bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multinomial N-Mixture Models Improve the Applicability of Electrofishing for Developing Population Estimates of Stream-Dwelling Smallmouth Bass
Authors: Mollenhauer Robert , Brewer Shannon K.
Published: January 2017

Failure to account for variable detection across survey conditions constrains progressive stream ecology and can lead to erroneous stream fish management and conservation decisions. In addition to variable detection's confounding long-term stream fish population trends, reliable abundance estimates across a wide range of survey conditions are fundamental to establishing species–environment relationships. Despite major advancements in accounting for variable detection when surveying animal populations, these approaches remain largely ignored by stream fish scientists, and CPUE remains the most common metric used by researchers and managers. One notable advancement for addressing the challenges of variable detection is the multinomial N-mixture model. Multinomial N-mixture models use a flexible hierarchical framework to model the detection process across sites as a function of covariates; they also accommodate common fisheries survey methods, such as removal and capture–recapture. Effective monitoring of stream-dwelling Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu populations has long been challenging; therefore, our objective was to examine the use of multinomial N-mixture models to improve the applicability of electrofishing for estimating absolute abundance. We sampled Smallmouth Bass populations by using tow-barge electrofishing across a range of environmental conditions in streams of the Ozark Highlands ecoregion. Using an information-theoretic approach, we identified effort, water clarity, wetted channel width, and water depth as covariates that were related to variable Smallmouth Bass electrofishing detection. Smallmouth Bass abundance estimates derived from our top model consistently agreed with baseline estimates obtained via snorkel surveys. Additionally, confidence intervals from the multinomial N-mixture models were consistently more precise than those of unbiased Petersen capture–recapture estimates due to the dependency among data sets in the hierarchical framework. We demonstrate the application of this contemporary population estimation method to address a longstanding stream fish management issue. We also detail the advantages and trade-offs of hierarchical population estimation methods relative to CPUE and estimation methods that model each site separately.

Received June 13, 2016; accepted October 14, 2016Published online January 12, 2017
The behavior of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in different environments
Authors: Shintani Masaki
Published: January 2017

Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) including plasmids have an important role in the rapid evolution and adaptation of bacteria. Here, the behavior of MGEs in different environments is reviewed, in particular, behavior of the plasmid pCAR1, a carbazole-degradative plasmid isolated from Pseudomonas resinovorans CA10. pCAR1 belongs to incompatibility P-7 group and is self-transmissible among different bacteria. Comparisons of changes in the transcriptome of different host strains caused by carrying pCAR1 revealed common responses in the hosts and host-specific responses. Monitoring the survival of the host and transfer of the plasmid in artificial and natural environmental samples revealed several environmental factors, including cations and water content, which changed the behavior of both the host and its plasmid. Single-cell level analysis to detect the transconjugants of different plasmids successfully determined the transfer range of the plasmids. Three nucleoid-associated proteins encoded on pCAR1 are important factors affecting its genetic stability, maintenance, and transfer.
Methods to characterize the structure of food powders – a review
Authors: Ho Thao M , Truong Tuyen , Bhandari Bhesh R
Published: January 2017

Food powders can exist in amorphous, crystalline or mixed structure depending on the order of molecular arrangement in the powder particle matrices. In food production, the structure of powders has a greatly effect on their stability, functionality, and applicability. The undesirable structure of powders can be accidentally formed during production. Therefore, characterization of powder structure as well as quantification of amorphous–crystalline proportions presenting in the powders are essential to control the quality of products during storage and further processing. For these purposes, many analytical techniques with large differences in the degree of selectivity and sensitivity have been developed. In this review, differences in the structure of food powders are described with a focus being placed on applications of amorphous powders. Essentially, applicability of common analytical techniques including X-ray, microscopic, vapor adsorption, thermal, and spectroscopic approaches for quantitative and qualitative structural characterization of food powders is also discussed.
Influence of alloying elements on the mechanical properties of high-strength weld metal
Authors: Schnitzer Ronald , Zügner Dominik , Haslberger Phillip , Ernst Wolfgang , Kozeschnik Ernst
Published: January 2017

High-strength lightweight constructions are a crucial part of transportation systems and steel constructions optimised for low energy consumption. In this investigation, the aim is to understand the influence of different alloying elements on the mechanical properties of all-weld metal samples of high-strength filler metals. Metal-cored wires with adjusted chemistry were produced and the measured yield strength is compared with calculated values which were obtained by thermodynamic and kinetic simulations. By increasing the content of the matrix alloying elements, no increase in strength could be achieved, but compared to that, higher strength was obtained by the addition of Ti, Nb and Al in combination. Furthermore, the influence of different Ti, Al and N contents is presented and discussed.
“Meet the New Boss. Same as the Old Boss:” A Commentary on Williams, Wormith, Bonta, and Sitarenios (2017)
Authors: Edens John F. , Kelley Shannon E.
Published: January 2017

This commentary on Williams et al. ( 2017 ) focuses on an additional and equally important issue not addressed in their critique: inter-rater reliability --particularly reliability in field settings. A growing body of evidence indicates that risk assessment instruments administered in applied (and especially adversarial) contexts may be considerably less stable across examiners than what typically is reported in well-controlled, peer-reviewed journal publications. Because reliability constrains validity, effect sizes from such published research may overestimate predictive validity in real-world contexts. Although validity evidence is important, field reliability remains “the boss” when considering how well an assessment procedure will perform in applied settings.
Trafficking to the primary cilium membrane
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Saikat , Badgandi Hemant B. , Hwang Sun-hee , Somatilaka Bandarigoda , Shimada Issei S. , Pal Kasturi
Published: January 2017

The primary cilium has been found to be associated with a number of cellular signaling pathways, such as vertebrate hedgehog signaling, and implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases affecting multiple organs, including the neural tube, kidney, and brain. The primary cilium is the site where a subset of the cell's membrane proteins is enriched. However, pathways that target and concentrate membrane proteins in cilia are not well understood. Processes determining the level of proteins in the ciliary membrane include entry into the compartment, removal, and retention by diffusion barriers such as the transition zone. Proteins that are concentrated in the ciliary membrane are also localized to other cellular sites. Thus it is critical to determine the particular role for ciliary compartmentalization in sensory reception and signaling pathways. Here we provide a brief overview of our current understanding of compartmentalization of proteins in the ciliary membrane and the dynamics of trafficking into and out of the cilium. We also discuss major unanswered questions regarding the role that defects in ciliary compartmentalization might play in disease pathogenesis. Understanding the trafficking mechanisms that underlie the role of ciliary compartmentalization in signaling might provide unique approaches for intervention in progressive ciliopathies.
Different modes of enhancer-specific regulation by Runt and Even-skipped duringDrosophilasegmentation
Authors: Hang Saiyu , Gergen J. Peter
Published: January 2017

The initial metameric expression of the Drosophila sloppy paired 1 (slp1) gene is controlled by two distinct cis-regulatory DNA elements that interact in a nonadditive manner to integrate inputs from transcription factors encoded by the pair-rule segmentation genes. We performed chromatin immunoprecipitation on reporter genes containing these elements in different embryonic genotypes to investigate the mechanism of their regulation. The distal early stripe element (DESE) mediates both activation and repression by Runt. We find that the differential response of DESE to Runt is due to an inhibitory effect of Fushi tarazu (Ftz) on P-TEFb recruitment and the regulation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) pausing. The proximal early stripe element (PESE) is also repressed by Runt, but in this case, Runt prevents PESE-dependent Pol II recruitment and preinitiation complex (PIC) assembly. PESE is also repressed by Even-skipped (Eve), but, of interest, this repression involves regulation of P-TEFb recruitment and promoter-proximal Pol II pausing. These results demonstrate that the mode of slp1 repression by Runt is enhancer specific, whereas the mode of repression of the slp1 PESE enhancer is transcription factor specific. We propose a model based on these differential regulatory interactions that accounts for the nonadditive interactions between the PESE and DESE enhancers during Drosophila segmentation.
Leveraging the Skills of Nurses and the Power of Language Nutrition to Ensure a Better Future for Children
Authors: Darcy Mahoney Ashley , Zauche Lauren Head , Hallowell Sunny , Weldon Arianne , Stapel-Wax Jennifer
Published: January 2017

Background:

Early language exposure is critical for language acquisition and significantly influences a child's literacy skills. However, preterm infants may experience language deprivation in the neonatal intensive care unit. Nurses are vital to helping parents understand their critical role in early language development.

Purpose:

To discuss the impact of language-rich interactions and interventions that promote early language exposure, or Language Nutrition, by parents and caregivers on the long-term developmental, language, and educational outcomes of high-risk infants.

Methods/Search Strategy:

A literature search was conducted using PubMed and Web of Science to identify articles that examined the influence of language interactions with high-risk infants on developmental outcomes. Recent campaigns touting the importance of early language exposure were identified through the Bridging the Word Gap Research Network.

Findings/Results:

Increasing preterm infants' exposure to Language Nutrition improves their language development, promotes parent–infant attachment, and decreases parent stress. In addition, it may result in greater neuroplasticity and volume of the auditory cortex. Several campaigns have been developed to increase children's access to Language Nutrition and can be implemented into everyday pediatric and neonatal care.

Implications for Practice:

Pediatric, neonatal nurses and advanced practice nurses are uniquely positioned to play a transformational role in high-risk infants' developmental trajectory by educating parents about the importance of Language Nutrition and supporting parents as they engage with their infant.

Implications for Research:

Studies investigating the population-level impact of interventions aimed at increasing infants' access to Language Nutrition as well as studies identifying effective ways to communicate messages about Language Nutrition are warranted.
RECURRENCE OF CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION LESION ACTIVITY AFTER AFLIBERCEPT TREATMENT FOR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Authors: Wakazono Tomotaka , Yamashiro Kenji , Oishi Akio , Ooto Sotaro , Tamura Hiroshi , Akagi-Kurashige Yumiko , Hata Masayuki , Takahashi Ayako , Tsujikawa Akitaka , Yoshimura Nagahisa
Published: January 2017

Purpose:

To examine the recurrence rate of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) lesion activity in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and associated factors after 1-year aflibercept treatment.

Methods:

Age-related macular degeneration eyes with 1-year aflibercept fixed-regimen treatment and a follow-up period of at least 18 months from the initial aflibercept injection for treatment-naive exudative AMD were retrospectively evaluated. The recurrence rate was examined. Age, gender, visual acuity, AMD subtype, greatest linear dimension, and retinal and choroidal thicknesses at the 12th month examination were compared between eyes with and without recurrence. Presence of remnant polyps and pigment epithelial detachment (PED) morphology were also compared in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) eyes.

Results:

Of the 98 eyes studied, 69 displayed a dry macula at the 12th month examination; 43.7% exhibited recurrence during the subsequent 12-month period in Kaplan–Meier analysis. Although no factors associated with recurrence were detected in AMD, remnant polyps and pigment epithelial detachment morphology at the 12th month examination were significantly associated with recurrence in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (P = 0.018 and 0.048, respectively).

Conclusion:

Continuous, proactive treatment would be considered overtreatment for more than half of the AMD eyes that achieved a dry macula. Angiography and optical coherence tomography analyses may be useful for predicting recurrence in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy eyes.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN VISUAL FUNCTION AND SUBRETINAL DRUSENOID DEPOSITS IN NORMAL AND EARLY AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION EYES
Authors: Neely David , Zarubina Anna V. , Clark Mark E. , Huisingh Carrie E. , Jackson Gregory R. , Zhang Yuhua , McGwin Gerald , Curcio Christine A. , Owsley Cynthia
Published: January 2017

Purpose:

To examine the association between subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDDs) identified by multimodal retinal imaging and visual function in older eyes with normal macular health or in the earliest phases of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Methods:

Age-related macular degeneration status for each eye was defined according to the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) 9-step classification system (normal = Step 1, early AMD = Steps 2–4) based on color fundus photographs. Visual functions measured were best-corrected photopic visual acuity, contrast and light sensitivity, mesopic visual acuity, low-luminance deficit, and rod-mediated dark adaptation. Subretinal drusenoid deposits were identified through multimodal imaging (color fundus photographs, infrared reflectance and fundus autofluorescence images, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography).

Results:

The sample included 1,202 eyes (958 eyes with normal health and 244 eyes with early AMD). In normal eyes, SDDs were not associated with any visual function evaluated. In eyes with early AMD, dark adaptation was markedly delayed in eyes with SDDs versus no SDD (a 4-minute delay on average), P = 0.0213. However, this association diminished after age adjustment, P = 0.2645. Other visual functions in early AMD eyes were not associated with SDDs.

Conclusion:

In a study specifically focused on eyes in normal macular health and in the earliest phases of AMD, early AMD eyes with SDDs have slower dark adaptation, largely attributable to the older ages of eyes with SDD; they did not exhibit deficits in other visual functions. Subretinal drusenoid deposits in older eyes in normal macular health are not associated with any visual functions evaluated.
CENTRIPETAL MOVEMENT OF THE CAPILLARIES IN THE CENTRAL MACULAR REGION AFTER INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE PEELING
Authors: Kumagai Kazuyuki , Hangai Masanori , Furukawa Mariko , Suetsugu Tetsuyuki , Ogino Nobuchika
Published: January 2017

Purpose:

To report a case that showed centripetal movements of the capillaries in the central macular region after vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling.

Methods:

A 57-year-old pseudophakic woman underwent successful vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling and air tamponade for a vitreomacular traction. Optical coherence tomography angiographic images of the 3 mm × 3 mm inner retinal vascular plexus were examined preoperatively and at 3 months postoperatively. The changes in 93 corresponding bifurcations of the capillaries were assessed.

Results:

The majority of the bifurcations were displaced towards the fovea at 3 months after the vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling.

Conclusion:

Optical coherence tomography angiography was used to help visualize the centripetal movement of the inner retina around the fovea after the vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling.
Performance characterization of a novel electronic number connection test to detect minimal hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients
Authors: Wuensch Tilo , Ruether Darius Ferenc , Zöllner Caroline , Mueller Tobias , Jung Tobias , Kaffarnik Magnus , Kassner Ursula , Schott Eckart , Kiefer Stephan , Pratschke Johann , Stockmann Martin , Jara Maximilian
Published: January 2017

Background and aim

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a frequent complication of cirrhosis, characterized by cognitive deficits that negatively impact patients’ quality of life. The mild, minimal hepatic encephalopathy (mHE) can only be detected by psychometric tests and early mHE detection can prevent more severe complications or even survival times. Here, we aimed to investigate the feasibility and validity of the novel-developed electronic number connection test (eNCT), which is designed as a fast and easy-to-perform mHE patient self-test.

Methods

The eNCT design was inspired by the paper-pencil number connection test version A, showing 25 numbers on the screen (1–25), in a random order. The time required to tap on all digits in the correct order was measured. A total of 238 individuals (112 patients with liver cirrhosis) were enrolled in this study and eNCT times were compared with well-established paper-pencil tests. The Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score test battery was used to detect mHE and cut-off values for mHE detection by the eNCT were defined.

Results

Overall, cirrhotic patients showed significantly slower test completion times compared with control participants. The eNCT performance was inversely correlated with Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score test performance in cirrhotic patients, independent of the HE status. Thirty cirrhotic patients fulfilled the mHE criteria and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed high sensitivity (>82%) and specificity (>85%) for mHE detection. Finally, the eNCT showed excellent test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.94).

Conclusion

The novel eNCT is a reliable HE self-test to monitor cognitive function and detect cognitive impairment in cirrhotic patients.
T2* Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Pancreatic Iron Overload and its Relation With the Diabetic State in Thalassemic Patients
Authors: Hashemieh Mozhgan , Radfar Mitra , Azarkeivan Azita , Noghabaei Giti , Sheibani Kourosh
Published: January 2017

The present study was performed to evaluate pancreatic hemosiderosis by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T2* and its relation to the diabetic state in thalassemic patients. One hundred thirty transfusion-dependent thalassemic patients from Zafar adult thalassemia clinic, Tehran, Iran, were enrolled in the study. Data such as age, type of thalassemia, age at diagnosis, transfusion duration, ferritin level, and fasting blood sugar results were gathered. Pancreatic MRI T2* was performed for all patients. One hundred four thalassemic patients with no sign of diabetes mellitus and 26 thalassemic patients with diabetes mellitus entered the study. Out of a total of 130 patients, 102 had pancreatic hemosiderosis. Among them, 23 of 26 diabetic patients (88.5%) and 79 of 104 nondiabetic patients (76%) showed pancreatic hemosiderosis, indicating no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups. The mean pancreatic MRI T2* relaxation time for all patients was 13.99±12.43 ms. The mean relaxation was 13.62±8.38 and 14.08±13.28 ms for diabetic and nondiabetic patients, respectively, showing no statistical difference (P=0.202). In conclusion, we did not find a significant difference between diabetic and nondiabetic thalassemic patients regarding the MRI T2* relaxation time readings or the rate of pancreatic hemosiderosis. We recommend performing studies with a higher sample size and including patients from different age groups to further evaluate the role of T2* MRI of pancreatic iron overload and its relation with the diabetic state in thalassemic patients.
The Role of Patient Navigators in Building a Medical Home for Multiply Diagnosed HIV-Positive Homeless Populations
Authors: Sarango Mariana , de Groot Alexander , Hirschi Melissa , Umeh Chukwuemeka Anthony , Rajabiun Serena
Published: January 2017

Context:

People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH) who are most at risk for falling out of HIV primary care and detectable viral loads include homeless and unstably housed individuals and those codiagnosed with behavioral health disorders. The patient-centered medical home (PCMH) is a model that promotes provision of comprehensive, patient-centered, accessible, coordinated, and quality care for patients. This initiative provided patient navigation to HIV-positive homeless and unstably housed individuals codiagnosed with a mental health or substance use disorder as a means to create an adapted PCMH to meet the specific needs of this population.

Objective:

The purpose of this analysis was to characterize the roles and responsibilities of patient navigators as part of an effort to create a medical home for homeless and unstably housed PLWH with behavioral health comorbidities.

Design:

Eighty-one in-depth interviews with clinic staff and 2 focus groups with patient navigators were conducted. Content analysis was performed to identify key roles and responsibilities of the patient navigators.

Results:

Patient navigators played an important role in creating a PCMH by working with clients to schedule and complete appointments, develop comprehensive care plans, forging critical relationships with providers both within and outside of health care systems, providing holistic support to increase patient self-management, and assisting in achieving housing stability.

Conclusions:

It may be necessary to adapt the traditional PCMH model to effectively meet the social, behavior health, and medical needs of homeless and unstably housed PLWH with behavioral health comorbidities. A patient navigator who can invest time in supporting and connecting these patients to needed services may be a key component in creating an effective PCMH for this population. These findings highlight the roles and tasks of patient navigators that may contribute to developing a PCMH specific to homeless and unstably housed PLWH with mental health and substance use comorbidities. Implementation of such a model has the potential to improve health outcomes (such as retention in care and viral suppression) for particularly vulnerable PLWH and thereby reduce the burden of HIV infection.
18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and infectious diseases: current applications and future perspectives
Authors: Bassetti Matteo , Carnelutti Alessia , Muser Daniele , Righi Elda , Petrosillo Nicola , Di Gregorio Fernando , Werner Thomas J. , Alavi Abass
Published: January 2017

Purpose of review

18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography is a well-established technique for diagnosis and management of a number of neoplastic conditions. However, in recent years the body of literature regarding its potential role in infectious diseases has progressively increased, with promising results.

Recent findings

So far 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography has a well-established role and is recommended by guidelines only in a few settings, such as prosthetic valve endocarditis, vascular device infections, and chronic osteomyelitis. However, even the lack of large, prospective randomized trials, an increasing number of small series and case reports suggest a potential role in the diagnosis, disease staging, and monitoring of treatment response of several other infective conditions.

In this article, we summarize the available evidence and potential future applications of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the diagnosis and management of infectious diseases.
Efficacy of Treatments for Infantile Spasms: A Systematic Review
Authors: Song Ji Min , Hahn Jongsung , Kim Se Hee , Chang Min Jung
Published: January 2017

Objectives

West syndrome (also known as infantile spasm because of its main seizure type) is a rare form of epilepsy that begins during early infancy. Recent guidelines and reviews on West syndrome recommend the use of adrenocorticotropic hormone steroids, or vigabatrin, as the first-line treatment. However, West syndrome remains to be one of the most challenging epilepsies to treat. Here, we systematically reviewed the current literature obtained during the previous decade. This article provides an overview of the current treatment of infantile spasms.

Methods

PubMed and EMBASE were searched to retrieve studies on human published during 2005–2015 and to identify patients with clinical diagnosis of infantile spasms. Drug or diet treatments were used as interventions and comparators.

Results

We included 55 studies, of which 1 study was a meta-analysis, 9 were randomized controlled trials, 21 were prospective studies, and 24 were retrospective studies. Topiramate, levetiracetam, zonisamide, and sodium valproate with benzodiazepine (clonazepam or nitrazepam) were found to be potential drugs for treating West syndrome besides adrenocorticotropic hormone, steroids, and vigabatrin. Ketogenic diet and modified Atkins diet were also found to be effective.

Conclusions

To date, data regarding the efficacy of treatments of West syndrome still remain limited. Some treatments, including topiramate and ketogenic diet, seem promising besides adrenocorticotropic hormone, steroids, and vigabatrin. Well-designed trials are warranted to validate the findings.
A Multicenter Comparative Study of Impulse Control Disorder in Latin American Patients With Parkinson Disease
Authors: Ramírez Gómez Carolina Candelaria , Serrano Dueñas Marcos , Bernal Oscar , Araoz Natalia , Sáenz Farret Michel , Aldinio Victoria , Montilla Verónica , Micheli Federico
Published: January 2017

Objectives

Impulse control disorder (ICD) is a common adverse effect in patients with Parkinson disease who receive dopamine agonists; however, other factors are involved in its manifestations. To study the frequency and factors involved in the development of this adverse effect in a Latin American population, we conducted a cross-sectional multicenter study.

Methods

Two hundred fifty-five patients in 3 Latin American centers were evaluated by examination and application of scales (Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease-Rating Scale, Hoehn and Yahr, Clinical Impression of Severity Index for Parkinson’s Disease).

Results

Of the patients, 27.4% had ICD, most of whom were on dopamine agonists. Other associated risk factors included a younger age at onset of Parkinson disease, moderate symptoms, a shorter evolution of the clinical manifestations, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep disorder behavior, and the consumption of tea, mate, and alcohol.

Conclusions

The frequency of ICD is higher in Latin America than in Anglo-Saxon populations. Consuming tea and mate, in addition to the use of dopamine agonists, is a factor that may demonstrate a genetic link that predisposes patients to the establishment of an ICD.
The QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube Assay in Neuro-Ophthalmology
Authors: Little Leanne M. , Rigi Mohammed , Suleiman Ayman , Smith Stacy V. , Graviss Edward A. , Foroozan Rod , Lee Andrew G.
Published: January 2017

Background:

Although QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) testing is regularly used to detect infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, its utility in a patient population with a low risk for tuberculosis (TB) has been questioned. The following is a cohort study analyzing the efficacy of QFT-GIT testing as a method for detection of active TB disease in low-risk individuals in a neuro-ophthalmologic setting.

Methods:

Ninety-nine patients from 2 neuro-ophthalmology centers were identified as having undergone QFT-GIT testing between January 2012 and February 2016. Patients were divided into groups of negative, indeterminate, and positive QFT-GIT results. Records of patients with positive QFT-GIT results were reviewed for development of latent or active TB, as determined by clinical, bacteriologic, and/or radiographic evidence.

Results:

Of the 99 cases reviewed, 18 patients had positive QFT-GIT tests. Of these 18 cases, 12 had documentation of chest radiographs or computed tomography which showed no evidence for either active TB or pulmonary latent TB infection (LTBI). Four had chest imaging which was indicative of possible LTBI. None of these 18 patients had symptoms of active TB and none developed active TB within the follow-up period.

Conclusions:

Based on our results, we conclude that routine testing with QFT-GIT in a low-risk cohort did not diagnose active TB infection. We do not recommend routine QFT-GIT testing for TB low-risk individuals, as discerned through patient and exposure history, ocular examination, and clinical judgment, in neuro-ophthalmology practice.
Captive-bred Orangutans voluntarily choose to reward themselves with cabbage containing greater amounts of anthocyanin in a two-alternative decision task
Authors: Mennie Neil , Symonds Rachael C. , Mahadzir Mazrul
Published: January 2017

Anthocyanins are an important part of the human diet and the most commonly consumed plant secondary metabolites. They are potent antioxidants, and in several recent studies the ingestion of anthocyanins has been linked to positive health benefits for humans. Here, we show that when given a choice between two alternative samples of cabbage to ingest, captive born orangutans (n = 6) voluntarily chose the sample that contained greater amounts of anthocyanin. This occurred when they had to decide between samples of red cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. rubra) from the same plant (p<0.05), and samples from green cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) (p<0.01). This indicates that anthocyanin holds a reward value for these hominids. There was no difference in L*a*b* colour between ingested and discarded samples in red cabbage, but when the choice was between two green samples, the animals chose samples that were more green and yellow. There was also no difference in the amount of lightness (L*) between chosen and discarded samples of either plant. It is therefore unclear if the animals use leaf colour in decision-making. In addition to other macro nutrients provided by plants, anthocyanin is also chosen by these endangered apes.
Direct visualization of transcriptional activation by physical enhancer–promoter proximity
Authors: Chen Hongtao , Fujioka Miki , Jaynes James B. , Gregor Thomas
Published: January 2017

A long-standing question in metazoan gene regulation is how remote enhancers communicate with their target promoters over long distances. Combining genome editing and quantitative live imaging we simultaneously visualize physical enhancer–promoter communication and transcription inDrosophilaembryos. Enhancers regulating pair rule stripes ofeven-skippedexpression activate transcription of a reporter gene over a distance of 150 kb. We show in individual cells that activation only occurs after the enhancer comes into close proximity with its regulatory target and that upon dissociation transcription ceases almost immediately. We further observe distinct topological conformations of theevelocus, depending on the spatial identity of the activating stripe enhancer. In addition, long-range activation results in transcriptional competition at the endogenousevelocus, causing corresponding developmental defects. Overall, we demonstrate that sustained physical proximity and enhancer–promoter engagement are required for enhancer action, and we provide a path to probe the implications of long-range regulation on cellular fates.
Small RNAs reflect grandparental environments in apomictic dandelion
Authors: Morgado Lionel , Preite Veronica , Oplaat Carla , Anava Sarit , Ferreira de Carvalho Julie , Rechavi Oded , Johannes Frank , Verhoeven Koen J.F.
Published: January 2017

Plants can show long-term effects of environmental stresses and in some cases a stress ‘memory’ has been reported to persist across generations, potentially mediated by epigenetic mechanisms. However, few documented cases exist of transgenerational effects that persist for multiple generations and it remains unclear if or how epigenetic mechanisms are involved. Here we show that the composition of small regulatory RNAs in apomictic dandelion lineages reveals a footprint of drought stress and salicylic acid treatment experienced two generations ago. Overall proportions of 21nt and 24nt RNA pools were shifted due to grandparental treatments. While individual genes did not show strong up- or downregulation of associated sRNAs, the subset of genes that showed the strongest shifts in sRNA abundance was significantly enriched for several GO terms including stress-specific functions. This indicates that a stress-induced signal was transmitted across multiple unexposed generations leading to persistent and functional changes in epigenetic gene regulation.
Glucocorticoids and cortical decoding in the phobic brain
Authors: Schwab Simon , Federspiel Andrea , Morishima Yosuke , Nakataki Masahito , Strik Werner , Wiest Roland , Heinrichs Markus , de Quervain Dominique , Soravia Leila M.
Published: January 2017

Glucocorticoids—stress hormones released from the adrenal cortex—reduce phobic fear in anxiety disorders and enhance psychotherapy, possibly by reducing the retrieval of fear memories and enhancing the consolidation of new corrective memories. Glucocorticoid signaling in the basolateral amygdala can influence connected fear and memory-related cortical regions, but this is not fully understood. Previous studies investigated specific pathways moderated by glucocorticoids, for example, visual-temporal pathways; however, these analyses were limited to a-priori selected regions. Here, we performed whole-brain pattern analysis to localize phobic stimulus decoding related to the fear-reducing effect of glucocorticoids. We reanalyzed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from a previously published study with spider-phobic patients and healthy controls. The patients received either glucocorticoids or a placebo treatment before the exposure to spider images. There was moderate evidence that patients with phobia had higher decoding of phobic content in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the left and right anterior insula compared to controls. Decoding in the ACC and the right insula showed strong evidence for correlation with experienced fear. Patients with cortisol reported a reduction of fear by 10–13%; however, there was only weak evidence for changes in neural decoding compared to placebo which was found in the precuneus, the opercular cortex, and the left cerebellum.
Surface-driven RNA-refolding by the OB-fold proteins of theTrypanosoma bruceieditosome
Authors: Voigt Christin , Dobrychłop Mateusz , Kruse Elisabeth , Czerwoniec Anna , Kasprzak Joanna M. , Bytner Patrycja , Bujnicki Janusz M. , Göringer H. Ulrich
Published: January 2017

RNA editing in African trypanosomes represents an RNA-processing reaction that generates functional mitochondrial transcripts from sequence-deficient pre-mRNAs. The reaction is catalyzed by a macromolecular protein complex known as the editosome. Editosomes have been demonstrated to execute RNA-chaperone activity to overcome the highly folded nature of pre-edited substrate mRNAs. The molecular basis of this activity is unknown. Here we test five OB-fold proteins of the editosome as potential candidates. We show that the different proteins interact by hetero-oligomerization and we demonstrate that all proteins execute RNA-chaperone activity. Activity differences correlate with the surface areas of the proteins and map predominantly to the intrinsically disordered subdomains of the polypeptides. To provide a structural context for our findings we present a coarse-grained model of the editosome. The model suggests that an inner core of catalytically active editosome components is separated from an outer shell of IDP-domains that act as RNA-remodeling sites.
Locomotor activity modulates associative learning in mouse cerebellum
Authors: Albergaria Catarina , Silva N. Tatiana , Pritchett Dominique , Carey Megan R.
Published: January 2017

Changes in behavioral state are associated with modulation of sensory responses across visual, auditory and somatosensory cortices. Here we show that locomotor activity independently modulates performance in delay eyeblink conditioning, a cerebellum-dependent form of associative learning. Increased locomotor speed in head-fixed mice was associated with earlier onset of learning and trial-by-trial enhancement of learned responses. The influence of locomotion on conditioned responses was dissociable from changes in arousal and was independent of the sensory modality of the conditioned stimulus. Eyelid responses evoked by optogenetic stimulation of mossy fiber terminals within the cerebellar cortex, but not at sites downstream, were also positively modulated by ongoing locomotion. We conclude that locomotor activity modulates delay eyeblink conditioning through mechanisms acting on the mossy fiber pathway within the cerebellar cortex. Taken together, these results suggest a novel role for behavioral state modulation in associative learning and provide a potential mechanism through which engaging in movement can improve an individual’s ability to learn.
Reversibility of chemotherapy-induced senescence is independent of autophagy and a potential model for tumor dormancy and cancer recurrence
Authors: Saleh Tareq , Cudjoe Emmanuel K. , Kyte S. Lauren , Henderson Scott C. , Elmore Lynne W. , Gewirtz David A.
Published: January 2017

Autophagy and senescence are both well-established responses to chemotherapy and radiation that often occur in parallel, contributing to growth arrest in tumor cells. However, it has not been established whether this growth arrest is reversible. This question was addressed using non-small cell lung cancer models exposed to the cancer chemotherapeutic drug, etoposide. Senescent cells that were sorted, identified by β-galactosidase staining and alterations in morphology, isolated by flow cytometric cell sorting based on C12FDG staining, and real-time live microscopy were found to be capable of recovering proliferative capacity. Autophagy, monitored by vacuole formation, SQSTM1/p62 degradation, and LC3BII generation did not interfere with either the senescence arrest or proliferative recovery and was nonprotective in function (i.e. autophagy inhibition via both pharmacological and genetic strategies had negligible impact on the response to etoposide).

These observations argue against the premise that (chemotherapy-induced) senescence is irreversible and indicate that therapy-induced senescence may ultimately be a transient process in that at least a subpopulation of tumor cells can and will remain metabolically active and recover proliferative capacity independently of autophagic turnover. We therefore propose that dormant tumor cells may be capable of prolonged survival in a state of autophagy/senescence and that disease recurrence may reflect escape from this senescence-arrested state.
A three-dimensional ZnIIcoordination polymer constructed from 1,1′-biphenyl-2,2′,4,4′-tetracarboxylate and 1,4-bis(1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzene ligands exhibiting photoluminescence
Authors: Su Feng , Lu Liping , Zhou Chengyong , Wang Xiaoxia , Sun Long , Han Chun
Published: January 2017

Ligands based on polycarboxylic acids are excellent building blocks for the construction of coordination polymers; they may bind to a variety of metal ions and form clusters, as well as extended chain or network structures. Among these building blocks, biphenyltetracarboxylic acids (H4bpta) withC2symmetry have recently attracted attention because of their variable bridging and multidentate chelating modes. The new luminescent three-dimensional coordination polymer poly[(μ5-1,1′-biphenyl-2,2′,4,4′-tetracarboxylato)bis[μ2-1,4-bis(1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzene]dizinc(II)], [Zn2(C16H6O8)(C12H10N4)]n, was synthesized solvothermally and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy. The crystal structure contains two crystallographically independent ZnIIcations. Both metal cations are located on twofold axes and display distorted tetrahedral coordination geometries. Neighbouring ZnIIcentres are bridged by carboxylate groups in thesyn–antimode to form one-dimensional chains. Adjacent chains are linked through 1,1′-biphenyl-2,2′,4,4′-tetracarboxylate and 1,4-bis(1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzene ligands to form a three-dimensional network. In the solid state, the compound exhibits blue photoluminescence and represents a promising candidate for a thermally stable and solvent-resistant blue fluorescent material.
CSR communication in Japan: the case of Kikkoman
Authors: Takano Kaori
Published: January 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine Kikkoman’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication with public schools associated with a new food education law in Japan. It describes how an internationally recognized soy sauce maker, Kikkoman, effectively entered a previously untapped market, public schools in Japan, and improved its corporate image using the vehicle of CSR activity.

Design/methodology/approach

Three traditional qualitative data sources were utilized: documents, interviews, and observations.

Findings

Social, political, economic, and environmental factors pushed Kikkoman to create a soy sauce lesson as a new CSR activity, which created challenges in corporate communication. The company, with the help of government, overcame the difficulties and was able to effectively communicate its CSR and improve its corporate image while promoting its signature product to children. This case presents a successful public relations strategy using a stakeholder approach as a framework.

Research limitations/implications

It is difficult to generalize the findings to CSR communication in Japan because this is a single case study with interviews with one company representative and observations at two schools.

Practical implications

First, collaboration between business people and public schools teachers is on the rise. This may open new opportunities for socially responsible corporations to engage in effective public relations activity through CSR in Japan. Second, human resource development in CSR activities is strategic and employees can play a pivotal role in Japanese CSR.

Originality/value

This paper examines the unique activities of a Japanese food industry leader from multiple data sources including observations of actual corporate behaviors in schools.
Understanding social media governance: seizing opportunities, staying out of trouble
Authors: van den Berg Annelieke C. , Verhoeven Joost W.M.
Published: January 2017

Purpose

The rise of social media such as Facebook and Twitter has provided employees with means to share work-related information. Increasingly, social media governance policies are implemented to negotiate the risks and opportunities of such behaviors. The purpose of this paper is to unveil the motivations behind managers’ attempts to govern these behaviors.

Design/methodology/approach

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten communication managers of various organizations. Higgins’ regulatory focus theory (Higgins, 1997) was used to examine whether managers adopted a prevention or promotion focus to social media, and whether regulatory focus affected the measures taken toward social media governance.

Findings

Prevention and promotion foci were both observed among managers, and differed per communication model. Managers who employed dialogic models of communication were primarily promotion-focused and emphasized opportunities to improve stakeholder relations, while managers who employed one-way models were primarily prevention-focused and highlighted the risks of social media (e.g. the risk of employees publishing messages that contradict corporate communication and confuse stakeholders). Social media governance differed depending on regulatory focus. In the prevention scheme managers usually attempted to regain control by restricting social media to private use only, while in the promotion focus managers trained and facilitated employees for work-related social media use, to various extends.

Originality/value

By examining the interplay of regulatory focus, communication models and governance, this paper sheds light on the rationale behind social media governance policies that are implemented in organizations.
Analyzing the factors for implementation of green supply chain management
Authors: Singh R.K. , Rastogi Sanjay , Aggarwal Mallika
Published: January 2017

Purpose

In the present context of a globalised economy, market requirements are changing regularly in term of product cost, delivery time, safety and environmental issues. Apart from conventional measures, environmental factors have become an integral part of performance measurement system. This study aims to analyse major barriers and factors in green supply chain (GSC) management implementation.

Design/methodology/approach

The present study has tried to identify barriers and factors for green supply chain management (GSCM) based on literature review. Factors for GSCM have been modelled by interpretive structural modelling (ISM) approach.

Findings

Based on literature review, 12 factors have been identified. It has been observed that top management commitment, integration among supply chain members, vendors’ development, environmental friendly packaging and transportation, reverse logistic management and development of a green performance measurement system are major drivers for successful implementation of GSCM.

Research Limitations/implications

Organisations need to follow a proactive approach for taking GSC initiatives. For generalisation of findings, empirical study and some case studies need to be carried out.

Originality/value

Findings of this study will help organisations in strategy formulation for GSCM and successful implementation for sustainable competitiveness.