bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Specificity and Nature of the Antigen-Combining Sites on Fetal and Mature Thymus Lymphocytes
Authors: Dwyer John M. , Warner Noel L. , Mackay Ian R.
Published: December 2022

The thymus of several species was examined for antigen-binding lymphocytes (ABL), by using autoradiography and 125I-labeled antigens, flagellin from Salmonella adelaide and hemocyanin from Jasus lalandii. Counts of ABL in thymic cell suspensions, expressed per 104 lymphocytes, varied according to the species and antigen used. For flagellin the count of thymic ABL was considerably greater in the human fetus (182 ± 50) than the mouse fetus (2.9 ± 0.5), but for hemocyanin was greater in the mouse (36 ± 8.5) than the human (10 ± 2.5). In man and mouse counts of thymic ABL fell steadily with increasing age, from fetal to late adult life. The property of antigen binding could not be attributed to cytophilic antibody because this was not passively conferred on to lymphocytes in vitro or in vivo by antibody to flagellin in high titer. The in vivo experiment was on rats immunized with flagellin before pregnancy; antibody crossed the placenta yet failed to confer antigen-binding properties on lymphocytes of various fetal tissues. The binding of flagellin and hemocyanin to thymic lymphocytes in man and mouse was blocked by monospecific antisera to light chains and µ chains, even in high dilution. Most of the ABL in thymus cell suspensions would be expected to be thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes rather than immigrant B lymphocytes and the data were therefore interpreted as showing that such lymphocytes carry antigen-binding receptors of IgM character.
Appearance of an Early “Primed State” in Mice following the Concomitant Injections of Antigen and Specific Antiserum
Authors: Terres Geronimo , Morrison Sherie L. , Habicht Gail S. , Stoner Richard D.
Published: December 2022

Injection of mice with immune complexes formed with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and rabbit anti-BSA in antigen excess produced an enhanced anti-BSA response. An enhanced antibody response was also obtained when immune complexes prepared at equivalence were injected intravenously and a second antigen injection was made within 4 days. The results suggest that immune complexes elicit within a few days a “primed state” which is identical to the primed state observed weeks after a single antigen injection; that is, the kinetics of the appearance of antibody and the effect of whole-body irradiation upon the antibody response following the second antigen injection were similar to those observed in mice primed with antigen alone. The role of antibody and antigen-antibody complexes in eliciting a primed state is discussed.
Leishmania Donovani; Partial Characterization of Some Flagellate Cytoplasmic Immunogens
Authors: Clinton Bruce A. , Palczuk Nicholas C. , Stauber Leslie A.
Published: December 2022

Leishmania donovani promastigotes were cultured in Millipore-filtered medium and subjected to freeze-thaw and homogenization regimens. The resulting homogenate was centrifuged, and the supernatant, consisting mainly of the cytoplasmic portion, was injected into rabbits. The rabbit anti-promastigote antibody was used to study promastigote immunogens by immunoelectrophoresis and by our modification of thin-layer immunochromatography (ICG). Both procedures revealed nine distinct precipitin lines; however, ICG disclosed the approximate molecular weights of the cytoplasmic immunogens ranging from 8637 to 112,250. In other characterization studies, promastigote homogenate in CFA was used to sensitize 16 guinea pigs. After 7 days the animals were challenged with individual cytoplasmic fractions (3 to 4 µg protein) separated by G-200 Sephadex. Intradermal challenge sites were measured, for diameters of erythema at 10 min; 4, 7, 24, 48 and 96 hr. Erythema appeared at 4 hr post-challenge, peaking at 24 hr and thereafter decreasing in intensity. Two distinct fractions from the separated homogenate were responsible for the most intense delayed skin responses. Used culture medium produced delayed skin reactions; whereas, unused medium provoked no response.
Immunodeficiency of the Thymus-Dependent System of the Ames Dwarf Mouse
Authors: Duquesnoy Rene J.
Published: December 2022

The autosomal recessive pituitary Ames dwarf mouse was immunodeficient as shown by lymphocyte depletion and involution of thymus and peripheral lymphoid tissue, lymphopenia and a wasting syndrome with subsequent death at a young age. The appearance of 19S and 7S hemolytic plaque-forming cells after immunogenic stimulation with sheep erythrocytes was delayed and considerably less in Ames dwarf mice than in normal littermates. The graft-vs-host reactivity of spleen cells, measured by the Simonsen splenomegaly assay in young (Ames × AKR)F1 hybrid mice, was significantly lower in Ames dwarf mice. On the other hand, the Ames dwarf mouse did not have marked deficiencies in the serum levels of immunoglobulin. The normal colony-forming capacity of bone marrow cells measured with the spleencolony assay of Till and McCulloch (see Ref. 13), suggested a normal stem cell population in the bone marrow of Ames dwarf mice. The earliest degenerative change of the thymus of the Ames dwarf mouse was a depletion of thymocytes from the thymus cortex frequently accompanied by an increased number of lymphoid cells in the medulla. This was followed by a loss of lymphoid cellularity of the medulla, thereby causing a complete involution of the thymus. These results suggest that the Ames dwarf mouse has an immunodeficiency of the thymus-dependent lymphoid system as a consequence of defective thymotropic influences by the pituitary.
The Functional Capacity of X-Irradiated Macrophages
Authors: Schmidtke Jon R. , Dixon Frank J.
Published: December 2022

Graded doses of x-irradiation (up to 10,000 R) had no effect on the uptake and little effect on the catabolism of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or human γ-globulin (HGG) in vitro by macrophages from non-immunized CBA or A mice. After uptake and catabolism, however, greater amounts of KLH and HGG remained associated with the plasma membrane of x-irradiated (10,000 R) macrophages compared with control cells. Because of their greater surface binding of antigens, x-irradiated macrophages after transfer to normal mice were more effective in inducing immune responses to antigens to which they were exposed in vitro than were normal macrophages. This increased immunogenicity of KLH bound to x-irradiated macrophages was abrogated by treating the cells with trypsin before transfer. In addition, transfer of normal macrophages carrying KLH or HGG to sublethally irradiated mice did not reconstitute their ability to form antibody to these proteins.
Studies on Human Secretory Immunoglobulin A.
Authors: Tomana Milan , Mestecky Jiri , Niedermeier William
Published: December 2022

Human secretory IgA (S-IgA) from colostrum contains 8.7% carbohydrate consisting of 0.7% fucose, 2.6% mannose, 1.6% galactose, 2.5% glucosamine, 0.2% galactosamine, and 1.1% sialic acid. The carbohydrate content is unevenly distributed among the polypeptide chains. Assuming that the S-IgA is composed of four heavy (H) chains, four light (L) chains, one secretory component (SC) and one J chain, the total carbohydrate content would be distributed as follows: 63% in H chains, 28% in SC, 6.5% in J chain, and 2.5% in L chains.

The qualitative composition and the ratio between individual carbohydrates is similar in the different types of polypeptide chains, with the two following exceptions: galactosamine was found only in H chains and a higher content of fucose was detected in SC than in the rest of the chains.
Interaction in Vivo of Homocytotropic Antibodies Belonging to Two Different Rat Immunoglobulin Classes: Effect of IgE on the Passive Cutaneous Anaphylactic Reaction Mediated by IgGa Antibodies
Authors: Ohman John L. , Bloch Kurt J.
Published: December 2022

Rat anti-Nippostrongylus brasiliensis antiserum was considerably more effective than normal rat serum in inhibiting the passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) reaction mediated by an IgGa anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antiserum fraction. The inhibitory activity had the chromatographic, gel filtration and heat lability characteristics of rat IgE. The IgGa fraction, isolated from hyperimmune rat anti-DNP antiserum, devoid of IgE anti-DNP activity, yielded stronger 6-hr PCA reactions than did whole antiserum. The inhibitory activity in whole antiserum was attributed to nonspecific IgE, although the existence of other, minor, inhibitors could not be excluded. Rats repeatedly infected with N. brasiliensis larvae failed to undergo PCA reactions at sites prepared with certain IgGa or IgE antibody-containing fractions; it is presumed that in these animals mast cell receptors are occupied by autologous IgE anti-worm antibodies. These experiments provide in vivo confirmation of the interaction of rat IgE and IgGa antibodies at a common receptor on target cells.
The Influence of Carriers on the Immune Response of Rabbits to the Synthetic Homopolymer Poly (γ-2-N-Morpholinylethyl-l-Glutamamide) (Pameg)
Authors: McDonald Hugh C. , Odstrchel Gerald , Maurer Paul H.
Published: December 2022

Immunization intravenously (i.v.) of rabbits with soluble PAMEG, or PAMEG adsorbed to alum, carboxymethylcellulose, or insoluble acetylated bovine serum albumin produced little (0.05 mg antibody/ml serum) or no precipitating antibody against PAMEG. However, rabbits immunized with PAMEG coated onto a rough strain of Pneumococcus (R36A) produced significant levels of antibody directed against both PAMEG and the R strain carrier. After the second course immunization, the antiPAMEG response was as high as 16 mg antibody/ml serum, and some sera displayed restrictions in the γ globulin region by cellulose acetate electrophoresis.
Half-Life of Guinea Pig γ1 Globulin and γ2 Globulin Antibodies
Authors: LeFever Jane D. , Ishizaka Kimishige
Published: December 2022

The half-lives (t1/2) of guinea pig γ1 globulin and γ2 globulin antibodies (antiovalbumin) have been compared in normal guinea pigs. These animals catabolized γ1-antibody more slowly than γ2-antibody. The average t1/2 of γ1 was 7.1 days; the average t1/2 of γ2 was 5.1 days. When guinea pigs were actively immunized with bovine γ globulin, the level of circulating γ1 globulin increased on the average 8 to 9 times above the preimmunization level, and the average t1/2 of injected γ1 decreased to 5.3 days.
Close Linkage of the Genes for Rabbit IgA Allotypes, Af71 to Af75, to the Chromosomal Region Controlling Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Allotypes
Authors: Hanly W. C. , Knight K. L. , Gilman-Sachs A. , Dray S. , Lichter E. A.
Published: December 2022

Five allotypes of rabbit IgA immunoglobulin, designated Af71, Af72, Af73, Af74 and Af75, have been identified in this laboratory and found to be inherited in linkage groups of f71 and f75, f72 and f74 or f73 and f74 as if they were controlled by three autosomal codominant alleles f71,75, f72,74 and f73,74, at a chromosomal region designated the f locus (1, 2).3 Tentatively, the f locus or region can be thought of as two linked regions or subloci such that one set of alleles controls f71, f72 and f73 and another set, controls f74 and f75. These five allotypic specificities are not found on IgG or IgM and thus appear to be associated uniquely with serum and secretory IgA (1). Furthermore, the phenogroup pair of allotypic specificities do not appear to be on the same IgA molecule but on separate IgA molecules, perhaps on subclasses of IgA (3).
Ascaris Cuticle Collagen and Mammalian Collagens: Cell Mediated and Humoral Immunity Relationships
Authors: Michaeli Dov , Senyk George , Maoz Arieh , Fuchs Sara
Published: December 2022

Complete cell-mediated and humoral cross-reactivity was demonstrated between native Ascaris cuticle collagen and its reduced and carboxymethylated (RCM) form. The data indicate the preservation of intact immunologic determinants after reduction and alkylation of the parent molecule.

Cell-mediated immunity could be demonstrated with both forms of Ascaris collagen and human collagen whereas no such cross-reaction existed between the former collagens and mouse collagen. No humoral cross-reactivity between Ascaris collagen and a variety of mammalian collagens was detectable.

The data demonstrate the usefulness of cell-mediated immunity in determining the relatedness of phylogenetically remote proteins. The possibilities that Ascaris and mammalian collagens may be products of either divergence from a common primordial protein or convergence from different primordial proteins are discussed.
Immunochemical Studies on Chlamydial Group Antigen (Presence of a 2-Keto-3-Deoxycarbohydrate as Immunodominant Group)
Authors: Dhir S. P. , Hakomori S. , Kenny G. E. , Grayston J. T.
Published: December 2022

The group reactive, water soluble polysaccharide antigens of the organisms of psittacosis, lymphogranuloma venereum and trachoma were chemically characterized. An acidic polysaccharide of large molecular weight was purified by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. Its antigenic activity was destroyed both by periodate (0.005 M) and by mild acid hydrolysis (0.1 N sulfuric acid at 80°C for 1 hr). An acidic component, which separated from the rest of the polysaccharide by mild acid hydrolysis, gave a positive thiobarbituric acid test and negative resorcinol test characteristic of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctanoic acid. On paper chromatography its behavior was similar to but not identical with that of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctanoic acid from Salmonella lipopolysaccharides. The ease with which antigenicity was destroyed by periodate and mild acid hydrolysis suggests that this acidic component is critical for antigenicity.
Migration Inhibition of Peripheral Leucocytes in Human Schistosomiasis
Authors: Wolfson Ronald L. , Maddison Shirley E. , Kagan I. G.
Published: December 2022

Migration inhibition of peripheral leucocytes by extracts of Schistosoma mansoni was observed in individuals who showed delayed-type skin reactivity with the parasitic antigen. There was no correlation between the in vitro migration inhibition and immediate-type hypersensitivity, the presence of specific antibody to S. mansoni in the serum, nor a nonspecific serum factor. A correlation between migration inhibition of peripheral leucocytes and delayed skin reactivity was observed in individuals hypersensitive to Brucella abortus.
A Starfish Hemolymph Factor Which Activates Vertebrate Complement in the Presence of Cobra Venom Factor
Authors: Day Noorbibi , Geiger Hartmut , Finstad Joanne , Good Robert A.
Published: December 2022

In recent studies we demonstrated the presence of a factor(s) in hemolymphs of invertebrates which interacts with purified cobra venom factor (CVF) and lyses erythrocytes in the presence of vertebrate serum or invertebrate hemolymph treated with EDTA (1). These CVF-reacting components were to some extent interchangeable between vertebrate sera and invertebrate hemolymph but the most marked hemolytic activity was observed when starfish (Asterius forbesi) hemolymph was reacted with purified CVF and added to frog serum in EDTA (1). In the present studies, we have isolated a factor(s) from starfish hemolymph and have shown that the purified product is capable of participating with CVF in activating the complement (C) system of the frog.

Materials and Methods. Vertebrate and invertebrate species. The frogs, Rana catesbeiana, were obtained from Schettles, Stillwater, Wis. The starfish (A. forbesi) were purchased from Marine Biological Laboratories, Woods Hole, Mass. The hemolymph was obtained from the starfish and then clarified according to methods described previously (1).
Human Heat Labile Opsonins: Evidence for Their Mediation via the Alternate Pathway of Complement Activation
Authors: Jasin Hugo E.
Published: December 2022

The possible participation of the alternate pathway of C3 activation in the activation of human heat labile opsonins by bacteria has been investigated. It was shown that: a) opsonization took place normally in human sera completely lacking C1q; b) complete absorption of immunoglobulins and C1q from agammaglobulinemic sera failed to abolish opsonic capacity; c) heat labile opsonic capacity for Escherichia coli was markedly reduced by heating normal serum at 50°C for 30 min, conditions which inactivate a component of the alternate pathway of complement activation and d) addition to such heated serum of purified C3 proactivator, a constituent of the alternate pathway, resulted in restoration of a significant fraction of the opsonic activity. These results indicate that heat labile opsonization is mediated via an alternate pathway of C3 activation.
Bidirectional Effects of Interaction between Parental Thymocytes and F1 Spleen Cells in the Production of Graft vs Host Splenomegaly
Authors: Liebhaber Stephen A. , Barchilon John , Gershon Richard K.
Published: December 2022

The addition of 1.5 × 107 F1 spleen cells to inocula of parental thymocytes in sublethally irradiated F1 hosts influenced the resultant splenomegaly. The influence of the F1 cells was bidirectional; under certain conditions they increased the splenomegaly while under others they decreased it. Analysis of these conditions revealed that the effect the F1 cells had depended on the activity of the parental thymocytes. Active thymocytes produced small spleens when inoculated alone; the smaller the spleen the greater the synergy with F1 cells. On the other hand less active thymocytes occasionally produced some splenomegaly on their own. When they did, added F1 cells reduced the spleen size (acted “antergistically”). The mechanism(s) by which these bidirectional effects of F1 cells may be expressed are discussed.
Sensitization of Guinea Pigs to Alpha-Chloroacetophenone (CN) and Ortho-Chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile (CS), Tear Gas Chemicals
Authors: Chung Choong W. , Giles Albert L.
Published: December 2022

The most frequently used tear gas ingredients, 1-chloroacetophenone (CN) and o-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile (CS), caused contact sensitization or delayed hypersensitivity in guinea pigs by either a topical or intradermal route of administration with the aid of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). CN was allergenic even without the aid of FCA, was more irritating to skin than CS and was also more irritating to skin and more allergenic when administered as Chemical Mace than in acetone at equivalent concentrations. Upon intradermal challenge, the skin reactions of sensitized guinea pigs to CN showed erythema, edema, induration and occasional necrosis. The skin reactions developed by topical challenges were similar but resulted also in eschar formation. CN and CS, especially CS, showed a specificity for routes of immunization, namely, a better rate of elicitation in incidence and degree of allergic skin reactions when immunization and challenge routes were identical. The guinea pigs sensitized to CN showed cross-reactivity to 1-bromoacetophenone, 1,1-dichloroacetophenone and acetophenone in the order listed. Strongly sensitized animals showed weak cross-reactions whereas weakly sensitized guinea pigs gave no or negligible cross-reactivity to acetophenone derivatives having three fluorine atoms, a nitrile, acetyl or N-benzamidyl group at the 1 position or one halogen at one of the ring positions; ethane or acetone bearing three chlorines at the 1 position; DM (phenarzine chloride); or ethyl chloroformate.
Immunoglobulin E in Immunologic Deficiency Diseases
Authors: Waldmann Thomas A. , Polmar Stephen H. , Balestra Suellen T. , Jost Margaret C. , Bruce Robert M. , Terry William D.
Published: December 2022

The serum immunoglobulin E concentration was determined in groups of patients with immunologic deficiency diseases that were secondary to a variety of pathophysiologic mechanisms including decreased synthesis, accelerated catabolism and excessive loss of immunoglobulins.

The geometric mean IgE level of normal adults was 105 ng/ml with a 95% interval of 5 to 2045. All of the patients with a generalized reduction in immunoglobulin production had a markedly reduced level of IgE. In nine of 10 patients with idiopathic-acquired hypogammaglobulinemia the IgE level was undetectable (i.e., < 4 ng/ml) and was only 5 ng/ml in the remaining patient. Similarly, IgE was undetectable in the serum of seven of eight patients with thymoma and hypogammaglobulinemia and was only 8 ng/ml in the remaining patient.

The IgE levels of groups of patients with hypogammaglobulinemia secondary to a shortened immunoglobulin survival were found to be normal in contrast to the markedly reduced IgE levels seen in the patients with a generalized defect in immunoglobulin synthesis. The geometric means of the serum IgE concentrations of the 10 patients with myotonic dystrophy, low IgG concentration and short IgG survival, the two patients with familial hypercatabolic hypoproteinemia and a short survival of many serum proteins, and the 10 patients who had intestinal lymphangiectasia and generalized loss of serum proteins into the gastrointestinal tract did not differ significantly from normal.

The 12 patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome had markedly elevated IgE levels with a geometric mean value of 3475 ng/ml. These high IgE levels may reflect chronic stimulation of the IgE synthesizing system by antigens that cannot be processed adequately and eliminated by these patients.
Defective in Vitro Spleen Cell Proliferative Response to Antigens in Agammaglobulinemic Chickens
Authors: Kirchner H. , Oppenheim J. J. , Blaese M. R. , Hofstrand H. J.
Published: December 2022

Cyclophosphamide treatment of chickens during early extraembryonic life selectively inactivates B cells as indicated by the induction of agammaglobulinemia and the lack of proliferative response of their spleen cells to anti-immunoglobulin. T cell functions as measured by the response to phytomitogens, anti-thymocyte serum and irradiated allogeneic cells in the mixed leukocyte reaction were found to be intact. However, the in vitro proliferative response to specific antigens was significantly diminished in agammaglobulinemic chickens which suggests that B cell participation may be required for this response.
The Effects of Heterologous Antithymocyte Sera in Mice
Authors: Mandel Mark A. , DeCosse Jerome J.
Published: December 2022

The intraperitoneal inoculation of BALB/c mice with three doses of Bayol F resulted in the development of plasma cell tumors. Twelve months after the last Bayol dose 55% of mice had tumors. When mice were concomitantly treated with antithymocyte sera (ATS), tumors developed more rapidly and frequently than with Bayol alone. Suppression of host reactivity by other modalities, including the chemical agents, Imuran and Cytoxan, and by adult thymectomy, did not increase the rate of tumor induction. Irradiation of mice at the time of Bayol treatment resulted in a slightly higher incidence of tumor. Mice treated by suppressive therapy, without Bayol, did not develop tumors.

The enhanced rate of tumor induction noted with ATS and Bayol appears to be due, in great part, to selective destruction of lymphoid cells by the ATS with little direct effect on plasma cell elements. Treatment of mice with the chemical agents, however, did not enhance oncogenesis since these suppressed not only lymphoid cells but also malignant or potentially malignant plasma cells. In this experimental model, therefore, an increased rate of plasma cell tumor induction resulted when mice given Bayol were treated with ATS.

The effect of treatment with ATS on the type of tumor induced was studied by histologic methods and by analysis of ascitic fluid and serum for protein content. All induced tumors in each group were plasmacytomas, the majority of which synthesized IgA myeloma proteins. One-quarter of the mice developed tumors that synthesized IgG; IgM tumors were uncommon. Thus despite variations in the rate and intensity of oncogenesis for the different groups, the relative proportion of each myeloma class of induced tumor was constant.
Tumor Formation and Paraprotein Production by Mouse Plasmacytoma Cells Transplanted to Hamsters
Authors: Zlotnick A. , Slavin M.
Published: December 2022

A suspension of cells from a BALB/c mouse MPC-11 plasmacytoma was transplanted into the cheek pouches of 51 irradiated and 50 nonirradiated hamsters. Forty-two of the irradiated and 29 of the nonirradiated animals took the graft. The irradiated hamsters were sacrificed, at the latest, 15 days and the nonirradiated ones 21 days after the transfer. By that time, the animals had developed large tumors and showed no signs of rejection. The tumors grew as well in the nonirradiated as in the irradiated animals. Histologic examination of the injection sites revealed infiltration of the areolar tissue with tumor cells of different sizes, many of which were undergoing mitotic division. By immunocytochemical techniques we showed that the tumor cells produce a γ-2b globulin identical with that found in mice carrying this tumor. This protein was also present in the peripheral blood of the tumor-bearing hamsters. Being a privileged site, the hamster's cheek pouch can serve well as a growth-sustaining environment for a heterologous mouse plasmacytoma. Because the mouse MPC-11 plasmacytoma remains viable and synthesizes a specific paraprotein for at least 21 days after implantation in the cheek pouch of normal hamsters, we are able to use this experimental model to study the effects of the continued presence of a foreign undenaturated protein on an immunologically competent host.
Histocompatibility-Linked Genetic Control of the Immune Response to Hapten Guinea Pig Albumin Conjugates in Inbred Guinea Pigs
Authors: Green Ira , Paul William E. , Benacerraf Baruj
Published: December 2022

The immune response of inbred guinea pigs to low doses of hapten-guinea pig albumin conjugates is controlled by a specific immune response gene closely linked to the gene complex controlling strain 13 histocompatibility antigens. Thus, strain 13 guinea pigs make significant anti-dinitrophenyl (anti-DNP) antibody responses to 1 μg of DNP-guinea pig albumin (GPA) while strain 2 guinea pigs make little or no response and are not prepared for secondary anti-DNP responses. Progeny of (2 × 13) F1 × 2 matings which possess strain 13 histocompatibility antigens are good responders to a low dose of DNP-GPA while offspring lacking strain 13 antigens are poor responders. The differential response of strain 2 and 13 animals to DNP-GPA is also observed with p-iodophenylsulfonyl-GPA and a 3-(2,4-dinitrophenylamino)-propylamide derivative of GPA. These observations indicate that this immune response gene is involved in carrier recognition and suggest that it operates in thymus-derived lymphocytes.
An Unusual Papain Fragment Containing the VH Region of an IgG3 Myeloma Protein
Authors: Dammacco Franco , Franklin Edward C. , Frangione Blas
Published: December 2022

A new enzymatic fragment resulting from papain digestion of an IgG3k myeloma cryoglobulin (protein KUP) is described. This fragment, which can be easily separated from the remainder of the Fab fragment by filtration on Sephadex G-100 in 1 N acetic acid, does not react with a panel of antisera in double diffusion experiments, has a blocked amino-terminal residue and was shown to correspond to most of the heavy chain variable region. It has been tentatively designated Fdv.

Fdv is readily soluble in acidic buffers, has a molecular weight of 11,900, a sedimentation coefficient of 1.7S in 1 N acetic acid and contains about 100 residues.

Attempts to isolate, under the same conditions, an analogous fragment from two additional IgG3 and one IgG1 myeloma proteins and from pooled human Cohn FII were unsuccessful. Whether production of Fdv is a unique property of protein KUP or is related to an unusual VH subgroup or other factors, remains, so far, undetermined.
Cross-Reactions of HL-A Antibodies
Authors: Dorf M. E. , Eguro S. Y. , Dawson J. R. , Rauckman E. J. , Amos D. B.
Published: December 2022

An immuno-chromatographic method of eluting HL-A antibodies from platelets has been described. An anti-HL-A3 serum (BC) was absorbed with platelets immobilized on a nylon column. The platelets obtained from HL-A3 (class I), HL-All (class II) or HL-Al (class III) positive donors were used to absorb HL-A antisera. A linear pH gradient (pH 7.4 to 2.5) was used to elute the antibody from the platelet columns. Anti-HL-A3 activity was eluted from class III platelets at pH 5.0, from class II platelets at pH 4.5 to 3.7, and from class I platelets at pH 4.2 to 2.7. It was shown further that the eluates from class I and class II platelets had different qualitative and quantitative serologic activities when they were retested on lymphocytes obtained from each class of donor. These data are indicative of differences in antibody avidity for each class of platelets analyzed and suggest that these differences are due to cross-reactivities. It has also been shown that the avidity of anti-HL-A3 antibody from early and hyperimmune bleedings increases with repeated immunization. These experiments illustrate the heterogeneity of HL-A antibodies.
Affinity Chromatography of Anti-Meningococcal Antiserum
Authors: Winkelhake Jeffrey L. , Kasper Dennis L.
Published: December 2022

The separate isolation of specific antibody to different antigens on the cell surface is essential for the understanding of immunity to the meningococcus. A simple, efficient method for preparing highly cross-linked polyacrylamide immunoadsorbents containing purified serogroups A, B and C polysaccharide and the serotype protein antigen II of Neisseria meningitidis is described. After hyperimmune anti-live organism antiserum was passed over an immunoadsorbent, a 2.0 M potassium iodide elution of the adsorbed antibodies yielded biologically active, serogroup or serotype specific antibody populations. The populations are shown to consist of IgG and IgM and to be functional in bactericidal and hemagglutinating activity.
Detection of Additional Antigenic Determinants of Hepatitis B Antigen
Authors: Bancroft William H. , Mundon Francis K. , Russell Philip K.
Published: December 2022

The heterogeneous antigenic determinants of Hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag) from 310 individuals were compared by using a micro-Ouchterlony immunodiffusion technique. Reference antisera were made in rabbits immunized with a purified HB Ag with ay determinants from an American with hepatitis and another purified HB Ag with ad determinants from a Thai blood donor. The immunizing antigens were prepared by a combination of equilibrium centrifugation in cesium chloride and rate zonal centrifugation in sucrose gradients. Three immunodiffusion patterns of antigen reactivity were observed: pattern 1 antigens showed identity to the reference ay HB Ag; pattern 2 antigens showed identity to the reference and HB Ag and pattern 3 antigens showed partial identity to both reference antigens. Further study after absorbing the antisera with heterologous antigens indicated that the reference antisera were distinguishing two additional antigenic determinants, designated w and r. Preliminary data suggest w is more common that r on HB Ag in the United States, but r is most common in Thailand.
Detection of Migration Inhibitory Activity in Human Mixed Lymphocyte Cultures
Authors: Mookerjee B. K. , Lao Vincent , Dossetor J. B.
Published: December 2022

The macrophage migration test represents an in vitro correlate of delayed type hypersensitivity (1). The technique has subsequently been adapted to human peripheral blood leukocyte migration with regard to particulate (2) and water soluble (3, 4) antigens. Inhibition of migration of human peripheral leukocytes has been used as an indication of immunologic reactivity after liver transplantation (5) and after skin grafting (6, 7). Migration is inhibited in mixtures of two cell populations when one of these is sensitized to the transplantation antigens of the other, but direct migration does not demonstrate histoincompatibility since allogeneic mixtures of nonsensitized cells migrate normally (7, 8). It has been proposed, however, that degrees of histoincompatibility between nonsensitized cell types may be measurable by the production of migration inhibition factors (MIF)1 when such cells are cultured together (9).
Ontogeny of Bursal Function in Chicken
Authors: Toivanen Paavo , Toivanen Auli , Linna T. Juhani , Good Robert A.
Published: December 2022

Lymphoid cells from bursa of Fabricius, bone marrow, thymus and spleen of 3 ½- to 16-week-old donors were used to study the reconstitution of the bursadependent lymphoid system in cyclophosphamide-treated chickens. Parameters used to assess the development of humoral immunity and other effects of transplanted cells were: production of natural and immune antibodies, plasma immunoglobulin levels, microscopic morphology of spleen and bursa, gain of body weight and survival pattern. Bursa cells from young donors, 3 ½ to 10 weeks of age, were capable of a functional restoration. Bone marrow cells had the same restorative capacity only when obtained from donors of older age, starting at 10 weeks. At the age of 14 weeks, the spleen, and also the thymus cells to a more limited extent, had the same capacity. Functional restoration of humoral immunity was paralleled by a normalization of the microscopic structure of the spleen but restoration of the bursal morphology was not achieved with any of the cell types used.

These findings suggest that the postembryonic stem cell responsible for humoral immunity emigrates from bursa to bone marrow at the time of bursal involution. Subsequently, a cell with the same reconstituting capacities appears in spleen, and to some extent also in thymus.
The Immune Recognition of Ta3 Tumors, Its Facilitation by Endotoxin, and Abrogation by Abcites Fluid
Authors: Grohsman Jonathan , Nowotny Alois
Published: December 2022

The escape of TA3-Ha cell line from immune recognition and rejection is not due to complete loss of major histocompatibility antigens, since hyperimmunization with this cell line rendered mice highly resistant against the specific TA3-St line, and vice versa. Sensitization of TA3-Ha-tolerant mice with incompatible skin graft from strain A mice rendered them refractory to TA3-Ha inocula. Accordingly, both the TA3-St and TA3-Ha lines share major histocompatibility antigens. Spleen cells from immunized animals as well as from animals bearing the tumor adoptively transferred tumor resistance into normal mice. This shows that in the non-pretreated, tumor-bearing animal, the escape mechanism can operate in spite of an existing immunogenic stimulus. If this immune stimulus is further incremented by previous injection of 1 µg bacterial endotoxin, the host is sufficiently assisted to defeat a lethal dose of tumor inoculum. The results reported here also indicate that the escape may be aided by ascites fluid. It has been found that components of ascites fluid from C57BL/10Sn or ICR mice carrying TA3-Ha tumor could increase the take of TA3-Ha tumor in normal mice of the same strain.
The Role of the Regional Lymph Node in Sensitization and Tolerance to Simple Chemicals
Authors: Friedlaender Mitchell H. , Baer Harold
Published: December 2022

To determine the importance of the regional lymph node in sensitization and tolerance, we applied five simple chemicals to alymphatic skin islands and to intact skin of guinea pigs. These chemicals were found to be divisible into two groups according to their sensitizing and toleragenic properties. Three compounds were sensitizers when injected in complete Freund's adjuvant and induced delayed contact sensitivity and immunologic tolerance when applied to skin islands or to intact skin. The other two compounds were also sensitizers when injected in complete Freund's adjuvant, but induced no sensitivity when applied to intact skin or to skin islands. This latter group of chemicals induced marked tolerance when applied to intact skin, and no tolerance when applied to alymphatic skin islands. Therefore, lymphatic connections between skin and regional lymph nodes were necessary for the development of tolerance to these simple chemicals but were not required for sensitization.
A Plaque Assay on Agar for Detection of Gram-Negative Bacilli Sensitive to Complement
Authors: Fierer Joshua , Finley F. , Braude A. I.
Published: December 2022

A screening method to detect serum (complement) sensitive Gram-negative bacilli is described. Normal serum, dropped on the surface of a T.S.A. plate inoculated with the test organism will inhibit the growth of serum sensitive bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria isolated from blood cultures were tested and only 9/120 were sensitive. Bacteria isolated from infections, other than urinary tract, were also usually serum resistant.
Anti-Hapten Chicken Antibodies of the 7S Class
Authors: Voss Edward W. , Eisen Herman N.
Published: December 2022

Chicken 7S anti-DNP antibodies requiring a high concentration of salt for precipitation with antigen were purified by immunoadsorption. Difference spectra between free and antibody-bound ligand (ε-DNP-L-lysine) showed maxima at 392 and 470 nm. These maxima and the Δεm at 470 nm were essentially the same as encountered with mammalian and shark antibodies. Chicken anti-DNP antibody of the 7S class has two combining sites (180,000 daltons) as measured in equilibrium dialysis. The average intrinsic association constant (1.6 × 106 M-1 at 5°C) was not altered by wide variation in salt concentration. The 5S bivalent fragment obtained by pepsin digestion also required the anomalous high salt concentration for immune precipitation.
Measurement of Antibody Release from Single Cells. I
Authors: Hiramoto Raymond N. , McGhee Jerry R. , Hamlin N. Marlene
Published: December 2022

A method of measuring the rate of release of antibody by a single cell is extremely important for population studies at the cellular level. The hemolysis in gel procedure is used in these studies in an attempt to quantitate the average rate of IgM hemolysin released and the amount of antibody released by a single cell. Measurements of individual cell release in a population are made under conditions similar to the radial hemolysis in gel system. Average plaque-forming units (pfu) diameters of the populations increased linearly up to 30 min in the system and followed a normal distribution at a given time. The rate of pfu appearance and the rate at which pfu lose antibody-forming capability are also determined. In 10 separate experiments where pools of three to four animals per experiment were used, the rate ranged from 437 to 1027 molecules/cell/sec with an average rate of 700 molecules/cell/sec.
Genetic Regulation of the Thymus Dependent Humoral Immune Response in Leukemia Prone Akr (H-2k) and Nonleukemic C3H (H-2k) Mice
Authors: Gottlieb C. F. , Perkins E. H. , Makinodan T.
Published: December 2022

Defective immunopoiesis in young adult AKR mice has been shown to be genetically regulated. Transfer of identical numbers of cells from the same spleen cell suspension into x-irradiated young adult mice of the AKR and C3H strains, the F1 and F2 progeny of these two strains, and the progeny of the two F1 backcrosses has provided direct evidence that the regulation of immunocompetent cell proliferation is genetic in nature. Statistical tests indicate that the evidence for genetic differences is consistent with a single, apparently non-H-2, autosomal gene locus.
Porcine Immunoglobulins
Authors: Kaltreider H. Benfer , Johnson John S.
Published: December 2022

Methods described in this paper facilitated the rapid characterization of porcine immunoglobulins and the development of class-specific antisera. The methods are generally applicable to the immunoglobulins of any species. In this paper, data are presented which demonstrate that the sera of adult swine contain IgG, IgM and IgA. IgG appears to consist of at least three, and possibly four, subclasses.
Cytotoxic Activity of Lymphocytes
Authors: Walker Sharyn M. , Lucas Zoltan J.
Published: December 2022

A simple, reproducible assay which quantitatively expresses viable cell number in monolayer cultures is described. The assay is based on the constancy of total intracellular potassium per unit cell number under a wide variety of experimental conditions. Intracellular potassium is measured by the exchange with extracellular 86Rb upon attaining isotopic equilibrium. The Rb exchange by 106 viable cells is not changed during logarithmic growth or during antibody-complement mediated lysis. Similarly, cytotoxins from activated lymphocytes damage cells without altering Rb exchange. Agents which alter Rb influx (ouabain) or cause unbalanced growth (vincristine, mitomycin) alter the Rb exchange per 106 cells, and under these conditions, Rb uptake does not reflect viable cell number. This method promises wide application in assays utilizing target cells grown as monolayers.
Enhancement of Mouse Thymus Cells Response to Periodate Treatment by a Soluble Factor
Authors: Novogrodsky Abraham , Gery Igal
Published: December 2022

Mouse lymph node and spleen lymphocytes are stimulated by sodium periodate (NaIO4) treatment, whereas mouse thymus cells show a minimal response. Hydrocortisone-resistant thymus cells are much more responsive to phytohemagglutinin than NaIO4 treatment. Thymus cells are rendered highly responsive to NaIO4 treatment upon addition of cell-free supernatants of mouse spleen cell and macrophage cultures. Treatment of mouse spleen cells and macrophages with NaIO4 stimulates the production of the enhancing factor for thymus cell response.
The in Vivo Activity of in Vitro Immunized Mouse Thymocytes
Authors: Rouse Barry T. , Wagner Hermann
Published: December 2022

“Cortisone resistant” CBA mouse thymocytes activated in vitro against allogeneic spleen cells and capable of lysing allogeneic target cells in vitro were assayed for their capacity to mount cell-mediated immune responses in vivo. These in vitro activated thymocytes (against H-2d alloantigens) induced the rejection of BALB/c (H-2d) skin grafts from T cell-depleted CBA mice. 107 or more cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL) caused rejection within 12 days from T cell-depleted mice but failed to reject grafts on lethally irradiated mice.

As compared to normal “cortisone resistant” thymocytes, in vitro activated CL were inefficient in causing splenomegaly on injection into neonatal (CBA × BALB/c)F1 mice. However, CL mounted twice the mitotic response of “cortisone resistant” thymocytes when injected into adult lethally irradiated (CBA × BALB/c)F1 mice. The results indicate that there exists no direct relationship between the capacity of thymocytes to act as cytotoxic effector cells and to induce splenomegaly in neonatal F1 hybrid mice.
Additional Immunochemical Relationships of Capsular Polysaccharides of Klebsiella and Pneumococci
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Nimmich Wolfgang
Published: December 2022

Qualitative and quantitative data are given on the cross-precipitation in antipneumococcal sera of 19 capsular polysaccharides of Klebsiella to which type numbers have been assigned. Some of these reactions either confirm structural features which already have been determined by purely chemical means or allow predictions as to what will be found. The few Klebsiella polysaccharides of known structure also permit limited conclusions as to the linkages of sugars in capsular polysaccharides of cross-reacting pneumococcal types of which the structures have not been elucidated.
The Generation of Antigen Sensitive Cells in the Newborn Mouse
Authors: Carter B. G. , Rector E. S.
Published: December 2022

The development of immunocompetence in C57BL/6 mice was studied during the first 2 weeks after birth. The ability to mount a direct plaque-forming cell (PFC) (IgM) and indirect (IgG 2a) response was determined as a function of age. Responsiveness at a given age was determined in two systems: 1) by direct immunization of intact mice and 2) by stimulation of spleen cells which had been transferred to irradiated syngenic recipients. The kinetics of the antibody response given by transferred spleen cells did not vary with the age of the donor. Spleen cells from 1- to 3-day-old mice gave a direct PFC response only in irradiated recipients; when thymus cells from adult mice were injected together with these spleen cells and indirect PFC response also was facilitated. The rate of increase in responsiveness for the direct PFC response was markedly different initially from that of the indirect PFC response; after 4 days both responses increased exponentially with the age of the donor. The rate of increase in responsiveness of intact mice was very low until age 9 to 10 days at which time the rate increased dramatically; this increase was attributed to the maturation of the antigen-processing system. The responsiveness during the first 2 weeks after birth thus depends on three factors: 1) the rate of seeding of antigen sensitive bone marrow-derived “B” lymphocytes, 2) the rate of seeding of thymus derived lymphocytes and 3) the rate of maturation of the antigen-processing system. The indirect (IgG 2a) PFC response is markedly dependent on both factors 2 and 3 whereas the direct (IgM) response is less dependent on both of these factors.
In Vivo Studies of the Role of Cytotoxic T Cells in Tumor Allograft Immunity
Authors: Freedman Lawrence R. , Cerottini Jean-Charles , Brunner K. Theodore
Published: December 2022

Intraperitoneal growth of (DBA/2) P-815 tumor cells in heavily irradiated C3H mice was prevented by intravenous or intraperitoneal injection of immune, but not normal, C3H spleen cells. Tumor rejection occurred also in irradiated animals reconstituted with a pure population of immune thymus-derived (T) cells, free of bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes and alloantibody-forming cells. Immune spleen cells depleted of T cells were ineffective, although they contained the full complement of IgM alloantibody-forming cells. Intravenous injection of immune T cells also prevented the subcutaneous growth of P-815 cells in heavily irradiated C57BL/6 recipients. It is concluded that immune T cells played a predominant role in the rejection of allogeneic tumor cells.
Studies in Microbic Heredity
Authors: Mellon Ralph R. , Grenquist Ernst
Published: December 2022

In a previous paper (1) we described rather paradoxical serologic interrelationships between four variant strains of an alkaligenes bacillus that had been derived experimentally from a common ancestor. Three of these strains, namely, K-97, K-84 and K-160, morphologically diverse, were serologically reciprocal and a fourth, K-134 showed a typical group and specific agglutinin interrelationship with strains K-97 and K-84. This is the equivalent of saying that the anti-serum of K-134 apparently did not contain agglutinins for K-97 and K-84 although their antisera contained group agglutinins for K-134.

Inasmuch as such relationships are quite well known they would not have been questioned had not the strain K-160 agglutinated in the supposedly specific K-134 antiserum, but since K-160 was serologically identical with K-97 and K-84 we sought the reason why these latter two strains did not also agglutinate in the specific anti-serum of K-134.