bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heat and Drought Stresses in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Substantial Yield Losses, Practical Achievements, Improvement Approaches, and Adaptive Mechanisms
Authors: Zulkiffal Muhammad , Ahsan Aneela , Ahmed Javed , Musa Muhammad , Kanwal Amna , Saleem Muhammad , Anwar Javed , ur Rehman Aziz , Ajmal Sadia , Gulnaz Saima , Makky Javaid Muhammad
Published: January 2021

The major wheat-producing countries have heterogeneous and fragile agro climatic surroundings but frequently restraining wheat yield and quality losses are predominant under heat and drought prone agriculture exclusively when both stresses occur in blend, which looms the food security globally. However, many suggested examples are available in these countries for the mitigation of these two stresses by using different conventional and modern improvement and agronomic approaches. In addition to these approaches, morphological, physiological, anatomical, biochemical, phenological, and physiochemical vicissitudes, which trigged during these stresses, have also been elucidated. There complete deliberation in combination for wheat improvement is still a contest, but a win-win option is a holistic attitude in future.
Development of an Ocean Hazards Classification Scheme (OHCS) for Projecting Future Scenario Vulnerability Ranking on Coastal Built Infrastructure
Authors: Francis Oceana , Yang Linqiang , Togia Harrison , Panteleev Gleb
Published: January 2021

From many sources, we develop an ocean hazard classification scheme (OHCS) based on the collection of historical and projected ocean hazards data at 302 locations along Hawaii’s state coastal highways. The OHCS identifies ocean hazards impacting coastal built infrastructure, i.e. roadways. In the OHCS, we first rank the vulnerability of: sea level rise; waves; shoreline change; tsunami; and storm surge. Next, using our developed OHCS, provide the vulnerability ranking for all five variables combined. We find the highest OHCS to be on Molokai, the island that has the highest OHCS numbers for most of the island. For the majority of state highway locations in Hawaii, we find the highest vulnerability is from storm surge, with tsunami threat being the second largest contributor. Sea level rise should also be considered a contributor since higher sea levels contribute to more extreme storm surge and tsunami inundation. Although the OHCS is applied towards roads in our study, our method can be applied towards any coastal island-based built infrastructure vulnerability scheme. This is an important tool in planning for future construction projects or identifying which hazards to focus on in more detailed assessments, such a probabilistic risk assessment in a more localized location.
SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus Ancestors under a Molecular Scope
Authors: Adel Abdelghany Maram , Abdullah Gozai Alghamdi Sarah , Ibrahim Eid Jehane
Published: January 2021

The Pandemic of COVID-19 has been thoroughly followed and discussed on many levels due to the high level of attention that it has brought by its effect on the world. While this disease might seem like to arise out of the blue, we will shed light on COVID-19 disease which is caused by the virus SARS-CoV2 and belong to family of coronaviruses. We will discuss current knowledge about SARS-CoV2 emergence, diagnosis, its mode of action, and genomic information, For an antiviral treatment to be used, it should be preceded by a foundation of information about the virus genome and its family as discussed in this review.
The Changing Concept of Self and Identity in Aging Working Women from Shelter Homes: Case Studies on Rebuilding of Interpersonal Relationships
Authors: Das Nivedita
Published: January 2021

Violence against women has been the subject of study in many countries and in different cultures. The fact that women enjoy a secondary position in many societies is proved through different studies, in spite of the changes in the laws of the countries. How differently a woman is treated at home and work front too is a known subject of research. There are numerous women out there who have been forced into the work force without any option left for them to decide otherwise. May be they don’t enjoy the recognition they deserve and the only motivating force for them is the preservation of their individual dignity. There is no certainty about their future yet they are successful in many ways. Here are three women who have dared to raise a voice against the injustice done to them and have ended up in shelter homes for having a mind which thinks differently than the imposed social norms and customs set by the society and have used their voice to get help to preserve their dignity. From uncertainty about life and hopelessness to gaining confidence, having a strong resiliency to hoping for a better future for the future generation, they have seen it all and have extraordinary inspiring life stories to share with the ordinary women.
Abdominal Hernia Pain: Chronification Mechanisms after Hernia Surgery
Authors: Sanisidro Torre Roberto
Published: January 2021

Groin pain is the most common cause of surgical intervention. There are 3 parameters that increase the chances of chronic pain. On the one hand, starting the surgery with high intensity pain that has not been previously controlled. On the other, insufficient anesthetic and analgesic control during the surgical procedure. Finally, an inadequate management of acute postoperative pain. The presence of groin pain and its poor control before the intervention predisposes to difficulties during the perioperative process. Thus, the appearance of acute postoperative pain not adequately controlled will prevent its remission in a natural way in the usual period (approximately 1 month) and will cause it to progress in intensity and continuity (from 1 month to 3 months after surgery), transforming into a chronic pain (from 3 months after the intervention). In this process of chronification, in which pain goes from nociceptive to neuropathic, different physiological sensitization mechanisms are involved, both peripheral and central. The chronification of the painful process and, ultimately, the therapeutic approach that we will have to use to try to prevent this process depends to a large extent on these modifications that facilitate the change in the nature of pain.
Overcoming P-Glycoprotein-Mediated Doxorubicin Resistance
Authors: Jianmongkol Suree
Published: January 2021

Intracellular concentration of doxorubicin in target cancer cells is a major determinant of therapeutic success of doxorubicin-based regimens. As known, doxorubicin is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the drug efflux transporter in the ABC superfamily. High expression level of P-gp in cancer cells can prevent intracellular accumulation of doxorubicin up to its effective level, leading to doxorubicin resistance and treatment failure. Moreover, these P-gp-overexpressed cells display multi-drug resistance (MDR) phenotype. Regarding this, application of P-gp modulators (suppressor of P-gp activity and expression) is likely to reverse MDR and restore cell sensitivity to doxorubicin treatment. In searching for potential chemo-sensitizer against resistant cancer, a number of phytochemicals or dietary compounds have been studied extensively for their P-gp modulating effects. Furthermore, combination between doxorubicin and P-gp modulators (e.g., plant-derived compounds, siRNA) given through specific target delivery platforms have been an effective strategic approach for MDR reversal and restore doxorubicin effectiveness for cancer treatment.
Audio-Vestibular Neurosensory Prosthetics: Origins, Expanding Indications and Future Directions
Authors: Castellino Ashish , Kameswaran Mohan
Published: January 2021

Approximately one-third of persons over 65 years are affected by disabling hearing loss. It is estimated that the number of people with disabling hearing loss will grow to 630 million by 2030 and maybe over 900 million by 2050. Deafness has significant consequences on many aspects of an individual’s life, including their socioeconomic status, mental and physical well-being, educational and employment opportunities. When congenital or early in the developmental years, deafness results in a delay or loss of language acquisition. Deafness can result from damage or disease anywhere along the auditory pathway. Hearing prosthetic devices help restore hearing and the use of these devices depends on the degree and type of hearing loss. This chapter will give a brief account of the currently available prosthetic hearing solutions.
Neuroendocrinology of Pregnancy: Participation of Sex Hormones
Authors: Irene Pascual Mathey Luz
Published: January 2021

Pregnancy is characterized by hormonal changes, critical for the mother’s physiological adaptation, exercising a role in the fetus’s development, maintenance, protection, and nutrition. Since born, the neuroendocrine system’s involvement is necessary to prevent the embryo from being rejected by the mother’s immune system. These changes are regulated by fluctuations in hormones such as Progesterone, Testosterone, Androstenedione, Dehydroepiandrosterone, Estradiol, Prolactin, human Placental Lactogen, human Chorionic Gonadotropin, and Thyroid hormones, which promote the mother’s development and the fetus (maternal-fetal development). Therefore, given the great importance of these hormones during pregnancy, this chapter will explain the preclinical and clinical participation of sex hormones in maternal-fetal development.
Face Mask as a Tool to Prevent the Coronavirus Disease 2019: The Importance and Challenges
Authors: Barati Farzaneh , Hosseini Fakhrisadat , Habibi Moghadam Faezeh , Abbasi Dezfouli Samin
Published: January 2021

Context: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in China in December 2019 and rapidly became a global epidemic. Respiratory droplets are the main transmission route, and no approved drugs or vaccines have been reported so far. Therefore, prevention is considered essential to the control of this pandemic. Masks are personal protective equipment, which play a key role in the prevention process. The World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) have emphasized on the use of masks by healthcare providers, patients, and caregivers. Evidence Acquisition: This review study was conducted by searching in Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and WHO library databases using specific search terms. Only the articles and other secondary sources published in English were selected and reviewed. Results: 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is smaller than the pore size of all types of available masks. In addition, the issue of limited hospital resources (e.g., masks during pandemics) requires special attention, while the produced mask garbage during the pandemic is another crucial issue. Efforts have been made to address these three critical challenges. Conclusions: We reviewed various types of masks and investigated the ability of each to prevent COVID-19, as well as the solutions for the issues associated with using the masks that provide insufficient protection against the 2019-nCoV, mask shortage, and mask garbage. Despite the deficient protective power of the available masks, these tools could delay the progression of COVID-19 effectively owing to mask flow resistance and virus spread via droplets.
The Principle of Totality Does Not Justify Sex Reassignment Surgery
Authors: Stephens Travis ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: January 2021

Expert opinions diverge on appropriate treatment for gender dysphoria. Some encourage the pursuit of counseling that helps one to identify with one’s natal sex. Others encourage people struggling with gender dysphoria to change the body to match the so-called inside. The latter advocate the use of hormone replacement therapies and sex reassignment surgeries to facilitate the transition. Such procedures are not only immoral because they render the patient sterile, but also because they reject the God-given personhood that is manifest through one’s sexuality. Since sexuality constitutes so much more than genitalia, sex reassignment surgery does not actually change one’s sexuality. Rather, it merely maims the individual, limiting her ability to love authentically as a sexual person. Out of respect for the human person, the only appropriate course of action is to counsel these individuals and encourage them to overcome the inhibitions that prevent them from embracing their natal sex.
Genome Editing with CRISPR
Authors: Austriaco Nicanor Pier Giorgio ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: January 2021

There has been much discussion regarding the proper use of the powerful CRISPR technologies that can be used to edit the genome. CRISPR is a technique borrowed from bacterial cells that will allow scientists to quickly and precisely change the DNA of nearly any organism, including humans. Unlike other gene-editing technologies, CRISPR is cheap, quick, and easy to use. In fact, do-it-yourself CRISPR genome editing kits are available online for less than $200, which will enable anyone, including so-called biohackers, to do genetic engineering at the kitchen table. In only three years—CRISPR as a genome-editing tool was first described in 2012—it is already universally acknowledged that this technology will revolutionize the life sciences. But CRISPR’s great promise has also sparked a great ethical and societal debate on its legitimate uses, most significantly on whether it should be used to alter the genomes of our children and grandchildren.
Catholic Teaching on Sex-Reassignment
Authors: Furton Edward J. ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: January 2021

Carol Bayley’s double-effect reasoning in defense of sex-reassignment surgery fails at the opening. The first condition of the principle is that the act in itself must be morally good or at least neutral. She says, without argument, “the surgery itself is neutral.” How so? The surgery is a direct assault on the physical integrity of a person whose sexual organs are perfectly healthy. Is it reasonable to say that a person who wants to change gender has a body that is in fact seriously deformed or diseased? Where is the evidence? If reality is defined by the mind, then the imagination may freely think of personal identity in any conceivable way. Nature is set aside and in its place is put, at best, a delusion and, at worst, an ideology that seeks to do violence to nature. Catholic hospitals should not participate in this assault upon God’s creation.
Distinguishing between Assisting and Substituting for Vital Organs
Authors: Cioffi Alfred ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: January 2021

When patients approach the end of life, their loved ones often do not know how much treatment is too much and struggle to decide when to stop intervening and allow them to die in peace. Conversely, health care professionals may tend to prescribe extraordinary means of life support, sometimes simply because of legal and fiscal concerns or a family’s request for futile care. It can be useful to refer to the general bioethical principle that, typically, there is no moral obligation to provide a substitute for vital organs. In this context, providing a substitute for a vital organ means wholly replacing the vital function of the dying organ by means of either a transplant or medical machinery. This article seeks to explain how this rule may be applied when a patient and his family are deciding at what point to stop treatment and allow the patient to die in peace.
Critique of the Washington State POLST
Authors: Pace Steven ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: January 2021

The Washington State POLST (physician orders for life- sustaining treatment) program was developed during the early 1990s in an effort to honor patients’ end-of-life treatment plans, specifically, to prevent emergency medicine technicians and emergency room personnel from administering excessive, harmful emergency medical treatment. Consequently, unlike advance directives and living wills, a POLST provides legal authority for emergency medical personnel not to initiate CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation). POLST documents are designed to be universal and portable, regardless of the particular health care setting, and their directives must be followed as standing physician orders. Since then, the department, in conjunction with the state medical association, composed the POLST in use today. However, these two bodies extended the legislature’s intent beyond defining patient wishes for resuscitation during emergency medical treatment. Had the document remained limited to the legislature’s original, narrow focus, many of the problems we now encounter with POLST would not occur.
Doctor, I Want You to Do Everything
Authors: Jennings Paul ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: January 2021

Over the past decade, there has been an increased recognition and respect for patient autonomy. This has resulted in greater emphasis in hospitals on obtaining proper informed consent from patients as well as an increased focus on patient’s rights. But we have reached the limits of autonomy when a patient or surrogate demands that a specific operation or procedure be done even though the physician is opposed to it on medical grounds and has made clear to them the futility of the procedure.
Sister Nurses of the Civil War
Authors: Liptak Dolores ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: January 2021

Catholic nuns were one of the most significant forces for good during the horrific struggle of the Civil War (1861–1865). Through their sacrifices, many Americans began to overcome their prejudice against Catholicism and see it in a new light. The story of their heroism and the gifts of care that they brought to the sick and injured during the war deserves far wider recognition than it has received. When the Civil War began, few officials fully understood the devastation that “modern” war would wreak. Both the Union and the Confederacy expected swift victory because of their excellent leadership and their arsenals of killing machines. Few had calculated the extreme human cost that such a war would bring. Only as they witnessed the carnage did they begin to comprehend the war’s horrific effect on the nation.
A Merciful Response to Miscarriage and Stillbirth
Authors: Anthony Gerard-Marie , Heisman Sabine ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: January 2021

The three crucial aspects at the heart of the journey toward healing after miscarriage and stillbirth are pastoral, physiological, and psychological. It starts with drawing close to the heart of Christ so that He can transform our minds, bodies, and souls. The sufferer will move from feelings of abandonment to the knowledge of a powerful accompaniment. This passage toward healing reflects Christ, who unites our humanity with his divinity, meets us in our pain, and accepts us as we are in life. The pastoral dimension guides us toward the God who is love, manifested through peace and mercy. The physiological dimension addresses the physical trauma experienced by the body and keeps mothers connected to their children. The psychological dimension heals the mind following injury by way of continuous renewal and transformation through the love of God.
Advice for Scientists on the Subject of Ethics
Authors: Sweetman Brendan ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: January 2021

Advances in technology have not only given rise to many important questions in bioethics but have also made the whole subject something of an ethical minefield. Bioethics now involves practices that give rise to ethical dilemmas in such diverse fields as medicine (genetic engineering, gene editing, genome testing, and cloning), biology (environmental issues, genetically modified food production, and cloning of animals in agriculture), and even physics and chemistry (for example, the search for more efficient methods of energy production). The success and future potential of scientific research in bioethics has contributed to the growing perception that science has a kind of hegemony over modern life, and this brings with it a temptation to make scientists the gurus of modern culture, to look to them for answers to all human problems.
Genetic Modification and Adverse Societal Effects
Authors: Cerroni Phil ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: January 2021

Emerging genetic technologies challenge the relevance of terms the health care community has relied on for centuries. Since the Hippocratic Oath inspired the principle “First, do no harm,” health care professionals have affirmed the curative role of medicine, despite disagreement over concepts like patient autonomy, benefit, and dignity. Before the advent of genetic engineering, man’s ability to improve his cognitive and physical abilities beyond human beings’ species-typical capacities was outside the realm of possibility. This is no longer the case, and our existing vocabulary, which centers on developing and providing cures, does not describe the possibilities introduced by emerging genetic technologies.
Responsible Research on Medical Marijuana
Authors: Tulipana Kevin F. , Wilson Kathleen , Walker Caroline ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: January 2021

There is little evidence to support the prescribing of marijuana as a sound medical practice, but there is also a general lack of research. Officially changing marijuana from a schedule I to a schedule II drug would promote controlled study, eliminate medical marijuana shops, and avoid a possible “cannabis epidemic” in the near future. Questions regarding marijuana’s medicinal value will not be answered until there is extensive, reputable research, complete with required phases of clinical trials.
“Exterminate! Exterminate!” Babies with Downs at Risk
Authors: McTavish James ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: January 2021

It is estimated that 90 percent of mothers now opt for abortion, unfortunately, once a diagnosis of Down syndrome is confirmed, in what should be called “extermination of pregnancy.” Instead of denouncing such vile acts, society lauds them in the name of progress and technology. At times Catholic health care workers may be afraid to speak out against abortion. Usually they are presented with difficult scenarios, tragic and morally complex situations where the life of the mother, the life of the child in the womb, or the lives of both are in danger. However, while of vital importance, in developed countries these cases are extremely rare because of the availability of excellent obstetric care. Yet such rare cases are often used as a justification for allowing abortions in general.
The Abandonment of Suicidal Patients
Authors: Grimstad Julie ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: January 2021

Proponents of euthanasia and assisted suicide suggest that animals are treated better than humans because we can “put down” animals when they become lame, sick, or old. Veterinary practice includes euthanasia as a kindness to dumb animals who are suffering. Why do we not do this to humans? Christianity has the definitive answer. God created human beings in his image, bestowing dignity on us that is not based on our abilities or competence. The founding fathers of our great nation recognized the self-evident truth that all human beings “are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life.” Suffering and dependency on others, therefore, does not cause human beings to lose their inherent dignity, nor does it justify taking another human life or forfeiting our own.
Wycliffite Bibles and the Limits of Orthodoxy
Authors: Poleg Eyal
Published: January 2021

The first translation of the entire Bible into Middle English had originated among the followers of John Wyclif, an Oxford theologian whose followers incurred the wrath of Church and state. This chapter explores surviving manuscripts of the Wycliffite Bible to unfold a gradual move away from the Bible’s heterodox origins and into the realm of licit Church worship. The materiality of the Wycliffite Bible further leads to nunneries and chapels, with evidence for the cohabitation of Latin and English in the liturgy performed there.
The Great Bible as a Useless Book
Authors: Poleg Eyal
Published: January 2021

The Great Bible, instigated by Thomas Cromwell, edited by Miles Coverdale, and supported by Henry VIII, has often been seen as a monument of reform and authority. This chapter explores the Bible’s materiality to reveal hesitation and tensions in its creation. Its layout and title page reveal Henry’s ambivalence towards Bible reading. Mandated for each parish church in the realm it was nevertheless incompatible with the liturgy performed there, leading to the curbing of Bible reading four years after its introduction.
Conclusion
Authors: Poleg Eyal
Published: January 2021

The conclusion of the book explores the wider history of the Bible in England, revealing a gradual move of Bibles from elite clerical audiences, through nunneries and chapels, and into each parish church and lay hands in the sixteenth century. It also addresses the rate of change, one of the major impacts of the introduction of moveable-type printing.
Moving People, Moving Forms: Narrating Migration in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
Authors: Tyler Elizabeth M. , Younge George
Published: January 2021

This chapter considers how the Anglo-Saxon chronicles (ninth to twelfth century) depict three waves of migration: the coming of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, the Viking invasions, and the Norman Conquest. By focusing on the form and language of the texts, the chapter shows that the chronicles were not only preoccupied by migration as one of its central themes but were themselves deeply shaped by the literary cultures brought to England by immigrants, whether they came as conquerors or as learned clerical advisors. The result is a set of texts whose account of the origins of the English reveals the wide European horizons of their literary culture.
The Archaeology of Migrants in Viking-Age and Anglo-Norman England: Process, Practice, and Performance
Authors: Hadley Dawn M.
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the manner in which early medieval archaeologists have attempted, with varying degrees of confidence, to trace migration. It argues that we need to do more than rely on scientific approaches, such as stable isotope analysis, not least because evidence for where a person spent their childhood addresses only one element of their experiences of migration. Through analysis of evidence of craftworking, settlements, diet and cuisine, and burials, the chapter demonstrates that there is ample archaeological evidence for early medieval migration on a variety of scales. It is argued that movement of people is best traced not by study of style and constructed identity, but through socially embedded traits, such as craftworking, animal husbandry, and culinary practices, which reflect a range of social identities, not simply, if at all, the ethnic identities with which debates about migration have routinely, and unsatisfactorily, become entangled.
Migration in Rural England in the Later Middle Ages
Authors: Dyer Christopher
Published: January 2021

This chapter surveys research on rural migration in medieval England and investigates the frequency of migration, length of journeys, mechanisms which enabled migration, migrants’ motives for movement, and their reception in their new places of settlement. Evidence comes from tax and manorial record from the West Midlands. Migration seems to have been normal and commonplace, and mostly within 10 miles (15 km), but with a significant range of longer movements. Different types of migrant appear to have had as a common characteristic an aspiration to betterment, and tended to confine journeys to the landscapes with which they were familiar. Movements had positive social results such as exposing villages to external influence. The precise geographical knowledge of people in medieval England probably extended c. 50 miles (80 km), but they did not lead such narrow and ignorant lives as is sometimes imagined.
Revolutionising ‘Bird’s Custard Isle’
Authors: Moore Daniel
Published: January 2021

This chapter begins with an assertion that modernism might constitute not only the attempt to improve the quality of art, but also to improve the quality of art’s reception. It outlines the fundamental ideas that the subsequent chapters explore – that the introduction of modernist art in Britain was often accompanied by explanatory materials designed to elucidate and educate. It explores the concept of ‘taste’ in artistic reception and explores some of the philosophical and aesthetic legacy of that term, going on to suggest that the mediators of modernism – individuals, groups and organisations – helped to establish a taste for advanced aesthetics in Britain.
Introduction
Authors: Langellotti Micaela , Rathbone Dominic
Published: January 2021

This chapter provides a overview of the state of research on rural institutions in the ancient world, with a focus on Egypt. It is divided in three main sections. The first section explores the reasons behind the scholarly importance of studying village institutions in Egypt in the longue durée, from the early Roman to the Arab period. The second section includes a review of the most representative village studies of the ancient world and their key features and shows how this volume stands out from existing works. Finally, the last section examines the best attested village institutions as they are investigated in the eleven papers of this volume.
Police Procedures and Petitions in Roman Egypt: The Role of Village Officials
Authors: Mascellari Roberto
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines how far village officials were involved in the handling of crimes in the first three centuries of Roman rule in Egypt (AD I–III). Village officials played a primary role in the early enquiries, as they represented the main point of contact for any villager who sought guidance and support in case of offence. They were assigned well-defined tasks in the police system and were able, within fixed limits, to act independently from higher authorities. The evidence shows that the interaction between villagers and local officials after crime was reported often determined the adoption of a specific legal procedure by the offended party: frequently, the prompt submission of written complaints to higher officials. This study suggests that, contrary to some previous views, the work of village officials in dealing with crime was fundamental for the functioning of the broader police and legal system.
Record-Offices in Villages in Roman Egypt
Authors: Langellotti Micaela
Published: January 2021

Record-offices called grapheia are documented in villages in Egypt as early as the second century BC until well into the third century AD. This chapter investigates the role and nature of the grapheia documented in villages in the first three centuries of Roman rule (AD I-III), with a focus on Tebtunis, in order to establish what difference they made to the functioning of villages as independent communities and to what extent they provided village society with some form of self-administration.
‘Great Men’, Churchmen, and the Others
Authors: Papaconstantinou Arietta
Published: January 2021

This article argues that in the early period after the Arab conquest, the primary communal self-ascription of the rural Christian population was to their village communities, and that authority was still firmly in the hands of secular elites. Based on evidence from papyri, this contradicts the later narrative sources which give the church a preponderant position in communal leadership – a reality they retroject from the ninth century and later, when they were composed.
Extensão do molhe norte do Porto de Leixões: modelação física de um navio amarrado no posto A
Authors: Pinheiro Liliana V. , Pedro Francisco , Abdelwahab Hossam S. , Fortes Conceição J.E.M. , Santos João A. , Capitão Rui
Published: January 2021

O Porto de Leixões, localizado na costa norte de Portugal, é um dos maiores do país, recebendo diariamente vários navios de grandes dimensões. Um dos principais postos de acostagem situa-se à entrada do porto e encontra-se sujeito à agitação marítima que é difratada pelo olhe principal de proteção do porto. Para avaliar dos movimentos induzidos no navio estacionado nesse posto de acostagem e as forças exercidas nas suas amarras e defensas pela agitação incidente, utilizou-se o modelo físico de Leixões, construído num dos tanques do LNEC. Neste modelo físico, encontra-se representada a envolvente do porto de Leixões, assim como a sua batimetria. O modelo do navio "Esso Osaka" tem um comprimento de 3,43 m, uma boca de 0,53 m e um calado máximo de 0,23 m. A medição da elevação da superfície livre foi realizada com um conjunto de sondas resistivas. Os movimentos do "Esso Osaka" foram medidos segundo os seis graus de liberdade com recurso a um Sistema ótico de medição de movimentos, OptitrackT. Efetuou-se ainda a determinação das forças nas amarras e defensas com recurso a células de carga. Foram efetuados um conjunto de ensaios com o navio "Esso Osaka" para diferentes períodos de onda e alturas de onda incidente. Neste artigo descrevem-se os ensaios realizados e os resultados obtidos.
La acumulación jurídica como límite al cumplimiento de condena de los internos
Authors: Díaz Martín Carlos
Published: January 2021

Análisis de la evolución del objeto y procedimiento de la acumulación jurídica en el marco normativo y jurisprudencial y posibilidades interpretativas a futuro.Analysis of the object and procedure to apply the serving limits in the regulatory and jurisprudential framework and its interpretative potential.
Lower eyelid fornix deepening: A new indication for the facial artery myomucosal flap
Authors: Saad Arman Zaharil Mat , Nordin Nur Raihana , Sulaiman Wan Azman Wan , Jamayet Nafij , Johar Siti Fatimah Noor Mat , Hussein Adil
Published: January 2021

Eye socket contracture is a well-known late complication of enucleation surgery, and the additional insult of radiotherapy at an early age causes even further fibrosis and scarring of the socket. Management of the contracted socket is challenging, and several methods have been proposed. We report a case of eye socket contracture after enucleation and radiotherapy in which multiple reconstructive procedures failed. The recurrent contracture caused difficulty in housing and retaining the eye prosthesis. We reconstructed the lower eyelid with a facial artery myomucosal flap and nasolabial flap, and the upper eyelid with a Fricke flap following reconstruction of the orbital rims (supraorbital and infraorbital rims with a calvarial bone graft, and further augmentation of the infraorbital rim with a rib bone graft). Cosmesis post-reconstruction was acceptable and the prosthesis was retained very well.
Social media impact in the Match: A survey of current trends in the United States
Authors: Steele Thomas N. , Galarza-Paez Laura , Aguilo-Seara Gabriela , David Lisa R.
Published: January 2021

Background Applicants to integrated plastic and reconstructive surgery (PRS) residency in the United States spend exorbitant amounts of time and money throughout the interview process. Outside of first-hand experience through a visiting rotation, applicants utilize various resources in learning about a program. Today’s applicants are “Millennials,” the demographic cohort raised during the information age and proficient with digital technology. The authors evaluated whether programs have a presence on social media, and whether applicants are following these accounts.

Methods An online survey was sent to applicants to a single integrated plastic surgery program evaluating basic demographics, social media utilization, and sources of information accessed throughout the residency application process. A manual search of popular social media platforms (Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter) was performed in October 2019. Accounts affiliated with integrated PRS programs were identified and analyzed.

Results Eighty-four of 222 applicants (37.8%) completed the survey. Ninety-six percent of applicants were within the Millennial demographic. Ninety-six percent of applicants had some form of social media presence, with Facebook (90%) and Instagram (87%) being the most popular platforms. Seventy-three percent of applicants reported following a PRS residency social media account. As of October 2019, 59 integrated residency programs (73%) have active Instagram accounts.

Conclusions Applicants still rely on the program website when researching potential residencies, but social media is being rapidly adopted by programs. Program social media accounts should be used as a dynamic form of communication to better inform applicants of program strengths and weaknesses.
Risk and protective factors affecting sensory recovery after breast reconstruction
Authors: Bae Jae Young , Shin Ha Young , Song Seung Yong , Lee Dong Won
Published: January 2021

Background Although loss of sensation in patients with breast cancer after mastectomy followed by breast reconstruction is an important factor affecting patients’ quality of life, the mechanism of sensory recovery is still unclear. Our study aimed to identify variables that affect sensory recovery, especially pain, in reconstructed breasts.

Methods All patients with breast cancer who underwent mastectomy followed by immediate breast reconstruction, including nipple reconstruction or areolar tattooing, were included in this study. Sensation was evaluated in the nipple as an endpoint of sensation recovery of the whole breast. Patients rated pain severity using a 3-point verbal rating scale (VRS): grade 0, no pain; grade 1, mild to moderate pain; and grade 2, severe pain. The VRS was assessed by a single experienced plastic surgeon.

Results In the univariate analysis, the odds ratio (OR) for sensation recovery was 0.951 for age (P=0.014), 0.803 for body mass index (P=0.001), 0.996 for breast volume before surgery (P=0.001), 0.998 for specimen weight after mastectomy (P=0.040), and 1.066 for the period between mastectomy and sensory assessment (P=0.003). In the multivariate analysis, the variables that showed a significant effect were age (OR, 0.953; P=0.034), the period between mastectomy and sensory assessment (OR, 1.071; P=0.006), and reconstruction using abdominal tissue instead of prosthetic reconstruction (OR, 0.270; P=0.004).

Conclusions Based on our results, it can be inferred that aging has a negative impact on the recovery of sensation, breast sensation improves with time after surgery, and the recovery of sensation is better in prosthetic reconstruction.
Nasal airway function after Le Fort I osteotomy with maxillary impaction: A prospective study using the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation scale
Authors: Kim Hyo Seong , Son Ji Hwan , Chung Jee Hyeok , Kim Kyung Sik , Choi Joon , Yang Jeong Yeol
Published: January 2021

Background This study evaluated changes in nasal airway function following Le Fort I osteotomy with maxillary impaction according to the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale.

Methods This cohort study included 13 patients who underwent Le Fort I osteotomy with maxillary impaction. Nasal airway function was evaluated based on the NOSE scale preoperatively and at 3 months postoperatively. The change in the NOSE score was calculated as the preoperative score minus the postoperative score. If the normality assumptions for changes in the NOSE score were not met, a nonparametric test (the Wilcoxon signed-rank test) was used. Differences in NOSE score changes according to patient characteristics and surgical factors were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney test.

Results Patients ranged in age from 18 to 29 years (mean±standard deviation [SD], 23.00±3.87 years). Three were men and 10 were women. Eleven patients (84%) had an acquired dentofacial deformity with skeletal class III malocclusion. The preoperative NOSE scores ranged from 40 to 90 (mean±SD, 68.92±16.68), and the postoperative NOSE scores ranged from 25 to 80 (53.84±18.83). The cohort as a whole showed significant improvement in nasal airway function following maxillary impaction (P=0.028). Eleven patients (84%) had either improved (n=8) or unchanged (n=3) postoperative NOSE scores. However, nasal airway function deteriorated in two patients. Patient characteristics and surgical factors were not correlated with preoperative or postoperative NOSE scores.

Conclusions Nasal airway function as evaluated using the NOSE scale improved after maxillary impaction.
Controlled active exercise after open reduction and internal fixation of hand fractures
Authors: Jun Dongkeun , Bae Jaehyun , Shin Donghyeok , Choi Hyungon , Kim Jeenam , Lee Myungchul
Published: January 2021

Background Hand fractures can be treated using various operative or nonoperative methods. When an operative technique utilizing fixation is performed, early postoperative mobilization has been advocated. We implemented a protocol involving controlled active exercise in the early postoperative period and analyzed the outcomes.

Methods Patients who were diagnosed with proximal phalangeal or metacarpal fractures of the second to fifth digits were included (n=37). Minimally invasive open reduction and internal fixation procedures were performed. At 3 weeks postoperatively, controlled active exercise was initiated, with stress applied against the direction of axial loading. The exercise involved pain-free active traction in three positions (supination, neutral, and pronation) between 3 and 5 weeks postoperatively. Postoperative radiographs and range of motion (ROM) in the interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints were analyzed.

Results Significant improvements in ROM were found between 6 and 12 weeks for both proximal phalangeal and metacarpal fractures (P<0.05). At 12 weeks, 26 patients achieved a total ROM of more than 230° in the affected finger. Postoperative radiographic images demonstrated union of the affected proximal phalangeal and metacarpal bones at a 20-week postoperative follow-up.

Conclusions Minimally invasive open reduction and internal fixation minimized periosteal and peritendinous dissection in hand fractures. Controlled active exercise utilizing pain-free active traction in three different positions resulted in early functional exercise with an acceptable ROM.
The perforator-centralizing technique for super-thin anterolateral thigh perforator flaps: Minimizing the partial necrosis rate
Authors: Suh Young Chul , Kim Na Rim , Jun Dai Won , Lee Jung Ho , Kim Young Jin
Published: January 2021

Background Despite the wide demand for thin flaps for various types of extremity reconstruction, the thin elevation technique for anterolateral thigh (ALT) flaps is not very popular because of its technical difficulty and safety concerns. This study proposes a novel perforatorcentralizing technique for super-thin ALT flaps and analyzes its effects in comparison with a skewed-perforator group.

Methods From June 2018 to January 2020, 41 patients who required coverage of various types of defects with a single perforator-based super-thin ALT free flap were enrolled. The incidence of partial necrosis and proportion of the necrotic area were analyzed on postoperative day 20 according to the location of superficial penetrating perforators along the flap. The centralized-perforator group was defined as having a perforator anchored to the middle third of the x- and y-axes of the flap, while the skewed-perforator group was defined as having a perforator anchored outside of the middle third of the x- and y-axes of the flap.

Results No statistically significant difference in flap thickness and dimension was found between the two groups. The arterial and venous anastomosis patterns of patients in both groups were not significantly different. Only the mean partial necrotic area showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups (centralized-perforator group, 3.4%±2.2%; skewed-perforator group, 15.8%±8.6%; P=0.022).

Conclusions The present study demonstrated that super-thin ALT perforator flaps can be elevated safely, with minimal partial necrosis, using the perforator-centralizing technique.
Catastrophic complications from filler injection on external genitalia
Authors: Kwon Byeong Soo , Kim Jin Woo
Published: January 2021

Soft tissue filler injections are widely used due to their immediate effects, predictable results, and high stability. However, as the use of soft tissue filler injections has increased, various complications have been reported. We report a life-threatening complication in a patient who developed sepsis and necrotizing fasciitis. A 45-year-old woman presented with right leg pain and discharge from the labia majora. The patient had received a soft tissue filler injection of unknown composition 1 year earlier and had recently undergone incision and drainage for an inflammatory cystic nodule. Antibiotic treatment was administered for cellulitis, but the infection progressed to necrotizing fasciitis and sepsis. Fasciotomy and intensive care unit treatment improved the systemic infection, but the soft tissue filler injection site did not respond to treatment for 1 month. Thus, the injection site was covered with a pedicled vertical rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap after wide excision. The area of skin necrosis on the leg was covered with split-thickness skin grafts. Infections occurring after soft tissue filler injections are related to biofilms, and treatment is sometimes difficult. Therefore, although soft tissue filler injections have a favorable safety profile, it is important to be aware of the risk of life-threatening complications.
New bryological data for the Balearic Islands. III.
Authors: Sáez Llorenç , Pinya Samuel , Lara Francisco
Published: January 2021

Se aportan datos corológicos para 27 briófitos de las Islas Baleares. La mayoría de las citas de esta contribución corresponden a especies relativamente raras de áreas montañosas de las Islas Baleares (principalmente de Mallorca), para las cuales, la información sobre su distribución en el archipiélago es escasa y poco actualizada. Se cita por primera vez la presencia en el archipiélago balear de Hypnum resupinatum, Lewinskya fastigiata y Ptychostomum kunzei. Por otro lado, Epipterygium tozeri constituye novedad para Mallorca. Son destacables las nuevas localidades en Mallorca de Plagiochasma appendiculatum, una especie amenazada en Europa.

Chorological data on 27 bryophytes from the Balearic Islands are presented. Most of the bryological records included in this contribution correspond to relatively rare species limited to mountain areas in the Balearic Islands (mainly in Mallorca), for which the information about their distribution in the archipelago is scarce and outdated. The presence within the Balearic archipelago of Hypnum resupinatum, Lewinskya fastigiata and Ptychostomum kunzei is reported for the first time. Additionally, Epipterygium tozeri is new record for Mallorca. Special mention deserves the new localities in Mallorca for Plagiochasma appendiculatum, an endangered species in Europe.
“Suddenly, it was a real thing”: The Feminist Fight for Equal Opportunities in the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 1971-1981
Authors: Freeman Barbara M.
Published: January 2021

Following the recommendations of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women in 1970, feminist activists spent the next decade fighting for gender equity in federal workplaces, including the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. They argued that equal opportunity in hiring and promotions would lead to more equitable and accurate representations of Canadian women on the air. After several encounters with these determined activists inside and outside of the Crown corporation, the CBC became an equal opportunity employer and adopted an affirmative action policy, while maintaining its own limited, corporate goals.