bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Residential green space in childhood is associated with lower risk of psychiatric disorders from adolescence into adulthood
Authors: Engemann Kristine , Pedersen Carsten Bøcker , Arge Lars , Tsirogiannis Constantinos , Mortensen Preben Bo , Svenning Jens-Christian
Published: February 2019

Urban residence is associated with a higher risk of some psychiatric disorders, but the underlying drivers remain unknown. There is increasing evidence that the level of exposure to natural environments impacts mental health, but few large-scale epidemiological studies have assessed the general existence and importance of such associations. Here, we investigate the prospective association between green space and mental health in the Danish population. Green space presence was assessed at the individual level using high-resolution satellite data to calculate the normalized difference vegetation index within a 210 × 210 m square around each person’s place of residence (∼1 million people) from birth to the age of 10. We show that high levels of green space presence during childhood are associated with lower risk of a wide spectrum of psychiatric disorders later in life. Risk for subsequent mental illness for those who lived with the lowest level of green space during childhood was up to 55% higher across various disorders compared with those who lived with the highest level of green space. The association remained even after adjusting for urbanization, socioeconomic factors, parental history of mental illness, and parental age. Stronger association of cumulative green space presence during childhood compared with single-year green space presence suggests that presence throughout childhood is important. Our results show that green space during childhood is associated with better mental health, supporting efforts to better integrate natural environments into urban planning and childhood life.
Mechanical diffraction reveals the role of passive dynamics in a slithering snake
Authors: Schiebel Perrin E. , Rieser Jennifer M. , Hubbard Alex M. , Chen Lillian , Rocklin D. Zeb , Goldman Daniel I.
Published: February 2019

Limbless animals like snakes inhabit most terrestrial environments, generating thrust to overcome drag on the elongate body via contacts with heterogeneities. The complex body postures of some snakes and the unknown physics of most terrestrial materials frustrates understanding of strategies for effective locomotion. As a result, little is known about how limbless animals contend with unplanned obstacle contacts. We studied a desert snake,
Chionactis occipitalis
, which uses a stereotyped head-to-tail traveling wave to move quickly on homogeneous sand. In laboratory experiments, we challenged snakes to move across a uniform substrate and through a regular array of force-sensitive posts. The snakes were reoriented by the array in a manner reminiscent of the matter-wave diffraction of subatomic particles. Force patterns indicated the animals did not change their self-deformation pattern to avoid or grab the posts. A model using open-loop control incorporating previously described snake muscle activation patterns and body-buckling dynamics reproduced the observed patterns, suggesting a similar control strategy may be used by the animals. Our results reveal how passive dynamics can benefit limbless locomotors by allowing robust transit in heterogeneous environments with minimal sensing.
Fecal stanols show simultaneous flooding and seasonal precipitation change correlate with Cahokia’s population decline
Authors: White A.J. , Stevens Lora R. , Lorenzi Varenka , Munoz Samuel E. , Schroeder Sissel , Cao Angelica , Bogdanovich Taylor
Published: February 2019

Significance

Our article examines the relationship between the population size of Cahokia, one of the most significant archaeological sites in North America, and evidence for major flooding and drought events. We use changes in the concentrations of fecal molecules contained in lake sediment as a proxy of population change and directly compare these variations with paleoenvironmental data from the same sediment core. These data show that a shift to decreased summer precipitation and a Mississippi River flood occurred circa 1150 CE, coinciding with a decline in the region’s population and a major climate transition. Our study highlights the importance of multiple, concurrent environmental stressors in combination with societal tensions as contributors to sociopolitical change.
Widespread global peatland establishment and persistence over the last 130,000 y
Authors: Treat Claire C. , Kleinen Thomas , Broothaerts Nils , Dalton April S. , Dommain René , Douglas Thomas A. , Drexler Judith Z. , Finkelstein Sarah A. , Grosse Guido , Hope Geoffrey , Hutchings Jack , Jones Miriam C. , Kuhry Peter , Lacourse Terri , Lähteenoja Outi , Loisel Julie , Notebaert Bastiaan , Payne Richard J. , Peteet Dorothy M. , Sannel A. Britta K. , Stelling Jonathan M. , Strauss Jens , Swindles Graeme T. , Talbot Julie , Tarnocai Charles , Verstraeten Gert , Williams Christopher J. , Xia Zhengyu , Yu Zicheng , Väliranta Minna , Hättestrand Martina , Alexanderson Helena , Brovkin Victor
Published: February 2019

Glacial−interglacial variations in CO
2
and methane in polar ice cores have been attributed, in part, to changes in global wetland extent, but the wetland distribution before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21 ka to 18 ka) remains virtually unknown. We present a study of global peatland extent and carbon (C) stocks through the last glacial cycle (130 ka to present) using a newly compiled database of 1,063 detailed stratigraphic records of peat deposits buried by mineral sediments, as well as a global peatland model. Quantitative agreement between modeling and observations shows extensive peat accumulation before the LGM in northern latitudes (>40°N), particularly during warmer periods including the last interglacial (130 ka to 116 ka, MIS 5e) and the interstadial (57 ka to 29 ka, MIS 3). During cooling periods of glacial advance and permafrost formation, the burial of northern peatlands by glaciers and mineral sediments decreased active peatland extent, thickness, and modeled C stocks by 70 to 90% from warmer times. Tropical peatland extent and C stocks show little temporal variation throughout the study period. While the increased burial of northern peats was correlated with cooling periods, the burial of tropical peat was predominately driven by changes in sea level and regional hydrology. Peat burial by mineral sediments represents a mechanism for long-term terrestrial C storage in the Earth system. These results show that northern peatlands accumulate significant C stocks during warmer times, indicating their potential for C sequestration during the warming Anthropocene.
Activation of GCN2 by the ribosomal P-stalk
Authors: Inglis Alison J. , Masson Glenn R. , Shao Sichen , Perisic Olga , McLaughlin Stephen H. , Hegde Ramanujan S. , Williams Roger L.
Published: February 2019

Significance

General control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) phosphorylates eIF2α, regulating translation in response to nutritional stress. Here, we show that although tRNA stimulates purified, recombinant human GCN2 in vitro, mammalian ribosomes are even more potent GCN2 activators. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange–mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) showed GCN2 interacting with domain II of the uL10 P-stalk protein. The P-stalk is a uL10/P1
2
/P2
2
pentameric complex that is part of the ribosomal GTPase-associated center. Recombinant human P-stalk greatly stimulates GCN2. Both domain II of uL10 and the C-terminal tails of P1 and P2 are necessary for maximal GCN2 activation. On actively translating ribosomes, the C-terminal tails of P1 and P2 are sequestered by elongation factors, suggesting P-stalk availability could link translational stress to GCN2 activation.
Columnar clusters in the human motion complex reflect consciously perceived motion axis
Authors: Schneider Marian , Kemper Valentin G. , Emmerling Thomas C. , De Martino Federico , Goebel Rainer
Published: February 2019

The specific contents of human consciousness rely on the activity of specialized neurons in cerebral cortex. We hypothesized that the conscious experience of a specific visual motion axis is reflected in response amplitudes of direction-selective clusters in the human motion complex. Using submillimeter fMRI at ultrahigh field (7 T) we identified fine-grained clusters that were tuned to either horizontal or vertical motion presented in an unambiguous motion display. We then recorded their responses while human observers reported the perceived axis of motion for an ambiguous apparent motion display. Although retinal stimulation remained constant, subjects reported recurring changes between horizontal and vertical motion percepts every 7 to 13 s. We found that these perceptual states were dissociatively reflected in the response amplitudes of the identified horizontal and vertical clusters. We also found that responses to unambiguous motion were organized in a columnar fashion such that motion preferences were stable in the direction of cortical depth and changed when moving along the cortical surface. We suggest that activity in these specialized clusters is involved in tracking the distinct conscious experience of a particular motion axis.
Simultaneous spatiotemporal tracking and oxygen sensing of transient implants in vivo using hot-spot MRI and machine learning
Authors: Spanoudaki Virginia , Doloff Joshua C. , Huang Wei , Norcross Samuel R. , Farah Shady , Langer Robert , Anderson Daniel G.
Published: February 2019

Significance

In this work we performed long-term, time and spatially resolved in vivo position and oxygen sensing of differently sized biomaterial implants that are transient and moving in the intraperitoneal space. Prior studies of biomaterial oxygenation using imaging have been limited to fixed, defined implantation areas with no consideration regarding how the material environment changes over time. In this study, we derived associations between changes in the spatial arrangement of the implants and their oxygen content by using unsupervised machine-learning clustering algorithms that screened for patterns over thousands of 2D images. The methodology presented here can be used to guide more efficient design of cellular transplants where proper oxygenation is of utmost importance for therapeutic efficacy.
Tracing emergent multilectal styles
Authors: Stell Gerald
Published: February 2019

This study addresses the question of how focused code-switching practices can become. It takes two complementary approaches to determine sorts and degrees of focusing, namely, a sequential analyst perspective, and a holistic perspective involving general sociolinguistic data and member’s perspectives. The case study presented involves a multilectal interaction between urban speakers of Oshiwambo, the main ethnic language of Namibia, where it cohabits with English and Afrikaans, the country’s lingua francas. The analysis reveals a range of structurally or qualitatively distinctive CS patterns involving Oshiwambo (dialects), English, and Afrikaans, used by all participants. Mostly alternational CS and specific types of backflagging display sequential regularity, while other CS patterns seem randomly distributed, at first sight an attribute of ‘free variation’. However, the examination of social indexicalities attached to the observed CS patterns shows that they all contribute to the performance of a multi-layered balancing act between urban and ethnic authenticities.
Puerto Rico as colonial palimpsest
Authors: Mellinger Christopher D.
Published: February 2019

This article presents a microhistory of Puerto Rico that investigates the role of translation and language policy during the transition from Spanish to U.S. colonial rule. Two specific periods, namely the transitional military government from 1898 to 1900 and the first civilian government from 1900 to 1917, provide the framework within which the study is conducted. Analyses of official language and translation policies, as well as historical documents from governmental and educational contexts, illustrate the multiple, conflicting agendas employed by the new colonial power to Americanize the island. Results also demonstrate how codified policies do not fully account for the linguistic and cultural landscape in colonial contexts, thereby requiring closer examination of translation practices and beliefs and their interplay with translation policy.
The behaviour of steel coated with TiB2 in Sn-Ag-Cu melt
Authors: Benke Marton , Salyi Zsolt , Takats Viktor , Csik Attila , Rugoczky Peter , Kaptay George
Published: February 2019

The behaviour of TiB2 coated steel in Sn-Ag–Cu based solder melt was investigated. The samples were subjected to immersion tests in static solder melt for 40 days at 593 K. The reactions at the solder/native oxide layer covered TiB2/substrate and solder/oxide layer-free TiB2/substrate interfaces were investigated with X-ray diffraction, secondary neutral mass spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The thermodynamic background of possible reactions is also presented. It was found that neither oxide covered, nor oxide layer-free TiB2 showed any observable reaction with the Sn-Ag–Cu solder melt.
Effect of stand-off distance in thermally sprayed copper coating
Authors: Nigam S. , Mahapatra S. S. , Patel S. K.
Published: February 2019

The present work demonstrates a two-step method to deposit copper over ABS plastic using electric arc thermal spray means. The energy dispersive spectroscopy confirmed the deposition of copper metal. The adhesive strength demonstrates an increasing trend as the stand-off distance increases from 11 to 17 cm, and decreases as the stand-off distance further increases till 23 cm. For surface roughness, porosity and coating thickness, an increasing trend was noticeable as the stand-off distance increases from 11 to 15 cm, and then assumes a decreasing trend till 23 cm of stand-off distance. The surface residual stress demonstrates decreasing course as the stand-off distance increases from 11 to 23 cm. Different factors engaged during the deposition of molten metal droplet on the ABS substrate such as thermal softening, oxide content, particle velocity and cooling rate dictated the characteristic outcome such as adhesive strength, roughness, porosity coating thickness and surface residual stress.
Anxiolytic effects of theaflavins via dopaminergic activation in the frontal cortex
Authors: Kita Masahiro , Uchida Shinichi , Yamada Koji , Ano Yasuhisa
Published: February 2019

Epidemiological investigations have reported that the habit of drinking tea reduces the risk of developing a mental disorder, including anxiety disorder and depression. Theaflavins, black tea polyphenols, show antibacterial and anti-oxidative effects, but their effects on brain function, especially mental condition, have not been elucidated. The present study demonstrated that theaflavins increased dopamine (DA) turnover in the frontal cortex and showed an anxiolytic effect in mice. Theaflavin consumption increased the time spent by mice in the open arms of an elevated plus maze test. Theaflavin administration increased the levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and the ratios of DOPAC/DA and (DOPAC+homovanillic acids)/DA indicating DA turnover, in the frontal cortex. These results suggest that the consumption of theaflavins induced anxiolytic effects via activation of the dopaminergic system in the frontal cortex, which support the findings of previous epidemiological studies. Theaflavins in black tea may be helpful to reduce anxiety in daily life. (150/150 words).
Eph signaling controls mitotic spindle orientation and cell proliferation in neuroepithelial cells
Authors: Franco Maribel , Carmena Ana
Published: February 2019

Mitotic spindle orientation must be tightly regulated during development and adult tissue homeostasis. It determines cell-fate specification and tissue architecture during asymmetric and symmetric cell division, respectively. Here, we uncover a novel role for Ephrin–Eph intercellular signaling in controlling mitotic spindle alignment in Drosophila optic lobe neuroepithelial cells through aPKC activity–dependent myosin II regulation. We show that conserved core components of the mitotic spindle orientation machinery, including Discs Large1, Mud/NuMA, and Canoe/Afadin, mislocalize in dividing Eph mutant neuroepithelial cells and produce spindle alignment defects in these cells when they are down-regulated. In addition, the loss of Eph leads to a Rho signaling–dependent activation of the PI3K–Akt1 pathway, enhancing cell proliferation within this neuroepithelium. Hence, Eph signaling is a novel extrinsic mechanism that regulates both spindle orientation and cell proliferation in the Drosophila optic lobe neuroepithelium. Similar mechanisms could operate in other Drosophila and vertebrate epithelia.
Drosophila FGF cleavage is required for efficient intracellular sorting and intercellular dispersal
Authors: Sohr Alex , Du Lijuan , Wang Ruofan , Lin Li , Roy Sougata
Published: February 2019

How morphogenetic signals are prepared for intercellular dispersal and signaling is fundamental to the understanding of tissue morphogenesis. We discovered an intracellular mechanism that prepares Drosophila melanogaster FGF Branchless (Bnl) for cytoneme-mediated intercellular dispersal during the development of the larval Air-Sac-Primordium (ASP). Wing-disc cells express Bnl as a proprotein that is cleaved by Furin1 in the Golgi. Truncated Bnl sorts asymmetrically to the basal surface, where it is received by cytonemes that extend from the recipient ASP cells. Uncleavable mutant Bnl has signaling activity but is mistargeted to the apical side, reducing its bioavailability. Since Bnl signaling levels feedback control cytoneme production in the ASP, the reduced availability of mutant Bnl on the source basal surface decreases ASP cytoneme numbers, leading to a reduced range of signal/signaling gradient and impaired ASP growth. Thus, enzymatic cleavage ensures polarized intracellular sorting and availability of Bnl to its signaling site, thereby determining its tissue-specific intercellular dispersal and signaling range.
CapZ integrates several signaling pathways in response to mechanical stiffness
Authors: Solís Christopher , Russell Brenda
Published: February 2019

Muscle adaptation is a response to physiological demand elicited by changes in mechanical load, hormones, or metabolic stress. Cytoskeletal remodeling processes in many cell types are thought to be primarily regulated by thin filament formation due to actin-binding accessory proteins, such as the actin-capping protein. Here, we hypothesize that in muscle, the actin-capping protein (named CapZ) integrates signaling by a variety of pathways, including phosphorylation and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) binding, to regulate muscle fiber growth in response to mechanical load. To test this hypothesis, we assess mechanotransduction signaling that regulates muscle growth using neonatal rat ventricular myocytes cultured on substrates with the stiffness of the healthy myocardium (10 kPa), fibrotic myocardium (100 kPa), or glass. We investigate how PIP2 signaling affects CapZ using the PIP2 sequestering agent neomycin and the effect of PKC-mediated CapZ phosphorylation using the PKC-activating drug phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Molecular simulations suggest that close interactions between PIP2 and the β-tentacle of CapZ are modified by phosphorylation at T267. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) demonstrates that the kinetic binding constant of CapZ to sarcomeric thin filaments in living muscle cells increases with stiffness or PMA treatment but is diminished by PIP2 reduction. Furthermore, CapZ with a deletion of the β-tentacle that lacks the phosphorylation site T267 shows increased FRAP kinetics with lack of sensitivity to PMA treatment or PIP2 reduction. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) probes the molecular interactions between PIP2 and CapZ, which are decreased by PIP2 availability or by the β-tentacle truncation. These data suggest that CapZ is bound to actin tightly in the idle, locked state, with little phosphorylation or PIP2 binding. However, this tight binding is loosened in growth states triggered by mechanical stimuli such as substrate stiffness, which may have relevance to fibrotic heart disease.
Bilateral comparison on time differences between two pulses between TÜBİTAK UME and SASO NMCC (GULFMET.TF-S1)
Authors: Yoğun Mesut , Harbi Waleed M Al , Al-Dawood Khalid S , Pehlivan Ihsan
Published: February 2019

In this bilateral comparison the pre-defined time intervals between two pulses have been measured by using both the high speed oscilloscope and the time interval counter. The pulses used in the measurements have been generated by a modified delay generator which is commercially available.

KEY WORDS FOR SEARCH

Time interval measurement, time interval comparison, delay generator

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCTF, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Can comprehensive geriatric assessment be delivered without the need for geriatricians? A formative evaluation in two perioperative surgical settings
Authors: Kocman David , Regen Emma , Phelps Kay , Martin Graham , Parker Stuart , Gilbert Thomas , Conroy Simon
Published: February 2019

Introduction

the aim of this study was to design an approach to improving care for frail older patients in hospital services where comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) was not part of the clinical tradition.

Methods

the intervention was based on the principles of CGA, using quality improvement methodology to embed care processes. Qualitative methods and coproduction were used to inform development of the intervention, which was directed towards the health care professionals involved in peri-operative/surgical cancer care pathways in two large UK teaching hospitals. A formative, qualitative evaluation was undertaken; data collection and analysis were guided by normalisation process theory.

Results

the clinicians involved agreed to use the toolkit, identifying potential benefits including improved surgical decision making and delivery of interventions pre-operatively. However, sites concluded that pre-operative assessment was not the best place for CGA, and at the end of the 12-month trial, implementation was still nascent. Efforts competed against the dominance of national time-limited targets, and concerns relating to patients’ immediate treatment and recovery. Some participants involved in the peri-operative pathway felt that CGA required ongoing specialist input from geriatricians, but it was not clear that this was sustainable.

Conclusions

clinical toolkits designed to empower non-geriatric teams to deliver CGA were received with initial enthusiasm, but did not fully achieve their stated aims due to the need for an extended period of service development with geriatrician support, competing priorities, and divergent views about appropriate professional domains.
Update on Avoiding and Treating Blindness From Fillers: A Recent Review of the World Literature
Authors: Beleznay Katie , Carruthers Jean D A , Humphrey Shannon , Carruthers Alastair , Jones Derek
Published: February 2019

Background

Sudden loss of vision secondary to filler treatments is a rare but catastrophic complication.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to update the published cases of blindness after filler injection that have occurred since we published our review of 98 cases in 2015, and to discuss prevention and management strategies.

Methods

A literature review was performed to identify all cases of visual complications caused by filler injection identified between January 2015 and September 2018.

Results

Forty-eight new published cases of partial or complete vision loss after filler injection were identified. The sites that were highest risk were the nasal region (56.3%), glabella (27.1%), forehead (18.8%), and nasolabial fold (14.6%). Hyaluronic acid filler was the cause of this complication in 81.3% of cases. Vision loss, pain, ophthalmoplegia, and ptosis were the most common reported symptoms. Skin changes were seen in 43.8% of cases and central nervous system complications were seen in 18.8% of cases. Ten cases (20.8%) experienced complete recovery of vision, whereas 8 cases (16.7%) reported only partial recovery. Management strategies varied greatly and there were no treatments that were shown to be consistently successful.

Conclusions

Although the risk of blindness from fillers is rare, practitioners who inject filler should have a thorough knowledge of this complication including prevention and management strategies.

Level of Evidence: 5
Translational activation of maternally derived mRNAs in oocytes and early embryos and the role of embryonic poly(A) binding protein (EPAB)
Authors: Esencan Ecem , Kallen Amanda , Zhang Man , Seli Emre
Published: February 2019

Transcription ceases upon stimulation of oocyte maturation and gene expression during oocyte maturation, fertilization, and early cleavage relies on translational activation of maternally derived mRNAs. Two key mechanisms that mediate translation of mRNAs in oocytes have been described in detail: cytoplasmic polyadenylation-dependent and -independent. Both of these mechanisms utilize specific protein complexes that interact with cis-acting sequences located on 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR), and both involve embryonic poly(A) binding protein (EPAB), the predominant poly(A) binding protein during early development. While mechanistic details of these pathways have primarily been elucidated using the Xenopus model, their roles are conserved in mammals and targeted disruption of key regulators in mouse results in female infertility. Here, we provide a detailed account of the molecular mechanisms involved in translational activation during oocyte and early embryo development, and the role of EPAB in this process.
Subcutaneous Absorption Contributes to Observed Interindividual Variability in Adalimumab Serum Concentrations in Crohn’s Disease: A Prospective Multicentre Study
Authors: Vande Casteele Niels , Baert Filip , Bian Sumin , Dreesen Erwin , Compernolle Griet , Van Assche Gert , Ferrante Marc , Vermeire Severine , Gils Ann
Published: February 2019

Background and Aim

Therapeutic drug monitoring is used to optimise adalimumab therapy in patients with Crohn’s disease [CD]. However, the interindividual variability in drug absorption and the quantitative effect on drug clearance of anti-adalimumab antibodies [AAA], measured with a drug-resistant assay, are unclear. We aimed to characterise adalimumab population pharmacokinetics [PopPK] and identify determinants of interindividual variability in patients with CD.

Methods

In a prospective multicentre open-label cohort study in 28 patients with CD starting adalimumab therapy peak, intermediate, and trough serum samples were analysed for adalimumab and AAA concentrations using a drug resistant assay. Adalimumab concentration-time data were analysed by non-linear mixed effects modelling and were adequately described by a PopPK model with first-order absorption and one-compartment disposition with linear elimination. Clinical remission at Week 12 [W12] was defined as a Harvey-Bradshaw index ≤4.

Results

The absorption rate, volume of distribution, and clearance estimates of a typical patient were respectively 0.343 /day, 7.8 L, and 0.330 L/day. A 4-fold difference in the range of adalimumab concentrations was observed 7 days after the first dose and found to be inversely correlated with baseline lean body weight [LBW], soluble tumour necrosis factor [s-TNF], and s-TNF receptor-1 whereas positive AAA and higher LBW were found to be important predictors of accelerated clearance. An adalimumab concentration at W12 of >7.3 µg/mL was significantly associated with achieving clinical remission at W12.

Conclusion

Variability in subcutaneous drug absorption is an important contributor to the observed interindividual variability in adalimumab concentrations, in addition to drug clearance [ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02450513].
Effectiveness of different debonding techniques and adjunctive methods on pain and discomfort perception during debonding fixed orthodontic appliances: a systematic review
Authors: Almuzian Mohammed , Rizk Mumen Z , Ulhaq Aman , Alharbi Fahad , Alomari Sawsan , Mohammed Hisham
Published: February 2019

Background

Pain is an unpleasant side-effect that can be experienced during orthodontic procedures including debonding of fixed appliances. Pain experience can vary depending on the appliance, debonding technique, as well as adjunctive measures used.

Objectives

The primary objective of this systematic review was to assess the effectiveness of different debonding techniques and adjunctive methods on pain/discomfort perception during debonding procedure (PDP) of fixed orthodontic appliances. The secondary objective was to assess the effects of anatomic location and gender on PDP of fixed orthodontic appliances.

Search methods

Multiple electronic databases were searched from inception to August 2018. Reference lists of the included articles were manually screened.

Selection criteria

Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials were included.

Data collection and analysis

Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were performed independently by two reviewers according to Cochrane guidelines, with disputes resolved by a third reviewer. Clinical heterogeneity in study design and methodology prevented quantitative synthesis of the data.

Results

The search yielded 198 articles after the removal of duplicates. Seven studies were included in the final review with a total of 307 participants aged 12–60 years. Of the four studies comparing different debonding instruments of labial fixed appliances, two studies showed that the lift-off debonding instrument (LODI) produced lower PDP levels than ligature cutting pliers. Three studies compared adjunctive measures to reduce PDP of labial fixed appliances. Finger pressure and bite wafers significantly reduced PDP levels. Analgesics administration (ibuprofen + paracetamol tablets) 1 hour prior to debonding also reduced PDP. PDP was significantly higher in anterior segments and in females.

Limitations

The authors acknowledge that there was clinical heterogeneity among the included studies and that the potential effect of diurnal variation on pain during debonding was not considered in any of the included trials.

Conclusions and implications

There is weak evidence indicating that using the LODI may reduce PDP of labial fixed appliances. Adjunctive measures such as an intrusive force with finger pressure, bite wafers, and preoperative analgesia may further aid PDP control. Further well-designed parallel-group RCTs taking into consideration the diurnal variation in pain are required.

Registration

PROSPERO (CRD42017084474).

Funding

None.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Labour frictions in interwar Britain: industrial reshuffling and the origin of mass unemployment
Authors: Luzardo-Luna Ivan
Published: February 2019

This article estimates the matching function of the British labour market for the period of 1921–1934. Changes in matching efficiency can explain both employment resilience during the Great Depression and the high structural unemployment throughout the interwar period. Early in the 1920s, matching efficiency improved due to the development of the retail industry. However, the econometric results show a structural break in March 1927, related to a major industrial reshuffling that reduced the demand for workers in staple industries. Since these industries were geographically concentrated, there was an increase in the average distance between the unemployed and vacancies, and matching efficiency declined.
Translation and cultural adaptation of the Communication Assessment Tool (CAT), developing a Danish and Norwegian version
Authors: Iversen Else Dalsgaard , Steinsbekk Aslak , Falbe Vind Birgitte , Bangsgaard Annemarie , Cold Søren , Ammentorp Jette
Published: February 2019

Objective

To translate and cultural adapt the 14-item Communication Assessment Tool (CAT) into Norwegian and Danish, making them as similar as possible.

Design

This was a translation and validation study including individual interviews for content and face validity and a patient survey for internal consistency and floor-ceiling effect.

Setting

Outpatient clinic at the Department of Internal Medicine, Lillebaelt Hospital, Denmark and a Norwegian general practice.

Participants

Ten patients were included for individual interviews and 440 participants completed the survey.

Main Outcome Measure

Translation and validation of the CAT.

Results

Despite minor differences in the use of words in the translated versions of CAT, the final versions were very similar. Based on the content and face validation and after agreement with the developers, it was decided to include a ‘non-applicable’ answering option, not a part of the original version. The use of ‘non-applicable’ for each item ranged from 0% to 30% in Norway and from 0% to 6.1% in Denmark. The overall CAT score, i.e. items rated excellent, were 55.5% in Norway and 50.3% in Denmark. For each item, the CAT score ranged between 31.3% and 69.8% in Norway and 33.7% and 57.4% in Denmark.

Conclusion

The translated and validated CAT can be used to measure patients’ perspectives on clinicians’ communication skills in Denmark and Norway.
Spotted-Wing Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Adult Movement, Activity, and Oviposition Behavior in Maine Wild Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium; Ericales: Ericaceae)
Authors: Drummond Francis A , Ballman Elissa , Collins Judith A
Published: February 2019

Over a period of 5 yr (2012–2016), we conducted laboratory and field studies on activity, movement, and response to trap placement of adult Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) in wild blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton, fields in Maine. When measuring temporal patterns in fruit infestation, we found that D. suzukii females are most active in the morning and that they are 10 times more likely to lay eggs in blueberries at the top of the plant canopy compared with berries located in the lower part of the bush. Flies were found to be more abundant in fruit-bearing (crop) fields compared with pruned (vegetative) fields based on trap capture of adults. They are also most abundant along edges of fields compared with interiors. Trap efficiency is significantly better in traps 1.2 m above the ground and above the crop canopy of this low-growing crop plant than within the crop canopy. Three experiments involving the marking of laboratory-reared flies with fluorescent marker, their release, and capture with traps along a grid in fields suggest that: 1) fluorescent markers do not affect the distance moved of marked flies, 2) dispersal rates are not different between sexes, 3) there is little difference in the dispersal pattern through pruned fields and fruit-bearing fields, and 4) flies disperse at a low rate of 0.1–30 m per day, with an average of 5 m per day, but that long-distance dispersal over 1–2 km is feasible based on statistical model extrapolation.
The Kidney in Pregnancy
Authors: Yu Samuel Mon-Wei , Acharya Anjali
Published: February 2019

Kidney function is essential to a healthy pregnancy. Both pregnancy and chronic kidney disease (CKD) can impact the outcome of the other. While pregnancy is possible in women with CKD, both the mother and the foetus are at a high risk for complications as well as progression of CKD. Recognizing the many physiologic as well as anantomic adaptations that occur in the kidney during pregnancy is essential to prevention, early identification, diagnostic evaluation as well as therapeutic interventions that can lead to a successful pregnancy. This chapter reviews the etiology, diagnosis and management of the full spectrum of kidney injury including acute kidney injury, CKD, patients with end stage kidney disease requiring renal replacement therapy, pregnancy in patient’s with a renal graft and systemic illnesses associated with pregnancy.
Laboratory Investigation of the Kidney
Authors: Larson Timothy S.
Published: February 2019

Kidney disease and injury is largely silent with few overt clinical manifestations until disease or injury is quite advanced. For this reason, laboratory testing is the mainstay of the assessment and monitoring of kidney injury or disease. A number of modalities have been used, some new, while others have been in place for many years. These laboratory testing modalities include routine urinalysis, assessment of proteinuria and albuminuria, markers of proximal tubule function and injury, and new markers for acute kidney injury. Additionally, several means are now available for the determination of glomerular filtration rate either through direct measurements using clearance markers or indirectly through empirically derived equations to estimate the glomerular filtration rate.
Fundamental of Kidney Pathology
Authors: Bagnasco Serena M.
Published: February 2019

The objective of this chapter is to provide a brief but comprehensive review of the pathologic features of renal disease in the native and transplanted kidney. A brief introduction describes the technical aspects of renal biopsy processing for pathologic examination. The main pathologic characteristics of light microscopy, immunofluorescence/immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy are described for different glomerulopathies and for tubulointerstitial and vascular diseases in the native kidney, including minimal change disease, glomerular tip lesion, focal segmental glomerulosclerosism, membranous nephropathy, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, diabetes, hypertension, thrombotic microangiopathy, and renal disease associated with paraproteins and plasma cell dyscrasias. A separate section deals with the pathology of the renal allograft. Tables are included with summaries of current classification schemes for selected diseases.
Pharmacologic Renal Protection
Authors: Hussein Wael F. , Stack Austin G.
Published: February 2019

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common condition associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. It is also associated with multiple complications that increase in frequency and severity as kidney function declines. The identification and treatment of factors that contribute to CKD progression offer huge opportunities to stem the growing tide of end-stage kidney disease. Control of hypertension is imperative to reduce risk of disease progression and cardiovascular complications. The prevention and reduction of proteinuria is an equally important goal to prevent the long-term risk of kidney failure. This review describes both existing and novel reno-protective strategies proven to slow or prevent CKD. The authors emphasize the potential benefit offered by newer pharmacologic agents in protecting kidney function. With the emergence of this global epidemic, it is now more important than ever before for the medical community to critically define factors that predict disease progression and determine the efficacy of targeted intervention strategies.
Renal Artery Stenosis and Revascularization
Authors: Messana Joseph A. , Townsend Raymond R.
Published: February 2019

Stenosis of the renal arteries is a relatively common finding in patients with kidney function impairment, often in the setting of generalized atherosclerotic disease. Most cases of renal artery stenosis are atherosclerotic and found in smokers or elderly patients. Fibromuscular dysplasia is less common and occurs more in younger patients and in the distal segments of the renal artery. Although reasonably easy to find, it is challenging to know what to do when atherosclerotic renal disease is present. Correction of obstructing lesions has high technical success, with relatively low risk, but the controlled trial data comparing intervention with medical therapy in atherosclerotic renovascular disease shows similar outcomes on blood pressure and kidney function. Younger people with fibromuscular dysplasias, on the other hand, appear to benefit from intervention. Limitations in the field and areas of opportunity include determining what characterizes a clinically significant obstructive lesion and in which circumstances has ischemic disease rendered intervention inconsequential.
Choice of Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Samoni Sara , Ronco Claudio
Published: February 2019

In the absence of any effective pharmacologic therapies, severe acute kidney injury (AKI) is usually managed through renal replacement therapy (RRT). According to evidence, RRT should be considered when renal capacity cannot guarantee a sufficient metabolic, electrolyte, and fluid balance. Once the initiation of RRT has been decided, physicians must address the vascular access placement and prescribe the modality, the dose, and the anticoagulation of the treatment. As RRT should be tailored to the patient, initial prescriptions should be varied according to the current patient’s need. Once the acute kidney insult has been solved, a full, partial, or no renal recovery may occur. Hence, different degrees of chronic kidney disease (CKD) may persist. It is generally accepted that AKI and CKD are closely linked in a highly complex relationship. The development of AKI and the worsening of CKD might recycle in the patient life until end-stage renal disease.
Preserving Residual Kidney Function
Authors: Dhruve Miten J. , Bargman Joanne M. , Bargman Joanne M.
Published: February 2019

Residual kidney function is strongly associated with benefits in survival, morbidity, and quality of life in both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Possible explanations include better volume control in dialysis patients who maintain significant urine volume, better middle molecule and other toxin clearance by the kidneys, and a lower level of systemic inflammation associated with ongoing kidney function. The residual kidney function should be monitored and preserved if at all possible. Practices such as incremental dialysis, avoidance of interim hemodialysis in those choosing peritoneal dialysis, avoidance of peritonitis and nephrotoxic medications, use of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system blockade, and maintenance of transplant kidney function with ongoing low-level immunosuppression are all methods that can be implemented to help protect this vital function.
Principles of Drug Therapy in Reduced Kidney Function
Authors: Nguyen Timothy , Tran Tran , Dowling Thomas
Published: February 2019

The prevalence of kidney disease is high. Most drugs are excreted by the kidneys and drug dosage adjustments are likely required in renal impairment to avoid accumulation and exposure-related toxicity. Kidney disease affects physiological changes and alterations in the pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of many drugs. Glomerular filtration rate is considered the best overall index of kidney function. Kidney function can be assessed by using endogenous and exogenous markers such as serum creatinine, inulin, cystatin C, radionuclide-labeled, estimated equations for creatinine clearance such as Cockcroft-Gault, and estimated equations for GFR such as the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation, and the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration Epidemiology study equation. Applying good prescribing practice is important for limiting drug toxicities and improving patient care.
Contrast and the Kidney
Authors: Akbari Ayub , Hiremath Swapnil
Published: February 2019

Iodinated contrast has revolutionized diagnosis and therapy but carries the risk of adverse effects, specifically acute kidney injury, in select high risk populations. This risk is substantially lower with the current generation of low- and iso-osmolar contrast media. Acute kidney injury in most cases is mild with favorable prognostic implications, and severe acute injury requiring dialysis is rare. Risk scores, typically including level of kidney function, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease status, can identify patients at high risk of developing acute kidney injury after contrast-enhanced procedures. Volume expansion with isotonic saline remains the most robust method of preventing acute kidney injury in select high risk patients.
Poisonings and Intoxications
Authors: Harbord Nikolas B. , Akhter Muhammad S.
Published: February 2019

Nephrologists are involved in the treatment of poisoning, as extracorporeal removal may be essential in some intoxications. After addressing the epidemiology and management considerations regarding extracorporeal therapy, the chapter outlines the clinical presentation and management of common poisonings such as toxic alcohols (methanol and ethylene glycol), salicylates, toluene, and lithium are outlined. Specific treatment within the purview of the nephrologist includes recognition and treatment of acid-base derangements, enhanced elimination, and diffusive and convective clearance. Evidence-based recommendations for the role of dialysis in these poisonings is provided. Finally, the clinical presentation and unique renal pathophysiologic effects of toluene and Cleistanthus collinus poisoning are reviewed.
Hypertension and the Kidney
Authors: Sodhi Rupinder K. , Philipneri Marie D. , Schmitz Paul G.
Published: February 2019

The prevalence of hypertension or high blood pressure (defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg) worldwide exceeds 30%, with a steep increase in patients >50 years of age. For example, nearly 75% of patients >80 years of age exhibit high blood pressure. Despite considerable evidence demonstrating the benefits of antihypertensive therapy, <50% are controlled. This chapter will discuss the prevalence and detection of high blood pressure, with a special emphasis on the role of hypertension in progressive renal fibrosis. The authors cover classification and epidemiology of blood pressure control; the pitfalls of blood pressure control, including white coat hypertension, pseudohypertension, nocturnal blood pressure, masked hypertension, isolated systolic hypertension, and blood pressure variability; hypertensive kidney disease; and clinical studies assessing the renal effects of hypertension, concluding with a discussion of control of blood pressure and CKD progression and future directions in research and therapy.
Lupus Nephritis
Authors: Shaikh Aisha , Campbell Kirk N.
Published: February 2019

Lupus nephritis (LN) is common manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. LN is a not a single-disease entity; on the contrary, it encompasses a wide array of renal histological patterns. The treatment options and outcomes vary with the type of renal histology. Proliferative LN remains the most aggressive histological form of LN and requires aggressive treatment. The goal of therapy for LN is to achieve clinical and histological remission and avoid progression to chronic kidney disease. Remission of LN not only improves renal outcomes but also results in significant improvement in overall patient mortality. Though much progress has been made in this arena, there is still a need for therapeutic agents that are less toxic and more effective than the currently available therapies.