bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Landscape‐Based Regionalization of Natural Flow Regimes in the Ebro River Basin and Its Biological Validation
Authors: Solans M. A. , Mellado‐Díaz A.
Published: January 2015

Flow prediction in ungauged basins is an important task for water resources planning and management, and remains a fundamental challenge for hydroecological research. Based on a previous classification of streams and rivers in the Ebro River basin (Spain), where six natural flow‐regime types were identified, we apply a new predictive approach of the flow regime type based on climatic and physiographic descriptors. We used a set of easily available environmental variables as discriminant parameters: annual precipitation, annual evapotranspiration, annual air temperature, elevation, catchment area, drainage density and geology. A stepwise landscape‐based classification procedure consisting of several stepwise discriminant analyses and canonical discriminant analyses allocated a set of sites with poor or no natural flow data into the flow types defined. Misclassification rates obtained by cross‐validation ranged between 1.12% and 11.9%. Additionally, the ecological soundness of the proposed regionalization was tested by the concordance between macroinvertebrate communities and the proposed classification using NMDS and ANOSIM. NMDS resulted in a clear separation of sites into five NFR classes with available macroinvertebrate data, and ANOSIM found significant differences in macroinvertebrate communities among classes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying Temperature Thresholds Associated with Fish Community Changes in British Columbia, Canada, to Support Identification of Temperature Sensitive Streams
Authors: Parkinson E. A. , Lea E. V. , Nelitz M. A. , Knudson J. M. , Moore R. D.
Published: January 2015

We collected fish samples and measured physical habitat characteristics, including summer stream temperatures, at 156 sites in 50 tributary streams in two sampling areas (Upper Fraser and Thompson Rivers) in British Columbia, Canada. Additional watershed characteristics were derived from GIS coverages of watershed, hydrological and climatic variables. Maximum weekly average temperature (MWAT), computed as an index of summer thermal regime, ranged from 10 to 23 °C. High values of MWAT were associated with large, warm, low relief watersheds with a high lake influence. Measures of community similarity suggested that the fish community changed most rapidly through a lower transition zone at an MWAT of about 12 °C and an upper transition zone at an MWAT of about 19 °C. These results were confirmed using existing fisheries inventory data combined with predictions of MWAT from a landscape‐scale regression model for the Thompson River watershed. For headwater sites in the Chilcotin River watershed (which drains into the middle Fraser River), the relative dominance of bull trout versus rainbow trout (based on inventory data) decreased with increasing predicted MWAT although the distinction was not as clear as for the Thompson River sites. The fish communities in these watersheds can be characterized in terms of very cold water (bull trout and some cold water species), cold water (salmonids and sculpins) and cool water (minnows and some cold water salmonids). The two transition zones (ca 12 and 19 °C) can be used to identify thresholds where small changes in stream temperature can be expected to lead to large changes in fish communities. Such clear, quantifiable thresholds are critical components of a management strategy designed to identify and protect vulnerable fish communities in streams where poor land use practices, alone or in combination with climatic change, can lead to changes in stream temperatures. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concentration‐Controlled Reversible Phase Transitions in Self‐Assembled Monolayers on HOPG Surfaces
Authors: Shen Xueli , Wei Xiaodong , Tan Pengli , Yu Yingguo , Yang Biao , Gong Zhongmiao , Zhang Haiming , Lin Haiping , Li Youyong , Li Qing , Xie Yongshu , Chi Lifeng
Published: January 2015

Rational control of molecular ordering on surfaces and interfaces is vital in supramolecular chemistry and nanoscience. Here, a systematic scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) study for controlling the self‐assembly behavior of alkoxylated benzene (B‐OCn) molecules on a HOPG surface is presented. Three different phases have been observed and, of great importance, they can transform to each other by modifying the solute concentration. Further studies, particularly in situ diluting and concentrating experiments, demonstrate that the transitions among the three phases are highly controllable and reversible, and are driven thermodynamically. In addition, it is found that concentration‐controlled reversible phase transitions are general for different chain lengths of B‐OCn molecules. Such controllable and reversible phase transitions may have potential applications in the building of desirable functional organic thin films and provide a new understanding in thermodynamically driven self‐assembly of organic molecules on surfaces and interfaces.
Selecting a software engineering tool: lessons learnt from mutation analysis
Authors: Delahaye Mickaël , du Bousquet Lydie
Published: January 2015

Software developers employ many tools in every step of the development. As automation progresses, tools take a more and more important place. A common and difficult problem is choosing a tool among every tool for a given task.

As a particular instance of this problem, this paper considers mutation analysis tools. Mutation analysis is a way to evaluate the quality of a test suite. The quality is measured as the ability of the test suite to detect faults injected into the program under tests. A fault is detected if at least one test case gives different results on the original program and the fault‐injected one. Mutation tools aim at automating and speeding both the generation of fault‐injected variants, called mutants, and the execution of the test suite on those mutants.

This paper proposes a methodology to compare tools and applies it for comparing mutation tools. This methodology proposes to dress a list of comparison criteria as well as a list of usage profiles. Mutation tools for Java are compared on paper and by experiments. The work is then extended to other languages to assert the pertinence of the comparison criteria and the usage profiles. Finally, lessons are drawn from our selection process. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concise Review: Induced Pluripotency by Defined Factors: Prey of Oxidative Stress
Authors: Qi Suxia , Fang Zhi , Wang Danli , Menendez Pablo , Yao Ke , Ji Junfeng
Published: January 2015

Reprogramming somatic cells to pluripotency (induced pluripotent stem cells, iPSCs) via forced expression of defined factors has become one of the most fascinating areas in biomedical research because it holds a tremendous application potential for cell therapy, disease modeling, and drug screening applications. However, cellular reprogramming is a very inefficient and metabolically demanding process commonly associated with genomic instability of the resulting iPSCs. Low reprogramming efficiency and presence of de novo genomic aberrations in iPSCs may hamper their downstream applications. Here, we review mounting studies that have tackled reprogramming efficiency and genome stability of iPSCs. In particular, we focus on the effect of oxidative stress on cellular reprogramming. We will discuss how oxidative stress influences cellular reprogramming and the mechanisms by which antioxidants promote reprogramming efficiency and preserve genome integrity of iPSCs. A reduction of oxidative stress is expected to augment reprogramming efficiency and concomitantly promote the genomic integrity of the resulting iPSCs, eventually facilitating the implementation of cellular reprogramming for downstream applications. Stem Cells  2015;33:1371–1376
miR-223 Regulates Adipogenic and Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Through a C/EBPs/miR-223/FGFR2 Regulatory Feedback Loop
Authors: Guan Xiaohui , Gao Yifei , Zhou Jie , Wang Jun , Zheng Fang , Guo Fei , Chang Ailing , Li Xiaoxia , Wang Baoli
Published: January 2015

Several miRNAs have recently been identified to regulate adipocyte or osteoblast differentiation or both. In this study, miR-223 was found to be involved in the reciprocal regulation of adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation. miR-223 was induced in primary cultured mouse marrow stromal cell, mesenchymal line C3H10T1/2 and stromal line ST2 after adipogenic treatment. Conversely, it was reduced in preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 after osteogenic treatment. Supplementing miR-223 levels using synthetic miR-223 mimics significantly suppressed the growth of the C3H10T1/2 and ST2 cells and induced the progenitor cells to fully differentiate into adipocytes, along with induction of adipocyte-specific transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBPα), and marker genes aP2 and adipsin. By contrast, depletion of the endogenous miR-223 using synthetic miR-223 inhibitor repressed the progenitor cells to differentiate. The effects of miR-223 on adipocyte formation from ST2 cells were also demonstrated by using lentivirus that overexpresses miR-223. Conversely, supplementing miR-223 blocked ST2 to differentiate into osteoblasts. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (Fgfr2), a critical regulator of osteoblast, was shown to be a direct target of miR-223 by using dual luciferase reporter assay. Knockdown of Fgfr2 in C3H10T1/2 downregulated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and upregulated expression of C/EBPα and dramatically enhanced the differentiation of the cells into adipocytes. Further investigation of mechanisms that control miR-223 expression demonstrated that C/EBPs induced miR-223 expression through binding to the promoter regions of the miR-223. Taken together, our study provides evidences that miR-223 regulates adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation through a novel C/EBPs/miR-223/FGFR2 regulatory feedback loop. Stem Cells  2015;33:1589–1600
Concise Review: Bullseye: Targeting Cancer Stem Cells to Improve the Treatment of Gliomas by Repurposing Disulfiram
Authors: Triscott Joanna , Rose Pambid Mary , Dunn Sandra E.
Published: January 2015

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to be at the root of cancer recurrence because they resist conventional therapies and subsequently reinitiate tumor cell growth. Thus, targeting CSCs could be the bullseye to successful cancer therapeutics in the future. Brain tumors are some of the most challenging types of cancer to treat and the median survival following the initial diagnosis is 12–18 months. Among the different types of brain tumors, glioblastoma (GBM) is considered the most aggressive and remains extremely difficult to treat. Despite surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, most patients develop refractory disease. Temozolomide (TMZ) is a chemotherapy used to treat GBM however resistance develops in most patients. The underlying mechanisms for TMZ resistance (TMZ-resistant) involve the expression of DNA repair gene O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase. CSC genes such as Sox-2, BMI-1, and more recently Y-box binding protein-1 also play a role in resistance. In order to develop novel therapies for GBM, libraries of small interfering RNAs and off-patent drugs have been screened. Over the past few years, several independent laboratories identified disulfiram (DSF) as an off-patent drug that kills GBM CSCs. Reportedly DSF has several modes of action including its ability to inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenases, E3 ligase, polo-like kinase 1, and NFkB. Due to the fact that GBM is a disease of heterogeneity, chemotherapy with multitargeting properties may be the way of the future. In broader terms, DSF kills CSCs from a range of different cancer types further supporting the idea of repurposing it for “target practice.” Stem Cells  2015;33:1042–1046
A conceptual model of software testing
Authors: Marshall A. C.
Published: January 2015

As code is executed correctly under test, confidence in the correctness of the code increases. In this context, an intuitive conceptual model of the process of software testing which draws upon experience gained with mutation analysis is presented. The model is used to explain how the testing of one path can influence confidence in other (possibly unexecuted) paths. It is also discussed in relation to software reliability and systematic structural testing, and is shown to be consistent with observations made during these forms of testing.
Improve your knowledge, skills with new enrollment management book
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: January 2015

Whether you're just starting out in your career or have years of experience, the Handbook of Strategic Enrollment Management will provide you with insights that will help you in your work.
“Both Sides of the Wheelchair”: The Views of Individuals with, and Parents of Individuals with Friedreich Ataxia Regarding Pre‐symptomatic Testing of Minors
Authors: Lowe Georgia C. , Corben Louise A. , Duncan Rony E. , Yoon Grace , Delatycki Martin B.
Published: January 2015

Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by variable age of onset, with no treatment proven to alter its natural history. Siblings of individuals with FRDA have a 25 % risk of developing the condition, raising issues around genetic testing of asymptomatic minors. There is a lack of professional consensus and limited empirical evidence to support provision or refusal of testing. This study aimed to ascertain the opinions of individuals with and parents of individuals with FRDA regarding pre‐symptomatic testing of minors. A qualitative research approach using semi‐structured interviews and thematic analysis was employed. Interviews with ten individuals with FRDA, and ten parents of individuals with FRDA were conducted, recorded, transcribed and analyzed. Four findings emerged. First, a number of arguments for and against testing minors were identified. Second, strong support existed from parents about the parental right to test their at‐risk immature children, but individuals with FRDA were of mixed opinions. Third, participants felt it was not the clinician's role to make a final decision about whether testing occurs. Finally, a specific issue of concern regarding testing was what and when to tell at‐risk children about the test result. The findings highlight a dilemma of how to manage the desires of some individuals and families affected by FRDA to access testing, when there is a lack of professional consensus due to differing opinions regarding autonomy, confidentiality and risk of harm. Research regarding the impact of testing and the views of at‐risk individuals and clinicians is required so an appropriate framework for dealing with this contentious issue is developed.
Thermodynamic Parameters and their Dependence on Temperature in the Range 298–353 K for Ethoxylated Sorbitan Ester Tween 20, 40, 60 and 80 Surfactants
Authors: Sannaningannavar Fakkeerappa M. , Patil Shivaram N. , Melavanki Raveendra M. , Navati Basalingappa S. , Ayachit Narasimha H.
Published: January 2015

Thermodynamic parameters of liquid ethoxylated sorbitan ester (Tween 20, 40, 60 and 80) surfactants have been evaluated. For the estimation of these parameters, molar volumes (V) and volume expansion coefficients (α) at different temperatures are employed. These dilatometric studies are predominantly directed towards the establishment of the invariant nature of Sharma's parameter (S0). The S0 and all other parameters values are used to discuss and throw light on the internal structure, molecular order, molecular packing, molecular movement and intermolecular interactions.
Enhancement of Styrene Adsolubilization and Solubilization by Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant‐Linker Mixtures onto an Aluminum Oxide Surface
Authors: Asnachinda Emma , Khampaeng Chuthanan , Sutthinon Pinpinat , Khaodhiar Sutha
Published: January 2015

The polarity of rhamnolipid, a relatively hydrophilic biosurfactant, can be enhanced by the addition of linker molecules. In this work, rhamnolipid biosurfactant‐modified surfaces were prepared with and without a combination of linkers (1‐butanol, 1‐octanol, and 1‐dodecanol) to investigate effects of linker molecules on styrene adsolubilization and solubilization. Results showed that styrene adsolubilization increased with increasing carbon chain lengths of the linker molecules whereas the solubilization of styrene exhibited the opposite effect. Decreasing the carbon atoms in the linker molecules resulted in higher styrene solubilization capacity because of the change in polarity of the three‐dimensional surfactant aggregates. The higher adsolubilization capacity indicated the enlargement of surfactant tails that was created a larger adsolubilization region in the admicelle while the lesser solubilization of styrene indicated the decreasing of affective area per molecule of the surfactant‐linker system (butanol > octanol > dodecanol).
The role of romantic attachment security and dating identity exploration in understanding adolescents' sexual attitudes and cumulative sexual risk‐taking
Authors: McElwain Alyssa D. , Kerpelman Jennifer L. , Pittman Joe F.
Published: January 2015

This study addressed how two normative developmental factors, attachment and identity, are associated with adolescents' sexual attitudes and sexual risk‐taking behavior. The sample consisted of 2029 adolescents (mean age = 16.2 years) living in the Southeast United States. Path analysis was used to test the hypotheses. Higher levels of attachment anxiety predicted more dating identity exploration and less healthy sexual attitudes. Higher levels of attachment avoidance predicted less dating identity exploration and indirectly predicted less healthy sexual attitudes through dating identity exploration. Females with dating or sexual experience showed the weakest associations between the attachment dimensions and dating identity exploration. More dating identity exploration predicted healthier sexual attitudes; this association was strongest for non‐virgins. Finally, higher levels of attachment avoidance were associated with higher cumulative sexual risk scores, but only among non‐virgin males. Results are interpreted in light of theory and research on attachment, identity exploration, and adolescent sexual relationships.
International note: Exploring differences in native and immigrant adolescents' mathematics achievement and dispositions towards mathematics in Qatar
Authors: Areepattamannil Shaljan , Melkonian Michael , Khine Myint Swe
Published: January 2015

The burgeoning immigrant population in major immigrant‐receiving countries in North America and Europe has necessitated researchers and policymakers in these countries to examine the academic success of children of immigration and the factors contributing to their academic success. However, there is sparse research on the academic trajectories of children of immigration in other continents, such as Asia. Hence, the purpose of the present study was to examine first‐ and second‐generation immigrant adolescents' mathematics achievement and dispositions towards mathematics in comparison to their native peers in one of the Middle Eastern countries in Asia, Qatar. The results of the study indicated that both first‐ and second‐generation immigrant adolescents tended to have higher mathematics achievement, intrinsic motivation to learn mathematics, instrumental motivation to learn mathematics, mathematics self‐efficacy, and mathematics self‐concept than did their native counterparts. Moreover, immigrant adolescents tended to have lower mathematics anxiety than did their native peers. The study also revealed significant differences between first‐ and second‐generation immigrant adolescents with respect to their mathematics achievement and dispositions towards mathematics.
Chronology of the Radiographic Appearances of the Calcium Sulfate-Calcium Phosphate Synthetic Bone Graft Composite following Resection of Bone Tumors: A Follow-up Study of Postoperative Appearances
Authors: Tan Victoria , Evaniew Nathan , Finlay Karen , Jurriaans Erik , Ghert Michelle , Deheshi Benjamin , Parasu Naveen
Published: January 2015

Purpose

The objective of the study was to characterize the radiographic appearance of graft resorption and new bone incorporation into a postresection defect of the calcium-sulfate calcium-phosphate synthetic bone graft composite following resection of benign bone tumours.

Methods

Twenty-five patients who underwent treatment with the CaSO4/CaPO4 synthetic graft following bone tumour resection were retrospectively identified from our oncology database. Postoperative radiographs were assessed for: 1) combined partial graft resorption and ingrowth at the graft site; 2) complete graft resorption with complete incorporation of new bone into the defect. After chronologically grouping radiographs, the volume of graft material used to fill bony defects, radiographic evidence of complications, and patterns of resorption were recorded.

Results

Partial resorption of graft material/partial ingrowth of new bone was seen in 21 patients at 2.5 months postoperatively. Complete resorption of graft with complete new bone incorporation at the graft site was seen in 94% of cases (15 of 16) by 10 months after surgery. Mean time to complete incorporation of new bone was 6.7 months. Time to resorption of the graft with new bone ingrowth was found to be related to the volume of graft used with smaller volumes showing earlier resorption. For all cases demonstrating resorption (21 of 21), the pattern observed was peripheral to central. Five patients developed complications, including tumour recurrence, cyst formation, and graft site infection.

Conclusion

Our study suggests a characteristic time and volume related radiographic pattern of resorption and new bone ingrowth with the CaSO4/CaPO4 synthetic graft. Findings that deviate from this pattern may represent complication and warrant additional follow-up.
Stylistic properties and regulatory fit: Examining the role of self‐regulatory focus in the effectiveness of an actor's vs. observer's visual perspective
Authors: Zhang Jing , Yang Xiaojing
Published: January 2015

Building on regulatory focus research, we investigate how certain visual elements of an advertising message, such as stylistic properties, contribute to regulatory fit and persuasion. Across three experiments, we examine how the visual perspective (actor's vs. observer's) through which a product is depicted in an ad affects product evaluations among participants with different regulatory foci (promotion‐ vs. prevention‐focused). Specifically, we find that when an actor's perspective is used in an ad to portray a product, regulatory fit occurs among promotion‐focused (vs. prevention‐focused) participants and they report more favorable product evaluations; conversely, when an observer's perspective is used, regulatory fit occurs among prevention‐focused (vs. promotion‐focused) participants and they evaluate the product more favorably. An analysis of internal vs. external evaluation thoughts helps explain the persuasion effects.
Decoding the opening process
Authors: Sun Yixia , Hou Yuansi , Wyer Robert S.
Published: January 2015

Five experiments confirmed the hypothesis that observing a box being opened is intrinsically rewarding and that the positive feelings it elicits can increase evaluations of its contents independently of the nature of these contents. Even though a product is already familiar, seeing it in a box being opened can elicit enjoyment and increase evaluations of it. This is true even when the cover of the box is transparent (and so its contents can be easily seen when the box is closed). Moreover, seeing a box being opened increases evaluations of the box even when the box is empty. When the contents of a box are unknown, opening the box can elicit surprise, polarizing evaluations of the product contained in it. When the product is already familiar, however, the opening process influences product evaluations through its impact on enjoyment.
Ulnar Neuropathy Among Active Workers Based Upon Hand Diagram Ratings
Authors: Werner Robert A. , Franzblau Alfred , Evanoff Bradley , Ulin Sheryl
Published: January 2015

Background

Limited studies have estimated the prevalence of ulnar neuropathy (UN) in the workplace. Hand diagrams have been demonstrated to have a good sensitivity and specificity when attempting to identify patients with UN.

Objective

To determine the prevalence and associated risk factors for UN among active workers based on results of a hand diagram, and to determine the reliability of hand diagram scoring.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Seven different industrial and clerical work sites.

Methods

A total of 501 active workers were screened. Subjects completed a hand diagram and the Job Content Questionnaire, and had ergonomic assessment of their job. Each hand diagram was scored independently by 2 raters.

Main Outcome Measures

Rating of the hand diagram for UN.

Results

Interrater reliability of scoring the hand diagram for UN was very high. The estimated prevalence of UN was 3.6%. Suspected UN was associated with positioning of the elbow but not by contact stress at the elbow or force at the hand. Smokers had a lower prevalence, but smokers with suspected UN had higher‐pack year histories. Workers with suspected UN had a greater sense of job insecurity and lower job satisfaction rating.

Conclusions

Hand diagram rating has a high interrater reliability. Suspected UN has a relatively high prevalence among active workers in comparison to prior estimates of the prevalence of UN among the general population and is not strongly associated with ergonomic factors.
Creating a Health and Sustainability Nexus in Food Education: Designing Third Spaces in Teacher Education
Authors: Elsden-Clifton Jennifer , Futter-Puati Debi
Published: January 2015

There is growing pressure from the public health sector, government, environmental, medical and scientific fields to teach young people about food. However, little is known about pre-service teachers’ preparation in this area. This article addresses this gap by providing a case study of one approach to food education, which was purposefully designed to bring together two fields — health education and education for sustainability (EfS) — in teacher education in Victoria, Australia. This article outlines the ways in which this approach has the potential to challenge the conventions of both fields and ‘spaces’ of health (first space) and sustainability (second space), and gave rise to a possible ‘third space’ (Soja, 1996). This article uses data collected from Promoting Health Education, a 10-week course designed for generalist primary school pre-service teachers. It also utilises reflections from pre-service teachers and teacher educators (also the authors) to explore how they navigated first, second and third spaces. In doing so, the authors examine some of the learning potentials and difficulties within third spaces, including: designing third spaces; wrestling with the dominance of first space; complexities of second space; and questioning what might be lost and gained through the design of third spaces.
Internalizing the Demonic: Satan and the Self in Early Modern Scottish Piety
Authors: Brock Michelle D.
Published: January 2015

Beliefs about the Devil informed Scottish piety in a myriad of ways. This article explores, in particular, the experiential relationship between Reformed theology, the practice of introspection, and demonic belief. It locates a process of profound anxiety and self-identification as evil that occurred during inward, personal engagement with Satan. This process, loosely coined here as “internalizing the demonic,” reveals the close and consequential relationship between the clerical promotion of self-surveillance and the widely internalized belief in the Devil's natural affinity with the “evil hearts” of men and women. Through an examination of English texts circulated in Scotland and a brief comparison with Protestant groups abroad, this article suggests that internalizing the demonic was a defining component of experiential piety not just in Scotland, but also throughout the Reformed Anglophone world.
The International Context of Secularization in England: The End of Empire, Immigration, and the Decline of Christian National Identity, 1945–1970
Authors: Chapman Alister
Published: January 2015

This article discusses the impact of declining British power and increasing Commonwealth immigration on religion in England after the Second World War. It argues that a diminishing sense of Britain's greatness undermined the belief that England was a Christian nation, a belief common among Britain's elites, especially members of the Conservative party, and one that had long undergirded Christian faith and practice in the country. The language of Christian nationhood became toxic as it became associated with unpopular white settler governments in southern Africa. Moreover, the debates over the 1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act show how the migration of non-Christian religious groups to England had created a situation in which those who wished to continue to speak of the country as Christian would be accused of racism, a charge with fresh bite at that time. The article argues that international contexts deserve greater attention in the study of religious change.
Numerical simulations of steady flow past two cylinders in staggered arrangements
Authors: Tong Feifei , Cheng Liang , Zhao Ming
Published: January 2015

This paper presents a numerical study on steady flow around two identical circular cylinders of various arrangements at a low subcritical Reynolds number ($\mathit{Re}=10^{3}$). The ratio of centre-to-centre pitch distance ($P$) to the diameter of the cylinder ($D$) ranges from 1.5 to 4, and the alignment angle $({\it\alpha})$ between the two cylinders and the direction of the cross-flow varies from 0 to 90°. The detailed flow information obtained from direct numerical simulation allows a comprehensive interpretation of the underlying physics responsible for some interesting flow features observed around two staggered cylinders. Four distinct vortex shedding regimes are identified and it is demonstrated that accurate classification of vortex shedding regimes around two staggered cylinders should consider the combination of the flow visualization with the analyses of lift forces and velocity signal in the wake. It is revealed that the change in pressure distribution, as a result of different vortex shedding mechanisms, leads to a variety of characteristics of hydrodynamic forces on both cylinders, including negative drag force, attractive and repulsive lift forces. Two distinct vortex shedding frequencies are identified and are attributed to the space differences based on the flow structures observed in the wake of the cylinders. It is also found that the three-dimensionality of flow in the gap and the shared wake region is significantly weakened in almost two of the classified flow regimes; however, compared with the flow around a single cylinder, active wake interaction at large ${\it\alpha}$ does not clearly increase the three-dimensionality.
Flexibility increases lift for passive fluttering wings
Authors: Tam Daniel
Published: January 2015

We examine experimentally the influence of flexibility on the side-to-side fluttering motion of passive wings settling under the influence of gravity. Our results demonstrate the existence of an optimal flexibility that allows flexible wings to remain airborne twice as long as their rigid counterparts of identical mass and size. Flow visualization and measurements allow us to elucidate the role of flexibility in generating increased lift and wing circulation by shedding additional vorticity at the turning point. Theoretical scalings are derived from a reduced model of the flight dynamics and yield quantitative agreement with experiments. These scalings rationalize the strong positive correlation between flexibility and flight time. Our experimental results and theoretical scalings represent an ideal system for the validation of computational approaches to model biologically inspired fluid–structure interaction problems.
Do environment and intuition matter in the relationship between decision politics and success?
Authors: Elbanna Said , Di Benedetto C Anthony , Gherib Jouhaina
Published: January 2015

Little is known about the relationship between political behavior and successful decision making in non-Western national settings, or about the impact of environmental factors on this relationship. Moreover, our understanding of the decision processes through which political behavior translates into decision outcomes is also not well understood. The present research extends previous studies by examining how political behavior influences decision success in a new setting, with reference to the moderating impact of three environmental factors representing industry and society/nation environment effects, and the mediating role of a decision process, intuition. The findings from a survey of 131 Tunisian firms suggest that the practice of political behavior negatively influences decision success. We also find evidence of the importance of product uncertainty and intuition in understanding this relationship. Our findings address key issues not yet well understood in the theoretical literature, and provide managerial insights into ways of improving strategic choices in organizations.
Translating models of organization: Can theMittelstandmove from Bavaria to Geelong?
Authors: Logue Danielle M. , Jarvis Walter P. , Clegg Stewart , Hermens Antoine
Published: January 2015

In this paper, we examine the increasing global attention being given to the German organizational form of theMittelstandover the past decade. We do so, especially, in consideration of the construction of Australian analogues to theMittelstand. Such translations have been posited as a solution to the current crisis facing Australian manufacturing. Translation out of context always poses problems: can a specifically national form of organization, such as the GermanMittelstand, be something that can, potentially, be translated to other nations and industrial contexts? The Australian case offers an empirical setting in which to explore understandings of transnational translation of management innovations. Our findings demonstrate how globally theorized models subject to translation align abstract value orientations with local templates. Our discussion focuses on the translation of a Bavarian model of organization into very different locations, such as Geelong, Australia.
Organizational justice–affective commitment relationship in a team sport setting: The moderating effect of group cohesion
Authors: Ha Jae-Pil , Ha Jaehyun
Published: January 2015

Using organizational justice literature, the current study aimed to examine the relationship between three dimensions of organizational justice (distributive, procedural, interactional justice) and affective commitment, and to explore the moderating effect of group cohesion on the relationship between the three dimensions of justice and affective commitment in a collegiate team sport context. Data were collected from 253 college student-athletes of two Football Bowl Subdivision institutions in the Southeastern United States. Results of three hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that all three dimensions of justice were positively and significantly related to affective commitment. In regard to the moderating effect, group cohesion significantly moderated the distributive justice–affective commitment and the interactional–affective commitment relationships. Specifically, the two significant relationships were significantly stronger for student-athletes who reported high levels of group cohesion than their counterparts. Strategies by coaches to improve athletes’ perceptions of fairness and group cohesion and suggestions for future researches were discussed.
Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on Parkinson motor function: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Zhu HongCan , Lu ZhaoMing , Jin YiTing , Duan XiaoJia , Teng JunFang , Duan DongXiao
Published: January 2015

Objectives

Previous studies have demonstrated inconsistent findings regarding the efficacy of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in treating motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Therefore, this meta-analysis was conducted to assess the efficacy of low-frequency rTMS.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search (including PubMed, CCTR, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI, CBM-disc, NTIS,EAGLE, Clinical Trials, Current Controlled Trials, International Clinical Trials Registry) was conducted dating until June 2014. The key search terms (‘Parkinson’, ‘PD’, ‘transcranial magnetic stimulation’, ‘TMS’, ‘RTMS’ and ‘noninvasive brain stimulation’) produced eight high-quality randomised controlled trials (RCT) of low-frequency rTMS versus sham stimulation.

Results

These eight studies, composed of 319 patients, were meta-analysed through assessment of the decreased Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS part III) score. Pooling of the results from these RCTs yielded an effect size of −0.40 (95%CI=−0.73 to −0.06,p<0.05) in UPDRS part III, which indicated that low-frequency rTMS could have 5.05 (95%CI=−1.73 to −8.37) point decrease in UPDRS part III score than sham stimulation.

Discussion

Low-frequency rTMS had a significant effect on motor signs in PD. As the number of RCTs and PD patients included here was limited, further large-scale multi-center RCTs were required to validate our conclusions.
Digging the river: the historical geography of the Amstel area (800–1275 AD)
Authors: de Bont C.
Published: January 2015

Around 800 AD the peatlands around Amstelland were drained by two rivers. The ‘northern’ Amstel discharged surplus water directly into Lake Almere, which from the 12th century onwards was enlarged to form the Sudersee (in Dutch: Zuiderzee). The ‘southern’ Amstel was a near-abandoned westernmost arm of the River Vecht discharging the poorly drained borderland around the river Vecht into Lake Almere/the Sudersee. As part of the reclamation of peatlands associated with agricultural activities between the end of the 10th and the mid-13th centuries, the rivers were connected via a canal, thus creating the river Amstel, as it is known today.
Authority Contests, Power and Policy Paradigm Change: Explaining Developments in Grain Marketing Policy in Prairie Canada
Authors: Skogstad Grace , Whyte Tanya
Published: January 2015

This article investigates the nature and role of authority contests—the claims and counterclaims about whose ideas matter on policy debates and via what procedures they should be heard—in policy paradigm contestation, reform and abandonment. Examining the authority contests around prairie Canada's grain marketing policy illustrates an additional pathway—a value-driven model—to Hall's model of endogenous policy anomalies. It further documents differences across governments in how they resolve contentious policy debates, showing that governments make fewer efforts to supplement their own representational authority with expert and/or popular authority when they enjoy majoritarian support from the affected region than when they do not and when their support for paradigm change is value-driven rather than a response to policy anomalies.
Bioactivity of water soluble extracts and some characteristics of white cheese during the ripening period as effected by packaging type and probiotic adjunct cultures
Authors: Erkaya Tuba , Şengul Mustafa
Published: January 2015

In this study, the chemical composition, proteolysis and in vitro angiotensin-converting enzyme-(ACE)-inhibitory and antioxidant activities of white cheeses made using probiotic adjunct cultures (Bifidobacterium bifidumDSMZ 20456 andLactobacillus acidophilusDSMZ 20079) were investigated. The cheeses were ripened in a vacuum package or brine for 120 d at 4 °C. The cheese samples maintained the probiotic characteristics of the viable cells as >106 cfu/g even after ripening for 120 d. The proteolysis degrees in terms of water-soluble nitrogen/total nitrogen (WSN/TN), trichloroacetic acid-soluble nitrogen/total nitrogen (TCA-SN/TN) and phosphotungstic acid-soluble nitrogen/total nitrogen (PTA-SN/TN) values in the cheeses increased throughout the ripening. The highest levels of proteolysis were found in cheese made usingLb. acidophilusDSMZ 20079 and ripened in a vacuum package. ACE-inhibitory activity of the water soluble extracts (WSEs) of the cheeses increased significantly (P < 0·05) throughout the ripening (IC50values 82·78–140·99 μg/ml). Use ofLb. acidophilusDSMZ 20079 and packaging under vacuum significantly increased the percentage of ACE inhibiting activity. WSEs had DPPH scavenging activity (the IC50values were 2·41–5·39 mg/ml and the inhibition values were 5·10–10·38%), increasing up to 60 d ripening. In the present study, it was observed thatLb. acidophilusDSMZ 20079 was more effective thanBifido. bifidumDSMZ 20456 in terms of the cheese characteristics investigated.
Purification and characterisation of a glutamic acid-containing peptide with calcium-binding capacity from whey protein hydrolysate
Authors: Huang Shun-Li , Zhao Li-Na , Cai Xixi , Wang Shao-Yun , Huang Yi-Fan , Hong Jing , Rao Ping-Fan
Published: January 2015

The bioavailability of dietary ionised calcium is affected by intestinal basic environment. Calcium-binding peptides can form complexes with calcium to improve its absorption and bioavailability. The aim of this study was focused on isolation and characterisation of a calcium-binding peptide from whey protein hydrolysates. Whey protein was hydrolysed using Flavourzyme and Protamex with substrate to enzyme ratio of 25 : 1 (w/w) at 49 °C for 7 h. The calcium-binding peptide was isolated by DEAE anion-exchange chromatography, Sephadex G-25 gel filtration and reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). A purified peptide of molecular mass 204 Da with strong calcium binding ability was identified on chromatography/electrospray ionisation (LC/ESI) tandem mass spectrum to be Glu-Gly (EG) after analysis and alignment in database. The calcium binding capacity of EG reached 67·81 μg/mg, and the amount increased by 95% compared with whey protein hydrolysate complex. The UV and infrared spectrometer analysis demonstrated that the principal sites of calcium-binding corresponded to the carboxyl groups and carbonyl groups of glutamic acid. In addition, the amino group and peptide amino are also the related groups in the interaction between EG and calcium ion. Meanwhile, the sequestered calcium percentage experiment has proved that EG-Ca is significantly more stable than CaCl2 in human gastrointestinal tract in vitro. The findings suggest that the purified dipeptide has the potential to be used as ion-binding ingredient in dietary supplements.
The intestinal helminth community of the spiny-tailed lizardDarevskia rudis(Squamata, Lacertidae) from northern Turkey
Authors: Roca V. , Jorge F. , Ilgaz Ç. , Kumlutaş Y. , Durmuş S.H. , Carretero M.A.
Published: January 2015

Populations of the lizardDarevskia rudis(Bedriaga, 1886) from northern Anatolia were examined for intestinal parasites in adult specimens. One cestode,Nematotaenia tarentolaeLópez-Neyra, 1944 and four nematode species,Spauligodon saxicolaeSharpilo, 1962,Skrjabinelazia hoffmanniLi, 1934,Oswaldocruzia filiformis(Goeze, 1782) andStrongyloides darevskyiSharpilo, 1976, were found. Three of these nematodes,S.saxicolae,S.hoffmanniandS.darevskyiare suggested to be part of a module in the network ofDarevskiaspp. and their parasites. Only one,S.darevskyi, was identified as aDarevskiaspp. specialist. The very low infection and diversity parameters are indicative of the depauperate helminth communities found in this lacertid lizard, falling among the lowest within the Palaearctic saurians. Nevertheless these values are higher than those found in parthenogeneticDarevskiaspp. Interpopulation variation in the intensity ofS. saxicolaeandN. tarentolaeis attributable to local changes in ecological conditions. On the other hand, parasite abundance and richness increased in the warmer localities, while the effect of lizard sex and size on infection was negligible. The structure of these helminth communities inD.rudisare compared with those observed in other European lacertid lizards.
Reproductive biology and population structure ofAxianassa australis(Crustacea, Axianassidae) on a sand-mud flat in north-eastern Brazil
Authors: Botter-Carvalho M.L. , Costa L.B. , Gomes L.L. , Clemente C.C.C. , Carvalho P.V.V. Da C.
Published: January 2015

The life history of the mud shrimpAxianassa australis, a common and widespread burrower inhabiting coastal mangroves and mud flats, is poorly known. This contribution presents the first information about the population structure, reproductive biology and fecundity ofA. australis, based on individuals collected from September 2011 to December 2012 on Casa Caiada Beach, located in a densely urbanized area in north-eastern Brazil, using a yabby pump. The sex ratio did not depart significantly from the expected 1:1 proportion. A significant trend of left-handedness of the major cheliped was observed in the population. Females reached a larger maximum cephalothorax length (CL) than males. The differential growth between CL and the propodus of the major cheliped showed negative allometric growth for females and positive allometric growth for males, suggesting a trade-off between somatic growth and reproductive effort. Females bearing uneyed orange embryos predominated during all months in which ovigerous females were collected. Mean fecundity was 2379 eggs, ranging from 5 (7.55 mm CL) to 8300 (14.19 mm CL) eggs per female. About 71% of the variation in the number of eggs carried per female was explained by CL. The mean egg size correlated negatively with fecundity, indicating that large females ofA. australisproduce more and larger eggs than smaller females.
Appearance matters: sedimentation effects on different sponge morphologies
Authors: Pineda M. Carmen , Duckworth Alan , Webster Nicole
Published: January 2015

Dredging activity poses an environmental risk to sponges as sediments from the dredge or disposal site may smother the sponge surface, potentially affecting water filtration and light penetration. Dredge-related sedimentation effects may also vary between sponge morphologies, potentially impacting community structure and functioning. To test this, 10 sponge species encompassing four different morphologies (massive, erect, cup and encrusting), were exposed to a single pulse treatment of three different sediment concentrations (0, 250 and 500 mg l−1) and followed over 2 weeks, in 1000 l tanks. Total suspended solids (TSS) and sedimentation rates (SR) were recorded throughout the study. A sharp decrease in TSS was recorded within the first 2–3 h and a total settlement of sediments occurred within the first 48 h of the pulse exposure (0, 8 and 16 mg cm−2in the control, medium and high sediment treatments, respectively). The effects of high sedimentation included mortality of cup-shapedCallyspongia confoederataand small areas of tissue necrosis in other species, with massive, encrusting and wide cup morphologies particularly affected. However, the sediment concentrations tested in this experiment did not cause changes in the concentration of sponge pigments or the structure of the symbiotic microbial community in any species. These results indicate that a single pulse of sediments less than 16 mg cm−2is not detrimental to most of the sponge species studied.