bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When one foundation species supports another: Tubeworms facilitate an extensive kelp bed in a soft‐sediment habitat
Authors: Bracken Matthew E. S.
Published: September 2018

The role of foundation species—dominant organisms that provide habitat for other organisms—in enhancing the diversity and abundance of associated species is now well known. Less well studied are interactions between multiple, co‐occurring foundation species, which collectively provide habitat for other organisms. Here, I document a unique interaction between tubeworms (Eudistylia vancouveri) and two kelp species (Alaria marginata and Saccharina latissima). Kelps—large brown macroalgae in the order Laminariales—require hard substrates for attachment and are therefore typically restricted to rocky reefs. However, while exploring a remote coastline in southeastern Alaska, USA, I observed an extensive kelp bed, composed of both Alaria and Saccharina, growing in a location where the substrate was a mixture of mud and sand. The leathery tubes of Eudistylia formed dense hummocks that protruded from the sediment and provided a hard substratum for attachment by the kelps. Given the role that kelps, including Alaria and Saccharina, play as important facilitators of fish and invertebrates, this interaction likely represents an example of a facilitation cascade, which occurs when one species facilitates another species that subsequently enhances the diversity or abundance of associated organisms. Furthermore, the high kelp biomass likely contributes detrital inputs to the local ecosystem, potentially enhancing productivity. More generally, this observation highlights the need to understand the habitat requirements of foundation species, including the potential for other species to facilitate them.
Synthesis of the 4,7‐Dibromo Derivative of Highly Electron‐Deficient [1,2,5]Thiadiazolo[3,4‐d]pyridazine and Its Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Chmovzh Timofey N. , Knyazeva Ekaterina A. , Mikhalchenko Ludmila V. , Golovanov Ivan S. , Amelichev Stanislav A. , Rakitin Oleg A.
Published: September 2018

An efficient synthesis of 4,7‐dibromo[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4‐d]pyridazine is reported. For the first time, palladium‐catalysed cross‐coupling reactions of a dihalo derivative was found to be a powerful tool for the selective formation of various mono‐ and diarylated derivatives of strongly electron‐accepting heterocycles. Suzuki–Miyaura coupling can be successfully employed for the preparation of mono‐arylated derivatives, whereas Stille coupling is useful for both mono‐ and diaryl(hetaryl)ated heterocycles. The cyclic voltammogram showed that 4,7‐dibromo[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4‐d]pyridazine can be easily oxidized to form a stable anion radical. The calculated values of ELUMO confirmed that [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4‐d]pyridazine is one of the strongest electron–acceptor systems.
Selective Catalytic Methylation of Phloroglucinol with Dimethyl Carbonate in the Presence of Heterogeneous Acids
Authors: Lui Matthew Y. , Noè Marco , Masters Anthony F. , Maschmeyer Thomas
Published: September 2018

A facile process for the methylation of phloroglucinol using environmentally friendly dimethyl carbonate as methylating agent and solvent is described. Widely available and inexpensive solid acids have been used as catalysts to promote this transformation. H‐Y zeolite proved particularly selective for monomethylation, hence it has been used for the convenient preparation of methoxyresorcinol (MR), with only limited co‐production of dimethoxyphenol (DMP). Conversely, the use of tungstosilicic acid on silica easily afforded DMP in excellent isolated yield.
DBU‐Mediated Efficient Synthesis of Diaryl Ethynes and Enynes from 1,1‐Dibromoalkenes at Room Temperature
Authors: Thummala Yadagiri , Morri Ashok K. , Karunakar Galla V. , Doddi Venkata Ramana
Published: September 2018

The reaction of 1,1‐dibromoalkenes and aryl iodides in the presence of DBU and a PdII/CuI catalytic system afforded diaryl alkynes and enynes at ambient temperature. Control experiments demonstrated the essential ligand role of DBU in this transformation. The unusual stability of the key catalyst, Pd0(DBU)2, allowed it to be characterized by HRMS analysis.
Carbon Nanofiber and Meldola Blue Based Electrochemical Sensor for NADH: Application to the Detection of Benzaldehyde
Authors: Titoiu Ana Maria , Lapauw Maxime , Necula‐Petrareanu Georgiana , Purcarea Cristina , Fanjul‐Bolado Pablo , Marty Jean‐Louis , Vasilescu Alina
Published: September 2018

Nanomaterials used in tandem with electrochemical mediators on screen‐printed electrodes enable sensitive, low cost detection of NADH with minimal interferences in real‐world samples. In this work we investigated the combination between the mediator Meldola Blue and several types of commercial screen‐printed carbon electrodes, i. e. modified with mesoporous carbon, single wall carbon nanotubes, graphene or carbon nanofibers (CNF) as NADH detectors. The sensors were compared with bare carbon electrodes and with commercially available Meldola Blue‐modified electrodes. The best sensitivity for NADH detection by amperometry was observed for Meldola Blue/CNF electrodes, and further improvement was obtained by mixing the mediator with graphene oxide prior to dropcasting. The “MB‐erGO/CNF” sensors obtained were characterized by a detection limit of 0.5 μM, a linear range of 1–300 μM and a sensitivity of 80.0±2.5 μA cm−2 mmol−1 L, 10 times higher than that of commercial sensors. While the use of graphene oxide lead to enhanced sensitivity and wider linear range, it didn't improve the operational stability as the mediator gradually desorbed from the electrodes. Furthermore, the sensors were coupled with a new NAD+‐dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase from a psychrophilic bacterium for the analysis of benzaldehyde and proven to be advantageous over commercial electrodes with Meldola Blue in circumstances where the detection was limited by NADH detection, i. e. at pH 9.5.
A retrospective observational study of EEG findings and antiepileptic drug use among children referred for EEG to Zambia's University Teaching Hospital
Authors: Ciccone Ornella , Chabala Chishala , Tembo Owen , Mathew Manoj , Grollnek Alice K. , Patel Archana A. , Birbeck Gretchen L.
Published: September 2018

Objective

Despite the heavy burden of epilepsy in Sub‐Saharan Africa, there remains a relative paucity of neurophysiology services and limited published data on electroencephalography (EEG) features among African children. The aim of this study was to describe clinical characteristics, EEG findings, and antiepileptic drug (AED) use among children referred for EEG to the University Teaching Hospital in Zambia.

Methods

EEG referrals and reports from 2013–2015 were reviewed. Within the context of routine care, EEG studies were interpreted by readers with advanced training in child neurology and clinical neurophysiology. Clinical data provided in the referral including seizure semiology and EEG findings were systematically extracted and analyzed.

Results

A total of 1,217 EEG reports were reviewed, with 1,187 included in the analysis. Median age was 7 years (interquartile range [IQR] 3–11) and 57% were male. Seventy‐three percent of 554 had documented seizure onset before 5 years of age. Among the 23% with seizure etiology documented, 78% were associated with perinatal injuries and central nervous system (CNS) infections. EEG abnormalities were found in 75% of the studies. Clinical semiology per referral identified focal seizures in 29%, but EEG findings increased this proportion to 63% (p = 0.004). Sixty‐two percent were taking AEDs, with 85% on monotherapy. The most commonly used AED was carbamazepine (49%).There was no association between the choice of AED and clinical semiology (all p's > 0.05).

Significance

This tertiary care center study identified >60% of referred children to have localization‐related epilepsies, with at least 18% of epilepsies being from potentially preventable causes. These findings are consistent with multi‐country, population‐based data from elsewhere in Africa. Seizure semiology assessed in routine, nonspecialist care does not predict AED choice, and the presence of focality is underestimated in routine care.
A novel hot aerosol extinguishing agent with high efficiency for Class B fires
Authors: Yan Ye , Du Zhiming , Han Zhiyue
Published: September 2018

A novel hot aerosol extinguishing agent (HAEA), which is the combination of pyrotechnics and flame retardant technology, was found to have great efficiency in extinguishing Class B fires. A mixture of P and P3N5, referred to as P90x, was chosen as the reductant, and phase stabilized ammonium nitrate was chosen as the oxidant. This paper describes a study of the effectiveness of this agent in extinguishing n‐heptane fires (ie, Class B fires). We determined that the best efficiency was 15 g/m3 for extinguishing n‐heptane fires, four times more efficient than a traditional agent. The efficiency increases as the mass fraction of P90x rises. We also identified the key difference between the novel extinguishing agent and the traditional agent. The former consists of an inorganic phosphorus compound, while the latter is mainly comprised of KOH. Consequently, their extinguishing mechanisms are different. The phosphorus oxide of the novel HAEAs is the leading component to extinguish fire, which is more effective than alkali salts.
Experimental assessment of bench‐scale ignitability parameters
Authors: Vermina Plathner Frida , van Hees Patrick
Published: September 2018

This work aims to explore possible ways of improving the precision of ignition measurements in the cone calorimeter. Both inherent repeatability of parts of the testing equipment and operator‐dependent variations are considered. Inherent repeatability is indicated to be slightly improved if the test samples used are circular rather than square. Operator‐dependent variation is discussed in terms of the method used for determining ignition. Four procedures are compared, namely, visual observation, usage of a light sensor, and looking at the peak of the second and first derivatives of the mass loss and heat release curves, respectively. Results indicate that the preferable operator‐independent method depends on the test conditions; the derivative of the heat release rate is an alternative to the mass loss rate derivative when the scale is of standardised quality. A light sensor for ignition time observation is a good option when the surrounding light is not changed during the test.
The relationship between the serotonin 2A receptor gene –1438A/G and 102T/C polymorphisms and citalopram/sertraline‐induced nausea in major depressed patients
Authors: Demirbugen Oz Merve , Uckun Zuhal , Yuce‐Artun Nazan , Baskak Bora , Ozdemir Hatice , Kizil Ozel Tugba , Devrimci Ozguven Halise , Suzen H. Sinan
Published: September 2018

Objective

The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between the polymorphisms of –1438A/G and 102T/C in the 5‐HT2A receptor (HTR2A) gene and nausea/vomiting as a side effect induced by sertraline (SERT) or citalopram (CIT) in patients with major depressive disorder.

Methods

A total of 128 patients were enrolled, 63 patients received CIT, whereas 65 patients were treated with SERT. Nausea/vomiting were assessed with the UKU Side‐effects Rating Scale at baseline and at the end of the second and fourth weeks. Polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism technique was employed to determine genetic differences.

Results

We have found that, in the patients treated with CIT, there was a nominally significant difference in the genotypic distribution associated with ‐1438A/G polymorphism between patients with and without nausea (X2 = 6.15, p = 0.041). Moreover, logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association between nausea/vomiting as a side effect and –1438A/G polymorphism. That is, patients with the G allele were at a higher risk for developing nausea/vomiting (p = 0.044, odds ratio = 2.213). The 102T/C polymorphism in the HTR2A gene had no significant effect on the nausea/vomiting as a side effect among participants treated with either CIT or SERT.

Conclusion

The present study suggests the association of the HTR2A gene –1438A/G polymorphism with nausea/vomiting as a side effect related to CIT treatment.
Review of the effects of silver nanoparticle exposure on gut bacteria
Authors: Li Jiangyan , Tang Meng , Xue Yuying
Published: September 2018

Gut bacteria are involved in regulating several important physiological functions in the host, and intestinal dysbacteriosis plays an important role in several human diseases, including intestinal, metabolic and autoimmune disorders. Although silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are increasingly being incorporated into medical and consumer products due to their unique physicochemical properties, studies have indicated their potential to affect adversely the gut bacteria. In this review, we focus on the biotoxicological effects of AgNPs entering the gastrointestinal tract and the relationship of these effects with important nanoscale properties. We discuss in detail the mechanisms underlying the bactericidal toxicity effects of AgNPs and explore the relationships between AgNPs, gut bacteria and disease. Finally, we highlight the need to focus on the negative effects of AgNPs usage to facilitate appropriate development of these particles.
Comparison of enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay with indirect immunofluorescence assay for the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection
Authors: Gao Chun‐Hai , Ji Bao‐Ju , Han Chao , Wang Mao‐Shui
Published: September 2018

Background

The study aimed to compare enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) in the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.

Methods

From March 2016 to May 2017, 180 patients suspected with M. pneumoniae infection were enrolled. The SeroMP kit using ELISA and PNEUMOSLIDE kit using IFA were performed in parallel to detect the IgM antibodies against M. pneumoniae. Cohen's kappa statistics were used to assess the agreement between the ELISA and IFA assays, multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate risk factors for the discordance between the ELISA and IFA assays.

Results

The mean age of the enrolled subjects was 46.6 ± 21.1 years. For detection of M. pneumoniae infection, the positivities of the ELISA and IFA assays were 15.6% (95% CI: 11.0%, 21.6%) and 10.0% (95% CI: 6.4%, 15.3%), respectively. The total positivity was 19.4% (95% CI: 14.3%, 25.8%). The agreement between the ELISA and IFA assays was low (κ = 0.117, P < 0.001). Variables associated with discordant results between ELISA and IFA assays in multivariate analysis were as follows: male (OR: 0.366; 95% CI: 0.149, 0.899; P < 0.05), age (>33 years old; OR: 0.313; 95% CI: 0.129, 0.758; P < 0.05).

Conclusion

In detection of M. pneumoniae infection, low agreement was found in IgM assays between the ELISA and IFA methods, female and younger age were significant risk factors for the discordance. A combination of ELISA and IFA tests would be recommended, in order to detect more patients suspected of M. pneumoniae infection in clinical practice.
Suppression of long noncoding RNA NCK1‐AS1 increases chemosensitivity to cisplatin in cervical cancer
Authors: Zhang Wei‐Yi , Liu Yin‐Jiao , He Yan , Chen Ping
Published: September 2018

Cervical cancer remains a serious health problem till now, with nearly 500,000 women cases diagnosed each year around the world. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is a novel class of RNA transcripts (>200 nucleotides in length) participating in gene transcription, cell proliferation, differentiation, and drug resistance. This study aimed to explore the regulatory relationship among lncRNA NCK1‐AS1, miR‐134‐5p, and MutS protein homolog 2 (MSH2), so that the resistance against cisplatin in cervical cancer treatment could be better understood. Comprehensive lncRNA profiling analysis was performed to screen lncRNAs differentially expressed in cervical cancer. The expression patterns of miR‐134‐5p, NCK1‐AS1, and MSH2 were evaluated in cancerous tissues and adjacent normal tissues obtained from 75 cervical cancer patients. Subsequently, anti‐NCK1‐AS1 small interfering RNA, miR‐134‐5p mimics, and miR‐134‐5p inhibitors were transfected into cervical cancer cells, and the effects of these transcripts on cisplatin resistance and cell apoptosis were investigated. The regulatory relationship among NCK1‐AS1, miR‐134‐5p, and MSH2 was identified using a dual‐luciferase reporter gene assay, and the results were further validated by RNA pull‐down and RNA immunoprecipitation assays. Based on the microarray data of GSE63514 and GSE27678, NCK1‐AS1 was upregulated in cervical cancer. Increased expression of NCK1‐AS1, MSH2, and decreased expression of miR‐134‐5p were observed in cervical cancer tissues. In addition, NCK1‐AS1 competitively bound to miR‐134‐5p to regulate MSH2. Therefore, si‐NCK1‐AS1 and miR‐134‐5p mimic both reduced MSH2 activity and increased cisplatin‐induced apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. Taken together, NCK1‐AS1 may become a novel target in improving the chemotherapeutic response and survival of cervical cancer patients.
Phthaloyl Dichloride–DMF Mediated Synthesis of Benzothiazole‐based 4‐Formylpyrazole Derivatives: Studies on Their Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities
Authors: Bala Renu , Kumari Poonam , Sood Sumit , Kumar Vinod , Singh Nasib , Singh Karan
Published: September 2018

Benzothiazole‐based pyrazole derivatives prepared by a molecular hybridization approach with an aim to influence the biological activity significantly. Efficient conversion of hydrazones 3a–k derived from their corresponding methyl ketones to 4‐formylpyrazoles 4a–k was carried out at 60°C in dioxane, using the Vilsmeier–Haack reagent isolated from phthaloyl dichloride and N,N‐dimethylformamide. The newly synthesized compounds 4a–k and hydrazones 3a–k were screened in vitro for their antimicrobial activities using the broth macrodilution method. The compounds 4a–k were also screened for their antioxidant activities using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Some of the synthesized compounds showed significant antibacterial and antifungal activities as evident from their minimum inhibitory concentrations. Compound 4d showed remarkable antioxidant activity.
One‐pot, Three‐component Synthesis of a Series of New Bis‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidines in the Presence of TPAB under Reflux Conditions
Authors: Ahmadi Sabegh Mehdi , Khalafy Jabbar , Etivand Nasser
Published: September 2018

A one‐pot, three‐component reaction of 1,4‐phenylene‐bis‐glyoxal, 6‐aminouracils, and dimedone or barbituric acid derivatives in the presence of tetrapropylammonium bromide (5 mol%) in ethanol under reflux conditions gave a series of new bis‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidine derivatives in high yields.
Detection of T. forsythia and other important bacteria in crestal and subcrestal implants with ligature‐induced peri‐implant infection in dogs
Authors: Zhu Bin , Meng Huanxin , Huang Baoxin , Chen ZhiBin , Lu Ruifang
Published: September 2018

Background

The study was designed to compare peri‐implant microbial colonization of inflamed implants placed at different levels in dogs.

Methods

Two screwed‐in (SI) and two tapped‐in (TI) conical connection implants were placed on each side of mandibles in six dogs respectively. Four experimental groups were constituted according to implant types and placement depth in one side: SI crestally (SIC), SI 1.5 mm subcrestally (SIS), TI crestally (TIC), and TI 1.5 mm subcrestally (TIS). Plaque accumulation of implants was promoted by cotton ligatures at either side randomly selected in each dog four weeks after abutment connection. Peri‐implant sulcular fluid (PISF) samples were collected at 4 weeks, 10 weeks, and 16 weeks after abutment connection. Common periodontal pathogens in PISF were analyzed by PCR and realtime‐PCR to investigate the influence of placement depth on microbial accumulation. The microbial results were further correlated with clinical parameters.

Results

At ligatured sides, detection rates of T. forsythia and P. gingivalis increased significantly in four groups. T. forsythia levels increased significantly from baseline in four groups at ligatured sides at 16 weeks (p < 0.05). TIS group harbored significantly more T. forsythia than TIC at ligatured sides at 16 weeks (p < 0.05). At ligatured sides, probing depth was correlated to T. forsythia level in four groups as well as in total.

Conclusions

Subcrestal placement could increase the peri‐implant T. forsythia level at the early stage of peri‐implantitis. The T. forsythia level in the peri‐implant sulcus is associated with probing depth.
Raman spectroscopy of the eight natural carbonate minerals of calcite structure
Authors: Dufresne William J.B. , Rufledt Carson J. , Marshall Craig P.
Published: September 2018

To date, only five natural carbonate minerals of calcite structure have been studied by Raman spectroscopy. These include calcite (CaCO3), magnesite (MgCO3), siderite (FeCO3), smithsonite (ZnCO3), and rhodochrosite (MnCO3). Thus far, only synthetic compounds of otavite (CdCO3), spherocobaltite (CoCO3), and gaspeite (NiCO3) have been investigated by Raman spectroscopy. However, the Raman spectra of natural otavite, spherocobaltite, and gaspeite have yet to be interpreted and compared with the Raman spectra of the other five natural carbonate minerals of calcite structure. This work has been undertaken to fill this gap and provide a comparison and interpretation of Raman spectra representative of all the eight natural carbonate minerals of calcite structure. The data here show that the carbonate Eg (T) phonon shifts are due to influences from the nearest neighbor distance; that is, M‐O, and different ionic radii of the divalent metal cation, as shown graphically by a strong correlation (r2 = 0.87 and 0.91, respectively). Using this graphical approach, we have developed a Raman spectroscopic model based on the equation, y = −2.067x + 356.2 (±5 pm) to calculate the ionic radii of the divalent metal cation present within the mineral and hence affording the identification and discrimination of calcite‐group minerals based on the band position of the Eg (T) mode.
Dispersive solid‐phase extraction of selected nitrophenols from environmental water samples using a zirconium‐based amino‐tagged metal–organic framework nanosorbent
Authors: Salimi Maryam , Behbahani Mohammad , Sobhi Hamid Reza , Ghambarian Mahnaz , Esrafili Ali
Published: September 2018

This study has centered on the establishment of an efficient, simple and reliable dispersive solid‐phase extraction method followed by an accurate trace determination of selected nitrophenols as a class of compounds with high toxicity and low degradability. To achieve the above goal, a zirconium‐based amino‐tagged metal–organic framework nanosorbent was synthesized, characterized and eventually employed for the extraction of two nitrophenols from various environmental water samples. Once the extraction of analytes had occurred, they were desorbed from the metal–organic framework sorbent using an appropriate mixed solvent followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the calibration curves for the analytes were linear over the concentration range of 1–200 μg/L. The accuracy of the method was tested by the relative recovery experiments on the fortified real samples with the results falling within the range of 91 to 106%, while the corresponding precisions varied in the span of 4.6–9.0%. Based on a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3, the method detection limits were determined to be 0.5 μg/L for both analytes.
Asymmetric Copolymers: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Gradient and Other Partially Segregated Copolymers
Authors: Zhang Junliang , Farias‐Mancilla Barbara , Destarac Mathias , Schubert Ulrich S. , Keddie Daniel J. , Guerrero‐Sanchez Carlos , Harrisson Simon
Published: September 2018

Asymmetric copolymers are a class of materials with intriguing properties. They can be defined by a distribution of monomers within the polymer chain that is neither strictly segregated, as in the case of block copolymers, nor evenly distributed throughout each chain, as in the case of statistical copolymers. This definition includes gradient copolymers as well as block copolymers that contain segments of statistical copolymer. In this review, different methods to synthesize asymmetric copolymers are first discussed. The properties of asymmetric copolymers are investigated in comparison to those of block and random counterparts of similar composition. Finally, some examples of applications of asymmetric copolymers, both academic and industrial, are demonstrated. The aim of this review is to provide a perspective on the design and synthesis of asymmetric copolymers with useful applications.
Nonstationary radiation transfer through a multilayered medium with reflection and refraction conditions
Authors: Amosov Andrey
Published: September 2018

We consider an initial‐boundary value problem for the radiation transfer equation with reflection and refraction conditions describing a nonstationary process of the radiation transfer in multilayered semitransparent for radiation medium, consisting of m parallel vertical layers. We establish the existence and uniqueness of a solution for the problem with data from the spaces of Lp type, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. We also obtain a priori estimates for the solution and prove an exponential stabilization of the solution as T→∞.
Design and construction of an innovative brain phantom prototype for MRI
Authors: Altermatt Anna , Santini Francesco , Deligianni Xeni , Magon Stefano , Sprenger Till , Kappos Ludwig , Cattin Philippe , Wuerfel Jens , Gaetano Laura
Published: September 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this project was to construct a physical brain phantom for MRI, mimicking structure and T1 relaxation properties of white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM).

Methods

The phantom design comprised 2 compartments, 1 resembling the WM and 1 resembling the GM. Their T1 relaxation times, as assessed using an inversion recovery turbo spin echo sequence, were reproduced using an agar gel doped with contrast agent (CA) and their folding patterns were simulated through a molding‐casting procedure using 3D‐printed casts and flexible silicone molds. Three versions of the assembling procedure were adopted to build: Phantom1 without any separation; Phantom2 with a varnish layer; and Phantom3 with a thin wax layer between the compartments.

Results

Phantom1 was characterized by an immediate diffusion of CA between the 2 compartments. Phantom2 and Phantom3, instead, showed relaxation times and shape comparable with the target ones identified in a healthy control subject (WM: 754 ± 40 ms; GM: 1277 ± 96 ms). Moreover, both compartments revealed intact gyri and sulci. However, the diffusion of CA made Phantom2 stable only for a short period of time. Phantom3 showed stability within a time window of several days but the wax layer between the WM and GM was visible in the MRI.

Conclusion

Structural and intensity properties of the constructed phantoms are useful in evaluating and validating steps from image acquisition to image processing. Moreover, the described constructing procedure and its modular design make it adjustable to a variety of applications.
The effectiveness of magnetic stimulation for patients with pelvic floor dysfunction: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Pan Hong , Bao Yong , Cao Honghao , Jin Rongjiang , Wang Pu , Zhang Junmei
Published: September 2018

Aims

To evaluate the value of magnetic stimulation (MS) in patients with pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD).

Methods

The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis (PRISMA) statement was followed. We searched five databases for articles published until November 2017. Included studies investigated the effects of MS on PFD. Meta‐analysis of RCTs was performed using a random effects model, and narrative analysis was undertaken where meta‐analysis was not possible.

Results

A total of 20 studies including 1019 patients were eligible for inclusion whose level of evidence for the included studies was low. Meta‐analysis of four trials comparing MS with sham intervention showed that MS was not associated with significant improvement in ICIQ‐SF score (−0.52, 95%CI −1.05, 0.01; P = 0.06, I2 = 16%), QOL score (−0.27, 95%CI −0.57, 0.04; P = 0.09, I2 = 0%), number of leakages (−0.16, 95%CI −0.62, 0.29; P = 0.48, I2 = 52%), and pad test (−1.36, 95%CI −2.64, −0.08; P = 0.04, I2 = 94%). Narrative review showed that there were no convincing evidences that MS was effective for chronic pelvic floor pain, detrusor overactivity, overactive bladder, and the included RCTs had controversial results. MS may have some benefits for nocturnal enuresis and erectile dysfunction according to the trials.

Conclusions

There is no convinced evidence to support the benefits of using MS in the management of PFD. The applicability of MS in the treatment of PFD remains uncertain, so larger, well‐designed trials with longer follow‐up periods adopted relevant and comparable outcomes are needed to be further explored to provide a definitive conclusion.
Characterization of glioblastoma in an orthotopic mouse model with magnetic resonance elastography
Authors: Schregel Katharina , Nazari Navid , Nowicki Michal O. , Palotai Miklos , Lawler Sean E. , Sinkus Ralph , Barbone Paul E. , Patz Samuel
Published: September 2018

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor. It is highly malignant and has a correspondingly poor prognosis. Diagnosis and monitoring are mainly accomplished with MRI, but remain challenging in some cases. Therefore, complementary methods for tumor detection and characterization would be beneficial. Using magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), we performed a longitudinal study of the biomechanical properties of intracranially implanted GBM in mice and compared the results to histopathology. The biomechanical parameters of viscoelastic modulus, shear wave speed and phase angle were significantly lower in tumors compared with healthy brain tissue and decreased over time with tumor progression. Moreover, some MRE parameters revealed sub‐regions at later tumor stages, which were not easily detectable on anatomical MRI images. Comparison with histopathology showed that softer tumor regions contained necrosis and patches of viable tumor cells. In contrast, areas of densely packed tumor cells and blood vessels identified with histology coincided with higher values of viscoelastic modulus and shear wave speed. Interestingly, the phase angle was independent from these anatomical variations. In summary, MRE depicted longitudinal and morphological changes in GBM and may prove valuable for tumor characterization in patients.
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance elastography: A review
Authors: Khan Saad , Fakhouri Faisal , Majeed Waqas , Kolipaka Arunark
Published: September 2018

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. These cardiovascular diseases are associated with mechanical changes in the myocardium and aorta. It is known that stiffness is altered in many diseases, including the spectrum of ischemia, diastolic dysfunction, hypertension and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In addition, the stiffness of the aortic wall is altered in multiple diseases, including hypertension, coronary artery disease and aortic aneurysm formation. For example, in diastolic dysfunction in which the ejection fraction is preserved, stiffness can potentially be an important biomarker. Similarly, in aortic aneurysms, stiffness can provide valuable information with regard to rupture potential. A number of studies have addressed invasive and non‐invasive approaches to test and measure the mechanical properties of the myocardium and aorta. One of the non‐invasive approaches is magnetic resonance elastography (MRE). MRE is a phase‐contrast magnetic resonance imaging technique that measures tissue stiffness non‐invasively. This review article highlights the technical details and application of MRE in the quantification of myocardial and aortic stiffness in different disease states.
A variable nonlinear splitting algorithm for reaction diffusion systems with self‐ and cross‐ diffusion
Authors: Beauregard Matthew A. , Padgett Joshua L.
Published: September 2018

Self‐ and cross‐diffusion are important nonlinear spatial derivative terms that are included into biological models of predator–prey interactions. Self‐diffusion models overcrowding effects, while cross‐diffusion incorporates the response of one species in light of the concentration of another. In this paper, a novel nonlinear operator splitting method is presented that directly incorporates both self‐ and cross‐diffusion into a computational efficient design. The numerical analysis guarantees the accuracy and demonstrates appropriate criteria for stability. Numerical experiments display its efficiency and accuracy.
The contribution of participant, treatment, and outcome factors to treatment satisfaction
Authors: Sidani Souraya , Epstein Dana R. , Fox Mary , Collins Laura
Published: September 2018

Treatment satisfaction, which refers to the positive appraisal of process and outcome attributes of a treatment, is a prominent indicator of quality care. Although it is known that participant, treatment, and outcome factors influence treatment satisfaction, it remains unclear which factors contribute to satisfaction with each process and outcome attribute. In this study, we examined the extent to which participant (age, gender, education, race, employment), treatment (type of therapy, method of assignment to therapy), and outcome (self‐reported improvement in outcome) factors contribute to satisfaction with the process and outcome attributes of therapies for insomnia. This study consists of a secondary analysis of data obtained from a partially randomized preference trial in which persons with chronic insomnia (N = 517) were assigned to treatment randomly or by preference. Four types of behavioral therapies were included: sleep hygiene, stimulus control therapy, sleep restriction therapy, and multi‐component therapy. Self‐reported improvement in insomnia and satisfaction were assessed with validated measures at post‐test. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine which factors influenced satisfaction with each treatment attribute. The findings showed that treatment and outcome, more so than participant, factors influenced satisfaction with the process and outcome attributes of the behavioral therapies for insomnia. Future research on satisfaction should explore the contribution of treatment (type and preference‐matching) and outcome factors on satisfaction to build a better understanding of treatment attributes viewed favorably. Such understanding has the potential to inform modifying or tailoring treatments to improve their acceptance to participants and optimize their effectiveness.
Development and pharmacist‐mediated use of tools for monitoring atypical antipsychotic‐induced side effects related to blood glucose levels
Authors: Ishida Shunsuke , Takechi Kenshi , Bando Hiroshi , Imanishi Masaki , Zamami Yoshito , Chuma Masayuki , Yanagawa Hiroaki , Kirino Yasushi , Nakamura Toshimi , Teraoka Kazuhiko , Ishizawa Keisuke
Published: September 2018

Purpose

Drug side effects often lead to serious outcomes. Administration of second‐generation antipsychotics has resulted in diabetic ketoacidosis and diabetic coma leading to death. Therefore, pharmacists are required to collect information on clinical test values, determine the appropriate test timing, and coordinate with doctors for further clinical laboratory orders, all of which are labor‐intensive and time‐intensive tasks. In this study, we developed a side effect‐monitoring tool and aimed to clarify the influence and efficiency of monitoring side effects by using the tool in patients taking atypical antipsychotics in whom it is necessary to check clinical test values such as blood sugar levels.

Methods

We extracted clinical test values for patients treated with second‐generation antipsychotics from electronic medical records. The test values are automatically displayed in the side effect grade classification specified by CTCAE ver. 4.0. A database was constructed using scripts to provide alerts for the timing of clinical testing. The pharmacist used this tool to confirm clinical test values for patients taking medication and requested the physician to inspect orders based on the appropriate test timings.

Results

The management tool reduced the pharmacists' effort in collecting information on patients' prescription status and test values. It enabled patients to undergo tests at the appropriate time according to the progression of glucose metabolism and allowed for easy monitoring of side effects.

Conclusions

The results suggested that regardless of pharmacists' experience or skill, the introduction of this tool enables centralization of side effect monitoring and can contribute to proper drug use.
Expression of exogenous dsRNA by Lecanicillium attenuatum enhances its virulence to Dialeurodes citri
Authors: Yu Shi‐Jiang , Pan Qi , Luo Ren , Wang Cui‐Lun , Cheng Lu‐Yan , Yang Juan‐Sheng , Zhou Hao‐Nan , Hou Dong‐Yuan , Liu Hao‐Qiang , Ran Chun
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND

Dialeurodes citri is an important pest in citrus‐producing areas of the world. Lecanicillium attenuatum parasitizes D. citri and kills it, suggesting a potential approach for the biological control of pests. However, the low virulence of the fungus and its slow rate of killing have limited its commercial competitiveness. The objective reason for these disadvantages is immunological rejection by the host. Our strategy was to use fungi to express the double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) of the host immune genes. The fungal hyphae release siRNA at the time of infection, thus interfering with the expression of immune genes in the host and facilitating fungal invasion.

RESULTS

We selected prophenoloxidase (DcPPO), prophenoloxidase‐activating factor (DcPPO‐AF), and lysozyme (DcLZM) as target genes to construct intron‐splicing hairpin RNA expression vectors and to successfully obtain transgenic fungi. Two days after infection, the immune genes of D. citri showed varying degrees of silencing compared with those in the positive control group. The median lethal concentration (LC50; spores mL−1) values of La::GFP, La::DcPPO, La::DcPPO‐AF, and La::DcLZM were 9.63 × 104, 2.66 × 104, 1.21 × 105, and 3.31 × 104, respectively. The 50% lethal time (LT50) values of these fungi were 5.15, 3.60, 5.34, and 4.04 days, respectively. The virulence of La::DcPPO and La::DcLZM increased 3.62‐ and 2.91‐fold, respectively, and their LT50 decreased by 30.10% and 21.55%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The results indicate that this method, which uses tens of thousands of hyphae to inject dsRNA to improve the virulence of transgenic fungi, can play a greater role in the prevention and control of pests in the future. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Ascidiacyclamides containing oxazoline and thiazole motifs assume square conformations and show high cytotoxicity
Authors: Asano Akiko , Yamada Takeshi , Taniguchi Taizo , Sasaki Masahiro , Yoza Kenji , Doi Mitsunobu
Published: September 2018

Four cyclic octapeptides were designed from ascidiacyclamide [cyclo(–Ile–Oxz–D‐Val– Thz–)2] (ASC, 1) to investigate the effects of oxazoline (Oxz) and thiazole (Thz) rings on the structures and cytotoxicities of the peptides. cyclo(–Ile–Thz–D‐Val–Oxz–)2 (2) had the same number of Oxz and Thz rings as ASC, but the ring positions were switched. cyclo(–Ile–Oxz–D‐Val–Thz–Ile–Thz–D‐Val–Thz–) (3) and cyclo(–Ile–Thz–D‐Val–Oxz–Ile–Thz–D‐Val–Thz–) (4) contained one Oxz and three Thz rings within the molecule. All Oxz rings were substituted with Thz in cyclo(–Ile–Thz–D‐Val–Thz–)2 (5). These analogues had new Oxz and Thz blocks forming the 24‐membered ring. Based on CD spectra and X‐ray diffraction analyses, the structures of all four analogues were classified as square ASC forms. But the structures of 2 and 5 differed from the original square form of 1, and they showed no cytotoxicity. The structure of 3 was very similar to that of 1, and 3 showed 10 times greater cytotoxicity than 1. Although no definite structure of 4 was obtained, it showed three times greater cytotoxicity than 1. It appears that the position and number of Oxz residues are essential determinants in the structure‐cytotoxicity relationship of ASC analogues.
Importance of Substrate Work Function Homogeneity for Reliable Ionization Energy Determination by Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Authors: Schultz Thorsten , Amsalem Patrick , Kotadiya Naresh B. , Lenz Thomas , Blom Paul W. M. , Koch Norbert
Published: September 2018

Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) is the most widely used technique to determine the ionization energy (IE) of electronic materials, as this parameter is critically important for the energy level alignment in electronic and optoelectronic devices. For organic semiconductor IE assessment, molecules are typically evaporated and polymers spin‐coated onto a conductive substrate, and then measured by UPS. For substrates that possess a constant work function over large area, the determination of IE from the measured UPS data is straight forward. However, if the substrate is heterogeneous (intentionally or unintentionally) in local work function, the conventional method to determine IE yields erroneous results and a more careful data evaluation is necessary. While the secondary electron cutoff (SECO) can exhibit area‐averaged values, the valence levels are split in energy according to the local work function. Here, we demonstrate the possible pitfalls of heterogeneous substrates by employing well‐controlled model systems, and show how appropriate data analysis can still yield correct IE values.
Design and experimental evaluation of robust motion synchronization control for multivehicle system without velocity measurements
Authors: Zhu Bo , Zhang Qingrui , Liu Hugh H.T.
Published: September 2018

This paper investigates the robust motion synchronization problem of a class of multivehicle systems suffering from input disturbances but without velocity measurements. We first evaluate a velocity estimator–based scheme and show the performance limitation of the velocity estimator. We then develop a robust distributed control solution, which includes a passivity filter to inject damping into the system and to yield an output‐feedback stabilizer and a novel continuous disturbance estimator (DE) to achieve disturbance compensation. The solution has three attractive features: (i) both the DE and stabilizer are continuous and have the lowest orders; (ii) the DE can be designed in either the time domain or the frequency domain; (iii) by introducing an ingenious parameter mapping for the DE, it is easy to tune a single parameter to render the steady‐state synchronization and tracking errors sufficiently small. The solution is finally implemented on an experimental platform consisting of four desktop three‐degrees‐of‐freedom helicopters. The results of five control scenarios demonstrate that the platform suffers from severe input disturbances, and that different levels of control accuracy can easily be obtained by tuning the DE parameter.
Improved Broadband Photoresponse in Schottky‐Like Junction Using Carrier Selective NiO Contact on p‐Si
Authors: Kim Hong‐Sik , Kumar Mohit , Kim Joondong
Published: September 2018

A high performing broadband photodetector is designed using a NiO passivated rear contact. This paper demonstrates that the diode properties of an Al/p‐Si/ITO device can be improved by inserting an ultrathin sandwich NiO layer between Al/p‐Si. In addition, current‐voltage‐temperature characteristics reveal a significant enhancement of activation energy from 0.61 to 0.95 eV over the reference device. The effective barrier height is improved from 0.69 to 1.20 eV with the insertion of the NiO layer. Moreover, significant improvements in the responsivity and detectivity over a broadband wavelength from 300 to 1100 nm are verified. Comprehensive photodetection performance studies show a threefold reduction in the dark saturation current by inserting the ultrathin NiO layer, which creates zero bias photodetection with an impressive photoresponse ratio of more than 1500 and a responsivity of 1.52 A/W. The presented devices respond well even at an extremely low intensity 24 nW cm−2 of photodetection, suggesting the potential of the rear passivated contact for advanced photoelectric devices.
Passphrase protected device‐to‐device mutual authentication schemes for smart homes
Authors: Raniyal Maninder Singh , Woungang Isaac , Dhurandher Sanjay Kumar , Ahmed Sherif Saad
Published: September 2018

Smart home is a promising paradigm and technology for providing the ability to physical objects to operate over the Internet. While this technology provides convenience to its users a number of initiatives across the globe are taken in academia and industry to deal with security issues that it may entail. Among these is the issue of interdevices authentication in the presence of security threats such as vulnerability of session/cookies. In this paper two passphrase protected device‐to‐device (D2D) mutual authentication schemes for smart homes are proposed where the keys are protected using passphrases and a centralized server provides proxy‐passphrase service to smart home devices assuming that the server keeps the database of passphrases as well as the servers' passphrase‐proxy service. The high‐level protocol specification language (HLPSL) language is used to model the proposed two protocols and a security analysis is conducted using the security protocol animator for AVISPA (SPAN)/AVISPA (Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocol and Applications) tool showing that the proposed schemes can achieve the goals of secrecy of secret keys and D2D mutual authentication
The Radioprotective Effect of Polyphenols From Pinecones of Pinus koraiensis and Their Synergistic Effect With Auricularia auricula‐judae (Bull.) J. Schröt Polysaccharides
Authors: Ding Fangli , Zhang Naixun , Wang Zhenyu , Qiu Junqiang
Published: September 2018

The objectives of this work are to investigate the protective effect of Polyphenols from pinecones of Pinus koraiensis (PPPK) on damage caused by radiation in mice, and to test for its potential synergism with Auricularia auricula‐judae (Bull.) J. Schröt Polysaccharides (AAP). Male mice are administered for 30 days prior to radiation, and the combination index (CI) is used for the synergistic effect analysis. The results show that PPPK exhibited significant radioprotective effects compared with radiation group (P < 0.01); PPPK in combination with AAP had higher anti‐radiation effects, as evident by improved white blood cells (P < 0.01), organ indexes (P < 0.05 or 0.01), splenic lymphocytes proliferation activity (P < 0.01), bone marrow DNA content (P < 0.01), and monocyte phagocytic activity (P < 0.05), relative to other groups; the combination also reduced bone marrow micronucleus rate (P < 0.01) and chromosome distortion rate (P < 0.01). These data for the first time demonstrated the radioprotective effect of PPPK and its synergistic effect with AAP.