bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Xenomerus orientalis Walker (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae): a new distribution record for India
Authors: Managanvi Kalmesh , Karnatak A. K. , Khan M. A.
Published: April 2017

The genus Xenomerus Walker (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) consists of 35 described species worldwide, out of which only four species have been reported so far from India.  The species X. orientalis Mikó & Masner is reported for the first time in India from Uttarakhand.
New records of social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespinae: Vespa and Provespa) from Bhutan
Authors: Dorji Phurpa , Gyeltshen Thinley , Klein Wim , Nidup Tshering
Published: April 2017

A total of eight species and subspecies of the genus Vespa, namely V. velutina nigrithorax du Buysson, 1905, V. basalis Smith, 1852, V. affinis affinis (Linnaeus, 1764), V. affinis indosinensis Pérez, 1910, V. mandarinia magnifica Smith, 1852, V. tropica leefmansi van der Vecht, 1957, V. bicolor Fabricius, 1787, V. analis nigrans du Buysson, 1903 along with Provespa barthelemyi (du Buysson, 1905) is recorded for the first time in Bhutan.  The current number of species in the genus Vespa and Provespa found in Bhutan stands at 14.  The records for V. mandarinia bellona Smith, 1871 and V. tropica tropica (Linnaeus, 1758) previously reported as from Maria Basti, Bhutan, must be confirmed.
Butterflies associated with major forest types in Arunachal Pradesh (eastern Himalaya), India: implications for ecotourism and conservation planning
Authors: Singh Arun P.
Published: April 2017

A three year study (from December 2011 to December 2014 and in June 2015) on butterflies covering four major forest sub-types as classified by H.G. Champion & S.K. Seth in 1968 in ‘Forest Types of India’, which occupy 60% of the forest area lying below 2,500m across Arunachal Pradesh State in the eastern Himalaya of India, revealed 415 taxa belonging to six families (Hesperiidae: 74 species of 42 genera; Papilionidae: 37 species of 10 genera; Pieridae: 36 species of 15 genera; Lycaenidae: 85 species of 49 genera; Riodinidae: 7 species of 3 genera & Nymphalidae: 176 species of 71 genera, respectively).  These included many endemic and rare species typical of these forest sub-types, i.e., (i) 2B/1S1 Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forest (32 species), (ii) 2B/ C1(a) Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests (5 species), (iii) 2B/2S2 Eastern Alluvial Secondary Semi-Evergreen Forests- (15 species) and (iv) 3/1S2 (b) Terminalia-Duabanga (3 species), respectively.  The relative number of species and individuals sampled were the highest at altitudes below 500m, and gradually declined as the altitude increased to 2,000m, and above 2,500m species richness declined sharply.  The number of species and their relative abundance were the highest during July–August (Monsoon-first peak) and then again in November-December (Autumn-second peak), while the numbers were lowest during winter.  These findings suggest that these four forest types are important both for the purpose of ecotourism as well as conservation of endemic and rare taxa found in the eastern Himalaya and northeastern India at altitudes below 2,000m.  A complete list of all the taxa sampled is given along with relative abundance status during sampling, Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 status, and distribution in different forest types in the state.  Ten potential butterfly ecotourism zones are suggested for the state.  Planning land-use for biodiversity conservation based on butterfly-forest type associations, by taking forest sub-types as units of conservation, is suggested as an option for the eastern Himalaya.
First record of Neojurtina typica from India (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: Salini S.
Published: April 2017

The genus Neojurtina Distant, 1921, represented by the species Neojurtina typica Distant, 1921 (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae: Pentatomini), is illustrated and redescribed based on the female genitalia.  Neojurtina typica is recorded for the first time from India (Meghalaya) and distribution of the species is reviewed based on all the available literature.  The present taxonomic placement of the genus Neojurtina is discussed.
Conservation status assessment and new population record of the threatened Golden Himalayan Spike Phlomoides superba (Royle ex Benth.) Kamelin & Makhm. from Jammu & Kashmir, India
Authors: Srivastava Amber , Sharma Yash Pal , Vidyarthi O.P. Sharma , Srivastava Sunil Kumar
Published: April 2017

This paper deals with distribution and conservation status of the Golden Himalayan Spike Phlomoides superba (Royle ex Benth.) Kamelin & Makhm. (syn. Eremostachys superba Royle ex Benth.), an endangered herb in India. A new locality report from Jammu & Kashmir along with population status in previously reported localities of occurrence of this species is also provided. Since the species is reported from a very few localities in India and is facing critical threats in the wild, the addition of a new locality holds significance in terms of its declining population status.
Density and obligatory feeding habits of an isolated Golden Jackal Canis aureus L. (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae) population in Pirotan Island, Gulf of Kachchh, India
Authors: Ramkumaran Kamaraj , Chandran Rethnaraj , Satyanarayana Chowdula , Chandra Kailash , Shyamal Tikadar
Published: April 2017

Efforts to arrest the decline of carnivorous mammals in isolated ecosystems have received little attention in India.  The present study assesses the population density of a small Golden Jackal population, isolated on a water covered Pirotan Island in the Gulf of Kachchh Marine National Park, India.  An average of 12 Golden Jackals/km2 was found inhabiting the Island.  The scat analysis revealed that the major diet of jackals was crab (89.5±2.36 %) followed by fish (2.7±0.82 %).  Only 2.1% of their diets were from the Island source.  They have well adapted to manage their water needs from their obligatory feeding habits.
Distribution and population status assessment of the endemic grass-like palm Butia marmorii (Arecales: Arecaceae) in Paraguay
Authors: Gauto Irene , Palacios Fernando , Marchi Pamela , Silva Nelson , Céspedes Gloria
Published: April 2017

The palm Butia marmorii Noblick was described in 2006 and has been found to date in only two populations in Paraguay. It is a species threatened mainly due to habitat loss and its ecology is largely unknown.  Here we performed a potential distribution analysis, providing data about its distribution and ecology.  This work was carried out in the Alto Paraná Department, eastern Paraguay, South America.  We analyzed satellite images, in conjunction with a multi-temporal analysis using the sensors Landsat 1-MSS,5-TM,8-OLI, of the years 1973, 1984, 2002, 2012 and 2013; and a posterior visual interpretation of an ASTER ASTGTM2 radar image.  The final step was an in situ visual verification.  We registered 27 potential sites of distribution for Butia marmorii, finding it present in four sites, two of them with limited anthropogenic impacts.  We found a density of 0.0054 to 0.11 individuals/m2, and associations with the congener B. paraguayensis.  These new Paraguayan populations of Butia marmorii provide verifiable data demonstrating that anthropogenic impact is the principal threat to the species.  Here we found that the situation of B. marmorii is even worse than supposed before, and hence we consider the species to be Critically Endangered.
Success and Failure in Counterinsurgency Campaigns: Lessons from the Cold War
Authors: B. Kapstein Ethan
Published: April 2017

Why did U.S.-assisted counterinsurgency (COIN) efforts succeed in the Philippines in the 1950s yet falter in Vietnam a decade later? Why were counterinsurgents able to score a quick victory in Venezuela in the early 1960s but confronted by a long and bloody conflict in El Salvador in the 1970s and 1980s? In seeking to answer these questions, this article provides theoretical motivation for the oft-made claim that U.S. counterinsurgency strategy has been most effective in countries in which the local government engaged in meaningful political and economic reforms to address a population's grievances. What determines whether a government is likely to engage in a reform process? The article proposes that reform is a function of the economic structure of elite assets. When assets are immobile and highly concentrated in one sector, as in heavily agricultural societies like Vietnam or El Salvador, redistributive reforms will prove more difficult, and counterinsurgency efforts will struggle as a result. Conversely, in countries in which the structure of elite assets is more diversified, reforms will prove more feasible, making it easier to undermine an insurgency's popular appeal.
Internet Censorship in the Digital Divide
Authors: Zhou Yining
Published: April 2017

The tentative study explores why information and communication technology (ICT) does not show effective power in increasing Chinese worker activism publicity with the digital divide framework. I conducted in-depth interviews with worker activism participants that are motivated to adopt ICT for mobilising and gaining public awareness and support for their collective actions. The study found that in addition to strategic skills and motivations, perceived importance of the media in activism as well as media censorship and users’ coping strategies are influential in preventing them from effectively using ICT for activism. A typology is accordingly developed to position workers’ perception of adopting the Internet and mass media in activism. The two constructs are then incorporated into a revised pyramid model of the digital divide to describe two advanced divides when people already have access, skills and motivations to use ICT for political pursuits in societies with media censorship.
Leg massage by mother resulting in fatal pulmonary thromboembolism
Authors: Behera Chittaranjan , Devassy Shinto , Mridha Asit R , Chauhan Mohit , Gupta Sudhir K
Published: April 2017

We report the sudden death of a 23-year-old male with hairline ankle fracture after massage of the leg by his mother. Autopsy confirmed the cause of death as pulmonary thromboembolism due to deep vein thrombosis of the leg veins which was dislodged and travelled to his lungs consequent to the leg massage. The treating doctors did not warn the patient of the risk of developing pulmonary thromboembolism.
The decline of ‘advantageous disadvantage’ in gateway suburbs in Australia: The challenge of private housing market settlement for newly arrived migrants
Authors: Easthope Hazel , Stone Wendy , Cheshire Lynda
Published: April 2017

The spatial concentration of recently arrived immigrants in gateway cities and suburbs is usually seen as undesirable by urban academics and policy makers. This paper presents a counter-argument that the concentration of disadvantaged new immigrants in the form of humanitarian refugees and their families can, and does, result in positive outcomes for those groups. In part, our argument is based on making a distinction between people-based disadvantage and place-based disadvantage. The paper examines the changing nature of place-based ‘advantage’ for immigrants in Australian gateway cities through a focus on two metropolitan locations, Auburn (Sydney) and Springvale (Melbourne), known as popular destination suburbs for recent immigrants. While these two cases validate the benefits of such gateway suburbs, they also demonstrate that the capacity of recent migrants to emulate concentrated settlement patterns is now significantly undermined by changes in the labour market and affordability problems in the housing market. The paper concludes with a discussion on the possible future of gateway suburbs and the implications of this shift for the wellbeing of particular groups of disadvantaged residents.
Differing house price linkages across UK regions: A multi-dimensional recursive ripple model
Authors: Hudson Chris , Hudson John , Morley Bruce
Published: April 2017

The aim of this study is to determine the nature of the relationship between house prices of different types of housing across the UK regions. We use an Autoregressive Distributed Lag bounds testing approach to determine the long-run relationships between house prices as well as an error correction model to estimate the short-run dynamics between house prices. The data include house prices across the regions of Great Britain and for new, old and modern houses. The results suggest that house price shocks ripple across regions, although the nature of the relationship varies across housing types. We further simulate the impact of house price shocks and reveal a complex structure whereby a house price shock in region A impacts upon prices in other regions, which in turn feedback into region A in a recursive ripple.
Time-Variant Pleasure Travel Motivations and Behaviors
Authors: Wong IpKin Anthony , Law Rob , Zhao Xinyuan (Roy)
Published: April 2017

This exploratory study challenges the predominant static view of travel motivation by providing new insights into the link between travel motivations and behaviors. It assesses when and how tourist travel motives change over time. It further explores the mediating role of travel involvement and the moderating role of economic performance using the time-variant travel motivational framework as a longitudinal, multilevel model. This study advances the literature by demonstrating that travel motivations and their effects on tourist travel involvement and behaviors vary over time, and that such a variation can be explained by the changes in economic conditions. In essence, this study sheds light on the traditional view of travel motivation and builds a dynamic multilevel model of pleasure travel motivation and behavior.
The Band of Theseus: Social Individuals and Mental Files
Authors: Terrone Enrico
Published: April 2017

Social individuals are social entities having a distinctive individuality, often signaled by the use of a proper name to designate them. This article proposes an account of social individuals based on the notion of a mental file, understood as a repository of information about a single individual. First, I consider a variant of the puzzle of the ship of Theseus in which the object having problematic identity conditions is a social individual, namely, a rock band. Then, I argue that we can figure out such identity conditions by considering the mental files concerning this band. In conclusion, I outline a version of social constructionism according to which the existence of social individuals like bands depends on mental files about them.
Understanding prisons’ inner organisation
Authors: Lecomte-Tilouine Marie , Rana Mohan Singh
Published: April 2017

The fact that voices of the prisoners are absent in the few studies devoted to prison life in Nepal is no doubt related to the difficulty of conducting inquiries in such a context, which strongly limits our understanding of prisons. This article seeks to portray the functioning of prisons in Nepal from the inside, through the inmates’ narratives. It addresses the prison’s inner organisation and the role of ‘convict officers’. It is based on a study conducted in 2012 and 2013 with convicted male and female inmates belonging to different castes as well as the discussions with the staff of the prison administration, the prison directors and the police.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Noninvasive Method for Longitudinal Monitoring of Infusion Site Reactions Following Administration of a Novel Apomorphine Formulation
Authors: Shaltiel-Karyo Ronit , Tsarfati Yonit , Rubinski Anna , Zawoznik Eduardo , Weinstock Irena , Nemas Mara , Schiffenbauer Yael S. , Ramot Yuval , Nyska Abraham , Yacoby-Zeevi Oron
Published: April 2017

Infusion site reactions are common following subcutaneous infusion of drugs. Such reactions can lead to discontinuation of the treatment. Therefore, assessment of such reactions is essential during preclinical safety studies, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can assist in evaluation. Here, in vivo and ex vivo MRI evaluations were used in addition to classical histopathology to assess the infusion site reaction to ND0701, a novel formulation of apomorphine base developed for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, in comparison to the commercial apomorphine hydrochloride (HCl) formulation. Both formulations, each at two concentrations, were continuously administered subcutaneously for 20 hr to each of 3 male and 3 female domestic pigs. Based on MRI evaluations, there was a gradual decrease in the volume of the subcutaneous lesions over 4 weeks, with smaller lesions and quicker resolution with ND0701 at concentrations 2.5- to 5-fold higher when compared to the commercial apomorphine HCl formulation. Histopathological evaluation of ND0701 revealed only minimal inflammation at the sites of infusion, whereas the commercial apomorphine HCl caused persistent inflammatory reactions and necrosis. This study provides support to the use of MRI in preclinical testing of subcutaneous drugs when evaluating local site reactions.
Family Psychiatry and the Retarded Child
Authors: Goldberg Benjamin
Published: April 2017

An attempt has been made to clarify the psychiatric problems of families who come to an outpatient clinic for retarded children. The families may be reacting to the presence of a retarded child; marital conflicts may already exist; neurotic and psychotic problems may be present within the individual parent; the families may regard themselves as outcasts from the community. Individual counselling, marital counselling, individual psychotherapy, group psychotherapy and case work are the techniques which have been used with these families. It is felt that with the retarded child as with the other mentally ill, the individual cannot be regarded in isolation but as part of a family with dynamic relationship existing between all members. The psychiatrist is urged to recognize his counter-transference feelings in dealing with “incurable” children, and those parents who superficially appear to distrust psychiatric intervention.
Abstraction and Schizophrenia
Authors: Hoffer A. , Osmond H.
Published: April 2017

People can classify objects in at least two different ways. One uses a visual way i.e. a comparison of objects by their appearance such as a pen is like a pencil because they resemble sticks. Another method is to classify objects by their function, thus a pen is like a pencil because they are used for communicating, etc. Other ways of classifying are possible.

The hypothesis was tested that schizophrenics tend to use visual classifications when ill. They administered a new card sorting test, the HOD test, to over 500 cases. The results of the experiment corroborated the ‘hypothesis. It was also found that subjects who had unidentified substances in their urine as measured by a specific paper chromatographic technique when compared to subjects who did not have it, also compared objects visually, rather than functionally.
Actualités Psychiatriques Européennes
Authors: Lambert Jules , Plante Normand
Published: April 2017

As an aftermath to the 60th Congress of French-speaking psychiatrists, held in Antwerp last July, a retrospective of the main subjects studied at those sittings is attempted. New clhemotherapies belonging to the butyrophenone group such as Haloperidol, Haloanisone and Dipiperon raised interesting comments just as Valium and Amitryptilin Hydrochloride (Elavyl) was effective in endogenous depressions. A few personal considerations are made as to the value of psychopharmacology and the importance of an associated psychotherapy.

Other papers were centered on the submission and discussion of two main reports. The authors summarize and comment reports one of which, entitled “Psychopathology of Expression” is a review of the various ways of verbal and plastic expression in the mental patient. Semantics of the language in the schizophrenic patient and the existence of a psychopathologic art offer interesting viewpoints.

The Second Report of that Congress is both a criticism of occupational guidance tests and an outline of principles basic to the operation of psychomedico-social services. The definition of the test and the analysis of its various components are found in that Report.

Finally, papers on conditioning in neuroses, post-puerperal psychoses and modern principles of psychiatric assistance retained the attention of Congress delegates. The rehabilitation of the mental patient is emphasized and the major problems of psychiatric hospitals are the same for our overesas neighbours.
A New Technique to Investigate Family Dynamics in Child Psychiatry (2HT)
Authors: Szyrynski Victor
Published: April 2017

In assessment of the emotional adjustment of children the psychodynamic relations with the parents, siblings and other significant persons in the environment requires careful attention and often provides the right cue for understanding psychosomatic disorders or the child's reaction to physical illnesses. A very simple test for assessment of family dynamics was developed by the author a few years ago and given intensive trial during the last year. The examiner draws schematically all the members of the child's family and then asks the child to place them in two identical houses, also drawn by the examiner. The child's selection of the family members for “his” house or rejection to the “other” house, the order of such selections, the time necessary for a decision and the child's comments are observed. In the next stage of testing the child is asked to transfer the individuals from the “other” house to “his” and vice versa. The order of selection is again observed. Further modifications of this test were also tried.

In many cases it has been found that this comparatively simple procedure enables family dynamics to be revealed through extensive social history and which were otherwise available only through lengthy testing with other projected techniques. The findings on our “two houses test” were also of value in planning for dynamic psychotherapy, play therapy, and otehr treatment procedures.
Utilite D'Un Centre D'Observation Dans un Petit Hopital Psychiatrique
Authors: Gervais Laurent , Bourdon Pierre B.
Published: April 2017

At the Institut Albert Prévost we have an Observation Ward, which really is an Intensive Care Unit, where we can treat patients who could not be kept in the normal setting of a small psychiatric hospital. This ward is a closed one, and it has a capacity of 16 beds taken up by acute paranoid schizophrenics, suicidal patients, patients in a panic etc. With this ward, the hospital can deal with almost any kind of patient. Be sides the individual therapy there is a good deal of group therapy and occupational therapy which takes place on the premises. The patient is the object of constant care and the staff is also constantly made aware of its reaction to the patient in the daily ward conference and in the weekly ward staff meeting.

Finally, some observations are made on group movements on the ward and on the phenomena of socialization.
Article
Authors: Saint-Laurent Claude
Published: April 2017

The author attempts to draw an outline of psychodermatological problems of adolescence.

Starting from the fact that adolescence is the most critical if not the most significant period of the general process of maturation in that it sums up all previous conflicts, he wonders why the skin appears to take such a considerable importance in this regard.

In passing, he emphasizes that acne is the only disease related to a phase of psychosexual maturation, which appears to indicate for that phase a specific tropism with regard to the tegumentary covering.

The author describes in three separate stages the period of adolescence and attempts to characterize them by their own conflicts. From this point, he indicates the possibilities of establishing some correlation between the type of conflict and the role of the skin in such conflicts.

Finally, relying upon the works of Max Shur and Anna Freud, the author does not hesitate in attributing to the skin a vital role in the development of the ego and the libidinal economy of the individual.

The author concludes by suggesting that repetition compulsion operates particularly at the level of the skin and that skin lesions constitute a zone of least resistance and invite conflicts to find their expression there. “The erotic quality of certain experiences of itching, scratching, excoriation and exhibition is obvious enough to bring this to our attention.”
Considérations Sur Les Problèmes Et Les Mesures D'Assistance Psychiatrique Et Sociale Aux Personnes Âgées
Authors: La Rue Lucien , Lambert Et Jules
Published: April 2017

Psychiatric disorders of old age have increased in keeping with increased longevity. Thus, numerous social and economic problems have appeared and require urgent solutions. In the Province of Quebec, there were, in 1961, 43,000 persons aged 65 and over. The insufficient arrangements for assistance in this area should be pointed out. There is no doubt that there should be many more homes and hospitals for aged persons.

In addition to extended life expectancy, numerous social and economic factors, such as the conditions of modern living, small dwellings, women working outside their homes, exodus towards cities, evolution of the family group habits, are coming into play.

Due to lack of facilities, the mental hospital must admit a large number of aged persons who should be accommodated elsewhere. This constitutes a considerable “overload” of aged persons in psychiatric departments and a slowing down of the rate of care which is prejudicial to patients of a less advanced age who could recover faster.

A look at the present situation at St. Michel Archange Hospital and a review of the past ten years, permit the compilation of very revealing statistics.

If it is appropriate to set up a geriatric department in a mental hospital it is urgently required, on the other hand, to relieve congestion in the hospital and to build throughout the country regional institutions for aged persons, with all the necessary services and a section for agitated and disabled patients. It is important also to improve existing institutions and take into account previous achievements.

Social assistance measures — homes, nursing homes, motels, home care, day centres, sheltered workshops, etc., should retain the attention of the members of the Commission entrusted with the study of those problems by the Psychiatric Hospitals Division in the Ministry of Health.
Studies on the Hyperactive Child I: Some Preliminary Findings
Authors: Werry J. S. , Weiss Gabrielle , Douglas Virginia
Published: April 2017

In this study of 28 hyperactive children and 28 controls, there is a tendency (P=.09) for more hyperactives than normals to report a history of accidents of pregnancy, delivery and postnatal life which could have caused brain damage.

There is no evidence, however, that mothers of hyperactives are predisposed by virtue of such factors as age, parity, abortion rate or general ill health, to produce brain damage in the fœtus.

Hyperactives were reported significantly more often than controls to have been hyperirritable during the first three to six months of life but these findings should be interpreted with some reservation because of possible selectivity in history-taking. EEG data suggest a significant excess of minor dysrhythmias and a deficit of centrencephalic and epileptiform patterns among hyperactives as compared with controls.

It is concluded that the behavioural syndrome of chronic hyperactivity is not caused only by brain damage, though this is one of the possible aetiological agents. Other causes which could prove important are constitutional activity level, anxiety, and aberrant maturational development.
Twenty Years of Psychiatric Practice
Authors: Jones Robert O.
Published: April 2017

This paper reports the author's experience in the private practice of psychiatry in Halifax—a city of 100,000 people from 1941 to 1961. Such a population provides an adequate work load, both in numbers and variety. Many demands will be made on the psychiatrist in this kind of situation, not ordinarily thought of as clinical psychiatry. He will be a community adviser in many fields. Basically, though, he is a doctor and should act as one with regard to medical ethics and custom, as well as taking his share of responsibility for diagnosis and therapy. If he mixes with his fellow practitioners medically and socially, he will be accepted by them as any other doctor is. Careful but understandable reports to referring doctors are of great value in educating his colleagues in psychiatric ways. Many patients will be returned to these colleagues for treatment, but the consultant should be readily available for advice and support. This kind of practice will demand an eclectic approach with a readiness to improvise and compromise.

In the author's opinion, electro-convulsive therapy has been the most important advance in psychiatric practice during this period. It has been astonishingly successful in relieving much human suffering and in improving community attitudes to mental health problems and to psychiatric practitioners and psychiatric patients.

This kind of practice can be afforded financially by most patients and can be covered by pre-paid medical schemes. The private community practice of psychiatry allows excellent opportunity for follow-up, develops exceedingly strong doctor-patient relationships, and gives human satisfactions to the practitioner far in excess of the financial reward. Experience indicates that the private practitioner of psychiatry, living in a community and being part of that community, provides a most important community mental health resource.
Varieties and Uses of Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Powles William E.
Published: April 2017

This has been a rather general discussion of the broad properties of group psychotherapy and psychotherapy groups, attempting to indicate how a variety of approaches and techniques is applicable to different kinds of therapeutic situations.

Group psychotherapy is defined here as having three essential characteristics: A collection of people in need, a professional therapist, and a use of group dynamics. Group psychotherapy has turned out to be no panacea or cheap mass medium. On the other hand, its flexible use in a variety of situations appears to broaden our existing therapeutic armamentarium considerably, and the practical question to-day is not “What patient is suitable, or unsuitable, for group psychotherapy?”— so much as— “What particular combination of group psychotherapy methods is suitable for the group of patients presenting for treatment?”

This paper has accordingly scanned some of the variables seen in treatment groups, using the psychoanalytic group as a paradigm. It seems likely that as we understand human groups better, we shall apply group methods more widely and effectively in psychiatric treatment.
Atypical Psychoses, Nomenclature, Characteristics, and Present Validity
Authors: Minde Klaus
Published: April 2017

A study of literature of atypical psychoses was made. It was attempted to find common denominators between the more frequently used labels for these illnesses. Atypical psychoses are defined and their characteristics outlined in detail.

Criticism and suggestions regarding an improvement in classification are put forward. It is stressed that the psychoses are not identical with schizophrenia, but that better objective psychological tests are needed to delineate them accurately.
Eye Movements and Body Images
Authors: Llewellyn Thomas E. , Stasiak Eugene
Published: April 2017

The eye-movement patterns of nine hospitalized psychiatric patients were compared with those of ten non-patients when looking at pictures of themselves and others. There were highly significant differences between both the mean fixation times of the two groups and also between the area of the body to which they paid the most attention. The mean fixation times of all the non-patients grouped closely around 0.61 seconds whereas the patients varied between 0.12 seconds and 0.47 seconds and 0.72 seconds and 1.04 seconds. Non-patients looked at all body levels, but spent much more time looking at the face. Patients on the other hand paid much more visual attention to the body and tended to avoid the face.

It is suggested that the variability in the fixation times and the tendency to avoid the face reflects a mechanism in the patient which is tending to avoid receiving information about certain aspects of the external world.
Value of Continuous Drug Administration for Chronic Long-Term Mental Hospital Patients
Authors: Wright R. L. D. , Lynes P. G.
Published: April 2017

1) Thirty-five long-term chronic female mental hospital patients were selected on the basis of their relatively stable pharmacotherapeutic and behavioural histories, and gradually switched from active medications to placebos. Following a variable time on placebo, those whose behaviour had not significantly changed were then taken off pills altogether. The purposes and true nature of this procedure were effectively obscured from staff and patients alike.

2) It was discovered that only a minority of patients objectively required the maintenance medication which all had been receiving; a larger number did require active psychotropic drugs from time to time; and just over half showed no significant requirement for pharmacotherapy at any time during an eight-month period.

3) It was inferred from these results that the medication practices in this particular (but not atypical) mental hospital setting were more relevant to the traditions of pharmacotherapy and to nursing staff morale, than to the objective psychiatric requirements of the patients.
LE Test Du Dessin De Famille (Symbolisation par un animal des tendances interdites)
Authors: Corman Louis
Published: April 2017

The application of psychoanalytic rules to the family drawing permits an interpretation in depth which leads to the understanding of conflicts in the child's mind.

In this work, the author has limited himself more particularly to the study of the projection of forbidden tendencies to an animal symbol, as this projection enables the subject to gratify 'by proxy' his instincts without feelings of anguish or without being punished.

This is surely a theory and it will be necessary, in each case, to check it by means of an extensive clinical and projective analysis. It was possible, however, to support this theory with several arguments.

The first is that the familiar animal which is supposed to assume the forbidden tendency is emphasized by the place it occupies, the care with which it is drawn and the comment describing its action. Sometimes even, it has human features which indicate its intimate collusion with the subject.

Secondly, in such a case, the subject himself is absent from the drawing; he has not depicted himself. One is led to wonder under what other person's features he appears and when the super-added animal is set out, it may be assumed that it is representing the subject in the drawing.

The third argument is inferred from identification. It is quite obvious that, when the subject claims to be identified with the animal, no doubt is possible. However, more often than not, as we have seen, the child evades the question, and when he is invited to identify himself, he is either the father or he is someone absent.

This is quite understandable, as we have seen that the person assuming the forbidden action is also the one who will have to accept punishment. Therefore, in one case, the adder is chased away; in other cases, the aggressor animal is killed.

In all those cases, it will be necessary to establish identification in an indirect manner, outside of the statements of the child. Identification will be based in the first place on the signs of emphasis given to the animal shown, as we have said; secondly, on the convergence of indices which are brought out by the other tests or psychodramas, as has been illustrated in those observations.
Le Bourreau Au Canada
Authors: Boyer Raymond
Published: April 2017

The introduction to this paper describes some of the features associated with the development of the duties of hangmen in Europe over the centuries.

The principal part of the paper is devoted to the history of the hangmen who practised their trade in French Canada, from its foundation up till the present Century.

In French Canada, as elsewhere, it was always difficult to find someone willing to become the hangman. In order to do so it was sometimes necessary to pardon a prisoner condemned to death on condition that he accept the office.

Three hundred years ago the hangman's duties included the execution of all forms of corporal punishment. Now his duties are restricted to one.
Simple Indicators of Arousal Levels in Psychiatric Treatment Situations
Authors: Müller H. F. , Kenyon J.
Published: April 2017

A simple physiological battery, consisting of autonomic and behavioural measures, was investigated in a clinical psychiatric setting with respect to its discriminatory powers between various groups of subjects and to its suitability for the detection of effects of psychiatric treatment. It was found that the behavioural tests discriminate well between diagnostic groups, and that the autonomic tests, particularly the finger sweat index, are suited for the detection of strong emotional changes and of changes due to physical treatment. The results were interpreted in terms of the complexity of the control mechanisms of the tested physiological functions.
A Clinical Formulation of Conditions Conducive to Favourable Change in Psychotherapy.—Part III
Authors: Thomson P. G.
Published: April 2017

This presentation represents an attempt to assess, with the use of clinical material, those conditions which seem most to bring about favourable change in patients undergoing psychotherapy.

It comprises an assessment of the latter types of change according to their source in, 1) the patient, 2) the therapist, 3) the technique, 4) the therapeutic process. Factors stemming from each category are described, although it is recognized that there is a good deal of overlapping and that this division is for the purposes of convenience only. The conditions are complemented as far possible with clinical examples.
Training in Family Psychiatry
Authors: Rakoff V.
Published: April 2017

The resident being trained in family psychotherapy has to acquire a new sort of role behaviour for himself. He has to become more, directive and participate more freely in the therapeutic process. His clinical observation has to be directed at a special set of interactional phenomena in the commerce between people, more than at their private intrapsychic processes, and he must search for his theoretical models, not only in works of individual psychiatry and analysis, but in sociology, ethology, communication theory, anthropology and learning theory.
Jargon Et Argot Psychiatriques
Authors: Saucier J-Frs.
Published: April 2017

In every society, civilized or not, there is a prejudice against the mentally ill. This prejudice is transmitted to children through a thousand ways, including mass media, which despite appearances, has not markedly changed. In this light of at least a latent social prejudice, what happens to persons exposed to the influence of medical science? How do they change from stereotyped thinking concerning the mental patient, to scientific thinking?

It seems that linguistic analysis might help the understanding of the conceptual evolution of doctors and nurses. The common language, having at the same time a denotative and a connotative meaning, every science cannot be happy with it. It must constitute a specialized language, a jargon, which is strictly limited to the denotative meaning. For example, the term ‘crazy’ as used in common language will be designated in psychiatric jargon by technical terms such as ‘psychotic’, ‘hebephrenic’, etc. The expressive role of language being totally excluded from scientific jargon, it is quite possible that a secret and informal language, a slang, will be spontaneously constituted. From an indifferentiated common language evolve, in a scientific milieu, two differentiated languages, a jargon and a slang.

This hypothesis seems to be supported by the results of a brief enquiry in a French-speaking hospital: certain slang expressions used secretly to designate a mental patient were found, such as ‘un cas de psy’, ‘un erodé’, ‘un cas de crodome’ and ‘un cas de crodosarcome’. Similarly, psychiatrists were named ‘poètes’ or ‘ceux du vague à l'âme’.
Article
Authors: Bordeleau Jean-Marc , Tétreault Léon
Published: April 2017

A transversal survey has been realized in a dynamically oriented teaching psychiatric hospital. The study was made to determine the incidence of single and multiple ingredient prescription, physician-made and commercial associations of drugs.
The Chronic Psychiatric Out-Patient in a General Hospital Setting
Authors: Straker M. , Davanloo H. , Moll A. E.
Published: April 2017

The review of 65 cases from our psychiatric out-patient clinic in the general hospital setting reflects the interaction of several factors in determining chronicity. Chronic patients tend to have a poorly developed ego structure, which often reflects family psychopathy, and is in turn reflected by impaired social skills and a limited capacity to recover after a severe life stress.

Emotional turmoil is frequently manifested by psychophysiological disturbances. There is usually a long delay before correct diagnosis is made and referral for psychiatric management is arranged. In the past our psychiatric out-patient care was also unsatisfactory and was reflected chiefly by over - reliance on drugs and limited support.

At present we provide a greatly improved psychiatric out-patient service, based on sound psychotherapeutic principles. This can serve as a model for other psychiatric out-patient departments. It is hoped that continuing education will influence our physician colleagues to earlier diagnosis in these special cases. The application of mental health principles in our community programs will help to strengthen family structure and reduce the toll of human suffering. The better utilization of our existing psychiatric skills offers the best hope for the reduction of our chronically ill population.
Endogenous Features of Depression in Women
Authors: Saul H. Rosenthal , Gerald L. Klerman
Published: April 2017

This was a retrospective study in which 50 hospitalized depressed women were rated on 25 items of symptomatology and these items were then subjected to factor analysis. Five factors were extracted and attention was focused on the first factor. Items which loaded heavily on this factor included insomnia, especially in the middle of the night and early morning, severity of depressed mood and global severity of illness, retardation, guilt and self-reproach, weight loss, delusional symptoms, visceral symptoms, agitation, and loss of interest. The symptoms and signs which loaded heavily thus fit the classical pattern of endogenous depression. The patients were scored on this factor and these factor scores were then correlated with the patients' ratings on premorbid personality, personal history, and evidence of apparent precipitant, items which were independent of the factor analysis. The factor scores were found to correlate negatively with presence of apparent precipitants and negatively with hysterical character. The distribution curve of factor scores suggested a distinct group of patients in a hump at the end of the curve. Corresponding factors in other studies were shown to approximately reproduce the items loading on this factor. When applied to our patients these factors produced factor scores which correlated highly with our factor scores and selected the patients in substantially the same distribution.

We are currently engaged in investigating the characteristics of our endogenous group of patients to determine how they differ from the remainder of our population. We expect the current studies to lead to a prospective study in which we will take up problems of rater reliability and study a larger patient sample.
Long-Term Effects of a Prolonged Stress Experience
Authors: Kral V.A. , Pazder L.H. , Wigdor B.T.
Published: April 2017

A group of 20 ex-Hong Kong prisoners of war and a control group of 20 of their brothers who also had seen service in World War II, were investigated psychiatrically, neurologically and psychologically. The results of this investigation are presented and discussed. It would appear that the accumulation of severe stresses endured over a period of three-and-a-half years led to significant impairment in various areas of nervous and psychological functioning which is still easily detectable twenty years after liberation.
The Dynamics of Change in Psychotherapy
Authors: Coons W.H.
Published: April 2017

Two separate lines of evidence converge to suggest that insight cannot properly be considered to be the crucial condition for behavioural change in psychotherapy. All major psychotherapeutic systems recognize that ‘intellectual’ insight alone is ineffective, and make careful provision for interpersonal interaction. Current research on personality development suggests that understanding is not enough to assure adaptive learning. Adjustment to reality depends on opportunity for the repeated trial-and-check of an individual's expectations. In psychotherapy, this implies opportunity for interpersonal interaction in a consistently warm and accepting social environment.
The Origin and Growth of the Day Hospital
Authors: Cameron D. Ewen
Published: April 2017

The purpose in writing this paper is two-fold:

1) To clarify the origin of the Day Hospital and further to consider those factors which brought it into existence. It is these factors with which we must reckon when we move on to the devising of still newer forms of setting;

2) To direct attention to the most exciting part of the idea of the Day Hospital. This is its opening of the door to a new dimension. This dimension is the setting. The setting constitutes a field force. Within this field force and affected by it, the diagnostic and therapeutic exchanges taking place between the staff and the patient go forward, and in doing so are moulded by this field force of which they are constituent parts.
Electrode Placement and the Effect of E.C.T. on Mood and Memory in Depression*
Authors: Inglis J.
Published: April 2017

A brief review has been made of the different effects of different sites of electrode placement on mood and memory in the course of the electroconvulsive treatment of depressed patients. It appears that these treatments do not differ significantly in their power to alleviate depressive symptoms.

Most of the studies confirm that unilateral shock to the dominant side of the head (usually defined as the left side in right-handed patients) produces a transient defect of memory which may, in fact, be relatively specific to verbal material. Non-dominant shock, on the other hand, results in lesser defect and what temporary impairment it does produce may affect only memory for nonverbal material. The effect of bilateral stimulation may depend on how near the frontal position the electrodes are placed; the more anterior their placement the less may be the consequent impairment. These results seem analagous, though relatively mild and transient, to the more severe and lasting effects of temporal lobe surgery in man.

These latter observations suggest the need for the controlled study of yet another technique in which both electrodes would be placed in as frontal a position as possible consistent with the production of convulsion. It is predicted that such frontal stimulation should alleviate mood disorder but, at the same time, produce the least memory loss of all.