bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Persistent Atrial Fibrillation is Associated with a Poor Prognosis in Patients with Atrioventricular Block and Dual‐Chamber Pacemaker
Authors: PETRAČ DUBRAVKO , RADELJIĆ VJEKOSLAV , DELIĆ‐BRKLJAČIĆ DIANA , MANOLA ŠIME , CINDRIĆ‐BOGDAN GRETA , PAVLOVIĆ NIKOLA
Published: March 2012

Background
: The prognostic significance of development of persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with atrioventricular (AV) block and dual chamber (DDD) pacemakers has not been separately investigated. We sought to determine whether persistent AF influences clinical outcome in these patients.

Methods:

Three hundred‐eight consecutive patients with second‐ or third‐degree AV block and implanted a DDD pacemaker were followed for 36 ± 20 months and retrospectively divided into two groups. Thirty‐four patients who developed persistent AF formed persistent AF group, and 278 patients who remained free of this arrhythmia control group. Clinical and outcome data of the two groups were compared. The primary outcome was cardiovascular death.

Results:

The primary outcome occurred more often among the patients in the persistent AF group (6.8% per year) than among those in the control group (2.9% per year; P = 0.028). This difference was primarily because of higher rate of heart failure‐related deaths in the persistent AF group (P = 0.009). Secondary outcomes, hospitalization for heart failure and paroxysmal AF episode ≥5 minutes, occurred also more often among the patients in the persistent AF group (P = 0.008 and P < 0.001, respectively), although the risk of nonfatal stroke was similar in both groups (P = 0.628).

Conclusion:

In patients with second‐ or third‐degree AV block and DDD pacemaker, the development of persistent AF is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death and heart failure. (PACE 2012; 35:695–702)
A Randomized Study of Defibrillator Lead Implantations in the Right Ventricular Mid‐Septum versus the Apex: The SEPTAL Studyτ
Authors: MABO PHILIPPE , DEFAYE PASCAL , MOUTON ELISABETH , CEBRON JEAN‐PIERRE , DAVY JEAN MARC , TASSIN AUDE , BABUTY DOMINIQUE , MONDOLY PIERRE , PAZIAUD OLIVIER , ANSELME FREDERIC , DAUBERT JEAN‐CLAUDE
Published: March 2012

Impact of Recalls on ICD Utilization. Introduction: The study was designed to evaluate the feasibility and performance of right ventricular (RV) mid‐septal versus apical implantable defibrillator (ICD) lead placement.

Methods and Results: SEPTAL is a randomized, noninferiority trial, which randomly assigned patients to implantation of ICD leads in the RV mid‐septum versus apex, with a primary objective of comparing the implant success rate of implant at each site, based on strict electrical predefined criteria. We also compared the (1) pacing lead characteristics, (2) rates of appropriate and inappropriate ICD therapies, and (3) all‐cause mortality between the 2 sites at 1 year. The trial enrolled 215 patients (mean age = 59.7 ± 12.4 years, mean LVEF = 34.0 ± 14.2%, 84.2% men), of whom 148 (68.8%) presented with ischemic heart disease. The ICD indication was primary prevention in 117 patients (54.4%). The lead was successfully implanted in 96/107 patients (89.7%) assigned to the RV mid‐septum, and in 99/108 (91.7%) assigned to the apex (ns). The 1‐year rate of lead‐related adverse events was similar in both groups. A total of 8 first inappropriate ICD therapies (7.9%) were delivered in the RV mid‐septal group, versus 8 (7.8%) in the apical group (ns), while first appropriate therapies were delivered to 22 (21.4%) and 24 patients (23.8%), respectively (ns). All‐cause mortality was 7.9% in the RV mid‐septal versus 2.9% in the RV apical group (ns).

Conclusion: This study confirmed the technical feasibility and noninferior performance of ICD leads implanted in the RV mid‐septum versus the apex. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 853‐860, August 2012)
Identification of the Slow Conduction Zone in a Macroreentry Circuit of Verapamil‐Sensitive Idiopathic Left Ventricular Tachycardia Using Electroanatomic Mapping
Authors: CHU JIANMIN , SUN YUFA , ZHAO YINGJIE , WEI WEI , WANG JING , LIU XIAOYAN , JIA YUHE , MAO KEXIU , PU JIELIN , ZHANG SHU
Published: March 2012

Identification of the Slow Conduction Zone in a Macroreentry. Background: Although idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia (ILVT) has been shown to possess a slow conduction zone (SCZ), the details of the electrophysiological and anatomic aspects are still not well understood.

Objective:
We hypothesized that the SCZ can be identified using a 3‐dimensional electroanatomic (EA) mapping system.

Methods
: Ten patients with ILVT were mapped using a 3‐dimensional electroanatomic (EA) mapping system. After a 3‐dimensional endocardial geometry of the left ventricular was created, the conduction system with left Purkinje potential (PP) and the SCZ with diastolic potential (DP) in LV were mapped during sinus rhythm (SR) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) and were tagged as special landmarks in the geometry. The electrophysiological and anatomic aspects of it were investigated.

Results:
EA mapping during SR and VT was successfully performed in 7 patients, during VT in 3 patients. The SCZ with DPs located at the inferoposterior septum was found in 7 patients during SR and all patients during VT. The length of the SCZ was 25.2 ± 2.3 mm with conduction velocity 0.08 ± 0.01 m/s. No differences in these parameters were found between patients during SR and VT (P > 0.05). An area with PP was found within the posterior septum. A crossover junction area with DP and PP was found in 7 patients during SR and VT. This area with DP and PP during SR coincided or were in proximity to such area during VT and radiofrequency ablation targeting the site within the area abolished VT in all patients.

Conclusion:
The ILVT substrate within the junction area of the SCZ and the posterior fascicular can be identified and can be used to guide the ablation of ILVT. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 840‐845, August 2012)
Rate‐Dependent and Site‐Specific Conduction Block at the Posterior Right Atrium and Drug Effects Evaluated Using a Noncontact Mapping System in Patients with Typical Atrial Flutter
Authors: TAKAMI MITSURU , YOSHIDA AKIHIRO , FUKUZAWA KOJI , TAKEI ASUMI , KANDA GAKU , TAKAMI KAORU , KUMAGAI HIROYUKI , TANAKA SATOKO , ITOH MITSUAKI , IMAMURA KIMITAKE , FUJIWARA RYUDO , SUZUKI ATSUSHI , HIRATA KEN‐ICHI
Published: March 2012

Functional Block in the Posterior Right Atrium. Introduction: Conduction block in the posterior right atrium (RA) plays an important role in perpetuating atrial flutter (AFL). Although conduction blocks have functional properties, it is not clear how the block line changes with the pacing rate, pacing site, and administration of antiarrhythmic drugs.

Methods and Results:
Forty patients with typical AFL were enrolled. Pacing (110, 170, 230 ppm) from the coronary sinus ostium (CSo) and low lateral RA was performed. After 1 mg/kg pilsicainide (pure sodium channel blockade) administration, the pacing protocol was repeated. Conduction block was assessed based on a color‐coded isopotential map and 20 points of virtual unipolar electrograms in the posterior RA using noncontact mapping. Block line proportion was defined as the percentage of length of the block line between the superior and inferior vena cava. The pacing rate‐dependent extension of the block proportion was significant during pacing from both sides (pacing from the CSo: 59 ± 17% at 110 ppm, 69 ± 16% at 230 ppm, P < 0.05; pacing from the low lateral RA: 43 ± 19% at 110 ppm, 55 ± 22% at 230 ppm, P < 0.05). The block line was significantly longer during CSo pacing than during low lateral RA pacing at each rate (all P < 0.05). After pilsicainide administration, the block line extended further.

Conclusion:
In addition to pacing rate‐dependent and site‐dependent changes in the block line, pilsicainide further extended the block line length. This phenomenon explains the clinical observation that counterclockwise AFL occurs more frequently than clockwise AFL, and the mechanism of class IC AFL. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 827‐834, August 2012)
The Diversity of Microsporidia in Parasitic Copepods (Caligidae: Siphonostomatoida) in the Northeast Pacific Ocean with Description of Facilispora margolisi n. g., n. sp. and a new Family Facilisporidae n. fam.
Authors: Jones Simon R. M. , Prosperi‐Porta Gina , Kim Eliah
Published: March 2012

Three distinct microsporidia were identified from parasitic copepods in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of a partial small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA) sequence identified a genetically distinct variety of Desmozoon lepeophtherii from Lepeophtheirus salmonis on cultured Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, and this was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Phylogenetic analysis resolved the SSU rDNA sequence of the second organism in a unique lineage that was most similar to microsporidia from marine and brackish water crustaceans. The second occurred in L. salmonis on Atlantic, sockeye Oncorhynchus nerka, chum O. keta and coho O. kisutch salmon, in Lepeophtheirus cuneifer on Atlantic salmon, and in Lepeophtheirus parviventris on Irish Lord Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus. Replication occurred by binary fission during merogony and sporogony, diplokarya were not present, and all stages were in contact with host cell cytoplasm. This parasite was identified as Facilispora margolisi n. g., n. sp. and accommodated within a new family, the Facilisporidae n. fam. The third, from Lepeophtheirus hospitalis on starry flounder Platichthys stellatus, was recognized only from its unique, but clearly microsporidian SSU rDNA sequence. Phylogenetic analysis placed this organism within the clade of microsporidia from crustaceans.
Preparation and Growth of Predominantly (100)‐Oriented Ca0.4Sr0.6Bi4Ti4O15 Thin Film by Rapid Thermal Annealing
Authors: Fan Suhua , Dong Pengchao , Zhang Fengqing , Chen Yang , Wang Yingying
Published: March 2012

Predominantly (100)‐oriented Ca0.4Sr0.6Bi4Ti4O15 thin films were fabricated by the sequential layer annealing procedure using a metal‐organic decomposition method with the annealing temperatures ranging from 650°C to 850°C. The relative intensity of (200) peak [I(200)/I(119)] can even reach up to 5.974 if the film is sequentially deposited on SiO2/Si substrates and annealed at 800°C for 11 times. The epitaxial growth mode of the thin film was discussed based on the structure evolution with annealing temperature and the number of layers. The maximum remnant polarization of 19.4 μC/cm2 and subsequent coercive field of 153 kV/cm was found in the film with the highest I(200)/I(119).
Local Crystallization of Noncrystallized PbTiO3 Thin Film by a Heated Atomic Force Microscope Tip
Authors: Son Jong Yeog , Jung Inhwa , Lee Min Jea
Published: March 2012

We report locally crystallized ferroelectric nanodots in a noncrystallized PbTiO3 thin film with a thickness of about 50 nm. A sol PbTiO3 thin film was deposited on a Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si substrate by a spin coating process. To form a noncrystallized PbTiO3 thin film, the sol PbTiO3 thin film was annealed at 450°C for 1 h. Locally crystallized nanodots were formed by the local crystallization process using an atomic force microscopy tip heated to 700°C. We adjusted the diverse diameters of locally crystallized PbTiO3 nanodots in the range from 200 to 400 nm by controlling the local heating times.
In Situ Synthesis of Ceramic Composite Materials in the Ti–B–C–N System by a Mechanically Induced Self‐Sustaining Reaction
Authors: Avilés Miguel A. , Chicardi Ernesto , Córdoba José M. , Sayagués María J. , Gotor Francisco J.
Published: March 2012

The synthesis of multicomponent ceramic materials in the titanium‐diboride‐carbide‐nitride‐carbonitride system by the mechanochemical process known as the mechanically induced self‐sustaining reaction (MSR) was investigated. Ceramic composite powders containing TiB2 and TiC, TiN or TiCxN1−x were prepared from a blended mixture of the elements by exploiting the highly exothermic nature of the formation reactions. The synthesis of the composite materials was made possible by the ability of the MSR to simultaneously induce independent self‐sustaining reactions, generating a mixture of ceramic phases. The composition of the ceramic composites was designed using the initial atomic ratio of the reactants, and the achieved microstructure was characterized by TiB2 particles in the micrometric range, surrounded by submicrometric and nanometric TiC, TiN, or TiCxN1−x crystals.
Changes in frequencies of genes that enable Phyllotreta nemorum to utilize its host plant, Barbarea vulgaris, vary in magnitude and direction, as much within as between seasons
Authors: Vermeer Kim M.C.A. , Verbaarschot Patrick , de Jong Peter W.
Published: March 2012

The interaction between the flea beetle, Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and its host plants is well suited to study the dynamics of a geographic mosaic of (co)evolution. The flea beetle can either be resistant or susceptible to the defense of one of its host plants, Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. G‐type (Brassicaceae). Previous findings suggested that the frequency of resistant beetles on host plants other than the G‐type of B. vulgaris had decreased over time within the period of 1999–2003. In 2008 and 2009 new sampling was performed to investigate whether or not this decrease in frequency of resistance of the flea beetles formed a continuing trend and whether or not the frequency of resistant beetles also varies within the year. The frequency of resistant beetles on different host plants was determined during the reproductive season of the flea beetles in both years. Overall, the frequencies of resistant beetles on B. vulgaris (G‐type) remained close to 100%, as found before, but those on other host plants did not consistently decrease across the years, in contrast to what had been suggested. Furthermore, the repeated sampling revealed that the frequency of resistant beetles differed significantly within a season. The present data show that relative frequencies of different resistance phenotypes of P. nemorum on other host plants than B. vulgaris (G‐type) are highly dynamic, both within and across years. Therefore, monitoring the changes in these resistance frequencies should involve season‐wide sampling efforts. Although the monitoring in this study does not provide an explanation for the observed dynamics, we propose a testable scenario.
Social capital and loan repayment performance in Northern Vietnam
Authors: Dufhues Thomas , Buchenrieder Gertrud , Quoc Hoang Dinh
Published: March 2012

This study analyses the effects of social capital on the loan repayment behavior of borrowers in Vietnam. In the context of agricultural economics, an innovative data collection approach is used that originates from the field of sociology. A personal network survey is carried out to measure the individual social capital of borrowers. Social capital variables are defined according to tie strength (bonding/bridging) and social distance (linking) between the respondent and his/her network member. Social capital has a significant and positive influence on the rescheduling of loans. However, we find no significant evidence for an effect of social capital on late payment of principal or interest.
Senescence determines the fate of activated rat pancreatic stellate cells
Authors: Fitzner Brit , Müller Sarah , Walther Michael , Fischer Madlen , Engelmann Robby , Müller‐Hilke Brigitte , Pützer Brigitte M. , Kreutzer Michael , Nizze Horst , Jaster Robert
Published: March 2012

In chronic pancreatitis (CP), persistent activation of pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) converts wound healing into a pathological process resulting in organ fibrosis. Here, we have analysed senescence as a novel mechanism involved in the termination of PSC activation and tissue repair. PSC senescence was first studied in vitro by establishing long‐term cultures and by applying chemical triggers, using senescence‐associated β‐Galactosidase (SA β‐Gal) as a surrogate marker. Subsequently, susceptibility of PSC to immune cell‐mediated cytolysis was investigated employing cocultures. Using the model of dibutyltin dichloride‐induced CP in rats, appearance of senescent cells was monitored by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, and correlated with the progression of tissue damage and repair, immune cell infiltration and fibrosis. The results indicated that long‐term culture and exposure of PSC to stressors (doxorubicin, H2O2 and staurosporine) induced senescence. Senescent PSC highly expressed CDKN1A/p21, mdm2 and interleukin (IL)‐6, but displayed low levels of α‐smooth muscle actin. Senescence increased the susceptibility of PSC to cytolysis. In CP, the number of senescent cells correlated with the severity of inflammation and the extension of fibrosis. Areas staining positive for SA β‐Gal overlapped with regions of fibrosis and dense infiltrates of immune cells. Furthermore, a close physical proximity of immune cells and activated PSC was observed. We conclude that inflammation, PSC activation and cellular senescence are timely coupled processes which take place in the same microenvironment of the inflamed pancreas. Lymphocytes may play a dual‐specific role in pancreatic fibrogenesis, triggering both the initiation of wound healing by activating PSC, and its completion by killing senescent stellate cells.
Validity of intraoperative gross examination of myometrial invasion in patients with endometrial cancer: a meta‐analysis
Authors: MAVROMATIS IOANNIS D. , ANTONOPOULOS CONSTANTINE N. , MATSOUKIS IOANNIS L. , FRANGOS CONSTANTINOS C. , SKALKIDOU ALKISTIS , CREATSAS GEORGE , PETRIDOU ELENI TH.
Published: March 2012

Objective. The current recommended endometrial cancer surgical treatment is abdominal extrafascial total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy followed by pelvic lymphadenectomy if >50% myometrial invasion is estimated by intraoperative gross examination (IGE). This meta‐analysis aims to quantify evidence regarding the validity/predictive value of IGE staging compared with final histology. Design. Meta‐analysis of studies published until October 2011. Setting. Systematic search, according to PRISMA guidelines, of the six major medical literature databases – Medline, Scopus, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Ovid, Cochrane. Population. Sixteen eligible studies including 2567 endometrial cancer patients. Methods. Pooled sensitivity/specificity, accuracy, negative/positive predictive value (NPV/PPV) and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of IGE were calculated and the summary receiver operator characteristic (sROC) curve was constructed. A meta‐regression analysis was used to explore the role of potential modifiers of sensitivity and specificity. Main outcome measures. Pooled diagnostic measures of IGE indices. Results. Sixteen studies (15 retrospective, one prospective) meeting the inclusion criteria were qualitatively analyzed. Pooled IGE estimates were: sensitivity = 0.75 (95%CI: 0.72–0.78), specificity = 0.92 (95%CI 0.90–0.94), accuracy = 0.87 (95%CI 0.86–0.88), NPV = 0.89 (95%CI 0.87–0.92), PPV = 0.80 (95%CI 0.76–0.84) and DOR = 36.9 (95%CI 28.7–47.4). No significant modifiers were identified for sensitivity or specificity. Conclusions. The synthesized measures presented here for the first time showed that accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of IGE were 87, 75 and 92%, respectively, which indicates that IGE is useful for estimating depth of myometrial invasion and staging of endometrial cancer in clinical practice. The degree to which the relatively low values of some of its performance indicators could be improved remains to be elucidated in order for the values to be comparable with those from frozen section biopsies.
Cost‐effectiveness of extending the coverage of water supply fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries inAustralia
Authors: Cobiac Linda J. , Vos Theo
Published: March 2012

Objective

Fluoride was first added to theAustralian water supply in 1953, and by 2003, 69% ofAustralia's population was receiving the minimum recommended dose. Extending coverage of fluoridation to all remaining communities of at least 1000 people is a key strategy ofAustralia'sNationalOralHealthPlan 2004–2013. We evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of this strategy from anAustralian health sector perspective.

Methods

Health gains from the prevention of caries in theAustralian population are modelled over the average 15‐year lifespan of a treatment plant. Taking capital and on‐going operational costs of fluoridation into account, as well as costs of caries treatment, we determine the dollars per disability‐adjusted life years (DALY) averted from extending coverage of fluoridation to all large (≥1000 people) and small (<1000 people) communities inAustralia.

Results

Extending coverage of fluoridation to all communities of at least 1000 people will lead to improved population health (3700DALYs, 95% uncertainty interval: 2200–5700DALYs), with a dominant cost‐effectiveness ratio and 100% probability of cost‐savings. Extending coverage to smaller communities leads to 60% more health gains, but is not cost‐effective, with a median cost‐effectiveness ratio ofA$92 000/DALYand only 10% probability of being under a cost‐effectiveness threshold ofA$50 000/DALY.

Conclusions

Extension of fluoridation coverage under theNationalOralHealthPlan is highly recommended, but given the substantial dental health disparities and inequalities in access to dental care that currently exist for more regional and remote communities, there may be good justification for extending coverage to include allAustralians, regardless of where they live, despite less favourable cost‐effectiveness.
Role of ADAM‐15 in wound healing and melanoma development
Authors: Schönefuß Alexander , Abety Anna N. , Zamek Jan , Mauch Cornelia , Zigrino Paola
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  Proteins of the a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) family are transmembrane proteins involved in ectodomain shedding and in cellular interactions. In skin, ADAM‐15 is detected in the epidermis and dermal vascular structures by immunolocalization. Expression is also detected in isolated fibroblast, keratinocytes and endothelial cells in culture. Despite high expression of ADAM‐15 throughout the wound repair process, wound healing experiments in vivo revealed a dispensable role of ADAM‐15 for the healing process. No alterations in wound closure, re‐epithelialization, contraction, scar formation and angiogenesis were detected in animals carrying ADAM‐15−/− deletion. When analysing melanoma development by grafting melanoma cells into the flank of ADAM‐15−/−, no significant alteration in tumor growth was detected. However, at later stages, melanomas in the ADAM‐15−/− animals were smaller than those grown in WT animals. At all time points, no significant differences in vascularization of the peritumoral stroma and tumors were detected. Interestingly, we could detect a reduced number of metastasized lungs and lymph nodes in ADAM‐15−/− animals as compared to control littermate mice. In conclusion, our study indicated that ADAM‐15 is dispensable for cutaneous wound healing and B16F1 melanoma growth, but significantly contributes to metastasis formation.
Carbon to nitrogen excretion ratio in lepidopteran larvae: relative importance of ecological stoichiometry and metabolic scaling
Authors: Kagata Hideki , Ohgushi Takayuki
Published: March 2012

The importance of consumers in regulating ecosystem processes has been increasingly recognized. Although insect herbivores have significant impacts on nutrient cycling through excretion in terrestrial systems, few studies have explored how insect species differ in this ecosystem process. Using 130 lepidopteran species, we tested two hypotheses based on ecological stoichiometry and metabolic scaling, respectively, both of which provide a mechanistic framework for consumer‐driven nutrient recycling. Our results highlighted that host plant C:N ratio is the most important determinant of interspecific variation in frass C:N ratio. Insect body mass also partially contributed to the variation in frass C:N ratio. These findings indicate that insect herbivores would play an important role in nutrient recycling with the characteristics of ecological stoichiometry in terrestrial systems.
Marathon of eponyms: 25 Yersiniosis
Authors: Scully C , Langdon J , Evans J
Published: March 2012

Oral Diseases (2012) 18, 417–419

The use of eponyms has long been contentious, but many remain in common use, as discussed elsewhere (Editorial: Oral Diseases. 2009: 15; 185). The use of eponyms in diseases of the head and neck is found mainly in specialties dealing with medically compromised individuals (paediatric dentistry, special care dentistry, oral and maxillofacial medicine, oral and maxillofacial pathology, oral and maxillofacial radiology and oral and maxillofacial surgery) and particularly by hospital‐centred practitioners. This series has selected some of the more recognised relevant eponymous conditions and presents them alphabetically. The information is based largely on data available from MEDLINE and a number of internet websites as noted below: the authors would welcome any corrections. This document summarises data about Yersiniosis.
Effect of light‐cure initiation time on polymerization efficiency and orthodontic bond strength with a resin‐modified glass‐ionomer
Authors: Thomas J. T. , Roberts H. W. , Diaz L. , Bradley T. G. , Berzins D. W.
Published: March 2012

Thomas J. T., Roberts H. W., Diaz L., Bradley T. G., Berzins D. W. Effect of light‐cure initiation time on polymerization efficiency and orthodontic bond strength with a resin‐modified glass‐ionomer  Orthod Craniofac Res 2012; 15: 124–134. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Structured Abstract

Objectives –  The polymerization and acid–base reactions in resin‐modified glass‐ionomers (RMGI) are thought to compete with and inhibit one another. To examine the effect of visible light‐cure (VLC) delay on the polymerization efficiency and orthodontic bond strength of a dual‐cured RMGI.

Setting and Sample Population –  The Orthodontics Graduate Program at Marquette University. An in vitro study utilizing 72 freshly extracted human bicuspid teeth.

Materials and Methods –  A RMGI light‐cured immediately, 2.5, 5, or 10 min after mixing comprised the experimental groups. Isothermal and dynamic temperature scan differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of the RMGI was performed to determine extents of VLC polymerization and acid–base reaction exotherms. Human premolars (n = 18/group) were bonded with the RMGI. Shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were determined.

Results –  Differential scanning calorimetry results showed the 10‐min‐delay RMGI group experienced significantly (p < 0.05) lower VLC polymerization compared with the other groups. Acid–base reaction exotherms were undetected in all groups except the 10‐min delay group. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were noted among the groups for mean shear bond strength. A chi‐square test showed no significant difference (p = 0.428) in ARI scores between groups.

Conclusions –  Delay in light‐curing may reduce polymerization efficiency and alter the structure of the RMGI, but orthodontic shear bond strength does not appear to be compromised.
Histological study of the nasal septal cartilage in BALB/c‐bm/bm mouse which spontaneously induces malocclusion
Authors: Takahashi K. , Kajii T. S. , Tsukamoto Y. , Saito F. , Wada S. , Sugawara‐Kato Y. , Iida J.
Published: March 2012

Takahashi K., Kajii T. S., Tsukamoto Y., Saito F., Wada S., Sugawara‐Kato Y., Iida J. Histological study of the nasal septal cartilage in BALB/c‐bm/bm mouse which spontaneously induces malocclusion  Orthod Craniofac Res 2012; 15: 84–91. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Structured Abstract

Objectives –  The BALB/c‐bm/bm mouse is characterized by short limbs and short tail attributed to undersulfated glycosaminoglycans. Anterior transverse crossbite sometimes spontaneously appears in BALB/c‐bm/bm mice. The BALB/c‐bm/bm mouse shows a short nose and cranium. The reason for hypo‐growth of anterior craniofacial structures has not been clarified, although the nasal septal cartilage might be related to the growth of anterior craniofacial structures. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate histological findings of the nasal septal cartilage at the border region of the ethmoid and sphenoid bone in BALB/c‐bm/bm mice.

Materials and Methods –  BALB/c mice (wild type) and BALB/c‐bm/bm mice with normal occlusion (bm/bm) were used. Sagittal sections of female mice aged 2, 4, and 8 weeks were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological analysis.

Results –  At the border region between the nasal septal cartilage and the ethmoid bone in bm/bm, the area of proliferative zone was significantly smaller than that in wild type. At the border regions between the nasal septal cartilage and both the ethmoid and sphenoid bones, the number of proliferative chondrocytes was significantly smaller. Normal endochondral ossification was not observed at the border region between the nasal septal cartilage and the sphenoid bone in bm/bm.

Conclusion –  The findings suggest that disorder of endochondral ossification in the nasal septal cartilage contributes to the hypo‐growth of anterior craniofacial structures in bm/bm.
Statistical modelling of lip movement in the clinical context
Authors: Popat H. , Zhurov A. I. , Toma A. M. , Richmond S. , Marshall D. , Rosin P. L.
Published: March 2012

Popat H., Zhurov A. I., Toma A. M., Richmond S., Marshall D., Rosin P. L. Statistical modelling of lip movement in the clinical context  Orthod Craniofac Res 2012; 15: 92–102. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Structured Abstract

Objective –  To establish three‐dimensional (3D) reference data on average lip movement in normal healthy subjects using statistical shape analysis techniques.

Setting and Sample Population –  School of Dentistry and Cardiff School of Computer Science, Cardiff University, United Kingdom. One hundred and fifteen white subjects.

Material and Methods –  Subjects performed four reproducible verbal gestures (puppy, rope, baby and bob) in a normal relaxed manner, which were captured using a non‐invasive, 3D motion scanner (3dMDFace™ Dynamic System). Six landmarks were manually placed around the lips of the 3D facial shells showing maximum lip displacement. Generalized procrustes analysis followed by principal component analysis was applied to the landmark coordinates to characterize lip movement for each word.

Results –  The first four principal components (PCs) describe the majority of variation in lip movement for the four words involving a complex interaction of lip movements in three dimensions. Bilateral landmarks were paired within PCs showing that movement was largely symmetrical. Female resting lip shape was narrower and shorter in height than males. During motion, females preferred a more protrusive articulation than males.

Conclusion –  Statistical shape analysis techniques can be used to characterize lip movement during articulation. Data from this study can act as a reference for average lip movement to compare similar population groups.
Dental arch relationship in 5‐year‐olds with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate after early alveolar bone grafting
Authors: Offert B. , Pazera P. , Janiszewska‐Olszowska J. , Hozyasz K. , Katsaros C. , Fudalej P. S.
Published: March 2012

Offert B., Pazera P., Janiszewska‐Olszowska J., Hozyasz K., Katsaros C., Fudalej PS. Dental arch relationship in 5‐year‐olds with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate after early alveolar bone grafting  Orthod Craniofac Res 2012; 15: 117–123. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Structured Abstract

Objective –  To evaluate dental arch relationship in preschoolers with unilateral cleft lip and palate after early alveolar bone grafting (ABG).

Materials and methods –  Three raters blindly assessed the dental arch relationship with the GOSLON Yardstick (using a 5‐point scale, from 1 – very good to 5 – very poor outcome) in Early‐grafted group (27 boys and 15 girls; mean age = 5.2 years, SD 0.5) and Non‐grafted group (17 boys and 12 girls; mean age = 5.8 years, SD 0.8). The groups differed regarding the age when ABG was performed: between 2 and 4 years (mean = 2.4, SD 0.6) in the Early‐grafted group and after 9 years in the Non‐grafted group. The strength of agreement of rating was evaluated with kappa statistics.

Results –  The intra‐ and inter‐rater agreement was high (κ > 0.800). The mean GOSLON score in the Early‐grafted group was 2.72 and in the Non‐grafted group −2.64. The distribution of the GOSLON grades in the Early‐grafted group was: 54.8% had a score 1 or 2, 23.8%– 3, and 21.4%– 4 or 5; in the Non‐grafted group, 38.0% subjects scored 1 or 2, 41.4%– 3, and 20.6%– 4 or 5 (p = 0.023).

Conclusions –  Early alveolar bone grafting carried out between the ages of 2 and 4 years was not found to negatively affect dental arch relationship by the age of 5 years. However, it is possible that such a negative effect could be found if a longer observation period (e.g. at age 10 years or age 15 years) was allowed.
Newborn feeding behaviour depressed by intrapartum oxytocin: a pilot study
Authors: Olza Fernández Ibone , Marín Gabriel Miguel , Malalana Martínez Ana , Fernández‐Cañadas Morillo Aurora , López Sánchez Francisco , Costarelli Valeria
Published: March 2012

Aim:  To investigate the effect intrapartum oxytocin administration can have on Primitive Neonatal Reflexes. The secondary objective was to observe the influence of intrapartum oxytocin may have on breastfeeding.

Methods:  Twenty healthy primiparae with a single gestation at term were included. To assess Primitive Neonatal Reflexes, video film was taken during an experimental situation designed to elicit Primitive Neonatal Reflexes. Three independent observers blinded to the oxytocin dose that had been administered coded the Primitive Neonatal Reflexes. Data regarding breastfeeding were collected by telephone at 3 months.

Results:  Medium oxytocin dose was 1931.9 ± 1754.4 mUI. A Kappa index >0.75 was obtained for four Primitive Neonatal Reflexes: swallow, jaw jerk, suck and gazing. A negative association was found between oxytocin dose and sucking (p = 0.03). At 3 months of life, women exclusively breastfeeding (63.1%) had received a significantly lower average dose of oxytocin than those not exclusively breastfeeding (36.8%) (p = 0.04).

Conclusion:  In this pilot study, intrapartum exogenous oxytocin seems to disturb sucking and breastfeeding duration. Further studies are required to confirm these results and to ascertain whether there could be other effects of intrapartum oxytocin on newborn behaviour.
Antiretroviral use in Italian children with perinatal HIV infection over a 14‐year period
Authors: Chiappini Elena , Galli Luisa , Tovo Pier‐Angelo , Gabiano Clara , Lisi Catiuscia , Giacomet Vania , Bernardi Stefania , Esposito Susanna , Rosso Raffaella , Giaquinto Carlo , Badolato Raffaele , Guarino Alfredo , Maccabruni Anna , Masi Massimo , Cellini Monica , Salvini Filippo , Di Bari Cesare , Dedoni Maurizio , Dodi Icilio , de Martino Maurizio ,   for the Italian Register for HIV infection in children
Published: March 2012

Background:  Information on the use of new antiretroviral drugs in children in the real setting of clinical fields is largely unknown.

Methods:  Data from 2554 combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) regimens administered to 911 children enrolled in the Italian Register for HIV infection in children, between 1996 and 2009, were analysed. Factors potentially associated with undetectable viral load and immunological response to cART were explored by Cox regression analysis.

Results:  Proportion of protease inhibitor (PI)‐based regimens significantly decreased from 88.0% to 51.2% and 54.9%, while proportion on non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)‐based regimens increased from 4.5% to 38.8% and 40.2% in 1996–1999, 2000–2004 and 2005–2009, respectively (p < 0.0001). Significant change in the use of each antiretroviral drug occurred over the time periods (p < 0.0001). Factors independently associated with virological and immunological success were as follows: later calendar periods, younger age at regimen (only for virological success) and higher CD4+ T‐lymphocyte percentage at baseline. Use of unboosted PI was associated with lower adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of virological or immunological success with respect to NNRTI‐ and boosted PI‐based regimens, with no difference among these two latter types.

Conclusion:  Use of new generation antiretroviral drugs in Italian HIV‐infected children is increasing. No different viro‐immunological outcomes between NNRTI‐ and boosted PI‐based cART were observed.
Challenging symptoms in children with rare life‐limiting conditions: findings from a prospective diary and interview study with families
Authors: Malcolm C , Hain R , Gibson F , Adams S , Anderson G , Forbat L
Published: March 2012

Aim:  The aim was to describe the nature, frequency, severity and management challenges of symptoms in children with two rare life‐limiting conditions [Mucopolysaccharide (MPS) and Batten disease].

Methods:  This was an embedded mixed‐method study set in the UK between 2009 and 2011. Twenty‐six children from 23 families took part. Seventeen children had an MPS condition [MPS III (Sanfilippo) n = 15; MPS I (Hurler) n = 1; MPS IVA (Morquio); n = 1]. Nine children had Batten disease. Prospective data relating to symptoms were collected over 8 weeks using a symptom diary, and qualitative retrospective interviews with families were conducted. Main outcome measures included frequency, severity rating and identification of most challenging symptoms to manage.

Results:  The most common and severe symptoms in MPS III were agitation, repetitive behaviours, hyperactivity and disturbed sleep, and in Batten disease were agitation, joint stiffness, secretions, and disturbed sleep. The data highlighted the high prevalence of behavioural symptoms. Distress caused to families by symptoms was not related simply to their occurrence, but to difficulty in management, likelihood of control and extent to which they signalled disease progression and decline.

Conclusion:  In challenging contrast to the dominant biomedical framing of these rare conditions it was behavioural symptoms, rather than the physical ones, that families documented as most frequent, severe and challenging to manage. The diary developed for this study has potential use in aiding parents and clinicians to document and communicate concerns about symptoms.
Body fat, abdominal fat and body fat distribution related to cardiovascular risk factors in prepubertal children
Authors: Dencker Magnus , Wollmer Per , Karlsson Magnus K. , Lindén Christian , Andersen Lars B. , Thorsson Ola
Published: March 2012

Aim:  We analysed whether total body fat (TBF), abdominal fat and body fat distribution are associated with higher composite risk factor scores for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in young children.

Methods:  Cross‐sectional study of 238 children aged 8–11 years. TBF and abdominal fat mass (AFM) were measured by Dual‐Energy X‐Ray Absorptiometry. TBF was expressed as a percentage of body weight (BF%). Body fat distribution was calculated as AFM/TBF. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2PEAK), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), and resting heart rate (RHR) were measured. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulse pressure (PP) were calculated. Left atrial diameter (LA) was measured, and left ventricular mass (LVM) and relative wall thickness (RWT) were calculated. Z‐scores were calculated. Sum of z‐scores for SBP, DBP, MAP, PP, RHR, LVM, LA, RWT and −VO2PEAK was calculated in boys and girls, separately, and used as composite risk factor score.

Results:  Pearson correlations between ln BF%, ln AFM and AFM/TBF versus composite risk factor score for boys were r = 0.56, r = 0.59 and r = 0.48, all p < 0.001, and for girls r = 0.45, r = 0.50 and r = 0.48, all p < 0.001.

Conclusion:  Total body fat, abdominal fat and body fat distribution were all associated with higher composite risk factor scores for CVD in young children.
Grassland diversity under changing productivity and the underlying mechanisms – results of a 10‐yr experiment
Authors: Liira Jaan , Ingerpuu Nele , Kalamees Rein , Moora Mari , Pärtel Meelis , Püssa Kersti , Roosaluste Elle , Saar Liina , Tamme Riin , Zobel Kristjan , Zobel Martin
Published: March 2012

Questions

What is the response of the grassland community to either increasing or decreasing productivity? Which are the possible mechanisms underlying vegetation change, addressing in particular the relative role of competition and dispersal limitation? What are the implications for grassland management?

Location

Mesophyte semi‐natural grassland in southeast Estonia (58°06′37′′ N, 27°4′14′′ E).

Methods

We decreased grassland productivity by adding sugar and increased productivity by fertilizing in a 10‐yr experiment, using four plot scales for treatments. We also conducted sowing experiment with Plantago lanceolata as a phytometer and describe the soil seed bank in experimental plots.

Results

We found that in comparison to control plots, fertilization decreased species richness, increased the dominance of a few species and prevented the establishment of sown P. lanceolata. Although the sugar treatment decreased the standing crop, plant communities diverged little from the control over the 10 yr. Beta‐diversity decreased over time in the control and sugar‐treated plots, and increased in the fertilized plots. In plots with the least fertilization, species richness began to increase from year 9, probably due to the immigration of species from outside the treatment area. There were several grassland species in the surrounding vegetation or in the seed bank, but these did not appear in the sugar‐treated plots over the 10‐yr experimental period.

Conclusions

The short‐term response of grassland communities to changing productivity is driven by competition, presumably most importantly by competition for light, and the role of dispersal limitation is small. However, long‐term dynamics in the community where the standing crop decreased is dispersal‐limited. Given that there is a source of additional species, local immigration may reverse the decrease in diversity due to eutrophication. Biomass removal and the suppression of productivity (soil fertility) are primary goals of semi‐natural grassland management and also during the creation of sown grassy strips at field margins, but in the case of grassland restoration, enhancement of long‐distance arrival of grassland species should be supported.
Biochemical and pharmacological study of N‐linked glycosylation of the human serotonin 5‐HT7(a) receptor
Authors: Gellynck Evelien , Andressen Kjetil W. , Lintermans Béatrice , Haegeman Guy , Levy Finn O. , Vanhoenacker Peter , Van Craenenbroeck Kathleen
Published: March 2012

The 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT)7(a) receptor is a G‐protein‐coupled receptor critically involved in human psychiatric and neurological disorders. In the present study, we evaluate the presence and the functional role of N‐glycosylation of the human 5‐HT7 receptor. Western blot analysis of HEK293T cells transiently expressing the 5‐HT7(a) receptor in the presence of tunicamycin gave rise to a band shift, indicating the existence of an N‐glycosylated form of the 5‐HT7(a) receptor. To further investigate this, we mutated the two predicted N‐glycosylation sites (N5Q and N66Q) and compared the molecular mass of the immunoreactive bands with those of the wild‐type receptor, indicating that both asparagines were N‐glycosylated. The mutant receptors had the same binding affinity for [3H]5‐CT and the same potency and efficacy with regard to 5‐HT‐induced activation of adenylyl cyclase. However, there was a reduction in maximal ligand binding for the single and double mutants compared to the wild‐type receptor. Next, membrane labelling and immunocytochemical studies demonstrated that the N‐glycosylation mutants were expressed at the cell surface. We conclude that N‐glycosylation is not important for cell surface expression of the 5‐HT7 receptor.
Selection and validation of quality indicators for the Shorter Stays in Emergency Departments National Research Project
Authors: Jones Peter , Harper Alana , Wells Susan , Curtis Elana , Carswell Peter , Reid Papaarangi , Ameratunga Shanthi
Published: March 2012

Objective: Despite the spread of time targets for ED lengths of stay around the world, there have been few studies exploring the effects of such policies on quality of ED care. The Shorter Stays in Emergency Departments (SSED) National Research Project seeks to address this. The purpose of this paper was to describe how the indicators for the SSED study in New Zealand were selected and validated.

Methods: A literature review was used to identify potential indicators. A reference group of 25 key stakeholders from across the health system was convened, with the aims of validating the suggested indicators and to ensure that other candidate indicators were not overlooked. A thematic analysis using a general inductive approach was used to analyse focus group discussions.

Results: The major themes were communication, access, timeliness, appropriateness and satisfaction. The 12 indicators selected after literature review were confirmed and two further indicators added after the thematic analysis. The indicators are: hospital and ED length of stay; re‐presentation within 48 h; mortality; times to reperfusion, antibiotics, asthma treatment, analgesia, CT for head injury and to theatre (appendicitis and fractured neck of femur); triage time compliance; proportion who left without being seen; quality of discharge information; and ED overcrowding/access block.

Conclusion: Through literature review and consultation with stakeholders, an evidence‐based and clinically relevant set of indicators was compiled with which to measure the effect of the SSED target. This indicator set is consistent with recent international recommendations for measuring quality of care in EDs.
Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric Materials Selection
Authors: Vaish Rahul
Published: March 2012

An attempt has been made to provide the ranking of piezoelectric and pyroelectric materials using technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method. To calculate weight (priority) for all the attributes (properties) understudy, entropy method is used. Interestingly my results suggest that dielectric constant is a key parameter (after d33 coefficient) which governs selection of piezoelectric materials. PLZT (8/65/35) and LiTaO3 ceramics place on first rank among studied piezoelectric and pyroelectric materials, respectively. These materials are classified using hierarchical clustering which shows similarities between the materials irrespective to their ranking obtained using TOPSIS method.
Intermediate-mass black holes in globular clusters
Authors: Lou Yu-Qing , Wu Yihong
Published: March 2012

There have been reports of possible detections of intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) in globular clusters (GCs). Empirically, there exists a tight correlation between the central supermassive black hole (SMBH) mass and the mean velocity dispersion of elliptical galaxies, ‘pseudo-bulges’ and classical bulges of spiral galaxies. We explore such a possible correlation for IMBHs in spherical GCs. In our model of self-similar general polytropic quasi-static dynamic evolution of GCs, a heuristic criterion of forming an IMBH is proposed. The key result is , where MBH is the IMBH mass, σ is the GC mean stellar velocity dispersion, is a coefficient and 2/3 < n < 1. Available observations are examined.