bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY‐GUIDED PERCUTANEOUS BIOPSY IN THE DOG AND CAT: DESCRIPTION OF TECHNIQUE AND PRELIMINARY EVALUATION IN 14 PATIENTS
Authors: Tidwell Amy S. , Johnson Karen L.
Published: May 2005

A technique for computed tomography (CT)‐guided percutaneous biopsy described for use in humans was adapted to the dog and cat and is evaluated in 14 patients. Nine retrobulbar, 1 cranial mediastinal and 4 pulmonary masses and 1 hilar lymph node were biopsied in 13 dogs and 1 cat. Tissue samples sufficient for diagnosis were obtained in 12 of the 15 lesions. Diagnoses were made following cytologic (3/12) or histopathologic (3/12) evaluation or both (6/12) and included retrobulbar lymphoma, carcinoma, spindle cell sarcoma and suppurative inflammation; pulmonary carcinoma, granuloma and eosinophilic/histiocytic inflammation; nasal carcinoma, thymoma and metastatic carcinoma of a hilar lymph node. In each patient, the needle tip was identified within the lesion on the CT image. The primary limitation was non‐diagnostic samples in 3 of 15 lesions due to necrosis or insufficient tissue. Complications were minor. In addition to biopsy guidance, CT imaging provided information not obtainable with fluoroscopy or ultrasonography which assisted in tumor staging and therapy planning. Although a larger number of patients and biopsy locations would be required for a thorough assessment, the free‐hand technique described in this preliminary report appeared to be a safe and useful option of biopsy guidance in the dog and cat.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF A TRAUMATIC SPLENIC HEMATOMA AND LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Hanson Jennifer A. , Penninck Dominique G.
Published: May 2005

This report describes a presumed traumatic splenic hematoma in a six‐year‐old neutered male Greyhound presented for abdominal pain, vomiting, and anorexia. Multiple right‐sided rib fractures and minimal pneumothorax were detected on radiographs. Using ultrasonography, an irregular, mixed anechoic and hypoechoic splenic mass was detected. Based on history and ultrasonographic findings, a traumatic splenic hematoma was diagnosed. In follow‐up ultrasonographic evaluations there was progressive, and ultimately, complete resolution of this lesion. The animal was clinically normal at ten week follow‐up and remains healthy. Clinical, radiographic, and ultrasonographic features of splenic hematomas are discussed, with emphasis on the changing ultrasonographic appearance over time. The different imaging modalities used in people to diagnose traumatic splenic hematoma are reviewed.
QUANTITATIVE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE NORMAL FELINE CRANIAL ABDOMEN
Authors: Newell Susan M. , Graham John P. , Roberts Gregory D. , Ginn Pamela E. , Chewning Cleatis L. , Harrison Jay M. , Andrzejewski Camille
Published: May 2005

Magnetic resonance images of the cranial abdomen were acquired from 15 clinically normal cats. All cats had T1‐weighted images, 8 cats had T2‐images made and 7 cats had T1‐weighted post Gd‐DTPA images acquired. Signal intensity measurements for Tl, T2, and T1 post contrast sequences were calculated for liver, spleen, gallbladder, renal cortex, renal medulla, pancreas, epaxial muscles, and peritoneal fat. On T1‐weighted images the epaxial muscle had the lowest signal intensity, followed by renal medulla, spleen, renal cortex, pancreas, liver and fat, respectively. On T2‐weighted images, epaxial muscle had the lowest signal intensity followed by liver, spleen, fat, and gallbladder lumen. Calculations of specific organ percent enhancement following contrast medium administration were made and compared with that reported in humans. A brief review of the potential clinical uses of MR in cats is presented.
DYNAMIC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE NORMAL CANINE PITUITARY GLAND
Authors: Graham John P. , Roberts Gregory D. , Newell Susan M.
Published: May 2005

The pituitary glands of six normal dogs were evaluated using dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. T1 weighted images were obtained every 13 seconds for three minutes of three contiguous slices through the pituitary gland following a bolus intravenous injection of gadolinium‐DTPA. Contrast enhancement was seen initially in the region of the pituitary stalk at 52–65 seconds followed by uniform enhancement at 104–143 seconds post injection. This pattern of enhancement was seen in all subjects and is similar to that reported in humans.
USE OF99mTc‐MERCAPTOACETYLTRIGLYCINE TO EVALUATE RENAL FUNCTION IN HORSES
Authors: Woods Philip R. , Drost Wm. Tod , Clarke Cyril R. , Rodebush Carolyn J.
Published: May 2005

Ten healthy horses were injected intravenously with99mTc‐MAG3 and the disappearance of radioactivity from the blood was measured. The total body clearance (C1B) and elimination half‐life (t1/2(β)) were 7.9 ± 1.5 ml/kg/minute and 32.8 ± 4.1 minutes, respectively. The disappearance of99mTc‐MAG3from the blood of 2 horses with compromised renal function was also measured. The data suggest that99mTc‐MAG3is a useful and clinically applicable radiopharmaceutical for measurement of effective renal blood flow in the horse.
INCOMPLETE OSSIFICATION OF THE HUMERAL CONDYLE IN VIETNAMESE POT‐BELLIED PIGS
Authors: Samii Valerie F. , Hornof William J.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of humeral condylar fractures in Vietnamese pot‐bellied pigs and to postulate a possible predisposing cause for these fractures. Thirteen Vietnamese pot‐bellied pigs (Group A) were evaluated over an eight year period (1990–1998), each with a history of either a unilateral or bilateral forelimb lameness. The cause of lameness was localized to the elbow region. Of the thirteen pigs, twenty‐one elbows were evaluated radiographically. Pigs ranged in age from six months to four years old. All pigs over the age of seven months showed radiographic evidence of elbow degenerative joint disease. Fractures involving the medial aspect of the humeral condyle were identified in 8/21 studies (38%). A well‐defined linear intracondylar articular lucency was identified in 7/21 studies (33%) on the craniocaudal projection. The site of this lucency corresponded to the location of the articular component of the fractures seen involving the humeral condyle. The elbows of five pot‐bellied pigs with no known history of forelimb lameness or trauma (Group B) were evaluated radiographically following euthanasia. All five pigs were of unknown age and gender. An intracondylar vertical linear lucency was identified bilaterally in three pigs (60%). Concurrent degenerative joint disease was present in all instances. The remaining two pigs were radiographically normal. Computed tomography of the elbows was performed in one affected pig front Group B. The radiographic findings in this pig were verified. Histopathology of the right elbow of this affected pig was diagnostic for incomplete endochondral ossification of the humeral condyle. A similar condition involving the humeral condyle has been previously described in Cocker and Brittany Spaniels. These canine breeds also have a high incidence of humeral condylar fractures. It is postulated that Vietnamese pot‐bellied pigs are similarly prone to humeral condylar fractures, even in the absence of known trauma, due to incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle.
NON‐CARDIAC THORACIC ULTRASOUND IN 75 FELINE AND CANINE PATIENTS
Authors: Reichle Jean K. , Wisner Erik R.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to describe the ultrasonographic appearance of non‐cardiac diseases of the small animal thorax. Ultrasound images from a total of 75 animals (26 cats and 49 dogs) were compared to cytologic, histopathologic, and necropsy findings. Clinical diagnoses included neoplasia of the mediastinum, pleura, or lungs (43); idiopathic mediastinal cyst (3); diaphragmatic or peritoneopericardial hernia (4); lung lobe torsion (1); pulmonary eosinophilic infiltrates (1); and idiopathic, chylous, congestive heart failure, or lymphangiectasia associated pleural effusion (14). In the remaining 9 patients, a definitive diagnosis was not obtained. Ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspirate was performed in 56 patients; 1 of these also had an ultrasound‐guided tissue core biopsy. Of the fine needle aspirates, 51 (91%) were diagnostic. Ultrasound examination, particularly when accompanied by guided tissue sampling, can be a valuable tool in the diagnosis of non–cardiac intrathoracic lesions.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE ARTHROGRAPHY OF THE CANINE STIFLE JOINT TECHNIQUE AND APPLICATIONS IN ELEVEN MILITARY DOGS
Authors: Banfield Catherine M. , Morrison William B.
Published: May 2005

The stifle joints of eleven military working dogs were evaluated using conventional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and MR arthrography. A protocol optimizing MR imaging of the canine stifle joint is discussed, as well as potential uses for administration of intra‐articular gadolinium. The technique for performing MR arthrography is described, and post‐contrast image findings are reviewed. MR arthrography was performed by using an intra‐articular injection of diluted gadolinium. Consistently good quality images were obtained, and no complications were clinically detected following MR arthrography. Cranial cruciate ligament abnormalities were seen in six dogs, meniscal abnormalities were visualized in nine menisci, and synovitis and medial ligament strain were seen in eight dogs. Surgical and post‐mortem confirmation of these findings is discussed in seven dogs. Although MR arthrography adds an invasive procedure to conventional MR imaging, it can provide useful information on pathologic changes in the canine stifle joint.
CANALOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE EXTERNAL EAR CANAL IN DOGS
Authors: Eom Ki‐Dong , Lee Hee‐Chun , Yoon Jung‐hee
Published: May 2005

Canalography was performed to measure the diameter of the horizontal ear canal and to assess the clinical relevance of the measurements in identifying abnormalities of the ear canal. The diameter of the proximal and distal end of the annular cartilage in the horizontal ear canal was measured using canalography in 222 ears. The tympanic membrane could not be visualized with otoscopic examination in 70 ears even after ear cleansing. These canals were classified as being stenotic. The diameter of the proximal annular cartilage in the stenotic canals ranged from 0.8 to 3.1 mm (mean=2.6±0.8 mm). The proximal annular cartilage was consistently smaller in diameter than the distal annular cartilage. The ratio between the diameter of the proximal and distal annular cartilage varied between dogs. In stenotic ear canals (70 ears) the ratio was less than 0.65. Total ear canal ablations and histopathological analysis were performed in 70 ear canals classified as stenotic after canalography. Hyperplasia of the epidermal layer was found in 56 stenotic canals. Stenosis of the canal due to otitis externa was found in the other 14 canals. Three canals with severe otitis externa were also diagnosed with canalography as having a ruptured tympanic membrane. The results suggest that canalography can be used to measure the diameter of the horizontal ear canal and to assess whether or not the tympanic membrane is ruptured prior to conservative or surgical therapy.
THE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF ACUTE THORACOLUMBAR INTERVERTEBRAL DISC HERNIATIONS IN DOGS
Authors: Olby Natasha J. , Müntana Karen R. , Sharp Nicholas J.H. , Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2005

The appearance of herniated intervertebral disc material in the thoracolumbar vertebral canal was evaluated in 23 dogs using computed tomography (CT). The images were then compared with the myelographic and surgical findings. The normal spinal cord, outlined by epidural fat over intervertebra1 disc spaces, was of intermediate attenuation on transverse CT images. Herniated disc material was identified in all animals as a heterogeneous hyperattenuating extradural mass. The attenuation of the disc material increased with the degree of mineralization. In seven dogs, the herniated material was only slightly more attenuating than the spinal cord. In these dogs, small fragments of mineralized disc material and significant hemorrhage were found in the epidural space at surgery. In dogs with a long standing history of disc herniations, disc material identified in the vertebral canal had a more hyperattenuating and homogeneous appearance than recently herniated disc material. We conclude that mineralized, herniated disc material and hemorrhage can be identified quickly and safely in dogs using CT.
QUANTITATIVE VIDEOFLUOROSCOPIC EVALUATION OF PHARYNGEAL FUNCTION IN THE DOG
Authors: Pollard Rachel E. , Marks Stanley L. , Davidson Autumn , Hornof William J.
Published: May 2005

Videofluoroscopic evaluation of both liquid barium and barium soaked kibble was performed in 11 adult, clinically normal dogs of varying breeds. Each examination was digitized and evaluated frame by frame to establish the normal timing sequence of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. Closure of the epiglottis was considered the onset of swallowing. The time to each of the following events was recorded: (1) Maximum pharyngeal contraction, (2) Opening of the epiglottis, (3) Opening of the cranial esophageal sphincter, and (4) Closure of the cranial esophageal sphincter. These values were found to be consistent both intra and interpatient. Retrospective analysis of 3 videofluoroscopic examinations from dogs that met the subjective criteria defining cricopharyngeal achalasia was then performed. A statistically significant delay in the time to opening and closure of the cranial esophageal sphincter was found employing both liquid barium and barium soaked kibble in the dogs with cricopharyngeal achalasia.
ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT TO INCREASE QUALITY AND REDUCE RADIATION EXPOSURE IN THE EQUINE NUCLEAR MEDICINE LABORATORY
Authors: Neuwirth Lisa , Romine Charleen
Published: May 2005

The construction of ancillary equipment used to improve image quality and reduce personnel radiation exposure in the equine nuclear medicine laboratory is illustrated. The devices include a self supporting lead sheet for shielding the distal limb or limb pair, a hanging lead sheet for shielding the proximal limb, a lead square for shielding the urinary bladder or jugular catheter, a restraining board for acquiring a palmar view of the foot, a head support to stabilize the head for imaging and a head support for stabilizing the neck for imaging. The restraining board and head supports decrease patient motion, improve image quality, and decrease the number of repeat acquisitions so that the time to perform the complete study is shortened. The self supporting shielding device allows the handlers to increase their distance from the horse which enhances radiation safety.
TRANSVENOUS COIL EMBOLIZATION OF AN INTRAHEPATIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT IN A DOG
Authors: Gonzalo‐Orden Joséa M. , Altónaga José R. , Costilla Serafín , Gonzalo Cordero Josée M. , Millán Lorena , Orden Recio M. Asunción
Published: May 2005

To treat an intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in a young dog, thrombogenic material was placed into the vessel lumen (transvenous coil embolization) under fluoroscopic control. One coil was placed into the shunt, followed one month later by two additional coils. Transvenous embolization may become a useful method in the treatment of some portosystemic shunts.
A COMPARISON OF THE PALMAROPROXIMAL‐PALMARODISTAL VIEW OF THE ISOLATED NAVICULAR BONE TO OTHER VIEWS
Authors: De Clercq Tom , Verschooten Francis , Ysebaert Maria
Published: May 2005

A collection of 69 isolated navicular bones, normal or affected with navicular disease, was examined radiographically using dorsopalmar, lateromedial and palmaroproximal‐palmarodistal views. Radiographic findings on each view were recorded. A radiographic diagnosis of normality or navicular disease was made, first on each view separately and afterwards based on the combination of the 3 views. Forty‐four navicular bones were considered radiographically normal and 25 navicular bones had distinct signs of radiographic navicular disease. The dorsopalmar and the lateromedial views of each navicular bone were assessed together and compared with the palmaroproximal‐palmarodistal view. In not a single bone was the palmaroproximal‐palmarodistal view considered indispensable to make the final diagnosis.
COMPARABILITY OF LEFT VENTRICULAR M‐MODE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN DOGS PERFORMED IN LONG‐AXIS AND SHORT‐AXIS
Authors: Schober Karsten E. , Baade Hanno
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this prospective study was to determine comparability of left ventricular (LV) M‐mode echocardiographic indices derived from right parasternal long‐axis and short‐axis imaging planes. In 104 dogs (37 healthy dogs and 67 dogs with heart disease), LV M‐mode echocardiograms were recorded from both long‐axis and short‐axis views and interventricular septum thickness (IVS), left ventricular internal dimensions (LVD), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPW), and LV shortening fraction (FS) were measured. Statistical analysis included paired t‐test and graphical analysis to assess agreement between the two methods of data acquisition. Mean LVD in systole and diastole and mean IVS in systole were significantly (P< 0.001) larger when measured from short‐axis recordings compared to long‐axis measurements. An increased magnitude of measurement resulted in increased differences between the methods for LV dimensions and fractional shortening. Differences between the two methods were small and within clinically acceptable limits in normal dogs. However, in 23 (34%) of the dogs with cardiac abnormality, one or more LV M‐mode derived dimension obtained from one imaging plane did not agree sufficiently closely with the same measure from the other plane. Only for measurement of FS was there good agreement between methods in dogs with cardiac disease. Therefore, with the exception of FS, data gained from LV short‐axis and long‐axis M‐mode recordings should not be used interchangeably in dogs with cardiac disease.
COMPARISON OF THE ACCURACY OF POSITIONING DEVICES FOR RADIATION THERAPY OF CANINE AND FELINE HEAD TUMORS
Authors: Kippenes Hege , Gavin Patrick R. , Sande Ronald D. , Rogers Dennis , Sweet Vaughn
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the repositioning accuracy of different positioning devices in order to determine their applicability for potential use in conformal radiation therapy for animals. Forty‐four animals with spontaneous tumors of the head were included. The animals were divided into 3 groups determined according to the positioning device used. Group 1 animals were positioned using a thermoplastic mask. Group 2 animals were positioned using a head holder. Group 3 animals were positioned using the head holder and an inflatable pillow. The time of presentation determined which position device was used. Port films of the 44 patients were reviewed retrospectively, and the repositioning precision was recorded by measurements in three orthogonal planes. Groups 2 and 3 had significantly better repositioning accuracy (P < 0.05) compared to Group 1. The position variation was not significantly different (P < 0.05) between Groups 2 and 3 in the lateral and longitudinal direction. Group 3 had a median reposition variation of 0.5 to 1.0 mm, with a standard deviation of 1.0 to 1.5 mm.
PRIMARY IRRADIATION OF CANINE INTRACRANIAL MASSES
Authors: Spugnini Enrico P. , Thrall Donald E. , Price G. Sylvester , Sharp Nicholas J. , Munana Karen , Page Rodney L.
Published: May 2005

Twenty‐nine dogs received primary radiation therapy for intracranial lesions and clinical signs suggestive of neoplasia. Presumptive diagnosis and tumor categorization was based on computed toniographic or magnetic resonance images. Meningioma was the most likely tumor type in 22 dogs and glioma or choroid plexus tumors were tentatively identified in 4 and 3 dogs, respectively. Cobalt‐60 radiation was delivered in 3 Gy fractions on a daily, Monday‐through‐Friday basis for a total dose of 48 Gy (16 fractions) in 28 dogs; one dog received 54 Gy. Two of 29 dogs died during treatment of signs suggestive of progressive tumor growth but were included in the overall evaluation of response to treatment. Median overall survival was 250 days (range 21–804). Mild acute radiation effects on normal tissue developed and did not influence outcome in any dog. Late radiation effects could not be evaluated in this study. No significant predictive indicators were identified from the clinical or imaging data. Radiation therapy is superior to medical treatment of brain tumors in dogs with steroids, is useful for tumors that are not currently operable and may be preferable to surgical resection in dogs if the mass appears infiltrative. However, 22/29 (76%) dogs died of recurrent progressive neuropathy suggestive of tumor regrowth or progression. Thus, alternative methods for delivery of radiation to dogs with brain tumors or novel combinations of therapy should continue to undergo evaluation.
QUANTITATIVE HEPATOBILIARY SCINTIGRAPHY IN NORMAL CATS AND IN CATS WITH EXPERIMENTAL CHOLANGIOHEPATITIS
Authors: Newell Susan M. , Graham John P. , Roberts Gregory D. , Ginn Pamela E. , Greiner Ellis C. , Cardwell Amy , Mauragis Danielle , Knutsen Christine , Harrison Jay M. , Martin Frank G.
Published: May 2005

Quantitative hepatobiliary scintigraphy using99mTc‐mebrofenin was performed on eight normal cats and on the same cats after induction of experimental cholangiohepatitis by infection with the liver flukePlatynosomum concinnum. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy was performed 3 times at 10 weeks, 4 months and 6 months after infection. In addition, routine biochemical tests, hepatic ultrasound and ultrasound guided hepatic biopsy samples were obtained at the same time points, and the results compared with hepatobiliary scintigraphy. The normal hepatic extraction fraction was determined to be 85%, and the normal hepatic excretion half time (T1/2) was 14 minutes. There was no significant change in scintigraphic parameters compared to pre‐infection values at any time following infection with the liver fluke. No correlation between scintigraphic parameters and histologic scores was found; however, significant correlation was identified between parasite burden and histologic scores 6 months following infection. Despite the presence of severe multifocal histologic abnormalities, minimal clinical, biochemical and scintigraphic derangements were identified using this model of cholangiohepatitis. Based on this study, hepatobiliary scintigraphy appears to be an insensitive test for structural hepatobiliary abnormalities. The role of hepatobiliary scintigraphy in functional hepatobiliary abnormalities of the feline liver has not been determined.
THE CORRELATION OF CANINE PATELLAR LUXATION AND THE ANTEVERSION ANGLE AS MEASURED USING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGES
Authors: Kaiser Stephan , Cornely Daniel , Colder Werner , Garner Michael T. , Wolf K.‐J. , Waibl Helmut , Brunnberg Leo
Published: May 2005

Measurements from magnetic resonance (MR) images can be used to examine the anteversion angle (AT‐angle) and its influence on the lateromedial or mediolateral luxating forces on the patella. The AT‐angle of the femoral neck was measured with the aid of MR imaging in 45 pelvic limbs without patellar instability, in 33 limbs with patellar luxation and in 6 limbs with rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament. The limbs with medial patellar luxation were divided into three groups based on clinical examination. The mean (range) AT‐angle was 7.6° (0° to 24°) in the “normal” group, 8.6° (‐10° to 29°) in the group “grade II,” and ‐0.4° in the group “grade III” (‐28° to 12°). A mean (range) AT‐angle of 4.8 (‐4° to 11°) was measured in the pelvic limbs with rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament. Compared to literature that described AT‐angles based on radiographs of normal limbs, reduced AT‐angles were found in this study due to different lines of measurement of the femoral neck. This study documents that the AT‐angle of the femoral neck does not influence patellar instability. This study also demonstrates that MR images can be used to make exact measurements of the canine AT‐angle that represent the true anatomy of the femoral neck.
RADIOGRAPHIC AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CHANGES AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF SPIROCERCOSIS IN THE DOG
Authors: Dvir Eran , Kirberger Robert M. , Malleczek Dieter
Published: May 2005

A retrospective study of 39 dogs with spirocercosis is described, emphasizing radiographic and computed tomographic aspects and clinical presentation. Dogs were classified as complicated or uncomplicated, both clinically and radiographically. Besides the expected upper gastrointestinal signs, a high incidence of respiratory (77%) and locomotor (23%) complications were present. All dogs had thoracic radiographs. Esophageal masses were radiographically classified as typical or atypical according to their location. Twenty‐seven dogs had a typical caudal esophageal mass. Six dogs had a mass atypically located in the hilar region. These masses were smaller and more difficult to visualize radiographically. The remaining 6 dogs did not have a radiographically detectable esophageal mass. Radiology as an initial diagnostic tool was effective in detecting and localizing the mass and to detect early respiratory abnormalities such as pleuritis, mediastinitis, pneumonia, and bronchial displacement. Endoscopy was the modality of choice to confirm antemortem esophageal masses. In dogs where the mass filled the whole esophageal lumen, endoscopy failed to give essential information necessary for surgical excision of neoplastic masses, such as the extent of esophageal wall attachment. Caudal esophageal sphincter involvement was difficult to determine endoscopically with large caudal esophageal masses. Computed tomography was performed on 3 dogs and did not address the latter problems completely, but was found to be a sensitive tool to detect focal aortic mineralization and early spondylitis, both typical for the disease, and essential in the diagnosis of non‐ or extramural esophageal abnormalities.
ASYMPTOMATIC RADIOGRAPHIC DISAPPEARANCE OF CALCIFIED INTER VERTEBRAL DISC MATERIAL IN THE DACHSHUND
Authors: Jensen Vibeke F.
Published: May 2005

The occurrence of asymptomatic disappearance of intervertebral disc calcification was evaluated in a radiographic prospective longitudinal study of 40 Dachshunds followed from 6 or 12 months of age to 2 years of age. Radiographic follow‐up was performed at 3 to 4 years of age in 12 dogs. Disappearance of calcified disc material was observed in 9 thoracic and 1 lumbar intervertebral discs. The crude incidence rate tended to increase with age from 1 year of age. The features of the disappearing calcifications involved indicate that the phenomenon is part of the progressive degenerative process. A possible pathogenesis includes tearing of the annulus fibrosus due to the severe degeneration of the disc, followed by an inflammatory response to nuclear material and phagocytic resorption of calcified material.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY DIAGNOSIS OF ISOLATED SPLENIC TORSION IN A DOG
Authors: Patsikas Michail N. , Rallis Timoleon , Kladakis Stefanos E. , Dessiris Aggelos K.
Published: May 2005

Isolated splenic torsion in a dog was diagnosed using computed tomography (CT). The enlarged non enhanced spleen and a twisted soft tissue mass effect represented the rotated pedicle were the main findings. Abdominal radiography and ultrasonography were not conclusive.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF INTRACRANIAL TISSUE ACCUMULATIONS IN DOMESTIC DUCKS (Anas platyrhynchos f. dom.) WITH FEATHER CRESTS
Authors: Bartels Thomas , Brinkmeier Jürgen , Portmann Susanne , Baulain Ulrich , Zinke Axel , Krautwald‐Junghanns Maria‐Elisabeth , Boos Alois , Wolf Petra , Kummerfeld Norbert
Published: May 2005

The crested breed of domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos f. dom.) has been described as a variety which has high pre‐ and postnatal mortalities, malformations in skull and brain anatomy, and several central nervous deficiencies. In addition, intracranial tissue accumulations have been diagnosed in purebred Crested ducks. The incidence, heredity and inheritance of these accumulations as well as their pathogenesis are still generally unknown. The aims of this study were to examine the head of Crested ducks, plain–headed duck breeds, and their crossbreeding relating to the incidence of intracranial alterations. These examinations were performed using magnetic resonance imaging. We found a high incidence of intracranial tissue accumulations in domestic ducks with feather crests. Creasted ducks had more intracranial tissue deposits than plain–headed ducks (p < 0.001). In the present study a correlation between the volume of the crest cushion and the volume of the intracranial tissue deposit could not be found (r = 0.014). Some of the Crested ducks had encephaloceles in addition to the crest cushion.
THE EFFECT OF METHIMAZOLE ON THYROID UPTAKE OF PERTECHNETATE AND RADIOIODINE IN NORMAL CATS
Authors: Nieckarz Janet A. , Daniel Gregory B.
Published: May 2005

Many hyperthyroid cats referred for thyroid imaging and131I therapy are concurrently or recently receiving antithyroid medications. The effect of the antithyroid drug, methimazole, on thyroid uptake of99mTcO4 and123I was evaluated in 8 normal cats. Quantitative analysis was used to determine the normal percent dose uptake of99mTcO4 and123I, the change in thyroid: salivary ratios (T:S) of99mTcO4 over time, and the duration of the methimazole effect on thyroid uptake of123I. Methimazole was administered to 5 cats for 3 weeks in which a hypothyroid state was obtained; 3 cats served as non‐treatment controls.99mTcO4 and 8 and 24 hour123I imaging was repeated after 3 weeks of methimazole therapy (time of maximum T4 suppression). Methimazole was then discontinued and123I images and serum T4 concentrations were repeated at 1, 4, 9, 15, and 24 days post withdrawal. The percent dose uptake of99mTcO4 increased throughout the acquisition period with maximum uptake occurring 4 hour post injection. The baseline 20 min. T:S ratio for controls and treatment cats were 0.79 ± 0.08 and 0.81 ± 0.05 respectively; with a peak value of 1.29 ± 0.23 and 1.31 ± 0.18 at 4 hours. The baseline T:S ratios were not significantly different from 20 minutes to 2 hours, however they were significantly elevated at 4 hours post injection. Baseline, 8 and 24 hour percent dose uptake of123I were 2.1 ± 0.42% and 7.04 ± 1.24%, respectively. There was a significant increase in the T:S ratio in the treatment group at all time points. The 8 hour percent dose uptake of123I at 1, 4, and 9 days post methimazole withdrawal were significantly increased and peaked at 4 days. The 24 hour uptake was significantly increased at 4 and 9 days, with peak uptake at 9 days post‐methimazole withdrawal. The123I percent dose uptake decreased to baseline values by day 15 post withdrawal. Radioiodine uptake is not inhibited by methimazole treatment in normal cats, and is significantly enhanced after recent withdrawal. This finding is supportive of a “short term rebund effect” with maximal enhanced uptake between 4 and 9 days after discontinuing antithyroid drugs. The increased uptake of99mTcO4 may also affect the interpretation of99mTcO4 thyroid scintigraphy for 2–3 weeks.
THE EFFECT OF A COMBINATION OF MEDETOMIDINE‐BUTORPHANOL AND MEDETOMIDINE, BUTORPHANOL, ATROPINE ON GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE IN DOGS
Authors: Grimm Jennifer B. , Grimm Kurt A. , Kneller Stephen K. , Tranquilli William J. , Crochik Sonia S. , Bischoff Matthew G. , Podolski Jennifer L.
Published: May 2005

The effects of intramuscularly administered medetomidine and butorphanol (MB), and medetomidine, butorphanol, atropine (MBA) on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were determined in six dogs as measured by 99m‐Tc‐labeled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (99mTc‐DTPA) nuclear scintigraphy. Direct systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures and heart rate were measured at regular time intervals before, during, and after GFR calculations. The mean GFR measurement following MB was significantly greater (4.44 ml/min/kg) than following MBA (3.82 ml/min/kg) or saline treatment (3.41 ml/min/kg). There was no significant difference between the mean GFR measurements following MBA injection and following saline injection. Diastolic and mean arterial pressures following MBA injection were significantly higher than the values recorded after either MB or saline alone. Heart rate following MB administration was significantly lower than that recorded for dogs receiving MBA or saline alone. The results of this study indicate that the administration of medetomidine in combination with butorphanol significantly increases total GFR in healthy dogs, while the administration of the combination of medetomidine, butorphanol, and atropine does not.
DEFINITIVE RADIATION THERAPY FOR INFILTRATIVE THYROID CARCINOMA IN DOGS
Authors: Pack Leeann , Roberts Royce E. , Dawson Susan D. , Dookwah Hugh D.
Published: May 2005

The medical records of eight dogs with histopathologically confirmed infiltrative thyroid carcinoma treated with external beam radiation were reviewed and a retrospective analysis of survival and local tumor control were performed. The dogs received a definitive radiotherapy protocol of 46.8–48 Gray. All dogs had a reduction in tumor size to a clinically undetectable level on follow up examinations. Kaplan‐Meier analysis indicated a median survival time of 24.5 months. Pulmonary metastasis was detected in three dogs and one of these dogs had concurrent bone metastasis. One dog had bone metastasis alone. Two dogs were alive at the censor. This study suggests that fractionated, definitive radiation therapy using multiple, moderate doses of radiation is an effective treatment for local control of invasive thyroid carcinoma in dogs.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF CEREBRAL CORTICAL NECROSIS (POLIOENCEPHALOMALACIA) IN A DOG
Authors: Mariani Christopher L. , Platt Simon R. , Newell Susan M. , Terrell Scott P. , Chrisman Cheryl L. , Clemmons Roger M.
Published: May 2005

A 3‐year‐old neutered female mixed breed dog as examined because of severe, generalized seizure activity, tetraparesis, and encepha‐lopathic signs. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) evaluation was unremarkable except for a mild increase in protein. Serum and CSF titers for infectious diseases were negative. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging examination of the brain was performed and lesions were found within the cerebral gray matter of the temporal and parietal lobes. The lesions had increased signal intensity on T1, T2, and proton density‐weighted images. There was mild inhomogeneous enhancement following intravenous contrast medium administration. Neurologic status improved and the seizures were well controlled, but the dog never regained normal mentation and euthanasia was performed 10 weeks after initial evaluation. At necropsy, severe cerebral cortical necrosis was found in the regions corresponding to the lesions seen on MR imaging examination. Large numbers of fat‐containing mac‐rophages (gitter cells) were found within these areas, and are thought to be responsible for the characteristic hyperintensity seen on the MR images.
PROTON IRRADIATION OF FELINE NASAL PLANUM SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMAS USING AN ACCELERATED PROTOCOL
Authors: Fidel Janean L. , Egger Emmanuel , Blattmann Hans , Oberhänsli Francisca , Kaser‐Hotz Barbara
Published: May 2005

Fifteen cats were treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal planum using proton beam radiation. The protocol used was accelerated with eight equal fractions given on four consecutive days, with a minimum of six hours between fractions. Total dose of radiation delivered was escalated with nine cats receiving 40.4 CGE (60Co Gy equivalent), and three cats each receiving 42.4 and 44.8 CGE. Complete response to the protocol was 60% (9/15), partial response was 33% (5 of 15), and no response was seen in 6.6% (1 of 15). Tumor control rate at one year was 64% and no cat had tumor recurrence after one year. Median survival was 946 days (±516 days). Side effects were minimal with no severe reactions noted in the early or late period. This protocol offers an effective treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the feline nasal planum with minimal side effects and may be adaptable to conventional radiation sources particularly when the field size is very small.
MENINGEAL ENHANCEMENT ON MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN 15 DOGS AND 3 CATS
Authors: Mellema Linda M. , Samii Valerie F. , Vernau Karen M. , Lecouteur Richard A.
Published: May 2005

A retrospective study of 15 dogs and three cats was done to characterize the appearance of meningeal enhancement on magnetic resonance (MR) images of the brain, and to correlate this appearance with its underlying cause. Two patterns of meningeal enhancement (pial and dural) were identified. Enhancement of the pia mater was evident in four dogs and one cat, while enhancement of the dura mater was seen in 11 dogs and 2 cats. A variety of causes of meningeal enhancement were identified, including bacterial and cryptococcal meningitis, plasmacytic meningitis with associated subdural fluid accumulation, granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis, inflammation secondary to otitis interna, feline infectious peritonitis, and neoplasia. The present study confirms that pial or dural meningeal enhancement may be present on MR images of the brain of dogs or cats in association with a variety of central nervous system diseases. A larger prospective study is required to further establish the incidence of specific patterns of meningeal enhancement seen in association with specific diseases.
TRANSORBITAL ECHOENCEPHALOGRAPHY IN CATTLE
Authors: Tsuka Takeshi , Okamura Shingo , Nakaichi Munekazu , Une Satoshi , Taura Yasuho
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was establishment of the criteria of transorbital echoencephalography in cattle and experimental applications to bovine practice. Quantitative investigations using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging revealed that this examination could be applied to cattle under 3 months of age. The method of transducer positioning was established in Japanese Black (J.B.) and filial (Fl) cattle (turning caudally at an angle of about 16 degrees and dorsally at an angle of about 23 degrees) or in Holstein cattle (turning caudally at an angle of about 20 degrees and dorsally at an angle of about 21 degrees). Examinations in clinical calves revealed that the cerebral parenchyma and the lateral ventricle could be detected antemortem or postmortem. In this study, the diagnoses of hydrocephalus or hydranencephaly was possible using antemortem transorbital echoencephalography. Transorbital echoencephalography was especially useful as the imaging method for bovine hydranencephaly.
ALIPOMA OF THE EXTENSOR TENDON SHEATHS IN A HORSE
Authors: Hammer Elizabeth J. , Chope Kate , Lemire Tanya D. , Reef Virginia B.
Published: May 2005

This report describes the identification and surgical removal of a lipoma from the extensor tendon sheaths of a horse. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of a lipoma of the extensor tendon sheaths of a horse. Ultrasonographic evaluation was crucial to patient management, providing information regarding the soft tissue mass characteristics, tumor margins and synovial involvement prior to surgical exploration. Surgical removal was performed and was curative.
A NEW DEVICE FOR STEREOTACTIC CT‐GUIDED BIOPSY OF THE CANINE BRAIN: DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND NEEDLE PLACEMENT ACCURACY
Authors: Giroux Alain , Jones Jeryl C. , Bohn Jan Helge , Duncan Robert B. , Waldron Don R. , Inzana Karen R.
Published: May 2005

An inexpensive device was created for computed tomographic (CT)‐guided stereotactic biopsy of the canine brain. The accuracy of the device was tested using 16, formalin‐perfused, canine head specimens. For each dog, a 6‐inch biopsy needle was guided into pituitary gland and caudate nucleus targets. Needle tracks were measured using the CT computer and infused with tissue staining solution. Hit success and actual needle track lengths were determined from sliced brain specimens. The device enabled accurate orientation and placement of the canine head in the slice plane, such that progressive penetration of the biopsy needle could be monitored. The caudate nucleus was hit 12/16 times (75% accuracy) and the pituitary gland 15.5/16 times (98.6% accuracy). Hit proportions for the two targets did not differ (P<0.05). A significant difference was found between CT and actual track length for both targets (P<0.01). This was attributed to incomplete staining of the bevel portion of the needle track.
MENISCAL OSSICLES IN LARGE NON‐DOMESTIC CATS
Authors: Walker Michael , Phalan David , Jensen James , Johnson James , Drew Mark , Samii Valerie , Henry George , McCauley Jessica
Published: May 2005

Radiographs of the stifles of 6 species of 34 large, non‐domestic cats were reviewed foremost for the presence of meniscal ossicles and then for the presence of the other potential four sesamoids. The animals in the review included 12 lions, 7 tigers, 7 cougars, 3 leopards, 3 bobcats, and 2 jaguars. Fluoroscopy, arthrography, computed tomography, necropsy, and histology were also used to evaluate the stifles of one tiger after euthanasia. Ossicles were found in the region of the cranial horn of the medial meniscus in most of the lions, tigers, leopards, and jaguars. These ossicles were found in half of the cougars but in none of the bobcats. Among the large, non‐domestic cats, meniscal ossicles had been reported previously only in Bengal tigers. The lions, tigers, and leopards having meniscal ossicles appeared to have a lateral but often not a medial fabella of the gastrocnemius muscle, an observation previously unreported. Popliteal sesamoids and patellas were present in all the skeletally mature cats.
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT MORPHOLOGY IN CAVALIER KING CHARLES SPANIELS
Authors: Dickie Alison M. , Schwarz Tobias , Sullivan Martin
Published: May 2005

Temporomandibular joint dysplasia has been reported in several breeds of dog. Three Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (CKCS) skulls were examined and radiographed during the course of a separate study and all demonstrated changes consistent with bilateral temporomandibular joint dysplasia. Subsequently, skull radiographs from all CKCS dogs examined at the University of Glasgow Veterinary School between 1991 and 2001 were reviewed (n = 26). Only two of these dogs were radiographed specifically for investigation of the temporomandibular joint, although varying degrees of dysplasia were identified in all dogs where the joints were adequately visualized (n = 20). The head of four CKCS cadavers was also radiographed, and similar changes were found. This finding suggests that temporomandibular joint dysplasia is a widespread asymptomatic condition in the CKCS and should be regarded as a normal morphologic variation rather than a pathologic anomaly. Subtle changes are best seen on lateral oblique radiographs, although marked changes are also visible on dorsoventral views. The rotational angle or angle of articulation of each of the dysplastic mandibular condyles was measured and was related to the severity of the dysplastic changes. However, there was overlap between the values calculated for these abnormal joints and normal ones in other breeds, suggesting this measurement was of limited significance and the shape of the components of the temporomandibular joint are more relevant when assessing this joint for the presence of dysplastic changes.
CELLULAR FEATURES OF SONOGRAPHIC TARGET LESIONS OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN IN 21 DOGS AND A CAT
Authors: Cuccovillo Alessandra , Lamb Christopher R.
Published: May 2005

Target lesions are seen in ultrasound images of the liver or spleen as nodules or masses with a hypoechoic rim and a hyperechoic or isoechoic center. To assess the diagnostic significance of finding a target lesion, the cytologic and/or histopathologic findings were reviewed in a series of 21 dogs and a cat that had hepatic and/or splenic target lesions noted during abdominal ultrasonography. Twelve of 16 hepatic target lesions and 5 of 7 splenic target lesions were malignant. In this series, the finding of one or more target lesions in the liver or spleen had a positive predictive value for malignancy of 74%; for the finding of multiple target lesions in one organ, the positive predictive value for malignancy was 81%. Benign lesions associated with target lesions were nodular hyperplasia of the liver and spleen, pyogranulomatous hepatitis, cirrhosis, and chronic active hepatitis.
THE SCINTIGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE EQUINE SACROILIAC JOINT
Authors: Erichsen Charlotte , Berger Mieth , Eksell Per
Published: May 2005

The aim of this study was to describe the scintigraphic appearance and location of the sacroiliac joint (SI‐joint) in dorsal and dorso 30° lateral views of the equine pelvis in a scintigram. The pelvis from 10 different horses was prepared by attaching plastic tubes along relevant margins of the bone and around the SI‐joint. A radioactive solution was injected into the tubes, and scintigraphic images were acquired with a gamma camera. Five specific landmarks were identified on the left and right sides of the pelvis. There was no significant difference in the distance measurements between the left and right sides in the dorsal view. The SI‐joint was roughly ovoid in shape, with its long axis angled to the midline. The most craniolateral point of the SI‐joint (Y) was located at the middle (SD = 0.04) of a line drawn from the caudal margin of the tuber sacrale (TS) to the craniolateral margin of the tuber coxa (TC), which was called TS‐TC. In 85% of the specimens, the long axis of the SI‐joint (SILA) was located caudal to or intersecting TS‐TC, and the mean angle between SILA and TS‐TC was 16.4° (SD = 5.6°). The distance from the caudomedial point of the SI‐joint (Z) to Y was 0.38 times (SD = 0.04) the length of TS‐TC. The distance from the tuber sacrale to the medial border of the SI‐joint (TS‐X) was 0.15 times (SD = 0.02) the length of TS‐TC. In the oblique view, the SI‐joint appeared wider and was positioned more laterally compared to the dorsal view. The distance TS‐Y increased to 0.61 times (SD = 0.046) TS‐TC, but SILA/TS‐TC was essentially unchanged. The mean angle between TS‐TC and SILA increased to 20.9° (SD = 5.6°). TS‐X increased to 0.31 times (SD = 0.037) TS‐TC. The location of the SI‐joint was very similar in all horses, which makes it possible to estimate the location of the SI‐joint in a scintigram in which the tuber sacrale and the craniolateral margin of the tuber coxa are identified.
RADIOGRAPHIC, COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC AND HISTOPATHOLOGIC APPEARANCE OF A PRESUMED SPINAL CHORDOMA IN A DOG
Authors: Pease Anthony P. , Berry Clifford R. , Mott Jocelyn P. , Peck Jeffrey N. , Mays Maron B. Calderwood , Hinton Dana
Published: May 2005

A 4‐year‐old Labrador Retriever presented for urinary incontinence and constipation of 2 weeks duration. There was a tender abdomen, lumbar pain and conscious proprioceptive deficits in both pelvic limbs. Depressed pelvic limb reflexes were present consistent with a lower motor neuron lesion. In radiographs of the lumbar spine there was narrowing of the intervertebral disc space at L5–L6with irregular, multifocal areas of mineralized opacities dorsal to the intervertebral disc space, presumably within the vertebral canal. On computed tomography, an intramedullary, partially mineralized mass was identified in the spinal cord at the level of caudal Ls through cranial L6. At necropsy there was a four‐centimeter enlarged, irregular segment of spinal cord at the level of L5–L6. When sectioned, the spinal cord had a mineralized texture. Histologically there were variable sized cells that were stellate in appearance with vacuolated cytoplasm (physaliferous cells) and mucinous background consistent with a chordoma. Chordoma is a rare, skeletal neoplasm that originates from mesoderm‐derived notochord and has been reported in humans and animals. Extraskeletal development of a chordoma within the spinal cord is a rare manifestation of this neoplasm. However, based on other reports in dogs, solitary extraskeletal locations of chordomas may be the typical expression of this neoplasm in the dog. Differentiation of similar histologically appearing tumors, such as a parachordoma or myxoid chondrosarcoma, will require immunohistochemical characterization of these tumors in veterinary patients.