bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparação Entre Traçadores Químicos Fluorescentes e Seus Respectivos Resultados Obtidos Através da Metodologia de Injeção de Traçadores no Entorno de Cavidades Para Detecção de Influência Hídrica. Estudo de Caso em Serra Norte, Carajás/PA
Authors: Ferreira Bruna dos Santos Cezar , Bacellar Luis de Almeida Prado , Lima Hernani Mota de
Published: February 2021

No Brasil, a expansão das minas de minério de ferro e a riqueza espeleológica em rochas ferruginosas chamou a atenção de pesquisadores e agências ambientais que passaram a cobrar das mineradoras investimentos em estudos para preservação e mitigação dos impactos das atividades nos ambientes cavernícolas. A Resolução CONAMA nº 347 de 2004 estabelece a área de influência mínima sobre o patrimônio espeleológico identificado. Neste contexto, o estudo de conexões hídricas no entorno das cavidades faz parte de um projeto cujo objetivo principal é o entendimento da dinâmica hídrica no entorno de 34 cavidades naturais subterrâneas em formações ferríferas bandadas e cangas lateríticas localizadas nas minas da Serra Norte, Carajás/PA. Neste projeto foram realizados procedimentos experimentais ao longo de 5 anos com aplicação de traçadores químicos fluorescentes, com diferentes espaçamentos, em regiões de operações de mina, para análise da presença dos traçadores no interior de cavidades. Os resultados apontam que cavidades menores e mais rasas tem influência hídrica local e que a presença de solo e vegetação tendem a reduzir a conexão hídrica. A velocidade de fluxo pela canga é muito influenciada pelo volume de canga ensaiada em decorrência das descontinuidades cársticas e fissurais deste meio. Em adição, o cuidado durante a coleta das amostras por parte dos colaboradores de campo e a presença antrópica e de animais no interior e no entorno das cavidades são de considerável relevância.
Open Education and Open Source for Sustainable Economic Activity
Authors: Voigt Maximilian
Published: February 2021

Open education and open-source are essential foundations for enabling civic engagement with technologies and sustainable use. Makerspaces can lead the way for structural change through local learning and economic development.
Sustainability challenges of Artificial Intelligence and Policy Implications
Authors: Rohde Friederike , Gossen Maike , Wagner Josephin , Santarius Tilman
Published: February 2021

Automated decision-making based on Artificial Intelligence is associated with growing expectations and is to contribute to sustainable development goals. Which opportunities and risks for the environment, economy and society are associated with Artificial Intelligence-based applications and how can they be governed?
The effect of entrepreneurial orientation, use of information technology, and innovation capability on SMEs' competitive advantage and performance: evidence from Indonesia
Authors: Widyanti Shabrina , Mahfudz M
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of entrepreneurial orientation, the use of information technology, and the capability of innovation on competitive advantage and performance of SMEs through competitive advantage. In this research, the sample was 125 SMEs joined in the digital class "X" in Semarang City. The result of the analysis using SEM shows that entrepreneurial orientation positively affects performance and competitive advantage of SMEs. Innovation capabilities also have a positive effect on SMEs' competitive advantage and performance. The result also suggested that use of information technology has a positive effect on the competitive advantage and competitive advantage has a positive effect on the business performance of SMEs
»Du aber, JHWH – bis in fernste Zeit thronst du, und dein Gedächtnis währt von Generation zu Generation« (Ps 102,13)
Authors: Grund-Wittenberg Alexandra
Published: February 2021

Auf der Basis forschungsgeschichtlich grundierter Überlegungen, wie man sich dem Zeitverständnis des alten Israel im interkulturellen Vergleich methodisch nähern kann, gibt dieser Beitrag einen Überblick, welches semantische Inventar dem biblischen Hebräisch zur Darstellung von Zeit zur Verfügung stand und gewährt Einblicke, wie ausgewählte Psalmen Gottes und des Menschen Zeit vermittelt sehen. Hier werden die Rhythmen der Schöpfung als Zeichensprache der geschaffenen Ordnung der Zeit wahrgenommen (Ps 19), dort soll ein kulturelles Gedächtnis gestiftet werden, um Gottes Herrschaft auf Dauer zu feiern (Ps 102), an anderer Stelle artikuliert sich die Hoffnung, dass mit der Gottesbeziehung auch die Person selbst Anteil an der Dauer Gottes erhält (Ps 73).
Kirchengeschichtliche Epochenkonzepte und Endzeiterwartungen in der frühen Reformation zwischen gemessener und erlebbarer Zeit
Authors: Keßler Martin
Published: February 2021

Wie lassen sich endzeitliche Entwicklungen zwischen subjektiv gedeuteter und objektiv messbarer Zeit vermitteln? Der Beitrag bietet ausgewählte Beispiele der frühen Reformation (Martin Luther, Thomas Müntzer und Diepold Peringer), die jeweils eigene Zeiterfahrung durch Hinweise auf Zeitmessung und konkrete Ausweise der Endzeit für andere objektivierbar zu machen.
Theologie im Dialog mit dem Zeitverständnis der Naturwissenschaften
Authors: Losch Andreas
Published: February 2021

Ein einflussreiches kontinentales Dialogmodell im Gespräch von Theologie und Naturwissenschaften liegt in der Diskussion um ein angemessenes Zeitverständnis. Während die klassische Physik (Newton) nur eine Zeit der ewigen Gegenwart kannte, hat die neuere Physik (z. B. in der Thermodynamik) die Bedeutung des Zeitpfeils erkannt. Die Evolutionsbiologie verdankt sich dieser linearen Zeitperspektive geradezu. Es verbleiben jedoch immer noch denkbare Zeitdimensionen, die anderen Bereichen der Wirklichkeit als den naturwissenschaftlich erfassbaren zugeordnet werden können.
L2 acquisition of thebeipassive in Mandarin Chinese: A constructionist approach
Authors: Chen Chen , Liu Feng-hsi
Published: February 2021

A major claim in the constructionist approach to language acquisition is that grammar is learned by pairings of form and function. In this study we test this claim by examining how L2 learners of Mandarin Chinese acquire thebeipassive construction, a construction that is associated with the meaning of adversity. Our goal is to find out whether L2 learners make the association between the passive and adversity. Participants performed a sentence choice task under four conditions: an adversative context with an adversative verb, an adversative context with a neutral verb, a neutral context with a neutral verb and a positive context with a neutral verb. In each context participants were asked to select either thebeipassive construction or its active counterpart. We found that high-level learners consistently chose thebeipassive significantly more in adversative contexts than in non-adversative contexts regardless of the connotations of the verbs, while low-level learners made the distinction half of the time. In addition, while low-level learners did not yet associate adversity with the form of the construction, high-level learners did. We conclude that L2 learners do learn thebeipassive construction as a form-meaning pair. The constructionist approach is supported.
Vocabulary Alignment in the Continuation Task of Translation
Authors: Li Qinghua , Yao Kai , Ge Zengzheng
Published: February 2021

Alignment effect in language research refers to the social cognition process in which people cooperate, adjust, and adapt to each other in interaction. Through empirical study, this paper explores alignment effect in the continuation task of translation (CTOT) and its possible influence on learning of English as foreign languge (EFL). The study was carried out by means of a CTOT. Participants were chosen from non-English major freshmen of similar capacity from a university in Guangzhou. They were divided into two groups, the experimental group (EG) and the control group (CG), with 13 students each. The students in EG were asked to carefully read some English-Chinese bilingual material. Then, the 26 participants were tasked with translating the paragraphs, which followed from Chinese into English. After that, they were asked to write down the words and expressions which they found difficult. Some of the participants were interviewed one month later for a deeper understanding of their memories of the vocabulary and their opinions on the CTOT. The data were analyzed by direct comparison and non-parametric test. The results showed that vocabulary alignment does occur in CTOT. The EG members tended to take advantage of words that appeared in the bilingual reading text. If multiple words from the reading appeared, with the same contextual meaning, they tended to choose the repeated words. As for influence of vocabulary alignment on EFL learning, it seemed that CTOT could not improve the quality of the translation itself, but could assist short-term vocabulary learning though no significant help to long-term vocabulary learning was revealed. The findings of this study provide support and explanation for some features and effects of CTOT, an important form of CT. However, the nature of CTOT itself, and its role in EFL learning deserve further research.
“I’m in contact with foreign languages every day”
Authors: Huhtala Anne , Kursiša Anta , Vesalainen Marjo
Published: February 2021

The focus of this article is the multilingualism of advanced university students of languages other than English. Our research questions are the following: 1) How many foreign languages do students know and use in their everyday life? 2) In which contexts do they use their various languages? 3) How do they reflect on their multilingualism? The data were collected at the University of Helsinki by means of an electronic questionnaire, through which students were invited to answer open questions about their language use. In all, 53 students of French, German, and Swedish answered the questionnaire. The results of this qualitative study have been presented from a holistic perspective, focusing on the dynamic nature of individual multilingualism (Jessner 2008). In the paper, we also discuss how the languages in the students’ language repertoire could be interpreted as being a part of (or outside) theirdominant language constellation(Aronin and Singleton 2012). The results show that students were aware of their language competence in their various L2s, although many of them did not seem to experience themselves as multilingual. Many students were strongly focused on one specific L2, but in some cases, it could be possible to talk about a more holisticmultilingual identity(Henry 2017) beyond the individual language-specific identifications.
Language didactics and language teaching since 1945 – the French way
Authors: Tardieu Claire
Published: February 2021

The following article addresses epistemological and terminological issues regarding Didactique des langues [language didactics] in France, including teaching methods, curricular developments, and research priorities. Why do the French, among other Europeans, keep on labelling “didactique des langues” what is also known as Second Language Teaching and Learning (SLTL), even though the English translation, “language didactics”, is hardly found in anglophone scientific literature? As for the very word “didacticien.ne” [didactician], so often used in France, it seems inexistent in English, often translated as “teaching expert” or “educational specialist”. Still, to what extent do these signifiers convey the same signified? How did the research area develop in France? The purpose of this paper is to research and make more visible the historical and scientific foundations of “didactique des langues “ and more precisely of “didactique de l’anglais“ in the French context. First, our analysis will borrow from educational sciences and focus on the term “Didactics” as opposed to “pedagogy”, and explain the concept of “didactology” developed by Galisson (2002), Coste and Puren (1999). We will also elaborate on the specific meaning of “didactique des langues”, “didactique des langues-cultures” in connection with other European traditions and Anglo-American terminology. Then, we will adopt an epistemological stance and briefly outline the history of the concept of “didactique de l’anglais”, with an overview of language teaching in relation to founding theories. Finally, we will present the evolution of French contemporary research.
Foreign Language Didactics and Foreign Language Education since 1945
Authors: Fäcke Christiane
Published: February 2021

This editorial presents an overview of European language policy and foreign language education in Europe as well as a special focus on two European countries differing very much in multilingualism and language competences: the United Kingdom and Luxembourg. A very brief summary of research discourses and language policy, especially of AILA, leads to a short introduction into the contributions of this volume.
The English shark and other fish in the pond
Authors: Fäcke Christiane
Published: February 2021

The following paper provides a historical overview of foreign language education and foreign language teaching in Germany, including teaching methods and curricular developments. A special focus emphasizes language policy and its influence on language teaching, analysing language choice, language order and the predominance of English.
Interacting with native speakers of Chinese through online learning communities: A case study with East Asian learners
Authors: Lyu Boning , Lai Chun
Published: February 2021

Online language learning communities play an important role in providing learners of Chinese as a second language (CSL) with access to authentic language opportunities to communicate with native speakers of Chinese. However, few studies have examined CSL learners’ self-initiated naturalistic interactions with native speakers of Chinese on such platforms. This current study aims at filling this research gap by examining five East Asia CSL adult learners’ interactions with native speakers of Chinese in an informal learning context on an instruction-oriented social-networking based learning community. Adopting Henri’s (1992) analytic framework to understand the interactions between online learners from both cognitive and social dimensions, it finds that different types of interactions with native speakers of Chinese influenced learners’ differently. The study provides suggestions to CSL teachers as well as educational technology designers on how to maximize the benefits of online learning communities for CSL learners in their informal language learning beyond the classroom.
Chinese vocabulary learning strategies by English-speaking learners: A think-aloud study
Authors: Yan Jing
Published: February 2021

Learning Chinese vocabulary is challenging for learners whose first language is alphabet-based. Researchers have embarked on investigating Chinese vocabulary learning strategies from both a psycholinguistic and a pedagogical perspective. Learning strategies are defined as observable behaviors and mental actions that are consciously employed by learners for comprehending, processing, and storing language knowledge. This paper reports a study in which the think-aloud research method is employed for exploring Chinese vocabulary learning strategies of English-speaking learners. The participants were eight learners of Chinese from a university in the UK. The results reveal that learners employ orthographic strategies, semantic strategies, memory strategies, phonological strategies, and metacognitive strategies. Furthermore, this study found that overt physical behaviors and mental actions cannot be separated. Various mental actions were underneath similar physical behaviors, which may lead to variations in learning outcomes. Second, there are metacognitive strategies, with which the participants could use in deciding, monitoring, and evaluating the use of specific cognitive strategies. This study suggests that Chinese vocabulary learning strategies need to be described in a holistic manner wherein physical and mental actions involved in cognitive strategies and metacognitive strategies are all taken into consideration so as to inform strategy instruction.
A Surfactant-Free Microfluidic Process for Fabrication of Multi-Hollow Polyimide Aerogel Particles
Authors: Yao Y. M. , Joo P. , Jana S. C.
Published: February 2021

This work focuses on fabrication of multi-hollow polyimide gel and aerogel particles from a surfactant-free oil-in-oil emulsion system using a microfluidic droplet generator operating under dripping mode. The multi-hollow gel and aerogel particles have strong potential in thermal insulation. Under jetting and tip-streaming regime of microfluidic flows, droplets are generated with no occluded liquid phase. The present study investigates a means of designing polyimide gel particles with plurality of internal liquid droplets by strategically manipulating the flow rates of the continuous and dispersed phase liquids through the microfluidic droplet generator. The multi-hollow polyimide aerogel particles obtained after supercritical drying of the gel particles present mesopores, high BET surface area, and excellent prospect for thermal insulation.
A Comparison of CO2 and N2 Foaming Behaviors of PP in a Visualization System
Authors: Guo Q.-P. , Wang J. , Park C. B.
Published: February 2021

Understanding of polypropylene (PP) foaming is critically important to reduce the weight of automotive parts. In this study, we used a batch foaming simulation system with visualization cell, to observe the foaming behaviors of PP that is blown with CO2 and N2 under various experimental conditions. We found that the nucleating agent content, initial temperature, pressure (i. e., gas content), and pressure drop rate during foaming have a significant effect on cell nucleation and cell growth. The cell density and the void fraction of PP foamed with CO2 and N2, respectively, were separately observed and compared. It was found that under the same experimental conditions, the maximum cell density of PP foamed with CO2 was higher than that of PP foamed with N2. However, the maximum cell density of PP foamed with CO2 was determined to be lower than that of PP foamed with N2, when the same gas mole numbers were employed. Based on the experimental results, optimum foaming conditions and effective processing strategies for PP-CO2 system are suggested.
Ultrasonographic determination of thyroid volume in infants and children from Aegean region of Turkey and comparison with national and international references
Authors: Çolak Edis , Özkan Behzat , Genç Sinan , Polat Burak
Published: February 2021

Objectives

Accurate diagnosis and follow-up of pediatric patients with thyroid disorders, depends on the availability of appropriate data for normal thyroid volume (TV). The aim of this study was to determine the TV by ultrasonography (US) in subjects from the newborn period up to 18 years of age from the Aegean region of Turkey.

Methods

We measured the thyroid volumes in 513 children using US and compared them with the children’s age, gender, standard deviation score (SDS) of body height (BH-SDS), body weight (BW-SDS), body mass index (BMI-SDS), and body surface area (BSA-SDS). The 3rd, 50th, and 97th percentiles of the age-dependent distribution of the TV were calculated and compared with national and international references.

Results

The BH, BW, BMI, and BSA of all the participants were within the normal ranges for Turkish children. The TV was significantly positively correlated with age, gender, BH-SDS, BW-SDS, BMI-SDS, and BSA-SDS in all subjects (r=0.748, r=0.267, r=0.730, r=0.735, r=0.664 and r=0.735, respectively; p<0.0001 for all). The most important predictors for TV were age and BW-SDS, followed by BSA-SDS and BH-SDS. In multivariate regression, age and BW-SDS were the only significant independent predictors for TV. Our results were nearly similar to the corresponding data reported by the World Health Organisation in 2004.

Conclusions

The present study provides updated values for TV that can serve as a potential tool in differentiating the normal from the abnormal size of the thyroid gland in children aged 0–18 years from the Aegean region of Turkey.
Diagnostic utility of fine needle aspiration cytology in pediatric thyroid nodules based on Bethesda Classification
Authors: Jiang Wen , Phillips Susan A. , Newbury Robert O. , Naheedy John H. , Newfield Ron S.
Published: February 2021

Objectives

The Bethesda system for reporting cytopathology (TBSRTC) has been widely adopted in the management of thyroid nodules. Based on the limited pediatric data available, the implied malignancy risk for each of the categories may be significantly different in pediatrics vs. adults, especially in the indeterminate categories (Bethesda Class III or IV). We report the diagnostic utility of fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy at our institution based on the Bethesda system and the risk of malignancy in each category.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed all patients who underwent a thyroid FNA at our tertiary pediatric hospital from 12/1/2002 to 11/30/2018. FNA results were classified according to TBSRTC. Patient demographics, cytology, histopathology, radiological and clinical follow-ups were examined.

Results

A total of 171 patients were included with 203 cytological samples. Average age at initial FNA was 14.7 years (range 6.9–18.6 years). The numbers of nodules reported for Bethesda categories I–VI were 29, 106, 22, 14, 6 and 26, respectively, and the rate of malignancy was: 13.8, 4.7, 22.7, 35.7, 83.3 and 100%, respectively. Use of ultrasound guidance reduced the non-diagnostic rate from 38.1 to 11.5%. Introduction of on-site adequacy testing further reduced the non-diagnostic rate to 6.5% since 2014.

Conclusions

The risk of malignancy for thyroid nodules in this pediatric cohort is higher than reported in adults. However, rates described here are much closer to adult ranges than previously published pediatric cohorts. The addition of adequacy testing improved the non-diagnostic rate of FNA procedures performed with ultrasound guidance.
The Ambiguity of Mimesis: Kierkegaard between Aesthetic Fantasy and Religious Imitation
Authors: Ramazzotto Nicola
Published: February 2021

This paper attempts to investigate Kierkegaard’s thought through the category of mimesis. First, two meanings of the word are distinguished and analyzed: the archaic meaning that links it to the concept of re-enactment, and the traditional meaning that links it to the aesthetic field of art. These two meanings are then considered in relation to Kierkegaard’s opus, showing the oscillation of mimesis as corresponding to that between the aesthetic, which lives in fantasy and in the unfulfilled possibility, and the religious, which finds its identity in the imitation of Christ and in the transparent relationship to God.
Does Kierkegaard’s Rewritten Parable of the Good Samaritan Leave the World to the Devil? Kierkegaard and Adorno on What it Means to Love one’s Neighbor in the Modern World
Authors: Damgaard Iben
Published: February 2021

This article critically examines and discusses the charge, raised by Adorno in his essay on Works of Love, that Kierkegaard’s rewriting of the Gospel story of the good Samaritan reduces neighbor love to abstract inwardness. It has been somewhat ignored in the reception of Adorno’s text that he also praises Kierkegaard as a critic of his time. I explore Adorno’s appreciation of this dimension in Works of Love and seek to develop it further by examining Kierkegaard’s sharp eye for discovering how the inhumanity of the slavery in the past persists in more hidden and subtle ways in the modern world dominated by the instrumental rationality of economics.
Johan Ludvig Heiberg’s “Literary Winter Crops” and Kierkegaard’s Polemic
Authors: Stewart Jon
Published: February 2021

This article provides an English translation of Johan Ludvig Heiberg’s “Literary Winter Crops” from 1843. The young Kierkegaard cultivated a positive relationship with Heiberg, who was the most powerful cultural figure in Denmark at the time. Heiberg published Kierkegaard’s first articles in his literary journal Kjøbenhavns flyvende Post, and in Kierkegaard’s early works such as From the Papers of One Still Living and The Concept of Irony, there are clear signs that he continued to court Heiberg’s favor. Heiberg’s dismissive book review of Either/Or in “Literary Winter Crops” definitively ended the relationship. Deeply offended, Kierkegaard from this point on waged a polemical war with Heiberg. Heiberg’s short review played a large and negative role not just in their personal relationship but also in Kierkegaard’s development generally. This work appears here for the first time in a complete English translation.
Characterization of the torsional vibration behavior of circular and rectangular cross-sectional arc springs: Theory and experiments
Authors: Fidanciogullari Samet , Yildiz Ahmet
Published: February 2021

This paper is about the theoretical and experimental characterizations of the torsional vibration behavior of circular and rectangular cross-sectional arc springs. Firstly, the dynamic behaviors of arc springs with different cross-sectional wire profiles designed for a dual mass flywheel are modeled by mathematical formulations. After that, experimental tests are performed to verify these models and it is observed that the stiffness characterizations are in good agreement with experimental results. Lastly, the masses of two different arc springs are compared by regarding the same vibration stiffness criteria and it is demonstrated that the rectangular wire provides an arc spring with a 9.44 vol.-% lighter structure. Thus, the outcomes of this paper can be good references for the manufacturer about the numerical and experimental characterization of dual mass flywheel springs, especially for rectangular wire arc springs.
A new Hybrid Taguchi-salp swarm optimization algorithm for the robust design of real-world engineering problems
Authors: Yıldız Ali Rıza , Erdaş Mehmet Umut
Published: February 2021

In this paper, a new hybrid Taguchi salp swarm algorithm (HTSSA) has been developed to speed up the optimization processes of structural design problems in industry and to approach a global optimum solution. The design problem is posed for the shape optimization of a seat bracket with a mass objective function and a stress constraint. Objective function evaluations are based on finite element analysis, while the response surface method is used to obtain the equations necessary for objective and constraint functions. Recent optimization techniques such as the salp swarm algorithm, grasshopper optimization algorithm and, Harris hawks optimization algorithm are used to compare the performance of the HTSSA in solving the structural design problem. The results show the hybrid Taguchi salp swarm algorithm’s ability and the superiority of the method developed for optimum product design processes.
Soft chemical processing approach for the valorization of seafood waste by-products as a source of bioactive polymers
Authors: Chenni Abdenour , Bezzi Tarek , Djidjelli Hocine , Boukerrou Amar , Kecha Mouloud
Published: February 2021

Chitin and chitosan as green and active biomacromolecules were extracted from local seafood waste (shrimp shells). The extraction was carried out by a soft chemical process, followed by structural characterization (FTIR, XRD, viscosity average molecular weight M̅v), thermal stability by TGA, and antibacterial tests. FTIR and XRD spectra confirmed the chemical structures of the extracted chitin and chitosan which were similar to the commercial ones. The chitin and chitosan had an average viscosimetric molar weight of 232.21 kDa and 41 kDa, respectively. The chitosan had a high deacetylation degree (DD = 71 %) and low cristallinity index (Icr = 68.3 %); compared to chitin, which exhibited a lower deacetylation degree (DD = 24.27 %), higher thermal stability and higher cristallinity index (Icr = 87.55 %). A bacteriostatic effect of chitin was observed in the gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium. Chitosan exhibited a bacteriostatic effect on all bacteria tested, except Salmonella typhimurium.
Manufacturing of Al-Li-Si3N4 metal matrix composite for weight reduction
Authors: Kandasamy Raju , Marimuthu Balakrishnan
Published: February 2021

The present analysis was aimed to identify the properties of Al 2024 composite reinforced with lithium and silicon nitride to make it applicable for automobiles, sports and aerospace applications. An effort was made to reduce the density and increase the hardness and impact properties of aluminum 2024 matrix with individual and multiple reinforcements using the double casting method under non-reactive environment. Aluminum alloy matrices with lithium, silicon nitride and the combination of both were fabricated. The microstructure, density, hardness and impact strength properties of the fabricated aluminum metal matrices were analyzed. The microstructure study reveals the uniform dispersion of reinforcements in the matrix alloy. From the results, it is understood that the hardness and impact toughness increase with the addition of silicon nitride. Density is reduced with the addition of lithium as reinforcement. When both reinforcements were added in the matrix, it was observed that there was an increase in hardness and impact strength of the composites with decrease in density of the metal matrix composite making it suitable for light weight and high strength applications.
The crystal structure of (Z)-3-((2-(2-(2-aminophenoxy)ethoxy)phenyl)amino)-1-phenylbut-2-en-1-one, C24H24N2O3
Authors: Zhang Weilian , Zuo Zhenyu , Yanhui Chen , Bin Liu
Published: February 2021

C24H24N2O3, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 13.674(3) Å, b = 7.3900(14) Å, c = 20.862(4) Å, β = 106.728(7)°, V = 2018.9(7) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0633, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.1804, T = 293 K.
Die Nominalisierung von Nebensätzen im Tschechischen
Authors: Kosta Peter , Karlík Petr
Published: February 2021

The present article ties in with an earlier study by Chomsky (1970) on nominalizations in English, which was then refined primarily in the influential work of Jane Grimshaw (1990) and is dealt with in detail in Borer (2013) and in Kosta (2020). In contrast to the English gerundives, which do not lose verbal behavior due to the derivation in the syntax and maintain all grammatical categories and characteristics of verbs, which is why one can speak of a real conversion while preserving the verbal semantics, the situation is somewhat different in Czech. In the deverbal, deadjective and other derivations, the Czech apparently made the transition to the noun with its critical properties, which is shown by certain restrictions in the aspectuality marking of deverbal noun phraseson -ní-,-tí-, which, e. g., do not pass the progression durativity test (Vendler 1967). In passive constructions, as is well known, a valence point in the position of the external argument is reduced compared to the corresponding active sentences, while the external argument position in anti-causatives is also not available in the deep structure. In addition to the syntactic restrictions that are evident in nominalizations in the context of simple sentences of different sentence types (causative, anti-causative, passive) and demonstrate the nominal character of certain types of deverbal noun phrases in the first part of this article, the second part of the essay deals with more complex structures and extends its analytical and theoretical part to the phenomenon of nominalizing subordinate clauses. The aim of the central part of this contribution is therefore to test the nominal properties of embedded conjunctional sentences and of embedded headless relative sentences on the basis of empirical data and thus contribute to the knowledge of whether certain types of relative sentences can (or must) be nominalized.
Transverse acoustic phonon excitations in liquid metals
Authors: Hosokawa Shinya
Published: February 2021

In this article, transverse acoustic (TA) phonon excitations in various liquid metals are reviewed. Low-frequency TA phonon excitations were investigated on liquid Ga, Sn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Bi, by using high energy resolution inelastic X-ray scattering (IXS). The current correlation functions obtained from the IXS spectra were analyzed by using two Gaussians to evaluate the excitation energies and widths of the longitudinal acoustic and TA excitation modes, which are consistent withab initiomolecular dynamics simulations. The lifetimes and propagating lengths of the TA modes were determined, and may respectively correspond to the lifetimes and sizes of cages instantaneously formed in each liquid metal. The microscopic elastic constants were estimated and characteristic differences from macroscopic polycrystalline values were found in Poisson’s ratios. Future experimental and analytical problems to be solved in the near future are addressed.
Comparison of the Pressure Biofeedback Unit and Real-Time Ultrasound Imaging as Feedback Tools to Contract the Transversus Abdominis Muscle: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Older Adults
Authors: Daigle Frédérique , Léonard Guillaume , Émond Myriam , Benoit-Piau Justine , Gaudreault Nathaly
Published: February 2021

Background and Purpose:

The transversus abdominis (TrA) is a key muscle for lumbar stabilization and is often retrained in physical therapy. Feedback tools, such as the pressure biofeedback unit (PBU) and rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI), are frequently used by physical therapists to train their patients and improve their patients' ability to contract this muscle. However, the effect of these tools in rehabilitating the TrA in older adults remains to be demonstrated, as is their efficiency in transferring the skill of recruiting the TrA from a supine position to a standing position.

The objective of the study was to compare the immediate effectiveness of the PBU and RUSI to reeducate the TrA muscle in a population of asymptomatic older adults (without pain).

Methods:

Forty participants were randomized into 2 groups (RUSI or PBU). The intervention included a training session involving 15 TrA contractions held for 10 seconds with the corresponding feedback device. The dependent variable, TrA thickness (a muscle activation indicator), was measured using ultrasound images before and after the intervention in a supine and standing position. Nonparametric analyses were used for inter- and intragroup comparisons.

Results and Discussion:

The results showed no between-group differences in TrA activation ratio (AR) in the supine or standing position (supine AR: TrA RUSI thickness change P = .53 vs PBU thickness change P = .73, comparison between groups P = .51; standing AR: TrA RUSI thickness change P = .003 vs PBU thickness change P = .10; comparison between groups P = .61). However, the change in TrA thickness compared to the other abdominal wall muscles in a standing position was significantly less post-intervention for the RUSI group only (RUSI P = .006 vs PBU P = .72). Both groups remained similar post-intervention for this outcome (P = .20).

Conclusions:

Neither the RUSI nor the PBU seems to have the desired effect on the activation of TrA in asymptomatic older adults.
An Integrate-and-Fire Spiking Neural Network Model Simulating Artificially Induced Cortical Plasticity
Authors: Shupe Larry , Fetz Eberhard
Published: February 2021

We describe an integrate-and-fire (IF) spiking neural network that incorporates spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) and simulates the experimental outcomes of four different conditioning protocols that produce cortical plasticity. The original conditioning experiments were performed in freely moving non-human primates (NHPs) with an autonomous head-fixed bidirectional brain-computer interface (BCI). Three protocols involved closed-loop stimulation triggered from (1) spike activity of single cortical neurons, (2) electromyographic (EMG) activity from forearm muscles, and (3) cycles of spontaneous cortical beta activity. A fourth protocol involved open-loop delivery of pairs of stimuli at neighboring cortical sites. The IF network that replicates the experimental results consists of 360 units with simulated membrane potentials produced by synaptic inputs and triggering a spike when reaching threshold. The 240 cortical units produce either excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) in their target units. In addition to the experimentally observed conditioning effects, the model also allows computation of underlying network behavior not originally documented. Furthermore, the model makes predictions about outcomes from protocols not yet investigated, including spike-triggered inhibition, γ-triggered stimulation and disynaptic conditioning. The success of the simulations suggests that a simple voltage-based IF model incorporating STDP can capture the essential mechanisms mediating targeted plasticity with closed-loop stimulation.
Time Course of Alterations in Adult Spinal Motoneuron Properties in the SOD1(G93A) Mouse Model of ALS
Authors: Huh Seoan , Heckman Charles J. , Manuel Marin
Published: February 2021

Although amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disease, motoneuron electrical properties are already altered during embryonic development. Motoneurons must therefore exhibit a remarkable capacity for homeostatic regulation to maintain a normal motor output for most of the life of the patient. In the present article, we demonstrate how maintaining homeostasis could come at a very high cost. We studied the excitability of spinal motoneurons from young adult SOD1(G93A) mice to end-stage. Initially, homeostasis is highly successful in maintaining their overall excitability. This initial success, however, is achieved by pushing some cells far above the normal range of passive and active conductances. As the disease progresses, both passive and active conductances shrink below normal values in the surviving cells. This shrinkage may thus promote survival, implying the previously large values contribute to degeneration. These results support the hypothesis that motoneuronal homeostasis may be “hypervigilant” in ALS and a source of accumulating stress.
Ketchup as a Vegetable
Authors: Bentley Amy
Published: February 2021

The 1981 Ketchup as a Vegetable debacle has rendered ketchup an indelible fixture in our political as well as our culinary culture. In the Reagan administration’s attempt to slash $1.5 billion from children’s nutrition funding, school lunch program requirements were worded (whether deliberately or not) so as to conceivably allow for designating ketchup as a vegetable, allowing the USDA to eliminate one of the two vegetables required to meet minimum food and nutrition standards, and thus shrink costs considerably. While the proposal included other changes that involved similar, dramatic category shifting, these received only minor attention compared to the idea of the salt and sucrose–laden condiment ketchup as an equivalent to a bona fide vegetable. Ketchup came to symbolize the malevolence of the economic policy of the Ronald Reagan presidency even as it underscored the deep government indifference to children in lower-income and minority populations.
“If you haven’tshaoguo’ed, you haven’t eaten”
Authors: Thomason Erin
Published: February 2021

Biomass stoves, or shaoguo, are used exclusively in rural China for everyday cooking. Making use of agricultural wastes, these improved cook stoves are an economically efficient way to prepare foods and provide a complex taste profile to the everyday wheat-based staples cooked in them. Nevertheless, these stoves are associated with rural backwardness and failures of rural development. In this article, I understand shaoguo as a productive part of making home and belonging for families affected by urban migration. Considering the ways that shaoguo indexes rural identity and social belonging, I think through the connections between cooking and creating spaces of home.
“The Child Needs Milk and Milk Needs a Market”
Authors: Gilad Efrat
Published: February 2021

Before milk was incorporated into the Zionist project as a nutritional supplement for children, dairy was celebrated as agricultural produce. Milk had the ability to bring together a varied group of technical experts, who hailed the Milk in School program as a national triumph. Situating the milk program in its local as well as international contexts, this article shows how milk was imagined and presented in a way that tied together food, public health, Jewish physiques, and national goals. It does so by establishing the link between a nutritional program and its political economy within the Zionist aim of colonizing Palestine and normalizing the Jewish people into “a nation among nations.”
Can a Non-Core Subject Teacher Serve As a Homeroom Teacher? Discussion on the Dispute between Core and Non-Core Subject Teacher as Homeroom Teacher
Authors: Shi Xiaoping
Published: February 2021

In elementary and middle schools in China, core subject teachers serve as homeroom teachers in most classes. Nevertheless, some schools are beginning to try to use non-core subject teachers as homeroom teachers. A series of disputes have arisen over the non-core subject teacher serving as the homeroom teacher. Based on defining the concepts of the core subject, non-core subject, and homeroom teacher, this paper summarized the two viewpoints of whether core and non-core subject teachers can become homeroom teachers; and then discussed the role and the potential reasons of the non-core subject teacher as the homeroom teacher for being blocked, and some solutions are proposed. It is hoped to inject new vitality into the position of homeroom teacher by discussing this phenomenon.
Poverty Alleviation by Education: Exploration and Experience from China – Analysis Based on China’s Policy of Poverty Alleviation by Education
Authors: Yong Mengshu , Zhang Yuxin
Published: February 2021

Improving the poor’s overall quality through education and promoting local economic development and social progress is an important way for China to alleviate poverty. At present, China has formed a policy system of poverty alleviation by education with its characteristics and has achieved remarkable results. This article first elaborates the definition and impact of poverty alleviation by education, and then through the use of literature review and other research methods, it combs the policies of China’s poverty alleviation by education in different historical periods. The aim is to summarize China’s poverty alleviation by education, analyze possible policy problems, and finally make constructive suggestions for its future development.
Using Heart Rate Variability Monitoring for Dexmedetomidine Dosing in Neurointensive Care Patients
Authors: Kiryachkov Yu. Yu. , Petrova M. V. , Muslimov B. G. , Gridnev O. V.
Published: February 2021

Aim: to validate the use of heart rate variability monitoring during dexmedetomidine administration in patients with brain injury of various etiologies.

Material and methods. The study included 25 patients (14 male, 11 female, mean age 58.2±1.81 years) 20 and more days after traumatic brain injury (TBI) (n=9; 36%), acute stroke (n=4; 16%), anoxic brain injury (n=6; 24%), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) (n=6; 24%). Dexmedetomidine was prescribed because of sympathetic hyperactivity as diagnosed by heart rate variability (HRV). The following indices were measured: SI (stress index, in normalized units [nu]), SDNN (standard deviation of all normal sinus RR intervals over 24 h, in ms), RMSSD (root-mean-square of successive normal sinus RR interval difference, in ms), pNN 50% (the percentage of successive normal sinus RR intervals >50 ms), TP (total power of the frequency spectrum, in ms2). HRV parameters were determined prior to dexmedetomidine infusion (baseline), on days 1–3, 4–5, 9–10, 15–20 of drug administration. Sympathetic hyperactivity was diagnosed by determining following values: SDNN < 13.31 ms, RMSSD < 5.78 ms, pNN 50% < 0.110%, SI > 900 nu, and TP < 200 ms2. Normal reference ranges for HRV parameters were as follows: SDNN (13.31–41.4 ms), RMSSD (5.78–42.3 ms), pNN5 0% (0.110–8.1%), SI (80–900 nu), and TP (200–2000 ms2).

Results. The starting dose of dexmedetomidine for sympathetic hyperactivity was 0.12–0.24 µg/kg/hr (mean dose 0.16±0.01; total 200 µg/day). According to digital HRV data, the effective dose ED50 of dexmedetomidine was 0.26±0.03 µg/kg/hour (353.8±35.1 µg total per day) that was achieved on day 9–10 of drug administration.

Conclusion. Electrophysiological neuromonitoring of the autonomic nervous system function increases the efficacy of dexmedetomidine administration in patients with brain injury of various etiologies.
ЕКОНОМІЧНА ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ПРАВОВИХ НОРМ ТА ЇЇ ОЦІНКА ЧЕРЕЗ ПРИЗМУ ПРИНЦИПУ ВЕРХОВЕНСТВА ПРАВА (НА ПРИКЛАДІ ПОДАТКОВОГО ЗАКОНОДАВСТВА)
Authors: УСТИМЕНКО Володимир , ДЖАБРАІЛОВ Руслан
Published: February 2021

Відзначено, що важливою якістю правового регулювання має виступати ефективність обраних державою методу і засобу сприяння досягненню запланованого соціально-економічного результату. Попри те що на законодавчому рівні вияв дістали окремі засади нормопроєктної роботи (зокрема, на прикладі законодавства у сфері регуляторної політики), триває практика ухвалення нормативно-правових актів, ефективність яких залишається сумнівною. Однією з причин такого стану правового регулювання суспільних відносин можна назвати неналежне врахування, а часом свідоме ігнорування теоретико-прикладних конструкцій, що були обґрунтовані в межах правової та економічної науки. У підсумку це призводить до утвердження в певній сфері суспільних відносин несправедливого порядку, що ставить під загрозу подальший сталий розвиток держави.З огляду на це, увагу сконцентровано на дефектах втілення правових принципів, передусім принципу верховенства права, у сферу правового регулювання економічних відносин, що спричиняє виникнення уявної ефективності відповідних правових актів. Доведено, що про ефективність правового регулювання суспільних відносин свідчитиме не тільки показник досягнення правовою нормою очікуваного результату за рахунок мінімально необхідних витрат ресурсів суб’єктів господарювання, громадян і держави (тобто економічний критерій), але й ступінь відповідності такої правової норми принципу верховенства права, що дозволить говорити про сприяння утвердженню правовим актом ідеології справедливості. На основі аналізу окремих прикладів із законотворчої практики у сфері оподаткування встановлено, що прийняття нормативно-правових актів усупереч принципу верховенства права призвело до спрямування податкової політики на досягнення соціально-економічних результатів, які суперечать принципам податкової політики як виду економічної політики і засадам соціальної політики держави у частині перерозподілу доходів, викладеним у документах стратегічного характеру.