bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kaunertal power station – the new shafts in the fall to the powerhouse / Kraftwerk Kaunertal – die Schächte des neuen Kraftabstiegs
Authors: Pircher Johannes , Pacher Wolfgang , Neugschwandtner Erich
Published: October 2013

The Tiwag – Tiroler Wasserkraft AG – is replacing the entire fall to the powerhouse at the Kaunertal power station, which has been in operation for about 50 years, in 2012 to 2015. The new facilities are being constructed entirely underground in unusually difficult geology for high‐pressure systems. Works to construct the 4,000 m of tunnels and shafts started in March 2012 and were completed by the middle of June 2013. Part of the construction work is based on the proven NATM and part is based on the modern technology of mechanised tunnelling. After the completion of the caverns, the core of the new system, the 1,430 m long penstock, will be lined with thick‐walled steel armouring and backfilled with concrete.

Die Tiwag – Tiroler Wasserkraft AG errichtet in den Jahren 2012 bis 2015 einen neuen Kraftabstieg für das seit rund 50 Jahren in Betrieb befindliche Kaunertalkraftwerk. Die Anlagenteile des neuen Kraftabstiegs werden vollständig unter Tage in einer für Hochdruckanlagen untypisch schwierigen Geologie hergestellt. Mit den Vortriebsarbeiten für die gesamt 4.000 m langen Stollen und Schächte wurde im März 2012 begonnen; im Juni 2013 wurden diese erfolgreich abgeschlossen. Bei den Bauverfahren hat man dabei einerseits auf die bewährten Methoden der NÖT und andererseits auf die moderne Technik des maschinellen Vortriebs gesetzt. Nach Fertigstellung der Felshohlraumbauten wird das Kernstück des neuen Kraftabstiegs, der 1.430 m lange Druckschacht, mit einer dickwandigen Panzerung ausgekleidet und hinterbetoniert.
Construction shaft of the Koralm Tunnel lot KAT 2 – a challenge in structural analysis, geotechnics and logistics / Der Bauschacht des Koralmtunnels Baulos KAT 2 – eine statische, geotechnische und logistische Herausforderung
Authors: Moritz Bernd , Radoncic Nedim , Helmberger Albert , Uschan Robert
Published: October 2013

The paper deals with the challenge on structural analysis, logistics as well as on geotechnical aspects during sinking of an approximately 60 m deep construction shaft with a cross‐sectional area of about 720 m2 at the Koralm Tunnel lot KAT 2. Numerical 3D simulations were used for the structural analysis. The results in terms of level of loading of the support measures and the displacements served as a basis for predicting the system behaviour of the shaft. During sinking, the behaviour of the shaft and surface was continuously monitored within the geotechnical safety management by means of 3D displacement measurements, measurement of strains in the shotcrete lining and measurements of pile inclinometers. Thereby a continuous target‐performance comparison was accomplished. Special characteristics in the design and construction phase are illustrated and discussed.

Der Beitrag behandelt die Herausforderung an die statische Berechnung, die Logistik im Zuge des Abteufens sowie an die Geotechnik beim rund 60 m tiefen Bauschacht des Koralmtunnels Baulos KAT 2 mit einer Querschnittsfläche von insgesamt ca. 720 m2. Die statische Berechnung erfolgte mittels numerischer 3D‐Simulationen. Die Ergebnisse in Bezug auf Auslastungsgrad der Stützmittel und Verschiebungsausmaß dienten in weiterer Folge als Basis für die Prognose des Systemverhaltens des Schachtbauwerks. Im Zuge des Abteufvorgangs erfolgte im Rahmen des Geotechnischen Sicherheitsmanagements eine lückenlose Überwachung des Schachtbauwerks über 3D‐Verschiebungsmessungen an der Oberfläche und der Schachtlaibung, Messung von Dehnungen in der Spritzbetonaußenschale sowie über Bohrpfahlinklinometer. Dabei wurde ein ständiger Soll‐Ist‐Vergleich geführt. Besonderheiten in der Planung und Bauausführung werden aufgezeigt und diskutiert.
Competitive pumped‐storage projects with vertical pressure shafts without steel linings / Konkurrenzfähige Pumpspeicherwerkprojekte dank ungepanzerter, vertikaler Druckschächte
Authors: Schleiss Anton
Published: October 2013

For the highly loaded pressure tunnels and shafts that are used for the extension of storage power plants with pumped storage and to increase installed capacity, alignments of the waterway system with high overburden are of great importance from the economical and safety points of view. With the development of the raise‐boring method, vertical pressure shafts can now be drilled up to 800 m in one step.

Considering rock cover, the use of vertical pressure shafts can enable optimal alignments. If the vertical shaft is located deep enough in the rock mass and safety against hydraulic jacking can be ensured, no steel liner is required in the shaft as long as rock permeability is low, and a reinforced concrete lining is sufficient. This is designed in order to limit crack widths and thus keep water losses below acceptable values. In view of highly increasing steel prices, such a concept results in economic and competitive pumped‐storage projects.

Bei hochbeanspruchten Druckstollen und Druckschächten, wie diese bei der Erweiterung von Speicherkraftwerken mit Pumpspeicherwerken und durch Leistungserhöhungen vorkommen, sind tiefliegende Linienführungen der Triebwassersysteme aus wirtschaftlichen und sicherheitstechnischen Gründen von größter Bedeutung. Mit der Entwicklung des Raise‐Boring‐Verfahrens können heute Vertikalschächte bis gegen 800 m in einer einzigen Etappe ausgeführt werden. Dadurch ergeben sich bezüglich Felsüberdeckung optimale Linienführungen. Falls der Schacht genügend tief im Gebirge angeordnet wird und somit die Sicherheit gegen hydraulischen Gebirgsbruch gewährleistet ist, kann bei wenig durchlässigen Felsformationen auf eine Stahlpanzerung verzichtet werden. Eine bewehrte Betonauskleidung ist ausreichend, deren Bewehrung so bemessen ist, dass die Rissweiten und somit die Wasserverluste auf zulässige Werte beschränkt werden. Anbetracht der stark angestiegenen Stahlpreisen führt dieses Konzept zu wirtschaftlichen und konkurrenzfähigen Pumpspeicherwerkprojekten.
New Steroidal Saponins from the Leaves of Yucca elephantipes
Authors: Zhang Ying , Yang Chong‐Ren , Zhang Ying‐Jun
Published: October 2013

Two new spirostanol saponins, namely elephanosides G and H (1 and 2, resp.) were isolated from the leaves of Yucca elephantipes (Agavaceae), together with the two known furostanol saponins 3 and 4 and the six known flavonoid O‐ and C‐glycosides 5–10. The new structures were elucidated as (3β,25S)‐spirost‐5‐en‐3‐yl O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→3)‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→4)‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside (1) and (3β,5β,25R)‐3‐[(2‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐β‐D‐galactopyranosyl)oxy]spirostan‐12‐one (2) on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis and acidic hydrolysis.
Molecular Chirality in Chemistry and Biology: Historical Milestones
Authors: Gal Joseph
Published: October 2013

Beginning early in the 19th century, developments in crystallography, optics, and chemistry in France set the stage for the discovery of molecular chirality by Louis Pasteur in 1848. He found that the crystallization of the sodium ammonium salt of ‘paratartaric acid’, a mysterious ‘isomer’ of natural (+)‐tartaric acid (TA), produced two different crystal types that were non‐superimposable mirror‐image forms of each other. He separated the two types and found their optical rotations in solution opposite in direction and equal in absolute magnitude. This led him to conclude that paratartaric acid is a combination of two mirror‐image molecule types of TA that are ‘dissymmetric’, an existing term he adapted to the connotation of today's ‘chiral’. In 1857, he found that the two enantiomers of TA were metabolized by a microorganism at drastically different rates, and thereby discovered biological enantioselectivity. In 1886, Italian chemist Arnaldo Piutti discovered D‐asparagine and found that it tasted intensely sweet, in contrast to the known L‐asparagine which had no taste. This was the discovery of stereoselectivity at biological receptors. As a result of advances in stereoselective synthesis and enantioselective chromatography during the last decades of the 20th century, in the 1990s the importance of molecular chirality in drug action and disposition began to receive serious attention from drug‐regulatory authorities and the pharmaceutical industry, the overall result of which has been the near‐complete disappearance of racemic drugs as newly introduced pharmaceuticals.
Modelling the impact of stormwater source control infiltration techniques on catchment baseflow
Authors: Hamel Perrine , Fletcher Tim D.
Published: October 2013

Stormwater management increasingly recognises the need to emulate, to the maximum extent possible, the flow regime of receiving waters in their pre‐development state. Hydrological models play a central role in assessing the catchment‐scale impacts of alternative stormwater management strategies. However, because of the complexity of physical processes involved in urban hydrology, particularly subsurface flows, the predictive performance of such models is often low. We investigated how the structure of hydrological models influenced the prediction of urbanisation and stormwater management impacts on baseflow. We calibrated three conceptual models of the same reference catchment and compared the modelled flow regime from different stormwater management scenarios, using each of the three model structures. Scenarios were assessed using six metrics, characterising the whole streamflow regime and in particular baseflow. Although the three models of the reference catchment represented the observed hydrograph well, the most complex structure developed using a thorough diagnostic of the catchment behaviour better captured the change in hydrological regime during dry years. Predictions of baseflow changes due to urbanisation varied significantly according to the model structure. Similarly, the models showed distinct responses to the stormwater management scenarios applied, especially for scenarios involving infiltration of stormwater at source. Our results confirm the importance of predicting the consequences of land use changes with conceptual models that are consistent with the hydrological behaviour of the study catchment. Future work should help to quantify the uncertainties due to model structure and thus provide practical guidance to the use of catchment models for assessing stormwater management strategies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contribution of ATM and FOXE1 (TTF2) to risk of papillary thyroid carcinoma in Belarusian children exposed to radiation
Authors: Damiola Francesca , Byrnes Graham , Moissonnier Monika , Pertesi Maroulio , Deltour Isabelle , Fillon Aurélie , Le Calvez‐Kelm Florence , Tenet Vanessa , McKay‐Chopin Sandrine , McKay James D. , Malakhova Irina , Masyakin Vladimir , Cardis Elisabeth , Lesueur Fabienne , Kesminiene Ausrele
Published: October 2013

A dramatic increase in the incidence of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) after childhood exposure to ionizing radiation from the Chernobyl nuclear accident has been described as the largest number of tumors of one type due to one cause that have ever occurred. inter‐individual variations in response to radiation have been documented and the role of genetics in sporadic PTC is well established, suggesting that genetic factors may also affect the risk of radiation‐related PTC. To investigate how environmental and host factors interplay to modify PTC risk, we genotyped 83 cases and 324 matched controls sampled from children living in the area contaminated by fallout from the Chernobyl power plant accident for 19 polymorphisms previously associated with PTC, thyroid biology or radiation‐induced second primary tumors. Significant association with PTC was found for rs1801516 (D1853N) in ATM (odds ratio (OR) = 0.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.16, 0.73) and rs1867277 in the promoter region of FOXE1 (OR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.03, 2.34). Analysis of additional polymorphisms confirmed the association between these two genes and PTC. Our findings suggest that both DNA double‐strand break repair pathway and thyroid morphogenesis pathway or dysregulation of thyroid differentiated state maintenance are involved in the etiology of PTC, and that the studied genetic polymorphisms and radiation dose appear to act as independent multiplicative risk factors for PTC.
Gastric cancer progression may involve a shift in HLA‐E profile from an intact heterodimer to β2‐microglobulin‐free monomer
Authors: Sasaki Toshiyuki , Ravindranath Mepur H. , Terasaki Paul I. , Freitas Maria Cecilia , Kawakita Satoru , Jucaud Vadim
Published: October 2013

Phenotypic expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐E on the surface of tumor lesions includes intact heterodimer [HLA‐E heavy chain and β2‐microglobulin (β2m)] and β2m‐free monomer. Anti‐HLA‐E monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), MEM‐E/02 or 3D12 bind to the peptide sequences in β2m‐free HLA‐E, which is common and shared with HLA‐Ia monomers. A newly developed monospecific anti‐HLA‐E mAb (TFL‐033) recognizes HLA‐E‐restricted peptide sequences on α1 and α2 helices away from β2‐m‐site. Tumor progression may involve shedding of β2‐m from HLA‐E or overexpression of β2m‐free monomers. There is a need to identify and distinguish the different phenotypic expression of HLA‐E, particularly the intact heterodimer from the β2m‐free monomer on the surface of tumor lesions. Because of the unique peptide‐binding affinities of the mAbs, it is hypothesized that TFL‐033 and MEM‐E/02 may distinguish the phenotypic expressions of cell surface HLA‐E during stages of tumor progression. Only TFL‐033 stained diffusely the cytoplasm of normal mucosa. The incidence and intensity of TFL‐033 staining of the cell surface in early stages, poorly or undifferentiated and non‐nodal lesions and in diffuse carcinoma is greater than that of MEM‐E/02. Whereas MEM‐E/02 stained terminal stages, adenocarcinoma and lymph node metastatic lesions intensely, either owing to increased expression of β2m‐free HLA‐E with tumor progression or owing to expression of HLA‐Ia molecules. Our study evaluates the relative diagnostic potential of HLA‐E‐monospecific TFL‐033 and the HLA‐Ia‐reactive MEM‐E/02 for determining the specific distribution and immunodiagnosis of different phenotypic expression HLA‐E in tumor lesions, and the structural and functional alterations undergone by HLA‐E during tumor progression.
Low‐Frequency Ultrasound Effects on Intracellular Barriers in Nonviral Gene Delivery Processes
Authors: Goldian Irit , Traitel Tamar , Goldbart Riki , Kost Joseph
Published: October 2013

Gene therapy, the expression in cells of genetic material with therapeutic activity, has emerged as a promising approach for the treatment or prevention of human diseases. At the present time, major somatic gene‐transfer approaches employ either viral or nonviral vectors. Nonviral vectors are less efficient at introducing and maintaining foreign gene expression, but have the profound advantage of being nonpathogenic and nonimmunogenic. In this study, we aimed to develop an efficient nonviral gene delivery system in which low‐frequency ultrasound (LFUS) was applied to enhance gene expression of polyplexes formed with poly(2‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) and plasmid encoding for green fluorescent protein. Ultrasound (US), and in particular LFUS, can cause temporary membrane permeabilization and thereby enhance drug and gene entrance into viable cells. We evaluated possible additional favorable effects of LFUS on the polyplex transfection process, such as overcoming intracellular barriers. We found that pDMAEMA protected the plasmid DNA from ultrasonic degradation. Atomic force microscopy analysis also confirmed that the LFUS did not change the polyplexes’ morphology. We also attained an insight into the structure of polyplexes during LFUS exposure and found that LFUS induced a temporary partial detachment between the polymer chains and the plasmid. In addition, LFUS application on ovarian carcinoma cells transfected with the polyplexes induced a 27% enhancement in transfection efficiency. Based on these results, we propose that LFUS enhances the decomplexation of the polyplexes, and therefore, can be used to optimize transfection efficiency.
Having a Mammogram: How does it feel?
Authors: Poulos Ann
Published: October 2013

Understanding women's responses to having a mammogram is important for radiographers and other health professionals. These responses are also essential for determining descriptors in rating scales used in research studies. The purpose of this reported study was to determine whether discomfort or pain is an appropriate descriptor for the mammography experience. An appropriate descriptor is essential so that accurate information can be provided to women undergoing mammography as well as to health professionals who encourage women to attend for breast screening by mammography. The study also aimed to explore the components of this descriptor by asking the women to identify perceived differences between discomfort and pain as they related to having a mammogram. From these differences a precise description of how it feels to have a mammogram was constructed.

Thirty women attending for routine breast screening at BreastScreen NSW Central and Eastern Sydney participated in the study and were given a questionnaire which focussed on their perceptions of the pain/discomfort of the mammography experience. The results suggested that discomfort is a more appropriate descriptor of the mammography experience. Categorisation of the perceived differences between discomfort and pain revealed important new information for mammographic practice.
The Radiographer's impact on improving Clinical Decision‐making, Patient Care and Patient Diagnosis: A pilot study
Authors: Lam Daniel , Egan Ingrid , Baird Marilyn
Published: October 2013

Aim

This pilot study attempts to quantify the benefits of a documented radiographic clinical history through the use of the clinical history template form designed by Egan and Baird.

Method

Six radiographers completed the clinical history template for 40 patients and four radiologists included the recorded information as part of their reporting process. A focus discussion group was held between the radiographers to ascertain the level of satisfaction and benefits encountered with the use of the template form. A questionnaire was designed for the radiologists to complete regarding the usefulness of the template form with respect to the radiological reporting process.

Results/Discussion

15 cases for which the form was used demonstrated a direct benefit in respect to improved radiographic clinical decision‐making. Radiographers agreed the template form aided the establishment of a stronger radiographer‐patient relationship during the radiographic examination. Two radiologists agreed the form aided in establishing a radiological diagnosis and suggested the form be implemented as part of the standard departmental protocol.

Conclusion

Despite the small sample size, there is evidence the form aided radiographic decision‐making and assisted in the establishment of an accurate radiological diagnosis. The overall consensus amongst radiographers was that it enhanced radiographer‐patient communication and improved the level of patient care.
Magnetic resonance of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
Authors: Lavery Peter B
Published: October 2013

The following work aims to assess the feasibility of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique in the assessment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). At present, three modalities have proven to be worthy in this application. These are general radiography, computerised tomography (CT) and MRI. General radiography and CT have been the traditional methods, but carry some significant disadvantages including the use of ionising radiation. MRI, given its reliability, accuracy and lack of ionising radiation, has become the modality of choice for a wide range of applications including neurological and spinal conditions. In this study, measurements of axial images of the scoliotic spine were performed and inter‐observer variations were compared. The study, using MRI techniques, demonstrated favourable and promising results. In four of the measurements performed, absolutely no variations were found. The study also demonstrated a high positive correlation between curve data obtained from general radiography, and the curve data from those same patients using 3D coronal MRI imaging.
The first year clinical placement for undergraduate medical radiation science students: tool or toil?
Authors: Currie Geoffrey M , Wheat Janelle M
Published: October 2013

Introduction While academic learning has been widely reported in the literature to provide benefits to clinical learning, little has been reported with regard to the benefits clinical learning extends to a students academic progress. One might question whether a reduction in or abolition of first year clinical placements might negatively impact on the understanding a student gains in theoretical learning which, in turn, might undermine clinical skill development.

Methodology A test/retest study design was employed to assess the academic performance of a cohort of first year medical radiation science students immediately prior to and after their first clinical placement.

Results Matched pairs of test one and test two scores for each student demonstrated a strong positive correlation with a correlation coefficient of 0.70. Bland‐Altman analysis demonstrated a mean difference between test one and test two matched pairs (Δ score) of 9.1% (95% CI: 4.7% to 13.6%). The paired t test demonstrated statistically significant differences between matched pairs (P = 0.0002). Lower student GPA (P = 0.02), UAI/TER (P < 0.001) and test one scores (P < 0,001) were predictive of a positive Δ score while test two scores (P = 0.59) and gender (P = 0.39) were not shown to be predictive of the Δ score.

Conclusion This study demonstrates that clinical learning provides the context in which the majority of students can better understand theory. Significant value is gained from first year clinical placements of medical radiation science undergraduates at Charles Sturt University to improve academic marks via fostering deeper understanding and reinforcement of theory. This may provide a ‘flow on’ effect, improving clinical skill development in subsequent clinical placements, further reinforcing understanding.
Effects of iodinated contrast media on radiation therapy dosimetry for pathologies within the thorax
Authors: Kimlin K. , Mitchell J. , Knight R.T.
Published: October 2013

The aim of this study was to establish whether the presence of iodinated contrast within the tissues of the treatment region leads to inaccurate dose representation during radiation therapy dose calculations. We reviewed the radiation therapy planning computed tomography (CT) scans for 20 previously treated lung cancer patients where both contrast and non‐contrast CT scans had been performed. Planning had been carried out on the non‐contrast scan. Plans were replicated to the contrast CT series and dosimetry was compared between the two plans. To account for differences in respiration and therefore lung volume between the two CT series, lung tissue was assigned a density equivalent to water. The overall data collected from this method showed that, for all chest plans examined, the presence of contrast affected the resultant dosimetry by up to ± 1.5% when compared to the identical non‐contrast plan. Even when lung tissue was not assigned a density equivalent to water, the average effect of contrast was minimal, however, these results are not solely from the presence of contrast as there were additional lung volume discrepancies. In conclusion, the effect of the presence of contrast on dosimetry for lung cancer treatment is negligible.
The significance of bonding/networking as a professional
Authors: Merchant Susan P.
Published: October 2013

The importance of ongoing professional development is increasing in significance as radiation therapists strive for greater recognition as professionals. Networking is one aspect to consider in this process, with scientific meetings becoming important tools to encourage radiation therapists' passion for their chosen profession. To embrace the changes taking place in health it is important to outline the significance of communication and education and the increasing need for commitment to continuing professional development (CPD). Radiation therapy depends on teamwork locally, nationally and internationally. Conferences, seminars and workshops can provide excellent avenues for bonding/networking with likeminded colleagues and allied health professionals and can contribute to a united approach in the treatment of cancer. Both the scientific program and social events of these meetings often bring together industry and clinical professionals providing a safe environment for the exchange of information, ideas and the potential to enhance problem‐solving skills. The importance of encouraging attendance at conferences, seminars and workshops is one aspect of CPD where networking can instigate the forging of bonds, friendships and collaborations that lead to changes in the profession.
Tin foil modified electron radiation of the skin of the nose
Authors: Arancini Wendy D , Brackenridge Sharon A
Published: October 2013

Radiation therapy to the skin of the nose for non‐melanoma skin cancer is common in Australia yet presents numerous dosimetric and practical challenges. A tin foil modified electron (TME) radiation technique has been used routinely at Perth Radiation Oncology since 2001. The development of this technique over an extended period involving almost 100 cases is reported and key processes at simulation, planning and treatment delivery are described. A summary of major clinical outcomes is presented for 53 patients treated with TME between 2001 and 2005.
Theory of reflection in learning for radiation therapists
Authors: Chapman Naomi , Dempsey Shane E. , Warren‐Forward Helen M.
Published: October 2013

Practicing reflectively can assist the radiation therapist to monitor their work, foster professional growth and encourage currency of skills. Reflection is an attractive and desirable component to a radiation therapist's skill base. To provide radiation therapists the skills necessary to engage in reflection, they need a basic understanding of the theory underpinning reflection and reflective practice, and how they can be applied in the context of radiation therapy. This paper discusses the modern pioneers of reflective theory, as well as the concepts surrounding reflection and professional practice. The concepts central to experiential learning and the role reflection plays in the experiential learning cycle are described. This paper supports the role of reflection in the radiation oncology workplace and simplifies the theories of reflection described in the literature. It is the first step towards facilitating and supporting skill development in reflective thinking for clinical radiation therapists.
The potential use of intensity‐modulated radiation therapy in the management of early‐stage gynaecologic malignancies
Authors: Ta M , Jones L , Frantzis J , Sisson T , Middleton M
Published: October 2013

Introduction A literature review was conducted to establish if intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) planning and treatment enhances current whole pelvic radiation therapy (WPRT) practices for early‐stage gynaecological malignancies.

Our purpose was to determine if IMRT implementation at a small radiation therapy centre is feasible, and warranted, given the issues of potentially small patient numbers and limited resources.

Method A literature review was undertaken to identify relevant articles that dealt with the advantages and disadvantages of IMRT for gynaecological malignancies, and accessed through online journal search engines. Early stage gynaecological malignancy patients, treated in 2006, were identified through Varian (Palo Alto, CA, USA) Varis Vision database. Patients undertaking WPRT with brachytherapy (BT) regime were the only patients considered as suitable candidates for IMRT.

Results IMRT reduces toxicity to relevant organs at risk (OAR) such as small bowel (40–70%), rectum (10–66%), bladder (30–46%) and bone marrow (50–60%), but uncertainties exist in the ability to accurately delineate gross tumour volume (GTV) and OAR. Sixteen patients, 1.6% of all patients seen in 2006 at W P Holman Clinic Hobart, Tasmania received treatment to the primary gynaecological tumour alone. Out of this sixteen, seven (0.9%) patients received radical external beam radiation therapy only, four (0.5%) received further dose‐escalation treatment with BT. One patient, due to co‐morbidities was unable to undergo BT. Therefore, five (0.6%) of the patients were potential candidates for IM‐WPRT.

Conclusion IMRT planning for early‐stage gynaecological malignancies enhances IM‐WPRT technique and reduces dose to OAR, therefore increasing the therapeutic ratio. At present, IMRT planning and treatment does not consider daily OAR motion and GTV shrinkage for these patients. Multiple imaging modalities provide such valuable information.

IMRT implementation for early‐stage gynaecological malignancies in a small radiation therapy centre, of two linear accelerators, is hindered by limited imaging modalities. From the data collected in this study, gynaecological patient numbers are not sufficient to warrant purchase of all required imaging modalities.
How can reporting guidelines help you write your research findings?
Authors: Agustin Cherry
Published: October 2013

Poorly reported research can potentially lead to misleading conclusions. This can result in inappropriate application of research findings and future research direction. For this reason, reporting guidelines are used by scientific writers and medical peer reviewers to ensure that the relevant information is published. This paper will introduce the reporting guidelines of qualitative studies, quality improvement projects, observational studies, randomised controlled trials and meta‐analyses.
Theoretical analysis of comparative patient skin dose and exposure technique approaches in planar radiography
Authors: Garbett IT
Published: October 2013

A theoretical analysis of patient skin dose changes with manipulation of technique factors (mAs and kV) was carried out in order to obtain a description of the relationship between patient dose and the exposure technique approach employed. The standard exposure technique approaches in variable part thickness radiography of “fixed kVp” and “variable kVp” and the “15% rule” in constant part thickness radiography were analysed in terms of the changes in patient skin dose. Analytical expressions describing the variation of dose change ratios have been developed in respect of each approach and also in comparison between the two standard approaches. The resultant model is limited to essentially qualitative predictions due to its inherent limitation of neglecting secondary radiation at the entrance site of the beam, but nevertheless indicates some non intuitive benefits in utilisation of mAs (only) changes in compensating for the thinner part and for lower image densities, as well as indicating that most gain is to be had (in terms of lower skin dose), where only modest part thickness compensation is required. The model also describes the influence of the chosen voltage in a “reference technique” (upon which further compensatory changes in exposure factors are based) on the patient skin dose, when the variable kV approach is utilised.
A retrospective pilot study of the performance of mammographers in interpreting screening mammograms
Authors: Moran S , Warren‐Forward H
Published: October 2013

Purpose: This paper provides pilot data from one Breast Screening Program on whether mammographers have the ability to review mammograms with similar accuracy to screen readers. Methods: The participant group consisted of 11 mammographers (experienced in assessing images for technical adequacy, but no specialised training for detecting abnormalities) and three current screen readers employed at Hunter BreastScreen. Fifty sets of mammograms performed during 2003 were used in the retrospective study. The mammograms were chosen to represent a range of review outcomes. Each participant reviewed each set of mammograms using the BreastScreen Australia assessment scale; these results were then categorised into two groups – Rescreen or Recall. The consensus review outcome of the original screen readers was used as the “Gold Standard”. Patient outcome was assessed by following up on the results of any histology or pathology tests in 2003 or the 2006 screening results. Results: Compared with the Gold Standard outcomes, the three current screen reader participants had sensitivity values of 67%, 83% and 94%; mammographer sensitivity values ranged from 61% to 89%. Specificity for the screen reader participants was 81%, 84% and 87% and mammographers ranged from 45% to 97%. Accuracy for the three screen readers was 76%, 84% and 90% while the mammographers attained between 55% and 86%. Conclusion: Without any training, the sensitivity obtained by three mammographers and the specificity obtained by six mammographers were similar to those of the current screen reader participants. Accuracy rates of the mammographers indicate that screen reading by selected and appropriately trained mammographers may be feasible.
Assessment of motion and field placement verification of the prostate using gold seed fiducial markers: a feasibility study
Authors: Brown AL , Day EL
Published: October 2013

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of using gold seed fiducial markers within the daily treatment of prostate cancer patients as a means of improving treatment field placement accuracy and minimising the effect of interfractional prostate movement. Methods: Ten patients had three fiducial markers inserted into the prostate gland under ultrasound guidance. Daily verification images were acquired throughout standard radiation therapy treatment with the measurement, comparison and analysis of bony anatomy displacement to fiducial marker displacement performed. Results: Greater than 20% of measurements in the superior/inferior (SI), anterior/posterior (AP) directions and displacement magnitude, would have resulted in a different action when using bony anatomy compared to fiducial markers, compared to less than 3% in the right/left (RL) direction. The mean prostate displacement was 0.46, 1.52 and 1.75 mm in the LR, SI, and AP directions respectively. The maximum prostate displacement was 10, 16 and 18 mm in the LR, SI, and AP directions respectively. Mean displacement magnitude was 6.32 mm, with a maximum displacement magnitude of 18 mm. Conclusion: This trial supports the growing body of evidence that there is benefit in the use of daily imaging with prostatic gold seed fiducial markers for more accurate treatment localisation.
Professional development workshops for graduate practitioners in radiation therapy: identifying preferred topics with the nominal group technique
Authors: Downie J , Findlay N , Oultram S
Published: October 2013

Purpose: Each year, graduate practitioner radiation therapists (RTs) participate in the NSW Professional Development Year (PDY) Programme by attending workshops focused on continuing professional development. The main aim of this project was to determine what topics graduate practitioner RTs want presented in these workshops. Secondary aims were to determine what graduate practitioner RTs hoped to achieve from these workshops and determine how involved graduate practitioner RTs want to be in the organisation of these workshops. Methods: During one of these workshops, the Nominal Group Technique (NGT) was used to investigate these questions and allowed for a list of responses to be generated by individuals undertaking their PDY in 2009. The responses for each question were ranked by the group to determine what the favourable responses were. Results: Responses showed that topics related to future careers, patient care and personal development were favoured by the group. These topics were reflected again in the question addressing what graduate practitioner RTs hoped to achieve from the workshop, with graduate practitioner RTs hoping to learn about future job opportunities and how to better care for patients. In regards to involvement in the day, the NGT found that graduate practitioner RTs want to work with the Radiation Therapy Educator (RTE) to contribute to the workshop. Conclusion: These results may prove helpful for RTEs in the planning of future PDY workshops to ensure the learning needs of graduate practitioner RTs are met.
Evaluation of Silverman® and Posifix® headrests for head and neck immobilisation
Authors: Lamprecht B
Published: October 2013

Purpose: The accurate delivery of intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), volumetric‐modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and conformal head and neck (H&N) radiotherapy (RT) relies on patient stabilisation. With the multitude of products and variations available, it is imperative to investigate which product or combination of products offer the most optimal immobilisation. This quality improvement paper investigates the feasibility of using Posifix® (Civco Medical Solutions, Iowa, USA) headrests compared with Silverman® (Civco Medical Solutions, Iowa, USA) headrests in H&N RT stabilisation. This investigation is based on the hypothesis that foam Posifix® headrests may improve stabilisation and reproducibility as compared with the rigid plastic cast moulds of Silverman® headrests. Methods: A retrospective group of 12 consecutive patients (six Silverman® and six Posifix®) were used to evaluate the accuracy of positioning from planning to treatment. In the assessment, 204 treatment portal images were matched to planning digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRR). The resultant shifts were documented for anterior/posterior and lateral films. For all three directions; left/right, anterior/posterior and superior/inferior (x, y and z) set‐up deviations from the planning DRR were measured and averaged. A change in patient position by removal or addition of plastic spacers (shims) was collated from the treatment set‐up sheet. Results: A total of 33 shifts of ≥ 3 mm were required for Silverman® headrests compared with 11 for Posifix® headrests. Total shim adjustments made were 10 and 0 for Silverman® and Posifix® headrests respectively. Conclusion: Using Posifix® headrests reduced shifts of ≥ 3 mm and patient set‐up adjustments. As a result, Posifix® headrests have been implemented as part of the department's protocol for head and neck patient positioning.
Australian radiation therapy: an overview — Part one
Authors: Merchant SP , Halkett GKB , Sale C
Published: October 2013

Introduction: Over the last century radiation therapy has developed and improved in many facets of treatment delivery. Radiation therapy is now recognised as an important treatment modality for malignant disease. Continued research and development has gradually changed the general medical opinion of radiation therapy. It is now recommended that more than 50% of all cancer patients receive radiation therapy. Background: The development of radiation therapy personnel in Australia started with doctors' assistants arising from a practical need in the application of treatment. This assistant role gradually extended to a more technical role and saw the birth of the radiation therapist [originally known as radiotherapy technician; therapy radiographer]. The historical progress of this profession in Australia is important to understand for further role development and enhancement of radiation therapists. It is also significant if the profession is to embrace the changes in medical approaches, particularly in oncology, where a bio‐psychosocial model of health is rapidly becoming the preferred approach. Part one outlines the history and development of Australian radiation therapy from the discovery of radiation until today. Part two is a subsequent paper providing discussion of Australian radiation therapists' perspectives on the radiation therapy workplace and work‐practices from 1960 until today.
Continuing professional development: Western Australian radiographers' opinions and attitudes
Authors: Sholer H , Tonkin S , Lau K F , Law C , Rahman R , Halkett GKB
Published: October 2013

Purpose: The Australian radiography profession is currently moving towards compulsory continuing professional development (CPD) participation. An understanding of radiographer's attitudes and opinions towards CPD will assist in providing a CPD programme that meets the needs of radiographers. The aim of this study was to determine Western Australian radiographers' attitudes and opinions towards CPD and the programme that is currently being run by the Australian Institute of Radiography. Methods: Two‐hundred and seventy‐seven questionnaires about CPD were distributed to metropolitan clinical centres across Perth and 15 rural centres in Western Australia. Results: A total of 192 questionnaires were returned. A response rate of 64% was achieved for the metropolitan area (178/277). Among all respondents, 88% were currently engaged in CPD and the group of age 50+ had the highest percentage (78.1%) of respondents who believed CPD to be very important. Updating professional knowledge (79%) and maintaining professional competence (75%) were the most popular reasons for participating in CPD. Participants reported that time constraints and workload are barriers to CPD participation. Employer initiated CPD was most favoured; with in‐house education and workplace seminars as suggested methods to increase CPD participation. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that decreased participation rates in CPD were mainly due to time constraints and workloads. Participation in CPD programmes is likely to be increased with more in‐house education and workplace seminars. Changes need to be made to the current CPD programme to improve its accessibility and usability
The use and perceptions of simulation in medical radiation science education
Authors: Thoirs K , Giles E , Barber W
Published: October 2013

Purpose: To investigate whether simulated learning programs can be expanded to include aspects of clinical education in medical radiation science (MRS) curricula. Methods: Information about the use and perceptions of simulation in MRS education was collected from academic, clinical and accrediting stakeholders using semi‐structured telephone interviews, an online survey, invited comment and face to face consultative meetings. Participants represented the MRS sub‐disciplines: Diagnostic Radiography, Radiation Therapy, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Sonography. The following themes were explored with regard to simulation programs: existing, potential expansion of, effectiveness of and implementation. Results: Currently, simulation is widely implemented across Australia to deliver MRS curricula. Areas for potential expansion include: authentic replication of the clinical environment with facilities for video recording, flexible multipurpose space, video demonstrations, online computer assisted tutorials, interactive programs, authentic scenarios using role play or live actors, virtual reality environments and comprehensive digital imaging libraries. The literature revealed no firm evidence that simulation training was more effective than clinical training. Participants in our project viewed simulation as complementary to clinical placement, but not as a replacement for the complexity of situations that clinical placement presents.

Stakeholders cautioned for careful curriculum planning and evaluation when implementing simulation in MRS education. Conclusion: This consultative process provided a comprehensive summary of the current use of simulation in MRS and the potential for expansion with examples from the sub‐disciplines. There is a need for further research to investigate the effectiveness of simulation in clinical skills development.
Differences between Saudi Arabian and Australian radiographers' knowledge and attitudes about paediatric CT doses
Authors: Al Mohiy H , Sim J , Seeram E , Davidson R
Published: October 2013

Purpose: Computed tomography (CT) is used extensively in diagnostic radiology for examination of human soft tissues and is widely used in the paediatric population. Researchers and government regulators have expressed concerns about the cancer risk of CT radiation on children. The authors surveyed Saudi Arabian and Australian radiographers to enable comparison of their attitudes and knowledge towards paediatric CT radiation dose. Methods: Radiographers from all exclusively paediatric public hospitals in Australia and Saudi Arabia were sent a structured, purpose‐designed questionnaire. Data were analysed using univariate statistics. Results: 56 of 71 eligible Saudi Arabian radiographers (79%) and 50 of 83 Australian radiographers (60%) participated. Australian participants were more highly educated and had longer work experience than their Saudi counterparts, and undertook most forms of ongoing training and education significantly more frequently. Australians' mean ratings of radiation risk for head and chest CT scans were similar to those given by Saudi respondents, but Australians' mean ratings for abdomen/pelvis CT scans were significantly lower. More Australians reported intervening to reduce paediatric dose (95.7% vs 72.7%, P < 0.005), and 88.0% believed that over 60% of CT scans are justified compared with 8.9% of Saudi participants. Conclusion: Australian and Saudi Arabian radiographers working in paediatric hospitals differ in their knowledge bases. Knowledge can be improved through enhancement of hospital protocols and continuing education and training, and will lead to reduced radiation exposure among paediatric patients.
Gold seed fiducial markers for prostate radiation therapy: Describing prostate motion
Authors: Brown A , Gebski V , Beldham‐Collins R , Hardcastle‐Fowler T , Do V , Turner S
Published: October 2013

Purpose: Gold seed fiducial markers can be used to accurately define daily treatment field placement for prostate cancer patients. In 2007, a small study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of using gold seed fiducial markers. Methods: Eleven patients who attended for treatment had three gold fiducial markers inserted into their prostate. Daily megavoltage (MV) and kilovoltage (kV) orthogonal images were taken throughout treatment. Online correction was applied for the kV images matched to the fiducial markers daily, and the MV images were matched offline using pelvic bone anatomy. Results: 850 sets of orthogonal images were reviewed from the 11 patients. When comparing the bony anatomy imaging with the fiducial marker imaging, all patients would have had at least five treatments where the displacement exceeded 0.5 cm if treatment verification was undertaken using MV bony anatomy match. There was no trend in prostate movement throughout the patients treatment schedule (0.7 cm early and middle of treatment and 0.8 cm at the end of treatment.) Conclusion: The results have demonstrated that daily matching to fiducial markers improves treatment field placement compared with MV bony anatomy matching for patients with prostate cancer.