bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hybrid finite-amplitude periodic modes for two uniformly magnetized spheres
Authors: Carter P. Mitchell , Edwards Boyd F.
Published: May 2024

We analyze a system of two uniformly magnetized spheres, one fixed and the other free to slide in frictionless contact with the surface of the first. The centers of the two magnets, and their magnetic moments, are restricted to a plane. We search for sets of initial conditions that yield finite-amplitude oscillatory periodic solutions. We extend two small-amplitude base modes, one with orbital and spin motions that are in phase and the other out of phase, to finite amplitudes and show that the motion for arbitrary oscillatory solutions can be considered to be a nonlinear superposition of these base modes. Some solutions are pure periodic finite-amplitude extensions of one base mode, while others are hybrid finite-amplitude superpositions of the two modes. Hybrid modes with rational frequency ratios are periodic and come in families defined by their frequency ratios. We further characterize hybrid periodic modes by identifying two symmetry classes that describe their relative phases. We see continuous transitions between one finite-amplitude base mode and the other, with one mode gradually transforming into the other. We also calculate frequency spectra of nonperiodic modes, show that the two base modes have well-defined frequencies even for nonperiodic states, and show that periodic solutions can give clues about the behavior of nearby nonperiodic solutions. In the limit of small amplitudes, we confirm that the computed frequencies of these modes agree with small-amplitude analytical results. We also generate a Lyapunov exponent heatmap that reflects periodic and nonperiodic regions of state space.
A high-performance surface acoustic wave sensing technique
Authors: Wu Mengmeng , Liu Xiao , Wang Renfei , Lin Xi , Liu Yang
Published: May 2024

We present a superheterodyne-scheme demodulation system that can detect the amplitude and phase shift of weak radio frequency signals with extraordinarily high stability and resolution. As a demonstration, we introduce a process to measure the velocity of the surface acoustic wave using a delay-line device from 30 K to room temperature, which can resolve <0.1 ppm velocity shift. Furthermore, we investigate the possibility of using this surface acoustic wave device as a calibration-free, high sensitivity, and fast response thermometer.
The interplay between imprint, wake-up, and domains in ferroelectric Al0.70Sc0.30N
Authors: Gremmel Maike , Fichtner Simon
Published: May 2024

This paper investigates wake-up and imprint in ferroelectric Al0.70Sc0.30N films. The study employs a series of electrical measurements with varying field amplitudes and waveforms to understand the origin and underlying principle of wake-up and imprint as well as their relation. It is shown that the material can be considered wake-up free. However, inherent imprint and imprint variation of the polarization-electric field hysteresis in combination with minor loops result in a wake-up like effect. This effect is most likely related to the formation of persistent inversion domain nuclei—a mechanism that is discussed in detail and compared with alternative explanations based on charged defects. Investigations using unipolar fields are conducted to explore the reversibility of imprint and ways to program it, while partial switching is applied to investigate domain propagation and support the aforementioned explanation for the evolution of the polarization-electric field hysteresis. It is concluded that after an energetically more demanding domain nucleation, domain wall motion can switch the majority of polarization in Al1−xScxN. As a consequence, the presence of initial domains reduces the coercive field with respect to unipolar films.
Cavity soliton inhibition of extreme events in lasers with injection
Authors: Eslami M. , Taati E. , Kheradmand R. , Prati F. , Tissoni G. , Oppo G.-L.
Published: May 2024

Vortex mediated turbulence can be the key element in the generation of extreme events in spatially extended lasers with optical injection. Here, we study the interplay of vortex mediated turbulence and cavity solitons on the onset of extreme events in semiconductor lasers with injection. We first analyze and characterize these two features separately, spatiotemporal chaotic optical vortices for low values of the injection intensity and cavity solitons above the locking regime. In regimes where vortex mediated turbulence and cavity solitons coexist, localized peaks of light inhibit instead of enhancing the generation of rogue waves by locally regularizing the otherwise chaotic phase of the optical field. Cavity solitons can then be used to manipulate and control extreme events in systems displaying vortex mediated turbulence.
The magnetocardiogram
Authors: Roth Bradley J.
Published: May 2024

The magnetic field produced by the heart's electrical activity is called the magnetocardiogram (MCG). The first 20 years of MCG research established most of the concepts, instrumentation, and computational algorithms in the field. Additional insights into fundamental mechanisms of biomagnetism were gained by studying isolated hearts or even isolated pieces of cardiac tissue. Much effort has gone into calculating the MCG using computer models, including solving the inverse problem of deducing the bioelectric sources from biomagnetic measurements. Recently, most magnetocardiographic research has focused on clinical applications, driven in part by new technologies to measure weak biomagnetic fields.
Laser-induced stress by multi-beam femtosecond pulses in fused silica
Authors: Gaudfrin Kévin , Lopez John , Gemini Laura , Hönninger Clemens , Duchateau Guillaume
Published: May 2024

Ultrafast laser technology presents the unique capacity to process glass materials with an outstanding processing quality; however, combining high quality and high throughput is still a crucial issue because glass is brittle and highly heat sensitive. One strategy to overcome this limitation is to split in space the main laser beam into multiple beams for process parallelization. In the present paper, the simultaneous interaction of several femtosecond laser beams at the surface of fused silica targets is addressed experimentally and theoretically. This work is devoted to highlight the beams cooperation for inducing stress in the material. The experiment consists in irradiating the target with multiple laser pulses with a wavelength of 1030 nm and a duration of 500 fs. The induced stress is observed through post-mortem cross-polarized microscopy. A multiscale and multiphysics model describing laser energy deposition into the material and its mechanical response is developed. The influence of various laser parameters is studied: number and position of laser beams, repetition rate, and fluence. Both experimental and modeling results, which are in a good agreement, show significant cooperative effects for stress formation with large enough laser energy deposition, possibly leading to detrimental cracks.
Lyapunov functionals for a general time-delayed virus dynamic model with different CTL responses
Authors: Guo Ke , Guo Songbai
Published: May 2024

A time-delayed virus dynamic model is proposed with general monotonic incidence, different nonlinear CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocyte) responses [CTL elimination function pyg1(z) and CTL stimulation function cyg2(z)], and immune impairment. Indeed, the different CTL responses pose challenges in obtaining the dissipativeness of the model. By constructing appropriate Lyapunov functionals with some detailed analysis techniques, the global stability results of all equilibria of the model are obtained. By the way, we point out that the partial derivative fv(x,0) is increasing (but not necessarily strictly) in x>0 for the general monotonic incidence f(x,v). However, some papers defaulted that the partial derivative was strictly increasing. Our main results show that if the basic reproduction number R0≤1, the infection-free equilibrium E0 is globally asymptotically stable (GAS); if CTL stimulation function cyg2(z)=0 for z=0 and the CTL threshold parameter R1≤1<R0, then the immunity-inactivated infection equilibrium E1 is GAS; if the immunity-activated infection equilibrium E+ exists, then it is GAS. Two specific examples are provided to illustrate the applicability of the main results. The main results acquired in this paper improve or extend some of the existing results.
Testing mixing rules for structural and dynamical quantities in multi-component crowded protein solutions
Authors: Gulotta Alessandro , Bucciarelli Saskia , Roosen-Runge Felix , Holderer Olaf , Schurtenberger Peter , Stradner Anna
Published: May 2024

Crowding effects significantly influence the phase behavior and the structural and dynamic properties of the concentrated protein mixtures present in the cytoplasm of cells or in the blood serum. This poses enormous difficulties for our theoretical understanding and our ability to predict the behavior of these systems. While the use of course grained colloid-inspired models allows us to reproduce the key physical solution properties of concentrated monodisperse solutions of individual proteins, we lack corresponding theories for complex polydisperse mixtures. Here, we test the applicability of simple mixing rules in order to predict solution properties of protein mixtures. We use binary mixtures of the well-characterized bovine eye lens proteins α and γB crystallin as model systems. Combining microrheology with static and dynamic scattering techniques and observations of the phase diagram for liquid–liquid phase separation, we show that reasonably accurate descriptions are possible for macroscopic and mesoscopic signatures, while information on the length scale of the individual protein size requires more information on cross-component interaction.
Impact of sulfur addition on the structure and dynamics of Ni–Nb alloy melts
Authors: Grund Nicolai , Holland-Moritz Dirk , Khademorezaian Saba , Kreuzer Lucas P. , Neuber Nico , Ruschel Lucas M. , Voigt Hendrik , Wilden Johanna , Yang Fan , Banerjee Soham , Blankenburg Malte , Dippel Ann-Christin , Embs Jan Peter , Divinski Sergiy , Busch Ralf , Meyer Andreas , Wilde Gerhard
Published: May 2024

We investigated the change in the structure and dynamics of a Ni–Nb bulk metallic glass upon sulfur addition on both microscopic and macroscopic scales. With the sulfur concentration of 3 at. %, where the composition Ni58Nb39S3 exhibits the best glass forming ability in the investigated sulfur concentration range, both the equilibrium and undercooled melt dynamics remain almost unchanged. Only in the glassy state does sulfur seem to result in mass transport less decoupled to the viscosity of the undercooled liquid, where the measured Ag tracer diffusion coefficient is slower in the ternary alloy. With the structural disorder introduced by the alloying sulfur, the improved glass forming ability is attributed to geometrical frustration, where crystal nucleation requires a depletion of sulfur and hence long range diffusion, as long as no primary sulfur-containing crystalline phase is involved.
Experimental investigation on initial arc formation in high-current drawn vacuum arc
Authors: Lv Xinkun , Shi Zongqian , Zhao Ziqiao , Rong Yiming , Wang Nan , Ding Yiming , Mo Yongpeng , Sun Jiajia
Published: May 2024

Initial arc formation in high-current drawn vacuum arc was investigated experimentally and analyzed quantitatively in this paper. Experiments were conducted in a demountable vacuum chamber. Characteristics of molten metal bridges evolution and arc voltage indicated that initial arc formation could be divided into three stages. The correlation between the rupture of molten metal bridges and the fluctuation of arc voltage in stage 2 was analyzed. In addition, characteristics in stage 2 under different arc currents and opening speeds were analyzed quantitatively.
Hemodynamic assessment of severely stenotic carotid arteries
Authors: Chen Yanlu , Huang Kaiyuan , Cheng Yuzhou , Luo Kun , Fan Jianren , Zhan Renya
Published: May 2024

Internal carotid artery (CA) stenosis is a primary etiological factor for stroke and transient ischemic attack. The severity of arterial stenosis significantly impacts patient health and treatment decisions. Therefore, we conducted computational fluid dynamics analyses on five carotid arteries (CAs) of severe stenosis and compared them with five CAs in the control group. We improved the three-element Windkessel model method by pre-calculating the constant-pressure outlet simulation of the first cardiac cycle, which accelerated the stability of the model. The research results show that vortices were observed at the bifurcation of the CAs in the control group, whereas in the severe stenosis group, vortices predominantly occurred within the carotid sinus downstream of the stenotic segment. Notably, the vortex flow in the carotid aneurysm downstream of the stenotic segment arises due to the cross-sectional constriction induced by stenosis, which always flows in a clockwise direction and may contribute to the formation of aneurysms distal to the stenotic region. A high time-averaged wall shear stress value can effectively identify the stenosis site of CAs, while a high relative residence time value marks the protrusion near the stenosis segment. This study delved into the hemodynamic parameters between the CAs of the severe stenosis group and the control group and provided robust clinical evidence for carotid atherosclerotic disease.
Rapidly achieving uniform flow with a hydrodynamic metadevice
Authors: Chen Mengyao , Shen Xiangying , Zhu Guimei , Li Baowen
Published: May 2024

In this work, we develop a unique and efficient metamaterial device known as the “hydrodynamic evener,” which can stabilize a flow field rapidly when a transition through channels with constrictions or expansions occurs. The hydrodynamic metadevice is designed from the theory of scattering cancelation for fluid flow in a porous medium. Its precise theoretical formulation furnishes it with an almost flawless capability to guarantee uniform flow, and thus we named it as the hydrodynamic evener. This hydrodynamic evener opens up new avenues for fluid manipulation and control across numerous industrial and scientific domains, including enhancing the design of microfluidic reactors and optimization of fluid flow in microfluidic devices and the structural design of various industrial equipment.
Development of one-step roll-to-roll system with incorporated vacuum sputtering for large-scale production of plasmonic sensing chips
Authors: Kim Tae Eon , Jung Sunghoon , Lee Soo Hyun , Mun ChaeWon , Byeon Eun-Yeon , Yang Jun-Yeong , Park Jucheol , Lee Seunghun , Kang Heemin , Park Sung-Gyu
Published: May 2024

The trade-off relationship between cost and performance is a major challenge in the development of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensors for practical applications. We propose a roll-to-roll system with incorporated vacuum sputtering to manufacture Ag-coated nanodimples (Ag/NDs) on A4-scale films in a single step. The Ag/ND SERS platforms were prepared via O2 ion beam sputtering and Ag sputtering deposition. The concave three-dimensional spaces in the Ag/NDs functioned as hotspots, and their optimal fabrication conditions were investigated with two variables: moving speed and Ag thickness. The entire process was automated, which resulted in highly consistent optical responses (i.e., relative standard deviation of ∼10%). The activation of plasmonic hotspots was demonstrated by electric-field profiles calculated via the finite-difference time-domain method. The wavelength dependency of the Ag/ND platforms was also examined by dark-field microscopy. The results indicate that the developed engineering technique for the large-scale production of Ag/ND plasmonic chips would likely be competitive in the commercial market.
The visual motion blur elimination method for silicon nitride bearing roller fissures based on U-Net asymmetric multi-scale feature fusion
Authors: Deng Zhijuan , Li Guangmao , Yang Hui , Jiang Peng , Jiang Hong , Yu Dongling
Published: May 2024

The visual motion blur imaging for the feature recognition process of silicon nitride bearing roller fissures is a pathological problem. This is solved by proposing squeeze-and-excitation asymmetric fusion of multi-scale features with high-frequency loss attention coupled U-Net (MHU-Net). The visual motion blur elimination of fissure features on silicon nitride bearing rollers is achieved. In the deblurring model, the multi-scale feature information on silicon nitride bearing roller fissures is blocked and there is weak correlation between channels. A design for an asymmetric fusion multi-scale feature module under the channel information compression–excitation mode is proposed. It successfully balances the channel information from different scales while integrating multi-scale features in image fusion. The high-frequency region of fissure features on silicon nitride bearing rollers is analyzed. Around the high-frequency feature loss in the multi-frequency domain of images combined with spatial feature loss, a multi-frequency band high-frequency loss attention module is built. Then, the complete structural details of silicon nitride bearing roller fissures are obtained. The proposed algorithm achieves a peak signal-to-noise ratio of 27.58 and a structural similarity of 0.847 on our self-made silicon nitride defect motion dataset. The visual motion blur of fissure features is noticeably eliminated. The restored image exhibits complete details in the feature structures and overall region smoothness.
Scaling laws for optimized power-law fluid flow in self-similar tree-like branching networks
Authors: Garg Ashish , Mishra Himanshu , Pattanayek Sudip K.
Published: May 2024

The power-law fluid flow in tree-like self-similar branching networks is prevalent throughout the natural world and also finds numerous applications in technology such as oil recovery and microfluidic devices. We investigate analysis of optimal power-law fluid flow conditions and the optimal structures within tree-like branching networks, focusing on maximizing flow conductance under the constraint of the network tube’s volume and the surface area. The study considered fully developed laminar power-law fluid flow regimes without considering any losses in the network system. A key observation was the sensitivity of the dimensionless effective flow conductance to the network’s geometrical parameters. We found that the maximum flow conductance occurs when a dimensionless radius ratio β∗ satisfies the equation β∗=N−1/3 and β∗=N−(n+1)/(3n+2) under constrained tube-volume and surface-area, respectively. Here, N represents the bifurcation number of branches splitting at each junction, and n is the fluid power-law index. We further find that this optimal condition occurs when pressure drops are equipartition across each branching level. We validated our results with various experimental results and theories under limiting conditions. Further, Hess–Murray’s law is justified and extended for the shear-thinning and shear-thickening fluid flows for an arbitrary number of branches N. Further, in this study, we also derive the relationships between the geometrical and flow characteristics of the parent and daughter tubes as well as the generalized scaling laws at the optimal conditions for the other essential parameters such as tube-wall stresses, length ratios, mean velocities, tube-volume, and surface-area of the tube distributing within the networks. We find that the fluid power-law index n does not influence the constrained tube-volume scaling at the optimal conditions; however, the scaling laws vary with n under the constrained tube’s surface area. These findings offer valuable design principles for developing efficient transport and flow systems.
Long-term post-fire succession of reptiles in an urban remnant in south-western Australia
Authors: Davis Robert A. , Craig Michael D.
Published: May 2024

Background Reptile responses to fire may differ between remnants and contiguous vegetation but this is poorly understood. Aims We aimed to explore long-term (≤15 years) post-fire responses of reptiles in an urban Banksia woodland remnant. Methods We trapped reptiles for 10 nights in November and December each year between 2009 and 2023 inclusive (except 2014 and 2019) to estimate relative abundance. We used mixed models to explore differences between unburnt and burnt sites and changes in both over time. Key results and conclusions The reptile community showed short-term negative responses to fire, but communities had returned to their pre-fire state within 3 years. Two species showed short-term (3 and 5 years respectively) negative responses to fire while two species showed positive responses; one in the first year post-fire only, and the other in sites >8 years post-fire. There did not appear to be consistent differences in fire responses between this study and studies conducted in contiguous Banksia woodlands, although differences in study designs renders this conclusion equivocal. Implications Reptile communities in Banksia woodland remnants, and the species they contain appear to be relatively robust to a wide range of fire regimes.
Atomic resolution structure of full-length human insulin fibrils
Authors: Suladze Saba , Sarkar Riddhiman , Rodina Natalia , Bokvist Krister , Krewinkel Manuel , Scheps Daniel , Nagel Norbert , Bardiaux Benjamin , Reif Bernd
Published: May 2024

Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus who are dependent on an external supply of insulin develop insulin-derived amyloidosis at the sites of insulin injection. A major component of these plaques is identified as full-length insulin consisting of the two chains A and B. While there have been several reports that characterize insulin misfolding and the biophysical properties of the fibrils, atomic-level information on the insulin fibril architecture remains elusive. We present here an atomic resolution structure of a monomorphic insulin amyloid fibril that has been determined using magic angle spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The structure of the insulin monomer yields a U-shaped fold in which the two chains A and B are arranged in parallel to each other and are oriented perpendicular to the fibril axis. Each chain contains two β‐strands. We identify two hydrophobic clusters that together with the three preserved disulfide bridges define the amyloid core structure. The surface of the monomeric amyloid unit cell is hydrophobic implicating a potential dimerization and oligomerization interface for the assembly of several protofilaments in the mature fibril. The structure provides a starting point for the development of drugs that bind to the fibril surface and disrupt secondary nucleation as well as for other therapeutic approaches to attenuate insulin aggregation.
High prevalence of PRDM9-independent recombination hotspots in placental mammals
Authors: Joseph Julien , Prentout Djivan , Laverré Alexandre , Tricou Théo , Duret Laurent
Published: May 2024

In many mammals, recombination events are concentrated in hotspots directed by a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein named PRDM9. Intriguingly, PRDM9 has been lost several times in vertebrates, and notably among mammals, it has been pseudogenized in the ancestor of canids. In the absence of PRDM9, recombination hotspots tend to occur in promoter-like features such as CpG islands. It has thus been proposed that one role of PRDM9 could be to direct recombination away from PRDM9-independent hotspots. However, the ability of PRDM9 to direct recombination hotspots has been assessed in only a handful of species, and a clear picture of how much recombination occurs outside of PRDM9-directed hotspots in mammals is still lacking. In this study, we derived an estimator of past recombination activity based on signatures of GC-biased gene conversion in substitution patterns. We quantified recombination activity in PRDM9-independent hotspots in 52 species of boreoeutherian mammals. We observe a wide range of recombination rates at these loci: several species (such as mice, humans, some felids, or cetaceans) show a deficit of recombination, while a majority of mammals display a clear peak of recombination. Our results demonstrate that PRDM9-directed and PRDM9-independent hotspots can coexist in mammals and that their coexistence appears to be the rule rather than the exception. Additionally, we show that the location of PRDM9-independent hotspots is relatively more stable than that of PRDM9-directed hotspots, but that PRDM9-independent hotspots nevertheless evolve slowly in concert with DNA hypomethylation.
Understanding the Asian water tower requires a redesigned precipitation observation strategy
Authors: Miao Chiyuan , Immerzeel Walter W. , Xu Baiqing , Yang Kun , Duan Qingyun , Li Xin
Published: May 2024

The Asian water tower (AWT) serves as the source of 10 major Asian river systems and supports the lives of ~2 billion people. Obtaining reliable precipitation data over the AWT is a prerequisite for understanding the water cycle within this pivotal region. Here, we quantitatively reveal that the “observed” precipitation over the AWT is considerably underestimated in view of observational evidence from three water cycle components, namely, evapotranspiration, runoff, and accumulated snow. We found that three paradoxes appear if the so-called observed precipitation is corrected, namely, actual evapotranspiration exceeding precipitation, unrealistically high runoff coefficients, and accumulated snow water equivalent exceeding contemporaneous precipitation. We then explain the cause of precipitation underestimation from instrumental error caused by wind-induced gauge undercatch and the representativeness error caused by sparse-uneven gauge density and the complexity of local surface conditions. These findings require us to rethink previous results concerning the water cycle, prompting the study to discuss potential solutions.
Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet dark matter halo: negative masses, rotation curves and the origin of dark matter effects
Authors: Chahboun Omar , Laamara Rachid Ahl , Saidi El Hassan
Published: May 2024

This work presents a novel approach to address the longstanding challenge posed by the rotation curves of galaxies and the associated missing mass problem. Utilizing the four-dimensional modified gravity framework of Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet (EGB), we develop a new model that integrates the concept of dark matter featuring negative mass due to the Gauss-Bonnet term. Our methodology involves using the action of EGB with boundary terms to derive the Israel junction condition, allowing the formulation of a model featuring a spherical dark halo. The mass expression of this dark halo exhibits a remarkable proportionality to the radius r at large distances, forming the basis for subsequent analyses. The model’s implications extend to the dynamics of the early Universe, where we introduce a dynamic scalar field classified as Chameleon. Posting this scalar field as the origin of dark matter effects, we establish a crucial link between the coupling constant α and the scalar field through

Z

2

symmetry breaking via the effective potential. This connection enables a subtle description of velocity, reminiscent of Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND), providing insights into the gravitational interplay and dark matter dynamics. A pivotal aspect of our study involves a particular comparison of the model’s predictions with observational data sourced from SPARC datasets. The alignment of our theoretical outcomes with empirical evidence underscores the model’s efficiency and its potential contribution to our understanding of galactic rotation dynamics.
Evaluation of injection current frequency on molten NaCl solidification images reconstructed by high-temperature electrical resistance tomography
Authors: Segawa So , Sejati Prima Asmara , Prayitno Yosephus Ardean Kurnianto , Takei Masahiro
Published: May 2024

The injection current frequency has been evaluated on molten NaCl solidification images reconstructed by high-temperature electrical resistance tomography (htERT). The evaluation was performed using an electrical equivalent circuit consisting of an electrical double layer (EDL), bulk solution and current–voltage path (CV path). The EDL and bulk solution are the elements that indicate electrochemical noise and bulk noise due to random thermally excited vibrations of Na+ and Cl–. The CV path compensates for measurement device errors due to the low resistivity of molten NaCl. The molten NaCl solidification images were reconstructed by htERT in an alumina crucible with platinum-wire electrodes under an initial temperature

air

T
0

=

820 °C and temperature drop rate

γ

=

6.67 °C min−1. As a result, the solid volume fraction

φ

of molten NaCl was properly obtained at the appropriate injection current frequency of

L

f
<
f
<

H

f

, which is determined by the electrical equivalent circuit (EEC) with an EDL, bulk solution and CV path. The EEC was validated by comparing the signal to noise ratio and Nyquist plot obtained experimentally with a resistance error. The best frequency range implemented in htERT for molten NaCl solidification images was determined as

L

f

= 1.4 kHz and

H

f

= 41 kHz.
Enhancing electrical resistance tomography reconstruction from conductive fabric: a comparative study of CycleGAN and pix2pixGAN
Authors: Solano Sanchez Felipe Alberto , Khambampati Anil Kumar , Jeon Minho , Kim Kyung Youn
Published: May 2024

Monitoring fetal health is crucial in prenatal care, and existing techniques for assessing fetal movements are often expensive and limited to clinical environments. This research investigates the potential of utilizing electrical resistance tomography (ERT) with a conductive fabric to create a cost-effective and non-invasive imaging solution for fetal monitoring. The fusion of ERT with wearable e-textile devices facilitates continuous and portable monitoring. To improve the quality of ERT-generated images, we propose the application of CycleGAN and pix2pixGAN, both machine learning models based on generative adversarial networks. These models learn to map reconstructed images to target images, thereby enhancing reconstruction precision and image quality. The outcomes of this research highlight the effectiveness of the suggested method in managing noisy data and achieving superior image generation. This work presents a promising approach to fetal monitoring using ERT and deep learning techniques, opening possibilities for more affordable and accessible prenatal care.
Review of advances in tool condition monitoring techniques in the milling process
Authors: T Mohanraj , E S Kirubakaran , Madheswaran Dinesh Kumar , M L Naren , P Suganithi Dharshan , Ibrahim Mohamed
Published: May 2024

Milling is an extremely adaptable process that can be utilized to fabricate a wide range of shapes and intricate 3D geometries. The versatility of the milling process renders it useful for the production of a diverse range of components and products in several industries, including aerospace, automotive, electronics, and medical equipment. Monitoring tool conditions is essential for maintaining product quality, minimizing production downtime, and maximizing tool life. Advances in this field have been driven by the need for increased productivity, reduced tool wear, and improved process efficiency. Tool condition monitoring (TCM) in the milling process is a critical aspect of machining operations. TCM involves assessing the health and performance of cutting tools used in milling machines. As technology evolves, staying updated with the latest developments in this field is essential for manufacturers seeking to optimize their milling operations. However, addressing the challenges associated with sensor integration, data analysis, and cost-effectiveness remains crucial. To fill this research gap, this paper provides an overview of the extensive literature on monitoring milling tool conditions. It summarizes the key focus areas, including tool wear sensors and the application of various machine learning and deep learning algorithms. It also discusses the potential applications of TCM beyond wear detection, such as predicting tool breakage, tool wear, the cutting tool’s remaining lifetime, and the challenges faced by TCMs. This review also provides suggestions for potential future research endeavors and is anticipated to offer valuable insights for the development of advanced TCMs in terms of tool wear monitoring and predicting remaining useful life.
A hybrid energy harvesting approach for transmission lines based on triboelectric nanogenerator and micro thermoelectric generator
Authors: Feng Xing , Hao Zhijie , Shao Tong , Ma Zhenyao , Lu Yingli , Wang Yi , Liu Changxin
Published: May 2024

To effectively detect faults in transmission lines, monitoring the operating status of these lines is imperative. However, providing power to monitoring devices for transmission line status presents a significant challenge. In this research, a hybrid energy harvesting approach based on micro thermoelectric generator (MTEG) and triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is proposed, and a theoretical model for MTEG-TENG hybrid energy harvesting is established. This study develops an integrated energy harvesting prototype, which incorporates oscillating-TENG (O-TENGs), MTEGs, and a power management control unit. This prototype not only harvests energy from the vibrations of transmission lines but also converts the lines thermal energy into electricity. The Experiment results show that the maximum open-circuit voltages of O-TENG and MTEG reach 80.3 V and 1.094 V, respectively. Compared to a single MTEG energy harvesting device, the prototype of the MTEG-TENG hybrid energy harvesting device demonstrates a 5.36% improvement in energy harvesting and battery charging performance. Consequently, this approach achieves self-powered monitoring with excellent stability and lower manufacturing costs. It provides an efficient and durable power approach for transmission line status monitoring devices.
Application of machine learning on the design of acoustic metamaterials and phonon crystals: a review
Authors: Chen Jianquan , Huang Jiahan , An Mingyi , Hu Pengfei , Xie Yiyuan , Wu Junjun , Chen Yu
Published: May 2024

This comprehensive review explores the design and applications of machine learning (ML) techniques to acoustic metamaterials (AMs) and phononic crystals (PnCs), with a particular focus on deep learning (DL). AMs and PnCs, characterized by artificially designed microstructures and geometries, offer unique acoustic properties for precise control and manipulation of sound waves. ML, including DL, in combination with traditional artificial design have promoted the design process, enabling data-driven approaches for feature identification, design optimization, and intelligent parameter search. ML algorithms process extensive AM data to discover novel structures and properties, enhancing overall acoustic performance. This review presents an in-depth exploration of applications associated with ML techniques in AMs and PnCs, highlighting specific advantages, challenges and potential solutions of applying of using ML algorithms associated with ML techniques. By bridging acoustic engineering and ML, this review paves the way for future breakthroughs in acoustic research and engineering.
Second-order charge and spin transport in LaO/STO system in the presence of cubic Rashba spin orbit couplings
Authors: Bin Siu Zhuo , Kundu Anirban , Jalil Mansoor B A
Published: May 2024

Under an applied electric field, certain non-centrosymmetric materials with broken time-reversal symmetry may exhibit non-reciprocal transport behavior in which the charge and spin currents contain components that are second order in the electric field. In this study, we investigate the second-order spin accumulation and charge and spin responses in the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 (LaO/STO) system with magnetic dopants under the influence of linear and cubic Rashba spin–orbit coupling (RSOC) terms. We explain the physical origin of the second-order response and perform a symmetry analysis of the first- and second-order responses for different dopant magnetization directions relative to the applied electric field. We then numerically solve the Boltzmann transport equation by extending the approach of Schliemann and Loss (2003 Phys. Rev. B 68 165311) to higher orders in the electric field. We show that the sign of the second-order responses can be switched by varying the magnetization direction of the magnetic dopants or relative strengths of the two cubic RSOC terms and explain these trends by considering the Fermi surfaces of the respective systems. These findings provide insights into the interplay of multiple SOC effects in the LaO/STO system and how the resulting first- and second-order charge and spin responses can be engineered by exploiting the symmetries of the system.
Poloidal structure of the edge parallel flow in H-mode, L-mode and I-mode confinement regimes
Authors: Cruz-Zabala D.J. , Viezzer E. , Cano-Megias P. , Cavedon M. , Dux R. , Plank U. , Pütterich T. , McKay K. , Rodriguez-Gonzalez A. , Garcia-Munoz M. ,   the ASDEX Upgrade Team
Published: May 2024

Impurity profiles have been measured with the edge high field side (HFS) and low field side (LFS) charge exchange recombination spectroscopy suite at ASDEX Upgrade enabling the study of the poloidal structure of the edge parallel flow in H-mode, L-mode and I-mode. In H-mode, asymmetries in the impurity density, toroidal and poloidal rotations are found. In I-mode, only toroidal rotation asymmetries have been measured while in L-mode no asymmetries have been observed. The measured parallel flow can be divided in two components, the Pfirsch–Schlüter (PS) flow and the symmetric flow. Two different methods have been followed to determine both contributions to the parallel flow. The first method is based on the calculation of the PS flow at the HFS and LFS from the radial electric field. The second method directly provides the symmetric flow from the flux surface average (FSA) of the parallel flow. In H-mode, the methods provide different results, while in L-mode and I-mode they agree. The differences observed in H-mode between the two methods could be explained by the existence of asymmetries in the impurity density, by the non-negligible particle sources and radial losses, or by the approximations made in the calculation of the FSA of the parallel flow from measurements in two poloidal positions (midplane HFS and LFS) only.
The image of Gresik Town Square based on participatory design of multicultural society in Gresik
Authors: Kharismawan R , Dewanda G C , Nugroho S , Mahendra A S , Setyawan W
Published: May 2024

Gresik Town Square, or Alun-alun Gresik, was originally an open space that was used by local residents for various activities. However, in 2017, the Gresik Town Square was converted into an Islamic Center, which caused pros and cons in the society. This refusal is based on the position of the Gresik Town Square as a cultural heritage and the conditions around the Square are not only based on Islamic culture. This is marked by the existence of the Pentecostal Church and Kim Hin Kiong Temple near the Alun-Alun. This phenomenon generates a “placelessness”, which describes the ignorance of special feature of places in the creation of the new landscapes. The existence of Alun-Alun Gresik, which is an Islamic Center, can slowly replace the special meaning of places, such as the Pentecostal Church and Kim Hin Kiong Temple which are also highly related to the cultural traditions. Based on this problem, the multicultural condition of the Old City of Gresik is the basis for restoring Gresik Town Square by respecting other cultures. Using participatory design approach, this project is trying to involve participants’ contributions in seeing this issue and giving aspirations on the design of multicultural Gresik Town Square. The research employs field observation, interview, survey, and literature review for data collection. The results showed that two groups (accepting and rejecting the design) are likely to have multicultural image of the town square, supported by activities and facilities that accommodate each communities’ culture.
Sustainable Design Criteria for Batik Cultural Centre in Klampar, Madura
Authors: Sumartinah Happy Ratna , Akbar Arwani Hasbullah , Sulistiastuti Mutia
Published: May 2024

Batik is part of the culture in Indonesia. With each region having its signature, the Government has taken various ways to ensure the sustainability of batik, providing a batik centre to support batik artisans and a batik museum to introduce culture to tourists. However, the program’s sustainability cannot be maintained, and it always fails for several reasons. One can be seen in kampong batik in Klampar Village, Indonesia; the Government provided a Batik Centre in 2022, but the following year, it was abandoned, and the community returned to producing batik in their homes. This research aims to formulate sustainable design criteria for Batik Cultural Centre based on the four dimensions of sustainability and sustainable tourism. The sustainability review of kampong batik in Klampar Village will carried out qualitatively, and the solutions offered will be analyzed empirically with the support of previous theories to provide credibility. The results show that six architectural aspects can be intervened in developing culture-based sustainable tourism: facilities, room programs, materials, skin, spatial connectivity, and floor plan. This study contributes to setting the design criteria for vernacular architecture that wants to be re-purposed as a tourism facility within the sustainability corridors.
Study of the green building implementation: towards net zero energy housing (case study: South Tangerang)
Authors: Tarigan S , Mannan K A
Published: May 2024

The study investigates the use of green building concepts by private developers in South Tangerang. The implementation of green building policies has a significant impact on the government’s target of reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions by 2030. The private sector, specifically large private developers in South Tangerang, has made significant contributions to the successful implementation of green building. The majority of new houses built in recent years have been built by large private developers with a lot of land in South Tangerang. This research is significant because a large developer with all of the financial and technical resources can be a pioneer in the future application of green building for residential homes. For governments with all financial and technical constraints, the active role of private developers will greatly aid in the mass implementation of green buildings. However, the constraints and challenges faced by private developers in incorporating green building concepts into their products remain poorly understood and discussed. A simulation of a typical model house built by a private developer can be used to assess the private sector’s potential for energy and economic savings. There are still very few green building discussions that address the potential of housing to save energy. The study is expected to contribute to discussions about green building applications by providing an overview of the challenges and potential for implementation.
The affect of rusunawa design changes to resident’s physical quality satisfaction
Authors: Ramadhani A N , Setijanti P , Hayati Arina
Published: May 2024

The physical quality satisfaction has an essential contribution to shaping residents’ sense of place, which affects the sustainability of a setting. Physical quality assessment can help measure the extent to which occupants are satisfied with the physical quality of their housing environment and enable the community to identify and organize their settings. This also includes the legibility and accessibility aspects that allow people to create clear, accurate images and help users adapt to their environment, especially housing and settlement. This study examines the effect of design changes on residents’ physical quality satisfaction levels that occur in Rusunawa Sombo. Rusunawa Sombo is a rental flat complex with 10 blocks that was built in stages from 1989 to 1994. This flat underwent renovations to 2 building blocks (blocks E and K) which were completed in 2021. However, the design of the renovated building is very different from the original building, with a reduction in the corridor’s area, which was previously the center of residents’ communal and domestic activities. This study tries to examine the response of residents’ to these changes. The method used in this study is a mixed method, where quantitative research is the dominant method. This study tried to collect a questionnaire assessment of the physical quality satisfaction for 48 respondents, of which 24 respondents lived in the old Rusunawa Sombo building design (Block A and B), and 24 respondents from the newly renovated building (blocks E and K). The results of the questionnaire were analyzed descriptively through the results of the mean value. The quantitative results were then analyzed using a qualitative descriptive method from observations and interviews with respondents to validate the results. This research is expected to be useful as a post-occupancy evaluation that obtains feedback on a Rusunawa Sombo building’s performance in use after it has been built and occupied.
Spatial Flexibility for Housing in Urban Kampung toward Sustainability
Authors: Utami Adinda S P R , Setijanti P
Published: May 2024

Essentially, spatial flexibility and sustainable settlement share the same objective, which is easily adapted to change. The necessity for spatial flexibility in housing design stems from the expectation that houses will accommodate their inhabitants’ changing needs. The difficulty in achieving spatial flexibility might occasionally be attributed to the changing needs of users. This article will discuss the adaptability of space in urban kampung dwellings. A primary survey is utilized in the qualitative research method. Investigating the spatial management carried out by the users is made easier with the use of visual documentation utilizing photographs and drawings during surveys and interviews. Following a comparison of three case studies, it is found that the spatial flexibility of housing in urban kampungs is due to high user activity, particularly in multifunctional areas. Indoor spatial, on the other hand, has less flexibility due to the use of fixed and semi-fixed features.
The Transformation of Space Function on Boarding Houses in Settlements around Campus during Pandemic
Authors: Septanti Dewi , Santosa Happy R. , Zahra Vindi Fatma
Published: May 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused various restrictions that affect societal behavior and activity changes. One of the behavioral changes is how we interact and how we use shared space. A boarding house is one of the places in the settlement that is quite vulnerable to COVID-19 because the residents are from a wide range of origins and live in the same building, making close interaction in the boarding houses. This problem had an impact on a new design to meet their needs. Therefore, this research aims to determine how design strategy must be accommodated during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research paradigm is an emic paradigm, in which the observer experienced directly a condition in a boarding house. The collective data used observation and interviews for content analysis. The output of this research is a design strategy for the students to raise their productivity in their dwellings without any anxiety.