bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation of the Lie/Bet Screen for Pathological Gambling on Two Normal Population Data Sets
Authors: Götestam K. Gunnar , Johansson Agneta , Wenzel Hanne Gro , Simonsen Inge-Ernald
Published: September 2010

The validity of the Lie/Bet Screen was tested on two community population samples, one adult ( n = 2,014) and one adolescent sample ( n = 3,237), in Norway. With positive responses on at least one of the questions on Lie/Bet Screen used as the cutoff point the screen showed high both sensitivity and specificity. The negative predictive value was also high, but the positive predictive value was comparatively lower. A prediction of probable pathological gambling or “At-risk gambling” based on both Lie/Bet questions identified a valid screening in the two samples (0.54% in adults, 5.6% in adolescents). Compared to the use of the full DSM–IV this is pretty close, with the figures 0.45% and 5.22%. It is concluded that the Lie/Bet Screen may function as a good screening device for pathological gambling plus At-risk gambling in normal community samples.
Application and Revision of the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale for Use with Korean Couples
Authors: Chung Hyunsook
Published: September 2010

To apply the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale to Korean couples, one item about the parenting role was added to the original scale. Using survey data from 350 married couples from the urban area of Seoul, Korea, this study investigated the availability of the original and revised forms in Korea. Values of internal consistency of responding, means, standard deviations and Pearson rs for both scales were remarkably consistent in the Korean sample and were good assessments of key dimensions of the marital process of Korean couples with children.
Reliability of Single-Item Ratings of Quality in Higher Education: A Replication
Authors: Ginns Paul , Barrie Simon
Published: September 2010

Single-item ratings of the quality of instructors or subjects are widely used by higher education institutions, yet such ratings are commonly assumed to have inadequate psychometric properties. Recent research has demonstrated that reliability of such ratings can indeed be estimated, using either the correction for attenuation formula or factor analytic methods. This study replicates prior research on the reliability of single-item ratings of quality of instruction, using a different, more student-fo-cussed approach to teaching and learning evaluation than used by previous researchers. Class average data from 1,097 classes, representing responses from 59,815 students, were analysed. At the “class” level of analysis, both methods of estimation suggested the single item of quality had high reliability: .96 using the correction for attenuation formula, and .94 using the factor analytic method. An alternative method of calculating reliability, which takes into account the hierarchical nature of the data, likewise suggested high estimated reliability (.92) of the single-item rating. These results indicate the suitability of the overall class rating for quality improvement in higher education, with a large sample.
Convergent Validity of the Larocque Obesity Questionnaire and Self-Reported Behavior during Obesity Treatment
Authors: Stotland S. C. , Larocque M.
Published: September 2010

A validation study of the Larocque Obesity Questionnaire designed for use in obesity treatment was performed. Unlike other measures of obesity, this questionnaire includes scales measuring general emotional state as well as eating behavior. Subscales measured uncontrolled eating, physical stress responses, depression, and perfectionism. Subjects were 458 women and 79 men in treatment for obesity by general practitioners. The subscales showed acceptable internal consistency and related in predictable ways to measures of eating behavior, depression, self-criticism, stress, physical complaints and weight-control motivation. Subjects in the heaviest weight category (Body Mass Index ≥ 40) showed higher scores on Stress Response and Depression subscales. There were no significant sex differences, after controlling for weight. All four subscales showed significant improvement after 5 wk., which indicates their sensitivity to changes during treatment.
Using the Range to Calculate the Coefficient of Variation
Authors: Rhiel G. Steven
Published: September 2010

In this research a coefficient of variation ( CVhigh-low) is calculated from the highest and lowest values in a set of data. Use of CVhigh-low when the population is normal, leptokurtic, and skewed is discussed. The statistic is the most effective when sampling from the normal distribution. With the leptokurtic distributions, CVhigh-low works well for comparing the relative variability between two or more distributions but does not provide a very “good” point estimate of the population coefficient of variation. With skewed distributions CVhigh-low works well in identifying which data set has the more relative variation but does not specify how much difference there is in the variation. It also does not provide a “good” point estimate.
Cross-Cultural Examination of Social Interactions during a One-Week Dousa-Hou (Japanese Psychorehabilitation) Camp
Authors: Kim Yong Seob , Kumar Surender
Published: September 2010

Dousa-hou is a Japanese psychological rehabilitation method which is widely used in Japan for children with mental retardation, cerebral palsy, and autism. The primary focus of the rehabilitation method is to improve bodily movements and posture as well as to introduce social support to patients and their first-degree relatives. Analysis showed mothers got more social support interacting with their child's trainer and supervisor during Dousa-hou. Trainers were more interactive than mothers in the Indian group, followed by the Japanese and Korean cultural groups.
Effect of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks on Death Anxiety in University Students
Authors: Campbell David , Felts W. Michael
Published: September 2010

A sample of 440 undergraduate university students completed the Templer Death Anxiety Scale 2 wk. prior to and 2 wk. after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Women comprised 66% of the sample, and 79% of the sample identified themselves as 18 to 21 years of age and either freshmen or sophomores. There was no significant mean difference in the pre- and postterrorist attack Death Anxiety scores. Differences were found on two individual scale items.
Legalized Gambling and Crime in Canada
Authors: Bridges F. Stephen , Williamson C. Bennett
Published: September 2010

In the 10 provinces and 2 territories of Canada in 2000, but not in 1990, the total number of types of gambling activities was positively associated with rates of robbery ( p < .05). Controls for other social variables did not eliminate these associations. With so many correlations in the present study the likelihood of a Type I error was quite large. Alpha was adjusted to control that likelihood. Statistical analysis now required even stronger evidence before concluding that there were significant relationships between crime and gambling variables or among gambling variables. In the 10 provinces of Canada in 1999/2000, the total numbers of electronic gambling machines for each province was associated with rates of theft over $5000 ( p < .01). In 1990 there were positive associations found for burglary with off-track betting and race/sportsbooks; motor vehicle theft with off-track betting, and race/sportsbooks; rate of theft with casinos; quarter horse racing with thoroughbred racing. In 2000 there were positive associations for robbery with casinos and slot machines; casinos with slot machines; scratch tickets with raffles, break-open tickets, sports tickets, and charitable bingo; raffles with break-open tickets, sports tickets, and charitable bingo; break-open tickets with sports tickets; charitable bingo with break-open tickets and sports tickets.
Failure of a Traffic Control “Fatality” Sign to Affect Pedestrians' and Motorists' Behavior
Authors: Harrell W. Andrew , David-Evans Maria , Gartrell John
Published: September 2010

The behavior of 643 pedestrians and 1749 motorists at two signal-controlled intersections was observed over a 2-mo. period of observation in March and November. One intersection had a coffin-shaped traffic sign with the wording “Fatality” erected during the first month of observation (March). The second intersection was identical in traffic and pedestrian volume but lacked a “Fatality” sign in either March or November. “Fatality” signs are erected and maintained by the City of Edmonton for 6 mo. whenever a pedestrian death has occurred, and they are intended to raise the awareness of both pedestrians and motorists concerning the risks at dangerous intersections. This sign had been removed for nearly 3 mo. when a follow-up observation was made in November. While female pedestrians and pedestrians over the age of 50 years showed greater caution at both intersections, the presence or absence of the “Fatality” sign had no statistically significant influence on safety. Similarly, the presence or absence of a sign did not significantly influence motorists' behavior. Of motorists 7.6% ran either amber or red traffic control lights at the two intersections. The “Fatality” sign did not affect the rates of these violations.
Relations of Sex, Age, Perceived Fitness, and Aerobic Activity with Social Physique Anxiety in Adults Sixty Years and Older
Authors: Lanning Beth A. , Bowden Rodney G. , Owens Robin , Massey-Stokes Marilyn
Published: September 2010

Self-reported physical activity, and perceived fitness were examined to assess their effects on social physique anxiety in a sample of older individuals ( N = 249; M age = 70.4 yr., SD = 8.2). Participants reported their fitness as “average” to “above average.” There were no significant effects of perceived fitness or age on social physique anxiety scores. The women had significantly higher social physique anxiety scores than the men.
A Longitudinal Study: Some Preliminary Results of Association of Prenatal Maternal Stress and Fetal Movements, Temperament Factors in Early Childhood and Behavior at Age 2 Years
Authors: Niederhofer Helmut
Published: September 2010

Niederhofer (1994) found that maternal stress during pregnancy was significantly associated with development of personality in early childhood. This study examined the correlation between maternal stress (self-report) during pregnancy for 22 women, its ultrasound objectification by observation of intrauterine fetal movements, child's temperament in early childhood, and child's Independence and social behavior at the age of 2 years while controlling for possible confounding variables. Only intrauterine fetal movements (head/arm/leg) were not associated with stress during pregnancy, temperament, or independence.
How is Stigmatization Affected by the “Layering” of Stigmatized Conditions, Such as Serious Mental Illness and HIV?
Authors: Walkup James , Cramer Laura J. , Yeras Jeddel
Published: September 2010

Vignettes were used to examine the effect of labeling a person with two stigmatized illnesses, HIV disease and serious mental illness (schizophrenia). The additive model predicted that stigma associated with combined HIV and serious mental illness would resemble the simple sum of those for the two conditions. The discounting model predicted that the presence of serious mental illness would lead subjects to view the target individual as less responsible for infection, resulting in less stigmatization than given for HIV alone. Data collected from 244 participants at a public northeastern university supported the additive model. Stigmatization was highest in the group labeled with both HIV and serious mental illness, while stigmatization associated with someone with only HIV was less than those associated with someone with only serious mental illness. Possible explanations are discussed.
Emotional Regulation Strategies and Negotiation
Authors: Yurtsever Gülçimen
Published: September 2010

This study examined the relationship between profit achievement and emotional regulation strategies, using Kelley's Negotiation Game to measure profit achievement. The game involves bargaining for the prices of three products. Emotional Regulation Strategies were measured by The Emotional Regulation Questionnaire. Scores were obtained from 104 lower level managers of a bank in Turkey. Their average age was 32.0 yr. ( SD = 3.7), (39 women and 65 men). A correlation of .65 ( p < .01) was obtained between scores on profit achievement with scores on Cognitive Reappraisal strategy and –.50 ( p < .01) with scores on Suppression strategy.
English Letter Frequencies and Their Applications: Part II—Digraph Frequencies
Authors: Ridley Dennis R. , Lively B. Malcolm
Published: September 2010

This article continues the presentation of new data regarding the frequencies of English letters organized by word length and letter position. Digraphs (defined here as all two-letter combinations) were the objects of study. The frequencies of digraphs were derived from a sample of 320,780 English words (including 6505 different words), which were credibly demonstrated by Whissell to be a parsimonious representation of modern English word usage. A total of 997,380 digraphs were counted and sorted by locations according to word length and digraph positions within words. As assessed by the Whissell source, the data about digraphs presented accurately represent the frequencies with which digraphs occur in modern English. How these data can provide a resource for reading research and practice is explored.
Relations between Big Five Traits and Fundamental Motives
Authors: Olson Kenneth R. , Weber Dale A.
Published: September 2010

Relations were examined between configurations of Big Five Traits (Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, Openness to Experience) and 16 fundamental motives (Social Contact, Curiosity, Honor, Power, Order, Idealism, Independence, Status, Vengeance, Romance, Family, Activity, Saving, Acceptance, Eating, Tranquility) in 138 university students (93 women, 45 men; M age = 20.3 yr., SD = 4.5). Big Five traits were measured with the NEO-PI–R and motives were measured with the Reiss Profile of Fundamental Goals and Motivation Sensitivities. The traits were significantly related with all the motives (adjusted R2 = .06 to .43) except Physical Activity. Four motives were related with only one trait and nine configurations of two or more traits were correlated with the remaining 11 motives. Total motive scores across all participants, an index of the strength of overall motivation, were positively correlated with Extraversion and Neuroticism and negatively with Agreeableness.
Did the Defeat of Saddam Hussein Reduce Suicide Bombing Casualties and Attacks in Israel? A Statistical Analysis
Authors: Schumm Walter R.
Published: September 2010

It was hypothesized that one of the reasons for the U.S. invasion of Iraq was to stop the payments being made by Saddam Hussein to the families of suicide (homicide) bombers in Israel. The consequences of suicide (homicide) bombing attacks against Israel between March 2001 and August 2004 were evaluated as related to the time of the U.S. invasion of Iraq. On average per month during this period, there were fewer overall casualties after the invasion than before it. As many as nearly 1,100 casualties may have been prevented in Israel as a consequence of the U.S. invasion of Iraq, suggesting that at least one possible goal of the U.S. invasion may have been achieved, at least as averaged over the first 17 months after the invasion.
Comparing Professional Schools and Traditional Clinical Program Faculty on Measures of Professional and Scientific Achievement
Authors: Tews Mindy Jane , Templer Donald I. , Stokes Shelley , Forward Valerie
Published: September 2010

474 faculty in 56 professional clinical psychology programs were compared with 972 faculty from 157 traditional clinical psychology programs. The faculty in the professional programs were more likely to be licensed (93% to 85%) and to be diplomates of the American Board of Professional Psychology (15% to 11%, respectively). The faculty in traditional programs averaged more publications (35 vs 17) and citations, and they were more likely to be fellows of the American Psychological Association (26% to 11%). These differences appear congruent with the different missions and objectives of the two types of programs. There were no differences in the number of years since the doctorate, used as a measure of professional experience.
The Irrational Beliefs Inventory: Cross-Cultural Comparisons between South African and Previously Published Dutch and American Samples
Authors: Du Plessis Marilize , Möller André T. , Steel Henry R.
Published: September 2010

The Irrational Beliefs Inventory gives a measure of irrational beliefs, as postulated by Ellis's Rational Emotive Behavior therapy. Given the increasing cross-cultural use of psychometric scales, it is important to assess whether the psychometric properties of the inventory are consistent across cultures. In the present study cross-cultural applicability, in terms of internal consistency and independence of subscales, was investigated for an ad hoc sample of White ( n = 100, M age = 21.3 yr., SD = 4.0) and Black ( n = 82, M age = 19.8 yr., SD = 2.2) undergraduate South African university students. Cronbach coefficients alpha for the subscales and Pearson correlations between subscales for American and Dutch students, as reported by Bridges and Sanderman, were compared with those indices for the South African students. The magnitude and rank order of Cronbach α, as well as the correlations between subscales for the three groups showed strong similarities. Values of alpha for the Black South African students were lower in magnitude on all subscales than those for American, Dutch, and White South African samples, but intercorrelations between subscale scores were consistent. Findings in the present study are supportive of the cross-cultural applicability of the Irrational Beliefs Inventory to White South African students but not to South African Black students.
The Increasing English Homicide Rate
Authors: Lester David
Published: September 2010

In England and Wales from 1980 to 1987, the increasing homicide rate did not appear to be associated with an increase in the proportion of 15- to 24-yr.-olds.
Documentation of Ethnicity
Authors: Brašić James Robert
Published: September 2010

The comparison of the ethnic composition of an intermediate care facility with several Hispanic residents and the general population was hindered by the absence of categorization of ethnicity according to the United States Census. If all Hispanic residents of the facility were white, then 55% of the facility population were white, a proportion comparable to the 58.2% white population of the general population. On the other hand, if all the Hispanic residents were not white, then 27.5% of the facility residents were white. In that case, the proportion of white residents of the facility is much less than in the general population. Therefore, a Demographic Coding Form was developed to capture the essential data to make direct comparisons and contrasts with the general population recorded by the United States Census. Since the United States Census records Hispanic ethnic minority status as a separate category independent from all other ethnic groups, the design of experiments to investigate the possible effects of ethnicity on populations wisely incorporates the administration of a Demographic Coding Form to capture the key ethnic data to permit direct comparison with the general population.
Sex Differences in Attitudes toward Computers and the Internet
Authors: Yang Bijou , Lester David
Published: September 2010

A study of 137 undergraduate students yielded no sex differences in attitudes toward computers or the Internet.
Did Freud Mislead Patients to Confabulate Memories of Abuse? A Reply to Gleaves and Hernandez (1999)
Authors: Powell Russell A. , Boer Douglas P.
Published: September 2010

Gleaves and Hernandez have argued that skepticism about the validity of Freud's seduction theory, including by Powell and Boer, is largely unjustified. This paper contends that their analysis is in many ways both inaccurate and misleading. For example, we did not, as they implied, reject the possibility that some of Freud's early patients were victims of childhood sexual abuse. We also maintain that the weight of the available evidence indicates that false memories of traumatic events probably can be implanted, and that Freud's (1896/1962a) original evidence for the validity of his patients' recovered memories remains lacking in several respects—particularly in view of the extremely suggestive procedures he often used to elicit such memories.
Autonomy and Job Satisfaction for a Sample of Greek Teachers
Authors: Koustelios Athanasios D. , Karabatzaki Despina , Kousteliou Ioanna
Published: September 2010

Analysing the relation between Job Satisfaction and Autonomy in a sample of 300 Greek teachers (114 men and 186 women, 28 to 59 years old) from primary and secondary schools, showed statistically significant positive correlations between Job Satisfaction and Autonomy. Particularly, Autonomy was correlated with Job Itself (.21), Supervision (.22), and the Organizational as a Whole (.27), aspects of Job Satisfaction. Findings are in line with previous studies conducted in different cultural contexts. Percent common variance accounted for is small.
A Phenomenological and Perceptual Research Methodology for Understanding Hypnotic Experiencing
Authors: Woodard Fredrick James
Published: September 2010

Phenomenology and perceptual psychology opens up the essential meanings of hypnosis by presenting a qualitative method as an alternative to the current predominant quantitative method in the study of hypnosis. Scales that measure susceptibility from behavioral and cognitive aspects abound in the hypnosis literature, but understanding the structure of hypnotic experiencing is yet to come. A new qualitative approach to researching hypnotic experiencing by combining aspects of phenomenological research as in work of Giorgi, Moustakas, and Wertz, familiarity with Husserl's philosophy, and a perceptual psychological research method (cf. work by Combs, Richards, & Richards and by Wasicsko). The author utilized this combined methodology to formulate the theory of Perceptually Oriented Hypnosis. This methodology enables the therapist or professional and patient or client to share benefits from the effects of their hypnotic experiencing in its intersubjective sense. This method can be applied in numerous life situations such as teaching and therapy in addition to the experimental situation.
Enterprise Failures Correlate Positively with Suicide Rate for Both Sexes in Japan
Authors: Yamasaki Akiko , Chinami Masanobu , Morgenthaler Stephan , Kaneko Yoshihiro , Nakashima Kazuko , Shirakawa Taro
Published: September 2010

Correlations among suicide rate, unemployment rate, and enterprise failure were examined from 1976 to 1994 by using a Loess smoothing method. Significant positive correlations were found between suicide rate in men and unemployment and between suicide rate in both sexes and enterprise failure ( p < .001).
Self-Control, Deviant Peers, and Software Piracy
Authors: Higgins George E. , Makin David A.
Published: September 2010

Tests of self-control theory have examined a substantial number of criminal behaviors, but no study has examined the correlation of low self-control with software piracy. Using data collected from 302 students in this university, this study examined the correlation of low self-control with software piracy and the moderating role of associating with deviant peers in this correlation. Low self-control correlated with software piracy more strongly for those who had high associations with deviant peers than for students with low associations with deviant peers. Analysis indicated differential links for lack of moral attitude in relation to software piracy and favorable attitudes for software piracy for varying association with deviant peers.
Depression, Optimism, and Positive Health Practices in Young Adolescents
Authors: Yarcheski Thomas J. , Mahon Noreen E. , Yarcheski Adela
Published: September 2010

Correlations among depression, optimism, and positive health practices were studied in young adolescents. A sample of 131 boys and girls, aged 12 to 14 ( M = 13.2, SD = .8) completed the Revised Personal Lifestyle Questionnaire, the Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale, and the Life Orientation Test. A negative correlation (–.47) was found between scores on Depression and Positive Health Practices, and the correlation for scores on Optimism and Positive Health Practices was .52.
Use of Paradoxical Intention in the Context of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Authors: Sharp William G. , Wilson Kelly G. , Schulenberg Stefan E.
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this paper is to describe the use of therapeutic paradox within the contextual-behavioral treatment called Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Emphasis is on the difference between inherent and constructed paradox, expanding on previous work and emphasizing Acceptance and Commitment Therapy's relationship to Logotherapy.
Smoking and Depressive Symptoms among Children Ages 11 to 16 Years
Authors: Becoña Elisardo , Míguez M. Carmen
Published: September 2010

Relationships between cigarette smoking and depressive symptoms were analysed in a representative random sample of 1447 secondary-school children aged 11 to 16 years in Galicia (NW Spain). The sample comprised 797 boys (55.1%) and 650 girls (44.9%). Their mean age was 12.8 yr. ( SD = 1.2). Depressive symptoms, evaluated with the Children's Depression Inventory, were reported by 11.0% of children who responded they had never smoked, versus 23.7% of those who said they sometimes smoked, and 44.2% of those who identified themselves as current daily smokers. These results indicate an association between smoking and depression among children in this age group.
Attitudes toward Extrarelational Sex as a Function of Participant's and Third Party's Gender
Authors: Qaqiesh Elizabeth , Regan Pamela C.
Published: September 2010

An experiment was conducted to examine whether attitudes toward extrarelational sex, i.e., “swinging,” differed as a function of participant's gender and gender of the third party, i.e., the “swinging” partner. Participants were asked to imagine that their current romantic partner had expressed an interest in “swinging” with another individual (male or female, randomly assigned). Analysis yielded several significant differences by participants' gender. Specifically, men expressed greater interest than did women in joining a swinger's club, reported a higher likelihood than did women of actually joining such a club, and believed more than women that their sex life with their partner would improve after joining a swinger's club. Participants also preferred a female more than a male swinging partner, although this comparison was not statistically significant.
A Study Orientation Questionnaire in Mathematics for Use in a Tertiary Environment
Authors: Maree Jacobus G. , Steyn Tobia M.
Published: September 2010

The Study Orientation Questionnaire in Mathematics Tertiary is being developed as a diagnostic measure for South African lecturers and counselors to help students improve their orientation toward the study of mathematics. In this pilot study subjects were freshman black students registered for the Five-year Study Programme in the School of Engineering at the University of Pretoria. During the first phase of the standardisation in 2000, 33 students (28 men; 5 women, M age =19.6, SD = .9) were assessed, and in 2001, 40 students (27 men, 13 women, M age = 19.2, SD = .9). In 2002 the questionnaire was administered to 51 students (39 men, 12 women, M age =19.1, SD = .9). Analysis showed satisfactory reliability coefficients and item-field correlations. Step-wise linear regression in 2001 indicated that a combination of two fields, namely, Information Processing and Problem-solving Behaviour in mathematics, contributed significantly ( R2 = 46.9%) to predicting achievement in calculus. In 2002 one field, Mathematics Confidence, contributed significantly ( R2 = 25.2%) to that prediction.
Assigning Blame in British and American Students
Authors: Yang Bijou , James Simon , Lester David
Published: September 2010

British university students ( n = 142) obtained a higher mean external locus of control score than did American university students ( n = 185) overall and, in particular, on items related to politicians and government.
Religion and Perceived Stress among Undergraduates during Fall 2001 Final Examinations
Authors: Pollard Lawanda J. , Bates Larry W.
Published: September 2010

To examine the relationship of religion and perceived stress, 97 undergraduate college students responded to the Perceived Stress Scale, the Spiritual Well-being Scale, and the Intrinsic/Extrinsic–Revised scale during a period of extreme national stressors during Fall 2001, namely, the September 11th terrorist attacks, anthrax scare, and war in Afghanistan, in addition to the local stressor of pending final college examinations. Scores on the Perceived Stress Scale were negatively correlated to scores on Existential Well-being (–.66), Religious Well-being (–.43), and Intrinsic Religious Orientation (–.44). Age was unrelated to all variables. Both the quality (well-being) of students' religious experience and the orientation of that experience were related to their perception of stress.
Testing a Social Psychological Model of Strategy Use with Students of English as a Foreign Language
Authors: Hsiao Tsung-Yuan
Published: September 2010

This replication study tested MacIntyre's Social Psychological Model of Strategy Use. Participants were 137 first-year college students (100 men and 37 women), all in their late teens or early 20s, learning English as a foreign language in a university in Taiwan. McIntyre specified three conditions for use of language-learning strategies in his model: awareness of the strategy, having a reason to use it, and not having a reason not to use it. Stepwise multiple regression analyses of data measured by Oxford's 50-item Strategy Inventory for Language Learning partially support this model because only Knowledge about the Strategy (representing the first condition) and Difficulty about Using It (representing the third condition) made significant independent contributions to the prediction of use of most of the 50 strategies. Close examination of the results poses questions about MacIntyre and Noels' thesis, as implied in their revised model, that reason to use the strategy and reason not to use the strategy are independent. The present replication suggests a need for further revision of the model. Use of methods more advanced than the multiple regression is recommended to test and refine the model.
Dementia and Behavioral Disturbance: Does Premorbid Personality Really Matter?
Authors: Gould Shannon L. , Hyer Leon A.
Published: September 2010

This study considers the influence of premorbid personality on the expression of behavioral disturbances among individuals with dementia. A total of 68 outpatients with a diagnosis of dementia were assessed for current cognitive functioning, premorbid personality traits, and new behavioral disturbances since dementia onset. The results of this study show some evidence for the influence of personality on the expression of both irritability and withdrawal. Specifically, increased withdrawal and irritability after dementia onset were associated with an inhibited premorbid personality style. In addition, a premorbidly independent personality style was associated with less withdrawal. Further research is needed to clarify the role of premorbid personality on behaviors in this population.
Application of a Mixed Model Approach for Assessment of Interventions and Evaluation of Programs
Authors: Vallejo G. , Fernández J. R. , Secades R.
Published: September 2010

Many social programs and programs for prevention of drug use are designed to affect a wide variety of targets, including individuals, families and neighborhoods, and organizations such as schools, companies, or hospitals. The nature of the intervention and the design of the particular study determine the choice of the appropriate unit of analysis in assessments of outcome. When the units of assignment and units of observation differ from one another, that is, when clusters of persons rather than persons are assigned at random to treatments, analyses performed at lower levels in the study hierarchy provide inefficient estimates of parameters and often lead to inappropriate significance tests. The present goal was to illustrate the applications of linear mixed models for evaluating statistically the effectiveness of programs.
Judgement of Risk in Traumatized and Nontraumatized Emergency Medical Service Personnel
Authors: Nortje Charl , Roberts Craig B. , Möller André T.
Published: September 2010

This study investigated the hypothesis that posttraumatic stress is associated with a judgement of risk bias, defined as an overestimation of the likelihood of the occurrence of adverse events, as proposed by information-processing theories of posttraumatic stress disorder. Emergency medical service personnel with high PTSD symptomatology ( n = 27) and without PTSD symptoms ( n = 74) completed the PTSD Symptom Scale: Self-report version, the Work Experiences Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, and an Event Probability Questionnaire. Analysis showed that individuals with high PTSD symptomatology exhibited significantly more judgement of risk bias, that this cognitive bias was towards a wider range of threats than those involving only the threat of external harm, and that intrusion was its best predictor.
Reasons for Use of the Family and Medical Leave Act by Sex and Age
Authors: Lee Jo Ann , Sanford Zachary
Published: September 2010

Applications (completed between 1995 and 2000) for leave by full-time staff employees working for a southeastern university of moderate size were examined by sex and age. Chi-square tests for frequencies of requests by reason (care for others vs own health condition) for taking leave were not associated with sex but were associated with age. The Family and Medical Leave Act may help both men and women assume dual roles of worker and family caregiver. Older workers were more likely to take leave to care for their own health condition than to care for others.
Self-Concept and Self-Efficacy: A Test of the Internal/External Frame of Reference Model and Predictions of Subsequent Motivation and Achievement
Authors: Skaalvik Einar M. , Skaalvik Sidsel
Published: September 2010

We examined how final grades in mathematics and verbal arts in the first year of high school (Grade 11) were predicted in a Norwegian population by sex, previous grades in middle school (Grade 10), self-concept, self-efficacy at a domain-specific level, and intrinsic motivation. Direct and indirect relations were examined by means of a series of regression analyses. Participants were 483 students from six Norwegian high schools. End of term grades in high school correlated positively with grades in middle school in both mathematics ( r = .62) and verbal arts ( r = .55). The relation between grades at the two points of time was to a large extent mediated through mathematics, verbal self-concept, and self-efficacy. Intrinsic motivation also correlated positively with subsequent achievement ( r = .63 and .42 in mathematics and verbal arts, respectively). However, intrinsic motivation had little predictive value for subsequent grades over and above the prediction made by self-concept and self-efficacy. Thus, self-concept and self-efficacy were the strongest predictors of subsequent grades. Predictions from the Internal/External frame of reference model were supported for self-concept but not for domain-specific self-efficacy.
Response to Kirkpatrick (2004): Differential Risk Theory and Lesbian Parenthood
Authors: Schumm Walter R.
Published: September 2010

Kirkpatrick's recent comments on Schumm's critique of Tasker and Golombok's 1995 research are discussed, as well as the 1981 seminal research of Kirkpatrick, Smith, and Roy. Considerations of differential risk within social exchange theory may be useful when examining views that equate gay and lesbian relationships with mixed-gender relationships at the macrosociological level.
Revised Multicultural Perspective Index and Measures of Depression, Life Satisfaction, Shyness, and Self-Esteem
Authors: Mowrer Robert R. , Parker Keesha N.
Published: September 2010

In a 2002 publication, Mowrer and McCarver reported weak but significant correlations ( r = .24) between scores on the Multicultural Perspective Index and scores on Neugarten, Havighurst, and Tobin's 1961 Life Satisfaction Index-A and the Life Satisfaction Scale developed in 1985 by Diener, Emmons, Larsen, and Griffin. Using 382 undergraduate students the present study reduced the Index from 42 to 29 items based on each item's correlation with total items. An additional 104 undergraduate students then completed the modified 29-item version, Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale, Cheek and Buss's Shyness Scale, the Self-rating Depression Scale by Zung, and the Neugarten, et al. Life Satisfaction Index-A. Scores on the modified Index were negatively correlated with those on the Depression and Shyness scales and positively correlated with scores on the Self-esteem and Life Satisfaction scales ( p < .05).
Diagnostic Accuracy of the British Columbia Major Depression Inventory
Authors: Iverson Grant L. , Remick Ronald
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the diagnostic accuracy and clinical usefulness of the British Columbia Major Depression Inventory. Participants were 62 patients with depression referred by their psychiatrist or family physician, 19 general medical outpatients with no psychiatric problems referred by their family physicians, and 49 community control subjects. Mean age for the control subjects was 50.2 yr. ( SD = 11.8), and mean education was 14.6 yr. ( SD = 2.8). Approximately 59% were women. Mean age for the patients with depression was 41.1 yr. ( SD = 12.5), and mean education was 14.6 yr. ( SD = 3.2). Approximately 71% were women. Scores of 9 or less are considered broadly normal. Applying this cut-off, the sensitivity of the test to detect depression was .92, and the specificity was .99. Thus, the test did not identify approximately 8% of the cases of depression, with 1.5% false positives. This inventory is a relatively new depression screening test patterned after the DSM–IV criteria for major depression. This study adds to a growing literature on the reliability, validity, and clinical usefulness of the test.
Ego Functions in Relation to Stressful Life Events and Indices of Psychopathology in Paranoid Schizophrenia
Authors: Basu Jayanti , Basu Saugata , Bhattacharyya Somnath
Published: September 2010

This study explored the role of 12 ego functions in relation to Stressful Life Events and three indices of psychopathology, namely, Psychoticism, Anxiety, and Depression among 60 Bengali adult patients suffering from Paranoid Schizophrenia. Adapted versions of Bellak's Ego Function Assessment–M, Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were administered to them. Stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated that Object Relation was associated with all three indices. Scores on Reality Testing correlated with those on Psychoticism, Stressful Life Events and scores on Thought Process with Anxiety, and Stressful Life Events, Sense of Reality, and scores on Defensive Functions with Depression. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that Object Relation also moderated between stressful life events and anxiety.
Research Burnout: A Refined Multidimensional Scale
Authors: Singh Surendra N. , Dalal Nikunj , Mishra Sanjay
Published: September 2010

In a prevailing academic climate where there are high expectations for faculty to publish and generate grants, the exploration of Research Burnout among higher education faculty has become increasingly important. Unfortunately, it is a topic that has not been well researched empirically. In 1997 Singh and Bush developed a unidimensional scale to measure Research Burnout. A closer inspection of the definition of this construct and the composition of its items suggests, however, that the construct may be multidimensional and analogous to Maslach's Psychological Burnout Scale. In this paper, we propose a refined, multidimensional Research Burnout scale and test its factorial validity using confirmatory factor analysis. The nomological validity of this refined scale is established by examining hypothesized relationships between Research Burnout and other constructs such as Intrinsic Motivation for doing research, Extrinsic Pressures to do research, and Knowledge Obsolescence.
Sibling Effects, Environmental Influences, and University Attendance: A Follow-up Study
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: September 2010

In 2002 Marjoribanks examined relations among sibling variables, environmental influences, and school dropout. In this follow-up study, relations were examined between sibling variables (number of children in the family, birth order position) and university attendance. Data were collected from 8,005 (4,116 women, 3,889 men) Australian young adults ( M age = 20.1 yr., SD = 0.5). Logistic regression analyses in the two studies indicated that (a) young adults from Asian, Middle Eastern, and middle-class families were less likely to drop out of school and more likely to attend a university than were young Australians from Anglo-Australian, English, European, and working-class backgrounds, and (b) after taking into account differences in family background and learning environment measures, there continued to be small but significant relations between the number of children in families, birth-order position, and the likelihood that young people would drop out of school or attend a university.
Sociodemographic, Sociocultural, and Individual Predictors of Reported Feelings of Meaninglessness among South African Adolescents
Authors: Morojele Neo K. , Brook Judith S.
Published: September 2010

The purpose of the study was to predict adolescents' sense of meaninglessness about South Africa's sociopolitical situation from sociodemographic, individual level, and sociocultural factors. The participants comprised 39 male and 64 female students from three schools in Cape Town, and had a mean age of 15.2 yr. ( SD = 1.8 yr.). They completed an adaptation of Neal and Groat's Meaninglessness scale and measures of sociodemographic (age, sex, and parental occupation, household amenities, and household hunger as proxy measures of socioeconomic status), sociocultural (cultural pride and an adaptation of McClosky and Schaar's anomy scale), and individual level (depression, general life satisfaction, and knowledge of HIV status) factors. A multiple regression analysis indicated that the adolescents with higher reported scores for meaninglessness about South Africa's sociopolitical situation reported lower socioeconomic status, a stronger sense of anomy, and more symptoms of depression.
University Faculty Preparation of Students in Using Natural Environment Practices with Young Children
Authors: Dunst Carl J. , Bruder Mary Beth
Published: September 2010

155 university faculty teaching students in physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech and language pathology, early childhood special education, or multidisciplinary studies programs were surveyed to assess how the students were taught how to use everyday family and community activities as natural learning opportunities for young children. Analysis showed that the faculty provided very little training in using community activity settings as contexts for children's learning and that physical therapy faculty provided less training in using natural environments as sources of children's learning opportunities than faculty in the other disciplines.
Interpretation of MMPI—A Scale 5 with Female Patients
Authors: Meunier Gary , Bodkins Misty
Published: September 2010

The present report describes clinical data useful in interpreting the meaning of elevations of Scale 5 of the MMPI–A with adolescent girls. Previous commentaries on the clinical significance of such scores have been ambiguous. The present findings suggest that scores which are elevated but still below a T value of 65 on this scale will be associated with acting out in treatment settings.
Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking among Male Kuwait University Undergraduate Students
Authors: Alansari B.
Published: September 2010

A total of 777 male undergraduates were randomly selected from different faculties of Kuwait University. Their mean age was 20.2 yr. ( SD ± 1.4). The respondents were administered a precoded questionnaire: 42.2% of these students reported themselves to be cigarette smokers, and 56.5% reported being nonsmokers.
Sensory Preconditioning, the Espinet Effect, and Heider's Balance Theory: Note on Animal Reasoning of Event Relations
Authors: Nakajima Sadahiko
Published: September 2010

Sensory preconditioning and the Espinet effect illustrate that animals can reason about event relations. In sensory preconditioning, a combination of positive A-B and B-C relations yields a positive A-C relation. In the Espinet effect, a combination of a negative A-B relation and a positive B-C relation yields a negative A-C relation. Using analogies of Heider's balance theory of human attitudes, we predict that nonhuman animals would also infer a positive A-C relation from negative A-B and B-C relations.
Assessing Medical Students' Personalities: A Parallel Comparison of Normed and Perception-Based Metrics
Authors: Meit Scott S. , Cubic Barbara A. , Borges Nicole J. , Yasek Van
Published: September 2010

Various methodologies have been applied in the study of physicians' and medical students' personalities. Little, however, has been reported on distinguishing medical students' self-perceptions from their objectively measured personality traits. 687 first-year medical students at three U.S. medical schools were administered the 16PF and a parallel, author-generated, self-rating form. Paired sample t tests yielded significant differences between students' perceived personality traits vs normed measures of these traits on 14 of 16 personality factor dimensions. Students self-attributed greater magnitudes of socially acceptable traits than their objective scores indicated, as well as less domineering, suspicious, and self-doubting. Implications for admissions and career counseling are discussed.
Student Information Literacy: Psychometric Validation of a Self-Efficacy Report
Authors: Brown Gavin T. L.
Published: September 2010

Psychometric characteristics of the Student Information Literacy Self-efficacy Report based on responses from 498 students ages 9 to 12 years are reported. Students report their self-efficacy (confidence and difficulty) in 11 different phases of being information literate, i.e., developing a topic, planning, self-management, locating sources, selecting sources, retrieving information, analysing information, evaluating information, synthesising knowledge, presenting knowledge, and self-evaluation using a positively packed rating scale. The data were strongly internally consistent (Cronbach α = .95) with a test-retest reliability of .78. The 11 phases, factors measured by a matching pair of self-efficacy questions, were confirmed (χ2 = 529.68; df = 198; RMSEA = .058; TLI = .940). Ratings were correlated low with teachers' ratings and test scores of information literacy skills and moderately correlated with academic self-concept. The test provides unique information about students' self-efficacy for information literacy. Its use in classrooms is warranted.