bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Serum Antibody Titer of Macacus Rhesus Following Repeated Inoculations of Yellow Fever Virus
Authors: Lloyd Wray , Mahaffy Alexander F.
Published: January 2023

No significant alteration was found to take place in the protecting antibody titers of the sera of five Macacus rhesus monkeys, immune to yellow fever, after repeated subcutaneous injections of neurotropic yellow fever virus at monthly intervals.
Changes in Caliber of Pial Vessels in Guinea Pigs During Anaphylactic Shock
Authors: Finley Knox H.
Published: January 2023

Smooth muscle has been shown to be highly sensitive to the specific reactions occurring in anaphylactic shock. Schultz (1) demonstrated that all organs of the guinea pig containing smooth muscle contracted to a greater or lesser degree when the animal became anaphylactic. This was true of blood vessels as well as other organs with smooth muscle. From these findings one would be justified in expecting some degree of cerebral vascular spasm during anaphylactic shock. The experiments here reported were designed to observe this phenomena through the cranial window.

Method A cranial window and head holder for the small skull of the guinea pig were designed by Dr. Henry S. Forbes, otherwise the technic was similar to that usually employed in this laboratory (2). Because anaphylactic shock is inhibited under a general anesthetic, the trephine work for the window was done under a combined local and general anesthesia. The ether was discontinued after the preliminary preparations, and the operation finished under 2 per cent novocaine.
Note on the Distribution and Solubility of M and N
Authors: Boyd William C.
Published: January 2023

I. Absence of M and N in Spermatazoa. In contrast to the wide distribution of A and B in the human body, M and N have not been found in muscle or saliva (1, 7). In view of the interesting suggestion of Lattes (4), based on the occurrence of A and B in spermatazoa, that the inheritance of A and B might be cytoplasmic rather than chromosomal, it seemed of interest to examine spermatazoa for M and N. Two specimens of spermatazoa from men of type O + - and two from O - + were centrifuged, washed, and covered with a small amount of a mixture of anti-M and anti-N testing fluids, as described in (1). On testing later with M and N erythrocytes, there was no evidence of removal of any agglutinin.
The Effect of Injection Methods on the Species Specificity of Serum Precipitins
Authors: Wolfe Harold R.
Published: January 2023

The degree of species specificity of the precipitin reaction is still controversial. Since workers have not used similar methods, a part, at least, of these discrepancies may have been due to difference in technic. The specificity or the degree of specificity is of great importance to the one concerned with this test in systematic zoology or in forensic medicine.

Uhlenhuth (1, 2) was probably the first to find that there were “group” reactions, i.e., cross reactions when blood sera of related animals were used. Nuttall (3) applied the test extensively to a study of vertebrate and invertebrate relationships. Many others have used the test in a study of serological relationships of all kinds of living matter and it has been employed in medico-legal work, especially in Europe.

Friedberger and Collier (4) in 1919 and Friedberger and Jarre (5) in 1920 reported the non-specific reactivities of serum precipitins but in 1922 Manteufel and Berger (6) demonstrated many cases of highly specific precipitins.
The Response to Yellow Fever Virus in the Nonsusceptible Rabbit
Authors: Whitman Loring
Published: January 2023

Rabbits do not support the development of yellow fever virus either in the brain or viscera. They develop antibodies in circulation capable of passively protecting susceptible animals against infection. Following a rest period a second injection of virus into a previously immunized animal produces a serum titer ten to twenty times higher than that previously obtained. This is transient.
Tests for Immunity to Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Rule Anna M.
Published: January 2023

The serum colloidal gold test is not acceptable as a substitute for the monkey serum neutralization test for poliomyelitis antibody. The complement fixation test employing antigens of monkey poliomyelitic spinal cord gave completely negative reactions with the sera of human beings containing antiviral antibody. The sera of normal and poliomyelitic immune monkeys gave completely negative Wassermann reactions. The sera of normal monkeys gave completely negative complement fixation reactions with antigens of monkey poliomyelitic spinal cord. Some of the sera of monkeys with poliomyelitis as well as some immunized with poliomyelitis vaccine or previously inoculated intracerebrally with neutralized serum-virus mixtures gave positive complement fixation reactions. All of the human and monkey sera employed in the complement fixation tests gave completely negative precipitation reactions with an antigen of monkey poliomyelitic spinal cord.
On the Relation of Heterophile Antigen to Serum Sickness
Authors: Powell H. M. , Jamieson W. A. , Kempf G. F.
Published: January 2023

Introduction. The investigations of Davidsohn (1, 2) have indicated, as suggested by Taniguchi (3), that human serum sickness following treatment with horse serum is heterophile in nature, and caused by the heterophile antigen naturally contained in horse serum. So far as we are aware other writers have not supported this point of view.

In 1931, in testing out this hypothesis, we prepared mixtures of horse tetanus antitoxic globulin as well as other refined and whole horse antisera, and heterophile antibody derived from rabbits treated with boiled sheep erythrocytes. Ten to 20 units of heterophile antibody, as previously defined (4, 5, 6) were added to each cubic centimeter of the various horse sera, and the mixtures were allowed to stand for one week, alternating daily with room temperature and ice-box exposure. The precipitates which developed were removed by Berkefeld filtration, and the clarified mixed sera were found to contain from 2 to 5 units of heterophile antibody per cubic centimeter.
Reactions Between Lipoids and Antibodies
Authors: Eagle Harry
Published: January 2023

The ether and acetone insoluble, alcohol soluble fraction of sheep red blood cells and of guinea pig kidney, fortified by the addition of cholesterol and corn germ sterol, forms a crystalline suspension on dilution with salt solution. The isoelectric point of the lipoid particles in such a suspension is approximately pH 1.9. After they are placed in normal amboceptor-free rabbit serum and washed free of excess protein, their isoelectric point is found to be changed to pH 2.8 to 3.5, presumably due to the adsorption of serum protein, incompletely removed by washing. When the particles are placed in serially increasing concentrations of an anti-sheep red blood cell serum and washed free of protein, their isoelectric point at first rises to a maximum of pH 4.2 to 4.9. Further increase in the antiserum: antigen ratio occasionally causes a cataphoretic prozone, with a shift in the isoelectric point of the washed particles back towards the acid zone, reaching as low as pH 2.2 and 2.6 in two experiments.

The isoelectric point of the antibody bound to heterophile lipoid is therefore at least pH 4.7 to 4.9, and may be even more alkaline.

When a suspension of the washed crystals is placed in antiserum, the aggregates which form are found to contain considerable quantities of a nitrogenous serum substance. Because the amount so bound depends primarily on the concentration of antiserum, even when the antiserum is diluted with normal serum, this nitrogenous substance is believed to represent largely the specific antibody. Assuming it to be a protein, it constitutes up to 9.3 per cent of the washed aggregates. This was the maximum value observed, and may represent maximally sensitized particles. It is interesting to note that spherical molecules 7 μμ in diameter deposited as a close-packed unimolecular layer around the antigen particles would constitute approximately 10 per cent of the aggregates.

The minimum amount of antibody necessary to cause the aggregation of 0.1 cc. of the lipoid suspension under the experimental conditions described in the text is estimated as 0.0015 mgm.; and an anti-sheep cell serum which can cause such aggregation up to 1:500 dilution is estimated to contain 75 mgm. of antibody to sheep cell or guinea pig kidney lipoid per 100 cc. It is estimated that only a small proportion, 1:140, of the surface of the antigen particles here studied need be covered with antibody protein in order to produce aggregation. It should be pointed out that, because of the assumptions discussed in the text, these figures represent orders of magnitude rather than precise values.
The Non-Identity of the Antigenic and Antitoxic Groups in Diphtheria Antitoxin
Authors: Eagle Harry
Published: January 2023

Diphtheria antitoxin (horse) saturated with a large excess of toxin can nevertheless combine with a rabbit antiserum against horse serum protein. Conversely, antitoxin precipitated by a large excess of the antiserum and presumably saturated with precipitin is almost unaffected as regards its ability to combine with toxin. In confirmation of Smith and Marrack, there are apparently different combining sites in the antitoxin molecule for toxin and for precipitin.
Studies on the Fate of Living Bacteria Introduced Into the Upper Respiratory Tract of Normal and Intranasally Vaccinated Rabbits
Authors: Cannon Paul R. , Walsh Theodore E.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

A study was made of the fate of living bacteria instilled intranasally into normal and intranasally vaccinated rabbits. Similar experiments were also performed on normal rabbits and guinea pigs in which suspensions of inert particles were instilled into the nostrils and their distribution within the lungs determined. The results may be summarized as follows: Non-virulent staphylococci, when instilled intranasally into normal rabbits in relatively small volumes of fluid, pass quickly and directly into the lungs by way of the trachea and bronchi.Virulent pneumococci, when instilled intranasally into normal animals, do not pass directly through the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract, but are aspirated into the lungs and thence enter the blood. They may pass directly through the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract when introduced into rabbits kept in abnormal positions and under prolonged anesthesia.Intranasal vaccination with a formalin-killed suspension of type 1 pneumococci does not prevent the pulmonary aspiration of intranasally instilled type 1 pneumococci, but restricts their dissemination from the lungs to the blood and inhibits their growth both in the lungs and in the body as a whole.Inert particles introduced into the nostrils of normal rabbits and guinea pigs readily reach the lungs by direct aspiration. Their localization within the lungs depends mainly upon gravity and inspiratory suction, as suggested previously by Corper and Robbin.
Immunogenetic Studies of Species and of Species-Hybrids in Doves; the Separation of Species-Specific Substances in the Second Backcross
Authors: Irwin M. R. , Cole L. J.
Published: January 2023

The species-specific antigens present in the erythrocytes of Pearlneck are multiple and divisible as shown by their separation in backcross hybrids (to Ring doves).

The only reasonable conclusion from these findings is that both the species-specific and the common antigens are the result of the action of genes.

These findings substantiate the accepted conceptions of bacteriologists of the mosaic structure of cellular antigens.
Studies of Antipneumococcal Serum
Authors: Sickles Grace M. , Rice Christine E.
Published: January 2023

Sera from horses and rabbits under immunization with pneumococci of type I or II were titrated for agglutinative, precipitative, and complement-fixing activity with pneumococcal antigens and with agar. The type-specific reaction in type-I and -II antipneumococcal horse- and rabbit-sera developed earlier than or at the same time as nontype-specific or species activity. Comparable titers were usually reached earlier with immune rabbit- than with immune horse-sera. Pneumococcal nucleoprotein was precipitated before there was any evidence of cross-agglutination; this precipitative activity increased markedly in the serum of horses after the injection of live cells. Cross-agglutination occurred in those later bleedings which precipitated the heterologous type-specific carbohydrate and species-carbohydrate. Precipitation of hydrolyzed agar appeared early and did not seem to parallel cross-agglutination. Immune horse and rabbit sera differed sharply in their complement-fixation reactions. Rabbit sera fixed complement actively with cell-suspensions and pneumococcal nucleoprotein throughout the course of immunization; later bleedings from horses failed to give fixation with these antigens. Both continued to react with the lipid fraction of the pneumococcus throughout the immunization and for some time afterward. As has been previously reported by others, the rabbit-sera fixed complement with the specific polysaccharide; the horse-sera did not.
Studies on Hæmophilus Influenzæ
Authors: Dingle John H. , Fothergill LeRoy D. , Chandler Caroline A.
Published: January 2023

The effectiveness of various complements in the activation of anti-H. influenzæ horse, rabbit, and guinea pig sera as indicated by bactericidal action has been studied. The mechanism of the bactericidal action of all these sera involves antibody and complement. With anti-H. influenzæ horse serum the results of this study indicate that (a) fresh human (infant) serum is effective in complementing this antibody; (b) guinea pig complement is ineffective in this system and such failure is not dependent on the diluent, the virulence of the culture, the age of the culture, the time of incubation of the experiment, or heat-labile anticomplementary bodies in the immune serum; (c) fresh normal rabbit and horse sera do not activate the antibody; (d) fresh immune horse serum in this in vitro system has no bactericidal action; and (e) the ability of the various fresh sera to serve as bactericidal activators of anti-H. influenzæ horse serum is not related to their titer of hemolytic complement for sheep red blood cells sensitized with rabbit hemolysin. The bactericidal function of anti-H. influenzæ rabbit serum can be activated by human and rabbit complements but not by guinea pig complement; the potency of human and rabbit complements in this respect is essentially the same; and no direct correlation is apparent between the hemolytic titers of guinea pig and either human or rabbit complements and their ability to activate this bactericidal system. The bactericidal function of anti-H. influenzæ guinea pig serum can be activated by human, rabbit and guinea pig complements. With fresh immune guinea pig serum the quantitative activation of complement is equivalent in the bactericidal and hemolytic systems. The inactivated serum can be fully reactivated by normal guinea pig serum. Fresh human and rabbit sera complement the bactericidal action of immune guinea pig serum to an extent which roughly corresponds to their relative titers in complementing the hemolytic system.
Analysis of the Alcohol-Ether Extract of Horse Serum
Authors: Hyman L. W.
Published: January 2023

In the course of our investigations (1, 2) and following the studies of others (3) of the lipids in the blood of nonimmunized and immunized horses, an investigation was made of the composition of the alcohol-ether extract of serum prepared according to the method of Bloor (4).

Four-cubic-centimeter samples of sera were made up to 100 cc. with redistilled 95-per-cent alcohol and ether, 3:1. Total and free cholesterol were determined by precipitation with digitonin, according to the methods of Osato and Heki (5). Forty cubic centimeters of the alcohol-ether extract of the serum were used for the determination of total cholesterol and 125 cc. for the free cholesterol.

The estimation of phospholipids was based on the determination of phosphorus and calculated as lecithin, molecular weight 778. Fifty cubic centimeters of the alcohol-ether extract of the serum and 1.25 cc. of saturated magnesium nitrate solution were evaporated to dryness in a 50-cc.
Passive Sensitization of Human Skin by Serum of Experimentally Sensitized Animals
Authors: Sherman William B. , Stull Arthur , Hampton Stanley F.
Published: January 2023

In studying the relationship between the spontaneous sensitivity or allergy of man and experimental anaphylaxis in animals, the possibility of passive transfer of sensitivity between the various species is of considerable interest. In their study of the Prausnitz-Küstner (1) passive-transfer reaction, Coca and Grove (2) injected serum of experimentally sensitized animals into human skin, attempting to produce a passive local sensitization comparable to that produced by serum of allergic humans. They used anti-egg and anti-ragweed rabbit serums, both of which contained specific precipitins. Neither passively sensitized human skin. Coca (3) considered this a distinction between anaphylaxis and allergy.

Cooke and Spain (4) injected six anti-egg rabbit serums, all of which contained precipitins and readily passively sensitized guinea pigs, into the skin of several human subjects. Three of the serums produced specific passive local sensitivity on test with egg-white, three did not.
Effects of Aleuronat Injection on Complementing Activity of Guinea Pig Serum
Authors: Williams O. O. , Dougherty Tom
Published: January 2023

Many different substances have been found to alter the hemolytic activity of blood serum. Among these are dyes (1), anticoagulant (2) and different chemicals (3). Few of these, however, result in its enhancement. As most of the experimental work regarding the effects of substances on complement has been done in vitro, the following experiments were devised to study its activity following intra-abdominal injections of different colloidal substances.

Guinea pigs approximately six months of age were used. In these experiments the titer of the serum was determined by a slight modification of that recommended by Kolmer and Boerner (4). The serums were diluted one to thirty. Only one unit of hemolysin was used and the same batch and dilution of this were continued throughout the experiments. The estimation of hemolytic activity was based on initial hemolysis. All measurements were made accurately. The animals were kept in a constant temperature room on an adequate diet.
A Note on the Calculation of Antibody-Antigen Ratio
Authors: How Alfred E.
Published: January 2023

In the past decade a moderately large number of antibody-antigen systems have been examined quantitatively. The published results show that the relative proportion of antibody to antigen in specific precipitates at optimal ratio has varied from 0.68 to 11. The additional information that the proportion is relatively constant for a given system and that ratio of antibody to antigen is apparently related to the molecular weight of the antigen indicates a possibility of the theoretical calculation of these ratios. The solution to this problem offered by Boyd and Hooker (1) fits the experimental findings quite well. The present communication supplements and extends their work through the derivation of a simpler equation and through the incorporation of a correction-factor obtained from the comparison of actual systems of spheres with the theoretical calculations. In general the agreement between sphere-system and immunological experiment is found to be even better than indicated by previous calculations (1, 2).
The Specific Protein in Rabbit Antipneumococcal Serum and its Relation to the Increase of Serum Protein During Immunization
Authors: Bjørneboe M.
Published: January 2023

Simultaneous measurements of agglutinin according to Heidelberger and Kabat, and of the increase in serum protein during immunization of rabbits with pneumococci show that these two figures are identical. The production of antibody-protein is thus an extra production of protein.
Studies on Measles
Authors: Rake Geoffrey , Shaffer Morris F.
Published: January 2023

The agent of measles, obtained from the blood or pharyngeal washings of human cases, has been propagated by serial passage on the chorio-allantois of the fertile hen's egg in the absence of regularly occurring, transmissible, macroscopic lesions. The presence of the agent has been demonstrated by the inoculation of pooled chorio-allantois and viscera of the chick embryos into monkeys (Macacus mulatta) with the production of a disease indistinguishable from that brought about by the injection of material obtained from cases of human measles. From monkeys infected with material from either source, measles virus can be isolated from the blood and nasal washings during the period of acute disease and again propagated in the fertile hen's egg. Certain properties of the virus have been elucidated during the course of the work.
An Electrophoretic Study of Antipneumococcal Horse Sera
Authors: Moore Dan H. , van der Scheer J. , Wyckoff Ralph W. G.
Published: January 2023

Electrophoretic analyses in a Tiselius apparatus have been made of several antipneumococcal horse sera and of concentrates produced from them. In every instance the antibody lay in the γ-component. Thus though pneumococcal horse antibodies are for the most part larger than the molecules of normal γ-globulin they display essentially the same electrical behavior.

Unsuccessful attempts were made to resolve antibody and γ-components by the prolonged electrophoresis of a serum both diluted and undiluted and by electrophoresis at different pH values.

Measurements of areas on Longsworth's electrophoretic diagrams of sera before and after absorption with specific polysaccharides demonstrate that antibody-content estimated in this way agrees well with that determined chemically.
The Effect of Age on the Spread of Dye in the Skin of Normal, Antigenically Stimulated, and Tuberculous Guinea Pigs
Authors: Gottschall R. Y. , Bunney W. E.
Published: January 2023

The rate of spread of trypan blue in the skin of old normal guinea pigs is less than in young normal guinea pigs. The rate of spread of dye in old animals is not influenced by tuberculosis, but in young guinea pigs tuberculosis retards the rate of spread of intradermally injected dye. Immunization with alum precipitated toxoid does not influence the rate of spread of dye in young guinea pigs. Subcutaneous or intraabdominal injection of dead tubercle bacilli into young guinea pigs retards the rate of spread of dye as compared with the rate in young normal animals.
Sulfanilamide in Experimental Infections with Streptococci from Scarlet Fever and Erysipelas
Authors: Newman Helen Cook
Published: January 2023

A technic of sulfanilamide-therapy which was partially effective in protecting white mice against a strain of hemolytic streptococcus specific for erysipelas was ineffective in protecting them against a strain of hemolytic streptococcus specific for scarlet fever. No evidence of increased toxicity was found when sterile scarlet fever toxin in 1,000,000 skin-test-dose amounts was administered to mice treated with sulfanilamide. The addition of scarlet fever toxin to a culture of erysipelas organisms destroyed the effectiveness of sulfanilamide as a therapeutic agent in protecting white mice against a strain of hemolytic streptococcus specific for erysipelas. The effectiveness of sulfanilamide in protecting white mice against the two strains of hemolytic streptococci employed in these experiments was inversely proportional to the amount of toxin which was present in the culture or which was produced by the strain of hemolytic streptococcus used as the infective agent.
The Potency of Anti-Rabic Vaccines
Authors: Wyckoff Ralph W. G. , Beck C. E.
Published: January 2023

In recent studies Webster (1) has shown that only a limited number of the anti-rabic vaccines made in this country are capable of immunizing mice against rabies. Since it is comparatively easy to protect these animals with a sufficiently potent vaccine we must infer from Webster's work that much of the available vaccine is of a doubtful usefulness. The problem of providing more satisfactory vaccines is a complicated one involving both scientific and manufacturing questions; as such, a satisfactory solution will be reached slowly. Nevertheless it is feasible now to introduce practical tests that would eliminate the demontrably weak and worthless vaccines. The complete assay of existing products that this implies falls under two heads: (1) a study of the ability of vaccines to immunize against the virus from which they are made and (2) an investigation of the protective values of vaccines which are potent against such homologous virus when tested against other strains of rabies virus.
Delicacy of Differentiation by the Schultz-Dale Test as Revealed by End-Point Determinations on Rodent Sera
Authors: Moody Paul A.
Published: January 2023

A procedure is described whereby the Schultz-Dale test will yield end-point determinations after the manner of the serial dilution method employed with the precipitin test. As judged by investigations on sera of rodents of varying degrees of inter-relationship, the Schultz-Dale test is somewhat more sensitive than is the precipitin test (ring test). Sera differentiable by the latter are more sharply differentiated by the Schultz-Dale test. When passive sensitization is produced with very specific antisera, the Schultz-Dale test will differentiate between sera which are not differentiable by the precipitin test (ring test) employing antisera of the same order of specificity.
Immunological Reactions in Poliomyelitis
Authors: Raffel Sidney , Schultz Edwin W.
Published: January 2023

In this report descriptions are given of experiments in which a series of immunological methods, most of which have not been previously employed, were turned to the problem of eliciting a specific reaction based on an antibody or antigen derived from poliomyelitis-infected or convalescent animals. There has been no evidence of a direct reaction between concentrated viral preparations and neutralizing antibody obtained from human beings, monkeys or the horse. The technics employed to demonstrate such a reaction have included anaphylaxis in the guinea pig, the use of guinea pig and monkey uterine strips, cutaneous tests in monkeys and precipitative and complement-fixation reactions.

There has been no indication that the spinal cord of infected monkeys shows any chemical alteration as the result of infection which might lead to auto-antibody formation, nor is there a change in antigenicity of such cords which may be demonstrated by cross reaction with sera produced in rabbits against infected and normal cord-elements.

The cords, cerebrospinal fluid and blood of paralyzed monkeys possess no element capable of inducing a Shwartzman reaction in the skin or brain of rabbits, distinguishable from those produced by similar normal preparations.

The neutralizing sera from human beings, monkeys or a horse possess no heterogenetic antibodies capable of reacting with any of the erythrocytes of fourteen different animal species tested.

When these results are added to the previous unsuccessful efforts to demonstrate specific precipitin, complement-fixation and cutaneous reactions, and to those experiments which have eliminated the possibility of the occurrence of a specific soluble antigen during the acute phase of the disease (discussed in the introduction), it appears that aside from the neutralization test, the hope for a specific immunologic reaction for poliomyelitis is somewhat remote.
The Proteins and Antibodies of Serum after Prolonged Dialysis
Authors: Raffel Sidney , Pait Charles F. , Terry M. C.
Published: January 2023

The fractionation by prolonged dialysis of the proteins and antibodies of normal and immune rabbit sera has been investigated.

A characteristic serial precipitation occurs when precipitates are removed from the dialyzing bag at intervals. The precipitates change in character, quantity and composition as dialysis progresses. Half or more of the total precipitate is composed of an albumin-like protein.

The content of antibody in the serial precipitates roughly parallels their total-nitrogen values. The largest precipitates are also richest in antibody per unit of mass.

The antibody-activities displayed by the dialyzed fractions of two of three immune sera indicated that the better-quality antibody of a serum is associated with the water-soluble globulin. Since the “multivalence” of antibody generally increases with progressive immunization, the specific globulin-association of immune body in any particular serum may depend on the immunizing treatment.
The Failure of Histaminase to Protect Guinea-Pigs Against Histamine and Anaphlyactic Shock
Authors: Alexander H. L. , Bottom Donald
Published: January 2023

Pretreatment with histaminase fifteen minutes before injection of guinea pigs with histamine failed to protect them against fatal shock. Similarly, histaminase so given did not protect against anaphylactic shock.
The Antigenic Structure of Hemolytic Streptococci of Lancefield Group A
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Lackman David B.
Published: January 2023

The neutral sonic extract of group A hemolytic streptococci contains at least two serologically active components; one a nucleoprotein of broad reactivity and the other type-specific material probably related to Lancefield's “M” or “T”, or both. The qualitative reactivity of the broadly reactive protein is not affected by the presence or absence of nucleic acid.
The Organ-Specificity of Brain-Broth as Shown by Passive Anaphylaxis in Guinea-Pigs
Authors: Howard Bailey G. , Gardner Raymond E.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Prolonged immunization of rabbits with a sedimented, heat-killed vaccine of Past. boviseptica grown in an infusion broth made from rabbit-brain, caused the formation of antibodies not only to the bacteria but also to the broth. Guinea-pigs prepared by intraäbdominal injection of such an antibrain serum were passively sensitized so that fatal anaphylaxis was obtained 24 hours later by intravenous injection of an autoclaved aqueous extract of rabbit-brain, a definite reaction with extract of testicle, while very slight or negative reactions resulted from injections of such extracts made from other organs of the rabbit. Guinea-pigs prepared and tested in the same manner, reacted with severe or fatal anaphylaxis when injected with autoclaved aqueous extracts of the brains of the frog, duck, opossum, mouse, rat, guinea-pig, rabbit, ferret, cat, dog, hog, sheep, goat, ox, monkey, and man, but showed little or no reaction to the extracts of fish and chicken brains. The thermostable, water-soluble antigen of autoclaved brain is organ-specific but not species-specific. There are some indications that it may be a derivative of a brain-protein.
On Red Cell Globulin
Authors: Bennett C. B. , Schmidt Carl L. A.
Published: January 2023

It was found that the sera of animals immunized with CO2-globulin from washed red cells contained immune bodies specific for this globulin and not for the CO2-globulin from the homologous serum and substances which in the presence of alexin will cause lysis of the homologous red cells and in the absence of alexin, agglutination of these cells. It cannot be definitely stated whether the CO2-globulin from red cells is the antigen concerned in the production of a lysin for the homologous red cell or a substance intimately associated with it. The possibilities are discussed.
A Method for the Production of a Homogeneous Suspension of Bacillus Anthracis to Be Used in Agglutination Reactions
Authors: Noble Arlyle
Published: January 2023

A satisfactory suspension of B. anthracis, for agglutination reactions, has been prepared by the described method. In order to be assured of a homogeneous suspension certain points must be observed. The cultures must be sporeless and must contain vigorous growths free from old organisms. The growths for the suspensions must be young, not more than eighteen hours old. The suspension must be thoroughly shaken; the larger clumps allowed to settle; and then carefully strained.

Agglutinins have been demonstrated in the serum from horses hyper-immunized with B. anthracis. The antianthrax sera from thirteen horses have given agglutination titers of from 1 in 6400 to 1 in 20,000, as against titers of from 1 in 80 to 1 in 200 in normal horses.

The agglutination tests show that certain antibodies have been produced in horses treated with B. anthracis and, in the absence of a satisfactory animal protection test or method of complement fixation the agglutination test may be used as a method for standardizing antianthrax serum.
Immunologic Disparities of Spore and Vegetative Stages of B. Subtilis
Authors: Mellon Ralph R. , Anderson Lillian M.
Published: January 2023

A rabbit immunized by a culture of killed B. subtilis spores develops almost an equal amount of agglutinins for both spores and bacilli, unless the disorganized remnants of the latter are removed from the antigen. A rabbit immunized with a culture of spore free killed bacilli will produce a potent homologous serum which shows little or no tendency to cross agglutinate in the dilutions employed; the spores do not remove the bacillary agglutinins to any extent after being treated with antiformin, but when untreated they remove them almost in toto. Conversely, an antispore serum contains no agglutinins for the bacillary stage of the organism, and the latter does not absorb homologous antibodies from the serum. Inasmuch as the bacillary agglutinins do not attack the non-acid-fast spores, their resistance to the immunological forces of the body may have an additional explanation to the one usually advanced, viz., the impenetrability of the spore wall. It would seem that the agglutinin reaction is not always applicable as a means of identification of various phases of bacterial life when such exist. For, in this instance, their differences are too great to be measured by it, and it would not be surprising to find the same thing to be true of the more delicate complement fixation reaction.
The Perfusion Experiment in the Study of Anaphylaxis
Authors: Coca Arthur F.
Published: January 2023

The question as to the site of the specific protein-antiprotein reaction that is the original cause of the symptoms of anaphylaxis may be considered settled beyond reasonable doubt. The final acceptance of the “cellular theory” of anaphylaxis has been forced by unequivocal evidence in the case of the guinea-pig as well as of the dog. A detailed analysis of this evidence is in press elsewhere (1).

One of the arguments supporting the cellular theory was gained with the use of the process of perfusion, the purpose of which was to show that a once established hypersensitiveness persists after the blood contained in the vessels has been displaced with normal blood or saline solution.
The Mechanism of the Anaphylaxis Reaction in the Rabbit
Authors: Coca Arthur F.
Published: January 2023

In acute anaphylactic shock in the rabbit, whether induced with cells (corpuscles) or with dissolved protein, and after both passive and active sensitization, an occlusion of the pulmonary vessels is constantly observed.

Experiments with dissolved corpuscles and with primarily toxic serum indicate that this occlusion is not embolic but is due to a contraction of the muscular coat of the arteries comparable with that of the bronchial musculature in anaphylactic shock in the guinea-pig.

The local phenomenon of Arthus and the cachexia of the rabbit that was observed by the same author appear, also, to be the result of a similar interference with the circulation.
Experiments on the Removal of Hemagglutinin from Rabbit Antihuman Serum
Authors: Sands Joseph E. , West Lyle B.
Published: January 2023

In conducting the complement fixation test for syphilis with an antihuman hemolytic system, agglutination of the erythrocytes not infrequently interferes with hemolysis and the frequency and intensity of agglutination constitutes a drawback in the usefulness of the antihuman system.

One of the sources of this agglutinin is the immune rabbit hemolytic serum and at the suggestion of Professor Kolmer, we have conducted a series of experiments with rabbit immune sera with the object of determining whether or not agglutinin for human cells may be removed without disturbing the hemolysin content. Professor Kolmer has been of the opinion that drying antihuman rabbit serum on paper after the method of Noguchi, resulted not only in facilitating the preservation and manipulation of the hemolysin but also in the deterioration of agglutinin without commensurate destruction of hemolysin and that this constituted an important reason for the use of paper amboceptor in complement fixation tests when an antihuman hemolytic system is employed.
Experimental Purpura
Authors: Gottlieb Mark J.
Published: January 2023

Although purpura has been known for a long time as a disease in which hemorrhages occur spontaneously or from slight provocations, it has only been of late that we have recognized the fact that a condition may exist in the individual wherein after the tissues have been cut or bruised, they will bleed for an abnormally long time. Neither the person so afflicted nor his medical attendant is cognizant of his condition because these patients do not show outward signs of the disease except after sustaining an accidental or surgical wound. Associated with this prolonged bleeding is a diminution in the number of blood platelets and the red blood cells are easily laked by hypotonic or hypertonic salt solutions.

Hess (1), who has studied this condition carefully, suggests that in the blood stream of these individuals there exists a toxic substance which has the power of dissolving the blood platelets and of rendering the erythrocytes easily laked by heterotonic salt solution and that this substance causes a disturbance in the nutrition of the lining of the blood vessels.
On the Existence of a Multiplicity of Races of B. Influenzae As Determined by Agglutination and Agglutinin Absorption
Authors: Valentine Eugenia , Cooper Georgia M.
Published: January 2023

In the general investigation of the bacteriology of the recent epidemic of influenza, carried out under the supervision of Dr. Wm. H. Park and Dr. Anna W. Williams, it was early seen that one of the most important questions was the identity or non-identity of the strains of B. influenzae from epidemic cases. Although the practically uniform presence of B. influenzae in actual cases suggested its etiological importance, the further demonstration was needed that the strains encountered were identical before a conclusion was possible. It would be difficult to conceive of a pandemic spreading from country to country, due to different races of a microörganism.

Preliminary observations indicated that the relationship of the strains isolated could be determined most easily by agglutination and agglutinin absorption. It was found that agglutinating sera, active in dilutions of 1-800 to 1-1000, could be produced without great difficulty by intravenous injection of rabbits, starting with live or killed bacilli.
Studies on Antipneumococcic Rabbit Serum
Authors: Gerlough Tillman D. , Palmer John W. , Blumenthal Reuben R.
Published: January 2023

Determinations of heterologous (group-specific) and total (type-specific plus group-specific) agglutinin-nitrogen have been made on concentrates of antipneumococcic rabbit-serum for types I, II, III, IV, V, VII, VIII and XIV. These concentrates had previously been analyzed for type-specific precipitin-nitrogen.

Under the conditions employed here, of the total agglutinin, about 86 per cent is accounted for by type-specific precipitin, and about 93 per cent by precipitin plus heterologous agglutinin. Thus the conclusions of Heidelberger and coworkers as to the identity of type-specific agglutinin and precipitin are confirmed and extended.

Using six of the types mentioned, mouse protective assays on the concentrates after removal of the precipitin showed that only 3.1 per cent or less of the protective power remained, indicating identity of precipitin and protective antibody.

The type-specific polysaccharides used in the quantitative precipitative reaction were not significantly degraded.
Blood-Groups of the Papago Indians
Authors: Breazeale Edward L. , Greene Robert A. , Kantor L. J.
Published: January 2023

Many studies have been made of the racial distribution of blood-groups, but to our knowledge, no such studies have been made of the Papago Indians. This tribe, which is found in southern Arizona and northern Sonora, is one of the largest tribes in Arizona.

Experimental. The technic described by Wiener (1) was employed in this investigation. The typing sera was prepared according to the directions of Wiener (1), and was carefully checked before use.

The specimens for examination were secured by suspending blood-clots in normal saline solution (1). The majority of these blood-specimens were submitted for serological tests for syphilis. A large part of these came from Papagoes who were admitted to the Indian Oasis Hospital, Sells, Arizona. Others were submitted in connection with the physical examinations of C.C.C. enrollees and school children. All age-groups and all parts of the reservation were represented in the sampling. All specimens came from full-blooded Indians.
Anti-Coagulants and Complementary Activity
Authors: Ecker E. E. , Pillemer L.
Published: January 2023

Heparin, capable of reacting with prothrombin or thrombin (20), inactivates complement only in quantities out of all proportion to its anti-coagulative ability. The synthetic anti-coagulants, the sodium salts of polyvinyl sulfuric and cellulose sulfuric acids, are from 75 to 100 times as anti-complementary as heparin, while possessing only 1/15 of the anti-coagulative ability of the purified heparins. Anti-coagulants capable of reacting with calcium, failed to inactivate complement under the conditions employed. Protamine, which probably inhibits coagulation by reacting with the thromboplastic factor (20), likewise required amounts for complement inactivation out of proportion to its anti-coagulative ability. The anti-complementary action of the anti-coagulants may be attributed to their acidic or basic nature, and to their high molecular size. No definite correlation exists between the inactivation of complement and the inhibition of coagulation.
Changes in Serological Reactions and Tissue-Sensitivity in Hay-Fever Patients during the Early Months of Treatment
Authors: Sherman William B.
Published: January 2023

Thirteen typical cases of ragweed hay-fever were studied with intracutaneous, conjunctival, and serological tests before and after the first three months of treatment with injections of pollen-extract. In 12 of the 13 patients the reaction to intracutaneous tests with ragweed pollen-extract, which had been preserved by the cryochem-process, was less after treatment. In 11 of 13 patients the reaction to conjunctival tests with ragweed pollen-extract was less after treatment. The sera of 12 of the 13 patients showed more skin-sensitizing antibody, as measured by the dilution-test, after treatment. All of the sera required more ragweed pollen-extract to neutralize the skin-sensitizing antibody after treatment. All post-treatment sera inactivated one of the antigenic fractions (fraction 1) of low-ragweed pollen-extract. In only one case did the serum inactivate the second antigenic fraction (fraction 2) of the pollen-extract. None of the sera taken before treatment inactivated ragweed pollen-antigen. Patients who were sensitive to both antigenic fractions of ragweed pollen but who developed antibody inactivating only one fraction did not develop tolerance for large doses of ragweed pollen-extract and had more constitutional reactions than those who were sensitive to only one fraction and developed antibody inactivating that fraction. Sera that inactivated only the more active fraction (fraction 1) of the ragweed pollen-extract showed blocking activity when tested by the neutralization-method. When such sera were tested by the dilution-method, the results obtained depended on the way in which the serum used to sensitize cutaneous sites reacted to the two antigenic fractions of the ragweed pollen.
Further Studies on the Action of Sulfapyridine on Pneumococci
Authors: Lowell Francis C. , Strauss Elias , Finland Maxwell
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

A series of experiments is presented in which type III pneumococci were grown in various ways in artificial media, both with and without sulfapyridine, in order to determine whether the changes which take place in the medium or in the organisms during the course of growth have any effect on subsequent growth in such media.

When sulfapyridine was added during the various phases of active growth from a small inoculum, there followed, in turn, a period in which multiplication continued, a bacteriostatic and then a decline phase. The latter effects were limited only by the population of the culture at the time the drug was added, and the amount of multiplication that preceded was fairly constant within that limit.

The growth of pneumococci in fresh media was dependent on the conditions under which they had been grown previously. Organisms in the static or in the decline phase of sulfapyridine action continued to die when transferred to fresh drug-containing media, as if the media had not been changed. When transferred to drug-free media they grew like a fresh inoculum of similar size that had previously grown without drug. Within the limits of the experiment, therefore, sulfapyridine action is reversible.

The action of sulfapyridine effects a change in the organism and not in the medium. This change was shown to take place even in the presence of a large inoculum when growth inhibition was not apparent, and it became manifest when small numbers of the organisms were transferred to fresh drug-containing media.

Pneumococci were grown repeatedly from fresh small inocula in sulfapyridine broth in which all the phases of growth, bacteriostasis and bactericidal action had previously been carried to completion. All the resulting growth curves were essentially the same. The inhibition or killing of pneumococci was not accompanied by any stable change in the media capable of modifying the growth of fresh organism subsequently inoculated.

The population of a culture that had attained the static phase of sulfapyridine action was doubled by the addition of fresh organisms that had grown without sulfapyridine. The resulting population-curve of that culture from that point on was the same as that of a control culture of the new inoculum in fresh sulfapyridine broth. This suggests that no unstable changes are produced during the growth of pneumococci in sulfapyridine-containing media that are capable of modifying the growth of freshly inoculated organisms.
Antigenic Properties of Substituted Serum-Globulin
Authors: Haurowitz Felix , Şarafian Kirkor , Schwerin Paula
Published: January 2023

The specific precipitation of serum-pseudoglobulin by homologous antiserum is inhibited by introduction of approximately 100 or more azogroups per molecule of globulin (mol wt = 175,000) as well as by introduction of the same number of iodine atoms or N-acetyl groups. Azoglobulin, iodoglobulin, and acetylglobulin with less than about 50 substituting groups per molecule are precipitated exactly as well as native pseudoglobulin. The precipitation of atoxylazoglobulin by an antiserum to atoxylazoglobulin is not inhibited by N-acetylation. Our experiments indicate that the specificity of natural pseudoglobulin is not determined by a single “determinant group”, but by a definite “determinant arrangement” of tyrosine groups, free amino groups and perhaps further groups on the surface of the proteic molecule. Such determinant arrangements seem to be responsible for the specificity of native proteins.