bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Katabatic and convective processes drive two preferred peaks in the precipitation diurnal cycle over the Central Himalaya
Authors: Hunt Kieran M. R. , Turner Andrew  G. , Schiemann Reinhard K. H.
Published: March 2022

The diurnal cycle of precipitation over the Central Himalaya is governed by a complex interaction between the diurnal cycle of tropical convection and local orographic flow. Understanding this interaction is crucial for model evaluation, where the simulation of such processes is highly sensitive to model resolution and choice of parametrisation schemes. In this study, the mean diurnal cycle is computed using gridded satellite data–Integrated Multi‐satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) (IMERG) data and is shown to be bimodal, with one peak in the late afternoon (1700 India Standard Time (IST)) and a stronger one in the early morning (0200 IST). This structure is an artefact of compositing, as individual days are associated with single peaks. The late‐afternoon “convective” peak is shown to be linked to the diurnal cycle of tropical convection, whereas the nocturnal “katabatic” peak is shown to be triggered by nocturnal downslope flow converging with the background monsoon circulation. As such, the katabatic peak is strongly favoured by an active monsoon trough, which provides greater southeasterly moisture flux to the foothills, resulting in increased low‐level moisture flux convergence upon interaction with the katabatic northerlies. When the trough is less active, precipitation is brought to the region by mesoscale convective systems, ranging in scale from tens to thousands of kilometres, resulting in convective peaks. We hypothesise that these convective afternoon peaks are enhanced by anabatic flow. It is shown that the Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation does not play a significant role in modulating either the timing or the amplitude of the diurnal cycle; however, low‐pressure systems do: either by intensifying the trough (and hence the katabatic peak), or, when further north, by providing deep convection (hence supporting the convective peak). Two reanalyses and a separate 17‐km model with parametrised convection capture both peaks, but overestimate the magnitude of the convective peak and underestimate the magnitude of the katabatic peak.
Bargaining your way to success: The effect of Machiavellian chief executive officers on firm costs
Authors: Recendes Tessa , Aime Federico , Hill Aaron D. , Petrenko Oleg V.
Published: March 2022

Research Summary

This study builds on insights from the upper echelons tradition in strategy to examine the effects of chief executive officer (CEO) Machiavellianism on relevant firm costs. While Machiavellianism has been usually construed as a purely negative trait, we argue that the pragmatic focus on the outcomes of exchanges and psychological obsession with winning in transactions that Machiavellian CEOs infuse in their organizations can have important effects on firm cost, a fundamental but frequently understudied driver of financial performance in strategic management research. In line with our arguments, we find that CEO Machiavellianism has negative effects on production costs, financing costs, and acquisition premiums. We find support for our ideas with a sample of S&P 500 CEOs, operationalizing CEO Machiavellianism using a videometric approach

Managerial Summary

In this study, we investigate the effect of CEO Machiavellianism on firms’ costs. We show that firms with more Machiavellian CEOs will have lower costs than other firms in the market. Rather counterintuitively, this study suggests an explanation for why a personal characteristic that is usually seen as problematic for organizations is rather common in their upper ranks. Ultimately, the study demonstrates the value of the bargaining attitude that Machiavellian CEOs bring to their organizations and suggests this value should be weighed against their risks or acknowledged to manage the risks this common personal characteristic implies.
Curatorial Challenges: Discussion Forums and Fragmented Narratives
Authors: Hauptman Katherine
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores discussions surrounding research on the Swedish History Museum’s collection of Viking Age objects on Internet forums, blogs and digital news media during the period 2004–2020. It argues that there has been a clear escalation of questioning, confrontational and antagonistic reactions directed at research that brings into question issues of nationhood and stereotypes of gender roles and power. The discussions evolve around disagreements that focus on details rather than historical synthesis and quickly escalate into hostility, personal attacks and distrust in academic expertise. The debates cast light on the pedagogical challenges the museum face to synthesise and contextualise research to nuance conversations and fulfil its governmentally assigned task to promote knowledge and interest in history.
Viking Jewellery on Pinterest: Drifting Digitisations and Shared Curatorial Agency
Authors: Axelsson Bodil
Published: March 2022

This chapter analyses the manifestations and operations of curatorial agency on the content-sharing platform Pinterest. While the manifestations of curatorial agency are explored through an analysis of the recontextualisations of museum digitisations of jewellery associated with the Viking Age in user-made collections, its operations are investigated through a long-term engagement with the platform’s employment of machine learning models to select and display images in line with its business model. On Pinterest, museum digitisations take on a transnational and dispersed life as inspiration for historical imagination and craft, as well as for contemporary fashion. Due to the complexity of machine learning models, the politics of curatorial agency becomes a delicate issue to locate as it morphs between human and machinic forms of intelligence.
Technospheric Curation and the Swedish Allah Ring: Refiguring Digitisations and Curatorial Agency as Ecological Compositions, and Eco-curating as Planetary Inhabitations
Authors: Cameron Fiona R.
Published: March 2022

In this chapter I unravel human-centred understandings of digitisations working with the digitisation of a silver-alloy finger ring inscribed in Arabic Kufic writing with the words “il-la-lah” (“For/to Allah”) and re-theorise it through a novel ontological, new-materialisms, posthuman, ecological mode of thinking (Cameron, Fiona R. 2018. Posthuman Museum Practices. InThe Posthuman Glossary, ed. Rosi Braidotti and Maria Hlavajova, 349–352. London / New York: Bloomsbury Academic; Cameron, Fiona R. 2019. Theorizing Digitisations in Global Computational Infrastructures. InThe International Handbook of New Digital Practices in Galleries, Libraries, Archives, Museums and Heritage Sites, ed. Hannah Lewi, Wally Smith, Steve Cooke, and Dirk vom Lehn, 55–67. London: Routledge). The ring is significant as evidence of interactions between Viking and Islamic worlds and as an artefact directed to promoting intercultural respect during the Syrian refugee crisis and the rise of far-right anti-Muslim sentiments. Significantly, the ring digitisation also becomes planetary in reach and distribution as an unruly, more-than-digital ecological composition in which curatorial agency is refigured as radical, eco-systemic processes involving the action and vitality of many different coordinates in their unfolding (Cameron, Fiona R. 2021.The Future of Digital Data, Heritage and Curation in a More-Than-Human World. Abington: Routledge., 129).
Characterizing the Impact of Atmospheric Rivers on Aerosols in the Western U.S.
Authors: Hu Zhiyuan , Zhao Chun , Leung L. Ruby , Du Qiuyan , Ma Yuanyuan , Hagos Samson , Qian Yun , Dong Wenjie
Published: March 2022

Two 5‐year (2010–2014) quasi‐global simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry have been analyzed to quantify the impacts of atmospheric rivers (ARs) on aerosols in the western United States (U.S.). We find that AR days have reduced trans‐Pacific as well as U.S. aerosol mass because of enhanced rainfall and hence, wet removal of aerosols, compared to non‐AR days. ARs reduce trans‐Pacific aerosol mass through the cyclonic circulation that shifts the aerosol transport pathway southward and brings cleaner air from the north. However, ARs have larger impact on aerosols that originate over the U.S., which are concentrated closer to the surface compared to trans‐Pacific aerosols that are distributed more uniformly with altitude. While dust and sulfates dominate the mass for both trans‐Pacific and U.S. aerosols, ARs reduce dust composition fractions of trans‐Pacific aerosols but the AR impacts on composition fractions of U.S. aerosols are more variable.
Tropical Plant Species Living Under P Limitation Show Signs of Greater Resistance to Drought
Authors: Yi Ruzhou , Xu Xianli , Huang Yuanyuan , Zhu Shidan , Xu Chaohao , Zhang Yaohua
Published: March 2022

Tropical forests are fundamental in the global water and carbon cycles, yet they are under threat of drought induced mortality. Tropical forests typically grow in phosphorus (P) pool soils. Through compiling data from tropical forests around the world, we showed that multiple tropical species acclimated to P deficiency have a higher hydraulic safety margin, which means they are less vulnerable to hydraulic failure. Through detailed experiments in subtropical China, we further uncovered the underlying mechanism is that species acclimated to P deficiency would have higher the stem area: leaf area ratio and strengthening vessel wall reinforcement. Our finding highlights the importance of including P availability into models when forecast the mortality risk of tropical forest in response to climate changes.
Baroclinic Control of Southern Ocean Eddy Upwelling Near Topography
Authors: Barthel Alice , Hogg Andrew M. , Waterman Stephanie , Keating Shane
Published: March 2022

In the Southern Ocean, mesoscale eddies contribute to the upwelling of deep waters along sloping isopycnals, helping to close the upper branch of the meridional overturning circulation. Eddy energy (EE) is not uniformly distributed along the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Instead, “hotspots” of EE that are associated with enhanced eddy‐induced upwelling exist downstream of topographic features. This study shows that, in idealized eddy‐resolved simulations, a topographic feature in the ACC path can enhance and localize eddy‐induced upwelling. However, the upwelling systematically occurs in regions where eddies grow through baroclinic instability, rather than in regions where EE is large. Across a range of parameters, along‐stream eddy growth rate is a more reliable indicator of eddy upwelling than traditional parameterizations such as eddy kinetic energy, eddy potential energy, or isopycnal slope. Ocean eddy parameterizations should consider metrics specific to the growth of baroclinic instability to accurately model eddy upwelling near topography.
Ionospheric Plasma IRregularities ‐ IPIR ‐ Data Product Based on Data From the Swarm Satellites
Authors: Jin Yaqi , Kotova Daria , Xiong Chao , Brask Steffen M. , Clausen Lasse B. N. , Kervalishvili Guram , Stolle Claudia , Miloch Wojciech J.
Published: March 2022

Ionospheric plasma irregularities can be successfully studied with the Swarm satellites. Parameters derived from the in‐situ plasma measurements and from the topside ionosphere total electron content provide a comprehensive dataset for characterizing plasma structuring along the orbits of the Swarm satellites. The Ionospheric Plasma IRregularities (IPIR) data product summarizes these parameters and allows for systematic studies of ionospheric irregularities. IPIR has already been used in investigations of structuring and variability of ionospheric plasma. This report provides a detailed description of algorithms behind the IPIR data product and demonstrates its use for ionospheric studies.
Resolution Dependence of Atmosphere–Ocean Interactions and Water Mass Transformation in the North Atlantic
Authors: Oldenburg Dylan , Wills Robert C. J. , Armour Kyle C. , Thompson LuAnne
Published: March 2022

Water mass transformation (WMT) in the North Atlantic plays a key role in driving the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and its variability. Here, we analyze subpolar North Atlantic WMT in high‐ and low‐resolution versions of the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1) and investigate whether differences in resolution and climatological WMT impact low‐frequency AMOC variability and the atmospheric response to this variability. We find that high‐resolution simulations reproduce the WMT found in a reanalysis‐forced high‐resolution ocean simulation more accurately than low‐resolution simulations. We also find that the low‐resolution simulations, including one forced with the same atmospheric reanalysis data, have larger biases in surface heat fluxes, sea‐surface temperatures, and salinities compared to the high‐resolution simulations. Despite these major climatological differences, the mechanisms of low‐frequency AMOC variability are similar in the high‐ and low‐resolution versions of CESM1. The Labrador Sea WMT plays a major role in driving AMOC variability, and a similar North Atlantic Oscillation‐like sea‐level pressure pattern leads AMOC changes. However, the high‐resolution simulation shows a pronounced atmospheric response to the AMOC variability not found in the low‐resolution version. The consistent role of Labrador Sea WMT in low‐frequency AMOC variability across high‐ and low‐resolution coupled simulations, including a simulation which accurately reproduces the WMT found in an atmospheric‐reanalysis‐forced high‐resolution ocean simulation, suggests that the mechanisms may be similar in nature.
Tests of a New Solar Flare Model Against D and E Region Ionosphere Data
Authors: Siskind David E. , Jones McArthur , Reep Jeffrey W. , Drob Doug P. , Samaddar Srimoyee , Bailey Scott M. , Zhang Shun‐Rong
Published: March 2022

We present results from a suite of models designed to simulate solar flare effects on the D and E region of the ionosphere. This suite includes models of the solar spectrum, the ionosphere and of HF radiowave propagation. A central component of this system is the development of photoelectron ionization enhancement factors with higher energy resolution in the soft X‐ray spectral region that can be used to supplement existing ionization schemes currently implemented in upper atmospheric general circulation models. We tested this photoelectron model in the NCAR Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere‐ Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIME‐GCM) and in a photochemical model of the D region. In both cases, we compared predicted flare response using two different input solar flare spectra. One is the Flare Irradiance Spectral Model (FISM) and the other is a physics based model called NRLFLARE. Our predictions for the E region were compared with incoherent scatter radar data and suggest that enhanced flux in the 1–2 nm spectral region, as indicated by NRLFLARE, is important for reproducing the observations. For the D region, we combined our theoretical results for the X1.3 flare of 7 September 2017 with ray tracing calculations that suggest 20–40 db of 6.4 MHz absorption. This agrees with previously published observations and model estimates, all of which suggest greater HF absorption than the operational D region absorption prediction model (swpc.noaa.gov/products/d‐region‐absorption‐predictions‐d‐rap). Finally, our theoretical comparison with previously published empirical models derived from very low frequency data was less clear due, in part, to large differences between the different empirical models.
Dust in the Wind, Dirt Under Our Feet, and Dunes of Another World
Authors: Goss Heather
Published: March 2022

In our April issue of Eos, we follow researchers who get to the root of the Amazon basin’s rich landscape.
The Nutrient-Rich Legacy in the Amazon’s Dark Earths
Authors: Evans Kate
Published: March 2022

Fertile terra preta soils were created through centuries of carefully managed land use. Scientists are taking cues from these soils to better sequester carbon and improve soil for agriculture.
U.S. Businesses May Be Required to Report Emissions, Climate Risk
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: March 2022

The proposed rules seek to give investors more complete and standardized climate risk information. The move would bring U.S. policy closer to international standards.
Fresh Approaches to Processing GRACE Data
Authors: Derouin Sarah
Published: March 2022

Two studies showcase new methods for analyzing GRACE data that better match the land surface, producing clearer estimates of mass variations.
Nano-traditional Chinese medicine: a promising strategy and its recent advances
Authors: Wei Daohe , Yang Han , Zhang Yue , Zhang Xinhui , Wang Jian , Wu Xiaoli , Chang Jin
Published: March 2022

This review focuses on the current design of nanoparticle therapy system based on TCM, focuses on the advantages of nano-TCM delivery system. This review can provide an innovative approach to broaden the application of nano-TCM.
Multi‐instance inflated 3D CNN for classifying urine red blood cells from multi‐focus videos
Authors: Li Xinyu , Li Ming , Wu Yongfei , Zhou Xiaoshuang , Zhang Lifeng , Ping Xinbo , Zhang Xingna , Zheng Wen
Published: March 2022

Classifying urine red blood cells (U‐RBCs) is the core operation in diagnosing urinary system diseases (USDs). In this paper, based on a novel data type named multi‐focus video, a multi‐instance inflated 3D convolutional neural network (MI3D) is proposed. In order to accurately classifying U‐RBCs, the MI3D integrates inflated inception‐V1 with multi‐instance learning models. Compared with the existent U‐RBC classification methods relying on single focus images, the MI3D using multi‐focus videos effectively avoids the misclassification caused by the significant deformation of U‐RBCs with the focus of microscope changing. In addition, the MI3D can learn the typical shapes and deformation patterns of U‐RBCs from multi‐focal videos simultaneously. Therefore, the accuracy of MI3D exceeds the mainstream video classification models. There are totally 597 multi‐focus videos that include four types of U‐RBCs collected to verify the effectiveness of MI3D. Experimental results show that the classification accuracy of MI3D is inspiring with 94.4%, which is obviously higher than that of existed U‐RBC classification method (85.6%). The accuracy of MI3D also achieves the comparable level with the results by junior microscopist (95.6%). Lastly, the MI3D has powerful real‐time performance, whose classification speed reaches 1.4 times than that of the microscopist.
A non‐isolated high step‐up MIMO DC–DC converter for renewable energy applications
Authors: Azmoon‐Asmarood Saeed , Maalandish Mohammad , Shoghli Ibrahim , Nazemi‐Oskuee Seyed Hamid Reza , Hosseini Seyed Hossein
Published: March 2022

This article offers a non‐isolated DC–DC converter with dual‐ports for input and dual‐ports for output with high step‐up ability. The converter has different levels of output voltage. The benefits of the proposed topology consist of the capability of giving high voltage gains with low duty cycle amount, the simple control of each duty cycle, and low per‐unit peak voltage stress (PPVS) over the semiconductors. The presented structure is suitable for clean energy applications. The operation principles, steady‐state analysis, voltage, and current equations extraction in continuous conduction mode (CCM) are carried out. To confirm the superiority of the proposed topology, the efficiency of the converter is compared to other multi‐input (MI) and multi‐output (MO) converters which were recently published in the literature. Eventually, an implemented prototype in the laboratory is used to verify the performance of the proposed structure.
Similarity of Protection Conferred by Previous SARS-CoV-2 Infection and by BNT162b2 Vaccine: A 3-Month Nationwide Experience From Israel
Authors: Goldberg Yair , Mandel Micha , Woodbridge Yonatan , Fluss Ronen , Novikov Ilya , Yaari Rami , Ziv Arnona , Freedman Laurence , Huppert Amit
Published: March 2022

The worldwide shortage of vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection while the pandemic still remains uncontrolled has led many countries to the dilemma of whether or not to vaccinate previously infected persons. Understanding the level of protection conferred by previous infection compared with that of vaccination is important for policy-making. We analyzed an updated individual-level database of the entire population of Israel to assess the protection provided by both prior infection and vaccination in preventing subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalization with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), severe disease, and death due to COVID-19. Outcome data were collected from December 20, 2020, to March 20, 2021. Vaccination was highly protective, with overall estimated effectiveness of 94.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 94.3, 94.7) for documented infection, 95.8% (95% CI: 95.2, 96.2) for hospitalization, 96.3% (95% CI: 95.7, 96.9) for severe illness, and 96.0% (95% CI: 94.9, 96.9) for death. Similarly, the overall estimated level of protection provided by prior SARS-CoV-2 infection was 94.8% (95% CI: 94.4, 95.1) for documented infection, 94.1% (95% CI: 91.9, 95.7) for hospitalization, and 96.4% (95% CI: 92.5, 98.3) for severe illness. Our results should be considered by policy-makers when deciding whether or not to prioritize vaccination of previously infected adults.
L-graph Automata And Some Applications
Authors: Raisi Sarbizhan Elham , Mehdi Zahedi Mohammad , Shamsizadeh Marzieh
Published: March 2022

This paper defines a novel graph constructed on a residuated lattice using a specific definition of the fuzzy graph (called $L$-graph). These types of graphs also have applications in libraries, pharmacies and machine facilities. Among these applications, this research presents the $L$-graph automaton related to the $L$-graph constructed by a minimum zero forcing set. The $L$-graph automaton is used to find efficient searching for diseases that have the most similar symptoms. It has been demonstrated that if two $L$-graphs are isomorphic, then the related $L$-graph automata are isomorphic but not necessarily vice versa. New notions, $L^{\prime\prime}$-graph automata, pseudo-isomorphism and self-sufficiency are proved. Besides, by taking advantage of the properties of the residuated lattice, it has been proven that the two $L$-graph automata are equivalent if and only if the $L^{\prime}$-graph automata contracted of $L$-graph automata are equivalent. Ultimately, in light of the above, some related theorems are proved and several examples are provided to illustrate these new notions.
Tangential errors of tensor surface finite elements
Authors: Hardering Hanne , Praetorius Simon
Published: March 2022

We discretise a tangential tensor field equation using a surface-finite element approach with a penalisation term to ensure almost tangentiality. It is natural to measure the quality of such a discretisation intrinsically, i.e., to examine the tangential convergence behaviour in contrast to the normal behaviour. We show optimal-order convergence with respect to the tangential quantities in particular for an isogeometric penalisation term that is based only on the geometric information of the discrete surface.
Pectointercostal fascial plane block for rescue pain management of traumatic sternal fracture following inadequate thoracic epidural block: a case report
Authors: Hsu Michael , Kinthala Sudhakar , Huang Jordan , Kapoor Neel , Saththasivam Poovendran , Porter Burdett
Published: March 2022

Adequate pain control after multisystem trauma including the chest wall is essential for improved patient outcomes, especially with sternum and rib fractures. The thoracic epidural is considered the gold standard in pain management of thoracic injury; however, failure or patchy epidural is not uncommon. Pectointercostal fascial plane block (PIFB) is regularly used in cardiac surgery to provide analgesia to the anterior chest wall; however, there are few reports of PIFB being used as a primary block for the management of thoracic injuries. We present a case in which PIFB was used as a rescue block for the successful management of sternal pain following patchy thoracic epidural block in a patient with thoracic polytrauma.
Spontaneous Cervicocerebral Artery Dissections
Authors: Newman Lawrence C. , Levin Morris , Halker Singh Rashmi B. , Michael Rebecca L.
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines cervicocerebral artery dissections (CAD), which are a not uncommon but frequently underrecognized cause of severe headache associated with neurological disturbances in young patients. Dissections most commonly involve the extracranial portion of the artery, and the cervical segment is most often affected. Clinically, carotid dissection may present in several ways. Headache is usually the inaugural symptom, occasionally associated with neck pain. A painful Horner syndrome should suggest the possibility of a silent carotid dissection until proven otherwise. Although conventional angiography has long been considered the gold standard for establishing the diagnosis of carotid dissection, noninvasive imaging techniques have become the preferred first step in diagnosis, with angiography used in younger patients when there is a high clinical suspicion for dissection not seen with noninvasive imaging procedures. Brain magnetic resonance imaging with fat saturation and magnetic resonance angiography and cranial computed tomography (CT) with CT angiography have been reported to have similar sensitivity and specificity for establishing the diagnosis. Upon establishing the diagnosis, treatment is aimed at preventing stroke. Antiplatelet therapy is recommended in cases of extracranial dissections without ischemic symptoms to prevent carotid thrombosis and embolism.
Acute Treatment of Migraine
Authors: Newman Lawrence C. , Levin Morris , Halker Singh Rashmi B. , Michael Rebecca L.
Published: March 2022

Headache recurrence refers to the return of an episodic headache during the same migraine attack (within 24 hours) following the use of an acute treatment. This chapter on the acute treatment of migraine provides tips on questions to ask patients during the history to help clarify migraine attack frequency, headache frequency, and acute medication use to truly capture the complete clinical picture. The chapter provides a summary of traditional acute treatment options for migraine, specifically the triptans, and also summarizes the new acute options for migraine, including gepants and lasmiditan. In addition, the chapter provides commentary to help choose between these new options for a given patient who might not have found triptans helpful or has contraindications to using them.
Headache Treatment in Addiction
Authors: Newman Lawrence C. , Levin Morris , Halker Singh Rashmi B. , Michael Rebecca L.
Published: March 2022

This chapter explains headache treatment in addiction. Opioids are occasionally effective as adjunctive treatment in the setting of acute migraine, but their use as a regular abortive treatment is limited, particularly in cases in which there are medication addiction concerns. Although there may be some benefit to adding them to other analgesic/abortive agents in very select cases of headache patients, regular use of opioids for headaches often leads to abuse and, at the very least, tolerance and increasing doses. Diverting opioids for the purpose of illicit selling for profit is an increasing problem as well. When opioid use is considered reasonable and necessary, strict limits on amounts should be set. Patients should also sign an opioid medication contract that includes the agreement to undergo polydrug testing on a regular basis. In patients with known prior substance abuse, opiates should always be avoided.
Headaches in Pregnancy
Authors: Newman Lawrence C. , Levin Morris , Halker Singh Rashmi B. , Michael Rebecca L.
Published: March 2022

The diagnostic and therapeutic challenges posed by headaches during pregnancy include the urgency of ruling out serious vascular or other intracranial pathology and the paucity of useful pharmacological agents that are unlikely to put the mother or fetus at risk. Pregnancy is often a time of reduced migraine attacks, but that is not universal. Nonpharmacological therapy can help migraines in pregnancy, but judicious supplementation with pharmaceutical treatments is reasonable, particularly in severe cases. New types of head pain should raise suspicion for a secondary cause. The workup of headaches in pregnancy is outlined in this chapter, and the best treatment options, including medications believed to be relatively safe for mother and fetus, are discussed.
Chronic Headache in an Adolescent
Authors: Newman Lawrence C. , Levin Morris , Halker Singh Rashmi B. , Michael Rebecca L.
Published: March 2022

This chapter discusses chronic headache in adolescents. Chronic migraine is disabling and has a significant impact on the adolescent’s self-esteem, quality of life (QOL), family and social functioning, and scholastic success. Yet, chronic migraine in this age group remains underdiagnosed, undertreated, and inadequately studied. The goals of migraine prevention are primarily to reduce the frequency and severity of individual attacks and to improve QOL. Typically, preventive treatments are initiated when attacks occur 4 or more days monthly or when migraine is disabling or negatively impacts QOL. In general, choosing migraine prevention is often based on the presence or absence of other comorbidities or co-occurring conditions. Migraine prevention encompasses lifestyle modifications as well as nonpharmacologic and pharmacological therapies. Lifestyle modifications include regular sleep patterns, eating habits, exercise routines, hydration, and stress reduction. Currently, only one preventive therapy (topiramate) is specifically approved for the prevention of migraine in adolescents, yet several are often used off-label.
Post-Traumatic Headache
Authors: Newman Lawrence C. , Levin Morris , Halker Singh Rashmi B. , Michael Rebecca L.
Published: March 2022

This chapter on post-traumatic headache discusses the medical and legal perspectives of providing care to patients who have post-traumatic headache and the considerations involved when deciding to provide testimony regarding causation. The chapter also describes post-traumatic headache, headache due to whiplash, and postconcussive syndrome. Mild head and/or neck trauma can lead to chronic headaches, although the specific mechanisms are not clear. Headache is commonly a component of the postconcussive syndrome. Associated injuries to superficial nerves and the cervical spine can be the cause of post-traumatic headaches. Finally, this chapter also provides commentary on the similarities and differences between the various entities.
Lone-Actor Terrorism
Authors: McCabe Andrew , Wyman John
Published: March 2022

Contemporary lone-actor terrorism is a complex, multi-dimensional process, involving different contexts, ideologies, geographic regions, circumstances, drives, individuals, and modes of violence. Despite the complexity behind a violent incident, the outcome unfortunately is quite simple—harm and devastation to victims, families, and society. The purpose of this book is to explore lone-actor terrorism from different but complementary vantage points. One important focus is on the variability of clinical and forensic mental health concerns. In addition, this book explores other aspects of lone-actor terrorism, including law enforcement and homeland security, risk and threat assessment, geography, ethical considerations, and legal issues. Lone-actor terrorism does not happen in a vacuum. In the context of a given set of conditions, stressors, and rhetoric, many people will think about acting in some form of opposition, vocalize their disagreement or outrage, protest, and vote, in order to effect change. A very small number of individuals, however, think they have to ‘take matters in their own hands’ and act violently in order to effect change.
Historical Aspects and Evolution of Lone-Actor Violence
Authors: Hamm Mark , Ayres Tammy
Published: March 2022

Scholars offer differing views on the origins of lone-actor terrorism, variously tracing its roots to anarchist loners of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, idiosyncratic loners of the post-World War II period, radical right-wing loners of the 1980s, or jihadist loners of the post-9/11 era. Key aspects of each historical explanation are considered in this chapter, along with a discussion of how lone-actor terrorism has evolved over time. The analysis suggests that lone-actor terrorists are motivated by the martyring of other lone terrorists, the copycatting of lone terrorists from the past, and ideological belonging within extremist movements—all of which evolves in a remarkably uniform fashion across time and space, cultures, and mass media technologies. Special attention is given to idiosyncratic loners who evince a tendency to broadcast their intent to commit terrorism in the weeks, days, hours, and even minutes before an attack. Broadcasting intent has important implications for prevention: if lone-actor terrorists typically announce their intentions to commit violence beforehand, then presumably steps can be taken to stop them.
Case Reviews in Lone-Actor Terrorism Incidents
Authors: Holzer Jacob C. , Zurek Olivia , Simpson Lauren
Published: March 2022

Lone-actor terrorism incidents vary widely in a number of areas, including backgrounds of perpetrators, the associated ideology or belief system, geographic location, weapons used, and the intended victims. As reviewed in other chapters, the overall “picture” that emerges of the lone-actor terrorist may include a background of disruptions in upbringing, family, or functioning; mental health difficulties; a change in behavior and thoughts toward radicalization and extremism, which may involve hatred and harboring a grievance; and contradictory thoughts and actions. This chapter presents brief reviews of some individual lone-actor cases as an example of the broad variance in these types of cases and incidents.
Psychoactive Agents and Mental Disorders in Lone-Actor Terrorism
Authors: Arieli Michael , Weinstein Aviv , Yaakov Uri Ben , Berkovitz Ronnie , Poperno Alina , Bonny-Noach Hagit , Granacher Robert P.
Published: March 2022

This chapter reviews the impact of psychoactive substances, examining their physiological and psychological effects on lone-actor terrorism. Initially, it introduces the emerging concept of “pharmacoterrorism,” in both lone-actor and organized terror scenarios. The almost symbiotic relationship between mental illness and psychoactive substances can constitute a significant risk factor in the lone actor’s path to terror. The chapter then surveys, via case studies, the use by lone-actor terrorists of cannabis, stimulants, anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), and alcohol, and the neuropsychiatric adverse effects attributable to mefloquine. It will then proceed to analyze the relationship between the psychoactive substance and the mental illnesses of the lone-actor terrorists. In conclusion, the chapter discusses the challenges and future areas of research on this topic.
Developmental Aspects of Lone-Actor Terrorists
Authors: Mobbs Karl , Tanaka Gen Ignatius , Bard Terry R.
Published: March 2022

Identifying lone-actor terrorists is often fraught with extreme public and political pressure. Inherent to such an analysis is a tendency toward certain cognitive biases based on historical offenders and known patterns, akin to “profiling.” Although life events or trauma are significant in many cases, empathically attributing later actions to life events fails to recognize that most people do not became lone-actor terrorists after tragic events. This chapter discusses the strengths and weaknesses of such an approach and also of the multiple variables that could contribute to development of lone-actor terrorists. In addition to the biopsychosocial model, various additional factors are discussed that include both real-life and virtual world relationships and influences.
Lone-Actor Mass Casualty Events and Linkages to Organized Violent Salafist-Jihadist–Inspired Terror Groups
Authors: Dew Andrea J. , Starr Daniel
Published: March 2022

Current trends in lone actor mass casualty (LAMC) attacks carried out by individuals inspired by organized violent Salafist-jihadi terror groups such as al-Qaeda and the Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) illuminated the intersection between individuals and small groups motivated or manipulated by outside actors. After the attacks on the US Capitol in January 2021, more attention is being focused on this intersection between individuals and groups in violent attacks. Further academic research is also necessary to determine whether similar trends are emerging in attacks linked to other types of organized terror groups, such as nationalist, right-wing, or eco-terrorist groups.
The Internet and Social Media as an Enabling Force
Authors: Recupero Patricia R. , Rainey Samara E.
Published: March 2022

The internet and social media may function as critical enabling forces in the development of lone-actor terrorists. This chapter reviews several aspects of information and communications technology that contribute to its relevance in lone-actor terrorism today: information access; logistics and planning; social needs and reinforcement; propaganda, misinformation, and escalation; and leakage. Three hypothetical case vignettes drawn from factors in recent real-life cases help to illustrate the potential roles of social media and the internet in the processes of radicalization, knowledge- and skill-building, attack planning and logistics, spreading extremist beliefs and inciting violence, and providing outlets for leakage of violent or terrorist intent, potentially enabling intervention before an attack takes place. The chapter also discusses several recent trends relevant to the intersection of lone-actor terrorism with the internet and social media, such as the rise of right-wing extremism in the west and the rapid development of artificial intelligence tools.
An Ethics Analysis of Lone-Actor Terror and Society’s Response
Authors: Kushner Danielle B. , Candilis Philip J.
Published: March 2022

Lone-actor terror and counterterrorism are not a simple matter of good and evil. Complex political and social issues like government allegiance, cultural perspective, and racial bias directly influence society’s view of these violent activities. In today’s political climate, nations and political groups cannot arrive at a consensus on the definition of terrorism, let alone agree on its ethical nuances. Structural and narrative ethics—including just war, consequentialism, and human rights theory—provide a structure for understanding these controversial topics. Indeed, each individual bombing or retaliatory strike suggests that human rights may be the single fundamental framework that can preserve a just society in the face of terror.
Law Enforcement Response to Lone-Actor Incidents at the Local Through Federal Levels
Authors: Brennan Douglas , Concordia Mark , Madden Michael
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines the law enforcement role when responding to an event involving lone-actor violence. This role can be proactive and preventive, with federal, state, and local agencies forming partnerships to facilitate communication and intelligence-sharing. This is an ongoing process to enhance cross-systems collaboration to assess, intervene, and manage individuals of concern before an act of violence occurs. Later in the chapter, the reactive nature of the law enforcement response is covered, starting with the immediate response to an event with a discussion regarding tactics used to locate and neutralize threats and arrange for a medical response. General concepts such as incident management and notification/incorporation of outside agencies are discussed, as well as the emotional toll that first responders experience. The early stages of the criminal investigation are then covered, highlighting the need for both a central overarching investigative organization as well as robust local participation.
Post-9/11 US Military and Intelligence Approaches to Lone Actors
Authors: Zoli Corri
Published: March 2022

Drawing on two decades of US involvement in the post-9/11 wars, this chapter examines what may be described as the transformation of US counterterrorism policy, with a specific focus on the complex phenomenon of lone-actor terrorism. The chapter further addresses this species of political violence from the security policy perspective, with emphasis on the role of US military and intelligence communities in counterterrorism innovation. The security lens is critical as it captures the concerns of governments, particularly democratic and representative governments, when dealing with destabilizing forces like lone-actor terrorism and the challenges of building measured (not excessive) risk assessment and threat identification processes. What we see in the aftermath of the events of 9/11 and the largely federal response to those events is an increasing role in the homeland for both US military and intelligence assets and authorities in combatting lone-actor terrorism. Lessons learned from irregular battlefields, including Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, and elsewhere, also shape the changing understanding of the lone-actor threat in the homeland context and the need for “unity of effort” across government.
Pursuing Lone-Actor Terrorists
Authors: Macdonald Stuart
Published: March 2022

This chapter focuses on three of the methods used in the United Kingdom to disrupt terrorist operations: prosecution; deportation, and Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures (TPIM). Recognizing that special counterterrorism laws and policies are necessary, and that respect for human rights and the rule of law is an essential component of an effective counterterrorism strategy, the chapter explains that counterterrorism powers must therefore, first, be carefully circumscribed and, second, should not unquestioningly be transposed to other areas of criminal justice. Against the backdrop of these two requirements, the chapter criticizes the overly broad definitions of a number of the United Kingdom’s terrorism offenses, their reliance on official discretion, and their underlying approach to human rights. Turning next to deportation, the chapter welcomes the European Court of Human Rights’ insistence that the Article 3 right not to suffer torture or other forms of ill-treatment is absolute, but expresses concern at the UK government’s policy of Deportation with Assurances, which places diplomatic relations, as opposed to universal legal prohibitions, at the forefront of efforts to prevent deportees from suffering ill-treatment. Last, the chapter describes the TPIM regime, focusing in particular on the process for the making of a TPIM notice and showing how what was originally conceived of as an exceptional measure now not only enjoys semi-permanent status but has also been transposed to other areas of criminal justice.
Comparing Lone-Actor Terrorism to Other High-Threat Groups
Authors: Holzer Jacob C. , Threlkeld Emily , Costanza William , Recupero Patricia R. , Rainey Samara E.
Published: March 2022

As emphasized in this volume, lone-actor terrorists comprise a broad group of individuals influenced by an array of variables. Research in this area has indicated some more common factors and patterns running through this group. An interesting and potentially informative perspective is a comparison of the lone-actor group to other groups posing a higher risk to society and national security. A comparison review with three other high-risk groups—those committing treason, those engaging in mass violence without an identified ideology, and school shooters, each show common and distinguishing features that add to the base of knowledge in understanding lone-actor terrorism.
A Framework for Preempting Lone-Actor Terrorists During the Pre-Incident Phases
Authors: Sinai Joshua
Published: March 2022

This chapter presents a framework for identifying and preempting lone-actor terrorists in the United States during their formative pre-incident planning phases. A framework for defining lone-actor terrorists is presented that provides the criteria for selecting the cases for the study’s empirical foundation. Based on these criteria, a database of 56 cases was assembled, spanning the period of 2001 to mid-2020, in which such perpetrators succeeded in carrying out their attacks in 42 of the cases, with 14 cases thwarted by government authorities during the pre-incident phases. The lessons generated by these two categories of cases provide the basis for the chapter’s six recommendations to prevent lone-actor terrorists from executing their attacks. It is hoped that these US-based findings will serve to provide best practices for security services and analysts in other countries as well.
Use of Threat and Risk Assessment Tools in the Evaluation of Lone-Actor Terrorists
Authors: Bloom Hy , Zaia Reem , Shah Arya
Published: March 2022

Forensic mental health practitioners may become involved in violence and risk assessment and management of those individuals involved in affiliated or lone-actor terror. There are a wide array of specific-to-task—general violence, domestic violence, sexual violence, and workplace violence—tools currently available. Assessing risk in prospective or actual lone actors, however, is a nascent discipline with many limitations. This chapter provides an overview of the clinical evaluation of terrorism suspects and use of violence risk tools for the assessment of various forms of extremist or terrorist violence, specifically that posed by affiliated and lone-actor perpetrators.
The EHRA Book of Pacemaker, ICD and CRT Troubleshooting Vol. 2
Authors: Burri Haran , Johansen Jens Brock , Linker Nicholas , Theuns Dominic AMJ
Published: March 2022

Following the success of the first volume of the EHRA Book of Pacemaker, ICD and CRT Troubleshooting, a second volume with new cases has now been developed. A timely addition to the European Society of Cardiology’s portfolio, as device therapy has seen many new developments since the first volume, including the advent of leadless pacing, conduction system pacing, and subcutaneous ICDs, amongst other novelties. These new technologies are covered in the book, as are general device troubleshooting issues that were not presented in the first volume.
Case 1
Authors: Burri Haran , Johansen Jens Brock , Linker Nicholas J. , Theuns Dominic
Published: March 2022

A patient was implanted with a DDD pacemaker for paroxysmal atrioventricular block. A Holter recording was performed due to palpitations.
Case 2
Authors: Burri Haran , Johansen Jens Brock , Linker Nicholas J. , Theuns Dominic
Published: March 2022

A patient implanted with a DDD PM for complete AVB was followed up at the device clinic. He was asymptomatic.
Case 5
Authors: Burri Haran , Johansen Jens Brock , Linker Nicholas J. , Theuns Dominic
Published: March 2022

A 27-year-old man with congenital heart disease and sick sinus syndrome had been implanted with an epicardial dual-chamber PM, with inactivation of the ventricular lead due to loss of capture. He was admitted to the emergency room because of palpitations and breathlessness upon exertion.
Case 7
Authors: Burri Haran , Johansen Jens Brock , Linker Nicholas J. , Theuns Dominic
Published: March 2022

A child with an epicardial DDD PM system due to a third-degree AVB is seen at follow-up.
Case 8
Authors: Burri Haran , Johansen Jens Brock , Linker Nicholas J. , Theuns Dominic
Published: March 2022

A patient implanted with a dual-chamber PM for brady–tachy syndrome was seen at follow-up. He had no complaints.
Case 9
Authors: Burri Haran , Johansen Jens Brock , Linker Nicholas J. , Theuns Dominic
Published: March 2022

A 73-year-old man had been implanted with a DDD PM for brady–tachy syndrome. He attended the device clinic, reporting several episodes of unprovoked palpitations.