bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fatty acid composition of baboon milk lipids
Authors: Buss David H.
Published: November 2006

The predominant fatty acids of mature baboon milk were shown by gas‐liquid chromatography to be (by weight) palmitic (16%), oleic (23%), and linoleic (38%) acids. The high proportion of linoleic acid was attributed to the corn oil in the diet. Less myristic acid (1.3%), but more caprylic (5%) and capric (8%) acids, were present in baboon milk than in human milk. The proportions of these short‐chain fatty acids were highest during early lactation.
Relationship between embryonic and tumor lipids: I. Changes in the neutral lipids of the developing chick brain, heart and liver
Authors: Wood Randall
Published: November 2006

Organ dry weight, per cent total lipid, per cent neutral lipid, per cent phospholipid, and neutral lipid class composition of embryonic and mature brain, heart and liver were determined at 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 27 and 53 days after incubation was initiated. All three tissues showed an increase in total lipids from the 10th day to hatching (21st day). The 10th day brain showed relatively high levels of sterol esters which decreased with increased development while free sterol levels increased. Heart free sterol and sterol ester percentages decreased with increassed time, while triglyceride levels increased dramatically after the 16th day. Liver showed a massive accumulation of neutral lipid after the 17th day. The neutral lipid was not triglyceride, as might have been expected, but sterol ester. Liver sterol, sterol ester and triglyceride levels were approximately equal at the 10th and 13th days, after which time sterol ester rose rapidly to more than 90% of the total neutral lipids by the 19th day. The neutral lipid class distributions were characteristically different for each tissue throughout embryonic development. The relative high sterol ester levels in each of the tissues early in development suggests that the high level of sterol esters in neoplastic tissue may be related to the growth process of increasing cell numbers. On the other hand, the absence or the presence of only trace amounts of glyceryl ether diesters in any of the embryonic tissues suggests that the elevated levels of this lipid class in most tumors may be related to the neoplastic process or to conditions resulting from neoplasia.
Effect of dietary cholesterol and fasting on hepatic 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl glutaryl coenzyme a hydrolase
Authors: Saleemuddin M. , Siddiqi Majid
Published: November 2006

Hepatic HMG‐CoA hydrolase activity has been shown to increase in rats fasted for 72 hr or fed for 14 days on 5% cholesterol supplemented diet. Cycloheximide treatment resulted in further activation of this enzyme in animals fed cholesterol. Significant activation of HMG‐CoA hydrolase was also observed in rats fed normally and treated with cycloheximide and actinomycin D either individually or simultaneously.
Studies on in vitro peroxidation of liver lipids in ethanol‐treated rats
Authors: Comporti M. , Benedetti A. , Chieli E.
Published: November 2006

It has been confirmed that lipid peroxidation of liver homogenates is increased following acute ethanol intoxication. Studies with recombined fractions of the liver suggest that the cause for the ethanol‐induced increase in malonic dialdehyde production is located in the soluble fraction. Reduced glutathione content of the liver supernatant is decreased following ethanol intoxication. The decrement, however, occurs after the increase in malonic dialdehyde production takes place. Glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase activities of the liver are unaffected by ethanol administration. It is suggested that the decrease in reduced glutathione content may reflect a condition of increased peroxidation in vivo.
Sphingolipid fatty acid composition of rat brain “membranous sacs”
Authors: Raghaven S. , Spielvogel C. , Kanfer J. N.
Published: November 2006

A fraction enriched in “membranous sacs” was isolated from the brains of young rats. Ceramide, glucosylceramide, galactosylceramide, lactosylceramide, sulfatide, sphingomyelin and ganglioside were purified. The fatty acids of the individual compounds were identified after hydrolysis. Certain similarities and dissimilarities were observed.
The reaction of methyl sterculate and malvalate with silver nitrate‐silica gel and its use as a basis for the estimation of cyclopropene fatty acids
Authors: Johnson A. R. , Murray K. E. , Fogerty A. C. , Kennett B. H. , Pearson Judith A. , Shenstone F. S.
Published: November 2006

When in contact with silver nitratesilica gel, methyl esters of cyclopropene fatty acids undergo ring opening to yield pairs of isomers with methylene, hydroxymethyl, or nitratomethyl side‐chains at the original ring positions. Thus the main products from methyl sterculate were the methyl 9 (or 10)‐methylene octadec‐10 (or 8)‐enoates, and, in lesser quantities, the methyl 9 (or 10)‐(nitratomethyl)‐octadec‐9‐enoates and the methyl 9 (or 10)‐(hydroxymethyl)‐octadec‐9‐enoates. Hydrogenation quantitatively converted this mixture of isomeric pairs to a mixture of methyl 9‐ and methyl 10‐methyloctadecanoates.

Chromatography on silver nitrate‐silica gel, followed by gas chromatography of the hydrogenated products, has been used as the basis of a new method for estimating individual cyclopropene and cyclopropane acids in lipids.
Determination of plasmalogens after treating with a 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine‐phosphoric acid reagent
Authors: Rhee Ki Soon , Del Rosario R. R. , Dugan L. R.
Published: November 2006

A method for the quantitative determination of plasmalogens is described. Glycerophosphatide fractions from animal and plant sources were treated with a 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine‐phosphoric acid reagent. The plasmalogen content was estimated by two different procedures after a single treatment with reagent: a) by determining the phosphorus content of diacyl phospholipid and (2‐acyl) lysophospholipid separated by thin‐layer chromatography, b) by spectrophotometric determination of the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones and phosphorus assay of the original untreated sample. The total plasmalogen content of an unfractionated extract may be determined easily by the latter procedure.

The method described gives results comparable with those from the p‐nitrophenylhydrazine method and iodination procedure. The usefulness of this 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine‐phosphoric acid treatment for further structural analyses of plasmalogens is discussed.
Determination of petroselinic acid by microreactor chromatography
Authors: Kleiman R. , Davison V. L. , Earle F. R. , Dutton H. J.
Published: November 2006

The microreactor‐ozonolysis technique was applied to the quantitative determination of the relative amounts of petroselinic and oleic acids in seven Umbelliferae seed oils. The operation was easy and rapid. Results were excellent when the method was tested on ester mixtures of known composition. When used on esters prepared from Umbelliferae seed oils, the method gave results comparable with those found by another procedure, also described, which combined thin‐layer chromatography with either gas‐liquid chromatography or ultraviolet spectrophotometry.
Effects of administration of hypolipidemic agent, 2,2′″‐[(1‐methyl‐4,4‐diphenylbutylidene)bis(p‐phenyleneoxy)] bistriethylamine oxalate (SQ 10,591) upon cholesterol esterification by aorta, adrenal, and testes of cholesterol‐fed rabbits
Authors: Morin Robert J.
Published: November 2006

Administration of 2,2′″‐([1‐methyl‐4,4‐diphenylbutylidene] bis(p‐phenyleneoxy]) bistriethylamine oxalate (SQ 10,591) at 20 mg/Kg daily for 5 days to cholesterol‐fed rabbits resulted in no change in aortic microsomal cholesterol esterification with a palmitoyl coenzyme A substrate or of aortic mitochondrial cholesterol esterification with a palmitate substrate. Esterification by both reactions in the adrenal was much higher than in either aorta or testes. Adrenal and testicular mitochondrial esterification and testicular microsomal esterification were inhibited significantly after SQ 10,591 administration. In vitro addition of 0.0001 M SQ 10,591 significantly inhibited both microsomal and mitochondrial cholesterol esterification in aorta, adrenal, and testes.
Simple, rapid method for detecting phase transitions of lipids
Authors: Erdei L. , Csorba I. , Thuyen H. X.
Published: November 2006

A simple rapid method was worked out for studying the physical and structural state of lipids by measuring the refractive indices of a layered lipid film. Melting processes of n‐paraffins and phase transitions of phospholipids and the lecithin‐cholesterol system also can be followed as a function of temperature. In accordance with data from the relevant literature, the measured refractive indices show that cholesterol lowers the phase transition temperature of lecithin. By isorefraction curves, the most ordered structure of the layers is indicated to occur at the equimolar ratio of cholesterol and lecithin. The method may be applied to study the effect of lipid‐soluble agents upon lipid structure and is applicable for routine investigations and industrial purposes as well.
Uptake and metabolism of α‐monopalmitin by rat lung in vitro
Authors: Wang M. C. , Meng H. C.
Published: November 2006

CO2 production from and uptake of α‐glyceryl mono (palmitate‐1‐14C) were studied in an in vitro system using minced rat lung. Monoglyceride radioactivity was readily incorporated into lung tissue lipids. In a time course of 5–120 min, ca. 2.9–21.9% of the initial medium14C‐radioactivity was recovered in tissue lipids, including free fatty acid and monoglyceride, per one g of tissue. From 93 to 72% of the initial radioactivity remained in the medium during the same incubation periods. The ratio of tissue neutral lipid to phospholipid radioactivity decreased from 2∶1 at 5 min to ca. 1∶2.1 at 120 min. Most of the phospholipid‐14C was in phosphatidyl choline, and this accounted for 80% of phospholipid‐14C. Analysis of the tissue lipid radioactivity pattern revealed that during early periods of incubation (5–15 min) there was a rapid accumulation of14C in monoglycerides and free fatty acids, which decreased with increasing incubation time concomitant with increase in radioactivity of tissue phospholipids and triglycerides. During the same time course, 6.5–85.3% of medium‐14C was in free fatty acid, indicating the presence of an active α‐monopalmitin‐hydrolyzing system. After 2 hr of incubation, only 1.8% of the initial medium‐14C had been oxidized to CO2. Under the same experimental conditions,14C‐α‐monopalmitin and palmitate‐1‐14C were almost equally utilized and the patterns of lipid incorporated from both substrates were similar. It is suggested that rat lungs can utilize α‐monopalmitin in a similar manner as palmitate after the former is hydrolyzed.
Uptake and metabolism of exogenous eicosa‐8,11,14‐trienoic acid in minimal deviation hepatoma 7288 C cells
Authors: Gaspar G. , de Alaniz M. J. T. , Brenner R. R.
Published: November 2006

Minimal deviation hepatoma 7288 C cells were cultured in Swim's medium containing 10% serum for 48 hr. The growth medium was replaced with serum free media containing different concentrations of [1‐14C]eicosa‐8,11,14‐trienoic acid and the cells were incubated for 24 hr. Incorporation into cell lipids, oxidation to CO2, and desaturation to arachidonic acid were studied. The oxidation of the acid was very low. It was preferentially incorporated into the polar lipids of the cell. The incorporation depended on the number of cells and fatty acid concentration. Saturation of the cells with the acid was reached when 144.7 nmoles per mg of cellular protein were incorporated. The acid was desaturated readily to arachidonic acid. The nmoles of eicosatrienoic acid converted to arachidonic acid per mg of cellular protein were hyperbolic function of the acid incorporated. Maximal desaturation, 23 nmoles per mg of cellular protein, was reached when the cells were saturated with the acid. The calculations of the desaturation capacity and of the endogenous pool of eicosatrienoic acid available for desaturation in the cell are discussed.
Hepatoma, host liver, and normal rat liver lipids: Distribution of isomeric monoene fatty acids in individual lipid classes
Authors: Wood Randall , Wiegand Rex D.
Published: November 2006

Monoenoic acid fractions were isolated from phosphatidycholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, triglycerides, and cholesteryl esters of hepatoma 7288CTC, host liver, and normal liver from animals maintained on chow and fat free diets. Hexadecenoate (16∶1), octadecenoate (18∶1), and eisosenoate (20∶1) fractions were analyzed quantitatively for their isomeric composition. The fat free diet had little or no effect relative to the chow diet on the isomeric composition of 16∶1, 18∶1, and 20∶1 from any lipid class in either hepatoma, host liver, or normal liver. Host livers were reduced in palmitoleic acid, and oleic and eicos‐11‐enoic acids were increased relative to normal liver. The 16∶1 fraction from triglyceride of normal liver, host liver, and hepatoma contained 90, 80, and 75% palmitoleic acid, respectively. The 20∶1 fraction from triglycerides of normal liver, host liver, and hepatoma contained ca. 55, 70, and 60% eicos‐11‐enoic acid, respectively, with the remainder consisting of eicos‐13‐enoic acid. The proportion of vaccenic acid in the 18∶1 fraction was 60, 50, 20, and 25% for phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, triglycerides, and cholesteryl esters, respectively, with oleic acid making up the balance. In contrast, all hepatoma lipid classes exhibited the same proportion of oleic (70%) and vacenic (30%) acids. These data appear to be the first to demonstrate lipid class specificity for isomeric octadecenoic acids in normal liver and the loss of this specificity in a neoplasm.
Lipid and lipoprotein measurements in a normal adult American population
Authors: Lindgren F. T. , Adamson G. L. , Jenson L. C. , Wood P. D.
Published: November 2006

From a parent population of 774, a subpopulation of 160 normal adults ages 27–66 was randomly selected, 20 from each decade and sex. A detailed comparison was made by analytic ultracentrifugation and complete agarose gel electrophoresis on serum and the 1.006 g/ml top and bottom preparative ultracentrifuge lipoprotein fractions. The latter was internally standardized by total lipid and plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride determinations giving normal reference lipoprotein values. The reading procedure allowed the identification and quantification of floating β and sinking pre‐β. In the subpopulation, there were two of the former and 13 of the latter. For large scale clinical application of such quantitative lipoprotein electrophoresis full automation of the microdensitometry and calculations will be required.
Conversion of linoleic acid hydroperoxide by soybean lipoxygenase in the presence of guaiacol: Identification of the reaction products
Authors: Streckert Günter , Stan Hans‐Jürgen
Published: November 2006

Linoleic acid hydroperoxide formed by soybean lipoxygenase was metabolized by the same enzyme in the presence of guaiacol. The products of this reaction included trihydroxyoctadecenoic acids, hydroperoxydihydroxyoctadecenoic acids, hydroxyepoxyoctadecenoic acids, dihydroxyoctadecenoic acids, hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids, and oxooctadecadienoic acids.
Aerobic pentane production by soybean lipoxygenase isozymes
Authors: Sanders T. H. , Pattee H. E. , Singleton J. A.
Published: November 2006

The effects of oxygen on production of pentane and compounds absorbing at 234 nm and 285 nm by soybean lipoxygenase isozymes I and II were examined in a model system. Aerobic conditions increased pentane production. Differences in dienone formation (A285) and diene conjugation (A234) indicate the reaction sequences of the 2 isozymes are not the same.
Essential fatty acid deficiency: Metabolism of 20∶3(n−9) and 22∶3(n−9) of major phosphoglycerides in subcellular fractions of developing and mature mouse brain
Authors: Sun Grace Y. , Winniczek H. , Go J. , Sheng S. L.
Published: November 2006

Essential fatty acid deficiency was initiated in young and mature mice. The metabolism of 20∶3(n−9) and 22∶3(n−9) in brain subcellular fractions was followed after the mice were switched from the deficient diet to a corn oil supplemented diet. After switching to the supplemented diet, the proportions of (n−9) polyunsaturated fatty acids in brain in both groups of mice decreased with time. The rate of disappearance of (n−9) polyunsaturated fatty acids was faster in the young groups than in the mature group. In the developing mice, the half‐lives of the (n−9) polyunsaturated fatty acids in the total ethanolamine phosphoglycerides of brain microsomal, synaptosomal, and myelin fractions were 3, 10, and 15 days, respectively. In the mature group, the half‐lives for 20∶3(n−9) in diacyl‐glycerophosphorylethanolamine of microsome, synaptosome, and myelin fractions were 8–10, 10, and 22 days, respectively; and the half‐lives for 22∶3(n−9) in alkenylacyl‐glycerophosphorylethanolamine of the same subcellular fractions were 8–12, 28, and 35–40 days, respectively. In general, the rate of disappearance of 20∶3(n−9) in brain was faster in the diacyl‐glycerophosphorylethanolamine than in the alkenylacyl‐glycerophosphorylethanolamine. These results demonstrate that the metabolism of (n−9) polyunsaturated fatty acid in brain phosphoglycerides during recovery from essential fatty acid deficiency not only varies with age, but also depends upon indidual phosphoglycerides present in each subcellular fraction.
Nonsteroidal secondary and tertiary amines: Inhibitors of insect development and metamorphosis and Δ24‐sterol reductase system of tobacco hornwormreductase system of tobacco hornworm
Authors: Robbins W. E. , Thompson M. J. , Svoboda J. A. , Shortino T. J. , Cohen C. F. , Dutky S. R. , Duncan O. J.
Published: November 2006

Several new branched and straight chain secondary and tertiary amines were shown to have inhibitive effects upon development and metamorphosis and the Δ24‐sterol reductase system in larvae of the tobacco hornworm similar to those previously observed with a number of azasteroids. Certain of the amines which are related structurally to compounds with juvenile hormone activity in insects also blocked development and metamorphosis in three other species of insects. These compounds are lethal or inhibit development in all larval stages and thus differ in action from compounds with juvenile hormone activity where the principal effect is to block the penultimate or ultimate molt.
Adaptive changes in Δ9 desaturase activity in rat liver
Authors: De Tomas Maria Elena , Mercuri Osvaldo , Peluffo Raul
Published: November 2006

The Δ9 desaturase activity and the14C radioactivity of the de novo synthesized fatty acids incorporated into microsomal lipids and serum triglycerides were measured under different nutritional conditions. The results obtained indicate a correlation between the values of the three parameters studied after starvation or after refeeding Purina chow or either a high carbohydrate or a high protein diet. These data suggest that liver lipogenesis and Δ9 desaturase activities respond to the same regulatory factors.
Determination of the complete structure of natural lecithins
Authors: Kuksis A. , Marai L.
Published: November 2006

A method is described for the separation, identification, and quantitative estimation of the individual molecular species occurring in natural lecithin mixtures. Purified lecithin preparations are converted into diglyceride acetates by enzymic dephosphorylation and acetylation. The diglyceride acetates are separated on the basis of the degree of unsaturation and the molecular geometry by means of chromatography on thin layers of silica gel which are impregnated with silver nitrate. The various acetates thus resolved are separately recovered from the plates and diluted with tridecanoin internal standard; the quantitative distribution of the molecular weights is determined by gas chromatography.

Suitable aliquots of the saturated and unsaturated diglyceride acetates are further analyzed for over‐all and for positional distribution of fatty acids. The identity and proportions of the various lecithins are deduced by integration and normalization of all the experimental data. Where doubt exists, specific diglyceride acetates are isolated by preparative gas chromatography, and their fatty acid composition is determined. The method is illustrated with data obtained for the mixed lecithins of egg yolk. The general approach is applicable to the determination of the structure of other phospholipids of comparable complexity.
Ring location in cyclopropane fatty acid esters by a mass spectrometric method
Authors: McCloskey James A. , Law John H.
Published: November 2006

Ring location in cyclopropane fatty acid esters is accomplished simply and unequivocally with submilligram samples. The technique involves reductive ring opening with platinum catalyst and hydrogen in glacial acetic acid, to give a mixture of branched‐chain and straight‐chain acid esters. The sample is analyzed with a combination gas chrmatograph‐mass spectrometer. Examination of the spectra obtained from the mixture of branched‐chain acid esters permits assignment of the position of the methyl groups, and hence of the ring in the parent compound.
A quantitation problem in the open tubular gas chromatography of fatty acid esters from cod liver lipids
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Sipos J. C. , Jangaard P. M.
Published: November 2006

Methyl esters of fatty acids of marine origin contain large amounts of highly unsaturated long‐chain fatty acids. It is shown that, although esters of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids can be quantitatively analyzed on open tubular columns with a flame ionization detector there are serious losses of the long‐chain highly unsaturated fatty acids of marine oils on the column. Through comparison of chain‐length composition and iidine value some correction factors are suggested for the highly unsaturated fatty acids which permit reasonably accurate analyses.
Effect of androgens on serum lipids and lipoproteins
Authors: Solyom Antal
Published: November 2006

The effects of androgens on lipid transport and metabolism have been reviewed. These effects are probably independent of the androgenic and anabolic activities of the androgens, although the molecular mechanism of action is still not known. Presumably the lowering by androgens of the concentrations of serum lipids and lipoproteins could be the consequence possibly of a primary, inhibitory effect on the synthesis of apolipoprotein A. In addition the role of increased lipolytic activities in plasma and of effects on intermediatry metabolism has been considered.
24‐Methylenecholesterol: Isolation and identification as an intermediate in the conversion of campesterol to cholesterol in the tobacco hornworm
Authors: Svoboda J. A. , Thompson M. J. , Robbins W. E.
Published: November 2006

24‐Methylenecholesterol was positively identified as an intermediate in the dealkylation and the conversion of campesterol to cholesterol in the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta (L.). Biochemical and nutritional studies with3H‐labeled campesterol and 24‐methyl‐enecholesterol indicated that the conversion of campesterol to cholesterol in this insect includes the following metabolic sequence: campesterol, 24‐methylene‐cholesterol, desmosterol, cholesterol.
Serum lipoproteins: A paper electrophoresis method without albumin in the buffer
Authors: Moinuddin Mohammed , Taylor Linnard
Published: November 2006

A paper electrophoresis method is described in which four serum lipoprotein components are separated without the use of albumin in the buffer. Tris‐EDTA‐boric acid buffer, Oil Red O staining solution prepared in 52.8% instead of the usual 60% alcohol, and solvent‐extracted paper strips are the distinguishing features of this procedure. The system was effective not only in separating chylomicron, β‐ and α‐lipoproteins into well‐defined bands, but also in separating very low density or pre‐β‐lipoprotein distinctly in some samples and partially in others. The advantages of this procedure are low background staining and, in comparison to the procedure using albumin in the buffer, a sharper alpha band. This sharpened α‐band gives a sharper peak in densitometric scanning. Electrophoresis could be performed for 16 hr or 4 hr. The 4‐hr electrophoresis run produced electrophoregrams with even denser and sharper bands than the 16‐hr run.
Isoenzymes of lipoxidase
Authors: Hale Sara A. , Richardson T. , Von Elbe J. H. , Hagedorn D. J.
Published: November 2006

A polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoretic technique is described for studying isoenzymes or multiple molecular forms of lipoxidase in extracts of fresh green peas, pea seeds, wheat, fresh green beans and green bean seeds. After electrophoresis, gels containing starch were incubated with linoleic acid. Hydroperoxide bands were visualized by treating the gel with acidic potassium iodide. Staining specificity was established using the following criteria. Activity was absent when extracts or gels were boiled and when linoelaidic and oleic acids were used as substrates. Cyanide did not inhibit staining, whereas α‐tocopherol, hydroquinone and nordihydroguaiaretic acid did. Prevention of the appearance of artifactual bands was attempted by: pre‐electrophoresis of the gels; electrophoresis in the presence of thioglycollic acid; elimination of the large pore gel; pH adjustment of the plant extracts; and extraction of extract solids with lipid solvents. Gel patterns indicated two to three lipoxidase bands for fresh green peas and pea seeds, one to two bands for fresh green beans and green bean seeds, and four bands for wheat.
Effect of dietary cholesterol on bile‐acid composition of gall bladder bile from guinea pigs
Authors: Tung Jwu‐Sheng , Ostwald Rosemarie
Published: November 2006

The composition of gall bladder bile acids from control and cholesterol‐fed, anemic guinea pigs was analyzed by thinlayer‐chromatographic and colorimetric techniques. In both control and cholesterol‐fed animals, the gall bladder bile acids constituted about one third of the total bile solids. The main component of the bile acids of both groups of animals was chenodexycholic acid, which was predominantly conjugated with glycine. No cholic acid was present although this is the main bile acid in most mammals. The major difference in bile composition between control and cholesterol‐fed animals was the conjugation pattern of chenodeoxycholic acid. The ratio of glycochenodeoxycholic to taurochenode‐oxycholic acid was high, 6.4, for control animals, and decreased to 2.4 for the cholesterol‐fed, anemic animals. Impaired liver function, limited availability of glycine, and greater efficiency of taurocholanic acids for the disposal of excess cholesterol may be involved in the mechanism for this phenomenon.
Addition ofN‐acetylcysteine to linoleic acid hydroperoxide
Authors: Gardner H. W. , Weisleder D. , Kleiman R.
Published: November 2006

Catalyzed by 10−5 M ionic iron in 80% ethanol,N‐acetylcysteine added to linoleic acid hydroperoxide, forming a thiobond. Reaction of a specific isomer of the hydroperoxide, 13‐hydroperoxy‐trans‐11,cis‐9‐octadecadienoic acid, andN‐acetylcysteine, forms a number of products, of which two were identified as addition compounds. One addition product was 9‐S‐(N‐acetylcysteine)‐13‐hydroxy‐10‐ethoxy‐trans‐11‐octadecenoic acid, and the other was 9‐S‐(N‐acetylcysteine)‐10,13‐dihydroxy‐trans‐11‐octadecenoic acid.
Effect of the nature and amount of dietary energy on lipid composition of rat bone marrow
Authors: Das S. K. , Scott M. T. , Adhikary P. K.
Published: November 2006

The effect of the nature and amount of dietary calories on the lipid composition of bone marrow of rats was studied. Male weanling rats were fed 3 isocaloric diets, containing high carbohydrate, normal protein, and high protein, and a fourth high fat diet for 49 days. Feeding of the high carbohydrate, high protein, and high fat diets caused a significant increase in the level of total lipids compared to the normal protein diet. This increase of total lipids was due primarily to the increase in the level of triglycerides. There was no significant difference in fatty acid composition of either nonpolar or polar lipids of bone marrow among rats fed high carbohydrate diet and those fed normal protein diet. A comparison of fatty acid compositions between bone marrow lipids of rats fed high protein diet and the other 2 isocaloric diets revealed that the proportion of palmitic acid was higher and the proportion of oleic acid was lower in animals fed high protein diet than in animals fed the other 2 diets. Compared to the 3 isocaloric low fat diets, dietary feeding of high fat diet caused a decrease in the proportion of palmitic and palmitoleic acids and an increase in the proportion of oleic and linoleic acids in total fatty acids of both nonpolar and polar lipids.
Fluorescent products and polyunsaturated fatty acids of human testes
Authors: Trombly R. , Tappel A. L. , Coniglio J. G. , Grogan W. M. , Rhamy R. K.
Published: November 2006

Lipid soluble fluorescent pigments from human testis were fractionated by silicic acid column chromatography and silica gel thin layer chromatography. Fluorescence analyses revealed a family of at least 3 compounds with similar fluorescence properties, including excitation and emission maxima, reversible fluorescence quenching by alkaline pH, and fluorescence quenching by heavy metal chelation. These fluorescence characteristics strongly indicated the presence of the conjugated Schiff base fluorophore −N=C−C=C−N−. The chromatographic separations employed enabled a more definitive fluorescence characterization of the lipid soluble pigments known to accumulate in tissues with age and as a result of lipid peroxidation. Total lipids and fatty acid composition of the total lipids were determined. Polyenoic acids constituted about 40% of the total fatty acids. Histological examination of the tissues revealed some degeneration and edema, but significant spermatogenesis and normal complement of Leydig cells.
Biosynthesis of fatty acids from acetate in soybean suspension cultures
Authors: Stearns E. M. , Morton W. T.
Published: November 2006

Suspension cultures of finely divided soybean cells established from callus were incubated with sodium [1‐14C] acetate for periods up to 86 hr. Lipids and fatty acids were analyzed for radioactivity in samples harvested at logarithmic time periods. Incorporation of acetate into cell lipid was directly proportional to the logarithm of time up to 32 hr, after an initial lag of 4–6 hr. Most of the lipid radioactivity was found in the phospholipid fraction, and all common soybean fatty acids became labeled within 6 hr. The order of labeling and distribution of radioactivity with time were essentially the same as in tissues from intact growing plants. These results support the concept of sequential desaturation of oleic acid in the cells. It was concluded that valid studies of the biosynthesis of common lipids in the soybean can be carried out for extended periods of time by use of undifferentiated cells in suspension cultures.
Inhibitive effects of structurally modified azasteroids and related nitrogen containing steroids on insect growth and development
Authors: Thompson M. J. , Serban N. N. , Robbins W. E. , Svoboda J. A. , Shortino T. J. , Dutky S. R. , Cohen C. F.
Published: November 2006

A number of azasteroids and other nitrogen containing steroids with a modified nucleus or side chain were prepared and tested for their inhibitory effects on the growth and development of several species of insects. Structure‐activity studies showed that compounds with a structurally related steroid nucleus and side chain were approximately equal in inhibitory activity for a particular species. The replacement of the tertiary amino group in the side chain of the 5β‐steroid with other nitrogen substituents, such as nitro, cyano, acetylamino, or a quaternary ammonium salt, resulted in a considerable loss of inhibitive activity in the tobacco hornworm or the yellowfever mosquito. However, certain modifications of the azasteroid nucleus resulted in compounds that still retained high biological activity. As a result, a compound was synthesized that lacked the A and B rings of the steroid nucleus and that inhibited insect growth, molting, and metamorphosis and the Δ24‐sterol reductase enzyme system of the tobacco hornworm.
Lipogenesis by intact hepatocytes from normal and diabetic rats
Authors: Raghupathy E. , Orthlieb C. , Abraham S.
Published: November 2006

Intact hepatocytes isolated from livers of diabetic rats demonstrate the characteristic decreased lipogenic capacities as compared to normal. Administration of insulin to diabetic rats restores these capacities to near normal levels. The results emphasize the potential that the hepatocyte system has for the study of hormonal regulation of lipogenesis.
Lipoxygenase isozymes of peanut
Authors: Sanders T. H. , Pattee H. E. , Singleton J. A.
Published: November 2006

Lipoxygenase was isolated and partially purified from peanut seed by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration, and ion exchange column chromatography. Three isozymes of lipoxygenase were identified. Two had pH optima of 6.2, and the other an optimum of 8.3. Molecular weight of each isozyme was 7.3×104, as determined by gel filtration. The alkaline optimum isozyme was not inhibited by NaCN and was inhibited by CaCl2 except at very low concentrations. The acid optimum isozymes were inhibited by NaCN and were stimulated by CaCl2 concentrations up to ca. 0.7 mM.
Double bond location in polyenoic fatty esters through partial oxymercuration
Authors: Plattner R. D. , Spencer G. F. , Kleiman R.
Published: November 2006

A rapid micro‐procedure has been developed to locate double bonds in fatty acid methyl esters containing from one to four double bonds. Reaction of the ester with an equal molar amount of mercuric acetate in methanol and reduction with sodium borohydride, followed by hydrogenation, produce a mixture of monomethoxy alkanoates. The mass spectrum of this mixture is simpler and more definitive than that from the completely methoxylated polyenoate. Only one methoxyl group is present per molecule, and the mass spectrum of the mixture is indicative of all olefinic positions. Four intense ions are observed for all double bonds examined, except Δ3, where the double bond is represented, by only two ions. Hydrogenation in a gas chromatograph reduces total analysis time to 1 hr.
Biosynthesis of prostaglandin E1 by human seminal vesicles
Authors: Hamberg Mats
Published: November 2006

[1‐14C] 8,11,14‐Eicosatrienoic acid was converted into prostaglandin E1 when incubated with a homogenate of human seminal vesicles. No conversion could be detected with homogenates of human prostate or testis.
Hypolipidemic activity of (−)‐hydroxycitrate
Authors: Sullivan Ann C. , Triscari Joseph , Hamilton James G. , Ontko Joseph A.
Published: November 2006

The influence of (−)‐hydroxycitrate, a potent competitive inhibitor of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) citrate lyase, on serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and in vitro and in vivo rates of hepatic fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis was investigated in normal and hyperlipidemic rat model systems. (−)‐Hydroxycitrate reduced equivalently the biosynthesis of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, diglycerides, cholesteryl esters, and free fatty acids in isolated liver cells. In vivo hepatic rates of fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis determined in meal‐fed normolipidemic rats were suppressed significantly by the oral administration of (−)‐hydroxycitrate for 6 hr, when control animals exhibited maximal rates of lipid synthesis; serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels were significantly reduced by (−)‐hydroxycitrate. In two hypertryglyceridemic models—the genetically obese Zucker rat and the fructose‐treated rat—elevated triglyceride levels were due, in part, to enhanced hepatic rates of fatty acid synthesis. (−)‐Hydroxycitrate significantly reduced the hypertriglyceridemia and hyperlipogenesis in both models. The marked hypertriglyceridemia exhibited by the triton‐treated rat was only minimally due to increased hepatic lipogenesis; (−)‐hydroxycitrate significantly inhibited both serum triglyceride levels and lipogenesis in this model.
An intervention study—The aspirin myocardial infarction study
Authors:   The Aspirin Myocardial Infarction Research Group
Published: November 2006

The Aspirin Myocardial Infarction Study is a randomized, double‐blind clinical trial designed to study the potential value of aspirin in the reduction of mortality in patients who have had a prior myocardial infarction. This trial is based upon several previously published studies which suggest that aspirin may be valuable in prevention of coronary thrombosis. The requirement of 4200 patients dictates that the study must be multicenter, and good design requires that the study be collaborative with central monitoring and an elaborate committee structure to insure uniformity and comparability.
Comparative effect of glucagon, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, and epinephrine on the desaturation and elongation of linoleic acid by rat liver microsomes
Authors: de Gómez Dumm Irma N. T. , de Alaniz María J. T. , Brenner Rofolfo R.
Published: November 2006

The effect of glucagon, dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate, and epinephrine on the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the linoleic acid family was studied. The incubations were performed with rat liver microsomes and labeled linoleic acid under desaturating and elongating conditions. Under desaturating conditions, linoleic acid was converted to γ‐linolenic acid, whereas under elongating conditions it was converted to 20∶2ω6. Glucagon, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, and epinephrine decreased the oxidative desaturation of linoleic acid to γ‐linolenic acid while the elongating reaction was not modified in the experimental conditions tested. Consequently, the results support the hypothesis that the oxidative desaturation of linoleic acid to γ‐linolenic acid is the main controllable step in the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the linoleic acid family in the microsomes.
Lipid composition of 30 species of yeast
Authors: Kaneko Hiroshi , Hosohara Masako , Tanaka Masamichi , Itoh Toshihiro
Published: November 2006

The detailed composition of cellular lipid of more than 23 species of yeast has been determined quantitatively by thinchrography on quartz rods, a method previously used for estimating cellular lipids of seven species of yeast. That data was fortified by neutral and phospholipid quantitations on 30 species of yeast cells. Most of the test organisms contained 7–15% total lipid and 3–6% total phospholipid per dry cell weight, except for the extremely high accumulation of triglycerides in two species ofLipomyces. Qualitatively, 30 species of yeast cells contained similar neutral lipid constituents (triglyceride, sterol ester, free fatty acid, and free sterol) and polar lipid components (phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol, cardiolipin, and ceramide monohexoside) without minor constituents. Based on the quantitative composition of neutral lipids, the 30 species of yeast were divided into two groups, the triglyceride predominant group and the sterol derivative group. These groupings were fairly well overlapped from the standpoint of the distribution characteristics of fatty acid. The relative polar lipid compositions also grossly resembled each other. Only one exception of polar lipid composition in yeast cells was found inRhodotorula rubra species which contained phosphatidyl ethanolamine as the most abundant phospholipid. Fatty acid distribution patterns in yeast cells consistently coincided with other reports concerning fatty acid composition of yeast cells. Correlation of lipid composition and classification of yeasts are suggested and discussed.
Fatty acids ofLindera umbellata and other Lauraceae seed oils
Authors: Hopkins C. Y. , Chisholm Mary J. , Prince Linda
Published: November 2006

Seed kernel oils of seven species of Lauraceae were examined and the fatty acid composition of six of these was determined. The oil ofLindera umbellata had 4% ofcis‐4‐decenoic, 47% ofcis‐4‐dodecenoic, and 5% ofcis‐4‐tetradecenoic acid in the total fatty acids. Positive identification of these acids was made and new derivatives were prepared. Possible routes of biosynthesis are discussed.

Oils from the other species did not contain more than a trace of unsaturated C10−C14 acids. Their major acids were capric and lauric with varying amounts of unsaturated C18 acids.
Quantitative determination of unsaturation in oils by using an automatic‐titrating hydrogenator
Authors: Miwa T. K. , Kwolek W. F. , Wolff I. A.
Published: November 2006

A procedure was developed to adapt an automatic‐titrating hydrogenator to the rapid determination of unsaturated carbon‐carbon bonds in seed oils. Its utility as a research tool for detecting unusual types of unsaturation was demonstrated by analysis of 35 oils. When the hydrogen‐iodine value of an oil determined by the hydrogenator differed significantly from the iodine value by the Wijs method, the presence of unsaturation such as acetylenic or conjugated double bonds was indicated. For repetitive analysis of samples of the same oil, or of oils having nearly the same extent of unsaturation, the hydrogenator can successfully accomodate injection of a new sample every 2 to 5 min. Possible utility of the method for monitoring samples from a processing plant is apparent.
A comparison of the absorption of oleic acid in vitro as measured isotopically and by titration
Authors: Hoffman N. E.
Published: November 2006

Uptake of oleic acid by the everted sac of rat intestine has been shown to be net absorption and not merely exchange. Sodium fluoride, 10 mM, has been shown to inhibit absorption of oleic acid.
Studies on the enzymatic synthesis of cholesterol: Use of a liver acetone powder
Authors: Scallen Terence J. , Schuster M. W. , Dhar A. K. , Skrdlant H. B.
Published: November 2006

We have defined special conditions for the preparation of an acetone powder of rat liver microsomes which is capable of converting squalene to cholesterol in high yield. This preparation is also useful for the demonstration of cofactor requirements for certain reactions in sterol biosynthesis. Buffer washed acetone powders are virtually completely dependent upon the 105,000 ×g supernatant of rat liver (S105) for activity, yet S105 by itself is inert in sterol synthesis. The ability of S105 to stimulate sterol synthesis is heat liable, nondialyzable, trypsin sensitive, and has been partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and chromatography on Sephadex G‐200. These results plus other experiments support the following hypothesis: the 105,000 ×g supernatant of rat liver (S105) contains a noncatalytic carrier protein (Sterol Carrier Protein or SCP) which originates from the endoplasmic reticulum, binds the substrate, and makes the substrate reactive to the sterol synthesizing enzymes present in the acetone powder of liver microsomes. The participation of SCP may be an important general mechanism in the biological synthesis of cholesterol.
Metabolism of lathosterol byDrosophila pachea
Authors: Goodnight Kenneth C. , Kircher Henry W.
Published: November 2006

Drosophila pachea is a Sonoran Desert cactiphilic species unable to utilize cholesterol or cholestanol for larval growth and maturation. Lathosterol (7‐cholesten‐3β‐ol) was added to a sterol deficient medium on which an axenic culture ofD. pachea was maintained. 7‐Dehydrocholesterol was identified as the sterol metabolite in adult flies by gas liquid and thin layer chromatography and by its UV spectrum.
Inhibition of acid esterase in rat liver by 4,4′‐diethylaminoethoxyhexestrol
Authors: Kasama Kazuo , Yoshida Katsumi , Takeda Susumu , Tsujimura Ryotaro , Hasegawa Shinichi
Published: November 2006

The effect of 4,4′‐diethylaminoethoxyhexestrol (DH) on acid esterase in rat liver was studied in vivo and in vitro. The acid esterase activity in the livers of rats treated with 0.125% DH for 1 week was found to decrease more than 60% as compared with that in untreated rats. The addition of DH to the incubation medium caused considerable inhibition of the acid esterase activity in lysosome from untreated rat liver, and the inhibition type appears to be noncompetitive. The acid lipase activity in rat liver lysosome was also inhibited by DH. Some antihistamic agents and chloroquine also inhibited the acid esterase activity in rat liver lysosome.
Modulation by ketone bodies of the rate of fatty acid synthesis in mammary gland slices from lactating rats
Authors: Bartley J. C.
Published: November 2006

The absolute rate of fatty acid synthesis was measured in slices of mammary gland from lactating rats by incubation in [3H]2O‐labeled medium containing 10 mM D‐3‐hydroxybutyrate or aceto‐acetate alone and paired in combination with 10 mM glucose, lactate, or pyruvate. When compared with our previous studies, the ketone bodies alone supported significant fatty acid synthesis; the rate of synthesis from either ketone body and lactate was higher than that from pyruvate and lactate, and that from pyruvate and glucose; the rate of synthesis from D‐3‐hydroxybutyrate and lactate was the highest we have observed in the absence of an exogenous substrate for the hexose monophosphate pathway. This study confirms our previous contention that, in rat mammary gland, substrates formed in the mitochondria can be utilized in the cytosol to provide some of the NADPH necessary for fatty acid synthesis.
Anticoagulant activity of glycol analogs of phosphatidylserine
Authors: Turner D. L. , Holburn R. R. , Silver M. J. , Baczynski E.
Published: November 2006

Three different analogs of phosphatidylserine were made by the combination of protected serine with phosphorus oxychloride and various diolmonooleates. These analogs of phosphatidylserine were 2‐oleoylethyleneglycol‐1‐phosphoryl‐L‐serine, 1‐oleoyl‐2‐desoxylysoglycero‐3‐phosphoryl‐L‐serine and 1‐oleoyl‐hexane‐1, 6‐diol‐6‐phosphoryl‐L‐serine. They were solubilized with sodium desoxycholate and tested in the Hicks‐Pitney and antithromboplastin tests. Like the phosphatidylserines, they were found to have anticoagulant activity.
Composition of the lipids in cabbage
Authors: Peng Andrew C.
Published: November 2006

Cabbage leaves contain 0.16% total lipids of which 51.02% are neutral lipids, 40.78% glycolipids, and 8.18% phospholipids. The predominant fatty acids in the total lipid analysis are linolenic, linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Linolenic, palmitic, tridecanoic, and oleic are the principal components in the neutral lipid fraction while glycolipids are composed mainly of linolenic, palmitic, lauric, myristic, and tricosanoic acids. Phospholipids are high in palmitic, linolenic, and linoleic acids. Both glucose and galactose were observed in the glycolipid fraction.
Thermophilic fungi: IV. The lipid composition of six species
Authors: Bruszewski T. E. , Fergus C. L. , Mumma R. O.
Published: November 2006

The lipid composition of six thermophilic fungi (Myriococcum albomyces, Mucor miehei, Papulaspora thermophila, Rhizopus sp.,Thielavia thermophila (+)Thielavia thermophila (−), andTorula thermophila) was examined. The relative per cent total lipids (4.9–26.3%), neutral lipids (55.5–88.3%), polar lipids (11.7–44.6%) and the fatty acid profile of each lipid fraction was determined. The predominant fatty acids were 16∶0, 18∶0 and 18∶2, and lesser amounts of 12∶0, 14∶0, 15∶0, 16∶1, 16∶2, 17∶0 and 18∶3 were present. The total lipids contained an average of 0.96 double bonds per mole fatty acid (unsaturation index [USI]) the neutral lipids 0.86 USI and the polar lipids 0.84 USI, excluding the values forTorula thermophila. These data show a high degree of saturation and are consistent with data reported for other fungal thermophiles.Torula thermophila possessed abnormally high USI values (1.15–1.50) and was cultured at three different temperatures (25, 45 and 51 C). As the culture temperature ofTorula thermophila increased, the USI decreased. The USI of the polar lipids ofTorula thermophila at 25, 45 and 51 C were 1.50, 1.28 and 1.11, respectively. Thus the membrane lipids of this fungus appear unusual for a thermophile.