bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The rise in antimicrobial resistance: An obscure issue in COVID-19 treatment
Authors: Shrestha Yogendra , Shivalingegowda Ravi Kurikempannadoddi , Avinash Melkote Jyotiprakash , Kenchegowda Sharath Babu Hagalahalli , Moktan Jeet Bahadur , Doddasamiah Sreenivas Murthy , Tambat Ramesh Mahadev , Golshetty Deepanjali Girish , Ganesh Vakkalagadda Siva , Venkataraman Rajesh
Published: July 2022

A saturated health care system with a lack of evidence-based antiviral medicine and ignorance of antimicrobial stewardship during pandemics has prompted clinicians to prescribe a broad-spectrum antibiotic more often. A prospective, cross-sectional study of COVID-infected patients was conducted to gain insight into antibiotic prescribing practices and their impact on antimicrobial resistance. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the disc diffusion method. 318 patients met the study’s inclusion criteria, with a mean age of 46 years and 55% (175) of them being males. Antibiotics were prescribed for 93.72% (209) of mild cases, 92.45% (49) of moderate cases, 96.15% (25) of severe cases, and 100% (16) of critical cases of COVID-19. A total of 95 samples were sent in for culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing, with 58.95% (56) confirming growth. The majority of the growth was found to contain E. coli (14). In 54.9% of cases, antibiotics with less than 50% sensitivity to curing bacterial infection were detected. In the study, we found that antibiotics were being used unnecessarily in excessive quantities and that more than half of the antibiotics were less sensitive to isolated bacteria.
Contact evolution of dry and hydrated fingertips at initial touch
Authors: Serhat Gokhan , Vardar Yasemin , Kuchenbecker Katherine J.
Published: July 2022

Pressing the fingertips into surfaces causes skin deformations that enable humans to grip objects and sense their physical properties. This process involves intricate finger geometry, non-uniform tissue properties, and moisture, complicating the underlying contact mechanics. Here we explore the initial contact evolution of dry and hydrated fingers to isolate the roles of governing physical factors. Two participants gradually pressed an index finger on a glass surface under three moisture conditions: dry, water-hydrated, and glycerin-hydrated. Gross and real contact area were optically measured over time, revealing that glycerin hydration produced strikingly higher real contact area, while gross contact area was similar for all conditions. To elucidate the causes for this phenomenon, we investigated the combined effects of tissue elasticity, skin-surface friction, and fingerprint ridges on contact area using simulation. Our analyses show the dominant influence of elastic modulus over friction and an unusual contact phenomenon, which we call friction-induced hinging.
Unreferenced English articles’ translation quality-oriented automatic evaluation technology using sparse autoencoder under the background of deep learning
Authors: Li Hanhui , Deng Jie
Published: July 2022

Currently, both manual and automatic evaluation technology can evaluate the translation quality of unreferenced English articles, playing a particular role in detecting translation results. Still, their deficiency is the lack of a close or noticeable relationship between evaluation time and evaluation theory. Thereupon, to realize the automatic Translation Quality Assessment (TQA) of unreferenced English articles, this paper proposes an automatic TQA model based on Sparse AutoEncoder (SAE) under the background of Deep Learning (DL). Meanwhile, the DL-based information extraction method employs AutoEncoder (AE) in the bilingual words’ unsupervised learning stage to reconstruct the translation language vector features. Then, it imports the translation information of unreferenced English articles into Bilingual words and optimizes the extraction effect of language vector features. Meantime, the translation language vector feature is introduced into the automatic DL-based TQA. The experimental findings corroborate that when the number of sentences increases, the number of actual translation errors and the evaluation scores of the proposed model increase, but the Bilingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU) score is not significantly affected. When the number of sentences increases from 1,000 to 6,000, the BLEU increases from 96 to 98, which shows that the proposed model has good performance. Finally, the proposed model can realize the high-precision TQA of unreferenced English articles.
Comparison of anterior nares CT values in asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 in a university screening program
Authors: Hall Samantha M. , Landaverde Lena , Gill Christopher J. , Yee Grace M. , Sullivan Madison , Doucette-Stamm Lynn , Landsberg Hannah , Platt Judy T. , White Laura , Hamer Davidson H. , Klapperich Catherine M.
Published: July 2022

At our university based high throughput screening program, we test all members of our community weekly using RT-qPCR. RT-qPCR cycle threshold (CT) values are inversely proportional to the amount of viral RNA in a sample and are a proxy for viral load. We hypothesized that CT values would be higher, and thus the viral loads at the time of diagnosis would be lower, in individuals who were infected with the virus but remained asymptomatic throughout the course of the infection. We collected the N1 and N2 target gene CT values from 1633 SARS-CoV-2 positive RT-qPCR tests of individuals sampled between August 7, 2020, and March 18, 2021, at the BU Clinical Testing Laboratory. We matched this data with symptom reporting data from our clinical team. We found that asymptomatic patients had CT values significantly higher than symptomatic individuals on the day of diagnosis. Symptoms were followed by the clinical team for 10 days post the first positive test. Within the entire population, 78.1% experienced at least one symptom during surveillance by the clinical team (n = 1276/1633). Of those experiencing symptoms, the most common symptoms were nasal congestion (73%, n = 932/1276), cough (60.0%, n = 761/1276), fatigue (59.0%, n = 753/1276), and sore throat (53.1%, n = 678/1276). The least common symptoms were diarrhea (12.5%, n = 160/1276), dyspnea on exertion (DOE) (6.9%, n = 88/1276), foot or skin changes (including rash) (4.2%, n = 53/1276), and vomiting (2.1%, n = 27/1276). Presymptomatic individuals, those who were not symptomatic on the day of diagnosis but became symptomatic over the following 10 days, had CT values higher for both N1 (median = 27.1, IQR 20.2–32.9) and N2 (median = 26.6, IQR 20.1–32.8) than the symptomatic group N1 (median = 21.8, IQR 17.2–29.4) and N2 (median = 21.4, IQR 17.3–28.9) but lower than the asymptomatic group N1 (median = 29.9, IQR 23.6–35.5) and N2 (median = 30.0, IQR 23.1–35.7). This study supports the hypothesis that viral load in the anterior nares on the day of diagnosis is a measure of disease intensity at that time.
Evaluation of high molecular weight DNA extraction methods for long-read sequencing of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli
Authors: Jaudou Sandra , Tran Mai-Lan , Vorimore Fabien , Fach Patrick , Delannoy Sabine
Published: July 2022

Next generation sequencing has become essential for pathogen characterization and typing. The most popular second generation sequencing technique produces data of high quality with very low error rates and high depths. One major drawback of this technique is the short reads. Indeed, short-read sequencing data of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are difficult to assemble because of the presence of numerous mobile genetic elements (MGEs), which contain repeated elements. The resulting draft assemblies are often highly fragmented, which results in a loss of information, especially concerning MGEs or large structural variations. The use of long-read sequencing can circumvent these problems and produce complete or nearly complete genomes. The ONT MinION, for its small size and minimal investment requirements, is particularly popular. The ultra-long reads generated with the MinION can easily span prophages and repeat regions. In order to take full advantage of this technology it requires High Molecular Weight (HMW) DNA of high quality in high quantity. In this study, we have tested three different extraction methods: bead-based, solid-phase and salting-out, and evaluated their impact on STEC DNA yield, quality and integrity as well as performance in MinION long-read sequencing. Both the bead-based and salting-out methods allowed the recovery of large quantities of HMW STEC DNA suitable for MinION library preparation. The DNA extracted using the salting-out method consistently produced longer reads in the subsequent MinION runs, compared with the bead-based methods. While both methods performed similarly in subsequent STEC genome assembly, DNA extraction based on salting-out appeared to be the overall best method to produce high quantity of pure HMW STEC DNA for MinION sequencing.
Polygenic score for Alzheimer’s disease identifies differential atrophy in hippocampal subfield volumes
Authors: Kannappan Balaji , Gunasekaran Tamil Iniyan , te Nijenhuis Jan , Gopal Muthu , Velusami Deepika , Kothandan Gugan , Lee Kun Ho ,   for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: July 2022

Hippocampal subfield atrophy is a prime structural change in the brain, associated with cognitive aging and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. Recent developments in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic loci that characterize the risk of hippocampal volume loss based on the processes of normal and abnormal aging. Polygenic risk scores are the genetic proxies mimicking the genetic role of the pre-existing vulnerabilities of the underlying mechanisms influencing these changes. Discriminating the genetic predispositions of hippocampal subfield atrophy between cognitive aging and neurodegenerative diseases will be helpful in understanding the disease etiology. In this study, we evaluated the polygenic risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD PGRS) for hippocampal subfield atrophy in 1,086 individuals (319 cognitively normal (CN), 591 mild cognitively impaired (MCI), and 176 Alzheimer’s disease dementia (ADD)). Our results showed a stronger association of AD PGRS effect on the left hemisphere than on the right hemisphere for all the hippocampal subfield volumes in a mixed clinical population (CN+MCI+ADD). The subfields CA1, CA4, hippocampal tail, subiculum, presubiculum, molecular layer, GC-ML-DG, and HATA showed stronger AD PGRS associations with the MCI+ADD group than with the CN group. The subfields CA3, parasubiculum, and fimbria showed moderately higher AD PGRS associations with the MCI+ADD group than with the CN group. Our findings suggest that the eight subfield regions, which were strongly associated with AD PGRS are likely involved in the early stage ADD and a specific focus on the left hemisphere could enhance the early prediction of ADD.
CHA2DS2-VASc score as an independent outcome predictor in patients hospitalized with acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Su Chun-Hung , Lo Chien-Hsien , Chen Hsin-Hung , Tsai Chin-Feng , Yip Hei-Tung , Hsu Kai-Cheng , Hsu Chung Y. , Kao Chia-Hung ,   Taiwan Stroke Registry Investigators
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a significant independent risk factor for 1-year mortality in patients with first acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The CHA2DS2-VASc score was initially developed to assess the risk of stroke in patients with AF. Recently, this scoring system has been demonstrated to have clinical value for predicting long-term clinical outcomes in AIS but the evidence is insufficient. This large-scale prospective cohort study investigated the independent predictive value of the score in such patients.

Methods

We included patients with AIS from the Taiwan Stroke Registry (TSR) during 2006–2016 as the present study population. Patients were divided into those with high (≥2) and low (<2) CHA2DS2-VASc scores. We further analyzed and classified patients according to the presence of AF. The clinical endpoint was major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) at 1 year after the index AIS.

Results

A total of 62,227 patients with AIS were enrolled. The median age was 70.3 years, and 59% of the patients were women. After confounding factors were controlled, patients with high CHA2DS2-VASc scores had significantly higher incidence of 1-year MACCEs (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.52, 1.76), re-stroke (adjusted HR = 1.28; 95% CI = 1.16, 1.42), and all-cause mortality (adjusted HR = 2.03; 95% CI = 1.83, 2.24) than those with low CHA2DS2-VASc scores did. In the comparison between AF and non-AF groups, the AF group had increased MACCEs (adjusted HR = 1.74; 95% CI = 1.60, 1.89), myocardial infarction (adjusted HR = 4.86; 95% CI = 2.07, 11.4), re-stroke (adjusted HR = 1.47; 95% CI = 1.26, 1.71), and all-cause mortality (adjusted HR = 1.90; 95% CI = 1.72, 2.10). The Kaplan–Meier curve revealed that both CHA2DS2-VASc scores and AF were independent risk predictors for 1-year MACCEs and mortality.

Conclusions

The CHA2DS2-VASc score and AF appeared to consistently predict 1-year MACCEs of AIS patients and provide more accurate risk stratification. Therefore, increased use of the CHA2DS2-VASc score may help improve the holistic clinical assessment of AIS patients with or without AF.
Automated app-based augmented reality cognitive behavioral therapy for spider phobia: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Toffolo Marieke B. J. , Fehribach Jamie R. , van Klaveren Chris P. B. J. , Cornelisz Ilja , van Straten Annemieke , van Gelder Jean-Louis , Donker Tara
Published: July 2022

Background

Fear of spiders, or Arachnophobia, is one of the most common specific phobias. The gold standard treatment, in vivo exposure therapy, is effective, but comes with significant limitations, including restricted availability, high costs, and high refusal rates. Novel technologies, such as augmented reality, may help to overcome these limitations and make Exposure Therapy more accessible by using mobile devices.

Objective

This study will use a Randomized Controlled Trial design to investigate whether ZeroPhobia: Arachnophobia, a 6-week Augmented Reality Exposure Therapy smartphone self-help application, can effectively reduce spider phobia symptoms. Additionally, we will examine user-friendliness of the application and the effect of usage intensity and presence on treatment outcome.

Methods

This study is registered in the Netherlands Trial Registry under NL70238.029.19 (Trial NL9221). Ethical approval was received on October 11, 2019. One-hundred-twelve participants (age 18–64, score ≥ 59) on the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire [FSQ] will be recruited from the general Dutch population and randomly assigned to a treatment or waitlist control group. The ZeroPhobia application can be accessed on users’ smartphone. Baseline, post-test (i.e., at six weeks), 3- and 12-month follow-up assessments will be done, each including the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire as the main outcome measure as well as additional measures of anxiety, depression, user-friendliness, and presence as secondary measures and covariates.

Results

The study was funded on September 25, 2018. Data collection started in September 2021 and the study is expected to run until September 2022.

Conclusions

Our study will improve our understanding of the efficacy and feasibility of providing Exposure Therapy for spider phobia using an Augmented Reality self-help application, with the intention of making mental health care more accessible.
Human papillomavirus vaccination uptake and its associated factors among adolescent school girls in Ambo town, Oromia region, Ethiopia, 2020
Authors: Beyen Mulugeta W/mariam , Bulto Gizachew Abdissa , Chaka Eshetu Ejeta , Debelo Bikila Tefera , Roga Ephrem Yohannes , Wakgari Negash , Danusa Kababa Temesgen , Fekene Daniel Belema
Published: July 2022

Background

The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has offered a great promise to reduce the cervical cancer burden; its utilization (uptake) however has been lagging. However, the levels and factors associated with the uptake of the vaccine have not been well investigated, especially in the local context.

Objective

To assess the uptake of human papillomavirus vaccination and its associated factors among adolescent school girls in ambo town, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2020.

Methods

An institution-based cross-sectional quantitative study design supplemented with the qualitative inquiry was employed to assess Human Papillomavirus vaccination uptake and its associated factors among 422 adolescent school girls in Ambo town, central Ethiopia from December 1–30, 2020. The collected data were coded, entered, and cleaned by using Epi info 7.2.3 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to compute summary statistics and proportions. Both bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was employed to identify factors associated with HPV vaccine uptake. Adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were used for the strength and directions of association. A P-value of < 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance. Qualitative findings have been analyzed with manual thematic analysis.

Result

The proportion of HPV vaccination uptake among school girls in this study was 44.4%. Hearing about HPV vaccine [AOR = 2.50, 95%CI: (1.045–5.959)], availability of awareness creation [AOR = 2.53, 95%CI: (1.507–4.258)], and favorable attitude [AOR = 2.049, 95%CI: (1.153–3.64)] were the key identified factors associated with vaccination uptake. In addition, poor perception, fear of side effects, and misunderstanding were among the major factors identified by qualitative findings.

Conclusion

There was low uptake of HPV vaccination among the school Adolescents in the study area. Availability of awareness creation programs, favorable attitude towards HPV vaccine, and hearing about HPV vaccine was significantly associated with the uptake of the HPV vaccination. Therefore, awareness creation and behavior change education are mandatory to scale up the vaccination.
When proxy-driven learning is no better than random: The consequences of representational incompleteness
Authors: Zobel Justin , Vázquez-Abad Felisa J. , Lin Pauline
Published: July 2022

Machine learning is widely used for personalisation, that is, to tune systems with the aim of adapting their behaviour to the responses of humans. This tuning relies on quantified features that capture the human actions, and also on objective functions—that is, proxies – that are intended to represent desirable outcomes. However, a learning system’s representation of the world can be incomplete or insufficiently rich, for example if users’ decisions are based on properties of which the system is unaware. Moreover, the incompleteness of proxies can be argued to be an intrinsic property of computational systems, as they are based on literal representations of human actions rather than on the human actions themselves; this problem is distinct from the usual aspects of bias that are examined in machine learning literature. We use mathematical analysis and simulations of a reinforcement-learning case study to demonstrate that incompleteness of representation can, first, lead to learning that is no better than random; and second, means that the learning system can be inherently unaware that it is failing. This result has implications for the limits and applications of machine learning systems in human domains.
Identification of the shared gene signatures and pathways between polycystic ovary syndrome and endometrial cancer: An omics data based combined approach
Authors: Miao Chenyun , Chen Yun , Fang Xiaojie , Zhao Ying , Wang Ruye , Zhang Qin
Published: July 2022

Objective

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder with high incidence. Recently it has been implicated as a significant risk factor for endometrial cancer (EC). Our study aims to detect shared gene signatures and biological mechanism between PCOS and EC by bioinformatics analysis.

Methods

Bioinformatics analysis based on GEO database consisted of data integration, network construction and functional enrichment analysis was applied. In addition, the pharmacological methodology and molecular docking was also performed.

Results

Totally 10 hub common genes, MRPL16, MRPL22, MRPS11, RPL26L1, ESR1, JUN, UBE2I, MRPL17, RPL37A, GTF2H3, were considered as shared gene signatures for EC and PCOS. The GO and KEGG pathway analysis of these hub genes showed that “mitochondrial translational elongation”, “ribosomal subunit”, “structural constituent of ribosome” and “ribosome” were highly correlated. Besides, associated transcription factors (TFs) and miRNAs network were constructed. We identified candidate drug molecules including fenofibrate, cinnarizine, propanil, fenthion, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, demeclocycline, hydrochloride, azacitidine, chrysene and artenimol according to these hub genes. Molecular docking analysis verified a good binding interaction of fenofibrate against available targets (JUN, ESR1, UBE2I).

Conclusion

Gene signatures and regulatory biological pathways were identified through bioinformatics analysis. Moreover, the molecular mechanisms of these signatures were explored and potential drug molecules associated with PCOS and EC were screened out.
Identifying genes targeted by disease-associated non-coding SNPs with a protein knowledge graph
Authors: Vlietstra Wytze J. , Vos Rein , van Mulligen Erik M. , Jenster Guido W. , Kors Jan A.
Published: July 2022

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that play important roles in the genetic heritability of traits and diseases. With most of these SNPs located on the non-coding part of the genome, it is currently assumed that these SNPs influence the expression of nearby genes on the genome. However, identifying which genes are targeted by these disease-associated SNPs remains challenging. In the past, protein knowledge graphs have often been used to identify genes that are associated with disease, also referred to as “disease genes”. Here, we explore whether protein knowledge graphs can be used to identify genes that are targeted by disease-associated non-coding SNPs by testing and comparing the performance of six existing methods for a protein knowledge graph, four of which were developed for disease gene identification. We compare our performance against two baselines: (1) an existing state-of-the-art method that is based on guilt-by-association, and (2) the leading assumption that SNPs target the nearest gene on the genome. We test these methods with four reference sets, three of which were obtained by different means. Furthermore, we combine methods to investigate whether their combination improves performance. We find that protein knowledge graphs that include predicate information perform comparable to the current state of the art, achieving an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 79.6% on average across all four reference sets. Protein knowledge graphs that lack predicate information perform comparable to our other baseline (genetic distance) which achieved an AUC of 75.7% across all four reference sets. Combining multiple methods improved performance to 84.9% AUC. We conclude that methods for a protein knowledge graph can be used to identify which genes are targeted by disease-associated non-coding SNPs.
The existence of ground state solutions for semi-linear degenerate Schrödinger equations with steep potential well
Authors: Ran Ling , Chen Shang-Jie , Li Lin
Published: July 2022

In this article, we study the following degenerated Schrödinger equations:

{

−

Δ

γ

u
+
λ
V
(
x
)
u
=
f
(
x
,
u
)

in
 

R

N

,

u
∈

E

λ

 
,

where
λ
>
0
is a parameter,

Δ

γ

is a degenerate elliptic operator, the potential
V
(
x
)
has a potential well with bottom and the nonlinearity
f
(
x
,
u
)
is either super-linear or sub-linear at infinity in
u
. The existence of ground state solution be obtained by using the variational methods.
Penza Regional Organization of the "Znanie" Society in the 1960s-1980s: Lecturers, Primary Organizations, Lecture Propaganda
Authors: Vaserov I.D.
Published: July 2022

The article deals with the quantitative and "qualitative" composition of the lecturers' staff of Penza regional organization of "Znanie" Society (by party affiliation — predominance of members and candidates for membership in the CPSU, Komsomol; by profession — most teachers, lecturers, Soviet-party workers, medical workers, etc.).

We study the peculiarities of membership in the Society of its "foremost group" — scientists, teachers of regional institutes; in particular, the weak participation of representatives of technical departments, simultaneous "workload" in the work not only of the Society, but also of lecture groups, Marxism-Leninism University, etc.; we identify their activity indicators in the lecture work of the organization, which, as a rule, fell behind the republican ones.

The tasks, quantitative dynamics, and composition of the Society's primary organizations in the region are characterized. Methodical sections, sections on branches of knowledge and scientific-methodical councils were directly engaged in educational and methodical support of lecture work and its organization, control over the content of lectures through reviewing, interaction with the Soviet-party and public structures.

The educational function of the Society was carried out mainly through lecture propaganda. The number of lectures read by the members of the regional organization was increasing; the majority of them were social and political.
The Concept of Ethnoculture in Ethnographic Views of N.M. Yadrintsev (on the 180th Birthday of the Public Figure)
Authors: Golovinov A.V. , Golovinova Yu.V.
Published: July 2022

Within the framework of this publication, an attempt has been made to reconstruct the concept of ethnoculture in the ethnographic concepts of N.M. Yadrintseva. The article emphasizes that ethnocultural ideas are not always explicated in the rich journalistic and ethnographic heritage of the founder of Siberian regionalism. The authors proceed from the fact that the theoretical constructions of the founder of Siberian regionalism were the fruitful result of his practical immersion in the ontology of the indigenous that is, the alien population of Siberia. It is noted that the term "ethnoculture" itself was not used in the works of Nikolai Mikhailovich, as it was atypical for science in the second half of the 19th century. Nevertheless, it seems possible, based on published sources containing statistical, archaeological, geographical and, mainly, ethnographic developments of the ideologist of the regional program, to show the essence and content of ethnoculture in the ethnographic research of a publicist.

The article establishes that ethnic culture is an amazing combination of traditions, attitude, and way of life, occupation, which are due to ethnic, climatic and geographical conditions.
Developing the Issue on the General Population Census in the Russian Empire in the 19th — Early 20th Century: A Historiographical Review
Authors: Bryukhanova E.A. , Belorukov M.V. , Nurmukhan E.T.
Published: July 2022

The development of Russian and world statistics in the 19th century is of considerable interest for representatives of different sciences, such as historians, statisticians, demographers, etc. The attention of researchers to this period is due to incredibly rapid development of the theory, methodology and practice of statistical surveys, formation of statistics as a branch of public administration. Special attention was paid to the development of scientific methods of population accounting, in particular censuses, which was reflected in the publications of that time. The study of works reflecting the development of ideas about the all-social population accounting, in particular the formation of theses about "scientific", "correct" population censuses and the accumulation of experience in their conduct, seems relevant.

The article presents a historiographical review of publications of different periods, which allows to identify the possible stages of development of the idea of the general population census and its implementation in the Russian Empire. The main methods of research are bibliographical and historiographical analysis, the sources for which are works in the field of history of statistics, demography, the census itself of the pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern periods.

Делается вывод о том, что генезис идеи научной переписи в России происходил в контексте развития зарубежной и отечественной статистики, а проведение Первой всеобщей переписи населения на всей территории Российской империи стало событием, оказавшим значительное влияние на дальнейшую историю науки.
The Cult of Dog in Folklore and Religious Mystical Views of the Bashkirs
Authors: Ilimbetova A.F.
Published: July 2022

The article is devoted to the analysis of the remnants of the cult of dog among the Bashkirs. Dog was one of the revered animals in the Bashkirs' ancient religious and mystical views. Traditional Bashkir worldview includes ideas of identity and kinship of human and dog, possibility of mutual rebirth and absence of principal difference between them. The ideas constitute the essence of man's ancient ideas about his place in the environment. In Bashkir folklore prose one can find motifs about cohabitation of a woman with a male dog and the possibility of allowing a woman from such a marriage to have a child or a puppy. The tribal ethnonymy of the Bashkirs preserved motifs about the origin of some groups of Bashkirs from a dog — a totem and a totemic ancestor. In the omens, beliefs and maiden divinations of the Bashkirs one can clearly see the relics of the belief that dog as a mythological ancestor promotes procreation, patronizes family and family relations, travelers, symbolizes fertility, brings happiness and well-being. In mythological plots and magic rites of Bashkirs there are echoes of beliefs about dog as a personification of soul or a receptacle for it, about the ability of the animal to protect infants from evil forces, to protect life and souls of newborn. In the Bashkir legends and genealogies dog appears as a sacred taboo animal and an object of worship. Similar beliefs about dog are found in the religious-mythological beliefs of the most different peoples of the world.
Features of the Political Process in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (1997-2021)
Authors: Papaskvili G.Z. , Kurnykin O.Yu.
Published: July 2022

The article contains analysis of political transformations in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) in the 1997-2021 aiming to identify its political process’ features within the framework of «one country, two systems» model. A brief description of Hong Kong’s political life events in preceding decades is given, which reflects the key tendencies of Hong Kong’s socio-political development under the British colonial rule. It is stated that establishing of the new political order in the SAR by PRC, intended to form a more accountable administrative model, is realized using the traditional Chinese scheme, which implies establishing China’s unconditional dominance and control over the local administrations’ activity. According to this, institutional transformations were implemented resulting in recentralization of power in the hands of the SAR’s government, also administrative model was changed. The consequences of this shift were series of mass protest actions and reinforcement of political discord in public and government circles. The authors come to the conclusion about conflictive character of Hong Kong’s political process, periodically proceeding on the brink of stability disruption. Currently, prospects of its democratization appear to be unlikely.
Kyrgyz-Chinese Ties in the Tang Era and Their Reflection in the Epic of "Manas"
Authors: Sadykov K.Z.
Published: July 2022

The article is devoted to topical issues of the early ethnic history of the Kyrgyz, which were covered in the Chinese chronicles of the Tang era. Historiographic data on the Kyrgyz of this period are compared with individual elements of the plot of the epic "Manas", the central theme of which is the forcible resettlement of Kyrgyz tribes from the Tien Shan and Ala-Too territories to Altai and the distant Northeastern lands. According to the epic storyline, after the birth of Manas in Altai and his election as a khan, the Kyrgyz conquered their ancestral territories from the ethnic opponents of the Kara-Kitai and Manchurians. The paper analyzes a specific situation in the epic memory of the Kyrgyz, connected with the fact that the epic "Manas" does not mention the Uighurs of the 8th-9th centuries of the "yaglakkar" clan, who received the name "iloge" in the Tang chronicles. But the prototype of the epic Manas was probably the real historical khan of the Kyrgyz of the beginning of the 9th century, who was born in the Altai period, who managed to achieve independence and the strengthening of the Kyrgyz on the territory of Altai and defeated the capital of the Uyghur Kaganate, Orda Balyk. According to the author, in the name of the epic enemy of the Kyrgyz, Khan Alooke, echoes of the medieval period of history have been preserved. Key words: ethnogenesis of the ancient Kyrgyz, histori-cism of the Manas epic, Yenisei Kyrgyz, Kyrgyz in the Tien Shan, Chinese chronicles of the Tang era, Uyghur kaga-nate, Kyrgyz kaganate, epic memory, historical prototype of the Manas.
January 2022 Crisis in Kazakhstan as Viewed by Foreign Parliamentarians
Authors: Golunov S.V.
Published: July 2022

The article is devoted to the ways in which the January 2022 crisis in Kazakhstan were discussed by parliamentarians from 11 states and the European Parliament, identified by searching the websites of 42 parliaments. The author considers such issues as the role of parliaments in foreign policy making, the character and stability of parliamentarians’ interest towards the crisis in Kazakhstan, the issues highlighted while discussing different aspects of this crisis, conclusions and recommendations made. The author argues that the relevant interest of foreign parliamentarians was relatively weak and instable. Some attention to these events was given by parliamentarians of several postSoviet states, including Russia, and of some Western states. Still, even in these cases this interest took the form of value judgements rather than systematic investigations. In Western parliamentary discourses, human rights issues were in the focus from the outset. When other issues were discussed, priority attention was paid to geopolitical and humanitarian issues. As the situation in Kazakhstan stabilized, the focus shifted to social and internal policy issues.
Archaeological Artefacts as Objects of Property Relations
Authors: Kazakov A.A. , Kazakova O.M. , Marakulin D.A.
Published: July 2022

The article analyzes illegal activities aimed at predatory excavations of archaeological monuments, known as "black digging", and also raises the problem of civil turnover of archaeological objects as a factor stimulating such criminal activity. The authors raise the problem of a vague understanding of the legal status of such concepts as "historical and cultural monument", "antiques" and "archaeological object" both among members of the public and in the legal community. Since the civil turnover of historical and cultural monuments is allowed with some restrictions, lawyers consider the purchase and sale of archaeological artefacts to be quite legal. However, the law imposes restrictions on the civil turnover of archaeological heritage objects, still there has not yet been a single precedent of bringing to justice dealers in archaeological objects. To combat the illegal storage and trafficking of archaeological objects, lawyers need to analyze the legal basis and eliminate the existing legal conflict, which allows persons engaged in illegal activities to avoid responsibility for such offences.
USAGE OF BI- AND POLYFUNCTIONAL COMPOUNDS AS AN ALTERNATIVE OF SYNTHETIC RESINS IN FI-BERBOARD TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Ivanov Daniil Valerʹyevich , Ryabinkov Andrey Andreyevich , Orekhov Evgeniy Vladimirovich , Ekaterincheva Mariya Aleksandrovna , Nikiforova Polina Konstantinovna , Mazur Anton Stanislavovich
Published: July 2022

Due to the high chemical activity of its filler, fiberboard is a unique material, it's formation can be ensured by chemical reactions of wood components. However, under hot pressing modes, typical for dry-process boards, chemical reactions do not have time to go through to the required extent, which requires the use of special modifiers that enhance the activity of the wood fiber. Bi- and polyfunctional compounds - sucrose, carbamide, and citric acid - were investigated as modifiers. The lowest efficiency was shown by sucrose, which is not able to ensure the compliance of the physical and mechanical parameters of the fiberboards with the requirements of standards; The use of urea and citric acid makes it possible to produce fiberboards that are not inferior in their properties to materials from urea-formaldehyde resin. Using the methods of chemical and instrumental analysis (IR spectroscopy, solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy), it was found that during hot pressing, urea and citric acid react with components of the wood cell wall. Urea decomposes during pressing with the formation of ammonia and isocyanic acid, which, in turn, provides interfiber interaction. During hot pressing, citric acid reacts with hydroxyl groups of cell wall components by the esterification mechanism. Using the example of citric acid, it was found that plates that meet the requirements of the TSN-30 standart can be made only with a pressing time of 0.4 min / mm of the fiberboard thickness, which exceeds the technology requirements by more than two times. To ensure the competitiveness of the selected modifiers with respect to existing synthetic resins, it is necessary to find ways to reduce the pressing time.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE IRON-CHELATING PROPERTIES, ANTIRADICAL AND TOTAL ANTIOX-IDANT ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS FROM THE RAW MATERIAL OF PHYTOPREPARATIONS OF COMMON ME-DICINAL HERBS
Authors: Lohvina Anna Olegovna
Published: July 2022

The paper presents results of the comparative study of the iron-chelating potential and antioxidant activity of the raw material of phytopreparations and analysis of correlations between these activities and the content of phenolic compounds as the most important plant antioxidants. The total content of phenolic compounds was determined by the Folin-Chokalteu method, che-lating activity was evaluated using the ferrozine method, antiradical activity was determined by DPPH assay, and total antioxidant (reducing) capacity was assessed by the phosphomolybdenum method. A strong positive correlation was found between the con-tent of phenolic compounds and all the parameters of antioxidant properties of the phytopreparations. The analysis of the dataset (total phenolics, chelating, antiradical and reducing activities) allows arranging the phytopreparations in the order: Origani herba > Uvae Ursi folia, Hyperici herba > Helichrysi arenarii flores > Millefolii herba > Equiseti arvensis herba > Plantaginis majoris folia > Chamomillae flores > Calendulae flores > Urticae folia. Phytopreparations Origani herba, Uvae Ursi folia, and Hyperici herba are demonstrated the highest chelating activity and antioxidant potential. These results can be used as a basis for further studies of chelating and antioxidant properties of medicinal plant raw material.
RECYCLING OF WET-STRENGTH TISSUE PAPER. PART 2. BASIC PROPERTIES OF SECONDARY FIBERS
Authors: Penkin Anton Anatolʹyevich , Kazakov Yakov Vladimirovich
Published: July 2022

The present investigation focuses on morphological characteristics, tensile and optical properties of secondary fibers obtained in various conditions of batch low-consistency repulping process for wet-strength tissue paper with 100% of bleached softwood kraft pulp. It was found that length-weighted fiber length and fiber width values as well as fiber length and fiber width distributions remained almost unchanged regardless of the repulping time and the presence of persulfates. The shortened repulping cycle due to the use of persulfates lead to an increase in the shape factor from 83.0% to 84.1–84.4%, decrease in the number of fiber kinks from 0.84 to 0.72–0.74 and an increase in zero-span tensile strength of recycled handsheets by 10–12%. At the same time, the shortened repulping cycle resulted in increase in the coarseness of secondary fibers from 190 mg/m to 230–235 mg/m leading to a slight increase in the bulk of the paper and a decrease in its internal bond strength by an average of 8%. The use of persulfates during wet-strength tissue paper repulping improves the color of recycled handsheets and its brightness by up to 3%.
OPTIMIZATION OF BIRD CHERRY OIL SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION PROCESS
Authors: Skrebets Tatʹyana Eduardovna , Ivakhnov Artem Dmitriyevich , Mamatmurodov Hurshed Begmahmudovich
Published: July 2022

Cherry cake berries, which is a waste of liquor production, contain biologically active substances, including lipids, which are not extracted by ethanol in the main production. Supercritical carbon dioxide is a good extractant for such compounds. By method of full factor experiment using rotatable uniform-plan of the second order, process of optimization of extraction of cherry oil from processed berries by method of supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide was carried out. During planning, the pressure of 250 atm, temperature of 60 °C, hydraulic module 25 are selected as the main levels. To increase the accuracy of optimization, additional coefficients are sequentially included based on the Fisher test not increasing. Analysis of the regression equation made it possible to establish optimal process parameters: temperature 70 °C, pressure 350 atm, hydraulic module 33 at oil yield 1.4% (extraction degree 85%). The relative model error was 1%. Acid, iodine, ether numbers, saponification number, as well as organoleptic indices are determined for the obtained product. The obtained product is enriched with triacylglycerides, free fatty acids and low-molecular organic acids and contains a small amount of unsaturated higher carboxylic acids compared to oil isolated by extraction in a Soxlet apparatus with hexane.
THE CONTENT OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AND THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SOME TYPES OF NUTS CONSUMED IN FOOD
Authors: Borisova Anna Viktorovna , Makarova Nadezhda Viktorovna , Khamtova Elvina Khusainovna
Published: July 2022

Phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anti-radical activity, and restorative power are found in walnuts, pecans, almonds, hazelnuts, hazelnuts, cashews, macadamia, and peanuts. The highest content of phenolic substances in the studied nuts was found in walnuts (536.6 mg of gallic acid per 100 g of dry matter), pistachios (512.9 mg of gallic acid per 100 g of dry matter) and pecans (377.6 mg of gallic acid per 100 g of dry matter). Wild hazel contains 1.4 times more phenolic substances compared to hazelnuts and 4.2 times more flavonoids. In this work, a method was used to determine the concentration of the extract at which 50% of the free radical is bound by the 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. The antioxidant activity was found only in the extract of pecans, pistachios, walnuts, and hazelnuts. No antiradical activity was detected in the remaining extracts. The restorative power of all the studied extracts is mainly, to a small extent. Of the studied extracts, peanut and pistachio extracts showed the greatest restoring power. Hazelnut and pecan extracts also exhibit greater restorative power than other extracts studied.
METABOLOME COMPOSITION OF STINGING NETTLE GROWING IN THE CENTRAL CHERNOZEM REGION (REVIEW)
Authors: Trineyeva Ol'ga Valer'yevna , Slivkin Alexei Ivanovich , Safonova Elena Fedorovna
Published: July 2022

The plant metabolome is the totality of all primary and secondary metabolites and can be considered as a result of the implementation of genetic information, a «link» between the genotype and phenotype. The chemical composition of most medicinal plants and herbal medicinal preparations derived from them, which are multicomponent extracts, is not always fully known. Stinging nettle is one of the valuable plants with a wide distribution area. The metabolome of nettle medicinal plant materials includes a large number of classes of various biologically active substances (BAS). The study of profiles of secondary metabolites is an important direction for studying the variability of the phytochemical composition depending on the climatic conditions of growth, harvesting and drying. In the work, the collection and analysis of scientific information on the study of the profiles of various groups of biologically active substances and their identification in extracts from the raw material of stinging nettle (leaves and grass) growing on the territory of the Central Black Earth region of Russia was carried out by TLC using the so-called «fingerprint» method or «bar coding». The literature data on the results of a comprehensive study of the composition of the metabolome of this raw material (flavonoids, chlorophyll compounds, carotenoids, tannins, oxycinnamic acids, amino acids, organic acids, triterpene glycosides, polysaccharide complex, vitamins and some macroelements) by various groups of scientists over the past 20 years are summarized and systematized. Stinging nettle, growing in the conditions of the Central Chernozem region, as analysis showed, accumulate free amino acids, tannins, organic acids and polysaccharides in significant quantities. The composition of free water-soluble simple sugars, organic acids, vitamins of group B, as well as the complete amino acid composition was studied in the leaves of stinging nettle by capillary electrophoresis. A significant content of riboflavin and choline, as well as butyric and succinic acids has been established. Flavonoids in the leaves of stinging nettle growing in the conditions of the Central Chernozem region are represented by glycosides, the aglycones of which are mainly quercetin, isorhamnetin and kaempferol. The main representatives of the group of hydroxycinnamic acids in the leaves of stinging nettle in this region are chlorogenic acids, 2-coffee-malic and rosemary acids. As chemomarkers, neochlorogenic and cryptochlorogenic acids – isomers of caffeoylquinic acids, as well as caffeic, cafftaric and n-coumaric acids can be used.
Evaluation of the vulnerability of groundwater to nitrogen pollution in the commune of Mananara Avaratra by the SINTACS method
Authors: Zamanileha Elando Freda , Mong Yves Michel , Ravelonandro Pierre
Published: July 2022

The urban commune of Mananara Avaratra, located on the east coast of Madagascar in the Analanjirofo region, is characterized by alluvial soils, mainly sandy and ferruginous, and a tropical climate. Groundwater is considered as the main source of drinking water for the local population although the presence of pollution by nitrogen compounds has been a serious environmental problem for more than a decade This study aimed at developing a groundwater vulnerability model for nitrate and ammonium as a protective measure. Based on the intrinsic vulnerability determined by the SINTACS model, the influence of anthropogenic parameters related to nitrogen sources and groundwater use on contamination was verified using GIS. Chemical analyses showed high concentrations of nitrate (136.987 mg.l-1) and ammonium (1.120 mg.l-1) in the samples. The high nitrate and ammonium concentrations were found in the northern subwatershed, probably due to the area impacted by urbanization by urbanization, where the groundwater vulnerability index is high (high index is 197 - 210 and for the very high ones 215 - 223). On the other hand, the concentrations in the southern subwatershed are lower, and the index is moderate (137 - 178). In order to prevent the contamination of groundwater by nitrogen, it is necessary to develop management policies on surface land use and groundwater, as well as to continuously monitor the latter.