bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cathodic corrosion activated Fe-based nanoglass as a highly active and stable oxygen evolution catalyst for water splitting
Authors: Wu Kaiyao , Chu Fei , Meng Yuying , Edalati Kaveh , Gao Qingsheng , Li Wei , Lin Huai-Jun
Published: March 2021

A new Fe78Si9B13 nanoglass covered by in situ formed FeOOH as an OER catalyst for water splitting. Overpotential is only 240 mV at 10 mA cm−1 in 1 M KOH, and the Tafel slope is 42 mV dec−1.
Magnetoelectric devices based on magnetoelectric bulk composites
Authors: Mao Qi , Wu Jingen , Hu Zhongqiang , Xu Yiwei , Du Yongjun , Hao Yuanbo , Guan Mengmeng , Wang Chenying , Wang Zhiguang , Zhou Ziyao , Dong Shuxiang , Ren Wei , Liu Ming , Jiang Zhuangde
Published: March 2021

In this review, we summarize the latest developments of bulk structured magnetoelectric (ME) composites and their device applications, with focused investigation into their opportunities, prospects, and challenges for potential applications.
Designing chemically selective liquid crystalline materials that respond to oxidizing gases
Authors: Bao Nanqi , Gold Jake I. , Szilvási Tibor , Yu Huaizhe , Twieg Robert J. , Mavrikakis Manos , Abbott Nicholas L.
Published: March 2021

Chemically selective liquid crystalline materials that can distinguish O3 and Cl2 at parts per billion concentrations were designed by combining electronic structure calculations and experiments.
Range-tunable plasmon switching of gold nanorods by terminal breathing of surface-grafted DNA in alcoholic solvents
Authors: Wang Luyang , Shi Yali , Wang Guoqing , Liang Xingguo , Takarada Tohru , Maeda Mizuo
Published: March 2021

A smart thermal plasmon switch of Au nanorods featured with tunable response temperature is developed by thermal-responsive terminal breathing of surface-grafted DNA in alcoholic solvents.
Metabolic regulation of insulin secretion in health and disease
Authors: Haythorne Elizabeth , Ashcroft Frances M
Published: March 2021

Despite the current media focus, Covid-19 is not the only current pandemic. There is also a global pandemic of diabetes. It is caused by an insufficiency of the hormone insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels. Here we highlight recent work that addresses the question of how insulin is normally secreted from the β-cells of the pancreas and what goes wrong with this process in diabetes. We focus on the metabolic regulation of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel, an ATP-gated membrane pore that regulates insulin secretion. We show that when this pore is shut, insulin is released, and when it is open, insulin release is prevented. As may be expected, genetic mutations that impair the ability of ATP to close the channel cause neonatal diabetes. We also consider if a failure of β-cell metabolism to generate enough ATP to close the channel may lead to the progressive decline in β-cell function in type 2 diabetes.
Defining the physiological determinants of low nitrogen requirement in wheat
Authors: Fradgley Nick S. , Bentley Alison R. , Swarbreck Stéphanie M.
Published: March 2021

Nitrogen (N) is a major nutrient limiting productivity in many ecosystems. The large N demands associated with food crop production are met mainly through the provision of synthetic N fertiliser, leading to economic and ecological costs. Optimising the balance between N supply and demand is key to reducing N losses to the environment. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production provides food for millions of people worldwide and is highly dependent on sufficient N supply. The size of the N sink, i.e. wheat grain (number, size, and protein content) is the main driver of high N requirement. Optimal functioning of temporary sinks, in particular the canopy, can also affect N requirement. N use efficiency (i.e. yield produced per unit of N available) tends to be lower under high N conditions, suggesting that wheat plants are more efficient under low N conditions and that there is an optimal functioning yet unattained under high N conditions. Understanding the determinants of low N requirement in wheat would provide the basis for the selection of genetic material suitable for sustainable cereal production. In this review, we dissect the drivers of N requirement at the plant level along with the temporal dynamics of supply and demand.
Roles of interstitial fluid pH and weak organic acids in development and amelioration of insulin resistance
Authors: Marunaka Yoshinori
Published: March 2021

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common lifestyle-related diseases (metabolic disorders) due to hyperphagia and/or hypokinesia. Hyperglycemia is the most well-known symptom occurring in T2DM patients. Insulin resistance is also one of the most important symptoms, however, it is still unclear how insulin resistance develops in T2DM. Detailed understanding of the pathogenesis primarily causing insulin resistance is essential for developing new therapies for T2DM. Insulin receptors are located at the plasma membrane of the insulin-targeted cells such as myocytes, adipocytes, etc., and insulin binds to the extracellular site of its receptor facing the interstitial fluid. Thus, changes in interstitial fluid microenvironments, specially pH, affect the insulin-binding affinity to its receptor. The most well-known clinical condition regarding pH is systemic acidosis (arterial blood pH < 7.35) frequently observed in severe T2DM associated with insulin resistance. Because the insulin-binding site of its receptor faces the interstitial fluid, we should recognize the interstitial fluid pH value, one of the most important factors influencing the insulin-binding affinity. It is notable that the interstitial fluid pH is unstable compared with the arterial blood pH even under conditions that the arterial blood pH stays within the normal range, 7.35–7.45. This review article introduces molecular mechanisms on unstable interstitial fluid pH value influencing the insulin action via changes in insulin-binding affinity and ameliorating actions of weak organic acids on insulin resistance via their characteristics as bases after absorption into the body even with sour taste at the tongue.
The regulation of the DNA damage response at telomeres: focus on kinases
Authors: Galli Michela , Frigerio Chiara , Longhese Maria Pia , Clerici Michela
Published: March 2021

The natural ends of linear chromosomes resemble those of accidental double-strand breaks (DSBs). DSBs induce a multifaceted cellular response that promotes the repair of lesions and slows down cell cycle progression. This response is not elicited at chromosome ends, which are organized in nucleoprotein structures called telomeres. Besides counteracting DSB response through specialized telomere-binding proteins, telomeres also prevent chromosome shortening. Despite of the different fate of telomeres and DSBs, many proteins involved in the DSB response also localize at telomeres and participate in telomere homeostasis. In particular, the DSB master regulators Tel1/ATM and Mec1/ATR contribute to telomere length maintenance and arrest cell cycle progression when chromosome ends shorten, thus promoting a tumor-suppressive process known as replicative senescence. During senescence, the actions of both these apical kinases and telomere-binding proteins allow checkpoint activation while bulk DNA repair activities at telomeres are still inhibited. Checkpoint-mediated cell cycle arrest also prevents further telomere erosion and deprotection that would favor chromosome rearrangements, which are known to increase cancer-associated genome instability. This review summarizes recent insights into functions and regulation of Tel1/ATM and Mec1/ATR at telomeres both in the presence and in the absence of telomerase, focusing mainly on discoveries in budding yeast.
Cesium-free pair-plasma creation method may aid future fusion experiments
Authors: Yiu Yuen
Published: March 2021

Aluminum can replace cesium-coated metal grids for the creation of pair-plasmas, with higher density and less unwanted byproducts.
From magneto-elastic impedance model to accurate magneto-mechanical coefficient measurements
Authors: Le Bras Y. , Greneche J.-M.
Published: March 2021

The measurement of the magneto-elastic impedance enables the magneto-mechanical coefficient of amorphous tapes, for example, to be accurately estimated. We first propose an analytical model describing the principle of a resonator based on magnetostrictive ribbons. We show how, from the impedance described by a circle in the complex plane, the characteristics of a magnetostrictive resonator can be established and estimated from the evolution of the impedance as a function of frequency. This method, which is entirely implemented with an amorphous metal ribbon (Metglas™ 2826), is perfectly adapted to estimate the magneto-mechanical coupling coefficient k33 and thus establish the magnetostriction curves λ(H) of amorphous ribbons. However, application to thick nickel foil shows that the current method is restricted to magnetic materials in a thin ribbon form (<∼100 µm). It should also be noted that this technique has serious advantages over those commonly used: it is non-destructive, inexpensive, and very easy to use.
Correlation between ferroelectricity and ferroelectric orthorhombic phase of HfxZr1−xO2 thin films using synchrotron x-ray analysis
Authors: Onaya Takashi , Nabatame Toshihide , Jung Yong Chan , Hernandez-Arriaga Heber , Mohan Jaidah , Kim Harrison Sejoon , Sawamoto Naomi , Nam Chang-Yong , Tsai Esther H. R. , Nagata Takahiro , Kim Jiyoung , Ogura Atsushi
Published: March 2021

The change in the interplanar spacing (d-spacing) including the ferroelectric orthorhombic (O) phase in the low-temperature fabricated HfxZr1−xO2 (HZO) films was studied using synchrotron grazing-incidence wide-angle x-ray scattering analysis. The 10-nm-thick HZO films were fabricated by thermal and plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (TH- and PE-ALD) methods using H2O gas and O2 plasma as oxidants, respectively, and a post-metallization annealing (PMA) was performed at 300–400 °C. The d-spacing of the mixture of (111)-, (101)-, and (111)-planes of O, tetragonal (T), and cubic (C) phases, respectively, for the TH- and PE-ALD HZO films increased up to 2.99 Å with an increase in PMA temperature, while the d-spacing estimated by conventional x-ray diffraction was 2.92 Å regardless of the PMA temperature. The remanent polarization (2Pr = Pr+ − Pr−) of the HZO films increased as the PMA temperature increased. It is clear that the 2Pr value satisfied a linear relationship as a function of the d-spacing of O(111)/T(101)/C(111) phases. Furthermore, the wake-up effect was found to depend on the ferroelectric O phase formation. The wake-up effect was significantly reduced in both the TH- and PE-ALD HZO films after the PMA at 400 °C due to the increase in the ferroelectric O phase formation. The leakage current density (J)–electric field properties of the PE-ALD HZO film with the lowest d-spacing were divided into three steps, such as low, middle, and large J values, in the wake-up (103 cycles), pristine (100 cycle), and fatigue (107 cycles) states, respectively. Therefore, an analysis of the ferroelectric O phase is very important for understanding the ferroelectricity including endurance.
A two-sensor 3ω-2ω method for thermal boundary resistance measurement
Authors: Hua Yu-Chao , Cao Bing-Yang
Published: March 2021

Thermal boundary resistance (TBR), which measures an interface's resistance to the thermal flow, is of critical importance among various areas, such as electronics cooling and thermoelectric materials. As for measuring TBR, electrical techniques are generally less sensitive compared to optical ones, but they are easily operable and compatible with the measurement of other electric properties; thus, it is highly desirable to develop electrical methods with higher accuracy and larger measurement range. Here, a two-sensor 3ω-2ω method with a novel experimental procedure design is proposed, which can well address those deficiencies in the conventional 3ω method. Two parallel metal sensors are fabricated, with one of them being wide and the other being narrow. The temperature changes of these two sensors are measured by detecting the 3ω and 2ω signals, respectively. The measurement includes three steps: (1) obtain thin film's thermal conductivity from the wide sensor's 3ω thermal response; (2) obtain substrate thermal conductivity from the narrow sensor's 2ω thermal response; and (3) derive an effective TBR from the narrow sensor's 3ω thermal response. Moreover, it is found the TBRs of metal/dielectric and dielectric/substrate interfaces are distinguishable due to the considerable difference between their contact areas, which enables us to separate these two TBRs by varying the contact area (heater's width). Then, our method is employed to probe the TBRs between the Al2O3 nanofilm and Si as well as SiC substrates at room temperature and good agreement with the previous measurements is achieved, verifying its feasibility. Our present scheme will be helpful for the experimental study of interfacial thermal transport.
Controlling surface/interface states in GaN-based transistors: Surface model, insulated gate, and surface passivation
Authors: Asubar Joel T. , Yatabe Zenji , Gregusova Dagmar , Hashizume Tamotsu
Published: March 2021

Gallium nitride (GaN) is one of the front-runner materials among the so-called wide bandgap semiconductors that can provide devices having high breakdown voltages and are capable of performing efficiently even at high temperatures. The wide bandgap, however, naturally leads to a high density of surface states on bare GaN-based devices or interface states along insulator/semiconductor interfaces distributed over a wide energy range. These electronic states can lead to instabilities and other problems when not appropriately managed. In this Tutorial, we intend to provide a pedagogical presentation of the models of electronic states, their effects on device performance, and the presently accepted approaches to minimize their effects such as surface passivation and insulated gate technologies. We also re-evaluate standard characterization methods and discuss their possible pitfalls and current limitations in probing electronic states located deep within the bandgap. We then introduce our own photo-assisted capacitance–voltage (C–V) technique, which is capable of identifying and examining near mid-gap interface states. Finally, we attempt to propose some directions to which some audience can venture for future development.
The fluorescence quantum yield parameter in Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)—Meaning, misperception, and molecular design
Authors: Lindsey Jonathan S. , Taniguchi Masahiko , Bocian David F. , Holten Dewey
Published: March 2021

The fluorescence quantum yield parameter in Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) processes underpins vital phenomena ranging from light harvesting in photosynthesis to design of sensors for monitoring physiological processes. The criteria for choosing a donor for use in FRET processes include chemical features (solubility, bioconjugatability, synthetic accessibility, and stability) as well as photophysical properties pertaining to absorption (wavelength and molar absorption coefficient) and fluorescence (wavelength and fluorescence quantum yield). The value of the donor fluorescence quantum yield (Φf, or emphatically, Φf(D)) alone has sometimes been thought (erroneously) to place a ceiling on the possible quantum yield of energy transfer (Φtrans). A high value of the donor Φf, while attractive, is not at all essential; indeed, many valuable candidates for use as FRET donors have likely been excluded on the basis of this injudiciously applied filter. Such disregard is unwarranted. In this tutorial overview, the equations for FRET are reviewed along with pertinent core concepts in photophysics. An analogy using simple hydraulics provides a pedagogical tool for the non-aficionado to better understand photochemical kinetics. Ten examples are presented of donor–acceptor systems with donors that exhibit a range of Φf values (0.60, 0.59. 0.21, 0.17, 0.12, 0.118, 0.04, 0.018, 0.007, and 0.003; i.e., 60%–0.3%), yet for each corresponding donor–acceptor pair, the value of Φtrans is at least 0.70 and in some cases nearly 1.00 (i.e., 70%–100%). The systems encompass protein, synthetic inorganic, and synthetic organic architectures. The objectives of this illustrative review are to deepen understanding of FRET and to broaden molecular design considerations by enabling selection from among a far richer set of donors for use in FRET processes.
Poisson structures of near-symplectic manifolds and their cohomology
Authors: Batakidis Panagiotis , Vera Ramón
Published: March 2021

We connect Poisson and near-symplectic geometry by showing that there is a singular Poisson structure on a near-symplectic 4-manifold. The Poisson structure π is defined on the tubular neighborhood of the singular locus Zω of the 2-form ω; it is of maximal rank 4, and it vanishes on a degeneracy set containing Zω. We compute its smooth Poisson cohomology, which depends on the modular vector field, and it is finite dimensional. We conclude with a discussion on the relation between the Poisson structure π and the overtwisted contact structure associated with a near-symplectic 4-manifold.
The dynamics of flow-induced flutter of a thin flexible sheet
Authors: Kumar Dhiraj , Arekar Ashwini N. , Poddar Kamal
Published: March 2021

The dynamics of the flow-induced flutter of a thin flexible sheet attached to a streamlined support was experimentally studied in a low-speed wind tunnel. In this study, both the structural dynamics and the fluid dynamics aspects of flutter were considered. The kinematics of the oscillating sheet was investigated using high-speed imaging and the flowfield was examined using hotwire anemometry and particle image velocimetry (PIV). The small-scale perturbation in the flow over the sheet was found to induce a low-amplitude vibration, which changed to a large-amplitude flutter as the wind speed was increased to a critical value. The initiation of flutter occurs with the second mode limit cycle oscillation (LCO), bypassing the first mode, and changes to third mode LCO at a higher wind speed. Based on the behavior of the sheet, five different regimes are identified and discussed in this paper. The natural frequencies of the sheet were found to have a significant role in the initiation of the LCO and its transition to the higher modes. The PIV results show a highly accelerated flow over the curved surface of the oscillating sheet, which induces a lift force that acts as a driving force. The accelerated flow over the sheet separates at its tail and forms a large-scale undulating wake. In the LCO regimes, any large-scale flow separation over the sheet could not be observed and the flow appears to be attached even at high deflection of the sheet.
TiO2 nanoparticle deposition on cotton fabric through pulsed electrical current in water/TiO2 solution
Authors: dos Santos V. F. , Fontana L. C. , Sagás J. C. , Missner M. E. P. , Becker D.
Published: March 2021

The present paper investigates TiO2 nanoparticle (TiO2-NP) deposition on cotton fabric through a pulsed electrical current in a water/TiO2-NP solution. The experiments used short voltage pulses with an amplitude around 1200 V, an intermediate value between those used in electrophoretic deposition (tens of V) and plasma discharge in liquids (tens of thousands of V). A sequence of pulse trains with five pulses of 1.0 μs delivered electrical energy to the mixture. The electrodes were kept 28 mm apart. An asymmetry appeared in the current waveform when the medium contained TiO2-NPs. The pieces of cotton fabric were characterized using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The electrical discharge treatment increased the Ti concentration on the fabric surface by as much as 6% according to XPS analysis. XRD analysis confirmed the XPS results for treated samples, indicating the presence of anatase TiO2. In the FTIR analysis, a shoulder at 800 cm−1 was observed and can be associated with coordination interactions between Ti and the OH groups of glucose. The nanoparticle adhesion was verified by observing the cotton fabric surface through field emission gun scanning electron microscopy after multiple washes. Even after 20 washing cycles, there was a considerable amount of nanoparticles on the sample surface.
Bee Detectives
Authors: Ryan-Rendall Vanessa , Quinlan Brenna
Published: March 2021

When Olivia and Hamish see a smoky haze coming from their local park, they're ready to spring into action! But it's not a fire – it's a nest of Australian stingless bees that needs their help.
Join Olivia and Hamish as they learn about the bees in our backyards. From Blue-banded and Teddy Bear to Carpenter and Leaf-cutter bees, our two budding Bee Detectives discover how our native bees live, what they like to eat and the important work they do to pollinate plants.
Explore the wonders of Australia's native bees – and be inspired to become a Bee Detective, too. It's a real buzz!
Sowing configuration affects competition and persistence of lucerne (
Authors: Hayes Richard C. , Newell Matthew T. , Pembleton Keith G. , Peoples Mark B. , Li Guangdi D.
Published: March 2021

Spatial separation of species at sowing has been proposed as a means of managing interspecific competition in mixed swards. This study examined the effect of row configuration on persistence of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) in pastures and pasture–cover crop mixtures at three sites in the Central West, and in pasture mixtures at three sites in the Riverina, New South Wales, Australia. Lucerne density, taproot diameter, groundcover, and spatial distribution relative to the original drill row were measured at all sites, and plant-available soil water and light interception during spring were assessed at some sites. Row configuration (alternate or mixed drill rows) did not affect lucerne persistence; however, where lucerne seed was concentrated in every third drill row, intraspecific competition led to increased lucerne mortality. This was estimated to occur at densities >28 plants/m drill row. A lucerne density of ~55 plants/m2 in every or alternate drill rows (at row spacings of 250 mm) would likely achieve maximum lucerne production in the semi-arid environments tested, subject to the chance event of favourable conditions in the period after sowing that would maintain that density (e.g. cumulative summer rainfall >100 mm and summer day degrees <2160°C in 2 years at Cowra). The presence of a cover crop in the establishment year reduced lucerne density by 39% compared with pasture only, regardless of row configuration. Changed row configuration did not reduce competition for light under a cover crop, but there was a small increase in available soil water of up to 4.9 mm in the 0–1.15 m depth, mainly during the first summer, where pasture was sown in alternate compared with mixed drill rows with a cover crop. Soil was drier in pasture-only treatments than those with a cover crop, attributable to increased lucerne density and lower levels of litter cover on the soil surface. Pasture species remained largely confined to the original drill row, especially in drier environments, highlighting the importance of narrower row spacings for pasture establishment. In addition, we determined a mathematical relationship between lucerne density and the non-destructive measure of basal frequency; this relationship could be applied in mature lucerne stands with densities ≤80 plants/m2.
Estrogen receptor β and treatment with a phytoestrogen are associated with inhibition of nuclear translocation of EGFR in the prostate
Authors: Wu Wan-fu , Wang Li , Spetsieris Nicholas , Boukovala Myrto , Efstathiou Eleni , Brössner Clemens , Warner Margaret , Gustafsson Jan-Ake
Published: March 2021

Significance

Although PCa depends on AR signaling, the effect of androgen deprivation therapy is temporary and eventually leads to lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The present study revealed that finasteride, abiraterone, and enzalutamide all increased EGFR nuclear translocation and increased proliferation. In men with BPH, treatment with finasteride led to nuclear expression of EGFR, and treatment with finasteride together with isoflavones (ERβ agonists) inhibited finasteride-induced nuclear EGFR. Of clinical significance is the increase in ERβ expression in advanced PCa upon short-term use of abiraterone, because it suggests a window in time when ERβ agonists may be effective in advanced PCa. Thus, ERβ agonists, by preventing EGFR nuclear translocation in PCa, might be useful in preventing development of tyrosine kinase driven cancer.
DNA hypomethylation in tetraploid rice potentiates stress-responsive gene expression for salt tolerance
Authors: Wang Longfei , Cao Shuai , Wang Peitong , Lu Kening , Song Qingxin , Zhao Fang-Jie , Chen Z. Jeffrey
Published: March 2021

Significance

Polyploidy can stimulate genetic and epigenetic changes that enhance the potential for plant adaptation and fitness under extreme environments, but the molecular basis for this is poorly understood. Here we show that tetraploid rice is more tolerant to salinity than diploid rice. Tetraploidy induces DNA hypomethylation which potentiates genomic loci coexistent with stress-responsive genes including those in jasmonate biosynthesis and signaling pathways for rapid and robust responses under stress. After salt stress, elevated expression of salt-responsive genes can induce hypermethylation and suppress adjacent TEs. This feedback regulation between polyploidy-induced DNA hypomethylation in rapid and strong stress response and stress-induced hypermethylation to repress TEs and/or TE-associated genes may provide evolutionary advantages for selection to enhance adaptation in polyploid plants and crops.
CD4 receptor diversity represents an ancient protection mechanism against primate lentiviruses
Authors: Russell Ronnie M. , Bibollet-Ruche Frederic , Liu Weimin , Sherrill-Mix Scott , Li Yingying , Connell Jesse , Loy Dorothy E. , Trimboli Stephanie , Smith Andrew G. , Avitto Alexa N. , Gondim Marcos V. P. , Plenderleith Lindsey J. , Wetzel Katherine S. , Collman Ronald G. , Ayouba Ahidjo , Esteban Amandine , Peeters Martine , Kohler William J. , Miller Richard A. , François-Souquiere Sandrine , Switzer William M. , Hirsch Vanessa M. , Marx Preston A. , Piel Alex K. , Stewart Fiona A. , Georgiev Alexander V. , Sommer Volker , Bertolani Paco , Hart John A. , Hart Terese B. , Shaw George M. , Sharp Paul M. , Hahn Beatrice H.
Published: March 2021

Significance

The CD4 protein of primates has undergone rapid diversification, but the reasons for this remain unknown. Here we show that within-species diversity of the HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) envelope (Env) binding (D1) domain is common among African primate species, and that these polymorphisms can inhibit SIV Env-mediated cell entry. Amino acid replacements in the D1 domain changed putative Env contact residues as well as potential
N
-linked glycosylation sites in many species, with evidence for parallel evolution and trans-specific polymorphism. These data suggest that the primate CD4 receptor is under long-term balancing selection and that this diversification has been the result of a coevolutionary arms race between primate lentiviruses and their hosts.
Axonopus fissifolius.
Authors: Parker Chris
Published: March 2021

A. fissifolius is regarded as a useful pasture or turf grass on less fertile soils, and as such has been very widely introduced across Asia and the Pacific, but has proved unduly aggressive in many regions, competing with more desirable pasture species and threatening native flora, especially in Australia, Hawaii and other Pacific islands. It scored a high 16 in a risk assessment for Hawaii, based on the Australian system (PIER, 2012). Holm et al. (1979) classify A. fissifolius as a 'principal' weed in Brazil and Malaysia.
Stictococcus vayssierei (cassava brown root scale).
Authors: Beverley Claire
Published: March 2021

S. vayssierei is a scale insect found in Equatorial Africa. It feeds on the root system of cassava (Manihot esculenta), and can cause leaf-fall, wilting, tip dieback and ultimately death of cassava plants (Ngeve, 2003a; Williams et al., 2010). Plants that develop normally may exhibit small mature tuberous roots that become covered in scales, making them unsuitable for sale (Ngeve, 2003a). S. vayssierei can cause yield losses of up to 100% and could pose a major threat to cassava production in Central Africa if strong control measures are not taken to control its spread (Ngeve, 2003a; Lema et al., 2004). The species could also present a quarantine threat to other parts of the world where cassava is produced, such as parts of southern Asia.
Fimbristylis littoralis (lesser fimbristylis).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa , Acevedo-Rodríguez Pedro
Published: March 2021

F. littoralis is a tufted leafy annual or short-lived herb (sedge) included in the Global Compendium of Weeds where it is listed as an agricultural and environmental weed (Randall, 2012). It has escaped from cultivation and become established along waterways and wetlands (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2014). The species is of particular concern in rice plantations around the world (Holm et al., 1977). It shows allelopathic activity and once established it can change features of ecosystem functions including hydrological cycles, biophysical dynamics, nutrient cycles, and community composition (Holm et al., 1977; Holou et al., 2013).
Pseudococcus viburni (obscure mealybug).
Authors: Watson Gillian
Published: March 2021

P. viburni, commonly known as obscure mealybug, is an unarmoured scale insect and a common pest in the UK, Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand, the French Riviera, Iran, California and Chile. It can affect a number of fruit and nursery plants including apples, tomatoes, orchids and cacti and cause substantial damage to fruit orchards and vineyards. The degree of polyphagy of P. viburni, combined with its numerous economically important host-plants, have meant that it began to be carried on infested plant material between countries from an early date. The species was first recorded outside South America, in France by Signoret (1875), and its subsequent spread followed the trade routes between Europe and the rest of the world; the species is still increasing its geographical range. While obscure mealybug does not spread widely by its own means, human transport of infested plant material disseminates it over long distances very effectively. It has successfully adapted to life in a variety of ecological conditions and in the higher latitudes where it cannot survive winter outdoors, it thrives in greenhouses (Schoen and Martin, 1999).
Tapinoma melanocephalum (ghost ant).
Authors: Lester Philip
Published: March 2021

T. melanocephalum is a small ant species around 1.5 mm in length originating from the Old World tropics. It is considered an invasive and "tramp" ant species: widely associated with humans, it has been moved around the subtropical and tropical world by human activity. This ant is also recorded in heated buildings in areas such as Canada and Finland. It is primarily a household pest, nesting in housing and consuming household food. In areas such as Florida it is considered one of the most important house-infesting pests. However it has been known to affect agricultural production in situations such as greenhouses, especially if it tends honeydew-producing insects and protects these pests from biological control organisms. T. melanocephalum is thought to be capable of transporting pathogenic microbes and is often abundant in hospitals. Some people can suffer a slight, red irritation of the skin following contact with this ant. This ant is listed on the ISSG global invasive species database.
Interface effects in combined soft/hard ferrite permanent magnets
Authors: Tejera-Centeno Cesar , Gallego Silvia
Published: March 2021

We address the detailed description of the magnetic properties of the (001) and (111) interfaces between the hard CoFe2O4 (CFO) and soft NiFe2O4 spinel ferrites, used in bicomponent systems for permanent magnet applications. The similarity between the electronic properties, magnetic order and lattice structure of both oxides allows us to isolate the effect of ideal interface formation on the magnetism of the combined system based on density functional theory. While the magnetic moments and long-range magnetic order preserve bulk-like values, the magnetic anisotropy is reduced by the presence of the interface, and depends on the specific termination. Partial inversion of CFO is also relevant, as it enhances the net magnetization and alters both the magnitude and spatial dependence of the magnetic anisotropy.
Accuracy assessment of direct georeferencing UAV images with onboard global navigation satellite system and comparison of CORS/RTK surveying methods
Authors: Zeybek Mustafa
Published: March 2021

Inexpensive and small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide high-accuracy positional data and enable users to collect high-resolution aerial images. The analysis of images captured using UAVs in a specific reference system is traditionally accomplished using the georeferencing method with high-accuracy ground control points (GCPs). This study aims to test and compare the benchmarks and point clouds’ positional accuracy produced on three consecutive days with different flight combinations at 75 and 100 m flight altitude by means of network-based continuously operating reference stations and differential-based real-time kinematic georeferencing systems without using GCPs. A root mean squared error values were obtained 1–3 cm for the horizontal accuracy and 4–6 cm for the vertical accuracy values. Thus, the proposed system proved an acceptable positional accuracy level. According to the results of the proposed approach, it can be said that the evaluation and use of UAV data without using GCPs is within an adequate range for various mapping purposes.
Atomic layer deposited nickel sulfide for bifunctional oxygen evolution/reduction electrocatalysis and zinc–air batteries
Authors: Yan Shihan , Li Hao , Zhu Jiahao , Xiong Wei , Lei Renbo , Wang Xinwei
Published: March 2021

Rechargeable Zn−air batteries are a promising type of metal-air batteries for high-density energy storage. However, their practical use is limited by the use of costly noble-metal electrocatalysts for the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) occurred at the air electrode of the Zn−air batteries. This work reports a new non-precious bifunctional OER/ORR electrocatalyst of NiS
x
/carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which is made by atomic layer deposition (ALD) of nickel sulfide (NiS
x
) on CNTs, for the applications for the air electrode of the Zn−air batteries. The NiS
x
/CNT electrocatalyst on a carbon cloth electrode exhibits a low OER overpotential of 288 mV to reach 10 mA cm−2 in current density, and the electrocatalyst on a rotating disk electrode exhibits a half-wave ORR potential of 0.81 V in alkaline electrolyte. With the use of the NiS
x
/CNT electrocatalyst for the air electrode, the fabricated aqueous rechargeable Zn−air batteries show a fairly good maximum output power density of 110 mW cm−2, which highlights the great promise of the ALD NiS
x
/CNT electrocatalyst for Zn−air batteries.
A critical analysis of the ‘ponderomotive snowplow’ concept in direct laser acceleration of electrons
Authors: Robinson A P L
Published: March 2021

In this paper we critically examine a concept which we term the ‘ponderomotive snowplow’. It has been alluded to by a number of authors, but a complete description is given by Sazegari et al (2006 Phys. Plasmas
13 033102). In this paper we present a critical analysis of this concept. As a strictly model problem, this is a valid idea. However it does not account for the longitudinal electrostatic field that must be generated in an actual laser-plasma interaction. Both analytic and numerical investigations indicate that the effects of this are hard to neglect, and lead to an effective ponderomotive snowplow that works—as described by Sazegari—as an effective electron accelerator being hard to realize.
Empirical metal-oxide RRAM device endurance and retention model for deep learning simulations
Authors: Lammie Corey , Rahimi Azghadi Mostafa , Ielmini Daniele
Published: March 2021

Memristive devices including resistive random access memory (RRAM) cells are promising nanoscale low-power components projected to facilitate significant improvement in power and speed of Deep Learning (DL) accelerators, if structured in crossbar architectures. However, these devices possess non-ideal endurance and retention properties, which should be modeled efficiently. In this paper, we propose a novel generalized empirical metal-oxide RRAM endurance and retention model for use in large-scale DL simulations. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed model is the first to unify retention-endurance modeling while taking into account time, energy, SET-RESET cycles, device size, and temperature. We compare the model to state-of-the-art and demonstrate its versatility by applying it to experimental data from fabricated devices. Furthermore, we use the model for CIFAR-10 dataset classification using a large-scale deep memristive neural network (DMNN) implementing the MobileNetV2 architecture. Our results show that, even when ignoring other device non-idealities, retention and endurance losses significantly affect the performance of DL networks. Our proposed model and its DL simulations are made publicly available.
Quantum anonymous voting protocol based on single-particle
Authors: Liu Jiang-Shan , Li Yuan-Cheng , Wang Qing-Le , Hu Meng , Zhang Zhi-Chao
Published: March 2021

Anonymous voting is often one decision-making choice in many democracies. Facing the security threats from quantum computers, classical anonymous voting protocols based on computational complexity hypothesis have innovated to quantum anonymous voting protocols based on quantum mechanics. In this paper, we propose a quantum anonymous voting protocol by using high-dimension single particles. With the help of EA and T, the construction of our protocol makes each legitimate voter cast only one ballot, and all ballots open in a quite random rearrangement. Each voter can anonymously trace his/her vote by a private position index, thus our protocol achieving the precious properties of eligibility, privacy, no-reusability, verifiability and fairness. We also analyze that the protocol can successfully resist attacks from external eavesdroppers and internal participants, ensuring that our voting protocol is secure under ideal conditions. Designing mature quantum anonymous voting protocols is challenging.
Updated constraints on massive neutrino self-interactions from cosmology in light of the H0 tension
Authors: Choudhury Shouvik Roy , Hannestad Steen , Tram Thomas
Published: March 2021

We have updated the constraints on flavour universal neutrino self-interactions mediated by a heavy scalar, in the effective 4-fermion interaction limit. We use the relaxation time approximation to modify the collisional neutrino Boltzmann equations, which is known to be very accurate for this particular scenario. Based on the latest CMB data from the Planck 2018 data release as well as auxiliary data we confirm the presence of a region in parameter space with relatively strong self-interactions which provides a better than naively expected fit. However, we also find that the most recent data, in particular high-ℓ polarisation data from the Planck 2018 release, disfavours this solution even though it cannot yet be excluded. Our analysis takes into account finite neutrino masses (parameterised in terms of ∑ mν) and allows for a varying neutrino energy density (parameterised in terms of N
eff), and we find that in all cases the neutrino mass bound inferred from cosmological data is robust against the presence of neutrino self-interactions. Finally, we also find that the strong neutrino self-interactions do not lead to a high value of H0 being preferred, i.e. this model is not a viable solution to the current H0 discrepancy.
Bioelectrical interfaces with cortical spheroids in three-dimensions
Authors: Kalmykov Anna , Reddy Jay W , Bedoyan Esther , Wang Yingqiao , Garg Raghav , Rastogi Sahil K , Cohen-Karni Devora , Chamanzar Maysamreza , Cohen-Karni Tzahi
Published: March 2021

Objective. Three-dimensional (3D) neuronal spheroid culture serves as a powerful model system for the investigation of neurological disorders and drug discovery. The success of such a model system requires techniques that enable high-resolution functional readout across the entire spheroid. Conventional microelectrode arrays and implantable neural probes cannot monitor the electrophysiology (ephys) activity across the entire native 3D geometry of the cellular construct. Approach. Here, we demonstrate a 3D self-rolled biosensor array (3D-SR-BA) integrated with a 3D cortical spheroid culture for simultaneous in vitro ephys recording, functional Ca2+ imaging, while monitoring the effect of drugs. We have also developed a signal processing pipeline to detect neural firings with high spatiotemporal resolution from the ephys recordings based on established spike sorting methods. Main results. The 3D-SR-BAs cortical spheroid interface provides a stable, high sensitivity recording of neural action potentials (<50 µV peak-to-peak amplitude). The 3D-SR-BA is demonstrated as a potential drug screening platform through the investigation of the neural response to the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Upon addition of glutamate, the neural firing rates increased notably corresponding well with the functional Ca2+ imaging. Significance. Our entire system, including the 3D-SR-BA integrated with neuronal spheroid culture, enables simultaneous ephys recording and functional Ca2+ imaging with high spatiotemporal resolution in conjunction with chemical stimulation. We demonstrate a powerful toolset for future studies of tissue development, disease progression, and drug testing and screening, especially when combined with native spheroid cultures directly extracted from humans.
The Riemannian spatial pattern method: mapping and clustering movement imagery using Riemannian geometry
Authors: Larzabal Christelle , Auboiroux Vincent , Karakas Serpil , Charvet Guillaume , Benabid Alim-Louis , Chabardes Stephan , Costecalde Thomas , Bonnet Stéphane
Published: March 2021

Objective. Over the last decade, Riemannian geometry has shown promising results for motor imagery classification. However, extracting the underlying spatial features is not as straightforward as for applying common spatial pattern (CSP) filtering prior to classification. In this article, we propose a simple way to extract the spatial patterns obtained from Riemannian classification: the Riemannian spatial pattern (RSP) method, which is based on the backward channel selection procedure. Approach. The RSP method was compared to the CSP approach on ECoG data obtained from a quadriplegic patient while performing imagined movements of arm articulations and fingers. Main results. Similar results were found between the RSP and CSP methods for mapping each motor imagery task with activations following the classical somatotopic organization. Clustering obtained by pairwise comparisons of imagined motor movements however, revealed higher differentiation for the RSP method compared to the CSP approach. Importantly, the RSP approach could provide a precise comparison of the imagined finger flexions which added supplementary information to the mapping results. Significance. Our new RSP method illustrates the interest of the Riemannian framework in the spatial domain and as such offers new avenues for the neuroimaging community. This study is part of an ongoing clinical trial registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02550522.
Deep learning for design metamaterial electromagnetic induction transparent device
Authors: Wei Ziming , Zhang Zeyulin , Huang Wei , Yin Shan , Zhang Wentao
Published: March 2021

In this paper, we propose a deep learning model that can be used to reverse design metamaterial electromagnetic induction transparent (EIT) devices. This is a problem that is difficult to achieve with traditional numerical calculation methods. We use the coordinates of six specific points on the EIT transmission spectrum as the input of the neural network, and then the network can predict the structural parameters of the corresponding EIT device. We cite an example to prove that our method can be used to efficiently reverse design the structure of EIT devices. We believe that this method will open up a new way for the structural design of EIT devices and has great potential for expanding the application of terahertz EIT metamaterials.
Design and implementation of graft database on MSME information system using Neo4j
Authors: Sholeh M , Rachmawati R Y , Susanti E
Published: March 2021

This study aims to implement a database of information systems for small and medium enterprises (MSME) using database graphs. In the conducted application development, the used database mostly uses the relational database. With the development of large amounts of data, the tendency of ever increasing data volume has an impact on the increasingly large table size and the number of merging data on the query (JOIN) has an impact on the time of accessing the query. This data speed is a problem in the relational database, and one solution is to use the noSQL database. In this research, the implementation of noSQL used a graph database and used the Neo4j application. The research methodology and database development carried out in this study is by collecting and analyzing, conceptual, logical, physical level databases on data related to the needs of MSME information systems such as MSME locations, MSME actors and MSME products. The data is then carried out conceptual level database design and proceed with logical level database design. This research resulted in a graft database that stored the MSME data. The results of the node from the graph database implementation were the nodes of city, sub-district MSME, and product and connector of the sub-district_entrance node which connecting the MSME location (sub-village) with the sub-district, the node connector of industrial_typed_entrance which connecting the MSME actors with the industry types.
The technology of augmented reality based on 3D modeling to improve special skills for vocational students in the era of industrial revolution 4.0
Authors: Tuwoso  , Putra A B N R , Mukhadis A , Purnomo  , Bin Mahamad Abd. Kadir , Subandi M S
Published: March 2021

Currently, the development of virtual learning technology continues to increase. Virtual technology such as augmented reality is becoming a sophisticated learning innovation. On the other hand, the special abilities of vocational education graduates have decreased relatively. This study aims to: 1) map the components of the need to improve special skills in vocational education graduate students; 2) develop 3D-modeling based augmented reality learning technology; and 3) testing the attractiveness of the 3D-modeling based augmented reality learning technology. The method used is the research and development (R&D) method. Requirement component map data was taken using qualitative methods through questionnaires and observations. Informants at this stage were students in the field of vocational education at State Universities in East Java. Furthermore, expert tests were conducted by material experts in the field of vocational education and online learning media experts. The results of this study include 1) map of the components of the need to improve special skills in vocational education student graduates consisting of idea development (78%), utilization of infrastructure (82%), deepening knowledge (90%), professional organization (88%), and mental stimulation (90 %); 2) the developed 3D-modeling based augmented reality learning technology has an excellent level of attractiveness and feasibility based on online learning media experts and material experts; and 3) learning technology products based on 3D-modeling augmented reality which is developed can increase the special skills of graduate vocational education students.