bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida na terceira idade: Caracterização epidemiológica da região ampliada de saúde oeste de Minas Gerais
Authors: Andrade Heuler Souza , Alves André Luiz do Nascimento , Moreira Franciele Oliveira
Published: August 2018

Introdução: O significativo crescimento da infecção pelo HIV em idosos, representa-se um fato relevante no contexto epidemiológico, o que demonstra ser o indício de uma nova característica de tal patologia. Objetivo: Caracterizar o perfil epidemiológico de idosos infectados pelo HIV, na Região Ampliada de Saúde Oeste de Minas Gerais. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, quantitativo através de uma análise na base de dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), no período compreendido entre os anos de 2010 a 2015. Fizeram parte do estudo os 54 municípios pertencentes à região citada. Resultados: No período pesquisado foram notificados 57 casos, com predominância do sexo masculino (64,9%), de etnia branca (42,1%), com 1 a 3 anos de escolaridade (19,3%), e comportamento heterossexual (78,9%). Não foi observado nenhum caso por transfusão sanguínea ou por acidente com material biológico. A taxa de incidência de HIV em idosos, entre 2010 e 2015, variou de 0,25 a 2,21 casos por 100.000 habitantes. Conclusão: Pode-se inferir que a população idosa, notificada com HIV/AIDS, na região estudada, é em sua maioria do sexo masculino, de etnia branca e parda, com baixo grau de instrução, que se infectou por via sexual, por comportamento heterossexual. Salienta-se a necessidade de novos estudos para conhecer com mais profundidade este novo contexto a fim de proporcionar melhores condições de vigilância e atenção à saúde desse grupo populacional.
Palavras-chave: Idoso; Hiv; Epidemiologia.
Nicknames como substitutos para linguagem não-verbal em ambientes virtuais
Authors: Neves Felipe Marcel , Fischer Marta Luciane
Published: August 2018

A ausência de componentes não-verbais na internet pressupõe que a comunicação escrita substitua, mesmo que parcialmente, elementos biológicos fundamentais utilizados durante o reconhecimento de parceiros. Tais elementos biológicos constituem-se da chamada linguagem não verbal, formada de elementos como expressões faciais, orientação corporal, aparência física, espaço interpessoal e contato físico. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a utilização de nomes de usuários como substitutos da linguagem não-verbal na fase de atratividade entre indivíduos em salas de bate papo na Internet. Além disso, avaliar a relação dos usuários destas salas diante de apelidos sem indicativos óbvios da identidade. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que os usuários com apelidos femininos utilizaram elementos referentes principalmente à aparência e os masculinos à demonstração de status social, enquanto que a indicação de faixa etária foi comum para ambos. Além disso, os resultados também sugerem que o sucesso na interação entre os usuários não depende somente da quantidade de informações inseridas dentro dos apelidos utilizados, mas de suas prováveis simbologias linguísticas. Este estudo demonstra que os nomes de usuários presentes em salas de bate-papo podem ser usados como substitutos da linguagem não-verbal, superando as limitações visuais e sonoras impostas pelo uso da linguagem escrita. Porém, estes tipos de interações possuem custos biopsicossociais ainda não compreendidos, e que poderiam ser analisados sob uma perspectiva bioética, visando a mitigação de vulnerabilidades decorrentes da inserção das novas tecnologias na intermediação dos relacionamentos humanos.
Adequação dos planos pedagógicos dos cursos de administração à luz das linhas pedagógicas
Authors: CHING HONG YUH , Agazzi Giselle Larizzatti , Lupinacci Mayara de Faria
Published: August 2018

Esse artigo objetiva mapear a presença de linhas pedagógicas nos Planos Pedagógicos dos Cursos (PPCs) de Administração e verificar sua aderência às exigências das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCNs) e, com isso, discutir se o PPC serve como instrumento de desenvolvimento das competências dos estudantes. A pesquisa é descritiva e de caráter documental. Por meio de um roteiro com cinco questões e, por meio de análise de conteúdo, procurou-se identificar elementos que dessem sentido às respostas dessas questões. A amostra foi restrita para as IESs notas 3, 4 ou 5 no ENADE 2012. A subamostra de 16 IESs foi do tipo probabilística e por conveniência. As IESs com nota 3 apresentam um número menor das Diretrizes inseridas nos seus PPCs do que aquelas com nota 4 e 5. Embora 15 de um total de 16 IES tenham objetivos do curso explícitos nos seus PPCs, uma boa parte delas (notadamente das IESs nota 3) não coloca em diálogo objetivos e metodologias bem como não deixa explícita a linha pedagógica A relação entre a leitura crítica dos PPCs das IESs e os resultados por elas obtido no ENADE sugere que ações pedagógicas mais significativas para os alunos podem emergir da elaboração desse documento de modo mais crítico, já que ele serve para que se consolide uma visão sobre o curso. Esse é o valor desse estudo, o de mostrar que quanto mais completo e consistente é o documento, melhor parece ser o trabalho das instituições com relação ao desenvolvimento das competências dos alunos.
ANALISIS KESALAHAN BERBAHASA ARAB PADA SKRIPSI MAHASISWA JURUSAN BAHASA DAN SASTRA ARAB
Authors: Haniah Haniah
Published: August 2018

This study aims to describe and explore: 1) Forms of hamzah writing errors, phonological errors, morphology, syntax and semantics in the students’ thesis that are further evaluated and improved. 2) Factors causing language errors in students’ thesis. 3) Solution to solve the problem of language error in writing thesis. This study used a qualitative content analysis approach to language errors on 3 thesis samples of academic year 2015/2016. The results showed that there was a mistake in writing the hamzah at the beginning of the word on the hamzah qath'i and hamzah washl, as well as in the middle of the word is the misplacement of alif or waw or nibrah letters under the hamzah. The solution offered was the need for Arabic learning innovation by faculty, students refer back to mu'jam in choosing the right words, improving writing skills with continuous practice, and seriousness in writing thesis.
Elit güreşçilerde biyoelektrik impedans analiz yöntemiyle ölçülen kol kas kütlesi ile izokinetik üst ekstremite kas kuvveti arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi
Authors: Kocahan Tuğba , Arslanoğlu Ebru , Akınoğlu Bihter , Soylu Çağlar , Ün Yıldırım Necmiye
Published: August 2018

Çalışmamızın
amacı güreş milli takım sporcularında vücut kompozisyonu analiz cihazı ile
ölçülen kol kas kütlesi değerleri ile üst ekstremite izokinetik kas kuvveti
arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemektir. Çalışmaya, yaşları; 26,62±3,46 yıl olan 53
erkek güreş milli takım sporcusu katıldı (32 serbest güreş ile 21 grekoromen
güreş). Sporcuların vücut kompozisyonu ölçümleri Biyoelektrik İmpedans Analiz
Cihazı ile yapıldı ve bu ölçüm sonucunda vücut kas dağılımından elde edilen kol
kas kütleleri kaydedildi. İzokinetik kas kuvveti izokinetik dinamometre ile
değerlendirildi. Sporcuların izokinetik kas kuvveti ve kol kas kütlesi
değerleri arasındaki ilişkiye Pearson korelasyon analizi ile değerlendirildi.
Her iki spor branşında 60º/sn. ve 240º/sn. açısal hızlarda her iki tarafta omuz
iç rotasyon (IR) ve dış rotasyon (ER) zirve tork değerleri ile kas kütlesi
değerleri arasında anlamlı pozitif bir ilişki bulundu (p<0.05). Aynı zamanda
gruplar ayrı ayrı incelendiğinde benzer şekilde kol kas kütlesi ile omuz IR/ER
zirve tork değerleri arasında anlamlı pozitif bir ilişki olduğu belirlendi
(p<0.05). Çalışmamız kol kas kütlesi ile üst ekstremite kas kuvveti arasında
anlamlı ilişki olduğunu göstermiştir. Çalışmamızın sonucu bize, izokinetik
cihazlarla değerlendirme yapılması mümkün olmayan durumlarda multifrekans ölçüm
yapan bioelektriksel impedans analizinin kişilerin kas kuvvet dağılımları
hakkında bilgi verebileceğini düşündürmektedir.
Flatten-T Swish: a thresholded ReLU-Swish-like activation function for deep learning
Authors: Chieng Hock Hung , Wahid Noorhaniza , Pauline Ong , Perla Sai Raj Kishore
Published: August 2018

Activation functions are essential for deep learning methods to learn and perform complex tasks such as image classification. Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) has been widely used and become the default activation function across the deep learning community since 2012. Although ReLU has been popular, however, the hard zero property of the ReLU has heavily hindering the negative values from propagating through the network. Consequently, the deep neural network has not been benefited from the negative representations. In this work, an activation function called Flatten-T Swish (FTS) that leverage the benefit of the negative values is proposed. To verify its performance, this study evaluates FTS with ReLU and several recent activation functions. Each activation function is trained using MNIST dataset on five different deep fully connected neural networks (DFNNs) with depth vary from five to eight layers. For a fair evaluation, all DFNNs are using the same configuration settings. Based on the experimental results, FTS with a threshold value, T=-0.20 has the best overall performance. As compared with ReLU, FTS (T=-0.20) improves MNIST classification accuracy by 0.13%, 0.70%, 0.67%, 1.07% and 1.15% on wider 5 layers, slimmer 5 layers, 6 layers, 7 layers and 8 layers DFNNs respectively. Apart from this, the study also noticed that FTS converges twice as fast as ReLU. Although there are other existing activation functions are also evaluated, this study elects ReLU as the baseline activation function.
Understanding Microsoft Kinect for application in 3-D vision processes
Authors: Jiménez Moreno Robinson , Espinosa Varcalcel Fabio
Published: August 2018

En este artículo se presenta un sistema de medición aplicable a procesos de robótica y automatización, utilizando técnicas de visión de máquina con información en 3D, basadas en un sensor Kinect, del cual se toma tanto la información de color como de profundidad. Se analizan las características de operación del sensor y mediante algoritmos de procesamiento de imagen, midiendo la distancia de una referencia con una forma y color específicos. La segmentación de dicha referencia se logra mediante la umbralización en diferentes espacios de color, respecto a la superficie de esta, dicha segmentación permite inferir, de la información de profundidad del Kinect la distancia a la cual se encuentra. Finalmente se compara el resultado de la medición de con una cinta métrica, permitiendo establecer así las ventajas y la alta precisión que ofrece el Kinect, frente a los métodos convencionales de medición.
Simulador informático para cursos de entrenamiento de equipos de operación de cadenas de distribución
Authors: Marcelo Vénere Alejandro Clausse , Herrero Víctor , Perea Muñoz Lourdes
Published: August 2018

Presenta el desarrollo del simulador informático DLS (Distributed Logistic Simulation) que Se opera distribuido en red (LAN o Internet) orientado a soporte de cursos universitarios y entrenamiento “in-company”. El sistema permite que los instructores diseñen los trabajos prácticos de los cursos en forma ágil, mediante la carga de parámetros de control (lead times, tamaño de inventarios, número de productos, etc.). DLS puede ser adaptado para simular una gran variedad de escenarios logísticos transmitiendo los conceptos principales de la teoría de cadenas de distribución, como gestión de inventarios, determinación y negociación de precios, comunicación de información entre jugadores, etc. El simulador fue aplicado en dos cursos para evaluar el grado de respuesta de grupos de estudiantes, mostrando excelente resultados.
Prueba de cizallamiento de la resina flow (Surefil SDR Flow) comparado con el ionómero de vidrio (Ionosit DMG) usados en dientes posteriores en dentina profunda
Authors: Infante Camacho Laura Cristina , Bechra Valencia Matilde
Published: August 2018

Se comparó, la resistencia adhesiva mediante prueba de cizallamiento entre la resina flow (Surefil SDR Flow) y el ionómero de vidrio (Ionosit DMG). Se utilizaron 30 molares permanentes, que fueron divididos aleatoriamente en 2 grupos de 15 dientes cada uno de estos se introdujeron en un dispositivo de resina acrílica. Se realizó un desgaste longitudinal dejando expuesta parte de la dentina, posteriormente se hizo un desgaste con lija de aguade grano N 220 y 400 simulando el smearlayer utilizando dispositivo de la casa Ultradent se formaron especímenes de los materiales a estudiar y se sometieron a prueba de resistencia al cizallamiento, se utilizó el equipo Shear Bond Tester – T- 63010K (Bisco Company), con adaptación de la Compact Force Gauge – Célula de carga de 500N, en dentina profunda. Habiendo una diferencia significativa en la resistencia adhesiva entre la resina fluida y el ionómero de vidrio.
Diagnóstico del estado de desarrollo del dibujo tridimensional en estudiantes del Programa de Diseño Industrial de la Universidad Autónoma de Colombia
Authors: Quintana Boris , Barbosa Ximena
Published: August 2018

Este documento hace referencia al trabajo exploratorio desarrollado por el grupo de investigación CEIDE, inscrito en la problemática del deficiente desempeño en el dibujo a mano alzada de los estudiantes del programa Diseño Industrial en la Universidad Autónoma de Colombia. En primera instancia se expone laimportancia del dibujo tridimensional a mano alzada, en diferentes niveles educativos, y a continuación, algunas de las ventajas que presentan las herramientas computacionales frente al dibujo a mano alzada, adoptadas de corriente como las causantes de la problemática mencionada. Se comenta acerca de la forma en que se dio inicio al proyecto y se hace un énfasis especial en la toma de datos piloto desarrollada para probar un instrumento de medición cuantitativa. Seguidamente se exponen los resultados de dicho estudio conalgunas conclusiones preliminares, finalizando el texto con el señalamiento de algunas premisas con las cuales se abre paso a la investigación denominada “Optimización de ambientes pedagógicos que promuevan el desarrollo del dibujo tridimensional en estudiantes universitarios”.
Manejo Ambiental del subproducto vinaza de la obtención de Bioetanol a partir de remolacha forrajera (Beta vulgaris L.) mediante la producción de proteína unicelular - Fase Laboratorio
Authors: Quintero Bertel Quelbis Román , Mateus Pineda Celso Libardo , Rivera Pineda Martha Giselle , Riaño Jiménez Nubia Consuelo , Hernández Hernández Jennyffer Lizeth
Published: August 2018

En el presente proyecto se realiza un estudio del proceso fermentativo en la producción de biomasa, empleando las vinazas procedentes de la destilación de alcohol a partir de remolacha forrajera, suplementadas con mieles de caña como fuente de sustrato, para la producción de proteína unicelular. Se empleó un sistema de cultivo por lote incrementado, a escala de laboratorio con tres alternativas de mezcla de vinazas de destilería y mieles finales: 90/10, 80/20 y 50/50, en contenido de azúcares reductores totales (ART) en el sustrato. Se utilizaron dos cepas de levadura: Saccharomyces cerevisiae de LEVAPAN ® y Kluyveromyces fragilis del Instituto de Biotecnología de la Universidad Nacional (IBUN). Los mejores resultados fueron obtenidos con la mezcla VD/MF:80/20 y con la levadura Saccharomyces cerevisiae, y se logró un incremento de hasta de 5,8 veces en la biomasa de la levadura en un período de 10 horas de incubación a 30ºC.
Análisis de la estabilidad del ángulo del rotor de un sistema máquina-barra infinita
Authors: Durán Tovar Iván Camilo , Flórez Cediel Oscar David
Published: August 2018

Este artículo presenta una aproximación al análisis de estabilidad del ángulo del rotor de un sistema máquina-barra Infinita. Se analiza la estabilidad del ángulo del rotor de un sistema típico máquina-barra infinita, bajo determinadas condiciones de operación. Posteriormente se incorpora un estabilizador de sistema de potencia para lograr un amortiguamiento en el modo mecánico que permita mantener un sincronismo en su operación. Finalmente, se presentan los resultados con simulaciones realizadas con la herramienta computacional Matlab®.
Knowledge of undergraduate nursing students on cardiopulmonary resuscitation / Conhecimento de alunos de curso de graduação em enfermagem sobre reanimação cardiopulmonar / Conocimiento de alumnos de curso de graduación em enfermería sobre reanimación cardiopulmonar
Authors: Nogueira Maicon De Araujo , Ribeiro Ana Lúcia Cabo Verde , Oliveira Célia Carolina Rebouças Brabo de , Lobo Fausto Ferreira , Sousa Rosilene Ferreira de , Maciel Danielle Oliveira
Published: August 2018

Objetivo: analisar o escore de conhecimento dos alunos do curso de graduação em Enfermagem de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior privada de Belém, Estado do Pará sobre Reanimação Cardiopulmonar. Metodologia: estudo transversal, descritivo, exploratório, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado no segundo semestre de 2017, com 46 alunos do 8º semestre do curso de Enfermagem. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizado um questionário estruturado validado, contendo 50 perguntas de múltipla escolha. Procedeu-se à análise estatística a partir de técnicas descritivas, demonstradas através de frequências absolutas e percentuais.  A pesquisa foi autorizada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do Curso de Graduação em Enfermagem da Universidade do Estado do Pará, CAAE: 73031317.2.0000.5170.  Resultados: a população estudada possui conhecimento reduzido e por vezes inadequado sobre parada cardiorrespiratória e reanimação cardiopulmonar, podendo comprometer o cuidado prestado, acarretando prejuízos à reanimação e, consequentemente, contribuir para o surgimento e/ou agravamento das sequelas, impactando no aumento da morbimortalidade. Conclusão: entende-se ser fundamental a instituição de capacitações e avaliação destas, de forma teórica e prática, como forma de otimizar e consolidar o conhecimento durante a formação acadêmica.Descritores: Parada cardíaca. Bacharelado em Enfermagem. Reanimação Cardiopulmonar.
Chronic renal disease: characteristics of patients waiting for renal transplantation / Doença renal crônica: características dos pacientes que aguardam o transplante renal / Enfermedad renal crónica: características de los pacientes que aguar..
Authors: Monteiro Marcelo Anderson Cavalcante , Sousa Geicilane , Santos Larisse Sousa , Studart Rita Mônica , Bonfim Isabela Melo , Guerra Débora Rodrigues
Published: August 2018

Objetivo: caracterizar os pacientes renais crônicos que aguardam um transplante com doador falecido. Metodologia: estudo com abordagem quantitativa, realizado no ambulatório de transplante renal, com 120 prontuários de pacientes que estavam na fila de transplante renal no período de junho de 2017. Os dados foram transcritos e tabulados em uma planilha do programa Excel do Windows XP profissional e organizados em tabelas. O estudo recebeu parecer favorável do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com número 754462, CAAE 34237914.2.0000.5040. Resultados: foi identificada predominância do masculino (57,5%), com faixa etária de 44 a 53 (29%), procedentes do interior (63,3%), sem ocupação (49,2%), com condições habitacionais adequadas (87,5%). As causas indeterminadas foram a mais prevalentes (38,3 %), grupo sanguíneo “O” (75,8%), com sorologia positiva para citomegalovírus (48,3%), tempo de dialise de três a cinco anos (25,8%). Conclusão: os pacientes passam cerca de um ano em preparo clínico para um transplante renal e a dificuldade da avaliação cardiológica é a maior responsável por essa demora.Descritores: Doença. Transplante Renal. Crônico. Enfermagem. Características.
Healthcare-associated pneumonia in acute care hospitals in European Union/European Economic Area countries: an analysis of data from a point prevalence survey, 2011 to 2012
Authors: Walter Jan , Haller Sebastian , Quinten Chantal , Kärki Tommi , Zacher Benedikt , Eckmanns Tim , Abu Sin Muna , Plachouras Diamantis , Kinross Pete , Suetens Carl ,   ECDC PPS study group
Published: August 2018

An aim of the ECDC point prevalence survey (PPS) in European Union/European Economic Area acute care hospitals was to acquire standardised healthcare-associated infections (HAI) data. We analysed one of the most common HAIs in the ECDC PPS, healthcare-associated pneumonia (HAP). Standardised HAI case definitions were provided and countries were advised to recruit nationally representative subsets of hospitals. We calculated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) around prevalence estimates and adjusted for clustering at hospital level. Of 231,459 patients in the survey, 2,902 (1.3%; 95% CI: 1.2–1.3) fulfilled the case definition for a HAP. HAPs were most frequent in intensive care units (8.1%; 95% CI: 7.4–8.9) and among patients intubated on the day of the survey (15%; 95% CI: 14–17; n = 737 with HAP). The most frequently reported microorganism was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17% of 1,403 isolates), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (12%) and Klebsiella spp. (12%). Antimicrobial resistance was common among isolated microorganisms. The most frequently prescribed antimicrobial group was penicillins, including combinations with beta-lactamase inhibitors. HAPs occur regularly among intubated and non-intubated patients, with marked differences between medical specialities. HAPs remain a priority for preventive interventions, including surveillance. Our data provide a reference for future prevalence of HAPs at various settings.
Early start of the West Nile fever transmission season 2018 in Europe
Authors: Haussig Joana M. , Young Johanna J. , Gossner Céline M. , Mezei Eszter , Bella Antonino , Sirbu Anca , Pervanidou Danai , Drakulovic Mitra B. , Sudre Bertrand
Published: August 2018

In Europe, surveillance indicates that the 2018 West Nile fever transmission season started earlier than in previous years and with a steeper increase of locally-acquired human infections. Between 2014 and 2017, European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) and EU enlargement countries notified five to 25 cases in weeks 25 to 31 compared with 168 cases in 2018. Clinicians and public health authorities should be alerted to ensure timely implementation of prevention measures including blood safety measures.
Optimal Fault-Tolerant Placement of Relay Nodes in a Mission Critical Wireless Network
Authors: Mancini Toni , Tronci Enrico , Scialanca Agostino , Lanciotti Filiberto , Finzi Alberto , Guarneri Riccardo , Di Pompeo Silvia
Published: August 2018

The operations of many critical infrastructures (e.g., airports) heavily depend on proper functioning of the radio communication network supporting operations. As a result, such a communication network is indeed a mission-critical communication network that needs adequate protection from external electromagnetic interferences. This is usually done through radiogoniometers. Basically, by using at least three suitably deployed radiogoniometers and a gateway gathering information from them, sources of electromagnetic emissions that are not supposed to be present in the monitored area can be localised. Typically, relay nodes are used to connect radiogoniometers to the gateway. As a result, some degree of fault-tolerance for the network of relay nodes is essential in order to offer a reliable monitoring. On the other hand, deployment of relay nodes is typically quite expensive. As a result, we have two conflicting requirements: minimise costs while guaranteeing a given fault-tolerance.

In this paper address the problem of computing a deployment for relay nodes that minimises the relay node network cost while at the same time guaranteeing proper working of the network even when some of the relay nodes (up to a given maximum number) become faulty (fault-tolerance).

We show that the above problem can be formulated as a MILP as well as a PB optimisation problem and present experimental results comparing the two approaches on realistic scenarios.
Sheepskin Effects in the Returns to Education in a Developing
Country
Authors: Shabbir Tayybb
Published: August 2018

This paper tests for the sheepskin or diploma effects in the
rates of return to education in a developing country, Pakistan;
presumably the only study for me country that explicitly investigates
this important question. One reason forthis paucity of work may have
been lack of appropriate data on an individual's educational status. The
Mincerian log -linear specification of the earnings function is
generalized to allow for the possibility that the returns to education
increase discontinuously for the ~ears when diplomas/degrees are
awarded. This provision is made in three different ways, i.e., by (a)
introducing dummy variables for diploma years, (b) by specifying a
disoontinuous spline function, and (c) by specifying a step function.
Empirical evidence based on a nationally representative sample of male
earners shows that substantial and statistically significant sheepskin
effects exist at four important certification levels in Pakistan,
namely, Matric, Intennediate, Bachelor's, and Master's. This froding is
consistent with the screening rather than the convential human capital
view of the role of education. However, it should be noted that while
diplomas seem to matter, it is not true that only diplomas maUer; since
even after controlling for diploma years the schooling coefficient,
albeit smaller than before, is still substantial. Again, regarding the
diploma effects, another interesting froding is that such effects are
not significant in case of the Primary and the Middle levels of
schooling. In tenns of the policy implications, it follows that, in the
case of Pakistan, education is an important and significant influence on
the individual earnings. However, to the extent that the diploma effects
are significant, the potential for education as a source of enhancing
worker productivity is lessened, thus reducing the scope of an activist
public policy in this regard. This is particularly true for the
Secondary levels of education. In fact, the frodings suppon a
reallocation of the available public funds away from the teniary/higher
education and towards the basic education, where the productivity
enhancing human capital effects are relatively more apparent.
The Impact of the HYV Technology on the Variability of Rice
Production and Yield: Some Evidence from Bangladesh
Authors: Mujeri Mustafa K.
Published: August 2018

In recent years, the impact of the high-yielding varieties
(HYVs) of cereals on the stability of cereals production has received
increasing attention along with the growth potential of the technology.
A number of studies, especially on Indian agriculture, have emphasized
the destabilizing impact of the technology on foodgrains production. In
contrast to such fmdings, the present analysis of rice production and
yield in Bangladesh suggests a lower variability during the postadoption
period. Such conclusions are also supported by seasonal and regional
data, although HYVs themselves are seen to be more variable than their
local counterparts. An examination of the trends in variability during
periods separated by the new technology provides an evidence of a
reversal of trends. It is argued that, with the introduction of HYVs,
complementary technological irmovations and land/water resources
development have taken place, which have enabled the farmers to reduce
gross dependence on nature and played key roles in reductions in
variability in rice production and yield in Bangladesh.
The Energy Demand in the Industrial Sector of Pakistan
Authors: Chishti Salim , Mahmood Fakhre
Published: August 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyse the role of energy in
the manufaCblring sector of Pakistan. The translog cost function
alongwith the input demand equations corresponding to enel'kY, capital,
and labour have been estimated, using Zellner's iterative procedure.
Time trend has been included in the cost equation in view of the low
Durbin-Watson statistics. The results justify the inclusion of energy as
a separate factor of production. Price elasticities and Allen-Uzawa
partial substitution elasticities have been estimated. Own price
elasticities indicate a rather inelastic demand fOl" inputs. Cross-price
elasticities show that energy and labour, and capital and labour are
substitutes. The partial substitution elasticities between enellY and
capital are negative; which implies that higher energy prices will
adversely affect investment in capital goods. On the other hand, the
positive substitution elasticity between energy and employment implies
that higher energy prices would induce more labour
absorption.
Victor S. D'Souza. Development Planning and Structural
Inequalities: The Response of the Underprivileged. New Delhi: Sage
Publications 1990. Pages 206 + Index. Price: Rs 180 (Hardbound).
Authors: Haque Ziaul
Published: August 2018

Deveiopment planning in India, as in other developing
countries, has generally been aimed at fostering an
industrially-oriented policy as the engine of economic growth. This
one-sided economic development, which results in capital formation,
creation of urban elites, and underprivileged social classes of a modern
society, has led to distortions in the social structure as a whole. On
the contrary, as a result of this uneven economic development, which is
narrowly measured in terms of economic growth and capital formation, the
fruits of development have gone to the people according to their
economic power and position in the social structure: those occupying
higher positions benefiting much more than those occupying the lower
ones. Thus, development planning has tended to increase inequalities and
has sharpened divisive tendencies. Victor S. D'Souza, an eminent Indian
sociologist, utilizing the Indian census data of 1961, 1971, and 1981,
examines the problem of structural inequality with particular reference
to the Indian Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes - the two most
underprivileged sections of the present Indian society which, according
to the census of 1981, comprised 15.75 percent and 7.76 percent of
India's population respectively. Theoretically, he takes the concept of
development in a broad sense as related to the self-fulfIlment of the
individual. The transformation of the unjust social structure, the
levelling down of glaring economic and social inequalities, and the
concern for the development of the underprivileged are for the author
the basic elements of a planned development. This is the theoretical
perspective of the first chapter, "Development Planning and Social
Transformation".
P. K. Srivastava. Marketing Management in a Developing Economy.
New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. 1991. vi + 559 pp.Price: Indian Rs
300.00
Authors: Mehmood Mir Annice
Published: August 2018

Marketing management is an important topic for those projects
that depend on maximizing the sale of their output, especially in the
industrial and agricultural sectors of the developing countries. This,
however, does not mean that marketing management is only applicable to
the directly productive/extractive sectors of the economy. Increasingly,
with the passage of time, the service sector in both the developed and
the developing countries has also expanded dramatically (pakistan's
fastest growing sector is the service sector). Here, also, marketing
management can play an important role. Five discrete steps can be
singled out when a project is to be established; namely, identification,
preparation, appraisal, implementation, and evaluation. This whole
process is called the 'project cycle', and all projects, irrespective of
the sector of the economy in which they are being established, have to
follow in a sequential order the different stages outlined at the
beginning of this paragraph. At the same time, it should be pointed out
that, in the present-day world, project preparation and appraisal, in
particular, have become very interdisciplinary in nature. Thus, it would
be no surprise to have economists, anthropologists, demographers,
marketing specialists, and engineers all working together in the design
and implementation of projects. Further, it need not be over-emphasized
that proper project identification and execution helps to propel the
growth rate upwards, raising the living standards and improving the
general economic well-being, which are the stuff of
development.
Taxation of Agricultural Income: A Holistic View
Authors: Azhar B. A.
Published: August 2018

The issue of agricultural income tax has become the focus of
endless controversy in recent year. It has been so thoroughly debated
that few aspects remain unexplored. Unfortunately, however, the debate
has lost objecti~ty and the vested interests are using all types of
arguments against one another. Scholarly ~alyses too show sometimes
remnants of ingrained subjectivity. The object of this paper is to look
at the issue objectively and suggest a possible way out. The question of
taxation of agricultural income can be examined from the following
points of view: (a) Historical perspective; (b) Equity; ( c)
Administrative considerations; (d) Constitutional provisions; and (e)
Revenue potential.
International Migration and the "Moral" Economy of the 'Barani'
Peasantry
Authors: Khan Azfar F.
Published: August 2018

For James Scott, the cornerstone of the 'moral' economy was an
attitude of a subsistence and basically risk-averse-peasantry which was
elementally geared towards enhancing safety and the reliability of its
subsistence [Scott (1976)]. It was the need to be secure and the fear of
poverty, he submitted, which explained " ... many otherwise anomolous,
technical and moral arrangements in peasanl society" [op.cit: vii].
Commensurately, all coping strategies were noted to fundamentally
incorporate these arrangements. Though Scott's affirmations are based on
the analysis of rural Indo-China they also, to a great extent, ring true
of many peasant societies of South Asia. The peasantry inhabiting the
'bar ani' (rainfed agricUltural) areas of northern Pakistan provide us
with one such example. In the course of ascertaining the impact of the
recently massive out -country mov~ments of labour from the region to the
oil-producing countries of the Middle East, it was found that here too a
similar, and integral, subsistence ethic held sway over the "many
otherwise anomolous" structural arrangements of life. The >
examination, in general, of the out-migrations from "barani" areas
[which historically have constituted perhaps, the most effective element
of coping strategies of the inhabitants see Darling (1945); Naseem
(1981)], and specifically the recent movements to the oil-producing
economies is with a view to assessing their ability to 'nurture a
structural transformation in the sending areas. In so doing this paper
will attempt to illustrate the attributes of the subsistence ethic in
the 'harani' lands. It is more in the vein of a conceptual presentation
although the affirmations are based on surveys of two villages; one in
the Punjab and the other in the NWFP.
Islamization of Economy in Pakistan (1977-88): An Essay on the
Relationship between Religion and Economics
Authors: Haque Ziaul
Published: August 2018

The Martial Law regime which came into power in Pakistan on
July 5, 1977 after a political crisis undertook a comprehensive scheme
of Islamizing the political, legal, economic and educational areas of
the Pakistani society. Ordinances and Laws on Zakat (poor-due), 'Ushr
(tithe), elimination of riba (interest/ usury), profit and loss scheme,
mudaraba (profit-sharing), and twelve modes of Islamic finance, were
promulgated with the avowed aim of transforming the Pakistani economy
into an Islamic economic system. In this article we shall confine
ourselves to an examination of the Islamization of the economy only;
that is, the article shall focus on the relationship between religion
and economics in general, and Islam and economics in particular. Since
the times of Adam Smith (1720-1790), and especially after the works of
Lionel Robbins (1898-1984) the modern economy is generally taken by the
economists as an autonomous economic system and modern economics, an
important branch of the social sciences, has gradually become
independent from religion. In both capitalist and socialist versions,
economics is generally defined as the "study of the social laws
governing production and distribution of the material means of
satisfying human needs" [Lange (1963)].
The Role of Islamic Financial Institutions in the Socio-economic
Development in Malaysia
Authors: Anwar Muhammad
Published: August 2018

It is a truism to say that the financial sector plays a
critical role in the socio-economic development of any country.
Financial institutions provide for effective mobilisation and allocation
of savings and this contributes effectively towards socio-economic
development. Malaysia, which is, as of now, perhaps the fastest growing
country in the third world, is characterised by a well-developed
fmancial system. What, however, is unique about Malaysia is that, as in
some other Muslim countries, conventional and Islamic fmancial
institutions exist side by side, interacting with one another. The
development of Islamic fmancial institutions in Malaysia has the
potential to play a leading role in serving the Muslim Ummah and
contribute towards socio-economic development of the country in
conformity with Islamic se~ibilities. Yet their market share is rather
insignificant in comparison with the conventional fmancial institutions.
As elsewhere, financial institutions in Malaysia provide four distinct
types of intermediation in the process of exchanging funds and fmancial
instruments among the surplus units and the deficit units - viz.,
denomination intermediation, maturity intermediation, risk
diversification intermediation, and liquidity intermediation.
Developing Countries' Attractiveness for Foreign Direct
Investment - Debt Overhang and Sovereign Risk as Major
Impediments?
Authors: Nunnenkamp Peter
Published: August 2018

With declining debt inflows, foreign direct investment (FDI)
has again become one of the major pillars of private financial flows to
developing countries (Des). This has created some expectation to replace
private bank olending by FDI. However, many heavily indebted countries
may not only be constrained in terms of new private lending, but also in
terms of FDI inflows. In order to overcome constraints in the supply of
FDI, the determinants of FDI flows have to be identified in the first
place. This has been done by the Kiel Institute of World Economics in a
comprehensive study commissioned by the World Bank. The present paper
summarizes some of the major results for details, see Agarwal et aZ.
(1991). The focus is on the impact of sovereign risk on FDI and on
possible disincentives for FDI arising from a debt overhang, i.e. on
those aspects that reflect the most important recent changes in
international capital market conditions. The empirical analysis
concentrates on the 1980s. Regressions are run for an overall sample of
about 35 host Des and for various subgroups. The paper is organized as
follows. Section II presents the major hypotheses. The empirical results
are summarized in Sections III and IV. Finally, some policy conclusions
are drawn in Section V.
Structural Change in the Import Demand Function for
Pakistan
Authors: Shabbir Tayyeb , Mahmood Riaz
Published: August 2018

The question of structural stability of the Aggregate Import
Demand Function (IOF) has important implications for modelling,
forecasting as well as policy- making related to the trade sector, in
general and imports in particular. A structural change, in quantitative
terms, may be reflected as a change in one or more parameters of the
import demand function. Analysing the possibilities, timing and the
nature of such a change is important since it affects the estimates of
the relevant elasticities. In the case of Pakistan, the issue of the
possible structural change in the IOF has not been studied much in spite
of its importance. The two notable exceptions are Sarmad (1989) and
Naqvi and Khan (1989). In Sarmad (1989) while the main purpose was to
choose between the linear and log-linear functional forms for the IOF
there is incidental treatment of structural change when he specifies a
dummy to account for the dislocation of economic activity caused by the
separation of East Pakistan in 1971. Thus he implicitly hypothesizes
that structural change occurred only in term of the intercept.1 However,
he also reports that there may have been a structural shift in 1982-83
in the import demand for manufacturing. Again, Naqvi and Khan (1989)
report a significant 1971-72 dummy coefficient in case of imports of
manufactured goods and significant 1972-73 dummy Jor imports of services
adjusted for interest payment on foreign debt.
Earnings Functions in Pakistan's Urban Informal Sector: A 'Case
Study
Authors: Burki Abid Aman , Abbas Qaisar '
Published: August 2018

The informal sector is frequently attacked on the grounds that
it offers very low earnings in very unfavourable and exploitative
working conditions with no prospects for upward mobility for its
participants. Since entry in this sector is not restricted, therefore,
it is argued that a mushroom growth of labour supply takes place
particularly at times when growth in the formal sector slows down
[Richardson (1984)]. Therefore, earnings in this sector do not reflect
variations in personal capabilities on account of human capital
endowments. As a result, it is opined that workers in this sector face a
flat age-earnings or experienceearnings profile because they are not
rewarded for their schooling and accumulated experience with age. The
unrestricted entry of labour may be the case in some sub-sectors of the
informal sector where no specific skills are required. However, it
cannot be generalized because there are many activities which require
from theiT workers to have learned some sort of skills, thus creating
barriers to entry. The existence of such barriers may explain higher
earnings in these sub-sectors [Burki (1989); Burki and Ubaidullah
(1990)].
Human Resources Information Systems: Concepts, Functions and
Objectives
Authors: Abbink G. A. , Tejani K.
Published: August 2018

In Pakistan, there is a growing appreciation of the fact that
the country's economi~ and social development is greatly dependent upon
its ability to effectively develop and utilize its human resources.
Moreover, it is increasingly realized, that, to effectively influence
developments in this sector, it is essential to base the formulation and
implementation of plans and policies on comprehensive (i.e. relevant,
reliable, systematized and up-to-date) infonnation on key aspects of
human resources. Unfortunately, such comprehensive information is not
available to its users. As a result, it is almost impossible to obtain a
realistic appraisal of the country's major labour market or, more
generally, human resources problems, options and priorities. Besides
being of limited use to formulate realistic plans and policies, the task
of monitoring and evaluating the impact of policy implementation almost
becomes unmanageable.
Is the Private Sector more Productive than the Public
Sector?
Authors: Sarmad Khwaja
Published: August 2018

In developing countries the rapid growth of the public sector
during the past few decades was viewed as an important means for
accelerating the pace of economic growth. In most developing countries
the public sector now accounts for a prominent share of total production
and investment. But the contribution of the public sector to growth has
been much below expectations. In many cases public enterprises require
large subsidies from the government and impose a significant fiscal
burden on the economy, which leads to the notion that the private sector
is much more productive than the public sector. However, little
empirical work has been done in this field so that the proposals that
emphasize the private sector vis-a-vis the public sector rest largely on
theoretical considerations. Recent work by Khan and Reinhart (1990) is
an important exception. Using cross-section data for the seventies of 24
developing countries they show that the arguments favouring the private
sector in adjustment programmes have empirical support. Khan and
Reinhart estimate a growth model in which the effect of private and
public investment on growth is separated. A comparison of the marginal
productivities of the two types of investment allows them to conclude
that "all in all, there does seem to be some merit in the key role
assigned to private investment in the development process by supporters
of market -based strategies". [Khan and Reinhart (1990), p.
25.]
Duality of Female Employment in Pakistan
Authors: Kazi Shahnaz , Raza Bilquees
Published: August 2018

Before proceeding to the main fmdings of the study it is
necessary to briefly mention the problems of data collection on women's
employment in Pakistan. The shortcomings of official data sources such
as the Labour Force Survey and the Population Census have been pointed
out in detail elsewhere [Afzal and Nasir (1987); Government of Pakistan
(1986)] here it will suffice to state that women's economic
participation is greatly underestimated in official statistics mainly
due to unsuitable methods of data collection, inappropriate definitions
of activities and stress on recording only one activity, and the
cultural inhibition to admitting to women working. Given these problems
the present study relies primarily on data from intensive micro-level
surveys and the Agricultural Census in the case of informal ,sector
employment of women since the limitations of official data are
particularly " acute in these occupations, while estimates of changes
over time in women's share of formal sector jobs (professionals,
clerical, administrative and organized industry) are mainly based on
Labour Force Survey data.
Industrial Development and Efficiency in Pakistan: A Revisionist
Overview
Authors: Noman Akbar
Published: August 2018

Pakistan was widely hailed as a "model" of economic,
especially industrial, development during the 1960s-see, for example,
Papanek (1967). At the same time, the experience of Pakistan has been an
important part of the basis of the seminal critiques of
import-substituting industrialization by Little, Scitovsky and Scott
(LSS) in (1970) and by Balassa et al. (1971). Pakistan was one of each
of the sample of seven countries examined by LSS (1970) and by Balassa
et ai. (1971), respectively. Indeed, within those samples, Pakistan was
represented as an extreme case of the sins of import-substituting or
"inward-looking" industrialization. This "outlier" in the small samples,
hence bore a large part of the burden of the "proofs" of LSS (1970) and
Balassa et al. (1971) This paper first attempts an assessment of these
contrasting views pertaining to the 1950s and 1960s. There has been
considerably less research on Pakistan's industrialization since 1970.
Thus, the discussion pertaining to this period is more speculative, and
some of the propositions tend to be more in the nature of hypotheses
than results of research.
Money, Income, and Causality: Some Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Hussain Muhammad
Published: August 2018

The role of money in determining the level of economic
activity has long been debated among economists. The classical
economists were of the view that the changes in the money supply can
only affect the monetary variables like the price level and nominal wage
rates but cannot influence real output. J. M. Keynes and his followers
asserted that changes in money supply do influence the level of real
output through their effect on the rate of interest and thereby changing
investment expenditure. However, by introducing the idea of a liquidity
trap and by making investment as highly interest inelastic, Keynes did
not assign any active role to money. Milton Friedman and his followers,
known as the Monetarists, raised the slogan that "money does matter" and
thus tried to assign a dominant role to money supply in determining the
level of economic activity. They assert that changes in money supply
have a dominant influence on changes in nominal income. They are of the
view that in the short run money does influence real output and
employment and thus money is the dominant factor causing cyclical
movements in output and employment. However, they believe like the
classical economists, that in the long run the changes in money
primarily influence the price level and other nominal
magnitudes.