bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gingival recession in the mandibular central incisor region of Saudi schoolchildren aged 10–15 years
Authors: El Samad Younes Salwa Abd , El Angbawi Mohammad Farouk
Published: May 2006

Abstract
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Incidence of gingival recession in the mandibular Central incisor region was examined in a sample of 1336 male and female Saudi schoolchildren aged from 10–15 yr. Gingival recession was found in 9.88% with no significant difference in the‐ affected teeth by age (p>0.8361). There was a significant difference in the mean clinical crown length between the affected and adjacent teeth (p<0.0001). The highest significant association of gingival recession was found with inflammation (p<0.0001), anterior crowding (p<0.0009) and frenal involvement (p<0.0001). The results of this investigation suggest that future studies should be made to evaluate the effect of miswak as a cleansing agent for the gingival tissues among the Saudi population.
Relationship between fluoridation and socioeconomic status on dental caries experience in 5‐year‐old New Zealand children
Authors: Evans R. Wendell , Beck Donald J. , Brown R. Harvey , Silva Phil A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract This article examines the relationship between fluoridation and socioeconomic status on caries experience, as measured by the dmf index, in 5‐yr‐old New Zealand children in the city of Dunedin (fluoridated in 1967) and in adjacent non‐fluoride communities. The children were subdivided into six socioeconomic status groups (SES 1, professional and managerial ‐ SES 6, unskilled workers), but then for simplicity they were combined to form three groups. A two‐way analysis of variance demonstrated that interaction between fluoride history and socioeconomic status was not significant. In all three SES groups, dmf was higher in non‐fluoride communities, but the difference was significant only in SES group (5&6) (P < 0.01). Caries experience increased with decreasing socioeconomic status in both fluoride and non‐fluoride communities, but this effect was only significant between SES groups (1&2) and (3&4) in the fluoridated community (p < 0.05), and between SES groups (3&4) and (5&6) in non‐fluoride communities (P < 0.01). These results are compared with those of similar studies, and it is concluded that so far, the relationship between fluoridation and socioeconomic status on caries experience remains equivocal. A note of caution is sounded regarding the interpretation of such results, and the difficulties faced when comparing studies is discussed.
Risk factors for various levels of periodontal disease and treatment needs in Iowa
Authors: Beck James D. , Lainson Philip A. , Field Howard M. , Hawkins Benny F.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A cross‐sectional study of the non‐institutionalized population of the State of Iowa was completed in 1980. Persons were interviewed by telephone and a follow‐up dental examination was conducted in the home. Periodontal treatment needs were measured using the WHO‐621 Index of Periodontal Treatment Needs which has been modified and is now known as the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs. Findings were consistent with other recent studies, which have shown a relatively high proportion of gingival bleeding and calculus. Although moderate pocket formation (3–6 mm) occurs in approximately 30% of the adult population, complex treatment needs (pockets 6 mm or greater) occurred in only 1.3% of the population. While sex did not significantly affect the distribution of periodontal needs; age, recency of visit to the dentist and income are possible risk factors for serious periodontal disease.
Epidemiologic study of the association between alcohol habits and oral leukoplakia
Authors: Gupta Prakash C.
Published: May 2006

Abstract In a house‐to‐house survey in Ernakulam district, Kerala State, 10914 individuals were interviewed for their tobacco and alcohol habits and examined for the presence of oral leukoplakia. Very few females (1.6%) were found to be alcohol users and they were excluded from further analysis. Among 7604 males, 30.4% used alcohol regularly, 25.4% occasionally and 44.2% were non‐users. The prevalence of leukoplakia was significantly higher among regular (5.7%) and occasional (3.9%) users than among non‐users (2.9%) of alcohol. Alcohol usage was found to be related to age as well as tobacco habits. The prevalence of leukoplakia was higher among alcohol users in each age‐group as well as in each tobacco habit category. After age‐adjustment the difference between alcohol users and non‐users, although reduced, remained significant. For most tobacco habit categories the trend remained similar after age‐adjustment except for the mixed habits group, for which there was a reversal of the trend. The alcohol habit may, perhaps, produce discernible effects only in association with other ‘weak’ etiological risk factors, such as a single tobacco habit of smoking or chewing rather than a ‘strong’ etiologic factor such as the mixed habits of chewing and smoking.
Prevalence of dental caries in a group of adult Vietnamese refugees in Norway
Authors: Selikowitz Harry‐Sam
Published: May 2006

Abstract About 3500 Vietnamese refugees have settled in Norway since 1975. The purpose of this survey was to investigate the dental health of 200 Vietnamese refugees, 142 males and 58 females above the age of 12 years. The clinical examinations were done 3 weeks after arrival in Norway and included decayed, extracted and filled surfaces and teeth (DMFS and DMFT). The sample was divided into four age groups, 12–19, 20–29, 30–39 and 40 +. Only 9% of the sample was cariesfree. Mean DMFT ranged from 8.7 in the youngest age group to 11.5 in the oldest. DMFS scores consisted primarily of decayed surfaces and mean DS did not vary much in the different age groups. The examinations revealed a higher prevalence of caries in the permanent second molars than in the permanent first molars in all age groups. The present study seems to support previous reports on the caries situation of the Vietnamese which have indicated a dramatic rise in the caries prevalence. In this study the average DMFT was similar to other Asian populations, but less than Norwegians of comparable age. The results suggest a high treatment need in the Vietnamese refugees.
Emergence of permanent teeth and onset of dental stages in Japanese children
Authors: Höuffding Jesper , Maeda Mitsunobu , Yamaguchi Kazushi , Tsuji Hajimu , Kuwabara Seiichi , Nohara Yoshihiro , Yoshida Sadahiro
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of the present cross‐sectional study was to provide mean times of emergence of permanent teeth and onset of dental stages in Japanese children. A total of 1819 schoolchildren aged 6–15 yr were recorded. The results demonstrated specific sequences of emergence in the two arches and earlier emergence times in girls than in boys, both findings in keeping with investigations on other ethnic groups. Secular trend in tooth emergence was studied by comparing the results with data on Japanese children in 1934. The comparison revealed earlier mean times of emergence in general in contemporary Japanese.
Trends in the development of oral hygiene habits in Finnish adolescents from 1977 to 1981
Authors: Honkala Eino , Rimpelä Matti , Pasanen Matti
Published: May 2006

Abstract The aim of this study (part of the Juvenile Health Habit Study) was to analyze changes in how frequently certain oral hygiene measures are used, namely toothbrushing and dental flossing in 1977–81. A representative sample of Finnish adolescents aged 12, 14, 16 and 18 yield, were sent a postal questionnaire in February 1977 (n= 3209), another in February 1979 (n= 4953), and a third one in February 1981 (n= 4705). The response rates for the three questionnaires were 88%, 86% and 88%, respectively. During the years studied no systematic changes occurred in the toothbrushing frequency. When the background factors that are highly correlated with toothbrushing frequency (school career or school success of adolescents, householder's occupation and education, place of residence) were studied, no consistent changes were observed from 1977 to 1981. The percentage of adolescents who used dental floss daily did not change. However, the proportion of sporadic users of dental floss increased from 13% in 1979 to 24% in 1981. Dental health education had little effect on toothbrushing habits and its background variables, although the amount of time spent in dental health education during the same period had increased significantly. Programs of dental health education should be evaluated so that the situation can be improved in the future.
Effect of occlusal treatment on sick leaves in TMJ dysfunction patients with head and neck symptoms
Authors: Kirveskari Pentti , Alanen Pentti
Published: May 2006

Abstract The aim of the study was to test the effect of occlusal treatment on sick leaves utilized in clinically diagnosed TMJ dysfunction patients who had had sick leaves for head and neck symptoms. The patient population differed clearly from a typical TMJ dysfunction clientele. Qualitative statistical analysis disclosed a significant reduction in sick leaves granted in the treatment group (n= 28). The result was corroborated by quantitative statistical analysis. No change was observed in the control group (n= 25). The changes in the number of days on sick leave and in the signs of dysfunction during the follow‐up year showed a tendency to covariation. Since there was little reason to suspect that the placebo effect would have been greater in the treatment group than in the control group, it was concluded that the occlusal treatment could have eliminated some of the causes for sick leaves.
Clinical assessment of amalgam fillings
Authors: Rytömaa Inkeri , Murtomaa Heikki , Turtola Lauri , Lind Kirsti
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of amalgam fillings among 20‐yr‐old Helsinki University students. The quality of the fillings was evaluated for the teeth 16 and 46. The marginal adaptation, anatomical form and surface texture of the fillings were evaluated and the filled surfaces were classified as being good, or requiring refinishing or replacement. The age of the fillings and how often they had been replaced were also evaluated from previous records. 47% of the filled surfaces were classified as good, 43% needed to be refinished and 10% needed replacement. The reasons for refinishing a filling were faults in surface texture (61 %), anatomical form (23 %) or marginal adaptation (16%). The reasons for replacing a filling were fractured filling (38%), secondary caries or incorrect marginal adaptation (23%), inadequate anatomical form (13 %) or poor surface texture (26%) which could not be refinished. The mean age of all fillings was 6.6 yr. The mean age of fillings which needed replacement was 7.3 yr. The maxillary first molar had been filled an average of 2.0 times and the mandibular first molar 2.2 times by the age of 20 yr.
Developmental defects of enamel in a group of New Zealand children: their prevalence and some associated etiological factors
Authors: Suckling Grace W. , Pearce Euan I. F.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The prevalence of developmental defects of enamel was assessed in 243 children aged 12–14 yr using the FDI Index. The teeth were not cleaned or dried prior to examination for which fibre optic lighting was used. At least one tooth with defective enamel was seen in 63% of children with a demarcated white opacity present in 44% of children. The enamel was abnormal in 11.7% of teeth, diffuse patchy opacities and demarcated while opacities occurring in 4.4 and 4.2%, respectively. Although defects were found most frequently in the maxillary central incisors, the ranking order of prevalence and the distribution for demarcated and diffuse opacities was quite different. Sex, residence, and the common childhood illnesses did not alter the prevalence of defects which was, however, increased significantly in 22 children with a history of a serious illness or accident (0.01 > P > 0.001). The prevalence of the diffuse opacities was significantly increased with increased exposure to fluoride either in tablets nr in the drinking water (0.01 > P > 0.001).
Prevalence of juvenile periodontitis in a British school population
Authors: Saxby Michael
Published: May 2006

Abstract In a survey of 7266 schoolchildren, aged 14–19 yr, the prevalence of juvenile periodontitis was found to be 0.1%. A predilection for Negroes was noted. There was no difference in prevalence between sexes.
Physiologic pigmentation of the oral mucosa in Israeli Jews of different ethnic origin
Authors: Gorsky Meir , Buchner Amos , Moskona David , Aviv Israel
Published: May 2006

Abstract The prevalence of oral physiologic pigmentation in three ethnic groups of a total of 2465 Israeli Jews was determined, and the relationship of oral pigmentation to age and sex with in the groups was noted. Results showed the presence of oral pigmentation in 63.6% of the Eastern group, 54.8% of the Sephardic group, and 24.9% of the Ashkenazi group. No indication was found of sex predilection, and no significant trend was evident in the prevalence of pigmentation with relation to age. The leading site of pigmentation among the entire sample was the gingiva, and this finding did not vary with ethnicity.
Effect of fluoridation on dental health in 5‐and 11‐year‐old Irish schoolchildren
Authors: Lemasney Joe , O'Mullanne Denis , Coleman Mary
Published: May 2006

Abstract Sixty percent of the population of the Republic of Ireland live in communities served with fluoridated water supplies. A study was carried out to compare dental caries levels, treatment needs, and the cost of meeting these needs, in one town with fluoridated water supplies and two smaller towns without. In the fluoridated town 5‐yr‐old children had 36% less caries and would cost 29% less to treat than the corresponding age group in the non‐fluoridated towns. Restorative treatment levels in both areas were minimal for this age group. In the 11‐yr‐old children there was a 42% difference in DM FT and a cost saving in treatment required because of caries of 50% in favour of the fluoridated community. Anterior permanent teeth benefited most, with a reduction of 81% in mean DMFT. In both areas most of the decay was seen in the permanent first molar teeth. Restorative treatment levels, while higher for the 11‐yr‐old age group, were still unsatisfactory.
Rural dental program in Haiti
Authors: Lang Walter Paul , Hamard Margot Avila , MacKenzie Russell Charles
Published: May 2006

Abstract A rural dental program located on La Gonâve, an island near the coast of Haiti is described along with demographic characteristics of the local population. The oral health of 61 adolescents and young adults seen during screening examinations was assessed. Caries free individuals made up 14.8% of the population. The mean DMFT for the group was 4.20. The OHIS score for the sample was 1.35; the PI score was 0.39. No significant association was found between DMFT, OHIS, PI and sex. One subject had a PI score 5.8 standard deviations from the mean score for the group and exhibited signs suggesting juvenile periodontitis.
Oral anomalies in Nigerian children
Authors: Sawyer Danny R. , Taiwo Emmanuel O. , Mosadomi Adeyemi
Published: May 2006

Abstract A total of 2203 Nigerian school‐age children (10–19 yr) were examined clinically for the presence of oral anomalies. The following prevalence figures were found: commissural lip pits (2.9%), ankyloglossia (0.2%), geographic tongue (0.3%), fissured tongue (0.8%), torus palatinus (4.5%), torus mandibularis (1.9%), snowcap type amelogenesis imperfecta (0.2%), localized enamel hypomaturation (11.7%), missing lateral incisors (0.7%), and peg lateral incisors (1.5%). None of the following conditions was found: cleft chin, cleft lip, double lip, medium rhomboid glossitis, bifid tongue, macroglossia, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate.
Dental health status and attitudes to dental care in families participating in a Danish fluoride tablet program
Authors: Friis‐Hasché Erik , Bergmann Jörgen , Wenzel Ann , Thylstrup Anders , Pedersen Kjeld Möller , Petersen Poul Erik
Published: May 2006

Abstract The caries experience and dental fluorosis of 84 Danish children, who had used fluoride tablets for 1–4 yr in the period 1976–80, were compared with those of a group matching in sex, age, place of living, and socioeconomic status. The average age of the children at the time of examination was 5.8 yr. A recording of mothers’attitudes to dental care, knowledge about tooth brushing, attitudes to candy, and number of teeth in the maxilla showed no difference between the fluoride tablet group and the non‐users’group. Moreover, there was no significant difference between the two groups with respect to dental caries. The findings are discussed in relation to recent reports on the decline of dental caries resulting from widespread use of local administration of fluorides.
Prosthetic needs and demands for services of a group of elderly people in Israel
Authors: Mersel Alex , Anaise Joseph Z. , Shem‐Tov Arye
Published: May 2006

Abstract Prosthetic needs and demands for care were investigated in a group of the elderly, residing in Romema, Jerusalem, Israel. Of the population aged 60 and above residing in the neighborhood, 34% (n= 116) were selected at random. These were examined under standardized conditions and prosthetic status and denture requirements were recorded. The findings indicate that the prosthetic status was poor and the treatment needs extensive. In all, over 83% of the study population were edentulous, the majority in both arches. Although 86.3% of the edentulous subjects possessed dentures, over 86% of these subjects needed some form of prosthetic treatment. About 60% needed new full or partial dentures and over 25% had dentures whose fit and retention could be improved by rebasing, relining or minor adjustments.
Comparison of two screening tests for Streptococcus mutants and evaluation of their suitability for mass screenings and private practice
Authors: Newbrun Ernest , Matsukubo T. , Hoover Charles I. , Graves Richard C. , Brown Albert T. , Disney Judith A. , Bohannan Harry M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Two simple microbiological tests for quantitating salivary Streptococcus mutants levels were compared with each other and evaluated for suitability for mass screenings and private practice. Both tests use mitis salivarius medium with bacitracin (MSB) and are selective for S. mutans. One test estimates colories grown on agar (MSBA) and the other estimates colonies grown in broth that adhere to glass (MSBB). Both are scored from 1 (lowest) to 5 (highest). Children (293) in grades 5 and 6 in Tallahassee, Florida (nonfluoridated) were tested for S. mutants levels. Scores of children by both tests were significantly similar (χ2, regression and Kappa statistical analysis). Correlation coefficients (regression) between scores and DMFS increments of the previous 4 yr were 0.35 (MSBA) and 0.26 (MSBB). Both tests were very good in identifying children with low caries increments, but positive scores did not correlate well with high caries increments. Sampling and interpreting took 2 min (MSBA) and 1 min (MSBB). Cost of MSBA/child was $1.15, and MSBB/child $1.25. These tests are economical and suitable for mass screenings to identify low risk populations who do not require preventive treatment.
Caries, diet, dental knowledge and socioeconomic variables in a population of 15‐year‐old Israeli schoolchildren
Authors: Sgan‐Cohen Harold D. , Lipsky Rachel , Behar Ruth
Published: May 2006

Abstract A population of 163 10th grade, 15‐yr‐old students of a Jerusalem high school were surveyed for caries prevalence, cariogenic dietary habits, dental knowledge and socioeconomic variables. A mean level of 7.75 DMFT was found, confirming results of previous studies which indicate a general increase of caries prevalence in Israel over the past two decades. None of the independent variables measured constituted significant predictors of caries prevalence. However, father's geographic origin, mother's educational level and social class according to father's occupation demonstrated significant associations with caries treatment levels as expressed by the FT and DT components of the DMFT index.
Epidemiologic study of dental emergencies among utilizers in an insured population in Washington, USA
Authors: Ngim Chun Han , Peterson Donald R. , Milgrom Peter
Published: May 2006

Abstract This is a study of the epidemiology of dental emergencies based on information abstracted from the microfilmed dental claim forms of a large American insurance program in 1981–82. Overall, about 4% of all dental visits were classifiable as emergencies. There were significant seasonal and age variations in dental emergencies. There was no variation with respect to geographic regions in the State of Washington (USA) or sex. Paradoxically, residents in regions having fluoridated water supplies were at equal risk of developing dental emergencies due to dental caries, relative to those residing in non‐fluoridated regions. There was also no difference in risk associated with insurance deductibles, although generally deductibles are thought to deter first‐contact visits.
Uninstructed toothbrushing behaviour in young adults in relation to cigarette smoking in Newcastle
Authors: MacGregor Ian D. M. , Rugg‐Gunn Andrew J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Video recordings were obtained of 50 men aged 18–20 yr (25 smokers, 25 non‐smokers) brushing their teeth. From repeated viewing of the films the total brushing time and the number of strokes used in each of 16 areas of the mouth were obtained for each subject. Comparisons between smokers and non‐smokers of time spent brushing, and number of brushing strokes used overall and in each area of the mouth, showed no significant differences. However, the distribution of brushing strokes around the mouth was more uniform in the non‐smokers than in the smokers, which may indicate a tendency towards less favourable toothbrushing performance in smokers.
Dental status of pregnant women attending a Brisbane maternity hospital
Authors: Jago J. D. , Chapman P. J. , Aitken J. F. , McEniery T. M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A sample of 314 consecutive women attending for their first antenatal visit at a public hospital were examined according to the WHO survey procedure. The women's age ranged from 16 to 42 yr with a mean of 23.5 yr. Only 3% were edentulous in both jaws, but 13% had some form of denture. A quarter had pocketing in at least one sextant and only 16% were free of gingivitis. The average number of DMF teeth was 15.8, comprising 2.7 decayed, 4.5 missing and 8.6 filled teeth; 70% had teeth needing restoration and 10% had at least one tooth needing extraction. There were significant relationships between DMF score and age (positive) and between number of teeth needing restoration and age, educational level, and the woman's own perception of her dental health (all inverse). Some form of dental attention was needed by 86% of the women; 12% had conditions needing immediate attention. By comparison with a 1971 study of pregnant women in Brisbane, there has been a marked decline in DMFT score (from 19.1 to 15.8).
Cost‐benefit analysis of water fluoridation in Townsvilie, Australia
Authors: Doessel Darrel Phillip
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to quantify the economic costs and benefits of water fluoridation in the city of Townsville, Australia. The study has been undertaken in such a way as to overcome the problems associated with hypothetical cohort analysis in the economic analysis of health projects. The method utilised involves analysing the economic effects on the total population subject to water fluoridation, through the systematic disaggregation and valuation of demographic, dental and economic data. The study indicates that significant economic benefits will accrue to the Townsville community through water fluoridation, under a wide range of conditions and assumptions.
Skeletal changes in dentists and farmers in Finland
Authors: Katevuo Kalevi , Aitasalo Kalle , Lehtinen Risto , Pietilä Juhani
Published: May 2006

Abstract Two groups were studied: dentists and farmers from the Turku area. Radiologic examination of both groups included the spinal column, rib cage and shoulder joint. Spondylosis of the cervical spine was present in 68 (52.1%) of the dentists and 59 (19.2%) of the farmers. Lumbar spondylosis was more common among farmers than among dentists in the corresponding age group. Changes in the shoulder joint occurred significantly more often in dentists than in farmers. The findings in this study indicate that dentists appear to belong to the group doing heavy work.
Influence of social class and fluoridation on child dental health
Authors: Colquhoun John
Published: May 2006

Abstract In this study in oral epidemiology, officially collected statistics are presented which show that, 15 yr after fluoridation commenced in Auckland, New Zealand, there was still a significant correlation between dental health of children and their social class. They also show that treatment levels have continued to decline in both fluoridated and unfluoridated areas, and are related to social class factors rather than to the presence or absence of water fluoridation. In the unfluoridated areas all the children, and in the fluoridated areas only selected children, had received regular topical fluoride treatments. In both areas the use of fluoride toothpastes and oral hygiene had been encouraged. When the socioeconomic variable is allowed for, child dental health appears to be better in the unfluoridated areas.
Toothbrushing duration in 60 uninstructed young adults
Authors: Macgregor Ian D. M. , Rugg‐Gunn Andrew J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract 60 uninstructed adults aged 18–22 yr (agricultural students) brushed their teeth and were recorded on video tape. From repeated viewing of the tapes, the total brushing time and the numbers of strokes used in each of 16 areas of the mouth were obtained for each subject. The mean (± SD) brushing time was 33.0 s (±12.0); the mean number of strokes employed by each subject was 302 (±122). More strokes were used to brush the mandibular than the maxillary arch, labial and buccal than occlusal areas, and occlusal than lingual areas. The results are compared with those from a similar study in uninstructed schoolchildren, reported previously.
Dimensionality of dental anxiety measurements
Authors: Schuurs Albert H. B. , Duivenvoorden Hugo J. , van Velzen Sijo K. Thoden , Verhage Frans , Makkes Peter C. , Eijkman Michiel A. J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A survey among 620, 30–40‐yr‐olds, was carried out in order to measure dental anxiety with Corah's DAS, Weiner's AALC, and some other questions on anxiety, among which was the duration of psychophysiologic responses prior to a dental appointment. The data were analyzed with a Non Metric Components analysis. The DAS turned out to be unidimensional. The AALC on the other hand appeared to contain four components. A second stage analysis comprising the DAS component, the four AALC components, and the remaining variables revealed a two‐dimensional structure, of which only the first component is dentistry related. This component showed better differentiation of the respondents than with DAS or AALC alone. Part of AALC's questions and a question about anxiety in daily life proved to be superfluous for measuring dental anxiety. It is concluded that dental anxiety and anxiety in general have to be measured with questions covering different aspects.
Dental status and dental needs of an elderly population in Israel
Authors: Mann Jonathan , Mersel Alexander , Gabai Eva
Published: May 2006

Abstract Dental status and dental needs of a geriatric population were evaluated among 304 elderly people living in old age homes and in their own homes in Jerusalem, Israel. A total of 181 people (59.5%) were edentulous in both jaws and an additional 3% were edentulous in one jaw. Almost all dentures (95%) were considered to be unsatisfactory. In all, 1809 h were found to be necessary for treating cavities and prosthetic needs of this population and an additional 214 h for periodontal treatment which did not include surgery. In conclusion the dental status of this population was poor and dental needs were high. Since dental treatment is so expensive it is believed that this population would receive almost no treatment but for the future emphasis should be put into primary and secondary prevention from very young ages so that needs of (his population as they gel older would dramatically decrease as compared to the need of this study population.
Dental caries in preschoolchildren in Gizan, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Salem G. M. A. , Holm S. A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract 296 preschoolchildren attending the pediatric clinic at Gizan Hospital were examined over a period of 3 months. Caries was recorded using the criteria described by WHO. One third of the children had untreated caries and none of the children had received any restorative dental care. A strategy for development of preventive dental services for this age group is discussed.
Traumatic dental injuries in schollchildren from Santo Domingo
Authors: Garcia‐Godoy Franklin , Morbán‐Laucer Fernando , Corominas Luis R. , Franjul Rafaela A. , Noyola Miriam
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of this retrospective study was to analyze, by age and sex, 1) the prevalence of traumatic injuries to permanent incisors and canines, and 2) their distribution according to type in schoolchildren from the city of Santo Domingo, in the Southern part of the Dominican Republic, which is located in the Caribbean Archipelago. The sample consisted of 1200 children aged 6–17 yr enrolled in eight public and private schools. Garcia‐Godoy's classification for traumatic injuries was used. The prevalence of injuries was 12.2% (13.1% in boys and 11.2% in girls). The largest number of injuries was presented by the 14‐yr‐old children (17.4%) followed by the 13‐ and 12‐yr‐olds (15.7% and 11.7%, respectively). More boys injured their teeth than girls (not significantly) with a boy‐to‐girl ratio of 1.1:1. The most common type of injury in both sexes was enamel‐dentin fracture, followed by enamel fracture.
Prevalence of malocclusion in mentally retarded young adults
Authors: Vigild Merete
Published: May 2006

Abstract Occlusal anomalies were recorded in 218 mentally retarded young adults, aged 13–19 yr. Down's syndrome was diagnosed in 37 cases. Among the Down's syndrome individuals 41% had mandibular overjet, 54% mesial molar occlusion, 38% frontal open bite and 65% crossbite. Also, the mentally retarded subjects without Down's syndrome had markedly increased frequencies of some of the anomalies when compared to normal individuals. Thus, 27% had extreme maxillary overjet, 6% mandibular overjet, 17% mesial molar occlusion, 23% frontal open bite and 29% crossbite. Orthodontic dental service for the mentally retarded has been neglected for a long time. Though many factors may contraindicate treatment, it should in many cases be possible to improve the dental situation for this group, thereby helping these patients to a better oral function.
Cost benefit analysis of direct posterior restorations
Authors: Hendriks F. H. J. , Letzel H. , Vrijhoef M. M. A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A clinical study was conducted in which three operators made 232 Class I and Class II composite and amalgam restorations in a group of 49 adult patients. The time for different parts of the operative process was measured. The lime periods were analysed as to the influence of the factors operator, tooth type and number of surfaces, by an analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results show that the various factors have a significant influence on the total treatment time. The treatment time for amalgam restorations is equal to the treatment lime of composite restorations. The productivity of making restorations from the ‘best’ available amalgams, i.e. the amalgam with an extrapolated half‐life time of more than 20 yr, turns out to be more than 3–4 times better than that of the ‘worst’ amalgams (half‐life time 41/2–8 yr) and more than two times better than that of making restorations of the best composite material, used in this study (extrapolated half‐life time of Estic MF is 10 yr).
Effect of war‐time dietary changes on dental health of Finns 40 years later
Authors: Alanen P. , Tiekso J. , Paunio I.
Published: May 2006

Abstract During the Second World War the incidence of dental caries diminished due to reduced sugar consumption. It is possible that this reduction was more permanent in those age cohorts whose teeth erupted during the war because the teeth had an opportunity to mature before the caries attack. The aim of our study was to establish whether this reduction could still be demonstrated 40 yr after the war. The material consisted of consecutive age cohorts born in 1922–48 from the large Mini‐Finland Oral Health Survey representing Finnish adults aged 30 yr or over in 1979. The results showed a systematic difference in the number of caries free premolars and second molars between the age cohort born in 1931–33 and the younger and older age groups in favor of the group 1931–33, indicating that the first years after eruption may have had a long‐term effect on the health of the teeth.
Effect of a preventive program based on professional toothcleaning and fluoride application on caries and gingivitis
Authors: Klimek Joachim , Prinz Helge , Hellwig Elmar , Ahrens Günther
Published: May 2006

Abstract The effect of a preventive program was studied in 12–14‐yr‐old children. 104 children (test group) participated in this program. After four visits in the first 6 wk, the children visited the oral hygienist five times a year to receive professional oral prophylactic treatment and instructions. Additionally a fluoride application (Duraphat) was given two times a year. Children of a control group (n= 117) received no prophylactic treatment. Diet was not controlled in either test or control group. After 2 yr mean caries increment amounted to 2.7 ± 2.8 new DPS in the test group and 5.0 ± 4.2 new DPS in the control group, respectively. The most pronounced differences between the two groups could be found on the proximal surfaces. In all, caries was reduced by 46% during the 2‐yr period. Plaque accumulation and frequency of gingivitis were significantly reduced only in the test group (67% and 55%, resp.). The data revealed that the program reduced both caries and gingivitis to a remarkable extent.
Dental caries and gingivitis in second grade schoolchildren in The Hague over the period 1969–1981
Authors: Truin Gert‐Jan , König Klaus G. , Ruiken Ron M.H.M. , Plasschaert Fons J.M. , Vogels Andre L.M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract In 1969, 1972, 1975 and 1978 dental examinations were carried out in the City of The Hague on cohorts of about 800 children from kindergartens and elementary schools in order to test a (dental) health education program. Since 1980;’1981 weekly fluoride mouth rinses have been done in kindergartens and elementary schools in areas with lower SES. In 1981, a baseline dental examination for a follow‐up study was carried out on about 500 second grade schoolchildren from areas of low and medium SES. In this baseline examination in 1981 a considerable improvement in dental health was found compared with the earlier cohort examinations, especially in medium SES groups. The average D>MFS value in 1981 was 1.53 and 0.92 for second grade children of the low and medium social level respectively; the average d3fs values were 5.83 and 3.42. Over the 12‐yr period (1969–1981) a respective D3MFS reduction of 57.6 and 76.2% was found for low and medium SES. The percentage d3fs reduction for the primary dentition was 55.3 and 72.9%, respectively. In 1978 and 1981 the percentage of children without gingivitis was 26.8 and 31.9%. The difference in the number of gingivitis‐free children between 1978 and 1981 seemed to be due to an increase in the number of children without gingivitis in the medium SES groups. A greater use of fluoride tablets was found in low and medium socioeconomic levels between 1972 and 1975, followed by a decrease in the period between 1975 and 1978 and another increase by 1981 compared with 1978.
Age‐specific and age‐standardised incidence rates for intraoral squamous cell carcinoma in Blacks on the Witwatersrand, South Africa
Authors: Altini Mario , Kola Abdool Hafiz
Published: May 2006

Abstract All new cases of intraoral squamous cell carcinoma which occurred in Blacks resident on the Witwatersrand during the 10‐yr period 1971–80 were traced by examining the records of all the hospital pathology departments in this area. The population at risk at the mid‐point of the study (1975) was calculated from the National Population Censuses of 1970 and 1980, and consisted of 1 125960 men and 880269 women. Age‐specific incidence rates and age‐standardised incidence rates were calculated for each intraoral site for men and women. In the latter calculation a standard World population was used. All rates are expressed as average number of cases per 100000 population per annum. The age‐specific incidence rates and age‐standardised incidence rates (in brackets) for men and women respectively are: tongue, 1.43 and 0.26 (2.69 and 0.41); gingiva and alveolar ridge, 0.04 and 0.01 (0.07 and 0.01); floor of mouth, 0.87 and 0.22 (1.64 and 0.38); buccal mucosa, 0.05 and 0.04 (0.13 and 0.05); hard and soft palate, 0.34 and 0.05 (0.63 and 0.08). There appears to have been an increase in the incidence of intraoral cancer in Black South Africans since the first survey in 1953–55, which can probably be ascribed to the urbanization process. In Europe, North America and in other population groups in South Africa, the palate is least frequently affected. In contrast, in Black South Africans lesions of the palate are much more common, being less frequent only than tongue and floor of mouth lesions. The age and sex incidences conform to the worldwide trends of intraoral cancer being a disease of the elderly and occurring more frequently in men. Comparison of the age‐standardised rates with those recorded worldwide shows the rate the South African Black men to rank fairly high while that for South African Black women ranks reasonably low.
Results of the Sherbrooke‐Lac Megantic fluoride varnish study after 20 months
Authors: Clark Don Christopher , Stamm John William , Quee Trevor Chin , Robert Guy
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of two fluoride varnishes (Duraphat and Fluor Protector) in the prevention of dental caries in children residing in a non‐fluoridated community. At baseline, 787 grade one children (6–7‐yr old) were examined and randomly allocated into a control and two treatment groups. At 20 months, 703 children remained in the study. The mean baseline caries experience and the mean number of permanent teeth present at 20 months were not significantly different among the treatment and control groups. The mean DMFS increments after 20 months were 1.70, 1.73 and 2.02 for Fluor‐Protector, Duraphat and control groups respectively (% reductions of 15.8 and 14.4 for Fluor‐Protcelor and Duraphat groups). The mean dfs increments for primary molars after 20 months were 1.56, 1.62 and 1.74 for Fluor‐Protector, Duraphat and control groups respectively (% reductions of 10 for Fluor‐Protector and 7 for Duraphat).
Dental anxiety and DMFS status: association within a US naval population versus differences between groups
Authors: Cohen Mark E.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Measurement of denial treatment anxiety and oral health, in a sample of naval recruits, confirmed the generally held expectation that a high anxiety group would have significantly greater numbers of diseased surfaces (DS) than a low anxiety group. However, it was also shown that dental anxiety was not a predictor of DS within the ungrouped sample. In evaluating the public health impact of dental treatment anxiety on oral health, attention must be paid to the context of data collection and analysis. Evidence bearing on group differences does not necessarily describe the situation within a population.
Prevalence of dental decay in Jewish and Arab schoolchildren in the Jerusalem area
Authors: Ran Fany , Anaise Joseph Z.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of this survey was to gather up‐to‐date information on the prevalence of dental decay in schoolchildren in the Jerusalem area. Close to 650 Arab and Jewish schoolchildren aged 6–8 yr underwent oral examinations. The relationship between caries prevalence and treatment supplied with some secondary factors was studied. The results show that 92% of the children were affected by decay. Compared to former years there is an increase in the prevalence of denial caries throughout the population. No significant differences were found when sex, ethnic population or socio economic factors were related to caries prevalence. However, when DMF is broken down into its components, Arab children were seen to have a greater number of teeth affected by caries and in need of treatment (D). In contrast, treatment need has been met to a much greater degree among Jewish children than among Arab children. Data and explanations are offered.
Physiological indicators of fluoride exposure and utilization: an epidemiological study
Authors: Schamschula Rudi G. , Sugár Edit , Un Pauline S. H. , Tóth Károly , Barmes David E. , Adkins Brian L.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Individual samples of urine, fingernails, head‐hair, saliva, plaque and enamel were collected from three groups of Hungarian children, aged 14 years, who were exposed to contrasting water fluoride levels (<0.11 ppm; 0.5–1.1 ppm; 1.6 3.1 ppm). The mean fluoride concentration of the samples increased consistently and significantly, but mostly non‐proportionately, with increasing water fluoride level. With the exception of plaque, the materials examined are considered suitable indicators of exposure to or systemic utilization of fluoride for population groups. Caries experience decreased with increasing fluoride exposure. Dental fluorosis constituted no clinical or aesthetic problem.
Prevalence and severity of periodontitis in a high fluoride area in South Africa
Authors: Reddy Jairam , Parker Joan R. , Africa Charlene W. , Stephen Lawrence X. G.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The prevalence of periodontal disease is widespread throughout the world. Its severity varies considerably and the factors responsible for this variation are not known. Although the effect of fluoride on the reduction of dental caries is well established, its effect on chronic inflammatory periodontal disease is obscure. In this investigation, the prevalence and severity of periodontitis in 71 adults residing in a high fluoride area (2–3 pm) was studied. In spite of large amounts of plaque and the prevalence of severe gingivitis in these individuals, there was little evidence of periodontal destruction (mean probing depth = 2.5 mm; mean loss of attachment = 1.02 mm). The possible reasons for the resistance of this population to periodontitis are discussed.
Four‐year longitudinal study of mandibular dysfunction in children
Authors: Magnusson Tomas , Egermark‐Eriksson Inger , Carlsson Gunnar E.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A longitudinal study of clinical signs and subjective symptoms of mandibular dysfunction was performed with a 4‐yr interval in 119 children, now 11 and 15 yr old. The results showed that 66% in both age groups had clinical signs while 62 and 66%, respectively, complained of subjective symptoms. In most cases the signs were mild, but 11% of the 11‐yr‐olds and 17% of the 15‐yr‐olds had moderate, or, in a few cases, severe signs of dysfunction. Most of the children with subjective symptoms had their symptoms occasionally but 3% in the younger and 11% in the older age group had frequent symptoms from the masticatory system. When comparisons were made with the findings 4 yr earlier, it was noted that the subjective symptoms had increased in frequency in the younger children, while the clinical signs had increased in both groups. These age differences, as well as the prevalence figures recorded longitudinally, agreed well with previous findings in cross‐sectional investigations of different age groups.
Comparison between standardized periapical and bitewing radiographs in assessing alveolar bone loss
Authors: Albandar Jasim M. , Abbas Dhia K. , Waerhaug Marthe , Gjermo Per
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Readability and alveolar bone level were cotnpared in 455 sets of standardized radiographs each consisting of four periapical (PA) and two bitewing (BW) films. BW radiographs showed significantly higher proportions of unreadable sites in the canines and the mesial surface of first premolars (P<0.0001). while PA radiographs exhibited significanlly higher proportions of unreadable sites in the distal surface of second molars (P<0.0001). Alveolar bone level was assessable in a total of 10016 sites, and the comparison showed identical readings in 82% of the sites. In the tnaxilla, a significantly higher proportion of sites exhibited larger hone loss measurements (P<0.0001) and more sites with significantly higher mean values (P<0.005) in BW than in PA films. Mandibular sites showed the opposite trend. The majority of the sites revealed a Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) ranging between 0.60 and 0.82. No significant difference between mean bone loss measure‐ments in the two types of radiographs for all the sites was found. It was concluded that the two radiographic techniques may be used interchangeably in epidemiologic studies.
Multiple regression analysis of dental status and related food behaviour of French Canadian adolescents
Authors: Lachapelle‐Harvey Diane , Sévlgny Jeannine
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Variables included in a theoretical model of the caries process have been studied in an adolescent population. Four multiple regression analyses were per‐formed to uncover significant explanatory factors for: DMF(T) index, plaque index, frequency of sweets consumption between meals and frequency of sweets consumption at meals. Each analysis produced a significant R2explaining respectively 29%, 15%, 74% and 62% of the variance. The results demonstrated the contribution of the different factors included in the proposed model. They suggested that plaque index was by far the most significant factor of the DMF(T) index. Sweets consumption was a significant determinant of cades experience independent of any relation to plaque index. Adolescent girls, even with less plaque accumulation, had a higher caries index than boys of the same age. Parent's education was related to dental status of children at time of adolescence.
Epidemiologic characteristics of dentai caries: reiation of DIVIFT and DMFS to proportion of children with DMF teeth
Authors: S Jarvinen
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The relation of the age‐specific mean DMFT and mean DMFS to the age‐specific proportion of children with DMF teeth has been studied using the original data of KNUTSON and data of a recent Finnish material. When studying the relationship between the mean DMFT (x) and the proportion of children with DMF teeth (y), three models of regression were compared. For low caries popu‐lations, a specific correction exponential curve y=l‐ab1 seemed to fit caries data somewhat better than the other models. The relationship between the mean DMFS (x) and the proportion of children with DMF teeth (y) could be expressed by a curvilinear model y=e[b(Inx)+]; this applied to low caries populations (y≤0.7) as well, but the unexplained residual variation was about 6%