bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of deep learning methods for blind protein contact prediction in CASP12
Authors: Wang Sheng , Sun Siqi , Xu Jinbo
Published: August 2017

Here we present the results of protein contact prediction achieved in CASP12 by our RaptorX‐Contact server, which is an early implementation of our deep learning method for contact prediction. On a set of 38 free‐modeling target domains with a median family size of around 58 effective sequences, our server obtained an average top L/5 long‐ and medium‐range contact accuracy of 47% and 44%, respectively (L = length). A complete implementation has an average accuracy of 59% and 57%, respectively. Our deep learning method formulates contact prediction as a pixel‐level image labeling problem and simultaneously predicts all residue pairs of a protein using a combination of two deep residual neural networks, taking as input the residue conservation information, predicted secondary structure and solvent accessibility, contact potential, and coevolution information. Our approach differs from existing methods mainly in (1) formulating contact prediction as a pixel‐level image labeling problem instead of an image‐level classification problem; (2) simultaneously predicting all contacts of an individual protein to make effective use of contact occurrence patterns; and (3) integrating both one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional deep convolutional neural networks to effectively learn complex sequence‐structure relationship including high‐order residue correlation. This paper discusses the RaptorX‐Contact pipeline, both contact prediction and contact‐based folding results, and finally the strength and weakness of our method.
Three‐Dimensional Stiff Cellular Structures With Negative Poisson's Ratio
Authors: Li Dong , Ma Jie , Dong Liang , Lakes Roderic S.
Published: August 2017

In this paper, a novel three‐dimensional (3D) cellular structure with negative Poisson's ratio was designed by alternating cuboid surface indents on the vertical ribs of the unit cells. The Poisson's ratio and Young's modulus of structures with different geometric parameters were determined using the finite element method (FEM) as a function of these parameters. Samples with identical geometric variables were fabricated via 3D printing, and their through‐thickness direction Poisson's ratios were measured and compared with simulation results. Results showed that the Poisson's ratio of the 3D cellular structures can be tuned from positive to negative and can reach a minimal value of −0.958. Good agreement was found between the experimental results and the simulation. This lattice structure is considerably stiffer than re‐entrant negative Poisson's ratio foam with the same solid phase. The design concept developed here can be optimized for specific applications via geometric parameters manipulation.
Arrayed Arrangement of 13C Isotopes During the Growth of Inner Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Koltai János , Kuzmany Hans , Pichler Thomas , Simon Ferenc
Published: August 2017

The growth of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) inside host SWCNTs remains a compelling alternative to the conventional catalyst‐induced growth processes. It not only provides a catalyst free process but also the ability to control the constituents of the inner tube if appropriate starting molecules are used. We report herein the growth of inner SWCNTs from 13C‐enriched benzene or toluene and C60 fullerene with a natural isotopic distribution. The latter molecule is essentially a stopper which acts to retain the smaller toluene inside the tubes. The Raman spectrum of the inner nanotubes is anomalous as it contains a highly isotope shifted “tail,” which cannot be explained by assuming a homogeneous distribution of the isotopes. Semi‐empirical calculations of the Raman modes indicate that this unusual effect is explicable if small arrays of 13C are assumed. This indicates the absence of carbon diffusion during the inner tube growth.
Bi2Se3 van der Waals Virtual Substrates for II–VI Heterostructures
Authors: Garcia Thor Axtmann , Deligiannakis Vasilios , Forrester Candice , Levy Ido , Tamargo Maria C.
Published: August 2017

We report on the growth and characterization of optical quality multiple quantum well structures of ZnxCd1−xSe/ZnxCdyMg1−x−ySe on an ultra‐thin Bi2Se3/CdTe virtual substrate on c‐plane Al2O3 (sapphire). Excellent quality highly oriented films grown along the (111) direction were achieved as evidenced by reflection high energy electron diffraction and X‐ray diffraction studies. We also observed room temperature and 77 K photoluminescence emission with peak energies at 77 K of 2.407 eV and linewidths of 56 meV comparable to those achieved on structures grown on InP. Exfoliation of the structures is also possible due to the van der Waals bonding of Bi2Se3. Exfoliated (substrate free) films exhibit photoluminescence emission nearly identical to that of the supported film. Additionally, contactless electroreflectance measurements show good agreement with simulations of the multiple quantum well structure as well as evidence of excited state levels. These results open new avenues of research for substrate independent epitaxy and the possibility of ultra‐thin electronics.
Polypyrrole Whelk‐Like Arrays toward Robust Controlling Manipulation of Organic Droplets Underwater
Authors: Lu Xianyong , Kong Zhuang , Xiao Guozheng , Teng Chao , Li Yunan , Ren Guangyuan , Wang Shuangbao , Zhu Ying , Jiang Lei
Published: August 2017

Whelk‐like polypyrrole (PPy) arrays film is successfully prepared by electropolymerization of pyrrole in the presence of low‐surface‐energy tetraethylammonium perfluorooctanesulfonate (TEAPFOS) as dopant. The underwater wettability of PPy whelk‐like arrays can be successfully tuned by electrical doping/dedoping of PFOS ions. Interestingly, CCl4 droplets with microliter‐size as a representative sample are gathered together to form a larger droplet underwater at the potential of +0.8 V (vs Ag/AgCl), because PPy is in its PFOS‐doped states. Note that CCl4 droplet can climb uphill successfully on the inclined whelk‐like arrays PPy film under the applied potential of −1.0 V (vs Ag/AgCl), which may be attributed to wettability gradient derived from different oxidation states of PPy induced by electrochemical potential. These results may provide a simple strategy for on‐demand manipulation of organic droplets underwater at low voltage.
The mechanisms for lung cancer risk of PM2.5: Induction of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell properties in human non‐small cell lung cancer cells
Authors: Wei Hongying , Liang Fan , Cheng Wei , Zhou Ren , Wu Xiaomeng , Feng Yan , Wang Yan
Published: August 2017

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a major component of air pollutions that are closely associated with increased risk of lung cancer. However, the role of PM2.5 in the etiology of lung cancer is largely unknown. In this study, we performed acute (24 hours) and chronic (five passages) exposure models to investigate the carcinogenetic mechanisms of PM2.5 by targeting the induction of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells (CSC) properties in human non‐small cell lung cancer cell line A549. We found that both acute and chronic PM2.5 exposure enhanced cell migration and invasion, decreased mRNA expression of epithelial markers and increased mRNA expression of mesenchymal markers. Chronic PM2.5 exposure further induced notable EMT morphology and CSC properties, indicating the developing process of cell malignant behaviors from acute to chronic PM2.5 exposure. CSC properties induced by chronic PM2.5 exposure characterized with increased cell‐surface markers (CD44, ABCG2), self‐renewal genes (SOX2 and OCT4), side population cells and neoplastic capacity. Furthermore, the levels of three stemness‐associated microRNAs, Let‐7a, miR‐16 and miR‐34a, were found to be significantly downregulated by chronic PM2.5 exposure, with microarray data analysis from TCGA database showing their lower expression in human lung adenocarcinoma tissues than that in the adjacent normal lung tissues. These data revealed that the induction of EMT and CSC properties were involved in the lung cancer risk of PM2.5, and implicated CSC properties and related microRNAs as possible biomarkers for carcinogenicity prediction of PM2.5.
Functional characterisation of peroxisomal β‐oxidation disorders in fibroblasts using lipidomics
Authors: Herzog Katharina , Pras‐Raves Mia L. , Ferdinandusse Sacha , Vervaart Martin A. T. , Luyf Angela C. M. , van Kampen Antoine H. C. , Wanders Ronald J. A. , Waterham Hans R. , Vaz Frédéric M.
Published: August 2017

Peroxisomes play an important role in a variety of metabolic pathways, including the α‐ and β‐oxidation of fatty acids, and the biosynthesis of ether phospholipids. Single peroxisomal enzyme deficiencies (PEDs) are a group of peroxisomal disorders in which either a peroxisomal matrix enzyme or a peroxisomal membrane transporter protein is deficient. To investigate the functional consequences of specific enzyme deficiencies on the lipidome, we performed lipidomics using cultured skin fibroblasts with different defects in the β‐oxidation of very long‐chain fatty acids, including ABCD1‐ (ALD), acyl‐CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1)‐, D‐bifunctional protein (DBP)‐, and acyl‐CoA binding domain containing protein 5 (ACBD5)‐deficient cell lines. Ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high‐resolution mass spectrometry revealed characteristic changes in the phospholipid composition in fibroblasts with different fatty acid β‐oxidation defects. Remarkably, we found that ether phospholipids, including plasmalogens, were decreased. We defined specific phospholipid ratios reflecting the different enzyme defects, which can be used to discriminate the PED fibroblasts from healthy control cells.
Myocardial T1 mapping and extracellular volume quantification: an overview of technical and biological confounders
Authors: Piechnik Stefan K. , Jerosch-Herold Michael
Published: August 2017

Novel tissue biomarkers based on the spin–lattice relaxation time T1, a fundamental property in the theory of magnetic resonance physics, have emerged as a new approach for myocardial tissue characterization with many validated clinical applications. This article is intended as an overview of the physical and physiological mechanisms underlying the interpretation and the accuracy of any practical measurement of T1, or derived biomarkers such as extravascular volume fraction, and also includes a discussion of potential pitfalls. Numerous caveats und knowledge gaps related to the precise interpretation of T1-based biomarkers remain, which are being addressed incrementally through ongoing research. Equally important, further careful standardization will pave the way for a wider clinical translation of these novel T1-based biomarkers of tissue remodeling, which have been well validated for their sensitivity to pathophysiological changes, though for the most part in single-center studies.
Analysis of multienvironment trials (MET) in the sugarcane breeding program of Réunion Island
Authors: Guilly Susie , Dumont Thomas , Thong-Chane Audrey , Barau Laurent , Hoarau Jean-Yves
Published: August 2017

The sugarcane variety development program on Réunion Island is dedicated to an industry that encompasses numerous different agroclimatic production zones. The objective of this study is to characterize in detail the final selection stage of this program, consisting of multienvironment trials (MET) at seven representative locations, considering the genotypic response in terms of tonnes of cane per hectare (TCH), estimable recoverable sugar (ERS), fiber content (FIB), and an economic index (EI). Data from four recent variety series tested between one and three crop years were used. Each trait revealed a significant genotype × location (GL) interaction, always higher than the genotype × crop year (GC) interaction, indicating that testing genotypes across locations is more important than testing for ratooning ability. Broad-sense heritability (H) at MET level was relatively high for FIB compared with EI, while ERS and TCH exhibited intermediate H values. Genotype main effect plus genotype × environment (GGE) biplot analysis applied to a balanced set of genotypes tested over two crop years across all environments permitted reliable visualization at a glance of (i) the level of proximity between genotypes or environments, and (ii) the performance of varieties in each environment and their stability across all of them. No redundancy between any pair of environments was found for the most important selection trait (EI). These results confirm the relevance of a selection strategy firstly oriented toward selecting sugarcane genotypes for local adaptations with the objective of enhancing the mean productivity of the whole cane industry.
THE SHORT RESOLUTION OF A SEMIGROUP ALGEBRA
Authors: OJEDA I. , VIGNERON-TENORIO A.
Published: August 2017

This work generalises the short resolution given by Pisón Casares [‘The short resolution of a lattice ideal’, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.131(4) (2003), 1081–1091] to any affine semigroup. We give a characterisation of Apéry sets which provides a simple way to compute Apéry sets of affine semigroups and Frobenius numbers of numerical semigroups. We also exhibit a new characterisation of the Cohen–Macaulay property for simplicial affine semigroups.
Multiple periodicity in a nanoparticle-based single-electron transistor
Authors: Bitton O. , Gutman D. B. , Berkovits R. , Frydman A.
Published: August 2017

A single-electron transistor is a nano-device with large potential for low-power applications that can be used as logic elements in integrated circuits. In this device, the conductance oscillates with a well-defined period due to the Coulomb blockade effect. By using a unique technique, we explore single-electron transistors based on a single metallic nanoparticle with tunable coupling to electric leads. We demonstrate a unique regime in which the transistor is characterized by multi-periodic oscillations of the conductance with gate voltage where the additional periods are harmonics of the basic periodicity of the Coulomb blockade and their relative strength can be controllably tuned. These harmonics correspond to a charge change on the dot by a fraction of the electron charge. The presence of multiple harmonics makes these transistors potential elements in future miniaturization of nano-sized circuit elements.
Ultrathin metal–organic framework membrane production by gel–vapour deposition
Authors: Li Wanbin , Su Pengcheng , Li Zhanjun , Xu Zehai , Wang Fei , Ou Huase , Zhang Jiaheng , Zhang Guoliang , Zeng Eddy
Published: August 2017

Ultrathin, molecular sieving membranes composed of microporous materials offer great potential to realize high permeances and selectivities in separation applications, but strategies for their production have remained a challenge. Here we show a route for the scalable production of nanometre-thick metal–organic framework (MOF) molecular sieving membranes, specifically via gel–vapour deposition, which combines sol–gel coating with vapour deposition for solvent-/modification-free and precursor-/time-saving synthesis. The uniform MOF membranes thus prepared have controllable thicknesses, down to ~17 nm, and show one to three orders of magnitude higher gas permeances than those of conventional membranes, up to 215.4 × 10−7 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1 for H2, and H2/C3H8, CO2/C3H8 and C3H6/C3H8 selectivities of as high as 3,400, 1,030 and 70, respectively. We further demonstrate the in situ scale-up processing of a MOF membrane module (30 polymeric hollow fibres with membrane area of 340 cm2) without deterioration in selectivity.
Gold nanoparticles functionalized with 2,6-dimercaptopurine for sensitive and selective colorimetric determination of cadmium(ii) in food, biological and environmental samples
Authors: Hu M. H. , Huang W. H. , Suo L. L. , Zhou L. H. , Ma L. F. , Zhu H. F.
Published: August 2017

The proposed method can recognize Cd2+in different samples based on the aggregation of DMP-AuNPs, resulting in a color change.
On-line clean-up and LC-MS analysis of primary metabolites in cell culture supernatants
Authors: Mairinger Teresa , Tröndle Julia , Hanscho Michael , Hann Stephan
Published: August 2017

A novel automated clean-up procedure for supernatants of Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures enhances the accuracy of results obtained via LC-MS analysis of primary metabolites.
Enhancement of photocatalytic performance in two zinc-based metal–organic frameworks by solvent assisted linker exchange
Authors: Masoomi Mohammad Yaser , Bagheri Minoo , Morsali Ali
Published: August 2017

Solvent-assisted linker exchange (SALE) was performed on two pillared metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), [Zn2(oba)2(4-bpdb)]n·(DMF)2 (TMU-4) and [Zn(oba)(4-bpmb)0.5]n·(DMF)1.5 (TMU-6), to tune their photocatalytic properties.
Design and application of a bifunctional organocatalyst guided by electron density topological analyses
Authors: Jiménez Eddy I. , Vallejo Narváez Wilmer E. , Rocha-Rinza Tomás , Hernández-Rodríguez Marcos
Published: August 2017

Design of a catalyst via the identification of key interactions within the transition state with quantum chemical topology.
Multi-scale structural analysis of the A-site and oxygen deficient perovskite Sr11Mo4O23
Authors: King Graham , Avdeev Maxim , Qasim Ilyas , Zhou Qingi , Kennedy Brendan J.
Published: August 2017

The crystal structure of Sr11Mo4O23 and the local correlations between the disordered sites are examined.
Enhanced luminescence of delaminated layered europium hydroxide (LEuH) composites with sensitizer anions of coumarin-3-carboxylic acid
Authors: Ma Lijiao , Yuan Mengwei , Liu Chenyu , Xie Linxia , Su Feifei , Ma Shulan , Sun Genban , Li Huifeng
Published: August 2017

Delamination via 1-octane sulfonic acid (OS) and sensitization with coumarin-3-carboxylic acid (CCA) significantly enhance Eu3+ red emission of LEuH composites.
In vitro assessment of the ability of probiotics, blueberry and food carbohydrates to prevent S. pyogenes adhesion on pharyngeal epithelium and modulate immune responses
Authors: Taverniti Valentina , Dalla Via Alessandro , Minuzzo Mario , Del Bo’ Cristian , Riso Patrizia , Frøkiær Hanne , Guglielmetti Simone
Published: August 2017

A combination of guar, blueberry and lactobacilli may represent a novel strategy to preserve pharyngeal health.
New insights into the electronic structures and optical properties in the orthorhombic perovskite MAPbI3: a mixture of Pb and Ge/Sn
Authors: Chang Junli , Wang Guangzhao , Huang Yuhong , Luo Xukai , Chen Hong
Published: August 2017

The photovoltaic performance of the organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite MAPbI3can be significantly improved by the substitution of Ge/Sn for Pb.
Synthesis and structural characterization of a Cu(ii)-based 1D coordination polymer and its application in Schottky devices
Authors: Ahmed Faruk , Halder Soumi , Dutta Basudeb , Islam Sakhiul , Sen Chandana , Kundu Suman , Sinha Chittaranjan , Ray Partha Pratim , Mir Mohammad Hedayetullah
Published: August 2017

A new Cu(ii)-based 1D coordination polymer [Cu(fum)(4-phpy)2(H2O)], (1) (H2fum = fumaric acid and 4-phpy = 4-phenyl pyridine) exhibits electrical conductivity in the semiconductor region and behaves as Schottky diode.
Tetranuclear Ni(ii) and Co(ii) Schiff-base complexes with an M4O6 defective dicubane-like core: zero-field SMM behavior in the cobalt analogue
Authors: Nemec Ivan , Herchel Radovan , Machata Marek , Trávníček Zdeněk
Published: August 2017

Two tetranuclear Ni4 and Co4 complexes were prepared and characterized. Their magnetic properties were thoroughly studied and it was revealed that the Co4 compound behaves as a zero-field single-molecule magnet.
Windmill-type mixed-metal clusters containing Schiff-base ligands as an efficient catalyst for cyclohexene oxidation
Authors: Li Xiaoqin , Ma Dan , Cao Bingran , Lu Ying
Published: August 2017

Two new mixed-metal clusters {CuM2(H2O)2[Cu(C14H16N2O3)Cl]6}·H2O (M = Mn 1, Zn 2) were synthesized and the properties of cyclohexene oxidation were investigated.
Bis-imidazolium salts with alkyl sulfates as counterions: synthesis and liquid crystalline properties
Authors: Ilincă Theodora A. , Pasuk Iuliana , Cîrcu Viorel
Published: August 2017

A series of flexibly linked bis-imidazolium salts with alkyl sulfate anions having different chain lengths (10, 12, 14) was investigated for their thermotropic behavior.
Low temperature growth of fully covered single-layer graphene using a CoCu catalyst
Authors: Sugime Hisashi , D'Arsié Lorenzo , Esconjauregui Santiago , Zhong Guofang , Wu Xingyi , Hildebrandt Eugen , Sezen Hikmet , Amati Matteo , Gregoratti Luca , Weatherup Robert S. , Robertson John
Published: August 2017

A bimetallic CoCu alloy thin-film catalyst is developed that enables the growth of uniform, high-quality graphene at 750 °C in 3 min by chemical vapour deposition.
On-slide detection of enzymatic activities in selected single cells
Authors: Keller Josephine Geertsen , Tesauro Cinzia , Coletta Andrea , Graversen Astrid Damgaard , Ho Yi-Ping , Kristensen Peter , Stougaard Magnus , Knudsen Birgitta Ruth
Published: August 2017

Detection of human topoisomerase I activity in single cells using an on-slide array setup.
A paper triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered electronic systems
Authors: Mao Yanchao , Zhang Nan , Tang Yingjie , Wang Meng , Chao Mingju , Liang Erjun
Published: August 2017

A novel paper triboelectric nanogenerator (P-TENG) was successfully developed. The P-TENG can harvest mechanical energy from the action of turning book pages, and the generated electricity could directly light up 80 commercial white light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
Biomedical nanomotors: efficient glucose-mediated insulin release
Authors: Díez Paula , Esteban-Fernández de Ávila Berta , Ramírez-Herrera Doris E. , Villalonga Reynaldo , Wang Joseph
Published: August 2017

Ultrasound-propelled gold/mesoporous silica nanomotors loaded with insulin and functionalized with pH-responsive supramolecular nanovalves are able to release the entrapped hormone autonomously in the presence of d-glucose.
Tailored release of triiodothyronine and retinoic acid from a spatio-temporally fabricated nanofiber composite instigating neuronal differentiation
Authors: Satish Aishwarya , Korrapati Purna Sai
Published: August 2017

Nanofiber mediated tailored release of dual biomolecules to initiate neural differentiation & regeneration.
Characterizing single chain nanoparticles (SCNPs): a critical survey
Authors: Blasco Eva , Tuten Bryan T. , Frisch Hendrik , Lederer Albena , Barner-Kowollik Christopher
Published: August 2017

We provide the results of a critical literature survey on the reported sizes of single chain polymer nanoparticles (SCNPs) employing different techniques.
Polymer synthesis by mimicking nature's strategy: the combination of ultra-fast RAFT and the Biginelli reaction
Authors: Wu Haibo , Yang Lei , Tao Lei
Published: August 2017

A two-stage method has been developed by mimicking nature's protein synthesis strategy to prepare plenty of polymers using limited monomers.
Enantio- and diastereoselective synthesis of tetrahydrofuro[2,3-b]furan-2(3H)-one derivatives and related oxygen heterocycles via an asymmetric organocatalytic cascade process
Authors: Zhao Wei-Wei , Liu Yan-Kai
Published: August 2017

Tetrahydrofuro[2,3-b]furan-2(3H)-one derivatives were formed via a novel asymmetric organocatalytic cascade process with excellent stereoselectivity in one single operation.
Reasserting the role of pre-laboratory activities in chemistry education: a proposed framework for their design
Authors: Agustian Hendra Y. , Seery Michael K.
Published: August 2017

In this article we summarise over 60 reports and research articles on pre-laboratory activities in higher education chemistry. In the first section of the review, we categorise these activities as follows. First are those intending to introduce chemical concepts, that typically take the form of a pre-laboratory lecture, pre-laboratory quizzes, and pre-laboratory discussion. Second are those intending to introduce laboratory techniques, that typically take the form of interactive simulations, technique videos, mental preparation, and safety information. Finally, a small number of activities intended to prepare students for affective aspects of laboratory work, in the form of enabling confidence and generating motivation are described. In the second section of the review, we consider a framework for design of pre-laboratory activities that aligns with the principles of cognitive load theory. We propose how the two tenets of such a framework – supporting learners in complex scenarios and provision of information necessary to complete tasks – can be considered for the case of preparing for laboratory learning. Of particular relevance is the nature of information provided in advance and that provided just in time, characterised as supportive and procedural information respectively. Finally, in the concluding section, we draw together the principles outlined in the framework and findings from reports of pre-laboratory work in chemistry to propose five guidelines for those wishing to incorporate pre-laboratory activities into their laboratory curriculum; an activity we argue has a significant literature basis for us to encourage.
Evidence for disks at an early stage in class 0 protostars?
Authors: Gerin M. , Pety J. , Commerçon B. , Fuente A. , Cernicharo J. , Marcelino N. , Ciardi A. , Lis D. C. , Roueff E. , Wootten H. A. , Chapillon E.
Published: August 2017

Aims. The formation epoch of protostellar disks is debated because of the competing roles of rotation, turbulence, and magnetic fields in the early stages of low-mass star formation. Magnetohydrodynamics simulations of collapsing cores predict that rotationally supported disks may form in strongly magnetized cores through ambipolar diffusion or misalignment between the rotation axis and the magnetic field orientation. Detailed studies of individual sources are needed to cross check the theoretical predictions.

Methods. We present 0.06–0.1′′ resolution images at 350 GHz toward B1b-N and B1b-S, which are young class 0 protostars, possibly first hydrostatic cores. The images have been obtained with ALMA, and we compare these data with magnetohydrodynamics simulations of a collapsing turbulent and magnetized core.

Results. The submillimeter continuum emission is spatially resolved by ALMA. Compact structures with optically thick 350 GHz emission are detected toward both B1b-N and B1b-S, with 0.2 and 0.35′′ radii (46 and 80 au at the Perseus distance of 230 pc), within a more extended envelope. The flux ratio between the compact structure and the envelope is lower in B1b-N than in B1b-S, in agreement with its earlier evolutionary status. The size and orientation of the compact structure are consistent with 0.2′′ resolution 32 GHz observations obtained with the Very Large Array as a part of the VANDAM survey, suggesting that grains have grown through coagulation. The morphology, temperature, and densities of the compact structures are consistent with those of disks formed in numerical simulations of collapsing cores. Moreover, the properties of B1b-N are consistent with those of a very young protostar, possibly a first hydrostatic core. These observations provide support for the early formation of disks around low-mass protostars.
Synthesis of the Tripeptide Antibiotic Resormycin
Authors: Musso Loana , Kaduskar Rahul , Pinto Andrea , Scaglioni Leonardo , Dallavalle Sabrina
Published: August 2017

A short and efficient synthesis of resormycin, a metabolite of Streptomyces platensis MJ953-SF5 with herbicidal and antifungal activity, is described. The key step in our synthetic approach is a late-stage stereospecific dehydration of a β-hydroxy amino acid to install the Z-olefin. Because of the modular nature of the synthesis, access to analogues for biological evaluation is readily available.
Synthesis of Stilbene-Quinone Hybrids through Heck Reactions in PEG-400
Authors: Demidoff Felipe , de Souza Fabrícia , Netto Chaquip
Published: August 2017

Styrenes were coupled with 3-iodolawsone in PEG-400 at 90 °C, leading stereoselectively to (E)-stilbene-quinone hybrids through Heck reactions. The best reaction conditions were found to be the use of NaOH (3 equiv) and 10 mol% of palladium acetate at 90 °C for 15 minutes. The chemical yields of the Heck reactions using styrenes with electron-withdrawing groups (65–98%) were greater than styrenes bearing electron-donating groups (7–32%) on the aromatic ring. In particular, the chemical yields of Heck reactions involving nitrostyrenes were the best ones observed.
Symmetrical Trichlorotriazine Derivatives as Efficient Reagents for One-Pot Synthesis of 3-Acetyl-2-chloroquinolines from Acetanilides under Vilsmeier–Haack Conditions
Authors: Rajanna K. , Muddam Bhooshan , Venkanna P. , Venkateswarlu M. , Satish Kumar M.
Published: August 2017

Symmetrical trichlorotriazine derivatives such as 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine and trichloroisocyanuric acid were explored as Vilsmeier–Haack type reagents in the presence of N,N-dimethylacetamide for the effective synthesis of 3-acetyl-2-chloroquinolines from acetanilides. Ultrasonication led to shorter reaction times than conventional heating and gave yields comparable to those obtained under reflux conditions.
Quantitative Imaging in Diffuse Liver Diseases
Authors: Garteiser Philippe , Leporq Benjamin , Rautou Pierre-Emmanuel , Valla Dominique , Van Beers Bernard
Published: August 2017

Cross-sectional imaging methods and more specifically ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have increasing roles in the quantitative evaluation of diffuse liver diseases. Particularly, ultrasound elastography is becoming the standard first-line examination for diagnosing severe liver fibrosis. Quantitative ultrasonography also brings information for staging portal hypertension in compensated cirrhosis and for grading liver steatosis. Quantitative MRI offers a multiparametric approach to assess the severity of liver steatosis, iron overload, fibrosis, inflammation, and portal hypertension. Regional liver transport function can be assessed with combined volumetric computed tomography and 99Tc mebrofenin single-photon emission computed tomography or with gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI. It is concluded that multiparametric MRI complements the information brought with quantitative ultrasonography and has the potential to become a method of virtual liver biopsy that may decrease the need for invasive reference examinations in diffuse liver diseases.
Physical Therapy for Posterior and Horizontal Canal Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo: Long-term Effect and Recurrence: A Systematic Review
Authors: Rodrigues Daniele , Ledesma Alleluia , de Oliveira Carlos , Bahamad Júnior Fayez
Published: August 2017

Introduction Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most common cause of vertigo, and it is characterized by episodes of vertigo roundabout when the head is moved. A systematic review was performed using the most important scientific databases. This review included studies published in English in the last ten years, performed in adults, with emphasis on the diagnosis and treatment of BPPV.

Objective To investigate the long-term effectiveness of vestibular rehabilitation (VR) in patients with BPPV and the rate of recurrence of symptoms.

Data Synthesis A total of 38 studies were identified, of which only 12 met the inclusion criteria. The majority of the studies stated that VR is effective in decreasing the symptoms, with a short-term efficacy of 84.7%, and 89.2% in the long term in the reviewed studies.

Conclusion Valuable studies show the beneficial effects of the maneuvers for the treatment of BPPV and their long-term effectiveness. This strengthens the conclusion that this treatment is effective in resolving symptoms and decreasing recurrences.
Epigenetics in Liver Fibrosis
Authors: Massey Veronica , Cabezas Joaquin , Bataller Ramon
Published: August 2017

Liver fibrosis is a common consequence of chronic liver injury and is a key determinant of liver-associated morbidity and mortality. Identification of new mechanisms of fibrosis, including disease-specific molecular drivers, remains relevant to reveal novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Recently, greater accessibility to more advanced molecular methods that can assess changes in epigenetic regulation has stimulated more research investigating the epigenetic landscape of liver fibrosis. Such studies have revealed changes in DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and microRNAs that regulate the fibrogenic response to injury including hepatic stellate cell activation. The aim of this review is to briefly introduce the general mechanisms and epigenetic regulation of liver fibrosis and to familiarize the reader with the chief epigenetic mechanisms implicated as drivers of liver fibrosis.
Efficacy of Myofunctional Therapy Associated with Voice Therapy in the Rehabilitation of Neurogenic Oropharyngeal Dysphagia: a pilot study
Authors: Fraga Bruno , Almeida Sheila , Santana Márcia , Cassol Mauriceia
Published: August 2017

Introduction Dysphagia causes changes in the laryngeal and stomatognathic structures; however, the use of vocal exercises is poorly described.

Objective To verify whether the therapy consisting of myofunctional exercises associated with vocal exercises is more effective in rehabilitating deglutition in stroke patients.

Methods This is a pilot study made up of two distinct groups: a control group, which performed only myofunctional exercises, and an experimental group, which performed myofunctional and vocal exercises. The assessment used for oral intake was the functional oral intake scale (FOIS).

Results The FOIS levels reveal that the pre-therapy median of the experimental group was 4, and increased to 7 after therapy, while in the control group the values were 5 and 6 respectively. Thus, the experimental group had a statistically significant difference between the pre- and post-therapy assessments (p = 0.039), which indicates that the combination of myofunctional and vocal exercises was more effective in improving the oral intake levels than the myofunctional exercises alone (p = 0.059). On the other hand, the control group also improved, albeit at a lower rate compared with the experimental group; hence, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups post-therapy (p = 0.126).

Conclusion This pilot study showed indications that using vocal exercises in swallowing rehabilitation in stroke patients was able to yield a greater increase in the oral intake levels. Nevertheless, further controlled blind clinical trials with larger samples are required to confirm such evidence, as this study points to the feasibility of conducting this type of research.
Parameters for Applying the Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential with Speech Stimulus: Systematic Review
Authors: Gabriel Luísa , Vernier Luíza , Ferreira Maria , Silveira Adriana , Machado Márcia
Published: August 2017

Introduction Studies using the Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential with speech stimulus are increasing in Brazil, and there are divergences between the methodologies used for testing.

Objectives To analyze the parameters used in the study of the Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials with speech stimulus.

Data Synthesis The survey was performed using electronic databases. The search strategy was as follows: “Evoked potentials, auditory” OR “Brain stem” OR “Evoked potentials, auditory, brain stem” AND “Speech.” The survey was performed from June to July of 2016. The criteria used for including articles in this study were: being written in Portuguese, English or Spanish; presenting the description of the testing parameters and the description of the sample. In the databases selected, 2,384 articles were found, and 43 articles met all of the inclusion criteria. The predominance of the following parameters was observed to achieve the potential during study: stimulation with the syllable /da/; monaural presentation with greater use of the right ear; intensity of 80 dB SPL; vertical placement of electrodes; use of in-ear headphones; patient seated, distracted in awake state; alternating polarity; use of speech synthesizer software for the elaboration of stimuli; presentation rate of 10.9/s; and sampling rate of 20 kHz.

Conclusions The theme addressed in this systematic review is relatively recent. However, the results are significant enough to encourage the use of the procedure in clinical practice and advise clinicians about the most used procedures in each parameter.
Innervated Free Flap Abdominal Wall Reconstruction: A Systematic Review
Authors: Therattil Paul , Viviano Stephen , Lee Edward , Keith Jonathan
Published: August 2017

Background Reconstruction of large abdominal wall defects provides unique challenges to the plastic surgeon. Reconstruction with innervated free flaps has been described and allows for true functional replacement of “like with like.” The authors sought to determine the frequency and outcomes of such reconstructions.

Methods A literature review was performed using MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, and the Cochrane Collaboration Library for research articles related to innervated free flaps in abdominal wall reconstruction.

Results Nine case series (16 patients) were included who underwent free flap reconstruction of the abdominal wall with motor and/or sensory innervation. Reconstruction was performed with latissimus dorsi (n = 5), tensor fascia lata (n = 4), rectus femoris (n = 2), combined tensor fascia lata-anterolateral thigh (n = 2), combined vastus lateralis-tensor fascia lata-anterolateral thigh flaps (n = 2), and vastus lateralis-anterolateral thigh (n = 1). All but one reconstruction had motor neurotization performed (n = 15), while only 12.5% (n = 2) had sensory neurotization performed. At least 66.6% of patients (n = 10) who had motor neurotization regained motor function as evidenced by documented clinical examination findings while 93.3% (n = 14) had “satisfactory” motor function on author's subjective description of the function. Both flaps that had sensory innervation were successful with Semmes–Weinstein testing of 3.61.

Conclusion A majority of neurotized free flap reconstructions for abdominal wall defects have been performed for motor innervation, which is almost invariably successful. Sensory neurotization has been carried out for a small number of these reconstructions, and also has been successful. Improvements in techniques and outcomes in innervated free flap abdominal wall reconstruction are important to advancing efforts in abdominal wall transplantation.
Pelvic Floor 3D Ultrasound of Women with a TVT, TVT-O, or TVT-S for Stress Urinary Incontinence at the Three-year Follow-up
Authors: Rodrigues Claudinei A. , Bianchi-Ferraro Ana Maria H. M. , Zucchi Eliana Viana Monteiro , Sartori Marair G. F. , Girão Manoel J. B. C. , Jarmy-Di Bella Zsuzsanna I. K.
Published: August 2017

Objective Using three-dimensional ultrasound (3D-US), we aimed to compare the tape position and the angle formed by the sling arms in different techniques of mid-urethral sling insertion for the surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence, three years after surgery. In addition, we examined the correlations between the US findings and the clinical late postoperative results.

Methods A prospective cross-sectional cohort study of 170 patients who underwent a sling procedure between May 2009 and December 2011 was performed. The final sample, with US images of sufficient quality, included 26 retropubic slings (tension-free vaginal tape, TVT), 42 transobturator slings (tension-free vaginal tape-obturator, TVT-O), and 37 single-incision slings (tension-free vaginal tape-Secur, TVT-S). The images (at rest, during the Valsalva maneuver, and during pelvic floor contraction) were analyzed offline by 2 different observers blinded against the surgical and urinary continence status. Group comparisons were performed using the Student t-test, the chi-squared and the Kruskal-Wallis tests, and analyses of variance with Tukey multiple comparisons.

Results Differences among the groups were found in the mean angle of the tape arms (TVT = 119.94°, TVT-O = 141.93°, TVT-S = 121.06°; p < 0.001) and in the distance between the bladder neck and the tape at rest (TVT = 1.65 cm, TVT-O = 1.93 cm, TVT-S = 1.95 cm; p = 0.010). The global objective cure rate was of 87.8% (TVT = 88.5%, TVT-O = 90.5%, TVT-S = 83.8%; p = 0.701). The overall subjective cure rate was of 83.8% (TVT = 88.5%, TVT-O = 88.5% and TVT-S = 78.4%; p = 0.514). The slings were located in the mid-urethra in 85.7% of the patients (TVT = 100%, TVT-O = 73.8%, TVT-S = 89.2%; p = 0.001), with a more distal location associated with obesity (distal: 66.7% obese; mid-urethra: 34% obese; p = 0.003). Urgency-related symptoms were observed in 23.8% of the patients (TVT = 30.8%, TVT-O = 21.4%, TVT-S = 21.6%; p = 0.630).

Conclusions The angle formed by the arms of the sling tape was more obtuse for the transobturator slings compared with the angles for the retropubic or single-incision slings. Retropubic slings were more frequently located in the mid-urethra compared with the other slings, regardless of obesity. However, the analyzed sonographic measures did not correlate with the urinary symptoms three years after the surgery.
Challenges to a Cure for HBV Infection
Authors: Testoni Barbara , Levrero Massimo , Zoulim Fabien
Published: August 2017

Current first-choice treatments for chronic hepatitis B are able to efficiently induce viral suppression in the majority of patients, but life-long therapy is needed to maintain infection under control due to their inability to eliminate the virus from infected hepatocytes. The residual viral replication and antigen production in most patients under treatment substantially contributes to the residual risk of hepatocarcinogenesis. New therapeutic approaches are needed to overcome hepatitis B virus persistence in the infected cells, or at least to control its transcriptional and replicative activity. In this review, the authors discuss the key points of the viral life cycle and host immune responses that need to be addressed to achieve a “functional cure,” or even a “complete cure,” allowing a finite duration of treatment and preventing virus reactivation and liver disease progression in a significantly higher number of patients than what is currently attained.
Is Propensity Score Analysis a Valid Surrogate of Randomization for the Avoidance of Allocation Bias?
Authors: Ríos José , Saez-Peñataro Joaquín , Pontes Caridad , Torres Ferran
Published: August 2017

Randomized clinical trials are the gold standard when experimental designs are feasible. Randomization allows the handling of allocation bias for known and unknown confounders. Specific tools such as blocking, stratification, and dynamic allocation provide additional guarantees to simple randomization. When an experimental design is not feasible, the propensity score (PS) has been shown to produce greater benefit than traditional methods (i.e., restriction, stratification, matching and adjusting). There appears to be a hierarchy in terms of the effectiveness of balancing for PS techniques: matching or weighting above stratification above covariate adjustment (which is discouraged due to its drawbacks). Instrumental variable analysis and its variants might provide added value because they aim to balance for unknown confounders as well, thus mimicking randomization, but at present, are considered more useful for sensitivity rather than primary analyses.
Learning the Roles of the Hepatic Adaptive Immune System in Hepatocellular Carcinoma—Nature's Guide for Successful Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Heikenwälder Mathias , Pikarsky Eli
Published: August 2017

The different roles of the adaptive immune system in cancer are beginning to unfold. The dramatic responses to immune check point drugs in some tumors generated an accelerated need for understanding the complex set of interactions between tumor and immune cells. In view of the major pathophysiological role of immune cells in hepatocellular carcinoma, it is not surprising that malignant hepatocytes interact extensively with adaptive immune cells, resulting in both protumor immunopathology and antitumor protective immunity. Identifying potential responders to drugs that target the adaptive immune system, monitoring their immune response to the tumor, and devising the best treatment combinations depends on understanding the complex set of interactions taking place within the tumor and in the adjacent hepatic parenchyma.
Anconeus Epitrochlearis Muscle as a Cause of Ulnar Nerve Compression at the Elbow
Authors: Cannoni Luiz , Haddad Luciano
Published: August 2017

Ulnar nerve entrapment is the second most common compressive neuropathy in the upper limb, after carpal tunnel syndrome (Dellon, 1986). One of the causes that must be considered is the accessory anconeus epitrochlearis muscle, which is present in 4% to 34% of the general population (Husarik et al, 2010; Vanderpool et al, 1968; Nellans et al, 2014).

We describe a patient with symptoms of compression of the left ulnar nerve at the elbow and the result of the surgical treatment.

The patient presented with hypoesthesia in the fourth and fifth fingers of the left hand, and reduction of strength in the fifth finger abduction. No alterations were found in the thumb adduction.

Initially, the treatment was conservative (splint, physiotherapy, analgesics); surgical treatment was indicated due to the continuity of the symptoms.

The ulnar nerve was surgically released and transposed, with complete recovery after 6 months of follow-up.

Ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow by the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle is not common, but it must not be ignored (Chalmers, 1978). Ultrasonography (Jung et al, 2013; Bargalló et al, 2010), elbow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Jeon, 2005), and electromyography (Byun, 2011) can help establish the proper diagnosis.
An Algorithm for Sellar Reconstruction Following the Endoscopic Endonasal Approach: A Review of 300 Consecutive Cases
Authors: Kuan Edward , Yoo Frederick , Patel Pratik , Su Brooke , Bergsneider Marvin , Wang Marilene
Published: August 2017

Objectives/Hypotheses The endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) is the workhorse endoscopic procedure for sellar and parasellar pathology. Various reconstruction techniques have been reported following EEA surgery, ranging from no reconstruction to vascularized flaps. We review our institution's experience with sellar reconstruction following EEA and propose an evidence-based algorithm.

Design Retrospective review.

Setting Tertiary academic medical center.

Participants Patients who underwent endoscopic EEA surgery for sellar or parasellar pathology between March 1, 2013 and August 31, 2016.

Main Outcome Measures Patient demographic and clinicopathologic data were collected. Outcome measures included intraoperative and postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak rates and extent of resection (gross or subtotal).

Results Three hundred consecutive patients were included. Depending on the presence and grade of intraoperative CSF leak, cases were reconstructed using either a free mucosal graft (FMG) or nasoseptal flap (NSF). Intraoperative and postoperative CSF leak rates were 30.7% and 2.3%, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression found that intraoperative CSF leak was associated with recurrent disease (odds ratio [OR] 2.47, p = 0.004), with no apparent predictors of postoperative CSF leak.

Conclusions Based on this large series, we propose the following algorithm for sellar reconstruction: FMG for no CSF leak; fat graft + FMG ± rigid fixation for low-grade leaks; and fat graft + NSF ± rigid fixation for high-grade leaks.