bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KM and Global Software Engineering (GSE)
Authors: Abufardeh Sameer
Published: September 2013

In the last decade, we have witnessed a dramatic transformation of software development processes. Outsourcing and offshore development has become the norm in current software development because of the many benefits organizations and people can have by adapting such strategy. Benefits include reduced cost, reduced time to market, availability of skilled people, proximity to market and customers in various locals, etc. Furthermore, the transformation from single-site, mostly English-based into a multi-site, multilingual, multicultural, and globally distributed endeavor has marked the birth of Global Software Engineering (GSE). This transformation increases the complexity of GSE when compared to traditional co-located Software development. GSE involves knowledge intensive activities, different people, different teams, and globally dispersed software organization. While there are many benefits in adapting GSE, the new strategy created several challenges/issues for the organization, practitioners, and researchers. Challenges include language and culture, communication, coordination and collaboration, team building, etc. Knowledge Management (KM) is considered fundamental and an essential asset of an organization because it enables organizations to efficiently create, store, and share knowledge, and it helps in resolving many of the current GSE issues. KM tools and techniques has been successfully used in effective management of who knows what, which helps in learning, problem solving, and innovation. This chapter discusses in general the challenges of culture in Global Software Engineering (GSE). However, the main focus of the discussion in this chapter is on the challenges of culture in global software application. For many years, KM literature has focused on the cultural issues of teams, processes, types of knowledge, etc. This chapter’s goal is to stimulate and encourage more research on how KM tools and practices can help in overcoming these challenges. Furthermore, it emphasizes the issues of language, which are mostly marginalized.
Managing Knowledge in Open Source Software Test Process
Authors: Abdou Tamer , Grogono Peter , Kamthan Pankaj
Published: September 2013

The increasing adoption and use of Open Source Software (OSS) motivates study of its development. This chapter explores the state-of-the art in OSS development processes, in general, and OSS testing processes, in particular. A conceptual model for software Testing Knowledge Management (TKM) that aims to provide an understanding of the testing domain is introduced. The TKM model is informed by earlier studies and guided by international testing standards. Moreover, the TKM model is equipped with different forms of knowledge, reusable across software projects. Using the TKM model as an integrative conceptual model enables understanding of how knowledge life cycle stages are mapped onto the test process of OSS, what type of knowledge is created at each stage, and how knowledge is converted from one stage to another. The chapter is supported by representative examples of OSS that are mature and currently in widespread use.
A Point of View on How to Achieve a More Sustainable Marine Refrigerated Transport
Authors: Memet Feiza
Published: September 2013

It is specific for our modern society to consume an important amount of food transported from one part of the earth to another. A sustainable refrigerated transport is described by indicators like profitability, product quality, technological change, and environmental impact. Sustainable development is connected with the minimisation of irreversibilities. This is why exergy analysis is used as a powerful tool to obtain sustainable development. In this context, this chapter deals with the exergy analysis specific to the most common type of refrigerating plants on board ships. Regulations on old refrigerants, inducing technological change, are presented along with solutions for the replacement of the refrigerant R-22. The chapter also mentions the fishing industry where ammonia is the dominant refrigerant.
Effect of Training on Shipboard Oil Pollution Violations
Authors: Saharuddin Abdul Hamid , Balaji R.
Published: September 2013

Industrialization has brought forth comforts and catastrophes. In the regular scheme of technological developments, the worst malady faced by man is the defilement of the environment. Shipping, being a heavily regulated industry, has contributed less in comparison to other land-based polluters, but the enormity of an oil spill and the post-spill clean-ups are reasons enough for countries to tighten the pollution laws. Today, any action violating these laws is seen as a crime. Ships are being detained, penalized for pollution violations. Environmental concerns and criminalizing incidents have become issues of concern. While considering these viewpoints, a worthwhile approach would be to look at the seafarer training. Assessment of the competency of the shipboard officer is largely carried out by examinations and onboard assessments. This could be extended to other means such as research surveys. The chapter projects inputs from a study undertaken to assess the level of training and awareness in pollution matters amongst shipboard officers.
Eschar in scrub typhus
Authors: Kundavaram AP , Jonathan AJ , Nathaniel SD , Varghese GM
Published: September 2013

Background:

Scrub typhus is an acute febrile illness widely prevalent in the ‘tsutsugamushi triangle’ region of the world. Clinical features include fever, myalgia, headache, rash, and a pathognomonic eschar. An eschar is formed by the bite of chigger mite that inoculates the causative agent of Scrub typhus Orientia tsutsugamushi. The aim of this study is to determine the most common sites of eschars over the bodies of patients with Scrub typhus.

Materials and Methods:

In a retrospective analysis, we examined a total of 418 patients who presented to Christian Medical College, Vellore between 2009 and 2012 with an acute febrile illness and an eschar on clinical examination and confirmed to have scrub typhus with a positive Scrub typhus IgM ELISA test. We studied the distribution of eschars over the bodies of 418 patients with Scrub typhus.

Results:

There was a significant difference in the distribution of eschars between males and females with a preponderance of the chest and abdomen (42.3%) among females and the axilla, groin and genitalia (55.8%) in males. Some unusual sites of an eschar were the cheek, ear lobe and dorsum of the feet.

Conclusion:

The eschar is the most useful diagnostic clue in patients with acute febrile illness in areas endemic for Scrub typhus and therefore should be thoroughly examined for its presence especially over the covered areas such as the groin, genitalia, infra-mammary area and axilla.
Drug resistant tuberculosis
Authors: Dash M
Published: September 2013

Tuberculosis (TB) is responsible for 1.4 million deaths annually. Wide-spread misuse of anti-tubercular drugs over three decades has resulted in emergence of drug resistant TB including multidrug-resistant TB and extensively drug-resistant TB globally. Accurate and rapid diagnosis of drug-resistant TB is one of the paramount importance for instituting appropriate clinical management and infection control measures. The present article provides an overview of the various diagnostic options available for drug resistant TB, by searching PubMed for recent articles. Rapid phenotypic tests still requires days to weeks to obtain final results, requiring biosafety and quality control measures. For newly developed molecular methods, infrastructure, training and quality assurance should be followed. Successful control of drug resistant TB globally will depend upon strengthening TB control programs, wider access to rapid diagnosis and provision of effective treatment. Therefore, political and fund provider commitment is essential to curb the spread of drug resistant TB.
Intraparenchymal pericatheter cyst following disconnection of ventriculoperitoneal shunt system
Authors: Balasubramaniam S , Tyagi DK , Sawant HV
Published: September 2013

Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt is one of the most commonly performed procedures in neurosurgery, but it is also the procedure, which is most prone to complications. Spread of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the brain parenchyma is a rare complication of VP shunt and can take the form of CSF edema or a porencephalic cyst. We describe a case of a 1½-year-old child who presented to us with seizures. Computed tomography scan revealed pericatheter porencephalic cyst. Surgical exploration revealed a disconnected VP shunt system. Patient was neurologically observed after shunt extraction. He was seizure free and radiological follow-up showed resolution of cyst. Ours is the first case to document the presence of pericatheter cyst following complete disconnection of shunt system. Though shunt revision is the accepted treatment modality, careful neurological observation can be done after shunt removal especially in asymptomatic cases with compensated hydrocephalus.
Do Obese Children Perceive Submaximal and Maximal Exertion Differently?
Authors: Belanger Kevin , Breithaupt Peter , Ferraro Zachary M. , Barrowman Nick , Rutherford Jane , Hadjiyannakis Stasia , Colley Rachel C. , Adamo Kristi B.
Published: September 2013

We examined how obese children perceive a maximal cardiorespiratory fitness test compared with a submaximal cardiorespiratory fitness test. Twenty-one obese children (body mass index ≥95th percentile, ages 10–17 years) completed maximal and submaximal cardiorespiratory fitness tests on 2 separate occasions. Oxygen consumption (VO2) and overall perceived exertion (Borg 15-category scale) were measured in both fitness tests. At comparable workloads, perceived exertion was rated significantly higher ( P < 0.001) in the submaximal cardiorespiratory fitness test compared with the maximal cardiorespiratory fitness test. The submaximal cardiorespiratory fitness test was significantly longer than the maximal test (14:21 ± 04:04 seconds vs. 12:48 ± 03:27 seconds, P < 0.001). Our data indicate that at the same relative intensity, obese children report comparable or even higher perceived exertion during submaximal fitness testing than during maximal fitness testing. Perceived exertion in a sample of children and youth with obesity may be influenced by test duration and protocol design.
Experimental Implantation Trials of Xenopsylla cunicularis Smit (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) in Northern France with the Objective to Use it as Vaccine Vector
Authors: Darries-Vallier Anne , Ausset Aurélien , Besrest Pierre
Published: September 2013

To combat animal diseases, we propose that Xenopsylla cunicularis Smit (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae), a specific flea of the European wild rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus L. (Lagomorpha), can be used to carry a vaccine into wild rabbit populations to protect them against lethal diseases. Oryctolagus cuniculus is widespread throughout Europe, but X. cunicularis occurs naturally only in drier areas of Morocco, Spain, and southwestern France, raising questions about the flea's general use and the subsequent risk of uncontrolled proliferation outside its natural distribution. To evaluate this risk, fleas were released in five experimental enclosures containing rabbits (four in northern France and one in southwestern France as a control). Approximately one year later, adult and immature fleas were recovered from rabbits and warrens. The climate during the experiments was recorded and warren substrate granulometry was defined. Our results showed that northern France is not suitable for persistence of X. cunicularis because low temperatures reduce flea development and high rainfall all over the year keeps the soil damp, which is asphyxic for fleas, even on a sandy substrate. These implantation trials suggest that uncontrolled proliferation and permanent establishment of fleas are unlikely in northern France.
Surface Roughness of Polyvinyl Siloxane Impression Materials Following Chemical Disinfection, Autoclave and Microwave Sterilization
Authors: Kheraif Abdulaziz Abdullah Al
Published: September 2013

Background

Autoclave sterilization and microwave sterilization has been suggested as the effective methods for the disinfection of elastomeric impressions, but subjecting elastomeric impressions to extreme temperature may have adverse effects on critical properties of the elastomers.

Aim

To evaluate the effect of chemical disinfection as well as autoclave and microwave sterilization on the surface roughness of elastomeric impression materials.

Materials and methods

The surface roughness of five commercially available polyvinyl siloxane impression materials (Coltene President, Affinis Perfect impression, Aquasil, 3M ESPE Express and GC Exafast) were evaluated after subjecting them to chemical disinfection, autoclaving and microwave sterilization using a Talysurf Intra 50 instrument. Twenty specimens from each material were fabricated and divided into four equal groups, three experimental and one control (n = 25). The differences in the mean surface roughness between the treatment groups were recorded and statistically analyzed.

Results

No statistically significant increase in the surface roughness was observed when the specimens were subjected to chemical disinfection and autoclave sterilization, increase in roughness and discoloration was observed in all the materials when specimens were subjected to microwave sterilization.

Conclusion

Chemical disinfection did not have a significant effect but, since it is less effective, autoclave sterilization can be considered effective and autoclaving did not show any specimen discoloration as in microwave sterilization. Microwave sterilization may be considered when impressions are used to make diagnostic casts. A significant increase in surface roughness may produce rougher casts, resulting in rougher tissue surfaces for denture and cast restorations.

Clinical significance

Autoclave sterilization of vinyl polysiloxane elastomeric impressions for 5 minutes at 134°C at 20 psi may be considered an effective method over chemical disinfection and microwave sterilization, because chemical disinfection does not eliminate all disease-causing microorganisms and microwave sterilization leads to a rougher impression surface.

How to cite this article

Al Kheraif AA. Surface Roughness of Polyvinyl Siloxane Impression Materials Following Chemical Disinfection, Autoclave and Microwave Sterilization. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(3):483-487.
Glacial fluctuations of the Indian monsoon and their relationship with North Atlantic climate: new data and modelling experiments
Authors: Marzin C. , Kallel N. , Kageyama M. , Duplessy J.-C. , Braconnot P.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Several paleoclimate records such as from Chinese loess, speleothems or upwelling indicators in marine sediments present large variations of the Asian monsoon system during the last glaciation. Here, we present a new record from the northern Andaman Sea (core MD77-176) which shows the variations of the hydrological cycle of the Bay of Bengal. The high-resolution record of surface water δ18O dominantly reflects salinity changes and displays large millennial-scale oscillations over the period 40 000 to 11 000 yr BP. Their timing and sequence suggests that events of high (resp. low) salinity in the Bay of Bengal, i.e. weak (resp. strong) Indian monsoon, correspond to cold (resp. warm) events in the North Atlantic and Arctic, as documented by the Greenland ice core record. We use the IPSL_CM4 Atmosphere-Ocean coupled General Circulation Model to study the processes that could explain the teleconnection between the Indian monsoon and the North Atlantic climate. We first analyse a numerical experiment in which such a rapid event in the North Atlantic is obtained under glacial conditions by increasing the freshwater flux in the North Atlantic, which results in a reduction of the intensity of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. This freshwater hosing results in a weakening of the Indian monsoon rainfall and circulation. The changes in the continental runoff and local hydrological cycle are responsible for an increase in salinity in the Bay of Bengal. This therefore compares favourably with the new sea water δ18O record presented here and the hypothesis of synchronous cold North Atlantic and weak Indian monsoon events. Additional sensitivity experiments are produced with the LMDZ atmospheric model to analyse the teleconnection mechanisms between the North Atlantic and the Indian monsoon. The changes over the tropical Atlantic are shown to be essential in triggering perturbations of the subtropical jet over Africa and Eurasia, that in turn affect the intensity of the Indian monsoon. These relationships are also found to be valid in additional coupled model simulations in which the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is forced to resume.
Recent revisions of phosphate rock reserves and resources: reassuring or misleading? An in-depth literature review of global estimates of phosphate rock reserves and resources
Authors: Edixhoven J. D. , Gupta J. , Savenije H. H. G.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Phosphate rock (PR) is a finite mineral indispensible for fertilizer production and a major pollutant. High grade PR is obtained from deposits which took millions of years to form and are gradually being depleted. Over the past three years, global PR reserves as reported by US Geological Survey (USGS) have seen a massive increase, from 16 000 Mt PR in 2010 to 65 000 Mt PR in 2011. The bulk of this four-fold increase is based on a 2010 report by International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC), which increased Moroccan reserves from 5700 Mt PR as reported by USGS, to 51 000 Mt PR, reported as upgraded ("beneficiated") concentrate. IFDC used a starkly simplified classification compared to the classification used by USGS and proposed that agreement should be reached on PR resource terminology which should be as simple as possible. The report has profoundly influenced the PR scarcity debate, shifting the emphasis from depletion to the pollution angle of the phosphate problem. Various analysts adopted the findings of IFDC and USGS, and argued that that following depletion of reserves, uneconomic deposits (resources and occurrences) will remain available which will extend the lifetime of available deposits to thousands of years. Given the near total dependence of food production on PR, data on PR deposits must be transparent, comparable, reliable and credible. Based on an in-depth literature review, we analyze (i) how IFDC's simplified terminology compares to international best practice in resource classification and whether it is likely to yield data that meets the abovementioned requirements; (ii) whether the difference between ore reserves and reserves as concentrate is sufficiently noted in the literature, and (iii) whether the IFDC report and its estimate of PR reserves and resources is reliable. We conclude that, while there is a global development toward common criteria in resource reporting, IFDC's definitions contravene this development and – due to their vagueness and their lack of granularity – may cause more confusion than clarity. The difference between ore and concentrate is barely noted in the literature, causing a pervasive confusion and a high degree of error in many assessments. Finally, we conclude that the report presents an inflated picture of global reserves, in particular those of Morocco, where largely hypothetical and inferred resources have simply been converted to "reserves". In view of the essentiality of PR for food production, there currently is insufficient knowledge on the PR deposits available for extraction. Further research is required as to the quantity of PR deposits and their viability for future extraction.
δ18O water isotope in the iLOVECLIM model (version 1.0) – Part 1: Implementation and verification
Authors: Roche D. M.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. A new 18O stable water isotope scheme is developed for three components of the iLOVECLIM coupled climate model: atmospheric, oceanic and land surface. The equations required to reproduce the fractionation of stable water isotopes in the simplified atmospheric model ECBilt are developed consistently with the moisture scheme. Simplifications in the processes are made to account for the simplified vertical structure including only one moist layer. Implementation of these equations together with a passive tracer scheme for the ocean and a equilibrium fractionation scheme for the land surface leads to the closure of the (isotopic-) water budget in our climate system. Following the implementation, verification of the existence of usual δ18O to climatic relationships are performed for the Rayleigh distillation, the Dansgaard relationship and the δ18O –salinity relationship. Advantages and caveats of the approach taken are outlined. The isotopic fields simulated are shown to reproduce most expected oxygen-18–climate relationships with the notable exception of the isotopic composition in Antarctica.
GAPPARD: a computationally efficient method of approximating gap-scale disturbance in vegetation models
Authors: Scherstjanoi M. , Kaplan J. O. , Thürig E. , Lischke H.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Models of vegetation dynamics that are designed for application at spatial scales larger than individual forest gaps suffer from several limitations. Typically, either a population average approximation is used that results in unrealistic tree allometry and forest stand structure, or models have a high computational demand because they need to simulate both a series of age-based cohorts and a number of replicate patches to account for stochastic gap-scale disturbances. The detail required by the latter method increases the number of calculations by two to three orders of magnitude compared to the less realistic population average approach. In an effort to increase the efficiency of dynamic vegetation models without sacrificing realism, we developed a new method for simulating stand-replacing disturbances that is both accurate and faster than approaches that use replicate patches. The GAPPARD (approximating GAP model results with a Probabilistic Approach to account for stand Replacing Disturbances) method works by postprocessing the output of deterministic, undisturbed simulations of a cohort-based vegetation model by deriving the distribution of patch ages at any point in time on the basis of a disturbance probability. With this distribution, the expected value of any output variable can be calculated from the output values of the deterministic undisturbed run at the time corresponding to the patch age. To account for temporal changes in model forcing (e.g., as a result of climate change), GAPPARD performs a series of deterministic simulations and interpolates between the results in the postprocessing step. We integrated the GAPPARD method in the vegetation model LPJ-GUESS, and evaluated it in a series of simulations along an altitudinal transect of an inner-Alpine valley. We obtained results very similar to the output of the original LPJ-GUESS model that uses 100 replicate patches, but simulation time was reduced by approximately the factor 10. Our new method is therefore highly suited for rapidly approximating LPJ-GUESS results, and provides the opportunity for future studies over large spatial domains, allows easier parameterization of tree species, faster identification of areas of interesting simulation results, and comparisons with large-scale datasets and results of other forest models.
Hurricane impacts on a pair of coastal forested watersheds: implications of selective hurricane damage to forest structure and streamflow dynamics
Authors: Jayakaran A. D. , Williams T. M. , Ssegane H. , Amatya D. M. , Song B. , Trettin C. C.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Hurricanes are infrequent but influential disruptors of ecosystem processes in the southeastern Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Every southeastern forested wetland has the potential to be struck by a tropical cyclone. We examined the impact of Hurricane Hugo on two paired coastal watersheds in South Carolina in terms of stream flow and vegetation dynamics, both before and after the hurricane's passage in 1989. The study objectives were to quantify the magnitude and timing of changes including a reversal in relative streamflow-difference between two paired watersheds, and to examine the selective impacts of a hurricane on the vegetative composition of the forest. We related these impacts to their potential contribution to change watershed hydrology through altered evapotranspiration processes. Using over thirty years of monthly rainfall and streamflow data we showed that there was a significant transformation in the hydrologic character of the two watersheds – a transformation that occurred soon after the hurricane's passage. We linked the change in the rainfall-runoff relationship to a catastrophic shift in forest vegetation due to selective hurricane damage. While both watersheds were located in the path of the hurricane, extant forest structure varied between the two watersheds as a function of experimental forest management techniques on the treatment watershed. We showed that the primary damage was to older pines, and to some extent larger hardwood trees. We believe that lowered vegetative water use impacted both watersheds with increased outflows on both watersheds due to loss of trees following hurricane impact. However, one watershed was able to recover to pre hurricane levels of canopy transpiration at a quicker rate due to the greater abundance of pine seedlings and saplings in that watershed.
An explanation of large-scale coal and gas outbursts in underground coal mines: the effect of low-permeability zones on abnormally abundant gas
Authors: An F. H. , Cheng Y. P.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Large-scale coal and gas outbursts post a risk of fatal disasters in underground mines. Large-scale outbursts (outburst of coal and rock greater than 500 t) in recent years in China indicate that there is abundant gas in areas of outbursts containing large amounts of potential energy. The adequate sealing properties of the roof and floor of a coal seam are required for local abundant gas around the site of an outburst, but an annular low-permeability zone in a coal seam, which prevents the loss by gas migration through the coal seam itself, is also required. The distribution of coal gas with this annular zone of low permeability is described, and it is proposed that the annular zone of low permeability creates conditions for confining the coal gas. The effect of this low-permeability zone on the gas distribution is analyzed after allowing for simplifications in the model. The results show that the permeability and length of the low-permeability zone have a great impact on the gas distribution. A steep gradient of gas pressure in the low-permeability zone and the high gas pressure in the abundant zone of gas can promote coal mass failure and coal wall deformation, thereby accelerating the coal and gas outburst. The high pressure gas in abundant zone of gas will lead to a large-scale outburst if an outburst occurs.
Halocline water modification and along slope advection at the Laptev Sea continental margin
Authors: Bauch D. , Torres-Valdes S. , Polyakov I. , Novikhin A. , Dmitrenko I. , McKay J. , Mix A.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. A general pattern in water mass distribution and potential shelf-basin exchanges is revealed at the Laptev Sea continental slope based on hydrochemical and stable oxygen isotope data from summers 2005–2009. Despite considerable interannual variations, a frontal system can be inferred between shelf, continental slope and central Eurasian Basin waters in the upper 100 m of the water column along the continental slope. Net sea-ice melt is consistently found at the continental slope; however the sea-ice meltwater signal is independent from the local retreat of the ice cover and appears to be advected from upwind locations. In addition to the along-slope frontal system at the continental shelf break a strong gradient is identified on the Laptev Sea shelf between 122 and 126° E with an eastward increase of riverine and sea-ice related brine water contents. These waters cross the shelf break at ~ 140° E and feed the Low Salinity Halocline Water (LSHW, salinity S < 33) in the upper 50 m of the water column. Extremely high silicate concentrations in Laptev Sea bottom waters may lead to speculation on a link to the local silicate maximum found within the salinity range of ~ 33 to 34.5, typical for the Lower Halocline Water (LHW) at the continental slope. But brine signatures and nutrient ratios from the central Laptev Sea differ from those at the continental slope. Thus a significant contribution of Laptev Sea bottom waters to the LHW at the continental slope can be excluded. The silicate maximum within the LHW at the continental slope may be formed locally or at the outer Laptev Sea shelf. Similar to the advection of the sea-ice melt signal along the Laptev Sea continental slope the nutrient signal at 50–70 m water depth within the LHW might also be fed by advection parallel to the slope. Thus, our analyses suggest that advective processes from upwind locations play a significant role in the halocline formation in the northern Laptev Sea.
Acetabular Revision in THA Using Tantalum Augments Combined with Impaction Bone Grafting
Authors: Gehrke Thorsten , Bangert Yannic , Schwantes Bernd , Gebauer Matthias , Kendoff Daniel
Published: September 2013

Introduction

Acetabular revision with associated bone loss in uncontained defects can be difficult. We report preliminary results utilising a novel technique, combining tantalum-augments with allograft bone and cemented cups.

Patients and methods

Forty-six patients undergoing cup revision with a tantalum augment and allografting were clinically (HHS) and radiographically reviewed at an average of 46 months postoperatively. There were 28 type-2B and 18 type-3A Paprosky defects. Postoperative images were assessed for osteointegration, bone-remodelling and recreation of the native hip centre.

Results

The average patient age at time of acetabular revision was 65 years, with 18 male and 28 female patients. The HHS improved on average from 44 to 82 points. Correction of the high hip centre was possible in all patients with average medialisation of 10 mm and lowering of the hip centre by 14 mm. Four patients (four hips) sustained a hip dislocation postoperatively and one required revision. Two acetabular revisions were necessary after implantation, because of early cup loosening and failure of the construct. In one of these, the tantalum augment was found to be well fixed. Of the remaining hips, at latest radiographic follow-up, 44 tantalum implants were radiographically stable and osteointegrated. Non-progressive radiolucent lines were present around the acetabular component in two other hips.

Conclusion

The combination of tantalum-augmentation with impaction allografting is a promising technique to manage severe uncontained acetabular defects.
Hypermethylation of INS Promoter in the Developing Liver of Cattle
Authors: Lisowski Pawel , Flisikowski Krzysztof , Zwierzchowski Lech
Published: September 2013

Insulin (INS) and insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) are both important for the milk synthesis in human and dairy cattle. Liver is a source of growth factors that play an important role in the regulation of milk synthesis in the mammary gland in influence its composition. Occurrence of common INS-IGF transcript and imprinting regulation in some human tissues suggests close interaction between both genes. Here, we analyzed the DNA methylation pattern of the INS promoter and IGF2 expression at six different pre- and postnatal developmental stages of bovine liver. We found stage-independent DNA hypermethylation (93%) of the INS promoter. In contrast, we observed a 4-fold decrease of the IGF2 expression in 12-month-old adult animals compared to 2-month-old fetuses. We therefore suggest that DNA methylation at the INS promoter does not directly regulate the IGF2 expression in the bovine liver.
Ending It With USEPA
Authors: Fiveash John L. , Steinmeyer Edwin A.
Published: September 2013

The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is always starting things. Once the agency has issued a compliance order, filed suit against you, or begun a criminal investigation, how do you determine the best way to end what USEPA has started? Sometimes it is not as easy to do as you might think, so before you sign that administrative Compliance Order on Consent and high‐five your co‐workers, we'll discuss the options USEPA has at its disposal and why it does not always want to fully explain or disclose them before you agree to a settlement.
Taking a holistic approach to nonrevenue water
Authors: Fiut Brian , Patience Mark
Published: September 2013

To reduce the loss of financial and natural resources associated with nonrevenue water, utilities will most effectively address the issue if they embrace a holistic view and use a number of methods that offer different solutions.
Exercise “Oval”
Authors: Spence Shannon , Thompson Phil , Bova Richard
Published: September 2013

Domestic terrorism is on the rise in the United States, and protecting the water sector from these attacks is of vital importance. Preventing an attack from occurring in the first place is the best protection, but what do you do if an attack is successfully launched against your utility? Although utilities are required to complete vulnerability studies, and many have extensive plans in place to help prevent an attack, most are not prepared for what happens after an attack. This article discusses how utilities should have a plan in place to minimize the impact on their customers and to ensure a rapid restoration of service to an affected area.
Accueillir, vêtir, nourrir, instruire, éduquer et soigner : la protection de l’enfance à l’Hospice Saint-Joseph des Soeurs Grises de Montréal (1854-1911)1
Authors: Giroux Marie-Christine
Published: September 2013

Dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle à Montréal, la bourgeoisie montante s’intéresse de plus en plus à la misère quotidienne urbaine. Avec l’appui de l’élite cléricale, elle fonde quelques institutions destinées à certaines clientèles, comme les enfants victimes de l’industrialisation et de l’urbanisation. C’est dans ce contexte qu’Olivier Berthelet, bourgeois canadien-français, fonde l’Hospice Saint-Joseph de Montréal. En 1854, cette institution charitable passe aux mains des Soeurs Grises qui y accueillent principalement des « orphelines ». Dès lors, les religieuses cherchent à s’adapter aux besoins matériels, éducatifs et spirituels des familles, et ce, en composant avec les objectifs de régulation sociale à l’origine de l’institution. Dans le cadre de la société patriarcale, elles parviennent à administrer l’Hospice bien qu’elles se heurtent constamment à des problèmes de sous-financement et de manque de personnel. Ces difficultés récurrentes les mèneront graduellement à transformer la vocation charitable de l’institution jusqu’à ce qu’elle devienne l’École ménagère Saint-Joseph en 1911. À plusieurs égards, ce cas d’étude intéressant illustre bien les limites du réseau d’assistance catholique mis en place au milieu du XIXe siècle.
À propos de « ceux qui sont en dehors de la société ». L’indigent et l’assistance publique au Québec dans la première moitié du XXe siècle1
Authors: Petitclerc Martin
Published: September 2013

La « Loi établissant le service de l’assistance publique » a suscité un vive polémique après son adoption en 1921. Cette loi prévoyait l’octroi de subventions statutaires de l’État provincial et des municipalités aux institutions privées et confessionnelles d’hébergement des indigents. La polémique, animée notamment par Henri Bourassa, a porté sur le problème de l’intervention de l’État dans un domaine traditionnellement conçu comme relevant de la responsabilité de l’Église. Prenant les thèses de Bourassa à rebours, la plupart des historiens ont analysé cette loi sous l’angle de la modernisation, soit celui de l’affirmation nécessaire des prérogatives de l’État dans le domaine de la protection sociale. Dans cet article, nous défendons plutôt la thèse que cette loi est une tentative (largement réussie) de consolidation de la gouvernementalité libérale qui s’appuyait, depuis le XIXe siècle, sur ce que Karl Polanyi a appelé le  « personnage de l’indigent ». Selon cette perspective, la loi de 1921 n’est pas une étape marquante dans la bataille séculaire entre l’État et l’Église, mais bien le moment d’une refondation de la politique libérale à l’égard du « personnage de l’indigent ». Ce dernier, défini légalement comme inapte au travail et sans soutien familial, et donc « en dehors de la société » selon une expression de l’époque, a permis de justifier le développement d’un système privé/public d’assistance charitable aux dépens de politiques sociales fondées sur une conception universelle du droit social. Cette dynamique est démontrée dans cet article par l’analyse de la question très litigieuse du droit de l’indigent à l’assistance publique.
« Un foyer pour chaque enfant ! »
Authors: Quesney Chantale
Published: September 2013

La Société d’adoption et de protection de l’enfance à Montréal fut, de 1937 à 1972, la plus importante agence de placement « hors murs » de la province. Pionnière dans le domaine au Québec, elle aura oeuvré à l’implantation des conditions légales et minimales nécessaires à la désinstitutionnalisation adéquate des enfants sans famille. De fait, le passage du placement asilaire comme mode de protection privilégié à celui en foyer d’accueil ou d’adoption, soulève des enjeux juridiques nouveaux tout comme il appelle la mise en place de pratiques et de savoirs inédits. Dans le cadre de cet article, nous nous concentrons sur deux de ceux-ci, à savoir la tutelle tierce et la technique du casework.
« Plus une oeuvre qu’un tribunal punisseur » : les jeunes délinquants devant la Cour de Bien-Être Social, 1950-19771
Authors: Moisan Frédéric
Published: September 2013

Le réseau judiciaire québécois spécialisé pour mineurs est en pleine expansion au milieu du XXe siècle. En 1950, le Québec procède à une réorganisation complète de ses tribunaux spécialisés dans le traitement de la criminalité juvénile en créant les Cours de Bien-Être Social. L’objectif principal de cette recherche est de comprendre comment, à l’intérieur d’un de ces tribunaux, entre les années 1950 et 1977, le traitement judiciaire pour jeunes délinquants a évolué. Il nous apparaît que le modèle initial d’une cour de justice coordonnée par un juge unique, souverain dans le processus décisionnel, ne pourra pas faire l’économie d’une procédure judiciaire mieux structurée et plus uniformisée d’une affaire à l’autre. Au cours des années 1960, l’approche du tribunal à l’égard des jeunes délinquants subira de profondes mutations.
Ion‐exchange kinetics based on film theory
Authors: Hatanaka Masashi , Hoshi Makoto
Published: September 2013

The ion‐exchange kinetics in polymer complexes was theoretically formulated. The regeneration of metal species from an ion‐exchange or chelate resin was described as a competitive reaction between metal ions and protons. We considered the ion‐exchange terms and the Langmuir terms to describe the rate of reaction, and film diffusion was also taken into account to describe the profile of the kinetics. In contrast to early methods, the surface concentrations were determined so that the rates of the chemical reactions and diffusion were self‐consistent. Although in the initial stage ion exchange was controlled by diffusion, in the last stage ion exchange was controlled by chemical reactions, particularly under excess acid. The kinetics were supported by experimental data for an iminodiacetic acid chelate resin and amidinourea resins. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39358.
Characterization of the thermoresponsive shape‐memory effect in poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK)
Authors: Wu Xue Lian , Huang Wei Min , Ding Zhen , Tan Hui Xin , Yang Wen Guang , Sun Ke Yuan
Published: September 2013

We conducted a systematic experimental investigation to characterize the shape‐memory effect in a commercial poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK), which is a very important high‐temperature polymers at present. The focus was on the influence of the programming conditions and heating temperature for recovery on the shape‐recovery ratio (Rr). We concluded that PEEK is not only an important engineering polymer as it is traditionally known but is also an excellent high‐temperature shape‐memory polymer. For a residual programming strain of 30%, the maximum Rr was about 90%. It was revealed that it was practically feasible to program PEEK at room temperature and to lower the recovery temperature from its melting temperature range to around its glass‐transition temperature. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39844.
Enantioselective Reactions of N‐Acyliminium Ions Using Chiral Organocatalysts
Authors: Lee Yong Sup , Alam Md. Maqusood , Keri Rangappa S
Published: September 2013

N‐acyliminium ions are reactive intermediates that can act as electron‐deficient electrophiles toward weak or soft nucleophiles, thereby providing useful methods for both intermolecular‐ and intramolecular carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bond formation. Nucleophilic additions to N‐acyliminium ions constitute an important method for providing α‐functionalized amino compounds and many other biologically active nitrogen‐containing heterocycles. The development of efficient catalytic asymmetric reactions is a key objective in modern organic chemistry and is very important for the synthesis of natural products, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals. Various methods are available for this purpose and mostly rely on the use of chiral catalysts for enantioselective synthesis. This review deals with one aspect of such catalysis, which has emerged only in the past few years, and its applications in enantioselective reactions of N‐acyliminium ions to provide various nitrogen‐containing heterocycles.
The Employability Gap and the Community College Role in Workforce Development
Authors: Myran Gunder , Ivery Curtis L.
Published: September 2013

In the first chapter of this sourcebook, one of the scenarios presented for the future urban community college was that of a “workforce development college.” In this scenario, the college of the future is the primary provider of a highly educated and talented community workforce in alignment with regional employment and economic development needs. A second scenario was that of a “social equity college” serving as a primary leader, advocate, and implementer of community‐wide efforts to shape a multiracial democracy. The chapter concludes by stating that the best future will be created by linking the two scenarios, expanded upon here by exploring ways to close employability and wealth gaps.
Precolumn o‐Phthalaldehyde‐N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine Derivatization Followed by RP‐HPLC Separation and Fluorescence Detection of Sitagliptin Enantiomers in Rat Plasma
Authors: Nageswara Rao R. , Sravan B. , Ramakrishna K. , Saida Shaik , Padiya Raju
Published: September 2013

An indirect reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatographic separation and fluorescence detection of sitagliptin enantiomers in rat plasma was developed and validated. Deproteinized rat plasma containing racemic sitagliptin was derivatized with o‐phthalaldehyde and N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine under alkaline conditions, converted to diastereomers, and separated on a Lichrospher 100 RP‐18e column using 20 mM phosphate buffer and methanol (45:55 v/v) as a mobile phase under isocratic mode of elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Fluorescence detection was performed at 330 and 450 nm as excitation and emission wavelengths, respectively. The method was linear in the range of 50–5000 ng/ mL for both enantiomers. The intra‐ and interday accuracy and precision were within the predefined limits of ≤15% at all concentrations. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of sitagliptin after 5 mg/kg oral administration to Wistar rats. Robustness of the method was evaluated using design of experiments. Chirality 25:883–889, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polymer‐free Vertical Transfer of Silicon Nanowires and their Application to Energy Storage
Authors: Kim Han‐Jung , Lee Jihye , Lee Sang Eon , Kim Wanjung , Kim Hwan Jin , Choi Dae‐Geun , Park Jong Hyeok
Published: September 2013

Silicon nanowires (SiNWs) for use as lithium‐ion battery (LIB) anode materials have been studied for their one‐dimensional (1D) properties and ability to accommodate large volume changes and avoid rapid capacity fading during cycling. Although the vertical transfer of SiNWs from their original substrate onto a conducting electrode is very important, to date, there has been no report of a direct integration method without polymer binders. Here, we propose for the first time a vertical transfer method for SiNWs grown on a Si substrate directly to the current‐collecting electrode without using a polymer adhesive for the use as a binder‐free LIB anode. The vertical SiNWs produced using a low‐cost wafer‐scale metal‐assisted chemical etching (MaCE) process have been successfully transferred directly to a copper electrode coated with a thin Ag layer by using a simple hot pressing method. When evaluated as an LIB anode without using conventional polymeric binder and a conducting additive, the transferred vertically aligned SiNWs showed a high specific capacity (≈2150 mAh g−1) and excellent rate performance. It is believed that the anode‐manufacturing process is simple and fast, thus enabling a large‐scale production that is of low‐cost, broadly applicable, and provides new avenues for the rational engineering of Si‐based electrode materials with enhanced power density and conductivity.
Wide Electrochemical Window of Supercapacitors from Coffee Bean‐Derived Phosphorus‐Rich Carbons
Authors: Huang Congcong , Sun Ting , Hulicova‐Jurcakova Denisa
Published: September 2013

Phosphorus‐rich carbons (PCs) were prepared by phosphoric acid activation of waste coffee grounds in different impregnation ratios. PCs were characterized by nitrogen and carbon dioxide adsorption and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results indicate that the activation step not only creates a porous structure, but also introduces various phosphorus and oxygen functional groups to the surface of carbons. As evidenced by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and wide potential window tests, a supercapacitor constructed from PC‐2 (impregnation ratio of 2), with the highest phosphorus content, can operate very stably in 1 M H2SO4 at 1.5 V with only 18 % degradation after 10 000 cycles at a current density of 5 A g−1. Due to the wide electrochemical window, a supercapacitor assembled with PC‐2 has a high energy density of 15 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 75 W kg−1. The possibility of widening the potential window above the theoretical potential for the decomposition of water is attributed to reversible electrochemical hydrogen storage in narrow micropores and the positive effect of phosphorus‐rich functional groups, particularly the polyphosphates on the carbon surface.