bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Freedom Fighters to Jihadists
Authors: Mironova Vera
Published: June 2019

This book examines the internal organization of armed groups, particularly their human resource practices. The authors look at the rebel armed groups through the prism of a labor market theory. In the Syrian civil war, extreme Islamist groups were able to siphon fighters off from moderate groups because they had better internal organization, took better care of fighters (physically and monetarily), and experienced less internal corruption. This book is based on more than six hundred survey-interviews with local civilians and fighters on the frontline in Syria (including members of al-Nusra and Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant [ISIS]) and a dataset of human resource policies from forty armed groups based on qualitative interviews with group leaders. In addition, active and former foreign fighters with ISIS and Jubhat al-Nusra were interviewed in Syria, Turkey, Ukraine, and Central Asia (where many former ISIS foreign fighters were hiding). In search of deeper answers on ideological issues, the author also penetrated an ultra-radical sect of former ISIS fighters known as chain takfiris who had abandoned ISIS because its ideology was not religiously radical enough. The author interviewed members of this extreme sect and studied their books, lectures, forums, and closed channels on social media. The author also conducted extensive ethnographic research in 2016 and 2017 while embedded with Iraqi Special Operations Forces during the Mosul operation. This allowed her to observe the behavior of ISIS members in the field and collect valuable information from the group’s internal documentation and from fighters’ personal notebooks.
Funding the Fight
Authors: Mironova Vera
Published: June 2019

In contrast to regular state armies, rebel armed groups do not have a budget assigned to them every year. Instead, it is the leaders’ responsibility to find money for the group. They must strategically choose and secure different funding sources at different times. Some leaders develop a portfolio of funding with enough resources not only to run day-to-day operations, but also to fund long-term projects such as medical care and social security benefits for their fighters. Other leaders take their groups down a completely different economic path, focusing on short-term planning. In a protracted war such as the one in Syria, the latter path leads to a lack of financial resources, bankruptcy, and absorption by other groups.
Intelligence Integration and Reform: 2009–2014
Authors: Kojm Christopher
Published: June 2019

Christopher Kojm inherited the continuing challenge of implementing intelligence reform. This time the tension lay between the two mandates given to the new director of national intelligence: to provide strategic intelligence analysis and to coordinate the activities of the far-flung intelligence community. The first mandate was clearly within the NIC’s purview; the second had been at best a collateral duty. To meet this second mandate, the DNI created national intelligence managers, whose charge seemed to erode the NIC’s mandate, causing several national intelligence officers to resign. More positively, unlike some of his predecessors, Kojm dealt with an Obama administration that welcomed dissenting opinions, as evidenced by the reception to the 2013 NIE on Afghanistan that informed a contentions policy debate over whether to draw down our military commitment or to “surge” to a higher level. Kojm’s tenure also saw production of Global Trends 2030.
Becoming a Working Mother
Authors: Ladge Jamie , Greenberg Danna
Published: June 2019

Chapter 3 covers the transition to the postnatal period. We focus first on the experience of maternity leave and some of the factors that help and hinder new mothers in the process of becoming confident about being good mothers. We consider the varied ways women go about managing their maternity leave both in terms of work and at home and the questions to ask oneself about how to best manage this time given one’s own work and family circumstances. We then turn our attention to the initial return-to-work period. We explore how women can work with their managers, their partners, and caregivers to establish new routines at work and at home that support their new lives as working mothers.
Iran’s Second Revolution; A Millennial Challenge to the House of Saud
Authors: Hiro Dilip
Published: June 2019

Having overthrown the pro-Washington Shah, Khomeini set out to purge the Iranian state and society of American influence. He was aided by the surprise occupation of the United States Embassy in Tehran in November 1979 by militant students. The capture of secret CIA reports on the Middle East by the Iranian occupiers gave credibility to the regime’s description of the Embassy as a “nest of spies,” and created a rationale for taking 52 US diplomats as hostage. The crisis lasted 444 days and ended with Ronald Reagan’s inauguration as president in January 1981 after his defeat of the incumbent Jimmy Carter, a Democrat. Quite independently, Saudi King Khalid faced an unprecedented challenge to the legitimacy of the House of Saud when on the eve of .the Islamic New Year of 1400 – 20 November 1979 – hundreds of armed militant Wahhabis, led by Juheiman al Utaiba seized the Grand Mosque in Mecca. Utaiba called for the overthrow of the royal family for deviating from Wahhabism. Aided by the American and French intelligence agencies and Pakistani soldiers, the government regained control of the Grand Mosque. It then took remedial action by imposing strict Wahhabi rules on the social-cultural life of citizens.
Saudi-Iranian Détente
Authors: Hiro Dilip
Published: June 2019

Saudi Arabia restored diplomatic ties with Iran severed in 1987 – a precursor to détente that took effect in 1994 during the presidency of Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani. At Riyadh’s behest, Tehran became the venue for the triennial Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) summit in 1997. It was chaired by moderate President Muhammad Khatami during whose administration there was a thaw between Tehran and Washington. This convinced Crown Prince Abdullah, the de facto Saudi ruler, that Iran’s leaders had accepted his advice to mend fences with America which, in his view, would pave the way for a lasting Riyadh-Tehran amity. Invited by King Fahd, Khatami met him in Jeddah. In February 1998, Rafsanjani, leading a large delegation, conducted amicable meetings in the Kingdom’s leading cities. The fond hope of Iran’s policy-makers was to cap economic, cultural and diplomatic ties with Riyadh with a bilateral security pact. They visualized it as an overarching agreement. The Saudis, on the other hand, had a limited version in mind. Therefore, the Saudi-Iranian security pact signed in April 2001 covered only countering organized crime, terrorism and drug trafficking. Meanwhile, encouraged by Abdullah, the other Gulf Arab monarchies warmed their relations with Tehran.
Epilogue
Authors: Hiro Dilip
Published: June 2019

Recounts the testimonies of those rounded up by Saudi Arabia as part of their 'anti-corruption' drive in November 2017. Records the unrest that erupted in Iran at the end of 2017 and the US support of the dissidents. Discusses the proxy wars in Syria and Yemen.
Information about Health Care Systems
Authors: Rajczi Alex
Published: June 2019

One cannot discuss the ethics of health policy without understanding how health systems work, so this chapter provides background on the American health system before and after the Affordable Care Act. It also describes two universal health insurance systems the U.S. could adopt. In Canada’s single-payer system, the government serves as the basic insurer for the entire population. In the regulated-market systems of Switzerland and the Netherlands, citizens must purchase health insurance through private companies, and the government’s main jobs are providing subsidies to less wealthy individuals and ensuring that insurance companies deal fairly with citizens. The chapter concludes by examining the core ideas behind consumer-driven health care, a set of specific policies that conservatives often add to their health care proposals.
Neither Inevitable nor Accidental
Authors: The United Nations Accountability Project—Somalia
Published: June 2019

The lack of inclusion in Somali society has a profound effect on the vulnerability of certain groups. According to the UN Somalia Accountability Project, certain groups, especially the Rahanweyn clan and Bantu Somalis, were severely, and disproportionately, affected by the droughts of 1991–1992 and 2011–2012. It is highly likely that they have also borne the brunt of the 2016–2017 drought. This chapter argues for the importance of understanding the political economy of protection and its failures. It calls for humanitarian, recovery, and stabilization activities to take proper account of forces that marginalize certain groups and action to avoid exacerbating such vulnerabilities. The complexities of grievances in Somalia mean that exclusion must be addressed if genuine peace and reconciliation are to be achieved.
Remedying the Legacy of State Collapse
Authors: Kapteijns Lidwien
Published: June 2019

This chapter discusses why the campaign of clan cleansing of 1991–1992 was a key shift in the Somali civil war and remains the major break-line underlying Somali national politics today. It then lays out three principles that might help avoid simply redrawing the lines along which the civil war was fought, and concludes with recommendations for three tangible steps towards peace and reconciliation. At the heart of the mistrust and mutual rejection in Somalia today lie the actions of former leaders of the United Somali Congress and Somali National Movement, who resorted to clan-based killings and expulsions in order to cover up their past complicity with the military regime; spun false clan histories to rebrand themselves as heroic leaders of their clans; and then tried to establish authority over parts of the state and country in the name of clan.
Ending Impunity
Authors: Hagmann Tobias , Seid Mohammed Mealin
Published: June 2019

Impunity in Somalia has become so deeply entrenched over the years that it has become the norm. Since the Siad Barre period (1969–1991), both local and foreign actors have repeatedly committed war crimes and other serious rights abuses that remain unaddressed to this day. This chapter explains why accountability is not only a human rights imperative, but a cornerstone of a more effective political strategy in Somalia. The chapter briefly reviews the main abuses and atrocities of the last 30 years; identifies the reasons why perpetrators have literally got away with murder; identifies the costs of continued impunity and inaction; and proposes a number of measures in view of a comprehensive strategy to foster both redress and accountability in Somalia.
Achieving Local Reconciliation in Somalia
Authors: Peace and Development Research Center
Published: June 2019

Reducing violence and promoting social reconciliation require sufficient understanding of the causes and contributors of conflicts. This chapter identifies the causes of conflicts and pillars of social reconciliation in Puntland and across Somalia. Environmental decline and population growth have exerted pressure on already meagre resources. In rural areas, there have been conflicts following the expansion of encampments over one-time grazing land. In urban areas, land grabbing and over-exploitation of limited economic opportunities have contributed to heightened tensions and the eruption of violent conflicts among communities. Clan-based political dispositions in post-civil war Somalia have also contributed to political conflicts along clan, sub-clan, and even family lines across the country. The absence of the rule of law, state enforcement mechanisms, and abundance of weapons in civilian hands has meant that minor quarrels escalate into violent confrontations among groups, which then draw in their respective communities.
State-Building Amidst Conflict
Authors: Mushtaq Najum
Published: June 2019

This chapter discusses the correlation between bottom-up local reconciliation and state-building in Somalia. It identifies key conflict actors in three regional states, and postulates general trends in local conflicts and how to address them. Rather than promoting grassroots reconciliation between various sets of clans engaged in localized conflicts throughout south-central Somalia, the process of forming Federal Member States has intensified and, in some cases, revived conflicts over regional boundaries, land use, and political representation. The urgency to meet the New Deal benchmarks has led to what independent observers consider to be contentious and hasty state-formation. The 2013–17 period was marred by a surge in clan-based violence as discontent grew among those clans that felt they received an unfair deal.
Determinants of Success
Authors: Kirbassov Galymzhan
Published: June 2019

This chapter analyzes the factors that determine the success of peace initiatives in Somalia. First, the intensity of conflict before the peace agreement is signed negatively affects the duration of peace. The higher the rate of fatalities during a conflict, the higher the likelihood that the peace agreement that followed it will fail. Second, military capabilities of the disputing clans determine if the peace agreement will succeed in sustaining. Imbalance of military capability reduces the likely duration of peace because the stronger clan may have incentives to renege on the peace accord. Third, third-party enforcement of peace accords by a credible and capable actor is a crucial element of sustainable peace. The enforcer monitors the implementation of the peace agreement and can credibly threaten to punish non-compliance.
Somali National Reconciliation
Authors: “Baadiyow” Abdurahman Abdullahi
Published: June 2019

This chapter redefines the Somali conflict by refuting Somali exceptionalism and the approach based solely on clan. Instead, it argues that the genesis of hostilities is the state–society conflict that, as a consequence, has generated a violent power struggle among the political elite. In turn, this political elite power struggle has provoked political clannism and Islamism: the two indigenous ideologies. These conflicts have been generated sequentially as a result of state–society conflict, and must be addressed as part of a four-part process of reconciliation. The chapter also recommends a ten-point programme of reconciliation, which gradually realizes good governance practices and comprehensive elite and clan reconciliation. Moreover, it proposes a participatory approach and prudent synthesis of modernity and tradition.
Foreign Fighter Influence in Al-Shabaab
Authors: Bacon Tricia , Muibu Daisy
Published: June 2019

This chapter examines foreign fighter influence in Al-Shabaab. The role and influence of foreign fighters in Al-Shabaab have varied over time. In the early years, there were numerous reports highlighting the importance of foreign fighters; however, in recent years, their influence has been limited. Regional recruits mostly come from Kenya, followed by Tanzania and Uganda. These fighters generally occupy rank and file military roles, and increase the group's ability to operate and recruit in the region. The number of foreign fighters joining Al-Shabaab from outside the region has diminished since the group purged such fighters between 2011 and 2013, and the emergence of the Islamic State and other extremist groups in Iraq and Syria. Looking ahead, foreign fighter influence within the group is likely to remain limited given that many of its activities are acutely local and its strength often depends on managing and exploiting clan conflict.
Godly Order and the Trumpet of Defiance
Authors: Halcomb Joel
Published: June 2019

This chapter explores the politics of church life among Congregational gathered churches during the English Revolution. In contrast to studies that view gathered church life at this time as too fluid and unsettled to be meaningfully analysed, it outlines the social relations and ecclesiastical structures that shaped the ‘mixed’ church polity of Congregational churches, arguing that these structures defined the corporate and personal experience of their members. In a close analysis of the transactional debate and conflict apparent in two case studies, focusing on the politics of Congregational church life at Norwich and Bury St. Edmunds in the 1640s and 1650s, it concludes that these politics were formative and creative. They determined a church’s beliefs, practices, identity, and communal life in a process best understood as denominational formation. This chapter therefore provides a method for studying religious experience within other institutional churches established both in this period and more generally.
Print and Pastoral Identity
Authors: Hughes Ann
Published: June 2019

This chapter explores the poignant dilemmas of those Presbyterian clergy who suffered ejection from their livings in 1662 following the passing and enforcement of the Act of Uniformity. Their commitment to a national church meant that they were reluctant Dissenters, demonstrated in ambiguous and complex relationships with the restored episcopal Church of England. For the likes of Samuel Clarke, Thomas Watson, Thomas Case, and other ejected Presbyterian ministers, print offered a way of establishing a virtual pastoral identity during the Restoration, not only through the production of new works but also through reissues of material first published during the 1640s and 1650s. The legacy of the Civil War was thus double-edged, in some ways comprising a culture of defeat, yet also contributing to a resolute and distinctive Presbyterian legacy through a vibrant print culture and the ongoing memorialization of Nonconformity.
A difficult choice
Authors: Grosjean François
Published: June 2019

In 1984, the author obtained a grant from the National Science Foundation to research the processing of mixed speech in bilinguals. He describes the studies that he undertook with his team along with other bilingual studies started during his sabbatical. In 1986, the author met with Noam Chomsky to talk about bilingualism and he reports on this encounter. This was also a time where he had to decide whether he should remain at Northeastern, accept a position that McGill had offered him, or return to Switzerland in search of a permanent position there. Finally, in 1987, the University of Neuchâtel offered him a professorship which he accepted.
Delving further into the bilingual person
Authors: Grosjean François
Published: June 2019

The author continued his research on language processing in bilinguals and investigated topics such as communication in various language modes, the phonetics of code-switching, the use of gender marking in word recognition, the perception of mixed speech, tracking the time delay following the perception of a code-switch, etc. The author and his team also examined a number of factors that play a role in the recognition of guest words (code-switches and borrowings). In addition, he spent some time delving further into important concepts relating to research on the bilingual person. The chapter ends with a short description of how he co-founded the academic journal, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition (Cambridge University Press).
Dating the Deaths
Authors: Eastman David L.
Published: June 2019

There was no single tradition about the deaths of Peter and Paul. Instead, there existed a cluster of traditions with some overlap on basic points, but much variety on other details. This chapter explores the options presented in attempting to date the deaths. The first part of the chapter treats the question of the date(s) of the deaths of Peter and Paul. It argues that the liturgical date of June 29 appears to control the narratives of many accounts and thus represents a functional and literary date more than an historical one. The second part of the chapter examines reckonings of the year(s) of the martyrdoms. Some authors describe the events at an undetermined time during Nero’s reign, while others provide a specific year—and the years provided vary by more than a decade.
The Physics of Radiation
Authors: Dolman Han
Published: June 2019

This chapter discusses radiation, radiative transfer and the greenhouse effect. It starts by analysing radiation from a blackbody, identifying the key difference between shortwave radiation from the Sun and longwave radiation from Earth. It then describes the Planck function, which calculates the intensity of radiation emitted by a blackbody; the Stefan–Boltzmann law, which shows how changing the temperature of a blackbody affects the rate at which it emits radiation; Wien’s law, which calculates the wavelength of maximum emission; and Kirchhoff’s law of emission and absorption. These are then used to show the effect of increasing longwave-absorbing gases in the troposphere on the lower tropospheric temperature: the greenhouse gas effect. The chapter then describes the aspects of scattering, emission and absorption that are needed to understand the interaction of radiation with greenhouse gases. The chapter concludes by discussing radiative forcing and showing the current estimate of Earth’s energy balance.
Physics and Dynamics of the Atmosphere
Authors: Dolman Han
Published: June 2019

This chapter describes the basic physics and thermodynamics of the atmosphere, starting from the ideal gas law and the hydrostatic equation, from which the lapse rate in the troposphere is derived. The effect of atmospheric moisture on the lapse rate is identified and the Clausius–Clapeyron equation giving the saturated humidity is derived. The effect of moisture on adiabatic vertical transport is shown. Then, the three-dimensional equations of motion are derived in vector form. From these, geostrophic balance and the thermal wind equations are derived. This, with the Coriolis force, gives the physical description of the atmospheric circulation. The driving force behind circulation is identified as the energy difference between the tropics and the extratropics. This is driven by radiation differences, including, at large geological scale, the Milankovitch cycles. Finally, circulation as a three-cell system per hemisphere, and the development of weather systems such as cyclones, are described.
Phosphorus, Sulphur, Iron, Oxygen and Climate
Authors: Dolman Han
Published: June 2019

This chapter describes the important nutrient cycles of phosphorus, sulphur, iron and oxygen. The pre-industrial phosphorus cycle is described, as is its current perturbation through human use. Phosphorus is a non-renewable resource, so it is expected to run out soon. At the geological timescale, the importance of weathering is shown using the example of the rise of the Himalayas and its interaction with the carbon cycle. The iron cycle is also important, as iron is carried far by dust and is thought to have played a major role in glacial–interglacial transitions. The sulphur cycle is also tightly related to oxygen, as analysis of the geological record shows. Recent developments in measuring oxygen variations in the atmosphere and in ice cores have shown that, at the 0.5 million-year timescale, the geological thermostat appears to work and that current levels are declining as a result of fossil fuel burning.
Psychosocial stress and telomere regulation
Authors: Shalev Idan , Hastings Waylon J
Published: June 2019

Telomeres, the repetitive nucleoprotein regions at chromosome ends, are hallmarks of biological aging. Deficiencies in the network of proteins and nucleic acids which govern telomere regulation result in their gradual erosion over time, and shorter telomere length is associated with chronic disease as well as all-cause mortality. Telomeres are also indicative of cumulative stress experienced across the lifespan. This chapter summarizes empirical evidence for the impact of lifelong psychosocial stress, lifestyle behaviors, and chronic diseases on telomere biology. This biological embedding of experiences involves complex interactions with cellular processes regulating telomere length. Before describing such interactions, the chapter chronicles intrinsic regulation of telomeres by enzymatic, RNA, and epigenetic mechanisms. It then considers the stress-related mechanisms implicated in telomere regulation, including neuroendocrine systems, immuno-inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial respiration. A full understanding of these processes can promote better clinical treatments and intervention efforts to reverse the damaging effect of stress on telomeres.
The Eusebian Canon Tables
Authors: Crawford Matthew R.
Published: June 2019

A central book in late antique religious life was the four-gospel codex—a manuscript containing the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John—and one of the most common features of such manuscripts is a marginal cross-referencing system known as the Canon Tables. This reading aid, invented in the early fourth century by Eusebius of Caesarea, represented a milestone achievement both in the history of the book and in the scholarly study of the fourfold gospel. The present monograph is the first ever book-length treatment of the origins and use of the Canon Tables apparatus in any language. Part one begins by defining the Canon Tables as a paratextual device that orders the textual content of the fourfold gospel; then considers the relation of the system to the prior work of Ammonius of Alexandria and the hermeneutical implications of its use. Part two examines the paratext’s reception in subsequent centuries by highlighting four case studies from different cultural and theological traditions, from Augustine of Hippo to a Syriac translator in the fifth century, to later monastic scholars in Ireland. Finally, from the eighth century onwards, Armenian scholars used the artistic adornment of the Canon Tables as a basis for contemplative meditation. These case studies represent four different modes of using the Canon Tables as a paratext and so illustrate the potential inherent in the Eusebian apparatus for engaging with the fourfold gospel in a variety of ways, from the literary to the theological to the visual.
Introduction
Authors: Crawford Matthew R.
Published: June 2019

The introduction provides a summary of the function of the Eusebian Canon Tables, covering its three constituent elements, with the set of instructions known as the Letter to Carpianus, the text division per gospel into numbered sections, and the set of tables encapsulating the sections and correspondences; then follows a survey of the linguistic traditions and manuscripts in which the Canon Tables appear, including Vulgate gospelbooks, copies of the Peshitta, Codex Argenteus, Armenian gospelbooks, the Georgian Adishi Gospels, and Abba Garima I and II. Finally, it outlines the structure of the book: chapter 1 lays the theoretical guidelines; chapter 2 examines the immediate origins of the system; chapter 3 argues that Eusebius’ paratextual system created intertextual links across the fourfold gospel and encouraged a hypertextual reading of this corpus. Chapter 4 examines Augustine’s use of the apparatus; chapter 5 presents an analysis of the revision of the system incorporated into the Syriac Peshitta gospels. Chapter 6 highlights little-studied literature produced by Irish scholars between the seventh and the ninth centuries; and chapter 7 focuses on texts from Armenia, from the eighth century and after.
The Widening Police Family, Community Policing, and Police Culture
Authors: O'Neill Megan
Published: June 2019

Chapter 1 examines exiting research on policing pluralization, community policing, and police culture. Early studies of police occupational culture found that community policing and other types of ‘soft’ policing methods (such as partnership work) were not highly valued within the organization. However, this method was to revolutionize policing in the twenty-first century. In addition, ever more aspects of ‘police’ work are now undertaken by other actors in both the public and the private sectors. Consequently, what was once an insular and guarded organization is now more open to collaboration with outsiders, and it seems to appreciate better the ‘soft’ side of policing. However, as Police Community Support Officers are employees of police forces with a police-like mandate, these staff have been seen to present a greater danger to job security and the ‘purity’ of the police officer’s role.
Measuring Peace
Authors: Caplan Richard
Published: June 2019

How can we know if the peace that has been established following a civil war is a stable peace? More than half of all countries that experienced civil war since World War II have suffered a relapse into violent conflict—in some cases more than once. Meanwhile the international community expends billions of dollars and deploys tens of thousands of personnel each year in support of efforts to build peace in countries emerging from violent conflict. This book argues that efforts to build peace are hampered by the lack of effective means of assessing progress towards the achievement of a consolidated peace. Rarely, if ever, do peacebuilding organizations and governments seek to ascertain the quality of the peace that they are helping to build and the contribution that their engagement is making (or not) to the consolidation of peace. More rigorous assessments of the robustness of peace are needed. These assessments require clarity about the characteristics of, and the requirements for, a stable peace. This in turn requires knowledge of the local culture, local history, and the specific conflict dynamics at work in a given conflict situation. Better assessment can inform peacebuilding actors in the reconfiguration and reprioritization of their operations in cases where conditions on the ground have deteriorated or improved. To build a stable peace, it is argued here, it is important to take the measure of peace.
Introduction
Authors: Hadjimichael Theodora A.
Published: June 2019

The Introduction discusses the history and meaning of the term ‘canon’, as established by Ruhnken, and explains the connotations of the term’s usage in modern scholarship. The discussion centres on the main characteristics of canonization and of literary canons in general and on the nature of the Lyric Canon specifically by focusing on the main sources in antiquity that deliver the selected lyric list. Attention is drawn to the closedness and stability of the Lyric Canon in antiquity. The Introduction finishes with a chapter layout and with an exposition of the book’s hermeneutic framework outlining the important features of the Reception Theory that were fundamental for the overall analysis. It further explains how the term ‘classic’ and ‘classical’ are understood throughout the book always in connection with the Lyric Canon, and contextualizes canon formation in antiquity within discussions and debates on modern literary canons and the classic.
The World of Lyric
Authors: Hadjimichael Theodora A.
Published: June 2019

Chapter 1 offers a sketch of lyric geography. It positions the poetic activities and movements of the lyric poets on a map of Greece and Magna Graecia, and presents lyric poetry in its environment of composition and performance. The first part places lyric poetry in its local and pan-Hellenic contexts, and takes into account the environment within which local, wandering, and pan-Hellenic lyric poets moved, and the patrons and communities for which they composed, foregrounding the song-types that prevail in certain periods and areas. The second part addresses the paradoxical status of Athens as the city that did not produce lyric, but still helped preserve it. Athens imports lyric poets for its festivals, and the discussion explores the manner in which non-Athenian lyric poets were chosen to participate in Athenian festivals and calls attention to the paradoxical absence from official Athenian records of the names of victorious lyric poets.
The Peripatos
Authors: Hadjimichael Theodora A.
Published: June 2019

Chapter 4 analyses the importance of the Peripatos in the canonizing process of lyric, and the analysis demonstrates a degree of continuity between fifth- and fourth-century reception and evaluation of lyric poetry. The aim of the Peripatetics was to register, memorialize, and study the Greek culture by accumulating written records and creating learned treatises. Close analysis of several fragments shows that the Peripatetic library also possessed texts of lyric, which were used to prepare the peri-treatises on the lyric poets. The Peripatetic lyric agenda is ultimately a classicizing agenda that was inherited by comedy and Plato, as the Peripatetics do not devote much scholarly energy to the representatives of the New Music. The overall analysis shows that Aristotle’s Lyceum became a centre for literary study that viewed poems as cultural and anthropological sources, and extant fragments from their treatises reveal that the Peripatetics also dealt with problems of authorship and authenticity.
The Hellenistic Era
Authors: Hadjimichael Theodora A.
Published: June 2019

Chapter 6 transports us to the Alexandrian Library. The first part focuses on the question of when and how book-rolls reached the Library, and the analysis foregrounds possible connections with the Peripatos and its library. Although we have cases of single travelling poems (Olympian 5), lyric texts arrived to the Library largely as corpora, and scholarly work on lyric begun with Zenodotus, continued with Aristophanes of Byzantium, and was intensified with Aristarchus, while Callimachus presumably had lyric texts in his disposal when he was preparing his Pinakes. The second part addresses the question of whether the Lyric Canon was based on poetic quality and evaluation or simply on availability of texts. The analysis demonstrates that the Hellenistic era did not create the Lyric Canon; the Alexandrians rather inherited an already set agenda which determined the authors who were worthy of scholarly attention and subsequently worthy to be canonized.
The Paradox of Bacchylides
Authors: Hadjimichael Theodora A.
Published: June 2019

Chapter 7 focuses on Bacchylides, who, despite his pan-Hellenic poetic presence, is neither quoted nor named in any of the sources that become crucial for the formation of the Lyric Canon. He is nonetheless included in the Lyric Canon, his text is edited according to principles of colometry, and his poems are classified and organized in books in Alexandria. Based on Hellenistic inscriptional and epigrammatic sources his poetry possibly circulated within the broader Hellenistic world, and the engagement of Herodotus and Aristophanes with two of his odes is strong evidence to suggest knowledge of Bacchylides in the fifth and fourth centuries BC. With regards to his canonization and in view of the fact that the Alexandrians inherited an already selected list, it is justifiable to argue that Bacchylides was canonized not merely because his text was available in the Library but also because the Hellenistic scholars were somehow aware of his poetry.
Flow through Elastic Tubes
Authors: Shinbrot Troy
Published: June 2019

Fluids equations from Chapter 1 and elasticity equations from Chapter 2 are combined to establish how flow through elastic tubes (as in the vasculature) must occur. Unstable versus stable flows are considered, and concepts from complex analysis are introduced. The main topic is flow in elastic-walled tubes, whereas complex analysis is dealt with as an aside.
Rheology in Complex Fluids 2
Authors: Shinbrot Troy
Published: June 2019

Blood flow is described, including changes in viscosity in narrow tubes and effects of shear-induced migration. Segregation of particles based on size is considered, and ordering of red blood cells is used as a model for spontaneous ordering in other systems. Unexpected consequences of diffusion are introduced.
Statistical Mechanics, Diffusion, and Self-Assembly
Authors: Shinbrot Troy
Published: June 2019

Equations for random wandering of particles are derived, and the phenomenon of entropic ordering is explained. Boltzmann’s particle-based approach to diffusion is compared to Maxwell’s continuum hypothesis, and van ’t Hoff’s formula for osmosis is obtained. Other topics include diffusivity, the distribution of energy, and the applications of Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics.
The Superior Courts of Common Law
Authors: Baker John
Published: June 2019

This chapter traces the history of the superior courts of common law in Westminster Hall, after they emerged from the undifferentiated Curia Regis of the twelfth century. The most important was the Common Bench, the court for ‘common pleas’ which after 1234 was legally distinct from the court held before the king himself, the King’s Bench. A third court, the Exchequer, was meant for the king’s revenue business. By 1700 all three had become courts for common pleas, by making use of fictions: in the King’s Bench a fictional allegation of trespass in Middlesex (to put the defendant in gaol, with the aid of a writ of latitat), in the Exchequer a fictional allegation of debt to the Crown in a writ of quominus. These are explained. Such techniques did not escape controversy, and the process of jurisdictional conflict and assimilation is related.
The Forms of Action
Authors: Baker John
Published: June 2019

This chapter is concerned with writs, and principally with the ‘original’ writs which commenced an action at common law. Though designed as a means of administrative regulation, a decision to stop inventing new ones made them definitive of the common law. The procedures initiated by each type of writ – the ‘forms of action’ – dominated English law until the nineteenth century. The principal varieties of writ were praecipe (demanding a right) and trespass (complaining of wrong). The latter were at first limited to trespasses with force against the king’s peace, but this requirement was dropped around 1350 and writs of trespass ‘on the case’, tailored to a plaintiff’s facts, enabled the common law to begin its escape from the formulary system and to develop a wide range of new remedies. Some account is also given of judicial writs, which controlled process once a suit had been originated.
The Jury and Pleading
Authors: Baker John
Published: June 2019

This chapter concentrates on the jury and the history of pleading, which was at the heart of the common-law system. Pleading was the means of defining a factual issue which could be tried by jury. In medieval times pleadings were framed orally, and most legal argument occurred at the pre-trial stage. In the Tudor period this was turned round: pleadings were settled in writing, and legal arguments took place once the facts had been found. Special verdicts enabled more facts to be put before the judges than were in the pleadings. The change was dependent on the ‘motions in banc’, particularly the motion in arrest of judgment, and later the motion for a new trial, which worked like a modern appeal save that they took place before judgment. The effect of dispensing with civil juries is considered, and the chapter ends with an account of procedural reforms.
Judicial Review of Decisions
Authors: Baker John
Published: June 2019

This chapter is concerned with the history of mechanisms for reviewing judicial and administrative decisions. It begins with the writ of error, which was confined to errors on the face of the record of a court of record and therefore not an appeal as now understood. But informal methods were developed for reserving points to be discussed by all the judges of England, usually in the Exchequer Chamber or Serjeants’ Inn. Appeals in a wider sense began in Chancery and were not brought into the common-law system till 1875. The ‘prerogative writs’ of prohibition, habeas corpus, certiorari, and mandamus, enabled the King’s Bench to review inferior jurisdictions and also the exercise of power by officials and ministers. It is explained how this grew into the present system of administrative law. There is also a brief account of the rise of tribunals, and how their decisions came to be reviewable.
Legal Literature
Authors: Baker John
Published: June 2019

This chapter surveys the development of English legal literature. It begins with the Latin treatises called Glanvill and Bracton, which by the end of the thirteenth century had given way to more accessible practical works in French. The most important of the new writings were the reports of real cases taken in court, the year books. The evolution of law reporting is traced, and there is an assessment of the changes in the Tudor period, particularly Plowden’s innovative Commentaries. The effect of printing is also considered. Access to case-law was at first primarily via abridgments rather than treatises, but Littleton’s student textbook on Tenures marked a new departure in the fifteenth century. Treatises of comparable importance to Littleton were few, but notable among legal authors were St German, Coke (also a major law reporter), Hale, and Blackstone.
Liberalism, Neutrality, and the Gendered Division of Labor
Authors: Schouten Gina
Published: June 2019

The trend toward gender equalization in domestic and paid labor allocations has stalled, and a growing number of scholars argue that, absent political intervention, further eroding of the gendered division of labor will not be forthcoming anytime soon. Certain political interventions could jumpstart the stalled gender revolution, but beyond their prospects for effectiveness, such interventions stand in need of another kind of justification. In a diverse, liberal state, reasonable citizens will disagree about what makes for a good life and a good society. Because a fundamental commitment of liberalism is to limit political intrusion into the lives of citizens and allow considerable space for those citizens to act on their own conceptions of the good, questions of legitimacy arise. Legitimacy concerns the constraints we must abide by as we seek collective political solutions to our shared social problems, given that we will disagree, reasonably, both about what constitutes a problem and about what costs we should be willing to incur to fix it. The interventions in question would subsidize gender-egalitarian lifestyles at a cost to those who prefer to maintain a traditional gendered division of labor. In a pluralistic, liberal society where many citizens reasonably resist the feminist agenda, can scarce public resources be used to finance political interventions to subsidize gender egalitarianism? This book argues that they can, and moreover, that they can even by the lights of political liberalism, a particularly demanding theory of liberal legitimacy.
The Political Case for Gender Egalitarianism
Authors: Schouten Gina
Published: June 2019

This chapter argues that a liberal society cannot remain stable over time if its institutions are structured on the basis of an assumption that one’s sex will dictate the kind of work that one does. Stability in the relevant sense includes a moral dimension, and this chapter shows that moralized stability is threatened by arguing that the institutionalized assumption that sex will dictate the kind of work that one does is an affront to the political value of autonomy. When gender norms and social institutions built upon the assumption of breadwinner/homemaker specialization constitute formidable obstacles to the enactment of gender-egalitarian lifestyles, the citizenship interest in stability will license—and in fact demand—interventions to remove those obstacles. The criterion of reciprocity thus positively calls for gender-egalitarian political interventions under these circumstances. I go on to argue that the circumstances demanding those interventions obtain in the United States today.
Nominal derivation
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: June 2019

Derivation is mostly suffixal. This chapter focuses on word formation, in particular the productive abstract formatives -iþa, -þs, etc., and the vowel stems extended by -n- (-ei etc.), actor nominals in -(j)an- and -areis. The main adjective formations include material and relational -eins, characterizing -a/i/ug-, -isks for ethnicity and appurtenance, and -n- extended diminutive nouns in-(i)la. Gothic has many suffixes not shared with the rest of Germanic. Some that are shared have different properties. For instance, -iþa is very productive in Gothic and specialized on heavy monosyllabic bases. One of the most productive suffixes in North and West Germanic is *‑i/unga-, barely represented in Gothic, and the feminine alternant *‑i/ungō is completely absent from Gothic.
Cooperative Strategy
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David , Tallman Stephen , Hsieh Linda
Published: June 2019

Cooperation has become the leading strategy adopted by business and other organizations. It is taking on new forms that are adapted to changing market expectations and technological possibilities in the rapidly evolving business environment. This new edition of Cooperative Strategy provides a comprehensive view of the practical and theoretical literature concerning cooperative strategies, and the alliance and network organizational forms that are the enablers of these strategies. It takes the reader through the stages of developing a cooperative alliance, from choosing a cooperative form and selecting partners, to establishing an alliance and managing the process of cooperation. It examines cooperative strategies in different sectors as well as internationally, and discusses performance criteria and evolution of cooperation over time. With insights from internationally recognized experts on cooperative strategy, this book presents extensive research on the topic while also addressing practical issues of alliance management. Echoing the words of the famous social psychologist Kurt Lewin that “there is nothing so practical as a good theory,” the authors provide a sound understanding of the theory and research on cooperative strategy so as to inform its practice. In this respect, this new edition follows its predecessor as an essential resource for both students and managers alike.
Introduction
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David , Tallman Stephen , Hsieh Linda
Published: June 2019

Chapter 1 defines cooperative strategy, and compares it with competitive and corporate strategy. Cooperative strategy can help to improve competitive strategy by enhancing the qualities that afford competitive advantage. It can also strengthen corporate strategy by making the corporate mission more attainable. The chapter notes the growing use of cooperative strategies in various forms. The range is wide and includes collaborations between two or relatively few organizations such as joint ventures and research and development partnerships; multi-partner alliances such as oil-exploration consortia, industry-wide associations, innovation networks, global supply chains, collaborations through information and communications technology platforms; and public–private partnerships. The chapter recognizes the importance of information technology in assisting the management and coordination of alliances and networks, but notes that it cannot substitute for trust-based personal relationships between key actors crucial for successful cooperation. The chapter then describes how the book is organized into parts and chapters.