bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Duality for Commutative Group Stacks
Authors: Brochard Sylvain
Published: June 2019

We study in this article the dual of a (strictly) commutative group stack $G$ and give some applications. Using the Picard functor and the Picard stack of $G$, we first give some sufficient conditions for $G$ to be dualizable. Then, for an algebraic stack $X$ with suitable assumptions, we define an Albanese morphism $a_X: X\longrightarrow A^1(X)$ where $A^1(X)$ is a torsor under the dual commutative group stack $A^0(X)$ of $\textrm{Pic}_{X/S}$. We prove that $a_X$ satisfies a natural universal property. We give two applications of our Albanese morphism. On the one hand, we give a geometric description of the elementary obstruction and of universal torsors (standard tools in the study of rational varieties over number fields). On the other hand, we give some examples of algebraic stacks that satisfy Grothendieck’s section conjecture.
Stability Parameters for Quiver Sheaves
Authors: Schmitt Alexander
Published: June 2019

In this paper, we will begin the systematic study of the influence of the choice of a faithful representation on the notion of (semi)stability for decorated principal bundles. We will prove boundedness for slope semistable quiver sheaves.
Body and Pectoral Fin Kinematics During Routine Yaw Turning in Bonnethead Sharks (Sphyrna tiburo)
Authors: Hoffmann S L , Porter M E
Published: June 2019

Synopsis

Maneuvering is a crucial locomotor strategy among aquatic vertebrates, common in routine swimming, feeding, and escape responses. Combinations of whole body and fin movements generate an imbalance of forces resulting in deviation from an initial path. Sharks have elongate bodies that bend substantially and, in combination with pectoral fin rotation, play a role in yaw (horizontal) turning, but previous studies focus primarily on maximal turning performance rather than routine maneuvers. Routine maneuvering is largely understudied in fish swimming, despite observations that moderate maneuvering is much more common than the extreme behaviors commonly described in the literature. In this study, we target routine maneuvering in the bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo. We use video reconstruction of moving morphology to describe three-dimensional pectoral fin rotation about three axes to compare to those previously described on yaw turning by the Pacific spiny dogfish. We quantify kinematic variables to understand the impacts of body and fin movements on routine turning performance. We also describe the anatomy of bonnethead pectoral fins and use muscle stimulation to confirm functional hypotheses about their role in actuating the fin. The turning performance metrics we describe for bonnethead sharks are comparable to other routine maneuvers described for the Pacific spiny dogfish and manta rays. These turns were substantially less agile and maneuverable than previously documented for other sharks, which we hypothesize results from the comparison of routine turning to maneuvering under stimulated conditions. We suggest that these results highlight the importance of considering routine maneuvering in future studies. Cinemática del Cuerpo y de las Aletas Pectorales Durante el giro en el eje Vertical en la Cabeza del Tiburón Pala (Sphyrna tiburo) (Body and Pectoral Fin Kinematics During Routine Yaw Turning in Bonnethead Sharks [Sphyrna tiburo])
Trends in antimicrobial resistance over 10 years among key bacterial pathogens from Canadian hospitals: results of the CANWARD study 2007–16
Authors: Lagacé-Wiens Philippe R S , Adam Heather J , Poutanen Susan , Baxter Melanie R , Denisuik Andrew J , Golden Alyssa R , Nichol Kimberly A , Walkty Andrew , Karlowsky James A , Mulvey Michael R , Golding George , Hoban Daryl J , Zhanel George G ,   Canadian Antimicrobial Resistance Alliance (CARA) and CANWARD, Zhanel George G , Hoban Daryl J , Adam Heather J , Baxter Melanie R , Nichol Kimberly A , Lagacé-Wiens Philippe R S , Walkty Andrew , Karlowsky James A , Blondeau J , Slinger R , Davidson R , Zhanel G , Hoban D , Delport J , Ellis C , Laverdière M , Loo V , Poutanen S , Fuller J , Roscoe D , Desjardins M , Matukas L , Goyette M , Lee C , Carignan A , Bergevin M , Pelletier R
Published: June 2019

Objectives

We sought to analyse 10 years of longitudinal surveillance data (2007–16) from the CANWARD study and describe emerging trends in antimicrobial resistance for key bacterial pathogens across Canada.

Methods

Longitudinal data from CANWARD study sites that contributed isolates every year from 2007 to 2016 were analysed to identify trends in antimicrobial resistance over time using univariate tests of trend and multivariate regression models to account for the effects of patient demographics.

Results

Statistically significant increases occurred in the proportion of Escherichia coli isolates resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, amoxicillin/clavulanate, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin. Similarly, the proportion of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, amoxicillin/clavulanate, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin and carbapenems increased during the study. The proportion of Enterobacter cloacae isolates resistant to ceftazidime and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole increased. The proportion of both ESBL-positive E. coli and K. pneumoniae (including bloodstream isolates) increased significantly between 2007 and 2016. A reduction in the proportion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that were ciprofloxacin, cefepime, colistin, amikacin and gentamicin resistant and an increase in the proportion of P. aeruginosa isolates non-susceptible to meropenem were observed. The proportion of isolates of Staphylococcus aureus non-susceptible to clarithromycin, clindamycin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole decreased over time while an increase in the proportion of isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae non-susceptible to clarithromycin, clindamycin and doxycycline was observed.

Conclusions

Increases in Enterobacteriaceae resistance to multiple classes of antimicrobials, increases in ESBL-positive E. coli and K. pneumoniae, and the small but significant increase in carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae were the most remarkable changes in antimicrobial resistance observed from 2007 to 2016 in Canada.
Annual vs Biennial Screening: Diagnostic Accuracy Among Concurrent Cohorts Within the Ontario Breast Screening Program
Authors: Chiarelli Anna M , Blackmore Kristina M , Mirea Lucia , Done Susan J , Majpruz Vicky , Weerasinghe Ashini , Rabeneck Linda , Muradali Derek
Published: June 2019

Background

The Ontario Breast Screening Program recommends annual mammography to women age 50–74 years at increased risk because of family history of breast or ovarian cancer or personal history of ovarian cancer or mammographic density 75% or greater. Few studies have examined the diagnostic accuracy of recommendations based on risk factors and included screen film as well as digital mammography.

Methods

A retrospective design identified concurrent cohorts of women age 50–74 years screened annually or biennially with digital mammography only between 2011 and 2014 and followed until 2016 or breast cancer diagnosis. Diagnostic accuracy measures were compared between women screened annually because of first-degree relative of breast or ovarian cancer or personal history of ovarian cancer (n = 67 795 women), mammographic density 75% or greater (n = 51 956), or both (n = 3758) and those screened biennially (n = 526 815). The association between recommendation and sensitivity and specificity was assessed using generalized estimating equation models. All P values are two-sided.

Results

For annual screening because of family or personal history vs biennial, sensitivity was statistically significantly higher (81.7% vs 70.6%; OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.48 to 2.34), particularly for invasive cancers and postmenopausal women. Although there was no statistically significant difference in sensitivity for annual screening for mammographic density 75% or greater, specificity was statistically significantly lower (91.3%; OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.80 to 0.96) vs biennial (92.3%), particularly for women age 50–59 years.

Conclusion

Compared with biennial screening, annual screening improved detection for women with a family or personal history of breast and/or ovarian cancer, supporting screening that is more frequent. The benefit for annual screening for women with higher mammographic density must be weighed against possible harms of increased false positives.
Symplasmic phloem unloading and radial post-phloem transport via vascular rays in tuberous roots of Manihot esculenta
Authors: Mehdi Rabih , Lamm Christian E , Bodampalli Anjanappa Ravi , Müdsam Christina , Saeed Muhammad , Klima Janine , Kraner Max E , Ludewig Frank , Knoblauch Michael , Gruissem Wilhelm , Sonnewald Uwe , Zierer Wolfgang
Published: June 2019

Efficient starch storage in young xylem parenchyma cells is supported by symplasmic phloem unloading and post-phloem transport via parenchymatic vascular rays in the tuberous roots of cassava.
The intelligence analysis of personal characters about ordinary world
Authors: Yuan Ying
Published: June 2019

Psychological analysis of characters in ordinary novels is mainly a qualitative analysis, which is easily affected by the researchers’ reading level, theoretical literacy, subjective experience, and other factors. With the development of computer technology and big data, stable and systematic personality can more accurately describe the psychology of text characters. This article adopts the method of literary intelligence analysis based on data mining and statistics, through the Chinese psychological analysis system, the language of the characters in the novel of ordinary world can be counted, processed, and disposed, and then obtains the big five personality prediction scores of the characters. Furthermore, the validity of the intelligent analysis method is confirmed by examining the verification of the predictive scores in the text and literature. After verification by many parties, the predicted results of this article are supported by the text and literature, which shows that literary intelligence analysis of novel characters’ personalities is effective.
Targeting PDGFRα-activated glioblastoma through specific inhibition of SHP-2–mediated signaling
Authors: Sang Youzhou , Hou Yanli , Cheng Rongrong , Zheng Liang , Alvarez Angel A , Hu Bo , Cheng Shi-Yuan , Zhang Weiwei , Li Yanxin , Feng Haizhong
Published: June 2019

Background

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant primary brain tumor, with dismal median survival. Treatment of GBM is particularly challenging given the intrinsic resistance to chemotherapy and difficulty of drugs to reach the tumor beds due to the blood–brain barrier. Here, we examined the efficacy of SHP099, a potent, selective, and oral SHP-2 inhibitor for treating GBM with activated platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) signaling.

Methods

The effects of SHP099 on cell survival of neural progenitor cells (NPCs), GBM cell lines, and patient-derived glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) were evaluated. Brain and plasma pharmacokinetics of SHP099 and its ability to inhibit SHP-2 signaling were assessed. SHP099 efficacy as a single agent or in combination with temozolomide (TMZ) was assessed using transformed mouse astrocyte and GSC orthotopic xenograft models.

Results

Activated PDGFRα signaling in established GBM cells, GSCs, and transformed mouse astrocytes was significantly inhibited by SHP099 compared with NPCs in vitro and in vivo through targeting SHP-2–stimulated activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 in GBM. SHP099 treatment specifically inhibited expression of JUN, a downstream effector of PDGFR signaling, thereby attenuating cell cycle progression in GBM cells with activated PDGFRα. Moreover, SHP099 accumulated at efficacious concentrations in the brain and effectively inhibited orthotopic GBM tumor xenograft growth. SHP099 exhibited antitumor activity either as a single agent or in combination with TMZ and provided significant survival benefits for GBM tumor xenograft-bearing animals.

Conclusions

Our data demonstrate the utility and feasibility of SHP099 as a potential therapeutic option for improving the clinical treatment of GBM in combination with TMZ.
Delayed Cerebrospinal Fluid Cleft Formation Through the Midbrain and Thalamus Following Hemicraniectomy and Cranioplasty for Acute Subdural Hematoma
Authors: Sherrod Brandon A , Yoon Nam K , Anzai Yoshimi , Schmidt Richard H , Couldwell William T , Hawryluk Gregory W J
Published: June 2019

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cleft formation through brain parenchyma following nonpenetrating traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a rare phenomenon. Here we present a unique case of delayed CSF cleft formation months after initial injury.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A 41-yr-old male presented after a fall with a right convexity acute subdural hematoma and ipsilateral frontal contusion. He underwent emergent hemicraniectomy with subsequent autologous cranioplasty 2 mo later. At 10-mo follow-up his neurological status had improved. His magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at that time demonstrated encephalomalacia at the site of his prior contusion and punctate right pontine traumatic shearing injury. The patient re-presented to clinic 13 mo after initial injury with 2 mo of progressively worsening dysarthria, left hand numbness, diplopia, and dysphagia. MRI revealed a new tubular-shaped CSF cleft extending from the fourth ventricle, through the right midbrain and thalamus that was not present on prior MRI. Computed tomography cisternogram confirmed communication with the ventricular system, and there was no clinical evidence for elevated CSF pressure. One month later, the patient's symptoms had not improved, and imaging revealed progression of the CSF cleft. Following placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, progression of the cleft ceased. We postulate that this cleft was a late sequela of traumatic shearing injury. We discuss our efforts to diagnose the etiology of the cleft and the rationale for our management strategy.

CONCLUSION

To our knowledge, this represents the first reported delayed-onset CSF cleft through the midbrain and thalamus after closed TBI.
What Is Criminal Culpability?
Authors: Sarch Alexander
Published: June 2019

Chapter 2 aims to elucidate the concept of criminal culpability. Since the project of the book is to analyze, evaluate, and ultimately defend certain criminal law doctrines that impute mental states on the basis of equal culpability, the chapter explains what criminal culpability is. Chapter 2 presents the author’s theory of culpability and aims to show why it offers an attractive way to think about this concept. The theory falls squarely within the insufficient regard tradition, but the chapter fleshes out details in new ways to strengthen the theory and solve certain problems for this sort of position. The chapter is divided into two main parts. The first is ecumenical and aims to bring as many into the broad church of the insufficient regard theory as possible. The chapter does this by highlighting the explanatory power of the author’s version of the theory (particularly the requirement to manifest bad attitudes in action before criminal liability attaches and the criminal law’s general disinterest in motives and other unmanifested mental states). The chapter also shows how the theory can accommodate both sides in certain controversies about the criminal law. The second half of the chapter adopts a normative stance and provides arguments for how these controversies should be resolved. This insufficient regard theory is used as the basis for the arguments going forward in the book.
Corporations Keeping Themselves in the Dark
Authors: Sarch Alexander
Published: June 2019

Sometimes corporations keep themselves in the dark. This chapter argues that a corporation can incur culpability when its employees block themselves or others within the corporation from obtaining knowledge they should have had. The chapter argues this can provide an equal culpability rationale for imputing knowledge to the corporation itself. One obvious way this could happen is through willful ignorance by the employees. Beyond this, knowledge can be imputed to the corporation when employees culpably prevent others in the company from obtaining information they should have had. Determining when corporations can be deemed to know what their employees kept themselves or others from learning is the task of this chapter. The chapter argues that both these kinds of interference with the information flow within the corporation can, in extreme cases, ground the imputation of knowledge to the corporation. Perhaps controversially, the chapter argues this can sometimes be done even for knowledge that no individual within the company actually possessed. The chapter considers how the willful ignorance doctrine overlaps with the collective knowledge doctrine. Roughly, this rule permits different pieces of information known separately by various employees in the corporation to be stitched together to impute the aggregate of this knowledge to the corporation. The collective knowledge doctrine is best seen as an equal culpability imputation principle. Thus, the same rationale that underlies the willful ignorance doctrine also supports applying the collective knowledge doctrine at least some of the time. Nonetheless, the two doctrines come apart in places. Hence, the two doctrines at bottom are different applications of the same normative principle: equal culpability imputation.
The Perceptual Organization of Streams of Sound
Authors: Deutsch Diana
Published: June 2019

Chapter 3 first explores the principles by which we organize elements of an array into groupings. The Gestalt psychologists proposed a set of grouping principles that have profoundly influenced the study of hearing and vision ever since—these include “proximity,” “similarity,” “good continuation,” “common fate,” and “closure.” Passages of conventional tonal music illustrating these principles are described, along with several illusions and other surprising characteristics of music and speech, all presented as sound examples. They involve the segregation of pitch sequences into separate streams based on proximity in pitch or in time, and also on timbre or sound quality. Figure–ground relationships, analogous to those in vision, are also discussed. Much information arrives at our sense organs in fragmented form, and the perceptual system needs to infer continuities between the fragments, and fill in the gaps appropriately. It is shown that this occurs in both music and speech. We have evolved mechanisms to perform these tasks, but these mechanisms often fool us into “hearing” sounds that are not really there. Another approach to perceptual organization in music exploits the use of orchestral sound textures to create ambiguous images. This approach has been used to excellent effect in 20th-century music such as film scores; for example, it contributes to the mysterious ambience in Stanley Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey.
Strange Loops and Circular Tones
Authors: Deutsch Diana
Published: June 2019

Chapter 4 explores a class of musical illusions and paradoxes that involve the circular dimension of pitch. Pitch can be described in terms of two dimensions. The first is called pitch height, which can be experienced by sweeping one’s hand from left to right up a piano keyboard. The second is a circular dimension known as pitch class, which defines the position of a tone within the octave. Circularity effects in music are analogous to many of the visual works of M. C. Escher, and have been employed in music for hundreds of years. However, with the advent of computer music, striking pitch circularities became possible. The circular scales invented by Roger Shepard (based on Shepard tones) and circular glides invented by Jean-Claude Risset are explored. These remarkable illusions of ever-increasing (or ever-decreasing) pitch are presented as sound examples. They have powerful emotional effects, and their influence in musical compositions, such as the soundtracks and sound design of The Dark Knight and Dunkirk, is described. A new way of producing pitch circularity, which was invented by the author, is also discussed. This new algorithm can be used with natural instrument sounds, and so opens the door to new compositional opportunities.
Hallucinations of Music and Speech
Authors: Deutsch Diana
Published: June 2019

Chapter 9 discusses the rare phenomenon of musical hallucinations. For some they are unwanted, persistent, and dramatically intrusive. Others hear phantom music that is sophisticated, beautiful, and sometimes original. People often describe their hallucinated music in terms of “playlists” composed of music in many different genres, from which fragments seem randomly selected. One such playlist might include folk songs, religious hymns, Christmas carols, patriotic songs, and children’s songs. The music often sounds as though played on a scratched or broken record, or on a tape constantly being rewound. Musical hallucinations are most likely to be experienced by elderly people with hearing loss, but young people with normal hearing, including excellent musicians, also experience them. Some may be caused by an unusually large amount of brain activation, particularly in the temporal lobe. People who have been isolated for long periods may also experience hallucinations, including of music. Hallucinations of speech are also described and discussed. Reports of musical hallucinations show that the different attributes of music can be retrieved or lost independently. A hallucinated piece might be heard in the wrong tempo or loudness, or as played by an unknown instrument. Famous musicians who hallucinated music include Robert Schumann, Bedřich Smetana, and Sviatislav Richter.
Speech and Music Intertwined
Authors: Deutsch Diana
Published: June 2019

Chapter 11 explores relationships between speech and music. The history of thought about these relationships is reviewed. The importance of prosody in speech—musical qualities such as variations in pitch, tempo, timing, loudness, and sound quality—is discussed. There follow reviews of the emotional response of infants to the musical qualities of their mothers’ speech, and how such qualities help children acquire language. Further studies are discussed indicating that musical training aids children in processing the prosodic qualities of speech. Other studies show an influence of language on music perception. The tritone paradox, discussed in Chapter 5, shows that how people hear a pattern of tones can vary with the language or dialect to which they were exposed in childhood. Also, as discussed in Chapter 6, speakers of tone language, such as Mandarin, Cantonese, and Vietnamese, have a far higher prevalence of absolute pitch in music than do speakers of non-tone languages such as English. Other work has shown an influence of language on the perception of timing in music perception, and on musical composition. Yet music and language generally differ in their physical characteristics and functions. Whereas speech serves primarily to inform the listener about the world, music modulates feelings and emotions. Last, the question of how music and speech evolved is discussed, and it is argued that they may both have their origins in a vocal generative system called musical protolanguage.
Conclusion
Authors: Deutsch Diana
Published: June 2019

The Conclusion draws together the findings concerning music and speech that are explored in the book, and the insights derived from these findings. Much of the book is concerned with illusions. Some of the illusions reflect huge differences between people in how they perceive simple musical patterns. These differences suggest variations in brain organization and environmental exposure. Another way in which these illusions shed light on hearing involves illusory conjunctions. These lead to the conclusion that, normally, the process of analyzing sound includes the operation of specialized modules that each analyze a particular attribute, and that we combine the outputs of these modules to obtain an integrated percept. This process usually leads us to perceive sounds correctly, but it breaks down under certain circumstances, producing illusions. Further threads that run through the book involve relationships between music and speech; the importance of unconscious inference, or “top-down processing” on our perception of sound; and extremes of musical ability, which are shown to be the products of both innate and environmental factors. It is also shown that earworms and musical hallucinations highlight the vital role played by the inner workings of our musical minds in determining what we hear. The extraordinary phenomena explored in this book lead us to conclude that the hearing mechanism did not arise as a coherent, integrated whole, but rather developed as a set of different, though interconnected, mechanisms. From another perspective, they elucidate factors involved in listening to music in everyday life.
Being Alive
Authors: Blustein David L.
Published: June 2019

This chapter introduces the major premises and framework for this book, which posits that working has the capacity to provide people with a sense of aliveness and engagement. Yet, for many, it is a source of pain and anguish. The history of work within human evolution is presented along with an overview of how work has been understood in psychology and the social sciences. The premise that work is central to life is explored via narratives from participants in the Boston College Working Project. The material is complemented by a review of the meaning of working from a psychological perspective.
Being Able to Care
Authors: Blustein David L.
Published: June 2019

This chapter reviews the ways in which caregiving and care work relate to work and well-being in the United States. Beginning with a discussion of how care work has been gendered and marginalized within discussions of working, the chapter reviews the foundation of how caregiving functions both psychologically and socially. The contributions of the participants from the Boston College Working Project enrich and deepen the perspective about caregiving and work. The chapter discusses new contributions on caring motivation and the relationships between care work and marketplace work, culminating in a call for a serious examination of how caregiving can be supported both financially and socially to ensure that all have opportunities to care for others in a dignified and nurturing fashion.
Being Able to Work With Dignity and Opportunity
Authors: Blustein David L.
Published: June 2019

In this concluding chapter, the major themes from this deeply psychological examination of the nature of work in the United States are presented. Among the major issues identified in this integrative analysis were the deeply psychological nature of work, the relationships between sustainable livelihoods and work, the erosion of the workplace and work experience, and the complex ways that people understand the source of work-based problems. Recommendations for maximizing individual adaptability in the face of these challenges were presented along with advice about enhancing community supports for people. From a broader perspective, the chapter concluded a discussion of human rights, the impact of neoliberal policies, education and work, potential of basic income guarantees, and the need to ensure that all have an opportunity for decent and dignified work.
The Craft of Portuguese Opera
Authors: Budasz Rogério
Published: June 2019

This chapter discusses the role of Brazilian playwright Antonio José da Silva in the emergence of Portuguese comic opera during the early eighteenth century and examines the rationale and mechanisms of circulation and adaptation of folhetos de cordel, pliegos, and libretti that were set to music and staged in Portugal and in Brazil. This analysis examines Silva’s appropriation and subversion of theatrical models of the time and the transformation of the concept of opera in Portugal and Brazil, taking into account local needs and tastes, performance practice, artistic autonomy, and politics. The second part of the chapter examines opera in the context of a theatrical function, considering its integration into spectacles that included a number of diverse genres, some of them with a clear ideological or pedagogical nature (loas, elogios), and others of a more entertaining character (dances, ballets).
The Gardeners' Dirty Hands
Authors: Toly Noah J.
Published: June 2019

In The Gardeners’ Dirty Hands: Global Environmental Politics and Christian Ethics, Noah Toly engages the resources of Christian theological ethics to identify, explore, and respond to the most salient feature of contemporary environmental challenges. In conversation with contributions to Christian ethics, Toly argues that modern environmental thought, global environmental governance, climate change, and the Anthropocene are characterized by a struggle with the tragic, which may be described as the need to give up, forego, undermine, or destroy one or more goods to possess or secure one or more other goods. Drawing upon the work of Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Toly develops a “Cruciform imaginary” that should inform our responses to the tragic.
The Gardeners’ Dirty Hands
Authors: Toly Noah J.
Published: June 2019

Drawing on examples of urban air pollution and soil pollution, this chapter describes our experience of common environmental challenges in terems of “the tragic,” suggesting that the governance of brownfields and of emissions from coal-fired electricity generation involves the need to give up, undermine, forego, or destroy one or more goods in order to possess or secure one or more other goods. Drawing upon the work of Dietrich Bonhoeffer and others, the chapter begins to frame such problems in light of Christian theology and ethics, and points to a new beginning for environmental politics in light of the symbol of the cross.
Deuteronomy
Authors: Davis Ellen F.
Published: June 2019

Deuteronomy pioneers a new theological concept: torah, verbal instruction, as a mode of divine presence. The rhetoric of this book highlights the dispositions of love and fear as inseparable aspects of the covenant community’s response to God, and its language echoes the political rhetoric of Assyrian vassal treaties and challenges the power they represent. Deuteronomy develops a picture of Israel in the land, uniquely instructed by God. Central to that picture are three revolutionary concepts: worship at one central shrine, limited royal power subject to prophetic critique, and warfare that is limited with respect to combatants, targets, and collateral damage. Paradoxically, the last book of Torah ends outside the land, a literary fact that has shaped religious identity for worshipers of Israel’s God.
Joshua
Authors: Davis Ellen F.
Published: June 2019

The book of Joshua, the first book of the Former Prophets, has historically been used to justify violent conquest, but it is better read as a model of anti-propaganda. The narrative draws a sharp contrast between the reliability of YHWH’s word and Israel’s slackness and offers a surprisingly sympathetic picture of Canaanites, the ostensible historical enemy. Origen’s practice of reading the story symbolically is suggestive: this is a complex theologically shaped story in which conquest is the dominant metaphor. The whole narrative may be seen as work of cultural memory that draws on stories of the distant past in order to support Israel’s resistance to apostasy and religious assimilation under the pressure of imperial threats, starting with the Assyrian empire in the seventh century.
Proverbs and Ecclesiastes
Authors: Davis Ellen F.
Published: June 2019

These books of so-called wisdom literature keep a low theological profile, attending to the practical and immediate aspects of everyday life. Proverbial sayings are community property, a form of local and regional knowledge treasured in traditional cultures (such as contemporary South Sudan), especially among women. Recognizing the biblical proverbs as short poems—like Japanese senryu—may counter a modern tendency to view them as merely stating the obvious or expressing the social conservatism of the powerful. Rather, they highlight likely consequences in a world that is not fundamentally chaotic, tragic, or absurd; these latter possibilities are explored in Ecclesiastes. Although Qohelet’s central themes are ephemerality and mortality, it calls upon those living in an unpredictable world to take pleasure in daily matters—food, work, relationships—that are gifts from God.
The Benefits: Labor Gains
Authors: Diamond Arthur M.
Published: June 2019

New jobs created by innovative dynamism tend to be better jobs than old jobs destroyed. The new jobs are usually safer, cleaner, less routine, more creative, and more satisfying. Most factory jobs in the Industrial Revolution were steps up for those who had been scraping by in rural poverty. The replacement of the steam engine by the electric engine in factories made factories safer, cleaner, and better lit. From the late 1800s through the early 2000s, new jobs tended to involve less manual labor, less routine, more creativity, and more analysis. The trend accelerated with the flourishing of computers and the Internet in the 1990s and early 2000s. Innovative dynamism allows workers to choose jobs pursuing big, hairy, audacious goals (BHAGs) and the control, challenge, and satisfaction of being their own boss as free-agent entrepreneurs. We all benefit from allowing the choice of intense jobs, rather than mandating work–life balance.
The Classical-Liberal Theory of Governance
Authors: Aligica Paul Dragos , Boettke Peter J. , Tarko Vlad
Published: June 2019

Chapter 1 introduces the building blocks of an updated approach to public governance in the classical-liberal tradition: (a) the repudiation of the “seeing like a state” or “synoptic” vision of social order and governance; (b) the embracement of normative individualism as an axiomatic principle and of its corollaries, freedom of choice and freedom of association, as normative guidelines; (c) skepticism toward the social welfare function aggregation and its objectification, used as focal principle and guideline for public policy; (d) and consistent employment of the comparative institutional analysis approach as a background methodology of institutional performance and failure assessment: markets, states, and “third-sector” institutional arrangements are all judged comparatively, on similar standards, in the context of their functioning. In addition to explaining each of these building blocks, the chapter draws attention to the logical links between them.
Function, Structure, and Process at the Private-Public Interface
Authors: Aligica Paul Dragos , Boettke Peter J. , Tarko Vlad
Published: June 2019

Chapter 2 shows how a governance doctrine trapped in a search for pure forms of private organization or public organization, transfixed on the ideal types of the “public” and “private,” would be deficient both normatively and empirically. The chapter shows how it instead makes sense to take an approach that pivots on (a) the variety of (real and possible) institutional and governance arrangements that emerge at the interface (overlap and tension) between public and private, as defined in various circumstances by the relevant social actors on the ground; and (b) the comparison of the feasibility and efficacy of those arrangements in delivering a set of institutional performance functions out of which the preservation of life, liberty, and property are essential. The chapter charts this dynamic territory, identifying a set of essential factors at work in shaping the nature of the interface process and the governance architecture dealing with it.
Independent Regulatory Agencies and Their Reform
Authors: Aligica Paul Dragos , Boettke Peter J. , Tarko Vlad
Published: June 2019

Chapter 8 explores the issue of independent regulatory agencies. Independent regulatory agencies are seen as a serious challenge to democratic administration. They are government organizations of unelected officials, they often resist even mild audit attempts and they are very vulnerable to corruption, rent-seeking, regulatory capture and revolving door problems. The chapter notes first why independent regulatory agencies may nonetheless respond to a genuine need, namely they are one way of addressing “common-pool regulatory problems”, i.e. controversial but hard to be decentralized problems. Then the chapter presents an approach leading to a better understanding of the independent regulatory agencies’ operations and to their possible improvement. An in-depth look questions thus the conventional wisdom regarding IRAs and their functioning in the larger architecture of contemporary governance systems.
Conclusions
Authors: Aligica Paul Dragos , Boettke Peter J. , Tarko Vlad
Published: June 2019

The public administration principles articulated in the previous chapters are sufficiently distinct to validate the notion that there is indeed in nuce a classical-liberal theory of public governance to be derived from the foundational liberal philosophical and theoretical writings and from the public rhetoric and positions inspired by them. Further development of the theory and its translation into practice is, however, a more complicated task. Yet, a closer look at the developments in public governance during the past couple of decades offers a fresh and intriguing view of the issue. The more we advance in articulating, by using the intrinsic logic of the classical-liberal perspective, diagnoses and solutions to public governance problems, the more we can see that such diagnoses and solutions are far from alien to the contemporary field and practice of public administration. Those changes have led to a move from regulation based on command and control to flexible and diverse forms of regulation in which self-regulation is an important element. The concluding chapter of the book explores these developments.
Eurydice’s Public Image during Her Lifetime
Authors: Carney Elizabeth Donnelly
Published: June 2019

This chapter discusses the public image of Eurydice created during her lifetime by herself and by her sons. It begins with analysis of three dedicatory inscriptions she made that puts hers dedications in the context of those made by subsequent royal women. It reflects on the possible nature of her dedication commemorating her late-acquired education and on the ways in which she crafted her public image as a mother of royal sons, as a model for other women. The chapter also examines Eurydice’s dedicatory inscriptions at the sanctuary of Eucleia (a goddess of good repute) and the character of the female statue apparently associated with one of these inscriptions (whether an image of the goddess or portrait of Eurydice). It discusses the entire sanctuary and its remains, the nature of cult worship there, and the possibility that Eurydice was a priestess of the cult and the founder of the sanctuary. The chapter also looks at a third inscription from nearby Palatitsia naming Eurydice. Saatsoglou-Paliadeli has concluded that this inscription was the label for a statue of Eurydice that formed part of a statue group.
Natural Environment as Refuge, Nurturer, Catalyst
Authors: Nadel Meryl
Published: June 2019

“Natural Environment as Refuge, Nurturer, Catalyst” places the notion of the summer camp in the broader context of societal ideas about people and nature, helping lay the groundwork for the social work profession’s involvement. Selected key events, concepts, and people impacting Americans’ view of the natural environment are highlighted. During the 19th century, as the United States became increasingly urban, writers and visual artists introduced Americans to the virtues of country life for health benefits, solace, and renewal. In the early 20th century, adherents of the conservation, back-to-nature, and antimodernism movements reacted to industrialization and urbanization. John Dewey and Jane Addams are referenced. Since the mid-20th century, a number of thinkers—scientists, historians, theologians, journalists—have turned their attention to issues related to people and the environment. Increasingly, social workers have examined the physical and natural environments as necessary components for understanding people holistically.
The Beginnings of the Summer Camp Movement
Authors: Nadel Meryl
Published: June 2019

“The Beginnings of the Summer Camp Movement” presents the early history of the summer camp as background for understanding the circumstances confronted by the new social work profession around the turn of the 20th century. The emergence of summer camps was influenced by the changing economy and industrialization, immigration, health issues, the growth of a transportation network, school vacations, and the rise of a middle socioeconomic class with increased leisure time. The Fresh Air Movement, created by mid-19th century religious, health, and charity organizations, provided daily excursions and weeklong trips to the country for children living in poverty. Early settlement houses initiated informal summer programs for their members. Private camping programs began for upper socioeconomic class boys and, later, girls. Youth-serving organizations including the Ys, the Scouts, and the settlement houses started organized camp programs for children from middle- and lower-socioeconomic class families. Camp directors soon established membership associations.
Growth and Development of Social Work Camps: 1920s–1940s
Authors: Nadel Meryl
Published: June 2019

“Growth and Development of Social Work Camps: 1920s–1940s” continues the chronological overview of social work involvement in the summer camp movement. Several themes become increasingly evident: the role of the group, individualization, and the importance of the democratic process. Group workers established a professional identity during the 1930s. Books and articles by Joshua Lieberman, Hedley Dimock and Charles Hendry, and Louis Blumenthal advocated camps that encouraged resourcefulness and self-direction, social responsibility in a democratic setting, and the ideals of progressive education. The benefits of the decentralized camp and the primacy of the cabin group were recognized. During the 1940s, the child-centered rather than activity-centered focus received attention, while the advantages of year-round programming were emphasized. Group work became accepted as a method within the social work profession.
The Therapeutic Camp
Authors: Nadel Meryl
Published: June 2019

“The Therapeutic Camp: Trends in Camps for Children with Social–Emotional Challenges” traces the history of mental health interventions and research in the summer camp setting. With the growing influence of the mental hygiene and child guidance movements, therapeutic camps were initiated by case work and group work agencies, family service agencies, hospitals, universities, and other organizations. Notable early therapeutic camp programs included the Boys’ Guidance Project (Michigan), Camp Ramapo (New York), and Camp Wawokiye (Ohio). The psychodynamic influence permeated Camp Wediko (Massachusetts) and Camp Chief Noonday (Michigan), led by Fritz Redl. In many of these camps, the continuity between the year-round work of the therapeutic agency and the camp program was stressed. Such camps employed case workers, group workers, and social work students. This chapter also discusses inclusion-model camps, adventure therapy, and family camps. The chapter concludes with reflections on Camp Towhee, a therapeutic camp in Ontario, Canada.
Social Work Students at Camp
Authors: Nadel Meryl
Published: June 2019

“Social Work Students at Camp: Field Placements and Service Learning at Summer Camp” explores two options for students to experience and learn about summer camp as a social work field of practice. The first part of the chapter identifies the myriad of learning opportunities found at summer camps. The benefits and obstacles to using the summer camp as an internship site are explored. In addition, professional social workers have recently integrated academic service-learning into camp programs. Camps that lend themselves well to service-learning components are typically one-week camps intended for vulnerable populations. At least two camps led by social workers have linked service learning and Positive Youth Development in sports-oriented camps. The greater flexibility of service-learning courses compared to field placements offers many opportunities for university–community partnerships. The authors recommend that both routes be considered. A first-person vignette concludes this chapter.
Opportunities and Issues
Authors: Nadel Meryl
Published: June 2019

“Opportunities and Issues” concludes the volume by predicting a bright future for social work in summer camps. Some trends include greater variability in session length, including an increase in one-week residential camps; an increased range of populations served; greater use of the camper care concept; novel approaches generated by early-career social workers; and investment by foundations and other organizations in innovative camp programming. Prospects include an increased role for social work personnel in camps, enhanced social work involvement in pre-camp and in-camp education, and opportunities to better communicate the variety of contributions that social workers can make in camps. Social workers can also develop increased expertise in linking children with appropriate camps, encourage recognition of camp social work as a field of practice, and urge agencies to support camp experiences for their clients and staff. Additional recommendations include nurturing university–camp connections and expanding research ventures.
Tracing the Sociopolitical Reality of Race
Authors: Haslanger Sally
Published: June 2019

The concept of race has a troublesome history. It has been used to divide societies and subordinate groups in unjust ways. It has also been a source of pride and strength for the subordinate (as well as, unfortunately, for the dominant). Historically it has also carried assumptions of naturalness: races are natural kinds that exist independent of human thought and activity. In recent years, however, the naturalness of race has been challenged and replaced with the idea that race is socially constructed. This raises many important philosophical questions: How should one inquire into the concept of race when there is such broad controversy over what race is? What are the relevant phenomena to be considered? How should such an inquiry take into account the social stakes (e.g. the potential impact of maintaining or rejecting the concept of race)? Is it possible for concepts to evolve, or is conceptual replacement the only option? In Chapter 1, the author takes up these methodological questions and positions herself as a critical theorist considering what role the concept of race has in the sociopolitical domain. She argues that there is a meaningful political conception of race that is important in order to address the history of racial injustice. This is compatible with there being different conceptions of race that are valuable in other contexts and for different purposes (e.g., for medical research, cultural empowerment).
Cultural Constructionism
Authors: Jeffers Chike
Published: June 2019

Chike Jeffers argues in this chapter that social constructionism about race is a preferable position to non-biological essentialism about race (such as the kind defended by Quayshawn Spencer in Chapters 3 and 7) and anti-realism about race (such as the kind Joshua Glasgow defends in Chapters 4 and 8). He then argues that one should distinguish between two kinds of social constructionism: political constructionism (such as the kind defended by Sally Haslanger in Chapters 1 and 5) and cultural constructionism, which he defends. While he shows why it is understandable that political constructionism is sometimes taken to be the default position among social constructionists, he argues that political constructionism misses the significance of the cultural aspect of race in the present and fails to recognize the possibility of races existing past the end of racism.