bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of bioelectrical impedance analysis in centenarians: a systematic review
Authors: Mandalà Caterina , Veronese Nicola , Dominguez Ligia J. , Candore Giuseppina , Accardi Giulia , Smith Lee , Herrero Maria Trinidad , Barbagallo Mario
Published: October 2022

Background

Centenarians often represent one of the best examples of aging successfully. However, the role of body composition or hydration status assessed with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is poorly explored in this population. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to better understand the use and the role of BIA for evaluating body composition and hydration status in centenarians.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review of the literature up to the 1st of May, 2022 for published articles providing data on BIA to evaluate body composition parameters or hydration status in centenarians. Data were summarized descriptively because a meta-analysis was not possible due to the scarcity of available studies.

Results

Among 2222 articles screened, four were eligible including 291 centenarians (mean age: 100.5 years) who were mainly women (88%). In one study, BIA overestimated fat-free mass and underestimated fat mass when compared to deuterium oxide dilution. Another study carried out in Italy including 14 centenarians found a significant correlation between BIA and fat-free mass evaluated using anthropometric tools. In one study, BIA showed a significant agreement with anthropometric measures of fat mass. In the same sample, sarcopenia and dehydration, evaluated with BIA, had a high prevalence.

Conclusion

BIA may be used for assessing body composition in centenarians, but research is limited to a few studies suggesting the need of future research in this area.
Persönlichkeitsprofile und individueller Umgang mit Stress im Altersgruppenvergleich von ukrainischen (weiblichen) Lehrern
Authors: Thielmann Beatrice , Jurkul Tanja , Zavgorodnii Igor , Böckelmann Irina
Published: October 2022

Hintergrund

Lehrer gehören zu den Berufen mit hohen psychoemotionalen Belastungen, denen Persönlichkeitsmerkmale und der individuelle Umgang mit Stress entgegenwirken, um die negativen Beanspruchungsfolgen zu vermeiden. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand in der altersabhängigen Analyse des individuellen Umgangs mit Stresssituationen und ihrer situationsbedingten Persönlichkeitsprofile.

Methodik

Die Stichprobe umfasste 238 ukrainische Lehrer (98,3 % weiblich) im Durchschnittsalter von 43,7 ± 12,55 Jahren. Die Gesamtstichprobe wurde in 2 Altersgruppen AG I (< 45 Jahre) und AG II (≥ 45 Jahre) unterteilt. Es wurden das Differentielle Stress Inventar (DSI-HR) nach Lefèvre und Kubinger sowie das Inventar zur Persönlichkeitsdiagnostik in Situationen (IPS) nach Schaarschmidt und Fischer bewertet.

Ergebnisse

Es fanden sich signifikante Altersgruppenunterschiede in den DSI-Variablen „Stressauslösung“ (p = 0,002), „Stressauslösung durch Alltagsgeschehen“ (p = 0,005), „Stressauslösung durch Interaktion“ (p = 0,001) und „Stressstabilisierung“ (p = 0,005). Dabei sind ältere Lehrer häufiger überbeansprucht (41,2 %) als jüngere (31,3 %). Hier gibt es eine statistisch vergleichbare Verteilung der Altersgruppen innerhalb der vier IPS-Profile.

Diskussion

Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ältere ukrainische Lehrer sich subjektiv beanspruchter fühlten. Es bedarf einer Implementierung von Gesundheits- und Präventionsmaßnahmen bei alternder, hier überwiegend weiblicher Lehrerschaft, um die Gesundheit der älteren Lehrer der Ukraine langfristig aufrechtzuerhalten. Eine arbeitsmedizinische Vorsorge, wie in Deutschland vorgeschrieben, ist auch an Schulen in der Ukraine zu empfehlen.
Reading an Islamic epistemology into research: Muslim converts and contemporary religion in Britain
Authors: Adebolajo Jeremiah
Published: October 2022

This paper presents a tentative argument for the application of a unique methodological approach in researching convert Muslims in contemporary Britain. By throwing into relief some of the theoretical limitations of previous studies on the topic, a case is made for a dialectical model of thinking that foregrounds Islamic epistemology and places it into conversation with a critical posture. The article contributes to a wider discourse within academia about the ability of the contemporary study of religion to reflect the increasingly diverse world of religious and non-religious practice found in contemporary Britain. It is critical of the over enfranchisement of secular readings of Islamic conversion specifically, and orientalist framings of Islamic identity generally. I conclude by asserting insider positionality and the primacy of reflexivity as an approach to ensure intellectual rigour.
Cooperation patterns in the ERASMUS student exchange network: an empirical study
Authors: Gadár László , Kosztyán Zsolt T. , Telcs András , Abonyi János
Published: October 2022

The ERASMUS program is the most extensive cooperation network of European higher education institutions. The network involves 90% of European universities and hundreds of thousands of students. The allocated money and number of travelers in the program are growing yearly. By considering the interconnection of institutions, the study asks how the program’s budget performs, whether the program can achieve its expected goals, and how the program contributes to the development of a European identity, interactions among young people from different countries and learning among cultures. Our goal was to review and explore the elements of network structures that can be used to understand the complexity of the whole ERASMUS student mobility network at the institutional level. The results suggest some socioeconomic and individual behavioral factors underpinning the emergence of the network. While the nodes are spatially distributed, geographical distance does not play a role in the network’s structure, although parallel travelling strategies exist, i.e., in terms of preference of short- and long-distance. The European regions of home and host countries also affect the network. One of the most considerable driving forces of edge formation between institutions are the subject areas represented by participating institutions. The study finds that faculties of institutions are connected rather than institutions, and multilayer network model suggested to explore the mechanisms of those connections. The results indicate that the information uncovered by the study is helpful to scholars and policymakers.
Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Women’s Rights and Wellbeing: Analysis of the Ugandan Response to the Global Virus
Authors: Mwenyango Hadijah
Published: October 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic caused dilemmas for the most vulnerable populations around the world. This article describes the gendered effects of the pandemic on Ugandan women’s rights and wellbeing and provides suggestions for local and international practice. Mandatory lockdowns and movement restrictions created negative implications for women’s attainment of economic, social, cultural, political and civil rights and intensified pre-existing gender inequalities between women and men. The findings of intensified gender inequities, gender-based violence, sexual abuse, scanty access to reproductive health services and social justice, and barriers to participation in education, employment and politics indicate that response measures were not aligned with the government’s legal and policy framework for addressing gender inequities. This research indicates that governments, civil society organisations and the international community must undertake proper gender analysis in designing response measures and guidelines not only for COVID-19 but also in other emergencies. All response measures during emergencies must be coordinated, monitored and evaluated to ensure efficient and effective protection of the vulnerable and conformity to human rights standards.
Unpleasant Memories on the Web in Employment Relations: A Ricoeurian Approach
Authors: Habisch André , Kletz Pierre , Wack Eva
Published: October 2022

Cybervetting has become common practice in personnel decision-making processes of organizations. While it represents a quick and inexpensive way of obtaining additional information on employees and applicants, it gives rise to a variety of legal and ethical concerns. To limit companies’ access to personal information, a right to be forgotten has been introduced by the European jurisprudence. By discussing the notion of forgetting from the perspective of French hermeneutic philosopher Paul Ricoeur, the present article demonstrates that both, companies and employees, would be harmed if access to online information on applicants and current employees would be denied. Consistent with a Humanistic Management approach that promotes human dignity and flourishing in the workplace, this article proposes guidance for the responsible handling of unpleasant online memories in personnel decision-making processes, thereby following Ricoeur’s notion of forgetting as “kept in reserve”. Enabling applicants and employees to take a qualified stand on their past is more beneficial to both sides than a right to be forgotten that is questionable in several respects.
The Professional Athlete Career Lifespan: Through an Indigenous Lens
Authors: Keung Sierra , Enari Dion
Published: October 2022

The rise of non-European sport athletes has meant a need for their cultural ways to be acknowledged in the sporting arena. Although the players' cultures are visible in sports, through war chants, tattoos, and cultural singing, much of their interactions as athletes are underpinned by foreign western centric philosophies. Many of them are forced to work in an environment which privileges individual capitalism, over their cultural values of service. The failure of sporting organisations to understand the cultural beliefs and practices of players has not only resulted in cultural exclusion but also an incorrect analysis of the player lifespan of these athletes. As Indigenous researchers, we use a culturally appropriate service model to underpin the lifecycle of these professional athletes. Through the analysis of three Indigenous professional athletes from various sporting codes, we provide insight into their professional life span along with their priorities, responsibilities, and duties. By exploring their narratives through a cultural lens, the professional life span of a rookie, veteran and legend athlete are explored and analysed. It is envisioned that this article will provide a strengths-based view of Indigenous athletes and the unique worldviews they bring.
Vertrauen, Autonomie und Ziele
Authors: Melichar Hannes Gustav
Published: October 2022

Vertrauen in andere Menschen und unsere Umwelt ist zweifellos eine der Voraussetzungen für den sozialen Zusammenhalt im Allgemeinen, aber auch für ein gelingendes Leben des Einzelnen. In der Philosophie hat Vertrauen als zentrales Thema in den letzten drei Jahrzehnten verstärkte Aufmerksamkeit erfahren. Viele der Konzeptualisierungen verstehen Vertrauen als eine Erwartung von Verlässlichkeit, der ein weiterer Faktor hinzugefügt wird. Im Gegensatz dazu wird im vorliegenden Artikel argumentiert, dass Vertrauen in einer Haltung besteht, die die autonomen Ziele anderer Wesen mit den eigenen Zwecken in Einklang setzt. Diese Haltung wird aufgrund ihrer lebensweltlichen Grundlage der Zielorientierung als aristotelische Haltung charakterisiert. Dass Lebewesen zielorientiert sind, wird in Anlehnung an die Philosophie der Biologie von Hans Jonas und den Enaktivismus erklärt. Die Fähigkeit, diese Zielorientierung wahrzunehmen, wird in dem Artikel mit Hilfe der entwicklungspsychologischen Theorie von Tomassello und dem phänomenologischen Verständnis von Empathie analysiert. Um die Fruchtbarkeit des so entfalteten Vertrauensbegriffs zu demonstrieren, wird schließlich gezeigt, wie Vertrauen als zentraler Baustein im Kontext von Psychotherapien wirksam wird.
Design, fabrication, and structural safety validation of 3D-printable biporous bone augments
Authors: Kang Yeokyung , Lim Dasol , Sun Doo-Hoon , Park Jong-Chul , Kim Jungsung
Published: October 2022

The use of commercial products such as a cup and liner for total hip arthroplasty for patients with severe bone defects has a high probability of failure. In these patients the cup alone cannot cover the bone defect, and thus, an additional augment or cage is required. In this study, we designed three-dimensional (3D) printable bone augments as an alternative to surgeries using reinforcement cages. Thirty-five sharp-edged bone augments of various sizes were 3D printed. A biporous structure was designed to reduce the weight of the augment and to facilitate bone ingrowth. Two types of frames were used to prevent damage to the augment’s porous structure and maintain its stability during printing. Furthermore, two types of holes were provided for easy augment fixation at various angles. Fatigue tests were performed on a combination of worst-case sizes derived using finite element analysis. The test results confirmed the structural stability of the specimens at a load of 5340 N. Although the porosity of the specimens was measured to be 63.70%, it cannot be said that the porous nature was uniformly distributed because porosity tests were performed locally and randomly. In summary, 3D-printable biporous bone augments capable of bonding from various angles and bidirectionally through angulation and bottom-plane screw holes are proposed. The mechanical results with bone augments indicate good structural safety in patients. However, further research is necessary to study the clinical applications of the proposed bone augment.

Graphic abstract
A Systematic Review on Primary School Teachers’ Characteristics and Behaviors in Identifying, Preventing, and Reducing Bullying
Authors: van Aalst Danelien A. E. , Huitsing Gijs , Veenstra René
Published: October 2022

Despite the expanding body of research on school bullying and interventions, knowledge is limited on what teachers should do to identify, prevent, and reduce bullying. This systematic literature review provides an overview of research on the role of primary school teachers with regard to bullying and victimization. A conceptual framework was developed in line with the Theory of Planned Pehavior, which can serve in further research to facilitate research in investigating the prevention and reduction of bullying. Different elements of this framework were distinguished in categorizing the literature: teachers’ knowledge, attitudes, perceived subjective norms, and self-efficacy, which impacted subsequently the likelihood to intervene, used strategies and programs, and ultimately the bullying prevalence in the classroom. In total, 75 studies complied to the inclusion criteria and were reviewed systematically. The Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment was used to assess the quality of each study, leading to 25 papers with an adequate research design that were discussed in more detail. The approach in this review provides a framework to combine studies on single or multiple elements of a complex theoretical model of which only some parts have been empirically investigated.
Development of a new hydrophobic magnetic biochar for removing oil spills on the water surface
Authors: Sun Xiaojun , Fu Hongrui , Bao Mutai , Liu Wei , Luo Chengyi , Li Yang , Li Yiming , Lu Jinren
Published: October 2022

More technologies are urgently needed for combined use to effectively eliminate the effect of oil spills, an environmental problem of widespread concern. Among these technologies, sorption methods are available to remove residual oil and prevent the further spread on the water surface. In this study, biochars, prepared from different feedstock materials and pyrolysis temperatures, were screened and further modified to improve their application in the water environment. Among cornstalk biochar (CSBC), corncob biochar (CCBC), Sophora sawdust biochar (SSBC), and rice husk biochar (RHBC), the CSBC had excellent oil sorption capacity, especially prepared at 350℃ (CSBC350), which has a complete and full pore structure. Furthermore, magnetic and silane agent modifications of CSBC350 (OMBC) were performed to enhance the properties of the magnetic field controllability and hydrophobicity to increase oil sorption. The OMBC exhibited satisfactory oil sorption capacities to crude oil, diesel oil, and engine oil in the water-oil system of 8.77 g g−1, 4.01 g g−1, and 4.44 g g−1, respectively. The sorption process of CSBC350 and OMBC complied with the pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 > 0.97) and the Langmuir isotherm models (R2 > 0.80) based on the highest regression coefficients. The sorption mechanisms are dominated by hydrophobic forces, pore intercepts, and hydrogen-bond interactions. The biochar adsorbent can availably cooperate with other physical methods to eliminate oil contaminants, which can be an outstanding fuel source for producing heat.

Graphical Abstract
Monitoring Large Scale Production Processes Using a Rule-Based Visualization Recommendation System
Authors: Chakrabarti Arnab , Ahmad Farhad , Jarke Matthias , Quix Christoph
Published: October 2022

Data visualization plays an important role in the analysis of data and the identification of insights and characteristics within the dataset. Current visualization tools suffer from limitations with respect to the number of dimensions that can be displayed simultaneously. This often results in the inability to highlight hidden patterns or trends, affecting the analysts’ decision-making capabilities. In this scenario, it becomes imperative to propose systems that recommend useful insights to guide users to understand and explore data more efficiently. Addressing this problem, we propose a rule-based visualization recommendation(VizRec) system which caters for the research goal of providing an intelligent assistant that can guide users directly to relevant insights in the data. Our proposed VizRec system automates aspects of visualization design and recommends visualizations incorporating both the data characteristics and the diverse tasks representing users’ goals and intents using a knowledge-based rule engine. To ensure the correctness of knowledge-based rules and the dynamic nature of the rule engine, a formalization theory is proposed. We implemented our proposed model into a working tool for the exploration of complex production data generated from the manufacturing processes for the German excellence cluster “Internet of Production”. Our tool was able to generate recommendations capable of visualizing data insights regardless of the domain it is used in. The existing systems face several shortcomings ranging from the number of dimensions they can handle to the limited number of supported visualizations. The recommended visualizations derived from our proposed system were able to mitigate such challenges by adopting a generic rule-based approach incorporating visualizations handling multidimensional data. We evaluated our system in multiple fields, including the engineering domain, where production systems datasets are used to achieve user-intended tasks and gain valuable insights.
Endometriosis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Leading to Fibrosis
Authors: Garcia Garcia Jose Manuel , Vannuzzi Valentina , Donati Chiara , Bernacchioni Caterina , Bruni Paola , Petraglia Felice
Published: October 2022

Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting women of reproductive age. A relevant feature of endometriosis is the presence of fibrotic tissue inside and around the lesions, thus contributing to the classic endometriosis-related symptoms, pain, and infertility. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of fibrosis in endometriosis are not yet defined. The present review aimed to examine the biological mechanisms and signalling pathways involved in fibrogenesis of endometriotic lesions, highlighting the difference between deep infiltrating and ovarian endometriosis. The main cell types involved in the development of fibrosis are platelets, myofibroblasts, macrophages, and sensory nerve fibers. Members of the transforming growth factor (TGF) -β family, as well as the receptor Notch, or the bioactive sphingolipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), play a role in the development of tissue fibrosis, resulting in their metabolism and/or their signalling pathways altered in endometriotic lesions. It is relevant the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that guide and support fibrosis in endometriosis, to identify new drug targets and provide new therapeutic approaches to patients.
Rawlsian AI fairness loopholes
Authors: Jørgensen Anna Katrine , Søgaard Anders
Published: October 2022

Researchers and industry developers in artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP) have uniformly adopted a Rawlsian definition of fairness. On this definition, a technology is fair if performance is maximized for the least advantaged. We argue this definition has considerable loopholes, which can be used to legitimize common practices in AI/NLP research that actively contributes to social and economic inequalities. Such practices include what we shall refer to as Subgroup Test Ballooning and Snapshot-Representative Evaluation. Subgroup Test Ballooning refers to the practice of initially tailoring a technology to a specific target group of technology-ready early adopters to collect feedback faster. Snapshot-Representative Evaluation refers to the practice of evaluating a technology on a representative sample of current end users. Both strategies may contribute to social and economic inequalities but are commonly justified using arguments familiar from political economics and grounded in Rawlsian fairness. We discuss an egalitarian alternative to Rawlsian fairness, as well as, more generally, the roadblocks on the path toward globally and socially fair AI/NLP research and development.
Charles Peirce and Modern Science
Authors: Short T. L.
Published: October 2022

In this book, T. L. Short places the notorious difficulties of Peirce's important writings in a more productive light, arguing that he wrote philosophy as a scientist, by framing conjectures intended to be refined or superseded in the inquiries they initiate. He argues also that Peirce held that the methods and metaphysics of modern science are amended as inquiry progresses, making metaphysics a branch of empirical knowledge. Additionally, Short shows that Peirce's scientific work expanded empiricism on empirical grounds, grounding his phenomenology and subverting the fact/value dichotomy, and that he understood statistical explanations in nineteenth-century science as reintroducing the idea of final causation, now made empirical. Those innovations underlie Peirce's late ideas of a normative science and of philosophy as a branch of science. Short's rich and original study shows us how to read Peirce's writings and why they are worth reading.
Factors Affecting Young Mothers’ Access to Child Healthcare Services: A Behavioural Analysis to Guide the Development of Interventions
Authors: Krahe Michelle , O'Leary Kate , Reilly Sheena , Wallis Kate , Walsh Karyn
Published: October 2022

Young mothers are more likely to access healthcare for their children in emergent care settings and less likely to use preventive care. This study examines the healthcare-seeking behaviours of young mothers to inform the design of tailored interventions. Semi-structured interviews with nine young mothers (aged ≤ 25 years) who were attending a supported playgroup in Brisbane, Australia were conducted and explored using the Capability, Opportunity and Motivation and Behaviour (COM-B) model and the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Five behavioural themes were identified (navigating the system, complex referral pathways, delays and long wait times, understanding child development, and connecting to services) and the role of the supported playgroup in shaping young mothers’ understanding of child development and connecting them to services was highlighted. Recommended strategies to address these factors include opportunities for young mothers to learn about child developmental milestones, improving young mothers’ health literacy, increasing young mothers’ skills and/or the availability of support to help them navigate health services, and providing more accessible entry points for child assessments, referrals, or early intervention programs.
Rethinking Archives, Rewriting History: Other-Archives and the Interdisciplinary Approaches to Moroccan History of the “Years of Lead”
Authors: El Guabli Brahim
Published: October 2022

Archives are loci of power where state (and archive creators’) hegemony is reproduced and sustained through the stories they allow to be told and the ones they suppress. However, this applies only to contexts in which archives actually exist and are organized. I argue that Morocco’s postcolonial history challenges Western notions of archives and begs for a conceptualization of “other-archives” in which silenced stories find their way to the public arena and resist authoritarian amnesia. Not only do other-archives liberate history (re)writing from archival hegemony, but they also open up space for an interdisciplinary study of history. Other-archives, as I theorize them, allow the inscription of the voices of the subaltern into the other-archival documents while also helping to decenter history and historiographical discourses by creating the need for historians to collaborate with specialists in other non-history-focused disciplines, such as cinema, literature, sociology, and political science. This article reveals how the existence and wide dissemination of other-archives within the context of the Equity and Reconciliation Commission’s work in Morocco (2004–2005) spurred transformative debates among Moroccan historians and incited them to push the boundaries of their discipline through the use oftārīkh al-zaman al-rāhin(history of the present).
Wing sweep effects on laminar separated flows
Authors: Ribeiro Jean Hélder Marques , Yeh Chi-An , Zhang Kai , Taira Kunihiko
Published: October 2022

We reveal the effects of sweep on the wake dynamics around NACA 0015 wings at high angles of attack using direct numerical simulations and resolvent analysis. The influence of sweep on the wake dynamics is considered for sweep angles from

$0^\circ$

to

$45^\circ$

and angles of attack from

$16^\circ$

to

$30^\circ$

for a spanwise periodic wing at a chord-based Reynolds number of

$400$

and a Mach number of

$0.1$

. Wing sweep affects the wake dynamics, especially in terms of stability and spanwise fluctuations with implications on the development of three-dimensional (3-D) wakes. We observe that wing sweep attenuates spanwise fluctuations. Even as the sweep angle influences the wake, force and pressure coefficients can be collapsed for low angles of attack when examined in wall-normal and wingspan-normal independent flow components. Some small deviations at high sweep and incidence angles are attributed to vortical wake structures that impose secondary aerodynamic loads, revealed through the force element analysis. Furthermore, we conduct global resolvent analysis to uncover oblique modes with high disturbance amplification. The resolvent analysis also reveals the presence of wavemakers in the shear-dominated region associated with the emergence of 3-D wakes at high angles of attack. For flows at high sweep angles, the optimal convection speed of the response modes is shown to be faster than the optimal wavemakers speed suggesting a mechanism for the attenuation of perturbations. The present findings serve as a fundamental stepping stone to understanding separated flows at higher Reynolds numbers.
Shape of sessile drops at small contact angles
Authors: Yariv Ehud
Published: October 2022

The shape of a sessile drop on a horizontal substrate depends upon the Bond number

$Bo$

and the contact angle

$\alpha$

. Inspired by puddle approximations at large

$Bo$

(Quéré, Rep. Prog. Phys., vol. 68, 2005, p. 2495), we address here the limit of small contact angles at fixed drop volume and arbitrary

$Bo$

. It readily leads to a pancake shape approximation, where the drop height and radius scale as

$\alpha$

and

$\alpha ^{-1/2}$

, respectively, with capillary forces being appreciable only near the edge. The pancake approximation breaks down for

$Bo=\textrm {ord}(\alpha ^{2/3})$

. In that distinguished limit, capillary and gravitational forces are comparable throughout, and the drop height and radius scale as

$\alpha ^{2/3}$

and

$\alpha ^{-1/3}$

, respectively. For

$Bo\ll \alpha ^{2/3}$

these scalings remain, with the drop shape turning into a spherical cap. The asymptotic results are compared with a numerical solution of the exact problem.
Momentum transfer and plasma rotation caused by destabilized eigenmodes in tokamaks
Authors: Kolesnichenko Ya.I. , Kim Hyun-Tae , Lutsenko V.V. , Tykhyy A.V. , White R.B. , Yakovenko Yu.V. ,   JET contributors
Published: October 2022

The influence of magnetohydrodynamic eigenmodes destabilized by energetic ions on the momentum of these ions and concomitant sheared plasma rotation are studied. Two mechanisms affecting rotation are revealed: (i) spatial channelling (SC) – radially separated emission and absorption of the momentum; (ii) mode induced redistribution (MIR) across the magnetic field of the momentum of energetic ions. Forces arising during SC and MIR produce both toroidal and poloidal rotations. In addition, the momentum emission during SC leads to a radial flux of fast ions and generation of a radial electric field. Using the developed theory, estimates were made for the ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) 15 MA baseline scenario. They show that a global toroidicity-induced Alfvén eigenmode destabilized by alpha particles and neutral beam injection can result in significant radial electric field and forces applied to plasma. However, available data are not sufficient for a reliable prediction of the effects of SC and MIR in ITER. In general, one can expect that sheared rotation arising after destabilization of Alfvén modes and fast magnetoacoustic modes by energetic ions will tend to suppress the turbulence and improve plasma performance. The importance of plasma rotation is supported, in particular, by the fact that during the JET DTE1 experimental campaign the best parameters were achieved in a deuterium–tritium discharge where the rotation frequency was largest.
Alterations in facial expressions in individuals at risk for psychosis: a facial electromyography approach using emotionally evocative film clips
Authors: Gupta Tina , Osborne K. Juston , Nadig Ajay , Haase Claudia M. , Mittal Vijay A.
Published: October 2022

Background

Negative symptoms such as blunted facial expressivity are characteristic of schizophrenia. However, it is not well-understood if and what abnormalities are present in individuals at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis.

Methods

This experimental study employed facial electromyography (left zygomaticus major and left corrugator supercilia) in a sample of CHR individuals (N = 34) and healthy controls (N = 32) to detect alterations in facial expressions in response to emotionally evocative film clips and to determine links with symptoms.

Results

Findings revealed that the CHR group showed facial blunting manifested in reduced zygomatic activity in response to an excitement (but not amusement, fear, or sadness) film clip compared to controls. Reductions in zygomatic activity in the CHR group emerged in response to the emotionally evocative peak period of the excitement film clip. Lower zygomaticus activity during the excitement clip was related to anxiety while lower rates of change in zygomatic activity during the excitement video clip were related to higher psychosis risk conversion scores.

Conclusions

Together, these findings inform vulnerability/disease driving mechanisms and biomarker and treatment development.
Association of the plasma complement system with brain volume deficits in bipolar and major depressive disorders
Authors: Yu Hua , Ni Peiyan , Tian Yang , Zhao Liansheng , Li Mingli , Li Xiaojing , Wei Wei , Wei Jinxue , Du Xiangdong , Wang Qiang , Guo Wanjun , Deng Wei , Ma Xiaohong , Coid Jeremy , Li Tao
Published: October 2022

Background

Inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). This study aimed to examine whether the dysregulation of complement components contributes to brain structural defects in patients with mood disorders.

Methods

A total of 52 BD patients, 35 MDD patients, and 53 controls were recruited. The human complement immunology assay was used to measure the levels of complement factors. Whole brain-based analysis was performed to investigate differences in gray matter volume (GMV) and cortical thickness (CT) among the BD, MDD, and control groups, and relationships were explored between neuroanatomical differences and levels of complement components.

Results

GMV in the medial orbital frontal cortex (mOFC) and middle cingulum was lower in both patient groups than in controls, while the CT of the left precentral gyrus and left superior frontal gyrus were affected differently in the two disorders. Concentrations of C1q, C4, factor B, factor H, and properdin were higher in both patient groups than in controls, while concentrations of C3, C4 and factor H were significantly higher in BD than in MDD. Concentrations of C1q, factor H, and properdin showed a significant negative correlation with GMV in the mOFC at the voxel-wise level.

Conclusions

BD and MDD are associated with shared and different alterations in levels of complement factors and structural impairment in the brain. Structural defects in mOFC may be associated with elevated levels of certain complement factors, providing insight into the shared neuro-inflammatory pathogenesis of mood disorders.
Pollution and the public: how information accessibility conditions the public’s responsiveness to policy and outcomes
Authors: Buchanan Ross
Published: October 2022

This article advances a theory that brings real-world outcomes into our current understanding of the dynamic relationship between public opinion and policy. It examines a vital public good – air pollution remediation in 319 American localities – and estimates a dynamic model of relationships among three key variables: public opinion, policy, and air pollution outcomes. The analysis focuses on both public opinion and air pollution outcomes as dependent variables. I find that public opinion reacts to changes in statewide policy and local air pollution, which suggests the public forms its opinions with whatever reliable information is most readily available. I also find that local public opinion’s impact on local air pollution is substantively meaningful on timescales smaller than 5 years, indicating that the additional policy effort prompted by public opinion change is sufficient to yield tangible real-world outcomes even in the short term.
A design of underwater soft gripper with water pressure sensing and enhanced stiffness
Authors: Huang Jingke , Wang Zhanhua , Li Jianda , Tang Zhijie
Published: October 2022

In this paper, a hydraulic soft gripper for underwater applications is designed to provide a solution for improving the gripping force as well as the sensing capability of the soft gripper. The soft gripper is made of silicone and has an integrated semi-circular hydraulic network inside. To enhance the rigidity and grasping performance of the soft gripper, we have integrated a restriction layer consisting of a spring steel plate in the soft gripper. Meanwhile, to enhance the sensing capability of this soft gripper, we have designed a water pressure sensor based on resistance strain gauges and integrated it on the spring steel plate. Before fabrication, we determined the structural parameters of the soft gripper by geometric analysis. Then we experimentally evaluated its pressure-bearing capacity, bending performance, the role of spring steel plates, and the accuracy of the sensor.The experimental results show that the spring steel plate improves the gripping force of the soft gripper, the sensor also has high accuracy, and the built four-finger gripping system has good adaptability to objects of different shapes and weights.Compared with the existing solutions, this solution takes a simpler structural form while improving the gripping force and sensing ability of the soft gripper, and integrates the issues of improving the gripping force and sensing ability. The spring steel plate used in this paper not only improves the gripping force of the soft gripper but also provides a stable and reliable platform for installing sensors.
Using discrete-choice experiments to elicit preferences for digital wearable health technology for self-management of chronic kidney disease
Authors: Gc Vijay S , Iglesias Cynthia P , Erdem Seda , Hassan Lamiece , Peek Niels , Manca Andrea
Published: October 2022

Objectives

Wearable digital health technologies (DHTs) have the potential to improve chronic kidney disease (CKD) management through patient engagement. This study aimed to investigate and elicit preferences of individuals with CKD toward wearable DHTs designed to support self-management of their condition.

Methods

Using the results of our review of the published literature and after conducting qualitative patient interviews, five-choice attributes were identified and included in a discrete-choice experiment. The design consisted of 10-choice tasks, each comprising two hypothetical technologies and one opt-out scenario. We collected data from 113 adult patients with CKD stages 3–5 not on dialysis and analyzed their responses via a latent class model to explore preference heterogeneity.

Results

Two patient segments were identified. In all preference segments, the most important attributes were the deviceappearance,format,andtypeof information provided. Patients within the largest preference class (70 percent) favored information provided in any format except the audio, while individuals in the other class preferred information in text format. In terms of the style of engagement with the device, both classes wanted a device that provides options rather than telling them what to do.

Conclusions

Our analysis indicates that user preferences differ between patient subgroups, supporting the case for offering a different design of the device for different patients’ strata, thus moving away from a one-size-fits-all service provision. Furthermore, we showed how to leverage the information from user preferences early in the R&D process to inform and support the provision of nuanced person-centered wearable DHTs.
A life span developmental investigation of marriage and problem-drinking reduction
Authors: Lee Matthew R. , Yeung Ellen W. , Littlefield Andrew K. , Stephenson Audrey , Kady Annabel , Kwan Thomas , Chassin Laurie , Sher Kenneth J.
Published: October 2022

While prior literature has largely focused on marriage effects during young adulthood, it is less clear whether these effects are as strong in middle adulthood. Thus, we investigated age differences in marriage effects on problem-drinking reduction. We employed parallel analyses with two independent samples (analytic-sample Ns of 577 and 441, respectively). Both are high-risk samples by design, with about 50% of participants having a parent with lifetime alcohol use disorder. Both samples have been assessed longitudinally from early young adulthood to the mid-to-late 30s. Separate parallel analyses with these two samples allowed evaluation of the reproducibility of results. Growth models of problem drinking tested marriage as a time-varying predictor and thereby assessed age differences in marriage effects. For both samples, results consistently showed marriage effects to be strongest in early young adulthood and to decrease somewhat monotonically thereafter with age, reaching very small (and nonsignificant) magnitudes by the 30s. Results may reflect that role transitions like marriage have more impact on problem drinking in earlier versus later adulthood, thereby highlighting the importance of life span developmental research for understanding problem-drinking desistance. Our findings can inform intervention strategies aimed at reducing problem drinking by jumpstarting or amplifying natural processes of adult role adaptation.
Echoes of shame: a comparison of the characteristics and psychological sequelae of recalled shame experiences across the voice hearing continuum
Authors: Brand R.M. , Altman R. , Nardelli C. , Raffoul M. , Matos M. , Bortolon C.
Published: October 2022

Background:

Voice hearing occurs across a number of psychiatric diagnoses and appears to be present on a continuum within the general population. Previous research has highlighted the potential role of past experiences of shame in proneness to voice hearing in the general population.

Aims:

This study aimed to extend this past research and compare people with distressing voices, people with voices but no distress, and a non-voice hearing control group, on various dimensions of shame and shame memory characteristics.

Method:

In a cross-sectional, online study 39 distressed voice hearers, 31 non-distressed voice hearers and 50 non-voice hearers undertook a shame memory priming task in which they were prompted to recall a memory of a shaming experience from their past. They then completed questionnaires assessing the characteristics of the recalled shame event and the psychological sequalae of this event (i.e. intrusions, hyperarousal, avoidance, the centrality of shame memories, external shame, and self-criticism).

Results:

The majority of recalled shame memories involved experiences such as interpersonal criticism or experiences of being devalued. Univariate analyses found no significant differences between the three groups with regard to the shame events that were recalled, but the distressed voice hearer group reported significantly more hyperarousal, intrusions, self-criticism, and external shame in relation to their experience.

Conclusions:

The findings suggest that voice hearers recall similar types of shame experiences to non-voice hearers, but that problematic psychological sequelae of these shame experiences (in the form of intrusive memories, hyperarousal, external shame, and self-criticism) may specifically contribute to distressing voice hearing.
ERP differences between monolinguals and bilinguals: The role of linguistic distance
Authors: Morrison Cassandra , Taler Vanessa
Published: October 2022

A growing body of research suggests that bilingualism may afford benefits to certain aspects of cognitive functioning. Inconsistent findings may arise because of methodological differences within and across studies. One limitation is that studies often compare linguistically similar languages. The present study recorded brain activity (event-related potentials; ERPs) while English monolinguals, English–French bilinguals, and Arabic–English bilinguals completed an n-back task and a delayed matching-to-sample task. Group ERP differences were observed in the absence of behavioral differences. In the delayed matching-to-sample task, monolinguals exhibited smaller N2 amplitude compared to both bilingual groups, and smaller P3b amplitude compared to English–French bilinguals. In the n-back, English–French bilinguals displayed larger P3b amplitudes than monolinguals and Arabic–English bilinguals. P3b amplitude did not differ between Arabic–English bilinguals and monolinguals in either task. These results suggest that conflicting findings across studies may be due in part to the linguistic distance between the languages under study.
Food and beverage purchases at formal and informal outlets in Mexico
Authors: Farah Irene , Stern Dalia , Ramírez Yenisei , López-Olmedo Nancy , Pérez-Ferrer Carolina , Langellier Brent A , Colchero M Arantxa , Barrientos-Gutierrez Tonatiuh
Published: October 2022

Objective:

To examine food and beverage purchasing patterns across formal and informal outlets among Mexican households’ and explore differences by urbanicity and income.

Design:

Cross-sectional study of a nationally representative sample of households. We calculated the proportion of total food and beverage expenditure in each household by food outlet type overall and by urbanicity and income. We defined informal outlets as those which are not registered or regulated by tax and fiscal laws. Since some of the outlets within community food environments do not fall in clear categories, we defined a continuum from formal to informal outlets, adding mixed outlets as a category.

Setting:

Mexico.

Participants:

Mexican households (n 74 203) from the 2018 National Income and Expenditure Survey.

Results:

Of the total food and beverage purchases, outlets within the formal food sector (i.e. supermarkets and convenience stores) accounted for 15 % of the purchases, 13 % of purchases occurred in outlets within the informal food sector (i.e. street markets, street vendors and acquaintances) and 70 % in fiscally mixed outlets (i.e. small neighbourhood stores, specialty stores and public markets). Across levels of urbanicity and income, most food and beverage purchases occurred in mixed outlets. Also, purchases in informal and mixed outlets decreased as levels of urbanicity and income increased. In contrast to informal outlets, purchases in formal outlets were most likely from richer households and living in larger sized cities.

Conclusions:

Understanding where Mexican households shop for food is relevant to create tailored interventions according to food outlet type, accounting for regulatory and governance structures.
What determines the relative success of different war compensation policies? Comparing three unresolved compensation issues between Japan and South Korea
Authors: Lee Jun Young , Kim Yeon Joo , Kim Ji Young
Published: October 2022

This article examines three Japan–South Korea postwar compensation cases: the comfort women issue, the Sakhalin Island forced labor issue, and Korean atomic bomb survivor issue. These compensation movements produced vastly different results, even though the basic policy directions for compensation provision in all three cases were similar. Japan's approach toward the comfort women problem has been a complete failure, while its treatment of the Sakhalin forced labor issue and the atomic bomb issues has been more successful. This article's explanation of the different outcomes focuses on the character and geographical base of the civic groups leading these compensation movements. In South Korea, women's rights activists spearheaded the comfort women compensation movement and related victim-relief activities. The Korean non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that assisted the comfort women treated this problem not only as a women's rights issue, but also as a nationalist issue. In contrast, the Red Cross, a politically neutral international organization, promoted the Sakhalin forced labor and atomic bomb issues. In short, the different receptions accorded to those championing the comfort women issue and those promoting the Sakhalin forced labor and atomic bomb issues depended on the principal agent of each compensation process. This article aims to provide some implications for successfully implementing postwar compensation policies. It suggests that, if successful postwar compensation policy depends on successful perpetrator–victim reconciliation, establishing solidarity between perpetrator and victim countries’ civic groups is important. This can only be facilitated through the depoliticized and transparent operation of leading NGOs both inside and outside the redressal-seeking nation.