bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new easy technique to identify the correct artificial hair implantation site: A case series and preliminary results
Authors: Palmieri Beniamino , Vadalà Maria , Al Bzour Bogdan Morad , Di Carmine Mariastella , Scarano Antonio
Published: November 2023

Background

The implantation of artificial hair is a successful standardized procedure to restore bald areas or scarred alopecic surfaces of the scalp in both sexes.

Materials and Methods

Sebometric measurements were taken, pre, 1, 3, and 6 months postimplant in two symmetric frontotemporal areas of the scalp of seven volunteers to be implanted with 50 units of artificial hair. The artificial hair used in this study are Biofibre 4.0 produced by Medicap srl, Italy.

Results

The dermaroller assisted procedure was performed only on one side, and the plain random implant contralaterally for comparison. A marked downregulation of the sebum concentration was observed in the dermaroller treated area 1, 3, and 6 months later in respect to the control side.

Conclusion

The dermaroller assisted procedure is safe and effective in reducing the foreign body reaction by the sebaceous glands and the vascular axis injured by the implanting needle; a longer standing success of the implanted hair can thus be achieved reducing the burden of inflammatory reaction.
A review of research for a cryolipolysis technology
Authors: Gold Michael H. , Vargas Lamas Reyna E.
Published: November 2023

Background

Obesity and excess body fat are known health issues and a major aesthetic concern. Numerous modalities have been developed to address unwanted deposits of adiposity, including the development of various noninvasive methods overcoming the limitations and risks of invasive alternatives. Cryoadipolysis, also known commonly as cryolipolysis, involves the harnessing of selective cryolysis, the selective cold‐based damaging of subcutaneous fat cells which die via apoptosis, and are removed naturally by the body over time.

Aims

To provide a brief but comprehensive summary of the literature supporting two related cryoadipolysis devices that are only available outside of North America, Cooltech and Cooltech Define (Sinclair).

Results/Discussion

Review of 10 available clinical studies evaluating the two devices, specifically, showed both devices to be safe, with side effects profiles comparable to those of similar platforms in the armamentarium. Both operate by non‐invasively lowering the temperature of localized subcutaneous fat and maintaining it at or below a threshold that causes disruption of adipocytes via crystallization, inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death). Over time, clinically significant reductions in fat thickness and circumference of the treated area were noted. Patient satisfaction is high. The literature also highlights the necessity of adherence to patient selection and device use guidelines to minimize potential for rare paradoxical adipose hyperplasia and maximize patient satisfaction.
Postpartum acute adrenal insufficiency of early‐onset Sheehan syndrome: A case series study in a single center
Authors: Ishikawa Shota , Ishikawa Hiroshi , Sato Mika , Nagasawa Akiko , Suzuki Yoshiya , Okayama Jun , Nakada Emiri , Omoto Akiko , Shozu Makio , Koga Kaori
Published: November 2023

Aim

To identify the symptoms and relevant factors associated with acute adrenal insufficiency of early‐onset Sheehan syndrome.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 125 women admitted to our intensive care unit because of postpartum hemorrhage between January 2011 and December 2021. Three women developed acute adrenal insufficiency. We investigated the total blood loss, shock status, consciousness level upon arrival, and intensive care provided to the women. We also analyzed the symptoms and laboratory data that led to the diagnosis of acute adrenal insufficiency. Continuous variables were presented by median (minimum–maximum).

Results

The medians and ranges of age, total blood loss, and shock index [heart rate/systolic blood pressure] on admission were 33.1 (17.2–45.3) years, 3351 (595–20 260) g, and 0.94 (0.55–2.94), respectively. Seven women were older than 40 years, 28 experienced >5000 g blood loss, 17 had shock index >1.5, 27 had impaired consciousness upon arrival, and 15 underwent hysterectomy. Women who developed acute adrenal insufficiency were <40 years old and had a bleeding volume of over 5000 g, impaired consciousness upon arrival, and had undergone hysterectomy. They had experienced lactation failure, presented with hyponatremia‐related symptoms on postpartum days 8–9, experienced general malaise, headache, and impaired consciousness, and showed severe hyponatremia.

Conclusions

Massive postpartum hemorrhage over 5000 g, impaired consciousness upon arrival, and hysterectomy as a hemostatic measure were relevant factors associated with acute adrenal insufficiency of early‐onset Sheehan syndrome. Hyponatremia‐related symptoms occurring after lactation failure are indicative of the onset of acute adrenal insufficiency.
Effects of the Colombia Peace negotiation process on gross domestic product per capita
Authors: Fanta Javiera , Larramona Gemma
Published: November 2023

This article attempts to determine whether the peace negotiation process initiated in Colombia that culminated with the Peace Treaty in 2016 had a positive economic effect, using the National Gross Domestic Product per capita as a measure. We apply a synthetic control method that is appropriate for a policy evaluation. Considering the anticipated and realized effects on economic variables, our results suggest that the Peace Treaty has positively influenced gross domestic product per capita. Furthermore, this positive effect has been maintained through 2021, the last available year of data. Data to 2021 show post‐pandemic Colombia is better off when compared with a hypothetical Colombia—or synthetic Colombia—that did not begin a peace negotiation process.
Using Parent Report to Measure Vocabulary in Young Bilingual Children: A Scoping Review
Authors: Weisleder Adriana , Friend Margaret , Tsui Angeline Sin Mei , Marchman Virginia A.
Published: November 2023

A large number of children are exposed to more than one language. One well‐established method of assessing early vocabulary development in monolingual children is parent report; however, its use in bilingual/multilingual contexts is less established and brings unique challenges. In this methodological scoping review, we reviewed studies of early vocabulary development using parent report with bilingual/multilingual children (January 1980–March 2022). A total of 576 articles were screened, yielding 101 studies for analysis. The number of studies on bilingual/multilingual vocabulary has grown in the last two decades; yet representation of the world's languages remains sparse. The majority of studies assessed bilingual/multilingual children's vocabulary in each language and used instruments adapted for linguistic and cultural characteristics. However, the field could benefit from standardized reporting practices regarding definitions of bi/multilingualism, selection of reporters, and tool development and is in critical need of studies that develop, validate, and norm parent report instruments specifically for the bilingual/multilingual case.
A higher bar: Institutional impediments to hate crime prosecution
Authors: King Ryan D. , Kutateladze Besiki L.
Published: November 2023

Why are hate crime cases so rarely prosecuted? Most states and the federal government have hate crime laws on their books, yet available data indicate few prosecutions in most jurisdictions. Drawing on case files and interviews with police and prosecutors in one jurisdiction, three institutional impediments to hate crime prosecution are identified: evidentiary inflation, by which law enforcement uses a higher burden of proof than what is required by statute; loose coupling between police departments and prosecutors' offices; and cultural distance between law enforcement and victims. Findings also reveal that advocacy groups and media can successfully increase the visibility of cases and draw the attention of prosecutors. The findings align with aspects of legal endogeneity theory and enhance our understanding of the role of organizations in constructing the meaning of law. The results also help explain why some laws are rarely enforced, even when they have support from key personnel in an organization.
No food for thought–How important is breakfast to the health, educational attainment and wellbeing of school‐aged children and young people?
Authors: Gibson‐Moore Helena , Spiro Ayela , Stanner Sara
Published: November 2023

There have been reports from teachers of pupils in the United Kingdom arriving at school hungry. Poor nutritional intake during childhood can increase the risk of developing both short‐ and long‐term health problems. Breakfast consumption has been associated with several outcomes including better diet quality and healthier weight status. Nevertheless, skipping breakfast is a frequent behaviour in young people, particularly adolescents, and those from lower socio‐economic groups, who are less likely to meet dietary recommendations and nutritional targets. The aim of this narrative review is to explore the contribution of breakfast consumption at home or at school and the impact of breakfast skipping on nutrient intakes in school‐aged children (aged 4–18 years), and their effect on weight and cardiometabolic health. We will also summarise evidence for a link with cognitive function and educational attainment. A broadly positive effect of breakfast intake on diet quality, weight status and school‐related outcomes was found in the literature, although inconsistencies in findings and methodological limitations within the evidence base are notable. Further research is warranted to better understand impact of breakfast intake and school breakfast provision on longer‐term learning, educational attainment and health outcomes. This also needs to consider the cost benefit, type of breakfast and any unintended consequences such as encouraging multiple breakfasts. Breakfast consumption could improve the nutritional intakes of the most vulnerable young people and may help to address inequalities in educational outcomes at least in the short term.
Comparison of intradialytic continuous and interval training on hemodynamics and dialysis adequacy: A crossover randomized controlled trial
Authors: Usui Naoto , Nakata Junichiro , Uehata Akimi , Kojima Sho , Saitoh Masakazu , Chiba Yasuo , Ando Shuji , Inatsu Akihito , Hisadome Hideki , Ota Shigeyuki , Suzuki Yusuke
Published: November 2023

Aim

Circulating blood volume (BV) during exercise changes depending on the intensity and duration, and post‐exercise hypotension is observed after continuous exercise. We investigated the safety and efficacy of both interval and continuous IDE at anaerobic threshold (AT) levels with respect to hemodynamic stability and dialysis efficiency.

Methods

In this crossover randomized controlled trial, 16 patients on haemodialysis were subjected to three trial arms, including non‐IDE, interval‐IDE, and continuous‐IDE arms. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), BV, and ultraviolet absorbance – an indicator of dialysis efficiency – were continuously measured, and each change was compared between the three arms by two‐way analysis of variance.

Results

Continuous IDE decreased SBP from post‐exercise to the end of dialysis compared with baseline (pre 142.8 ± 19.0 vs. post 127.5 ± 24.5 mmHg, p = .02), whereas interval IDE maintained better SBP levels post‐exercise (pre 139.9 ± 17.1 vs. post 140.1 ± 15.8 mmHg, p = 1.0) than continuous IDE (non‐IDE 133.2 ± 19.9 vs. interval 140.1 ± 15.8 vs. continuous 127.5 ± 24.5 mmHg, p = .04). Moreover, interval IDE caused less tiredness and few symptoms (p < .05), despite reaching higher intensity than continuous IDE (p = .001). The BV of each IDE arm decreased during exercise and recovered post‐exercise to the same level as non‐IDE. Ultraviolet absorbance was not different between each arm (p = .16).

Conclusion

AT‐level interval IDE maintains better hemodynamic stability from post‐exercise to the end of dialysis and may represent a novel approach that can be effectively performed with fewer symptoms.

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Ambulance use and emergency department visits among people with dementia: A cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Nasu Katsumi , Miyashita Mitsunori , Hirooka Kayo , Endo Takuro , Fukahori Hiroki
Published: November 2023

This study aimed to explore factors associated with ambulance use and emergency department (ED) visits among people with dementia in the month before death. A web‐based survey of bereaved family caregivers of people with dementia was conducted in March 2020. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted with ambulance use and ED visits in the month before death as dependent variables. Age and gender of people with dementia and their family caregivers, home care use, decision‐makers, comorbidities, degree of independence in daily living, and caregivers' preparedness for death were independent variables. Data were collected from 817 caregivers of people with dementia who had died at hospitals (52.4%), long‐term care facilities (25.0%), or own homes (22.4%). Caregivers' lack of preparedness for death was significantly associated with ambulance use in the month before death. Comorbidites and males with dementia were significantly associated with ED visits in the month before death. Better death preparedness of family caregivers may reduce ambulance use for symptoms that can be more effectively addressed by palliative care than acute care for people with dementia.
Increasing the depth of vestibular sulcus using a disposable IV infusion set tube in apically positioned flap surgery: A technical note
Authors: Bayar Gurkan Rasit , Sezer Selim
Published: November 2023

Aim

In this technical note, it was aimed to provide an appropriate retention, better stability and function for our patient's denture by the technique applied newly.

Materials and Methods

The authors offer a new and effective method using a part of disposable IV infusion set tube and single mini titanium screw stabilizing of apically positioned flap in order to secure vestibule sulcus depth gained.

Results and Conclusion

One‐year follow‐up of our patient showed that our technique provided a consistent and predictable increase in attached gingival width and could be used successfully in the treatment of insufficient vestibular depth cases.
Risk stratification of extravasation during semi‐automatic intraosseous device use in a pediatric emergency setting
Authors: Sasaoka Yuta , Mori Takaaki , Takei Hirokazu , Hagiwara Yusuke , Nomura Osamu
Published: November 2023

Background

The semi‐automatic intraosseous device (EZ‐IO®) is useful for safely securing intraosseous access. There are some complications associated with its use but few studies have examined the risk factors. The present study aimed to investigate the risk factors for extravasation as a complication of EZ‐IO use in pediatric patients.

Methods

This study is a secondary analysis of a previous, monocentric, retrospective study conducted in Japan describing the use of EZ‐IO in a pediatric emergency department. The patients included in the study were younger than 16 years of age with EZ‐IO use at the Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center between January, 2013 and August, 2018. The factors analyzed included demographic information (sex, age, weight), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), diagnosis, bolus infusion, and lidocaine use. The primary endpoint was the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for extravasation incidence.

Results

Seventy‐two patients were enrolled; 14 of these had extravasation, 39 (54.2%) had a diagnosis of cardiac arrest, and 50 (69.4%) had a GCS score of 8 or less. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the group with a high GCS score was significantly associated with extravasation: GCS (<13) versus GCS (13≦) (OR: 12.25; 95% CI: 2.54–59.15; p < 0.01), GCS (<8) versus GCS (8≦) (OR: 4.78; 95% CI: 1.34–17.01; p = 0.03).

Conclusions

A high GCS score was associated with extravasation in EZ‐IO use significantly more often than a low GCS score. No significant difference was found in the other endpoints.
Expansion of natural infection of Japanese larch by Phytophthora ramorum shows trends associated with seasonality and climate
Authors: Dun Heather F. , MacKay John J. , Green Sarah
Published: November 2023

Phytophthora ramorum is an invasive oomycete pathogen that has been causing significant mortality of larch trees (Larix spp.) in the United Kingdom since 2009. This is the first multiyear study of the natural infection processes of P. ramorum on Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) and the factors influencing disease progression. Field surveys in south‐west Scotland, which suffered an extensive epidemic in 2012 from a highly virulent new lineage (EU2), allowed detailed examination of how P. ramorum infects individual trees and spreads across a site over an extended time period. A marked expansion of the disease in spring 2018 allowed us to consider how environmental conditions influence outbreaks, with summer precipitation and spring storms found to be significant factors. Field observations revealed that buds on fine shoots appeared to be the primary infection sites with infection occurring between late autumn and spring, and rapid lesion extension during flushing. Infection and spread of P. ramorum were not consistent within or between sites and it is likely that site‐specific factors influence the spread of infection and subsequent mortality. The climatic conditions identified in this study could help predict future disease expansions and inform the development of management strategies for larch in the UK.
The five aspects mealtime environment observation instrument for assessing mealtime environments in nursing homes: Development and validation
Authors: Nielsen Magdalena , Persson Carina , Werkander Harstäde Carina , Sandgren Anna
Published: November 2023

Aims and Objectives

To further develop and validate the Mealtime instrument, an observational instrument for assessing mealtime environments in nursing homes originating from the theoretical framework: Five Aspects Meal Model (FAMM).

Methodological Design and Justification

A mealtime experience is significant for a sense of well‐being. In nursing homes, residents' personal preferences, combined with their diagnoses and different stages of illness, influence their mealtime experience and provide a complexity that has been found difficult to assess. Using FAMM, a theoretical framework as its base, this study, attempts to look at different parts of the mealtime environment. FAMM structures the mealtime environment in to five aspects: room, meeting, product, management control system and atmosphere.

This study's design includes instrument development and validation.

Ethical Issues and Approval

This study has been approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (dnr 2019–05477).

Design

Methodological study.

Research Method

An existing instrument, the Mealtime instrument with FAMM as a theoretical framework, was used as a foundation for the development of the Five Aspects Mealtime Environment Observation Instrument (FAME‐OI). Content validity index (CVI) was used to validate FAME‐OI.

Results

FAME‐OI's item‐CVI, scale‐CVI and modified Kappa displayed high validity. Changes were made in its structure and phrasing. These developments resulted in having a distinct structure in FAME‐OI, in reference to FAMM.

Conclusion

FAME‐OI is applicable for clinical use in nursing homes and in research; however, adjustments may be needed before its use in other health care facilities.
BCG infection dose guides dendritic cell migration and T cell priming in the draining lymph node
Authors: Krmeská Veronika , Shen Lei , Nylén Susanne , Wowk Pryscilla Fanini , Rothfuchs Antonio Gigliotti
Published: November 2023

In contrast to delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) and other hallmark reactions of cell‐mediated immunity that correlate with vaccine‐mediated protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the contribution of vaccine dose on responses that emerge early after infection in the skin with Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) is not well understood. We used a mouse model of BCG skin infection to study the effect of BCG dose on the relocation of skin Dendritic cells (DCs) to draining lymph node (DLN). Mycobacterium antigen 85B‐specific CD4+ P25 T cell‐receptor transgenic (P25 TCRTg) cells were used to probe priming to BCG in DLN. DC migration and T cell priming were studied across BCG inocula that varied up to 100‐fold (104 to 106 Colony‐forming units—CFUs). In line with earlier results in guinea pigs, DTH reaction in our model correlated with BCG dose. Importantly, priming of P25 TCRTg cells in DLN also escalated in a dose‐dependent manner, peaking at day 6 after infection. Similar dose‐escalation effects were seen for DC migration from infected skin and the accompanying transport of BCG to the DLN. BCG‐triggered upregulation of co‐stimulatory molecules on migratory DCs was restricted to the first 24 hour after infection and was independent of BCG dose over a 10‐fold range (105 to 106 CFUs). The dose seemed to be a determinant of the number of total skin DCs that move to the DLN. In summary, our results support the use of higher BCG doses to detect robust DC migration and T cell priming.
A review of the short‐term implications of discrete, episodic incivility
Authors: Woolum Andrew , Foulk Trevor , Erez Amir
Published: November 2023

Most of the work pertaining to incivility has approached the topic as if incivility were a chronic, ambient environmental factor in organizations—wearing people down and making them more vulnerable to future incidents. From this perspective, it is the frequency of encounters with incivility over a significant period of time that matters, and a single, isolated exposure to incivility does not merit much concern. To the contrary, isolated encounters with incivility can result in serious, negative consequences for individuals and organizations. In this review, we highlight research that focuses on incivility as discrete or episodic events and discuss findings as they relate to affect, cognition, and behavior. Throughout the review, we offer insight into the possible pathways by which incivility affects individuals and review various interventions aimed at diminishing the effects of incivility in the workplace. Lastly, we discuss research opportunities where additional investigations are needed to advance the field of incivility.
Ultrahigh‐Speed Fixed Broadband and Rural Development
Authors: Arronte Ledo Andrés , Holl Adelheid
Published: November 2023

We study the relationship between ultrahigh‐speed broadband coverage (≥100 Mbps) and population change in rural areas. Our goal is to determine whether improved telecommunications infrastructure can help to mitigate rural de‐population. The study focuses on Spain during the years 2013–20, a period when most of the country's broadband network was deployed. We use instrumental variable estimation to test for a causal link between ultrahigh‐speed broadband provision and rural population change. Although the data show a positive correlation between an increase in local ultrahigh‐speed broadband coverage and local population growth, after accounting for potential confounding factors and endogeneity, we find no evidence of a causal effect.
Factors related to the development of high antibody titres against SARS‐CoV‐2 in convalescent plasma donors from the ConPlas‐19 trial
Authors: Romera Martínez Irene , Avendaño‐Solá Cristina , Villegas Da Ros Carolina , Bosch Llobet Alba , García Erce José Antonio , González Fraile María Isabel , Guerra Domínguez Luisa , Vicuña Andrés Isabel , Anguita Velasco Javier , González Rodríguez Victoria Paz , Contreras Enric , Urcelay Uranga Sabin , Pajares Herraiz Ángel Luis , Jimenez‐Marco Teresa , Ojea Pérez Ana María , Arroyo Rodríguez José Luis , Pérez‐Olmeda Mayte , Ramos‐Martínez Antonio , Velasco‐Iglesias Ana , Bueno Cabrera José Luis , Duarte Rafael F.
Published: November 2023

Background and Objectives

The efficacy of COVID‐19 convalescent plasma (CP) associates with high titres of antibodies. ConPlas‐19 clinical trial showed that CP reduces the risk of progression to severe COVID‐19 at 28 days. Here, we aim to study ConPlas‐19 donors and characteristics that associate with high anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody levels.

Materials and Methods

Four‐hundred donors were enrolled in ConPlas‐19. The presence and titres of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies were evaluated by EUROIMMUN anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 S1 IgG ELISA.

Results

A majority of 80.3% of ConPlas‐19 donor candidates had positive EUROIMMUN test results (ratio ≥1.1), and of these, 51.4% had high antibody titres (ratio ≥3.5). Antibody levels decline over time, but nevertheless, out of 37 donors tested for an intended second CP donation, over 90% were still EUROIMMUN positive, and nearly 75% of those with high titres maintained high titres in the second sample. Donors with a greater probability of developing high titres of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies include those older than 40 years of age (RR 2.06; 95% CI 1.24–3.42), with more than 7 days of COVID‐19 symptoms (RR 1.89; 95% CI 1.05–3.43) and collected within 4 months from infection (RR 2.61; 95% CI 1.16–5.90). Male donors had a trend towards higher titres compared with women (RR 1.67; 95% CI 0.91–3.06).

Conclusion

SARS‐CoV‐2 CP candidate donors' age, duration of COVID‐19 symptoms and time from infection to donation associate with the collection of CP with high antibody levels. Beyond COVID‐19, these data are relevant to inform decisions to optimize the CP donor selection process in potential future outbreaks.
Exploration of Informal Space Production and Its Potential for Sustainable Urban Planning: A Case Study of Community Gardens in Piura, Peru
Authors: Schroeder Stella
Published: November 2023

The complexity of urbanization is a significant obstacle to sustainable planning policies and strategies, particularly concerning the growth of informal spaces in developing countries. Occupying or appropriating such urban spaces gives these areas new functions. Building upon previous research, this study illustrates the spatial properties and explains the motivation for production in informal spaces for gardening and plant cultivation. Additionally, this paper considers activities conducted related to their use and utilization patterns. Moreover, the work evaluates the positive impact of the informal gardens and supports requirements for their maintenance or improvement. Additionally, the study discusses how using public space for gardening can contribute to sustainable urban planning strategies and their alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study applies a quantitative and qualitative approach, combining a questionnaire, participant observations, plot mapping, and photographs, drawing on empirical evidence from Piura, Peru, to comprehensively depict various processes at this site. The field analysis illustrates why people transform such spaces and these areas’ uses, highlighting the potential benefits of enhancing the ecological knowledge of urban dwellers. This process cultivates an appreciation for the role of urban gardens in promoting sustainability and improving quality of life. The work examines the role that the informal use of public space can play in urban planning and development strategies. Consequently, planners, committed to social justice, can use these processes as a roadmap for constructing a more inclusive, responsive, and equitable city.
“What Have I Learned … ” and How Did I Get There? Reflection on a Research Journey
Authors: Taks Marijke
Published: November 2023

Receiving a lifetime award allows one to pause and reflect on one’s research journey. In the spirit of Earle Zeigler himself, I reflect on: “What I have learned … ” on my research journey, and more specifically on how I got there. My research has always focused on the interaction between sport, economics, and society and evolved: “From socio-economic impacts on sport participation to socio-economic outcomes of sport events.” To cover 40 years of research, I am highlighting how: (a) “triggers,” (b) “influencers,” and (c) “lessons learned” intermingled to push my research agenda forward. This reflection proved to be a very gratifying exercise. I can highly recommend it to all researchers. Perhaps, this can become a stepping stone to be promoted to the rank of Prof. Emeritus or Emerita. Either way, sharing our experiences may trigger, inspire, and advance the learning of future generations of sport management scholars.
ELOA3
: A primate-specific RNA polymerase II elongation factor encoded by a tandem repeat gene cluster
Authors: Morgan Marc A. J. , Mohammad Parast Saeid , Iwanaszko Marta , Aoi Yuki , Yoo DongAhn , Dumar Zachary J. , Howard Benjamin C. , Helmin Kathryn A. , Liu Qianli , Thakur William R. , Zeidner Jacob M. , Singer Benjamin D. , Eichler Evan E. , Shilatifard Ali
Published: November 2023

The biological role of the repetitive DNA sequences in the human genome remains an outstanding question. Recent long-read human genome assemblies have allowed us to identify a function for one of these repetitive regions. We have uncovered a tandem array of conserved primate-specific retrogenes encoding the protein Elongin A3 (ELOA3), a homolog of the RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) elongation factor Elongin A (ELOA). Our genomic analysis shows that the
ELOA3
gene cluster is conserved among primates and the number of
ELOA3
gene repeats is variable in the human population and across primate species. Moreover, the gene cluster has undergone concerted evolution and homogenization within primates. Our biochemical studies show that ELOA3 functions as a promoter-associated RNAPII pause-release elongation factor with distinct biochemical and functional features from its ancestral homolog, ELOA. We propose that the
ELOA3
gene cluster has evolved to fulfil a transcriptional regulatory function unique to the primate lineage that can be targeted to regulate cellular hyperproliferation.
Prenatal experience with language shapes the brain
Authors: Mariani Benedetta , Nicoletti Giorgio , Barzon Giacomo , Ortiz Barajas Maria Clemencia , Shukla Mohinish , Guevara Ramón , Suweis Samir Simon , Gervain Judit
Published: November 2023

Human infants acquire language with notable ease compared to adults, but the neural basis of their remarkable brain plasticity for language remains little understood. Applying a scaling analysis of neural oscillations to address this question, we show that newborns’ electrophysiological activity exhibits increased long-range temporal correlations after stimulation with speech, particularly in the prenatally heard language, indicating the early emergence of brain specialization for the native language.
Hyperleptinemia contributes to antipsychotic drug–associated obesity and metabolic disorders
Authors: Zhao Shangang , Lin Qian , Xiong Wei , Li Li , Straub Leon , Zhang Dinghong , Zapata Rizaldy , Zhu Qingzhang , Sun Xue-Nan , Zhang Zhuzhen , Funcke Jan-Bernd , Li Chao , Chen Shiuhwei , Zhu Yi , Jiang Nisi , Li Guannan , Xu Ziying , Wyler Steven C. , Wang May-Yun , Bai Juli , Han Xianlin , Kusminski Christine M. , Zhang Ningyan , An Zhiqiang , Elmquist Joel K. , Osborn Olivia , Liu Chen , Scherer Philipp E.
Published: November 2023

Despite their high degree of effectiveness in the management of psychiatric conditions, exposure to antipsychotic drugs, including olanzapine and risperidone, is frequently associated with substantial weight gain and the development of diabetes. Even before weight gain, a rapid rise in circulating leptin concentrations can be observed in most patients taking antipsychotic drugs. To date, the contribution of this hyperleptinemia to weight gain and metabolic deterioration has not been defined. Here, with an established mouse model that recapitulates antipsychotic drug–induced obesity and insulin resistance, we not only confirm that hyperleptinemia occurs before weight gain but also demonstrate that hyperleptinemia contributes directly to the development of obesity and associated metabolic disorders. By suppressing the rise in leptin through the use of a monoclonal leptin-neutralizing antibody, we effectively prevented weight gain, restored glucose tolerance, and preserved adipose tissue and liver function in antipsychotic drug–treated mice. Mechanistically, suppressing excess leptin resolved local tissue and systemic inflammation typically associated with antipsychotic drug treatment. We conclude that hyperleptinemia is a key contributor to antipsychotic drug–associated weight gain and metabolic deterioration. Leptin suppression may be an effective approach to reducing the undesirable side effects of antipsychotic drugs.
Cell cycle-coordinated maintenance of the
Vibrio
bipartite genome
Authors: Niault Théophile , Czarnecki Jakub , Lambérioux Morgan , Mazel Didier , Val Marie-Eve
Published: November 2023

To preserve the integrity of their genome, bacteria rely on several genome maintenance mechanisms that are co-ordinated with the cell cycle. All members of the
Vibrio
family have a bipartite genome consisting of a primary chromosome (Chr1) homologous to the single chromosome of other bacteria such as
Escherichia coli
and a secondary chromosome (Chr2) acquired by a common ancestor as a plasmid. In this review, we present our current understanding of genome maintenance in
Vibrio cholerae
, which is the best-studied model for bacteria with multi-partite genomes. After a brief overview on the diversity of
Vibrio
genomic architecture, we describe the specific, common, and co-ordinated mechanisms that control the replication and segregation of the two chromosomes of
V. cholerae
. Particular attention is given to the unique checkpoint mechanism that synchronizes Chr1 and Chr2 replication.
Next-generation sequencing for cytomegalovirus genotypic antiviral resistance testing
Authors: Mostafa Heba H.
Published: November 2023

Sanger-based sequencing has long served as the gold standard for detecting cytomegalovirus (CMV) resistance mutations. However, next-generation sequencing (NGS) offers a highly multiplexed and sensitive approach. Clinical implementation of NGS-antiviral resistance testing requires thorough validation. In this issue of the Journal of Clinical Microbiology, M. A. Mallory, W. C. Hymas, K. E. Simmon, M. T. Pyne, et al. (J Clin Microbiol 61:e00829-23, 2023,
https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00829-23
) detail a validation of a targeted NGS-based assay for multiple genomic regions that confer resistance to CMV antivirals and share their bioinformatics analysis and reporting pipeline. This validation can serve as guidance for laboratories wishing to develop similar methodologies.
A viral lncRNA tethers HSV-1 genomes at the nuclear periphery to establish viral latency
Authors: Grams Tristan R. , Edwards Terri G. , Bloom David C.
Published: November 2023

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) produces a long noncoding RNA, the latency-associated transcript (LAT), that mediates silencing of the virus in neurons through unknown mechanisms. Here, we show that the LAT binds both the cellular transmembrane protein 43 (TMEM43) and HSV-1 genomes in human neurons. Additionally, loss of TMEM43 prior to infection results in a decreased ability of the virus to establish latency, mirroring phenotypes of LAT promoter mutant viruses which are also defective in establishing latency. These data support a unique mechanism whereby the LAT binds TMEM43 and the HSV genome to localize HSV-1 genomes to the nuclear periphery to repress lytic viral transcription and establish viral latency and suggests that TMEM43 may play a similar role in regulating cellular genes.

IMPORTANCE

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) establishes lifelong latency in neuronal cells. Following a stressor, the virus reactivates from latency, virus is shed at the periphery and recurrent disease can occur. During latency, the viral lncRNA termed the latency-associated transcript (LAT) is known to accumulate to high abundance. The LAT is known to impact many aspects of latency though the molecular events involved are not well understood. Here, we utilized a human neuronal cell line model of HSV latency and reactivation (LUHMES) to identify the molecular-binding partners of the LAT during latency. We found that the LAT binds to both the cellular protein, TMEM43, and HSV-1 genomes in LUHMES cells. Additionally, we find that knockdown of TMEM43 prior to infection results in a decreased ability of HSV-1 to establish latency. This work highlights a potential mechanism for how the LAT facilitates the establishment of HSV-1 latency in human neurons.
Genome sequence of
Microbacterium foliorum
bacteriophage DumpQuist isolated from soil in Clarksville, Tennessee
Authors: Markov Sergei A. , Olusoga Kehinde O. , Oni Patience O. , Henderson Grace A.
Published: November 2023

Bacteriophage DumpQuist was isolated from soil collected in Clarksville, TN, using the bacterium
Microbacterium foliorum
. Electron microscopy revealed that DumpQuist has a podovirus morphology. DumpQuist has a 53,924-bp genome that contains 54 predicted protein-coding genes and is most similar to phages in actinobacteriophage cluster EK1.
Biogeomorphic processes, spatial heterogeneity, and river corridor resilience to stand-killing wildfire
Authors: Wohl Ellen , Marshall Anna , Scamardo* Julianne , Rathburn Sara
Published: November 2023

We used field-based case studies to examine how spatial heterogeneity influences the response of river corridors to changes in water and sediment fluxes after wildfire. Spatial heterogeneity describes the degree to which a river corridor differs from a spatially uniform feature. Biogeomorphic processes, especially those that involve beaver (Castor canadensis) dams and large wood in the channel and floodplain, both influence and respond to spatial heterogeneity. These feedbacks can in turn strongly influence the degree to which a river corridor is resistant, resilient, or sensitive (RRS) to wildfires. A resistant system experiences little change in process or form following a disturbance. A resilient system absorbs disturbances without diminishing or changing process or form. A sensitive system undergoes persistent change following disturbance. Just as spatial heterogeneity can be characterized with respect to different spatial scales in a river network or river corridor, so different components of a river corridor can vary in their response to disturbance. Consequently, spatial scale and the specific process or landform under consideration will strongly influence designation of RRS. We drew two inferences from the case studies: (1) Reach-scale details of spatial heterogeneity and biogeomorphic feedbacks can be important in determining both reach-scale and network-scale responses to major disturbances such as wildfire, and (2) because of the potential for biogeomorphic feedbacks that either attenuate or exacerbate postfire inputs to river corridors, protecting and fostering reach-scale spatial heterogeneity and the biota involved in biogeomorphic feedbacks can increase river network resilience to wildfire.
Pontine tegmental cap dysplasia: the role of diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: Raghuveer Karthik , Dikkatwar Vyankatesh , Joshi Manisha Vishnu , Shetty Devdas Sudhakar
Published: November 2023

Pontine tegmental cap dysplasia (PTCD) is a rare hindbrain malformation syndrome. Recurrent aspiration pneumonia is a major cause of death during a first year of life. We report the case of month-old child with an inability to suck milk since birth and multiple convulsions. PTCD was identified using tractography and MRI. This case report describes the imaging findings, the role of diffusion tensor imaging in PTCD and its differentiating features from Joubert syndrome and related disorders (JSRDs). The constellation of imaging features in PTCD includes a midbrain appearance resembling a molar tooth, a flattened anterior pontine belly, hypoplastic middle cerebellar peduncles and dorsal pontine tegmental cap. ‘Tegmental cap’ is a transversely oriented abnormal bundle of fibres with absent superior cerebellar peduncle decussation. Accurate diagnosis with MRI and tractography and differentiating PTCD from JSRD would help the clinician for appropriate genetic counselling and prognosis.
Spontaneous rectal sheath bleed while on DOAC anticoagulation
Authors: de Courcy Louis , Connaughton John
Published: November 2023

A man in his 80s was transferred from his nursing home residence with sudden onset right-sided abdominal pain. The nursing home staff reported that he was walking to the bathroom when he became diaphoretic, reported he was feeling unwell, then sat on the ground and was reluctant to move. Past medical history was significant for longstanding atrial fibrillation for which he was taking apixaban 2.5 mg twice daily. A CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis was performed which showed a 21×11 cm rectus sheath haematoma on the right extending into the lumbar region. Surgical review advised no invasive intervention. Two units of red cell concentrate were transfused and he was monitored for 5 days before being transferred back to the nursing home.
Acute surgical treatment of peroneus longus avulsion fracture of the first metatarsal base
Authors: Srirangarajan Thananjeyen , Massa Edward , Kurar Langhit , Abbasian Ali
Published: November 2023

Acute avulsion fracture of the base of the first metatarsal is a rare occurrence, caused by an eccentric contraction of the peroneus longus tendon insertion. A number of case reports have been published outlining various treatment strategies for treating this rare injury. Management plans range from conservative to operative options and include both acute and delayed operative treatments.

We present our operative management strategy of an acute avulsion fracture of the base of the first metatarsal. It includes a step-by-step approach including intraoperative clinical photographs and intraoperative image intensifier images. We explain the rationale behind our operative approach and provide insight on the importance of recognising and treating this injury. Initially, this avulsion fracture might seem innocuous but if left untreated may result in disabling functional foot problems.
Complete resolution of primary myelofibrosis in an infant with steroids and hydroxyurea
Authors: Khera Sanjeev , Misra Priyanka , Singh Kanwaljeet , Tripathi Preeti
Published: November 2023

Paediatric primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is exceedingly rare and distinct compared with adult PMF. It is characterised by peripheral blood cytopenias, leucoerythroblastosis, reticulin fibrosis, extramedullary haematopoiesis and hepatosplenomegaly. In the absence of laid down diagnostic criteria, the diagnosis is largely of exclusion. Though early haematological stem cell transplant (HSCT) remains the treatment of choice, spontaneous remission or remission with steroids and/or cytoreductive agents is described in around 20% of cases of paediatric PMF. Moreover, HSCT in paediatric PMF is associated with high mortality (30%–45%). Therefore, it may be prudent to consider a trial of steroids and/or cytoreductive agents in all transfusion-dependent paediatric PMF while considering HSCT and ongoing bone marrow donor search. We describe one such infant with PMF who had complete remission of clinical and haematological parameters with a combination therapy of steroids and hydroxyurea.
Acute aortic thrombosis following umbilical artery catheterisation in extremely low birthweight infants: walking the tight rope of management
Authors: Ooi Boon Siew , Gopagondanahalli Krishna Revanna , Vora Shrenik
Published: November 2023

Umbilical artery catheterisation (UAC) is crucial in the management of clinically sick infants. One of its dreaded complications is aortic thrombus formation which accounts for significant morbidity and mortality. We present the case of a premature infant born at 32 weeks of gestation and with a birth weight of 960 gm, who developed signs of acute lower limb ischaemia following UAC cannulation. Ultrasound Doppler scan confirmed large aortic thrombus involving iliac arteries. Heparin infusion was started with clinical improvement over the next 12 hours and eventual complete resolution of clot size. This case underscores the importance of prompt detection of acute aortic thrombosis and cautions the use of heparin infusion in preterm infants can be lifesaving. Management can be challenging as risk of bleeding from anticoagulation and thrombolytic therapy can be catastrophic in extreme low birthweight premature infants and need to weigh with risk of severe intravascular haemorrhage.
Nasopharyngeal cyst in an adolescent boy: differential diagnosis – embryological and anatomical considerations
Authors: Goulioumis Anastasios , Fouzas Sotirios , Xenofontos Elisavet-Maria , Gyftopoulos Kostis
Published: November 2023

In the current article, we present a case of an adolescent boy with a nasopharyngeal cyst that induced nasal and Eustachian tube obstruction. Nasopharyngeal cysts can be found incidentally during imaging examinations such as MRI; however, a symptomatic nasopharyngeal cyst is a rare finding in the paediatric population. The cyst was treated successfully by marsupialisation, and the histological diagnosis revealed an adenoidal retention cyst. The differential diagnosis of a nasopharyngeal cyst is always challenging since developmental cysts such as Rathke’s pouch cysts, Torwaldt’s and branchial cleft cysts may be encountered at the nasopharynx. The current article also intends to present the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to a nasopharyngeal cyst, emphasising anatomical and embryological considerations that address its differential diagnosis.
Spontaneous rupture of breast pseudoaneurysm: a rare case
Authors: Mafra Joana , Pires Verena , Andrade Cláudia , Rodrigues Ângela Reis
Published: November 2023

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) type IV is a hereditary autosomal dominant disease associated with skin and vascular fragility, hyperextensibility and joint hypermobility. Spontaneous arterial rupture is one of its higher-risk features.

The authors describe a case of a woman with EDS type IV who presented with a spontaneous breast haematoma associated with a pseudoaneurysm of a branch of the left internal mammary artery. The patient underwent a minimally invasive endovascular approach that was uneventful. However, 6 months later, she presented in the emergency room with a similar episode on the contralateral breast. There were no signs of active bleeding, and she stayed under surveillance. Nine months later, she was asymptomatic.

Aneurysms of branches of the internal mammary artery are rare and prone to rupture. Early diagnosis and treatment are imperative, and this case demonstrates that an endovascular approach is a safe treatment option.