bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Animal Venom Peptides as a Treasure Trove for New Therapeutics Against Neurodegenerative Disorders
Authors: Yang Xinwang , Wang Ying , Wu Chunyun , Ling Eng-Ang
Published: October 2018

Background:

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and cerebral ischemic stroke, impose enormous socio-economic burdens on both patients and health-care systems. However, drugs targeting these diseases remain unsatisfactory, and hence there is an urgent need for the development of novel and potent drug candidates.

Methods:

Animal toxins exhibit rich diversity in both proteins and peptides, which play vital roles in biomedical drug development. As a molecular tool, animal toxin peptides have not only helped clarify many critical physiological processes but also led to the discovery of novel drugs and clinical therapeutics.

Results:

Recently, toxin peptides identified from venomous animals, e.g. exenatide, ziconotide, Hi1a, and PcTx1 from spider venom, have been shown to block specific ion channels, alleviate inflammation, decrease protein aggregates, regulate glutamate and neurotransmitter levels, and increase neuroprotective factors.

Conclusion:

Thus, components of venom hold considerable capacity as drug candidates for the alleviation or reduction of neurodegeneration. This review highlights studies evaluating different animal toxins, especially peptides, as promising therapeutic tools for the treatment of different neurodegenerative diseases and disorders.
Essential Oils: An Impending Substitute of Synthetic Antimicrobial Agents to Overcome Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: Mittal Rajinder Pal , Rana Abhilash , Jaitak Vikas
Published: October 2018

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an emerging problem in the world that has a significant impact on our society. AMR made conventional drugs futile against microorganisms and diseases untreatable. Plant-derived medicines are considered to be safe alternatives as compared to synthetic drugs. Active ingredients and the mixtures of these natural medicines have been used for centuries, due to their easy availability, low cost, and negligible side effects. Essential oils (EOs) are the secondary metabolites that are produced by aromatic plants to protect them from microorganisms. However, these EOs and their constituents have shown good fighting potential against drug-resistant pathogens. These oils have been proved extremely effective antimicrobial agents in comparison to antibiotics. Also, the combination of synthetic drugs with EOs or their components improve their efficacy. So, EOs can be established as an alternative to synthetic antimicrobial agents to eradicate tough form of infectious microorganisms. EO’s can interact with multiple target sites, like the destruction of cytoplasm membrane or inhibition of protein synthesis and efflux pump, etc. The purpose of this review is to provide information about the antimicrobial activity of EOs attained from different plants, their combination with synthetic antimicrobials. In addition, mechanism of antimicrobial activity of several EOs and their constituents was reported.
Lemon Juice Mediated Reaction under Ultrasound Irradiation: Synthesis of Indolofuroquinoxalines as Potential Anticancer Agents
Authors: Prasanna Gutta Lakshmi , Rao Bodapati Veera Durga , Reddy Alugubelli Gopi , Rao Mandava V. Basaveswara , Pal Manojit
Published: October 2018

Background:

A non-hazardous synthetic methodology has been developed for the preparation
of compounds based on indolofuroquinoxaline framework. Lemon juice that is known to play the
role of a biocatalyst in various organic reactions was used for this purpose.

Method:

A number of indolofuroquinoxaline derivatives were prepared via the lemon juice mediated
condensation of methyl 2-(2-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl)-2-oxoacetate or its N-alkyl derivatives with 1,2-
diamines under ultrasound irradiation. All the synthesized compounds were screened via an MTT assay
for their potential anticancer properties in vitro using a number of cancer cell lines including
MDA-MB 231, and MCF7, K562, Colo-205 and IMR-32 and the non-cancerous HEK293 cell line.
Compounds 3a, 3b and 3c showed promising growth inhibition against K562, MDA-MB 231 and
MCF7 cell lines but no significant effects on HEK293 cell line suggesting their selectivity towards
cancer cells.

Results and Conclusion:

Moreover, according to their IC50 values, all these compounds appeared to be
relatively more potent towards K562 cell line over MDA-MB 231 and MCF7 cell lines indicating their
potential against leukemia.
New Efavirenz Derivatives and 1,2,3-Triazolyl-phosphonates as Inhibitors of Reverse Transcriptase of HIV-1
Authors: Costa Carolina C.P. , Boechat Nubia , Bastos Monica M. , da Silva Fernando de C. , Marttorelli Andressa , Souza Thiago M.L. , Baptista Mayara S. , Hoelz Lucas V.B. , Cafffarena Ernesto R.
Published: October 2018

Background:

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the fight against Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is still one of the most significant challenges facing humanity.
Worldwide, it is estimated that 36.7 million people are infected by the Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV). Despite the variety of available drugs, the search for new enzymatic inhibitors of
HIV is still important due to the presence of adverse effects and the development of resistant strains.
Therefore, the present study aimed to design, synthesize, and biologically evaluate novel inhibitors of
HIV Reverse Transcriptase (RT).

Materials and Methods:

These compounds were obtained in two series, and compounds in both series
contain a 1,2,3-triazole ring in their structures. The compounds in the first series are Efavirenz (EFV)
analogues with the N-1 position substituted by another important fragment as described in the medicinal
chemistry literature on anti-HIV drugs. The second series has a phosphonate chain similar to that in the
structure of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF).

Results and Conclusion:

The results of the biological evaluation showed that all compounds presented
high RT inhibition values and lower or comparable inhibitory concentrations (the concentration needed
to reduce the enzymatic activity by 50%, IC50 values, 0.8-1.9 µM). Among the compounds in the first
series, the three with the lowest IC50 values had values between 0.8-0.9 µM, and of those in the second
series, the most potent had an IC50 value of 1.1 µM; compounds in both series were equipotent to TDF
(1.2 µM). Thus, the new compounds could be considered lead compounds for the development of new
antiretroviral compounds.
Clopidogrel Desensitization: Background and Recommendations for Use of a Rapid (4 Hour) Protocol
Authors: Bulva Jeffrey , Simon Ronald A.
Published: October 2018

The purpose of this section is to educate the reader on how to successfully manage patients with a hypersensitivity reaction to clopidogrel using desensitization protocol based on various published protocols. Additionally, we will define drug desensitization, and describe the possible mechanism of how desensitization may function as alternative medication. The indications/contraindications for desensitization will be reviewed. The different published clopidogrel desensitization protocols will be discussed. Based on those protocols, we recommend a protocol we feel is safe and efficacious.  Clopidogrel is a thienopyridine antiplatelet drug widely used for treatment and also employed for secondary prevention regarding a range of cardiovascular diseases. However, it has been reported to cause hypersensitivity reactions. Ticlopidine is an alternative medication that can be considered when patients have an allergic reaction to clopidogrel. Additionally, ticlopidine is associated with increased risk causing potentially life-threatening adverse reactions to include: Aplastic anemia, reversible neutropenia, and thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura vs. clopidogrel. Thus, clopidogrel desensitization offers an attractive alternative.  Drug desensitization is defined as causing a temporary state of tolerance to a specific medication responsible for a hypersensitivity reaction. Furthermore, drug desensitization can only be maintained by continuous administration of this drug.  Discussion: The exact immunologically mediated mechanism of how rapid oral desensitization works is not fully understood and yet to be defined. Ultimately desensitization results in causing antigen-specific mast cell tolerance. Various protocols have been published. The length of desensitization ranged from 2 h using 9 doses to 7 h using 15 doses.  Recommendations: Taking the above into account, we recommend using a modification to the protocol that has the largest number of patients to undergo a standardized clopidogrel desensitization. This approach is shorter, as time has immense importance for these patients. Dosing starts at 10 mg dose and with 60 min intervals between doses, this now becomes a 4 h desensitization protocol.
Efficient Synthesis of Medicinally Important Benzylidene-indolin-2-one Derivatives Catalyzed by Biodegradable Amino Sugar “Meglumine”
Authors: Patel Chetananda , Kumar Amit , Patil Pooja , Sharma Abha
Published: October 2018

An efficient synthesis of biologically important benzylidene-indolin-2-one derivatives using
meglumine as green catalyst and ethanol:water as reaction media at 78°C has been developed. The effects
of reaction conditions such as solvents, temperature, and amount of catalyst were investigated.
The present methodology offers many advantages such as simple procedure, less time taking to complete
the reaction, high yield of products, and clean reaction profile.
Molecular Ionic Liquid Supported on Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles-Imprinted Iron Metal: A Recyclable Heterogeneous Catalyst for One-Pot, Three-Component Synthesis of a Library of Benzodiazepines
Authors: Nejadshafiee Vajihe , Naeimi Hossein
Published: October 2018

Aim and Objective: A novel and convenient transformation for the synthesis of benzodiazepines has
been developed via catalytic cyclization reaction using ionic liquid supported on mesoporous silica nanoparticles-
imprinted iron metal (Fe-MCM-41-IL) as a recyclable catalyst under mild conditions.

Materials and Methods:

For preparation of Fe-MCM-41-IL, FeCl3·6H2O was added to a mixture of distilled
water, CTAB and NaOH aqueous solution. The tetraethyl orthosilicate was dropped into the solution under stirring.
The product was separated, washed, and dried. The solid product was collected and calcined. Then, to a
solution of β-hydroxy-1,2,3-triazole in toluene, 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane was added and the mixture was
refluxed. The Conc. H2SO4 was added dropwise into the above solution and stirred. For immobilization of IL
onto Fe-MCM-41, the solution IL was added to Fe-MCM-41 and was refluxed for the production of the Fe-
MCM-41. Following this, benzodiazepines were synthesized using Fe-MCM-41-IL as a catalyst.

Results: The Fe-MCM-41-IL was prepared and characterized by a different analysis. The activity of the prepared
catalyst as the above described was tested in the model reaction of o-phenyldiamine, tetronic acid, and
different aldehydes under room temperature in ethanol solvent. Also, the catalyst could be recovered for five
cycles.

Conclusion:

We developed a novel nanocatalyst for the synthesis of benzodiazepines in excellent yields. Fe-
MCM-41-IL as a catalyst has advantages such as: environmental friendliness, reusability and easy recovery of
the catalyst using an external magnet.
Synthesis, Antibacterial Activity and Molecular Docking of Phospholidinones in Stigmastane Series
Authors: Khan Azhar U. , Alam Mahboob , Park Soonheum , Dwivedi Poonam , Sharma Sunil K. , Jain Sapna
Published: October 2018

Introduction: Steroid compounds are widely distributed in nature throughout scientific history.
Living organisms such as animals and vegetables have steroids that show a significant effect on their vital
activities. Sterols are key components of all eukaryotic cell membranes.

Methods:

Steroidal compounds; 3β-oxo-[1’,3’,2’-oxathiaphos-phalidine-2’-one] stigmast-5-ene and 3β-
oxo[1`,3`,2`-dioxaphosphalidine-2`-one]-stigmast-5-ene were successfully prepared using easily
accessible 3β-hydroxy stigmast-5-ene with phosphorous oxychloride (POCl3), 2-
mercaptoethanol/ethylene glycol and triethylamine (Et3N) in dry diethyl ether. Products were obtained in
semi-solid state and characterized using physicochemical techniques.

Results:

The results of the bioassay showed that the synthesized compound containing the sulfur atom had
antibacterial activity. Molecular docking was also done in order to show in silico antibacterial activity and
to make out the probable binding mode of compound with the amino acid residues of protein.

Conclusion:

The results of the docking study showed that synthesized compound 2 had minimal binding
energy with substantial affinity for the active site.
Optimized Vortex-Assisted Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Coupled with Spectrofluorimetry for Determination of Aspirin in Human Urine: Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Tamiji Zahra , Salahinejad Maryam , Niazi Ali
Published: October 2018

Background:

A Vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (VA-DLLME)
method is presented for the determination of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) in human urine by spectrofluorimetry.

Objective:

To determine trace levels of aspirin in biologic samples by using green and low-cost method
development.

Methods:

For the microextraction procedure, chloroform and acetonitrile were used as extraction and
disperser solvent, respectively. The factors affecting the efficiency of extraction such as volume of chloroform,
volumes of acetonitrile, ionic strength, sample pH, centrifuging time, and extraction time were
investigated. Then significant variables were optimized by the response surface method using the Box-
Behnken design.

Results:

Under the optimum extraction conditions, a linear calibration curve in the range of 0.1 to 130
ng mL-1 with a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.998 was obtained. The limits of detection (LOD) and
limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.031 and 0.103 ng mL-1, respectively. The relative standard deviations
(RSD) were less than 4%.

Conclusion:

Enrichment factor and recoveries were achieved for the extraction of aspirin in human
urine. This method gives a rapid, simple, sensitive and environmentally friendly for the measurement of
trace amount aspirin.
Gene Subset Selection for Leukemia Classification Using Microarray Data
Authors: Fajila Mohamed Nisper Fathima
Published: October 2018

Background:

Cancer subtype identification is an active research field which helps in
the diagnosis of various cancers with proper treatments. Leukemia is one such cancer with various
subtypes. High throughput technologies such as Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid (DNA) microarray are
highly active in the field of cancer detection and classification alternatively.

Objective:

Yet, a precise analysis is important in microarray data applications as microarray
experiments provide huge amount of data. Gene selection techniques promote microarray usage in
the field of medicine. The objective of gene selection is to select a small subset of genes, which are
the most informative in classification.
associations while known disease-lncRNA associations are required only.

Method:

In this study, multi-objective evolutionary algorithm is used for gene subset selection in
Leukemia classification. An initial redundant and irrelevant gene removal is followed by multiobjective
evolutionary based gene subset selection. Gene subset selection highly influences the
perfect classification. Thus, selecting the appropriate algorithm for subset selection is important.

Results:

The performance of the proposed method is compared against the standard genetic
algorithm and evolutionary algorithm. Three Leukemia microarray datasets were used to evaluate
the performance of the proposed method. Perfect classification was achieved for all the datasets
only with few significant genes using the proposed approach.

Conclusion:

Thus, it is obvious that the proposed study perfectly classifies Leukemia with only
few significant genes.
What Makes Species Productive of Anti-Cancer Drugs? Clues from Drugs’ Species Origin, Druglikeness, Target and Pathway
Authors: Li Xiaofeng , Li Xiaoxu , Li Yinghong , Yu Chunyan , Xue Weiwei , Hu Jie , Li Bo , Wang Panpan , Zhu Feng
Published: October 2018

Background:

Despite the substantial contribution of natural products to the FDA drug approval list, the discovery of anti-cancer drugs from the huge amount of species on the planet remains looking for a needle in a haystack. Objective: Drug-productive clusters in the phylogenetic tree are thus proposed to narrow the searching scope by focusing on much smaller amount of species within each cluster, which enable prioritized and rational bioprospecting for novel drug-like scaffolds. However, the way anti-cancer nature-derived drugs distribute in phylogenetic tree has not been reported, and it is oversimplified to just focus anti-cancer drug discovery on the drug-productive clusters, since the number of species in each cluster remains too large to be managed.

Objective:

Drug-productive clusters in the phylogenetic tree are thus proposed to narrow the searching scope by focusing on much smaller amount of species within each cluster, which enable prioritized and rational bioprospecting for novel drug-like scaffolds. However, the way anti-cancer nature-derived drugs distribute in phylogenetic tree has not been reported, and it is oversimplified to just focus anti-cancer drug discovery on the drug-productive clusters, since the number of species in each cluster remains too large to be managed.

Methods:

In this study, 260 anti-cancer drugs approved in the past 70 years were comprehensively analyzed by hierarchical clustering of phylogenetic distribution.

Results:

207 out of these 260 drugs were derived from or inspired by the natural products isolated from 58 species. Phylogenetic distribution of those drugs further revealed that nature-derived anti-cancer drugs originated mostly from drug-productive families that tend to be clustered rather than scattered on the phylogenetic tree. Moreover, based on their productivity, drug-producing species were categorized into productive (CPS), newly emerging (CNS) and lessproductive (CLS). Statistical significances in druglikeness between drugs from CPS and CLS were observed, and drugs from CNS were found to share similar drug-like properties to those from CPS.

Conclusion:

This finding indicated a great raise in drug approval standard, which suggested us to focus bioprospecting on the species yielding multiple drugs and keeping productive for long period of time.
Hydroxyl Group Difference between Anthraquinone Derivatives Regulate Different Cell Death Pathways via Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Shuttling of p53
Authors: Kamil Mohd , Haque Ejazul , Mir Snober S. , Irfan Safia , Hasan Adria , Sheikh Saba , Alam Shamshad , Ansari Kausar M. , Nazir Aamir
Published: October 2018

Background:

Despite a number of measures having been taken for cancer management, it is still the second leading cause of death worldwide. p53 is the protein principally being targeted for cancer treatment. Targeting p53 localization may be an effective strategy in chemotherapy as it controls major cell death pathways based on its cellular localization. Anthraquinones are bioactive compounds widely being considered as potential anticancer agents but their mechanism of action is yet to be explored. It has been shown that the number and position of hydroxyl groups within the different anthraquinones like Emodin and Chrysophanol reflects the number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds which affect its activity. Emodin contains an additional OH group at C-3, in comparison to Chrysophanol and may differentially regulate different cell death pathways in cancer cell.

Objective:

The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of two anthraquinones Emodin and Chrysophanol on induction of different cell death pathways in human lung cancer cells (A549 cell line) and whether single OH group difference between these compounds differentially regulate cell death pathways.

Methods:

The cytotoxic effect of Emodin and Chrysophanol was determined by the MTT assay. The expression of autophagy and apoptosis marker genes at mRNA and protein level after treatment was checked by the RT-PCR and Western Blot, respectively. For cellular localization of p53 after treatment, we performed immunofluorescence microscopy.

Results:

We observed that both compounds depicted a dose-dependent cytotoxic response in A549 cells which was in concurrence with the markers associated with oxidative stress such as an increase in ROS generation, decrease in MMP and DNA damage. We also observed that both compounds up-regulated the p53 expression where Emodin causes nuclear p53 localization, which leads to down-regulation in mTOR expression and induces autophagy while Chrysophanol inhibits p53 translocation into nucleus, up-regulates mTOR expression and inhibits autophagy.

Conclusion:

From this study, it may be concluded that the structural difference of single hydroxyl group may switch the mechanism from one pathway to another which could be useful in the future to improve anticancer treatment and help in the development of new selective therapies.
Phage Display Technology and its Applications in Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Wang Yicun , Gao Shuohui , Lv Jiayin , Lin Yang , Zhou Li , Han Liying
Published: October 2018

Background:

Phage display is an effective technology for generation and selection targeting protein for a variety of purpose, which is based on a direct linkage between the displayed protein and the DNA sequence encoding it and utilized in selecting peptides, improving peptides affinity and indicating protein-protein interactions. Phage particles displaying peptide have the potential to apply in the identification of cell-specific targeting molecules, identification of cancer cell surface biomarkers, identification anti-cancer peptide, and the design of peptide-based anticancer therapy.

Method/Results:

Literature searches, reviews and assessments about Phage were performed in this review from PubMed and Medline databases.

Conclusion:

The phage display technology is an inexpensive method for expressing exogenous peptides, generating unique peptides that bind any given target and investigating protein-protein interactions. Due to the powerful ability to insert exogenous gene and display exogenous peptides on the surface, phages may represent a powerful peptide delivery system that can be utilized to develop rapid, efficient, safe and inexpensive cancer therapy methods.
Biological Activity and Physicochemical Properties of Dipeptidyl Nitrile Derivatives Against Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cells
Authors: Quilles Jr José C. , Bernardi Murillo D.L. , Batista Pedro H.J. , Silva Samelyn C.M. , Rocha Camila M.R. , Montanari Carlos A. , Leitão Andrei
Published: October 2018

Background:

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive types with high mortality in patients. Therefore,
studies to discover new drugs based on cellular targets have been developed to treat this disease. Due to the
importance of Cysteine Protease (CP) to several cellular processes in cancer cells, CP inhibitors have been studied as
novel alternative approaches for pancreatic cancer therapy.

Objective:

The cytostatic potential of new CP inhibitors derived from dipeptidyl nitriles is analyzed in vitro using
pancreatic cancer (MIA PaCa-2) cells.

Methods:

The cytotoxic and cytostatic activities were studied using MTT colorimetric assay in 2D and 3D cultures.
Colony formation, migration in Boyden chamber and cell cycle analysis were applied to further study the cytostatic
activity. The inhibition of cysteine proteases was evaluated with Z-FR-MCA selective substrate, and ROS evaluation
was performed with DCFH-DA fluorophore. Permeability was investigated using HPLC-MS to obtain log kw. Combination
therapy was also evaluated using the best compound with gemcitabine.

Results:

The inhibition of intracellular CP activity by the compounds was confirmed, and the cytostatic effect was
established with cell cycle retention in the G1 phase. CP inhibitors were able to reduce cell proliferation by 50% in
the clonogenic assay, and the same result was achieved for the migration assay, without any cytotoxic effect. The
Neq0554 inhibitor was also efficient to increase the gemcitabine potency in the combination therapy. Physicochemical
properties using an artificial membrane model quantified 1.14 ≥ log Kw ≥ 0.75 for all inhibitors (also confirmed
using HPLC-MS analysis) along with the identification of intra and extracellular metabolites. Finally, these dipeptidyl
nitrile derivatives did not trigger the formation of reactive oxygen species, which is linked to genotoxicity.

Conclusion:

Altogether, these results provide a clear and favorable picture to develop CP inhibitors in pre-clinical
assays.
The Role of Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicines and Bioactive Ingredients on Ion Channels: A Brief Review and Prospect
Authors: Huang Yian , Ma Shumei , Wang Yan , Yan Renjie , Wang Sheng , Liu Nan , Chen Ben , Chen Jia , Liu Li
Published: October 2018

Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs), particularly the Chinese herbal medicines, are valuable
sources of medicines and have been used for centuries. The term “TCMs” both represents to the
single drug agent like Salvia miltiorrhiza, Ligusticum chuanxiong and Angelica sinensis, and those
herbal formulas like Jingshu Keli, Wenxin Keli and Danzhen powder. In recent years, the researches
of TCMs developed rapidly to understand the scientific basis of these herbs. In this review, we collect
the studies of TCM and their containing bioactive compounds, and attempt to provide an overview for
their regulatory effects on different ion channels including Ca2+, K+, Na+, Cl- channels and TRP, P2X
receptors. The following conditions are used to limit the range of our review. (i) Only the herbal materials
are included in this review and the animal- and mineral-original TCMs are excluded. (ii) The major
discussions in this review focus on single TCM agent and the herbal formulas are only discussed
for a little. (iii) Those most famous herbal medicines like Capsicum annuum (pepper), Curcuma longa
(ginger) and Cannabis sativa (marijuana) are excluded. (iv) Only those TCM herbs with more than 5
research papers confirming their effects on ion channels are discussed in this review. Our review discusses
recently available scientific evidences for TCMs and related bioactive compounds that have
been reported with the modulatory effects on different ion channels, and thus provides a new ethnopharmacological
approach to understand the usage of TCMs.
Vitamin D Status in Egyptian Adolescent Females with Iron Deficiency Anemia and Its Correlation with Serum Iron Indices
Authors: EL-Adawy Eman H. , Zahran Fawkia E. , Shaker Gehan A. , Seleem Amal
Published: October 2018

Background:

In Egypt, it seems that adolescent girls are a candidate for Vitamin D Deficiency (VDD), mostly due to inadequate sun exposure as a result of the culture and social dress codes and dietary factors. Currently, there is growing evidence that VDD is associated with Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA).

Aim:

To investigate the frequency of VDD in adolescent females with IDA in comparison to healthy control and demonstrate whether VD level was correlated with serum iron indices.

Subjects and Methods:

Forty adolescent females with known cases of IDA (group 1) and 30 healthy females matched for age as a control (group 2) were selected. We compared the differences between the two groups to determine the degree of VD level; where VDD was defined as 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] ≤20 ng/mL, vitamin D insufficiency (VDI) as 25(OH) D of 20-30 ng/mL, and vitamin D sufficiency (VDS) as 25(OH)D >30 ng/mL. Body mass index (BMI), complete blood count (CBC), serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), serum ferritin, serum creatinine, ionized calcium and 25(OH)D were measured for all participants.

Results:

We found that subnormal vitamin D (VDD and VDI) was more frequent in the IDA group (75%) than control (40%), (p = 0.025); where 19 adolescent female patients (47.5%) were VDD, 11 (27.5%) were VDI and 10 (25%) were VDS, while in the control group, VDD was present in 4 (20%), VDI in 4 (20%) and VDS in 12 (60%) respectively. There was not any significant correlation between serum VD and serum iron indices (r =0.168, p < 0.05) and Hb (r = 0.360, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in serum hemoglobin level between IDA patients with subnormal VD and those with VDS. The mean level of serum 25(OH) D was significantly lower in winter months than summer in both groups; (16.87 vs. 31.57 mg/dL, p < 0.001) and (31.9 vs. 35.04 mg/dL, p < 0.001) respectively. BMI, Iron, TIBC and seasonal variation were not predictors of 25(OH) D levels in adolescent girls with IDA.

Conclusion:

VDD has a higher frequency in Egyptian adolescent females with IDA than healthy control. However, vitamin D levels were not significantly correlated with iron indices. Our result might direct the attention for measuring vitamin D level in patients with IDA with the possibility of VD supplementation with iron.
Experimental Study of the Contamination Effects of Gachsaran Formation Fluid on the Heavy-weight Drilling Fluid
Authors: Majid Naeimavi , Fereydoon Khazali , Mohammad Abdideh , Saadati Zohreh
Published: October 2018

Introduction:

Gachsaran Formation is the cap rock of Asmari oil reservoir located in southwestern of Iran. The formation consists of halite, anhydrite, and tachyhydrite, The most important feature of this formation is the presence of high-pressure fluid.

Method:

Drilling companies have to use heavy-weighted mud to drill the high-pressure formation. Sometimes the weight of drilling fluid is used, up to 2.65(gr/cm3). Although heavy-weight mud prevents formation fluid to flow into the well, it is difficult to maintain and control its properties. If the hydrostatic pressure is insufficient, the formation connate fluid penetrates into the drilling mud and contaminates it.

Result:

The study found that the symptoms of this contamination lead to an increase in calcium, magnesium, carbonates, and bicarbonates levels, as well as a decrease in pH. The drilling fluid rheology also affected by the contamination.

Discussion:

Then, method of curing this event is discussed. Prevention, the best treatment for this event was introduced. It was also found that, as soon as contamination signs appear, immediately increase the drilling fluid weight as much as possible, and then adjust the pH between 10.5 and 11.5. The maintain method described is continued until section drilling ends.
Critical Atomic-level Processing Technologies: Remote Plasma-enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition and Atomic Layer Etching
Authors: Yuan Guangjie , Li Haohao , Shan Bo , Liu Johan
Published: October 2018

As feature sizes of devices shrink every year, deposition and etching processes change to be
very challenge, especially for sub-7 nm technology node. The acceptable variability of feature size is
expected to be several atoms of silicon/germanium in the future. Therefore, Remote Plasma-Enhanced
Atomic Layer Deposition (RPE-ALD) and Atomic Layer Etching (ALE) change to be more and more
important in the semiconductor fabrication. Due to their self-limiting behavior, the atomic-scale fidelity
could be realized for both of them in the processes. Compared with traditional Physical Vapor Deposition
(PVD) and Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) methods, atomic-scale thickness controllability
and good conformality can be achieved by RPE-ALD. Unlike conventional plasma etching, atomicscale
precision and excellent depth uniformity can be achieved by ALE. The fundamentals and applications
of RPE-ALD and ALE have been discussed in this paper. Using the combination of them,
atomic-level deposition/etch-back method is also mentioned for achieving high quality ultra-thin films
on three dimensional (3D) features.
Energy Saving Using Green Computing Approach for Internet of Thing (IoT) Based Tiny Level Computational Devices
Authors: Ooruchintala Obulesu , Munisekhar Mahendra , Kallam Suresh , Madda Rajasekharababu
Published: October 2018

Background:

It is important to minimize energy consumption that improves battery life,
system reliability and other environmental concerns and energy optimization is turning into a very
important in the tiny devices in Internet of Things (IoT) research area with the increasing demand for
battery operated devices. IoT need battery life improvement in tiny device, so power optimization is
significant.

Methods:

In this paper an Experimental Design (ED) is proposed for the performance improvement
in terms of energy and run time. Among the many sutras of optimizations, by using the Green computing
the products are work with limited battery. This proposed technique results in reduce power
conumption.

Results:

The result shows that the proposed Energy saving on tiny devices based on IoT are the energy
consumed and run time by the code after applying optimization techniques, which is the minimum
among all four. Besides reduction in energy and runtime, reduction in the number of executed
instructions is also achieved.

Conclusion:

This paper comprehensively describes the. Its average performance percentage reached
91.1 % for energy, the performance reduction in energy and runtime, reduction in the number of executed
instructions is also achieved. The performance holds better for Common subexpression elimination.
So, we can say the proposed Experimental Design (ED) is effective in reduction of energy
consumption and runtime of the program.
Social Media and the New Newsreel
Authors: Levin Erica
Published: October 2018

The online circulation of raw footage from live streams, cell phones, and police dash-cams has fueled much political dissent in recent years, from Occupy Wall Street to the protests surrounding the deaths of Michael Brown, Eric Garner, Sandra Bland, and others. This essay looks at experimental moving image works made in response to these contemporary dynamics of protest. It offers a comparative analysis of short digital videos by Jem Cohen and Alex Johnson, both of whom embrace the newsreel as a radical genre, making direct reference to earlier generations of filmmakers who did the same. Cohen’s Gravity Hill Newsreels (2011) offer a series of immersive observational studies of the Occupy demonstrations and Zuccotti Park encampment. In a more directly referential mode, Johnson’s Now! Again! (2014) appropriates Santiago Alvarez’s Now! (1965), a Cuban newsreel made by animating photographs depicting the civil rights struggle. Johnston juxtaposes this imagery with media coverage of protests in Ferguson, Missouri after the death of Michael Brown in August 2014.
Fifty years ago, radical filmmakers of Alvarez’s generation urged newsreel audiences to recognize themselves as a social body, sharing a stake in the struggles depicted on screen. Today, the currency of “newsreel” as a political mode of experimental media is less certain. Although the experimental videos at issue here could be read as nostalgic for conditions of cinematic exhibition long since eclipsed by the dominance of social media, I argue instead that they engage the current mediation of political unrest in order to explore the indeterminacy of the social body to which it gives rise. Calling attention to rifts in the visual field and the seams that bind one historical moment to another, these works are guided by a desire to grasp the historicity of newsreel as a form enlisted to play a participatory role in social protest. In each case, newsreel provides new forms for responding to urgent events that cut against the temporality and visual codes of social media, opening up new space to share the world differently.
Algorithmic Pollution: Artists Working with Dataveillance and Societies of Control
Authors: Moren Lisa
Published: October 2018

In 2013, interactive artist and Prix Ars Electronica Golden Nica winner, David Rokeby, coined the phrase Algorithmic Pollution to describe a phenomena where data collection alters human public behavior. The purpose of this article is to contextualize the topic of Algorithmic Pollution and artists working with data, surveillance and landscape. The inspiration came from the exhibition I curated in 2013, CYBER IN SECURITIES for the Washington Projects for the Arts in DC, at the Pepco Edison Gallery. The curation was completed just two weeks prior to Edward Snowden’s controversial leaking of security documents to The Guardian newspaper. CYBER IN SECURITIES reflects artists that have responded to massive data collection and the residual scrutiny of their private lives by creating artworks distributed through networks and systems that operate under their own control and rules. They’re also reacting to the transmission of that data in urban and natural spaces and its interactive processing with the human psyche and body. Artists have described this phenomenon as “environmentalized”, “a psychic takeover” and again, “algorithmic pollution”, altering our perceptions of our relationship with the environment both natural and urban.
Mediating the Tech Boom
Authors: McElroy Erin
Published: October 2018

Since the 2011 emergence of the San Francisco Bay Area “Tech Boom 2.0,” anti-eviction activists of the region have been caught amidst a maelstrom of media wars involving an amalgam of real estate and technology speculative analyses. As tensions grow, the media itself becomes increasingly polarized, as some journals and journalists side with simplified renditions of tech being good or bad, of development being right or wrong, of housing justice activists being outmoded or salvific.
This article attends to this media polarization, studying likely and unlikely alliances between journalists, media sources, and advocates of various urban futurities. At the same time, it looks to alternative media arts and hybrid technologies that have arisen precisely to theorize contemporary realities of the region, from critical cartography digital projects to projection art productions. In doing so, I ask, how have innovative media arts projects such as that of the Anti-Eviction Mapping Project, People Power Media, and the Saito Group arisen out of both a media dearth and surplus, not only furthering community knowledge production but also shattering dialectical narratives clung to by other media sources? Furthermore, I question, how are entanglements and polarizations across varying media production constituted by, and constitutive of, formations of class, race, and gender? Drawing on cultural and media analysis, feminist technology studies, and critical race and ethnicity studies, this paper situates the technological media crisis and eruption of the Bay Area present alongside the spatial materialization of technological growth, looking at how technologically driven geographic mutation both mediates and is mediated by emergent media technologies.
Landscapes of Absence
Authors: Bauer Brandon
Published: October 2018

The project and exhibition Landscapes of Absence by Brandon Bauer explores ethical issues around the use of ISIS propaganda images within the media. In particular, the project examines the use of propaganda images in the absence of reliable and journalistically objective images, since the brutal beheadings of western journalists has made it too dangerous to report from areas under control of the self-proclaimed Islamic State. The project uses images drawn from eight beheading incidents disseminated through ISIS media outlets.  In the works in the exhibition, the dehumanized image of the victims has been erased, leaving only the landscape and the absence of image as a metaphor for the larger issue of the absence of reliable reporting.
Effects of the Potassium-Binding Polymer Patiromer on Markers of Mineral Metabolism
Authors: Bushinsky David A. , Spiegel David M. , Yuan Jinwei , Warren Suzette , Fogli Jeanene , Pergola Pablo E.
Published: October 2018

Background and objectives

Patiromer is a sodium-free, nonabsorbed, potassium-binding polymer that uses calcium as the counter-exchange ion and is approved for treatment of hyperkalemia. The 4-week TOURMALINE study in patients with hyperkalemia previously demonstrated that patiromer administered once daily reduces serum potassium similarly when given with or without food. We report a prespecified exploratory efficacy analysis as well as a post hoc efficacy and safety analysis of the TOURMALINE study on circulating markers of mineral metabolism.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Adults with hyperkalemia (potassium >5.0 mEq/L) were randomized to once-daily patiromer 8.4 g without/with food for 4 weeks, with doses adjusted to achieve and maintain serum potassium 3.8–5.0 mEq/L. Baseline and week 4 serum and 24-hour urine markers of mineral metabolism are reported for all patients combined (evaluable for efficacy, n=112; evaluable for safety, n=113). P values were calculated using a paired t test for change from baseline, unless otherwise specified.

Results

Mean (SD) baseline eGFR was 41±26 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Mean (SD) changes from baseline to week 4 were 0.0±0.5 mg/dl (P=0.78; n=100) for albumin-corrected serum calcium, −0.2±0.2 mg/dl (P<0.001; n=100) for serum magnesium, and −0.1±0.7 mg/dl (P=0.47; n=100) for serum phosphate. Median (quartile 1, quartile 3) changes in 24-hour creatinine-normalized urine calcium and phosphate from baseline to week 4 were 2.5 (−11.5, 23.7) mg/24 h (P=0.10; n=69) and −43.0 (−162.6, 35.7) mg/24 h (P=0.004; n=95), respectively. Median (quartile 1, quartile 3) changes in intact parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D from baseline to week 4 were −13 (−31, 4) pg/ml (P<0.001; n=97) and −2 (−9, 3) pg/ml (P=0.05; n=96), respectively. There were no changes in fibroblast growth factor-23 or 25-hydroxyvitamin D. In patients (n=16) with baseline serum phosphate >4.8 mg/dL, the mean (SD) changes in serum and 24-hour creatinine-normalized urine phosphate from baseline to Week 4 were −0.6±0.8 mg/dl (n=13) and −149.1±162.6 mg/24hr (n=9), respectively.

Conclusions

Patiromer lowered urine phosphate in all patients, and lowered both serum and urine phosphate in a small subset of patients with hyperphosphatemia. Intact parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D decreased, with no change in serum calcium.
Realidades normativas de la persona jurídica como tercero civilmente responsable en los procesos penales cubanos
Authors: Hidalgo Leaned Matos
Published: October 2018

Este artigo realiza um estudo propositivo sobre as possibilidades de intervenção da pessoa jurídica como terceiro civilmente responsável no processo penal, pois no processo de atualização do modelo econômico cubano, esse sujeito é fundamental na gestão e no desenvolvimento econômico do país, já que existem várias brechas de impunidade civil da pessoa jurídica por delitos cometidos por seus agentes, funcionários, diretores e trabalhadores no exercício de suas funções. Assim, acabam por se coincidir incorretamente as responsabilidades civil e penal com a pessoa natural responsável penalmente, aspectos que se discutem na pesquisa aqui apresentada, pois é de fundamental importância a contextualização dos diplomas legais que autorizam a vítima obter uma indenização direta, segura e rápida em razão do julgamento penal. Utilizam-se os métodos de análise e síntese, histórico-lógico, exegético jurídico, teórico jurídico e análise jurídica comparada.
Armed Forces as Security Agency and The Competence of Military Courts: The Prospect of Democratic Breakdown
Authors: Garrido Rodrigo Grazinoli , Morell Ana , Azevedo Silvana Vieira
Published: October 2018

O artigo buscou discutir a atuação das Forças Armadas na Segurança Pública, lançando luz principalmente sobre dois pontos: o aumento no rol de crimes militares, especialmente no que diz respeito à Lei 13.4891/17, e a manutenção em tribunais militares com jurisdicionalidade sobre civis conflitados em ações de Garantia da Lei e da Ordem (GLO). Para tanto, foi desenvolvida pesquisa exploratória e qualitativa, a partir da doutrina e jurisprudência nacional e internacional e da legislação brasileira. Com isso, foi possível reconhecer que na forma e na regularidade em que se tem empregado as Forças Armadas na Segurança Pública e na persecução penal brasileira há grande risco de lesão aos direitos humanos e, assim, à democracia.
A leitura do Supremo Tribunal Federal sobre o sistema recursal e o início da execução da pena: a pauperização do comparatismo à brasileira
Authors: Choukr Fauzi Hassan
Published: October 2018

O presente artigo almeja discutir o emprego, pelo STF, do método comparativo como sustentação da sua racionalidade no enfrentamento do tema do início da execução da pena antes do trânsito em julgado da sentença condenatória. Após uma análise do itinerário da compreensão da Corte sobre a matéria será apreciada a forma como o emprego do comparatismo se deu na mais recente decisão sobre a matéria, empregado que foi com frágeis básicas metodológicas, passando a servir como argumento de autoridade para sustentá-los.
STRATEGI DALAM MEMBERIKAN PELAYANAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT
Authors: Saputra Trio , Sufi Wasiah
Published: October 2018

This research is expected to reach the service oriented library to the visitor. With the strategies undertaken to overcome the obstacles and shortcomings that occur. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods and data collection techniques using observation, interviews, documentation. Informants in this research is the head and staff of UPT Library archive and documentation of Bukit Batu district Bengkalis District and visitors and community leaders in the library environment. In the data analysis used descriptive method that describes the Theory with the objective conditions and information on the results of interviews combined with the data of researchers in accordance with the results of field observation. Library Management at UPT Library Archives and Documentation District Bukit Batu Bengkalis Regency is not running optimally. Factors that become obstacles in providing services to visitors such as facilities and infrastructure that are not complete, the number and quality of human resources Librarian is not adequate.

 

Penelitian ini diharapkan tercapainya pelayanan perpustakaan yang berorientasi kepada pengunjung. Dengan strategi-strategi yang dilakukan dapat mengatasi hambatan dan kekurangan yang terjadi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dan teknik pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi. Informan dalam penelitian ini  adalah adalah kepala dan pegawai UPT Badan perpustakaan arsip dan dokumentasi kecamatan Bukit Batu Kabupaten Bengkalis dan pengunjung serta tokoh masyarakat dilingkungan perpustakaan. Didalam Analisa data digunakan metode Deskriptif yaitu menggambarkan Teori dengan kondisi objektif serta informasi hasil wawancara digabungkan dengan data peneliti sesuai dengan hasil observasi dilapangan. Pengelolaan Perpustakaan pada UPT Perpustakaan Arsip dan Dokumentasi Kecamatan Bukit Batu Kabupaten Bengkalis tidak berjalan secara optimal. Faktor-faktor yang menjadi kendala dalam memberikan pelayanan kepada pengunjung diantaranya adalah sarana dan prasarana yang tidak lengkap, jumlah dan kualitas SDM Pustakawan yang belum memadai.