bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is Brain Emulation Dangerous?
Authors: Eckersley Peter , Sandberg Anders
Published: May 2014

Brain emulation is a hypothetical but extremely transformative technology which has a non-zero chance of appearing during the next century. This paper investigates whether such a technology would also have any predictable characteristics that give it a chance of being catastrophically dangerous, and whether there are any policy levers which might be used to make it safer. We conclude that the riskiness of brain emulation probably depends on the order of the preceding research trajectory. Broadly speaking, it appears safer for brain emulation to happen sooner, because slower CPUs would make the technology‘s impact more gradual. It may also be safer if brains are scanned before they are fully understood from a neuroscience perspective, thereby increasing the initial population of emulations, although this prediction is weaker and more scenario-dependent. The risks posed by brain emulation also seem strongly connected to questions about the balance of power between attackers and defenders in computer security contests. If economic property rights in CPU cycles1 are essentially enforceable, emulation appears to be comparatively safe; if CPU cycles are ultimately easy to steal, the appearance of brain emulation is more likely to be a destabilizing development for human geopolitics. Furthermore, if the computers used to run emulations can be kept secure, then it appears that making brain emulation technologies ―open‖ would make them safer. If, however, computer insecurity is deep and unavoidable, openness may actually be more dangerous. We point to some arguments that suggest the former may be true, tentatively implying that it would be good policy to work towards brain emulation using open scientific methodology and free/open source software codebases
Analysis of Power Converter Losses in Vector Control System of a Self–Excited Induction Generator
Authors: Bašić Mateo , Vukadinović Dinko , Polić Miljenko
Published: May 2014

This paper provides analysis of losses in the hysteresis-driven three-phase power converter with IGBTs and free-wheeling diodes. The converter under consideration is part of the self-excited induction generator (SEIG) vector control system. For the analysis, the SEIG vector control system is used in which the induction generator iron losses are taken into account. The power converter losses are determined by using a suitable loss estimation algorithm reported in literature. The chosen algorithm allows the power converter losses to be determined both by type (switching/conduction losses) and by converter component (IGBT/diode losses). The overall power converter losses are determined over wide ranges of rotor speed, dc-link voltage and load resistance, and subsequently used for offline correction of the overall control system’s losses (efficiency) obtained through control system simulations with an ideal power converter. The control system’s efficiency values obtained after the correction are compared with the measured values.
Modeling and Identification of Nonlinear Cascade and Sandwich Systems with General Backlash
Authors: Vörös Jozef
Published: May 2014

The paper deals with modeling and identification of nonlinear cascade and sandwich systems including general backlash, where instead of the straight lines determining the upward and downward parts of backlash characteristic, general curves are considered. This enables more precise modeling of mechanical parts and improves the performance of control systems. The analytical description of the general backlash leads to mathematical models of the cascade system with output general backlash and the sandwich system with internal general backlash, where all the model parameters are separated. Hence, the identification is solved as a quasi-linear problem. Iterative algorithms with internal variables estimation are proposed and illustrative examples are included.
18th-Century Daily Measurements and Weather Observations in the Se-Carpathian Basin: A Preliminary Analysis of the Timişoara Series (1780-1803)
Authors: Csernus-Molnár Ildikó , Kiss Andrea , Pócsik Edit
Published: May 2014

Covering a period of 23 years, the Timişoara (in historical Banat region; today SW-Romania) series is the earliest known long-term 18th-century daily measurement (temperature, pressure) and weather observation series (precipitation, sky coverage, meteorological extremes), preserved in the south-eastern lowlands of the Carpathian Basin. Based on data derived from the original weather diary of the royal pharmacist Karl Joseph Klapka, in this paper the early instrumental measurement and daily observation series is presented referring to the temperature, pressure, precipitation conditions, cloudiness, wind, types of precipitation and extreme weather events that occurred in Timişoara in the period of 1780 -1803. The two daily temperature measurement series show very high (over r=0.95) correlations, while pressure series are also in good agreement with other known late 18th-century measurement series of the same period in the Carpathian Basin (Buda, Miskolc and Kežmarok). The Timişoara-series also contains important information concerning such weather extremes as the severe winter of 1784 or the unusual number of summer fog events in 1783 (presumably related to the Icelandic Lakagígar eruption), which are also reported in the present paper.
Effect of Climate Change on the Hydrological Character of River Maros, Hungary-Romania
Authors: Sipos György , Blanka Viktória , Mezősi Gábor , Kiss Tímea , Leeuwen Boudewijn van
Published: May 2014

It is highly probable that the precipitation and temperature changes induced by global warming projected for the 21st century will affect the regime of Carpathian Basin rivers, e.g. that of River Maros. As the river is an exceptionally important natural resource both in Hungary and Romania it is necessary to outline future processes and tendencies concerning its high and low water hydrology in order to carry out sustainable cross-border river management. The analyses were based on regional climate models (ALADIN and REMO) using the SRES A1B scenario. The modelled data had a daily temporal resolution and a 25 km spatial resolution, therefore beside catchment scale annual changes it was also possible to assess seasonal and spatial patterns for the modelled intervals (2021- 2050 and 2071-2010). Those periods of the year are studied in more detail which have a significant role in the regime of the river. The study emphasizes a decrease in winter snow reserves and an earlier start of the melting period, which suggest decreasing spring flood levels, but also a temporally more extensive flood season. Changes in early summer precipitation are ambiguous, and therefore no or only slight changes in runoff can be expected for this period. Nevertheless, it seems highly probable that during the summer and especially the early autumn period a steadily intensifying water shortage can be expected. The regime of the river is also greatly affected by human structures (dams and reservoirs) which make future, more detailed modelling a challenge.
Las organizaciones cooperativas: el proceso administrativo como parte de la gestión directiva
Authors: Torres Jaquez M.C.María Estela , Contreras Loera Marcela Rebeca
Published: May 2014

This paper shows partial results of a larger research that addresses the administrative process and its relationship to the use of government policies, as part of the management model of the cooperative fishery. The specific problem of this work is on the case of cooperative organization in Sinaloa and administrative process, as part of the management that makes the manager, which requires implementing strategies and techniques of common ownership structure and democratic management. The research was conducted in Sinaloa, the collection of information is performed using a semistructured interview three managers of the fishing cooperatives. Among the findings may indicate that the reality of fishing cooperatives shows that have analyzed the structure for executive management, however, evidence is emerging that planning and the most important decisions, such as date of capture and improving the physical infrastructure is not up to them, in these conditions we can see that although the steps are covered adequately, little will have been planning, since it is defined in the action lines to start the administrative process.
The world coffee sector under conditions of the second wave of the economic recession
Authors: Ploshchyk Nikolay
Published: May 2014

This article is devoted to research of tendencies and activities of the world coffee market. The author has described factors that influence the conjuncture of the coffee sector. It’s been found out that coffee market, comparatively to other markets, had had less impact from the economic recession. Made forecasting global consumption of coffee in 2015/16 harvest year.
Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein and High Sensitive C-Reactive Protein in Non-Diabetic, Pre-Diabetic and Diabetic Patients in the Acute Phase of the First Myocardial Infarction Treated by Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Oksidovani Lipoprotein Niske Gustine I Visokosenzitivni C-Reaktivni Protein Kod Nedijabetičara, Predijabetičara I Dijabetičara U Akutnoj Fazi Prvog Infarkta Miokarda Lečenog Primarnom Perkutanom Koronarnom Intervencijom
Authors: Trifunović Danijela , Stanković Sanja , Marinković Jelena , Banović Marko , Đukanović Nina , Vasović Olga , Vujisić-Tešić Bosiljka , Petrović Milan , Stepanović Jelena , Đorđević-Dikić Ana , Beleslin Branko , Nedeljković Ivana , Tešić Milorad , Ostojić Miodrag
Published: May 2014

Background: Oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) are elevated in diabetes mellitus (DM) and associated with accelerated atherosclerosis. Little is known about their dynamics in the acute phase of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), especially in relation to the presence of DM and pre-diabetes (pre-DM). This study aimed to analyze timedependent changes in ox-LDL and hs-CRP regarding the presence of pre-DM and DM in STEMI patients treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI).

Methods: In 103 consecutive patients with the first anterior STEMI ox-LDL and hs-CRP were measured before pPCI, on day 2 and day 7 after pPCI.

Results: Patients were classified into: non-diabetics, pre-diabetics and diabetics. In each group the maximal ox-LDL concentration was found on admission, decreased on day 2 and reached the lowest values on day 7 (p<0.001). Diabetics had the highest ox-LDL concentrations compared to pre-diabetics and non-diabetics (on admission: p=0.028, on day 2: p=0.056, on day 7: p=0.004). hs-CRP concentration rose from admission, reached its peak on day 2 and decreased on day 7, in each group (p<0.001). Significant differences in hs-CRP concentrations were found between non-diabetics and pre-diabetics on admission (p=0.018) and day 2 (p=0.026). In a multivariate analysis DM was an independent determinant of high ox-LDL concentrations. Both ox-LDL and hs-CRP significantly correlated with Killip class, left ventricular ejection fraction, NT-proBNP and peak troponin I.

Conclusions: In patients with the first STEMI treated by pPCI there were significant differences in ox-LDL and hs-CRP concentrations between non-diabetics, pre-diabetics and diabetics. Ox-LDL and hs-CRP concentrations were related to heart failure parameters.
Evaluation of a solid stream radial nozzle on fixed-wing aircraft, for penetration of spray within a soybean canopy
Authors: Thomson Steven James
Published: May 2014

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the Accu-Flo multiple orifice nozzle for penetration of spray into a soybean (Glycine max L.) canopy by comparing results to those from a popular straight stream nozzle and rotary atomizer. A mixture of water + Induce® adjuvant was applied at three different spray release heights in a random sequence, using an Air Tractor 402-B agricultural aircraft. Sampler stands were placed at twenty-four locations in the field. Water sensitive paper (WSP) cards were clipped onto rigid stands just above the canopy and 30 cm off the ground within the canopy. Weather data were recorded using two different stations on-site. Wind was predominantly from the west and parallel to the direction of the spray runs. The spray delivery systems compared were the Accu-Flo nozzles, (64 needle 0.020 opening), CP®-09 straight stream with 5 degree deflection, and Micronair® AU5000 atomisers (14 mesh screen) at a low volume spray rate of 18.7 l/ha. A total of 54 spray runs were made over three days, and heights were varied at 3.7 m, 4.9 m and 6.1 m. Water sensitive papers were scanned and analysed for coverage per unit card area using an image analysis system. Altitude and [Nozzle X Altitude] interaction were significant effects on coverage at the 0.01 and 0.07 significance levels, respectively, for the top cards. Nozzle type was not a significant effect on coverage for the top cards, but was significant at the 0.01 level for the bottom cards. Altitude alone had no obvious effect on coverage for the bottom cards, although it had an effect for the top cards. The highest percentage area of spray coverage was observed from the Accu-Flo nozzles, especially for the bottom cards. Average spray coverage from the Accu-Flo nozzles was 1.7 times higher than coverage from the CP® nozzles or Micronair® atomisers in the lower portion of the canopy.
Role of Lake Symsar in the reduction of phosphorus concentration in surface runoff from agricultural lands
Authors: Potasznik Angela , Szymczyk Sławomir , Sidoruk Marcin , Świtajska Ilona J.
Published: May 2014

The study was aimed at assessing the role of Lake Symsar in the reduction of phosphorus delivered mainly by the Symsarna River. Studies were carried out since March 2011 till October 2013 in the catchment basin of Lake Symsar situated in north-eastern Poland. Every month surface water samples representative for the catchment were taken for phosphate-phosphorus (PO4-P) and total phosphorus (TP) analyses. Obtained results were analysed with the distinction of vegetative and non-vegetative season. Lake Symsar is the last water body in the Symsarna River system. The river divides the lake into main basin and a bay part. Concentrations of PO4-P were higher by 17% in the former than in the latter part, TP concentrations showed reverse proportions. The highest concentrations of TP were noted in a forest stream and the highest concentrations of PO4-P in the Tolknicka Struga. Reduced concentrations of both P forms were found in waters of the Symsarna River downstream its outflow from the lake. With respect to the concentrations of PO4-P and TP, waters of the Symsarna River up- and downstream the lake were ascribed to the 1st class of water quality. Through-flow Lake Symsar improves the quality of waters (the Symsarna River and smaller streams) draining agricultural catchment by the reduction of concentrations of phosphorus compounds.
Smart specialisations for voivodeships – the first steps toward improvement?
Authors: Dziemianowicz Wojciech , Peszat Klaudia
Published: May 2014

The article presents the process and effects of the emergence of smart specialisations in the Silesian and Warmian-Masurian Voivodeships. The starting point is the analysis of smart specialisations in the context of the development theories, which is followed by a discussion of the specialisations of the two voivodeships. This leads to the establishment of several doubts concerning the future situation of the peripheral region presented in the article.
Invisible Base Electrode Coordinates Approximation for Simultaneous SPECT and EEG Data Visualization
Authors: Kowalczyk L. , Goszczynska H. , Zalewska E. , Bajera A. , Krolicki L.
Published: May 2014

This work was performed as part of a larger research concerning the feasibility of improving the localization of epileptic foci, as compared to the standard SPECT examination, by applying the technique of EEG mapping. The presented study extends our previous work on the development of a method for superposition of SPECT images and EEG 3D maps when these two examinations are performed simultaneously. Due to the lack of anatomical data in SPECT images it is a much more difficult task than in the case of MRI/EEG study where electrodes are visible in morphological images. Using the appropriate dose of radioisotope we mark five base electrodes to make them visible in the SPECT image and then approximate the coordinates of the remaining electrodes using properties of the 10-20 electrode placement system and the proposed nine-ellipses model. This allows computing a sequence of 3D EEG maps spanning on all electrodes. It happens, however, that not all five base electrodes can be reliably identified in SPECT data. The aim of the current study was to develop a method for determining the coordinates of base electrode(s) missing in the SPECT image. The algorithm for coordinates approximation has been developed and was tested on data collected for three subjects with all visible electrodes. To increase the accuracy of the approximation we used head surface models. Freely available model from Oostenveld research based on data from SPM package and our own model based on data from our EEG/SPECT studies were used. For data collected in four cases with one electrode not visible we compared the invisible base electrode coordinates approximation for Oostenveld and our models. The results vary depending on the missing electrode placement, but application of the realistic head model significantly increases the accuracy of the approximation.
Optimization of Brain T2 Mapping Using Standard CPMG Sequence In A Clinical Scanner
Authors: Hnilicová P. , Bittšanský M. , Dobrota D.
Published: May 2014

In magnetic resonance imaging, transverse relaxation time (T2) mapping is a useful quantitative tool enabling enhanced diagnostics of many brain pathologies. The aim of our study was to test the influence of different sequence parameters on calculated T2 values, including multi-slice measurements, slice position, interslice gap, echo spacing, and pulse duration. Measurements were performed using standard multi-slice multi-echo CPMG imaging sequence on a 1.5 Tesla routine whole body MR scanner. We used multiple phantoms with different agarose concentrations (0 % to 4 %) and verified the results on a healthy volunteer. It appeared that neither the pulse duration, the size of interslice gap nor the slice shift had any impact on the T2. The measurement accuracy was increased with shorter echo spacing. Standard multi-slice multi-echo CPMG protocol with the shortest echo spacing, also the smallest available interslice gap (100 % of slice thickness) and shorter pulse duration was found to be optimal and reliable for calculating T2 maps in the human brain.
The Synthesis of a Luminescent Plasmonic Nanomaterial
Authors: Hashim Zeina , Green Mark
Published: May 2014

Gold nanoparticles were synthesised in toluene and stabilised by a fluorescent conjugated polymer (F8BT). The gold/conjugated polymer nanoparticles system was also found to be stable in dichloromethane (DCM), exhibiting both fluorescence (quantum yield = 14%) and a surface plasmon in organic solvents
Who are private alcohol importers in the Nordic countries?
Authors: Grittner Ulrike , Gustafsson Nina-Katri , Huhtanen Petri , Svensson Johan , Nordlund Sturla , Bloomfield Kim
Published: May 2014

Aims

The high price of alcohol in the Nordic countries has been a long-standing policy to curb consumption, which has led consumers to importing alcohol from countries with lower prices. This paper seeks to develop a profile of alcohol importers in four Nordic countries.

Methods

Cross-sectional data from general population surveys in Denmark (2003-2006), Norway (2004), Sweden (2003-2006) and Finland (2005-2006) were analysed by multiple logistic and linear regression. Independent variables included region, socio-demographics, drinking indicators and alcohol-related problems. Outcome variables were importer status and amount of imported alcohol.

Results

People living in regions close to countries with lower alcohol prices were more often importers and imported higher amounts than people living in other regions. Higher educated persons were more likely to be importers, but the amounts imported were smaller than those by people with lower education. Persons with higher incomes were also more likely to be importers and they also imported larger amounts than people with lower incomes. In Sweden and Denmark regional differences of importer rates were more pronounced for persons of lower incomes. Age, risky single-occasion drinking, risky drinking and alcohol problems were positively related to the amounts of imported alcohol.

Conclusions

Private importers in the Nordic countries are an integrated yet heavy drinking segment of society and do not appear to be located on the fringes of society.
A New Method for Proteome Screening with Two-Dimensional Urea-Sds Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Ahmad Areeba , Ahmad Riaz
Published: May 2014

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) separating proteins on the basis of their pI and molecular mass remain the best available technique for protein separation and characterization to date. But due to several limitations, including streak formation in IEF gels, partial solubility of proteins, expensive running conditions and relatively longer time taken, a simple urea-SDS-2D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (US2DE) is described here. The system is reasonably sensitive, cost effective with good reproducibility. The method described in this paper employs a chaotropic agent, urea, in the first dimension and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), like conventional system, in the second dimension with an addition of polyacrylamide to screen the liver proteome of healthy and chemically induced fibrotic rats. The system separates the protein on the basis of chargeto- mass ratio and clearly demonstrates differential expression in the liver protein repertoire of healthy and fibrotic rats. Moreover, the present system, like other 2D electrophoretic procedures revealed at least 22 novel spots in the investigated tissues. The technique may be utilized for comprehensive proteome screening of any biological sample and would provide an overview to narrow down the candidate proteins or biomarkers.
Marketing Sports Products on Facebook: The Effect of Social Influence
Authors: Seng Chew Swee , Keat Leng Ho
Published: May 2014

There has been an increase in the use of social network sites as a marketing medium for commercial products and services. The aim of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of social network sites in influencing both consumer perception of quality of sports products and consumer intention to purchase sports products. A Facebook page of a fictitious brand of sports shoes was set up. The control group (n=57) was exposed to a page with only minimal information about sports shoes while the experimental group (n=59) was presented with additional information on the wall page consisting of ‘likes’ votes and positive comments about sports shoes. The findings suggest that online social influence not only can affect consumer perception of quality of a sports brand but also consumer buying intention. However, the effect that social influence has on purchase intention is limited to consumers with a low level of sports involvement and participation.
Acceptance of the illness and the quality of life of patients with breast cancer
Authors: Kamińska Marzena , Ciszewski Tomasz , Bronikowska Agnieszka , Ferańska Maria , Pawlak-Warszawska Agnieszka , Paśnik Elwira
Published: May 2014

Introduction. Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer diagnosed in women. Its treatment is a combined therapy and the sequence and time are established according to the accepted standards in Poland. Consequences posed by this disease include disorder in the physical, mental and social spheres in women. Adapting to cancer is very important for the process of treatment, and the acceptance of the disease is the determinant. Aim. The aim of the study was to determine and compare the degree of acceptance of the illness and the assessment of quality of life among breast cancer patients during cancer treatment. Material and methods. The survey included 85 ill people treated in a conserving way and 94 ill people treated by breast amputation. Patients after the surgical procedure were subjected to adjuvant treatment involving chemotherapy (90 women) and/or endocrine therapy (87 women). The study used standardized questionnaires EORTC (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer): QLQC-30 and the scale (AIS Approval IIIness Scale). Results. The highest level of acceptance of the disease, so the best ability to adapt to cancer have those women who have undergone radical mastectomy and adjuvant hormone therapy during the treatment. The lowest level of acceptance of the illness, expressed as a negative assessment was observed in women after BCT and during chemotherapy treatment. The use of the EORTC QLQC-30 to assess the overall health and quality of life of patients allowed us to capture statistically significant differences in the percentages stating good health, with the relatively highest negative response rates which were observed in the subgroups treated with chemotherapy and hormone therapy. With regard to the highest quality of life, the percentage of negative responses was observed in subgroups treated with the use of hormone therapy and after mastectomy. Conclusions. Good acceptance of the disease was obtained by women treated for breast cancer who have undergone mastectomy in the course of adjuvant endocrine therapy. The assessment of general health and quality of life was influenced by oncological treatment. Patients during chemotherapy and hormone therapy showed a negative impact of this form of treatment on overall well-being and functioning.Patients after mastectomy and during hormone therapy treatment showed a comparatively lower quality of life compared to a group of patients after BCT and during treatment with chemotherapy
The evaluation of health-related behaviours between the physically active and non-active women
Authors: Boguszewski Dariusz , Adamczyk Jakub Grzegorz , Kowalska Sylwia , Sado-Drapała Judyta , Lewandowska Monika , Białoszewski Dariusz
Published: May 2014

Introduction. In the face of the more and more general threat with civilization diseases the promotion of healthy lifestyle should be one of main activities of educational and medical institutions. Aim. The aim of the work was comparison of chosen elements of healthy lifestyle between the young physically active women and non-sports ones. Material and methods. The survey was carried out on 156 women aged 18-35 years, divided into two groups. Persons physically active were classified into Group 1 (n=72), whereas into Group 2 - non-active ones (n=84). The investigative tool was the Inventory of Health-Related Behaviours by Juczyński (where health-related behaviours were rated in four categories: proper nutrition habits, prophylaxis behaviours, and positive attitude and health practices). Differences between the data were qualified with the t-student test for independent groups; level p≤0.05 was accepted as of minimum significance. Results. The results show that physically active persons pay greater attention to healthy lifestyle than non-sports people. The general indicator of health-related behaviours was noticeably higher in Group 1 (p=0.007). Greatest differences (p=0.008) were noted within the range of nutritional habits, and the least significant ones - in positive attitude (p=0.546). Conclusion. The positive influence of the physical activity on other aspects of the healthy lifestyle has been proven. It seems legitimate to promote physical activity among women of every age
Type of financing dental care and frequency of dental visits among patients treated with implants
Authors: Szymańska Jolanta , Koszuta Agnieszka , Rosiak Joanna
Published: May 2014

Introduction. Many factors affect the oral health of the population. These include individual factors, the effectiveness of dental care, life styles and political, economic and environmental factors. Aim. The aim of the study was to evaluate the type of financing dental care and frequency of dental visits among patients treated with implants because of missing teeth. Material and methods. The survey was conducted among 464 patients of both genders aged 20-74 years, treated with dental implants at the Non-Public Healthcare Centre “Dental” in Tomaszów Mazowiecki. The patients answered questions included in anonymous questionnaire. The questions concerned age, education, type of dental care financing and frequency of dental visits. Results. Results of the survey indicate that among patients treated with implants there were over 14-times more people benefiting from dental care in private clinics providing preventive and restorative treatments at full cost, compared with people using dental services funded by the National Health Fund. Just over 16% of the surveyed patients frequently enough, i.e. at least once in 6 months reported to the dentist. The frequency of dental visits increased with the education level - people with vocational and secondary education most often visited a dentist irregularly, when necessary, while those with higher education - once a year. Patients below 60 years reported to the dentist 1-2 times a year, whereas older - irregularly, when necessary. Conclusion. In preparing the patient for the treatment of missing teeth with implants one should be aware of his need for paying special attention to oral health and regular, sufficiently frequent follow-up visits which has a substantial impact on the course and therapeutic success in the implant prosthetic treatment
The gene expression of class III inhibitors of apoptosis in arteriosclerotic disease
Authors: Gil-Kulik Paulina , Niedojadło Alicja , Feldo Marcin , Karwat Jolanta , Kotuła Lidia , Chomik Piotr , Dudek Ilona , Filas Małgorzata , Wojcieszek Agnieszka , Zubilewicz Tomasz , Bogucka-Kocka Anna , Kocki Janusz
Published: May 2014

Introduction. Recent research shows that programmed cell death has great importance in the pathomechanism of atherosclerosis. The BIRC5 and BIRC6 genes belong to Class III IAPs with the anti-apoptotic effect. The proteins display multidirectional action. According to the available literature, in addition to the effect of apoptosis inhibition they also display other properties. It is suggested that they play an important role in the processes of proliferation and cellular differentiation. Aim. The aim of the study was to assess the expression of the BIRC5 and BIRC6 genes in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes and in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients diagnosed with atherosclerosis. Material and methods. The analysis was carried out on RNA samples obtained from peripheral blood lymphocytes of 21 patients with diagnosed atherosclerosis. The specific fragment of the analysed gene was obtained through amplification with the use of cDNA synthesised in the reaction of reverse transcription. The test of expression was conducted with the use of the Real-Time PCR method. In the studied cases, the level of expression of the analysed gene was compared to the level of expression of the reference gene, B2M. Results. The study showed that mRNA of the BIRC5 and BIRC6 genes is present in the cells of patients with atherosclerosis, as well as in the cells of healthy individuals. The cells taken from the patients with atherosclerosis were mainly characterized by an increased gene expression in comparison to the normal cells. Conclusion. Increased BIRC6 and BIRC5 gene expression in the cells of the patients with atherosclerosis can suggest an increased amount of the inhibitor protein BRUCE and survivin, and also decreased sensitivity of cells to apoptosis. In the case of the patients who had significantly higher expression of the BIRC6 gene in lymphocytes compared to the norm, hypertension and diabetes mellitus were more common
Potential anti-inflammatory activity of low molecular weight heparin in patients with exacerbations of COPD – short report
Authors: Rybacka-Chabros Barabara , Pietrzak Aldona , Chabros Paweł , Milanowski Janusz
Published: May 2014

Introduction. Anti-inflammatory, separate from anti-thrombotic activity of low molecular weight heparin, is still not well documented. Aim. We estimated the influence of enoxaparin on serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, as the pro-inflammatory cytokine, and interleukin-12, as the heparin-binding, anti-inflammatory cytokine, in patients with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Material and methods. Seventy-three consecutive patients (48 males, 25 females) aged 56-75 years without thromboembolic history, were enrolled into the study. They were randomized to group who received enoxaparin in one daily dose 40 mg, or to group who did not receive it. Patients receiving oral anti-coagulants were excluded from the study. Using ELISA approach, we evaluated serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-12 at the following periods: before the first dose of enoxaparin, after 7 days of treatment and 14 days of treatment. Serum level of the C-reactive protein was evaluated simultaneously. Results. In enoxaparin recipients statistically significant (p<0.01) decreasing of TNF-alpha serum levels (from 168.33 pg/ml in admission, to 85.67 pg/ml in the end of study) to compare enoxaparine non-recipients, was observed. Interleukin-12 serum levels were significantly higher in enoxaparine recipients both after 7 days (67.46 pg/ml) and 14 days (89.32 pg/ml) of the study (p<0.05). C-reactive proteins serum levels were significantly higher in enoxaparine non-recipients than recipients (p<0.05) in all study period. Conclusions. Enoxaparin in daily dose 40 mg, significantly depressed serum levels of TNF-alpha and promote serum levels of interleukin-12. Enoxaparin administration may be beneficial for the patients with COPD exacerbation during the first 14 days of treatment
Brief Report: The Role of Psychological Language in Children’S Theory of Mind and Self-Concept Development
Authors: Bosacki Sandra L.
Published: May 2014

Children’s self-concept and theory of mind are both important factors in children’s social, cognitive and emotional development. Research on gender differences in children’s theory of mind understanding reveals contradictory findings such as higher degree of social understanding or theory of mind in girls (Villaneuva Badenes, Clemente Estevan, & Garcia Bacete 2000), boys score higher than girls (Russell et al., 2007), or no gender differences at all (Villaneuva Badenes, Clemente Estevan, & Garcia Bacete, 2000). This research study is part of a larger 3-year longitudinal study, investigating children’s social and emotional development during middle childhood. This study explores the gendered relations between self-concept and social understanding (including psychological language) in middle school aged children (n = 49, ages 11-13). Results suggest a negative correlation between boys’ sense of self-worth and psychological language. Implications for curriculum development that promotes socio-emotional literacy within middle school are discussed
The Effect of Freezing and Hydrocolloids on the Physical Parameters of Strawberry Mass-Based Desserts
Authors: Boča Sigita , Galoburda Ruta , Skrupskis Imants , Skrupska Dace
Published: May 2014

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of freezing, thickening and storage on the physical properties of the strawberry desserts made with addition of various hydrocolloids. The strawberry cultivars ‘Polka’, ‘Honeoye’, and ‘Senga Sengana’ harvested in Latvia were used in the study. The strawberries were processed in a blender for obtaining a homogenous mass. The strawberry mass was analyzed fresh and after storage at -18 °C. Both fresh and frozen strawberry mass samples with added gelatine, xanthan gum, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose were whisked until obtaining dessert. For determination of the optimum hydrocolloid amount, sensory evaluation was done using a five-point hedonic scale. Moisture, soluble solids content, density, and pH of the product were determined. Apparent viscosity was measured using a rotational viscometer DV–III Ultra. Consistency of the dessert during its storage was evaluated using a texture analyser TA.XT.plus. The results of sensory evaluation allow concluding that in order to provide the most acceptable consistency, colour, and taste of strawberry dessert, the optimum quantity of carboxymethyl cellulose and xanthan gum to be added is 0.6% and that of gelatine is 6%. During freezing, the soluble solids content and pH level decreased in the strawberry mass, whereas the addition of hydrocolloids increased these values. The moisture content in strawberry puree, in its turn, as a result of freezing increased under the influence of syneresis, but added hydrocolloids, on the contrary, decreased this influence. Also the viscosity and consistency of the strawberry puree prepared from the researched cultivars decreased under the influence of freezing, whereas the addition of hydrocolloids increased both the values, making the strawberry dessert firmer. The research suggests that strawberry dessert with gelatine had the most pronounced changes during storage, but strawberry dessert with added xanthan gum and carboxymethyl cellulose changed the least.
Evaluation of the Number of Gastric Mucoid Epitheliocytes and Parietal Cells in Relation to the Amount of Helicobacteria in the Fundic Gland Region of Domestic Dogs (Canis Familiaris)
Authors: Bērziņa Dace , Birģele Edīte
Published: May 2014

This study was done to evaluate the number of gastric mucoid epitheliocytes and parietal cells in relation to the amount of helicobacteria in the fundic gland region of 30 domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) Gastric mucosa samples were taken from the fundic gland region in eight strictly determined places to detect helicobacteria in 10 microscopic visual fields by histological examination, to find out the quantity of helicobacteria at the superficial epithelium, in gastric pits, and in fundic glands by classifying it as absent, mild, moderate, and severe, as well as to evaluate the number of mucoid epitheliocytes of the gastric superficial–pit epithelium and of the parietal cells of fundic glands. Out of all examined 2400 microscopic visual fields, mild and moderate amounts of helicobacteria localizing mainly at the superficial epithelium and in gastric pits were detected in 69.0–77.5% of cases, and only in around 20% of cases they were found in different amounts deeper into the fundic glands. The number of mucoid epitheliocytes (199±20 cells in one visual field) was only slightly larger in places with a severe amount of helicobacteria compared to places with no helicobacteria (195±16 mucoid epitheliocytes in one visual field). Also the number of parietal cells in the fundic glands did not differ markedly among the places with different amounts of helicobacteria; however, in places with a severe amount of helicobacteria, parietal cell count tended to decrease to 76±8 cells in one visual field, but in places free from helicobacteria there were 83±9 parietal cells in one visual field.
Bevacizumab and irinotecan in recurrent malignant glioma, a single institution experience
Authors: Mesti Tanja , Ebert Moltara Maja , Boc Marko , Rebersek Martina , Ocvirk Janja
Published: May 2014

Background. Treatment options of recurrent malignant gliomas are very limited and with a poor survival benefit. The results from phase II trials suggest that the combination of bevacizumab and irinotecan is beneficial. Patients and methods. The medical documentation of 19 adult patients with recurrent malignant gliomas was retrospectively reviewed. All patients received bevacizumab (10 mg/kg) and irinotecan (340 mg/m2 or 125 mg/m2) every two weeks. Patient clinical characteristics, drug toxicities, response rate, progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated.

Results. Between August 2008 and November 2011, 19 patients with recurrent malignant gliomas (median age 44.7, male 73.7%, WHO performance status 0-2) were treated with bevacizumab/irinotecan regimen. Thirteen patients had glioblastoma, 5 anaplastic astrocytoma and 1 anaplastic oligoastrocytoma. With exception of one patient, all patients had initially a standard therapy with primary resection followed by postoperative chemoradiotherapy. Radiological response was confirmed after 3 months in 9 patients (1 complete response, 8 partial responses), seven patients had stable disease and three patients have progressed. The median PFS was 6.8 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.3-8.3) with six-month PFS rate 52.6%. The median OS was 7.7 months (95% CI: 6.6-8.7), while six-month and twelve-month survival rates were 68.4% and 31.6%, respectively. There were 16 cases of hematopoietic toxicity grade (G) 1-2. Non-hematopoietic toxicity was present in 14 cases, all G1-2, except for one patient with proteinuria G3. No grade 4 toxicities, no thromboembolic event and no intracranial hemorrhage were observed.

Conclusions. In recurrent malignant gliomas combination of bevacizumab and irinotecan might be an active regimen with acceptable toxicity.
Evaluation of Postural Stability in Patients with Parkinson Disease
Authors: Kłoda Maria , Brzuszkiewicz-Kuźmicka Grażyna , Grzegorzewska Janina , Białoszewski Dariusz
Published: May 2014

Streszczenie

Wstęp: Zaburzenia stabilności są istotnym elementem obrazu klinicznego pacjentów z chorobą Parkinsona (PD). Celem pracy jest ocena stabilometryczna postawy pacjentów z chorobą Parkinsona w porównaniu z osobami zdrowymi.

Materiał i metody: W badaniach wzięły udział 43 osoby z (PD) oraz 46 osób zdrowych. Do oceny stabilometrycznej zastosowano platformę „TecnoBody”. Pomiarów stabilności postawy dokonywano z kontrolą, a następnie bez kontroli wzroku. Pacjentów z PD badano w stanie „on”.

Wyniki: U osób z PD w badaniu z otwartymi oczami uzyskano wartości: średnia prędkość przemieszczania środka masy ciała w płaszczyźnie strzałkowej (P-T)11,86±12,5 m/s, w płaszczyźnie czołowej (P-B) 8,49±7,4 m/s, perimetr 385,3 ±368,2mm, pole elipsy 388,58 ±658,6 mm2. W teście bez kontroli wzroku uzyskane średnie wartości to: P-T prędkość 20,44±18 m/s, P-B prędkość 13,09±10,5 m/s, perimetr 637,21 ±530,9 mm, pole elipsy 756,16±888,7 mm2. U osób zdrowych w badaniu z otwartymi oczami uzyskano: średnia P-T prędkość wyniosła 5,23±2 m/s, P-B prędkość 4,26±1,7 m/s, perimetr 176,67±66mm, pole elipsy 100,23 ±71,1mm2. W teście bez kontroli wzroku uzyskano średnie: P-T prędkość 10,28±4,4m/s, P-B prędkość 5,91±3 m/s, perimetr 296,26±123,9mm, pole elipsy 218,5 ±140,7mm2. Stwierdzono istotne statystycznie różnice (p<0,05) pomiędzy grupami we wszystkich czterech parametrach stabilometrycznych w obu testach.

Wnioski: Zwiększone wychylenie środka ciężkości ciała odnotowane u osób z chorobą Parkinsona powoduje zaburzenia równowagi, co może być przyczyną upadków. Zaobserwowana dodatnia korelacja pomiędzy wiekiem, a wartościami perimetru w grupie kontrolnej w próbie z kontrolą i bez kontroli wzroku, czego nie odnotowano w grupie badanej, świadczy o zaburzeniach stabilności postawy już w początkowym stadium choroby.
Evaluation of Physical Activity after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Behing Assistance Of Minnesota Leisure- -Time Physical Activity Questionnaire
Authors: Paduch Przemysław
Published: May 2014

Streszczenie

Wstęp: Aktywność ruchowa osób po przeprowadzonym zabiegu pomostowania naczyń wieńcowych jest istotnym składnikiem współczesnego leczenia pooperacyjnego, przynosząc istotne efekty powrotu do zdrowia. Celem tej aktywności jest poprawa wydolności oraz modyfikacja czynników ryzyka.

Materiał i metody: Badaniami objęto grupę 70 mężczyzn w wieku 51-75 lat (średnia 59 ± 4,94). Byli to pacjenci z przebytym zawałem serca, którzy w okresie tygodnia po przebytym zawale serca zostali poddani operacji pomostowania aortalno- wieńcowego. Do oceny poziomu aktywności fizycznej użyto kwestionariusza Minnesota. Badania przeprowadzono 2-krotnie: dzień przed zabiegiem, oraz 6 miesięcy po zabiegu. Pierwsze badanie miało charakter wywiadu bezpośredniego, a drugie zostało przeprowadzone telefonicznie. Analiza kwestionariuszowa obejmowała okres 6 miesięcy przed i 6 miesięcy po zabiegu CABG. Na podstawie zebranych wyników oszacowano wartość całkowitego tygodniowego wydatku kalorycznego uwzględniając podział na aktywność rekreacyjną i prace domowe oraz na intensywność wysiłku fizycznego: wysiłki lekkie, umiarkowane i duże.

Wyniki: Wyniki pozwoliły określić poziom aktywności ruchowej oraz wielkość tygodniowego wydatku energetycznego.

Wnioski: Ilość wszczepionych pomostów aortalno- wieńcowych ma wpływ na poziom aktywności ruchowej. W analizowanej grupie badanych dominowały wysiłki lekkie i umiarkowane związane głównie z aktywnością rekreacyjną.
Touch In Professional Practice – View Of Physiotherapists
Authors: Dadura Emilia , Wójcik Agnieszka , Gajewski Jan
Published: May 2014

Streszczenie

Wstęp: Dotyk obecny jest w każdym obszarze życia człowieka. Za jego pośrednictwem ludzie odbierają i poznają otaczający ich świat, komunikują emocje i tworzą silne więzi. Dotyk jest istotnym elementem każdej relacji, a szczególnie relacji fizjoterapeuta - pacjent, gdyż jest on jednym z podstawowych narzędzi, jakimi fizjoterapeuta posługuje się w pracy na co dzień.

Celem niniejszych pilotażowych badań była próba oceny, jak fizjoterapeuci postrzegają dotyk i czy wykorzystują w praktyce wskazówki dotyczące warunków i sposobu jego stosowania.

Materiał i metody: Badaniem objęto 80 losowo wybranych fizjoterapeutów (39K/41M). Średni wiek badanych 30,36 lat (SD 6,62), a średni staż pracy 6,62 lat (SD 5,05). Posłużono się autorską ankietą (28 pytań), dotyczącą 3 obszarów: postaw fizjoterapeutów wobec dotyku, psychologicznych aspektów dotyku oraz warunków zapewniających jego właściwy komfort.

Wyniki: Uzyskane odpowiedzi wskazują, iż badani fizjoterapeuci traktują dotyk głównie jako techniczne narzędzie do zbierania informacji i prowadzenia terapii. Respondenci są świadomi tego, iż dotyk wpływa na ciało i psychikę pacjenta, oraz że jest to akt dwukierunkowy fizjoterapeuta <=> pacjent. Większość badanych nie doświadcza żadnych emocji, dotykając pacjenta. Badani utrzymują, iż stosują w praktyce zalecenia związane z poszanowaniem prawa pacjenta do autonomii, intymności, informacji oraz zachowaniem właściwej dbałości o higienę, komfort i bezpieczeństwo pacjenta w trakcie prowadzonego zabiegu.

Wnioski: Uzyskane dane pozwalają sądzić, iż badani postrzegają dotyk w sposób bardzo techniczny, zaniedbując jednocześnie jego wymiar psychospołeczny. Badani znają i przestrzegają w praktyce zaleceń dotyczących warunków oraz sposobu stosowania dotyku