bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unstable Thoracolumbar Fractures
Authors: Lindahl S. , Willén J. , Irstam L.
Published: June 2015

Two comparable groups with unstable thoracolumbar fractures have been studied: one consisting of 23 patients treated conservatively and one consisting of 20 patients treated surgically with Harrington instrumentation. The vertebral injuries have been analysed radiologically at the time of injury as well as after completion of conservative and surgical treatment and at follow-up on average 6 years and 3 months after injury in the conservatively treated group and 2 years and 2 months after injury in the operated group. The vertebral fractures were often solitary at the L1 level with a characteristic radiologic appearance and mainly caused by flexion-rotation injuries. There were indirect signs of associated ligament injuries in most cases. Indirect signs of associated disc injury were found in 77 per cent of the cases, most of them related to the superior disc. The signs of disc injury were accentuated at the two follow-up examinations. In the operated group, the radiologic appearance of the vertebral body normalised after Harrington instrumentation. A preoperative gibbus angle of 19.4° was reduced to 6.8° on average postoperatively. In 13 of the operated cases the rods were removed. Among these patients the gibbus angle increased to 17.6° at the final follow-up examination, compared with 11.9° in the patients who had their rods retained. This difference in gibbus angle was significant. In the conservatively treated group, the initial gibbus angle of 19.5° continuously increased to 27.6° at the follow-up examination. All vertebral fractures had healed at the follow-up examination.
Radiographic Changes in Cortical Bone after Intramedullary Nailing
Authors: Kaartinen E. , Paavolainen P. , Silvennoinen T. , Slätis P. , Karaharju E.
Published: June 2015

Transverse osteotomies of the midshaft of the tibia in 75 rabbits were stabilized with intramedullary nails which prevented rotational instability. In a further 36 animals intramedullary nailing was performed without preceding osteotomy. The animals were able to move freely immediately after the operation without any supporting cast or splint. The structural changes in the bones were analysed radiographically 3 to 24 weeks after the operation. Fracture repair was accompanied by moderate periosteal callus formation and remodelling of the callus was seen from 9 weeks on. A sleeve of new endosteal bone surrounding the nail was found after 12 weeks. Porotic transformation of the diaphyseal cortical bone was seen in both osteotomized and non-osteotomized bones from 12 weeks onwards. It is concluded that intramedullary nailing provides favourable conditions for fracture repair and enables accurate radiographic assessment of the healing. Attention is focused on the causes and features of secondary porotic transformation of the cortical bone after intramedullary nailing.
Radiography of the Spine and Sacro-Iliac Joints in Ankylosing Spondylitis and Psoriasis
Authors: Dale K. , Vinje O.
Published: June 2015

A grading system involving six stages of arthritis from grade 0 = normal joints to grade V = extensive bony ankylosis in the sacro-iliac joints and a scheme applicable for quantitative registration of the radiographic findings of the spine in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) are detailed. These radiographic grading systems were used in a study comprising 48 patients with psoriasis (group A), 19 patients with AS and psoriasis (group B), 103 patients with AS (group C) and 231 first-degree relatives of the patients belonging to groups B and C (group D). Radiographic abnormalities of the spine were found totally in 80 per cent of the patients belonging to groups B and C. In these groups sclerotic anterior borders of vertebrae (SABS) and/or straightened anterior surfaces of vertebrae were seen totally in 66 per cent. SABS were earlier findings than syndesmophyte formation which was found in 60 per cent of the patients belonging to groups B and C. Except for ankylosis of the apophyseal joints and ossified interspinous ligament most frequently found in the lower lumbar region in patients with duration of disease more than 20 years, all abnormalities of the spine were most frequent in the dorsolumbar junction. Grade V sacro-iliitis was associated with ankylosis of two or more segments of the spine. Such spinal changes were infrequently seen in patients with grade IV sacro-iliitis. This finding supports the previous notion that among patients fulfilling the criteria for AS, there is a group with a non-ankylosing disease. Thus two different subgroups of AS could be identified. Except for frequent unilateral sacro-iliitis and slight changes of the spine in group A no radiographic differences were found between the groups A, B and C. Sacro-iliitis was found in 22 (9%) in group D, and 11 of those with sacro-iliitis had abnormalities of the spine compatible with AS.
Filling of the Central Intrarenal Veins during Retrograde Pyelography following a Recent Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Thomsen H. S.
Published: June 2015

During routine retrograde pyelography in a recently transplanted kidney filling of the central intrarenal veins was observed. This unique radiologic picture was due to renal vein thrombosis. The case is discussed in relation to previous experimental findings.
Angiography as Diagnostic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Tool in Liver Metastases from a Colo-Rectal Primary Tumor
Authors: Lundstedt C. , Ekberg H. , Halldorsdottir A. , Tranberg K. G. , Stigsson L.
Published: June 2015

Angiograms from 60 patients with liver metastases from colo-rectal carcinoma were reviewed in retrospect to find prognostic parameters. All patients were treated with intraarterial cytostatic drugs. Patients with a small tumor mass in the liver survived significantly longer than those with a huge tumor burden. A longer survival was seen also in patients who developed occlusion of the hepatic arterial tree. When the tumor showed reduction in size or was stationary at the follow-up angiographic examinations after institution of therapy survival was markedly improved. When compared with the findings at laparotomy, angiography adequately demonstrated tumor growth in the right lobe of the liver but repeatedly failed to do so in the left lobe. In 14 patients computed tomography was also performed. Tumor localization by CT corresponded well with the findings at laparotomy and was thus more accurate than the results by angiography. Information about tumor volume and number of tumor nodules was approximately the same with the two methods.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Extremities
Authors: Pettersson H. , Fitzsimmons J. , Krop D. , Hamlin D.
Published: June 2015

In a resistive magnetic resonance imaging system, the T1 and T2 values of muscle and fat were calculated in 2 volunteers, at rest and during venous and arterial stasis, postischemic hyperemia and dehydration. The values found at rest were reproducible from one occasion to another and there were no significant differences between values in the arms and legs. Dehydration induced a slight increase in the T2, otherwise there was no change during stasis, hyperemia or dehydration.
Comparison between Eeg and Observation of Rabbit Behaviour in Evaluation of Subarachnoid Neurotoxicity of Metrizamide
Authors: Maly P. , Elmqvist D. , Almén T. , Golman K.
Published: June 2015

The non-ionic contrast medium metrizamide (370 mg I/ml) was injected into the cisterna magna of rabbits at 2 dose levels (0.1 ml/kg and 0.5 ml/kg) to investigate whether visually evaluated EEG can detect neurotoxicity at a lower dose level than a method based on observation and ranking of signs of excitation and depression in animal behaviour. Half of the metrizamide injections were made without anaesthesia, whereas the remaining injections were made during a short alphadolon/alphaxolon anaesthesia. EEG and animal behaviour were followed for 24 h after the injection of metrizamide. At the low ‘clinical’ dose, EEG could not detect statistically significant neurotoxicity, neither in anaesthetized nor in non-anaesthetized rabbits. Observation of animal behaviour, however, could detect statistically significant signs of depression in animals that had been anaesthetized. At the high dose level, both methods could detect significantly more serious symptoms of neurotoxicity than at the low dose level.
Polysorbate 80 and Low-Osmolality Water-Soluble Contrast Medium Enema in Diagnosis and Treatment of Faecal Obstruction in Malignant Phaeochromocytoma
Authors: Ratcliffe J. F.
Published: June 2015

Stercoral obstruction in a young woman with disseminated phaeochromocytoma was diagnosed and treated successfully using an enema of isosmolar iohexol (Omnipaque) and 1% polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) without complication. Surgical intervention was thus avoided. A low osmolality water-soluble contrast medium (iohexol 150 mg I/ml) with a wetting agent (1% Tween 80) was used because a barium suspension would have inspissated, exacerbating the constipation and a hyperosmolar contrast medium might have precipitated a hypertensive crisis and destablised her critical salt and water balance.

References
Duodenal Diverticula Demonstrated by Barium Examination
Authors: Christiansen T. , Thommesen P.
Published: June 2015

An investigation for biliary tract calculi and food-stimulated gastro-oesophageal reflux was carried out in 37 patients with duodenal diverticula demonstrated by barium examination. Sixty per cent of the diverticula were located in the descending part of the duodenum. Biliary tract calculi were demonstrated in 38 per cent and food-stimulated gastro-oesophageal reflux in 81 per cent of the patients. The detection of a duodenal diverticulum should result in a supplementary investigation for gallstones and gastro-oesophageal reflux and its sequelae.
Perirenal Lymphoma
Authors: Lindgren P. G. , Magnusson A. , Hagberg H. , Paulsen K.
Published: June 2015

A patient with fever and abdominal pain was examined with ultrasonography and CT. The two methods demonstrated an isolated perirenal mass but the exact nature of it could not be established. Ultrasonographically guided coarse needle biopsy and the following histopathologic examination of the biopsy core demonstrated a malignant lymphoma.
Mobile Intraventricular Cyst of the Third Ventricle Treated with Stereotactic Puncture
Authors: Ericson K. , Lindqvist M. , Norén G. , Håkansson S.
Published: June 2015

A case of a pedunculated arachnoid cyst within the third ventricle is presented. The cyst was small so as not to appear as a significant expanding lesion on CT. The clinical history, however, suggested intermittent increase of the intracranial pressure. On CT there was some widening of the lateral and third ventricles, while the fourth ventricle had normal width. This finding in combination with the clinical history prompted further neuroradiologic examinations, including pneumoencephalography and ventriculography. The presence of a pedunculated mobile cystic lesion within the third ventricle was shown and its nature further elucidated by stereotactic puncture combined with contrast injection into the cyst. After emptying of the cyst, the patient has been free of symptoms during an observation time of 2 years. The diagnostic and differential diagnostic aspects are discussed and the value of traditional neuroradiologic methods emphasized.
Ultrasonographic Investigation of Respiratory Influence on Diameters of Portal Vessels in Normal Subjects
Authors: Kurol M. , Forsberg L.
Published: June 2015

In order to improve the basis for ultrasonographic studies of portal hypertension the normal diameters and respiratory variations in the portal vessels were measured in sixty-seven volunteers. In healthy subjects, measurements were made on the portal vein and its major tributaries. The respiratory variations were most prominent in the splenic vein, somewhat less in the superior mesenteric vein and least in the portal vein. There were no significant correlations to weight, age or height. The hypothesis that examinations performed after food intake would give more prominent respiratory variations had to be rejected but showed that the portal vein should be examined under defined conditions regarding alimentary status. The diameters alone of the portal vessels can probably not be used reliably as an indicator of portal hypertension while a respiratory variation of less than 30 per cent in the splenic vein should be considered pathologic and lead to further investigations.
Caliceal Clubbing and Adjacent Parenchymal Scarring (Always Reflux Nephropathy?) as a Cause of End-Stage Renal Failure
Authors: Thomsen H. S. , Dorph S.
Published: June 2015

Various clinical and laboratory aspects in 15 kidney transplanted patients with urographic evidence of caliceal clubbing and adjacent parenchymal scarring in their native kidneys are reported. These lesions were found in 16 per cent of our series of kidney transplantations; below 35 years of age it was the second most frequent disease. In 9 of these patients severe vesicoureteral reflux had been demonstrated. In the remaining 6 patients reflux nephropathy was only a tentative diagnosis based on a striking similarity in the radiographs and in several clinical findings. Nine patients had symptoms (mainly related to urinary tract infection) from 1 to 17 years before diagnosis/urography, in 5 as early as the first year of life. Recurrent urinary tract infection and renal impairment were the most frequent disorders leading to the diagnosis. Replacement therapy was initiated at an average age of 32.7 years. Following renal transplantation urinary tract infection was documented in 37 per cent of patients whether the patient had been bilaterally nephrectomized or not.
Chest Radiography after Minor Chest Trauma
Authors: Rossen B. , Laursen N. O. , Just S.
Published: June 2015

The results of chest radiography in 581 patients with blunt minor thoracic trauma were reviewed. Frontal and lateral views of the chest indicated pathology in 72 patients (12.4%). Pneumothorax was present in 16 patients; 4 had hemothorax. The physical examination and the results of chest radiography were not in accordance because in 6 (30%) of the 20 patients with hemo/-pneumothorax the physical examination was normal. Consequently there is wide indication for chest radiography after minor blunt chest trauma.
Use of 99Tcm Radionuclides to Show Nephrotoxicity of Cyclosporin a in Transplanted Kidneys
Authors: Thomsen H. S. , Munck O.
Published: June 2015

In 60 patients, 99Tcm pertechnetate or 99Tcm methylene diphosphonate was injected through an arm vein within 36 h after renal transplantation and repeated 24 or 48 h later. Thirty-one were treated with azathioprine and prednisone, 27 of the grafts had a well-defined peak on the histograms similar to that from the iliac artery histograms at both examinations. In contrast, of the 29 patients treated with cyclosporin A, only 5 of the grafts had a well-defined peak at both examinations. The difference is highly significant. Treatment with cyclosporin A causes a decrease in renal blood flow in the days immediately after transplantation.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Local Soft Tissue Inflammation Using Gadolinium-DTPA
Authors: Paajanen H. , Brasch R. C. , Schmiedl U. , Ogan M.
Published: June 2015

Chemical inflammation was induced subcutaneously in 10 rats using carrageenan mucopolysaccharide. Dual spin echo (SE) imaging of inflammatory loci was performed employing a 0.35 tesla resistive magnet. In addition, gadolinium-DTPA was administrated intravenously into 5 rats to evaluate the potential benefits of paramagnetic contrast medium for the detection and characterization of inflammatory loci. T2 weighted SE images demonstrated the edematous lesions as zones of high intensity. This was attributed to the increased relaxation times of lesions when compared to the adjacent soft tissue. The inflammation was also delineated on T1 weighted SE images, but only after injection of paramagnetic Gd-DTPA. Carrageenan mucopolysaccharide-in-duced lesions provide a useful experimental model for in vivo evaluation of soft tissue inflammation using magnetic resonance imaging. No special benefit of paramagnetic contrast enhancement was demonstrated in this model of local edema.
Clinically Acceptable Tolerance of Roentgen Generator Exposure Parameters
Authors: Forsberg H.
Published: June 2015

The clinical demands for accuracy of roentgen generator scales were investigated in order to define suitable levels of tolerance to be required during calibration procedures and preventive maintenance on modern equipment. Radiographs of various film densities were made of four body parts. As test observers 59 radiologists and 53 radiologic technicians were asked to judge which radiographs they considered acceptable or not acceptable. Ninety-five per cent of the radiographs were accepted with the ***under- or overexposure of one mAs step. The spread of the estimations of suitable exposure data made by 38 radiologic technicians was also investigated. From these data the clinically acceptable tolerance of roentgen generator exposure parameters could be derived. It is suggested that the tolerance of tube voltage (kV) should be less than ±5 per cent, current-time product (mAs) −20 to +25 per cent and automatic exposure control systems (AEC) −20 to +25 per cent.
Esophageal Carcinoma
Authors: Cozzi G. , Bellomi M. , Gariboldi M. , Ostinelli C. , Gullo C. Lo , Ravasi G. , Severini A.
Published: June 2015

Twelve minimal lesions were found over a period of 18 months at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan at the end of the radiologic, endoscopic and histologic procedures. Eleven lesions were radiologically detected, and a radiologic diagnosis of malignancy was perspectively made in 10 of the identified lesions. The radiologic aspects of minimal lesions are described. Double contrast study of the esophagus allows excellent mucosal detail and good reproduction of lesions. Simplicity and minimal discomfort for the patient justify it as a first diagnostic step for detection of neoplastic pathology.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Diffuse Malignant Bone Marrow Diseases
Authors: Nyman R. , Rehn S. , Glimelius B. , Hagberg H. , Hemmingsson A. , Jung B. , Simonsson B. , Sundström C.
Published: June 2015

Twenty-four patients with malignant bone marrow involvement or polycythemia vera, 8 patients with reactive bone marrow and 7 healthy individuals were examined with spin-echo magnetic resonance imaging at 0.35 T and 0.5 T. Signs of an increased longitudinal relaxation time, T1, were found when normal bone marrow was replaced by malignant cells, polycythemia vera or reactive marrow. A shortened T1 was indicated in 4 patients in bone marrow regions treated by radiation therapy; the marrow was most likely hypocellular in these cases. The estimated T1 relaxation times were highly correlated to the cellularity of the bone marrow as assessed by histology. Among patients with close to 100 per cent cellularity neither T1 nor T2 discriminated between the various malignancies or between malignant and reactive, non-malignant bone marrow. Characterization of tissues in terms of normalized image intensities was also attempted, the motive being to avoid approximations and uncertainties in the assessment of T1 and T2. The normalization was carried out with respect to the image of highest intensity, i.e. the proton density weighted image. The results were in agreement with those for T1 and T2. It was concluded that MRI is valuable for assesssing bone marrow cellularity, but not for differentiating between various bone marrow disorders having a similar degree of cellularity.
Venous Thrombosis after Cardiac Catheterization in Infants
Authors: Laurin S. , Lundström N.-R.
Published: June 2015

Factors influencing the rate of post-catheterization venous thrombosis were studied in 180 infants below one year of age. The initial cardiac catheterization was performed either with ***cut-down technique or percutaneously. At repeat catheterization on the ipsilateral side presence or absence of thrombosis was noted. The overall thrombosis frequency was higher than previously reported, 15.6 per cent. The rate increased with decreasing weight. An increased rate of thrombosis was also found with indwelling femoral vein catheter left in place for more than 24 hours, and infection. In 6 cases, thrombosis involved only the catheterized side and would have been missed by recatheterization from the contralateral side. It was noteworthy that 9 of the thromboses spared the catheterized vessel and engaged only the vena cava. Among factors not influencing thrombosis rate were age, type of cardiac malformation, cyanosis, early operation, catheterization time or balloon septostomy. Percutaneous or ***cut-down technique did not influence thrombosis rate.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Chest Radiography, Computed Tomography and Ultrasonography in Malignant Lymphoma
Authors: Nyman R. , Rehn S. , Glimelius B. , Hagberg H. , Hemmingsson A. , Lindgren P. G. , Magnusson A.
Published: June 2015

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was compared with chest radiography, computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography (US) for demonstration of spleen and liver engagement and enlarged lymph nodes in patients with malignant lymphoma. The investigation comprised 24 patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) and 39 with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). MRI demonstrated enlarged lymph nodes, distinctly separated from vessels, fat, muscle, liver and occasionally also pancreas without any contrast medium. The distinction between lymph nodes and spleen was, however, poor in the images. In the mediastinum, MRI was superior to chest radiography and had an accuracy similar to that of CT. In the abdomen and the pelvis MRI had slight advantages over CT in detection of enlarged lymph nodes. Compared with US the MRI results were similar in the abdomen and somewhat better in the pelvis. MRI and US were better than CT in revealing HD infiltrates in the spleen. Infiltration of NHL in the spleen was slightly better disclosed at US than at CT and MRI; most of the NHL infiltration, confirmed at histopathology, could, however, not be revealed with any of the modalities, except when the size of the spleen was considered. Regions in the spleen, displayed with low image intensity in the T2 weighted image, were most likely due to increased amount of fibrotic tissue in the lymphomatous lesions. Good demonstration of lymph nodes and lymphomatous lesions in the spleen with MRI required two sequences; one with short TR and TE (T1 weighted image) and one with long TR and TE (T2 weighted image).
In vivo Measurement of Water Self Diffusion in the Human Brain by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Thomsen C. , Henriksen O. , Ring P.
Published: June 2015

A new pulse sequence for in vivo diffusion measurements by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is introduced. The pulse sequence was tested on phantoms to evaluate the accuracy, reproducibility and inplane variations. The sensitivity of the sequence was tested by measuring the self diffusion coefficient of water with different temperatures. This phantom study showed that the water self diffusion could be measured accurately and that the inplane deviation was less than ±10 per cent. Seven healthy volunteers were studied with a 10 mm thick slice through the lateral ventricles, clear differences between grey and white matter as well as regional differences within the white matter were seen. In two patients with infarction, alternations in water self diffusion were seen in the region of the infarct. Likewise, pronounced changes in brain water self diffusion were observed in a patient with benign intracranial hypertension. The results indicate that brain water self diffusion can be measured in vivo with reasonable accuracy. The clinical examples suggest that diffusion measurements may be clinically useful adding further information about in vivo MR tissue characterization.
An Attempt to Characterize Malignant Lymphoma in Spleen, Liver and Lymph Nodes with Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Nyman R. , Rhen S. , Ericsson A. , Glimelius B. , Hagberg H. , Hemmingsson A. , Sundström C.
Published: June 2015

An attempt was made to explore whether relaxation times and/or normalized image intensities obtained from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can separate malignant and non-malignant lymphomatous tissue. Spin-echo (SE) techniques with repetition times of 500 and 1500 ms and echo times of 35 and 70 ms were used for estimating T1 and T2. Estimation of T1 and T2 with such a low number of spin-echo sequences resulted in considerable variation in the data especially when T1 was long. Similar information was also extracted by normalizing the image intensities to the ‘proton density’ image (1500/35), and the spread of the data was then markedly reduced. Therefore, the method of normalizing was considered a more appropriate way of handling the image data when only a few sequences were available. No significant difference could be discerned in the MRI parameters between normal spleens and spleens infiltrated with malignant lymphoma, between normal livers and livers in patients with malignant lymphoma and between lymph nodes with low or high grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Lymphomatous tissue had similar MRI characteristics irrespectively of whether the cells were malignant or not, or located in spleens or in lymph nodes. The main biologic explanation for variation in data seems to be mostly the variable amounts of fibrosis, necrosis, oedema and/or iron content.
Hepatic Cavernous Hemangioma in Patients at High Risk for Liver Cancer
Authors: Itai Y. , Ohnishi S. , Ohtomo K. , Kokubo T. , Imawari M. , Atomi Y.
Published: June 2015

Cavernous hemangioma of the liver occurring in patients at high risk for liver cancer has been reviewed. Twenty-four patients with hemangioma were encountered during the past 4 years. Five lesions over 3 cm in diameter were correctly diagnosed with enhanced CT alone. Definite CT findings were however obtained in only 6 out of 19 lesions smaller than 3 cm in diameter. Ultrasonography was the most sensitive method for picking up small liver tumors even when compared with angiography, but the findings were non-specific (an echogenic mass was noted in 14 of the 19 lesions). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) had almost the same sensitivity as ultrasound in detecting small hemangiomas, and a prolonged T2 was highly suggestive of the diagnosis (T2 over 80 ms in 8 of 11 lesions). The results suggest that combined use of non-invasive diagnostic modalities has sufficient reliability to make a diagnosis of cavernous hemangioma even in small hepatic lesions, in patients at high risk for liver cancer.
Ultrasonography in Acute Gallbladder Perforation
Authors: Soiva M. , Pamilo M. , Päivänsalo M. , Taavitsainen M. , Suramo I.
Published: June 2015

The files of patients with acute cholecystitis from two large university hospitals from the years 1978–1985 were employed to find the cases with acute gallbladder perforation for this study. Only those patients (n=9) were selected for the analysis of sonographic signs of acute gallbladder perforation who had less than 48 hours of symptoms before sonography, and were operated upon within 24 hours of the sonography. Patients (n=10) with non-complicated acute cholecystitis and identical in regard to the duration of the symptoms and the timing of the sonography and the operation formed a control group. The sonographic findings in patients with gallbladder perforation were pericholecystic fluid collections, free peritoneal fluid, disappearance of the gallbladder wall echoes, focal highly echogenic areas with acoustic shadows in the gallbladder, and an inhomogeneous, generally echo-poor gallbladder wall.
Intraosseous Arteriovenous Malformations Mimicking Malignant Disease
Authors: Savader S. J. , Savader B. L. , Otero R. R.
Published: June 2015

Primary (congenital) intraosseous arteriovenous malformations are rare, accounting for less than one per cent of all primary intraosseous lesions. They are quite variable in their gross and microscopic presentation, yet all can be traced to anomalous development of the primitive vascular system. They may be totally asymptomatic, cosmetically disfiguring, painful, or on rare occasions, cause high-output cardiac failure. Surgical treatment is often unrewarding with recurrence not uncommon. Intra-arterial embolization has shown promising results. We present three cases of primary intraosseous arteriovenous malformations which on initial work-up mimicked malignant disease. Arteriography proved diagnostic in all three cases.
Ultrasonography of the Kidney following Renal Biopsy in Children
Authors: Nybonde T. , Mortensson W.
Published: June 2015

The frequency of renal and perirenal hematomas following percutaneous renal biopsy using a cutting needle was studied by means of ultrasonography in 30 children and young adults aged 3–16 years. Hematomas occurred in 64.5 percent of the biopsies but caused significant clinical symptoms in one patient only.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex
Authors: Ekholm S. , Simon J. H.
Published: June 2015

It is now recognized that patients infected by the virus linked to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) can develop dementia symptoms as the initial and sometimes only symptomatology for AIDS. This appears to be a syndrome whose origin is independent of secondary non-viral infection or malignancy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in three patients with well documented AIDS dementia revealed high signal periventricular white matter lesions. In one case, large lesions were not apparent on computed tomography and gross inspection of the fixed brain prior to autopsy. In two cases in which serial in vivo MR studies were obtained, there was a progressive increase in lesion volume over a short (several months) period of observation. Periventricular white matter lesions may be an early sign accompanying AIDS dementia, and the degree of changes correlated well with the clinical picture in our patients.
On the Work of the Radiologist—Separation of Image Capture from Image Display
Authors: Balter S.
Published: June 2015

A primary function of the radiologist is that of extracting sufficient information from images, in a finite time, so as to arrive at a patient management decision. Clinically important information must be present in the images and this information must be correctly perceived. This essay discusses the work of the diagnostician viewing prerecorded images. The potentials for enhancing this work by means of different image display techniques are examined. The application of stimulable phosphor computed radiographic techniques are discussed in detail as an example of a technology which clearly separates crucial portions of the imaging process. This separation of functions might improve general radiology in the near future. The principals of the discussion are not specific to any imaging modality or to any individual display technology.
Normal and Anomalous Structures Simulating Retroperitoneal Lymphadenopathy at Computed Tomography
Authors: Lien H. H. , Talle K.
Published: June 2015

The present report illustrates normal and anomalous anatomic structures which may represent pitfalls in diagnosis when computed tomography of the abdomen is performed in the search for enlarged retroperitoneal lymph nodes.
Computed Tomography of the Oropharynx in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Larsson S.-G. , Gislason T. , Lindholm C. E.
Published: June 2015

Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) is currently the preferred method for treatment of the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). However, only 50 per cent of the patients operated upon are cured by this surgical procedure, and there is a demand for better and more objective selection criteria. Computed tomography (CT) of the oropharynx was obtained in 32 consecutive adult patients with proven OSAS. An additional 15 patients with the same complaints, but without objective evidence of OSAS, were used as a control group, together with 20 normal subjects. The axial widths of the tongue and the genioglossus and hyoglossus muscles were measured by CT. Both the tongue and genioglossus widths were significantly larger in the OSAS patients than in the two control groups (p<0.001). The increased tongue width will cause encroachment of the oropharyngeal airway below the level of the soft palate. Thus, CT can be used to measure the tongue size in order to evaluate its predictive value for the outcome of the UPPP procedure.
Chest Radiography in Acute Traumatic Rupture of the Thoracic Aorta
Authors: Heystraten F. M. , Rosenbusch G. , Kingma L. M. , Lacquet L. K. , de Boo Th. , Lemmens W. A.
Published: June 2015

Of 123 patients who had suffered blunt trauma to the chest traumatic aortic rupture was eventually confirmed in 61 and absent in 62 patients. The chest radiographs of these patients were examined for 15 signs reported in the literature as being associated with traumatic aortic rupture. Although many individual signs were significantly more frequent in the aortic rupture group they were not useful in differentiating between patients with and those without rupture of the aorta. By using discriminant analysis combining 2 or 3 signs, patients were classified as having aortic rupture or not. The best discrimination between the two groups was obtained using the combined signs of a widened paratracheal stripe, an opacified pulmonary window, a widened right paraspinal interface and a displaced nasogastric tube.
Computed Tomography of Invasive Bladder Carcinoma after Diagnostic Transurethral Resection
Authors: Sager E. M. , Talle K. , Lindsköld L. , Fosså S. D. , Kaalhus O. , Johannessen N. B. , Ous S.
Published: June 2015

Fourteen patients with known muscle invasive bladder carcinoma were examined with computed tomography (CT) before and five to seven days after diagnostic transurethral resection (TUR). The CT examinations included pre- and postcontrast series. In order to standardize the technique, we examined on a distended bladder. No significant changes occurred for the whole group after TUR. Individual changes were seen. In six patients the largest measured area of the bladder tumor increased after resection and in four the largest measured thickness increased, and this should be borne in mind when CT is used to evaluate tumor response to treatment. Perivesical changes occurred only after extensive diathermy or perforation. They did not show contrast enhancement and could therefore not be mistaken for tumor growth.
Computed Tomography in Patients with Dementia Probably Due to Toxic Encephalopathy
Authors: Skjødt T. , Torfing K. F. , Teisen H.
Published: June 2015

Computed tomography (CT) was performed in 181 patients with dementia probably caused by organic solvents. No treatable causes of dementia were revealed. All but one of the patients had dementia symptoms for more than one year. Only three patients had focal neurologic signs. No indication for cranial CT was found in this group of patients, owing to the fact that no treatable causes of dementia were revealed.
Femoral Anteversion and Restricted Range of Motion in Total Hip Prostheses
Authors: Herrlin K. , Pettersson H. , Selvik G. , Lidgren L.
Published: June 2015

Impingement of the neck of the stem on to the rim of the socket may cause dislocation of the total hip prosthesis. The role of femoral anteversion in the occurrence of such impingement was analyzed in a clinical material of total hip prostheses with and without dislocation. A low femoral anteversion was linked to a clinically relevant reduction of the range of motion due to impingement and dominated in the group with dislocations. Impingement is minimized by inserting the femoral component in 10° to 20° of anteversion.
Influence of Radiographic Contrast Media on Phagocytosis
Authors: Rasmussen F. , Georgsen J. , Grunnet N.
Published: June 2015

To evaluate the influence of radiographic contrast media (CM) on human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PML), the ability of these cells to ingest latex particles after in vitro exposure to five different radiographic contrast media was investigated. All CM inhibited the phagocytic properties of PML. The inhibition was dose dependent. The inhibitory effect was partly due to hyperosmolality but CM specific inhibition was also evident.
Radiographic Diagnosis of Bile Duct Cysts
Authors: Päivänsalo M. , Merikanto J. , Lähde S. , Hietala S.-O. , Leinonen A. , Jouppila P. , Lohela P. , Lanning P.
Published: June 2015

Twelve patients and a foetus with congenital bile duct cysts suggested in the majority of cases at routine upper abdominal sonography were examined by two or more of the following investigations: ultrasonorgaphy (10 patients), computed tomography (5 patients), CT-cholangiography (2 patients), oral cholecystography (7 patients), intravenous cholangiography (4 patients), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (6 patients) and cholescintigraphy (2 patients). The sensitivity of each investigation for the diagnosis of bile duct cysts was: ultrasound 40 per cent, computed tomography 20 per cent, CT-cholangiography 100 per cent, oral cholecystography 17 per cent, intravenous cholangiography 75 per cent, ERCP 83 per cent and cholescintigraphy 50 per cent. When a bile duct cyst has been suggested by ultrasonography or other examinations, without a conclusive diagnosis being made, CT-cholangiography is recommended as the next examination. In patients with impaired biliary excretion of contrast medium, ERCP may be required to achieve the diagnosis.
Effect of Contrast Media on Beta-Endorphin Secretion
Authors: Harnish P. P. , Zuniga J. , Northington F. K. , Melrose P. A. , Joseph S. A. , Kido D. K. , Knigge K. M.
Published: June 2015

The central nervous system may be highly susceptible to the toxic effects of contrast media (CM). Previous experiments demonstrated that vasopressin is released after the intravenous administration of CM. The present study examined the response of the opiocortin system to CM. Neurons of the rat basal hypothalamus, dispersed and attached to Cytodex-3 beads, were perfused with sodium diatrizoate, metrizamide or iohexol (3 mg iodine/ml). The effluent was collected, and the beta-endorphin (B-E) content was measured by a radioimmunoassay technique. Results, normalized to the internal positive control, were compared with release from normal saline (negative control) by analysis of variance. Diatrizoate and metrizamide caused significant release of B-E (p < 0.03). Iohexol did not stimulate release of B-E. These results suggest that diatrizoate and metrizamide, but not iohexol, can stimulate the release of hormones from hypothalamic neurons. The phenomenon may play a role in some reactions to intravascular CM administration since these neurons are not protected by a blood-brain barrier.
Short Communications
Authors: Madsen H. H. T. , Skjødt T. , Jørgensen P. J. , Grandjean P.
Published: June 2015

Seven patients with one or two lead shots retained in the appendix were identified by radiography. For each case, two sex- and age-matched control patients without lead shot in the appendix were found. None of the 7 patients with lead shot in the appendix had blood lead levels (median 0.55 μmol/l) approaching the toxic levels, but they averaged almost twice the levels of the controls (median 0.29 μmol/l). Thus, lead shots may add to individual lead exposures, and blood lead analysis should be performed, at least when more than a few lead shots are present.
Computed Tomography of Ano-Rectal Anomalies
Authors: Arnbjörnsson E. , Laurin S. , Mikaelsson C.
Published: June 2015

Computed tomography (CT) was performed in 9 patients with faecal incontinence more than 8 years after rectoplasty for high imperforate anus. The radiologic findings were correlated with the clinical evaluation of faecal incontinence. No statistically significant correlation was found between function and anatomic findings as demonstrated by CT. Thus, although CT demonstrates the post-operative anatomy in a detailed way, the information does not seem to be directly applicable when selecting the type of reoperation for faecal incontinence.
Radiation Dose to Patients and Personnel during Fluoroscopy at Percutaneous Renal Stone Extraction
Authors: Geterud K. , Larsson A. , Mattsson S.
Published: June 2015

The radiation dose to patients and personnel was estimated during 11 percutaneous renal stone extractions. For the patients the energy imparted, the mean absorbed dose to various organs, and the effective dose equivalent were estimated. For different personnel categories some organ doses and the effective dose equivalent were also estimated. Large differences in the radiation dose between patients were observed. The mean effective dose equivalent to the patient was 4.2 (range 0.6–8.3) mSv, and the energy imparted 285 (range 50–500) mJ. These figures are comparable to those reported for routine colon examination and urography. For the personnel there were also large differences between individuals and categories. The highest radiation dose was received by the radiologist. It was estimated that a radiologist who performs 150 percutaneous renal stone extractions per year will receive a yearly contribution to his/her effective dose equivalent of 2.4 mSv. Even when the contribution from other diagnostic and interventional radiologic procedures is added, the total effective dose equivalent hardly exceeds 5 mSv or 1/10 of the present dose limit for persons engaged in radiologic work. For the hands of the radiologist there is a risk of doses closer to the present limit for single organs or tissues of 500 mSv/year.
Positron Emission Tomography Compared with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography in Supratentorial Gliomas Using Multiple Stereotactic Biopsies as Reference
Authors: Mosskin M. , Ericson K. , Hindmarsh T. , von Holst H. , Collins V. P. , Bergström M. , Eriksson L. , Johnström P.
Published: June 2015

Ten patients with findings at computed tomography (CT) suggesting intracranial supratentorial glioma were investigated to compare the diagnostic efficacy of this technique with that of positron emission tomography (PET) using11C-methionine and exminations with magnetic resonance (MR). The findings were related to histopathologic examination of serial stereotactic biopsies, which were guided by the appearance of the lesions on PET examination. To obtain corresponding slice orientation with the different examination techniques, an individually shaped helmet fixation was used. However, in 3 cases this fixation device could not be used for MR. Histopathologic diagnosis, obtained in all cases from multiple target stereotactic biopsies, included glioma in 9 patients and reactive gliosis in one case. A detailed comparison of the three imaging techniques and the findings at stereotactic biopsies was possible in 7 patients, while in 3 patients comparison with MR was less exact due to the patient's refusal to wear the helmet during this examination. MR was the most accurate method for outlining the total extent of a lesion, i.e. the tumor and the edema surrounding it. Four lesions had homogeneous signal characteristics and in 6 lesions two (or more) compartments could be distinguished with MR. In 5 cases the MR findings were in complete agreement with the histopathologic findings. However, a thorough correlation between signal characteristics and histology was not possible. Using PET the occurrence and the extent of tumor tissue was correctly predicted in 7 patients. The PET was normal in one case. Findings at CT were in agreement with the histopathologic diagnosis in 5 patients. MR was the most sensitive method for the detection of lesions. PET using methionine appeared to have a somewhat higher capacity to outline correctly the true extent of a tumor. The combination of CT and PET was superior to MR for determining the type and grade of the tumors.
Relative Attenuation Measurements of Ultrasound in the Liver Using the Zerocrossing Method
Authors: Fredfeldt K.-E.
Published: June 2015

The zerocrossing method for measurement of the frequency dependence of ultrasound attenuation was used to study the livers of 10 healthy subjects and 9 patients. Increased attenuation in vivo was observed in 5 patients who were seen to have a ‘bright liver’ during B-scanning. Normal attenuation was seen in 3 patients who had pathologic liver biopsies, but normal B-scan images. Increased attenuation was seen in one patient who had a nodular appearance of the liver during B-scanning
Low Flip Angle Gradient Echo Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Cervical Spine at 0.3 Tesla
Authors: Holtås S. , Ståhlberg F. , Nilsson H. , Larsson E.-M. , Ericsson A.
Published: June 2015

The influence of flip angle and TR on signal to noise ratio and contrast between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and cord was evaluated in cervical spine imaging in 5 volunteers, using gradient echo technique. All experiments were performed on a 0.3 tesla Fonar β-3000 M scanner using solenoidal surface coils. The most useful sequence was considered to be TR/TE=300/12 ms and 10° flip angle. This sequence provided images with a ‘myelographic appearance’ with good delineation of cord, CSF and epidural space. The grey and white matter was also regularly visualized. The acquisition time was considerably shorter than would have been necessary if a long TR/TE spin echo sequence had been used to obtain the same contrast pattern and the sequence was not as sensitive to motion as was the spin echo sequence. The sequence was also evaluated in 10 patients with degenerative disease and in 5 with lesions in the cord. The gradient echo sequence was found to be equal to or better than short and long TR/TE spin echo sequences in demonstrating narrowing of the spinal canal and cord lesions. The drawback is the limited signal to noise ratio.
Spondylolysis and the Sacro-Horizontal Angle in Athletes
Authors: Swärd L. , Hellström M. , Jacobsson B. , Peterson L.
Published: June 2015

The frequency of spondylolysis and the relationship between spondylolysis and the sacro-horizontal angle in 143 athletes and 30 non-athletes is reported. Athletes had a larger sacro-horizontal angle than non-athletes. The sacro-horizontal angle was larger in athletes with spondylolysis as compared with those without. An increased incidence of spondylolysis with an increased angle was demonstrated. It is suggested that an increased sacro-horizontal angle may predispose to spondylolysis, especially in combination with the high mechanical loads sustained in certain sports.
Local Differences in Mineral Content in Vertebral Trabecular Bone Measured by Dual-Energy Computed Tomography
Authors: Nepper-Rasmussen J. , Mosekilde L.
Published: June 2015

Twelve lumbar vertebral bodies from cadavers were examined with dual-energy CT, to measure the calcium content in a big central region of interest (ROI). In each of five vertebrae the calcium content was also measured in six small ROI. After completed scanning, six small cylinders were drilled out from each vertebra, and the ash-density of each cylinder was measured. The dual-energy CT measurements correlated well with the ash-density. Both ash-density and dual-energy CT showed a significantly higher mineral content in the posterior part of the vertebrae than in the anterior part, and this difference might be responsible for problems encountered with the reproducibility of dual-energy CT.