bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOCIAL LOAFING AND SELF-BELIEFS: PEOPLE'S COLLECTIVE EFFORT DEPENDS ON THE EXTENT TO WHICH THEY DISTINGUISH THEMSELVES AS BETTER THAN OTHERS
Authors: Charbonnier Emmanuelle , Huguet Pascal , Brauer Markus , Monteil Jean-Marc
Published: May 2006

An experiment tested whether the belief that one is better than others on performance aspects of the self moderates social loafing, the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually. French students performed an easy task either
coactively or collectively. They were then asked to rate how they individuate themselves from others on personal abilities within various domains of social life. The loafing effect was especially strong in participants who perceived themselves as better than others, suggesting that self-beliefs
related to one's feeling of uniqueness is a significant component of social loafing. This finding is discussed from the perspective of Karau and Williams' (1993) Collective Effort Model.
MASS MEDIA PREFERENCES IN DISASTER: A STUDY OF HURRICANE DANNY
Authors: Piotrowski Chris , Armstrong Terry R.
Published: May 2006

Community residents (N=325) completed a survey which assessed their reliance on various media modalities (TV, Cable networks, Radio, Newspaper) in obtaining information/news during Hurricane Danny in July 1997. This unique major storm, which struck the Alabama-West Florida gulf
coast, remained stationary for a period of three days and inundated the area with heavy rains. The results confirm prior research in the communication field on the media preferences of populations under stress during natural disasters.
EXPLORING A TRIPARTITE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REBELLIOUSNESS, OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE AND CREATIVITY
Authors: Griffin Murray , Mcdermott Mark R.
Published: May 2006

Sixty-seven undergraduates completed the NEO-Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1985), the Rebelliousness Questionnaire (McDermott, 1987) and an author-devised creativity checklist. Reactive rebelliousness correlated positively with NEO-neurotic hostility (r = 0.52, p < .001)
and negatively with NEO-openness to experience subscales (actions', r = −0.21, p =0.46; ‘ideas”, r = −0.31, p = 0.005) but not with frequency of self-reported creative interests and activities. A disaggregated measure of creative activities however, demonstrated
a positive association between number of creative literary acts and proactive rebelliousness scores (r = 0.25, p = 0.02). All six NEO-openness subscales correlated positively with self-reported creative activities; five did so with creative interests. Specifically, openness to fantasy and
openness to aesthetic experience correlated notably with creative activities (r = 0.45, p < 0.0005; r = 0.41, p < 0.005) and interests (r = 0.45, p < 0.0005; r = 0.5, p <0.0005). Thus, openness, as McCrae & Costa (1985) hypothesise, was highly predictive of self-reported creative
acts and interests.
ATTITUDES TOWARD THE HYPOMANIC PERSONALITY AND OTHERS
Authors: Kahans Daniel , Krupinski Jerzy , Wilson Christine
Published: May 2006

To evaluate specific community attitudes toward psychiatric conditions and the ability to identify particular psychiatric syndromes, selected respondents associated and/or involved with Wingrove Cottage Community Clinic (N = 49) were asked to complete questionnaires in relation
to five hypothetical characters, each with recognized psychological conditions of: Hypomanic Personality, Manic Episode, Depressive Episode, Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder and Schizoid Personality. Respondents clearly recognized traits of psychiatric illness and were able to understand/evaluate
the need for psychological/psychiatric interventions. Further, the hypomanic person was perceived to be least liked when compared with other syndromes including manic episode. In contrast, the schizoid personality was perceived to be most liked and socially acceptable.
DELINQUENTS' AND NON-DELINQUENTS' PERCEPTION OF FAMILY FUNCTIONING IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Authors: Alnajjar Ahmed , Smadi Ahmed
Published: May 2006

The purpose of the study was to investigate the dynamics of family functioning between delinquent and non-delinquent subjects. 181 subjects (77 delinquents; 104 non-delinquents) answered the Family Functioning Questionnaire (FFQ). Results of the study indicated that there were no significant
differences between delinquents and non-delinquents; but the results showed that there were significant differences between males and females across FFQ subscales in favor of males; also there were significant differences between delinquents and non-delinquents on the emotional fulfilment
and behavioral control subscales in favor of delinquents.
METAPHORS AND ORGANIZATIONAL CONFLICT
Authors: Hamburger Yair , Yitzchayak Udi
Published: May 2006

Many people hold a metaphor that accurately describes their perception of the organization in which they work. The metaphor also determines the way people perceive, remember, and analyze information they receive. However, any single metaphor limits people's perception by blocking and distorting the information encountered. Much of the conflict in the organization is caused by people holding different metaphors, oblivious to the fact that they behave in accordance with their metaphor. They are like people speaking in different languages, but totally unaware of their inability to communicate. This article tackles this problem and offers several suggestions on how to improve internal organization relationships using our current knowledge of metaphors. We believe that our ideas provide yet another perspective on the use of the metaphor for understanding organizational conflict. We believe it constitutes a significant addition to this fascinating field.
BOOK REVIEW: AN ENCYCLOPEDIA TO ACHIEVE AN HOLISTIC APPROACH
Authors: Wolf K. H. , Cunningham J.
Published: May 2006

Psychology and Sociology both deal with a huge range of concepts and methodologies. Information from other disciplines is integrated into Psychology and Sociology, and vice versa. This reciprocal intellectual relationship must be enhanced so that the social and behavioral sciences can
assist in solving the many present and future local and international problems. Such a highly demanding integration among disciplines can be systemised using an invaluable research tool - the Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential.
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ROLE CONFLICTS, ROLE SATISFACTIONS AND LIFE SATISFACTION: EVIDENCE FROM HONG KONG
Authors: Chiu Randy K.
Published: May 2006

This study investigated the direct effects among work/family conflicts, job, marital and life satisfactions reported by a Hong Kong sample. Seventeen hundred questionnaires were sent to three different professions in Hong Kong and 497 successful responses were obtained. The findings
indicated that work and family conflicts as well as interrole conflict affected job satisfaction and marital satisfaction. Likewise, life satisfaction reported by the respondents was affected by their level of job satisfaction and marital satisfaction as well.
THE HESS PUPIL DILATION FINDINGS: SEX OR NOVELTY?
Authors: Aboyoun Darren C. , Dabbs James M.
Published: May 2006

Pupil dilation research initially focused upon emotional reactions and then shifted almost entirely to information processing. The present study returns to the initial research and addresses the question of whether pupil dilation in response to nudity reflects general arousal or more
specific sexual arousal. Among heterosexual subjects, pictures of opposite sex nudes should produce sexual arousal, while pictures of nudes of either sex should produce a general novelty reaction. Pupil dilation was monitored among men and women viewing pictures of clothed men, clothed women,
nude men, and nude women. Pupils dilated more to nude pictures than to the clothed pictures, regardless of the sex of the subject or the sex of the target person being viewed.
LEADERSHIP STYLE AND PERSONALITY OF MOCK JURORS AND THE EFFECT ON SENTENCING DECISIONS
Authors: Valliant Paul M. , Loring Jennifer E.
Published: May 2006

Attitudes toward sentencing decisions were examined in 135 University students. Subjects were administered the Leadership Ability Evaluation (LAE) and the California Psychological Inventory (CPI). They were asked to make sentencing decisions regarding two mock criminal matters. Data
were evaluated using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). In comparison to other leadership styles, individuals who had a democratic-cooperative leadership style scored significantly higher on personality variables of good-impression, self-control, tolerance, and achievement
via independence than other leadership styles. In the autocratic-aggressive group, males scored much lower on communality than females. The females in the study scored significantly lower than males on social presence, socialization, and good impression. A two way interaction was noted for
leadership style and gender for sentencing. Females with a democratic-cooperative leadership style were significantly harsher in sentencing than males from the same group.
PERSONALITY NOT INTELLIGENCE OR EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT DIFFERENTIATE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS WHO ACCESS SPECIAL NEEDS FOR “LEARNING DISABILITIES”
Authors: Persinger M. A. , Tiller S. G.
Published: May 2006

University students who had been referred over a three year period from a special needs office because of putative learning disabilities were compared to randomly selected cohorts. There was no evidence of learning disabilities. Standardized scores for intelligence memory and educational
achievement were all within the average range for both groups. Although there was no evidence of significant psychopathology in either group, the special needs group was significantly more immature, dependent, attention seeking and emotionally sensitive than the reference group. Only four
of these variables were required to classify accurately 94% of all of the students (canonical correlation = 0.82). The results indicated that standardized norm-referenced assessment is essential to determine the actual etiologies for university students who request “special needs”
because of putative learning disabilities. Implications of strategies for counselling these students are discussed.
ARE PROCRASTINATORS PRONE TO BOREDOM?
Authors: Vodanovich Stephen J. , Rupp Deborah E.
Published: May 2006

Undergraduate students (N = 146) completed both the Boredom Proneness Scale (BPS) and the Procrastination Scale (PS). A one way MANOVA indicated that individuals high in procrastination possessed significantly high overall boredom proneness scores. Also, high procrastinators had significantly
greater scores on four of the five BPS subscales labeled external stimulation, internal stimulation, affective responses, and perception of time.
LOW SELF-ESTEEM AND INGROUP BIAS
Authors: Aberson Christopher L.
Published: May 2006

This study examines the effect of collective self-esteem on ingroup bias exhibited through traditional measures (attributions) and alternative strategies (basking in reflected glory). Seventyseven U.S. college students were divided into minimally defined groups, worked together on a
series of tasks, received performance feedback, completed the Collective Self-esteem scale (Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992) and then rated similarity to both groups and attributed performances to a variety of causes. It was predicted and found that low self-esteem individuals utilized basking
in reflected glory more than individuals with higher self-esteem. Additionally, high self-esteem individuals exhibited greater bias through use of attributional ratings. Results are interpreted as evidence for the mediating role of self-consistency needs on ingroup bias strategies (e.g. Brown,
Collins, & Schmidt, 1988).
OLDER ADULTS' PERCEPTIONS OF CONTROL IN SOCIAL SITUATIONS
Authors: Heberlein Wendy , Licht Mark H. , Licht Barbara G.
Published: May 2006

This study examined the utility of a new conceptualization for understanding older adults' perceptions of control in social situations. Fifty-four participants (Mage = 75.4 years) completed questionnaires and structured interviews assessing social beliefs. Agency
beliefs (about possession of certain social resources) and means-ends beliefs (about the importance of certain social resources) were related to perceived control in social situations. Results indicated that perceived social control was predicted by agency beliefs for all four resources
studied (social skills, effort, helpful/nice others, luck) and by the interaction of agency and means-ends beliefs for the social skills resource. Also, perceived social control was positively correlated with social satisfaction, which further supported the utility of this conceptualization.
TOWARD SUCCESSFUL PERSONAL WORK AND RELATIONS – APPLYING A YIN/YANG MODEL FOR CLASSIFICATION AND SYNTHESIS
Authors: SODAN A. C.
Published: May 2006

For personal work and relations to be successful, a number of different psycho-social qualities are required. We postulate that all qualities exist in dual form, i.e. as pairs of opposite and complementary aspects which are further differentiable into two typical classes. In ancient
philosophies, these are known as Yin/Yang and they appear in neuropsychology as the laterality of the brain's hemispheres. Using Yin/Yang classes enables us to keep the discussion largely non-sex-specific. Both neuropsychology and philosophy consider the full development and proper
synthesis of both aspects be required for an individual to fully exploit his/her creative potential. Focusing on science and engineering, we discuss relevant pairs of qualities and their ideal synthesis. Furthermore, we propose a model of fractal Yin/Yang nesting and explain by this
theory personal differences and the sex-relatedness.
DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS AND EMOTIONAL STATES IN PARENTS OF DISABLED AND NON-DISABLED CHILDREN
Authors: Veisson Marika
Published: May 2006

This article is a survey of the results of research carried out in Estonia about the depressive symptoms and emotional states among 151 mothers End 57 fathers of disabled children End 101 mothers and 55 fathers of non-disabled children. The results show that parents, especially mothers of disabled children, have significantly more negative emotional states and also significantly more depressive symptoms. Significant differences in depression symptoms between the disabled and control parent group were found in most symptoms. Parents in the control group were significantly more happy, glad, satisfied, proud, grateful, happy for their child, pleased and hopeful.
DISCRIMINANT VALIDITY OF THE ‘BIG FIVE’ PERSONALITY TRAITS IN EMPLOYMENT SETTINGS
Authors: Rust John
Published: May 2006

The ability of the ‘big five’ personality traits to predict supervisors' ratings of performance is investigated using the Orpheus personality questionnaire. Orpheus is a broad spectrum work-based personality questionnaire containing 190 items. It generates scores on
sixteen scales – five major scales, seven minor scales, and four audit scales. The major scales are Fellowship, Authority, Conformity, Emotion and Detail and are based on the ‘big five’ model of personality. The minor scales are Proficiency, Work-orientation, Patience, Fair-mindedness,
Loyalty, Disclosure and Initiative, and are based on the Prudentius model of integrity. The four response audits are Dissimulation, Ambivalence, Despondency and Inattention, and are designed to screen for inappropriate responding. Supervisors' ratings on 245 subjects in a variety of occupations
and employment settings are obtained on the Orpheus respondents. All of the ‘big five’ traits were found to have significant correlations with appropriate supervisors' ratings.
RACISM AND THE SOCIAL JUDGMENT PROCESS: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE USE OF STEREOTYPES
Authors: Christiansen Neil D. , Kaplan Martin F. , Jones Chris
Published: May 2006

Based on a framework suggested by information integration theory, this study examined how prejudice affects the use of stereotypes when forming social judgments. Participants reviewed applications for a minority scholarship and rated their liking for each applicant. Embedded in the
applications were trait descriptions that varied in the amount, stereotypicality, and valence of the information provided. Evaluations by high-prejudice participants were more negative than those of low-prejudice participants only when the applicant was described by a single negative stereotype;
when descriptions contained more information that was negative and stereotypic racism was not a factor. In addition, responses of both groups became more extreme when more traits were provided, especially when traits were positive. Taken together, the results suggest similarly negative predispositions
toward minorities, with those of more prejudiced individuals requiring less negative stereotypical information to be activated. Future applications of methodology suggested by information integration theory in the study of racism are discussed.
THE ANGRY MALE AND THE PASSIVE FEMALE: THE ROLE OF GENDER AND SELF-ESTEEM IN ANGER EXPRESSION
Authors: Nunn Jana S. , Thomas Susan L.
Published: May 2006

To study the role of self-esteem and gender in anger expression, participants, who were screened for high or low self-esteem, were angered by a confederate. Participants were then given the opportunity to express their anger by administering blasts of white noise to a confederate. Men
with low self-esteem exhibited anger-out anger reactions by administering the loudest blasts of white noise, while women with low self-esteem exhibited anger-in anger responses by administering the softest blasts of white noise. High self-esteem men and women did not differ in their anger
responses. These findings support the hypothesis that low self-esteem men and women rely upon socialized sex-role stereotypes when responding to anger. The implications of the findings are discussed in terms of their impact on therapy for maladaptive anger responses.
JUST LIKE NORMAL: A SOCIAL NETWORK STUDY OF THE RELATION BETWEEN PETTY CRIME AND THE INTIMACY OF ADOLESCENT FRIENDSHIPS
Authors: Houtzager B. , Baerveldt C.
Published: May 2006

The relationship between delinquent behavior and the quality of peer relations is the subject of criminological debate. Some authors state that delinquent youths have friendships of relatively low quality, while others predict no differences compared to non-delinquent peers. In the
current study, the perceived intimacy within peer relations, the occurrence of friendships, intimate friendships, practical and emotional social support relations, functional relationships for misconduct and unpopularity, are measured within the school-networks of adolescents aged between
13–18 years. These measures appear not to be negatively associated with delinquency, nor when differences in sex, school or the importance of school friends are taken into account in the analysis. It is suggested that delinquent adolescents have different ties with other delinquents
than with non-delinquents.
REDEFINING THE VALUE STRUCTURE OF COLLEGE STUDENTS IN HONG KONG AND THE MAINLAND OF CHINA
Authors: Cheung Chau-Kiu , Kwok Siu-Tong
Published: May 2006

Research and the theory of historical and dialectical materialism suggest that tradition and modes of production would shape the individual's value structure. Corresponding ideologies of modes of production, namely, socialism, capitalism, and feudalism would have their corresponding value factors on Chinese. A study of 1,221 China's and 1,174 Hong Kong's college students provided a test of the proposed 3-factor structure defining socialist/Confucian, capitalist, feudalist values. Confirmatory factor analysis verified its validity. The 3-factor structure was also more theoretically, methodologically, and empirically adequate than Bond's (1988) conceptualization of Chinese values. In addition, indifference in levels of the three values between students in Mainland China and Hong Kong reflected the students' common orientation to Chinese culture.
REVISITING THE STABILITY OF VARIABILITY: TRAITEDNESS AND SUPERTRAITEDNESS ON THE ACL AND NEO-FFI
Authors: Satterwhite Robert C. , Fogle Ellen E. , Williams John E.
Published: May 2006

The concept of traitedness asserts that some people are so consistent/variable with regard to relevant trait behavior that they should be considered “traited”/“untraited” on a given factor. The present studies assessed the stability of traitedness, operationalized
via the intra-individual standard deviations for each of the Big Five factors, over time using two different instruments. Self-descriptions of male and female university students on the Adjective Checklist (ACL) and NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) demonstrated: (1) reliable individual
differences in the stability of traitedness on each of the five factors over time; (2) positive correlations among the five standard deviations at a given testing, suggesting that some persons are generally less/more variable than others; and (3) an absence of convergent validity between
the traitedness measures for the two instruments, suggesting that the two instruments were assessing different types of consistency.
A PSYCHOMETRIC AND CONSTRUCT VALIDITY ASSESSMENT OF THE FLYNN-ELLOY CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STYLES INVENTORY
Authors: Loo Robert
Published: May 2006

This study examined Flynn and Elloy's (1987) 30-item Conflict Management Styles Inventory which taps five styles: competition, collaboration, compromise, avoidance, and accommodation. A sample of 210 management undergraduates completed the inventory and the Marlowe-Crowne Social
Desirability scale (Crowne & Marlowe, 1960). Subsamples also completed the General Decision-Making Style inventory (Scott & Bruce, 1995) or the Life Roles Inventory-Values Scale (Fitzsimmons, Macnab, & Casserly, 1985). Confirmatory factor analyses supported the five scales although
exploratory factor analyses and item/scale reliability analyses revealed some psychometric weaknesses. Six indexes formed from various combinations of the five styles were examined (Chanin & Schneer, 1984) as well as gender effects. All the styles and indexes were independent of social
desirability. The pattern of relationships between conflict management styles and both decision-making styles and values provide some construct validity support for the Conflict Management Styles Inventory.
ATTACHMENT, SOCIAL NETWORK AND HOMELESSNESS IN YOUNG PEOPLE
Authors: Tavecchio L. W. C. , Thomeer M. A. E. , Meeus W.
Published: May 2006

Homelessness in young people is partially explained within the framework of attachment theory. The relationship between family background, parenting style, experiences of separation and loss, and quality of the attachment relationship was examined in a group of homeless youths (n=108)
and two comparison groups, i.e. residential youths ( n=85) and a large control group of youths from the ‘standard’ population (n=1228). Also, data regarding the influence of social support were obtained. Results indicate that growing up in a family with divorced parents,
and especially a lack of parental responsiveness and emotional support are significant factors in the genesis of homelessness. Social support systems can, however, act as a protective factor and thus prevent the development of homelessness.
INDIVIDUAL AND FAMILY FACTORS AND ADOLESCENT WELL-BEING: A MULTI-LEVEL ANALYSIS
Authors: Degoede Martijn , Spruijt ED , Maas Cora
Published: May 2006

What are the effects of positive and negative experiences in both the vocational and relationship careers of youngsters and their parents on adolescent well-being. Data from the Dutch national panel study USAD (Utrecht Study of Adolescent Development) were used; this is a study of developmental
processes as they occur in the life course of young people during the 1990s. A quarter of the total variance of the variable adolescent well-being is found at family level. Individual vocational and relationship factors appear to have significant long-term effects on adolescent well-being.
The same holds true for relationship problems in the family, especially for girls. Vocational family factors and parents' personal characteristics are not important as predictors of adolescent well-being.
A COMPARISON OF ADOLESCENT AND ADULT MOTHERS' MATERNAL SEPARATION ANXIETY
Authors: Blunk Elizabeth M. , Williams Sue W.
Published: May 2006

Maternal separation anxiety was compared for twenty adolescent and twenty adult mothers. The adolescent mothers were recruited from a high school teen parent program. Adult participants were recruited from two university day care programs. The Maternal Separation Anxiety Scale was used
to assess the level of anxiety experienced by employed or school enrolled mothers when separated from their children. Analysis of variance indicated a group difference for separation anxiety with the adolescent mothers being significantly more anxious when leaving their children.
EFFECT OF POLYDRUG ABUSE ON SUSTAINED ATTENTION, VISUOGRAPHIC FUNCTION, AND REACTION TIME
Authors: Amir Taha , Bahri Toufik
Published: May 2006

The present study consists of two parts. In the first part 23 polydrug abusers and a control group of 33 from United Arab Emirates were tested for visuographic functions using the Benton Visual Retention Test. In the second part 14 polydrug abusers and a group control subjects were
tested for sustained attention and reaction time. Analysis suggested that polydrug use affects visuographic function and sustained attention adversely but has no effect on reaction time. The later result was explained in terms of indiscriminate responses by substance abusers.
PUPIL DILATION WHEN VIEWING STRANGERS: CAN TESTOSTERONE MODERATE PREJUDICE?
Authors: Dabbs James M. , Milun Rhonda
Published: May 2006

Undergraduate students, 27 white and 27 black, provided saliva samples for testosterone assay, completed measures of prejudice, and viewed pictures of black and white target persons. Pupil dilation was measured continuously while subjects viewed the pictures and thought about meeting
the persons whom they were seeing. Testosterone interacted with prejudice, such that prejudiced individuals who were low in testosterone showed large pupil dilation and prejudiced individuals who were high in testosterone showed small pupil dilation. The interaction of testosterone with prejudice
in affecting dilation was not related to the race either of the subject, or of the target being viewed.
FEELINGS ABOUT CHRISTMAS, AS REPORTED BY PSYCHIATRIC EMERGENCY PATIENTS
Authors: Velamoor Varadaraj R. , Voruganti Lakshmi P. , Nadkarni Neelesh K.
Published: May 2006

Data from 55 psychiatric emergency patients between December 1 and January 13 indicate that the most common stressors reported by the patients during the Christmas season were loneliness (40.0%) and being without a family (38.2%). When asked how they feel about Christmas, most patients in this group reported negative feelings.
FIVE-FACTOR PERSONALITY SIMILARITY AND MARITAL ADJUSTMENT
Authors: Nemechek Stephanie , Olson Kenneth R.
Published: May 2006

No previous research has examined the relationship between marital adjustment and similarity of partner personality on a measure of the five-factor personality model. The present study examined this relationship in 99 married couples. Spousal similarity on the domains of Conscientiousness,
Agreeableness, Neuroticism, and several personality facets was related to marital adjustment. With the exception of Conscientiousness, the traits on which similarity was related to adjustment differed for husbands and wives. Reasons for these sex differences are discussed.
ANXIETY AND COPING IN THE CONTEXT OF A SCHOOL EXAMINATION
Authors: Sorić Izabela
Published: May 2006

Cognitive appraisal and state anxiety of 137 high school students were examined immediately before school examination, immediately after the examination and immediately after the announcement of grades (one week later). Situational coping responses were assessed immediately after the
examination. Social evaluation trait anxiety was measured two weeks before the examination in an unstressful (neutral) situation. The results show that the social evaluation trait anxiety predicts state anxiety both before and after the school examination and, in addition to this, an important
role is played by the perception of threat and uncontrollability in this situation. The use of specific strategies of coping was also determined by both the personality and the perception of the examination situation, wherein the different strategies were determined by different sets of variables.
Success in the examination was best predicted by the social evaluation trait anxiety, by problem focused coping and by coping through imagination-rumination (negative relation). In general, the results of the present study provide additional support for the interactional model of stress and
anxiety.
ATTRIBUTION OF SOCIAL DOMINANCE AND MALENESS TO SCHEMATIC FACES
Authors: Senior C. , Barnes J. , Jenkins R. , Landau S. , Phillips M.L. , David A.S.
Published: May 2006

We report findings which suggest perception of ‘higher order’ attributes such as gender and social dominance are perceived from a schematic face. To investigate a large population, the first two experiments were carried out in both the traditional manner and on the Internet.
Results obtained from both were not significantly different so the data sets were combined. Lowered eyebrow position was a strong indicator of both social dominance and the male gender. A schematic face with a sad mouth resulted in the face's being viewed as less dominant and less male.
Eyegaze direction also was investigated and discussed in terms of dyadic influence. Evidence supported the assumption that both social dominance and the male gender are perceived through similar facial configurations on a schematic face. Limitations include the use of schematic face pairs,
and the presentation of single faces in research is discussed.
A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF ACADEMIC AND SOCIAL PREDICTORS OF COLLEGE ATTRITION
Authors: Daugherty Timothy K. , Lane Eric J.
Published: May 2006

Examined differences between eventual graduates and eventual dropouts in a longitudinal study of college men. Predictor variables were obtained early in the first year of college and attrition status was assessed after four years. A linear combination of academic ability, family legacy
status, specific stress perceptions, and self-perceived social alienation was found to predict attrition status.
EXPECTATIONS OF ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN HOMOSEXUAL AND HETEROSEXUAL MEN WITH REGARD TO BAXTER'S CRITERIA
Authors: Bäccman Charlotte , Folkesson Per , Norlander Torsten
Published: May 2006

According to Baxter (1986) every relationship has rules which must be followed. If at least one of these rules is broken, it gives the individual the right to breakup the relationship. Baxter identified eight such rules or criteria. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether
or not the expectations of romantic relationships held by homosexual men can be linked to Baxter's criteria. Data were obtained through a questionnaire addressed to 31 homosexual men and 50 heterosexual men. Results indicated that Baxter's criteria can be linked to expectations of
romantic relationships held by men regardless of sexual orientation, and that age and experience are more reliable predictors than is sexual orientation.
GENDER BIAS IN THE INTERPRETATION OF AMBIGUOUS PROVOCATION SITUATIONS
Authors: Kirsh Steven J.
Published: May 2006

Children were read five stories in which a same-sex peer caused an act of instrumental aggression, but the harmdoer's intent was unclear. Responses to follow-up questions were coded in terms of whether male or female pronouns were used to describe the harmdoer. Results suggest
that there may be a gender bias in the interpretation of ambiguous provocation situations.
PERCEPTUAL AND BEHAVIORAL CORRELATES OF VOLUNTARY SIMPLICITY LIFESTYLES
Authors: Iwata Osamu
Published: May 2006

A study was conducted to investigate correlations between voluntary simplicity lifestyles (VSLs.) and perceptual or behavioral characteristics regarding VSLs.. Questionnaires each of which contained a 20-item 5-point scale of VSLs., a 13-item 4-point scale of the frequency of proenvironmental
behaviors, and 23 5-point scales of various perceptual or behavioral characteristics regarding VSLs were administered to 250 female adults. The scale of VSLs yielded four variables. Product-moment correlation coefficients were calculated 1) between these four variables and variables of the
frequency of proenvironmental behaviors and 2) between the four variables and perceptual or behavioral characteristics associated with VSLs. Many correlations were significant, and were in assumed directions.
PROBLEM STUDENTS: A CONTEXTUAL PHENOMENON?
Authors: Maas Cora J.M. , Meijnen G. Wim
Published: May 2006

The number of referrals to different types of special education has been increasing for years in the Netherlands. In particular the number of children with Learning and/or Behavioral Difficulties (LBD) has increased sharply. The teacher usually describes them as students with problems or with special educational needs. This study investigates which factors influence teachers' judgement in this respect, with a particular focus on contextual factors at class level. The study looked at 2,340 students from 114 primary school classes in the Netherlands. Multilevel analyses show that 13% of the total variation in teachers' judgement is group (context) level variance and 87% individual (student) level variance. Contextual factors which influence teachers' judgement are: the average level of achievement in the class, the amount of disruptive behavior in the whole teaching group and the percentage of boys in the class. Various characteristics of individual teachers turn out to be irrelevant.
THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A DERIVED, REVISED, AND AMENDED MEASURE OF THE RELIGIOUS ORIENTATION SCALE: THE ‘AGE-UNIVERSAL’ I-E SCALE – 12
Authors: Maltby John
Published: May 2006

The accurate measurement of an intrinsic and extrinsic orientation toward religiosity has been an on-going rigorous psychometric investigation within the psychology of religion for over 30 years. With this debate, a number of suggestions have been made to improve the measurement of
Intrinsic/Extrinsic religiosity. The aim of the present study was to combine some of the suggestions made, and examine whether or not a combination of these amendments still provides a psychometrically reliable measure of intrinsic and extrinsic dimensions to religiosity. Respondents were
3090 adults and schoolchildren (1408 males, 1984 females) from the USA (N = 513), England (N = 1421), Northern Ireland (N = 839) and the Republic of Ireland (N = 468). All respondents have completed a 15-item revised and amended version of the ‘Age- Universal’ I-E scale, Principal
components analysis with oblimin rotation of the items suggest a 6-item intrinsic scale and 3-item measures of extrinsic-personal and extrinsic-social religiosity dimensions. The present findings suggest a 12-item measure of intrinsic and extrinsic dimensions to religiosity (‘Age-Universal’
I-E Scale – 12) which can be used among a number of Western samples, among adults and school children, and among religious and non-religious individuals.
CROSS-CULTURAL RESPONSE STYLES ON THE KIRTON ADAPTION-INNOVATION INVENTORY
Authors: Shiomi Kunio , Loo Robert
Published: May 2006

The Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory (KAI) has been a widely-used measure including use in cross-cultural and cross-national studies over the past 20 years. However, researchers have generally neglected the issue of cross-cultural response styles and simply accepted differences
in KAI scores as indicators of real cross-cultural differences. The present study examined the KAI scores of Canadian and Japanese samples to identify any cross-national and gender differences in response styles. Overall, the results of analyses at the subscale and itemlevel suggest possible
differences in cross-national response styles but not to any substantial degree. It is suggested that cross-cultural and gender differences in response styles may be diminishing, at least, in the industrialized nations. Several recommendations are presented to facilitate future study on this
issue with the KAI.
LAY BELIEFS ON THE NATURE OF HEALTH: AN ENGLISH-FRENCH COMPARISON
Authors: Mokounkolo René , Mullet Etienne
Published: May 2006

The health beliefs of French people were studied using a questionnaire devised by Stainton Rogers (1991) and already employed by Furnham (1994) on a sample of English people. Mean responses and factorial structure observed in the French sample were compared to mean responses and factorial
structure reported by Furnham. The effect of age on health belief was also considered. The result showed similarity between English mean ratings (linear association = .79), despite the great dissimilarity between the respective medical care systems. Another result resides in the strong link
between faith in conventional medicines, and age. French elderly people had more confidence in conventional medicine than did younger people.
THE PREDICTION OF GAMBLING BEHAVIOR AND PROBLEM GAMBLING FROM ATTITUDES AND PERCEIVED NORMS
Authors: Moore Susan M. , Ohtsuka Keis
Published: May 2006

The aims of this study were to characterise gambling attitudes and social norms among adult Australians, and to evaluate whether gambling behavior (frequency) and problem gambling could be predicted by a model combining attitudes and social influences. With a sample of 215 late adolescents
and adults, the Theory of Reasoned Action was found significantly to predict gambling frequency and problem gambling, with intentions to gamble predicting behavior, subjective norms predicting intentions (and gambling frequency), and attitudes predicting intentions. Males scored higher than
females on both problem gambling and gambling frequency. Across the sample, although most had gambled at some time (89 per cent), gambling frequency and problem gambling were low, and attitudes and subjective norms with respect to gambling were a complex mixture of acceptance and rejection.
EFFECTS OF VIDEO MODELING ON SELF-EFFICACY AND EXERCISE PERFORMANCE OF COPD PATIENTS
Authors: Yee Ng Jenny Yuen , Tam Sing Fai , Yew Wing Wai , Lam Wah Kit
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study was to study the effect of an exercise-based pulmonary rehabilitation program for persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Effects of a complemented video-modeling strategy were studied and compared to the control group which adopted behavioral
training strategies in the exercise program only. Eleven patients with COPD received a one-month (three times per week) behavioral exercise program with video modeling. Another eleven patients participated in a control group which performed the same exercise without video modeling. The patients'
exercise intensity was monitored by pre-study stress tests to ensure that the participants were all having a comparable level of sub-maximal exercise. They participated in an exercise program which included gradual upgrading of walking on the treadmill, or cycling, and a five-point rating
scale assessed their performance level. Their self-efficacy was assessed by using an exercise self-efficacy scale complemented with open-ended questions to elicit their viewpoints on factors affecting their exercise performance, including the video modeling strategy. From the results, both
groups showed statistically significant improvement in exercise performance and self-efficacy. Participants in the video-modeling group showed greater — though not statistically significant — improvement compared to the control group in both exercise performance and self-efficacy.
The video modeling group generally held positive viewpoints on using video modeling as an effective training strategy to improve the outcome of the pulmonary rehabilitation program.
SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS, EMOTIONAL CLOSENESS, AND LONELINESS AMONG OLDER MEAL PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS
Authors: Hall-Elston Claudia , Mullins Larry C.
Published: May 2006

This study examines the social interactions older persons have with their children, spouses, and/or friends, the perceived emotional closesness present in these social relationships and the extent to which these relationships influence feelings of loneliness. Data from the participants
were analyzed using ANOVA. Findings reveal that those who were married with no children or friends experienced the greatest loneliness, and that the emotional closeness experienced within social relationships may not be as important in understanding loneliness as is the simple existence of
these relationships.
PERSONALITY AND CHURCH ATTENDANCE AMONG FEMALE HOCKEY PLAYERS
Authors: Francis Leslie J , Jones Susan H , Kelly Pam
Published: May 2006

A sample of 133 female hockey players completed the abbreviated Eysenck Personality Questionnaire together with information about their pattern of church attendance. The data confirm that church attendance is significantly associated with psychoticism scores, but independent of both
extraversion and neuroticism.
THE IMPACT OF SELECTED PSYCHO-SOCIAL VARIABLES UPON EMPLOYEES' ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Authors: Alnajjar Ahmed A.
Published: May 2006

This study aimed at analyzing some psycho-social factors which influence the commitment of 479 employees from different firms in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Using the Organizational Commitment Scale (OCS), it was found that, amongst the participants, the discipline factor was more
dominant than was the concern factor; however, motivation to update and develop organizations in which they were working was found to be the least important commitment expressed. Also the results showed no relationship between age and years of service on the one hand, and job commitment on
the other; however, salary and educational level appeared to be significantly related with all OCS sub-scales except the discipline sub-scale. Results indicated also that those who were more satisfied in their jobs seemed to be more committed than those who were less satisfied, and females
demonstrated more concern about their jobs than did male subjects – who used discipline as a way of expressing their commitment to their organizations. Employees working in firms which were managed by nationals were found to have higher commitment in the dimensions of discipline and
concern. Moreover, married employees were more disciplined than were single ones. This study might provide some insights into the theoretical constructs predicting the organizational commitment of employees – which have yet to be shown to have cross-cultural validity.
MEASUREMENT OF INFLUENCE OF THE TEACHER'S PERSONALITY ON STUDENTS IN THE CLASSROOM
Authors: Novojenova Rima , Sawilowsky Shlomo S.
Published: May 2006

The focus of this research is the assessment of pedagogical interaction as a dimension of the learning environment through the personal representation of a teacher in the student's personality, and the assessment of the nature and extent to which teachers are involved in changes
of interpersonal dimensions of their student's personality. This was examined by the assessment of the shift in egograms of a teacher's students, as measured by the Interpersonal Check List (ICL). A 2 × 9 doubly multivariate repeated measures analysis of variance was conducted
on the adult, parent, and child ego states as self-assessed by 187 students prior to the class period and after the class period, but still within the presence of the teacher. As hypothesized, the Time and the Class by Time results were statistically significant (p < .05), indicating
a general preclass to postclass change in ego state. The multivariate effect sizes averaged about .065, which is subtle but detectible. The change in ego states were also significant (p = 0.018) when assessed by a singly-ordered row by column table, in terms of the number of students
within each class who presented either an increase or decrease in the number of items representative of the Adult, Parent, or Child ego states on the ICL. The shift in ego state was also evidenced by the decrease (average Spearman's rho = .45) in pre-post correlation (i.e.,
with the teacher in the classroom), as compared with test-retest (i.e., study hall with no teacher present) correlation (average rho of .86) of ego states.
AN ATTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF JURORS' JUDGMENTS IN A CRIMINAL CASE: A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
Authors: Pope Jacqueline , Meyer Robert
Published: May 2006

A study was conducted to determine the extent to which attributional complexity influences juror decision-making. Using Fletcher's (1986) attributional complexity scale, mock jurors (N=186), who were shown a videotape of a simulated armed robbery, then rendered individual
judgments on the case. The results showed that attributionally-simple subjects found the defendant guilty more often both before and after presentation of the evidence, reported more confidence in their final decision, and attributed more personal causes to the defendant's behavior. Attributionally-complex
subjects, while not excluding the role of internal causes, were more likely to consider external causes as possible influences on the defendant's behavior. The findings demonstrate the existence of clear individual differences in attributional style and the potential importance of this
variable for jury selection.
PERSONALITY OF UNIVERSITY TEACHERS ACCORDING TO THE DEFENSE MECHANISM TECHNIQUE MODIFIED (DMTm) AS RELATED TO THEIR ASSESSMENT OF THEIR UNIVERSITY AS AN ORGANIZATIONAL SETTING
Authors: Andersson Alf L. , Ryhammar Lars
Published: May 2006

The present study considers possible relations between personality and organizational-assessment variables. Subjects in a stratified sample of 114 university teachers, 36 women and 78 men, were examined using the Defense Mechanism Technique modified (DMTm), a percept-genetic technique.
They also made assessments of their university as an organization. Two data sets were formed initially, the one consisting of 18 DMTm variables and the other of these variables together with gender. In total, 34 factor analyses were performed, each involving the inclusion, together with the
data set in question, of a different one of the 17 organizational variables which were employed. Affect anxiety (DMTm) was found in factors together with ratings of the organizational variables of openness/diversity, developmental orientation, planning/clarity, workload pressure (negative
sign), personal attitude toward the superior, change-centeredness of the superior and organizational climate. Identity anxiety (DMTm) was found in a factor together with organizational climate (negative sign); repression 3 (DMTm) in a factor together with academic values, human orientation
and formalization/centralization (negative sign); projected introaggression (DMTm) in a factor together with employee-centeredness of the superior (negative sign); and denial through reversal III (DMTm) in a factor together with structural orientation, formalization/centralization
and sufficiency of resources (negative sign). The results were found to be interpretable in terms of the Andersson model of the mind and to support the usefulness of the type of data treatment employed.
A FRESH AND CALCULATED LOOK AT U.S. TEENAGERS: EXAMINING THE PRESENT TO PREDICT THE FUTURE
Authors: Manolis Chris
Published: May 2006

This paper takes a fresh look at the teenage population in the U.S. In addition to reviewing a series of recent empirical studies on teenagers, the paper presents a straightforward model whereby research findings pertaining to teenagers might be conceptualized and organized. Ultimately,
the model may be utilized not only to develop a better understanding of teens, but also to predict their behavior and derive sound economic strategy on behalf of the various organizations and institutions entrusted to serve and support this important segment of the population. The paper considers
current cognitions and affect of U.S. teenagers and their parents, as well as current and future teen behavior. As a unique and ever-changing segment of the population, teenagers are socially as well as economically significant, and warrant continued study and contemplation by a variety of
public, private, forprofit, and not-for-profit firms, organizations, and/or institutions.