bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi‐level cell STT‐RAM controller for multimedia applications
Authors: Jang Wooyoung
Published: November 2016

Recently, multi‐level cell (MLC) spin‐transfer torque random access memories (STT‐RAMs) are attracting great attentions as an alternative to static or dynamic random access memories. They have the benefits of capacity, but the penalties of performance, and power consumption caused by a complicated two‐ or three‐phase access. An MLC STT‐RAM controller that eliminates the MLC STT‐RAM penalties for multimedia applications is proposed. The key ideas are frame‐level data‐to‐memory mapping and frame‐type aware frame assignment techniques that make a two‐ or three‐phase access no longer required. Experimental results show that the proposed MLC STT‐RAM controller achieves 56.1% higher memory performance, and 4.2% lower memory power consumption than the conventional controller for industrial multimedia applications.
Integrator‐based robust sliding mode control of uncertain stochastic Markovian jump delay systems with non‐linear perturbations
Authors: Jiang Baoping , Kao Yonggui , Gao Cunchen
Published: November 2016

This study is concerned with the problem of robust sliding mode control (SMC) of It stochastic delayed Markovian jump systems subject to parameter uncertainties and non‐linear perturbations. Firstly, for the sake of practicality, a common integral sliding surface functional without time‐varying delay is proposed. Then, by using linear matrix inequalities technique, sufficient condition for the robust mean‐square exponential stability of the resulting closed‐loop system with a prescribed disturbance attenuation level is derived. Moreover, a novel sliding mode controller is designed such that system trajectories can be kept on the sliding surface almost surely since the initial time. Finally, an example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the obtained result.
Asynchronous positive filter design for switched positive systems with overlapped detection delay
Authors: Ren Yu , Er Meng Joo , Sun Guanghui
Published: November 2016

In this study, the asynchronous positive filtering problem for a class of switched positive system with detection delay is investigated. The switched sequence satisfies modal‐dwell‐time (MDT) condition and the detection delay is both time‐varying and allowed to be overlapped with each other. A new linear copositive Lyapunov function, which is time‐dependent, mode‐dependent and MDT‐dependent, is constructed and the stability of the underlying filtering error system is established. Based on the established stability result, conditions guaranteeing the stability of the corresponding filtering error system are further derived. The allowable total running time of the unmatched sub‐filters is presented to be upper bounded by a linear combination of those running on matched sub‐filters. An asynchronous positive filter with disturbance suppression performance for the underlying switched positive system with overlapped detection delay is designed by solving a linear programming problem. The effectiveness of the proposed filter is illustrated by a numerical example.
Two‐switch flyback inverter employing a current sensorless MPPT and scalar control for low cost solar powered pumps
Authors: Karbakhsh Faramarz , Amiri Mehdi , Abootorabi Zarchi Hossein
Published: November 2016

Flyback inverter is known as a low cost solution for photovoltaic (PV) ac module application. This study presents a two‐switch flyback inverter followed by a low frequency unfolding bridge for fractional horse power water pumping systems. This topology mitigates the problem of high‐voltage transients at switch turn off which commonly exists in single switch flyback inverters. Moreover, the proposed control strategy achieves an integration of a novel sensorless maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm as well as a constant v/f control for the efficient utilisation of both the PV panel and the motor. The proposed control algorithm minimises the cost and simplifies the control strategy. The validity and capability of the proposed method are verified by both simulation and practical results of a DSP‐based two‐switch flyback solar micro inverter for a fractional horsepower water pumping system.
A stabilized laser continuously tunable over a range of 1.5 GHz
Authors: Fan B. L. , Xiong W. , Wang S. G. , Wang L. J.
Published: November 2016

We demonstrate a method to stabilize laser frequency which can be continuously tuned over a range of 1.5 GHz. It is based on saturated absorption spectroscopy (SAS) generated by an external-cavity diode laser (ECDL) which is modulated by an electro-optic amplitude modulator (EO-AM). The spectra consist of not only the original peaks corresponding to resonant and crossover lines of 133Cs D2 line, but also signals introduced by sidebands from an EO-AM. Thus, the laser frequency can be locked to any point within the range of the spectra. Furthermore, the tuning range of the laser can be doubled compared to the coverage of common SAS by fixing the frequency of the pumping laser. The best stability of the locked laser induced by the EO-AM is 1.27 × 10−11 over an integrating time of 125 s. This method may be applied for more precise and flexible manipulation of atoms and molecules.
Parametric spin-valve effect in superconductor/ferromagnet structures
Authors: Kushnir V. N. , Kupriyanov M. Yu.
Published: November 2016

The equations of the microscopic theory of superconductivity in the diffusion limit (Usadel equations) are used to interpret experimental data from a study of the spin-valve effect in epitaxial Nb/Ho structures. The cause of the quasimetallic behavior of their critical dependences is determined. The influence of the triplet component of the superconducting condensate on the critical temperature is studied.
High-frequency large-amplitude oscillations of a non-isothermal N/S boundary
Authors: Bezuglyj A. I. , Shklovskij V. A.
Published: November 2016

Within the framework of a phenomenological approach based on the heat balance equation and the current dependence of the critical temperature of the superconductor, the effect of high-frequency current of large amplitude and arbitrary waveform on the non-isothermal balance of an oscillating N/S interface in a long superconductor was studied. Self-consistent average temperature field of the rapidly oscillating non-isothermal N/S boundary (heat kink) was introduced, which allowed us to go beyond the well-known concept of mean-square heating and consider the effect of the current waveform. With regard to experiments on the effects of high-power microwave radiation on the current-voltage (IV) characteristics of superconducting films, their classification was performed and the families of IV curves of inhomogeneous superconductors carrying a current containing a high-frequency component of large amplitude. Several IV curves exhibited a hysteresis of thermal nature.
Demonstration of acoustic waveguiding and tight bending in phononic crystals
Authors: Ghasemi Baboly M. , Raza A. , Brady J. , Reinke C. M. , Leseman Z. C. , El-Kady I.
Published: November 2016

The systematic design, fabrication, and characterization of an isolated, single-mode, 90° bend phononic crystal (PnC) waveguide are presented. A PnC consisting of a 2D square array of circular air holes in an aluminum substrate is used, and waveguides are created by introducing a line defect in the PnC lattice. A high transmission coefficient is observed (−1 dB) for the straight sections of the waveguide, and an overall 2.3 dB transmission loss is observed (a transmission coefficient of 76%) for the 90° bend. Further optimization of the structure may yield higher transmission efficiencies. This manuscript shows the complete design process for an engineered 90° bend PnC waveguide from inception to experimental demonstration.
Magnetic proximity effect and superconducting triplet correlations at the cuprate superconductor and oxide spin valve interface
Authors: Ovsyannikov G. A. , Constantinian K. Y. , Demidov V. V. , Khaydukov Yu. N.
Published: November 2016

A heterostructure consisting of a cuprate superconductor YBa2Cu3O7-δ and a ruthenate/manganite (SrRuO3/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3) spin valve was studied using SQUID magnetometry, ferromagnetic resonance, and neutron reflectometry. It is shown that because of the magnetic proximity effect a magnetic moment is excited in the superconducting portion of the heterostructure, whereas the magnetic moment in the spin valve becomes suppressed. The experimentally obtained value of a typical penetration depth of a magnetic moment into the superconductor is significantly greater than the coherence length of the cuprate superconductor, which indicates that the induced magnetic moment mechanism of Cu atoms is dominant. The mesastructure prepared by adding niobium film as a second superconducting electrode to the existing heterostructure, exhibited a superconducting current (dc Josephson effect) at interlayer thicknesses that are much greater than the coherence length of the ferromagnetic materials. The maximum of the critical current density dependence on the thickness of the spin valve material corresponds to the interlayer coherence length, which agrees with the theoretical predictions associated with spin-triplet pairing. The superconducting current is observed at magnetic fields that are two orders of magnitude greater than the field corresponding to the occurrence of one magnetic flux quantum in the mesastructure. The ratio of the second harmonic of the current-phase dependence of the mesastructure superconducting current to the first, determined according to the dependence of the Shapiro steps on the amplitude of microwave exposure, did not exceed 50%.
Elasto-electric coupling for direct electric field distribution measurement in semiconductor structures
Authors: Salamé Basil , Holé Stéphane
Published: November 2016

Semiconductor materials are widely used in electronic industry, but their electrical characterization remains complex to estimate without a good model. It has already been shown that an elasto-electric coupling can be used to directly and non-destructively probe the electrical properties at the external interfaces of semi-conductor structures. In this paper, it is shown that such a coupling can also be used to probe the inner interfaces of semi-conductor structures. This capability is demonstrated by using a specific semi-conductor structure including a buried silicon p-n junction 720 μm away from the external electrodes. The signal generated by the elasto-electric coupling clearly shows separately the electric field at the electrodes and at the buried junction. The contact potential at the buried junction estimated from the measurements is in accordance with the semiconductor doping. This makes it possible to use an elasto-electric coupling for the complete characterization of semiconductor structures.
Electrical compensation via vacancy–donor complexes in arsenic-implanted and laser-annealed germanium
Authors: Kalliovaara T. , Slotte J. , Makkonen I. , Kujala J. , Tuomisto F. , Milazzo R. , Impellizzeri G. , Fortunato G. , Napolitani E.
Published: November 2016

Highly n-type Ge attained by shallow As implantation and excimer laser annealing was studied with positron annihilation spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. We conclude that a high concentration of vacancy–arsenic complexes was introduced by the doping method, while no sign of vacancies was seen in the un-implanted laser-annealed samples. The arsenic bound to the complexes contributes substantially to the passivation of the dopants.
Piezoelectric coefficients of GaN determined by hopping conduction of carriers
Authors: Adachi K. , Ogi H. , Nagakubo A. , Nakamura N. , Hirao M. , Imade M. , Yoshimura M. , Mori Y.
Published: November 2016

Using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy, we monitored the resonance-frequency and internal-friction behaviors of a GaN monocrystal at elevated temperatures. An internal-friction peak appears with increasing temperature, at which reduction of frequency occurs. The frequency shift reflects the disappearance of the apparent piezoelectricity due to hopping conduction of carriers, allowing us to accurately determine the piezoelectric coefficients eij. We measured the frequency decrements of eight vibrational modes to inversely determine three independent eij: Our values are e15=−0.22±0.02 C/m2, e31=−0.14±0.02 C/m2, e33=1.15±0.05 C/m2.
Influence of high temperature on corrosion behavior of 304 stainless steel in chloride solutions
Authors: Ahmed Saad R.
Published: November 2016

Despite the excellent performance of stainless steel in diverse application, there are media of exposure may accelerate failure of several stainless steel alloys. The possibility of this failure has to be examined by measuring the effective parameters that may result in corrosion at different rates. The present study has been conducted to examine the effect of exposing specimens of 304 stainless steel to 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 M chloride concentration and 70, 80, and 90 °C. Electrochemical technique of measuring the potentials and currency of the examined system has been used to collect the corrosion data. Microstructure of the specimens is examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy and X- Ray Diffraction. Both of these tests revealed no serious phase change due to exposure even at severe conditions. The potentials gained show significant effect of the operation conditions.
Ultra-high carrier mobility InSb film by rapid thermal annealing on glass substrate
Authors: Koswaththage Charith Jayanada , Okada Tatsuya , Noguchi Takashi , Taniguchi Shinichi , Yoshitome Shokichi
Published: November 2016

InSb films were deposited on both mica and glass substrates using thermal evaporation and subjected to FA or RTA. Crystallinity, composition and electrical properties were investigated. High Hall electron mobility as high as 25,000 cm2/(Vs) was obtained with the capped InSb film by keeping the In:Sb ratio after RTA at 520°C for 30 sec or more without adopting epitaxial growth on glass.
Tunable multi-qubit quantum phase gates with high fidelity based on graphene wrapped particle
Authors: Ren Jun , Zhang Weixuan , Yang Bing , Zhang Xiangdong
Published: November 2016

A graphene wrapped dielectric particle has been proposed theoretically to realize tunable multi-qubit quantum phase gates (QPGs) with ultrahigh fidelity. By using a first-principles Green’s function technique, the interactions between quantum emitters mediated by graphene plasmons have been investigated. We find that the spontaneous decay rates of these emitters can be strongly enhanced and controlled by means of the efficient excitations of eigenmodes in graphene. The collective subradiance and superradiance resulting from the graphene-mediated interactions have been predicted. Based on these phenomena, we propose the tunable multi-qubit QPGs. These phase gates have the advantage of sensitive adjustability by changing the Fermi level or the electrostatic gating in graphene, at the same time they possess very high fidelities due to the small dissipation in the graphene monolayer.
Electrohydrodynamic direct-writing orderly pattern with sheath gas focusing
Authors: Zheng Jianyi , Zhang Kai , Jiang Jiaxin , He Guangqi , Xu Lei , Liu Yifang , Liu Juan , Wu Dezhi , Zheng Gaofeng
Published: November 2016

Laminar sheath gas is introduced to increase the stability of Electrohydrodynamic Direct-Writing (EDW). The external stretching force from sheath gas promotes the ejection threshold, the diameter of jet and printed fibers as well. The critical voltage decreases with the increase of sheath gas pressure. The stretching force from sheath gas decreases the diameter of printed fiber as well as that of charged jet. As sheath gas pressure increases from 0 to 25 kPa, the average diameter of micro/nano structure reduces from 4.46μm to 845.25 nm. The laminar field flow of sheath gas shelters the charged jet free from the surrounding interferences, and helps charged jet to move in a straight line. With the help of sheath gas, the stability of charged jet can be improved to direct-write precise complex micro-pattern. The position precision of direct-written pattern is less than 5μm. As a novel method, EDW with laminar sheath gas would promote the deposition precision of printed micro/nano structure and its application.
Development of numerical technique by Galerkin approach of spectral element method for hybrid beam
Authors: Bashir Muhammad Nauman , Ahmad M. O.
Published: November 2016

This paper introduces a Galerkin spectral element method (GSEM) for hybrid beam. The considered beam model depends upon the first order shear deformation theory (FSDT) is taken into account. The Galerkin strategy is used to formulate the spectral stiffness matrix based on the frequency. The spectral element method (SEM) is assessed by contrasting its solution with the exact analytical results accessible from literature as well as with the results by finite element method (FEM). This technique shows accuracy and computational efficiency with minimum number of element.
Rapid data exchange helps keep a secret for 24 hours
Authors: Miller Johanna L.
Published: November 2016

Physics-based information security doesn’t have to involve quantum mechanics.
The Gathering Storm still looms
Authors: Kramer David
Published: November 2016

A decade on, the situation portrayed in the influential report of a deteriorating US science and technology ecosystem has, if anything, worsened.
Gene expression profile in heat-shocked Holstein and Nelore oocytes and cumulus cells
Authors: Ticianelli J. S. , Emanuelli I. P. , Satrapa R. A. , Castilho A. C. S. , Loureiro B. , Sudano M. J. , Fontes P. K. , Pinto R. F. P. , Razza E. M. , Surjus R. S. , Sartori R. , Assumpção M. E. O. A. , Visintin J. A. , Barros C. M. , Paula-Lopes F. F.
Published: November 2016

The present study determined the transcriptome profile in Nelore and Holstein oocytes subjected to heat shock during IVM and the mRNA abundance of selected candidate genes in Nelore and Holstein heat-shocked oocytes and cumulus cells (CC). Holstein and Nelore cows were subjected to in vivo follicle aspiration. Cumulus–oocyte complexes were assigned to control (38.5°C, 22 h) or heat shock (41°C for 12 h, followed by 38.5°C for 10 h) treatment during IVM. Denuded oocytes were subjected to bovine microarray analysis. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated 127, nine and six genes were differentially expressed between breed, temperature and the breed × temperature interaction respectively. Selected differentially expressed genes were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction in oocytes and respective CC. The molecular motor kinesin family member 3A (KIF3A) was upregulated in Holstein oocytes, whereas the pro-apoptotic gene death-associated protein (DAP) and the membrane trafficking gene DENN/MADD domain containing 3 (DENND3) were downregulated in Holstein oocytes. Nelore CC showed increased transcript abundance for tight junction claudin 11 (CLDN11), whereas Holstein CC showed increased transcript abundance for antioxidant metallothionein 1E (MT1E) . Moreover, heat shock downregulated antioxidant MT1E mRNA expression in CC. In conclusion, oocyte transcriptome analysis indicated a strong difference between breeds involving organisation and cell death. In CC, both breed and temperature affected mRNA abundance, involving cellular organisation and oxidative stress.
Sympathy for the devil: captive-management style did not influence survival, body-mass change or diet of Tasmanian devils 1 year after wild release
Authors: Rogers Tracey , Fox Samantha , Pemberton David , Wise Phil
Published: November 2016

Context
The value of captive breeding for recovery programs of endangered carnivorous mammals is often questioned because of low post-release survival reported for founder animals following translocation.

Aims
The aim of the present study was to test the effect of rearing method on survival and body mass of captive-raised Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) following release on an offshore island. We also compared the post-release diet of these devils with the diet of wild devils on mainland Tasmania, where a similar array of diet items is available.

Methods
Twenty-eight captive-raised devils were released onto the island; 19 had been raised in intensive captive-management facilities (IC) and nine in free-range (22 ha) enclosures (FRE). Survival and body-mass change were compared between IC and FRE for up to 440 days post-release. Devil diet was assessed via scat analysis.

Key results
A high proportion (96%) of the founders survived 1 year post-release. Pre-release captive-rearing method had no effect. Released devils gained an average of 14% of their original body mass, irrespective of captive-rearing method. There was very little difference in the diet of captive-reared devils released onto Maria Island relative to wild mainland devils: Tasmanian pademelon, Thylogale billardierii, was the primary food item for both.

Conclusions
The intensity of captive rearing did not affect the survival of devils released onto Maria Island. This suggests that even devils held in IC facilities retain the innate behaviour required to scavenge and hunt prey, and therefore maintain bodyweight post-release. The lack of any threatening processes on the island is also likely to have contributed to the high survival rate 2 years post-release.

Implications
Our study provided preliminary evidence that the release of captive-raised Tasmanian devils onto off-shore islands is a viable conservation action. Captive-breeding programs and captive-raised founders can play a viable and valuable role in the conservation action plans for recovery programs of endangered carnivorous mammals.
Targeting of Ras-mediated FGF signaling suppresses Pten-deficient skin tumor
Authors: Mathew Grinu , Hannan Abdul , Hertzler-Schaefer Kristina , Wang Fen , Feng Gen-Sheng , Zhong Jian , Zhao Jean J. , Downward Julian , Zhang Xin
Published: November 2016

Significance

PTEN
(phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) deficiency causes skin lesions in
PTEN
hamartoma tumor syndrome patients, and has been implicated in hyperkeratosis and squamous cell carcinoma in the general population. In this study, we show that FGF-induced Ras signaling acts in a feedback mechanism to enhance PI3K activity and promotes epidermal hyperplasia through the MAPK pathway. Genetic and pharmacological targeting of the FGF–Ras–MAPK pathway elicits a strong antiproliferative response. Our finding suggests that FGF–Ras signaling can be explored for therapeutic intervention to treat epidermal lesions in
PTEN
-related hamartoma and skin cancer.
Mapping intracellular mechanics on micropatterned substrates
Authors: Mandal Kalpana , Asnacios Atef , Goud Bruno , Manneville Jean-Baptiste
Published: November 2016

Significance

Cell mechanics is crucial for many, if not all, cell functions. Although mechanics at the scale of the whole cell is extensively documented, there are only few methods to measure intracellular mechanics at the local scale. Here, we develop a technique that allows us (
i
) to map the spatial variations of intracellular mechanical parameters; (
ii
) to study how the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton, intracellular membranes, and ATP-dependent active forces contribute to intracellular mechanics; and (
iii
) to differentiate normal and cancer cells. Because intracellular mechanical maps can detect subtle differences in the spatial distribution of mechanical parameters even in the absence of any change in their average values, our approach could provide a diagnostic and prognostic tool for cancers.
Evolutionary trend toward kinetic stability in the folding trajectory of RNases H
Authors: Lim Shion A. , Hart Kathryn M. , Harms Michael J. , Marqusee Susan
Published: November 2016

Significance

Because protein folding is crucial to proper cellular function, there must be evolutionary pressures on how a protein achieves and maintains its folded structure. The outcome of these pressures on a folding pathway should be reflected in trends and patterns over a protein’s evolutionary history. To understand how folding pathways evolve, we characterized how reconstructed ancestral proteins of the ribonuclease H family fold. The deepest ancestors fold and unfold faster than their modern descendants, and kinetic stability evolved along both mesophilic and thermophilic lineages. This trend is possible because of a conserved partially folded intermediate state, which uncouples thermodynamic and kinetic stability to allow each parameter to evolve independently.
Precise gene editing paves the way for derivation of
Mannheimia haemolytica
leukotoxin-resistant cattle
Authors: Shanthalingam Sudarvili , Tibary Ahmed , Beever Jonathan E. , Kasinathan Poothapillai , Brown Wendy C. , Srikumaran Subramaniam
Published: November 2016

Significance

Contrary to the paradigm, the signal peptide of CD18, an adhesive protein expressed on the surface of leukocytes of cattle and other ruminants, is not cleaved. Intriguingly, leukotoxin produced by
Mannheimia haemolytica
binds to the intact signal peptide and causes lysis of ruminant leukocytes, resulting in acute pneumonia. In this proof-of-principle study, we used precise gene editing to induce a single amino acid substitution in CD18, which resulted in the cleavage of the signal peptide and abrogation of leukotoxin-induced cytolysis of leukocytes of the gene-edited bovine fetus. This report demonstrates the feasibility of developing lines of cattle genetically resistant to
M. haemolytica
-caused pneumonia, which will have significant impact on the sustainability of food-animal production in the United States and elsewhere.
Optimal stomatal behavior with competition for water and risk of hydraulic impairment
Authors: Wolf Adam , Anderegg William R. L. , Pacala Stephen W.
Published: November 2016

Significance

Plants lose water and take up carbon through stomata, whose behavior has major influences on global carbon and water fluxes. Yet both competition for water and the potential fitness costs of hydraulic damage during water stress could alter how stomata behave. Here, we add variable xylem conductivity to water and carbon costs of low-xylem water potentials to the classic stomatal optimization and a pure carbon-maximization optimization. We show that both optimizations can reproduce known stomatal responses to environmental conditions but that the pure carbon-maximization optimization is also consistent with competition for water. We describe a new measure—the marginal xylem tension efficiency—that can be used to test stomatal optimizations.
Characterizing hydrophobicity of amino acid side chains in a protein environment via measuring contact angle of a water nanodroplet on planar peptide network
Authors: Zhu Chongqin , Gao Yurui , Li Hui , Meng Sheng , Li Lei , Francisco Joseph S. , Zeng Xiao Cheng
Published: November 2016

Significance

Quantitative characterization of hydrophobicity of amino acid side chains in protein environment has important implications to the understanding of the hydrophobic effects and their role in protein folding. Numerous parameters were developed previously to determine hydrophobicity of amino acid residues. However, these hydrophobicity scales are not always correlated consistently. Here, we constructed artificial planar peptide networks composed of unified amino acid side chains, considering both the primary and β-sheet secondary structure of the protein. Using molecular dynamics simulation, we computed the contact angle of a water nanodroplet on the peptide networks for all 20 types of amino acids. Our simulations offer a bridge that can connect thermodynamic hydrophobic data of amino acid residues and contact angle measurement widely used in engineering fields.
Turkish children’s early vocabulary
Authors: Kaygusuz Yasin , Zeyrek Deniz
Published: November 2016

This study examines the lexical development of two Turkish sisters (aged 1;4 and 2;3) and measures their lexical diversity in spontaneous production data. It suggests that the dependence of the TTR (type-to-token ratio) on the token size may indicate differential levels of lexical diversity. To measure the decrease in the TTR with respect to the increasing token size, it provides a method based on Herdan’s Log TTR. The noun TTR is found to be higher than the TTR of other lexical categories in the data, implying the prevalence of nouns in early lexicon until a sharp increase in the verb TTR around 2;3.
Learning to think, talk, and gesture about motion in language-specific ways
Authors: Özçalışkan Şeyda , Emerson Samantha N.
Published: November 2016

Languages differ systematically in the way they express spatial motion, rendering it as a highly relevant domain to examine effects of language on nonverbal representation of events. In this chapter, we focus on Turkish and English, the two languages that differ strongly in their expression of motion events. Our review of existing work – spanning across adult and child native speakers of the two languages (as well as several others) – suggests early emergence of language-specific patterns in speech, and possibly in gesture. Our review also highlights some key areas of further research that could shed new light on the effect of language on nonverbal representation of motion, particularly at the early ages.
Verbal functional categories in the speech of a Turkish speaking child with autism
Authors: Günhan N. Evra
Published: November 2016

Language impairment is considered to be one of the most definitive features of autism. Yet, similar to other capabilities of this population, the language use shows great variability. In an attempt to have a better understanding of how this linguistic impairment is manifested in the Turkish-speaking population, the present case study investigates particular syntactic abilities of a seven-year-old Turkish-speaking child with autism. Spontaneous speech samples of the participant were collected at a single session and analyzed to see whether there were any diversions from the normal language acquisition patterns. The results suggest that the participant differs from his normally developing peers with respect to his syntactic development, in particular his production of verbal functional categories.
Precipitation behaviour during creep in 10%Cr steel for turbine rotors
Authors: Mikami M.
Published: November 2016

To reveal the precipitation behaviour in relation to creep deformation, microstructural investigation on the specimens creep-ruptured and creep-interrupted at various time under 600°C and 120 MPa was conducted in a 10%Cr steel forging. M23C6 carbides, Cr-rich M2X and V-rich VX carbonitrides are detected on the heat-treated specimen. Most of the precipitates are M23C6 carbides and the recovery of the martensitic lath microstructure during creep are suppressed by them. There is a good relationship between the carbides growth and the creep deformation behaviour: the beginning of the significant coarsening corresponds to the transition from the primary to acceleration creep. The creep deformation is not affected by the precipitation of Laves phase and VX carbonitrides present around the grain boundaries.

This paper is part of a thematic issue on the 9th International Charles Parsons Turbine and Generator Conference. All papers have been revised and extended before publication in Materials Science and Technology.
The experience of captaincy in professional sport: The case of elite professional rugby
Authors: Cotterill Stewart T. , Cheetham Richard
Published: November 2016

The captain is perceived to be an important member of the leadership structure within teams across many professional sports. However, while there is a general acceptance that this is the case, there is very little research exploring the role and associated demands at an elite level. As a result, the aim of this study was to explore the captaincy experiences of elite professional rugby union captains. The participants were eight male captains purposefully sampled for this study. Participants were interviewed individually to gain an understanding of each participant's captaincy experiences. The data were thematically analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Nine super‐ordinate themes emerged in the study: role, skills, requirements, challenges, the coach, development, experience, context, and approach. Results suggest that the captaincy role is broader than previously highlighted, particularly at the elite level. Also, the study highlights inconsistencies in the selection of captains and a lack of formal developmental support for elite rugby captains. As a result, future research should explore the development of specific evidence‐based approaches to captain selection and development.
EnterotoxigenicEscherichia coliheat-stable toxin and heat-labile toxin toxoid fusion 3xSTaN12S-dmLT induces neutralizing anti-STa antibodies in subcutaneously immunized mice
Authors: Nandre Rahul , Ruan Xiaosai , Duan Qiangde , Zhang Weiping
Published: November 2016

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) bacteria producing heat-stable toxin (STa) and/or heat-labile toxin (LT) are among top causes of children's diarrhea and travelers’ diarrhea. Currently no vaccines are available for ETEC associated diarrhea. A major challenge in developing ETEC vaccines is the inability to stimulate protective antibodies against the key STa toxin that is potently toxic and also poorly immunogenic. A recent study suggested toxoid fusion 3xSTaN12S-dmLT, which consists of a monomer LT toxoid (LTR192G/L211A) and three copies of STa toxoid STaN12S, may represent an optimal immunogen inducing neutralizing antibodies against STa toxin [IAI 2014, 82(5):1823-32]. In this study, we immunized mice with this fusion protein following a different parenteral route and using different adjuvants to further characterize immunogenicity of this toxoid fusion. Data from this study showed that 3xSTaN12S-dmLT toxoid fusion induced neutralizing anti-STa antibodies in the mice following subcutaneous immunization, as effectively as in the mice under intraperitoneal route. Data also indicated that double mutant LT (dmLT) can be an effective adjuvant for this toxoid fusion in mice subcutaneous immunization. Results from this study affirmed that toxoid fusion 3xSTaN12S-dmLT induces neutralizing antibodies against STa toxin, suggesting this toxoid fusion is potentially a promising immunogen for ETEC vaccine development.
Adequate target volume in total-body irradiation by intensity-modulated radiation therapy using helical tomotherapy: a simulation study
Authors: Takenaka Ryosuke , Haga Akihiro , Yamashita Hideomi , Nakagawa Keiichi
Published: November 2016

Recently, intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) has been used for total-body irradiation (TBI). Since the planning target volume (PTV) for TBI includes the surrounding air, a dose prescription to the PTV provides high fluence to the body surface. Thus with just a small set-up error, the body might be exposed to a high-fluence beam. This study aims to assess which target volume should be prescribed the dose, such as a clinical target volume (CTV) with a margin, or a CTV that excludes the surface area of the skin. Three treatment plans were created for each patient: the 5-mm clipped plan (Plan A), the 0-mm margin plan (Plan B) and the 5-mm margin plan (Plan C). The CTV was the whole body. PTVs were the CTV with the exception of 5 mm from the skin surface in Plan A, equal to the CTV in Plan B, and the CTV with a 5 mm margin in Plan C. The prescribed dose was 12 Gy in six fractions. To assess the influence of the set-up error, dose distributions were simulated on computed tomography (CT) images shifted 2 pixels (= 4.296 mm), 5 pixels (= 10.74 mm) and 10 pixels (= 21.48 mm) in the lateral direction from the original CT. With a set-up error of 10.74 mm, V110% was 8.8%, 11.1% and 23.3% in Plans A, B and C, respectively. The prescription to the PTV containing the surrounding air can be paradoxically vulnerable to a high-dose as a consequence of a small set-up error.
Peripheral Nerve and Muscle Disease
Authors: Cohen Jeffrey A. , Mowchun Justin J. , Lawson Victoria H. , Robbins Nathaniel M.
Published: November 2016

Peripheral Nerve and Muscle Disease uses a case-based approach to cover common and important topics in the diagnosis and treatment of neuromuscular disorders. Neuromuscular cases are always challenging. This is because even with nerve conduction studies and electromyography diagnostic certainty can still be difficult. Even with recent advances in serologic and genetic testing diagnostic certainty may be elusive. Each chapter provides an overview of the approach to the problem in question followed by a discussion of the diagnosis, key points to remember, and selected references for further reading. For this edition, new cases include Lambert-Eaton syndrome, botulism, facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, and several types of neuropathy. Peripheral Nerve and Muscle Disease is an engaging collection of thought-provoking cases that clinicians can use when they encounter difficult patients on the ward or in the clinic. The volume is also a self-assessment tool that tests the reader’s ability to answer the question “What do I do now?”
Stray Dogs and the Making of Modern Paris*
Authors: Pearson Chris
Published: November 2016

This article traces the policing of stray dogs in Paris from the French Revolution to the outbreak of the First World War. It argues that long-standing rabies anxieties dovetailed with the emergence of the public hygiene movement, fears of rapid urbanization, vagrancy and crime, modernization projects, and the veneration of the pedigree pet dog to cast the stray dog as an unwelcome presence on the city’s streets. Parisian public hygienists and authorities turned strays into a problem that they would solve to make the city safe, clean and modern. Combating strays became a matter of social defence and medical police.
Spectroscopic Analysis of Wheat Fractions and Reconstituted Whole Wheat Mixtures by 1H‐NMR and NIR
Authors: Ramakrishnan Venkatesh , Ridge Clark D. , Harnly James , Mazzola Eugene P. , Luthria Devanand L.
Published: November 2016

Commercial success of whole wheat products has warranted development of new analytical approaches for differentiating whole grain products from conventional food products made from refined grains. Here, we have analyzed three different wheat fractions (namely, bran, germ, and refined flour) of two wheat varieties. In addition, a whole wheat sample containing all three fractions was also included in the study to investigate the application of two spectral fingerprinting methods—proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR) and near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy—for differentiating the three fractions and the whole wheat. Results show that both these methods provide unique spectral fingerprints for the bran, germ, refined, and whole wheat flours. In addition, we were able to distinguish whole grain composed of different ratios of the germ, bran, and refined grain, exemplifying the potential applicability of both fingerprinting methods (NIR and NMR) for the differentiation of whole and refined wheat samples. Principal component analysis on 1H‐NMR data with four different bin sizes (0.02, 0.04, 0.08, and 0.16 ppm) did not have significant influence on differentiation of the four fractions.
Three-Year MD Programs: Perspectives From the Consortium of Accelerated Medical Pathway Programs (CAMPP)
Authors: Cangiarella Joan , Fancher Tonya , Jones Betsy , Dodson Lisa , Leong Shou Ling , Hunsaker Matthew , Pallay Robert , Whyte Robert , Holthouser Amy , Abramson Steven B.
Published: November 2016

In the last decade, there has been renewed interest in three-year MD pathway programs. In 2015, with support from the Josiah Macy Jr., Foundation, eight North American medical schools with three-year accelerated medical pathway programs formed the Consortium of Accelerated Medical Pathway Programs (CAMPP). The schools are two campuses of the Medical College of Wisconsin; McMaster University Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine; Mercer University School of Medicine; New York University School of Medicine; Penn State College of Medicine; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine; University of California, Davis School of Medicine; and University of Louisville School of Medicine. These programs vary in size and medical specialty focus but all include the reduction of student debt from savings in tuition costs. Each school’s mission to create a three-year pathway program differs; common themes include the ability to train physicians to practice in underserved areas or to allow students for whom the choice of specialty is known to progress more quickly. Compared with McMaster, these programs are small, but most capitalize on training and assessing competency across the undergraduate medical education–graduate medical education continuum and include conditional acceptance into an affiliated residency program. This article includes an overview of each CAMPP school with attention to admissions, curriculum, financial support, and regulatory challenges associated with the design of an accelerated pathway program. These programs are relatively new, with a small number of graduates; this article outlines opportunities and challenges for schools considering the development of accelerated programs.
Maternal Psychological Distress and Offspring Psychological Adjustment in Emerging Adulthood: Findings from Over 18 Years
Authors: Nilsen Wendy , Dion Jacinthe , Karevold Evalill Bølstad , Skipstein Anni
Published: November 2016

Objective:

To examine the long-term prediction of psychological maladaptive (i.e., symptoms of anxiety and depression) and adaptive adjustment (i.e., self-efficacy) in emerging adult offspring from trajectories of maternal psychological distress from toddlerhood to adolescence.

Method:

Trajectories of maternal psychological distress (low, moderate, high, and low-rising patterns) from toddlerhood (age 1.5 years) to adolescence (age 14.5 years) were used to predict psychological adjustment in emerging adult offspring (age 18–20 years) (n = 400).

Results:

Adverse maternal distress trajectories during childhood were linked to maladaptive and adaptive adjustment in adult offspring. Consistently high maternal distress levels experienced across childhood predicted higher symptoms of anxiety and depression and lower self-efficacy than low maternal distress trajectories. Two other adverse maternal distress trajectories (consistently moderate and low-rising patterns) compared with the low trajectory predicted higher offspring depressive symptoms. The findings persisted when adjusting for potential confounders: offspring gender and maternal education, relationship status, language, and economy.

Conclusion:

The current study showed longitudinal multi-informant impact from adverse maternal distress trajectories to adult offspring maladjustment over 18 years, emphasizing the importance of early identification and prevention.
OCULAR HYPERTENSION AFTER INTRAVITREAL DEXAMETHASONE (OZURDEX) SUSTAINED-RELEASE IMPLANT
Authors: Chin Eric K. , Almeida David R. P. , Velez Gabriel , Xu Kunyong , Peraire Maria , Corbella Maria , Elshatory Yasser M. , Kwon Young H. , Gehrs Karen M. , Boldt H. Culver , Sohn Elliott H. , Russell Stephen R. , Folk James C. , Mahajan Vinit B.
Published: November 2016

Purpose:

To evaluate ocular hypertension (OHT) after Ozurdex injection to determine the incidence of OHT, therapy for OHT, and any associative factors such as diagnosis, underlying glaucoma and therapy, or sequential Ozurdex injection(s).

Methods:

Retrospective consecutive case series with patients receiving one or more intravitreal Ozurdex implantations at a tertiary care academic center. Ocular hypertension was defined as a single measurement of ≥30 mmHg or an increase of ≥10 mmHg from baseline.

Results:

Ninety-four injections in 52 patients (59 eyes) were reviewed. Forty eyes received a single injection, and 19 eyes received multiple injections. Ocular hypertension developed in 14 patients (26.9%). Thirteen patients (25%) had preexisting glaucoma or suspicion of glaucoma, and 6 of these developed OHT. Glaucoma eye drops were initiated after 13 injections (13.8%). Invasive surgery for glaucoma was required in 3 patients (3.2%): all had glaucoma or suspicion of glaucoma (one case was related to neovascular glaucoma and unlikely related to steroid response after Ozurdex). There was no difference in relative intraocular pressure increase (i.e., difference between final follow-up or subsequent intravitreal injection vs. baseline) between single versus multiple Ozurdex injections (P = 0.883).

Conclusion:

Patients (26.9%) who received Ozurdex developed OHT. Glaucoma or glaucoma-suspicion factors were present in all patients who required invasive surgery for glaucoma. A greater proportion of patients who received multiple injections had an intraocular pressure elevation, but the relative intraocular pressure increase was not significant.
Extraintestinal Manifestations of Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Greuter Thomas , Bertoldo Fabio , Rechner Roman , Straumann Alex , Biedermann Luc , Zeitz Jonas , Misselwitz Benjamin , Scharl Michael , Rogler Gerhard , Safroneeva Ekaterina , Ali Raja A.R. , Braegger Christian , Heyland Klaas , Mueller Pascal , Nydegger Andreas , Petit Laetitia‐Marie , Schibli Susanne , Furlano Raoul I. , Spalinger Johannes , Schäppi Michela , Zamora Samuel , Froehlich Florian , Herzog Denise , Schoepfer Alain M. , Vavricka Stephan R. ,   Swiss IBD Cohort Study Group
Published: November 2016

Background:

There is a paucity of data on extraintestinal manifestations (EIM) and their treatment in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Methods:

Since 2008, the Pediatric Swiss IBD Cohort Study has collected data on the pediatric IBD population in Switzerland. Data on 329 patients were analyzed retrospectively.

Results:

A total of 55 patients (16.7%) experienced 1–4 EIM (39 Crohn disease, 12 ulcerative colitis, and 4 IBD‐unclassified patients). At IBD onset, presence of EIM was more frequent than in the adult population (8.5% vs 5.0%, P = 0.014). EIM were more frequent in Crohn disease when compared to ulcerative colitis/IBD‐unclassified (22.5% vs 10.3%, P = 0.003). The most prevalent EIM were peripheral arthritis (26/329, 7.9%) and aphthous stomatitis (24/329, 7.3%). Approximately 27.6% of all EIM appeared before IBD diagnosis. Median time between IBD diagnosis and occurrence of first EIM was 1 month (−37.5–149.0). Thirty‐one of the 55 patients (56.4%) were treated with 1 or more anti–tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents. IBD patients with EIM were more likely to be treated with anti‐TNF compared to those without (56.4% vs 35.0%, P = 0.003). Response rates to anti‐TNF depended on underlying EIM and were best for peripheral arthritis (61.5%) and uveitis (66.7%).

Conclusions:

In a cohort of pediatric patients with IBD, EIM were frequently encountered. In up to 30%, EIM appeared before IBD diagnosis. Knowledge of these findings may translate into an increased awareness of underlying IBD, thereby decreasing diagnostic delay. Anti‐TNF for the treatment of certain EIM is effective, although a substantial proportion of new EIM may present despite ongoing anti‐TNF therapy.