bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Scoping Review of Emerging and Established Surgical Robotic Platforms
With Applications in Urologic Surgery
Authors: Millan Braden , Nagpal Shavy , Ding Maylynn , Lee Jason Y. , Kapoor Anil
Published: September 2021

Objectives Since the introduction of the first master–slave robotic platform for surgical procedures, there have been ongoing modifications and development of new platforms, but there is still a paucity of commercially available systems. Our study aims to identify all master–slave robotic surgical platforms currently commercially available or in
development around the world with applications in urologic surgery.

Methods A scoping literature search was performed using PRISMA methodology to identify all relevant publications in English in PubMed, PubMed Central, and Embase, with additional information being obtained from official company websites.

Results Ten robotic platforms with either proven or potential application in urologic surgery were identified: the da Vinci surgical system (Intuitive), Senhance surgical system (Transentrix), Versius Surgical (CMR Ltd), Enos surgical system (Titan Medical), Revo –I (Meere Company), MiroSurge (DLR), Avatera System (Avatera Medical),
Hugo Surgical Robot (Medtronic), Ottava (J&J, Ethicon, Areus), and Hinotori (Medicaroid Corporation).

Conclusions This review highlights the distinct features of emerging master–slave robotic platforms with applications in urologic surgery. Research and development are now focused on finding wider applications, improving outcomes, increasing availability, and reducing cost. Additional research is required comparing newly developed
master–slave robotic platforms with those already well established.
Association of Age With Lower Urinary Tract Function in Adult Men Presenting for Urodynamics: A Database Analysis
Authors: Sinha Sanjay , Matina Lavina
Published: September 2021

Background: Knowledge regarding lower urinary tract function in adult men could help in making informed choices. Few studies have examined the entire spectrum of adult males.

Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of all adult men with refractory non-neurogenic urinary symptoms presenting to a tertiary center over 9 years. International Continence Society defined indices bladder outlet obstruction index (BOOI) and bladder contractility index (BCI) were calculated with established classification. Storage abnormality was defined as presence of detrusor overactivity, poor compliance (< 20mL per cm H20) or both. Data were analyzed by non-parametric tests using SPSS (version 20.0.0, Armonk NY ) (P < 0.05 significant; 2-tailed). Where appropriate, correction for multiple hypothesis testing was applied.

Results: A total of 1596 men (range 18 to 91 years, median 51.0 years; IQR 34 to 64 years) were eligible. Median BCI and BOOI were 99.5 and 37.0, respectively, and a storage abnormality was noted in 41.7%. On multivariate analysis, age was significantly associated with urodynamic findings. While not strictly linear, for each 10 years increase in age, on average, the BCI fell 2.4 points and the BOOI increased by 2.4 points. Increasing age was also associated with increasing odds of finding a storage abnormality (OR 1.015; 95%CI 1.008 to 1.022; P < 0.001). On post hoc analysis (Bonferroni correction), men under 30 years were least likely of any group to show obstruction (30.3%; median BOOI 26).

Conclusions: Adult men with refractory urinary symptoms show age-associated differences in urodynamic findings. An awareness of these trends can help take more informed decisions in clinical care.
Matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 as markers for the prediction of preeclampsia in the first trimester
Authors:   Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation, Timokhina Elena , Zinin Vadim , Ignatko Irina , Ibragimova Sapyat , Belotserkovtseva Larisa , Strizhakov Aleksander
Published: September 2021

Summary: Introduction: Preeclampsia is a life-threatening condition for the mother and foetus. Globally, it is diagnosed in 10 mil. women every year, which accounts for 3% to 8% of all pregnancies. Currently there is no proven effective treatment for preeclampsia. The aforesaid text actualises the issue of predicting this complication. To determine the prognostic significance of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 levels as early markers of preeclampsia, the present prospective study was conducted. Materials and methods: The levels of matrix metalloproteinases-2  and -9  were assessed in 72  patients. Thirty-four  of them subsequently developed preeclampsia during pregnancy (20 patients with moderate preeclampsia, 14 patients with severe preeclampsia), and constituted the basic group; 38 patients made up the control group. Results: In pregnant women with the subsequent development of preeclampsia, the level of matrix metalloproteinase-2 at 11–13 weeks of gestation was 155 ± 73.4 ng/mL and significantly exceeded its level in pregnant women without hypertensive disorders – 75.0 ± 32.8 ng/mL. The study conducted demonstrates a significantly lower concentration of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in pregnant women with preeclampsia compared to the control – 749 ± 296 ng/mL and 1,667 ± 552 ng/mL (P < 0.001). The performed research figures that in the first trimester, the cut-off value of matrix metalloproteinase-2 for predicting the development of preeclampsia is ≥ 102 ng/mL (sensitivity 88.24% and specificity 82.76%). For matrix metalloproteinase-9, a level of ≤ 980 ng/mL in the first trimester predicts the development of preeclampsia with a sensitivity of 85.29% and a specificity of 84.48%. Conclusion: The study established the cut-off values of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 for predicting the development of preeclampsia in the first trimester.
COVID-19 in the Gulf Cooperation Council Member States: An Evidence of Effective Response
Authors: Al Awaidy Salah T. , Khamis Faryal , Al Attar Fatma , Abdul Razzaq Najiba , Al Dabal Laila , Al Enani Mushira , Alfouzan Wadha , Al Maslamani Muna , Al Romaihi Hamad , Al Salman Jameela , Altawalah Haya , Langrial Sitwat Usman , Al Ariqi Lubna , Mohamed Ozayr
Published: September 2021

Objectives: The World Health Organization (WHO) published a global strategic response plan in February 2020 aiming to mitigate the impact of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. It identified immediate activities required for global preparedness and response to the outbreak and set eight priority areas (pillars) essential for scaling up countries’ operational readiness and response. Despite a semi-annual progress report on implementing the Global Strategic Plan in June 2020, there is limited granular information available on the extent of the national plan’s content and implementation, particularly in the Member States of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Therefore, we sought to review the preparedness and responsiveness towards the COVID-19 outbreak in the GCC in the first phase of the pandemic and to document lessons learned for improving the ongoing response efforts and preparedness for future pandemics. Methods: A rapid appraisal was conducted in June 2020 according to the WHO Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan and the accompanying Operational Planning Guidelines. The survey was administered to public health professionals or/and infectious disease experts in the states. The findings were cross-triangulated with secondary data that was publicly available for each country. Results: The preparedness and response efforts of Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE were fully compliant with all 11 (100%) pillars of the modified strategic response measures. Kuwait, Oman, and Qatar complied with eight of the pillars. The component on conducting COVID-19 related research was the lowest-performing across all the six states. Conclusions: All GCC states demonstrated an effective response to the pandemic, enhanced existing infrastructures, and accelerated reforms that would have otherwise taken longer. The lessons learned through the early phase of the pandemic continue to steer the states in realigning their strategies and resetting their goals of controlling the outbreak, particularly in the current context of vaccine introduction and increasing preparedness capacities for future pandemics.
Dunbar (Or Median Arcuate Ligament) Syndrome: A Case Series
Authors:   Department of radiology Saveetha medical college and hospital Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu – 602105 India., MD RD Dr Praveen K Sharma, , mathapati Dr. Pavankumar ,   Department of radiology Saveetha medical college and hospital Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu – 602105 India., babu J Dr. Dinesh ,   Department of radiology Saveetha medical college and hospital Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu – 602105 India., vatsan Dr. Keerthi ,   Department of radiology Saveetha medical college and hospital Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu – 602105 India.
Published: September 2021

Dunbar syndrome (DS) (or Median arcuate ligament syndrome) is a rare entity of the vascular compression syndrome, where there is focal proximal coeliac axis compression by Median arcuate ligament (MAL). It results in an insufficient supply of blood to the respective organs of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) is a very convenient non-invasive modality in diagnosing this condition and helpful in distinguishing it from other conditions, such as atherosclerotic disease. DS can further be treated disorder surgically by relieving the compression and sometimes may need vascular reconstruction. We present five cases of the DS.
Conflicts of interest in the reporting of biomedical research in mainstream newspapers in Canada
Authors:   , Buist Steven Douglas
Published: September 2021

Ethical behaviour by investigators is the cornerstone of scientific research. Recognizing, declaring and avoiding a conflict of interest are key responsibilities for biomedical researchers, particularly since commercial enterprises, such as pharmaceutical companies, have become major funding sources of research. Proactive disclosure of researchers' financial relationships is now a requirement for publication in most scientific journals. The question that arises is whether this same increased scrutiny of financial disclosure and potential for conflict of interest has extended to the mainstream press in Canada. A content analysis of biomedical research articles that appeared in Canadian daily newspapers from 2001 to 2008 showed that 82 per cent of the articles failed to identify the financial connection that existed between the researcher(s) and the commercial funder, and nearly half of the articles did not even identify the commercial funding source of the research. A text analysis showed that 94 per cent of the articles were positive about the drug/device cited by the research, and positive, optimistic words such as “breakthrough”, “significant”, “hope” and “promising” were often used in the news articles. Reporters frequently frame biomedical research articles using a battle-like template that describes a fight between good and evil. Another common approach was to frame the article as a message of hope for the future. A genre analysis showed that the genre of medical research news articles published in newspapers is highly dissimilar to the genre of medical research articles published in scientific journals. It is likely these two genres have been constructed to appeal to very different target audiences. The study results show overwhelmingly that readers are not provided with key information about potential financial conflicts of interest involving the researchers and the commercial sources of funding for the research. Such lack of transparency thwarts the reader’s ability to reach informed conclusions about whether or not the research has been either explicitly or implicitly influenced by the researcher’s potential conflict.
Breaking the silence, addressing the confusion and challenging denial surrounding HIV and AIDS by engaging tradition : a study of the mnemonic oral style with special reference to Marcel Jousse
Authors:   , Ngaloshe Christina Nosabata
Published: September 2021

In this study I demonstrate the extent to which I have achieved my original goals to ‘break the silence, address confusion and challenge denial around HIV and AIDS’. As the study progressed I could not ignore the stigma and discrimination associated with HIV and AIDS infection, and the impact of poverty and (mis)education in the time of HIV and AIDS. I also found myself confronted with the use of the traditional mnemonic oral-style of performance in the form of ‘new wine in old bottles’ where the learners at Mthusi High School used the ‘old bottles’ of gospel songs, isicathamiya and izibongo to compose and relay the ‘new wine’ of their experience and understandings around HIV and AIDS. I could see that the use of the mnemonic oral-style was a natural and powerful way for the learners’ understandings of HIV and AIDS to be shared amongst themselves, within the community, and with a larger public so breaking the silence around HIV and AIDS, and so addressing the confusion, challenging denial, stigma and discrimination around HIV and AIDS. The use of the mnemonic oral style in this way suggested to me that it could also be used effectively in education, and led to my suggesting the use of the traditional mnemonic oral-style relating to HIV and AIDS education in the Grades 10-12 Life Orientation Curriculum.
The use of ceramics as an aesthetic element in Durban architecture (1914-2012)
Authors:   , Padaruth Raksha
Published: September 2021

This paper documents and evaluates the use of ceramics as an aesthetic architectural element in Durban from 1914-2012 with special reference to James Hall (1916-2006), Andrew Walford (b.1942) and Jane du Rand (b.1969). These artists were selected because their work demonstrates a wide range of the use of decorative tiles and mosaics as aesthetic elements in Durban architecture over a period of more than fifty years. Reference is made to the historical use of tiles and mosaics as aesthetic architectural elements in Durban from 1914-1955 in order to provide a context to an investigation and evaluation of the contribution of Hall, Walford and du Rand to the use of tiles and mosaics as an aesthetic architectural element in Durban. The paper begins by highlighting the importance of this study, discusses the role of ceramic architectural adornment and defines terminology for the purpose of this research. In addition an explanation of the research methodology used, research questions and literature review is provided. The study is contextualised through an overview of the historical background of the use of ceramics (tiles and mosaics) as an aesthetic element in architecture. The importance of the use of ceramic elements in relation to architecture, as well as the different techniques and methods of production, are highlighted and related to contemporary practice. The overview provides insight into how the use of ceramic elements in the past has influenced the approach of contemporary practice. My contribution to the use of mosaics as an aesthetic architectural element in Durban and my art practice, in the form of an installation titled passage is discussed and evaluated. The paper concludes by noting that the historical use of tiles and mosaics as aesthetic elements in architecture persists in contemporary art practice. However, the methods of tiled mosaic production and tiled mosaic techniques have been revolutionised extensively. It is evident that, the use of ceramics as an aesthetic element in Durban architecture reflects, both a strong European design influence and a distinctive local identity.
KONTAMINASI Salmonella sp. PADA SOP BUAH YANG DIJUAL DI JALAN DR. MANSYUR KELURAHAN PADANG BULAN KOTA MEDAN
Authors: Rizqoh Debie , Ismuda Hamka
Published: September 2021

Sop buah merupakan salah satu jenis minuman yang terdiri dari campuran berbagai macam buah, sirup, susu, air dan es. Ada beberapa faktor yang dapat menyebabkan perubahan manfaat sop buah menjadi sumber penyakit bagi tubuh meliputi: air sebagai bahan sop buah dan air yang digunakan untuk mencuci mangkok dan sendok dapat menjadi bahan kontaminasi penyebab penyakit seperti Salmonella sp. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi Salmonella pada sop buah yang dijual di Jalan Dr. Mansyur Kelurahan Padang Bulan Selayang Medan Tahun 2018. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan metode pembiakan dan reaksi biokimia. Populasi dalam penelitian ini seluruh sop buah yang diperjualbelikan di Jalan Dr. Mansyur kelurahan Padang Bulan Medan sebanyak 10 sampel. Dari 10 sampel yang diperiksa ada 2 yang terkontaminasi oleh bakteri Salmonella sp dengan kode sampel S1 dan S4. Hal ini terjadi karena air sop buah yang kurang hygenies dan sop buah tidak memenuhi syarat kesehatan dapat menimbulkan kontaminasi pada makanan.
Interference between low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 and avirulent Newcastle diseases viruses in embryonated Specific Pathogen-Free chicken eggs
Authors: Essalah-Bennani Amal , Fagrach Asma , El Khantour Abderrazak , Fihri Ouafaa Fassi , Bouzouaia Moncef , Nassik Saâdia
Published: September 2021

Co-infection with low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) H9N2 and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has become a worrying concern for the poultry industry. The problem arises when the hidden virus influences the replication of another suspected virus. Subsequently, misdiagnosis of the actual cause may be ended up as a source of contamination for the other healthy flocks by the spread of the covered-up virus. In this preliminary study, we determined the potential impact of concurrent infection with H9N2 and avirulent NDV (Lasota) on the virus replication in Specific Pathogen-Free embryonated chicken egg (SPF-ECE) model. Assessment of the potential interference phenomena was carried out based on embryonic lesions, mortalities, and virus replication using real-time PCR. Our results showed that H9N2 interferes with LaSota growth, regardless of which infection occurred first. Our obtained preliminary results are a call for scientists to study the interference between LPAIV H9N2 and NDV both in-vivo and in-vitro in more detail.
A Study on Assessment and Management of Diabetic Gastropathy
Authors: Korivi Ravali , Krishna B. Ramya
Published: September 2021

To assess and manage Diabetic gastropathy. Diabetic gastropathy is least concern in developing countries but many patients receiving oral anti diabetics leads to serious gastric problems. This study involves identification of gastric problems and improves compliance, medication adherence among population and also determine the severity of gastric problems due to oral hypoglycemic drugs. In our study, women are more effected (54%) than men (46%). Most effected age group is 40-60 years age with 58% Mild (male-20.9%, female-22.27%) and moderate (male-37.9%, females-39.7%) conditions are the most effected in terms of severity. This is due to poor glycemic control and not using proper medication, diet. Treatment should be focused on improving gastric symptoms by controlling gastric emptying. Prevention of gastric symptoms by following some dietary changes, nutritional and physiological support is effective to patients.
Online Education during Covid-19: A Safe and Effective Way of Learning Research Techniques from a Mentor
Authors: Ameer Ali  , Maya Khemlani David
Published: September 2021

The Covid-19 pandemic has changed social mechanisms of our world causing many countries to impose either partial or complete lockdowns. Consequently, many people have resorted to online platforms for undertaking their daily business activities and jobs. Similarly, there is also an increasing trend of online education followed by both teachers and students around the world. Therefore, the aim of this research paper is to explore how a mentee learnt research techniques from a mentor through online platforms. Although researchers have studied the challenges and opportunities of online education during the pandemic, this research will explore how the mentee learnt research techniques from the mentor through emails, WhatsApp interaction, and Microsoft Word track changes feature. In this paper, we have used experiential research methodology for carrying out research. Employing qualitative method of data analysis, we have found out that the feedback and suggestions provided by a mentor to a mentee’s research work through the online platforms have been very safe and effective in improving the mentee’s research skills. Moreover, purposively selected chunks from the mentee’s six revised drafts have been discussed to demonstrate how online education facilitates practical learning during the pandemic. Finally, we are of the view that online platforms may be used as effective pedagogical tools because these facilitate learners to read their mentor’s feedback and suggestions as many times as they desire to improve their performance.
e-RUPI: A Purpose Specific Digital Voucher
Authors: Lamba Jonika , Jain Esha
Published: September 2021

e-RUPI is an advanced online resolution that has been launched by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) in collaboration with the Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, National Health Authority, and partner banks. It is just like a prepaid voucher that can be used by users to redeem an amount without a card, online payment application, or without accessing internet banking services. The present learning has explored the existing literature and aimed to discuss the merits and demerits of this emerging prepaid voucher, in the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. It has been found that the e-RUPI initiative of the Modi government will be fruitful for the beneficiaries as they will receive a direct benefit. It will be reliable and secure for both companies and customers. It suffers from ICT-related risks such as cyber fraud, hacking, lack of efficiency, and attitude of people towards adoption of this new resolution.
Three-way Calibration Checks Using Ground-Based, Ship-Based and Spaceborne Radars
Authors: Protat Alain , Louf Valentin , Soderholm Joshua , Brook Jordan , Ponsonby William
Published: September 2021

Abstract. This study uses weather radar observations collected from Research Vessel Investigator to evaluate the Australian weather radar network calibration monitoring technique that uses spaceborne radar observations from the NASA Global Precipitation Mission (GPM). Quantitative operational applications such as rainfall and hail nowcasting require a calibration accuracy of 1 dB for radars of the Australian network covering capital cities. Seven ground-based radars along the coast and the ship-based OceanPOL radar are first calibrated independently using GPM radar overpasses over a 3-month period. The calibration difference between the OceanPOL radar and each of the 7 operational radars is then estimated using collocated, gridded, radar observations to evaluate the accuracy of the GPM technique. For all seven radars the calibration difference with the ship radar lies within ±0.5 dB, therefore fulfilling the 1 dB requirement. This result validates the concept of using the GPM spaceborne radar observations to calibrate national weather radar networks (provided that the spaceborne radar maintains a high calibration accuracy). The analysis of the day-to-day and hourly variability of calibration differences between the OceanPOL and Darwin (Berrimah) radars also demonstrates that quantitative comparisons of gridded radar observations can accurately track daily and hourly calibration differences between pairs of operational radars with overlapping coverage (daily and hourly standard deviations of ~ 0.3 dB and ~ 1 dB, respectively).
Development of a coupled simulation framework representing the lake and river continuum of mass and energy (TCHOIR v1.0)
Authors: Tokuda Daisuke , Kim Hyungjun , Yamazaki Dai , Oki Taikan
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Terrestrial surface water temperature is a key variable affecting water
quality and energy balance, and thermodynamics and fluid dynamics are tightly
coupled in fluvial and lacustrine systems. Streamflow generally plays a role
in the horizontal redistribution of heat, and thermal exchange in lakes
predominantly occurs in a vertical direction. However, numerical models
simulate the water temperature for uncoupled rivers and lakes, and the
linkages between them on a global scale remain unclear. In this study, we
proposed an integrated modeling framework: Tightly Coupled framework for
Hydrology of Open water Interactions in River–lake network (TCHOIR, read as
“tee quire”). The objective is to simulate terrestrial fluvial and
thermodynamics as a continuum of mass and energy in solid and liquid phases
redistributed among rivers and lakes. TCHOIR uses high-resolution geographical
information harmonized over fluvial and lacustrine networks. The results have
been validated through comparison with in situ observations and
satellite-based data products, and the model sensitivity has been tested with
multiple meteorological forcing datasets. It was observed that the
“coupled” mode outperformed the “river-only” mode in terms of discharge
and temperature downstream of lakes; moreover, it was observed that seasonal and
interannual variation in lake water levels and temperature are also more
reliable in the “coupled” mode. The inclusion of lakes in the coupled model
resulted in an increase in river temperatures during winter at midlatitudes
and a decrease in temperatures during summer at high latitudes, which reflects
the role of lakes as a form of large heat storage. The river–lake coupling
framework presented herein provides a basis for further elucidating the role
of terrestrial surface water in Earth's energy cycle.
Enhanced diapycnal mixing with polarity-reversing internal solitary waves revealed by seismic reflection data
Authors: Gong Yi , Song Haibin , Zhao Zhongxiang , Guan Yongxian , Zhang Kun , Kuang Yunyan , Fan Wenhao
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Shoaling internal solitary waves near the Dongsha Atoll in the South China
Sea dissipate their energy and enhance diapycnal mixing, which have an
important impact on the oceanic environment and primary productivity. The
enhanced diapycnal mixing is patchy and instantaneous. Evaluating its
spatiotemporal distribution requires comprehensive observation data.
Fortunately, seismic oceanography meets the requirements, thanks to its high
spatial resolution and large spatial coverage. In this paper, we studied
three internal solitary waves in reversing polarity near the Dongsha Atoll and calculated their spatial distribution of diapycnal diffusivity. Our
results show that the average diffusivities along three survey lines are 2 orders of magnitude larger than the open-ocean value. The average
diffusivity in internal solitary waves with reversing polarity is 3 times that of the non-polarity reversal region. The diapycnal diffusivity is higher at the front of one internal solitary wave and gradually decreases from shallow to deep water in the vertical direction. Our results also
indicate that (1) the enhanced diapycnal diffusivity is related to
reflection seismic events, (2) convective instability and shear instability may both contribute to the enhanced diapycnal mixing in the
polarity-reversing process, and (3) the difference between our results and Richardson-number-dependent turbulence parameterizations is about 2–3 orders of magnitude, but its vertical distribution is almost the same.
Legal translation and “traditional” comparative law – Similarities and differences
Authors: Simonnæs Ingrid
Published: September 2021

The aim of this paper is to describe some similarities and differences encountered when comparing legal translation and comparative law as separate yet interrelated disciplines. To this end, their respective objectives and methods are broadly outlined. This is followed by a case study on translations of a specific legal text into English and German which have been produced by candidates sitting the Norwegian National Translator Accreditation Exam. In this paper, I intend to show that comparative law “in the traditional sense” (Friedman, 1990, p. 49) is much concerned with issues of translation and show that there are not only similarities but also differences.
Die notarielle Urkunde im italienisch-deutschen Vergleich: Überlegungen zur Übersetzung von Immobilienkaufverträgen
Authors: Wiesmann Eva
Published: September 2021

Notarial documents have some translation-relevant particularities which are strongly associated with the legal culture of the respective country. They are subject to competing influential factors – among others laws and administrative provisions, the facts of the case, form books, notary offices, and the recipient of the document – which determine the content, the specific structure and the language of notarial documents. In addition to the basic parameters of translation, translators should know and tackle the common features and the differences between the notarial documents of the countries concerned in order to produce a professional translation. This paper examines the most important common features and differences between Italian and German real estate sales contracts and presents the implications for translations from Italian into German against the background of the basic parameters of translation.
A genre analysis approach to the study of the translation of court documents
Authors: Borja Albi Anabel
Published: September 2021

This article describes an action research project on multilingual management and translation of court documents developed by the GENTT research group, which postulates that the notions of ‘textual genre’, ‘genre system’ and ‘meta-genre’ can be powerful tools for accessing and ‘reusing’ the linguistic and extra-linguistic information technical writers and translators need to manage specialised communication. To validate this hypothesis the criminal court genre systems of four countries (Germany, Spain, France and the United Kingdom) have been analysed and described from a legal-conceptual, discursive-textual and terminological perspective. The results of this contrastive analysis have been used as the basis for creating translation resources (both conceptual and linguistic), which have been organised into an online platform for translators of court documents. This platform is conceived as a knowledge system which will permit the ‘reusability’ of electronic translation resources. Our approach presents an integrative methodology for research into legal translation.
Exploring near-synonymous terms in legal language. A corpus-based, phraseological perspective
Authors: Gozdz-Roszkowski Stanislaw
Published: September 2021

This paper aims to determine the extent to which a corpus-based, phraseological approach can be effectively applied to discriminate among near-synonymous, semantically-related terms which often prove troublesome when translating legal texts. Based on a substantial multi-genre corpus of American legal texts, this study examines the collocational patterns of four legal terms ‘breach’, ‘contravention’, ‘infringement’ and ‘violation’, first in the genre of contracts and then in the multi-genre context of the entire corpus. The findings highlight the area of overlap as well as specificity in the usage of these terms. While collocational constraints can be argued to play an important disambiguating role in the semantic and functional analysis of both source and target text items carried out by translators prior to the interlingual translation, this study emphasizes the applicability of the phraseological approach to English  source texts.
Borja Albi, A., & Prieto Ramos, F. (Eds). Legal translation in context: Professional issues and prospects.
Authors: Harvey Malcolm
Published: September 2021

Borja Albi, A., & Prieto Ramos, F. (2013). Legal translation in context: Professional issues and prospects. Bern: Peter Lang. 315 p.
Pym, A., & Assis Rosa, A. (Eds.). New directions in translation studies/Novos rumos nos estudos da tradução. Special Issue of Anglo Saxonica 3.3.
Authors: Alves Fabio
Published: September 2021

Pym, A., & Assis Rosa, A. (Eds.) (2012). New directions in translation studies/Novos rumos nos estudos da tradução. Special Issue of Anglo Saxonica 3.3. Lisbon: University of Lisbon Centre for English Studies. 394p.
The visual multiplicity of films and its implications for audio description: A case study of the film What Dreams May Come
Authors: Maszerowska Anna
Published: September 2021

Multilingualism in film is largely understood in terms of verbal communication. However, multiplicity also strongly manifests itself at the level of visual narration. The many codes within the cinematographic language encourage a broadening of the concept of multilingualism beyond the spectrum of words alone. This article examines the implications of visual multiplicity for media accessibility and, in particular, for audio description. Taking as a starting point Chaume’s (2004a, 2004b) classification of signifying codes of cinematographic language, we carry out a detailed analysis of the film What Dreams May Come (1998), discuss the composition of the filmic image and suggest strategies for achieving a successful descriptive integration of the visual and the verbal.
Translation techniques in voiced-over multilingual feature movies
Authors: Sepielak Katarzyna
Published: September 2021

This paper maps out the use of translation techniques used for multilingual interactions in voiced-over movies. First, the present study aims to determine how multilingual elements are introduced into the films and what implications these elements carry. Secondly, qualitative analysis is used in view of showing which particular translation techniques are employed to transfer multilingual elements in voiced-over translation. Four multilingual movies available with Polish voiced-over soundtrack on DVD were selected: Vicky Cristina Barcelona (directed by Woody Allen, 2008), Nine (Rob Marshall, 2009), Avatar (James Cameron, 2009), and Inglourious Basterds (Quentin Tarantino, 2009). The analysis enabled us to distinguish a type of translation technique which has never been described before: exposition, which in the case of multilingual movies might constitute an efficient tool for recreating the presence of multilingual environment. The results also reveal that translation techniques used to translate multilingual elements do not significantly differ from those used when approaching L1 (main language of the source text) elements. However, the effect they can have on multilingualism might be completely different from that intended when translating L1.
How multilingual can a dubbed film be? Language combinations and national traditions as determining factors
Authors: Voellmer Elena , Zabalbeascoa Patrick
Published: September 2021

This paper analyses the German and Spanish dubbed versionsof Inglourious Basterds (Bender & Tarantino, 2009), two different translations of the same source text. In dialogue with relevant theory, we discuss the question of the extent to which a translated text can be heterolingual and how certain dubbing practices may prevent translations from being as heterolingual as their source texts. Our case study has also enabled us to find possible evidence of norms with regard to the translation of heterolingual films in Spain and in Germany. Linguistic variation is an important feature of Inglourious Basterds and it is both interlingual (different languages) and intralingual (dialects, sociolects and idiolects).  Each dubbed version has its own initial situation and it is particularly interesting to see how linguistic variation is dealt with in translation. We propose the concept of ‘represented nationalities’ (similar to Delabastita’s 2010 “supposedly spoken” or “represented” languages) in the Spanish dubbed version of the film. As a theoretical contribution, we suggest that ‘intertextual translation’ is a more accurate term for translations of heterolingual texts (including dubbed versions) than Jakobson’s (1959) “interlingual translation”.
Wartime interpreting during the Sino-Dutch War (1661–1662)
Authors: Chang Pin-ling
Published: September 2021

While wartime interpreting has become a research focus in very recent years, little research has explored on-the-battleground interpreting for warring sides in pre-modern times. By examining the Dutch East India Company (VOC) archival resources and other relevant historical documents, this study discusses interpreting practices during the Sino-Dutch War (1661–1662) in seventeenth-century colonial Taiwan, with a focus on interpreters’ backgrounds, functions and status, issues of loyalty and trust, and interpreters and translation as a tool of manipulation and power struggles. The overview of the interpreters and the interpreting practices in pre-modern wartime viewed against our present experience shows both differences and similarities in wartime interpreting between the past and the present; it also indicates that although the importance of interpreters has been increasingly recognized, they have remained a symbol of both relief and distrust since ancient times.
The untold story: June´s case study
Authors: Gomez Amich Maria
Published: September 2021

Undoubtedly, Secret Intelligence Services’ stories are based on people. And so is this article, which presents a new insight through a unique testimony from a narrative interview of an MI6 veteran linguist whose existence was kept highly guarded for more than 40 years. Drawing on first-hand testimony and a range of historical publications, this article presents a thematic study of key details about the decoding, translating and indexing activities performed by MI6 veterans. It is interwoven with data collected from a three-and-a-half hour interview which was subsequently manually analysed according to keywords and themes. Owing to the small corpus, this article does not seek to draw any conclusions but rather to serve as a tribute to all those who worked with languages at MI6 sections during World War II.
How do interpreters become heroes? Narratives on Soviet/Russian military interpreters
Authors: Probirskaja Svetlana
Published: September 2021

This article identifies narratives, or storylines, which represent Soviet/Russian wartime/military interpreters.  The data include the autobiographical writings of interpreters, documentaries, media articles, scholarly articles, and websites. The examination of the data proceeds to some extent in accordance with the narrative typology provided by Mona Baker (2006), that is, from general to personal narratives, with the assumption that personal narratives are embedded in collective narratives. The positioning of wartime interpreters participating in the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945) is compared to that of military interpreters participating in the military operations of the Soviet Union in the 1970s and 1980s. A narrative reading of the data uncovers the storylines that portray wartime/military interpreters as quiet war heroes.
Interpreters and interpreting in conflict zones and scenarios: A historical perspective
Authors: Ruiz Rosendo Lucía , Persaud Clementina
Published: September 2021

This article presents an overview of interpreting in conflict zones and scenarios in different periods of history as represented in the papers included in the special issue. Conflict between parties with different cultural and linguistic backgrounds is pervasive in human history and has always involved interpreters in the sense of intercultural and linguistic mediators. Although interpreting became highly professionalized from the second half of the twentieth century, language brokering in conflict zones is still an unregulated occupation mainly pursued by untrained interpreters. Furthermore, there is a lack of recognition of the specific role that interpreters in conflict situations play. In spite of an increasing awareness of the role of interpreters in conflict zones and an expanding scholarly literature on the subject, we believe that more studies adopting a historical standpoint are needed. The aim of this special volume is to shed light on the characteristics, ideology, status, neutrality, occupation, role in the different stages of the conflict, training issues, and working practices and procedures of interpreters in conflict zones.
Translation and genetic criticism: Genetic and editorial approaches to the ‘untranslatable’ in Joyce and Beckett
Authors: Van Hulle Dirk
Published: September 2021

A genetics of translation may suggest a unidirectional link between two fields of research (genetic criticism applied to translations), but there are many ways in which translation and genetic criticism interact. This article’s research hypothesis is that an exchange of ideas between translation studies and genetic criticism can be mutually beneficial in more than one way. Their main function is to enhance a form of textual awareness, and to this end they inform each other in at least five different ways: genesis as part of translation; translation of the genesis; genesis of the translation; translation as part of the genesis; and finally the genesis of the untranslatable. To study this nexus translation/genetic criticism the works of James Joyce and Samuel Beckett will serve as case studies.
Genetic translation studies: An emerging discipline
Authors: Cordingley Anthony , Montini Chiara
Published: September 2021

This article charts the emergence of a new form of translation research that we term genetic translation studies. It explores the foundations of this approach in the French school of critique génétique, which developed a methodology for studying the drafts, manuscripts and other working documents (avant-textes) of modern literary works with the aim of revealing the complexity of the creative processes engaged in their production. This methodology draws upon different theoretical and interdisciplinary approaches (poetic, linguistic, philosophical, psychoanalytical, phenomenological, etc.) and has since been adapted to the study of other media, including music, cinema, photography, painting, architecture, and the translated text. This article analyses how genetic approaches have been applied to translated texts by both genetic critics and translation scholars. It highlights, furthermore, the opportunities as well as the challenges for literary and other forms of translation research when a genetic approach is adopted.
Valero-Garcés, C. & Tipton, R. (2017). Ideology, ethics and policy development in public service interpreting and translation. Bristol & Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters
Authors: Liu Lisheng
Published: September 2021

Book Review
Paintings to my ears: A method of studying subjectivity in audio description for art museums
Authors: Luque M Olalla , Soler Gallego Silvia
Published: September 2021

An increasing number of museums are using audio description (AD) to provide access for visually impaired visitors to their collections by means of a wide range of mobile devices and apps. However, research in this field is still limited. The present article proposes a methodological approach that combines interviews and corpus analysis for studying audio-descriptive guides of art museums. More specifically, the proposed methodology focuses on the study of subjectivity, which has become a controversial aspect of AD in the past few years and the focus of a number of studies. The article offers a step-by-step description of the methodology and illustrates it with data from a study carried out by the authors on this type of multimodal communication.
A project-based approach to subtitler training
Authors: Szarkowska Agnieszka
Published: September 2021

In this article I describe how a project-based approach can be implemented when training subtitlers. I present collaborative project-based work carried out at the Institute of Applied Linguistics, University of Warsaw, as part of an optional module on subtitling in the MA Programme in Translation. The project was conducted in cooperation with the Polish National Film Archive. As part of the project, students had to subtitle into English some Polish pre-World War II films. I describe the project, the structure and content of the course, the working methods, the assessment and the students’ feedback. Finally, I discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a project-based approach compared to traditional subtitling teaching models within the higher education framework.
D'hulst, L., & Gambier Y. (Eds.). (2018). A history of modern translation knowledge: Sources, concents, effects. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 475 pp.
Authors: Van Egdom Gys-Walt
Published: September 2021

Book review
Situated cognition and the ethnographic study of translation processes: Translation scholars as outsiders, consultants and passionate participants
Authors: Milošević Jelena , Risku Hanna
Published: September 2021

Whereas traditional methods of translation process research aim predominantly at fulfilling the requirements for controlled scientific experiments, shifts towards embodiment and situatedness at a conceptual level require methodological innovations for the analysis of cognitive processes as embedded in their relevant environments. In this article, we concentrate on one of the main challenges in the ethnographic study of translation processes in the translation workplace: the relationship between the researchers and the participants. Drawing on data from a multiple case study, we investigate the perceived role of the researchers and the mutual expectations of both the observers and the observed. In doing so, we examine the attitudes of translators and translation project managers towards researchers in a series of different work settings. Our results indicate that the enquirer posture imposed on the researchers by some participants corresponds with the formers’ planned methodological and epistemological approaches, as do their expected trade-offs. Others, in turn, differ substantially from the researchers in their expectations. Based on our own experience and subsequent reflections, we argue that fostering connections between translation scholars and practitioners may contribute to overcoming some of the methodological challenges of ethnographic research in Translation Studies.
Malmkjær, K., ?erban, A., & Louwagie, F. (Eds.). (2018). Key cultural texts in translation. John Benjamins. 320 pp.
Authors: Alfer Alexa
Published: September 2021

Book review
Romero-Fresco, P. (2019). Accessible filmmaking: Integrating translation and accessibility into the filmmaking process. Routledge. 266 pp.
Authors: Remael Aline
Published: September 2021

Book review
Imaginarios activistas sobre Internet: Del mito tecno-utópico al desencanto digital
Authors: Treré Emiliano , Candón-Mena Jose , Sola-Morales Salomé
Published: September 2021

Este artículo explora los mitos e imaginarios sociales sobre Internet compartidos y vehiculados por el discurso académico y por los activistas de los nuevos movimientos sociales que utilizan la tecnología de forma intensiva como base de sus estrategias de organización y acción colectiva. Se indagan los discursos, imaginarios y mitos sobre la Red mediante una metodología cualitativa basada en la observación participante y en la entrevista activa a activistas de diferentes movimientos sociales. A través del análisis de los relatos de los ciberactivistas recogidos entre 2007 y 2020, se manifiesta una evolución de los mitos e imaginarios, que transitan desde una retórica ciber-libertaria utópica e idealizada hacia una creciente desmitificación de la Red como espacio distópico.
El estallido de nuevas formas de circulación del sentido en las sociedades hipermediatizadas. Entrevista a Mario Carlón
Authors: Peñamarín Cristina , Márquez Israel V.
Published: September 2021

El estallido de nuevas formas de circulación del sentido en las sociedades hipermediatizadas. Entrevista a Mario Carlón