐ploid D. corymbosa is an intersectional allopolyploid derived from the sections Draba and Chrysodraba, that the hexaploid D. cinerea is a progenitor of the decaploid D. arctica, and that D. crassifolia and D. adamsii represent isolated allopolyploid lineages. The seed size and weight were only weakly correlated with chromosome number, but showed a close relationship to habitat ecology. The largest seeds were observed in species typical of closed habitats, in which seedling establishment probably is limited by competition with mosses. The seed coat surface had a characteristic verrucate reticulum, but the differentiation among species was vague or absent. The seed size and colour, however, distinguish some species, e.g., in the D. alpina complex, which otherwise are morphologically very similar.
Variation and taxonomy in Hordeum depressum and in the H. brachyantherum complex (Poaceae)
Authors: von Bothmer Roland , Jacobsen Niels , Seberg Ole
Published: March 2008

The variation pattern in the perennial Hordeum brachyantherum complex and in the annual H. depressum are described. The diploid form of H. brachyantherum s. lat., endemic to California in USA, previously recognized as a separate species is here treated as a subspecies (H. brachyantherum ssp. californicum). Despite its restricted distribution it shows a considerable variation and overlap in morphology with the tetraploid ssp. brachyantherum, and no unambiguous determination based on morphology between the two tax a is possible. The tetraploid cytotype has a large distribution area in western North America and easternmost Asia and a very wide morphological variation. It has also a small disjunct distribution area in easternmost Canada. A single hexaploid population from California is referred to ssp. brachyantherum.
Variation in the floral fragrance of Epidendrum ciliare (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Moya Samuel , Ackerman James D.
Published: March 2008

Variation in floral fragrance compounds might be a pollination strategy that disrupts associative learning processes and inhibits pollinator's ability to recognize non‐rewarding flowers. Floral fragrances of the nectarless, moth‐pollinated Epidendrum ciliare (Orchidaceae) were obtained from plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Fragrances were collected by passive diffusion on tenax adsorbent and analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GUMS). The analysis was performed at six different levels: 1) by flower position on the same inflorescence; 2) by flower age on the same plant; 3) by position and age of the flower in the same plant; 4) by different shoots of the same plant; 5) by flowers from different plants; 6) and by plants from different populations. At no level of analyses were fragrances of sample pairs identical. The greatest similarity among fragrances was between flowers of the same plant. The most notable differences were between flowers of different populations. High levels of floral fragrance variation were consistent with the hypothesized deception pollination syndrome, but comparisons with reward‐producing flowers remain to be done.
The identity of Maerua macrocarpa Chiov. (Capparaceae)
Authors: Thulin Mats
Published: March 2008

It is argued that the original material of Maerua macrocarpa consists of elements from three different species: M. denhardtiorum, Thilachium thomasii and Capparis tornentosa. A lectotypification is proposed that makes M. macrocarpa a synonym of M. denhardtiorum.
A new species of Nesaea (Lythraceae) from Somalia
Authors: Gilbert Michael C. , Thulin Mats
Published: March 2008

Nesaea petrensis sp. nov., from seepage areas on granitic outcrops in the Bay Region of southern Somalia, is described and illustrated.
Reduction of the genus Parardisia (Myrsinaceae)
Authors: Stone Benjamin C.
Published: March 2008

The genus Parardisia is shown to be synonymous with the large pantropical genus Ardisia. The species on which Parardisia was based, A. involucrata, should therefore retain that original name. The only other species assigned to Parardisia, P. gamblei, is reduced to synonymy with Ardisia moultonii; both were described (and still known only) from Sarawak. The first species retains its position in Ardisia subgenus Tinus, while the latter belongs in subgenus Tinopsis.
New combinations of African species in the genus Chlorophytum (Anthericaceae)
Authors: Kativu Shakkie , Nordal Inger
Published: March 2008

The generic delimitation of the genus Chlorophytum Ker‐Gawl emend. Nordal is discussed and outlined, especially in relation to the genus Anthericum L. Two new names and 39 new combinations for African taxa have been necessitated by the emendated delimitation of the genus.
Cell differentiation in microsporangia of Pinus sylvestris. V. Diakinesis to tetrad formation
Authors: Rowley John R. , Walles Bjorn
Published: March 2008

Following the diffuse stage, the progression of meiosis in Pinus sylvestris unlike that earlier in meiosis, was conspicuously asynchronous. During the diffuse stage of meiosis tapetal cells dedifferentiated. Plasmodesmata were formed, the cells developed a uniform, meristematic appearance and the nuclei underwent mitosis. Throughout the stages covered by this report tapetal cells redifferentiated, again becoming hypersecretory cells, and Ubisch bodies (orbicules) formed. In angio‐sperms Ubisch bodies apparently form only once whereas in Pinus they are produced several or many times with a different and characteristic form each time. The future Ubisch bodies are filled from connections with cisternae of the endoplasmic reticu‐lum, then coated by plasma membrane and its glycocalyx. The plasma membrane and glycocalyx coating are likely to be responsible for the specific exine form of Ubisch bodies. Cytokinesis after meiosis was typical of plant cells, but no cell wall formed. Thus deep invasions of callose between microspores give an appearance of furrowing, as was often suggested in classical literature.
Establishment and growth characteristics of inshore populations of Ligusticum scoticum (Apiaceae)
Authors: Rydgren K. , Often A.
Published: March 2008

Two inshore and four shore localitites of Ligusticum scoticum in C Norway were studied regarding the growth and reproductive characteristics of the L. scoticum individuals, and the vegetation and ecology of the sites. L. scoticum showed a similar growth and reproductive characteristics at the inshore and the shore localities. The inshore localities were judged as relatively persistent on their basis of growth and reproductive characteristics and population size, and one of the inshore localities has with certainty maintained itself for at least 20 years. We suggest the inshore populations have established from seeds dispersed from the shore by birds. There were large differences in vegetation and ecological variables and cover between the inshore and the shore localities. At the inshore localities vegetation contained a large number of dwarf shrub and moss species which were almost entirely absent from the shore. Due to various physiological properties L. scoticum has a relatively better competitive ability and is better adapted to grow on inshore localities in the northern part of its distribution area. At the inshore localities L. scoticum occurred at two types of localitites: summits and rocky walls. The absence of inshore localitites in areas where conditions for further dispersal would appear to be ideal, indicate that specific conditions are required for successful establishment of L. scoticum at inshore localities. We suggest that the occurrence of L. scoticum at the summits depends to some extent promoted by the influence of birds, e.g. by nutrients in the excrements. However in the case of rocky walls this is an unlikely explanation, because individuals are often scattered over many hundreds of metres.
Scale bearing chrysophytes from Papua New Guinea
Authors: Vyverman W. , Cronberg G.
Published: March 2008

The scaled chrysophytes from Papua New Guinea were studied for the first time. Twenty two taxa of Chrysophyceae and Synurophyceae are reported. Species diversity was highest in black‐ and mixed water lakes and swamps of the Sepik floodplain. Most surprisingly. the oligotrophic highland lakes were very poor in chrysophytes.
Reproductive ecology of the three Nordic Pinguicula species (Lentibulariaceae)
Authors: Molau Ulf
Published: March 2008

Reproductive ecology (pollination biology, breeding systems, and reproductive effort and success) of the three Nordic species of Pinguicula, P. alpina, P. villosa, and P. vulgaris (Lentibulariaceae), was investigated in a subarctic‐subalpine area at Abisko, N Swedish Lapland. Additional studies were carried out at Latnjajaure Field Station, a subarctic‐alpine tundra site in the Abisko mountains (P. alpina, P. vulgaris), and in W Greenland (P. vulgaris). At Abisko the species are sympatric and large populations of all three were found within a 50 × 50 m area. The three species are reproduc‐tively isolated by internal barriers by occupying different ploidy levels. Pinguicula alpina and P. vulgaris thrive in base‐rich habitats, whereas P. villosa is restricted to nutrient‐poor Sphagnum bogs, but habitat separation alone is probably not sufficient to prevent illegitimate pollen flow among the species. However, results showed that there are large and consistent differences in pollination biology, flowering phenology, and breeding systems, and these factors interact to create a highly efficient reproductive isolation at all levels, pre‐zygotic as well as post‐zygotic. Pinguicula alpina is an early‐flowering outbreeder, P. vulgaris is an opportunistic late‐flowering inbreeder, and P. villosa is quite intermediate between the two extremes. The phenology‐based life history strategies of the Pinguicula species were in accordance with a general model developed for arctic flowering plants, predicting maximized fitness through pollen or seed in early‐ and late‐flowering species, respectively.
Hay meadow communities in western Norway and relations between vegetation and environmental factors
Authors: Losvik M. H.
Published: March 2008

Plant species of 79 hay meadow sites in Ytre Sogn and Sunnfjord, western Norway, were recorded and the environmental variables oceanity, slope, exposure, moisture, pH, soil organic matter, quantity of fertilizer used, and cutting and grazing management regime were measured or estimated. Constrained ordination by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that moisture, oceanity, the quantity of fertilizer (NKP) and management were important environmental factors in influencing the floristic composition of the meadows. Moist meadows had higher pH and higher loss‐on‐ignition than drier ones. In this data set boreal meadows tended to be steeper and more heavily fertilized than oceanic ones. Classification using TWIN‐SPAN resulted in 7 units along the two main gradients of moisture and oceanity. Four of the units belonged to the oceanic hay‐meadow association Cardamino pratensis ‐Conopodietum majoris. One unit comprised meadows characterized by suboceanic species. Two units were boreal in distribution, both comprising releves from rather moist and well fertilized sites. A key to 8 communities is proposed, together with a short description, based on the present and earlier data.
Opegrapha pyrenocarpoides belongs in Qlophorella
Authors: Egea José M. , Tibell Leif
Published: March 2008

The type of Opegrapha pyrenocarpoides is conspecific with Tylophorella polyspora, and the new combination T. pyrenocarpoides is made. Tylophorella has been placed in Caliciales s. lat., but shows similarities both to Pyrenulales and Arthoniales. T. pyrenocarpoides is reported new to Africa.
X Ledodendron vanhoeffeni (syn.: Rhododendron vanhoeffeni) refound in Greenland
Authors: Dalgaard Vilhelm , Fredskild Bent
Published: March 2008

Rhododendron vanhoeffeni is refound in Greenland. Notes on history, distribution, ecology, morphology, and fertility are given. Its hybrid origin is established and consequently a new combination, X Ledodendron vanhoeffeni (Ledum palustre ssp. decumbens × Rhododendron lapponicum), is made.
Two new Tibetan species of Elymus (Poaceae: niticeae) and their genomic relationships
Authors: Lu B. R. , Salomon B.
Published: March 2008

Two Elymus species, E. cacuminus (2n = 4x = 28) and E. retroflexus (2n = 2x = 28). native to western China are described as species new to science. In order to determine genomic constitutions of the two species, intergeneric and interspecific hybridizations were carried out between the two new species and Pseudoroegneria spicata (2n = 2x = 14, SS), and sixteen other Elymus species, fifteen tetraploids (2n = 4x = 28) and one hexaploid (2n = 6x = 42), containing the “SH”, “SY”, and “SYH” genomes. Chromosome pairing behaviour was studied in the two species and their hybrids. Generally low meiotic pairing was observed in the hybrids with S‐ and SH‐genome species and high pairing in the hybrids with SY‐ and SYH‐genome species. It is concluded from this study that (i) the two new species are strict allotetraploid (2n = 4x = 28) and self‐pollinating taxa (inbreeders) in nature; (ii) they contain the “SY” genomes and; (iii) they have close genomic relationships with the SY‐genome Elymus species from the same or geographically adjacent areas.
Some additional taxa of Bauhinia (Leguminosae) from China
Authors: Zhang Dianxiang
Published: March 2008

One new species, Bauhinia cercidifolia and one new variety, B. khasiana var. gigalo‐bia are described from China. B. yunnanensis is recognized as a new series by its distinction from all the groups known. B. nervosa and B. strychnoidea are recorded from China for the first time.
Pollen characteristics of the tribes Calycophylleae, Cinchoneae, and Hillieae (Rubiaceae)
Authors: Andersson Lennart
Published: March 2008

Pollen grains were studied on acetolysed material with the aid of the SEM. They may be classified into four types. Type I is characterized by thick (0.92.1 μm) exine with reticulate surface, by distinct colpi with acute ends, and by distinct ora. It occurs in the genera Alseis, Calycophyllum, Ferdinandusa, and Schizocalyx. Ferdinandusa is further characterized by its lumina being differentiated into two distinct size classes. Type II is characterized by a usually thin (usually 0.7–1.1 μm) exine with foveolate surface, by distinct colpi with obtuse to truncate ends, and by poorly demarcated ora. It occurs in Cinchona, Joosia, Ladenbergia, and Remijia. Pollen grains of Joosia are mostly 4–colporate. Type III is characterized by a thick (1.7–2.0 μm) exine with coarsely reticulate surface, colpi are lacking or short and the ora are clearly demarcated. It occurs only in Capirona. Type IV is characterized by a thin (0.5–0.8 μm) exine with a psilate or foveolate surface and usually indistinct colpi with obtuse ends, and by distinct ora. It occurs in Cosmibuena and Dolicholobium. Pollen grains of Balmea, Hillia, Macrocnemum, Stilpnophyllum, and Wittmackanthus, combining features of Type I and II, do not fit into either of these four groups. It is concluded that both the tribes Calycophylleae and Cinchoneae remain eurypalynous in spite of a recent emendation. It is suggested that pollen characters serve best to characterize genera and small groups of genera. It is further suggested that Type I pollen is plesiomorphic in most or all characteristics.
A new species of Epipogium (Orchidaceae) from Arunachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Chowdhery H. J. , Pal G. D. , Giri G. S.
Published: March 2008

A new species of Epipogium, E. indicum from Arunachal Pradesh, India is described.
The genus Pteroceras (Orchidaceae) — a taxonomic revision
Authors: Pedersen Henrik Ærenlund
Published: March 2008

The South East Asian genus Pteroceras is taxonomically rivised, and brief accounts are given on cytology, phytochemistry, ecology, geographical distribution, and diagnostic aspects of morphology. Pteroceras belongs in that subtribe of the Vandeae which has traditionally been called Sarcanthinae (nom. illeg.) and which is here referred to as Aeridinae. 19 species of Pteroceras are recognized in this revision, while 31 formerly proposed taxa are excluded from the genus. 3 entities are treated as “doubtful taxa”. One new species (P. erosolum) is proposed as well as two new combinations (Macropodanthus membraniferus, M. teysmanii). An outline of the taxonomic history of Pteroceras is followed by a discussion of the circumscription and taxonomic position of the genus. It is not difficult to place Pteroceras in a system based upon characters which are currently considered important in the Aeridinae ‐but, on the other hand, it is also suggested that this system may turn out to be highly artificial. Concerning the future possibilities of creating a more natural system, therefore, several topics are suggested for further study in this subtribe.
Vivipary in Polygonum viviparum: an adaptation to cold climate?
Authors: Bauert Martin R.
Published: March 2008

Populations of Polygonurn viviparurn were investigated in the Swiss Alps at 14 sites, ranging from 450 m to 2530 m above sea level. The average length of stems and the mean number of reproductive organs (flowers + bulbils) decreased significantly with increasing altitude. On average, the ratio of flowers to bulbils per inflorescence also declined so that at high altitudes, bulbil production was more pronounced. Increased allocation to vegetative reproduction is discussed as an adaptation to cold climate. It is suggested that enhanced vegetative reproduction might be controlled by incornplete floral induction in high altitudes. In addition variability within and between populations was investigated by isozyme electrophoresis and the examination of bulbil colours. A considerable amount of variability was found in alpine populations. The demonstrated genetic variability showed that in P. viviparum it is likely that minor sexual reproduction is maintained even under alpine conditions. This is reflected in different enzyme phenotypes and different bulbil colours.
Taxonomic studies in some annual genera of the Triticeae (Poaceae)
Authors: Frederiksen Signe
Published: March 2008

The small annual genera Crithopsis, Heteranthelium, Henrardia and Amblyopyrum are revised, maps showing the distribution of the species are presented and the known chromosome numbers are confirmed. The phylogenetic relationships of each genus are discussed. Results of intergeneric hybridizations including the four genera are reported.
Four new species of Chlorophytum (Anthericaceae) from tropical Africa
Authors: Kativu Shakkie
Published: March 2008

Four new species of Chlorophyrum from tropical Africa are described: C. graniticola from Zimbabwe, C. minor and C. perfoliatum from Zambia, and C. velutirzum from Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia and Zaire.
A comparison of some morphological characters in Chroomonas ligulata sp. nov. and C. placoidea sp. nov. (Cryptophyceae)
Authors: Novarino Gianfranco , Lucas Ian A. N.
Published: March 2008

Two species of the cryptomonad genusChroomonasare described based on two marine strains from the Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa original, U.K.Chroomonas ligulatasp. nov. is based on strain 978/11, which is listed in the current collection catalogue as corresponding to the original isolate of C.collegionisButcher; however, a comparison with the description of that species shows that this is a case of misidentification. C.placoideasp. nov. is based on strain 978/8, which is correctly identified as corresponding to the original isolate of that species. Both species possess an eyespot and apparently lack a periplast raphe at the cell posterior. They can be distinguished from one another based on four characters visible by electron or light microscopy.Chroomonas ligulatahas smaller motile cells, larger periplast areas, a ligule in the flagella‐bearing branch of the gullet and lacks large refringent bodies.Chroomonas placoideahas larger motile cells. smaller periplast areas, lacks a ligule in the flagella‐bearing branch of the gullet. and usually possesses 2 large refringent bodies. The latter appear in sections as membrane‐limited bodies containing membrane profiles. Non‐motile palmelloid cells occur in both species. These are covered by a mucilage sheath composed of two reticulate layers of fibrils, a compact one close to the cell surface and a loose one further away from it. The sheath ofC. ligulatais thicker than that ofC. placoidea. Chroomonas ligulatapossesses the rare pigment Cr‐phycocyanin 630. A summary is given of some characters useful for defining species ofChroomonas.
Justicia galeata and J. kuchari, two new species of Justicia (Acanthaceae) from tropical Africa
Authors: Hedrén Mikael
Published: March 2008

Jusricia galeara from SE Kenya and J. kuchari from central Somalia are described. The affinities of the new species are discussed and illustrations are provided.