bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One‐Trocar Laparoscopic Transperitoneal Closure of Inguinal Hernia in Children
Authors: Chang Yu‐Tang , Wang Jaw‐Yuan , Lee Jui‐Ying , Chiou Chi‐Shu , Hsieh Jan‐Sing
Published: September 2008

Background

Laparoscopy is an alternative procedure for pediatric inguinal hernia; however, reported techniques necessitate two or three trocars and excellent intra‐abdominal skills. This study was designed to describe and evaluate the preliminary result of one‐trocar laparoscopic‐assisted transperitoneal closure for inguinal hernia in children.

Methods

A total of 33 children with inguinal hernia (body weight range, 2270 g to 58 kg) were included in this study from March to November 2007. Under a 5‐mm laparoscopic guidance, the hernia defect was enclosed by a nonabsorbable suture, which was introduced into the abdomen by an 18‐gauge vascular access on one side of the hernia defect and withdrawn on the opposite side by a homemade hook‐pin through a needle puncture wound. Then, extracorporeal knot tying was performed.

Results

A total of 52 procedures were performed, and the mean operating time was 46.2 ± 16.2 (range, 18–87) minutes. No cauterization was used during the operations and there was no serious operative morbidity. The mean follow‐up period was 7.6 ± 2.5 (range, 4–12) months. No recurrence was observed during this period.

Conclusions

This easy technique provides the benefits of laparoscopic herniorrhaphy and combines the advantages derived from the novel use of a hook‐pin and vascular access simplicity, low cost, safety, minimized tissue trauma, and improved cosmetics. In addition, only one umbilical trocar wound and another needle puncture point were made. Therefore, this procedure is recommended for pediatric inguinal hernia.
Selection of Operative Procedures for Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
Authors: Novak Christine B. , Mackinnon Susan E.
Published: September 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the primary operative procedures that are performed by hand surgeons for cubital tunnel syndrome and their reported satisfaction with these procedures. The survey consisted of 22 questions regarding primary operative treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome and demographics and was sent by email to the 459 active members of the American Association for Hand Surgery. One hundred sixty-four surgeons completed the survey (36% response rate). The total sample included 154 hand surgeons (143 males, 11 females) who operated on cubital tunnel syndrome and the majority of surgeons were in private practice ( n=100) followed by academic practice ( n=50). The most prevalent factors that influence the decision to operate include evidence of muscle atrophy (84%), abnormal nerve conduction studies (51%), and failed non-operative treatment (49%). Most surgeons ( n = 133) reported using more than one operative procedure for their patients with cubital tunnel syndrome. Factors that influenced the operative procedure selected included the degree of nerve compression (60%), medical comorbidities (30%), patient's occupation (28%), and obesity (22%). Following carpal tunnel surgery, 88% of the surgeons were “very satisfied” with their patient outcome and following surgery for cubital tunnel syndrome, only 44% were “very satisfied” with their patient outcome. Most surgeons use more than one operative procedure in their treatment of patients with cubital tunnel syndrome and the selection of the operative procedure is influenced by patient factors and surgeon preference.
Single-photon Transistors Based on the Interaction of an Emitter and Surface Plasmons
Authors: Hong Fang-Yu , Xiong Shi-Jie
Published: September 2008

A symmetrical approach is suggested (Chang DE et al. Nat Phys 3:807, 2007) to realize a single-photon transistor, where the presence (or absence) of a single incident photon in a ‘gate’ field is sufficient to allow (prevent) the propagation of a subsequent ‘signal’ photon along the nanowire, on condition that the ‘gate’ field is symmetrically incident from both sides of an emitter simultaneously. We present a scheme for single-photon transistors based on the strong emitter-surface-plasmon interaction. In this scheme, coherent absorption of an incoming ‘gate’ photon incident along a nanotip by an emitter located near the tip of the nanotip results in a state flip in the emitter, which controls the subsequent propagation of a ‘signal’ photon in a nanowire perpendicular to the axis of the nanotip.
The Clouding Phenomenon for Anionic Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate + Quaternary Bromides in Polar Nonaqueous‐Water‐Mixed Solvents
Authors: Kabir‐ud‐Din  , Kumar Sanjeev , Parveen Nahid
Published: September 2008

Aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solutions show clouding in the presence of tetra‐n‐butylammonium bromide (TBAB) and tetra‐n‐butylphosphonium bromide (TBPB). In this study, we report the effect of various volume percents of different polar nonaqueous solvents (acetonitrile, AN; dimethylsulfoxide, DMSO; methyl ethylene glycol ether, MC; formamide, FA; ethylene glycol, EG) on the clouding behavior of SDS + quaternary bromide (TBAB or TBPB) systems. The cloud point (CP) was found to decrease with initial increase in the volume percent of the above solvents in mixtures (with water). After a minimum in CP vs. volume percent plots, further increase in the volume percent caused an increase in the CP, followed by a near constant region. The data have been discussed on the basis of the effect of the above solvents on the two types of water present in the system: hydrated water and bulk water. As AN had shown a gradual decrease in the CP to a larger volume percent, it was chosen for detailed studies. Compared to TBAB, TBPB has diminished the effect of AN on CP increase due to its bigger size. The limited CMC data also run parallel to CP results.
Virgin‐Olive‐Oil Color in Relation to Sample Thickness and the Measurement Method
Authors: Gómez‐Robledo L. , Melgosa M. , Huertas R. , Roa R. , Moyano M. J. , Heredia F. J.
Published: September 2008

Color changes of virgin‐olive‐oil samples contained in cells with different thicknesses were analyzed. Ten different commercial virgin olive oils were measured at different sample thicknesses by two methods: conventional spectrophotometry (5.0, 10.0, and 50.0 mm path length cells), and spectroradiometry (cylindrical cells with 8.0, 11.2, 15.6, 19.6, 23.2, 27.2, 36.8 and 46.4 mm internal diameters) with samples placed on the floor of a commercial cabinet using a standard daylight source. The illumination in these two methods was different, resulting in notable color differences in the samples. Color variations of virgin olive oils depending on thickness do not follow the same trend for all samples. Neither the Bouguer‐Lambert‐Beer law nor the Kubelka‐Munk theory provided successful color predictions in the whole range of thicknesses considered here. We can conclude that for precise and reproducible color measurements of virgin‐olive‐oil color, it is necessary to fix both the thickness of the sample and the illumination geometry. To achieve an easier communication between industries and/or consumers, we propose that virgin‐olive‐oil color be measured using a spectrophotometer with 5.0‐mm path length cells, for three reasons: conventional olive‐oil laboratories have spectrophotometers more often than spectroradiometers; with virgin olive oils the cleaning of 5.0 mm cells is easier than for 1.0 mm cells and it does not consume a large amount of oil; spectrophotometric signals for 5.0‐mm path length cells allow reliable measurements of even the darkest virgin‐olive‐oil samples.
Self‐generated goals and goal process appraisals: Relationships with sociodemographic factors and well‐being
Authors: Massey Emma K. , Gebhardt Winifred A. , Garnefski Nadia
Published: September 2008

In this study the full array of personal goals pursued by adolescents was examined using an idiographic goal‐elicitation procedure. The aims of the study were twofold. Firstly, we investigated individual differences in self‐generated goals and goal process appraisals based on sociodemographic characteristics. Secondly, we investigated the relationship between goal content, goal process appraisals and well‐being. Questionnaires were completed by 438 high‐school students aged 12 to 19. Girls reported more school, relationship, self and body goals and older students reported more future trajectory goals. In addition, girls and ethnic minority adolescents were more likely to report goal frustration. Well‐being was positively associated with goal related self‐efficacy and negatively associated with endorsement of self goals, perceived difficulty in goal attainment and goal frustration. These results extend previous findings and suggest that goal‐related efficacy, attainment beliefs and impediment to goal pursuit are important factors in adolescent well‐being.
Design and Construction of an Ambulatory Surgery Center
Authors: Lindeman William E.
Published: September 2008

THE REGULATORY CLIMATE in which an ambulatory surgery center (ASC) must operate is complex. Seemingly contradictory regulations at the federal, state, and local levels can be resolved by using the “greatest requirement” approach to facilitate flexibility in the long‐term use of an ASC.

A WELL‐DESIGNED ASC should be profitable, flexible, and attractive to both surgeons and patients. The development team must keep the ultimate goal in mind: a high‐performance facility with maximum efficiency, high patient satisfaction, and minimal staff turnover, resulting in lower operating costs and correspondingly higher profit potential.

PLANNING A NEW FACILITY can be accomplished most effectively through a series of ordered steps for decision making. The ultimate success of an ASC will lie in its ability to meet both initial expectations and longer‐term demands for operational flexibility and financial integrity. AORN J 88 (September 2008) 369–389. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Tension-Free Transvaginal (TVT) and Transobturator (TOT) Tapes in Women with Multiple Failed Incontinence Procedures or Complex Urogynaecological Intervention
Authors: Ockrim Jeremy L. , Greenwell Tamsin J. , Shah P. Julian
Published: September 2008

Objectives:

We report the outcomes of transvaginal (TVT)/transobturator (TOT) tape in women with multiple or complex urogynaecological intervention and persistent stress urinary incontinence (SUI).

Patients and methods:

Thirty-seven patients with multiple procedures (median 3) or complex urogynaecological intervention for SUI, McGuire classified on videourodynamics, underwent TVT ( n = 26) or TOT ( n = 11) placement. Patients categorised outcome as excellent, good or poor. Excellent was defined as dry, asymptomatic and completely satisfied. Good was defined as no SUI but residual or de novo urgency, or lack of complete satisfaction. Poor was defined as minimal improvement of symptoms. All patients with residual symptoms underwent repeat video-urodynamics.

Results:

Mean follow-up was 37 months. Thirty-two patients (86%) were cured of SUI. According to the outcome definitions 46% were excellent, 30% good and 24% poor. Of six patients with McGuire type III SUI, five (83.3%) had persistent SUI, accounting for all with persistent SUI. Bladder perforation and de novo urgency occurred in 11.5% and 19.2% of TVT, but none of those with TOT. Temporary voiding difficulty occurred in 11.5% TVT and 9.1% TOT. Protracted retention occurred in two TVT cases, of which one required tape division.

Conclusions:

TVT/TOT cured SUI in 86% of patients with multiple SUI procedures or complex urogynaecological intervention, with minimal morbidity. Subjective outcomes were less than objective outcomes mainly due to urgency. The TOT route reduced the risk of bladder injury and de novo urgency. Type III SUI on preoperative urodynamics predicted failure.
Sargaquinoic acid and sargahydroquinoic acid from Sargassum yezoense stimulate adipocyte differentiation through PPARα/γ activation in 3T3‐L1 cells
Authors: Kim Su-Nam , Choi Hye Young , Lee Woojung , Park Gab Man , Shin Woon Seob , Kim Yong Kee
Published: September 2008

We screened active compounds from natural marine products able to increase PPARα/γ transcriptional activity. Sargaquinoic acid (SQA) and sargahydroquinoic acid (SHQA) from Sargassum yezoense were identified as novel PPARα/γ dual agonists. The binding affinity of SQA with PPARγ was higher than that of the specific PPARγ agonist troglitazone, leading to an activation of PPARγ transcriptional activity. In parallel, treatment of 3T3‐L1 cells with SQA and SHQA led to an increase in adipocyte differentiation and increased expression of adipogenic marker genes such as aP2, PPARγ, resistin, adiponectin, C/EBPα and Glut4. Collectively, our data suggest that SQA and SHQA are novel PPARα/γ dual agonists and may be beneficial for reducing insulin resistance through regulation of adipogenesis.
Neuroprotection by hypothalamic peptide proline‐rich peptide‐1 in Aβ25–35 model of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Galoyan Armen A. , Sarkissian John S. , Chavushyan Vergineh A. , Meliksetyan Irina B. , Avagyan Zaruhi E. , Poghosyan Mikhail V. , Vahradyan Hasmik G. , Mkrtchian Hovhannes H. , Abrahamyan Davit O.
Published: September 2008

Background

This work sought to determine the effects of hypothalamic proline‐rich peptide (PRP)‐1 in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease.

Methods

Complex histochemical, electrophysiologic, and behavioral analyses were performed on intact or diseased Wistar rats (n = 28). Pathologic conditions were induced by bilateral intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid peptide Aβ25–35. The diseased rats received systemic administration of PRP‐1 or placebo control.

Results

Aβ25–35 caused cellular neurodegeneration with marked glial reaction in the hippocampal complex and almost full destruction of the dentate fascia, which was not observed in conditions of PRP‐1 administration after Aβ25–35 injection. Hippocampal neurons of intact animals responded to high‐frequency (tetanic) stimulation of entorhinal cortex of ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere by tetanic and posttetanic potentiation of a different intensity and duration, which was accompanied by posttetanic depression. Aβ25–35 led to significant changes in the level and pattern of hippocampal neuronal activity, indicating the absence of both tetanic and posttetanic activity. Poststimulus activity manifestations rarely occurred and rapidly decreased after repeated trials. This indicated the focal character of lesion. Regular administration of PRP‐1 for 4 weeks resulted in optimal restoration of electrophysiologic parameters. PRP‐1 maintained the initial learning level achieved in a behavioral study in a Morris water maze.

Conclusions

Systemic administration of PRP‐1 possesses neuroprotective effects and can prevent the neurodegeneration in hippocampus induced by Aβ25–35. This suggests that PRP‐1 could be a potential therapeutic agent for specific neurodegenerative diseases.
Personal perspectives of persons with Alzheimer's disease and their carers: A global survey
Authors: Kurz Alexander , Schulz Mary , Reed Peter , Wortmann Marc , Rodrigo Jesús , von Lützau Hohlbein Heike , Grossberg George
Published: September 2008

Background

Alzheimer's disease (AD) impacts on persons with AD as well their families. This survey aimed to identify information/communication gaps, and quality of life and other issues, from both perspectives.

Methods

Persons with AD and their families or other carers from Europe, Brazil, and North America completed telephone interviews. Responses were analyzed by country.

Results

Five hundred two persons with AD and 614 carers were included. Issues important to persons with AD were treatment that helps control symptoms; feeling safe and supported at home; and ability to enjoy life. Most felt well‐respected by family members. Families/carers considered a wider range of issues important, including detailed information about AD, regimens that are easier to comply with, and medication in a form that is easier to take. This reflects the fact that carers very often manage medications.

Conclusions

This is the first global survey to include persons with AD themselves. Differences between responses from persons with AD and their caregivers highlight the importance of considering both viewpoints.
The Constitutional Protection of Minority Religious Rights in Malawi: The Case of Rastafari Students
Authors: Owen Mhango Mtendeweka
Published: September 2008

In Malawi, Rastafari students are prevented from attending public schools on account of their dreadlocks. This article seeks to analyse a framework for assessing whether Rastafari qualifies as a religion under section 33 of the Constitution of Malawi. The article argues that Rastafari is a recognized religion and that its sincere adherents should have full protection under the Constitution of Malawi, as do members of other religious groups. The article discusses potential problems for Rastafari litigants in Malawi and proposes some solutions. It introduces a three prong balancing test, which has been applied in particular cases in Zimbabwe and South Africa, and makes recommendations about future interpretation of the Constitution of Malawi using this test. It examines the current interpretation of the freedom of religion in Malawi and concludes with an argument for Malawi to follow the approach taken in Zimbabwe and South Africa.
Political Globalization and Citizenship: New Sources of Security Threats in Africa
Authors: Omotola J Shola
Published: September 2008

This article analyses the interface between political globalization, citizenship and security threats in Africa. Political globalization is assumed to be capable of engendering inclusive citizenship; in the same way, citizenship is considered to be central to the national question in Africa. It is around citizenship that most issues of human rights revolve, both at individual and group levels. The article argues that political globalization in Africa tends to limit the meaning, essence and substance of citizenship, even if the latter is defined from a minimalist perspective of duties-rights relationships. The marginalization and/or exclusionary politics engendered by political globalization, especially for vulnerable groups such as ethnic minorities, women and youth on all fronts - political, economic and socio-cultural, amount to a gross violation of individual and group rights. Consequently, rather than engender inclusive citizenship predicated upon fairness, equality and social justice, the political globalization processes seem to have done otherwise, thereby perverting democratization and citizenship to become sources of security threats in Africa.
An Opportunity Missed for Male Rape Survivors in South Africa: Masiya v Director of Public Prosecutions and Another
Authors: Dyani Ntombizozuko
Published: September 2008

The Constitutional Court of South Africa recently handed down a judgment on the extension of the common law definition of rape to include anal penetration of women, but not of men. The court argued that women form part of the most vulnerable group in society. This article analyses the court's judgment and argues that the court should have included anal penetration of men in the light of South African lower courts' decisions, international law and the fact that there is currently a law before parliament which pertains to the anal penetration of men. The article also argues that the court should have taken into consideration that this case involved a child, who is also from the most vulnerable group in society.
On the use of KrF lasers for fast ignition
Authors: Földes I.B. , Szatmári S.
Published: September 2008

The KrF laser has been considered as an inertial fusion driver alternative to diode-pumped lasers. The possibilities of KrF lasers for fast ignition is supported by their short wavelength and the corresponding larger penetration depth together with the possible use of the same amplifiers for fusion driver and fast ignitor. It is shown that in the case of a fusion test facility both the energy and the intensity requirements can be fulfilled. A fast ignitor using 20 ps KrF pulses requires beam smoothing techniques after angular multiplexing due to the coherence of the beam. A multiple beam fast ignitor is suggested as an alternative in which a high number of beams of 1 ps duration are separately focused on the fuel after polarization demultiplexing. This arrangement allows even the pulse-forming of the ignitor.
Influence of Fair and Supportive Leadership Behavior on Commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Authors: Meierhans Diana , Rietmann Brigitte , Jonas Klaus
Published: September 2008

This study examines the influence of fair and supportive leadership behavior on employees’ self-reported organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The model tested assumes that the impact of fair and supportive leadership on OCB is mediated by employees’ commitment to the organization as well as their commitment to their supervisor. A total of 260 bank employees completed a questionnaire in which they rated their supervisor’s behavior, the two commitment foci (organization and supervisor) and the degree to which they engaged in OCB. As a whole, results of structural equation modelling provide support for the hypotheses and indicate that fostering fair and supportive leadership can be worthwhile for organizations.
Can a Group of Musicians be Composed of Women? Generic Interpretation of French Masculine Role Names in the Absence and Presence of Feminine Forms
Authors: Gygax Pascal , Gabriel Ute
Published: September 2008

The malleability of the generic interpretation of masculine role names in French was investigated by manipulating readers’ exposure to feminine forms. In two experiments, participants were to decide whether a person introduced by a kinship term (e.g., sister) could be part of a group represented by a role name (e.g., nurse, musicians). In Experiment 1, role names were presented in the masculine form in the first part and in either the masculine or the feminine form in the second part. Independent of role name stereotypicality, participants were less likely to relate female kinship terms to role names in the masculine form and even less likely when they were also exposed to feminine forms. These results were replicated in a second experiment, in which the communication source was varied: Before performing the experimental task, participants read job advertisements that either used only the masculine or both the masculine and the feminine form. When feminine forms were added, the generic interpretation of the masculine form decreased, even when the feminine forms were provided by a different source.
Social Coping in Everyday Life and in Crisis Situations: An Evolutionary Psychology Perspective
Authors: Hänggi Yves
Published: September 2008

An online questionnaire-based survey investigated which action heuristics are activated for social coping in everyday life and in biologically relevant crisis situations. A total of 187 participants (86% women, mean age 35) from all parts of German-speaking Europe provided information about how they would cope in social conflict situations. In everyday life situations, participants reported more functional coping when dealing with youths than when dealing with adults. Coping strategies were most dysfunctional when dealing with one’s partner. Conversely, social coping strategies in biologically significant crisis situations were more functional within the nuclear family than with outsiders. The results are discussed against the background of display rules for social coping and the theory of inclusive fitness.
Spouse Similarity in Recollections of Parenting Received: A Study in a Nonclinical Sample
Authors: Lustenberger Yodok , Fenton Brenda T. , Rothen Stephane , Vandeleur Caroline L. , Matthey Marie-Louise , Chouchena Olivier , Ferrero François , Preisig Martin
Published: September 2008

Despite a large body of research on both children’s relationships to their parents and adult dyadic relationships, associations between these types of relationships have rarely been studied. In this paper, spouse similarity in recollections of parenting received in childhood was assessed in a nonclinical sample. Parenting by the same- and opposite-sex parent was measured using the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). Spouse similarity was found with respect to the recalled level of care received from the same-sex parent. This correlation was independent of similarity in sociodemographic variables or current psychiatric symptomatology. The fact that spouse similarity did not increase with increasing age suggests that similarity is a result of assortative mating rather than convergence during marriage. These results suggest a significant association between parent-child relationships and the mating process.
Cognitive Abilities in Old Age: Results from the Zurich Longitudinal Study on Cognitive Aging
Authors: Zimprich Daniel , Martin Mike , Kliegel Matthias , Dellenbach Myriam , Rast Philippe , Zeintl Melanie
Published: September 2008

The Zurich Longitudinal Study on Cognitive Aging (ZULU) is an ongoing longitudinal study on the structure and development of cognition in old age. At the first assessment, the N = 364 participants had an average age of 73 years (age range: 65-80 years), and 46% were female. In total, a battery of 14 cognitive tests, including five consecutive verbal learning trials, were administered and adequately described by a measurement model of six first-order factors (processing speed, working memory, reasoning, learning, memory, and verbal knowledge) and one second-order factor of general cognitive ability. The cross-sectional age relations of the six cognitive abilities were, apart from processing speed and verbal knowledge, mediated by the general cognitive ability factor. From a conceptual perspective, these results imply that cognitive aging is not a completely uniform process driven by a single causal variable.
Wirksamkeit psychiatrischer und psychotherapeutischer Behandlungen bei psychischen Störungen von Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Bachmann Mareile , Bachmann Christian , Rief Winfried , Mattejat Fritz
Published: September 2008

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: In den letzten Jahren hat die Forschung zur Wirksamkeit von Therapien bei psychisch gestörten Kindern und Jugendlichen erfreulicherweise einen starken Aufschwung genommen. Mittlerweile liegen sehr viele Reviews und Metaanalysen zu den Forschungsergebnissen vor, so dass es schwer ist, einen Überblick über den aktuellen Forschungsstand zu gewinnen. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die vorliegenden Reviews und Metaanalysen in systematischer Weise auszuwerten, um den aktuellen Ergebnisstand der Therapie-Wirksamkeitsforschung bei den vier häufigsten psychischen Störungen von Kindern und Jugendlichen (Angststörungen, depressive Störungen, ADHS, Störungen des Sozialverhaltens) zusammenfassend zu charakterisieren. Methodik: Grundlage der vorliegenden Arbeit war eine systematische Literaturrecherche; in die Auswertung wurden 112 Metaanalysen bzw. Reviews zur Wirksamkeit psychotherapeutischer und psychiatrischer Behandlungsansätze im Kindes- und Jugendalter eingeschlossen, die zwischen dem Jahr 2000 und 2007 publiziert wurden. Die Auswertung der 112 Übersichtsarbeiten wurde anhand von explizit definierten Kriterien durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisdarstellung orientiert sich schwerpunktmäßig an der Unterteilung in internalisierende und externalisierende Störungen. In Teil I werden die Ergebnisse zu Angststörungen und depressiven Störungen dargestellt. Ergebnisse: Bezogen auf den Publikationszeitraum von 2000 bis 2007 liegen die meisten Reviews und Metaanalysen für ADHS und depressive Störungen vor. Für drei der vier untersuchten Störungsbilder wird Psychotherapie als die wirksamste Methode beschrieben, nur bei ADHS ist pharmakologische Behandlung (Stimulantien) effektiver. Die Kombination von psychologischer und pharmakologischer Behandlung ist eine wichtige Option bei ADHS und depressiven Störungen. In Bezug auf die Wirksamkeit verschiedener Behandlungen finden sich für Angststörungen und ADHS die höchsten Effektstärken, die Effektivität in der Behandlung depressiver Störungen und Störungen des Sozialverhaltens ist geringer. Für alle vier Störungsbilder sowie störungsübergreifend sind eine Reihe von inhaltlichen und methodologischen Forschungsdefiziten zu konstatieren. Diskussion: Für alle beschriebenen Störungsgruppen können empirisch gut fundierte Empfehlungen für die Therapie abgeleitet werden. Es ist außerdem erkennbar, welche Forschungsfragen für die Zukunft von vorrangiger Bedeutung sind.
Wirksamkeit psychiatrischer und psychotherapeutischer Behandlungen bei psychischen Störungen von Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Bachmann Mareile , Bachmann Christian , Rief Winfried , Mattejat Fritz
Published: September 2008

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: In den letzten Jahren hat die Forschung zur Wirksamkeit von Therapien bei psychisch gestörten Kindern und Jugendlichen erfreulicherweise einen starken Aufschwung genommen. Mittlerweile liegen sehr viele Reviews und Metaanalysen zu den Forschungsergebnissen vor, so dass es schwer ist, einen Überblick über den aktuellen Forschungsstand zu gewinnen. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die vorliegenden Reviews und Metaanalysen in systematischer Weise auszuwerten, um den aktuellen Ergebnisstand der Therapie-Wirksamkeitsforschung bei den vier häufigsten psychischen Störungen von Kindern und Jugendlichen (Angststörungen, depressive Störungen, ADHS, Störungen des Sozialverhaltens) zusammenfassend zu charakterisieren. Methodik: Grundlage der vorliegenden Arbeit war eine systematische Literaturrecherche; in die Auswertung wurden 112 Metaanalysen bzw. Reviews zur Wirksamkeit psychotherapeutischer und psychiatrischer Behandlungsansätze im Kindes- und Jugendalter eingeschlossen, die zwischen dem Jahr 2000 und 2007 publiziert wurden. Die Auswertung der 112 Übersichtsarbeiten wurde anhand von explizit definierten Kriterien durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisdarstellung orientiert sich schwerpunktmäßig an der Unterteilung in internalisierende und externalisierende Störungen. In Teil I werden die Ergebnisse zu Angststörungen und depressiven Störungen dargestellt. Ergebnisse: Bezogen auf den Publikationszeitraum von 2000 bis 2007 liegen die meisten Reviews und Metaanalysen für ADHS und depressive Störungen vor. Für drei der vier untersuchten Störungsbilder wird Psychotherapie als die wirksamste Methode beschrieben, nur bei ADHS ist pharmakologische Behandlung (Stimulantien) effektiver. Die Kombination von psychologischern und pharmakologischer Behandlung ist eine wichtige Option bei ADHS und depressiven Störungen. In Bezug auf die Wirksamkeit verschiedener Behandlungen finden sich für Angststörungen und ADHS die höchsten Effektstärken, die Effektivität in der Behandlung depressiver Störungen und Störungen des Sozialverhaltens ist geringer. Für alle vier Störungsbilder sowie störungsübergreifend sind eine Reihe von inhaltlichen und methodologischen Forschungsdefiziten zu konstatieren. Diskussion: Für alle beschriebenen Störungsgruppen können empirisch gut fundierte Empfehlungen für die Therapie abgeleitet werden. Es ist außerdem erkennbar, welche Forschungsfragen für die Zukunft von vorrangiger Bedeutung sind.
Die Bedeutung des Vorliegens einer Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit- und Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) bei Müttern für die Behandlung ihrer Kinder mit ADHS - Überblick und Skizze des Studienprotokolls einer multizentrischen randomisierten kontrollierten Psychotherapiestudie
Authors: Jans Thomas , Philipsen Alexandra , Graf Erika , Schwenck Christina , Gerlach Manfred , Warnke Andreas , AIMAC Studiengruppe
Published: September 2008

Zusammenfassung: Die ADHS weist eine hohe Erblichkeit auf. Kinder mit ADHS haben deswegen häufiger auch betroffene Eltern. Im Erwachsenenalter ist die Störung gekennzeichnet durch hohe Komorbiditätsraten und psychosoziale Beeinträchtigungen, die sich auch negativ auf Familienklima und erzieherische Kompetenzen auswirken. Inkonsistente Erziehungspraktiken und häufige Eltern-Kind-Konflikte tragen zur Stabilisierung der Störung bei Kindern bei. Es gibt auch Hinweise darauf, dass bei Vorliegen einer ADHS auf Elternseite die Wirksamkeit psychosozialer Interventionen zur Behandlung der ADHS des Kindes vermindert ist. Im Artikel wird ein Überblick über die Bedeutung des Vorliegens einer ADHS bei Müttern für die Behandlung ihrer Kinder mit ADHS gegeben. Im Anschluss wird das Studienprotokoll einer kontrollierten randomisierten Behandlungsstudie zur Fragestellung skizziert, ob die Behandlung der ADHS der Mutter die Wirksamkeit eines Elterntrainings zur Behandlung der ADHS des Kindes erhöht. 144 Mutter-Kind-Paare (beide betroffen von ADHS gemäß DSM-IV) werden zufällig zwei Bedingungen zur Behandlung der ADHS der Mutter zugewiesen (Behandlungsgruppe: kognitiv-behaviourale Gruppentherapie in Kombination mit offener Medikation mit Methylphenidat (Medikinet retard®) in individueller Dosisfindung mit maximaler Dosierung von 1.3 mg/kg/d; Kontrollgruppe: stützende Gespräche). Alle Mutter-Kind-Paare erhalten nach 13-wöchiger Behandlung der Mutter zusätzlich ein Elterntraining zur Behandlung der ADHS des Kindes. Primäre Zielgröße ist das externalisierende Problemverhalten des Kindes. Ausgewertet wird nach dem Intention-to-treat-Prinzip im linearen Regressionsmodell mit Ausgangswertkorrektur.
Psychotherapie von traumatisierten Kindern und Jugendlichen - kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutische Behandlungsverfahren
Authors: Simons Michael , Herpertz-Dahlmann Beate
Published: September 2008

Zusammenfassung: Nach kognitiv-behavioralen Störungsmodellen tragen die Vermeidung traumaassoziierter Reize sowie negative «unrealistische» Interpretationen des Traumas und der anfänglichen Symptome zur Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung von Traumafolgestörungen bei. Die traumafokussierte Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie beginnt oft mit einer Stabilisierungsphase, in der beispielsweise Entspannungsverfahren eingesetzt werden. Zentrale Bedeutung in der Behandlung hat die Expositionstherapie, bei der sich die Patienten mit vermiedenen externen Auslösereizen (Exposition in vivo) und mit den belastenden Erinnerungen an die traumatischen Ereignisse (Exposition in sensu) konfrontieren. Mit Hilfe kognitiver Interventionen werden zudem übertriebene Schuld- und Schamgefühle verändert. Verschiedene kognitiv-behaviorale Behandlungsprogramme liegen vor, von denen die traumafokussierte Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie insbesondere für Kinder und Jugendliche nach sexuellem Missbrauch die beste empirische Evidenz vorweist.
Behandlung eines 11-jährigen Kindes mit Elementen der Dialektisch-Behavioralen Therapie für Adoleszente
Authors: Stippel Andrea E. , Krischer Maya K. , Lehmkuhl Gerd
Published: September 2008

Zusammenfassung: Wenn eine psychische Störung im Kindesalter trotz intensiver, frühzeitiger, Leitlinien orientierter Psychotherapie zu chronifizieren droht, sollte die diagnostische Zuordnung entsprechend den Forschungsergebnissen neu überdacht werden. Anhand der dargestellten Kasuistik soll diskutiert werden, welches diagnostische und therapeutische Vorgehen unter Beachtung des Entwicklungsstandes und der Symptomatik der Patienten angemessen ist. Es soll damit angeregt werden, den Blick diagnostisch für Phänomene zu schärfen, die bei manchen Störungsbildern initial leicht übersehen und als typisch konfliktneurotisch fehlinterpretiert werden.
Exponential decline of aftershocks of the M7.9 1868 great Kau earthquake, Hawaii, through the 20th century
Authors: Klein Fred W. , Wright Tom
Published: September 2008

The remarkable catalog of Hawaiian earthquakes going back to the 1820s is based on missionary diaries, newspaper accounts, and instrumental records and spans the great M7.9 Kau earthquake of April 1868 and its aftershock sequence. The earthquake record since 1868 defines a smooth curve complete to M5.2 of the declining rate into the 21st century, after five short volcanic swarms are removed. A single aftershock curve fits the earthquake record, even with numerous M6 and 7 main shocks and eruptions. The timing of some moderate earthquakes may be controlled by magmatic stresses, but their overall long‐term rate reflects one of aftershocks of the Kau earthquake. The 1868 earthquake is, therefore, the largest and most controlling stress event in the 19th and 20th centuries. We fit both the modified Omori (power law) and stretched exponential (SE) functions to the earthquakes. We found that the modified Omori law is a good fit to the M ≥ 5.2 earthquake rate for the first 10 years or so and the more rapidly declining SE function fits better thereafter, as supported by three statistical tests. The switch to exponential decay suggests that a possible change in aftershock physics may occur from rate and state fault friction, with no change in the stress rate, to viscoelastic stress relaxation. The 61‐year exponential decay constant is at the upper end of the range of geodetic relaxation times seen after other global earthquakes. Modeling deformation in Hawaii is beyond the scope of this paper, but a simple interpretation of the decay suggests an effective viscosity of 1019 to 1020 Pa s pertains in the volcanic spreading of Hawaii's flanks. The rapid decline in earthquake rate poses questions for seismic hazard estimates in an area that is cited as one of the most hazardous in the United States.
United States and Caribbean tropical cyclone activity related to the solar cycle
Authors: Elsner J. B. , Jagger T. H.
Published: September 2008

The authors report on a finding that annual U.S hurricane counts are significantly related to solar activity. The relationship results from fewer intense tropical cyclones over the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico when sunspot numbers are high. The finding is in accord with the heat‐engine theory of hurricanes that predicts a reduction in the maximum potential intensity with a warming in the layer near the top of the hurricane. An active sun warms the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere through ozone absorption of additional ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Since the dissipation of the hurricane's energy occurs through ocean mixing and atmospheric transport, tropical cyclones can act to amplify the effect of relatively small changes in the sun's output thereby appreciably altering the climate. Results have implications for life and property throughout the Caribbean, Mexico, and portions of the United States.
Mouse neuroblastoma cells release prion infectivity associated with exosomal vesicles
Authors: Alais Sandrine , Simoes Sabrina , Baas Dominique , Lehmann Sylvain , Raposo Graça , Darlix Jean Luc , Leblanc Pascal
Published: September 2008

Background information. TSEs (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies) are neurodegenerative disorders affecting humans and animals. PrPSc, a conformationally altered isoform of the normal prion protein (PrPC), is thought to be the pathogenic agent. However, the biochemical composition of the prion agent is still matter of debate. The potential transmission risk of the prion agent through biological fluids has been shown, but the development of competitive diagnostic tests and treatment for TSEs requires a more comprehensive knowledge of the agent and the cellular mechanisms by which it is disseminated. With this aim, we initiated characterization of the prion agent and the pathways by which it can be propagated using the cellular model system neuroblastoma (N2a).

Results. The present study shows that N2a cells infected with scrapie release the prion agent into the cell culture medium in association with exosome‐like structures and viral particles of endogenous origin. We found that both prion proteins and scrapie infectivity are mainly associated with exosome‐like structures that contain viral envelope glycoprotein and nucleic acids, such as RNAs.

Conclusions. The dissemination of prions in N2a cell culture is mediated through the exosomal pathway.
Functional analysis of rat liver citrate carrier promoter: differential responsiveness to polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Damiano Fabrizio , Gnoni Gabriele V. , Siculella Luisa
Published: September 2008

CiC (citrate carrier), a mitochondrial membrane protein, plays an important metabolic role by transporting acetyl-CoA into the cytosol for fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis. Several studies showed that CiC activity and expression is regulated by dietary fatty acids. In the present study we report data on the structural and functional characterization of the 5′-flanking region of the rat Cic gene. By transient transfection assays in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells, a PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) response region has been identified within the CiC promoter. A cluster of putative binding sites for several transcription factors, composed of a NF-Y (nuclear factor-Y) site, an E-box-like site, a SRE1 (sterol regulatory element 1)-like site and four Sp1 (stimulatory protein 1) sites, was localized in the promoter region. Luciferase reporter gene and gel mobility shift assays indicated that a functional E-box-like, essential to the basal CiC promoter activity, confers responsiveness to activation by SREBP (SRE-binding protein)-1c. This study provides evidence for SREBP-1c as a principal target for PUFA regulation of CiC transcription. In H4IIE cells, overexpression of nSREBP (nuclear SREBP)-1c over-rides arachidonic acid (C20:4, n-6) suppression, but does not prevent the repression by docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6, n-3). ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) assays in H4IIE cells showed that docosahexaenoic acid affects the binding of NF-Y, Sp1 and SREBP-1 to the PUFA response region of CiC promoter, whereas arachidonic acid alters only the binding of SREBP-1. Our data show that PUFA inhibition of hepatic Cic gene transcription is mediated not only by the nuclear level of SREBP-1c, but also might involve a reduction in Sp1 and NF-Y DNA binding, suggesting differential mechanisms in the Cic gene regulation by different PUFA.
Effects of bradykinin on venous capacitance in health and treated chronic heart failure
Authors: Gunaruwan Prasad , Maher Abdul , Williams Lynne , Sharman James , Schmitt Matthias , Campbell Ross , Frenneaux Michael
Published: September 2008

In the present study, we investigated the effects of basal and intra-arterial infusion of bradykinin on unstressed forearm vascular volume (a measure of venous tone) and blood flow in healthy volunteers (n=20) and in chronic heart failure patients treated with ACEIs [ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors] (n=16) and ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers) (n=14). We used radionuclide plethysmography to examine the effects of bradykinin and of the bradykinin antagonists B9340 [B1 (type 1)/B2 (type 2) receptor antagonist] and HOE140 (B2 antagonist). Bradykinin infusion increased unstressed forearm vascular volume in a similar dose-dependent manner in healthy volunteers and ARB-treated CHF patients (healthy volunteers maximum 12.3±2.1%, P<0.001 compared with baseline; ARB-treated CHF patients maximum 9.3±3.3%, P<0.05 compared with baseline; P=not significant for difference between groups), but the increase in unstressed volume in ACEI-treated CHF patients was higher (maximum 28.8±7.8%, P<0.001 compared with baseline; P<0.05 for the difference between groups). In contrast, while the increase in blood flow in healthy volunteers (maximum 362±9%, P<0.001) and in ACEI-treated CHF patients (maximum 376±12%, P<0.001) was similar (P=not significant for the difference between groups), the increase in ARB-treated CHF patients was less (maximum 335±7%, P<0.001; P<0.05 for the difference between groups). Infusion of each receptor antagonist alone similarly reduced basal unstressed volume and blood flow in ACEI-treated CHF patients, but not in healthy volunteers or ARB-treated CHF patients. In conclusion, bradykinin does not contribute to basal venous tone in health, but in ACEI-treated chronic heart failure it does. In ARB-treated heart failure, venous responses to bradykinin are preserved but arterial responses are reduced compared with healthy controls. Bradykinin-mediated vascular responses in both health and heart failure are mediated by the B2, rather than the B1, receptor.
Efficient multi-keV X-ray sources from laser-exploded metallic thin foils
Authors: Babonneau D. , Primout M. , Girard F. , Jadaud J.-P. , Naudy M. , Villette B. , Depierreux S. , Blancard C. , Faussurier G. , Fournier K. B. , Suter L. , Kauffman R. , Glenzer S. , Miller M. C. , Grün J. , Davis J.
Published: September 2008

A set of materials—titanium, copper, and germanium—has been experimented with at the OMEGA laser facility [Boehly, Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)] by irradiating thin foils with a prepulse prior to a main pulse with variable delay, in order to design efficient x-ray laser-sources for backlighting, material testing, and code validation. This concept led to increasing factors from 2 to 4 comparing to cases without prepulse, in the experimental conditions. As a result, high multi-keV x-ray conversion rates have been obtained: 9% for titanium around 4keV, 1% for copper around 8keV, and 2.5 to 3% for germanium around 10keV, which places these pre-exploded metallic targets close to the gas with respect to their performance, with wider energy range. A good agreement with hydroradiative code FCI2 [Schurtz, Phys. Plasmas 7, 4238 (2000)] calculations is found for titanium and copper on all diagnostics, with nonlocal-thermal-equilibrium atomic physics and, either nonlocal thermal conduction taking self-generated B-fields into account, or limited thermal conduction with intensity-dependent factor f. The results for germanium indicate that dielectronic processes could play a more significant role when higher irradiation intensity on higher Z material.
Low energy hydrogenation products of extended π systems CnH2x: A density functional theory search strategy, benchmarked against CCSD(T), and applied to C60
Authors: Bihlmeier Angela , Tew David P. , Klopper Wim
Published: September 2008

An approach for the systematic determination of particularly stable hydride compositions CnH2x of a fullerene Cn is presented. The study is divided into three parts. First, a CCSD(T) benchmark study on benzene and naphthalene hydrogenation is carried out. We show that the TPSS and BP86 functionals give more reliable relative isomer energies and reaction energies than B3LYP, when compared to CCSD(T) calculations. We therefore recommend BP86 for use on fullerenes. In the second part, a scheme for reduction in the immense number of possible fullerene hydride isomers is proposed. The scheme is based on thermodynamic sampling and involves density functional based tight binding as fast preselection method. The testing of the approach for C60 constitutes the last part of the study. A low energy pathway for C60H36 production is determined. Particularly stable structures are identified through analysis of the reaction energies along this pathway. These are C60H2x with 2x=18, 30, and 36. The good agreement of these results with the experimental and previous theoretical data suggests that our method is reliable and can be used to study fullerene hydrogenation.
Influence of Pd codeposition on the magnetic properties of Co particles on alumina/NiAl(110)
Authors: Martyanov O. N. , Risse T. , Freund H.-J.
Published: September 2008

Changes of the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic Co particles deposited at room temperature on a thin alumina film grown on a NiAl(110) substrate were investigated as a function of Pd coverage by subsequent deposition of Pd onto deposited Co particles. From previous x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, IR, and temperature programmed desorption experiments it was concluded that Pd forms a shell on top of Co particles. However, the current experiments indicate that Pd does induce structural rearrangements within the Co particles which may also involve the intermixing of small amounts of Pd into the Co particles. The latter is inferred from a change in the g-value for small particles. The impact of a larger intermixture of Co and Pd on the magnetic properties will be emphasized by a reversed deposition order where Pd particles were deposited first and subsequently covered by Co. The reversal of the deposition order increases the magnetic anisotropy of the particles considerably.