bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exposure‐Response Assessment of Enzalutamide and Its Major Metabolites in a Real‐World Cohort of Patients with Metastatic Castration‐Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: van Nuland Merel , Bergman Andries M. , Rosing Hilde , de Vries Niels , Huitema Alwin D.R. , Beijnen Jos H.
Published: October 2019

Study Objective

Enzalutamide is an oral agent for the treatment of metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC); N‐desmethyl enzalutamide is its active metabolite, which has clinically relevant anti‐androgen capacities similar to enzalutamide, and carboxylic acid enzalutamide is an inactive metabolite. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between enzalutamide and N‐desmethyl enzalutamide exposure and treatment response in a real‐world cohort of patients with mCRPC.

Design

Retrospective, observational, pharmacokinetic study.

Setting

Outpatient clinic at a tertiary cancer center in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Patients

Sixty‐five patients with mCRPC who were treated with enzalutamide 160 mg daily and had at least one steady‐state enzalutamide plasma concentration between May 2015 and June 2018; of these patients, 38 were prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) responders and 27 were nonresponders.

Measurements and Main Results

Plasma concentrations, determined by using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS), were compared between PSA responders and nonresponders. Three clinical end points were evaluated separately in this study: PSA‐independent progression‐free survival (PFS), time to PSA progression (TTPP), and rate of PSA response (defined as ≥ 50% decrease in PSA level from baseline). Enzalutamide toxicity was defined as discontinuation due to adverse events, dose reductions due to adverse events, or temporary treatment interruption. For these analyses, plasma concentrations of enzalutamide and N‐desmethyl enzalutamide were divided into quartiles. Mean ± SD plasma concentrations in the 65 patients were as follows: enzalutamide 11.2 ± 2.8 μg/ml, N‐desmethyl enzalutamide 9.9 ± 2.9 μg/ml, and carboxylic acid enzalutamide 6.1 ± 4.3 μg/ml. Plasma concentrations were not significantly different in the PSA responder versus nonresponder groups for enzalutamide (11.5 vs 10.6 μg/ml, p=0.20), N‐desmethyl enzalutamide (10.1 vs 9.6 μg/ml, p=0.48), and carboxylic acid enzalutamide (6.5 vs 5.5 μg/ml, p=0.34). Univariate and multivariate analyses did not show a relationship between plasma concentrations and PSA‐independent PFS, TTPP, or toxicity.

Conclusion

This study confirmed that enzalutamide plasma concentrations were not related to PSA‐independent PFS, TTPP, or toxicity in patients with mCRPC, and demonstrated that plasma concentrations of its major metabolites were also not associated with treatment response. Based on these findings, there is no role for therapeutic drug monitoring of enzalutamide in patients with mCRPC in daily practice.
Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation: Risk Factors and Current Management Strategies
Authors: Smalls Danielle J. , Kiger Reagan E. , Norris LeAnn B. , Bennett Charles L. , Love Bryan L.
Published: October 2019

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a global disease with significant morbidity and mortality. Worldwide, ~257 million people are chronically infected with HBV, defined as having a positive hepatitis B surface antigen, but millions more have prior HBV exposure indicated by positive hepatitis B core antibody. Reactivation of hepatitis B implies a sudden increase in viral replication in a patient with chronic HBV infection or prior HBV exposure. Hepatitis B virus reactivation (HBVr) can occur spontaneously, but it is more commonly triggered by immunosuppressive therapies for cancer, immunologic diseases, or transplantation. Elimination of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in HBV‐HCV coinfected individuals treated with direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) has also been identified as an important cause of HBVr. Hepatitis B virus reactivation is an underappreciated but important complication of common medical therapies that can delay treatment or result in clinical episodes of hepatitis, hepatic failure, or death. In this review, factors associated with HBVr, particularly medication‐related risks, are explored. We review data involving rituximab and ofatumumab, doxorubicin, corticosteroids, tumor necrosis factor antagonists, tyrosine kinases, bortezomib, hematologic stem cell transplantation, and DAAs for HCV treatment. In addition, we discuss screening strategies, choice of antiviral prophylaxis, and the optimal duration of therapy for HBVr. With additional awareness, screening, and appropriate antiviral therapy, it is expected that most cases of HBVr can be prevented.
Hybrid Solution Moves Boundaries of Copper Welding
Authors: Rütering Markus
Published: October 2019

For copper joining, blue diode lasers have made it possible to control heat conduction welding for the very first time. The technology, however, has reached its current limits with copper deep welding, where infrared lasers have also not achieved satisfactory results. A hybrid concept by Laserline that connects blue and infrared diode lasers has now opened up new manufacturing options. The approach does not only prove itself at the joining of sheets, but also at the static welding of hairpins – and in so doing moves the boundaries of copper welding altogether.
Synthesis and biological characterization of clicked chloroquine copolymers as macromolecular inhibitors of cancer cell migration
Authors: Yu Fei , Wang Yazhe , Hang Yu , Tang Weimin , Zhao Zhifeng , Oupický David
Published: October 2019

We report synthesis of nondegradable chloroquine (CQ)‐containing N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers (pCQ2) by a combination of reversible addition‐fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) polymerization and click chemistry. The ability of the copolymers to inhibit cancer cell migration was compared to our previously reported degradable pCQ1 in breast cancer cells utilizing transwell and wound healing assays. Both cleavable and noncleavable pCQ demonstrated enhanced inhibitory activity when compared with small‐molecule CQ. This study validates that pCQ2 functions as a macromolecular inhibitor of cancer cell migration without the need for CQ release and provides support for pCQ as a new class of antimetastatic polymer agents with a possibly unique mechanism of action. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 2235–2242
The hubris and humility of cancer pharmacology in the post immuno‐oncology era
Authors: Lazo John S.
Published: October 2019

Cancer is a dreaded word, which has stimulated monumental efforts to discover and deliver effective cancer treatments for more than half a century. During the past two decades, our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of cancer has increased remarkably. This has fostered an explosion in the number of experimental agents and clinical trials coupled with a dramatic rise in the regulatory approval of therapies for human cancers. Unfortunately, our preclinical models perform poorly as predictive platforms for the ultimate success of clinical candidates, reflecting the complexity of cancer. Moreover the common combination of cancer drugs prescribes the need for a better understanding of the fundamental pharmacology of each agent. Here I briefly outline some of the fundamental changes that have and have not occurred in cancer pharmacology during the past two decades and prognosticate on possible future directions.
Major explosion at Yibin Hengda Technology Company: The causes and lessons learned
Authors: Wang Wei , Liu Yi , Zhao Dongfeng , Chen Jian , Wang Yanchun , Dong Hanhai
Published: October 2019

On July 12, 2018, a devastatingly incident occurred in Yibin City at Hengda Technologyin Sichuan Province of China, which resulted in 19 deaths and 12 injuries. During the dehydration, the operator replaced butyramide with the unlabeled sodium chlorate and fed it into the reactor, which caused an explosion and fire because of the reaction of sodium chlorate with butyramide. The incident reflects the general deficiencies of process safety management in small and medium‐sized companies. This article presented a systematic analysis of the incident. The Fishbone Diagram Model was used to identify the influencing factors from six perspectives: people, design, management, environment, safety prevention, and materials. Furthermore, the main elements of process safety management, which include process hazard analysis, prestartup safety review, operation procedures, training, and emergency plan and response, are considered to analyze the incident to learn the lessons from the incident.
Morphological and Kinetic Insights into Cu2O–CuO Oxidation
Authors: Maack Björn , Nilius Niklas
Published: October 2019

The conversion of Cu2O to CuO thin films is probed in situ with UV–vis transmission spectroscopy at various thermodynamic conditions. The obtained spectral series are simulated with different CuO/Cu2O growth models, using the transfer‐matrix method and Bruggeman's mean‐field approach to account for Cu residuals in the oxide matrix. The analysis reveals that Cu2O oxidation proceeds via a flat and homogeneous reaction front, in contrast to polycrystalline copper that preferentially oxidizes along the grain boundaries. The conclusion is supported by the measured activation energy for Cu2O oxidation, which is compatible with Cu diffusion via the bulk oxide and not via line defects. The kinetics of CuO growth is found to follow logarithmic and exponential rate laws at low and high temperature, respectively. While the logarithmic regime is governed by CuO nucleation within the Cu2O phase, the exponential dependence results from self‐heating of the sample in the exothermic reaction. In both cases, traces of unreacted copper are detected in the oxide matrix, giving rise to a characteristic tail in the transmission response.
Krylov methods for adjoint‐free singular vector based perturbations in dynamical systems
Authors: Winkler Jens , Denhard Michael , Schmitt Bernhard A.
Published: October 2019

The estimation of weather forecast uncertainty with ensemble systems requires a careful selection of perturbations to establish a reliable sampling of the error growth potential in the phase space of the model. Usually, the singular vectors of the tangent linear model propagator are used to identify the fastest growing modes (classical singular vector perturbation (SV) method). In this article we present an efficient matrix‐free block Krylov method for generating fast‐growing perturbations in high‐dimensional dynamical systems. A specific matrix containing the nonlinear evolution of perturbations is introduced, which we call Evolved Increment Matrix (EIM). Instead of solving an equivalent eigenvalue problem, we use the Arnoldi method for a direct approximation of the leading singular vectors of this matrix, which however is never computed explicitly. This avoids linear and adjoint models but requires forecasts with the full nonlinear system. The performance of the approximated perturbations is compared with singular vectors of a full EIM (not with the classical SV method). We show promising results for the Lorenz 96 differential equations and a shallow‐water model, where we obtain good approximations of the fastest‐growing perturbations by using only a small number of Arnoldi iterations.
Modulating the Mechanical Performance of Macroscale Fibers through Shear‐Induced Alignment and Assembly of Protein Nanofibrils
Authors: Kamada Ayaka , Levin Aviad , Toprakcioglu Zenon , Shen Yi , Lutz‐Bueno Viviane , Baumann Kevin N. , Mohammadi Pezhman , Linder Markus B. , Mezzenga Raffaele , Knowles Tuomas P. J.
Published: October 2019

Protein‐based fibers are used by nature as high‐performance materials in a wide range of applications, including providing structural support, creating thermal insulation, and generating underwater adhesives. Such fibers are commonly generated through a hierarchical self‐assembly process, where the molecular building blocks are geometrically confined and aligned along the fiber axis to provide a high level of structural robustness. Here, this approach is mimicked by using a microfluidic spinning method to enable precise control over multiscale order during the assembly process of nanoscale protein nanofibrils into micro‐ and macroscale fibers. By varying the flow rates on chip, the degree of nanofibril alignment can be tuned, leading to an orientation index comparable to that of native silk. It is found that the Young's modulus of the resulting fibers increases with an increasing level of nanoscale alignment of the building blocks, suggesting that the mechanical properties of macroscopic fibers can be controlled through varying the level of ordering of the nanoscale building blocks. Capitalizing on strategies evolved by nature, the fabrication method allows for the controlled formation of macroscopic fibers and offers the potential to be applied for the generation of further novel bioinspired materials.
The Detectable Subspace for the Friedrichs Model
Authors: Brown B. M. , Marletta M. , Naboko S. , Wood I. G.
Published: October 2019

This paper discusses how much information on a Friedrichs model operator can be detected from ‘measurements on the boundary’. We use the framework of boundary triples to introduce the generalised Titchmarsh–WeylM-function and the detectable subspaces which are associated with the part of the operator which is ‘accessible from boundary measurements’. The Friedrichs model, a finite rank perturbation of the operator of multiplication by the independent variable, is a toy model that is used frequently in the study of perturbation problems. We view the Friedrichs model as a key example for the development of the theory of detectable subspaces, because it is sufficiently simple to allow a precise description of the structure of the detectable subspace in many cases, while still exhibiting a variety of behaviours. The results also demonstrate an interesting interplay between modern complex analysis, such as the theory of Hankel operators, and operator theory.
Correction to: How satisfied are cervical dystonia patients after 3 years of botulinum toxin type A treatment? Results from a prospective, long-term observational study
Authors: Colosimo Carlo , Charles David , Misra Vijay P. , Maisonobe Pascal , Om Savary ,   the INTEREST IN CD2 study group, Abdulnayef A. , Adatepe N. U. , Araujo Leite M. A. , Badarny S. , Bajenaru O. , Bares M. , Bejjani P. , Bergmans B. , Bhidayasiri R. , Bozic H. , Cardoso Costa F. E. , Carlstrom C. , Castelnovo G. , Chang M. H. , Chang Y. Y. , Chung T. M. , Coletti-Moja M. , Delvaux V. , Dioszhegy P. , Dogu O. , Duzynski W. , Ehler E. , Espinosa Sierra L. , Fabbrini G. , Ferreira J. , Ferreira Valadas A. , Foresti C. , Girlanda P. , Goh K. J. , Graca Velon A. , Grill S. , Gurevitch T. , Hadidi M. , Hamimed M. A. , Hamri A. , Harrower T. , Hassin S. , Hedera P. , Hernandez J. F. J. G. , Hernandez Franco J. , Ho B. , Ho S. L. , Hughes A. , Ilic T. , Inshasi J. S. , Ip C. W. , Jamieson S. , Jamora R. D. G. , Jech R. , Jeon B. S. , Kaminska A. , Karpova M. , Khasanova D. , Kim J. M. , Kim J. W. , Kok C. Y. , Korenko A. , Korv J. , Koussa S. , Kovacs T. , Kreisler A. , Krystkowiak P. , Kumthornthip W. , Lin C. H. , Lundin F. , Lus G. , Magalhaes M. , Masmoudi A. N. , Mercelis R. , Misbahuddin A. , Moebius C. , Mohammadi B. , Nazem B. , Ng K. , Nurlu G. , Nyberg J. , Nyholm D. , Ochudlo S. , Otruba P. , Pfister R. , Pirtosek Z. , Pokhabov D. , Quinones Aguilar S. , Quinones Canales G. , Raghev S. , Rickmann H. , Romano M. , Rosales R. L. , Rubanovits I. , Santilli V. , Schoels L. , Simonetta-Moreau M. , Simu M. A. , Sohn Y. H. , Soulayrol S. , Supe I. , Svetel M. , Sycha T. , Tan E. K. , Timerbaeva S. , Tokcaer A. B. , Trosch R. , Tugnoli V. , Tumas V. , Van der Linden C. , Vetra A. , Vial C. , Vidry E. , Williams D. , Wimalaratna S. , Yiannikas C.
Published: October 2019

The article How satisfied are cervical dystonia patients after 3 years of botulinum toxin type A treatment?
Spatial and vertical distribution analysis of heavy metals in urban retention tanks sediments: a case study of Strzyza Stream
Authors: Nawrot N. , Wojciechowska E. , Matej-Łukowicz K. , Walkusz-Miotk J. , Pazdro K.
Published: October 2019

Concentrations of seven heavy metals (HMs): Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, and Fe in core samples of bottom sediments from four retention tanks (RTs) located along the Strzyza Stream in northern Poland (Gdansk) were measured to obtain a general view of sediment quality. The recognition of contamination and potential environmental impacts is the main aim of this paper. A total of 96 sediment samples were collected from eight sampling sites at depths of 0–2 cm, 8–10 cm, 16–18 cm, 24–26 cm. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Fe, Ni, and Cr were measured with AAS while Cd concentration was measured with ICP-MS. Granulometric analyses with normalized sieve apertures were carried out. Geochemical indices: enrichment factor, anthropogenic factor, and modified degree of contamination (mCd) were used to assess the contamination level. Concentrations of HMs in sediments changed in the range: Cu (3.24–119 mg/kg d.w.), Zn (12.5–584 mg/kg d.w.), Pb (4.91–309 mg/kg d.w.), Cd (0.003–0.716 mg/kg d.w.), Ni (1.57–25.8 mg/kg d.w.), Cr (2.45–74.5 mg/kg d.w.), and Fe (3993–63817 mg/kg d.w.). The sequential extraction verified the bonding of HMs with non-mobile fractions. Geochemical indices showed widespread pollution by Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn. Cluster and factor analysis distinguished three related subgroups of HMs: Pb, Ni–Cr, and Fe–Cd–Cu–Zn, suggesting possible common source of each subgroup. Strongly contaminated sediments were distinguished in sediment cores in two middle stream RTs characterized by intense urbanization in their direct catchments.
A unique case of two somatic APC mutations in an early onset cribriform-morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma and overview of the literature
Authors: Aydemirli M. D. , van der Tuin K. , Hes F. J. , van den Ouweland A. M. W. , van Wezel T. , Kapiteijn E. , Morreau H.
Published: October 2019

We report a case of a 22-year-old female patient who was diagnosed with a cribriform-morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (CMV-PTC). While at early ages this thyroid cancer variant is highly suggestive for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), there was no family history of FAP. In the tumor biallelic, inactivating APC variants were identified. The patient tested negative for germline variants based on analysis of genomic DNA from peripheral blood leukocytes. Somatic mosaicism was excluded by subsequent deep sequencing of leukocyte and normal thyroid DNA using next generation sequencing (NGS). This report presents a rare sporadic case of CMV-PTC, and to the best of our knowledge the first featuring two somatic APC mutations underlying the disease, with an overview of CMV-PTC cases with detected APC and CTNNB1 pathogenic variants from the literature.
A convolutional approach to quality monitoring for laser manufacturing
Authors: Gonzalez-Val Carlos , Pallas Adrian , Panadeiro Veronica , Rodriguez Alvaro
Published: October 2019

The extraction of meaningful features from the monitoring of laser processes is the foundation of new non-destructive quality inspection methods for the manufactured pieces, which has been and remains a growing interest in industry. We present ConvLBM, a novel approach to monitor Laser Based Manufacturing processes in real-time. ConvLBM uses a Convolutional Neural Network model to extract features and quality indicators from raw Medium Wavelength Infrared coaxial images. We demonstrate the ability of ConvLBM to represent process dynamics, and predict quality indicators in two scenarios: dilution estimation in Laser Metal Deposition, and location of defects in laser welding processes. Obtained results represent a breakthrough in the 3D printing of large metal parts, and in the quality control of welding processes. We are also releasing the first large dataset of annotated images of laser manufacturing.
Modelling the Gravitational Effects of Random Underground Density Variations
Authors: Ridley Kevin
Published: October 2019

A mathematical model for small-scale spatial variations in gravity above the Earth’s surface is presented. Gravity variations are treated as a Gaussian random process arising from underground density variations which are assumed to be a Gaussian random process. Expressions for two-point spatial statistics are calculated for both the vertical component of gravity and the vertical gradient of the vertical component. Results are given for two models of density variations: a delta-correlated model and a fractal model. The effect of an outer scale in the fractal model is investigated. It is shown how the results can be used to numerically generate realisations of gravity variations with fractal properties. Such numerical modelling could be useful for investigating the feasibility of using gravity surveys to locate and characterise underground structures; this is explored through the simple example of a tunnel detection scenario.
Zeffiro User Interface for Electromagnetic Brain Imaging: a GPU Accelerated FEM Tool for Forward and Inverse Computations in Matlab
Authors: He Q. , Rezaei A. , Pursiainen S.
Published: October 2019

This article introduces the Zeffiro interface (ZI) version 2.2 for brain imaging. ZI aims to provide a simple, accessible and multimodal open source platform for finite element method (FEM) based and graphics processing unit (GPU) accelerated forward and inverse computations in the Matlab environment. It allows one to (1) generate a given multi-compartment head model, (2) to evaluate a lead field matrix as well as (3) to invert and analyze a given set of measurements. GPU acceleration is applied in each of the processing stages (1)–(3). In its current configuration, ZI includes forward solvers for electro-/magnetoencephalography (EEG) and linearized electrical impedance tomography (EIT) as well as a set of inverse solvers based on the hierarchical Bayesian model (HBM). We report the results of EEG and EIT inversion tests performed with real and synthetic data, respectively, and demonstrate numerically how the inversion parameters affect the EEG inversion outcome in HBM. The GPU acceleration was found to be essential in the generation of the FE mesh and the LF matrix in order to achieve a reasonable computing time. The code package can be extended in the future based on the directions given in this article.
Using traditional ecological knowledge to understand and adapt to climate and biodiversity change on the Pacific coast of North America
Authors: Wyllie de Echeverria Victoria Rawn , Thornton Thomas F.
Published: October 2019

We investigate the perceptions and impacts of climate change on 11 Indigenous communities in Northern British Columbia and Southeast Alaska. This coastal region constitutes an extremely dynamic and resilient social-ecological system where Indigenous Peoples have been adjusting to changing climate and biodiversity for millennia. The region is a bellwether for biodiversity changes in coastal, forest, and montane environments that link the arctic to more southerly latitudes on the Pacific coast. Ninety-six Elders and resource users were interviewed to record Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) and observations regarding weather, landscape, and resource changes, especially as concerns what we term Cultural Keystone Indicator Species (CKIS), which provide a unique lens into the effects of environmental change. Our findings show that Indigenous residents of these communities are aware of significant environmental changes over their lifetimes, and an acceleration in changes over the last 15–20 years, not only in weather patterns, but also in the behaviour, distributions, and availability of important plants and animals. Within a broader ecological and social context of dwelling, we suggest ways this knowledge can assist communities in responding to future environmental changes using a range of place-based adaptation modes.
RUSCHOLARS, SOCIAL NETWORKS, AND BUREAUCRACY: DONGHAI 東海 MEN AND MODELS FOR SUCCESS IN WESTERN HAN CHINA (206b.c.e.–9c.e.)
Authors: Cai Liang
Published: October 2019

In this study I take men from Donghai, a region of northeast China, as a case study for examining models of success in the Western Han (206b.c.e.–9c.e.). Employing digital tools to mine data fromThe Grand Scribe's Records(Shi ji) andThe History of the Western Han(Han shu), I explore the social networks and career patterns of men from a region that enjoyed a reputation for producing a remarkable number of high officials and celebratedRu. I focus on three questions. First, what was the social mechanism that enabled people to distinguish themselves at both the local and the imperial levels? Second, did these celebrated men from Donghai serve as bridges connecting the local to the capital, directing resources back to their hometown and helping their local fellows achieve success? Third, did their positions in the central government remove them from local society by transforming them into capital-dwelling elites primarily concerned about the success of their families in the central court? In addressing these questions, I probe the dynamics between bureaucratic hierarchy, social networks, and the flow of talent and resources. I investigate various understandings of prestige and the strategies for climbing the ladder of success. Furthermore, I ask which forms of social prestige—for example, academic reputation, wealth, social networks—could bypass the hierarchical system imposed by the imperial bureaucracy, providing direct access to lofty positions. Did the patterns of success seen in the Donghai group reflect a bias built into the sources, constitute a regional variation, or provide a universal model for success in early imperial China?
Support stability of maximizing measures for shifts of finite type
Authors: GONSCHOROWSKI JULIANO S. , QUAS ANTHONY , SIEFKEN JASON
Published: October 2019

This paper establishes a fundamental difference between $\mathbb{Z}$ subshifts of finite type and $\mathbb{Z}^{2}$ subshifts of finite type in the context of ergodic optimization. Specifically, we consider a subshift of finite type $X$ as a subset of a full shift $F$. We then introduce a natural penalty function $f$, defined on $F$, which is 0 if the local configuration near the origin is legal and $-1$ otherwise. We show that in the case of $\mathbb{Z}$ subshifts, for all sufficiently small perturbations, $g$, of $f$, the $g$-maximizing invariant probability measures are supported on $X$ (that is, the set $X$ is stably maximized by $f$). However, in the two-dimensional case, we show that the well-known Robinson tiling fails to have this property: there exist arbitrarily small perturbations, $g$, of $f$ for which the $g$-maximizing invariant probability measures are supported on $F\setminus X$.
A two-dimensional-three-component model for spanwise rotating plane Poiseuille flow
Authors: Zhang Shengqi , Xia Zhenhua , Shi Yipeng , Chen Shiyi
Published: October 2019

Spanwise rotating plane Poiseuille flow (RPPF) is one of the canonical flow problems to study the effect of system rotation on wall-bounded shear flows and has been studied a lot in the past. In the present work, a two-dimensional-three-component (2D/3C) model for RPPF is introduced and it is shown that the present model is equivalent to a thermal convection problem with unit Prandtl number. For low Reynolds number cases, the model can be used to study the stability behaviour of the roll cells. It is found that the neutral stability curves, critical eigensolutions and critical streamfunctions of RPPF at different rotation numbers ($Ro$) almost collapse with the help of a rescaling with a newly defined Rayleigh number $Ra$ and channel height $H$. Analytic expressions for the critical Reynolds number and critical wavenumber at different $Ro$ can be obtained. For a turbulent state with high Reynolds number, the 2D/3C model for RPPF is self-sustained even without extra excitations. Simulation results also show that the profiles of mean streamwise velocity and Reynolds shear stress from the 2D/3C model share the same linear laws as the fully three-dimensional cases, although differences on the intercepts can be observed. The contours of streamwise velocity fluctuations behave like plumes in the linear law region. We also provide an explanation to the linear mean velocity profiles observed at high rotation numbers.
The escal light gland of the deep-sea anglerfish Haplophryne mollis (Pisces: Ceratioidei) with observations on luminescence control
Authors: Herring Peter J. , Munk Ole
Published: October 2019

The escal light gland of three different-sized specimens of the deep-sea anglerfish Haplophryne mollis (family Linophrynidae) has been examined by light and electron microscopy. The light gland has a central cavity, with diverging branched ducts which ramify into numerous tightly-packed radial tubules. In the two largest specimens all glandular lumina contain symbiotic bacteria. Except for a thin-walled part of the typical radiating tubules, the epithelial walls of the light gland are of a uniform structure, consisting of flattened basal cells, situated next to the basal lamina, and tall cells extending to the lumen.

In the smallest specimen examined the various parts of the light gland were not fully differentiated and only a very few symbiotic bacteria were present; its glandular epithelium differed from that of the two larger specimens by containing many goblet cells, the secretion of which may be important for the initial establishment of the right strain of symbiotic bacteria

Observations on the luminescence of live specimens have shown that the light emission can be rapidly modulated from within the esca. The in vivo flash kinetics are considerably slower than those of Dolopichthys longicornis, but similar to those of both the caruncle exudate of Ceratias holboelli and in vitro anglerfish bacterial luciferase.
Ciliate growth rates from Plymouth Sound: comparison of direct and indirect estimates
Authors: Leakey R.J.G. , Burkill P.H. , Sleigh M.A.
Published: October 2019

Thein situgrowth rates of marine planktonic ciliates from Plymouth Sound were determined after fractionating the natural community into several size categories to remove predators of different sizes. Total communityin situgrowth rates varied from 0·01 to 0·57 d−1according to fractionation treatment, with the four most abundant taxa, comprising three species ofStrombidium, andMesodinium rubrum, achieving maximumin situgrowth rates of between 0·41 and 0·68 d−1. These values are approximately half the maximum theoretical rates calculated indirectly using an equation which relates ciliate growth to cell size and temperature. Given the conservative nature ofin situgrowth rate measurements, the growth rates reported here appear appropriate for a natural ciliate community growing within a nutritionally favourable environment.
A comparison of the age, growth rate and burrowing behaviour of the razor clams, Ensis siliqua and E. ensis
Authors: Henderson S.M. , Richardson C.A.
Published: October 2019

Two razor clam populations from two shores in North Wales were identified on morphological grounds as Ensis siliqua (L.) and E. ensis (L.). Ensis siliqua occurs in fine sand on the exposed south-westerly facing shore of Newborough beach, whilst E. ensis inhabits the coarser sediment of Penmon beach, a sheltered north-easterly facing shore in the Menai Strait. At Penmon smaller E. ensis (<100 mm) inhabited sediments at mean low water of spring fides, whereas larger individuals (>100 mm) occurred almost subtidally at extreme low water springs. No small E. siliqua (<110 mm) were found on Newborough beach, where there has been a noticeable decline between 1990 and 1992 in the number of individuals larger than 175 mm. Growth of the two species was different. The von Bertalanffy growth constant, k, was similar in the two species, but E. siliqua had a larger asymptotic length than E. ensis.
Observations on the behaviour, salinity relations and colour change ofLigia italicafrom madeira
Authors: Davenport John
Published: October 2019

Ligia italicaFabricius is a day-active isopod on the shores of Madeira. The population migrates up and down the shore with the tide, browsing on lichens and macroalgae. Shore bird predation is negligible; foraging wall lizards are the only daytime predators.Ligia italicaretreats into crevices at night. It exploits plant material within supralittoral and intertidal pools and enters pools with salinities as high as 74‰.Ligia italicaemerges from pools at intervals to breathe in air; such emersion lasts no more than two minutes.Ligia italicaon Madeira has no colour change ability, the isopods remaining dark grey/black whatever the background.
Scanning electron microscopy of the fourth antennular segment ofBalanus amphitrite amphitrite
Authors: Clare A.S. , Nott J.A.
Published: October 2019

Despite extensive studies on settlement of the cypris larva ofBalanus amphitrite amphitriteDarwin (Crustacea: Cirripedia), the fine structure of the putative settlement receptors of this species has not been described. This study presents observations made with the scanning electron microscope of the fourth antennular segment and its associated setae.
The role of individual resources, health behaviour and age perception as determinants of sports participation in older age
Authors: Faß Eric , Schlesinger Torsten
Published: October 2019

Sports participation contributes to maintaining health and wellbeing in old age, hence a deeper understanding of its various determinants is necessary. Previous research has primarily focused on either the effects of individual resources or age-specific attitudes to sports participation. However, a deeper understanding of the inter-relationships between these variables is required to develop effective policies to promote sports participation in ageing societies. To address the hypothesised inter-relationships, we consider both individual resources as well as age-specific attitudes and behaviours in order to integrate them simultaneously in our analysis. Furthermore, the analysis will be differentiated according to the three social status groups. The sample contains 1,560 retired persons, aged 65 years and older, based on the fifth wave (2014) of the German Ageing Survey. Multiple Poisson regression models were estimated to test our hypotheses. After adjusting for demographic variables, greater individual resources are associated with more regular sports participation. The findings also reveal that positive age perception and healthy behaviours are related to sports participation. Slight mediation effects between the different variables can be observed. Furthermore, the effect structures vary across different social status groups. The findings show that both individual resources and age-specific behaviours and attitudes are independent determinants of sports participation in older age. Our results confirm slight inter-relationships between socio-economic resources and age-specific attitudes.
HEREDITARILY ANTISYMMETRIC OPERATOR ALGEBRAS
Authors: Weaver Nik
Published: October 2019

We introduce a notion of ‘hereditarily antisymmetric’ operator algebras and prove a structure theorem for them in finite dimensions. We also characterize those operator algebras in finite dimensions which can be made upper triangular and prove matrix analogs of the theorems of Dilworth and Mirsky for finite posets. Some partial results are obtained in the infinite dimensional case.
Recovering the HEXACO Personality Factors – and Psychoticism – From Variable Sets Assessing Normal and Abnormal Personality
Authors: Ashton Michael C. , Lee Kibeom
Published: October 2019

Abstract. We examined the joint factor structure of the 30 facets of the NEO Personality Inventory – Revised (NEO-PI-R; or the NEO-PI-3) with either (a) the 25 facets of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) or (b) the 15 facets of the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP) plus several dissociation scales, using self-reports from participant samples of previous research. The NEO-PI-R[3]/PID-5 variable set produced seven factors that represented the HEXACO factor space plus a “psychoticism” dimension. The NEO-PI-R/SNAP/dissociation variable set produced a similar set of seven factors. The results indicate that even some questionnaire variable sets not constructed to measure the HEXACO factors can recover those personality dimensions. Researchers interested in integrating the domains of normal and abnormal personality are advised to adopt a model consisting of six HEXACO-like dimensions plus a dimension of psychotic tendency.
Groups Oppose Cuts to Federal Advisory Committees
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2019

Dozens of groups call for President Donald Trump to rescind an executive order that they say would arbitrarily eliminate essential advice to inform government decision-making.
Time‐Dependent Production Functions of Lunar Simple Craters on Layered Targets With Consideration of Topographic Degradation
Authors: Xie Minggang , Xiao Zhiyong , Xu Aoao
Published: October 2019

Impact bombardment changes target properties, and topographic degradation increases crater diameters. These effects potentially change the shape of lunar production function (PF), which is usually assumed to be constant with time. Using crater scaling laws, we model PFs (MPFs) formed by near‐Earth objects on two‐layer target models that have increasing regolith thickness with time. Model‐derived MPFs show a significantly elevated production rate for small lunar craters, which is consistent with a high regolith production rate during the last ~1 Ma. Further integrating the effect of topographic degradation, we model the time‐dependent observable PFs (MOPFs) from the MPFs. Comparing among MOPFs, MPFs, and the prevailing Neukum PF suggests that, for D = 10–1,000 m simple craters, applying MPFs and Neukum PF may cause the derived cumulative density of D > 1 km craters (i.e., N(1)) to differ from its real value by a factor up to ~3 and ~10, respectively.
Global Impacts of Subseasonal (<60 Day) Wind Variability on Ocean Surface Stress, Buoyancy Flux, and Mixed Layer Depth
Authors: Whitt D. B. , Nicholson S. A. , Carranza M. M.
Published: October 2019

Subseasonal surface wind variability strongly impacts the annual mean and subseasonal turbulent atmospheric surface fluxes. However, the impacts of subseasonal wind variability on the ocean are not fully understood. Here, we quantify the sensitivity of the ocean surface stress (𝛕), buoyancy flux (B), and mixed layer depth (MLD) to subseasonal wind variability in both a one‐dimensional (1‐D) vertical column model and a three‐dimensional (3‐D) global mesoscale‐resolving ocean/sea ice model. The winds are smoothed by time filtering the pseudo‐stresses, so the mean stress is approximately unchanged, and some important surface flux feedbacks are retained. The 1‐D results quantify the sensitivities to wind variability at different time scales from 120 days to 1 day at a few sites. The 3‐D results quantify the sensitivities to wind variability shorter than 60 days at all locations, and comparisons between 1‐D and 3‐D results highlight the importance of 3‐D ocean dynamics. Globally, subseasonal winds explain virtually all of subseasonal 𝛕 variance, about half of subseasonal B variance but only a quarter of subseasonal MLD variance. Subseasonal winds also explain about a fifth of the annual mean MLD and a similar and spatially correlated fraction of the mean friction velocity,
where ρsw is the density of seawater. Hence, the subseasonal MLD variance is relatively insensitive to subseasonal winds despite their strong impact on local B and 𝛕 variability, but the mean MLD is relatively sensitive to subseasonal winds to the extent that they modify the mean u*, and both of these sensitivities are modified by 3‐D ocean dynamics.
Scientific Merits and Analytical Challenges of Tree‐Ring Densitometry
Authors: Björklund J. , von Arx G. , Nievergelt D. , Wilson R. , Van den Bulcke J. , Günther B. , Loader N. J. , Rydval M. , Fonti P. , Scharnweber T. , Andreu‐Hayles L. , Büntgen U. , D'Arrigo R. , Davi N. , De Mil T. , Esper J. , Gärtner H. , Geary J. , Gunnarson B. E. , Hartl C. , Hevia A. , Song H. , Janecka K. , Kaczka R. J. , Kirdyanov A. V. , Kochbeck M. , Liu Y. , Meko M. , Mundo I. , Nicolussi K. , Oelkers R. , Pichler T. , Sánchez‐Salguero R. , Schneider L. , Schweingruber F. , Timonen M. , Trouet V. , Van Acker J. , Verstege A. , Villalba R. , Wilmking M. , Frank D.
Published: October 2019

X‐ray microdensitometry on annually resolved tree‐ring samples has gained an exceptional position in last‐millennium paleoclimatology through the maximum latewood density (MXD) parameter, but also increasingly through other density parameters. For 50 years, X‐ray based measurement techniques have been the de facto standard. However, studies report offsets in the mean levels for MXD measurements derived from different laboratories, indicating challenges of accuracy and precision. Moreover, reflected visible light‐based techniques are becoming increasingly popular, and wood anatomical techniques are emerging as a potentially powerful pathway to extract density information at the highest resolution. Here we review the current understanding and merits of wood density for tree‐ring research, associated microdensitometric techniques, and analytical measurement challenges. The review is further complemented with a careful comparison of new measurements derived at 17 laboratories, using several different techniques. The new experiment allowed us to corroborate and refresh “long‐standing wisdom” but also provide new insights. Key outcomes include (i) a demonstration of the need for mass/volume‐based recalibration to accurately estimate average ring density; (ii) a substantiation of systematic differences in MXD measurements that cautions for great care when combining density data sets for climate reconstructions; and (iii) insights into the relevance of analytical measurement resolution in signals derived from tree‐ring density data. Finally, we provide recommendations expected to facilitate futureinter‐comparability and interpretations for global change research.
Lithospheric Structure of the Malawi Rift: Implications for Magma‐Poor Rifting Processes
Authors: Njinju Emmanuel A. , Atekwana Estella A. , Stamps D. Sarah , Abdelsalam Mohamed G. , Atekwana Eliot A. , Mickus Kevin L. , Fishwick Stewart , Kolawole Folarin , Rajaonarison Tahiry A. , Nyalugwe Victor N.
Published: October 2019

Our understanding of how magma‐poor rifts accommodate strain remains limited largely due to sparse geophysical observations from these rift systems. To better understand the magma‐poor rifting processes, we investigate the lithospheric structure of the Malawi Rift, a segment of the magma‐poor western branch of the East African Rift System. We analyze Bouguer gravity anomalies from the World Gravity Model 2012 using the two‐dimensional (2‐D) radially averaged power‐density spectrum technique and 2‐D forward modeling to estimate the crustal and lithospheric thickness beneath the rift. We find: (1) relatively thin crust (38–40 km) beneath the northern Malawi Rift segment and relatively thick crust (41–45 km) beneath the central and southern segments; (2) thinner lithosphere beneath the surface expression of the entire rift with the thinnest lithosphere (115–125 km) occurring beneath its northern segment; and (3) an approximately E‐W trending belt of thicker lithosphere (180–210 km) beneath the rift's central segment. We then use the lithospheric structure to constrain three‐dimensional numerical models of lithosphere‐asthenosphere interactions, which indicate ~3‐cm/year asthenospheric upwelling beneath the thinner lithosphere. We interpret that magma‐poor rifting is characterized by coupling of crust‐lithospheric mantle extension beneath the rift's isolated magmatic zones and decoupling in the rift's magma‐poor segments. We propose that coupled extension beneath rift's isolated magmatic zones is assisted by lithospheric weakening due to melts from asthenospheric upwelling whereas decoupled extension beneath rift's magma‐poor segments is assisted by concentration of fluids possibly fed from deeper asthenospheric melt that is yet to breach the surface.
The Role of Stabilizer Concentration in the Mobility of Carbon‐Supported Nanozerovalent Iron (nZVI) in Fractured Media
Authors: Cohen Meirav , Yakirevich Alexander , Weisbrod Noam
Published: October 2019

The mobility of nanozerovalent iron (nZVI) particles is of major importance when assessing their effectiveness for use in contaminated sites. Here, the influence of the stabilizer loading on nZVI mobility was investigated in fractured media. nZVI in the form of Carbo‐Iron Colloids (CIC), a composite material of activated carbon as a carrier for nZVI, was used for the tests. CIC was supplemented with carboxymethyl cellulose stabilizer, at three different loadings: 5% wt., 20% wt., and 80% wt., in a moderately saline solution of 250 mM. Transport experiments were conducted in a fractured chalk core, and the characteristics of the solutions and particles were analyzed. The effect of ionic strength was investigated by application of the 80% loading, also in a lower salinity solution of ~3 mM. Transport experiments were modeled, and all results were compared with especially high 1,600% wt. stabilizer loading, from a previous study. Among the different carboxymethyl cellulose loadings, significant differences in mobility and a correlation between mobility and stability were observed. Though, differences in stability were found insignificant. Higher stabilizer concentration and, to a greater extent, a higher number of free stabilizer molecules in solution enhance particle stability and, hence, mobility. A good fit was obtained between the transport experiment results and a model of solute and colloid transport in a single fracture. The model attachment parameters showed a good correlation with the decay rate constants of the stability tests, indicating yet again the significant role played by stability in CIC mobility and the possibility for mobility prediction.
Viral N6-methyladenosine upregulates replication and pathogenesis of human respiratory syncytial virus
Authors: Xue Miaoge , Zhao Boxuan Simen , Zhang Zijie , Lu Mijia , Harder Olivia , Chen Phylip , Lu Zhike , Li Anzhong , Ma Yuanmei , Xu Yunsheng , Liang Xueya , Zhou Jiyong , Niewiesk Stefan , Peeples Mark E. , He Chuan , Li Jianrong
Published: October 2019

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent internal modification of mRNAs in most eukaryotes. Here we show that RNAs of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are modified by m6A within discreet regions and that these modifications enhance viral replication and pathogenesis. Knockdown of m6A methyltransferases decreases RSV replication and gene expression whereas knockdown of m6A demethylases has the opposite effect. The G gene transcript contains the most m6A modifications. Recombinant RSV variants expressing G transcripts that lack particular clusters of m6A display reduced replication in A549 cells, primary well differentiated human airway epithelial cultures, and respiratory tracts of cotton rats. One of the m6A-deficient variants is highly attenuated yet retains high immunogenicity in cotton rats. Collectively, our results demonstrate that viral m6A methylation upregulates RSV replication and pathogenesis and identify viral m6A methylation as a target for rational design of live attenuated vaccine candidates for RSV and perhaps other pneumoviruses.
Publisher Correction: Equivalence and its invalidation between non-Markovian and Markovian spreading dynamics on complex networks
Authors: Feng Mi , Cai Shi-Min , Tang Ming , Lai Ying-Cheng
Published: October 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.