bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A study on the functional outcome of arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction done with bone patellar tendon bone graft using the IKDC score
Authors: Abraham Vineet Thomas , R. Krishnagopal , Kondreddi Vamsi , Mahapatra Swagat
Published: November 2016

Background: ACL injuries result in persistent recurrent instability and increased risk of meniscal tears and intra-articular damage, leading on to degenerative changes in the knee. There are many studies about ACL reconstruction using bone patellar tendon bone graft (BPTB) and its outcome, but there is not enough literature on the subjective assessment following reconstruction. We decided to do a study of the patient’s subjective outcome as per the International knee documentation committee score (IKDC) and other clinical parameters following ACL reconstruction using the BPTB graft.

Methods: This was a prospective study consisting of 50 patients who presented with ACL injury and underwent arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using BPTB graft in our hospital in the period from May 2008 to July 2010.  Patients were followed at regular intervals at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 3 months & 6 months and 1 year. Patients were assessed at every visit with clinical tests and IKDC subjective assessment score.

Results: 50 patients with ACL insufficiency underwent ACL reconstruction. Postoperative knee flexion improved; the mean flexion was 131.70 with standard deviation of 6.534, which was significant. The mean preoperative IKDC was 56.97 and standard deviation of 9.188 and postoperative IKDC score was 92.33 and standard deviation 5.198 which showed a marked improvement and was statistically significant. The complications included; 8 patents with anterior knee pain, 1 case of patellar fracture while harvesting graft, which healed with wiring and 2 patients, had re-rupture of ACL due to road traffic accident.
Conclusions: ACL reconstruction with BPTB graft showed a significantly good subjective outcome on assessment using IKDC score. Isolated ACL reconstruction showed a better subjective outcome compared to the patients who had associated meniscal injury.
Study of inflammatory markers in idiopathic osteoarthritis of knee
Authors: Joshi Anil Kumar , Singh Vikram , Hatwal Deepa , Singh Mridu , Joshi Chitra
Published: November 2016

Background: The aim of the present study was to analyse inflammatory markers in idiopathic osteoarthritis of knee and to formulate reliable disease markers in the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease.

Methods: This prospective study was conducted for 2 years in a tertiary care center in 60 patients with idiopathic osteoarthritis of knee and compared them with 60 controls that had no signs of osteoarthritis.

Results: The hematological markers to study inflammatory basis of idiopathic osteoarthritis of knee suggested that ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) was more than 20 mm/hour in 83.3%. Serum rheumatoid factor (RF) and CRP (C-reactive protein) was positive in 8.3% and 13.3% patients respectively. Antinuclear antibody (ANA) was positive in 2 (3.3%) patients and negative in 58 (96.7%) patients. Synovial fluid analysis was done in 44 patients with RF positivity in only 1 patient. The control group has ESR less than 30 mm/hour and CRP was (<3 µg/ml). In the control group RF and ANA were similar to the normal population.

Conclusions: Synovial fluid analysis is of value to rule out crystal arthropathies and pyogenic arthritis. The study indicates that ESR, CRP and RF collectively can serve as surrogate markers in idiopathic osteoarthritis of knee. Further studies need to be done to formulate reliable disease markers in idiopathic osteoarthritis of knee. 
Comparative study between proximal femoral nail and proximal femoral nail antirotation in management of unstable trochanteric fractures
Authors: Kashid Manoj R. , Gogia Tushar , Prabhakara Anjan , Jafri Mohammad A. , Shaktawat Dilip S. , Shinde Gopal
Published: November 2016

Background: In the management of peri-trochanteric fractures, intramedullary (IM) devices have proven advantage over extramedullary devices. IM devices allow for stable anatomical fixation of more comminuted fractures without shortening the abductor lever arm or changing the proximal femoral anatomy. Between IM devices like proximal femoral nail (PFN) and proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA), the helical blade of latter is believed to provide stability, compression and rotational control of the fracture with higher cut out strength. The following study was undertaken in an attempt to compare these two types of Intra-medullary devices.

Methods: Between January 2012 and June 2013, 50 patients with unstable intertrochanteric fractures fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria, were randomized into 2 groups to undergo CRIF with either standard PFN (n=25) or PFNA (n=25). They were compared in terms of demography, per-operative variables and postoperative parameters including functional evaluation till 1year postoperatively.

Results: Background demographic variables, fracture type and pre-injury ambulatory status were comparable between the groups. Operative duration of surgery, amount of blood loss and number of fluoroscopic images were significantly lower in PFNA group as compared to PFN group. Post op complications like infection, non-union, cut out/z-effect, loss of reduction, re-operation and mortality rates didn’t differ significantly between the groups. Post op functional recovery as evaluated by pain, use of walking aids and Harris hip scores were similar in both groups.

Conclusions: PFNA significantly reduces the operative time, amount of blood loss and fluoroscopic imaging as compared to PFN. However PFNA offers no significant benefits over PFN in terms of post-operative functional recovery or complications.
Functional outcome of elastic stable intramedullary nailing of diaphyseal fractures of paediatric long bones
Authors: Vashisht Arun , Sharma Gaurav Dev
Published: November 2016

Background: After the advent of titanium elastic nails (TENs) and gratifying results of elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) in diaphyseal fractures of paediatric long bones, not only the parents of patients are opting surgical treatment over conservative, but also more and more orthopaedicians are offering ESIN with TENs to obviate the inherent problems of conservative treatment. We took up this study to evaluate the functional outcome of ESIN with TENs.

Methods: 44 patients aged 5-15 years suffering from diaphyseal fractures of femur, tibia, humerus, and forearm bones were treated by ESIN with TENs.

Results: All 44 patients showed uneventful union, femur in an average period of 8.3 weeks, tibia in 7.3 weeks, forearm bones within 7 weeks and humerus in 7.5 weeks. Commonest complication was pain at insertion site. 1 femur patient had lengthening of 1.5 cm. 1 femur and 1 forearm patient showed joint stiffness. No patient had delayed/non-union, sagittal/coronal/rotational mal-union, and deep infection. Partial weight bearing (PWB) started from 2nd/3rd day attaining full weight bearing (FWB) in 6-10 weeks.

Conclusions: ESIN with TENs appears logical and safe to obviate the inherent problems of conservative treatment, as ESIN is least invasive and allows early PWB/FWB leading to early independence of personal hygiene/toilet use with early social integration/return to school.
Functional outcome of intra-articular tongue type of calcaneus fractures treated with percutaneous technique
Authors: Dalal Bhavik Y. , Suthar Raghav K. , Tank Parag Y. , Rathod Dipal , Damor Harshal
Published: November 2016

Background: Intra-articular calcaneus fracture is relatively rare and morbidity correlates with displacement and relative alignment of fragments. The treatment should address both components to maintain mechanics of foot. Among the available options open reduction and internal fixation is associated with major soft tissue complications and wound healing problems. As an alternative percutaneous fixation offer fewer complications yet good results for less severe calcaneus fractures. Our study aimed to contribute paucity of data available for these rare fractures and help to propose a preferred method of treatment.

Methods: A hospital based study carried out on 20 patients over period of 2 year with closed displaced intra-articular tongue type of calcaneal fracture treated with percutaneous fixation and outcome was evaluated using clinical, radiological criteria and American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score. All patients were followed up for minimum 9 months with mean follow up of 13.5 month.

Results: All patients had evidence of union within 2 month follow up. Mean correction in Bohler angle and Gissane angle was 23.2° and 25.4° respectively at final follow up. Mean change in heel height was 3.15 mm and width change was 2.75 mm compare to opposite side. Mean eversion inversion arch was 28° and near normal ankle range of motion. Functional outcome calculated on bases of AOFAS score revealed 18 patients (90%) had good results and 2 patients (10%) had fair results. Mean AOFAS score was 81.25. Complications were reported in three patients, one had signs of peroneal tendinitis and two had persistent pain and heel widening.

Conclusions: We believe percutaneous ﬁxation should be considered as a preferred method for mild to moderately displaced tongue type of intraarticular calcaneus fractures. It potentially allows anatomical fracture reduction with lesser complications and good functional outcome.
Functional outcome of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadruple hamstring tendon graft using EndoButton and bioabsorbable interference screw: minimum 2-year follow-up
Authors: Suranigi Shishir Murugharaj , R. Kanagasabai , Najimudeen Syed , Gnanadoss James J.
Published: November 2016

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most common ligament to be torn in the knee joint and ACL reconstruction (ACLR) is one of the most commonly performed surgery in orthopaedics nowadays. This study evaluated short term results of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadruple hamstring tendon (QHT) graft using EndoButton for femoral fixation and Bio absorbable interference screw for tibial fixation.

Methods: Out of the 68 patients who underwent single-bundle ACLR with QHT graft  using EndoButton for femoral fixation and Bio absorbable interference screw for tibial fixation, 60 patients were followed up for a minimum period of 2 years. Patients were followed up at regular intervals and evaluation was done using the anterior drawer test, Lachman test, pivot-shift test, modified Cincinnati rating system and Tegner-Lysholm knee scoring scale.

Results: There was improvement in the Lachman test and pivot-shift test at 2 year follow-up, from grade 2 (n=47) or grade 3 (n=6) to grade 1 (n=17) or grade 0 (n=42) and from grade 1 (n=38) or grade 2 (n=12) to grade 1 (n=14) or 0 (n=45), respectively. The mean Modified Cincinnati score and Tegner-Lysholm knee score improved from 59.57 to 99.03 and 64.45 to 98.87 respectively at 2 year follow-up. Complications occurred in 3 patients, a re-rupture due to trauma at 1 year after surgery, development of a cyclops lesion with restricted range of motion and a superficial infection at the graft harvest site.

Conclusions: The two year follow-up results of ACLR with QHT graft using EndoButton for femoral fixation and bioabsorbable interference screw for tibial fixation are satisfactory and comparable with other modalities of graft fixation.
Evaluation of femoral neck shaft angle on plain radiographs and its clinical implications
Authors: Pathak Subodh Kumar , Maheshwari Pritam , Ughareja Prahlad , Gadi Daksh , M. Prashanth Raj , Gour Sandeep Kumar
Published: November 2016

Background: The femoral neck-shaft angle is the measurement of the angle formed between the oblique oriented neck with the vertical shaft and is an important anatomic measurement for the evaluation of biomechanics of hip. The neck shaft angle is important in surgeries that involve the neck of femur, Intertrochanteric fractures, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, and developmental dysplasia of hip. Different variation of neck shaft angle has been seen in different literature and all the orthopedic implants are designed according to the values of the western literature which is different from the Indian subcontinent.

Methods: Pelvic radiographs of patients who presented to Accident and emergency care or the outpatient department were used in the study 110 patients radiographs were assessed in the study. There were 55 males and 55 females in our study. The mean age for males was 46.5 years and that for females was 43.2 years. The pelvis radiographs were studied for neck shaft angle .The measurements were performed bilaterally on the digital screen using the PACS (picture archiving and communication system) with handheld 360 degree goniometer.

Results: The mean neck shaft angle in our study was129.26 degree for males and 126.62 degree for females .The overall mean neck shaft angle in 110 radiographs was 128.60 degree.

Conclusions: We conclude that consideration of neck shaft angles in orthopedics surgery and designing of implant can give more angle options for the surgeons which can improve the overall prognosis of the patient.
Modified dome shaped proximal tibial osteotomy for treatment of infantile tibia vara
Authors: Geith Mohammed A. A. , Naggar Ahmed M. El.
Published: November 2016

Background: Tibial deformity in childhood is not always one plane deformity, but often combines torsional and angular malalignment.

Methods: In this prospective study, dome shaped osteotomy was performed in 36 tibiae in 24 patients. The osteotomy was held with K-wires and a plaster cast. The mean age at surgery was 5.5 years and the mean follow-up time was 30 months, range (24-42) months.

Results: All osteotomies united and no compartment syndrome occurred. Postoperatively, one leg (2.7%) had temporary weakness of external hallucis longus muscle. Thirty five of thirty six legs had good clinical and radiological correction of alignment. Recurrent deformity was seen in one leg. ‎ 

Conclusions: Dome shaped osteotomy of the tibia is a simple, safe and effective method for correction of uni-planar varus deformity. For bi-planar deformities in childhood with infantile tibia vara we may need to step cut the lateral cortex to allow good bone contact to help in union with minimum morbidity.

 
Management of neglected cases of congenital muscular torticollis with bipolar release
Authors: Panigrahi Ranajit , Sahu Biswajit , Samant Saswat
Published: November 2016

Background: Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) is the third most common congenital musculoskeletal anomaly in children. After the age of one year functional and cosmetic benefits require corrective surgery. Neglected congenital torticollis is commoner in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of bipolar release in this age group.

Methods: 16 cases were operated on for neglected congenital muscular torticollis. Inclusion criteria included age of more than ten years, absence of any previous surgery, and absence of any known pathology. Inferior release was done through an incision 1 cm above the medial third of the clavicle. The clavicular head was released completely while the sternal head was lengthened by z-plasty. The mastoid head was released though an incision just below the tip of the mastoid process. The postoperative management included physiotherapy with halter traction. Neck ROM, head tilt, craniofacial asymmetry were assessed.

Results: Excellent results were noted in four patients, good in eight, fair in two, and poor in two.

Conclusions: We believe that bipolar release is a very viable option for correcting neglected CMT as it brought about both functional improvement as well as improvement in cosmesis, resulting in improved quality of life.
Effect of drains on dynamic proprioception after arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Authors: Mahajan Atul
Published: November 2016

Background: Decrease in proprioception and kinesthesia occurs after ACL injury. Changes occurring within the joint following injury affect normal recruitment and firing patterns of the surrounding musculature. There are little data in the literature with reference to drain use after arthroscopic procedures on the knee or ACL reconstruction. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of postoperative drain use on proprioception after arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with quadrupled hamstring graft.

Methods: In this study, 54 arthroscopic ACL reconstruction patients were randomized for either intra-articular suction drain group or non-drain group. Outcome Assessment was done at 1 month, 3, 6 and 12 months after the surgery in which patients were assessed using Star excursion balance test by measuring excursion distances in each of the 8 directions.

Results: Excursion distances in eight directions showed more increment in drainage tube (DT) group compared to no DT group. However it was found to be statistically significant only for posteromedial (p =0.018) and medial directions (p <0.001).

Conclusions: Postoperative drain should be used after arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with quadrupled hamstring graft for improving the deficits in dynamic posture control.
Clinical outcome of arthroscopic management of isolated posterior cruciate ligament injuries
Authors: Perumal Suresh , Amer Sadem , Ayyadurai Prakash , Sivaraman Arumugam
Published: November 2016

Background: Isolated posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries are considered as benign and treated conservatively. But studies have shown the long term outcomes of these patients are poor. Aim of this study is to determine the functional outcomes, efficacy, and complication of isolated PCL injuries treated by arthroscopic PCL reconstruction or fixation.

Methods: 24 patients, each with an isolated PCL injury, (17 with complete PCL tear and 7 with PCL avulsion fracture) were enrolled in this prospective study. Patients with complete tear underwent PCL reconstruction with hamstring tendon autograft and patients with displaced avulsion fractures underwent arthroscopic fixation with suture bridge technique. Average age at time of surgery was 33 years. Average time from injury to surgery was 1 month. Average follow-up period was 18 months. Patients underwent regular follow-up postoperatively with clinical and radiographic evaluation. Follow-up examinations comprised the Lysholm knee score, the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score.

Results: Mean preoperative Lysholm score for 24 knees was 41; mean postoperative Lysholm score was 90. Eighteen of 24 patients had excellent results, and 4 patients had good results and 2 patients have fare result at final assessment. IKDC ratings showed significant improvements on subsequent follow ups. In final IKDC ratings, 21 patients were assessed as normal or near normal (grade A or B).

Conclusions: The short-term follow-up, analytical results showed good function after arthroscopic management in isolated PCL injuries. Hence we recommend surgical intervention in isolated PCL injuries.
Management of stable intertrochanteric fractures with minimally invasive dynamic hip screw
Authors: Padmanaban Kosalaraman , Ramasamy Vivekanandhan , Subramaniyan Vijay Krishnan Arcot
Published: November 2016

Background: Trochanteric fracture is the commonest fracture which accounts to 90 % of the fractures in patients over 50 years. The aim of the treatment is to prevent malunion and early mobilization with ambulation which is accomplished by dynamic hip screw and sliding plate. Minimal invasive technique has advantages of less blood loss, minimal soft tissue dissection, early mobilization and shorter hospital stay.The study was done to evaluate the amount of intraoperative blood loss, reduction of postoperative haemoglobin, requirement of postoperative analgesics and duration of postoperative hospital stay in the patients with stable intertrochanteric fracture treated with minimal invasive dynamic hip screw (MIDHS).

Methods: Twenty five patients with stable intertrochanteric fractures were treated with minimal invasive Dynamic hip screw fixation. Average intra operative blood loss, reduction of postoperative haemoglobin, requirement of post-operative analgesics and total duration of postoperative hospital stay were evaluated. All the patients were followed up periodically at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year.  All the patients were evaluated radiologically in the follow up period. The functional assessment was done with Harris hip score.

Results: Mean intraoperative blood loss was found to be 75 ml. The mean duration of surgery was found to be 44.3 minutes. All the patients were mobilized 24 hours of surgery with non-weight bearing walking with walker support. The average time for union was found to be 4 months. No complications like postoperative infection, malunion, coxa vara, limb length discrepancy were seen. The final functional Harris hip score was found to be excellent in 14, good in 4, fair in 2.

Conclusions: MIDHS is a safe technique having advantages of less blood loss, minimal soft tissue dissection and shorter hospital stay, early rehabilitation in treating stable intertrochanteric fractures compared to conventional DHS.
Manufacturing Dissent: The New Economy of Power Relations in Multicultural Teacher Education
Authors: Richardson Bruna Katherine
Published: November 2016

This article challenges conventional understandings of White preservice teacher resistance by contextualizing it within the historically-situated pedagogical relations of the multicultural teacher education classroom. It describes the power effects of a cultural mismatch-driven, “critical” reflection approach to the preparation of the White preservice teacher and offers as an alternative a practice of Loving Subversion. In this approach, critical reflection is used not to reinscribe White racist identity but to develop a purposeful sense of White anti-racism. A practice of Loving Subversion is necessary, it is argued, if we are to build genuine capacity among White preservice teachers for effective work with culturally and linguistically diverse students.
Promoting a True Pluralistic Dialogue: A Particularistic Multicultural Teacher Accreditation Program for Israeli Bedouins
Authors: Reingold Roni
Published: November 2016

This paper reports on a preliminary assessment of a unique teacher accreditation program that was established in a college in southern Israel in an attempt to improve the Arab Bedouins’ educational system and to promote a true dialogue between Bedouins and Jewish students on the basis of a particularistic multicultural approach. Data was collected and analyzed by employing a combination of several qualitative methods including content analysis of program-related documents and interviews with students and faculty. The results provided support for the idea that a 3-year particularistic stage in their program allowed Bedouins students to have more productive encounters and dialogue with Jewish students during a subsequent fourth year.
La Casa De Esperanza: The House That Multicultural Education Built
Authors: Rios Francisco
Published: November 2016

Using a house (la casa) as a metaphor, this manuscript attempts to provide a broad overview of the field of multicultural education as an academic discipline. It includes viewing multicultural education from a macrolevel perspective (el barrio), describing many paths multicultural educators have taken (los calles), and reading the stories of oppression and resistance which they face (los paredes). It details the icons in the field (la entrada), the people with whom we work everyday (la sala), the places for networking and academic engagement (el patio), the myths and stereotypes as well as our responses to these about multicultural education (la cocina), and the tough issues we have yet to address fully (el ropero). It ends with a description of promising practices and a long-term vision (including the DREAM Act) for multicultural education (el techo). Chicano Art is used throughout.
A Mirror, a Window: Assisting Teachers in Selecting Appropriate Multicultural Young Adult Literature
Authors: Wilfong Lori Georgianne
Published: November 2016

The purpose of this article is to describe a rubric created to assist teachers in selecting multicultural, young adult literature for use in their classrooms. Too often, teachers use the same texts year after year and are afraid of delving into the rich cannon of multicultural literature offered because they are not sure how or what to select. This rubric assists teachers and students in choosing texts that respect the authority of the author and the culture they are depicting.
À espera da seca que vem: capacidade adaptativa em comunidades rurais do semiárido
Authors: Mancal Ansu , Lima Patrícia Verônica Pinheiro Sales , Khan Ahmad Saeed , Mayorga Maria Irles de Oliveira
Published: November 2016

Este artigo avalia a disponibilidade de recursos necessários para criação de capacidade adaptativa em comunidades rurais do semiárido brasileiro. A pesquisa utiliza dados primários obtidos por meio de aplicação de questionários. Dada a grande extensão geográfica da região, adota-se como recorte uma amostra de comunidades rurais inseridas em áreas susceptíveis à desertificação no Estado do Ceará. A discussão é feita a partir de um sistema de indicadores definido por meio de consultas a especialistas  (método Delphi) e subdividido em quatro dimensões da capacidade adaptativa: capital social, capital econômico, capital humano e capital natural, pressupondo que a capacidade adaptativa é definida pela disponibilidade de um conjunto de recursos capazes de promover o bem-estar local. A análise da distribuição dos indicadores selecionados mostra que as comunidades possuem baixos níveis de recursos necessários para adaptação, sendo que os pontos mais críticos são destacados na dimensão de capital humano. No contexto observado acredita-se que as ações governamentais que poderiam melhorar a capacidade adaptativa das comunidades rurais do semiárido em relação às secas não encontram ambiente social propício para expressarem seu potencial, sendo o maior desafio a adoção de estratégias integradas de educação e capacitação da população que atuem de forma transversal em todas as políticas voltadas para o desenvolvimento local.
Demografia dos povos indígenas: os Censos Demográficos como ponto de vista
Authors: Campos Marden Barbosa de , Estanislau Bárbara Roberto
Published: November 2016

Não disponível
Board meeting and firm performance: Evidence from the Amman stock exchange
Authors: Al-Daoud Khaleel Ibrahim , Saidin Siti Zabedah , Abidin Shamharir
Published: November 2016

This study examines the impact of board meeting frequency on the firm performance of the firms listed on the Amman Stock Exchange from industry and service sectors for the 2009-2013 period. The study controls for endogeneity and simultaneously problems using the dynamic panel technique of Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The findings of the study suggest that a positive association between the frequency of corporate board meetings and firm performance. This suggests that through meetings, board members determine operational issues through discussing and engaging with each other frequency meetings enhancing the decision making process, and consequently the performance of the firms. The findings also show that lagged dependent variable in the estimation model is important in explaining the relationship, which further indicates the appropriateness of the estimation models in our study. This study provides insightful evidence to policy makers on the effectiveness of the of the 2009 Code of Corporate Governance
Examining the concept of de facto director in corporate governance
Authors: Nwafor Anthony O.
Published: November 2016

There are different categories of persons involved in the execution of the company’s affairs, but not all have the capacity to bind the company as the embodiment of the company itself. Those who exercise acts of management and control over the company’s business are usually referred to as the directors. Where persons who satisfy the statutorily prescribed qualification standard are duly appointed by the shareholders to exercise control and manage the affairs of the company function in that capacity, they are usually identified as de jure directors. But where there is no such appointment, or irregular appointment, the law demands, for the protection of those dealing with the company, that the role performed by the person be examined to ascertain whether such a person is a de facto director. The more difficult part lies in identifying a de facto director where the subject company has a corporate body as its director. The extant judicial authority suggests that the human person in the corporate director must be performing functions which are beyond the natural call of duty in relation to the corporate director to constitute a de facto director of the subject company. The paper argues that the standard is satisfied in any case where the human person is involved in the initiation and execution of the affairs of the subject company, and more so where the conducts of the subject company are patently unlawful.
The relationship between leader-follower exchange and job insecurity: The mediating role of trust
Authors: Lawal Olufemi Adigun , Babalola Sunday Samson
Published: November 2016

The study examines the extent and nature of mediational roles of affective and cognitive trusts on the predictive relationship between leader-member exchange (LMX) and job insecurity. Six hundred and twenty-six employees are surveyed through questionnaire administration. Analysis of the data is done with simple regression and multiple regression analyses. The findings show no significant prediction of job insecurity by affective trust as well as no significant mediation of the LMX and job insecurity relationship by affective trust. The study also shows significant prediction of job insecurity by LMX, and significant mediation of the LMX-job insecurity relationship by cognitive trust. The results are discussed in the light of reviewed literature and current realities. The implications of the study are also highlighted.
Included, but still not equal? Gender segregation at quota regulated boards
Authors: Storvik Aagoth , Gulbrandsen Trygve
Published: November 2016

In 2003 Norway introduced a new regulation that required at least 40 percent of each gender on company boards. Norway was the first country in the world to introduce such a law, but several countries have since proposed similar arrangements. Before the reform, opponents of the law in Norway claimed that the new women directors would not be allowed to participate fully in board decision-making. Instead, their role would only be window dressing. Based on a questionnaire sent to all directors in public limited companies in 2009, the article studies this allegation. Results show that women directors report less ability to influence board decision making than men directors. Moreover, women to a lesser extent feel they are part of the inner circle on boards where such phenomena is perceived to exist. These tendencies also hold when we control for many other independent variables such as board role, ownership interest, number of directorships, and occupation, among others. Hence, the quota regulated boards might show tendencies of gender hierarchies and resegregation.
Governance among Malaysian high performing companies
Authors: Marsidi Asri , Abu Mansor Shazali
Published: November 2016

Well performed companies have always been linked with effective governance which is generally reflected through effective board of directors. However many issues concerning the attributes for effective board of directors remained unresolved. Nowadays diversity has been perceived as able to influence the corporate performance due to the likelihood of meeting variety of needs and demands from diverse customers and clients. The study therefore aims to provide a fundamental understanding on governance among high performing companies in Malaysia.
Pancreatic β-Cells Express the Fetal Islet Hormone Gastrin in Rodent and Human Diabetes
Authors: Dahan Tehila , Ziv Oren , Horwitz Elad , Zemmour Hai , Lavi Judith , Swisa Avital , Leibowitz Gil , Ashcroft Frances M. , In’t Veld Peter , Glaser Benjamin , Dor Yuval
Published: November 2016

β-Cell failure in type 2 diabetes (T2D) was recently proposed to involve dedifferentiation of β-cells and ectopic expression of other islet hormones, including somatostatin and glucagon. Here we show that gastrin, a stomach hormone typically expressed in the pancreas only during embryogenesis, is expressed in islets of diabetic rodents and humans with T2D. Although gastrin in mice is expressed in insulin+ cells, gastrin expression in humans with T2D occurs in both insulin+ and somatostatin+ cells. Genetic lineage tracing in mice indicates that gastrin expression is turned on in a subset of differentiated β-cells after exposure to severe hyperglycemia. Gastrin expression in adult β-cells does not involve the endocrine progenitor cell regulator neurogenin3 but requires membrane depolarization, calcium influx, and calcineurin signaling. In vivo and in vitro experiments show that gastrin expression is rapidly eliminated upon exposure of β-cells to normal glucose levels. These results reveal the fetal hormone gastrin as a novel marker for reversible human β-cell reprogramming in diabetes.
The “Exceptional” Physics Girl
Authors: Archer Louise , Moote Julie , Francis Becky , DeWitt Jennifer , Yeomans Lucy
Published: November 2016

Female underrepresentation in postcompulsory physics is an ongoing issue for science education research, policy, and practice. In this article, we apply Bourdieusian and Butlerian conceptual lenses to qualitative and quantitative data collected as part of a wider longitudinal study of students’ science and career aspirations age 10–16. Drawing on survey data from more than 13,000 year 11 (age 15/16) students and interviews with 70 students (who had been tracked from age 10 to 16), we focus in particular on seven girls who aspired to continue with physics post-16, discussing how the cultural arbitrary of physics requires these girls to be highly “exceptional,” undertaking considerable identity work and deployment of capital in order to “possibilize” a physics identity—an endeavor in which some girls are better positioned to be successful than others.
Vacancy–impurity centers in diamond: prospects for synthesis and applications
Authors: Ekimov E A , Kondrin M V
Published: November 2016

The bright luminescence of impurity–vacancy complexes, combined with high chemical and radiation resistance, makes diamond an attractive platform for the production of single-photon emitters and luminescent biomarkers for applications in nanoelectronics and medicine. Two representatives of this kind of defects in diamond, silicon-vacancy (SiV) and germanium-vacancy (GeV) centers, are discussed in this review; their similarities and differences are demonstrated in terms of the more thoroughly studied nitrogen-vacancy (NV) complexes. The recent discovery of GeV luminescent centers opens a unique opportunity for the controlled synthesis of single-photon emitters in nanodiamonds. We demonstrate prospects for the high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) technique to create single-photon emitters, not only as an auxiliary to chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and ion-implantation methods but also as a primary synthesis tool for producing color centers in nanodiamonds. Besides practical applications, comparative studies of these two complexes, which belong to the same structural class of defects, have a fundamental importance for deeper understanding of shelving levels, the electronic structure, and optical properties of these centers. In conclusion, we discuss several open problems regarding the structure, charge state, and practical application of these centers, which still require a solution.
Light availability affects sex lability in a gynodioecious plant
Authors: Varga Sandra , Kytöviita Minna‐Maarit
Published: November 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

Sex lability (i.e., gender diphasy) in plants is classically linked to the larger resource needs associated with the female sexual function (i.e., seed production) compared to the male function (i.e., pollen production). Sex lability in response to the environment is extensively documented in dioecious species, but has been largely overlooked in gynodioecious plants.

METHODS:

Here, we tested whether environmental conditions induce sex lability in the gynodioecious Geranium sylvaticum. We conducted a transplantation experiment in the field where plants with different sex expression were reciprocally transplanted between high light and low light habitats. We measured plants’ reproductive output and sex expression over four years.

KEY RESULTS:

Our results show that sex expression was labile over the study period. The light level at the destination habitat had a significant effect on sexual expression and reproductive output, because plants decreased their reproductive output when transplanted to the low light habitat. Transplantation origin did not affect any parameter measured.

CONCLUSIONS:

This study shows that sex expression in Geranium sylvaticum is labile and related to light availability. Sexually labile plants did not produce more seeds or pollen, and thus, there was no apparent fitness gain in sexually labile individuals. Sex lability in gynodioecious plants may be more common than previously believed because detection of sex lability necessitates data on the same individuals over time, which is rare in sexually dimorphic herbaceous plants.
Female fruit production depends on female flower production and crown size rather than male density in a continuous population of a tropical dioecious tree (Virola surinamensis)
Authors: Riba‐Hernández Pablo , Segura Jorge Lobo , Muñoz‐Valverde Jenny
Published: November 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

Factors related to pollen and resource limitation were evaluated to predict female fruit production in a tropical dioecious tree. Pollen limitation via variation in the male density at local scales is expected to limit female reproduction success in dioecious plants.

METHODOLOGY:

We modeled the roles of local male density, female crown size, crown illumination, and female flower production on female fruit initiation and mature fruit production in a continuous population (62 ha plot) of a tropical dioecious tree (Virola surinamensis). In addition, we used microsatellites to describe the scale of effective pollen flow, the male effective population size, and the spatial genetic structure within/between progenies and males.

KEY RESULTS:

The local male density was not related to female fruit initiation or mature fruit production. Female floral production had a positive effect on fruit initiation. The female crown size was positively related to fruit maturation. Seeds from the same female and seeds from different but spatially proximal females were generally half‐siblings; however, proximal females showed greater variation. Proximal male‐female adult pairs were not significantly more genetically related than distant pairs. The probability of paternity was negatively affected by the distance between seeds and males; most effective pollen dispersal events (∼85%) occurred from males located less than 150 m from females. The number of males siring progenies was greater than the number of males found at local scales.

CONCLUSIONS:

Female fecundity in this continuous population of Virola surinamensis is not limited by the availability of pollen from proximal males. Rather, resource allocation to floral production may ultimately determine female reproductive success.
Interspecific reproductive barriers between sympatric populations of wild tomato species (Solanum section Lycopersicon)
Authors: Baek You Soon , Royer Suzanne M. , Broz Amanda K. , Covey Paul A. , López‐Casado Gloria , Nuñez Reynaldo , Kear Philip J. , Bonierbale Merideth , Orillo Matilde , van der Knaap Esther , Stack Stephen M. , McClure Bruce , Chetelat Roger T. , Bedinger Patricia A.
Published: November 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

Interspecific reproductive barriers (IRBs) often prevent hybridization between closely related species in sympatry. In the tomato clade (Solanum section Lycopersicon), interspecific interactions between natural sympatric populations have not been evaluated previously. In this study, we assessed IRBs between members of the tomato clade from nine sympatric sites in Peru.

METHODS:

Coflowering was assessed at sympatric sites in Peru. Using previously collected seeds from sympatric sites in Peru, we evaluated premating prezygotic (floral morphology), postmating prezygotic (pollen‐tube growth), and postzygotic barriers (fruit and seed development) between sympatric species in common gardens. Pollen‐tube growth and seed development were examined in reciprocal crosses between sympatric species.

KEY RESULTS:

We confirmed coflowering of sympatric species at five sites in Peru. We found three types of postmating prezygotic IRBs during pollen–pistil interactions: (1) unilateral pollen‐tube rejection between pistils of self‐incompatible species and pollen of self‐compatible species; (2) potential conspecific pollen precedence in a cross between two self‐incompatible species; and (3) failure of pollen tubes to target ovules. In addition, we found strong postzygotic IRBs that prevented normal seed development in 11 interspecific crosses, resulting in seed‐like structures containing globular embryos and aborted endosperm and, in some cases, overgrown endothelium. Viable seed and F1 hybrid plants were recovered from three of 19 interspecific crosses.

CONCLUSIONS:

We have identified diverse prezygotic and postzygotic IRBs that would prevent hybridization between sympatric wild tomato species, but interspecific hybridization is possible in a few cases.
Les dirigeants gèrent-ils les résultats comptables avant d’annoncer une réduction d’effectifs ? Le cas des entreprises françaises cotées
Authors: Verdier Marie-Anne , Boutant Jennifer
Published: November 2016

Cet article vise à observer si les dirigeants adoptent un comportement de gestion des résultats (GR) dans le contexte des réductions d’effectifs. Nous supposons une GR à la baisse avant l’annonce de l’opération afin de montrer son caractère nécessaire et limiter ainsi la survenance de coûts politiques. L’étude empirique est conduite sur un échantillon de 120 annonces de réduction d’effectifs réalisées par 104 entreprises cotées françaises entre 2007 et 2012. Les résultats confirment une GR à la baisse d’environ 4 % du total actif des entreprises. De manière globale, cette étude permet de valider l’hypothèse des coûts politiques dans le contexte des réductions d’effectifs.
Les progiciels CRM : entre connaissance client et contrôle – Des changements de pratiques variés et inattendus
Authors: Grall Bénédicte
Published: November 2016

Nous étudions les changements de pratiques concomitants à la mise en œuvre des progiciels CRM (Customer Relationship Management) grâce à une étude de cas longitudinale sur une période de dix ans. Nous montrons, tout d’abord, que les changements dans le domaine du contrôle surpassent très souvent, dans notre cas, ceux concernant la gestion de la connaissance client même si ces changements varient en fonction des périodes et des équipes. Par ailleurs, les changements touchant les modes de contrôle sont variés et portent sur des sujets et populations que l’entreprise n’avait pas anticipés. Nous montrons que les progiciels CRM transforment en profondeur les pratiques de contrôle dans les organisations, alors même que la façon dont ils sont utilisés peut rendre leur utilité somme toute modeste en termes de connaissance client. Le changement n’est, ainsi, pas forcément là, où il était attendu.
Vieillir en prison
Authors: Osganian Patricia
Published: November 2016

Parce que la France est le pays d’Europe où les longues peines sont les plus fréquentes, le vieillissement des détenu.es en prison devient une réalité dérangeante et peu commentée. Non seulement la présence de condamné.e.s à des peines qui dépassent leur espérance de vie change radicalement le sens même de cette peine, l’assimilant à une véritable peine de mort lente, mais la prise en charge des détenu.e.s âgé.e.s génère des problèmes et des situations inédites pour des établissements qui ne sont pas conçus pour une telle population. Patricia Osganian revient sur cette question perturbante à partir d’une lecture du film de Johanna Bedeau Vieillir à l’ombre sorti en 2014 et d’une émission à Public Sénat où la réalisatrice est intervenue.
De l’utilitarisme religieux de la république laïque en monde pénitentiaire
Authors: de Galembert Claire
Published: November 2016

Si la religion est reconnue en prison, la place de l’islam y a été longtemps négligée, et ce en dépit du nombre croissant de détenus pouvant être considérés comme musulmans. Cette situation de déficit s’améliore progressivement depuis plusieurs années, le processus de rattrapage s’accélérant avec les inquiétudes liées à ce qui est présenté comme une contribution majeure de la prison à la radicalisation de jeunes musulmans. Aussi le rôle des aumôniers musulmans et leur reconnaissance tardive ne sont pas sans ambiguïté, nous rappelle Claire de Galembert, à partir d’une enquête collective publiée en 2016.
L’autre peine de mort
Authors: Bérard Jean
Published: November 2016

François Molins, procureur de la République de Paris, a annoncé le 2 septembre 2016 un durcissement considérable de la politique pénale envers les justiciables et détenu.e.s dit.e.s « radicalisé.e.s » ; il s’agit, explique t-il, de développer une stratégie visant à « protéger la société en laissant plus longtemps en prison » des individus qui rentrent de Syrie. L’évolution plus générale dans laquelle s’inscrivent ces options pénales montre à quel point la perpétuité réelle constitue toujours un fantasme, voire un objectif pour ceux qui n’ont toujours pas digéré l’abolition de la peine de mort. Jean Bérard reprend ici les termes du débat.
Filmer en prison
Authors: Simon Patrick
Published: November 2016

Stéphane Mercurio est réalisatrice de documentaires et en a tourné plusieurs sur le monde de la prison. Dans À côté (2012), elle s’est intéressée aux familles qui viennent visiter des hommes détenus à la prison de Rennes. Le film est tourné dans une maison d’accueil à proximité de la prison où les familles attendent et partagent ces moments d’attente. Dans A l’ombre de la République (2014), dont il sera question dans cet entretien, elle a pu suivre les inspections du contrôleur des prisons dans quatre établissements représentant assez bien la diversité des lieux d’enfermement, bien que les conditions ordinaires de surpeuplement n’y soient pas observées : la maison d’arrêt pour femmes de Versailles (qui reçoit 54 détenues pour 76 places et où 60 % des femmes sont en attente d’un jugement, où un centre d’appel téléphonique fait travailler la plupart des détenues pour des salaires horaires variant entre 1,67 ? et 2,18 ? et sans les garanties habituelles du droit du travail) ; l’hôpital psychiatrique d’Evreux (où 273 patients sont hospitalisés, dont un tiers contre leur gré) ; le centre pénitentiaire de Bourg-en-Bresse (qui est une nouvelle prison ouverte en 2010, où tout est neuf et pourtant où l’inhumanité des lieux est frappante. La plupart des détenus sont des prévenus en attente d’un jugement et les autres purgent des courtes peines) et enfin la centrale de Saint-Martin-de-Ré (qui enferme les condamnés aux longues peines, pour certains à perpétuité). Le regard de Stéphane Mercurio reste toujours à la bonne distance, profitant des interactions avec les contrôleurs et contrôleuses pour faire entendre la voix et l’expérience des détenu.e.s. Nous revenons dans cet entretien sur les conditions de ce tournage à bien des égards exceptionnel et sur le regard que la réalisatrice porte sur l’univers carcéral.