bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances in Treatment of Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion
Authors: Deng Tianqing , Liao Xiaoyang , Zhu Shaomi
Published: June 2022

Importance

Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is a distressing condition experienced by approximately 1% of women trying to conceive. However, the treatment of RSA is a challenge both for clinicians and patients.

Objective

The aim of this review is to discuss the medical and surgical approach to the management of RSA, including those caused by anatomical, genetic, male, infectious, endocrine, and immune factors.

Evidence Acquisition

A literature search using MeSH terms for each topic was undertaken using PubMed, supplemented by hand searching for additional references. Retrieved articles were reviewed, synthesized, and summarized.

Results

Available treatments target hypothetical risk factors for RSA, although the effectiveness of many treatment options is controversial. Intervention should depend on the benefit-to-risk ratio of the proposed treatment.

Conclusions and Relevance

The etiology of RSA is heterogeneous, and patients often lack specific clinical manifestations, which has hindered the progress in predicting and preventing RSA to some extent. Despite intensive workup, at least 50% of couples do not have a clear underlying pathology. In addition, an evidence-based treatment is not available in most patients even if abnormal test results are present. Many new treatment directions are also still actively exploring; empirical and combined multiple treatments are still the main methods.

Target Audience

Obstetricians and gynecologists, family physicians.

Learning Objectives

After completing this activity, the learner should be better able to describe common risk factors for RSA; formulate individualized treatment plans to improve pregnancy outcomes; and propose supportive treatment recommendations for patients with unclear causes.
Primary Toxoplasmosis Acquired During Early Pregnancy: Is it Currently Overestimated?
Authors: Trotta Michele , Trotta Alessandra , Spataro Elisa , Giache Susanna , Borchi Beatrice , Zammarchi Lorenzo , Campolmi Irene , Galli Luisa , Pasquini Lucia
Published: June 2022

(Abstracted from Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2021;267:285–289)

One of the more severe infectious complications for fetuses is primary toxoplasmosis acquired during pregnancy, especially when this occurs during the first trimester, as this infection can have devastating neurological consequences. The generally asymptomatic nature of this infection in healthy pregnant women requires serological screening or testing.
B-Cell Lymphoma 6 Expression Is Not Associated With Live Birth in a Normal Responder In Vitro Fertilization Population
Authors: Klimczak Amber M. , Herlihy Nola S. , Scott Cynthia S. , Hanson Brent M. , Kim Julia G. , Titus Shiny , Seli Emre , Scott Richard Thomas
Published: June 2022

(Abstracted from Fertil Steril 2022;117:351–358)

Despite many advances in assisted reproductive technology (ART), including preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) and embryo morphology grading, it remains unclear why some embryos fail to implant. Research efforts to answer this question have focused on testing both the embryo and the endometrium.
Richard Newland Dixon. 25 December 1930—25 May 2021
Authors: Ashfold M. N. R.
Published: June 2022

Richard Newland Dixon began his independent scientific career as a molecular spectroscopist in Sheffield, where he demonstrated new ways to measure, analyse and interpret the electronic spectra of small gas phase species. He later moved to the chair of theoretical chemistry at the University of Bristol, where he embraced new experimental methods, particularly techniques enabled by continuous wave and pulsed lasers, and honed his theoretical skills in angular momentum algebra and time-dependent quantum mechanics. This blend of experimental and theoretical expertise allowed him to make pioneering contributions in the field of gas phase molecular photodissociation dynamics. Richard will be remembered as a polite and modest man, and a very sharp scientist. Among his many lasting scientific achievements, he will be remembered for developing strategies for determining state-resolved correlations between the vectorial properties of the products of molecular photofragmentation processes, and for being one of the first to recognize the near ubiquitous importance of non-adiabatic couplings between potential energy surfaces in rationalizing the dynamics of such dissociations.
Dynamic experimental rigs for investigation of insect wing aerodynamics
Authors: Broadley Paul , Nabawy Mostafa R. A. , Quinn Mark K. , Crowther William J.
Published: June 2022

This paper provides a systematic and critical review of dynamic experimental rigs used for insect wing aerodynamics research. The goal is to facilitate meaningful comparison of data from existing rigs and provide insights for designers of new rigs. The scope extends from simple one degree of freedom rotary rigs to multi degrees of freedom rigs allowing various rotation and translation motions. Experimental methods are characterized using a consistent set of parameters that allows objective comparison of different approaches. A comprehensive catalogue is presented for the tested flow conditions (assessed through Reynolds number, Rossby number and advance ratio), wing morphologies (assessed through aspect ratio, planform shape and thickness to mean chord ratio) and kinematics (assessed through motion degrees of freedom). Links are made between the type of aerodynamic characteristics being studied and the type of experimental set-up used. Rig mechanical design considerations are assessed, and the aerodynamic measurements obtained from these rigs are discussed.
Which lower limb joints compensate for destabilizing energy during walking in humans?
Authors: Golyski Pawel R. , Sawicki Gregory S.
Published: June 2022

Current approaches to investigating stabilizing responses during locomotion lack measures that both directly relate to perturbation demands and are shared across different levels of description (i.e. joints and legs). Here, we investigated whether mechanical energy could serve as a ‘common currency’ during treadmill walking with transient unilateral belt accelerations. We hypothesized that by delivering perturbations in either early or late stance, we could elicit net negative or positive work, respectively, from the perturbed leg at the leg/treadmill interface, which would dictate the net demand at the overall leg level. We further hypothesized that of the lower limb joints, the ankle would best reflect changes in overall leg work. On average across all seven participants and 222 perturbations, we found early stance perturbations elicited no change in net work performed by the perturbed leg on the treadmill, but net positive work by the overall leg, which did not support our hypotheses. Conversely, late stance perturbations partially supported our hypotheses by eliciting positive work at the leg/treadmill interface, but no change in net work by the overall leg. In support of our final hypothesis, changes in perturbed ankle work, in addition to contralateral knee work, best reflected changes in overall leg work.
Uniaxial orientation of β-chitin nanofibres used as an organic framework in the scales of a hot vent snail
Authors: Isobe Noriyuki , Chen Chong , Daicho Kazuho , Saito Tsuguyuki , Bissessur Dass , Takai Ken , Okada Satoshi
Published: June 2022

Organisms use various forms and orientations of chitin nanofibres to make structures with a wide range of functions, from insect wings to mussel shells. Lophotrochozoan animals such as snails and annelid worms possess an ancient ‘biomineralization toolkit’, enabling them to flexibly and rapidly evolve unique hard parts. The scaly-foot snail is a gastropod endemic to deep-sea hydrothermal vents, unique in producing dermal sclerites used as sites of sulfur detoxification. Once considered to be strictly proteinaceous, recent data pointed to the presence of chitin in these sclerites, but direct evidence is still lacking. Here, we show that β-chitin fibres (approx. 5% of native weight) are indeed the building framework, through a combination of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy. The fibres are uniaxially oriented, likely forming a structural basis for column-like channels into which the scaly-foot snail is known to actively secrete sulfur waste—expanding the known function of chitinous hard parts in animals. Our results add to the existing evidence that animals are capable of modifying and co-opting chitin synthesis pathways flexibly and rapidly, in order to serve novel functions during their evolution.
Rate-induced collapse in evolutionary systems
Authors: Arnscheidt Constantin W. , Rothman Daniel H.
Published: June 2022

Recent work has highlighted the possibility of ‘rate-induced tipping’, in which a system undergoes an abrupt transition when a perturbation exceeds a critical rate of change. Here, we argue that this is widely applicable to evolutionary systems: collapse, or extinction, may occur when external changes occur too fast for evolutionary adaptation to keep up. To bridge existing theoretical frameworks, we develop a minimal evolutionary–ecological model showing that rate-induced extinction and the established notion of ‘evolutionary rescue’ are fundamentally two sides of the same coin: the failure of one implies the other, and vice versa. We compare the minimal model’s behaviour with that of a more complex model in which the large-scale dynamics emerge from the interactions of many individual agents; in both cases, there is a well-defined threshold rate to induce extinction, and a consistent scaling law for that rate as a function of timescale. Due to the fundamental nature of the underlying mechanism, we suggest that a vast range of evolutionary systems should in principle be susceptible to rate-induced collapse. This would include ecosystems on all scales as well as human societies; further research is warranted.
Function and regulation of transcription factors during mitosis-to-G1 transition
Authors: Soares Mário A. F. , Oliveira Raquel A. , Castro Diogo S.
Published: June 2022

During cell division, drastic cellular changes characteristic of mitosis result in the inactivation of the transcriptional machinery, and global downregulation of transcription. Sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs) have thus been considered mere bystanders, devoid of any regulatory function during mitosis. This view changed significantly in recent years, upon the conclusion that many TFs associate with condensed chromosomes during cell division, even occupying a fraction of their genomic target sites in mitotic chromatin. This finding was at the origin of the concept of mitotic bookmarking by TFs, proposed as a mechanism to propagate gene regulatory information across cell divisions, by facilitating the reactivation of specific bookmarked genes. While the underlying mechanisms and biological significance of this model remain elusive, recent developments in this fast-moving field have cast new light into TF activity during mitosis, beyond a bookmarking role. Here, we start by reviewing the most recent findings on the complex nature of TF–chromatin interactions during mitosis, and on mechanisms that may regulate them. Next, and in light of recent reports describing how transcription is reinitiated in temporally distinct waves during mitosis-to-G1 transition, we explore how TFs may contribute to defining this hierarchical gene expression process. Finally, we discuss how TF activity during mitotic exit may impact the acquisition of cell identity upon cell division, and propose a model that integrates dynamic changes in TF–chromatin interactions during this cell-cycle period, with the execution of cell-fate decisions.
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells regulate megakaryocyte and platelet homeostasis
Authors: Gaertner Florian , Ishikawa-Ankerhold Hellen , Stutte Susanne , Fu Wenwen , Guo Chenglong , Weitz Jutta , Dueck Anne , Zhang Zhe , van den Heuvel Dominic , Fumagalli Valeria , Lorenz Michael , von Baumgarten Louisa , Stark Konstantin , Straub Tobias , von Stillfried Saskia , Boor Peter , Colonna Marco , Schulz Christian , Brocker Thomas , Walzog Barbara , Scheiermann Christoph , Engelhardt Stefan , Aird William C. , Petzold Tobias , Sixt Michael , Rudelius Martina , Nerlov Claus , Iannacone Matteo , Oostendorp Robert A. J. , Massberg Steffen
Published: June 2022

Platelet homeostasis is essential for vascular integrity and immune defense. While the process of platelet formation by fragmenting megakaryocytes (thrombopoiesis) has been extensively studied, the cellular and molecular mechanisms required to constantly replenish the pool of megakaryocytes by their progenitor cells (megakaryopoiesis) remains unclear. Here we use intravital 2 photon microscopy to track individual megakaryopoiesis over days. We identify plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) as crucial bone marrow niche cells that regulate megakaryopoiesis. pDCs monitor the bone marrow for platelet-producing megakaryocytes and deliver IFN-α to the megakaryocytic niche to trigger local on-demand proliferation of megakaryocyte progenitors. This fine-tuned coordination between thrombopoiesis and megakaryopoiesis is crucial for megakaryocyte and platelet homeostasis in steady state and stress. However, uncontrolled pDC function within the megakaryocytic niche is detrimental. Accordingly, we show that pDCs activated by SARS-CoV2 drive inappropriate megakaryopoiesis associated with thrombotic complications. Together, we uncover a hitherto unknown megakaryocytic bone marrow niche maintained by the constitutive delivery of pDC-derived IFN-α.
Food deprivation modulates heart rate, motor neuron, and locomotion responses to acute administration of d-amphetamine in zebrafish larvae
Authors: Bansal Pushkar , Roitman Mitchell F. , Jung Erica E.
Published: June 2022

Psychostimulant drugs are so named because they alter the cardiac, brain and behavioral responses in humans and other animals. Acute food deprivation or chronic food restriction potentiates the stimulatory effects of abused drugs and increases the propensity for relapse to drug seeking in drug-experienced animals. The mechanisms by which hunger affects cardiac and behavioral activities are only beginning to be elucidated. Moreover, changes in motor neuron activities at the single neuron level induced by the stimulants, and their modulation by hunger, remain unknown. Here we investigated how the state of hunger affects responses to d-amphetamine by measuring locomotion, cardiac output, and individual motor neuron activity in zebrafish larvae. We used wild-type larval zebrafish to record behavioral and cardiac responses and the larvae of mnx1:GCaMP transgenic zebrafish to record motor neuron responses. Acute administration of d-amphetamine in sated larvae did not induce a significant change in the motor responses (swimming distances, tail activity), heart rate, or motor neuron firing frequency to the stimulant. However, food deprivation enhanced amphetamine-evoked responses significantly. The results extend the finding that signals arising from food deprivation are a key potentiator of the drug responses induced by d-amphetamine to the zebrafish model. The larval zebrafish is an ideal model to further elucidate this interaction and identify key neuronal substrates that may increase vulnerability to drug reinforcement, drug-seeking and relapse.
Chromosome silencingin vitroreveals trisomy 21 causes cell-autonomous deficits in angiogenesis and early dysregulation in Notch signaling
Authors: Moon Jennifer E. , Lawrence Jeanne B.
Published: June 2022

Despite the prevalence and clinical importance of Down syndrome, little is known as to the specific cell pathologies that underlie this multi-system disorder. To understand which cell types and pathways are more directly impacted by trisomy 21, we used an inducible-XISTsystem to silence the extra chromosome 21 in a panel of patient-derived iPSCs. Transcriptomic analysis showed significant dysregulation of Notch signaling occurring as early as pluripotent stem cells, potentially impacting programming of multiple cell-types. Unbiased analysis from iPSCs revealed prominent dysregulation in two major cell type processes: neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is important for many systems impacted in Down syndrome but has been understudied; therefore, we focused on investigating whether trisomy 21 impacts endothelial cells. Anin vitroassay for microvasculature formation used in a tightly controlled system reveals a novel cellular pathology involving delays in angiogenic response during tube formation. Results demonstrate that this is a cell-autonomous effect of trisomy 21, and transcriptomic analysis of differentiated endothelial cells shows deficits in known angiogenesis regulators. This study reveals a major unknown cell pathology caused by trisomy 21 and highlights the importance of endothelial cell function for Down syndrome comorbidities, with wide reaching implications for development and disease progression.
Does extending the internship period in vocational schools of higher education lead to better employment results?: the case of Turkey
Authors: Alp Elif , Karadeniz Oğuz , Çağlar Atalay , İslamoğlu Emel
Published: June 2022

Purpose

This study aids to examine the impact of extending the internship period on the transition from school to work of vocational school of higher education graduates and subsequent employment outcomes.

Design/methodology/approach

Within the scope of the study, the results regarding the labour market of the vocational school students (experimental group) whose internship period were extended were compared with the results of the vocational school students (control group) whose internship period remained the same. Thus, it is provided to examine the effects of prolonging the internship period. The surveys were conducted five years after graduation.

Findings

The study found that increasing the duration of the internship period and making it a compulsory part of the curriculum facilitates the transition from school to work for graduates. Graduates who participate in the programme with a long internship period find a job in a shorter time and with higher wages than the control group. It is found that those in the experimental group with an extended internship period have higher employment rates and wage levels compared to those in the control group, five years after graduation.

Originality/value

Although there are publications, in the international literature, on the impact of internship, there are only few publications in which experimental and control groups are formed, as in this article. The second contribution of the study is to measure the impact of internship on employment outcomes five years after graduation. The third important contribution of the study is that it was conducted in Turkey, which has a young population and is an emerging market. This study contributes significantly to the restructuring of vocational higher education, especially in countries that are struggling with youth unemployment.
Does working while studying affect education mismatch among youth? Evidence from Zambia
Authors: Chama-Chiliba Chitalu Miriam , Chewe Mwimba , Chileshe Kelvin , Hazele Hilary Chilala , Araar Abdelkrim
Published: June 2022

Purpose

This paper aims to study the relationship between working while studying in college/university and education mismatch among employed youth in the Zambian labour market.

Design/methodology/approach

The study uses data from the 2014 School-to-Work Transition Survey and a multinomial logit model to examine three education-mismatch categories: undereducated, matched and overeducated. The paper also examines heterogeneities by education level and gender and uses empirical and subjective approaches of education mismatch.

Findings

The evidence shows that employed youth who worked while studying have a higher likelihood of having well-matched jobs. The subgroup analysis by education level reveals no significant relationship between working while studying among employed youth with higher education (secondary and above). However, employed youth with lower education (primary and lower) are less likely to be mismatched for the job. The linkage between the education system and the labour market needs to be strengthened to support a smoother school-to-work transition for youth. Additional support to enable exposure to the right type of work during youth's college or university studies could increase job match and reduce labour market inefficiencies.

Originality/value

The paper provides insights into a significant challenge faced by youth in developing countries, i.e. finding a suitable job for youth's level of education.
Gender equality models in the European Union
Authors: López-Martínez María , Riquelme Perea Prudencio José , de Maya Matallana Manuel
Published: June 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the current situation of the European Union in terms of gender equality, researching the possible existence of models differentiated by groups of countries or conglomerates. For this, the indicator offered by the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) has been used, which includes six dimensions: work, money, knowledge, time, power and health.

Design/methodology/approach

The Gender Equality Index is compared with an alternative indicator that has been developed using the same dimensions but with a different methodology. Specifically, the DP2 distance measure has been applied, the use of which is common in studies focusing on well-being and quality of life. In addition, a cluster analysis has been carried out that allows classifying the EU member states and obtaining groupings of countries according to the proximity between them in terms of equality between men and women.

Findings

The results show that the most egalitarian countries are those of northern Europe, but without finding the typical north–south classification. Thus, in the group of the least equal are many eastern countries that have recently joined the EU, along with other southern countries that have been part of the EU since its creation, such as Italy. The classification of the countries resulting from applying one or the other methodology is not identical although there are hardly any significant changes. The groups obtained in the years for which information is available are also not altered, which reflects the structural nature of gender equality.

Originality/value

This paper shows a division into four groups of countries according to gender equality, using different indicators and methodologies. The typology of countries has hardly altered during the last decade.
Achieving superior performance in international markets: the roles of organizational agility and absorptive capacity
Authors: Cho Hyo Eun , Jeong Insik , Kim Eunmi , Cho Jinwan
Published: June 2022

Purpose

In the era of Industry 4.0, international firms are required to respond to more complex and frequent changes in the global market. This study aims to explore the role of organizational agility as a key driver to generate superior performance in international markets in the era of technological transformation and how the degree of such impact is affected by the absorptive capacity of companies.

Design/methodology/approach

This research uses the results of a survey targeting 228 Korean exporters to identify the link between organizational agility and business performance in the global market under different degrees of potential and achieved absorptive capacity in the Industry 4.0 era.

Findings

The empirical results indicate that companies with a high level of organizational agility outperform their counterparts in the global market. The data further revealed that realized absorptive capacity positively moderates the relationship between organizational agility and firm performance when it is achieved, whereas the moderating role of potential absorptive capacity is not significant.

Originality/value

This research contributes to the advancement of international business studies on organizational agility and Industry 4.0 by highlighting the implication of organizational agility on firm performance and the contingent role of absorptive capacity.
The impact of COVID-19 on refugee women’s entrepreneurship in Jordan
Authors: Abuhussein Tala
Published: June 2022

Purpose

This study aims to extend the current debate on refugee entrepreneurship in Jordan. It empirically investigates the impact of COVID-19 on refugee women’s entrepreneurship, highlighting their experiences, constraints and opportunities.

Design/methodology/approach

The study design is epistemologically grounded in the heuristic 8Ms extended gender-cognisant entrepreneurship framework. An interpretive qualitative approach was used involving 30 semi-structured interviews with refugee women entrepreneurs across Jordan, with manual thematic data analysis.

Findings

Some of the main opportunities available to refugee women were linked with high levels of resilience and push and pull factors. The constraints were mainly pandemic induced and included access to funds; mobility restrictions; access to business knowledge, training and online learning platforms; rising xenophobia and discrimination; exhaustion; and stress.

Practical implications

The study findings can be used by non-governmental organisations to support refugees in realising their full potential. They also provide practical insights into refugee women entrepreneurs’ lived experiences for better policymaking.

Originality/value

This empirical study contributes to the existing knowledge on refugee women entrepreneurs’ constraints and opportunities by presenting a sensitive, in-depth analysis of their current trends and dynamics in the context of Jordan. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to empirically test the extended 8Ms entrepreneurship model to capture the voices and shared experiences of Jordanian refugees.
Shariah vs non-shariah IPO underpricing: evidence from Indonesia Stock Exchange
Authors: Hanafi Syafiq Mahmadah , Hanafi Mamduh M.
Published: June 2022

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the effect of shariah status on initial public offering (IPO) underpricing, long-term performance and relationship between short-term and long-term IPO performance, and attempt to gain an insight into the nature of shariah IPO underpricing: a signal or an overreaction.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses IPOs during 1990–2018 from Indonesia. This study uses clustered regressions to address clustering phenomenon in IPO. To investigate long-term performance, this study uses cumulative returns, cumulative abnormal returns and Fama–French three factor regressions. This study also runs cross-sectional regressions on the relationship between short and long-term performances.

Findings

This study finds that shariah status reduces lowers non-trading returns (return from offer to open prices), suggesting that shariah status may reduce information asymmetry and compensation. This study finds that both shariah and non-shariah IPOs underperform the benchmarks, with shariah IPOs underperform more. Further analysis shows a negative relationship between initial return and long-term performance for both shariah and non-shariah IPOs, whereas the negative relationship is stronger for shariah IPOs. The results indicate that shariah compliance help reduce information asymmetry; however, shariah compliance does not necessarily signal quality. Instead, shariah compliance seems to induce investor sentiment, resulting in underperformance and reversal patterns in the long run.

Research limitations/implications

The results have various implications. Issuers may use shariah screening to lower underpricing. Investors may manage their investment horizons to mitigate IPO underperformance. Future research is needed to understand the nature of short and long-term performance of shariah IPO across countries. The use of ex-ante shariah definition becomes our limitation. This study also does not use buy and hold return to investigate long-term performance.

Practical implications

The results have various implications. Issuers may use shariah screening to lower underpricing. The results show that sharia certification may play an important role in the IPO process. However, sharia status induces individual investors, leading to more overreaction in the long term. Thus, companies need to balance between sharia certification and overreaction in the long term. Investors may manage their investment horizons to mitigate IPO underperformance.

Originality/value

This paper extends studies on the effect of shariah status on IPO performance using Indonesia data. Using non-trading returns, this study provides sharper analysis on the underpricing study. This study shows that shariah status leads to an overreaction, instead of a signal for quality.
Identifying the role of alignment in developing innovation ecosystem: value co-creation between the focal firm and supplier
Authors: Huo Lisha , Shao Yunfei , Wang Simeng , Yan Wei
Published: June 2022

Purpose

This study explores how firms develop innovation ecosystems through forming alliances with suppliers and the effects on innovation, economics and consumer welfare.

Design/methodology/approach

This study develops two game theory models to compare supply chain structures with and without ecosystem alignment. (1) A single supplier provides components to two competing manufacturers (one innovative and one non-innovative). (2) An innovative manufacturer (focal firm) aligns with a supplier that also supplies components to a competing manufacturer.

Findings

An ecosystem construction strategy that alliances use to reconfigure coopetitive relationships and ecosystem alignment is identified. A manufacturer aligning with a supplier will strengthen the monopoly of the alignment, which is beneficial to both Allies but always harmful to the competitor. Interestingly, such an ecosystem construction strategy may be beneficial to future innovation, the industry and consumers.

Research limitations/implications

The findings raise several topics that warrant further exploration. For example, scenarios with multiple suppliers were not considered. Furthermore, the implementation of regulatory measures to mitigate the harmful effects of alignment on innovation should be investigated.

Practical implications

This paper provides a guide for enterprises seeking alignment and to the corresponding measures required to stimulate innovation within ecosystems. What’s more, the aligned firm should not always attempt to win the race but should instead take measures to encourage the competitor to share demand information.

Originality/value

Firstly, most research on supply chain management has focused on its economic impacts. There is a lack of research on the influence of ecosystem alignment on the innovation incentives of firms. Furthermore, the literature still lacks evidence of how ecosystem construction strategies can increase consumer welfare. In the present study, the authors model a complex market structure that includes a competitor, which is becoming increasingly common in high-tech markets. Thirdly, this paper is one of the few that examines the impacts of market-structure changes on innovation incentives. Most importantly, this study extends the current literature by studying coopetition in the ecosystem context.
The hydrochorous dispersal of plant propagules in a giant river reservoir: Implications for restoration of riparian vegetation
Authors: Su Xiaolei , Wu Shan , Lind Lovisa , Cai Fu , Zeng Bo
Published: June 2022

The riparian vegetation of many rivers around the world is impacted by flow regulation for hydropower. Water levels behind dams are being raised to generate electric energy, forming river reservoirs. River regulation has a large impact on the riparian vegetation, which influences both the adjacent aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, the restoration of degraded riparian vegetation in river reservoirs has been of increasing research interest.

Propagules dispersed from connected tributaries via water (hydrochory) are considered a vital source for the recovery of riparian vegetation in regulated rivers. However, the hydrochorous dispersal of plant propagules in river reservoirs is unclear. We explored the dispersal distance and deposition patterns of hydrochorous propagule mimics in three tributaries that are regulated by the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in China.

In eight out of nine release experiments, 95% of propagule mimics were found within 3 km downstream from the release points. Cumulative wind speed was the most important factor affecting the dispersal distance of propagule mimics in the TGR. However, the dispersal distance of propagule mimics was not significantly affected by water‐level variation and channel sinuosity. Variations in water level strongly affected the deposition pattern of propagule mimics, with only 6.6% of the propagule mimics stranding on the riparian zones under raised water level and 83.8% stranding under declined water levels. The majority of stranded propagule mimics were deposited at gentle slopes (0–20°).

Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest that the majority of propagules that enter river reservoirs via water would be retained within the first few kilometres. Wind and water level variation are the main factors determining the dispersal distance and deposition pattern of propagules. Our findings have applications for riparian vegetation restoration in river reservoirs. The vegetation in steep riparian zones distant from free‐flowing tributaries should be the priority for restoration actions because these areas receive limited hydrochorous propagules. The plant biodiversity and hydrological connectivity of connected tributaries, which is an important propagule sources, should be protected. The seasonal dominant wind pattern should be considered when evaluating the importance of tributaries as the source of hydrochorous propagules for river reservoirs.
Anthropologists at war?
Authors: Bošković Aleksandar
Published: June 2022

This guest editorial addresses issues to do with the Russian invasion of Ukraine. An initial statement by one professional association prevaricates on the cause of the war by blaming NATO expansion. Here the story is told of why statements need to be unambiguous in their condemnation of Russia, which is not to say that this makes for ‘NATO anthropologists’ as some have claimed on social media.
The Pepsi‐Jenner disaster: Translation and collaboration in global image markets
Authors: Isaacs Bronwyn
Published: June 2022

In 2017, Pepsi released a video advertisement online that became an international pop reference for ignorance regarding race relations and police brutality. This video offers a rare but theoretically productive moment to examine the errors and interpretive disjunctures that characterize the global labour market in advertising. More videos are being outsourced offshore due to decreasing budgets for video production internationally. Although the international provenance of creative advertising videos is well hidden, their nonscalability produces a trail of strange images that can provoke unexpected responses.
On dictators and clowns
Authors: Göpfert Mirco
Published: June 2022

In February 2022, Vladimir Putin, with a penchant for absurdly long tables and known as a bare‐chested horseman and bear tamer, deployed a massive army to invade Ukraine, headed by Volodymyr Zelensky, a former comedian, dancer and actor, who has demonstrated hitherto unimaginable leadership skills. Our political present is grotesque. Politicians erupt as caricatures of themselves, and comedians win elections. Satirical late‐night productions outpace journalistic political coverage as bizarre parties gain traction. Humorous modes of political activism gain influence over public political commentary. Clowns turn into politicians, and politicians turn into grotesque dictators. What is going on? This article explores the links between humour and politics. Grasping humour as a peculiar way of knowing and engaging with politics opens a new path for studying the political present.
Oral fluid analysis to monitor recent exposure to synthetic cannabinoids in a high‐risk subpopulation
Authors: Pascali Jennifer P. , Dagoli Sara , Antonioni Maina , Facetti Olivia , Anzillotti Luca , Calò Luca , Affini Giuseppe Fertonato , Cantarelli Barbara , Cecchi Rossana
Published: June 2022

Among novel psychoactive substances, synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRA) seem to have the widest diffusion in the population with no limitation to any particular demographic group. Information on drug consumption relies mostly on anonymized surveys and less on clinical or analytical data; notwithstanding, the huge efforts constantly made to enroll subjects to gather epidemiological data. In the present study, we collected 66 oral fluid samples from volunteers in a drug rehabilitation center in 2019 and early 2020. A liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method previously developed and validated by our Unit was applied to detect SCRA (n = 10) in oral fluid. Results proved the presence of synthetic cannabinoids at a positivity rate of almost 20%, with detection frequency HU211(5/13) > UR144/JWH122 (3/13) > JWH019/JWH081/AM2201 (1/13). Concentrations were in the range < LOQ −0.36 ng/ml. Synthetic cannabinoids consumption had not been declared by any volunteer. This study enabled for the unprecedent detection of synthetic cannabinoids use in the territory of Parma (Italy) in a high‐risk subpopulation. The identified SCRA proved the persistence into the market of the “first‐generation” JWH family into the Italian territory and the marketing of relatively new ones (AM‐2201). Public health consequences represented by NPS consumption are still scarce; therefore, further studies are needed to understand the real diffusion in the population.
Determination of fentanyl and norfentanyl in cerumen in the setting of postmortem investigation
Authors: Mastrogianni Orthodoxia , Kevrekidis Dimitrios Phaedon , Brousa Evdokia , Orfanidis Amvrosios , Zagelidou Heleni , Raikos Nikolaos
Published: June 2022

Cerumen is an emerging alternative biological matrix in the field of forensic toxicology. An ultra‐high‐pressure liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry [UHPLC–MS/MS] method for the determination of fentanyl and norfentanyl in cerumen was developed and applied in a mixed drug toxicity fatal case. The method was found to be selective and sensitive (LOQ: 0.05 ng/mg for fentanyl and 0.02 ng/mg for norfentanyl), while validation included recovery, carryover, short‐term stability, matrix effect, accuracy, and precision (RSD%). Accuracy ranged from 83.1% to 103.5%, while intra‐ and inter‐day precision ranged from 8.6% to 13.1% and from 8.3% to 15.8%, respectively. Matrix effect experiments showed that matrix did not significantly affect signal intensity (82.3%–96.8%). Short‐term stability concerning sample extracts was found satisfactory. Fentanyl and norfentanyl were detected in cerumen at a concentration of 1.17 and 0.36 ng/mg respectively. The findings in cerumen corroborate the cause of death and suggest that cerumen is a potential specimen for detecting drugs of abuse in forensic cases.
The ‘Gothic Slum’: MPs and St Stephen's Cloister, Westminster, 1548–2017*
Authors: Smith Elizabeth Hallam
Published: June 2022

The history of St Stephen's cloister in the Palace of Westminster, a fragile and little‐known Tudor survival, exemplifies the long‐standing tensions between preserving parliament's built heritage and meeting its political and business needs. Adjacent to the old house of commons, it was long part of a grand house for the auditors of the exchequer but came under the control of the commons Speaker in 1794. In the 19th century it was restored twice, by James Wyatt in 1802–8, and after having survived the 1834 fire, by Charles Barry in 1850–2. By now uneasily situated in Charles Barry's vast new palace and no longer needed for domestic purposes, in 1852 it was deployed to meet the business needs of MPs. This use it has retained, even after two of its four walks were destroyed in 1940 and painstakingly reconstructed in 1950–1. The epithet ‘gothic slum’, coined in 1982 by Jack Straw MP for the exquisite lower oratory off the west cloister walk where he found his desk most inconveniently located, encapsulates the long‐standing tensions between the admirers and custodians of the fabric of the cloister and those who require proper space and facilities to discharge their official or parliamentary duties. In tracing the history and uses of the cloister since 1548 this article reveals the long‐standing impact of those unresolved tensions on the cloister's fabric, but suggests that the restoration and renewal programme might prompt a new approach to the use of this fragile and largely unknown survival of Westminster's past.
Inevitable Results and Political Myths? Ilford North's 1978 By‐Election*
Authors: Collinson Marc
Published: June 2022

Reductive and teleological ‘path to power’ myths continue to underpin explanations of Margaret Thatcher's first general election success. The by‐elections that eroded the Callaghan government's majority in the late 1970s, such as that at Ilford North in 1978, continue to be discussed as stepping stones to an inevitable victory, rather than acknowledged as examples of the fraught and uncertain realities of electoral politics. This article argues that they should be considered as part of a complicated historical process and reflected concurrent socio‐economic, cultural and political change. Such contests deserve to be understood on their own terms, with awareness of their unique peculiarities. In full media glare and an often carnival atmosphere, small, often ignored, constituencies momentarily captured the political zeitgeist and determined the national debate. Consequently, earlier interpretations of the contest that advocated the importance of media‐induced concerns over immigration and the National Front have distracted from the effectiveness of Conservative strategy that delivered a successful homecoming, rather than an overwhelming shock victory. By moving beyond contemporary political myths, it reconsiders the strength of Britain's political parties within a more historical context, which pointed to the depth of local Conservative support in Ilford North. Clear political strategy including well‐articulated appeals to specific voter groups and a well‐managed media maelstrom, allowed Margaret Thatcher's party to re‐establish its support among Ilford North's voters.
Effects of biochar on karst lime soil nutrients, soil microbial communities and physiology of Sichuan pepper plants
Authors: Mao Qiaozhi , He Binghui , Ma Ming , Wang Lina , Koike Takayoshi , Agathokleous Evgenios
Published: June 2022

The effects of biochar on karstic lime soil physicochemical properties, soil microbial community diversity and plant physiology are poorly understood. To clarify these effects of biochar application, we applied biochar on the soil surface of Sichuan pepper (Zanthoxylum schinifolium) stands. One year later, leaf gas exchange and chemicals as well as soil physicochemical properties and microbial community composition were assessed. Biochar significantly increased photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and total nitrogen and phosphorus in leaves, but it did not significantly affect total chlorophyll content and malondialdehyde. Total nitrogen and phosphorus as well as available phosphorus and potassium in the soil were significantly increased by biochar. However, soil pH, water content, bulk density, abundance of soil microbes (actinomycetes, bacteria, fungi and Gram negative and positive bacteria), and soil microbial community structure did not exhibit significant increases. Soil total phosphorus, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium positively correlated with the abundance of soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. These results indicate that biochar enhanced main plant nutrients and improved gas exchange of pepper plants and physicochemical properties of karstic lime soil.
Chronic rectal anastomosis complications prior to ileostomy reversal: development of a pilot classification system and associated outcomes
Authors: Taylor Danielle , Faragher Ian G. , Master Mobin , Wang Stephanie , Chan Steven T. F. , Yeung Justin M. C.
Published: June 2022

Backgrounds

A loop ileostomy may reduce the severity of acute anastomotic complications after low rectal resection, but some patients have persistent rectal anastomotic problems. No consensus exists for the management of patients with a chronic low rectal anastomosis complication and a loop ileostomy. There is need for a standard description of these anastomotic complications and to determine whether it is safe to reverse the ileostomy. This study proposes a classification of chronic rectal anastomotic complications and to report the correlation with successful restoration of rectal continuity.

Methods

This was a retrospective project from a prospectively maintained database at a single colorectal unit in a large tertiary hospital in Metropolitan Melbourne. Patients with rectal anastomotic complications following rectal cancer resections between March 2012 and October 2019 were included. A classification of chronic rectal anastomotic complication was developed by reviewing the interval assessments of the rectal anastomosis. The classification categories were correlated with outcomes after stoma closure.

Results

Of the 149 patients, 20 patients had an anastomotic complication identified during work up prior to loop ileostomy reversal. Eleven patients had an anastomotic stenosis and nine had an anastomotic defect. Eighteen patients were eligible for stomal closure. The majority (11/12) of patients with a Type 1 stenosis or defect had no rectal complications after stoma closure.

Conclusion

The classification system helps to describe chronic rectal anastomotic abnormalities and guide management. Although these patients may be a challenge, many can undergo successful ileostomy reversal.
Assessing protected area vulnerability to climate change in a case study of South African national parks
Authors: Coldrey Kevin M. , Turpie Jane K. , Midgley Guy , Scheiter Simon , Hannah Lee , Roehrdanz Patrick R. , Foden Wendy B.
Published: June 2022

Climate change is challenging the ability of protected areas (PAs) to meet their objectives. To improve PA planning, we developed a framework for assessing PA vulnerability to climate change based on consideration of potential climate change impacts on species and their habitats and resource use. Furthermore, the capacity of PAs to adapt to these climate threats was determined through assessment of PA management effectiveness, adjacent land use, and financial resilience. Users reach a PA‐specific vulnerability score and rank based on scoring of these categories. We applied the framework to South Africa's 19 national parks. Because the 19 parks are managed as a national network, we explored how resources might be best allocated to address climate change. Each park's importance to the network's biodiversity conservation and revenue generation was estimated and used to weight overall vulnerability scores and ranks. Park vulnerability profiles showed distinct combinations of potential impacts of climate change and adaptive capacities; the former had a greater influence on vulnerability. Mapungubwe National Park emerged as the most vulnerable to climate change, despite its relatively high adaptive capacity, largely owing to large projected changes in species and resource use. Table Mountain National Park scored the lowest in overall vulnerability. Climate change vulnerability rankings differed markedly once importance weightings were applied; Kruger National Park was the most vulnerable under both importance scenarios. Climate change vulnerability assessment is fundamental to effective adaptation planning. Our PA assessment tool is the only tool that quantifies PA vulnerability to climate change in a comparative index. It may be used in data‐rich and data‐poor contexts to prioritize resource allocation across PA networks and can be applied from local to global scales.