bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Allegory and Difference in Ralegh and De Bry: Reading and Seeing the Discoverie
Authors: Britton Dennis Austin
Published: February 2011

The travel narratives in Theodor De Bry's America and the collection itself are often read allegorically: the events in the New World are read as signifying Protestant-Catholic conflict on the European continent. Attending to differences between the English text of Sir Walter Ralegh's The Discoverie of the Large, Rich and Bewtiful Empyre of Guiana and its Latin translation in part 8 of America, however, reveals a more complex relationship between individual texts in America and its allegorical project. The differences between Ralegh and De Bry are both textual (passages from the Discoverie that do not appear in the Latin translation) and visual (De Bry's addition of copper-plate engravings). These differences ultimately demonstrate that Guyana and Trinidad—especially because of how they were seen by early modern Europeans—cannot be fully contained within a Protestant allegorical project.
Ethnographer's Sketch, Sensational Engraving, Full-Length Portrait: Print Genres for Spanish America in Girolamo Benzoni, the De Brys, and Cesare Vecellio
Authors: Jones Ann Rosalind
Published: February 2011

The writer-illustrators Giorgio Benzoni and Cesare Vecellio, using the New World as the topic for books in different genres intended to appeal to different audiences, represented the inhabitants of New Spain in prints and commentary derived from an ethnographic perspective on their customs and, in Vecellio's case, from an aesthetic focus on their clothing. In contrast, the De Brys' version of New Spain as presented in parts 3–5 of their America series launched a vivid, sensationalist assault on their readers' curiosity, playing to their fascination with the horrors of New World exploration and the savagery of its inhabitants. This essay compares these three discourses, the genres they underpin, and the diverse kinds of appeal they were designed to make to book-buying audiences in Europe.
Synthesis of Inclusion Compounds of Br–Th–Py–Br and (RO)2B–Th–Py–Br (Th: Thiophene-2,5-diyl; Py: Pyridine-2,5-diyl) with γ-Cyclodextrin
Authors: Koizumi Take-aki , Kuwahara Rieko , Yamaguchi Isao , Yamamoto Takakazu
Published: February 2011

Inclusion compounds of Br–Th–Py–Br and (RO)2B–Th–Py–Br ((OR)2: –OCH2C(CH3)2CH2O–) with γ-cyclodextrin (CD), denoted by Br–ThPy–Br–CD and (RO)2B–ThPy–Br–CD, respectively, were prepared. Ni(0)-promoted dehalogenative coupling of Br–ThPy–Br–CD gave an oligomeric inclusion product, Oligo(ThPy–CD). Oligo(ThPy–CD) was soluble in organic solvents, and 1H- and CP/MAS 13C{1H} NMR spectra as well as the powder XRD pattern of Oligo(ThPy–CD) supported the CD-encapsulated structure.
Synthesis, Structure, and Proton-Transfer Reactions of Brønsted Acidic Pyridylpyrazole Complexes of Ruthenium
Authors: Kashiwame Yohei , Watanabe Megumi , Araki Kenjirou , Kuwata Shigeki , Ikariya Takao
Published: February 2011

A reaction of [{Cp*Ru(μ3-Cl)}4] (Cp*: η5-C5(CH3)5) with 5-phenyl-3-(2-pyridyl)-1H-pyrazole (PhpypzH) afforded a chelating pyrazole complex [Cp*RuCl(PhpypzH)] (2) bearing an NH proton at the β-position to the metal. Treatment of 2 with an equimolar amount of silver nitrite followed by anion exchange with KOTf (OTf: OSO2CF3) gave the pyrazolato–nitrosyl complex [Cp*Ru(NO)(Phpypz)](OTf) (3) through a proton shift from the pyrazole ligand to the nitrite ion. In contrast, simple ligand exchange took place in the reaction of silver nitrite and [Cp*RuCl(bipy)] (bipy: 2,2′-bipyridine) without the protic chelate ligand to give the nitro complex [Cp*Ru(NO2-κN)(bipy)] (4). Protonation of 4 with triflic acid led to the formation of the nitrosyl complex [Cp*Ru(NO)(bipy)](OTf)2 (5). The pyrazolato complex 3 was also obtained by the reaction of [Cp*Ru(NO)Cl2] with PhpypzH and KOTf in water. Reversible protonation of 3 resulted in the formation of the dicationic pyrazole complex [Cp*Ru(NO)(PhpypzH)](OTf)2 (6). The detailed structures of 2–4 and 6 have been determined by X-ray crystallography.
Colorimetric “Naked-eye” Highly Selective Detection of Cu(II) Ion by a Simple Chemosensor: An Experimental and Theoretical Modeling
Authors: Dalapati Sasanka , Jana Sankar , Guchhait Nikhil
Published: February 2011

The selectivity and sensitivity of N,N′-bis(4-diethylaminosalicylidene)hydrazine (sensor 1) toward Cu2+ ion have been established both by distinct “naked-eye” color change as well as UV–vis spectrophotometry. Sensor 1 formed 1:1 complex with Cu2+ ion where the most stable s-trans form of the sensor is trapped in the high energy conformer. Single-crystal X-ray structure of sensor 1 supports its s-trans conformation. Theoretical calculations support well the experimental result.
Synthesis and Chemical Properties of π-Conjugated Poly(9,10-dialkyl-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2,7-diyl) and a Related Polymer
Authors: Tokimitsu Ryouichi , Koizumi Take-aki , Yamamoto Takakazu
Published: February 2011

π-Conjugated poly(9,10-dioctyl-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2,7-diyl) and a related polymer were prepared by dehalogenative organometallic polycondensation using the corresponding dibromo compound. The polymers are photoluminescent and show a tendency to self-assemble.
Quantification of cerebrospinal fluid lactic acid in the differential diagnosis between HIV chronic meningitis and opportunistic meningitis
Authors: de Almeida Sérgio Monteiro , Boritza Kátia , Cogo Laura Lucia , Pessa Luis , França João , Rota Indianara , Muro Marisol , Ribeiro Cléa , Raboni Sonia Mara , Vidal Luine Rosele , Nogueira Meri Bordignon , Ellis Ronald
Published: February 2011

Background: Approximately 40% of HIV infected patients have chronic meningitis at various stages during the infection, 59% are asymptomatic. This is a diagnosis of exclusion and a confounding factor in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, any other causes of chronic meningitis by opportunistic or co-infection must be ruled out. The aim of this study was to analyze CSF lactic acid (LA) as an adjuvant biomarker in chronic meningitis due to HIV.

Methods: CSF LA was quantified in 223 CSF samples by the Dimension AR (Dade Behring, Deerfield, IL, USA), distributed into nine groups: 1) HIV positive with an increase in CSF WBCs (n=17); 2) HIV positive with normal CSF (n=20); 3) enterovirus meningitis (n=33); 4) Herpesviridae meningoencephalitis (n=30); 5) fungal meningitis (n=25); 6) tuberculosis (TB) meningitis (n=17); 7) toxoplasmosis (n=18); 8) neurosyphilis (n=6); 9) control group (n=57).

Results: CSF LA (median; IQR) was higher in samples with TB meningitis (5.5; 2.9–7.5 mmol/L) and Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis (3.9; 2.7–5.8 mmol/L) compated with samples with HIV chronic meningitis (1.7; 1.4–1.9 mmol/L) and other groups (p≤0.0001). For the diagnosis of HIV chronic meningitis, using a cut-off of 3.5 mmol/L, CSF LA showed high sensitivity and negative predictive value, although low specificity.

Conclusions: CSF LA helps to discriminate between C. neoformans or TB meningitis and HIV chronic meningitis: CSF LA can be included with the methods currently used to identify these specific pathogens, though it does not replace them. It is rapid, inexpensive and easy to perform, and can be used in developing countries.
A Rigid-Flexible Boundary True Triaxial Apparatus for Testing Soils in a Three-Dimensional Stress State
Authors: Yin Jian-Hua , Zhou Wan-Huan , Kumruzzaman M. , Cheng Chun-Man
Published: February 2011

In this paper, a new true triaxial loading device with mixed rigid and flexible boundaries and its setup are described. The main features of the new true triaxial loading device are four sliding rigid plates acting on the soil specimen enclosed in a rubber membrane, which solves the corner contact interference problem. Measures for reducing friction on the specimen are also presented. All forces and sources of friction on the soil specimen applied by this loading device and their influence on the distribution of strains and stresses in the specimen are analysed and discussed. The true triaxial apparatus with this new loading device has been used to study the stress-strain behaviour of a completely decomposed granite (CDG) soil in Hong Kong. Typical test results are presented and discussed. Based on the description, test results, and discussion, it is found that this new true loading device has a number of merits, especially for testing soils under large strains without corner interferences. It is also found that the stress-strain behaviour of the CDG is dependent on the b-value and the Lade–Duncan failure criterion is more suitable for the CDG in a three-dimensional stress state.
Performance of a Cubical Triaxial Apparatus for Testing Saturated and Unsaturated Soils
Authors: Reis Rodrigo Martins , de Azevedo Roberto F. , Botelho Betânia Severino , Vilar Orencio Monje
Published: February 2011

This paper deals with the performance of a stress and suction-controlled cubical triaxial device developed to test 6-cm cubical soil specimens in saturated and unsaturated conditions. In saturated tests, saturation is achieved by back-pressure while matric suction during unsaturated tests is imposed to the specimen assuming valid the axis-translation technique. The paper describes details of the new device, the testing methodology, as well as presents a series of drained conventional triaxial compression tests on a young residual soil from gneiss performed with the new equipment. The developed apparatus works properly and is adequate to perform tests at different stress-paths that can be helpful to obtain soil parameters needed in the development or improvement of constitutive models for soils. Test results compare well with results from conventional triaxial tests and have showed that suction increased the initial stiffness and the shear strength of the soil, which is commanded by an increase of the cohesion intercept, since the friction angle remained approximately constant.
Comparison of Mobile Bearing and Fixed Bearing Total Knee Arthroplasty Outcomes: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Sykes Joshua , Snearly Christine , Benner Rodney , Bernard Matthew , Mihalko William M.
Published: February 2011

To better compare the outcomes between fixed bearing (FB) and mobile bearing (MB) total knee arthroplasty (TKA) a review of the literature was carried out to determine any published differences. An extensive literature search utilizing PubMed was carried out to identify all publications concerning MB and FB TKA. Once studies were identified from set inclusion criteria the groups (27 studies in total) were categorically compared for differences in instability, persistent pain, loosening, radiolucencies, knee society pain and function scores as well as range of motion (ROM). ROM comparisons favored MB (P=0.03, eight studies) statistically but not clinically (3° ROM difference), and the incidence of tibial radiolucent lines improved with the use of MB TKA (P=0.03, eight studies) while all other categories were found not to be significantly different (p values of 0.1–0.72). This up to date comparison of the literature found MB and FB TKA outcomes to be comparable.
Time Domain Inverse Scattering for a Homogenous Dielectric Cylinder by Asynchronous Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: Li Ching-Lieh , Chiu Chien-Ching , Huang Chung-Hsin
Published: February 2011

In this paper, we propose a time domain inverse scattering technique for reconstructing the electromagnetic properties of a homogeneous dielectric cylinder based on the finite difference time domain method and the asynchronous particle swarm optimization (APSO). The homogeneous dielectric cylinder with unknown electromagnetic properties is illuminated by transverse magnetic pulse and the scattered field is recorded outside. By minimizing the discrepancy between the measured and estimated scattered field data, the location, shape, and permittivity of the dielectric cylinder are reconstructed. The inverse problem is resolved by an optimization approach and the global searching scheme APSO is then employed to search the parameter space. A set of representative numerical results is presented for demonstrating that the proposed approach is able to efficiently reconstruct the electromagnetic properties of the homogeneous dielectric scatterer even when the initial guess is far away from the exact one. In addition, the effects of Gaussian noises on imaging reconstruction are also investigated.
The Museu do Negro in Rio and the Cult of Anastácia as a New Model for the Memory of Slavery
Authors: Wood Marcus
Published: February 2011

The following analysis concerns the figure of Anastácia, a mythical African princess who was supposedly enslaved and then tortured to death on a Brazilian plantation. She has become the focus for a wide variety of devotional activity within northeastern Brazil. The ways in which she is worshipped and displayed suggest that the syncretic religions of Umbanda and Candomblé may offer dynamic new ways for thinking about the traumatic memory of Atlantic slavery.
Organic Public Sociology in the Pragmatist Perspective: A Multifaceted Approach
Authors: Horowitz Ruth
Published: February 2011

This article argues that American pragmatism provides a model for organic public sociology, defined by Michael Burawoy as the sociologist's direct involvement with a group in a collaborative effort to bring about change, which permits and encourages a combined professional research and activist project. I use my project involving medical licensing and disciplinary boards to illustrate how those projects can be successfully combined. I served as a public member, conducted research, and was an advocate for change.
Assault on Self: Intimate Partner Abuse and the Contestation of Identity
Authors: Allen‐Collinson Jacquelyn
Published: February 2011

The complexities of intimate partner abuse and violence have been studied from a range of theoretical, conceptual, and methodological perspectives. It is argued here that symbolic interactionist analyses offer specific and powerful insights into this particular interactional domain. This article is based on data generated by a topical life‐history case study of a well‐educated, middle‐class, middle‐aged man, whose wife subjected him to sustained unilateral violence and abuse, resulting in deleterious consequences for his health and well‐being. Data were gathered via a series of in‐depth interviews and a personal diary. The analysis draws on Goffman's conceptualization of “possessional territory” as one of the “territories of the self,” in order to examine the role of possessions in the interactional routines of intimate partner abuse.
Negotiating Personal Experience over the Lifetime: Narrative Elasticity as an Analytic Tool
Authors: Bernasconi Oriana
Published: February 2011

Sociology and neighboring disciplines have produced different analytic tools to examine the dialogical relationship between individuals and society (“narrative work,” “identity work,” “moral career,” “moral breakdown”). However, the question of how individuals negotiate the interpretation of personal experience over their lifetimes in a changing cultural context remains unexplored. This article introduces narrative elasticity as a feature of narrative work and as a time‐sensitive analytic tool for conducting inquiries into processes of temporal retraction and expansion of what storytellers conceive as the normal order of significance. The application of this tool to the analysis of mature and elderly Chileans' life stories shows how cultural change occurs at the individual level, considers factors that motivate and inhibit processes of reinterpretation of personal experience, and identifies different levels at which it operates.
Doing Fake Masculinity, Being Real Men: Present and Future Constructions of Self among Black College Men
Authors: Ford Kristie A.
Published: February 2011

Through a qualitative analysis of twenty‐nine black college men at a large research university, this project explores how black masculinity is physically, behaviorally, and materially constructed from idealized images resulting in a contextually adaptive sense of self. The findings suggest that black masculinity, specifically the thug image, is symbolically affirmed or denied through a particular type of raced, gendered, classed, and sexualized discourse within black public social spaces. Moreover, these data show that maintaining this construction of black masculinity promotes bodily self‐doubt or insecurity and inauthentic intra‐ and interracial interactions. In contrast, black manhood is thought to involve more genuine interactions, regardless of the social location. Unlike doing masculinity, the idealized notion of being men allows young black men to project a future construction of self that seemingly resolves their feelings of inauthenticity or bodily insecurity.
Constructing Clean Dreams: Accounts, Future Selves, and Social and Structural Support as Desistance Work
Authors: Harris Alexes
Published: February 2011

This article investigates the discourse individuals use when talking about desisting from criminal offending. I analyze the links between offenders’ accounts of past negative behavior, their construction of their possible “clean” future selves, and the social and structural conditions in which they were raised and continue to be embedded. Applying Scott and Lyman's (1968) framework on accounts and Markus and Nurius's (1986) framework of possible selves to interview data with twenty‐eight criminal offenders, I illustrate how excuses for past behavior provide a way for people to distance themselves from their past selves in attempts to preserve or re‐create a possible self that is still worthy to be redeemed in the future. This discourse becomes one mechanism that motivates individuals to change their lives—but it can be short‐lived. The analysis highlights how limited structural opportunities influence individuals’ lifestyles and behaviors, how individuals approach the desistance process even in the face of structural deprivation, and how they attempt to sustain this desistance process.
Different vitamin D substrate–product relationship after oral vitamin D supplementation in familial benign hypercalcemia, primary hyperparathyroidism, and healthy controls
Authors: Bevilacqua Maurizio , Invernizzi Marco , Righini Velella , Carda Stefano , Cisari Carlo
Published: February 2011

Context

In healthy subjects and in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PH), the administration of a low dose of 25(OH)D (25 μg/day) increases the serum levels of both 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D. It is unknown whether this relationship is present in patients affected by familial benign hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FBH).

Objective

To evaluate the different vitamin D substrate–product relationship after oral vitamin D supplementation in familial benign hypercalcemia, PH, and healthy controls.

Design

We evaluated the main physiological regulators of 1α-hydroxylase and the substrate–product relationship of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D in 20 patients with PH, 25 with FBH, and 122 healthy sex- and age-matched controls before and after administration of 25(OH)D for 2 weeks.

Results

25(OH)D increased significantly in all subjects, whereas 1,25(OH)2D serum levels increased significantly in PH patients and healthy controls but not in patients with FBH. Therefore, a significant positive substrate–product relationship of 25(OH)D–1,25(OH)2D was found in PH and healthy controls, but not in FBH. Monomeric calcitonin (hCT-M) was significantly lower at baseline and after 25(OH)D supplementation in the FBH group compared with the other two groups.

Conclusions

The lack of 1,25(OH)2D increase in FBH may be due to a direct inhibitory effect on 1α-hydroxylase of hypercalcemiaper se, increased metabolic clearance of 1,25(OH)2D, or a decreased stimulus of 1α-hydroxylase related to persistently low levels of hCT.
Embryonic genotype and inbreeding affect preimplantation development in cattle
Authors: Lazzari G , Colleoni S , Duchi R , Galli A , Houghton F D , Galli C
Published: February 2011

Infertility in cattle herds is a growing problem with multifactorial causes. Embryonic genotype and level of inbreeding are among the many factors that can play a role on reproductive efficiency. To investigate this issue, we produced purebred and crossbred bovine embryos by in vitro techniques from Holstein oocytes and Holstein or Brown Swiss semen and analyzed several cellular and molecular features. In the first experiment, purebred and crossbred embryos, obtained from abattoir oocytes, were analyzed for cleavage, development to morula/blastocyst stages, amino acid metabolism and gene expression of developmentally important genes. The results indicated significant differences in the percentage of compacted morulae, in the expression of three genes at the blastocyst stage (MNSOD, GP130 and FGF4) and in the utilization of serine, asparagine, methionine and tryptophan in day 6 embryos. In the second experiment, bovine oocytes were collected by ovum pick up from ten Holstein donors and fertilized with the semen of the respective Holstein sires or with Brown Swiss semen. The derived embryos were grown in vitro up to day 7, and were then transferred to synchronized recipients and recovered on day 12. We found that purebred/inbred embryos had lower blastocyst rate on days 7–8, were smaller on day 12 and had lower expression of the trophoblast gene PLAC8. Overall, these results indicate reduced and delayed development of purebred embryos compared with crossbred embryos. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that embryo genotype and high inbreeding can affect amino acid metabolism, gene expression, preimplantation development and therefore fertility in cattle.
A dense network of dendritic cells populates the murine epididymis
Authors: Da Silva Nicolas , Cortez-Retamozo Virna , Reinecker Hans-Christian , Wildgruber Moritz , Hill Eric , Brown Dennis , Swirski Filip K , Pittet Mikael J , Breton Sylvie
Published: February 2011

One of the most intriguing aspects of male reproductive physiology is the ability to generate spermatogenic cells – which are ‘foreign’ to the host – without triggering immune activation. After leaving the testis, spermatozoa enter the epididymis where they mature and are stored. In this study, we report a previously unrecognized dense network of dendritic cells (DCs) located at the base of the epididymal epithelium. This network was detected in transgenic mice expressing CD11c-EYFP and CX3CR1-GFP reporters. Epididymal DCs (eDCs) establish intimate interactions with the epithelium and project long dendrites between epithelial cells toward the lumen. We show that isolated eDCs express numerous leukocyte markers described previously in other organs that are in contact with the external environment, and present and cross-present ovalbumin to T cellsin vitro. eDCs are, therefore, strategically positioned to regulate the complex interplay between immune tolerance and activation, a balance that is fundamental to male fertility.
Fibroblast growth factors activate mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways to promote migration in ovine trophoblast cells
Authors: Yang Qi En , Giassetti Mariana I , Ealy Alan D
Published: February 2011

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) 2 and FGF10 are uterine- and conceptus-derived factors that mediate trophoblast activities in cattle and sheep. To extend our understanding of how FGFs may control peri-implantation development in ruminants, we determined whether FGF2 and FGF10 impact trophoblast cell migration. Transwell inserts containing 8 μm pores were used to examine whether FGF2 or FGF10 supplementation increased oTr1 cell migration. Supplementation with 0.5 ng/ml FGF2 or FGF10 did not affect oTr1 cell migration number, but exposure to 5 or 50 ng/ml FGF2 or FGF10 increased (P<0.05) oTr1 cell migration when compared with controls. The involvement of specific MAP kinase (MAPK) cascades in mediating this FGF response was examined by using pharmacological inhibitors of specific MAPKs. Western blot analysis indicated that FGF2 and FGF10 increased phosphorylation status of MAPKs 1, 3, 8, 9, and 14. Exposure to specific inhibitors blocked FGF induction of each MAPK. Exposure to inhibitors before supplementation with FGF2 or FGF10 prevented FGF induction of cell migration, indicating that each of these signaling molecules was required for FGF effects. A final series of studies examined whether FGF2 and FGF10 also mediated the migration of a bovine trophoblast line (CT1 cell). Increases in migration were detected in each cell line by supplementing 5 or 50 ng/ml FGF2 or FGF10 (P<0.05). In summary, FGF2 and FGF10 regulate migratory activity of ovine trophoblast cells through MAPK-dependent pathways. These outcomes provide further evidence that FGFs function as mediators of peri-implantation conceptus development in cattle and sheep.
The Development of the European Framework for Psychosocial Risk Management: PRIMA‐EF
Authors: Leka Stavroula , Jain Aditya , Cox Tom , Kortum Evelyn
Published: February 2011

The Development of the European Framework for Psychosocial Risk Management: PRIMA‐EF: Stavroula Leka, et al. Institute of Work, Health and Organisations, University of Nottingham, UK—Aim: This paper presents the development process of the European framework for psychosocial risk management (PRIMA‐EF). It also summarises and discusses key indings of research conducted through this policy‐orientated research programme.

Objectives

This paper presents an overview of the development process of PRIMA‐EF. The background, methods and outcomes are described and discussed. The paper summarises the key findings of PRIMA‐EF and concludes by a discussion of the merit of PRIMA‐EF in the area of psychosocial risk management and its intended use. PRIMA‐EF has been built on a review, critical assessment, reconciliation and harmonisation of existing European approaches for the management of psychosocial risks and the promotion of mental health at the workplace. The framework has been built from a theoretical analysis of the risk management process, identifying its key elements in logic and philosophy, strategy and procedures, areas and types of measurement, and from a subsequent analysis of European risk management approaches. It is meant to accommodate all existing psychosocial risk management approaches across Europe. It also provides a model and key indicators that relate to the psychosocial risk management process both at the enterprise and macro levels.

Method

Experts, researchers, social partners, key European and international organisations and networks were involved throughout the development of PRIMA‐EF. Anumber of methods were applied including literature, case study and policy reviews, interviews, surveys, focus groups and workshops. The scientific indings have been used to develop user‐friendly tools for use at the enterprise and policy levels such as guidelines, indicators, guidance sheets, inventories and web‐based tools.

Conclusions

PRIMA‐EF is intended as a framework for harmonizing practice and current methods in the area of psychosocial risk management. It can also be used as a guidance tool for the development of further methods both in Europe and internationally as it can provide a benchmark for validation of new methods. A number of priorities have been identified on the basis of PRIMA‐EF for the future of psychosocial risk management and the promotion of mental health at workplace in Europe.
Perceptions of Psychosocial Hazards, Work‐related Stress and Workplace Priority Risks in Developing Countries
Authors: Kortum Evelyn
Published: February 2011

Perceptions of Psychosocial Hazards, Work‐related Stress and Workplace Priority Risks in Developing Countries: Evelyn Kortum, et al. Institute of Work, Health and Organisations, University of Nottingham, UK—

Objectives

During the last few decades, major global developments in the world of work include an international trend to shift production to developing countries, with wide variations in working conditions and exposure to traditional and emerging occupational risks, such as psychosocial risks. The latter have rarely been addressed or explored in developing and economically‐emerging country contexts while we find an abundant body of research from industrialized countries. The research presented, which is part of a larger study, explored the perception of multi disciplinary experts from different regions, as deined by the World Health Organization (WHO), of the nature of psychosocial hazards, and work‐related stress, as well as their views on workplace priorities that require urgent attention.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 29 experts from developing countries which were subjected to thematic analysis. A two‐tiered Delphi survey was completed by 74 experts in the irst round with 53 of these experts completing the survey in the second round.

Results

Psychosocial hazards and work‐related stress were mostly seen as interchangeable in terms of source and effect and all participants perceived them as concern to their workforce. Through the interviews and the Delphi surveys they allude to our contemporary understanding of psychosocial risks. Workplace risks of priority differed by region but primarily work‐related stress, injury and accident prevention, and substance abuse and risk behaviors were reported to require urgent attention.

Conclusions

The current lack of awareness and research in the area of psychosocial risks and work‐related stress hampers action in developing countries. International experts should support the exchange of information and the development of interventions in workplaces in developing countries with a view to integrating these emerging risks into comprehensive occupational health and safety policy frameworks to make such approaches more effective.
Complex lipid-lowering treatment options in patients with a history of acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Dani Győző , Márk László , Katona András
Published: February 2011

Authors aimed to assess how target values in serum lipid concentrations (LDL- and HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride) can be achieved in patients with a history of acute coronary syndrome during follow up in an outpatient cardiology clinic. Methods: 201 patients with a history of acute coronary syndrome were included and were followed up between January 1 and May 31, 2007.Authors analyzed serum lipid parameters of the patients and the lipid-lowering medications at the time of the first meeting and during follow up lasting two years. Results: During the enrollment visit only 26.4% of the patients had serum LDL cholesterol at target level, whereas high triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol levels were observed in 40.3% and 33.3% of the patients, respectively. Only 22 patients (10.9%) achieved the target levels in all three lipid parameters. Of the 201 patients, 179 patients participated in the follow up, and data obtained from these patients were analyzed. There was a positive trend toward better lipid parameters; 42.5% of the patients reached the desired LDL-cholesterol target value and 17.3% of the patients had HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides target values. Conclusions: These findings are consistent with those published in the literature. Beside the currently used therapeutic options for achieving optimal LDL-cholesterol, efforts should be made to reduce the so-called “residual cardiovascular risk” with the use of a widespread application of combination therapy. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 296–302.
Comparisons of Sex-Specific Growth and Weight–Length Relationships in Minnesota Black Crappie Populations
Authors: Isermann Daniel A. , Thompson Andrew L. , Talmage Philip J.
Published: February 2011

We examined differences in sex-specific growth and weight–length relationships for five Minnesota populations of black crappies Pomoxis nigromaculatus. Male black crappies typically grew slightly faster than females, but observed differences in mean total lengths (TLs) at age were always 15 mm or less and were typically less than 10 mm. We detected few differences in log10(weight)–log10(TL) regressions between sexes, and predicted weights at 200 and 250 mm differed between sexes by less than 10 g. Our results indicate that biologists are justified in pooling sexes when estimating population metrics such as growth and condition because the minor differences in growth and weight–length relationships we observed would be unlikely to affect management decisions. Furthermore, while our evaluation did not specifically examine angler harvest selectivity, the small differences in growth and weight–length relationships observed between sexes seemed unlikely to promote sex-selective angler harvest within the lakes we examined. However, it remains possible that male growth advantages of more than 10 mm may promote selective removal of male fish in black crappie fisheries regulated by minimum length limits, where anglers may use the minimum length limit as a target when selecting fish for harvest and are more likely to measure individual fish.
A Comparison of the Performance and Compatibility of Protocols Used by Seven Monitoring Groups to Measure Stream Habitat in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Roper Brett B. , Buffington John M. , Bennett Stephen , Lanigan Steven H. , Archer Eric , Downie Scott T. , Faustini John , Hillman Tracy W. , Hubler Shannon , Jones Kim , Jordan Chris , Kaufmann Philip R. , Merritt Glenn , Moyer Chris , Pleus Allen
Published: February 2011

To comply with legal mandates, meet local management objectives, or both, many federal, state, and tribal organizations have monitoring groups that assess stream habitat at different scales. This myriad of groups has difficulty sharing data and scaling up stream habitat assessments to regional or national levels because of differences in their goals and data collection methods. To assess the performance of and potential for data sharing among monitoring groups, we compared measurements made by seven monitoring groups in 12 stream reaches in northeastern Oregon. We evaluated (1) the consistency (repeatability) of the measurements within each group, (2) the ability of the measurements to reveal environmental heterogeneity, (3) the compatibility of the measurements among monitoring groups, and (4) the relationships of the measurements to values determined from more intensive sampling (detailed measurements used as a standard for accuracy and precision in this study). Overall, we found that some stream attributes were consistently measured both within and among groups. Furthermore, for all but one group there was a moderate correlation (0.50) between the group measurements and the intensive values for at least 50% of the channel attributes. However, none of the monitoring groups were able to achieve high consistency for all measured stream attributes, and few of the measured attributes had the potential for being shared among all groups. Given the high cost of stream habitat monitoring, we suggest directing more effort to developing approaches that will increase the consistency and compatibility of measured stream attributes so that they will have broader utility. Ultimately, local monitoring programs should consider incorporating regional and national objectives so that data can be scaled up and the returns to limited monitoring dollars can be maximized across spatial scales.
Creel Survey Methods to Assess Catch, Loss, and Capture Frequency of White Sturgeon in the Snake River, Idaho
Authors: Kozfkay Joseph R. , Dillon Jeff C.
Published: February 2011

Mandatory catch-and-release regulations for white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus have been used to protect small populations from excessive fishing-related mortality. However, these regulations only remain effective if the combined magnitude of capture and probability of mortality per capture remains at some unknown, relatively low level. We conducted a roving-access creel survey supplemented with report cards to gather information as a first step in determining whether fishing-related mortality rates are sustainable in one popular Idaho fishery. Survey objectives were to estimate effort, catch rate, loss rate, and to estimate total catch and loss over a 1-year period on the C. J. Strike reach of the Snake River. During May 2007 through April 2008, angler counts indicated that 35,062 h were expended in this reach (89% by bank anglers; 11% by boat anglers). Catch rate for bank anglers averaged 0.048 ± 0.004 fish/h (mean ± 90% confidence interval), whereas loss rate averaged 0.064 ± 0.004 fish/h. Boat anglers had higher catch rates and were more efficient at landing hooked white sturgeon. The lack of difference in catch or loss rates computed from on-site interviews, report cards, or follow-up phone surveys suggested that there was no bias associated with methods used to collect completed trip information. Based on expansion of these estimates, we calculated that anglers hooked and fought white sturgeon 4,361 times, with 1,996 landings (46%) and 2,365 losses (54%). Using the most recent population estimate, on average, a white sturgeon in this reach was hooked 7.7 times during 1 year, including being landed 3.5 times and lost an additional 4.2 times. The use of supplementary report cards improved precision of catch and loss rate estimates by increasing sample size. Our observations suggest that this method was an unbiased, cost-efficient method for acquiring completed trip information for a difficult-to-monitor white sturgeon fishery and may be useful for similar fisheries.
Effects of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita on Sport Fish Community Abundance in the Eastern Atchafalaya River Basin, Louisiana
Authors: Perret Alexander J. , Kaller Michael D. , Kelso William E. , Rutherford D. Allen
Published: February 2011

The Atchafalaya River basin (ARB), a 5,000-km2 river–floodplain system in south-central Louisiana, provides one of the most popular fisheries in the state for anglers pursuing bass Micropterus spp., sunfishes Lepomis spp., crappies Pomoxis spp., and catfishes Ictalurus spp. Hurricanes Katrina and Rita struck in August and September 2005, resulting in tremendous changes in habitat and water quality in the ARB. Although the short-term and long-term impacts of these storms on this floodplain ecosystem remain poorly understood, a long-term fish and water quality monitoring program has provided data with which to analyze sport fish abundance in the eastern ARB 2 years before and 2 years after the hurricanes. The results of this analysis suggest that location within the basin influenced the effect of the hurricanes on sport fish abundance and that overall sport fish catch per unit effort (CPUE) decreased after the hurricanes. Within the study area, sunfishes in Bayou Postillion, bass and sunfishes in Murphy Lake, and sunfishes in Bayou Sorrel all exhibited lower CPUE after the hurricanes. We believe that our CPUE data reflect changes in the abundance of ARB sport fish, and our analyses suggest that these populations, particularly those of sunfishes, declined significantly and remained suppressed for at least 2 years after the hurricanes.
Movement and Microhabitat Associations of Guadalupe Bass in Two Texas Rivers
Authors: Perkin Joshuah S. , Shattuck Zachary R. , Bean Preston T. , Bonner Timothy H. , Saraeva Ekaterina , Hardy Thomas B.
Published: February 2011

The Guadalupe bass Micropterus treculii is endemic to Texas and is threatened by introgression with introduced smallmouth bass M. dolomieu as well as habitat degradation. This study described and quantified the movements and habitat associations of Guadalupe bass to assess the factors that may influence current populations. Radio-tagged adult Guadalupe bass were tracked in the Pedernales River (n = 12) and South Llano River (n = 12) from January through August 2008. Available microhabitats were measured and modeled in terms of depth, velocity, substrate, and cover for about 1.5 km in the Pedernales River and 1.2 km in the South Llano River. Rates of movement were greatest during the reproductive season, ranging from less than 1 to 9 m/d. Instream cover (such as undercut banks and woody debris) was preferred during daylight hours throughout the study period, although the distances from cover increased from January to August. Habitat shifts from cover to open water occurred at night and from woody structures to boulders and ledges during a large flood pulse. The habitats most suitable for adult Guadalupe bass had a depth of 1.0 m and a current velocity of 0.05 m/s, and habitat selection was strongest for eddy mesohabitats with smaller substrates. By July, the Guadalupe bass in the South Llano River were associated with runs with greater current velocities, whereas those in the Pedernales River were associated with pools with greater depths, largely owing to the low flows and reduced habitat availability in the Pedernales River. Environmental factors, including the availability and suitability of instream cover, are probably the strongest influences on the distribution and abundance of Guadalupe bass.
Lake Sturgeon Population Status and Demography in the Kettle River, Minnesota, 1992–2007
Authors: Dieterman Douglas J. , Frank John , Painovich Nate , Staples David F.
Published: February 2011

We assessed population status and estimated selected demographic parameters for lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens in the Kettle River, Minnesota, using capture–recapture tagging data collected from 1992 to 2007. The lake sturgeon is an imperiled species of special concern in Minnesota, with population declines attributed to overfishing, pollution, and establishment of dams. In 1995, the recreational fishery was closed and the only dam on the Kettle River (Sandstone Dam) was removed, in part to promote lake sturgeon recovery. Recent incidental capture of lake sturgeon by anglers is prompting interest in re-opening the recreational fishery. We gathered information to determine (1) status and demography of the Kettle River population, (2) the effect of dam removal, and (3) the feasibility of re-opening the recreational fishery. Open-population capture–recapture models were used to examine population status and estimate survival, seniority, and the relative importance of survival and recruitment for influencing population trends. The rate of population change (λ) indicated that the population was barely maintaining itself (average λ across years = 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.86–1.16). Annual population estimates ranged from about 130 fish to almost 300 fish but had wide CIs. Similarly, estimates of new lake sturgeon entering the population each year (either from within-population recruitment or immigration) were variable and ranged from 0 to over 100. Annual survival was nearly constant at about 80%. Growth was slow relative to other populations but averaged about 28 mm/year for ages 6–21. A seniority parameter indicated that 49–87% of individuals in the population in a given year consisted of population members that survived from the previous year. This suggested that the population was essentially maintaining itself through a combination of episodic recruitment and relatively constant survival. Recent low recruitment may be due to a short-term disturbance from sediment released when the dam was removed in 1995. Maintaining closure of the recreational fishery still appears necessary. Bolstering of recruitment may be needed to increase the population. Full recovery will require patience for this long-lived, late-maturing, infrequently reproducing species.
Survival of Shovelnose Sturgeon after Abdominally Invasive Endoscopic Evaluation
Authors: Trested Drew G. , Goforth Reuben , Kirk James P. , Isely J. Jeffery
Published: February 2011

The development of effective and minimally invasive techniques to determine gender and gonad developmental stage is particularly important in performing accurate fisheries assessments for use in conservation and restoration. The initial and latent survival of shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus was assessed after exposure to a modified endoscopic technique designed to collect that biological information. Rather than inserting the endoscope through the urogenital canal or directly into the body cavity, we inserted a threaded trocar through a ventral incision and used a low-pressure air supply attached to the trocar to gently insufflate the body cavity. The initial survival of both experimental and control shovelnose sturgeon was 100%. Latent survival was 100% and 90% for the experimental and control fish, respectively. Our study suggests that incision endoscopy coupled with insufflation of the body cavity through the use of a trocar and an air supply is a safe and effective way to determine gender and examine the gonad developmental stage of shovelnose sturgeon. The short duration of the procedure and the high postprocedure survival suggest that this technique is suitable for shovelnose sturgeon and perhaps for the evaluation of other endangered fish species (e.g., pallid sturgeon S. alba) as well.
Effects of a Conservative Rock Bass Length Limit on Angler Participation, Sport Fish Populations, and Crayfish Prey in a Missouri Ozark Stream
Authors: Roell Michael J. , DiStefano Robert J.
Published: February 2011

Rock bass Ambloplites rupestris are popular with anglers in Missouri Ozark streams, second only to smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu. Historically, fishery biologists emphasized the management of smallmouth bass, but in the late 1980s they sought higher-quality rock bass fisheries and thus the information needed to recommend harvest regulations. Using a conservative minimum length limit of 230 mm (9 in) total length (TL) in a heavily exploited rock bass fishery in the Big Piney River, Missouri, we assessed the direct and indirect effects on angler participation and attitudes (by means of an angler survey), the abundance (mark–recapture analysis) and growth rates (scale analysis) of rock bass and smallmouth bass, sport fish predation on crayfishes (order Decapoda; diet analysis), and crayfish densities (stratified quadrat sampling). These measures were evaluated for 3 years (1992–1994) before the length limit was imposed and for 6 years afterward (1995–2000) on a 17.1-km-long regulation section and a 10.4-km-long reference section. Our results indicate that the length limit (1) had substantial angler support, as shown by their attitudes and compliance with the regulation; (2) reduced the hours fished by rock bass anglers, smallmouth bass anglers, and all anglers; (3) increased the abundances of larger rock bass and smallmouth bass substantially; (4) did not reduce the growth rates of rock bass or smallmouth bass; (5) did not proportionally reduce the predation on crayfishes or increase the percentage of empty stomachs; and (6) did not reduce the densities of crayfishes. After a review of the options for long-term management, fishery administrators and managers elected to manage Big Piney River rock bass with a minimum-TL regulation of 205 mm (8 in) on 124 km of river. Managers on five other rivers (one with shadow bass A. ariommus) have done likewise on an additional 448 km, and the outcomes of these decisions are currently being monitored on all six rivers.
Changes to the Productivity and Trophic Structure of a Sockeye Salmon Rearing Lake in British Columbia
Authors: Brahney Janice , Routledge Richard , Bos Darren G. , Pellatt Marlow G.
Published: February 2011

In the 1990s, the returns of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka to Long Lake in Smith Inlet, British Columbia, declined substantially. In 1997 the commercial fishery was closed, and it will not be reopened until the population shows signs of sustained recovery. We examined paleolimnological and geochemical variables from a sediment core extracted from Long Lake in 2002. The nitrogen isotope concentration (δ15N), which is associated with salmon production, declined to unprecedented levels in the 20th century. Sodium and other alkali elements have also decreased at a generally accelerating pace since the mid-19th century, and there are indications that the headwater glacier has receded apace. Accompanying these trends were notable changes in proxies for lake ecology, including the size and abundance of planktonic invertebrates. The timing and behavior of these unprecedented changes in the sedimentary record point to potential impacts from both commercial fishing and climate change.