bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Temperature Field Change in the South China Sea during Typhoon Kai-Tak (1213) Based on a Fully Coupled Atmosphere–Wave–Ocean Model
Authors: Wu Zhiyuan , Jiang Changbo , Chen Jie , Long Yuannan , Deng Bin , Liu Xiaojian
Published: January 2019

Studying the sea–air interaction between the upper ocean and typhoons is crucial to improve our understanding of heat and momentum exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean. There is a strong heat flux exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean during the impact of a typhoon, and the physical fields, such as the wind field, wave field, flow field, and SST field, also interact with each other. A fully coupled Atmosphere–Wave–Ocean model in the South China Sea was established by the mesoscale atmospheric model WRF, wave model SWAN, and the regional ocean model ROMS based on the COAWST model system. Typhoon Kai-tak was simulated using this fully coupled model and some other coupled schemes. In this paper, the variation of sea surface temperature (SST) and ocean subsurface temperature caused by Typhoon Kai-tak is analyzed by the fully coupled model, and the basic characteristics of the response of the upper ocean to the typhoon are given. The simulation results demonstrate that the fully coupled WRF-SWAN-ROMS model shows that the typhoon passes through the sea with obvious cooling. In the cold eddy region, the sea surface temperature cools 4 to 5 °C, and the cooling zone is concentrated on the right side of the track. The change of sea surface temperature lags more than 12 h behind the change of sea surface height. The decrease of SST on the left side of the track was relatively small: ranging from 1.5 to 2.5 °C. The disturbance of typhoon causes the subsurface water to surge to the surface, changes the temperature distribution of the surface, and causes the mixing layer to deepen about 40 m to 60 m. The simulation results reveal the temporal and spatial distribution of sea temperature and mixed layer depth. The sea surface temperature field has an asymmetrical distribution in space and has a lag in time. The heat exchange at the air–sea interface is very strong under the influence of the typhoon. The heat exchange between the air and sea is divided into latent heat and sensible heat, and the latent heat generated by water vapor evaporation plays a dominant role in the heat exchange at the air–sea interface, which shows that the heat carried by the vaporization of the sea surface is one of the important factors for the decrease of sea temperature under the influence of the typhoon.
Hydraulic Features of Flow through Local Non-Submerged Rigid Vegetation in the Y-Shaped Confluence Channel
Authors: Tong Xuneng , Liu Xiaodong , Yang Ting , Hua Zulin , Wang Zian , Liu Jingjing , Li Ruoshui
Published: January 2019

A laboratory measurement with acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) was used to investigate the flow through a Y-shaped confluence channel partially covered with rigid vegetation on its inner bank. In this study, the flow velocities in cases with and without vegetation were measured by the ADV in a Y-shaped confluence channel. The results clearly showed that the existence of non-submerged rigid plants has changed the internal flow structure. The velocity in the non-vegetated area is greater than in the vegetated area. There is a large exchange of mass and momentum between the vegetated and non-vegetated areas. In addition, due to the presence of vegetation, the high-velocity area moved rapidly to the middle of the non-vegetated area in the vicinity of tributaries, and the secondary flow phenomenon disappeared. The presence of vegetation made the flow in non-vegetated areas more intense. The turbulent kinetic energy of the non-vegetated area was smaller than that of the vegetated area.
QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE MARKETING EFFECTIVENESS
Authors: Ginevičius Adomas
Published: January 2019

Enterprises operating in a complicated, constantly changing environment should pay much more attention to the market and the user, ie to marketing. Despite the fact that the main subject of the state economy is an enterprise, the problems of marketing are mostly analysed at the level of activities. At the enterprises, these problems, which are of great practical and theoretical importance, are paid little attention. One of the main problems in this context is quantitative evaluation of marketing effectiveness. The nature of the considered processes implies that this problem can be solved by multiple criteria evaluation methods. It allows us to offer a particular methodology verified by calculations. The evaluation of some actual enterprises has shown that marketing considerably affects their commercial activities in a positive way, increasing their effectiveness (profitability).
ENERGY SAVINGS EFFICIENCY IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS UNDER MARKET CONDITIONS IN RUSSIA
Authors: Samarin Oleg , Paulauskaitė Sabina , Lushin Kirill
Published: January 2019

The example of energy effect integrated assessment for public building using the methods proposed by Russian Scientific and Technical Civil Engineers Organisation is presented. Comparative analysis of energy saving scopes for some public buildings with calculation of a recoupment for the specified cases using investments and operating costs discounting has been made.
APOGEE DR14/DR15 Abundances in the Inner Milky Way
Authors: Zasowski G. , Schultheis M. , Hasselquist S. , Cunha K. , Sobeck J. , Johnson J. A. , Rojas-Arriagada A. , Majewski S. R. , Andrews B. H. , Jönsson H. , Beers T. C. , Chojnowski S. D. , Frinchaboy P. M. , Holtzman J. A. , Minniti D. , Nidever D. L. , Nitschelm C.
Published: January 2019

We present an overview of the distributions of 11 elemental abundances in the Milky Way’s (MW) inner regions, as traced by APOGEE stars released as part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 14/15 (DR14/DR15), including O, Mg, Si, Ca, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Na, Al, and K. This sample spans ∼4000 stars with R
GC ≤ 4.0 kpc, enabling the most comprehensive study to date of these abundances and their variations within the innermost few kiloparsecs of the MW. We describe the observed abundance patterns ([X/Fe]–[Fe/H]), compare to previous literature results and to patterns in stars at the solar Galactocentric radius (R
GC), and discuss possible trends with DR14/DR15 effective temperatures. We find that the position of the [Mg/Fe]–[Fe/H] “knee” is nearly constant with R
GC, indicating a well-mixed star-forming medium or high levels of radial migration in the early inner Galaxy. We quantify the linear correlation between pairs of elements in different subsamples of stars and find that these relationships vary; some abundance correlations are very similar between the α-rich and α-poor stars, but others differ significantly, suggesting variations in the metallicity dependencies of certain supernova yields. These empirical trends will form the basis for more detailed future explorations and for the refinement of model comparison metrics. That the inner MW abundances appear dominated by a single chemical evolutionary track and that they extend to such high metallicities underscore the unique importance of this part of the Galaxy for constraining the ingredients of chemical evolution modeling and for improving our understanding of the evolution of the Galaxy as a whole.
The Relation between Galaxy ISM and Circumgalactic O vi Gas Kinematics Derived from Observations and ΛCDM Simulations
Authors: Kacprzak Glenn G. , Vander Vliet Jacob R. , Nielsen Nikole M. , Muzahid Sowgat , Pointon Stephanie K. , Churchill Christopher W. , Ceverino Daniel , Arraki Kenz S. , Klypin Anatoly , Charlton Jane C. , Lewis James
Published: January 2019

We present the first galaxy–O vi absorption kinematic study for 20 absorption systems (EW > 0.1 Å) associated with isolated galaxies (0.15 ≤ z ≤ 0.55) that have accurate redshifts and rotation curves obtained using Keck/ESI. Our sample is split into two azimuthal angle bins: major axis (Φ < 25°) and minor axis (Φ > 33°). O vi absorption along the galaxy major axis is not correlated with galaxy rotation kinematics, with only 1/10 of systems that could be explained with rotation/accretion models. This is in contrast to corotation commonly observed for Mg ii absorption. O vi along the minor axis could be modeled by accelerating outflows, but only for small opening angles, while the majority of the O vi is decelerating. Along both axes, stacked O vi profiles reside at the galaxy systemic velocity with the absorption kinematics spanning the entire dynamical range of their galaxies. The O vi found in AMR cosmological simulations exists within filaments and in halos of ∼50 kpc surrounding galaxies. Simulations show that major-axis O vi gas inflows along filaments and decelerates as it approaches the galaxy, while increasing in its level of corotation. Minor-axis outflows in the simulations are effective within 50–75 kpc; beyond that they decelerate and fall back onto the galaxy. Although the simulations show clear O vi kinematic signatures, they are not directly comparable to observations. When we compare kinematic signatures integrated through the entire simulated galaxy halo, we find that these signatures are washed out owing to full velocity distribution of O vi throughout the halo. We conclude that O vi alone does not serve as a useful kinematic indicator of gas accretion, outflows, or star formation and likely best probes the halo virial temperature.
The Discreteness-driven Relaxation of Collisionless Gravitating Systems: Entropy Evolution in External Potentials, N-dependence, and the Role of Chaos
Authors: Silva Leandro Beraldo e , de Siqueira Pedra Walter , Valluri Monica , Sodré Laerte , Bru Jean-Bernard
Published: January 2019

We investigate the old problem of the fast relaxation of collisionless N-body systems that are collapsing or perturbed, emphasizing the importance of (noncollisional) discreteness effects. We integrate orbit ensembles in fixed potentials, estimating the entropy to analyze the time evolution of the distribution function. These estimates capture the correct physical behavior expected from the second law of thermodynamics, without any spurious entropy production. For self-consistent (i.e., stationary) samples, the entropy is conserved, while for non-self-consistent samples, it increases within a few dynamical times, stabilizing at a maximum (even in integrable potentials). Our results make transparent that the main ingredient for this fast collisionless relaxation is the discreteness (finite N) of gravitational systems in any potential. Additionally, in nonintegrable potentials, the presence of chaotic orbits accelerates the entropy production. Contrary to the traditional violent relaxation scenario, our results indicate that a time-dependent potential is not necessary for this relaxation. For the first time, in connection with the Nyquist–Shannon theorem, we derive the typical timescale

for this discreteness-driven relaxation, with slightly weaker N-dependencies for nonintegrable potentials with substantial fractions of chaotic orbits. This timescale is much smaller than the collisional relaxation time even for small-N systems such as open clusters and represents an upper limit for the relaxation time of real N-body collisionless systems. Additionally, our results reinforce the conclusion of Beraldo e Silva et al. that the Vlasov equation does not provide an adequate kinetic description of the fast relaxation of collapsing collisionless N-body systems.
The R-Process Alliance: Spectroscopic Follow-up of Low-metallicity Star Candidates from the Best & Brightest Survey
Authors: Placco Vinicius M. , Santucci Rafael M. , Beers Timothy C. , Chanamé Julio , Sepúlveda María Paz , Coronado Johanna , Rossi Silvia , Lee Young Sun , Starkenburg Else , Youakim Kris , Barrientos Manuel , Ezzeddine Rana , Frebel Anna , Hansen Terese T. , Holmbeck Erika M. , Ji Alexander P. , Rasmussen Kaitlin C. , Roederer Ian U. , Sakari Charli M. , Whitten Devin D.
Published: January 2019

We present results from an observing campaign to identify low-metallicity stars in the Best & Brightest Survey. From medium-resolution (R ∼ 1200–2000) spectroscopy of 857 candidates, we estimate the stellar atmospheric parameters (

,

, and

), as well as carbon and α-element abundances. We find that 69% of the observed stars have

 ≤ −1.0, 39% have

 ≤ −2.0, and 2% have

≤ −3.0. There are also 133 carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars in this sample, with 97 CEMP Group I and 36 CEMP Group II stars identified in the A(C) versus [Fe/H] diagram. A subset of the confirmed low-metallicity stars were followed-up with high-resolution spectroscopy, as part of the R-process Alliance, with the goal of identifying new highly and moderately r-process-enhanced stars. Comparison between the stellar atmospheric parameters estimated in this work and from high-resolution spectroscopy exhibit good agreement, confirming our expectation that medium-resolution observing campaigns are an effective way of selecting interesting stars for further, more targeted, efforts.
Extragalactic Imprints in Galactic Dust Maps
Authors: Chiang Yi-Kuan , Ménard Brice
Published: January 2019

Extragalactic astronomy relies on the accurate estimation of source photometry corrected for Milky Way dust extinction. This has motivated the creation of a number of “Galactic” dust maps. We investigate whether these maps are contaminated by extragalactic signals using the clustering-redshift technique, i.e., by measuring a set of angular cross-correlations with spectroscopic objects as a function of redshift. Our tomographic analysis reveals imprints of extragalactic large-scale structure patterns in nine out of 10 Galactic dust maps, including all infrared-based maps as well as “stellar” reddening maps. When such maps are used for extinction corrections, this extragalactic contamination introduces redshift- and scale-dependent biases in photometric estimates at the millimagnitude level. It can affect both object-based analyses, such as the estimation of the Hubble diagram with supernovae, as well as spatial statistics. The bias can be appreciable when measuring angular correlation functions with low amplitudes, such as lensing-induced correlations or angular correlations for sources distributed over a broad redshift range. As expected, we do not detect any extragalactic contamination for the dust map inferred from 21 cm H i observations. Such a map provides an alternative to widely used infrared-based maps but relies on the assumption of a constant dust-to-gas ratio. We note that, using the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer 12 μm map sensitive to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), an indirect dust tracer, we detect the diffuse extragalactic PAH background up to z ∼ 2. Finally, we provide a procedure to minimize the level of biased magnitude corrections in maps with extragalactic imprints.
Solar cycle by a look of high speed solar wind streams variation
Authors: Asenovski Simeon
Published: January 2019

In this paper are presented variation of the solar wind parameters during last four solar cycles (21-24) with focus on the high speed solar wind streams (HSS) condition. The averaged values of the parameters for every cycle are calculated and discussed. The results show that Earth is under the HSS influence more than 50% of the total time in each of the last four solar cycles. This fact determines the importance of the studding the behavior of the HSS.
Evaluation of RapidEye vegetation indices for prediction of biophysical/biochemical variables of winter wheat
Authors: Kamenova Ilina , Dimitrov Petar , Yordanova Rusina
Published: January 2019

The aim of the study is to evaluate the possibility for using RapidEye data for prediction of Leaf Area Index (LAI), fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR), fraction of vegetation Cover (fCover), leaf Chlorophyll Concentration (CC) and Canopy Chlorophyll Content (CCC) of winter wheat. The relation of a number of vegetation indices (VIs) with these crop variables are accessed based on a regression analysis. Indices, which make use of the red edge band, such as Chlorophyll Index red edge (CIre) and red edge Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (reNDVI), were found most useful, resulting in linear models with R2 of 0.67, 0.71, 0.72, and 0.76 for fCover, LAI, CCC, and fAPAR respectively. CC was not related with any of the VIs.
Investigation of the basic Haar wavelet-transformations in the problem of decryption of space images on detection of waste disposal fields
Authors: Kazaryan Maretta , Shahramanian Mikhail , Zabunov Svetoslav
Published: January 2019

In this paper, we study the use of orthogonal transformations, namely, the basic Haar wavelet transforms, for data processing of the Earth remote sensing.

The internal structure of orthogonal Haar transforms is considered. The Haar matrix is divided into blocks of the same type, so that parallelization of the computations is possible. The expediency of replacing the spectral components corresponding to the whole block (or several blocks) of the original matrix with zeros is asserted. Theoretical and experimental studies are carried out to improve the results of image classification (on the example of cluster analysis). The Haar wavelet expansion coefficients are used as indicators when decoding space images for the presence of waste disposal sites.

The aim of this paper is to describe the approach, on the basis of which an optimal method is established on a class of vectors with real components, application of two-dimensional discrete Haar wavelet transformations in the problem of recognition of space images for the presence of waste disposal sites. General methodology of research. The paper uses elements of mathematical analysis, wavelet analysis, the theory of discrete orthogonal transformations, and methods for decoding cosmic images. Scientific novelty. Encoding by means of conversion is an indirect method, especially effective in processing of two-dimensional signals, in particular, space images used for remote sensing of the Earth. We propose the approach that takes into account the structure of the wavelet-Haar matrix, while recognizing waste disposal fields by means of space images. The article comprises the result of the experimental application of wavelet-Haar transformations for decoding of space images. We consider this case, both with and without the technique of taking into account the structure of the wavelet-Haar matrices.
The risk in aerospace projects
Authors: Marinova Nadia
Published: January 2019

The risk of inconsistencies in any public activity is a determining factor in the behavior of each subject. What are aerospace projects that involve large material, technological and human resources? The first step in the risk analysis involves tabling the different stages or phases of the design system and determining the risks for each of them, whether technical, human or economic. The time at which the event occurs may significantly affect the consequences. For example, the collapse in the air traffic control system at a major airport can cause disruption to local air traffic much more if it occurs during the week than on Sunday morning. Similarly, an accident at the chemical plant can be far more dangerous if it causes an immediate chemical reaction that generates toxic gases than in the final phase where the waste products are less dangerous.
Enhanced Visualization of Capsulorhexis With Indocyanine Green Staining in Pediatric White Cataracts
Authors: Guo Suqin , Caputo Anthony , Wagner Rudolph , DeRespinis Patrick
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

Purpose: To evaluate the enhancement of the visualization of the anterior lens capsule with indocyanine green (ICG) in pediatric dense, mature cataracts.

Patients and Methods: Six children (10 eyes) 4 to 9 years old with complete, white cataracts underwent ICG-enhanced cataract surgery.

Results: All of the eyes showed a complete con tinuous curvilinear capsulorhexis and a well-centered intracapsular implant. No surgical or postoperative complications were encountered.

Conclusion: Staining the anterior capsule with ICG is an excellent way to facilitate performance of an anterior capsulorhexis in pediatric white cataracts.

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2003;40:268-271.
Ocular and Systemic Findings Associated With Optic Disc Colobomas
Authors: Berk A Tülin , Yaman Aylin , Saatçi A Osman
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

Purpose: To determine the ocular and systemic anomalies associated with optic disc colobomas.

Patients and Methods: The records of patients with a diagnosis of isolated optic disc coloboma and chorioretinal coloboma with optic disc involvement were retrospectively reviewed.

Results: Fifteen patients were included in the study. Of the 30 eyes, the optic disc and choroid were involved in 18, an isolated disc coloboma was present in 5, a normal optic disc was present in 4, and the optic disc could not be identified because of extreme microphthalmia in 1. Of the optic discs outside the fundus colobomas, 1 had an abnormal shape and 1 had optic atrophy and hypoplasia. Eight patients had bilateral but asymmetric involvement of the optic nerve with the coloboma. Fourteen eyes of 9 patients were microphthalmia Nine eyes of 6 patients had microcornea. One patient had a nonrhegmatogenous retinal detachment at the time of diagnosis. One eye had a retrobulbar cyst with microphthalmia. Eight (53%) of the patients had sensory strabismus. Two patients had unilateral cortical lens opacities. Associated systemic findings were present in 6 (40%) of the 1 5 patients.

Conclusions: Optic disc colobomas have a wide variety of presentations. Poor visual acuity was observed mostly in eyes with macular involvement and microphthalmia.

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2003;40:272-278.
Nonpenetrating Deep Sclerectomy With the Use of Adjunctive Mitomycin C
Authors: Neudorfer Meira , Sadetzki Siegal , Anisimova Svetlana , Geyer Orna
Published: January 2019

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To determine whether adjunctive use of mitomycin C (MMC) would increase the success rate of primary nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy with collagen implant.

* PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-six patients (26 eyes) with primary open-angle glaucoma uncontrolled with maximally tolerated medical therapy were randomly assigned to undergo nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy and collagen implant, either with (13 eyes) or without (13 eyes) 0.3 mg/mL of adjunctive MMC for 3 minutes. Intraocular pressure (IOP), number of glaucoma medications, and visual acuity were assessed before and 12 and 24 months after surgery.

* RESULTS: The mean age of the study patients was similar in both groups (MMC = 68.1 ± 8 years, control = 65.8 ± 6.8 years). At the 12- and 24-month follow-up visits, the mean IOP with or without medications was lower in the MMC group than in the control group (15.6 ± 3.5 vs 17.2 ± 3.9 mm Hg at 12 months and 15.8 ± 5.6 vs 17.8 ± 2.8 mm Hg at 24 months, respectively). The IOP with or without medications significandy decreased after surgery in both groups (P < .05). Twelve months after surgery, the IOP decreased by 48% in the MMC group and by 35% in the control group. At the end of follow-up (24 months), the IOP decreased by 48% in the MMC group and by 32% in the control group (P= .01). The mean number of glaucoma medications decreased after surgery, there was no significant difference in complications (hyphema and suprachoroidal hemorrhage), and visual acuity was unchanged throughout the study in both groups.

* CONCLUSION: The use of MMC in nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy with collagen implant is safe and improves surgical results.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2004;35:6-12.]
Quantitative Lacrimal Scintigraphy After Dacryocystorhinostomy
Authors: Zilelioglu Güler , Küçük Özlem , Tekeli Oya , Günan Fatih , Aras Gülseren
Published: January 2019

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lacrimal drainage in patients who have undergone successful dacryocystorhinostomy using quantitative dacryoscintigraphy.

* PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study included 72 eyes of 72 patients. There were 26 males and 46 females, with a mean age of 39.6 years (range, 8 to 67 years). The patients were subdivided into three groups. Group 1 consisted of 35 eyes with external dacryocystorhinostomy, group 2 consisted of 1 5 eyes with endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy, and group 3 consisted of 22 eyes with conjunctival dacryocystorhinostomy with a Jones tube. There was no epiphora in patients and the lacrimal drainage systems were patent by irrigation. The other normal eyes of the patients were evaluated as controls.

* RESULTS: In groups 1 and 2, the mean T,/2 values for the palpebral aperture were lower than those for normal eyes, and this difference was statistically significant (P < .01). In group 3, no significant difference was detected in the mean T17, values for the palpebral aperture.

* CONCLUSIONS: Tear flow was slower in patients who had had external and endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy, but conjunctival dacryocystorhinostomy did not affect T1/2 values for the palpebral aperture.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2004;35:3740.]
Self-Illuminated Contact Lens for Peripheral Vitreous Surgery
Authors: Chalam Kakarla V , Shah Vinay A
Published: January 2019

Abstract. A modified self-retaining plano-concave contact lens for visualization of the ora serrata and anterior vitreous during vitreous surgery is described. A groove to hold a light pipe is made in the standard self-retaining, plano-concave, one-piece acrylic lens with footplates. A drop of viscoelastic material between the lens and the cornea holds the lens in place by suction. The groove (1 mm in depth and diameter) supports the tip of the endoillumination probe held by an assistant. This illuminates the area while the surgeon indents the sclera with the free hand, facilitating quick and well-controlled vitreous base dissection. This system offers a simple, effective, and quick method for illumination of the ora serrata and anterior vitreous in aphakic and Pseudophakie eyes during vitrectomy. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2004;35:76-77.]
Diode Laser Contact Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation: Getting the Most From the G-Probe
Authors: Noecker Robert J , Kelly Thomas , Patterson Emily , Herrygers Lisa A
Published: January 2019

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To deter mine the multi-use behavior of the G-probe that is traditionally marketed as a single-use cyclophotocoagulation instrument.

* MATERIALS AND METHODS: A diode laser equipped with a G-probe was used to perform cyclophotocoagulation of the ciliary body in 4 human cadaver eyes and 15 porcine eyes (1,750 mW X 2 seconds). A determination of G-probe effectiveness was made following measurements of G-probe energy output, scanning electron microscopy examination of probe tips, and histologic examination of treated tissue.

* RESULTS: The mean energy output of 12 of the 15 G-probes remained constant at 3.10 J (range, 3.04 to 3.14 J) for 20 treatment cycles of 20 applications each. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated minimal surface change. Three G-probes suffered a significant drop-off in energy output during the experiment, and scanning electron microscopy showed significant surface change. Histologic examination of human eyes treated with laser revealed disruption of the ciliary body stroma and separation of pigmented and nonpigmented layers of the ciliary epithelium. More pronounced tissue necrosis and disruption was observed in eyes treated with newer G-probes. Milder coagulative damage with cellular vacuolization was observed in G-probes used for higher numbers of treatment cycles.

* CONCLUSION: Every G-probe tested delivered more than 100 consecutive applications of laser energy before any loss of efficiency was noted. This suggests that in the absence of obvious structural damage, a G-probe may be safely used for treatment of at least 5 eyes.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2004;35:124-130.]
Congenital Reduplication of the Lacrimal Punctum and Canaliculus in a Patient With Dry Eye
Authors: Bair Pei-Jane , Tsai Yi-Yu , Lin Jane-Ming
Published: January 2019

Abstract. A healthy 60-year-old woman presented with bilateral dry eye syndrome that was more pronounced in the right eye than in the left eye. Two patent independent supernumerary puncta and canaliculi were found in the right upper eyelid. This condition may explain the more severe dryness in her right eye. Successful punctum occlusion was accompanied by marked resolution of symptoms in both eyes. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2004;35:156-158.]
Outcome of Therapeutic Penetrating Keratoplasty in Infectious Keratitis
Authors: Sukhija Jaspreet , Jain Arun K
Published: January 2019

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To study the outcome of therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty in eyes with microbial keratitis.

* PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective database on 134 therapeutic cornea transplants in 134 patients recorded demographic details on age and gender of the patient, indication for surgery, size of the donor and recipient bed, graft clarity, complications, and residual morbidity. Patients included in this analysis had a minimum follow-up of 1 year. All patients underwent therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty by a similar method that involved a donor button that was oversized by 0.5 mm and 16 bites of interrupted sutures.

* RESULTS: Most of the 134 ulcers needing therapeutic grafts were bacterial (n = 54) or fungal (n = 54). One hundred eighteen eyes had perforation at presentation. One hundred six (90%) of the therapeutic grafts achieved anatomical success. The most common complication of glaucoma occurred in 22% of eyes with presurgical perforated ulcers and 1% of nonperforated ulcers. Persistent epithelial defects were significandy more frequent in grafts of 9 mm or more (P= .05).

* CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm that therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty for infections is successful in restoring anatomic integrity in most eyes.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2005;36:303-309.]
Assessment of the Effects of Morphological Changes Related to Age-Related Macular Degeneration on Optical Coherence Tomography Retinal Thickness Measurements
Authors: Menke Marcel N , Feke Gilbert T
Published: January 2019

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) leads to morphological changes that can interfere with optical coherence tomography retinal thickness measurements. The effects of AMD on two available retinal thickness scan modes were tested.

* PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ninety-four scans, equally divided into Radial Line Scans (RLS) and Fast Macula Scans (FMS), of 42 patients with AMD were reviewed. Patients were graded into 4 categories regarding AMD severity. Each scan mode was evaluated for each AMD category.

* RESULTS: In dry moderate AMD, 2% of the RLS and 5% of the FMS thickness measurements failed. In dry progressed AMD, the RLS mode performed better (26% failure rate) than the FMS mode (42% failure rate). However, in exudative AMD the FMS mode performed better (6% failure rate) than the RLS mode (28% failure rate). The difference between the RLS and FMS performance in dry progressed AMD compared with exudative AMD was significant (P < .0001).

* CONCLUSION: The optical coherence tomography retinal thickness scan modes perform differently, depending on AMD severity. Retinal thickness algorithms with better performance are needed to facilitate measurements in patients with AMD.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2005;36:310314.1
Potential Applications of Optical Coherence Tomography in Posterior Segment Trauma
Authors: Rumelt Shimon , Karatas Muge , Ophir Avinoam
Published: January 2019

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To describe potential clinical applications of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in diagnosis and surgical timing in eyes with posterior segment trauma.

* PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a noncomparative study, 7 consecutive patients who had open-globe or closed-globe injury and were found to have posterior abnormality that could also be detected by OCT are described.

* RESULTS: All patients had documented OCT abnormalities in the posterior segment. In one patient with a penetrating injury, two metal foreign bodies were located in the posterior segment, one in the vitreous compartment coupled with inflammatory reaction and localized posterior vitreous detachment and the other embedded in the retina. In a second patient with a penetrating injury, OCT revealed the appearance of posterior vitreous detachment 5 days after injury. A closed-globe injury in one patient resulted in anterior optic neuropathy, manifested as disc edema and thickening of the circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer. The other patients had received blunt trauma and were found to have either full-thickness macular holes (2 patients), retinal pigment epithelium detachment at the papillomacular bundle site (1 patient), or macular edema (1 patient).

* CONCLUSIONS: OCT may serve as an important adjunct imaging device in evaluation of injuries to the posterior segment, qualitatively and quantitatively. It has potential in diagnosing subtle key abnormalities and in follow-up of these injuries.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2005;36:315-322.]
Optical Coherence Tomography Findings After an Intravitreal Injection of Bevacizumab (Avastin®) for Macular Edema From Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
Authors: Rosenfeld Philip J , Fung Anne E , Puliafito Carmen A
Published: January 2019

Abstract. To determine whether bevacizumab could improve visual acuity and optical coherence tomography outcomes in a patient with macular edema from central retinal vein occlusion, an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (1.0 mg) was given. Prior intravitreal injections of triamcinolone acetonide resulted in vision improvement but worsening cataract and borderline glaucoma. Wthin 1 week of the bevacizumab injection, visual acuity improved from 20/200 to 20/50 and optical coherence tomography revealed resolution of the cystic maculopathy. The improvements were maintained for at least 4 weeks. Intravitreal injections of bevacizumab may provide another treatment option for patients with macular edema from vein occlusions. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2005;36:336-339.]
Conjunctival Necrosis Due to Subconjunctival Injection of Betamethasone in Treatment of Graft Rejection After Penetrating Keratoplasty
Authors: Güngor Inci Ulu , Beden Ümit , Erkan Dilek
Published: January 2019

Abstract. A rare side effect of betamethasone applied subconjunctivally is described. A 51 -year-old man who had undergone penetrating keratoplasty in his left eye 2 months previously developed graft rejection and was treated by subconjunctival injection of betamethasone. Within 2 weeks, the patient complained of conjunctival hyperemia and irritation. Biomicroscopic examination revealed conjunctival and subconjunctival necrosis with white necrotic tissue at the subconjunctival corticosteroid injection site. Simple debridement and primary wound closure of the involved area resulted in complete healing. Ophthalmologists should be aware that subconjunctival injection of betamethasone may cause conjunctival necrosis. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2005;36:348-349.]
Bilateral Optic Disc Edema in Patients With Severe Systemic Arterial Hypertension: Clinical Features and Visual Acuity Outcomes
Authors: Scott Ingrid U , Flynn Harry W , Al-Attar Luma , Ganser Gail L , Aragon Antonio V , Lam Byron L
Published: January 2019

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To report clinical features and visual outcomes in patients with bilateral optic disc edema and severe systemic arterial hypertension.

* PATIENTS AND METHODS: Records were reviewed of patients with bilateral optic disc edema, severe arterial hypertension, and 3 or more months of follow-up evaluated at Bascom Palmer Eye Institute between 1982 and 2003.

* RESULTS: Sixteen patients (median age = 41 years; median follow-up = 31 months) were identified. Median blood pressure on initial eye examination was 220 mm Hg systolic and 126 mm Hg diastolic. Among all study eyes, median visual acuity was 20/55 on presentation. At the last follow-up examination, an acuity of 20/50 or better was achieved in 20 (63%) eyes; 12 (75%) patients achieved a final acuity of 20/50 or better in at least one eye. Posterior segment abnormalities at last follow-up included disc pallor (n = 16), macular star (n = 7), retinal pigment epithelial atrophy (n = 7), epiretinal membrane (n = 5), branch retinal vein occlusion (n = 4), and persistent disc edema (n = 2). Causes of final acuity of less than 20/50 included optic atrophy, epiretinal membrane, serous retinal detachment, macular hole, and branch retinal vein occlusion.

* CONCLUSION: Most patients with bilateral optic disc edema and severe arterial hypertension maintained visual acuity of 20/50 or better in at least one eye.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2005,36:374-380.]
Posteriorly Dislocated Capsular Tension Ring
Authors: Levy Jaime , Klemperer Itamar , Lifshitz Tova
Published: January 2019

Abstract. A 69-year-old man who had pseudoexfoliation and significant nuclear cataract underwent cataract surgery in his right eye. At the beginning of the phacoemulsification, inferior zonulolysis was observed and a capsular tension ring was implanted. Anterior vitrectomy was also performed because of vitreous in the anterior chamber at the end of surgery. A tear in the posterior capsule could not be identified. Three days after surgery, the capsular tension ring was observed partially in the anterior vitreous. A 3-port pars plana vitrectomy was performed and the ring was removed. Three weeks later, the eye developed retinal detachment and was successfully repaired. Retinal complications can develop if the capsular tension ring moves into the vitreous. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2005;36:416-418.]
Early Postoperative Macular Features Determined by Optical Coherence Tomography After Idiopathic Macular Hole Surgery With Silicone Oil Tamponade
Authors: Hotta Kazuki
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The configuration of idiopathic macular holes in the early postoperative period after pars plana vitrectomy using optical coherence tomography through silicone oil was evaluated. Pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling and silicone oil instillation was performed on 20 eyes. Optical coherence tomography images were obtained preoperatively and postoperatively. Nineteen eyes (95%) achieved a closed fovea. None of them had a transit foveal contour with flat retina without closure. In the early phase of postoperative idiopathic macular hole repair, inner retinal tissue closure rather than flattening of the fovea is essential for those undergoing pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling and silicone oil instillation. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2005;36:426-431.]
Long-Term Results of External Dacryocystorhinostomy
Authors: Warren John F , Seiff Stuart R , Kavanagh Marsha C
Published: January 2019

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term success following external dacryocystorhinostomy, which is used as a standard in comparing endoscopic or laser techniques.

* PATIENTS AND METHODS: A chart review of 128 patients (150 procedures) undergoing external dacryocystorhinostomy within a 14-year period was undertaken. Patient demographics, symptoms, examination findings, surgical and anesthesia information, postoperative course, and complications were recorded. Lack of tearing or evidence of dacryocystitis at the final postoperative visit was considered a successful result.

* RESULTS: External dacryocystorhinostomy was found to be highly successful, with an overall 93% success rate at an average follow-up of 2.7 years. Kaplan-Meier analysis of the data, applied for the first time in this study, predicts a success rate of 90% beyond 4 years. Most important, this demonstrated that most surgical failures were identified in the first 2 years. Postoperative complications were rare and the surgical scar was not a source of patient concern in most cases.

* CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that external dacryocystorhinostomy is a highly successful longterm solution to nasolacrimal duct obstruction with low morbidity.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2005;36:446450.]
Chorioretinal Neovascularization After Radial Optic Neurotomy for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
Authors: Schneider Ulrike , Inhoffen Werner , Grisanti Salvatore , Völker Michael , Bartz-Schmidt Karl Ulrich
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Radial optic neurotomy was recently introduced for the treatment of central retinal vein occlusion. Two patients developed chorioretinal neovascularization through the radial cut of the optic disc after pars plana vitrectomy, radial optic neurotomy, and endophotocoagulation. Patients undergoing radial optic neurotomy should be closely observed to minimize the risk of this complication. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2005;36:508-511.]
Palaeoenvironmental evolution from the early Holocene to the present of the Almenara marsh (western Mediterranean)
Authors: Blázquez-Morilla Ana M. , Rodríguez-Pérez Ana , Sanjuán-Lamata Daniel
Published: January 2019

The main aim of this study is to characterize the different stages in the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the Almenara marsh, Spain, from the early Holocene to the present day. This marsh is one of the most important in Castellón province. Five cores extracted from the marsh underwent sedimentological analysis, micropalaeontological study (foraminifera, ostracods and gastropods) and 14C dating. The results show that before the maximum transgression of the Mediterranean during the Marine Isotope Stage 1 (5500 cal yr. BP dating in the Almenara marsh), the area was occupied by a brackish marsh (prior to the 8.2 ka event). During the middle Holocene, the regional sea level rise and later stability caused an oligohaline/freshwater marsh with fluctuating water levels to form. This marsh occupied the entire area of today’s Almenara marsh at least between 7570 and 2780 cal yr BP. The results may indicate a phase of greater contribution of groundwater inputs (and rainfall/riverine discharge) during the middle Holocene as a response to a climatic phase characterized by higher humidity. Today, the marsh is filled with sediments from natural and anthropic processes related to the agricultural activity carried out throughout the area (except for the central part, which has been reclaimed as wetland). The water of the present-day marsh (like that prior to 8.2 ka event) is brackish, as is indicated by the benthic foraminiferal assemblage; this contrasts with the earlier oligohaline/freshwater marsh determined in the survey cores during the middle Holocene until the time of the Iberian culture.
Native vs. Hybrid Mobile Applications as Society Enters the Internet of Things
Authors: Heard Irvin Renzell , Ardila Norman R
Published: January 2019

For nearly two decades, desktops dominated as the primary means of accessing the internet until 2007, the era of mobile phones with touchscreens capability entered the market by Apple Inc. Currently, the high demand of accessibility and mobility through mobile technology is adding more pressure on application developers leaving them to focus more on “meeting deadlines than application security,” which is a critical component as hybrid applications play a significant role in the advancement of IoT and cross-platform compatibility. New technologies are adopting unresolved security issues from the latter. This article aims to initiate discussions within the development and research community regarding hybrid mobile app security, market, role in IoT, advantages, disadvantages, security challenges and the best practices as society enters into a new paradigm envisioned as a ubiquitous global network.
A Survey of IPv6 Addressing Schemes for Internet of Things
Authors: Kumar Gyanendra , Tomar Parul
Published: January 2019

As IPv4 addresses are already exhausted before the beginning of Internet of Thing (IoT), IPv6 is widely used to assign unique identity to IoT nodes. In this article, the analysis of different components required in assigning IPv6 addresses to IoT nodes, a survey of IPv6 address assignment schemes and an examination of the different kinds of IPv6 addresses are presented. This article highlights the architectural complexity of IoT technologies, protocol stacks, limitations of IoT nodes, renumbering, multihoming, the merging of IoT network and other challenges towards assigning of IPv6 address to IoT nodes. A comprehensive survey on recent addressing schemes with classification based on allocation tables and spatial information are presented. This survey describes the address allocation mechanism, performance on different metrics, the area of applicability, and the merits and demerits of different addressing schemes. It also describes the future research options addressing IoT.
Effect of a Flipped Classroom on Knowledge Acquisition and Retention in an Internal Medicine Residency Program
Authors: Graham Kelly L. , Cohen Amy , Reynolds Eileen E. , Huang Grace C.
Published: January 2019

Background 

The flipped classroom is a teaching approach with strong evidence for effectiveness in undergraduate medical education. Objective data for its implementation in graduate medical education are limited.

Objective 

We assessed the efficacy of the flipped classroom compared with standard approaches on knowledge acquisition and retention in residency education.

Methods 

During academic year 2016–2017, 63 medical interns in a large academic internal medical residency program on their ambulatory block were randomized to a flipped classroom or standard classroom during a 6-hour cardiovascular prevention curriculum. The primary outcome was performance on a 51-question knowledge test at preintervention, immediate postintervention, and 3- to 6-month postintervention (delayed postintervention). Secondary outcomes included satisfaction with the instructional method and preparation time for the flipped classroom versus standard approach. We also examined feasibility and barriers to the flipped classroom experience.

Results 

All 63 interns (100%) responded during the preintervention period, 59 of 63 (94%) responded during the postintervention period, and 36 of 63 (57%) responded during the delayed postintervention. The flipped classroom approach significantly improved knowledge acquisition immediately after the curriculum compared with the standard approach (knowledge test scores 77% versus 65%, P < .0001). This effect was sustained several months later (70% versus 62%, P = .0007). Participants were equally satisfied with the flipped classroom and standard classroom.

Conclusions 

A flipped classroom showed greater effectiveness in knowledge gain compared with a standard approach in an ambulatory residency environment.
Contribuições da hermenêutica de Paul Ricoeur para uma teoria da narratividade jornalística
Authors: Lage Leandro Rodrigues
Published: January 2019

O objetivo do texto é explorar a dimensão narrativa do fazer jornalístico a partir das contribuições teóricas da hermenêutica narrativa de P. Ricoeur. Trata-se de um ensaio teórico, no qual, busca-se abordar a noção de narrativa jornalística à luz da operação mediadora da narração, que se desenvolve entre a experiência dos acontecimentos e os processos de leitura e interpretação, por meio da configuração de um enredo ou intriga. A linha argumentativa tensiona pelo menos três percepções sobre o caráter narrativo do jornalismo: a de que tal dimensão narrativa do fazer jornalístico se ancora no fato de que é intrínseco a esta instância social a atividade de contar histórias; a defesa da narrativa jornalística como espécie de modalidade, gênero ou estrutura textual e discursiva; e a de que a qualidade narrativa do jornalismo ameaça a construção das relações de referencialidade com os acontecimentos, orientadas pelo ideal da objetividade.