bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness and Safety of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Relation to Temporal Changes in Their Use
Authors: Lee So-Ryoung , Choi Eue-Keun , Kwon Soonil , Jung Jin-Hyung , Han Kyung-Do , Cha Myung-Jin , Oh Seil , Lip Gregory Y.H.
Published: March 2020

Background:

Since the direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) were introduced, oral anticoagulant (OAC) prescription patterns have rapidly changed in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). We aimed to evaluate the evolving trends of OAC use in a large nationwide cohort and specifically examine the changes in patient profiles treated with warfarin or DOAC and whether the time trends in OAC use affected clinical outcomes.

Methods and Results:

Using the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment database, we divided OAC naive patients with AF into 3 groups according to the enrollment period between January 2015 and December 2017 (n=35 353 in cohort 1, n=36 631 in cohort 2, and n=44 819 in cohort 3). DOAC use increased from 59% to 89%, whereas warfarin use has decreased from 41% to 11% during the study period. Patients treated with warfarin were increasingly younger from cohort 1 to cohort 3 (mean age 68–65 years,
P
<0.001) with lower mean CHA
2
DS
2
-VASc scores (3.3–2.9,
P
<0.001), whereas those with DOAC did not show a significant difference in clinical characteristics over the study period. Warfarin group had improved clinical outcomes over time, reflecting dynamic changes in patient characteristics. Compared with warfarin group, unadjusted hazard ratios of composite outcome for DOAC group have changed over time (hazard ratio 0.77 [95% CI, 0.69–0.85] in cohort 1, hazard ratio 0.84 [95% CI, 0.73–0.97] in cohort 2, and hazard ratio 1.00 [95% CI, 0.78–1.25] in cohort 3). After propensity score weighting between warfarin and DOAC groups in each cohort, DOAC showed consistently lower risks of the composite outcome by approximately 23% to 25% compared with warfarin across 3 different periods.

Conclusions:

In contemporary clinical practice, OAC prescription patterns and characteristics of patients treated warfarin or DOAC have dynamically changed. Despite these changes, DOAC showed a consistent better net clinical benefit compared with warfarin across different periods.
Examining the Causal Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Emotion Regulation and Its Neural Mechanisms
Authors: Shermohammed Maheen , Kordyban Laurel E. , Somerville Leah H.
Published: March 2020

Cognitive reappraisal (CR) is a strategy used to regulate emotions that is thought to be effective but effortful, relying on higher-order cognitive control systems to engage in active regulation. Sleep deprivation is believed to impair the functioning of these control systems, suggesting that it may impede the ability to implement CR effectively. This study tested the causal effects of sleep deprivation on emotional reactivity and the neurobiological systems underlying CR. We employed a within-subject crossover design in which participants underwent fMRI scanning twice, once when fully rested and once after a night of total sleep deprivation. During scans, participants passively viewed or used CR to down-regulate their emotional response to negative and neutral images. Contrary to hypotheses, both self-reported negative affect ratings and neural responses to the images indicated no difference in the way participants implemented CR when sleep deprived and when fully rested. Meanwhile, neural regions that showed distinct reactivity responses to negative relative to neutral images lost this specificity under deprived conditions. Negative affect ratings and heart rate deceleration, a physiological response typically evoked by aversive pictures, exhibited a similar blunting. Together, these results suggest that, although sleep deprivation may reduce the discrimination between emotional reactivity responses to negative and neutral stimuli, it does not impact CR the way it is presently studied.
EEG Signal Decomposition Evidence for a Role of Perceptual Processes during Conflict-related Behavioral Adjustments in Middle Frontal Regions
Authors: Adelhöfer Nico , Beste Christian
Published: March 2020

Conflict monitoring processes are central to cope with fluctuating environmental demands. However, the efficacy of these processes depends on previous trial history/experience, which is reflected in the “congruency sequence effect” (CSE). Several theoretical accounts have been put forward to explain this effect. Some accounts stress the role of perceptual processes in the emergence of the CSE. As yet, it is elusive how these perceptual processes are implemented on a neural level. We examined this question using a newly developed moving dots flanker task. We combine decomposition methods of EEG data and source localization. We show that perceptual processes modulate the CSE and can be isolated in neurophysiological signals, especially in the N2 ERP time window. However, mechanisms relating perception to action are also coded and modulated in this time window. We show that middle frontal regions (BA 6) are associated with processes dealing with purely perceptual processes. Inferior frontal regions (BA 45) are associated with processes dealing with stimulus–response transition processes. Likely, the neurophysiological modulations reflect unbinding processes at the perceptual level, and stimulus–response translation level needed to respond correctly on the presented (changed) stimulus–response relationships. The data establish a direct relationship between psychological concepts focusing on perceptual processes during conflict monitoring and neurophysiological processes using signal decomposition.
SpanBERT: Improving Pre-training by Representing and Predicting Spans
Authors: Joshi Mandar , Chen Danqi , Liu Yinhan , Weld Daniel S. , Zettlemoyer Luke , Levy Omer
Published: March 2020

We present SpanBERT, a pre-training method that is designed to better represent and predict spans of text. Our approach extends BERT by (1) masking contiguous random spans, rather than random tokens, and (2) training the span boundary representations to predict the entire content of the masked span, without relying on the individual token representations within it. SpanBERT consistently outperforms BERT and our better-tuned baselines, with substantial gains on span selection tasks such as question answering and coreference resolution. In particular, with the same training data and model size as BERTlarge, our single model obtains 94.6% and 88.7% F1 on SQuAD 1.1 and 2.0 respectively. We also achieve a new state of the art on the OntoNotes coreference resolution task (79.6% F1), strong performance on the TACRED relation extraction benchmark, and even gains on GLUE. 1
The Death of Achilles in the Iliad
Authors: Horn Fabian
Published: March 2020

Based on an approach derived from neoanalysis, oral poetry theory, and intertextuality, this paper argues that the death of Achilles is of particular importance for the Iliad. Numerous structural and thematic similarities reflect and foreshadow elements of the traditional story of the death of Achilles which is thereby incorporated into the Iliad symbolically through two intertwined sets of correspondences. These motif transferences and symbolic correspondences serve to explain several peculiar details of the Homeric narrative and contribute to our interpretation of the poem in the context of the Homeric concept of heroism and to our appreciation of the Iliad’s poetic technique. Through the constant foreshadowing of his death, Achilles achieves the highest glory a Homeric warrior can hope for, dying in battle and earning immortal fame without actually dying, but vanquishing all his enemies. This is part of the Iliad’s strategy to encompass the whole of the Trojan War through analepses as well as prolepses and by making Achilles’ triumph over Hector prefigure the fall of Troy.
A New Greek Grammar for Students and Teachers
Authors: Mastronarde Donald J.
Published: March 2020

This article reviews The Cambridge Grammar of Classical Greek, a major resource for learners and teachers that incorporates many insights from modern linguistics. While not a full replacement for older reference grammars of ancient Greek, it is particularly valuable for its up-to-date approach to topics such as verbal aspect and the tenses, particles, and word order.
Effective zinc mobilization to rice grains using rhizobacterial consortium
Authors: Vaid Sachin Kumar , Srivastava Prakash Chandra , Pachauri Satya Pratap , Sharma Anita , Rawat Deepa , Shankhadhar Shailesh Chandra , Shukla Arvind Kumar
Published: March 2020

Low Zn in staple food grains like rice is closely related to large scale Zn malnutrition in many countries of the World. Zinc biofortification of rice grains by some cost effective agronomic method is important for low income farmers. To explore the possibility of enhancing the bioavailability of Zn in rice grains besides higher yields of two cultivars, the combinations of varying Zn fertilizer doses with or without inoculation of rhizobacteria consortium under split plot design set up were evaluated in two years field trials. Microbial inoculation + 5 kg Zn ha-1 to I year rice crop resulted in the highest number of effective tillers, grain yields, Zn concentration and uptake in grains and straw and total Zn uptake in both years. Grain yield of rice during two years increased by 19.7-27.9 and 17.1-20.4 percent over control under treatments receiving microbial inoculation + 5 kg Zn ha-1 to I year rice and 5 kg Zn ha-1 alone to I year rice crop, respectively. The highest concentration of Zn (10.9-19.1 mg kg-1) and the lowest concentration of phytic acid (18.5-25.3 g kg-1) in dehulled rice grains were recorded with soil application of 5 kg Zn ha-1; however, the values were at par with those observed under microbial inoculation + 5 kg Zn ha-1 (12.0-17.0 mg Zn kg-1 and 19.2-26.9 g phytic acid kg-1). The percent utilization of soil applied Zn increased with microbial inoculation in both the years and it was relatively higher in NDR 359 as compared to PD 16.
Place Names as Reservoirs of Rare Linguistic Data: the Bantu Locative Prefix i- in Southwest Tanzanian Toponyms
Authors: Mtavangu Norbert
Published: March 2020

Since place names almost invariably outlive the speakers of a language, they are capable of retaining knowledge in connection with a specific locality. For instance a high percentage of toponyms in Southwest Tanzania with initial morpheme i- reveal this trait. This linguistic element is associated in this study with an old locative marker i-, a debated element in Bantu linguistics. Since previous studies locate the element only around the Great Lakes zone and South Africa, it is inferred from the findings presented here that the distribution of the morpheme may be spread in other Bantu speaking areas as well. This consideration recommends revisiting all the data that reflects the distribution of the morpheme i- and other morphemes, including data from other parts of Bantu speaking regions. In order to affirm the antiquity or the contemporaneity of the roles of this morpheme, these results recommend further morphosyntatic analysis to test the behaviour of the morpheme in specific languages spoken in the study area.
Galumna capensis dissimilis Engelbrecht, 1969, a junior synonym of Galumna lawrencei Jacot, 1940 (Acari, Oribatida, Galumnidae), with remarks on type material
Authors: ERMILOV SERGEY G. , HUGO-COETZEE ELIZABETH A.
Published: March 2020

The morphology of adult instars of two South African oribatid mites Galumna lawrencei Jacot, 1940 and Galumna capensis dissimilis Engelbrecht, 1969, is analyzed, resulting in the following new taxonomic proposal: G. lawrencei Jacot, 1940 (=G. capensis dissimilis Engelbrecht, 1969 syn. nov.). Comparison was based on the lectotype and paralectotypes (for G. lawrencei) and on the holotype and paratypes (for G. capensis dissimilis). Comments are made on the type material.
Multilocus phylogeny of Gryllus field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae) utilizing anchored hybrid enrichment
Authors: GRAY DAVID A. , WEISSMAN DAVID B. , COLE JEFFREY A. , LEMMON EMILY MORIARTY , LEMMON ALAN R.
Published: March 2020

We present the first comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Gryllus field cricket species found in the United States and Canada, select additional named Gryllus species found in Mexico and the Bahamas, plus the European field cricket G. campestris Linnaeus and the Afro-Eurasian cricket G. bimaculatus De Geer. Acheta, Teleogryllus, and Nigrogryllus were used as outgroups. Anchored hybrid enrichment was used to generate 492,531 base pairs of DNA sequence from 563 loci. RAxML analysis of concatenated sequence data and Astral analysis of gene trees gave broadly congruent results, especially for older branches and overall tree structure. The North American Gryllus are monophyletic with respect to the two Old World taxa; certain sub-groups show rapid recent divergence. This is the first Anchored Hybrid Enrichment study of an insect group done for closely related species within a single genus, and the results illustrate the challenges of reconstructing the evolutionary history of young rapidly diverged taxa when both incomplete lineage sorting and probable hybridization are at play. Because Gryllus field crickets have been used extensively as a model system in evolutionary ecology, behavior, neuro-physiology, speciation, and life-history and life-cycle evolution, these results will help inform, interpret, and guide future research in these areas.
Description of a new brachypterous scarab species, Orphnus brevialatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Orphninae) from East Africa, with notes on flightlessness in the orphnines
Authors: FROLOV ANDREY V. , AKHMETOVA LILIA A.
Published: March 2020

A new brachypterous species of the scarab beetle genus Orphnus Macleay, 1819, O. (O.) brevialatus Frolov & Akhmetova, new species, is described from Kipengere Range (Livingstone Mountains), Tanzania. The new species differs from other flightless Orphnus species occurring in East Africa in having a well-developed pronotal armature with two long, acute lateral processes. In the shape of the head, pronotum, and male genitalia it is similar to O. compactilis Quedenfeldt, 1882, but differs from it, in addition to the reduced wings and shorter body, in the shape of the endophallic armature. Flightlessness is rather common among the orphnines: 56 orphnine species out of 235 have the wings reduced to different degree making them incapable of flight, although this is a preliminary minimum figure. Flightless species are found in Hybalus Dejean, 1833, Chaetonyx Schaum, 1862, Orphnus Macleay, Hybaloides Quedenfeldt, 1884, Aegidium Westwood, 1845 and Stenosternus Karsch, 1881. All regional orphnine faunas except for Indo-Malayan and Madagascan include flightless species, although flightlessness is more common in African taxa.
RAS-NAAD: 40-yr High-Resolution North Atlantic Atmospheric Hindcast for Multipurpose Applications (New Dataset for the Regional Mesoscale Studies in the Atmosphere and the Ocean)
Authors: Gavrikov Alexander , Gulev Sergey K. , Markina Margarita , Tilinina Natalia , Verezemskaya Polina , Barnier Bernard , Dufour Ambroise , Zolina Olga , Zyulyaeva Yulia , Krinitskiy Mikhail , Okhlopkov Ivan , Sokov Alexey
Published: March 2020

We present in this paper the results of the Russian Academy of Sciences North Atlantic Atmospheric Downscaling (RAS-NAAD) project, which provides a 40-yr 3D hindcast of the North Atlantic (10°–80°N) atmosphere at 14-km spatial resolution with 50 levels in the vertical direction (up to 50 hPa), performed with a regional setting of the WRF-ARW 3.8.1 model for the period 1979–2018 and forced by ERA-Interim as a lateral boundary condition. The dataset provides a variety of surface and free-atmosphere parameters at sigma model levels and meets many demands of meteorologists, climate scientists, and oceanographers working in both research and operational domains. Three-dimensional model output at 3-hourly time resolution is freely available to the users. Our evaluation demonstrates a realistic representation of most characteristics in both datasets and also identifies biases mostly in the ice-covered regions. High-resolution and nonhydrostatic model settings in NAAD resolve mesoscale dynamics first of all in the subpolar latitudes. NAAD also provides a new view of the North Atlantic extratropical cyclone activity with a much larger number of cyclones as compared with most reanalyses. It also effectively captures highly localized mechanisms of atmospheric moisture transports. Applications of NAAD to ocean circulation and wave modeling are demonstrated.
Two Different Methods for Flash Drought Identification: Comparison of Their Strengths and Limitations
Authors: Liu Yi , Zhu Ye , Ren Liliang , Otkin Jason , Hunt Eric D. , Yang Xiaoli , Yuan Fei , Jiang Shanhu
Published: March 2020

Flash droughts are extreme phenomena that have been identified using two different approaches. The first approach identifies these events based on unusually rapid intensification rates, whereas the second approach implicitly identifies short-term features. This latter approach classifies flash droughts into two types, namely, precipitation deficit and heat wave flash droughts (denoted as PDFD and HWFD). In this study, we evaluate these two approaches over the Yellow River basin (YRB) to determine which approach provides more accurate information about flash droughts and why. Based on the concept of intensification rate, a new quantitative flash drought identification method focused on soil moisture depletion during the onset–development phase is proposed. Its performance was evaluated by comparing the onset time and spatial dynamics of the identified flash droughts with PDFD and HWFD events identified using the second approach. The results show that the rapid-intensification approach is better able to capture the continuous evolution of a flash drought. Since the approach for identifying PDFD and HWFD events does not consider changes in soil moisture with time, it cannot ensure that the events exhibit rapid intensification, nor can it effectively capture flash droughts’ onset. Evaluation of the results showed that the chosen hydrometeorological variables and corresponding thresholds, particularly that of temperature, are the main reasons for the poor performance of the PDFD and HWFD identification approach. This study promotes a deeper understanding of flash droughts that is beneficial for drought monitoring, early warning, and mitigation.
Machine-Learning Mesoscale and Submesoscale Surface Dynamics from Lagrangian Ocean Drifter Trajectories
Authors: Aksamit Nikolas O. , Sapsis Themistoklis , Haller George
Published: March 2020

Lagrangian ocean drifters provide highly accurate approximations of ocean surface currents but are sparsely located across the globe. As drifters passively follow ocean currents, there is minimal control on where they will be making measurements, providing limited temporal coverage for a given region. Complementary Eulerian velocity data are available with global coverage but are themselveslimited by the spatial and temporal resolution possible with satellite altimetry measurements. In addition, altimetry measurements approximate geostrophic components of ocean currents but neglect smaller submesoscale motions and require smoothing and interpolation from raw satellite track measurements. In an effort to harness the rich dynamics available in ocean drifter datasets, we have trained a recurrent neural network on the time history of drifter motion to minimize the error in a reduced-order Maxey–Riley drifter model. This approach relies on a slow-manifold approximation to determine the most mathematically relevant variables with which to train, subsequently improving the temporal and spatial resolution of the underlying velocity field. By adding this neural-network component, we also correct drifter trajectories near submesoscale features missed by deterministic models using only satellite and wind reanalysis data. The effect of varying similarity between training and testing trajectory datasets for the blended model was evaluated, as was the effect of seasonality in the Gulf of Mexico.
The Impact of Airborne Doppler Aerosol Wind (DAWN) Lidar Wind Profiles on Numerical Simulations of Tropical Convective Systems during the NASA Convective Processes Experiment (CPEX)
Authors: Cui Zhiqiang , Pu Zhaoxia , Emmitt G. David , Greco Steven
Published: March 2020

High-spatiotemporal-resolution airborne Doppler Aerosol Wind (DAWN) lidar profiles over the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico region were collected during the NASA Convective Processes Experiment (CPEX) field campaign from 27 May to 24 June 2017. This study examines the impact of assimilating these wind profiles on the numerical simulation of moist convective systems using an Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model (WRF-ARW). A mesoscale convective system and a tropical storm (Cindy) that occurred on 16 June 2017 in a strong shear environment and on 21 June 2017 in a weak shear environment, respectively, are selected as case studies. The DAWN wind profiles are assimilated with the NCEP Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation analysis system using a three-dimensional variational (3DVar) and a hybrid three-dimensional ensemble-variational (3DEnVar) data assimilation systems to provide the initial conditions for a short-range forecast. Results show that the assimilation of DAWN wind profiles has significant positive impacts on convective simulations with the two assimilation approaches. The assimilation of DAWN wind profiles creates notable adjustments in the analysis of the divergence field for WRF simulations with a good agreement of wind forecasts with radiosonde observations. The quantitative precipitation forecasting is also improved. In general, the 3DEnVar data assimilation method is deemed more promising for DAWN data assimilation. There are cases with Tropical Storm Cindy in which DAWN data have slight to neutral impact on rainfall forecasts with 3DVAR, implying complicated interactions between errors of retrieved wind data and background error covariance in the lower and upper troposphere.
High-Resolution Ensemble HFV3 Forecasts of Hurricane Michael (2018): Rapid Intensification in Shear
Authors: Hazelton Andrew T. , Zhang Xuejin , Gopalakrishnan Sundararaman , Ramstrom William , Marks Frank , Zhang Jun A.
Published: March 2020

The FV3GFS is the current operational Global Forecast System (GFS) at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), which combines a finite-volume cubed sphere dynamical core (FV3) and GFS physics. In this study, FV3GFS is used to gain understanding of rapid intensification (RI) of tropical cyclones (TCs) in shear. The analysis demonstrates the importance of TC structure in a complex system like Hurricane Michael, which intensified to a category 5 hurricane over the Gulf of Mexico despite over 20 kt (10 m s−1) of vertical wind shear. Michael’s RI is examined using a global-nest FV3GFS ensemble with the nest at 3-km resolution. The ensemble shows a range of peak intensities from 77 to 159 kt (40–82 m s−1). Precipitation symmetry, vortex tilt, moisture, and other aspects of Michael’s evolution are compared through composites of stronger and weaker members. The 850–200-hPa vertical shear is 22 kt (11 m s−1) in the mean of both strong and weak members during the early stage. Tilt and moisture are two distinguishing factors between strong and weak members. The relationship between vortex tilt and humidification is complex, and other studies have shown both are important for sheared intensification. Here, it is shown that tilt reduction leads to upshear humidification and is thus a driving factor for intensification. A stronger initial vortex and early evolution of the vortex also appear to be the key to members that are able to resist the sheared environment.
Analysis of Natural Gas Using a Portable Hollow-Core Photonic Crystal Coupled Raman Spectrometer
Authors: Khannanov Maksim N. , Van'kov Alexander B. , Novikov Andrei A. , Semenov Anton P. , Gushchin Pavel A. , Gubarev Sergei I. , Kirpichev Vadim E. , Morozova Elena N. , Kulik Leonid V. , Kukushkin Igor V.
Published: March 2020

The low accessibility of natural gas fields and transporting pipelines requires portable online analyzers of the composition of natural gas, ensuring nearly chromatographic precision and capable of in situ analysis of a wide range of gases, including infrared-inactive ones (hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine). We have developed an express method of gas analysis meeting all the requirements for analysis of natural gas and its derivative mixtures using a portable 532 nm Raman spectrometer rigidly connected to a hollow-core crystal photonic fiber.
Examining the impact of applicant smoking and vaping habits in job interviews
Authors: Roulin Nicolas , Bhatnagar Namita
Published: March 2020

Cigarette and electronic-cigarette users (i.e. vapers) are increasingly stigmatized in both society and the workplace. We examine effects of this stigmatization in the selection process by testing whether interviewers’ negative initial impressions of smokers and vapers extend throughout the interview. We used a dual-process framework of interviewer bias against stigmatized applicants, comprised of Type I-automatic and Type II-systematic processes, and conducted two experiments where US and Canadian participants enacted the role of an interviewer in video-based job interview simulations. Consistent with Type I processes, results show that cigarette smokers, and to lesser extent vapers, were initially rated as less qualified than non-smokers. These initial impressions were not subjected to justification/rationalization during the interview via harder questions asked. However, they served as anchors, also consistent with Type I processes, and impacted final assessments alongside Type II adjustments based on applicants’ response quality. Additionally, using attentional eye tracking data, we found that raters with worse attitudes toward smoking, but not vaping, glanced at stigma cues more frequently, which went on to influence first impressions. These findings provide valuable tests of key components of the dual-process model of interviewer bias, and raise concerns around the devaluation of smokers and vapers in hiring decisions.
Path to Purpose? How Online Customer Journeys Differ for Hedonic Versus Utilitarian Purchases
Authors: Li Jingjing , Abbasi Ahmed , Cheema Amar , Abraham Linda B.
Published: March 2020

The authors examine consumers’ information channel usage during the customer journey by employing a hedonic and utilitarian (H/U) perspective, an important categorization of consumption purpose. Taking a retailer-category viewpoint to measure the H/U characteristics of 20 product categories at 40 different retailers, this study combines large-scale secondary clickstream and primary survey data to offer actionable insights for retailers in a competitive landscape. The data reveal that, when making hedonic purchases (e.g., toys), consumers employ social media and on-site product pages as early as two weeks before the final purchase. By contrast, for utilitarian purchases (e.g., office supplies), consumers utilize third-party reviews up to two weeks before the final purchase and make relatively greater usage of search engines, deals, and competitors’ product pages closer to the time of purchase. Importantly, channel usage is different for sessions in which no purchase is made, indicating that consumers’ information channel choices vary significantly with the H/U characteristics of purchases. The article closes with an extensive discussion of the significant implications for managing customer touchpoints.
Threat Enhances Aggressive Inclinations Among Devoted Actors Via Increase in Their Relative Physical Formidability
Authors: Vázquez Alexandra , López-Rodríguez Lucía , Martínez Mercedes , Atran Scott , Gómez Ángel
Published: March 2020

Devoted actors—those who share sacred values with a group with which they are fused—are particularly willing to self-sacrifice to defend their group or values when they are threatened. Here, we explore whether they are also prone to aggressive inclinations toward those who endanger their group or convictions. To that end, we examined the effect of threat and the two components of the devoted actor framework—identity fusion and sacred values—on aggressive inclinations. These inclinations were registered with a videogame that allowed participants to destroy ingroup and outgroup symbols. Two experiments indicated that devoted actors reacted to threats to their ingroup and value by increasing aggressive inclinations against the rival group. This effect was apparently mediated by the perceived physical strength of the ingroup versus foes. Results suggest that devoted actors might be more prone to self-sacrifice, but also to attack those who threaten their group or values.
The effects of obligation on relationships and well-being over time in middle adulthood
Authors: Oh Jeewon , Chopik William J. , Nuttall Amy K.
Published: March 2020

Previous research has offered mixed evidence on whether obligation in relationships benefits or harms individuals and their relationships. Given that few studies are prospective and consider multiple close relationships, we used 18-year longitudinal data to model whether obligation is associated with differences in relational and individual well-being over time. Because prior mixed findings may be attributed to differential influences of obligation across development, we also considered age. Light obligation predicted higher levels of relational and individual well-being; substantive obligation sometimes predicted lower levels of well-being. Both types of obligation mostly did not predict changes in relationships and well-being over time except substantive obligation predicted slower increases in friend support. The associations between light and substantive obligation were largely uniform across age. The only exception was for substantive obligation and friend support; substantive obligation was associated with a slower increase in friend support only for younger adults (<39 years old). This study extends previous research by examining obligation among middle-aged adults, addressing a critical developmental gap in this literature. Findings suggest that understanding people’s obligations toward close others is important not only for their own well-being but also their relationships in adulthood.
Appearance of Alveolar Macrophage Subpopulations in Correlation With Histopathological Effects in Short-Term Inhalation Studies With Biopersistent (Nano)Materials
Authors: Koltermann-Jülly Johanna , Ma-Hock Lan , Gröters Sibylle , Landsiedel Robert
Published: March 2020

Following inhalation and deposition in the alveolar region at sufficient dose, biopersistent (nano)materials generally provoke pulmonary inflammation. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are mediators of pulmonary immune responses and were broadly categorized in pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. This study aimed at identifying AM phenotype as M1 or M2 upon short-term inhalation exposure to different (nano)materials followed by a postexposure period. Phenotyping of AM was retrospectively performed using immunohistochemistry. M1 (CD68+iNOS+) and M2 (CD68+CD206+ and CD68+ArgI+) AMs were characterized in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissue of rats exposed for 6 hours/day for 5 days to air, 100 mg/m3 nano-TiO2, 25 mg/m3 nano-CeO2, 32 mg/m3 multiwalled carbon nanotubes, or 100 mg/m3 micron-sized quartz. During acute inflammation, relative numbers of M1 AMs were markedly increased, whereas relative numbers of M2 were generally decreased compared to control. Following an exposure-free period, changes in iNOS or CD206 expression correlated with persistence, regression, or progression of inflammation, suggesting a role of M1/M2 AMs in the pathogenesis of pulmonary inflammation. However, no clear correlation of AM subpopulations with qualitatively distinct histopathological findings caused by different (nano)materials was found. A more detailed understanding of the processes underlaying these morphological changes is needed to identify biomarkers for different histopathological outcomes.
Analysis of Mammography Screening Schedules under Varying Resource Constraints for Planning Breast Cancer Control Programs in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Mathematical Study
Authors: Bansal Shifali , Deshpande Vijeta , Zhao Xinmeng , Lauer Jeremy A. , Meheus Filip , Ilbawi André , Gopalappa Chaitra
Published: March 2020

Background. Low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) have higher mortality-to-incidence ratio for breast cancer compared to high-income countries (HICs) because of late-stage diagnosis. Mammography screening is recommended for early diagnosis, however, the infrastructure capacity in LMICs are far below that needed for adopting current screening guidelines. Current guidelines are extrapolations from HICs, as limited data had restricted model development specific to LMICs, and thus, economic analysis of screening schedules specific to infrastructure capacities are unavailable. Methods. We applied a new Markov process method for developing cancer progression models and a Markov decision process model to identify optimal screening schedules under a varying number of lifetime screenings per person, a proxy for infrastructure capacity. We modeled Peru, a middle-income country, as a case study and the United States, an HIC, for validation. Results. Implementing 2, 5, 10, and 15 lifetime screens would require about 55, 135, 280, and 405 mammography machines, respectively, and would save 31, 62, 95, and 112 life-years per 1000 women, respectively. Current guidelines recommend 15 lifetime screens, but Peru has only 55 mammography machines nationally. With this capacity, the best strategy is 2 lifetime screenings at age 50 and 56 years. As infrastructure is scaled up to accommodate 5 and 10 lifetime screens, screening between the ages of 44-61 and 41-64 years, respectively, would have the best impact. Our results for the United States are consistent with other models and current guidelines. Limitations. The scope of our model is limited to analysis of national-level guidelines. We did not model heterogeneity across the country. Conclusions. Country-specific optimal screening schedules under varying infrastructure capacities can systematically guide development of cancer control programs and planning of health investments.
Unrecognized challenges of treating status migrainosus: An observational study
Authors: Iljazi Afrim , Chua Abigail , Rich-Fiondella Raymond , Veronesi Maria , Melo-Carrillo Agustin , Ashina Sait , Burstein Rami , Grosberg Brian
Published: March 2020

Background

Status migrainosus is a condition with limited epidemiological knowledge, and no evidence-based treatment guideline or rational-driven assessment of successful treatment outcome. To fill this gap, we performed a prospective observational study in which we documented effectiveness of treatment approaches commonly used in a tertiary headache clinic.

Material and methods

Patients with episodic and chronic migraine who experienced continuous and prolonged attacks for more than 72 hours were treated with dexamethasone (4 mg orally twice daily for 3 days), ketorolac (60 mg intramuscularly), bilateral nerve blocks (1–2% lidocaine, 0.1–0.2 ml for both supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves, 1 ml for both auriculotemporal nerves, and 1 ml for both greater occipital nerves), or naratriptan (2.5 mg twice daily for 5 days). Hourly (for the first 24 hours) and daily (for first 30 days) change in headache intensity was documented using appropriate headache diaries.

Results

Fifty-four patients provided eligible data for 60 treatment attempts. The success rate of rendering patients pain free within 24 hours and maintaining the pain-free status for 48 hours was 4/13 (31%) for dexamethasone, 7/29 (24%) for nerve blocks, 1/9 (11%) for ketorolac and 1/9 (11%) for naratriptan. These success rates depended on time to remission, as the longer we allowed the treatments to begin to work and patients to become pain free (i.e. 2, 12, 24, 48, 72, or 96 hours), the more likely patients were to achieve and maintain a pain-free status for at least 48 hours.

Discussion

These findings suggest that current treatment approaches to terminating status migrainosus are not satisfactory and call attention to the need to develop a more scientific approach to define a treatment response for status migrainosus.
Interfacial Shear Bond Strength between Steel H-Piles and Polymer Concrete Jackets
Authors: Abdulazeez Mohanad M. , Brown Kyle , ElGawady Mohamed A.
Published: March 2020

Steel H-piles have been used widely in bridge construction throughout the U.S. because of their relatively large load-carrying capacity while occupying a small area. However, many H-piles suffer from corrosion, which may lead to abrupt collapse. A cost-effective repair technique, including encasing the corroded region of the steel pile into a concrete jacket, which acts as an alternative load path for the applied axial load, has been used by several state Departments of Transportation. Methyl methacrylate polymer concrete (MMA-PC) is a type of concrete that is commonly used as a repair material. However, there is limited research on the assessment of bond strength between MMA-PC and steel elements. This paper investigates experimentally the bond behavior of seven full-scale steel H-piles encased in concrete jackets. The jackets were cast using either MMA-PC or Portland cement concrete (CC). Different embedment lengths of 63.5 mm (2.5 in.), 127 mm (5 in.), and 190.5 mm (7.5 in.) were used for the MMA-PC and one embedment length of 254 mm (10 in.) was used for the CC jacket. Cylindrical and prismatic jacket configurations were used and tested using push-out. The experimental results revealed that using the MMA-PC jacket was more effective compared with the CC jacket in relation to the load-carrying capacity. For design purposes, a shear bond stress of 2.96 MPa [0.43 kips per square inch (ksi)] can be used for MMA-PC jackets having an embedment length of at least 127 mm (5 in.) whereas a value of 0.83 MPa (0.12 ksi) can be used for CC.
Data-Driven Method to Study the Impact of Utilizing Electric Ground Power Systems on Airport Electricity Demand Profile
Authors: Sadati S.M. Sajed , Cetin Kristen S.
Published: March 2020

Gate electrification provides electricity and preconditioned air to stationary aircraft at airport gates as an alternative to the use of auxiliary power units. This includes a preconditioned air unit (PCA) and a ground power unit (GPU). This study aims to explore the impact of utilizing these units on the electricity demand of airports and analyzes the associated costs for both the cases of purchasing the electricity from a utility following a typical large commercial rate structure, and participating in the wholesale electricity market. The possibility of benefiting from solar energy to supply this electricity demand is also examined. The demand for gate electrification was measured at a gate at Des Moines International Airport in Iowa, U.S.A., and combined with other data including weather conditions and aircraft types to identify significant explanatory variables for electricity demand. This analysis revealed that ambient temperature is the main PCA demand predictor while aircraft type is the main factor driving the GPU demand. A linear regression model was developed to estimate the PCA electricity demand based on the ambient temperature. For the GPU, the typical demand was used based on aircraft type. This analysis shows that gate electrification used across all gates can contribute to up to 87% of the measured peak demand of the airport; the cost of participating in the wholesale market would be 57% less than following the current large commercial rate structure, and the airport can benefit from installing a photovoltaic system if the surplus electricity is utilized.
Impact of Detector Configuration on Performance Measurement and Signal Operations
Authors: Emtenan A. M. Tahsin , Day Christopher M.
Published: March 2020

In recent years, automated traffic signal performance measures (ATSPMs) have emerged as a means of developing situational awareness of traffic conditions at intersections and assessing the quality of signal operations. As a growing number of agencies are adopting the technology, there is a need to understand how detector configurations can influence the outcomes of an analysis using ATSPM. Current practices with regard to detector configuration vary considerably from one agency to another; at one extreme, agencies may use one single detector input channel per phase without considering where the detectors are located, whereas at the other extreme, some agencies may utilize all possible channels to observe each individual lane at multiple positions. There are also variations in the design of detection zones (lengths and positions). This study takes on the problem in two parts. The first of these examines the impact of stop bar detection zone length and lane- or approach-based detector assignment on the ability of performance measures to identify accurately whether split failures occur. The second part examines the impact of setback detector distance on the use of a “percentage on green” metric that serves as a proxy measurement of the number of stops. The paper presents recommendations for performance measure calibrations and detector configurations that follow from these outcomes.
Beyond Recruitment: Comparing Experiences of Climate and Diversity between International Students and Domestic Students of Color in U.S. Urban Planning Programs
Authors: Lee C. Aujean , Chrisinger Benjamin , Greenlee Andrew J. , Garcia Zambrana Ivis , Jackson April
Published: March 2020

American universities are becoming globalized in curriculum and enrollment and benefit from international students who contribute to diversity. As the share of international students in planning programs has risen, little is known about their experiences beyond recruitment and how experiences as a “minoritized” group compare to domestic students of color. We report findings from interviews with graduate students in U.S. planning programs and compare international student experiences and perceptions with domestic students of color. We recommend ways that programs can improve international student retention and support the diversity of experiences that these students bring to U.S. planning programs.
Making Microcomputers Accessible to Blind Persons
Authors: Ruconich Sandra K. , Ashcroft S. C. , Young Michael F.
Published: March 2020

Without specialized “access technology,” blind students are precluded from full access to microcomputers. Research on multimedia access to microcomputers has explored tactile, auditory, and visual means of access. This article considers the advantages and limitations of these means and related equipment, and concludes with a look into the future of computer access technology.
Once More with Feeling: The Absence of Research on Teacher use of Microcomputers
Authors: Stowitschek Joseph J. , Stowitschek Carole E.
Published: March 2020

This article presents a brief overview of research relating to teacher use of microcomputers. Emotional responses to microcomputers are compared with those that accompanied the advent of previous technological innovations. A discussion of research deficiencies follows, and suggestions for further research are provided.
The Jew and the tank: Habit and habitus towards a theodicy of war
Authors: Monk Daniel Bertrand
Published: March 2020

Histories of the Arab–Israeli War of 1967 have advanced a curious commonplace. As they have sought to account for the decisive factors in what they treat as a decisive war, soldiers and interpreters of their arguments have tacitly resorted to what Adolf Loos once referred to as a ‘principle of cladding’, or bekleidungsprinzip, in order to explain the successes of Israel’s armored corps. The bekleidungsprinzip is not a military principle but a dictum of fashion, according to which the renunciation of individual affect in dress is presumed to coincide with the emergence of the qualitative advantages of the modern. With little or no explanation to substantiate the relation between dress and success in armored warfare, histories of this war have instead explained that the causes of a decisive victory may have to be found in the relation between uniforms and technical uniformity. This presupposition possesses an intellectual history, in the course of which war intellectuals repeatedly sought to reconcile what they themselves posed as a contradiction between agency and structure by identifying a proper relation between habit and habitus. Elaborated in a series of doctrinal debates concerning the proper relation of the Jew to the tank in the Israel Defense Forces – and in subsequent interpretations of those disputes – the bekleidung argument is more than a mere curiosity of military history. It points, instead, to a theodicy of conflict according to which a reification of this history’s false premises presents itself to view in repeated images of their transcendence.
Towards Gendered Peacebuilding Processes for Sustainable Peace
Authors: Mbabazi Veneranda , Naiga Resty , Helen Nkabala Nambalirwa
Published: March 2020

In 2000, the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 affirmed the importance of including women in conflict resolution and peacebuilding processes. Despite the existence of Security Council Resolution 1325, women continue to remain tokens in peacebuilding processes. There is need to have gendered peacebuilding process because it brings in new nuances and perspectives with regard to peacebuilding and conflict resolution. A gendered peacebuilding process counterbalances peace processes and policies that are influenced and informed by masculinity militarization. It also helps in formulating peacebuilding processes that are beyond masculinity and femininity lenses. A gendered peacebuilding process goes beyond the essentialist way of interpreting reality. More significantly, the inclusion of both femininity and masculinity perspectives creates a paradigm shift with regard to the use of languages and strategies employed in peacebuilding processes. A gendered peacebuilding approach contributes constructively to the achievement of responsive, inclusive, and sustainable peace because it draws from men’s and women’s experiences to address conflict issues that affect humanity.
The Sensus Literalis and the Trinity in the English Enlightenment
Authors: Ney David
Published: March 2020

The doctrine of the Trinity was fiercely contested in the English Enlightenment. This debate is of interest not simply because of the doctrinal articulations of the belligerents or their various approaches to the Scriptural text, but because it led to the consolidation of a precise understanding of the relationship between the sensus literalis and doctrine for Trinitarians and Antitrinitarians both. Antitrinitarians of the English Enlightenment came to agree that the sensus literalis could be isolated by identifying the singular referent of each Scriptural word, but Trinitarians came to insist, to the contrary, that Scriptural words always refer within a larger canonical framework.