bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scientific Materialism and the Identity Theory
Authors: Malcolm Norman
Published: June 2010

My main topic will be, roughly speaking, the claim that mental events or conscious experiences or inner experiences are brain processes. I hasten to say, however, that I am not going to talk about “mental events” or “conscious experiences” or “inner experiences.” These expressions are almost exclusively philosophers terms, and I am not sure that I have got the hang of any of them. Philosophers are not in agreement in their use of these terms. One philosopher will say, for example, that a pain in the foot is a mental event, whereas another will say that a pain in the foot certainly is not a mental event.
Intention and the Achievement of the Artist
Authors: Payzant Geoffrey
Published: June 2010

There are three kinds of aesthetical theory in which it would have to be admitted that the intentions of the artist are of almost no significance.
Knowledge and Flux in Plato's Cratylus (438–40)
Authors: Thornton M. T.
Published: June 2010

The etymologizing which forms the torso of the Cratylus gives way, in the final pages, to an interesting, but brief, discussion of Heraclitean Flux. The transition is made on pages 437–8. Knowledge of reality through names has proved elusive because the names yield contradictory theses (411ff. versus 436–7). This being so, it is argued that the truth is only to be obtained by a direct acquaintance with reality (ta onta, 438E).
ROTATION IN CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE SYSTEMS OF ZAMBIA: EFFECTS ON SOIL QUALITY AND WATER RELATIONS
Authors: THIERFELDER C. , WALL P. C.
Published: June 2010

Conservation agriculture (CA) systems are based on minimal soil disturbance, crop residue retention and crop rotation. Although the capacity of rotations to break pest and disease cycles is generally recognized, other benefits of crop rotations in CA systems are seldom acknowledged and little understood. We monitored different conventional and CA cropping systems over the period from 2005 to 2009 in a multi-seasonal trial in Monze, southern Zambia. Both monocropped maize and different maize rotations including cotton and the green manure cover crop sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea) were compared under CA conditions, with the aim of elucidating the effects of crop rotations on soil quality, soil moisture relations and maize productivity. Infiltration, a sensitive indicator of soil quality, was significantly lower on conventionally ploughed plots in all cropping seasons compared to CA plots. Higher water infiltration rate led to greater soil moisture content in CA maize treatments seeded after cotton. Earthworm populations, total carbon and aggregate stability were also significantly higher on CA plots. Improvements in soil quality resulted in higher rainfall use efficiency and higher maize grain yield on CA plots especially those in a two- or three-year rotation. In the 2007/08 and 2008/2009 season, highest yields were obtained from direct-seeded maize after sunnhemp, which yielded 74% and 136% more than maize in the conventionally ploughed control treatment with a continuous maize crop. Even in a two-year rotation (maize-cotton), without a legume green manure cover crop, 47% and 38% higher maize yields were recorded compared to maize in the conventionally ploughed control in the two years, respectively. This suggests that there are positive effects from crop rotations even in the absence of disease and pest problems. The overall profitability of each system will, however, depend on markets and prices, which will guide the farmer's decision on which, if any, rotation to choose.
Effect of subacute ruminal acidosis on milk fat concentration, yield and fatty acid profile of dairy cows receiving soybean oil
Authors: AlZahal Ousama , Or-Rashid Mamun M , Greenwood Sabrina L , McBride Brian W
Published: June 2010

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of ruminal infusion of soybean oil (SBO) with either a moderate- or high-forage diet on fat concentration, yield and composition in milk from dairy cows. Six rumen-fistulated Holstein dairy cows (639±51 kg body weight, 140±59 days in milk) were used in the study. Cows were randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments, a high forage:concentrate (HFC, 74:26) or a moderate forage:concentrate (MFC, 56:44) total mixed ration. Cows were fed at 08.00 and 13.00 h and pulse-dosed ruminally at 13.00 h over a 10-min duration with 2% of diet dry matter of SBO. Ruminal pH was recorded continuously. Cows receiving the MFC treatment had lower daily mean ruminal pH and ruminal pH was below 6·0 for a longer duration compared with the HFC treatment (640 vs. 262 min/d,P<0·05). Cows receiving the MFC treatment had a greater reduction (diet by week interaction,P<0·05) in milk fat concentration and yield than cows receiving the HFC treatment (42 vs. 22% and 45 vs. 21%, respectively). Additionally, cows receiving the MFC diet had a greater reduction in milk fat concentration (g/100 g FA) of FA C16 (17 vs. 9%),trans-10 18:1 (159 vs. 21%) andtrans-9,cis-11 conjugated linoleic acid (121 vs. 55%) (P<0·05) compared with cows receiving the HFC diet. This study demonstrated that cows fed the MFC diet had lower ruminal pH and showed a greater rate of milk fat depression when infused with SBO.
Olfactory reference syndrome: a systematic review of the world literature
Authors: Begum M. , McKenna P. J.
Published: June 2010

Background

The nosological status of olfactory reference syndrome (ORS) is a matter of debate and there is uncertainty as to what treatments are effective.

Method

The world literature was searched for reports of cases of ORS. Clinical, nosological and therapeutic information from cases meeting proposed diagnostic criteria for the disorder was summarized and tabulated.

Results

A total of 84 case reports (52 male/32 female) were found. Age of onset was <20 years in almost 60% of cases. Smell-related precipitating events were recorded in 42%. Most patients could not smell the smell or only did so intermittently. Authors of the reports expressed reservations about the delusional nature of the belief in slightly under half of the cases. Over two-thirds were improved or recovered at follow-up, with the disorder responding to antidepressants and psychotherapy more frequently than to neuroleptics.

Conclusions

ORS is a primary psychiatric syndrome that does not fit well into its current classification as a subtype of delusional disorder, both in terms of its nosology and its response to treatment.
Sovereignty and Liberty in William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England
Authors: Lubert Howard L.
Published: June 2010

In this reading of William Blackstone's Commentaries the jurist is neither a conservative promoter of arbitrary power nor a modern liberalizer of the common law. He is a proceduralist who emphasizes due process of law as the way to reconcile political liberty with parliamentary sovereignty. Blackstone's jurisprudence reflects a particular reading of political history, one that sees Parliament at the forefront of the protection of English liberties. While the legislature is capable of tyranny, it is in the king and the courts that historically he finds the greatest examples of arbitrary rule. And it has been the exercise of parliamentary sovereignty that has reinstated and guarded due process—in particular, habeas corpus—thereby preserving and facilitating public liberty.
Stretched verb collocations withgive: their use and translation into Spanish using the BNC and CREA corpora
Authors: Molina-Plaza Silvia , de Gregorio-Godeo Eduardo
Published: June 2010

Within the context of on-going research,1 this paper explores the pedagogical implications of contrastive analyses of multiword units in English and Spanish based on electronic corpora as a CALL resource. The main tenets of collocations from a contrastive perspective – and the points of contact and departure between both languages – are discussed prior to examining the commonest types of verb + noun combinations as a significant case of so-called ‘de-lexicalized’, ‘light’, ‘empty’, ‘thin’, ‘stretched’ or ‘support verbs’. A qualitatively and quantitatively-oriented case study is accordingly conducted, determining the weight ofdarin support verb constructions within theCorpus de Referencia del Español Actual(CREA) and of the English equivalent stretched verb constructions withgivewithin the British National Corpus (BNC). Based on the empirical data obtained in this way, this paper provides relevant insights for more accurate translations, helping to enhance the collocational competence of L2 students, who tend to avoid constructions including empty verbs likegivein favour of full-verb forms. The detailed findings in this paper come to shed light on the potential of CALL resources for improving the collocational usage of foreign-language learners, as quantitative and qualitative comparisons of collocations based on electronic corpora serve to highlight the similarities and, more importantly, the lexical and typological differences between both languages, thereby substantiating the invaluable role that corpus analysis may play for language teaching in general and for collocational knowledge and proficiency in particular.
Fostering reflective writing and interactive exchange through blogging in an advanced language course
Authors: Lee Lina
Published: June 2010

Blog technology is a potential medium for encouraging reflective writing through self-expression and interactive exchange through social networking. This paper reports on a study using blogs as out-of-class assignments for the development of learners’ language competence. The study involved seventeen university students at advanced level who kept personal blogs over a14-week period. Data collected from blog pages, post surveys and final interviews reported affordances and challenges of using blogs for personal expression and collaborative interaction. The results showed that regularly creating blog entries had a positive impact on learners’ writing fluency and increased their motivation to write for a broad audience. Importantly, a four-skill integrated approach to task-based activities afforded opportunities for students to use the target language for blogging. The findings also indicate that peer feedback on the content prompted further discussion, whereas linguistic feedback from the instructor encouraged focus on form for language accuracy. The study concludes that learners’ critical thinking and technological skills are essential for the implementation of blog projects in L2 instruction.
The Largest Component in Subcritical Inhomogeneous Random Graphs
Authors: TUROVA TATYANA S.
Published: June 2010

We study the ‘rank 1 case’ of the inhomogeneous random graph model. In the subcritical case we derive an exact formula for the asymptotic size of the largest connected component scaled to logn. This result complements the corresponding known result in the supercritical case. We provide some examples of applications of the derived formula.
The Crucifix Rage: Supranational Constitutionalism Bumps Against the Counter-Majoritarian Difficulty
Authors: Mancini Susanna
Published: June 2010

ECtHR in Lautsi v. Italy: Mandatory display of crucifix in public schools violates Convention – Secularism and semi-secularism in the Italian Constitution – Italian High Administrative Court: Display of crucifix affirms principle of secularism – Exclusionary effect of display – ECtHR, religious freedom and margin of appreciation: dark side of consensus – ECtHR finally veritably counter-majoritarian.
The Comparison of Black Currant Juice and Vitamin E for the Prevention of Oxidative Stress
Authors: Salobir Janez , Zontar Tanja Pajk , Levart Alenka , Rezar Vida
Published: June 2010

Black currant is known as a fruit with a very strong in vitro antioxidative capacity, but its in vivo antioxidant efficacy has not yet been characterized. The aim of the experiment was to determine the potency of black currant juice in comparison to vitamin E, for decreasing oxidative stress. Oxidative stress was induced by high intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in pigs as a model for humans. Twenty-four growing pigs were divided into four groups. All groups received isocaloric daily rations composed of an equal amount of basal diet that was supplemented with starch (CONT), linseed oil (OIL), linseed oil and black currant juice (OIL+BCJ), or linseed oil and vitamin E (OIL+VIT E). The experiment confirmed that the high proportion of PUFAs in the OIL group increased oxidative stress. In comparison with the OIL group, vitamin E supplementation significantly lowered plasma malondiadehyde (MDA) and the 24-hour urine MDA excretion rate, and reduced the degree of DNA damage in leukocytes to the level of the CONT group. The black currant juice intake failed to significantly decrease plasma MDA and 24-hour urine MDA excretion rate, but did reduce the degree of DNA damage in leukocytes to the level of the CONT group, as well as increase plasma β+γ-tocopherol concentrations. Although black currant juice did not reduce the formation of MDA, it efficiently prevented DNA damage induced by the high intake of PUFAs. It could be concluded that under these experimental conditions vitamin E was more efficient as an antioxidant that black currant juice.
Oxidative Stress in Response to Forearm Ischemia-reperfusion with and without Carnitine Administration
Authors: Bloomer Richard J. , Smith Webb A. , Fisher-Wellman Kelsey H.
Published: June 2010

We have recently noted a decrease in lipid peroxidation with oral intake of glycine propionyl-L-carnitine (GPLC). However, these findings were observed at rest, and in previously sedentary subjects. Methods: We determined the effect of GPLC on oxidative stress biomarkers at rest and in response to reactive hyperemia in exercise-trained men. Using a double-blind, crossover design, 15 healthy men were assigned to a placebo and GPLC (4.5 g/day) in random order, for four weeks, with a two-week washout between assignments. Blood samples were collected at rest and at 0, 3, and 10 minutes following a protocol of ischemia-reperfusion, and analyzed for lactate, malondialdehyde (MDA), F2-isoprostanes (F2-iso), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), xanthine oxidase activity (XO), hypoxanthine (HYPO), total (TGSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, and Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). Results: No condition or condition by time interaction effects were noted (p>0.05). Time effects were noted for lactate (p<0.0001), MDA (p=0.02), H2O2 (p=0.0003), XO (p=0.03), HYPO (p<0.0001), TGSH (p=0.02), and GSSG (p<0.0001), with peak values noted at 0 minutes post for lactate, MDA, TGSH, and GSSG, at 3 minutes post for H2O2 and XO, and at 10 minutes post for HYPO. F2-iso and TEAC were unaffected by treatment or protocol (p>0.05). Conclusion: Short-term ischemia-reperfusion in trained men results in a modest and transient increase in selected blood oxidative stress biomarkers. Oral GPLC supplementation does not attenuate the increase in these biomarkers.
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Causes a Marked Increase in Liver α-Tocopherol and Liver α-Tocopherol Transfer Protein in C57BL/6 J Mice
Authors: Chao Pei-Min , Chen Wan-Hsuan , Liao Chun-Huei , Shaw Huey-Mei
Published: June 2010

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term for the positional and geometric isomers of a conjugated diene of linoleic acid (C18:2, n-6). The aims of the present study were to evaluate whether levels of hepatic α-tocopherol, α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP), and antioxidant enzymes in mice were affected by a CLA-supplemented diet. C57BL/6 J mice were divided into the CLA and control groups, which were fed, respectively, a 5 % fat diet with or without 1 g/100 g of CLA (1:1 mixture of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12) for four weeks. α-Tocopherol levels in plasma and liver were significantly higher in the CLA group than in the control group. Liver α-TTP levels were also significantly increased in the CLA group, the α-TTP/β-actin ratio being 2.5-fold higher than that in control mice (p<0.01). Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were significantly decreased in the CLA group (p<0.01). There were no significant differences between the two groups in levels of three antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase). The accumulation of liver α-tocopherol seen with the CLA diet can be attributed to the antioxidant potential of CLA and the ability of α-TTP induction. The lack of changes in antioxidant enzyme protein levels and the reduced lipid peroxidation in the liver of CLA mice are due to α-tocopherol accumulation.
Scientific Drilling Into the San Andreas Fault Zone
Authors: Zoback mark , Hickman Stephen , Ellsworth William
Published: June 2010

This year, the world has faced energetic and destructive earthquakes almost every month. In January, an M = 7.0 event rocked Haiti, killing an estimated 230,000 people. In February, an M = 8.8 earthquake and tsunami claimed over 500 lives and caused billions of dollars of damage in Chile. Fatal earthquakes also occurred in Turkey in March and in China and Mexico in April.
Dissolved Organic Carbon in Northern Catchments and Understanding Hydroclimatic Controls: Northern Watershed Ecosystem Response to Climate Change (North‐Watch) Workshop II: Hydrological Regulation of Stream DOC in Northern Catchments; Vindeln, Sweden, 11–15 April 2010
Authors: Tetzlaff Doerthe , Laudon Hjalmar
Published: June 2010

Predicting the integrated consequences of climate change on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water resources is a difficult area of interdisciplinary environmental science. Fortunately, in many areas, research catchments have been established that provide the best longer‐term data sets that encompass integrated measurement of the linkages between the climate, hydrology, biogeochemistry, and ecology of river systems and how these are being affected by climatic change.

North‐Watch is an interdisciplinary intersite comparison project funded by the Leverhulme Trust, in London, and run by the Northern Rivers Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom. It aims to analyze long‐term data from experimental catchments including sensitive boreal, subarctic, and subalpine environments ranging from the Yukon to northern Sweden to the Scottish Cairngorms. The goal is to assess the integrated physical, chemical, and biological response to climatic change.
Dennis Kent Receives 2009 William Gilbert Award
Authors: Tauxe Lisa , Kent Dennis
Published: June 2010

Dennis Kent received the William Gilbert Award at the 2009 AGU Fall Meeting, held 14–18 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes outstanding and unselfish work in magnetism of Earth materials and of the Earth and planets.
Independence of SST skewness from thermocline feedback in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean
Authors: Hong Chi‐Cherng , Li Tim
Published: June 2010

The observed sea surface height (SSH)‐sea surface temperature (SST) in east equatorial Indian Ocean (EEIO) shows a significant asymmetric relation between the positive and negative SSH anomalies during boreal autumn. Whether or not the thermocline‐ SST feedback is responsible for the negative SST skewness in the EEIO is explored by diagnosing various air‐sea feedback processes and a mixed layer heat budget. Our analysis based on observations suggests that the SSH‐subsurface temperature relation is approximately symmetric between the positive and negative episode, which is significantly different from the asymmetric SSH‐SST relation. This implies that the observed SSH‐SST asymmetry is not attributed to the ocean thermocline feedback. A further analysis of the SST‐precipitation, precipitation‐wind stress and wind stress‐SSH relations demonstrates that the asymmetry arises from asymmetric atmospheric heating/wind responses to the SST anomaly. A mixed layer heat budget analysis reveals that the ratio of the mixed‐layer temperature tendency between the positive and negative events keeps approximately unchanged with and without vertical temperature advection, suggesting that the thermocline‐feedback is not crucial for generating the negative SST skewness in the EEIO.
Mitochondrial ion circuits
Authors: Nicholls David G.
Published: June 2010

Proton circuits across the inner mitochondrial membrane link the primary energy generators, namely the complexes of the electron transport chain, to multiple energy utilizing processes, including the ATP synthase, inherent proton leak pathways, metabolite transport and linked circuits of sodium and calcium. These mitochondrial circuits can be monitored in both isolated preparations and intact cells and, for the primary proton circuit techniques, exist to follow both the proton current and proton electrochemical potential components of the circuit in parallel experiments, providing a quantitative means of assessing mitochondrial function and, equally importantly, dysfunction.
Roles of mitochondria in human disease
Authors: Duchen Michael R. , Szabadkai Gyorgy
Published: June 2010

The chapters throughout this volume illustrate the many contributions of mitochondria to the maintenance of normal cell and tissue function, experienced as the health of the individual. Mitochondria are essential for maintaining aspects of physiology as fundamental as cellular energy balance, the modulation of calcium signalling, in defining cellular redox balance, and they house significant biosynthetic pathways. Mitochondrial numbers and volume within cells are regulated and have an impact on their functional roles, while, especially in the CNS (central nervous system), mitochondrial trafficking is critical to ensure the cellular distribution and strategic localization of mitochondria, presumably driven by local energy demand. Maintenance of a healthy mitochondrial population involves a complex system of quality control, involving degrading misfolded proteins, while damaged mitochondria are renewed by fusion or removed by autophagy. It seems evident that mechanisms that impair any of these processes will impair mitochondrial function and cell signalling pathways, leading to disordered cell function which manifests as disease. As gatekeepers of cell life and cell death, mitochondria regulate both apoptotic and necrotic cell death, and so at its most extreme, disturbances involving these pathways may trigger untimely cell death. Conversely, the lack of appropriate cell death can lead to inappropriate tissue growth and development of tumours, which are also characterized by altered mitochondrial metabolism. The centrality of mitochondrial dysfunction to a surprisingly wide range of major human diseases is slowly becoming recognized, bringing with it the prospect of novel therapeutic approaches to treat a multitude of unpleasant and pervasive diseases.
ACE2–angiotensin-(1–7)–Mas axis in renal ischaemia/reperfusion injury in rats
Authors: da Silveira Kátia D. , Pompermayer Bosco Kênia S. , Diniz Lúcio R. L. , Carmona Adriana K. , Cassali Giovanni D. , Bruna-Romero Oscar , de Sousa Lirlândia P. , Teixeira Mauro M. , Santos Robson A. S. , Simões e Silva Ana C. , Ribeiro Vieira Maria A.
Published: June 2010

AngII (angiotensin II), ACE (angiotensin I-converting enzyme) and the AT1 receptor (AngII type 1 receptor) are associated with the inflammatory process and microvascular dysfunction of AKI (acute kidney injury) induced by renal I/R (ischaemia/reperfusion). However, Ang-(1–7) [angiotensin-(1–7)], ACE2 (angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2) and the Mas receptor also play a role in renal disease models. Therefore, in the present study, we have examined the renal profile of Ang-(1–7), ACE2 and the Mas receptor in renal I/R and compared them with that of AngII, ACE and the AT1 receptor. Male Wistar rats were submitted to left nephrectomy and ischaemia (45 min) followed by reperfusion (2 or 4 h) in the right kidney. At 4 h of reperfusion, renal AngII was increased (P<0.01) and renal Ang-(1–7) was decreased substantially (P<0.05), although plasma levels of both angiotensins were unchanged. In addition, renal I/R decreased the renal mRNA expression of renin (P<0.05), AT1 receptors (P<0.001) and ACE2 (P<0.05). At 2 and 4 h of reperfusion, renal ACE activity was reduced (P<0.05). On the other hand, renal expression of the Mas receptor was greatly increased at 4 h of reperfusion (P<0.01), which was confirmed by immunohistochemical and Western blot analysis. In conclusion, increased renal expression of the Mas receptor associated with changes in the RAS (renin–angiotensin system)-related peptidases support an important role for the ACE2–Ang-(1–7)–Mas axis in AKI.
Maternal protein restriction affects gene expression profiles in the kidney at weaning with implications for the regulation of renal function and lifespan
Authors: Chen Jian-Hua , Tarry-Adkins Jane L. , Matharu Kieran , Yeo Giles S. H. , Ozanne Susan E.
Published: June 2010

Nutritionally induced alterations in early growth can influence health and disease in later adult life. We have demonstrated previously that low birthweight resulting from maternal protein restriction during pregnancy followed by accelerated growth in rodents was associated with shortened lifespan, whereas protein restriction and slow growth during lactation increased lifespan. Thus early life events can also have a long lasting impact on longevity. In the present study, we show that long-lived PLP (postnatal low protein) mice were protected from developing albuminuria, whereas short-lived recuperated mice demonstrated an age-dependent increase in albuminuria in old age. Microarray analysis of kidneys from 21-day-old mice revealed that gene expression profiles were differentially affected depending on whether protein restriction was imposed during pregnancy or lactation. The differentially expressed genes were involved in diverse biological functions such as cytoprotective functions, vitamin D synthesis, protein homoeostasis, regulation of antioxidant enzymes and cellular senescence. Significantly, up-regulation of Hmox1 (haem oxygenase 1) in kidneys from PLP mice suggests that tissues of long-lived mice are equipped with a better cytoprotective function. In contrast, up-regulation of Nuak2 (NUAK family, SNF1-like kinase 2) and down-regulation of Lonp2 (Lon peptidase 2), Foxo3a (forkhead box O3a), Sod1 (copper/zinc superoxide dismutase) and Sesn1 (sestrin 1) in the kidneys of recuperated offspring suggest that protein homoeostasis and resistance to oxidative stress are compromised, leading to accelerated cellular senescence in these shorter-lived mice.
An investigation of the electrical properties of pyrolytic carbon in reduced dimensions: Vias and wires
Authors: Graham A. P. , Schindler G. , Duesberg G. S. , Lutz T. , Weber W.
Published: June 2010

Nanoscale vertical interconnect structures (vias) made from chemical vapor deposited carbon have been investigated. The vias and wires were created by pyrolytic carbon deposition from acetylene at 950 °C followed by electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching. The carbon layer exhibits a resistivity of 4.5 mΩ cm in vias and wires which decreases to 1.5 mΩ cm after annealing at 1000 °C. The resistivity does not show any size effect in the vias, as it is independent of the diameter from 85 nm down to 24 nm. The maximum current density in long carbon wires was found to be 6×106 A cm−2, increasing to 3.5×108 A cm−2 for short vias.
Optical gain characteristics of staggered InGaN quantum wells lasers
Authors: Zhao Hongping , Tansu Nelson
Published: June 2010

Staggered InGaN quantum wells (QWs) are analyzed as improved gain media for laser diodes (LDs) lasing at 440 and 500 nm. The calculation of band structure is based on a 6-band k⋅p method taking into account the valence band mixing, strain effect, and spontaneous and piezoelectric polarizations as well as the carrier screening effect. Staggered InGaN QWs with two-layer and three-layer step-function like In-content InGaN QWs structures are investigated to enhance the optical gain as well as to reduce the threshold current density for LDs emitting at 440 and 500 nm. Our analysis shows that the optical gain is enhanced by 1.5–2.1 times by utilizing the staggered InGaN QW active region emitting at 440 nm, which leads to a reduction of the threshold current density up to 24% as compared to that of the conventional InGaN QW laser. Staggered InGaN QWs with enhanced optical gain shows significantly reduced blue-shift as carrier density increases, which enables nitride QWs with high optical gain in the green spectral regime. The use of green-emitting three-layer staggered InGaN QW is also expected to lead to reduction in the threshold carrier density by 30%.
Unlimited energy gain in the laser-driven radiation pressure dominant acceleration of ions
Authors: Bulanov S. V. , Echkina E. Yu. , Esirkepov T. Zh. , Inovenkov I. N. , Kando M. , Pegoraro F. , Korn G.
Published: June 2010

The energy of the ions accelerated by an intense electromagnetic wave in the radiation pressure dominated regime can be greatly enhanced by a transverse expansion of a thin target. The expansion decreases the number of accelerated ions in the irradiated region increasing the energy and the longitudinal velocity of the remaining ions. In the relativistic limit, the ions become phase locked with respect to the electromagnetic wave resulting in an unlimited ion energy gain. This effect and the use of optimal laser pulse shape provide a new approach for greatly enhancing the energy of laser accelerated ions.
Surface-field cavity based on a two-dimensional cylindrical lattice
Authors: Konoplev I. V. , Fisher L. , Ronald K. , Cross A. W. , Phelps A. D. R. , Robertson C. W. , Thumm M.
Published: June 2010

The results of theoretical and experimental studies of a high-Q cavity based on a cylindrical, periodic lattice are presented. The coupling of localized surface and volume electromagnetic fields results in cavity mode selection over radial, azimuthal, and longitudinal indices and formation of a high-Q cavity eigenmode. Numerical analyses of the field evolution inside the cavity were carried out. Application of these two-dimensional periodic structures in the development of high-power terahertz masers is proposed.
Two-particle random walk simulation of outer-sphere nuclear relaxation
Authors: Fries Pascal H.
Published: June 2010

We present a two-particle Monte Carlo method for computing the outer-sphere (OS) dipolar time correlation function (DTCF) of the relative position of a nuclear spin I on a diamagnetic molecule MI with respect to a nuclear or electronic spin S on a molecule MS when both molecules are anisotropic and undergo translational and rotational diffusion. As a first application, we question the validity of the appealing interspin procedure [L. P. Hwang, Mol. Phys. 51, 1235 (1984); A. Borel et al., Chem. Eur. J. 7, 600 (2001)] based on the solutions of a Smoluchowski diffusion equation, which conserve the interspin radial distribution function in the course of time. We show that the true random spatial motion of the interspin vector obtained by simulation can be very different from that given by the Smoluchowski solutions and lead to notable retardation of the time decay of the OS-DTCF. Then, we explore the influence of the solvation properties of MS on the decay rate of the DTCF. When MS is significantly larger than MI, its rotation accelerates the decay only weakly, even if MI follows MS in its Brownian tumbling. By contrast, viscous solvation layers in OS pockets of MS can yield an important local slowdown of the relative translational diffusion of MI, leading to a decay retardation of the DTCF, which adds to that due to the shape anisotropy of MS. When MS is a Gd3+-based contrast agent, this retardation leads to a notable increase of the OS contribution to relaxivity even at rather high imaging field.
In situ small angle x-ray scattering measurements of the filling process of polyisobutylene and poly-ϵ-caprolactone in ion track etched polycarbonate nanopores
Authors: Engel M. , Stühn B.
Published: June 2010

We present results of in situ measurements of the filling process of polymer melts in nanopores. After accurate characterization of the empty nanopores, they are filled with the hydrophobic polyisobutylene and the hydrophilic poly-ϵ-caprolactone. The filling process is investigated in situ with small angle x-ray scattering. The time-dependent scattering intensity is investigated with a model function based on the Lucas–Washburn equation for the filling process of liquids in cylindrical pores. The model function describes the data qualitatively well in terms of a t-dependency of the filling height, but deviates clearly from the expected quantitative values of the bulk material properties. Furthermore, the occurrence of a precursor film wetting the nanopore surface on a short time scale is observed.
Ion–molecule reactions of CoAr6+ with nitrogen oxides N2O, NO, and NO2: measuring absolute pressure by shock-freezing of the collision complex
Authors: van der Linde C. , Höckendorf R. F. , Balaj O. P. , Beyer M. K.
Published: June 2010

A new method to determine the absolute pressure in an ultra-high vacuum apparatus is tested using ion molecule reactions with CoAr6+. In a collision with a neutral reactant the complex between Co+ and the collision partner is stabilized by evaporation of argon atoms. If CoAr6+ reacts at the collision rate, the absolute pressure can be determined by comparing the experimental collision rate with the collision rate calculated from average dipole orientation theory. The experimental results with N2O, NO and NO2 do indeed show that the collision complex is frozen out. Comparing the rates of primary, secondary and tertiary reaction products suggests that not all collisions of CoAr6+ are reactive.
Study of cluster formation in low-temperature systems. Spectral manifestation of resonance dipole–dipole interactions between nondipole polyatomic molecules
Authors: Cherevatova A. N. , Bocharov V. N. , Kolomiitsova T. D. , Shchepkin D. N. , Tokhadze K. G.
Published: June 2010

Resonance dipole-dipole interactions are shown to strongly manifest themselves in fundamental and overtone band shapes of low-temperature systems consisting of polar and nonpolar molecules as well with a relatively large first derivatives (P′>0.3D) of the dipole moment. A rough model on the basis of the interaction between two non-degenerate, doubly degenerate, and triply degenerate oscillators was developed to study pairs of interacting molecules and clusters in low-temperature condensed systems. The concentration dependences of second- and third-order spectral band moments made it possible to estimate the number of molecules in clusters.
Experimental and numerical study of weak shock wave transmissions through minitubes
Authors: Giordano J. , Parisse J. D. , Biamino L. , Devesvre J. , Perrier P.
Published: June 2010

The aim of this letter is to present an original experimental technique to study weak shock wave in a minitube. Thus, we designed an apparatus that can be connected to any classical shock tube in order to characterize high speed flows induced by the shock wave transmission in minitubes. We proposed appropriated measurements based on high speed strioscopy coupled with pressure sensors. Two minitube diameters are considered: 1.020±0.010 and 0.480±0.010 mm. We realized preliminary experimental and numerical campaigns with an incident shock wave Mach number at 1.12±0.01. The generation of a microshock wave was observable in the two minitubes. For the smallest minitube, we found an attenuation of the strength of the shock wave with a decrease of 1.8% of the Mach number.
The [Aun,Si]−, n=1–4, potential energy surface: Competition between Au–Si and Au–Au bonding
Authors: Cao Yali , van der Linde Christian , Höckendorf Robert F. , Beyer Martin K.
Published: June 2010

A systematic theoretical investigation of the structure of anionic gold-silicon clusters AunSi−, n=1–4, has been carried out. The two lowest-lying spin states and all topologically possible connectivities were considered for n=1–3. For n=4, the doublet state and the majority of low-lying geometries were taken into account. Transition states connecting the local minima were identified. Calculation of the density of states of the minima shows that, while Au–Si bonds are enthalpically preferred, the low vibrational frequency of Au–Au bonds makes those entropically favored. The high symmetry of the minimum structures reduces their density of states, up to a factor of 12 for the aurosilane Au4Si−. Under experimental conditions of rapid cooling and inefficient annealing, the Au2SiAuAu− isomer of Cs symmetry can be expected to be as abundant as the aurosilane Au4Si− of Td symmetry in the gas phase.
Note: Exciting higher-order flexural modes of freestanding microstructures with square wave driving signals
Authors: Chow Jacky , Lai Yongjun
Published: June 2010

We examine using the harmonics of low fundamental frequency (f1) square waveforms to electrostatically excite higher-order flexural modes of a micromechanical structure in higher (>f1) frequency regimes. Square wave signals swept between a fundamental frequency range of ∼0–333 kHz demonstrated an effective high magnitude spectral excitation of ∼0–1 MHz. This enabled optical heterodyne detection of structural resonant frequencies above 333 kHz. Low frequency square wave signals were also used to selectively excite modes at higher frequencies.
Communications: Exceptions to the d-band model of chemisorption on metal surfaces: The dominant role of repulsion between adsorbate states and metal d-states
Authors: Xin Hongliang , Linic Suljo
Published: June 2010

We show that there is a family of adsorbate-substrate systems that do not follow the trends in adsorption energies predicted by the d-band model. A physically transparent model is used to analyze this phenomenon. We found that these adsorbate-substrate pairs are characterized by the repulsive interaction of the substrate d-band with the renormalized adsorbate states. The exceptions to the d-band model are mainly associated with the adsorbates having almost completely filled valence shell, and the substrates with nearly fully occupied d-band, e.g., OH, F, or Cl adsorption on metals and alloys characterized by d9 or d10 substrate surface atoms.
Energetics of Pb heterostructures formation on the Cu (111) in the early stage of the deposition process
Authors: Lee Eung-Kwan , Choi Heechae , Lee Soon-Gun , Chung Yong-Chae
Published: June 2010

The structural and self-assembling characteristic of Pb heterostructures on the Cu (111) substrate in the early stage of the deposition process were investigated using a molecular dynamics simulation and density functional theory. The Pb islands formed on the Cu (111) surface were observed to diffuse actively in lateral directions following the layer-by-layer growth mode. A heptameric hexagonal island was found to be most stable under highly nonequilibrium conditions. This result can be explained by the tendency of Pb heterostructures, which have minimum surface energy, to have the maximum number of Pb–Pb bondings. In addition, the atomic binding energy, the surface diffusion coefficient prefactor, and the surface diffusion energy barrier for Pb adatoms were quantitatively calculated according to various shapes of Pb islands to determine the stability of the corresponding island.
Increased photocurrent in quantum dot infrared photodetector by subwavelength hole array in metal thin film
Authors: Hellström S. , Chen Z.-H. , Fu Y. , Qiu M. , Soltanmoradi R. , Wang Q. , Andersson J. Y.
Published: June 2010

Photocurrent enhancement in quantum dot (QD) infrared photodetector (QDIP) with an optical grating of subwavelength hole array in a thin metal film has been studied by calculating the transmission and diffraction of the infrared optical field through the grating and the light-matter interaction between the transmitted optical field and electrons confined in the QD. It is shown that due to the small aspect ratio of realistic QDs in QDIPs, the light diffraction due to the surface plasmon effect at the metal-semiconductor surface and the photonic subwavelength hole array structure is dominant in increasing the photocurrent.
Oxygen vacancy controlled tunable magnetic and electrical transport properties of (Li, Ni)-codoped ZnO thin films
Authors: Senthil kumar E. , Venkatesh S. , Ramachandra Rao M. S.
Published: June 2010

We investigated the electrical, magnetic, and magnetotransport properties of Li–Ni codoped ZnO thin films in the electron dominated, hole dominated, and insulating regimes. In a narrow window of oxygen growth pressure, 10−3–10−2 mbar, the films exhibited p-type conductivity with a maximum hole concentration ∼8.2×1017 cm−3. Magnetoresistance exhibited by the films is attributed to scattering of charge carriers due to localized magnetic moments. Insulating films showed superparamagnetic behavior, whereas both n-type and p-type films showed room temperature ferromagnetism. Our findings suggest that oxygen vacancies and Ni ions in cation site are jointly responsible for ferromagnetism that is not dependent on the carrier type.
The spectrum of molecular nitrogen
Authors: Lofthus Alf , Krupenie Paul H.
Published: June 2010

This is a critical review and compilation of the observed and predicted spectroscopic data on the molecule N2 and its ions N2 −, N2 +, N2 2+, and the molecule N3. Each electronic band system is discussed in detail, and tables of band origins and heads are given. In addition to the gas phase electronic, electron and Raman spectra, there are also examined the spectra of condensed molecular nitrogen as well as the pressure- and field-induced infrared and microwave absorption. Dissociation energy of N2, predissociations, and perturbations are discussed. Potential energy curves are given, as well as radiative lifetimes, f-values, and Franck-Condon integrals. Molecular constants are listed for the known electronic states. Electronic structure and theoretical calculations are reviewed.
Crystal data space-group tables
Authors: Mighell Alan D. , Ondik Helen M. , Molino Bettijoyce Breen
Published: June 2010

Crystal Data Space-Group Tables lists over 17,000 materials whose space groups and symmetry have been determined mainly by x-ray diffraction. These tables comprise a companion publication to Crystal Data Determinative Tables. The space groups are listed in the same order and orientation as in International Tables for x-ray Crystallography. Within each space group, the materials are arranged in increasing order of the ratios of the cell parameters. The space-group tables enable the user to find crystals of any specified symmetry, to locate isostructural molecules, and to compare the population frequencies of the various space groups.
Energy levels of one-electron atoms
Authors: Erickson Glen W.
Published: June 2010

The table of precise one-electron atomic energy levels given by Garcia and Mack in 1965 is expanded to include all atomic numbers and more energy levels, updated by using more recent values of fundamental constants and radiative corrections, and extended to the maximum precision allowed by quantum electrodynamics (QED) calculations. All levels with n?11 are given for Z?15, with n?5 for Z?39, and with n?3 for Z?105. In addition, the S1/2 and P1/2 and j?n−1/2 levels with n?20 are given for Z?15, and with n?13 for Z?39. The uncertainty in the QED calculations is given for each level, and the level is given to that precision. Conversions to different units and corrections for changing the Rydberg or nuclear mass values are pointed out. The paper includes a comprehensive listing and brief discussions of all effects considered and of the uncertainties for the calculated and neglected terms. The Fine Structure Interval (difference between the j=l±1/2 levels for given n and l) and its reduced mass and QED contributions are discussed in detail. All known measurements of Lamb shifts and other fine structure differences are compared with calculated values.
Tables of molecular vibrational frequencies. Consolidated volume II
Authors: Shimanouchi T.
Published: June 2010

The compilations of fundamental vibrational frequencies of molecules previously published as Tables of Molecular Vibrational Frequencies Part 5, Part 6, Part 7, and Part 8, which appeared in the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data in 1972, 1973, and 1974, have been revised. This Consolidated Volume II includes data on a total of 212 molecules in addition to those on 223 molecules included in Volume 1 (NSRDS-NBS 39). Selected values of the fundamental vibrational frequencies are given for each molecule, together with observed infrared and Raman spectral data and citations to the original literature. The selection of vibrational fundamentals has been based on careful studies of the spectral data and comprehensive normal-coordinate analyses. An estimate of the accuracy of the selected values is included. The tables provide a convenient source of information for those who require vibrational energy levels and related properties in molecular spectroscopy, thermodynamics, analytical chemistry, and other fields of physics and chemistry.
Tables of atomic spectral lines for the 10000 Å to 40000 Å region
Authors: Outred Michael
Published: June 2010

This compilation of atomic spectral lines for the 10000 Å to 40000 Å region tabulates 8885 selected lines, belonging to 57 elements, extracted from computer based data records. The tables are divided into three sections. In section I the strong lines in the 10000 Å to 25000 Å range are listed for 27 elements. Section II is a table of classified and unclassified lines, arranged in order of increasing vacuum wavenumber. Section III consists of vacuum wavenumber tables, with appropriate energy level and J values for the classified lines, listed by element. Detailed explanation of the data and sources used for the compilation are given.
Evaluated activity and osmotic coefficients for aqueous solutions: The alkaline earth metal halides
Authors: Goldberg R. N. , Nuttall R. L.
Published: June 2010

A critical evaluation of the mean activity and osmotic coefficients in aqueous solutions of the alkaline earth metal halides at 298.15 K is presented. Osmotic coefficients were calculated from direct vapor pressure measurements, from isopiestic measurements, and from freezing point depression measurements. Activity coefficients were calculated from electromotive force measurements on galvanic cells, both with and without transference, and from diffusion data. Given are empirical coefficients for three different correlating equations, obtained by a weighted least squares fit of the experimental data, and tables consisting of the activity coefficients of the halides, the osmotic coefficients and activity of water, and the excess Gibbs energy of the solution as a function of the molality for each electrolyte system. The literature coverage is through September 1976.
Critical review of hydrolysis of organic compounds in water under environmental conditions
Authors: Mabey W. , Mill T.
Published: June 2010

This review examines the rate constants for hydrolysis in water of 12 classes of organic compounds with the objective of using these data to estimate the persistence of these compounds in freshwater acquatic systems. Primary data were obtained by literature review through most of 1975 and some of 1976. These data, which include values for acid, base, and water promoted rate constants (kA, kB, kN) and temperature coefficients are presented in 18 tables in section 4. Estimated rate constants for hydrolysis under environmental conditions are presented in 13 tables in section 5, including rate constants at 298 K and pH 7 for acid, base, and water promoted reactions together with values for the estimated rate constant (kh) and the half-life (t1/2).