bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Comeback President
Authors: Kaufman Burton I.
Published: January 2023

This chapter chronicles how Barack Obama remained steadfastly committed to the same principles that guided the first two years of his presidency. Facing the reality of Republican control of the House and the dilution of Democratic control of the Senate, the chapter unfolds how Obama began to call increasingly for civility and legislative compromise on Capitol Hill. His hope for a racially, ethnically, and socially diverse society had always been predicated on building a consensus even among opposing groups, but after 2010 he gave new emphasis to finding common ground with Republicans. It emphasizes his same ideal of a middle-class society predicated on free enterprise principles and marketplace consumerism. The chapter explores how Obama sought to achieve that goal by offering opportunities to even the most disadvantaged Americans, whether through tax cuts and credits, or health reform, or increased support for public education. It also analyses Obama's foreign policy, his response in the Middle East, and the Arab Spring of 2010–2012.
Conservative Evangelicals Respond To The Founding Of Earth Day
Authors: Pogue Neall W.
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks at the time before the birth of the modern environmental movement on Earth Day 1970. This popular event brought the environmental issue into the conservative evangelical community while confirming the importance of the issue among a few of their intellectual elite. The chapter describes the community, which included those who held politically conservative views and constructed an eco-friendly theologically based philosophy known as Christian environmental stewardship. The chapter explains how the secular environmental movement accused Christianity of perpetrating the ecological crisis. In answering such allegations, both politically liberal and conservative evangelicals were forced into a defensive posture and lost the momentum toward possibly developing a solid position that produced pro-environmental activity.
Historical Antecedents of Separationism
Authors: Green Steven K.
Published: January 2023

This chapter traces the various historical antecedents for the idea of separation of church and state, both religious and secular. It discusses the Free Church movement arising out of the Reformation and the writings of the Enlightenment and Whig theorists of the eighteenth century. American colonist and founder of Rhode Island, Roger Williams, made important early contributions to the concept of separation and advocated “hedge or wall,” which divided the two realms. The chapter reviews the works of Enlightenment and British Whig writers including John Locke, John Trenchard, Thomas Gordon, Richard Price, Joseph Priestly, and James Burgh, all of whom promoted greater forms of separation. It focuses on Burgh, who employed a version of the wall metaphor to explain his views of church–state separation.
The Protestant Establishment of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Green Steven K.
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the events of the nineteenth century where the Jeffersonian–Madisonian understanding of separation gave way to a pan-Protestant notion of the concept. It highlights “Christian America” or the “Moral Establishment,” wherein a Protestant ethos held sway over the nation's culture and institutions. It also discusses the era that bore witness to the rise of moral reform movements, to non-sectarian instruction in public schools and the conflict over school funding between Protestants and Catholics, and to the conflict between the federal government and the Mormon Church. The chapter details how various groups and factions fought over the meaning of church–state separation. A salient point in studying church–state relations in the nineteenth century is to understand that matters were neither static nor uniform.
Betting on the Farm
Authors: Maclachlan Patricia L. , Shimizu Kay
Published: January 2023

Japan Agricultural Cooperatives (JA), a nationwide network of farm cooperatives, is under increasing pressure to expand farmer incomes by adapting coop strategies to changing market incentives. Some coops have adapted more successfully than others. This book attributes these differences to three sets of local variables: resource endowments and product-specific market conditions, co-op leadership, and the organization of farmer-members behind new co-op strategies. Using in-depth case studies and profiles of different types of farmers, the book also explores the evolution of the formal and informal institutional foundations of postwar agriculture; the electoral sources of JA's influence; the interactive effects of economic liberalization and demographic pressures (an aging farm population and acute shortage of farm successors) on the propensity for change within the farm sector; and the diversification of Japan's traditional farm households and the implications for farmer ties with JA.
Putting Farmers First
Authors: Maclachlan Patricia L. , Shimizu Kay
Published: January 2023

This chapter demonstrates how Japan Agricultural Cooperatives' (JA) national organizations initially introduced path-dependent reforms to the JA organizational hierarchy and expanded their lucrative nonagricultural services. The chapter begins by analyzing how agricultural cooperation has changed in recent decades, using North American and European co-ops as examples. It then explores the limited and deeply path-dependent responses of JA's national organizations to post-1990 pressures for change. The chapter argues that effective strategic change depends, at minimum, on three sets of conditions: favorable growing conditions and corresponding market opportunities; the presence of entrepreneurial agents of change; and enduring organizational linkages between co-ops and farmers. Finally, the chapter outlines a general blueprint for the processes and successes of value-generating—price-making—strategic changes, underscoring the importance of resource, agency, and organizational variables.
Epilogue
Authors: Maclachlan Patricia L. , Shimizu Kay
Published: January 2023

This epilogue reflects on the slow-moving demographic and economic transformations that have catapulted Japanese farming and rural villages into a crisis of existential proportions. It looks at the narrative of the struggles of a remote, mountainous community of Kumamoto Prefecture. In considering the rural community of Yamato, the chapter illustrates how farming is woven into the economic and social fabric of rural communities, how the painful economic and social trade-offs inherent in agricultural and co-op reform can reverberate far beyond the farm, and how Japan Agricultural Cooperatives (JA) remains an integral component of rural Japan's uncertain future. Ultimately, JA must address not only the economic requirements of top performers but also the collective needs—social as well as economic—of the localities in which they reside. Japan Agricultural Cooperatives, in sum, must strike a sustainable balance between conforming to market forces while upholding the basics of traditional agricultural cooperation.
Adolescence as Nightmare
Authors: Kaminer Jenny
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the threatening aspect of post-Soviet fantasies of adolescence, focusing on fictional and cinematic protagonists who inspire fear, horror, or disgust. It looks at three Russian works: Anna Starobinets's 2005 story “An Awkward Age” (Perekhodnyi vozrast); Marina Liubakova's 2007 film Cruelty (Zhestokost'); and the film The Student (Uchenik) (2016) together with the dramatic production upon which it was based, both directed by Kirill Serebrennikov. While heralding the demise of the Soviet adolescent hero, these works foreground the teenager as the locus of an array of anxieties, ranging from the instability and vulnerability of the human body, to the preeminence of materialistic values and consumer culture, to the disappearance of moral codes. Each reconfigures American education scholar Nancy Lesko's “romance with adolescence” into a distinctive vision of adolescence as nightmare. This unsettling transformation, in turn, casts a decidedly pessimistic light on the hopes for societal renewal awakened by the collapse of the Soviet Union.
A “Period of Bloody Struggle”
Authors: Kung Chien-Wen
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the developments after Japanese rule, which involved the Chinese left's simultaneous conflicts with the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Philippine political establishment over the issue of wartime collaboration. In 1949, the KMT was militarily defeated in mainland China and proscribed elsewhere in Southeast Asia. However, the KMT already carved a sphere of influence for itself through coercive and legal means in the Philippines. The chapter explains how the KMT exploited the Chinese communist problem of the Roxas regime. It also explicates the legal and diplomatic developments like the treaty of amity between Manila and Nanjing that triggered the rise of KMT.
Snow Bunting
Authors: Rogers Susan Fox
Published: January 2023

This chapter details the author's experience walking along the mud and rock edges of the Ashokan Reservoir to look for a Snow Bunting. Since the water from the Ashokan Reservoir glides south for over one hundred miles to supply New York City, the reservoir and the land around it are protected. The Department of Environmental Protection permits people to fish, but did not allow exploring the flats for birds. The author then went to East Kingston instead, where she finally saw some buntings. In the past forty years, Snow Bunting populations have dropped by 50 percent. Researchers do not know why, and their work is complicated by the fact that the bird breeds in such remote places. The Snow Bunting breeds in the Arctic then travels south for the winter looking for similar flat, wide-open landscapes.
No Other Everglades
Authors: Rogers Susan Fox
Published: January 2023

This chapter details the author's birding trip to the Everglades National Park in Florida, where she saw Brown-headed Cowbirds and flamingos. The author walked the Snake Bight Trail, which was “named after Guy Bradley, the Audubon warden who was murdered by the plume hunter Walter Smith in 1905.” Plume hunters only have one goal: to gather the plumes that adorned women's hats. Stories of the bird carnage traveled north, to women like Florence Merriam Bailey who worked to spread word of the horror of the bird slaughter to women who wore hats with plumes. William Dutcher, chair of the American Ornithological Union's newly formed bird protection committee, believed that the problem lay with the milliners. Dutcher then worked with Florida representatives to pass “An Act for the Protection of Birds and Their Nests and Eggs, and Prescribing a Penalty for any Violation Thereof” in May of 1901.
Mother of Exiles
Authors: Kennedy-Epstein Rowena
Published: January 2023

This chapter emphasizes that Savage Coast serves as an ur-text for Muriel Rukeyser's writing over the following five decades. The chapter follows its afterlives, traceable in poems, reportage, memoir, and essays—and more often in experimental forms that combined these genres—circumventing the aesthetic and political criticism originally leveled against the text. By continuing to draw from her experience of the Spanish Civil War to write about war and crisis throughout her life, the chapter reveals how Rukeyser created a fragmented epic endeavor for those who fought and died in the first major battle against fascism. The chapter discusses Rukeyser's recurrent use of Spain to the development of her larger literary project, one that subverts the perceived separation between political and aesthetic poetry so inculcated in mid-twentieth-century literary culture. It then maps her own moment of political and sexual awakening inside the larger public history of war, revolution, and social change.
Pillars of Process
Authors: Kennedy-Epstein Rowena
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores Muriel Rukeyser's unfinished work on Franz Boas and her engagement with cultural anthropology and indigenous knowledge systems that would be foundational for the work she was producing in the Cold War period. The chapter tells how this gave her new modes and histories to think through and helped her find a language of process that she would use to describe the experience of birth and motherhood. By examining Rukeyser's work on Boas, it also shows the long influence of indigenous thought on midcentury feminism and the aesthetics of the modernist avant-garde. The chapter then traces the legacies of American experimentalism and political radicalism to the ideas and practices of the First Nations peoples. The chapter concludes by noting that Rukeyser's unfinished work on Boas is key to understanding the conditions of her fragmented midcentury life. However, its unfinished nature also shows how her work continued to develop and grow despite the lattice of anticommunist and anti-woman strictures that she would learn to work around and through. A history that becomes visible only as you follow her in and out of the archives.
The United States of Anonymous
Authors: Kosseff Jeff
Published: January 2023

This book explores how the right to anonymity has shaped American values, politics, business, security, and discourse, particularly as technology has enabled people to separate their identities from their communications. Legal and political debates surrounding online privacy often focus on the Fourth Amendment's protection against unreasonable searches and seizures, overlooking the history and future of an equally powerful privacy right: the First Amendment's protection of anonymity. The book features extensive and engaging interviews with people involved in the highest profile anonymity cases, as well as with those who have benefited from, and been harmed by, anonymous communications. Through these interviews, the book explores how courts have protected anonymity for decades and, likewise, how law and technology have allowed individuals to control how much, if any, identifying information is associated with their communications. From blocking laws that prevent Ku Klux Klan members from wearing masks to restraining Alabama officials from forcing the NAACP to disclose its membership lists, and to refusing companies' requests to unmask online critics, courts have recognized that anonymity is a vital part of our free speech protections. The book weighs the tradeoffs between the right to hide identity and the harms of anonymity, concluding that we must maintain a strong, if not absolute, right to anonymous speech.
The Scope of Anonymity Empowerment
Authors: Kosseff Jeff
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks into the scope of anonymity empowerment. It explains how the First Amendment protects anonymity, which is the condition of avoiding identification. A nonbinary perspective of anonymity empowerment comports with America's earliest days of anonymous speech. However, the states' passage of shield laws demonstrates that the First Amendment protections were limited at best. Even though Congress has not yet passed a shield law, most state legislatures passed their respective shield law statue to address the uncertainty over the protection of journalists. The chapter suggests the evaluation of privacy laws and other statutes in an effort to supplement the First Amendment guarantees.
Uncertainty by Design
Authors: Samimian-Darash Limor
Published: January 2023

This book presents cases of the use of scenario technology in the fields of security and emergency preparedness, energy, and health by analyzing scenario narratives and practices at the National Emergency Management Authority in Israel, the World Health Organization's Regional Office for Europe, and the World Energy Council. Humankind has long struggled with the uncertainty of the future, with how to foresee the future, imagine alternatives, or prepare for and guard against undesirable eventualities. Scenario—or scenario planning—emerged in recent decades to become a widespread means through which states, large corporations, and local organizations imagine and prepare for the future. The scenario technology cases examined in the book provide a useful lens through which to view contemporary efforts to engage in an overall journey of discovering the future, along with the modality of governing involved in these endeavors to face future uncertainties. Collectively, they enable us to understand in depth how scenarios express a new governing modality.
Narrative Building
Authors: Samimian-Darash Limor
Published: January 2023

This chapter considers how scenario narratives are constructed within Israel's National Emergency Management Authority. It explores the principles, processes, and tools used to build a scenario narrative for national-level preparedness, which is manifested in Israel's Turning Point scenarios. With the help of technology and prediction, the future is made present through the play of plausible scenarios rather than the possibility of stories, narratives, and imagination. The narratives of plausible futures enable the creation of a road map from the present to the future and vice versa. Moreover, the chapter elaborates on the nature of the scenario's mode of veridiction, its form of knowledge-making, and the manifestation of uncertainty as the logic of imagination in this process.
Ingredients of Change
Authors: Neuburger Mary C.
Published: January 2023

This book explores modern Bulgaria's foodways from the Ottoman era to the present, outlining how Bulgarians domesticated and adapted diverse local, regional, and global foods and techniques, and how the nation's culinary topography has been continually reshaped by the imperial legacies of the Ottomans, Habsburgs, Russians, and Soviets, as well as by the ingenuity of its own people. Changes in Bulgarian cooking and cuisine, the book shows, were driven less by nationalism than by the circulation of powerful food narratives—scientific, religious, and ethical—along with peoples, goods, technologies, and politics. The book tells this complex story through thematic chapters focused on bread, meat, milk and yogurt, wine, and the foundational vegetables of Bulgarian cuisine—tomatoes and peppers. It traces the ways in which these ingredients were introduced and transformed in the Bulgarian diet over time, often in the context of Bulgaria's tumultuous political history. The book shows how the country's modern dietary and culinary transformations accelerated under a communist dictatorship that had the resources and will to fundamentally reshape what and how people ate and drank.
By Bread Alone?
Authors: Neuburger Mary C.
Published: January 2023

This chapter elaborates on the politics of grain correlating to hunger and abundance. It focuses on the place of bread in modern Bulgarian history, which had been a central feature of the Bulgarian diet and national bioimaginary. The revolution in bread had been more prominent following World War II after the Bulgarian Communist Party established authority by promising and supplying bread to establish control over the food system. Utilitarian notions of nutritional eating were at times undermined by efforts to provide foods that were seen as harbingers of status, success, and progress. The chapter also covers the story of white bread being cheap and mass-produced as the driver of industrialization in the United States.
Vegetarian Visions And Meatopias
Authors: Neuburger Mary C.
Published: January 2023

This chapter expounds on the association of meat with the eventual democratization of changes in consumer culture and nutritional science in the West. It also notes the correlation between meat and power, access, abundance, and wealth. According to communist leaders, the increased production and consumption of meat had been driven by industrialization in the West. The chapter also discusses the option of meatless alternatives and vegetarianism under late socialism even at the highest levels of power. It looks into the vegetarian movements emerging in the wake of World War I. However, protein became a potent fuel for the communist bioimaginary as distributed meat helped Bulgaria overcome domestic inequality.
Introduction
Authors: Bell Stephen , Feng Hui
Published: January 2023

This chapter provides a background on central banking in China, which examines the profound implications of China's transition to a more market-based economy in the context of an authoritarian state and the governance of its financial system. The chapter explores the mutual shaping mechanisms between China's financial system and its economic transition and how these have shaped the path of economic rebalancing. Since China's economic reform and opening in 1979, a perplexing issue has been the achievement of rapid economic growth on the back of an often dysfunctional and increasingly fragile banking and financial system. The chapter examines the mutually shaping interactions between China's financial and banking system, on the one hand, and its economy and its prospects on the other. It reviews China's competing economic growth models and key questions about China's economic “rebalancing.”
Interactions between China’s Growth Model and the Financial System
Authors: Bell Stephen , Feng Hui
Published: January 2023

This chapter details the connections between the Chinese growth model and the broader financial and banking system. Although the financial system has largely served the needs of the party-state, informal change has played a role in altering the banking system, producing tensions between state-led and market-driven imperatives. The chapter talks about Western descriptions of China's market transition or of China as an emerging market economy, which tend to overlook the fact that the economy and its market elements operate under the shadow of state hierarchy. The chapter then outlines how China's market transition has been constructed by the party-state to primarily serve the needs of the party's statist economic growth model. It explores China's growth model dynamics, which has increasingly relied on debt funding and which has distorted the banking and financial system.
Conclusion
Authors: Kukreja Reena
Published: January 2023

This concluding chapter explicates the lived reality of women in cross-region matrimonies in rural North India. It explains how the aforementioned marriages had been a clear break from marriage migration trajectories of Indian women. The spread of neoliberal ideology and the accumulative process drastically reshaped social relations into those governed by capitalist logic, while patriarchal ideology and the low worth given to wives normalized the commodification of all brides. The unavailability of wives translates to a direct loss of unpaid labor and income for men rejected within their local marriage markets. The chapter gives an overview of the cross-region brides' issues around the intergenerational transmission of othering of the children from cross-region unions, inequality, discrimination, gender subordination, and gender violence.
Twenty-Two Cents an Hour
Authors: Crandell Doug
Published: January 2023

This book uncovers the harsh reality of people with disabilities in the United States who are forced to work in unethical conditions for subminimum wages with little or no opportunity to advocate for themselves, while wealthy CEOs grow even wealthier as a direct result. As recently as 2016, the United States Congress enacted bipartisan legislation which continued to allow workers with disabilities to legally be paid far lower than the federal minimum wage. Drawing on ongoing federal Department of Justice lawsuits, the horrifying story of Henry's Turkey Farm in Iowa, and more, the book shows the history of the policies that have led to these unjust outcomes, examines who benefits from this legislation, and asks important questions about the rise of a disability industrial complex. Exposing this complex—which is rooted in profit, lobbying, and playing on the emotions of workers' parents and families, as well as the public—the book challenges readers to reexamine how we treat some of our most vulnerable fellow citizens. It forces the reader to face the reality of this exploitation, and builds the framework needed for reform.
The Stage Is Set For Broken Promises
Authors: Crandell Doug
Published: January 2023

This chapter begins with a 2009 story about men with intellectual disabilities working on an Iowa turkey farm that reveals their exploitation for the last thirty years. The long history of exploiting workers with disabilities stretches back to the early days of industrialization. The chapter mentions Cary Griffin and other dedicated reformists, who had been trying to change the disability employment system in the United States, a complex configuration of funding that includes Medicaid, Social Security, vocational rehabilitation, and state dollars. The chapter details the 1986 movement that removed the subminimum wage floor, which set back the civil rights of workers with disabilities by decades and is still impacting everyone today. Low expectations have crept into every facet of disability services, from the capacity of a person to learn, to the way families view provider organizations.
Subminimum Wages And Disability Rights
Authors: Crandell Doug
Published: January 2023

This chapter details how the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) and the practice of paying subminimum wages to workers with disabilities enjoyed a hiatus from oversight as the sheltered workshop model spread throughout the United States. The early and mid-1960s saw a rapid expansion of sheltered workshops designed and operated to serve different disability populations. The chapter discusses the growth of the application of 14(c) certificate that grew and was adapted for different settings. It highlights Democratic senator Wayne Morse, who sought to fix the 14(c) certification process in June 1965 by offering amendments that would create a system that was more equitable to those with fewer barriers to employment. The chapter then reviews the Morse proposal, which was aimed to help those workers with moderate disabilities in receiving minimum wage over a transitional period of three years.
The Floor Is Gone And Modern Lobbying Arrives
Authors: Crandell Doug
Published: January 2023

This chapter covers the investigation of the Wall Street Journal in 1979 about the way some blind workers were paid and how they were treated in sheltered workshops in New York City. It talks about how the Wall Street Journal articles set off alarms in 1979 and 1980 leading to more congressional interest in understanding the role of the US government, specifically the role of the United States Department of Labor (USDOL). The USDOL focused its attention not only on the oversight issues with the 14(c) certificate but the finances of the charity organizations holding the certificates and the companies. The chapter considers how a typical contract is procured by the workshop manager in order to fully appreciate how the issue on workers with disabilities was exposed and examined. It demonstrates how sheltered workshop managers market their services to companies in the community to have tasks for workers to perform.
Early Adopters And Tearing Down Assumptions
Authors: Crandell Doug
Published: January 2023

This chapter talks about Marc Gold, a teacher who saw that students with disabilities had much more potential than many believed and could learn, grow, and hone skills to work. It highlights the Bendix bicycle brake, which Gold used to test his central hypothesis that it is not the learner who is deficient or lacking in skills and intelligence. The chapter also reviews the technique of the “Try Another Way” approach that honed and was eventually used to train others in the United States and Canada. The chapter explores the basis of the “Try Another Way” approach, which is teaching complex tasks that rested largely on a series of techniques that can be categorized as systematic instruction. Systematic instruction is a method of teaching tasks and skills that focuses on breaking learning down into specific steps such that mastering each one will lead to the acquisition of the whole.
Boycotting Goodwill
Authors: Crandell Doug
Published: January 2023

This chapter highlights the notion that began to spread throughout the system of non-profit agencies sometime during the middle of the 1990s, which purported to be helping workers with disabilities. It mentions Goodwill, which was one of the first national organizations to obtain a 14(c) subminimum wage certificate from the United States Department of Labor. The chapter reviews the abuses and neglect in Iowa at Henry's Turkey Service, including the financial exploitation, that brought closer scrutiny from disability advocates across the country. The chapter mentions Marc Maurer, president of the National Federation of the Blind, who decided to arrange for the boycott of Goodwill over its use of subminimum wages. It considers Maurer as a force to be reckoned as he continued to play in the debate surrounding work, pay, and labor conditions for workers with disabilities during his time as National Federation of the Blind president.
Introduction
Authors: McGarvie Mark Douglas
Published: January 2023

This chapter illuminates the intellectual and political culture of the early 1900s, looking at Mary Field Parton's life as fulfilling the pragmatic ideal. It focuses on Mary's adoption of the prevailing thoughts of her age and the actions these thoughts influenced. The chapter then moves away from Mary for several sections to develop the intellectual, social, or political context in which she lived, only to return to her story to help explain this context. The chapter employs a format the author has used in teaching, presenting a compelling story of an individual person or event as the means of accessing an era or a cultural or intellectual movement. With this microhistorical approach, the chapter reveals the life of Mary Field Parton which can provide a means of understanding the political and intellectual culture of the early 1900s.
A Victorian Childhood In Defense Of Tradition, 1878–1896
Authors: McGarvie Mark Douglas
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines how urban England and the rural United States offered disparate physical, psychological, and political environments for the molding of a young mind. It traces Mary Field Parton's childhood and roots, noting that she grew up in the Midwest, but her family had its roots on the East Coast. The chapter highlights how Mary's heritage evinced a tendency toward rebellion, as both families had histories as religious dissenters, with Quaker heritage on Mary's mother's side and Huguenot refugee ancestors on her father's side. It argues that Mary's childhood, in several ways, reminds one more of Charles Dickens than of Mark Twain. The chapter assesses how an overbearing pressure to conform to moral norms and expected roles characterized childhood in each location. Such a cultural context could only exacerbate the rebellious tendencies of a precocious young girl who held very little respect for authoritarian impositions.
The Trials Of Progressivism, 1909–1914
Authors: McGarvie Mark Douglas
Published: January 2023

This chapter reviews how the new women who spearheaded the feminist movement moved away from a natural rights justification for their agenda to a broad assertion of social obligations for communal improvement. It recounts the wave of strikes that disrupted the country's major cities in 1909, which began among women shirtwaist laborers in New York and Philadelphia. The chapter then chronicles the tensions that Mary Field Parton and Clarence Darrow experienced in their political philosophies which came to the forefront in 1908 and 1909. The ideological conflict that the two great friends confronted arose from the desire to protect individual rights and freedoms while simultaneously creating a culture in which moral compulsion dictated appropriate social behaviors. The chapter examines the same dilemma faced by the Progressives. Such a culture necessarily limits freedom of conscience and censors certain individualistic sentiments. The chapter concludes by narrating how Mary left Chicago and the settlement house movement for a writing job. It then analyses how she employed the pragmatists' model of using inductive reasoning to create truth.
Granite
Authors: Nevle Richard J. , Nightingale Steven , Lanas Mattias
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses how granite is the geologic backbone of the Sierra Nevada. The discovery of photosynthesis by primitive microorganisms had consequences: it transformed Earth's early atmosphere into an oxygenated, caustic pall that could weather rocks into dust with unprecedented efficiency. Dust is where granite begins. Such dust settles on the seafloor in thick, spongy blankets of sediment whose pores cumulatively hold small oceans of water, which with time is bound to minerals as sediment hardens first to sedimentary rock. Bodies of solid granite, when with time they rise to the surface by the action of tectonic events or slow mantle churnings, make great spines of mountains like the Sierra Nevada.
Western Tanager
Authors: Nevle Richard J. , Nightingale Steven , Lanas Mattias
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the western tanager, which is a seasonal migrant to the Sierra. Upon arrival, the birds claim their territory, announcing their presence with burry, robin-like songs called out from branches in the Sierra's conifer forests. The tanagers come to the Sierra to take sustenance from the bursts of abundant insect life and berries that arrive in late summer—and from this sustenance nurture their young. However, danger lurks everywhere for the nestlings—from the predations of Steller's jays and nutcrackers; from owls and snakes and even bears; and too from female cowbirds. Learning about the western tanager, we see the resemblance between us. We have, like the tanager, our own way of singing, of nesting, of caring for our young.
Introduction
Authors: Exeler Franziska
Published: January 2023

This chapter introduces the ghosts of war that revolved around the choices people made under the German occupation and its political, social, legal, and personal repercussions. It highlights the book's discussion on guilt and complicity concerning the truth and justice in the aftermath of the Nazi occupation and the rebuilding of Soviet state authority, personal lives, and the creation of war narratives. The chapter then explores the soviet politics of retribution following years of Nazi occupation. It explains the inevitable questions about people's wartime behavior. Some people who felt the injustice of the Soviet power resorted to strategies to mobilize the state on their behalf. The chapter also covers the archival sources of Ghost of War from Belarus, Russia, Germany, Israel, Poland, Ukraine, and the United States.
Belarus, the Partisan Republic
Authors: Exeler Franziska
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the early beginnings of the Partisan Republic narrative. It explains the involvement of the partisan movement and the creation of the official image of the Belarusian population's attitude and behavior. While numerous discrepancies had been identified between commemoration, private war memories, post-war representation, and wartime experience, the memory of Soviet officials was frequently contested. Ethnic Belarusians and Jews found that their experiences were not included within the state's official war narrative, which then left no acknowledgment of the relationship between Soviet partisans and civilians. The chapter expounds on the rise of state-sponsored antisemitism in the late 1940s. It then covers the radical reinterpretation of history due to a general shift in the Soviet war narrative and power shifts in the Politburo in Moscow.
Afterword
Authors: Exeler Franziska
Published: January 2023

This chapter acknowledges the losses recorded following the end of the Second World War. It mentions the Soviet Union being part of a global reckoning as it organized and participated in the trial of major Nazi leaders at the International Military Tribunal. War crimes trials built a dichotomy between good and bad political trials, which was also marked by the spectrum of liberal trials and classic show trials that involved an unconstrained judicial process. The chapter notes the narratives used across Ghosts of War being affected by the Soviet state and the Nazi occupation. It considers the memoirs and recollections proving the centrality of both events and how the Second World War never became history but remained ever-present in their lives.
Communal Intimacy and the Violence of Politics
Authors: Jensen Steffen Bo
Published: January 2023

This book explores the notoriously brutal Philippine war on drugs from below. The book examines how the war on drugs folded itself into communal and intimate spheres in one Manila neighborhood, Bagong Silang. Police killings have been regular occurrences since the birth of Bagong Silang. The book shows that although the drug war was introduced from the outside, it fit into and perpetuated already existing gendered and generational structures. In Bagong Silang, the war on drugs implicated local structures of authority, including a justice system that had always been deeply integrated into communal relations. The ways in which the war on drugs transformed these intimate relations between the state and its citizens, and between neighbors, may turn out to be the most lasting impact of Rodrigo Duterte's infamously violent policies.
Police Violence and Corruption in The War on Drugs and Before
Authors: Jensen Steffen Bo , Hapal Karl
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines police violence prior to and during the drug war. It focuses on the moral justifications that regulate police violence and illustrate how people managed their relationship with the police through interpersonal networks, cunning, and money before the onset of the war. It also describes the impact of police violence on Bagong Silang and how exchange relationships between the police and the policed have been reconfigured. By focusing on corruption and violence, the chapter explains how the war on drugs cannot be reduced to sovereign acts of violence but must be understood as part of old, ingrained structures of exchange, and entanglement between authority and population. It argues that exchange relations before and during the war constitute precarious encounters that need to be managed with the utmost care by both police and those they are extorting within a parallel, corrupt, and often violent.
The War on Drugs and Beyond
Authors: Jensen Steffen Bo , Hapal Karl
Published: January 2023

This chapter revisits arguments and draws out comparative aspects in order to understand the war on drugs as more than a contemporary, Philippine tragedy. Summarizing the argument, the war struck Bagong Silang in ways that fundamentally reconfigured sociality and were animated by historical structures of displacement and violence. The chapter explains how communal intimacy had been central for survival, but the war could only work because it folded itself into these intimate forms of affective relationality. The chapter explores the war as a global phenomenon, the kind of politics the war on drugs constituted, and how those politics privileged particular forms of policing. It hopes to contribute to a different form of politics beyond the violence of politics that does not take hostage forms of communal intimacy, through which people should be able to live, not to die.
Introduction
Authors: Matlon Jordanna
Published: January 2023

This chapter advances the theory of racial capitalism by studying the hegemonic imaginaries that channel how Black men insert themselves as active subjects in the global economy. It employs the Gramscian framework to unravel how exploited and excluded individuals consent to an oppressive system by virtue of dominant forms of racial and gender expression. Tracing the imaginaries that reinforce and contest the lived experience of Black manhood and that manifest in transatlantic exchanges, the chapter demonstrates the principal narratives among Black men in economies of severe un- and underemployment. Particularly, it examines the relationship between Blackness, masculinity, and economic agency in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. By centering (post)colonial Abidjanais men, the chapter elucidates the fundamental role of wage labor in producing dominant and oppositional imaginaries of Black masculinity in racial capitalism. Ultimately, it stresses that breadwinning ideology and access have been essential tools through which racial capitalism has established racial difference across masculinities and has excluded Black men.
The Evolution of the Wage Labor Ideal
Authors: Matlon Jordanna
Published: January 2023

This chapter tracks the evolution of the wage labor ideal in French West Africa from the slave economy to the breadwinning family wage at the moment of independence. It reveals how colonization offered the privileges of whiteness to a stratum of African évolué men. The chapter also traces the long crisis of Black masculinity in racial capitalism from slavery and colonial subjugation to the postwork economy. It argues that Blackness has been symbolically positioned against white supremacy as a manifestation of capitalist hegemony, locating the terrain of Black struggle in the arenas of representation and political economy. In doing so, the chapter considers the Black male body's historical roles as undervalued labor power, as a commodity object, and as a fraught consumer whose access to commodities has been constrained or denied.
Producer, Consumer, Commodity, Surplus
Authors: Matlon Jordanna
Published: January 2023

This chapter shows how the location of the Black body as a primary site of struggle, the pervasive value of Blackness-as-commodity despite the exploitation and increasing exclusion of its productive potential, and the dual presence of hegemony and counterhegemony, most visibly expressed in the Black American celebrity, create the conditions for the media trope. It emphasizes the signification of Blackness and Black masculinity in racial capitalism and the ideological organization of systems of production, commodification, and consumption. The chapter also examines how the slave and colonial legacy elucidate the three-fold manner in which racial capitalism situates the Black man as labor and capital, commodifies Blackness, and distinguishes active consumers from passive commodities. The chapter highlights how negations and affirmations of Black masculinity in and against white supremacy reflect and reinforce Black men's value to be extracted as a laborer, consumer, and commodity.
The Visual Terrain of Blackness
Authors: Matlon Jordanna
Published: January 2023

This chapter highlights the visual terrain of Blackness in Abidjan's quartiers populaires. It interrogates sartorial expression, the brand, and the space of the sign as extensions of the media icon. The chapter first studies how marginal men employ their bodies to approximate the icons they so admire. It then highlights one brand, Dolce & Gabbana, that had been appropriated and made ubiquitous in the Abidjanais lexicon. The chapter looks at the art of the hand-painted barbershop sign and the gbaka (privately operated minibus), demonstrating how portraits of Black Atlantic icons redefined spaces that represented contemporary African urbanity and the un- and semiskilled jobs available to its men. These visual narratives of Black masculinity on Abidjan's periphery underscore how the registers of Black, male, and global act as signifiers of value and belonging. The chapter also considers how media tropes of global celebrities and local boys made good adorned barbershop signs and gbakas as constant invocations of the alter egos of marginal men.
Providing Potable Water and Wcs
Authors: Harp Stephen L.
Published: January 2023

This chapter details the rebuilding of infrastructures for potable water and sewage on the French Riviera after World War II. The postwar years saw an incredible increase in demand for potable water as tourists expected abundant fresh water for washing and flushing while working-class residents struggled to get homes with running water. All of that water had to go somewhere. Sewage systems pumped untreated waste into the sea, having been built when tourists came in winter and rarely entered the water. In the postwar rush, however, not only was there far more water waste, and far more tourists, but those tourists also expected to be able to swim and play in the Mediterranean. Given that sewage went directly into the sea, renovated sewer systems were imperative not only for residents but also for tourism, the economic lifeblood of the area. Water and sewage lines were under constant construction, providing dirty jobs often done by North African laborers. Yet in their own makeshift dwellings, those same men had limited access to potable water and rare access to WCs plumbed into sewers.
The Politics of Imperial Memory in France, 1850-1900
Authors: Carroll Christina R.
Published: January 2023

By highlighting the connections between domestic political struggles and overseas imperial structures, this book explains how and why French Republicans embraced colonial conquest as a central part of their political platform. The book explores the meaning and value of empire in late-nineteenth-century France, arguing that ongoing disputes about the French state's political organization intersected with racialized beliefs about European superiority over colonial others in French imperial thought. For much of this period, French writers and politicians did not always differentiate between continental and colonial empire. By employing a range of sources, the book demonstrates that the memory of older continental imperial models shaped French understandings of, and justifications for, their new colonial empire. The book shows that the slow identification of the two types of empire emerged due to a politicized campaign led by colonial advocates who sought to defend overseas expansion against their opponents. This new model of colonial empire was shaped by a complicated set of influences, including political conflict, the legacy of both Napoleons, international competition, racial science, and French experiences in the colonies. The book skillfully weaves together knowledge from its wide-ranging source base to articulate how the meaning and history of empire became deeply intertwined with the meaning and history of the French nation.
Redefining Republic And Empire In France After 1870–71
Authors: Carroll Christina B.
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War that lasted between 1870 and 1871. It explains how the war and the subsequent Paris Commune fractured the French political landscape. The debates over the relationship between empire, republic, and the events of 1870–71 gained strength from the way that the war and the Commune intersected with ongoing political tensions. The chapter elaborates on the année terrible through the perspective of the media in the Third Republic. It also discusses the efforts and criticisms of Bonapartism in trying to restore the vision Napoleon III had. On the other hand, republicanism borrowed political practices and economic policies from its predecessor and defined the empire as a problematic system of government that contradicted France's ideal political practices and values.
Defending a “Colonial Empire” in Republican France
Authors: Carroll Christina B.
Published: January 2023

This chapter covers the growing political consensus around colonial conquest affecting French discourses about empire during the mid-1890s. It elaborates on the outcome and the subsequent public opinion of France's colonial conquest of Madagascar and Vietnam. Around the 1890s, a growing number of French writers and politicians began to use the terms empire colonial and empire d'outre-mer to describe France's overseas territories. The chapter considers the political texts of the time being influenced by Bonapartism and early Third Republic ideas about colonialism. It also enumerates subjugation, autonomy and assimilation as Arthur Girault's principles and theoretical foundation of French colonial legislation.