bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serological cross-reactivity between Anaplasma marginale and an Ehrlichia species in naturally and experimentally infected cattle
Authors: Al-Adhami Batol , Scandrett W. Brad , Lobanov Vladislav A. , Gajadhar Alvin A.
Published: November 2011

Seroconversion and cross-reactivity in cattle infected with Anaplasma marginale or a recently described Ehrlichia species (BOV2010 from British Columbia, Canada) were investigated. The study used 76 samples from 20 animals, a commercially available competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for bovine anaplasmosis, and an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Blood smear examination and/or polymerase chain reaction assay were performed to confirm or rule out the presence of Anaplasma or Ehrlichia. Samples comprised 3 groups. Group 1 consisted of 24 samples from 9 cattle naturally infected with Ehrlichia sp. BOV2010. Group 2 had 13 samples from 3 A. marginale–infected cattle from Manitoba, Canada. Group 3 had 39 samples, consisting of 26 from 5 calves experimentally infected with Ehrlichia sp. BOV2010, 10 from 2 calves experimentally infected with A. marginale from cattle (Manitoba) or bison (Saskatchewan), and 3 from an uninfected calf. All samples from cattle naturally or experimentally infected with Ehrlichia sp. BOV2010 or A. marginale were seropositive for A. marginale by both cELISA and IFAT, except 3 calves euthanized at 28 and 33 days post-inoculation (DPI) that did not seroconvert. Antibodies were detected in 2 experimental animals inoculated with Ehrlichia sp. BOV2010, as early as 28 and 33 DPI by the cELISA and IFAT, respectively, and by 42 DPI for both tests. The current study demonstrates that the specificity of the recombinant major surface protein 5 (MSP5) antigen is not restricted to Anaplasma spp., which reduces the utility of the test for serological diagnosis of bovine anaplasmosis in regions where Ehrlichia sp. BOV2010–infected cattle might exist.
Clostridium piliforme encephalitis in a weaver bird (Ploceus castaneiceps)
Authors: Mete Aslı , Eigenheer Andrea , Goodnight Andrea , Woods Leslie
Published: November 2011

A juvenile Taveta golden weaver ( Ploceus castaneiceps) bird housed in a zoo aviary developed a sudden onset of neurological signs. The bird demonstrated head tilt, rolling onto its back, and inability to perch. Euthanasia was elected due to lack of response to intensive care, and a necropsy was performed. There were no significant abnormal findings on gross examination. On histopathology, the remarkable findings were localized to the brain and consisted of multifocal cerebral microabscesses and rarefaction. Filamentous rod-shaped bacteria were present within and at the periphery of the necrotic foci, and dispersed throughout the neuroparenchyma and intracellularly in neurons. The bacteria were Gram negative, and Warthin–Starry stain demonstrated characteristic “hay stacking.” Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of the brain identified the agent as Clostridium piliforme. An additional microscopic finding was severe crypt enteritis; however, the bacteria were not observed in the intestinal sections.
Comparing citrated native, kaolin-activated, and tissue factor–activated samples and determining intraindividual variability for feline thromboelastography
Authors: Banerjee Amrita , Blois Shauna L. , Wood R. Darren
Published: November 2011

Thromboelastography (TEG) is a point-of-care whole blood test of hemostasis. While TEG is becoming more widely used in veterinary medicine, few studies describe the use of TEG in cats. The objectives of the current study were to: 1) document the range of TEG variables produced in healthy cats using 3 sample types (citrated native, kaolin-activated, and tissue factor–activated), and 2) determine if there was a significant difference between 2 separate samples obtained from individual healthy cats on the same day. Jugular venipuncture was performed in 20 cats, and citrated blood collected for TEG. TEG analysis was performed on citrated native, kaolin-activated, and tissue factor–activated blood for each sample. Two hours later, the procedure was repeated from the opposite jugular vein, yielding a total of 120 analyses. Reaction time ( R), alpha angle (α), kappa value (κ), and maximum amplitude (MA) were recorded from each tracing. No significant differences were found between TEG tracings from the first and second venipuncture samples. Significant differences were found between sample types for R, α, κ, and MA. Means for citrated native/kaolin-activated/tissue factor–activated methods were R = 4.1/3.7/0.6 min; κ = 2.5/1.8/2.2 min; α = 59.9/65.1/70.4 degrees; MA = 47.4/49.9/44.7 mm. A limitation of this study was the small number of cats used. Thromboelastography analysis may be a suitable method of evaluating hemostasis in cats.
Diagnosis of Parelaphostrongylus spp. infection as a cause of meningomyelitis in calves
Authors: Mitchell Kathryn J. , Peters-Kennedy Jeanine , Stokol Tracy , Gerhold Richard W. , Beckstead Robert B. , Divers Thomas J.
Published: November 2011

Migration of Parelaphostrongylus spp. has been documented to cause central nervous system damage in a number of aberrant host species but appears to be uncommon in cattle. The current report describes the clinical and laboratory findings, antemortem and definitive diagnosis, and response to treatment of Parelaphostrongylus spp. infection in five 3–7- month-old Limousin calves from 2 farms. All calves had signs of acute ( n = 2) and chronic ( n = 3) progressive spinal cord dysfunction. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed a marked eosinophilic (acute cases) or lymphocytic (chronic cases) pleocytosis and elevated protein in all calves. A necropsy and histopathologic evaluation was performed on 2 euthanized calves, and histopathology revealed lymphoplasmacytic and eosinophilic meningomyelitis with multiple intradural and intramedullary expansile hyperplastic lymphoid nodules containing germinal centers and nematode fragments. DNA sequencing was performed on nested polymerase chain reaction products amplified with parasite-specific primers obtained from formalin-fixed and frozen spinal cord; PCR products from these 2 calves were 100% identical to Parelaphostrongylus species on DNA sequencing, confirming the diagnosis. Surviving calves rapidly improved following treatment with anthelmintics and corticosteroids. This case series identified Parelaphostrongylus spp. (likely P. tenuis) as a cause of spinal cord disease in calves and highlights the need for vigilance against aberrant parasite migration in calves grazing wet, snail-infested pastures. Cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilia is useful for supporting an antemortem diagnosis of Parelaphostrongylus in calves with acute neurologic disease; however, a lymphocytosis is observed in chronic or treated cases.
Phenotype characterization of Staphylococcus species strains isolated from buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) milk
Authors: Oliveira Andrea A. F. , Pinheiro José W. , Mota Rinaldo A. , Cunha Maria L. R. S. , Lopes Carlos A. M. , Rocha Noeme S.
Published: November 2011

The objective of the current study was to isolate and identify phenotypes of Staphylococcus spp. strains derived from buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis) milk. A total of 548 milk samples from 137 buffalo were cultured in Columbia agar enriched with 5% defibrinated sheep blood. Determination of the capacity of Staphylococcus aureus to produce enterotoxins A–D and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) was achieved by reverse passive latex agglutination (RPLA). Antimicrobial sensitivity of S. aureus strains was evaluated using the disk diffusion technique, and β-lactamase detection was achieved using the chromogenic test with paper discs impregnated with nitrocefin. From all the mammary quarters examined, 36 (10.8%) were positive for Staphylococcus spp., 83.3% were coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CNS), 11.1% were coagulase-positive staphylococcus (CPS), and 5.6% were of CPS+CNS positive. All isolates of S. aureus produced at least 1 toxin and 5 out of 6 isolates (83.0%) produced β-lactamase. One hundred percent of S. aureus isolates were sensitive to methicillin and amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, and resistant to ampicillin, penicillin, and oxacillin. Analysis of the results obtained in the current study highlight the epidemiologic importance of buffalo milk regarding the production of enterotoxins and TSST-1 and the potential risk to public health.
A Systematic Review of HIV/AIDS Knowledge Measures
Authors: Hughes Anne K. , Admiraal Kristen R.
Published: November 2011

HIV/AIDS knowledge measures are widely used to determine the efficacy of HIV/AIDS prevention and education efforts. While much research has looked at the interventions, less attention has been paid to the quality of the measures themselves. Objectives: (a) To identify HIV/AIDS knowledge measures created for use with adults; (b) to determine the extent to which these measures have been psychometrically tested. Method: This article systematically reviews the use of psychometric testing of HIV/AIDS knowledge measures. Results: There has been minimal reliability and validity testing; of measures that had undergone some form of psychometric testing, 71% were created before the year 2000. Conclusion: More rigorous testing of these measures is critical to ensure they are appropriate for research, prevention, and practice.
Intra-abdominal Clear-Cell Sarcoma
Authors: Shenjere Patrick , Salman Walid D. , Singh Mayuri , Mangham David Chas , Williams Ann , Eyden Brian Philip , Howard Nicholas , Knight Ben , Banerjee Saumitra S.
Published: November 2011

Clear-cell sarcoma (CCS) is a soft-tissue neoplasm that morphologically resembles cutaneous malignant melanoma but has a distinct molecular profile. Gastrointestinal and intra-abdominal CCSs are very rare. Here, the authors present 3 cases of intra-abdominal CCS and review the literature. Of these cases, 2 involved the small bowel, and 1 involved the peritoneum. Cases 1 and 3 had the characteristic CCS morphology, but case 2 was morphologically unusual and therefore difficult to diagnose. It had relatively small cells with less prominence of clear cells; many pseudoglandular structures were also present. It also showed aberrant expression of epithelial membrane antigen (EMA). The other 2 cases also involved some diagnostic uncertainty and were therefore referred to specialized centers. The authors wish to emphasize the importance of molecular studies in making a conclusive diagnosis of intra-abdominal CCS.
Cutaneous Pseudolymphoma Following Tattoo Application
Authors: Camilot Debora , Arnez Zoran M. , Luzar Boštjan , Pižem Jože , Žgavec Borut , Falconieri Giovanni
Published: November 2011

The authors report 2 cases of cutaneous pseudolymphoma that occurred in 2 young adult patients who referred for relentlessly growing nodules that appeared within 4 to 5 months after the application of a mercury-based tattoo. Systemic symptoms were not present and there was no evidence of lymph node enlargement. Clinically, both lesions were limited to the red, mercury-based areas of the tattoo. Microscopic examination featured a dense cellular infiltrate composed of polytypic T cells in the upper to mid-dermis, coupled with focal interface tissue reaction. Scattered macrophages contained finely granular particles in their cytoplasm. In addition, extracellular pigment particles were also recognized. Collections of epithelioid macrophages were present in both cases and were reminiscent of epithelioid granulomas. This study confirms evidence that, among skin diseases featuring a dense lymphoid infiltrate, cutaneous pseudolymphoma secondary to tattooing is a rare but not exceptional source of diagnostic challenges.
Notch-1 and Notch-4 Biomarker Expression in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Speiser Jodi , Foreman Kimberly , Drinka Eva , Godellas Constantine , Perez Claudia , Salhadar Alia , Erşahin Çağatay , Rajan Prabha
Published: November 2011

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) demonstrates lack of expression of hormone receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor. However, there is no targeted therapy for TNBC. The authors analyzed 29 TNBC cases for Notch-1 and Notch-4 biomarker expression and subcellular location, Ki67 proliferation rate, and relevant clinical/survival data. Results demonstrated an unfavorable Ki67 rate in 90% of cases, Notch-1 expression in tumor and endothelial cells in 100% of cases, and Notch-4 expression in tumor cells in 73% of cases and endothelial cells in 100% of cases. Additionally, subcellular localization of Notch-1 and Notch-4 was predominantly nuclear and cytoplasmic. In conclusion, ( a) the majority of TNBCs are high-grade infiltrating ductal carcinomas with high Ki67 proliferation rate and (b) both Notch-1 and Notch-4 receptors are overexpressed in tumor and vascular endothelial cells with subcellular localization different from that of hormone-positive breast cancer. Targeting Notch signaling with gamma secretase inhibitors should to be explored to further improve the survival rate of TNBC patients.
Late Recurrence of a Seminoma of the Testis With a Poorly Differentiated Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Component
Authors: Thai Elena , Leonardi Francesco , Soliani Paolo , Silini Enrico Maria
Published: November 2011

The frequency and clinical relevance of late recurrences of testicular germ cells tumors (GCTs) has increased in the past few decades because of the improved survival of patients following the introduction, in the late 1970s, of cisplatin-based chemotherapy. The late recurrences of GCT may take extremely variable features and occur several years after the primary tumor, making the diagnosis a challenge for both clinicians and pathologists. This study reports a case of a testicular seminoma that relapsed 28 years after surgery as an undifferentiated GCT with a heterologous component of neuroendocrine carcinoma that was initially misdiagnosed as a metastasis of primary intestinal tumor.
The Brief Family Relationship Scale
Authors: Fok Carlotta Ching Ting , Allen James , Henry David , Team People Awakening
Published: November 2011

The Relationship dimension of the Family Environment Scale, which consists of the Cohesion, Expressiveness, and Conflict subscales, measures a person’s perception of the quality of his or her family relationship functioning. This study investigates an adaptation of the Relationship dimension of the Family Environment Scale for Alaska Native youth. The authors tested the adapted measure, the Brief Family Relationship Scale, for psychometric properties and internal structure with 284 12- to 18-year-old predominately Yup’ik Eskimo Alaska Native adolescents from rural, remote communities. This non-Western cultural group is hypothesized to display higher levels of collectivism traditionally organized around an extended kinship family structure. Results demonstrate a subset of the adapted items function satisfactorily, a three-response alternative format provided meaningful information, and the subscale’s underlying structure is best described through three distinct first-order factors, organized under one higher order factor. Convergent and discriminant validity of the Brief Family Relationship Scale was assessed through correlational analysis.
Contending and Adapting Every Day
Authors: Moen Øyfrid Larsen , Hall-Lord Marie Louise , Hedelin Birgitta
Published: November 2011

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood disorders, and little attention has been paid to the parents and their experiences. The aim of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of the Norwegian parents’ lived experiences of having a child with an ADHD diagnosis. A descriptive design using phenomenological approach was chosen as the research method. Individual qualitative interviews with nine parents, who were members of the ADHD Association, were conducted. The interviews were analyzed according to Colaizzi’s method. The essential structure of the parents’ experiences was Contending and Adapting Every Day—Windsurfing in unpredictable waters which was embedded in the interrelated main themes: Maintaining the Self and Parenthood, and Interacting With the Surrounding World. Being the parent of a child with ADHD is a demanding situation. Nurses need to address the needs of these parents and focus on the family unit.
Misconceptions About Missed Conceptions
Authors: Beaulieu Richard , Kools Susan , Kennedy Holly Powell , Humphreys Janice
Published: November 2011

Emergency contraceptive pills (ECP) are a safe and efficacious backup method of birth control. Despite widespread availability, ECP is underutilized by young women. While partner level of involvement has been shown to influence contraceptive behavior, there is a dearth of knowledge regarding any possible association between partner influence and ECP use. To better understand the reasons for the seemingly underuse of ECP, a grounded theory study was conducted to elucidate the relationship of couple dynamics and knowledge of, attitudes toward, and decision making regarding the use of ECP in coupled young adults. Consistent with contemporary constructivist grounded theory methods, several categories were identified including the meanings associated with ECP use. This article presents an elaboration of this particular finding. The meanings that participants ascribed to ECP use represented a continuum of value attributes regarding ethics, safety, efficacy, and responsibility.
Return of the “Intimate Outsider”
Authors: Ganong Lawrence
Published: November 2011

This article reviews family nursing research published from 1996 to 2011. This is a follow-up to a review published in the Journal of Family Nursing in 1995. Findings from the first review are compared with this one, trends in family nursing scholarship are identified, and predictions and suggestions for future directions are offered. The latest generation of family nursing scholarship is conceptually and methodologically sound, and there is evidence of more multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research conducted by family nursing researchers. Scholars are paying more attention to issues of diversity and family context at present than in the past, although there are still aspects of diversity that need more attention. Strong research programs in family nursing exist worldwide; an international synergism has helped promote rapid expansion of family nursing research and theory development. A vigorous movement to promote research to practice initiatives and greater attention to family interventions are exciting developments.
Notions of Identity, Society, and Rhetoric in a Speech Code of Science Among Scientists and Engineers Working in Nanotechnology
Authors: Bassett Deborah R.
Published: November 2011

This ethnography of communication was concerned with discovering a speech code in the discourse about values in science used by scientists and engineers working in nanoscale science and engineering. It was supported and guided by the theoretical framework of speech codes theory. Materials analyzed included 4 years of fieldwork at a U.S. research university and nanotechnology center and 20 in-depth interviews conducted with scientists and engineers working in nanotechnology. Data sets were constructed and analyzed to identify a distinctive speech code about science and social and ethical implications of nanotechnology that contains beliefs among its users about identity, society, and rhetoric.
Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism Using Enoxaparin in Day Surgery
Authors: Haas Sylvia , Hohmann Volker , Bramlage Peter
Published: November 2011

We aimed to confirm the results of randomized, controlled trials on enoxaparin prophylaxis in unselected patients undergoing day surgery. The primary end point was the incidence of thromboembolic events during prophylaxis and up to 48 hours thereafter. A total of 11 794 patients, consisting of 52.1% male with mean age of 49.2 ± 15.7 were included. In all, 61.5% had no predisposing risk factors and 67.1% received no concomitant medication with the potential to increase bleeding. Patients were exposed to 20 mg (63.6%) and 40 mg (36.4%) of enoxaparin for a mean of 12.4 ± 9.8 days. Forty-four patients (0.39%) had confirmed symptomatic deep venous thrombosis and 1 patient confirmed pulmonary embolism. Bleeding occurred in 3.47% of patients (3.29% minor bleeding). Differences between 20 and 40 mg enoxaparin were negligible. Adverse drug reactions were experienced by 3.1% of patients. The present study results demonstrate that it is effective and tolerable to use a risk stratified dose of 20 or 40 mg enoxaparin in patients undergoing day surgery.
Ischemic Stroke in the Setting of Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia in an Elderly Patient—A Therapeutic Dilemma
Authors: Peña Anna De La , Fareed Jawed , Thethi Indermohan , Morales-Vidal Sarkis , Schneck Michael J. , Shafer Danielle
Published: November 2011

Chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) carries a poor prognosis in the elderly patients. Increasing evidence proposes that a subgroup of patients with chronic ITP may be more susceptible to ischemic stroke. An 84-year-old Caucasian man with multiple ischemic stroke risk factors presented with acute onset of slurred speech, confusion, and unsteady gait. Physical examination and neurologic imaging were consistent with a new left thalamic infarct. Platelet counts ranged between 40 000 × 109/L and 65 000 × 109 /L. Antiplatelet therapy for his newly acquired stroke was not initiated considering his low platelet counts and for mildly symptomatic thrombocytopenia, and the patient was discharged home. Both hematologic and neurologic guidelines for the management of chronic ITP and stroke have contradictory goals. Although anticoagulation is mandated in acute stroke, ITP causes low platelet counts that increase bleeding complications.
Prevalence of Factor V Leiden G1691A, MTHFR C677T, and Prothrombin G20210A Among Asian Indian Sickle Cell Patients
Authors: Pandey Sanjay Kumar , Meena Arvind , Kishor Kamal , Mishra R. M. , Pandey Sweta , Saxena Renu
Published: November 2011

The prevalence of factor V (FV) Leiden G1691A, prothrombin G20210A, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T mutations were investigated among 90 sickle trait, 61 sickle homozygous, 75 sickle beta thalassemia, and 15 HbSD Asian Indian sickle cell patients. In all, 297 healthy controls were evaluated to compare the polymorphism frequency. The prevalence of FV Leiden heterozygous G>A were significant in the group ( P = .02), while PRT G20210A polymorphism was not seen among patients as well as controls. However, an increased frequency of the MTHFR 677 C>T genotype was seen among patients as well as controls, but this was not statistically significant ( P = .13). This suggested a low impact of inherited hypercoagulability risk factors in the pathogenesis of sickle cell disease and/or its complications.
Effects of heat and mass transfer on nonlinear magneto-hydrodynamic boundary layer flow of rheological damper fluid through annular duct
Authors: Babu Suresh , Sambhaji Sable Kishor
Published: November 2011

An analysis is carried out to study the effects of heat and mass transfer on magneto-the hydrodynamic boundary layer flow through an annular duct in the presence of magnetic field and viscous dissipation of rheological fluid. The fluid is assumed to be electrically conducted and the damper piston moves with a constant velocity; magneto-rheological fluid field dependant characteristics and their thickening effects are defined by a modified Herschel-Bulkley visco-plasticity model. A magnetic field is applied transversely to the direction of flow. A numerical solution for the steady visco-plastic (magneto-dynamic) laminar boundary layer flow through the duct of the damper in the presence of damper fluid (species) concentration and mass diffusion through the annular duct of controllable fluid damper has been obtained by transforming the governing equations to nonlinear ordinary differential equations through similarity transformations. Numerical calculations up to a third level of truncations are carried out for different values of dimensionless parameters of the problem under consideration. An analysis of the results obtained shows that the flow field is influenced appreciably by the strength of the magnetic field and this rheological metamorphism of the controllable fluid, under the influence of magnetic field is exothermic. The experimental investigations are conducted under controlled conditions to validate the analytical work.
Parametric eigenstructure assignment using state-derivative feedback for linear systems
Authors: Abdelaziz Taha Helmy S
Published: November 2011

This paper addresses a complete parametric approach for solving the eigenstructure assignment problem using state-derivative feedback for multivariable linear systems. In the present work, both linear control systems with nonsingular and singular open-loop state matrices are treated and the corresponding parametric expressions to the feedback gains are derived. The parametric expressions for gains describe the available degrees-of-freedom offered by the state-derivative feedback in selecting the associated eigenvectors from an admissible class. These freedoms are utilized to improve robustness of the closed-loop system. Accordingly, the sensitivity of the assigned eigenvalues to perturbations in the system and gain matrices is minimized. Finally, a vibration absorber system is introduced to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution.
Development, validation, and parameter sensitivity analyses of a nonlinear mathematical model of air springs
Authors: Zargar Bahram , Fahim Atef , Jnifene Amor
Published: November 2011

Air springs are highly nonlinear devices. Linear and quasi-linear models of air springs have been developed over the years to analyze and predict their behavior. Such models are shown here to be inadequate to describe the behavior of this highly nonlinear element. A nonlinear mathematical model of air springs has been developed and reported in this paper. The model has been verified experimentally, and has been shown to be effective in predicting the behavior of air springs. The sensitivity of the model to uncertainties in two key parameters is examined.
Stability preservation in discrete-time delayed Hopfield neural networks with large impulses
Authors: Deng Shaojiang , Tang Jiqiang , Li Chuandong
Published: November 2011

This paper studies the global asymptotic and exponential stability of the equilibrium point of discrete-time delayed Hopfield neural networks (DHNN) with large impulse effects. The present results characterize the aggregated effects of impulse and stability property of the impulse-free Hopfield neural networks on the stability of the considered system. The feasible upper bound of impulses is also estimated. It is shown that the discrete-time impulsive DHNN might preserve global exponential stability of the impulse-free DHNN even if the impulses have enlarging effects on the states of neurons.
Time Course of Treatment Effect of OROS® Methylphenidate in Children With ADHD
Authors: Armstrong Robert B. , Damaraju CV , Ascher Steve , Schwarzman Lesley , O’Neill James , Starr H. Lynn
Published: November 2011

Objective: The authors evaluated the time course of the treatment effect of Osmotic-Release Oral System methylphenidate (OROS® MPH) HCl (Concerta®, Raritan, NJ) CII in children with ADHD. Method: Data were combined from two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over, analog classroom studies in children (9-12 years) with ADHD. Participants received an individualized dose of placebo or OROS® MPH on two laboratory school days. Permanent Product Math Test and Swanson, Kotkin, Agler, M-Flynn, and Pelham scores were evaluated 0.5 hr before dosing and 1, 2, 4, 10, 11, and 12.5 hr post dose. Analysis used a repeated-measures mixed model. Results: Treatment effects were present at all postdose assessment points ( p < .0001 for all comparisons, n = 139). Adverse events were similar to previous reports for OROS® MPH. Conclusion: A robust treatment effect occurred with OROS® MPH; onset was at 1 hr and persisted for at least 12.5 hr after dosing.
Fiscal Decentralization and Governance
Authors: Altunbaş Yener , Thornton John
Published: November 2011

The literature on the economics of fiscal decentralization stresses the potential for both positive and negative effects on governance in a country. Using a data set comprising sixty-four developed and developing economies and several different measures of fiscal decentralization, the authors find that countries in which a larger share of fiscal revenues and expenditures are located at the level of subnational governments appear to be less corrupt. The authors also find that the beneficial impact of fiscal decentralization on corruption is mitigated in the presence of mechanisms enforcing vertical administrative decentralization. The results indicate that fiscal decentralization appears to reduce corruption even in countries in which there is a high degree of political representation. The results are robust to alternative estimation methodologies and to specifications that control for the influence of variables that have been identified as affecting governance.
Neurobehavioral Effects of Acute Exposure to Isoparaffinic and Cycloparaffinic Hydrocarbons
Authors: McKee Richard H. , Lammers J. H. C. M. , Muijser H. , Owen David E.
Published: November 2011

This article reports neurobehavioral tests in rats with C5-C11 isoparaffinic and cycloparaffinic hydrocarbons. Testing, conducted shortly after exposure, evaluated the effects in several domains including clinical effects, motor activity, functional observations, and visual discrimination performance. Isopentane and cyclopentane did not produce any evidence of acute central nervous system (CNS) effects at levels up to 20 000 mg/m3. A C6/C7 mixed cycloparaffinic solvent produced minor, reversible changes in latency to response in visual discrimination testing at 14 000 mg/m3; the no-effect level was 4200 mg/m3. A C8 isoparaffin produced no effects at 14 000 mg/m3, the highest level tested. A C9/C11 isoparaffinic solvent produced minor acute CNS effects at 5000 mg/m3, with 1500 mg/m3 as the no-effect level. A C10 cycloparaffinic solvent did not produce any statistically significant CNS effects at 5000 mg/m3. These studies were designed to provide data that may be useful in setting occupational exposure limits for C5-C11 isoparaffinic and cycloparaffinic hydrocarbons.
Linking Service-Dominant Logic and Strategic Business Practice
Authors: Karpen Ingo O. , Bove Liliana L. , Lukas Bryan A.
Published: November 2011

Service-dominant (S-D) logic can function as a strategic business logic that portrays creating superior value in conjunction with—rather than for—customers as a source of competitive advantage for organizations. From this perspective, strategy is about making choices in terms of how to best facilitate and enhance value cocreation for mutual and long-term betterment. While the literature has pointed out the managerial merits of cocreating value, less is known about the organizational capabilities necessary to execute S-D logic in practice. This article devises an S-D orientation, specified as a portfolio of six strategic capabilities, namely individuated, relational, ethical, empowered, developmental, and concerted interaction capability. In combination, these six strategic capabilities constitute a cocreation capability. The authors develop the conceptual model of S-D orientation through (a) an in-depth literature review and (b) input from 21 expert academics. Conceptualizing S-D orientation provides a foundation for bridging S-D logic and strategy research with a more general framework, and for guiding much-needed empirical research that will inform managers. From a managerial point of view, S-D orientation provides a holistic approach to align the organization with its value network partners. The article also sets out an agenda for future research.
Lymphocyte Recovery After Breast Cancer Treatment and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) Therapy
Authors: Lengacher Cecile A. , Kip Kevin E. , Post-White Janice , Fitzgerald Shirley , Newton Cathy , Barta Michelle , Jacobsen Paul B. , Shelton Melissa M. , Moscoso Manolete , Johnson-Mallard Versie , Harris Eleanor , Loftus Loretta , Cox Charles , Le Nancy , Goodman Matthew , Djeu Julie , Widen Raymond H. , Bercu Barry B. , Klein Thomas W.
Published: November 2011

Objectives:

This randomized controlled trial was conducted to examine immune recovery following breast cancer (BC) therapy and evaluate the effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy (MBSR) on immune recovery with emphasis on lymphocyte subsets, T cell activation, and production of T-helper 1 (Th1; interferon [IFN]-γ) and T-helper 2 (Th2; interleukin-4 [IL-4]) cytokines.

Method:

Participants who completed the study consisted of 82 patients diagnosed with Stage 0–III BC, who received lumpectomy and adjuvant radiation ± chemotherapy. Patients were randomized into an MBSR(BC) intervention program or a control (usual care) group. Immune cell measures were assessed at baseline and within 2 weeks after the 6-week intervention. The numbers and percentages of lymphocyte subsets, activated T cells, and Th1 and Th2 cells in peripheral blood samples were determined by immunostaining and flow cytometry.

Results:

Immune subset recovery after cancer treatment showed positive associations with time since treatment completion. The B and natural killer (NK) cells were more susceptible than T cells in being suppressed by cancer treatment. Women who received MBSR(BC) had T cells more readily activated by the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and an increase in the Th1/Th2 ratio. Activation was also higher for the MBSR(BC) group if <12 weeks from the end of treatment and women in MBSR(BC) <12 weeks had higher T cell count for CD4+.

Conclusion:

MBSR(BC) promotes a more rapid recovery of functional T cells capable of being activated by a mitogen with the Th1 phenotype, whereas substantial recovery of B and NK cells after completion of cancer treatment appears to occur independent of stress-reducing interventions.
Psychological Stress and Cytokine Production in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Sorenson Matthew , Janusek Linda , Mathews Herbert
Published: November 2011

Objective:

Psychological variables such as perceived stress appear to play a role in symptom onset or disease exacerbation in multiple sclerosis (MS). The authors sought to determine if perceived stress is indeed associated with the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and disease symptoms in individuals with MS. To do so, the authors examined the relationships among disease symptomatology, perceived stress, and cytokine production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 42 outpatients with MS and 36 normative controls.

Method:

The authors drew peripheral blood from all subjects prior to the completion of a series of psychological instruments. The authors measured stress using the Perceived Stress scale and negative mood with the Profile of Mood States. Disease symptoms were measured using the Multiple Sclerosis Symptom Checklist. Cytokine production was induced separately by lipopolysaccharide and a combination of phytohemagglutinin and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate.

Results:

In MS subjects, the induced production of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 positively correlated with psychological stress, mood disturbance, and disease symptomatology. In contrast, psychological stress in control subjects significantly correlated with level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and mood disturbance correlated with levels of TNF-α and interferon-gamma. As well, compared to controls, MS subjects exhibited a significant fourfold increase in the production of IL-12.

Conclusion:

There is, in those with MS, a pattern of IL-6 and IL-10 production that correlates significantly with perceived stress and disease symptomatology.
Pain and Inflammation in Women With Early-Stage Breast Cancer Prior to Induction of Chemotherapy
Authors: Starkweather Angela R. , Lyon Debra E. , Schubert Christine M.
Published: November 2011

Context:

Pain is a commonly experienced and distressing symptom in women with breast cancer (BCA), and recent evidence suggests that immune activation may be associated with pain and other co-occurring symptoms. However, no studies to date have explored the relationships among perceived pain and biomarkers of inflammation in women with early-stage BCA during the initial course of treatment.

Objectives:

The purpose of this research study was to examine the relationships among pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers and the presence of pain and other symptoms (anxiety, depression, fatigue, and sleep disorder) prior to induction of chemotherapy.

Method:

This was a secondary analysis of data that measured perceived symptoms, including the presence of pain and pain interference, and plasma levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP) in women with early-stage BCA ( N = 32) at 1 month postsurgery but prior to induction of chemotherapy.

Results:

Women experiencing pain had significantly higher levels of CRP ( p < .01), interleukin (IL) 13 ( p < .02), and IL-7 ( p < .02) and more pain interference ( p < .01), depression ( p < .01), and sleep disturbance ( p < .01) compared to women reporting no pain.

Conclusion:

The presence of pain during the initial course of treatment in women with early-stage BCA was associated with significantly higher levels of CRP, IL-7, and IL-13, suggesting a potential role of immune activation in perceived pain. Further research to examine the precise effects of these biological factors in modulating pain is needed. Perceived pain was also associated with multiple co-occurring symptoms, and this finding has important implications for symptom management.
Problems with binary gender discourse: Using context to promote flexibility and connection in gender identity
Authors: Wiseman Mel , Davidson Sarah
Published: November 2011

Western society recognises male and female sex from physiological attributes, such as genitals and chromosomes. ‘Gender’ is the social and cultural expectation of how males and females should think, behave and how they should be treated by others (Diamond, 2002). Some children and adolescents experience distress, marginalization, and abuse associated with their gender identifications, preferences and behaviours, which are inconsistent with those expected of their biological sex. Often their families and society find gender non-conformity at best difficult, at worst offensive, distressing and intolerable. There is increasing focus on how mental health professionals work with difference in gender and sexual identity and recent publications highlight the shift from pathologizing transgender to a more ‘identity-based’ perspective, focussing more on the stigmatizing affects of the environment and the impact on the individual (Bockting, 2009). This article describes the challenges of binary gender discourse for young people and their wider contexts and considers how clinicians may more helpfully respond to avoid unhelpful binaries and so keep the young person in mind. The therapeutic aims of the UK Gender Identity Development Service (GIDS) for children and young people are considered and examples of our work provided.
Psychodynamic Parenthood Therapy: A model for therapeutic work with parents and parenthood
Authors: Oren Dror
Published: November 2011

The approach to therapeutic work with parents in psychotherapy has been described in the literature in various ways but is not well defined. This article will give a short review of four main types of therapeutic work with parents: 1) Meeting to update and to accompany parents (Periodic update meeting with parents complementary to the child’s psychotherapy), 2) Parental counseling (guidance), 3) Parent-child therapy (Relationship or dyadic therapy), 4) Family therapy. The claim is made that those approaches, important and effective as they are, do not deal with the parent as a main issue, and do not place enough attention on parenthood. This article offers a model referred to here as Psychodynamic Parenthood Therapy (PPT). PPT is a dynamic therapeutic intervention with parents based upon a contract focusing mainly on working on their parenthood. In general, a parent’s negative feelings towards his parenthood or towards his child are some of the basic issues that can be helped by this approach. After clarifying the guidelines for choosing PPT, both the contract and the process itself will be explained. The process deals with parenthood: internalizations, unconscious feelings, intergenerational transmissions and parental identity. In comparison with other methods which do not deal specifically with parenthood, PPT will often lead to a meaningful and effective therapeutic result.
Determinants of Personal Exposure to PM2.5 in Office Workers
Authors: Mohammadyan M.
Published: November 2011

To determine the distribution of personal exposure to PM2.5 concentrations in office workers and to identify the most important determinants of personal exposure to PM2.5 concentrations, a couple of 24-h personal exposures and indoor home and office PM2.5 concentrations were measured among 40 non-smoker adult subjects over a year. All subjects completed a Time-Microenvironment-Activity–Dairy (TMAD) and a core questionnaire that covered air quality-related characteristics of each subject microenvironments and some personal characteristics that related to personal exposure to particulate matter. Participant’s exposures to PM2.5 concentrations were significantly higher than corresponding PM10 concentrations measured by fixed site station at Bradford city centre, and there was a significant correlation between personal exposure and PM10 concentrations measured by fixed site station. A stepwise multiple-regression analysis showed that the model of best fit for time-weighted average personal exposure to PM2.5 concentrations included PM10 concentrations measure by FSM, ambient temperature, time spent in a bus and time spent in a pub. This study showed a significant negative effect of ambient temperature on indoor PM2.5 levels and personal exposures. In conclusion, outdoor PM10, ambient temperature and time spent in polluted microenvironments such as pubs and buses are the most important determinants of personal exposure to PM2.5.
Investigation of Gender Differences in Sleeping Comfort at Different Environmental Temperatures
Authors: Pan Li , Lian Zhiwei , Lan Li
Published: November 2011

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether there is gender difference in sleep comfort of healthy individuals at various temperatures. During winter, sleep quality was examined under different indoor temperatures (17, 20 and 23°C) using questionnaires and electroencephalogram (EEG). To explore the mechanism responsible for gender differences in comfortable sleeping temperatures, mean skin temperature, finger temperature and finger blood flow were measured. The results showed that females would prefer a higher ambient temperature during sleep than the men. The mean skin temperature for females was higher than that of males, whereas finger skin temperature and finger blood flow were significantly lower in females than in males. Furthermore, skin temperature and finger blood flow were more sensitive to ambient temperature with females than in males. The gender differences in preferred sleeping temperature could therefore be related to these physiological characteristics. Both subjective evaluations and EEG found better sleep quality in males under the same temperatures compared to females. Skin temperature changes over the course of the night also demonstrated longer periods of deep sleep in males compared to females.
Aeromycoflora of Some Eastern Provinces of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Ababutain Ibtisam Mohammed
Published: November 2011

The objective of this study was to estimate the total count of airborne fungi indoors and outdoors in three largest provinces of eastern region of Saudi Arabia. Seasonal variation on the fungi total count and fungi diversity was studied. This study has been carried out by the settling plate technique for a period of 1 year. Samples were collected once in each season. A total of 30 fungi species belonging to 18 genera were isolated. Aspergillus sp. and Cladosporium sp. were the two dominant fungi genera indoors and outdoors. The total fungi count in indoors was less than that of the outdoors. There was seasonal variation in the total count and diversity of the airborne fungi. Fungi diversity was higher in spring indoors and outdoors. Fungi total count in Qatif was the highest then Dammam and then Khobar in indoors, whereas the Dammam was the highest then Khobar and then Qatif in outdoors.
Evaluation of Sub-Zonal Airflow Models for the Prediction of Local Interior Boundary Conditions – Natural and Forced Convection Cases
Authors: Steskens Paul W. M. H. , Janssen Hans , Rode Carsten
Published: November 2011

Currently, researchers are striving to advance the possibilities to calculate the integrated phenomena of heat, air and moisture flows in buildings, with specific focus on the interactions between the building zones and building components. This paper presents an investigation of the capability and applicability of the sub-zonal airflow model to predict the local indoor environmental conditions, as well as the local surface transfer coefficients near building components. Two test cases were analyzed for, respectively, natural and forced convection in a room. The simulation results predicted from the sub-zonal airflow models are compared to experimental data and numerical computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results. The study shows that sub-zonal models combined with an appropriate surface transfer coefficient model are able to give reliable predictions of the local indoor environmental conditions and surface transfer coefficients near the building component for the analyzed cases. The relatively short computation time and flexibility of the sub-zonal model makes the application attractive for transient simulation of heat, air and moisture transport in buildings. However, the availability of appropriate reference conditions, for example experimental or numerical results, is a prerequisite for the development of a reliable sub-zonal model.
Contemporary management of orbitozygomatic complex trauma
Authors: Bhatt Vyomesh , Green Jason , McVeigh Kieron , Monaghan Andrew , Dover Stephen
Published: November 2011

Orbitozygomatic complex fractures are the second most common fractures of the maxillofacial skeleton. Interpersonal violence predominates as the cause in the United Kingdom. Treatment is directed at restoration of function of the eye and aesthetics.
The Dead, the Living, and Those Yet to Come
Authors: Lemert Charles
Published: November 2011

Drawing on classical sociology texts, Charles Lemert explores the necessity of a sociological examination of what he calls the Society of the Dead and how its memories impact social life.
There’s No “I” in Innovation
Authors: Dahlin Eric
Published: November 2011

While most think of innovation’s insights coming in a flash of inspiration, Eric Dahlin uses multidisciplinary research to show that advances, big and small, more often result from collaborative, incremental efforts. To understand and spur innovation, then, scholars and practitioners must abandon the romantic notion of the lonely genius in favor of the wisdom of the collective.
New Ways of Bowling Together?
Authors: Hart-Brinson Peter
Published: November 2011

In his 2000 book Bowling Alone, sociologist Robert Putnam argued that American civic engagement was dying. Now, Peter Hart-Brinson uses research on the convergence of the fitness boom and the creative fundraising efforts of nonprofits to show how civic engagement is being revived as civic recreation. Its social roots are examined, along with its implications for community and democracy.
Chasing “Closure”
Authors: Berns Nancy
Published: November 2011

“Closure” has become a buzzword for a commodity to be bought and sold. Sociologist Nancy Berns explores the creation and sale of the “feeling rules” of closure: what it is, why it is both important and problematic.