bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Search Benefits of Autonomous Mobility in Distributed Sensor Networks
Authors: Wettergren Thomas A. , Traweek C. Michael
Published: February 2012

We consider a problem of finding the effectiveness of applying varying amounts of motion in fields of autonomous unmanned vehicles performing group search operations. These fields are typically deployed to provide extended coverage over that provided by a single sensor in spatially extended search regions. The autonomous nature of these distributed sensing assets is attributable to constraints on communications bandwidth and manpower. Due to the potential large cost discrepancy between fielding moving searchers and fixed searchers, the potential benefit of searcher motion relative to that achievable by deployment of larger numbers of fixed nodes is a critical operational consideration. We build a parametric analytical model of searcher performance for fields of moving searchers, and through a perturbation analysis examine the effectiveness of searcher motion vice nonmotion in terms of numbers of searchers required to achieve similar goals. Numerical simulations support the conclusions that are obtained.
The Relationship between Physical Activity Variety and Objectively Measured Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity Levels in Weight Loss Maintainers and Normal-Weight Individuals
Authors: Bond Dale S. , Raynor Hollie A. , Phelan Suzanne , Steeves Jeremy , Daniello Richard , Wing Rena R.
Published: February 2012

Given the importance of physical activity (PA) for weight control, identifying strategies to achieve higher PA levels is imperative. We hypothesized that performing a greater variety of self-reported moderate-to-vigorous activities (MVPAs) would relate to higher objectively measured MVPA minutes in two groups who were successfully maintaining their body weight: weight loss maintainers (WLM/n=226) and normal-weight individuals (NW/n=169). The Paffenbarger Questionnaire and RT3 accelerometer were used to determine variety/number of different MVPAs performed and MVPA minutes, respectively. The variety/number of different activities performed by WLM and NW was similar (1.8 ± 1.2 versus 1.7 ± 1.2,P=0.52). Regression analyses showed that greater variety (P<0.01) and WLM status (P<0.05) were each positively related to greater MVPA minutes/day and meeting the ≥250 MVPA minutes/week guideline for long-term weight maintenance. The association between greater variety and higher MVPA was similar in NW and WLM. Future studies should test whether variety can facilitate engagement in higher MVPA levels for more effective weight control.
Proteomic Profiling of Thyroid Papillary Carcinoma
Authors: Ban Yoshiyuki , Yamamoto Gou , Takada Michiya , Hayashi Shigeo , Ban Yoshio , Shimizu Kazuo , Akasu Haruki , Igarashi Takehito , Bando Yasuhiko , Tachikawa Tetsuhiko , Hirano Tsutomu
Published: February 2012

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common endocrine malignancy. We performed shotgun liquid chromatography (LC)/tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis on pooled protein extracts from patients with PTC and compared the results with those from normal thyroid tissue validated by real-time (RT) PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). We detected 524 types of protein in PTC and 432 in normal thyroid gland. Among these proteins, 145 were specific to PTC and 53 were specific to normal thyroid gland. We have also identified two important new markers, nephronectin (NPNT) and malectin (MLEC). Reproducibility was confirmed with several known markers, but the one of two new candidate markers such as MLEC did not show large variations in expression levels. Furthermore, IHC confirmed the overexpression of both those markers in PTCs compared with normal surrounding tissues. Our protein data suggest that NPNT and MLEC could be a characteristic marker for PTC.
Prevention of Chronic Experimental Colitis Induced by Dextran Sulphate Sodium (DSS) in Mice Treated with FR91
Authors: Lombardi Valter R. M. , Etcheverría Ignacio , Carrera Iván , Cacabelos Ramón , Chacón Antonio R.
Published: February 2012

One of the main treatments currently used in humans to fight cancer is chemotherapy. A huge number of compounds with antitumor activity are present in nature, and many of their derivatives are produced by microorganisms. However, the search for new drugs still represents a main objective for cancer therapy, due to drug toxicity and resistance to multiple chemotherapeutic drugs. In animal models, a short-time oral administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induces colitis, which exhibits several clinical and histological features similar to ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the pathogenic factors responsible for DSS-induced colitis and the subsequent colon cancer also remain unclear. We investigated the effect of FR91, a standardized lysate of microbial cells belonging to theBacillusgenus which has been previously shown to have significant immunomodulatory effects, against intestinal inflammation. Colitis was induced in mice during 5 weeks by oral administration 2% (DSS). Morphological changes in the colonic mucosa were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry methods. Adenocarcinoma and cryptal cells of the dysplastic epithelium showed cathenin-β, MLH1, APC, and p53 expression, together with increased production of IFN-γ. In our model, the optimal dose response was the 20% FR91 concentration, where no histological alterations or mild DSS-induced lesions were observed. These results indicate that FR91 may act as a chemopreventive agent against inflammation in mice DSS-induced colitis.
Inhibition of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Improves Angiogenesis via Enhancing Ang-1/Tie-2 Signaling in Diabetes
Authors: Chen Jian-Xiong , Tuo Qinhui , Liao Duan-Fang , Zeng Heng
Published: February 2012

Diabetes is associated with impairment of angiogenesis such as reduction of myocardial capillary formation. Our previous studies demonstrate that disruption of Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1)/Tie-2 signaling pathway contributes to the diabetes-associated impairment of angiogenesis. Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) has a critical role in the regulation of insulin signal by inhibition of tyrosine kinase phosphorylation. In present study, we examined the role of protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) in diabetes-associated impairment of Ang-1/Tie-2 angiogenic signaling and angiogenesis. SHP-1 expression was significantly increased in diabetic db/db mouse hearts. Furthermore, SHP-1 bond to Tie-2 receptor and stimulation with Ang-1 led to SHP-1 dissociation from Tie-2 in mouse heart microvascular endothelial cell (MHMEC). Exposure of MHMEC to high glucose (HG, 30 mmol/L) increased SHP-1/Tie-2 association accompanied by a significant reduction of Tie-2 phosphorylation. Exposure of MHMEC to HG also blunted Ang-1-mediated SHP-1/Tie-2 dissociation. Knockdown of SHP-1 significantly attenuated HG-induced caspase-3 activation and apoptosis in MHMEC. Treatment with PTP inhibitors restored Ang-1-induced Akt/eNOS phosphorylation and angiogenesis. Our data implicate a critical role of SHP-1 in diabetes-associated vascular complications, and that upregulation of Ang-1/Tie-2 signaling by targeting SHP-1 should be considered as a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of diabetes-associated impairment of angiogenesis.
Integrins and Their Extracellular Matrix Ligands in Lymphangiogenesis and Lymph Node Metastasis
Authors: Chen Jie , Alexander J. Steven , Orr A. Wayne
Published: February 2012

In the 1970s, the late Judah Folkman postulated that tumors grow proportionately to their blood supply and that tumor angiogenesis removed this limitation promoting growth and metastasis. Work over the past 40 years, varying from molecular examination to clinical trials, verified this hypothesis and identified a host of therapeutic targets to limit tumor angiogenesis, including the integrin family of extracellular matrix receptors. However, the propensity for some tumors to spread through lymphatics suggests that lymphangiogenesis plays a similarly important role. Lymphangiogenesis inhibitors reduce lymph node metastasis, the leading indicator of poor prognosis, whereas inducing lymphangiogenesis promotes lymph node metastasis even in cancers not prone to lymphatic dissemination. Recent works highlight a role for integrins in lymphangiogenesis and suggest that integrin inhibitors may serve as therapeutic targets to limit lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis. This review discusses the current literature on integrin-matrix interactions in lymphatic vessel development and lymphangiogenesis and highlights our current knowledge on how specific integrins regulate tumor lymphangiogenesis.
Hidden and Not So Hidden Symmetries
Authors: Leach P. G. L. , Govinder K. S. , Andriopoulos K.
Published: February 2012

Hidden symmetries entered the literature in the late Eighties when it was observed that there could be gain of Lie point symmetry in the reduction of order of an ordinary differential equation. Subsequently the reverse process was also observed. Such symmetries were termed “hidden”. In each case the source of the “new” symmetry was a contact symmetry or a nonlocal symmetry, that is, a symmetry with one or more of the coefficient functions containing an integral. Recent work by Abraham‐Shrauner and Govinder (2006) on the reduction of partial differential equations demonstrates that it is possible for these “hidden” symmetries to have a point origin. In this paper we show that the same phenomenon can be observed in the reduction of ordinary differential equations and in a sense loosen the interpretation of hidden symmetries.
A Comparison of Patient Satisfaction with Emergency Department Opt-In and Opt-Out Rapid HIV Screening
Authors: White Douglas A. E. , Scribner Alicia N. , Martin Maria E. , Tsai Stacy
Published: February 2012

Study objective. To compare patient satisfaction with emergency department (ED) opt-in and opt-out HIV screening.Methods. We conducted a survey in an urban ED that provided rapid HIV screening using opt-in (February 1, 2007–July 31, 2007) and opt-out (August 1, 2007–January 31, 2008) approaches. We surveyed a convenience sample of patients that completed screening in each phase. The primary outcome was patient satisfaction with HIV screening.Results. There were 207 and 188 completed surveys during the opt-in and opt-out phases, respectively. The majority of patients were satisfied with both opt-in screening (95%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 92–98) and opt-out screening (94%, 95% CI = 89–97). Satisfaction ratings were similar between opt-in and opt-out phases even after adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, and test result (adjusted odds ratio 1.3, 95% CI = 0.5–3.1).Conclusions. Emergency department patient satisfaction with opt-in and opt-out HIV screening is similarly high.
Endothelial Dysfunction and Diabetes: Effects on Angiogenesis, Vascular Remodeling, and Wound Healing
Authors: Kolluru Gopi Krishna , Bir Shyamal C. , Kevil Christopher G.
Published: February 2012

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by inappropriate hyperglycemia due to lack of or resistance to insulin. Patients with DM are frequently afflicted with ischemic vascular disease or wound healing defect. It is well known that type 2 DM causes amplification of the atherosclerotic process, endothelial cell dysfunction, glycosylation of extracellular matrix proteins, and vascular denervation. These complications ultimately lead to impairment of neovascularization and diabetic wound healing. Therapeutic angiogenesis remains an attractive treatment modality for chronic ischemic disorders including PAD and/or diabetic wound healing. Many experimental studies have identified better approaches for diabetic cardiovascular complications, however, successful clinical translation has been limited possibly due to the narrow therapeutic targets of these agents or the lack of rigorous evaluation of pathology and therapeutic mechanisms in experimental models of disease. This paper discusses the current body of evidence identifying endothelial dysfunction and impaired angiogenesis during diabetes.
Targeting Costimulatory Molecules to Improve Antitumor Immunity
Authors: Capece Daria , Verzella Daniela , Fischietti Mariafausta , Zazzeroni Francesca , Alesse Edoardo
Published: February 2012

The full activation of T cells necessitates the concomitant activation of two signals, the engagement of T-cell receptor by peptide/major histocompatibility complex II and an additional signal delivered by costimulatory molecules. The best characterized costimulatory molecules belong to B7/CD28 and TNF/TNFR families and play crucial roles in the modulation of immune response and improvement of antitumor immunity. Unfortunately, tumors often generate an immunosuppressive microenvironment, where T-cell response is attenuated by the lack of costimulatory molecules on the surface of cancer cells. Thus, targeting costimulatory pathways represent an attractive therapeutic strategy to enhance the antitumor immunity in several human cancers. Here, latest therapeutic approaches targeting costimulatory molecules will be described.
Development of Screening Tools for the Interpretation of Chemical Biomonitoring Data
Authors: Becker Richard A. , Hays Sean M. , Robison Steven , Aylward Lesa L.
Published: February 2012

Evaluation of a larger number of chemicals in commerce from the perspective of potential human health risk has become a focus of attention in North America and Europe. Screening-level chemical risk assessment evaluations consider both exposure and hazard. Exposures are increasingly being evaluated through biomonitoring studies in humans. Interpreting human biomonitoring results requires comparison to toxicity guidance values. However, conventional chemical-specific risk assessments result in identification of toxicity-based exposure guidance values such as tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) as applied doses that cannot directly be used to evaluate exposure information provided by biomonitoring data in a health risk context. This paper describes a variety of approaches for development of screening-level exposure guidance values with translation from an external dose to a biomarker concentration framework for interpreting biomonitoring data in a risk context. Applications of tools and concepts including biomonitoring equivalents (BEs), the threshold of toxicologic concern (TTC), and generic toxicokinetic and physiologically based toxicokinetic models are described. These approaches employ varying levels of existing chemical-specific data, chemical class-specific assessments, and generic modeling tools in response to varying levels of available data in order to allow assessment and prioritization of chemical exposures for refined assessment in a risk management context.
Silencing of Amyloid Precursor Protein Expression Using a New Engineered Delta Ribozyme
Authors: Ben Aissa Manel , April Marie-Claude , Bergeron Lucien-Junior , Perreault Jean-Pierre , Levesque Georges
Published: February 2012

Alzheimer's disease (AD) etiological studies suggest that an elevation in amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) level contributes to aggregations of the peptide and subsequent development of the disease. The major constituent of these amyloid peptides is the 1 to 40–42 residue peptide (Aβ40−42) derived from amyloid protein precursor (APP). Most likely, reducing Aβ levels in the brain may block both its aggregation and neurotoxicity and would be beneficial for patients with AD. Among the several possible ways to lower Aβ accumulation in the cells, we have selectively chosen to target the primary step in the Aβ cascade, namely, to reduce APP gene expression. Toward this end, we engineered specific SOFA-HDV ribozymes, a new generation of catalytic RNA tools, to decrease APP mRNA levels. Additionally, we demonstrated that APP-ribozymes are effective at decreasing APP mRNA and protein levels as well as Aβ levels in neuronal cells. Our results could lay the groundwork for a new protective treatment for AD.
Terrestrial Liming As a Restoration Technique for Acidified Forest Ecosystems
Authors: Pabian Sarah E. , Rummel Shawn M. , Sharpe William E. , Brittingham Margaret C.
Published: February 2012

We studied the effects of liming on soils and forest songbirds as well as vegetation and calcium-rich invertebrate prey variables that were predicted to link birds to changes in soil conditions. We observed increases in soil pH, calcium, and magnesium, as well as in songbird abundances in response to lime application, with continuing increases through five years after liming. We observed an overall increase in snail abundance on limed sites, but an initial peak of a 23 fold increase three years after liming was reduced to an 11 fold increase five years after liming. We observed an increase in forb ground cover on limed sites, but liming had no effect on millipede abundance or other vegetation measures. Of the variables we measured, snail abundance was the most likely mechanism for the response in bird abundances. Because we observed continued benefits of liming up to five years post treatment, we concluded that liming is a very promising technique for restoring forest ecosystems impacted by acidic deposition.
Cancer Vaccination Drives Nanog-Dependent Evolution of Tumor Cells toward an Immune-Resistant and Stem-like Phenotype
Authors: Noh Kyung Hee , Lee Young-Ho , Jeon Ju-Hong , Kang Tae Heung , Mao Chih-Ping , Wu T.-C. , Kim Tae Woo
Published: February 2012

Due to the exquisite specificity and potency of the immune system, vaccination is in theory the most precise and powerful approach for controlling cancer. However, current data from clinical trials indicate that vaccination rarely yields significant benefits for cancer patients in terms of tumor progression and long-term survival. The poor clinical outcomes of vaccination are primarily caused by mechanisms of immune tolerance, especially within the tumor microenvironment. Here, we report that vaccination drives the evolution of tumor cells toward an immune-resistant and stem-like phenotype that promotes tumor growth and nullifies the CTL response. The emergence of this phenotype required the transcription factor Nanog, which is induced as a consequence of immune selection. Nanog expression enhanced the stem-like features of tumor cells and protected them from killing by tumor-reactive CTLs. Delivery of siNanog into tumor-bearing mice rendered the tumor vulnerable to immune surveillance and strongly suppressed its growth. Together, our findings show tumor adaptation to vaccination through gain of an immune-resistant, stem-like phenotype and identify Nanog as a central molecular target in this process. Future vaccination technology should consider Nanog an important target to enhance the immunotherapeutic response. Cancer Res; 72(7); 1717–27. ©2012 AACR.
Akt Inhibitors MK-2206 and Nelfinavir Overcome mTOR Inhibitor Resistance in Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma
Authors: Petrich Adam M. , Leshchenko Violetta , Kuo Pei-Yu , Xia Bing , Thirukonda Venu K. , Ulahannan Netha , Gordon Shanisha , Fazzari Melissa J. , Ye B. Hilda , Sparano Joseph A. , Parekh Samir
Published: February 2012

Purpose: The mTOR pathway is constitutively activated in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). mTOR inhibitors have activity in DLBCL, although response rates remain low. We evaluated DLBCL cell lines with differential resistance to the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin: (i) to identify gene expression profile(s) (GEP) associated with resistance to rapamycin, (ii) to understand mechanisms of rapamycin resistance, and (iii) to identify compounds likely to synergize with mTOR inhibitor.

Experimental Design: We sought to identify a GEP of mTOR inhibitor resistance by stratification of eight DLBCL cell lines with respect to response to rapamycin. Then, using pathway analysis and connectivity mapping, we sought targets likely accounting for this resistance and compounds likely to overcome it. We then evaluated two compounds thus identified for their potential to synergize with rapamycin in DLBCL and confirmed mechanisms of activity with standard immunoassays.

Results: We identified a GEP capable of reliably distinguishing rapamycin-resistant from rapamycin-sensitive DLBCL cell lines. Pathway analysis identified Akt as central to the differentially expressed gene network. Connectivity mapping identified compounds targeting Akt as having a high likelihood of reversing the GEP associated with mTOR inhibitor resistance. Nelfinavir and MK-2206, chosen for their Akt-inhibitory properties, yielded synergistic inhibition of cell viability in combination with rapamycin in DLBCL cell lines, and potently inhibited phosphorylation of Akt and downstream targets of activated mTOR.

Conclusions: GEP identifies DLBCL subsets resistant to mTOR inhibitor therapy. Combined targeting of mTOR and Akt suppresses activation of key components of the Akt/mTOR pathway and results in synergistic cytotoxicity. These findings are readily adaptable to clinical trials. Clin Cancer Res; 18(9); 2534–44. ©2012 AACR.
Cytokine BAFF Gene Variation Is Associated with Survival of Patients with T-cell Lymphomas
Authors: Zhai Kan , Tian Xiaobo , Wu Chen , Lu Ning , Chang Jiang , Huang Liming , Zhang Tongwen , Zhou Yuling , Qiao Yan , Yu Dianke , Tan Wen , Chen Jieping , Lin Dongxin
Published: February 2012

Purpose: Cytokine BAFF is a potent molecule for the activation and survival of B cells, and it also plays an important role in T-cell function. Genetic polymorphism (rs9514828C>T) in BAFF has been associated with elevated BAFF transcription. We sought to determine whether rs9514828 is associated with T-cell lymphoma (TCL) survival.

Experimental Design: BAFF rs9514828 genotypes and survival of TCL were analyzed in the discovery group including 150 patients, and the results were replicated in an independent validation group of 120 patients. Kaplan–Meier analysis was conducted to compare survival among different genotypes. Cox proportional hazard models were used to identify independent significant variables. Luciferase reporter gene assays were conducted to examine the function of rs9514828 variant.

Results: We found that BAFF rs9514828 polymorphism was significantly associated with TCL survival. In pooled analysis of two independent groups, the favorable rs9514828 TC and TT genotypes had significantly better five-year survival rates compared with the CC genotype (47% and 53% vs. 22%, P = 2.27 × 10−5 for log-rank test). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that rs9514828 was an independent prognostic factor, with HRs for patient death being 0.48 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.32–0.71] for the CT and 0.47 (95% CI, 0.23–0.93) for the TT genotypes. Reporter gene assays indicated that the rs9514828T allele had significantly higher promoter activity than the rs9514828C counterpart.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that functional polymorphism in BAFF might be a genetic determinant for the survival of patients with TCL. Clin Cancer Res; 18(8); 2250–6. ©2012 AACR.
Short-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Incidence of Stroke and Acute Myocardial Infarction in a Japanese Population
Authors: Turin Tanvir Chowdhury , Kita Yoshikuni , Rumana Nahid , Nakamura Yasuyuki , Ueda Kayo , Takashima Naoyuki , Sugihara Hideki , Morita Yutaka , Ichikawa Masaharu , Hirose Kunihiko , Nitta Hiroshi , Okayama Akira , Miura Katsuyuki , Ueshima Hirotsugu
Published: February 2012

Background: Exposure to high levels of air pollution can increase the risk of cardiovascular events. However, there is no clear information in Japan on the effect of pollution on the incidence of stroke and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Therefore, we investigated the effects of air pollution on the incidence of stroke and AMI in a setting where pollutant levels are rather low. Methods: Data were obtained from the Takashima Stroke and AMI Registry, which covers a population of approximately 55,000 in Takashima County in central Japan. We applied a time-stratified, bidirectional, case-crossover design to estimate the effects of air pollutants, which included suspended particulate matter (SPM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and photochemical oxidants (Ox). We used the distributed lag model to estimate the effect of pollutant exposure 0-3 days before the day of event onset and controlled for meteorological covariates in all of the models. Results: There were 2,038 first-ever strokes (1,083 men, 955 women) and 429 first-ever AMI cases (281 men, 148 women) during 1988-2004. The mean pollutant levels were as follows: SPM 26.9 µg/m3; SO2 3.9 ppb; NO2 16.0 ppb, and Ox 28.4 ppb. In single-pollutant and two-pollutant models, SO2 was associated with the risk of cerebral hemorrhage. Other stroke subtypes and AMI were not associated with air pollutant levels. Conclusions: We observed an association between SO2 and hemorrhagic stroke; however, we found inconclusive evidence for a short-term effect of air pollution on the incidence of other stroke types and AMI.
Immunolocalization of Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 in Human Conjunctival Tumors
Authors: Fukuhara Junichi , Kase Satoru , Noda Kousuke , Murata Miyuki , Noda Mika , Ando Ryo , Dong Zhenyu , Kanda Atsuhiro , Ishida Susumu
Published: February 2012

Objective: We analyzed the expression and immunolocalization of vascular adhesion protein (VAP)-1 in conjunctival tumors and normal conjunctival tissue of humans. Methods: Nine conjunctival tumors, including pyogenic granuloma and extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (EMZL), and 2 normal conjunctivas were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for VAP-1 and CD31 expression. Results: Immunoreactivity for VAP-1 was detected in the lumen of microvessels in pyogenic granuloma and in EMZLs. In contrast, normal bulbar conjunctival tissues demonstrated weak cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for VAP-1 in the blood vessels. Conclusions: The immunolocalization of VAP-1 varied in the histopathology of the conjunctiva, involving the pathology of inflammatory conjunctival disorders.
Maximizing Stakeholders’ Interests
Authors: Ayuso Silvia , Rodríguez Miguel A. , García-Castro Roberto , Ariño Miguel A.
Published: February 2012

This article makes two related contributions to stakeholder theory and corporate governance theory. First, the authors seek to advance firm-level characterization of the emerging stakeholder model of corporate governance by analyzing two relevant dimensions of this model: the corporate social responsibility (CSR) function at the board level and stakeholder engagement. Second, the authors intend to examine the relationship between conformance to the stakeholder model of corporate governance and firm financial performance, taking into account the differences between countries, by using an international sample of large companies. The findings suggest that the traditional distinction between shareholder-centered and stakeholder-centered corporate governance systems also has importance for the CSR strategy.
The Play Experience Scale
Authors: Pavlas Davin , Jentsch Florian , Salas Eduardo , Fiore Stephen M. , Sims Valerie
Published: February 2012

Objective: A measure of play experience in video games was developed through literature review and two empirical validation studies.

Background: Despite the considerable attention given to games in the behavioral sciences, play experience remains empirically underexamined. One reason for this gap is the absence of a scale that measures play experience.

Method: In Study 1, the initial Play Experience Scale (PES) was tested through an online validation that featured three different games ( N = 203). In Study 2, a revised PES was assessed with a serious game in the laboratory ( N = 77).

Results: Through principal component analysis of the Study 1 data, the initial 20-item PES was revised, resulting in the 16-item PES-16. Study 2 showed the PES-16 to be a robust instrument with the same patterns of correlations as in Study 1 via (a) internal consistency estimates, (b) correlations with established scales of motivation, (c) distributions of PES-16 scores in different game conditions, and (d) examination of the average variance extracted of the PES and the Intrinsic Motivation Scale.

Conclusion: We suggest that the PES is appropriate for use in further validation studies. Additional examinations of the scale are required to determine its applicability to other contexts and its relationship with other constructs.

Application: The PES is potentially relevant to human factors undertakings involving video games, including basic research into play, games, and learning; prototype testing; and exploratory learning studies.
Impact of Harness Fit on Suspension Tolerance
Authors: Hsiao Hongwei , Turner Nina , Whisler Richard , Zwiener Joyce
Published: February 2012

Objective: This study investigated the effect of body size and shape and harness fit on suspension tolerance time.

Background: Fall victims may develop suspension trauma, a potentially fatal reduction of return blood flow from legs to the heart and brain, after a successfully arrested fall if they are not rescued quickly or the harness does not fit them well.

Method: For this study, 20 men and 17 women with construction experience were suspended from the dorsal D-ring of a full-body fall-arrest harness. Their suspension tolerance time, physical characteristics, and harness fit levels were assessed.

Results: Body characteristics (i.e., weight, stature, upper- and lower-torso depths) were associated with decreased suspension tolerance time ( r = –.36 ~ –.45, p ≤ .03). In addition, harness fit affected suspension tolerance time; workers with a torso angle of suspension greater than 35°, a thigh strap angle greater than 50°, or a poorly fitting harness size had shorter suspension tolerance time (mean differences = 14, 11, and 9.8 min, respectively, p ≤ .05).

Conclusion: Body size and harness fit were predictors of suspension tolerance time. Selecting well-fit harnesses and establishing a 9-min rescue plan are suggested to ensure that no more than 5% of workers would experience suspension trauma.

Applications: The study provides a basis for harness designers, standards writers, and manufacturers to improve harness configurations and testing requirements for better worker protection against suspension trauma.
Is Diversion Swift?
Authors: Redlich Allison D. , Liu Siyu , Steadman Henry J. , Callahan Lisa , Robbins Pamela C.
Published: February 2012

Formal diversion programs are increasingly popular options for offenders with mental illness. Diversion is recommended, and often assumed, to be swift in that eligible persons should be quickly identified and enrolled. In this study, the authors examine the length from initial arrest to enrollment into mental health court and compare it to time from arrest to disposition for offenders with and without mental illness traditionally processed. The authors, using medians as the metric and limiting the period to 1 year, found time to mental health court was 70 days, whereas traditional processing for offenders with and without known mental illness was 37 and 76 days, respectively. The authors also found detention status during this period to have a large effect on processing time.
A Simulation Modeling Approach for Planning and Costing Jail Diversion Programs for Persons with Mental Illness
Authors: Hughes David , Steadman Henry J. , Case Brian , Griffin Patricia A. , Leff H. Stephen
Published: February 2012

A core public policy question for jail diversion programs, regardless of what outcomes they achieve, is whether and to what extent they generate cost savings. Apart from a general pattern of cost shifting from the criminal justice system to the community mental health system, studies on the costs of jail diversion programs have yielded limited and equivocal results. In response to the mixed results on cost findings, we tested a simulation model to project the fiscal impact of jail diversion programs using data from actual criminal justice and mental health systems and the best outcome data from the literature. Using data from Travis County, Texas, in 2006 and 2007, our simulations that produced a net savings to the county had two key findings: (a) Unless the most serious misdemeanants and low-level felons are included for diversion, there will be no cost savings since there are too few jails days avoided; and (b) the cost burden was shifted from the criminal justice system to the community-based service system, which is already strained for resources.
Final-Stage Diversion
Authors: Fiduccia Chelsea E. , Rogers Richard
Published: February 2012

Diversion programs for offenders with mental disorders typically focus on early intervention as the ideal avenue for redirecting individuals from the criminal justice system. Although this approach is advantageous in many respects, sentenced offenders on probation have few available options for the intensive treatment provided by such programs. ATLAS, a mental health court in Dallas, Texas, adopts a reverse approach in selecting individuals on the brink of probation revocation. When compared to a matched sample, ATLAS participants had lower rates of rearrest within 12 and 24 months of their intake, supporting the efficacy of final-stage diversion programs as a pragmatic alternative to early interventions.
Preliminary Outcomes of a Pre-Adjudication Diversion Initiative for Juvenile Justice Involved Youth with Mental Health Needs In Texas
Authors: Colwell Brian , Villarreal Soila F. , Espinosa Erin M.
Published: February 2012

Estimates of mental health disorders among youth involved with the juvenile justice system range from 50% to 75%, while general population prevalence is 9% to 20%. The system is ill-equipped to supervise these juveniles, and many are funneled deeper into the system due to noncompliance and often preventable problems. The authors used a retrospective design and evaluated a pre-adjudication diversion initiative utilizing specialized juvenile probation officers in Texas. Use of specialized supervision was effective at diverting youth with mental health needs from adjudication and increased participation and access to services by juveniles with such needs. Youth who received specialized supervision were significantly less likely to be adjudicated for the initial offense than those in a comparison group who received traditional supervision.
Integrated Primary and Behavioral Health Care in Patient-Centered Medical Homes for Jail Releasees With Mental Illness
Authors: Held Mary Lehman , Brown Carlie Ann , Frost Lynda E. , Hickey J. Scott , Buck David S.
Published: February 2012

Many jail releasees have persistent physical and mental health needs that are frequently unaddressed, leading to high rearrest rates and return to jail. This article details the potential benefits and challenges of integrated health services during transition planning and return to the community and details lessons learned from a pilot program in Houston, Texas. It examines how patient-centered medical homes, a modality supported by policy changes at the federal level, provide one means of effective transition from jail to the community that integrates behavioral health services with primary care. Evidence from the pilot program suggests that effective integrated health services for jail releasees can help divert individuals from a cycle of recidivism.
The Global Postcolonial Moment and the American New Town
Authors: Friedman Andrew
Published: February 2012

As with many of the 1960s new towns, scholars place Reston, Virginia, in the garden city tradition. This essay argues instead that Reston brought to the United States a unique midcentury architectural vernacular, born not in Britain but in the postcolonial world. The war effort spirited American architects abroad. Some stayed to advise governments building independent nations. One of them was the New Yorker Albert Mayer, along with members of his firm. Designing new cities in India, these Americans came into contact with Indian architects creating their own sense of a national built environment. Reston brought the form created by these encounters to the Washington suburbs. The essay highlights the links between the revised modernism of the International Congress of Modern Architecture (CIAM) in the 1950s and postcolonial building practices. Reston then became a pedagogical space, as international visitors circulated its representative forms abroad again, to India, Sri Lanka, and Tanzania.
Canadian Home Parenteral Nutrition (HPN) Registry
Authors: Fernandes G. , Kaila B. , Jeejeebhoy K. N. , Gramlich L. , Armstrong D. , Allard J. P.
Published: February 2012

Background: In Canada, there are an estimated 400 home parenteral nutrition (HPN) patients. In 2006, a registry was created to gather patient outcome information. The aim of this study was to validate the registry and report on HPN patient outcomes. Methods: Several demographic, clinical parameters were collected. For the validation, paired t test and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to assess agreement between repeat entries. For the outcome report, paired t test was used to assess changes, and survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan‐Meier method. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM. Results: On validation, there was high correlation/agreement (P < .05) for most parameters except vascular access/line sepsis, liver disease (ultrasound, biopsy, diagnoses), and hospitalizations. For the outcome report, 96 patients had their data entered at 2.24 ± 0.11 years after baseline. Over the period, there was a significant reduction in PN calories (P = .001) and proteins (P < .001). There were no significant changes in nutrition parameters and laboratory results except for lower platelet counts (P = .028), lower plasma potassium (P = .030), and a trend toward an increase in bilirubin from 19.29 ± 4.65 to 29.06 ± 8.73 µmol/L (P = .071). The QOL decreased significantly over time (P < .001) and the survival on HPN was 17.67 ± 1.89 years. Conclusions: The registry is a valid tool to assess several clinical parameters. On follow‐up, HPN patients maintain good nutrition status while PN is reduced but do have a reduced quality of life.
Drop-Out Predictors Among Students With High-Incidence Disabilities
Authors: Zablocki Mark , Krezmien Michael P.
Published: February 2012

Students with disabilities have high rates of dropping out of school despite safeguards from Individuals With Disabilities Education Act provisions. The purpose of the study was to explore the effects of disability classification, demographics, and selected academic experiences on school drop-out rates among youth with disabilities. Variables related to youth characteristics and school experiences were drawn from selected participants ( N = 5,018) in the first three waves of the National Longitudinal and Transitional Study 2 database. Data were entered sequentially into a logistic regression model to identify factors associated with dropping out. Findings indicated that students with emotional and behavioral disorders had a significantly higher risk of dropping out but that disability classification was not significant with consideration of academic factors. Disciplinary exclusion, grade retention, and lower than average grades were associated with a higher risk of dropping out. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Achieving Validation: Barack Obama and Black Turnout in 2008
Authors: McKee Seth C. , Hood M. V. , Hill David
Published: February 2012

In this study we examine black voting in the 2008 presidential election. Recognizing the significance of having an African American win the presidency, we evaluate black political attitudes in 2008 vis-à-vis 2004, place black turnout in historical context, and discuss the problem of vote overreporting. The issue of vote overreporting plagues surveys, and this is particularly notable among African American respondents. The momentousness of Barack Obama's candidacy and subsequent election may further complicate black turnout responses. On the one hand, an African American Democratic presidential nominee is expected to mobilize blacks, but on the other hand this situation is also expected to increase the social desirability to misreport voting. To get around this intractable problem with surveys, we evaluate validated black turnout in the state of Georgia, which provides individual-level data on the population of registered voters. The validated black turnout numbers are much lower than those reported in national studies like the Current Population Survey, but our analysis indicates that compared to 2004, African American registration and voting in Georgia were markedly higher in 2008.
Multidisciplinary Lymphedema Treatment Program
Authors: Papadopoulou Maria-Christina , Tsiouri Ioanna , Salta-Stankova Roumiana , Drakou Aikaterini , Rousas Nikolaos , Roussaki-Schulze Aggeliki-Victoria , Giannoukas Athanasios D.
Published: February 2012

Lymphedema is an underrecognized and undertreated condition that requires a multidisciplinary approach in an individualized program that will address the special needs of each patient. In an ideal setting of an outpatient management program the team should be composed of a vascular surgeon, a dermatologist, a physiotherapist, a dietician, a psychologist, a social worker, and an office employee, working together in the assessment and management of all aspects of lymphedema. All treatment strategies and actions taken should ultimately focus on the improvement of the quality of life of patients suffering from lymphedema and on the prevention of lymphedema in high-risk patients.
The Relationship Between Underage Alcohol Possession and Future Criminal Behavior
Authors: Barnum Chris , Richardson Nick J. , Perfetti Robert J.
Published: February 2012

This study examines the relationship between underage alcohol possession and criminal behavior through a cohort, age, and period analysis. Utilizing the Age–Period Cohort Characteristic (APCC) models method and national arrest data, while controlling for age and period effects, this study examined single-year age cohorts and determines that strict enforcement of PULA (Possession Under Legal Age) laws decreases the likelihood of strongly correlated vandalism and assaults as young adults. The analysis indicates an increase in assaults and vandalism as cohort size increases, but little effect from single parent, resource deprivation.
How I treat HIV-associated lymphoma
Authors: Dunleavy Kieron , Wilson Wyndham H.
Published: February 2012

Over the past 10 years, significant progress has been made in understanding HIV-associated lymphomas and improving the prognosis of these diseases. With the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy and the development of novel therapeutic strategies, most patients with HIV-associated lymphomas are cured. The outcome for the majority of patients with HIV-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma in particular, is excellent, with recent studies supporting the role of rituximab in these diseases. Indeed, in the combination antiretroviral therapy era, the curability of many patients with HIV-associated lymphoma is similar to their HIV-negative counterparts. New treatment frontiers need to focus on improving the outcome for patients with advanced immune suppression and for those with adverse tumor biology, such as the activated B-cell type of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and the virally driven lymphomas. Future clinical trials need to investigate novel targeted agents alone and in combination with chemotherapy.
The role of sex and weight on rituximab clearance and serum elimination half-life in elderly patients with DLBCL
Authors: Müller Carsten , Murawski Niels , Wiesen Martin H. J. , Held Gerhard , Poeschel Viola , Zeynalova Samira , Wenger Michael , Nickenig Christina , Peter Norma , Lengfelder Eva , Metzner Bernd , Rixecker Tanja , Zwick Carsten , Pfreundschuh Michael , Reiser Marcel
Published: February 2012

Pharmacokinetics of 8 doses of rituximab (375 mg/m2) given in combination with 2-week cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone/prednisolone (CHOP-14) was determined by ELISA in 20 elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) 10 minutes before and after each infusion and 1 week and 1, 2, 3, 6, and 9 months after the last infusion. Population pharmacokinetic modeling was performed with nonlinear mixed-effect modeling software (NONMEM VI). Concentration-time data were fitted into an open 2-compartment model and total clearance, central compartment volume, intercompartment clearance, and volume of distribution at steady-state (Vdss) were investigated. Total clearance was 9.43 mL/h and Vdss was 9.61 l. Rituximab clearance was reduced (8.21 mL/h vs 12.68 mL/h; P = .003) and elimination half-life was prolonged in women compared with men (t1/2β = 30.7 vs 24.7 days; P = .003). Body weight also affected Vdss (0.1 l increase of Vdss per kilogram above median of 75 kg). A sex-dependent effect and the higher weight of males contribute to their faster rituximab clearance, which might explain why elderly males benefit less from the addition of rituximab to CHOP than females. This trial was registered on www.clinicaltrials.gov as numbers NCT00052936, EU-20243 (RICOVER-60 Trial), EU-20534, and NCT00726700 (Pegfilgrastim Trial).
Follicular lymphoma and the immune system: from pathogenesis to antibody therapy
Authors: Stevenson Freda K. , Stevenson George T.
Published: February 2012

Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a B-cell tumor arising in germinal centers and retaining features of its normal B-cell counterpart. Lymphomagenesis appears stepwise from the t(14;18) translocation, through FL-like cells, to FL in situ, then to overt FL. Surface Ig is mandatory and carries a striking V-region modification because of introduction of glycan addition sites during somatic mutation. These are positively selected and acquire unusual high mannoses, which interact with lectins. The Ig-associated mannoses appear essential for FL, providing a disease- specific target for antibody attack. Antibody therapy is currently focused on anti-CD20 (rituximab), which appears to rely predominantly on the Fcγ module recruiting suitably activated macrophages. Immunogloblulin and, to some extent, CD20, can each escape antibody attack in vitro by modulation, but this is difficult to demonstrate clinically. Instead, studies of anti-CD20 therapy of FL suggest that effector modulation, similar to that seen in the suppression of autoimmune inflammation by infusions of normal human IgG, may be important. Both antigenic and effector modulations might be minimized by repeated small doses of more potent antibodies. Clearly, mechanisms of attack vary with the malignancy, the target molecule, and the antibody design, offering opportunities for optimizing this promising strategy.