bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effets spatiaux de la croissance économique à Barcelone
Authors:   Remica (Recherches régionales sur le Midi de la France et la Catalogne)
Published: January 2016

Le « Grand Barcelone » regroupe 3 000 000 d'habitants : 15 % de la population de l'Espagne sur 6 % du territoire national ; son poids repose sur le pôle industriel, le rôle ethnoculturel, l'ampleur des investissements étrangers. Cela se traduit par un certain nombre de mutations spatiales jalonnées par un premier plan d'aménagement (1953), et la naissance de la notion d'aire métropolitaine (1966). La mise en place d'un nouveau centre d'affaires, la déconcentration de l'industrie, la densification des banlieues résidentielles, la conquête du Vallès accroissent contradictions et conflits, favorisent l'intervention de l'État, amènent une prise de conscience des travailleurs. Les transformations de l'espace urbain traduisent les phases successives de la croissance et les interventions des différents acteurs : capitalisme catalan, élargi au niveau national, dépassé par les firmes multinationales.
«Les autres Catalans» : le prolétariat urbain à Barcelone
Authors: Ferras Robert
Published: January 2016

Désormais plus de la moitié des « Barcelonais » ne sont même pas nés en Catalogne ; ils constituent une masse de main-d'œuvre originaire pour l'essentiel du sud de l'Espagne : « les autres Catalans ». Relégués au rang de peones sans qualification, ils se répartissent dans les taudis du centre, les bidonvilles en cours de résorption, les grands ensembles de la banlieue. La spécialisation du centre d'affaires, la rénovation du centre historique, entraînent le refoulement de ce prolétariat urbain vers une périphérie de plus en plus lointaine : là où la mise en place des infrastructures de transport destinées à l'agglomération l'emporte sur l'aménagement des conditions de vie, dans une ambiance de conflits sociaux latents.
Aires matrimoniales et migrations rurales en Galice, Espagne
Authors: Bertrand Jean-René
Published: January 2016

On some scales of Spanish Galician country folks' relationships with various spatial areas. — The author approached the analysis of the relationships between Galician country folks and various spatial areas through their migratory movements and the extension of areas in which marriages are concluded. His observations were gathered in three rural districts (municipio) from datas covering the period 1960 to 1975. Three spatial levels of relations are featured out : at the local level — hamlet or village — spatial units are fragmented, relation being focused at the parish level ; the socio-economic relations of each municipio extend to the margins of the neighbouring ones : this spatial unit includes an elementary market-town but ignores the regional centers ; then comes the large range dispersion of emigrants which used to be world wide up to 1960 but is presently reduced to the industrial countries of Europe.
Infusion of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviates Autoimmune Nephritis in a Lupus Model by Suppressing Follicular Helper T-Cell Development
Authors: Jang Eunkyeong , Jeong Mini , Kim Sukhyung , Jang Kiseok , Kang Bo-Kyeong , Lee Dong Yun , Bae Sang-Cheol , Kim Kyung Suk , Youn Jeehee
Published: January 2016

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies to components of the cell nucleus. These autoantibodies are predominantly produced with the help of follicular/helper T (Tfh) cells and form immune complexes that trigger widespread inflammatory damage, including nephritis. In recent studies, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) elicited diverse, even opposing, effects in experimental and clinical SLE. Here we investigated the effect of human bone marrow-derived MSCs (hBM-MSCs) in a murine model of SLE, the F1 hybrid between New Zealand Black and New Zealand White strains (NZB/W). We found that infusion of female NZB/W mice with hBM-MSCs attenuated glomerulonephritis; it also decreased levels of autoantibodies and the incidence of proteinuria and improved survival. These effects coincided with a decrease in Tfh cells and downstream components. Infiltration of long-lived plasma cells into the inflamed kidney was also reduced in the hBM-MSC-treated mice. Importantly, hBM-MSCs directly suppressed the in vitro differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells toward Tfh cells in a contact-dependent manner. These results suggest that MSCs attenuate lupus nephritis by suppressing the development of Tfh cells and the subsequent activation of humoral immune components. They thus reveal a novel mechanism by which MSCs regulate humoral autoimmune diseases such as SLE.
The Paracrine Effect of Skeletal Myoblasts is Cardioprotective against Oxidative Stress and Involves EGFR-ErbB4 Signaling, Cystathionase, and the Unfolded Protein Response
Authors: Siltanen Antti , Nuutila Kristo , Imanishi Yukiko , Uenaka Hisazumi , Mäkelä Johanna , Pätilä Tommi , Vento Antti , Miyagawa Shigeru , Sawa Yoshiki , Harjula Ari , Kankuri Esko
Published: January 2016

Therapeutic effects of skeletal myoblast transplantation into the myocardium are mediated via paracrine factors. We investigated the ability of myoblast-derived soluble mediators to protect cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress. Fetal rat cardiac cells were treated with conditioned medium from cultures of myoblasts or cardiac fibroblasts, and oxidative stress was induced with H2O2. Myoblast-derived factors effectively prevented oxidative stress-induced cardiac cell death and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. This protective effect was mediated via epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and c-Met signaling, and mimicked by neuregulin 1 but not EGF. Microarray analysis of cardiac cells treated with myoblast versus cardiac fibroblast-derived mediators revealed differential regulation of genes associated with antioxidative effects: cystathionine-γ-lyase (est), xanthine oxidase, and thioredoxin-interacting protein as well as nibbles homolog 3 (trib3). Cardiac cell pretreatment with tunicamycin, an inducer of trib3, also protected them against H2O2-induced cell death. Epicardial transplantation of myoblast sheets in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction was used to evaluate the expression of CST and trib3 as markers of myoblasts' paracrine effect in vivo. Myoblast sheets induced expression of the CST as well as trib3 in infarcted myocardium. CST localized around blood vessels, suggesting smooth muscle cell localization. Our results provide a deeper molecular insight into the therapeutic mechanisms of myoblast-derived paracrine signaling in cardiac cells and suggest that myoblast transplantation therapy may prevent oxidative stress-induced cardiac deterioration and progression of heart failure.
Surface-site reactivity in small-molecule adsorption: A theoretical study of thiol binding on multi-coordinated gold clusters
Authors: Ting Elvis C M , Popa Tatiana , Paci Irina
Published: January 2016

Background: The adsorption of organic molecules on metal surfaces has a broad array of applications, from device engineering to medical diagnosis. The most extensively investigated class of metal–molecule complexes is the adsorption of thiols on gold.

Results: In the present manuscript, we investigate the dependence of methylthiol adsorption structures and energies on the degree of unsaturation at the metal binding site. We designed an Au20 cluster with a broad range of metal site coordination numbers, from 3 to 9, and examined the binding conditions of methylthiol at the various sites.

Conclusion: We found that despite the small molecular size, the dispersive interactions of the backbone are a determining factor in the molecular affinity for various sites. Kink sites were preferred binding locations due to the availability of multiple surface atoms for dispersive interactions with the methyl groups, whereas tip sites experienced low affinity, despite having low coordination numbers.
Vestibular Assessment and Rehabilitation: Ten-Year Survey Trends of Audiologists’ Opinions and Practice
Authors: Nelson M. Dawn , Akin Faith W. , Riska Kristal M. , Andresen Kimberly , Mondelli Stephanie Stamps
Published: January 2016

Background:The past decade has yielded changes in the education and training of audiologists and technological advancements that have become widely available for clinical balance function testing. It is unclear if recent advancements in vestibular instrumentation or the transition
to an AuD degree have affected audiologists’ vestibular clinical practice or opinions.Purpose:The purpose of this study was to examine predominant opinions and practices for vestibular assessment (VA) and vestibular rehabilitation (VR) over the past decade and between master’s-
and AuD-level audiologists.Method:A 31-question survey was administered to audiologists via U.S. mail in 2003 (N = 7,500) and electronically in 2014 (N = 9,984) with a response rate of 12% and 10%, respectively.Results:There was an increase in the number of audiologists providing
vestibular services in the past decade. Most respondents agreed that audiologists were the most qualified professionals to conduct VA. Less than half of the surveyed audiologists felt that graduate training was adequate for VA. AuD-level audiologists were more satisfied with graduate training
and felt more comfortable performing VA compared to master’s-level audiologists. Few respondents agreed that audiologists were the most qualified professionals to conduct VR or that graduate training prepared them to conduct VR. The basic vestibular test battery was unchanged across
surveys and included: calorics, smooth pursuit, saccades, search for spontaneous, positional, gaze and optokinetic nystagmus, Dix‐Hallpike, case history, and hearing evaluation. There was a trend toward greater use of air (versus water) calorics, videonystagmography (versus electronystagmography),
and additional tests of vestibular and balance function.Conclusions:VA is a growing specialty area in the field of audiology. Better training opportunities are needed to increase audiologists’ knowledge and skills for providing vestibular services. The basic tests performed during
VA have remained relatively unchanged over the past 10 yr.
Volatility Informed Trading in the Options Market: Evidence from India
Authors: Pathak Rajesh
Published: January 2016

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the trading activity in options market based on information about expected future volatility in spot market. We employ Common Implied Volatility as a measure of expected volatility and options volume and changes in Open Interests as measures of options trading activity. We first test for simultaneous information flow in the two markets using multiple regression technique. Next, we test for information based or hedge based use of options using Trivariate Vector-auto Regression framework. We further consider the classes of options moneyness and the market trends in our analysis to examine if the trader’s preference of options changes with change in description of options intrinsic value and market environment. We use daily closing data of S&P CNX Nifty Index options traded on National Stock Exchange, India. We, for the most part, find negative and significant relationship in contemporaneous regression suggesting active trading by arbitrageurs. A feedback relationship is observed in vector auto regression analysis suggesting that options are traded in India for both information based trading and hedging purposes. We also observe the relationship to be varying when market trends and classes of options moneyness are considered. This indicates that traders are not indifferent in their choice of trading venue when market conditions and factors change. The results of this study are helpful for traders in managing the risk and return of their portfolio based on volatility forecast. This study is distinctive as it examines the scarcely researched area of volatility informed trading in an emerging market set up.
Linking Supply Chain Network Complexity to Interdependence and Risk-Assessment: Scale Development and Empirical Investigation
Authors: Chakraborty Samyadip
Published: January 2016

Concepts like supply chain network complexity, interdependence and risk assessment have been prominently discussed directly and indirectly in management literature over past decades and plenty of frameworks and conceptual prescriptive research works have been published contributing towards building the body of knowledge. However previous studies often lacked quantification of the findings. Consequently, the need for suitable scales becomes prominent for measuring those constructs to empirically support the conceptualized relationships. This paper expands the understanding of supply chain network complexity (SCNC) and also highlights its implications on interdependence (ID) between the actors and risk assessment (RAS) in transaction relationships. In doing so, SCNC and RAS are operationalized to understand how SCNC affects interdependence and risk assessment between the actors in the supply chain network. The contribution of this study lies in developing and validating multi-item scales for these constructs and empirically establishing the hypothesized relationships in the Indian context based on firm data collected using survey–based questionnaire. The methodology followed included structural equation modeling. The study findings indicate that SCNC had significant relationship with interdependence, which in turn significantly affected risk assessment. This study carries both academic and managerial implications and provides an empirically supported framework linking network complexity with the two key variables (ID and RAS), playing crucial roles in managerial decision making. This study contributes to the body of knowledge and aims at guiding managers in better understanding transaction relationships.
BRIGHT [C ii] AND DUST EMISSION IN THREE z > 6.6 QUASAR HOST GALAXIES OBSERVED BY ALMA
Authors: Venemans Bram P. , Walter Fabian , Zschaechner Laura , Decarli Roberto , De Rosa Gisella , Findlay Joseph R. , McMahon Richard G. , Sutherland Will J.
Published: January 2016

We present ALMA detections of the [C ii] 158 μm emission line and the underlying far-infrared (FIR) continuum of three quasars at 6.6 < z < 6.9 selected from the VIKING survey. The [C ii] line fluxes range between 1.6 and 3.4 Jy km s−1 ([C ii] luminosities ∼(1.9–3.9) × 109
L
⊙). We measure continuum flux densities of 0.56–3.29 mJy around 158 μm (rest frame), with implied FIR luminosities of (0.6–7.5) × 1012
L
⊙ and dust masses M

d
 = (0.7–24) × 108
M
⊙. In one quasar we derive a dust temperature of

K from the continuum slope, below the canonical value of 47 K. Assuming that the [C ii] and continuum emission are powered by star formation, we find star formation rates from 100 to 1600 M
⊙ yr−1 based on local scaling relations. The L
[C ii]/L
FIR ratios in the quasar hosts span a wide range from (0.3–4.6) × 10−3, including one quasar with a ratio that is consistent with local star-forming galaxies. We find that the strength of the L
[C ii] and 158 μm continuum emission in z ≳ 6 quasar hosts correlates with the quasar’s bolometric luminosity. In one quasar, the [C ii] line is significantly redshifted by ∼1700 km s−1 with respect to the Mg ii broad emission line. Comparing to values in the literature, we find that, on average, the Mg ii is blueshifted by 480 km s−1 (with a standard deviation of 630 km s−1) with respect to the host galaxy redshift, i.e., one of our quasars is an extreme outlier. Through modeling we can rule out a flat rotation curve for our brightest [C ii] emitter. Finally, we find that the ratio of black hole mass to host galaxy (dynamical) mass is higher by a factor of 3–4 (with significant scatter) than local relations.
New and poorly known Holarctic species of Boletina Staeger, 1840 (Diptera, Mycetophilidae)
Authors: Salmela Jukka , Suuronen Anna , Kaunisto Kari
Published: January 2016

The genus Boletina is a species rich group of fungus gnats. Members of the genus are mainly known from temperate, boreal and arctic biomes. Phylogeny of the genus is still poorly resolved, dozens of species are insufficiently described and undescribed species are often discovered, especially from samples taken from the boreal zone.

Four new species are described. Boletina valteri Salmela sp.n. (Finland), Boletina kullervoi Salmela sp.n. (Finland), B. hyperborea Salmela sp.n. (Finland, Norway, Sweden, Canada) and B. nuortti Salmela sp.n. (Finland). Boletina arctica Holmgren is redescribed and reported for the first time from the Canadian high arctic zone. Boletina borealis Zetterstedt and B. birulai Lundström are reported for the first time from Canada. Boletina subnitidula Sasakawa (syn. n.) is proposed as a junior synonym of B. pallidula Edwards.
Metales y metalurgia en la Abdera fenicia. Datos isotópicos sobre la procedencia e intercambio de materias primas
Authors: Carpintero Lozano Susana , López Castro José Luis , Montero Ruiz Ignacio
Published: January 2016

Se presentan los primeros resultados de análisis isotópicos llevados a cabo a una selección de muestras de galena, goterones de plomo y objetos de base cobre del asentamiento fenicio de Abdera (Adra, Almería). Según los datos de isótopos de plomo, se pueden distinguir dos zonas diferentes de aprovisionamiento de mineral, Sierra de Gádor y la Cuenca de Vera (posiblemente Cerro Minado o Herrerías), todas ellas zonas mineras de la actual provincia de Almería (España). Los resultados ponen de relieve aspectos inéditos de gran interés sobre el comercio de metales entre los fenicios occidentales.
A Prototype Mobile Application for Informing Disaster Complaint – “Informer on Site”
Authors: Nik nazli Nik nadian nisa , Sipon Sapora , Norwawi Norita Md
Published: January 2016

"Informer on Site" is one of prototype mobile application for informing disaster complaint with site pictures and location using the smartphones. The report information is automatically delivered to the officer in charge for prompt response to the civil complaints by identifying the location and situation according to information initially provided by community via the service. The Informer on Site service is focus on disaster cases such as flood, typoon, haze and landslide. This application can assist the authorities to handle the issue of disasters more effectively and via a faster response. The objective of this paper is to describe the features, benefits and the flow of the application process.
M-Learning: A New Paradigm of Learning ICT in Nigeria
Authors: Oyelere Solomon Sunday , Suhonen Jarkko , Sutinen Erkki
Published: January 2016

Abstract—Mobile learning (m-learning) is the study and practice of using mobile devices, such as smart phones, mobile phones, tablets, PDAs, MP3s and pocket PCs in order to support learning for anyone, anytime and anywhere. M-learning has become paramount for developing countries such as Nigeria, as many of these countries have the required infrastructure and a rapidly increasing amount of mobile device users. In addition, the mobile devices are able to support a variety of learning activities and students are also ready to use the devices for learning. In this article, we have enumerated the possibilities and challenges of implementing m-learning in developing countries, specifically in Nigeria, and identified potential m-learning solutions to support learning of ICT in Nigeria. We administrated a questionnaire in order to find out primary school students readiness in Nigeria to adopt m-learning, their preferences to use specific features of m-learning devices in learning situations, as well as their opinions regarding the suitability of m-learning for ICT-related subjects. We also propose a cloud-based m-learning model for learning ICT topics in Nigeria.
Network Proximity for Content Discovery
Authors: Daradkeh Dr. Yousef Ibrahim , Namiot Dmitry
Published: January 2016

The paper describes our approach for using wireless sensors on mobile phones for delivering new data to mobile subscribers. We propose a new practical approach for social context-aware data retrieval based on mobile phones as a sensor concept. This approach uses Wi-Fi and Bluetooth modules located on mobile phones as sensors for getting proximity information that can open (discover) access to any user generated content or content published in the social networks. A special mobile service (context-aware browser client for Android) can present that information to mobile subscribers. The potential use-cases for the proposed approach include all projects associated with hyper-local news data. For example, news services in Smart City projects, proximity marketing, indoor data delivery, etc..
Key Vulnerabilities of Industrial Automation and Control Systems and Actions to Prevent Cyber-Attacks
Authors: Calvo Isidro , Etxeberria-Agiriano Ismael , Iñigo Miguel A , González-Nalda Pablo
Published: January 2016

Until recently, Industrial Automation and Control Systems (IACS) were largely isolated from corporate systems by means of proprietary protocols, which facilitated their protection against cyber-attacks under the principle of security through obscurity. However, the widespread adoption of the new communication technologies, such as the Internet protocols and wireless communications has changed this scenario.

During recent years there have been many evidences of cyber-attacks to IACS that exploit their vulnerabilities. Unfortunately, these attacks have increased significantly during the last five years, and we should be aware that only the tip of the iceberg comes to the public knowledge.

The purpose of this article is twofold: (1) to raise awareness about the security vulnerabilities that most companies are facing at their IACS and (2) to set a starting point by proposing a roadmap that seeks to guide designers and programmers in the new and complex world of industrial cyber-security.
The Online Course and Laboratory for Study of Automatic Control Systems
Authors: Ursutiu Doru E , Kuchirka Yurii , Samoila Cornel , Vytvytska L
Published: January 2016

In this paper is described the online course and hands-on laboratory for automated control systems study and research. The lab, based on a DC motor is an open source, suitable for modern mobile devices, includes video broadcast of its activity control in real time and does not require additional client software.
Processing of Deployment Using an Adaptive Self-Spreading Algorithm Based on Electrostatic Field for Mobile Sensor
Authors: Li Ming , Qian Huanyan
Published: January 2016

The deployment of mobile sensor networks is a hotspot issue. This paper is dedicated to proposing a distributed, adaptive, and scalable mobile sensor network algorithm based on the theory in electrostatic field. In the algorithm, the obstacles and nodes in the deployment region were regarded as the charged particles, which were driven by the Coulomb Force exerted by the other particles and obstacles, and eventually all the nodes were distributed throughout the entire network while repelled by the obstacles and other nodes simultaneously. Based on the classical virtual potential field algorithm, the boundary conditions, the static equilibrium conditions and the controllable coverage rate were expanded in the present algorithm, which are also the primary innovation points and contributions of this paper. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm was evaluated by performing simulations under four frequently-used scenarios, namely, deployment under normal conditions, deployment with obstacles, re-deployment due to unpredicted node failures, and deployment with regions of interest. Moreover, the performance of the algorithm was assessed using coverage and uniformity as the criteria. The simulation results indicate that the algorithm runs well under all these four frequently-used scenarios. In a completely unknown deployment area, the designated goal can also be achieved using the proposed algorithm owing to its adaptivity.
La politique scientifique du CNRS pour la « recherche sur la recherche »
Authors: Vilkas Catherine
Published: January 2016

Nous nous intéressons ici à la branche de la sociologie qui prend pour objet les sciences elles-mêmes et dont l’émergence dans l’hexagone fut le fait de quelques précurseurs au cours des années 1960-1970, avant un déploiement dans d’autres directions lors des décennies suivantes. Plusieurs modes d’intervention furent utilisés au CNRS pour renforcer ce domaine, avec plus ou moins de succès. Du groupe de travail au financement incitatif sur programme, de la création d’équipe à celle d’une commission d’évaluation, les instruments de pilotage mobilisés permirent d’accroître les études sociales des sciences sans toutefois structurer véritablement une « communauté scientifique ».
Entretien avec Gérard Lemaine
Authors: Lemaine Gérard
Published: January 2016

L’action du CNRS en faveur de l’étude des sciences s’organise à la fin des années soixante. Alors à la tête du Groupe d’études et de recherches sur la science, Gérard Lemaine décrit ses premières enquêtes sur le travail scientifique, les disciplines et les controverses et s’interroge sur leur impact.
Des statistiques aux démos. Evaluer, gérer et promouvoir la recherche européenne.
Authors: Rosental Claude
Published: January 2016

Cet article porte sur les usages des statistiques et des démonstrations publiques de technologie (« démos ») dans le cadre de l’évaluation, de la gestion et de la promotion des sciences et des technologies. L’étude part d’investigations empiriques que j’ai réalisées au cours de ces dernières années sur la gestion d’un grand programme de recherche européen dans le domaine des technologies de l’information. L’enquête montre comment la quantification des activités de recherche et la réalisation de démos sont devenues des outils clefs pour la construction de l’Europe en tant que communauté politique et scientifique. Une approche réflexive du recours à ces outils apparait nécessaire dans la mesure où ces derniers possèdent un impact important sur la pratique des sciences.
Témoignage : l’informatique dans l’enseignement et au CNRS au début des années soixante-dix
Authors: Mercouroff Wladimir
Published: January 2016

Physicien à Orsay, Wladimir Mercouroff a été nommé chargé de mission à l’informatique au ministère de l’Éducation nationale (1970-1974) et directeur scientifique au CNRS (1971-1975), responsable notamment du développement de l’informatique. Il a ensuite enseigné cette discipline à Orsay, avant de revenir au CNRS comme directeur des relations extérieures (1979-1982), puis d’administrer la fondation de l’École normale supérieure.
Classification of Network Attacks and Countermeasures of Different Attacks
Authors: Anchugam C. V. , Thangadurai K.
Published: January 2016

Network security has become more important and the growing rate of network attacks together with hacker, cracker, and criminal enterprises are increasing, that impact to the availability, confidentiality, and integrity of vital information data. In order to understand and defend against network attacks, it is necessary to understand the kind of attack. This chapter focuses on the provisioning of a method for the analysis and categorization of both computer and network attacks, thus providing assistance in combating new attacks, improving computer and network security as well as providing consistency in language when describing attacks. Attacks are thus attempts by unauthorized individuals to access or modify information, to deceive the system so that an unauthorized individual can take over an authorized session, or to disrupt service to authorized users. During this chapter we tend to area unit providing the elucidation against black hole attack that relies on fuzzy rule in case study section.
Transparency as a Determinant of Local Financial Condition
Authors: Cuadrado-Ballesteros Beatriz , Mordán Noemi , Frías-Aceituno José Valeriano
Published: January 2016

This study is an attempt to understand the importance of the broadcasting of information about the financial health of local governments. For this, a sample comprising the 110 most important Spanish cities has been used, for the period 2008–2010. Results show that transparency about local governments' actions improves their financial condition. If citizens know this information, the uncertainty over how the resources are used by leaders decreases, encouraging them to carry out efficient governance.
Determinants of the Design and Use of PMS in Portuguese Government Agencies
Authors: Gomes Patrícia , Camões Silvia Mendes , Carvalho João
Published: January 2016

Performance measurement is seen as a main pillar of public management reforms. However, prior research did not mitigate the level of ambiguity on PMS development and use and many questions left unanswered. Our findings provide knowledge on the design and use of PMS in the public sector answering to calls for a complementary approach among institutional and contingency factors. The authors find that the design of PMS and the use of performance information for external purposes are increased to legitimate the organizational' work and to obtain external support. Moreover, structural variables such as type of agency and management autonomy are also determinants on the organizational responses. Finally, the authors find some coupling between the design of PMS and outcomes. So, both contingent and institutional approaches play an important role on the empirical model.
The Use of Virtual Worlds in Foreign Language Teaching and Learning
Authors: Yeh Ellen , Wan Guofang
Published: January 2016

This book chapter presents, a review of the literature from 2004-2014 regarding the various models of virtual worlds used in foreign language teaching and learning, the impact of virtual world learning environments and the implications of language teaching. The study being reported aims to address the following questions: (1) What are the models of virtual worlds used in language learning instruction in K-12 and higher education; (2) How do VWLEs impact language learning in terms of motivation, communicative competency, intercultural competency, collaborative competency, constructivist learning, and sociocultural competency; and (3) What are the implications of using VWLEs in foreign language teaching and learning? Results indicate that social context and task-based learning enhanced language learners' participation and motivations. Findings also indicate that consistent use of interactional strategies encouraged learners to engage in the tasks and stay motivated. The study suggested that a VWLE offers a motivating, engaging, and multi-dynamic environment for language learners.
City Data Fusion
Authors: Wang Meisong , Perera Charith , Jayaraman Prem Prakash , Zhang Miranda , Strazdins Peter , Shyamsundar R.K. , Ranjan Rajiv
Published: January 2016

Internet of Things (IoT) has gained substantial attention recently and play a significant role in smart city application deployments. A number of such smart city applications depend on sensor fusion capabilities in the cloud from diverse data sources. The authors introduce the concept of IoT and present in detail ten different parameters that govern our sensor data fusion evaluation framework. They then evaluate the current state-of-the art in sensor data fusion against our sensor data fusion framework. The authors' main goal is to examine and survey different sensor data fusion research efforts based on our evaluation framework. The major open research issues related to sensor data fusion are also presented.
Integrating Volunteers into Rescue Processes
Authors: Detjen Henrik , Hoffmann Stefan , Rösner Leonie , Winter Stephan , Geisler Stefan , Krämer Nicole , Bumiller Gerd
Published: January 2016

Recently, rescue worker resources have not been sufficient to meet the regular response time during large-scale catastrophic events in every case. However, many volunteers supported official forces in different disaster situations, often self-organized through social media. In this paper, a system will be introduced which allows the coordination of trained volunteers by a professional control center with the objective of a more efficient distribution of human resources and technical equipment. Volunteers are contacted via app on their private smartphone. The design of this app is based on user requirements gathered in focus group discussions. The feedback of the potential users includes privacy aspects, low energy consumption, and mechanisms for long-term motivation and training. The authors present the results of the focus group analyses as well as the transfer to their app design concept.
What are Tutors' Experiences with Online Teaching?
Authors: Walter Cvetanka
Published: January 2016

This study seeks an understanding of how tutors perceived the online part of a blended learning course in the context of teaching English as a foreign language at a German university. To gain knowledge about the ways in which the tutors experienced the phenomenon, a phenomenographic methodological framework was employed. Identified were four different ways of conceiving the online course as: A) a one-way street of communication: to provide students with extra materials to practice individually and for asynchronous communication, B) an add-on to on-campus classes; C) a distant relationship between students and online tutors; and D) an opportunity for tutor's professional development and team communication. The phenomenographic approach allowed to reveal variations of tutors' perceptions of teaching online with a view of enhancing the university curriculum. The findings may have implications for university teachers and educational designers.
A Scalable MapReduce-enabled Glowworm Swarm Optimization Approach for High Dimensional Multimodal Functions
Authors: Aljarah Ibrahim , Ludwig Simone A.
Published: January 2016

Glowworm Swarm Optimization (GSO) is one of the common swarm intelligence algorithms, where GSO has the ability to optimize multimodal functions efficiently. In this paper, a parallel MapReduce-based GSO algorithm is proposed to speedup the GSO optimization process. The authors argue that GSO can be formulated based on the MapReduce parallel programming model quite naturally. In addition, they use higher dimensional multimodal benchmark functions for evaluating the proposed algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is appropriate for optimizing difficult multimodal functions with higher dimensions and achieving high peak capture rates. Furthermore, a scalability analysis shows that the proposed algorithm scales very well with increasing swarm sizes. In addition, an overhead of the Hadoop infrastructure is investigated to find if there is any relationship between the overhead, the swarm size, and number of nodes used.
Multi-Objective Optimization of Squeeze Casting Process using Evolutionary Algorithms
Authors: Patel G C Manjunath , Krishna Prasad , Parappagoudar Mahesh B. , Vundavilli Pandu Ranga
Published: January 2016

The present work focuses on determining optimum squeeze casting process parameters using evolutionary algorithms. Evolutionary algorithms, such as genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, and multi objective particle swarm optimization based on crowing distance mechanism, have been used to determine the process variable combinations for the multiple objective functions. In multi-objective optimization, there are no single optimal process variable combination due to conflicting nature of objective functions. Four cases have been considered after assigning different combination of weights to the individual objective function based on the user importance. Confirmation tests have been conducted for the recommended process variable combinations obtained by genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and multiple objective particle swarm optimization based on crowing distance (MOPSO-CD). The performance of PSO is found to be comparable with that of GA for identifying optimal process variable combinations. However, PSO outperformed GA with regard to computation time.
Strain Monitoring Using a Rayleigh Backscattering System for a Composite UAV Wing Instrumented with an Embedded Optical Fiber
Authors: Martinez Bueno Patricia , Martinez Marcias , Rans Calvin , Benedictus Rinze
Published: January 2016

The primary objective of this research study was to evaluate the capabilities for measuring strain of a composite UAV wing with an embedded optical fiber connected to a Rayleigh backscattering distributed sensing system. This research paper summarizes the manufacturing procedure used during the instrumentation of the composite UAV wing. In addition, a Finite Element Model was developed in order to verify the strain distribution of this complex structure under static and dynamic loading conditions. The use of strain gauge data as a means for verification is presented as part of this research. Finally, fatigue tests were carried out to determine the longevity of the embedded fiber during the design life of the structure. The results demonstrate the ability of a distributed sensing system to obtain complex and accurate strain distributions on a single non-grated fiber. In addition, the findings demonstrate current limitations of the system for capturing accurate strain profiles in dynamic loading test cases.
Advances in the Turning of Titanium Alloys with Carbide and Superabrasive Cutting Tools
Authors: da Silva Rosemar Batista , da Silva Márcio Bacci , Sales Wisley Falco , Ezugwu Emanuel Okechukwu , Machado Álisson Rocha
Published: January 2016

Machining efficiency of titanium alloys is crucial to the aerospace industry especially in the manufacture of bladed discs (blisks) where over 80% of titanium alloy material is roughed out to generate the complex shapes and contours of components. The choice of the right tool materials for machining titanium alloys contributes enormously to reducing the overall machining time by significantly lowering the cycle time and indexing of the cutting edges. These improvements lead to a reduction of the manufacturing cost by up to 30%. Uncoated and coated carbide tools have demonstrated encouraging performances when turning Ti-6Al-4V alloy, especially under roughing operations complemented by high pressure cooling technology, at high cutting speed and depth of cut conditions that increase the metal removal rate. Under such cutting conditions there is no significant difference in performance between coated or uncoated carbide tools when turning Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Super abrasives like ceramics and cubic boron nitride (CBN) tools are not suitable for machining titanium alloys as low tool life with no economic benefit is achieved because of severe chipping and fracture of the cutting edge. Machined surfaces produced with ceramic tools have very low surface integrity status because of loss of form as a result of accelerated tool wear and the consequent chipping and fracture encountered during machining. Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tools are suitable for finish turning Ti-6Al-4V alloy at cutting speeds up to 250 m/min.
Comparison of Mechanical and Microstructural Characteristics in Maraging 300 Steel Welded by PAW and GTAW Processes Submitted to Repair
Authors: Sakai Paulo Roberto , da Silva Deivid Ferreira , Lombardo Sandro , Abdalla Antonio Jorge
Published: January 2016

Maraging steels are a special class of ultrahigh-strength steels which presents a combination of high mechanical strength, excellent toughness, high temperature strength and corrosion resistance. The joint of sheets/plates by welding processes are fundamental for aeronautical and industrial products in addition Brazil has been developing technologies in welding ultrahigh-strength steels such as AISI 4340ESR and SAE 300M steels for its domestic space launch program and has currently decided for the replacement of these steels by Maraging 300 steel in some projects. In this work, we studied the welding process of the Maraging 300 steel for two different routes: Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG or GTAW) and Plasma Arc Welding (PAW). Filler additions were used for both processes. Procedure after any welding demands non destructive testing and sometimes non approved defects considering the usage of the product require for welding repair. Verification of the effects of this operation was made through a simulation of a welding repair for both types of welding. Specimens were submitted to heat treatment consisting of a solution annealing and aging and their microstructures were examined. The microhardness measurements were made on samples with and without repair characterized the fusion and heat affected zones. Specimens were submitted to tensile testing and the fractured surfaces were examined by a scanning electron microscope. Results of microstructure exam revealed the presence of austenite (γ) in FZ (Fusion Zone). After the welding repair simulation, a new different colored zone appeared in the HAZ (Heat Affected Zone) for both processes due to reheating of the sheet provided by the repair process. In the HAZ near FZ an important grain growth due to the heating occurred. Also, close FZ that was submitted to new heating due to repair it was noted an apparent growing of grain size relative to original grain size. The microhardness measurements showed that there is a reduction in hardness in the FZ and the region immediately (fusion line) compared to base material values. After the aging heat treatment a recovery of hardness values took place in these regions but the values themselves remain smaller than the base material. It was observed an increase of values of the microhardness in dark regions in the HAZ provoked by a phenomenon of aging locally due to the dissipation of the heat of the welding process and posterior repair. After aging, those differences disappeared. It was observed that there was not a large difference between the yield and strength limits considering both processes of welding, as well as between both situations after repair. It could be seen that the rupture began in the region near FZ and followed in the direction of the weld bead. The analysis of the fracture surfaces showed that this happened by ductile way, forming dimples.
Influence of Temperature on Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of a Carbon Fiber-Epoxy Composite Material
Authors: de Cássia Mendonça Sales Rita , Rossi Dias Endo Bianca Lis , Donadon Maurício Vicente
Published: January 2016

Composite materials have been increasingly used in the aerospace industry for the manufacturing of structures, because of the associated properties of low weight and high mechanical resistance. On the other hand, they have low delamination resistance. This paper presents the results of an experimental study performed to obtain the values of interlaminar fracture toughness (G) of a laminate under three different temperatures, using 0º carbon-epoxy prepreg fabric plies and manufactured via Hand lay up cured in autoclave (HLUP). Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) tests were performed to evaluate mode I toughness, Four Point Bend End Notched Flexure (4ENF) for mode II and Mixed Mode Bending (MMB) for mixed mode I / mode II at -54°C, 25°C and 80°C. The data were collected and analyzed using a routine developed in Matlab®. Finally, the relation between GI and GII through the failure envelope and the temperature influence on the interlaminar fracture toughness was assessed.
Compression Failure Modes of Carbon Fiber Fabric Scraps/Epoxy Laminates
Authors: Opelt Carlos V. , Souza Christiane S.R. , Marlet José Maria F. , Cândido Geraldo M. , Rezende Mirabel C.
Published: January 2016

The composite prepreg waste is still an environmental challenge. In the last decade, several researchers have been studying the recycling and reuse processes of composite components, mainly to use in secondary (non-structural) components. In this paper, uncured aerospace grade prepreg scraps resulted from the production waste were used to manufacture laminates. The carbon reinforcement of the prepreg presented plain weave style fabric. To manufacture the laminates the hand-lay up process was used, randomly positioning the scraps and without respecting the preferred directions of the warp and weft. Therefore, the resulting laminate is multidirectional (in the plane) and orthotropic. The cure was performed in autoclave at the maximum temperature of (180 ± 1)°C and pressure of 100 psi. This laminate was tested in compression according to standard SACMA SRM 1R-94. The results show an average compression resistance equivalent to that of laminates produced with continuous layers, although with a higher dispersion. In order to understand this variation, the fracture surfaces of the laminates were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to identify the failure modes. The specimens present shear and interlaminar failure modes, in addition to a mixed mode of failure (a transition between the shear and interlaminar failures). For the same specimen, the analysis of the internal arrangement of the fibers shows that changes in failure modes occur in regions where the carbon fabric is not continuous, i.e. there are joinings of scraps. It was also observed that none of the compression tests resulted in catastrophic failure of the specimens, possibly due to a greater resistance to fracture growth in the presence of mixed failure mode.
Application of Shunted Piezoelectric Materials in Aeroelasticity
Authors: Leao L.S. , Donadon Maurício Vicente , de Lima A.M.G. , Filho A.G.C.
Published: January 2016

This paper presents a numerical study on the influence of multimodal shunt circuit parameters in the flutter velocity of a typical section under an unsteady airflow. Flutter on typical sections is a kind of self-excited oscillation which can occur due to the interaction with the airflow. In the flutter point, when the critical dynamic pressure is reached, the vibrations of the typical section become unstable and increase fast and significantly in time. As a result, it can lead the structure to failure. Thus, it becomes important to investigate the possibility of reducing the effects of flutter in order to increase the reliability of composite structures during service. In this work, the aero-electromechanical dynamic model formulation is based on the Hamilton principle. The unsteady aerodynamic forces are calculated based on the linearized thin-airfoil theory, proposed by Theodorsen. The passive element responsible for the energy dissipation is a multimodal resonant shunt circuit in series topology, attached to a piezoelectric patch. An iterative solution algorithm is proposed to solve the resultant nonlinear eigenvalue problem. The optimum shunt tuning is firstly performed using Hagood and Flotow’s propositions; then, it is used an heuristic optimization algorithm, based on Differential Evolution. The preliminary results indicate that the flutter speed can be affected by the passive control, both in its mechanical aspect as electrical.
Investigation of Decision Criteria for Abrasive Conditions in Multi-Small-Hole Drilling of CFRP by Blast Process
Authors: Fukagawa Hitoshi , Hirogaki Toshiki , Shimizu Keisuke , Nishikawa Kousuke
Published: January 2016

Composite materials, such as CFRP, are hard-to-cut materials but useful for their specific strength. Usually creating small holes in them is done using drill tools, but tool abrasion occurs early, reducing quality, raising processing costs. Comparing drilling with other processing methods, it was revealed in a previous report that it was possible to effectively create large quantities of small holes using blasting [1]. However, such blast processing involves unknown mechanisms. In the present report, we investigated the material-removing mechanisms of blasting from the viewpoint of erosion abrasion, and looked into the most suitable method by changing hole sizes and processing conditions. The results revealed, relationships between abrasive particle size and hole accuracy or hole processing efficiency as well as the optimum abrasive combinations according to hole diameter.