bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Music practices and teachers’ needs for teaching music in public preschools of South Korea
Authors: Lee Youngae
Published: November 2009

The present study aimed to investigate the current music practices and teachers’ needs for teaching music in public preschools of South Korea. The data were obtained from the public preschools in South Korea, where 66.7 percent ( n = 606) of the total sample ( N = 908) responded. The online survey consisted of 42 questions: Likert-type scales, single and multiple-choice responses, and four open-ended questions. Focusing on the current music practices of public preschools, the 42 questions were divided into seven categories according to question content. The majority of teachers stated that their lesson plans included group music activities more than twice a week, lasting less than 30 minutes on average. The most important reason for including music in the curriculum was ‘enjoyment and recreation’. Almost all teachers planned their music curriculum with a weekly theme, and they chose songs to complement the theme. Singing with finger play (a song, game or chant with finger action) was reported to be the most popular activity in public preschools. The teachers taught songs with piano accompaniment or a CD, and several common CD collections for music activities were employed. Although rhythmic percussion instruments were the most accessible in a music center, the piano was the most frequently used by teachers during circle time in the classroom. Teachers identified the difficulty of the lack of ideas for music activities in preschools. The majority of the participants requested more applicable and thorough preservice and inservice music education programs for preschool teachers.
Patients’ Transcultural Needs and Carers’ Ethical Responses
Authors: Dogan Hanzade , Tschudin Verena , Hot İnci , Özkan İbrahim
Published: November 2009

Many Turkish people migrated to Germany between 1955 and 1975. This study was carried out in Göttingen, Germany. Fifty Turkish people (described as patients) were asked about the care they had received from German health care personnel, and 50 German nurses and 50 German physiotherapists were questioned about care they had given to Turkish patients. Significant findings were the needs of the Turkish patients for good communication, physical contact and understanding of their culture-based expressions of illness. The German nurses and physiotherapists expressed the need for language barriers to be minimized and for education in the specific culture of Turkish patients. Our findings are discussed from an ethical viewpoint. The International Council of Nurses’ code of ethics is used to guide the ethical debate about the findings within the context of transcultural and multicultural care. Suggestions for better transcultural health care paradigms are made for relating to patients from different cultures when patients and care providers have little understanding of each other’s needs and expectations.
Ethical Values in Personal Assistance: Narratives of People with Disabilities
Authors: Wadensten Barbro , Ahlström Gerd
Published: November 2009

The aim of this study was to investigate the experiences of persons with severe functional disabilities who receive personal assistance in their homes, the focus being on their daily life in relation to the ethical principles represented in the Swedish Disability Act: autonomy, integrity, influence and participation. Qualitative interviews were performed with 26 persons and thereafter subjected to qualitative latent content analysis. The experiences of personal assistance were very much in accordance with the said principles, the most important factor being that one is met with understanding. The participants described situations in which their integrity was violated in that they were not treated as competent adults. This indicates the importance of future efforts in nursing to support personal assistants with ethical knowledge and supervision so that they can empower people with disabilities and thereby enable them to maintain their self-esteem and dignity.
The Relation Between Peak Response Magnitudes and Agreement in Diagnoses Obtained From Two Different Phallometric Tests for Pedophilia
Authors: Lykins Amy D. , Cantor James M. , Kuban Michael E. , Blak Thomas , Dickey Robert , Klassen Philip E. , Blanchard Ray
Published: November 2009

Phallometric testing is widely considered the best psychophysiological procedure for assessing erotic preferences in men. Researchers have differed, however, on the necessity of setting some minimum criterion of penile response for ascertaining the interpretability of a phallometric test result. Proponents of a minimum criterion have generally based their view on the intuitive notion that “more is better” rather than any formal demonstration of this. The present study was conducted to investigate whether there is any empirical evidence for this intuitive notion, by examining the relation between magnitude of penile response and the agreement in diagnoses obtained in two test sessions using different laboratory stimuli. The results showed that examinees with inconsistent diagnoses responded less on both tests and that examinees with inconsistent diagnoses responded less on the second test after controlling for their response on the first test. Results also indicated that at response levels less than 1 cm3, diagnostic consistency was no better than chance, supporting the establishment of a minimum response level criterion.
Immunomodulatory effect of 5-azacytidine (5-azaC): potential role in the transplantation setting
Authors: Sánchez-Abarca Luis I. , Gutierrez-Cosio Silvia , Santamaría Carlos , Caballero-Velazquez Teresa , Blanco Belen , Herrero-Sánchez Carmen , García Juan L. , Carrancio Soraya , Hernández-Campo Pilar , González Francisco J. , Flores Teresa , Ciudad Laura , Ballestar Esteban , del Cañizo Consuelo , San Miguel Jesus F. , Pérez-Simon Jose A.
Published: November 2009

Cytokine genes are targets of multiple epigenetic mechanisms in T lymphocytes. 5-azacytidine (5-azaC) is a nucleoside-based DNA methyltransferase inhibitor that induces demethylation and gene reactivation. In the current study, we analyzed the effect of 5-azaC in T-cell function and observed that 5-azaC inhibits T-cell proliferation and activation, blocking cell cycle in the G0 to G1 phase and decreasing the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ. This effect was not attributable to a proapoptotic effect of the drug but to the down-regulation of genes involved in T-cell cycle progression and activation such as CCNG2, MTCP1, CD58, and ADK and up-regulation of genes that induce cell-growth arrest, such as DCUN1D2, U2AF2, GADD45B, or p53. A longer exposure to the drug leads to demethylation of FOXP3 promoter, overexpression of FOXP3, and expansion of regulatory T cells. Finally, the administration of 5-azaC after transplantation prevented the development of graft-versus-host disease, leading to a significant increase in survival in a fully mismatched bone marrow transplantation mouse model. In conclusion, the current study shows the effect of 5-azaC in T lymphocytes and illustrates its role in the allogeneic transplantation setting as an immunomodulatory drug, describing new pathways that must be explored to prevent graft-versus-host disease.
Epigenetic chromatin states uniquely define the developmental plasticity of murine hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Weishaupt Holger , Sigvardsson Mikael , Attema Joanne L.
Published: November 2009

Heritable epigenetic signatures are proposed to serve as an important regulatory mechanism in lineage fate determination. To investigate this, we profiled chromatin modifications in murine hematopoietic stem cells, lineage-restricted progenitors, and CD4+ T cells using modified genome-scale mini-chromatin immunoprecipitation technology. We show that genes involved in mature hematopoietic cell function associate with distinct chromatin states in stem and progenitor cells, before their activation or silencing upon cellular maturation. Many lineage-restricted promoters are associated with bivalent histone methylation and highly combinatorial histone modification patterns, which may determine their selective priming of gene expression during lineage commitment. These bivalent chromatin states are conserved in mammalian evolution, with a particular overrepresentation of promoters encoding key regulators of hematopoiesis. After differentiation into progenitors and T cells, activating histone modifications persist at transcriptionally repressed promoters, suggesting that these transcriptional programs might be reactivated after lineage restriction. Collectively, our data reveal the epigenetic framework that underlies the cell fate options of hematopoietic stem cells.
Assessment of angiogenesis by CD105 antigen in epithelial salivary gland neoplasms with diverse metastatic behavior
Authors: Cardoso Sergio V , Souza Kelen Christine N , Faria Paulo R , Eisenberg Ana Lucia A , Dias Fernando L , Loyola Adriano M
Published: November 2009

Background

Information on the biology of metastasis development in salivary gland tumors is scarce. Since angiogenesis seems associated with this phenomenon in other tumors, we sought to compare salivary gland tumors with diverse metastatic behavior in order to improve the knowledge and management of these lesions.

Methods

Samples from the most important salivary gland tumors were segregated according to its metastatic behavior and submitted to routine immunohistochemistry to identify vessels positive for CD105 expression. Frequency of positive cases and intratumoral microvessel density (IMD) was compared among the group of lesions.

Results

CD105 positive vessels were absent in normal salivary gland tissue, were rare in pleomorphic adenomas and adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACC), more common in polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinomas and highest in mucoepidermoid carcinomas. Only ACC with such feature were metastatic. IMD was higher in malignant rather than benign tumors.

Conclusion

Immunostaining of CD105 in salivary gland tumors implies participation of angiogenesis in the development of malignant lesions, as well as some role for myoepithelial cells in the control of new vessel formation. In addition, suggest that ACC with positive CD105 vessels are at higher risk for metastasis.
Administration of S-nitrosoglutathione after traumatic brain injury protects the neurovascular unit and reduces secondary injury in a rat model of controlled cortical impact
Authors: Khan Mushfiquddin , Im Yeong-Bin , Shunmugavel Anandakumar , Gilg Anne G , Dhindsa Ramanpreet K , Singh Avtar K , Singh Inderjit
Published: November 2009

Background

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of preventable death and serious morbidity in young adults. This complex pathological condition is characterized by significant blood brain barrier (BBB) leakage that stems from cerebral ischemia, inflammation, and redox imbalances in the traumatic penumbra of the injured brain. Once trauma has occurred, combating these exacerbations is the keystone of an effective TBI therapy. Following other brain injuries, nitric oxide modulators such as S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) maintain not only redox balance but also inhibit the mechanisms of secondary injury. Therefore, we tested whether GSNO shows efficacy in a rat model of experimental TBI.

Methods

TBI was induced by controlled cortical impact (CCI) in adult male rats. GSNO (50 μg/kg body weight) was administered at two hours after CCI. GSNO-treated injured animals (CCI+GSNO group) were compared with vehicle-treated injured animals (CCI+VEH group) in terms of tissue morphology, BBB leakage, edema, inflammation, cell death, and neurological deficit.

Results

Treatment of the TBI animals with GSNO reduced BBB disruption as evidenced by decreased Evan's blue extravasation across brain, infiltration/activation of macrophages (ED1 positive cells), and reduced expression of ICAM-1 and MMP-9. The GSNO treatment also restored CCI-mediated reduced expression of BBB integrity proteins ZO-1 and occludin. GSNO-mediated improvements in tissue histology shown by reduction of lesion size and decreased loss of both myelin (measured by LFB staining) and neurons (assayed by TUNEL) further support the efficacy of GSNO therapy. GSNO-mediated reduced expression of iNOS in macrophages as well as decreased neuronal cell death may be responsible for the histological improvement and reduced exacerbations. In addition to these biochemical and histological improvements, GSNO-treated injured animals recovered neurobehavioral functions as evaluated by the rotarod task and neurological score measurements.

Conclusion

GSNO is a promising candidate to be evaluated in humans after brain trauma because it not only protects the traumatic penumbra from secondary injury and improves overall tissue structure but also maintains the integrity of BBB and reduces neurologic deficits following CCI in a rat model of experimental TBI.
An analysis of abstracts presented to the College on Problems of Drug Dependence meeting and subsequent publication in peer review journals
Authors: Valderrama-Zurián Juan Carlos , Bolaños-Pizarro Máxima , Bueno-Cañigral Francisco Jesús , Álvarez F Javier , Ontalba-Ruipérez José Antonio , Aleixandre-Benavent Rafael
Published: November 2009

Background

Subsequent publication rate of abstracts presented at meetings is seen as an indicator of the interest and quality of the meeting. We have analyzed characteristics and rate publication in peer-reviewed journals derived from oral communications and posters presented at the 1999 College on Problems of Drug Dependence (CPDD) meeting.

Methods

All 689 abstracts presented at the 1999 CPDD meeting were reviewed. In order to find the existence of publications derived from abstracts presented at that meeting, a set of bibliographical searches in the database Medline was developed in July 2006. Information was gathered concerning the abstracts, articles and journals in which they were published.

Results

254 out of 689 abstracts (36.9%) gave rise to at least one publication. The oral communications had a greater likelihood of being published than did the posters (OR = 2.53, 95% CI 1.80-3.55). The average time lapse to publication of an article was 672.97 days. The number of authors per work in the subsequent publications was 4.55. The articles were published in a total of 84 journals, of which eight were indexed with the subject term Substance-Related Disorders. Psychopharmacology (37 articles, 14.5%) was the journal that published the greatest number of articles subsequent to the abstracts presented at the 1999 CPDD meeting.

Conclusion

One out of every three abstracts presented to the 1999 CPDD meeting were later published in peer-reviewed journals indexed in Medline. The subsequent publication of the abstracts presented in the CPDD meetings should be actively encouraged, as this maximizes the dissemination of the scientific research and therefore the investment.
Expression of SORL1 and a novel SORL1 splice variant in normal and Alzheimers disease brain
Authors: Grear Karrie E , Ling I-Fang , Simpson James F , Furman Jennifer L , Simmons Christopher R , Peterson Shawn L , Schmitt Frederick A , Markesbery William R , Liu Qiang , Crook Julia E , Younkin Steven G , Bu Guojun , Estus Steven
Published: November 2009

Background

Variations in sortilin-related receptor (SORL1) expression and function have been implicated in Alzheimers Disease (AD). Here, to gain insights into SORL1, we evaluated SORL1 expression and splicing as a function of AD and AD neuropathology, neural gene expression and a candidate single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP).

Results

To identify SORL1 splice variants, we scanned each of the 46 internal SORL1 exons in human brain RNA samples and readily found SORL1 isoforms that lack exon 2 or exon 19. Quantification in a case-control series of the more abundant isoform lacking exon 2 (delta-2-SORL1), as well as the "full-length" SORL1 (FL-SORL1) isoform containing exon 2 showed that expression of FL-SORL1 was reduced in AD individuals. Moreover, FL-SORL1 was reduced in cognitively intact individuals with significant AD-like neuropathology. In contrast, the expression of the delta-2-SORL1 isoform was similar in AD and non-AD brains. The expression of FL-SORL1 was significantly associated with synaptophysin expression while delta-2-SORL1 was modestly enriched in white matter. Lastly, FL-SORL1 expression was associated with rs661057, a SORL1 intron one SNP that has been associated with AD risk. A linear regression analysis found that rs661057, synaptophysin expression and AD neuropathology were each associated with FL-SORL1 expression.

Conclusion

These results confirm that FL-SORL1 expression declines in AD and with AD-associated neuropathology, suggest that FL-SORL1 declines in cognitively-intact individuals with AD-associated neuropathology, identify a novel SORL1 splice variant that is expressed similarly in AD and non-AD individuals, and provide evidence that an AD-associated SNP is associated with SORL1 expression. Overall, these results contribute to our understanding of SORL1 expression in the human brain.
Genome-wide analysis reveals rapid and dynamic changes in miRNA and siRNA sequence and expression during ovule and fiber development in allotetraploid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
Authors: Pang Mingxiong , Woodward Andrew W , Agarwal Vikram , Guan Xueying , Ha Misook , Ramachandran Vanitharani , Chen Xuemei , Triplett Barbara A , Stelly David M , Chen Z Jeffrey
Published: November 2009

Background

Cotton fiber development undergoes rapid and dynamic changes in a single cell type, from fiber initiation, elongation, primary and secondary wall biosynthesis, to fiber maturation. Previous studies showed that cotton genes encoding putative MYB transcription factors and phytohormone responsive factors were induced during early stages of ovule and fiber development. Many of these factors are targets of microRNAs (miRNAs) that mediate target gene regulation by mRNA degradation or translational repression.

Results

Here we sequenced and analyzed over 4 million small RNAs derived from fiber and non-fiber tissues in cotton. The 24-nucleotide small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were more abundant and highly enriched in ovules and fiber-bearing ovules relative to leaves. A total of 31 miRNA families, including 27 conserved, 4 novel miRNA families and a candidate-novel miRNA, were identified in at least one of the cotton tissues examined. Among 32 miRNA precursors representing 19 unique miRNA families identified, 7 were previously reported, and 25 new miRNA precursors were found in this study. Sequencing, miRNA microarray, and small RNA blot analyses showed a trend of repression of miRNAs, including novel miRNAs, during ovule and fiber development, which correlated with upregulation of several target genes tested. Moreover, 223 targets of cotton miRNAs were predicted from the expressed sequence tags derived from cotton tissues, including ovules and fibers. The cotton miRNAs examined triggered cleavage in the predicted sites of the putative cotton targets in ovules and fibers.

Conclusions

Enrichment of siRNAs in ovules and fibers suggests active small RNA metabolism and chromatin modifications during fiber development, whereas general repression of miRNAs in fibers correlates with upregulation of a dozen validated miRNA targets encoding transcription and phytohormone response factors, including the genes found to be highly expressed in cotton fibers. Rapid and dynamic changes in siRNAs and miRNAs may contribute to ovule and fiber development in allotetraploid cotton.
The electroshock riddle: effective but rejected
Authors: Fink Max
Published: November 2009

Full remission of a psychiatric illness is rare. For marketing approval of a medicine we accept a 50% reduction in symptoms as statistically better than the 40% reported with placebo. By contrast, the electroshock experience has greater than 80% remission rates in melancholia, mania and catatonia. Yet electroshock is disparaged and legislated against. Many reasons are given. Fear of electricity. Abandonment by psychiatrists of a hands-on experience in office-based practices. Antagonism by psychotherapists, psychologists, Scientologists and former patients. All of the above? Physicians have induced seizures effectively and safely for 75 years. Is it not time to change our attitude?
From the Editor's desk
Authors: Tyrer Peter
Published: November 2009

Classification in the dock

‘Dr Nosology, you are charged with bringing the science of classification into disrepute in your handling of psychiatric disorders. Specifically, you have developed a set of spurious categories that have no independent standing and which have led to confusion, doubt and error. How do you plead?’ It would take a tough-minded psychiatrist with a capacity for psychopathic dissociation to plead anything but ‘guilty as charged’ to this accusation, and we have admitted as much in our pages many times recently. This is sad, as diagnosis is intended to be one of the strongest assets of the psychiatrist. I have worked in many multidisciplinary psychiatric settings over the years and in some the hierarchy of management had become almost as flat as a pancake, but even in these the exercise of diagnosis was regarded as a skill that was the special province of the psychiatrist. So now is it really a false prospectus, exercised by an interpreter who pretends to be fluent in languages but in practice picks up only the odd word? Not yet, but in this issue Frances (pp. 391–392) reminds us that psychiatry is still only on the margins of diagnostic credibility. In the UK the initial part of medical training is called the first MB and so it is entirely appropriate that our bottom-line starter is by an author of the same title (First, pp. 382–390). This includes the worrying statistic that 21% of current diagnoses in the ICD and DSM classifications have conceptual differences, but as Jablensky (pp. 379–381) points out it would be quite bizarre if there was good agreement – it would almost represent scientific fraud. The search for validity as a long-term goal may seem to be a mirage, but at least we should try for clinical utility.
Gender differences in healthcare service utilisation 1 year before suicide: national record linkage study
Authors: Chang Chia-Ming , Liao Shih-Cheng , Chiang Hung-Chi , Chen Ying-Yeh , Tseng Kwan-Cho , Chau Yeuk-Lun , Chang Hsiu-Ju , Lee Ming-Been
Published: November 2009

All suicides (n=12 497) in Taiwan in 2001–2004 were identified from mortality records retrieved from the National Health Insurance Database. Altogether, 95.1% of females and 84.9% of males had been in contact with healthcare services in the year before their death. Females received significantly more diagnoses of psychiatric disorders (48.0% v. 30.2%) and major depression (17.8% v. 7.4%) than males. Such differences were consistent across different medical settings where contact with hospital-based non-psychiatric physicians was as common as with general practitioners (GPs). However, diagnoses of psychiatric disorders were underdiagnosed in both genders.
Voxel-wise meta-analysis of grey matter changes in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Radua Joaquim , Mataix-Cols David
Published: November 2009

Background

Specific cortico-striato-thalamic circuits are hypothesised to mediate the symptoms of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), but structural neuroimaging studies have been inconsistent.

Aims

To conduct a meta-analysis of published and unpublished voxel-based morphometry studies in OCD.

Method

Twelve data-sets comprising 401 people with OCD and 376 healthy controls met inclusion criteria. A new improved voxel-based meta-analytic method, signed differential mapping (SDM), was developed to examine regions of increased and decreased grey matter volume in the OCD group v. control group.

Results

No between-group differences were found in global grey matter volumes. People with OCD had increased regional grey matter volumes in bilateral lenticular nuclei, extending to the caudate nuclei, as well as decreased volumes in bilateral dorsal medial frontal/anterior cingulate gyri. A descriptive analysis of quartiles, a sensitivity analysis as well as analyses of subgroups further confirmed these findings. Meta-regression analyses showed that studies that included individuals with more severe OCD were significantly more likely to report increased grey matter volumes in the basal ganglia. No effect of current antidepressant treatment was observed.

Conclusions

The results support a dorsal prefrontal–striatal model of the disorder and raise the question of whether functional alterations in other brain regions commonly associated with OCD, such as the orbitofrontal cortex, may reflect secondary compensatory strategies. Whether the reported differences between participants with OCD and controls precede the onset of the symptoms and whether they are specific to OCD remains to be established.
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a stepped care intervention for alcohol use disorders in primary care: pilot study
Authors: Drummond Colin , Coulton Simon , James Darren , Godfrey Christine , Parrott Steve , Baxter John , Ford David , Lervy Bruce , Rollnick Stephen , Russell Ian , Peters Timothy
Published: November 2009

Background

Screening for alcohol use disorders identifies a wide range of needs, varying from hazardous and harmful drinking to alcohol dependence. Stepped care offers a potentially resource-efficient way of meeting these needs, but requires evaluation in a randomised controlled trial.

Aims

To evaluate the feasibility, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of opportunistic screening and a stepped care intervention in primary care.

Method

A total of 1794 male primary care attendees at six practices in South Wales were screened using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Of these, 112 participants who scored 8 or more on the AUDIT and who consented to enter the study were randomised to receive either 5 minutes of minimal intervention delivered by a practice nurse (control group) or stepped care intervention consisting of three successive steps (intervention group): a single session of behaviour change counselling delivered by a practice nurse; four 50-minute sessions of motivational enhancement therapy delivered by a trained alcohol counsellor; and referral to a community alcohol treatment agency.

Results

Both groups reduced alcohol consumption 6 months after randomisation with a greater, although not significant, improvement for the stepped care intervention. Motivation to change was greater following the stepped care intervention. The stepped care intervention resulted in greater cost savings compared with the minimal intervention.

Conclusions

Stepped care was feasible to implement in the primary care setting and resulted in greater cost savings compared with minimal intervention.
Outcomes of people with psychotic disorders in a community-based rehabilitation programme in rural India
Authors: Chatterjee Sudipto , Pillai Aravind , Jain Sumeet , Cohen Alex , Patel Vikram
Published: November 2009

Background

There is little evidence of the feasibility, acceptability and impact of services for the care of people with psychotic disorders in low- and middle-income countries.

Aims

To describe the scaling up and impact of a community-based rehabilitation programme for people with psychotic disorders in a very-low-resource setting.

Methods

Longitudinal study of people with psychotic disorders who had been ill for an average of 8 years in a rural Indian community. All individuals received a community-based intervention package comprising psychotropic medications, psychoeducation, adherence management, psychosocial rehabilitation and support for livelihoods. The primary outcome was change in disability scores.

Results

The cohort consisted of 256 people with psychotic disorders (schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder and other psychosis) of whom 236 people completed the end-point assessments (92%), with a median follow-up of 46 months. There were significant reductions (P<0.05) in the levels of disability for the cohort, the vast majority (83.5%) of whom engaged with the programme. On multivariate analyses, lower baseline disability scores, family engagement with the programme, medication adherence and being a member of a self-help group were independent determinants of good outcomes. Lack of formal education, a diagnosis of schizophrenia and dropping out of the programme were independent determinants of poor outcomes.

Conclusions

Community-based rehabilitation is a feasible and acceptable intervention with a beneficial impact on disability for the majority of people with psychotic disorders in low-resource settings. The impact on disability is influenced by a combination of clinical, programme and social determinants.
Dietary pattern and depressive symptoms in middle age
Authors: Akbaraly Tasnime N. , Brunner Eric J. , Ferrie Jane E , Marmot Michael G. , Kivimaki Mika , Singh-Manoux Archana
Published: November 2009

Background

Studies of diet and depression have focused primarily on individual nutrients.

Aims

To examine the association between dietary patterns and depression using an overall diet approach.

Method

Analyses were carried on data from 3486 participants (26.2% women, mean age 55.6 years) from the Whitehall II prospective cohort, in which two dietary patterns were identified: ‘whole food’ (heavily loaded by vegetables, fruits and fish) and ‘processed food’ (heavily loaded by sweetened desserts, fried food, processed meat, refined grains and high-fat dairy products). Self-reported depression was assessed 5 years later using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression (CES–D) scale.

Results

After adjusting for potential confounders, participants in the highest tertile of the whole food pattern had lower odds of CES–D depression (OR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.56–0.99) than those in the lowest tertile. In contrast, high consumption of processed food was associated with an increased odds of CES–D depression (OR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.11–2.23).

Conclusions

In middle-aged participants, a processed food dietary pattern is a risk factor for CES–D depression 5 years later, whereas a whole food pattern is protective.
Harmonisation of ICD–11 and DSM–V: opportunities and challenges
Authors: First Michael B.
Published: November 2009

Background

Differences in the ICD–10 and DSM–IV definitions for the same disorder impede international communication and research efforts. The forthcoming parallel development of DSM–V and ICD–11 offers an opportunity to harmonise the two classifications.

Aims

This paper aims to facilitate the harmonisation process by identifying diagnostic differences between the two systems.

Method

DSM–IV–TR criteria sets and the ICD–10 Diagnostic Criteria for Research were compared and categorised into those with identical definitions, those with conceptually based differences and those in which differences are not conceptually based and appear to be unintentional.

Results

Of the 176 criteria sets in both systems, only one, transient tic disorder, is identical. Twenty-one per cent had conceptually based differences and 78% had non-conceptually based differences.

Conclusions

Harmonisation of criteria sets, especially those with non-conceptually based differences, should be prioritised in the DSM–V and ICD–11 development process. Prior experience with the DSM–IV and ICD–10 harmonisation effort suggests that for the process to be successful steps should be taken as early as possible.
Early course of bipolar disorder in high-risk offspring: prospective study
Authors: Duffy Anne , Alda Martin , Hajek Tomas , Grof Paul
Published: November 2009

We studied the course of major mood disorders in the offspring of parents with well-characterised bipolar disorder prospectively for up to 15 years. All consenting offspring were assessed annually or anytime symptomatic. The participants began to develop major mood episodes in adolescence and not before. The index major mood episode was almost always depressive, as were the first few recurrences. Onsets and recurrences continued throughout the observation period into adulthood. We did not find evidence of pre-pubertal mania. In summary, adolescence marks the beginning of the high-risk period for major mood episodes related to bipolar disorder.
Retrospective views of psychiatric in-patients regaining mental capacity
Authors: Owen Gareth S. , David Anthony S. , Hayward Peter , Richardson Genevra , Szmukler George , Hotopf Matthew
Published: November 2009

Background

An individual's right to self-determination in treatment decisions is a central principle of modern medical ethics and law, and is upheld except under conditions of mental incapacity. When doctors, particularly psychiatrists, override the treatment wishes of individuals, they risk conflicting with this principle. Few data are available on the views of people regaining capacity who had their treatment wishes overridden.

Aims

To investigate individuals' views on treatment decisions after they had regained capacity.

Method

One hundred and fifteen people who lacked capacity to make treatment decisions were recruited from a sample of consecutively admitted patients to a large psychiatric hospital. After 1 month of treatment we asked the individuals for their views on the surrogate treatment decisions they received.

Results

Eighty-three per cent (95% CI 66–93) of people who regained capacity gave retrospective approval. Approval was no different between those admitted informally or involuntarily using Mental Health Act powers (χ2= 1.52, P = 0.47). Individuals were more likely to give retrospective approval if they regained capacity (χ2= 14.2, P = 0.001).

Conclusions

Most people who regain capacity following psychiatric treatment indicate retrospective approval. This is the case even if initial treatment wishes are overridden. These findings moderate concerns both about surrogate decision-making by psychiatrists and advance decision-making by people with mental illness.
Reactions to abortion and subsequent mental health
Authors: Fergusson David M. , Horwood L. John , Boden Joseph M.
Published: November 2009

Background

There has been continued interest in the extent to which women have positive and negative reactions to abortion.

Aims

To document emotional reactions to abortion, and to examine the links between reactions to abortion and subsequent mental health outcomes.

Method

Data were gathered on the pregnancy and mental health history of a birth cohort of over 500 women studied to the age of 30.

Results

Abortion was associated with high rates of both positive and negative emotional reactions; however, nearly 90% of respondents believed that the abortion was the right decision. Analyses showed that the number of negative responses to the abortion was associated with increased levels of subsequent mental health disorders (P<0.05). Further analyses suggested that, after adjustment for confounding, those having an abortion and reporting negative reactions had rates of mental health disorders that were approximately 1.4–1.8 times higher than those not having an abortion.

Conclusions

Abortion was associated with both positive and negative emotional reactions. The extent of negative emotional reactions appeared to modify the links between abortion and subsequent mental health problems.
Whither DSM–V?
Authors: Frances Allen
Published: November 2009

The DSM–V development process started with a grand ambition to provide a ‘paradigm shift’ in psychiatric diagnosis, based initially on the identification of biological markers. This is clearly unattainable, and so energy has now been diverted into developing other major changes, including the development of dimensional ratings and the formal diagnosis of prodromal and subthreshold disorders. It is argued that this process could lead to false positive ‘epidemics’ with harmful excessive treatments. The better, more modest, alternative is to reassess the text descriptions of the disorders and join with ICD–11 in creating a single nested system for both DSM–V and ICD–11.
Decreased Expression of A-Kinase Anchoring Protein 150 in GT1 Neurons Decreases Neuron Excitability and Frequency of Intrinsic Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Pulses
Authors: Chen Qiumei , Weiner Richard I. , Blackman Brigitte E.
Published: November 2009

The frequency of intrinsic pulsatile GnRH secretion from endogenous GnRH neurons and GT1 GnRH cell lines is stimulated by increased intracellular cAMP levels. The downstream molecules comprising the cAMP signaling pathway are organized in microdomains by a family of scaffolding proteins, A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). These molecules tether protein kinase A, cAMP-specific phosphodiesterases, phosphatases to known substrates. In neurons AKAP150 organizes many of the signaling molecules known to regulate the excitability and intrinsic pulsatile activity of GnRH neurons. AKAP150 was expressed in both the GT1-1 and GT1-7 cells. We determined the role of AKAP150 in coordinating GT1-1 cell excitability and intrinsic GnRH pulsatile secretion by lowering AKAP150 levels with a small interfering RNA (siRNA) adenovirus construct to AKAP150 (Ad-AKAP150-siRNA). Infection with Ad-AKAP150-siRNA specifically decreased AKAP150 mRNA levels by 74% and protein levels by 53% relative to uninfected cells or cells infected with a luciferase control adenovirus siRNA vector. In GT1 cells, spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations, an index of neuron excitability, are stimulated by increased levels of intracellular cAMP and lowered by decreased levels. The frequency of spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations in Ad-AKAP150-siRNA-treated GT1-1 cells decreased by 47.2% relative to controls. A dramatic decrease in the number of spontaneous GnRH pulses was also observed after infection with Ad-AKAP150-siRNA. The interpulse interval increased to 143 ± 20.25 min in Ad-AKAP150-siRNA infected cells from 32.2 ± 7.3 min in luciferase control adenovirus siRNA vector-infected cells. These data demonstrate an important role of AKAP150 in coordinating signaling events regulating the frequency of intrinsic pulsatile GnRH secretion.
Localization of nectin-free afadin at the leading edge and its involvement in directional cell movement induced by platelet-derived growth factor
Authors: Miyata Muneaki , Ogita Hisakazu , Komura Hitomi , Nakata Shinsuke , Okamoto Ryoko , Ozaki Misa , Majima Takashi , Matsuzawa Naomi , Kawano Satoshi , Minami Akihiro , Waseda Masumi , Fujita Naoyuki , Mizutani Kiyohito , Rikitake Yoshiyuki , Takai Yoshimi
Published: November 2009

Afadin is an actin-filament-binding protein that binds to nectin, an immunoglobulin-like cell-cell adhesion molecule, and plays an important role in the formation of adherens junctions. Here, we show that afadin, which did not bind to nectin and was localized at the leading edge of moving cells, has another role: enhancement of the directional, but not random, cell movement. When NIH3T3 cells were stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), afadin colocalized with PDGF receptor, αvβ3 integrin and nectin-like molecule-5 at the leading edge and facilitated the formation of leading-edge structures and directional cell movement in the direction of PDGF stimulation. However, these phenotypes were markedly perturbed by knockdown of afadin, and were dependent on the binding of afadin to active Rap1. Binding of Rap1 to afadin was necessary for the recruitment of afadin and the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 to the leading edge. SHP-2 was previously reported to tightly regulate the activation of PDGF receptor and its downstream signaling pathway for the formation of the leading edge. These results indicate that afadin has a novel role in PDGF-induced directional cell movement, presumably in cooperation with active Rap1 and SHP-2.
Determinism and divergence of apoptosis susceptibility in mammalian cells
Authors: Bhola Patrick D. , Simon Sanford M.
Published: November 2009

Although the cellular decision to commit to apoptosis is important for organism homeostasis, there is considerable variability in the onset of apoptosis between cells, even in clonal populations. Using live single-cell imaging, we observed that the onset of apoptotic proteolytic activity was tightly synchronized between nearby cells. This synchrony was not a consequence of secreted factors and was not correlated to the cell cycle. The synchrony was only seen amongst related cells and was lost over successive generations. The times of apoptosis also diverged within a generation, but this was blocked by inhibiting protein synthesis before triggering apoptosis. These results suggest that the cell-cell variability of apoptosis times is due to the divergence of the molecular composition of the cell, and that the decision to commit to apoptosis at the time of drug addition is a deterministic decision.
Strategic positioning of manufacturing operations within global supply chains
Authors: Chandraprakaikul W , Baines T S , Lim R Y
Published: November 2009

This paper describes research that has sought to create a structured and integrated methodology that guides manufacturers through the decision of strategic positioning within global supply chains. The position of a company is concerned with deciding a boundary and configuration of internal and external business activities to the company and is directly related to initiatives such as outsourcing, make or buy, and offshoring. This paper provides an in-depth description of this concept, describes work carried out to form a methodology for strategic positioning within the global supply chain, and presents the details of the methodology. This research has made a significant contribution to the knowledge on how manufacturing companies can form a strategic positioning within global supply chains.
Ablation debris control by means of closed thick film filtered water immersion
Authors: Dowding C F , Lawrence J
Published: November 2009

The performance of laser-ablation-generated debris control by means of open immersion techniques has been shown to be limited by flow surface ripple effects on the beam and the action of ablation plume pressure loss by splashing of the immersion fluid. To eradicate these issues a closed technique has been developed which ensures a controlled geometry for both of the optical interfaces of the flowing liquid film. This has the action of preventing splashing, ensuring repeatable machining conditions, and allows for control of liquid flow velocity. To investigate the performance benefits of this closed immersion technique bisphenol A polycarbonate samples have been machined using filtered water at a number of flow velocities. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the closed immersion technique: a 93 per cent decrease in debris is produced when machining under closed filtered water immersion; the average debris particle size becomes larger, with an equal proportion of small and medium-sized debris being produced when laser machining under closed flowing filtered water immersion; large-sized debris is shown to be displaced further by a given flow velocity than smaller-sized debris, showing that the action of flow turbulence in the duct has more impact on smaller-sized debris. Low flow velocities were found to be less effective at controlling the positional trend of deposition of laser-ablation-generated debris than high flow velocities; but, use of excessive flow velocities resulted in turbulence motivated deposition. This work is of interest to the laser micromachining community and may aid in the manufacture of 2.5 dimensional laser-etched patterns covering large area wafers and could be applied to a range of wavelengths and laser types.
Cycloamylose-based Biomaterial: Nanogel of Cholesterol-bearing Cationic Cycloamylose for siRNA Delivery
Authors: Toita Sayaka , Soma Yuki , Morimoto Nobuyuki , Akiyoshi Kazunari
Published: November 2009

A new siRNA delivery system made of a functional cycloamylose nanogel is reported. Cholesterol-bearing cationic cycloamylose formed nanogels by self-assembly in water. The nanogels formed 20–40 nm nanoparticles that bound to 21 bp siRNA. The complexes exerted an RNAi effect on SCC7-GL3 cells that stably express the luciferase gene.
Commentary—Discussion of “Alleviating the Constant Stochastic Variance Assumption in Decision Research: Theory, Measurement, and Experimental Test”
Authors: Louviere Jordan , Swait Joffre
Published: November 2009

We discuss the Salisbury and Feinberg paper [Salisbury, L. C., F. M. Feinberg. 2010. Alleviating the constant stochastic variance assumption in decision research: Theory, measurement, and experimental test. Marketing Sci. 29(1) 1–17], setting their contribution in the historical context of the wider literature on the role of error variability in discrete choice models. We discuss the seminal nature of their contribution and suggest that the paper should be required reading for current and future Ph.D. students.
Time to act and attend to the real mechanisms of action and attention
Authors: Dalrymple Kirsten A. , Kingstone Alan
Published: November 2009

We discuss Humphreys' article in the context of two challenges that exist in regards to future research on the link between action and attention: (1) determining the cognitive and neural mechanisms responsible for an action‐attention link and (2) demonstrating that the action‐attention links observed in the laboratory reflect the same links between action and attention observed in the complexities of everyday life.
Between Candor and Concealment: Willa Cather and (Auto)Biography
Authors: Stout Janis P.
Published: November 2009

Willa Cather's noted convictions about privacy existed in tension with her more recently understood engagement in self-publicity. This tension is mirrored in her ambivalent thinking about the genres of biography and autobiography. The two genres became a deeply conflicted site for her, and one that often produced self-contradictions. Although Cather took steps to preserve her privacy late in life, she also manifested impulses toward self-writing.
Biographers' Bereavement and Other Factors in Inadvertent Deathbed Distortions: The Biography Deaths of Proust and Freud
Authors: Lacoursiere Roy
Published: November 2009

Examining the biographees' deaths in Proust and Freud biographies reveals inadvertent loss of the biographers' scholarly standards in this deathbed context. Information about the biographers themselves discloses factors contributing to this phenomenon, including bereavement as the biography is terminating, authors' experiences with family deaths, and sanctioning a particular ending for the biographee.
Understanding the Impact of Maternal Messages Given to Single, Educated African American Women about Relationships
Authors: Packer-Williams Catherine
Published: November 2009

This article investigates the messages that single, educated African American women acquired during their adolescence from their mothers about being single, attitudes about men and women, attitudes about education, and the importance of marriage. This study also examines the overall life satisfaction, self-esteem, and self-silencing behaviors of single, educated African American women. Results indicate that the educated African American female students received conflicting, dual messages from their mothers regarding gender roles and marriage. Implications include recognizing the importance of messages taught to African American daughters by their mothers in an effort to better understand the psychology of African American women.
Romantic and Familial Relationships with Black Males: Implications of the Cinderella Complex and Prince Charming Ideal
Authors: Barnes Sandra L.
Published: November 2009

This study focuses on romantic relationships and how race, class, and space affect the experiences of black, Hispanic, and white female respondents involved with black males. This research examines dynamics that foster or undermine exhibition of the Cinderella Complex and Prince Charming Ideal. Case-study findings based on content analysis suggest features of both frameworks and the negative influence of incompatible gender roles. In addition, despite their views, respondents exhibit androgynous gender roles to adapt to challenges.