bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stabilization and Ecological Risk Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Farmland Soils by Addition of Attapulgite Modified with Phosphates
Authors: Duan Cuiqing , Ren Jun , Tao Ling
Published: July 2022

Purpose. Attapulgite was modified by sodium dihydrogen phosphate, oxalic acid-activated phosphate rock powder, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, calcium superphosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, and fused calcium-magnesium phosphate and used in the remediation of Cd, Zn, and Ni. Materials and Methods. Attapulgite was modified by six kinds of phosphate (ratio: 1 : 2), and the improvement effect of passivation material on soil polluted by cadmium, zinc, and nickel was determined. CaCl2-extractable and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure- (TCLP-) extractable Cd, Zn, and Ni were measured in order to estimate the bioavailability and the stabilization efficiency. Pot experiment was conducted to study the enrichment and transport ability of Cd, Zn, and Ni in corn. The ecological risk and ecological toxicity of soil environment were evaluated by calculating SEm, ERIm, CRIm, and BUF. Results and Discussion. Compared with ATP, passivation materials AAPR, AMRP, ASSP, AMAP, and AFMP can improve the stability of CD, Zn, and Ni in soil, and AAPR has the best effect. Compared with CK treatments and ATP treatments, the concentrations of TCLP-extractable Cd decreased by 30.80% and 24.72%, respectively, the concentrations of TCLP-extractable Zn decreased by 15.50% and 11.18%, respectively, and the concentrations of TCLP-extractable Ni decreased by 31.34% and 23.20%, respectively. Compared with ATP treatments, CRI, BUF-Cd, BUF-Ni, and BUF-Zn decreased by 24.67%, 52.88%, 78.73%, and 41.18%, respectively, in the AAPR treatments. Conclusions. Phosphate-modified attapulgite can effectively improve the stability of heavy metals in soil and reduce the migration of heavy metals. In the soil polluted by Cd, Zn, and Ni, the passivation effect of AAPR is the best. Therefore, AAPR can be used as an economical, safe, and effective passivation material to improve Cd-, Zn-, and Ni-contaminated soil, which would have a high utilization value in field applications.
A Novel Multistep Iterative Technique for Models in Medical Sciences with Complex Dynamics
Authors: Qureshi Sania , Soomro Amanullah , Shaikh Asif Ali , Hincal Evren , Gokbulut Nezihal
Published: July 2022

This paper proposes a three-step iterative technique for solving nonlinear equations from medical science. We designed the proposed technique by blending the well-known Newton’s method with an existing two-step technique. The method needs only five evaluations per iteration: three for the given function and two for its first derivatives. As a result, the novel approach converges faster than many existing techniques. We investigated several models of applied medical science in both scalar and vector versions, including population growth, blood rheology, and neurophysiology. Finally, some complex-valued polynomials are shown as polynomiographs to visualize the convergence zones.
Silica Nanoparticle Coating of NaYF4:(Yb3+, Er3+) Upconversion Phosphor
Authors: Jang Taehun , Kim MaengJun , Sohn Sang Ho
Published: July 2022

To improve its light conversion efficiency, NaYF4:(Yb3+, Er3+) upconversion (UC) phosphor, which generates one visible photon by absorbing two or more near‐infrared photons, was coated with SiO2 nanoparticles. The surface modification of phosphor was performed by using a modified sol–gel method as a function of the concentration of colloidal silica employed as the surface coating precursor. It was found that the PL intensities depend on the concentration of colloidal silica. When a 2.7 wt% concentration of colloidal silica was used, the NaYF4:(Yb3+, Er3+) phosphor exhibited a homogeneous coating with silica and an approximately 9% increase in the PL intensity, as compared with that of the non‐coated sample of NaYF4:(Yb3+, Er3+) phosphor. This increase in the PL intensity can be explained by the suppression of the nonradiative recombination of electron–hole pairs via surface defects. The experimental results suggest that the surface modification of upconversion phosphors with a silica coating of the appropriate concentration is a simple and effective solution to improve the light conversion efficiency of upconversion phosphors used in optoelectronic devices.
Longitudinal Associations of Newly Diagnosed Prediabetes and Diabetes with Cognitive Function among Chinese Adults Aged 45 Years and Older
Authors: Wang Xiaojie , Li Xiuwen , Wang Wanxin , Shi Guangduoji , Wu Ruipeng , Guo Lan , Lu Ciyong
Published: July 2022

With population aging, diabetes mellitus and cognitive function decline are common health problems among older adults worldwide. This longitudinal study is aimed at estimating the longitudinal associations of newly diagnosed prediabetes and diabetes status with cognitive function among Chinese adults aged 45 years and older and evaluating the clinical risk factors associated with cognitive function. Data were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). A total of 8716 participants meeting the inclusion criteria were enrolled between 2011 and 2012 at baseline, and 6125 participants completed the follow-up survey in 2018. Cognitive function, newly diagnosed diabetic status, depression, body mass index, and clinical and biochemical measurements were collected. At baseline, the mean age of the participants was 58.93 (SD: 9.76) years, 3987 (45.7%) were males, 1802 (20.7%) participants were newly diagnosed with prediabetes, and 935 (10.7%) were diabetes patients. After adjusting for control variables, diabetes was a significant risk factor for subsequent cognitive decline (unstandardized

β

estimate
=
−
0.50

,

95
%
CI
=
−
0.98
~
−
0.02

). Subgroup analyses found that the association of diabetes with cognitive decline was significant in females. Stratification analyses found that among prediabetes patients, triglyceride concentrations were negatively associated with cognitive function; among diabetes patients, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein was significantly associated with cognitive decline. The newly diagnosed diabetes status at baseline was associated with subsequent cognitive decline among middle-aged and elderly Chinese, especially in females. The management of triglycerides through lifestyle modification for prediabetes and specific adjunctive anti-inflammatory therapy for diabetes might benefit cognitive performance.
The Mythologisation of the Migrant Issue in the Federal Republic of Germany as a Result of the 2015 European Migrant Crisis and Its Effect on Changes in German Migration Policy
Authors:   Zagreb, Biškup Mašanović Ljiljana
Published: July 2022

This article deals with the process of mythologisation of the migrant issue in the Federal Republic of Germany during the period 2014–2018. The research started with the fundamental question of how selected German media represented the immigrants from predominantly Muslim countries who came to Germany during and immediately after the 2015 migrant crisis. The media content on migration and extremism was selected from the available online archives of the following German newspapers: Berliner Morgenpost, Deutsche Welle, Die Zeit, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, and Freie Presse. Using the discourse theory of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe as the research model, three master signifiers were selected from the analysed articles: immigrants, German jihadists, and German far-right extremists. Further analysis suggested that myths were the most influential type of signification and a dominant way of dealing with the critical situation caused by the 2015 migrant crisis. As a result of that situation, the following myths were produced: the open-door myth, the myth of Islamisation and the new myth of the East. In the analysed material, references to historical German myths, like the border myth and the stab in the back myth, were also recorded. This research aimed to determine the relation between of the process of mythologisation during and immediately after the emergence of the 2015 migrant crisis and the changes in German migration policy. Furthermore, the role of hegemonic discourse was explored, especially in situations where it was used to alleviate cultural conflict and social polarisation in times of crisis.
Safety and Tolerability of MEDI0562, an OX40 Agonist mAb, in Combination with Durvalumab or Tremelimumab in Adult Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors
Authors: Goldman Jonathan W. , Piha-Paul Sarina A. , Curti Brendan , Pedersen Katrina S. , Bauer Todd M. , Groenland Stefanie L. , Carvajal Richard D. , Chhaya Vaishali , Kirby Gray , McGlinchey Kelly , Hammond Scott A. , Streicher Katie , Townsley Danielle M. , Chae Young Kwang , Voortman Jens , Marabelle Aurelien , Powderly John
Published: July 2022

Purpose:

Combination therapies targeting immunologic checkpoints have shown promise in treating multiple tumor types. We report safety and tolerability of MEDI0562, a humanized IgG1K OX40 mAb, in combination with durvalumab (anti-PD-L1), or tremelimumab (anti-CTLA-4), in adult patients with previously treated advanced solid tumors.

Patients and Methods:

In this phase I, multicenter, open-label study, patients received escalating doses of MEDI0562 (2.25, 7.5, or 22.5 mg) every 2 weeks in combination with durvalumab (1,500 mg) or tremelimumab (75 or 225 mg) every 4 weeks, intravenously, until unacceptable toxicity or progressive disease. Tumor assessments were performed every 8 weeks. The primary objective was to evaluate safety and tolerability.

Results:

Among the 27 and 31 patients who received MEDI0562 + durvalumab or MEDI0562 + tremelimumab, 74.1% and 67.7% reported a treatment-related adverse event (AE), and 22.2% and 19.4% experienced a treatment-emergent AE that led to discontinuation, respectively. The MTD of MEDI0562 + durvalumab was 7.5 mg MEDI0562 + 1,500 mg durvalumab; the maximum administered dose of MEDI0562 + tremelimumab was 22.5 mg MEDI0562 + 225 mg tremelimumab. Three patients in the MEDI0562 + durvalumab arm had a partial response. The mean percentage of Ki67+CD4+ and Ki67+CD8+ memory T cells increased by >100% following the first dose of MEDI0562 + durvalumab or tremelimumab in all dose cohorts. A decrease in OX40+FOXP3 regulatory T cells was observed in a subset of patients with available paired biopsies.

Conclusions:

Following dose escalation, moderate toxicity was observed in both treatment arms, with no clear efficacy signals demonstrated.
Cerebral Gray Matter Volume Changes in Patients with Neuropathic Pain from Total Brachial Plexus Injury
Authors: Wang Jing-wei , Huang Zhu-qing , Lu Yu-jie , Sha Ke , Li Wen-mei , Zhao Jin-min
Published: July 2022

Introduction: Total brachial plexus injury not only significantly affects the motor and sensory function of the affected upper limbs but also causes further physical and mental damage to patients with long-term intractable pain. Previous studies mainly focused on the surgical treatment, while only a few paid attention to the intractable neuropathic pain caused by this injury. Changes in the volume of gray matter in the brain are thought to be associated with chronic neuropathic pain. Methods: Voxel-based morphometry analysis was used to compare the difference in cerebral gray matter volume between total brachial plexus injury patients with neuropathic pain and healthy controls. Correlations between pain duration, pain severity, and GM changes were analyzed. Results: The volume of cerebral gray matter in the patient group was decreased significantly in multiple regions, including the parahippocampal gyrus, paracentric lobule, inferior frontal gyrus, auxiliary motor cortex, middle occipital gyrus, right middle temporal gyrus, while it was increased in the insular, pons, middle frontal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, bilateral thalamus, and globus pallidus. There were no significant correlations between pain duration and rGMV changes, while a positive correlation was observed between pain severity and rGMV changes in one specific region, involving the anterior cingulate cortex. Conclusion: Total brachial plexus injury patients with chronic pain have widespread regions of gray matter atrophy and hypertrophy. The only positive correlation was observed between pain severity and rGMV changes in one specific region, suggesting that nociceptive stimuli trigger a variety of nonpain-specific processes, which confirms the multidimensional nature of pain.
Thoracic Ultrasound Strain Elastosonography as a Noninvasive Biomarker of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-Associated Lung Injury: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Nouvenne Antonio , Zanichelli Ilaria , Cerundolo Nicoletta , Milanese Gianluca , Sverzellati Nicola , Rendo Martina , Ridolo Erminia , Scarlata Simone , Meschi Tiziana , Ticinesi Andrea
Published: July 2022

Background: Transthoracic strain elastosonography (TSE) is being increasingly studied for estimating lung-pleura interface stiffness in pulmonary fibrosis. To date, no data exist on its application in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Objectives: The aim of this article was to describe the TSE pattern in patients with COPD and healthy subjects, either smokers or nonsmokers, and evaluate the feasibility of this technique for early detection of COPD in smokers. Methods: Nineteen patients with COPD, twenty-one healthy smokers, and twenty healthy nonsmokers underwent spirometry and TSE. Elastosonography was performed by one ultrasound-certified operator on 12 different scans for each participant, on right and left sides, anteriorly and posteriorly, on upper and lower lobes. For each scan, lung-pleura interface stiffness index (SI) was calculated, and the average SI on all 12 scans (SI-12) and on posterior basal scans (SI-PB) was calculated and used for comparisons among groups of participants and correlations with spirometric parameters. Results: Patients with lung injury (i.e., with COPD or healthy smokers) exhibited significantly increased lung-pleura interface stiffness on TSE, measured by SI-12 and SI-PB, than healthy nonsmokers (p < 0.05). Unlike SI-12, SI-PB was able to discriminate between subjects with lung injury and healthy nonsmokers on receiver operating characteristics analysis (area under the curve 0.846, 95% confidence interval 0.730–0.926, p < 0.001) and correlated with forced expiratory volume in the first second (r = −0.31, p = 0.018). Conclusion: The measurement of lung-pleura interface stiffness by TSE in posterior basal scans was able to discriminate patients with lung injury from healthy nonsmokers. The role of TSE for detecting early lung damage in COPD should be further investigated.
Validation and Comparison of the Japanese Score and Other Scores in Patients with Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Choi Seong Woo , Moon Hee Seok , Kwon In Sun , Sakong Heon , Kang Sun Hyung , Sung Jae Kyu , Jeong Hyun Yong
Published: July 2022

Background: Various scoring systems have been developed to predict endoscopic intervention, mortality, and rebleeding in patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB); however, they have not been sufficiently validated in Korea. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of several scoring systems in Korea by validating and comparing the Japanese score and other scores in Korean people with NVUGIB. Methods: The medical records of 1,368 patients with NVUGIB were reviewed to collect statistical, clinical, laboratory, and endoscopic data. The Japanese score, ABC score, Glasgow-Blatchford Bleeding Score (GBS), and MAP score were calculated retrospectively at a single research institution. These scores for predicting the need for endoscopic intervention, mortality, and rebleeding were calculated and evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Results: Of 1,368 patients, 88.5% required endoscopic intervention, 4.1% died within 30 days, and 12.6% experienced rebleeding. The Japanese score was effective for predicting endoscopic intervention, and the ABC score was best for predicting 30-day mortality. Sex, age, hematemesis, blood urea nitrogen, and American Society of Anesthesiologists score were found to be predictors of the need for endoscopic intervention. Conclusion: The Japanese score did not prove useful in Koreans with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Additional research is needed due to the limitations of a retrospective study conducted in a single research institute.
Aneuploidy Rate and Stemness in Low-Level Mosaic Human Embryonic Stem Cells in the Presence/Absence of Bortezomib, Paclitaxel, and Lapatinib
Authors: Khademi Nazanin Sadat , Farivar Shirin , Bazrgar Masood , Hassani Seyedeh-Nafiseh , Masoudi Najmeh Sadat , Haghparast Newsha , Rezaei Larijani Mehran
Published: July 2022

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are predisposed to aneuploidy through continual passages. Some reports indicate more sensitivity of aneuploid hESCs cells to anticancer drugs. The present study was designed to investigate the cytotoxicity of three anticancer drugs (including bortezomib, paclitaxel, and lapatinib) and their effect on aneuploidy rate in hESCs. To create a low-level mosaic cell line, normal hESCs (80%) and trisomic hESCs for chromosomes 12 and 17 (20%) were mixed. The effect of the 3 mentioned anticancer drugs on the chromosomal status was assessed by metaphase spread analysis after selection of the nontoxic conditions. Expression of pluripotency genes was analyzed, and an alkaline phosphatase test was performed to assess pluripotency preservation. Our data showed that treatment with bortezomib, paclitaxel, and lapatinib was nontoxic at 0.01, 0.01, and 0.2 μM concentrations, respectively. Alkaline phosphatase and pluripotency gene expression analyses revealed maintenance of pluripotency following treatment with above-noted nontoxic concentrations. Aneuploid cells were dominant in treated and control groups with a minimum abundance of 70%, with no significant differences between groups. Drug treatments had no negative effect on pluripotency. Insensitivity of aneuploid cells in treatment groups could be related to the specific characteristics of each cell line in response to the drug and the proliferative superiority of cells with trisomies 12 and 17.
Os triunfos de tarlac: manual de regras
Authors: Carvalho Vinicius Marino
Published: July 2022

Os triunfos de Tarlac faz parte de um projeto do Laboratório de Estudos Medievais da Universidade de São Paulo (LEME-USP) e do grupo de estudos Arqueologia Interativa e Simulações Eletrônicas (ARISE). É um jogo de estratégia ambientado entre 1276 e 1318. Este Manual de Regras retrata as estratégias adotadas pelos irlandeses e ingleses para navegar nas armadilhas e oportunidades abertas pelo conflito. O objetivo do jogo é acabar com a guerra entre Clann Turlough e Clann Brian Roe em nome de um lado do conflito. O jogo termina quando um dos reclamantes é eliminado.
The triumphs of turlough : rulebook
Authors: Carvalho Vinicius Marino
Published: July 2022

Tarlac's triumphs manual is part of a project by the Laboratory of Medieval Studies at the University of São Paulo (LEME-USP) and the study group Interactive Archeology and Electronic Simulations (ARISE). The Triumphs of Turlough is a strategy game set between 1276 and 1318. It portraits the strategies taken by the Irish and the English to navigate the traps and opportunities opened up by the conflict. The goal of the game is to end the war between Clann Turlough and Clann Brian Roe on behalf of one side of the conflict. The game ends when one of the claimants is eliminated.
Association of Neighborhood-Level Material Deprivation With Atrial Fibrillation Care in a Single-Payer Health Care System: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Abdel-Qadir Husam , Akioyamen Leo E. , Fang Jiming , Pang Andrea , Ha Andrew C.T. , Jackevicius Cynthia A. , Alter David A. , Austin Peter C. , Atzema Clare L. , Bhatia R. Sacha , Booth Gillian L. , Johnston Sharon , Dhalla Irfan , Kapral Moira K. , Krumholz Harlan M. , McNaughton Candace D. , Roifman Idan , Tu Karen , Udell Jacob A. , Wijeysundera Harindra C. , Ko Dennis T. , Schull Michael J. , Lee Douglas S.
Published: July 2022

Background:

There are limited data on the association of material deprivation with clinical care and outcomes after atrial fibrillation (AF) diagnosis in jurisdictions with universal health care.

Methods:

This was a population-based cohort study of individuals ≥66 years of age with first diagnosis of AF between April 1, 2007, and March 31, 2019, in the Canadian province of Ontario, which provides public funding and prohibits private payment for medically necessary physician and hospital services. Prescription medications are subsidized for residents >65 years of age. The primary exposure was neighborhood material deprivation, a metric derived from Canadian census data to estimate inability to attain basic material needs. Neighborhoods were categorized by quintile from Q1 (least deprived) to Q5 (most deprived). Cause-specific hazards regression was used to study the association of material deprivation quintile with time to AF-related adverse events (death or hospitalization for stroke, heart failure, or bleeding), clinical services (physician visits, cardiac diagnostics), and interventions (anticoagulation, cardioversion, ablation) while adjusting for individual characteristics and regional cardiologist supply.

Results:

Among 347 632 individuals with AF (median age 79 years, 48.9% female), individuals in the most deprived neighborhoods (Q5) had higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease, risk factors, and noncardiovascular comorbidity relative to residents of the least deprived neighborhoods (Q1). After adjustment, Q5 residents had higher hazards of death (hazard ratio [HR], 1.16 [95% CI, 1.13–1.20]) and hospitalization for stroke (HR, 1.16 [95% CI, 1.07–1.27]), heart failure (HR, 1.14 [95% CI, 1.11–1.18]), or bleeding (HR, 1.16 [95% CI, 1.07–1.25]) relative to Q1. There were small differences across quintiles in primary care physician visits (HR, Q5 versus Q1, 0.91 [95% CI, 0.89–0.92]), echocardiography (HR, Q5 versus Q1, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.96–0.99]), and dispensation of anticoagulation (HR, Q5 versus Q1, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.95–0.98]). There were more prominent disparities for Q5 versus Q1 in cardiologist visits (HR, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.82–0.86]), cardioversion (HR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.76–0.84]), and ablation (HR, 0.45 [95% CI, 0.30–0.67]).

Conclusions:

Despite universal health care and prescription medication coverage, residents of more deprived neighborhoods were less likely to visit cardiologists or receive rhythm control interventions after AF diagnosis, even though they exhibited higher cardiovascular disease burden and higher risk of adverse outcomes.
Anger, Fear, and Sadness: Relations to Socioeconomic Status and the Amygdala
Authors: Hao Yu , Bertolero Maxwell , Farah Martha J.
Published: July 2022

Here, we test three often proposed hypotheses about socioeconomic status (SES), affect, and the brain, for which evidence is mixed or lacking. The first hypothesis, that negative affect is more common at lower levels of SES, has ample evidence from studies of psychiatric symptoms but is tested for the first time here across multiple measures of negative emotions in healthy young adults. The second hypothesis is actually a set of hypotheses, that SES is associated with three structural and functional properties of the amygdala. Third, and most important for the affective neuroscience of SES, is the hypothesis that SES differences in the amygdala are responsible for the affective differences. Despite the intuitive appeal of this hypothesis, it has rarely been tested and has never been confirmed. Here, we review the literature for evidence on each of these hypotheses and find in a number of cases that the evidence is weak or nonexistant. We then subject each hypothesis to a new empirical test with a large sample of healthy young adults. We confirm that negative affect is more common at lower levels of SES and we find a positive relation between SES and amygdala volume. However, evidence is weak on the relation of SES to functional properties of amygdala. Finally, the tendency toward negative affect in lower SES individuals cannot be accounted for by the structural or functional characteristics of the amygdala measured here.
Introduction to the Special Focus: The Affective Neuroscience of Poverty
Authors: Nusslock Robin , Farah Martha J.
Published: July 2022

Growing up in poverty is associated with a heightened risk for mental and physical health problems across the life span, and there is a growing recognition of the role that social determinants of health play in driving these outcomes and inequities. How do the social conditions of poverty get under the skin to influence biology, and through what mechanisms do the stressors of poverty generate risk for a broad range of health problems? The growing field examining the neuroscience of socioeconomic status (SES) proposes that the brain is an entry point or pathway through which poverty and adversity become embedded in biology to generate these disparities. To date, however, the majority of research on the neuroscience of SES has focused on cognitive or executive control processes. However, the relationship between SES and brain systems involved in affective or emotional processes may be especially important for understanding social determinants of health. Accordingly, this Special Focus on The Affective Neuroscience of Poverty invited contributions from authors examining the relationship between SES and brain systems involved in generating and regulating emotions. In this editorial introduction, we (a) provide an overview of the neuroscience of SES; (b) introduce each of the articles in this Special Focus; and (c) discuss the scientific, treatment, and policy implications of studying the affective neuroscience of poverty.
Import Competition, Quality Upgrading, and Exporting: Evidence from the Peruvian Apparel Industry
Authors: Medina Pamela
Published: July 2022

This paper studies quality upgrading to escape competition from low-wage countries and proposes a new channel that does not rely on access to new inputs or markets. Informed by Peruvian apparel firms’ response to China’s WTO accession, I introduce factor specificity in a multi-product-firm model. Profitability losses due to competition in low-quality segments induce firms to reallocate specific factors to produce high-quality varieties for high-income countries. Gains from this channel are large. Using an observed quality measure, I show that import competition substantially increases domestic firms’ exports and high-quality export shares. Firms also reduce prices, resulting in additional welfare gains.
Monetary Policy, Markup Dispersion, and Aggregate TFP
Authors: Meier Matthias , Reinelt Timo
Published: July 2022

We study the role of markup dispersion and aggregate TFP for monetary transmission. Empirically, we show that the response of markup dispersion to monetary policy shocks can account for a significant fraction of the aggregate TFP response in the first two years after the shock. Analytically, we show that heterogeneous price rigidity can explain the response of markup dispersion if firms have a precautionary price-setting motive, which is present in common New Keynesian environments. We provide empirical evidence in support of this explanation. Finally, we study the mechanism and its implications in a quantitative model.
Publication and Attenuation Biases in Measuring Skill Substitution
Authors: Havranek Tomas , Irsova Zuzana , Laslopova Lubica , Zeynalova Olesia
Published: July 2022

A key parameter in the analysis of wage inequality is the elasticity of substitution between skilled and unskilled labor. We show that the empirical literature is consistent with both publication and attenuation bias in the estimated inverse elasticities. Publication bias, which exaggerates the mean reported inverse elasticity, dominates and results in corrected inverse elasticities closer to zero than the typically published estimates. The implied mean elasticity is 4, with a lower bound of 2. Elasticities are smaller for developing countries. To derive these results, we use nonlinear tests for publication bias and model averaging techniques that account for model uncertainty.
Endogenous Treatment Effect Estimation with a Large and Mixed Set of Instruments and Control Variables
Authors: Fan Qingliang , Wu Yaqian
Published: July 2022

Instrumental variables (IVs) and control variables are frequently used to assist researchers in investigating endogenous treatment effects. When used together, their identities are typically assumed to be known. However, in many practical situations, one is faced with a large and mixed set of covariates, some of which can serve as excluded IVs, some can serve as control variables, whereas others should be discarded from the model. It is often not possible to classify them based on economic theory alone. This paper proposes a data-driven method to classify a large (increasing with sample size) set of covariates into excluded IVs, controls, and noise to be discarded. The resulting IV estimator is shown to have the oracle property (to have the same first-order asymptotic distribution as the IV estimator, assuming the true classification is known).
The Causal Effects of R&D Grants: Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity
Authors: Santoleri Pietro , Mina Andrea , Di Minin Alberto , Martelli Irene
Published: July 2022

We leverage the discontinuity in the assignment mechanism of the Small and Medium Enterprise Instrument—the first European research and development (R&D) subsidy targeting small firms—to provide the broadest quasi-experimental evidence on R&D grants over both geographical and sectoral scopes. Grants trigger sizable impacts on a wide range of firm-level outcomes. Heterogeneous effects are consistent with grants reducing financial frictions. This reduction is due to funding rather than certification. We also provide direct causal evidence on pure certification—signaling not attached to funding—and show that firms that only receive “quality stamps” do not improve their performance. Finally, our estimates suggest that the scheme produces private returns that are positive and comparable to those of the U.S. Small Business Innovation Research program, while also generating geographical and sectoral spillovers in the form of increased rates of entrepreneurial entry.
Introducing Querciphoma styphnolobii sp. nov., the first sexual morph of Querciphoma (Leptosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales)
Authors: GAO HANXING , YIN JINGYAN , LI YU , LIU SHUYAN , ZHU ZHAOXIANG
Published: July 2022

Using combined morphological characteristics and molecular phylogeny, a new species Querciphoma styphnolobii sp. nov. (Dothideomycetes, Pleosporales) from China is described and illustrated. The new species is distinguished by dark green to black colony, eustromatic conidiomata, smooth, hyaline, cylindrical conidia with one middle constricted, septate and muriform ascospores. Phylogenetic analyses using multilocus sequence data of internal transcribed spacers (ITS), large subunit 28S rDNA (LSU), small subunit 18S rDNA (SSU), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α) regions revealed that Q. styphnolobii is closely related to Q. minuta in Leptosphaeriaceae. The sexual stage of Querciphoma is characterized by superficial, rough, or hairy ascomata, cellular pseudoparaphyses, ellipsoidal and muriform ascospore with a multi-transverse vertical septum.
Two new species of Plutomurus Yosii (Collembola: Tomoceridae) from the Caucasus and central Europe
Authors: BARJADZE SHALVA , PARIMUCHOVÁ ANDREA , RASCHMANOVÁ NATÁLIA , MAGHRADZE ETER , KOVÁČ ĽUBOMÍR
Published: July 2022

Plutomurus kharagauliensis sp. nov. from Kozmani Cave, Kharagauli Municipality, Georgia, and P. ruseki sp. nov. from the surface and subterranean habitats in different regions of Slovakia are described, illustrated and differentiated from other morphologically similar congeners. Both species are unique by dorsal macrochaetotaxy of head and abdomen. An identification key to the species of the genus Plutomurus reported from the Western Palearctic is presented.
Spurious Climate Impacts in Coupled Sea Ice Loss Simulations
Authors: England Mark R. , Eisenman Ian , Wagner Till J. W.
Published: July 2022

Previous studies have used coupled climate model simulations with perturbed sea ice covers to assess the impact of future Arctic sea ice loss. The results of these studies suggest that Arctic sea ice loss will cause substantial climate impacts in the Arctic and beyond. The approaches used in these simulations can be broadly categorized into three methods: adding a ghost flux to the sea ice module, nudging, and modifying the surface albedo. Here we show that all three methods ultimately add heat to the Arctic in order to melt the sea ice, and that this artificial heating causes a spurious warming signal that is added to the warming that occurs due to sea ice loss alone. We illustrate this using an idealized climate model, which provides a preliminary rough estimate of the effect. In this model, the annual-mean warming due to sea ice loss alone can be directly calculated. We compare this with the warming that would be attributed to sea ice loss using each of the three methods in the idealized model. The results suggest that each method substantially overestimates the warming due to sea ice loss alone, overestimating the surface warming throughout the Northern Hemisphere by a factor of 1.5–2 in the idealized model. Hence, these results suggest that previous coupled climate modeling studies have overestimated the climate response to sea ice loss.
Impact of Histologic Risk Factors on Recurrence Rates for Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Kligerman Maxwell P. , Moon Peter K. , Tusty Mahbuba , Cloutier Jeffrey M. , Ma Yifei , Holsinger Christopher F. , Divi Vasu
Published: July 2022

Objectives:

This study assesses the impact of adverse histologic risk factors including worst pattern of invasion (WPOI), predominant pattern of invasion (PPOI), tumor budding, and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILS), on risk of recurrence in patients with early-stage Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OCSCC).

Methods:

Retrospective chart review was performed at a single institution to identify patients with OCSCC who underwent surgical excision. Inclusion criteria included T1-T2 stage disease based on AJCC seventh edition guidelines, no cervical lymph node involvement, no perineural invasion (PNI), no lymphovascular invasion (LVI), no post-operative adjuvant radiation therapy, and cancer involving only the oral tongue or floor of mouth. Patients were excluded if they had positive final margins. A subset of 35 patients were selected for additional histologic review to determine WPOI, PPOI, TB, and TILS. Bivariable and multivariable cox analysis were performed to determine variables associated with recurrence.

Results:

One hundred and sixty-one patients met criteria and were included in the analysis. Variables that were significantly associated with recurrence on bivariable analysis included tumors with high risk PPOI (groups 4 and 5; P = .021), TB with 10 or more buds ( P = .021), T-stage ( P = .001), neck dissection ( P = .03), and depth of invasion (DOI) >4 mm ( P = .044). Multivariable cox proportional hazards found T-stage (HR: 6.40; 95% CI 1.67, 24.50; P = .007), neck dissection (HR: 0.23; 95% CI 0.07, 0.82; P = .023), and TBs (HR: 1.17; 95% CI 1.05, 1.30; P = .006) to be most predictive of recurrence.

Conclusions:

TB is a strong predictor of recurrence. WPOI, PPOI, and TILS were not statistically significant risk factors for recurrence.
The Sensory Auricular Branch of the Facial Nerve and its Relationship to Landmarks of the Facial Recess
Authors: Sow Mami K. , Murray Molly , Akakpo Kenneth , Harris Michael S.
Published: July 2022

Objective:

Delineate the anatomic relationship of the sensory auricular branch (SAB) of the facial nerve to other structures of the facial recess.

Methods:

Ten adult cadaveric temporal bones were randomly selected and dissected under operative microscopy. Linear and angular measurements were obtained for the following parameters: (1) the distance from the tip of the short process of the incus to the point of convergence of the SAB and the main trunk of the facial nerve; (2) the distance from the point of convergence of the SAB and the main trunk of the facial nerve to the chorda tympani (CT) division from the main trunk; (3) the distance from the bifurcation of the CT and facial nerve to the crossover point of the SAB/CT; (4) the angle at which the SAB merges with the main trunk (Y°), and (5) the angle at which the CT divides off the main trunk (X°).

Results:

The mean distance from the tip of the short process of the incus to the SAB takeoff was 8.7 ± 1.83 mm (range 6-13 mm). The mean distance from the SAB to the CT division from the main trunk was 5.9 ± 2.41 mm (range 3-10 mm). The mean angle at which the SAB merged with the main trunk of the facial nerve was 38.5 ± 12.63° (range 25°-68°). The mean CT-main trunk angle was 16 ± 4.24° (range 8°-21°). The branching point of the SAB from the facial nerve approximately bisected the facial recess.

Conclusion:

Recognizing the SAB and knowing its relationships to surrounding anatomy provides a useful adjunctive landmark for the identification of the main trunk of the facial nerve’s mastoid segment.

Level of evidence:

4.
21st century bridling: Non-disclosure agreements in cases of organizational misconduct
Authors: Pagan Victoria
Published: July 2022

In this article I argue that non-disclosure agreements represent the latest in a continuum of tools used to silence women who seek justice in response to the misconduct of those in authority. I draw a connection between the use of these apparently objective, non-corporeal organizational processes and the historic use of the scold’s bridle, a corporeal instrument of control applied to physically silence. Specifically, I argue that both are on a continuum of violence from the antiquated, overt and embodied, to the present day, covert and epistemic with embodied effects. This article offers a critical phenomenological analysis of the effects on women who submitted evidence of their experiences to the UK Parliament Women and Equalities Committee Inquiry into the use of non-disclosure agreements in Discrimination Cases. By critically analysing these accounts I offer a contribution toward a continued understanding of the ways in which oppressive organizational practices according to gender continue to function and reproduce through practices of embodied epistemic injustice.
Does International Status Affect Competence Ratings in Newly Formed Multinational Teams? The Role of Psychological Safety Growth and Verbal Behavior
Authors: Farley Samuel , Dawson Jeremy , Greenaway Thomas , Meade Keelan , Hernández Ibar Daría
Published: July 2022

National status has been found to influence how people are perceived in multinational teams. Team members from an international background are often perceived as less competent than those from the local context. Studies mainly focus on language differences to explain this phenomenon, but in this study, we offer a different theoretical explanation. We propose that national status can affect psychological safety and its development within teams, which in turn affects verbal behavior and competence ratings. To test this notion, we examine differences in psychological safety growth, verbal behavior and competence ratings among home country nationals based in the United Kingdom (UK) and international members of newly formed multinational teams. In a sample of 519 team members (101 teams), results showed that internationals, compared to home country nationals, have lower initial psychological safety, as well as slower development in psychological safety over time. Furthermore, the relationship between national status and competence ratings was partially mediated by psychological safety growth and verbal behavior. These results were fully replicated on a separate sample of 538 team members (90 teams) in a second study using an identical research design. However, exploratory analyses indicated that the pattern of findings were not consistent across team members from Africa, Asia, and Europe. The psychological safety of home nationals only started and grew more quickly than that of Asians, while only African and Asian team members spoke less and were rated as less competent. Together these results have implications for managers of newly formed multinational teams.
Experiences of Sexism and Racism Among Black Women Who Hold a Doctorate
Authors: Harris Chaiqua A. , Williams Awodeha Natalie F. , Jones Destini S. , Flowers-Roe LaToya
Published: July 2022

This heuristic inquiry illuminates experiences of racism and sexism among Black women with doctorates at one predominantly White institution (PWI) and one historically Black college/university (HBCU). A concise literature review is provided, followed by a summary of the processes and phases of heuristic inquiry. The researchers generated new knowledge regarding the use of the honorific “Dr” among members of the target population. The team conducted individual, semi-structured interviews with 12 Black women with doctorates at one PWI and one HBCU. In addition to racism and sexism, ageism also emerged as a central theme from the analysis.
Enriching Lives Through Contributions to Society: Thoughts on Riesman’s “The Search for Challenge”
Authors: Ballard John
Published: July 2022

Technology and social movements have changed society since Riesman first addressed the future of America over 60 years ago, but human nature has not changed. He argued that some form of national compulsory service would serve the nation well and enhance the quality of life of its citizens.
Welcoming the Other—Pursuing Social Justice through Hospitality in the Music Classroom
Authors: Cassman Jake
Published: July 2022

In recent years, the national discourse on social justice has inevitably bled into the music classroom. This article suggests ways in which these discussions can be welcomed into music pedagogy in a manner that can support those who have been marginalized by society. The author relates Jacque Derrida’s principle of hospitality to our pedagogy and explores how this principle could allow music educators to reexamine the way we teach music, from the names of the voice sections in our choirs, to the very names of musical genres, to the structure of lesson plans.
Responding: A Discussion Protocol for Creative Classrooms
Authors: DiSciscio Megan T.
Published: July 2022

An essential element of creative musicianship is the ability to seek, provide, and respond to feedback. This article presents a method of teaching elementary music students to respond to creative work in a way that is productive and uplifting, using a discussion protocol. Grounded in the work of Lerman and Borstel’s critical response and Seidel’s collaborative assessment conference, this protocol is designed to give young students the language to participate in creative discourse. This protocol can be used in the revision or assessment stages of a project, and it allows students to take ownership of their own creative community while laying the groundwork for meaningful and authentic assessment.
Teaching and Mentoring toward Culturally Responsive Practices
Authors: Zaffini Erin
Published: July 2022

With the ever-growing diversity of students in our schools, so too are the cultures and experiences that our students bring with them into the classroom. Yet many teachers feel ill-equipped to teach their students in a culturally responsive way. This article includes strategies for music mentors to successfully mentor beginning teachers toward becoming more culturally responsive, even as they themselves are also striving toward that same goal. Strategies include shared reflections, using targeted “conversation starters” to foster beginning teachers’ self-reflection, and harnessing the characteristics associated with beginning teachers’ developmental stages. Recommendations for reframing beginning teachers’ expectations for culturally responsive pedagogy are offered.
Examining Team-teaching Competencies in a Taiwanese Bilingual Academic Subject Classroom: A Bilingual NEST's Autoethnography
Authors: Graham Keith M.
Published: July 2022

This autoethnographic study reports on a team-teaching experience in a bilingual education class in Taiwan. For decades, governments in East Asia have promoted team teaching between a native English-speaking teacher (NEST) and a local teacher (LT) in English as a foreign language (EFL) classrooms. These programs are now expanding to include bilingual education academic subject classrooms. With this expansion, there is a need for scholarship to inform bilingual education team-teaching professional development (PD). The author, a NEST and teacher educator, collaborated with a science LT for a 4-week bilingual science unit. The purpose of the inquiry was to use the experience to propose a set of competencies to inform team-teaching PD. Data were collected through class video recordings, a reflective journal, and the LT's written reflection, which were analyzed through a lens of seven teacher competences. Despite both teachers’ extensive knowledge and experience, the study revealed the need for skills within each competence unique to bilingual education collaborations. These findings were used to propose a set of ten competencies that may be used to guide PD for team teachers in bilingual education.
The long shadow of territorial stigma: Upward social mobility and the symbolic baggage of the old neighbourhood
Authors: Born Anthony Miro
Published: July 2022

In recent years, a burgeoning number of studies have shed light on the lived experience of territorial stigma. However, the vibrant academic discourse on the stigma of place focuses almost exclusively on residents living in marginalised neighbourhoods: it either overlooks or simplifies the lived experience of ‘moving out’ and ‘up’. Building upon 43 biographical interviews with individuals who experienced upward social mobility and were raised in stigmatised neighbourhoods in Germany, this article argues that the experience of exiting from the symbolic bottom of the urban structure is a more complex and conflictual one. In particular, this work sheds light on how former residents learn to relate to the symbolic baggage of having once lived in a notorious neighbourhood. By analysing the three prevailing coping strategies they engage in, the article shifts attention to the prolonged and lasting impact of territorial stigmatisation.
Tour Leader–Member Exchange (TLMX): Scale Development and Validation
Authors: Tsaur Sheng-Hshiung , Cheng Tien-Ming , Hong Ci-Yao
Published: July 2022

Exchanges between tour leaders and tour members can affect the smooth operation of a group tour, yet measures of this relationship have not been addressed by previous studies. The main purpose of this study is to develop a reliable and valid scale of the TLMX relationship from the perspectives of both tour leaders and tour members. The initial items of the scale were obtained from in-depth interviews based on the critical incident technique and with rigorous content analysis. First, an Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed by investigating 221 tour leaders, and six factors were identified: harmony, trust, concerted effort, respect, information sharing, and tolerance. Second, the validity of the derived TLMX scale was then tested by confirmatory factor analysis on a sample of 432 tour members. The scale serves as a useful tool for tour members to measure the extent of TLMX and provide management implications for travel agencies.