bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Changes to Architectural Elements on Human Relaxation-Arousal Responses: Based on VR and EEG
Authors: Kim Sanghee , Park Hyejin , Choo Seungyeon
Published: April 2021

This study combines electroencephalogram (EEG) with virtual reality (VR) technologies to measure the EEG responses of users experiencing changes to architectural elements. We analyze the ratio of alpha to beta waves (RAB) indicators to determine the pre- and poststimulation changes. In our methodology, thirty-three females experience using private rooms in a postpartum care center participated in the experiment. Their brain waves are measured while they are experiencing the VR space of a private room in a postpartum care center. Three architectural elements (i.e., aspect ratio of space, ceiling height, and window ratio) are varied in the VR space. In addition, a self-report questionnaire is administered to examine whether the responses are consistent with the results of the EEG response analysis. As a result, statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) are observed in the changes in the RAB indicator values of the pre- and poststimulation EEG while the subjects are experiencing the VR space where the architectural elements are varied. That is, the effects of the changes to architectural elements on users’ relaxation-arousal responses are statistically verified. Notably, in all the RAB indicator values where significant differences are observed, the poststimulation RAB decreases in comparison to the prestimulus ratios, which is indicative of the arousal response. However, the arousal levels vary across the architectural elements, which implies it would be possible to find out the elements that could induce less arousal response using the proposed method. Moreover, following the experience in the VR space, certain lobes of the brain (F4 and P3 EEG channels) show statistically significant differences in the relaxation-arousal responses. Unlike previous studies, which measured users’ physiological responses to abstract and primordial spatial elements, this study extends the boundaries of the literature by applying the architectural elements applicable to design in practice.
Intensity Matters for Musculoskeletal Health: A Cross-Sectional Study on Movement Behaviors of Older Adults from High-Income Scottish and Low-Income South African Communities
Authors: Pina Ilaria , Mendham Amy E. , Tomaz Simone A. , Goedecke Julia H. , Micklesfield Lisa K. , Brooks Naomi E. , Gallagher Iain J. , Crockett Rachel , Dudchenko Paul , Hunter Angus M.
Published: April 2021

This study aimed to investigate differences in physical activity (PA) patterns and the associations between objectively measured 24-h movement behaviors and musculoskeletal measures (muscle strength, muscle mass, physical performance, and bone mineral density) in a high-income and a low-income community. This cross-sectional study recruited independent living older adults aged 60–85 years from high-income Scottish (n = 150) and low-income South African (n = 138) settings. Participants completed demographic and health questionnaires, and testing included body composition and bone mineral density (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), physical performance (grip strength, gait speed), and PA (accelerometry). Participants accumulated similar amounts of weekly total PA, however, the Scottish cohort engaged in more moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (MVPA) and sedentary behavior (SB), while the South African cohort spent more time sleeping and in light intensity PA (LPA). From compositional data analysis, more time spent in MVPA relative to the other movement behaviors was positively associated with higher muscle mass (p < 0.001) and strength (p = 0.001) in the Scottish cohort. Conversely, more time spent in MVPA was associated with faster gait speed (p < 0.001) and greater hip bone mineral density (p = 0.011) in the South African cohort. Our findings confirm the beneficial role of MVPA in both high- and low-income cohorts, however, the relationship MVPA had with components of musculoskeletal health in older adults differed between settings.
Understanding Youth’s Lived Experience of Anxiety through Metaphors: A Qualitative, Arts-Based Study
Authors: Woodgate Roberta Lynn , Tennent Pauline , Legras Nicole
Published: April 2021

Living with anxiety can be a complex, biopsychosocial experience that is unique to each person and embedded in their contexts and lived worlds. Scales and questionnaires are necessary to quantify anxiety, yet these approaches are not always able to reflect the lived experience of psychological distress experienced by youth. Guided by hermeneutic phenomenology, our research aimed to amplify the voices of youth living with anxiety. Fifty-eight youth living with anxiety took part in in-depth, open-ended interviews and participatory arts-based methods (photovoice and ecomaps). Analysis was informed by van Manen’s method of data analysis with attention to lived space, lived body, lived time, and lived relationships, as well as the meanings of living with anxiety. Youth relied on the following metaphors to describe their experiences: A shrinking world; The heavy, heavy backpack; Play, pause, rewind, forward; and A fine balance. Overall, youth described their anxiety as a monster, contributing to feelings of fear, loss, and pain, but also hope. The findings from this study can contribute to the reduction of barriers in knowledge translation by encouraging the use of narrative and visual metaphors as a communicative tool to convey youth’s lived experience of anxiety to researchers, clinicians, and the public.
Economic Role of Population Density during Pandemics—A Comparative Analysis of Saudi Arabia and China
Authors: Yusuf Nadia , Shesha Lamia Saud
Published: April 2021

As a novel infection with relatively high contagiousness, the coronavirus disease emerged as the most pertinent threat to the global community in the twenty-first century. Due to Covid-19’s severe economic impacts, the establishment of reliable determining factors can help to alleviate future pandemics. While a population density is often cited as a major determinant of infectious cases and mortality rates, there are both proponents and opponents to this claim. In this framework, the study seeks to assess the role of population density as a predictor of Covid-19 cases and deaths in Saudi Arabia and China during the Covid-19 pandemic. With high infectivity and mortality being a definitive characteristic of overpopulated regions, the authors propose that Henry Kissinger’s population reduction theory can be applied as a control measure to control future pandemics and alleviate social concerns. If high-density Chinese regions are more susceptible to Covid-19 than low-density Saudi cities, the authors argue that Neo-Malthusian models can be used as a basis for reducing the impacts of the coronavirus disease on the economic growth in countries with low population density. However, the performed correlation analysis and simple linear regression produced controversial results with no clear connection between the three studied variables. By assessing population density as a determinant of health crises associated with multiple socio-economic threats and epidemiological concerns, the authors seek to reinvigorate the scholarly interest in Neo-Malthusian models as a long-term solution intended to mitigate future disasters. The authors recommend that future studies should explore additional confounding factors influencing the course and severity of infectious diseases in states with different population densities.
Dose-Response Relationships between Training Load Measures and Physical Fitness in Professional Soccer Players
Authors: Younesi Saeid , Rabbani Alireza , Clemente Filipe Manuel , Silva Rui , Sarmento Hugo , Figueiredo António José
Published: April 2021

The aim of this cohort study was two-fold: (i) to analyze within-group changes of final velocity in a 30-15 intermittent fitness test (VIFT), final velocity in a Vameval test (Vvameval), 20-m sprint and countermovement jump (CMJ); (ii) to explore the relationships between VIFT and Vvameval outcomes and their changes with internal and external loads. Twenty-two professional soccer players (mean ± SD; age 27.2 ± 3.4 years, height 174.2 ± 3.6 cm, body mass 69.1 ± 6.4 kg, and body fat 10.4 ± 4.1%, 3.1 ± 1.5 years in the club) participated in this study. External and internal loads were obtained using global positioning system, heart rate and rate of perceived effort (sRPE) after each training session. Players were assessed in CMJ, 20-m sprint, Vameval and 30-15 intermittent fitness test, before and after the observed period. Very large relationships were observed between VIFT and Vameval for pre- (r = 0.76), post (r = 0.80) and pooled-data (r = 0.81). Vvameval showed less sensitivity (−22.4%, [−45.0 to 9.4]), ES −0.45 [−1.05 to 0.16]) than VIFT. ∆VIFT had unclear associations with all sRPE, but had moderate correlations with objective internal and external measures, while, ∆Vvameval varied between large and very large relationships with all sRPE, but had unclear associations with all other selected training loads. Objective internal and external loads may be used to track aerobic power related changes from VIFT.
Ticket to Ride: A Longitudinal Journey to Health and Work-Attendance in the JD-R Model
Authors: Langseth-Eide Benedicte , Vittersø Joar
Published: April 2021

The present study addresses one of the limitations of the JD-R model, namely, that analyses of the outcomes of the motivational process have largely focused on organizational outcomes and have neglected to investigate the associations between job resources, work engagement and health-related outcomes. Specifically, the aim of this paper is to show that health-related indicators may be outcomes of the motivational process in the job demands-resources (JD-R) model. We achieve this through a two-wave panel study with a two-year time lag. The results provide longitudinal evidence that two well-established job resources (i.e., social support and feedback) predicted work engagement, that work engagement was negatively related to sick leave and that this relation was mediated by subjective health. By showing that health-related indicators could also be outcomes of the motivational process in the JD-R model, we have strengthened the model.
Syndecan-1 (CD138), Carcinomas and EMT
Authors: Couchman John R.
Published: April 2021

Cell surface proteoglycans are known to be important regulators of many aspects of cell behavior. The principal family of transmembrane proteoglycans is the syndecans, of which there are four in mammals. Syndecan-1 is mostly restricted to epithelia, and bears heparan sulfate chains that are capable of interacting with a large array of polypeptides, including extracellular matrix components and potent mediators of proliferation, adhesion and migration. For this reason, it has been studied extensively with respect to carcinomas and tumor progression. Frequently, but not always, syndecan-1 levels decrease as tumor grade, stage and invasiveness and dedifferentiation increase. This parallels experiments that show depletion of syndecan-1 can be accompanied by loss of cadherin-mediated adhesion. However, in some tumors, levels of syndecan-1 increase, but the characterization of its distribution is relevant. There can be loss of membrane staining, but acquisition of cytoplasmic and/or nuclear staining that is abnormal. Moreover, the appearance of syndecan-1 in the tumor stroma, either associated with its cellular component or the collagenous matrix, is nearly always a sign of poor prognosis. Given its relevance to myeloma progression, syndecan-1-directed antibody—toxin conjugates are being tested in clinical and preclinical trials, and may have future relevance to some carcinomas.
Strain Localization of Orthotropic Elasto–Plastic Cohesive–Frictional Materials: Analytical Results and Numerical Verification
Authors: Kim Sungchul , Cervera Miguel , Wu Jian-Ying , Chiumenti Michele
Published: April 2021

Strain localization analysis for orthotropic-associated plasticity in cohesive–frictional materials is addressed in this work. Specifically, the localization condition is derived from Maxwell’s kinematics, the plastic flow rule and the boundedness of stress rates. The analysis is applicable to strong and regularized discontinuity settings. Expanding on previous works, the quadratic orthotropic Hoffman and Tsai–Wu models are investigated and compared to pressure insensitive and sensitive models such as von Mises, Hill and Drucker–Prager. Analytical localization angles are obtained in uniaxial tension and compression under plane stress and plane strain conditions. These are only dependent on the plastic potential adopted; ensuing, a geometrical interpretation in the stress space is offered. The analytical results are then validated by independent numerical simulations. The B-bar finite element is used to deal with the limiting incompressibility in the purely isochoric plastic flow. For a strip under vertical stretching in plane stress and plane strain as well as Prandtl’s problem of indentation by a flat rigid die in plane strain, numerical results are presented for both isotropic and orthotropic plasticity models with or without tilting angle between the material axes and the applied loading. The influence of frictional behavior is studied. In all the investigated cases, the numerical results provide compelling support to the analytical prognosis.
Foaming Performance and FTIR Spectrometric Analysis of Foamed Bituminous Binders Intended for Surface Courses
Authors: Maciejewski Krzysztof , Chomicz-Kowalska Anna
Published: April 2021

This study explores the effects of foaming on three selected bituminous binders: 50/70 paving grade bitumen, 45/80-55 polymer modified bitumen and 45/80-80 HiMA binder. The first part of the investigations included the evaluation of the foaming performance in terms of foaming temperature and foaming water content with the utilization of desirability functions and based on the equality of maximum expansion ratio and bitumen foam half-life. The second part of the study investigated the effects of foaming on the chemical structure of the binders using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The results of the spectroscopic measurements permitted calculation of structural indices specific to functional groups associated with bitumen oxidation, as well as those indicative of elastomeric modification. The results have shown that the different types of bitumen exhibited different foaming characteristics, which was most evident in bitumen foam half-lives, with the HiMA binder performing the best. The spectrometric measurements did not show any significant effects of foaming on the chemical structure of the evaluated binders related to oxidative stress, neither were any major changes in the PmB-specific regions found.
Contemporary Aspects of Burn Care
Authors: El Khatib Arij , Jeschke Marc G.
Published: April 2021

The past one hundred years have seen tremendous improvements in burn care, allowing for decreased morbidity and mortality of this pathology. The more prominent advancements occurred in the period spanning 1930–1980; notably burn resuscitation, early tangential excision, and use of topical antibiotic dressings; and are well documented in burn literature. This article explores the advancements of the past 40 years and the areas of burn management that are presently topics of active discussion and research.
Understanding the Leakage Mechanisms and Breakdown Limits of Vertical GaN-on-Si p+n−n Diodes: The Road to Reliable Vertical MOSFETs
Authors: Mukherjee Kalparupa , De Santi Carlo , Buffolo Matteo , Borga Matteo , You Shuzhen , Geens Karen , Bakeroot Benoit , Decoutere Stefaan , Gerosa Andrea , Meneghesso Gaudenzio , Zanoni Enrico , Meneghini Matteo
Published: April 2021

This work investigates p+n−n GaN-on-Si vertical structures, through dedicated measurements and TCAD simulations, with the ultimate goal of identifying possible strategies for leakage and breakdown optimization. First, the dominant leakage processes were identified through temperature-dependent current–voltage characterization. Second, the breakdown voltage of the diodes was modelled through TCAD simulations based on the incomplete ionization of Mg in the p+ GaN layer. Finally, the developed simulation model was utilized to estimate the impact of varying the p-doping concentration on the design of breakdown voltage; while high p-doped structures are limited by the critical electric field at the interface, low p-doping designs need to contend with possible depletion of the entire p-GaN region and the consequent punch-through. A trade-off on the value of p-doping therefore exists to optimize the breakdown.
Control of Spring Softening and Hardening in the Squared Daisy
Authors: Gratuze Mathieu , Alameh Abdul-Hafiz , Nabavi Seyedfakhreddin , Nabki Frederic
Published: April 2021

Nonlinear, mechanical microelectromechanical system (MEMS) resonating structures exhibit large displacement and a relatively broad operating bandwidth. These unique features make them particularly of interest for the development of MEMS actuators and sensors. In this work, a mechanical MEMS structure allowing the designer to determine the type of nonlinearity, that is, softening or hardening, based on its anchor scheme is presented. Effects of the excitation signal on the behavior of the proposed MEMS in the frequency domain are investigated. In this regard, a comprehensive experimental comparison among the nonlinear behaviors of softening and hardening has been conducted. To reduce the hysteresis effect to a minimum, an excitation approach, which is a pulsed sweep in frequency with a discrete resolution, is presented. The maximal velocity, quality factor, bandwidth, and resonant frequency of these two types of nonlinear MEMS resonators are compared under three different types of excitation. Finally, it is shown that the performance and characteristics extracted from nonlinear mechanical MEMS resonating structures are highly dependent on the excitation method. Hence, in the present case, the apparent performances of the MEMS resonator can increase by up to 150% or decrease by up to 21%, depending on the excitation approaches. This implies the necessity of a standardized testing methodology for nonlinear MEMS resonators for given end applications.
Micro-Hole Generation by High-Energy Pulsed Bessel Beams in Different Transparent Materials
Authors: Belloni Valeria V. , Bollani Monica , Eaton Shane M. , Di Trapani Paolo , Jedrkiewicz Ottavia
Published: April 2021

Micro-drilling transparent dielectric materials by using non-diffracting beams impinging orthogonally to the sample can be performed without scanning the beam position along the sample thickness. In this work, the laser micromachining process, based on the combination of picosecond pulsed Bessel beams with the trepanning technique, is applied to different transparent materials. We show the possibility to create through-apertures with diameter on the order of tens of micrometers, on dielectric samples with different thermal and mechanical characteristics as well as different thicknesses ranging from two hundred to five hundred micrometers. Advantages and drawbacks of the application of this technique to different materials such as glass, polymer, or diamond are highlighted by analyzing the features, the morphology, and the aspect-ratio of the through-holes generated. Alternative Bessel beam drilling configurations, and the possibility of optimization of the quality of the aperture at the output sample/air interface is also discussed in the case of glass.
Occurrence of Salmonella in the Cattle Production in France
Authors: Bonifait Laetitia , Thépault Amandine , Baugé Louise , Rouxel Sandra , Le Gall Françoise , Chemaly Marianne
Published: April 2021

Salmonella is among the most common foodborne pathogens worldwide, and can lead to acute gastroenteritis. Along with poultry, cattle production is recognized as an important source of human infection. Salmonella transmission from cattle to humans can occur through the environment, or through close contact with sick animals or their derived products. This study aimed to investigate the intestinal carriage of Salmonella spp. within French cattle production. A total of 959 cattle intestinal samples, from one of the largest French slaughterhouses, were analyzed. Isolated strains were genotyped by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and a sub-selection was taken by whole genome sequencing (WGS). Twenty-nine samples were positive for Salmonella spp., yielding an estimated prevalence of 3% in cattle production. Eight different Salmonella serotypes were found: Montevideo was the most prevalent (34%), followed by Mbandaka (24%) and Anatum (14%). PFGE genotyping allowed the clustering of Salmonella isolates according to their serotype. Within the clusters, some isolates presented 100% similarity. To investigate potential epidemiological links between them, WGS and core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) were used, revealing identical profiles between isolates originating from different areas and/or different animal breeds. This investigation provides new insights on Salmonella serotype epidemiology in cattle production in France.
Inhibitory Effects of Coumarin Derivatives on Tyrosinase
Authors: Roh Eon-Joo
Published: April 2021

In this study, a series of coumarin derivatives were synthesized and their inhibitory effects on the activity of mushroom tyrosinase were evaluated. As a result of measuring the inhibition of tyrosinase activity of these derivatives, the compounds 3e (1.05 μM), 3f (0.83 μM), 3h (0.85 μM), 3i (1.05 μM), and 3k (0.67 μM) of the geranyloxycoumarin derivatives were highly active at a concentration of 0.8%. The geranyloxycoumarin derivatives exhibited better activity than the hydroxycoumarin derivatives. Among the geranyloxycoumarin derivatives, compound 3k was two times more active than arbutin, a positive control, at a concentration of 0.4%. The above results suggest that geranyloxycoumarin derivatives have great potential for application as functional cosmetic ingredients with tyrosinase-inhibiting activity.
Anti-TNF-α Compounds as a Treatment for Depression
Authors: Uzzan Sarit , Azab Abed N.
Published: April 2021

Millions of people around the world suffer from psychiatric illnesses, causing unbearable burden and immense distress to patients and their families. Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammation may contribute to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders such as major depression and bipolar disorder. Copious studies have consistently shown that patients with mood disorders have increased levels of plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Given these findings, selective anti-TNF-α compounds were tested as a potential therapeutic strategy for mood disorders. This mini-review summarizes the results of studies that examined the mood-modulating effects of anti-TNF-α drugs.
The Relationships between Sleep and Mental and Physical Health of Chinese Elderly: Exploring the Mediating Roles of Diet and Physical Activity
Authors: Zhao Yiqing , Song Jianwen , Brytek-Matera Anna , Zhang Hengyue , He Jinbo
Published: April 2021

Sleep quality, diet quality, and physical activity are significant factors influencing physical and mental health. However, few studies have explored their underlying mechanisms, especially among the elderly population in East Asia, where people have food culture and lifestyles distinct from those living in Western countries. Therefore, the current study aimed to explore the relationships among sleep quality, diet quality, physical activity, and physical and mental health in a Chinese elderly sample. Sleep quality, diet quality, physical activity, physical health, and mental health were investigated among 313 Chinese elderly (aged 51–92 years, M = 67.90, SD = 7.94). Mediation analysis was used to examine the empirical model based on previous theories and literature. Close positive relationships were observed between all factors investigated (r = 0.22~0.73, p < 0.001). The relationships between sleep quality and physical and mental health were partially mediated by diet quality and physical activity. In clinical interventions, sleep quality, diet quality, and physical activity can be targeted to improve physical and mental health among the older adult populations.
Data-Driven Dietary Patterns, Nutrient Intake and Body Weight Status in a Cross-Section of Singaporean Children Aged 6–12 Years
Authors: Choy Michelle Jie Ying , Brownlee Iain , Murphy Aoife Marie
Published: April 2021

Pattern analysis of children’s diet may provide insights into chronic disease risk in adolescence and adulthood. This study aimed to assess dietary patterns of young Singaporean children using cluster analysis. An existing dataset included 15,820 items consumed by 561 participants (aged 6–12 years) over 2 days of dietary recall. Thirty-seven food groups were defined and expressed as a percentage contribution of total energy. Dietary patterns were identified using k-means cluster analysis. Three clusters were identified, “Western”, “Convenience” and “Local/hawker”, none of which were defined by more prudent dietary choices. The “Convenience” cluster group had the lowest total energy intake (mean 85.8 ± SD 25.3% of Average Requirement for Energy) compared to the other groups (95.4 ± 25.9% for “Western” and 93.4 ± 25.3% for “Local/hawker”, p < 0.001) but also had the lowest calcium intake (66.3 ± 34.7% of Recommended Dietary Allowance), similar to intake in the “Local/hawker” group (69.5 ± 38.9%) but less than the “Western” group (82.8 ± 36.1%, p < 0.001). These findings highlight the need for longitudinal analysis of dietary habit in younger Singaporeans in order to better define public health messaging targeted at reducing risk of major noncommunicable disease.
A Simple Liking Survey Captures Behaviors Associated with Weight Loss in a Worksite Program among Women at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Sharafi Mastaneh , Faghri Pouran , Huedo-Medina Tania B. , Duffy Valerie B.
Published: April 2021

In a secondary analysis, we assessed the ability of dietary and physical activity surveys to explain variability in weight loss within a worksite-adapted Diabetes Prevention Program. The program involved 58 overweight/obese female employees (average age = 46 ± 11 years SD; average body mass index = 34.7 ± 7.0 kg/m2 SD) of four long-term care facilities who survey-reported liking and frequency of dietary and physical activity behaviors. Data were analyzed using a latent variable approach, analysis of covariance, and nested regression analysis to predict percent weight change from baseline to intervention end at week 16 (average loss = 3.0%; range—6% gain to 17% loss), and follow-up at week 28 (average loss = 2.0%; range—8% gain to 16% loss). Using baseline responses, restrained eaters (reporting liking but low intakes of high fat/sweets) achieved greater weight loss at 28 weeks than those reporting high liking/high intake (average loss = 3.5 ± 0.9% versus 1.0 ± 0.8% S.E., respectively). Examining the dietary surveys separately, only improvements in liking for a healthy diet were associated significantly with weight loss (predicting 44% of total variance, p < 0.001). By contrasting liking versus intake changes, women reporting concurrent healthier diet liking and healthier intake lost the most weight (average loss = 5.4 ± 1.1% S.E.); those reporting eating healthier but not healthier diet liking (possible misreporting) gained weight (average gain = 0.3 ± 1.4% S.E.). Change in liking and frequency of physical activity were highly correlated but neither predicted weight loss independently. These pilot data support surveying dietary likes/dislikes as a useful measure to capture dietary behaviors associated with weight loss in worksite-based programs. Comparing dietary likes and intake may identify behaviors consistent (appropriate dietary restraint) or inconsistent (misreporting) with weight loss success.
Correlations between Coffee Consumption and Metabolic Phenotypes, Plasma Folate, and Vitamin B12: NHANES 2003 to 2006
Authors: Nerurkar Pratibha V. , Gandhi Krupa , Chen John J.
Published: April 2021

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is prevalent not only among the overweight and obese but also normal weight individuals, and the phenotype is referred to as a metabolically unhealthy phenotype (MUHP). Besides normal weight individuals, overweight/obese individuals are also protected from MetS, and the phenotype is known as a metabolically healthy phenotype (MHP). Epidemiological studies indicate that coffee and micronutrients such as plasma folate or vitamin B12 (vit. B12) are inversely associated with MetS. However, correlations among coffee consumption metabolic phenotypes, plasma folate, and vit. B12 remain unknown. Our objective was to investigate the correlation between coffee consumption, metabolic phenotypes, plasma folate, and vit. B12 as well as to understand associations between plasma folate, vit. B12, and metabolic phenotypes. Associations among coffee consumption metabolic phenotypes, plasma folate, and vit. B12 were assessed in a cross-sectional study of 2201 participants, 18 years or older, from 2003–2004 and 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). MUHP was classified as having > three metabolic abnormalities. Coffee consumption was not associated with metabolic phenotypes, but negatively correlated with several metabolic variables, including BMI (p < 0.001). Plasma folate was positively associated with MUHP (p < 0.004), while vit. B12 was inversely associated with MUHP (p < 0.035). Our results suggest the potential protective impact of coffee on individual components of MetS and indicate a positive correlation between coffee consumption and MUHP among overweight individuals. Identifying possible dietary factors may provide practical and low-cost dietary intervention targets, specifically for early intervention. Larger and randomized intervention studies and prospective longitudinal studies are required to further evaluate these associations.
Social Distancing in Chronic Migraine during the COVID-19 Outbreak: Results from a Multicenter Observational Study
Authors: Di Stefano Vincenzo , Ornello Raffaele , Gagliardo Andrea , Torrente Angelo , Illuminato Elisa , Caponnetto Valeria , Frattale Ilaria , Golini Raffaella , Di Felice Chiara , Graziano Fabiola , Caccamo Maria , Ventimiglia Davide , Iacono Salvatore , Matarazzo Gabriella , Armetta Francesco , Battaglia Giuseppe , Firenze Alberto , Sacco Simona , Brighina Filippo
Published: April 2021

Background: The restrictions taken to control the rapid spread of COVID-19 resulted in a sudden, unprecedented change in people’s lifestyle, leading to negative consequences on general health. This study aimed to estimate the impact of such changes on migraine severity during 2020 March–May lockdown. Methods: Patients affected by migraine with or without aura, diagnosed by expert physicians, completed a detailed interview comprehensive of: assessment of migraine characteristics; measure of physical activity (PA) levels; measure of the intake frequency of main Italian foods; the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) questionnaire investigating sleep disorders. Results: We included 261 patients with a mean age of 44.5 ± 12.3 years. During social distancing, 72 patients (28%) reported a headache worsening, 86 (33%) an improvement, and 103 (39%) a stable headache frequency. A significant decrease of the PA levels during COVID-19 quarantine in the whole study sample was observed (median total metabolic equivalent task (METs) decreased from 1170 to 510; p < 0.001). Additionally, a significant difference was reported on median ISI scores (from 7 to 8; p < 0.001), which were increased in patients who presented a stable or worsening headache. Conclusions: Our study confirmed that the restrictions taken during the pandemic have affected the practice of PA levels and sleep quality in migraine. Hence, PA and sleep quality should be assessed to find strategies for an improvement in quality of life.
Bone and Joint Infections in Children and Adolescents in Luanda, Angola
Authors: Pääkkönen Markus , Pelkonen Tuula , Joaquim Guilhermino , Bernandino Luis , Pöyhiä Tiina , Roine Irmeli , Peltola Heikki
Published: April 2021

We reviewed the characteristics of children hospitalized for bone and joint infections in Luanda, Angola. In a retrospective chart review of 45 patients with childhood osteomyelitis or septic arthritis, 51% of the patients had sickle cell disease, and these patients presented with lower hemoglobin and needed blood transfusion more frequently (p < 0.05). Out of all patients, 64% underwent surgical procedures; a pathological fracture occurred in 31% of the patients.
Sex-Differences in Discontinuation of Statin Treatment in Cancer Patients the Year before Death
Authors: Frisk Gabriella , Bergström Helena , Helde Frankling Maria , Björkhem-Bergman Linda
Published: April 2021

Statin treatment is often terminated in patients with advanced cancer but guidelines for statin discontinuation are still lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate sex-differences in time-points of statin discontinuation in patients with advanced cancer. Medical records from 1535 deceased patients enrolled at a Palliative Home Care Unit were reviewed. A total of 149 patients (42 women and 107 men) who were diagnosed with cancer, and were treated with statins one year before death, were identified. Statin treatment was terminated earlier in women than in men, 3.0 months prior to death (IQR 0.88–7.25) as compared to 1.5 months (IQR 0.5–4.0) (p < 0.05), respectively. In a longitudinal analysis there was a significant difference between men and women still on statin treatment at all studied time-points, 9, 6, and 3 months before death (p < 0.05), where women terminated statin treatment earlier in the disease trajectory. Baseline demographics were similar between the sexes except that more men than women had a history of previous cardiovascular events (p < 0.01). However, neither the indication for statin treatment, i.e., primary prevention versus secondary prevention, nor age could explain the sex-difference in statin discontinuation. There was no difference in cardiovascular events or mortality between men and women after statin discontinuation.
High-Efficacy α,β-Dehydromonacolin S Improves Hepatic Steatosis and Suppresses Gluconeogenesis Pathway in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats
Authors: Kaewmalee Jutatip , Ontawong Atcharaporn , Duangjai Acharaporn , Tansakul Chittreeya , Rukachaisirikul Vatcharin , Muanprasat Chatchai , Srimaroeng Chutima
Published: April 2021

Isolated α,β-dehydromonacolin S (C5) from soil-derived fungus Aspergillus sclerotiorum PSU-RSPG178 was recently shown to exhibit an inhibitory effect against 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) activity in vitro. In this study, we investigated the effects of C5 on lipid-lowering, hepatic steatosis, and hepatic gluconeogenesis in vivo. The control rats received a daily dose of either vehicle or C5 at 10 mg/kg, while the high-fat diet-induced obese (HFD) rats were administered vehicle; 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg C5; or 10 mg/kg lovastatin (LO) for 6 weeks. C5 significantly improved dyslipidemia and diminished liver enzymes, HMGR activity, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis, comparable to LO without any hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in HFD rats. A higher efficacy of C5 in lipid-lowering activity and anti-hepatic steatosis was associated with a significant decrease in genes involved in lipid metabolism including sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) 1c, SREBP2, liver X receptor alpha (LXRα), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma (PPARγ) together with an increase in the PPAR alpha (PPARα). Correspondingly, C5 was able to down-regulate the lipid transporters cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) and Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 (NPC1L1), increase the antioxidant superoxide dismutase gene expression, and decrease the proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). Impairment of hepatic gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance in HFD rats was restored by C5 through down-regulation of the gluconeogenic genes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), and the activation of AMP-dependent kinase serine (AMPK) and serine/threonine protein kinase B (Akt). Collectively, this novel C5 may be a therapeutic option for treating dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and reducing potential risk for diabetes mellitus.
Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonist (R-PIA) before Pilocarpine Modulates Pro- and Anti-Apoptotic Factors in an Animal Model of Epilepsy
Authors: Persike Daniele Suzete , Puccinelli Rebeca Padrão Amorim , Fernandes Maria José da Silva
Published: April 2021

We aimed to characterize the mechanisms involved in neuroprotection by R-PIA administered before pilocarpine-induced seizures. Caspase-1 and caspase-3 activities were assayed using fluorimetry, and cathepsin D, HSP-70, and AKT expression levels were assayed using Western Blot of hippocampal samples. R-PIA was injected before pilocarpine (PILO), and four groups were studied at 1 h 30 min and 7 days following initiation of status epilepticus (SE): PILO, R-PIA+PILO, SALINE, and R-PIA+SALINE. At 1 h 30 min, significantly higher activities of caspase-1 and -3 were observed in the PILO group than in the SALINE group. Caspase-1 and -3 activities were higher in the R-PIA+PILO group than in the PILO group. At 7 days following SE, caspase-1 and -3 activities were higher than in the initial post-seizure phase compared to the SALINE group. The pretreatment of rats receiving PILO significantly reduced caspase activities compared to the PILO group. Expression of HSP-70, AKT, and cathepsin D was significantly higher in the PILO group than in the SALINE. In the R-PIA+PILO group, the expression of AKT and HSP-70 was greater than in rats receiving only PILO, while cathepsin D presented decreased expression. Pretreatment with R-PIA in PILO-injected rats strongly inhibited caspase-1 and caspase-3 activities and cathepsin D expression. It also increased expression levels of the neuroprotective proteins HSP-70 and AKT, suggesting an important role in modulating the cellular survival cascade.
Effect of π-Conjugated Spacer in N-Alkylphenoxazine-Based Sensitizers Containing Double Anchors for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Yen Yung-Sheng , Indumathi Velu
Published: April 2021

A series of novel double-anchoring dyes for phenoxazine-based organic dyes with two 2-cyanoacetic acid acceptors/anchors, and the inclusion of a 2-ethylhexyl chain at the nitrogen atom of the phenoxazine that is connected with furan, thiophene, and 3-hexylthiophene as a linker, are used as sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells. The double-anchoring dye exhibits strong electronic coupling with TiO2, provided that there is an efficient charge injection rate. The result showed that the power conversion efficiency of DP-2 with thiophene linker-based cell reached 3.80% higher than that of DP-1 with furan linker (η = 1.53%) under standard illumination. The photovoltaic properties are further tuned by co-adsorption strategy, which improved power conversion efficiencies slightly. Further molecular theoretical computation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis of the dyes provide further insight into the molecular geometry and the impact of the different π-conjugated spacers on the photophysical and photovoltaic performance.
An Effective Interface Tracking Method for Simulating the Extrudate Swell Phenomenon
Authors: Fakhari Ahmad , Tukovic Željko , Carneiro Olga Sousa , Fernandes Célio
Published: April 2021

The extrudate swell, i.e., the geometrical modifications that take place when the flowing material leaves the confined flow inside a channel and moves freely without the restrictions that are promoted by the walls, is a relevant phenomenon in several polymer processing techniques. For instance, in profile extrusion, the extrudate cross-section is subjected to a number of distortions that are motivated by the swell, which are very difficult to anticipate, especially for complex geometries. As happens in many industrial processes, numerical modelling might provide useful information to support design tasks, i.e., to allow for identifying the best strategy to compensate the changes promoted by the extrudate swell. This study reports the development of an improved interface tracking algorithm that employs the least-squares volume-to-point interpolation method for the grid movement. The formulation is enriched further with the consistent second-order time-accurate non-iterative Pressure-Implicit with Splitting of Operators (PISO) algorithm, which allows for efficiently simulating free-surface flows. The accuracy and robustness of the proposed solver is illustrated through the simulation of the steady planar and asymmetric extrudate swell flows of Newtonian fluids. The role of inertia on the extrudate swell is studied, and the results that are obtained with the newly improved solver show good agreement with reference data that are found in the scientific literature.
Strengthening of Precast RC Frame to Mitigate Progressive Collapse by Externally Anchored Carbon Fiber Ropes
Authors: Pan Jianwu , Wang Xian , Dong Hao
Published: April 2021

The robustness of precast reinforced concrete (RC) frames is relatively poor, while the precast RC frames are strengthened to mitigate progressive collapse, avoiding “strong beams and weak columns” and the anchorage failure of strengthening materials under large deformation condition are the key problems. Aiming to discuss these problems, this paper carried out an experimental research of strengthening on three half-scale assembled monolithic frame subassemblages to mitigate progressive collapse. One specimen was strengthened by implanting carbon fiber rope (CFR) with polymer into concrete, one specimen was strengthened by binding CFR with special knot, and the last one was not strengthened. The failure mode, collapse failure mechanism and strengthening effect of subassemblages were discussed. Analytical models of load capacity increment contributed by CFR and construction suggestions of precast RC frame to mitigate progressive collapse were proposed. The results indicated that none of the strengthened specimens had anchorage failure. The two strengthening methods significantly increased the load capacity of the subassemblages in the catenary action (CA) stage with little effect on the flexural action (FA) stage and compressive arch action (CAA) stage.
Aliphatic Polyurethane Elastomers Quaternized with Silane-Functionalized TiO2 Nanoparticles with UV-Shielding Features
Authors: Stroea Lenuta , Chibac-Scutaru Andreea-Laura , Melinte Violeta
Published: April 2021

The design of high-performance nanocomposites with improved mechanical, thermal or optical properties compared to starting polymers has generated special interest due to their use in a wide range of targeted applications. In the present work, polymer nanocomposites composed of polyurethane elastomers based on polycaprolactone or polycaprolactone/poly(ethylene glycol) soft segments and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles as an inorganic filler were prepared and characterized. Initially, the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles was modified with (3-iodopropyl) trimethoxysilane as a coupling agent, and thereafter, the tertiary amine groups from polyurethane hard segments were quaternized with the silane-modified TiO2 nanoparticles in order to ensure covalent binding of the nanoparticles on the polymeric chains. In the preparation of polymer nanocomposites, two quaternization degrees were taken into account (1/1 and 1/0.5 molar ratios), and the resulting nanocomposite coatings were characterized by various methods (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, contact angle, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis). The mechanical parameters of the samples evaluated by tensile testing confirm the elastomeric character of the polyurethanes and of the corresponding composites, indicating the obtaining of highly flexible materials. The absorbance/transmittance measurements of PU/TiO2 thin films in the wavelength range of 200–700 nm show that these partially block UV-A radiation and all UV-B radiation from sunlight and could possibly be used as UV-protective elastomeric coatings.
Improving the Barrier Properties of Packaging Paper by Polyvinyl Alcohol Based Polymer Coating—Effect of the Base Paper and Nanoclay
Authors: Shen Zhenghui , Rajabi-Abhari Araz , Oh Kyudeok , Yang Guihua , Youn Hye Jung , Lee Hak Lae
Published: April 2021

The poor barrier properties and hygroscopic nature of cellulosic paper impede the wide application of cellulosic paper as a packaging material. Herein, a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based polymer coating was used to improve the barrier performance of paper through its good ability to form a film. Alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) was used to enhance the water resistance. The effect of the absorptive characteristics of the base paper on the barrier properties was explored, and it was shown that surface-sized base paper provides a better barrier performance than unsized base paper. Nanoclay (Cloisite Na+) was used in the coating formulation to further enhance the barrier performance. The results show that the coating of PVA/AKD/nanoclay dispersion noticeably improved the barrier performance of the paper. The water vapor transmission rate of the base paper was 533 g/m2·day, and it decreased sharply to 1.3 g/m2·day after the application of a double coating because of the complete coverage of the base paper by the PVA-based polymer coating. The coated paper had excellent water resistance owing to its high water contact angle of around 100°. The grease resistance and mechanical properties of the base paper also improved after coating. This work may provide inspiration for improving the barrier properties of packaging paper through the selection of a suitable base paper and coating formulation.
A Novel Application of the Hydrophobic Polyurethane Foam: Expansive Soil Stabilization
Authors: Al-Atroush Mohamed Ezzat , Shabbir Omar , Almeshari Bandar , Waly Mohamed , Sebaey Tamer A.
Published: April 2021

The reversible shrink–swell behavior of expansive soil imposes a serious challenge that threatens the overlying structures’ safety and durability. Traditional chemical additives such as lime and cement still exhibit satisfying performance over their counterparts in terms of swelling potential reduction. Nevertheless, significant concerns are associated with these chemicals, in addition to their environmental impact. This paper proposes a novel application of the closed-cell one-component hydrophobic polyurethane foam (HPUF) to stabilize the swelling soil. An extensive experimental study was performed to assess the efficiency of HPUF in mitigating both the swelling and shrinkage response of high montmorillonite content expansive soil. Expansive soil was injected/mixed with different weight ratios of the proposed stabilizer, and the optimum mixing design and injection percentage of the foam resin were identified to be ranged from 10% to 15%. The shrink–swell behaviors of both injected and noninjected samples were compared. Results of this comparison confirmed that HPUF could competently reduce both the swelling potential and the shrinkage cracking of the reactive expansive soil, even after several wet-shrink cycles.