bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Integration of Rapid Syphilis Testing during Routine Antenatal Services in Rural Kenya
Authors: Fleming Eleanor , Oremo Jared , O'Connor Katherine , Odhiambo Aloyce , Ye Tun , Oswago Simon , Zeh Clement , Quick Robert , Kamb Mary L.
Published: November 2013

We evaluated the integration of rapid syphilis tests (RSTs) and penicillin treatment kits into routine antenatal clinic (ANC) services in two rural districts in Nyanza Province, Kenya. In February 2011, nurses from 25 clinics were trained in using RSTs and documenting test results and treatment. During March 2011–February 2012, free RSTs and treatment kits were provided to clinics for use during ANC visits. We analyzed ANC registry data from eight clinics during the 12-month periods before and during RST program implementation and compared syphilis testing, diagnosis, and treatment during the two periods. Syphilis testing at first ANC visit increased from 18% (279 of 1,586 attendees) before the intervention to 70% (1,123 of 1,614 attendees) during the intervention (P<0.001); 35 women (3%) tested positive during the intervention period compared with 1 (<1%) before (P<0.001). Syphilis treatment was not recorded according to training recommendations; seven clinics identified 28 RST-positive women and recorded 34 treatment kits as used. Individual-level data from three high-volume clinics supported that the intervention did not negatively affect HIV test uptake. Integrating RSTs into rural ANC services increased syphilis testing and detection. Record keeping on treatment of syphilis in RST-positive women remains challenging.
On the Relevance of Considering the Intermolecular Interactions on the Prediction of the Vibrational Spectra of Isopropylamine
Authors: Amado Ana M. , Fiuza Sónia M. , Batista de Carvalho Luis A. E. , Ribeiro-Claro Paulo J. A.
Published: November 2013

The effects of implicitly considering the effects of hydrogen bonding on the molecular properties, such as vibrational frequencies, were inferred on the basis of DFT calculations. Several clusters of isopropylamine were assembled and theoretically characterized. The results showed that maximum H‐bond cooperativity is achieved when the amine group acts simultaneously as donor and acceptor. The effect of H‐bond cooperativity manifests itself in the relative cluster stability and on the structural and vibrational frequency predictions. Referring to the vibrational frequencies it was found that the NH2 stretching and torsion vibrational modes are the most affected by the amine involvement in hydrogen bonding. Both stretching modes were found to be significantly redshifted relative to the monomer. The NH2 torsional mode, on the other hand, was found to be blueshifted up to 350 cm−1. Finally, the comparative study between the theory levels performed allows to conclude that the small 6‐31G* basis set is able to stabilize weak C–H ⋯ N interactions as long as the new dispersion corrected DFT methods are considered. The impairments observed with conventional DFT methods for describing weak interactions may be overcome with the improvement of basis set, but the associated increase of computational costs may turn the calculations unfeasible.
Chemical Composition and Validation of the Ethnopharmacological Reported Antimicrobial Activity of the Body Fat ofPhrynops geoffroanusUsed in Traditional Medicine
Authors: Dias Diógenes de Queiroz , Cabral Mario Eduardo Santos , Sales Débora Lima , Paiva Oliveira Olga , Filho João Antonio de Araujo , Teles Diego Alves , Sousa José Guilherme Gonçalves de , Douglas Melo Coutinho Henrique , da Costa José Galberto Martins , Kerntopf Marta Regina , Alves Rômulo Romeu da Nóbrega , Almeida Waltécio de Oliveira
Published: November 2013

Background.Phrynops geoffroanusis a small turtle that inhabits lakes, rivers, and streams throughout South America. The body fat of this animal is used as a folk medicine in Brazil for treating illnesses such as sore throats, ear aches, mumps, rheumatism, and arthritis. The present study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of oil extracted fromPhrynops geoffroanus(OPG), determined its chemical composition, and discussed the implications of its use in traditional medicine. The OPG was obtained from the ventral region of this turtle using hexane as a solvent. The antimicrobial activity of OPG was tested against standard and multiresistance strains of bacteria and fungi and its composition was determined indirectly by analyzing the methyl esters of the component fatty acids. The OPG presented a clinically relevant antifungal activity againstCandida kruseiATCC 6258 (MIC 128 µg/mL). When the OPG was associated with the antibacterial and antifungal drugs, was observed a synergistic effect when associated the OPG with the gentamicin against the strainPseudomonas aeruginosa22. Our results indicated that OPG has clinically relevant antifungal activity againstC. krusei, and demonstrated synergetic antibacterial activity in combination with commercial antibiotics againstPseudomonas aeruginosa.
Robust Tracking Control of Robot Manipulators Using Only Joint Position Measurements
Authors: Zhang Ancai , She Jinhua , Lai Xuzhi , Wu Min , Qiu Jianlong , Chen Xiangyong
Published: November 2013

This paper concerns the tracking control of a robot manipulator with unknown uncertainties and disturbances. It presents a new control method that uses only joint position measurements to design a tracking controller. The controller has two parts. One is based on a feedback linearization technique; it makes the nominal model of a manipulator asymptotically track a desired trajectory. The other is based on the idea of equivalent input disturbance (EID); it compensates for uncertainties and disturbances. Together they enable a robot manipulator to precisely track the desired trajectory. The new control algorithm is applied to a two-link robot manipulator, and simulation results demonstrate the validity of this method.
Bile Duct Strictures Caused by Solid Masses: MR in Differential Diagnosis and as a Prognostic Tool to Plan the Endoscopic Treatment
Authors: Gorycki Tomasz , Studniarek Michał
Published: November 2013

The aim of the study was to assess how realiable is differential diagnosis and prognosis for endoscopic treatment with MR signal characteristics as the qualitative parameter and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) images in cases of bile duct obstructions caused by solid masses.Material and Methods. Retrospective study of MR and MRCP images in 80 patients (mean age 58 ys) was conducted. Mean signal intensity ratio (SIR) from planar MR images and MRCP linear measurements were compared between benign and malignant lesions and in groups including the size and number of stents placed during ERCP (< 10 F <) in 51 cases in which ERCP was performed.Results. Significantly higher SIR values were encountered in malignant lesions in T2W images () and STIR T2W images (). Malignant lesions were characterised by longer strictures () and greater proximal biliary duct dilatation (). High significance for predicting ERCP conditions was found with mean SIR in STIR T2W images and stricture length.Conclusion. Probability of malignancy of solid lesions obstructing biliary duct increased with higher SIR in T2W images and with longer strictures. Passing the stricture during ERCP treatment was easier and more probable in cases of shorter strictures caused by lesions with higher SIR in STIR T2W images.
Irisin, Two Years Later
Authors: Novelle Marta G. , Contreras Cristina , Romero-Picó Amparo , López Miguel , Diéguez Carlos
Published: November 2013

In January 2012, Boström and colleagues identified a new muscle tissue secreted peptide, which they named irisin, to highlight its role as a messenger that comes from skeletal muscle to other parts of the body. Irisin is a cleaved and secreted fragment of FNDC5 (also known as FRCP2 and PeP), a member of fibronectin type III repeat containing gene family. Major interest in this protein arose because of its great therapeutic potential in diabetes and perhaps also therapy for obesity. Here we review the most important aspects of irisin’s action and discuss its involvement in energy and metabolic homeostasis and whether the beneficial effects of exercise in these disease states could be mediated by this protein. In addition the effects of irisin at the central nervous system (CNS) are highlighted. It is concluded that although current and upcoming research on irisin is very promising it is still necessary to deepen in several aspects in order to clarify its full potential as a meaningful drug target in human disease states.
Job Satisfaction and Burnout among Intensive Care Unit Nurses and Physicians
Authors: Myhren Hilde , Ekeberg Øivind , Stokland Olav
Published: November 2013

Introduction. Nurses and physicians working in the intensive care unit (ICU) may be exposed to considerable job stress. The study aim was to assess the level of and the relationship between (1) job satisfaction, (2) job stress, and (3) burnout symptoms.Methods. A cross-sectional study was performed at ICUs at Oslo University Hospital. 145 of 196 (74%) staff members (16 physicians and 129 nurses) answered the questionnaire. The following tools were used: job satisfaction scale (scores 10–70), modified Cooper's job stress questionnaire (scores 1–5), and Maslach burnout inventory (scores 1–5); high score in the dimension emotional exhaustion (EE) indicates burnout. Personality was measured with the basic character inventory. Dimensions were neuroticism (vulnerability), extroversion (intensity), and control/compulsiveness with the range 0–9.Results. Mean job satisfaction among nurses was 43.9 (42.4–45.4) versus 51.1 (45.3–56.9) among physicians,P<0.05. The mean burnout value (EE) was 2.3 (95% CI 2.2–2.4), and mean job stress was 2.6 (2.5–2.7), not significantly different between nurses and physicians. Females scored higher than males on vulnerability, 3.3 (2.9–3.7) versus 2.0 (1.1–2.9) (P<0.05), and experienced staff were less vulnerable, 2.7 (2.2–3.2), than inexperienced staff, 3.6 (3.0–4.2) (P<0.05). Burnout (EE) correlated with job satisfaction (r=-0.4,P<0.001), job stress (r=0.6,P<0.001), and vulnerability (r=0.3,P=0.003).Conclusions. The nurses were significantly less satisfied with their jobs compared to the physicians. Burnout mean scores are relatively low, but high burnout scores are correlated with vulnerable personality, low job satisfaction, and high degree of job stress.
A Propagation Model for Subsurface and Through-Wall Imaging Applications under the Frequency Dispersion Perspective
Authors: Vazquez Alejos Ana , Dawood Muhammad
Published: November 2013

The frequency-dependent behavior in subsurface and through-the-wall media is analyzed in this paper as well as the formation of the Brillouin precursor waveforms inherently related to this feature. The emergence of these forerunners is presented as a plausible form to explain classical impairments observed in imaging technologies. The evolution of mono- and multicycle rectangular and first derivative Gaussian pulses through two dispersive media—concrete blocks and soil—is analyzed using a frequency-domain technique and the Debye dielectric model to characterize the media, at operating frequencies below 3 GHz. The frequency-domain approach facilitated to check the influence of some parameters considered critical for the precursor emergence—operating frequency, input pulse configuration, and internal structure of the underlying medium—results in a versatile tool suitable for any kind of modulated input signal propagated through any dispersive medium. The internal multireflection model has been considered as the most suitable model to describe the transmission process underlying both subsurface and through-wall imaging technologies. Two different moisture contents have been considered for concrete as a parameter to determine the performance of through-wall imaging radar from the precursor formation perspective. The results reveal that precursor is a phenomenon to take into account for application demanding larger signal-to-noise ratios.
Retrieving 3D Wind Field from Phased Array Radar Rapid Scans
Authors: Qiu Xiaobin , Xu Qin , Qiu Chongjian , Nai Kang , Zhang Pengfei
Published: November 2013

The previous two-dimensional simple adjoint method for retrieving horizontal wind field from a time sequence of single-Doppler scans of reflectivity and/or radial velocity is further developed into a new method to retrieve both horizontal and vertical winds at high temporal and spatial resolutions. This new method performs two steps. First, the horizontal wind field is retrieved on the conical surface at each tilt (elevation angle) of radar scan. Second, the vertical velocity field is retrieved in a vertical cross-section along the radar beam with the horizontal velocity given from the first step. The method is applied to phased array radar (PAR) rapid scans of the storm winds and reflectivity in a strong microburst event and is shown to be able to retrieve the three-dimensional wind field around a targeted downdraft within the storm that subsequently produced a damaging microburst. The method is computationally very efficient and can be used for real-time applications with PAR rapid scans.
Investigation of Vortex Clouds and Droplet Sizes in Heated Water Spray Patterns Generated by Axisymmetric Full Cone Nozzles
Authors: Naz M. Y. , Sulaiman S. A. , Ariwahjoedi B. , Ku Shaari Ku Zilati
Published: November 2013

The hot water sprays are an important part of many industrial processes, where the detailed knowledge of physical phenomena involved in jet transportation, interaction, secondary breakup, evaporation, and coalescence of droplets is important to reach more efficient processes. The objective of the work was to study the water spray jet breakup dynamics, vortex cloud formation, and droplet size distribution under varying temperature and load pressure. Using a high speed camera, the spray patterns generated by axisymmetric full cone nozzles were visualized as a function water temperature and load pressure. The image analysis confirmed that the spray cone angle and width do not vary significantly with increasing Reynolds and Weber numbers at early injection phases leading to increased macroscopic spray propagation. The formation and decay of semitorus like vortex clouds were also noticed in spray structures generated at near water boiling point temperature. For the nozzle with smallest orifice diameter (1.19 mm), these vortex clouds were very clear at 90°C heating temperature and 1 bar water load pressure. In addition, the sauter mean diameter (SMD) of the spray droplets was also measured by using Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) at different locations downstream of the nozzle exit. It was noticed that SMD varies slightly w.r.t. position when measured at room temperature whereas at higher temperature values, it became almost constant at distance of 55 mm downstream of the nozzle exit.
Low-Level Polarimetric Radar Signatures in EnKF Analyses and Forecasts of the May 8, 2003 Oklahoma City Tornadic Supercell: Impact of Multimoment Microphysics and Comparisons with Observation
Authors: Dawson II Daniel T. , Wicker Louis J. , Mansell Edward R. , Jung Youngsun , Xue Ming
Published: November 2013

The impact of increasing the number of predicted moments in a multimoment bulk microphysics scheme is investigated using ensemble Kalman filter analyses and forecasts of the May 8, 2003 Oklahoma City tornadic supercell storm and the analyses are validated using dual-polarization radar observations. The triple-moment version of the microphysics scheme exhibits the best performance, relative to the single- and double-moment versions, in reproducing the low-ZDRhail core and high-ZDRarc, as well as an improved probabilistic track forecast of the mesocyclone. A comparison of the impact of the improved microphysical scheme on probabilistic forecasts of the mesocyclone track with the observed tornado track is also discussed.
Uncertainty-Aware Sensor Deployment Strategy in Mixed Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Chang Yan , Zhang Shukui , Zhang Yang , Fan Jianxi , Wang Jin
Published: November 2013

Deployment is a fundamental issue in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which affects the performance and lifetime of the networks. Usually the sensor locations are precomputed based on “perfect” sensor detection model, whereas sensors may not always provide reliable information, either due to operational tolerance levels or environmental factors. Therefore, it is very important to take into account this uncertainty in the deployment process. In this paper, we address the problem of sensor deployment in a mixed sensor network where the mobile and static nodes work collaboratively to perform deployment optimization task. We consider the Gaussian white noise in the environment and present a centralized algorithm (FABGM for short) which discoveres vacancies by using detection model based on false alarm and moves the mobile nodes according to the method based on bipartite graph matching in this study. In this algorithm, the management node of the WSNs collects the geographical information of all of the static and mobile sensors. Then, the management node executes the algorithm to get the best matches between mobile sensors and coverage holes. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
An Influence of Immunomodulation on Th1 and Th2 Immune Response in Endometriosis in an Animal Model
Authors: Szymanowski K. , Niepsuj-Biniaś J. , Dera-Szymanowska A. , Wołuń-Cholewa M. , Yantczenko A. , Florek E. , Opala T. , Murawski M. , Wiktorowicz K.
Published: November 2013

Aim.To assess the role of the Th1 and Th2 cellular response in the etiology of endometriosis observed in a rat model, with the use of the RESAN immunomodulator.Materials and Methods.A comparative analysis of cytokines in blood serum typical of Th1 (TNF-αand INF-γ) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10) cell response in groups of rats, in which RESAN preparation was used as prophylaxis (Gr. I) or treatment (Gr. II) of endometriosis.Results.The results indicated an increase in the level of cytokines in blood serum typical of Th2 cell response by comparing the second and third stages of the experiment in the second group of rats and a decrease in IL-4 and IL-10 between III and IV stages. There was a significant difference in cytokine levels during the third stage of the experiment by comparing I and II groups of rats. In the III group of rats, levels of IL-10 significantly increased between the II and III stages of the experiment.Conclusion.RESAN preparation shows Th2 cell response, inhibiting the development of endometriosis in a rat model. Due to successful prophylactic action, one may speculate that RESAN vaccine may be effective as a complementary treatment after surgical excision.
Poly(Lactic Acid) Filled with Cassava Starch‐g‐Soybean Oil Maleate
Authors: Kiangkitiwan Nopparut , Srikulkit Kawee
Published: November 2013

Poly(lactic acid), PLA, is a biodegradable polymer, but its applications are limited by its high cost and relatively poorer properties when compared to petroleum‐based plastics. The addition of starch powder into PLA is one of the most promising efforts because starch is an abundant and cheap biopolymer. However, the challenge is the major problem associated with poor interfacial adhesion between the hydrophilic starch granules and the hydrophobic PLA, leading to poorer mechanical properties. In this paper, soybean oil maleate (SOMA) was synthesized by grafting soybean oil with various weight percents of maleic anhydride (MA) using dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as an initiator. Then, SOMA was employed for the surface modifying of cassava starch powder, resulting in SOMA‐g‐STARCH. The obtained SOMA‐g‐STARCH was mixed with PLA in various weight ratios using twin‐screw extruder, resulting in PLA/SOMA‐g‐STARCH. Finally, the obtained PLA/SOMA‐g‐STARCH composites were prepared by a compression molding machines. The compatibility, thermal properties, morphology properties, and mechanical properties were characterized and evaluated. The results showed that the compatibility, surface appearance, and mechanical properties at 90 : 10 and 80 : 20 ratios of PLA/SOMA‐g‐STARCH were the best.
Chromosome Aberrations in Cells Infected with Bovine Papillomavirus: Comparing Cutaneous Papilloma, Esophagus Papilloma, and Urinary Bladder Lesion Cells
Authors: Campos S. R. C. , Melo T. C. , Assaf S. , Araldi R. P. , Mazzuchelli-de-Souza J. , Sircili M. P. , Carvalho R. F. , Roperto F. , Beçak W. , Stocco R. C.
Published: November 2013

The majority of malignant cells present genetic instability with chromosome number changes plus segmental defects: these changes involve intact chromosomes and breakage-induced alterations. Some pathways of chromosomal instability have been proposed as random breakage, telomere fusion, and centromere fission. Chromosome alterations in tumor cells have been described in animal models and in vitro experiments. One important question is about possible discrepancies between animal models, in vitro studies, and the real events in cancer cells in vivo. Papillomaviruses are relevant agents in oncogenic processes related to action on host genome. Recently, many reports have discussed the presence of virus DNA in peripheral blood, in humans and in animals infected by papillomaviruses. The meaning of this event is of controversy: possible product of apoptosis occurring in cancer cells, metastasized cancer cells, or active DNA sequences circulating in bloodstream. This study compares chromosome aberrations detected in bovine cells, in peripheral blood cells, and in BPV lesion cells: the literature is poor in this type of study. Comparing chromosome aberrations described in the different cells, a common mechanism in their origin, can be suggested. Furthermore blood cells can be evaluated as an effective way of virus transmission.
Predictors of Cognitive Decline in the Early Stages of Parkinson's Disease: A Brief Cognitive Assessment Longitudinal Study
Authors: Bugalho Paulo , Viana-Baptista Miguel
Published: November 2013

Our objectives were to perform a longitudinal assessment of mental status in early stage Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients, with brief neuropsychological tests, in order to find predictive factors for cognitive decline. Sixty-one, early stage, and nondemented patients were assessed twice, over a 2-year interval, with a global cognitive test (mini-mental state examination (MMSE)) and a frontal function test (frontal assessment battery (FAB)) and motor function scales. Dementia and hallucinations were diagnosed according to the DSM-IV criteria. Cognitive function scores did not decrease significantly, except for FAB lexical fluency score. Four patients presented with dementia at followup. The MMSE score below cut-off, worse gait dysfunction, the nontremor motor subtype, and hallucinations were significantly related to dementia. Rigidity and speech dysfunction were related to dementia and a decrease in FAB scores. We can conclude that decline in the MMSE and FAB scores is small and heterogeneous in the early stages of PD. Scores below cut-off in the MMSE could be helpful to predict dementia. Nontremor motor deficits could be predictive factors for frontal cognitive decline and dementia.
[Retracted] Restoration of Critical‐Sized Defects in the Rabbit Mandible Using Autologous Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Hybridized with Nano‐β‐tricalcium Phosphate/Collagen Scaffolds
Authors: Zhang Xuehui , Xu Mingming , Liu Xinggang , Zhang Feng , Wei Yan , Meng Song , Dai Xiaohan , Duan Aizhu , Deng Xuliang
Published: November 2013

Nano‐β‐tricalcium phosphate/collagen (n‐β‐TCP/Col) is considered with good osteoconductivity. However, the therapeutic effectiveness of n‐β‐TCP/Col scaffolds in combination with autologous bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) remains to be elucidated for the repair of critical‐sized bone defects. In this study, we found that n‐β‐TCP/Col scaffolds exhibited high biocompatibility in vitro. The introduction of BMSCs expanded in vitro to the scaffolds dramatically enhanced their efficiency to restore critical‐sized bone defects, especially during the initial stage after implantation. Collectively, these results suggest that autologous BMSCs in n‐β‐TCP/Col scaffolds have the potential to be applied in bone tissue engineering.
Photoresponsive Wettability in Monolayer Films from Sinapinic Acid
Authors: Moura Cleverson A. S. , Gomes Douglas J. C. , de Souza Nara C. , Silva Josmary R.
Published: November 2013

Sinapinic acid is an interesting material because it is both antioxidant and antibacterial agent. In addition, when illuminated with ultraviolet light, it can exhibit the so‐called photodimerization process. In this paper, we report on the investigation of monolayer films from 3,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐hydroxycinnamic acid (sinapinic acid, SinA) deposited onto poly(allylamine hydrochloride), PAH, films. SinA monolayers were prepared by using the layer‐by‐layer (LbL) self‐assembly technique. Adsorption kinetics curves were well fitted by a biexponential function suggesting that the adsorption process is determined by two mechanisms: nucleation and growth of aggregates. By using wetting contact angle analysis, we have found that SinA monolayers exhibit photoresponsive wettability under UV irradiation (365 nm); that is, wettability decreases with increasing UV irradiation time. The photoresponse of wettability was attributed to photodimerization process. This hypothesis was supported by the dependence of surface morphological structure and absorption on UV irradiation time. The mechanism found in the well‐known transcinnamic acid crystals is used to explain the photodimerization process in SinA monolayers.
Research on Wireless Video Monitoring System
Authors: Hong Zhao , Peng Yang , Ren-bin Gong , Xi-jun Liang
Published: November 2013

According to the fact that the sites of wired video monitoring system cannot move, wiring is not flexible and high network bandwidth is required to transmit video data stream. H.264 video compression standard is adopted, WiFi is introduced as the wireless transmission network, and video coding and compression are produced on embedded S3C6410-based platform, which makes compressed data streams transmitted via WiFi. Based on the above, a wireless video monitoring system is built. It is proved that the site amount of the monitoring system could be increased or decreased in demand and moved arbitrarily through the experiment. Monitor image is clear and stable, and the system could be actually applied in petroleum exploitation, geological exploration, and so on.
Properties of Raphia Palm Interspersed Fibre Filled High Density Polyethylene
Authors: Obasi Henry C.
Published: November 2013

Blends of nonbiodegradable and biodegradable polymers can promote a reduction in the volume of plastic waste when they undergo partial degradation. In this study, properties of raphia palm interspersed fibre (RPIF) filled high density polyethylene (HDPE) have been investigated at different levels of filler loadings, 0 to 60 wt.%. Maleic anhydride-graft polyethylene was used as a compatibilizer. Raphia palm interspersed fibre was prepared by grinding and sieved to a particle size of 150 µm. HDPE blends were prepared in a corotating twin screw extruder. Results showed that the tensile strength and elongation at break of the blends decreased with increase in RPI loadings and addition of MA-g-PE was found to improve these properties. However, the Young’s modulus increased with increase in the amount of RPI into HDPE and compatibilization further increased the Young’s modulus. The water absorption indices and weight loss for RPI/HDPE composites were found to increase with RPI loadings but were decreased on addition of MA-g-PE.
Numerical Modeling of the Fluid Flow in Continuous Casting Tundish with Different Control Devices
Authors: He Zhu , Zhou Kun , Liu Shuang , Xiong Wei , Li Baokuan
Published: November 2013

Numerical simulations were conducted to study the melt flow under the influence of control devices in a T-type two-strand bloom caster tundish via the open source Computational Fluid Dynamics software OpenFOAM. Three different cases were studied: a bare tundish, a tundish with two pairs of baffles, and a tundish equipped with a turbulence inhibitor and a pair of baffles. Turbulence inhibitor and baffles arrangement showed an improvement of the fluid flow characteristics, yielding lower values of dead volume and higher values of plug flow. With a turbulence inhibitor, the velocity of metal which flows directly toward the tundish floor is smaller and the turbulence kinetic energy of the melt top surface is lower than the other two arrangements.
Recent Advances on the Use of Biochemical Extracts as Filaricidal Agents
Authors: Al-Abd Nazeh M. , Nor Zurainee Mohamed , Al-Adhroey Abdulelah H. , Suhaimi Anwar , Sivanandam S.
Published: November 2013

Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic infection that causes a devastating public health and socioeconomic burden with an estimated infection of over 120 million individuals worldwide. The infection is caused by three closely related nematode parasites, namely,Wuchereria bancrofti,Brugia malayi, andB. timori, which are transmitted to human through mosquitoes ofAnopheles,Culex, andAedesgenera. The species have many ecological variants and are diversified in terms of their genetic fingerprint. The rapid spread of the disease and the genetic diversification cause the lymphatic filarial parasites to respond differently to diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. This in turn prompts the current challenge encountered in its management. Furthermore, most of the chemical medications used are characterized by adverse side effects. These complications urgently warrant intense prospecting on bio-chemicals that have potent efficacy against either the filarial worms or thier vector. In lieu of this, we presented a review on recent literature that reported the efficacy of filaricidal biochemicals and those employed as vector control agents. In addition, methods used for biochemical extraction, screening procedures, and structure of the bioactive compounds were also presented.
Predictive Value of Phase I Trials for Safety in Later Trials and Final Approved Dose: Analysis of 61 Approved Cancer Drugs
Authors: Jardim Denis L. , Hess Kenneth R. , LoRusso Patricia , Kurzrock Razelle , Hong David S.
Published: November 2013

Phase I trials use a small number of patients to define a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and the safety of new agents. We compared data from phase I and registration trials to determine whether early trials predicted later safety and final dose. We searched the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website for drugs approved in nonpediatric cancers (January 1990–October 2012). The recommended phase II dose (R2PD) and toxicities from phase I were compared with doses and safety in later trials. In 62 of 85 (73%) matched trials, the dose from the later trial was within 20% of the RP2D. In a multivariable analysis, phase I trials of targeted agents were less predictive of the final approved dose (OR, 0.2 for adopting ± 20% of the RP2D for targeted vs. other classes; P = 0.025). Of the 530 clinically relevant toxicities in later trials, 70% (n = 374) were described in phase I. A significant relationship (P = 0.0032) between increasing the number of patients in phase I (up to 60) and the ability to describe future clinically relevant toxicities was observed. Among 28,505 patients in later trials, the death rate that was related to drug was 1.41%. In conclusion, dosing based on phase I trials was associated with a low toxicity-related death rate in later trials. The ability to predict relevant toxicities correlates with the number of patients on the initial phase I trial. The final dose approved was within 20% of the RP2D in 73% of assessed trials. Clin Cancer Res; 20(2); 281–8. ©2013 AACR.
Restricted Expression of miR-30c-2-3p and miR-30a-3p in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinomas Enhances HIF2α Activity
Authors: Mathew Lijoy K. , Lee Samuel S. , Skuli Nicolas , Rao Shilpa , Keith Brian , Nathanson Katherine L. , Lal Priti , Simon M. Celeste
Published: November 2013

Inactivation of the von-Hippel Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene occurs in 90% of human clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC) and leads to the stable expression of the hypoxia-inducible factors HIF1α and HIF2α. The constitutive expression of HIF1α in a majority of VHL-deficient tumors is counterintuitive, given that HIF1α functions as a tumor suppressor in ccRCC, whereas HIF2α clearly enhances tumor growth. We demonstrate here that miR-30c-2-3p and miR-30a-3p specifically bind and inhibit expression of HIF2A transcripts, and that the locus encoding miR-30c-2-3p and miR-30a-3p is selectively repressed in “H1H2” VHL-deficient tumors expressing both HIF1α and HIF2α proteins. Inhibiting miR-30a-3p expression increases HIF2α levels in H1H2 ccRCC cells and promotes cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, and xenograft tumor growth. Our results indicate that miR-30c-2-3p and miR-30a-3p repression enhances HIF2α expression and suggests a mechanism whereby the tumor-suppressive effects of constitutive HIF1α expression are attenuated in VHL-deficient H1H2 tumors.

Significance: HIF1α is constitutively expressed in a majority of VHL-deficient ccRCCs, despite its tumor suppressor activity in these malignancies. This study demonstrates that repression of miR-30c-2-3p/miR-30a-3p increases HIF2α levels to promote tumor growth, thereby ameliorating the inhibitory effects of HIF1α in ccRCCs. Cancer Discov; 4(1); 53–60. ©2013 AACR.

See related commentary by Moch and Lukamowicz-Rajska, p. 22

This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1
Baseline Predictors of Adherence to Positive Airway Pressure Therapy for Sleep Apnea: A 10-Year Single-Center Observational Cohort Study
Authors: Schoch Otto D. , Baty Florent , Niedermann Jolanda , Rüdiger Jochen J. , Brutsche Martin H.
Published: November 2013

Background: Positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy is the standard treatment for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Objectives: The aim of the current study was to determine operational long-term adherence to PAP and its predictors. Methods: In a retrospective single-center observational cohort study, we analyzed all patients referred to our center with suspected OSAS between November 2001 and November 2011. Baseline results and last follow-up data of each patient were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier estimates of adherence and Cox proportional hazard regression for age, gender, Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) scores, body mass index, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and oxygen desaturation index (ODI) were performed. Evolution of adherence was analyzed in yearly cohorts comparing the proportion of patients discontinuing PAP within 6 and 12 months. Results: Of 4,638 referrals, 2,187 confirmed OSAS patients started PAP, 297 (14%) were referred out to other centers to follow-up, 42 (2%) died, and 92 (5%) no longer needed PAP. Of 1,756 patients, the median follow-up was 36 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 33.6-37.8], and adherence at 1, 5 and 10 years was 74 (CI 71-75; n = 1,028), 55 (CI 53-58; n = 281) and 51% (CI 48-55; n = 10), respectively. Adherence is associated with ESS score [hazard ratio (HR) 0.60; CI 0.47-0.78], ODI (HR 0.50; CI 0.32-0.77) and AHI (HR 0.56; CI 0.37-0.85). In yearly cohorts according to inclusion date, the absconder rate at 6 and 12 months was 20 (CI 18-22) and 27% (CI 25-30) for the first 8 years and improved to 10 (CI 7-15) and 14% (CI 10-19) for the last 2 years, respectively. Conclusions: Long-term adherence to PAP in OSAS is associated with baseline measures of disease severity. After 2009, an improvement in the adherence rate was observed.
Long-Term Efficacy of Pneumatic Dilation and Esophageal Stenting for the Treatment of Achalasia
Authors: Qian Lijuan , Wang Bin , Li Kebei , Yu Lianzhen , Ding Jing , Zhang Hongjie , Ding Xiafen , Shi Ruihua
Published: November 2013

Aims: To compare the efficacy and safety of pneumatic dilation with stenting for the treatment of achalasia. Methods: Achalasia patients treated with pneumatic dilation or stenting were included in this analysis. Clinical symptoms were assessed by the Eckardt score. An esophagram and esophageal manometry were performed at the pretreatment and posttreatment follow-up visits. Data such as patient demographics and complications were collected. A drop in the Eckardt score to ≤3 was defined as treatment success. Results: There were 151 patients treated with pneumatic dilation (n = 76) or stenting (n = 75). The 1-, 12- and 24-month therapeutic success rates were 100, 92 and 79%, respectively, in the dilation group and 100, 93 and 87%, respectively, in the stenting group. The decrease of Eckardt score in the stenting group was significantly notable (p < 0.05) compared to that of the dilation group at the long-term follow-up visits. The maximum esophageal diameter was comparable at baseline and became statistically significant [25 mm (22-30) vs. 22 mm (19-27), p = 0.004] at posttreatment month 24. The recurrence rate was 21% in the dilation group and 13% in the stenting group. The complications of either treatment were usually mild, transient and statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Esophageal stenting had a comparable short-term but better long-term efficacy in comparison with pneumatic dilation.
Untangling Elevation-Related Differences in the Hippocampus in Food-Caching Mountain Chickadees: The Effect of a Uniform Captive Environment
Authors: Freas C.A. , Bingman K. , LaDage L.D. , Pravosudov V.V.
Published: November 2013

Variation in environmental conditions associated with differential selection on spatial memory has been hypothesized to result in evolutionary changes in the morphology of the hippocampus, a brain region involved in spatial memory. At the same time, it is well known that the morphology of the hippocampus might also be directly affected by environmental conditions. Understanding the role of environment-based plasticity is therefore critical when investigating potential adaptive evolutionary changes in the hippocampus associated with environmental variation. We previously demonstrated large elevation-related variation in hippocampus morphology in mountain chickadees over an extremely small spatial scale. We hypothesized that this variation is related to differential selection pressures associated with differences in winter climate severity along an elevation gradient, which make different demands on spatial memory used for food cache retrieval. Here, we tested whether such variation is experience based, generated by potential differences in the environment, by comparing the hippocampus morphology of chickadees from different elevations maintained in a uniform captive environment in a laboratory with those sampled directly from the wild. In addition, we compared hippocampal neuron soma size in chickadees sampled directly from the wild with those maintained in laboratory conditions with restricted and unrestricted spatial memory use via manipulation of food-caching experiences to test whether memory use can affect neuron soma size. There were significant elevation-related differences in hippocampus volume and the total number of hippocampal neurons, but not in neuron soma size, in captive birds. Captive environmental conditions were associated with a large reduction in hippocampus volume and neuron soma size, but not in the total number of neurons or in neuron soma size in other telencephalic regions. Restriction of memory use while in laboratory conditions produced no significant effects on hippocampal neuron soma size. Overall our results showed that captivity has a strong effect on hippocampus volume, which could be due, at least partly, to a reduction in neuron soma size specifically in the hippocampus, but it did not override elevation-related differences in hippocampus volume or in the total number of hippocampal neurons. These data are consistent with the idea of the adaptive nature of the elevation-related differences associated with selection on spatial memory, while at the same time demonstrating additional environment-based plasticity in hippocampus volume, but not in neuron numbers. Our results, however, cannot rule out that the differences between elevations might still be driven by some developmental or early posthatching conditions/experiences.
Multiple Myeloma: Relationship to Antioxidant Esterases
Authors: Ellidag Hamit Yasar , Eren Esin , Aydin Ozgur , Yıldırım Mustafa , Sezer Cem , Yilmaz Necat
Published: November 2013

Objective: To investigate the status of the oxidant/antioxidant balance in patients with multiple myeloma compared to healthy controls. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 40 multiple myeloma patients and 40 healthy controls of matched age and sex. Serum total thiol, oxidative stress index (OSI), total oxidant status (TOS), and total antioxidant status (TAS) were measured using colourimetric methods; paraoxonase-1 and arylesterase enzyme activities were also quantified. Results: Serum paraoxonase-1 and arylesterase activities and total thiol levels were significantly lower (p = 0.0001, p = 0.036 and p < 0.0001, respectively), whereas TOS and OSI levels were significantly higher (p < 0.0001 for both parameters) in multiple myeloma patients compared to controls. However, no significant differences in TAS were identified when the two groups were compared. Conclusions: Our findings indicate an impaired oxidative/antioxidative balance in multiple myeloma. We recommend further studies with larger groups to investigate the possible relationship between oxidative stress and the aetiopathogenesis of multiple myeloma.
Characteristics and Outcomes of Sudden Cardiac Arrest During Sports in Women
Authors: Marijon Eloi , Bougouin Wulfran , Celermajer David S. , Périer Marie-Cécile , Dumas Florence , Benameur Nordine , Karam Nicole , Lamhaut Lionel , Tafflet Muriel , Mustafic Hazrije , de Deus Natalia Machado , Le Heuzey Jean-Yves , Desnos Michel , Avillach Paul , Spaulding Christian , Cariou Alain , Prugger Christof , Empana Jean-Philippe , Jouven Xavier
Published: November 2013

Background—

No specific data are available on characteristics and outcome of sudden cardiac death (SCD) during sport activities among women in the general population.

Methods and Results—

From a prospective 5-year national survey, involving 820 subjects 10 to 75 years old who presented with SCD (resuscitated or not) during competitive or recreational sport activities, 43 (5.2%) such events occurred in women, principally during jogging, cycling, and swimming. The level of activity at the time of SCD was moderate to vigorous in 35 cases (81.4%). The overall incidence of sport-related SCD, among 15- to 75-year-old women, was estimated as 0.59 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39–0.79) to 2.17 (95% CI, 1.38–2.96) per year per million female sports participants for the 80th and 20th percentiles of reporting districts, respectively. Compared with men, the incidence of SCDs in women was dramatically lower, particularly in the 45- to 54-year range (relative risk, 0.033; 95% CI, 0.015–0.075). Despite similar circumstances of occurrence, survival at hospital admission (46.5%; 95% CI, 31.0–60.0) was significantly higher than that for men (30.0%; 95% CI, 26.8–33.2;
P
=0.02), although this did not reach statistical significance for hospital discharge. Favorable neurological outcomes were similar (80%). Cause of death seemed less likely to be associated with structural heart disease in women compared with men (58.3% versus 95.8%;
P
=0.003).

Conclusions—

Sports-related SCDs in women participants seems dramatically less common (up to 30-fold less frequent) compared with men. Our results also suggest a higher likelihood of successful resuscitation as well as less frequency of structural heart disease in women compared with men.
Mental Disorders Across the Adult Life Course and Future Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Gale Catharine R. , Batty G. David , Osborn David P. J. , Tynelius Per , Rasmussen Finn
Published: November 2013

Background—

Depression, anxiety, and psychotic disorders have been associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). It is unclear whether this association between mental health and CHD is present across a wider range of mental disorders.

Methods and Results—

Participants were 1 107 524 Swedish men conscripted at a mean age of 18.3 years. Mental disorders were assessed by psychiatric interview on conscription, and data on hospital admissions for mental disorder and CHD were obtained from national registers during 22.6 years of follow-up. An increased risk of incident CHD was evident across a range of mental disorders whether diagnosed at conscription or on later hospital admission. Age-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) according to diagnoses at conscription ranged from 1.30 (1.05–1.62) (depressive disorders) to 1.90 (1.58–2.28) (alcohol-related disorders). The equivalent figures according to diagnoses during hospital admission ranged from 1.49 (1.24–1.80) (schizophrenia) to 2.82 (2.53–3.13) (other substance use disorders). Associations were little changed by adjustment for parental socioeconomic status, or body mass index, diabetes mellitus, and blood pressure measured at conscription, but they were partially attenuated by the adjustment for smoking, alcohol intake, and intelligence measured at conscription, and for education and own socioeconomic position.

Conclusions—

Increased risk of incident CHD is present across a range of mental disorders and is observable when the disorders are diagnosed at a young age.
Role of Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels in Atrial Electrophysiology and Fibrillation in the Dog
Authors: Qi Xiao-Yan , Diness Jonas G. , Brundel Bianca J.J.M. , Zhou Xiao-Bo , Naud Patrice , Wu Chia-Tung , Huang Hai , Harada Masahide , Aflaki Mona , Dobrev Dobromir , Grunnet Morten , Nattel Stanley
Published: November 2013

Background—

Recent evidence points to functional Ca
2+
-dependent K
+
(SK) channels in the heart that may govern atrial fibrillation (AF) risk, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This study addressed the role of SK channels in atrial repolarization and AF persistence in a canine AF model.

Methods and Results—

Electrophysiological variables were assessed in dogs subjected to atrial remodeling by 7-day atrial tachypacing (AT-P), as well as controls. Ionic currents and single-channel properties were measured in isolated canine atrial cardiomyocytes by patch clamp. NS8593, a putative selective SK blocker, suppressed SK current with an IC
50
of ≈5 μmol/L, without affecting Na
+
, Ca
2+
, or other K
+
currents. Whole-cell SK current sensitive to NS8593 was significantly larger in pulmonary vein (PV) versus left atrial (LA) cells, without a difference in SK single-channel open probability (
P
o
), whereas AT-P enhanced both whole-cell SK currents and single-channel
P
o
. SK-current block increased action potential duration in both PV and LA cells after AT-P; but only in PV cells in absence of AT-P. SK2 expression was more abundant at both mRNA and protein levels for PV versus LA in control dogs, in both control and AT-P; AT-P upregulated only SK1 at the protein level. Intravenous administration of NS8593 (5 mg/kg) significantly prolonged atrial refractoriness and reduced AF duration without affecting the Wenckebach cycle length, left ventricular refractoriness, or blood pressure.

Conclusions—

SK currents play a role in canine atrial repolarization, are larger in PVs than LA, are enhanced by atrial-tachycardia remodeling, and appear to participate in promoting AF maintenance. These results are relevant to the potential mechanisms underlying the association between SK single-nucleotide polymorphisms and AF and suggest SK blockers as potentially interesting anti-AF drugs.