bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective Release of Technetium Complexes from a Solid Phase due to C–N Bond Cleavage upon Metal Coordination
Authors: Mundwiler Stefan , Candreia Lukas , Alberto Roger
Published: June 2006

A new method for 99mTc-labeling using solid-phase technology is described. It allows the separation of unlabeled from labeled bioactive molecules by simple filtration. The procedure is based on a site-specific C–N bond cleavage reaction initiated by the formation of
[TcI(CO)3L]-complexes.
Stabilization of Molecular LiF, LiFHF, and Na2SiF6 Using Metallamacrocyclic Hosts
Authors: Lehaire Marie-Line , Severin Kay
Published: June 2006

The molecular forms of LiF, LiFHF and Na2SiF6 have been stabilized using trinuclear metalla-macrocyclic complexes of (cymene)RuII, (Cp*)RhIII and (Cp*)IrIII as specific receptors. The host–guest complexes were characterized
by NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Based on these results, a highly selective chemosensor for fluoride anions has been developed.
Collaborative Nanoscience Laboratory with Integrated Learning Modules
Authors: Guggisberg Martin , Fornaro Peter , Smith Anthony , Gyalog Tibor , Wattinger Christian , Burkhart Helmar
Published: June 2006

Creation and maintenance of virtual laboratories needs an interdisciplinary project team with didactic and technical staff and also experts of the field. NANO-WORLD, a collaborative nanoscience laboratory, developed as part of the Swiss Virtual Campus, is built on top of an e-learning
portal. Interactive real-time simulations of nanoscience experiments inspire students to access e-learning modules. Remote experiments with mobile notification services increase the learning motivation of students. They can directly explore phenomena in nanoscience and take over the role of
scientists.
General Chemistry for Students Enrolled in a Life Sciences Curriculum
Authors: Bünzli Jean-Claude G. , Süss-Fink Georg , Koeller Sylvain , Ouali Nadjet , Piguet Claude , Rauzy Cédric , Emmenegger Franzpeter , Chauvin Anne-Sophie , Imbert Daniel , Fernandes Emmanuel , Chérioux Frédéric
Published: June 2006

The goal of this three-year project is to establish a modular and interactive Internet website for the teaching of general chemistry to freshmen students enrolled in a life sciences university program (medicine, biology, possibly pharmacy). Students should become familiar with the basic
chemistry concepts needed to understand important life processes and the whereabouts in day-to-day usage of chemical technologies. The idea behind the project, supported by four partner universities (Geneva, Lausanne, Neuchâtel, Fribourg), is to offer a flexible tool to students who
have followed very different secondary education programs, some of them having not yet taken any science course. The project aims therefore at optimizing their basic science training during the first year of higher education. A system of online exercises and tests helps the students to assess
their understanding of the matter. Video films of live experiments and computer simulations illustrate the main principles and phenomena described in the teaching program. Whenever possible, the teaching aims at an integrated vision of biosciences, as illustrated by some examples using a problem-based
approach. The site will offer bilingual (French, English), possibly trilingual (German), teaching and is intended to serve annually 1200–1300 students from the supporting universities.
eBioMED. ch©: Matching with the Reality of Lifelong Learning in Biomedical Sciences
Authors: Holzer Fabrice G. , Zaerpour Bahram
Published: June 2006

eBioMED. ch© is a web-based learning system dedicated to biomedical sciences. The main characteristic of this system is its ability to generate on-the-fly personalized learning modules. These modules are made by using the learner objectives and background
knowledge and a set of learning documents provided by a network of instructors. The highly personalized learning modules are specially adapted to provide learning facilities to a heterogeneous target public (lifelong learning).
Pharmasquare (Pharma2)
Authors: Lichtsteiner Salome , Rizzotti Sven , Weber Christina , Vögtli Alexander , Burkhart Helmar , Neier Reinhard , Khov-Tran Van Van , Folkers Gerd , Ernst Beat
Published: June 2006

The project Pharmasquare (Pharma2) is based on the regular course 'Pharmaceutical Chemistry: Drug Effects on the Molecular Level' alternately presented in Zürich and Basel using the videoconferencing system Telepoly. The course is part of an open learning
environment, which is currently complemented by distant learning facilities including a virtual learning environment. Pharma2 receives financial support from the Swiss Virtual Campus, the ETHZ, and matching funds by the Universities of Basel and Neuchâtel. In
its final form, the virtual learning environment will offer web-based training modules, a virtual laboratory, the adaptive self-assessment system PharmAskYou, scripts of the Telepoly lectures including learning objectives, a glossary in pharmaceutical sciences, a news-platform,
a discussion forum and the 'Question of the Week'.
Vireal Lab – From Instruction to Construction
Authors: Khov-Tran Van Van , Hanser Christof F.W. , Folkers Gerd
Published: June 2006

Living in a century in which the turnover of new insights in biomedical sciences is accelerating rapidly, educational institutions have to face the problem of the sustainability of its teaching strategies. There is no doubt that the task of every university is to keep the quality of
its education on a high standard. This goal can only be achieved if the increasing information of high complexity can be adequately integrated into teaching scenarios and constantly be available with reasonable accessibility. Conventional types of teaching media are no longer qualified for
this purpose. New teaching technologies, carefully integrated into the curriculum are believed to be an essential media to guarantee the constant high standard of education. In addition, nearly all modern research in life sciences nowadays has switched to teamwork to be able to create real
breakthroughs in basic and medicinal sciences, e.g. the Human Genome Project. This fact demands appropriate team teaching and working concepts as well as a well-equipped environment to support collaboration. In this article a completely new scientific environment for teamwork in education
and research in life sciences is presented: Vireal Lab, a physical learning environment, equipped with interactive tables and white boards with built-in electronic devices and touch-sensitive surfaces. It supports all modes of face-to face or virtual collaborative learning and working.
Since collaborative learning is believed to be one of the most successful learning methods it is, for the first time, supported by appropriate new technologies. Vireal Lab is an innovative approach to meet the high demands of today's teaching and research in life sciences
Prelog Lecture: Mechanism and Structure of Biosynthetic Enzymes. The Biosynthesis of Vitamin B6
Authors: Cane David E.
Published: June 2006

On Monday, November 11, 2002, the vice president, Prof. Dr. Gerhard Schmitt, presented the Prelog Medal 2002 to Prof. Dr. David E. Cane, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA. The title of the lecture that followed was 'Mechanism and Structure of Biosynthetic
Enzymes'.
Focal Point: Industrial Chemistry A: A. Simulation Tools and Their Application in Chemical Manufacturing
Authors: Pfluger Rudolf
Published: June 2006

Simulation tools and models are becoming more and more important in the fields of process development and design, process parameter optimization or in the evaluation of process interaction and their dynamic simulation. Not only can they be instrumental in creating cost transparency
and ultimately reducing costs or shortening time to market, but they are also able to significantly accelerate progress in process development or lead to the identification of optimization potentials. The three lectures demonstrated the step-by-step use of a mass, energy and cost flow model,
showed the application of simulation tools with varying level of detail at different stages of process design and further discussed the possibilities of using dynamic simulation within chemical production.
Focal Point: Biotechnology: Technologies for Genome Analysis: Applications in Biomedical Research
Authors: Certa U. , Wipf B.
Published: June 2006

With the deciphering of whole genomes, a tremendous amount of data has been made available for research. In order to analyze all this information within a reasonable time frame and at reasonable cost, new technologies in DNA analysis as well as enzyme assays have been developed in the
last few years in a symbiosis of biological, automation and miniaturization technologies. Examples are chip technologies for DNA analysis and microplate enzyme assays for high-throughput screening. Applications in biomedical research and in microbial diagnostics were presented.
Focal Point: Environmental Analytical Chemistry: Emerging Contaminants and Water Analysis
Authors: Giger W.
Published: June 2006

Sophisticated analytical techniques are necessary for the determination of trace contaminants in various environmental compartments. Qualitative identifications are followed by quality controlled quantitations and applications to a broad range of samples. The presented case studies
cover several relatively biopersistent chemicals and corresponding metabolites. The term emerging contaminants refers to environmental pollutants that have been only discovered and intensively studied during the last five years. Environmental field studies provide results which allow significant
conclusions with regard to input sources and environmental behavior. Improving the control of chemical water quality is a challenging task, for which the progress of analytical techniques is a significant base. Besides anthropogenically introduced contaminants, naturally derived water constituents
must also be thoroughly investigated in different parts of the environment. A well-established exposure assessment is crucially important for the evaluation of environmental risks posed by various chemicals, which occur in wastewaters, and of which residual amounts can enter ambient waters
and drinking water.
Focal Point: Industrial Chemistry B: Production Today – Tomorrow: New Technologies in Modern Chemistry
Authors: Kaiser P.
Published: June 2006

Production and modern research have already contributed towards development in many complex chemistry process. Our industry is still experiencing increased performance and technology demands. The speakers presented lectures on the latest developments in fractional layer crystallization,
high-performance distillation, phosgene processes, front-end engineering, UV and electron beam crosslinking, and enantioselective chromatographic separations.
The Contribution of the Chemical Industry and the 'Chemiker FH' to the Swiss Economy
Authors: Jud Christof
Published: June 2006

The Swiss chemical and pharmaceutical industry contributes about 5% to the gross domestic product of Switzerland. This is significantly above the levels seen in other European economies or in the USA. This industry employs about 68000 people in Switzerland and approximately 1350 'Chemiker
FH', graduates of the Universities of Applied Science. About half of all employed 'Chemiker FH' graduates serve the industry in managerial positions while the other half play a vital role as technical or scientific specialists.The current evolution at universities throughout Europe towards
Bachelor and Master degrees is an important process. 'Chemiker FH' graduates must be allowed equal opportunities in this respect while continuing to cultivate their competitive advantage to 'stay different' (gleichwertig aber andersartig). Well-educated and motivated staff will hereby
continue to significantly contribute to a strong backbone of the chemical/pharmaceutical industry in Switzerland.
Focal Point: Third Swiss COST Chemistry Symposium
Authors: Williams Alan F.
Published: June 2006

Over a hundred scientists attended the third Swiss COST Chemistry workshop in Basel last October 2002. The scientific programme consisted of some sixty posters illustrating Swiss participation in COST programmes, and ten invited lectures which progressed from small molecule synthesis,
via catalysis and diagnostics to chemistry in biological systems.
Fuel Cell Modeling and Simulations
Authors: Mantzaras John , Autissier Nordahl , Larrain Diego , Chaniotis Andreas K. , Poulikakos Dimos , Senn Stephan M. , Hajbolouri Faegheh , Andreaus Bernhard , Gauckler Ludwig J. , Prestat Michel , Brandstätter Wilhelm , Roos Markus , Büchi Felix N. , Freunberger Stefan A. , Maréchal François
Published: June 2006

Fundamental and phenomenological models for cells, stacks, and complete systems of PEFC and SOFC are reviewed and their predictive power is assessed by comparing model simulations against experiments. Computationally efficient models suited for engineering design include the (1+1) dimensionality
approach, which decouples the membrane in-plane and through-plane processes, and the volume-averaged-method (VAM) that considers only the lumped effect of pre-selected system components. The former model was shown to capture the measured lateral current density inhomogeneities in a PEFC and
the latter was used for the optimization of commercial SOFC systems. State Space Modeling (SSM) was used to identify the main reaction pathways in SOFC and, in conjunction with the implementation of geometrically well-defined electrodes, has opened a new direction for the understanding of
electrochemical reactions. Furthermore, SSM has advanced the understanding of the COpoisoning-induced anode impedance in PEFC. Detailed numerical models such as the Lattice Boltzmann (LB) method for transport in porous media and the full 3-D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Navier-Stokes
simulations are addressed. These models contain all components of the relevant physics and they can improve the understanding of the related phenomena, a necessary condition for the development of both appropriate simplified models as well as reliable technologies. Within the LB framework,
a technique for the characterization and computer-reconstruction of the porous electrode structure was developed using advanced pattern recognition algorithms. In CFD modeling, 3-D simulations were used to investigate SOFC with internal methane steam reforming and have exemplified the significance
of porous and novel fractal channel distributors for the fuel and oxidant delivery, as well as for the cooling of PEFC. As importantly, the novel concept has been put forth of functionally designed, fractal-shaped fuel cells, showing promise of significant performance improvements over the
conventional rectangular shaped units. Thermo-economic modeling for the optimization of PEFC is finally addressed.
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Systems and Materials
Authors: Gauckler Ludwig J. , Beckel Daniel , Buergler Brandon E. , Jud Eva , Muecke Ulrich P. , Prestat Michel , Rupp Jennifer L.M. , Richter Jörg
Published: June 2006

A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is a solid-state energy conversion system that converts chemical energy into electrical energy and heat at elevated temperatures. Its bipolar cells are electrochemical devices with an anode, electrolyte, and cathode that can be arranged in a planar or
tubular design with separated gas chambers for fuel and oxidant. Single chamber setups have bipolar cells with reaction selective electrodes and no separation between anode and cathode compartments. A nickel/yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) cermet is the most investigated and currently most
widespread anode material for the use with hydrogen as fuel. In recent years, however, doped ceria cermet anodes with nickel or copper and ceria as the ceramic phase have been introduced together with ceria as electrolyte material for the use with hydrocarbon fuels. The state-of-the-art electrolyte
material is YSZ of high ionic and nearly no electronic conductivity at temperatures between 800–1000°C. In order to reduce SOFC system costs, a reduction of operation temperatures to 600–800°C is desirable and electrolytes with higher ionic conductivities than YSZ are aimed
for such as bismuth oxide, lanthanum gallate or mixed conducting ceria and the use of thin electrolytes. Proton conducting perovskites are researched as alternatives to conventional oxygen conducting electrolyte materials. At the cathode, the reduction of molecular oxygen takes place predominantly
on the surface. Today's state-of-the-art cathodes are LaxSr1–xMnO3–? for SOFC operating at high temperature i.e. 800–1000°C, or mixed conducting LaxSr1–xCoyFe1–yO3–?
for intermediate temperature operation, i.e. 600-800°C. Among the variety of alternative materials, SmxSr1–xCoO3–? and BaxSr1–xCoxFe1–xO3–? are perovskites
that show very good oxygen reduction properties. This paper reviews the materials that are used in solid oxide fuel cells and their properties as well as novel materials that are potentially applied in the near future. The possible designs of single bipolar cells are also reviewed.
Swiss SOFC Integration Activities: Stacks, Systems, and Applications
Authors: Robert Gilles , Batawi Emad , Schuler Alexander , Riggenbach Susanne , Pietzak Björn , Molinelli Michele , Van Herle Jan , Irhinger Raphaël , Bucheli Olivier
Published: June 2006

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) application development is very well represented in Switzerland by two companies. Sulzer Hexis AG is one of the world leaders in the commercialization of SOFC systems for single family houses. A smaller company, HTceramix, is active in novel processing routes
for cells and in innovative stack designs. This article first presents the benefits of implementing SOFC in selected applications and markets. Then the current state-of-the-art in stacking is described for both Swiss stack designs, looking at power density, and electrical efficiency. It is
remarkable that both stacks currently exhibit a unique characteristic in SOFC design: the absence of side sealing, which permits to significantly simplify the stack assembly and thus improve its reliability. Finally, the two generations of SOFC systems produced by Sulzer Hexis are presented.
The HXS 1000 Premiere preseries system is evaluated on the basis of the extended demonstration program currently underway where 110 systems are in operation in single family houses and public buildings. The near-series system is then introduced with respect to the identified needs in reduction
of investment and operating costs as well as size and weight.
PEFC: Stacks, Systems, and Applications
Authors: Büchi Felix N. , Affolter Jean-François , Camenzind Stefan , Chmielewski Niels , Dietrich Philipp , Höckel Michael , Ruge Martin , Santis Marco
Published: June 2006

This article gives an overview on the research and development activities pursued in the area of polymer electrolyte fuel cell stacks and systems in Switzerland in 2004. Work is pursued on several different levels for stacks and systems from portable to automotive applications, in the
academic as well as in the industrial area. Today's work focuses on the improvement of specific power and cost efficiency of stacks and systems by development and optimization of new concepts for water management and cooling. This is achieved through function integration i.e. of the
gas humidification into the stack and adaptation of the cooling concepts for the specific application.
Platinum-Nanoparticles on Different Types of Carbon Supports: Correlation of Electrocatalytic Activity with Carrier Morphology
Authors: Reetz Manfred T. , Schulenburg Hendrik , Lopez Marco , Spliethoff Bernd , Tesche Bernd
Published: June 2006

The electrocatalytic activity of Pt-nanoparticles used in fuel cells increases by 34% upon going from the usual Pt/Vulcan XC72 to support systems such as Pt/Printex XE2 which have a relatively rough surface structure.
Fuels for Fuel Cells: Requirements and Fuel Processing
Authors: Van Herle Jan , Schuler Alexander , Dammann Lukas , Bosco Marcello , Truong Thanh-Binh , De Boni Erich , Hajbolouri Faegheh , Vogel Frédéric , Scherer Günther G.
Published: June 2006

Polymer electrolyte and solid oxide are the two fuel cell types (PEFC, SOFC) under development in Switzerland. The very distinct operating temperatures of 80°C (PEFC) and 800–950°C (SOFC) impose fundamentally different requirements upon the nature of the fuel; normally
purified H2 for the former (CO trace) and usually synthesis gas for the latter (H2, CO as main constituents). Apart from stored hydrogen, the most relevant fuels are primary hydrocarbons (natural gas, biogas, liquids,...), that then need processing (chemical conversion,
cleaning) up to a level compatible with the fuel cell catalysts. These processes are briefly reviewed. Fuel compositions with an emphasis on impurities are given. Two application examples from Swiss R&D are presented: gasoline conversion to high purity H2 for PEFC and contaminated
biogas processing for SOFC.
Fuel Cells in Switzerland – A Brief Retrospective View
Authors: Scherer Günther G.
Published: June 2006

Starting with the work of C.F. Schönbein, Switzerland has made important contributions to the history of fuel cell research. Starting with early developments in the first half of the 20th century, some highlights are mentioned in this article. After a first wave of industrial interest
in the 1960s, R&D in SOFC technology started about 1990 and is now on the road towards commercial introduction since about 2000. In parallel, polymer electrolyte fuel cell research has advanced at research institutions, including work on components, stacks, and complete systems.
Test and Measurement Methods for Fuel Cell Technology
Authors: Kramer Denis , McEvoy Augustin J. , Schneider Ingo , Kuhn Holger , Wokaun Alexander , Scherer Günther G.
Published: June 2006

Test and measurement methods, particularly electrochemical methods, applicable to fuel cell technology are reviewed. The difficulties of application of diagnostic tools and interpretation of results are highlighted. Specific requirements of the different fuel cell types, both high and
low temperature variants, are dealt with. Finally, recently developed in situ imaging methods and their diagnostic significance are presented.
Materials for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
Authors: Gubler Lorenz , Rajesh Bashyam , Wokaun Alexander , Scherer Günther G. , Steiger Beat , Reiner Andreas , Kramer Denis , Hajbolouri Faegheh , Gürsel Selmiye Alkan , Beck Nina , Thampi K. Ravindranathan
Published: June 2006

The commercial success of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) will to a large extent be determined by the nature, properties, functionality, and cost of the electrochemical sub-components used in the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). Materials research activities in Switzerland
for the PEFC are being pursued at the Paul Scherrer Institut (Villigen AG) and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne with different objectives. The radiation grafted proton exchange membrane developed at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) has been brought to a near-product-like
quality level with encouraging performance close to state-of-the-art materials and a life-time of several thousand hours. Furthermore, the membrane shows low methanol crossover in the direct methanol fuel cell. In addition, polyarylene block copolymer membranes have been investigated as an
option for fluorine-free membranes. The electrocatalysis of Pt in acidic solution and in contact with a solid electrolyte, the development of new methanol oxidation and oxygen reduction catalysts, and co-sputtering of Pt and carbon as an alternative method for catalyst preparation are areas
of fundamental research. More applied research is performed in the characterization of commercial electrodes in single cells, using standard as well as advanced diagnostic tools developed in-house. This article gives an overview over the research and development projects in Switzerland related
to materials and components for the PEFC.
Bridging the Strategic Gap Between Biotech and Pharma Companies
Authors: Tiedemann Gudrun
Published: June 2006

Although the pharmaceutical world market is larger than E 400 billion and shows an annual growth rate of 10%, there is a lack of new innovative products. Many life sciences start-ups have been founded in the last decade and are pursuing promising new approaches to cover medical needs.
However, there is a 'strategic gap' between discovery and development which is difficult to finance. In Germany with its several hundred biotech startups and medium-size pharma companies, new ways are being explored how to overcome this strategic gap and move new products to the market.
Personality, Accountability, and Liquidity – The Road to Success for Start-up Companies in the Life Science Area
Authors: Frei Urs
Published: June 2006

Within the framework of the project presented, in itself a component of the HSG Executive MBA program in general management, the success factors of life sciences start-up enterprises in the BioValley are examined. The study, supported by the BioValley organization, is based on an online
survey and interviews with professional investors. According to the information available to the authors, this represents the first research taken in this specific area. The team compiled a synthesis of the results – the 12 T's.
'SystemsX' – Project for a New Biological Science in Switzerland
Authors: Plattner Gian-Reto
Published: June 2006

The understanding of a complex biological system requires an interdisciplinary approach; systems biology, wholly integrating various sciences including biology, physics, mathematics, informatics, chemistry, microelectronics, micromechatronics, as well as information-, bio- and nanotechnologies.
Systems biology is a highly interactive scientific approach to biological research. It deals with the quantitative analysis of entire biological systems by investigating all components and networks of a given system. Dynamic computer models make it possible to simulate and change the properties
of a cell, and potentially the whole organism. The general strategy of systems biology is the use of iterative cycles of experiment, modelling and prediction as they have been used successfully in the exact sciences such as physics and chemistry. If this approach succeeds in systems biology,
this apparent paradigm change will transform today's biology from a predominantly descriptive science into an exact science. The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETHZ, the Universities of Basel and Zürich as well as the research-oriented Swiss pharma industry stand together to develop
systems biology in Switzerland. Their project named 'SystemsX' aims at obtaining worldwide competitive size as well as the role of a powerful global player. Economic and social needs provide the driving forces for entering this new, exciting area of research. Confederation, cantons, national
research agencies and industry are the pillars for financing this major bridgehead from biology to the other disciplines.
Qualitative Analysis of High-Growth Companies
Authors: Frei Patrik
Published: June 2006

Investing in high-growth companies carries substantial risks. This has been experienced by many investors in the past several years. Despite these negative experiences, however, there are numerous examples of companies that grew from small start-ups to established, cash-flow positive
companies. The assessment of a company based on qualitative factors (soft factors) provides a good basis to identify and choose potential winners. The assessment is also used for the financial valuation of a high-growth company.
Three Medals for Switzerland at the 36th International Chemistry Olympiad 2004
Authors: Hofstetter Dustin
Published: June 2006

At the 2004 Chemistry Olympiad in Kiel, the Swiss students won three bronze medals.
Natural Product-Based Drug Discovery – Epothilones as Lead Structures for the Discovery of New Anticancer Agents
Authors: Altmann Karl-Heinz , Flörsheimera Andreas , Bolda Guido , Caravattia Giorgio , Wartmanna Markus
Published: June 2006

Epothilones are microtubule depolymerization inhibitors, which inhibit the growth of a broad range of human cancer cell lines in vitro with low nM or sub-nM IC50s. Unlike other cytotoxic anticancer agents, epothilones are also active in vitro against multidrug-resistant
cell lines and they inhibit the growth of multidrug-resistant tumors in vivo. In order to further our understanding of the structural requirements for biological activity and, ultimately, to identify new microtubule-stabilizing agents with improved overall properties, we have investigated
the biological activity of a variety of structurally modified epothilone analogs. This report will focus on two selected aspects of our SAR work, namely (1) the synthesis and biological characterization of a series of 12-aza epothilones and (2) analogs with a conformationally constrained side-chain.
Several of these structures exhibit potent in vitro antiproliferative activity, and thus may be interesting candidates for further profiling in tumor models and perhaps for the development of improved clinical candidates.
Morphology 'Today'
Authors: Müntener Markus
Published: June 2006

Some aspects of morphological research are presented. Large series of overload experiments of the hind limb have clearly shown that changes in one limb always have consequences for the contralateral non-treated limb. Thus, in such experiments the non-operated limb should never be used
as a 'normal' control. Investigations of the extraocular muscles of cats have demonstrated a peculiarity. There was neither utrophin immunoreactivity nor positive staining of the acetylcholine receptors with alpha-bungarotoxin. The studies of the erector trunci muscles in more than 300 low-back
pain patients have shown that many conservative therapies are comparable in their outcome with respect to efficiency but not with respect to their costs. Selected historic and recent osseous samples showed a suggested microevolutionary increase for most of the spinal dimensions.
From Pharmacy to Pharmaceutical Sciences – The New Curriculum
Authors: Wunderli-Allenspach Heidi
Published: June 2006

Looking at the statistics of Pharmacy graduates, the picture has changed considerably over the last 25 years. In the 1980s at least 80% of the diploma students chose an occupation in a community pharmacy. Today graduates are employed in hospitals, industry, government, and in public
health positions beside the traditional community pharmacy that still accounts for about 50%. This reflects the strategy of the Institute to develop 'Pharmacy' into 'Pharmaceutical Sciences', which has been pursued by the nomination of several professors in fields beyond classical pharmacy
in the 1990s, while keeping the classical pharmacy chairs strong. This trend is ongoing with a recent nomination of a chair in Pharmacogenomics. As a consequence, a new concept for the training of pharmacists has been designed resulting in the Curriculum in Pharmaceutical Sciences that began
in the year 2000.
Concepts and Prototypes for Formulation and Delivery of Biopharmaceuticals and in Tissue Engineering
Authors: Meinel Lorenz , Gander Bruno , Merkle Hans P.
Published: June 2006

Novel technologies in the discovery of new therapeutic or immunogenic moieties in the fields of low molecular weight and biomacromolecular pharmaceuticals have led to an increasing demand for delivery systems capable of protecting, transporting, and selectively depositing those therapeutic
agents at their sites of action, with the aim to control their pharmacological profiles, reduce frequencies of administration, limit side effects and toxicity, and, last but not least, foster patient compliance. This applies particularly to biomacromolecules, i.e. peptide, protein,
and nucleic acid biopharmaceuticals. Our group's prime interest in this area is to improve efficacy and safety of drug treatment and vaccination, and contribute to patient-friendly administration modes. In particular, we focus on peptide and protein therapeutics, vaccines and gene medicines.
In this summary, we will specifically address three areas: (i) our long-term involvement in the biomedical engineering of particulates as vaccine delivery systems, (ii) skeletal tissue engineering applying human mesenchymal stem cells, and (iii) our engagement in research on cell penetrating
peptides (CPP) as carriers for drug delivery.
Pharmacy at the ETH Zürich – Past and Present
Authors: Sticher Otto , Wunderli-Allenspach Heidi
Published: June 2006

Pharmacy has a long-standing tradition at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. The last 149 years have seen a vigorous expansion from a single professor to a faculty of about ten and from a few students per year to about one hundred in 2003. Starting out as part of the Chemistry
section in the early days of the ETH, Pharmacy became an independent unit in 1916 when it was moved to a new location at Clausiusstrasse 25. With various changes in organizational structure it remained there until 1993, when it was transferred to the Irchel Campus of the University of Zürich
due to lack of space. Upon the installation of autonomous departments at the ETH in 2003, the critical size for organizational units was becoming an issue. As a consequence the Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences together with the three Chemistry Laboratories and the Institute of Chemical
and Bioengineering decided to establish the new Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences (D-CHAB). With the move to the HCI Hönggerberg, the five Institutes of the D-CHAB have also become re-united at the same location.
Radiopharmaceuticals: From Molecular Imaging to Targeted Radionuclide Therapy
Authors: Schubiger P. August , Grünberg Jürgen , Ametamey Simon Mensah , Honer Michael , Garcia-Garayoa Elisa , Bläuenstein Peter , Waibel Robert , Novak-Hofer Ilse , Schibli Roger
Published: June 2006

The research and development of smart radiodrugs is the goal of the Center of Radiopharmaceutical Science of ETH, PSI, and USZ. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) allows the non-invasive visualization of biochemical processes within the body. Radiolabeled PET-tracers allow the study
of neurophysiological diseases like Alzheimer, Parkinson's disease or the imaging of metastatic tumors. PET-techniques are nowadays an important part of routine nuclear medicine diagnosis. Tumor-cell targeting biomolecules (e.g. antibodies or peptides) coupled to therapeutic radionuclides
can sterilize the malignant cells while sparing healthy tissue. This so-called targeted radionuclide therapy has made tremendous progress in the recent years and the first approved radiotherapeutics are available for clinical use.
5-HT2C Receptor Agonists for the Treatment of Obesity. Biological and Chemical Adventures
Authors: Adams David , Taylor Sven , Röver Stephan , Richter Hans , Plancher Jean-Marc , Mizrahi Jacques , Malcolm Craig S. , Knight Antony R. , Kennett Guy A. , Hebeisen Paul , Cliffe Ian A. , Bourson Anne , Bissantz Caterina , Bentley Jon M. , Bickerdike Mike J. , Bénardeau Agnès , Vickers Steven P.
Published: June 2006

Obesity is a major risk factor in the development of conditions such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease and cancer. There is increasing evidence suggesting an important role for the 5-HT2C receptor in appetite control. Collaboration between
F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and Vernalis Research Ltd has allowed rapid construction of a solid structure–activity relationship around a pyrroloindole core. A one-pot Sonogashira reaction followed by nucleophilic double cyclisation allows an elegant and expedient route to this
central motif. Introduction of a (2S)-aminopropyl group in place of the aminoethyl endogenous ligand side-chain enhanced the affinity at the 5-HT2C receptor and reduced affinity towards monoamine oxidase enzymes (MAO). Sulfamidate reagents were found to be very effective
for the introduction of the 2-aminopropyl moiety in a stereoselective manner. The substitution at position 5 (indole numbering) was found to be crucial for both affinity and selectivity. Pyrroloindoles bearing an alkoxyether in this position exhibit promising pharmacokinetic parameters in
rodent and significant reduction of food intake, after per os application.
Abschied von der Abteilung Chemie in Burgdorf: Offener Brief an alle Burgdorfer Chemikerinnen und Chemiker
Authors: Weber Ruth
Published: June 2006

In 2004 the government of the Kanton Bern has decided to close the Abteilung Chemie Burgdorf at the Bern University of Applied Sciences. The history of the Abteilung is summarized and a meeting with the alumni is announced.
Lead Generation: Sowing the Seeds for Future Success
Authors: Bleicher Konrad H. , Nettekoven Matthias , Peters Jens-Uwe , Wyler René
Published: June 2006

Lead generation and the associated hit-to-lead process are key strategic elements in modern pharmaceutical research, and most companies have implemented this concept. Efficient lead generation is one of the main attempts to reduce the high attrition rates observed along the drug discovery
process by focussing on the early developmental phases. The level of integration of the lead generation activities within the discovery organization, the flexibility in assessing and implementing new chemistries and new technologies, the high-quality standards set for the identification of
the best possible chemical lead series will ultimately determine the future success in discovering new medicines.
Increased Productivity through Dynamic Process Optimization in Sterile Facility 303 at Novartis Pharma Stein AG
Authors: Nyfeler Peter , Zeoli Antonio , Bokalota Cédric , Chatelain Roland
Published: June 2006

Pharmaceutical production processes are subject to a multiplicity of regulatory requirements regarding the product quality. Since economic aspects (e.g. productivity) also have to be considered, process optimizations have to be carried out. In Building 303 at Novartis Pharma
Stein AG new technologies have been implemented, which are constantly reviewed and optimized to increase the productivity and to keep up with the state of the art and the requirements.
2-Styryl-pyridines and 2-(3,4-Dihydro-naphthalen-2-yl)pyridines as Potent NR1/2B Subtype Selective NMDA Receptor Antagonists
Authors: Buettelmann Bernd , Alanine Alexander , Bourson Anne , Gill Ramanjit , Heitz Marie-Paule , Mutel Vincent , Pinard Emmanuel , Trube Gerhard , Wyler René
Published: June 2006

A series of 2-styryl-pyridines and 2-(3,4-dihydro-naphthalen-2-yl)-pyridines was prepared and evaluated as NR1/2B subtype selective NMDA receptor antagonists. The SAR developed in this series resulted in the discovery of high affinity antagonists that are selective (vs. ?1
and M1 receptors) and are active in vivo .
Fast Determination of Chlorophenols at the ppt Level. A New Analytical Tool for Quality Control of Cork Stoppers?
Authors: Berthod Raphaël , Flaction Olivier , Frey Urban
Published: June 2006

Chlorophenols (CPs) are the precursors of the main source for the so-called musty taint, especially in wine. Currently, different fast methods for the determination of the chloroanisoles (CAs), mainly 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA), the principal causative agent, are used for the quality
control of cork stoppers. The methods available for CPs present either a long sample preparation step or are less representative for a batch, because of the very small sample size. We present a new fast method for the determination of chlorophenols and chloroanisoles at the ppt level by GC-MSMS
using in situ derivatization and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) preconcentration. We present first results of the development of a new tool for efficient quality control in the cork stopper production.
New UV Absorbers for Cosmetic Sunscreens – A Breakthrough for the Photoprotection of Human Skin
Authors: Herzog Bernd , Hüglin Dietmar , Borsos Elek , Stehlin Albert , Luther Helmut
Published: June 2006

Two new UV filters for use in cosmetic sunscreens have been developed. Bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (BEMT) is a hydroxy-phenyl-triazine derivative, which has been designed for optimal spectral performance, excellent photostability, and solubility in cosmetic oils.
Methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol (MBBT) is the active ingredient of a particulate UV-filter system, which is available as a 50% dispersion of MBBT. Since the UV-attenuating efficacy depends strongly on particle size, the material is micronised to particle sizes below 200
nm. The mode of action of this photostable filter system is governed to about 90% by absorption and 10% by scattering of UV light. Both filters show broad-spectrum characteristics with significant protection in the UVA range.
Commercial High Explosives
Authors: Ringgenberg Otto , Mathieu Jörg
Published: June 2006

Non-military explosives are used mainly for mining and tunnel construction, for building demolition and for various special uses such as setting off avalanches and for seismic investigations. Common to all explosives is their heterogeneous structure, the great work capacity (blast effect)
and the advantage that the detonation releases only small amounts of poisonous explosion gases. Modern explosives for tunnel construction can be pumped and are capable of exploding only on site, by the addition or chemical generation of microbubbles. With the introduction of electronic detonators,
explosive technology entered a new era. These detonators are very safe and precise, and it is possible to program up to 1600 detonators in one blasting operation.
Military High Explosives
Authors: Mathieu Jörg , Stucki Hans
Published: June 2006

Military high explosives are safe to handle, have a long shelf life, their energy density is high and the propagation of the explosion (detonation reaction) is very fast. The energetic compounds are combined with polymers and other substances to match the properties as required.
To initiate a detonation, a shock wave is needed. This is accomplished with a small quantity of a primary explosive. Modern, extremely insensitive formulations have been developed in most countries to eliminate accidents with ammunition. Apart from insensitive energetic compounds, new inert
or energetic binder systems will be introduced to improve the vulnerability. The search for new energetic materials with highest performance characteristics is a never-ending task.
Military Pyrotechnics
Authors: Berger Beat
Published: June 2006

Phenomena such as varied light emissions, sound, burning rates, heats of reaction and reaction products occur during inorganic redox reactions. The peculiarity of these redox reactions is that they take place as solid–solid, solid–liquid or solid–gas state reactions
and not as redox reactions in a solvent as normally postulated in inorganic chemistry. By variation of different parameters such as the reducing agent, the oxidizer, the oxygen balance or the particle size, it is possible to create a wide range of the above-mentioned effects.
Pyrotechnics in Fireworks
Authors: Ineichen Hugo , Berger Beat
Published: June 2006

The paths artificial fireworks took from China to Europe and the subsequent development of such fireworks from religious miracles to exciting entertainment for spectators is shown. Some basic information about fireworks is presented. By using auxiliary substances, it is possible to
produce differently colored light or smoke. The procedure to prepare a commercial firework display is described. Some of the most important articles and items used in firework displays are listed.
Propellant Chemistry
Authors: Folly Patrick , Mäder Peter
Published: June 2006

A systematic overview of the different types of solid propellants, their chemical compositions, characteristics and practical applications is given. The classification of propellants, the function of stabilizers and the modification of the ballistic properties are discussed.
Toxicity and Degradation of Explosives
Authors: Stucki Hans
Published: June 2006

Safety regulations about handling energetic materials deal mostly with the protection of man against explosions. Explosives contain many components with toxic hazards where protection measures are necessary or a replacement by other substances should be considered. Not only the well-known
toxins like aromatic nitro compounds, nitrosamines, mercury, and lead are important, but also hazardous burning and detonation products and metabolites arising in the environment need serious control. Residues of organic nitro compounds and nitrates in the environment show, influenced by the
microbiology, slow degradation reactions. Recently developed compounds have to be investigated to assess toxicity risks and possible endocrine effects.
Thermal Stability of Explosives
Authors: Folly Patrick
Published: June 2006

Thermal decomposition rates and mechanisms of explosives are of obvious importance to efforts designed to enhance safety in manufacturing, storage and handling of these energetic materials. To assess the thermal stability of energetic materials a series of analyses have to be performed.
This paper gives an overview on the classical tests used to establish the safety parameters. The modern analytical methods applied today are also presented and illustrated. The development of technology and the use of advanced numerical techniques such as AKTS-TA-Software® enables prediction
of the reaction progress of materials in broad temperature ranges. In fact, the goal for numerical simulations is to replace experiments in situations when direct accessibility to the test item or set-up is not possible for timing or safety reasons. The introduction of such new methodology
will lead to approaches as close as possible to the reality but will never be able to reach it.
NANO-Textured Functional Layers for Sustainable Products
Authors: Moser Eva Maria , Painot Jacques , Dimitrov Anne , Goy Edmond
Published: June 2006

The versatile role of nano-textured layers and their advanced performances have been elucidated in selected R&D projects. The aim was to overcome the limitation of conventional thin films due to micro defects like pinholes and scratches by nano-texturing the functional layers. Our
concept allows the development of highly effective diffusion barrier layers for reactive gases in order to prevent their loss to the environment during storage. A second application describes the nanoactive corrosion protection for metallic products due to the combination of a passive physical
barrier consisting of a highly cross-linked hydrocarbon layer and the adjustment of the electrochemical potential by incorporating metallic clusters. Tiny amounts of added metals like zinc substitute toxic metals used for conventional corrosion protection so far which enables a management
of sustainable materials.
Coupled Anharmonic Vibrational Dynamics of the Hydrogen Bond in Binary Complexes
Authors: Goubet Manuel , Madebène Bruno , Lewerenz Marius
Published: June 2006

We report anharmonic vibrational analyses of the coupling between the red-shifted high frequency HFstretching vibrations and low frequency intermolecular modes in the hydrogen-bonded complexes thiirane-HF and H2 O-HF. The important non-diagonal anharmonicities found in high-level
ab initio calculations are consistent with recent experimental results. The physical origin of the coupling mechanism implies that a physically correct treatment of hydrogen-bond induced vibrational red shifts requires a vibrational treatment far beyond the customary one-dimensional approach
combined with large basis set electronic structure calculations.