bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of diet on the phospholipid composition of the red blood cells of man
Authors: Hill J. G. , Kuksis A. , Beveridge J. M. R.
Published: January 2007

Short term (16 day) controlled fat (formula type diet) feeding to 10 healthy adult males led to no detectable change in the total amt or the relative proportions of the individual phospholipids of the red blood cells, although limited changes did occur in the fatty acids of certain of the phospholipids.

The total phospholipid content of the red blood cells was 315ŷ10 mg/100 ml (average of 20 samples). Lecithin accounted for 34% of the total, with sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl serine representing 25, 25 and 16%, respectively. Approx 36% of the phosphatidyl ethanolamine, 4% of the phosphatidyl serine and 6% of the lecithin was present in the plasmalogen form.

Each phospholipid class was found to have a distinctive fatty acid spectrum. The M ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in all three phosphoglycerides was nearly 1:1. Behenic, lignoceric and nervonic acids made up almost half of the sphingomyelin fatty acids, and the M ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in this lipid was 3:1.

When compared with red cells from subjects consuming a diet with a high butter fat content, red cells from subjects on a diet rich in corn oil were found to contain higher levels of linoleic acid in the lecithin and phosphatidyl serine fractions, and lower levels of oleic acid in the lecithin fraction. No changes were observed in the fatty acids of the phosphatidyl ethanolamine and sphingomyelin fractions. It is probable that these alterations represent the result of highly specific exchanges with plasma fatty acids, and it is suggested that three levels of specificity are involved: class of phospholipid, type of fatty acid, and specific fatty acid.
Plant proteins: Their role in the future
Authors: Bird Kermit
Published: January 2007

Schools in the U.S. used about 60 million lb of hydrated textured vegetable protein in 1973–74 compared with 40 million lb in 1972–73 and 28 million lb in 1971–72. Plant proteins are projected to replace ca. 2146 million lb meats and other proteins in the U.S. by 1980.
New ways of utilizing soy in human diets in Latin America
Authors: Berra Ruben , Pontecorvo‐Valhuerdi Aldo
Published: January 2007

Two simple, practical processes for the preparation of diverse products from soybeans for use by needy groups in Mexico and Latin America are described.
Physical aging of even saturated monoacid triglycerides
Authors: Whittam James H. , Rosano Henri L.
Published: January 2007

The polymorphism and kinetics of phase transformations of triglycerides have been investigated using a polarizing microscope equipped with a variable temperature gradient stage. Differential thermal analysis, X‐ray, NMR, and IR data supplement the visual observations. The α‐polymorphic transformation was observed to change with time in the cases of trilaurin, trimyristin, tripalmitin, tristearin, triarachidin, and tribehenin and can be described by the equation:

urn:x-wiley:0003021x:equation:aocs0128-math-0001

The greater stability of the α‐polymorph chain triglycerides can be attributed to the larger energy of activation needed for the transition to occur. Estimates of the energy of activation (14–76 kcal/chain) imply that, not only does the transformation process involve simple Van der Waals CH2‐CH2 interactions, but one must also consider chain‐chain entanglement.
Breeding for lipid and amino acid composition in sunflower
Authors: Kinman Murray L.
Published: January 2007

It may be possible to modify fatty acid composition of sunflower oil by appropriate breeding methods. Data are inadequate to judge the possibility of changing the amino acid composition of sunflower protein by breeding.
Jaocs news feature: Collaborative study of the determination of total oil in sunflower seed
Authors: Robertson James A.
Published: January 2007

A collaborative study was made of two methods for determining the total oil content of sunflower seed. The seed of three sunflower varieties of low, medium, and high oil content were analyzed on different days by 12 collaborators. In one method, the sunflower seeds were ground with an equivalent wt of diatomaceous earth. In the second method, the seeds were ground with a high‐speed grinder without diatomaceous earth. The method using diatomaceous earth in the grinding of the seed gave a significantly higher oil content for all three varieties. It was recommended that total oil on a per cent dry wt basis be calculated from the moisture determination of the whole seed and not from the moisture of ground sample, which was too variable.
Some factors affecting hydrogenation of milk fat
Authors: Smith Lloyd M. , Vasconcellos Andres
Published: January 2007

Hydrogenation of milk fat with palladium and nickel as catalysts was studied at various temperatures, pressures, and concentrations of catalyst. Samples were removed from the laboratory hydrogenator at intervals during the reaction, and changes in refractive index, iodine value, Wiley mp, and percentages of fatty acids andtrans‐isomers were determined. Palladium was several times more active as a catalyst than nickel. Milk fat with an iodine value of 35 and mp of 34 C was hydrogenated with 0.05% palladium to an iodine value of 6 and a mp of 46 C in 30 min at 66 C and 53 psi of hydrogen. Kinetic data for each catalyst yielded two slopes, indicating that a change in reaction rate occurred.
Linseed oil emulsions for protecting concrete
Authors: Kubie W. L. , Cowan J. C.
Published: January 2007

Emulsions of boiled linseed oil have certain physical characteristics suitable for application to concrete both as curing and antispalling agents. This preliminary report gives methods of preparation, physical properties and use of these compositions including application to NRRL sidewalks and parking lots. Emulsions appear to be comparable to solutions of boiled linseed oil in mineral spirits for imparting resistance to spalling. Emulsions create fewer fire hazards than the solutions, and permit easier cleaning of the equipment used in spraying. Tests show that the emulsions are effective in protecting airentrained concrete from damage that results from the application of deicing materials and concurrent freeze‐thaw cycles. Emulsions are effective both as curing and antispalling agents. Linseed oil was applied at the rate of 0.16 to 0.20 lb/sq yd.
Chemical and organoleptic properties of dried emulsions
Authors: Fioriti J. A. , Stahl H. D. , Cseri J. , Sims R. J.
Published: January 2007

Safflower oil was incorporated into a model emulsion system containing emulsifier, carbohydrates, antioxidants, and protein. Emulsions were spray dried and the dry powders were stored at 60 C. Their oxidation rates were measured by headspace gas analysis (Oxygen absorption and carbon dioxide generation); peroxide and carbonyl values also were run. Although these objective tests all gave good correlation with average flavor scores, results show that oxygen absorption was superior to others as an indicator of flavor deterioration. Stepwise, multiple linear regression analysis showed that oxygen absorption and carbonyl value gave an equation which can predict flavor scores with a high degree of accuracy.
Soybean soapstock utilization: Fatty acid adducts with ethylene and 1‐butene
Authors: Beal R. E. , Lauderback L. L. , Ford J. R.
Published: January 2007

The relation of certain reaction variables to yield was investigated in the preparation of ethylene and 1‐butene Diels‐Alder adducts with alkali conjugated linoleic and linolenic acid soaps derived from soybean oil soapstock. Adduct yields generally increased with pressure at the 295 C reaction temperature. Maximum yields obtained with fatty acids derived from soapstock were ca. 80% of theory with ethylene and 40% of theory with 1‐butene. Purification of adduct methyl esters by vacuum fractional distillation gave adducts with >95% purity. Ethylene adduct amides showed promise as antiblock agents for plastic film.
Mastich as an antioxidant
Authors: Abdel‐Rahman A. ‐H. Y. ,   SOAD, Youssef A. M.
Published: January 2007

Mastich, a resin fromPistacia lentiscus L., family Anacardiaceae, contains terpenolic acids, which apparently act as antioxidants similar to butylated hydroxyanisole. Egyptian farmers have used mastich for centuries as a butteroil preservative.
Factors affecting the gravimetric determination of the oxidative stability of oils
Authors: García‐Mesa J. A. , Luque de Castro M. D. , Valcárcel M.
Published: January 2007

The variables affecting the gravimetric determination of the oxidative stability of oils were evaluated, including the storage temperature, amount of sample and surface area of the sample in contact with atmospheric oxygen, which was varied by using containers of different diameters. Based on this study, we propose the optimal working conditions for development of the oxidation step prior to gravimetric monitoring.
Quantitative analysis of synthetic mixtures of triacylglycerols with fatty acids from caprylic to stearic
Authors: Fabien R. , Craske J. D. , Wootton M.
Published: January 2007

Separation and quantitation of triacylglycerols tricaprylin to tristearin was achieved by high‐performance liquid chromatography with refractive index detection and an eluent composed of propionitrile and butyronitrile (80:20, vol/vol). Peak identification was based on the logarithms of retention times, and quantitation was achieved by way of theoretical relative response factors. The validity of the response factor calculations was tested by analysis of primary standard mixtures of saturated triacylglycerols and of triacylglycerols obtained by interesterification of binary mixtures of monoacid triacylglycerols.
Reduction of fat in fried batter coatings with powdered cellulose
Authors: Ang Jit F.
Published: January 2007

The fat contents of fried batter coatings were reduced significantly (7–28%) when 1% powdered cellulose (fiber length in excess of 100 microns) was incorporated into the batter. In addition, moisture and dry material contents were increased significantly in these coatings. Although fat reductions were observed in both shortening and oil, cellulose had a greater effect in shortening. The decrease in fat and increase in moisture could be due to hydrogen bonds forming between water molecules and cellulose fibers. Results from water and oil retention capacities indicate that powdered cellulose is more hydrophilic than lipophilic. This could also restrict the displacement of water by fat during frying.
Stereospecific analysis ofOnosmodium hispidissimum Mack. seed oil triglycerides
Authors: MacKenzie S. L. , Giblin E. M. , Mazza G.
Published: January 2007

The objective of the study was to determine the fatty acid composition ofOnosmodium hispidissimum Mack. seed oil and the stereospecific distribution of γ‐linolenic and stearidonic acids in the seed oil triglycerides. The seed oil contained about 20% γ‐linolenic acid and about 8% stearidonic acid. About 90% of both γ‐linolenic acid and stearidonic acids were esterified to thesn‐2 andsn‐3 positions.
One‐pot synthesis of (E)‐2‐nonenal from castor oil
Authors: Kula Jozef , Sadowska Halina
Published: January 2007

A one‐step procedure for the preparation of (E)‐2‐nonenal from commercial castor oil by ozonolysis in acetic acid, followed by exposure of the resulting intermediate product top‐toluene sulfonic acid, is described. The manufactured aldehyde is of high purity and the method, by virtue of being simple and using inexpensive raw material, has advantages over those reported in the literature.
Further compositional analyses of flax: Mucilage, trypsin inhibitors and hydrocyanic acid
Authors: Bhatty R. S.
Published: January 2007

Registered Canadian cultivars of flax, and laboratory‐prepared and commercially obtained samples of linseed meal (LM), were used to determine extract viscosity and mucilage, trypsin inhibitors and hydrocyanic acid (HCN) concentrations. The mucilage readily leached out from the seed coat (hull) fragments soaked in water, leaving behind pentagon‐shaped cells that could be seen clearly in scanning electron micrographs. Extract viscosity significantly varied in the laboratory‐prepared (23–48 cS) and commercially obtained (30–68 cS) samples of LM and may be used to obtain an indirect, qualitative estimate of flax mucilage. Mucilage was extracted from whole seed in 5.0–5.3% yields and contained 20–24% protein (about 10% ash and 30% total carbohydrates). Laboratory‐prepared LM (raw) contained 42–51 units of trypsin inhibitor activity, commercially obtained samples, 14–37 units, and raw rapeseed and soybean meals, 99 and 1650 units, respectively. Picric acid tests (qualitative) showed only traces of HCN in ten cultivars of freshly ground flax. The acid silver nitrate titration procedure measured HCN quantitatively, but showed its presence only in three of the five cultivars investigated. HCN was conveniently measured by a colorimetric procedure (barbituric acidpyridine reaction), which may be used to screen flax cultivars. HCN content of flax was significantly influenced by environments (growth location and season) and, to a less extent, by cultivar.
Characteristic properties of cutting fluid additives derived from the adducts of diamines and acid chlorides
Authors: Watanabe S. , Fujita T. , Sakamoto M. , Kuramochi T. , Kawahara H.
Published: January 2007

A number of N,N′‐diacylalkyldiamines were prepared from the reaction of acid chlorides with 1,8‐diaminooctane and 1,12‐diaminododecane and screened for anti‐rust properties and antimicrobial activity in spent coolants of water‐based cutting fluids. Aqueous solutions of N,N′‐dihexanoyl‐1,8‐diaminooctane and N,N′‐isobutyroyl‐1,12‐diaminododecane showed good anti‐rust properties for water‐based cutting fluids. Aqueous emulsions of N,N′‐dibutyroyl‐, dipentanoyl‐, dihexanoyl‐ and dioctanoyl‐1,12‐diaminododecane showed good lubricities and antimicrobial activity for water‐based cutting fluids.
8‐Methylethoxyquin: A possible replacement for ethoxyquin
Authors: Thorisson Snorri , Gunstone Frank D. , Hardy Roy
Published: January 2007

When acting as an antioxidant, ethoxyquin is converted mainly to a 1,8′‐dimer and to a quinone‐imine, with the latter itself acting as a powerful antioxidant. The 8‐methyl derivative of ethoxyquin was prepared in the expectation that this would not form a dimer but more quinone‐imine and, therefore, be a more powerful antioxidant. On oxidation of 8‐methylethoxyquin, the dimer was absent and the quinone‐imine was formed in high yield. Despite this, 8‐methylethoxyquin was a less efficient antioxidant than ethoxyquin in fish oil and meal.
N‐acyl‐L‐leucines of biologically active uncommon fatty acids: Synthesis and antibacterial activity
Authors: Mhaskar S. Y. , Lakshminarayana G. , Saisree L.
Published: January 2007

The effect of structural variation in the fatty acid chain on the antibacterial activity ofN‐acyl‐L‐leucines was investigated. PureN‐acyl leucines of some structurally different and biologically active uncommon fatty acids were synthesized for the first time and tested for antimicrobial activity.N‐Stearoyl‐,N‐oleoyl‐ andN‐ricinoleoyl leucines were also evaluated for comparison. TheN‐acyl leucines exhibited greater activity in acid form than the methyl ester form and against gram positive bacteria than gram‐negative bacteria. The presence of a cyclopropane or a hydroxy group or unsaturation in the acyl chain increased the antibacterial activity. Shifting the hydroxyl group toward the amide linkage resulted in a diminished effect on the antibacterial activity.
Quantitative determination of sodium lauroyl sarcosinate by gas chromatography
Authors: Molever K.
Published: January 2007

A simple and rapid procedure is described for the isolation, silylation and wide‐bore capillary gas chromatographic quantitation of sodium lauroyl sarcosinate in personal care products. The sample is dissolved in acidified dimethylformamide to simultaneously acidify/extract the lauroyl sarcosine; an aliquot is then derivatized withbis trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide and quantitated by widebore capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection.
New amphoteric surfactants containing the 2‐perfluoroalkyl 2‐hydroxy ethyl group and an amino acid residue
Authors: Nasreddine M. , Szönyi S. , Cambon A.
Published: January 2007

Amphoteric perfluoroalkylated surfactants containing a hydroxyl group were prepared by the addition of 2‐perfluoroalkyl‐1,2‐epoxy ethane to a starting (L,D or L) amino acid (glycine, alanine, β‐alanine, serine, 2‐amino butyric acid, norvaline, norleucine, methionine, sarcosine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid).
Synthesis of aromatic amino acids for antibacterial surfactants
Authors: Wu Zhi Guang , Ji Chun Nuan , Shi Ming Li
Published: January 2007

Five new antibacterial agents of the N‐(2‐hydroxy substituted phenoxy propyl)glycine type have been synthesized. Results of bacteriostatic tests toStaphylococcus aureus (G+) andEscherichia coli (G−) showed that ammonium cations were strongest and compounds with ap‐methylphenyl were more active than those with ao‐methylphenyl.
Triglyceride composition of lard by differential thermal analysis
Authors: Golborn P.
Published: January 2007

The differential thermal analysis of lard is described and an attempt is made to assign the melting peaks to particular triglycerides which are likely to be found in lard.
Recovery of fatty acid lights from still vapors
Authors: Atwood C. T. , Woody C. L.
Published: January 2007

A fatty acids still operating primarily on coconut oil fatty acids has two condensers in series to condense the top product. Nonetheless, until recently 1% to 2% of fatty acid lights normally passed through to the hot well. Here the caproic, caprylic and capric acids dissolved in the warm water and these dissolved acids ultimately found their way to the plant effluent stream where they contributed to the biochemical oxygen demand loading. Early in 1969 a Croll‐Reynolds Scrub‐Vactor was placed in operation to remove fatty acids from the vapors leaving the still. A normal scrubber installation could not be employed because of the volatility of the lights, but a modification was devised in which coconut oil low in free fatty acids is sprayed into the scrubber. The coconut oil is removed continuously at such a rate that the free fatty acids content of the oil does not build up to over 10% to 15%. This material then goes to the fat splitter. By this means 80% of more of the fatty acids are removed from the vapor stream with resulting reduction in polution of plant aqueous effluent and collection of salable fatty acid lights.
Isolation of methyl ferulate from rice bran oil
Authors: Tanaka Akio , Kato Akio , Tsuchiya Tomotaro
Published: January 2007

An unknown ferulate in rice bran oil was isolated by column chromatography. The ferulate was identified as methyl ferulate by TLC, GLC, UV, IR, NMR and mass spectrometry.
Spectrophotometric determination of BHA in edible fats and oils
Authors: Komaitis M. E. , Kapel M.
Published: January 2007

A method is described for the analysis of 2‐ and 3‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyanisole (BHA) in edible fats and oils. The method is based on measurement of a specific color developed from the reaction of BHA with NN‐dimethyl‐p‐phenylenediamine in the presence of a mild oxidizing agent in alkaline solution. The purple‐violet color developed is extracted in carbon tetrachloride, and the absorbance is measured at 550 nm. The presence of other antioxidants also was examined, and the method was applied to various foodstuffs (e.g. olive oil, lard and butter). It gave satisfactory results. The detection limit was 0.4 ppm of BHA.
Interactions between linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and water hardness ions. II. Reducing hardness sensitivity by the addition of micelle promotion agents
Authors: Cox Michael F. , Matheson K. Lee
Published: January 2007

Agents which promote micellization of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) improve LAS hard‐water detergency performance by reducing water hardness sensitivity. A model is proposed which correlates micellization and water hardness tolerance. The ability of inorganic salts and cosurfactants to act as micelle promotion agents is discussed.
Cis‐trans isomerization in the synthesis of fatty acid nitriles
Authors: Jerzykiewicz W.
Published: January 2007

Isomerization ofcis‐9‐octadecenoic acid and its nitrile was investigated using different catalysts under different experimental conditions during the ammonolysis and dehydration process. It was found that the ratio ofcis‐ totrans‐9‐octadecene nitrile depends upon the catalyst type and decreases as the process temperature and the reaction time increase and as the catalyst load decreases. Simultaneously, higher amounts of hydrocarbons are formed.
Chemical composition ofacacia seeds
Authors: Banerji R. , Chowdhury A. R. , Misra G. , Nigam S. K.
Published: January 2007

The seeds of 12 species ofAcacia, although rich in C‐18 unsaturated acids (47.9–93.5%), have low oil content (2.5–10.2%). Highest concentration of octadecatrienoic acid was inA. lenticularis (80.3%),A. suma (76.8%) andA. tortilis (71.7%) oils.A. mollissima was rich in octadecadienoic (69.1%) andA. senegal in octadecenoic (42.5%) acids. All the seed oils showed the presence of epoxy 18:1 acid, 0.6–3.8%. The protein content of the processed seed meals ranged from 13.4–37.2%, the highest being inA. senegal. Fiber content varied from 8.8–11.9%.
Deacidification of olive oils by supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Brunetti L. , Daghetta A. , Fedell E. , Kikic I. , Zanderighi L.
Published: January 2007

An investigation of the application of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) extraction to the deacidification of olive oils has been made to verify that the nutritional properties of the oil remain unchanged when this technique is applied.

Preliminary runs at 20 and 30 MPa in the temperature range of 35–60°C were performed on fatty acids and triglycerides as pure compounds or mixtures, to determine their solubility in SC‐CO2. The solubility data obtained show that CO2 extracts fatty acids more selectively than triglycerides under specific conditions of temperature and pressure (60°C and 20 MPa). It has been noted that the physical state of the solutes plays an important role in determining the solubility trends as a function of temperature and pressure.

Extraction of free fatty acids from olive oil was performed on samples with different free fatty acid (FFA) contents at 20 and 30 MPa and at 40 and 60°C. Experimental data suggest that the selectivity factor for fatty acids is higher than 5 and increases significantly as the fatty acid concentration of the oil decreases. For a FFA content of 2.62%, the selectivity reaches a value of 16.

In order to evaluate any variations in the composition, several SC‐CO2 extractions of husk oil with high FFA content (29.3%) were made. The results show that selectivity is still significant (≈5) and the composition in the minor component of the deacidified oil has not changed. On the basis of the experimental results and preliminary process evaluations, the authors conclude that SC‐CO2 extraction could be a suitable technique for the deacidification of olive oils, especially for oils with relatively high FFA (<10%).
Applicability of the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms in the bleaching of rubber and melon seed oils
Authors: Achife E. C. , Ibemesi J. A.
Published: January 2007

The applicability of Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms to guide bleaching of vegetable oils was examined using rubber [Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex Adr. Juss) Muell. Arg.] and melon [Colocynthis vulgaris (Schrad)] seed oils at temperatures of 30, 55 and 80 C. Fuller’s earth, activated charcoal and a mixture thereof (1:1 ratio) were used as the decolorizing agents (adsorbents). The degree of bleaching was monitored spectrophotometrically.

Plots of log(x/m) versus logXe (for Freundlich) and (Xe/x/m) versusXe (for Langmuir) were made; where x is the amount of coloring matter removed per unit mass of the adsorbent, m, andXe is the equilibrium concentration of the coloring matter. The results obtained show good agreement with Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms, indicating that the adsorption of the coloring matter from the oils proceeds by monolayer formation on the surface of the adsorbent. The specific adsorption (x/m) and the Freundlich and Langmuir constants were found to increase with temperature for a given oil/bleaching agent ratio, showing the formation of more active sites on the adsorbent with a rise in temperature.
Lipids and fatty acids of the gastropod molluscCerethidea cingulata
Authors: Dutta Ashis K. , Pal Prasanta K. , Ghosh Amitabha , Misra Suniti , Nandi S. , Choudhury A.
Published: January 2007

Fatty acids of total lipid, neutral lipid, triglyceride, sterol ester and phosphatidylcholine ofCerethidea cingulata (Gmelin) have been determined. Levels of 16:1 (14%), 20:5ω3 (15%) and nonsaponifiables (40%) were found.
Regioselective analysis of triacylglycerols by lipase hydrolysis
Authors: Foglia Thomas A. , Conkerton Edith J. , Sonnet Philip E.
Published: January 2007

A modified procedure for the regiospecific analysis of triacylglycerols (TAG) with a 1,3‐specific lipase is described. After partial lipase hydrolysis of the triacylglycerol, the released free fatty acids (FFA) and 1,2(2,3)‐diacylglycerols (DAG) were isolated by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) and converted to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The FAME were analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC). The 1,3‐specific lipases used in this study included supported preparations from strains ofMucor miehei andRhizopus oryzae. The method also was applied to the regiospecific analyses of tung nut and Chinese melon seed oil triacyglycerols, both of which contain high proportions of α‐elaeostearic acid. The TAG composition of the oils was substantiated in parallel analysis of the oils by highperformance liquid chromatography with chemical ionization mass spectrometric detection of intact TAG.
Biodegradation of sodium linear alkylbenzenesulfonates evaluated with a soil perfusion method
Authors: Abe S. , Seno M.
Published: January 2007

In order to explain biodegradation behavior of sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) in the soil environment, a soil perfusion method has been applied. This method is one of continuous enrichment cultures with soil. The degree of degradation of LAS was evaluated by measuring the amount of ferroin reagent active substances (FRAS) instead of methylene blue active substances (MBAS) and/or of total organic carbon (TOC) in the perfusion fluid. The biodegradation of LAS started after adsorption onto soils. At high LAS concentrations, the biodegradation occurred after some lag phase, but further added LAS was degraded readily without a lag phase. These results of biodegradation are in good agreement with those obtained from the biodegradation tests on river water and activated sludge, and reproducible results were obtained for the soil perfusion with the same soil. This proves the soil perfusion method to be a useful method for evaluation of biodegradation in the soil environment.
Evaluation of occupational dust control technology in cottonseed oil mills
Authors: Bethea R. M. , Burford C. L. , Kao J. C. , Sneed J. A. , Jacobi J. , Graci A. V.
Published: January 2007

Occupational cotton dust control technology was evaluated in 10 oil mills throughout the cotton belt of the U.S. This evaluation was restricted to mechanical portions of each mill: seed cleaning, delintering, hulling and separating, and linter baling. Based on the process machinery observed in these mills, a 500 ton/day model cottonseed oil mill was designed. The occupational dust control systems for this mill were based on current state‐of‐the‐art technology observed during this project. Further improvements based on readily available air pollution control devices have been incorporated. In order to achieve minimal respirable dust concentrations in the mill, all dust emission points have been enclosed to the maximal extent consistent with efficient plant operations. The various processing areas in the mill were designed with negative pressure dust control systems separate from the general ventilation system. The dust control system includes coarse dust removal by high‐efficiency cyclones whose effluent discharges into pulse‐jet fabric filter bag‐houses operated at an air‐to‐cloth ratio of 20:1. The emission control system for saw‐type delinter systems were divided into small units to reduce the deleterious effects of fires.
Determination of total sulfur in canola oil
Authors: Abraham V. , deMan J. M.
Published: January 2007

A rapid and sensitive chromatographic method for the determination of total sulfur in canola oil is described. All forms of sulfur in the oil are quantitatively converted to sulfate in an oxygen bomb. The sulfate is separated from other ions and measured using an ion chromatograph equipped with a conductivity detector. Standards containing different forms of sulfur were prepared and analyzed with this method. Recovery achieved on 11 compounds covering the concentration range from 9.3 to 143.5 mg/kg S ranged from 95.7% to 102.2%. The coefficient of variability of total sulfur in canola oils ranged from 1.0% to 2.9%. Values obtained on high sulfur content mustard oils when plotted vs the values determined by barium precipitation method showed a correlation coefficient of 0.997 and provided a slope of 1.0. This new method employing comparatively simple equipment requires less than 40 minutes for a complete analysis and is reliable for the determination of as little as 0.5 mg/kg S in canola oil.
A new hypothesis for the bone marrow edema pathogenesis during transient osteoporosis
Authors: Negri G. , Grassi S. , Zappia M. , Cappabianca S. , Rambaldi P. F. , Mansi L.
Published: January 2007

Transient osteoporosis is an infrequent condition of uncertain etiology with pain, limited range of motion and radiographic evidence of osteoporosis affecting one or more joints. It is self-limited, reversible and can involve only the hip (transient osteoporosis of the hip, TOH) or, less frequently, one or more joints contemporaneously or at different times (regional migratory osteoporosis, RMO). We studied four men with transient osteoporosis, including two with TOH and two with RMO. All patients underwent a standard radiographic work-up of the affected joints, arteriovenous Doppler US, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and three-phase bone scanning. In all patients, symptoms were related to bone marrow edema demonstrated at MRI and to a transitory regional arterial hyperflow observed at the early scintigraphic analysis. On the basis of our observations, we hypothesize that regional arterial hyperflow may be the cause of the bone marrow edema and therefore of the transient osteoporosis.
Time course of thrombosis and fibrinolysis during total hip surgery
Authors: Reikerås O. , Clementsen T. , Bjørnsen S.
Published: January 2007

Venous thrombosis is common in elective hip surgery, and prophylactic treatment is used up to 12 hours before or after surgery. Recent clinical trials suggested that the timing of initiating prophylaxis significantly influenced the antithrombotic effectiveness. Furthermore, the timing of initiating antifibrinolytic treatment to reduce blood loss has been a question of debate. We studied the time course of coagulation and fibrinolysis at all phases during total hip arthroplasty. Specific markers of thrombosis (prothrombin fragment F1.2) and of fibrinolysis (plasminantiplasmin (PAP) and D-dimer) were examined in eight female and two male patients aged 16–62 years. There was a progressive increase in plasma concentrations of F1.2 during the operation. From the end of operation to 4 hours afterwards, there was no further increase in F1.2. Levels of D-dimer did not change until wound closure, when they began to increase up to 4 hours postoperatively, but there were no changes in PAP during the operation or during the 4-h postoperative period. Therefore, surgery for total hip arthroplasty activates thrombin generation during operation with fibrin degradation at a later stage. These observations harmonize with the notion that the interval between surgery and first administration of antithrombotic treatment is a critical variable.
Mutational analysis of conserved aromatic residues in the A‐loop of the ABC transporter ABCB1A (mouse Mdr3)
Authors: Carrier Isabelle , Urbatsch Ina L. , Senior Alan E. , Gros Philippe
Published: January 2007

The A‐loop is a recently described conserved region in the NBDs of ABC transporters [Ambudkar, S.V., Kim, I.‐W., Xia, D. and Sauna, Z.E. (2006) The A‐loop, a novel conserved aromatic acid subdomain upstream of the Walker A motif in ABC transporters, is critical for ATP binding. FEBS Lett. 580, 1049–1055; Kim, I.W., Peng, X.H., Sauna, Z.E., FitzGerald, P.C., Xia, D., Muller, M., Nandigama, K. and Ambudkar, S.V. (2006) The conserved tyrosine residues 401 and 1044 in ATP sites of human P‐glycoprotein are critical for ATP binding and hydrolysis: evidence for a conserved subdomain, the A‐loop in the ATP‐binding cassette. Biochemistry 45, 7605–7616]. In mouse P‐glycoprotein (Abcb1a), the aromatic residue of the A‐loop in both NBDs is a tyrosine: Y397 in NBD1 and Y1040 in NBD2. Another tyrosine residue (618 in NBD1 and 1263 in NBD2) also appears to lie in proximity to the ATP molecule. We have mutated residues Y397, Y618, Y1040, and Y1263 to tryptophan and analyzed the effect of these substitutions on transport properties, ATP binding, and ATP hydrolysis by Abcb1a (mouse Mdr3). Y618W and Y1263W enzymes had catalytic characteristics similar to WT Abcb1a. On the other hand, Y397W and Y1040W showed impaired transport and greatly reduced ATPase activity, including a ∼10‐fold increase in K
m for MgATP. Thus, Y397 and Y1040 play an important role in Abcb1a catalysis.
Status of the world's smallest mammal, the bumble-bee bat Craseonycteris thonglongyai, in Myanmar
Authors: Pereira Maria João Ramos , Rebelo Hugo , Teeling Emma C. , O'Brien Stephen J. , Mackie Iain , Bu Si Si Hla , Swe Khin Maung , Khin Mie Mie , Bates Paul J.J.
Published: January 2007

The bumble-bee bat Craseonycteris thonglongyai of the monospecific family Craseonycteridae is categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. First discovered in 1973, it was until recently only known from a small population of approximately 2,300 individuals restricted to the catchment area of the River Kwai, Thailand. However, in 2001 a single craseonycterid was discovered in Mon State, Myanmar, extending its geographical range by approximately 250 km. In October and November 2002 a survey was undertaken to examine the status of C. thonglongyai in Myanmar and assess its geographical distribution and population size. C. thonglongyai calls were recorded from bats emerging from nine of 19 caves surveyed; the population size was estimated to be 1,500. The phylogenetic relationships between the Thai and Myanmar populations were investigated using molecular, morphological and acoustic data. Morphologically, the two populations are indistinguishable. However, there is an 8–10 kHz echolocation call divergence between the populations. Cytochrome b data suggest that the two populations are similar and that the Myanmar population may be monophyletic. Annual surveys of the known bat roosts and in situ education programmes for local people are recommended together with the establishment of an integrated, transboundary Myanmar/Thai conservation strategy.
Global modeling of nitrate and ammonium: Interaction of aerosols and tropospheric chemistry
Authors: Feng Yan , Penner Joyce E.
Published: January 2007

Global radiative forcing of nitrate and ammonium aerosols has mostly been estimated from aerosol concentrations calculated at thermodynamic equilibrium or using approximate treatments for their uptake by aerosols. In this study, a more accurate hybrid dynamical approach (HDYN) was used to simulate the uptake of nitrate and ammonium by aerosols and the interaction with tropospheric reactive nitrogen chemistry in a three‐dimensional global aerosol and chemistry model, Umich/IMPACT, which also treats sulfate, sea salt and mineral dust aerosol. The calculated sulfate, ammonium and nitrate aerosol concentrations show good agreement with the available ground‐based measurements over both ocean and land areas. The global annual average nitrate aerosol burden is 0.16 Tg N, with 43% (i.e., 0.079 Tg N) in the fine mode (D < 1.25 μm) that scatters most efficiently. The global annual average ammonium burden is 0.29 Tg N with 92% in the fine mode. A sensitivity study with a thermodynamic equilibrium model underestimates the fine‐mode nitrate aerosol burden by 25%, because of the excessive nitrate formation on coarse aerosols. These underpredictions are especially important in the remote continents or over the oceans, where the availability of the total nitrate is limited. We also examined two common approaches used to treat nitrate and ammonium aerosols in global models, including the first‐order gas‐to‐particle approximation based on uptake coefficients (UPTAKE) and a simple hybrid method that combines the former with an equilibrium model (HYB). The two methods calculate higher nitrate aerosol burdens than HDYN by +106% and +47%, respectively. Both fine‐ and coarse‐model nitrate aerosols are overestimated by UPTAKE, but the overestimation by HYB is mainly due to uptake of nitrate by the coarse aerosols. As a result, HYB calculates lower surface concentrations of the fine‐mode nitrate aerosol by up to 50% over most continental areas, compared to HDYN. Surface HNO3 and NOx concentrations are underpredicted by HYB by up to 90% and 5%, respectively. Since the reaction of N2O5 on sulfate aerosols is not included in the UPTAKE method, the NOx burden and surface concentrations are overestimated by 56% and a factor of 2–5, respectively. These results suggest the importance of using the more accurate hybrid dynamical method in the estimates of both aerosol forcing and tropospheric ozone chemistry.
Stress orientations of Taiwan Chelungpu‐Fault Drilling Project (TCDP) hole‐A as observed from geophysical logs
Authors: Wu Hung‐Yu , Ma Kuo‐Fong , Zoback Mark , Boness Naomi , Ito Hisao , Hung Jih‐Hao , Hickman Stephen
Published: January 2007

The Taiwan Chelungpu‐fault Drilling Project (TCDP) drilled a 2‐km‐deep research borehole to investigate the structure and mechanics of the Chelungpu Fault that ruptured in the 1999 Mw 7.6 Chi‐Chi earthquake. Geophysical logs of the TCDP were carried out over depths of 500–1900 m, including Dipole Sonic Imager (DSI) logs and Formation Micro Imager (FMI) logs in order to identify bedding planes, fractures and shear zones. From the continuous core obtained from the borehole, a shear zone at a depth of 1110 meters is interpreted to be the Chelungpu fault, located within the Chinshui Shale, which extends from 1013 to 1300 meters depth. Stress‐induced borehole breakouts were observed over nearly the entire length of the wellbore. These data show an overall stress direction (∼N115°E) that is essentially parallel to the regional stress field and parallel to the convergence direction of the Philippine Sea plate with respect to the Eurasian plate. Variability in the average stress direction is seen at various depths. In particular there is a major stress orientation anomaly in the vicinity of the Chelungpu fault. Abrupt stress rotations at depths of 1000 m and 1310 m are close to the Chinshui Shale's upper and lower boundaries, suggesting the possibility that bedding plane slip occurred during the Chi‐Chi earthquake.
Properties of phase-coherent energy shuttling on the nanoscale
Authors: Baer Roi , Lopata Kenneth , Neuhauser Daniel
Published: January 2007

Recently, the possibility of transporting electromagnetic energy as local-plasmon-polariton waves along arrays of silver nanoparticles was demonstrated experimentally [S. A. Maier et al., Nat. Mater. 2, 229 (2003)]. It was shown that dipole coupling facilitates phase-coherent excitation waves, which propagate while competing against decoherence effects occurring within each dot. In this article the authors study the ideal coherent shuttling in such a system, leaving decoherence for future investigation. In the weak field limit, the waves obey a Schrödinger equation, to be solved using either time-dependent wave-packet or energy resolved scattering techniques. The authors study some dynamical characteristics of these waves, emphasizing intuition and insight. Scattering from barriers, longitudinal-transverse coupling and acceleration methods are studied in detail. The authors also discuss briefly two-dimensional arrays and a simple decoherence model.
The effect of dimensional factors on buckling of multiwall carbon nanotubes
Authors: Wang C. Y. , Mioduchowski A.
Published: January 2007

Based on a multiple-shell model, a comprehensive investigation has been performed on the effect of three dimensional factors, i.e., aspect ratio, the innermost radius, and the number of layers, on buckling behavior of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) under axial compression or radial pressure. In contrast to previous shell models, which use the single Donnell equation [Wang et al., ASME J. Appl. Mech. 71, 622 (2004)] and thus are only adequate for buckling of MWCNTs of relatively small aspect ratio (e.g., not larger than 10), the present shell model based on the simplified Flugge equation [Wang et al., ASME J. Appl. Mech. 71, 622 (2004)] allows for the study of buckling behavior of MWCNTs without any limitation on their aspect ratios. In addition, the pressure dependence of the interlayer van der Waals interaction coefficient (defined as the second derivative of the interlayer potential energy-interlayer spacing relation) has been considered for pressure-induced buckling of MWCNTs. The relevance of the present shell model for buckling of MWCNTs has been confirmed by the good agreement between the present shell model and available discrete models or experiments. Here, distinct buckling behaviors under axial compression or radial pressure are identified for long and short MWCNTs, separated by a certain critical value of aspect ratio. On the other hand, while the critical buckling load usually changes monotonically with the innermost radius an optimum value of the number of layers associated with the maximum critical buckling pressure is obtained for MWCNTs under radial pressure. In particular, the present shell model shows that the three dimensional factors effecting buckling of MWCNTs are generally interacting with, rather than being independent of, one another.
Direct numerical simulations of turbulent flow through a stationary and rotating infinite serpentine passage
Authors: Laskowski Gregory M. , Durbin Paul A.
Published: January 2007

Serpentine passages are found in a number of engineering applications including turbine blade cooling passages. The design of effective cooling passages for high-temperature turbine blades depends in part on the ability to predict heat transfer, thus requiring an accurate representation of the turbulent flow field. These passages are subjected to strong curvature and rotational effects, and the resulting turbulent flow field is fairly complex. An understanding of the flow physics for flows with strong curvature and rotation is required in order to improve the design of turbine blade cooling passages. Experimental measurements of certain turbulence quantities for such configurations can be challenging to obtain, especially near solid surfaces, making the serpentine passage an ideal candidate for a direct numerical simulation (DNS). A DNS study has been conducted to investigate the coupled effect of strong curvature and rotation by simulating turbulent flow through a fully developed, smooth wall, round-ended, isothermal serpentine channel subjected to orthogonal mode rotation. The geometry investigated has an average radius of curvature Rc∕δ=2.0 in the curved section and dimensions 12πδ×2δ×3πδ in the streamwise, transverse, and spanwise directions. The computational domain consists of periodic inflow/outflow boundaries, two solid wall boundaries, and periodic boundaries in the spanwise direction. The simulations were conducted for Reynolds number, Reb=5600, and rotation numbers, Rob,z=0 and 0.32. Differences observed between the stationary and rotating cases are discussed in terms of the mean velocity, secondary flow, and Reynolds stresses.
Ideal glass transitions, shear modulus, activated dynamics, and yielding in fluids of nonspherical objects
Authors: Yatsenko Galina , Schweizer Kenneth S.
Published: January 2007

An extension of naïve ideal mode coupling theory (MCT) and its generalization to treat activated barrier hopping and glassy dynamics in fluids and suspensions composed of nonspherical hard core objects is proposed. An effective center-of-mass description is adopted. It corresponds to a specific type of preaveraging of the dynamical consequences of orientational degrees of freedom. The simplest case of particles composed of symmetry-equivalent interaction sites is considered. The theory is implemented for a homonuclear diatomic shape of variable bond length. The naïve MCT glass transition boundary is predicted to be a nonmonotonic function of the length-to-width or aspect ratio and occurs at a nearly unique value of the dimensionless compressibility. The latter quantifies the amplitude of long wavelength thermal density fluctuations, thereby (empirically) suggesting a tight connection between the onset of localization and thermodynamics. Localization lengths and elastic shear moduli for different aspect ratio and volume fraction systems approximately collapse onto master curves based on a reduced volume fraction variable that quantifies the distance from the ideal glass transition. Calculations of the entropic barrier height and hopping time, maximum restoring force, and absolute yield stress and strain as a function of diatomic aspect ratio and volume fraction have been performed. Strong correlations of these properties with the dimensionless compressibility are also found, and nearly universal dependences have been numerically identified based on property-specific nondimensionalizations. Generalization of the approach to rigid rods, disks, and variable shaped molecules is possible, including oriented liquid crystalline phases.
The nature of the [20.0]Σ+1 electronic state of RhB: A multiconfigurational study
Authors: Gobbo João Paulo , Borin Antonio Carlos
Published: January 2007

Multiconfigurational second order perturbation theory, with extended atomic basis sets and inclusion of scalar relativistic effects, was employed to investigate the low-lying Σ+1 electronic states of RhB. The [20.0]Σ+1 state is represented by a single configuration, ∣…10σ211σ15π42δ412σ1⟩, derived from a single excitation (11σ→12σ) from the ground state, which defines its electronic nature. A new excited state, coined as [9.0]Δ1 (R0=1.786Å, ΔG1∕2=792cm−1), located 9221cm−1 above the XΣ+1 state, and described by the ∣…10σ211σ25π42δ312σ1⟩ electronic configuration, was also identified.
Control of fine-structure splitting of individual InAs quantum dots by rapid thermal annealing
Authors: Ellis D. J. P. , Stevenson R. M. , Young R. J. , Shields A. J. , Atkinson P. , Ritchie D. A.
Published: January 2007

Degeneracy of the bright single exciton spin state is a prerequisite for the production of triggered polarization-entangled photon pairs from the biexciton decay of a quantum dot. Normally, however, the exciton spin states are split due to in-plane asymmetries. Here the authors demonstrate that the exciton splitting of an individual dot can be tuned through zero by thermal annealing. Repeated annealing blueshifts the exciton emission line of the dot, accompanied by a reduction and inversion in polarization splitting. Annealing is also demonstrated to control the detuning between the exciton and biexciton transitions in any selected dot.