bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cortical and Subcortical Effects of Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation in Humans with Tetraplegia
Authors: Benavides Francisco D. , Jo Hang Jin , Lundell Henrik , Edgerton V. Reggie , Gerasimenko Yuri , Perez Monica A.
Published: January 2020

An increasing number of studies supports the view that transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord (TESS) promotes functional recovery in humans with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the neural mechanisms contributing to these effects remain poorly understood. Here we examined motor-evoked potentials in arm muscles elicited by cortical and subcortical stimulation of corticospinal axons before and after 20 min of TESS (30 Hz pulses with a 5 kHz carrier frequency) and sham-TESS applied between C5 and C6 spinous processes in males and females with and without chronic incomplete cervical SCI. The amplitude of subcortical, but not cortical, motor-evoked potentials increased in proximal and distal arm muscles for 75 min after TESS, but not sham-TESS, in control subjects and SCI participants, suggesting a subcortical origin for these effects. Intracortical inhibition, elicited by paired stimuli, increased after TESS in both groups. When TESS was applied without the 5 kHz carrier frequency both subcortical and cortical motor-evoked potentials were facilitated without changing intracortical inhibition, suggesting that the 5 kHz carrier frequency contributed to the cortical inhibitory effects. Hand and arm function improved largely when TESS was used with, compared with without, the 5 kHz carrier frequency. These novel observations demonstrate that TESS influences cortical and spinal networks, having an excitatory effect at the spinal level and an inhibitory effect at the cortical level. We hypothesized that these parallel effects contribute to further the recovery of limb function following SCI.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAccumulating evidence supports the view that transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord (TESS) promotes recovery of function in humans with spinal cord injury (SCI). Here, we show that a single session of TESS over the cervical spinal cord in individuals with incomplete chronic cervical SCI influenced in parallel the excitability cortical and spinal networks, having an excitatory effect at the spinal level and an inhibitory effect at the cortical level. Importantly, these parallel physiological effects had an impact on the magnitude of improvements in voluntary motor output.
Handel mit Binären Optionen durch Privatanleger - Funktionsweise, Handelsmöglichkeiten, Risiken
Authors: Hölscher Reinhold , Schneider Jochen , Mazur-Rekowski Martin , Renner Natalie
Published: January 2020

Derzeit wird in verschiedenen Medien für Binäre Optionen geworben, die als einfache Möglichkeit zur Erzielung von hohen Gewinnen dargestellt werden. Bei Binären Optionen handelt es sich um Derivate mit Optionscharakter, an deren Laufzeitende der Inhaber entweder eine feststehende Gewinnzahlung erhält oder das eingesetzte Kapital vollständig verliert. Dieser Beitrag stellt neben der Funktionsweise und den Handelsmöglichkeiten insbesondere die Risiken aus der Perspektive eines Privatanlegers dar.
Korruption in der EU und Finanzmärkte
Authors: Thießen Friedrich
Published: January 2020

This paper analysis the relationship between corruption and non-performing-loans. Background are EU-programs to help member countries with loans in times of crises. Non-performing-loans and bank failures are regarded as signs of crises. It turns out that most of such loans have been allocated to countries with high corruption grades. The economic literature reveals however that non-performingloans and bank failures are common phenomena in corrupt countries and no signs of specific and acute crises. They are the ordinary consequence of corruption.
Influencer Marketing
Authors: Lis Bettina , Neßler Christian , Ziewiecki Sandra
Published: January 2020

Ansetzend an der Überdrüssigkeit gegenüber traditioneller Werbung hat sich eine neue Form der Markenkommunikation entwickelt. Über einflussreiche Nutzer wird eine neuartige Aufmerksamkeit in den sozialen Medien erzeugt, die sowohl als originell als auch glaubwürdig und authentisch wahrgenommen wird. Dabei handelt es sich um das Instrument des Influencer Marketing.
Lerncoaching an der Fachhochschule Südwestfalen in Meschede
Authors: Pätzold Torsten
Published: January 2020

An der Fachhochschule Südwestfalen hat das Thema Lerncoaching seit Jahren einen festen Platz. Der Autor, Studierendencoach am Standort Meschede, berichtet über das Angebot an lernunterstützenden Maßnahmen und etablierten Programmen.
Die Regeln machen den Unterschied: Marktdesign
Authors: Gretschko Vitali , Klein Thilo , Wambach Achim
Published: January 2020

Bei der Gestaltung von Märkten ist es vornehmliche Aufgabe des Staates, allgemeine Regeln zu entwickeln, die auf (fast) allen Märkten Anwendung finden. Mittlerweile ist aber immer häufiger zu beobachten, dass sich die öffentliche Hand mit individuellen Märkten auseinandersetzen muss. Insbesondere die Digitalisierung hat dazu beigetragen, dass neue Märkte entstehen und Regeln auf die feinen Details des Marktes präziser abgestimmt werden konnten. Die neue Disziplin, die dabei entstanden ist, nennt sich Marktdesign.
Abbau von Leistungsbilanzüberschüssen in Volkswirtschaften wie Deutschland?
Authors: Fratzscher Marcel , Felbermayr Gabriel
Published: January 2020

Das Phänomen ist nicht neu, gerät seit Trumps Machtübernahme aber noch stärker unter Beschuss: Deutschlands Rolle als Exportweltmeister, die zu weltweit hohen Ungleichgewichten in den Leistungsbilanzen führt. Das bedeutet, dass der Wert der exportierten Güter und Dienstleistungen und der Wert der Importe stark auseinanderfallen. Wenn es Länder mit Leistungsbilanzüberschüssen gibt, muss es auch solche mit Defiziten geben, die deshalb unter Druck geraten können. Daher verlangt die EU von ihren Mitgliedsländern eine Begrenzung ihrer Überschüsse, die Deutschland regelmäßig nicht einhält. Die renommierten Wirtschaftsinstitutspräsidenten Marcel Fratzscher und Gabriel Felbermayr sind unterschiedlicher Meinung, ob Leistungsbilanzüberschüsse abgebaut werden sollten.
Wirtschaft und Kausalität
Authors: Herrmann Kay
Published: January 2020

Die Wirtschaftswissenschaften wollen wirtschaftliche Phänomene wissenschaftlich erklären, was ein Kausalitätskonzept voraussetzt. Doch die Unterscheidung zwischen Ursachen und Gründen macht kausalistische Ansätze problematisch. Zwar ist die Frage der Naturalisierbarkeit kausaler Argumente nicht entschieden, die Bedeutsamkeit kausaler Erklärungen wirtschaftlicher Phänomene bleibt jedoch unberührt.
Praxisorientierte Abschlussarbeiten im Unternehmen
Authors: Hubert Frank
Published: January 2020

An vielen Universitäten und Hochschulen spielen praxisorientierte Bachelor- und Masterarbeiten eine immer größere Rolle. Die Studierenden erstellen diese Arbeiten meist in Praxisphasen oder bei Praktikumseinsätzen, die sie in ausgewählten Unternehmen verbringen. Dies ist mit vielen Vorteilen, aber auch mit einigen Schwierigkeiten verbunden. So ist unter anderem darauf zu achten, dass auch bei Abschlussarbeiten, die in Unternehmen geschrieben werden, die Kriterien für wissenschaftliches Arbeiten eingehalten werden.
Simultane Start-/Lande- und Rollroutenplanung
Authors: Steinrücke Martin , Strauß Christoph
Published: January 2020

Die Planungsaufgaben auf Flughäfen werden isoliert bearbeitet, obwohl sie Interdependenzen aufweisen. Das übliche sukzessive Vorgehen, bei dem zunächst ein Flugplan erstellt wird, der dann als Datum in die Rollroutenplanung eingeht, führt nicht zu kostenminimalen Ergebnissen. Zur simultanen Planung beider Entscheidungsbereiche wird ein gemischt-ganzzahliges Modell entwickelt und in einer Szenarioanalyse dessen Kostensenkungspotential und Abhängigkeit vom vorgegebenen Flugplan untersucht.
"Neue Industriepolitik" am Beispiel der japanischen "Society 5.0"
Authors: Pascha Werner , Fausten Tobias
Published: January 2020

Vorschläge und Ansätze einer proaktiven Industriepolitik spielen weltweit spätestens seit der Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise von 2008/09 und den Debatten um eine digitale Transformation von Volkswirtschaften wieder eine wichtige Rolle. Was ist von solchen Initiativen zu halten? Der Beitrag untersucht dies anhand eines entsprechenden Konzepts der japanischen Regierung: Society 5.0. Die erfolgreiche japanische Nachkriegswirtschaft hat seinerzeit intensiv Industriepolitik betrieben. Ist das Land nun erneut ein Wegweiser für innovative und nützliche industriepolitische Optionen?
Unternehmensbewertung und Due Diligence - Teil 2
Authors: Freidank Carl-Christian , Ceschinski Willi
Published: January 2020

Während die Unternehmensbewertung darauf abzielt, anhand bestimmter Bewertungsmethoden einen konkreten finanziellen Unternehmenswert zu ermitteln, wird unter dem Begriff Due Diligence (gebührende Sorgfalt) in Wissenschaft und Praxis eine ganzheitliche Unternehmensanalyse verstanden, die bei bestimmten Anlässen (z. B. Akquisition) zum Einsatz kommt. Der Beitrag untersucht Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede beider Ansätze und stellt ein integriertes Konzept vor, das vor allem bei der Beurteilung von Unternehmensakquisitionen eingesetzt werden kann.
Zur richtigen Integration von Einkommensteuer in Modelle mit langfristigem Planungshorizont
Authors: Schätzlein Uwe
Published: January 2020

Modellrechnungen sind das täglich Brot eines vorausplanenden Betriebswirts. Bislang noch wenig populär ist die Integration von Steuern in solche Kalküle. Wenn diese Berücksichtigung finden, dann zumeist als konstanter Faktor. Wie dies im Lichte des progressiven deutschen Einkommensteuertarifs umgesetzt werden kann, wird im Folgenden gezeigt.
Der Traum von einer Fußballkarriere
Authors: Prinz Aloys , Ehrmann Thomas
Published: January 2020

Die Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeit für eine Karriere im Profifußball der ersten oder zweiten Bundesliga ist gering. Sehr viele junge Spieler versuchen dennoch eine Profikarriere. Neben sportlichen Zielen spielen ökonomische Motive in Form von hohen Gehältern und sozialem Status eine wichtige Rolle. Diesen Verlockungen stehen erhebliche Risiken gegenüber. Letztere scheinen den Jugendlichen und ihren Eltern nicht immer bewusst zu sein. Für Vereine und Spielerberater ist die Konkurrenz unter den Jugendlichen ein lukratives Geschäft.
10 Antworten zur Schweizer Schuldenbremse
Authors: Schaltegger Christoph A. , Salvi Michele
Published: January 2020

Die Schweiz hat in den Neunzigerjahren einen stetigen Anstieg der Verschuldung verzeichnet – worauf die Schuldenbremse in der Bundesverfassung verankert wurde. Seit ihrem Inkrafttreten im Jahr 2003 haben sich die Bundesschulden markant verringert. Doch welche ökonomischen Folgen hatte die Schweizer Schuldenbremse und was könnte Deutschland aus diesen Erfahrungen mitnehmen?
Portfoliokonstruktionsroutinen in der praktischen Anwendung
Authors: Auer Benjamin R.
Published: January 2020

Während Arbitrageportfolios zur geldwerten Ausnutzung von Kapitalmarktanomalien in Forschung und Investmentpraxis immer mehr an Bedeutung gewinnen, finden sich in der wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Grundlagenliteratur keine geeigneten Anleitungen dafür, wie derartige Portfolios konkret in Softwareanwendungen konstruiert werden können. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird daher eine flexible Matlab-Portfoliokonstruktionsroutine entwickelt und anhand einer ausgewählten Anomalie zur Schiefe von Aktienrenditen empirisch illustriert.
International Grocery Retailers' Country Environment, Resources and Local Performance. A Cross-classified Multi-level Approach
Authors: Swoboda Bernhard , Morbe Lukas
Published: January 2020

This study aims to shed light on the often-neglected effects of host country environments on firms’ local performance. We chose this topic, because host country environment is known to affect firms’ internationalization decisions (e. g., market selection or entry mode choice) while it is rarely regarded as an antecedent of local performance after a market entry. Still, country environments are expected to have substantial performance implications by international business scholars, while we know from national research that local performance is attributed to the local environment, especially in the retail industry. We hence aim to contribute to international retailing research by conceptualizing and testing such effects across nations. Because retail firms’ resources may help to overcome environmental dependencies, such resources are conceptualized as moderators of the effects of the host country environment on local performance. We thus make a second contribution by providing novel insights on the context specificity of resources. We chose the grocery retailing industry to analyze these topics for several reasons. First, grocery retailing is an important industry (e. g., market volumes of 770 billion USD in the US, 680 in China, or 280 in Germany) which is highly sensitive to host country environments. Furthermore, in this industry different levels of the environment need to be differentiated: country-level environment specific to all firms and store format-level environment specific to store formats like hypermarkets vs. discounters. We thus consider three levels of analysis: store-formats, countries and firms. We apply cross-classified multi-level modeling, which allows us to treat the complex data structure appropriately and has rarely been used in business literature so far. A Bayesian estimation is used. We thus make a methodological contribution to literature, by showing a way to treat such data structures appropriately. The results show that purchasing power and rule of law (country level) enhance local performance, whereas local intra-format competition (format level) diminishes it. Important resources in retailing (firm level) do not affect local performance directly but the results support a context-specificity of resources, i. e., a moderation role of the environment-local performance links. In particular, country level effects are moderated by retailers’ degree of internationalization, while surprising interactions occur of the format level environment. We provide important insights for managers and applicate the novel cross-classified multi-level approach that accounts for increasing complexities in data structures in international business research.
Antecedents of WOM: Product Appraisal and Brand Relationship as Drivers of Customer Referral Dimensions
Authors: Reckmann Tobias , Teichert Thorsten
Published: January 2020

Word of Mouth (WOM) is typically investigated as an exogeneous variable influencing consumers´ future product purchases. Whereas drivers of positive and negative WOM are well investigated, antecedents of different types of positive WOM are hardly differentiated. This research investigates the multifaceted nature of consumers’ product and brand encounters as antecedents of distinct WOM referral dimensions. A large-scale cross-sectional survey connects WOM incidents with consumers’ a-priori product and brand interactions. Seemingly unrelated regressions are applied to disentangle the effects of product appraisal and brand relationship on different dimensions of customer referral. Whereas product appraisals evoke functional referral, brand relationships particularly foster prescriptive and emotional WOM. Researchers are thus encouraged to inspect ex ante experiences with products and brands to better explain and predict consumers’ WOM behavior. Practitioners can use the derived insights to proactively steer desirable forms of WOM by designing supportive consumer experiences.
Regional mathematical contests: experience and perspectives
Authors: Apynis Antanas , Kašuba Romualdas , Stankus Eugenijus
Published: January 2020

A regional competition can inspire students to greater achievement. We are eager to challenge their math skills and motivation using interesting but really accessible problems. Considerable attention is paid also to the formulation of tasks. So even some local facts and or other well-known notions might also become a reasonable element of a problem.
Compatibility of mathematics study subjects in ŠU and ŠSC
Authors: Kačinskaitė Roma , Rimkevičienė Audronė
Published: January 2020

In the article, main attention is given to the compatibility of study subjects of mathematics in studies programs of physical sciences “Business Informatics” and “Informatics”‘ at Šiauliai State College andŠiauliai University, respectively. Also, we review the normative documents regulating the order of study results in higher education.
Antanas Matulevičius and his Petersburgs “Textbook of Arithmetic”
Authors: Banionis Juozas
Published: January 2020

A. Matulevičius is one of the graduates of Veiveriai Teachers’ Seminary who became known for writing textbooks of mathematics in Lithuanian. His two-part “Textbook of Arithmetic” (Petersburg, 1916) was designed for teaching operations with numbers from first decade till one thousand. In the textbook he also introduced fractions and operations with them. Textbook material was presented concentrically to follow a method of  purposeful tasks. Thus, the textbook included a great deal of practical tasks. Although only several of the terms given in the textbook became officially used in the Lithuanian language, they reflect historical development of the creation of Lithuanian terminology and are important from this point of view.
The intelligent technologies application in modelling of military task
Authors: Pincevičius Albertas
Published: January 2020

By using information bases of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the system of computer algebraMAPLE, created system for planning military actions and estimating capabilities of a military unit to execute a certain task. Using GIS it possible to carry out the engineer estimation of the terrain. A visibility instrument has been created which indicates visibility on the battlefield from several chosen terrain places. Actions of each individual soldier on the battlefield are modeled, the impact of random factors is estimated and a “digital experiment” of a would-be attack is carried out and results represented on the map.
Statistical analysis of music data
Authors: Kavaliauskas Mindaugas
Published: January 2020

Connection of music and mathematics is known from Pythagoras. Music sounds are in harmony if it satisfies certain mathematical conditions. Despite tight connection between music and mathematics, the idea of using mathematical methods in musicology was used only in the 1950s. Last decade various methods of mathematical statistics, such as correlation analysis, time series analysis, analysis of variance, data clustering, Markov chain models was successfully applied in musiclogy. Though, there was no work done in this area in Lithuania. In this article musical data (notes) is analysed using statistical methods. Musical intervalas are analysed. Music compositions are classified. Analysis results are presented. Research uses works of a few Lithuanian composers.
On recursive stopping of decimation of discrete-time bandlimited signals
Authors: Pupeikis Rimantas
Published: January 2020

For each non-decimated as well as decimated realization discrete-time Fourier series coefficient values, located at Nyquist frequency are calculated, using original speedy recursive expressions based on reverse order processing of the given realizations. The criterion for stopping of multifold decimation of discrete-time bandlimited signals has been developed. The simulation results for the bandlimited signal with a triangularshaped spectrum are presented.
Asymptotic expansions for distributions of sums of a double sequence of quasilattice random variables
Authors: Bikelis Algimantas , Augutis Juozas , Padvelskis Kazimieras
Published: January 2020

We consider the formal asymptotic expansion of probability distribution of the sums of independent random variables. The approximation was made by using infinitely divisible probability distributions.
The discount version of large deviations for a randomly indexed sum of random variables
Authors: Kasparavičiūtė Aurelija , Saulis Leonas
Published: January 2020

In this paper, we consider a compound random variable Z = \sum^N_{j=1} vjXj , where 0 < v < 1, Z = 0, if N = 0. It is assumed that independent identically distributed random variables X1,X2, . . . with mean EX = μ and variance DX =σ2 > 0 are independent of a non-negative integer-valued random variable N. It should be noted that, in this scheme of summation, we must consider two cases: μ\neq 0 and μ = 0. The paper is designatedto the research of the upper estimates of normal approximation to the sum ˜ Z = (Z −EZ)(DZ)−1/2, theorems on large deviations in the Cramer and power Linnik zones and exponential inequalities for P( ˜ Z > x).
Metode Penulisan Sejarah al-Thabari Kasus Peristiwa Fath Makkah
Authors: Derani Saidun
Published: January 2020

Mecca occupation (Fath Makkah) on 8 H/ January 630 M was a phenomenal and historical moment in islamic history. many muslim historians studied this event such as al-Thabari through his masterpiece, Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk or Tarikh al-Rasul wa al-Muluk. Al-Thabari analysed this event by applying the "isnad" method and wrote it cronologically. he used kitab al-mabda, Sirah nabawiyah and Maghazi as his sources.
Metode Sejarah Ibn Khaldun
Authors: Derani Saidun
Published: January 2020

Ibn Khaldun is a medieval Muslim scholar who was internatonally known for his scientific reputation as well as his pioneered study oof historical writing. this study offers a new method that not only informant (news man), but also on the understanding of each civilization characteristics and the laws of nature (sunnatullah) that go with it iin order for the public to be freed of false information in the history narrative. He also introduced new sciience called the science of al-Umran (al-Ijtima' al-Basyari), wich on the next period developed into a science of sociology, that focuses on cummunity studies.
VOC dan Dampaknya Terhadap Indonesia
Authors: Idris Tarmizy
Published: January 2020

Before the European invaded Indonesia, the capitalistic trade system in Indonesia had grown up. But such kind of system strongly related to political issues which caused the birth of bureaucratic capitalism. The situation didn't enable the free capitalistic trade system to grow up rapidly. The arrival of VOC had made seious change in Indonesia capitalistic system that time. The predominance of VOC's bureaucracy and military had blessed it the power to uphold monopoly system in Indonesia trade and destroy its capitalistic system. Basically, the downfall of Indonesian capitalistic system was caused by its weak cultural system which didn't have a strong foundation for capitalism. The Indonesian cultural values didn't protect the property right of people. Moreover, the absolute power of Kings didn't give conducive opportunities to the people to accumulate their capital and develop thier business. ----------- AbstrakSebelum kedatangan bangsa-bangsa Eropa ke Nusantara. Di Indonesia telah berkembang perdagangan dengan kapitalisme yang kuat. Tetapi perdagangan itu selalu terkait erat dengan permasalahan politik, sehingga memunculkan kapitalisme birokrat. Situasi ini tidak memungkinkan berkembangnya kapitalisme yang memiliki etos perdagangan bebas. Kedatangan VOC telah membawa dampak sangat serius terhadap kapitalisme Indonesia. Keunggulan VOC dalam bidang birokrasi dan militer memberikan kekuatan kepadanya untuk menegakkan sistem monopoli dalam perdagangan di Indonesia, yang menghancurkan kapitalisme Indonesia. Kehancuran kapitalisme Indonesia pada dasarnya lebih disebabkan sebagai akibat kerapuhan sistem budaya Indonesia yang tidak memberikan pijakan kuat terhadap perkembangan kapitalisme. Nilai-nilai budaya Indonesia tidak memiliki perlindungan yang kuat terhadap hak milik pribadi rakyat. Disamping itu, kekuasaan absolut para raja dengan tindakannya yang sewenang-wenang tidak memberikan peluang kondusif untuk perkembangan perdagangan dan akumulasi modal pada rakyat.
Persepsi Orang Rimba Terhadap Hutan dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Sistem Sosial
Authors: Takiddin Takiddin
Published: January 2020

Forest people perceive forests asliving quarter stomaintaint their existence is the face of the earth. They saw the forest as their homes. They do not have a permanent home, as usual modern humanism general. They made the house just enough to protect them from rain and heat. Their house isshapedlike a very simple ordinary tents they calls udung. Their perception of space also affect show these tribes make ends meet. Traditionally basically staple food needs and another needs can be metby the forest. Their traditional way of life consists of hunting and gathering.
Pendekatan Pragmatik dalam Mendukung Kemampuan Komunikasi Lisan
Authors: Saefudin Saefudin
Published: January 2020

Abstrak Tujuan dari komunikasi adalah untuk mendapatkan pesan dari orang lain secara jelas dan tidak ambigu. Melakukan komunikasi memerlukan usaha dari pengirim maupun penerima. Proses komunikasi dapat terganggu dengan adanya kesalahan, sehingga pesan akhirnya  disalah-tafsirkan  oleh  penerima.  Ketika gangguan tersebut tidak terdeteksi, hal ini dapat menimbulkan kebingungan, usaha yang sia- sia dan  kesempatan  yang  hilang.  Kenyataannya, Komunikasi akan sukses  bila kedua pihak memahami informasi yang sama sebagai hasil dari komunikasi. Jadi, dapat diasumsikan bahwa pendekatan  yang  dapat  menciptakan  situasi pembelajaran bahasa kedua (asing), terutama dalam kemampuan komunikasi lisan adalah dalam bentuk pragmatic. Tulisan ini mencoba membahas alasan mengapa ada nilai dalam pembelajaran pragmatic secara eksplisit pada pembelajar bahasa kedua (L2) dalam target bahasa. Pentingnya isu dalam gagasan pragmatic sangat dipertimbangkan, termasuk dalam menentukan kontribusi pragmatic dalam mendukung kemampuan berbicara siswa, bagaimana mempersiapkan pembelajar bahasa dalam memahami hubungan pragmatic dan fungsi bahasa dalam terma komunikasi yang dapat diterima, dan peranan sintaksis dan semantic dalam mem fasilitasi pembelajaran pragmatik---Abstract The purpose of communication is to get the message across to others clearly and unambiguously. Doing this involves effort from both the sender of the message and the receiver. And it's a process that can be fraught with error, with messages often misinterpreted by the recipient. When this isn't detected, it can cause tremendous confusion, wasted effort and missed opportunity. In fact, communication is only successful when both the sender and the receiver understand the same information as a result of the communication. So, it is assumed that the approach which can creat the situation of second language learning, especially oral communication skill is pragmtics. This paper discusses a rationale why there is value in explicitly learning pragmatics for second-language (L2) learners in the target language. The importance of issues in the notion of pragmatics is considered, including determining the contribution of pragmatics in supporting the students’ speaking skill, how to preapre the language learners understand the relation of pragmatics and language functions in the term of acceptable communication, and the role of syntax and semantics in facilitating the learning of pragmatics.
Menakar Ulang Kualitas Buku-Buku Terjemahan di Indonesia
Authors: Wijaya M. Tatam
Published: January 2020

Abstrak Penerjemahan buku-buku Islam di Indonesia semakin marak dilakukan. Akan tetapi, kegiatan penerjemahan tersebut belum seiring dengan kualitas buku terjemahan yang dihasilkan. Banyak faktor yang menyebabkan hal tersebut. Kecerobohan penerjemah, waktu penerjemahan (deadline) yang sangat singkat, dan apresiasi yang diberikan kepada penerjemah  yang masih minim, merupakan sebagian faktor penyebabnya. Salah satu upaya untuk memperbaiki iklim penerjemahan di Indonesia adalah adanya pihak yang turut serta dalam mengontrol kualitas buku-buku terjemahan. Dengan kontrol inilah  tinggi rendahnya kualitas buku terjemahan dapat diketahui. Sementara itu, mengontrol kualitas suatu karya terjemahan itu dapat dilakukan dengan beragam cara, di antaranya memberikan kritik atau penilaian. Kritik dalam arti memberikan apresiasi dan penilaian secara objektif, mengoreksi kekurangan dan kelebihan suatu karya terjemahan. Dari kritik  itu pula hubungan dialektik antara teori dan praktik dalam menerjemahkan serta kriteria dan standar penilaian dapat diketahui.---Abstract Translating book is a trend in Indonesia nowadays. Unfortunatelly, its quality is not good enough. There are many factors which caused it, including the carelessness of translator, the time of translating, and a little appreciation to the translator. While, there is an effort to recover such bad thing, that is an institution to control its quality. By this control, the quality of translation books could be measured. This control can be carried in may ways, by criticizing and assessing  for example. Criticizing means making an objective assessment of the works. This kind of criticism will observe the relation between theory and practice in translating.
الترجمة معناها وتاريخها
Authors: Raswan Raswan
Published: January 2020

Abstrak Terjemahan adalah fakta kebutuhan kemanusiaan, karena manusia berbicara dalam bahasa yang berbeda antar masyarakat dan Negara yang berbeda. Tenerjemah juga dilakukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan interaksi antara masyarakat dari berbagai negara dalam bahasa. Demikian juga bahwa manusia diberikan naluri cinta il   mu pengetahun, senang mengkritik dan mencintai ilmu yang berkembang di berbagai penjuru dunia dan untuk menguasaiilmu tersebut maka manusia mau tidak mau harus menguasai bahasa yang digunakan oleh bangsa yang ilmu tersebut berkembang di bangsa tersebut. Terjemah juga merupakan factor utama penentu kemajuan sebuah bangsa dan mayoritas Negara maju di di dunia adalah Negara yang memperhatikan gerakan terjemah di negaranya. Dan terjemah menurut sejarah diawali dengan gerakan terjemah ke dalam bahasa Yunan, gerkan terjemah ke dalam bahasa Suryani, gerakan terjemah ke dalam bahasa Arab di masa khulafau ar-rasyidin (Muawiyyah dan Abbasyiyyah), gerakan terjemah ke dalam bahasa latin, gerakan terjemah ke dalam bahasa Eropa modern, gerakan terjemah modern ke dalam bahasa Arab dan bahasa-bahasa lain di dunia dari bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa yang penuturnya sedang mengalami kemajun. ---Abstract Translation is the fact humanitarian needs, because people speaking in different languages ​​between communities and different countries. Translations also done to meet the needs of interaction between people from different countries in the language. Similarly, given that the human instinct is love the knowledge, pleasure and love to criticize science developed in various parts of the world and to the human master science inevitably have to master the language used by the nation's science progresses in the nation. Translations are also a major factor determining the progress of a nation and the majority of developed countries in the world is the State that the movement of translation in the country. And translation in history begins with the movement of translation into the language of Yunan, movement translations into Syriac, translation movement into Arabic in the khulafau ar-Rashidun (Muawiyyah and Abbasyiyyah), move into a Latin translation, translation into the language movement modern Europe, modern translation movement into Arabic and other languages ​​in the world of English as the language of the speakers was having to progress.
Benarkah Arsip Merupakan Sumber Sejarah Studi tentang Wasiat Nabi
Authors: Madjid Muhammad Dien
Published: January 2020

Asumsi umum mengatakan bahwa arsip identik dengan sejarah.Ilmu sejarah adalah ilmu yang keper mempelajari tentang peristiwa yang terjadi pada masa lampau. Untuk penge mengetahui masa lampau itu, perlu melihat pada arsip. Sebenamya, arsip dapat dipakai oleh siapa sajabahkan oleh masyrakat awam. Tentu saja disesuaikan dengan tingkat intelektual masing-masing.
أمير الشعراء أحمدشوقى
Authors: Bahasa arab 3 Sholahuddin
Published: January 2020

bahasa arab 3
bahasa arab 5
Authors: Lubis Nabilah
Published: January 2020

bahasa arab 5
جبران خليل جبران في تطوير الأدب العربي الحديث
Authors: هلمانيتا كرلينا
Published: January 2020

Abstrak Jubran Khalil Jubran (1883-1931) adalah seorang tokoh sastra Arab Modern. Namun karena ia tinggal di perantauan Amerika, akulturasi budaya dirinya pun terjadi, sesuai tradisinya di Barat, ia hanya menggunakan dua suku kata yaitu Khalil Jubran. Akan tetapi orang Amerika kesulitan melafalkan huruf kha ( خ) dari nama Khalil ( خليل ), maka lafalnya kemudian menjadi Kahlil. Transliterasi ini keliru dan tidak ada nama Arab yang ditulis sebagai Kahlil ) كهليل ). Namun Khalil menggunakannya untuk memberi kemudahan masyarakat menyebut namanya tanpa kesulitan. Sedangkan perubahan nama Jubran menjadi Gibran terjadi karena proses peralihan dialek. Diantara kontribusi sastra Arab yang sempat ia berikan adalah memperkaya keragaman sastra dengan puisi dan prosa liriknya, menyebarkan aliran simbolik dan mengangkat suara-suara kemanusiaan yang terzhalimi. Melalui karya itulah ia menyuarakan rasa cinta dan kerinduannya akan keadilan sejati sampai akhir hayatnya---Jubran Khalil Jubran(1883-1931)was a prominent figure in modern Arabic literature. According to the West tradition, he only uses two syllables, namely Khalil Jubran. Bu tthe Americans difficulty pronouncing the letter kha ( خ) of the name Khalil ( خليل ), then the pronunciation then becomes Kahlil. Actually, transliteration is wrong and there are no Arabic names are written as Kahlil ( كهليل ). But Khalil used it to ease the public naming him without any difficulties. Meanwhile, the name of Jubran changes to Gibran because of transitioning dialect. Among his contributions to the Arabic literary are enrich the diversity of literature with poetry and prose lyrics, spreading flow of symbolic and voicing of oppressed people. Through his work, he voiced a sense of love and longing for true justice until his death.
Maulid dalam Perspektif Sosiologi Agama
Authors: Derani Saidun
Published: January 2020

Abstrak Dalam menjelaskan tentang berbagai aktivitas keagamaan agama selalu dikaitkan dengan aspek-aspek sosiologis. Hal ini karena agama  dapat menjadi focus social yang memunculkan berbagai sudut pandang masyarakat. Praktek keagamaan sering menjadi perilaku yang diistimewakan masyarakat yang melakukannya, sebagai contoh dalam kajian ini adalah praktek mauled nabi Muhammad saw. Artikel ini mengangkat tentang isu praktek mauled nabi yang dikaitkan dengan keberadaan praktek mauled pada nabi lainnya selain nabi Muhammad saw. Berdasarkan kajian sosiologi makna maulid di sini adalah lebih kepada peringatan kelahiran nabi Muhammad Saw yang telah menjadi tradisi dalam suatu masyarakat, daerah dan negara tertentu, Dengan demikian perayaan maulid nabi Muhammad saw yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat muslim sangat terkait dengan dimensi keagamaan sehingga Nampak tidak bisa dipisahkan dengan pranata-pranta social yang meliputi nilai dan norma agama.---Abstrak In explaining abaout several kinds of religious activities, it is usually related to sociological aspects. Because religion can be social focus emerging several point of views from societies. Religious practices often triger a certain attitude for people who perform them. Lets take a look at the example in this article about the prophet mauleed (birth), Muhammad SAW. This article discusses about practical isue of mauleed related to another prophets’ birth. Based on the sociological analysis what we meant by mauleed is tends to be something like a memorial of prophet Muhammad’s birth as it has been adopted social tradition in many regions and countries. Therefore, the celebration of prophet Muhammad’s birth done by moslems is very much often influenched by religious dimension. So, it seems that it can not be sparated by social infrastructure covering values and religious norms.
“Pernyataan Kalam” Dalam Naskah Sastra Melayu Klasik
Authors: Rahmi Suharjo Rias Antho
Published: January 2020

Abstrak Pernyataan Kalam merupakan sesuatu yang adakalanya hadir dalam karya sastra Melayu Klasik. Pernyataan tersebut muncul dalam prolog dan atau epilog naskah. Ada beberapa kecenderungan motif yang melatarbelakangi kemuculannya. Motif tersebut dapat dilihat dari sudut pandang penyalin teks, sudut pandang teks, serta sudut pandang semesta. Motif ekonomi, motif syiar agama, motif akan pentingnya teks, serta motif terkait dengan situasi budaya dapat saja melatarbelakangi hadirnya pernyataan kalam tersebut dalam suatu karya sastra Melayu Klasik.---Abstract Kalam statement is something that is sometimes present in classical Malay literature. The statement appears in the prologue or epilogue script. There are several trends motive behind kemuculannya. The motif can be seen from the viewpoint of copyists text, text viewing angle, and the angle of view of the universe. Economic motives, symbols of religious motives, motives of the importance of the text, as well as the motif associated with the cultural situation may be behind the presence of the kalam statement in a classical Malay literature.
Historiografi dan Metodologi Sejarah
Authors: Zuhdi Susanto
Published: January 2020

Historiografi selain dimengerti sebagai hasil karya sejarah dapat pula dijabarkan sebagai suatu proses penulisan sejarah. Pengertian yang prtama berkenaan dengan studi hasil tentang karya tulis sejarah. Studi ini padapokoknya mempelajari ciri-ciri dan kecendrungan dari materi yang ditulis. Sedangkan penegrtian kedua berkaitan dengan tahap-tahap metode penelitian sejarah yang biasa dikenal dengan;Heuristik, kritik, sistesa fakta atau disebut juga penulisan sejarah (historio+Sejarah;grafi=penulisan). Ada pula yang menyebut sintesa fakta sebagai gabungan tahap interpretasi dan tahap historiografi. Metodologi sejarah yang ingin dibatasi penegrtiannya di sini adalah suatu ilmu bagaimana cara mengetahui mengenai langkah-langkah sekaligus wawasan teori yang berkenaan dengan penulisan sejarah. Pengertian inijela smempunyai hubungan erta dengan batasan kdua dari historiografi seperti dikemukakan di atas. Makalah ini akan membahas dua hal pokok, pertama tinjauan tntang jenis-jenis, ciri-ciri serta kecendrungan historiografi khususnya dalam sejarah  Indonesia, dan kedua, pmbahasan tntang kaitan antara proses penulisan sejarah dengan metodologi.
Instrucción Ortopédica de Posgrado - Imágenes - Presentación del caso
Authors: Trueba Ricardo
Published: January 2020

Se presenta un caso de un paciente femenino de 22 años con dolor en cadera izquierda de larga evolución sin antecedentes reelevantes.
Hibiscus sabdariffa extract as anti-aging supplement through its antioxidant and anti-obesity activities
Authors: Krishnamurthy Zuliana Muhamad Ridzwan , Khan Nurzalina Abdul Karim , Ali Insathe Mohd , Dayoob Mohamad , Hussein Shahad Shakho
Published: January 2020

Introduction: Imbalance between total energy intake and expenditure causes accumulation of excess fat and sugar in the body which leads to development of diabetes mellitus type II, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. These harmful diseases accelerate aging and cause fatal metabolic disorders as people age. Inhibition of pancreatic lipase, and alpha glucosidase digestive enzymes is a step that can reduce excess fat and sugar from the body, which is an essential component of healthy aging.

Methodology: In this study, aqueous and 50% ethanolic extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa were investigated for their inhibitory activities on pancreatic lipase and alpha-glucosidase, in addition to their antioxidant activities (using UV-vis spectrophotometer).

Results: Both extracts displayed antioxidant properties, indicated by IC50 of 5166.80 mg/mL for H. sabdariffa aqueous extract and 2809.10 mg/mL for H. sabdariffa 50% ethanolic extract. The extracts also suppressed the activities of pancreatic lipase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes, which suggests possible antiobesity and anti-diabetic activities. H. sabdariffa aqueous extract inhibited pancreatic lipase activity with IC50 of 167.5+/-12.7 mg/mL, whereas H. sabdariffa 50% ethanolic extract inhibited the enzyme with an IC50 of 790.65+/-16.02 mg/mL. Both H. sabdariffa aqueous and ethanolic extracts also successfully inhibited alpha-glucosidase enzyme activity with IC50 949.88 +/-10.83 mg/mL, and 378.33 +/-4.20 mg/mL, respectively.

Conclusion: Taken together, the outcome of the investigations offers the possibility of the extracts as an anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-metabolic and anti-aging agent, which can be developed into supplements for adults to prevent the occurrence of these prevalent diseases and delay the onset and effects of aging.
ПРИРОДНІ ТА АВТОРСЬКІ МІФОЛОГЕМИ У ФОРТЕПІАННІЙ ТРАНСКРИПЦІЇ ОПЕРНОГО ФРАГМЕНТА «СМЕРТЬ ІЗОЛЬДИ» (Р. ВАГНЕР - Ф. ЛІСТ)
Authors: Shchitova S. A. , Okhota H. O.
Published: January 2020

Мета статті – простежити найбільш суттєві символічні першоджерела легенди про «Тристана та Ізольду» у міфології та музиці й знайти шляхи втілення їх у виконавській практиці. Методологія. Для детального вивчення обраної теми використовується інтегративна методологія, яка поєднує історичні, теоретичні, виконавсько-інтерпретаторські методи наукового пізнання (методи історизму, комплексного та інтерпретологічного аналізу). Наукова новизна статті полягає у вирішенні проблеми виявлення образності та сюжетності у виконавсько-інтерпретаторській сфері. Фортепіанні транскрипції Ф. Ліста є вагомою частиною репертуару піаніста. Однак звернення виконавців саме до транскрипцій оперних фрагментів Р. Вагнера не є традиційним явищем. Слід відзначити універсальність таких транскрипцій на творчому шляху піаніста. В учнівському репертуарі вони необхідні для вивчення особливостей втілення театральної музики у межах фортепіанної фактури. У репертуарі ж концертуючого піаніста транскрипції Ф. Ліста за Р. Вагнером приваблюють визначною ефектністю, віртуозністю та цікавою програмністю. Матеріалом пропонованого наукового дослідження постає транскрипція Ф. Ліста «Смерть Ізольди» за Р. Вагнером. Висновки. Твір Вагнера-Ліста є унікальним синтезом природних (фольклорних) першоджерел та композиторських пошуків двох видатних представників епохи романтизму. Синтез оркестрового та фортепіанного мислення зумовлює й особливу форму твору, ми визначимо її як «складна неконтрастна». Для цієї транскрипції характерне використання арпеджійних пасажів, що охоплюють широкий регістровий діапазон. Саме цей прийом заглиблює слухача до міфологічної сфери та створює особливе відчуття реальності. Фортепіанна транскрипція «Смерть Ізольди» відкрита назустріч майбутньому, закладені тут ідеї знайдуть відгук у будь-яку епоху, а втілення їх кожен раз буде неповторним.
La meditación axiológica como ruta investigativa en la obra de Nicolás Gómez Dávila
Authors: Ulloa Carlos Andrés
Published: January 2020

El artículo argumenta la importancia de la meditación axiológica de Nicolás Gómez Dávila como ruta investigativa que facilitaría el estudio de su obra. Se analiza la ambivalente recepción que tuvieron sus publicaciones, para buscar la razón en las características de la obra y su relación forma-contenido. Se plantea la pertinencia de su meditación axiológica como eje temático en su explicitación, que ayuda a com- prender las características de su obra filosófica.
Reconstrução dos muros de Jerusalém: uma aproximação arqueológica e hermenêutica de Neemias 2,1-10 – 3,1-32
Authors: João da Silva Omar
Published: January 2020

Neste artigo apresentamos algumas conclusões sobre o valor histórico e teológico da narrativa bíblica da reconstrução do muro da Jerusalém de Neemias, auxiliadas pelas evidências arqueológicas. Ressaltamos a distinção entre o termo “muro” e “muros” e apresentamos algumas conclusões, destacando o muro de Neemias como linha divisória e delimitadora de pertença, limite geográfico e segregação religiosa, cultural e étnica.
Determination of Bi in complex oxide samples by atomic absorption spectrometry by using ordinary acetylene – air flame atomization
Authors: Mikhaylovskaya Zoya A. , Buyanova Elena S. , Smirnov Denis Yu.
Published: January 2020

In the present work the air/acetylene flame atomic absorption spectrometry was used for bismuth determination in complex oxides. Interference studies were carried out, and interference with vanadium and molybdenum was detected. The method of standard additions and traditional calibration curve method were used. Calibration and standard addition curves were fitted with linear and polynomial functions. It was shown that using polynomial function gives better results for the standard additions method for determination of bismuth by acetylene/air flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The calibration curve method was shown to be correct at low ( 10mg/L) concentration of an interferent.
The Force Awakens: Artificial Intelligence for Consumer Law
Authors: Lippi Marco , Contissa Giuseppe , Jablonowska Agnieszka , Lagioia Francesca , Micklitz Hans-Wolfgang , Palka Przemyslaw , Sartor Giovanni , Torroni Paolo
Published: January 2020

Recent years have been tainted by market practices that continuously expose us, as consumers, to new risks and threats. We have become accustomed, and sometimes even resigned, to businesses monitoring our activities, examining our data, and even meddling with our choices. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is often depicted as a weapon in the hands of businesses and blamed for allowing this to happen. In this paper, we envision a paradigm shift, where AI technologies are brought to the side of consumers and their organizations, with the aim of building an efficient and effective counter-power. AI-powered tools can support a massive-scale automated analysis of textual and audiovisual data, as well as code, for the benefit of consumers and their organizations. This in turn can lead to a better oversight of business activities, help consumers exercise their rights, and enable the civil society to mitigate information overload. We discuss the societal, political, and technological challenges that stand before that vision.
Strength and hydration attributes of cement pastes containing nano titania and cenosphere
Authors: Hanif Asad , Lu Zeyu , Parthasarathy Pavithra , Hou Dongshuai , Li Zongjin , Sun Guoxing
Published: January 2020

An in-depth study of cementitious composites incorporating fly ash cenosphere (FAC) and varying amounts of nano titania (NT) was carried out to explore the potential usefulness of NT in formulating lightweight cementitious binders for structural and functional applications. Cement pastes with fixed weight fraction (50%) of FAC, and varying amounts of NT (1·5–4·5 wt%) were prepared, keeping a fixed water-to-binder ratio of 0·35. The resulting strength and hydration attributes as well as microstructural features were studied. The use of NT in FAC incorporated cement pastes led to strength enhancement of the resulting pastes, at the age of 28 d. A 3% addition (by binder weight) of NT was found to be the optimum for incorporating in FAC modified pastes. A more even and compacted microstructure was obtained with the incorporation of NT. FAC particles showed superior bonding and interfacial characteristics. The reduced porosity, as determined from qualitative assessment by scanning electron microscopy imaging, resulted in denser composites with the addition of NT. Improved hydration attributes and microstructural features are attributed to the accelerated pozzolanic reaction of FAC in the presence of NT and the pore-filling effect of nano particles.