bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CAIXplatins: Highly Potent Platinum(IV) Prodrugs Selective Against Carbonic Anhydrase IX for the Treatment of Hypoxic Tumors
Authors: Cao Qian , Zhou Dan‐Jie , Pan Zheng‐Yin , Yang Gang‐Gang , Zhang Hang , Ji Liang‐Nian , Mao Zong‐Wan
Published: June 2020

Hypoxia and the acidic microenvironment play a vital role in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis, generally compromising the chemotherapeutic efficacy. This provides a tantalizing angle for the design of platinum(IV) prodrugs for the effective and selective killing of solid tumors. Herein, two carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX)‐targeting platinum(IV) prodrugs have been developed, named as CAIXplatins. Based on their strong affinity for and inhibition of CAIX, CAIXplatins can not only overcome hypoxia and the acidic microenvironment, but also inhibit metabolic pathways of hypoxic cancer cells, resulting in a significantly enhanced therapeutic effect on hypoxic MDA‐MB‐231 tumors both in vitro and in vivo compared with cisplatin/oxaliplatin, accompanied with excellent anti‐metastasis and anti‐angiogenesis activities. Furthermore, the cancer selectivity indexes of CAIXplatins are 70–90 times higher than those of cisplatin/oxaliplatin with effectively alleviated side‐effects.
Transition‐Metal‐Free C(sp2)–C(sp2) Cross‐Coupling of Diazo Quinones with Catechol Boronic Esters
Authors: Wu Kai , Wu Liang‐Liang , Zhou Cong‐Ying , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: June 2020

A transition‐metal‐free C(sp2)−C(sp2) bond formation reaction by the cross‐coupling of diazo quinones with catechol boronic esters was developed. With this protocol, a variety of biaryls and alkenyl phenols were obtained in good to high yields under mild conditions. The reaction tolerates various functionalities and is applicable to the derivatization of pharmaceuticals and natural products. The synthetic utility of the method was demonstrated by the short synthesis of multi‐substituted triphenylenes and three bioactive natural products, honokiol, moracin M, and stemofuran A. Mechanistic studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the reaction involves attack of the boronic ester by a singlet quinone carbene followed by a 1,2‐rearrangement through a stepwise mechanism.
Expanding the Synthesis Field of High‐Silica Zeolites
Authors: Shi Diandian , Haw Kok‐Giap , Kouvatas Cassandre , Tang Lingxue , Zhang Yiying , Fang Qianrong , Qiu Shilun , Valtchev Valentin
Published: June 2020

Aluminosilicate zeolites are synthesized under hydrothermal conditions in a basic/alkaline medium in the pH range between 9 and 14. The synthesis of MFI‐type zeolite in an acidic medium is presented. The critical parameter determining the zeolite formation in an acidic medium was found to be the isoelectric point (IEP) of gel particles. MFI‐type zeolite was synthesized above the isoelectric point of the employed silica source, where the silica species exhibit a negative charge and the paradigm of zeolite formation based on the electrostatic interaction with the positively charged template is retained. No zeolite formation is observed below the isoelectric point of silica. The impact of aluminum on the zeolite formation is also studied. The results of this study will serve to extend the synthesis field of high silica zeolites to the acidic medium and thus open new opportunities to control the zeolite properties.
Oxidative Fluorination of Cyclopropylamides through Organic Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Wang Ming‐Ming , Waser Jérôme
Published: June 2020

We report an oxidative ring‐opening strategy to transform cyclopropylamides and cyclobutylamides into fluorinated imines. The imines can be isolated in their more stable hemiaminal form, with the fluorine atom installed selectively at the γ or δ position. Both inexpensive benzophenone with UVA light or organic and inorganic dyes with blue light could be used as photoredox catalysts to promote this process. Various fluorinated amines were then obtained by nucleophilic attack on the hemiaminals in one pot, giving access to a broad range of useful building blocks for medicinal chemistry.
Efficient structural modification of electron‐withdrawing substituents on Pt(II) complexes for red emitters: A theoretical study
Authors: Kang Guo‐Jun , Ma Jin‐Feng , Chen Hai‐Yan , Ren Xue‐Feng , Li Ke
Published: June 2020

In this study, the electronic structures and optical properties of a cyclometalated Pt(II) complex (M1) and a series of derivatives (M1–F, M1–CF3, and M1–CN) with electron‐withdrawing substituents (–F, –CF3, and –CN) at the carbazole moiety were theoretically investigated by density functional theory and time‐dependent density functional theory. The calculation results reveal that these Pt complexes display deep red phosphorescence emission above Λ = 640 nm. When the 3MLCT/π → π* to triplet metal‐centered 3MC/d–d state decay mechanism is taken into consideration, the nonradiative decay rate constant (knr) decreased in the order M1 > M1–CF3 > M1–F > M1–CN. The  and kr values of M1‐F are similar with those of M1, however the Knr rate ofM1‐F is larger than that of M1. M1–F is expected to have improved quantum yields. Moreover, through the analyses of the HOMO/LUMO level and triplet energy, it is found that the introduction of –F and –CN substituents in M1 results in efficient energy transfer from the host material 4,4′‐N,N′‐dicarbazole‐biphenyl to these complexes. In view of the electroluminescent applications in organic light‐emitting diodes, M1–F can serve as efficient deep‐red guest materials with improved electron injection and transport ability.
Possible osteosarcoma reported from a new world elapid snake and review of reptilian bony tumors
Authors: Hall Alexander S. , Jacobs Justin L. , Smith Eric N.
Published: June 2020

Cancer chiefly occurs in vertebrates. Rare in amphibians, and perhaps common in reptiles, various neoplasms and malignant cancers have been reported with erratic frequency by museums, paleontologists, veterinarians, and pet hobbyists. Unsurprisingly, most herpetofaunal diversity has never been systematically surveyed for the presence of neoplasms owing to the extreme rarity or obscurity of many species. Museum collections can fill these gaps in knowledge, especially when researchers use non‐destructive techniques. In this study, we used X‐ray computed tomography (CT) to discover and characterize a possible osteosarcoma of the spine in a rare South American coralsnake, Micrurus ancoralis. Two spinal vertebrae were completely fused and adjacent vertebrae showed evidence of corruption. The fused vertebrae contained a hollow inner network thought to be vascular tissue. We also review previous reports of neoplasms in the Elapidae and all bony neoplasms in non‐avian reptiles. The rarely reported technique of X‐ray CT for tumor discovery could greatly improve our understanding of the species diversity and perhaps underlying causes of neoplasia.
Technology outlook for real‐time quality attribute and process parameter monitoring in biopharmaceutical development—A review
Authors: Wasalathanthri Dhanuka P. , Rehmann Matthew S. , Song Yuanli , Gu Yan , Mi Luo , Shao Chun , Chemmalil Letha , Lee Jongchan , Ghose Sanchayita , Borys Michael C. , Ding Julia , Li Zheng Jian
Published: June 2020

Real‐time monitoring of bioprocesses by the integration of analytics at critical unit operations is one of the paramount necessities for quality by design manufacturing and real‐time release (RTR) of biopharmaceuticals. A well‐defined process analytical technology (PAT) roadmap enables the monitoring of critical process parameters and quality attributes at appropriate unit operations to develop an analytical paradigm that is capable of providing real‐time data. We believe a comprehensive PAT roadmap should entail not only integration of analytical tools into the bioprocess but also should address automated‐data piping, analysis, aggregation, visualization, and smart utility of data for advanced‐data analytics such as machine and deep learning for holistic process understanding. In this review, we discuss a broad spectrum of PAT technologies spanning from vibrational spectroscopy, multivariate data analysis, multiattribute chromatography, mass spectrometry, sensors, and automated‐sampling technologies. We also provide insights, based on our experience in clinical and commercial manufacturing, into data automation, data visualization, and smart utility of data for advanced‐analytics in PAT. This review is catered for a broad audience, including those new to the field to those well versed in applying these technologies. The article is also intended to give some insight into the strategies we have undertaken to implement PAT tools in biologics process development with the vision of realizing RTR testing in biomanufacturing and to meet regulatory expectations.
Chromium Speciation in Zirconium‐Based Metal–Organic Frameworks for Environmental Remediation
Authors: Saiz Paula G. , Iglesias Naroa , González Navarrete Bárbara , Rosales Maibelin , Quintero Yurieth Marcela , Reizabal Ander , Orive Joseba , Fidalgo Marijuan Arkaitz , Larrea Edurne S. , Lopes Ana Catarina , Lezama Luis , García Andreina , Lanceros‐Mendez Senentxu , Arriortua María Isabel , Fernández de Luis Roberto
Published: June 2020

Acute CrVI water pollution due to anthropogenic activities is an increasing worldwide concern. The high toxicity and mobility of CrVI makes it necessary to develop dual adsorbent/ion‐reductive materials that are able to capture CrVI and transform it efficiently into the less hazardous CrIII. An accurate description of chromium speciation at the adsorbent/ion‐reductive matrix is key to assessing whether CrVI is completely reduced to CrIII, or if its incomplete transformation has led to the stabilization of highly reactive, transient CrV species within the material. With this goal in mind, a dual ultraviolet–visible and electron paramagnetic spectroscopy approach has been applied to determine the chromium speciation within zirconium‐based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Our findings point out that the generation of defects at Zr‐MOFs boosts CrVI adsorption, whilst the presence of reductive groups on the organic linkers play a key role in stabilizing it as isolated and/or clustered CrIII ions.
Chrysene‐Based Blue Emitters
Authors: Nathusius Marvin , Ejlli Barbara , Rominger Frank , Freudenberg Jan , Bunz Uwe H. F. , Müllen Klaus
Published: June 2020

Chrysene and its bisbenzannulated homologue, naphtho[2,3‐c]tetraphene, were synthesized through a PtCl2‐catalyzed cyclization of alkynes, which also furnished corresponding biaryls subsequent to a Glaser coupling reaction of the starting alkynes. The optoelectronic properties of 5,5′‐bichrysenyl and 6,6′‐binaphtho[2,3‐c]tetraphene were compared to their chrysene‐based “monomers”. Oxidative cyclodehydrogenations of bichrysenyl and its higher homologue towards large nanographenes were also investigated.
Global Identifiability of Differential Models
Authors: Hong Hoon , Ovchinnikov Alexey , Pogudin Gleb , Yap Chee
Published: June 2020

Many real‐world processes and phenomena are modeled using systems of ordinary differential equations with parameters. Given such a system, we say that a parameter is globally identifiable if it can be uniquely recovered from input and output data. The main contribution of this paper is to provide theory, an algorithm, and software for deciding global identifiability. First, we rigorously derive an algebraic criterion for global identifiability (this is an analytic property), which yields a deterministic algorithm. Second, we improve the efficiency by randomizing the algorithm while guaranteeing the probability of correctness. With our new algorithm, we can tackle problems that could not be tackled before. A software based on the algorithm (called SIAN) is available at https://github.com/pogudingleb/SIAN. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
Retracted:Construction of urban agricultural health informatics safety supervision system based on imaging and deep learning
Authors: Liu Zhanyu
Published: June 2020

Construction of urban agricultural health informatics safety supervision (UAHISS) system based on medical imaging and deep learning (DL) is provided in this research. The designed UAHISS is based on computerized medical image information processing, and reduces the daily reporting and writing work as well as providing timely image information to the clinicians. In the designed UAHISS, following novelties are presented. (1) We develop the novel medical imaging processing model for the efficient recognition and classification of the big medical visual data. (2) We design the novel DL system for the health informatics application scenarios. (3) The comprehensive health informatics safety supervision system is development and validated through complex parallel data. (4) The urban agricultural information system with the human health safety prior is designed and the further suggestions are provided. Through the verification, the real‐time performance of the proposed model is tested. It is reflected from the results, the proposed model can detect the health informatics safety supervision information accurately.
Complexes of the Bis(di‐tert‐butyl‐aniline)amine Pincer Ligand: The Case of Copper
Authors: Leconte Nicolas , Gentil Solène , Molton Florian , Philouze Christian , Le Goff Alan , Thomas Fabrice
Published: June 2020

The N,N‐bis(2‐amino‐3,5‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl)amine pincer ligand was coordinated to copper. Depending on the copper source, a mononuclear complex 1+ or a trimer 2 could be isolated and were structurally characterized. Complex 1+ consists of two deprotonated iminobenzoquinone ligands coordinated to a Cu(I) center. Complex 2 is trinuclear with a (3:3) (M:L) stoichiometry, featuring a three‐fold repetition of a unit made of a Cu(II) center coordinated to a tridentate ligand radical‐dianion. In 2, the metal ions are bridged by an anilido nitrogen. The coordination sphere of each copper is completed to four by a neighboring iminosemiquinone moiety. Complex 1+ belongs to an electron‐transfer series. The paramagnetic complexes 1 and 12+ were generated and characterized by EPR and Vis‐NIR spectroscopy. Complex 1 exhibits an isotropic resonance at g = 2.00, which is reminiscent of Cu(I) iminosemiquinone species. The dication 12+ exhibits a metal‐based ground spin state and hence is described as a Cu(II) iminobenzoquinone complex. Both 1 and 1+ show a NIR band (954, 980 nm) of high intensity (> 20 mm–1 cm–1) assigned to ligand‐based charge transfer transitions. Two‐electron reduction of 1 produces 2 via ligand release and disproportionation. Conversely, oxidation of 2 affords 1+. Finally, carbon‐nanotube‐supported complex 2 is active towards electrocatalytic reduction of H2O2.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Spiro Indenyl Benzoxazine Synthesis via C‐H Activation/Annulation of 3‐Aryl‐2H‐Benzo[b][1,4]oxazines and Alkynes
Authors: Tan Heng , Laishram Ronibala Devi , Zhang Xuexin , Shi Guangrui , Li Kangkui , Chen Jingchao
Published: June 2020

The rhodium (III)‐catalyzed annulation of 3‐Aryl‐2H‐Benzo[b][1,4]oxazines with alkynes via C–H activation has been developed. This reaction afforded a series of spiro indenyl benzoxazine in high yields under mild reaction condition with good functional group tolerance.
Sensitivity analysis of a parabolic trough concentrator with linear V‐shape cavity
Authors: Rafiei Alireza , Loni Reyhaneh , Ahmadi Mohammad Hossein , Najafi Gholamhassan , Bellos Evangelos , Rajaee Fatemeh , Askari Asli‐Ardeh Ezzatollah
Published: June 2020

In the present investigation, a solar parabolic trough concentrator (PTC) with a linear cavity was examined by using a developed numerical model. More specifically, a V‐shape cavity receiver was studied in this work as a new and alternative design. The use of a cavity in a PTC is a very promising idea because it leads to high efficiency and to low investment cost. Up today, the emphasis in the use of cavities is given in dish concentrators and so there is a need for investigation of cavities also in linear concentrators. Different dimensional and operational parameters of the PTC with a V‐shape cavity were considered. More specifically, the position, aperture area, and the tube diameter of the V‐shape cavity, solar irradiance, inlet temperature level, and mass flow rate were evaluated based on sensitivity analysis. The results revealed that the highest optical performance was attained when the cavity was placed at the PTC focal line. Moreover, it is found that there is an optimum cavity aperture area to determine the greatest thermal efficiency. For the optical errors of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 35 mrad, the optimum cavity aperture wide was calculated at 5, 5, 6, 7, and 8 cm, respectively, with the tracking error to be 0°. The highest thermal performance has found when the collector operates with low inlet temperature, high flow rate, high solar irradiation level, and small cavity tube diameter.
APECED‐Associated Hepatitis: Clinical, Biochemical, Histological and Treatment Data From a Large, Predominantly American Cohort
Authors: Chascsa David M. , Ferré Elise M. N. , Hadjiyannis Yannis , Alao Hawwa , Natarajan Mukil , Quinones Mariam , Kleiner David E. , Simcox Thomas L. , Chitsaz Ehsan , Rose Stacey R. , Hallgren Asa , Kampe Olle , Marko Jamie , Ali Rabab O. , Auh Sungyoung , Koh Christopher , Belkaid Yasmine , Lionakis Michail S. , Heller Theo
Published: June 2020

Background and Aims

Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy‐candidiasis‐ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), caused by autoimmune regulator (AIRE) mutations, manifests with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) and multisystem autoimmunity, most often hypoparathyroidism (HP) and adrenal insufficiency (AI). European cohorts previously reported a ~10% prevalence of APECED‐associated hepatitis (APAH) with presentations ranging from asymptomatic laboratory derangements to fatal fulminant hepatic failure. Herein, we characterized APAH in a large APECED cohort from the Americas.

Approach and Results

Forty‐five consecutive patients with APECED were evaluated (2013‐2015) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH; NCT01386437). Hepatology consultation assessed hepatic and autoimmune biomarkers and liver ultrasound in all patients. Liver biopsies evaluated autoimmune features and fibrosis. The 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing was performed in 35 patients’ stools (12 with and 23 without APAH). Among 43 evaluable patients, 18 (42%) had APAH; in 33.3% of those with APAH, APAH occurred before developing classic APECED diagnostic criteria. At APAH diagnosis, the median age was 7.8 years, and patients manifested with aminotransferase elevation and/or hyperbilirubinemia. All patients with APAH were in clinical remission during their NIH evaluation while receiving immunomodulatory treatment. We found no difference in age, sex, or prevalence of CMC, AI, or HP between patients with or without APAH. Autoantibody positivity against aromatic L‐amino acid decarboxylase, cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 2, histidine decarboxylase (HDC), bactericidal/permeability‐increasing fold‐containing B1, tryptophan hydroxlase, and 21‐hydroxylase (21‐OH), and the homozygous c.967_979del13 AIRE mutation were associated with APAH development. Classical serological biomarkers of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) were only sporadically positive. AIH‐like lymphoplasmacytic inflammation with mild fibrosis was the predominant histological feature. Stool microbiome analysis found Slackia and Acidaminococcus in greater abundance in patients with APAH.

Conclusions

APAH is more common than previously described, may present early before classic APECED manifestations, and most often manifests with milder, treatment‐responsive disease. Several APECED‐associated autoantibodies, but not standard AIH‐associated biomarkers, correlate with APAH.
Biologic osteosynthesis in the treatment of benign and malignant bone tumors
Authors: Gómez Mier Luis C. , Soto Montoya Camilo , Salinas Álvarez Vanessa , Lozano Calderón Santiago A.
Published: June 2020

Background and Objectives

Mechanical augmentation with metal implants in the treatment of bone tumors limits magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography scan imaging due to the scattering effect. In addition, modulus of elasticity differences may cause chronic pain. We present a surgical technique in which cortical allografts are used as plates. This is a two‐center experience focusing on functional and radiographic outcomes and complications.

Methods

Under IRB approval, we performed a retrospective patient review. Demographics, treatment indications, tumor characteristics, and complications were collected. Radiographic studies were reviewed to determine the time to osseous incorporation. The last follow‐up functional evaluation included the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score, the Karnofsky scale, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG).

Results

Thirty patients, seventeen female and thirteen male, 16‐year‐old in average were included. The most common diagnoses were the humeral aneurysmal bone cyst and unicameral bone cyst. The Median follow‐up was 6 years. Cortical allograft incorporation median time was 8.8 months whereas allograft void bone incorporation was 3 months. The average time to full weight‐bearing without impact activity was 3.1 months. The most common complication was symptomatic hardware. Other complications included a superficial infection successfully treated with antibiotics, a temporary radial nerve neuropraxia, and an allograft fracture requiring revision surgery. Most patients had an MSTS score higher than 90 (excellent). Patients with malignant tumors had ECOG of 0 and a Karnofsky score of 100.

Conclusion

Biological osteosynthesis is a bone preserving and effective modality for mechanical augmentation with excellent functional results and low complication rates.
Prospective Determination of Airway Response to Upper Airway Stimulation: A New Opportunity for Advanced Device Titration
Authors: Jenks Carolyn M. , Yu Jason L. , Schmitt Katherine A. , Schwab Richard J. , Thaler Erica R.
Published: June 2020

Objectives/Hypothesis

Response to upper airway stimulation (UAS) is associated with the degree of airway opening during stimulation. UAS programming may affect this opening. The objective of this study was to examine airway changes in response to five different electrode configurations programmable within the Inspire UAS system.

Study Design

Prospective single‐arm cohort study.

Methods

Subjects who underwent UAS implantation were recruited for a prospective single‐arm cohort study during UAS device activation. Functional thresholds were recorded for all settings. Awake nasopharyngoscopy was performed to examine the retropalatal (RP) and retroglossal (RG) regions at rest and during activation with all settings at their functional thresholds. Cross‐sectional measurements were made by two blinded reviewers and reported as percent change in airway size.

Results

Sixteen patients were included. The standard setting (+‐+) resulted in the greatest change in RP area in 43.8% of patients. An alternative setting resulted in greatest change in 56.2% of patients (‐‐‐ and o‐o in 18.8% each, ‐o‐ in 12.5%, and ‐+‐ in 6.3% of patients). Average response to all five settings was utilized to classify degree of palatoglossal coupling. Most patients had some enlargement (20%–70% change in RP area, 43.8%) or no enlargement (<20% change, 43.8%), whereas a minority of patients (12.5%) had marked enlargement (>70% change). RP and RG expansion were not correlated.

Conclusion

Degree of RP expansion varied among patients and settings. Although the standard setting resulted in greatest RP change in a plurality of patients, over half had a greater response to an alternative setting. Future studies should address whether choice of setting based on RP expansion results in improved outcomes.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 131:218–223, 2021
Changes in soil pool capacity for lead in response to conversion of rainforest to rubber plantations in Hainan Island, China
Authors: Zhou Yujie , Qiu Yong , Wu Zhipeng , Xu Yujiao , Li Jianhong , Zhang Lingling , Luo Chunyan , Zhao Qingjie
Published: June 2020

Land degradation caused by deforestation seriously affects the soil environmental capacity (SEC), with potential risks to soil health. However, conventional SEC theory is unable to quantitatively describe the saturation capacity of different soil fractions and environmental pollution levels of a heterogeneous system. Thus, a new concept, the soil pool capacity (SPC), was introduced to fill this gap. We undertook space‐for‐time substitution to investigate the responses of SPCand soil safety capacity (SSC) to changes in the soil physiochemical properties, chemical species, and molecular characteristics of soil lead (Pb) in the conversion of tropical secondary rainforest (TSR) to rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) monoculture plantations with 15‐ and 60‐year histories (RP15/60). Conversion of TSR to RP15/60 caused adverse effects on soil properties (i.e., lower soil organic matter [SOM] and higher bulk density [BD]). The saturated SPC (SPCsat) for Pb in bulk soils under RP15 (2,203.17 g m−2) and RP60 (1,634.09 g m−2) decreased compared with that in TSR (2,227.10 g m−2). The contribution rates of SPCsat in the exchangeable (P1) and carbonate (P2) pools to the total capacity stabilized at approximately 94%. The contribution rate of potential SPCsat in P4 (OM‐bound Pb) significantly decreased with increasing agricultural intensity. The SSC of labile fractions (P1 + P2) accounted for 81–85% (a critical level) of the total SSC when the soil loading capacity for Pb reached the SSC in bulk soil regardless of land‐use type. Fourier transform infrared and X‐ray diffraction spectra revealed the Pb‐loaded species of SPCsat in TSR and RP15/60 (i.e., TSR: Pb2SiO4 in P2, (CH3COO)2Pb in P4, RP15/60: Pb5Si8O21 and Pb2(P4O12) in P2, and (CHOO)2Pb in P4). Correlation and factor analyzes showed that SOM and BD were key factors that had an opposite impact on SPCsat and SSC. These results are helpful to choose appropriate agronomic measurements to reduce land degradation and crop safety risks caused by deforestation.
Wide Area Reversible Adhesive for In‐Space Assembly
Authors: Meyer Jacob L. , Lan Pixiang , Bakir Mete , Jasiuk Iwona , Economy James
Published: June 2020

The design of future space structures may anticipate a greater need for in‐space assembly due to larger planned space structures and changes in mission profiles over their operational lifetimes. A rapid and reversible adhesive coating over the structure’s surface would allow additional components to be bonded at any arbitrary time in the future. A scalable wide‐area reversible adhesive utilizing a high glass transition thermoset polymer possessing thermally exchangeable bonds can serve as an enabling technology for in‐space assembly. Coatings of aromatic thermosetting copolyesters can be deposited on aluminum and titanium coupons, which bond when heated to 400 °C with the counterpart surfaces under pressure. Reversibility over multiple cycles is shown within a dynamic mechanical analyzer with the limiting constraint being the necessity of nondelaminatory (cohesive) debonding of the bonded coupons. Bonded coupons can sustain a thermal cycle spanning the representative temperatures in low earth orbit under tension with no failure. A localized rapid heating method amenable for in‐space assembly can be used to bond titanium coupons using induction heating with a bonding time of 40 s.
Evaluation of persons with suspected lumbosacral and cervical radiculopathy: Electrodiagnostic assessment and implications for treatment and outcomes (Part I)
Authors: Dillingham Timothy R. , Annaswamy Thiru M. , Plastaras Christopher T.
Published: June 2020

Persons with back, neck, and limb symptoms constitute a major referral population to specialists in electrodiagnostic (EDX) medicine. The evaluation of these patients involves consideration of both the common and less common disorders. The EDX examination with needle electromyography (EMG) is the most important means of testing for radiculopathy. This test has modest sensitivity but high specificity and well complements imaging of the spine. Needle EMG in combination with nerve conduction testing is valuable in excluding entrapment neuropathies and polyneuropathy―conditions that frequently mimic radicular symptoms. In this first of a two‐part review, the optimal EDX evaluation of persons with suspected radiculopathy is presented. In part two, the implications of EDX findings for diagnosis and clinical management of persons with radiculopathy are reviewed.
Numerical analysis of a continuous Galerkin method for damped sine‐Gordon equation
Authors: Zhao Zhihui , Li Hong
Published: June 2020

In this article, we discuss the numerical solution for the two‐dimensional (2‐D) damped sine‐Gordon equation by using a space–time continuous Galerkin method. This method allows variable time steps and space mesh structures and its discrete scheme has good stability which are necessary for adaptive computations on unstructured grids. Meanwhile, it can easily get the higher‐order accuracy in both space and time directions. The existence and uniqueness to the numerical solution are strictly proved and a priori error estimate in maximum‐norm is given without any space–time grid conditions attached. Also, we prove that if the mesh in each time level is generated in a reasonable way, we can get the optimal order of convergence in both temporal and spatial variables. Finally, the convergence rates are presented and analyzed by some numerical experiments to illustrate the validity of the scheme.
Numerical simulation of gas‐assisted polymer‐melt electrospinning: Parametric study of a multinozzle system for mass production
Authors: Kwon Youbin , Yoon Jihyun , Jeon Seung‐Yeol , Cho Daehwan , Lee Kwangjin , Ahn SeungHyun , Yu Woong‐Ryeol
Published: June 2020

In this study, we developed a multiphysics model for simulation of a gas‐assisted melt‐electrospinning (GAME) process, focusing on jet formation and propagation behavior. By numerically calculating the stresses acting on the jet during a single‐nozzle GAME process, the shear viscous stress was identified as the main factor with respect to jet stretch; thus, the relationship between shear viscous stress and jet thickness was investigated. The jet stretch ratio increased sharply when shear viscous stress reached the level at which jet sharpening occurred, leading to stable jet formation. We defined this stress as the critical shear viscous stress to determine stable spinnability. By imposing an electric field distribution calculated for a multi‐nozzle array (number of nozzles, tip‐to‐tip distance, and applied voltage) on the boundary condition of the single‐nozzle GAME simulation model, multinozzle GAME was simulated; this enabled proposal of a spinnability diagram for stable spinning.
Associations between individual and collective efficacy beliefs and students' bystander behavior
Authors: Sjögren Björn , Thornberg Robert , Wänström Linda , Gini Gianluca
Published: June 2020

This study examined whether defending and passive bystanding during peer victimization episodes were associated with individual‐ and classroom‐level efficacy to stop peer victimization. Self‐report survey data were analyzed from 1,467 Swedish fourth‐grade students (mean age = 10.55) from 100 classrooms in 63 schools. Multilevel analyses revealed that, when witnessing peer victimization, students more often defended victims if they were high in defender self‐efficacy and if they belonged to classrooms high in collective efficacy. In contrast, students were more likely to remain passive if they were low in defender self‐efficacy and if they belonged to classrooms low in collective efficacy. Taken together, our findings suggest that efficacy beliefs both at the individual and at the classroom level contribute to explaining variability in students' bystander behaviors, which has potential implications for prevention and intervention work.
Distributed sliding mode control for leader‐follower formation flight of fixed‐wing unmanned aerial vehicles subject to velocity constraints
Authors: Wang Xiangke , Yu Yangguang , Li Zhongkui
Published: June 2020

This paper considers the leader‐follower formation flight of fixed‐wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) subject to velocity constraints. A novel distributed sliding mode control law is proposed for each UAV, whose kinematics is described by a unicycle model with a saturated angular velocity and a bounded linear velocity within an interval. The designed control law of each follower UAV only uses its own information and the information of its leader UAV. Driven by the designed control law, the desired formation is achieved with rigorous proof, while the follower UAVs' constraints of both the linear and angular velocities are satisfied. Moreover, the follower's speed adjustment range is relaxed and not required to be strictly larger than their leaders'. Finally, numerical simulations are presented to verify the results.
Stabilizing nonlinear Markov jump systems with orthogonality between control and nonlinear terms
Authors: Vargas Alessandro N. , Filho Sérgio M. , Agulhari Cristiano M. , Montezuma Marcio A. F. , Costa Eduardo F.
Published: June 2020

This article presents conditions to assure the second‐moment stability for a class of nonlinear Markov jump systems. The main assumption requires that the control and nonlinear terms form orthogonal vectors, a novel condition in the context of Markov jump systems. The second‐moment stability is verified through linear matrix inequalities—the conditions account the case in which the Markovian mode is either accessible or inaccessible to the controller. A real‐time automotive application illustrates the potential benefits of our approach.
Hydroxyl‐Rich Deep Eutectic Solvents Assistant Synthesis of VPO and Its Application in Selective Oxidation of n‐Butane
Authors: Shi Yanan , Dai Fei , Zhang Ting , He Bin , Zhang Ruirui , Liu Ruixia , Ren Baozeng
Published: June 2020

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) consisting of choline chloride (ChCl) and polyols (Ethylene glycol (EG), 1,4‐Butanediol (BDO), Glycerol (GL), and Xylitol (XYL)) as a green and effective promoter assisting the synthesis of vanadium phosphorus oxide (VPO) were innovatively proposed and investigated in detail for the selective oxidation of n‐butane to maleic anhydride (MA). The catalytic results showed that the performance of VPO catalysts was improved significantly with the addition of polyols DESs. A combination of techniques including SEM, TEM, XRD, FT‐IR, Raman, XPS, and TG‐DTA were employed to investigate the effect of DES on the structure of VPO. We correlated the structure of the catalysts with catalytic performance and found that the n‐butane conversion was positively correlated with the intensity ratio of I (020)/I (204) for catalysts, and the MA selectivity of VPO catalysts was negatively correlated with the vanadium average oxidation state on the catalyst surface.
Alcohol Oxidation in the Presence of Methyl Chlorosulfonate and Dimethyl Sulfoxide
Authors: Davidovich Yuriy A. , Kozlov Sergei V. , Smushkevich Yuriy I.
Published: June 2020

The reaction of methyl chlorosulfonate with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was studied at various temperatures. The interaction of dimethyl sulfoxide‐sulfur trioxide complex with various alcohols in the presence of triethylamine (Et3N) was investigated. The results showed that this complex oxidizes the primary and secondary alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl compounds in excellent yields.
Adsorption of Cd2+ and Zn2+ on Carboxylated Polyvinyl Alcohol
Authors: Lu Mang
Published: June 2020

In this study, vinyl acetate (VAc) and acrylic acid (AA) was first copolymerized in methanol to prepare the copolymer of poly(VAc‐co‐AA). Then poly(VAc‐co‐AA) was modified through alcoholysis reaction to obtain a carboxyl modified polyvinyl alcohol (carboxyl modified PVA). The carboxyl modified polyvinyl alcohol was first used for the adsorption of heavy metal ions. The structure of the carboxyl modified polyvinyl alcohol was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), X‐ray Diffraction (XRD). The effect of pH, contact time and metal ion concentration on the adsorption were investigated. The optimum pH value was found out to be 6 for Zn2+ and 7 for Cd2+, respectively. The adsorption capacity of Cd2+ and Zn2+ increased rapidly in the first 36 h contact time and then leveled off. The adsorption capacity of Cd2+ and Zn2+ increased gradually with equilibrium concentration Ce up to 150 mg/L in the solution. The adsorption process obeyed the pseudo second‐order kinetics and Langmuir adsorption model. The highest metal uptake for Cd2+ and Zn2+ were 52.41 and 49.98 mg/g, respectively. In all adsorption processes, the enthalpy change (ΔH) and free energy change (ΔG) were negative, implying that the adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous.
A High‐Capacity Negative Electrode for Asymmetric Supercapacitors Based on a PMo12 Coordination Polymer with Novel Water‐Assisted Proton Channels
Authors: Wang Guangning , Chen Tingting , Gómez‐García Carlos J. , Zhang Feng , Zhang Mingyi , Ma Huiyuan , Pang Haijun , Wang Xinming , Tan Lichao
Published: June 2020

The development of a negative electrode for supercapacitors is a critical challenge for the next‐generation of energy‐storage devices. Herein, two new electrodes formed by the coordination polymers [Ni(itmb)4(HPMo12O40)]·2H2O (1) and [Zn(itmb)3(H2O)(HPMo12O40)]·4H2O (2) (itmb = 1‐(imidazo‐1‐ly)‐4‐(1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐ylmethyl)benzene), synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method, are described. Compounds 1 and 2 show high capacitances of 477.9 and 890.2 F g−1, respectively. An asymmetric supercapacitor device assembled using 2 which has novel water‐assisted proton channels as negative electrode and active carbon as positive electrode shows ultrahigh energy density and power density of 23.4 W h kg−1 and 3864.4 W kg−1, respectively. Moreover, the ability to feed a red light emitting diode (LED) also demonstrates the feasibility for practical use. The results allow a better elucidation of the storage mechanism in polyoxometalate‐based coordination polymers and provide a promising direction for exploring novel negative materials for new‐generation high‐performance supercapacitors.
Triplex Glass Laminates with Silicon Quantum Dots for Luminescent Solar Concentrators
Authors: Huang Jing , Zhou Jingjian , Haraldsson Tommy , Clemments Alden , Fujii Minoru , Sugimoto Hiroshi , Xu Bo , Sychugov Ilya
Published: June 2020

Luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) is a promising technology to integrate semitransparent photovoltaic (PV) systems into modern buildings and vehicles. Silicon quantum dots (QDs) are good candidates as fluorophores in LSCs, due to the absence of overlap between absorption and emission spectra, high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), good stability, nontoxicity, and element abundance. Herein, LSCs based on Si QDs/polymer nanocomposites are fabricated in a triplex glass configuration. A special polymer matrix (off‐stoichiometric thiol‐ene, OSTE) is used, which improves Si nanocrystal quantum yield. Herein, a comprehensive investigation to improve the performance of LSCs by exploring different strategies under the guidance of a theoretical description is conducted. Among these strategies, the systematical enhancement of PLQY of the nanocomposite is achieved by tuning the thiol/allyl group ratio in the OSTE matrix. In addition, ligand selection and loading optimization for QDs reduce the total scattering loss in the device. Finally, an optical power efficiency of 7.9% is achieved for an optimized LSC prototype (9 × 9 × 0.6 cm3, transmittance ≈62% at 500 nm) based on Si QDs/OSTE nanocomposite, which shows good potential of this material system in LSC fabrication.
Effects of Dual Pullulanase‐Debranching and Temperature‐Cycling Treatments on Physicochemical Properties and In Vitro Digestibility of Sago Starch and Its Application in Chinese Steamed Buns
Authors: Bunyasetthakun Theerapat , Huang Qiang , Sureepisan Kanchana , Suphantharika Manop , Tangsrianugul Nuttinee , Wongsagonsup Rungtiwa
Published: June 2020

Effects of dual pullulanase‐debranching (PD) and temperature‐cycling (TC) treatments on the physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of sago starch as well as its potential application in Chinese steamed buns (Mantou) is investigated. Sago starch are debranched using PD (30 pullulanase unit per g) for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 h before subjecting to TC (4/30 °C, for 24 h each) for 3 cycles. The modified sago starch (MSS) obtained at the optimum conditions is used to replace wheat flour at 20%, 30%, and 40% for production of Mantou. All the MSS samples exhibit B‐type crystalline pattern and have lower relative crystallinity than the native starch. The PD results in an increase in the relative crystallinity of the MSS. The 8 h PD followed by TC storage are the optimum conditions for producing MSS with the highest slowly digestible starch (10.76%) and the lowest rapidly digestible starch (81.61%) contents. The physical, textural, and sensorial properties of Mantou decrease with increasing substitution level of the MSS due to a reduction of gluten network and a detrimental effect of retrograded starch. However, the Mantou containing 20% MSS substitution is found to be acceptable based on the sensory evaluation.
Reframing “Dirty Work”: The Case of Homeless Shelter Workers
Authors: Torelli Julian , Puddephatt Antony
Published: June 2020

Drawing on ethnographic research in a homeless shelter, this article examines how caseworkers navigate an occupation that is often physically and morally trying, and at times, objectionable. Given this context, we examine the ways in which caseworkers identify and define “dirty work,” often seen as a source of occupational degradation, according to two main typifications: the physical and the moral. Building on Erving Goffman's frame analysis, we examine the definitional and interactional strategies actors use to transform unpleasant first‐order realities to more valued, meaningful, or workable second order realities, by keying particular frames of meaning. These involve framing dirty work through (1) a professional lens, (2) humanism and egalitarianism, (3) a negotiated interpretation of institutional rules, and (4) the use of humor. We conclude by reflecting on the constructed nature of dirty work, and the importance of framing strategies in the sociology of occupations, suggesting that a more generic application of these ideas may be useful across a number of other social contexts.
Comparing 2HDM + scalar and pseudoscalar simplified models at LHC
Authors: Arcadi Giorgio , Busoni Giorgio , Hugle Thomas , Tenorth Valentin Titus
Published: June 2020

Abstract

In this work we compare the current experimental LHC limits of the 2HDM + scalar and pseudoscalar for the

$$ t\overline{t} $$

t

t
¯

, mono-Z and mono-h signatures and forecast the reach of future LHC upgrades for the mono-Z channel. Furthermore, we comment on the possibility, in case of a signal detection, to discriminate between the two models. The 2HDM+S and 2HDM+PS are two notable examples of the so-called next generation of Dark Matter Simplified Models. They allow for a renormalizable coupling of fermionic, Standard Model singlet, Dark Matter with a two Higgs doublet sector, through the mixing of the latter with a scalar or pseudoscalar singlet.
To go or not to go with the flow: Hawking radiation at strong coupling
Authors: Santos Jorge E.
Published: June 2020

Abstract

We construct the gravitational dual of a one-parameter class of states of strongly coupled SU(N)

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 4 SYM at infinite N and asymptotic temperature T
∞, on a fixed Schwarzschild black hole background with temperature T
BH. The resulting bulk geometry is of the flowing type and allow us to measure Hawking radiation at strong coupling. The outgoing Hawking flux is a function of the dimensionless ratio τ ≡ T

∞

/T
BH and appears to be non-monotonic in τ. At present, we have no field theory understanding for this behaviour.
On the supersymmetric solutions of the Heterotic Superstring effective action
Authors: Fontanella Andrea , Ortín Tomás
Published: June 2020

Abstract

We consider the effective action of the Heterotic Superstring to first order in α′ and derive the necessary and sufficient conditions that a field configuration has to satisfy in order to admit at least one Killing spinor using the spinor bilinear method in an arbitrary spinorial basis and corresponding arbitrary gamma matrices. As a previous step in this derivation, we compute the complete spinor bilinear algebra using the Fierz identities, obtaining as a by-product the algebra satisfied by the Spin(7) structure contained in the bilinears in an arbitrary basis. We find the off-shell relations existing between the bosonic equations of motion evaluated on supersymmetric field configurations using the Killing Spinor Identities instead of the (far more complicated) integrability conditions of the Killing Spinor Equations as it is common in the literature. We show how to include the Kalb-Ramond’s Bianchi identity in the Killing Spinor Identities.
n-th parafermion $$ {\mathcal{W}}_N $$ characters from U(N) instanton counting on ℂ2/ℤn
Authors: Manabe Masahide
Published: June 2020

Abstract

We propose, following the AGT correspondence, how the

$$ {\mathcal{W}}_{N,n}^{\mathrm{para}} $$

W

N
,
n

para

(n-th parafermion

$$ {\mathcal{W}}_N $$

W
N

) minimal model characters are obtained from the U(N ) instanton counting on ℂ2/ℤ
n
with Ω-deformation by imposing specific conditions which remove the minimal model null states.
The Chinese approach to artificial intelligence: an analysis of policy, ethics, and regulation
Authors: Roberts Huw , Cowls Josh , Morley Jessica , Taddeo Mariarosaria , Wang Vincent , Floridi Luciano
Published: June 2020

In July 2017, China’s State Council released the country’s strategy for developing artificial intelligence (AI), entitled ‘New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan’ (新一代人工智能发展规划). This strategy outlined China’s aims to become the world leader in AI by 2030, to monetise AI into a trillion-yuan (ca. 150 billion dollars) industry, and to emerge as the driving force in defining ethical norms and standards for AI. Several reports have analysed specific aspects of China’s AI policies or have assessed the country’s technical capabilities. Instead, in this article, we focus on the socio-political background and policy debates that are shaping China’s AI strategy. In particular, we analyse the main strategic areas in which China is investing in AI and the concurrent ethical debates that are delimiting its use. By focusing on the policy backdrop, we seek to provide a more comprehensive and critical understanding of China’s AI policy by bringing together debates and analyses of a wide array of policy documents.