bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antibacterial assay of crude extracts from marine sponge Haliclona fascigera in Badi Island of Spermonde Archipelago against shrimp pathogenic bacteria
Authors: Latifah L A , Tahir A , Soekamto N H
Published: May 2021

The marine Sponge Haliclona fascigera, belonging to the genus Haliclona, Family Haliclonidae, Order Haplosclerida, is a source of potentially valuable marine natural products, including diverse bioactive secondary metabolites. These bioactive secondary metabolites could be used as alternative antibiotics for managing pathogenic bacteria in aquaculture. The study aimed to determine the in vitro antibacterial activity of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and acetone crude extracts against three shrimp pathogenic bacteria and to carry out phytochemical screening. The three crude extracts were produced from H. fascigera collected around Badi Island, Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. The crude extracts were screened for their activity against three shrimp pathogenic bacteria: Vibrio harveyi (M-120), Vibrio alginolyticus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (T-170). Antibacterial activity assays used the agar diffusion method; the paper discs were impregnated with extract concentrations of 2μg/25μL. Phytochemical screening was carried out using standard protocols to provide supporting data. N-hexane and acetone crude extracts of H. fascigera were able to inhibit Vibrio parahaemolyticus with inhibition zone diameters of 8.07mm and 7.62mm, respectively. The inhibition zone of Ciprofloxacin (positive control) was 10.45 mm. The phytochemical analysis indicated that steroid, terpenoid, and alkaloid compounds were present in H. fascigera. Further studies are needed to reveal the compounds causing the observed antimicrobial effect.
The organoleptic, physical and chemical quality of mud crab fattening feed fermented with a microorganism mixture
Authors: Aslamyah Siti , Hidayani Andi Aliah , Badraeni  , Azis Hasni Yulianti , Fujaya Yushinta
Published: May 2021

Feed for fattening mud crabs must not only be able to survive in water, but must also have high nutritional quality. High nutritional quality has an impact on increasing feed prices, so it is necessary to improve the quality of feed while maintaining a stable price. This study evaluated the organoleptic, physical and chemical quality of mud crab feed fermented by adding various doses of mixed microorganisms which cause fermentation to the raw feed materials. The microorganism mixture doses tested were: 0, 10, 20, and 30 mL 100 g-1 of raw feed materials. Based on organoleptic feed data (appearance, texture, aroma, and feed colour), physical data (water stability, including speed of breakdown and solids dispersion, hardness level, and sinking speed) and feed nutritional or chemical tests (protein, fat, nitrogen-free extract, crude fibre, ash, and water content, as well as the dry and organic matter digestibility percentages) it can be concluded that the microorganism mixture can be used effectively to ferment feed raw materials at a dose of 10 mL 100 g-1 of raw feed materials.
Environmentally friendly turbo jet aerator for sustainable multitrophic aquaculture
Authors: Tuwo A , Yasir I , Tresnati J , Aprianto R
Published: May 2021

Aquaculture is an oxygen-dependent business; heterotroph biomass production is proportional to the oxygen supply to the aquaculture pond, therefore, intensive and supra-intensive aquaculture requires a large supply of oxygen. The use of paddle wheel aerators and the types of aerators available in the market today are generally wasteful in terms of energy use. This poster presents the test results of the Prototype Turbo Jet Aerator, which is named RA-TJA-SG1. This submersible aerator prototype was designed to be able to produce large amounts of oxygen with a small energy consumption (40 watts) using sustainable solar energy. Laboratory test results indicated that the RA-TJA-SG1 is able to increase the content of the concentration of dissolve oxygen in seawater at different salinity to the ideal concentration for intensive and supra intensive shrimp culture.
Isolation and Characterization of Gonad Inhibiting Hormone (GIH)-coding Gene in black tiger shrimp (Penaeusmonodon Fabricius, 1798)
Authors: Trijuno Dody D. , Hidayani A. Aliah , Malina Asmi C. , Zainuddin Elmi N. , Parenrengi A.
Published: May 2021

One of the methods to increase the production in crustaceans is a highly complex hormonal process that requires precise coordination of external and internal factors to be successful. One of the important peptide hormones controlling reproduction in crustaceans is the gonad-inhibiting hormone (GIH). This gene is believed to be capable of encoding important components of the reproduction process, primarily inhibiting gonadal maturation in shrimp. As a key component in understanding the reproduction of Penaeus monodon, we characterised the expression pattern of the GIH gene in the eyestalks. This study aimed to isolate and characterize the gonad inhibiting hormone-encoding gene. The GIH gene was isolated using PCR with GIH-F and GIH-R primers. The PCR products (cDNA fragments) were sequenced. Sequence analysis was conducted in GENETYX version 7 and BLAST-N (basic local alignment search tool-nucleotide) was used to determine the similarity of sequences generated with existing sequences in GenBank. The cDNA sequences were 316 bp, and had 96%-99% identity with P. monodon GIH accessions in GenBank. We conclude that the PCR amplified cDNA fragments of the GIH encoding gene sequences from the shrimp.
Effect of bait availability on pole and line fisheries and the impact on the amount of fish consumption
Authors: Litaay C , Pelasula D D , Horhoruw S M , Arfah H
Published: May 2021

Pole and line fisheries are highly dependent on bait availability. The problem of bait lies in-stock availability and improper handling methods cause the bait to become stressed and die. This research aimed to analyse the effect of bait on the pole and line fishing process. This research was a survey through field observations. This research used descriptive analysis. Data were collected including on bait, the fishing process, and catch. The results showed that the pole and line process was one-day fishing. The bait volume used was 25 buckets. The pole and line catching process is quite involved and includes the process of transferring the live bait from the hold into the stocking tank using a large hand net with a 32 cm diameter, the chumming process or the process of spreading live bait using a small scoop net with a diameter of 13.5 cm, and the actual fishing process. The total catch was 500 individuals/trip or 2.5 tons, including Katsuwonus pelamis, Euthynnus affinis, Thunnus albacares and Coryphaena hippurus. Fishing was carried out as a one-day fishing process because it was based on the availability of bait. Fish resource utilization is managed by fishermen optimally because it affects fish consumption.
The influence of weirs on microplastic fate in the riverine environment (case study: Jeneberang River, Makassar City, Indonesia)
Authors: Wicaksono Ega Adhi , Werorilangi Shinta , Tahir Akbar
Published: May 2021

The riverine environment is known as the main pathway of microplastic entering the ocean. Recent studies show that the barricading of water flow in the riverine environment can influence the microplastic load to the ocean. The Jeneberang River, which is located in Makassar City, is prone to microplastic pollution. There are three weirs located in this river as water barricades. The aim of this study was to measure the microplastic abundance upstream and downstream of each weir flow. Microplastics in the water compartment were measured using the volume-reduce towing method and were measured in the sediment compartment using a density separator method. The results show that microplastic abundance in the water prior to passing each weir was higher (1.43 – 3.19 item/m3) compared by the flow after each weir (1.20 – 2.10 item/m3). The same pattern was also apparent in the sediment compartment where the microplastic abundance prior to the weirs tended to be higher (28.33 – 56.67 item/kg DW) compared to the compartment after the weir (30.00 – 53.33 item/kg DW). Based on microplastic shape, there is no evidence that weirs in the Jeneberang River are blocking any specific shape of microplastic. In conclusion, weirs that are commonly found in the riverine environment could act as microplastic retention devices in the riverine environment.
Microplastic concentration in asiatic hard clam meretrix meretrix (Linneaus, 1758) from Lemo Beach, Burau District, Luwu Timur Regency, South Sulawesi
Authors: Tamrin Sarnila , Yaqin Khusnul , Dwi Fajriyati Inaku Sri Wahyuni Rahim , Umar Moh. Tuhid
Published: May 2021

Microplastic pollution is a problem that is currently attracting the attention of various groups, from scientists to ordinary people. This type of pollution can have a negative impact on aquatic biota, especially organisms that have filter feeder behavior. Asiatic hard clam (Meretrix meretrix) is a filter feeder organism that has a considerable risk of being exposed to microplastics. This study aims to analyze the concentration of microplastics in Asiatic hard clam (M. meretrix) at Lemo Beach, Burau District, East Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi. Sampling was performed using purposive random sampling method. The number of samples of Asiatic hard clam was 118 which were divided into three groups of shell length, namely class A (2.75 - 3.40 cm), class B (3.41 - 4.21 cm), class C (4.22 - 5.24 cm). Observation of microplastic particles is carried out using a stereo microscope equipped with a camera (Miconos optical lab). The results of the frequency analysis of the presence of microplastics in the clam showed that class A was the class with the highest frequency, namely 95.67%. The observed microplastics were in the form of fibers, fragments, and films with a predominantly black and transparent color. The size of the observed microplastics ranged from 0.033-0.88 mm. The results of the microplastic concentration analysis showed that size class A had a greater concentration than class B and class C.
Strategic approaches in manta ray tourism management
Authors: Sari Hani Maulita , Jompa Jamaluddin , Natsir Nessa M.
Published: May 2021

Manta ray tourism has both positive and negative impacts. Therefore, this type of tourism should be managed appropriately, especially in protected areas. There are a number of protected areas in Indonesia which have become popular as manta ray tourism destinations. These tourism destinations are visited by thousands of tourists every year. Excessive tourist numbers with uncontrolled behaviour can potentially impact the species. This study was conducted to examine effective management strategies to mitigate overtourism in manta ray tourism at three sites: Komodo, Nusa Penida, and Raja Ampat. The target respondents included 73 relevant stakeholders. This descriptive research conducted during 2017-2018 involved the collection of quantitative information and utilised questionnaires. The results identified seven existing approaches to effective management of manta ray tourism in order to mitigate overtourism in the study areas. Key recommendations to improve mitigation are highlighted.
The coral reef health index in Teluk Sebong, Bintan Island
Authors: Kurniawan Dedy , Febrianto Try , Jumsurizal  , Dwirama Putra Risandi
Published: May 2021

Teluk Sebong is one of the areas around Bintan Island, Indonesia, that has potential coral reef resources. Bintan borders directly with neighbouring countries and with a major shipping lane (ALKI I) traversing the Indonesian Archipelago. This makes the coral reef ecosystems in this region particularly vulnerable to disruption from changes in the aquatic environment. There is a need for primary data on the coral reef ecosystem condition as a basis for understanding changes in this ecosystem. One commonly used method is the Coral Reef Health Index (CRHI), which can describe the current status in terms of live coral cover, the level of resilience (potential for recovery) during times of stress, the condition of economically important reef fish biomass, and ecologically related functions. The CRHI can be used in monitoring coral reef status and can provide a basis for the management of coral reef ecosystems. This study examined five sampling sites located in Teluk Sebong, Bintan Island. The in-situ data collection included the condition of coral reefs using the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method and reef fish condition using the Underwater Visual Census (UVC) method. The coral data collected were analyzed using the CPCe (Coral Point Calculate with Excel extension) software version 4.0 to determine the percentage benthic cover. The coral reef fish data were analyzed to provide target fish density and biomass values (carnivores and herbivores). The live coral cover in Teluk Sebong ranged from 30.87 - 45.40%. Out of the five research sites, Berakit, Pengudang, and Lagoi Bay had coral cover in the high category while coral cover at Banyan Tree and Rawa Island was in the medium category. Reef fish biomass in Teluk Sebong ranged from 9.26 - 108.07 kg/ha, and at all research sites fish biomass was in a low category. The coral reef ecosystem resilience in Teluk Sebong was high at the Berakit and Banyan tree sites; in contrast, Pengudang, Lagoi Bay, and Rawa Island were in the low resilience category. The coral reef index (CRHI) value was highest in Berakit (CRHI = 6), followed by Banyan Tree (CRHI = 5), Pengudang (CRHI = 4), Lagoi Bay (CRHI = 4), and Rawa Island (CRHI = 2).
University Technology Transfer in Innovation Management
Authors: Hockaday Tom , Piccaluga Andrea
Published: May 2021

University technology transfer (UTT) has been growing in importance for many decades and is of increasing importance to university leadership, university researchers, research funding agencies, and government policy makers. It is of interest to academic researchers in the fields of business management, economics, innovation, geography, and public policy.

UTT is a subset of the broader field of technology transfer, and it involves the transfer of university research results from the university to business so that the business can invest in the development of products and services that benefit society. The research results can arise from any academic discipline, are not limited to a particular definition of technology, and can be transferred to existing and new for-profit and not-for-profit organizations. The core activity involves licensing patent applications and other intellectual property to existing companies and establishing new companies that raise investment finance, to develop the early-stage research outputs into new products and services.

In recent decades, research universities have set up technology transfer offices (TTOs) to manage their UTT activities. TTOs adopt a project management approach to supporting university researchers who wish to transfer the results of their research to business. Project stages include identifying, evaluating, protecting, marketing, deal making, and post-deal management. TTOs are also involved in other activities, beyond patenting, licensing, and entrepreneurship, which generate positive impact on society.

Measuring and evaluating UTT is a topic of continuing debate, with an early focus on activity metrics developing into a more sophisticated assessment of the impact of university research outputs on society. Current issues in UTT involve understanding the position of UTT in the broader area of research impact, as well as funding and organization models for UTT within a university.

The COVID-19 global crisis is highlighting the importance of university research and its transfer out to organizations that develop and deliver products and services that benefit society. It has further emphasized the importance of UTT as an activity where much more has to be researched and understood in order to maximize the benefits for society of all the activities performed by universities.
Brazilian Queer Cinema
Authors: Neto João Nemi
Published: May 2021

Brazilian cinema is born out of a desire for modernity. Moving images (movies) represented the newest technological innovation. Cinematographers brought to the growing cities of Brazil an idea—and ideal—of “civilization” and contemporaneousness. At the same time, queer identities started to gain visibility. Therefore, a possible historiography of cinema is also a potential for a historiography of queer identities.

Nonetheless, as a non-Anglo country and former colony of Portugal, Brazil presents its own vicissitudes both in the history of cinema and in queer historiography. To understand dissident identities in a peripherical culture (in relation to Europe), one must comprehend the ways ideas and concepts travel. Therefore, queer and intersectionality function as traveling theories (in Edward Said’s terms) for the understanding of a Brazilian queer cinema.

A critical perspective of the term “queer” and its repercussions in other cultures where English is not the first language is imperative for one to understand groundbreaking filmmakers who have depicted queer realities and identities on the Brazilian big screen throughout the 20th century and the first decades of the 21st century.
Chinese Meteorology During World War II
Authors: Liu Fang-yu
Published: May 2021

Meteorology and military activities in China were closely interrelated during World War II. When the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937, the Nationalist government, under ferocious assault by the Japanese military, withdrew deep into the Chinese interior. Meteorological research organizations and the air force also relocated to Sichuan, the latter setting up weather stations in the southwest and the northwest and reorganizing the armed forces’ meteorological intelligence system while the former made use of the resulting meteorological data to research various weather phenomena in western China, thereby shifting the focus of meteorology in China away from the coastal regions. However, by the start of World War II, aviation had already become an important means of waging war, and high-altitude weather data was highly sought after as military intelligence. Consequently, after instigating the war, Japan extended its meteorological stations in northwest China, engaged in high-altitude surveying and observation, and created an information system between the Japanese home territory and colonies. Japanese analysis of the resulting weather data maintained the safety of flight routes and was used for formulating military strategy. The Chinese government, in contrast, having recently relocated and with a weak air force, lacked the power to expand research on aeronautical meteorology during the initial phase of the war. It was not until after becoming allied with the United States in December 1941 that the government was able, with American technical support, to begin expanding meteorological observation posts and conducting high-altitude surveying and observation. Moreover, the inauguration of flights over the aerial supply route known as the Hump resulted in the discovery of the jet stream over the towering mountain ranges of southwestern China. World War II opened up the Chinese interior for meteorological research and, as a result of military applications, brought about greater understanding of high-altitude meteorology.
Burundi: Assessing Military Institutional Reforms Post-Arusha
Authors: Jamar Astrid , Birantamije Gerard
Published: May 2021

Military politics have been entangled with the trajectory of Burundian public institutions, experiences of violence, and the army formation. From 1994 to 2009, the peace process brought together different political parties, security forces, and rebel groups to negotiate ceasefires and major institutional reforms. Adopted in 2000, the Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement contained some of the most ambitious and sophisticated security reforms. While most literature emphasizes mostly on the Arusha Peace Agreement, 22 agreements were signed by different sets of parties, including political parties and rebel groups during these 15 years of peace meditation. The Arusha Peace Agreement provides for complex security arrangements: (a) a strictly defined role, structure, and mandate of the army and other security forces; (b) sophisticated power-sharing arrangements for both leadership and composition of the army and other security forces; (c) demobilization, disarmament, integration, and training of armed forces; (d) transformation of armed groups into political parties; and (e) ceasefires. The peace talks integrated various armed political groups into Burundian institutions.

Responding to four decades of violence and military dictatorship, these reforms of the military and other security forces aimed to disentangle the military from politics. Initially contested, the agreements shaped the reading of the historical contexts that justified these institutional military reforms. Indeed, provisions of these agreements also framed a narrative about violence and imposed fixed interpretations of political mobilization of violence. These imposed interpretations neglected key elements that enabled and, continue to enable, the political use of violence as well as the emergence of new forms of military politics. The main institutional approach adopted to tackle issues of inclusion and to correct imbalances in armed forces was the introduction of power-sharing arrangements based on ethnic dimensions. The formulation and further implementation of ethnic quotas reinforced the binary elements of ethnic identities, rather than promote a more fluid understanding that would appreciate intersecting elements, such as gender, political affiliation, and class and regional dimensions in the undertaking of power, alliance, and relations between executive and military institutions. Security reforms continue to affect the functioning of public institutions, with limited effects for disentangling politics and military.
The Republic of the Congo: The Colonial Origins of Military Rule
Authors: Shaw Joshua , Carter Brett
Published: May 2021

The Republic of Congo secured its independence from France in 1960. The French colonial apparatus bequeathed an ethnically divided society. Native southerners dominated the sprawling civil service and, owing to their demographic advantage, elected Congo’s first two presidents, themselves both southerners. Native northerners, otherwise marginalized economically and politically, dominated the military’s rank and file. This cleavage has animated Congolese politics since. In 1969, a clique of northern military officers toppled the southern-dominated Brazzaville government. Among its members was former paratrooper Denis Sassou Nguesso, who has ruled Congo for all but 5 years since 1979. His tenure has been marked by massive corruption, gross economic mismanagement, and persistent human rights abuses. Accordingly, despite its status as one of Africa’s leading oil producers, Congolese citizens remain among the world’s poorest. To secure his political survival, Sassou Nguesso has used Congo’s longstanding ethnic cleavage as a tool: by directing state resources to northerners and using the northern-dominated military to repress southerners, who, after enduring nearly 50 years of northern rule, are profoundly frustrated.
The Palestinian Military: Two Militaries, Not One
Authors: Frisch Hillel
Published: May 2021

The considerable variation in the way national security agencies are structured is a function of two basic factors: the state’s political and social heterogeneity and the possibility of allying with a strong external state, usually the United States. The problem, however, with fragmenting the military and security forces to achieve “coup-proofing” is that a tradeoff exists between fragmentation and assuring internal security on the one hand, and ensuring offensive capabilities to ward off external enemies, on the other. According to this model, centralized homogenous entities enjoying U.S. protection will tend to fragment their security systems most. States that duplicate their security forces least are plural societies that cannot command U.S. interest and commitment to meet their external security threats. The Palestinian Authority (PA) under Yasser Arafat was emblematic of political entities that were homogenous and enjoyed the protection of the United States and Israel, and it could therefore fragment its security forces into 12 or more security agencies compared to Eritrea, which achieved independence a year before the establishment of the PA, and maintained a very unified security apparatus to meet the threat of a vastly larger enemy—Ethiopia.

As long as Israel (and the United States and its allies) supported the PA, Arafat made do with a fragmented inefficient security structure that was nevertheless efficient enough, with Israeli security backing, to meet the major external threat—Hamas and the Jihad al-Islami in both the West Bank/Judea and Samaria and Gaza. Israel’s decision to withdraw from Gaza in December 2003 and to complete its withdrawal from Gaza by September 2005 forced the fragmented PA to face these enemies alone, leading to the loss of Gaza to Hamas. By contrast, in the West Bank/Judea and Samaria, the more fragmented PA security structure prevailed as a result of considerable security cooperation with Israel. Hamas, bereft of a close external ally, challenges a superior Israeli military and therefore has a unified security structure much like Eritrea in the 1990s.
History of Mental Disorders
Authors: Berrios German E. , Marková Ivana S.
Published: May 2021

Writing the history of mental disorders is an unfinishable task. Each historical period is expected to write its own, and in a style designed to satisfy its own conceptual and social needs. In the 21st century such a historical account seems to be one that conceives of mental disorders as natural kinds, that is, as entities that for their meaning and ontology require to be related to a brain change. However, being aware that, after all, concepts are just instruments in the hands of humans opens up the possibility of writing a more comprehensive history of mental disorders, one based on their historical epistemology, that is, on the manner in which madness has been culturally reconfigured throughout the ages. This approach should be more fruitful in regard to finding ways of helping people with mental sufferings, a task which is about the only justification for the existence of the discipline called psychiatry.
Model Minorities and Overcoming the Dominance of Whiteness
Authors: Hartlep Nicholas D.
Published: May 2021

Stereotyping Asian Americans as successful or model minorities is not positive. Instead, it is a form of racist love that reinforces White supremacy. How can a positive stereotype reinforce White supremacy? Because the process of revering Asian Americans as model minorities leads to other groups of people, such as people of color and Indigenous people, being reviled. But if the model minority characterization of Asian Americans is inaccurate, what should curriculum studies scholars do? Disproving a “stereotype” is impossible. Curriculum studies scholars and theorists should not attempt to disconfirm something that is untrue, or something that is racist, but instead should narrate the reality of being Asian American. The model minority stereotype of Asian Americans has been studied and contested over 50 years within the context of the United States. Over these 50 plus years, the model minority stereotype has taken on a transcendent meaning. Overcoming the dominance of Whiteness requires Asian Americans to transcend “positive” stereotypes via critical storytelling. This will require curriculum studies as a field to continue to interrogate: What are the realities of living in racist Amerika for Asian Americans?
Queer Students in the Carceral State
Authors: Meiners Erica , Fuentes Jessica
Published: May 2021

Despite the gains some components of the LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer) community achieved during the 2010s in the United States and across the globe, young queer students in K–12 educational environments are still vulnerable to criminalization. Dismantling the movement of young queer youth into the U.S. carceral state also requires challenging systems that may be perceived to be unconnected. School privatization and the deprofessionalization and removal of employment protections for school personnel shapes cultures in schools for LGBTQ young people. Punitive school discipline policies—which often purport to protect queer students—deepen criminalization and do not produce safer schools. While policy shifts may be necessary, they are never sufficient, and building support for all young people, including LGBTQ communities, requires ideological and paradigm shifts, not simply quick fixes. The tools of the carceral state—including increased punishment—will not produce the kind of safety that schools and communities need.
An Overview of Qualitative Inquiry in Curriculum Studies
Authors: Huddleston Gabriel , Huckaby M. Francyne
Published: May 2021

The relationships between curriculum studies and qualitative inquiry are built upon similar trajectories and theoretical concerns. There are key points in the histories of both of these inter/trans(un)disciplinary fields, the work of certain scholars working in both, and shared concerns. Historically, the lineage of curriculum studies and qualitative inquiry intersect around a shared investigation of education, specifically in schools. Of note is the common turn away from (post)positivism and an attentiveness to emic forms of inquiry that seek to understand from the inside out. Some commonalities include, but are not limited to, currere, duoethnography, autobiography, and broader qualitative research. Comparing the journey of curriculum studies and its qualitative forms of inquiry to traveling through the universe, travel begins on a home planet, reaching the farthest reaches of spaces, but a return is required, or at the very least, eventually inevitable. In the case of curriculum studies, explorers return to curriculum and, therefore, education. As curriculum has expanded beyond questions of knowledge to include the lives of those experiencing curriculum, qualitative inquiry has been a constant and loyal companion forging a journey that does not require one land at the place from which one launched.
Postmodernism in Education
Authors: Tesar Marek , Gibbons Andrew , Arndt Sonja , Hood Nina
Published: May 2021

The period of postmodernism refers to a diverse set of ideas, practices, and disciplines that came to prominence in the later 20th century. It is the overarching philosophical project that responds to and critiques the principles of modernity and challenges the established ways of thinking. It opposes the ideas that it is possible to rationalize life through narrow, singular disciplinary thinking or through the establishment of a universal truth and grand narratives that strive for the value-neutral homogeneity that defined Enlightenment thinking. Postmodernism questions ontological, epistemological, and ethical conventions, and it opens up possibilities for multiple discourses and accepting marginalized and minority thoughts and practices. Openness to diversity is a key outcome of the multiplicities arising in postmodernity across a range of fields, including, among others, art, education, philosophy, architecture, and economics. Through its rejection of the totalizing effects of metanarratives and their intentions to achieve universal truths, goals, outcomes, and sameness, the postmodern condition opens an ethical responsibility toward otherness, to allow for diversity, and thus to elevate those who have been subjugated or marginalized in modernity. Postmodernism has been playing a significant role in what sometimes is termed the equity approach in education. While postmodernism may be eventually overtaken by other “posts”—post-qualitative, post-truth, post-digital—it still remains an important part of philosophy of education scholarship and broader understandings and conceptualizations of education.
Cosmopolitical and Biopolitical Aesthetics as Philosophical Approaches to Art Education
Authors: Di Paola Modesta
Published: May 2021

Cosmopolitanism is an ancient idea with a wide theoretical and critical history. Scholars across the humanities and social sciences have been examining the meaning and trajectories of this concept, showing how it spotlights ways in which people can move beyond mutual understanding and cooperation. However, cosmopolitanism does not have to refer to a transcendental ideal but rather to the material and real condition of global interdependencies. Cosmopolitanism has been connected to the philosophical concept of “becoming-world,” which develops this idea in the context of plural and ecological societies. Under this approach, cosmopolitanism turns into cosmo-politics, which fuses notions of educational and cultural creativity. From the philosophy of education and artistic education in particular, cosmopolitics seeks to outline the advances of new creative educational theories, which center on globalization, hospitality ethics, politics of inclusion, and the ecological connection between human beings and ecosystems; overall, this concept reveals the possibilities for moral, political, and social growth in the encounter with the other (human and natural).

Cosmopolitics is, therefore, associated with the idea of educating with creativity, even proposing the elaboration of new pedagogical methods. Here, cosmopolitics has arisen as a crucial artistic educational orientation toward reimagining, appreciating, and learning from our common world.
Conversation in Education
Authors: Bojesen Emile
Published: May 2021

Conversation is a topic of burgeoning interest in the context of educational theory and as a prospective means for conducting empirical research. As a nonformal educational experience, as well as within the classroom, or as a means to researching various aspects of educational practice and institutions, research on or through conversation in education draws on a range of theoretical resources, often understanding conversation as analogous to dialogue or dialectic. Although only brought into this research context in the early 21st century, the philosopher who has engaged most extensively with conversation is Maurice Blanchot (1907–2003). His text, The Infinite Conversation, originally published in French as L’Entretien infini in 1969, responded to and took forward many elements of what would go on to be described as poststructuralist or deconstructive thought. Blanchot’s notion of conversation (in French, “entretien”) is distinct from those reliant upon philosophical conceptions of dialogue or dialectic. Itself the subject of philosophical research, Blanchotian conversation has been interpreted variously as either not sufficiently taking into account the ethics of Emmanuel Levinas, or else expanding beyond its more limited scope. Some of these interpretations stress the ethical and political implications of conversation; however, none engage specifically with its educational implications.

Blanchotian conversation allows for contradicting and contrasting thoughts to be voiced without being brought to shared consensus or internal resolution. Its “lesson” is not only in the thought that it produces but also in the ethical relation of sincerity, openness, and non-imposition that it develops. Unlike some recent applications of conversation to educational context, Blanchotian conversation does not re-entrench the subject to be educated but rather deprioritizes the subject in favor of the movement of thought and the ethical “between” of conversation itself. This notion of conversation has corollaries in political thought, notably with Jacques Rancière’s understanding of “dissensus” and Karl Hess’s thought of an “anarchism without hyphens,” as well as the politically informed educational ideas of Elizabeth Ellsworth and the educational practice and research of Camilla Stanger.
Critical Racial Literacy in Educational and Familial Settings
Authors: Boutte Gloria Swindler
Published: May 2021

Racial literacy includes understanding of the ways in which race and racism influences the social, economic, political, and educational experiences of individuals and groups. It includes being able to engage in competent and comfortable discussions about race and racism. Critical racial literacy focuses on understanding how systemic racism works. Systemic racism is embedded in institutions such as education, employment, housing, health services, religion, media, government and laws, and the legal systems. Critical racial literacy involves praxis (reflection and action) in order to interrupt racism in educational and familial contexts. An important premise of critical racial literacy is that racism can be intentional or unintentional.

Racism is complex and occurs on different levels including individual, institutional, and societal and cultural forms. Educators who engage in critical racial literacy reject colorblind and race-neutral approaches. Likewise, reflecting on one’s racial identity is an important part of the process of becoming racially literate.

In school settings, critical racial literacy can be used to detect and dismantle five types of racial violence in schools (physical, symbolic, linguistic, curricular or instructional, and systemic) as well as ways to interrupt them. A key focus is on developing racial literacy among educators and students at all levels from preschool through college.

Critical racial literacy is important in families. Even young children can be engaged in the teaching and learning process about race and racism. African American and other families of color often have to teach children about racism because it is likely that children will encounter it in schools and society in general. A key part of racial literacy that families of color stress is how to straddle two cultures—their own and mainstream culture.
Policy and Regulatory Reforms in Teacher Education in India
Authors: Sharma Gunjan
Published: May 2021

Teacher education regulation in India is generally perceived as an apolitical technical domain that operates on a set of given norms. In principle the regulatory instruments are believed to be pursuing the goals of professionalizing and enhancing quality in teacher education, which have been longstanding issues in the country. Given this perception, teacher education regulations (and policy) remain much understudied by educationists and social scientists. However, an analysis of the developments and debates in the regulatory policy points otherwise. A critical analysis of the successive national regulatory frameworks and norms which consists of tracking changes and reforming ideas highlights that policy and regulatory decision making in teacher education is highly contested, with different coalitions of scholars and practitioners claiming stakes in the domain. These contestations are inherently connected with the tensions that underlie or constitute the “discipline” of education. These contestations and dynamics allude to various issues of which at least three need much greater attention. The first among these concerns is the centralization of regulatory powers and standardized regulatory norms for different kinds of institutions in teacher education, which makes it difficult to allow for diversity in the domain. The second issue concerns limited autonomy of university departments of education and of location of teacher education in the university space that has its own regulatory frameworks. The third issue is the lack of dialogue between research, policy, and practice in teacher education that makes it more challenging to arrive at “generally-agreed-upon” rational bases for regulating or policy thinking for quality in teacher education. These issues have been persistent in the grammar of the regulatory instruments and illustrate the peculiar challenges of imagining and implementing “reform” in a praxis-based nationally regulated domain.
Educational Policy and Curriculum Studies
Authors: Konkol Pamela J. , Renn Peter C. , Rodriguez Sophia
Published: May 2021

Since 1978, the Committee on Academic Standards and Accreditation (CASA, a standing committee of the American Educational Studies Association) has maintained the Standards for Academic and Professional Instruction in Foundations of Education, Educational Studies, and Educational Policy Studies. The Standards are a policy document intended as a powerful curriculum policy tool for faculty and higher education administrators across North America to use to develop foundations and educator preparation programming with disciplinary integrity and to maintain said programs with fidelity. As pressures to provide accountability and improvement measures or attach outcomes to disciplines in education increase, especially teacher education, foundations faculty and programs are challenged in their efforts to both build strong foundations programming and resist the push to dilute or otherwise embed the intellectual and practical work of the discipline into other, mostly unrelated, courses. The Standards provide language and support for foundations scholars housed in teacher education departments to hone their craft, generate good programming, and develop good scholars and P–12 practitioners.
Youth Studies
Authors: Wyn Johanna
Published: May 2021

The field of youth studies is important to education for many reasons, but two stand out. First, understanding the learner is a central component of high-quality teaching. The vast majority of educators are working with young people, so having an understanding of young people’s lives underpins good educational practice. Second, education is “forward looking” in the sense that it is preparing young people for their next steps in life. This means that educators have a vested interest in understanding how social change impacts youth. Youth studies emerged in the early 1950s, in English-speaking countries, as researchers sought to account for the changes in young people’s lives brought about by mass secondary education and new youth consumer markets. At the outset, developmental psychology provided a framework that characterized youth as a stage of life between childhood and adulthood—a vulnerable stage that required monitoring and support. Critical of this approach because of its tendency to universalize youth out of context, sociological approaches have taken up a range of positions. These include a focus on young people as deviant or problematic; as consumers and as the instigators of new social and cultural approaches. Young people’s situation in 2019 reflects the opaque nature of the relationship between education and work, and there has emerged, on a global scale, a new “precarious” generation, one that has high levels of unemployment and underemployment and that also experiences high levels of poor health. Although the approaches to youth studies that were established at that time still resonate today, the situation of contemporary youth has ushered in new approaches. These include methodological innovations and developments, such as participatory research involving young people that ensures research is with, not just about, them and the opportunities that technological advances offer in the form of new digital methods and approaches to data archiving. Youth studies has shifted from concerns about how the young generation will “fit in” to society to an awareness that social and political decisions are required to ensure that young people can take their full place in the economic, political, and social processes and institutions of society. This development also shifts the focus from education as a producer of human capital for economic development to considerations of the role of education in equipping young people to participate fully in our changing world.
Music in Cabo Verde
Authors: Nogueira Glaúcia
Published: May 2021

The landscape of Cape Verdean music is diverse, and its musical genres, like the society from which they emanate, are mostly Creole. They stem from the interactions of the local population with other peoples, not only through colonization, but also from the emigration of Cape Verdeans to other countries. In addition, maritime traffic in the Atlantic, which has always traversed the archipelago, was a fruitful channel of contact with other cultures. These factors meant that Cabo Verde remained attuned to cultural trends and lifestyles circulating around the world.

Morna, koladera, batuku, and funaná are the most prominent genres on any list of musical styles considered “genuinely” Cape Verdean, if it makes sense to use this adjective in a society marked so heavily by ethnic admixture. That list must also include: 19th-century European musical styles (mazurka, waltz, schottische, polka, gallop) that local musicians appropriated by playing them; the talaia baxu, from the island of Fogo; and a group of musical expressions related to the feasts of the Catholic calendar, with songs, dances, and drumming, such as the kola sanjon (commemorating St. John the Baptist), present on several islands; the activities of tabankas (mutual aid associations that, among other activities, celebrate the dates of Catholic saints) in Santiago and the flag festivals on the island of Fogo. Other religious traditions include the litanies inherited from the Portuguese tradition sung in Creole.

There are also popular songs related to work and other activities like sowing, fishing, and labor with oxen in the artisanal production of rum (grogo, grogue, grogu). The oxen work songs (kola boi) are nearly extinct. Weddings songs are also part of traditional musical practices that are either nearly extinct or performed as folklore representations only.

In terms of popular music with international circulation since the 1970s, Cape Verdean youth have enthusiastically embraced rap, reggae, zouk from the Antilles, and to a lesser extent rock, by producing Cape Verdean versions of these genres.
Pastoralism in Africa
Authors: Smith Andrew B.
Published: May 2021

To find the origins of African pastoralism it is important archaeologists look for the wild progenitors of animals. The wild sheep of Africa (Ammotragus lervia) were never domesticated, so all domestic sheep and goats came from the Near East. There has been some debate over whether there was an independent domestication of African cattle, because wild cattle (Bos primigenius) remains have been found in the Nile Valley. Genetic evidence shows that the source of African domesticated cattle was the Levant, some 8,000 years ago. Cattle spread across the Sahara as the environment was conducive to pastoralism, being well watered at this time. This lasted until after 5000 bp when the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) retreated and the Sahara dried up to its present condition. The tsetse barrier also retreated at this time, allowing pastoralists to move south into West Africa and, via the Ethiopian highlands, to East Africa, arriving c.4500 bp, although it took another 1,000 years for them to fully adapt to the grasslands of southern Kenya and Tanzania. Domestic stock then went on to southern Africa via a tsetse-free corridor, arriving around 2000 bp. The effect of herding societies on local hunters throughout Africa appears to have been an initial rapprochement, with a later hardening of relations. In East Africa, this was probably due to the need to learn about the new environment with the help of local hunters and to adjust to new epizootic diseases. In southern Africa, the first pastoralists were primarily sheep herders during the 1st millennium bce, with few cattle bones being found from this time. Pastoralists only became fully fledged cattle herdsmen around 1000 bp when they developed the attributes of the historic Khoekhoen. A further debate existed in southern Africa over whether pastoralism there was the result of immigrant herders who arrived in the northern Kalahari and then spread to the Cape, or if local hunters took up sheep herding.