bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE TRAVAILS OF ZIONISM
Authors: LEVENE MARK
Published: July 2002

Zionist culture and West European Jewry before the First World

War. By Michael Berkowitz.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Pp. xviii+255. ISBN 0-521-42072-5.

£29.95.

The kibbutz movement. A history. Volume I. Origins and

growth, 1909–1939. By Henry Near.

Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. Pp. xviii+431. ISBN 0-197-10069-4.

£55.00.

The road to power: Herut party in Israel. By Yonathan Shapiro.

New York: State University

of New York Press, 1995. Pp. vi+208. ISBN 0-794-06067. $12.95.

The partition of Palestine, decision crossroads in the Zionist

movement. By Itzhak Galnoor. New

York: State University of New York Press, 1991. Pp. ix+379. ISBN 0-791-42193-7.

$21.95.

Genealogies of conflict: class, identity and state in

Palestine/Israel and South Africa. By Ran

Greenstein. Hanover, NH and London: Wesleyan University Press and University

Press of New England, 1995. ISBN 0-819-55288-7. $27.25.
EXEMPLARINESS AND THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Authors: CLARK CHRISTOPHER
Published: July 2002

Devising liberty: preserving and creating freedom in the new
American
republic. Edited by David
Thomas Konig. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995. Pp. xiv+383.

£35.00. ISBN 0-804-72536-5

Benjamin Lincoln and the American revolution. By David B. Mattern.

Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995. Pp. xii+307. $39.95.
ISBN 1-570-03068-5

The devious Dr. Franklin, colonial agent. Benjamin Franklin's
years in
London. By David T. Morgan. Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1996.

Pp. xii+273. $34.95. ISBN 0-865-54525-1

General Richard Montgomery and the American revolution: from redcoat
to rebel.
By Hal T. Shelton. New York: New York University Press, 1994. Pp. xiv+245.
$45.00. ISBN
0-814-77975-1

The role of instructive, heroic, and exemplary themes in accounts of
great national
events has a complex history of its own. American independence and its
aftermath
provide rich examples. Ever since the events themselves, conventional and
popular
accounts have either featured individuals as heroes or role models, or
dwelt on the
struggle for values such as liberty and democracy. These traditions became
so deeply
rooted in patterns of discourse that academic historians have never been
able to avoid
engaging with them. Countless studies have embodied or responded to some
kind of
patriotic or hagiographic purpose, and such concerns to different degrees
underlie the
works under discussion here. The ‘new’ cultural history, however,

has sparked a fresh interest in the ‘exemplary’ as a cultural

construction in itself, and an increasing number
of scholars are engaged in tracing the creation of image and identity,
reputation and
memory. All the works here touch on this concern, too, though they fall
short of
embracing the new agenda fully. Taken together, they illustrate the instability
of what
might be called the ‘traditional exemplary’: certainty that

a historical episode or figure
can illustrate an ideal principle or characteristic.
INTERWAR AMERICAN HISTORIES: LEFT,
RIGHT, AND WRONG
Authors: HARRIS HOWELL JOHN
Published: July 2002

Purchasing power: consumer organizing, gender, and the
Seattle labor movement, 1919–1929. By
Dana Frank. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. xii+349.
ISBN 0-521-38367-6. £50.00. Paperback 0-521-46714-4. £16.95.

New Deals: business, labor, and politics in America, 1920–1935.

By Colin Gordon. New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. xii+329. ISBN 0-521-45122-1. £40.00.

Paperback 0-521-45755-6. £15.95.

The long war: the intellectual People's Front and anti-Stalinism,

1930–1940. By Judy Kutulas.
Durham: Duke University Press, 1995. Pp. xiv+334. ISBN 0-8223-1526-2. $39.95

Paperback 0-8223-1524-6. £16.95.

The invisible empire in the West: toward a new historical
appraisal of the Ku Klux Klan of the
1920s. Ed. by Shawn Lay. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992.
Pp. 230.
ISBN 0-252-01832-X. $32.50.

‘We are all leaders’: the alternative unionism of
the early 1930s. Ed. by Staughton Lynd.
Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996. Pp. 343. ISBN 0-252-02243-2.
$44.95
Paperback 0-252-06547-6. $17.95.

Stalin's famine and Roosevelt's recognition of Russia.

By M. Wayne Morris. Lanham, MD:
University Press of America, 1994. Pp. ix+224. ISBN 0-8191-9379-8. $34.50.

Building a democratic political order: reshaping American
liberalism in the 1930s and 1940s. By
David Plotke. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. xi+388.
ISBN 0-521-42059-8. £40.00.

Forging new freedoms; nativism, education, and the constitution,

1917–1927. By William G. Ross.
Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994. Pp. x+277. ISBN 0-8032-3900-9.
$35.

Liberals and communism: the ‘red decade’ revisited.

By Frank A. Warren. New York:
Columbia University Press, 1993; originally published 1966. Pp. xxiii+276.

ISBN 0-231-08444-7. $45.00. Paperback 0-231-08445-5. $19.00.

Frank, Lay et al., and Ross all deal with the aftermath of the United
States's brief
involvement in the First World War, and some of its enduring effects –
political reaction
with devastating results for the labour movement and progressive politics,
brutalization
of America's then-normal nativism, directed at members of the recent
immigrant
communities making up about a third of its population.
AYKUT KANSU, The Revolution of 1908 in Turkey, Social, Economic, and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1997). Pp. 350. $110.00 cloth.
Authors: Watenpaugh Keith
Published: July 2002

At its heart, Aykut Kansu's The Revolution of 1908 in Turkey is a thoughtful attempt to revise the way Turkish and Western historians have portrayed the events that ushered in the Ottoman Second Constitutional Period. Consisting of both a provocative historiographical essay and a detailed political narrative of the years 1906–8, the book reads the dominant accounts of the last years of the empire against the grain and makes a fresh contribution to the often staid discussions of this fundamentally important moment in the history of the Eastern Mediterranean. Although his arguments are compelling, evidentiary and rhetorical problems inherent in the work undermine its overall value; less persuasive, though still worthwhile, is his attempt to mitigate the historical significance of the statist reforms of the Kemalist period. In Kansu's revision, the events of 1908 constituted the last great bourgeois revolution of the “long nineteenth century.” It succeeded in wresting power from the grip of Turkey's ancien régime—bureaucrats of the Sublime Porte and the sultan—and placed it, temporarily, in the hands of the “citizens.”
DRESSING UP: CLOTHING, CLASS AND GENDER
IN POST-ABOLITION ZANZIBAR
Authors: FAIR LAURA
Published: July 2002

Pemba Peremba

Ukija na winda, hutoka na kilemba

Ukija na kilemba, hutoka na winda.

(Proceed cautiously in Pemba

If you come wearing a loin cloth, you leave wearing a turban

If you come wearing a turban, you leave wearing a loin cloth.)

Dress has historically been used as one of the most important and visually
immediate markers of class, status and ethnicity in East African coastal
society. As one of many forms of expressive culture, clothing practice
shaped
and gave form to social bodies. Examining transformations in dress and
fashion illustrates, however, that boundaries between theoretically distinctive
social categories were often vague in practice.
ISLAM AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIAL IDENTITY IN THE
NINETEENTH-CENTURY SAHARA
Authors: CLEAVELAND TIMOTHY
Published: July 2002

Early in the twentieth century, French and British colonial scholars

developed rigid, descent-based models of African pastoral societies. These

models emphasized stasis partly because the scholars relied on unrepresentative

samples of the pastoralists' views of their own societies, and
partly because the scholars simply misinterpreted data. By the 1970s
anthropologists had radically revised these models, arguing that although

pastoralists generally defined themselves in terms of descent, their societies

were nevertheless quite dynamic. In their view, descent was an idiom of

social discourse; while pastoral societies may have operated according
to the
idiom in the past, the economic changes brought about by colonialism had

ruptured the connection between the ideology and social practice. More

recently, historians have begun to argue that pastoral societies were also

dynamic before colonialism, and that there was great flexibility in the
ways
pastoralists reckoned social identities.

This essay draws on evidence from the nineteenth-century western Sahara

to argue that pastoral societies were dynamic long before the colonial
period,
and that many Saharans perceived their society in this way. This evidence

was neglected by the early colonial scholars and many post-colonial anthropologists

in favor of those descriptions that emphasized stasis. Saharan
accounts that described social dynamism were often based on the explicitly

Islamic model of the Prophet Muhammad and his diverse community of
supporters. This model, then and throughout Islamic history, has offered

the possibility of social improvement, and therein lies the explanation
for
why some Saharans interpreted society as static while others saw it as

dynamic. Social models that fix groups into specific ranks according to

descent serve the interests of those at the higher ranks, while dynamic

models serve to legitimize social mobility.
Sterility and variation resulting from the transfer of

polima cytoplasmic male sterility from Brassica napus

into Brassica chinensis
Authors: HU B. , CHEN F. , LI Q.
Published: July 2002

Male sterile combinations made from interspecific crosses between
the

polima CMS line of Brassica

napus and varieties of B. chinensis were backcrossed to

BC3. Twenty-six selfing lines from B. chinensis

were tested for their ability to either maintain complete sterility or
to

restore fertility in crosses with

the polima male sterile line. Results show that four of these hybrids were

completely male sterile and

two were fertile. The sterility of the B. chinensis with polima

cytoplasm was much more stable than

male sterile lines with B. campestris and B. chinensis

cytoplasm, which were sterile before full

flowering but progressively became fertile as flowering proceeded. The
results

suggest that polima

cytoplasm could be a suitable male sterile-inducing allocytoplasm for B.

chinensis, as both

maintainers and restorers are available, and could supply a reliable

pollination control system for

hybrid seed production in this species.
Heterosis, overdominance for grain yield, and

alpha-amylase activity in F1 hybrids between

near-isogenic Rht dwarf and tall wheats
Authors: FLINTHAM J. E. , ANGUS W. J. , GALE M. D.
Published: July 2002

The Rht-B1b, Rht-D1b and Rht-B1c alleles

for reduced height in wheat (the Norin 10 and Tom

Thumb dwarfing genes previously known as Rht1, Rht2 and

Rht3) were exploited in combinations

to generate a near-continuous range of plant heights, from 53 cm to 123
cm,

amongst near-isogenic homozygotes and F1 hybrids. Pleiotropic
yield

effects of Rht genes were measured in both

homozygous (intravarietal) and heterozygous (intervarietal) genetic backgrounds.

Heterosis due to

overdominance of Rht genes was detected among intravarietal hybrids.

The effects of heterozygosity

at other genetic loci (mean dominance) were determined, independently of

Rht effects, from

comparisons between intravarietal and intervarietal F1 hybrids.

Genotypes of intermediate plant heights gave maximum yields, in agreement

with other trials of

the homozygous lines, so that heterosis (hybrid exceeding best parent)
for

Rht yield effects was

observed in crosses between tall and dwarf isogenic pairs. This heterosis

combined additively with

increased mean weight per grain in intervarietal crosses, generating the

highest overall grain yields in

hybrids with semi-dwarf stature in heterozygous genetic backgrounds. The Rht-B1c allele showed

single-gene overdominance for grain yield, also the production of

alpha-amylase in ripening grains

of Maris Huntsman was effectively inhibited in the Rht-B1a/c

intravarietal hybrid. The Rht-B1c allele

thus offers advantages for both grain yield and grain quality

in the heterozygous condition and should

be considered as an alternative to the conventional semi-dwarfing genes

Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b for F1

varieties in environments conductive to preharvest sprouting.
In vitro digestibility and neutral detergent fibre and
lignin contents of plant parts of nine forage species
Authors: WILMAN D. , REZVANI MOGHADDAM P.
Published: July 2002

In order to understand better some of the reasons for differences

between forage plant species in
digestibility, different parts of nine plant species in either milled
or chopped (1 cm lengths) form were
examined for in vitro digestibility and in milled form for
neutral detergent fibre and lignin. The nine
species were: Trifolium repens L., Medicago sativa L.,

Desmodium intortum (Mill.) Urb., Brassica
napus L., Lolium perenne L., Festuca arundinacea
Schreb.,
Chloris gayana Kunth, Cenchrus ciliaris L.
and Zea mays L. In each case early harvesting was compared with

later harvesting in each of two
years. The plants were grown in spring–summer in a heated glasshouse.

The forage at the early harvest was, on average, 1–4% units
more digestible in vitro than that at
the later harvest and generally slightly lower in lignin and neutral detergent

fibre content. However, the stems of Z. mays were higher in neutral

detergent fibre at the early than at the later harvest.

The leaf sheaths of L. perenne and F. arundinacea

were more digestible than the leaf blades. L.
perenne was more digestible than F. arundinacea in both
sheaths and blades. The sheaths and blades
of C. gayana and C. ciliaris were less digestible
and had a higher neutral detergent fibre content than
those of L. perenne and F. arundinacea. The leaf
blades, excluding the midribs, and the stems and leaf
sheaths of Z. mays were all rather high in digestibility
when milled and moderately low in neutral
detergent fibre and lignin; the leaf blade midribs of Z. mays

were less digestible and higher in neutral
detergent fibre than the stems and similar to the stems in lignin
content. The leaflets of T. repens had
an appreciably lower neutral detergent fibre content than the
stolons and petioles and a rather lower
lignin content in dry matter and yet were, if anything, less
digestible than the stolons and petioles.
The stolons of T. repens were much more digestible than the stems

of M. sativa and D. intortum. The
digestibility of D. intortum was low in all the plant parts
examined, leaflets, petioles and stems. In both
D. intortum and B. napus, the leaflets or leaf blades
were
much lower than the stems in neutral
detergent fibre and lignin and yet they were no more digestible than the
stems when milled.

The digestibility of chopped leaflets and leaf blades was similar
to that of milled leaflets and leaf
blades, but chopping rather than milling reduced the digestibility of
stems (particularly of those of
Z. mays), petioles, the leaf blade midribs of
Z. mays, and, to some extent, leaf sheaths.
Nitrogen inputs and losses from clover/grass pastures
grazed by dairy cows, as affected by nitrogen fertilizer
application
Authors: LEDGARD S. F. , PENNO J. W. , SPROSEN M. S.
Published: July 2002

Nitrogen (N) inputs and outputs were measured over 3 years in a
trial with four farmlets (each with
16 randomly-allocated 0·4 ha paddocks) on permanent white clover/ryegrass
pastures which were
grazed throughout the year by dairy cows near Hamilton, New Zealand. Three
farmlets were stocked
at 3·3 cows/ha and received nominal rates of N fertilizer (urea
in 8–10 split applications) of 0, 200
or 400 kg N/ha per year. A fourth farmlet with 4·4 cows/ha
received 400 kg N/ha per year and was
supplemented with maize grain during the first two years.

Nitrogen balances were calculated, with [sum ]N inputs[ape ][sum ]N outputs.
Annual inputs from N2 fixation
were 99–231 kg N/ha in the 0 N farmlet, but declined to 15–44
kg N/ha in the 400 N farmlets. The
main N outputs (in kg N/ha per year) were in milk (72–126), nitrate
leaching (20–204), and transfer
of N via cow excreta from pastures to lanes and milking shed (54–92).
Gaseous losses by
denitrification (3–34) and volatilization (15–78) were smaller
than the other N outputs but increased
significantly with N fertilizer application. In the maize-supplemented
farmlet, N outputs in milk were
31% higher than in the corresponding non-supplemented 400 N farmlet, whereas
leaching losses
averaged 17% lower during the 2 years of supplementation.

In the N-fertilized farmlets, estimated N balances were influenced by
inclusion of the transitional
N processes of immobilization of fertilizer N into the soil organic N pool
(estimated using
15N at
42–94 kg N/ha per year) and the contribution from mineralization
of residual clover-fixed N in soil
not accounted for in the current estimates of N2 fixation (estimated
at up to 70% of measured N2
fixation or 46 kg N/ha per year). However, these processes were counteracting
and together were
calculated to have only a small net effect on total N balances.

The output of N in products (milk, meat and feed) relative to the total
N input averaged 26% in
the 400 N farmlets, and is compared to that measured for commercial intensively-managed
dairy
farms in England and the Netherlands (14–20%). The 0 N farmlet, which
was reliant on N2 fixation
as the sole N input, was relatively very N-efficient with the milk production
being 83% of that in the
400 N farmlet (at 3·3 cows/ha) and the N output in products
relative to total N input averaging 52%.
Effect of saponins and plant extracts containing
saponins on the recovery of ammonia during urea-ammoniation of wheat straw and fermentation kinetics
of the treated straw
Authors: MAKKAR H. P. S. , AREGHEORE E. M. , BECKER K.
Published: July 2002

Saponins of Quillaja saponaria bark and the water extract obtained on homogenization of Yucca
schidigera plants were used during urea-ammoniation to reduce ammonia loss. In Expt 1, chaffed
wheat straw (2–5 cm length) was urea-ammoniated (50 g kg−1 urea, 400 g kg−1
moisture) for 25 days at 37°C with and without Quillaja saponins (QS) or Yucca plant homogenate, YPH (corresponding
to 1 and 2 g kg−1Yucca powder). The crude protein (CP) content of
untreated straw was 34 g kg−1. After 25 days, CP values of 90 g kg−1
(urea; no saponin), 82 and 86 g kg−1 (urea+QS at 1 and 2 g kg−1)
and 102 and 92 g kg−1 (urea+YPH at 1 and 2 g kg−1) were
obtained. The ammonia-nitrogen bound (as percentage of urea-nitrogen added) to straw after the treatment was 39 (urea; no saponin),
33 and 36 (urea+QS at 1 and 0·2 g kg−1), and 47 and 40 (urea+YPE at
1 and 2 g kg−1). As the extent of ammonia bound to straw was higher with
Yucca plant powder, especially at 1 g kg−1, Yucca plant
powder at 0·75 and 1 g kg−1 was used in Expt 2. In Expt 1, the Yucca plant extract was used after
homogenization of the Yucca plant powder, which is not feasible at farm level. Therefore, two simpler
approaches (overnight soaking of the powder in water (Yucca powder extracted, YPE) and mixing
of Yucca powder with the straw followed by urea-ammoniation (Yucca powder, YP) were used
besides homogenization. Otherwise, conditions for the urea-ammoniation treatment were similar to
those in Expt 1. The ammonia–nitrogen bound (as percentage of urea-nitrogen added) to the straw
varied from 47 to 54% in the presence of the Yucca plant powder, which was substantially higher than
that observed in its absence (38%). The ammonia-binding efficiency of Yucca plant powder to the
straw was highest at 1 g kg−1. Among the three methods tried, addition of the Yucca powder to straw
followed by treatment with urea was the easiest, and the binding efficiency was similar to that
observed when using the powder after homogenization. In both experiments, the true dry matter- and
NDF-digestibilities, calculated organic matter digestibility and metabolizable energy, as well as rate
and potential extent of gas production, were significantly higher (P<0·05) in the treated straw than
in the untreated straw. These values were affected neither by the source of the saponins nor the
manner in which the Yucca powder was applied.
Cuds and Snipes: Labor at Chicago's Auditorium Building,
1887–1889
Authors: TWOMBLY ROBERT
Published: July 2002

Historians are more likely to examine monumental buildings as finished
products than as processes of construction. Chicago's Auditorium
Building was monumentality itself: upon completion in 1890 it was the
largest edifice in the United States, and an exceptionally elegant one.
Though often discussed as a work of art, an urban icon, and a measure of
regional accomplishment, it has yet to be considered as a nexus of social
relations. For monument appraisal tends to overlook the role of labor –
including its relations with capital – that is not only inherent to the
construction process, but that in this instance also affected Chicago's
future. It was precisely the Auditorium's monumentality that prompted
local trade unions to develop new tactics that yielded unprecedented
results.
Mass spectrometry-based procedure for the identification of ovine casein heterogeneity
Authors: FERRANTI PASQUALE , PIZZANO ROSA , GARRO GIUSEPPINA , CAIRA SIMONETTA , CHIANESE LINA , ADDEO FRANCESCO
Published: July 2002

The efficiency of reversed-phase HPLC, capillary electrophoresis (CE),
PAGE and isoelectric focusing with immunoblotting in separating ovine caseins has
been evaluated. The assessment was carried out by employing electrospray
ionization–mass spectrometry (ESI–MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption
ionization–time of flight as reference tools for identifying protein components. Ovine
casein was fractionated by HPLC into four major peaks. With ESI–MS, each peak
contained components belonging to only one of the four casein families. On-line
liquid chromatography–ESI–MS allowed us to determine each fraction's composition
by detecting thirteen αs1-, eleven αs2-,
seven β-, and three κ-casein (CN) components.
The αs1-CN and αs2-CN consisted of eight and two protein chains respectively of
lengths differing through the deletion of one or more peptide sequences; they were
also discretely phosphorylated as κ-CN and β-CN. By CE at pH 2·5, each casein
fraction was as heterogeneous as that resulting from ESI–MS for the single HPLC-derived
fractions. The separation of αs1-CN and αs2-CN proved to be excellent, with
the exception of a co-migration of κ0-CN with a minor αs1-CN component and of a
glycosylated κ-CN form with low-phosphorylated αs1-CN and β-CN components.
Dephosphorylation of whole casein was used to reduce the heterogeneity of the
native fractions and by applying currently used analytical techniques it was possible
to visualize the protein moiety difference along the CE profile. CE, HPLC, and
immunoblotting were all equally capable of effecting an accurate separation of the
four dephosphorylated casein families. The spectra obtained by ESI–MS directly on
dephosphorylated whole ovine casein samples contained the signals of the four casein
families and the relative αs1-CN variants, the non-allelic αs1-CN and αs2-CN forms,
dimeric κ-CN and other newly formed peptides. We suggest using this procedure for
rapid characterization of whole casein.
Effect of unilateral once or twice daily milking of cows on milk yield

and udder characteristics in early and late lactation
Authors: STELWAGEN KERST , KNIGHT CHRISTOPHER H.
Published: July 2002

Twelve multiparous British Friesian cows in early (40±23
d in milk;
n=6) or late (216±17 d in milk; n=6) lactation
were
used to study the effects of
milking frequency on yield, udder volume and milk storage within the udder.
After
a 2 week control period of twice daily milking, diagonally opposed udder
halves
within a cow were milked once or twice daily for 3 weeks. Milk yield
was 28–38%
lower from the halves that were milked once daily than from halves that
were milked
twice daily. The loss of milk yield, expressed as a decrease in the relative

milk yield
quotient (an index that accounts for pretreatment differences), was greater
for cows
in early than in late lactation (0·59 v. 0·68).
Empty
udder-half volume was not
decreased by once daily milking, suggesting that no cell loss occurred.

Instead, once daily milking reduced the secretion efficiency (units of
milk per unit
of empty udder-half volume) by 46 and 27% respectively in early and late

lactation; thus, at least
part of the loss was due to reduced metabolic activity of the mammary epithelium.

There were positive correlations between the relative milk yield quotient
and the
proportion (r=0·804) or volume (r=0·644)
of
cisternal milk in the glands that were
milked once daily. These results confirm that, during extended milking
intervals,
milk loss was smallest for cows that stored a larger proportion of milk
in the gland
cistern.
Managing diet quality for Cheddar cheese manufacturing milk.
1. The influence of protein and energy supplements
Authors: CHRISTIAN MARY P. , GRAINGER CHRIS , SUTHERLAND BRIAN J. , MAYES JEFFERY J. , HANNAH MURRAY C. , KEFFORD BRUCE
Published: July 2002

The effects of supplementing cows' diets with protein and energy on milk
composition and the composition and yield of Cheddar cheese were investigated. This
research addresses the problems of seasonal reduction in the capacity of cheese curds
to expel moisture as observed in parts of south-eastern Australia. Milk was collected
from cows offered a basal diet of silage and hay supplemented with different sources
and levels of dietary protein and energy. The protein supplements were sunflower,
canola, cottonseed meal and lupin, and the energy supplements were maize grain,
oats, wheat and barley. This milk was used to manufacture Cheddar cheese on a pilot
scale. Cheese moisture content was dependent on the source and level of dietary
protein and energy. Milk from cows offered the lupin protein supplements and wheat
energy supplements consistently produced cheese with a lower moisture content and
moisture in fat-free matter. Milk from these supplemented diets had increased casein
concentrations and higher proportions of αs2-casein
than milk from the poor quality
control diet. Cheese yield was directly related to the total casein concentration of
milk, but was not influenced by differences in casein composition. Supplementing the
cows' diets increased the inorganic P, Mg and Ca concentrations in milk. A low
inorganic P concentration in milk from cows offered the control diet was caused by
a low intake of dietary P. These findings showed that changes in the mineral and
casein composition of milk, associated with diet, could influence the composition of
Cheddar cheese.
Preaching the Last Crusade:
Thomas Cranmer and the ‘Devotion’
Money of 1543
Authors: AYRIS PAUL
Published: July 2002

In the summer of 1543 King Henry VIII promised that he would send

40,000 ducats, the equivalent of £10,000, to Ferdinand, king of the
Romans and of Hungary, archduke of Austria, to help his brother,
Emperor Charles V, in his defence of Christendom against the Turk.

Europe witnessed a strange alliance between Henry, himself a schismatic

monarch, and Charles, who had effectively blocked Henry's attempts
to
have the pope annul his first marriage. The coalition of opposing forces

was equally remarkable, comprising the Most Christian King of France
and his non-Christian ally, the Turk. Francis's support for the Turks
was
contrasted by some with the king's attitude to Protestant reform.
Francis
seems to have regretted the presence in 1543–4 of a Turkish colony
at
Toulon, which appears to have possessed a slave market and mosque. The

alliance between Charles V and Henry VIII attests to
the persistence of the
medieval concept of Christendom (Christianitas), groups of nations
which
shared basic religious and cultural values despite the religious divides

being caused by the Reformation.

Henry made elaborate plans to furnish Charles with the promised
£10,000 to support military action on the continent. The money,
available either as cash or as bills of exchange, was released in two halves,

the first on 16 August 1543 and the second on 18 September. In his usual

way, the imperial ambassador in England, Eustace Chapuys, made things
worse by harrying the Privy Council for speedy payment of the funds. The

crown, none the less, hit on an interesting solution to the problem of

recovering its money. Henry issued an appeal to every diocese in England

to organise voluntary contributions from parishioners to recover the
amount of money he disbursed abroad. Working from the financial
returns among the exchequer subsidy rolls at the Public Record Office,

Dr Kitching has calculated that such collections raised no more than
£1,903 8s. 3d., less than a fifth of the
money advanced to Charles V. The
English parishes reimbursed the crown in late 1543 and early 1544.

As Dr Kitching himself has indicated, the background to the whole
episode is poorly documented. Previously unknown to historians, however,

important material concerning the king's plan survives in the diocesan

archives of London and Westminster. The episcopal registers of Edmund
Bonner, bishop of London, and Thomas Thirlby, bishop of the short-lived

see of Westminster, both shed valuable light on this scheme. Diocesan
bishops recorded their formal administrative acts in registers, the
compilation of which was supervised by the diocesan registrar.
Unfortunately, the archiepiscopal archives at Lambeth are silent on the

collections of 1543. The registers for the dioceses of London and
Westminster, however, are particularly informative for the opening years

of the Reformation. It is my purpose to consider the nature of the new

evidence and to offer a transcript of the more important documents.
Simon Stock and the Scapular Vision
Authors: COPSEY RICHARD
Published: July 2002

St Simon Stock is an elusive thirteenth-century Carmelite saint of
whom it may be said that very little is known but about whom much
has been written. The details of his life and even the fact of his
existence have aroused considerable controversy over the centuries. In
part the lack of firm information could be attributed to the fact that,
until recently, the early history of the Carmelites, or Whitefriars, was
little known and clouded by legendary claims about the order being
founded on Mount Carmel by the prophet Elijah. In addition, church
historians have tended to focus on the larger and better documented
Franciscan and Dominican orders. The Carmelites, although numerically
fewer, were nevertheless a significant presence in medieval England
comprising at their peak some thirty-nine communities and a total
approaching 1,000 friars. Fortunately, in the past few years, the quantity
of published research on Carmelite history has increased significantly.
Self-similar, slightly compressible, free vortices
Authors: VON ELLENRIEDER KARL D. , CANTWELL BRIAN J.
Published: July 2002

Exact and numerical similarity solutions for compressible perturbations to an incompressible,
two-dimensional, axisymmetric vortex reference flow are presented. The
reference flow consists of a set of two-dimensional, self-similar, incompressible vortices.
Similarity variables, which give explicit expressions for the decay rates of the
velocities and thermodynamic variables in the vortex flows, are used to reduce the
governing partial differential equations to a set of ordinary differential equations. The
ODEs are solved analytically and numerically for a Taylor vortex reference flow, and
numerically for an Oseen vortex reference flow. The solutions are employed to study
the dependences of the temperature, density, entropy, dissipation and radial velocity
on the Prandtl number. Additionally, several integral relations, which allow one to
trace the energy transfer in a slightly compressible vortex, are derived.
Mixing and entrainment in developing stratified currents
Authors: PAWLAK G. , ARMI L.
Published: July 2002

The spatially developing region of a steady downslope current in transition from a hydraulically
controlled, arrested wedge flow is examined through a set of laboratory experiments.
The mixing and entrainment mechanisms at the shear interface are explored
with the use of imaging techniques. The initial, unstable accelerating region, characterized
by rapid development, low shear layer Richardson numbers and high entrainment
rates, is limited by the effects of stratification which suppress the large-scale overturning.
A subsequent high Richardson number region is characterized by weak entrainment
and the collapse of turbulence from the initial region. The flow approaches a
quasi-stable state as the mixed layer draws energy from the accelerating density current.
Observed large-scale structure is attributed to an instability of the marginally unstable
shear layer. Entrainment rates are calculated within each region for the various
slopes considered and estimates for the extent of the transition regions are obtained.
Fluid flows in precessing spherical shells
Authors: TILGNER A. , BUSSE F. H.
Published: July 2002

Numerical solutions for fluid flows in precessing spherical cavities and spherical shells
have been obtained and are compared with earlier analytical expressions. It is shown
that the approximate validity of the analytical expressions extends further than could
have been expected. The details of the flow structure exhibit significant departures,
however, from the assumptions of the analytical theory. Standing waves are found in
the case of sufficiently thin shells. Some results on instabilities of the basic flow are
also discussed.
Swirling flow of viscoelastic fluids. Part 1. Interaction between inertia and elasticity
Authors: STOKES JASON R. , GRAHAM LACHLAN J. W. , LAWSON NICK J. , BOGER DAVID V.
Published: July 2002

A torsionally driven cavity, consisting of a fully enclosed cylinder with rotating bottom
lid, is used to examine the confined swirling flow of low-viscosity Boger fluids for
situations where inertia dominates the flow field. Flow visualization and the optical
technique of particle image velocimetry (PIV) are used to examine the effect of small
amounts of fluid elasticity on the phenomenon of vortex breakdown. Low-viscosity
Boger fluids are used which consist of dilute concentrations of high molecular weight
polyacrylamide or semi-dilute concentrations of xanthan gum in a Newtonian solvent.
The introduction of elasticity results in a 20% and 40% increase in the minimum
critical aspect ratio required for vortex breakdown to occur using polyacrylamide and
xanthan gum, respectively, at concentrations of 45 p.p.m. When the concentrations of
either polyacrylamide or xanthan gum are raised to 75 p.p.m., vortex breakdown is
entirely suppressed for the cylinder aspect ratios examined. Radial and axial velocity
measurements along the axial centreline show that the alteration in existence domain
is linked to a decrease in the magnitude of the peak in axial velocity along the central
axis. The minimum peak axial velocities along the central axis for the 75 p.p.m.
polyacrylamide and 75 p.p.m. xanthan gum Boger fluids are 67% and 86% lower
in magnitude, respectively, than for the Newtonian fluid at Reynolds number of
Re ≈ 1500–1600. This decrease in axial velocity is associated with the interaction of
elasticity in the governing boundary on the rotating base lid and/or the interaction
of extensional viscosity in areas with high velocity gradients. The low-viscosity Boger
fluids used in this study are rheologically characterized and the steady complex flow
field has well-defined boundary conditions. Therefore, the results will allow validation
of non-Newtonian constitutive models in a numerical model of a torsionally driven
cavity flow.
Unsteady Stokes flow near an oscillating, heated contact line
Authors: TILLEY B. S. , DAVIS S. H. , BANKOFF S. G.
Published: July 2002

A contact line on a heated oscillating plate is investigated. The interface is a non-deformable
plane and the contact angle is π/2. The amplitude of the oscillation and
the temperature deviation of the plate from the ambient temperature of the fluid
are assumed to be much smaller than the viscous velocity scale. This flow is then
governed by the unsteady Stokes equations coupled to the heat equation in a frame
of reference moving with the contact line. Evaporation is assumed to be neglible, but
the effects of heat transfer across the interface and unsteadiness are assumed to be
significant. For a stationary heated plate, there are two distinct regions of flow that
is induced by Marangoni stresses. An outer stagnation-point-type flow is seen, which
separates from the plate for non-zero Biot numbers. For an oscillatory, isothermal
plate, vortices are generated at the plate during plate reversal and are propagated
along the interface. Dissipation of these vortices occurs on the Stokes layer scale. The
order-Péclet-number correction in the thermal field is also found, and the presence
of the flow field leads to a heated region in the steady case along the separating
streamline. For the unsteady case, a localized cooled region propagates into the bulk
with a trajectory determined by the relative scale of the thermal diffusive scale and
the rate of heat transfer across the interface.
An ideal fluid jet impinging on an uneven wall
Authors: PENG WEIDONG , PARKER DAVID F.
Published: July 2002

The two-dimensional free-surface problem of an ideal jet

impinging on an uneven wall is studied using complex-variable and

transform techniques. A relation between the flow angle on the

free surface and the wall angle is first obtained. Then, by using

a Hilbert transform and the generalized Schwarz–Christoffel

transformation technique, a system of nonlinear integro-differential

equations for the flow angle and the wall angle is formulated. For

the case of symmetric flow, a compatibility condition for the

system is automatically satisfied. In some special cases, for

instance when the wall is a wedge, the problem reduces to the

evaluation of several integrals. Moreover, in the case of a jet

impinging normally on a flat wall, the classical result is

recovered. For the asymmetric case, a relation is obtained between

the point in the reference ζ-plane which corresponds to the

position of the stagnation point in the physical plane, the

flow speed and the shape of the wall. The solution to a linearized

problem is given, for comparison. Some numerical solutions are

presented, showing the shape of the free surface corresponding

to a number of different wall shapes.
The effect of the structure of
swept-shock-wave/turbulent-boundary-layer
interactions on turbulence modelling
Authors: PANARAS ARGYRIS G.
Published: July 2002

The physical reasons for the diffculty in predicting accurately
strong swept-shock-wave/turbulent-boundary-layer interactions are investigated.
A well-documented
sharp-fin/plate flow has been selected as the main test case for analysis. The
selected flow is calculated by applying a version of the Baldwin–Lomax
turbulence
model, which is known to provide reliable results in flows characterized by the
appearance of crossflow vortices. After the validation of the results, by comparison
with appropriate experimental data, the test case flow is studied by means of stream
surfaces which start at the inflow plane, within the undisturbed boundary layer, and
which are initially parallel to the plate. Each of
these surfaces has been represented by
a number of streamlines. Calculation of the spatial evolution
of some selected stream
surfaces revealed that the inner layers of the undisturbed boundary layer, which are
composed of turbulent air, wind around the core of the vortex. However, the outer
layers, which are composed of low-turbulence air, fold over the vortex and at the
reattachment region penetrate into the separation bubble forming a low-turbulence
tongue, which lies along the plate, underneath the vortex. The conical vortex at its
initial stage of development is completely composed of turbulent air, but gradually,
as it grows linearly in the flow direction, the low-turbulence tongue is formed. Also
the tongue grows in the flow direction and penetrates further into the separation
region. When it reaches the expansion region inboard of the primary vortex, the
secondary vortex starts to be formed at its tip. Examination
of additional test cases
indicated that the turbulence level of the elongated tongue
decreases if the interaction
strength increases. The existence of the low-turbulence tongue in strong
swept-shock-wave/turbulent-boundary-layer interactions creates a
mixed-type separation bubble:
turbulent in the region of the separation line and almost laminar between the
secondary vortex and the reattachment line. This type of separation
cannot be simulated
accurately with the currently used algebraic turbulence models, because the basic
relations of these models are based on the physics of two-dimensional flows, whereas
in a separation bubble the whole recirculation region is turbulent. For improving
the accuracy of the existing algebraic turbulence models in predicting
swept-shock-wave/turbulent-boundary-layer interactions, it is necessary
to develop new equations
for the calculation of the eddy viscosity in the separation region,
which will consider
the mixed-flow character of the conical vortex.
On the nonlinear evolution of a pair of oblique

Tollmien–Schlichting waves in boundary layers
Authors: WU XUESONG , LEIB S. J. , GOLDSTEIN M. E.
Published: July 2002

This paper is concerned with the nonlinear interaction and

development of a pair of

oblique Tollmien–Schlichting waves which travel with equal but

opposite angles to

the free stream in a boundary layer. Our approach is based on high-Reynolds-number

asymptotic methods. The so-called ‘upper-branch’ scaling

is adopted so that there

exists a well-defined critical layer, i.e. a thin region surrounding

the level at which the

basic flow velocity equals the phase velocity of the waves. We show that
following

the initial linear growth, the disturbance evolves through several distinct
nonlinear

stages. In the first of these, nonlinearity only affects the phase angle

of the amplitude

of the disturbance, causing rapid wavelength shortening, while the modulus
of the

amplitude still grows exponentially as in the linear regime. The second
stage starts

when the wavelength shortening produces a back reaction on the development
of

the modulus. The phase angle and the modulus then evolve on different spatial

scales, and are governed by two coupled nonlinear equations. The solution
to these

equations develops a singularity at a finite distance downstream. As a
result, the

disturbance enters the third stage in which it evolves over a faster

spatial scale, and

the critical layer becomes both non-equilibrium and viscous in nature,
in contrast to

the two previous stages, where the critical layer is in equilibrium

and purely viscosity

dominated. In this stage, the development is governed by an amplitude equation

with the same nonlinear term as that derived by Wu, Lee & Cowley (1993)
for the

interaction between a pair of Rayleigh waves. The solution

develops a new singularity,

leading to the fourth stage where the flow is governed by the fully nonlinear

three-dimensional inviscid triple-deck equations. It is suggested that

the stages of evolution

revealed here may characterize the so-called ‘oblique breakdown’

in a boundary layer.

A discussion of the extension of the analysis to include the

resonant-triad interaction is given.
Instability of two-layer creeping flow in a channel

with parallel-sided walls
Authors: POZRIKIDIS C.
Published: July 2002

The evolution of the interface between two viscous fluid layers
in

a two-dimensional

horizontal channel confined between two parallel walls is considered in
the limit of

Stokes flow. The motion is generated either by the translation of the walls,

in a shear-driven or plane-Couette mode, or by an axial pressure gradient,

in a plane-Poiseuille

mode. Linear stability analysis for infinitesimal perturbations and fluids

with matched densities shows that when the viscosities of the fluids are

different and the Reynolds

number is sufficiently high, the flow is unstable. At vanishing Reynolds
number, the

flow is stable when the surface tension has a non-zero value, and

neutrally stable when

the surface tension vanishes. We investigate the behaviour of the interface

subject to

finite-amplitude two-dimensional perturbations by solving the equations
of Stokes

flow using a boundary-integral method. Integral equations for the

interfacial velocity

are formulated for the three modular cases of shear-driven, pressure-driven,
and

gravity-driven flow, and numerical computations are performed for the first
two

modes. The results show that disturbances of sufficiently large amplitude
may cause

permanent interfacial deformation in which the interface folds, develops
elongated

fingers, or supports slowly evolving travelling waves. Smaller amplitude
disturbances

decay, sometimes after a transient period of interfacial folding. The ratio
of the

viscosities of the two fluids plays an important role in

determining the morphology of

the emerging interfacial patterns, but the parabolicity of the unperturbed
velocity

profile does not affect the character of the motion. Increasing the contrast
in the

viscosities of the two fluids, while keeping the channel capillary number
fixed,

destabilizes the interfaces; re-examining the flow in terms of an

alternative capillary

number that is defined with respect to the velocity drop across the

more-viscous layer

shows that this is a reasonable behaviour. Comparing the numerical results
with the

predictions of a lubrication-flow model shows that, in the absence of inertia,
the

simplified approach can only describe a limited range of motions, and

that the physical

relevance of the steadily travelling waves predicted by long-wave theories
must be

accepted with a certain degree of reservation.