bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acoustic phonon softening and reduced thermal conductivity in Mg2Si1−xSnx solid solutions
Authors: Tan X. J. , Liu G. Q. , Shao H. Z. , Xu J. T. , Yu B. , Jiang H. C. , Jiang J.
Published: April 2017

The measured thermal conductivity κph of Mg2Si1−xSnx solid solutions exhibits a dramatic decrease compared with Mg2Si and Mg2Sn. By solving the full Boltzmann equation, the significantly reduced κph was quantitatively reproduced by our calculations. Besides the expected increase in phonon-phonon scattering, we also observed acoustic phonon softening in Mg2Si1−xSnx, despite their smaller average atomic mass relative to Mg2Sn. In agreement with measurements, the lowest κph appears in Mg2Si0.375Sn0.625, which has the shortest mean free path and lowest group velocity. According to our calculated cumulative curve, nanoinclusions of tens of nanometers are suggested for the further reduction of κph in Mg2Si1−xSnx solid solution.
Electrical properties of isotype and anisotype ZnO/4H-SiC heterojunction diodes
Authors: Taube Andrzej , Sochacki Mariusz , Kwietniewski Norbert , Werbowy Aleksander , Gierałtowska Sylwia , Wachnicki Łukasz , Godlewski Marek , Szmidt Jan
Published: April 2017

Electrical properties of isotype n-ZnO/n-4H-SiC and anisotype n-ZnO/p-4H-SiC heterojunction diodes have been investigated and compared. The influence of the electron concentration in ZnO on diode parameters has been also examined. ZnO/4H-SiC heterojunctions fabricated by atomic layer deposition of ZnO on bulk 4H-SiC substrates show highly rectifying behaviour with leakage current values lower than 10−11A. The isotype heterojunction diodes demonstrate better electrical properties than anisotype heterojunction diodes, in particular lower values of ideality factors (1.13–1.2 as compared to 1.36–1.52), series resistance (5–7 Ω as compared to 66–80 Ω), capacitance (2 times lower, at 0 V), and built-in voltage (1.13–1.42 V as compared to 1.78–1.87 V). Diodes with higher doped ZnO layers show lower series resistance and built-in voltage as compared to diodes with lower doped ZnO layers. Isotype as well as anisotype heterojunction diodes demonstrate a strong influence of UV-light illumination on reverse current-voltage characteristics; however, isotype structures with n-4H-SiC show lower reverse current under cyan (λ = 488 nm) light illumination as to anisotype structures with p-type 4H-SiC, due to the lack of donor-acceptor pair absorption. This makes ZnO/4H-SiC isotype heterojunction diodes more suitable for visible-blind UV photodetectors than the anisotype ones.
Multi-photon transitions in coupled plasmon-cyclotron resonance measured by millimeter-wave reflection
Authors: Zhang Jie , Liu Ruiyuan , Du Rui-Rui , Pfeiffer L. N. , West K. W.
Published: April 2017

We construct a low-temperature microwave waveguide interferometer for measuring the high-frequency properties of two-dimensional electron gases. Coupled plasmon-cyclotron resonance (PCR) spectra are used to extract effective mass, bulk plasmon frequency, and carrier relaxation times. In contrast to traditional transmission spectroscopy, this method does not require sample preparation and is nondestructive. PCR signals can be resolved with a microwave power source as low as 10 nW. We observe PCR in the multi-photon transition regime, which has been proposed to be relevant to the microwave-induced resistance oscillations.
Polo kinase mediates the phosphorylation and cellular localization of Nuf/FIP3, a Rab11 effector
Authors: Brose Lotti , Crest Justin , Tao Li , Sullivan William
Published: April 2017

Animal cytokinesis involves both actin-myosin–based contraction and vesicle-mediated membrane addition. In many cell types, including early Drosophila embryos, Nuf/FIP3, a Rab11 effector, mediates recycling endosome (RE)–based vesicle delivery to the cytokinesis furrow. Nuf exhibits a cell cycle–regulated concentration at the centrosome that is accompanied by dramatic changes in its phosphorylation state. Here we demonstrate that maximal phosphorylation of Nuf occurs at prophase, when centrosome-associated Nuf disperses throughout the cytoplasm. Accordingly, ectopic Cdk1 activation results in immediate Nuf dispersal from the centrosome. Screening of candidate kinases reveals a specific, dosage-sensitive interaction between Nuf and Polo with respect to Nuf-mediated furrow formation. Inhibiting Polo activity results in Nuf underphosphorylation and prolonged centrosome association. In vitro, Polo directly binds and is required for Nuf phosphorylation at Ser-225 and Thr-227, matching previous in vivo–mapped phosphorylation sites. These results demonstrate a role for Polo kinase in directly mediating Nuf cell cycle–dependent localization.
PyGOLD: a python based API for docking based virtual screening workflow generation
Authors: Patel Hitesh , Brinkjost Tobias , Koch Oliver
Published: April 2017

Motivation

Molecular docking is one of the successful approaches in structure based discovery and development of bioactive molecules in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry. Due to the huge amount of computational time that is still required, docking is often the last step in a virtual screening approach. Such screenings are set as workflows spanned over many steps, each aiming at different filtering task. These workflows can be automatized in large parts using python based toolkits except for docking using the docking software GOLD. However, within an automated virtual screening workflow it is not feasible to use the GUI in between every step to change the GOLD configuration file. Thus, a python module called PyGOLD was developed, to parse, edit and write the GOLD configuration file and to automate docking based virtual screening workflows.

Availability and Implementation

The latest version of PyGOLD, its documentation and example scripts are available at: http://www.ccb.tu-dortmund.de/koch or http://www.agkoch.de. PyGOLD is implemented in Python and can be imported as a standard python module without any further dependencies.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Far-Lateral Approach Without Drilling the Occipital Condyle for Vertebral Artery–Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysms
Authors: Seoane Pablo , Kalb Samuel , Clark Justin C. , Rivas Juan C. , Xu David S. , Mendes George A. C. , Preul Mark C. , Zabramski Joseph M. , Spetzler Robert F. , Nakaji Peter
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND: The far-lateral transcondylar surgical approach is often used to clip vertebral artery (VA) and posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysms. The role of condyle resection during this approach is controversial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate patient outcomes in patients with VA–PICA aneurysms in whom drilling the occipital condyle was not necessary.

METHODS: Between May 2005 and December 2012, a total of 56 consecutive patients with incidental or ruptured VA–PICA aneurysms underwent surgery with a far-lateral approach without condylar resection. Clinical presentation, surgical reports, presurgery and postsurgery radiological examinations, and clinical follow-up reports were assessed. Anatomic aneurysm location was analyzed through angiography or computed tomography angiography. We compared postsurgical Glasgow Outcome Scale scores, modified Rankin Scale scores, and morbidity in 2 groups: those with aneurysms in the anterior medullary segment and those with aneurysms in the lateral medullary segment.

RESULTS: The predominant presentation was subarachnoid hemorrhage in 34 patients (60.7%). Most aneurysms (n = 27 [48.2%]) were located in the lateral medullary segment of the PICA, followed by the anterior medullary segment (n = 25 [44.6%]). Total aneurysm occlusion was achieved in 100% of patients, and bypass techniques were necessary in 3 patients (5.4%). Fifty-two patients (92.8%) had Glasgow Outcome Scale scores of 4 or 5 postsurgery.

CONCLUSIONS: A far-lateral approach that leaves the occipital condyle intact is adequate for treating most patients with VA–PICA aneurysms.
Lysinibacillus massiliensis Panniculitis Masquerading as Erythema Nodosum: A Case Report
Authors: Jin Jay J. , Keith Phillip J. , Cummins Nathan W. , Kane Sunanda V. , Pritt Bobbi S. , Sanchez Joyce L.
Published: April 2017

Lysinibacillus massiliensis, formerly Bacillus massiliensis, is an environmental Gram-positive bacillus that is generally non-pathogenic. Rare case reports in immunosuppressed patients have described sepsis with this organism. In this study, we report a case of L massiliensis as a cause of infectious panniculitis mimicking erythema nodosum after infusion of autologous adipose-derived stem cells in an immunosuppressed patient with refractory Crohn’s disease. This case highlights the importance of care providers to consider exposures and host factors when interpreting culture results with otherwise benign organisms.
Factors for a Good Surgical Outcome in Posterior Decompression and Dekyphotic Corrective Fusion with Instrumentation for Thoracic Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament: Prospective Single-Center Study
Authors: Imagama Shiro , Ando Kei , Kobayashi Kazuyoshi , Hida Tetsuro , Ito Kenyu , Tsushima Mikito , Ishikawa Yoshimoto , Matsumoto Akiyuki , Morozumi Masayoshi , Tanaka Satoshi , Machino Masaaki , Ota Kyotaro , Nakashima Hiroaki , Nishida Yoshihiro , Matsuyama Yukihiro , Ishiguro Naoki
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND

Surgery for thoracic ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (T-OPLL) is still challenging, and factors for good surgical outcomes are unknown.

OBJECTIVE

To identify factors for good surgical outcomes with prospective and comparative study.

METHODS

Seventy-one consecutive patients who underwent posterior decompression and instrumented fusion were divided into good or poor outcome groups based on ≥50% and <50% recovery rates for the Japanese Orthopaedic Association score. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative findings were compared in the 2 groups, and significant factors for a good outcome were analyzed.

RESULTS

Patients with a good outcome (76%) had significantly lower nonambulatory rate and positive prone and supine position tests preoperatively; lower rates of T-OPLL, ossification of the ligamentum flavum, high-intensity area at the same level, thoracic spinal cord alignment difference, and spinal canal stenosis on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging; lower estimated blood loss; higher rates of intraoperative spinal cord floating and absence of deterioration of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring; and lower rates of postoperative complications (P < .0005). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, negative prone and supine position test (odds ratio [OR]: 17.00), preoperative ambulatory status (OR: 6.05), absence of T-OPLL, ossification of the ligamentum flavum, high-intensity area at the same level (OR: 5.84), intraoperative spinal cord floating (OR: 4.98), and lower estimated blood loss (OR: 1.01) were significant factors for a good surgical outcome.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated that early surgery is recommended during these positive factors. Appropriate surgical planning based on preoperative thoracic spinal cord alignment difference, as well as sufficient spinal cord decompression and reduction of complications using intraoperative ultrasonography and intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring, may improve surgical outcomes.
Posterior Quadrant Disconnection: A Fiber Dissection Study
Authors: Verhaeghe Alexander , Decramer Thomas , Naets Wim , Van Paesschen Wim , van Loon Johannes , Theys Tom
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND

Posterior quadrant disconnection can be highly effective in the surgical treatment of selected cases of refractory epilepsy. The technique aims to deafferent extensive areas of epileptogenic posterior cortex from the rest of the brain by isolating the temporoparietooccipital cortex.

OBJECTIVE

To describe this procedure and relevant white matter tracts with a specific emphasis on the extent of callosotomy in an anatomic study.

METHODS

Twenty hemispheres were dissected according to Klingler's fiber dissection technique illustrating the peri-insular (temporal stem, superior longitudinal fasciculus, corona radiata) and mesial disconnection (mesiotemporal cortex, cingulum, and corpus callosum).

RESULTS

Extensive white matter tract disconnection is obtained after posterior quadrant disconnection. Callosal fibers connecting the anterior most part of the parietal cortex invariably ran through the isthmus of the corpus callosum and need to be disconnected, while frontal lobe connections including the corticospinal tract and the anterior two-thirds of the corpus callosum are spared during the procedure.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest the involvement of both the splenium and the isthmus in interhemispheric propagation in posterior cortex epilepsies. Sectioning the total extent of the posterior one-third of the corpus callosum might therefore be necessary to achieve optimal outcomes in posterior quadrant epilepsy surgery.
Lumbar Drains Decrease the Risk of Postoperative Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Following Endonasal Endoscopic Surgery for Suprasellar Meningiomas in Patients With High Body Mass Index
Authors: Cohen Salomon , Jones Samuel H , Dhandapani Sivashanmugam , Negm Hazem M , Anand Vijay K , Schwartz Theodore H
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND

Postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak is a persistent, albeit much less prominent, complication following endonasal endoscopic surgery. The pathology with highest risk is suprasellar meningiomas. A postoperative lumbar drain (LD) is used to decrease the risk of CSF leak but is not universally accepted.

OBJECTIVE

To compare the rates of postoperative CSF leak between patients with and without LD who underwent endonasal endoscopic surgical resection of suprasellar meningiomas.

METHODS

A consecutive series of newly diagnosed suprasellar meningiomas was drawn from a prospectively acquired database of endonasal endoscopic surgeries at our institution. An intraoperative, preresection LD was placed and left open at 5 cc/h for ∼48 h. In a subset of patients, the LD could not be placed. Rates of postoperative CSF leak were compared between patients with and without an LD.

RESULTS

Twenty-five patients underwent endonasal endoscopic surgical resection of suprasellar meningiomas. An LD could not be placed in 2 patients. There were 2 postoperative CSF leaks (8%), both of which occurred in the patients who did not have an LD (P = .0033). The average body mass index (BMI) of the patients in whom the LD could not be placed was 39.1 kg/m2, compared with 27.6 kg/m2 for those in whom the LD could be placed (P = .009). In the subgroup of obese patients (BMI > 30 kg/m2), LD placement was protective against postoperative CSF leak (P = .022).

CONCLUSION

The inability to place an LD in patients with obesity is a risk factor for postoperative CSF leak. An LD may be useful to prevent postoperative CSF leak, particularly in patients with elevated BMI.
Electoral Systems and Voter Turnout
Authors: Smith Daniel M.
Published: April 2017

What is the relationship between electoral rules and voter turnout? To answer this question, this chapter begins with the more general question of why voters turn out on Election Day at all. The chapter then reviews the main theoretical arguments and empirical evidence of how electoral rules affect voters’ turnout decisions, as well as the puzzles that have emerged from that literature. It then highlights some recent theoretical, methodological, and empirical advancements using subnational data and electoral system reforms that have refined our understanding about the interaction between electoral rules, competitiveness, and turnout. Finally, the chapter explores new and promising directions for further research.
Neural Control of Swimming in Nudipleura Molluscs
Authors: Katz Paul S. , Sakurai Akira
Published: April 2017

This article compares the neural basis for swimming in sea slugs belonging to the Nudipleura clade of molluscs. There are two primary forms of swimming. One, dorsal/ventral (DV) body flexions, is typified by Tritonia diomedea and Pleurobranchaea californica. Although Tritonia and Pleurobranchaea evolved DV swimming independently, there are at least two homologous neurons in the central pattern generators (CPGs) underlying DV swimming in these species. Furthermore, both species have serotonergic neuromodulation of synaptic strength intrinsic to their CPGs. The other form of swimming is with alternating left/right (LR) body flexions. Melibe and Dendronotus belong to a clade of species that all swim with LR body flexions. Although the swimming behavior is homologous, their swim CPGs differ in both cellular composition and in the details of the neural mechanisms. Thus, similar behaviors have independently evolved through parallel use of homologous neurons, and homologous behaviors can be produced by different neural mechanisms.
Cnidarian Neurobiology
Authors: Satterlie Richard
Published: April 2017

Important cnidarian contributions to our understanding of nervous system evolution may be found in the arrangement of conducting systems and their interactions. We see multiple, diffuse systems that interact to produce specific behaviors, the compression of conducting systems into compact directional or bidirectional conduction systems, and accumulation of multiple compressed conducting systems into integrating structures like nerve rings. We even see ganglion-like rhopalia that contain bilateral and directional conducting pathways. We now know that this compression and specificity of connections is controlled by conserved sets of genetic commands similar to those found in bilateral animals, and likely in common ancestors. This gradation in centralization is only limited in a directed pathway by the unique radial symmetry of cnidarians. Based on the compression of cnidarian conducting systems into integrating centers (nerve rings and rhopalia), the primary hurdle to cephalization is body symmetry. Medusoid cnidarians possess multiple “brains” connected by conducting systems that, by necessity, are nonpolarized.
Memes and Recombinant Appropriation
Authors: Voigts Eckart
Published: April 2017

This essay considers the ways in which new intertextual forms engendered by emerging technologies—mashups, remixes, reboots, samplings, remodelings, transformations—further develop the impulse to adapt and appropriate, and the ways in which they challenge the theory and practice of adaptation and appropriation. It argues that broad notions of adaptation in adaptation studies and the emergence of media protocols are useful for the analysis of recombinant appropriations and adaptations/appropriations in general. It explores the political and aesthetic dimensions of participatory mashups and viewer engagements with, and appropriations of, transmedia franchises, taking a variety of Internet memes and the BBC franchise Sherlock as case studies and focusing on the politically, ethically, and aesthetically transgressive potential of recombinant adaptations.
Popular Song and Adaptation
Authors: Ingham Mike
Published: April 2017

Popular song is a genre that is characterized by adaptation and appropriation practices, in much the same way that other creative media and literary and screen genres are. In arguing that the relationship between the economically and socially significant creative song industry and adaptation theory and practice has not been sufficiently recognized hitherto, Chapter 18 introduces a framework for exploring both intramedial and intermedial varieties of adaptation. Taking off from American song composer Ned Rorem’s provocative designation of the song form as “a bastard,” the essay propounds a taxonomy of types and variations, providing and discussing illustrative examples of each.
Zombies Are Everywhere
Authors: Hattnher Álvaro
Published: April 2017

Inverting the conventional vector in adaptations (literature to film) restores to life texts that, on occasion or for some audiences, might be dead. Chapter 21 demonstrates the ways zombie apocalypse narratives in different media function as constant adaptations created from a collective hypotext formed by the films in George Romero’s Living Dead hexalogy. To embrace this inversion and the myriad possibilities it unleashes within the set of the existing textual architectures requires the extension and transformation of the very concept of adaptation. This transformation involves both a greater inclusion of non-canonical texts and their various textual architectures and a greater willingness to reorient prevailing analyses of adaptation. It also poses the challenge of developing specific analytical tools to deal with the formal specificities presented by the adaptation of those non-canonical texts.
Nineteenth-Century Theatrical Adaptations of Novels
Authors: Miller Renata Kobetts
Published: April 2017

In the Victorian period, novels were commonly adapted to the stage. Such adaptations have been criticized both in the nineteenth century and in evaluative criticism, subjected to a more general neglect of Victorian drama, and even identified as a cause of the decline of the theater. This essay argues, however, that the devalued, impermanent, and immaterial theatrical performance can have enduring effects. It examines the adaptation histories of two novels at each end of the Victorian period that were famously, persistently, competitively, and controversially adapted to the stage and that continue to live on in film and stage adaptations: Charles Dickens’s Nicholas Nickleby (1838–39) and Robert Louis Stevenson’s “Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde” (1886). These case studies demonstrate that even as theatrical adaptations capitalized on novels, they also gave rise to a cultural afterlife that eclipsed the life of their source texts.
Adaptation and Interactivity
Authors: Meikle Kyle
Published: April 2017

In recent years, the novel/film debate of adaptation studies yore has given way to another binary between old media and new, one in which adaptation scholars posit apps and videogames as more participatory than such predecessors as novels and films. This essay turns to the eminently interactive genre of children’s fiction to challenge the claim that digital adaptations necessarily involve different kinds of participation than other adaptive modes. Instead of asking what new media can do that old media cannot, it asks what adaptations can do that other texts cannot, tracing the movement of Maurice Sendak’s Where the Wild Things Are across books, films, plays, and videogames to ask what kinds of interactivity adaptations—rather than particular media—invite from their audiences.
Adaptation and Fidelity
Authors: Johnson David T.
Published: April 2017

Chapter 5 is an introduction to one of the most contentious concepts in adaptation studies: fidelity, or the idea that a given aesthetic object—traditionally, in adaptation studies, a film—reflects a faithful understanding of its source—traditionally, a literary text, especially a novel, play, or short story. Beginning by acknowledging the vexed history of the term for adaptation studies, especially in its recurring rejection, the essay investigates some representative moments in that history before turning to places where the use of fidelity to investigate adaptations—or what would come to be known as fidelity studies—might have found support. As it continues, the essay challenges the commonly held assumption that journalism is to blame for the recurring fascination with fidelity, and ends by suggesting three possible directions for fidelity in the future of adaptation studies in the years ahead.
Midrashic Adaptation
Authors: Zierler Wendy
Published: April 2017

An enduring mode of retelling and interpretation, the genre of rabbinic midrash can be adopted as a model for the study of biblical adaptation as well as adaptation writ large. This approach is source-centered, always emphasizing the relationship of the new text to the original text. At the same time, the midrashic approach allows for a radical reshaping of the materials to fit contemporary concerns. This essay explores several forms of midrashic adaptation of the stories the biblical Moses—exegetical, homiletic, narrative and running commentary, and figurative. In Hebraic tradition, Moses is not merely a character in a story: he is the speaker, writer, and transmitter of the Torah. Adaptations of Moses thus do not merely function as discrete re-enactments or interpretations but also provide commentary on the very idea of biblical adaptability and the unfolding nature of Torah.
Silent Ghosts on the Screen
Authors: Hanssen Eirik Frisvold
Published: April 2017

During the 1910s and early 1920s, some thirty known film adaptations of works by Henrik Ibsen were produced in a number of countries. Chapter 9 examines the four American silent film Ibsen adaptations still known to exist: The Pillars of Society (1911), Peer Gynt (1915), Ghosts (1915), and Pillars of Society (1916). Drawing on extant film material, contemporary film reviews, and trade press articles, it approaches these films, through their various adaptation strategies and their trade press reception, in terms of broader discourses about what is often characterized as the transitional period in US film history, focusing in particular on discussions throughout the 1910s concerning medium specificity and media borders. The essay emphasizes stylistic and narrative strategies in the four films, in particular those connected to space, narrative, and performance, as well as ethical and moral considerations associated with the Ibsen film, including their contemporaneous reception.
Colonization, Sinicization, and the Polyscriptic Northwest
Authors: Chin Tamara T.
Published: April 2017

This chapter gives a chronological sketch of China’s past as a real and imagined part of a culturally larger history. It addresses the significance of the historiographic paradigms of colonization and Sinicization, highlighting the literary genres and frontier contexts that complicate linear narratives of empire and literary practice. The final section on the “Polyscriptic Northwest” introduces the diversity of literatures in foreign scripts and languages that flourished alongside Literary Chinese texts in eastern Central Asia (China’s Northwest). Throughout the first millennium ce, mass migration across the politically polycentric Northwest led to different practices of acculturation. This included the adoption of non-Chinese and Chinese writing for religious and secular purposes. Given the traditional prestige of writing in China as a signifier of civilization (wen), this encounter with foreign (non-Sinographic) scripts, and not simply foreign languages, marks a watershed; hence the heuristic emphasis here on “polyscriptic” rather than multilingual.
Iris Murdoch on Love
Authors: Forsberg Niklas
Published: April 2017

It is quite clear that love plays an absolutely crucial role in Iris Murdoch’s philosophy. This chapter argues that Murdoch, in contrast to much contemporary philosophy, does not so much develop a theory of love that explains why and in what sense love is good or bad for philosophy. Murdoch’s problem is not the question whether one ought to bring the concept of love into other regions of thought, but to make clear that love is always already there. Murdoch is not asking us to broaden our concept of morality (or knowledge, or art) in such a way that love can be included. Murdoch should rather be seen as inquiring into, and questioning, an exclusion. She is asking us to pay attention to love and to think about why it has been blotted out, and by which means.
The Early Stages: Pre-1910
Authors: Tjørhom Ola
Published: April 2017

The chapter gives an account of the roots of the modern ecumenical movement, of the latter’s social and ecclesial context, and of its first organizational manifestations leading up to the World Missionary Conference in Edinburgh 1910. This predominantly Protestant movement developed in a setting marked by the climax of modernity and increasing secularization in northern societies, colonization and missionary enterprises in the south, polarization in theology, and denominationalism in church life. It drew from diverse sources, such as the YMCA/YWCA, the WSCF, the Evangelical Alliance and the missionary movement, and from the commitment of individuals such as John R. Mott. Its key aim was to promote cooperation in mission, to prevent the export of denominational divisions to the south, and to call the churches to unity. The movement facilitated a growing shift from confessionalism to ecumenicity.
Faith and Order
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey
Published: April 2017

Generically, ‘faith and order’ designates the contents of doctrinal belief and the patterns of social and governmental structure that mark the historically varied communities that claim the name and status of ‘church’. Concern with these closely connected areas has been central to the worldwide ecumenical movement since the early twentieth century. The chapter focuses on the Faith and Order Commission of the World Council of Churches, which has the overall aim of calling the churches to the goal of visible unity in order that the world may believe. It considers the activities and organization of the Commission, and various fruits of its work across a range of issues, including the apostolic faith, anthropological and moral issues, tradition, and ecclesiology. It particularly highlights the consensus document on ‘Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry’ (1982), and the process culminating in the report: ‘The Church: Towards a Common Vision’ (2013).
Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity
Authors: Radano John A.
Published: April 2017

This chapter discusses the origin and work of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity (PCPCU) as the major instrument of the Holy See for ecumenical matters. Established in 1960, it was first an instrument of the Second Vatican Council, assisting the Council especially, but not exclusively, in decisions relating to ecumenism and inter-religious matters. Constituted part of the Roman Curia after Vatican II, it has continued in light of the Council’s Decree on Ecumenism to promote the goal of Christian unity by engaging in ecumenical dialogue and collaboration with other Christians and ecumenical organizations, by advancing ecumenical formation and education within the Catholic Church, and by cultivating, with ecumenical partners, the reception of achievements resulting from dialogue. Related to the PCPCU, though with different goals, is the Holy See’s Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews, tasked with implementing Vatican II’s decree, Nostra Aetate, n. 4.
United States of America
Authors: Gros Jeffrey
Published: April 2017

The chapter considers the development of ecumenism in the United States, noting particular historical, cultural, and religious factors that have influenced relations there between Christians from many different backgrounds. Religious freedom, associated with the separation of Church and state, has given rise to a rich diversity of religious communities, but tolerance has also in some ways blurred confessional boundaries and complicated theological dialogue and the effort for visible Christian unity. The origin and role of the National Association of Evangelicals, the National Council of Churches of Christ in the USA, and Christian Churches Together in the USA are described, together with initiatives which have given rise to the United Church of Christ and to the Church Uniting in Christ. Bilateral dialogues and some of their fruits are considered, as well as many ways in which Christian bodies collaborate more broadly. Continuing issues in the American context are identified and discussed.
Methodist
Authors: Chapman David M.
Published: April 2017

The chapter investigates the ways in which Methodism, both globally and nationally, has viewed ecumenism theoretically and practically, responded to its challenges and opportunities, and contributed to its development. First, the chapter examines ecumenical method in Methodism and its foundations in Methodist missiology. Secondly, it outlines Methodist/Wesleyan involvement in selected ecumenical bodies (World Methodist Council, World Council of Churches, Global Christian Forum) and relations with other Christian communities, including participation in unity schemes. Thirdly, it surveys Methodism’s international bilateral dialogues respectively with Roman Catholics, Anglicans, Lutheran, Reformed, Orthodox, and the Salvation Army. Finally, taking stock of the present ecumenical situation, the chapter identifies two methodological issues that require attention from Methodists as they continue to engage in ecumenical activity.
The CoExistence of Copyright and Patent Laws to Protect InnovationA Case Study of 3D Printing in UK and Australian Law
Authors: Mendis Dinusha , Nielsen Jane , Nicol Diane , Li Phoebe
Published: April 2017

The chapter considers the challenges faced by intellectual property (IP) laws, in particular copyright and patent laws, in responding to emerging technologies and innovation like 3D printing and scanning. It provides a brief introduction to 3D printing before moving to detailed analysis of relevant UK and Australian jurisprudence. Through this comparative analysis, the chapter explores whether copyright and patent laws can effectively protect innovation in this emerging technology, including consideration of both subsistence and infringement. The chapter suggests that 3D printing, like most other technologies, has a universal reach, yet subtle differences in the wording and interpretation of IP legislation between jurisdictions could lead to anomalies in levels of protection. It explores the possibility of a sui generis regime of IP protection for 3D printing, but submits that a nuanced reworking of existing regimes is, in the vast majority of circumstances, likely to be a sufficient response.
Zooarchaeological evidence for Muslim improvement of sheep (Ovis aries) in Portugal
Authors: Davis Simon J. M.
Published: April 2017

During the ‘Arab Green Revolution’, Moslems introduced new irrigation techniques and new plants like sugar cane, rice, cotton, spinach, bananas, pomegranates, and citrus trees to southern Portugal. But we know little about the livestock sector in both the Moslem period and following the subsequent Christian conquest. This study of osteometric variation of sheep from archaeological sites in southern Portugal (the part that was once under Moslem rule) reveals an increase in the size of this animal in Moslem times. It is assumed that a size increase reflects improvement, which can be understood given the popularity of mutton in the Moslem world.
The zooarchaeology of Medieval Ireland
Authors: McCormick Finbar , Murray Emily
Published: April 2017

This paper presents an overview of the main trends in animal exploitation in the Medieval period in Ireland as revealed by the zooarchaeological data. Cattle dominated the farming economy and diet throughout the period with dairying being their principal role. Sheep are consistently present. The growth of the wool trade after the Anglo-Norman conquest is evident in assemblages from the east and southeast, though it is not a strong trend with their use as a source of meat persisting throughout the Medieval period. An urban–rural dichotomy is also evident in the exploitation of pigs, goats, cats, dogs, and domestic poultry. The native Irish clearly took little interest in the exploitation of wild animals, unlike the Anglo-Normans for whom the consumption and hunting of game played an important role.
The zooarchaeology of Neolithic China
Authors: Liu Li , Ma Xiaolin
Published: April 2017

China is one of the few primary loci of animal domestication and of emergent agriculture in the world; Chinese society has been predominantly agrarian for thousands of years, a process that began in the Neolithic (7000–2000 cal bc). Among the most important domestic animals known in Neolithic China, pig and dog were first domesticated indigenously. Sheep, goat, cattle, and horse were introduced into northern China later through the Eurasian steppes. The zebu and buffalo were probably introduced first into southwest China. The chicken is the least understood domesticate. Domestic animals not only played crucial roles in the subsistence economy, but were also used as ritual offerings at various ceremonial events, facilitating social elites’ negotiation for power.
Pastoralism in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Gifford-Gonzalez Diane
Published: April 2017

African pastoralism is distinctive from that of Southwest Asia, focusing on dairy production with cattle, sheep, and goats. The latter were domesticated in Southwest Asia and introduced, but debate continues on whether indigenous African aurochs contributed genes to African domestic cattle. Pastoralism emerged in what was then a grassy Sahara and shifted south with the mid-Holocene aridification. Zooarchaeology and genetics show the donkey is a mid-Holocene African domesticate, emerging as an aid to pastoral mobility during increasing aridity. Pastoralism is the earliest form of domesticate-based food production in sub-Saharan Africa, with farming emerging millennia later. Human genetics and lipid analysis of Saharan ceramics shows an early reliance on dairying. With the emergence of pastoralism, new economies and social relations emerged that were carried by pastoralists across the whole of Africa.
Animal use at early colonies on the southeastern coast of the United States
Authors: Reitz Elizabeth J.
Published: April 2017

Data from three early European-sponsored colonies in North America indicate that changes in animal use occurred quickly. Over half of the meat from vertebrate sources in a Spanish assemblage associated with the first permanent European settlement on the Atlantic coast (Florida) and a French assemblage from the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico near Mobile (Alabama) are from local, wild animals. The English assemblage associated with Charles Towne (South Carolina) reflects the rapid development of a short-lived cattle industry. Early colonists by and large practised a strategy that combined similar arrays of local wild meat sources with pork or beef regardless of the national affiliation of the colony, the ethnicity of the colonists, or the century in which colonization occurred.
Zooarchaeological approaches to Pre-Columbian archaeology in the neotropics of northwestern South America
Authors: Stahl Peter W.
Published: April 2017

Despite various problems associated with the practice of zooarchaeology in the neotropics, archaeologists have recovered impressive evidence from caves and open air sites for early landscape management and food production in northwestern South America, a region renowned for harbouring elevated species richness and high rates of endemism. The trajectory for subsequent pre-Columbian cultural developments in the area was established very early through the precocious achievements of its earliest Holocene human occupations. Archaeobiological evidence is used to outline the subsequent development and elaboration of indigenous agricultural systems and trade networks up to their cataclysmic encounter with invading European populations in the early sixteenth century.
Zooarchaeological results from Neolithic and Bronze Age wetland and dryland sites in the Central Alpine Foreland
Authors: Schibler Jörg
Published: April 2017

A small but very diverse structured landscape, a high degree of preservation of archaeological findings and structures because of waterlogged conditions, and very precise dendrochronological dating are the advantages of the archaeological and archaeozoological situation in Switzerland. These opportunities allow differentiating the topographic, environmental, and cultural conditions that influenced and shaped the role of domestic and wild animals in the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Because of the proximity to the Alps, unfavourable weather conditions had a strong impact on agricultural production, resulting frequently in a more intense use of wild resources. Therefore, during the Neolithic, but even in the Bronze Age, hunting played periodically an important role. On the other hand, the topographic situation, the extent of open landscapes resulting from human clearances, as well as cultural influences, are responsible for the variable importance of different domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, goat, and pig.
Poor Neighborhoods in the Metropolis
Authors: Pattillo Mary , Robinson John N.
Published: April 2017

This article examines neighborhood poverty in the metropolis, a perspective known as “new metropolitan reality”—as opposed to one that is fixated on the central city. It first considers three bodies of research that make it possible to understand neighborhood poverty in the metropolis: the political economy of place, the economic causes of concentrated poverty, and household mobility patterns. It then reviews recent population trends in the United States that support the metropolitan perspective on poverty. It also explores neighborhood poverty on the ground by focusing on ethnographic research on poor neighborhoods in particular places. Finally, it discusses research on the effects of poor neighborhoods on residents and asks whether current policy approaches are equipped to address the new metropolitan reality of poverty.
Aid and Global Poverty
Authors: Feeny Simon , McGillivray Mark
Published: April 2017

This article examines the relationship between foreign aid and poverty in developing countries, with the goal of determining whether donor governments are motivated and actively set out to reduce poverty in developing countries through the provision of aid but with the impact of aid on poverty reduction. It begins with an overview of the aid and poverty record based on global data from the 1980s onward, with particular emphasis on Official Development Assistance (ODA). It then considers the analytics of aid and poverty before reviewing the relevant literature, including studies that address the impact of aid on growth and growth elasticity of poverty. The article argues that aid has had a marginally positive impact on poverty reduction in developing countries, and that poverty would be slightly higher without it.
The Welfare States and Poverty
Authors: Lee Cheol-Sung , Koo In-Hoe
Published: April 2017

This article examines the impact of welfare states on poverty reduction. It considers how different welfare regimes have reacted to help stressed populations, especially the poor, and how welfare states in developing countries protect their less capable populations under the pressures of globalization and postindustrial economic transformation. To address these questions, the article reviews existing theoretical and empirical literature on welfare states and poverty. It first describes three welfare state typologies in terms of skill and employment provisions before discussing the issues of targeting and encompassing welfare institutions. It then explores the redistributive policies of welfare states and how demographic transformations affect poverty. It also assesses the effects of two different types of welfare regimes observed in developing countries—productivist and protectionist welfare regimes—on poverty outcomes. Finally, it analyzes which configurations of social policies reduce poverty more effectively.
Structural Violence, Poverty, and Social Suffering
Authors: Rylko-Bauer Barbara , Farmer Paul
Published: April 2017

This article examines the interrelationships among structural violence, poverty and social suffering. It begins with a vignette from Haiti, the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, that puts a face on structural violence. It then traces the historical roots and characteristic features of the concept of structural violence and goes on to discuss its relationship to other types of violence. It also considers how the notion of structural violence has been applied across various disciplines to enhance our understanding of social problems linked to profound poverty and social suffering. Furthermore, it describes the utility and relevance of structural violence to social analysis before concluding with an overview of how anthropology can be used in refining the concept of structural violence.
Virulence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 Is Influenced by the Catabolite Repression Control Protein Crc
Authors: Chakravarthy Suma , Butcher Bronwyn G. , Liu Yingyu , D’Amico Katherine , Coster Matthew , Filiatrault Melanie J.
Published: April 2017

Pseudomonas syringae infects diverse plant species and is widely used as a model system in the study of effector function and the molecular basis of plant diseases. Although the relationship between bacterial metabolism, nutrient acquisition, and virulence has attracted increasing attention in bacterial pathology, it is largely unexplored in P. syringae. The Crc (catabolite repression control) protein is a putative RNA-binding protein that regulates carbon metabolism as well as a number of other factors in the pseudomonads. Here, we show that deletion of crc increased bacterial swarming motility and biofilm formation. The crc mutant showed reduced growth and symptoms in Arabidopsis and tomato when compared with the wild-type strain. We have evidence that the crc mutant shows delayed hypersensitive response (HR) when infiltrated into Nicotiana benthamiana and tobacco. Interestingly, the crc mutant was more susceptible to hydrogen peroxide, suggesting that, in planta, the mutant may be sensitive to reactive oxygen species generated during pathogen-associated molecular pattern–triggered immunity (PTI). Indeed, HR was further delayed when PTI-induced tissues were challenged with the crc mutant. The crc mutant did not elicit an altered PTI response in plants compared with the wild-type strain. We conclude that Crc plays an important role in growth and survival during infection.
Obstetrics and Gynecology Resident Interest and Participation in Global Health
Authors: Stagg Amy R. , Blanchard May Hsieh , Carson Sandra A. , Peterson Herbert B. , Flynn Erica B. , Ogburn Tony
Published: April 2017

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate obstetrics and gynecology resident interest and participation in global health experiences and elucidate factors associated with resident expectation for involvement.

METHODS:

A voluntary, anonymous survey was administered to U.S. obstetrics and gynecology residents before the 2015 Council on Resident Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology in-training examination. The 23-item survey gathered demographic data and queried resident interest and participation in global health. Factors associated with resident expectation for participation in global health were analyzed by Pearson χ2 tests.

RESULTS:

Of the 5,005 eligible examinees administered the survey, 4,929 completed at least a portion of the survey for a response rate of 98.5%. Global health was rated as “somewhat important” or “very important” by 96.3% (3,761/3,904) of residents. “Educational opportunity” (69.2%) and “humanitarian effort” (17.7%) were cited as the two most important aspects of a global health experience. Residents with prior global health experience rated the importance of global health more highly and had an increased expectation for future participation. Global health electives were arranged by residency programs for 18.0% (747/4,155) of respondents, by residents themselves as an elective for 44.0% (1,828/4,155), and as a noncredit experience during vacation time for 36.4% (1,514/4,155) of respondents. Female gender, nonpartnered status, no children, prior global health experience, and intention to incorporate global health in future practice were associated with expectations for a global health experience.

CONCLUSION:

Most obstetrics and gynecology residents rate a global health experience as somewhat or very important, and participation before or during residency increases the perceived importance of global health and the likelihood of expectation for future participation. A majority of residents report arranging their own elective or using vacation time to participate, suggesting that residency programs have limited structured opportunities.