bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CANOPY PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND DRY MATTER PARTITIONING OF ALFALFA INFESTED BY THE ALFALFA BLOTCH LEAFMINER (Agromyza frontella (Rondani))
Authors: DALEY PAUL F. , McNEIL JEREMY N.
Published: March 2010

The impact of the alfalfa blotch leafminer, Agromyza frontella (Rondani) on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. ’Saranac’) was evaluated during three growth cycles in 1982 and 1983 when experimental plots were treated with either carbofuran, acephate, or water. No significant differences in forage accumulation, canopy apparent or net photosynthesis were detected between treatments and controls, even though highly significant differences in A. frontella densities were evident. The results are discussed with respect to the questionable pest status of this insect in the alfalfa ecosystem.Key words: Alfalfa, photosynthesis, growth analysis, alfalfa blotch leafminer
BEAGUELITA SPRING TRITICALE
Authors: NASS H. G. , JONES D. , BUBAR J. S. , BELANGER G. , FILLMORE A. , LANGILLE J. E. , DUPUIS B.
Published: March 2010

Beaguelita is a spring triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) with high yield in Atlantic Canada. Breeder seed will be maintained by the Agriculture Canada Research Station in Indian Head, Saskatchewan. Seed release is through the Maritime Seed Stock Distribution Committee in cooperation with the Canadian Seed Growers’ Association.Key words: Triticale (spring), X Triticosecale Wittmack, cultivar description
BALDWIN OAT
Authors: KLINCK HAROLD R.
Published: March 2010

Baldwin is a white-hulled oat (Avetia sativa L.) cultivar with high yield, high test weight, low hull content and early maturity. It was developed at Macdonald College of McGill University and is adapted to eastern Canada. This cultivar was granted license no. 2563 in November 1985.Key words: Oat, Avena sativa L., high test weight
THE EFFECT OF NPK FERTILIZATION ON ELEMENT UPTAKE, YIELD AND FRUIT COMPOSITION OF FOCH GRAPES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: NEILSEN G. H. , STEVENSON D. S. , GEHRINGER A.
Published: March 2010

Irrigated French-American hybrid Foch grapevines planted in 1979 on a sandy loam soil were fertilized in narrow in-row strips with rates of N of 50, 150 and 300 kg ha−1 yr−1, rates of P of 0 or 90 kg ha−1 yr−1, and rates of K of 0 or 500 kg ha−1 yr−1; each rate combined with the others to form 12 NPK treatments from 1980 through 1985. Petiole N, P and K concentrations were increased by their respective fertilizer additions. Nitrogen fertilization also consistently increased cluster weight and yield in two of the four harvests although petiole Ca, Mg and Zn were decreased at the 150- and 300-kg rates of N fertilization. Yield per vine was increased in the first fruiting year by P fertilization, although subsequent yield and petiole Ca, Mg and Zn were unaffected. No yield response to K fertilization was observed but petiole Mg was decreased in all 5 yr and petiole Ca in 3 yr as a consequence of K fertilization. In general, soluble solids and titratable acidity in the fruit were not consistently affected by NPK fertilization although juice pH was increased in 2 of 3 yr at the highest rates of N and K fertilization and in 1 yr at the highest rate of P fertilization.Key words: NPK, Foch grapes, yield, fruit composition
RELATIONSHIPS OF VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND PEPPER YIELD
Authors: CLAPHAM W. M. , MARSH H. V.
Published: March 2010

Fruit yields, root dry weights, and total plant dry weights of Keystone Resistant Giant and Ladybell bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) increased linearly as the duration of vegetative growth was extended by defloration. The fruit:total dry weight ratio increased, while the root:total dry weight ratio remained the same; the shoot:total and leaf:total ratios decreased as duration of vegetative growth increased.Key words: Pepper, defloration, flower bud abscission, vegetative, reproductive growth, Capsicum annuum L.
EFFECTS OF FLEA BEETLE FEEDING ON TRANSPLANTED AND DIRECT-SEEDED BROCCOLI
Authors: SOROKA J. J. , PRITCHARD M. K.
Published: March 2010

The effects of flea beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) feeding on transplanted and direct-seeded broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Pl.) were studied for 2 yr in field plots in south central Manitoba. Flea beetle populations were monitored in biweekly broccoli plantings and the plots were assessed for stand loss, plant damage and yield. Transplants of 4-, 3-, or 2-wk-old seedlings, direct-seeded plants and direct-seeded plants with carbofuran granules in furrow were compared. The earliest plantings had the greatest mortality, delayed harvest and most prolonged harvest period because of high beetle populations early in the season. Small transplants and newly emerged seedlings were the most severely defoliated by the beetles while broccoli plants beyond the 6- to 8-leaf stage suffered negligible damage. Direct-seeded plants without insecticide had the fewest and generally lowest-quality heads. Over both years direct-seeded broccoli yielded only 37% of the marketable harvest of direct-seeded, insecticide-protected broccoli. The old transplants were the most tolerant to flea beetle attack. Feeding on bud florets of the mature heads by the large summer generation of flea beetles in the second year of the study reduced marketable yields of all treatments.Key words: Flea beetle, broccoli, transplant, direct seed, carbofuran, Brassica oleracea var. italica Pl.
INFLUENCE OF IRRADIANCE-PHOTOPERIOD COMBINATION ON TOMATO MINERAL NUTRITION
Authors: TREMBLAY NICOLAS , TRUDEL MARC-J. , GOSSELIN ANDRÉ
Published: March 2010

The irradiance-photoperiod combination was modified in an attempt to enhance the mineral uptake of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’Marone’). Tomato plants grown in natural light were compared to plants receiving 7.56 × 105 J m−2 d−1 (400–700 nm) of high-pressure sodium (HPS) supplementary light provided at either low irradiance-long photoperiod (LILP) or high irradiance-short photoperiod (HISP). The LILP treatment promoted the greatest uptake of most major ions followed by natural light and HISP-grown plants, respectively. Supplementary lighting increased Mg concentration in the top and affected K concentration within plants differentially depending on the plant part analyzed. Nitrogen concentration in the shoot below the second flower cluster (midsection of top growth) and Ca concentration in the roots varied depending on the combination of irradiance-photoperiod. Phosphorus concentrations were not affected. Iron and Mn uptake tended to be depressed by HPS treatments. The results are consistent with the hypothesis which relates nutrient uptake to nitrate reductase activity (NRA), although NRA was not specifically measured in this experiment.Key words: Tomato, nutrition, high-pressure sodium, supplementary lighting, mineral uptake, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND SEED TUBER BUD POSITION ON SHOOT EMERGENCE OF THE POTATO CULTIVARS JEMSEG AND CONESTOGA
Authors: McKEOWN A. W.
Published: March 2010

Shoots of the early-maturing potato (Solatium tuberosum L.) cultivar Jemseg often do not emerge uniformly when cut seed pieces are planted in cold soil. Under controlled temperatures of 10, 15 and 20 °C, shoots from whole tubers and basal portions of Jemseg tubers emerged later than those from apical portions of seed tubers. The delayed emergence of the basal portion was most pronounced at low temperatures and ranged from 5 to 17 d. Emergence from basal vs. apical portions of Conestoga was delayed by 10 d at 10 °C and by 4 d at 15 °C, only when seed tubers with a single dominant apical sprout were used. There was no delay at 20 °C. The variable time to emergence of shoots in the field can be explained by delayed emergence from basal buds on cut seed pieces.Key words: Potato, cultivars, emergence, bud position, temperature, seed tuber
SELECTION FOR GRAIN YIELD OF SPRING WHEAT UTILIZING SEED SIZE AND OTHER SELECTION CRITERIA
Authors: NASS H. G.
Published: March 2010

Four selection procedures, to include random selection, visual head selection by two selectors, selection for large seed size, and harvest index, respectively, were evaluated for relative effectiveness in selecting high-yielding plants in F2 and F3 populations of three crosses of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Twenty-five F4-derived lines of the three crosses for each selection method were evaluated for yield performance during 2 yr of study. Selection for large seed size and visual head selection produced more late-heading, tall or high-yielding plants than the other selection methods. A larger number of F4-derived lines in the top yielding 5% and 25% within each cross was chosen by visual selection and by selection for large seed size.Key words: Selection methods, seed size, harvest index, grain yield, spring wheat, visual head selections
EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL REDUCTION IN PANICLE SIZE ON WEIGHT OF SECONDARY SEEDS IN OATS (Avena sativa L.)
Authors: TIBELIUS A. C. , KLINCK H. R.
Published: March 2010

Reductions in panicle size of oat (Avena sativa L.) by spikelet removal and sterilization of primary florets were used to study the growth potential of secondary seeds. Treatments to reduce panicles to three sizes, representing 25, 50 or 75% of the average number of secondary seeds in a panicle, were applied either at anthesis or 14 d later. Experiments included either two or four genotypes. Statistical analyses indicated that secondary seeds had a greater potential for growth than found in intact panicles. Grain weights in the treated panicles were significantly higher than secondary seed weights in control panicles when treatments were applied at anthesis. For the postanthesis treatments, seed weights in treated panicles were generally higher than control weights though the differences were not always significant. While large-seeded genotypes achieved higher seed weights under sink reduction treatments relative to their controls, the increases were not proportionally greater than those found for the smaller seeded genotypes. Secondary seed weights in the treated panicles were never as high as primary seed weights in the controls. The three levels of sink reduction affected grain weight differently in only two of the experiments. For these, genotype × level of treatment interaction effects were evident.Key words: Oat, Avena sativa L., secondary seed weight, panicle size
CRUSHING OF SWATHED STEMS TO IMPROVE FIELD DRYING OF CEREAL CROPS
Authors: VERSAVEL P. A. , MUIR W. E.
Published: March 2010

Spikes severed from the stem and stems crushed just below the attached spike were compared with untreated stems to determine if the drying rate of windrowed cereal crops could be increased. Moisture content of stems and unthreshed spikes were measured while crop material was dried under room conditions. Fresh cut immature and physiologically mature material, and rewetted crop material were examined in the laboratory. The stems of immature field material dried faster when crushed than un-crushed while the attached spikes showed no difference in drying rate. Crushed stems of both fresh and rewetted crop material at high initial moisture contents dried faster than uncrushed stems. Severed spikes dried faster than spikes attached to the stems. Spikes attached to crushed and uncrushed stems showed no difference in drying rate. Crushed stems gained moisture 58% faster than untreated stems. A windrower designed to crush straw stems could reduce straw moisture content significantly and reduce power requirements for the threshing mechanism. The benefit would be reduced or eliminated if rewetting conditions occurred.Key words: Drying, stem crushing, wheat, barley, Triticum aestivum L.
RESPONSE OF MAX SPRING WHEAT TO MANAGEMENT INPUTS
Authors: CALDWELL C. D. , STARRATT C. E.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were conducted to investigate the individual and interactive effects of nitrogen fertility, plant growth regulators and a fungicide on the growth response of Max spring wheat under Nova Scotia conditions. A lack of interactive effects of these three management factors was found, both under dry and sustained moist conditions. Increased nitrogen tended to produce lush growth and greater leaf disease. It also increased grain protein levels to acceptable milling levels. The rate of chlormequat chloride recommended for winter wheat (0.92 kg a.i. ha−1), applied at Zadoks growth stage (ZGS) 31, produced excessive reduction in plant height, tended to induce higher levels of leaf disease and depressed kernel size. Ethephon, applied at the rate recommended for winter wheat (0.42 kg a.i. ha−1) at ZGS 45, effectively reduced plant height without detrimental side effects. Propiconazole effectively reduced the incidence of powdery mildew, septoria and leaf rust and increased yields over unsprayed check plots. Timing of application affected the spectrum of disease controlled. Two applications of the fungicide (ZGS 32 and 45) gave excellent disease control and highest yields.Key words: Max, wheat (spring), chlormequat chloride, ethephon, propiconazole, nitrogen
VARIABILITY, HERITABILITY AND PHYSIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF SEED COAT DURABILITY IN FIELD PEA
Authors: REICHERT R. D. , EHIWE A. O. F.
Published: March 2010

Seed coat breakage of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) during harvesting and handling increases dockage and reduces seed quality. A laboratory-scale abrasive dehulling device was used to evaluate seed coat durability of field peas grown in 1983 (20 cultivars, 6 locations) and 1984 (17 cultivars, 5 locations). Analysis of variance revealed significant (P < 0.05) effects due to cultivar and location of growth for both years. Mean cultivar seed coat breakage ranged from 1.5 to 22.3% in 1983 and from 0.6 to 14.9% in 1984. The seed coat breakage of several cultivars in 1983 (MP 913, Line 32, Tipu, MP 926 and MP 942) and 1984 (MP 939 and Sv20565) was greater (P < 0.05) than that of Century, the current standard in the industry. The seed coat breakage of Bellevue was less (P < 0.05) than that of Century in both years. Locations which experienced hot or dry fall conditions produced seed with poor seed coat durability. Broad sense heritability of seed coat durability, based on the components of variance method, was 57.5 and 56.2% in 1983 and 1984, respectively. Seed coat breakage was not correlated (P > 0.05) with seed coat content or thickness, protein, lignin, neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose content, 1000-seed weight or strength of adhesion between the cotyledons. Cellulose content of the seed coat was negatively correlated (r = −0.77, P < 0.05) with seed coat breakage in 1984, but not in 1983 (P > 0.05).Key words: Pea, Pisum sativum L., seed coat durability
THE INFLUENCE OF ORANGE WHEAT BLOSSOM MIDGE (Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin) DAMAGE ON HARD RED SPRING WHEAT QUALITY AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INSECTICIDE TREATMENTS
Authors: DEXTER J. E. , PRESTON K. R. , COOKE L. A. , MORGAN B. C. , KRUGER J. E. , KILBORN R. H. , ELLIOTT R. H.
Published: March 2010

Orange wheat blossom midge damage can impart serious loss of quality to Canadian hard red spring wheat. The extent of wheat quality deterioration is highly variable and not well related to degree of visual midge damage. Midge-damaged hard red spring wheat exhibits very high protein content, reduced flour yield, dark flour color, increased flour ash, weak sticky dough properties, low baking absorption and poor bread quality. Midge-damaged wheat contains normal levels of α-amylase and proteolytic enzymes. Severely midge-damaged wheat exhibits inferior gluten protein quality, but the cause remains obscure. The poor baking quality of severely midge-damaged wheat is associated with an unusually low sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sedimentation volume. Samples with visual evidence of midge damage can be rapidly screened for quality defects on the basis of protein content and SDS-sedimentation volume. Aerial applications of Cygon and Lorsban to fields of midge-infested hard red spring wheat significantly reduced visual midge damage, and significantly reduced the extent of wheat quality deterioration.Key words: Midge (orange wheat blossom), wheat (spring), insecticide treatment
EFFECT OF ROW SPACING ON SEED AND HAY PRODUCTION OF ELEVEN GRASS SPECIES UNDER A PEACE RIVER REGION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Authors: DARWENT A. L. , NAJDA H. G. , DRABBLE J. C. , ELLIOTT C. R.
Published: March 2010

The effect of row spacing on seed and hay yields of 11 perennial grass species, including crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum L.), intermediate wheatgrass (A. intermedium (Host.) Beauv.), a northern biotype of bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), a southern biotype of bromegrass, Russian wildrye (Elymus junceus Fisch.), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Hudson), creeping red fescue (F. rubra var. genuina L.), chewings fescue (F. rubra var. commutata Gaud), reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), a turf-type timothy (Phleum bertolonii DC (P. bulbosum auct.)) and hexaploid timothy (Phleum pratense L.), was studied under a system with limited inputs of fertilizer and no weed control. The width of the row spacings ranged from 16 to 104 cm where seed yields were measured and from 27 to 93 cm where hay yields were measured. The seed yield of all grasses was greater at a row spacing of 16 cm than at row spacings of 60 cm or more. Hay yields of all grasses, averaged over four production years, were also greatest at narrow row spacings (27 cm). These yields decreased as row spacings increased to 49 through 93 cm. Row spacing had its greatest effect on hay yields during the first production year. After this period the effects of row spacing on hay yields were small.Key words: Row spacing, perennial grasses, seed yields, hay yields
INFLUENCE DE L’HUMIDITÉ DU SOL, DE LA TEMPÉRATURE ET DE LA DURÉE DU GEL SUR LA SURVIE DE LA LUZERNE
Authors: PAQUIN ROGER , BERNIER-CARDOU MICHÈLE , CASTONGUAY YVES
Published: March 2010

To determine how long hardened alfalfa (Medicago media Pers.) can survive in frozen potting mixture of various moisture contents, plants from two cultivars, the very hardy Rambler and hardy Apica, were hardened at 2.0 ± 1.5 °C for 3 wk. They were then frozer at −8 or −10 °C in potting mixtures of different moisture contents, for various time periods. In a first experiment with Rambler, the freezing time at which 50% of the plants survived (DGS50) in a potting mixture containing 40% moisture was 94.4 h at −8 °C and 17.6 h at −10 °C. In saturated (65% moisture) and flooded (85% moisture) mixtures, the DGS50 were 33.3 and 18.9 h at −8 °C, and 8.8 and 8.4 h at −10 °C, respectively. In a second experiment, both cultivars, Rambler and Apica, showed the same trends; the survival rate decreased more rapidly in wet potting mixture and at lower freezing temperature. DGS50 for Apica were shorter than those for Rambler. In freezing tests used to determine plant frost tolerance, not only are temperature and soil moisture important factors, but they also interact with freezing time to affect plant survival rates.Key words: Alfalfa, soil moisture, freezing, freezing duration, frost tolerance, frost survival
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 78. Galeopsis tetrahit L.
Authors: O’DONOVAN J. T. , SHARMA M. P.
Published: March 2010

Galeopsis tetrahit is an annual weed which was introduced to North America from Eurasia. It is present in all Canadian provinces and occupies a wide range of habitats including cultivated fields. It favors well-watered nutrient-rich soils and occurs infrequently in the drier brown soil zones of the southern Canadian prairies. Low soil moisture may be a major factor limiting its distribution and spread. It can reduce crop yields, contaminate crop seed and act as a reservoir for disease-causing organisms. A number of herbicides are available for its control.Key words: Hemp-nettle, Galeopsis tetrahit L., weed ecology, weed biology
BELLEVUE FIELD PEA
Authors: SLINKARD A. E. , MORRALL R. A. A.
Published: March 2010

Bellevue field pea (Pisum sativum L.) was licensed in 1986. It is about 15% higher yielding than the check cultivars Century and Trapper. Bellevue has smooth seeds with yellow cotyledons. It has the le gene for shortened internodes and is about 6 d later maturing than Century and Trapper. Seed weight is about 179 g/1000 seeds, intermediate between Century and Trapper.Key words: Cultivar description, pea (field), Pisum sativum L.
EFFECT OF SEED AND FERTILIZER RATE ON YIELD OF SPRING WHEAT GROWN ON FALLOW AND STUBBLE
Authors: WRIGHT A. T. , NUTTALL W. F. , GUTEK L. H.
Published: March 2010

Neepawa spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown on fallow and barley stubble for 3 yr on Melfort silty clay. Seed rates equal to or greater than 90 kg ha−1 gave highest yields. Maximum yield in most instances occurred with a seed rate of 124 kg P ha−1. At reduced seed rates, optimum fertilizer rate was lower.Key words: Wheat (spring), Triticum aestivum L., seed rate, fertilizer rate
ARESTEUBEN FIELD BEAN
Authors: PARK S. J. , TU J. C. , AYLESWORTH J. W. , BUZZELL R. I.
Published: March 2010

Aresteuben, an anthracnose-resistant cultivar of yellow eye beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with higher seed yield and earlier maturity than Steuben, was developed at the Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Harrow, Ontario and registered in October 1986. Aresteuben carries the Are gene that confers resistance to the alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon and lambda races of bean anthracnose, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magn.) Briosi & Cav. and the gene for resistance to race 15 of bean common mosaic virus.Key words: Cultivar description, dry edible bean (yellow eye), bean anthracnose
DRESDEN FIELD BEAN
Authors: PARK S. J. , TU J. C. , AYLESWORTH J. W.
Published: March 2010

Dresden is an early full season, high-yielding bush white (navy or pea) bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar that is 3 d earlier in maturity than the full-season cultivar Harofleet and 3 d later than the medium-season cultivar Harokent in bean growing areas in Ontario. Its main advantage is its earlier maturity compared to that of Harofleet. It yields only 2% less seed than Harofleet and 18% more seed than Harokent. Dresden is resistant to the alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon and lambda races of bean anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magn.) Briosi & Cav. and to races 1 and 15 of bean common mosaic virus.Key words: Cultivar description, dry edible (navy or pea) bean, bean anthracnose, bean common mosaic virus
BARRIER ALFALFA
Authors: HANNA M. R. , HUANG H. C.
Published: March 2010

Barrier is the first Canadian cultivar of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) developed with resistance to verticillium wilt disease. It also has very good resistance to bacterial wilt. Barrier is adapted to the irrigated areas in Southern Alberta and British Columbia where these diseases are prevalent.Key words: Medicago sativa L., alfalfa, cultivar description, verticillium wilt, bacterial wilt
YIELDS OF ANNUAL FORAGES UNDER THREE HARVEST MODES
Authors: BERKEKKAMP B. , MEERES E. J.
Published: March 2010

Forage yields of spring-planted annual crops, oat (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), triticale (Triticosecale sp. Wittmack), spring and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), fall rye (Secale cereale L.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), were compared when harvested as silage, hay and simulated pasture. Yields were higher on a Black Chernozemic soil than on a Gray Luvisolic soil, and oat was the highest-yielding crop with one exception, that is as pasture on the Black soil. The winter cereals and Italian ryegrass produced comparatively better yields than the spring cereals under the hay and pasture modes.Key words: Annual forage, cereals, Italian ryegrass, harvest mode
TOMATO FRUIT PROPERTIES AFFECTING CONSISTENCY OF CONCENTRATED PRODUCT
Authors: MOHR WILLARD P.
Published: March 2010

Fruit properties of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) that determine the flow characteristics of the concentrated product were associated mainly with water-insoluble solids content and serum viscosity. Levels of total (mostly soluble) solids had much less effect on product flowability. Soluble and total solids levels fluctuated widely between and within seasons, increasing during periods of low rainfall and vice versa. Water-insoluble solids content appeared to be mainly cultivar-dependent, and only minimally influenced by moisture and other climatic conditions. Levels of all three solids fractions and serum viscosity differed characteristically from one cultivar to another. Cultivars also differed with respect to apparent loss of water-insoluble solids and serum viscosity during the concentration process.Key words: Tomato, product, consistency, viscosity, solids, serum
MEASURING CONSISTENCY OF TOMATO THIN PULP AND PUREE
Authors: MOHR W. P.
Published: March 2010

Of several objective methods that were compared for their dependability in measuring the consistency of tomato thin pulp (juice before concentrating) and puree, the Bostwick Consistometer and Ottawa Texture Measuring System (back-extrusion cell, maximum force value) were found to be the most reliable. Of these two, the Bostwick is recommended for routine tests because it is simple to use, versatile and inexpensive.Key words: Tomato product, pulp, puree, consistency, objective tests
BARLEY CULTIVAR IDENTIFICATION BY SDS GRADIENT PAGE ANALYSIS OF HORDEIN
Authors: MARCHYLO B. A.
Published: March 2010

Sodium dodecyl sulfate gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDSGPAGE) was evaluated to determine whether it could provide improved resolving power of hordein proteins concomitant with improved discrimination (identification) of Canadian barley cultivars. Hordeins were subjected to electrophoresis using a linear gradient gel and a discontinuous buffer system. Proteins were detected using a silver-based color stain and gels were calibrated routinely for molecular weight determinations with a mixture of standard proteins. Molecular weight estimations of hordeins were performed by evaluation of the relationship between log (MW) versus log (R1) and reproducible linear calibration curves and molecular weight estimates for hordeins (CV 0.66%) were obtained. Densitometric analysis of protein band intensities revealed considerable variability in protein staining. Electrophoretic analysis of 100 barley cultivars revealed that, in general, resolution of SDSGPAGE was superior to that of acidic PAGE but considerable duplication of protein patterns among cultivars and their biotypes remained a problem. Cultivar formulae consisting of B, C and D hordein pattern designations were used to prepare a cultivar catalogue of protein patterns. Sixty-five formulae consisting of 30 B, 36 C and 3 D hordein patterns were obtained. SDSGPAGE also was found suitable for barley malt cultivar analysis.Key words: SDS gradient PAGE, barley, cultivar identification, hordein
IDENTIFICATION OF CANADIAN AND AMERICAN WHEAT CULTIVARS BY SDS GRADIENT PAGE ANALYSIS OF GLIADIN AND GLUTENIN SUBUNITS
Authors: MARCHYLO B. A.
Published: March 2010

Sodium dodecyl sulphate gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDSGPAGE) was used to resolve gliadin and high- and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits from 19 registered Canadian spring wheat cultivars eligible for Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) and Canada Prairie Spring (CPS) wheat grades and eight nonregistered spring wheat cultivars from the U.S.A. Reproducible molecular weight estimates were obtained for wheat proteins of apparent molecular weights ranging from 34 238 to 136 174 (avg. CV = 0.72%). Eight different patterns of HMW glutenin subunits consisting of 7–11 protein bands were observed for the 27 cultivars and their biotypes. SDSGPAGE was able to discriminate among the majority of cultivars with all non-registered cultivars and their biotypes distinguishable from registered cultivars. Separation of glutenin subunits along with gliadins provided additional protein bands which assisted in the discrimination of cultivars.Key words: SDS gradient PAGE, wheat cultivar identification, gliadin, glutenin subunits
THE EFFECT OF IMMATURITY AND HARVESTING METHOD ON THE PROPERTIES AND QUALITY OF BARLEY
Authors: SUMNER A. K. , CROWLE W. L. , SPURR D. T. , KERNAN J. A.
Published: March 2010

Three barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars, Betzes, Harrington and Scout, a hulless cultivar, were harvested at kernel moisture contents (KMC) ranging from 55 to 12% at Saskatoon, Saskatchewan in 1983 and 1984. The traditional swathing/air drying/threshing method, and the straight combining/artificial drying method were investigated. Generally all cultivars showed little or no improvement in the yield, 1000-kernel weight, test weight, proximate analysis and malting properties as the KMC decreased from 40% to about 15%. Harvesting above a KMC of 40% caused yield losses ranging from about 21 to 35% and deterioration of most other properties. In 1983, straight (direct) combining generally resulted in yields averaging 10–15% higher than the traditional swathing method, but in 1984 the effect of the harvesting methods was reversed. The swathing method usually produced superior malting quality but when harvested above a KMC of 40%, such barley would only be suitable for feed.Key words: Barley, kernel moisture content, harvesting method, yield, quality, immaturity
DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF VOLUNTEER Brassica ON PRODUCTION OF CERTAIN CEREAL AND OILSEED CROPS
Authors: VERA C. L. , McGREGOR D. I. , DOWNEY R. K.
Published: March 2010

Variable amounts (up to 1.04 t dry wt ha−1) of herbage from seedlings of cultivars from four Brassica species (B. campestris L., B. napus L., B. hirta Moench and B. juncea (L.) Coss.) and straw and chaff (5 t ha−1) of B. campestris were incorporated into field plots to investigate the effect on subsequent stand establishment and seed yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and rapeseed (B. campestris). The amounts of plant material incorporated were considered representative of straw and chaff which might be deposited at harvest, or herbage which could originate from postharvest volunteer germination. Brassica herbage reduced stand establishment and seed yield of the oilseeds to a greater extent (65 and 53%, respectively) than that of the cereals (17 and 23%, respectively). Among the cereals, barley was the most affected, while oats did not show significant reductions of stand or yield. Generally the type of Brassica used to produce herbage did not influence the reduction of stand establishment or seed yield. Incorporation of straw and chaff of rapeseed in some instances resulted in reduced plant stands but did not show deleterious effects on seed yield, and in one case resulted in an increase in yield. For comparison, the effect of incorporating barley herbage on stand establishment and seed yield of barley and flax was also investigated. Incorporation of barley herbage also resulted in reduction of stand establishment (21%) and seed yield (26%) of subsequent crops, although its effect on stand establishment was less pronounced than for Brassica herbage (44%). It is recommended that a cereal, in particular oats, follow rapeseed or mustard in the crop rotation in order to avoid losses from deleterious effects.Key words: Brassica campestris, Brassica napus, Brassica juncea, Brassica hirta, rapeseed, mustard, crop residue, phytotoxicity
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACID EXTRACT VISCOSITY AND TOTAL SOLUBLE AND INSOLUBLE β-GLUCAN CONTENTS OF HULLED AND HULLESS BARLEY
Authors: BHATTY R. S.
Published: March 2010

The extent of variability in acid extract viscosity and its relationship to total soluble and insoluble β-glucan was determined in hulled (Bonanza) and hulless (Tupper and Scout) cultivars of barley grown at several locations on the Prairies. Acid extract viscosity was influenced significantly by cultivar, year and location in the Saskatchewan Agricultural Development Fund Regional Variety Test and by cultivar in the Hulless Barley-Wheat Comparison Test. The cultivar ranking for the 2-yr mean extract viscosity was Bonanza < Tupper < Scout. Total and soluble β-glucan were determined with an endo-β-glucanase purified from a crude bacterial α-amylase preparation (BAN 1000 S). Soluble β-glucan, on average, formed 32.7%, and the insoluble (calculated by difference) the remainder 67.3% of the total β-glucan content of barley. Acid extract viscosity was positively correlated (r2 = 0.83, n = 15) with total β-glucan content. The correlation between total and insoluble β-glucan content was + 0.68. Perchloric acid extraction of the meal followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the extract was the most rapid and convenient procedure for the determination of total β-glucan content of barley.Key words: Barley (hulled, hulless), β-glucan, soluble β-glucan, insoluble β-glucan, acid extract viscosity
EFFECT OF BARLEY, RED CLOVER AND WEEDS ON YIELD AND FORAGE QUALITY OF TIMOTHY DURING ESTABLISHMENT AND SUBSEQUENT PRODUCTION YEARS
Authors: LEMIEUX CLAUDEL , WATSON ALAN K. , DESCHÊNES JEAN-MARC
Published: March 2010

Two field studies were conducted between 1983 and 1985. In both experiments, timothy was established in the presence or absence of barley, red clover, grassy weeds and broadleaf weeds. However, data on barley were reported only for one experiment. The stands were harvested once during the establishment year and twice during subsequent years. At each harvest, plot yield, botanical composition and forage quality were evaluated. Seeding with barley precluded forage harvest during the establishment year and reduced yield by 13% in the following year. Barley had little effect on the quality of the forage harvested in the subsequent year. During establishment, the timothy-red clover mixture produced a lower timothy yield than the pure stand of the grass. But, in terms of total yield, the mixture was beneficial. In the subsequent years, the mixture yielded more than the pure stand when the pH was 5.4 while pure timothy yielded more than the mixture when the pH was 4.5. In all cases, red clover improved forage quality. In the year of establishment, the presence of weeds increased total biomass harvested. However, in these conditions, the growth of timothy and red clover were reduced, particularly by annual broadleaf weeds, and the quality of the forage was lessened, especially by annual grassy weeds. The lack of weed control during establishment had a residual effect in the first production year; grassy weeds reduced total yield by 15% while broadleaf weeds reduced yield by 30%. In the second production year, the growth of the perennial broadleaf weeds compensated for the yield losses observed in the previous year and increased forage quality.Key words: Broadleaf weeds, grassy weeds, Phleum pratense, competition, crude protein, acid detergent fiber
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 81. Atriplex patula L., A. prostrata BOUCHER EX DC., AND A. rosea L.
Authors: BASSETT I. J. , MUNRO D. B.
Published: March 2010

Atriplex patula L., spreading atriplex, A. prostrata Boucher ex DC., halberd-leaved atriplex, and A. rosea L., red scale, are introduced annual weeds occurring in gardens, fields and orchards in various parts of Canada. Red scale is expanding its range in western Canada where plants are abundant enough in some areas to cause hay fever from large amounts of pollen shed in late summer. Spreading atriplex occurs wide-ranging across Canada, it is rare in western Canada and occurs commonly from southern Ontario to Cape Breton Island; halbred-leafed atriplex has a similar distribution pattern but it occurs commonly throughout its range. Both can be weedy in small grains and gardens.Key words: Atriplex, orache, weed biology
OTAL BARLEY
Authors: WOLFE R. I. , TAYLOR R. L. , FARIS D. G.
Published: March 2010

Otal is a six-rowed spring feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) developed and released in Alaska by the United States Department of Agriculture and the state Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station at Palmer. Otal was developed from a cross of the Finnish cultivar Otra, and a breeding line from the Weibullsholm Plant Breeding Institute, Sweden. It was identified at the Agriculture Canada Research Station at Beaver-lodge in Alberta as having promise in the Peace River region for its combination of earliness and high yield, and was licensed for sale in Canada.Key words: Cultivar description, barley, Hordeum vulgare L. early-maturity
COLD HARDINESS OF FORAGE GRASSES GROWN ON THE CANADIAN PRAIRIES
Authors: LIMIN A. E. , FOWLER D. B.
Published: March 2010

Cold hardiness ratings of 18 forage grass species, and cold hardy reference cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ’Norstar’) and rye (Secale cereale L. ’Puma’), were compared to provide estimates of the winterkill risk for forage grasses established in the spring and fall on the Canadian prairies.Key words: Forage grasses, cold hardiness, seeding date, winter survival
LOW-TEMPERATURE STRESS IN FIELD AND FORAGE CROP PRODUCTION – AN OVERVIEW
Authors: ANDREWS C. J.
Published: March 2010

Low temperature is a major constraint to the productivity of field crops. It is likely to remain so even in the event of increasing global temperature, because to maximize economic potential producers will tend to use the longest season crops compatible with average weather conditions. Low temperature in the growing season may reduce germination, may retard vegetative growth by inducing metabolic imbalances and can delay or prevent reproductive development. Chilling temperature can damage the tissues of sensitive plants while freezing temperature will damage most tissues during active growth. Low temperature during the winter season may cause the death of overwintering crop plants during their dormant phase. The overwintering habit in most crops results in higher yields due to the abundance of early spring moisture available to the crop. Death of plants may occur during winter by cell membrane disorganization during severe freezing exposure, by anaerobic stress due to flooding and ice encasement, by heaving of plants from soil by the formation of ice lenses, or by the activity of low temperature pathogens under snow cover. Environmental modifications to alleviate cold stress are only practical in a limited number of situations. Genotypic modifications are being made in many field crops to increase their tolerance to cold.Key words: Cold, freezing, chilling, winter survival
LOW-TEMPERATURE STRESS IN CANADIAN HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTION – AN OVERVIEW
Authors: QUAMME HARVEY A.
Published: March 2010

Crop losses from winter injury and spring frosts which involve freezing injury are of major importance to the Canadian horticultural industry, whereas chilling injury which is produced at temperatures just above freezing is of minor importance. The technology to prevent crop losses from freezing injury to horticultural crops is well developed and includes site selection; plant protection with covers, protected-environmental structures heaters, and wind machines; control of ice-nucleating bacteria; selection of management practices to maximize plant resistance; and breeding for resistance. Improvement of this technology can be expected with further research. Increased knowledge of the basic physiology of freezing injury and the genetics of freezing resistance will be especially important to achieving technological advances in the prevention of freezing injury to horticultural crops.Key words: Cold hardiness, freezing injury, chilling injury, acclimation, frost protection
INVESTIGATION OF HORMETIC STIMULATION IN STRAWBERRY PLANTS USING IONIZING RADIATION
Authors: SHEPPARD S. C. , GIBB C. L. , HAWKINS J. L. , REMPHREY W. R.
Published: March 2010

Hormesis is the stimulation of growth by very low levels of inhibitors or stressors. This phenomenon may be useful in crops where the usual cultural factors have been optimized. The literature indicates that substantial stimulation of early growth of strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa) could be achieved by exposing transplants to low doses of ionizing radiation. Experiments were conducted to test the effectiveness and reliability of X rays as a hormetic agent. Plants of a day-neutral cultivar Hecker and of a June-bearing cultivar Glooscap were irradiated at 0.5–16 Gy and planted in pots. The plants were grown outdoors and growth was recorded each week. Significant stimulation above the controls in the number of trifoliate leaves occurred in the day-neutral cultivar. This effect persisted until the first phase of fruiting. No significant stimulatory effects were observed at any time in the June-bearing cultivar. Two field trials with a June-bearing cultivar Redcoat, irradiated at doses of 0.5 and 2 Gy, also revealed no significant stimulation. The dominant factor regulating early growth was the size of the individual transplants. Therefore, although hormetic stimulation may occur, it will be difficult to quantify and optimize and it will not likely be useful for practical application.Key words: X ray, transplant, day-neutral, June-bearing
FLOWER AND POD ABSCISSION IN SNAP BEAN AS INFLUENCED BY INFLORESCENCE POSITION, RACEME NODE, IRRIGATION AND PLANT DENSITY
Authors: MAUK CRAIGHTON S. , BREEN PATRICK J. , MACK HARRY J.
Published: March 2010

Abscission and/or retention of flowers and pods formed on inflorescences arising from mainstem nodes 6 (terminal) and 2 (first trifoliolate leaf) of Oregon 1604 snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were studied during the 1978 and 1979 seasons to determine the effects of irrigation and plant population. Inflorescences at these two nodes account for the majority of the yield produced in this determinate cultivar. The influence of high (−0.06 MPa) and low (−0.25 MPa) soil water potential and plant density were also assessed. High and low plant densities were 45 vs. 18 in 1978, and 54 vs. 33 plants m−2 in 1979. Percent flower and pod abscission was signficantly less under high (62%) than low (74%) irrigation at node 6 in 1978, and at node 2 in 1978 (48 vs. 71) and 1979 (37 vs. 60). Although plant density had no effect at node 6, percent abscission at node 2 was significantly less under low than high plant density in both years. An acropetal increase in percent abscission occurred within the inflorescence at node 6, with a value of 45% at the proximal, first raceme node, and from 65 to 86% at the most distal, third raceme node. The acropetal pattern of abscission was less marked in inflorescences at node 2. A sharp rise in reproductive abscission was observed in 1978 after a 3-d period when maximum daily temperatures exceeded 34 °C. This early rise in abscission (which did not occur in the cooler 1979 season) was reduced by high irrigation (nodes 6 and 2) and low plant density (node 2). Abscission of flowers at the white bud stage or at anthesis was relatively low. The major portion of reproductive organs were shed after anthesis. High irrigation delayed abscission at both main-stem nodes, thus increasing the proportion of organs which abscised as pods. Low plant density also postponed abscission of reproductive organs at node 2, but had less effect at node 6.Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris L., anthesis, first bloom
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF REPRESENTATIVE GRADES OF ONTARIO FLUE-CURED TOBACCO
Authors: COURT WILLIAM A. , HENDEL JOHN G. , BINNS MICHAEL R.
Published: March 2010

A study was made of the chemical composition of representative commercial grades of Ontario flue-cured tobacco selected at random from the three auction exchanges from the 1978 tobacco crop. Comparisons were made with the grade price using the stalk position, color and quality classification of each grade. Total alkaloids, reducing sugars, neophytadiene, aqueous methanol extracts, nonvolatile organic acids, phenolic constituents, fatty acids and mineral constituents were determined on individual grade samples. In general, the largest chemical differences were found when comparisons were made on the basis of the stalk position aspect of the grade classification; however, chemical differences due to the color classification of grades were also often quite large. Except for the mahogany grades differences among the quality classification of each grade were usually smaller than differences due to stalk position or color.Key words: Flue-cured tobacco, grades, quality, tobacco chemistry
EFFECT OF BORON NUTRITION ON HOLLOW STEM IN BROCCOLI (Brassica oleracea var. Italica)
Authors: SHATTUCK V. I. , SHELP B. J.
Published: March 2010

The effect of B at different N levels on the hollow stem disorder in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica) was studied at two locations in Ontario which varied markedly in soil B. Soil and foliar applications of B significantly enhanced head B levels. Hollow stem was not related to tissue or soil B. Premium Crop broccoli grown in the absence of B in the greenhouse showed only initial signs of hollow stem which was alleviated by adding B.Key words: Nitrogen, boron, Brassica oleracea var. Italica, broccoli, hollow stem
THE RELATIONSHIP OF AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURES TO PREMATURE FLOWERING OF FLUE-CURED TOBACCO
Authors: KING MARK J.
Published: March 2010

Exposure of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) seedlings to low ambient air temperatures during the 3 weeks prior to transplanting resulted in premature flowering. The percent premature flowering observed varied with the location of the experiment, the year, and the total degree units of temperature below 20 °C. A positive relationship between accumulated hourly temperatures below 20 °C and percent premature flowering was observed over four years at two locations.Key words: low temperature, premature flowering
EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZER N ON N ACCUMULATION AND PARTITIONING IN WHITE BEAN AND SOYBEAN
Authors: SMITH D. L. , DIJAK M. , HUME D. J.
Published: March 2010

White bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is generally reported to be poorly nodulated, to fix less nitrogen than soybean and to show increased yields following N fertilizer application. The work reported here attempted to determine whether white bean was N-limited under field conditions by comparing it with soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) for N accumulation in whole plants through the course of the growing season, and for N distribution among, and N concentration in, plant parts at maturity. The effects of N fertilizer and irrigation were tested in three field experiments. White bean and soybean crops were found to accumulate N at similar rates during the growing season. However, in soybean, the concentration of N in seeds was higher and the concentration in nonseed tissues lower than white bean. Differences between species for N concentrations were reflected in the allocation of N among plant parts. In both crops, fertilizer N always increased the concentration of N in seeds, and often did so in other plant tissues. Irrigation increased tissue N concentrations of plants grown on a loam soil, but decreased it on a sandy loam soil. White bean was more variable in N allocation and N concentration responses to N fertilizer and irrigation than soybean. These data indicate that, although it had much lower N2-fixation rates and comparable N demands, white bean was not more N-limited than soybean.Key words: Bean (white), soybean, irrigation, N fertilizer, N yield, N partitioning