bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of bovine viral diarrhea virus biotype in the establishment of fetal infections
Authors: Harding Martha J. , Cao Xuemei , Shams Homayoun , Johnson Anthony F. , Vassilev Ventzislav B. , Gil Laura H. , Wheeler David W. , Haines Deborah , Sibert Gary J. , Nelson Lynn D. , Campos Manuel , Donis Ruben O.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To examine the role of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) biotype on the establishment of fetal infection in cattle.

Animals—30 mixed-breed pregnant cows.

Procedure—Pregnant cows were inoculated oronasally with either i-VVNADL, originating from an infectious BVDV cDNA clone of the National Animal Disease Laboratory (NADL) isolate, or the parental virus stock, termed NADL-A.

Results—All cows developed neutralizing antibodies to BVDV, and virus was commonly isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells or nasal swab specimens of NADL-A inoculated cows; however, virus was rarely isolated from specimens of i-VVNADL inoculated cows. i-VVNADL did not cause fetal infection, whereas all fetuses harvested from NADL-A inoculated cows at 6 weeks after inoculation had evidence of infection. Immunoblot analysis of fetal virus isolates revealed the absence of NS3, confirming a noncytopathic (NCP) biotype BVDV in the NADL-A stock. The sequence of the NCP contaminant (termed NADL-1102) and the i-VVNADL genome were virtually identical, with the exception of a 270 nucleotide-long insert in the i-VVNADL genome. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that NADL-1102 forms a monophyletic group with 6 other NADL genomes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These data suggest that the contaminating NCP virus in the NADL-A stock was the ancestral NADL virus, which originally infected a bovine fetus and recombined to produce a cytopathic (CP) variant. Following oronasal infection of pregnant cows, viremia and transplacental transmission of CP BVDV to the fetus is rare, compared with the high occurrence of maternal viremia and fetal infection observed with NCP BVDV. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1455–1463)
Use of multi-site quantitative ultrasonography for noninvasive assessment of bone in horses
Authors: Carstanjen Bianca , Lepage Olivier M. , Detilleux Johann , Duboeuf François , Amory Hélène
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the usefulness of multisite quantitative ultrasonography for noninvasive assessment of bone in horses.

Sample Population—12 healthy horses and both forelimbs from 8 clinically normal horses.

Procedure—For in vivo measurements, various regions of interest (ROI) were examined on the third metacarpal bone, radius, and tibia. Precision error for speed of sound (SOS) measurements was obtained by measuring each ROI of 4 horses 10 times with probe repositioning. Additionally, 3 operators measured each aspect of the third metacarpal bone of 6 horses 5 times each. For ex vivo measurements, third metacarpal bones were examined at 9 ROI, and SOS measurements were performed before and after soft tissue removal. One ROI of a single forelimb was subjected to 96 ex vivo measurements with 3 different contact media.

Results—The lateral aspect of the third metacarpal bone had significantly higher SOS values than the dorsal and medial aspect of the third metacarpal bone. No difference was obtained between SOS values of the lateral and medial aspect of the radius. The tibia had significantly higher SOS values than the lateral aspect of the radius and the dorsal and medial aspect of the third metacarpal bone. Intraoperator coefficients of variation ranged from 0.62 to 3.15%, and interoperator coefficients of variation ranged from 0.78 to 2.70%. Values of SOS were highest when silicone oil was used as the contact medium.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Speed of sound measurements obtained by quantitative ultrasonography in axial transmission mode can be used to precisely measure superficial cortical bone properties of third metacarpal bone, radius, and tibia in horses. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1464–1469)
Serum lactoferrin concentrations in colostrum-fed calves
Authors: Holloway Nicole M. , Lakritz Jeff , Tyler Jeff W. , Carlson Steven L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine serum lactoferrin concentrations (SLFC) in neonatal calves before and after ingestion of colostrum and to develop models that predict SLFC as a function of colostral lactoferrin concentrations (CLFC) in calves.

Animals—13 Holstein calves.

Procedure—Calves were fed 4 L of colostrum via oroesophageal feeder within 3 hours after birth. Serum samples were collected before ingestion of colostrum (day 0) and 2, 4, 6, and 7 days after birth. Colostrum and serum IgG concentrations were measured by use of radial immunodiffusion. The CLFC and SLFC were determined by use of an ELISA.

Results—Mean ± SD SLFC on days 0, 2, 4, 6, and 7 were 2.5 ± 1.6 (range 0.47 to 7.1), 6.0 ± 3.0 (range 2.0 to 16.6), 12.0 ± 12.4 (range 0.0 to 43.5), 17.1 ± 13.6 (range 2.2 to 39.4), and 13.6 ± 16.4 (range 0.0 to 43.8) mg/ml, respectively. The SLFC on days 6 and 7 differed significantly from SLFC on day 0. The model that best estimated SLFC on day 6 predicted that (SLFC)2was a function of the logarithm of relative efficiency of passive transfer (REPT) and ([CLFC]2× [REPT]2), whereR2= 0.4. The model for SLFC on day 7 predicted that (SLFC)2was a function of log(REPT), whereR2= 0.44.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Definitive evidence for passive transfer of lactoferrin via colostrum is lacking, because SLFC on day 2 or 4 were not significantly different than day 0. Relative efficiency of lactoferrin absorption was directly related to SLFC on day 6 but inversely related to SLFC on day 7. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:476–478)
Frequency of the mutant MDR1 allele associated with ivermectin sensitivity in a sample population of Collies from the northwestern United States
Authors: Mealey Katrina L. , Bentjen Steven A. , Waiting Denise K.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the frequency of the MDR1 gene mutation (polymorphism) associated with ivermectin sensitivity in a sample population of Collies in Washington and Idaho.

Animals—40 healthy client-owned Collies.

Procedure—A blood sample (8 ml) was collected from each dog and used for RNA extraction. Reverse transcriptase was used to generate MDR1 cDNA. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were designed to amplify a 1,061-base pair region of the MDR1 gene. The PCR products were sequenced to determine whether the Collies had 0, 1, or 2 mutant alleles. Pedigrees of some dogs were available for analysis to determine relatedness of affected dogs.

Results—Of the 40 Collies, 9 (22%) were homozygous for the normal allele (normal), 17 (42%) were heterozygous (carrier), and 14 (35%) were homozygous for the mutant allele (affected). Pedigree analysis revealed that some, but not all, affected dogs were related to each other within the 4 most recent generations.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A high percentage of a sample population of Collies in Washington and Idaho are affected or carriers of the mutant MDR1 allele associated with ivermectin sensitivity. A similar frequency of this mutation may be detected in dogs from other geographic areas. Pharmacologic treatment with ivermectin, loperamide, vincristine, and other drugs that are substrates of P-glycoprotein, the MDR1 gene product, may result in neurologic toxicosis in a high percentage of Collies. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:479–481)
Calculation of variables describing plasma nonvolatile weak acids for use in the strong ion approach to acid-base balance in cattle
Authors: Constable Peter D.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To calculate values for the total concentration of nonvolatile weak acids (Atot) and the effective dissociation constant for nonvolatile weak acids (Ka) of bovine plasma and to determine the best method for quantifying the unmeasured strong anion concentration in bovine plasma.

Sample Population—Data sets from published and experimental studies.

Procedure—The simplified strong ion model was applied to published and experimentally determined values for pH, Pco2, and strong ion difference (SID+). Nonlinear regression was used to solve simultaneously for AtotandKa. Four methods for quantifying the unmeasured strong anion concentration in plasma (anion gap, the Fencl base excess method [BEua], the Figge unmeasured anion method [XA], and the strong ion gap [SIG]) were compared in 35 cattle with abomasal volvulus.

Results—For bovine plasma at 37 C, Atot was 25 mM/L, equivalent to 7.6 times the albumin concentration or 3.6 times the total protein concentration; Ka was 0.87 × 10–7, equivalent to pKaof 7.06. The AtotandKavalues were validated, using data sets from in vivo and in vitro studies. Plasma unmeasured strong anion concentration was most accurately predicted in critically ill cattle by calculating SIG from serum albumin ( R2, 0.66) or total protein concentration ( R2, 0.60), compared with BEua(R2, 0.56), [XA] (R2, 0.50), and the anion gap (R2, 0.41).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Calculated values for Atot,Ka, and the SIG equation should facilitate application of the strong ion approach to acidbase disturbances in cattle. (Am J Vet Res2002; 63:482–490)
Serologic evaluation of five unvaccinated heifers to detect herds that have cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus
Authors: Pillars Roxanne B. , Grooms Daniel L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether serologic evaluation of 5 unvaccinated 6- to 12-month-old heifers is a valid method for identifying herds that contain cattle persistently infected (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV).

Animals—14 dairy herds with a history of BVDV infection, with health problems consistent with BVDV infection, or at risk for contracting BVDV infection.

Procedure—5 unvaccinated 6- to 12-month-old heifers were randomly selected from each herd. Neutralizing antibody titers for type-I and -II BVDV were determined. A herd was classified as likely to contain PI cattle when at least 3/5 heifers had antibody titers ≥ 128. Virus isolation was performed on all cattle to identify PI cattle. Genotype of isolated viruses was determined by nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction.

Results—6 of 14 herds contained PI cattle. Sensitivity and specificity of serologic evaluation of 5 heifers for identifying these herds were 66 and 100%, respectively. In herds that contained PI cattle, the predominant BVDV titer in the tested heifers corresponded to the genotype of the isolated virus.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Serologic evaluation of unvaccinated 6- to 12- month-old heifers is an accurate method for identifying herds containing PI cattle. Both type-I and -II BVDV antibody titers should be determined to prevent herd misclassification. The genotype of BVDV found in PI cattle can be predicted by the predominant neutralizing antibody titers found in tested heifers. Serologic evaluation of 5 unvaccinated heifers can be used to determine whether a herd is likely to contain PI cattle. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:499–505)
Results of clinical examinations, laboratory tests, and ultrasonography in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism treated with trilostane
Authors: Ruckstuhl Nadja S. , Nett Claudia S. , Reusch Claudia E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the efficacy of trilostane, a 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor, in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH).

Animals—11 dogs with PDH.

Procedure—The initial dose of trilostane was 30 mg, PO, q 24 h for dogs that weighed < 5 kg and 60 mg, PO, q 24 h for dogs that weighed ≥ 5 kg. A CBC count, serum biochemical analyses, urinalysis, ACTH stimulation test, and ultrasonographic evaluation of the adrenal glands were performed in each dog 1, 3 to 4, 6 to 7, 12 to 16, and 24 to 28 weeks after initiation of treatment.

Results—All dogs responded well to treatment. All had reductions in polyuria-polydipsia and panting and an increase in activity. Polyphagia decreased in 9 of 10 dogs, and 9 of 11 dogs had improvement of coat quality and skin condition. Concentration of cortisol after ACTH stimulation significantly decreased by 1 week after initiation of treatment. After treatment for 6 months, clinical signs resolved in 9 dogs. In the other 2 dogs, marked clinical improvement was reported for 1 dog, and moderate improvement was reported in the other dog. Ultrasonographically, there was a considerable change in the parenchyma and an increase in size of the adrenal glands. Adverse effects consisted of 1 dog with transient lethargy and 1 dog with anorexia.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Trilostane is an efficacious and safe medication for treatment of dogs with PDH. Additional studies in a larger group of dogs and characterization of progressive changes in adrenal glands are needed. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:506–512).
Measurement of the activation of equine platelets by use of fluorescent-labeled annexin V, anti-human fibrinogen antibody, and anti-human thrombospondin antibody
Authors: Kingston Janene K. , Bayly Warwick M. , Sellon Debra C. , Meyers Kenneth M. , Wardrop K. Jane
Published: December 2005

Objective—To investigate the potential use of fluorescent- labeled annexin V, anti-human fibrinogen antibody, and anti-human thrombospondin antibody for detection of the activation of equine platelets by use of flow cytometry.

Sample Population—Platelets obtained from 6 Thoroughbreds.

Procedure—Flow cytometry was used to assess platelet activation as indicated by detection of binding of fluorescent-labeled annexin V, anti-human fibrinogen antibody, and anti-thrombospondin antibody to unactivated and ADP-, collagen-, platelet activating factor (PAF)-, and A23187-activated equine platelets. Human platelets were used as control samples. Determination of 14C-serotonin uptake and release was used to assess the extent of platelet secretion.

Results—Anti-human thrombospondin antibody failed to bind to equine platelets. Annexin V bound to platelets activated with PAF or A23187 when platelets had undergone secretion. Anti-human fibrinogen antibody bound to ADP-, PAF-, and A23817- activated platelets, but binding was not dependent on platelet secretion. The extent of binding of anti-fibrinogen antibody was less in equine platelets, compared with that for human platelets, despite maximal stimulation.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Activation of equine platelets can be detected by use of fluorescent- labeled annexin V and anti-human fibrinogen antibody but not by use of anti-human thrombospondin antibody. These flow cytometric techniques have the potential for detection of in vivo platelet activation in horses at risk of developing thrombotic disorders. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:513–519)
Instrumented treadmill for measuring vertical ground reaction forces in horses
Authors: Weishaupt Michael A. , Hogg Hermann P. , Wiestner Thomas , Denoth Jachen , Stüssi Edgar , Auer Jörg A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To develop and validate a novel instrumented treadmill capable of determining vertical ground reaction forces of all 4 limbs simultaneously in horses.

Sample Population—Data obtained while a horse was walking and trotting on the treadmill.

Procedure—18 piezo-electric force transducers were mounted between the treadmill frame and supporting steel platform to measure the actual forces at the corresponding bearing points. Each of the 18 sensor forces is equal to the sum of the unknown hoof forces weighted with the transfer coefficients of the corresponding force application points. The 4 force traces were calculated, solving at each time point the resulting equation system, using the Gaussian least-squares method. System validation comprised the following tests: determination of the survey accuracy of the positioning system, determination of the natural frequencies of the system, linearity test of the force transfer to the individual sensors, determination of superimposed forces with the treadmill-integrated force measuring system (TiF) in a static configuration, and comparison of vertical ground reaction forces determined simultaneously by use of TiF and force shoes mounted on the forelimbs of a horse.

Results—Comparison between static test loads and TiF-calculated forces revealed deviations of < 1.4%. Force traces of TiF-calculated values and those recorded by use of the force shoes were highly correlated ( r ≥ 0.998).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—This instrumented treadmill allows a reliable assessment of load distribution and interlimb coordination in a short period and, therefore, is suitable for use in experimental and clinical investigations. (Am J Vet Res002;63:520–527).
Effects of racing on lymphocyte proliferation in horses
Authors: Nesse Live L. , Johansen Grete Irene , Blom Anne K.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To measure the lymphocyte proliferation response in horses 12 to 16 hours after completion of a race.

Animals—8 Thoroughbreds that competed in 14 races and 3 control Thoroughbreds that did not race.

Procedure—Horses participated in races during the late afternoon or evening. Venous blood samples were collected on a morning before a race (1 or 2 days before the race or on the day of the race), on the afternoon of a race (40 to 60 minutes after the race), and on the morning of the day after a race (12 to 16 hours after the race). Lymphocyte proliferation responses and WBC count were measured in samples obtained in the mornings. Plasma cortisol was measured in all samples.

Results—Lymphocyte proliferation responses were significantly reduced and WBC counts significantly increased 12 to 16 hours after a race. Plasma cortisol concentrations were significantly increased 40 to 60 minutes after a race. In samples from the control horses, lymphocyte proliferation responses, WBC counts, or plasma cortisol concentrations did not differ significantly among time periods.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A decrease in proliferative responses of circulating lymphocytes can be found as late as 12 to 16 hours after a horse participates in a race. Although the clinical consequences of these exercise-related alterations of the immune response are not yet known, managers of horses should take into account that the immune system of a horse may be affected by racing. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:528–xxx)
Age-related changes in lymphocyte subsets of Quarter Horse foals
Authors: Smith III Roger , Chaffin M. Keith , Cohen Noah D. , Martens Ronald J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To characterize changes in lymphocyte subsets over time in foals from birth to 18 weeks of age, accounting for differences among individuals, and to determine the effect of overnight storage of blood samples on foal lymphocyte subset concentrations.

Animals—8 healthy Quarter Horse foals from birth to 18 weeks of age.

Procedure—Blood samples were collected longitudinally from birth to 18 weeks of age and a CBC performed on each sample. The samples were stained for lymphocyte markers, either immediately or after overnight storage and analyzed by flow cytometry.

Results—Total leukocytes, total lymphocytes, and the absolute concentrations of all lymphocyte subsets increased significantly with age. The proportions of B29A+, CD21+, and equine major histocompatability complex class-II molecule+lymphocytes increased significantly with age. The proportion of equine (Eq) CD5+, EqCD8+, and EqWC4+lymphocytes decreased significantly with age. Significant differences among foals were found with respect to initial concentrations with respect to initial concentrations, but not with respect to the rate of increase of the various subsets tested. Significant differences were not found in subset values when comparing blood samples stained on the day of collection or after overnight storage at room temperature (approx 21 C) or under refrigeration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These results are consistent with an increase in subset numbers and proportions over time, but with individual differences among foals. The observation of individual differences in subsets among foals suggests that there may be individual differences in susceptibility to infectious disease during the perinatal period. The absence of an effect of overnight storage makes field studies of lymphocyte subset concentrations more feasible. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:531–537)
Effects of equine recombinant interleukin-1α and interleukin-1β on proteoglycan metabolism and prostaglandin E2 synthesis in equine articular cartilage explants
Authors: Takafuji Vivian A. , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Howard Rick D.
Published: December 2005

Objectives—To evaluate the effects of equine recombinant interleukin-1α (rEqIL-1α) and recombinant interleukin- 1β (rEqIL-1β) on proteoglycan metabolism and prostaglandin E2(PGE2) synthesis by equine articular chondrocytes in explant culture.

Sample Population—Near full-thickness articular cartilage explants (approx 50 mg) harvested from stifle joints of a 3-year-old and a 5-year-old horse.

Procedure—Expression constructs containing cDNA sequences encoding EqIL-1α and EqIL-1β were generated, prokaryotically expressed, and the recombinant protein purified. Near full-thickness articular cartilage explants (approx 50 mg) harvested from stifle joints of a 3-year-old and a 5-year-old horse were separately randomized to receive rEqIL- 1α or rEqIL-1β treatments (0 to 500 ng/ml). Proteoglycan release was evaluated by 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue spectrophotometric analysis of explant media glycosaminoglycan (GAG) concentration and release of35S-sulfate-labeled GAG to explant media. Proteoglycan synthesis was assessed by quantification of35S-sulfate incorporation into proteoglycan. Explant media PGE2concentrations were evaluated using a PGE2-specific enzyme-linked immunoassay. Data were collected at 48-hour intervals and normalized by DNA content.

Results—Proteoglycan release was induced by rEqIL- 1α and rEqIL-1β at concentrations ≥ 0.1 ng/ml, with 38 to 76% and 88 to 98% of total GAG released by 4 and 6 days, respectively. Inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis (42 to 64%) was observed at IL-1 concentrations ≥ 0.1 ng/ml at 2 and 4 days. Increased PGE2concentrations were observed at IL-1 concentrations ≥ 0.1 ng/ml at 2 and 4 days.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The rEqIL-1 induced potent concentration-dependent derangement of equine chondrocyte metabolism in vitro . These findings suggest this model may be suitable for the in vitro study of the pathogenesis and treatment of joint disease in horses. (Am J Vet Res2002; 63:551–558)
Use of chromametry and digital photography for objective measurement of skin color in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Boysen Lene , Serup Jørgen , Sørensen Per , Kristensen Flemming
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate whether skin erythema in clinically normal dogs can be quantified by use of chromametry and image analysis of digital photographs.

Animals—9 German Shepherd Dogs and 10 mixedbreed dogs.

Procedure—Hair was clipped at 7 sites on the body. Skin erythema was evaluated at the axillary region, right and left lateral aspect of thorax, right and left loin area (ie, part of the back between the thorax and pelvis), right and left groin area (ie, the junctional region between the abdomen and thigh), metatarsal digital pad, and on the nose. Replicate measurements were done by use of chromametry and image analysis of digital photographs, using erythema values in accordance with the Committee International d'Éclairage (CIE)-Lab color system.

Results—Repeatability was high for both techniques. Within-dog variation was lower than between-dog variation. Between-dog variation was high for both groups of dogs. Interregional variation was significant in German Shepherd Dogs and mixed-breed dogs. Erythema values revealed symmetry between the right and left lateral aspects of the thorax and loin and groin areas.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Precise objective methods are available for skin erythema quantification. Chromametric and photographic erythema values had a high within-dog reproducibility. Betweendog variability was high for German Shepherd Dogs and mixed-breed dogs as was regional variation, indicating differences in color among dogs. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:559–564)
Evaluation of skin erythema by use of chromametry and image analysis of digital photographs after intradermal administration of histamine in dogs
Authors: Boysen Lene , Sørensen Per , Larsen Morten , Serup Jørgen , Kristensen Flemming
Published: December 2005

Objective—To investigate whether the degree of erythema during an induced erythematous reaction, the histamine skin test reaction, can be assessed objectively by use of chromametry and image analysis of digital photographs.

Animals—9 pet dogs (6 Golden Retrievers and 3 yellow Labrador Retrievers).

Procedure—Histamine phosphate was injected intradermally, and erythema of the wheal reaction was evaluated during the hour that followed. This was done by use of clinical scores, chromametry, and image analysis of digital photographs. Method reproducibility was tested for visual evaluation of printouts of digital photographs and for image analysis of the same photographs.

Results—The coefficient of variation of the technically derived erythema values was < 10%. The reproducibility of image analysis was high and the range of agreement between observers narrow. Using chromametry, it was not possible to differentiate between various degrees of erythema intensity as visually perceived. In contrast, use of image analysis of digital photographs enabled discrimination of slight erythema from moderate and marked erythema. The dynamics of reaction measured by chromametry followed the clinical observation.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Chromametric values are comparable to those obtained by visual inspection. As the result of standardized conditions, chromametry is preferred over digital photography. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:565–569)
Analysis of proglycogen and macroglycogen content in muscle biopsy specimens obtained from horses
Authors: Bröjer Johan T. , Stämpfli Henry R. , Graham Terry E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine proglycogen (PG) and
macroglycogen (MG) content in equine skeletal muscle
and to compare 2 analytical methods (acid hydrolysis
[AC] and PG plus MG determination) for measurement
of total muscle glycogen content (Glytot) in
biopsy specimens.

Sample Population—Muscle biopsy specimens
obtained from 41 clinically normal horses.

Procedure—Forty-five muscle biopsy specimens
obtained from the middle gluteal (n = 31) or triceps
(14) muscle were analyzed, using AC and MG plus
PG determination for Glytot. Variability within muscle
biopsy specimens for each method was calculated
from duplicate analyses of muscle specimens.
In a second experiment, variation in MG and
PG content between muscle biopsy specimens and
the effect of sample collection depth on the concentration
of MG and PG in the middle gluteal muscle
was evaluated.

Results—There was a strong correlation ( r = 0.99)
between Glytot values obtained by use of AC and MG
plus PG determination. Coefficients of variation for
within- and between-specimen variability of Glytot
were approximately 4% for each method. The PG
fraction was always in excess of the MG fraction.
Biopsy specimens obtained from the superficial part
of the middle gluteal muscle contained significantly
more Glytot and PG than specimens obtained from
deeper parts.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—This study
confirms that MG and PG exist in equine skeletal
muscle and can be measured reliably in biopsy samples.
This technique could be applied in future studies
to investigate glycogen metabolism in exercising
horses and horses with glycogen-storage diseases.
(Am J Vet Res 2002;63:570–575)
Comparison of effects of dexamethasone and the leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist L-708,738 on lung function and airway cytologic findings in horses with recurrent airway obstruction
Authors: Lavoie Jean-Pierre , Léguillette Renaud , Pasloske Kirby , Charette Luc , Sawyer Nicole , Guay Daniel , Murphy Terry , Hickey Gerry J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate whether the leukotriene (LT) D4 receptor antagonist L-708,738 is therapeutically beneficial in treating horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves).

Animals—12 adult horses with heaves and healthy lung lobes from 20 slaughtered horses.

Procedure—Lung lobes were used for smooth muscle tension and radioligand binding studies. Horses with heaves were given a placebo for 14 days and administered L-708,738 (n = 6; 2.5 mg/kg PO, q 12 h) or dexamethasone (6; 0.04 mg/kg, IV, q 24 h) from days 14 to 28. Pulmonary function was measured weekly for 36 days, and bronchoalveolar cells were collected on days 0, 14, and 29 for cytologic examination.

Results—Nanomolar concentrations of L-708,738 were effective at antagonizing LTD4-induced bronchoconstriction and LTD4-receptor binding in lung lobes. Mean peak and trough L-708,738 plasma concentrations during the treatment period were 1.54 and 0.28 μM, respectively. On days 21 and 29, lung mechanics were significantly improved in the dexamethasone- treated horses but not in the L-708,738-treated horses. Neither dexamethasone nor L-708,738 had a significant effect on cytologic findings.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—L-708,738 was bioavailable after oral administration and sustained concentrations in plasma during the dosing period that exceeded in vitro efficacy values. However, airway function did not improve, suggesting that either drug concentrations in the lungs were subtherapeutic or that cysteinyl LT may not be important mediators of airway inflammation in heaves. Results provide the first evidence of cysteinyl LT1receptors in airways of horses. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:579–585)
Time-dependent changes in plasma concentrations of 3-methylindole and blood concentrations of 3-methyleneindolenine-adduct in feedlot cattle
Authors: Loneragan Guy H. , Morley Paul S. , Wagner John J. , Mason Gary L. , Yost Garold S. , Thoren Mike A. , Triantis Joni
Published: December 2005

Objective—To describe time-dependent changes in plasma concentrations of 3-methylindole (3MI) and blood concentrations of 3-methyleneindolenine (3MEIN)-adduct in feedlot cattle.

Animals—64 yearling steers.

Procedures—Steers were assigned to 2 groups (32 steers/group). During the first 8 weeks, blood samples were collected from group 1 before the morning ration was fed, whereas samples from group 2 were collected 2 to 3 hours after the ration was fed. Blood samples were collected from all steers approximately 4 times/wk for 3 weeks and 3 times/wk for the subsequent 5 weeks. Samples were collected at the same time for all steers for an additional 10 weeks. Plasma samples were analyzed for 3MI concentrations. Blood samples collected from cattle in group 2 during the first 8 weeks were analyzed for 3MEINadduct concentrations.

Results—Mean blood concentration of 3MEINadduct increased to a maximum value on day 33 (0.80 U/μg of protein) and then decreased to a minimum on day 54 0.40 U/μg of protein). Plasma 3MI concentrations initially decreased and remained low until after day 54. Group-1 cattle had lower plasma 3MI concentrations, compared with concentrations for group-2 cattle. Blood 3MEIN-adduct concentrations and plasma 3MI concentrations were not associated with deleterious effects on weight gains.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Blood 3MEIN-adduct concentrations peaked during the period of greatest risk for development of bovine respiratory disease complex. Conversely, plasma 3MI concentrations decreased during the same period. Animal-to-animal variation in metabolic capacity to convert 3MI to 3MEIN may be of more importance than differences in plasma 3MI concentration.Am J Vet Res(2002;63:591–597).
Concentrations of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein in dogs with naturally developing and experimentally induced arthropathy
Authors: Misumi Kazuhiro , Vilim Vladimir , Carter Stuart D. , Ichihashi Kyoko , Oka Tatsuzo , Sakamoto Hiroshi
Published: December 2005

Objective—To assay concentrations of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) in canine sera and synovial fluid (SF), to compare COMP concentrations in clinically normal dogs and dogs with joint disease, and to analyze changes in COMP concentrations in dogs with experimentally induced acute synovitis.

Animals—69 control dogs without joint disease, 23 dogs with naturally occurring aseptic arthropathy, and 6 dogs with experimentally induced synovitis.

Procedure—Serum (n = 69) and SF (36) were obtained from control dogs. Samples of serum (n = 23) and SF (13) were obtained from dogs with naturally occurring aseptic arthropathy with or without radiographic features of osteoarthritis (OA). Serum and SF were obtained before and 1, 2, 3, and 7 days after induction of synovitis. The COMP concentrations were determined by use of an inhibition ELISA that had canine cartilage COMP and monoclonal antibody against human COMP.

Results—Concentrations of COMP in serum and SF of control dogs were 31.3 ± 15.3 and 298.7 ± 124.7 μg/ml, respectively. In naturally occurring OA, COMP concentrations in serum (44.9 ± 17.7 μg/ml) and SF (401.7 ± 74.3 μg/ml) were significantly higher than corresponding concentrations in control dogs. The COMP concentration in SF peaked 24 and 48 hours after induction of synovitis, whereas concentration in serum peaked on day 3.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These results supported the hypothesis that COMP concentration in serum and SF of dogs may be altered after cartilage degradation or synovitis. Measurement of COMP concentrations can be useful when differentiating arthropathies in dogs. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:598–603)
Isolation, identification, and characterization of compounds from Acer rubrum capable of oxidizing equine erythrocytes
Authors: Boyer Jeanelle D. , Breeden David C. , Brown Dan L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To identify compounds in Acer rubrum
that cause hemolysis or oxidation of equine erythrocytes
and determine whether these toxins are found
in other Acer spp.

Sample Population—Equine erythrocytes.

Procedure—Washed erythrocytes were incubated
with extracts and fractions of Acer spp that were separated
by thin layer chromatography. Methemoglobin
and hemolysis were measured spectrophotometrically.
Compounds within Acer spp fractions associated
with cell oxidation or hemolysis were identified by gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Results—Erythrocytes incubated separately with
either A rubrum, A saccharum, or A saccharinum
extracts had increased methemoglobin formation,
compared with extract-free control samples. Two
Acer spp fractions had toxic effects on erythrocytes in
vitro. A major component of the Acer fraction that
caused a significant amount of methemoglobin formation
was identified as gallic acid. An amount of gallic
acid equivalent to that found in A rubrum extract
significantly increased methemoglobin, compared
with extract-free control erythrocytes, but caused
less methemoglobin formation than A rubrum
extracts did. A potential co-oxidant, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-
dihydroxy-6-methoxy-4H-pyran-4-one, was found in
the A rubrum extract and may have been responsible
for increasing methemoglobin formation. A second A
rubrum fraction caused methemoglobin formation
and significant hemolysis. A saccharum and A saccharinum extracts
caused hemolysis but less than the
A rubrum extracts did.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Oxidants in
A rubrum are also found in A saccharum and A saccharinum,
and the ingestion of A saccharum and A
saccharinum poses a potential threat to horses.
(Am J Vet Res 2002;63:604–610)
Effect of vaccination on serum concentrations of total and antigen-specific immunoglobulin E in dogs
Authors: HogenEsch Harm , Dunham Anisa D. , Scott-Moncrieff Catharine , Glickman Larry T. , DeBoer Douglas J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the effect of vaccination on serum concentrations of total and antigen-specific IgE in dogs.

Animals—20 female Beagles.

Procedure—Groups of 5 dogs each were vaccinated repeatedly between 8 weeks and 4 years of age with a multivalent and rabies vaccine, a multivalent vaccine only, or a rabies vaccine only. A fourth group of 5 dogs served as unvaccinated controls. Serum concentrations of total immunoglobulins and antigen-specific IgE were determined following vaccination.

Results—The multivalent vaccine had little effect on serum total IgE concentrations. The concentration of IgE increased slightly following vaccination for rabies at 16 weeks and 1 year of age and increased greatly after vaccination at 2 and 3 years of age in most dogs, with a distinct variation between individual dogs. Vaccination had no effect on serum concentrations of IgA, IgG, and IgM as measured at 2 and 3 years of age. The rabies vaccine contained aluminum adjuvant in contrast to the multivalent vaccine. An increase of IgE that was reactive with vaccine antigens, including bovine serum albumin and bovine fibronectin, was detected in some of the dogs vaccinated for rabies. There was no significant correlation between serum concentrations of total IgE and antigen-specific IgE following vaccination. Serum total IgE concentration rapidly returned to preimmunization concentrations in most dogs, but high concentrations of antigenspecific IgE persisted.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Vaccination of dogs for rabies increases serum concentrations of total IgE and induces IgE specific for vaccine antigens, including tissue culture residues. Vaccination history should be considered in the interpretation of serum total IgE concentrations. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:611–616)
Effect of passive transfer of maternal immune components on infection with ovine herpesvirus 2 in lambs
Authors: Li Hong , Snowder Gary D. , Crawford Timothy B.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To define the role of passively tranferred
immunity in protection against early infection with
ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) in lambs.

Animals—15 adult sheep and 34 lambs.

Procedure—2 groups of animals were used, including
15 lambs born to OvHV-2-free ewes and 19 lambs
born to OvHV-2-positive ewes. After nursing
colostrum, all lambs and their dams were introduced
into a flock positive for OvHV-2. Blood was obtained
from the lambs every 2 weeks and examined by PCR
assay and competitive inhibition ELISA.

Results—None of the animals had positive results by
PCR analysis for samples obtained approximately 2
weeks after introduction into the flock. In the group of
lambs from OvHV-2-infected ewes, 5 of 19 had positive
results at 1 month of age and 17 of 19 by 5
months of age. In the group of offspring from OvHV-2-negative ewes, only 1 of 15 had positive results at 1
month of age, and the number reached 12 of 15 by 5
months of age. All lambs in both groups had positive
results by 6 months. An active antibody response to
the virus was detected in animals within 3 weeks
after viral DNA became detectable in the blood.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis suggests
that passively transferred immunity does not
play an important role in the delay of infection with
OvHV-2 in lambs. Age also does not seem to influence
susceptibility. The rate of infection in young
lambs may simply be a reflection of the intensity of
viral exposure in their environment. (Am J Vet Res
2002;63:631–633).
Effects of neutering on hormonal concentrations and energy requirements in male and female cats
Authors: Hoenig Margarethe , Ferguson Duncan C.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether changes in concentrations of hormones involved in glucose and fatty acid homeostasis are responsible for the increased probability that neutered cats will develop obesity and diabetes mellitus.

Animals—10 male and 10 female weight-maintained adult cats.

Procedure—Results of glucose tolerance tests and concentrations of hormones and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were examined before and 4, 8, and 16 weeks after neutering.

Results—Caloric requirements for weight maintenance were significantly decreased 8 and 16 weeks after neutering in females. Glucose concentrations during a glucose tolerance test did not change in neutered females or males. The area under the curve (AUC) for insulin was significantly higher in males, compared with females, before neutering. However, the AUC for insulin increased and was significantly higher 4 and 8 weeks after neutering in females. The AUC for insulin did not change in neutered male cats. Leptin concentrations did not change in females but increased significantly in males 8 and 16 weeks after neutering. Thyroxine concentrations did not change after neutering; however, free thyroxine concentration was significantly higher in females than males before neutering. Baseline concentrations of NEFA were significantly higher in female than male cats before but not after neutering. Suppression of NEFA concentrations after glucose administration decreased successively in male cats after neutering, suggesting decreased insulin sensitivity.

Conclusionss and Clinical Relevance—Changes in NEFA suppression, caloric intake, and leptin concentrations may be indicators of, and possible risk factors for, the development of obesity in cats after neutering. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:634–639)
Effects of dietary supplementation with vitamin C or vitamin E on cardiac lipid peroxidation and growth performance in broilers at risk of developing ascites syndrome
Authors: Villar-Patiño Gonzalo , Díaz-Cruz Antonio , Ávila-González Ernesto , Guinzberg Raquel , Pablos José L. , Piña Enrique
Published: December 2005

Objective—To assess effects of high dietary
amounts of vitamin C or vitamin E and oxidative
stress on the heart and growth performance of broilers
maintained at an altitude of 2,200 m above sea
level.

Animals—360 chicks (1-day-old broilers).

Procedure—Birds were randomly assigned to 3
groups (120 chicks/group). Each group of birds was
fed a specific diet (control group, basal diet containing
12 mg of vitamin E (DL-α-tocopherol acetate)/kg of
feed without additional ascorbic acid; vitamin E group,
basal diet supplemented with 75 mg of vitamin E/kg
of feed; and vitamin C group, basal diet supplemented
with 400 mg of ascorbic acid/kg of feed) throughout
the entire 7 weeks of the study. Feed consumption
and body weight of chicks were recorded on a
weekly basis. Nine randomly selected birds from each
group were euthanatized each week. Remaining birds
were euthanatized at the end of the study. Samples of
cardiac tissues were obtained to measure thiobarbituric
acid reactive substances (TBARS), an indicator of
oxidative stress.

Results—Vitamin E-supplemented diets resulted in
better growth performance, lower rates of feed conversion,
and lower TBARS content. Vitamin C-supplemented
diets resulted in lower feed consumption and
lower rates of feed conversion. When used separately,
neither of the vitamins had any effect on mortality
attributable to ascites syndrome.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—It is recommended
that diets supplemented with vitamin C, vitamin
E, or both be fed to broilers maintained at an altitude
of 2,200 m above sea level to improve growth
performance. (Am J Vet Res 2002;63:673–676)
Influence of age and body size on gastrointestinal transit time of radiopaque markers in healthy dogs
Authors: Weber Mickaël P. , Stambouli Fouzia , Martin Lucile J. , Dumon Henri J. , Biourge Vincent C. , Nguyen Patrick G.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare gastric emptying time, smallintestinal transit time (SITT), and orocecal transit time (OCTT) of radiopaque markers in dogs varying in age and body size and to determine whether fecal variables (ie, consistency and moisture content) are related to gastrointestinal tract transit times in dogs.

Animals—24 eight-week-old female puppies, including 6 Miniature Poodles, 6 Standard Schnauzers, 6 Giant Schnauzers, and 6 Great Danes.

Procedure—Gastrointestinal tract transit time experiments were performed at 12, 22, 36, and 60 weeks of age. Dogs were fed 30 small radiopaque markers mixed with a meal. Abdominal radiographs were taken. The time at which 50% of the markers had left the stomach (T50) and the time at which the first marker reached the colon were calculated. Fecal moisture content and scoring on the basis of fecal consistency were recorded during the same periods.

Results—Puppies had a shorter mean T50 than adults, and mean OCTT decreased significantly only during growth of large-breed dogs. However mean fecal moisture content significantly increased with age, except in Giant Schnauzers. No effect of body size on T50 was found regardless of age, and no difference was observed between OCTT of small- and large-breed adult dogs. The effect of age on the mean SITT was not significant for any breed. However, a strong positive correlation was recorded between body size and fecal moisture content (r2= 0.77) or fecal scores (r2= 0.69) in adult dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Age affects T50 in small- and large-breed dogs and OCTT in largebreed dogs. However, body size does not affect T50 or OCTT. A relationship does not exist between gastrointestinal tract transit time and fecal variables in healthy dogs. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:677–682)
Effects of continuous intra-articular infusion of gentamicin on synovial membrane and articular cartilage in the tarsocrural joint of horses
Authors: Lescun Timothy B. , Adams Stephen B. , Wu Ching Ching , Bill Robert P. , Sickle David C. Van
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the effects of a continuous intra-articular infusion of gentamicin on the synovial membrane and articular cartilage in the tarsocrural joint of horses.

Animals—6 healthy adult horses.

Procedure—A balloon infusion system attached to a catheter placed in the plantarolateral pouch of both tarsocrural joints in each horse was used for continuous gentamicin solution (GM) or balanced electrolyte solution (BES) delivery for 5 days. Cartilage and synovial membrane specimens were collected on day 5 from 3 horses and on day 14 from the remaining 3 horses. Both infused joints from each horse were assessed, using gross evaluation and histologic scoring systems.

Results—Significant differences in the histologic scores of synovial membrane specimens between the GM- and BES-treated joints at either 5 or 14 days were not observed. Safranin-O-fast green staining scores were similar between cartilage specimens from GM- and BES-treated joints. Although the synovial membrane histologic scores and safranin-O-fast green staining scores improved from day 5 to 14, the changes in scores were not significant. Loss of synovial intimal cells from villi was found more commonly in sections of synovial membrane from GM-treated joints, compared with BES-treated joints.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Continuous infusion of GM into the tarsocrural joint of horses does not have significant effects on histologic scores of articular cartilage or synovial membrane, compared with those infused with BES. Continuous infusion of GM into the tarsocrural joint of horses for 5 days is an acceptable method for the treatment of septic arthritis. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:683–687)