bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BIOFUELS: A SUSTAINABLE PATH TOWARDS ENERGY INDEPENDENCE
Authors: Joseph Athena , Abhinaya S. , Ullal Neha D , K Suparna
Published: June 2024

Biofuels are strength-fortified chemical substances generated by means of organic procedures or deduced from the biomass of dwelling organisms, inclusive of microalgae, foliage, and microorganism. The adding transnational population requests lesser power rudiments for perfecting the high- quality of cultures. Biofuels can be considered one of the sources to satisfy the worldwide energy call for energy demand. Reactionary energies are getting used as a major force of power for decades; but, their use of them is unsustainable and reasons environmental problems associated with reactionary gas combustion. Biofuels have turned out to be a popular manner to use renewable biomass electricity and point surfaced as a doubtlessly major volition to energy and diesel transportation energies deduced from petroleum. Interest has been developing within the big- scale mileage of biofuels to address the binary worldwide challenges of worldwide climate exchange, and transferring far down from decreasingly scarce and environmentally and politically unpredictable petroleum substances [1].The four most important energies may be products of biomass ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, and hydrogen — despite the fact that different energies(e.g., biobutanol and dimethyl ether) also can be made from biomass [1].
BIOINFORMATICS: DECODING LIFE'S DIGITAL SECRETS
Authors: Dahayat Ankur , Yadav Raj Singh
Published: June 2024

Bioinformatics and genomics are groundbreaking disciplines that combine molecular biology and computer science, revolutionizing our understanding of life's complexities. Bioinformatics leverages computational tools to analyze biological data, while genomics aims to unravel an organism's entire DNA sequence. These fields have witnessed significant milestones, from the establishment of the first DNA sequence database to the integration of artificial intelligence. Proteomics complements genomics by studying an organism's entire set of proteins, providing insights into cellular processes and disease mechanisms. The global genomic market is experiencing rapid growth, driven by advancements in DNA sequencing, precision medicine, and pharmaceutical applications. These interdisciplinary fields continue to shape modern biology, paving the way for transformative contributions to medicine, agriculture, and environmental research.
PLANTS STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS FOR BIOMIMETIC INNOVATIONS
Authors: Sundari Dr. M. Padma
Published: June 2024

This article is reflected on plants structures and functions for Biomimetic Innovations. It is used in developing sustainable design solutions. Growing pressures on resources and on the environment, there is increasing need to look for alternatives for the sustainable design solution for industries without ecosystem destructing technologies (cf. European Commission 2012). Biomimicry’s main aim is making a great design by mimicking the different living organisms. Many designs with shape-morphing features have been gifted by nature, particularly the plant kingdom. Plants, the dominating flora on our earth, are sessile with multifunctional surfaces are compared for biomimicry and also using the plants for technological innovations. Botanical world that has inspired human designs are 1. Hook and loop 2. keeping clean with lotus effect 3. colour from shapes 4. plant Movements and its Structural Strategies.
ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MICROBIOLOGY: IMPLEMENTATIONS AND OBSTACLES
Authors: Imran Khalid , N Rajkumar , V V Nikesh
Published: June 2024

This comprehensive review explores the historical progression and influence of artificial intelligence (AI) in the domain of microbiology. John McCarthy's groundbreaking 1956 idea is followed as it explores the development of AI and how it has become a part of everyday life, especially with the advent of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL). The significance of Arthur Samuel's founding of Machine Learning (ML) as a subsection of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is underscored, particularly in relation to its impact on clinical decision-making and the identification of antibiotics. The review highlights AI's critical role in combating antibiotic resistance worldwide by employing machine learning to forecast novel antibiotic structures and monitor soil microbes. A major focus is on the application of AI to medical diagnostics, including in radiological scans, pathology evaluations, and the emerging field of clinical microbiology informatics. The implementation of AI in the clinical microbiology laboratory is examined, focusing on image analysis, automation, and the possibility of standardizing microbiological interpretation. The discussion concerns the challenges associated with integrating AI, including data accuracy, interpretability, bias, and compliance with regulatory norms. The review also explores the potential of AI to expedite the analysis of parasite morphology, namely in the field of malaria diagnostics, as well as its ability to analyze mass spectral data for predicting antibiotic resistance. The study identifies challenges like data quality, interpretability, and ethical concerns, even as it acknowledges AI's transformative potential in microbiology. To fully leverage the potential of AI in scientific research and healthcare, it is crucial to prioritize interdisciplinary collaboration, effective data management, ongoing learning, and ethical behaviours. In the study's conclusion, a future with AI-assisted personalized healthcare, enhanced prevention of infectious diseases, and environmentally sound solutions is envisioned. Although, AI in its infancy, the study concludes that responsible technology use has the potential to enhance sustainability and global health significantly.
INNOVATIVE TARGETS AND THE IMPORTANCE OF GENOMICS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF PCOS
Authors: Anandan Monisha , S Ranjitha , R Divya
Published: June 2024

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a multifaceted endocrine condition that affects many thousands of people around the world. Due to its variability and complex makeup, PCOS presents difficulties in both diagnosis and therapy. Omics technologies have recently become important resources for comprehending the mechanisms behind and enhancing PCOS therapy. The aim of this review is to examine how omics methods, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, can be used to diagnose and treat PCOS. Studies that were published between 2010 and 2023 were included after a thorough review of the literature was undertaken. These studies explored between 500 and 10,000 cases globally, with varying numbers of people taking part in each study. Researchers from many nations, notably the US, China, India, Australia, and European countries, have made important contributions to the area, demonstrating PCOS's widespread effects. Furthermore, PCOS patients now have access to more individualized therapy options through omics-based studies. Pharmacogenomic studies have honed therapeutic outcomes by assisting in the prediction of individual drug responses and the selection of medications. Epigenomic studi
UNLOCKING THE THERAPEUTIC MAZE: A MULTIFACETED STRATEGY FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA TREATMENT
Authors: S Nirenjen. , Khan Tapabrata , Kumar Vishal , Dey Shreya , Kumar Rahul , Narayanan Dr. J.
Published: June 2024

Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by hallucinations and delusional ideas. While the exact underlying mechanism is not fully understood, current antipsychotics have limitations, and they mainly target positive symptoms, leaving negative and cognitive symptoms untreated. The effectiveness of antipsychotics in treating schizophrenia symptoms is believed to be linked to their interactions with various neurotransmitter receptors. To address the diverse aspects of schizophrenia and improve treatment outcomes, there is a growing need for multi-targeting drugs. The targets for schizophrenia treatment include dopamine and serotonergic receptors, adrenergic and histamine receptors, muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, and metabotropic and ionotropic glutamatergic receptors. First, second, and third-generation antipsychotics are used in treating the condition, each with varying receptor affinities. Innovative drug design approaches involve exploring G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and signaling mechanisms. Historically, receptors for dopamine, serotonin, and adrenaline have held significant importance as molecular targets for antipsychotic medications. Activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) leads to gradual synaptic transmission via diverse downstream routes, a subset of which entails the release of intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+).In conclusion, developing multi-targeting drugs and exploring novel signaling mechanisms through GPCRs hold promise for enhancing schizophrenia treatment and addressing its various symptoms more effectively. This approach may pave the way for more
ROLE OF BIOMARKERS IN MEDICAL SCIENCE
Authors: Basu Sanchayita , Bhattacharya Rishi , Sharma Dr. Bipin Kumar
Published: June 2024

Application of biomarkers in detection of different diseases is an emerging dynamic and powerful approach in medical science world-wide. Biomarker is a metric that reflects presence, level or severity of some disease state and insome cases reflects the prognosis of patient. As the term defines- biomarker is “a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention”. It provides anapproach to understand disease epidemiology, randomized clinical trials,screening , diagnosis and prognosis measures. In this chapter we will focus on different types of cancer, cardiomyopathy, infectious, hepatic, psychiatric, genetic and autoimmunity disorders and biomarkers associated to them at different levels. This chapter will focus on the Classification of Biomarkers and their correlation with a wide repertoire of diseases along with their role inPrecision medicine. The differential expression of biomarkers at particular stages is mentioned in detail for the better understanding of disease pattern for disease detection and diagnosis.
STUDY NOVEL TECHNIQUES FOR WHOLE GENOME PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Gour Reetu , Pal Ayushi , Sharma Prof. Mukta
Published: June 2024

Previous research has been proved that phylogenetic trees are useful for the comparative studies between different organism on the basis of the evolution in their DNA or Protein sequences at few specific points. Currently it has been proved that with the help of phylogenetic tree we can predict the evolutionary relationship through the comparative analysis of entire genome. In this book chapter we focused on various novel techniques for the phylogenetic analysis of complete genome. These experiment target on gene comparison and gene order. Here we discussed several techniques for making these comparisons. In recent time period we were using Maximum Parsimony Method and Distance Methods beside this recently we are using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian methods are developed. In this book chapter we discuss all approaches in turn, including their applications and harmful effects and software which make use of them.
PIGMENTATION FROM MICROALGAE
Authors: Durai Sarathi , M Devan
Published: June 2024

The food, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics industries all use microalgal pigments extensively. .Pharmaceutical aquaculture, as well as the cosmetics industry. Some microalgae have been gathered. For decades, people have relied on it for food and health care. Microalgae is now used in the nutraceutical business. They have evolved as novel bioresources for the production of food and aquafeed. Bioenergy, food and feed, and wastewater bioremediation are all encouraged. Both light sources Photoautotrophic microalgal production occurs in both natural and artificial contexts. Carotenoids are antioxidants. Tetraterpene pigments having yellow, orange, red, and purple colours. Carotenoids are antioxidants. These shades are widely distributed in the natural world, including photosynthetic microbes, certain organisms and algae, fungal vegetation, and even tissue from humans. These materials are in high demand across a number of industries, including pharmacy, medical treatment, beauty products, the chemical industry, aquaculture, energy generation, and agriculture for both animal feed and wholesome meals. Microalgae have gotten less attention than seaweeds, yet they offer advantages such as rapid growth, high photosynthetic efficiency, and the potential to be cultivated in industrial settings.
FACTORS RELATED TO BIOREMEDIATION OF OIL CONTAMINATED SOIL BY BACTERIA
Authors: Ansari Abujur , Oraon Rohit , Verma Rupa
Published: June 2024

Bioremediation is the process of removing harmful substances that pollute the environment from soil, air, water using biological methods, utilizing capable bacteria to biologically remove or degrade oil impurities or pollutants. If such environmental pollutants are not addressed, they will eventually have a harmful impact on us, and the most sustainable and cost-effective method of treating such impurities is biological methods, such as using bacteria, fungi, or plants. Leakage of oil in soil and water causes several harmful environmental impacts, chemical substances present in oil are less available for biodegradation decreases water and nutrient accessibility to plants directly disturbs plant growth and development and eventually harms the health of plant and animal life. These oil contaminants are accumulated in the environment by various human activities. This Oil includes Gasoline, Kerosene, Diesel, lubricants, and Tar, etc. These oils contain hydrocarbons such as aliphatic and aromatic (PAHs). Polycyclic Aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are acyclic abiotic chemical substances for an ecosystem and are easily accumulated in soil and sediment due to their less soluble and high hydrophobic nature, which affects their bioavailability and causes less accessibility for degradation. Microorganism such as bacteria which are capable of degrading Oils can prevent these harmful effects, which eventually converts aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons into CO2 and H2O in their metabolic pathway which are the cyclic abiotic component in any ecosystem. In this Review, we are going to talk about the factors which will affect positively the biodegradation of oil contaminants in the soil if taken into consideration. This review will help to study the major factors which can increase the biodegradation rate even at higher levels by observing some factors more closely related with biodegradation of oil using bacteria, to remove oil contaminants from soil so that further soil erosion and harmful effects on environment can be mitigated.
ROLE OF BIOREACTORS IN TISSUE ENGINEERING TOWARD CLINICAL ASPECTS
Authors: Ramasamy Meenatchi , Murugesan Arul Kumar
Published: June 2024

Tissue engineering needs bioreactor technology the biological, biochemical, and biomechanical needs can be met in a controlled environment provided by a bioreactor to manufacture designed products. To provide an in vitro physiological environment that is particular to a certain tissue during tissue maturation, bioreactors are typically used. The intricate process of growing cells under controlled circumstances is known as cell and tissue culture. These cells are often of mammalian or plant origin. The right bioreactor must be chosen for the best growth of plant cell and tissue cultures to produce useful chemical components. The creation of recombinant therapeutic proteins by mass culturing of animal cells takes place in bioreactors, which are crucial in the field of biologics. Bioreactors can be created using designs for stirred tanks, airlifts, hollow fibers, or Rotary Cell Culture Systems (RCCS), among other configurations. The stirred-tank bioreactor is among the most well-liked designs, which is employed in both industrial and lab research. By definition, using bioreactors to study normal and pathology must be extremely different, and the physiological environment has an impact on how such bioreactors are designed. By providing circumstances that mirror the native milieu of the 3D tissues, bioreactors provide a great platform for growing and developing these tissues. High-value metabolite and therapeutic protein biotechnological production using It has been promoted that plant in vitro systems are an appealing replacement for conventional technologies.
UNVEILING THE INTRICATE MECHANISMS OF EXOSOMES BIOGENESIS: A KEY PLAYER IN PATHOGEN INFECTIONS
Authors: Safique Tanaz , Dey Jyotirmayee
Published: June 2024

Exosomes, minute extracellular vesicles, are discharged by various cell types and play crucial roles in facilitating intercellular communication. Apart from their conventional purpose of preserving cellular homeostasis, exosomes have been found to have a multifaceted role in pathogen infections. Several strictly controlled mechanisms, such as cargo sorting, membrane budding, and the creation of multivesicular bodies (MVBs), are involved in their biogenesis. Deciphering these chemical processes offers crucial information about the physiological roles that exosomes play. Exosomes play a key role in antigen presentation, immune cell regulation, and the creation of immunosuppressive micro environments in the immunological response to infections. This review examines these functions as well. The purpose of this study is to provide light on the intricate processes that underlie exosome formation and their crucial function as major actors in the setting of pathogenic infections. Additionally, we explore the interactions that occur between exosomes and different pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites, emphasizing the range of tactics these microbes utilize to manipulate or take advantage of exosome pathways to survive and spread. The development of innovative treatment techniques holds enormous potential to comprehend the complex mechanisms of exosome formation and their diverse roles in pathogen infections. Exosomal pathway targeting might provide novel techniques to influence host immune responses, stop the spread of pathogens, and improve the effectiveness of currently available antipathogenic treatments. As a result, this review offers a thorough summary of the state of research on exosomes concerning pathogen infections, highlighting their potential for use as both therapeutic targets and diagnostic tools.
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS FOR ENHANCED FLORICULTURE
Authors: Kaushal Nitesh , Kumar Manish , Bhardwaj Ragini , Mansi Ms.
Published: June 2024

Biotechnological innovations have transformed floriculture, enhancing plant quality, disease resistance, and stress tolerance for improved commercial success. This chapter explores key processes revolutionizing the industry, genetic techniques like molecular markers, engineering, and genome editing and overcoming the traditional breeding limitations of heterozygosity. Genome sequencing advances flower development and commercial outcomes. Tissue culture enables rapid clonal reproduction, pathogen elimination, and embryogenesis. Genetic engineering introduces foreign genes for color, fragrance, vase life, and disease resistance. CRISPR/Cas9 offers precise trait modifications. Molecular markers aid marker-assisted breeding, accelerating the process. This approach fosters disease resistance, stress tolerance, and quality traits in ornamental plants, promising economic prosperity while ensuring responsible application and safety regulations.
THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENTS OF PHOSPHORYLATION ROBUSTNESS STUDY IN BACTERIAL TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEMS
Authors: Dutta Arkajyoti
Published: June 2024

Every cell sense environmental fluctuation (input signal) and accordingly generates a response (output). Since the constituents vary from cell to cell, different cells will behave in a different manner to the same stimulus. But in case of stress signals every bacterium activates the stringent responsive pathways uniformly irrespective of the concentration of their constituent proteins. This kind of cellular response is said to be robust if the output is directly proportional to the input signal strength as well as independent of variations in the concentrations of the components that make up the system. The robustness theories in bacteria were founded by Silhavy and Leibler. Using Michaelis-Menten rate kinetic theories (1992-93), Silhavy proposed that bacterial signalling systems can achieve robustness if the sensor kinase (SK) is involved in phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reaction simultaneously. Later in 2003, Batchelor and Goulian came up with a mathematical model and showed that when the response regulator (RR) is much more abundant than the SK, then the phosphorylated response regulator (RR-P) is insensitive to fluctuations of the SK. Innoye (2002) using quantitative Western Blot assay showed that the SK to RR ratio is 1:35, supporting the assumption of Goulian. However, Goulian’s model is limited only to Escherichia coli as in other organisms, the amount of SK and RR are comparable with each other. Shinar and Alon in 2007, and then, Shinar and Feinberg in 2010, came up with theoretical propositions that successfully provided robustness initially within the input-output circuit and then in concordant chemical reaction networks. Later on in 2013, Gao and Stock did phosphorylation profiling of the PhoB/PhoR two-component system (TCS)in E. coli, and observed that one of the major condition of robustness is that within the saturating range of the phosphatase activity of the SK, the total RR concentration is minimally effected by the level of RR-P. Recently in 2020, using MprAB TCS and promoter region of ppk1 gene as an experimental model, Dutta and Mukhopadhyay have showed that robustness exists in the input-output relations of bacterial signalling systems, both in vitro and in vivo, and have validated two distinctly significant aspects of robustness: (i) the output (RR-P and its downstream gene regulations) is insensitive to fluctuations of the SK, and (ii) the output is dependent on the total RR concentration up to a certain threshold value above which, it becomes insensitive to RR variations. In this book chapter, we summarise the chronological development, both theoretical as well as experimental, highlighting the history of science that led to the current understandings of the input-output robustness theory in bacterial two-component signalling systems.
EXPLORING THE WORLD OF CORDYCEPS: ECOLOGY, CULTIVATION, BIOTECHNOLOGY, AND FUTURE HORIZONS
Authors: Tiwari Madhavi , Saraf Aashish , Khelkar Tuneer
Published: June 2024

The world of Cordyceps, a fascinating genus of fungi, has become a subject of intense exploration across various scientific disciplines. This manuscript presents a comprehensive overview of Cordyceps, delving into its ecology, cultivation, biotechnological applications, and future prospects. Ecologically, Cordyceps have intrigued researchers with their intricate life cycles and intriguing interactions with insect hosts. Their unique ability to manipulate host behavior and propagate within their bodies underscores their evolutionary adaptations, with potential implications for pest control and biodiversity conservation. Advancements in cultivation techniques have enabled the mass production of Cordyceps, alleviating pressure on wild populations and stimulating interest in their commercial exploitation. This newfound cultivation potential has opened doors for their use in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries, as they serve as a source of bioactive compounds and medicinal properties. The biotechnological applications of Cordyceps hold tremendous promise in medicine and agriculture. Their production of bioactive compounds, such as cordycepin and polysaccharides, has shown therapeutic potential for various ailments. Additionally, their role in bioremediation and agriculture showcases their versatility in addressing modern challenges. Integrating traditional knowledge with modern scientific approaches will yield comprehensive insights into their ecological roles and potential benefits. the exploration of the world of Cordyceps offers a captivating journey that unites ecology, cultivation, biotechnology, and future prospects. By leveraging scientific curiosity, technological advancements, and environmental responsibility, we can tap into the vast potential of Cordyceps for the betterment of humanity and our planet. This manuscript serves as a stepping stone to uncover the enigmatic secrets of Cordyceps and embrace the boundless opportunities they present.
HUMAN IMPACT ON FLORA AND FAUNA DEPLETION
Authors: Kurre Ramautin , Purena Dr. Rupal
Published: June 2024

Many human activities have led to the destruction of habitats on which plants and animals depend. Due to the increase in human population, animals and plants are disappearing 1000 times faster than 65 million years ago. Scientists estimate that 100 species will become extinct every day in the 21st century. In the past, animals became extinct for various reasons. In some cases, competition for a species' resources can be lethal, while in other cases environmental changes can be devastating. We have long known that human activities are responsible for environmental change. Often these changes affect plants and animals. Economic growth has led to changes in the world's biodiversity and ecosystem components, reducing ecosystem services. Population growth increases the conversion of natural ecosystems for agriculture, industry and housing, increasing the demand for ecosystem inputs such as freshwater, fiber and soil fertility, and increasing the density of natural ecosystem potential. Natural areas are also damaged by deforestation, agricultural development, illegal fishing and hunting, unplanned tourism and pesticides. This has significant consequences in terms of biodiversity loss and deforestation, leading to loss of food and habitat for forest animals. Environmental pollution has been reported due to uncontrolled use of pesticides and herbicides. The environment is contaminated with mercury from ongoing gold mining, municipal wastewater and waste (including untreated sewage), mysterious invasive species, deforestation, camping, wildlife, and soil degradation. Due to lack of awareness, human activities lead to the loss of biodiversity.
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Narmadha G. , Vinodha A. , Devi K. Chitra
Published: June 2024

Recombinant DNA technology is a method depending on the realization of genetic recombination events artificially. It became possible to obtain any ordered gene or its product with this method. Before the production step, the ordered gene is derived from the original chromosome by an endonuclease enzyme and integrated into a vector as a plasmid or a phage. After, that this vector is transformed into a bacterium or a yeast. Then ordered gene or protein is produced in desired amounts by culturing these microorganisms. Recombinant DNA Technology is the name given to the process of customizing artificial DNA by combining DNA from various sources with various genetic components. Recombinant DNA technology has been widely used to improve strains. For example, in brewing yeast, it has been advantageous in the improvement in Fermentation.
NEUROROBOTICS: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN NEUROSCIENCE
Authors: Ghosh Debosree , Singha Partha Sarathi , Ghosh Suvendu
Published: June 2024

Neurorobotics is the branch of neuroscience where robotics aligns with neuroscience. It is an interdisciplinary science which has enormous opportunity for exploration. Basically, neurorobotics involves the research in robotics and application of the same in in silico neuroscience. It involves artificial intelligence, robotics, neuroscience, machine learning and huge statistical analysis. It is based on the concept that our body is embedded in the environment and the brain is embodied. Neural computing is a powerful tool that has caused a revolution in the field of neuroscience research. Neurorobotics had begun with efforts to study adaptive behavior and attempts to understand the process involved in information processing by our brain in a parallel and distributed neural microarchitechture. Today modern neurorobotics stands at transforming computer vision, processing natural language and application of the science of robotics and artificial intelligence in addressing all range of issues of neuroscience. Now a days, neurorobotics has extensive utilization and application in medical science and research extending from diagnosis to understanding pathological conditions to deciding treatment patterns and interpreting the response to treatments in neuroscience.
THERANOSTIC PROPERTY OF PIGMENTS PRODUCING ACTINOBACTERIA
Authors: Rajeswari M. , Barathi V. Priya , Dhanalakshmi P. , Dharsini Dr. P. Priya , Crossia Dr. A. Winny Fred
Published: June 2024

Since ancient times, pigments have been utilized in the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and other sectors. Plants and insects are two of the main sources of natural pigments, but microbes are also important because of their bioactivities and advantages in pigment manufacturing. Streptomyces is a genus of actinobacteria that produces specialized metabolites with a variety of bioactivities, including antioxidant, anticancer, antibiofilm, antifouling, and antibiotic activities, as well as pigments, among others. This makes actinobacteria significant in the field of biotechnology. The data supporting the possibility that some strains of Streptomyces could serve as biological sources of bioactive pigments is identified, summarized, and evaluated in this review.
BIOTECHNOLOGY OF SMALL SCALE INDOLE ACETIC ACID PRODUCTION BY RHIZOBIUM SP
Authors: Ghosh Sisir
Published: June 2024

There are so many important physiological implications in plant during the indole acetic acid (IAA) production by the root nodule bacteria. Several researchers have been optimized the cultural requirements and measured IAA production in maximum amount by the pathogenic bacteria from root nodules produced by different legumes. Some of the mutant rhizobia were also able to synthesize IAA from its precursor molecules in culture. The knowledge of small scale production of IAA in best supplemented cultural condition at laboratory may enrich the biotechnological approach of large scale production in Industry. This chapter depicts a concise idea about the content of IAA in the nodule of leguminous roots, synthesis of IAA in small scale by the pathogenic bacteria from root nodules in culture and also the association of legume root nodule–Rhizobium considering the second line of host-pathogen symbiosis.
A SHORT REVIEW OF THE PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF NORTH INDIAN HERBS OF RUMEX
Authors: Devi R , Sakthi S
Published: June 2024

The genus Rumex belonging to the family Polygonaceae includes more than 200 species of annual, biennial and perennial herbaceous plants. Some species of this genus are found all over the world, some of them are cultivated. They are mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere and the countries of Europe, Asia, America and Africa. The Rumex species are traditionally used for culinary and medicinal purposes. The roots, flowers, leaves and stem of plants in this genus are used as vegetables and also to treat various health problems such as mild diabetes, constipation, infections, diarrhea, edema, jaundice, hepatobiliary disorders and inflammation. Pharmacological activities have been studied in these species, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antitumorproperties. In their phytochemical studies, accumulations of flavonoids, anthraquinones, stilbenes and 1,8-naphthalenediol were found. Rumex vesicarius, Rumex Acetosa, Rumex thyrsiflorus and Rumex acetosella are known for their various ethnomedical uses. Although the genus contains more than 200 species, only more than 50 species have been studied phytochemically and pharmacologically. Moreover, the hepatoprotective, antiviral and antidiabetic activities of Rumex cerevisiae are a priority for future pharmacological studies. This review aims to describe the pharmacological and phytochemical properties of Rumex.
ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
Authors: Patro Rajlaxmi
Published: June 2024

A new multipurpose technology that is Artificial Intelligence that capable of alter dramatically in every sector. Machine can accomplish any complex or simple task with greater efficacy and greater speed than humans would through artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence can arrange better treatment for many patients and it can also provide information with full explanation to the Physician. In assisted life living generation, AI innovation amalgamation with Intelligent robotic systems lead to better life quality for elderly and disabled persons. The use of Ai in medicine and healthcare has been praised for its great achievement it offers now a days but has also been at the center of heated controversy. It has many advantages like health event forecasting, reducing the medical records, scheming treatment idea, helping repetitive jobs, and also the doctor consultation through online mode etc. at the same time it has some risks in medication and therapy like due to some AI errors patients can be harmed, AI tools can lead to be misused, following that privacy and security issues are also a major issues. For the solution of these major issues some automated systems and tools like Biomarkers, Machine Learning (ML), Brain Computer interfaces, SVM, Neural networks, Natural Language Processing (NLP), and a number of algorithms help to errors minimization and control disease progression. During the COVID-19 AI technology plays an important role in India. In COVID-19 Cases preliminary screening, contact tracing, containment of coronavirus, tracking of suspects and remote monitoring of COVID-19 Patients, enforcing quarantine and social distancing, vaccine and drug development etc. AI technology played a major role.
Efektivitas Teknik Point-Counterpoint Berbantuan Media Kartu Pada Pembelajaran IPS Kelas 5 di SDN 1 Satui Timur
Authors: Raudatul Jannah  , Khairunnisa
Published: June 2024

The objectives of this study were to measure the learning outcomes of students using the point-counterpoint technique assisted by card media in social science learning at SDN 1 Satui Timur, and to see the effectiveness of the point-counterpoint technique using card media in social studies learning. This study used an experimental method with a research design using the One-Group Pretest-Posttest model. The population in this study were 5A grade students at SDN 1 Satui Timur totaling 13 people, and sampling using saturated sample technique. Data collection techniques using test and observation instruments, then the data were analyzed using descriptive statistical data analysis techniques, normality tests and paired sample t-test using SPSS version 24. Students' learning outcomes in science studies learning after using point-counterpoint techniques assisted by card are included in the predicate 'Enough' seen in the average student learning outcomes of 65.08. In the paired sample t-test test results, the significance (2-tailed) 0.000 <0.005 is obtained, which means that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted, meaning that the point-counterpoint technique assisted by card is effectively used in social science learning in class 5A at SDN 1 Satui Timur
نسقية الحب العذري والجنون الثقافي مقاربة ثقافية بين مجنون ليلى ومجنون ألسا
Authors: م.م موج يوسف محمد
Published: June 2024

كشفت الدراسة عن الجوانب المعتمة في شعر الحب العذري الذي ظلت الثقافة العربية تنظر إليه بعين القداسة، لكن النقد الثقافي استطاع أن يعدّ كل من العذرية في الشعر وإدّعاء الشاعر مجنون ليلى  بالجنون بأنهما أنساق ثقافية مضمرة أثرت بالثقافة العربية والعالمية عند تأثر الشاعر الفرنسي لويس آرغون بقيس بن الملوح وأطلق على نفسه تسمية مجنون ألسا وديوانه الشعر الذي حمل عنوان مجنون ألسا ، فعمل البحث على كشف تلك الأنساق ومن ثمَّ تحليلها والعمل على المقاربة الثقافية بين الشاعرين المجنونين ثقافياً .
موقف ابن هشام من ابن مالك في (المغني)
Authors: أ.م.د. أمل محمد عبد الكريم
Published: June 2024

هدف البحث إلى بيان موقف ابن هشام في كتابه مغني اللبيب من ابن مالك، وعرفت فيه بكتاب مغني اللبيب تعريفا موجزاً، وبينت فيه موقف ابن هشام من ابن مالك في باب تفسير المفردات وذكر أحكامها، وفي باب تفسير الجملة، وذكر أقسامها وأحكامها، وكذلك موقف ابن هشام من ابن مالك في باب الظرف والجار والمجرور، وفي باب ذكر أحكام يكثر دورها، ويقبح بالمعرب جهلها، وباب ذكر الأوجه التي يدخل على المعرف الخلل من جهتها، وموقف ابن هشام من ابن مالك من باب التحذير من أمور اشتهرت بين المعربين، والصواب خلافها إلى باب ذكر أمور كلية يتخرج عليها ما لا ينحصر من الصور الجزئية ثم الخاتمة، وفيها أهم النتائج:
أن عدد مواقف ابن هشام من ابن مالك في كتاب المغني ما يقرب من واحد وتسعين موقفًا.
وافق ابن هشام ابن مالك في ثلاثة عشر موقفًا.
خالف ابن هشام ابن مالك في تسع وأربعين موقفًا.
ذكر ابن هشام رأي ابن مالك ولم يخض فيه في تسع وعشرين موقفا.
السماع عند العيني (ت855هـ) في كتابه (فرائد القلائد في مختصر شَرْح الشَّواهد)
Authors: أ.م.د جاسم محمـد سلمان  , الباحث حقي إسماعيل إبراهيم
Published: June 2024

يهدف البحث إلى التعريف بموقف العيني من السماع في كتابه (فرائد القلائد)، إذ إنَّ السماع ركنٌ من أركانِ أصول النحو الثابتة، بُنيت عليه القواعدُ النحوية العامة، وذلك باستدلال العلماء بهِ، إذ عدّوهُ واحدًا من أهم الأصول الرئيسة المتبعّة، وعليه ترتكز اللغة بعلومها كافة.
وهو القالب الأصوليّ للمفردات المستعملة في النحو الذي يُمكن بواسطته الوصول إلى نتائج واسعةِ المدى، ومعرفة ظواهر اللغة التي سمع بها، وهذا ما دأبَ فيهِ العلماءُ من حيث الاستدلال والاستنباط، فقد أعملوا السماع في مسائلهم النحوية وبرهنوا على أنّهُ أَصلٌ مهمٌ في بناء القواعد. وهو الأصل الاوَّل من هذه الأصول المعتمدة في استنباط القواعد والأحكام النحوية واللغوية إلى جانب القياس والإجماع واستصحاب الحال.
لغة القصة الإسلامية القصيرة
Authors: أ.د. شاكر محمود السعدي  , الباحثة هبة محمود
Published: June 2024

انمازت لغة القصة الإسلامية القصيرة بالعذوبة والرّقي والألفاظ الإسلامية ، والمفردات الإيمانية والمعاني الجهادية ، وقد تشابه الأدباء في هذا الأسلوب ، وكذلك في استعمالهم للغة العربية الفصيحة ، واختلفوا في جمالية لغتهم وأناقة الأسلوب الأدبي ، فلغة كل أديب تختلف على وفق وجهة نظر النقاد من حيث إدراج الكلمة في بنية لغوية مركبة متعدّدة المستويات ، فيضفي عليها قيمة دلالية موحدة تجعلها صالحة لأداء وظائفها ، واقتضى تقسيم البحث على مقدمة ومبحثين وخاتمة ، وكان عنوان المبحث الأول (لغة القصة الإسلامية القصيرة : مفهومها وأبرز سماتها) ، أمّا عنوان المبحث الثاني (دراسة تحليلية لنماذج مختارة) ، وفي الختام نسألُ الله التوفيق والسداد ، إنهُ ولي ذلك والقادر عليه .
فاعلية الفونيمات وملامحها التمييزيّة في الانسجام الصوتي والتماسك الدلالي في شعر المعتمد بن عبَّاد مقاربة تحليلية وظيفية
Authors: د.عاطف محمد عبدالله الطاهر
Published: June 2024

تأتي هذه الدراسة في إطار محاولة تهدف إلى رصد فاعلية توظيف الفونيمات وملامحها التمييزيّة في التشكيل الصوتي على مستوى البنية اللغوية، ومحاولة تبيان دور الفونيمات أثناء عملية التجاور في السياق اللغوي، من جهة الوظيفة والملامح التمييزية وعلاقة ذلك بالمعنى، وذلك بإماطة اللثام عن وظيفة تلك الملامح التمييزيّة وما تقوم به من دور فاعل في تآلف الأصوت وانسجامها، ودورها في توليد الدلالات وتشكيل المعاني، وتماسك البنية الدلالية للنص، إلى جانب الكشف عن قدرات ومهارات الشاعر المعتمد ابن عبَّاد في استخدام آليات فاعلة لانتقاء الوحدات الفونيمية الدالة والموحية، وكيفية توظيف الخواص الحسية للفونيمات وما تنطوي عليه من سمات توافقية في ملامحها التمييزيّة؛ مما مكّنه من بلورة بناء فني وجمالي عكس خصوصية تجربته الشعرية وتميزه الإبداعي. وقد جاءت هذه الدراسة في إطار التحليل الصوتي للنص المنتج، مستعينة بمنطلقات الاتجاه الوظيفي للغة، وأسس التحليل الوظيفي الفونولوجي، ويتم ذلك انطلاقاً من أهمية الفونيم في التفكير اللساني، وترسيخاً للمفهوم السيميائي للقصيدة التي تشكلها علامات وإشارات دالة سيميائياً تنقل الأفكار والمعاني.
مظاهر الرومانسية في شعر علي الطائي وتصنيفها على أساس نظرية فريدريك هيجل
Authors: قصي علي حسين  , الدكتور محمد خاقاني أصفهاني
Published: June 2024

منذ قرون مضت و المدرسة الرومانسية مسيطرة على الذوق العام وعلى الشعر العربي والشعر العراقي فترة طويلة جداً , إذ انتهج الشعراء نهج هذه المدرسة ,ومن أبناء هذا الجيل  الدكتور الشاعر علي الطائي الذي رسم ألواناً متعددة للحب عبر مفهوم الرومانسية  وربما كانت تجربته هذه مشابهة لتجارب الشعراء الذين سبقوه ؛ لأنه فتح أبوابا جديدة في ميدان الحب والعواطف والرومانسية  وبين العلاقة بين الحب والرومانسية على أنها علاقة سببية تمثل استدعاء العواطف والميل للشعور الشعري, لأن الشعر هو انفجار العواطف والمشاعر وهو ما نجده في شعره خير تمثيل لتلك الأحاسيس . من هذا المنطلق يلقي هذا البحث الضوء على دراسة شعره , إذ استخدم سمات المذهب الرومانسي فيه , ويعتمد المنهج  في البحث الحالي على استخدام المنهج الوصفي التحليلي للعثور على أنواع مختلفة من استخلاص الآليات الرومانسية في شعر علي الطائي وتحليلها وتصنيفها بناءً على نظرية فريدريك هيجل. ومن أهم النتائج التي توصلنا إليها هي أنْ الشاعر حافظَ على جودة اللفظ والمعنى فقد تمثل له البناء الصوري للقصيدة أو ما يطلق عليه هيجل "المادة" , وقد جاءت الألفاظ على الأتلاف في المعاني، فتضافرت الألفاظ والمعاني معاً، لبناء القالب الشعري لدى شاعرنا، فتخير من الألفاظ الجزلة السهلة، القريبة المأخذ، وجانب الحوشي والغريب والدخيل، فجاءت لغته سهلة جزلة، فكان شعره شعراً حسناً جيداً . وجاء التصوير في عرف شاعرنا على أعلى جودة وبراعة عن غيره من أرباب الشعر، فقد برع في التصوير والمجاز والتشبيه والاستعارة، وكان يحسن اختيار الصور التي تعبر عن مدلولها، وأجاد في استخدام الكناية والتشبيه، وكان يهتم بالصورة بوصفها إحدى أضلاع المثلث الشعري الذي وضعه هيجل.
جهود الدكتور طه جابر العلواني (ت 1437هـ - 2016م) في تفسير القرآن الكريم
Authors: م. د. عبد المنعم جمعة صالح
Published: June 2024

يُعدُّ الدكتور طه جابر العلواني أحد علماء العراق المعاصرين الذي أهتم في كتاباته في تفسير القرآن الكريم، وتدور فكرة البحث حول بيان جهوده في التفسير من خلال عرض أهم مؤلفاته في التفسير، وتوضيح منهجه في تفسير القرآن الكريم، ورؤيته وتعاطيه في معالجة قضايا العصر المستجدة في النظر والتأمل بكتاب الله تعالى وتدبره، ومحاولة النهوض بواقع المسلمين نحو التقدم.
تفسير آيات العقيدة باراء اهل البيت (عليهم السلام) عند السيوطي في تفسيره (الدر المنثور)
Authors: الأستاذ الدكتور هندي عبيد مخلف  , زينة بركال حنتوش
Published: June 2024

جاء البحث ليسلط الضوء الاقوال الآل والأهل ومكانتهم والوقوف على عصر الإمام السيوطي، وحياته الشخصية والعلمية، والتعريف بتفسير الدر المنثور والقيمة العلمية له وتوضيح القيمة العلمية لتفسير الدر المنثور وما يخص ايات العقيدة، مع رغبتي بأن يكون الموضوع الذي أتناوله يُناسب طبيعة تخصصي العلمي، ويتناسب مع حاجة المجتمع والعصر، ومن ذلك جاءت رغبتي في اختيار هذا الموضوع، وقد كان هناك العديد من الأسباب التي ساعدتني في اختيار هذا الموضوع، وتتمثل فيما يلي: الوقوف على نقولات الإمام جلال الدين السيوطي عن أهل البيت (عليهم السلام) ممن سبقه في هذا الاختصاص والتعرف على مظانها. والتعرف على سير أهل البيت (عليهم السلام) وجهودهم في تفسير القرآن الكريم .
مشكلة الإحتكار في الحضارة المعاصرة وسبل معالجتها في ضوء القران الكريم (دراسة تطبيقية)
Authors: أ.د. صلاح أحمد شلال  , فائزة فاضل عبد العباس
Published: June 2024

الحمد لله الذي نزل على أمته دستور يبين الطريق الامثل لتسير عليه الامة الاسلامية لكي يتحقق أجواء المحبة بين الأفراد وتبقى حياة سعيدة ، ولهذا بين القران الكريم حرمة الإحتكار في الاسلام ، ولأهمية الدراسة في توضيح خطورة الإحتكار لأنها يحمل في طياتها بذور الهلاك والدمار للمجتمع  ولما فيها من إهدار لحرية التجارة والصناعة ، وسد لمنافذ العمل وأبواب الرزق أمام غير المحتكرين ، ومن ثم إيجاد حلول لمشكلتها المتفشية في المجتمعات المسلمة في ضوء القران الكريم لأن الإحتكار يهدد كيان الدولة فوضع القوانين الصارمة لمواجهته بعدّ أساليب لخلق توازن في الأسواق وإبعاد فكرة السيطرة عن السوق وتضخم الثروات الفردية على حساب الطبقة الكادحة .
DEMİR ÇELİK SEKTÖRÜNDE TİCARET HASSASİYETİ: TÜRKİYE ÜZERİNDEN ULUSLARARASI BİR KARŞILAŞTIRMA
Authors: Ergün Ümit Remzi
Published: June 2024

Demir çelik endüstrisine sahip ülkelerin, demir çelik sektörünün temel ticaret ve ekonomik göstergeleriyle performans sıralamalarını ortaya çıkarmak ve Türkiye üzerinden sektörün ticaret hassasiyetini belirlemek çalışmanın amacını oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma, başlıca çelik ihracatçısı on beş ülke üzerinde çok kriterli karar verme yöntemlerinden faydalanarak ülkelerin performans sıralamasını gerçekleştirmiştir. Bu bağlamda analizlerde kriter olarak ham çelik üretimi, kişi başı çelik tüketimi ve demir çelik sektörü dış ticaret verileri seçilmiştir. Çalışma kriterlerin ağırlıklandırılmasında CRITIC, alternatiflerin sıralanmasında ise ROV yönteminden faydalanmıştır. Ele alınan ülkeler daha sonrasında Türkiye üzerinden demir çelik sektöründe ticaret hassasiyeti hesaplamaları kapsamına alınarak Türkiye’ye karşı ticaret hassasiyetine sahip olan ve Türkiye’nin ticaret hassasiyetine sahip olduğu ülkeler belirlenmiştir. Ticaret hassasiyetinin ülkeler arası karşılıklı ilişkilerin maliyetinin göstergesi olması nedeniyle çalışma politika önerileriyle sonlandırılmıştır.
FEODALİTEDE DEVLET: SİYASAL VE İKTİSADİ DÜZENE BİR BAKIŞ
Authors: Bekleviş Metehan
Published: June 2024

Feodalitenin devleti, toprağa ve tarıma dayalı hiyerarşik bir örgütlenme tipidir. Feodalitede senyör, vassal ve serf toplumsal yapıyı oluşturan ögelerdir. Bu çalışmanın amacı feodal devletteki siyasal ve iktisadi yapıyı toplumsal ögeleriyle birlikte incelemektir. Merkezi yönetim anlayışından uzak bir şekilde oluşan feodalite, serflerin üzerinden elde edilen rantın senyörleri zenginleştirdiği iktisadi düzeni temsil eder. Feodal dönem, siyasi ve iktisadi bakımdan kilisenin etkisindedir. Feodal dönem kendisine özgü siyasi ve iktisadi bir oluşum meydana getirmiştir. Teknolojik gelişmelerin az olduğu dönemde emek gücüne hâkim olmak önem arz etmiştir. Fakat teknolojik gelişmelerin elde edilmesiyle birlikte emek gücüne olan ihtiyacın azalmasının sonucunda feodal devletin önemini kaybetmeye başladığı ve çözülmelerin meydana geldiği görülür. Feodal döneme ilişkin yapılan çalışmalar iki farklı yöntemle alınmıştır. Bazı yazarlar feodal dönemi insanlık tarihindeki gelişmenin bir aşaması olarak görürken diğerleri bu düzene insan emeğinin sömürülmesi olarak bakmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmada genel hatlarıyla feodalitenin devleti, siyasi ve iktisadi düzen başlıkları kapsamında ele alınarak analiz edilmiştir.
AFET YÖNETİMİNDE BARINMA SORUNLARININ DEĞİŞEN YÜZÜ OLARAK KİTLESEL GÖÇ HAREKETLERİ: SURİYELİ MÜLTECİLER ÖRNEĞİ
Authors: Efe Feride , Erol Veysel
Published: June 2024

Afet denildiğinde genel olarak deprem, heyelan, sel vb. doğa olayları akla gelmektedir. Doğa olaylarından kaynaklanan afetler, çok sayıda insan ölümlerine, yaralanmalara ve mal kayıplarına neden olabilmektedir. Ancak afetler, bazı doğa olaylarından kaynaklandığı gibi insan kaynaklı etmenlere bağlı olarak da ortaya çıkmakta ve ülke sınırları içerisinde özellikle çevre, konut, tarım ve ulaşım gibi birçok alana zarar verebilmektedir. İnsan kaynaklı afetlerin en önemli örneklerinden biri ise yakın tarihte Türkiye’nin yakınında bulunan ve sınır komşuluğu yaptığı Suriye’de yaşanan iç savaş nedeniyle yaşamıştır. Yaşanan kitlesel göç hareketleri, insan kaynaklı afetlerinde olabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada da temel olarak afet yönetiminin kavramsal çerçevesi üzerinde durulmakta ve insan kaynaklı afetlerin önemli bir somut örneği olarak karşımıza çıkan Suriyeli mültecilerin barınma sorunu ele alınarak çözüm önerileri getirilmektedir.