bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hegemonic discourse revisited
Authors: Berns Margie , Barrett Jeanelle , Chan Chak , Chikuma Yoshiki , Friedrich Patricia , Hadjidimos Olga‐Maria , Harney Jill , Hislope Kristi , Johnson David , Kimball Suzanne , Low Yvonne , Mchenry Tracey , Palaiologos Vivienne , Petray Marnie , Shapiro Rebecca , Shook Ana Ramirez
Published: April 2007

It is necessary to trust in the oppressed and in their ability to reason. Whoever lacks this trust will fail to initiate (or will abandon) dialogue, reflection, and communication, and will fall into using slogans, communiqués, monologues, and instructions. Paulo Freire (1970: 53)
Beliefs about language learning and their relationship to proficiency
Authors: Peacock Matthew
Published: April 2007

This paper reports on a study that investigated the beliefs about language learning of 202 EFL students and 45 EFL teachers in the Department of English at the City University of Hong Kong. The primary aim of the study was to determine if the differences between student and teacher beliefs about language learning affect proficiency. Secondary aims were to develop hypotheses about the origins of Chinese learner beliefs about language learning, and to check the correlation between learner self‐rated proficiency and tested proficiency. Data were collected using a 34‐item self‐report questionnaire (Horwitz's BALLI – Beliefs About Language Learning Inventory), a comprehensive proficiency test, an interview, and a self‐rated proficiency sheet. Results indicated that four of the mismatched learner beliefs negatively affected EFL proficiency: additionally, learner answers on seven other BALLI items were considered to have implications for the learning and teaching of EFL. It was concluded that a number of different learner beliefs were detrimental to language learning, and also that they resulted in many dissatisfied and frustrated students who could not understand the rationale behind the tasks they carried out in class.
Using SLA research in language teaching
Authors: Cook Vivian
Published: April 2007

This paper discusses ways of using second language acquisition (SLA) research in teaching. It argues that the proper use of SLA research should meet a set of overlapping requirements: validity of the research, ethics in obtaining results, generality of research and teaching use, matching of languages in research and teaching, matching of learners and students, and breadth of coverage of language learning. These requirements are applied to three sample areas of research: the question of age‐effects in L2 learning, the acquisition of phonology and the acquisition of the writing system. The conclusion is that SLA research can be a source of provocative ideas to use in different levels of teaching and can form a bridge between psychological theories or linguistic descriptions and language teaching.
The blending of narrative and argument in the generic texture of newspaper editorials
Authors: Reynolds Mike
Published: April 2007

This paper is a study in textural mode analysis (TMA). It examines the generic discourse texture of a set of editorials from the London Times and Guardian, on the topic of the British General Election of May 1997. It describes how the texture of the set can be accounted for in terms of just three representational textural modes– narrative, description and argument – and shows how argument predominates in the editorial genre. Toulmin's influential rhetorical model of argumentation, consisting of grounds, claims and warrants, is used and related to the realisation of argument mode through a number of functions, namely hypotheses, predictions, evaluations and assertions. The last of these frequently perform an ideological role in editorial discourse, via unmodalized assertions. The extremely common blending of textural modes by means of linear and layered blending is brought out, particularly through a ‘case study’of one of the editorials.
The functions ofI thinkin political discourse
Authors: Simon‐Vandenbergen Anne‐Marie
Published: April 2007

The expressionI (don't) thinkhas in recent years received a fair amount of attention from different viewpoints and in different linguistic frameworks. After a brief survey of the most important literature on the subject, this article examines the occurrence ofI thinkin political discourse as compared with its use in informal conversation. On the basis of two samples of 100 instances each from casual conversations and radio political interviews, the expression is looked at from the points of view of syntax, intonation, the semantics of the proposition, collocation, and the wider context of the interaction taking place. It is shown that the expression has a complex of meanings which cannot simply be labelled ‘uncertainty’or ‘lack of commitment’. Depending on the context, it can signal a tentative attitude or authoritative deliberation. It is further argued that an understanding of the extralinguistic situation and the cultural meaning of the genre, including the power and status of interactants, is essential if one wishes to interpret the selection ofI thinkin individual instances.
ENTEROTOXIN FORMATION IN FOODS BY CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS TYPE A
Authors: NAIK H. S. , DUNCAN C. L.
Published: April 2007

Growth, sporulation and enterotoxin formation in various foods inoculated with a Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin‐producing strain were studied. Good vegetative growth, 107–108 cells/g, was obtained after 4 hr of anaerobic growth and remained almost the same throughout the 20–24 hr observation in most of the foods. A gradual increase in spore count to the level of 104–105/g was observed with an increase in the incubation time. Enterotoxin was detected in moist cooked chuck roast, ground beef and turkey as well as in moist cooked and dry roasted chicken at levels up to 0.125μg/g. The earliest time at which enterotoxin was detected was after 10 hr of anaerobic growth in moist cooked turkey at 37°C. Although growth and some sporulation occurred, enterotoxin was not detected in dry roasted beef or turkey with or without gravy, or in moist cooked pork or lamb. Poor growth and sporulation also were obtained with chicken broth, chicken gravy and beef gravy. In moist cooked turkey that had been temperature abused for 6 hr at 37°C, held cold for 15 hr and reheated to 37°C, toxin could be detected after only 5 hr of holding at 37°C. The ability of certain foods to support sporulation and enterotoxin formation indicates that such preformed enterotoxin may contribute to early onset of symptoms in some cases of C. perfringens food poisoning.
EFFECT OF PACKAGING METHODS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA ON BEEF STEAKS
Authors: HANNA M. O. , STEWART J. C. , CARPENTER Z. L. , VANDERZANT C.
Published: April 2007

Top and bottom round steaks inoculated with Yersinia enterocolitica were stored vacuum packaged and in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films at 1, 2.5 and 5°C for 21–35 days. Y. enterocolitica and total aerobic plate counts of steaks were consistently higher in the more oxygen permeable film (PVC) than in the vacuum packages. The microbial flora of the vacuum packaged steaks at the end of the storage period (21–35 days) consisted, in addition to Y. enterocolitica, primarily of Lactobacillus spp., that of the steaks stored in PVC of Pseudomonas spp.
PRODUCTION OF STEROID GLYCOALKALOIDS BY PHYTOPHTHORA INFESTANS IN COMPLEX AND CHEMICALLY DEFINED MEDIA
Authors: MAAS MELANIE R. , POST F. J. , SALUNKHE D. K.
Published: April 2007

A chemically defined synthetic medium was developed on which Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary strain 1.2.4 grew extensively. The medium consisted of: 90.0 g maltose; 20.0 g L‐proline; 20.0 g DL‐alanine; 1.0 g KNO3; 0.50 g KH2PO4; 0.25 g MgSO4 7H2O; and 1.0 mg thiamin per liter of distilled water. The average level of growth on this medium was 0.5864 g dry weight mycelium per 50 ml medium. The glycoalkaloids, solanidine and solanine, were produced by P. infestans in this medium at an average concentration of 0.8518 mg total glycoalkaloids per 25 ml medium with a range of 0.0 to 5.9 mg per 25 ml. No glycoalkaloid production was detected when the level of growth of the fungus was below 0.35 g dry weight mycelium/50 ml medium. Glycoalkaloids were synthesized by 5 of 10 cultures grown on chick pea medium and by none of 10 cultures grown on rye seed medium.
INFLUENCE OF SODIUM NITRITE ON THE AEROBIC CATABOLISM OF GLUCOSE BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS1
Authors: BUCHANAN ROBERT L. , SOLBERG MYRON
Published: April 2007

The inhibitory effect of sodium nitrite upon glucose catabolism by Staphylococcus aureus was investigated using [U–1 4C] glucose, liquid chromatography, and gas‐liquid chromatography.

Acetate and acetoin are the end‐products of glucose metabolism by S. aureus at 37°C and pH 6.3. In the presence of inhibitory levels of sodium nitrite, acetate and lactate with traces of pyruvate and acetoin are the end products. Acetate production per unit of growth is significantly lower in the sodium nitrite inhibited cultures. The decreased acetoin accumulation was not due to inhibition of diacetyl reduction. The production of acetoin was induced by the addition of acetate to the sodium nitrite containing medium.
THE EFFECT OF MECHANICAL TENDERIZATION ON BEEF ROUNDS INOCULATED WITH SALMONELLAE
Authors: JOHNSTON R. W. , HARRIS M. E. , MORAN A. B.
Published: April 2007

Raw beef rounds were surface inoculated with salmonellae. Some of the rounds were mechanically blade tenderized. Both surface and core samples from each round studied were examined for the presence of and the logarithmic level of salmonellae. Mechanical tenderization increased the level of salmonellae found in core samples by about one logarithm. Large samples taken from cores of rounds which were not tenderized contained small numbers of salmonellae. Dipping inoculated rounds into a 50 ppm chlorine solution did not prevent the occurrence of salmonellae in core samples of mechanically tenderized units. Salmonella survived in the core and on the surface of some but not all inoculated rounds cooked to an internal temperature of 130°F.
EFFECT OF THEOBROMINE ON GROWTH AND AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION BY ASPERGILLUS PARASITICUS
Authors: BUCHANAN R. L. , APPLEBAUM R. S. , CONWAY P.
Published: April 2007

Theobromine (0, 2, 4, and 8 mg/ml) had little effect on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 in a glucose‐mineral salts‐yeast extract medium, indicating that the anti‐aflatoxigenic activity of cocoa beans is not due to the presence of this methylxanthine.
CAFFEINE IS NON‐MUTAGENIC TO SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM AND HUMAN CELLS IN CULTURE
Authors: FURTH EMMA E. , THILL WILLIAM G.
Published: April 2007

Caffeine (1,3,7‐trimethylxanthine) was inactive as a mutagen at the hgprt locus in two human lymphoblast lines at concentrations up to 20 mM. In addition, caffeine did not induce 8‐azaguanine‐resistant mutants in Salmonella typhimurium at similar levels.
COLIFORM CONTENT OF FROZEN BLANCHED VEGETABLES PACKED IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: SPLITTSTOESSER D. F. , QUEALE D. T. , BOWERS J. L. , WILKISON M.
Published: April 2007

A total of 575 packages of frozen blanched vegetables representing 17 products packed in 24 factories located in 12 states were examined for numbers and kinds of coliforms. The organisms were recovered from over 90% of the samples with the average counts of total coliforms being over 100 per g. Thirty‐seven percent were positive for fecal coliforms (FC) using a 44.5°C incubation, with all products except broccoli yielding an average count of less than 50 per g. Escherichia coli was recovered from only 29% of the FC‐positive samples. Other species which were responsible for a positive fecal coliform test were Klebsiella pneum oniae, Enterobacter cloacae, E. agglomerans, E. aerogenes, and Citrobacter freundii. Incubation at 45.5°C eliminated only C. freundii. Fecal coliforms in vegetables negative for E. coli may be the result of raw vegetable transmission to processing equipment followed by culture development and transfer to foods being processed.
DETECTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS PRODUCTS IN FOODS USING ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC THERMONUCLEASE ASSAY
Authors: MAN JOEL I. ACKER , CHESBRO WILLIAM
Published: April 2007

The comparative sensitivity of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using four different antistaphylococcal antisera and a spectrophotometric assay for thermonuclease were determined using cheese and ravioli samples seeded with strains of Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis. The ELISA used antisera to enterotoxin A, enterotoxin B, S. aureus strains 14609 (human), and UNH‐570 (bovine). The 570 ELISA and spectrophotometric thermonuclease assay were of comparable sensitivity and detected seeded culture in concentrations as low as 2 × 107 CFU/g of cheese. A simple two hour method for extracting thermonuclease from foods was 50% efficient when as little as 50 ng of purified enzyme was seeded per g of cheese. Analyses of 43 commercial cheeses for viable S. aureus found five (12%) positive with 3 × 104 CFU/g of cheese being the highest counts detected. All samples were negative by ELISA and thermonuclease assay. A simple screening procedure for demonstration of S. aureus contamination of foods is discussed.
EFFECT OF ADDED CYSTEINE AND LYSINE UPON LYSINOALANINE LEVELS IN VARIOUS ALKALINE TREATED FOOD PROTEINS1
Authors: WARTHESEN JOSEPH J. , WOOD‐RETHWILL JULIANNE
Published: April 2007

The formation of lysinoalanine (LAL) in casein, zein, and wheat gluten was studied in relation to varied levels of alkali, added cysteine, and added lysine. Protein suspensions were heated in alkali, subjected to acid hydrolysis conditions, and then analyzed for LAL using high‐pressure liquid chromatography. Cysteine generally decreased LAL formations while lysine decreased formation in casein and increased the LAL level in zein and gluten. In a separate experiment, samples of normal and high lysine corn varieties were heated in a calcium hydroxide solution. Low levels of LAL were formed (200–217 ppm) but there was no significant difference between the two varieties in the amount of LAL found. Lysine fortification of the normal corn did not increase LAL formation. The addition of cysteine to high lysine corn caused increased levels of LAL.
PRODUCTION OF ALTERNARIOL AND ALTERNARIOL METHYL ETHER BY ALTERNARIA SPP.
Authors: MAAS M. R. , WOODY M. A. , CHU F. S.
Published: April 2007

Five isolates of Alternaria alternata, five isolates of A. tenuis, one isolate of A. hemicota and three isolates of unidentified Alternaria spp. were examined for their production of alternariol methyl ether (AME) and alternariol (AOH) in complex liquid media. The data were compared with the production of these two toxins on solid substrate rice cultures. A new high‐performance liquid chromatography method with minimum detection levels for AME and AOH of 20 ng and 40 ng, respectively, was used to quantitate the toxins. All isolates produced AME and AOH, but the amount varied considerably with the isolates and media tested. Of the three different liquid media tested, the highest quantity of AME and AOH was produced in a modified Czapek‐Dox broth. The highest yield of toxins was obtained in the solid rice cultures. As much as 125 mg of AME and 16 mg of AOH were produced by one A. tenuis isolate on 300 g of rice after 14 days of incubation at 25°C in darkness.
EFFECT OF CHLORINATING CHILL WATER ON BROILER NECK SHELF‐LIFE
Authors: LILLARD H. S. , BLANKENSHIP L. C.
Published: April 2007

The feasibility of improving broiler neck shelf‐life by chlorinating chill water with sodium hypochlorite at 65 and 190 ppm residual chlorine was investigated. An initial reduction in bacterial counts was obtained with both concentrations, but a residual effect on counts was obtained only with 190 ppm chlorine during 20 days of storage at 2°C ± 1. This additional count reduction was somewhat off‐set by a residual chlorine odor in the product. Because of the high level of organic matter found in giblet and neck flume and chill water coupled with little or no improvement in shelf‐life of necks chilled in water containing 65 ppm residual chlorine, it was concluded the use of 50 ppm or less chlorine in chiller input water as recommended by FDA and FSQS, would not result in effective bactericidal action. Other means will have to be sought to extend shelf‐life of giblets.
SUITABILITY OF CYNOMOLOGUS MONKEYS (MACACA FASCICULARIS) FOR STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXIN BIOASSAY
Authors: ADESIYUN A. A. , TATINI S. R.
Published: April 2007

Cynomologus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were tested for their sensitivity and specificity to staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA). Thirty‐two of 38 monkeys vomited within 5 h in response to intragastric feeding of 4.8–18 μg of crude SEA. Twenty‐four of these 32 responding monkeys were subjected to specificity study by feeding crude SEA which was neutralized with specific Antiserum A. Twenty‐two (92%) of the 24 demonstrated specificity by not vomiting when fed neutralized crude SEA. The remaining two (8%) monkeys showed specificity only with purified SEA neutralized with the Antiserum. The emetic dose ‐50 for crude SEA was 6.5 μg per monkey. These suggest that cynomologus monkeys are suitable for SE bioassay and for identification of new enterotoxins.
THE SURVIVAL OF MARINE VIBRIOS IN MERCENARIA MERCENARIA, THE HARDSHELL CLAM
Authors: GREENBERG E. P. , DUBOISE M. , PALHOF B.
Published: April 2007

A depuration chamber was used to study the persistence of marine vibrios in the hardshell clam, Mercenaria mercenaria. Specimens of M. mercenaria were incubated for two h in artificial seawater containing 103 cells/ml each of the following bacterial species; Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio harveyi and Escherichia coli, and then transferred to the depuration chamber (a tank through which U. V.‐sterilized artificial seawater was continually flowing). Numbers of the three bacterial species in tissues of M. mercenaira removed from the chamber at various times were determined by differential plating techniques. The number of each species ranged from 102 to 103 colony‐forming units/gram tissues immediately after transfer to the depuration chamber. After 24 h at 25°C the number of E coli cells detected had decreased over 100‐fold. Generally, V. parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi were found in increased abundance after 24 h. The abundance of V. parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi in clams that had been incubated in the depuration chamber for 72 h at 25°C was approximately 10% of the abundance of these species immediately after transfer to the chamber. Similar results were obtained when the incubation temperature was 8 or 15°C and when initial cell concentrations were altered. Thus, V. harveyi and the potential human pathogen, V. parahaemolyticus which are both of marine origin were not removed from M. mercenaria at a rate comparable to the rate at which M. mercenaria depurated cells of E. coli.
PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF DESMUTAGENIC FACTOR FROM BROCCOLI (BRASSICA OLERANCEA VAR. ITALICA PLENCK) FOR MUTAGENIC PRINCIPLE OF TRYPTOPHAN PYROLYSATE
Authors: MORITA KAZUYOSHI , YAMADA HIROKAZU , IWAMOTO SEIICHI , SOTOMURA MIKIO , SUZUKI AKIRA
Published: April 2007

A desmutagenic factor which inhibited the mutagenicity of the mutagens, Trp‐P‐1 (3‐amino‐1,4‐dimethyl‐5H‐pyrido[4,3‐b]indole), Trp‐P‐2 (3‐amino‐1‐methyl)‐5H‐pyrido[4,3‐b]indole), ethidiumbromide and 2‐aminoanthracene, was purified from broccoli (Brassica olerancea var. italica plenck). The factor was not sedimented by ultra‐centrifugation at 200,000 xg for 2 h. It adsorbed to a DEAE‐cellulose column and was eluted with low concentration of potassium chloride. The purified factor exhibited a heme‐like protein absorption spectrum with a Soret band at 403 nm and α and β bands at 640 and 504 nm, respectively. The molecualr weight was estimated to be approximately 53,000 by SDS‐gel electrophoresis.
SELECTIVITY AND SENSITIVITY OF THREE MEDIA FOR RECOVERY OF INOCULATED CAMPYLOBACTER FETUS SSP. JEJUNI FROM GROUND BEEF1
Authors: STERN NORMAN J.
Published: April 2007

Modified Skirrow's (with 15 μg cephalothin/ml), Campy‐BAP, and Butzler's selective agar plates were compared for sensitivity and selectivity in the recovery of inoculated Campylobacter fetus ssp. jejuni from ground beef. The diluted inoculation samples were surface plated directly onto these selective plates and incubated. When colonies on the plates were enumerated, characterized, and identified, Campy‐BAP medium proved to be the most sensitive for recovery, and Butzler's medium the most selective. Contaminants of Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter were observed. A combination of both Campy‐BAP and Butzler's media should prove most useful in the recovery of Campylobacter from food sources. The significance of current taxo‐nomical considerations for food microbiologists are also discussed.
EVALUATION OF POLY (HEXAMETHYLENE BIGUANIDE. HC1) AS A BIOCIDE IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY
Authors: ROSENTHAL IONEL , JUVEN BENJAMIN J. , BEN‐HUR EHUD
Published: April 2007

Poly (hexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride) (PHMB), an industrial disinfectant, was evaluated for potential use in the food industry following suggestions in the literature. A colorimetric test based on the reaction with nitro‐prusside reagent was found suitable for the dosimetry of this compound. In a bacteriological medium, at a concentration of 20 μg/ml, PHMB was inhibitory to Escherichia coli, less effective against Staphylococcus aureus, and practically ineffective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bactericidal activity of PHMB was impaired in the presence of milk but little affected upon the addition of blood. Finally, in a toxicological test in vitro, PHMB was found to be toxic toward Chinese hamster cells, at doses similar to those required for antibacterial activity.
DO MYCOTOXINS FUNCTION IN ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES?
Authors: CIEGLER A.
Published: April 2007

A principle role of mycotoxins may be in the establishment of fungi in various ecological niches. Mycotoxins may have a multiplicity of functions. They may function as antibiotics, as chemical signalling agents, as mutagenic agents and in other ways. The outcome of ecological competition may have evolutionary and biochemical taxonomic significance.
AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION ON TWO MUSHROOM SUBSTRATES
Authors: LLEWELLYN GERALD C. , MARTIN WILLIAM A. , BEAN GEORGE A.
Published: April 2007

Two fungi, Boletus edulis and Agaricus bisporus, were tested as substrates for two known aflatoxigenic fungi, Aspergillus flavus ATCC 15548 and A. parasiticus NRRL 2999. Both autoclaved substrates supported mycelial growth, sporulation, and aflatoxin production; however, the B. edulis substrate allowed more rapid mold growth and greater toxin production than did the A. bisporus substrate under laboratory conditions. Both aflatoxins B1 and AFG1 were produced with AFG1 being the predominant toxin. Aflatoxins B2 and AFG2 were not detected. Although toxin was produced at low levels, the highest mean being 0.55 μg/g substrate for AFB1 and AFG1, both mushrooms apparently contained minimal nutrients for toxigenic mold growth and failed to cause antimycotic or antiaflatoxigenic responses. Routinely used aflatoxin extraction and analytical procedures appear applicable for such testing of mushrooms.
ALTERATION OF GLUCOSINOLATE CONTENT, PATTERN, AND MUTAGENICITY OF CABBAGE (BRASSICA OLERACEA) GROWN ON MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE—AMENDED SOIL
Authors: MILLER KENNETH W. , BOYD JUANELL N. , BABISH JOHN G. , LISK DONALD J. , STOEWSAND GILBERT S.
Published: April 2007

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) was grown on soil (control) or municipal sewage sludge‐treated plots. The cabbage was freeze‐dried and analyzed for glucosinolate content and pattern. Results showed that cabbage grown on sludge‐amended soil contained only half the glucosinolate content of cabbage grown on the control plot. The pattern of individual glucosinolates present was also altered. The sludge‐grown cabbage glucosinolate extract was shown to be mutagenic in the non‐activated test system of S. typhimurium TA 100. Extracts of both sludge‐grown and control cabbage were shown to enhance the mutagenicity on a dose‐response basis of aflatoxin B1, benzo(a)pyrene, and captan.
A UNIQUE AND VERSATILE GAMMA IRRADIATOR FOR RADIATION PRESERVATION OF FOOD
Authors: WELT MARTIN A.
Published: April 2007

A new, versatile service irradiator is described which provides the necessary technical and economical characteristics for initiating commercial radiation processing of food. The ability of the unit to efficiently sterilize disposable medical products as well as to process a wide spectrum of food products permits the necessary economies required to test commerical loads under anticipated conditions. With fumigants such as ethylene oxide and ethylene dibromide under attack due to their potential carcinogenicity and environmental impact and with energy costs and food availability a factor, the food industry will take a hard look at a technology whose time has come.
HEAT STABILITY OF STAPHYLOCOAGULASE MEASURED BY A CAPILLARY TUBE METHOD
Authors: OCASIO WILFREDO , FUNG DANIEL Y. C. , LAHELLEC CECILE
Published: April 2007

Staphylocoagulase is highly heat resistant. Inactivation profiles of crude staphylocoagulase at 80, 100 and 121°C showed that total inactivation occurred after heating for 5 h,2 h and 30 min, respectively. Heat treated coagulase has the ability to reactivate when placed at 25°C for 24 hrs similar to previous observations on staphylococcal enterotoxins B and C. Staphylocoagulase could be recovered from beef broth and chicken broth before or after heating at 80°C for 5 min. Coagulase activities were measured by a quantitative capillary tube method.
EFFECT OF POTASSIUM SORBATE ON THE MICROBIOLOGY OF VACUUM‐PACKED POULTRY
Authors: McMEEKIN T. A. , PENNINGTON P. I. , THOMAS C. J.
Published: April 2007

Treatment of vacuum‐packed poultry pieces and muscle fillets with potassium sorbate decreased the rate of microbial development and increased shelf life when the substrates were stored at chill temperatures. Microbial growth on sorbate treated breast fillets was totally inhibited for up to 35 days at 2°C. The effect of sorbate was temperature dependent and completely negated by severe temperature abuse (storage at 12°C). Increased storage temperature also resulted in a greater proportion of gram‐negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria in the spoilage association. At each storage temperature where significant growth occurred, the effect of sorbate was to reduce the proportion of enteric organisms and increase the proportion of lactic acid bacteria in the spoilage association.
DESTRUCTION OF TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS BY LOW‐DOSE IRRADIATION OF INFECTED PORK
Authors: BRAKE R. J. , MURRELL K. D. , RAY E. E. , THOMAS J. D. , MUGGENBURG B. A. , SIVINSKI J. S.
Published: April 2007

Gamma irradiation of Trichinella spiralis‐infected pork with a dose of 15 to 30 krad blocks maturation of ingested larvae in the host gut and prevents production of larval progeny. Experiments with freshly‐slaughtered (prerigor) hog carcasses indicate that larvae distributed throughout the skeletal muscles have similar radiosensitivities. Neither the age of the encysted muscle larvae nor vacuum packaging of the meat significantly affected this radiosensitivity. Postirradiation holding of irradiated meat leads to little if any recovery of trichina viability. The data indicate that 30 krad cesium‐137 gamma radiation can be delivered to split market‐weight hog carcasses with acceptable uniformity, and that under all conditions tested such a dose can provide a substantial margin of safety for human consumption of heavily infected meat.
SURVEY OF NITRATE, CADMIUM AND SELENIUM IN BABY FOODS — HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: SCARLETT‐KRANZ JANET M. , SHANE BARBARA S. , MCCRACKEN KATHLEEN E. , BACHE CARL A. , LITTMAN CHERYL B. , LISK DONALD J.
Published: April 2007

An analytical survey was conducted of the nitrate, cadmium and selenium content of baby foods containing fruits, vegetables or meats. Those containing greenbeans, beets, carrots, spinach, squash and mixed vegetables were notably higher in nitrate ranging up to 5228 ppm (dry weight) in squash. Among the vegetables, beets, carrots and spinach were highest in cadmium, with carrots containing 2467 ppb. Selenium was consistently higher in meats and vegetables. Fruit‐containing baby foods were lowest in all three constituents measured. The epidemiologic health implications of this study are discussed.
CADMIUM IN TISSUES OF SWINE FED BARLEY GROWN ON MUNICIPAL SLUDGE‐AMENDED SOIL
Authors: BACHE CARL A. , GUTENMANN WALTER H. , KIRTLAND DAVID , LISK DONALD J.
Published: April 2007

Barley was grown on soil which had been amended five years earlier with a municipal sewage sludge from Syracuse, New York. The harvested grain was fed to growing male swine for 73 days and, following slaughter, animal tissues were analyzed for cadmium. The concentration of cadmium in kidney and liver were greater (p < 0.01) in the sludge treatment group than in the controls. Average daily feed intake and weight gain was greater (p < 0.01) for the animals in the sludge treatment group but the feed/gain was not different (p > 0.05) between the two treatment groups.
EFFECT OF LEAF TYPE, LEAF INJURY, STORAGE TEMPERATURE AND WASHING SOLUTION ON ETHYLENETHIOUREA RESIDUES OF CARBAMATE‐TREATED CANNED SPINACH.1
Authors: GONZALEZ A. R. , DAVIS D. R. , KATTAN A. A. , ELKINS E. R. , KIM E. S.
Published: April 2007

Ethylenethiourea (ETU) residue originating from ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) fungicides sprayed in the field was evaluated in canned spinach. The effect of leaf type, mechanical injury, holding temperature and washing solution on levels of ETU were studied. A smooth leaf cultivar had lower ETU residues than savoy and semisavoy. Leaf‐injured spinach had higher ETU residues than the intact control. Spinach washed in water reduced the ETU level to less than 5 ppm, while addition of sodium hypochlorite (300 ppm) and a basic detergent (0.1%) further reduced ETU levels to less than 1 ppm. Increasing the washing time from 1 to 3 min did not significantly reduce the residual ETU levels. High holding temperatures (21°C) resulted in canned spinach with low but not significantly different levels of ETU as compared to low temperatures (2°C).
BACILLUS CEREUS IN SOME INDIAN FOODS, INCIDENCE AND ANTIBIOTIC, HEAT AND RADIATION RESISTANCE
Authors: KAMAT A. S. , NERKAR D. P. , NAIR P. M.
Published: April 2007

Samples of 124 different foods purchased from local markets were examined to determine the incidence of Bacillus cereus. The foods examined were pulses, rice and rice products, oils, fish, meat, spices, milk and milk products and ice creams. Isolations were made on mannitol‐egg yolk‐polymyxin B agar medium and confirmed by morphological and biochemical tests. B. cereus was present in 28.5% of rice and rice products (100% of boiled rice), 40% of fish, 80% of chicken and meat products, 30% of spices and 87% of ice creams. Pasteurized milk and milk products and protein‐rich food powders containing milk or cocoa were also contaminated with B. cereus. The average count of B. cereus varied from 2 × 102 to 5 × 105/g. The response of cells and spores from 6 randomly selected isolates of B. cereus to antibiotics and to heat treatment was identical. However, both vegetative and spore forms of these isolates exhibited subtle differences in radiation resistance. Pathogenicity of all isolates was determined by their ability to lyse human erythrocytes. Five of the six isolates selected produced a strong nonhemolytic toxin which is lethal to mice.
ELIMINATION OF SALMONELLA FROM FROZEN SHRIMP BY GAMMA RADIATION
Authors: NERKAR D.P. , BANDEKAR J.R.
Published: April 2007

Shrimp samples were found to be contaminated with Salmonella. The D10 values of S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis were between 0.225 to 0.250 kGy when cells were irradiated in frozen 0.1 M phosphate buffer. The radiation resistance of these Salmonella spp. increased marginally when cells were irradiated in shrimp homogenate. A radiation dose of 4.0 kGy completely eliminate Salmonella from frozen prepackaged shrimp, which was confirmed by inoculated pack studies.
SURVIVAL OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM IN ROASTING CHICKENS COOKED IN A MICROWAVE, CONVECTION MICROWAVE, AND A CONVENTIONAL ELECTRIC OVEN
Authors: SCHNEPF MARILYNN , BARBEAU WILLIAM E.
Published: April 2007

Fresh whole roasting chickens were inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium and cooked either in a microwave, convection microwave, or conventional electric oven to an internal temperature of 74°C, 77°C, 79°C, or 85°C. Cooked chickens were tested for the presence of viable Salmonella organisms using an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). No chicken (0/12) cooked to ± 79°C in the convection microwave or conventional oven tested positive for Salmonella. Two out of three chickens cooked to 79°C and all three chickens cooked to 85°C in the microwave tested Salmonella positive. Tetrathionate broth dilutions from all 11 microwave cooked chickens produced isolated colonies on Brilliant Green Agar. No growth was observed on Brilliant Green Agar plates inoculated with tetrathionate broth dilutions from chickens cooked to an internal temperature of 79°C or 85°C in the conventional oven or to 85°C in the convection microwave.
OXYRASETM ENZYME AND MOTILITY ENRICHMENT FUNG‐YU TUBE FOR RAPID DETECTION OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES AND LISTERIA SPECIES1
Authors: YU LINDA S. L. , FUNG DANIEL Y. C.
Published: April 2007

A rapid and simple method using a U‐shaped glass apparatus (Fung‐Yu tube) for early determination of the presence of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria species in mixed cultures and inoculated meat samples has been developed. This system utilizes unique biochemical and physical properties of Listeria for selective enrichment. Fraser broth was used as a selective enrichment broth especially for observation of esculin hydrolysis (blackening of broth), and semisolid Modified Oxford agar was used for selective detection of motility of Listeria. When Fung‐Yu tubes containing 0.1 unit/mL of OxyraseTM (membrane fractions of Escherichia coli) were inoculated with L. monocytogenes, an enhanced early growth of L. monocytogenes occurred. A presumptive positive result for low numbers of L. monocytogenes (1–100 CFU/g) in the presence of large numbers of competitive microflora in pre‐enriched (24 h) ground beef samples using the Fung‐Yu tube method with the aid of OxyraseTMwas obtainable within 10 h. Using this system, isolation of Listeria in the presence of mixed bacterial flora (44 species), such as Bacillus, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus, and in inoculated ground beef was successful in 24–48 h. The Fung‐Yu tube procedure is a highly sensitive, selective, and easy‐to‐use method to separate and isolate L. monocytogenes and other Listeria spp. from other contaminating microorganisms in meats.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TRYPAN BLUE AGAR AND CONGO RED AGAR FOR THE ENUMERATION OF YEAST AND MOLD USING THE HGMF SYSTEM1
Authors: HART R. A. , MO O. , BORIUS F. , FUNG D.Y.C.
Published: April 2007

Enumeration of yeast and molds from 39 food samples, including 6 dairy products, 2 meat products, 5 cereal products, 9 fruits, 4 vegetables, 6 beverages, 4 spices, and 3 condiments on Trypan blue (at 1: 10,000 dilution) in potato dextrose agar (Trypan blue agar) was compared with Congo red (at 25:1,000,000 dilution) in potato dextrose agar (Congo red agar) using the hydrophobic grid‐membrane filter (HGMF) technique of the ISO‐GRID system. Yeast and mold grew well on both Trypan blue agar and Congo red agar, producing blue and red colonies, respectively, in the ISO‐GRID system, when examined in incan‐descent light. However, not all yeast and mold colonies grown on Congo red agar fluoresced under ultraviolet (UV) light (a recommended observation procedure). Thus, results indicated that Trypan blue agar observed in incandescent light is more convenient to use for enumerating yeast and mold in food samples.
INHIBITION OF BOTULINUM TOXIN PRODUCTION BY PEDIOCOCCUS ACIDILACTICI IN TEMPERATURE ABUSED REFRIGERATED FOODS
Authors: HUTTON M. T. , CHEHAK P. A. , HANLIN J. H.
Published: April 2007

The “Wisconsin process'’(a combination of lactic acid starter culture and sucrose) has previously been shown to be effective in preventing botulinum toxigenesis in reduced nitrite bacon. This technology has been applied to other low‐acid refrigerated foods which receive less than a 12D thermal process. A combination of Pediococcus acidilactici and dextrose was effective in preventing botulinum toxigenesis in chicken salad. When the chicken salad was temperature abused, the P. acidilactici catabolized available dextrose to lactic acid. Extracellular accumulation of the lactic acid caused a decrease in the pH of the product. Pathogen challenge tests verified that the rate and extent of lactic acid accumulation in the chicken salad during temperature abuse was sufficient to preclude botulinum toxigenesis. This technology has the potential to be of use in a variety of low‐acid refrigerated foods.
MINERALS AND XENOBIOTIC RESIDUES IN THE EDIBLE TISSUES OF WILD AND POND‐RAISED LOUISIANA CRAYFISH1
Authors: MADDEN J. D. , GRODNER R. M. , FEAGLEY S. E. , FINERTY M. W. , ANDREWS L. S.
Published: April 2007

The popularity of Cajun cuisine has promoted the consumption of Louisiana crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. Tail meat and hepatopancreatic tissues of crayfish captured from two locations in the Atchafalaya River Basin and four open ponds were analyzed separately for xenobiotic metal and mineral composition using an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP) and chlorinated hydrocarbons by gas chromatograph (GC) with electron capture detector. Less than 3 mg/kg of toxic xenobiotic metals were found in the tail meats and less than 5 mg/kg in the hepatopancreatic tissues. Mineral concentrations were similar to those reported for other crustacean species. Occasional trace amounts of DDD and DDE were found present in tissue samples.
SENSITIVITY OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES TO SPICES AT TWO TEMPERATURES
Authors: TING W.T. EVERT , DEIBEL KURT E.
Published: April 2007

Thirteen spices were screened for growth inhibition effect against Listeria monocytogenes at 24°C using a concentration gradient plate method. Cloves, and oregano were the two most inhibitory spices with MIC values ranging from 0.5 to 0.7% (W/V). Inhibition was also detected with sage and rosemary (MIC of 0.7 to 1.0%) as well as nutmeg (MIC of 1.1–1.4%). Black pepper, chili, cinnamon, garlic, mustard, paprika, parsley and red pepper at a concentration up to 3.0% did not inhibit the growth of the organisms. The effect of cloves, oregano and sage on the growth and survival of L. monocytogenes Scott A was further tested in tryptic soy broth at both 4 and 24°C. At a concentration of 0.5 or 1.0%, cloves were bactericidal and oregano was bacteriostatic to this organism at both incubation temperatures. Sage at these two concentrations was bactericidal at 4°C and bacteriostatic at 24°C. When tested in sterile meat slurry, a 1.0% level of either cloves or oregano had little effect on the growth of L. monocytogenes Scott A at 4 or 24°C.
CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS ENTEROTOXIN: STRUCTURE, ACTION AND DETECTION
Authors: McCLANE BRUCE A.
Published: April 2007

Clostridium perfringens Type A is one of the most common causes of food‐borne disease in the USA. Diarrheal and cramping symptoms associated with this illness are caused by a protein enterotoxin (abbreviated as CPE). Recently, diagnosis of C. perfringens food poisoning has been improved by the development of direct assays to detect CPE in feces or CPE production by food or fecal isolates of C. perfringens. The enterotoxin has a membrane‐active action which appears to involve four early steps: (1) binding of CPE to a mammalian receptor, (2) insertion of CPE into membranes, (3) formation of a complex between CPE and mammalian membrane proteins and (4) onset of toxin‐induced ion and water permeability changes. CPE has a unique amino acid sequence, and recent studies have indicated that the receptor‐binding region of enterotoxin is localized at the extreme C‐terminus. Further studies of the CPE structure versus function relationship may facilitate development of vaccines for human or veterinary usage.
USE OF MEAT ISOLATE, LACTOBACILLUS BAVARICUS MN, TO INHIBIT LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES GROWTH IN A MODEL MEAT GRAVY SYSTEM
Authors: WINKOWSKI KAREN , MONTVILLE THOMAS J.
Published: April 2007

The ability of Lactococcus lactis 11454, Pediococcus pentosaceus 43200 and Lactobacillus bavaricus MN, originally isolated from dairy, vegetable, and meat products, respectively, to inhibit growth of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A in a model beef gravy was examined. In the first series of experiments, where the lactic acid bacteria and L. monocytogenes were inoculated at levels of 105 CFU/mL and 103 CFU/mL, respectively only L. bavaricus inhibited listerial growth at 10C. Subsequent experiments using L. bavaricus MN confirmed that the inhibition was caused by a bacteriocin, occurred at temperatures at low as 4C, and could be initiated by 103 CFU/mL L. bavaricus in the presence of L. monocytogenes at levels 10‐fold higher. Although the inhibitory agent was protease‐sensitive and inhibition occurred in the absence of a fermentable carbohydrate, the presence of acid enhanced efficacy of the bacteriocin.
TRIALS ON THE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF GLUCOSE OXIDASE ON CHICKEN BREAST SKIN AND MUSCLE
Authors: JEONG DONG K. , HARRISON MARK A. , FRANK JOSEPH F. , WICKER LOUISE
Published: April 2007

Use of glucose oxidase as a possible means to inhibit microbial growth on processed poultry was evaluated. Muscle and skin sections of chicken breast were inoculated with Pseudomonas spp. or Salmonella typhimurium and subjected to either: (1) 60 s dip in 2 units of glucose oxidase without glucose supplementation or (2) 60 s dip in 2 units of glucose oxidase with 4% glucose supplementation. Control groups were dipped in sterilized, distilled water. The Pseudomonas and Salmonella populations were determined for each section. Neither enzyme treatment reduced the initial Pseudomonas or Salmonella populations nor did the treatments inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas during the storage period. Salmonella was inhibited by the low temperature. Therefore, a glucose oxidase enzyme treatment has little potential for extending the shelf‐life of chicken.
EFFECT OF ELECTRICAL STIMULATION ON KILLING SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM IN VARIOUS SALT SOLUTIONS
Authors: LI YANBIN , SLAVIK MICHAEL F. , GRIFFIS CARL L. , KIM JEONG‐WEON
Published: April 2007

Electrical stimulation was evaluated as a method to kill Salmonella typhimurium in various salt solutions at different concentration. Salmonella typhimurium at 2 × 105 CFU/ml was treated at 22–24C for 60 min in each salt solution using electricity at 10 mA/cm2 current, 1 kHz frequency, and 50% duty cycle. Samples taken at various times were serially diluted, plated on tryptic soy agar and xylose lysine desoxycholate agar, and incubated at 37C for 18–24 h. To detect injured cells, samples were also pre‐enriched in buffered peptone water at 37C for 4–5h before being plated. Results indicated all salmonellae were electrically killed at 5 min in NaCl, at 30 min in NaNO3, and at 45 min in NaC2H3O2 at 0.15 and 0.015 M concentrations. Salmonellae were also killed at 45 min in Na3PO4 and at 60 min in Na2CO3 at 0.0015 M concentration by electricity in combination with high pH.
REDUCTION OF SALMONELLA ON POST‐CHILL CHICKEN CARCASSES BY TRISODIUM PHOSPHATE (NA3PO4) TREATMENT
Authors: KIM JEONG‐WEON , SLAVIK MIKE F. , PHARR MICHAEL D. , RABEN DENNIS P. , LOBSINGER CHRISTINE M. , TSAI SONIA
Published: April 2007

The use of trisodium phosphate (TSP) in rinsing chicken carcasses was evaluated for salmonellae reduction. Post‐chill carcasses were dipped into a 10%‐TSP solution at 10 or 50C for 15 s. After storing 0, 1 or 6 days at 4C, the incidence and reduction of salmonellae were measured using a nitrocellulose (NC) membrane lifting technique, conventional culture methods and most probable number (MPN) technique. In a trial using non‐inoculated carcasses, the incidences of salmonellae were decreased from 12 ∼ 24% in controls to 0 ∼ 8% in TSP‐treated groups. When the carcasses were inoculated with S. typhimurium (2×104 CPU/carcass), the NC membrane lifting method detected 27 ∼ 46% less incidences of salmonellae in TSP‐treated groups. However, culture methods failed to show any difference between TSP‐treated and untreated carcasses. Another trial using MPN method showed a significant reduction of salmonellae (1.6 ∼ 1.8 logs) in TSP‐treated groups (P < 0.01) at both 1 and 6 days. Although 50C‐TSP treatment gave 0.4 log greater reduction than 10C‐treatment, the difference was not statistically significant. Total plate counts (TPC) revealed a similar reduction trend to MPN results of salmonellae.
THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERCEIVED KNOWLEDGE, CONTROL AND RISK ASSOCIATED WITH A RANGE OF FOOD‐RELATED HAZARDS TARGETED AT THE INDIVIDUAL, OTHER PEOPLE AND SOCIETY
Authors: FREWER LYNN J. , SHEPHERD RICHARD , SPARKS PAUL
Published: April 2007

The relationship between perceived risk, perceived control and perceived knowledge was investigated for a range of food related hazards. One hundred and eighty six questionnaires were completed; these were designed to assess perceived risk for a range of food related hazards at three levels of risk “target”— personal risk, risk for other people, and risk for society. Additional questions about perceived control and perceived knowledge for the potential hazards were also asked.

Results indicated that individuals perceived personal risk to be lower than for either other people or society, independent of the hazard characteristics, in line with the theory of optimistic bias. Personal control tended to be seen as greater for the self than for other people, for those hazards where personal control was conceptually feasible. Perceived control for societal hazards was conferred onto society. Individuals thought that personal knowledge for a given hazard was greater than for other people. No direct relationship between perceived control and perceived risk was found, although there was a direct relationship between perceived knowledge and perceived control.

The results are discussed within the framework of optimistic bias and illusion of control. It is concluded that the mechanism for such effects is dependent on the perceived characteristics of the potential hazard itself.

Optimistic bias and greater perceived knowledge about potential hazards may explain the failure of public information campaigns; individuals will assume that they are invulnerable to hazards, and that information is directed at individuals less knowledgeable than themselves.
THE EFFECT OF LACTIC ACID DECONTAMINATION ON THE MICROFLORA ON MEAT
Authors: NETTEN P. VAN , VELD J.H. HUIS IN'T , MOSSEL D.A.A.
Published: April 2007

Meat acquires a characteristic microflora after slaughter and butchering. This normal microflora may be beneficial in that it occupies a niche that would otherwise permit unimpeded growth of potential pathogens. Lactic acid decontamination (LAD) is intended to eliminate pathogens but also affects the normal microflora. The immediate effect was studied by means of an in‐vitro model. Experiments using this model achieved a reduction in the mesophilic Enterobacteriaceae on meat by 1 to 3 log10 colony forming units and shifted the predominant microflora in the direction of Gram‐positive bacteria and yeasts. Colony counts were an unreliable indicator of LAD‐induced reductions in Gramnegative foodborne pathogens. Their reduction depended on the ratio of the more lactic acid resistant Gram‐positive bacteria to the more sensitive Gram‐negative bacteria. The rank order of lactic acid‐resistance of nonpathogens present on meat was yeasts = lactobacilli > psychrotrophic Gram‐positive bacteria > mesophilic Enterobacteriaceae. Psychrotrophic Gram‐negative bacteria were the most sensitive.