bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hearing, speech, and language outcomes in school-aged children after cleft palate repair
Authors: Prathanee Benjamas , Buakanok Netra , Pumnum Tawitree , Thanawirattananit Panida
Published: October 2024

Background: Following primary cleft palate repair, individuals face a heightened risk of hearing problems, particularly conductive hearing loss, compensatory articulation disorders (CADs), resonance disorders, delayed speech and language development, and voice disorders. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and impact of these challenges in children with cleft palate with or without cleft lip (CP± L).Methods: This cross-sectional study included 38 children with CP± L aged 5 to 13 years. A comprehensive evaluation involved audiological assessments (audiograms, tympanograms) by an audiologist and speech-language pathology assessments (Thai Speech Parameters for Patients with Cleft Palate, Articulation Screening Test) by speech-language pathologists.Results: The prevalence of hearing loss affected 27.63% of participants (21 out of 76 ears) and majority of cases involved conductive hearing loss. Velar substitution was the most common CAD, followed by nasalized voiced pressure consonants, phoneme-specific nasal air emission, and pharyngeal substitution. A moderate correlation was found between these CAD patterns and hypernasality at the word, sentence, and screening levels (r= 0.44, p< 0.01; r= 0.43, p< 0.01; and r= 0.40, p= 0.01).Conclusion: For summary, the most common type of hearing loss was conductive hearing loss. The predominant CAD pattern was velar substitution. The protocol could be designed to enhance early improvement in hearing and articulation, thereby supporting academic achievement and long-term quality of life.
Le patrimoine photographique dans le livre pour enfants : l’exemple de la collection « Révélateur »
Authors: Rialland Ivanne
Published: October 2024

Après un rapide tour d’horizon des publications jeunesse sur l’art consacrées à la photographie, l’article s’attache à quelques histoires de l’art pour la jeunesse pour analyser la manière dont la photographie y est intégrée. Sont ensuite étudiées deux collections spécifiquement dédiées à la photographie et plus particulièrement l’une d’entre elles : la collection « Révélateur » publiée par l’Atelier des enfants du Centre Pompidou de 1991 à 1995. Est ainsi montré comment le médium livre, et plus spécifiquement l’espace photolittéraire créé par la double page, peut permettre de tisser un rapport esthétique à l’image photographique patrimoniale.
Les contes d’Andersen au prisme de la photolittérature : un discours empathique sur l’enfance
Authors: Connan-Pintado Christiane
Published: October 2024

Laurence Le Guen place l’ouvrage Cent cinquante ans de photolittérature pour les enfants (2022) sous le signe d’Andersen, avec qui elle ouvre et ferme la période couverte par le volume. Cette mise en exergue souligne le lien du poète conteur à l’enfance par le biais du médium photographique. L’article s’intéresse à un corpus d’albums qui reformulent les contes d’Andersen sous l’objectif de la photographie au tournant du xxie siècle : Le sapin de Marcel Imsand et Rita Marshall (1983), L’Effraie de Sarah Moon (2004), La petite fille aux allumettes d’Yveline Loiseur (2013). Il s’agit d’interroger les modalités et les enjeux de l’illustration photographique au service du conte intégralement rapporté, sensiblement réécrit ou seulement abrégé. Dans tous les cas, au gré de projets artistiques et/ou éditoriaux singuliers, le regard du ou de la photographe contribue à focaliser l’attention sur le monde de l’enfance et à susciter l’empathie du lecteur-regardeur.
Study of Gnetum gnemon metabolites as potential anti-breast and prostate cancer by metabolomic and molecular docking
Authors: Auli Winni Nur , Husniati Husniati , Suprahman Nisa Yulianti , Fauziyya Riri , Sarmoko Sarmoko , Ashari Arif , Nainggolan Ita Margaretha , Tachrim Zetryana Puteri , Lotulung Puspa Dewi Narrij , Wulandari Rika , Adyani Made Ninta , sari Bulan Rosita , Gustiantini Nurulita Nur , Fasya Gyska Amelia
Published: October 2024

Breast and prostate cancers are significant health concerns worldwide, demanding novel and effective therapeutic approaches. This study explores the potential of Gnetum gnemon seed metabolites as anticancers agent through metabolomic profiling and molecular docking analysis. Six metabolites from G. gnemon seed were identified, which met Lipinski’s rule of five criteria, suggesting their drug-like properties. A panel of 10 molecular target proteins, including PTGS1, PTGS2, ESR1, SIRT1, SIRT3, SIRT5, AKT1, JAK2, BRAF, and NOS3, relevant to breast and prostate cancer pathways, were selected for molecular docking simulations. The binding interactions and free binding energy assessments identified gnetol and gnetin C as the most promising metabolites, showing strong interactions with multiple target proteins. Gnetol exhibited potential in targeting ESR1 and SIRT5, suggesting a mechanism for breast cancer inhibition. On the other hand, gnetin C emerged as a potent allosteric inhibitor of AKT1, potentially impacting breast and prostate cancer pathways. These findings highlight G. gnemon metabolites, particularly gnetol and gnetin C, as potential candidates for further preclinical and clinical studies as anti-breast and prostate cancer agents.
Mapping kinase domain resistance mechanisms for the MET receptor tyrosine kinase via deep mutational scanning
Authors: Estevam Gabriella O , Linossi Edmond , Rao Jingyou , Macdonald Christian B , Ravikumar Ashraya , Chrispens Karson M , Capra John A , Coyote-Maestas Willow , Pimentel Harold , Collisson Eric A , Jura Natalia , Fraser James S
Published: October 2024

Mutations in the kinase and juxtamembrane domains of the MET Receptor Tyrosine Kinase are responsible for oncogenesis in various cancers and can drive resistance to MET-directed treatments. Determining the most effective inhibitor for each mutational profile is a major challenge for MET-driven cancer treatment in precision medicine. Here, we used a deep mutational scan (DMS) of ~5764 MET kinase domain variants to profile the growth of each mutation against a panel of 11 inhibitors that are reported to target the MET kinase domain. We validate previously identified resistance mutations, pinpoint common resistance sites across type I, type II, and type I ½ inhibitors, unveil unique resistance and sensitizing mutations for each inhibitor, and verify non-cross-resistant sensitivities for type I and type II inhibitor pairs. We augment a protein language model with biophysical and chemical features to improve the predictive performance for inhibitor-treated datasets. Together, our study demonstrates a pooled experimental pipeline for identifying resistance mutations, provides a reference dictionary for mutations that are sensitized to specific therapies, and offers insights for future drug development.
Tiny particles help insects evade predators
Authors: Wang Lin , Wong Tak-Sing
Published: October 2024

By reducing the reflection of ultraviolet light, hollow nanoparticles called brochosomes help to protect leafhoppers from predators.
Nuclear receptor corepressor 1 controls regulatory T cell subset differentiation and effector function
Authors: Stolz Valentina , de Freitas e Silva Rafael , Rica Ramona , Zhu Ci , Preglej Teresa , Hamminger Patricia , Hainberger Daniela , Alteneder Marlis , Müller Lena , Waldherr Monika , Waltenberger Darina , Hladik Anastasiya , Agerer Benedikt , Schuster Michael , Frey Tobias , Krausgruber Thomas , Knapp Sylvia , Campbell Clarissa , Schmetterer Klaus , Trauner Michael , Bergthaler Andreas , Bock Christoph , Boucheron Nicole , Ellmeier Wilfried
Published: October 2024

FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are key for immune homeostasis. Here, we reveal that nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR1) controls naïve and effector Treg cell states. Upon NCOR1 deletion in T cells, effector Treg cell frequencies were elevated in mice and in in vitro-generated human Treg cells. NCOR1-deficient Treg cells failed to protect mice from severe weight loss and intestinal inflammation associated with CD4+ T cell transfer colitis, indicating impaired suppressive function. NCOR1 controls the transcriptional integrity of Treg cells, since effector gene signatures were already upregulated in naïve NCOR1-deficient Treg cells while effector NCOR1-deficient Treg cells failed to repress genes associated with naïve Treg cells. Moreover, genes related to cholesterol homeostasis including targets of liver X receptor (LXR) were dysregulated in NCOR1-deficient Treg cells. However, genetic ablation of LXRβ in T cells did not revert the effects of NCOR1 deficiency, indicating that NCOR1 controls naïve and effector Treg cell subset composition independent from its ability to repress LXRβ-induced gene expression. Thus, our study reveals that NCOR1 maintains naïve and effector Treg cell states via regulating their transcriptional integrity. We also reveal a critical role for this epigenetic regulator in supporting the suppressive functions of Treg cells in vivo.
The impact of the filling technique with two sealers in bulk or associated with gutta-percha on the fatigue behavior and failure patterns of endodontically treated teeth
Authors: Lena Isabella Marian , Chiaratti Luiza Colpo , Pilecco Rafaela Oliveira , Machry Renan Vaz , Tribst João Paulo Mendes , Kleverlaan Cornelis Johannes , Pereira Gabriel Kalil Rocha , Morgental Renata Dornelles
Published: October 2024

Background

The present in vitro study aimed to evaluate the fatigue behavior of teeth filled with a calcium silicate-based sealer (Bio-C Sealer, BC) or an epoxy resin-based sealer (AH Plus, AH), in bulk or associated with gutta-percha as main core material.

Methods

Seventy-two sound human maxillary anterior teeth were initially selected. Sixty of them, were randomly chosen, and had their root canals prepared using nickel-titanium reciprocating instruments, being again randomly assigned to five experimental groups (n = 12): C+ (control + prepared but not filled); BC-B (BC in bulk); BC-GP (BC+ gutta-percha); AP-B (AH in bulk); AP-GP (AH+ gutta-percha). An additional negative control group (C−) was considered (n = 12), consisting only on sound teeth, without preparation and filling. The specimens were submitted to a survival analysis after the cyclic fatigue test.

Results

Sound teeth (C−) presented the best fatigue performance (P < 0.05), being similar only to the AP-GP group (P > 0.05). Despite that, all experimental groups showed similar fatigue behavior (P > 0.05) to C+ (BC-B = BC-GP = AP-B = AP-GP = C+). Based on that, it can be seen that the use of gutta-percha, as a main core material, associated with the AH Plus sealer, reestablished the mechanical fatigue performance of endodontically treated teeth comparable to sound teeth, still consisting on the most promising approach to rehabilitate such scenario. Teeth filled in bulk, had discreetly higher risk of premature failures and inferior fatigue performance.
Smartphone Addiction and Non Suicidal Self-injury among Undergraduate Healthcare Professionals: A Cross-sectional Study from Southern India
Authors: Natarajan Nisha , Kumar Ajith , Maithreyi P , Shaheep Mohamed , Bhore Dhanraj Jalindar
Published: October 2024

Introduction: Non Suicidal Self-injury (NSSI) and mobile phone addiction have recently garnered considerable attention, especially among adolescents and young adults. There is significant neglect regarding the impact of each phenomenon on the daily functioning of individuals; however, few studies have explored their correlation, leaving a gap in understanding the relationship between these two phenomena. Aim: To determine the level of smartphone addiction and NSSI behaviours among undergraduate healthcare professionals and to examine the extent of smartphones’ influence on the emotional stability of young adults, potentially leading to selfinjurious behaviour. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted at ACS Medical College and Allied Health Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India over five months, involving 448 undergraduate healthcare professionals. After applying exclusion criteria, 367 participants were included in the study. Socio-demographic details were collected using a semistructured proforma. The questionnaire included the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV) and the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS). The statistical tests used were the Chi-square test for categorical variables, Spearman correlation analysis (p-value <0.05), and frequencies/ percentages for some quantitative variables. Results: The study primarily comprised first-year undergraduate students, with 206 (56.1%) female and 161 (43.9%) male participants. Social media (208, 56.7%) and making calls (195, 53.1%) were the most frequently cited reasons for smartphone usage. Among the participants, 114 (31.1%) exhibited addictive smartphone habits, with males outnumbering females. Furthermore, 50 (13.6%) reported intentional self-injury, with females constituting the majority. Common methods included hitting oneself (20, 40%), pulling one’s hair (18, 36%), and cutting (16, 32%). Significant correlations were observed between certain intrapersonal and interpersonal functions of NSSI behaviour and smartphone addiction among male individuals engaged in deliberate self-harm (p-value <0.05). Conclusion: In this study, 31.1% of the participants exhibited addictive smartphone habits, and 13.6% reported intentional self-injury. These findings underscore the critical need to investigate smartphone addiction to thoroughly understand NSSI behaviour, particularly among undergraduate students.
Poisoning with Local Anesthetics Following Circumcision : A Case Report
Authors: T L Midili , E Mintsa-Mi-Nkama , A E Mekame Meye , F C Loembe , A M Lembet Mikolo , A Mabery Grodet , L Kiba , V Patipe , E Kuissi Kamgaing , S Ategbo
Published: October 2024

Introduction: Circumcision or posthectomy is the removal of the foreskin, this act seems commonplace practiced by paramedical personnel or unqualified traditional practitioners who may cause significant complications.
Objective: Our work aimed to highlight one of the complications of this act which must remain a supervised medical act.
Observation: We report the case of a 2-month-old infant who presented with complications related to anesthesia. the clinic was dominated by convulsions and alteration of the state of consciousness 15 minutes after circumcision in this well infant carrying without any particular history. The evolution was favorable thanks to support rapid and urgent about 20 minutes with the cessation of convulsions and a return to consciousness, the patient was monitored for 48 hours then return home was indicated due to the absence other complications.
Conclusion: Circumcision is a widespread act throughout the world either by medical necessity or by religious tradition. its trivialization and its practice by non-experts, explains the multiple complications observed.
Climate-Resilient Horticulture: Adapting to Climate Change through Innovative Practices and Technologies
Authors: Jain Shikha , Lamo Kunzang , Walling Sentinaro , Imchen Alemla , Tirkey Jane Florina , Pratyush  , Singh Abhishek , Singh Abhishek
Published: October 2024

Climate change is a serious threat to horticulture as it will increase temperatures, cause unpredictable rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events that will affect crop yields, quality, and overall agricultural sustainability. Climate-resilient horticulture uses cutting-edge technologies and equipment to overcome these obstacles. Developing crop varieties that are resistant to heat, drought, and salt is a key strategy to make plants more resilient to adverse conditions. To conserve water and guarantee a constant supply of moisture, advanced water management techniques such as drip irrigation and rainwater collection are crucial. Climate adaptation is aided by soil management techniques that increase soil fertility and health, such as conservation tillage and organic amendments. Technological advancements such as precision horticulture enable farmers to optimize inputs and reduce waste, while controlled environment agriculture (CEA) systems, including greenhouses, hydroponics, allow cultivation of crops in regulated environments, reducing external climate impacts. Additionally, genetic engineering and biotechnology offer promising solutions to develop crops with increased climate resilience. Despite the potential of these innovations, challenges such as high costs, knowledge barriers, and policy constraints must be addressed for widespread adoption. This summary underscores the need to integrate these strategies to secure the future of horticulture in a changing climate, ultimately contributing to global food security and agricultural sustainability.
Growth, NPK Uptake and Crude Protein Content in Diversified Cropping System under Natural Farming
Authors: Naik Mohit , Rana Maan Chand , Sankhyan Narender Kumar , Chauhan Sahil , Choudhary Raghuveer , Rana Bharat Bhushan
Published: October 2024

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi 2020-21 to Kharif 2021 at Research Farm, Agronomy, CSKHPKV, Palampur (H.P.) to study growth analysis, NPK uptake and crude protein content in diversified cropping system under natural farming. The experiment was consisted of 9 treatments (C1 -Maize - wheat, C2-Black gram - wheat + gram, C3-Soybean - wheat + lentil, C4-Cowpea - wheat + sarson, C5-Okra - wheat + pea, C6-Maize + black gram - gram, C7-Maize + soybean - lentil, C8-Maize + cowpea - sarson and C9-Maize + okra - pea), replicated three time in Randomized Block Design. The natural farming inputs includes beejamrit (used for seed treatment @ 1 litre/10 kg seed), jeevamrit (5 drenching application at 21 days interval; total used 450 litres), ghanjeevamrit (soil applied during sowing @ 500 kg ha-1) and mulching (applied after germination @ 10000 kg ha-1). Legume-based systems resulted in significantly higher CGR and RGR among the cropping systems. During Rabi 2020-21, the highest CGR was observed in the C3 (soybean - wheat + lentil) of 5.53 g m-2 day-1, followed by C1 (maize - wheat) at 5.29 g m-2 day-1. In Kharif 2021, C4 (cowpea - wheat + sarson) showed the highest CGR (10.22 g m-2 day-1). Higher RGR was found in C7 system (maize + soybean - lentil) at 8.89 mg g-1 day-1, in Rabi 2020-21. While, the system C2 (black gram - wheat + gram) resulted in higher RGR at 13.76 mg g-1 day-1 before harvest in Kharif 2021. Legumes enhances nutrient uptake by improving soil fertility and also resulted in improved the dry matter accumulation during mid-to-late crop stages under natural farming.  A significant variation was observed higher nutrient uptake in both seed and by-products with legume-based systems under natural farming.  Enhanced crude protein content was found in the legume-based systems, such as C8 (maize + cowpea - sarson) with 75.50 % in Rabi 2020-21.
Impact of Row Configuration and Biofertilizers on Yield and Quality of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) Intercropped with Cowpea in the Southern Laterites of Kerala, India
Authors: Madhurima Kasapogu Rachel , P. Shalini Pillai, , G. Rajasree , Thomas Usha C. , N. Chitra
Published: October 2024

A field experiment was conducted at the Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during December 2023 to April 2024 to assess the performance of sorghum in terms of yield and quality, when intercropped with cowpea at varying row configuration and biofertilizers. The field experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The study comprised intercropping sorghum with cowpea, at three row ratios and four levels of biofertilizer application (r1 – 1:1 row ratio, r2 – 1:2 row ratio, r3 – 2:1 row ratio; b0 – No biofertilizer, b1 – AMF, b2 – Rhizobium and b3 – AMF + Rhizobium). The treatment r3 (2:1 row ratio) resulted in higher grain yield, grains per panicle, grain weight per panicle, and green stover yield of sorghum.19.4 per cent yield increase was observed in the treatment r3 than r2. Application of AMF and Rhizobium together (b3) resulted in more number of grains per panicle, grain weight, grain yield and green stover yield of sorghum. Sorghum grain yield was reduced in the absence of biofertilizer (b0). The treatment combination r2b1 (sorghum intercropped with cowpea in 1:2 ratio along with AMF) showed the highest crude protein content in sorghum grains. Iron and copper content were increased with the application of AMF (b1). However, application of AMF and Rhizobium (b3) together resulted in higher magnesium content in sorghum grains.
Impact of Different Technology Interventions on Agronomical Traits of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
Authors: Meshram Varsha , Dongre Archana
Published: October 2024

The study conducted over three consecutive Rabi seasons (2020-21, 2021-22, and 2022-23) in the Lalburra block of Balaghat sought to promote advanced chickpea production techniques among farmers. A total of 15 demonstrations spanning 6.0 hectares showcased the benefits of adopting improved agricultural practices. This included the use of the high-yielding chickpea variety JG-16, soil test-based nutrient management, and targeted pest and disease control measures. Over the past three years, the demonstration plots achieved an average yield of 11.98 q ha⁻¹, while traditional farming methods produced only 8.01 q ha⁻¹. This leads to a remarkable yield enhancement of 47.48%. Additionally, the study recorded an average technology gap of 6.07 q ha-1, an extension gap of 3.86 q ha-1, and a technology index of 33.36%. The study underscores the effectiveness of advanced chickpea production techniques, increased yield while highlighting the need to bridge technology and extension gaps for enhanced productivity in the Lalburra block.
The Evolution of the Silver Hills Volcanic Center, and Revised 40Ar/39Ar Geochronology of Montserrat, Lesser Antilles, With Implications for Island Arc Volcanism
Authors: Hatter S. J. , Palmer M. R. , Gernon T. M. , Taylor R. N. , Cole P. D. , Barfod D. N. , Coussens M.
Published: February 2018

Studying the older volcanic centers on Montserrat, Centre Hills and Silver Hills, may reveal how volcanic activity can change over long time periods (≥1 Myr), and whether the recent activity at the Soufrière Hills is typical of volcanism throughout Montserrat's history. Here we present the first detailed mapping of the Silver Hills, the oldest and arguably least studied volcanic center on Montserrat. Volcanism at the Silver Hills was dominated by episodic andesite lava dome growth and collapse, produced Vulcanian style eruptions, and experienced periodic sector collapse events, similar to the style of volcanic activity that has been documented for the Centre Hills and Soufrière Hills. We also present an updated geochronology of volcanism on Montserrat, by revising existing ages and obtaining new 40Ar/39Ar dates and paleomagnetic ages from marine tephra layers. We show that the centers of the Silver, Centre, and Soufrière Hills were active during at least ∼2.17–1.03 Ma, ∼1.14–0.38 Ma, and ∼0.45 Ma to present, respectively. Combined with timings of volcanism on Basse‐Terre, Guadeloupe, these ages suggest that ∼0.5–1 Ma is a common lifespan for volcanic centers in the Lesser Antilles. These new dates identify a previously unrecognized overlap in activity between the different volcanic centers, which appears to be a common phenomenon in island arcs. We also identify an older stage of Soufrière Hills activity ∼450–290 ka characterized by the eruption of hornblende‐orthopyroxene‐phyric lavas, demonstrating that the petrology of the Soufrière Hills eruptive products has changed at least twice throughout the volcano's development.
Evolution of Field‐Aligned Electron and Ion Densities From Whistler Mode Radio Soundings During Quiet to Moderately Active Period and Comparisons With SAMI2 Simulations
Authors: Reddy A. , Sonwalkar V. S. , Huba J. D.
Published: February 2018

Knowledge of field‐aligned electron and ion distributions is necessary for understanding the physical processes causing variations in field‐aligned electron and ion densities. Using whistler mode sounding by Radio Plasma Imager/Imager for Magnetopause‐to‐Aurora Global Exploration (RPI/IMAGE), we determined the evolution of dayside electron and ion densities along L ∼ 2 and L ∼ 3 (90–4,000 km) during a 7 day (21–27 November 2005) geomagnetically quiet to moderately active period. Over this period the O+/H+ transition height was ∼880 ± 60 km and ∼1000 ± 100 km, respectively, at L ∼ 2 and L ∼ 3. The electron density varied in a complex manner; it was different at L ∼ 2 and L ∼ 3 and below and above the O+/H+ transition height. The measured electron and ion densities are consistent with those from Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) and other past measurements, but they deviated from bottomside sounding and International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) 2012 empirical model results. Using SAMI2 (Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) ionosphere model) with reasonably adjusted values of inputs (neutral densities, winds, electric fields, and photoelectron heating), we simulated the evolution of O+/H+ transition height and field‐aligned electron and ion densities so that a fair agreement was obtained between the simulation results and observations. Simulation studies indicated that reduced neutral densities (H and/or O) with time limited O+‐H charge exchange process. This reduction in neutral densities combined with changes in neutral winds and plasma temperature led to the observed variations in the electron and ion densities. The observation/simulation method presented here can be extended to investigate the role of neutral densities and composition, disturbed winds, and prompt penetration electric fields in the storm time ionosphere/plasmasphere dynamics.
Modeling the Hydrological Cycle in the Atmosphere of Mars: Influence of a Bimodal Size Distribution of Aerosol Nucleation Particles
Authors: Shaposhnikov Dmitry S. , Rodin Alexander V. , Medvedev Alexander S. , Fedorova Anna A. , Kuroda Takeshi , Hartogh Paul
Published: February 2018

We present a new implementation of the hydrological cycle scheme into a general circulation model of the Martian atmosphere. The model includes a semi‐Lagrangian transport scheme for water vapor and ice and accounts for microphysics of phase transitions between them. The hydrological scheme includes processes of saturation, nucleation, particle growth, sublimation, and sedimentation under the assumption of a variable size distribution. The scheme has been implemented into the Max Planck Institute Martian general circulation model and tested assuming monomodal and bimodal lognormal distributions of ice condensation nuclei. We present a comparison of the simulated annual variations, horizontal and vertical distributions of water vapor, and ice clouds with the available observations from instruments on board Mars orbiters. The accounting for bimodality of aerosol particle distribution improves the simulations of the annual hydrological cycle, including predicted ice clouds mass, opacity, number density, and particle radii. The increased number density and lower nucleation rates bring the simulated cloud opacities closer to observations. Simulations show a weak effect of the excess of small aerosol particles on the simulated water vapor distributions.
Photorespiration – Damage Repair Pathway of the Calvin–Benson Cycle
Authors: Bauwe Hermann
Published: February 2018

The photorespiratory repair pathway is an indispensable component of the photosynthetic CO2assimilation apparatus and a major highway of plant primary metabolism. The photorespiratory pathway interacts with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in at least three ways: synthesis of 2‐oxoglutarate (2OG) for nitrogen metabolism, inhibition of TCA cycle enzymes by ammonia and NADH, and competition for NAD+. The preference given to NADH oxidation interlinks photorespiratory glycine oxidation with oxidative phosphorylation to provide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the cytosol. Use of water for photosynthesis, together with the generation of molecular oxygen, triggered a major side reaction at the key CO2fixation enzyme ribulose 1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco): addition of dioxygen cleaves the CO2acceptor molecule ribulose 1,5‐bisphosphate (RuBP), generating the powerful enzyme inhibitor glycolate 2‐phosphate (2PG). Central for photorespiration is the conversion of the two‐carbon skeleton of glycolate into a three‐carbon skeleton that is compatible with the Calvin‐Benson cycle.
Mitochondria and Cell Death
Authors: Van Aken Olivier
Published: February 2018

This chapter discusses the current body of evidence that supports a role for mitochondria in plant cell death. In plants, a reduction of mitochondrial function and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels by suppression of autophagy triggered necrosis instead of developmental programmed cell death (PCD). PCD is found to be closely associated with mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production in plants. A key mechanism of PCD in animal systems is the excessive swelling of mitochondria; a phenomenon termed the mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT). Mitochondria are known to trigger nuclear gene expression of stress‐related genes and significant evidence points towards a role for ROS in getting signals out of the mitochondria. Many pro‐ and antiapoptotic proteins that are associated with mitochondria were identified in non‐plant systems, and a push in the plant field was initiated to find out how much of this mitochondrial pathway is conserved. Plant mitochondria become an increasingly important metabolic hub during developmental leaf senescence.
Host Exciton Confinement for Enhanced Förster‐Transfer‐Blend Gain Media Yielding Highly Efficient Yellow‐Green Lasers
Authors: Zhang Qi , Liu Jingguan , Wei Qi , Guo Xiangru , Xu Yan , Xia Ruidong , Xie Linghai , Qian Yan , Sun Chen , Lüer Larry , Cabanillas‐Gonzalez Juan , Bradley Donal D. C. , Huang Wei
Published: February 2018

This paper reports state‐of‐the‐art fluorene‐based yellow‐green conjugated polymer blend gain media using Förster resonant‐energy‐transfer from novel blue‐emitting hosts to yield low threshold (≤7 kW cm−2) lasers operating between 540 and 590 nm. For poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐co‐benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) (15 wt%) blended with the newly synthesized 3,6‐bis(2,7‐di([1,1′‐biphenyl]‐4‐yl)‐9‐phenyl‐9H‐fluoren‐9‐yl)‐9‐octyl‐9H–carbazole (DBPhFCz) a highly desirable more than four times increase (relative to F8BT) in net optical gain to 90 cm−1 and 34 times reduction in amplified spontaneous emission threshold to 3 µJ cm−2 is achieved. Detailed transient absorption studies confirm effective exciton confinement with consequent diffusion‐limited polaron‐pair generation for DBPhFCz. This delays formation of host photoinduced absorption long enough to enable build‐up of the spectrally overlapped, guest optical gain, and resolves a longstanding issue for conjugated polymer photonics. The comprehensive study further establishes that limiting host conjugation length is a key factor therein, with 9,9‐dialkylfluorene trimers also suitable hosts for F8BT but not pentamers, heptamers, or polymers. It is additionally demonstrated that the host highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals can be tuned independently from the guest gain properties. This provides the tantalizing prospect of enhanced electron and hole injection and transport without endangering efficient optical gain; a scenario of great interest for electrically pumped amplifiers and lasers.
Metal Doped Core–Shell Metal‐Organic Frameworks@Covalent Organic Frameworks (MOFs@COFs) Hybrids as a Novel Photocatalytic Platform
Authors: Sun Dengrong , Jang Seungwook , Yim Se‐Jun , Ye Lin , Kim Dong‐Pyo
Published: February 2018

Metal doped core–shell Metal‐Organic Frameworks@Covalent Organic Frameworks (MOFs@COFs) are presented as a novel platform for photocatalysis. A palladium (Pd) doped MOFs@COFs in the form of Pd/TiATA@LZU1 shows excellent photocatalytic performance for tandem dehydrogenation and hydrogenation reactions in a continuous‐flow microreactor and a batch system, indicating the great potential of the metal doped MOFs@COFs as a multifunctional platform for photocatalysis. Explanations for the performance enhancement are elucidated. An integrated dual‐chamber microreactor coupled with the metal doped MOFs@COFs is introduced to demonstrate a concept of an intensified green photochemical process, which can be broadly extended to challenging liquid–gas tandem and cascade reactions.
Nanogenerator for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Feng Hongqing , Zhao Chaochao , Tan Puchuan , Liu Ruping , Chen Xin , Li Zhou
Published: February 2018

In the past 10 years, the development of nanogenerators (NG) has enabled different systems to operate without external power supply. NG have the ability to harvest the mechanical energies in different forms. Human body motions and activities can also serve as the energy source to drive NG and enable self‐powered healthcare system. In this review, a summary of several major actual applications of NG in the biomedical fields is made including the circulatory system, the neural system, cell modulation, microbe disinfection, and biodegradable electronics. Nevertheless, there are still many challenges for NG to be actually adopted in clinical applications, including the miniaturization, duration, encapsulation, and output performance. It is also very important to further combine the NG development more precisely with the medical principles. In future, NG can serve as highly promising complementary or even alternative power suppliers to traditional batteries for the healthcare electronics.
Biodistribution, Clearance, and Long‐Term Fate of Clinically Relevant Nanomaterials
Authors: Bourquin Joël , Milosevic Ana , Hauser Daniel , Lehner Roman , Blank Fabian , Petri‐Fink Alke , Rothen‐Rutishauser Barbara
Published: February 2018

Realization of the immense potential of nanomaterials for biomedical applications will require a thorough understanding of how they interact with cells, tissues, and organs. There is evidence that, depending on their physicochemical properties and subsequent interactions, nanomaterials are indeed taken up by cells. However, the subsequent release and/or intracellular degradation of the materials, transfer to other cells, and/or translocation across tissue barriers are still poorly understood. The involvement of these cellular clearance mechanisms strongly influences the long‐term fate of used nanomaterials, especially if one also considers repeated exposure. Several nanomaterials, such as liposomes and iron oxide, gold, or silica nanoparticles, are already approved by the American Food and Drug Administration for clinical trials; however, there is still a huge gap of knowledge concerning their fate in the body. Herein, clinically relevant nanomaterials, their possible modes of exposure, as well as the biological barriers they must overcome to be effective are reviewed. Furthermore, the biodistribution and kinetics of nanomaterials and their modes of clearance are discussed, knowledge of the long‐term fates of a selection of nanomaterials is summarized, and the critical points that must be considered for future research are addressed.
A Self‐Powered Portable Power Bank Based on a Hybridized Nanogenerator
Authors: Liu Long , Tang Wei , Chen Baodong , Deng Chaoran , Zhong Wei , Cao Xia , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: February 2018

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) and electromagnetic generators (EMGs) are hybridized together to harvest ambient mechanical energy. The TENGs employ a circle‐in‐circle structure and therefore act as a support for the EMG's magnet. The EMG possesses a double‐coil construction and works under external motions or vibrations. The outputs of the hybrid generators are systematically investigated. It is found that, a 1000 µF capacitor can be charged to 1.69 V after five cycles of vibrations. Therefore, the hybrid device can be applied as a self‐powered portable power bank to charge lithium batteries, cell phones, and to directly drive electronics.
PbSe Nanorod Field‐Effect Transistors: Room‐ and Low‐Temperature Performance
Authors: Han Lu , Balazs Daniel M. , Shulga Artem G. , Abdu‐Aguye Mustapha , Ma Wanli , Loi Maria Antonietta
Published: February 2018

Lead chalcogenides with large exciton Bohr radius display strong quantum confinement, which make them applicable in a wide range of optoelectronic devices such as solar cells and photodetectors. Especially, 1D PbSe nanocrystals attract much attention with their potential for multiple exciton generation. However, very little is known on their charge transport properties. In this study well performing field‐effect transistors based on PbSe nanorods with an inorganic iodide‐based ligand are presented for the first time. The transistors at room temperature display ambipolar characteristics with electron mobility of ≈0.1 cm2 V−1 s−1 and hole mobility of 1.1 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1 in the ultraclean environment. Low temperature investigation reveals a transition around 200 K between nearest‐neighbor and variable‐range hopping mechanism. Below 200 K, the transport properties are dominated by the severe disorder.
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant overcomes the adverse survival effect of very high risk and unfavorable karyotype in myelofibrosis
Authors: Tefferi Ayalew , Partain Daniel K. , Palmer Jeanne M. , Slack James L. , Roy Vivek , Hogan William J. , Litzow Mark L. , Ketterling Rhett P. , Patnaik Mrinal M.
Published: February 2018

The prognostic importance of genetic information in primary myelofibrosis (PMF) was recently highlighted in a study of over 1000 cytogenetically‐annotated patients; 5‐year survival rates were 8% for very high risk (VHR), 27% “unfavorable” and 45% “favorable” karyotype. The current study addresses the practice‐relevant question of whether or not allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT) can overcome the detrimental survival effect of VHR or unfavorable karyotype. The study included 67 patients with PMF or secondary MF who received HCT at the Mayo Clinic and in whom pretransplant cytogenetic information was available. Dynamic international prognostic scoring system (DIPSS) risk distribution was 13% high, 66% intermediate‐2 and 21% intermediate‐1. Cytogenetic risk distribution was 11% VHR, 34% unfavorable and 55% favorable. At median post‐HCT follow‐up of 60 months for living patients (range 34‐170), 28 (42%) deaths were recorded. Five‐year survival was 62% and was not affected by VHR or unfavorable karyotype (P = .68). The salutary effect of HCT in patients with VHR or unfavorable karyotype was also apparent during analysis of a combined dataset that included a nontransplant cohort of 383 patients with PMF; multivariable analysis of the combined dataset (n = 450) resulted in HRs (95% CI) of 2.4 (1.6‐3.6) for absence of transplant, 3.3 (2.2‐4.8) for VHR karyotype, 1.6 (1.2‐2.1) for unfavorable karyotype, 2.9 (2.0‐4.2) for DIPSS high and 1.7 (1.4‐2.2) for DIPSS intermediate‐2. These observations were further confirmed by analysis of more stringently matched case‐control subset cohorts and provide the evidence for the therapeutic preference of HCT in cytogenetically high risk patients with MF.
Workers’ compensation and the working poor
Authors: Topete Liza , Forst Linda , Zanoni Joseph , Friedman Lee
Published: February 2018

Background

The working poor are at highest risk of work‐related injuries and have limited access to occupational health care.

Objectives

To explore community health centers (CHCs) as a venue for accessing at risk workers; and to examine the experience, knowledge, and perceptions of workers’ compensation (WC) among the working poor.

Methods

Key informant interviews were conducted among patients in waiting rooms of rural and urban CHCs.

Result

Fifty‐one interviews of minority workers across sectors identified 23 prior work‐related injuries and mixed experiences with the WC system. Barriers to reporting and ways to overcome these barriers were elucidated.

Conclusions

Patients in CHCs work in jobs that put them at risk for work‐related injuries. CHCs are a good site for accessing at‐risk workers. Improving occupational healthcare and appropriate billing of WC insurance should be explored, as should best practices for employers to communicate WC laws to low wage workers.
Occupational asthma risk from exposures to toluene diisocyanate: A review and risk assessment
Authors: Daniels Robert D.
Published: February 2018

Background

Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) is a known respiratory sensitizer linked to occupational asthma (OA). To better manage worker risks, an appropriate characterization of the TDI‐OA dose‐risk relationship is needed.

Methods

The literature was reviewed for data suitable for dose‐response modeling. Previous study data were fit to models to derive prospective occupational exposure limits (OELs), using benchmark dose (BMD) and low‐dose extrapolation approaches.

Results

Data on eight TDI‐exposed populations were suitable for analysis. There were 118 OA cases in a population contributing 13 590 person‐years. The BMD‐based OEL was 0.4 ppb. The OEL based on low‐dose extrapolation to working lifetime extra risk of 1/1000 was 0.3 ppb.

Conclusions

This study synthesized epidemiologic data to characterize the TDI‐OA dose‐risk relationship. This approach yielded prospective OEL estimates below recent recommendations by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, but given significant study limitations, this should be interpreted with caution. Confirmatory research is needed.
Copper‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Ketoxime Carboxylates and N‐Aryl Glycine Esters for the Synthesis of Pyridines
Authors: Guo Xin , Yang Xueying , Qin Mingda , Liu Yafeng , Yang Yuting , Chen Baohua
Published: February 2018

An efficient route for the synthesis of diverse pyridines has been developed through a copper‐catalyzed cyclization of ketoxime carboxylates and N‐aryl glycine esters with N−O and C−N bond cleavage. In this reaction, a variety of functional groups were tolerated; thus, providing a simple way to afford polysubstituted pyridines in good yields under mild conditions.
Bildung von Aufbauprodukten aus den Selbst‐ und Kreuzreaktionen von RO2‐Radikalen in der Atmosphäre
Authors: Berndt Torsten , Scholz Wiebke , Mentler Bernhard , Fischer Lukas , Herrmann Hartmut , Kulmala Markku , Hansel Armin
Published: February 2018

Sowohl durch natürliche als auch durch vom Menschen beeinflusste Vorgänge werden Kohlenwasserstoffe in sehr großer Menge in die Erdatmosphäre emittiert. Ihre atmosphärischen Oxidationsvorgänge bilden fast ausschließlich reaktive RO2‐Radikale als Zwischenprodukte, deren atmosphärisches Schicksal noch nicht vollständig erforscht ist. Hier wird gezeigt, dass Gasphasenreaktionen von zwei RO2‐Radikalen Aufbauprodukte bilden, die aus dem Kohlenstoffgerüst beider Reaktionspartner bestehen. RO2‐Radikale, die funktionelle Gruppen tragen, zeigen hohe Bildungsgeschwindigkeiten der Aufbauprodukte, die mit denen der entsprechenden Reaktionen mit NO und HO2 konkurrieren. Dieses Reaktionsverhalten, das bei der Modellierung von atmosphärischen Prozessen noch nicht berücksichtigt wurde, kann für das Schicksal von RO2‐Radikalen in allen Bereichen der Atmosphäre wichtig oder sogar vorherrschend sein. Darüber hinaus können die gebildeten Aufbauprodukte einen besonders niedrigen Dampfdruck aufweisen, der sie als wirksame Quelle für das sekundäre organische Aerosol kennzeichnet.
Doppelte CH‐Aktivierung eines maskierten Bismutamid‐Kations
Authors: Ritschel Benedikt , Poater Jordi , Dengel Hannah , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias , Lichtenberg Crispin
Published: February 2018

Die Umwandlung von C‐H‐Bindungen in reaktivere und leicht funktionalisierbare C‐Metall‐Bindungen ist für die Synthesechemie von höchster Bedeutung. Wir zeigen hier, dass die Transformation neutraler Bismutverbindungen in kationische Derivate als Strategie für CH‐Aktivierungsreaktionen dienen kann. Konkret wurde eine doppelte CH‐Aktivierung von Bismut‐gebundenem Diphenylamid, (NPh2)−, realisiert. Die metallorganischen Produkte des ersten und zweiten Schritts der CH‐Aktivierung wurden in hohen Ausbeuten isoliert. Eine selektive Funktionalisierung der aktivierten Positionen gelang in Eintopfreaktionen. Analysen mittels NMR‐Spektroskopie, Röntgenbeugung an Einkristallen und DFT‐Rechnungen offenbarten ungewöhnliche Eigenschaften im Grundzustand (z. B. Ringspannung, moderate Heteroaromatizität) und ließen Rückschlüsse auf die Reaktionsmechanismen zu.
Formation of NiCo2V2O8 Yolk–Double Shell Spheres with Enhanced Lithium Storage Properties
Authors: Lu Yan , Nai Jianwei , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: February 2018

Complex nanostructures with multi‐components and intricate architectures hold great potential in developing high‐performance electrode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, we demonstrate a facile self‐templating strategy for the synthesis of metal vanadate nanomaterials with complex chemical composition of NiCo2V2O8 and a unique yolk–double shell structure. Starting with the Ni‐Co glycerate spheres, NiCo2V2O8 yolk–double shell spheres are synthesized through an anion‐exchange reaction of Ni‐Co glycerate templates with VO3− ions, followed by an annealing treatment. By virtue of compositional and structural advantages, these NiCo2V2O8 yolk–double shell spheres manifest outstanding lithium storage properties when evaluated as anodes for LIBs. Impressively, an extra‐high reversible capacity of 1228 mAh g−1 can be retained after 500 cycles at a high current density of 1.0 Ag−1.
Enhanced tribological performance of hybrid polytetrafluoroethylene/Kevlar fabric composite filled with milled pitch‐based carbon fibers
Authors: Sun Wenbo , Gu Yizhuo , Yang Zhongjia , Li Min , Wang Shaokai , Zhang Zuoguang
Published: February 2018

As self‐lubricating bearing liner materials, tribological properties of milled pitch‐based carbon fibers (CFs) modified polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/Kevlar fabric composites were investigated, and the microscopic morphology of worn surface was studied. The results show that the appropriate incorporation of CFs can obviously reduce the wear rate of the fabric composite with almost unchanging friction coefficient. The wear rates of 5 wt % CF‐filled PTFE/Kevlar fabric composites are decreased by 30% and 48% for two kinds of composites made with fibers from different producers compared with unfilled fabric composites. Scanning electron microscopy observations show that the appropriate incorporation of CFs obviously improves the interfacial bonding and reduces pull‐out and fracture of Kevlar fiber. Meanwhile, the introduction of CFs at proper fraction is helpful to form smooth and continuous transfer film on the surface of metal counterpart. The improving mechanism of the CF is attributed to increasing mechanical strength, thermal conductivity and self‐lubricating effects. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46269.
Using equivalence‐based instruction to teach college students to identify logical fallacies
Authors: Ong Triton , Normand Matthew P. , Schenk Merritt J.
Published: February 2018

Although there is no consensus as to the specific skills that constitute critical thinking, there is general agreement that identifying logical fallacies is an important component skill. Clearly defined logical fallacies are suited to teaching arrangements that focus on establishing conditional discriminations, as is the case with equivalence‐based instruction (EBI) methods. EBI methods have been successfully delivered using web‐based course management software and have rapidly produced socially significant learning outcomes. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of a web‐based EBI program for teaching students to recognize and identify logical fallacies by comparing the outcomes of EBI to a self‐instruction and a no‐instruction control group. EBI was more effective and more efficient when compared to both self‐instruction and no‐instruction controls. Additionally, untrained relations were evident only after EBI.