bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality of life in patients with lepromatous leprosy in China
Authors: An J‐G , Ma J‐H , Xiao S‐X , Xiao S‐B , Yang F
Published: December 2009

Background Leprosy has an impact on patients’ quality of life (QoL). However, there has been no study specifically on the impact of the severest type of leprosy‐lepromatous leprosy on QoL.

Objective To describe the use of Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) among patients with lepromatous leprosy in China.

Methods Sixty‐four inpatients with lepromatous leprosy of Shangluo hospital and Hanzhong hospital and sixty‐four controls (healthy volunteers or patients with other dermatoses) matched for age and gender were asked to complete DLQI questionnaires from 2 September 2008 to 20 December 2008. Extensive data were collected besides DLQI, including demographic data and disease‐related characteristics. Absence or presence of disability among patients with lepromatous leprosy was evaluated at the same time.

Results The overall mean DLQI score for lepromatous leprosy (18.78) was higher than that for control (9.00) (P < 0.001). Patients with lepromatous leprosy scored significantly higher for all items (P < 0.001) except Q4 (clothes choice). Controls scored significantly lower for all domains of DLQI. Scores of LL increased markedly with increasing clinical severity, but were not associated with educational level, gender, age and disease duration. The inter‐item correlation averaged 0.240 and Cronbach’s alpha was 0.759, indicating high internal consistency.

Conclusions This is the first exclusive study to attempt to measure the impact of lepromatous leprosy on QoL. Lepromatous leprosy has a severe impact on QoL.
The ghosts of Gondwana and Laurasia in modern liverwort distributions
Authors: Vanderpoorten Alain , Gradstein S. Robbert , Carine Mark A. , Devos Nicolas
Published: December 2009

Recent advances in phylogenetics and, in particular, molecular dating, indicate that transoceanic dispersal has played an important role in shaping plant and animal distributions, obscuring any effect of tectonic history. Taxonomic sampling in biogeographic studies is, however, systematically biased towards vertebrates and higher plants and the possibility remains that a much stronger signature of ancient vicariance might be evident among other organisms, particularly among basal land plants. Here, an explicit Bayesian model‐based approach was used to investigate global‐scale biogeographic patterns among liverwort genera and to determine whether the patterns identified are consistent with the expectations of vicariance or dispersal scenarios. The distribution of each genus was mapped onto the phylograms describing the floristic affinities among areas in order to define the synapomorphic transitions supporting the observed groupings. The probabilities of change in a branch were calculated by implementing the Markov model of BayesTraits. The consistent ambiguity in ancestral state reconstructions returned by the unconstrained, two‐rate model indicated that the overall signal in the data was weak, leading us to test the performance of competing, explicit models. The analyses resolved clades of geographic areas that are mostly consistent with the kingdoms traditionally identified for plants and animals, but with strikingly lower rates of endemism. The major split observed in the phylograms is into almost entirely Laurasian and Gondwanan clades. Other patterns recovered by the analyses, including Wallace's line and the South Atlantic Disjunction, have also traditionally been interpreted in terms of vicariance. These observations contrast with the idea that, in spore‐dispersed organisms like bryophytes and pteridophytes, dispersal obscures evidence of vicariance. However, some discrepancies between the liverwort trees and expectations from a continental drift scenario were observed, such as the sister‐group relationship of the Australian and New Zealand floras, which is supported by the co‐occurrence of many genera, often endemic to these two areas. Together with an interpretation of the results within a phylogenetic context, our analyses suggest that patterns, which are at first sight consistent with an ancient vicariance hypothesis, may, in fact, conceal a complex mixture of relictual distributions and more recent, asymmetrical dispersal events. Our results provide a framework for testing specific evolutionary hypotheses concerning the extremely low levels of endemism in bryophytes and in particular, the significance of dispersal and cryptic diversification.
Resource pulses and mammalian dynamics: conceptual models for hummock grasslands and other Australian desert habitats
Authors: Letnic M. , Dickman C. R.
Published: December 2009

Resources are produced in pulses in many terrestrial environments, and have important effects on the population dynamics and assemblage structure of animals that consume them. Resource‐pulsing is particularly dramatic in Australian desert environments owing to marked spatial and temporal variability in rainfall, and thus primary productivity. Here, we first review how Australia's desert mammals respond to fluctuations in resource production, and evaluate the merits of three currently accepted models (the ecological refuge, predator refuge and fire‐mosaic models) as explanations of the observed dynamics. We then integrate elements of these models into a novel state‐and‐transition model and apply it to well‐studied small mammal assemblages that inhabit the vast hummock grassland, or spinifex, landscapes of the continental inland. The model has four states that are defined by differences in species composition and abundance, and eight transitions or processes that prompt shifts from one state to another. Using this model as a template, we construct three further models to explain mammalian dynamics in cracking soil habitats of the Lake Eyre Basin, gibber plains of the Channel Country, and the chenopod shrublands of arid southern Australia. As non‐equilibrium concepts that recognise the strongly intermittent nature of resource pulsing in arid Australia, state‐and‐transition models provide useful descriptors of both spatial and temporal patterns in mammal assemblages. The models should help managers to identify when and where to implement interventions to conserve native mammals, such as control burns, reduced grazing or predator management. The models also should improve understanding of the potential effects of future climate change on mammal assemblages in arid environments in general. We conclude by proposing several tests that could be used to refine the models and guide further research.
Spermatozoa of tapeworms (Platyhelminthes, Eucestoda): advances in ultrastructural and phylogenetic studies
Authors: Levron Céline , Miquel Jordi , Oros Mikuláš , Scholz Tomáš
Published: December 2009

New data on spermiogenesis and the ultrastructure of spermatozoa of ‘true’ tapeworms (Eucestoda) are summarized. Since 2001, more than 50 species belonging to most orders of the Eucestoda have been studied or reinvestigated, particularly members of the Caryophyllidea, Spathebothriidea, Diphyllobothriidea, Bothriocephalidea, Trypanorhyncha, Tetraphyllidea, Proteocephalidea, and Cyclophyllidea. A new classification of spermatozoa of eucestodes into seven basic types is proposed and a key to their identification is given. For the first time, a phylogenetic tree inferred from spermatological characters is provided. New information obtained in the last decade has made it possible to fill numerous gaps in the character data matrix, enabling us to carry out a more reliable analysis of the evolution of ultrastructural characters of sperm and spermiogenesis in eucestodes. The tree is broadly congruent with those based on morphological and molecular data, indicating that convergent evolution of sperm characters in cestodes may not be as common as in other invertebrate taxa. The main gaps in the current knowledge of spermatological characters are mapped and topics for future research are outlined, with special emphasis on those characters that might provide additional information about the evolution of tapeworms and their spermatozoa. Future studies should be focused on representatives of those major groups (families and orders) in which molecular data indicate paraphyly or polyphyly (e.g. ‘Tetraphyllidea’ and Trypanorhyncha) and on those that have a key phylogenetic position among eucestodes (e.g. Diphyllidea, ‘Tetraphyllidea’, Lecanicephalidea, Nippotaeniidea).
Induced resistance to pests and pathogens in trees
Authors: Eyles Alieta , Bonello Pierluigi , Ganley Rebecca , Mohammed Caroline
Published: December 2009

Tree resistance can be enhanced by a variety of biotic and abiotic inducers, including nonpathogenic and pathogenic microbes, and herbivores, resulting in enhanced protection against further biotic injury. Induced resistance (IR) could be a valuable tool in sustainable pest management. IR has been actively studied in herbaceous plant species, and, in recent years, in woody plant species, and is fast emerging as an intriguing, eco‐friendly concept for enhancing tree resistance. However, before application of IR becomes possible, there is a need to increase our knowledge of the mechanisms of defence in forest trees. A richer understanding of these phenomena will play a critical role in developing sustainable integrated pest management strategies. This review summarizes our current knowledge of IR in forest trees, focusing on inducible defence mechanisms, systemic induction of resistance and phytohormone signalling networks. We conclude by discussing the potential advantages and limitations of applying IR‐based management tools in forest systems.

Contents

Summary
893

I.
Introduction
894

II.
Induced defence mechanisms in trees
894

III.
Systemic induction of resistance
897

IV.
Defence signalling networks
900

V.
Future prospects: what does IR offer for management of forest systems?
902

Acknowledegements
904

References
904
Pharmacology of epigenetics in brain disorders
Authors: Narayan Pritika , Dragunow Mike
Published: December 2009

Epigenetics is a rapidly growing field and holds great promise for a range of human diseases, including brain disorders such as Rett syndrome, anxiety and depressive disorders, schizophrenia, Alzheimer disease and Huntington disease. This review is concerned with the pharmacology of epigenetics to treat disorders of the epigenome whether induced developmentally or manifested/acquired later in life. In particular, we will focus on brain disorders and their treatment by drugs that modify the epigenome. While the use of DNA methyl transferase inhibitors and histone deacetylase inhibitors inin vitroandin vivomodels have demonstrated improvements in disease‐related deficits, clinical trials in humans have been less promising. We will address recent advances in our understanding of the complexity of the epigenome with its many molecular players, and discuss evidence for a compromised epigenome in the context of an ageing or diseased brain. We will also draw on examples of species differences that may exist between humans and model systems, emphasizing the need for more robust pre‐clinical testing. Finally, we will discuss fundamental issues to be considered in study design when targeting the epigenome.
The distribution of saponins in vivo affects their synergy with chimeric toxins against tumours expressing human epidermal growth factor receptors in mice
Authors: Bachran C , Weng A , Bachran D , Riese SB , Schellmann N , Melzig MF , Fuchs H
Published: December 2009

Background and purpose:  Certain saponins synergize with antitumour drugs to enhance their efficacy, but the mechanisms underlying this synergy in vivo are not well studied. Here, we describe the distribution of Saponinum album (Spn) from Gypsophila paniculata L. in mice after subcutaneous injection.

Experimental approach:  The [3H]‐labelled Spn used for in vivo experiments was biologically active, as it still increased the cytotoxicity of a chimeric toxin in vitro. Distribution of [3H]‐Spn was measured in BALB/c mice, with or without subcutaneous tumours in the flank. Labelled Spn was subcutaneously injected in the neck, and samples of organs, blood, urine and tumour tissue were analysed for radioactivity, 5–240 min after the injection.

Key results:  The majority of [3H]‐Spn distributed within 10 min throughout the entire animal, with high levels of radioactivity in the urine by 30 min. No preferential accumulation in tumour tissue or other organs was observed. In tumour‐bearing mice, using a sequential combination of Spn (given first) and a chimeric toxin against the epidermal growth factor receptor, ErbB1, we tested two different pretreatment times for Spn. There was high antitumour efficacy (66% inhibition of tumour growth) after 60 min pre treatment with Spn, but no significant inhibition after 10 min pre treatment with Spn.

Conclusions and implications:  [3H]‐Spn was rapidly cleared from the mice after s.c. injection, and antitumour synergy with chimeric toxins was correlated with the removal of excess Spn from tissues. Disposition of Spn in vivo may critically determine antitumour synergy with chimeric toxins.
Remote Monitoring of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators versus Quarterly Device Interrogations in Clinic: Results from a Randomized Pilot Clinical Trial
Authors: AL‐KHATIB SANA M. , PICCINI JONATHAN P. , KNIGHT DAVID , STEWART MARGARET , CLAPP‐CHANNING NANCY , SANDERS GILLIAN D.
Published: December 2009

ICD: Remote Monitoring Versus Clinic Interrogations. Introduction:Remote monitoring is increasingly becoming the new standard of care for implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) follow‐up. We sought to determine whether remote monitoring of ICDs improves patient outcomes compared with quarterly device interrogations in clinic.

Methods and Results:In this single‐center pilot clinical trial, adult patients with an ICD were randomly assigned to remote monitoring versus quarterly device interrogations in clinic. The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular hospitalization, emergency room visit for a cardiac cause, and unscheduled visit to the electrophysiology clinic for a device‐related issue at 1 year. We also examined health‐related quality of life, costs, and patient satisfaction with their ICD care. Of 151 patients enrolled in this trial, 76 were randomized to remote monitoring and 75 to quarterly device interrogations in clinic. There was no significant difference in the primary endpoint (32% in the remote monitoring arm vs 34% in the control arm; P = 0.8), mortality, or cost between the 2 arms. Quality of life and patient satisfaction were significantly better in the control arm than in the remote monitoring arm at 6 months (83 [25th, 75th percentiles 70, 90] vs 75 [50, 85]; P = 0.002 and 88 [75, 100] vs 75 [75, 88]; P = 0.03, respectively), but not at 12 months.

Conclusion:We showed no significant reduction in cardiac‐related resource utilization with remote monitoring of ICDs. However, given the small number of patients in our study, the real clinical and health economics impact of remote monitoring needs to be verified by a large, multicenter, randomized clinical trial.(J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 545‐550, May 2010)
Three‐Dimensional CT Overlay in Comparison to CartoMerge for Pulmonary Vein Antrum Isolation
Authors: STEVENHAGEN JEROEN , VAN DER VOORT PEPIJN H. , DEKKER LUKAS R.C. , BULLENS ROLAND W.M. , VAN DEN BOSCH HARRIE , MEIJER ALBERT
Published: December 2009

CT Overlay for PV Antrum Isolation. Introduction: Three‐dimensional (3D) navigation systems are widely used for pulmonary vein antrum isolation (PVAI). To circumvent left atrial (LA) mapping, 3D CT reconstructions of the LA can be superimposed directly (CT overlay) on the fluoroscopy image to guide ablation catheters and to mark ablation sites.

Methods and Results:
Sixty‐eight patients (pts) with symptomatic AF refractory to medical therapy were randomly assigned to CT overlay (group 1, n = 38) or CartoMerge (group 2, n = 30). In group 1 registration of the CT image was performed with contrast injections in 2 orthogonal projections. In group 2, visualization of all pulmonary vein (PV) ostia was done by PV angiography, followed by merging of the CT image and the Carto shell. We compared procedural success, procedure time, fluoroscopy time and radiation burden, measured as dose area product (DAP). Baseline characteristics were comparable in both groups. Procedural success, defined as disappearance of PV potentials in all PVs, was achieved in 37/38 (97%) of group 1 patients and 27/30 (90%) patients in group 2 (P = NS). Total procedure time was significantly shorter in group 1 compared to group 2 (129 ± 34 vs 181 ± 30 min, P < 0.0001). Although fluoroscopy time tended to be longer in the CT overlay group (47 ± 16 vs 40 ± 13 min, P = 0.06), proper use of diaphragmation resulted in comparable radiation values for both groups (DAP 53 ± 27 vs 56 ± 35 Gy cm2, P = 0.76).

Conclusions:
CT overlay for PV isolation is feasible and may, in comparison to conventional LA navigation systems, shorten procedural time without increases in radiation burden. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 634‐639, June 2010)
ATP‐Induced Dormant Pulmonary Veins Originating from the Carina Region After Circumferential Pulmonary Vein Isolation of Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: KUMAGAI KOJI , NAITO SHIGETO , NAKAMURA KOKI , HAYASHI TATSUYA , FUKAZAWA RIE , SATO CHIZURU , TAKEMURA NAOKI , MIKI YUKO , FUKE ETSUKO , TANAKA YASUAKI , HORI YASUHIKO , GOTO KOJI , IWAMOTO JOTARO , AONUMA KAZUTAKA , OSHIMA SHIGERU , TANIGUCHI KOICHI
Published: December 2009

Dormant Pulmonary Veins from the Carina Region. Introduction: Elimination of transient pulmonary vein recurrences (dormant PVs) induced by an ATP injection and ablation at the PV carina region is an effective strategy for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. The relationship between dormant PVs and the PV carina region has not been evaluated.

Methods:
A total of 212 consecutive symptomatic AF patients underwent circumferential PV electrical isolation (CPVEI) with a double lasso technique. They were divided into 2 groups in a retrospective review; Group 1: those given an ATP injection during an intravenous isoproterenol infusion after the CPVEI (n = 106), and Group 2: those in which it was not given after the CPVEI (n = 106). Radiofrequency energy was applied at the earliest dormant PV activation site identified using a Lasso catheter on the CPVEI line and then PV carina region if it was ineffective.

Results:
After a successful PVEI, 54 patients (51%) in Group 1 had PV reconnections during an ATP injection. Acute PVEI sites were observed on the carina region within the CPVEI line in the right PVs (16%) and left PVs (10%). Dormant PVs were reisolated at the carina region in the right PVs (23%) and left PVs (26%). The distribution of the dormant PV sites, except for the RIPV, significantly differed from that of the acute PVEI sites (P < 0.05). Further, AF recurred significantly in the Group 2 patients as compared to those in Group 1 during 16 ± 6.1 months of follow‐up (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
PV carina region origins may partly be responsible for an acute PVEI and potential recurrences. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 494‐500, May 2010)
A Novel Cryoballoon Technique for Mapping and Isolating Pulmonary Veins: A Feasibility and Efficacy Study
Authors: TANG MIN , KRIATSELIS CHARALAMPOS , NEDIOS SOTIRIS , YE GANG , ROSER MATHIAS , FLECK ECKARD , GERDS‐LI JIN‐HONG
Published: December 2009

A Novel Cryoballoon Technique. Introduction: The study was designed to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of a simplified cryoballoon technique in which a microcircular catheter was introduced into the central lumen of a cryoballoon catheter for the purpose of recording pulmonary vein (PV) potentials during ablation procedures and without interchanging catheters.

Methods and Results:
A total of 23 consecutive patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) were enrolled. A single transseptal puncture was made and a cryoballoon catheter was inserted into the left atrium. A 6‐pole mapping catheter with a 0.035‐inch shaft diameter was introduced into the PV through the central lumen of the cryoballoon catheter. In addition to the function as a recording device, the mapping catheter was also used as a “guide‐wire” during the procedure. A total of 84 PVs (84/92, 91.3%) were completely isolated using this novel cryoballoon technique. In 43 of the 84 veins (51.2%), isolation was observed in real time during the cryoablation; in the remaining 41 veins (48.8%), isolation was confirmed immediately post ablation attempt with the mapping catheter. Procedure time was 152.7 ± 54.9 minutes, and fluoroscopy time was 33.2 ± 17.3 minutes. At follow‐up (7.4 months, range 2–18 months), 17 (73.9%) patients were free from AF. There was 1 occurrence of phrenic nerve palsy during ablation of a right superior PV, which fully resolved after 1 month.

Conclusion:
The use of a cryoballoon catheter equipped with a 6‐pole micromapping catheter inserted through its central lumen for the purpose of mapping and ablation during PV isolation procedures is both feasible and effective. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 626‐631, June 2010)
Greenish‐Yellow Emission from Dy3+‐Doped Y2O3 Nanophosphors
Authors: Jayasimhadri M. , Ratnam B. V. , Jang Kiwan , Lee Ho Sueb , Chen Baojiu , Yi Soung‐Soo , Jeong Jung‐Hyun , Moorthy L. Rama
Published: December 2009

Trivalent dysprosium‐doped cubic yttrium oxide (Y2O3) nanophosphors were prepared by combustion synthesis using glycine as fuel. The resulting products were characterized by Raman and FT‐IR spectra to evaluate the vibrational features of the samples. X‐ray diffraction patterns confirmed the formation of a pure cubic phase of Y2O3. The morphology and selective area electron diffraction measurements were carried out using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy. From TEM, it is observed that as‐prepared particles have average crystallite sizes of around 23 nm. The luminescent and dynamic properties of Y2O3:Dy3+ were examined as a function of temperature and different concentrations of Dy3+. The luminescence study reveals that these phosphors predominantly exhibit greenish‐yellow emission due to strong 4F9/2→6H13/2 transition at 575 nm and a feeble 4F9/2→6H15/2 transition at 488 nm. These results show that the relative luminescence intensity of emission bands changes with different heating temperatures, while the greenish yellow color luminescence as well as Commission International d'Eclairage chromaticity coordinates extracted from the emission spectra were not affected significantly. The strong greenish‐yellow emission of Y2O3:Dy3+ phosphor may be useful for applications in solid‐state white lamps for general illumination purposes.
High‐Temperature Decomposition of B‐Site‐Ordered Perovskite Ba(Zn1/2W1/2)O3
Authors: Jancar Bostjan , Bezjak Jana , Davies Peter K.
Published: December 2009

The reactions during high‐temperature decomposition of Ba(Zn1/2W1/2)O3 double perovskite, a potential microwave dielectric material, were studied by using X‐ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and Knudsen effusion combined with mass spectrometry. The results show that above 1200°C, the perovskite decomposes due to the sublimation of ZnO, which results in the formation of BaWO4, Ba2WO5, and amorphous BaO‐rich phases. The simultaneous presence of BaWO4 and Ba2WO5 causes the formation of a liquid phase above 1320°C, which in the case of ceramics results in a progressive deterioration of the microstructure. As a consequence, the dielectric losses of Ba(Zn1/2W1/2)O3‐based ceramics strongly depend on the processing parameters.
Structures and Photocatalytic Properties of Crystalline Titanium Oxide‐Dispersed Nanoporous Glass–Ceramics
Authors: Machida Fumiko , Daiko Yusuke , Mineshige Atsushi , Kobune Masafumi , Toyoda Noriaki , Yamada Isao , Yazawa Tetsuo
Published: December 2009

A crystalline rutile titanium oxide (TiO2)‐dispersed porous glass–ceramic was successfully prepared by the phase separation of aluminosilicate‐based glass. A rutile TiO2 crystal was clearly observed after the heat treatment of 20TiO2·29SiO2·13Al2O3·28CaO·5MgO·2P2O5·2B2O3·1ZrO2 (mol%) glass at 900°C for 15 h. The glass–ceramic obtained was then treated with an acid solution (3 mol/dm3 nitric acid) to leach its soluble phases. The acid‐treated sample became porous, and the glass–ceramic obtained had a large surface area of 74 m2/g. The porous glass–ceramic adsorbed methylene blue (MB) rapidly, and the adsorbed MB was photodecomposed by ultraviolet irradiation.
The Effect of Rigid Cervical Collars on Internal Jugular Vein Dimensions
Authors: Stone Michael B. , Tubridy Catherine M. , Curran Robert
Published: December 2009

Objectives:  Prior research has demonstrated that rigid cervical collars cause an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP). The mechanism for this effect is unclear and one proposed mechanism involves obstruction of venous outflow in the neck. Ultrasound (US) allows assessment of internal jugular vein dimensions and may yield information regarding the mechanism for the increase in ICP seen with rigid collar application.

Methods:  Forty‐two healthy volunteers underwent US examination of the internal jugular vein before and after cervical collar application. Internal jugular vein cross‐sectional areas were compared with and without the cervical collar in place.

Results:  The cross‐sectional area of the internal jugular vein increased significantly (p < 0.0001) after application of the cervical collar. The mean percentage increase in cross‐sectional area was 37% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 20% to 53%).

Conclusions:  Internal jugular vein cross‐sectional area increases after application of a rigid cervical collar. This supports the hypothesis that venous obstruction in the neck may contribute to the increase in ICP seen after rigid collar application.

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:100–102 © 2009 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Close Encounter: Finding a New Rhythm for Client‐Consultant Collaboration
Authors: Schwarz Heinrich , Holme Mads , Engelund Gitte
Published: December 2009

In the current economic uncertainty ethnographic consultants are asked to intensify their client focus and to demonstrate and improve the relevancy and impact of their work. This paper reports on a case of close collaboration between client and consultant during an ethnographic consulting project. It discusses three crucial challenges: the challenge of aligning expectations and clarifying roles, the challenge of cultural differences and confusion over ethnographic methods, and the challenge of finding the right rhythm between close interaction and useful separation. Written from both the consultant and the client perspective we describe how similar situations were experienced differently by both parties, analyse what underlies some of these tensions, and suggest some lessons for ethnographers and clients alike for future close encounters. The paper suggests that the central challenge lies in finding the right balance between client‐emic and client‐etic positions and in inviting clients into the process of doing consulting ‘magic’.
The Montage Workshop ‐ The Recreation of Realization
Authors: Søndergaard Astrid , Entwistle Johanne Mose
Published: December 2009

This paper argues that we need to rethink our way of representing ethnographic data within user driven innovation processes (hereafter UDI process) in order to ensure that the complex life worlds of users inform the entire technical development process. To ensure this we argue that:

We need to re‐create the process of realization of user complexity that the anthropologist goes through in the field and engage our technical partners in this ‘re‐creation of realization’.

To meet this challenge we have sought inspiration within filmmaking and based on the principles of filmic montage theory we have developed ‘the montage workshop’.

This method challenges the way we handle and represent ethnographic data to technical partners and by doing so it also challenges the current roles of anthropologists, technical partners and users within a UDI project.
Showing the Value of Ethnography in Business
Authors: Rejón Joan Vinyets
Published: December 2009

This paper explores the value that ethnography brings to business. It uses the idea of examining the impact and value contribution of the ethnographic praxis within the innovation process and corporate culture. To specify the business impact, it highlights a framework for understanding the value that ethnography brings to a business context. Based on the ethnographic value contribution analysis of different projects and meetings conducted with our clients and with various participating stakeholders, we propose a broader framework and performance indicators for identifying and showing the ethnographic impact regarding business value. Finally, we offer reflections on the value of ethnography contribution as a growing and evolving path.
WHAT EUROPEAN BUSINESSES EXPECT FROM US
Authors: Lau Filip
Published: December 2009

This paper presents considerations of strategies for communicating the value of ‘business anthropology’ and ‘insights’ to sceptical business audiences, based on a number of studies with a total of 47 interviews with executives in 27 large companies in mainly Europe, but also the US. The paper will present four major insights deriving from the research and suggest how ‘insights’, ‘business anthropology’ and ethnography can potentially be applied to new areas within business in dire economic times, including, but also going beyond, the traditional areas of application, i.e. ‘innovation’ and ‘marketing’. I argue that the Practice can be expanded by moving beyond the identification of potential areas for innovation (the so‐called unmet needs of users/customers/consumers/citizens), for instance to the identification of areas suitable for simplification: where users are currently having ‘over‐met needs’, i.e. areas the user perceive as irrelevant and of little value. The paper will also explore the role of ‘business anthropology’ at a national policy level in Denmark and in the business community in Germany specifically.
From meiosis to postmeiotic events: Homologous recombination is obligatory but flexible
Authors: Székvölgyi Lóránt , Nicolas Alain
Published: December 2009

Sexual reproduction depends on the success of faithful chromosome transmission during meiosis to yield viable gametes. Central to meiosis is the process of recombination between paternal and maternal chromosomes, which boosts the genetic diversity of progeny and ensures normal homologous chromosome segregation. Imperfections in meiotic recombination are the source of de novo germline mutations, abnormal gametes, and infertility. Thus, not surprisingly, cells have developed a variety of mechanisms and tight controls to ensure sufficient and well‐distributed recombination events within their genomes, the details of which remain to be fully elucidated. Local and genome‐wide studies of normal and genetically engineered cells have uncovered a remarkable stochasticity in the number and positioning of recombination events per chromosome and per cell, which reveals an impressive level of flexibility. In this minireview, we summarize our contemporary understanding of meiotic recombination and its control mechanisms, and address the seemingly paradoxical and poorly understood diversity of recombination sites. Flexibility in the distribution of meiotic recombination events within genomes may reside in regulation at the chromatin level, with histone modifications playing a recently recognized role.
From meiosis to postmeiotic events: The secrets of histone disappearance
Authors: Gaucher Jonathan , Reynoird Nicolas , Montellier Emilie , Boussouar Fayçal , Rousseaux Sophie , Khochbin Saadi
Published: December 2009

One of the most obscure phenomena in modern biology is the near genome‐wide displacement of histones that occurs during the postmeiotic phases of spermatogenesis in many species. Here we review the literature to show that, during spermatogenic differentiation, three major molecular mechanisms come together to ‘prepare’ the nucleosomes for facilitated disassembly and histone removal.
Isolation and characterization of Cupriavidus basilensis HMF14 for biological removal of inhibitors from lignocellulosic hydrolysate
Authors: Wierckx Nick , Koopman Frank , Bandounas Luaine , De Winde Johannes H. , Ruijssenaars Harald J.
Published: December 2009

The formation of toxic fermentation inhibitors such as furfural and 5‐hydroxy‐2‐methylfurfural (HMF) during acid (pre‐)treatment of lignocellulose, calls for the efficient removal of these compounds. Lignocellulosic hydrolysates can be efficiently detoxified biologically with microorganisms that specifically metabolize the fermentation inhibitors while preserving the sugars for subsequent use by the fermentation host. The bacterium Cupriavidus basilensis HMF14 was isolated from enrichment cultures with HMF as the sole carbon source and was found to metabolize many of the toxic constituents of lignocellulosic hydrolysate including furfural, HMF, acetate, formate and a host of aromatic compounds. Remarkably, this microorganism does not grow on the most abundant sugars in lignocellulosic hydrolysates: glucose, xylose and arabinose. In addition, C. basilensis HMF14 can produce polyhydroxyalkanoates. Cultivation of C. basilensis HMF14 on wheat straw hydrolysate resulted in the complete removal of furfural, HMF, acetate and formate, leaving the sugar fraction intact. This unique substrate profile makes C. basilensis HMF14 extremely well suited for biological removal of inhibitors from lignocellulosic hydrolysates prior to their use as fermentation feedstock.
In Vitro
Resistance Selection Studies of RLP068/Cl, a New Zn(II) Phthalocyanine Suitable for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Giuliani Francesco , Martinelli Manuele , Cocchi Annalisa , Arbia Debora , Fantetti Lia , Roncucci Gabrio
Published: December 2009

Resistance to antimicrobial agents is emerging in a wide variety of nosocomial and community-acquired pathogens. The development of alternative therapies against nosocomial infections caused by clinically relevant pathogens represents a major public health concern. RLP068/Cl is a novel Zn(II) phthalocyanine proposed as a photosensitizer suitable for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) for localized infections. Its ability, following activation by light, to induce resistance in three major human pathogens after 20 daily passages was studied. Simultaneously for the same strains, the ability of daily sequential subcultures in subinhibitory concentrations of RLP068/Cl to develop resistant mutants without illumination was evaluated. We demonstrate that 20 consecutive APDT treatments with RLP068/Cl did not result in any resistant mutants and that, in dark conditions, only
Staphylococcus aureus
strains had increased MICs of RLP068/Cl. However, even in this case, the susceptibility of the mutated bacteria to APDT was not affected by their MIC increase.
Inhibitor Resistance in the KPC-2 β-Lactamase, a Preeminent Property of This Class A β-Lactamase
Authors: Papp-Wallace Krisztina M. , Bethel Christopher R. , Distler Anne M. , Kasuboski Courtney , Taracila Magdalena , Bonomo Robert A.
Published: December 2009

As resistance determinants, KPC β-lactamases demonstrate a wide substrate spectrum that includes carbapenems, oxyimino-cephalosporins, and cephamycins. In addition, clinical strains harboring KPC-type β-lactamases are often identified as resistant to standard β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitor combinations in susceptibility testing. The KPC-2 carbapenemase presents a significant clinical challenge, as the mechanistic bases for KPC-2-associated phenotypes remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate resistance by KPC-2 to β-lactamase inhibitors by determining that clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam are hydrolyzed by KPC-2 with partition ratios (
k
cat
/
k
inact
ratios, where
k
inact
is the rate constant of enzyme inactivation) of 2,500, 1,000, and 500, respectively. Methylidene penems that contain an
sp
2
-hybridized C
3
carboxylate and a bicyclic R1 side chain (dihydropyrazolo[1,5-c][1,3]thiazole [penem 1] and dihydropyrazolo[5,1-c][1,4]thiazine [penem 2]) are potent inhibitors:

K
m

of penem 1, 0.06 ± 0.01 μM, and

K
m

of penem 2, 0.006 ± 0.001 μM. We also demonstrate that penems 1 and 2 are mechanism-based inactivators, having partition ratios (
k
cat
/
k
inact
ratios) of 250 and 50, respectively. To understand the mechanism of inhibition by these penems, we generated molecular representations of both inhibitors in the active site of KPC-2. These models (i) suggest that penem 1 and penem 2 interact differently with active site residues, with the carbonyl of penem 2 being positioned outside the oxyanion hole and in a less favorable position for hydrolysis than that of penem 1, and (ii) support the kinetic observations that penem 2 is the better inhibitor (
k
inact
/

K
m

= 6.5 ± 0.6 μM
−1
s
−1
). We conclude that KPC-2 is unique among class A β-lactamases in being able to readily hydrolyze clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam. In contrast, penem-type β-lactamase inhibitors, by exhibiting unique active site chemistry, may serve as an important scaffold for future development and offer an attractive alternative to our current β-lactamase inhibitors.
Glycerol Monolaurate Inhibits
Candida
and
Gardnerella vaginalis In Vitro
and
In Vivo
but Not
Lactobacillus
Authors: Strandberg Kristi L. , Peterson Marnie L. , Lin Ying-Chi , Pack Melinda C. , Chase David J. , Schlievert Patrick M.
Published: December 2009

We investigated the effects of glycerol monolaurate (GML) on
Lactobacillus
,
Candida
, and
Gardnerella vaginalis
human vaginal microflora. Our previous work demonstrated that 6 months of GML treatment vaginally does not alter lactobacillus counts in monkeys.
Candida
and
G. vaginalis
are commonly associated with vaginal infections in women, many becoming chronic or recurrent.
In vitro
growth inhibition studies determined the effects of GML (0 to 500 μg/ml) against multiple
Candida
species and
G. vaginalis
. A randomized, double-blind study investigated the effects of GML on vaginal microflora
Lactobacillus
,
Candida
, and
G. vaginalis
in colonized or infected women (
n
= 36). Women self-administered intravaginal gels containing 0% (
n
= 14), 0.5% (
n
= 13), or 5% (
n
= 9) GML every 12 h for 2 days. Vaginal swabs were collected before and immediately after the first gel administration and 12 h after the final gel administration. Swabs were tested for
Lactobacillus
,
Candida
,
G. vaginalis
, and GML.
In vitro
GML concentrations of 500 μg/ml were candicidal for all species tested, while a concentration of 10 μg/ml was bactericidal for
G. vaginalis
. Control and GML gels applied vaginally in women did not alter vaginal pH or
Lactobacillus
counts. Control gels reduced
G. vaginalis
counts but not
Candida
counts, whereas GML gels reduced both
Candida
and
G. vaginalis
. No adverse events were reported by participating women. GML is antimicrobial for
Candida
and
G. vaginalis in vitro
. Vaginal GML gels in women do not affect
Lactobacillus
negatively but significantly reduce
Candida
and
G. vaginalis
.
Murine Model of a Disseminated Infection by the Novel Fungus
Fonsecaea monophora
and Successful Treatment with Posaconazole
Authors: Calvo Enrique , Pastor F. Javier , Rodríguez M. Mar , Mayayo Emilio , Salas Valentina , Guarro Josep
Published: December 2009

We have evaluated the efficacy of posaconazole, amphotericin B, and itraconazole in a murine model of disseminated infection by
Fonsecaea monophora
. Of these three antifungal drugs tested, posaconazole prolonged survival significantly and reduced the fungal load in most of the organs tested. Bioassay studies demonstrated the relationship between posaconazole levels and dose escalation in serum and brain tissue. Posaconazole may have a clinical role in the treatment of disseminated infections by
F. monophora
.
Resistance-Associated Mutations to Etravirine (TMC-125) in Antiretroviral-Naïve Patients Infected with Non-B HIV-1 Subtypes
Authors: Maïga Almoustapha Issiaka , Descamps Diane , Morand-Joubert Laurence , Malet Isabelle , Derache Anne , Cisse Mamadou , Koita Victoria , Akonde Alain , Diarra Bah , Wirden Marc , Tounkara Anatole , Verlinden Yvan , Katlama Christine , Costagliola Dominique , Masquelier Bernard , Calvez Vincent , Marcelin Anne-Genevieve
Published: December 2009

Susceptibility to etravirine (ETR), an expanded-spectrum nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), is dependent on the type and number of NNRTI resistance-associated mutations (RAMs). Studies have shown that some HIV-1 subtypes may have natural polymorphisms described as ETR RAMs. This study addresses the prevalence of ETR RAMs in treatment-naïve patients infected with HIV-1 non-B subtypes and its potential impact on ETR susceptibility. The prevalence of ETR RAMs in 726 antiretroviral-naïve patients infected with non-B HIV-1 subtypes was studied. ETR genotypic resistance was interpreted according to Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA and Stanford algorithms. NNRTI phenotypic susceptibilities of samples with at least one ETR RAM were measured. Overall, 75 (10.3%) of 726 sequences harbored at least one ETR RAM: sequences from 72 patients (10%) each had one ETR RAM, and sequences from 3 patients (0.4%) each had two ETR RAMs (V90I and Y181C in one case and V90I and A98G in two cases). None of the viruses had three or more ETR RAMs, and none were consequently classified as resistant to ETR. All sequences with two ETR RAMs belonged to subtype CRF02_AG. The presence of one ETR RAM was statistically more frequent in subtype CRF02_AG than in other non-B subtypes (P= 0.004). Three new mutation profiles (E138A and V179I, Y181C and H221Y, and V90I and Y181C) showing decreased ETR phenotypic susceptibility were identified. In conclusion, although the prevalence of ETR RAMs in treatment-naïve patients infected with non-B HIV-1 subtypes was 10%, in most cases this had no significant impact on ETR susceptibility. However, the transmission of drug-resistant viruses with Y181C in a non-B genetic background has a potential for impact on ETR susceptibility.
Fusobacterium nucleatumEnvelope Protein FomA Is Immunogenic and Binds to the Salivary Statherin-Derived Peptide
Authors: Nakagaki Hidetaka , Sekine Shinichi , Terao Yutaka , Toe Masahiro , Tanaka Muneo , Ito Hiro-O , Kawabata Shigetada , Shizukuishi Satoshi , Fujihashi Kohtaro , Kataoka Kosuke
Published: December 2009

We have previously shown that one of the minimal active regions of statherin, a human salivary protein, for binding toFusobacterium nucleatumis a YQPVPE amino acid sequence. In this study, we identified the FomA protein ofF. nucleatum, which is responsible for binding to the statherin-derived YQPVPE peptide. Overlay analysis showed that a 40-kDa protein of theF. nucleatumcell envelope (40-kDa CE) specifically bound to the YQPVPE peptide. The equilibrium association constant between the affinity-purified 40-kDa CE and the YQPVPE peptide was 4.30 × 106. Further, the purity and amino acid sequence analyses of the purified 40-kDa CE revealed approximately 98.7% (wt/wt) purity and a high degree of homology with FomA, a major porin protein ofF. nucleatum. Thus, a FomA-deficient mutant failed to bind to the YQPVPE peptide. In addition, increased levels of a FomA-specific mucosal IgA antibody (Ab) and plasma IgG and IgA Abs were seen only in mice immunized nasally with cholera toxin (CT) and the purified 40-kDa FomA protein. Interestingly, saliva from mice that received FomA plus CT as a mucosal adjuvant nasally preventedin vitrobinding ofF. nucleatumto statherin-coated polyvinyl chloride plates. Taken together, these results suggest that induction of specific immunity to the 40-kDa FomA protein ofF. nucleatum, which specifically binds to the statherin-derived peptide, may be an effective tool for preventing the formation ofF. nucleatumbiofilms in the oral cavity.
Moss carpets constrain the fertilizing effects of herbivores on graminoid plants in arctic polygon fens
Authors: Pouliot Rémy , Rochefort Line , Gauthier Gilles
Published: December 2009

We conducted a fertilization experiment in polygon fens that were grazed by Greater Snow Geese on Bylot Island (Canadian Arctic) to determine whether mosses can interfere with nutrient cycling and thereby prevent a direct fertilizing effect of herbivore faeces on vascular plants. We measured the effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and faecal addition on growth parameters and nutrient content of graminoids and mosses over a 2 year period. Growth and nutrient content of graminoids were enhanced only for high levels of N addition (5 g·m–2 per season), and showed little response to P addition. Although the growth of mosses showed a slight response to N or P addition, it is primarily nutrient content that was generally enhanced at all levels of fertilization. In many cases, stronger responses were detected when N and P were applied in combination, rather than singly. Addition of goose droppings had no effect on any measured parameters. Our results suggest that bryophytes act as a natural barrier by absorbing nutrients from external additions, thus blocking the access of highly assimilable nutrients to graminoid plant roots. At increased levels of N addition, bryophytes were apparently saturated so the nutrient surplus leached down to roots and was thus available for graminoid plant growth. The presence of a thick moss layer likely explains why the deposition of faeces by herbivores such as geese has no effect on graminoid growth in arctic polygon fens.
Differences in cellular structure regulate stem elongation of alpine and prairie ecotypes ofStellaria longipesgrown under two contrasting temperature regimes
Authors: Thuy Dang T. Thu , Yeung Edward C. , Chinnappa C. C.
Published: December 2009

The objectives of this study were to explore differences in the structural features of stem elongation in alpine and prairie ecotypes of Stellaria longipes Goldie in response to two contrasting temperature regimes. The two ecotypes were grown under warmer, 28 °C (day) – 22 °C (night), and cooler, 10 °C (day) – 4 °C (night) temperatures, and under the same light irradiance (∼120 µmol·m–2·s–1) and photoperiod (16 h). Temperature exerts a significant effect on the stem elongation of alpine and prairie ecotypes of S. longipes. Significant retardation of growth occurred in plants grown in cooler temperatures (10 °C (day) – 4 °C (night)), while growth was profoundly enhanced when plants were grown under warmer conditions (28 °C (day) – 22 °C (night)). The ecotypes exhibited differential responses to temperature (owing to differences in their cellular structure), particularly in cell length, the timing of cell wall thickening, the deposition of phenolic compounds, and the changes in cortical microtubule orientation.