bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A bioarchaeological approach to the reconstruction of changes in military organization among Iron Age Samnites (Vestini) From Abruzzo, Central Italy
Authors: Sparacello Vitale Stefano , d'Ercole Vincenzo , Coppa Alfredo
Published: October 2014

The Samnites were an Iron Age population that shifted from warlike mountain dwellers to the largest sociopolitical unit of central Italy, able to dispute with Rome the domination over the peninsula. Archaeological and historical evidence suggests that this major shift in the scale of conflict may have involved a reorganization of the military system, which changed from an elite militia to a conscript or standing army from the Orientalizing‐Archaic (800–500 BC) to Hellenistic times (400–27 BC). We propose a bioarchaeological framework jointly analyzing skeletal properties and funerary treatment in male Samnites to investigate on this shift in military organization. We anticipated that, when Samnites had an elite militia, the warring force was constituted by the wealthier segments of the society. Conversely, we expected the warring force of the standing/conscript army to be mainly drawn from the lower social strata. We considered high asymmetry in J, a measure of humeral torsional rigidity (calculated via cross‐sectional geometry, CSG) as a proxy for pre‐ and peri‐adolescent‐onset weapon training. The social standing of the individual was approximated via funerary treatment analysis (Status Index). Results show that in the Orientalizing‐Archaic period, humeral asymmetry and Status Index are positively correlated, and the high‐status subsample shows significantly higher asymmetry than the low‐status subsample. Among Hellenistic Samnites, no correlation between Status Index and humeral asymmetry is present, and the low‐status subsample is the most lateralized. Results support the use of CSG in a strong theoretical framework to investigate past changes in military organization and their correlates in terms of sociopolitical development, alterations of power relationships, and warfare. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:305–316, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kontrollierte Bildung von polymeren Nanokapseln mit hoher Barriere und Vorhersage der Verkapselungseffizienz
Authors: Hofmeister Ines , Landfester Katharina , Taden Andreas
Published: October 2014

Polymere Nanokapseln mit hoher Barriere wurden auf Basis einfacher thermodynamischer Überlegungen entwickelt. Eine gehinderte Diffusion des eingeschlossenen Materials führt zu hohen Verkapselungseffizienzen (EEs), was anhand der Verkapselung hoch flüchtiger Substanzen unterschiedlicher chemischer Beschaffenheit gezeigt wurde. Geringe Wechselwirkungen zwischen Kern‐ und Hüllenmaterial sind ausschlaggebend, um eine Phasenseparation sowie eine hohe Diffusionsbarriere der resultierenden Polymerhülle zu erzielen. Diese Wechselwirkungen können mittels der Hansen‐Löslichkeitsparameter charakterisiert und quantifiziert werden. Eine systematische Untersuchung unseres Copolymersystems offenbart einen linearen Zusammenhang zwischen den Hansen‐Löslichkeitsparametern für Wasserstoffbrücken (δh) und den Verkapselungseffizienzen, was die Vorhersage des verkapselten Anteils für jedes beliebige Material ermöglicht. Zudem konnten EEs von vormals schlecht verkapselbaren Materialien durch Zugabe einer vermittelnden Substanz und gesamtheitlich verringerter δh‐Werte gesteigert werden.
Cell‐Derived Vesicles for Single‐Molecule Imaging of Membrane Proteins
Authors: Moonschi Faruk H. , Effinger Amy K. , Zhang Xiaolu , Martin William E. , Fox Ashley M. , Heidary David K. , DeRouchey Jason E. , Richards Christopher I.
Published: October 2014

A new approach is presented for the application of single‐molecule imaging to membrane receptors through the use of vesicles derived from cells expressing fluorescently labeled receptors. During the isolation of vesicles, receptors remain embedded in the membrane of the resultant vesicles, thus allowing these vesicles to serve as nanocontainers for single‐molecule measurements. Cell‐derived vesicles maintain the structural integrity of transmembrane receptors by keeping them in their physiological membrane. It was demonstrated that receptors isolated in these vesicles can be studied with solution‐based fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and can be isolated on a solid substrate for single‐molecule studies. This technique was applied to determine the stoichiometry of α3β4 nicotinic receptors. The method provides the capability to extend single‐molecule studies to previously inaccessible classes of receptors.
An Aggregation‐Induced‐Emission Platform for Direct Visualization of Interfacial Dynamic Self‐Assembly
Authors: Li Junwei , Li Yuan , Chan Carrie Y. K. , Kwok Ryan T. K. , Li Hongkun , Zrazhevskiy Pavel , Gao Xiaohu , Sun Jing Zhi , Qin Anjun , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: October 2014

An in‐depth understanding of dynamic interfacial self‐assembly processes is essential for a wide range of topics in theoretical physics, materials design, and biomedical research. However, direct monitoring of such processes is hampered by the poor imaging contrast of a thin interfacial layer. We report in situ imaging technology capable of selectively highlighting self‐assembly at the phase boundary in real time by employing the unique photophysical properties of aggregation‐induced emission. Its application to the study of breath‐figure formation, an immensely useful yet poorly understood phenomenon, provided a mechanistic model supported by direct visualization of all main steps and fully corroborated by simulation and theoretical analysis. This platform is expected to advance the understanding of the dynamic phase‐transition phenomena, offer insights into interfacial biological processes, and guide development of novel self‐assembly technologies.
Asymmetric Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydropyrroles by Ring‐Opening/Cyclization of Cyclopropyl Ketones Using Primary Amines
Authors: Xia Yong , Liu Xiaohua , Zheng Haifeng , Lin Lili , Feng Xiaoming
Published: October 2014

The asymmetric ring‐opening/cyclization of cyclopropyl ketones with primary amine nucleophiles was catalyzed by a chiral N,N′‐dioxide/scandium(III) complex through a kinetic resolution process. A broad range of cyclopropyl ketones and primary amines are suitable substrates of this reaction. The corresponding products were afforded in excellent enantioselectivities and yields (up to 97 % ee and 98 % yield) under mild reaction conditions. This method provides a promising access to chiral 2,3‐dihydropyrroles as well as an effective procedure for the kinetic resolution of 2‐substituted cyclopropyl ketones.
Long‐Distance Electronic Energy Transfer in Light‐Harvesting Supramolecular Polymers
Authors: Winiger Christian B. , Li Shaoguang , Kumar Ganesh R. , Langenegger Simon M. , Häner Robert
Published: October 2014

The efficient collection of solar energy relies on the design and construction of well‐organized light‐harvesting systems. Herein we report that supramolecular phenanthrene polymers doped with pyrene are effective collectors of light energy. The linear polymers are formed through the assembly of short amphiphilic oligomers in water. Absorption of light by phenanthrene residues is followed by electronic energy transfer along the polymer over long distances (>100 nm) to the accepting pyrene molecules. The high efficiency of the energy transfer, which is documented by large fluorescence quantum yields, suggests a quantum coherent process.
A Noncanonical Function of Sortase Enables Site‐Specific Conjugation of Small Molecules to Lysine Residues in Proteins
Authors: Bellucci Joseph J. , Bhattacharyya Jayanta , Chilkoti Ashutosh
Published: October 2014

We provide the first demonstration that isopeptide ligation, a noncanonical activity of the enzyme sortase A, can be used to modify recombinant proteins. This reaction was used in vitro to conjugate small molecules to a peptide, an engineered targeting protein, and a full‐length monoclonal antibody with an exquisite level of control over the site of conjugation. Attachment to the protein substrate occurred exclusively through isopeptide bonds at a lysine ε‐amino group within a specific amino acid sequence. This reaction allows more than one molecule to be site‐specifically conjugated to a protein at internal sites, thereby overcoming significant limitations of the canonical native peptide ligation reaction catalyzed by sortase A. Our method provides a unique chemical ligation procedure that is orthogonal to existing methods, supplying a new method to site‐specifically modify lysine residues that will be a valuable addition to the protein conjugation toolbox.
Effects of processing conditions on foaming behaviors of polyetherimide (PEI) and PEI/polypropylene blends in microcellular injection molding process
Authors: Liu Tao , Lei Yajie , Chen Zhenglun , Wang Xianzhong , Luo Shikai
Published: October 2014

Foaming behaviors of both neat polyetherimide (PEI) and PEI/polypropylene (PP) blends were studied in this article in microcellular injection molding (Mucell) process. The study mainly focused on the comparison of two materials' foaming behaviors under different processing conditions which took a critical effect on the morphologies of foams. The results indicated that the different characteristics of PEI and PEI/PP blends, such as melt strength, gas dissolvability, and solubility, induced different nucleation ability of PEI and PEI/PP blends. The addition of PP could obviously improve the cell density and reduce the cell size. With the processing conditions changing, the morphologies of PEI/PP altered more variously, and their distribution of cell density was wider. This suggested that foaming behaviors of PEI/PP blends was more flexible to be controlled by the processing conditions than neat PEI. The effects of shot size, gas injection, and injection rate on foam morphologies were studied in detail. Shot size determined the weight reduction of samples and affected the cell density and size significantly. Gas dosing time and dosing rate determined the gas ratio which effected on foam morphologies of the PEI and PEI/PP foams. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41443.
An Iminocoumarin Sulfonamide Based Turn‐On Fluorescent Probe for the Detection of Biothiols in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Yang Yan‐Ling , Zhang Fu‐Ming , Wang Ya‐Wen , Zhang Bao‐Xin , Fang Ran , Fang Jian‐Guo , Peng Yu
Published: October 2014

A new chemodosimeter for the highly selective sensing and imaging of biothiols was designed and realized in phosphate‐buffered saline solution at pH 7.4 through a fluorescence “off–on” response. A unique mechanism featuring a two‐step cascade (biothiols→H2O) sequence for this remarkable recognition is disclosed for the first time.
Oropharyngeal teratoma, oral duplication, cervical diplomyelia and anencephaly in a 22‐week fetus: A review of the craniofacial teratoma syndrome
Authors: Morlino Silvia , Castori Marco , Servadei Francesca , Laino Luigi , Silvestri Evelina ,   Pediatric Craniofacial Malformation (PECRAM) Study Group, Grammatico Paola
Published: October 2014

Background

Oropharyngeal teratoma may occur by itself or together with other craniofacial malformations, most commonly cleft palate. Oropharyngeal teratoma may be also seen in association with frontonasal dysplasia and/or various degrees of craniofacial duplication. The nosology of these sporadic disorders is poorly defined.

Case and Review

We report on a 22‐week fetus with a protruding nasopharyngeal teratoma, partial oral duplication, anencephaly, multiple costo‐vertebral segmentation defects, and cervical diplomyelia. A review of the literature identified 48 patients published from 1931 to 2013 with co‐existing clefting and duplication anomalies of the cephalic pole. Thoracic and abdominal midline anomalies were reported 13 times.

Conclusion

The term “craniofacial teratoma syndrome” is introduced to define this phenotype as a recognizable developmental field defect of the cephalic pole. Developmental pathogenesis is discussed with a focus on pleiotropy and stereotaxis. The observation of midline findings suggestive of holoprosencephaly in a few previously reported cases suggests a role for the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway in this malformation pattern. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:554–566, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthetic secondary chromosomes in Escherichia coli based on the replication origin of chromosome II in Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Messerschmidt Sonja J. , Kemter Franziska S. , Schindler Daniel , Waldminghaus Torsten
Published: October 2014

Recent developments in DNA‐assembly methods make the synthesis of synthetic chromosomes a reachable goal. However, the redesign of primary chromosomes bears high risks and still requires enormous resources. An alternative approach is the addition of synthetic chromosomes to the cell. The natural secondary chromosome of Vibrio cholerae could potentially serve as template for a synthetic secondary chromosome in Escherichia coli. To test this assumption we constructed a replicon named synVicII based on the replication module of V. cholerae chromosome II (oriII). A new assay for the assessment of replicon stability was developed based on flow‐cytometric analysis of unstable GFP variants. Application of this assay to cells carrying synVicII revealed an improved stability compared to a secondary replicon based on E. coli oriC. Cell cycle analysis and determination of cellular copy numbers of synVicII indicate that replication timing of the synthetic replicon in E. coli is comparable to the natural chromosome II (ChrII) in V. cholerae. The presented synthetic biology work provides the basis to use secondary chromosomes in E. coli to answer basic research questions as well as for several biotechnological applications.
Implementation of responsible Procurement Management: An Institutional Perspective
Authors: Ferri Laura Maria , Oelze Nelly , Habisch André , Molteni Mario
Published: October 2014

The role of the institutional context in the pattern of the implementation of responsible procurement management (RPM) has been object of very limited previous research, although it has been found that it affects the approach to both CSR and supply chain management. The article presents the results of an in‐depth comparative study drawing on 47 interviews with managers of 13 companies in Italy and Germany, which have been previously related to different national institutional settings. The analysis demonstrates that the perception of factors influencing RPM implementation differs between Italian and German companies, and suggests that the institutional context affects not only the overall CSR behavior of the company, but also its institutionalization into a specific function. Results show that the institutional context mainly determines the boundaries within which practitioners are able to operate, whereas the ability to effectively bring about changes in their activity mainly depends upon organizational environment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Corporate Ownership and Environmental Proactivity
Authors: Calza Francesco , Profumo Giorgia , Tutore Ilaria
Published: October 2014

The present paper advances knowledge of the drivers of firms' proactive environmental strategies. In particular, it explores the relationship between different corporate ownership structures and firms' green proactivity, in order to see whether some types of shareholder act as a stimulating driver for firms' proactive environmental behaviors. The study examines the explanatory power of corporate governance issues, such as a firm's ownership structure, as potential determinants of companies' environmental proactivity. Attention is focused on the European firms included into the Carbon Disclosure Project questionnaire 2012.

The results show that ownership structure matters in firms' environmental proactivity. In particular, firms with a higher percentage of state ownership present superior green proactivity, while ownership concentration appears negatively related to proactive environmental strategy.

The paper offers theoretical and practical implications. It focuses attention on a still underdeveloped research area, namely organizations and their relationship with the natural environment, including corporate ownership as a driver of a company's proactive environmental strategy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
How Do Strengths and Weaknesses in Corporate Social Performance Across Different Stakeholder Domains Affect Company Performance?
Authors: Kumar Kamalesh , Boesso Giacomo , Michelon Giovanna
Published: October 2014

The existing research on corporate social responsibility (CSR) has largely focused on the positive aspect of corporate social performance (CSP) and company performance (CP) and ignored the relationship between actions that would qualify as negative CSP (or weakness in CSP) towards a stakeholder group and company performance. Using data from the KLD collected over a three‐year period, this study examines the relationship between both CSP weaknesses and strengths and CP across individual stakeholder domains. Results of the study suggest that strengths in CSP related to primary stakeholder domains are associated with superior company performance. However, this relationship is tenuous, at best, in the case of the secondary stakeholder domain. As for weaknesses in CSP, the results suggest that if a firm performs poorly in meeting the expectations of one or more stakeholders it is penalized in the form of poor performance. This finding generally holds true for both primary and secondary stakeholders. Implications of these findings for public policy and businesses planning to address social issues are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Catalytic Hydrotreatment of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters to Diesel‐like Alkanes Over Hβ Zeolite‐supported Nickel Catalysts
Authors: Chen Liangguang , Fu Junying , Yang Lingmei , Chen Zibo , Yuan Zhenhong , Lv Pengmei
Published: October 2014

A Ni/Hβ zeolite catalyst was prepared for the selective transformation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) into diesel‐like alkanes through hydrotreatment. Characterization of the physicochemical properties of a 10 wt % nickel‐loaded, Hβ zeolite support indicated that nickel(II) oxide aggregated into large particles approximately 23.9 nm in size, whereas nickel aggregated into particles 18.3 nm in size, significantly increasing the total acid sites of Hβ zeolite after hydrogen reduction. The reaction scheme of the whole FAME transformation was investigated by using a batch reactor. It was found that FAMEs were first hydrogenated mainly to saturated fatty acids, followed by hydrodeoxygenation without carbon loss, the main route toward alkanes. The hydrotreatment of FAMEs by decarboxylation or decarbonylation was favored at high temperatures and low hydrogen pressures on Hβ zeolite with higher nickel loadings. The metallic and acidic functionalities of nickel/Hβ zeolite catalysts exhibited a synergistic effect in hydrodeoxygenation without carbon loss, achieving high FAME conversion and yields of liquid C16 and C18 alkanes. Optimal catalytic performances were obtained with 10 wt % nickel loading over Hβ zeolite (Si/Al=25) at 270 °C with a pressure of 1.0 MPa H2 over 8 h. A maximum alkane product yield of 93.2 % was achieved for C15–C18 alkanes with complete FAME conversion. 80.3 % FAME conversion could was achieved after eight reaction cycles by using the nickel/Hβ zeolite catalyst with calcination after every use.
Multistereogenic Phosphine Ligand‐promoted Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation of Cyanoesters
Authors: Deng Wen‐Hui , Ye Fei , Bai Xing‐Feng , Zheng Zhan‐Jiang , Cui Yu‐Ming , Xu Li‐Wen
Published: October 2014

A palladium‐catalyzed allylic alkylation of unsubstituted 2‐cyanoacetates using a 1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol‐derived multifunctional N,O,P ligand is reported. A number of chiral monosubstituted 2‐cyanoacetates with two adjacent stereogenic carbon centers are obtained in this Pd‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation reaction, in which the multistereogenic and multifunctional 1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol‐derived N,O,P ligand‐promoted Pd‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation reaction proceeds smoothly in high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity (up to >99:1 dr and up to 96 % ee).
An Improved Correlation of the Mean Drop Size in a Modified Scheibel Extraction Column
Authors: Yuan Shenfeng , Jin Shuangfeng , Chen Zhirong , Yuan Yanna , Yin Hong
Published: October 2014

The drop size is of fundamental importance in the design of liquid‐liquid extraction columns, the drop size was measured as a function of the geometry, operating conditions, and physical properties of a liquid‐liquid system with no mass transfer in a five‐stage modified Scheibel extraction column. An improved correlation of the mean drop size in the Scheibel extraction column is presented. The correlation was divided into three sections in terms of the Reynolds number. It could be applied in a wide range and could be further used for the study of mass transfer performance of the modified Scheibel extraction column.
Chloride‐Selective Electrodes Based on “Two‐Wall” Aryl‐Extended Calix[4]Pyrroles: Combining Hydrogen Bonds and Anion–π Interactions to Achieve Optimum Performance
Authors: Sabek Jad , Adriaenssens Louis , Guinovart Tomàs , Parra Enrique J. , Rius F. Xavier , Ballester Pablo , Blondeau Pascal
Published: October 2014

The performance of chloride‐selective electrodes based on “two‐wall” aryl‐extended calix[4]pyrroles and multiwall carbon nanotubes is presented. The calix[4]pyrrole receptors bear two phenyl groups at opposite meso‐positions. When the meso‐phenyl groups are decorated with strong electron‐withdrawing substituents, attractive anion–π interactions may exist between the receptor’s aromatic walls and the sandwiched anion. These anion–π interactions are shown to significantly affect the selectivity of the electrodes. Calix[4]pyrrole, bearing a p‐nitro withdrawing group on each of the meso‐phenyl rings, afforded sensors that display anti‐Hofmeister behavior against the lipophilic salicylate and nitrate anions. Based on the experimental data, a series of principles that help in predicting the suitability of synthetic receptors for use as anion‐specific ionophores is discussed. Finally, the sensors deliver excellent results in the direct detection of chloride in bodily fluids.
Kekulé versus Lewis: When Aromaticity Prevents Electron Pairing and Imposes Polyradical Character
Authors: Trinquier Georges , Malrieu Jean‐Paul
Published: October 2014

Some conjugated alternant hydrocarbons, of singlet ground state according to Ovchinnikov’s rule, may exhibit strong polyradical character, despite admitting complete pairing of electrons in bond orbitals between adjacent atoms. Typical organizations of this kind are encountered in polycyclic frames supporting two or more extracyclic methylene groups. Lewis bond pairing would require quinonization of six‐membered rings, whereas safeguarding aromaticity proves sufficient to impose ground‐state open‐shell character, that is, the existence of unpaired electrons, providing the number of benzene rings to be quinonized is larger than two. Several examples built as variations around para‐polyphenylene frames are examined through unrestricted DFT (UDFT) calculations, using various methods for spin decontamination of wavefunctions, geometries, and singlet–triplet energy gaps. They all illustrate how it is possible to conceive architectures that can be written with a closed‐shell bond pairing, although they exhibit a large number of unpaired electrons. The same analyses also apply to systems in which quinonization would not kill but only reduce the number of unpaired electrons.
Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Reaction of Imines, Alkynes, and Aldehydes through CH Activation
Authors: Huang Ji‐Rong , Song Qiang , Zhu Yu‐Qin , Qin Liu , Qian Zhi‐Yong , Dong Lin
Published: October 2014

An efficient rhodium(III)‐catalyzed tandem three‐component reaction of imines, alkynes and aldehydes through CH activation has been developed. High stereo‐ and regioselectivity, as well as good yields were obtained in most cases. The simple and atom‐economical approach offers a broad scope of substrates, providing polycyclic skeletons with potential biological properties.
NHC→SiCl4: An Ambivalent Carbene‐Transfer Reagent
Authors: Böttcher Tobias , Steinhauer Simon , Lewis‐Alleyne Lesley C. , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Bassil Bassem S. , Röschenthaler Gerd‐Volker , Hoge Berthold
Published: October 2014

The addition of BCl3 to the carbene‐transfer reagent NHC→SiCl4 (NHC=1,3‐dimethylimidazolidin‐2‐ylidene) gave the tetra‐ and pentacoordinate trichlorosilicon(IV) cations [(NHC)SiCl3]+ and [(NHC)2SiCl3]+ with tetrachloroborate as counterion. This is in contrast to previous reactions, in which NHC→SiCl4 served as a transfer reagent for the NHC ligand. The addition of BF3⋅OEt2, on the other hand, gave NHC→BF3 as the product of NHC transfer. In addition, the highly Lewis acidic bis(pentafluoroethyl)silane (C2F5)2SiCl2 was treated with NHC→SiCl4. In acetonitrile, the cationic silicon(IV) complexes [(NHC)SiCl3]+ and [(NHC)2SiCl3]+ were detected with [(C2F5)SiCl3]− as counterion. A similar result was already reported for the reaction of NHC→SiCl4 with (C2F5)2SiH2, which gave [(NHC)2SiCl2H][(C2F5)SiCl3]. If the reaction medium was changed to dichloromethane, the products of carbene transfer, NHC→Si(C2F5)2Cl2 and NHC→Si(C2F5)2ClH, respectively, were obtained instead. The formation of the latter species is a result of chloride/hydride metathesis. These compounds may serve as valuable precursors for electron‐poor silylenes. Furthermore, the reactivity of NHC→SiCl4 towards phosphines is discussed. The carbene complex NHC→PCl3 shows similar reactivity to NHC→SiCl4, and may even serve as a carbene‐transfer reagent as well.
A Selective and Sensitive Phenanthroimidazole‐Based “Reactive” Ratiometric Sensor for Recognition of Hg2+ Ions in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Yan Yuanyuan , Zhang Rui , Yu Xiang , Xu Hui
Published: October 2014

Based on specific reactivity of the vinyloxy group to Hg2+ ions, a new ratiometric phenanthroimidazole‐based fluorescent sensor, 2‐(2‐(vinyloxy)phenyl)‐1 H‐phenanthro[9,10‐d]imidazole, is prepared. The selectivity of the probe toward Hg2+ ions is very high, and shows minimal interference from other commonly coexistent metal ions. The reactive stoichiometry of the probe with Hg2+ ion is 2:1. Its detection limit is evaluated and Hg2+ ions can be detected down to a lower limit of 2.5×10−8 M. Moreover, the Hg2+‐promoted selective hydrolysis of a vinyloxy group of the probe is further confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.
Experimental evidence of the photonic bandgap and defect effect in Si‐SiO2 multilayer structures
Authors: Bouaziz L. , Nachi K. , Gamra D. , Lejeune M. , Zeinert A. , Zellama K. , Bouchriha H.
Published: October 2014

We have elaborated a one dimensional photonic crystal (Si/SiO2) by depositing alternative silicon and silica layers by radiofrequency magnetron sputtering technique with cold plasma. After optimising the layer thickness to get good transmission, we studied the effect of the crystal layers number on the transmission and reflection spectra. We have shown that the photonic bandgap appears after five alternating Si and SiO2 layers and is well structured after nine alternating layers with a pseudo‐band gap of 1.75 eV. We have also introduced a defect in the structure by changing the thickness of one Si layer, than of one SiO2 layer, in the middle of the structure and observed a corresponding defect mode frequency. Using a theoretical model based on the Plane Wave Expansion method and an appropriate code calculation, we have shown that to have a better defined photonic bandgap, the most appropriate number of periods of the alternating layers should be higher than ten and corresponds to a photonic bandgap of 1.60 eV. We have also theoretically reproduced the experimental transmission and reflection spectra with good agreement.
A Search for Justice and Rights in Land Dispute Resolution in Cambodia
Authors: Tat Puthsodary , Bagshaw Dale Margaret
Published: October 2014

This article examines different perceptions of justice and rights in relation to land disputes in Cambodia. The concept of economic land concessions (ELCs) has created contesting and conflicting discourses as different groups and individuals give diverse meanings to land and development. Research demonstrates how the meanings given to “justice” and “rights” in relation to ELCs reflect ways in which power circulates and is exercised and there is a lack of procedural justice in the formal and informal dispute resolution processes available to the rural Cambodians who are affected. Those who have more power benefit from ELC development, while local villagers are marginalized and oppressed in the development process.
Comparing the Climate Change Actions, Targets and Performance of UK and US Retailers
Authors: Sullivan Rory , Gouldson Andy
Published: October 2014

It is often held that the UK has been something of a leader in its response to climate change, and that the USA has been more of a laggard. Whilst much of this debate relates to government policy, in this paper we consider whether this is true when it comes to corporate action on climate change. We use the retail sector to explore this question. This sector is important because of its own greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and because of the emissions it influences through its supply chains and value chains. On the basis of extensive reviews of corporate reports and other publically available data, we find that companies in the UK are some way ahead of their US counterparts in terms of the actions they are taking (in particular in relation to their willingness to focus on their supply‐chain‐related emissions), the ambition of the emission reduction targets that they are setting for themselves, and (while acknowledging the difficulties in making direct performance comparisons) the rates of improvement in their energy consumption and GHG emissions. We therefore conclude that at least some of the wider claims about the relative performance of the UK and the USA on climate change are mirrored in the manner in which corporations are responding to climate change. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks: Next‐Generation Materials for Energy‐Efficient Gas Separations
Authors: Pimentel Brian R. , Parulkar Aamena , Zhou Er‐kang , Brunelli Nicholas A. , Lively Ryan P.
Published: October 2014

Industrial separation processes comprise approximately 10 % of the global energy demand, driven largely by the utilization of thermal separation methods (e.g., distillation). Significant energy and cost savings can be realized using advanced separation techniques such as membranes and sorbents. One of the major barriers to acceptance of these techniques remains creating materials that are efficient and productive in the presence of aggressive industrial feeds. One promising class of emerging materials is zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), an important thermally and chemically stable subclass of metal organic frameworks (MOFs). The objectives of this paper are (i) to provide a current understanding of the synthetic methods that enable the immense tunability of ZIFs, (ii) to identify areas of success and areas for improvement when ZIFs are used as adsorbents, (iii) to identify areas of success and areas for improvement in ZIF membranes. A review is given of the state‐of‐the‐art in ZIF synthesis procedures and novel ZIF formation pathways as well as their application in energy efficient separations.
Prosody and Reading in Dyslexic Children
Authors: Alves Luciana Mendonça , Reis César , Pinheiro Ângela
Published: October 2014

This study investigates the role of prosody in the reading aloud of dyslexic children. Ten dyslexic and 30 non‐dyslexic control children (mean age 9.5 and 9.9 years, respectively) were recorded when reading a text of appropriate level and subsequently asked to retell it and tested on its comprehension. The data were analysed acoustically by the WinPitchPro programme. The temporal and intonational processing of reading of the two groups were contrasted and revealed unusual characteristics of the dyslexic group with respect to what follows: (1) temporal processing (reduced speeds of reading and articulation and alterations in the number and duration of pauses); (2) variation of the fundamental frequency (limited ability to vary the melody at the phrasal and phonemic level); and (3) vowel stress patterning (difficulty in producing typical stress patterns, and of marking the pre‐stressed and stressed syllables). Fulfilling its objective, the present study promotes advances in the understanding of the functioning of prosody in reading aloud in dyslexia. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and validation of the family coping questionnaire for eating disorders
Authors: Fiorillo Andrea , Sampogna Gaia , Del Vecchio Valeria , Luciano Mario , Monteleone Alessio Maria , Di Maso Virginia , Garcia Cristina Segura , Barbuto Elvira , Monteleone Palmiero , Maj Mario
Published: October 2014

Objective

To develop and validate a new instrument, the Family Coping Questionnaire for Eating Disorders (FCQ‐ED), specifically designed to assess the coping strategies of relatives of patients with eating disorders (EDs).

Method

The study was articulated in the following seven stages: (1) in‐depth analysis of scientific literature; (2) focus groups with expert researchers and clinicians in the fields of EDs and family assessment; (3) development of a pre‐final version of the questionnaire; (4) recruitment of relatives and patients with EDs; (5) data collection; (6) statistical analysis; (7) finalization of the questionnaire.

Results

The final version of the questionnaire consists of 32 items, grouped in five subscales (“avoidance,” “coercion,” “collusion,” “information,” and “positive communication with the patient”), with a Cronbach's alpha ranging between 0.820 and 0.625. All Items with a Cohen's Kappa > 0.60 were included in the final version of the questionnaire. Factor analysis led to the identifications of two factors, the problem‐oriented and the emotion‐focused coping strategies.

Discussion

The final version of the questionnaire shows good psychometric properties, and it requires a short time to be completed. The five subscales correspond to those adopted by relatives of patients with schizophrenia, confirming that relatives of patients with EDs need to be supported and informed on how to cope with patient's disturbing behaviours. This questionnaire may be particularly useful for the development of psychoeducational packages for relatives of patients with EDs and the evaluation of the impact of family functioning on the course of the disease. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:298–304)
Act‐based Versus Harm‐based Sanctions for Environmental Offenders
Authors: Rousseau Sandra , Blondiau Thomas
Published: October 2014

We investigate the design of harm‐based and act‐based sanctions for environmental offences. Empirical evidence concerning both criminal and administrative sanctions for Belgium clearly shows that the determination of harm‐based and act‐based sanctions for environmental offences is less straightforward than theory predicts. In criminal cases, harm‐based sanctions are influenced by offence‐related factors and specifically by the environmental harm caused, while the level of act‐based sanctions is found to be independent of offence characteristics. Further, offender characteristics have a similar impact on both types of sanction, with the exception of the treatment of corporate offenders. In administrative cases, both types of sanction positively depend on the seriousness of (potential) harm caused. We find that sanctions increase for repeat offenders and decrease for offenders who took actions to minimize (potential) damages. Moreover, the analysis provides evidence of multiple objectives pursued by enforcing authorities. While our results confirm the general insights from previous studies, they are innovative in the distinction made between harm‐based and act‐based sanctions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
A risk score for predicting 30‐day mortality in heart failure patients undergoing non‐cardiac surgery
Authors: Andersson Charlotte , Gislason Gunnar H. , Hlatky Mark A. , Søndergaard Kathrine Bach , Pallisgaard Jannik , Smith J. Gustav , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Larson Martin G. , Jensen Per Føge , Køber Lars , Torp‐Pedersen Christian
Published: October 2014

Background

Heart failure is an established risk factor for poor outcomes in patients undergoing non‐cardiac surgery, yet risk stratification remains a clinical challenge. We developed an index for 30‐day mortality risk prediction in this particular group.

Methods and results

All individuals with heart failure undergoing non‐cardiac surgery between October 23 2004 and October 31 2011 were included from Danish administrative registers (n = 16 827). In total, 1787 (10.6%) died within 30 days. In a simple risk score based on the variables from the revised cardiac risk index, plus age, gender, acute surgery, and body mass index category the following variables predicted mortality (points): male gender (1), age 56–65 years (2), age 66–75 years (4), age 76–85 years (5), or age >85 years (7), being underweight (4), normal weight (3), or overweight (1), undergoing acute surgery (5), undergoing high‐risk procedures (intra‐thoracic, intra‐abdominal, or suprainguinal aortic) (3), having renal disease (1), cerebrovascular disease (1), and use of insulin (1). The c‐statistic was 0.79 and calibration was good. Mortality risk ranged from <2% for a score <5 to >50% for a score ≥20. Internal validation by bootstrapping (1000 re‐samples) provided c‐statistic of 0.79. A more complex risk score based on stepwise logistic regression including 24 variables at P < 0.05 performed only slightly better, c‐statistic = 0.81, but was limited in use by its complexity.

Conclusions

For patients with heart failure, this simple index can accurately identify those at low risk for perioperative mortality.
Impact of chronic changes in arterial compliance and resistance on left ventricular ageing in humans
Authors: Wohlfahrt Peter , Redfield Margaret M. , Melenovsky Vojtech , Lopez‐Jimenez Francisco , Rodeheffer Richard J. , Borlaug Barry A.
Published: October 2014

Aims

Left ventricular systolic elastance (Ees) and diastolic elastance (Eed) correlate with arterial elastance (Ea), but it is unknown how chronic changes in arterial compliance and resistance, which determine Ea, might differentially affect cardiac properties with ageing. We sought to characterize chronic changes in pulsatile and resistive arterial load and correlate them with longitudinal changes in LV structure and function in a prospective, community‐based study.

Methods and results

Comprehensive echocardiography was performed in 722 subjects participating in a randomly selected community‐based study at two examinations separated by 4 years, allowing for assessment of LV Ees, Eed, and end‐diastolic volume (EDV), Ea, total arterial compliance, and systemic vascular resistance at both examinations. Chronic changes in resistance and heart rate were the dominant contributors to change in Ea. Changes in arterial compliance had little impact on changes in Ea, but were strongly associated with changes in Ees. The combination of increased resistance and decreased compliance was associated with the largest increase in LV diastolic stiffness, an effect that was mediated by a decrease in LVEDV. In contrast, subjects with both improved arterial compliance and decreased resistance displayed an increase in LVEDV over time, with no increase in LV Eed.

Conclusion

Increases in pulsatile arterial load with ageing contribute more to LV systolic stiffening, while combined pulsatile and resistive loading changes are associated with positive and negative chamber remodelling and diastolic stiffness. Therapies designed to improve arterial resistance and particularly to enhance aortic compliance may hold promise to prevent or reverse cardiac ageing and its sequelae.
SDF1α‐induced interaction of the adapter proteins Nck and HS1 facilitates actin polymerization and migration in T cells
Authors: Lettau Marcus , Kabelitz Dieter , Janssen Ottmar
Published: October 2014

Noncatalytic region of tyrosine kinase (Nck) is an adapter protein that comprises one SH2 (Src homology) domain and three SH3 domains. Nck links receptors and receptor‐associated tyrosine kinases or adapter proteins to proteins that regulate the actin cytoskeleton. Whereas the SH2 domain binds to phosphorylated receptors or associated phosphoproteins, individual interactions of the SH3 domains with proline‐based recognition motifs result in the formation of larger protein complexes. In T cells, changes in cell polarity and morphology during T‐cell activation and effector function require the T‐cell receptor‐mediated recruitment and activation of actin‐regulatory proteins to initiate cytoskeletal reorganization at the immunological synapse. We previously identified the adapter protein HS1 as a putative Nck‐interacting protein. We now demonstrate that the SH2 domain of Nck specifically interacts with HS1 upon phosphorylation of its tyrosine residue 378. We report that in human T cells, ligation of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by stromal cell‐derived factor 1α (SDF1α) induces a rapid and transient phosphorylation of tyrosine 378 of HS1 resulting in an increased association with Nck. Consequently, siRNA‐mediated downregulation of HS1 and/or Nck impairs SDF1α‐induced actin polymerization and T‐cell migration.
TFPI inhibits lectin pathway of complement activation by direct interaction with MASP‐2
Authors: Keizer Mischa P. , Pouw Richard B. , Kamp Angela M. , Patiwael Sanne , Marsman Gerben , Hart Margreet H. , Zeerleder Sacha , Kuijpers Taco W. , Wouters Diana
Published: October 2014

The lectin pathway (LP) of complement has a protective function against invading pathogens. Recent studies have also shown that the LP plays an important role in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)‐injury. MBL‐associated serine protease (MASP)‐2 appears to be crucial in this process. The serpin C1‐inhibitor is the major inhibitor of MASP‐2. In addition, aprotinin, a Kunitz‐type inhibitor, was shown to inhibit MASP‐2 activity in vitro. In this study we investigated whether the Kunitz‐type inhibitor tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is also able to inhibit MASP‐2. Ex vivo LP was induced and detected by C4‐deposition on mannan‐coated plates. The MASP‐2 activity was measured in a fluid‐phase chromogenic assay. rTFPI in the absence or presence of specific monoclonal antibodies was used to investigate which TFPI‐domains contribute to MASP‐2 inhibition. Here, we identify TFPI as a novel selective inhibitor of MASP‐2, without affecting MASP‐1 or the classical pathway proteases C1s and C1r. Kunitz‐2 domain of TFPI is required for the inhibition of MASP‐2. Considering the role of MASP‐2 in complement‐mediated I/R‐injury, the inhibition of this protease by TFPI could be an interesting therapeutic approach to limit the tissue damage in conditions such as cerebral stroke, myocardial infarction or solid organ transplantation.
Biosynthetically Distinct Cytotoxic Polyketides from Setophoma terrestris
Authors: El‐Elimat Tamam , Figueroa Mario , Raja Huzefa A. , Graf Tyler N. , Swanson Steven M. , Falkinham Joseph O. , Wani Mansukh C. , Pearce Cedric J. , Oberlies Nicholas H.
Published: October 2014

Sixteen polyketides belonging to diverse structural classes, including monomeric/dimeric tetrahydroxanthones and resorcylic acid lactones, were isolated from an organic extract of a fungal culture Setophoma terrestris (MSX45109) by bioactivity‐directed fractionation as part of a search for anticancer leads from filamentous fungi. Of these, six were new: penicillixanthone B (5), blennolide H (6), 11‐deoxyblennolide D (7), blennolide I (9), blennolide J (10), and pyrenomycin (16). The known compounds were: secalonic acid A (1), secalonic acid E (2), secalonic acid G (3), penicillixanthone A (4), paecilin B (8), aigialomycin A (11), hypothemycin (12), dihydrohypothemycin (13), pyrenochaetic acid C (14), and nidulalin B (15). The structures were elucidated by a set of spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques: the absolute configurations of compounds 1–10 were determined by ECD spectroscopy combined with time‐dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations, whereas a modified Mosher's ester method was used for compound 16. The cytotoxic activities of compounds 1–15 against the MDA‐MB‐435 (melanoma) and SW‐620 (colon) cancer cell lines were evaluated. Compounds 1, 4, and 12 were the most potent, with IC50 values ranging from 0.16 to 2.14 μM. When tested against a panel of bacteria and fungi, compounds 3 and 5 showed promising activity against the Gram‐positive bacterium Micrococcus luteus, with MIC values of 5 and 15 μg mL–1, respectively.
Asymmetric Synthesis of 3,4‐Disubstituted Proline Derivatives: Application in Synthesis of Hepatitis C Virus Protease Inhibitor Telaprevir
Authors: Zhang Fan , Wen Xiaoan , Xu Qing‐Long , Sun Hongbin
Published: October 2014

A practical asymmetric synthesis of 3,4‐disubstituted proline derivatives has been realized with high stereoselectivity and moderate yield. The key steps involved are desymmetric ring‐opening reaction of commercially available anhydrides, intramolecular Strecker reaction and thermodynamically controlled cyanide hydrolysis. Based on this methodology, the synthesis of HCV protease inhibitor Telaprevir was achieved.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Methylthiolation of Aromatic Carboxylic Acids by Using DMSO as the Sulfurizing Reagent
Authors: Fu Zhengjiang , Li Zhaojie , Xiong Qiheng , Cai Hu
Published: October 2014

By using simple and readily available DMSO as a convenient and environmentally friendly source of sulfur, a practical approach for the Pd‐catalyzed decarboxylative methylthiolation of 2‐nitrobenzoic acids was developed. A range of substituents on the aryl group of the ortho‐nitrobenzoic acid were compatible with this process.
Electrochemical Detection of Activated Protein C Using an Aptasensor Based on PAMAM Dendrimer Modified Pencil Graphite Electrodes
Authors: Erdem Arzum , Congur Gulsah , Mese Fehmi
Published: October 2014

Electrochemical aptasensing of APC was carried out using PAMAM dendrimer modified pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) for the first time herein. Poly(amidoamine) dendrimer having 16 succinamic acid surface groups (generation 2, G2‐PS) modified PGEs were developed, and then were utilized for APC monitoring using differential pulse voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The selectivity of single‐use aptasensor was tested against to other proteins; BSA and THR as well as to the affinity of APC binding to different DNA aptamer, or oligonucleotide. Voltammetric APC detection was also explored in a diluted fetal bovine serum resulting with a detection limit DL as 1.5 µg/mL.
Fabrication of a Single Layer and Bilayer Potentiometric Biosensors for Penicillin by Galvanostatic Entrapment of Penicillinase into Polypyrrole Films
Authors: Ismail Fatma , Adeloju Samuel B. , Moline Alexander N.
Published: October 2014

A single layer and bilayer potentiometric biosensors for the detection of penicillin have been developed. The favourable conditions that were established for the polypyrrole‐penicillinase ((PPy‐P’nase) single layer biosensor were 0.03 M pyrrole, 50 U/mL P’nase, 0.01 M penicillin, applied current density of 0.9 mA/cm2 and a polymerisation time of 40 s. The optimum conditions for the formation of the outer layer of the bilayer were: (a) 0.1 M Py, 19 U/mL P’nase, 0.01 M pen, current density of 0.9 mA/cm2 and a polymerisation time of 40 s. The minimum detectable penicillin concentration with the bilayer potentiometric biosensor was 0.3 µM and the linear concentration range was 7.5–146 µM. The average percentage recovery of penicillin that was found in amoxycillin 500 mg was 113±24 %. The determination of penicillin in milk was fraught with problems of non‐specific binding of penicillin to the milk.