bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Empleabilidad inclusiva y el papel de las redes sociales en la sociedad digital.
Authors: Barroso-Moreno Carlos , Del Fresno-García Miguel , Rayón-Rumayor Laura
Published: August 2023

Las redes sociales como espacios de participación social son relevantes para el estudio de la empleabilidad inclusiva. La presente investigación analiza las publicaciones en Twitter, Instagram e YouTube relacionadas con empleo inclusivo, en especial, las asociadas a personas con discapacidad. El objetivo es identificar perfiles en relación con la empleabilidad y la discapacidad en estas plataformas digitales a través de las correlaciones entre el contenido, sentimiento, género, influencia, espacio temporal y geográfico abordado desde la perspectiva social y laboral. La recopilación de contenidos se realiza mediante la API de Twitter y técnicas de «web scraping» entre el 1 de noviembre de 2021 y 31 de octubre de 2022, con un total de 109.266 publicaciones, de las cuales 13.887 contienen palabras clave relacionadas con el empleo. La investigación se desarrolla mediante una metodología mixta que analiza, de forma cuantitativa, el conjunto de datos mediante la herramienta Power BI y, de forma cualitativa, las publicaciones más virales de cada red social. Este análisis de datos permite hacer visible lo invisible de las relaciones en red, identificando patrones de creación de contenidos y grupos de influencia. Los resultados evidencian la influencia de los días internacionales en el número de publicaciones altruistas, y un utilitarismo mercantil de la empleabilidad inclusiva que opaca las difusiones sociales sin ánimo de lucro. La compresión y visualización de la estructura y las temáticas intrínsecas al objeto de estudio permiten fomentar de manera más racional la empleabilidad inclusiva y mejorar los espacios de comunicación entre la ciudadanía digital crítica.
Imagem e percepção no pensamento de Hans Jonas | Image and perception in Hans Jonas’ thought
Authors: Bobsin Duarte Michelle
Published: August 2023

O presente artigo tem o objetivo de tratar a questão da imagem na filosofia de Hans Jonas com a finalidade de compreender a função que a capacidade imaginativa exerce na experiência fenomenológica de apreensão da realidade. A investigação da relação entre imagem e percepção humana no pensamento de Jonas se mostra profícua na medida em que o tema da imagem possui um papel muito significativo em sua filosofia, pois, é justamente na capacidade de criar imagens e reconhecê-las como representações do real que reside a diferença antropológica em relação aos outros animais.
Resenha: Filosofia como Modo de Vida – Ensaios Escolhidos. FAUSTINO, M., TESTA, F. (Orgs.) – Lisboa: Edições 70, 2022. | Book review: Filosofia como Modo de Vida – Ensaios Escolhidos. FAUSTINO, M., TESTA, F. (Orgs.) – Lisboa: Edições 70, 2022.
Authors: Nagem de Souza Pedro
Published: August 2023

O Volume Filosofia como modo de vida – Ensaios Escolhidos, organizado por Federico Testa e Marta Faustino, é um compêndio acadêmico com uma seleção de treze ensaios sobre o tema-título. Sua proposta principal é de apresentar ao mundo lusófono uma visão panorâmica do debate acadêmico, feito majoritariamente em língua inglesa, centralizado no tema hadotiano-foucaultiano da “filosofia como modo de vida”. Ou ainda, nos termos dos próprios organizadores, uma “cartografia do debate” (Pg. 44), muito bem-vinda no contexto brasileiro.
Guerra, terrorismo de Estado e condição (des)humana | War, state terrorism and the (in)human condition
Authors: Godoy Fonseca Lilian Simone
Published: August 2023

Sob a inspiração do texto “Guerra, Terrorismo e Condição Humana”, de Antonio Valverde, o presente artigo busca discutir a questão da guerra, apontando as disparidades de gênero e de classe que ela comporta; tratando-a como um tipo de terrorismo de Estado e discutindo a condição desumana decorrente de todas as guerras, exemplificada por dois clássicos do cinema mundial.
Indicações a partir de Tempo e Ser para pensar o Acontecimento [das Ereignis] | Indications from Time and Being to think about the Event [das Ereignis]
Authors: Saadeh Manuela
Published: August 2023

O texto utilizado aqui, o qual corresponde ao período final do pensamento heideggeriano, tem o intuito de propor uma breve iluminação do que Heidegger supõe sobre o sentido do Ser enquanto Ser a partir da analítica existencial do Dasein lograda em Ser e Tempo enquanto fenômeno de compreensão do Ser temporal. O artigo é uma tentativa de pormenorizar os problemas investigados na obra Tempo e Ser enquanto problemas decorrentes da questão em Ser e Tempo. Estará pressuposto, portanto, ao longo do texto, o postulado de que a filosofia de Heidegger é um contínuo temático, uma continuação sempre a cada vez (com o passar dos anos), aprofundada sobre a mesma questão. O que significa dizer que o pensamento do acontecimento não poderia ser posto se não houvesse o estudo próprio do sentido do Ser que vem sendo pensado na tradição, e se não houvesse uma destruição fenomenológico-ontológica desta mesma tradição – uma vez que este pensamento pensa o Ser como a não-subsistência.
Physical Activity in Individuals Newly Diagnosed With Multiple Sclerosis Through the Lens of the COM-B Model
Authors: Huynh Trinh L. T. , Neal Whitney N. , Barstow Elizabeth A. , Motl Robert W.
Published: August 2023

BACKGROUND:

Physical activity (PA) is a promising intervention for disease modification and symptom management in multiple sclerosis (MS); however, there is a lack of research focusing on PA behavior change interventions for persons newly diagnosed with MS. Such PA behavior change interventions should be developed based on a strong empirical foundation of understanding the behavior and its determinants (ie, what to target for changes to occur). To that end, this qualitative study examined factors explaining PA in persons newly diagnosed with MS and identified potential targets for future behavior change intervention development based on the Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behavior (COM-B) model.

METHODS:

Twenty individuals diagnosed with MS within the past 2 years underwent one-on-one semistructured interviews using questions developed based on the COM-B model. Data were analyzed using reflective thematic analysis, and the identified themes were then mapped with the COM-B model.

RESULTS:

Factors explaining PA in the study sample were identified across the COM-B components. The typical factors include knowledge and skills to sufficiently engage in PA with appropriate approaches, ability to adapt and navigate through new environmental and social difficulties after diagnosis, and motivation resulting from a combination of factors, such as outcome expectation, belief of capabilities, role/identity, reinforcement, and emotions.

CONCLUSIONS:

The COM-B model was applied successfully in this study to understand PA behavior and identify potential targets for behavior change in individuals newly diagnosed with MS. Future behavior change interventions should consider addressing these factors to generate effective PA behavior change in this population.
The impact of 10 July 1940 constitutional coup in France on the Soviet-French relations
Authors: Gusev Anton
Published: August 2023

The article is devoted to the changes in Soviet-French relations after the constitutional coup in France on July 10, 1940. This coup, which took place under the influence of the defeat of the French Republic in the war with Nazi Germany, led to the formation in non-occupied France of an authoritarian puppet state with its capital in Vichy and a sharp turn in her foreign policy. At the same time, the withdrawal of the French state from the anti-Hitler alliance and the declaration of neutrality in World War II created the conditions for a certain improvement in the country's relations with the Soviet Union, which at the initial stage of the war also adhered to a neutral position. Based on published and archival materials, the article examines the dynamics of relations between Vichy and Moscow after July 1940, analyzes the factors influencing it, shows the evolution of the foreign policy of the French state, characterizes the perception of the Vichy regime and its international policy by the Soviet side. Describing the spheres and specific features of the Soviet-French interaction, the author shows the limited opportunities for its development in the international context of 1940-1941. Ultimately, relations between the Vichy regime, whose pro-German orientation was becoming increasingly pronounced, and Moscow were severed after the attack of Nazi Germany on the USSR in June 1941.
Sex-dependent noradrenergic modulation of premotor cortex during decision-making
Authors: Rodberg Ellen M , den Hartog Carolina R , Dauster Emma S , Vazey Elena M
Published: August 2023

Rodent premotor cortex (M2) integrates information from sensory and cognitive networks for action planning during goal-directed decision-making. M2 function is regulated by cortical inputs and ascending neuromodulators, including norepinephrine (NE) released from the locus coeruleus (LC). LC-NE has been shown to modulate the signal-to-noise ratio of neural representations in target cortical regions, increasing the salience of relevant stimuli. Using rats performing a two-alternative forced choice task after administration of a β-noradrenergic antagonist (propranolol), we show that β-noradrenergic signaling is necessary for effective action plan signals in anterior M2. Loss of β-noradrenergic signaling results in failure to suppress irrelevant action plans in anterior M2 disrupting decoding of cue-related information, delaying decision times, and increasing trial omissions, particularly in females. Furthermore, we identify a potential mechanism for the sex bias in behavioral and neural changes after propranolol administration via differential expression of β2 noradrenergic receptor RNA across sexes in anterior M2, particularly on local inhibitory neurons. Overall, we show a critical role for β-noradrenergic signaling in anterior M2 during decision-making by suppressing irrelevant information to enable efficient action planning and decision-making.
Functional imaging of conduction dynamics in cortical and spinal axons
Authors: Radivojevic Milos , Rostedt Punga Anna
Published: August 2023

Mammalian axons are specialized for transmitting action potentials to targets within the central and peripheral nervous system. A growing body of evidence suggests that, besides signal conduction, axons play essential roles in neural information processing, and their malfunctions are common hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. The technologies available to study axonal function and structure integrally limit the comprehension of axon neurobiology. High-density microelectrode arrays (HD-MEAs) allow for accessing axonal action potentials at high spatiotemporal resolution, but provide no insights on axonal morphology. Here, we demonstrate a method for electrical visualization of axonal morphologies based on extracellular action potentials recorded from cortical and motor neurons using HD-MEAs. The method enabled us to reconstruct up to 5-cm-long axonal arbors and directly monitor axonal conduction across thousands of recording sites. We reconstructed 1.86 m of cortical and spinal axons in total and found specific features in their structure and function.
An optogenetic cell therapy to restore control of target muscles in an aggressive mouse model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Barney Bryson J. , Kourgiantaki Alexandra , Jiang Dai , Demosthenous Andreas , Greensmith Linda
Published: August 2023

Breakdown of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) is an early pathological hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) that blocks neuromuscular transmission, leading to muscle weakness, paralysis and, ultimately, premature death. Currently, no therapies exist that can prevent progressive motor neuron degeneration, muscle denervation or paralysis in ALS. Here, we report important advances in the development of an optogenetic, neural replacement strategy that can effectively restore innervation of severely affected skeletal muscles in the aggressive SOD1
G93A
mouse model of ALS, thus providing an interface to selectively control the function of targeted muscles using optical stimulation. We also identify a specific approach to confer complete survival of allogeneic replacement motor neurons. Furthermore, we demonstrate that an optical stimulation training paradigm can prevent atrophy of reinnervated muscle fibers and results in a 10-fold increase in optically-evoked contractile force. Together, these advances pave the way for an assistive therapy that could benefit all ALS patients.
Inferring control objectives in a virtual balancing task in humans and monkeys
Authors: Sadeghi Mohsen , Sharif Razavian Reza , Bazzi Salah , Chowdhury Raeed H , Batista Aaron P , Loughlin Patrick J , Sternad Dagmar
Published: August 2023

Natural behaviors have redundancy, which implies that humans and animals can achieve their goals with different strategies. Given only observations of behavior, is it possible to infer the control objective that the subject is employing? This challenge is particularly acute in animal behavior because we cannot ask or instruct the subject to use a particular strategy. This study presents a three-pronged approach to infer an animal’s control objective from behavior. First, both humans and monkeys performed a virtual balancing task for which different control strategies could be utilized. Under matched experimental conditions, corresponding behaviors were observed in humans and monkeys. Second, a generative model was developed that represented two main control objectives to achieve the task goal. Model simulations were used to identify aspects of behavior that could distinguish which control objective was being used. Third, these behavioral signatures allowed us to infer the control objective used by human subjects who had been instructed to use one control objective or the other. Based on this validation, we could then infer objectives from animal subjects. Being able to positively identify a subject’s control objective from observed behavior can provide a powerful tool to neurophysiologists as they seek the neural mechanisms of sensorimotor coordination.
Inferring control objectives in a virtual balancing task in humans and monkeys
Authors: Sadeghi Mohsen , Razavian Reza Sharif , Bazzi Salah , Chowdhury Raeed , Batista Aaron , Loughlin Patrick , Sternad Dagmar
Published: August 2023

Natural behaviors have redundancy, which implies that humans and animals can achieve their goals with different control strategies. Given only observations of behavior, is it possible to infer the control strategy that the subject is employing? This challenge is particularly acute in animal behavior because we cannot ask or instruct the subject to use a particular control strategy. This study presents a three-pronged approach to infer an animal’s control strategy from behavior. First, both humans and monkeys performed a virtual balancing task for which different control strategies could be utilized. Under matched experimental conditions, corresponding behaviors were observed in humans and monkeys. Second, a generative model was developed that identified two main control strategies to achieve the task goal. Model simulations were used to identify aspects of behavior that could distinguish which control strategy was being used. Third, these behavioral signatures allowed us to infer the control strategy used by human subjects who had been instructed to use one control strategy or the other. Based on this validation, we could then infer strategies from animal subjects. Being able to positively identify a subject’s control strategy from behavior can provide a powerful tool to neurophysiologists as they seek the neural mechanisms of sensorimotor coordination.A computational approach identifies control strategies in humans and monkeys to serve as basis for analysis of neural correlates of skillful manipulation.
A neuronal least-action principle for real-time learning in cortical circuits
Authors: Senn Walter , Dold Dominik , Kungl Akos F , Ellenberger Benjamin , Jordan Jakob , Bengio Yoshua , Sacramento João , Petrovici Mihai A
Published: August 2023

One of the most fundamental laws of physics is the principle of least action. Motivated by its predictive power, we introduce a neuronal least-action principle for cortical processing of sensory streams to produce appropriate behavioral outputs in real time. The principle postulates that the voltage dynamics of cortical pyramidal neurons prospectively minimizes the local somato-dendritic mismatch error within individual neurons. For output neurons, the principle implies minimizing an instantaneous behavioral error. For deep network neurons, it implies the prospective firing to overcome integration delays and correct for possible output errors right in time. The neuron-specific errors are extracted in the apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons through a cortical microcircuit that tries to explain away the feedback from the periphery, and correct the trajectory on the fly. Any motor output is in a moving equilibrium with the sensory input and the motor feedback during the ongoing sensory-motor transform. Online synaptic plasticity reduces the somatodendritic mismatch error within each cortical neuron and performs gradient descent on the output cost at any moment in time. The neuronal least-action principle offers an axiomatic framework to derive local neuronal and synaptic laws for global real-time computation and learning in the brain.
Midbrain encodes sound detection behavior without auditory cortex
Authors: Lee Tai-Ying , Weissenberger Yves , King Andrew J , Dahmen Johannes C
Published: August 2023

Hearing involves analyzing the physical attributes of sounds and integrating the results of this analysis with other sensory, cognitive, and motor variables in order to guide adaptive behavior. The auditory cortex is considered crucial for the integration of acoustic and contextual information and is thought to share the resulting representations with subcortical auditory structures via its vast descending projections. By imaging cellular activity in the corticorecipient shell of the inferior colliculus of mice engaged in a sound detection task, we show that the majority of neurons encode information beyond the physical attributes of the stimulus and that the animals’ behavior can be decoded from the activity of those neurons with a high degree of accuracy. Surprisingly, this was also the case in mice in which auditory cortical input to the midbrain had been removed by bilateral cortical lesions. This illustrates that subcortical auditory structures have access to a wealth of non-acoustic information and can, independently of the auditory cortex, carry much richer neural representations than previously thought.
Comparative genomics of bacteria from amphibian skin associated with inhibition of an amphibian fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Authors: Wax Noah , Walke Jenifer B. , Haak David C. , Belden Lisa K.
Published: August 2023

Chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is a skin disease associated with worldwide amphibian declines. Symbiotic microbes living on amphibian skin interact with Bd and may alter infection outcomes. We completed whole genome sequencing of 40 bacterial isolates cultured from the skin of four amphibian species in the Eastern US. Each isolate was tested in vitro for the ability to inhibit Bd growth. The aim of this study was to identify genomic differences among the isolates and generate hypotheses about the genomic underpinnings of Bd growth inhibition. We identified sixty-five gene families that were present in all 40 isolates. Screening for common biosynthetic gene clusters revealed that this set of isolates contained a wide variety of clusters; the two most abundant clusters with potential antifungal activity were siderophores (N=17 isolates) and Type III polyketide synthases (N=22 isolates). We then examined various subsets of the 22 isolates in the phylum Proteobacteria for genes encoding specific compounds that may inhibit fungal growth, including chitinase and violacein. We identified differences in Agrobacterium and Sphingomonas isolates in the chitinase genes that showed some association with anti-Bd activity, as well as variation in the violacein genes in the Janthinobacterium isolates. Using a comparative genomics approach, we generated several testable hypotheses about differences among bacterial isolates from amphibian skin communities that could contribute to variation in the ability to inhibit Bd growth. Further work is necessary to explore and uncover the various mechanisms utilized by amphibian skin bacterial isolates to inhibit Bd.
Exogenous glutathione maintains the postharvest quality of mango fruit by modulating the ascorbate-glutathione cycle
Authors: Zhou Yan , Liu Jiameng , Zhuo Qiongyi , Zhang Keying , Yan Jielin , Tang Bingmei , Wei Xiaoyun , Lin Lijing , Liu Kaidong
Published: August 2023

Background

Mango fruit is prone to decay after harvest and premature senescence, which significantly lowers its quality and commercial value.

Methods

The mango fruit (Mangifera indica L.cv. Guixiang) was treated with 0 (control), 2, 5, and 8 mM of reduced glutathione (GSH) after harvest. The fruit was stored at 25 ± 1 °C for 12 days to observe the changes in the antioxidant capacity and postharvest quality.

Results

Compared with the control, the 5 mM GSH treatment significantly decreased the weight loss by 44.0% and 24.4%, total soluble solids content by 25.1% and 4.5%, and soluble sugar content by 19.0% and 27.0%. Conversely, the 5 mM GSH treatment increased the firmness by 25.9% and 30.7% on days 4 and 8, respectively, and the titratable acidity content by 115.1% on day 8. Additionally, the 5 mM GSH treatment decreased the malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents and improved the antioxidant capacity of mango fruit by increasing the superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities and upregulating the expression of the encoding genes. Meanwhile, the higher levels of monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase enzyme activities and gene expressions accelerated the AsA-GSH cycle, thereby increasing the accumulation of AsA and GSH and maintaining the redox balance.

Conclusions

Overall, the experimental results suggest that 5 mM GSH maintains high antioxidant capacity and postharvest quality of mangoes and can use as an effective preservation technique for postharvest mangoes.
Influência do ambiente turbulento na relação entre investimento em intangíveis e desempenho econômico-financeiro
Authors: Panucci Filho Laurindo , Hein Nelson , Kroenke Adriana
Published: August 2023

Esta pesquisa objetiva analisar a influência do ambiente turbulento na relação entre investimentos em intangíveis e desempenho econômico-financeiro. A amostra totalizou 4480 empresas de 35 países do G20 analisando-se um período de sete anos. Utilizou-se o indicador sintético DP2 para avaliar as empresas por meio de indicadores, sendo 25 econômico-financeiros, 3 de intangibilidade e 10 de turbulência para posterior aplicação de modelos de regressão linear. Mediante os resultados foi possível concluir que a relação entre intangíveis e o desempenho econômico-financeiro é reduzido na presença do efeito moderador da turbulência ambiental do país no qual a mesma se encontra. Espera-se contribuir com gestores na avaliação dos investimentos em intangíveis em diferentes contextos e como estes podem contribuir com a melhoria do desempenho, sobretudo em ambientes turbulentos.
Universidades e entorno: perspectivas e reflexões sobre papéis e formas de interação
Authors: Pinto Anderson Moreira
Published: August 2023

Este trabalho aborda os papéis das universidades no âmbito social local e/ou regional em que estão inseridas, enfocando suas relações com diversos atores para promover o desenvolvimento socioeconômico e a inovação. Explora os avanços impulsionados pelo Plano Nacional de Educação (PNE) e pelo Programa de Apoio a Planos de Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais (Reuni) na década de 2000. Além disso, investiga o papel das universidades para além da tradicional qualificação da força de trabalho, introduzindo o conceito de "universidade regionalmente engajada". Esse conceito se refere a instituições que desempenham um papel ativo no desenvolvimento regional, estabelecendo laços e compromissos sólidos com a comunidade para enfrentar desafios locais. O trabalho é dividido em três seções. Primeiramente, explora a evolução do papel da universidade por meio de perspectivas teóricas que ampliam a compreensão. Na segunda parte, examina diferentes formas de interação entre universidades e regiões, apresentando exemplos da Europa, América do Norte e Brasil. Ao final, são apresentadas considerações e perspectivas para futuras investigações.
Paper Mill Effluent is an Alternate for Irrigation and Nutrient Sources in Improving Soil Health and Agricultural Productivity
Authors: Dhanushkodi V. , Balamurugan R. , Baskar M. , Rathika S. , Shenbagavalli S. , Hemavathy A. Thanga , Anitha R. , Sangeetha S.
Published: August 2023

Consumption of huge fresh water and the generation of a huge volume of toxic wastewater are two most important environmental concerns associated with paper industries. Hence, it is necessary to study the impact of these effluents on soil and crop before they  recommended for agricultural purpose. Paper mill effluent is rich in dissolved solids as well as varying amounts of suspended organic materials. Besides, it contain some trace metals like Hg, Pb, and Cr. Discharge from effluents through paper mill, which contain bleach and black liquor, directly reached water bodies, thus causing serious environmental related issues. It contains recalcitrant dissolved organic matter and further it induces a high biochemical oxygen demand. On the other hand, treated paper mill effluent is considered a resource in agriculture and that can be applied for productive uses since it contains nutrients that have the potential for use in agriculture and other activities.   So, use of this wastewater efficiently for agricultural crops can be an alternated source for fertilizer as well as irrigation water.
The Influence of Soil’s Physicochemical Properties and Land Use Systems on the Abundance of Actinomycetes Populations
Authors: Gitari Judith M. , Muraya Moses M. , Onyango Benson O. , Maingi John M.
Published: August 2023

Aims: In this study, we assessed the effect of physicochemical properties of soils from different land use systems on the population of Actinomycetes.

Study Design: A cross sectional survey design in line transect sampling was used in collection of samples from land use systems. A 4×6×3 factorial experiments laid in completely randomized design was used in determining Actinomycetes population in land use system and media type culture.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Meru south sub-county, Kenya, between January 2019 and July 2019.

Methodology: Cultural growth of Actinomycetes was determined using four different media type culture. The physicochemical properties of soil were evaluated using standard laboratory methods. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance and significantly means were separated using Least Significance Difference at α = 0.05 in SAS version 9.4. Correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and Actinomycetes population.  Actinomycetes population varied significantly (p < 0.05) among the different land use systems.

Results: The study's findings revealed significant variations (p < 0.05) in Actinomycetes populations across the different land use systems. The type of media used significantly influenced the growth and proliferation of Actinomycetes colonies, with the Starch casein medium exhibiting the highest number of colonies (3.4 × 105 cfu/ml of soil sample) and the modified Luria Bertani (M1) medium showing the lowest (1.7 × 105 cfu/ml). The Actinomycetes populations demonstrated significant variations (p < 0.05) among the different land use systems. Correlation analysis revealed a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.63407; p < 0.0001) between Actinomycetes population and soil pH, as well as weaker positive correlations (r = 0.3375; p = 0.012) between soil moisture content and Actinomycetes population, and available potassium and Actinomycetes load (r = 0.31483; p < 0.0001).

Conclusion: The study concludes that the population of Actinomycetes was affected by soil physicochemical properties and consequently land uses.
Arrhythmia During Anaphylaxis—An Intrinsic or Extrinsic Cause?
Authors: Rangaswamy Vickram Vignesh , Velmurugan Aparna , Balaji S.
Published: August 2023

A patient in their 50s presented to the emergency department (ER) within 30 minutes of ingestion of prawns at a restaurant with complaints of an itchy skin rash, and generalized weakness; his pulse rate was 79 bpm, his blood pressure was 50/30 mm Hg, and his respiratory rate was 20 per minute. What is your diagnosis?
Screen Time at Age 1 Year and Communication and Problem-Solving Developmental Delay at 2 and 4 Years
Authors: Takahashi Ippei , Obara Taku , Ishikuro Mami , Murakami Keiko , Ueno Fumihiko , Noda Aoi , Onuma Tomomi , Shinoda Genki , Nishimura Tomoko , Tsuchiya Kenji J. , Kuriyama Shinichi
Published: August 2023

Importance

Whether some domains of child development are specifically associated with screen time and whether the association continues with age remain unknown.

Objective

To examine the association between screen time exposure among children aged 1 year and 5 domains of developmental delay (communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem-solving, and personal and social skills) at age 2 and 4 years.

Design, Participants, and Setting

This cohort study was conducted under the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project Birth and Three-Generation Cohort Study. Pregnant women at 50 obstetric clinics and hospitals in the Miyagi and Iwate prefectures in Japan were recruited into the study between July 2013 and March 2017. The information was collected prospectively, and 7097 mother-child pairs were included in the analysis. Data analysis was performed on March 20, 2023.

Exposure

Four categories of screen time exposure were identified for children aged 1 year (<1, 1 to <2, 2 to <4, or ≥4 h/d).

Main Outcomes and Measures

Developmental delays in the 5 domains for children aged 2 and 4 years were assessed using the Japanese version of the Ages & Stages Questionnaires, Third Edition. Each domain ranged from 0 to 60 points. Developmental delay was defined if the total score for each domain was less than 2 SDs from its mean score.

Results

Of the 7097 children in this study, 3674 were boys (51.8%) and 3423 were girls (48.2%). With regard to screen time exposure per day, 3440 children (48.5%) had less than 1 hour, 2095 (29.5%) had 1 to less than 2 hours, 1272 (17.9%) had 2 to less than 4 hours, and 290 (4.1%) had 4 or more hours. Children’s screen time was associated with a higher risk of developmental delay at age 2 years in the communication (odds ratio [OR], 1.61 [95% CI, 1.23-2.10] for 1 to <2 h/d; 2.04 [1.52-2.74] for 2 to <4 h/d; 4.78 [3.24-7.06] for ≥4 vs <1 h/d), fine motor (1.74 [1.09-2.79] for ≥4 vs <1 h/d), problem-solving (1.40 [1.02-1.92] for 2 to <4 h/d; 2.67 [1.72-4.14] for ≥4 vs <1 h/d), and personal and social skills (2.10 [1.39-3.18] for ≥4 vs <1 h/d) domains. Regarding risk of developmental delay at age 4 years, associations were identified in the communication (OR, 1.64 [95% CI, 1.20-2.25] for 2 to <4 h/d; 2.68 [1.68-4.27] for ≥4 vs <1 h/d) and problem-solving (1.91 [1.17-3.14] for ≥4 vs <1 h/d) domains.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this study, greater screen time for children aged 1 year was associated with developmental delays in communication and problem-solving at ages 2 and 4 years. These findings suggest that domains of developmental delay should be considered separately in future discussions on screen time and child development.
Large positive ecological changes of small urban greening actions
Authors: Mata Luis , Hahs Amy K. , Palma Estibaliz , Backstrom Anna , Johnston Nikolas , King Tyler , Olson Ashley R. , Renowden Christina , Smith Tessa R. , Vogel Blythe , Ward Samantha
Published: August 2023

The detrimental effects of environmental change on human and non‐human diversity are acutely manifested in urban environments. While urban greenspaces are known to mitigate these effects and support functionally diverse ecological communities, evidence of the ecological outcomes of urban greening remains scarce.

We use a longitudinal observational design to provide empirical evidence of positive ecological changes brought about by greening actions. We collected a plant–insect interactions data set 1 year before, and for 3 years after, a greenspace received a small greening action within a densely urbanised municipality. We then assessed how (i) insect species richness; (ii) the probabilities of occurrence, survival and colonisation of the insect community; and (iii) the plant–insect network structure varied across the 4 years of the study. As we understand, this is the first study to apply statistical and network analytical frameworks to quantitatively track how positive ecological changes accrue over time at a site after the implementation of a specific urban greening action.

We show how a small greening action quickly led to large positive changes in the richness, demographic dynamics and network structure of a depauperate insect community. An increase in the diversity and complexity of the plant community led to, after only 3 years, a large increase in insect species richness, a greater probability of occurrence of insects within the greenspace and a higher number and diversity of interactions between insects and plant species.

We demonstrate how large positive ecological changes may be derived from investing in small greening actions and how these contribute to bring indigenous species back to greenspaces where they have become rare or been extirpated by urbanisation. Our findings provide crucial evidence that supports best practice in greenspace design and contributes to re‐invigorate policies aimed at mitigating the negative impacts of urbanisation on people and other species.
Cascade Reactions in Stereoselective Synthesis
Authors: Hong Bor‐Cherng , Dange Nitin S.
Published: August 2023

With the generation of multibonds and stereogenic centers in one‐pot or one‐step operation, cascade reactions have long been the efficient protocols in organic synthesis and have occupied a special chapter in the repertoire of the modern synthetic methods. Recent advances in the stereoselective reactions further expand the realms of cascade reactions' applications. To gain deeper insights into the cascade reactions for creating the more efficient methodologies, a concise review in this subject is essential. This review aims to highlight the recent advances in this area with particular emphasis on the stereoselective synthesis of natural products or pharmaceutical drugs. The article is classified into seven sections, namely, pericyclic, radical, transition‐metal‐catalyzed, nucleophilic, electrophilic, organocatalytic, and miscellaneous cascade reactions.
Metathesis Reactions in Drug and Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Saito Akio , Hanzawa Yuji
Published: August 2023

Metathesis reactions are transformations of olefin and/or alkyne compoundsviacleavage and reassembly of CC double and/or triple bonds. Since the discovery of Ru‐ and Mo‐carbene catalysts, olefin metathesis has been applied to the natural product syntheses and drug discoveries. Enyne and alkyne metatheses have achieved great success in total syntheses of many important molecules as a complementary role of the olefin metathesis. As well as the Ru‐ or Mo‐catalyzed metathesis, skeletal reorganization of enynes and of hetero‐enyne metathesis bring about the efficient formation of unsaturated compounds. In the present chapter, typical examples for the synthesis of natural products and drugs according to a pattern for the metathesis protocols are described.
Enzyme‐Catalyzed StereoselectiveCCbond Formation Reactions in Total Syntheses
Authors: Ranoux Adeline , Hanefeld Ulf
Published: August 2023

The asymmetric formation of CC bonds is often a key step in the synthesis of biologically active (natural) products. As nature synthesizes many of these compounds with exquisite selectivity, it is not surprising that a rich toolbox of catalysts, enzymes, for the synthesis of CC bonds can be isolated from nature. The enantioselective formation of CC bonds is in particular catalyzed by the enzyme class of lyases but also by some transferases. Some of these enzymes, as hydroxynitrile lyases, benzaldehyde lyases, transketolases, aldolases, or decarboxylases, have been broadly used by organic chemists as efficient and versatile tools for asymmetric syntheses. Moreover, recent progress in molecular biology tools and protein engineering allows for improving their potential significantly.
Modeling the importance of fish condition, overall health, and disease on the fecundity of White Perch in the Choptank River
Authors: Shaner Jacob T. , Harrell Reginal M. , Jacobs John M. , Yonkos Lance T. , Townsend Howard
Published: August 2023

Objective

Modeling of fecundity with allometric, nutritional, and environmental covariates has increased sensitivity of reproductive metrics in many fish species. In estuaries with heavy anthropogenic influence, resident species often experience sublethal health impacts because of increased stress, which can include increases in gonadal pathology, intersex, or potential reproductive failure. This study models the fecundity of the estuarine species White Perch Morone americana in response to health parameters identified as signals of habitat stress, including gross pathology presentation, nutritional condition, and disease presence.

Methods

Subpopulation fecundity in the Choptank River (Maryland) of the Chesapeake Bay was estimated using stereological fecundity sampling methods and modeled using information-theoretic approaches of model selection. Nutritional and health parameters identified through health assessment techniques, specific somatic indices, and disease presence were selected as covariates.

Result

Nutrition demonstrated limited influence on model fit as compared to models with only conventional allometric variables such as weight and length. Of the health variables, gross pathology and somatic indices showed minimal influence on selection, but mycobacterial infection, a chronic condition in the Chesapeake Bay among temperate basses, showed measurable influence. Models with mycobacteriosis included were 40 times more likely the best fit when compared to models with only allometric parameters.

Conclusion

Whether this has a region-wide influence on all subpopulations will require further research and sampling of the magnitude of mycobacteriosis infection.
X‐Ray Tomoscopy Reveals the Dynamics of Ice Templating
Authors: Kamm Paul H. , Yin Kaiyang , Neu Tillmann R. , Schlepütz Christian M. , García‐Moreno Francisco , Wegst Ulrike G. K.
Published: August 2023

Little experimentally explored and understood are the complex dynamics of microstructure formation by ice‐templating when aqueous solutions or slurries are directionally solidified (freeze cast) into cellular solids. With synchrotron‐based, time‐resolved X‐ray tomoscopy it is possible to study in situ under well‐defined conditions the anisotropic, partially faceted growth of ice crystals in aqueous systems. Obtaining one full tomogram per second for ≈270 s with a spatial resolution of 6 µm, it is possible to capture with minimal X‐ray absorption, the freezing front in a 3% weight/volume (w/v) sucrose‐in‐water solution, which typically progresses at 5–30 µm s−1 for applied cooling rates of = 1–10 °C min−1. These time and length scales render X‐ray tomoscopy ideally suited to quantify in 3D ice crystal growth and templating phenomena that determine the performance‐defining hierarchical architecture of freeze‐cast materials: a complex pore morphology and “ridges”, “jellyfish cap”, and “tentacle”‐like secondary features, which decorate the cell walls.
A Biodegradable Nucleotide Coordination Polymer for Enhanced NSCLC Therapy in Combination with Metabolic Modulation
Authors: Zhang Jie , Li Xiaoyang , Yin Yue , Cao Guoliang , Wang Hai
Published: August 2023

Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‐TKIs) in the treatment of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) still face challenges of acquired resistance and non‐negligible side effects. To overcome these limitations, a biodegradable coordination polymer using guanine deoxynucleotide and ferrous iron (dGNP) is developed for targeted delivery of EGFR‐TKIs. dGNPs can efficiently target nucleoside transporters in tumor cells that are regulated by fasting‐mimicking diet (FMD). Meanwhile, FMD can augment the therapeutic efficacy of EGFR‐TKIs by suppressing EGFR tyrosine kinase phosphorylation and related downstream pathways. In vivo results demonstrate that EGFR‐TKIs‐laden dGNPs combined with FMD treatment exhibit superior antitumor efficacy and reduced side effect. This study provides an innovative approach to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of EGFR‐TKIs through nucleotide nanocarrier and metabolic modulation.
Fully Implantable and Retrievable Upconversion Waveguides for Photodynamic Therapy in Deep Tissue
Authors: Shi Zhao , Gao Xiaohan , Cai Xue , Zhao Hongyou , Wang Xiuhong , Zhao Lingyun , Yin Lan , Ding He , Sheng Xing
Published: August 2023

The clinical administration of biophotonic approaches, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), is impeded by the low penetration of visible light in biological tissues. The cooperation of infrared (IR) light with deeper penetration and implantable IR‐to‐visible upconversion materials and devices establishes an effective strategy to generate visible light in deep tissue. In this work, a wirelessly powered upconversion waveguide‐based light source is reported for PDT‐based in vivo cancer treatments in deep tissue. Combining microscale IR‐to‐visible upconversion device arrays and a biocompatible waveguide, the implant exhibits enhanced IR transmission in biological environments and generates upconverted red emission in the target region at a depth >10 mm. The red illumination activates a photosensitizer in 5‐aminolevulinic acid (5‐ALA)‐based PDT treatment, inducing massive apoptosis (>60% cell death) of tumor cells. After implanted in tumor‐bearing mice, the waveguides enable chronic operation for more than two weeks and reveal ideal anti‐tumor efficacies in the PDT process. Finally, the biocompatible waveguide can be retrieved from the tissue, leaving minimal traces after treatments. Such a waveguide implant represents a prospective technique to realize optical‐based biological modulations and medical treatments within the body.
Towards Double Resonant Cavity Enhanced Second Harmonic Generation in Monolayer MoS2
Authors: Shradha Sai , Abtahi Fatemeh , Gan Ziyang , Knopf Heiko , Fedotova Anna , Löchner Franz J. F. , George Antony , Pertsch Thomas , Turchanin Andrey , Eilenberger Falk
Published: August 2023

A characteristic property of monolayered transition metal dichalcogenides is their strong nonlinear response. While they display a high conversion efficiency per atomic layer, due to their low thickness, the absolute value of their nonlinear response remains low. Here enhancement of the second harmonic generation (SHG) of monolayer MoS2 through the design, fabrication, and characterization of a monolithic microcavity, which aims to be double resonant at a fundamental wavelength of λ = 800 nm as well as its second harmonic, is demonstrated. The MoS2 monolayers are embedded in such a cavity, with the aim to simultaneously enhance the light‐matter interaction at the excitation wavelength and the SHG from the monolayers. A resonance enhancement for the SHG process is achieved through the cavity.
Negative Refractive Index in Dielectric Crystals Containing Stoichiometric Rare‐Earth Ions
Authors: Berrington Matthew C. , Sellars Matthew J. , Longdell Jevon J. , Rønnow Henrik M. , Vallabhapurapu Hyma H. , Adambukulam Chris , Laucht Arne , Ahlefeldt Rose L.
Published: August 2023

Double‐negative refractive index materials have attracted sustained experimental and theoretical interest because they can display a range of surprising optical phenomena, including negative Doppler shifts and perfect lensing. Double‐negative indexes have been achieved experimentally in engineered metamaterials; however, these materials become increasingly challenging to fabricate at shorter wavelengths, and at optical wavelengths only 2D negative index materials have been achieved. Here, it is shown that a double‐negative index can occur in a natural material, near narrow optical transitions of dielectric crystals stoichiometric in a rare‐earth ion. Optical measurements of two candidate materials, the magnetically‐ordered erbium crystals, ErCl3 ·6H2O and 7LiErF4, which have ultra‐narrow optical linewidths of 3 GHz and 250 MHz, respectively, in the telecom band are presented. It is shown that the spectral density of 7LiErF4 is sufficient to achieve a negative index at 1530 nm. This material can enable the exploration of negative refractive index effects at optical wavelengths in a truly 3D, natural medium.
Amplification and Dynamic Control of Circularly Polarized Luminescence in Poly (vinyl Alcohol)/CdSe@CdS Nanorod Assembly Twisted‐Stacking Hetero‐Structures
Authors: Wen Li , Xie Yifan , Yang Peng , Zhang Hongli , Li Jiahe , Feng Zeyu , Zou Gang
Published: August 2023

Chiroptical materials with strong and switchable circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) properties have gained considerable interest due to their feasible applications in optoelectronic devices, sensing, and information encryption. However, in most cases, their luminescence dissymmetry factor (glum) and figure of merit (FOM) values remain very low. Herein, a novel heterogeneous twisted‐stacking structure is proposed, which endows with strong CPL amplification (a maximum of ≈15‐fold enhancement) over traditional homogeneous structures and a high FOM value up to 0.11. Interestingly, their CPL performance (including the sign, magnitude, and spectral position) and the FOM values can be precisely manipulated or even inversed by simply uniaxial stretching, since the phase retardation of the anisotropic poly (vinyl alcohol) layer can be controlled. Moreover, by combining with the viologen gel electrochromic system, the in situ voltage‐driven switching and patterning of the CPL signal can be successfully achieved, with low operation voltage and good cycling stability. This study provides a creative strategy for fabricating strong and electrical switchable CPL‐active materials, which promise new opportunities in miniaturized smart electrochiroptical devices for future information technology.
Rational Quantification of Recombination Pathways of Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Lee Kyung Hyung , Kim Jae‐Min , Lee Jun Yeob
Published: August 2023

One of the most challenging aspects in the fine design of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) adopting a host‐dopant structure in the emitting layer is the quantitative understanding of the Langevin recombination (LR) and trap‐assisted recombination (TAR). Here as fundamental research, the quantitative contributions of LR and TAR of the exciplex‐forming cohost‐based phosphorescent OLEDs to electroluminescence are explored by time‐dependent behaviors of current and luminance with numerical modeling. The LR and TAR coefficients are extracted from experimental measurements rather than calculations using theoretical formulas. The analysis of the TAR coefficient allows for determination of the trap generation efficiency according to the doping concentration, indicating the possibility of dopant aggregation and percolation of trap states. The portions of LR and TAR are successfully analyzed by drift‐diffusion modeling using these two coefficients, revealing that the TAR ratio increased from 15% to 44% with increasing doping concentration from 0.5 to 3 wt%. A novel strategy for enhancing the LR portion is presented based on the prediction map of the recombination mechanisms.