bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The neuroscience of “free will”
Authors: Tancredi Laurence R.
Published: March 2007

Advances in neuroscience over the past 40 or more years are causing a re‐visiting of an old debate: Does man possess free will over his actions, or do forces out of his control determine his behavior? Philosophers and biologists since the beginning of recorded history have taken positions on each side of the debate. Recent discoveries of brain activation prior to conscious awareness and genetic conditions that induce impulsive violent behavior are fortifying the perspective that biological determinism is basic to the human condition. But some contemporary thinkers are conflicted in this viewpoint since “free will” is a necessary element for self‐determination and for attributing personal responsibility for one's actions. Hence, modifications of strict determinism have emerged which try to incorporate the features of determinism enforced by neuroscience findings with some element of “free will”, making the two seemingly opposed positions compatible. How successful this will be to rescue “free will” in the long term depends on future discoveries in neuroscience and genetics. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aggression, psychopathy and free will from a cognitive neuroscience perspective
Authors: Blair R. J. R.
Published: March 2007

This article considers the notion of free will in the context of aggression and psychopathy research. The philosophical literature is very briefly considered to determine under what assumptions free will can be considered to exist. However, as the issue of free will is very difficult to address directly, the prime focus of this article is on issues raised in the philosophical debate, that may be empirically tractable and that are relevant to the understanding of psychopathy. Specifically, the following issues are considered: (1) The distinction between automatic and controlled processing; (2) Impairment related to automatic processing in individuals with psychopathy; and (3) Impairment related to controlled behavior in individuals with psychopathy. It is concluded that, while there is not a direct mapping of the automatic versus controlled processing dichotomy on to the reactive versus instrumental aggression dichotomy, some overlap can be considered. As such, it is possible to consider that certain episodes of reactive aggression might be considered to occur in the absence of free will. However, instrumental aggression, at least from a compatibilist perspective, must involve free will. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decision making and free will: a neuroscience perspective
Authors: Burns Kelly , Bechara Antoine
Published: March 2007

A thorough analysis of the question of whether we possess “free will” requires that we take into account the process of exercising that will: that is, the neural mechanisms of decision making. Much of what we know about these mechanisms indicates that decision making is greatly influenced by implicit processes that may not even reach consciousness. Moreover, there exist conditions, for example certain types of brain injury or drug addiction, in which an individual can be said to have a disorder of the will. Examples such as these demonstrate that the idea of freedom of will on which our legal system is based is not supported by the neuroscience of decision making. Using the criminal law as an example, we discuss how new discoveries in neuroscience can serve as a tool for reprioritizing our society's legal intuitions in a way that leads us to a more effective and humane system. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Free will: reconciling German civil law with Libet's neurophysiological studies on the readiness potential
Authors: Kawohl Wolfram , Habermeyer Elmar
Published: March 2007

The free will debate widely exceeds the neuroscientific and philosophical fields due to profound implications for legislation, case law and psychiatric expert opinion. Data from Benjamin Libet's experiments on the readiness potential have been used as an argument against personal responsibility and for changes in the law. Due to the explicit use of the term “free will” in German civil law, the psychiatrist as an expert witness is confronted with this debate. In this article we outline the role of this crucial term in German civil law and we describe the neurophysiologic challenge in the form of Libet's experiments, which is led on three levels: the correctness of the data, the impact on the question of whether free will exists and possible consequences for the law. We conclude that the problem of free will cannot be debated on the basis of the data provided by Libet's experiments and that doubts about the existence of a free will must not lead to changes in the law or in psychiatric expert testimony. Therefore, advice for the psychiatrist as an expert witness is offered on the basis of a psychopathological approach that takes into account cognitive and motivational preconditions and the structure of values and personality. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Free will, the self, and the brain
Authors: Gomes Gilberto
Published: March 2007

The free will problem is defined and three solutions are discussed: no‐freedom theory, libertarianism, and compatibilism. Strict determinism is often assumed in arguing for libertarianism or no‐freedom theory. It assumes that the history of the universe is fixed, but modern physics admits a certain degree of randomness in the determination of events. However, this is not enough for a compatibilist position—which is favored here—since freedom is not randomness. It is the I that chooses what to do. It is argued that the core of the free will problem is what this I is. A materialist view is favored: The I is an activity of the brain. In addition to absence of external and internal compulsion, freedom involves absence of causal sufficiency of influences acting on the I. A more elaborate compatibilist view is proposed, according to which causal determination is complete when we add events occurring in the I (of which the subject is not conscious). Contrary to what several authors have argued, the onset of the readiness potential before the decision to act is no problem here. The experience of agency is incomplete and fallible, rather than illusory. Some consequences of different views about freedom for the ascription of responsibility are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Artificial neural networks as supervised techniques for FT‐IR microspectroscopic imaging
Authors: Lasch Peter , Diem Max , Hänsch Wolfgang , Naumann Dieter
Published: March 2007

In this report the applicability of an improved method of image segmentation of infrared microspectroscopic data from histological specimens is demonstrated. Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) microspectroscopy was used to record hyperspectral data sets from human colorectal adenocarcinomas and to build up a database of spatially resolved tissue spectra. This database of colon microspectra comprised 4120 high‐quality FT‐IR point spectra from 28 patient samples and 12 different histological structures. The spectral information contained in the database was employed to teach and validate multilayer perceptron artificial neural network (MLP‐ANN) models. These classification models were then employed for database analysis and utilised to produce false colour images from complete tissue maps of FT‐IR microspectra. An important aspect of this study was also to demonstrate how the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity can be specifically optimised. An example is given which shows that changes of the number of teaching patterns per class can be used to modify these two interrelated test parameters. The definition of ANN topology turned out to be crucial to achieve a high degree of correspondence between the gold standard of histopathology and IR spectroscopy. Particularly, a hierarchical scheme of ANN classification proved to be superior for the reliable classification of tissue spectra. It was found that unsupervised methods of clustering, specifically agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC), were helpful in the initial phases of model generation. Optimal classification results could be achieved if the class definitions for the ANNs were carried out by considering the classification information provided by cluster analysis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heat‐Induced Phase Transitions from an Aqueous Solution to Precipitates in a Poly(sodium 4‐styrenesulfonate)/Tetradecyltrimethylammonium Bromide System
Authors: Li Yi , Wang Dujin , Hao Zhengping , Hao Jingcheng , Han Charles C.
Published: March 2007

For the first time, temperature‐induced phase transitions upon heating and cooling an aqueous solution that contained oppositely charged polyelectrolyte and surfactant mixtures was observed. The phase transition from micelles to vesicles, then to the coexistence of vesicles and superstructures that have the morphology of melon seeds, and finally to precipitates was determined by means of turbidity measurements and transmission electron microscopy images. These phase transitions were shown to be reversible and reproducible after several heating and cooling cycles were performed on the same sample. The novel observations for the temperature‐induced phase transition from primary aggregates, such as micelles, to superstructures (i.e., vesicles) should provide new understanding for surfactant sciences, and in particular for self‐assembled amphiphilic systems.
Role of the weak interactions in enantiorecognition of racemic dihydropyrimidinones by novel brush‐type chiral stationary phases
Authors: Forjan Davorka Moslavac , Gazić Ivana , Vinković Vladimir
Published: March 2007

The chiral discrimination ability of two recently prepared chiral stationary phases (CSP 1 and CSP 2), based on a leucine derived chiral selector, was tested for the enantiomers of dihydropyrimidone (DHPM) derivatives and compared with the commercially available Hyun‐leucine CSP 3 and classical Pirkle‐leucine CSP 4. By combining all of these CSPs, the enantiomers of all DHPM derivatives used in this study can be properly resolved. Particularly good enantioresolutions were achieved for thioureide derivatives, such as Monastrol. The results presented show that sulfur–aromatic interactions are meritorious for these very good separations. Chirality, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Massarilactones E‐G, new metabolites from the endophytic fungus Coniothyrium sp., associated with the plant Artimisia maritima
Authors: Krohn Karsten , Zia‐Ullah  , Hussain Hidayat , Flörke Ulrich , Schulz Barbara , Draeger Siegfried , Pescitelli Gennaro , Salvadori Piero , Antus Sándor , Kurtán Tibor
Published: March 2007

Three new massarilactones E‐G (1–3) and the massarilactone acetonide (4) were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the endophytic fungus Coniothyrium sp., associated with the plant Artimisia maritima. Their structures were determined by analysis of the 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectroscopic data. The structure of massarilactones E (1) was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis, and its absolute configuration determined by the solid‐state CD/TDDFT method. Chirality, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epoxidierung von C=C‐Doppelbindungen mit in situ erzeugtem Wasserstoffperoxid
Authors: Zimmer A. , Goergen S. , Reschetilowski W.
Published: March 2007

Am Beispiel der Umsetzung von Allylalkohol zu Glycidol wird gezeigt, dass eine Epoxidierung mit Sauerstoff als Reaktionspartner in einem Prozessschritt möglich ist. Die Bildung von Wasserstoffperoxid durch kathodische Reduktion von Sauerstoff in einer Trickle‐bed‐Elektrode erfolgt parallel zur Epoxidierung des Allylalkohols am heterogenen Epoxidierungskatalysator TS‐1, der im Elektrodenmaterial eingebettet ist. Dieses Prinzip der gekoppelten elektrochemisch‐katalytischen Epoxidierung fasst die bisher in der Praxis üblichen zwei getrennten Schritte der Herstellung des Epoxidierungsmittels und der Epoxidierung in einem Reaktionsschritt zusammen.
Effizienz‐ und Wirtschaftlichkeitsuntersuchungen zur Bäckereiabfall‐ und Klärschlamm‐Co‐Fermentation
Authors: Huber M. B. , Gamper A. , Giovannini A. A. L. , Wett B.
Published: March 2007

Durch die Co‐Vergärung von biogenen Abfällen in kommunalen Kläranlagen lassen sich eine sinnvolle Verwertung und die Erzeugung erneuerbarer Energie vereinen. Untersucht wird die Möglichkeit der Co‐Fermentation von Bäckereiabfällen einer Großbäckerei mit Klärschlamm der Abwasserreinigungsanlage Zirl in einem 1‐m3‐Doppelversuchsreaktor. Ein Fermenter wird nur mit reinem Klärschlamm beschickt, dem anderen wurden zusätzlich die Bäckereiabfälle im entsprechenden Mengenverhältnis von 1:28 (Bäckereiabfälle: Klärschlamm) zugegeben und co‐fermentiert. Es kann gezeigt werden, dass die Co‐Vergärung keine negativen Auswirkungen auf den normalen Klärschlammbetrieb zur Folge hat. Durch die Zugabe des Co‐Substrates kann der Biogasertrag um mehr als 100 % gesteigert werden. Gleichzeitig werden die Bäckereiabfälle fast vollständig abgebaut. Das Problem einer Versäuerung durch Zugabe schnell abbaubarer Substrate kann anhand stabiler pH‐Werte ausgeschlossen werden. Die anschließende Wirtschaftlichkeitsbetrachtung bestätigt die Rentabilität dieser Verwertungsmethode am Standort Zirl.
Katalytische Hydroaminomethylierung für die hochselektive Synthese von linearen Fettaminen
Authors: Buch C. , Jackstell R. , Bühring D. , Beller M.
Published: March 2007

Ausgehend von höheren Olefinen (>C12) bietet die Rhodium‐katalysierte Hydroamino‐methylierung einen einstufigen und atomeffizienten Zugang zu Fettaminen. Unter optimierten Bedingungen können hohe Katalysatoraktivitäten und ‐produktivitäten erzielt werden und die linearen Produkte mit ausgezeichneter Regioselektivität erhalten werden.
Magnetfeldüberlagerte Pressfiltration
Authors: Eichholz C. , Stolarski M. , Fuchs B. , Nirschl H.
Published: March 2007

Die magnetfeldüberlagerte Pressfiltration kombiniert klassische Filtration und Magnettechnologie in einer neuartigen Weise. Durch ein überlagertes Magnetfeld kann dabei der Kuchenaufbau in der Filterzelle gezielt gesteuert werden. Zusätzlich bildet sich im Filterkuchen durch interpartikuläre magnetische Wechselwirkungen eine gerichtete Struktur aus. Beide Effekte führen zu einem geringeren Gesamtfiltrationswiderstand.
Zündung von Wasserstoff/Luftgemischen durch elektrische Entladungen bei hochfrequenter Wechselspannung
Authors: Lienesch F. , Homann S. , Markus D. , Spilling M.
Published: March 2007

Brennbare Gas/Luftgemische lassen sich häufig in der chemischen und petrochemischen Industrie nicht ausschließen, so dass ein sicherer Betrieb solcher Industrieanlagen Explosionsschutzkonzepte erfordert, die in einigen Fällen mit wissenschaftlichen Methoden entwickelt werden müssen. Elektrische Entladungen stellen einen komplexen Zündmechanismus für brennbare Gas/Luftgemische dar und müssen beim Explosionsschutz elektrischer Geräte besonders berücksichtigt werden. Im Gegensatz zu Funkenentladungen ist die Zündung durch Vor‐ und Teilentladungen bei hochfrequenter Wechselspannung bislang wenig betrachtet worden. Ergebnisse hinsichtlich des Zündrisikos dieser Entladungsformen werden diskutiert.
Anfahrstrategien für die Reaktivrektifikation in Boden‐ und Packungskolonnen
Authors: Forner F. , Döker M. , Gmehling J. , Repke J.‐U. , Wozny G.
Published: March 2007

Das komplexe Anfahrverhalten der Reaktivrektifikation in Boden‐ und Packungskolonnen wird am Beispiel der Methylacetatsynthese untersucht, um unproduktive Betriebszustände durch Minimierung der Anfahrzeit zu verkürzen. Hierzu wird ein dynamisches Simulationsmodell für den Anfahrvorgang ausgehend vom kalten und leeren Zustand entwickelt und experimentell validiert. In Simulationsstudien werden die Unterschiede im Anfahrverhalten von Boden‐ und Packungskolonnen gezeigt und auf die unterschiedliche Fluiddynamik zurückgeführt. Anfahrstrategien müssen somit unter Berücksichtigung der Kolonneneinbauten entwickelt werden.
Modifizierte Rayleigh‐Destillationsmethode zur schnellen Bestimmung atmosphärischer Verteilungsfaktoren von Aromastoffen
Authors: Hertel M. , Sommer K.
Published: March 2007

Vorgestellt wird eine neue und einfache Variante der Rayleigh‐Destillationsmethode. Mit diesem Verfahren ist es möglich, die Verteilungsfaktoren in unendlicher Verdünnung in Wasser von Aromakomponenten mit starker Absorption von UV‐Licht in kürzester Zeit zu ermitteln. Hierfür werden lediglich ein Photometer, eine präzise Waage sowie ein Rotationsverdampfer benötigt. Die Methode wird anhand eines Vergleiches gewonnener Werte mit Literaturdaten überprüft.
Charakterisierung poröser Strukturen für den Einsatz in explosionsgeschützten elektrischen Geräten
Authors: Mecke S. , Markus D. , Thedens M. , Engelmann F. , Hilliger A. , Klausmeyer U.
Published: March 2007

Die Messköpfe von Gasmessgeräten sind in den meisten Fällen potenzielle Zündquellen, die mit Hilfe einer normenkonformen konstruktiven Methode unwirksam gemacht werden müssen. Im untersuchten Anwendungsfall wird ein Sensor in ein kleines Gehäuse der Zündschutzart „Druckfeste Kapselung”︁ nach IEC/EN 60079‐1 eingebaut, welches einerseits explosionsdruckfest ist und andererseits eine ausreichende Gasdiffusion durch einen porösen metallischen Werkstoff zulässt. Es wird ein Messverfahren vorgestellt, das die Charakterisierung poröser Werkstoffe hinsichtlich ihrer flammenlöschenden Wirkung ermöglicht. Ziel des Verfahrens ist es, die Konstruktion druckfest gekapselter Gassensoren flexibler zu gestalten und eine sicherheitstechnisch validierte Basis für Produktinnovationen zu schaffen.
Thermische Inaktivierung von Mikroorganismen: Zur Modellierung temperaturabhängiger Prozesse
Authors: Bliem R. , Nowak Werner Georg
Published: March 2007

Obwohl Methoden zur Inaktivierung schädlicher Mikroorganismen durch Hitze sowohl bei der Behandlung von Lebensmitteln als auch im pharmazeutisch‐medizinischen Bereich seit langer Zeit erfolgreich angewendet werden, sind präzise mathematische Modellierungen derartiger Prozesse erst in neuester Zeit in Entwicklung begriffen. Dies gilt insbesondere für möglichst „schonende”︁ Verfahren, bei denen Temperaturen und zeitliche Einwirkung gering gehalten werden sollen (Pasteurisierung, Thermisierung). Hier spielt eine quantitative Kontrolle auch über die Phasen der Erwärmung und Abkühlung eine Rolle. Beschrieben wird ein solches hinreichend flexibles Modell für derartige nicht‐isotherme Inaktivierungsvorgänge. Es wird ein expliziter Algorithmus angegeben, der vom Anwender mittels Microsoft Excel™ implementiert werden kann.
Untersuchungen zur Pneumatik von Strahlschichtapparaten mit schlitzförmigem Gaseintritt
Authors: Gryczka O. , Heinrich S. , Miteva V. , Mörl L.
Published: March 2007

Strahlschichtapparate als Sonderfall von Wirbelschichtapparaten bieten effektive Möglichkeiten zur intensiven Kontaktierung von Fluid/Feststoffsystemen. Im Vergleich zu den Wirbelschichtapparaten haben die Strahlschichtapparate einige Vorteile. Für die Ermittlung der Wirksamkeit des Fluid/Feststoff‐Kontakts ist die Kenntnis der Fluid‐Verteilung in einer Strahlschicht sehr wichtig. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der Fluiddynamik von zwei Strahlschichtapparaten unterschiedlicher Größe mit schlitzförmigem Gaseintritt.
Increased cancer incidence after radioiodine treatment for hyperthyroidism
Authors: Metso Saara , Auvinen Anssi , Huhtala Heini , Salmi Jorma , Oksala Heikki , Jaatinen Pia
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND.

Concerns remain about risk of cancer after radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment for hyperthyroidism, especially in organs that concentrate iodine. The objective was to assess the long‐term cancer risk from RAI treatment for hyperthyroidism.

METHODS.

A total of 2793 hyperthyroid patients treated with RAI at Tampere University Hospital between 1965 and 2002, and 2793 age‐ and sex‐matched reference subjects were followed for an average of 10 years through the Finnish Cancer Registry.

RESULTS.

Cancer incidence among hyperthyroid patients treated with RAI was higher than in the population‐based control group (118.9 vs 94.9 per 10,000 person‐years, rate ratio [RR], 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08–1.46). Furthermore, incidence of stomach (RR, 1.75, 95% CI: 1.00–3.14), kidney (RR, 2.32; 95% CI: 1.06–5.09), and breast (RR, 1.53; 95% CI: 1.07–2.19) cancer was increased among RAI‐treated patients. The relative risk of cancer increased with higher RAI dose administered. The increase in cancer incidence was statistically significant in patients treated at the age of 50–59 (RR, 1.44; 95% CI: 1.05–1.97) or older than 70 years (RR, 1.39; 95% CI: 1.05–1.82). There was a 5‐year latent period after the RAI treatment before the cancer incidence began to differ between the RAI‐treated hyperthyroid patients and the control group.

CONCLUSIONS.

Cancer incidence, especially cancer of the stomach, kidney, and breast, was higher in patients treated with RAI for hyperthyroidism. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Randomized controlled trial comparing a low‐fat diet with a weight‐reduction diet in breast cancer‐related lymphedema
Authors: Shaw Clare , Mortimer Peter , Judd Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND.

Obesity is considered a risk factor for lymphedema of the arm resulting from breast cancer treatment (BCRL) as well as a poor prognostic factor in response to lymphedema treatment. The aim of the study was to compare the effect of 2 dietary interventions on excess arm volume in BCRL.

METHODS.

A total of 64 women with BCRL were randomized to 1 of 3 groups for 24 weeks: 1) weight reduction through reduced energy intake; 2) low‐fat diet with no change in energy intake (isoenergetic); 3) control group with no dietary change from habitual intake.

RESULTS.

The primary outcome measure was arm volume at 24 weeks. Results showed significant reductions in body weight (P = .006), body mass index (P = .008), and skinfold thickness measured at 4 sites (P = .044) in the weight‐reduction and low‐fat groups compared with controls. A slightly greater, but not significant (P = .605), fall in excess arm volume occurred in the dietary groups but a significant correlation between weight loss (irrespective of group) and a reduction in excess arm volume (r: 0.423; P = .002) was demonstrated.

CONCLUSIONS.

Weight loss, whether through reduced energy intake or low‐fat diet, appears to be helpful in the treatment of breast cancer‐related lymphedema. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Finite‐element models for flexible unidimensional structures with unilateral constraints
Authors: dos Santos Antônio J. B. , Guerreiro João N. C. , Loula Abimael F. D.
Published: March 2007

We present computational models for unidimensional flexible structures subjected to equality or inequality constraints. The first model, in small displacements and small deformations regime, is applied to the simulation of the behaviour of straight structures completely or partially confined and under the action of instabilizing forces coming, for example, from thermal variations. The second model, in finite displacements and small deformations regime, may have large applications in the analyses of risers and umbilicals used in oil production fields. It is derived aggregating elastic supports and unilateral constraints to the model presented by Glowinski and Fortin (Augmented Lagrangian Methods: Application to the Numerical Solution of Boudary‐Value Problems, vol. 15. 1991) to the analyses of inextensible flexible
unidimensional structures. This model is formulated using an Augmented Lagrangian Method and is solved by an Uzawa‐type algorithm with projection. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The strategic style in mediation
Authors: Kressel Kenneth
Published: March 2007

This article describes the strategic style approach to the mediation role. The hallmark of the approach is the mediator's attempt to address the underlying dysfunction that is fueling the conflict. Versions of the strategic style are illustrated in divorce mediation in a family court, the mediation of conflict among scientists at the National Institutes of Health, and the mediation of health care conflicts in a university teaching hospital. Despite this evidence, the strategic style is infrequently discussed in the practitioner literature and largely undocumented by researchers. Possible reasons for the low visibility of the strategic style are discussed, including the dominance of the alternative dispute resolution field by disciplines lacking developed notions of latent causes of conflict, the strong normative pressures on mediators to espouse the role of nondirective neutrals, the tendency of experts to lose conscious awareness of their schemas of practice, and the close ties between the strategic style and local conditions that may not be widely distributed in the universe of mediation practice.
Indian residential school survivors and state‐designed ADR: A strategy for co‐optation?
Authors: Funk‐Unrau Neil , Snyder Anna
Published: March 2007

The history of the Indian residential school system, which began officially in Canada in 1879, is marked by the persistent neglect and abuse of children and, as a result, of Aboriginal communities in general. The residential schools were an attempt to undermine the existence of Aboriginal communities and families. The federal government wanted Aboriginal people to assimilate into Canadian society. According to Duncan Campbell Scott, the principal architect of Indian residential school policy, “Our objective is to continue until there is not a single Indian in Canada that has not been absorbed into the body politic, and there is no Indian question and no Indian Department. … I want to get rid of the Indian problem” (Titley, 1986, p. 50). In many communities, every child between the age of five and eighteen was taken from his or her family and put in residential schools.
Affidavits in conflict culture: A discursive analysis of a custody and access case
Authors: Ney Tara , Blank Kim , Blank Acia
Published: March 2007

Framed by meta‐critical Foucauldian theories of knowledge, power, and discourse, but based on a close reading of excerpts from a single case study, we suggest that affidavits, as a technology in high‐conflict custody and access divorce cases, can contribute to or construct conflict they intend to resolve. Issues of agency are addressed by shifting attention away from thinking in terms of a conflict between individuals to concerns of a system or structure. This “place” for doing conflict is seen as a “conflict culture.”
Trace amines differentially regulate adult locomotor activity, cocaine sensitivity, and female fertility in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Hardie Shannon L. , Zhang Jing X. , Hirsh Jay
Published: March 2007

The trace biogenic amines tyramine and octopamine are found in the nervous systems of animals ranging in complexity from nematodes to mammals. In insects such as Drosophila melanogaster, the trace amine octopamine is a well‐established neuromodulator that mediates a diverse range of physiological processes, but an independent role for tyramine is less clear. Tyramine is synthesized from tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine decarboxylase (TDC). We previously reported the identification of two Tdc genes in Drosophila: the peripherally‐expressed Tdc1 and the neurally‐expressed Tdc2. To further clarify the neural functions of the trace amines in Drosophila, we examined normal and cocaine‐induced locomotor activity in flies that lack both neural tyramine and octopamine because of mutation in Tdc2 (Tdc2RO54). Tdc2RO54 flies have dramatically reduced basal locomotor activity levels and are hypersensitive to an initial dose of cocaine. Tdc2‐targeted expression of the constitutively active inward rectifying potassium channel Kir2.1 replicates these phenotypes, and Tdc2‐driven expression of Tdc1 rescues the phenotypes. However, flies that contain no measurable neural octopamine and an excess of tyramine due to a null mutation in the tyramine β‐hydroxylase gene (TβHnM18) exhibit normal locomotor activity and cocaine responses in spite of showing female sterility due to loss of octopamine. The ability of elevated levels of neural tyramine in TβHnM18 flies to supplant the role of octopamine in adult locomotor and cocaine‐induced behaviors, but not in functions related to female fertility, indicates mechanistic differences in the roles of trace amines in these processes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2007
Transmit phase control to increase the minimum eigenvalue of the channel correlation matrix in the ETD system
Authors: Shimura Ryuichiro , Sasase Iwao
Published: March 2007

For conditions under which the channel conditions between the transmitting and receiving antennas are known on the transmitter side when TDD (Time Division Duplex) is used in the MIMO (Multi‐Input Multi‐Output) method, much attention has been devoted to E‐SDM (Eigenbeam Space Division Multiplexing), in which the influence of CCI (Co‐Channel Interference) is eliminated by making the different transmission signal sequences orthogonal in space by means of the eigenvectors of the channel matrix used as the transmission and reception weights. However, in such a system as E‐SDM, in which eigenvectors of the channel matrix are used, more than two antennas are needed on the receiving side in order to perform eigenvalue decomposition of the channel matrix. In this paper, in order to realize a system using the eigenvectors as the transmission and reception weights even in a system with two transmitting antennas and one receiving antenna under TDD, the ETD (Eigenbeam Transmit Diversity) system is proposed. In this system, the concept of frequency diversity is applied, in which identical signals are transmitted on two subcarriers on one transmitting antenna, so that a MIMO system is virtually realized with subcarriers of the OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) in place of receiving antennas in the row direction of the channel matrix. In the ETD system, the minimum eigenvalue of the channel matrix can be made larger by adaptively interchanging the signals among antennas and by transmission phase control. Hence, the BER characteristics of the signal sequence by which the minimum eigenvalue is multiplied can be improved. The characteristics are evaluated by computer simulations. It is shown that the proposed system is superior in terms of BER characteristics to the transmission diversity system in which transmission phase control is carried out among the antennas. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(7): 38–51, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20342
Stress dependence of transmission frequency of a fiber Fabry‐Perot etalon buried in a fiber ferrule
Authors: Tateda Mitsuhiro , Komaki Kento , Yamaguchi Yuki
Published: March 2007

The transmission characteristics of a fiber Fabry‐Perot etalon formed by mirror‐finishing both ends of an optical fiber are dependent on the external stress applied. A theoretical study and an experimental confirmation of a fiber Fabry‐Perot etalon with a ferrule diameter of 2.5 mm and a resonator length of 4 mm are carried out to investigate variations of the transmission frequencies as a function of the stress. It is confirmed that there is a proportional relationship of 1.5 GHz/N and −0.1 GHz/N in the transmission frequency variations versus the stress in the axial and radial directions. Arbitrary transmission frequencies within FSR can be obtained by adjustment of the stress at values less than 17 N, so that the fiber Fabry‐Perot etalon can be used as a tunable optical frequency filter. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(7): 1– 8, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20386
Development of high‐temperature superconducting SQUID system for magnetocardiography
Authors: Tsukamoto Akira , Suzuki Daisuke , Yokosawa Koichi , Kandori Akihiko , Seki Yusuke , Ogata Kuniomi , Miyashita Tsuyoshi , Saitoh Kazuo , Tsukada Keiji
Published: March 2007

As a new clinical examination apparatus for cardiac diseases, attention is focused on the magnetocardiograph, which can represent electrophysiological phenomena of the heart noninvasively as graphical information. We have been developing a compact and portable high‐temperature superconducting magnetocardiograph based on our technology for magnetocardiographs using low‐temperature superconductors. Since a high‐temperature superconducting magnetocardiograph can work with liquid nitrogen cooling, it allows miniaturization and lower running costs. Hence, it is expected to help popularize magnetocardiographs by its use in smaller hospitals and in group medical examinations in the field. In this paper, we introduce the prototype high‐temperature superconducting magnetocardiographs we have made, and report the fabrication technology for a highly sensitive high‐temperature SQUID and the technology for external noise shielding and compensation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 90(4): 46– 55, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20273
Reliability of 0.18 µm gate GaAs‐MESFETs fabricated by i‐line lithography process
Authors: Tosaka Yasuhiro , Watanabe Masataka , Fukushi Daiji , Yano Hiroshi , Nakajima Shigeru
Published: March 2007

A 0.18‐µm GaAs‐MESFET fabrication process with low cost and high uniformity was established by means of i‐line lithography and ion‐implantation technology and high‐speed operation of fT>100 GHz was achieved. As a result of the investigation of 0.18‐µm GaAs‐MESFET using the high‐temperature accelerated life test, an activation energy of 1.54 eV and mean time to failure (MTTF) of 2.4×105 hours at a junction temperature of 150 °C were obtained. Gate sinking at the interface between the gate metal and GaAs substrate was revealed using the analysis of cross‐sectional TEM and EDS. That failure mode is similar to GaAs‐MESFET with a gate length of 0.8 µm. The amount of drain current degradation after burn‐in test could not be quantitatively explained by the sinking of Ti to the GaAs substrate. We reveal the existence of a complex degradation mechanism related to the impact ionization at the drain access region. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 90(4): 9–17, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20319
Solving regularized least squares with qualitatively controlled adaptive cross‐approximated matrices
Authors: Hamada Shoji , Tatematsu Akiyoshi
Published: March 2007

The adaptive cross‐approximation (ACA) technique is applied to accelerating an inverse‐problem solver that estimates charge distribution on a dielectric spacer. The ACA generates an approximated system‐matrix that enables us to carry out high‐speed inverse calculation. We designed an approximation procedure based on ACA with some additional concepts, that is, (a) partitioning of matrix based on algebraic information, (b) approximation quality control based on matrix norms, and so on. The tested solver (LSQR for regularized least squares) with ACA demonstrates about 10 times faster performance than that without ACA. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 159(3): 10–18, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20326
Label recognition using collinear acoustooptic devices in WDM photonic router
Authors: Goto Nobuo , Miyazaki Yasumitsu
Published: March 2007

Collinear acoustooptic (AO) switches are investigated for use in label recognition system in photonic routing systems. The optical label discussed in this paper uses optical codes which are encoded in the time domain. Short optical pulse trains representing the codes are processed with integrated AO devices. Proposed device configurations for label recognition are described with the basic operation mechanism. A numerical example for the code recognition is also presented. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 159(3): 48–55, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20453
Unraveling the lethal synergism between Trypanosoma cruzi infection and LPS: A role for increased macrophage reactivity
Authors: Paiva Cláudia N. , Arras Rosa H. , Lessa Luiz P. , Gibaldi Daniel , Alves Letícia , Metz Christine N. , Gazzinelli Ricardo , Pyrrho Alexandre S. , Lannes‐Vieira Joseli , Bozza Marcelo T.
Published: March 2007

Various infections sensitize to lethal shock by promoting hyperactivation of macrophages to LPS stimulation. Although macrophages are thought to be deactivated upon contact with apoptotic cells during Trypanosoma cruzi infection, T. cruzi infection also sensitizes mice to endotoxemia. Herein, we studied the mechanisms of sensitization to endotoxemia in T. cruzi‐infected mice in order to solve the paradox. Live (but not fixed) trypomastigotes from various stocks sensitized mice to endotoxemia. Mice deficient in glycolipid recognition (TLR2–/– and CD1d–/–) were sensitized by infection to challenge with LPS. Infected mice hyperproduced TNF and IL‐10 upon LPS challenge. Infected TNF‐R1–/–, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)–/– and IFN‐γ–/– mice were lethally sensitized, but infected TNF‐R1–/– mice administered anti‐MIF survived shock with LPS. Macrophages from infected mice hyperproduced TNF in response to LPS stimulation and displayed increased expression of TLR4 compared to non‐infected controls. Treatment with the PGE2 synthesis inhibitor acetylsalicylic acid (AAS) in vivo reduced parasitemia and enhanced LPS‐stimulated production of TNF by macrophages, but the effect was less in infected mice than in normal mice. Nevertheless, AAS treatment did not increase the susceptibility of infected mice to sublethal shock with LPS. Our results point to independent MIF and TNF/TNF‐R1 lethal pathways and suggest a role for hyperactivated macrophages in T. cruzi‐sensitized LPS‐induced shock.
Non‐myeloablative mixed chimerism approaches and tolerance, a split decision
Authors: Luo Bin , Chan William F. N. , Shapiro A. M. James , Anderson Colin C.
Published: March 2007

Stable mixed chimerism has been considered the most robust tolerance strategy. However, rejection of solid donor tissues by chimeras has been observed, a state termed split tolerance. Since new non‐myeloablative mixed chimerism approaches are being actively pursued, we sought to determine whether they lead to full tolerance or split tolerance and to define the mechanisms involved. Fully mismatched mixed chimeras generated by induction with various lymphocyte‐depleting antibodies along with either low‐dose irradiation or busulfan and temporary sirolimus, maintained stable mixed chimerism but nevertheless rejected donor skin grafts. Generation of stable mixed chimerism using antibody targeting CD40L, but not depleting antibodies to CD4 and CD8, could prevent split tolerance when skin grafts were given together with donor bone marrow. Minor antigen matching abrogated the ability of effector T cells to reject donor skin grafts. A CFSE killing assay indicated that chimeras were both directly and indirectly tolerant of donor hematopoietic cell antigens, suggesting that minor mismatches triggered a tissue‐specific response. Thus, split tolerance due to tissue‐restricted polymorphic antigens prevents full tolerance in a number of non‐myeloablative mixed chimerism protocols and a ‘tolerizing’ agent is required to overcome split tolerance. A model of the requirements for split tolerance is presented.
On watching the watchers: IDO and type I/II IFN
Authors: Puccetti Paolo
Published: March 2007

A series of recent studies, including an article in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, have demonstrated that the immunoregulatory pathway of tryptophan catabolism, initiated by the enzyme indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO), not only represents an effector mechanism of peripheral tolerance, but is also a critical participant in the promotion of an optimally protective immune response balanced between inflammation and tolerance. Although subjected to transcriptional regulation by type I/II IFN, IDO is itself required for the production of type I IFN in response to B7 signaling in CD19+ DC. Such a bidirectional feedback loop could be part of an integrated response for preventing excessive inflammation and autoimmunity.

See accompanying article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200636690
Synthesis and Study of the Crystallographic and Magnetic Structure of HoFeMnO5
Authors: Muñoz Angel , Alonso José A. , Martínez‐Lope María J. , Martínez José L.
Published: March 2007

A new oxide of stoichiometry HoFeMnO5 has been obtained by replacing Mn3+ cations by Fe3+ in the parent oxide HoMn2O5. The crystallographic and magnetic structures have been analyzed by neutron powder diffraction (NPD), which complements susceptibility and magnetization measurements. HoFeMnO5 is orthorhombic, belonging to the Pbam space group like the parent compound. The crystal structure contains infinite chains of edge‐sharing Mn4+O6 octahedra, interconnected by dimer units of Fe3+O5 square pyramids. In comparison with HoMn2O5, containing elongated Mn3+O6 pyramids, the Fe3+O5 units are flattened. The magnetization measurements show that HoFeMnO5 presents a long‐range magnetic order below TC ≈ 153 K. An NPD study shows that HoFeMnO5 adopts a collinear ferrimagnetic structure: each of the Mn4+ and Fe3+ sublattices are ferromagnetically coupled, and the coupling between the two sublattices is antiferromagnetic; the magnetic moments are oriented along the c direction. The Ho3+ cations also order below TC, but with a very small magnetic moment; the Ho3+ moments are parallel to the Fe3+ magnetic sublattice. At T = 2.7 K, the ordered magnetic moments for the Mn4+, Fe3+ and Ho3+ ions are 1.31(6), 3.20(10) and 0.36(7) μB, respectively. In comparison with ErFeMnO5, where Er3+ cations are fully ordered at low temperatures, in HoFeMnO5 there is a frustration concerning the long‐range order of the Ho3+ cations, which remain virtually paramagnetic over the whole temperature range.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Structural Chemistry of an n = 1 Member of the Ruddlesden–Popper Srn+1(Co0.5Ta0.5)nO3n+1 Homologous Series: Sr4CoTaO8
Authors: Boulahya Khalid , Parras Marina , González‐Calbet José María
Published: March 2007

A layered perovskite related compound with the Sr4CoTaO8 composition was isolated. This material constitutes the n = 1 member of the recently reported [Srn+1(Co0.5Ta0.5)nO3n+1] Ruddlesden–Popper series. XRPD, SAED and HREM reveal that this compound crystallizes as a K2NiF4‐type with space group I4/mmm. The structure is formed by one Sr2CoTaO6 perovskite block that intergrows with one SrO rock salt layer; no ordering between the Co and Ta cations was established. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Indium Triflate‐Catalysed Addition of Thio Compounds to Camphene: A Novel Route to 2,3,3‐Trimethyl‐2‐thiobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane Derivatives
Authors: Weïwer Michel , Chaminade Xavier , Bayón J. Carles , Duñach Elisabet
Published: March 2007

InIII triflate‐catalysed addition of thiols and thiocarboxylic acids to camphene under mild conditions has allowed the functionalisation of the alkene for the first time, with suppression of the classical rearrangement of the camphene terpene skeleton to isobornane structures. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Stereoselective Synthesis of 2‐Deoxyglycosides from Sulfanyl Alkenes by Consecutive “One Pot” Cyclization and Glycosylation Reactions
Authors: Rodríguez Miguel A. , Boutureira Omar , Matheu M. Isabel , Díaz Yolanda , Castillón Sergio
Published: March 2007

2‐Deoxy‐2‐iodopyranosides 3, and 9–12 were synthesized from sulfanyl alkenes using a “one pot” consecutive cyclization–glycosylation process. Compared with the stepwise procedure, the “one pot” process gave significantly improved yields with similar or slightly lower selectivities. The “onepot” procedure was applied to the synthesis of 2,6‐dideoxy‐2‐iodoglycoside 22, which was successfully deiodinated to afford the 2,6‐dideoxyglycoside 23. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Directed Branched‐Regioselective Hydroformylation of 2‐Substituted Allylic o‐DPPB Esters
Authors: Breit Bernhard , Grünanger Christian U. , Abillard Olivier
Published: March 2007

Branched‐regioselective hydroformylation of allylic o‐DPPB esters has been accomplished with mono‐ and disubstituted alkene functions in good to excellent yields and selectivities. Optimized reaction conditions allowed the reaction of even trisubstitued alkenic functions. These reactions occur as a result of a significant rate‐accelerating effect exerted by the catalyst‐directing o‐DPPB group, as exemplified by highly position‐, regio‐, and diastereoselective hydroformylation of the geranyl and neryl o‐DPPB esters.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Facile Access to Optically Active Ferrocenyl Derivatives with Direct Substitution of the Hydroxy Group Catalyzed by Indium Tribromide
Authors: Vicennati Paola , Cozzi Pier Giorgio
Published: March 2007

Ferrocene derivatives have found many different uses and applications in organometallic chemistry, material chemistry, and catalysis. We have shown that using a catalytic amount (5–10 mol‐%) of commercially available indium tribromide, at room temperature, many carbon nucleophiles, such as indoles, allylsilane, enolsilane, silyl ketene acetal, diketone, and trimethylsilylcyanide, smoothly react with different optically active ferrocenyl alcohol derivatives to afford the desired products in high yield, with retention of configuration. Also, many different N‐nucleophiles (azide, carbamates) and O‐nucleophiles (alcohols) react as well, again with retention of configuration. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Stochastic seismic response analysis of hysteretic multi‐degree‐of‐freedom structures
Authors: Wen Yi‐Kwei
Published: March 2007

Analytical study of random vibration of non‐linear mutli‐degree‐of‐freedom (MDF) systems is generally difficult. This is particularly true for MDF inelastic systems due to the highly non‐linear and hereditary behaviour of the restoring force. On the other hand, to obtain the response statistics using a step‐by‐step Monte Carlo simulation requires a large sample, and it could be very costly. The purpose of this paper is to present a practical analytical‐empirical method for an MDF yielding system. The method is based on a substitute structure (SS) concept in which the SS parameters are determined from empirical results of single‐degree‐of‐freedom systems, i.e. each element in the system is replaced by a linear counterpart with ductility‐dependent stiffness and damping. Based on a linear random vibration response analysis, the statistics of the maximum response (ductility) of each element are obtained by iteration. Numerical examples are given for multi‐storey buildings with deteriorating (reinforced concrete frame) or non‐deteriorating (steel frame) restoring forces. Comparisons with empirical results are satisfactory qualitatively. The main advantage of this method is that it requires relatively insignificant computation time, e.g. 1 s of execution time on the IBM 360–75 system for an eight‐storey steel frame.
The effective period and damping of a class of hysteretic structures
Authors: Iwan Wilfred D. , Gates Nathan C.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the results of a numerical investigation in which the maximum response of six hysteretic systems is calculated for an ensemble of twelve earthquakes. Inelastic response spectra are constructed for a range of response ductility. An effective linear period and damping are calculated for each system and ductility by determining those parameters which minimize an RMS response spectrum error. Conclusions are presented concerning the effects of deterioration, stiffness degradation, cracking and ductility on the effective linear system parameters.