bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level and Cognitive Impairment in Patients with White Matter Lesions: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Wang Long , Zhao Xue-Min , Yuan Xiao-Zheng , Wang Fu-Yu , Shen Jun , Wang Yu
Published: March 2020

Objectives: We aimed to observe the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-[OH] D) and different cognitive domains, and to evaluate the predictive value of 25-(OH) D level for cognitive impairment in patients with white matter lesions (WML). Methods: The differences in clinical data including 25-(OH) D were analyzed between cognitive normality (n = 87) and impairment (n = 139) groups, and variant cognitive domains were analyzed between groups of different levels of serum 25-(OH) D. Risk factors for cognitive impairments were evaluated with multivariate logistic regression analysis; a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 25-(OH) D levels was used to examine the association between 25-(OH) D and WML with cognitive dysfunction. Results: As the severity of WML increased, the proportion of patients with a low level of serum 25-(OH) D increased (p < 0.05). The total MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) scores and all domain scores except naming were significantly lower in patients with low levels of serum 25-(OH) D than in patients with high levels of serum 25-(OH) D (p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that serum 25-(OH) D levels were independently correlated with cognitive impairment. In the ROC analysis, the optimal cut-off value for 25-(OH) D was 17.53 with 76% sensitivity and 70% specificity (AUC =0.751, 95% CI: 0.674–0.819, p < 0.05). Conclusion: We observed that vitamin D deficiency is associated with multiple areas of cognitive impairment and that it is an independent risk factor for cognitive impairment in WML.
The Education of Ellen Tucker Emerson
Authors: Culkin Kate
Published: March 2020

This essay argues that examining choices Lidian Jackson and Ralph Waldo Emerson, along with their daughter Ellen Tucker Emerson, made regarding Ellen's education provides insight into the family's domestic life and helps explain Ellen's work on Ralph Waldo Emerson's later essays, as he suffered from memory loss.
Proto-Refugees? Palestinian Arabs and the Concept of Statelessness before 1948
Authors: Robson Laura
Published: March 2020

The Palestine mandate was built around the assumption that the League of Nations and the British mandatory government would preside over a gradual demographic and political transformation there, creating a European Jewish settler majority to replace the Palestinian Arab one and allowing for the eventual emergence of a Jewish nation-state. This process required a corresponding de-nationalisation of the incumbent Arab population – a project that formally began with the language of the mandate and continued through the mechanisms of governance set by the British mandate state and the League of Nations throughout the mandate period. Through new legal, economic and political mechanisms, the mandate system coalesced around a project of producing Palestinian Arab statelessness that made notable use of a simultaneously emerging language of refugeedom elsewhere in the Middle East and Eastern Europe. This paper explores the use of refugee-related discourse and institutions to produce this deliberate de-nationalisation of Palestinian Arabs during the mandate period, arguing that the League of Nations put into place conditions and categories of statelessness for Palestinians that set them up as ‘proto-refugees’ long before the physical expulsions of 1948 and set the stage for an international acceptance of their refugee status as a long-established and essentially permanent condition.
Rinorea gemmulata (Violaceae): A New Species from Eastern Brazil

Authors: OLIVEIRA JOSÉ FLORENCIO CERQUEIRA , DE QUEIROZ LUCIANO PAGANUCCI
Published: March 2020

We describe and illustrate here a new species of Rinorea from the Brazilian states of Bahia and Espírito Santo, under the name Rinorea gemmulata. The new species occurs in the understory of seasonally dry riparian and semi-deciduous forests. The new species could be diagnosed by the combination of opposite leaves, free stamens, velutinous connective and for the unique presence of perulate buds. We provide a distribution map, a preliminary IUCN conservation assessment, and illustrations, as well as morphological comparison with the sympatric R. ramiziana and the putatively related R. vaupesana and R. villosiflora.
Dragons in neglect: Taxonomic revision of the Sulawesi sailfin lizards of the genus Hydrosaurus Kaup, 1828 (Squamata, Agamidae)
Authors: DENZER WOLFGANG , CAMPBELL PATRICK D. , MANTHEY ULRICH , GLÄSSER-TROBISCH ANDREA , KOCH ANDRÉ
Published: March 2020

Currently three different species are recognized within the Southeast Asian agamid genus Hydrosaurus: H. amboinensis (Schlosser, 1768) from Ambon, Seram, Sulawesi and New Guinea, H. pustulatus (Eschscholtz, 1829) from the Philippines and H. weberi Barbour, 1911 from Halmahera and adjacent islands. Historically, two additional species were described from the island of Sulawesi, but were synonymized with H. amboinensis more than a century ago and have been treated as such in most subsequent publications. In order to revise the taxonomy and diversity of these enigmatic agamid lizards, we examined the corresponding type specimens and additional material originating from Sulawesi and compared them to photographs of live specimens from field trips. Due to differences in colour pattern and scalation characters, we resurrect the taxa celebensis Peters, 1872 and microlophus Bleeker, 1860 from the synonymy of H. amboinensis, which in turn is restricted to the central Moluccas and New Guinea. Hence, Sulawesi is currently the only known island within the genus’ range to be inhabited by two different species of sailfin lizards. Our systematic investigation brings the number of recognized species within the genus Hydrosaurus to five.
Taxonomy of ‘Euconnus complex’. Part XX. Madagassoconnus Franz and
Oneila Peringuey placed as subgenera of Euconnus Thomson (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)
Authors: JAŁOSZYŃSKI PAWEŁ
Published: March 2020

Madagassoconnus Franz and Oneila Peringuey were described as genera, but their diagnoses largely overlap with that of Euconnus. Results of detailed morphological studies justify placing Madagassoconnus and Oneila as subgenera of Euconnus. Madagassoconnus differs from most of previously reviewed subgenera of Euconnus in minor characters, mainly in tarsomeres III and IV forming elongate anteroventral lobes. Oneila differs from other subgenera mainly in strongly and uniquely modified antennomeres VII and VIII, or only VII, in males; other characters are almost identical as those in Tetramelus Motschulsky, Paratetramelus Franz and Heteroconnus Franz. However, results of preliminary phylogenetic analyses are still inconclusive, and a conservative approach is adopted to treat Madagassoconnus and Oneila as valid names, pending further study. Previous (and the only) redescription of the type species of Madagassoconnus, Cyrtoscydmus kolbei L.W. Schaufuss, is discussed as likely based on misidentified specimens not conspecific with the type material. Madagassoconnus arganoi Franz that occurs in Mexico (in contrast to all remaining species of Madagassoconnus that are endemic to Madagascar) is placed as Euconnus (incertae sedis) arganoi comb. n., and Oneila camerunensis Franz known to occur in Cameroon, is placed as Euconnus (incertae sedis) camerunensis comb. n.
The genus Ceratophyus Fischer von Waldheim, 1824 (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae) in China, along with description of a new species
Authors: KRÁL DAVID , JÁKL STANISLAV , LU YUANYUAN , BAI MING
Published: March 2020

Ceratophyus amdoensis Král & Jákl, new species from Gansu and Qinghai Provinces of China is described, illustrated and compared with its congeners so far known from China and adjacent countries. A key to identification of males of Chinese species of Ceratophyus Fischer von Waldheim, 1824 is provided. Ceratophyus polyceros (Pallas, 1771) is excluded from the fauna of China. First province records of C. dauricus (Jekel, 1866) from Hebei (China) and Hentiy (Mongolia) and first province records of C. sinicus Zunino, 1973 from Hebei, Ningxia and Shaanxi (China) are reported. Distribution of five species so far known from China is summarized and mapped.
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) originally described from French Guiana
Authors: TALAGA STANISLAS , GANTIER JEAN-CHARLES , GIROD ROMAIN
Published: March 2020

Examination of type specimens and topotypic material is often a necessary step to ascertain the validity of a species. Consequently, solid knowledge about type series, type locality and type depository is critical. In this paper, we provide a thorough review of the mosquito species originally described from specimens collected in French Guiana, with specific emphasis on the location of the current depositories of type material, the composition of type series and the delimitation of type localities. Information already published about the mosquito type material from French Guiana was gathered and efforts were made to ascertain the current location of their depositories. This investigation made it possible to locate a large part of the existing type material and to provide corrected information on type series and type localities, therefore providing a strong basis for future taxonomic research on mosquitoes. The type locality of Culex (Culex) pseudojanthinosoma Senevet & Abonnenc is corrected from French Guiana to Africa, and this species is synonymized with Culex (Culex) duttoni Theobald.
A new species of herb gall wasp (Cynipidae, Aulacideini, Aulacidea) from Turkey
Authors: AZMAZ MUSA , KATILMIŞ YUSUF
Published: March 2020

A new species of cynipid herb gall wasp, Aulacidea turcica Azmaz & Katılmış sp. n., (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Aulacideini) is described from Turkey. Based on morphological characters, A. turcica belongs to the genus Aulacidea. Both sexual females and males of this species are known and the females induce galls on the stem of Digitalis ferruginea. This is the first record of host use in the genus Digitalis and possibly the family Plantaginaceae by a species of Aulacidea. Five species belonging to Aulacideini were previously known from Turkey. SEM images and data on the diagnosis, distribution, and biology of the new species are provided.
Biochip Performances of Agarose, Poly(Oligo(Ethylene Glycol) Methacrylate), and Poly(2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate) Film on Glass Surfaces
Authors: Jung Young Jae , Kim Jae Chang , Ko Sangwon , Lee Jungkyu K.
Published: March 2020

We demonstrate the biochip efficacies of three different polymer films (agarose, poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) (pOEGMA), and poly(2-hydroxyethyl metacharylate) (pHEMA) on microscopic glass surfaces. As a result, the non-biofouling performances increased in
this order: agarose < pOEGMA < pHEMA, and the binding capabilities increased in this order: pHEMA < pOEGMA < agarose.
Preparation of Waterborne Polyurethane-Based Macroporous Sponges as Wound Dressings
Authors: Choi Soonmo , Zo Sunmi , Park Gyutae , Shin Eunjoo , Han Sungsoo
Published: March 2020

Recently, eco-friendly and biologically harmless products of waterborne polyurethane (WPU) instead of solvent-borne polyurethane have been strongly progressed in both industries and research areas. Accordingly, we developed a WPU-based macroporous sponge as a skin tissue engineering
matrix. Also, the WPU dispersion in water was modified by using a foaming agent in order to create creamy emulsion resulting in enlarging surface area wherein cells could adhere, grow, and proliferate. We investigated the effect of a foaming agent on the morphology of surface and internal
structure, wettability. In vitro studies also confirmed enhanced adherence and proliferation of cells with increased metabolic rate. These results proved that the use of foaming agent could alter the internal structure, surface property, and biocompatibility.
A Deep Blue Organic Light Emitting Diodes Characteristic of Isomerically-Featured Phosphine Oxides Containing N-Phenyl Benzimidazole
Authors: Kim Kyeong Hyeon , Lee Jae Hyeok , Kim Dong-Eun , Shin Hoon-Kyu , Lee Burm-Jong
Published: March 2020

An isomeric series of phosphine oxides with N-phenyl benzimidazole such as 2-DPPI, 3-DPPI and 4-DPPI were synthesized for organic light emitting diodes (OLED). The thermal properties of DPPI isomers were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry
(DSC). OLED devices using DPPI isomers as the emitting material were fabricated, which configuration was ITO/MoOx [30 nm]/NPB [500 nm]/DPPI [300 nm]/Alq3 [200 nm]/Liq[10 nm]/Al [120 nm]. The emitting colors of the devices were respectively a deep-blue (430 nm, 4-DPPI) and greenish-yellows
(510–580 nm, 3-DPPI and 530 nm, 2-DPPI). In particular, the emitting color of 4-DPPI device was not changed during the alteration of applied voltages (6.5–11.5 V), and the CIE coordinate was a satisfactory deep-blue (0.161, 0.101).
Pump-Free Glass-Based Capillary Microfluidic Immuno-Assay Chip for Electrochemical Detection of Prostate-Specific Antigen
Authors: Lee Myeong Jun , Yeom Jina , Choi Jin-Ha , Shin Jeong Hyeop , Kim Tae Hwan , Jeon Ju-Won , Na Jeong-Geol , Shin Kwanwoo , Oh Byung-Keun
Published: March 2020

Immuno-assay is one of diagnostic methods that usually measures biomarkers associated with cancers. However, this method is complex and take a long time to analyze. To overcome these disadvantages, many immuno-sensing chips have been designed and developed. However, these devices still
require an external pump or electrical source. In this study, our group fabricated a capillary microfluidic device using glass and adhesive polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film, which were designed by simply patterning and cutting to make the microfluidic capillary channels. Using capillary
force alone, glass microfluidic chip can control the speed of fluid-flow and the flow sequence by adjusting the width of the channel and design. In addition, each flow can push out other flow without mixing. The glass-based capillary microfluidic chip (GCMC) can automatically perform immunoassay
in regular order without external devices and it provide an electrochemical signal analysis in an average of 2 min. The concentration of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a biomarker of prostate cancer, was measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV). In conclusion, GCMC can detect between a range
of 100 pg/ml to 1 μg/ml of PSA and provide high selectivity to PSA.
Electrochemical Behavior Study of Flower-Shaped Bimetal Organic Frameworks with Graphene Oxide for Cathode of Lithium Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Song Woo-Seop , Park Soo-Jin , Kim Seok
Published: March 2020

We studied that hybrid material of two metal component organic framework (Bimetal MOF), containing graphene oxide (GO) as a sulfur immobilizing host was successfully synthesized by hydrothermal reaction. To prove effect of MOF, only GO and ZIF-67 (Zeolitic imidazolate framework) composites
were prepared as comparative samples. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR) were conducted to determine the morphology and micro-structure of the composite. Electrochemical properties were characterized by cyclic voltammetry
(CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge tests were performed by battery tester. Based on these electrochemical experiments, Bimetal-MOF composites showed the better performance than the other samples.
Effect of Metal Capping on the Stability of Amorphous Si–Zn–Sn–O Thin Film Transistor by Suppressing Ambient Effect
Authors: Lee Ji Ye , Lee Sang Yeoal
Published: March 2020

By adopting metal capping layer (MC layer), electrical properties, such as field effect mobility, on current, and subthreshold swing showed enhanced characteristics with 24.996 cm2/Vs, 2.1×10−4 and 0.34 V/decade, respectively. In addition, the stability
of the negative bias thermal stress (NBTS) against the ambient environment has been shown to be enhanced by the MC layer which acts like passivation layer. Without additional passivation layer, MC layer alone sufficiently inhibited the ambient effect to show low threshold voltage shift of
0.21 V compared with 0.89 V of conventional TFT. MC layer structure, enhancing the electrical characteristic and stability, had the advantages of a process that was much simpler than conventional process for high performance and stability.
Effects of Radio-Frequency Sputtering Power on Low Temperature Formation of MoS2 Thin Films on Soda-Lime Glass Substrates
Authors: Zhao Zhenqian , Yin Min Yu , Kwon Sang Jik , Cho Eou-Sik
Published: March 2020

For the realization of the economical and reliable fabrication process of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) layers, MoS2 thin films were directly formed a on soda-lime glass substrate by RF sputtering and subsequent rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at a temperature range
of 400–550 °C. Using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, it was possible to investigate more stable surface morphologies of MoS2 layers at lower RF sputtering powers irrespective of the RTA temperature. Even at an RTA temperature of less than 550
°C, the Raman exhibited more distinct E12g and A1g peaks for the MoS2 layers sputtered at lower RF powers. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results revealed that more distinct peaks were observed at a higher RTA temperature,
and the peak positions were moved to higher energies at a lower RF sputtering power. Based on the Hall measurements, higher carrier densities were obtained for the MoS2 layers sputtered at lower RF powers.
Controlled Synthesis of Coral-Like CuO Dendrites with Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance
Authors: Gao Feng , Wu Yi , He Xiang-Fei , Yin Jia-Xuan , Qin Li-Zhao , Li Qing
Published: March 2020

In this work, coral-like CuO dendrites were successfully synthesized by a solvothermal method in the mixed solvent of distilled water and ethanol with assistance of dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB). The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission
scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis techniques, to investigate their structure and morphology. The coral-like CuO dendrites
were about 1 μm in length, with many dendrites pointing to a common center. The influence of experimental conditions on morphology, such as volume ratio of water to ethanol, surfactant DTAB and molar ratio of Na2CO3 and Cu(CH3COO)2, was
also discussed. Time-dependent experiment was carried out to explore the formation mechanism while a “particle-sheet-dendrite (PSD)” mechanism was proposed to explain the growth process. The as-prepared CuO dendrites were used to degrade methylene blue (MB) under visible light
irradiation in the presence of H2O2, where over 98% of methylene blue (MB) was degraded in 1 h. Results from the study demonstrated that the as-prepared coral-like CuO dendrites exhibited enhanced photocatalytic performance and excellent stability and reusability.
Ni3S2/Ni(OH)2 Directly Grown on Ni Foam for Battery-Type Electrode with Super Long Cycle Stability
Authors: Guo Chunli , Wang Li , Yan Zeying , Zhang Yuyu , Li Jie , Sun Changhui
Published: March 2020

The Ni3S2/Ni(OH)2 electrode could deliver a high areal capacity of 1.58 C/cm2 at 2 mA/cm2, along with outstanding cycling stability (113% capacity retention after 30,000 cycles). The energy density of the Ni3S2/Ni(OH)2//AC
hybrid device was 30.23 Wh/kg at a power density of 155 W/kg (15.5 Wh/kg at 3,875 W/kg). Compared with other Ni(OH)2 composites on Ni foam, these results indicate that Ni3S2/Ni(OH)2 directly grown on Ni foam opens up the potential application for energystorage
devices with high areal capacity and high cycling performance.
Use of Nanosilica and Cement in Improving the Mechanical Behavior of Disintegrated Carbonaceous Mudstone
Authors: Zeng Ling , Yao Xiaofei , Gao Qian-Feng , Bian Hanbing , Fan Dianhua
Published: March 2020

This study aims to examine the mechanical behavior of disintegrated carbonaceous mudstone modified with nanosilica and cement (DCMNC). Many DCMNC specimens with various nanosilica contents were prepared. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations
were performed on some of the specimens. Afterwards, triaxial tests were carried out on the remaining specimens to determine the mechanical behavior of DCMNC. The results showed that the cohesion exhibited a positive correlation with nanosilica content while the angle of internal friction
presented a negative correlation with nanosilica content. The peak deviatoric stress, residual deviatoric stress and brittle modulus of DCMNC showed an increase followed by a decrease as nanosilica content varied from 0 to 8%, and all of them reached corresponding maximums at a nanosilica
content of 2%. Thus, 2% was considered to be the optimum nanosilica content. The modification mechanism of DCMNC could be explained by the pozzolanic reaction related to nanosilica and the filling effect of nanosilica.
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Carbon Nanotubes/Flower-Patterned Zinc Oxide Nanostructures
Authors: He Zhongming , Wang Chen , Chen Chuansheng
Published: March 2020

It is essential for multifunctional asphalt to develop the new nanostructures with high photocatalytic activity in order to endow asphalt with the self-cleaning ability of contamination. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes/ZnO (MWNTs/ZnO) composites were synthesized based on microwave irradiation
and their structure and photocatalytic properties were investigated. The experimental results showed that MWNTs/ZnO powder with different morphologies was attained such as cone-shaped, floral-patterned and fusiform structures. The as-obtained MWNTs/ZnO composites were proved to possess quite
high catalytic activities for degradation of methyl orange (MO). Especially, the floral-patternedMWNTs/ZnO composites displayed better photocatalytic performance than the other composites indicating that the resultant MWNTs/ZnO composites can be used as photocatalysts without any additional
treatment.
The Role of Nanotechnology in Subgrade and Pavement Engineering: A Review
Authors: Zeng Ling , Xiao Liuyi , Zhang Junhui , Fu Hongyuan
Published: March 2020

Nanotechnology is an extension of sciences and technologies that deal with particles less than 100 nm. This paper reviews previous studies on how nanomaterials work and what their advantages are in subgrade and pavement engineering. In subgrade engineering, the nanomaterials particles
can not only improve the physicochemical and mechanical properties of subgrade soils by filling the voids between soil particles but also promote hydration reaction between cement and ion exchange between soil particles. In pavement engineering, the water stability, rutting resistance, fatigue
resistance and optical properties of flexible pavements are enhanced by adding nanomaterials into the asphalt mixture. Nanosilica enhances the interface between cement pastes and aggregates and promotes the pozzolanic reaction of concrete, thus, mechanical properties of concrete pavements
are improved. Compared with traditional materials, nanomaterials play a promising role in subgrade and pavement engineering, benefitting from their environmental friendliness, lower environmental disturbance, better price/performance ratio and higher durability.
Evolution of Cracks in Nano-CaCO3 Modified Pre-Disintegrated Carbonaceous Mudstone Under Cyclic Wetting and Drying
Authors: Zeng Ling , Yuan Yurong , Zhang Junhui
Published: March 2020

To explore the evolution of cracks in the pre-disintegrated carbonaceous mudstone, wetting-drying tests were carried out on nano-CaCO3 modified pre-disintegrated carbonaceous mudstone samples. The samples were prepared with aqueous solutions of different pH values. Scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to clarify the mechanism of crack evolution of pre-disintegrated carbonaceous mudstone modified by nano-CaCO3. The results showed that development of shrinkage and cracks was basically divided into three stages, i.e., the gestation stage,
the rapid development stage and the stable stage. For the samples without nano-CaCO3, the final crack rates and pore sizes of samples with pH = 3 and pH = 11 were larger than corresponding values of the sample with pH= 7. Moreover, final crack rate and pore size significantly decreased
with the addition of nano-CaCO3 suggesting that nano-CaCO3 can effectively improve cracking resistance of pre-disintegrated carbonaceous mudstone.
Effect of Friction Stir Welding Parameters on Microstructure and Properties of Welded 5083 Aluminium Alloy
Authors: Hao Lixin , Jia Ruiling , Zhai Xiwei , Zhang Huixia , Hou Jian
Published: March 2020

The friction stir welding (FSW) parameters were designed in this study by orthogonal experimental method. The microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of corresponding FSW joints of 5083 aluminium alloy (AA5083) were also investigated. Scanning Kelvin probe force
microscopy (SKPFM) was employed to study local potential differences on the FSW joint. Results showed that the welding parameters greatly influenced the FSW joint properties of the AA5083. The ratio of rotation speed to welding speed (n/v) mainly affected the mechanical properties of
the joint. The tensile strength for the joint was reduced when welded with too large or too small n/v. The hardness of all FSW joints was characterized with similar ‘W-shaped,’ and minimum hardness value appeared on advancing side of the heat affected zone. Different heat input
and agitation intensity caused heterogeneous microstructure for the AA5083 FSW joint, which led to differences in passivation properties of weld nugget zone, thermo-mechanically affected zone and heat-affected zone. Susceptibility of the AA5083 FSW joint to pitting corrosion was attributed
to the difference of relative potential between the intermetallic phase and Al matrix.
Spatially-Regulated Deposition of Quantum Dots on the Patterned Polymer Brush
Authors: Sato Tomoya , Dunderdale Gary J. , Urata Chihiro , Hozumi Atsushi
Published: March 2020

We have demonstrated direct patterning of surface initiator layer (SIL) for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) using a sol–gel based “ink” containing (p-chloromethyl)phenyltrimethoxysilane and tetraethoxysilane for an inkjet printer. Mechanically/chemically
robust and smooth micropatterns of SIL several tens of micrometer in width and 15 nm thickness were directly printed on silicon substrates under mild conditions (open to the atmosphere, at ~28 °C under >60% relative humidity). Subsequent surface-initiated ATRP of glycidyl methacrylate
(GMA) under the air atmosphere gave area-selective/stepwise growth of homogeneous polyGMA brushes (pGMA) from the micropatterns of SIL. This area-selective growth of pGMA was also confirmed by a fluorescence microscopy. Because of chemical reactivity of epoxy groups on the grafted pGMA
surfaces toward amino-functionalized nanomaterials, CdS/ZnS-alloyed quantum dots were spatially deposited only on the pGMA-covered regions with a complete area-selectivity.
Chemical Synthesis of Rare Earth (La, Gd) Doped Cobalt Ferrite and a Comparative Analysis of Their Magnetic Properties
Authors: Gupta Meenal , Das Anusree , Das Dipankar , Mohapatra Satyabrata , Datta Anindya
Published: March 2020

Lanthanum (La) and gadolinium (Gd) doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles are synthesized using a soft chemical approach. The analysis of these ferrites using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows that lattice spacing decreases in the doped ferrite samples.
Magnetization data indicates towards the decrease of saturation magnetisation but increase in coercivity with doping. Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements at room temperature indicate increased occupancy of trivalent cations at tetrahedral site. The addition of rare earth dopants reduces
the hard-magnetic character of cobalt ferrite.
Pb(II) Adsorption of Composite Alginate Beads Containing Mesoporous Natural Zeolite
Authors: Munkhbat Dolgormaa , Ganbold Tamiraa , Naranbaatar Ariunzul , Shiomori Koichiro , Bayanjargal Ochirkhuyag
Published: March 2020

Natural zeolite beads were prepared by encapsulating mesoporous zeolite into alginate beads via egg box method and its adsorption properties of Pb(II) ions were investigated in aqueous solution. Crystallinity and size reduction of natural zeolite were enhanced by mechanic modification
of the ball milling process. FTIR and SEM-EDS analyses confirmed that mechanically modified zeolite particles were incorporated into alginate hydrogel. The highest adsorption amount of zeolite alginate beads was 87.47 mg/g after 20 h adsorption process. SEM-EDS result confirmed that the adsorption
process has occurred on the surface of zeolite alginate beads. Adsorption kinetic data were fitted with Langmuir adsorption isotherm which showed that Pb2+ cation adsorbed into monolayers of adsorbent material. Moreover, we observed that calcium ion released after the Pb2+
adsorption process in the feed solution. Therefore, the adsorption mechanism of zeolite alginate beads explained by complex mechanisms including surface sorption and ion exchange of Pb2+ and Ca2+ in beads.
Porous Monolithic Electrode of Ni3FeN on 3D Graphene for Efficient Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Li Ruiqing , Xu Chenyang , Jiang Xiangfen , Bando Yoshio , Wang Xuebin
Published: March 2020

Developing high-performance nonprecious electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of great importance, but it remains a challenge. In this paper, we synthesize a porous monolithic catalytic electrode, which is transition metal nitride, Ni3FeN, constructed on
a 3D network-like support of the strutted graphene foam (Ni3FeN/SG). The obtained Ni3FeN/SG electrode shows the excellent catalytic activity and the durability for OER in alkaline solution, owing to iron incorporation, high electrical conductivity and 3D network-like
structure of strutted graphene. It requires small overpotential (226 mV) to actuate 10 mA cm−2, superior to most recently developed catalysts and commercial RuO2. The fabrication strategy provides a substantial way to expand 3D porous monolithic electrodes for various
electrocatalytic applications.
Bandgap Tuning and Blue-Green Band Emissions of Sol–Gel Synthesized ZnO Films by High Cu Doping
Authors: Fatehmulla Amanullah , AlDawood Iqram Abdulkarim , Qindeel Rabia , Aldhafiri A. M. , Albassam A. A. , Shahabuddin M. , Farooq W. A. , Yakuphanoglu F.
Published: March 2020

The present research focuses on the preparation of ZnO thin films both undoped and doped with varying Cu concentrations (0.0%, 0.8%, 3.0%, 5.0%, 10.0% and 20.0%) using sol–gel spin coating technique. The optical bandgap (Eg) for undoped films is recorded as 3.239
eV and shows a little increase to 3.248 eV when it is doped with 0.8% Cu concentration whereas further increase of Cu doping concentration, it is decreased from 3.248 eV to 3.107 eV for 20% Cu. The EU (Urbach Energy) is improved with the enhancement of Cu doping concentration.
Ultraviolet (UV) and bluegreen band emissions are noticed from PL (photoluminescence) spectra. The UV peak intensities are diminished with increasing Cu doping concentration while the blue peaks intensities are amplified. These results illustrate that ZnO films doped with Cu meet the requirement
for applications in different blue emission devices.
Toward Integrative Reading Science: The Direct and Indirect Effects Model of Reading
Authors: Kim Young-Suk Grace
Published: March 2020

The authors propose an integrative theoretical model of reading called the direct and indirect effects model of reading (DIER) that builds on and extends several prominent theoretical models of reading. According to DIER, the following skills and knowledge are involved in reading comprehension: word reading, listening comprehension, text reading fluency, background knowledge (content knowledge and discourse knowledge), reading affect or socioemotions, higher order cognitions and regulation (e.g., inference, perspective taking, reasoning, and comprehension monitoring), vocabulary, grammatical (morphosyntactic and syntactic) knowledge, phonology, morphology, orthography, and domain–general cognitions (e.g., working memory and attentional control). Importantly, DIER also describes the nature of structural relations—component skills are hypothesized to have (a) hierarchical relations; (b) dynamic (or differential) relations as a function of text, activity (including assessment), and development; and (c) interactive relations. The authors then examined the hierarchical relations hypothesis by comparing a flat or direct relations model with hierarchical relations (or direct and indirect effects) models. Structural equation model results from 201 Korean-speaking first graders supported the hierarchical relations hypothesis and revealed multichanneled direct and indirect effects of component skills. These results are discussed in light of DIER, including instructional and assessment implications for reading development and reading difficulties.
A quasi-Monte Carlo method based on the Karhunen–Loeve expansion for groundwater flow simulation
Authors: Weihong Liao , Anjia Jiao
Published: March 2020

To study the effects of spatial variability on groundwater flow simulation, some stochastic methods are proposed in this study. The Karhunen–Loeve expansion is utilized to generate the random field of the parameter conductivity. The conventional and pseudo-random, Latin hypercube, and quasi-random sampling methods are employed to generate random vectors in the Karhunen–Loeve expansion. Various Monte Carlo methods based on different sampling methods are compared and analyzed in groundwater flow simulation. It is shown that the quasi-Monte Carlo method has better convergence and efficiency compared to other methods, especially in cases with large input variance and short correlation length. The Karhunen–Loeve expansion possesses the ability to generate a random field of general type. The type of stochastic input has a great impact on uncertainty in groundwater simulations.
Reconstruction of critical coalbed methane logs with principal component regression model: A case study
Authors: Li Wan , Chen Tongjun , Song Xiong , Gong Tianqi , Liu Mengyue
Published: March 2020

Wireline logging plays a critical role in coalbed methane exploration. However, the lack of crucial log data, such as neutron and sonic logs, makes coalbed methane exploration difficult. In this paper, we propose a principal component regression model incorporating a multiscale wavelet analysis, a histogram calibration, a principal component analysis, and a multivariate regression to reconstruct essential neutron and sonic logs from conventional logs (i.e., density, resistivity, gamma ray, spontaneous potential, and caliper logs). Our proposed model does not need core-related correlation, and there is no local optimization. We have applied the model to evaluate coalbed methane content in a real case. Firstly, we use the multiscale wavelet analysis and histogram calibration to improve logs’ reliability and lateral comparability. Then, we apply principal component analysis to transform the well-correlated wireline logs into linearly independent components and regress reconstruction functions for neutron and sonic logs with multivariate regression. The reconstructed logs are like the measured logs in trend, mean, and scale. Finally, we apply the reconstructed neutron logs to predict the coalbed methane-content distribution. The predicted distribution is not only following the regional distribution characteristics of coalbed methane enrichment zones but also validated by the coalbed methane production data. In summary, the successful applications of wireline-log reconstruction and regional coalbed methane-content prediction have demonstrated the reliability of the proposed principal component regression model.
I. Blind People and the Community
Authors: Finestone Samuel
Published: March 2020

A round-table discussion called “What the Agencies for the Blind Have to Offer Today” was held at the convention of the Eastern Conference of Home Teachers in October 1958 at Richmond, Virginia. The following three papers, which made up the discussion, cover the subject in terms of state programs, community relations, and direct services.
The Teacher in Room 18
Authors: Barry Franklyn S.
Published: March 2020

“Blindness is something in which I do not believe. The blindness to which I refer is the real blindness of life, that of the mind. And, really, there is no other kind. Sight is of the mind, and he who has a mind has sight.”

— Betty Morton
A Study of Sex Education Programs for Visually Handicapped Persons
Authors: Bidgood Frederick E.
Published: March 2020

The vast majority of public and residential schools feel a responsibility to provide sex education for their visually handicapped students, and although less so, the feeling is also strong in agencies dealing with the blind. The majority offer some kind of sex education program, but many of these programs need further development. In general, the public school programs seem more thorough and better planned than those of the residential schools or agencies. There is a recognized need to provide good sex education programs, but a lack of good audio and tactual teaching aids, among other things, is blocking progress. The schools and agencies see the problem and are seeking solutions.
Kinesic Training for Blind Persons: A Vital Means of Communication
Authors: Apple Marianne M.
Published: March 2020

□ Further effort should be made to explore some of the areas outlined in this paper and to create an effective training program in non-verbal communication techniques for blind persons. While it was not within our scope to describe such a program, the survey of the literature should suggest a few basic components of an adapted kinesic training program. Guidelines for kinesic training may be drawn from kinesics, the theater arts, recreation, and physical therapy.

It is hoped that those engaged in work with blind persons will begin to work out some of the problems posed by this study and to develop a training program which will enable blind persons to become more effective and successful in their interpersonal communication.
The Response of Individuals Beginning Work with Blind Persons
Authors: Ward Allan L.
Published: March 2020

A three-year interview-survey program conducted at Arkansas Enterprises for the Blind, Little Rock, in which 90 interns were questioned about their reactions to working with blind persons for the first time. Those who had had previous contacts or who themselves had a severe visual handicap experienced no unusual reactions. Those who had had no such contacts, however, experienced depression, frustration, fear, sorrow, pity, revulsion, guilt, and resentment, both intensely for a short period and less so for an extended time. It was found that forewarning new workers of the possibility of such reactions is helpful. Individual and group counseling was also beneficial.
Dance and Creative Movement for Blind Persons
Authors: Rand Marcia
Published: March 2020

A special forum for individuals to respond in detail to material published in the New Outlook for the Blind, or elsewhere, to present new ideas, or to raise issues which relate to the specialized field of work with blind and visually handicapped persons. Contributions should be 350-1,000 words in length.
Traditional Nursery Rhymes and Games: Language Learning Experiences for Preschool Blind Children
Authors: Blos Joan W.
Published: March 2020

The young blind child tends to be limited in his experience with books, stories, and rhymes, a fact reflecting the combined influence of his own inability to signal his appetite for new and ongoing language play and the parents’ incapacity to identify, locate, and present to him new and suitable material. Suggestions for a definite, but informal, sequence of language-related activities, using songs, rhymes, records, stories, and some of Mother Goose, are made. Throughout, the underlying concept is that what the preschool blind population requires is not picture books without pictures, but intact literary material which is, nevertheless, accessible to the blind child's learning condition.
The Braille Computer Terminal: Its Applications in Employment
Authors: Dalrymple George F.
Published: March 2020

The production of braille simultaneously with print from a Teletype allows blind persons access to computers without sighted assistance. Jobs in which the use of the output from a Teletype is required are thus open to appropriately trained blind persons. The article includes explanations of the uses made of the braille-producing attachment by a mathematician, a systems programmer, a taxpayer service representative, and a newscaster. Modifications in the braille code necessitated by the system are also discussed.
What is Effective Programming for Deaf-Blind Children?
Authors: Hammer Edwin K.
Published: March 2020

Effective programming, operationally defined, leads to positive results. In education this means that the teacher must be aware of the concept of the program as it relates to the role of the teacher, the construct of the program and how it affects activities, and the content of the program as based upon the needs of the child and in terms of the concept and construct. It is of utmost importance to document activities so that the program can be evaluated to determine whether it is meeting its goals and objectives.
Integrating the Aging Visually Handicapped into Community Groups in New York City
Authors: Minkoff Harry
Published: March 2020

Reports the results of a three-year funded project to integrate aging visually handicapped persons into community senior programs in three neighborhoods in New York City. Describes the project's structure, how groups are organized, site selection, the orientation of host center staff and members, activities, and transportation. A special program in an area nursing home is also described.
The Cranmer Abacus and Its Use in Residential Schools for the Blind and in Day School Programs
Authors: Becker Carol , Kalina Kenneth
Published: March 2020

The introduction in the early 1960's of the Cranmer abacus as a computational aid for blind persons caused a “mathematical explosion” in the mathematics curriculum for blind children. A number of studies are cited to show that the abacus has a positive effect on the development of arithmetic skills and that its use in residential schools is now very widespread. Blind children enrolled in public schools are very often still using other devices, although the abacus is gaining in popularity.
Mobility, Orientation, and Navigation: Conceptual and Theoretical Considerations
Authors: Psathas George
Published: March 2020

Analyzes mobility, orientation, and navigation and describes the complex activities and detailed knowledge required by each. Mobility involves movement of an embodied person; orientation involves knowing where one is, in relation to fixed or moving points; navigation is directed movement with an intended destination and requires knowledge of directions and locations.
Review of Literature on Braille Reading
Authors: Birns Shayne
Published: March 2020

Braille has been the primary reading system for blind persons for over a century. This article traces the often stormy history of braille, the effects of teaching trends upon it, and the implications new innovations have for its future.
Effective Use of Readers
Authors: Mcgary Nancy E.
Published: March 2020

A special forum for individuals to respond in detail to material published in the New Outlook for the Blind or elsewhere, to present new ideas, or to raise issues that relate to the specialized field of work with blind and visually handicapped persons. Contributions should be 350–1000 words in length.
Modification of the Two-Point Touch Cane Technique: A Pilot Study
Authors: Jacobson William H. , Ehresman Paul
Published: March 2020

In this pilot study four subjects were observed to determine the extent of the natural movement of their centers of gravity in relation to arc height during the two-point touch cane technique. The subjects learned and practiced a modified technique using their center of gravity as much as possible. Analysis of the data revealed that each subject was, to some extent, able to incorporate the movement of the center of gravity into the two-point touch technique.
Community Service by Visually Impaired Older Adults
Authors: Berkman Susan C. J.
Published: March 2020

Braille Institute's Community Outreach Program provides adventitiously blinded older adults with opportunities to volunteer in local community agencies, schools, and hospitals after they have completed the institute's Special Education Program. Its students use their newly acquired independence skills in a functional social environment, thus increasing their self-confidence and teaching local agencies more about blindness and the capabilities of blind workers.
Visually Handicapped People and the Law
Authors: Bishop V.E.
Published: March 2020

This paper explores the definitional problems of visual handicaps, especially in terms of the legal definition of blindness. A brief history is given of the laws concerning visually handicapped people, and a discussion of case law describes legal precedent. A final section presents suggestions for strengthening the legal position of visually handicapped people in future litigation.
A Method for Assessing Acuity in the Natural Environment
Authors: Knowlton M. , Normandin J.
Published: March 2020

A method for assessing visual acuity is developed based upon the visual angle subtended by objects. The method incorporates the trigonometric principles of similar triangles and requires the subject to identify objects or parts of objects in any environment. The examiner then measures the objects by viewing them through a template held at a fixed distance from the eye. The new acuity assessment is discussed in terms of the educational relevance.
Visually Impaired Students in Higher Education in Norway
Authors: Haugann E.M.
Published: March 2020

A sample of 40 visually impaired college students and older people were surveyed to determine areas for improvement in the educational system for visually impaired people in Norway. The survey found a strong need for career counseling services offering a wider range of occupations. Many of the respondents saw the need for a more diversified curriculum, ensuring a smoother transition from high school to college.
Recruitment Efforts to save a Teacher-preparation Program
Authors: Jones G.
Published: March 2020

When enrollments dropped sharply in Florida State University's teacher-preparation program in visual disabilities, major efforts were made to recruit undergraduate and graduate students and hence to save the program from extinction. This article describes the successful four-year recruitment program and the methods used: a survey to determine the target population, the use of current students to attract new ones, the harnessing of campus resources, and obtaining funds for recruitment activities.
Strategic Planning and Independent Living for Elders who are Blind
Authors: Crews J.E.
Published: March 2020

This article explains the process of strategic planning for organizations that facilitate independent living for older blind people in light of the complex, rapid changes that are occurring in this society. It describes two types of changes that take place in society and organizations, presents a model of the strategic planning process, and discusses the values that drive that process.
The Use of Video to Facilitate Visual Attention in Preschool Children
Authors: Blanksby D.
Published: March 2020

Sixteen visually impaired children aged 2–6 were exposed to a specially prepared visual stimulation video, and their visual attention was rated quantitatively and qualitatively. The results suggest that this technique could be useful in stimulating functional vision in young children.