bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The level of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in kajal and surma of major Indian brands
Authors: Patel D. K. , Prasad S. , Tripathi R. , Behari J. R.
Published: March 2009

Synopsis

Kajal and surma are eye cosmetics extensively used in Indian subcontinent. Kajal is prepared by burning of vegetable oil and butter oil while surma by grinding of the stones. High performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry instruments were used for quantification and confirmation of 16 polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Significant concentration of PAH was found in all the samples examined. The median concentration of PAH ranged from 0.14 (lowest, anthracene) to 31.18 μg g−1 [dibenz(a,h)anthracene] in kajal sample and from not detectable concentration (naphthalene) to 197.47 μg g−1 of benzo(a)pyrene in surma sample. Fifteen PAHs were detected in all the samples. Therefore the use of kajal and surma in eye should be strictly restricted.
CXCL12 increases human neural progenitor cell proliferation through Akt‐1/FOXO3a signaling pathway
Authors: Wu Yumei , Peng Hui , Cui Min , Whitney Nicholas P. , Huang Yunlong , Zheng Jialin C.
Published: March 2009

CXCL12, a ligand for the chemokine receptor CXCR4, is well known in mediating neural progenitor cell (NPC) migration during neural development. However, the effects of CXCL12 on human NPC proliferation and its associated signaling pathways remain unclear. The transcription factor, FOXO3a, a downstream target of Akt‐1, is critical for cell cycle control and may also play an important role in regulating NPC proliferation. In this study, we found that CXCL12 promotes human NPC proliferation as determined by the proliferation marker Ki67 and BrdU incorporation. This CXCL12‐mediated NPC proliferation was associated with an increase in Akt‐1 and FOXO3a phosphorylation in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. The CXCR4 antagonist (T140) or inhibitors for G proteins (Pertussis toxin) and phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) (LY294002) abolished CXCL12‐mediated NPC proliferation and phosphorylation of Akt‐1 and FOXO3a. The roles of Akt‐1 and FOXO3a in CXCL12‐mediated NPC proliferation were further investigated by using adenoviral over‐expression in NPCs. Over‐expression of dominant‐negative Akt‐1 or wild‐type FOXO3a in NPC abrogated CXCL12‐mediated proliferation. These data suggest that CXCL12‐mediated NPC proliferation is reliant upon the phosphorylation of Akt‐1 and FOXO3a and gives insight to an essential role of CXCL12 in neurogenesis. Understanding this mechanism may facilitate the development of novel therapeutic targets for NPC proliferation during neurogenesis.
Anti‐angiogenic and vascular disrupting effects of C9, a new microtubule‐depolymerizing agent
Authors: Ren Xuan , Dai Mei , Lin Li‐Ping , Li Pui‐Kai , Ding Jian
Published: March 2009

Background and purpose:  The critical role of blood supply in the growth of solid tumours makes blood vessels an ideal target for anti‐tumour drug discovery. The anti‐angiogenic and vascular disrupting activities of C9, a newly synthesized microtubule‐depolymerizing agent, were investigated with several in vitro and in vivo models. Possible mechanisms involved in its activity were also assessed.

Experimental approach:  Microtubule‐depolymerizing actions were assessed by surface plasmon resonance binding, competitive inhibition and cytoskeleton immunofluorescence. Anti‐angiogenic and vascular disrupting activities were tested on proliferation, migration, tube formation with human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and in rat aortic ring, chick chorioallantoic membrane and Matrigel plug assays. Western blots and Rho activation assays were employed to examine the role of Raf‐MEK‐ERK (mitogen‐activated ERK kinase, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase) and Rho/Rho kinase signalling.

Key results:  C9 inhibited proliferation, migration and tube formation of endothelial cells and inhibited angiogenesis in aortic ring and chick chorioallantoic membrane assays. C9 induced disassembly of microtubules in endothelial cells and down‐regulated Raf‐MEK‐ERK signalling activated by pro‐angiogenic factors. In addition, C9 disrupted capillary‐like networks and newly formed vessels in vitro and rapidly decreased perfusion of neovasculature in vivo. Endothelial cell contraction and membrane blebbing induced by C9 in neovasculature was dependent on the Rho/Rho kinase pathway.

Conclusions and implications:  Anti‐angiogenic and vascular disruption by C9 was associated with changes in morphology and function of endothelial cells, involving the Raf‐MEK‐ERK and Rho/Rho kinase signalling pathways. These findings strongly suggest that C9 is a new microtubule‐binding agent that could effectively target tumour vasculature.
Myoendothelial coupling in the mesenteric arterial bed; segmental differences and interplay between nitric oxide and endothelin‐1
Authors: Hilgers RHP , De Mey JGR
Published: March 2009

Background and purpose: We tested the hypothesis that activated arterial smooth muscle (ASM) stimulates endothelial vasomotor influences via gap junctions and that the significance of this myoendothelial coupling increases with decreasing arterial diameter.

Experimental approach: From WKY rats, first‐, second‐, third‐ and fourth‐order branches of the superior mesenteric artery (MA1, MA2, MA3 and MA4 respectively) were isolated and mounted in wire‐myographs to record vasomotor responses to 0.16–20 µmol·L−1phenylephrine.

Key results: Removal of endothelium increased the sensitivity (pEC50) to phenylephrine in all arteries. The nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor Nω‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME) (100 µmol·L−1) did not modify pEC50to phenylephrine in all denuded arteries, and increased it in intact MA1, MA2 and MA3 to the same extent as denudation. However, in intact MA4, the effect of L‐NAME was significantly larger (ΔpEC500.57 ± 0.02) than the effect of endothelium removal (ΔpEC500.20 ± 0.06). This endothelium‐dependent effect of L‐NAME in MA4 was inhibited by (i) steroidal and peptidergic uncouplers of gap junctions; (ii) a low concentration of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside; and (iii) by the endothelin‐receptor antagonist bosentan. It was also observed during contractions induced by (i) calcium channel activation (BayK 8644, 0.001–1 µmol·L−1); (ii) depolarization (10–40 mmol·L−1 K+); and (iii) sympathetic nerve stimulation (0.25–32 Hz).

Conclusions and implications: These pharmacological observations indicated feedback control by endothelium of ASM reactivity involving gap junctions and a balance between endothelium‐derived NO and endothelin‐1. This myoendothelial coupling was most prominent in distal resistance arteries.
GPI‐1046 protects dorsal root ganglia from gp120‐induced axonal injury by modulating store‐operated calcium entry
Authors: Höke Ahmet , Morris Michael , Haughey Norman J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract  Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–associated sensory neuropathy (HIV‐SN) occurs in a large fraction of patients infected with HIV. Viral components, including the coat protein gp120, are thought to exert toxic actions on dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons that can be further exacerbated by treatment of HIV infection with some antiretroviral agents. In a tissue culture model of HIV‐SN, we found that gp120‐induced axonal degeneration in DRG sensory neurons was prevented by treatment with the immunophilin ligand GPI‐1046. Gp120 induced a rapid and large release of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium in DRG neurons that was attenuated by treatment with GPI‐1046. Further experiments suggested that GPI‐1046 reduced the total ER calcium load by attenuating store‐operated calcium (SOC) entry. Together, these results suggest that GPI‐1046 protects DRG from gp120‐induced axonal damage by decreasing the entry of calcium through SOC, thus reducing the total volume of ER calcium that is available to be released by gp120.
Naltrexone Decreases Heavy Drinking Rates in Smoking Cessation Treatment: An Exploratory Study
Authors: King Andrea , Cao Dingcai , Vanier Catherine , Wilcox Tracie
Published: March 2009

Background: There is mixed support for the efficacy of the opioid antagonist naltrexone in the treatment of nicotine dependence. One potential unexplored mechanism underlying naltrexone’s effects in smoking cessation may be in its ability to reduce alcohol consumption.

Methods: Alcohol consumption and liver enzyme levels (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase) were examined in a sample of 78 nonalcoholic social drinking smokers (34 naltrexone, 44 placebo) enrolled in a double‐blind randomized clinical trial of naltrexone in smoking cessation. Naltrexone or placebo began 3 days prior to the quit date (25 mg daily) and continued for 8 weeks (50 mg daily). All participants received nicotine patches and behavioral counseling up through 4 weeks after the quit date.

Results: Naltrexone significantly reduced weekly heavy drinking rates. This effect was associated with greater nausea and pill taking adherence within the naltrexone group. Within heavy drinkers, naltrexone also directionally improved smoking quit rates compared with placebo. Liver enzyme levels did not differ during treatment with naltrexone compared with placebo.

Conclusions: Naltrexone may reduce the frequency of heavy drinking in nonalcoholics attempting to quit smoking. Further, naltrexone may preferentially improve smoking quit rates within heavy drinkers who smoke, and further investigation in larger sample sizes is warranted.
Acute Hemodynamic Effects of Atrial Pacing with Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Authors: GOLD MICHAEL R. , NIAZI IMRAN , GIUDICI MICHAEL , LEMAN ROBERT B. , STURDIVANT JOHN L. , KIM MICHAEL H. , WAGGONER ALAN D. , DING JIANG , ARCOT‐KRISHNAMURTHY SHANTHA , DAUM DOUGLAS , YU YINGHONG
Published: March 2009

Background: Chronotropic incompetence is common among patients with advanced heart failure (HF), thus atrial pacing (AP) is frequently utilized in this population. The hemodynamic effects of AP during cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) have not been well studied.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the acute hemodynamic response during CRT of AP with that during atrial sensing (AS).

Methods: This study included 26 patients undergoing CRT. At implant, invasive left ventricular (LV) dP/dt was measured by a micromanometer catheter during biventricular pacing in AS and AP modes at 5 different atrioventricluar delays (AVD), tested in randomized order. Postimplant, echocardiography was performed to obtain aortic and mitral flow velocity integrals at baseline (no CRT) and during CRT.

Results: Compared with intrinsic rhythm, CRT increased LV dP/dt by 11 ± 11% during AS (heart rate: 74 ± 13 bpm) and by 17 ± 11% during AP (heart rate: 86 ± 12 bpm, P < 0.001). The AVD associated with maximal hemodynamic response (AVDmax) during AP was 72 ± 40 ms longer than during AS. However, aortic and mitral flow velocity integrals decreased by 15–20% during AP. The aortic and mitral flow velocities at AVDmax for LV dP/dtmax were highly correlated with their maximum values (r > 0.98).

Conclusion: AP increases LV dP/dt during CRT, but requires a substantially longer AV delay. However, AP results in modest reductions of LV filling and stoke volume. Further studies are needed to assess the long‐term impact of AP on HF functional status and LV remodeling.
Using the 12‐Lead ECG to Localize the Origin of Atrial and Ventricular Tachycardias: Part 2—Ventricular Tachycardia
Authors: HAQQANI HARIS M. , MORTON JOSEPH B. , KALMAN JONATHAN M.
Published: March 2009

Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) can arise from multiple different ventricular locations in the context of several different underlying myocardial substrates. Despite this variability, the surface 12‐lead electrocardiograph (ECG) has proven to be a robust and reproducible initial mapping tool that can provide useful information in localizing the origin of both focal and reentrant forms of VT. The second part of this review series will look at the use of the ECG in mapping the various forms of VT encountered in clinical practice.
THE AUTOMATED APPROACH TO TECHNICAL INFORMATION RETRIEVAL PART II
Authors: NICOLAUS JOHN J.
Published: March 2009

(Today's Information “Explosion” has created many problems in supplying the modern engineer with current and complete technical information on a timely basis. Part I of this paper (N.E.J., October 1964) described the Information Storage and Retrieval System being developed by the Bureau of Ships Technical Library, oriented toward User requirements in the furnishing of scientific and technical information contained in research and development reports. Part II elaborates on the additional User benefits of the System.)
EXPERIENCE IN THE CONTROL OF SHIPS BY RIGHT ANGLE DRIVE THRUSTERS
Authors: DEWHURST PETER K.
Published: March 2009

The theory of control of ships presents extremely complex problems and a general policy for their solution is proposed.

Standard forms of charts governing propeller performance are analyzed and interpreted for three special cases: namely, constant rpm, constant torque, and constant power.

The application of propeller characteristics to Steerable Right Angle Drive units is discussed in conjunction with accounts of some full scale experiments.

The steering characteristics of ships, and in particular the motion of a scow in steady state turning, are reviewed.

Certain characteristic features applicable to various layouts of S.R.A.D. units are also investigated.

A suggested method for establishing an initial choice of power for tunnel bow thruster installations is developed by non‐dimensional analysis.
REPLENISHMENT AT SEA
Authors: MITCHELL K. J. , STRONG D. J.
Published: March 2009

The paper reviews the present state of development of a new form of replenishment‐at‐sea system, for use in Sea State 6 conditions, being developed jointly by G.E.C. (Process Engineering) Ltd. and the Ministry of Defense (Naval). The theoretical principles behind the new system are described in some detail and the essential control relationships are presented. A variety of analogue computer outputs contrasting the behavior of the new system as compared to constant tension systems, are discussed and illustrated.

A fundamental objective in evolving the control philosophy for the new system has been to eliminate the oscillatory tendency present in a constant tension system. This tendency is discussed and the reasons for it determined. It is shown that a system in which control is based only on tension measurement is fundamentally unsatisfactory in the sense that it cannot meet in an adequate manner the various requirements of an R.A.S. System designed to work in rough sea conditions. The reasons for this state of affairs are described. A table comparing performance of existing Royal Navy Systems with the new system is presented. The prototype hardware being built for sea trials in the late summer of 1970 is described and illustrated.
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS FOR OCEAN ENGINEERING
Authors: SOUTHERLAND ARTHUR
Published: March 2009

This paper will discuss mechanical handling systems associated with ocean engineering operations and limitations of present handling system in salvage and rescue operations including problem areas in handling of submersible vehicles and other large objects at sea. Ship motion and payload response to various sea conditions will be evaluated. Emphasis will be placed on the effect of relative motion and the associated dynamic loads imposed on the handling gear. Methods of motion compensation and load attenuation will be examined.
FIRE SAFETY—NEED FOR REGULATION
Authors: KERLIN DONALD J.
Published: March 2009

On 10 August 1971, the President of the United States signed into law the Federal Boat Safety Act of 1971 (PL 92‐75). This law gives the Coast Guard statutory authority to promulgate safety standards for recreational boats and associated equipment. In establishing a need for formulating and prescribing regulations and standards we must: 1) consider the need for and the extent to which the regulations or standards will contribute to boating safety; 2) consider relevant available boat safety standards, statistics and data, including public and private research, development, testing, and evaluation; 3) consider whether any proposed regulation or standard is reasonable and appropriate for the particular type of boat or associated equipment for which it is prescribed; and 4) consult with the Boating Safety Advisory Council comprising 7 State Boating Administrators, 7 Industry Representatives and 7 Public Members.

The presentation herein is an example of a justification for need in one particular area—FIRE SAFETY. However, it will be demonstrated that the approach is and can be used for other standards applications. Examples of these will be described.
Modular Ship Design Concepts
Authors: JOLLIFF JAMES V.
Published: March 2009

This paper reviews past and present modular ship concepts with a basic thrust toward detailing the latest advances in the state‐of‐the‐art of modular design techniques which are being considered in future developments.

A proposed methodology for the evaluation of ship modularity and module category definitions is provided. The crucial issues affecting the use of modularity are discussed, and the benefits and negative aspects of modularity in ship design are summarized.

The impact of the modular concept on the ship design process is analyzed and conclusions are drawn as to the concept's technical and economic feasibility.
Computer‐Aided Ship Arrangement Design
Authors: Carlson Craig M. , Cebulski Donald R.
Published: March 2009

In this paper, the goals of a computer‐aided arrangement design system are discussed; the requirements of such a system outlined; and the current state of computer‐aided ship arrangement design reviewed with regard to these requirements and goals.

The required features of a complete ship arrangement design system are discussed. These features include interactive graphics, central data base, user oriented approach, realistic input requirements, three dimensional design capability, useful output, multiple entry or exit points, and the ability to optimize. Existing ship arrangement programs, most of which were developed for the Navy, are reviewed and compared with the requirements and goals outlined above. The history of these programs demonstrates the iterative nature of the development of computer‐aided design systems.

The primary goal of computer‐aided ship arrangement design is to improve the quantity and quality of arrangement design by reaching a balance between man and machine in order to let the designer concentrate on designing.
Fatigue Behavior of Large Propellers
Authors: GATZOULIS JULIANI , WERCHNIAK WOLODYMYR , CZYRYCA ERNEST J.
Published: March 2009

This paper summarizes the findings of an experimental study on the full‐scale stress measurements and fatigue behavior of a full‐size aircraft carrier propeller. Supplementary data on the fatigue characteristics of the manganese bronze propeller material of a patrol craft propeller were included. Fatigue life predictions based on nominal stress and fracture mechanics concepts are analyzed and discussed. There is evidence that with accurate inputs as to stress levels and service loadings, a fracture mechanics approach appears to be a rational method of estimating the fatigue life of large propellers from specimen data.
COMBATANT CAPABILITY—A NEW DIMENSION IN SHIP DESIGN
Authors: KING RANDOLPH W.
Published: March 2009

The traditional approach to ship design involved a recognized sequence of design steps, usually identified as preliminary, contract, and detail design. The first two resulted in a naval architectural ship definition and a list of specified equipments. These provided firm constraint on the third step. Not explicitly or quantitatively addressed was the reason for a warship's existence, its combatant capability in the actual environment. The frequently addressed technical excellence required to produce a ship design is needed in full measure today. Added to the task is a much more sharply defined set of contracts, within the Navy between the technical and operational communities, and externally among the Navy and the hierarchy of review and approval represented by the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and the Congress. An understanding of this new drum beat and capability to march to it are prime requirements for the Navy's survival. A significant measure of the Navy's effectiveness is the number of ships which we can acquire within expected shipbuilding budget allocations and within cost ceilings and performance floors of “design to cost.” We have made progress in developing a method to assess combatant capability and effect design trade relationships versus top‐level requirements. This paper discusses the need for this new dimension in design. Companion papers will develop the technical rationale and methodology of the simulation which makes possible the capability.
CERAMIC GAS TURBINES FOR IMPROVED SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION
Authors: VAN REUTH E. C. , McLEAN A. F. , BRATTON R. J.
Published: March 2009

The use of ceramics in gas turbines allows significantly higher inlet temperatures (2500° F) without the necessity of complex cooling designs. A review is presented of the present status of two turbines presently under ARPA sponsorship. The properties, costs, and required design considerations for ceramics are highlighted. Anticipated performance benefits are cited for both small and large turbines.
PROSPECTS IN NAVAL GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT MACHINERY
Authors: RAINS DEAN A.
Published: March 2009

The naval machinery engineer should be constantly alert to possible design improvements as new technology becomes proven. There are many improvements and innovations currently in development by industry and government. Selections from these many new approaches may be incorporated during the evolution of a particular ship design, or may become available earlier as new ship requirements evolve.

Prospects for improved gas turbine naval power plant technology that will be available to meet future ship needs are described. New high performance gas turbine engines, machinery maintenance monitoring techniques, improved propulsors such as high skew propellers, waterjets, and pumpjets, advanced speed control and speed reduction devices, combined cycle plants (gas/steam), new fuels, improved anti‐icing techniques, and superconducting electric drive machinery are discussed. Potential applications of this machinery technology are described to demonstrate how design change is an important part of the professional life of the naval machinery engineer.
DESIGN OF AN INTEGRATED BRIDGE
Authors: PUCKETT LANNY , GOWEN ROBERT H. , MOE GERALD L.
Published: March 2009

While significant changes have occurred in many areas of ship design during the past 50 years, surface ship bridges have basically remained the same. An increased awareness by the Navy of the need for reducing the manning required to operate Naval ships has led to a renewed interest in bridge design. This paper will describe the efforts which have gone into the design of an Integrated Bridge which will be built and evaluated on an existing DE‐1052 bridge. This system, which incorporates the latest in modern navigation and control equipment, will allow a significant reduction in the number of bridge watchstanders, and in addition will improve the command and control capabilities of the ship. In particular, the following areas will be discussed: the input from Fleet personnel as to specific bridge control information requirements; the human engineering of the console layout; the adaptation of commercial collision avoidance systems to Navy application; and the use of digitally stored charts for piloting. Other features of the Integrated Bridge which are new to Navy ships will also be described.
SHIPBOARD WASTE DISPOSAL: CORROSION STUDIES FOR WET‐AIR‐OXIDATION PROCESS
Authors: VREELAND D. C.
Published: March 2009

Wet‐air‐oxidation is being considered as a candidate for the shipboard treatment of water‐borne organic wastes. Corrosion studies have been conducted with a number of alloys, subjecting them to wet‐air‐oxidation conditions, with a view to identifying those most suitable for the construction of process vessels.

The results of the corrosion work were integrated with information from alloy manufacturers and the literature. Under the test conditions used, the results indicate that from a corrosion standpoint, for use in wet‐air‐oxidation process equipment with salt‐water sewage the most promising materials are two Nickel‐Chromium‐Molybdenum alloys and a Titanium alloy containing one percent Nickel. Fresh‐water sewage was much less corrosive than was salt‐water sewage. Before final material selection, detailed information should be obtained concerning fabricability, availability, joining and cost of the candidate materials.
EXPERIMENTAL STRESS ANALYSIS GOES DEEP
Authors: PALERMO PETER M.
Published: March 2009

“No one believes experimental data except the man who takes it, but everyone believes the results of a theoretical analysis except the man who makes it.” (Testing Topics, Baldwin‐Lima‐Hamilton Corporation, Vol. 8, 1st Quarter 1953).

The purpose of this paper is to outline briefly the role of experimental test results in advancing design and analysis capabilities for submarine structures. The background of the impact of submarine model testing on analytical methods is traced from the German efforts in 1914 through present day United States efforts at the Naval Ship Research and Development Center. Emphasis is placed on instrumentation and testing of prototype submarines on initial sea trials and the correlation of small‐scale, large‐scale and prototype results with available analysis.
Problems in using Computers for Electrical/Electronic System Installation Design
Authors: CARSTENSEN RUSSELL V.
Published: March 2009

The background regarding the design information required to accomplish Electrical/Electronic System Installation and the problem areas of the Designer and the Craftsman as computer users and that of conflicts resulting from the lack of firm Management guidance are discussed. Conclusions regarding the adaptation of the total organization to computer applications are presented.
ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR PRODUCTION OF SHIPBOARD FRESHWATER
Authors: ADAMSON W.L. , RANKIN B.H. , HUCKENPOEHLER W.B.
Published: March 2009

A study was conducted to determine the nature and quantities of energy consumed to produce freshwater on board U.S. Navy ships and to ascertain how that energy consumption might be reduced. Values for energy usage were calculated from available ship heat balances and distilling plant technical manuals. The effects of ship operation on distiller economy were accounted for by factoring in the ship's operational profile, electrical conversion efficiency, boiler efficiency, and auxiliary exhaust steam availability. Results of the analysis showed that freshwater production required approximately 2 percent of all energy consumed aboard ship which equates to a fuel oil cost of 22 million dollars per year for the Fleet. Factors contributing to the high energy consumption of 434 Btu per pound of freshwater were: poor electrical energy conversion and boiler efficiencies, and distiller designs that emphasize weight, volume, and reliability more than fuel economy. Recommended methods for reducing total energy for freshwater production are: reuse of wastewater; reduction of water consumption; investigation of more efficient desalination processes; improvement of electrical conversion and boiler efficiencies; and investigation of actual ship operations and ship's logs to determine more accurately areas of potential water reduction.
NAVAL SUPPORT A UGMENTED BY MERCHANT SHIPS
Authors: WEINTRAUB STEPHEN P.
Published: March 2009

This paper takes the proposition that at the present time National Defense interests could be better served than they are under the existing Merchant Marine Act; probably much better served by incorporating some modifications to that act; and that action must be taken to seek improvement or our seaborne naval posture will continue to be woefully inadequate. This paper also presumes to state that the Defense Establishment has not recognized that the Merchant Marine can be used as an adjunct to our Navy ships, not as a competitor, and that this use will in fact enhance the capability of Navy manned and operated ships. On the other hand, the Department of Commerce has not been as active as it might have been in the pursuit of construction subsidies to those ships which offer a potential for National Defense as well as for commerce.

This paper makes general suggestions to resolve these differences and some specific changes to National Defense requirement, and develops a rationale as to Navy needs and sealift capacity to justify this approach.

The paper does not address the general use of commercial ships in a war or emergency sealift capacity.
INTEGRATED BRIDGE SYSTEM
Authors: COX LAMAR , PUCKETT LANNY , GOWEN ROBERT H.
Published: March 2009

An Integrated Bridge System (IBS) was developed and installed aboard an FF 1052 Class destroyer for the evaluation of its functional performance and reduced manning features. The program was initiated to improve the cost—effectiveness of performing ship control functions by applying integration and automation (including computer technology) to reduce the manpower required to operate the ship's bridge. Features of the latest in navigation and control equipments were designed into the Integrated Bridge System. Functions provided include: communications, weapons and ship safety, navigation and collision avoidance, steering and propulsion control, and data and voice logging. When proven “at—sea,” the system should lead to a significant step forward in ship control for the U.S. Navy.

System objectives and functional design have previously been reported. More attention will be given here to video processing of radar signals and the mechanization of computer—generated chart displays.
THE RESERVE MERCHANT SHIP DEFENSE SYSTEM (RMSDS)
Authors: BASILE NORMAN K. , MASHIN NORMAN P.
Published: March 2009

The prototype Reserve Merchant Ship Defense System (RMSDS) Facility will provide a base for naval helicopter operations on board a commercial Containership with minimal time and ship conversion effort.

Basically, the design makes use of ISO dimensioned compatible modules to provide for living and operational support facilities for a Navy support detachment. Initially, the design has been developed to suit the LIGHTING Class of Containership and will support four SH—3H type helicopters and a naval detachment of sixty—five officers and men.

This facility consist of four major elements, which are: Flight Deck, Accommodation Array, Hangar Array, and JP—5 Fuel System Storage and Service Array.

Modular construction will be utilized to the maximum extent possible so as to aid in assembly, disassembly, and transportation of the RMSDS Facility. Interconnections between the various modules are all of the quick disconnect type, in keeping with the modular concept, thereby minimizing the potential for delays in assembly and disassembly.

The RMSDS Facility is fully capable of sustaining and supporting SH—3 helicopter operations, including necessary command—and—control, maintenance/logistics support, integral personnel support facilities and provision of its own electric power for all uses within the complex. The services to be supplied by the host Containership are limited to fresh and salt water services as well as emergency electrical power (However, the RMSDS Facility DOES have additional back—up electrical power). Furthermore, to minimize development and fabrication costs of the RMSDS Facility, approved commercial marine equipment was utilized wherever possible.

The logistic and tactical advantages, of the RMSDS/Intermodal Transportation System combination are explored and explained.

Various alternative naval missions all utilizing various forms of VSTOL aircraft (SH—3, RH—53, CH—S3, AV—8A) are briefly described: Mine Counter Measures, Harbor Defense and Riverine Warfare, Marine Air Wing Auxiliary Support Base, RPV Support Base, Forward Medevac Base, and Troop Sealift Augmentation Facility.

An extension of RMSDS—type technology to non—container ships is explored. Large tankers, with substantial beam and great length, appear to be interesting candidates for service as host ships for larger RMSDS—type aviation support facilities.

National interest missions are also susceptible to accomplishment by RMSDS—type Facilities, including disaster relief, search and rescue, fisheries patrol, and research as examples.

In addition, such a modularized facility could be readily configured as a mobile trade exhibition vehicle for visits to friendly and non—aligned nations.

RMSDS is an outstanding example of a potentially costeffective means of substantially enhancing the operational capabilities of the Fleet at a very modest cost.
A TOWED PLANING HULL SLED FOR FAST SURFACE DELIVERY OF POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT
Authors: WARD RUSSELL S. , LARRABEE RICHARD M.
Published: March 2009

A Fast Surface Delivery System was developed at the Naval Coastal Systems Laboratory, Panama City, Florida, for the U.S. Coast Guard to provide an efficient means to deliver and off—load pollution control equipment at sea. A planing hull sled, towable by surface vessel and helicopter, was designed as the transportation vehicle. The all—aluminum sled is 45–feet long and has a 15–foot beam. The system can deliver a 20,000–pound payload and can be unloaded at sea manually. Test results have shown that the equipment—loaded sled can be safely and efficiently towed by an HH3F helicopter at speeds up to 50 knots and by a Coast Guard 82–foot WPB at speeds up to 17 knots in Sea State 3 or less.

The empty sled at rest in the water lies with the aft end submerged. Sled mounted hand winches are used to inhaul and secure the floating payload. After the sled is underway, the water drains, the stem comes up, and the sled hydroplanes. At the deployment site, quick—release hooks on the lines securing the equipment to the sled are tripped and the stern submerges, leaving the payload floating free.
A DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF A COGAS PROPULSION PLANT
Authors: ABBOTT JACK W. , McINTIRE JOHN G. , RUBIS C. JOSEPH
Published: March 2009

The paper provides a dynamic analysis of a COGAS Propulsion Plant, including mathematical modeling and simulation, and concludes with the results of a COGAS simulation which indicates encouraging conclusions regarding the control of a COGAS plant.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEW STEAM CHARTS
Authors: POTTER JAMES H.
Published: March 2009

Recently the Author prepared a new set of STEAM CHARTS. The principal thermodynamic properties in the superheat, compressed liquid, and vapor regions were plotted in the “h—v” plane in both the U.S. Customary Units and the S.I. (Metric) Units, thereby making available a great amount of information in a very compact volume. The results of this effort were published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

This paper reports on the need for, and the preparation of, the new STEAM CHARTS at the Stevens Institute of Technology.
SEAMOD – A NEW WAY TO DESIGN, CONSTRUCT, AND MODERNIZE NAVY COMBATANT SHIPS
Authors: LAWSON CHARLES E.
Published: March 2009

This paper complements the Author's presentation [4] at the ASE 14th Technical Symposium of March 1977 and previous papers on “Modularity” published in the JOURNAL. It briefly and concisely summarizes the current technical status of the SEAMOD Program and the Navy's present intentions regarding Implementation of the SEAMOD concept.
VENT SYSTEM OVERPRESSURIZATION
Authors: FLESSNER MICHAEL F. , SWANEK RICHARD A. , WILSON ROBERT P. , RAJ PHANI P. K.
Published: March 2009

Venting systems are employed on marine vessels to relieve pressure differences which arise between the cargo tank and the ambient. In the case of closed ganging or a vapor recovery system, there will be a pressure rise in the tank which depends upon the cargo pumping rate and the vapor relief capacity of the vent system. If the system does not have the proper capacity, or if there is an accidental overfill, tank failure may occur.

An analytical study of venting systems was carried out and the results have been confirmed by scale—model experiments. Typical venting systems in use today have more than adequate capacity for gas venting, but inadequate capacity for liquid overfill. Cargo volatility has a relatively small effect on the hazard evaluation, but many cargo transfer operations currently equal or exceed permissible overfill, having ratios of 30 ft/sec and greater. Furthermore, tank failure is expected within a very short time (less than one minute).

A method for evaluating overpressure hazard during cargo loading operations is presented.
HYDROSTATIC STABILITY OF LARGE HYDROFOIL CRAFT
Authors: ADEE BRUCE H. , MATHEWSON EDWARD L.
Published: March 2009

Predictions of the weight fraction of the strut and foil system for large hydrofoil craft based on extrapolation from existing smaller vessels indicate that the strut and foil system will require an increasing percentage of the weight as vessel size increases. These projections have led to the belief that there is an upper bound on the size of hydrofoil craft.

In order to maintain reasonable drafts in the hullbome mode, hydrofoil ships must have retractable foil systems. For larger craft, where the relative weight of the foil system is large, retracting the foils will have a considerable effect on the position of the vertical Center of Gravity. Consequently, a large hydrofoil craft operating with foils retracted may encounter a critical hydrostatic stability problem.

This paper examines the potential stability problems which large hydrofoils will have to overcome. In particular, a 1,378 ton hydrofoil, for which the conceptual design has been completed, is studied in the various hullbome operating configurations. Results of a stability analysis are presented and compared with the Navy's stability criteria.

Preliminary weight estimates for this large hydrofoil indicate that earlier extrapolations of the weight fraction of the strut and foil system may be excessive. The calculations also show that the stability must be improved when the vessel is operating with foils retracted. Two methods of improving stability in this condition are suggested and their effect examined.
REVERSE‐OSMOSIS DESALINATION FOR SHIPBOARD POTABLE WATER
Authors: ADAMSON WAYNE L. , PIZZINO JOSEPH F.
Published: March 2009

Reverse‐Osmosis (RO) desalination is under development at the David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center to provide a low power, reliable, minimum weight and volume source of freshwater for nonsteam‐powered ship. Investigations of reverse‐osmosis systems and components conducted at a seawater test site have demonstrated significant progress in extending membrane life and system performance through improved prefiltration and water pretreatment techniques. Water pretreatment methods evaluated included chlorination, utrafiltration, cartridge filtration, flocculation, and diatomaceous earth filtration. Operating experience with a 2,000 gal/day RO unit installed aboard MONOB (YAG‐61) is discussed. Future plans include the development of a 12,000 gal/day system suitable for installation aboard combatant ships.
SHIPBOARD DATA MULTIPLEX SYSTEM: A NEW CONCEPT FOR WARSHIP ELECTRONIC SYSTEM INTEGRA TION
Authors: WAPNER MARTIN
Published: March 2009

The Shipboard Data Multiplex System (SDMS) is a general purpose information transfer system directed toward fulfilling the internal data Intercommunication requirements of a variety of naval combatant ships and submarines in the 1980–1990 time frame. The need for a modern data transfer system of the size and capability of SDMS has been increase in unison with the sophistication of shipboard electronic equipment and the associated magnitude of equipment‐to‐equipment signal traffic.

Instead of the miles of unique cabling that must be specifically designed for each ship, SDMS will meet information transfer needs with general‐purpose multiplex cable that will be Installed according to a standard plan that does not vary with changes to the ship's electronics suite. Perhaps the greatest impact of SDMS will be the decoupling of ship subsystems from each other and from the ship. Standard multiplex interfaces will avoid the cost and delay of modifying subsystems to make them compatible. The ability to wire a new ship according to a standard multiplex cable plan, long before the ship subsystems are fully defined, frees both the ship and the subsystems to develop at their own pace, will allow compression of the development schedules and will provide ships with more advanced subsystems.

This paper describes the SDMS system currently being developed by the U.S. Navy.
A MID‐MIX WARSHIP DESIGN STRATEGY
Authors: ECKHART M.
Published: March 2009

Progressive worsening of naval ship acquisition circumstances over this decade has overtaken the HI‐MIX/LO‐MIX concept as an effective approach to dealing with warship cost constraints. Management‐based strategies have been proved incapable of getting to the design causes of ship cost effects so as to enable controlled balancing of performance and cost goals. Warship acquisition difficulties have been compounded. Consequently, by loss of R&D momentum, its effect greatly expands the design scope and technical burdens of future warship acquisitions. A responsive design‐based strategy is described in the context of being the next logical stage in the evolution of ship acquisition concepts.
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION AND WEAPON SYSTEM ELECTRICAL POWER MANAGEMENT USING SOLID‐STATE POWER CONTROLLERS
Authors: FRAZER RICHARD A.
Published: March 2009

Modern weapons systems are complex and highly sophisticated. They must respond t o enemy attack in seconds. However, the hundmds o f electrical overcurrent protection devices required can adversely affect the survivability of weapons systems and ships. Small, low‐current circuit breakers trip when exposed to high‐impact shock. Both circuit breakers and fuses require manual repctions to restore protected elements to the operational state; circuit breakers must be reset and fuses must be replaced.

The regular design review process for the AEGIS Weapon System Identified Mpping of circuit breakers in AN/SPY‐1A radar electronics cabinets during shock tests as a potential problem area. Plans hnve been submitted that caU for extensive utilization of new electronics technology and the employment of new EIccMcal Power Management (EPOM) Concepts.

Low‐current solid‐state electrodc devices developed for the AIR FORCE and NASA should provide the answer to shock‐tripping problems and also eliminate many time‐consuming manual responses. A computer‐controlled EPOM network can automatically switch elecMcal power to hundreds of weapon‐system circuit elements. This concept offers many advantages, all of which improve the survivability of U.S. NAVY ships in the battle environment.
ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE IMPACT ON ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC DEVICES, COMPONENTS, ASSEMBLIES, AND EQUIPMENT
Authors: OISHI TOSHIO
Published: March 2009

The construction and design features of current generation micro‐technology electronics result in devices which can be destroyed or degraded by the discharge of static electricity. This electrostatic discharge (ESD) damage phenomenon became known in industry because of low yields of metal oxide semiconductors and other ESD sensitive items, especially at the device production level. Yet today, overall industry implementation of ESD controls is not uniform and is not being instituted at a satisfactory rate. Worse, the Government and Navy personnel are generally even less knowledgeable of ESD hazards, their effects, and what to do about it. This lack of knowledge is resulting in unnecessary repair costs, excessive equipment downtime, and reduced mission effectiveness in that electrical/electronic devices and equipment which incorporate them are being damaged throughout the equipment life‐cycle during processing, assembly, inspection, handling, packaging, shipping, storage, testing, and maintenance. Unfortunately, even if the equipment or device contractor has instituted procedures for ESD control, very little of this information is reflected in Government training course materials and in other documents such as Technical Manuals. ESD controls, therefore, must be established and implemented throughout all phases of hardware design, production, test, and Fleet operation and maintenance.
REPLENISHMENT AT SEA: AN AUTOMATED SYSTEM
Authors: THALER G.J. , UHRIN LT. J.J.
Published: March 2009

The Replenishment At Sea (RAS) maneuver is studied in detail for heading and speed control. Design of purposefully nonlinear laws is accomplshed using the linearized Equations of Motion in three‐degrees‐of‐freedom. Extensive use was made of low order modelling and optimal control theory. The results are verified using simulation for a number of possible RAS scenarios. The control systems were also tested in a simulated Sea State to insure proper operation in the presence of external perturbations.
THE EFFECT OF THETHERMAL FABRICATION PRACTICES ON ALUMINUM
Authors: HAY ROBERT A. , HOLTYN CHESTER H.
Published: March 2009

Various thermal practices may be used during metal fabrication. Although certain operations are routine for steel, they are not for aluminum.

The properties of aluminum are different from those of steel, and the effect of high temperature on each metal is different. Aluminum does not experience any color change while being heated to the melting point. Temperature control is essential in order to prevent damage, to minimize the loss of mechanical properties, and to safeguard against reduced corrosion resistance.

Hot forming and flame straightening can be used effectively to fabricate aluminum provided adjustments are made to the shipyard's routine steel practices. Even with the best procedures the post thermal properties of thick, heavy, aluminum parts may be below the published minimums. Accordingly, parts that are exposed to high temperatures for extended periods of time should be designed with reduced properties in mind.

Ship structures must meet prescribed fairness tolerances. Distorted aluminum assemblies can be brought within standards through the use of a flame/quench technique. The shipyard's procedures must be approved for Navy work and scrupulously followed by trained crews in order to obtain acceptable results.
A KNOWLEDGE‐BASED SYSTEM FOR THE SUBMARINE COMBAT CONTROL ENVIRONMENT
Authors: DEGREGORIO EDWARD A.
Published: March 2009

This paper describes a computer‐aided training/consulting (CAT/C) concept to enhance the man‐machine interface inherent in an operational combat control environment by providing computerized, “knowledge‐based” information to the “man‐in‐the‐loop.” Specifically, the paper will discuss the design of a real‐time, constrained natural language question‐answering system which attempts to provide an explicit response to an input query concerning combat control related functions/concepts/symbols by interrogating a large data base.

The approach will be to discuss the design concepts for a CAT/C constrained natural language, question‐answering system by functionally analyzing the hierarchical structure of an advanced Combat Control System (CCS), to identify and define the functional requirements and goals of a prototype CAT/C system. Subsequently, a conceptual framework will be developed within which the CAT/C system functional architecture is modelled. This functional architecture will evolve by modelling the functions to be performed and the logical interrelationships. CAT/C system design can range from implementing the functional architecture in terms of very trivial schemes (some examples are provided) to very sophisticated techniques. However, the overall structure of the conceptual framework defined herein is transparent to the degree of design sophistication.

This paper addresses the design considerations that support the CAT/C concept in advancing the operator performance in the submarine combat control environment.