bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategic Development of Transportation Demand Management in Jordan
Authors: Jrew Basim , Msallam Majed , Momani Mona
Published: January 2019

The urban population growth and increase in a number of vehicles have affected the travel demand on Jordan Streets. The study aims to apply the Transportation Demand Management (TDM) policies to reduce the traffic flow in urban areas and improve the Level of Service (LOS). A group of a combination between TDM and Transportation System Management (TSM) strategies have been conducted, when TDM strategies were not successful to improve LOS. TSM concept refers to any group of actions that increase the capacity of roads network. Synchro 8 software was used to analyse the intersection conditions as important point, connecting two main arterial street in Amman area. A significant reduction in delay and fuel consumption was measured, but there was no real enhancement in LOS. The LOS was improved, when traffic demand was reduced by 20% and capacity was increased with 6 lanes on each approach for the existing conditions. The percentage of saving in fuel consumption and delay was observed to be around 64% and 63%, respectively for the next 5 years.
Simple Equations for Considering Spatial Variability on the Bearing Capacity of Clay
Authors: Azan Davood , Haddad Abdolhossein
Published: January 2019

In the present paper, the effect of spatial variability of undrained shear strength on the bearing capacity of shallow strip footing on clay was investigated and two new and simple equations were introduced for incorporating the effect of soil variability parameters on the undrained bearing capacity of strip footing on clay. For investigating the spatial variability of clay, undrained shear strength was assumed as a spatial variable parameter with the use of random field theory. The Monte Carlo simulation technique was used to obtain the probability distribution of the bearing capacity of footing on nonhomogeneous clay. The spatial variability of the undrained shear strength was investigated using three controlling parameters: coefficient of variation (COV) of the undrained shear strength as well as the scales of fluctuation of the shear strength in horizontal and vertical directions. The Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion and finite difference method were used to model the plastic behaviour of soil and calculate the bearing capacity of the footing. The results show that by increasing the COV of the undrained shear strength, the average bearing capacity decreases while the COV of the bearing capacity increases. Moreover, the average bearing capacity of footing has an approximate increasing trend with increasing the scales of fluctuation.
KEMAMPUAN LITERASI BIOLOGI BERDASARKAN GENDER PADA SISWA PEMINATAN MIPA DI SMA NEGERI KABUPAEN LOMBOK BARAT
Authors: Zuhara Erni , Jufri A. Wahab , Soeprianto Harry
Published: January 2019

PISA measurement results from 2000-2015 show the fact that students in Indonesia have a low ability in the science literacy. This study aims to determine the ability of biological literacy based on gender in MIPA Specialization students in SMA Negeri in West Lombok regency. This research used descriptive qualitative method. Samples of research were 360 students from 2357 students of class XI and XII MIPA interest in 6 Senior High Schools of West Lombok regency in learning year 2017/2018. The research instrument uses adaptation of PISA Science Literacy test in 2006 and 2009 which consists of two  aspects, namely: Knowledge and Competency). The result of  this research: Biology literacy ability of MIPA Student by gender in West Lombok regency, male students dominant at level 1, level 2 and level 3 while female student is dominant at level 4, level 5 and level 6.Keywords: Biological literacy, Gender, MIPA Specialization
Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Powerpoint terhadap Hasil Belajar Matematika Siswa Kelas XII di MAN Pandeglang
Authors: Pratidiana Deni
Published: January 2019

This study aims to find out: (1) Differences in mathematics learning outcomes between those using powerpoint media and without powerpoint media; (2) Differences in mathematics learning outcomes between students who have high creativity and low creativity; (3) Interaction between the use of learning media and creativity on the mathematics learning outcomes of class XII students at Pandeglang MAN. The findings of this study are: 1) The results of Qcount test> Qtable (17.95> 2.86) indicate that there is an influence between the use of media on student learning outcomes; 2) The results of the Qcount test> Qtable (7.93> 2.86) indicate that there is an influence of differences in creativity on student learning outcomes; 3) Anova test shows that the calculated F value is 4.36 and Ftable 4.11 with df = 0.05, indicating that there is an interaction between learning media and creativity towards student learning outcomes.
Penerapan Model Connected Mathematic Project untuk Meningkatan Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Matematis Siswa Madrasah Aliyah
Authors: Sartika Nenden Suciyati , Rifai Rusdian
Published: January 2019

This study aims to find out (1) whether or not there is an increase in mathematical creative thinking skills of Madrasah Aliyah students; (2) Student activities during mathematics learning with the connected mathematics project Learning model. This research was conducted at the Aliyah Mathla'ul Anwar Madrasah Menes Center in the first semester of the 2017/2018 school year. The research method used is the quasi-experimental method. The population in the study was class XI Madrasah Aliyah Mathla'ul Anwar Pusat Menes Pandeglang District, while the sample was taken randomly from two classes from six classes in the school. Class XI Religion is an experimental class, namely a class that has learned to apply the connected mathematics project and class XI IPS as a control class, namely a class whose learning applies conventional learning. Question test data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics using the average difference test. The results of the study show: (1) There is an increase in mathematical creative thinking skills using the connected mathematics project learning model; (2) Positive student activities during mathematics learning with the connected mathematics project learning model.
Korelasi antara Kemampuan Pemahaman Konsep dan Penalaran Induktif Siswa melalui Pendekatan Generatif
Authors: Mulyanti Yanti
Published: January 2019

The ability of students’ conceptual understanding and inductive reasoning in mathematics learning needs to be considered, because conceptual understanding can organize and consolidate mathematical thinking, as well as reasoning will gain meaningful knowledge for students. This can be done through learning by using generative approach. This research is a correlational research to know the correlation between the ability of conceptual understanding and inductive reasoning of VII grade students at SMP Negeri 3 Cugenang-Cianjur in 2009/2010 Academic Year on triangle and quadrilateral materials, using generative approach. Based on the results of correlation analysis, it was obtained rxy = 0.618 in moderate correlation, and it can be concluded that there is a positive correlation between the ability ofstudents’ conceptual understanding and inductive reasoning.
Assessment of Hazardous Metal Concentrations in Organs of Selected Game Animals in the Natural Environment
Authors: . K. Sarpong , . F.R.K. Bonsu , . E. Dartey
Published: January 2019

The study was conducted to determine the levels of hazardous metals in game animals. A total of eighteen (18) animals which comprised six species of three (3) each from the same location were trapped or hunted and sacrificed. Organs analyzed for hazardous metal levels were skin, liver, kidney and heart using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and content expressed in mgkg-1. The statistical analysis was done with Genstat (2007). Results obtained showed that all the hazardous metals under study were present in the organs at variable concentrations. Lead: skin (0.18 – 0.46) mgkg-1, liver (0.03 – 0.4) mgkg-1, heart (0.25 – 0.58) mgkg-1 and kidney (0.38 1.12) mgkg-1; Cadmium: skin (0.08 – 0.58) mgkg-1 and kidney (0.09 – 0.7) mgkg-1; Zinc : skin ( 0.46 – 0.66) mgkg-1, liver (90.04 – 0.82) mgkg-1, heart (0.42 – 1.21) mgkg-1 and kidney (0.43 – 1.58) mgkg-1; Copper: skin (6.13 – 12.57) mgkg-1, liver (5.1 – 9.56) mgkg-1, heart (6.89 - 15.15) mgkg-1 and kidney (7.63 – 24.87) mgkg-1; Iron : skin (9.53 – 26.35) mgkg-1, liver (8.07 -28.08) mgkg-1, heart (13.83 - 46.40) mgkg-1 and kidney (12.43 – 47.61) mgkg-1. Iron was highly (p <0.05) deposited in all species of animals in the heart 19.88 mgkg-1, 46.40 mgkg-1, 40.83 mgkg-1, 13.83 mgkg-1 and 41.38 mgkg-1 respectively for civet (Civettictis civeta), antelope (Antilocapra americana), grasscutter (Thryonomys swiderianus), hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) and bush dog (Speothos venaticus) except the bush rat (Rattus fuscipes) that had its highest deposition (46.71 mgkg-1) in the kidney. Copper was also highly deposited in animals after iron with higher concentrations in heart and kidney. The highest concentration was recorded for bush rat (Rattus fuscipes) (15.15 mgkg-1) in heart and 24.87 mgkg-1 in kidney. Due to bioaccumulation of hazardous metals, care should be taken in patronizing bushmeat obtained from the studied ecosystem since failure could be perilous to the health of consumers as their concentrations are beyond the safe limits for the respective metals. It is further recommended that environmental safety principles for safe disposal of hazardous metals are appropriately carried out.
Indigenous Knowledge on Cattle Health Care Practices in Selected Villages of Madurai District in Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: . S. Sarguna Sundaram , . K. Suresh
Published: January 2019

The present study was aimed to investigate the Indigenous knowledge on cattle health care practices in selected villages located in foot bases of Azhagar hills in Madurai district, Tamil Nadu. The informations related to ethnoveterinary practices were collected through questionnaire as well as personal interviews during field trips made from August, 2014 to June, 2018. It has been shown that 41 medicinal plants of 24 families used by traditional healers to cure cattle diseases were documented from study sites. The ancestral traditional knowledge of people who have been using the native plants for the preparation of drugs and methods of their administration were recorded. From this present investigation, the practical knowledge of people in herbal medicines reveals that they are capable of treating various diseases.
FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH January 2019: сб.науч.тр./ OEAPS Inc.; редкол.: Флора Бертран (отв.ред.) [и др.]. - Берлин, Германия : OEAPS Inc., 2019. - 52 С.
Authors: Веселова Анастасия Александровна , Камаев Илья Сергеевич , Благинин Сергей Иванович , Суркаев Анатолий Леонидович , Марданшина Ольга Александровна , Воронова Анна Андреевна , Султанова Асет Джамалдиновна , Султанова Раиса Юнусовна , Гусева Алина Сергеевна , Киселев Павел Евгеньевич
Published: January 2019

The conference is a major international forum for analyzing and discussing trends and approaches in research in the field of basic science and applied research. We provide a platform for discussions on innovative, theoretical and empirical research. The form of the conference: in absentia, without specifying the form in the collection of articles. Working languages: Russian, English Doctors and candidates of science, scientists, specialists of various profiles and directions, applicants for academic degrees, teachers, graduate students, undergraduates, students are invited to participate in the conference. There is one blind verification process in the journal. All articles will be initially evaluated by the editor for compliance with the journal. Manuscripts that are considered appropriate are then usually sent to at least two independent peer reviewers to assess the scientific quality of the article. The editor is responsible for the final decision on whether to accept or reject the article. The editor's decision is final. The main criterion used in assessing the manuscript submitted to the journal is: uniqueness or innovation in the work from the point of view of the methodology being developed and / or its application to a problem of particular importance in the public sector or service sector and / or the setting in which the efforts, for example, in the developing region of the world. That is, the very model / methodology, application and context of problems, at least one of them must be unique and important. Additional criteria considered in the consideration of the submitted document are its accuracy, organization / presentation (ie logical flow) and recording quality.
The effects of different protocols of physical exercise and rest on long-term memory
Authors: Pyke Wesley , Ifram Fadi , Coventry Laura , Sung Yee , Champion Isabelle , Javadi Amir-Homayoun
Published: January 2019

Objectives Many studies have looked at the effects of physical exercise on long-term memory. However, to date, no study has compared the effect of different intensities and protocols of physical exercise and different rest conditions on long-term memory. Methods In three studies (N=59) we measured the extent that physical exercise (in its varying intensities) and wakeful rest (active-rest; in which participants were cognitively engaged while seated and passive-rest; no cognitive engagement while seated) could influence long-term memory. Across all three studies, nearly identical procedures were employed, using the same old/new recognition memory test in order to establish the most effective protocol for cognitive enhancement. In Study 1, the effects of continuous moderate intensity exercise, uninterrupted wakeful rest (passive) and rest with an engagement task (active) were explored. In Study 2, continuous moderate intensity exercise was compared to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and passive rest. Study 3 observed the effects of low-, moderate- and high-intensity continuous exercise. Results Across the three studies moderate intensity exercise had the greatest positive impact on memory performance. Passive rest was more effective than active rest, however, less than high-intensity interval-training (HIIT). Conclusion Our findings suggest that it is not necessary to physically overexert oneself in order to achieve observable improvements to long-term memory. By also investigating uninterrupted wakeful rest, it reaffirmed the importance of the consolidation period for the formation of long-term memories.
DONI WINATA_165100085_HAKI_KDV:785567889_UAS
Authors: winata Doni
Published: January 2019

DONI WINATA_165100085_HAKI_KDV:785567889_UASSejalan dengan berkembangnya pertumbuhan ekonomi maka berkembang pula kehidupan di bidang Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi terutama pada sektor industri dan perdagangan. Dimana dari sektor industri itulah berbagai produk yang beranekaragam dihasilkan dengan menggunakan teknologi-teknologi yang cangggih dan modern. Yang mana hal tersebut dipersiapkan untuk menghadapi persaingan yang lebih berkompeten dalam era globalisasi. Dalam menghadapi persaingan tersebut sekarang ini diharapkan pertumbuhan ekonomi sangat memerlukan atau tidak mengesampingkan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi. Karena Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi adalah satu faktor yang dominan dalam memenangkan persaingan dengan menggunakan keunggulan berupa kemampuan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi, yang sangat berkaitan dengan bidang kekayaan intelektual. Didalam bidang milik intelektual (Intelektual Property), yang khusus berkenaan dengan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan diterapkan dalam industri. Dimana pengetahuan dibidang ini sering disebut sebagai Hak Atas Kekayaan Industri (HAKI) yang dibagi menjadi lima bagian yaitu Paten, Merk, Desain Industri, Rahasia Dagang, dan Desain Tata Letak Sirkuit Terpadu. Disini saya akan membahas Hak Desain Industri Dan Perkembangan Desain Industri Yang Ada Di Indonesia.
DONI WINATA_165100085_PBD_KDV:785567888_UAS
Authors: winata Doni
Published: January 2019

DONI WINATA_165100085_PBD_KDV:785567888_UASKemajuan teknologi informasi saat ini telah mengubah cara hidup masyarakat dalam menjalankan aktifitas sehari-hari. Keberadaan dan peranan teknologi informasi tanpa kita sadari telah memasuki era yang baru. Salah satu kebutuhan dari organisasi swasta maupun pemerintah dalam penyediaan sarana informasi adalah informasi yang berbasis teknologi komputerisasi, dimana sistem yang telah menggunakan komputerisasi memiliki tingkat kehandalan jauh lebih cepat serta lebih efisien dalam pengolahan data dibandingkan dengan system manual. SMAN 1 KEBUN TEBU LAMPUNG BARAT adalah institusi dalam bidang pendidikan yang dalam pengolahan data penerimaan siswa barunya masih belum menggunakan suatu aplikasi khusus atau manual, sehingga mengakibatkan hasil kerja yang dicapai tidak maksimal dan memakan waktu yang lama. Oleh sebab itu dibuatlah perancangan sistem informasi penerimaan siswa baru menggunakan pemprograman Borland Delphi, dimana program ini diharapkan mampu menanggulangi masalah-masalah yang terjadi pada proses penerimaan siswa baru di SMAN 1 KEBUN TEBU LAMPUNG BARAT.
paten untuk studi kasus smartphone motorola lipat
Authors: rahmadi putra
Published: January 2019

muncul sebuah brand legendaris yang kini telah dimiliki oleh Lenovo, Motorola yang membawa oase segar dalam persaingan teknologi yang sudah lama stagnan ini.paten ini sudah resmi diajukan pihak Motorola sejak September 2016. Sehingga, secara tidak langsung manufaktur yang berbasis di AS ini bisa digolongkan ke dalam jajaran brand gelombang awal yang memrakarsai konsep ponsel lipat.
Derivations and theory for Bayesian linear regression
Authors: banerjee soumya
Published: January 2019

The document outlines the theory, proofs and code for Bayesian linear regression. This is a teaching resource.
SISTEM INFORMASI PEMESANAN PADA AGEN PERJALANAN DENGAN BORLAND DELPHI 7
Authors: andaru andry
Published: January 2019

Dalam dunia industri Tour dan travel, banyak sekali data yang dikelola dan pengelolaan tersebut dilakukan hampir setiap hari. Data – data dalam industri Tour dan travel sangatlah banyak dan memiliki sifat yang selalu berubah – ubah, dan perubahan data tersebut tidak menentu setiap waktunya.
ANALISA RASIO TERHADAP LAPORAN KEUANGAN PADA PT. BANK PEMBANGUNAN DAERAH SUMATERA BARAT
Authors: SUHERTI ELIZA , fernos jhon
Published: January 2019

Liquidity Level of PT. BPD West Sumatra from 2012 to 2014 looks very good and very efficient. Based on the calculation of the current ratio and cash ratio, the level of liquidity of PT. BPD West Sumatra shows that the company's liquidity is above the industry average ratio of 200%.Leverage level (solvability) of PT. BPD West Sumatra in 2012 to 2014 looked very good, because the company's leverage (solvability) was above the industry average ratio. This shows that assets owned by the company are very dependent on the debt that is in the company.The level of profitability of PT. BPD West Sumatra from 2012 to 2014 is uncertain from year to year. This increase and decrease occurred due to a decrease in net income from 2012 to 2013 and increased again in 2014, so there was an increase in assets. When viewed from the level of overall profitability it is less effective, because GPM and ROI are still below the industry average ratio, but for NPM, ROE, and ROA it is above the industry average ratio.
Ketertiban Berbagai Pihak dan Upaya Pelestarian Mongrove Di Kawasan Pesisir
Authors: putridhayanti
Published: January 2019

Hutan mangrove merupakan salah satu bentuk ekosistem hutan yang unik dan khas, memiliki nilai ekonomis dan ekologis yang tinggi, tetapi sangat rentan terhadap kerusakan apabila kurang bijaksana dalam pengelolaannya. Restorasi ekologi pada dasarnya merupakan tindakan silvikultur melalui rekayasa lingkungan, mulai dari penelusuran tapak hingga diketahui tabiat upaya-upaya pemulihannya
ANALISIS TINGKAT KESEHATAN BANK PADA PT. BANK PEMBANGUNAN DAERAH SUMATERA BARAT
Authors: ISWARI MECHY , fernos jhon
Published: January 2019

Capitalization (CAR) at PT. BPD SUMBAR for the period 2013-2015 in the HEALTH category. Where the 2013 CAR of SUMBAR PT. BPD amounted to 13.20%, in 2014 amounted to 22.29% and in 2015 amounted to 18.82% meaning that it was still above the provisions set by BI at 8%KAP owned by PT.BPD SUMBAR for the period 2013-2015 was 68.6% (2013), 68.3% (2014), and 68.2% (2015). The PPAP ratio obtained by PT. SUMBAR BPD in 2013-2015 was 51% (2013), 58% (2014) and 46% (2015) were declared healthy, with the results of analysis showing that within 3 years Earning Assets included in the category of bad credit experienced improvement know it can be said to decline.Rentability based on ROA and PT. SUMBAR BPD is categorized as healthy with an ROA ratio. While the BOPO ratio in 3 years is considered healthy, because it meets the criteria as a healthy bank with a ratio of less than 93.52% where PT. BPD SUMBAR also managed to increase its income.
Collaborative Governance dalam Pengelolaan Lingkungan
Authors: Achmad Deden
Published: January 2019

Ruang Terbuka Hijau (RTH) Merupakan suatu area yang memanjang/jalur atau pengelompokkan yang penggunaanya lebih bersifat terbuka,tempat tumbuhnya tanaman,baik yang tumbuh secara alamiah maupun yang tumbuh secara tidak sengaja ditanam atau melakukan penghijauan hutan.
Analisis Pinjaman Online
Authors: Awanda Intan Tria
Published: January 2019

Analisis Pinjaman Online by Intan Tria
The Near-Miss Effect in Slot Machines: Over Half a Century Later
Authors: Pisklak Jeffrey Matthew , Yong Joshua Jyh Horng , Spetch Marcia L
Published: January 2019

In games of chance, a near miss is said to occur when feedback for what is otherwise a loss approximates a win. For instance, obtaining “cherry-cherry-lemon” on a slot machine could be considered a near miss. Sixty-six years after B. F. Skinner first proposed the idea that near-miss events might be reinforcing continued play in slot machines, belief in this ‘near-miss effect’ has remained strong despite the troublesome experimental literature. The present study reviewed and experimentally assessed the near-miss effect as it pertains to the frequency of the gambling response. Experiment 1 used a tightly controlled resistance-to-extinction procedure in pigeons to evaluate the putative reinforcing effect of near misses relative to a control “far-miss” reel pattern. Experiment 2 extended Experiment 1’s procedure to human participants. The results of both experiments failed to support the near-miss effect hypothesis. Experiment 3 used a further simplified procedure to assess the validity of the resistance-to-extinction paradigm when a probable conditional reinforcer was present on the reel stimuli. Although a clear discriminative function was obtained from the reel, subsequent testing in extinction revealed no reinforcing function of this stimulus.
From injustice to action: The role of empathy and perceived fairness to address inequality via victim compensation
Authors: Urbanska Karolina , McKeown Shelley , Taylor Laura
Published: January 2019

Acting prosocially towards others may sometimes involve tangible costs to self, which can be associated with lower motivation to help those who have been the victims of injustice. In contrast to previous work which suggests that empathy does not shape the perceptions of injustice, the present research proposes that while perceptions of fairness in the context of injustice are dynamic, they may well be shaped by empathy. Using a dictator-style paradigm, the present research explored the extent to which empathy is related to perceptions of injustice and in turn, compensating forms of inequality. A non-registered Study 1 (N = 466) found that higher empathy predisposition is related to perceiving more injustice in contexts of inequality. Preregistered Study 2 (N = 406) extended this finding by experimentally manipulating empathy, showing that emphasising with the victim of inequality is indirectly related to perceiving injustice. The hypothesised mechanism, empathy allowing identification and experiencing the feelings of anger associated with the injustice, is supported in Study 2. As such, perceptions of fairness are not static; empathy is argued to be an important mechanism in forming justice perceptions. Data and supplementary materials: [DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/83V4U].
Study on formation of urban tissue in Bhaktapur in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
Authors: Kido Anri , Yamamoto Naohiko , Masui Masaya , Takeuchi Yasushi Takeuchi
Published: January 2019

This paper makes a study of street patterns and organization of dwelling units of the historic city of Bhaktapur, a World Heritage Site in Kathmandu Valley. Spatial syntax is used to analyze the street patterns, which shows the western part of the city as structured along its main street while the eastern part more nucleated with squares as centers of the settlement. With this clue that suggests the development phase of Bhaktapur city, the patterns of dwelling clusters of the eastern part are studied. The study taking into account of specific settlement culture of Newars, the traditional inhabitants of the Valley, then makes a typological differentiation of the dwelling clusters that are also related to development phase of the settlement. The paper then studies the location of the shrine of Ganesa—an essential religious feature of the neighborhood. Further, user households of other community facilities, such as pati—the resting place, and hiti—the water fountain, are identified and the respective user community compared with respect to the neighborhood boundaries.
Hanumante River: emerging uses, competition and implications
Authors: Sada Rajesh
Published: January 2019

This paper describes the existing uses and competition over Hanumante River water and its implications to the river ecology. The study was completed by conducting in-depth review of literatures, key-informants’ interview and semi-structured interview. The major water extraction in the Hanumante River is through 148 community drinking water supply schemes which is estimated to extract 15.6 million litres of water per day. Besides this, there are 127 irrigation systems with cumulative command area of 5174 ha in wet season and 42 brick industries using 142 million litres of water annually directly from Hanumante River, leaving very little water to flow downstream reaches. Moreover, there are hundreds of water pumps used for water extraction from river for irrigation purpose. The water flow on the downstream is essentially sewage flow and liquid wastewater disposal into the river and limited groundwater contributions. In addition, there are 232 industries in the city of Bhaktapur, most of which, although, do not extract river water directly, the effluents produced in these industries are discharged into the river either directly or through municipal sewerage system. In order to maintain the healthy river ecology, minimum environmental flow should be maintained in the river.
A brief study on bats of Pokhara Valley
Authors: Koju Narayan P. , Chalise Mukesh K.
Published: January 2019

There is very less information on bats in Nepal. Pokhara valley provides suitable habitat for both microchiroptera and mega-chiroptera. This valley has variable topographical features and climatic conditions, which is favorable for bats. A two week long observation was carried out on bats and their roosting sites in December 2010 and February 2011. Eleven roosting sites were observed and three species of bat were captured from different roosting sites. Mist net and Gully net were used to capture the bats. Bats in Chamero Gupha were counted and found to have density of 94.57 per sq. meter; population of Pteropus giganteus was counted in Radha Krishna Tole.
Interfacing C328 CMOS camera with an ATMega32L microcontroller
Authors: Kayastha Shrijandra Nath
Published: January 2019

A small low power VGA camera module C328 can perform as a JPEG compressed still camera and can be attached to a microcontroller, PC, wireless or PDA host, etc. This paper introduces the C328 CMOS camera interface with a low power CMOS 8 bit ATMega32L microcontroller based on AVR enhanced RISC architecture. The ATMega32L executes powerful instruction in single clock cycle and achieves throughputs approaching 1MIPS per MHz that allows designing the system with optimum power consumption versus processing speed. The camera module C328 was serially interfaced with microcontroller, and the lowest resolution JPEG image (80x64) compression mode was made for the analysis of packet of image data in hex format. It was specifically designed for the cost effective embedded vision system that can be used in robot, security, monitoring etc.
Rethinking participatory process in heritage conservation: situating professionals in the process
Authors: Chapagain Neel Kamal
Published: January 2019

Participatory approach has been used in conservation of historic built environments as a methodological response to the need of including voices from users and inhabitants. However the implication and efficiency of such processes have not always been satisfactory. Drawing from some observations in Nepal, the paper examines the notion of participation in conservation projects and argues that the notion of participation shall be understood from multiple positions. The paper argues that participation is not just about getting users and inhabitants involved in the process, but it should also be about orienting the professionals in the given social context. Unless a professional realizes his/her own worldview and how it may influence the participatory process in a project, the essence of the participation remains in question. As an attempt to address such challenges, this paper draws some theoretical and methodological concepts from anthropology.
Optimization of solar photovoltaic and diesel generator hybrid system
Authors: Suwal Puskar
Published: January 2019

The techno-economic viability of a hybrid system of solar photovoltaic and diesel generator with the most likely stand-alone systems, i.e. diesel-powered system and solar photovoltaic system, has been analyzed for energy demand through optimization and sensitivity analysis using HOMER. The concept of hybridizing is that the base load is to be covered by largest and firmly available renewable energy source(s), and other intermittent source(s) should augment the base load to cover the peak load. The model has been designed to provide an optimal system configuration based on hour-by-hour data for energy availability and demands. Based on the simulation results, the hybrid system is found to be economically feasible enough to replace the stand-alone system currently practicing to fulfill the energy demand during power cut-off in Nepal.
Development of framework for seismic response analysis of storage tank based on fault-structure system
Authors: Pokharel Tilak , Ichimura Tsuyoshi , Hori Muneo , Nagashima Toshio
Published: January 2019

In this study, the framework for the seismic response analysis of oil-storage tank along fault-structure system concept has been presented; where the long period ground motion simulation and sloshing simulation based on 3D finite element method (FEM) is integrated. Three dimensional finite element model is constructed using multi-resolution structured and unstructured mesh for the ground motion prediction. For the sloshing analysis Lagrangian Finite Element Method is used. Also the effect of surface topography on the sloshing response is checked and the effect is found to be significant.
Comparison of outcome of closed reduction and percutaneous pinning and, open reduction and internal fixation with k-wire in Gartland extension type III supracondylar fracture of distal humerus in pediatric population
Authors: KC Bhogendra Bahadur , Lamichhane Norman , Mishra Chandra Bahadur , Khatri Bharat Bahadur , Dhakal Sabita
Published: January 2019

Background: Supracondylar fracture of the distal humerus is one of the commonest fracture in pediatric age group. Though there is consensus of treating type III fracture operatively, no study has compared the outcome between Closed Reduction and Percutaneous Pinning (CRPP) and Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) with k-wire in our setup.

Materials and Methods: Retrospective comparison study was done on eighty seven cases of Type III supracondylar fracture of distal humerus underwent operative procedure. Fifty four (54) cases underwent CRPP and 33 cases were managed with ORIF with k-wire, and they were followed up till 6 months post-operatively.

Results : The mean time for radiological union in patient who underwent CRPP was 4.37±0.94 weeks and that for the patient who underwent ORIF was 4.45±0.13 weeks, the difference of which was statistically insignificant (p-value >0.05). 83.3% of CRPP group and 78.8% in ORIF group had excellent functional outcome and only 3% in ORIF group had poor functional outcome.

Conclusion: Though both the group don’t have significant advantage of functional outcome among each other CRPP with limited attempt should be preferred to ORIF with k-wire for the advantage of avoiding surgical scar and reducing surgery time and exposure to anaesthetic agents.
Dreams and ability to recall: Comparison between propofol and ketamine in patients undergoing surgery under IVA
Authors: Lama Maya , Sigdel Rohini , Gurung Sanish , Timilsina Sushil
Published: January 2019

Background: Dreaming during anaesthesia is a common phenomenon. Dreams can occur with both inhalational agents as well as intravenous agents (IVA) like propofol and ketamine. But there are concerns like patient awareness, dreams and other untoward effects that may be associated with IVA. We have conducted this study to quantify the incidence of dreaming during IVA with propofol or ketamine.

Methods: Sixty-nine patients aged 18 to 60 years scheduled for short procedures lasting from 5 to 25 minutes under IVA were randomized into two groups – group propofol or group ketamine. All the patients received midazolam and fentanyl intravenously. Then, patients in group propofol received propofol and those in ketamine group received ketamine for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia. After the end of surgery, when the patient were fully recovered from anaesthesia, patients were interviewed about occurrence of dreams and their ability to recall the dreams.

Results: There were 35 patients in group propofol and 34 patients in group ketamine. The incidence of dreaming during anaesthesia was greater in patients of ketamine group, 23 (67.65%), when compared to propofol group, 7 (20%) (p < 0.001). Among the dreamers, 6 patients in the ketamine group and only 1 patient in the propofol group were able to recall their dream.

Conclusion: Dreaming is quite common during IVA for short surgical procedure, more so following ketamine than propofol anaesthesia.
Profile of Risk Factors Associated with Stillbirth at Western Regional Hospital
Authors: Regmi Rabi Prasad , Parajuly Shyam Sundar , Singh Dela , Shrestha Nabin , Sharma Srijana
Published: January 2019

Background: Stillbirth (SB) incidents are one of the most common adverse outcomes to occur during pregnancy. Studies indicate that approximately 3.3 million stillbirths are reported annually across the developing world. Institutional registration and under reporting of still birth to an authorized centre is a common problem.

Objective: The objective of this study is to find out the incidence of SB after 28 weeks gestation and to find out the associated risk factors at Western Regional Hospital of Nepal.

Materials and Methods: This is a cross sectional study carried out at Western Regional Hospital. Stillbirth babies born after 28 weeks of gestation or birth weight ≥ 1 kilogram and their mothers were recruited for the study. Intrapartum stillbirths were included despite of their ages, races or socio-economic status. Descriptive analysis was done on the data.

Results: There were 3380 deliveries during the period of study. Among them, 50 cases were stillborn babies with a rate of 14 per thousand deliveries. The major risk factors associated were oligohydramnios, decreased fetal movement, growth restriction, meconium stained liquor and cord prolapse.

Conclusion: Oligohydramnios (amniotic fluid index < 5cm) was the most common risk factor for stillbirth. Early identification and appropriate perinatal management could help to promote perinatal health.
The Efficacy of Medical Expulsion Therapy in Distal Ureteric Calculi
Authors: Adhikari Dhurba Bahadur , Shrestha David , Poudel Suresh Raj
Published: January 2019

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of tamsulosin in the treatment of distal ureteric calculi.

Materials and Methods: Forty patients, who meet the in­clusion criteria, were selected for the prospective study. All these patients re­ceived tamsulosin 0.4 mg once before bed time for fourteen days to observe the effectiveness, side effects and stone expulsion rate.

Results: The average time of stone expulsion was 8.03±2.80 days. The successful medical expul­sion was seen in 82.50%. About 7.5% complained of dizziness and headache, 2.5% complained of fatigue and postural hypotension.

Conclusion: The use of tamsulosin was safe, effective and was associated with fewer side effects. Successful stone expulsion rate was observed in in selected cases.
Acceptance of Family Planning Methods by Clients Availing Safe Abortion Service
Authors: Adhikari Rajesh , Sharma Gir Dhari , Dhungana Padam Raj , Adhikari Kalpana Gautam , Maharjan Pushpa Laxmi
Published: January 2019

Background: Safe abortion policy was started in 2002 to reduce the ma­ternal mortality and morbidity related to unsafe abortion. Promoting the use of contraceptive methods effectively reduces the abortion rate by pre­venting unintended pregnancy. In this study the acceptance and selection of contraceptive method following abortion was assessed.

Methods: A descriptive retrospective study was conducted from 1st January 2016 till 31st December 2016 at Western Regional Hospital, Pokhara Nepal where 191 women were enrolled for the study.

Results: Among 191 wom­en mostly were from the age group of 20-29 (46.1%) and were Hindu (73.3%). Most of them were pregnant for more than one time (86.9%) and do house work (57.6%). The main reason for abortion was due to complete family (67.5%) and the abortion was done by medical method (57.6%). Around 52.4% of women did not choose any form of family planning methods post abortion which is most alarming for the govern­ment of Nepal.

Conclusion: The abortion service is free in Nepal; most women did not use family planning after abortion which indicates repeat­ed abortion. The good counselling pre and post abortion may be helpful to increase the rate of acceptance of family planning after abortion.
Psychiatric Referral Pattern in a General Hospital
Authors: Vaidya Leepa , Sharma Rajan
Published: January 2019

Background: The referral rates of psychiatric patients in Nepal are very low, considering the higher rates of psychiatric morbidity in patients who attend various departments of a general hospital. Studying the pattern of psychiatric referrals may facilitate the management of the mentally ill in a comprehensive and holistic manner.

Materials and methods: The study was conducted at Western Regional Hospital (WRH) over the period of one year. The patients referred from different departments were assessed by the consultant psychiatrists.

Result: A total of 816 patients were referred for psychiatric consultation out of which majority was from department of medicine and the most common reason for referral was anxiety disorder.

Conclusion: Multi-disciplinary interaction is beneficial to identify the psychiatric morbidity in the patients who attend general hospital.
Efficacy of topical terbinafine and clotrimazole in the treatment of dermatophytoses: a Clinical and Microbiological Comparision
Authors: Nepal Anand
Published: January 2019

Background: Dermatophytoses have a high prevalence worldwide and also in Nepal. Large scale studies with different antifungal agents for long fol¬low up periods to assess the long term outcome of treatments together with culture sensitivity testing are required to confirm the elimination of the fungi.

Materials and Methods: Total of 97 patients were enrolled, 48 patients received treatment with terbinafine 1% cream for 2 weeks and 49 patients received clotrimazole 1% cream for 4 weeks. Clinical evaluation and microscopic examination of the potassium hydroxide (KOH) mount were done at presentation, at week 2 and at week 4. Clinical assessment scoring (CAS) and Mycological cure rate were compared between the study groups.

Results: Terbinafine cured more cases of dermatophytoses compared to clotrimazole. The clinical cure rate was not statistically different among cases of tinea pedis. Terbinafine was better among cases of tinea cruris and tinea corporis only at the end of week 4. Mycological cure rate was higher for terbinafine both at the end of week 2 and week 4.
Incidence of Superficial Port Site Infection in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in relation to Spilt Stone and Bile Spillage
Authors: Paudel Suresh Raj , Gurung Narendra Vikram , Adhikari Dhruva Bahadur , Acharya Arjun , Shrestha Santosh , Gurung Amar , Shrestha Devendra , Paudel Amrita Ghimire
Published: January 2019

Introduction: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the choice of operation for symptomatic gallstones. Gallstone and bile spillage can occur during laparoscopic cholecystectomy during dissection by cautery or due to perforation of gall bladder by grasper. The complication of spilt stone and bile may range from simple superficial surgical site infection, adhesion, obstruction, abscess formation to none.

Methods: This study was conducted at Western Regional Hospital (WRH), Pokhara from July 2015 to December 2016. A total of one hundred and twenty patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy were included. All patients’ age, sex, pre-operative ultrasound findings, intra operative spillage of stone and bile and post-operative superficial surgical site infection were noted. Statistical analysis was done using Microsoft Excel software and SPSS-21. Result obtained from the study was discussed with reference to current world literature.

Results: Out of one hundred and twenty patients, one hundred and nine were female and eleven were male with mean age of 42.68 years. Spillage of stones and bile occurred in twelve patients (10%). Spillage of stone and bile was common with multiple stones. Only four patients (one male and three females) developed superficial port site infection (3.3%). Two patients among spillage and two among non spillage developed superficial surgical site infection (p<0.05). Most common organism was Staphylococcus aureus followed by Escherichia coli.

Conclusion: The incidence of split stone or bile is 10 % and is common with multiple gallstones. The chance of superficial surgical site infection is more in male patients and with spillage of stone and bile.
Ossicular Involvement and Types of Pathology in Chronic Otitis Media Squamous Active Disease
Authors: Sharma Swasti
Published: January 2019

Background: Chronic otitis media (COM) squamous type is commonly as­sociated with cholesteatoma. In COM squamous type with active disease, there is retraction of pars flaccida or pars tensa with retention of squamous epithelial debris and is associated with inflammation and production of pus. It is potentially dangerous because it can cause resorption of bone, leading to ossicular erosion and destruction of bony plates of middle ear. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of chronic otitis media squamous type on the ossicular chain as well as to observe the types of pathology in this disease.

Methods and materials: Fifty cases of chronic otitis media squa­mous type who underwent surgical management were included. The status of ossicular chain was evaluated intraoperatively. The type of pathology in­volving middle ear was also studied. Cases admitted for revision surgery were excluded from the study.

Results: Of the total fifty cases, ossicular changes were observed in forty eight cases and in two cases all ossicles were intact. Long process of incus is the most frequently involved ossicle. The most common pathology was found to be mixed type (52%).

Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that ossicular chain is commonly involved in chronic otitis media squamous type and mixed pathology consisting of cholesteatoma and granulation tissue is the most frequent pathology.
STUDI KERAGAMAN CENDAWAN ENTOMOPATOGEN DARI BERBAGAI RIZOSFER TANAMAN HORTIKULTURA DI KOTA PADANGSIDIMPUAN
Authors: Permadi Muhammad Agung , Lubis Rafiqah Amanda , Kinarang Isrong
Published: January 2019

Entomopathogenic fungi often used as bioinsecticides to control pest insects. Entomopathogenic fungi infect through penetrating cuticles of insect or inedible. Entomopathogenic fungi can be found in the rhizosphere. The purpose of this study was to explore the types of entomopathogenic fungi in various rhizosphere of horticultural plants in Padangsidimpuan. This research was conducted at the Agrotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, South Tapanuli Muhammadiyah University. The results showed that the use of Tenebrio molitor as bait, can effectively obtain entomopathogenic fungi from the soil. The highest mortality of Tenebrio molitor where infected by entomopathogenic fungi was 64% on soybean plant and the lowest mortality due to infection of entomopathogenic fungi was 11% on mustard plants. There was only one genus of entomopathogenic fungi found in this study was Metarhizium sp. Keywords: soil, Metarhizium, Tenebrio molitor, infect, moist chamber
PENGEMBANGAN MODUL MATEMATIKA BERBASIS MASALAH UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH MATEMATIK SISWA
Authors: Sormin Masdelima Azizah , Nurasahara Nursahara
Published: January 2019

This research is a development research using a modification between the 4-D development model developed by Thiagarajan. The stages of this research are define, design, develop and disseminate . The development of problem-based mathematical modules at the disseminate (dissemination) was   carried out in a limited manner in schools that are the subject of research.   The   subjects   in   this   study   were   class   X   students   of   SMA   Negeri   4Padangsidimpuan. From the results of the development test: (1) problem-based mathematics modules fulfiill validity criteria with valid predicates, (2) the problem-based mathematics modules was practical based on revised and interview results from the expert teams, and (3) this  problem-based  mathematics modules was effective to used based on observations the time ideal of percentage achievemen , the results of the mathematical problem solving ability test fulfill classical completeness, that was 80% of the test subjects, and (4) the improvement of students' mathematical problem solving skills by using the module from test I to trial II and fulfill the classical completeness. Keywords:  Development,  Problem  Based  Mathematics  Module,  Mathematical  ProblemSolving Ability
PROFIL MISKONSEPSI SISWA PADA MATERI PECAHAN BERDASARKAN TINGKAT KEMAMPUAN MATEMATIKA SISWA
Authors: Nurhamdiah Nurhamdiah , Rangkuti Ahmad Nizar
Published: January 2019

Elementary school sixth-grade students still experience misconceptions fractions causing low student mathematics learning outcomes. The purpose of this study is to find out the student's misconceptions in the fraction material. The type of research conducted is descriptive qualitative research. The subjects studied were 6 grade VI elementary school students, 2 subjects with high mathematical ability levels, 2 subjects with moderate mathematical ability levels, and 2 subjects with low mathematical ability levels. Data collection  methods  used  were  interviews  and  multiple-choice  tests  based  on  fraction material. The results of the study stated: (1) The students' dominant misconceptions in the concept of calculating fraction distribution operations. (2) Misconceptions experienced by students with high mathematical abilities are less than students with moderate and low mathematical abilities. With this research, the teacher can find out the students' misconceptions in the subject matter fractions and the teacher can be more maximal in teaching the concept of fractions. Keywords: Misconception, Fraction Material, Mathematical Ability