bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sociological perspectives on ethnic minority identity
Authors: Hutnik Nimmi
Published: November 2023

When the physical characteristics, and/or the cultural traditions of an ethnic or racial minority were unacceptable to the dominant group in society, even a brief historical review reveals that attempts were often made either to eliminate the group altogether or so assimilate it into the dominant group. In the seventeenth century, Protestants in France were banished or driven into hiding if they continued to remain Protestant. In the same century, Christians in Japan were exterminated. So, too, a large number of the Aborigines in Tasmania. In South-East Asia, particularly Indonesia and Thailand, the Chinese trading minority was seen as a threat to national interests and were therefore violently driven out of the country or, as in Indonesia, forced to adopt most aspects of the culture. Perhaps the most dramatic example of an attempt to eliminate a group that was considered an unacceptable ethnic minority group, was Hitler’s mass extermination of the Jews under Nazi rule. Even as recently as the 1970s attempts at ejection continued: both Uganda and Kenya, perceiving the long-settled Indian traders to be a threat, physically ejected as many as they could and severely limited all spheres of activity to those who chose to remain. Thus, membership in an ethnic minority may carry with it farreaching social and political consequences. Certainly, its influence upon the individuals’ psyche may indeed be profound.
Music and social influence
Authors: Crozier W Ray
Published: November 2023

The enjoyment of music is essentially a social experience. Music contributes to many of the ceremonies that mark the significant events in people’s lives-weddings, funerals, bar-mitzvahs, parties, dances, church services, thanks giving, and state ceremonies of commemoration, coronations, and political rallies, with their fanfares and anthems. Dancing provides a useful example of the reciprocal relationship where music influences, and is influenced by, social behaviour. Chandler (1993) offers insight into group processes in his account of English morris dancing, a form of folk dancing that can be traced back to the fifteenth century. Each side [team of dancers] comprised a number of specialist roles, and the performance required the contribution of all its members working together. At the same time, the repertory of any group was highly dependent on the skills and knowledge of tunes of its individual players, and it changed as the membership changed. Thus, the activity of the group reflected processes of conformity and innovation.
The social in musical performance
Authors: Davidson Jane W
Published: November 2023

For all present at a live performance of a repertoire piece from the Western art music canon, the communication and reception of the musical score is the central concern, but the composition, performance, and perception of the work are dependent on a number of complex social factors. There are sociocultural rules which dictate and give value to the composition and its performance (e.g. the use of particular scale systems; a model aesthetic; the size of an ensemble; and specifically defined inter-performer, inter-audience, and performer-audience behaviours). In addition, there are moment by moment issues of coordination, cooperation, and feedback to and from co performers and audience which occur during the performance. That is, there are overriding sociocultural factors which shape the processes and behaviours brought to the performance context, alongside more immediate factors related to direct human interaction.
Clinical and therapeutic uses of music
Authors: Bunt Leslie
Published: November 2023

The clinical practice of music therapy straddles many disciplines. Every music therapist brings to the profession a unique blend of musical and personal skills and experiences, applied practically in the service of children and adults with wide-ranging physical and mental health care needs. Effective clinical practice also requires awareness of the relevant psychological and therapeutic processes and knowledge of the appropriate medical back ground. Many factors therefore combine together when a music therapist works with an individual or a group: science, art, and compassion all have their part to play in constructive music therapy practice.
Language and theory of mind: what are the developmental relationships?
Authors: De Villiers Jill
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I will try to ground the claim, both theoretically and empirically, that false-belief reasoning requires a sophisticated command of syntax. One of the oldest philosophical questions asks whether one can have thinking without language, and if so, what are its limits? In the domain of theory of mind this question achieves new significance. Is this what distinguishes us from the rest of the animal kingdom? Is this what language is good for? And not just words, but syntax?
Language and understanding minds: connections in autism
Authors: Tager-Flusberg Helen
Published: November 2023

One of the key diagnostic features of autism includes ‘qualitative impairments in communication’ (APA 1994, p. 70). By definition, children with autism show delays and deficits in the acquisition of language, which range from the almost complete absence of functional communication, to adequate linguistic knowledge but with impairments in the use of that knowledge in conversation or other discourse contexts. Thus autism is considered by most researchers to involve primary impairments in pragmatic aspects of language, or in the ability to use language to communicate effectively in a range of social contexts (Lord and Paul 1997; Tager-Flusberg 1981, 1996; Wilkinson 1998). For the past decade these pragmatic impairments have come to be viewed as intimately linked to deficits in theory of mind, which are considered to be at the core of the disorder (Baron-Cohen 1988; Happé 1993; Tager-Flusberg 1993, 1997), and research on the relationships between pragmatics and theory of mind in autism has been highly productive. This view of autism has provided an important theoretical perspective on the nature of language functioning in autism because it is able to explain the unique and specific pattern of what is relatively spared and what is impaired in this population (Happ é 1994a; Tager-Flusberg 1997).
Parts and wholes, meaning and minds: central coherence and its relation to theory of mind
Authors: Happe Francesca
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews research suggesting that people with autism show a detail-focused processing style, ‘weak central coherence’, and examines current evidence concerning the relation of this cognitive style to deficits in theory of mind. Kanner (1943) described, as a universal feature of autism, the ‘inability to experience wholes without full attention to the constituent parts’. How does this fragmented experience of the world relate to understanding other minds?
How can studies of the monkey brain help us understand ‘theory of mind’ and autism in humans?
Authors: Emery Nathan J , Perrett David I
Published: November 2023

The first edition of Understanding other minds discussed the ability of human and non-human primates to read the mental states of others from non-verbal signals. This ability or ‘theory of mind’ is apparent in three-to four-year-old children and possibly some of the great apes (Tomasello and Call 1997; however, see Heyes 1998). Some authors have argued that a theory of mind is dependent on language (e.g. Sparrevohn and Howie 1995). If so, then no non-human primate has the capacity for a theory of mind.
Cerebral lateralization and theory of mind
Authors: Brownell Hiram , Griffin Richard , Winne Ellen , Friedman Ori , Happe Francesca
Published: November 2023

Theory of mind (ToM), predicting and explaining behaviour in terms of mental states, represents a crucial human ability that is best understood from several perspectives. In this chapter, we focus on neuropsychological investigations of ToM capacities that may be lateralized to one cerebral hemisphere; however, we locate these claims for lateralized components of ToM in an overview that includes many themes and that draws on several literatures. Our goal is to integrate ToM capacity into a general framework that incorporates philosophical, neuropsychological, and cognitive principles. We start with a brief statement of how ToM fits within current views on evolutionary psychology and developmental psychology to highlight a few critical features of ToM. Next, we provide background on localization and, in particular, lateralization of function. This selective review draws on work with monkeys as well as with humans. We emphasize the importance of the right hemisphere in ToM and related domains, but also discuss the role of bilateral prefrontal regions in ToM computations. Finally, and most importantly, we outline a neuropsychological model for ToM that incorporates contributions of prefrontal and limbic regions as well as the two hemispheres. The core ideas include the maintaince ‘decoupled’ or alternative representations, selecting from among alternatives, and the relative salience of competing representations.
The physiological basis of theory of mind: functional neuroimaging studies
Authors: Frith Chris , Frith Uta
Published: November 2023

There are several chapters in this book which address theory of mind and the brain. There are other chapters which deal in depth with other topics we touch on here, especially the distinctions between behaviour which presupposes theory of mind and superficially similar behaviour which does not. Finally, elsewhere in this volume there are extensive discussions about the terms ‘theory of mind’, ‘mentalising’ and ‘mind-blindness’. We have decided to include some observations on these topics which are highly relevant to the design and interpretation of neuroimaging studies. We believe that such studies would be uninterpretable or misleading without being set in the context of the broader research questions.
Teaching theory of mind to individuals with autism
Authors: Swettenham John
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I will be discussing recent studies which have assessed whether it is possible to teach a ‘theory of mind’ to individuals with autism. One reason for conducting such training studies is that they may have important clinical implications for individuals with autism. If it is the case that a deficit in theory of mind underpins the impairments in social interaction, pragmatics and pretend play in autism, as Baron-Cohen et al. (1985) have argued, then a successful method for teaching theory of mind may help to alleviate the impairments in social interaction that are so debilitating in autism (Howlin et al. 1999).
Palaeoanthropological perspectives
on the theory of mind
Authors: Mithen Steven
Published: November 2023

During the last decade ‘theory of mind’ has emerged as a key concept in psychology. It has become a focus for research in many areas of this discipline including the study of non-human primates, cognitive pathologies, and child development. It has gained this status due to its apparently central role in human cognition: appreciating that other individuals have beliefs and desires, especially those which may contrast with one’s own, is fundamental to possessing a ‘normal’ human mind. Indeed the capacity to ‘mentalise’, in terms of interpreting behaviour by reference to mental states, appears to be as important an element of being human as it is to use language or complex material objects.
The neural bases of emotion
Authors: Rolls Edmund T
Published: November 2023

In this chapter the neural bases of emotion are considered. Particular attention is paid to research in non-human primates as well as in humans, partly because the developments in primates in the structure and connections of neural systems involved in emotion such as the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex make studies in primates particularly important for understanding emotion in humans.
Why Disasters Happen
Authors: Pennington T Hugh
Published: November 2023

Governments have a deep interest in food safety. It is driven by public pressure. Politicians know from bitter experience that when they are in power and something goes wrong-like a major food poisoning outbreak they will be held responsible. So they make food laws and create structures to police them. In Britain their enforcement has been a traditional role for local authorities.
The Precautionary Principle
Authors: Pennington T Hugh
Published: November 2023

BSE presented a very difficult challenge for policy makers. Its novelty was extreme. There had never been a TSE in cattle before. It was not possible to predict whether it could infect other species, including humans. All that could be said at the beginning, using scrapie and CJD as comparators, was that the agent would be very heat resistant and that its incubation period would be very long; finding out rapidly how many animals (and people) had already been infected recently would probably be impossible.
BSE,vCJD,and E.coli: The Aftermath
Authors: Pennington T Hugh
Published: November 2023

The inquiries that follow disasters in England are very English in their administrative heterogeneity. The legal structures that underpin them are labyrinthine. They proceed in many different ways, some in public, some in private, some under oath with advocates and some without lawyers at all. Traditionally, scandals and disasters were investigated by Parliamentary Committees.
Tuberculosis control
Authors: Kim Jim Yong , Shakow Aaron , Castro Arachu , Vanderwarker, Chris , Farmer Paul
Published: November 2023

Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease caused by an organism, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and is thought to infect almost one-third of the world’s population. It commonly manifests as an infection of the lungs, usually with symptoms of coughing, weight loss and other constitutional symptoms (Iseman 2000). Known as the “white death” or “consumption” during the nineteenth century in western countries, TB was a major determinant of population health throughout the early twentieth century. The discovery of antibiotics and improvements in basic sanitation and living conditions, dramatically decreased the impact of TB in developed countries, but together with HIV/AIDS, it remains one of the two most important infectious causes of adult mortality in the world (WHO 2000a).
International health regulations and epidemic control
Authors: Giesecke Johan
Published: November 2023

The international spread of epidemics has been a constant companion of the movement of people, animals, and goods across borders, and control measures have mostly consisted in trying to close these borders to infection. However, in addition to responding to a real health threat, presumed risk of contagion has often served to justify barriers to traffic as a means of trade restriction, thus compromising epidemic control through fear of disproportionate economic losses due to other countries’ protective measures.
Models Of Speech Motor Control: Implications From Recent Developments In Neurophysiological And Neurobehavioral Science
Authors: Kent Ray D
Published: November 2023

The study of motor control is entering a new phase of integration that carries important implications for the study of communication and its disorders. An intriguing part of this integration is the synthesis of motor control and cognition. Historically, the theoretical understanding of motor control, including the motor control of speech, was dominated by generalized motor programs (GMP), or the idea that movement is guided by a mental representation of some kind (Kent et al. 1996). But within the past 25 years, the hegemony of GMP was seriously challenged by the theory of coordination dynamics (or dynamic systems), which, in the minds of many, displaced GMP as the predominant view of motor control. Coordination dynamics offered many advantages, including a formal mathematical structure, an appealing parsimony, and a widespread scientific and clinical application.
Dynamical Systems Theory And Its Application In Speech
Authors: Van Lieshout Pascal H H M
Published: November 2023

In our daily activities, we accomplish a great number of different, often complex tasks without giving them much thought, while we execute them in a seemingly effortless way. We walk, we pick up objects, we write or type, we chew and swallow, and, unlike other animals, we speak. Speech is probably the most complex motor behaviour humans can perform. This complexity alone is a formidable challenge to any theoretical approach to motor control, but in addition, speech lends itself less to the specific type of manipulations that are commonly used to study underlying control mechanisms in other motor tasks. Other complicating issues for speech research are potential influences of cognitive/linguistic processes on motor control in using real words or longer utterances (e.g. van Lieshout et al. 1995; Maner et al. 2000).
Linguistic Processes And Childhood Stuttering: Many's a Slip Between Intention And Lip
Authors: Conture Edward G , Zackheim Courtney T , Anderson Julie D , Pellowski Mark W
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to present the theoretical base for a programmatic study of linguistic processes in children who stutter ( CWS). This theoretical position is based on our own empirical studies of childhood stuttering (e.g. Logan and Conture 1997; Anderson and Conture 2000; Pellowski et al. 2001; Pellowski 2002; Zackheim et al. 2002; Melnick et al. 2003; Zackheim and Conture 2003; Anderson, unpublished) and speculations (e.g. Conture 2001a, pp. 27-50) as well as that of others (e.g. Bernstein Ratner 1997; Kolk and Postma 1997; Tetnowski 1998). This chapter, therefore, while attempting to review all pertinent literature, will focus on the rationale for our study of linguistic processes in relationship to childhood stuttering.
Non interacting Electrons
Authors: Barford William
Published: November 2023

We start our investigation of the electronic states of conjugated polymers by solving the simplest possible model, the no interacting (or Hu¨ckel) model. We apply this to both uniform and dimerized, cyclic and linear polymers. In all cases the polymers have rigid geometries. This procedure naturally introduces the concepts of Bloch and molecular-orbital states, from which the many-body eigenstates are derived. We conclude this chapter by discussing the importance of symmetries on the properties of the particle-hole excitations from the ground state.
Dealing with health fears: Cigarette advertising in the United States in the twentieth century
Authors: Kozlowski Lynn T , O’Connor Richard J
Published: November 2023

Since the beginning of the twentieth century, cigarette advertising in the United States has been largely an effort to deal with the health fears related to smoking. Three main techniques have been used: reassurance, misdirection of attention, and inducements to be brave in the face of fear. Others have also considered the history of cigarette advertising and carried out content analyses (Warner 1985; McCaullife 1988; Pollay 1989; Ringold and Calfee 1989; Cohen 1992). This chapter depends on this earlier work and is an extension of an earlier paper on the topic (Kozlowski 2000). Note that we focus on advertising in the United States-similar themes have been examined in Canadian advertising (see Pollay 2002).
Pharmacology of nicotine addiction
Authors: Henningfield Jack E , Benowitz Neal L
Published: November 2023

Since the 1980s, it has become recognized by clinicians, researchers, and public health experts that tobacco products are among the most addictive and deadly of all dependence producing substances (Royal College of Physicians 2000; WHO 2001). Nicotine meets all of the standard criteria for a dependence-producing drug and all types of tobacco products are capable of delivering dependence-producing levels of nicotine (US DHHS 1988; Royal Society of Canada 1989; Royal College of Physicians 2000). These conclusions are consistent with the neuropharmacology of nicotine (Henningfield et al. 1996), with clinical studies of nicotine dependence and withdrawal (e.g. Hughes et al. 1990; Henningfield et al. 1995a), and with the epidemiology of tobacco use and dependence (Giovino et al. 1995). In fact, if evaluated against the criteria used to determine the level of psychoactive scheduling set by the U.S. Controlled Substance Act or the World Health Organization’s Convention on Psychotropic Substances (described by McClain and Sapienza 1989; Vocci 1989), nicotine could be appropriately categorized as a controlled substance (Food and Drug Administration 1995, 1996).
Nicotine dosing characteristics across tobacco products
Authors: Djordjevic Mirjana V
Published: November 2023

Nicotiana tabacum L., the most commonly cultivated tobacco worldwide, is a hybrid between two species, N. sylvestris and N. tomentosiforemis or octophora (Tso 1990). Nicotiana rustica, another N. species used in tobacco products, is primarily grown in Russia, the Ukraine, and other Eastern European countries, including Georgia, Moldavia, and Poland. It is also grown in South America and, to a limited extent, in India. In the US, there is a collection of 1500 tobacco germplasms. They represent a wide range of variations of chemical constituents, including nicotine, and smoke deliveries despite plants being grown at the same location under similar treatment. Tobacco usage is primarily due to the stimulant effect of nicotine. Through tobacco smoke inhalation, it takes 10-19 seconds for nicotine to pass from the cigarette to the brain (Benowitz 1999).
Passive smoking and health
Authors: Samet Jonathan M
Published: November 2023

Evidence on the health effects of tobacco smoking, both active and passive, and of using smokeless tobacco has been central in driving initiatives to control tobacco use. In some countries, the evidence on passive smoking has had particularly powerful consequences in shaping public policy in recent decades, as strategies have been implemented to protect non smokers from involuntarily inhaling tobacco smoke in public places, workplaces, and their homes. This chapter provides an overview and introduction to the now-vast data on the adverse health consequences of passive smoking, covering the risks to passive smokers, including the fetus, infants and children, and adults.
Adolescent smoking
Authors: Pierce John P , Distefan, Janet M , Hill David
Published: November 2023

It is over forty years since the public health community came to the consensus that smoking tobacco, particularly cigarettes, caused lung cancer. Despite widespread dissemination of the likely health consequences, cigarette smoking is still a prevalent behavior in all developed countries and is a rapidly increasing behavior in developing countries. There is an extensive literature on quitting studies indicating that, for many smokers, successful quitting is one of the hardest lifestyle changes to achieve. Given this, many argue that the majority of the emphasis should be on preventing initiation of smoking in the first place. This chapter focuses on influences encouraging young people to become smokers.
Smoking and stomach cancer
Authors: ridze David Za
Published: November 2023

Incidence and mortality from stomach cancer is declining practically in all countries. Nevertheless stomach cancer remains the second most common cause of death from cancer in the world, accounting for about one million cases annually (Parkin et al. 1999). Incidence and mortality from stomach cancer are high in Japan, Korea, China, Russia, in Columbia, and other countries of South America, and are low in North America and western Europe (Pisani and Pisani 1999). Decline in the incidence of stomach cancer is accompanied by increase in cancer of the gastric cardia (Devesa et al. 1998; Botterweck et al. 2000).
Regulation of the cigarette: Controlling cigarette emissions
Authors: Gray Nigel
Published: November 2023

Remarkably, the cigarette has escaped orthodox regulation of content and emissions in all countries, although there are some regulations capping such measures as ‘tar’, nicotine, and carbon monoxide. These have been measured by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) method (United States Public Health Service 1996) or slight variants thereof. In a few countries additives must be notified, but are not controlled. The reasons for this strange arrangement in a world where consumer products as simple as the humble sausage are routinely regulated, are difficult to define.
Structured Fluids
Authors: Witten T , Pincus P
Published: November 2023

Over the last thirty years, the study of liquids containing polymers, surfactants, or colloidal particles has developed from a loose assembly of facts into a coherent discipline with substantial predictive power. These liquids expand our conception of what condensed matter can do. Such structured-fluid phenomena dominate the physical environment within living cells. This book teaches how to think of these fluids from a unified point of view, showing the far-reaching effects of thermal fluctuations in producing forces and motions. Keeping mathematics to a minimum, the book seeks the simplest explanations that account for the distinctive scaling properties of these fluids. An example is the growth of viscosity of a polymer solution as the cube of the molecular weight of the constituent polymers. Another is the hydrodynamic radius of a colloidal aggregate, which remains comparable to its geometrical radius even though the density of particles in the aggregate becomes arbitrarily small. The book aims for a simplicity, unity and depth not found in previous treatments. The text is supplemented by numerous figures, tables and problems to aid the student.
Surfactants
Authors: Witten T , Pincus P
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter we saw that the boundary of a liquid is responsible for significant, controllable forces—capillary forces. In this chapter we encounter an enormous expansion of that control through the use of “amphiphilic” molecules. An amphiphilic molecule contains a part that by itself would be soluble in the liquid and another part that would be insoluble in it. The insoluble parts have a more favorable free energy when they are away from the liquid; thus these molecules tend to concentrate at the liquid boundary. Because they influence surfaces and other boundaries, these molecules are called surfactants.
New Visions on Form and Growth
Authors: Pelcé Pierre , Brujić Jasna , Costier Laurent
Published: November 2023

There exists a wide variety of patterns in nature, from inert matter such as crystalline dendrites and flames, to filamentous fungi and neurones in the living world. Their structural evolution during growth can be theoretically modelled in order to predict the shape of their forms, their dimensions and their growth rate. 'New Visions on Growth and Form' aims at answering such questions by employing different theoretical approaches and providing a critical appraisal. The book belongs to the wide field of non-equilibrium statistical physics, and explores different mechanisms such as transport, interfacial tension, and chemical reactions, which govern the growth of a material. It explains the fundamental equations relating different morphological quantities, as well as the relevant experimental control parameters. From the unifying concepts arising in the theoretical approach the author proposes a tentative description of cell morphogenesis as a further application of the theory.
Data Analysis
Authors: Sheppard Lianne
Published: November 2023

Data analysis is the process of summarizing data and using it to gain insight or draw conclusions from a study. The goal of data analysis is to reveal the patterns of interest in the data, ideally without these patterns being clouded by bias or random error. There are multiple steps to data analyses, including data cleaning, descriptive analyses, inferential analyses, and sensitivity analyses. While every data analysis process should include some description, inferential analyses are typically the primary goal. Inferential analyses relate the sample (study population) to a source population. For many environmental epidemiological studies, this involves quantifying the size of the effect in the presence of random error.
Practical Issues In Study Implementation
Authors: Baker Dean
Published: November 2023

The implementation of epidemiological studies can be quite different depending on whether the investigators plan to use existing data sources, or whether they will collect new exposure or health outcome data specifically for the investigation. However the same principles of study design and quality assurance apply to both types of studies. Furthermore, all studies require the development of a study protocol, consideration of the ethical implications, and similar approaches to data management, data analysis, and reporting.
Biases in responding
Authors: Streiner David L , Norman Geoffrey R
Published: November 2023

Some scale developers bypass the entire problem of responder bias by asserting that their instruments are designed merely to differentiate between groups. In this situation, the truth or falsity of the answer is irrelevant, as long as one group responds in one direction more often than does another group. According to this position, responding ‘yes’ to an item such as ‘I like sports magazines’ would not be interpreted as accurately reflecting the person’s reading preferences. The item’s inclusion in the test is predicated solely on the fact that one group of people says it likes these magazines more often than do other groups. This purely empirical approach to scale development reached its zenith in the late 1940s and 1950s, but may still be found underlying the construction of some measures.
From items to scales
Authors: Streiner David L , Norman Geoffrey R
Published: November 2023

Since this approach is so simple, there must be something wrong with it. Actually, there are two potential problems. We say ‘potential’ because, as will be seen later, they may not be problems in certain situations. First, some items may be more important than others, and perhaps should make a larger contribution to the total score. Second, unlike the situation in measuring blood pressure, for example, where it is expected that each of the different methods should yield exactly the same answer, no one presumes that all scales tapping activities of daily living should give the same number at the end. Under these circumstances, it is difficult, if not impossible, to compare scores on different scales, since each uses a different metric. We shall examine both of these points in some more detail.
Mathematical modelling of animate and intentional motion
Authors: Rittscher Jens , Blake Andrew , Hoogs, Anthony , Stein Gees
Published: November 2023

Our aim is to enable a machine to observe and interpret the behaviour of others. Mathematical models are employed to describe certain biological motions. The main challenge is to design models that are both tractable and meaningful. In the first part we will describe how computer vision techniques, in particular visual tracking, can be applied to recognize a small vocabulary of human actions in a constrained scenario. Mainly the problems of viewpoint and scale invariance need to be overcome to formalize a general framework. Hence the second part of the article is devoted to the question whether a particular human action should be captured in a single complex model or whether it is more promising to make extensive use of semantic knowledge and a collection of low-level models that encode certain motion primitives.
Computational approaches to motor learning by imitation
Authors: Schaal Stefan , Ijspeert Auke , Billard Aude
Published: November 2023

Movement imitation requires a complex set of mechanisms that map an observed movement of a teacher onto one’s own movement apparatus. Relevant problems include movement recognition, pose estimation, pose tracking, body correspondence, coordinate transformation from external to egocentric space, matching of observed against previously learned movement, resolution of redundant degrees-of-freedom that are unconstrained by the observation, suitable movement representations for imitation, modularization of motor control, etc. All of these topics by themselves are active research problems in computational and neurobiological sciences, such that their combination into a complete imitation system remains a daunting undertaking—indeed, one could argue that we need to understand the complete perception-action loop.
Basic types of economic evaluation
Authors: Drummond Michael E , Sculpher Mark J , Torrance George W , O’Brien Bernie J , Stoddart Greg L
Published: November 2023

Those who plan, provide, receive, or pay for health services face an incessant barrage of questions such as the following. l Should clinicians check the blood pressure of each adult who walks into their offices? Should planners launch a scoliosis screening programme in secondary schools? Should individuals be encouraged to request annual check-ups? Should local health departments free scarce nursing personnel from well-baby clinics so that they can carry out home visits on lapsed hypertensives?
Macrovariables in affective expression in women with breast cancer participating in support groups
Authors: Davis Janine Giese– , Piemme Karen Altree , Dillon Caroline , Twirbutt Suzanne
Published: November 2023

The goals of this chapter are to present a rationale and methodology for closely examining emotional expression and verbal narratives from videotape of group therapy sessions. Emotional expression is often assumed to be a mechanism necessary for change processes to take place in therapy (Greenberg 1993), though change in emotional expression is rarely documented or tested as an outcome variable (Giese–Davis et al. 2002b)
Molecular Orbitals of Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Jean Yves
Published: November 2023

This book starts with the most elementary ideas of molecular orbital theory and leads the reader progressively to an understanding of the electronic structure, geometry and, in some cases, reactivity of transition metal complexes. The qualitative orbital approach, based on simple notions such as symmetry, overlap and electronegativity, is the focus of the presentation and a substantial part of the book is associated with the mechanics of the assembly of molecular orbital diagrams. The first chapter recalls the basis for electron counting in transition metal complexes. The main ligand fields (octahedral, square planar, tetrahedral, etc.) are studied in the second chapter and the structure of the "d block" is used to trace the relationships between the electronic structure and the geometry of the complexes. The third chapter studies the change in analysis when the ligands have pi-type interactions with the metal. All these ideas are then used in the fourth chapter to study a series of selected applications of varying complexity (e.g. structure and reactivity). The fifth chapter deals with the "isolobal analogy" which points out the resemblance between the molecular orbitals of inorganic and organic species and provides a bridge between these two subfields of chemistry. The last chapter is devoted to a presentation of basic Group Theory with applications to some of the complexes studied in the earlier chapters.
Newton’s Machine
Authors: Hawley John F , Holcomb Katherine A
Published: November 2023

Isaac Newton

If modern physics and cosmology can be assigned a birthday, it would be that of Isaac Newton. Born prematurely in Lincolnshire, England, on Christmas Day of 1642,1 according to the calendar then in use in England, the infant Newton barely survived. His father had died before his birth; when his mother remarried a few years afterward, he was given over primarily to the care of his maternal grandmother. He distinguished himself scholastically even as a child, and his family decided that he should enter a university; he began his undergraduate study at Cambridge University in 1661.
The Lives of the Stars
Authors: Hawley John F , Holcomb Katherine A
Published: November 2023

The stars change very little during the course of a human lifetime. In-deed, they have hardly changed in appearance over the length of recorded human history. In pre-Newtonian cosmologies, the stars were eternally affixed to a single, unchanging celestial sphere. Even after the age of Newton, they were the fixed stars, whose distribution coincided with absolute space. The occasional appearance of a supernova indicated that perhaps the heavens were not immutable, but it was only in the 20th century that these rare events were associated with the deaths of stars.
Lattice Methods for Multiple Integration
Authors: Sloan I H , Joe S
Published: November 2023

This is the first book devoted to lattice methods, a recently developed way of calculating multiple integrals in many variables. Multiple integrals of this kind arise in fields such as quantum physics and chemistry, statistical mechanics, Bayesian statistics and many others. Lattice methods are an effective tool when the number of integrals are large. The book begins with a review of existing methods before presenting lattice theory in a thorough, self-contained manner, with numerous illustrations and examples. Group and number theory are included, but the treatment is such that no prior knowledge is needed. Not only the theory but the practical implementation of lattice methods is covered. An algorithm is presented alongside tables not available elsewhere, which together allow the practical evaluation of multiple integrals in many variables. Most importantly, the algorithm produces an error estimate in avery efficent manner. the book also provides a fast track for readers wanting to move rapidly to using methods in practical calculations. It concludes with extensive numerical test which compare lattice methods with other methods, such as the Monte Carlo.
Surfaces and Interfaces
Authors: Karlsson Erik b.
Published: November 2023

Properties of surfaces have been studied intensively during the last two decades, ever since ultrahigh vacuum techniques became generally available. This interest has been motivated partly by the study of the physical properties of the surface layers as distinguished from those of the material in the bulk (surfaces can in some sense be looked upon as a fourth state of matter), and partly by their interest for technical processes, in the pure states as well as in states where adsorbed atoms show chemical activity, for instance in connection with catalysis. A large number of methods are available for investigating structural, vibrational, electric, or magnetic properties of surface layers and absorbates. The contribution to the collected knowledge of surface properties from the methods discussed here may seem to be of rather minor importance in such a context. Nevertheless, they are unique in the sense that the information emanates from specifically ‘labelled’ atoms which can be deposited on, or grown into, surface layers in a relatively well controlled way. The same is true for the study of properties and local environments of atoms in interfaces between layers of two different metals (or semiconductors). Here, methods based on the observation of high energy radiations like those discussed in this book can still be used even when the interface is deeply embedded. Most other methods fail to extract information when the interface lies more than a few atomic layers below the surface.
Hydrogen and Positive Muons in Metal Hydrides
Authors: Karlsson Erik b.
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter protons and positive muons were considered only as isolated impurities in the metals. Several pure metals and many intermetallic alloys can absorb large amounts of hydrogen under normal pressure and temperature conditions, and it is now of interest to consider how these particles fill up the available space in the crystalline lattices and their mutual interaction and mobilities at various degrees of filling. As stated previously, hydrogen is usually very mobile as a solid solution in metals and can be considered as a lattice gas, at least at higher temperatures, with the particles diffusing rapidly between the interstitial sites. The solid solution limit (a-phase range) is reached at a relatively low hydrogen concentration, and the lattices must transform to a phase of lower symmetry (β phase etc.) to accommodate higher concentrations.
Fusion
Authors: Fröbrich P , Lipperheide R
Published: November 2023

Fusion is, in the general sense of the term, a process in which two or more nuclei join to form a new, heavier nucleus. An example is the fusion of hydrogen nuclei into 4He (a-particles).
Analysing Proofs in Analysis
Authors: Kohlenbach Ulrich
Published: November 2023

Many theorems in analysis are of the form (or can be transformed into the form):where X is a complete separable metric space (CSM-space for short) and F,G : X → 1R are constructively definable (and therefore continuous) functions.
Radiation Trapping in Atomic Vapours
Authors: Molisch Andreas F , Oehry Bernhard P
Published: November 2023

Radiation from spectral lines can be absorbed and re- emitted many times in atomic vapours before it reaches the boundaries of the container encasing the vapour. This effect is known as radiation trapping. It plays an important role practically everywhere where atomic vapours occur, e.g. in spectroscopy, in gas lasers, in atomic line filters, in the determination of atomic lifetimes, in measurements of atomic interaction potentials, and in electric discharge lamps. This book for the first time assembles all the information necessary for a treatment of practical problems, emphasizing both physical insights and mathematical methods. After an introduction that reviews resonance radiation and collisional processes in atomic vapours, physical effects and mathematical methods for various types of problems (e.g. with or without saturation, particle diffusion, reflecting cell walls, etc.) are explained in detail. The last part of the book describes the applications of these methods to a variety of practical problems like cross-section measurements or the design of discharge lamps.Atoms can both absorb and emit electromagnetic radiation like visible light In an assembly of many atoms, e.g., in a vapour or in a gas, radiation emitted by one atom may be reabsorbed by one of its neighbours, just to be reemitted a little later. The game can go on for quite some time—until the photon manages somehow to escape from this prison. At first glance, quite easy to understand. On the other hand, there must be some reason for this voluminous book full of sums, integrals and matrices. Our interest in this subject originally stemmed from investigations on atomic line filters we did for the European Space Agency, ESA. We believed that radiation trapping would have some influence on the performance of these filters and were looking for a simple means to take it into account We started out the same way as probably anyone new to the field would have done when faced with the problem of trapping. We read the classical paper of Holstein, and thought that was all there was to it. We soon had to realize, however, that the assumptions made by Holstein were not fulfilled in our problem, and decided to give the whole matter a closer look. That ‘closer look’ obtained a momentum of its own, and trapping became the centre of our own research in the following years. As our overview of the subject increased. we found that trapping plays a role in a staggering variety of situations. Trapping appears to be important in most experimental setups and in most engineering applications where atomic vapours are involved.
Some misconceptions about entropy
Authors: Gull S F
Published: November 2023

We explore some misconceptions about statistical mechanics that are, unfortunately, still current in undergraduate physics teaching. The power of the Gibbs ensemble is emphasized and explained, and the second law of thermodynamics is proved, following Jaynes (1965). We then study the crucial role of information in irreversible processes and demonstrate by means of a concrete example how time-dependent data enable the equilibrium Gibbs ensemble to predict time-varying fluxes during the return to equilibrium.
The Influence of Magnetic Field Gradients
Authors: Callaghan Paul T
Published: November 2023

In conventional NMR spectroscopy the spectrum of nuclear precession frequencies gives information about the chemical environment of the spins and in order to ensure that each chemically identical nucleus has a common behaviour, it is important to arrange that the polarizing magnetic field, B  0, should vary as little as possible across the sample. The removal of field inhomogeneities by careful adjustment of the currents in the magnet shim coils represents a challenge both to the magnet manufacturer and the NM R spectroscopist alike.
Pulsed electron-nuclear spectroscopy and the study of metalloprotein active sites
Authors: Thomann H , Mims W B
Published: November 2023

The first experiments in NMR and EPR were reported within a year of one another, but developments in these two areas have progressed at a different rate. After a series of fundamental investigations and discoveries, including the discovery of the spin echo mechanism by E. L. Hahn [1], NMR entered a period of consolidation, marked by the publication of several comprehensive treatises, notably that by Abragam [2] . It then emerged as a major experimental technique with applications in fields as diverse as medical science and the structural analysis of enzymes and of other complex molecules. EPR has followed a similar course, with a time lag attributable to the incidental technical problems. But now, with the increased availability of high performance pulsed microwave systems, EPR is taking its place as a method of exploring structure and bonding in complex materials, which are in many cases available only in non-crystalline form.
Global Aspects in Gravitation and Cosmology
Authors: Joshi Pankaj S
Published: November 2023

This book reviews in a unified manner global aspects in gravitation theory and cosmology, emphasizing the basic heme that the very nature of the gravitational field is such that global features of space-time inevitably come into play whenever we try to understand and interpret this force in detail. The topics considered here include results on the structure and topology of space-time; exact solutions to Einstein equations and singularities ; gravitational collapse in general relativity, a brief review of the status of quantum gravity; and consideration of quantum effects near space-time singularities in strong curvature fields. Also covered are the global upper limits in cosmology on elementary particle masses which might constitute the dark matter of the universe. After discussing in detail the fundamental role played by global considerations in gravity and general relativity, it is pointed out that significant problems remain: the nature and structure of space-time singularities; the cosmic censorship problem in black hole physics; and the issue of quantum effects in strong gravity fields, an understanding of which appears essential to formulate any quantum theory of gravity. The treatment here of the final fate of gravitational collapse of massive stars shows by means of explicit consideration of several exact scenarios, that powerfully-strong curvature naked singularities could result from the continual gravitational collapse of matter with several reasonable equations of state, including inflowing radiation, dust, or a perfect fluid. This places important constraints on possible formulations of the cosmic censorship hypothesis and the final fate of gravitational collapse, which is a crucial open question in the general theory of relativity and relativistic astrophysics and which is basic to the entire theory and applications of black hole physics.