bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Activation of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 induces CGRP release from spinal cord synaptosomes
Authors: Quallo Talisia , Gentry Clive , Bevan Stuart , Broad Lisa M. , Mogg Adrian J.
Published: December 2015

Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a sensor of nociceptive stimuli, expressed predominantly in a subpopulation of peptidergic sensory neurons which co‐express the noxious heat‐sensor transient receptor potential vanilloid 1. In this study, we describe a spinal cord synaptosome‐calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) release assay for examining activation of TRPA1 natively expressed on the central terminals of dorsal root ganglion neurons. We have shown for the first time that activation of TRPA1 channels expressed on spinal cord synaptosomes by a selection of agonists evokes a concentration‐dependent release of CGRP which is inhibited by TRPA1 antagonists. In addition, our results demonstrate that depolarization of spinal cord synaptosomes by a high concentration of KCl induces CGRP release via a T‐type calcium channel‐dependent mechanism whilst TRPA1‐induced CGRP release functions independently of voltage‐gated calcium channel activation. Finally, we have shown that pre‐treatment of synaptosomes with the opioid agonist, morphine, results in a reduction of depolarization‐induced CGRP release. This study has demonstrated the use of a dorsal spinal cord homogenate assay for investigation of natively expressed TRPA1 channels and for modulation of depolarizing stimuli at the level of the dorsal spinal cord.
Resistive switching memory device with metal‐oxide quantum dots on a graphene layer
Authors: Lee Dong Uk , Qiu Dongri , Kim Eun Kyu
Published: December 2015

We demonstrate a one diode–one resistor (1D–1R) type resistive switching memory device consisting of single layered metal‐oxide quantum dots (QDs) and a vertically inserted graphene layer between the SiO2 layers on an n+‐Si substrate. Mono‐layered graphene on the bottom SiO2 layer with a thickness of 50 nm was capped by a 5 nm thick SiO2 top barrier layer deposited by using an ultra‐high vacuum sputter. The In2O3 QDs layer embedded in the 50 nm thick biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride‐phenylenediamine polymer layer was formed by a curing process using polyamic acid at 400 °C for 1 h. The current values of the high and low resistance states for this 1D–1R device were measured to be about 3.32 × 10−9 and 5.54 × 10−9 A at a read bias of 1 V, respectively. The ratio of each resistance after applying sweeping bias from +8 to −8 V and from −8 to +8 V appeared to be about 0.59 at 1 V. This resistance switching could have originated from the migration of the O−2 ions by the redox chemical reaction in the polyimide and carrier charging effect of the QDs. This hybrid memory structure with In2O3 QDs and graphene layer has a strong possibility for application in next generation nonvolatile memory devices.
Effect of lattice‐matched InAlGaN electron‐blocking layer on hole transport and distribution in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells of visible light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Kim Jeomoh , Ji Mi‐Hee , Detchprohm Theeradetch , Dupuis Russell D. , Shervin Shahab , Ryou Jae‐Hyun
Published: December 2015

We report on the influence of lattice‐matched InAlGaN quaternary electron‐blocking layer (Q‐EBL) on hole transport and distribution in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) of visible light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). Triple‐wavelength (TW)‐emitting active region was introduced to deduce carrier transport and distribution from emission intensities of different QWs in TW‐LEDs. The electro‐optical characteristics of TW‐LEDs were compared with respect to the Q‐EBL and silicon doping in a selected QW barrier. In addition, the efficiency droop characteristics of TW‐LEDs according to existence of the Q‐EBL were also investigated. The results show that holes were preferentially injected into a QW adjacent to a p‐type layer in the TW‐LED without the Q‐EBL, while enhanced hole transport to lower QWs closed to an n‐type layer and following uniform distribution were observed in the TW‐LED with the Q‐EBL. The modified kinetic energy of holes overcoming the Q‐EBL is responsible for the improved hole transport and changes in the carrier capturing efficiency of each different QW, resulting in the improved peak efficiency and the efficiency droop of TW‐LEDs.
Hedera nepalensis K. Koch: A Novel Source of Natural Cancer Chemopreventive and Anticancerous Compounds
Authors: Jafri Laila , Saleem Samreen , Kondrytuk Tamara P. , Haq Ihsan‐ul , Ullah Nazif , Pezzuto John M. , Mirza Bushra
Published: December 2015

Traditional medicinal plants are often used for both the prevention and the treatment of local diseases. Taking into consideration the medicinal importance of Hedera nepalensis within local Pakistani traditions, the present study was undertaken to analyze the in vitro cancer chemopreventive and cytotoxic properties of the plant. The in vitro cancer chemopreventive testing was performed using nitrite assay, NFκB assay, aromatase assay, and quinone reductase 1 (QR1) assay. The cytotoxic potential was evaluated on three cancer‐cell lines: MCF‐7, MDA‐MB‐231, and HeLa using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. The results of cancer chemopreventive assays show that n‐hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of tested plant have promising cancer chemopreventive potential. Lupeol isolated from n‐hexane as well as ethyl acetate fraction showed lowest IC50 (0.20 ± 1.9 μM) in NFκB assay. Crude extract and its fractions inhibited the growth of three cancer cell lines by more than 60%, IC50 value of lupeol varied from 2.32 to 10.2 μM. HPLC‐DAD‐based quantification of lupeol in different plant tissues demonstrated that leaves of H. nepalensis are a rich source of lupeol (0.196 mg/100 mg dry weight). Our data have shown that H. nepalensis harbors cancer chemopreventive and cytotoxic agents. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isotopic fractionation associated with [NiFe]‐ and [FeFe]‐hydrogenases
Authors: Yang Hui , Gandhi Hasand , Cornish Adam J. , Moran James J. , Kreuzer Helen W. , Ostrom Nathaniel E. , Hegg Eric L.
Published: December 2015

Rationale

Hydrogenases catalyze the reversible formation of H2 from electrons and protons with high efficiency. Understanding the relationships between H2 production, H2 uptake, and H2‐H2O exchange can provide insight into the metabolism of microbial communities in which H2 is an essential component in energy cycling.

Methods

We used stable H isotopes (1H and 2H) to probe the isotope effects associated with three [FeFe]‐hydrogenases and three [NiFe]‐hydrogenases.

Results

All six hydrogenases displayed fractionation factors for H2 formation that were significantly less than 1, producing H2 that was severely depleted in 2H relative to the substrate, water. Consistent with differences in their active site structure, the fractionation factors for each class appear to cluster, with the three [NiFe]‐hydrogenases (α = 0.27–0.40) generally having smaller values than the three [FeFe]‐hydrogenases (α = 0.41–0.55). We also obtained isotopic fractionation factors associated with H2 uptake and H2‐H2O exchange under conditions similar to those utilized for H2 production, providing a more complete picture of the reactions catalyzed by hydrogenases.

Conclusions

The fractionation factors determined in our studies can be used as signatures for different hydrogenases to probe their activity under different growth conditions and to ascertain which hydrogenases are most responsible for H2 production and/or uptake in complex microbial communities. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water cycle and salinity dynamics in the mangrove forests of Europa and Juan de Nova Islands, southwest Indian Ocean
Authors: Lambs Luc , Mangion Perrine , Mougin Eric , Fromard François
Published: December 2015

Rationale

The functioning of mangrove forests found on small coralline islands is characterized by limited freshwater inputs. Here, we present data on the water cycling of such systems located on Europa and Juan de Nova Islands, Mozambique Channel.

Methods

In order to better understand the water cycle and mangrove growth conditions, we have analysed the hydrological and salinity dynamics of the systems by gauge pressure and isotopic tracing (δ18O and δ2H values).

Results

Both islands have important seawater intrusion as measured by the water level change and the high salinities in the karstic ponds. Europa Island displays higher salinity stress, with its inner lagoon, but presents a pluri‐specific mangrove species formation ranging from shrub to forest stands. No freshwater signal could be detected around the mangrove trees. On Juan de Nova Island, the presence of sand and detrital sediment allows the storage of some amount of rainfall to form a brackish groundwater. The mangrove surface area is very limited with only small mono‐specific stands being present in karstic depression.

Conclusions

On the drier Europa Island, the salinity of all the water points is equal to or higher than that of the seawater, and on Juan de Nova the groundwater salinity is lower (5 to 20 PSU). This preliminary study shows that the karstic pothole mangroves exist due to the sea connection through the fractured coral and the high tidal dynamics. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ceramic coatings for orthopaedic implants: preparation and characterization
Authors: Kaciulis S. , Mezzi A. , Bianchi M. , Gambardella A. , Boi M. , Liscio F. , Marcacci M. , Russo A.
Published: December 2015

Ceramic coatings are increasingly used for orthopaedic implants to improve the wear resistance and to enhance the integration into bone tissue, resulting in the long‐term stability of the implant. The innovative pulsed plasma deposition technique was used to deposit at room temperature different thin films with required mechanical parameters and good adhesion to the substrate. In this way, the films of nanostructured hydroxyapatite, magnetic hydroxyapatite, zirconia and zirconia ‐ alumina were produced and investigated by X‐ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and XPS depth profiling techniques. Obtained results revealed the good stoichiometry, sufficient purity of chemical composition, very high uniformity in depth and thermal stability in ultra‐high vacuum of all investigated coatings. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical water quality and human perceptions: a synthesis
Authors: West Amie O. , Nolan Justin M. , Scott J. Thad
Published: December 2015

Because humans have such strong physical and emotional connections to water in the environment, it follows that individuals and groups will have strong ideas and expectations of that environment that must be related to visible features. Optical water quality describes the scattering and absorption of light in water as governed by its dissolved and particulate composition. Mineral suspended sediment, dissolved organic matter, and living and nonliving particulate organic matter have different influences on the behavior of light in water. The physical sciences endeavor to define variability in water quality, be it natural or anthropogenic, for use in water resource management. However, a more holistic approach to water resource management is becoming increasingly advocated, which requires investigation of the human dimension. The directly visible attributes of color and clarity of water are among the strongest influences on human perceptions of water quality. The observed environment is perceived through cognitive processes that are defined by spiritual and cultural beliefs and evolve with personal experience, creating the mental model. Water color and clarity can provide a critical link between water quality and human perceptions. Ethnohydrology is the study of culturally constructed knowledge and understanding of water. An interdisciplinary approach, integrating optical water quality measurement and ethnohydrology methods, may help achieve better awareness, communication, participation, and support in water resource management and sustainability endeavors.WIREs Water2016, 3:167–180. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1127

This article is categorized under:

Human Water > Water as Imagined and Represented
ADAR1, inosine and the immune sensing system: distinguishing self from non‐self
Authors: Liddicoat Brian J. , Chalk Alistair M. , Walkley Carl R.
Published: December 2015

The conversion of genomically encoded adenosine to inosine in dsRNA is termed as A‐to‐I RNA editing. This process is catalyzed by two of the three mammalian ADAR proteins (ADAR1 and ADAR2) both of which have essential functions for normal organismal homeostasis. The phenotype of ADAR2 deficiency can be primarily ascribed to a lack of site‐selective editing of a single transcript in the brain. In contrast, the biology and substrates responsible for the Adar1−/−
phenotype have remained more elusive. Several recent studies have identified that a feature of absence or reductions of ADAR1 activity, conserved across human and mouse models, is a profound activation of interferon‐stimulated gene signatures and innate immune responses. Further analysis of this observation has lead to the conclusion that editing by ADAR1 is required to prevent activation of the cytosolic innate immune system, primarily focused on the dsRNA sensor MDA5 and leading to downstream signaling via MAVS. The delineation of this mechanism places ADAR1 at the interface between the cells ability to differentiate self‐ from non‐self dsRNA. Based on MDA5 dsRNA recognition requisites, the mechanism indicates that the type of dsRNA must fulfil a particular structural characteristic, rather than a sequence‐specific requirement. While additional studies are required to molecularly verify the genetic model, the observations to date collectively identify A‐to‐I editing by ADAR1 as a key modifier of the cellular response to endogenous dsRNA. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:157–172. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1322

This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification
Tribological behavior as lubricant additive and physiochemical characterization of Jatropha oil blends
Authors: Singh Yashvir
Published: December 2015

This investigation reports on the effect of Jatropha oil doped with lube oil on tribological characteristics of Al-7%Si alloy. The factors involved were Jatropha oil percentages, sliding velocities and load which was optimized for weight loss, friction coefficient and specific wear rate characteristics. The conventional lubricant was SAE 40. It is observed that the Jatropha oil percentage factor had significant influence on the weight loss, friction coefficient and wear rate of the pin. The optimum result was A
2
B
3
C
1 for pin weight loss, friction coefficient and wear rate. From the experimental result, it is found that the wear scar diameter increases with the increase of load for lube oil and reduced by addition of percentage of Jatropha oil. Flash temperature parameter was also studied in this experiment and results show that 15% addition of Jatropha oil would result in less possibility to film breakdown. The overall results of this experiment reveal that the addition of 15% Jatropha oil with base lubricant produces better performance and anti-wear characteristics. This blend can be used as lubricant oil which is environment friendly in nature and would help to reduce petroleum based lubricant substantially.
Linear stability of magnetohydrodynamic flow in a square duct with thin conducting walls
Authors: Priede Jānis , Arlt Thomas , Bühler Leo
Published: December 2015

This study is concerned with the numerical linear stability analysis of liquid-metal flow in a square duct with thin electrically conducting walls subject to a uniform transverse magnetic field. We derive an asymptotic solution for the base flow that is valid for not only high but also moderate magnetic fields. This solution shows that, for low wall conductance ratios $c\ll 1$, an extremely strong magnetic field with Hartmann number $\mathit{Ha}\sim c^{-4}$ is required to attain the asymptotic flow regime considered in previous studies. We use a vector streamfunction–vorticity formulation and a Chebyshev collocation method to solve the eigenvalue problem for three-dimensional small-amplitude perturbations in ducts with realistic wall conductance ratios $c=1$, 0.1 and 0.01 and Hartmann numbers up to $10^{4}$. As for similar flows, instability in a sufficiently strong magnetic field is found to occur in the sidewall jets with characteristic thickness ${\it\delta}\sim \mathit{Ha}^{-1/2}$. This results in the critical Reynolds number and wavenumber increasing asymptotically with the magnetic field as $\mathit{Re}_{c}\sim 110\mathit{Ha}^{1/2}$ and $k_{c}\sim 0.5\mathit{Ha}^{1/2}$. The respective critical Reynolds number based on the total volume flux in a square duct with $c\ll 1$ is $\overline{\mathit{Re}}_{c}\approx 520$. Although this value is somewhat larger than $\overline{\mathit{Re}}_{c}\approx 313$ found by Ting et al. (Intl J. Engng Sci., vol. 29 (8), 1991, pp. 939–948) for the asymptotic sidewall jet profile, it still appears significantly lower than the Reynolds numbers at which turbulence is observed in experiments as well as in direct numerical simulations of this type of flow.
Effect of Thickness Profile and FG Function on Rotating Disks Under Thermal and Mechanical Loading
Authors: Jabbari M. , Ghannad M. , Nejad M. Z.
Published: December 2015

In this paper, a thermoelastic analysis of rotating disks with different thickness profiles made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) subjected to internal pressure is presented. Material properties (except Poisson’s ratio) and disk thickness profile are described by means of two functions namely power and exponential function. A comparative study of thermoelastic analysis is given for material properties and disk thickness profiles. The results of are compared with those obtained by finite element method (FEM) that shows good agreement. The effect of thickness profiles, gradient parameters and angular velocity on the thermoelastic performance of the disk have been studied.
DEFINABLE HENSELIAN VALUATION RINGS
Authors: PRESTEL ALEXANDER
Published: December 2015

We give model theoretic criteria for the existence of ∃∀ and ∀∃- formulas in the ring language to define uniformly the valuation rings ${\cal O}$ of models $\left( {K,\,{\cal O}} \right)$ of an elementary theory Σ of henselian valued fields. As one of the applications we obtain the existence of an ∃∀-formula defining uniformly the valuation rings ${\cal O}$ of valued henselian fields $\left( {K,\,{\cal O}} \right)$ whose residue class field k is finite, pseudofinite, or hilbertian. We also obtain ∀∃-formulas φ2 and φ4 such that φ2 defines uniformly k[[t]] in k(t) whenever k is finite or the function field of a real or complex curve, and φ4 replaces φ2 if k is any number field.
GREY SUBSETS OF POLISH SPACES
Authors: BEN YAACOV ITAÏ , MELLERAY JULIEN
Published: December 2015

We develop the basics of an analogue of descriptive set theory for functions on a Polish space X. We use this to define a version of the small index property in the context of Polish topometric groups, and show that Polish topometric groups with ample generics have this property. We also extend classical theorems of Effros and Hausdorff to the topometric context.
The Quality of Local Government and Firm Performance: The Case of China's Provinces
Authors: Choi Jongmoo Jay , Jiang Cao , Shenkar Oded
Published: December 2015

Extending La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleifer, and Vishny (1999), we examine the effect of local government quality on firm performance, since regional and firm research provides a more fine-grained analysis especially in countries where local administration is an integral part of the bureaucratic apparatus. Using a dataset of 7,873 Chinese listed firm-years for 1994–2006, we find a positive relationship between the quality of provincial government and firm performance, controlling for location and firm-specific governance variables. Among various government quality variables, we find that having a special economic zone depicting low taxes and bureaucratic efficiency is the best predictor of firm performance, followed by the degree of marketization, efficient property registration, and environmental protection. Most intriguingly, political freedom has a significant impact on firm performance and productivity, even in a regime where democracy is not practiced. This has never been documented before at a microeconomic level and barely so at a macro level, vindicating Hayek's (1944) theory.
Zero-Separating Invariants for Linear Algebraic Groups
Authors: Elmer Jonathan , Kohls Martin
Published: December 2015

Abstract Let G be a linear algebraic group over an algebraically closed field 𝕜 acting rationally on a G-module V with its null-cone. Let δ(G, V) and σ(G, V) denote the minimal number d such that for every and , respectively, there exists a homogeneous invariant f of positive degree at most d such that f(v) ≠ 0. Then δ(G) and σ(G) denote the supremum of these numbers taken over all G-modules V. For positive characteristics, we show that δ(G) = ∞ for any subgroup G of GL2(𝕜) that contains an infinite unipotent group, and σ(G) is finite if and only if G is finite. In characteristic zero, δ(G) = 1 for any group G, and we show that if σ(G) is finite, then G0 is unipotent. Our results also lead to a more elementary proof that βsep(G) is finite if and only if G is finite.
Conflict continues: Transitioning into a battle for property in Cambodia today
Authors: Kent Alexandra
Published: December 2015

This article discusses the ongoing hybrid war crimes tribunal taking place in Cambodia — in the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) — in relation to the simultaneous eviction of the Boeung Kak Lake community in the capital, Phnom Penh. Presenting these two phenomena alongside one another highlights the contradiction inherent in the liberal peace model's humanitarian rhetoric of societal reconstruction and its economic imperatives, which serve the interests of the elites. The material discussed here suggests that so-called transitional justice interventions may accompany a period of stabilisation, which is good for the global market, but do little to enhance fairness and peace for ordinary people.
Empire forestry and its failure in the Philippines: 1901–1941
Authors: Luyt Brendan
Published: December 2015

From the mid-nineteenth century onwards there developed in the British colonies a distinctive set of forestry practices that came to be described as Empire forestry. These practices grew out of the same milieu as imperialism, and had their earliest expression in British India. Gregory Barton argues that Empire forestry also heavily influenced the forestry of the United States and that from there it spread to the Philippines. However, this article argues that the variant of Empire forestry developed in the Philippines was not particularly successful as its proponents failed to adequately adapt it to local social and political conditions.
Thailand's last peasant
Authors: Dayley Robert , Sattayanurak Attachak
Published: December 2015

Does Thailand still have peasants? Does it still have a peasant society? How dynamic are Thailand's chaona? To answer these questions we begin with an interview of a septuagenarian farmer who discusses rural change over his lifetime and provocatively claims he is ‘the last peasant’ of his village. We use this rural anecdote as a catalyst to highlight agrarian change in Thailand and to expose the hazards of employing static concepts to describe contemporary rural political economy. By analysing the use and meanings of the term ‘peasant’ and its Thai equivalents, we demonstrate how static concepts obscure Thailand's rural evolution and contribute to misleading assumptions, harmful agrarian myths, and extant political cleavage.
Functional ultrastructure of eggs and cellular organization of hexacanths of the cyclophyllidean cestodeThysanotaenia congolensis: a phylogenetic implication of obtained results
Authors: ŚWIDERSKI ZDZISŁAW , MIQUEL JORDI , CONN DAVID BRUCE
Published: December 2015

The functional ultrastructure of eggs and cellular organization of hexacanths from gravid proglottids ofThysanotaenia congolensis, from black rats from Cape Verde, were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Mature eggs with fully formed hexacanths are grouped within parenchymatous capsules of gravid proglottids. Oncospheral envelopes surrounding mature hexacanths are reduced to a very thin membranous embryophore as their protective function is taken over by the parenchymatous capsules originating from the medullary parenchyma of immature proglottids and composed of three layers. Six major cell types are present: a bi-nucleate medullary centre; a six-nucleate U-shaped penetration gland; a second type of penetration gland; two neurosecretory-type nerve cells; about 30 somatic cells; and about 12 germinative cells. Present results on the functional ultrastructure of eggs and cellular organization of hexacanths support the phylogenetic distinction betweenT. congolensisand cestodes of the subfamily Anoplocephalinae.
Combined effect of genetic variants in the GluN2B coding gene(GRIN2B)on prefrontal function during working memory performance
Authors: Pergola G. , Di Carlo P. , Andriola I. , Gelao B. , Torretta S. , Attrotto M. T. , Fazio L. , Raio A. , Albergo D. , Masellis R. , Rampino A. , Blasi G. , Bertolino A.
Published: December 2015

Background

The GluN2B subunit ofN-methyl-d-aspartate receptors is crucially involved in the physiology of the prefrontal cortex during working memory (WM). Consistently, genetic variants in the GluN2B coding gene (GRIN2B) have been associated with cognitive phenotypes. However, it is unclear howGRIN2Bgenetic variation affects gene expression and prefrontal cognitive processing. Using a composite score, we tested the combined effect ofGRIN2Bvariants on prefrontal activity during WM performance in healthy subjects.

Method

We computed a composite score to combine the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms on post-mortem prefrontalGRIN2BmRNA expression. We then computed the composite score in independent samples of healthy participants in a peripheral blood expression study (n= 46), in a WM behavioural study (n= 116) and in a WM functional magnetic resonance imaging study (n= 122).

Results

Five polymorphisms were associated withGRIN2Bexpression: rs2160517, rs219931, rs11055792, rs17833967 and rs12814951 (all correctedp< 0.05). The score computed to account for their combined effect reliably indexed gene expression.GRIN2Bcomposite score correlated negatively with intelligence quotient, WM behavioural efficiency and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity. Moreover, there was a non-linear association betweenGRIN2Bgenetic score and prefrontal activity, i.e. both high and low putative genetic score levels were associated with high blood oxygen level-dependent signals in the prefrontal cortex.

Conclusions

Multiple genetic variants inGRIN2Bare jointly associated with gene expression, prefrontal function and behaviour during WM. These results support the role ofGRIN2Bgenetic variants in WM prefrontal activity in human adults.
Metabolic variability of seed material from diverse sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) genotypes and of different germination capacities
Authors: Peukert Manuela , Dittbrenner Anke , Meinhard Juliane , Fischer Uwe , Mock Hans-Peter
Published: December 2015

New trends in crop breeding include analytical approaches to identify metabolic fingerprints that can be used for associations to the genetic background. The biochemical phenotype, as a result of plant endogenous factors and interaction with the environment, has the potential to increase the accuracy of forecasting regarding agronomical quality factors. In this study a metabolite profile analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was conducted on sets of seed material from sugar beet. One set represented high-performing varieties with a close genetic background and with a similar quality in terms of germination capacity. The second set contained seed lots from different genotypes comprising different germination capacities. By multivariate statistical analyses high variance in both sample sets was revealed. These data were further allocated to corresponding metabolite classes. It could be shown that an untargeted GC–MS approach has the power to resolve differences in the molecular phenotypes of related offspring lines. Metabolic profiles were found to correlate more to genotypic differences than to differences in the germination capacity.
Dopant-Site Determination in Y- and Sc-Doped (Ba0.5Sr0.5)(Co0.8Fe0.2)O3−δ by Atom Location by Channeling Enhanced Microanalysis and the Role of Dopant Site on Secondary Phase Formation
Authors: Meffert Matthias , Störmer Heike , Gerthsen Dagmar
Published: December 2015

(Ba0.5Sr0.5)(Co0.8Fe0.2)O3−δ (BSCF) is a promising material with mixed ionic and electronic conductivity which is considered for oxygen separation membranes. Selective improvement of material properties, e.g. oxygen diffusivity or suppression of secondary phase formation, can be achieved by B-site doping. This study is concerned with the formation of Co-oxide precipitates in undoped BSCF at typical homogenization temperatures of 1,000°C, which act as undesirable nucleation sites for other secondary phases in the application-relevant temperature range. Y-doping successfully suppresses Co-oxide formation, whereas only minor improvements are achieved by Sc-doping. To understand the reason for the different behavior of Y and Sc, the lattice sites of dopant cations in BSCF were experimentally determined in this work. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in a transmission electron microscope was applied to locate dopant sites exploiting the atom location by channeling enhanced microanalysis technique. It is shown that Sc exclusively occupies B-cation sites, whereas Y is detected on A- and B-cation sites in Y-doped BSCF, although solely B-site doping was intended. A model is presented for the suppression of Co-oxide formation in Y-doped BSCF based on Y double-site occupancy.
PROPOSITIONAL CONTINGENTISM
Authors: FRITZ PETER
Published: December 2015

According to propositional contingentism, it is contingent what propositions there are. This paper presents two ways of modeling contingency in what propositions there are using two classes of possible worlds models. The two classes of models are shown to be equivalent as models of contingency in what propositions there are, although they differ as to which other aspects of reality they represent. These constructions are based on recent work by Robert Stalnaker; the aim of this paper is to explain, expand, and, in one aspect, correct Stalnaker’s discussion.
The Readiness to Reconcile Inventory
Authors: Stammel Nadine , Bockers Estelle , Neuner Frank , Chhim Sotheara , Taing Sopheap , Knaevelsrud Christine
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Although awareness of the importance of reconciliation in post-conflict societies has grown in recent decades, validated measures assessing victims’ attitudes toward reconciliation are lacking. To fill this gap, the Readiness to Reconcile Inventory (RRI) was developed and its factor structure and aspects of construct validity were psychometrically tested in two independent samples of survivors of the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia. Exploratory factor analysis in a sample of N = 247 survivors identified a 13-item, three-factor internal structure of the RRI that was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis in an independent sample of N = 830 survivors of the Khmer Rouge regime. All RRI subscales showed good internal consistency (Cronbach’s αs from .80 to .83). Multiple-group analysis established configural, metric, and scalar invariance across sex. The RRI thus demonstrated good reliability and fulfilled some aspects of construct validity. It is a time-effective and easy-to-administer instrument for assessing readiness to reconcile in victims of war and conflict.
Imaging the uptake of nitrogen-fixing bacteria into larvae of the coral Acropora millepora
Authors: Lema Kimberley A , Clode Peta L , Kilburn Matt R , Thornton Ruth , Willis Bette L , Bourne David G
Published: December 2015

Diazotrophic bacteria are instrumental in generating biologically usable forms of nitrogen by converting abundant dinitrogen gas (N2) into available forms, such as ammonium. Although nitrogen is crucial for coral growth, direct observation of associations between diazotrophs and corals has previously been elusive. We applied fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry to observe the uptake of 15N-enriched diazotrophic Vibrio sp. isolated from Acropora millepora into conspecific coral larvae. Incorporation of Vibrio sp. cells was observed in coral larvae after 4-h incubation with enriched bacteria. Uptake was restricted to the aboral epidermis of larvae, where Vibrio cells clustered in elongated aggregations. Other bacterial associates were also observed in epidermal areas in FISH analyses. Although the fate and role of these bacteria requires additional investigation, this study describes a powerful approach to further explore cell associations and nutritional pathways in the early life stages of the coral holobiont.
Photon number statistics uncover the fluctuations in non-equilibrium lattice dynamics
Authors: Esposito Martina , Titimbo Kelvin , Zimmermann Klaus , Giusti Francesca , Randi Francesco , Boschetto Davide , Parmigiani Fulvio , Floreanini Roberto , Benatti Fabio , Fausti Daniele
Published: December 2015

Fluctuations of the atomic positions are at the core of a large class of unusual material properties ranging from quantum para-electricity to high temperature superconductivity. Their measurement in solids is the subject of an intense scientific debate focused on seeking a methodology capable of establishing a direct link between the variance of the atomic displacements and experimentally measurable observables. Here we address this issue by means of non-equilibrium optical experiments performed in shot-noise-limited regime. The variance of the time-dependent atomic positions and momenta is directly mapped into the quantum fluctuations of the photon number of the scattered probing light. A fully quantum description of the non-linear interaction between photonic and phononic fields is benchmarked by unveiling the squeezing of thermal phonons in α-quartz.
Finding Oxygen Reservoir by Using Extremely Small Test Cell Structure for Resistive Random Access Memory with Replaceable Bottom Electrode
Authors: Kinoshita Kentaro , Koh Sang-Gyu , Moriyama Takumi , Kishida Satoru
Published: December 2015

Although the presence of an oxygen reservoir (OR) is assumed in many models that explain resistive switching of resistive random access memory (ReRAM) with electrode/metal oxide (MO)/electrode structures, the location of OR is not clear. We have previously reported a method, which involved the use of an AFM cantilever, for preparing an extremely small ReRAM cell that has a removable bottom electrode (BE). In this study, we used this cell structure to specify the location of OR. Because an anode is often assumed to work as OR, we investigated the effect of changing anodes without changing the MO layer and the cathode on the occurrence of reset. It was found that the reset occurred independently of the catalytic ability and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of the anode. Our proposed structure enabled to determine that the reset was caused by repairing oxygen vacancies of which a filament consists due to the migration of oxygen ions from the surrounding area when high ΔG anode metal is used, whereas by oxidizing the anode due to the migration of oxygen ions from the MO layer when low ΔG anode metal is used, suggesting the location of OR depends on ΔG of the anode.
Quantifying electron transfer reactions in biological systems: what interactions play the major role?
Authors: Sjulstok Emil , Olsen Jógvan Magnus Haugaard , Solov’yov Ilia A.
Published: December 2015

Various biological processes involve the conversion of energy into forms that are usable for chemical transformations and are quantum mechanical in nature. Such processes involve light absorption, excited electronic states formation, excitation energy transfer, electrons and protons tunnelling which for example occur in photosynthesis, cellular respiration, DNA repair and possibly magnetic field sensing. Quantum biology uses computation to model biological interactions in light of quantum mechanical effects and has primarily developed over the past decade as a result of convergence between quantum physics and biology. In this paper we consider electron transfer in biological processes, from a theoretical view-point; namely in terms of quantum mechanical and semi-classical models. We systematically characterize the interactions between the moving electron and its biological environment to deduce the driving force for the electron transfer reaction and to establish those interactions that play the major role in propelling the electron. The suggested approach is seen as a general recipe to treat electron transfer events in biological systems computationally and we utilize it to describe specifically the electron transfer reactions in Arabidopsis thaliana cryptochrome–a signaling photoreceptor protein that became attractive recently due to its possible function as a biological magnetoreceptor.
Contractile dynamics change before morphological cues during fluorescence illumination
Authors: Knoll S. G. , Ahmed W. W. , Saif T. A.
Published: December 2015

Illumination can have adverse effects on live cells. However, many experiments, e.g. traction force microscopy, rely on fluorescence microscopy. Current methods to assess undesired photo-induced cell changes rely on qualitative observation of changes in cell morphology. Here we utilize a quantitative technique to identify the effect of light on cell contractility prior to morphological changes. Fibroblasts were cultured on soft elastic hydrogels embedded with fluorescent beads. The adherent cells generated contractile forces that deform the substrate. Beads were used as fiducial markers to quantify the substrate deformation over time, which serves as a measure of cell force dynamics. We find that cells exposed to moderate fluorescence illumination (λ = 540–585 nm, I = 12.5 W/m2, duration = 60 s) exhibit rapid force relaxation. Strikingly, cells exhibit force relaxation after only 2 s of exposure, suggesting that photo-induced relaxation occurs nearly immediately. Evidence of photo-induced morphological changes were not observed for 15–30 min after illumination. Force relaxation and morphological changes were found to depend on wavelength and intensity of excitation light. This study demonstrates that changes in cell contractility reveal evidence of a photo-induced cell response long before any morphological cues.
HIV-1 Protease Dimerization Dynamics Reveals a Transient Druggable Binding Pocket at the Interface
Authors: Pietrucci Fabio , Vargiu Attilio Vittorio , Kranjc Agata
Published: December 2015

The binding mechanism of HIV-1 protease monomers leading to the catalytically competent dimeric enzyme has been investigated by means of state-of-the-art atomistic simulations. The emerging picture allows a deeper understanding of experimental observations and reveals that water molecules trapped at the interface have an important role in slowing down the kinetics of the association process. Unexpectedly, a cryptic binding pocket is identified at the interface of the complex, corresponding to a partially bound dimer that lacks enzymatic function. The pocket has a transient nature with a lifetime longer than 1 μs and it displays very favorable druggability features. Docking as well as MM-GBSA free-energy calculations further support the possibility to target the new binding site by means of inhibitors able to prevent the complete dimerization by capturing the inactive conformation. This discovery could open the way to the rational design of a new class of anti-HIV drugs.
Gut Microbiota Alterations can predict Hospitalizations in Cirrhosis Independent of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Bajaj Jasmohan S. , Betrapally Naga S. , Hylemon Phillip B. , Thacker Leroy R. , Daita Kalyani , Kang Dae Joong , White Melanie B. , Unser Ariel B. , Fagan Andrew , Gavis Edith A. , Sikaroodi Masoumeh , Dalmet Swati , Heuman Douglas M. , Gillevet Patrick M.
Published: December 2015

Diabetes (DM) is prevalent in cirrhosis and may modulate the risk of hospitalization through gut dysbiosis. We aimed to define the role of gut microbiota on 90-day hospitalizations and of concomitant DM on microbiota. Cirrhotic outpatients with/without DM underwent stool and sigmoid mucosal microbial analysis and were followed for 90 days. Microbial composition was compared between those with/without DM and those who were hospitalized/not. Regression/ROC analyses for hospitalizations were performed using clinical and microbial features. 278 cirrhotics [39% hepatic encephalopathy (HE), 31%DM] underwent stool while 72 underwent mucosal analyses. Ultimately, 94 were hospitalized and they had higher MELD, proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use and HE without difference in DM. Stool/mucosal microbiota were significantly altered in those who were hospitalized (UNIFRAC p< = 1.0e-02). Specifically, lower stool Bacteroidaceae, Clostridiales XIV, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcacae and higher Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae were seen in hospitalized patients. Concomitant DM impacted microbiota UNIFRAC (stool, p = 0.003, mucosa,p = 0.04) with higher stool Bacteroidaceae and lower Ruminococcaeae. Stool Bacteroidaceaeae and Clostridiales XIV predicted 90-day hospitalizations independent of clinical predictors (MELD, HE, PPI). Stool and colonic mucosal microbiome are altered in cirrhotics who get hospitalized with independent prediction using stool Bacteroidaceae and Clostridiales XIV. Concomitant DM distinctly impacts gut microbiota without affecting hospitalizations.
Competitive allele-specific TaqMan PCR (Cast-PCR) is a sensitive, specific and fast method for BRAF V600 mutation detection in Melanoma patients
Authors: Barbano Raffaela , Pasculli Barbara , Coco Michelina , Fontana Andrea , Copetti Massimiliano , Rendina Michelina , Valori Vanna Maria , Graziano Paolo , Maiello Evaristo , Fazio Vito Michele , Parrella Paola
Published: December 2015

BRAF codon 600 mutation testing of melanoma patients is mandatory for the choice of the most appropriate therapy in the clinical setting. Competitive allele specific TaqMan PCR (Cast-PCR) technology allows not only the selective amplification of minor alleles, but it also blocks the amplification of non-mutant allele. We genotyped codon 600 of the BRAF gene in 54 patients’ samples by Cast-PCR and bidirectional direct sequence analysis. All the mutations detected by sequencing were also identified by Cast-PCR. In addition, Cast-PCR assay detected four samples carrying mutations and was able to clearly identify two mutations of uncertain interpretation by Sanger sequencing. The limit of detection of Cast-PCR was evaluated by constructing dilution curves of BRAFV600E and BRAFV600K mutated clinical samples mixed with a not-mutated specimens. Both mutations could be detected until a 1:100 mutated/not mutated ratio. Cloning and sequencing of the clones was used to confirm mutations on representative discrepant cases. Cast PCR performances were not affected by intratumour heterogeneity and less affected by melanin content. Our results indicate that Cast-PCR is a reliable diagnostic tool for the identification of melanoma patients as eligible to be treated with TKIs and might be implemented in the clinical setting as elective screening method.
Experimental realization of ultrathin, double-sided metamaterial perfect absorber at terahertz gap through stochastic design process
Authors: Huang Tsung-Yu , Tseng Ching-Wei , Yeh Ting-Tso , Yeh Tien-Tien , Luo Chih-Wei , Akalin Tahsin , Yen Ta-Jen
Published: December 2015

We design and demonstrate a flexible, ultrathin and double-sided metamaterial perfect absorber (MPA) at 2.39 terahertz (THz), which enables excellent light absorbance under incidences from two opposite sides. Herein, the MPA is fabricated on a λ0/10.1-thick flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate of εr = 2.75 × (1 + 0.12i), sandwiched by two identical randomized metallic patterns by our stochastic design process. Such an MPA provides tailored permittivity and permeability to approach the impedance of free space for minimizing reflectance and a great imaginary part of the refractive index for reducing transmittance and finally results in high absorbance. Both experimental measurement and numerical simulation are in a good agreement. The flexible, ultrathin and double-sided MPA significantly differs from traditional quarter-wavelength absorbers and other single-sided perfect absorbers, paving a way toward practical THz applications in thermal emission, sensing and imaging, communications, stealth technique and even energy harvesting.
Natural History of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer with Bone Metastases
Authors: Santini Daniele , Barni Sandro , Intagliata Salvatore , Falcone Alfredo , Ferraù Francesco , Galetta Domenico , Moscetti Luca , La Verde Nicla , Ibrahim Toni , Petrelli Fausto , Vasile Enrico , Ginocchi Laura , Ottaviani Davide , Longo Flavia , Ortega Cinzia , Russo Antonio , Badalamenti Giuseppe , Collovà Elena , Lanzetta Gaetano , Mansueto Giovanni , Adamo Vincenzo , De Marinis Filippo , Satolli Maria Antonietta , Cantile Flavia , Mancuso Andrea , Tanca Francesca Maria , Addeo Raffaele , Russano Marco , Sterpi Michelle , Pantano Francesco , Vincenzi Bruno , Tonini Giuseppe
Published: December 2015

We conducted a large, multicenter, retrospective survey aimed to explore the impact of tumor bone involvement in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.Data on clinical-pathology, skeletal outcomes and bone-directed therapies for 661 deceased patients with evidence of bone metastasis were collected and statistically analyzed. Bone metastases were evident at diagnosis in 57.5% of patients. In the remaining cases median time to bone metastases appearance was 9 months. Biphosphonates were administered in 59.6% of patients. Skeletal-related events were experienced by 57.7% of patients; the most common was the need for radiotherapy. Median time to first skeletal-related event was 6 months. Median survival after bone metastases diagnosis was 9.5 months and after the first skeletal-related event was 7 months. We created a score based on four factors used to predict the overall survival from the diagnosis of bone metastases: age >65 years, non-adenocarcinoma histology, ECOG Performance Status >2, concomitant presence of visceral metastases at the bone metastases diagnosis. The presence of more than two of these factors is associated with a worse prognosis.This study demonstrates that patients affected by Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with bone metastases represent a heterogeneous population in terms of risk of skeletal events and survival.