bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Glycemic Control on Peri‐Implant Bone Healing: 12‐Month Outcomes of Local Release of Bone‐Related Factors and Implant Stabilization in Type 2 Diabetics
Authors: Ghiraldini Bruna , Conte Alexandre , Casarin Renato Correa , Casati Marcio Zaffalon , Pimentel Suzana Peres , Cirano Fabiano Ribeiro , Ribeiro Fernanda Vieira
Published: March 2015

Background

The poor glycemic status seems to be an important factor affecting implant complication rates, including peri‐implant bone loss.

Purpose

This trial evaluated the influence of glycemic control of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients on implant stabilization and on the levels of bone markers in peri‐implant fluid during the healing.

Materials and Methods

Systemically healthy patients (SH,n = 19), better‐controlled T2DM (BCDM,n = 16), and poorly controlled T2DM (PCDM,n = 16) indicated for implant therapy were recruited. The implant stability quotient (ISQ) was determined at implant placement, 3, 6, and 12 months. Levels of transforming growth factor‐ β (TGF‐β), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OC), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the peri‐implant fluid were quantified at 15 days, and 3, 6, and 12 months, using the Luminex assay.

Results

OPG and OPN levels were higher in SH at 12 months than at15 days (p < .05), whereas OC and TGF‐β were lower in PCDM at 12 months compared with the 15‐day and 3‐month follow‐ups, respectively (p < .05). Inter‐group analyses showed lower OPN levels in PCDM compared with SH at 12 months (p < .05). The ISQ was higher at 12 months when compared with baseline and 3 months in SH (p < .05), whereas no differences were observed during follow‐up in diabetics, regardless of glycemic control (p > .05). No difference in ISQ was observed among groups over time (p > .05).

Conclusion

Poor glycemic control negatively modulated the bone factors during healing, although T2DM, regardless of glycemic status, had no effect on implant stabilization.
A retrospective evaluation of aesthetic outcomes for single‐tooth implants in the anterior maxilla
Authors: Boardman Nicholas , Darby Ivan , Chen Stephen
Published: March 2015

Objectives

To investigate objective and patient‐centred aesthetic outcomes for single‐tooth implants in the anterior maxilla.

Materials and methods

Ninety‐eight patients (21 men and 77 women) with a mean age of 51.2 ± 13.8 years were included in this retrospective study. A total of 98 maxillary anterior single‐tooth implant crowns with a mean functional time of 68.1 months (range 12–245) were evaluated. Aesthetic outcomes were measured by PES and WES. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mood's median and stepwise logistic regression with backward elimination to assess the effect of patient demographics, clinical parameters and surgical methods on aesthetic outcome (P < 0.05).

Results

The median PES was 11 and 94% of implants were deemed aesthetically acceptable. The median WES was 9 and 98% of implants were deemed aesthetically acceptable. The PES was positively influenced by the use of a connective tissue graft (CTG), adding 1 to the score (P = 0.002) and negatively influenced by membrane use (P = 0.026). Flapless techniques employed as part of an immediate implant placement protocol yielded better outcomes compared to flapped sites (P = 0.017). Immediate implant placement demonstrated greater variability in outcomes compared to early implant placement.

Conclusions

Satisfactory objective and patient‐reported aesthetic outcomes were achieved with dental implants replacing missing single teeth in the anterior maxilla. The use of CTG improved the aesthetic outcome mainly by increasing the alveolar process contour. Less variation in outcomes was observed with early (type 2) placement compared to immediate (type 1 placement).
p‐Phenylenediamine exposure in real life – a case–control study on sensitization rate, mode and elicitation reactions in the northern Netherlands
Authors: Vogel Tatiana A. , Coenraads Pieter‐Jan , Bijkersma Laura M. , Vermeulen Karin M. , Schuttelaar Marie‐Louise A. ,   on behalf of the EDEN Fragrance Study Group
Published: March 2015

Background

The prevalence of p‐phenylenediamine (PPD) sensitization is 4% in the patch tested population and varies between zero and 1.5% in the general population. Hair dye is a recognised sensitization source.

Objectives

To define the prevalence rates of PPD sensitization in the general and patch tested populations of The Netherlands, and to gain insights into relationships between patch test strength and exposure sources.

Methods

Patch test database cases were matched with population‐based controls. Analyses were performed based on demographic details, patch test reactions, and potential PPD exposure.

Results

PPD sensitization occurred in 3.3% of the patch tested population and in 1.3% of the general population. Hairdressers had a 4.4‐fold increased chance of being sensitized to PPD (p = 0.041), and black henna tattoos showed a tendency for a 2.3‐fold increased chance of sensitization (p = 0.081). Weak elicitation reactions were present in hairdressers and consumers. However, cases who had had black henna tattoos showed significantly more (extremely) strong patch test reactions upon elicitation (p = 0.015).

Conclusions

The prevalence rates in the patch tested and general population of The Netherlands are comparable with the prevalence rates of other mid‐European centres. PPD sensitization is often attributed to hair dye. However, this study shows that subjects sensitized by black henna tattoos present with very severe elicitation reactions, emphasizing the need for more strict policing the prohibition.
Strip patch testing does not affect reaction profiles of standard allergens
Authors: Dickel Heinrich , Kreft Burkhard , Geier Johannes
Published: March 2015

Background

It has been hypothesized that positive reactions in the strip patch test are irritant rather than allergic.

Objective

To study reaction profiles of the baseline series patch test substances applied routinely on tape‐stripped skin according to the reaction index (RI) and the positivity ratio (PR).

Patients and methods

One thousand two hundred and twenty‐eight consecutive patients were routinely strip patch tested with the baseline series between January 2011 and June 2013 (intervention group). On the basis of test reactions at D3/D4, the RI, and the PR, 25 standard allergens were analysed, and the results were compared with those obtained in 1161 patients patch tested conventionally from July 2008 to December 2010 (historical control group).

Results

Nickel sulfate, fragrance mix I, cobalt chloride, Myroxylon pereirae (balsam of Peru) and colophonium showed the highest frequencies of positive reactions in both groups, without any significant differences. Of 25 patch test substances of the baseline series, 18 showed good reaction profiles in the intervention group, and 16 in the historical control group.

Conclusions

Reaction profiles of baseline series patch test substances remained largely unaffected by tape stripping the skin prior to patch testing. Thus, if conventional patch test results are presumed to be false‐negative, performance of the strip patch test can be recommended independently of the standard allergen.
Becoming Autonomous: Nonideal Theory and Educational Autonomy
Authors: Wilson Terri S. , Ryg Matthew A.
Published: March 2015

Autonomy operates as a key term in debates about the rights of families to choose distinct approaches to education. Yet, what autonomy means is often complicated by the actual circumstances and contexts of schools, families, and children. In this essay, Terri S. Wilson and Matthew A. Ryg focus on the challenges involved in translating an ideal of educational autonomy into the “nonideal” contexts and circumstances that surround families' choices. Drawing on the methodological insights of Elizabeth Anderson and John Dewey, they sketch out a nonideal approach for exploring autonomy. Wilson and Ryg particularly focus on Dewey's notion of an ideal, his treatment of autonomy as a concept, and his view of the self. Such a nonideal approach draws attention toward the specific circumstances, habits, and environments that make autonomy possible. Wilson and Ryg illustrate the salience of this nonideal approach by exploring one example of an empirically engaged study of autonomy.
On Moral Luck and Nonideal Moral Education
Authors: Chinnery Ann
Published: March 2015

In contrast to the Kantian principle that we are morally accountable only for those actions over which we have control, Bernard Williams, Thomas Nagel, and others have argued that luck plays a significant role in the moral life. Put briefly, moral luck is at play when we are appropriately praised or blamed for our moral actions despite the fact that at least some aspects of what we are being judged for lie beyond our control. In this essay, Ann Chinnery discusses the concept and various types of moral luck, and draws on two news stories from the summer of 2013 (one involving an incident in the United States and the other in the United Kingdom) in order to suggest that a nonideal approach to moral education could go some way toward mitigating the morally limiting effects of “constitutive bad luck.”
Getting the Distance Right: Ideal and Nonideal Theory in Philosophy of Education
Authors: Shuffelton Amy B.
Published: March 2015

When the debate over the value of ideal and nonideal theory crosses from political philosophy into philosophy of education, do the implications of the debate shift, and, if so, how? In this piece, Amy Shuffelton considers the premise that no normative political theory, ideal or nonideal, is of any use to human beings unless it can be affiliated with a credible educational theory that connects human beings as they are to human beings as that theory requires them to become. In her response to the five articles in this symposium, Shuffelton addresses their overlapping yet varied treatments of human subjectivity as developed through education. If one accepts that ideal theory is the appropriate starting place for political philosophy because otherwise we would have no polestar by which to orient ourselves, Shuffelton concludes, a corresponding philosophy of education is required to survey the trajectory between here and wherever one aims to go. To do so, it needs to keep its feet on the ground, even as it looks to the stars. If, on the other hand, ideal theory fails to heed the Yankee truism that you can't get there from here, such that philosophers who attempt to do so inevitably get lost on back roads, philosophy of education is still necessary to chart paths to reachable destinations.
Experimental evidence for the effect of habitat loss on the dynamics of migratory networks
Authors: Betini Gustavo S. , Fitzpatrick Mark J. , Norris D. Ryan
Published: March 2015

Migratory animals present a unique challenge for understanding the consequences of habitat loss on population dynamics because individuals are typically distributed over a series of interconnected breeding and non‐breeding sites (termed migratory network). Using replicated breeding and non‐breeding populations of Drosophila melanogaster and a mathematical model, we investigated three hypotheses to explain how habitat loss influenced the dynamics of populations in networks with different degrees of connectivity between breeding and non‐breeding seasons. We found that habitat loss increased the degree of connectivity in the network and influenced population size at sites that were not directly connected to the site where habitat loss occurred. However, connected networks only buffered global population declines at high levels of habitat loss. Our results demonstrate why knowledge of the patterns of connectivity across a species range is critical for predicting the effects of environmental change and provide empirical evidence for why connected migratory networks are commonly found in nature.
Research priorities in epilepsy for the Asia‐Oceanian region
Authors: Kwan Patrick , Cabral‐Lim Leonor , D'Souza Wendyl , Jain Satish , Lee Byung‐In , Liao Weiping , Lim Shih‐Hui , Otsuki Taisuke , Tan Chong‐Tin , Wantanabe Masako ,   the CAOA Research Task Force
Published: March 2015

The Asia‐Oceanian region is the most populous region in the world. Although there has been substantial economic development and improvement in health services in recent years, epilepsy remains generally an underrecognized and understudied condition. To help promote research in the region, the Commission on Asian and Oceanian Affairs (CAOA) of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) appointed the Research Task Force (RTF) to facilitate the development of research priorities for the region. Research that focuses on issues that are unique or of particular importance in the Asia‐Oceanian region is encouraged, and that captures the impact of the dynamic socioeconomic changes taking place in the region is emphasized. Based on these considerations, we propose research “dimensions” as priorities within the Asia‐Oceanian region. These are studies (1) that would lead to fuller appreciation of the health burden of epilepsy, particularly the treatment gap; (2) that would lead to better understanding of the causes of epilepsy; (3) that would alleviate the psychosocial consequences of epilepsy; (4) that would develop better therapies and improved therapeutic outcomes; and (5) that would improve the research infrastructure.
Distribution of seizures across the menstrual cycle in women with epilepsy
Authors: Herzog Andrew G. , Fowler Kristen M. , Sperling Michael R. , Massaro Joseph M. ,   Progesterone Trial Study Group
Published: March 2015

The purpose of this study was to determine whether seizure frequency and cycle days with seizure occurrence vary across the menstrual cycle. The subjects were the first 100 women with intractable focal onset seizures, 13–45 years old, who completed the baseline phase of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Progesterone Trial. Each subject recorded seizures and menses during a 3‐month baseline phase. Data consisted of (1) seizure numbers for each cycle day and (2) cycle days with seizure occurrence. Statistical comparisons of seizure frequency and days with seizures were performed using generalized estimating equation one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and logistic regression followed by pairwise multiple comparisons of days based on the least square means. Seizure numbers and cycle days with seizure occurrence varied across the menstrual cycle. There was an approximately twofold difference between the highest (day 1) and lowest (day −8) values for both seizure frequency and days with occurrence. The demonstration of variation in seizure frequency and cycle days with seizure occurrence across the menstrual cycle, as well as identification of specific days that have substantially higher or lower frequencies than other days, supports the existence of catamenial epilepsy.
Altered organization of face‐processing networks in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Riley Jeffrey D. , Fling Brett W. , Cramer Steven C. , Lin Jack J.
Published: March 2015

Objective

Deficits in social cognition are common and significant in people with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), but the functional and structural underpinnings remain unclear. The present study investigated how the side of seizure focus impacts face‐processing networks in temporal lobe epilepsy.

Methods

We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of a face‐processing paradigm to identify face‐responsive regions in 24 individuals with unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy (left = 15; right = 9) and 19 healthy controls. fMRI signals of face‐responsive regions ipsilateral and contralateral to the side of seizure onset were delineated in TLE and compared to the healthy controls with right and left sides combined. Diffusion tensor images were acquired to investigate structural connectivity between face regions that differed in fMRI signals between the two groups.

Results

In TLE, activation of the cortical face‐processing networks varied according to side of seizure onset. In temporal lobe epilepsy, the laterality of amygdala activation was shifted to the side contralateral to the seizure focus, whereas controls showed no significant asymmetry. Furthermore, compared to controls, patients with TLE showed decreased activation of the occipital face‐responsive region on the ipsilateral side and an increased activity of the anterior temporal lobe in the side contralateral to the seizure focus. Probabilistic tractography revealed that the occipital face area and anterior temporal lobe are connected via the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, which in individuals with TLE showed reduced integrity.

Significance

Taken together, these findings suggest that brain function and white matter integrity of networks subserving face processing are impaired on the side of seizure onset, accompanied by altered responses on the side contralateral to the seizure.
Fuzzy rough set on probabilistic approximation space over two universes and its application to emergency decision‐making
Authors: Sun Bingzhen , Ma Weimin , Chen Xiangtang
Published: March 2015

Probabilistic approaches to rough sets are still an important issue in rough set theory. Although many studies have been written on this topic, they focus on approximating a crisp concept in the universe of discourse, with less effort on approximating a fuzzy concept in the universe of discourse. This article investigates the rough approximation of a fuzzy concept on a probabilistic approximation space over two universes. We first present the definition of a lower and upper approximation of a fuzzy set with respect to a probabilistic approximation space over two universes by defining the conditional probability of a fuzzy event. That is, we define the rough fuzzy set on a probabilistic approximation space over two universes. We then define the fuzzy probabilistic approximation over two universes by introducing a probability measure to the approximation space over two universes. Then, we establish the fuzzy rough set model on the probabilistic approximation space over two universes. Meanwhile, we study some properties of both rough fuzzy sets and fuzzy rough sets on the probabilistic approximation space over two universes. Also, we compare the proposed model with the existing models to show the superiority of the model given in this paper. Furthermore, we apply the fuzzy rough set on the probabilistic approximation over two universes to emergency decision‐making in unconventional emergency management. We establish an approach to online emergency decision‐making by using the fuzzy rough set model on the probabilistic approximation over two universes. Finally, we apply our approach to a numerical example of emergency decision‐making in order to illustrate the validity of the proposed method.
Investigation on the mechanical properties and fracture toughness of graphite
Authors: Shahani A. R. , Nejadi M. M.
Published: March 2015

In the present study, mechanical properties and fracture toughness of graphite as a brittle material were investigated. At first, some specimens were examined in two perpendicular directions to derive Young's modulus and ultimate tensile strength. Then, graphite fracture toughness tests were conducted using some three‐point bending specimens with a sharp machined V‐notch by two different methods. The first method is based on the applied force at the moment of fracture, and the second one uses energy released during the test. Moreover, a technique was adopted to reduce differences between the two methods. It was observed that considering the effect of dehydration of the specimens, the fracture toughness was reduced by about 8%. Finally, crack growth simulation of the experiment was performed and indicated that finite element analysis predicts about 25% lower crack length values when critical energy release rate is utilized as a crack growth criterion instead of fracture toughness. In other words, the required input displacement for crack growth would be overestimated by using the critical energy release rate criterion.
Delayed cracking of low‐nickel austenitic stainless steel studied with constant load tensile testing
Authors: Papula S. , Talonen J. , Hänninen H.
Published: March 2015

Delayed cracking in unstable low‐Ni austenitic stainless steel 204Cu was studied by constant load tensile testing. The developed testing arrangement enabled a systematical examination on the effect of applied stress, strain‐induced α′‐martensite and internal hydrogen content on time to fracture. Volume fraction of strain‐induced α′‐martensite was shown to affect cracking kinetics, except at a very high stress level. Hydrogen content had a marked effect on time to fracture, also at the highest applied stress level. When hydrogen content was reduced by annealing, delayed cracking kinetics and susceptibility were suppressed, and cracking required a considerably higher stress level. The apparent critical hydrogen content, below which delayed cracking was not observed, was about 0.85 wppm. According to scanning electron microscope and electron backscattering diffraction examination, fracture mechanism in the constant load test specimens was mainly transgranular quasi‐cleavage, and cracking propagated along α′‐martensite.
Effect of build direction on the fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth in selective laser melted Ti‐6Al‐4 V
Authors: Edwards P. , Ramulu M.
Published: March 2015

Experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth characteristics in selective laser‐melted titanium 6Al‐4 V materials as a follow‐on to a previous study on high cycle fatigue. For both the fracture toughness and crack growth evaluation, the compact tension specimen geometry was used. It was found that the fracture toughness was lower than what would be expected from wrought or cast product forms in the same alloy. This was attributed to the rapidly cooled, martensitic microstructure, developed in the parts. At low stress ratios, the crack growth rates were faster than in wrought titanium but became comparable at higher ratios. The fracture toughness appears to be higher when the crack is oriented perpendicular to the build layers. The difference in the average threshold and critical stress intensity values for the crack growth results for the three orientations was within the scatter of the data, so there was essentially no difference. The same was true for the empirically derived Paris Law constants. Residual stresses were likely to have overshadowed any variation in crack growth because of microstructural directionalities associated with build orientation.
Product Market Competition and Financial Decisions During a Financial Crisis
Authors: Byoun Soku , Xu Zhaoxia
Published: March 2015

We find that in the presence of the “flight to quality” during the 2007‐2008 financial crisis, firms that depended less on external financing (or internal finance dependent (IFD) firms) prior to the crisis were able to secure additional financing and increased investments, while external finance dependent (EFD) firms significantly contracted their external financing and investments. IFD firms’ increased investments during the crisis were associated with higher market share growth, while EFD competitors lost their market share. The results indicate that firms’ financial decisions during the financial crisis are interrelated with their product market dimensions.
Testing predictions of changes in fish abundance and community structure after flow restoration in four reaches of a large river (French Rhône)
Authors: Lamouroux Nicolas , Olivier Jean‐Michel
Published: March 2015

Projects that restore river flows can be considered as in situ experiments and should be used to test predictions of the effects of flow changes on fish populations and communities. However, flow restoration projects often lack appropriate monitoring and replication. The Rhône restoration project has included repeated flow changes, in four bypassed reaches of the river, where the increase in minimum daily flow varied from minimal change to a tenfold increase.

Fish communities (>55 000 individuals of 36 species) were electrofished at nine sites in the main channels of the four bypassed reaches, for 2–9 years before and for 5–10 years after the flow restoration. An instream hydraulic habitat model, published before restoration and based on observations of fish microhabitat preferences in independent reaches, was applied to the bypassed reaches to predict density changes for 14 species that accounted for 94% of the total fish abundance.

In the two bypassed reaches where minimum flow was considerably increased (fivefold and tenfold), the abundance of species preferring fast‐flowing and deep microhabitats increased by factors of 1.9 and 2.4, respectively, whereas the abundance of other species strongly decreased. Predicted changes in density made using the habitat model for these two reaches agreed with the observations at several sites and involved several fish species. In contrast, in the two bypassed reaches where flow changes were less, the observed changes in density were weak and less related to the model predictions.

Hydraulic habitat models predicted changes of fish populations and the predictions also explained observed community responses to the changed flows. Ten years after the first flow restoration, our results suggest that the Rhône restoration generated perennial changes of the fish community structure, reversing community patterns that were observed prior to the flow restoration.
Hydromorphological conditions in eighteen restored floodplain channels of a large river: linking patterns to processes
Authors: Riquier Jérémie , Piégay Hervé , Šulc Michalková Monika
Published: March 2015

Over the past few decades, numerous floodplain restoration projects have attempted to re‐establish complex and diverse river floodplains. They often aim to restore lateral connectivity (i.e. interactions between the main river channel and floodplain channels) and rejuvenate floodplain habitats which are no longer maintained or created by fluvial processes. Nonetheless, results of these experiences in terms of hydromorphological conditions and adjustments are rarely shared.

The Rhône River is a large, highly regulated system where lateral connectivity has been greatly reduced. We investigated habitat dynamics (using sedimentological indicators as proxies) in 18 floodplain channels that were restored between 1999 and 2006. Environmental data (bathymetry and grain size of surficial fine sediments) were acquired on 3–5 surveys for each channel covering 6–12 years after restoration. In addition, a pre‐restoration survey was made in 12 of the 18 channels.

Using pressure sensors in the floodplain channels and rating curves in the main channel, we quantified the upstream overflow frequency and magnitude (i.e. maximum shear stress) in the channels and tested how these variables explain observed sedimentological patterns.

Between‐channel diversity accounted for 81% of the sedimentological variability observed after restoration. Time‐averaged sedimentological conditions were robust and well predicted from overflow frequency and magnitude. Similarly, an indirect index of lateral connectivity used by hydrobiologists was also predictable from overflow frequency and magnitude.

The remaining 19% of the sedimentological variability was attributed to temporal variation within channels and was mainly related to changes in longitudinal grain size gradient. This emphasises that grain size patterns are periodically reworked as a result of the flooding regime (backflow versus overflow) without significantly affecting average grain sizes. However, trajectories of grain size changes were stochastic and not always related to the hydrological regime. Accordingly, the partial pre‐restoration data suggest that post‐restoration sedimentological conditions were often similar to those observed before restoration, except in a few channels where major restoration works were performed.

Our results quantify how changes in upstream overflow frequency and magnitude can modify physical conditions in the floodplain channels. They can be used to design habitats that are infrequent or missing at the floodplain scale. These results also suggest that changes in upstream plug morphology are a primary habitat driver. Such changes could be more frequently implemented in the Rhône and elsewhere to maximise the diversity of physical conditions in floodplains.
The generality of changes in the trait composition of fish and invertebrate communities after flow restoration in a large river (French Rhône)
Authors: Dolédec Sylvain , Castella Emmanuel , Forcellini Maxence , Olivier Jean‐Michel , Paillex Amael , Sagnes Pierre
Published: March 2015

A multiple‐trait‐based approach can provide predictions and interpretations of the responses of freshwater communities to river restoration that apply in different taxonomic contexts. We compared the observed and predicted effects of restoration on sets of traits in fish and invertebrate communities in four reaches of the Rhône River. Restoration included minimum flow increases in three bypassed main channels and the reconnection of eight floodplain channels.

Predictions (described in detail in three other articles in this Special Issue) were based on habitat models that related the density of modelled taxa to their physical habitats. We used trait information extracted from the literature to translate predicted taxonomic changes into predicted changes in traits. Observed changes in traits calculated for modelled taxa and for all taxa in the community were both compared to predictions.

In 10 of 12 cases, observed changes in traits correlated with predicted ones. With few exceptions, the agreement was higher for fish and invertebrates in the main channels than for invertebrates in floodplain channels. Predictions translated to the trait category level improved those at the taxonomic level in 5/6 and 4/6 cases for modelled taxa and all taxa, respectively. However, the improvement was statistically significant according to a null model for 1/6 and 3/6 cases for modelled taxa and all taxa, respectively.

The validation of trait predictions suggested that traits related to locomotion and attachment, as well as general biology and physiology, were particularly suited to predicting and understanding the effects of physical restoration. For example, after restoration, clingers and passive filter feeders dominated invertebrate communities in the main channels, whereas invertebrate communities in the floodplain underwent a selection of traits frequent in running water (clingers, flattened shape and gill respiration). Within fish communities, the periodic life‐history strategy that characterises fish species in downstream reaches (long life span, large body, late sexual maturity) increased with restoration, whereas the opportunistic strategy decreased.

Our results suggest that a better understanding of how hydraulics shapes traits in riverine systems is critically needed for assessing the effects of restoration measures impacting flow. In addition, existing trait databases (especially for fish) should be expanded to better reflect the energetic trade‐offs that organisms must make in various flow contexts.
Influence of cultivar and cutting date on the fatty acid composition of forage crops for grazing beef production in Argentina
Authors: Garcia P. T. , Pordomingo A. , Perez C. D. , Rios M. D. , Sancho A. M. , Volpi Lagreca G. , Casal J. J.
Published: March 2015

The fatty acid composition and total lipids of various forage crops at different cutting dates and seasons, which are used in forage grazing beef production in Argentina, were determined. Three experiments were carried out at the Agricultural Experimental Station of INTA, Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina Samples of alfalfa from three different cultivars with different dormancy groups (G4‐5, G6‐7 and G8‐9) and samples of ryegrasses Bill, Florida and Queue, wheats Charrua and Guapo, and triticale Don Santiago cultivars were taken at different cutting dates and analysed for total lipids and fatty acid composition. Significant differences on the fatty acid composition, the ratios 18:3n‐3/18:2n‐6 and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) due to cultivar, cutting date and season were found. Taking into account the importance of 18:2n‐6 and 18:3n‐3 fatty acids as substrates for the conjugated isomers of 18:2n‐6 (CLA) and n‐3 PUFA concentrations in beef, the fatty acid composition of forages needs to be considered in forage grazing beef production systems. Data variation in both total lipids and individual fatty acid proportions in forages should be taken into account to establish the potential to cultivate crops for a higher content of n‐3 PUFA and hence the opportunity to deliver more n‐3 PUFA and CLA into beef.
‘Voting with dollars’: a cross‐polity and multilevel analysis of political consumerism
Authors: Zhang Xinzhi
Published: March 2015

In addition to canonical political actions, political consumerism, i.e. using market purchases to express political and societal concerns, is becoming a new form of political participation, and it varies significantly among societies. Two society‐level distinctions would account for such variations: the level of political freedom and the level of economic development. Using data from the 2004 International Social Survey Program, multilevel models estimate the effects of both individual and structural factors on individuals’ political consumerism, i.e. boycotting certain products, across 21 countries (n = 30 666). Political consumerism takes place in affluent countries with lower levels of political rights but higher levels of civil liberties. Individual‐level political media uses, political orientation and demographics account for boycott behaviours as well. Furthermore, canonical discriminant analysis differentiates political consumption from other types of political behaviours. The study reveals that political consumerism results from the impacts of both individual characteristics and societal determinants.
Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in MPO and COX genes with oral lichen planus
Authors: Wu D. , Chen X. , Dong C. , Liu Q. , Yang Y. , He C. , Wang J. , Sun M. , Wu Y.
Published: March 2015

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is an intractable, chronic inflammatory disorder, and its pathogenesis is still largely unknown. Some literatures supported that genes involved in both oxidative stress and prostaglandin metabolism play an important role in the process of inflammation. To explore their association with OLP, we investigated four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from myeloperoxidase (MPO) and cyclooxygenase (COX) genes in 475 Chinese individuals (242 case and 233 controls) by MassArray. Although the genotype distributions had no significant differences between the patients and controls, we found that in different gender, rs2243828 from MPO displayed the statistically significant variance genotype frequencies between patients and controls (P = 0.018 in females, P = 0.035 in males). Moreover, for the major allele recessive model, this SNP also showed a significant difference between case and control groups in males (P = 0.015). In this study, we first observed significant association with MPO polymorphism and OLP risk in different gender groups in Chinese, suggesting MPO polymorphism is a gender‐specific risk factor of OLP probably by influencing sex hormone‐sensitive elements to regulate inflammatory gene expression networks, and we further revealed that oxidative stress was actually involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. Moreover, these findings inspire us some constructive solutions to the treatment of this disease.
Association between FokI,ApaI and TaqI RFLP polymorphisms in VDR gene and Hashimoto's thyroiditis: preliminary data from female patients in Serbia
Authors: Djurovic J. , Stojkovic O. , Ozdemir O. , Silan F. , Akurut C. , Todorovic J. , Savic K. , Stamenkovic G.
Published: March 2015

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is the most prevalent autoimmune thyroid disorder caused by an interaction between genes and environmental triggers. Intrathyroid lymphocytic infiltration may lead to progressive destruction of thyroid tissue and consequently to hypothyroidism. Many studies in different populations have shown association between vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms and various autoimmune diseases, including HT. The study included 44 female patients (mean age ± standard deviation 38 ± 5.4) with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and 32 healthy age‐matched, sex‐matched and geographically matched controls without personal history of autoimmune and endocrine diseases. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood–EDTA, and the target VDR gene was genotyped by PCR‐RFLP technique after VDR‐FokI (rs2228570), VDR‐ApaI (rs7975232) and VDR‐TaqI (rs731236) restriction enzymes digestion. We used spss 20.0 integrated software for data analysis and found a significant difference in the genotype distribution of VDR‐FokI polymorphism between patients with HT and controls (P = 0.009). For ApaI and TaqI, we observed a higher frequency of variant allele in patients with HT, which was not significantly different compared to control women (P > 0.05). The current first and preliminary results identified the association between VDR‐FokI gene polymorphism and Hashimoto's thyroiditis in Serbian population. Results need to be supported by further investigations that define haplotype patterns for VDR gene polymorphisms in a larger group of HT patients of both sexes.
Bullying among nurses and its relationship with burnout and organizational climate
Authors: Giorgi Gabriele , Mancuso Serena , Fiz Perez Francisco , Castiello D'Antonio Andrea , Mucci Nicola , Cupelli Vincenzo , Arcangeli Giulio
Published: March 2015

Workplace bullying is one of the most common work‐related psychological problems. Bullying costs seem higher for organizations composed of health‐care workers who perform direct‐contact patients‐complex tasks. Only a few studies have been carried out among nurses in Italy and integrated models of bullying antecedents and consequences are particularly missing. The aim of this study was to develop a bullying model focused on the interaction between bullying and burnout in the setting of a climate–health relationship. Research involved 658 nurses who completed a survey on health, burnout, bullying and organizational climate. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesis. Results suggest that workplace bullying partially mediates the relationship between organizational climate and burnout and that bullying does not affect health directly, but only indirectly, via the mediation of burnout. Our study demonstrates the key‐role of workplace bullying and burnout in the climate–health relationship in order to understand and to improve nurses’ health.
Identification of the Thermodynamically Stable Fe‐Containing Phase in Aged Cement Pastes
Authors: Vespa Marika , Wieland Erich , Dähn Rainer , Lothenbach Barbara
Published: March 2015

Current developments in cement chemistry increasingly rely on predictive thermodynamic modeling of the phase composition in cementitious composites with the aim of linking the performance of the material with the phase composition of the material. This approach requires identification of the cement phases that form in hydrating cementitious materials using standard techniques, such as X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and thermal analysis (DTA, TGA), but also state‐of‐the‐art synchrotron‐based techniques, in particular for those cases in which the signals of solid solutions overlap in XRD and TGA measurements. In this study, two ordinary Portland cements, with different chemical compositions and subject to different hydration times (~10, ~50 yr), were investigated aiming at identifying the most stable Fe‐containing cement phase in the cement pastes. The Fe‐containing cement phases and their solid solutions with the Al analogues in the complex cement matrix were analyzed with X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, indicating the formation of a mixed Fe–Al siliceous hydrogarnet as the major Fe‐containing phase. The presence of this phase after long hydration periods and upon selective dissolution of the pastes further indicates that, independent of the chemical compositions of cements, formation of the mixed Fe–Al siliceous hydrogarnet is thermodynamically favored in aged pastes, which is supported by published thermodynamic calculations.
The Role of MgAl2O4 Powder Packing on Phase Stability of Hydroxyapatite During Sintering
Authors: Yoon Hyung‐Joon , Yoon Jun‐Ho , Park Soon‐Hyo , Lee Myung‐Hyun , Han Jung‐Suk , Kim Dae‐Joon
Published: March 2015

MgAl2O4 (spinel) was utilized as a packing powder in the sintering of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and the composite of HAp/3 mol% Y2O3‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia (3Y‐TZP). The influence of spinel on phase stability of HAp was investigated using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) to reveal the reaction in the vicinity of the interface between HAp and spinel. When covered with spinel powder, decomposition temperatures for both HAp monolith and HAp in the composite were raised from 1360°C to 1470°C and from 930°C to 1280°C, respectively. SEM images supported the role of spinel on retardation of the decomposition, showing a dense cross section of the monolith after sintering for 2 h at 1400°C with the spinel as opposed to a porous feature without the covering. XRD results indicated that the increase in the decomposition temperatures was accompanied by a decrease in the a‐axis dimension of the hexagonal structure of HAp, probably as a result of the substitution of F− for OH−. EPMA revealed that negligible reaction occurred between HAp and spinel even at 1500°C, but the Ca2+ in HAp diffused about 20 μm into 3Y‐TZP to form a cubic zirconia solid solution at 1275°C, resulting in the decomposition. The involvement of F− ion in the contraction of a‐axis parameter and the consequent phase stability were manifested by an increase in the Raman band of the symmetric stretching of the P–O bonds at 962.3 cm−1 and the appearance of a band for fluoroapatite at 3538 cm−1.
Thermodynamic Stability of Spinel Phase at the Interface Between Alumina Refractory and CaO–CaF2–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–MnO Slags
Authors: Park Jun Seok , Kim Da Hye , Park Joo Hyun
Published: March 2015

The interfacial reaction between alumina refractory and CaO–CaF2–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–MnO slag was observed at 1873 K to estimate the stability of the spinel phase using computational thermodynamics under refining conditions of Mn‐containing steels. The concentration of MnO formed by the slag–steel reaction in the CaO–CaF2–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO melts generally increased by decreasing the CaO/SiO2 ratio of the initial melts. No intermediate compounds were formed at the refractory–slag interface when the initial CaO/SiO2 ratio was 0.5, whereas CaAl12O19 (CA6) and Mg(Mn)Al2O4 (spinel), identified from TEM analysis using EDS mapping and SAED patterns, were observed at the refractory–slag interface when the CaO/SiO2 ratio was 1.0 or greater. The (at.%Mg)/(at.%Mn) ratio in the spinel solution increased by increasing the CaO/SiO2 ratio, which originated from the fact that MgO activity continuously increased as the CaO/SiO2 ratio increased. From thermodynamic analysis considering the equilibrium constant (KSP) and activity quotient (QSP) of the spinel formation reaction at the slag–refractory interface and the bulk slag phase, the precipitation–dissolution behavior of the spinel phase was predicted, which exhibited good consistency with the experimental results. Hence, the dissolutive corrosion mechanism of alumina refractory into the CaO–CaF2–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–MnO slag was proposed.
Effect of Electric Field/Current on Liquid Phase Sintering
Authors: Gonzalez‐Julian Jesus , Guillon Olivier
Published: March 2015

The sintering behavior of alumina containing different amounts of calcium–aluminum–silicate glass as sintering aid was analyzed under AC electric fields between 0 and 150 V/cm. Liquid phase sintering was enhanced by the electric field, and “flash sintering” behavior depending on the current density and power dissipation within the specimen could be observed. Current flowed only through the liquid phase at high temperature and enhanced the densification process by two effects: Joule heating and athermal response of the viscous liquid under the electric field. Joule heating increased the temperature within the specimen, whereas the applied electric field reduced the viscosity of the liquid phase promoting a more effective matter transport.
Solution Chemistry, Substrate, and Processing Effects on Chemical Homogeneity in Lead Zirconate Titanate Thin Films
Authors: Ihlefeld Jon F. , Kotula Paul G. , Gauntt Bryan D. , Gough Dara V. , Brennecka Geoff L. , Lu Ping , Spoerke Erik D.
Published: March 2015

The effects of chemistry, substrate, and processing conditions on through‐thickness cation distributions are explored in solution‐derived morphotropic composition lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films. Films prepared from chelate‐based and conventional sol–gel chemistries were spin cast onto Pt/ZnO/SiO2/Si and Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates and pyrolyzed at 300°C, 350°C, and 400°C prior to crystallization at 700°C either in a preheated furnace or via rapid thermal processing. For films crystallized within a conventional furnace on Pt/ZnO/SiO2/Si substrates no chemical gradients were observed. All films prepared on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates had increased titanium concentrations near the PZT/Pt interfaces, and the source is shown to be titanium diffusing from the substrate metallization stack. The effect of heating method and rate was explored in films prepared on Pt/ZnO/SiO2/Si substrates with 15°C, 50°C, and 100°C/s heating rates within a rapid thermal annealer. Only one solution chemistry‐heating rate combination resulted in the formation of a chemical gradient: a conventional sol–gel chemistry and a 50°C/s heating rate. Infrared spectroscopy of pyrolyzed gel films showed absorption spectra differences in the bonding structure between the two chemistries with the conventional sol–gel‐derived films exhibiting a signature more similar to that of a PbTiO3 gel, suggestive of a gel‐structure source of gradient formation during crystallization.
The effects of implicit anxiety on the performance of skin self‐examinations
Authors: Millar Murray , Westfall R. Shane
Published: March 2015

This study examined the effects of implicit anxiety on the performance of skin self‐examinations. It was hypothesized that implicit anxiety would contribute to the prediction of skin self‐examinations beyond the contributions of variables suggested by social‐cognitive models of health behavior. In addition, it was hypothesized that implicit anxiety's impact on self‐examinations would not be influenced by deliberative cognition about efficacy. To test these hypotheses, 128 participants completed measures of explicit anxiety, self and task efficacy, and an implicit associations test designed to measure implicit anxiety. As expected, self‐examination behavior was better predicted when implicit anxiety was added to models containing explicit anxiety and efficacy. Furthermore, thoughts about efficacy did not moderate the effects of implicit anxiety on self‐examination behavior.