bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using otolith microchemical analysis to investigate the importance of brackish bays for pike (Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758) reproduction in the southern Baltic Sea
Authors: Möller Sören , Winkler Helmut M. , Klügel Andreas , Richter Stefan
Published: March 2019

The brackish Baltic Sea is inhabited by several primary freshwater fish species. The pike (Esox lucius) is the largest of these species and acts as the top predator in the marine food web of the Baltic Sea. Prior studies have shown the importance of brackish bays as spawning grounds for the Baltic Sea pike. To identify the spawning habitat of the pike population around the island of Rügen (southern Baltic Sea)—either freshwater streams flowing into the Baltic or brackish lagoons of the Baltic—we used the ICPMS method to quantify the strontium to calcium (Sr:Ca) ratios in sagittal otoliths of 79 adult pike. In total, only six per cent (n = 5) of the analysed Baltic Sea individuals were classified as being of freshwater origin. Ninety‐four per cent (n = 74) of analysed pike were classified as having hatched in brackish water. Compared to previous studies on Baltic Sea pike, our sample shows a high proportion of pike that is of brackish origin: this highlights the adaptive capacity of this species with regard to its ability to reproduce in different salinities. Our data highlight the importance of brackish bays for pike reproduction in the southern Baltic Sea, even if pike live on the upper limit of their salinity tolerance in this area. This is an important finding considering decreases in commercial catches in the last 30 years indicating a population decline supposedly related to recruitment failures.
Light and nutrient control phytoplankton biomass responses to global change in northern lakes
Authors: Bergström Ann‐Kristin , Karlsson Jan
Published: March 2019

Global change affects terrestrial loadings of colored dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nutrients to northern lakes. Still, little is known about how phytoplankton respond to changes in light and nutrient availability across gradients in lake DOC. In this study, we used results from whole‐lake studies in northern Sweden to show that annual mean phytoplankton biomass expressed unimodal curved relationships across lake DOC gradients, peaking at threshold DOC levels of around 11 mg/L. Whole‐lake single nutrient enrichment in selected lakes caused elevated biomass, with most pronounced effect at the threshold DOC level. These patterns give support to the suggested dual control by DOC on phytoplankton via nutrient (positively) and light (negatively) availability and imply that the lakes' location along the DOC axis is critical in determining to what extent phytoplankton respond to changes in DOC and/or nutrient loadings. By using data from the large Swedish Lake Monitoring Survey, we further estimated that 80% of northern Swedish lakes are below the DOC threshold, potentially experiencing increased phytoplankton biomass with browning alone, and/or combined with nutrient enrichment. The results support the previous model results on effects of browning and eutrophication on lake phytoplankton, and provide important understanding of how northern lakes may respond to future global changes.
Improved estimates of global terrestrial photosynthesis using information on leaf chlorophyll content
Authors: Luo Xiangzhong , Croft Holly , Chen Jing M. , He Liming , Keenan Trevor F.
Published: March 2019

The terrestrial biosphere plays a critical role in mitigating climate change by absorbing anthropogenic CO2 emissions through photosynthesis. The rate of photosynthesis is determined jointly by environmental variables and the intrinsic photosynthetic capacity of plants (i.e. maximum carboxylation rate; ). A lack of an effective means to derive spatially and temporally explicit has long hampered efforts towards estimating global photosynthesis accurately. Recent work suggests that leaf chlorophyll content (Chlleaf) is strongly related to , since Chlleaf and are both correlated with photosynthetic nitrogen content. We used medium resolution satellite images to derive spatially and temporally explicit Chlleaf, which we then used to parameterize within a terrestrial biosphere model. Modelled photosynthesis estimates were evaluated against measured photosynthesis at 124 eddy covariance sites. The inclusion of Chlleaf in a terrestrial biosphere model improved the spatial and temporal variability of photosynthesis estimates, reducing biases at eddy covariance sites by 8% on average, with the largest improvements occurring for croplands (21% bias reduction) and deciduous forests (15% bias reduction). At the global scale, the inclusion of Chlleaf reduced terrestrial photosynthesis estimates by 9 PgC/year and improved the correlations with a reconstructed solar‐induced fluorescence product and a gridded photosynthesis product upscaled from tower measurements. We found positive impacts of Chlleaf on modelled photosynthesis for deciduous forests, croplands, grasslands, savannas and wetlands, but mixed impacts for shrublands and evergreen broadleaf forests and negative impacts for evergreen needleleaf forests and mixed forests. Our results highlight the potential of Chlleaf to reduce the uncertainty of global photosynthesis but identify challenges for incorporating Chlleaf in future terrestrial biosphere models.
Hollywood power brokers: Gender and racial inequality in talent agencies
Authors: Simon Samantha J.
Published: March 2019

As the US labour market shifts towards project‐based, contractual and contingent work, the importance of intermediary brokerage organizations will continue to grow. In this article, I use Joan Acker's theory of gendered organizations to examine Hollywood talent agencies as one case of these powerful intermediary organizations. The power structures, promotion process, mentoring networks and discourses described by the talent agents I interviewed privilege white men. The agents interviewed for this study described their top management as being overwhelmingly composed of men, they discussed the patrimonial systems of mentorship and exclusive male networks that advantage white men, and talked about colleagues and clients in ways that valorized elite masculinity and disparaged femininity. Thus, the organizational structures and culture of these talent agencies collectively create an environment that reproduces itself, encouraging white men to join and persist, and presenting barriers to women and racial minority men. Although the focus of this article is on Hollywood talent agencies, the findings from this research help explain how inequality is reproduced in the non‐traditional work arrangements that characterize the new economy.
Stopped in our tracks: From ‘giving an account’ to an ethics of recognition in feminist praxis
Authors: Milroy Talila , Cutcher Leanne , Tyler Melissa
Published: March 2019

When the Western Australian government announced in 2010 that Indigenous people would be compensated for unpaid wages, a Yindjibarndi woman named Bigali Hanlon submitted an application to access her government files so that she could lodge a claim. At the age of four, Bigali was taken from her home in Mulga Downs, Western Australia to live in a church‐run hostel for ‘fair‐skinned’ Indigenous children until she was sent into indentured domestic service as a teenager. Three large files document her history. These files, combined with in‐depth interviews, and a film about Bigali and other Indigenous Australian people, Walking Tracks Back Home, form the basis of this article. In reflecting on the issues raised by Bigali's story, we draw on feminist writing on the costs associated with being called to give an account of oneself, considering how listening might form the basis of an ethics of recognition in feminist praxis.
Evaluation of several instrumentation techniques and irrigation methods on the percentage of untouched canal wall and accumulated dentine debris in C‐shaped canals
Authors: Zhao Y. , Fan W. , Xu T. , Tay F. R. , Gutmann J. L. , Fan B.
Published: March 2019

Aim

To evaluate the effect of instrumentation using Reciproc Blue (RB; VDW, Munich, Germany) and XP‐endo Shaper (XP‐S; FKG Dentaire, La Chaux‐deFonds, Switzerland) systems on the area of untouched canal wall (AUCW), accumulated hard‐tissue debris (AHTD) and the efficacy of three irrigation protocols on percentage reductions (red%) of AHTD within C‐shaped canals of mandibular molars.

Methodology

Seventy mandibular molars with C‐shaped canals were scanned, matched and assigned to two shaping groups (n = 35): RB and XP‐S. Following instrumentation, specimens were triple‐matched with respect to the amount of remaining debris and assigned to three irrigation subgroups (n = 10): syringe‐and‐needle irrigation (SNI), XP‐endo Finisher (XP‐F; FKG Dentaire) and passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI). The AUCW% and AHTD% after instrumentation and the red% of AHTD after irrigation were calculated from micro‐computed tomography. Data were analysed using comparisons for two groups (RB vs. XP‐S) or multiple subgroups followed by pairwise comparison procedures (SNI vs. XP‐F vs. PUI) at α = 0.05.

Results

For RB and XP‐S, 33.04% and 30.45%, respectively, of the canal wall remained untouched (P > 0.05). For both groups, the apical third had larger AUCW% than the coronal third (P < 0.05). Instrumentation with RB left more debris (2.8%) than XP‐S (1.1%) (P < 0.05). The PUI and XP‐F subgroups had higher mean red% of AHTD than the SNI subgroup; the difference was significant for RB (P < 0.05) but not for XP‐S.

Conclusions

Both RB and XP‐S systems were associated with similar AUCW after instrumenting C‐shaped canals. RB left significantly greater levels of AHTD compared with XP‐S. PUI and XP‐F irrigation removed more debris than SNI when using the RB system.
Target language proficiency and reported use of compensatory strategies by young CLIL learners
Authors: Gallardo‐del‐Puerto Francisco , Basterrechea María , Martínez‐Adrián María
Published: March 2019

Studies investigating compensatory strategies (CSs) by means of questionnaires in English‐as‐a‐Foreign‐Language (EFL) contexts with young learners are lacking, particularly in Content‐and‐Language‐Integrated‐Learning (CLIL) environments. Three different proficiency groups of young English learners in a CLIL programme were administered a survey to explore the existence of intergroup differences regarding the amount and types of CSs used. Learners exhibited a moderately high use of CSs overall, and no differences emerged regarding the total number of CSs as a function of target language (TL) proficiency. In terms of types of CSs used, they reported using some CSs (paraphrasing) which are typical of more advanced learners. However, more proficient learners were found to draw on some non L2‐based strategies (avoidance,foreignising,miming) to a lesser extent than less proficient learners.
The Effects of Minimum Wages on Low‐Skilled Immigrants’ Wages, Employment, and Poverty
Authors: Churchill Brandyn F. , Sabia Joseph J.
Published: March 2019

Raising the minimum wage has been advanced as complementary policy to comprehensive immigration reform to improve low‐skilled immigrants’ economic well‐being. While adverse labor demand effects could undermine this goal, existing studies do not detect evidence of negative employment effects. We re‐investigate this question using data from the 1994 to 2016 Current Population Survey and conclude that minimum wage increases reduced employment of less‐educated Hispanic immigrants, with estimated elasticities of around –0.1. However, we also find that the wage and employment effects of minimum wages on low‐skilled immigrants diminished over the last decade. This finding is consistent with more restrictive state immigration policies and the Great Recession inducing outmigration of low‐skilled immigrants, as well as immigrants moving into the informal sector. Finally, our results show that raising the minimum wage is an ineffective policy tool for reducing poverty among immigrants.
Additive manufacturing of glass with laser powder bed fusion
Authors: Datsiou Kyriaki Corinna , Saleh Ehab , Spirrett Fiona , Goodridge Ruth , Ashcroft Ian , Eustice Dave
Published: March 2019

Its transparency, esthetic appeal, chemical inertness, and electrical resistivity make glass an excellent candidate for small‐ and large‐scale applications in the chemical, electronics, automotive, aerospace, and architectural industries. Additive manufacturing of glass has the potential to open new possibilities in design and reduce costs associated with manufacturing complex customized glass structures that are difficult to shape with traditional casting or subtractive methods. However, despite the significant progress in the additive manufacturing of metals, polymers, and ceramics, limited research has been undertaken on additive manufacturing of glass. In this study, a laser powder bed fusion method was developed for soda lime silica glass powder feedstock. Optimization of laser processing parameters was undertaken to define the processing window for creating three‐dimensional multilayer structures. These findings enable the formation of complex glass structures with micro‐ or macroscale resolution. Our study supports laser powder bed fusion as a promising method for the additive manufacturing of glass and may guide the formation of a new generation of glass structures for a wide range of applications.
Breast health awareness in an Arabic culture: A qualitative exploration
Authors: Madkhali Norah Abdullah , Santin Olinda , Noble Helen , Reid Joanne
Published: March 2019

Aims

To explore breast health awareness and the early diagnosis and detection methods of breast cancer from the perspective of women and primary healthcare providers in Saudi Arabia.

Background

A high incidence of advanced breast cancer exists in Saudi Arabia, particularly among younger women. This is due to poor awareness of breast cancer and its management, social customs and poor breast health awareness among healthcare providers.

Design

Qualitative exploratory study.

Methods

This qualitative study was conducted in eight states across the Jizan region of Saudi Arabia. Purposive sampling was used to recruit Saudi women (N = 24), general practitioners (N = 20), and nurses (N = 20). Semi‐structured interviews were conducted from November 2015–February 2016. Inductive thematic analysis was undertaken.

Results

Overarching themes centred on culture, religion, and resources. Novel key findings from this study confirm that Saudi women require more health education about breast cancer and breast cancer screening. The study has provided important new knowledge in relation to Islamic concept of preserving health, social barriers, cultural taboos, misconceptions, and myths that currently exist surrounding breast cancer in Saudi Arabia.

Conclusion

This study provides new evidence on the complexity of poor breast health awareness and lack of resources in Saudi Arabia. Additional resources are needed to remove such barriers and provide targeted health education and services.

Impact

This research informs breast cancer service provision for Muslim or Arab women internationally as they share cultural resources or Islamic principles to follow a healthy lifestyle and help promote the uptake of breast cancer screening services.
Atrial fibrillation increases the risk of dementia amongst older adults even in the absence of stroke
Authors: Rydén L. , Zettergren A. , Seidu N. M. , Guo X. , Kern S. , Blennow K. , Zetterberg H. , Sacuiu S. , Skoog I.
Published: March 2019

Background

Atrial fibrillation increases risk of stroke, and thus risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. Emerging evidence suggests an association also in the absence of stroke. We aimed to examine the association between atrial fibrillation and incident dementia, with and without exclusion of individuals with stroke, and if sex and genetic factors modify the possible association.

Methods

In 2000–2001, a population‐based sample of 70‐year‐olds (N = 561) underwent comprehensive somatic and neuropsychiatric examinations, as part of the Gothenburg H70 Birth Cohort Studies. Participants were followed up at age 75 and 79. Atrial fibrillation at baseline was identified through ECG, proxy‐reports and the National Patient Register (NPR). Stroke at baseline and follow‐up was identified through self‐reports, proxy‐reports and the NPR. Dementia at baseline and follow‐up was diagnosed according to the DSM‐III‐R criteria based on neuropsychiatric examinations, proxy‐reports and the NPR.

Results

Individuals with atrial fibrillation had an almost threefold increased risk of dementia during 12‐year follow‐up (HR 2.8; 95% CI 1.3–5.7; P = 0.004), and this risk remained after excluding individuals with stroke at baseline and follow‐up. After stratification for sex, the association was only found amongst men (HR 4.6; 95% CI 1.9–11.2; P < 0.001, interaction sex*atrial fibrillation; P = 0.047) and noncarriers of the APOE ε4 allele (HR 4.2; 95% CI 1.8–9.7; P < 0.001, interaction APOE*atrial fibrillation; P = 0.128). Population attributable risk for dementia resulting from atrial fibrillation was 13%.

Conclusion

The relevance for atrial fibrillation as an indicator of subclinical brain vascular risk needs to be further explored. In addition, patients with atrial fibrillation should be screened for cognitive symptoms.
Implementing Multilevel School‐Based Physical Activity Interventions Using Core Implementation Components Model
Authors: Kearns Nancy E. , Kleinert Jane O. , Dupont‐Versteegden Esther E.
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND

Evidence‐based comprehensive physical activity programs developed for public schools are abundant yet a theoretical framework for implementation of these programs is lacking. Implementation science in public service organizations is an emerging area of research, but has not been widely successful in the area of physical activity implementation in public schools.

METHODS

Factors influencing the implementation of physical activity programs in public schools have been explored.

RESULTS

To assist federal, state, and local policymakers in developing or enforcing existing policy, this paper provides an integrated theoretical framework, which will address the need for implementation of interventions to increase school‐based physical activity programs.

CONCLUSION

We propose a sustainable model of implementation for increasing moderate to vigorous physical activity in public schools using Core Implementation Components theory for organizations and policymakers.
A Systematic Review of Tools Measuring Nutrition Knowledge of Pre‐Adolescents and Adolescents in a School‐Based Setting
Authors: Newton Genevieve , Racey Megan , Marquez Olivia , McKenney Andrew , Preyde Michèle , Wosnick David
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND

Measurement of nutrition knowledge is common in interventions targeting dietary modifications in a school‐based setting. Previous research has noted a general lack of disclosure regarding the details and psychometric properties of nutrition knowledge tools, which makes uptake of previously used instruments extremely difficult.

METHODS

Our systematic literature review sought to identify interventions measuring nutrition knowledge in school settings to students aged 9 to 18. Studies were categorized according to content subject and relevant descriptive characteristics and psychometric properties were extracted.

RESULTS

Following the initial screening of 16,868 articles, 308 papers were evaluated for eligibility. Sixty‐seven studies consistent with the inclusion criteria were included in the review. A minority of studies reported analysis of validity (31.3%) and/or reliability (40.3%), and 73.1% of studies had at least one unknown relevant descriptive characteristic. The majority (68.7%) of studies were custom developed, of which only 13 reproduced the tool in the publication.

CONCLUSION

Overall, there was an alarming lack of reporting across studies, both in terms of the description of knowledge tools as well as their psychometric properties. These omissions make the selection of appropriate instruments for use in novel contexts difficult, and highlight the need for greater disclosure and pre‐intervention testing.
Does discharging asthma patients after one hour of treatment if clinically well affect emergency department length of stay
Authors: Lenko Debbie , Purcell Rachael , Starr Mike , Bryant Penelope A , South Michael , Gwee Amanda
Published: March 2019

Aim

Asthma is a major contributor to direct and indirect health‐care costs and resource use. In May 2015, the Royal Children's Hospital (RCH) amended its clinical practice guideline for acute asthma management from discharging patients if the anticipated salbutamol requirement was every 3–4 h to discharging patients who were clinically well at 1 h after initial treatment. Our objective was to examine the impact of the new discharge recommendation on emergency department (ED) length of stay (LOS), rates of admission and representation.

Methods

We retrospectively audited the case notes of children presenting with mild or moderate asthma to the RCH ED over the equivalent 2‐week periods in winter 2014 (pre‐implementation of the new guideline) and 2015 (post‐implementation).

Results

A total of 105 patients in 2014 and 92 patients in 2015 were included. In both years, all patients who initially presented with mild or moderate asthma either improved or stayed within the same severity classification at the 1‐h assessment. For patients who were clinically well by the 1‐h assessment, there was a significant reduction in admissions between 2014 and 2015 (40 vs. 10%, P = 0.001). There was also a reduction for these patients in median LOS from 3 h 13 min in 2014 to 2 h 31 min in 2015 (P = 0.03). In both years, all patients who were moderate at 1 h were admitted. There was no difference in the rate of representation or subsequent deterioration in those patients who were discharged at 1 h between the 2 years.

Conclusion

Early discharge of patients who are clinically well 1 h after initial therapy may be associated with a reduction in LOS and admission rate without an apparent compromise in patient safety. Further evaluation of this intervention is required to determine whether this is a true causal relationship.
Towards translational health policy: Findings from a state evaluation of programs targeting children with special health care needs
Authors: Keim‐Malpass Jessica , Croson Elizabeth , Allen Marcus , Deagle Cornelia , DeGuzman Pamela
Published: March 2019

Purpose

Current evidence‐based research suggests that early evaluation, comprehensive care plans, and appropriate referrals for childhood and adolescent behavioral and development needs is critical for successful family‐centered outcomes. The overall purpose of this study was to conduct an assessment of a state public health program that offers diagnostic evaluation and coordination for children with behavioral and developmental disorders in the state of Virginia (Child Development Center programs, or CDC). A secondary purpose was to provide translational policy and advocacy targets based on key findings.

Design and method

The evaluation of the scope of services of the CDC programs was done using qualitative interviews with a focus group interview (n = 23), interviews from representatives from individual centers (
n = 5 centers), and descriptive quantitative data elements for the fiscal year 2015.

Results

After conducting the state public health evaluation, several translational health policy priorities emerged, including: (a) the need for integrated data standards, (b) Lack of developmental pediatric workforce, particularly in rural sectors of the state, and (c) Need for enhanced program support for care coordination.

Conclusion

Academic nurse and public health partnerships can aid in translation from research to policy among vulnerable populations and assist in communication to key stakeholders and legislators for iterative action and reassessment.
Relationship between hepatitis B core‐related antigen levels and sustained HBeAg seroconversion in patients treated with nucleo(s)tide analogues
Authors: Sonneveld Milan J. , van Oord Gertine W. , van Campenhout Margo J. , De Man Robert A. , Janssen Harry L. A. , de Knegt Robert J. , Boonstra Andre , van der Eijk Annemiek A.
Published: March 2019

Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion experienced during nucleo(s)tide analogue (NUC) therapy is often not sustained. We aimed to study whether hepatitis B core‐related antigen (HBcrAg) levels predict sustained HBeAg seroconversion in patients treated with NUCs. We studied HBeAg‐positive patients treated with NUCs for at least 6 months. We quantified HBcrAg at baseline and at the time of HBeAg seroconversion and studied the relationship with HBeAg seroconversion and subsequent relapse. HBcrAg was quantified at baseline in 196 patients; levels varied significantly by HBV genotype and correlated with HBsAg, HBV DNA and HBeAg. Baseline HBcrAg levels were lower in patients who achieved HBeAg seroconversion than in those who did not; the unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) was 0.802 (95% CI: 0.656‐0.980, P = 0.031); and this association was not sustained in multivariate analysis. HBcrAg remained detectable in all patients at the time of HBeAg seroconversion. Higher HBcrAg at the time of seroconversion was an independent predictor of relapse (adjusted HR: 1.855 (95% CI: 1.099‐3.133, P = 0.021), and none of the patients with HBcrAg < 4.90 log U/mL experienced relapse. Baseline HBcrAg is not an independent predictor of HBeAg seroconversion during NUC therapy. HBcrAg remains detectable in patients after HBeAg seroconversion. Patients with lower levels at the time of seroconversion have a higher probability of sustained HBeAg seroconversion.
How do arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi travel?
Authors: Bueno C. Guillermo , Moora Mari
Published: March 2019

This article is a Commentary on Correia et al., 222: 1054–1060.
Anti‐reductionism and Expected Trust
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C.
Published: March 2019

According to anti‐reductionism, audiences have a default (but defeasible) epistemic entitlement to accept observed testimony. This paper explores the prospects of arguing from this premise to a conclusion in ethics, to the effect that speakers enjoy a default (but defeasible) moral entitlement to expect to be trusted when they testify. After proposing what I regard as the best attempt to link the two, I conclude that any argument from the one to the other will depend on a strong epistemological assumption that has not yet been discussed in this connection.
Applying the Theory of Affective Intelligence to Support for Authoritarian Policies and Parties
Authors: Marcus George E. , Valentino Nicholas A. , Vasilopoulos Pavlos , Foucault Martial
Published: March 2019

Emotion, after a long period of inattention, began to attract greater scrutiny as a key driver of human behavior in the mid‐1980s. One approach that has achieved significant influence in political science is affective intelligence theory (AIT). We deploy AIT here to begin to understand the recent rise in support for right‐wing populist leaders around the globe. In particular, we focus on specific emotional appraisals on elections held at periods of heightened threat, including the two 2015 terror attacks in France, as influences on support for the far‐right Front National among conservatives. Contrary to much conventional wisdom, we speculate that threats can generate both anger and fear, and with very different political consequences. We expect fear to inhibit reliance on extant political dispositions such as ideological identification and authoritarianism, while anger will strengthen the influence of these same dispositions. Our core findings, across repeated tests, show that fear and anger indeed differentially condition the way habits of thought and action influence support for the far right in the current historical moment. Contrary to conventional wisdom, it is anger that mobilizes the far right and authoritarians. Fear, on the other hand, diminishes the impact of these same dispositions.
Exploring the Psychological Foundations of Ideological and Social Sorting
Authors: Weber Christopher , Klar Samara
Published: March 2019

Americans are sorting ideologically: Liberals and conservatives are more likely to respectively identify as Democrats and Republicans. They are sorting socially as well: Partisans like and trust copartisans more than opposing partisans. Existing explanations for these phenomena rely on exogenous factors, such as elite polarization. But exogenous explanations cannot fully explain variation in sorting. We argue that psychological characteristics can help explain the tendency to sort ideologically or socially. Specifically, we investigate an individual’s responsiveness to internal values versus normative social pressures as a determinant of sorting. We test this theory with several nationally representative surveys, as well as one survey experiment, and find strong support that an individual’s own tendency to respond to social cues, as opposed to ideological values, has important consequences for this process. Our work allows for a better understanding of the psychological factors that promote partisan sorting and for interpreting variation in the degree to which citizens sort into partisan groups.
Conscription and the Returns to Education: Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity*
Authors: Mouganie Pierre
Published: March 2019

In 1997, the French government put into effect a law that permanently exempted young French men born after 1 January 1979 from mandatory military service. This paper uses a regression discontinuity design to identify the effect of peacetime conscription policies on education and labor market outcomes. Results indicate that conscription eligibility induces a significant increase in years of education but has no effect on employment and wages at the ages of 30–36. Further analysis shows that the interpretation most consistent with findings is that the average marginal return to the additional schooling induced by conscription is low.
The elephant in the newsroom: Current research on journalism and emotion
Authors: Kotisova Johana
Published: March 2019

The article seeks to review current work on the obvious but complex entanglement of journalism and emotion. The field has been under‐theorized and under‐researched; however, in recent years, the body of studies that attempt to grasp the relationship between journalism, journalists, media content, and emotion is growing. The paper roughly systematizes the literature on journalism and emotion based on the Goffmanian distinction between front region and back region; that is, I consider both research on emotionality of the public outcomes of journalists' work marked by journalists' professional ideology and less visible journalists' emotional labour that is behind media content. Based on the review of the body of research and on a sociological conceptualization of emotions, I identify several blind spots. Most importantly, what is still largely missing from the emergent work is research that complies with the social character of journalists' emotions: acknowledges emotions as a force central to the contemporary networked, dynamic and increasingly precarious journalism work, and conceptualizes emotions in journalism as a sociologically relevant phenomenon articulated by the context including newswork, technologies, and media organizations.
Higher‐level phylogeny and evolutionary history of Pentatomomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) inferred from mitochondrial genome sequences
Authors: Liu Yingqi , Li Hu , Song Fan , Zhao Yisheng , Wilson John‐James , Cai Wanzhi
Published: March 2019

The higher‐level phylogeny of Pentatomomorpha, the second largest infraorder of true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), which includes many important agriculture and forestry pests, has been debated for decades. To investigate the phylogeny and evolutionary history of Pentatomomorpha, we assembled new mitochondrial genomes for 46 species through next‐generation sequencing of pooled genomic DNA. Based on a much broader taxon sampling than available previously, Bayesian analyses using a site‐heterogeneous mixture model (CAT+GTR) resolved the higher‐level phylogeny of Pentatomomorpha as (Aradoidea + (Pentatomoidea + (Coreoidea + (Lygaeoidea + Pyrrhocoroidea)))). There was a transition from trnT/trnP to trnP/trnT in the common ancestor of Pyrrhocoroidea, which indicates that this gene rearrangement could be an autapomorphy for Pyrrhocoroidea. Divergence time analyses estimated that Pentatomomorpha originated c. 242 Ma in the Middle Triassic, and most of the recognized superfamilies originated during the Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. The diversification of families within Pentatomomorpha largely coincided with the radiation of angiosperms during the Early Cretaceous.
Gastrointestinal pythiosis with concurrent presumptive gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis in a Boxer dog
Authors: Parambeth Joseph C. , Lawhon Sara D. , Mansell Joanne , Wu Jing , Clark Sabrina D. , Sutton Deanna , Gibas Connie , Wiederhold Nathan P. , Myers Alexandra N. , Johnson Mark C. , Levine Gwendolyn J. , Schlemmer Samantha , Ruoff Catherine , Isaiah Anitha , Creevy Kate E.
Published: March 2019

A 2‐year‐old female spayed Boxer dog was presented for a 1‐month history of progressive hemorrhagic diarrhea with tenesmus and weight loss despite trial courses of antibiotics and diet change. Abdominal ultrasound revealed severe, focal thickening, and loss of normal architecture of the colonic wall with abdominal lymphadenomegaly. Dry‐mount fecal cytology, performed on several consecutive days, consistently revealed numerous, round, 16‐20 μm structures with basophilic, granular content, and a thin cell wall. Transmission electron microscopy identified these structures as fungi. Culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer, D1/D2 regions, and DNA‐directed RNA polymerase II core subunit (RPB2) confirmed the presence of Basidiobolus microsporus in the feces. Biopsies collected via ileocolonoscopy revealed marked, multifocal, chronic, neutrophilic, and eosinophilic ileitis and colitis with ulceration, granulation tissue, and intralesional hyphae (identified with Gomori methenamine silver stain). A Pythium enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and Pythium‐specific PCR performed on the formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens were positive while Basidiobolus‐specific PCR was negative, thus confirming a diagnosis of pythiosis. This report describes a fatal case of colonic and intestinal pythiosis with the presence of fecal Basidiobolus sp. spores, suggestive of concurrent gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis.
Early postoperative results of Descemet’s stripping endothelial keratoplasty in six dogs with corneal endothelial dystrophy
Authors: Boo Gladys , Whittaker Cameron J.G. , Caruso Kelly A. , Moloney Gregory , Hall Evelyn , Devasahayam Rajnesh , Thomasy Sara , Smith Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2019

Objective

To describe and assess the clinical outcome and intraoperative and postoperative complications of Descemet's stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK) in the treatment of canine corneal endothelial dystrophy.

Animals Studied

Six dogs (six eyes) diagnosed with progressive corneal edema resulting from abnormal dystrophic endothelial cells underwent Descemet's stripping endothelial keratoplasty.

Procedures

Six patients underwent Descemet's stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK). The patients were examined preoperatively and postoperatively at 24 hours, 7 days, 1, 2, and 3 months after surgery. Corneal edema and ultrasonic pachymetry were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively. The positions of DSEK grafts were evaluated 3 months after surgery using optical coherence tomography. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were noted.

Results

The degree of corneal edema and corneal thickness improved postoperatively in all the patients (n = 6). Fibrin was encountered intraoperatively in one out of the six eyes (1/6) and postoperatively in two out of the six eyes (2/6). One out of the six DSEK grafts was partially scrolled (1/6). Secondary ocular hypertension was observed in one out of the six eyes (1/6). Corneal vascularization was encountered in four out of six patients (4/6).

Conclusions

Descemet's stripping endothelial keratoplasty is an effective surgical treatment option for corneal endothelial dystrophy in dogs. Corneal edema resolved and corneal thickness reduced significantly. The early postoperative results are encouraging. Further investigation is warranted to document any long‐term complications and to study the longevity of the transplanted grafts.
Determinants of Exchange Rate Fluctuations of Uzbek Sum
Authors: Berdinazarov Zafar , Dodoev Khasanjon , Mamasalaev Jamshid , Fakhodjonov Jakhongirmirzo
Published: March 2019

This paper examines the determinants of exchange rate fluctuations of Uzbek sum by using three econometric models OLS (Ordinary Least Squares), ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) and ML ARCH (Multivariate Long memory Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskadasticity). Model results show that the effects of money supply and remittances to the nominal and real exchange rates (USD/UZS) are found statistically significant; the impacts of inflation and interest rate are not econometrically meaningful. Also, it should be noted that the level of net trade influences to the exchange rate is not conclusive in our econometric analysis.
Investigation of the Prospective Teachers’ Research and Reporting Capabilities of the Written Resources According to Their Branches
Authors: Akbayır Kamil
Published: March 2019

The purpose of this study is to examine whether the prospective teachers' researching and reporting capabilities of the written resources varies from branch to branch. The present study is a descriptive study since an existing situation has been exhibited. A total of 97 fourth grade students consisiting of 21 prospective science teacher, 25 mathematic prospective teacher, 24 Turkish prospective teacher and 27 social studies prospective teacher from the Yüzüncü Yıl University Faculty of Education Primary School Teacher Education Department have been taken into the sample group during the 2017-2018 spring semester. For the data of this study, a 25-question questionnaire has been developed. The frequencies and the percentages of the data obtained from the questionnaire have been recorded. According to the findings obtained from the study, 75% of Turkish prospective teachers who participated in our survey had time to study extracurricularly, while 20.8% became those who spent the most time to study after class by stating that they had sometimes found time, 52% of mathematic prospective teachers found time to study extracurricularly, 32% of them sometimes found time to be found among the prospective teachers who participated in our study with the phrase that the least extracurricular teachers have been found. On the other hand, 64% of mathematic prospective teachers found time to read textbooks, 32% of them were time to read textbooks with their expressions as sometimes they found time. 41.7% of Turkish prospective teachers had time to read textbooks, 37.5% of them sometimes found time, and it was seen that among prospective teachers, it was the branch that found the least time to read textbooks.
Análise do efeito das práticas sociotécnicas no desempenho em qualidade e saúde dos colaboradores em empresas com implementação Lean
Authors: Fettermann Diego Castro , Tortorella Guilherme Luz , Vergara Lizandra Lupi
Published: March 2019

A utilização de práticas sociotécnicas é mencionada como um direcionador da satisfação dos colaboradores dentro da organização. A implementação de práticas do Lean Manufacturing também é referida como um aspecto importante para a melhoria do desempenho em termos de qualidade e redução de custo. Este artigo tem por objetivo identificar o efeito moderador da aplicação de práticas just-in-time sobre a relação entre as práticas sociotécnicas e o desempenho de qualidade de saúde dos colaboradores em empresas com implementação Lean. Foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa com 144 empresas do sul do Brasil em processo de implementação Lean. Os resultados indicam que as práticas sociotécnicas apresentam relação significativa com o desempenho da empresa em qualidade e saúde dos colaboradores, e a implementação de práticas just-in-time não prejudica o desempenho desses indicadores nas empresas.
O desempenho esportivo e a eficiência na gestão determinam o desempenho financeiro dos clubes de futebol brasileiro? uma análise com dados em painel
Authors: Augusto Eça João Paulo , Magalhães-Timotio João Guilherme , Leite Filho Geraldo Alemandro
Published: March 2019

Assumiu-se como objetivo analisar a relação entre o desempenho esportivo e a eficiência da gestão dos clubes de futebol brasileiro com o seu desempenho financeiro. Utilizou-se dados secundários coletados nos relatórios disponibilizados pela Pluri Consultoria e pela BDO Auditória. A série temporal estende-se do ano de 2009 até o ano de 2013, e a amostra foi composta por 23 clubes de futebol das séries A, B e C do campeonato brasileiro. Para operacionalização, recorreu-se ao modelo econométrico de dados em painel. Os achados demonstram que tanto o desempenho esportivo quanto a eficiência na gestão apresentaram influência positiva, mas estatisticamente insignificante com o desempenho financeiro dos clubes de futebol brasileiros analisados.
Rapid apple decline has researchers stumped
Authors: Stokstad Erik
Published: March 2019

Studies seek to understand mysterious ailment that can quickly wipe out young trees.
Dampening oncogenic RAS signaling
Authors: Bivona Trever G.
Published: March 2019

Recent insights into the mechanism of oncogenic RAS prompt new anticancer strategies
A treasure trove of Cambrian fossils
Authors: Daley Allison C.
Published: March 2019

The Qingjiang biota reveals previously unknown taxa from the dawn of animal life
Sodium channels caught in the act
Authors: Chowdhury Sandipan , Chanda Baron
Published: March 2019

New sodium channel structures bound to toxins provide insight into voltage-gating mechanisms
Evolving resistance to pathogens
Authors: Miller Ian F. , Metcalf C. Jessica E.
Published: March 2019

Parallel evolution of resistance to myxoma virus reveals how coevolution unfolds
Don't abandon evidence and process on air pollution policy
Authors: Goldman Gretchen T. , Dominici Francesca
Published: March 2019

Who decides how to establish causality?
Science at Sundance
Authors: Krauss Robert S. , Shapiro Michael D. , Koch Paul L. , Kardon Gabrielle , Cornelison DDW
Published: March 2019

An entrepreneur's ambitious health care start-up ends in indictment. A teenager in Malawi saves his village with a brilliant feat of engineering. A community works around the clock to save a tiny porpoise inching ever closer to extinction. From a Holocaust survivor's candid sex advice to a Cambridge Analytica insider's shocking congressional testimony, the science and technology stories told at this year's Sundance Film Festival were as riveting as they were timely. The festival, held in January and February in the snowy ski town of Park City, Utah, is now in its 34th year. The 2019 theme—"Risk Independence"—emphasized the organization's commitment to provocative themes and experimental storytelling. "Art can't spark conversation if it's playing it safe," summarized the Sundance Institute's executive director, Keri Putnam. Read on to see what our reviewers thought of 10 featured films sure to spark conversation in scientific circles.
Wallace Broecker (1931–2019)
Authors: Putnam Aaron E. , Anderson Robert F.
Published: March 2019

Explorer of Earth's climate past and prophet of its future
Repeated megaturbidite deposition in Lake Crescent, Washington, USA, triggered by Holocene ruptures of the Lake Creek-Boundary Creek fault system
Authors: Leithold Elana L. , Wegmann Karl W. , Bohnenstiehl Delwayne R. , Joyner Catelyn N. , Pollen Audrianna F.
Published: March 2019

Lake Crescent, a 180-m-deep, glacially carved lake located on the Olympic Peninsula in western Washington, USA, overlies the Lake Creek-Boundary Creek fault zone, a system of structures with at least 56 km of late Pleistocene to Holocene surface rupture. Investigation of the lake’s sediment, including a reflection seismic survey and analysis of piston cores, reveals evidence that the fault beneath the lake has ruptured four times in the past ∼7200 years, producing unusually thick deposits termed megaturbidites. The earthquakes triggered rockslides that entered the lake and caused displacement waves (lake tsunamis) and seiches, most recently ca. 3.1 ka. Seismic reflection results from beneath the depth of core penetration reveal at least two older post-glacial ruptures that are likely to have similarly affected the lake. The stratigraphy of Lake Crescent provides insight into the behavior of a fault system that partially accommodates regional clockwise rotation and contraction of the northern Cascadia forearc through oblique dextral shear, and highlights the potential for disruption to critical infrastructure, transportation corridors, and industry on the North Olympic Peninsula during future surface-rupturing earthquakes. Our results illustrate the potential synergism between lacustrine paleoseismology and fault-scarp trench investigations. More precise dating of strong earthquake shaking afforded by continuous accumulation of lake sediment improves earthquake histories based on trenched fault scarp exposures, which are commonly poorly dated.
Salmonella entericaserovar enteritidis peritonitis with spontaneous intestinal perforation in an immunocompetent patient
Authors: Hélias Marion , Planchon Jérôme , Bousquet Aurore , Dubost Clément
Published: March 2019

Few data reported non-typhoidalSalmonellaperitonitis in immunocompromised patients. We reported the case of a man without immunosuppression or predisposing factor, who developedSalmonella entericaserovar Enteritidis peritonitis with spontaneous intestinal perforation. After emergent surgery, the patient was transferred to intensive care unit (ICU) because of respiratory, renal and haemodynamic failures. WhenS. entericaserovar Enteritidis was identified, antibiotics were de-escalated for ceftriaxone and metronidazole for 5 days. No immunosuppression was found. Evolution was favourable, and the patient has been discharged from the ICU on day 8. The originality of this case arises from a perforation peritonitis secondary toS. entericawithout any immunosuppression. In absence of non-TyphiSalmonelladata, we treated this patient as a typhoid perforation: surgical treatment, antibiotic association and supportive care.