bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ESSAYS ON ECLIPSES, TRANSITS AND OCCULTATIONS AS TEACHING TOOLS IN THE INTRODUCTORY ASTRONOMY COLLEGE COURSE
Authors: Dcruz Noella L.
Published: January 2020

Nós ocasionalmente incluímos projetos em nosso curso universitário introdutório centrado no aluno para permitir aos estudantes que pertencem às carreiras não científicas explorar alguns conceitos astronômicos em mais detalhes do que o normal. Tais projetos também enfatizam eventos astronômicos em curso ou futuros. Esperamos que os alunos se sintam mais interessados na astronomia através de projetos ligados a eventos astronômicos. No termo de Primavera de 2012 (EUA), propomos ensaios curtos focados em eclipses, trânsitos e ocultações para promover o raro trânsito de Vênus que ocorreu no dia 5 de junho de 2012. Pedimos aos alunos que escrevessem dois ensaios curtos dentre três que foram propostos. Os ensaios continham partes descritivas e conceituais. Eles foram feitos para servir como ferramentas de ensino. 62% de 106 ensaios de 55 alunos ganhou graus A, B ou C. 21% dos 47 entrevistados que responderam ao levantamento posterior sentiu que os ensaios aumentaram seu interesse na astronomia. 49% dos inquiridos consideraram que os ensaios não eram benéficos para a educação e que não devem ser propostos novamente. As respostas escritas mais comuns da nossa pesquisa indicaram que os alunos precisam de mais orientação e melhor preparação para escrever ensaios bem sucedidos. Como os alunos consideraram difíceis os aspectos conceituais dos ensaios, no futuro iremos fornecer atividades relevantes antes dos ensaios para ajudar os alunos a escrevê-los com sucesso.
LIBERAR AL GLOBO TERRÁQUEO
Authors: Gangui Alejandro
Published: January 2020

O globo terrestre paralelo é um antigo dispositivo, muito simples e criativo que, empregado de forma sistemática nas aulas de astronomia, converte-se em uma ferramenta didática de grande potencialidade. Orientado adequadamente de acordo com o meridiano local, esse instrumento permite acompanhar as sombras em qualquer região da Terra que esteja iluminada pelo Sol, além de oferecer uma visualização clara do terminadouro, a linha que divide o dia da noite em nosso planeta. Com o conhecimento das sombras, é possível estimar a latitude de uma localidade e inferir a hora solar local em qualquer lugar do hemisfério iluminado do planeta. Além disso, mediante o emprego do globo terrestre paralelo, pode-se compreender, de maneira simples, que existem regiões onde os objetos às vezes não projetam sombras e outras, pelo contrário, que às vezes se convertem em “países das sombras longas”. Neste trabalho, primeiramente, descrevemos o dispositivo, seus fundamentos básicos de construção e funcionamento. Na segunda parte, descrevemos em detalhes algumas atividades que facilitam seu emprego na aula e que temos desenvolvido em oficinas de formação docente em nosso grupo de pesquisa.
O MAPA CONCEITUAL COMO RECURSO DIDÁTICO FACILITADOR DA APRENDIZAGEM SIGNIFICATIVA DE TEMAS DA ASTRONOMIA
Authors: Silveira Felipa Pacífico Ribeiro de Assis , Mendonça Conceição Aparecida Soares
Published: January 2020

Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma investigação que procurou compreender a atuação do Mapa Conceitual (MC) como recurso didático facilitador da aprendizagem significativa de conceitos científicos, sobre temas astronômicos, desenvolvidos com alunos do Ensino Fundamental. A metodologia utilizada para obtenção e tratamento dos dados fundamentou-se na abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa. Na quantitativa delineamos uma investigação quase experimental, com um grupo controle que não utilizou o MC e um grupo experimental que utilizou o MC, sendo avaliados no início e final do processo. Neste caso, o desempenho dos grupos é apresentado em um estudo descritivo e analítico. Na abordagem qualitativa, os MCs foram interpretados a partir da estruturação e dos significados atribuídos e compartilhados pelo aluno durante sua apresentação. Os resultados demonstraram, por meio da evolução das notas, que o MC fez diferença na aprendizagem conceitual e nas habilidades determinadas pelos indicadores de aprendizagem.
DIVULGAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA: AS REPRESENTAÇÕES SOCIAIS DE PESQUISADORES BRASILEIROS QUE ATUAM NO CAMPO DA ASTRONOMIA
Authors: Carneiro Dalira Lúcia Cunha Maradei , Longhini Marcos Daniel
Published: January 2020

O artigo aborda o papel da divulgação científica na interação entre ciência e sociedade. Argumenta a relevância da Astronomia como desencadeadora do processo de divulgação científica. À luz da Teoria das Representações Sociais fundamentada por Moscovici, estudam-se as representações sociais sobre divulgação científica de pesquisadores brasileiros que atuam no campo da Astronomia. Sujeitos de diferentes trajetórias formativas participaram de entrevistas semiestruturadas analisadas conforme sugerido por Spink. Os resultados apontam duas representações: uma para a sociedade em geral, movida pela paixão, ancorada em valores e crenças, na satisfação de ver os resultados que suas ações trazem à vida das pessoas; e outra para os seus pares. Na primeira, emergem lacunas que obstaculizam a prática da divulgação científica, como a falta de formação e a dificuldade de utilizar linguagem acessível; a burocracia exigida na execução de projetos e a representação negativa sobre a mídia somam-se à lista dos obstáculos. Outras considerações são que a Astronomia não faz parte de forma sistemática do ensino, tampouco da mídia em geral, e, não raro, apresenta-se com erros conceituais. Essas representações encontram eco no referencial teórico, revelando que, apesar dos avanços, a divulgação científica e a Educação em Astronomia encontram-se num contexto de fragilidade social.
THE NEW CURRICULUM STANDARDS FOR ASTRONOMY IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Schleigh Sharon P. , Slater Stephanie J. , Slater Timothy F. , Stork Debra J.
Published: January 2020

Há um grande interesse em restringir a ampla gama e vasto domínio dos possíveis temas que poderiam ser ensinados sobre astronomia em uma estrutura gerenciável. Embora não haja nenhum currículo nacional obrigatório nos Estados Unidos, uma análise dos três esforços nacionais recentes para criar uma sequência apropriada de conceitos de astronomia por idade para serem ensinados nas escolas primárias e secundárias revela uma considerável falta de consenso a respeito de quais conceitos são mais apropriados para cada idade e quais tópicos devem ser cobertos. O esquema de padronização mais recente para a educação científica dos EUA, o Next Generation Science Standards (Padrões em Ciência: Nova Geração), sugere que a maioria dos conceitos de astronomia devem ser ensinados apenas nos últimos anos de educação do aluno; e no entanto  foi recebido com críticas consideráveis. Uma comparação dos esquemas de aprendizagem da astronomia nos Estados Unidos e uma breve discussão das críticas levantadas podem proporcionar aos educadores de astronomia internacionais dados de comparação na formulação de recomendações em suas próprias regiões.
Promosi Kesehatan dengan Buku KIA Terhadap Peningkatan Pengetahuan Ibu Hamil dan Ante Natal Care Di Puskesmas Ceper Klaten Tahun 2011
Authors: Sumardino Sumardino , Sunarto Sunarto
Published: January 2020

Abstract: Health Promotion, Book KIA, Pengetahuan Antenatal Care. Mother and child health in Indonesia is still a major problem. It can be seen from the maternal mortality rate (MMR) that is still high. According to the extrapolation Central Statistics Agency (BPS) in 2007 MMR at 248 per 100,000 live births, while the MDG's target of 2015 was 102/100.000 KH (Department of Health, 2008). In Klaten district from 2005 to 2008 maternal mortality rate has decreased. In 2005 AKI showed 0.61, by 2006 MMR decreased by 0.47, in 2007, maternal mortality was 1.31, while in 2008 rose to 1.33 in 2009 and decreased to 0.98 (Klaten District Health Profile , 2009). Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak (KIA) is a book containing instruments to record the mother and child health condition, and consists of the guide for health promotion for mothers and their families, as well as a means of communication between health professionals and families. Research Objective is to know the impact of health promotion using books KIA t the increased knowledge and antenatal care to pregnant women in the health centers Ceper. The study was experiment with a survey approach. The study design is one group pre test - post test. Result shows the knowledge level of pregnant women about the Maternal and Child Book in Health Center Ceper Klaten area in 2011 was moderate level before being given a book MCH 28 (56%).After reading the book, the majority of pregnant mother which is 45 (90%) have a high level of knowledge with significance of 0001 and the r value correlation is low (0.389). The knowledge of antenatal care before being given the book at moderate level account 29 (58%) and after being given KIA book, the majority of pregnant mother, 39 (70%) have a high level of knowledge with significance 0:00 and r value 0,441 that means the correlation was moderate.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR INTEGRATING BIM AND AUGMENTED REALITY IN CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Authors: Machado Ricardo L. , Vilela Cesar
Published: January 2020

The need for systematic data collection and processing to generate real-time building site
progress information is critical. Building Information Modelling (BIM) provides the benefit of aggregating information
about the building site on a single platform. Augmented reality (AR) emerges to enhance BIM concerning visualization of
the building site, through processing and automatic absorption of information. This work aims to analyse the potential
of AR association to BIM, by adopting an approach based on literature review. Trends in contemporary research are checked
by categorizing applied research methods, areas of expertise, and AR technologies. Publications produced between 2008
and 2018 from journals of architecture, engineering, and construction areas in databases Web of Science, SciSearch,
SCOPUS, INSPEC, Google Scholar, Academic OneFile, EBSCO, OCLC, VINITI, SCImago, and ProQuest were investigated.
As main results, it was found that the case study approach was adopted in 41% of the publications analysed. The building
site inspection was the research object in 48% of papers. Fiducial markers, GIS/GPS, laser scanners, and photogrammetry
emerged as main options for automatic data capture on the progress of the building site. Integration between AR and BIM
has the potential to solve information processing problems and improving construction management.
De l’intérêt pour la nature en ville
Authors: Bourdeau-Lepage Lise
Published: January 2020

Aujourd’hui, une nouvelle relation semble se tisser entre la ville et la nature. Cet article identifie les éléments sur lesquels repose ce nouvel intérêt pour la nature en ville. Il explore plusieurs pistes : la montée de la sensibilisation écologique, les effets du processus d’urbanisation et de la diffusion des nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication, la prise de conscience des bienfaits de la nature notamment sur la santé des hommes. Il examine le caractère pluriel de la nature en ville et souligne les différentes fonctions assurées par le végétal en ville et ses effets positifs sur le cadre vie des citadins. Il conclut sur la quête d’une nouvelle harmonie entre la ville et la nature et sur les impensés des politiques publiques menées en matière de nature en ville.
Le Rocher de Cancale, lieu symbolique du nouveau discours gourmand
Authors: Aussudre Matthieu
Published: January 2020

Lorsque le restaurant apparaît dans la seconde moitié du xviii e  siècle à Paris, il entraîne avec lui une nouvelle forme de sociabilité à table et traduit en un lieu la lente réévaluation de la gourmandise qui s’étala sur plusieurs siècles. Un établissement considéré par ses contemporains comme un « temple » de la gourmandise incarna particulièrement cette évolution : le Rocher de Cancale. Installé au carrefour des rues Montorgueil et Mandar, dans le quartier des Halles, il se fit le spécialiste de l’huître, alors un produit extrêmement apprécié, pour attirer une clientèle nombreuse. En instaurant une atmosphère propice à la dégustation et au plaisir sans limites du boire et du manger, il devint le repère des premiers acteurs du nouveau discours gourmand qui se mit en place au début du xix e  siècle.
Une peinture sucrée : les plaisirs illégitimes de l’art pompier
Authors: Desbuissons Frédérique
Published: January 2020

En dépit de la valorisation politique et culturelle de la bonne chère dans la France postrévolutionnaire, la gourmandise n’en conserve pas moins une part d’ambivalence au xix e  siècle, en particulier lorsqu’elle prend fond sur la démocratisation de denrées autrefois luxueuses. C’est le cas du sucre, passé en quelques siècles d’épice précieuse à celui d’édulcorant courant. Cette ambivalence se manifeste lorsque la critique d’art déprécie les peintures « pompier » aux surfaces « léchées » et aux effets « crémeux » en les ravalant au rang de confiserie et de pâtisserie, ainsi que dans la disqualification du goût du public pour cet art « sucré ». Récurrentes dès le Second Empire, ces représentations peuvent être comprises dans une triple perspective : esthétique, celle des débats autour du médium pictural ; historique, des changements dans la consommation du sucre en France consécutifs à l’industrialisation de sa production à partir de la betterave ; culturelle, des fonctions normatives de la gastronomie alors qu’augmentent les consommations alimentaires.
La gourmandise, une passion des enfants ?
Authors: Marcoin Francis
Published: January 2020

La gourmandise figure en bonne place dans le conte moral adressé à la jeunesse car ce défaut présente l’avantage d’être le plus proche de l’enfance et de soutenir un discours sur le contrôle de soi. Mais pour en montrer les méfaits, les auteurs sont amenés à inventer des situations souvent saugrenues ou à évoquer avec complaisance des matières peu ragoûtantes. Ces dérangements intestinaux semblent une punition suffisante pour les enfants de bonne famille, alors que la gourmandise est plus grave pour l’enfant pauvre, invité à la sobriété. Celle-ci n’est pas de mise dans l’œuvre de la comtesse de Ségur où les déconvenues de Sophie, en définitive traitées avec indulgence, voisinent avec des banquets pantagruéliques. Au fil du temps, la gourmandise perd son caractère de péché pour être associée à l’acte de lecture lui-même puisque tous ces petits gourmands ont droit à de beaux livres sur la gourmandise.
Comparison of Retinal Vascular Structure in Eyes With and Without Amblyopia by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
Authors: Cinar Esat , Yuce Berna , Aslan Fatih , Erbakan Gökhan
Published: January 2020

Purpose:

To evaluate the retinal vascular structure in amblyopic eyes by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).

Methods:

Thirty-seven eyes of 37 patients with anisometric amblyopia were compared with 37 eyes of 37 age- and gender-matched control subjects by OCTA in terms of superficial capillary plexus vessel density, deep capillary plexus vessel density, and foveal avascular zone.

Results:

The mean age was 12 ± 4.2 years in patients with amblyopia and 13 ± 6.1 years in individuals without amblyopia. Foveal superficial capillary plexus vessel densities were 20.49% ± 3.27%, 19.70% ± 3.82%, and 19.96% ± 3.84%, and parafoveal superficial capillary plexus vessel densities were 48.50% ± 3.64%, 49.01% ± 3.33%, and 48.9% ± 2.98% in amblyopic, fellow, and control eyes, respectively. The foveal deep capillary plexus vessel densities were 18.95% ± 3.76%, 18.6% ± 4.50%, and 19.29% ± 4.01%, and parafoveal deep capillary plexus vessel densities were 51.0% ± 4.21%, 51.85% ± 4.12%, and 52.03% ± 3.57% in amblyopic, fellow, and control eyes, respectively. Superficial and deep capillary plexus vessel densities in the foveal and parafoveal areas were not significantly different between the groups (
P
> .05). The parafoveal area was evaluated in quadrants. In the superior quadrant, superficial and deep capillary plexus parafoveal densities were significantly lower in amblyopic eyes (
P
< .05). No significant difference was observed in the foveal avascular zone between the groups (
P
> .05).

Conclusions:

Although no significant vascular damage was demonstrated by OCTA in amblyopic eyes, localized defects may be specific for it. Additional studies are needed to evaluate any specific localization of vascular damage related to amblyopia.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2020;57(1):48–53.]
Internet Addiction in Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Nursing Studies
Authors: Özparlak Arif , Karakaya Dudu
Published: January 2020

Nursing studies related to internet addiction in adolescents were assessed in the current systematic review. Six databases were searched, and 35 studies were included. Internet addiction was found to have negative effects on adolescents' mental, psychosocial, and physical health, with 43.4%, 43.4%, and 8.8% of studies, respectively, examining these variables. Nursing practices to support adolescents' mental, psychosocial, and physical health should be planned and implemented and outcomes researched. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 58
(3), 47–55.]
Henri Piéron, Hippolyte Luc, Antoine Léon et Maurice Reuchlin : quatre figures de l’histoire de l’éducation et de l’orientation
Authors: Martin Jérôme
Published: January 2020

Nous parcourons l’histoire de l’orientation à travers la contribution de quatre figures de l’Inetop : Henri Piéron, Hippolyte Luc, Antoine Léon et Maurice Reuchlin. L’Inetop s’est trouvé dès ses origines au centre d’enjeux scientifiques, éducatifs et politiques et apparaît comme le berceau de pratiques et de débats qui ont jalonné l’histoire de l’orientation et des questions éducatives.
Trial Sixth Generation seismic-hazard model of Canada: seismic-hazard values for selected localities
Authors: Kolaj M , Halchuk S , Adams J , Allen T
I
Published: January 2020

The preliminary 6th Generation seismic hazard model of Canada (CanadaSHM6-trial) provides the basis for design values proposed for the 2020 edition of the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC2020). Seismic hazard values at a probability level of 2% in 50
years for 679 Canadian localities are provided in an accompanying spreadsheet to supplement the public review of the seismic hazard portion of NBCC2020 scheduled from January to March 2020. The spreadsheet tool provides the ability to select a Canadian locality and visualize seismic hazard values
for any value of VS30 (140 - 3000 m/s) and Site Class (E-A). In this document we provide detailed instructions on the use of this spreadsheet. This work will be superseded by a forthcoming Open File, once NBCC2020 is finalized to reflect the final seismic hazard values calculated using
CanadaSHM6.
Childhood horse and donkey bites; a single tertiary health center experience in a rural area
Authors: Bucak Ibrahim Hakan , Turgut Kasım , Almis Habip , Turgut Mehmet
Published: January 2020

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of patients presenting to a pediatric emergency department in a rural province of Turkey due to horse and donkey bites and to analyze whether these features differ from those of more common animal bites in rural areas. Materials and Methods: The records of patients presenting to the pediatric emergency department of a tertiary hospital due to horse and donkey bites over a 3-year period were examined retrospectively. Demographic data, month of presentation, animal species involved (horse or donkey), the body area bitten, treatment applied to the wound site, whether tetanus and rabies vaccinations were administered, and whether or not antibiotics were prescribed on discharge from the emergency department were recorded from these files. Results: The annual incidence of horse and donkey bites was determined as 7.8/100,000. Thirty-six patients, 24 (66.7%) boys and 12 (33.3%) girls, with a mean age of 95.6 ± 33.9 (48–190) months, were included in the study. Twenty-six patients (72.2%) were bitten by donkeys, and 10 (27.8%) by horses. Bites were most common in September (30.6%). The most commonly bitten areas were the back and/or upper extremities. Rabies vaccination was administered in all cases. Amoxicillin–clavulanic acid was prescribed in 28 (77.8%) cases. Conclusion: Horse and donkey bites are frequently observed in rural areas. The inhabitants of such areas should therefore be educated concerning horse and donkey bites. Health workers encountering such bites should behave in the same way as in more common animal bites in terms of patient management. Our results will be instructive for other developing countries similar to Turkey.
Symmetric elliptic functions, IRF models, and dynamic exclusion processes
Authors: Borodin Alexei
Published: January 2020

We introduce stochastic Interaction-Round-a-Face (IRF) models that are related to representations of the elliptic quantum group

E_{\tau, \eta}(sl_2)

. For stochastic IRF models in a quadrant, we evaluate averages for a broad family of observables that can be viewed as higher analogs of

q

-moments of the height function for the stochastic (higher spin) six vertex models.

In a certain limit, the stochastic IRF models degenerate to (1+1)d interacting particle systems that we call dynamic ASEP and SSEP; their jump rates depend on local values of the height function. For the step initial condition, we evaluate averages of observables for them as well, and use those to investigate one-point asymptotics of the dynamic SSEP.

The construction and proofs are based on remarkable properties (branching and Pieri rules, Cauchy identities) of a (seemingly new) family of symmetric elliptic functions that arise as matrix elements in an infinite volume limit of the algebraic Bethe ansatz for

E_{\tau, \eta}(sl_2)

.
العتبات النصية في المجموعة القصصية «وغداً يأتي» للقاصة شريفة الشملان
Authors: فواز بن عبدالعزيز اللعبون فواز بن عبدالعزيز اللعبون
Published: January 2020

يتناول هذا البحث دراسة العتبات النصية في المجموعة القصصية «وغداً يأتي»، وهي مجموعة قصصية ناضجة فنيّاً لقاصة سعودية قديرة متنوعة التجربة السردية اسمها شريفة الشملان. ويسعى البحث إلى معرفة الخصائص العامة للعتبات النصية في المجموعة، وكشف الوظائف التي قامت بها هذه العتبات، واستجلاء المدى الذي تمكنت فيه من تكثيف الدلالات أو تسطيحها. وسوف يسهم البحث في تحليل خصائص العتبات ووظائفها ودلالاتها في المجموعة القصصية، إضافة إلى محاولة تقديم نتائج جديدة تختص بالعتبات في القصة القصيرة النسائية. وجاء هذا كله في مقدمة، وتمهيد، وفصل أول بعنوان: سيمائية العتبات النصية، وتحته أربعة مباحث، وفصل ثانٍ بعنوان: تفاعلات العتبات وأفق التلقي، وتحته مبحثان، فخاتمة، فثبت بالمصادر والمراجع. وقد استعان البحث بالمنهج الإنشائي، وأفاد في الوقت نفسه من بعض المناهج الحديثة لمقاربة النصوص كالسيميائية والأسلوبية.
Вещественные куммеровы квартики и их гейзенберг-инвариантность
Authors: Krasnov Vyacheslav Alekseevich
Published: January 2020

Рассматриваются две классификации вещественных куммеровых квартик. В каждой из них применяется гейзенберг-инвариантность куммеровых квартик. В первой классификации все многообразие вещественных куммеровых квартик сначала разбивается на четыре класса согласно их типу гейзенберг-инвариантности. А затем каждый из четырех классов дополнительно разбивается на подклассы, чтобы получить деформационную классификацию. Разбиение на подклассы производится с помощью топологической классификации вещественных частей вещественных куммеровых квартик. Во второй классификации рассматривается множество вещественных куммеровых квартик с фиксированной группой Гейзенберга. Такое множество состоит из непрерывной части и дискретной. В статье описываются деформационные классы непрерывной части этого множества и описывается его дискретная часть.
Библиография: 19 наименований.
La función comunicativa y educativa de los entornos virtuales de los museos
Authors: Rodríguez Trigo Sandra
Published: January 2020

El presente trabajo se centra en el estudio de la función comunicativa y el planteamiento educativo de los museos virtuales. Se trata de analizar cómo son los portales web de los museos más relevantes del mundo cultural con el propósito de evaluar a estos entornos virtuales como un modelo de buenas prácticas en el ámbito cultural y educativo.

Asimismo, esta investigación se basa en una metodología cualitativa en la que se utiliza como instrumento el cuestionario. Posteriormente, se ha llevado a cabo un sistema de evaluación en el cual se han aplicado técnicas más objetivas para poder evaluar las diferentes dimensiones.

Así pues, la función comunicativa y el planteamiento educativo de estos museos es alta, aun así, deben seguir reforzando estas dos funciones, y mejorar aspectos que influyen en la recepción y audiencia, la capacidad tecnológica y en los elementos estéticos.
Iron Disulfide Synthesis for Thermal Batteries Applications
Authors: Evangelista Medeiros Gabriel , José Moura Francisco , Fernandes Magalhães de Souza Rodrigo
Published: January 2020

The necessity for ever more efficient and compact power sources drives the development of more durable and more power-intensive sources. Electrochemical sources include primary batteries that support a single discharge cycle and secondary batteries that support a defined number of charge-discharge cycles. Such sources should be suitable for the intended application, such as emergency systems, military and aerospace apparatus, where they must have long shelf life, high current density and reliability. Thermal batteries work with LiCl-KCl eutectic electrolyte anodes and FeS2 cathodes. A pyrometallurgical synthesis route was studied for roasting reaction between Fe2O3 and vaporized sulfur to obtain FeS2. The results obtained showed a conversion close to 90% and a high dispersion of agglomerates sizes, which disaggregated generate particles suitable for cathode manufacturing.
Network Determinants of Cross-Border Merger and Acquisition Decisions
Authors: Didier Tatiana , Herrador Sebastian , Pinat Magali
Published: January 2020

This paper assesses whether cross-border M&A decisions exhibit network effects. We estimate exponential random graph models (ERGM) and temporal exponential random graph models (TERGM) to evaluate the determinants of cross-country M&A investments at the sectoral level. The results show that transitivity matters: a country is more likely to invest in a new destination if one of its existing partners has already made some investments there. In line with the literature on export platforms and informational barriers, we find a sizable impact of third country effects on the creation of new investments. This effect is sizable and larger than some of the more traditional M&A determinants, such as trade openness.
Firm-Level Data and Monetary Policy
Authors: Bounader Lahcen , Doukali Mohamed
Published: January 2020

We test the existence of the balance sheet channel of monetary policy in a middle-income country. Firm-level data scarcity and quality, in such a context, make the identification of this channel a steep challenge. To circumvent this challenge, we use panel instrumental variables estimation with measurement error to analyze the financial statements of 58 500 Moroccan firms over the period 2010-2016. Our analysis confirms the existence of this channel. It shows that monetary policy has a significant impact on small and medium enterprises’ access to banks’ financing, and that firm-specific variables are key determinants of firms’ financing decisions.
Hidden Treasure
Authors: Beer Sebastian , Coelho Maria , Leduc Sebastien
Published: January 2020

We analyze the impact of exchange of information in tax matters in reducing international tax evasion between 1995 and 2018. Based on bilateral deposit data for 39 reporting countries and more than 200 counterparty jurisdictions, we find that recent automatic exchange of information frameworks reduced foreign-owned deposits in offshore jurisdictions by an average of 25 percent. This effect is statistically significant and, as expected, much larger than the effect of information exchange upon request, which is not significant. Furthermore, to test the sensitivity of our findings, we estimate countries’ offshore status and the impact of information exchange simultaneously using a finite mixture model. The results confirm that automatic (and not upon request) exchange of information impacts cross-border deposits in offshore jurisdictions, which are characterized by low income tax rates and strong financial secrecy.
Is the Public Investment Multiplier Higher in Developing Countries? An Empirical Exploration
Authors: Izquierdo Alejandro , Lama Ruy , Medina Juan , Puig Jorge , Riera-Crichton Daniel , Vegh Carlos , Vuletin Guillermo Javier
Published: January 2020

Over the last decade, empirical studies analyzing macroeconomic conditions that may affect the size of government spending multipliers have flourished. Yet, in spite of their obvious public policy importance, little is known about public investment multipliers. In particular, the clear theoretical implication that public investment multipliers should be higher (lower) the lower (higher) is the initial stock of public capital has not, to the best of our knowledge, been tested. This paper tackles this empirical challenge and finds robust evidence in favor of the above hypothesis: countries with a low initial stock of public capital (as a proportion of GDP) have significantly higher public investment multipliers than countries with a high initial stock of public capital. This key finding seems robust to the sample (European countries, U.S. states, and Argentine provinces) and to the identification method (Blanchard-Perotti, forecast errors, and instrumental variables). Our results thus suggest that public investment in developing countries would carry high returns.
Inflation and Public Debt Reversals in Advanced Economies
Authors: Fukunaga Ichiro , Komatsuzaki Takuji , Matsuoka Hideaki
Published: January 2020

This paper quantitatively assesses the effects of inflation shocks on the public debt-to-GDP ratio in 19 advanced economies using simulation and estimation approaches. The simulations based on the debt dynamics equation and estimations of impulse responses by local projections both suggest that a 1 percentage point shock to inflation rate reduces the debt-to-GDP ratio by about 0.5 to 1 percentage points. The results also suggest that the impact is larger and more persistent when the debt maturity is longer, but the difference from the benchmark case is not significant. These results imply that modestly higher inflation, even if accompanied by some financial repression, could reduce public debt burden only marginally in many advanced economies.
Risk Management Maturity Assessment at Central Banks
Authors: Denewet Nicolas , Manzanera Antonio , Matai Sanjeev , Chamoun Elie
Published: January 2020

Effective risk management at central banks is best enabled by a sound framework embedded throughout the organization that supports the design and execution of risk management activities. To evaluate the risk management practices at a central bank, the Safeguards Assessments Division of the IMF’s Finance Department developed a tool that facilitates stocktaking of elements that are present and categorizes the function based on
its maturity. Tailored recommendations are then provided to the central bank which
provide a roadmap to advance the risk management function.
Debt Is Not Free
Authors: Moreno Badia Marialuz , Medas Paulo , Gupta Pranav , Xiang Yuan
Published: January 2020

With public debt soaring across the world, a growing concern is whether current debt levels are a harbinger of fiscal crises, thereby restricting the policy space in a downturn. The empirical evidence to date is however inconclusive, and the true cost of debt may be overstated if interest rates remain low. To shed light into this debate, this paper re-examines the importance of public debt as a leading indicator of fiscal crises using machine learning techniques to account for complex interactions previously ignored in the literature. We find that public debt is the most important predictor of crises, showing strong non-linearities. Moreover, beyond certain debt levels, the likelihood of crises increases sharply regardless of the interest-growth differential. Our analysis also reveals that the interactions of public debt with inflation and external imbalances can be as important as debt levels. These results, while not necessarily implying causality, show governments should be wary of high public debt even when borrowing costs seem low.
Completing the Market
Authors: Hu Nan , Li Jian , Meyer-Cirkel Alexis
Published: January 2020

We compared the predictive performance of a series of machine learning and traditional methods for monthly CDS spreads, using firms’ accounting-based, market-based and macroeconomics variables for a time period of 2006 to 2016. We find that ensemble machine learning methods (Bagging, Gradient Boosting and Random Forest) strongly outperform other estimators, and Bagging particularly stands out in terms of accuracy. Traditional credit risk models using OLS techniques have the lowest out-of-sample prediction accuracy. The results suggest that the non-linear machine learning methods, especially the ensemble methods, add considerable value to existent credit risk prediction accuracy and enable CDS shadow pricing for companies missing those securities.
Cambodia
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
Published: January 2020

Stable macroeconomic environment, strong growth and ongoing structural
reforms have contributed to significant progress towards Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs). At the same time, uncertainties, including from slower global growth and
potential suspension of preferential market access under the Everything but Arms (EBA)
scheme, highlight the importance of maintaining macroeconomic stability while
meeting still large development needs, addressing elevated financial sector
vulnerabilities and accelerating structural reforms.
Turkey
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
Published: January 2020

Selected Issues
Benin
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Published: January 2020

Fifth Review under the Extended Credit Facility Arrangement, Request for Extension, and Request for Modification of Performance Criteria-Press Release; and Staff Report
Cumprimento do calendário de vacinação de crianças em uma unidade de saúde da família
Authors: Ramos Camilo Ferreira , Paixão José Gabriel Miranda da , Donza Filipe Cunha de Sousa , Silva Anthony Mark Paiva da , Danillo Feitosa Caçador Danillo Feitosa Caçador , Dias Victor Danilo Vale , Sodré Évila Fernanda Lameira de Melo
Published: January 2020

OBJETIVO: Analisar o cumprimento do calendário de vacinação de crianças pelos usuários da Unidade de Saúde da Família Água Cristal bem como possíveis razões para o seu eventual não cumprimento.
MÉTODO: O estudo foi prospectivo, transversal e qualitativo, realizado a partir de visitas às residências das crianças pesquisadas, sendo a casuística constituída por 108 pessoas, número obtido através do registro presente nas fichas da família observadas. Incluíram-se crianças de ambos os sexos, analisando-se a faixa etária de 0 a 2 anos de idade, cadastradas na Unidade no ano de 2007.
RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que 87,97% das crianças estão com a vacinação atualizada, sendo que 13,89% dessas têm histórico de atrasos. Um fator fortemente atribuído a estes bons índices foi a atuação constante dos agentes comunitários de saúde. Entre aquelas que apresentaram atraso ou não receberam as vacinas, a falta da vacina contra rotavírus foi a mais observada, em 22,46% dos casos. Foram analisados fatores que poderiam contribuir para o índice de atraso, como escolaridade e ocupação dos pais. Nenhum desses foi estatisticamente significante.
CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados encontrados são comparáveis a ambulatórios de centros de referência latino-americanos, o que indica a efetividade da atuação do Programa Saúde da Família naquela comunidade. Contudo, a vacinação tem forte apelo na saúde da população e merece iniciativas de fortalecimento das ações, a fim de diminuir e evitar reaparecimento de doenças.
Black and Tan Academia
Authors: Favors Jelani M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the peculiar history of Tougaloo College from its founding during the Reconstruction Era to the turn of the century. Tougaloo, is best known for being a haven for black militancy during the modern civil rights movement and one of the few safe spaces for Freedom Riders, marchers, and sit-in activists in the most notoriously violent state in the south – Mississippi. Yet its early years illustrate an institution in constant flux, trying to survive economic hardships, and under the thumb of conservative administrators and teachers who exposed Tougaloo students to the expectations of respectability politics. Nevertheless, black students carved out vital spaces for expression and utilized the pages of their student newspaper to display their expanding social and political consciousness and their desire to resist the oppressive and often violent hardships of America’s lowest point in race relations.
Race Women
Authors: Favors Jelani M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the fascinating history of Bennett College – one of only two single sex colleges dedicated to educating African American women. Although Bennett would not make that transition until 1926, the institution played a vital role in educating African American women in Greensboro, North Carolina from the betrayal of the Nadir to the promises of a New Negro Era. The latter period witnessed Bennett, under the leadership of David Dallas Jones, mold scores of young girls into politically conscious race women who were encouraged to resist Jim Crow policies and reject the false principals of white supremacy. Their politicization led to a massive boycott of a theatre in downtown Greensboro and helped to set the tone for Greensboro’s evolution into a critical launching point for the modern civil rights movement.
Our Aims Are High and Our Determinations Deep
Authors: Favors Jelani M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses the history of Alabama State University during the crucial period between the New Negro Era and the rise of the modern civil rights movement. It was during this period that Montgomery, Alabama became a launching point for one of the most important protests in American history – the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Yet few understand the crucial role that Alabama State University played in sowing the seeds of that movement by training the leadership that helped to carry it out, and generating a spirit of resistance long before the boycotts took place. It was the members of the Women’s Political Council, a group of educators teaching at ASU, that designed the ideas for a massive boycott, and it was their leadership on campus, alongside the college president Harper Councill Trenholm, that transformed that campus into one of the most militant centers for student activism in the deep south. The campus soon came under the watchful eye of Jim Crow legislatures who controlled the purse strings and held the keys to the institution, but not before the communitas of ASU summoned the vision and the will to carry out their own sit-in protests in downtown Montgomery.
Their Rhetoric Is That of Revolution
Authors: Favors Jelani M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses Greensboro, North Carolina as the unofficial headquarters for the Black Power Movement in the south and the role that North Carolina A&T State University played in facilitating that development. Since the dawn of the turbulent 60s, A&T had been a force for change and an epicenter for student activism. With the dawning of the Black Power Movement, A&T students completely embraced the rhetoric of the era and followed it up with action. Those activists’ energies fed other Black Power initiatives across the state and soon led to the creation of a new national organization, as well as a powerful local organization that embodied the shifting agenda of the civil rights movement to address abject poverty throughout Black America. Those energies also attracted the attention of local law enforcement and the National Guard, which invaded the campus in May of 1969, shot and killed a student, and terrorized the predominantly black side of Greensboro. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the shifting landscape of HBCUs during the early 70s and the external and internal pressures that arrested the development of Black Power organizations during the decade.
Epilogue
Authors: Favors Jelani M.
Published: January 2020

The epilogue of this book examines the transformations that HBCUs have undergone since the mid 70s to present day. This era coincided with a migration of talented black family and students from black colleges to predominantly white institutions (PWI) as integration opened new doors and opportunities for black Americans. With years of underfunding and limited resources, HBCUs proved unable to match the facilities, infrastructure, and budgets of their PWI counterparts. Nevertheless, black colleges still experienced a cultural renaissance due to an embrace by American pop culture that was deeply influenced by the emerging sound and message of hip-hop. Black college life was dramatized on television and movies screens, and worn as a popular fashion brand by black entertainers and hip hop stars, which led to a fascination and often romanticization of HBCUs. The real challenge confronting black colleges was how to maintain financial solvency and repair a vast array of internal problems that resulted in public relation nightmares, while also continuing in their legacy of producing socially and politically conscious students who were prepared to serve as change agents in the black community.
Introduction
Authors: Reidy Joseph P.
Published: January 2020

The book explores the complex ways that slavery ended over the course of the Civil War, focusing particularly on the actions and experiences of black Americans, both enslaved and free in the North as well as the South. It emphasizes the elusive nature of freedom and the many obstacles in its winding path. Time moved erratically, and even space took on unforeseeably new characteristics in the turmoil of war. At bottom, the emancipation struggle involved a contest over the complex relationships that linked individuals to families, neighborhoods, and ultimately the nation, the resolution of which had implications that reached far beyond enslaved people and enslavers. The Union's victory over the Confederacy and the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment ended slavery, but its baleful effects have hung like a cloud over succeeding generations right into the twenty-first century.
Recurring Seasons
Authors: Reidy Joseph P.
Published: January 2020

The four seasons influenced the collapse of slavery, not least due to the effects of seasonal changes on military operations. In spring 1862, Union forces launched major offensives into the Confederacy. Federal troops destabilized slavery wherever they went, and freedom-seeking refugees approached their positions by the thousands in hopes of receiving protection. Grant's victory at Vicksburg in July 1863 cut the Confederacy in half, and by the following summer, Confederate civilians and soldiers alike were feeling the effects of the Union's "hard war" strategy. The number of freed people within Union lines grew into the hundreds of thousands. Although few major battles occurred in the loyal Border States, the war nonetheless undermined slavery there, largely due to the federal government's decision to recruit enslaved black soldiers without their owners' consent. Border-State slaveholders grew bitter, and the bitterness lasted far longer than a season.
Panoramas
Authors: Reidy Joseph P.
Published: January 2020

The war that ended in the destruction of slavery played out across a spatial panorama encompassing hundreds of thousands of square miles and, in the process, set millions of people in motion. Confederate military planners mobilized slaves to reinforce defensive positions and support military operations far from their homes, while skittish slaveholders removed their human property away from prospective danger zones in a practice that quickly came to be called "refugeeing." Freedom-seeking refugees took advantage of opportunities to escape their masters. Civilians no less than soldiers studied geography to learn more than just the place names that dotted news accounts of the war: the natural environment might offer clues into potential avenues or obstacles to freedom. Despite the internal stirring, rebel authorities retained control over much of the land mass of the original Confederacy to the end, and much of what was nominally in Union hands remained contested space. Only after the surrender did enslaved people in such areas begin to experience freedom.
The Blessings of a Home
Authors: Reidy Joseph P.
Published: January 2020

The Civil War exploded the patriarchal household in the South, the chief building block of the slave system. When enslaved people found shelter and protection under Union auspices, they built free households to serve as the foundation of a new world. Government officials, missionaries, and philanthropists assisted in this work, often unaware of their own biased suppositions and heedless of the aspirations that freed people themselves harbored. Federal military operations as well as Confederate guerrilla actions often disrupted this process wherein formerly enslaved people established a foothold in their home communities and in the nation. When superintendents of refugee camps imposed arbitrarily tight restrictions, residents likened their new conditions to slavery and protested with varying degrees of success. In the Loyal Border States, where the Union's need for fresh recruits overrode the slaveholders' claims for respect of their human property, families of black soldiers often paid a heavy price.
Monumental Mobility
Authors: Blee Lisa , O'Brien Jean M.
Published: January 2020

Installed at Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1921 to commemorate the tercentenary of the landing of the Pilgrims, Cyrus Dallin's statue Massasoit was intended to memorialize the Pokanoket Massasoit (leader) as a welcoming diplomat and participant in the mythical first Thanksgiving. But after the statue's unveiling, Massasoit began to move and proliferate in ways one would not expect of generally stationary monuments tethered to place. The plaster model was donated to the artist's home state of Utah and prominently displayed in the state capitol; half a century later, it was caught up in a surprising case of fraud in the fine arts market. Versions of the statue now stand on Brigham Young University's campus; at an urban intersection in Kansas City, Missouri; and in countless homes around the world in the form of souvenir statuettes.
The surprising story of this monumental statue reveals much about the process of creating, commodifying, and reinforcing the historical memory of Indigenous people. Dallin's statue, set alongside the historical memory of the actual Massasoit and his mythic collaboration with the Pilgrims, shows otherwise hidden dimensions of American memorial culture: an elasticity of historical imagination, a tight-knit relationship between consumption and commemoration, and the twin impulses to sanitize and grapple with the meaning of settler-colonialism.
No Peculiar Strictness Is Observed
Authors: Gonaver Wendy
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the life and writings of Superintendent John M Galt, and argues that the experience of heading an asylum in the United States South and the example of slaves hiring out prompted institutional innovation. Galt was the only American Superintendent to publicly endorse total non-restraint, reject racial segregation, and promote the cottage system of outpatient care. By showing that slavery provided the impetus for cost-saving initiatives that also maximized patients’ rights, this chapter connects the history of psychiatry with recent scholarship on slavery and modernity. Shunned by his peers in the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane, Galt tried to establish a transnational network with superintendents in Brazil and Russia, two societies that were also shaped by systems of coercive labor.