bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical tests for potentially available nitrogen in soil
Authors: Jenkinson D. S.
Published: November 2006

Previous work on the distribution of radioactivity in the organic matter of soils incubated with 14C labelled ryegrass suggested that the amount of organic matter extracted by barium hydroxide might serve as an index of potentially available N in soil. This suggestion was tested on a set of soils for which the amounts of N mineralised during incubation, and the amounts of N taken up by ryegrass grown in the soils, were known. The amounts of organic C and non‐nitrate N extracted by barium hydroxide were correlated fairly closely with the amounts of N released by the soils; polysaccharide (measured as the glucose equivalent) extracted by barium hydroxide was more closely correlated with release of N. The amount of ‘glucose’ extracted was significantly correlated with the yield of unfertilised barley in 36 field experiments (r = 0.83**); the correlation with response of barley to N was smaller (r = −0.54**).

The amount of ‘glucose’ extracted from soil by barium hydroxide increased during air‐drying, but once air‐dry no further change occurred, even on prolonged storage.

Barium hydroxide‐extractable ‘glucose’ is proposed as an index of potentially available N in soil. The correlation coefficients between uptake of N by ryegrass grown in pots (14 soils) and soil measurements were 0.70**, 0.65**, 0.70**, 0.67**, and 0.28, respectively, for barium hydroxide‐extractable ‘glucose’, N extractable by boiling water, or sodium bicarbonate, ammonia released by hot aqueous calcium hydroxide, and ammonia released by alkaline permanganate. None of the chemical tests were correlated as closely with uptake of N by grass, as the N mineralised when the re‐wetted air‐dried soil was incubated.
Comparison of wheat varieties by starch‐gel electrophoresis of their grain proteins
Authors: Doekes G. J.
Published: November 2006

Single extraction of wheat flour with water proved to be necessary for obtaining clear electropherograms of the albumin/globulin fraction; triple extraction was required to obtain a clear distinction of the gliadin components. As the ‘electrophoretic mobility’ does not have a constant value, a different characteristic, the Rv value, analogous to the Rt value in chromatography, is suggested as a measure of the relative mobility of the components, a characteristic which is not affected by experimental factors.

From densitograms of gliadin fractions, 80 wheat varieties and selected lines from various parts of the world were arranged into five main groups, which formed a morphological series. Each main group comprised of a number of sub‐groups which in certain cases were found to be based on genetic relationships. Densitograms of the albumin/globulin fractions could be used in conjunction with those of the gliadins for determination of wheat varieties.
Mineral composition of apples. VI.—Changes in the composition of seeds and stems of Cox's orange pippin apples during development and near picking time
Authors: Perring M. A. , Wilkinson B. G.
Published: November 2006

Mineral analyses have been made of the seeds of developing Cox's Orange Pippin apples in three seasons. Some results are also given for stems and flesh. There are unexplained variations in the Na content of seeds in that the Na concentration appears to be at a minimum in the three or four weeks near harvest.

Changes in mineral composition of the fruit as a whole, though similar in direction, were different in magnitude from those previously reported for fruit from the same source. This further emphasises the marked effect of season on the chemical composition of apples.
Method for quantitative determination of p‐hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate in digests of seed meal of Sinapis alba L.
Authors: Josefsson E.
Published: November 2006

A method has been developed for the quantitative determination of p‐hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate in enzymic digests of seed meal of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.). The isothiocyanate was treated with sodium hydroxide and the released thiocyanate was determined by use of ferric nitrate reagent. A sample in which the ferric thiocyanate complex was destroyed by addition of mercuric chloride was used as a control for the colorimetric determinations. The yields of isothiocyanate obtained after hydrolysis of p‐hydroxybenzylglucosinolate at different pH have been studied. A relative standard deviation of 0.9% was found when the method was applied to micro‐ quantitities. The simplicity and rapidity of the method and its applicability to small samples make it well suited for use in connexion with plant breeding.
Insecticides on single seeds treated with liquid dressings
Authors: Jeffs K. A. , Lord K. A. , Tuppen R. J.
Published: November 2006

A method for determining insecticide on seeds treated with liquid formulations by extraction and gas chromatography of the extract was devised and used to estimate the amount of the insecticide on single seeds.

Eight solvents were tested for their ability to extract aldrin from wheat seeds treated with a liquid formulation. Acetone‐hexane was chosen for further investigation because in 24 hours at room temperature it extracted at least 95% of the aldrin from treated seeds. This solvent almost quantitatively extracted chlorfenvinphos and carbophenothion at room temperature and γ‐BHC at 45° in 24 hours, without extracting substances which interfere with gas chromatography of the insecticides.

The amount of insecticide found on single seeds varied widely, in seeds dressed both in the laboratory with commercial preparations (range 4‐ to 7‐fold) and in 2 commercial plants (range 40‐ to 200‐fold).
Fractionation of plant material. III.—Two schemes for chemical fractionation of fresh leaves, having special applicability for isolation of the bulk protein
Authors: Jennings A. C. , Pusztai A. , Synge R. L. M. , Watt W. B.
Published: November 2006

Nearly all the protein of broad‐bean leaves other than cell‐wall protein was readily extracted into phenol‐acetic acid‐water mixtures, and further purified by free‐solution eletrophoresis therein, using the continuous apparatus of Hannig. Under these conditions RNA migrated cationically in association with the protein. Adding salt did not greatly improve the separation, but it reversed the relative cationic migration rates of phaeophytin a and protein. Liquid‐liquid partition between phenol and aqueous buffer phases gave good separation of the protein from RNA.

Scheme I involved successive extraction of the leaves with 5% (w/v) aqueous trichloroacetic acid, ethanol and phenol‐acetic acid‐water; the bulk of the protein went into this last solvent mixture and did not require further electrophoretic treatment. In Scheme II, components of low molecular weight were washed out from the plasmolysed leaves with water. Extraction was then carried out with phenol‐acetic acid‐water, and this extract was further fractionated by electrophoresis. The non‐migrating fraction should be valuable starting material for studies of a variety of leaf constituents. The extraction residues are promising starting material for studies of the leaf polysaccharides and other cell‐wall components.

The protein preparations contained little phosphorus or carbohydrate but were brown and had high C/N ratios and higher ultra‐violet absorption than corresponded to the aromatic amino acids present. This was decreased, but not abolished, by keeping the work under nitrogen. Model experiments showed good electrophoretic separation of protein from polyphenols and tannic acid under the same conditions. The extraneous aromatic material is therefore presumed to be bound covalently to the protein. Coupling of oxidatively polymerising quinones to side‐chains of amino acid residues, especially lysine, seems probable. The occurrence of such reactions in leaves has implications for the nutritive value of their proteins. Such products may also contribute directly to the ‘humic acid’ fraction of soil.
Fractionation of plant material. IV.—Distribution of amino acid residues in fractions obtained from leaves of broad bean (Vicia faba L.)
Authors: Clarke Eileen M. W. , Ellinger Gabrielle M. , Synge R. L. M.
Published: November 2006

The quantitative distribution of amino‐acid residues amongst some fractions derived from broad‐bean leaves was determined. Among the free amino acids, asparagine predominated and 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) was abundant. DOPA was absent from the protein fractions. Aggregated N recovery and amino acid composition resembled those found for leafy materials by previous workers. Material extracted by ethanol from the TCA‐precipitated fraction resembled the bulk protein in molecular size and amino acid composition. A fraction not migrating during electrophoresis in phenol‐acetic acid‐water gave, on hydrolysis, amino acids presumed to be bound in neutral or weakly acid compounds, mostly of low molecular weight.
Organochlorine insecticide residues in earthworms from arable soils
Authors: Wheatley G. A. , Hardman J. A.
Published: November 2006

Six species of earthworms from an arable soil were analysed for residues of aldrin, dieldrin, DDT and γ‐BHC. The ratios between the concentrations of γ‐BHC, aldrin + dieldrin and p,p′‐DDT + p,p′‐DDE in the earthworms and in the soil (concentration factors) were similar but the residue concentrations were consistently higher in the smaller more shallow‐living species Allolobophora caliginosa, A. chlorotica and A. rosea than in the larger deeper‐living species Lumbricus terrestris, A. longa and Octolasion cyaneum.

In arable field plots, dieldrin residues in A. longa and A. chlorotica increased with increasing concentrations in the soil but the concentration factors decreased. The concentrations of residues in earthworms (W) appear to be related to those in the soil (S) by an equation of the form W = aSb where a and b are constants, the latter being about 0.79 for a wide range of residue data embracing the uptake of aldrin‐dieldrin, DDT components, and γ‐BHC by earthworms.
Fractional extraction of cereal flour proteins
Authors: Ewart J. A. D.
Published: November 2006

Wheat (Wichita), rye, barley, oat and maize flours were successively extracted with 0.04 m sodium chloride solution (3 × ), water (3 × ), 70% ethanol (3 ×) and 0.1 N acetic acid. The fractions and residues were analysed for nitrogen and subjected to starch‐gel electrophoresis. Saline extractions chiefly removed the albumins and globulins of all five cereals. The prolamins of wheat, rye and barley appeared mostly in the three aqueous extracts but also, particularly, those of very low mobility, occurred in the alcoholic solutions. The acetic acid‐soluble fractions of wheat, rye and barley were shown by electrophoresis under reducing conditions to be crosslinked by S.S bonds; those of rye and barley showed some characteristic differences from glutenin. Oats and maize were practically devoid of this fraction. Most of the protein of oats and maize was insoluble. Electrophoresis patterns after reduction were obtained from insoluble fractions, though there were differences among the genera. Both overall protein solubility and the quantity of the acetic acid‐soluble fraction were correlated with baking quality. The presence of covalent crosslinks other than S.S in glutelin fractions is suspected.
Grazing trials on paraquat‐treated pasture
Authors: Calderbank A. , McKenna R. H. , Stevens M. A. , Walley J. K.
Published: November 2006

Cattle suffered no toxic effects over a four‐week period when turned loose on pasture immediately after it had been sprayed with paraquat at 1 lb/acre, and continued to graze the brown dried herbage as they would have grazed hay. It can be calculated that the animals were consuming approximately half their acute oral LD50 of paraquat every day, for the first two weeks at least, without showing any signs of toxic effects. This result, together with the low levels of paraquat detected in the urine of animals on sprayed pasture and high levels in the faeces indicates that when paraquat is administered as a residue on grass very little is available for absorption. No significant residues of paraquat could be detected in the carcass of an animal slaughtered three days after return to unsprayed pasture. Residues of 0.02 ppm paraquat were found in the milk of the two cows on the first day after spraying only, when initial residues on the herbage were just over 1000 ppm. Thereafter no residues were detected by a method capable of detecting 0.005 ppm.

Horses showed definite ill effects, namely local lesions of the mouth and increased mucous secretions, after grazing the newly sprayed pasture. On return to normal pasture they quickly recovered, and a horse slaughtered 5 months later showed no post mortem abnormalities. Results of a further trial, in which the symptoms were much less marked, suggested that a short period of weathering of the pasture after spraying would reduce the harmful effects on horses.
Deterioration of β‐carotene in certain hydrogenated fats. I.—Incidence of green discoloration during storage
Authors: McWeeny D. J.
Published: November 2006

An investigation of the stability of β‐carotene in 111 samples of hydrogenated edible fats revealed that during storage at temperatures in the range of +20° to —20°, green discoloration of the yellow fats occurred in 38 samples during the first year of storage. The green discoloration was found mostly in hydrogenated palm kernel oil and coconut oil; samples of hydrogenated marine and soyabean oils were much less susceptible to colour change. The rate of development of the colour change was generally a maximum in the temperature range +6° to —6° and decreased rapidly as the temperature was raised.
Influence of dietary linoleic acid on egg fatty acid composition in hens deficient in essential fatty acids
Authors: Balnave D.
Published: November 2006

The effect on egg yolk lipids of adding linoleic acid in the form of corn oil to the diet of hens depleted of essential fatty acids over a prolonged period was examined. There was an immediate increase in the amount of linoleate deposited in all yolk lipid fractions. The addition of 8% corn oil resulted in a maximum value of about 20% lineoleic acid in the egg yolk fatty acids being attained over a period of 14 days. This increase in lineoleate deposition was accompanied by a reduction in the level of oleic acid. Minor adjustments in the other egg fatty acids accompanied these major changes.
Seaweed extracts as fertilisers
Authors: Blunden G. , Challen S. B. , Woods D. L.
Published: November 2006

The growth‐promoting effect of extracts of Laminaria saccharina, Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum was due largely to the cations present, but this effect was modified by organic substances in the extracts. The concentrations of amino acids and mannitol in seaweed extracts had little effect on plant growth. The compounds extracted with organic solvents appear to be responsible in part only for the modification of the growth‐promoting effect. Alginic acid and its salts were indicated as being the main organic compounds responsible for reducing the effect of the metals with mustard plants. It is suggested that alginic acid competes with the plants by ion‐exchange for the metals in the extract.
Estimation of Triticum aestivum in pasta flours: Interspecific limits for sitosteryl palmitate content
Authors: Garcia‐Faure R. , Garcia‐Olmedo F. , Vallejo‐Acevedo J. M.
Published: November 2006

Sitosteryl palmitate (SP) content of flour was shown to be not significantly affected by normal variations in milling yield. Since the distribution of fat in a wheat kernel does not follow the same pattern as does SP, it is preferable to consider SP content on the basis of DM content of the flour. A survey of 46 Triticum aestivum and 24 T. durum flours showed that the latter contained SP, but its level did not exceed 1.5 mg/100 g. T. aestivum varieties show a two‐peak distribution, with the maxima at approximately 4 mg/100 g and at 12 mg/100 g, respectively. Three T. aestivum flours were within the T. durum range and three others were close to it. Limits for sitosteryl palmitate content in T. aestivum and T. durum were tentatively established at 16.5 mg/100 g and 1.5 mg/100 g respectively. Based on these limits, a method is proposed for the estimation of the minimum amount of T. Aestivum in a mixture.
Digestibility in vitro and available lysine contents of Indian oilseed meals
Authors: Venkatesan N. , Rege D. V.
Published: November 2006

Experiments with untreated and autoclaved meals of mowra (Bassia latifolia), pisa (Actinodaphne hookeri) and undi (Calophyllum inophyllum) are reported. The three meals were digested by pepsin to approximately the same extent as casein. While pisa and undi meals were fairly rapidly degraded by trypsin, mowra meal was cleaved slowly, but did not possess any trysin inhibiting activity. Destruction and inactivation of amino acids were caused by autoclaving the meals. The presence of naturally occurring trypsin‐resistant bonds in mowra meal protein is inferred. The nutritional significance of the amounts of FDNB‐reactive lysine units in these meals is discussed.
Application of chemical methods for the assessment of beef quality. I.—General considerations, sampling and the determination of basic components
Authors: Pearson D.
Published: November 2006

This paper introduces a series of contributions covering the application of chemical methods to samples of stored comminuted beef. The criteria to be investigated are outlined, together with the methods employed for sampling, determination of basic composition and assessment of odour.
Organophosphorus compounds. IV.—2‐[Diethoxy or ethoxy (ethyl) phosphinylthio‐ and diethoxy or ethoxy (ethyl) phosphinothioylthio‐methyl] benzimidazoles
Authors: Pianka M. , Edwards J. D.
Published: November 2006

Several 2‐chloromethylbenzimidazoles were prepared and condensed with potassium diethyl phosphoro‐ and phosphono‐ thiolothionates and thiolates for inseeticidal and acaricidal studies.
Organophosphorus compounds. V.—Structure and activity of certain 2‐[diethoxy or ethoxy (ethyl) phosphinylthio‐ and diethoxy or ethoxy (ethyl) phosphinothioylthio‐methyl] benzimidazoles
Authors: Pianka M.
Published: November 2006

Thirteen substituted 2‐(diethoxyphosphinothioylthiomethyl) benzimidazoles, a 2‐(diethoxyphosphinylthiomethyl) benzimidazole, an ethoxy (ethyl)‐phosphinothioylthiol‐ and [phosphinylthio]‐methylbenzimid‐azole were tested for activity against Aphis fabae, Tetranychus telarius, Musca domestica and Plutella maculipennis (Curtis). For high contact activity a nitro‐group on the benzene nucleus was required. Substitution on the nitrogen atom of the nitrobenzimidazole radical had a variable effect on activity; the thiolomethylcarbonyl group suppressed it. Substitution by a methyl group on the carbon of the S‐methyl reduced activity. Replacement of P(S) by P(O) in the diethoxy‐compounds greatly enhanced systemic activity.
Nutritional evaluation of seed proteins of Actinodaphne hookeri
Authors: Venkatesan N. , Rege D. V.
Published: November 2006

The possibility of utilisation of pisa meal, which remains after defatting of Actinodaphne hookeri seeds, as a potential protein source in foods and feeds has been investigated. Rat growth experiments with half of the dietary protein derived from the meal were carried out, using casein as standard protein for comparison. Reasonably good correlation between chemical data and biological performance was observed. The meal, when made nutritionally adequate by supplementation with methionine and lysine, was capable of supporting normal growth and maintaining other physiological functions in rats. Feeding the rats with pisa meal for 8‐10 weeks did not reveal any abnormal biochemical lesion indicative of the onset of toxic action.
Activation analysis of trace elements in fishmeal
Authors: Lunde G.
Published: November 2006

Fishmeals produced from herring (Clupea harengus), mackerel (Scomber scomber), capelin (Mallotus villosus) and Norway pout (Gadus esmarki) were analysed by neutron activation. The elements tested were mercury, bromine, arsenic, selenium, antimony, copper, cobalt, iron, zinc, molybdenum and tungsten. The distribution of these elements in the solid and aqueous phases in boiled fish used as raw material for fishmeal was also studied.
Identification of 3α‐hydroxy‐5α‐androst‐16‐ene as the musk odour component of boar submaxillary salivary gland and its relationship to the sex odour taint in pork meat
Authors: Patterson R. L. S.
Published: November 2006

The salivary glands of boars, hogs and gilts have been examined for the presence of sex odour. The submaxillary salivary glands of all boars examined possessed a musk‐smelling compound, which was absent from the glands of the hogs and gilts. The compound, which has been isolated and identified as 3α‐hydroxy‐5α‐androst‐16‐ene, is closely related to 5α‐androst‐16‐ene‐3‐one, previously isolated from boar fat.
Changes in the lipids of turkey muscle during storage at chilling and freezing temperatures
Authors: Fishwick M. J.
Published: November 2006

Diced turkey leg and breast muscle stored for 22 days at 0° and —3°, and for up to one year at —10°, —20° and —60° was examined at intervals for lipid composition. Free fatty acids increased at all temperatures except —60°, with a Q10 of 3‐4 between 0° and —20° 90% of the fatty acids liberated were unsaturated, matching in composition the unsaturated acids of the muscle glycerophospholipids. Demonstration of linear relationships between increase in free fatty acids and decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine or increase in lysophosphatidylcholine confirmed phospholipase A2 as the enzyme mainly responsible. The composition of the fatty acids liberated during storage at 0° and —3° showed that both lipase and phospholipase were active. A slight decrease in extractability, resulting in an apparent loss of phospholipid‐P, was observed after storage at low temperatures.
Variation in the composition of barley and its effect on the performance of pigs
Authors: Jones A. S. , Cadenhead A. , Livingstone R. M.
Published: November 2006

The crude protein and basic amino acid contents of 26 samples of barley were determined. The lysine, histidine and arginine contents of barley were positively and significantly related to the crude protein content. The proportion of lysine in barley protein decreased significantly as the crude protein level increased. Differences in the lysine and protein content of barley were shown to affect the growth and carcass quality of bacon pigs.
Determination of elemental sulphur in soils
Authors: Barrow N. J.
Published: November 2006

Elemental sulphur was extracted from soil with chloroform and the sulphur was reduced to hydrogen sulphide by iron powder in the presence of hydrochloric acid, acetone and chloroform. The hydrogen sulphide was transferred in a stream of nitrogen to sodium hydroxide solution and determined by titration with mercuric chloride using dithizone as an indicator. The reduction technique was not specific to elemental sulphur but soils appeared to contain few compounds which were soluble in chloroform and which were also reduced. Wet soils could be extracted without preliminary drying. The analysis is rapid and suitable to routine application.
Leaf analysis as a guide to the nutrition of fruit crops. VII.—Sand culture N, P, K, Mg experiments with red raspberry (Rubus idaeus)
Authors: Bould C.
Published: November 2006

The main effects and interactions of N, P, K and Mg on cane growth, leaf nutrient composition and crop yield of red raspberry, grown in sand culture, were investigated. Results indicated that leaf‐lamina samples taken from non‐fruiting canes from late June to early August may be used as an index of the nutritional status of the crop. Leaf nutrient concentrations at this growth stage were related to crop yield in the following season. Optimum leaf‐lamina concentrations in late July were thought to be: K, 1.5%; Mg, 0.3%; N, > 2.3%; P, > 0.2% in dry weight.
Dehydration of membrane‐coated foods by osmosis
Authors: Camirand W. M. , Forrey R. R. , Popper K. , Boyle F. P. , Stanley W. L.
Published: November 2006

Preliminary studies have shown that pieces of fruit, meat, fish, and whole shellfish can be dehydrated osmotically. Fifty percent invert sucrose was used as a solute; edible semipermeable membranes maintained osmotic differential and reduced solute contamination of the product. The greatest weight loss was observed with component items of high molecular weight such as meats and fish. Some of the products when re‐hydrated show a marked similarity to the fresh food. Calcium pectate membranes gave the best results.
Available lysine. I.—Determination of non‐N‐terminal lysine in protein
Authors: Matheson N. A.
Published: November 2006

An improved quantitative method for estimating ϵ‐DNP‐lysine is described. This method is applied to the determination of ϵ‐DNP‐lysine produced by the hydrolysis of dinitrophenylated proteins. The effect of the conditions of hydrolysis and of traces of chromic acid present during hydrolysis is presented. The use of dinitrophenylation as a method of determining non‐N‐terminal lysine was tested on three purified proteins and the results are discussed.
Studies in fungitoxicity. VI.—Fungicidal activity of certain 2‐(substituted thio)‐5‐(2,4‐dinitrophenylthio)‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles and related compounds
Authors: Pianka M.
Published: November 2006

Twenty 2‐(substituted thio)‐5‐(2,4‐dinitrophenylthio)‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles and several related compounds were synthesised from the appropriate 1,3,4‐thiadiazole derivatives and the aryl chlorides, and tested for activity against Venturia inaequalis, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium bulbigenum and Cercospora melonis. Only compounds derived from fungitoxic aryl chlorides were themselves fungitoxic. The compounds cleave at the Ph‐S bond. It is tentatively assumed that compounds in which this bond is not shielded may undergo a nucleophilic attack by cell constituents. This is paralleled by results obtained with dimethyldithiocarbamoyl derivatives where only those that readily split off the dimethyldithiocarbamate group had high activity against Venturia inaequalis.
Identification of metabolites of dieldrin (HEOD) in the faeces and urine of rats
Authors: Richardson A. , Baldwin M. , Robinson J.
Published: November 2006

Two metabolites of HEOD have been isolated by chromatographic techniques, one from the faeces and one from the urine of rats fed for six months on a diet containing HEOD.

The molccular formulae of the urinary and faecal metabolites are respectively C12 H7 O2 Cl5 and C12 H8 O2 Cl6. Structural formulae for the two compounds are suggested.
Glucosinolates in seed of rape and turnip rape as affected by variety and environment
Authors: Josefsson E. , Appelqvist L.‐Å.
Published: November 2006

Seed meals of winter and summer types of varieties of Brassica napus and B. campestris, grown at different localities and in different years, have been analysed for content of glucosinolates which produce oxazolidinethiones and volatile isothiocyanates upon enzymic hydrolysis. Considerable differences existed in amounts of glucosinolates between species and between winter and summer types of the same species. Varietal differences were relatively small in most of the material studied. Samples of the Polish summer rape variety Bronowski and selections from this variety, however, exhibited very low glucosinolate contents; this is probably genetically determined.

Environmental variation generally amounted to ±15% of the average value. Under certain environments, however, 65% lower values than average were obtained.

Lack of sulphur in the growth medium of soil‐free cultures resulted in seeds low in glucosinolates. In practical farming low glucosinolate content has been found in rape seed as a result of low sulphate content in the soil.
Distribution of fatty acids in lipids as an aid to the identification of animal tissues. I.—Bovine, porcine, ovine and some avian species
Authors: Hubbard A. W. , Pocklington W. D.
Published: November 2006

Fat was extracted from various cuts of meat, from domestic and foreign sources. The majority of the samples were of pork, beef and lamb, but specimens from rabbit, various species of poultry, and three African ruminants, were also prepared.

The fatty acid compositions of the samples were determined by gas‐chromatography of their methyl esters, on polar and non‐polar stationary phases.

The use of such results both for the identification of the animal source of meat, and of the purity of lard samples, is discussed. It is suggested that the presence of lard in certain branched‐chain fatty acids, characteristic of ruminant fat, provides evidence of adulteration with beef or mutton tallow.
Effect of pasteurisation on the chemical composition of liquid whole egg. III.—Effect of staling and freezing on the protein fractionation patterns of raw and pasteurised whole egg
Authors: Parkinson T. L.
Published: November 2006

Two particular fractions of the soluble proteins were consistently reduced by heating liquid egg for 5 min at 150°F. These fractions were quantitatively greater in the soluble proteins from frozen egg. The soluble proteins appeared to be more stable to heat in eggs that had been stored for 15 days at 70°F than in new‐laid eggs. Unfrozen new‐laid and stale egg and frozen new‐laid egg all showed an increase in insoluble material after pasteurisation, and frozen egg contained more insoluble materials than unfrozen egg. Gel filtration showed that the proportion of compounds of high molecular weight in the insoluble proteins was markedly increased by pasteurisation and even more markedly increased by freezing.
Low molecular weight thiols and disulphides in flour
Authors: Hird F. J. R. , Croker I. W. D. , Jones W. L.
Published: November 2006

The reduced glutathione and oxidised glutathione contents of two grades of flours have been determined by an enzymic method. The low molecular weight thiol and disulphide content of these flours have been estimated by polarography.

It is concluded that the glutathione levels in flour are large enough to modify the rheological properties of dough. The low molecular weight compounds of flour are present in larger amounts and these may also be implicated in determining the normal rheological behaviour of dough.
Non‐destructive method of assessing the toughness of individual Turkeys
Authors: Ranken M. D. , Shrimpton D. H.
Published: November 2006

Occasionally turkeys are exceptionally tough despite apparently normal processing, ageing, cooking etc. In an attempt to identify them under manufacturing conditions an electrical method was investigated. A potential of 14 volts a.c. (50 cycles) was applied across two points inserted in the turkey breast and the ‘Probe Reading’, or current passing, was recorded in mA.

Probe Readings ⩾80 occurred in only about 1% of the turkeys examined. This group contained almost all the tough birds encountered, but also some 2‐4 times as many tender ones. Attempts to tenderise the tough birds by increased ageing or to distinguish them by pH measurements or observations of muscular contractibility were not successful.
A hypothesis for the structure and rheology of glutenin
Authors: Ewart J. A. D.
Published: November 2006

It is suggested that because of the rapid lowering of the viscosity of its solutions by reducing agents the major, important fraction of glutenin consists of linear molecules made up of polypeptide chains linked to one another difunctionally by S.S bonds. When dough is stretched the natural tendency of the polypeptide chains to return to a contracted state of low free energy accounts for the elasticity. The interchain S.S bonds are essential for elasticity because inter‐chain adhesion between individual polypeptide chains will not overcome the stronger intra‐chain forces unless reinforced by the S.S bond. If extension exceeds the elastic limit, viscous flow occurs because steric hindrance and molecular slip will prevent a return to the original conformation. Disulphide interchange is believed to play an important part in stress relaxation. Mechanical scission of S.S probably occurs when molecules at their elastic limit are subjected to too much stress; this may explain the work maximum in the Chorleywood Bread Process. Explanations are advanced for mechanical and activated dough development and evidence in favour of the hypothesis is discussed.
Formation of α‐ketoglutaric acid by wine yeasts and its oenological significance
Authors: Rankine B. C.
Published: November 2006

α‐Ketoglutaric acid was measured enzymically in wines made in the laboratory from three grape varieties by pure cultures of 12 wine yeasts of the genus Saccharomyces. The results were confirmed with the same juices and 4 yeasts on pilot‐plant scale in replicated 30 gallon lots.

Mean values for the 12 yeasts ranged from 9 to 117 ppm (overall mean 53). In any one juice the yeasts differed by at least 10‐fold in the amounts produced, and certain yeasts produced consistently high or low yields in all juices. The amounts of α‐ketoglutaric acid produced depended somewhat on the grape juices used, even though these had comparable pH values, and a significant yeast‐juice interaction occurred. The amount of α‐ketoglutaric acid formed during fermentation at 15° was 60 per cent of that formed at 25°, and over twice as much was formed at pH 4.2 as at pH 3.0, using four yeast strains. Formation of α‐ketoglutaric and pyruvic acids were not significantly correlated.

The α‐ketoglutaric acid content of 18 white table wines made under comparable conditions on pilot‐plant scale from different grape varieties using the same yeast strain ranged from 38 to 152 ppm (mean 90).

The significance of the results is discussed, particularly in relation to the binding of sulphur dioxide in wine, and recommendations are given on how to make wines which are low in α‐ketoglutaric acid.

Formation of α‐ketoglutaric acid by three yeasts in a chemically defined medium was lower with increased amounts of nitrogen as ammonium sulphate and higher in the presence of L‐glutamic acid, both being used separately as sole nitrogen sources. These findings are discussed in relation to the rǒle of α‐ketoglutaric acid in nitrogen metabolism of yeasts.
Change in cell membrane permeability in tea flush on storage after plucking and its effect on fermentation in tea manufacture
Authors: Sanderson G. W.
Published: November 2006

The permeability of cell membranes in tea flush increased on storage after plucking when the flush was allowed to desiccate as in orthodox tea manufacture. The increase in membrane permeability was roughly proportional to the degree of desiccation until the flush approached about 55% moisture content at which the permeability is a maximum.

At room temperature (about 22°) there was no appreciable change in membrane permeability in non‐withering flush until after about 30 hours of storage. However, chilling temperatures (4° and 10°) markedly increased membrane permeability even in the absence of any desiccation, and killing temperatures (−15° and 40°) were even more effective.

The importance of increase in cell membrane permeability to tea manufacture is discussed in relation to the ease with which the catechol oxidase can be mixed with the catechins in the cells, a process which is essential for the initiation of tea fermentation.
Ensilage of whole‐crop barley. I.—Effects of variety and stage of growth
Authors: Edwards R. A. , Donaldson Elizabeth , MacGregor A. W.
Published: November 2006

The chemical composition and nutritive value of each of eight varieties of barley were examined at seven stages of growth. There were differences between some varieties at certain stages of growth but these were small. Dry matter content increased with increasing maturity while water‐soluble carbohydrate content increased to the milky ripe stage and then fell sharply. In vitro organic matter digestibility was a maximum at the mealy ripe stages of growth. The optimum stage of growth for cutting barley for ensilage is discussed. Silage was made from barley cut at the early mealy ripe stage of growth, in small tower silos. There was no effluent, and fermentation losses were low. The in vivo digestibility of the silage organic matter was 65.5%.
Ensilage of whole‐crop barley. II.—Composition of barley and barley silage at different stages of growth
Authors: Macgregor A. W. , Edwards R. A.
Published: November 2006

Samples of whole barley cv. Zephyr were cut at 7 stages of growth and after being chopped were ensiled in small laboratory silos. Changes in individual carbohydrates and organic acids during ensilage were studied. The water‐soluble carbohydrates, which rose to a maximum (32.6% of the dry matter) at the milky kernels stage of growth, consisted mainly of fructosans with smaller amounts of fructose, glucose and sucrose. The main organic acid of the plant, malic acid, disappeared during ensilage. The practical significance of the changes is discussed.
Structures and pesticidal activities of derivatives of dinitrophenols. XI.—Effects of substitution of dinitrophenols with C3 to C13 α‐branched alkyl groups and of esterification on the eradication of cucumber mildew
Authors: Pianka M. , Sweet P. J. J.
Published: November 2006

The eradication of cucumber mildew caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schlecht. ex Fr.) Poll. with 2‐(C4 to C13 α‐branched alkyl)‐4,6‐dinitrophenols and 4‐(C4 to C13 α‐branched alkyl)‐2,6‐dinitrophenols was examined. 2‐(C8 to C13 α‐Branched alkyl)‐4,6‐dinitrophenols were highly active, but O‐methylation produced compounds with no activity. 4‐(C7 to C10 and several C11 to C13 α‐branched alkyl)‐2,6‐dinitro‐phenols gave a significant degree of eradication. 2‐(C6 to C13 α‐Branched alkyl)‐4,6‐dinitrophenols were significantly more active than their 4‐alkyl‐2,6‐dinitrophenol analogues. Esterification of C4 to C7 α‐branched alkyl dinitrophenols to methyl‐ or ethyl‐ carbonates or crotonates gave compounds with enhanced activity. Generally, the methyl‐ or ethyl‐ carbonates or 2‐C8‐alkyl‐4,6‐dinitrophenols were as active as the parent phenols, but the higher alkyl carbonates or crotonates had lower activity. Esterification of 2‐(C9 to C13 α‐branched alkyl)‐4,6‐dinitrophenols to ethyl carbonates and crotonates gave compounds with reduced activity.
Pesticide residues in foodstuffs in Great Britain. IX.—Aldrin, dieldrin and other organochlorine pesticide residues in potatoes and carrots
Authors: Lee D. F.
Published: November 2006

Potatoes from 186 commercial crops from fields treated with aldrin or dieldrin in the year of cropping contained mean residues of aldrin plus dieldrin of 0.01 ppm in the flesh and 0.1 ppm in the skin. Seventy crops from fields that had been treated with aldrin or dieldrin in years previous to the year of cropping and forty‐four crops from reputedly untreated fields contained mean residues of aldrin/dieldrin of less than 0.01 ppm in the flesh and 0.02 ppm in the skin. Alpha‐ and/or gamma‐BHC were detected in trace or greater amounts in 73% and pp' DDE in 10% of the samples.

Carrots from 97 commercial crops from fields treated with aldrin or dieldrin in the year of cropping contained mean residues of aldrin plus dieldrin of less than 0.01 ppm in the flesh and 0.21 ppm in the skin. Fifty crops from fields that had been treated with aldrin or dieldrin in years previous to the year of cropping contained mean residues of aldrin/dieldrin of less than 0.01 ppm in the flesh and 0.07 ppm in the skin. Six crops from reputedly untreated fields contained a mean residue of less than 0.01 ppm dieldrin in the skin only. Alpha‐ and gamma‐BHC were found in the majority of the samples (mean total residue of less than 0.01 ppm in the flesh and 0.03 ppm in the skin) but pp' DDE and/or pp' DDT were detected in only 12% of the samples.
Melanism and associated symptoms in wheat grown on copper‐responsive chalkland soils
Authors: Hooper L. J. , Davies D. B.
Published: November 2006

Copper applications increased yields and reduced ‘blackening’ symptoms of wheat grown on chalk rendzina soils (Icknield Series—organic phase) in southern England. The ‘blackening’ syndrome is recognised by an overall dark olive‐green colour of the plant and internodal melanism after ear emergence followed by ‘rat‐tailing’ of ears due to pinched or absent grains.

The symptoms, which are aggravated by nitrogen applications, wet warm summers, and prior cropping with kale, have not previously been associated with inadequate copper nutrition. When Cu, Mg, Mn, Mo and Zn were applied to spring wheat grown in pots the only significant effects were from Cu and to a much smaller extent Mo. Soils where blackening occurred contained 3‐7 ppm total Cu and 0.4‐1.5 ppm extractable Cu (0.5 M‐EDTA). Yield increases of up to 200% were obtained both by foliar sprays of copper oxychloride (1 lb Cu/acre) or copper sulphate (0.2 lb Cu/acre) and by soil applications of copper sulphate (14 lb Cu/acre). Attempts to induce melanism in wheat plants grown in sand and water cultures with inadequate copper supply, high nitrogen levels, and small quantities of three amino‐acid melanin precursors were unsuccessful, although roots developed a dark pigmentation in certain of the treatments.
Survey of o‐phenylphenol residues found in marketable citrus fruit
Authors: Rajzman Anna , Apfelbaum A.
Published: November 2006

Residues of o‐phenylphenol (OPP) were determined in peel, pulp and the whole fruit of Shamouti and Valencia oranges, grapefruits and lemons which were treated under industrial conditions with solutions of sodium‐o‐phenylphenate (SOPP). The OPP residues found in the peel of the different species of citrus fruit varied from 5.4 to 26.1 ppm OPP. In many cases OPP residues were not detectable in the pulp, and in other cases traces and 0.4 ppm of OPP were found.

The residues in the whole fruit were found to range from 1.8 to 8.3 ppm, with 80% of the samples analysed containing less than 5 ppm. These amounts were within the tolerance limits generally established for residues of OPP in citrus fruit (10 and 12 ppm of OPP).

The SOPP concentration of the disinfectant solutions ranged from 0.24 to 0.55% SOPP.4H2O and had little effect on the OPP content of the fruits. The fruits which were treated at a pH below 11.6 usually contained more OPP than those treated at pH values between 11.6 and 12.3.
Amino acid analyses of germinating seeds of some members of the leguminosae
Authors: Jones V. M. , Boulter D.
Published: November 2006

The free and bound amino acid contents of soaked seeds and 7‐ and 14‐day old seedlings of Pisum sativum, Phaseolus vulgaris and Canavalia eniformis were determined. It was found that on germination the free amino acid content of the plants increased, while the total amount of amino acid decreased. Most of the essential amino acids were shown to be present in the plants.
Method for determining ‘Alar’ (B‐995) residues in apples
Authors: Lynch V. P.
Published: November 2006

A method for determining residues of ‘Alar’ (B‐995) in apples has been developed. It is based on the alkaline hydrolysis of ‘Alar’ to yield unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine. the latter is oxidised by selenium dioxide to yield formaldehyde which is determined colorimetrically using 2‐hydrazinobenzothiazole.
Acetaldehyde as a possible indicator of spoilage in green kona (Hawaiian) coffee
Authors: Rodriguez Delia B. , Frank H. A. , Yamamoto H. Y.
Published: November 2006

Kona coffee cherries were demucilaged by either mechanical, enzymic or chemical methods, by the action of bacterial pure cultures, or by natural fermentation. Thirteen volatile components were detected by gas chromatography in all samples of green coffee tested, and these included methanethiol, acetaldehyde, dimethyl sulphide, propionaldehyde, acetone, isobutyraldehyde, butyraldehyde, ethanol, and isovaleraldehyde. Probably, methanol and/or methyl ethyl ketone also were present among the volatile components detected.

The relative concentrations of several volatile components did not vary appreciably among the different lots of coffee demucilaged experimentally. However, acetaldehyde concentration increased as the duration of natural fermentation was prolonged, being markedly higher in grossly over‐fermented (spoiled) coffee beans.

All samples of coffee demucilaged experimentally had similar cup‐testing quality (Kona grade No. 1), indicating that none of the demucilaging methods enhanced or diminished coffee flavour or aroma. Over‐fermented beans, however, were poor in cup‐testing quality.
Quantity/intensity relations in soils and the potassium nutrition of the strawberry plant (Fragaria SP)
Authors: Bradfield E. G.
Published: November 2006

In glasshouse pot experiments over two years, the strawberry plant used potassium primarily from sources which were in instantaneous equilibrium with the soil solution. Leaf potassium concentration at flowering and fruiting was highly correlated with the initial equilibrium potassium activity ratio (AR) of the soil, and a linear relationship existed between 1/Leaf‐K and 1/AR Yield of fruit was less well correlated with AR than with the quantity of labile potassium in the soil. the gradient of the straight line part of the quantity/intensity (Q/I) graph was increased for 2 of the 5 soils after the period of intensive cropping; this could be related to an increase in the amount of exchangeable calcium+magnesium in the soil.
In vivo ‘quantum’ synthesis of fat in ripening seeds of twentyfour plant species
Authors: Kartha A. R. S. , Nainawati H. S.
Published: November 2006

The proportions of partial (incompletely acylated) glycerides present in oils from ripening seeds at different oil development stages were determined by the gravimetric method for 24 plant species belonging to 16 families. 133 samples were examined and 17 of these represented oil development stages below 10 %. No detectable amounts of partial giycerides were present in any case; this suggests the operation of the ‘quantum’ mechanism of fat synthesis in all the species studied.
Decoquinate: II.—Absorption and residue studies in chickens
Authors: Button R. G. , Muggleton D. F. , Parnell E. W.
Published: November 2006

Decoquinate has been determined in edible chicken tissues by a spectrophotofluorimetric method during and after medication with 0.004% of the compound in the feed for five weeks. Mean concentrations (ppm fresh weight) of decoquinate observed during treatment were 1.1 (liver), 0.8 (kidney), 0.2 (muscle), 0.1 (blood), 1.6 (fat) and 1.0 (skin). Similar results were obtained with nine weeks' medication at 0.003 % and eight weeks at 0.008 %. Decoquinate was eliminated rapidly when medication ceased and all tissues contained < 0.1 p pm three‐four days later.
Changes in phytic acid and acid‐soluble phosphorus in maturing pinto beans
Authors: Makower Rachel U.
Published: November 2006

Changes in the content of phytic acid and total acid‐soluble phosphorus were measured in Pinto beans at several levels of seed maturity. Phytic acid content in bean seeds increased rapidly with advancing maturity, while total acid‐soluble phosphorus decreased. Mature dry beans contained about 1% phytic acid which accounted for half the total acid‐soluble seed phosphorus. the most immature beans studied contained about 0.13% phytic acid which represents only 4% of the total acid‐soluble phosphorus in these ovules. Little phytic acid was found in pods at any level of maturity.
Texture of cooked potato: III.—Intercellular adhesion of chemically treated tuber sections
Authors: Linehan D. J. , Hughes J. C.
Published: November 2006

It was found, using chelating agents and protein denaturants to reduce intercellular adhesion of raw tuber sections, that protein and heavy metals are not important to the integrity of the intercellular cement of mature tubers of the variety Majestic.

Using similar techniques, interactions, which might occur during cooking between the intercellular cement and other tuber constituents, were investigated. It was concluded that in addition to calcium and magnesium, other multivalent actions, and also the amylose fraction of starch, might be important in influencing intercellular adhesion in the cooked potato.