bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Loop Heat Pipe Design, Manufacturing, and Testing: An Industrial Perspective
Authors: Anderson W. G. , Dussinger P. M. , Garner S. D. , Hartenstine J. R. , Saraff D. B.
Published: June 2010

Loop Heat Pipes (LHPs) are two-phase devices that can passively transport heat over long distances relative to other passive two phase systems such as heat pipes. Most of the art of LHP fabrication is in the primary and secondary wick. The manufacturing steps for an LHP are described, including the tests to validate the LHP during manufacture. The tests include wick property testing (pore size, permeability, and thermal conductivity), secondary wick testing, and parallel flow balance design and testing. The required tests after the LHP is fabricated include low power starts, shutdown through compensation chamber heating, unbalanced condenser temperature tests, transient testing — both power cycling and condenser temperature changes, and maximum power tests.
Effective Wetting and Dewetting of a Superhydrophobic Surface Under Dynamic Thermal Conditions
Authors: O’Keeffe Niall , Eason Cormac , Enright Ryan , Davies Mark
Published: June 2010

In this paper the interfacial characteristics of a liquid flowing over a 1cm2 array of hydrophobic cylindrical micropillars located within a microchannel are investigated. The microchannel was 12mm wide and 32mm long with an average channel height of approximately 83μm. Hydrophobic coating of the channel was achieved via a controlled flow of a trichlorosilane and ethanol solution. A method to remove lodged gas bubbles from a microchannel was successfully demonstrated, while maintaining the favorable Cassie-Baxter wetting state (gas/vapor layer present) of the micropillar structures. This was achieved using degassed water to dissolve low-curvature gas bubbles, while ohmically heating the silicon substrate to reassert and maintain the Cassie-Baxter wetting state of the hydrophobic micropillars. During this experimentation it was discovered that the part wetting and dewetting of a superhydrophobic (SH) surface within a microchannel could be achieved using similar methods. The onset of surface wetting (Wenzel wetting state) was achieved by pumping degassed water through the microchannel. Surface dewetting was then accomplished through substrate heating by the increase in the trapped gas layer pressure, the water vapor pressure and outgassing from the lightly degassed fluid. These reactions force the gas/vapor layer to expand laterally throughout the micropillar array, thus restoring the Cassie-Baxter wetting state. The reported results demonstrate a low-power method for effectively reversing the Wenzel wetting state of a SH surface under microchannel flow conditions and may prove to be a useful technique for manipulating fluid flow within microfluidic devices.
Rate of Decay of a Passive Scalar in a Micro-Mixer and the Frequency of the Advecting Velocity Fields
Authors: Pacheco J. Rafael , Chen KangPing , Pacheco-Vega Arturo
Published: June 2010

In the current work, the mixing of a diffusive passive-scalar, e.g., thermal energy or species concentration, driven by electro-osmotic fluid motion being induced by an applied potential across a micro-channel is studied numerically. Secondary time-dependent periodic or random electric fields, orthogonal to the main stream, are applied to generate cross-sectional mixing. This investigation focuses on the mixing dynamics and its dependence on the frequency (period) of the driving mechanism. For periodic flows, the probability density function (PDF) of the scaled passive scalar (i.e., concentration), settles into a self-similar curve showing spatially repeating patterns. In contrast, for random flows there is a lack of self-similarity in the PDF for the interval of time considered in this investigation. The present study confirms an exponential decay of the variance of the concentration for the periodic and random flows.
Consequences of Surface Deposition of Molten Aluminum in High-Temperature Oxidizing Environments
Authors: Hewson John C. , Nicolette Vernon F. , Erikson William W.
Published: June 2010

In a potential accident scenario with a solid-propellant fire, aluminum present in the propellant and in surrounding structures is exposed to high-temperature environments. The enthalpy present in the aluminum particles is a substantial component of the heat release, both in terms of the particle sensible energy and its chemical energy. This paper examines the consequences of the deposition of aluminum particles present in the propellant in terms of heat transfer to surfaces. Also examined is the possibility that deposited aluminum will ignite in the high-temperature oxidizing environment. The examination is made using a computational fluid dynamics approach with some new models to describe the aluminum oxidation. In addition, these models provide a means to predict the aluminum ignition criteria that will be discussed.
The effectiveness of a neuromuscular prevention strategy to reduce injuries in youth soccer: a cluster-randomised controlled trial
Authors: Emery C A , Meeuwisse W H
Published: June 2010

Background

Soccer is a leading sport for participation and injury in youth.

Objective

To examine the effectiveness of a neuromuscular prevention strategy in reducing injury in youth soccer players.

Design

Cluster-randomised controlled trial.

Setting

Calgary soccer clubs (male or female, U13–U18, tier 1–2, indoor soccer).

Participants

Eighty-two soccer teams were approached for recruitment. Players from 60 teams completed the study (32 training (n=380), 28 control (n=364)).

Intervention

The training programme was a soccer-specific neuromuscular training programme including dynamic stretching, eccentric strength, agility, jumping and balance (including a home-based balance training programme using a wobble board). The control programme was a standardised warm-up (static and dynamic stretching and aerobic components) and a home-based stretching programme.

Main outcome measures

Previously validated injury surveillance included injury assessment by a study therapist. The injury definition was soccer injury resulting in medical attention and/or removal from a session and/or time loss.

Results

The injury rate in the training group was 2.08 injuries/1000 player-hours, and in the control group 3.35 injuries/1000 player-hours. Based on Poisson regression analysis, adjusted for clustering by team and covariates, the incidence rate ratios (IRR) for all injuries and acute onset injury were 0.62 (95% CI 0.39 to 0.99) and 0.57 (95% CI 0.35 to 0.91). Point estimates also suggest protection of lower extremity, ankle and knee sprain injuries (IRR=0.68 (95% CI 0.42 to 1.11), IRR=0.5 (95% CI 0.24 to 1.04) and IRR=0.38 (95% CI 0.08 to 1.75)).

Conclusions

A neuromuscular training programme is protective of all injuries and acute onset injury in youth soccer players.
Medication management in people with Parkinson’s disease during surgical admissions
Authors: Derry C P , Shah K J , Caie L , Counsell C E
Published: June 2010

Background

Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) may experience problems in hospital, with their medication being withheld or inappropriate medication being prescribed. Since surgical admissions present particular risks, the authors examined the management of patients with PD on surgical wards.

Methods

All patients with PD admitted to surgical departments in Aberdeen Royal Infirmary during an 18-month period were identified. Medical and nursing notes were reviewed retrospectively, and drug prescription and administration were studied in detail. All documented complications were recorded.

Results

59 surgical admissions (51 receiving PD medication, median duration 6 days) were studied. 71% had missed doses of PD medication, with 34% missing over 10% of prescribed doses. Values were similar for levodopa and agonists. Overall, 12% of all prescribed PD medication was missed (mean 0.7 missed doses per patient per day). No reason for missed doses was recorded in 64% of cases, while inappropriate reasons included ‘out of stock’ (12%) and ‘nil by mouth’ (8%). Centrally acting antidopaminergic drugs (mainly antiemetics) were prescribed in 41% of cases, and administered in 22%. Complications, most commonly neuropsychiatric, were documented in 69% of non-day-case admissions.

Conclusion

Poor prescribing and incomplete drug administration are common in patients with PD on surgical wards. Measures to improve management are identified.
Senior paediatric specialist registrars' experience in management
Authors: Bindal Taruna , Wall David , Goodyear Helen M
Published: June 2010

Background

There is an increasing focus on trainees acquiring management skills which form part of college curricula and the guidance provided by the General Medical Council in the UK.

Objective

To explore the managerial learning activities of senior paediatric specialist registrars (SpRs).

Design, setting, participants

Questionnaire study; West Midlands region, UK; senior paediatric SpRs in the last 2 years of training.

Methods

A 17 item questionnaire was sent by post to all 45 paediatric SpRs in the last 2 years of training. A follow-up email was sent to non-responders.

Results

87% (39/45) SpRs completed a questionnaire. All had participated in clinical managerial activities with 44% (17/39) doing ≥4 h per week. Popular activities were teaching and development of treatment guidelines. Non-clinical managerial experience, mainly rota management and teaching programme organisation, was limited with 64% (25/39) doing ≤30 min per week. 10% (4/39) SpRs had no experience. SpRs rated clinical and non-clinical management training as important, but only a third felt confident in managing projects or leading change. Factors which inhibited management learning were shift patterns and being too busy.

Conclusions

It is essential that trainees put managerial competencies in their personal development plans and have support from their supervisors to put this plan into action, including allocated time for management training and learning. At a trainee’s annual review of progress, management competencies need to be considered as well as clinical work as these are needed for a smooth transition to a consultant post.
Endoscopic ultrasound: a review of current diagnostic and therapeutic applications
Authors: Godfrey Edmund M , Rushbrook Simon M , Carrol Nicholas R
Published: June 2010

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has become important in a variety of clinical settings. Echoendoscopes may be categorised into radial and linear configurations. Radial devices are used for diagnostic imaging, whereas linear echoendoscopes also facilitate image guided tissue sampling and intervention. EUS is an established primary diagnostic tool for a number of conditions including choledocholithiasis and biliary microlithiasis. It is therefore well suited to the investigation of the aetiology of pancreatitis where simpler measures fail to identify the aetiology. It can also be used to identify chronic non-calcific pancreatitis. EUS is important in the secondary evaluation of abnormalities detected by other imaging modalities—for example, cystic pancreatic lesions. The high resolution of EUS allows more detailed image based analysis than other imaging modalities. The ability to sample cyst fluid significantly increases the accuracy of lesion characterisation. Most importantly, EUS has become indispensable in the staging of a variety of upper gastrointestinal tract tumours. If resection is being considered, the high resolution images obtained via EUS are invaluable for local tumour staging. EUS guided tissue sampling permits accurate nodal staging without relying on lymph node size as proxy for malignant infiltration. In patients with contraindications to magnetic resonance imaging, EUS is an alternative for the staging of rectal carcinoma. It is used in the staging of lung cancer, often in combination with endobronchial ultrasound. Finally, EUS is used therapeutically in image guided drainage (such as gastrocystostomy in pancreatic pseudocyst) and coeliac plexus neurolysis in patients with abdominal pain caused by pancreatic cancer or pancreatitis.
Lithoprobe’s impact on the Canadian diamond-exploration industryThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme Lithoprobe — parameters, processes, and the evolution of a continent.Earth Sciences Sector Contribution 20070261; Lithoprobe Contribution 1479.
Authors: Snyder D. B. , Grütter H. S.
Published: June 2010

Lithoprobe aided and will continue to guide diamond exploration in Canada via a number of diverse ways and at scales from cratons to individual ore bodies. Specific transects outlined the domainal nature, geometry, and age relations of crust, subjacent mantle, and diamond-bearing roots in unusually rich detail for cratonic settings such as those of the Superior and Slave cratons, as well as pericratonic (shield) settings such as those of the Sask craton and Buffalo Hills terrane. The Superior and Slave examples of craton construction by multiple underthrust layers, as inferred from structural geometries observed in Lithoprobe seismic and magnetotelluric surveys, remain the clearest resolved to date. The first definition of the Sask craton occurred 10–15 years ago and helped fuel the diamond industry’s ongoing revision of Clifford’s Rule for exploration so as to include targets in Proterozoic shield settings. Main Lithoprobe transect results and supporting geoscience studies have helped to demonstrate the very different settings for paragenesis of both peridotitic and eclogitic types of diamonds found across Canada. Seismic methods have delineated many of the the oldest, typically depleted cratonic mantle blocks, as well as Archean and Proterozoic sutures, where larger percentages of eclogite might occur. Development of geophysical methods related to Lithoprobe data acquisition has led to metre-scale, high-resolution mapping of diamondiferous kimberlite pipes and shallow-dipping dykes, thus allowing more accurate estimates of their volume and more efficient mining of these diamond deposits.
Subduction zone recycling processes and the rock record of crustal suture zonesThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme Lithoprobe — parameters, processes, and the evolution of a continent.
Authors: Scholl David W. , von Huene Roland
Published: June 2010

Offshore observations at modern ocean-margin subduction zones (OMSZs) reveal that bodies of accreted material are commonly volumetrically small or missing, that crustal thinning and subsidence (3–5 km) has occurred, and that most trench axes lie close (5–30 km) to the seaward tapering edge of coastal basement rock. Onshore mapping commonly documents missing or only narrow terranes of former forearc rock and the inboard migration of the arc magmatic front. These observations are evidence that subduction is accompanied by the removal of sediment and crustal material from the submerged forearc by the kindred tectonic processes, respectively, of sediment subduction and subduction erosion. Subduction erosion truncates the margin (migrates the trench inboard) at ∼2.5 km/Ma. Onshore observations at ancient crust-suturing subduction zones (CSSZs) imply that collisional suturing is accompanied by sediment subduction and truncation of both upper and lower plates. During a protracted period of suturing (20–50 million years), a 100–200 km wide (or wider) band of the seaward edge of each plate can be removed subductively. Truncation of the upper plate is effected by subduction erosion, and that of the lower plate by the necking and break-off of its subducted edge. The average linear rate of crustal loss for each plate is estimated at ∼1.5 km/Ma, or ∼3 km/Ma combined. Because significant crustal loss occurs before and during tectonic fusing of colliding crustal blocks, structures and rock bodies that might be expected to record a former OMSZ and the formation of a CSSZ may be absent, unimpressively small, or preserved only as exhumed masses of once deeply subducted material.
The Lithoprobe trans-continental lithospheric cross sections: imaging the internal structure of the North American continentThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the themeLithoprobe — parameters, processes, and the evolution of a continent.Lithoprobe Publication 1487.
Authors: Hammer Philip T.C. , Clowes Ron M. , Cook Fred A. , van der Velden Arie J. , Vasudevan Kris
Published: June 2010

Three lithospheric cross sections provide a continental-scale synthesis of more than two decades of coordinated multidisciplinary research during the Canadian Lithoprobe project. The sections are based on seismic reflection and refraction data combined with a broad range of geological, geochemical, geochronological, and geophysical data. The dataset is derived from remnants of nearly every kind of tectonic regime, and the geologic history of the entrained rocks spans the Present to the Mesoarchean. The longest of the three cross sections is located within a 6000 km long Trans-Canada corridor traversing the North American continent at 45°N–55°N. From west to east, the profile crosses the Juan de Fuca ridge and active Cascadia subduction zone, the Cordilleran, Albertan, and Trans-Hudson orogens, the Superior Province, the Midcontinent rift, the Grenville and Appalachian orogens, and the Atlantic passive margin. The two northern cross sections include (i) a 2000 km long corridor in northwestern Canada (54°N–63°N) crossing the Cordilleran, Wopmay, and Slave orogens; and (ii) a 1600 km long corridor in northeastern Canada (52°N–61°N) crossing the New Quebec and Torngat orogens, the Nain craton, and the Makkovik and Grenville orogens. The unprecedented scale of the cross sections illuminates the assembly of the North American continent. Relationships between orogens are emphasized; plate collisions and accretions have sequentially stacked orogen upon orogen such that the older crust forms basement to the next younger. The large-scale perspective of these regional sections highlights the subhorizontal Moho that is indicative of either structural or thermal re-equilibration (or both), as few crustal roots beneath orogens are preserved. In contrast, heterogeneities in the lithospheric mantle suggest that, in certain situations, relict subducted or delaminated lithosphere can remain intact beneath and eventually within cratonic lithospheric mantle.
FERMION MASS HIERARCHY IN LIFSHITZ TYPE GAUGE THEORY
Authors: KANETA KUNIO , KAWAMURA YOSHIHARU
Published: June 2010

We study the origin of fermion mass hierarchy and flavor mixing in a Lifshitz type extension of the standard model including an extra scalar field. We show that the hierarchical structure can originate from renormalizable interactions. In contrast to the ordinary Froggatt–Nielsen mechanism, the higher the dimension of associated operators, the heavier the fermion masses. Tiny masses for left-handed neutrinos are obtained without introducing right-handed neutrinos.
HORAVA–LIFSHITZ GRAVITY, ABSOLUTE TIME, AND OBJECTIVE PARTICLES IN CURVED SPACE
Authors: NIKOLIĆ HRVOJE
Published: June 2010

Recently, Horava formulated a renormalizable theory of quantum gravity that reduces to general relativity at large distances but violates Lorentz invariance at small distances. The absolute time involved in this theory allows to define an objective notion of particles associated with quantization of fields in classical gravitational backgrounds. The Unruh effect and other observer-dependent notions of particles in curved space are interpreted as effects caused by interaction between the objective vacuum and the measuring apparatus made up of objective particles.
ANDERSON LOCALIZATION IN THE SEVENTIES AND BEYOND
Authors: Thouless David
Published: June 2010

Little attention was paid to Anderson's challenging paper on localization for the first ten years, but from 1968 onwards it generated a lot of interest. Around that time a number of important questions were raised by the community, on matters such as the existence of a sharp distinction between localized and extended states, or between conductors and insulators. For some of these questions the answers are unambiguous. There certainly are energy ranges in which states are exponentially localized, in the presence of a static disordered potential. In a weakly disordered one-dimensional potential, all states are localized. There is clear evidence, in three dimensions, for energy ranges in which states are extended, and ranges in which they are diffusive. Magnetic and spin-dependent interactions play an important part in reducing localization effects. For massive particles like electrons and atoms the lowest energy states are localized, but for massless particles like photons and acoustic phonons the lowest energy states are extended.

Uncertainties remain. Scaling theory suggests that in two-dimensional systems all states are weakly localized, and that there is no minimum metallic conductivity. The interplay between disorder and mutual interactions is still an area of uncertainty, which is very important for electronic systems. Optical and dilute atomic systems provide experimental tests which allow interaction to be much less important. The quantum Hall effect provided a system where states on the Fermi surface are localized, but non-dissipative currents flow in response to an electric field.
INHOMOGENEOUS FIXED POINT ENSEMBLES REVISITED
Authors: Wegner Franz J.
Published: June 2010

The density of states of disordered systems in the Wigner–Dyson classes approaches some finite non-zero value at the mobility edge, whereas the density of states in systems of the chiral and Bogolubov-de Gennes classes shows a divergent or vanishing behavior in the band centre. Such types of behavior were classified as homogeneous and inhomogeneous fixed point ensembles within a real-space renormalization group approach. For the latter ensembles, the scaling law µ = dν-1 was derived for the power laws of the density of states ρ ∝ |E|µ and of the localization length ξ ∝ |E|-ν. This prediction from 1976 is checked against explicit results obtained meanwhile.
FINITE SIZE SCALING ANALYSIS OF THE ANDERSON TRANSITION
Authors: Kramer B. , MacKinnon A. , Ohtsuki T. , Slevin K.
Published: June 2010

This chapter describes the progress made during the past three decades in the finite size scaling analysis of the critical phenomena of the Anderson transition. The scaling theory of localization and the Anderson model of localization are briefly sketched. The finite size scaling method is described. Recent results for the critical exponents of the different symmetry classes are summarised. The importance of corrections to scaling are emphasised. A comparison with experiment is made, and a direction for future work is suggested.
Analytical Chemistry with Silica Sol-Gels: Traditional Routes to New Materials for Chemical Analysis
Authors: Walcarius Alain , Collinson Maryanne M.
Published: June 2010

The versatility of sol-gel chemistry enables us to generate a wide range of silica and organosilica materials with controlled structure, composition, morphology and porosity. These materials’ hosting and recognition properties, as well as their wide-open structures containing many easily accessible active sites, make them particularly attractive for analytical purposes. In this review, we summarize the importance of silica sol-gels in analytical chemistry by providing examples from the separation sciences, optical and electrochemical sensors, molecular imprinting, and biosensors. Recent work suggests that manipulating the structure and composition of these materials at different scales (from molecular to macromolecular states and/or from micro- to meso- and/or macroporous levels) promises to generate chemical and biochemical sensing devices with improved selectivity and sensitivity.
Capillary Separation: Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography
Authors: Terabe Shigeru
Published: June 2010

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), a separation mode of capillary electrophoresis (CE), has enabled the separation of electrically neutral analytes. MEKC can be performed by adding an ionic micelle to the running solution of CE without modifying the instrument. Its separation principle is based on the differential migration of the ionic micelles and the bulk running buffer under electrophoresis conditions and on the interaction between the analyte and the micelle. Hence, MEKC's separation principle is similar to that of chromatography. MEKC is a useful technique particularly for the separation of small molecules, both neutral and charged, and yields high-efficiency separation in a short time with minimum amounts of sample and reagents. To improve the concentration sensitivity of detection, several on-line sample preconcentration techniques such as sweeping have been developed.
Successful Nonsurgical Treatment of Pneumomediastinum, Pneumothorax, Pneumoperitoneum, Pneumoretroperitoneum, and Subcutaneous Emphysema following ERCP
Authors: Fujii L. , Lau A. , Fleischer D. E. , Harrison M. E.
Published: June 2010

Complications related to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) include pancreatitis, hemorrhage, cholangitis, and perforation. ERCP-related perforation is uncommon, but mortality rates are high. Diagnosis requires a high clinical suspicion for early detection to allow optimal management of the perforation and a better prognosis. Treatment depends on the location and mechanism and increasingly involves nonoperative management. We report a case of successful nonsurgical treatment of a patient with extensive air involving the peritoneum, retroperitoneum, thorax, mediastinum, and subcutaneous tissues following an ERCP perforation.
A Case of Severe Hemorrhagic Cystitis Caused by Melphalan with Successful Bladder Preservation by Ligation of Bilateral Internal Iliac Arteries
Authors: Takeuchi Takumi , Zaitsu Masayoshi , Mikami Koji , Takeshima Yuta , Matsunaga Takashi , Okamoto Naohiko , Imao Sadao
Published: June 2010

Hemorrhagic cystitis is a disorder which causes bleeding from diffusely inflammatory bladder mucosa. Here we present a case of severe hemorrhagic cystitis caused by melphalan. A 70-year-old man with multiple myeloma was presented with suddenly commenced massive gross hematuria. During an attempt of transurethral coagulation of bladder mucosa, bladder perforation into peritoneal cavity was suspected, then open laparotomy was indicated. We isolated bilateral internal iliac arteries and ligated them in order to control continued bleeding. After that, bladder bleeding was suddenly diminished. Ligation of internal iliac arteries may be a choice in controlling massive bleeding from bladder with severe hemorrhagic cystitis when laparotomy was inevitable.
A Case of Hydrocele Stone with Its Composition Analysis
Authors: Zaitsu Masayoshi , Mikami Koji , Takeshima Yuta , Takeuchi Takumi
Published: June 2010

Hydrocele stones are freely mobile calcified bodies lying between the tunica vaginalis layers, and they are relatively rare. We present here another case of hydrocele stone incidentally discovered when castration was being undergone for the endocrine treatment of prostate cancer. A 71-year-old man was diagnosed as stage D2 prostate cancer with his prostate-specific antigen 387 ng/ml. A white smooth stone of 11 mm in diameter was incidentally found moving freely in the right hydrocele space during castration. The hydrocele stone was of yellow hard center with white materials around it. Crystallographical analysis of the hydrocele stone by a infrared spectrophotometer showed that the center was composed of 64% calcium carbonate and 36% calcium phosphate, while the outer portion was protein. Our case is the fourth where crystallographical analysis was reported for hydrocele stones.
Benign Pneumoperitoneum after Colonoscopy
Authors: Ustek Sevim , Boran Mertay , Kismet Kemal
Published: June 2010

Pneumoperitoneum frequently indicates a perforated abdominal viscus that requires emergent surgical management. However; pneumoperitoneum, on rare occasion, can occur without perforation. In these cases, it is defined as benign pneumoperitoneum. Benign pneumoperitoneum means asymptomatic free intra-abdominal air or pneumoperitoneum without peritonitis and can occur occasionally with colonoscopy. In this paper, we present a rare case of benign pneumoperitoneum that developed after diagnostic colonoscopy and review it in conjunction with the current literature.
Further Increase in the Expression of Activation Markers on Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells in Coronary Artery Disease Patients with Ectasia Compared to Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Alone
Authors: Yildirim Nesligul , Tekin Ishak Ozel , Arasli Mehmet , Aydin Mustafa
Published: June 2010

Background. Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) is defined as localized or diffuse dilation of the coronary arteries. There are scarce data about the role of dendritic cells in CAE development. In this study we investigated the activation markers on the surface of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mDCs) in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with or without CAE.Method. The study consisted of 6 patients who had obstructive CAD with CAE, 6 CAD patients without CAE and 6 subjects with angiographically normal coronary arteries. mDCs were cultivated from peripheral blood monocytes. Surface activation markers were detected by flow cytometry.Results. CAD patients with CAE were detected to have significantly higher mean fluorescence intensities of CD11b, CD11c, CD54 , CD83, CD86 and MHC Class II molecules on mDCs in comparison to CAD patients without CAE and normal controls ( for all). A significant positive correlation was found between the number of vessels with CAE and the levels of CD11c, CD86, and MHC Class II molecules.Conclusion. mDCs display an increased cell surface concentration of activation molecules in CAD patients with CAE compared to patients with CAD alone. DC activation may play an important role for CAE development in patients with CAD.
How Valuable Is the Gift of Time? The Factors That Drive the Birth Date Effect in Education
Authors: Smith Justin
Published: June 2010

The age at which students enter school is increasing. More parents are delaying their child's entry, and U.S. states are moving school entry cutoffs earlier, mainly because older students outperform younger ones on many educational outcomes. Much of the literature interprets advantages held by older students as benefits to entering school older, but because entering older means being older when students take tests, it is unknown if performance differences are attributable to entry age or test age. Policy and parent behavior depend on which age effect matters more. Using a natural experiment from the province of British Columbia, Canada, that temporarily altered entry dates, I estimate an upper bound of the test age effect and a lower bound of the entry age effect. Results show that the upper bound of the test age effect is much larger than the lower bound of the entry age effect.
Identity Without Boundaries
Authors: Raadschelders Jos C. N.
Published: June 2010

It is often charged that the study of public administration lacks boundaries and suffers from an identity crisis. This charge is grounded in a positivist belief in the unity of knowledge. From the perspective of positivists, the study of public administration lacks the epistemological unity that would make it a true science. Regarding public administration as an interdisciplinary study and practice makes it possible, indeed necessary, to include all theories, models, and concepts in use and not just those that are recommended and pursued by positivists. A conceptual map of knowledge integration efforts in public administration illustrates why public administration cannot, and should not be, a traditional academic discipline but rather must be understood as an interdisciplinary study and practice.
Undergraduate Writing Assignments: An Analysis of Syllabi at One Canadian College
Authors: Graves Roger , Hyland Theresa , Samuels Boba M.
Published: June 2010

Studies of university writing assignments demonstrate inconsistencies in the elements examined, making it difficult to achieve a clear understanding of the range, frequency, and characteristics of assignments that students might encounter. In this research study, syllabi from one university college were analyzed to determine the types and frequency of assignments and how these assignments vary by program and level. A total of 179 syllabi from all courses taught during 1 academic year were collected. On average, 2.5 writing assignments per course were assigned. Almost half of all assignments were 4 pages or less in length. Though length and grade value of assignments were significantly correlated, students did not write significantly longer or more high-stakes assignments as they progressed. The most common type of assignment was the term or research paper, though task labels were highly variable. Program profiles revealed differences between programs in frequency of assignments, learning goals, nested assignments, and in-process feedback. Implications for Writing Across the Curriculum programming and the development of departmental writing profiles are discussed.
Developing writer identity through a multidisciplinary programme
Authors: Creme Phyllis , Mckenna Colleen
Published: June 2010

The Writing and Learning Mentor programme (WLM) at University College London (UCL) supports a cross-disciplinary network of PhD students who act as writing mentors to students in their departments. WLM also offers the mentors a space in which to reflect on their own writing practices. The focus of this article is our work with the mentors and their sense of themselves as writers. Following a consideration of institutional and theoretical contexts for WLM, we describe how the programme operates. We then consider writer identity and the significance of the multidisciplinary nature of the programme. We argue that the programme’s foregrounding of a ‘writing as social practice’ model (as opposed to a skills-based paradigm) encourages participants to think anew about the relationship between writing, learning and the discipline; this approach also enables them to articulate and reflexively explore their experience as emerging professional writers in their fields.
Influence of shot peening on notched fatigue properties of magnesium alloy ZK60
Authors: Liu W. C. , Dong J. , Zheng X. W. , Zhang P. , Ding W. J.
Published: June 2010

The influence of shot peening on high cycle fatigue performance of notched specimen was investigated for ZK60 and ZK60-T5 magnesium alloys. The results show that the notched fatigue strengths (at 107 cycles) for ZK60 and ZK60-T5 alloys increase from 150 and 155 MPa to 220 and 240 MPa at the optimum Almen intensity of 0·30 and 0·40 mmN respectively. In comparison to ZK60 alloy in extruded condition, higher notched fatigue performances of both unpeened and peened specimens were observed for ZK60-T5 alloy.
Synthesis, Structure, and Reversible Deprotonation of a Half-sandwich Iridium Complex Bearing a Chelating Oxime Ligand
Authors: Watanabe Megumi , Kashiwame Yohei , Kuwata Shigeki , Ikariya Takao
Published: June 2010

A reaction of [{Cp*IrCl(μ-Cl)}2] (Cp* = η5-C5(CH3)5) with 1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanone oxime (PyNOH) afforded the cationic oxime complex [Cp*IrCl(PyNOH)]Cl (3) with an acidic OH group at the β-position to the metal center. Complex 3 underwent reversible deprotonation to give the corresponding oximato complex [Cp*IrCl(PyNO)] (4), while treatment of 3 with silver triflate in acetonitrile led to the formation of the dicationic complex [Cp*Ir(PyNOH)(CH3CN)][OTf]2 (5, OTf = OSO2CF3). The detailed structures of 3–5 have been determined by X-ray crystallography.
Systematic Bathochromic Shift of Charge-transfer Bands of Mixed-metal Prussian-blue Nanoparticles Depending on Their Composition Ratios of Fe and Ni
Authors: Ishizaki Manabu , Gotoh Akihito , Abe Makiko , Sakamoto Masatomi , Tanaka Hisashi , Kawamoto Tohru , Kurihara Masato
Published: June 2010

Mixed-metal Prussian-blue nanoparticles, FexNiy[Fe(CN)6]2·zH2O (x + y = 3, z = 8–12), were dispersed into n-butanol by hybrid surface modification with hexacyanoferrate(II) ions, [FeII(CN)6]4−, and n-hexylamines. In their transparent dispersion solutions, a systematic bathochromic shift of charge-transfer bands due to the FeII–CN–FeIII components was observed depending on the metal composition ratios of Fe and Ni.
Subsidies, Hierarchy and Peers: The Awkward Economics of Higher Education
Authors: Winston Gordon C
Published: June 2010

Higher education is an industry where markets don't clear, prices on average cover less than a third of production costs, the resulting student subsidies are given in strikingly different amounts by different schools, creating a sharply hierarchical market. And an input important to production can be bought only from the firm's own customers. This paper describes the resulting structure of costs, prices, subsidies, and hierarchy using an augmented theory of nonprofits and 1995 national data to show their magnitudes and suggest their often significant implications. Public intuition and economic models of firms, industries, and welfare often yield distorted understanding and dubious public policies.
Asymmetric Information and Public Economics: The Mirrlees-Vickrey Nobel Prize
Authors: Sandmo Agnar
Published: June 2010

This paper surveys the contributions of Nobel laureates James Mirrlees and William Vickrey to the study of asymmetric information in economics, particularly as they relate to problems in public economics. It discusses and interprets Mirrlees's work on optimal income taxation and relates it to previous work on optimal distribution of income, including that of Vickrey. It also describes Vickrey's fundamental contribution to auction theory and its importance for the more general field of preference revelation. It also includes an evaluation of the prize winners' work in other areas of public economics, particularly on optimal indirect taxation and marginal cost pricing.
The Shaping of Higher Education: The Formative Years in the United States, 1890 to 1940
Authors: Goldin Claudia , Katz Lawrence F
Published: June 2010

The authors trace the origins of the key features of U.S. higher education today--the coexistence of small liberal arts colleges and large research universities; the substantial share of enrollment in the public sector; and varying levels of support provided by the states. These features began to materialize soon after 1890 when the ‘knowledge industry’ was subjected to ‘technological shocks’ that increased the value of research to industry and government and led to the proliferation of academic disciplines. The consequence was an increase in the scale and scope of institutions of higher education and a relative expansion of public-sector institutions.
The Changing Distributions of New Ph.D. Economists and Their Employment: Implications for the Future
Authors: Ehrenberg Ronald G
Published: June 2010

This essay addressed the changing demographic composition of new Ph.D.s in economics and the changing distribution of the jobs that they are obtaining. It discusses how future trends may interact to influence the types of training that economists may provide their graduate students and the types of faculty positions that academic institutions may provide for new Ph.D. economists in the future.
Commodity Prices and Growth in Africa
Authors: Deaton Angus
Published: June 2010

African states that came to independence by the late 1960s made a rapid transition to authoritarian rule during a period of reasonably robust growth. Growth then faltered badly from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s as these regimes coped with external shocks and varying degrees of fiscal crisis. Leading critics embed Africa's slow growth in failures of governance associated with “weak” authoritarian rule. These provide important insights into policy patterns while suggesting the growth-promoting potential of Africa's recent Democratization.
International Institutions for Reducing Global Financial Instability
Authors: Rogoff Kenneth
Published: June 2010

This paper asks how recent developments in research on banking and sovereign lending can help inform the debate on choosing a new international financial architecture. A broad range of plans is considered, including a global lender of last resort facility, an international bankruptcy court, an international debt insurance corporation, and unilateral controls on capital flows. One common failing of the main plans that have been proposed is that they fail to confront the biases in the existing system towards debt finance and bank intermediation, at the expense of equity finance and direct investment.
Let's Put the Squares in Least-Squares
Authors: Erkut Erhan , Ingolfsson Armann
Published: June 2010

We offer an interactive spreadsheet to teach simple linear regression, which we have found to be an effective teaching tool. Unlike most textbooks that cover regression, this spreadsheet displays what is being minimized—the squares of the errors—and it allows students to experiment with the parameters of the line before optimizing them.
An Object-Oriented Version of SIMLIB (A Simple Simulation Package)
Authors: Huffman Brian J.
Published: June 2010

This paper introduces an object-oriented version of SIMLIB (an easy-to-understand discrete-event simulation package). The object-oriented version is preferable to the original procedural language versions of SIMLIB in that it is easier to understand and teach simulation from an object point of view. A single-server queue simulation is demonstrated using the object-oriented SIMLIB.
COPS: Whatcha Gonna Do?
Authors: Rump Christopher M.
Published: June 2010

This case focuses on the application of queueing theory to urban planning. It would be suitable for either an undergraduate or graduate course in queueing theory or urban operations research. The case examines the problem of patrol car allocation. The students are shown the weakness of the so-called hazard rate allocation that is common police practice. This allocation is based solely on call-for-service (arrival) rates. The case also illustrates the weakness of a focus solely on server workload (utilization). Armed with an appreciation of queueing effects, the students are then asked to explore the vast set of possible patrol car allocations. The choice of the “best” or even a “good” allocation depends on a subjective assessment of the important criteria, which usually involve consideration for police response times and officer workloads.
On the Limited Budget Problem
Authors: Drezner Zvi , Minh Do Le (Paul)
Published: June 2010

We consider the problem of planning a mix of products with a limited budget constraint. This problem is an extension of the well known product mix problem. The problem is easily formulated as a linear programming problem. In this paper we find the optimal solution by an explicit formula without applying any linear programming solution method. Therefore, very large problems can be easily solved. The problem is illustrated by an example. It can be used to demonstrate the usefulness of the dual problem in linear programming and the utility of using problem structure insight as a means to provide a more meaningful tool for management decision making. An Excel spreadsheet is constructed for illustrating the procedure in class.
Risk Economies of Scale in the Finance and Insurance Industries: Placing the Right Emphasis in Introductory Business Statistics
Authors: Richetta Octavio
Published: June 2010

Most undergraduate and graduate business programs include a required introductory course in statistics with statistical inference as the primary focus. Developing the proper understanding of statistical inference techniques requires an ambitious ramp-up effort devoted to the study of probability theory, discrete and continuous probability distributions, and the central limit theorem. Mastering this large amount of demanding material in a short time poses a significant challenge to most students. As a result, students resort to formula lists they apply without proper understanding. Frequently, even the best performing students in the class are incapable of applying simple statistical concepts soon after the course is over. Acquiring lifelong knowledge requires understanding. This paper illustrates how simple properties of the sum of independent identically distributed random variables account for risk economies of scale which are at the foundations of the finance and insurance industries. By highlighting this simple, yet extremely important result, students stand a better chance of achieving lifelong recollection and understanding of one of the most significant quantitative results in business.
Data Cleansing and Analysis as a Prelude to Model Based Decision Support
Authors: Isken Mark W.
Published: June 2010

We describe a loosely integrated set of teaching modules that allow students to explore decision support systems (DSS) topics ranging from data warehousing to model based decision support. The modules are used as part of a spreadsheet based modeling approach to teaching DSS. We describe one particular module in detail in which students are forced to deal with a muddy data set as a prelude to analysis, modeling and decision support system development.
A New Approach to Implementing Project Networks in Spreadsheets
Authors: Ragsdale Cliff T.
Published: June 2010

ISeveral approaches have been proposed for implementing project networks in spreadsheets. The approaches suggested to date are overly tedious to implement for problems of realistic size and/or require error-prone manual intervention if precedence relations among activities change or project activities are added or deleted. This paper introduces a new and more efficient approach to implementing project networks in spreadsheets that overcomes the weaknesses found in previous techniques.
Binary recursive partitioning: Background, methods, and application to psychology
Authors: Merkle Edgar C. , Shaffer Victoria A.
Published: June 2010

Binary recursive partitioning (BRP) is a computationally intensive statistical method that can be used in situations where linear models are often used. Instead of imposing many assumptions to arrive at a tractable statistical model, BRP simply seeks to accurately predict a response variable based on values of predictor variables. The method outputs a decision tree depicting the predictor variables that were related to the response variable, along with the nature of the variables' relationships. No significance tests are involved, and the tree's ‘goodness’ is judged based on its predictive accuracy. In this paper, we describe BRP methods in a detailed manner and illustrate their use in psychological research. We also provide R code for carrying out the methods.