bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Repair of DNA damage induced by accelerated heavy ions—A mini review
Authors: Okayasu Ryuichi
Published: September 2011

Increasing use of heavy ions for cancer therapy and concerns from exposure to heavy charged particles in space necessitate the study of the basic biological mechanisms associated with exposure to heavy ions. As the most critical damage induced by ionizing radiation is DNA double strand break (DSB), this review focuses on DSBs induced by heavy ions and their repair processes. Compared with X‐ or gamma‐rays, high‐linear energy transfer (LET) heavy ion radiation induces more complex DNA damage, categorized into DSBs and non‐DSB oxidative clustered DNA lesions (OCDL). This complexity makes the DNA repair process more difficult, partially due to retarded enzymatic activities, leading to increased chromosome aberrations and cell death. In general, the repair process following heavy ion exposure is LET‐dependent, but with nonhomologous end joining defective cells, this trend is less emphasized. The variation in cell survival levels throughout the cell cycle is less prominent in cells exposed to high‐LET heavy ions when compared with low LET, but this mechanism has not been well understood until recently. Involvement of several DSB repair proteins is suggested to underlie this interesting phenomenon. Recent improvements in radiation‐induced foci studies combined with high‐LET heavy ion exposure could provide a useful opportunity for more in depth study of DSB repair processes. Accelerated heavy ions have become valuable tools to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying repair of DNA DSBs, the most crucial form of DNA damage induced by radiation and various chemotherapeutic agents.
Remarkable biocompatibility enhancement of porous NiTi alloys by a new surface modification approach: In‐situ nitriding and in vitro and in vivo evaluation
Authors: Li H. , Yuan B. , Gao Y. , Chung C. Y. , Zhu M.
Published: September 2011

An in‐situ nitriding method has been developed to modify the outer surface and the pore walls of both open and closed pores of porous NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs) as part of their sintering process. XRD and XPS examinations revealed that the modified layer is mainly TiN. The biocompatibility of the in‐situ nitrided sample has been characterized by its corrosion resistance, cell adherence, and implant surgery. The in‐situ nitrided porous NiTi SMAs exhibit much better corrosion resistance, cell adherence, and bone tissue induced capability than the porous NiTi alloys without surface modification. Furthermore, the released Ni ion content in the blood of rabbit is reduced greatly by the in‐situ nitriding. The excellent biocompatibility of in‐situ nitrided sample is attributed to the formation of the TiN layer on all the pore walls including both open and closed pores. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2011.
Epiploic appendage torsed within a spigelian hernia: US and CT findings
Authors: Capaccio Enrico , Di Vito Lucia , Derchi Lorenzo E.
Published: September 2011

We report the sonographic and CT findings in a patient with an epiploic appendage strangulated within a Spigelian hernia sac. The patient presented with a small, tender, palpable mass, which, at sonography, was located within the abdominal wall, lateral to the rectus abdominis muscle, and had the appearance of an inflamed epiploic appendage. The same findings were confirmed by unenhanced CT. Surgery showed an epiploic appendage of the sigmoid colon within a small Spigelian hernia; the appendage was torsed around its pedicle at the entrance into the hernia sac. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2012
Multifunctional Conjugated Polymers with Main‐Chain Donors and Side‐Chain Acceptors for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) and Organic Photovoltaic Cells (OPVs)
Authors: Chang Dong Wook , Ko Seo‐Jin , Kim Jin Young , Park Su‐Moon , Lee Hyo Joong , Dai Liming , Baek Jong‐Beom
Published: September 2011

A novel multifunctional conjugated polymer (RCP‐1) composed of an electron‐donating backbone (carbazole) and an electron‐accepting side chain (cyanoacetic acid) connected through conjugated vinylene and terthiophene has been synthesized and tested as a photosensitizer in two major molecule‐based solar cells, namely dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs). Promising initial results on overall power conversion efficiencies of 4.11% and 1.04% are obtained from the basic structure of DSSCs and OPVs based on RCP‐1, respectively. The well‐defined donor (D)‐acceptor (A) structure of RCP‐1 has made it possible, for the first time, to reach over 4% of power conversion efficiency in DSSCs with an organic polymer sensitizer and good operation stability.
A stabilized Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics, Taylor–Galerkin algorithm for soil dynamics problems
Authors: Blanc T. , Pastor M.
Published: September 2011

Modelling of failure under dynamic conditions in geomaterials with finite elements presents a series of complex problems, among which we can mention those of (i) volumetric locking, which results on higher failure loads, (ii) influence of mesh alignment, resulting to unrealistic failure surfaces, (iii) diffusion of the shear band over some element widths, (iv) nonoptimal propagation properties (numerical diffusion and dispersion), (v) fulfilling Babuska–Brezzi conditions when using the same order of interpolation for displacement and pressures in coupled problems and (vi) large deformation analysis.

This paper is based on previous work done by the authors, who developed a mixed approximation based on (i) casting the dynamic problem in the form of a system of first order PDEs and (ii) using stresses and velocities as nodal variables. The equations were discretized following a Taylor–Galerkin algorithm, first in time using a Taylor expansion and then in space using Galerkin method. The model was limited to small deformations.

The purpose of this paper is to show how Taylor–Galerkin method can be extended to meshless formulations, such as the SPH method. The algorithm consists of (i) discretizing in time using a Taylor series expansion complemented with integration of source terms using a Runge–Kutta scheme and then (ii) discretizing in space using the SPH method. It is shown how the proposed method keeps the advantages of the Taylor–Galerkin method in Finite Elements (good propagation properties and capturing of shear bands) and avoids the tensile instability. A set of test problems ranging from elastic propagation of a wave in a bar to failure of a slope on a cohesive softening material are used to assess the performance of the method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative structural and functional characterization of putative protein effectors belonging to the PcF toxin family from Phytophthora spp
Authors: Orsomando Giuseppe , Brunetti Lucia , Pucci Kathleen , Ruggeri Barbara , Ruggieri Silverio
Published: September 2011

The PcF Toxin Family (Pfam 09461) includes the characterized phytotoxic protein PcF from Phytophthora
cactorum, as well as several predicted protein effectors from other Phytophthora species recently identified by comparative genomics. Here we provide first evidence that such ‘putatives’, recombinantly expressed in bacteria and purified to homogeneity, similarly to PcF, can trigger defense‐related responses on tomato, that is leaf withering and phenylalanine ammonia lyase induction, although with various degrees of effectiveness. In addition, structural prediction by computer‐aided homology modeling and subsequent structural/functional comparison after rational engineering of the disulfide‐structured protein fold by site‐directed mutagenesis, highlighted the surface‐exposed conserved amino acid stretch SK(E/C)C as a possible structural determinant responsible for the differential phytotoxicity within this family of cognate protein effectors.
The draft FDA guideline on non‐inferiority clinical trials: a critical review from European pharmaceutical industry statisticians
Authors: Huitfeldt Bernhard , Hummel Jürgen ,   on behalf of European Federation of Statisticians in the Pharmaceutical Industry (EFSPI)
Published: September 2011

The European Federation of Statisticians in the Pharmaceutical Industry (EFSPI) engages more than 2000 statisticians through its ten national organizations. Amongst other things, EFSPI is involved in reviewing regulatory guidelines under development, including the draft FDA guideline on non‐inferiority clinical trials. This review resulted in several critical comments relating to as follows: (i) the lack of one single standard for proving efficacy of new drugs implied by the guideline; (ii) the problems with the suggested ‘fraction of effect to be preserved’; (iii) the formulation of the primary hypothesis in a non‐inferiority trial aiming at indirectly demonstrating a new drug is superior to placebo; and (iv) the preference in the guideline for the fixed‐margin method over the synthesis method in the analysis. The presumed implications of this guideline, if implemented as is, are (i) increased confusion of how efficacy could be demonstrated when placebo control is not available, (ii) more complicated communication between pharmaceutical industry and FDA because of the apparent disagreements on fundamental statistical matters, and (iii) illogical consequences in the approval process because of which order drugs are approved rather than how they fulfill the regulatory requirements. We believe that the area is not yet ready for such a prescriptive regulatory guidance and that further research and experience are required until the methodology can be finally agreed. A strategy needs to be developed by regulatory agencies together with drug industry and academia for a long term solution for this topic. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Issues in the assessment of non‐inferiority: perspectives drawn from case studies
Authors: Ulrich Burger H. , Beyer Ulrich , Abt Markus
Published: September 2011

Superiority claims for improved efficacy are the backbone of clinical development of new therapies. However, not every new therapy in development allows for such a claim. Some therapies per se do not try to improve efficacy further but concentrate on important aspects in safety or convenience. Such improvements can be equally important to patients, and development strategies should be available for such compounds. A three‐arm design with placebo, active control and experimental treatment may be viewed as the golden standard for such compounds; however, it may be difficult if not impossible to add a placebo arm in certain diseases. In such situations, non‐inferiority designs are the only development option left. This paper will highlight some of the key issues with such designs in practice and will report experience from two studies from different therapeutic areas intended for regulatory submission. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Er3+‐Doped Anatase TiO2 Nanocrystals: Crystal‐Field Levels, Excited‐State Dynamics, Upconversion, and Defect Luminescence
Authors: Luo Wenqin , Fu Chengyu , Li Renfu , Liu Yongsheng , Zhu Haomiao , Chen Xueyuan
Published: September 2011

A comprehensive survey of electronic structure and optical properties of rare‐earth ions embedded in semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) is of vital importance for their potential applications in areas as diverse as luminescent bioprobes, lighting, and displays. Er3+‐doped anatase TiO2 NCs, synthesized via a facile sol–gel solvothermal method, exhibit intense and well‐resolved intra‐4f emissions of Er3+. Crystal‐field (CF) spectra of Er3+ in TiO2 NCs are systematically studied by means of high‐resolution emission and excitation spectra at 10–300 K. The CF analysis of Er3+ assuming a site symmetry of C2v yields a small root‐mean‐square deviation of 25.1 cm−1 and reveals the relatively large CF strength (549 cm−1) of Er3+, thus verifying the rationality of the C2v symmetry assignment of Er3+ in anatase TiO2 NCs. Based on a simplified thermalization model for the temperature‐dependent photoluminescence (PL) dynamics from 4S3/2, the intrinsic radiative luminescence lifetimes of 4S3/2 and 2H11/2 are experimentally determined to be 3.70 and 1.73 μs, respectively. Green and red upconversion (UC) luminescence of Er3+ can be achieved upon laser excitation at 974.5 nm. The UC intensity of Er3+ in Yb/Er‐codoped NCs is found to be about five times higher than that of Er‐singly‐doped counterparts as a result of efficient Yb3+ sensitization and energy transfer upconversion (ETU) evidenced by its distinct UC luminescence dynamics. Furthermore, the origin of defect luminescence is revealed based on the temperature‐dependent PL spectra upon excitation above the TiO2 bandgap at 325 nm.
Modified hanging method for liver resection
Authors: Utsunomiya Tohru , Shimada Mitsuo
Published: September 2011

The liver hanging maneuver (LHM) is a useful technique to transect the liver parenchyma while lifting it with a tape passed between the anterior surface of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and the liver parenchyma. The original method was employed mostly for right hepatectomy with an “anterior approach” for huge liver tumors. The tape serves as a guide to the transection plane and facilitates the control of bleeding in the deeper parenchyma of the liver while protecting the anterior surface of the IVC. On the other hand, several recent studies have shown the feasibility and usefulness of modified LHM techniques. These methods can be applied to left hepatectomy with or without caudate lobectomy (segmentectomy 1), even for patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. This report explains the methods and pitfalls of the original and modified LHM. In addition, important anatomical and technical aspects of the mobilization of hepatic lobes are also included.
Glissonean pedicle transection method for liver surgery (with video)
Authors: Yamamoto Masakazu , Katagiri Satoshi , Ariizumi Shun‐ichi , Kotera Yoshihito , Takahashi Yutaka
Published: September 2011

The Glissonean pedicle approach in liver surgery provides new knowledge of the surgical anatomy of the liver and advances the technique of liver surgery. The Glissonean pedicles are wrapped by a connective tissue referred to as the Glisson's capsule and include the hepatic artery, portal vein and bile duct. The Glissonean pedicles can be approached intrahepatically or extrahepatically. The extrahepatic approach at the hepatic hilus was referred to as the extra‐fascial access by Couinaud. In summary, the secondary Glissonean pedicles are encircled and ligated at the hepatic hilus without liver dissection. The angle of approach should be over the hilar plate so that the surgeon does not have to consider any variations in the arteries or bile ducts. The tertiary branches can be approached through the hepatic hilus extrahepatically or intrahepatically on the border between the sections which are fed by the secondary Glissonean pedicles. This procedure is suitable for liver cancer without hilar invasion, particularly for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Patients with HCC usually have liver dysfunction and HCC easily invades the peripheral portal vein; therefore, patients with HCC should only undergo small anatomical hepatectomies such as sectionectomy or segmentectomy. Any anatomical hepatectomy can be performed using this technique which allows simple, safe and easy liver resection. Liver surgeons should, therefore, know the fundamental concept of the Glissonean pedicle transection method.
The Just Wage in Early Modern Italy: A Reflection on Zacchia's De Salario seu Operariorum Mercede
Authors: Caracausi Andrea
Published: September 2011

This article aims to understand norms and values pertaining to the definition of just wages in early modern Italy. The starting point is the treatise by the jurist Lanfranco Zacchia, De Salario seu Operariorum Mercede, which appeared in the mid-seventeenth century and represented the first attempt to collate a set of rules on wages based on the traditions of Roman and canon law. After a brief presentation of the treatise, I shall analyse the meanings and concepts of wages, and then consider the elements that determined the just wage. To understand how prescriptions were seen by individuals, I shall also compare them with information about court cases and rulings compiled by Zacchia in another book, the Centuria decisionum ad materiam Tractatus de Salario, and with the rest of the existing literature. Evidence from my comparison will allow us to understand the interaction and reciprocal influences between juridical thought and daily work practice, and underline the fact that wages were based on a complex system of norms and values where individuals, their social positions, skills, and experience determined the recognition of the just wage with reference to the local context.
The World of Labour in Mughal India (c.1500–1750)
Authors: Moosvi Shireen
Published: September 2011

This article addresses two separate but interlinked questions relating to India in Mughal times (sixteenth to early eighteenth century). First, the terms on which labour was rendered, taking perfect market conditions as standard; and, second, the perceptions of labour held by the higher classes and the labourers themselves. As to forms of labour, one may well describe conditions as those of an imperfect market. Slave labour was restricted largely to domestic service. Rural wage rates were depressed owing to the caste system and the “village community” mechanism. In the city, the monopoly of resources by the ruling class necessarily depressed wages through the market mechanism itself. While theories of hierarchy were dominant, there are indications sometimes of a tolerant attitude towards manual labour and the labouring poor among the dominant classes. What seems most striking is the defiant assertion of their status in relation to God and society made on behalf of peasants and workers in northern India in certain religious cults in the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries.
The Implications of Drones on the Just War Tradition
Authors: Brunstetter Daniel , Braun Megan
Published: September 2011

Increasingly, the United States has come to rely on the use of drones to counter the threat posed by terrorists. Drones have arguably enjoyed significant successes in denying terrorists safe haven while limiting civilian casualties and protecting U.S. soldiers, but their use has raised ethical concerns. The aim of this article is to explore some of the ethical issues raised by the use of drones using the just war tradition as a foundation. We argue that drones offer the capacity to extend the threshold of last resort for large-scale wars by allowing a leader to act more proportionately on just cause. However, they may be seen as a level of force short of war to which the principle of last resort does not apply; and their increased usage may ultimately raisejus in belloconcerns. While drones are technically capable of improving adherence tojus in belloprinciples of discrimination and proportionality, concerns regarding transparency and the potentially indiscriminate nature of drone strikes, especially those conduced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), as opposed to the military, may undermine the probability of success in combating terrorism.
Preparedness for Alzheimer's disease and its determinants among laypersons in Israel
Authors: Werner Perla
Published: September 2011

Background:Despite the increasing prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD), very few studies have examined advanced preparation for the possibility of becoming sick with AD, and these few studies indicate a general lack of preparation. This study aimed to expand knowledge regarding preparedness for AD among younger and older Israeli laypersons, and to explore the determinants of such preparedness, in terms of knowledge and beliefs concerning AD.

Methods:This study was based on a national representative sample of 632 Israeli laypersons. Participants were interviewed by telephone to assess their preparedness for AD, beliefs related to AD in terms of vulnerability, worry, fear, and perceptions about the importance of planning for the future, and their perceived knowledge of AD.

Results:Low levels of preparation for AD were reported, especially among younger participants. Multivariate analyses indicated that for both older and younger participants, taking actual steps to prepare oneself for AD was significantly associated with a general sense of preparedness, and that a general sense of preparedness was associated with perceptions regarding the importance of planning for the future. For older participants, a general sense of preparedness was also associated with greater knowledge of AD.

Conclusions:Findings indicate that Israeli laypersons are not preparing for AD, and that attitudes and beliefs play an important role in this preparation. Thus, measures should be taken to emphasize the importance of planning for the future contingency of AD in younger and older persons and to expand the knowledge of older persons regarding the disease.
Evaluating vector space models with canonical correlation analysis
Authors: VIRPIOJA SAMI , PAUKKERI MARI-SANNA , TRIPATHI ABHISHEK , LINDH-KNUUTILA TIINA , LAGUS KRISTA
Published: September 2011

Vector space models are used in language processing applications for calculating semantic similarities of words or documents. The vector spaces are generated with feature extraction methods for text data. However, evaluation of the feature extraction methods may be difficult. Indirect evaluation in an application is often time-consuming and the results may not generalize to other applications, whereas direct evaluations that measure the amount of captured semantic information usually require human evaluators or annotated data sets. We propose a novel direct evaluation method based on canonical correlation analysis (CCA), the classical method for finding linear relationship between two data sets. In our setting, the two sets are parallel text documents in two languages. A good feature extraction method should provide representations that reflect the semantic content of the documents. Assuming that the underlying semantic content is independent of the language, we can study feature extraction methods that capture the content best by measuring dependence between the representations of a document and its translation. In the case of CCA, the applied measure of dependence is correlation. The evaluation method is based on unsupervised learning, it is language- and domain-independent, and it does not require additional resources besides a parallel corpus. In this paper, we demonstrate the evaluation method on a sentence-aligned parallel corpus. The method is validated by showing that the obtained results with bag-of-words representations are intuitive and agree well with the previous findings. Moreover, we examine the performance of the proposed evaluation method with indirect evaluation methods in simple sentence matching tasks, and a quantitative manual evaluation of word translations. The results of the proposed method correlate well with the results of the indirect and manual evaluations.
Class Politics, American-Style
Authors: Carmines Edward G.
Published: September 2011

Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson's Winner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer—And Turned Its Back on the Middle Class is both a work of political science and a contribution to broad public discussion of distributive politics. Its topic could not be more relevant to a US polity wracked by bitter partisan disagreements about taxes, social spending, financial regulation, social insecurity, and inequality. The political power of “the rich” is a theme of widespread public attention. The headline on the cover of the January–February 2011 issue of The American Interest—“Inequality and Democracy: Are Plutocrats Drowning Our Republic?”—is indicative. Francis Fukuyama's lead essay, entitled “Left Out,” clarifies that by “plutocracy,” the journal means “not just rule by the rich, but rule by and for the rich. We mean, in other words, a state of affairs in which the rich influence government in such a way as to protect and expand their own wealth and influence, often at the expense of others.” Fukuyama makes clear that he believes that this state of affairs obtains in the United States today.

Readers of Perspectives on Politics will know that the topic has garnered increasing attention from political scientists in general and in our journal in particular. In March 2009, we featured a symposium on Larry Bartels's Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age. And in December 2009, our lead article, by Jeffrey A. Winters and Benjamin I. Page, starkly posed the question “Oligarchy in the United States?” and answered it with an equally stark “yes.” Winner-Take-All Politics thus engages a broader scholarly discussion within US political science, at the same time that it both draws upon and echoes many “classic themes” of US political science from the work of Charles Beard and E. E. Schattschneider to Ted Lowi and Charles Lindblom.

In this symposium, we have brought together a group of important scholars and commentators who offer a range of perspectives on the book and on the broader themes it engages. While most of our discussants are specialists on “American politics,” we have also sought out scholars beyond this subfield. Our charge to the discussants is to evaluate the book's central claims and evidence, with a focus on three related questions: 1) How compelling is its analysis of the “how” and “why” of recent US public policy and its “turn” in favor of “the rich” and against “the middle class”? 2) How compelling is its critique of the subfield of “American politics” for its focus on the voter–politician linkage and on “politics as spectacle” at the expense of an analysis of “politics as organized combat”? 3) And do you agree with its argument that recent changes in US politics necessitate a different, more comparative, and more political economy–centered approach to the study of US politics?—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
Class Politics, American-Style
Authors: Dean Jodi
Published: September 2011

Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson's Winner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer—And Turned Its Back on the Middle Class is both a work of political science and a contribution to broad public discussion of distributive politics. Its topic could not be more relevant to a US polity wracked by bitter partisan disagreements about taxes, social spending, financial regulation, social insecurity, and inequality. The political power of “the rich” is a theme of widespread public attention. The headline on the cover of the January–February 2011 issue of The American Interest—“Inequality and Democracy: Are Plutocrats Drowning Our Republic?”—is indicative. Francis Fukuyama's lead essay, entitled “Left Out,” clarifies that by “plutocracy,” the journal means “not just rule by the rich, but rule by and for the rich. We mean, in other words, a state of affairs in which the rich influence government in such a way as to protect and expand their own wealth and influence, often at the expense of others.” Fukuyama makes clear that he believes that this state of affairs obtains in the United States today.

Readers of Perspectives on Politics will know that the topic has garnered increasing attention from political scientists in general and in our journal in particular. In March 2009, we featured a symposium on Larry Bartels's Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age. And in December 2009, our lead article, by Jeffrey A. Winters and Benjamin I. Page, starkly posed the question “Oligarchy in the United States?” and answered it with an equally stark “yes.” Winner-Take-All Politics thus engages a broader scholarly discussion within US political science, at the same time that it both draws upon and echoes many “classic themes” of US political science from the work of Charles Beard and E. E. Schattschneider to Ted Lowi and Charles Lindblom.

In this symposium, we have brought together a group of important scholars and commentators who offer a range of perspectives on the book and on the broader themes it engages. While most of our discussants are specialists on “American politics,” we have also sought out scholars beyond this subfield. Our charge to the discussants is to evaluate the book's central claims and evidence, with a focus on three related questions: 1) How compelling is its analysis of the “how” and “why” of recent US public policy and its “turn” in favor of “the rich” and against “the middle class”? 2) How compelling is its critique of the subfield of “American politics” for its focus on the voter–politician linkage and on “politics as spectacle” at the expense of an analysis of “politics as organized combat”? 3) And do you agree with its argument that recent changes in US politics necessitate a different, more comparative, and more political economy–centered approach to the study of US politics?—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
Global Crime: Political Challenges and Responses
Authors: Galeotti Mark
Published: September 2011

The world is movement. People migrate in response to labor needs and human disaster; money and memes flit between countries, and people move almost too quickly to track; the flow of energy and commodities bind consumers to providers in supply chains that neither party can usually envisage. Needless to say, this is as true of criminal activities as any other sphere of human endeavor, especially when it comes to trafficking drugs. According to the United Nations, as of 2010 the trade in opiates generates an annual turnover of up to $65 billion, with cocaine accounting for a further $88 billion. The crudest street gang peddling crack or heroin in a darkened stairwell is part of a complex transnational business, even if its members scarcely know from which country their product originally hails. The roaring torrents of Afghan opiates and Latin American cocaine crash through border checkpoints, leaving corrupted customs officers and pipelines for other illicit transfers in their wake, hollow out political systems, and transform into equally powerful flows of dirty money that in due course wash into every banking system in the world.
How the U.S. State Works: A Theory of Standardization
Authors: King Desmond , Stears Marc
Published: September 2011

Many existing accounts of the American state search for identifiable features of stateness recognizable from the comparative politics of state theory. These are less present in the US because of a distinct history, institutional separation of powers, and an ideological populism based in opposition to public sector expansion. Despite these constraints the American state is a powerful actor in US politics and has been since the nineteenth century engaged in familiar revenue raising, regulatory, public order, coercive, military, and distributive functions. To understand these we propose a framework based on how the endogenous drive to standardize shapes these functions and gives a distinct character to the American state. We identify impulses to standardize, instruments of standardization, and enduring obstacles to this agenda.
‘Male and Female He Created Them’: Procreative liberty, its conceptual deficiencies and the legal right to access fertility care of males
Authors: Sperling Daniel
Published: September 2011

In recent years, assisted reproductive technologies have played an important role in shaping the lives of many individuals throughout the world. Their promise to make people become parents is believed to fulfil the most elementary interests a person may have. It is argued and legally acknowledged that such interests constitute with much significance a person's self-identity and sense of belonging to the living society, also constituting her reproductive liberty or the right to procreate. Despite their significance and importance, access to these technologies and to fertility care specifically may not always accord with the principle of equality and justice. It will be argued that, in some cases, such unequal access reflects various forms of discrimination between different groups in society. It is the purpose of this article to show that such a phenomenon is the result of an underdeveloped and unregulated area of law, characterising many Western countries. Specifically, it demonstrates conceptual deficiencies in so-called ‘procreative liberty’ with regard to the content and scope of the right to procreate, the values underlying such a right, and the legal and social institutions supporting and securing it. The article highlights these deficiencies, making them more evident when the notion of ‘reproductive liberty’ applies to positive and modern attempts to become parents, especially but not exclusively those brought by men.
Horizontal dispersion of ocean tracers in internal wave shear
Authors: Steinbuck Jonah V. , Koseff Jeffrey R. , Genin Amatzia , Stacey Mark T. , Monismith Stephen G.
Published: September 2011

The horizontal dispersion of ocean tracers due to the interaction of vertical diffusion and the vertical shear from internal waves is examined using a Lagrangian particle‐tracking model. For idealized, sinusoidal horizontal velocity profiles of unbounded vertical extent, the irreversible horizontal dispersion of particle clouds is maximal when the timescale of particle diffusion across the velocity variations and the period of shear oscillation are comparable. For measured velocity profiles from the thermocline in the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea), the total dispersion and irreversible dispersion of particle clouds both tend to increase with vertical diffusion, cloud height, and cloud age. The total and irreversible horizontal cloud variances typically grow with time (t) like t0 to t3 and t1 to t3, respectively. Estimates of the irreversible horizontal dispersivity from an existing analytical model based on vertically constant, oscillating shear agree remarkably well with estimates from the particle‐tracking model, with differences dependent on the vertical variability in vertical diffusion and shear that are not incorporated in the analytical model.
The Effect of Retinal Size on the Perception of Distance in Photographs
Authors: Takezawa Tomomi
Published: September 2011

The effect of the retinal size of a target on the perception of absolute distance to a single target and relative distance between near and far targets was examined with photographic displays including two persons. Retinal size was systematically varied by varying the focal length of the camera lens, the display size, and the viewing distance. The results showed that, although the relationship between the perceived absolute distance and retinal size was not inversely proportional, the perceived absolute distance decreased with an increase in retinal size. This was more evident when the retinal size was changed by varying the focal length. These results suggest that the determinants of the perceived absolute distance were not only the retinal size of the target but also its ratio to the overall display. The results also showed that the perceived relative distances were little influenced by retinal size, but were strongly dependent on the size ratio of the two targets in the display.
A profile of physiotherapy clinical education
Authors: Dean Catherine M , Stark Angela M , Gates Carolyn A , Czerniec Sharon A , Hobbs Cheryl , Bullock Lisa LD , Kolodziej Ilka
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the study was to examine clinical
education placement data to generate a profile of
providers and examine the students? exposure to
health care and educational factors during clinical
education. A retrospective audit of clinical placement
rosters was undertaken for 3 calendar years
(2001?2003). Data were analysed overall and by
clinical school for sites and placements, public or
private sector and type of placement. Over the 3-
year period, 209 sites provided 3475 clinical
placements, with the number of placements
increasing from 1066 placements in 2001 to 1133
in 2002 and to 1276 in 2003. Overall, 72.2% of
placements were located in metropolitan Sydney.
The proportion from regional providers increased
over the 3 years from 11.8% to 15.1%. Overall
85.8% of placements were delivered by public
providers. The profile indicated that a considerable
number of clinical sites were utilised with an
emphasis on large public hospitals. The challenge
for curriculum development is to reduce the clinical
education demands on current providers while
ensuring graduates meet entry-level standards of
physiotherapy.
Alcohol and other drug treatment experiences of hepatitis C-positive and negative clients: implications for hepatitis C treatment
Authors: Brener Loren , Treloar Carla J
Published: September 2011

To assess whether HCV-positive clients perceive
that alcohol and other drug (AOD) staff discriminate
against them, this study compared the treatment
experiences of 120 HCV-positive clients with
those of 120 HCV-negative clients attending the
same AOD treatment facility. Despite the overall
findings of favourable attitudes of HCV-positive
clients toward their health care workers, these
attitudes were less positive than those of their
HCV-negative counterparts. Clients with HCV also
rated their interpersonal treatment by their health
care workers less favourably. These findings suggest
that HCV-positive clients? attitudes towards
their health care workers and their experiences of
differential treatment by these health care workers
might be a barrier to HCV treatment uptake in
AOD treatment facilities.
CD147 subunit of lactate/H+symporters MCT1 and hypoxia-inducible MCT4 is critical for energetics and growth of glycolytic tumors
Authors: Le Floch Renaud , Chiche Johanna , Marchiq Ibtissam , Naiken Tanesha , Ilc Karine , Murray Clare M. , Critchlow Susan E. , Roux Danièle , Simon Marie-Pierre , Pouysségur Jacques
Published: September 2011

Malignant tumors exhibit increased dependence on glycolysis, resulting in abundant export of lactic acid, a hypothesized key step in tumorigenesis. Lactic acid is mainly transported by two H+/lactate symporters, MCT1/MCT4, that require the ancillary protein CD147/Basigin for their functionality. First, we showed that blocking MCT1/2 in Ras-transformed fibroblasts with AR-C155858 suppressed lactate export, glycolysis, and tumor growth, whereas ectopic expression of MCT4 in these cells conferred resistance to MCT1/2 inhibition and reestablished tumorigenicty. A mutant-derivative, deficient in respiration (res−) and exclusively relying on glycolysis for energy, displayed low tumorigenicity. These res−cells could develop resistance to MCT1/2 inhibition and became highly tumorigenic by reactivating their endogenousmct4gene, highlighting that MCT4, the hypoxia-inducible and tumor-associated lactate/H+symporter, drives tumorigenicity. Second, in the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (LS174T), we showed that combined silencing of MCT1/MCT4 via inducible shRNA, or silencing of CD147/Basigin alone, significantly reduced glycolytic flux and tumor growth. However, both silencing approaches, which reduced tumor growth, displayed a low level of CD147/Basigin, a multifunctional protumoral protein. To gain insight into CD147/Basigin function, we designed experiments, via zinc finger nuclease-mediatedmct4andbasiginknockouts, to uncouple MCTs from Basigin expression. Inhibition of MCT1 in MCT4-null, Basiginhighcells suppressed tumor growth. Conversely, in Basigin-null cells, in which MCT activity had been maintained, tumorigenicity was not affected. Collectively, these findings highlight that the major protumoral action of CD147/Basigin is to control the energetics of glycolytic tumors via MCT1/MCT4 activity and that blocking lactic acid export provides an efficient anticancer strategy.
E-cadherin promotes accumulation of a unique memory CD8 T-cell population in murine salivary glands
Authors: Hofmann Maike , Pircher Hanspeter
Published: September 2011

The salivary glands are important effector sites for IgA-mediated humoral immunity to protect oral surfaces. Within murine submandibular glands (SMG), we identified a memory CD8 T-cell population that exhibited a unique cell-surface phenotype distinct from memory CD8 T cells in spleen but similar to memory T cells resident in the intraepithelial lymphocyte compartment of the intestinal mucosa. In mice immune to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) or vesicular stomatitis virus(VSV), virus-specific memory CD8 T cells with this unusual phenotype were present in SMG at remarkably high frequencies. LCMV-specific memory CD8 T cells in SMG showed potent functional activities in vivo, including cytokine-induced bystander proliferation, antigen-triggered IFNγ production, and viral clearance. Adoptive transfer experiments further revealed that the capacity to accumulate in SMG decreased during CD8 T-cell differentiation and that SMG CD8 T cells were poorly replenished from the circulation, indicating that they were tissue-resident. Moreover, they preferentially relocalized within their tissue of origin after adoptive transfer and antigen rechallenge, thus revealing an imprinted differentiation status. Accumulation of memory CD8 T cells within SMG did not require local antigen presentation but was promoted by the epithelial differentiation molecule E-cadherin intrinsically expressed by these CD8 T cells. This finding extends the epithelial-restricted function of E-cadherin to an impact on lymphocyte accumulation within epithelial tissues.
Squalamine as a broad-spectrum systemic antiviral agent with therapeutic potential
Authors: Zasloff Michael , Adams A. Paige , Beckerman Bernard , Campbell Ann , Han Ziying , Luijten Erik , Meza Isaura , Julander Justin , Mishra Abhijit , Qu Wei , Taylor John M. , Weaver Scott C. , Wong Gerard C. L.
Published: September 2011

Antiviral compounds that increase the resistance of host tissues represent an attractive class of therapeutic. Here, we show that squalamine, a compound previously isolated from the tissues of the dogfish shark (
Squalus acanthias)
and the sea lamprey (
Petromyzon marinus)
, exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activity against human pathogens, which were studied in vitro as well as in vivo. Both RNA- and DNA-enveloped viruses are shown to be susceptible. The proposed mechanism involves the capacity of squalamine, a cationic amphipathic sterol, to neutralize the negative electrostatic surface charge of intracellular membranes in a way that renders the cell less effective in supporting viral replication. Because squalamine can be readily synthesized and has a known safety profile in man, we believe its potential as a broad-spectrum human antiviral agent should be explored.
A role for variable region-containing chitin-binding proteins (VCBPs) in host gut–bacteria interactions
Authors: Dishaw Larry J. , Giacomelli Stefano , Melillo Daniela , Zucchetti Ivana , Haire Robert N. , Natale Lenina , Russo Nicola A. , De Santis Rosaria , Litman Gary W. , Pinto Maria Rosaria
Published: September 2011

A number of different classes of molecules function as structural matrices for effecting innate and adaptive immunity. The most extensively characterized mediators of adaptive immunity are the immunoglobulins and T-cell antigen receptors found in jawed vertebrates. In both classes of molecules, unique receptor specificity is effected through somatic variation in the variable (V) structural domain. V region-containing chitin-binding proteins (VCBPs) consist of two tandem Ig V domains as well as a chitin-binding domain. VCBPs are encoded at four loci (i.e., VCBPA–VCBPD) in
Ciona
, a urochordate, and are expressed by distinct epithelial cells of the stomach and intestine, as well as by granular amoebocytes present in the lamina propria of the gut and in circulating blood. VCBPs are secreted into the gut lumen, and direct binding to bacterial surfaces can be detected by immunogold analysis. Affinity-purified native and recombinant VCBP-C, as well as a construct consisting only of the tandem V domains, enhance bacterial phagocytosis by granular amoebocytes in vitro. Various aspects of VCBP expression and function suggest an early origin for the key elements that are central to the dialogue between the immune system of the host and gut microflora.
Investigating the electrophysiological basis of resting state networks using magnetoencephalography
Authors: Brookes Matthew J. , Woolrich Mark , Luckhoo Henry , Price Darren , Hale Joanne R. , Stephenson Mary C. , Barnes Gareth R. , Smith Stephen M. , Morris Peter G.
Published: September 2011

In recent years the study of resting state brain networks (RSNs) has become an important area of neuroimaging. The majority of studies have used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure temporal correlation between blood-oxygenation-level–dependent (BOLD) signals from different brain areas. However, BOLD is an indirect measure related to hemodynamics, and the electrophysiological basis of connectivity between spatially separate network nodes cannot be comprehensively assessed using this technique. In this paper we describe a means to characterize resting state brain networks independently using magnetoencephalography (MEG), a neuroimaging modality that bypasses the hemodynamic response and measures the magnetic fields associated with electrophysiological brain activity. The MEG data are analyzed using a unique combination of beamformer spatial filtering and independent component analysis (ICA) and require no prior assumptions about the spatial locations or patterns of the networks. This method results in RSNs with significant similarity in their spatial structure compared with RSNs derived independently using fMRI. This outcome confirms the neural basis of hemodynamic networks and demonstrates the potential of MEG as a tool for understanding the mechanisms that underlie RSNs and the nature of connectivity that binds network nodes.
Glimpses of Daily Life: Short Stories by Iranian Women: A Window to the Past and the Future: “Fenjan-e shekasteh” (The Broken Cup)
Authors: Behbahani Simin
Published: September 2011

Simin Behbahani (B. 1927) is by far the most prominent woman poet of the last two decades. Her recent works manifest a sensitivity to feminist themes and adhere to a new notion of literary endeavor and a new ideology of representation that promote women's causes and gender equality. Her short story “Fenjan-e Shekasteh” (The Broken Cup), for example, brings to the fore the theme of love and man-woman relationships, thereby manifesting the author's new ideological orientation. The story offers these themes in the context of the history of intellectual activities in Iran, by virtue of which it gains additional significance.

The story portrays a woman who, as was common among intellectuals in the decades prior to the 1979 revolution, devotes her life to the political movement for freedom and sacrifices everything, including her love, in its path.
The Lost Biography of BahaɔAl‐Din Al‐cAmili and the Reign of Shah Ismacil II in Safavid Historiography
Authors: Stewart Devin J.
Published: September 2011

Published in 1933, Walther Hinz's detailed study on the short and turbulent reign of Safavid Shah Ismacil II (984-85/1576-77), which he likens to that of Ivan the Terrible, has yet to be surpassed. Although Hinz consulted many Safavid chronicles then in manuscript, including a number which have yet to be published, his discussion of a major facet of the period's history, Shah Ismacil II’s religious policies, is based primarily on the account of Iskandar Beg Munshi inTārīkh-icālam-ārā-yicAbbasī,which he essentially paraphrases. Hinz concludes that Shah Ismacil II’s pro-Sunni policies, including primarily his prohibitions against cursing the Companions of the Prophet and his attempt to remove the Shicite credal statementcAlīyun walī Allāh“cAli is the ally of God” from the coinage, resulted not from political expediency but rather from personal conviction. In the end, these policies failed. Realizing that he could not win over the Qizilbash and that he himself was in grave danger, Shah Ismacil rescinded his decrees, had his pro-Sunniṣadrand advisor, Mirza Makhdum Sharifi, placed under house arrest, and reconfirmed his commitment to Shicism before the end of his short reign.