bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Lunasia amara Blanco on Sperm Number, Sperm Motility, and Testicular Histology of Male Rats
Authors: Luthfi Muhammad Ja’far
Published: October 2016

Sanrego (Lunasia amara), has been used in the folk medicine to increase and/or to treat male fertility. However there is no scientific evidence to confirm the positive effect of the plant on an improvement of male fertility. The objective of this research was to study the effects of the plant (on adult Sprague-Dawley male rats) at the doses of 30 mg/kg, 60 mg/kg, and 90 mg/kg on the sperm count, motility, and testicular histology. Administration were given by force-feeding between 10.00 am and 12.00 pm daily for a period of 42 days followed by sperm quality analysis and testicular histology evaluation. The sperm analysis showed that the sanrego increased the sperm count and sperm motility. The testicular histology also revealed positive effect of the plant on spermatogenesis.   Overall the present study showed the sanrego is potential plant to increase male fertility.
Beyond ‘Black Turks’ and ‘White Turks’ – The Turkish Elites’ Ongoing Mission to Civilize a Colourful Society
Authors: Ramm Christoph
Published: October 2016

This article undertakes a conceptual enquiry into the history of the Ottoman/Turkish concept of civilization. It shows how the concept of civilization became one of the key elements of political and intellectual thought in the late Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic. Beginning with the adaption of the idea of civilization in the nineteenth century, the desire to be recognized as civilized has moulded the thinking of Ottoman and Turkish elites regardless of their political orientation. From the early Ottoman modernizers to the present-day AKP government the pursuit of medeniyet (Turkish for ‘civilization’) has united radical reformers and religious conservatives. The article analyses how these succeeding imperial and republican elites understood the concept of civilization, how they transformed it into a specific Ottoman and Turkish civilizing mission, and how they approached those groups of the population who were regarded as ‘backward’ and ‘uncivilized’. Thereby medeniyet has maintained its dominance until today, making ‘civilization’ the most influential ideological concept of modern Turkish history besides the idea of the nation.
Numerical Model of Dephosphorization Reaction Kinetics in Top Blown Converter Coupled with Flow Field
Authors: Liu Wei , Yang Shufeng , Li Jingshe , Wang Minghui
Published: October 2016

A 3D transient numerical model of dephosphorization kinetics coupled with flow field in a top blown converter was built. Through the model the dephosphorization reaction rate influenced by the oxygen jets and the steel flow were simulated. The results show that the dephosphorization rate at the droplet metal–slag interface is two orders of magnitude faster than that at bath metal–slag interface. When the lance oxygen pressure increases from 0.7 to 0.8 MPa, the dephosphorization rate increases notably and the end content of P has a decrease of 19 %. However, when the pressure continues rising to 0.9 MPa, the dephosphorization rate has no significant increase. In addition, the lance height shows a nearly linear relation to the end P content of steel, that the lower the height, the faster the dephosphorization rate.
Predictive Models for Modulus of Rupture and Modulus of Elasticity of Particleboard Manufactured in Different Pressing Conditions
Authors: Tiryaki Sebahattin , Aras Uğur , Kalaycıoğlu Hülya , Erişir Emir , Aydın Aytaç
Published: October 2016

Determining the mechanical properties of particleboard has gained a great importance due to its increasing usage as a building material in recent years. This study aims to develop artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple linear regression (MLR) models for predicting modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) of particleboard depending on different pressing temperature, pressing time, pressing pressure and resin type. Experimental results indicated that the increased pressing temperature, time and pressure in manufacturing process generally improved the mechanical properties of particleboard. It was also seen that ANN and MLR models were highly successful in predicting the MOR and MOE of particleboard under given conditions. On the other hand, a comparison between ANN and MLR revealed that the ANN was superior compared to the MLR in predicting the MOR and MOE. Finally, the findings of this study are expected to provide beneficial insights for practitioners to better understand usability of such composite materials for engineering applications and to better assess the effects of pressing conditions on the MOR and MOE of particleboard.
Corrosion Process of Stainless Steel 441 with Heated Steam at 1,000 °C
Authors: Chen Zhiyuan , Wang Lijun , Yu Ziyou , Li Fushen , Sun Zaihong , Zhao Hailei , Chou Kuo Chih
Published: October 2016

Stainless steel 441 was oxidized in water vapor containing atmospheres at 1,000 °C to study the contrary effects of water vapor on the oxidization process. The steel in 3.5 vol. % H2O containing atmosphere exhibited an relatively strong protective behavior. The reason was that the densification of the chromium oxide scale was promoted due to the sintering of the oxide grains via Cr-containing species vapor. But the oxidation of the steel in 11.5 ~ 15.6 vol. % H2O containing atmosphere followed a non-protective breakaway oxidation due to the breakage of the dense scale by “bubbles” and the formation of iron-rich oxides layer. Experimental result shows that the growth stress increased about 2 GPa during the first 70 ks in wet oxidizing atmosphere. The relatively slow increase of the oxides scale growth stress could be release in water vapor containing atmosphere.
Pragmatic vagueness: Exploring general extenders in English as a lingua franca
Authors: Metsä-Ketelä Maria
Published: October 2016

This paper investigates how speakers of English as a lingua franca (ELF) employ general extenders such as
Performance Analysis of an EDFA Utilizing a Partially Doped Core Fiber (PDCF)
Authors: Ahad M. A. , Paul M.C. , Muhd-Yassin S.Z. , Mansoor A. , Abdul-Rashid H.A.
Published: October 2016

The effect of transversal design in Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers’ gain and noise figure performance is illustrated in this work. In this work, we investigate experimentally a single pass 980 nm pumped EDFA with partially doped Erbium core fiber (PDCF), which has the core partially doped with Erbium ions. Later, the enumerated results for PDCF are compared with a standard fully doped EDF, having similar Erbium ion doping concentration. The PDCF Amplifier gain and noise figure performance is studied against different pump power and signal power at different operating wavelengths. The noise figure indicates improvement due to reduced spontaneous emission from un-doped region of the core.
A Degree Distribution Optimization Algorithm for Image Transmission
Authors: Jiang Wei , Yang Junjie
Published: October 2016

Luby Transform (LT) code is the first practical implementation of digital fountain code. The coding behavior of LT code is mainly decided by the degree distribution which determines the relationship between source data and codewords. Two degree distributions are suggested by Luby. They work well in typical situations but not optimally in case of finite encoding symbols. In this work, the degree distribution optimization algorithm is proposed to explore the potential of LT code. Firstly selection scheme of sparse degrees for LT codes is introduced. Then probability distribution is optimized according to the selected degrees. In image transmission, bit stream is sensitive to the channel noise and even a single bit error may cause the loss of synchronization between the encoder and the decoder. Therefore the proposed algorithm is designed for image transmission situation. Moreover, optimal class partition is studied for image transmission with unequal error protection. The experimental results are quite promising. Compared with LT code with robust soliton distribution, the proposed algorithm improves the final quality of recovered images obviously with the same overhead.
Ein Mikrokosmos der deutschsprachigen Emigration: Heinrich Loewe und die Sammlung des Beit Ariela
Authors: Siepmann Judith
Published: October 2016

This paper introduces the collection of the German Zionist and librarian Heinrich Loewe (1869-1951) at the Municipal Library of Tel Aviv. A short biography of Loewe and an overview of the contents of the collection is followed by the presentation of a selection of letters which were sent to Loewe as head of the Municipal Library during the 1930s by German Jews who had already emigrated or were about to emigrate and wished to donate their books to this public institution. The paper traces the transfer of these books from the private realm to the public sphere of the library. It describes this transfer as a disruption of a private order against the background of the disruption of the larger order within which those collections had acquired their meaning and discusses their change of meaning that this transfer implicated as an elucidating reflection of the consequences of emigration.
Unerwünschte Rückkehrer. Staatsbürgerschaft und Eigentum deutscher Juden in der Nachkriegstschechoslowakei
Authors: Spurný Matěj
Published: October 2016

The issue of displacement of the German speaking population of Czechoslovakia after the Second World War has been a subject of a broader Czech, German and international debate for several decades. This article examines the position of German-speaking Jews from Czech lands returning from emigration or concentration camps after the end of the war and the process of the nationalization of citizenship and property rights in post-war Czechoslovakia. As Jews, these former citizens of Czechoslovakia were undoubtedly victims of the National Socialist terror. As people of German (or at least non-Czech) nationality, however, they fit into particular categories affected by presidential decrees. This article shows how state authorities, and local officials especially, tried to use the post-war situation to eradicate all aspects of what was called “Germanness.” The story of German-speaking Jews in post-war Czechoslovakia is an element in the process of the disintegration of the state of law in post-war central-eastern Europe.
Hölderlin in Jerusalem: Buber and Strauss on Poetry and the Limits of Dialogue
Authors: Barouch Lina
Published: October 2016

This paper discusses a series of commentaries and lyrical texts by Martin Buber and Ludwig Strauss, which dwell on Hölderlin’s poetry and the dialogical ideas implicit therein (e.g. the dialogical vocation of the poet). The paper distinguishes between the dialogical ideal and its concretization in language, as the selected texts all strive to develop a dialogical poetics, yet at the same time engage with textual junctures where the dialogical mode collapses. This collapse is also registered in the historical sphere: Buber’s engagement with Heidegger’s paradigmatic Hölderlin studies calls for a comparison with Strauss’s reception of Hölderlin, and therefore points to an absent dialogue between these two contemporary scholars. This historical lacuna, which Buber may have wished to bridge, thus resonates with ideas on the limits of dialogue in the poetic sphere. The paper draws on further Hölderlin scholars, such as Peter Szondi and Winfried Menninghaus, and their discussion of the lyrical results of failed dialogue, and on the ideas of Franz Rosenzweig and Rabbi Nahman, in the mapping of the dialogical ideas of both Buber and Strauss. Strauss himself thus emerges as a scholar and poet who draws both on Hölderlinian motifs and notions and on dialogical ideas in contemporaneous German-Jewish thought.
Locating the Jewish Future: The Restoration of Looted Cultural Property in Early Postwar Europe
Authors: Gallas Elisabeth
Published: October 2016

At the end of World War II Allied soldiers found an unexpected amount of looted cultural property on German territory, property that had originally belonged to Jewish institutions and private owners from all over Europe. To take care of this precious booty the American Military Government for Germany organized an unprecedented initiative in cultural restitution. However, since most of the Jewish treasures found were heirless, traditional legislation based on bilateral intergovernmental regulations was insufficient for the task of finding just restitution solutions and meeting Jewish collective interests. In 1949, after complex legal negotiations, the New York based corporation Jewish Cultural Reconstruction (JCR) was officially installed to act as trustee for heirless Jewish cultural property found in the American Zone of Occupation. Not only was it extraordinary that the major Jewish organizations of the time – representing Palestine/Israel as well as the Diaspora – worked together via JCR, this was also the first time that international law recognized a legal representative of the Jewish collective. This paper explores the history of JCR, focusing, in particular, on the manifold and conflicting perceptions of the future of Jewish existence post-1945 that informed its work. On the one hand, the reestablished Jewish communities of Europe, especially the one in Germany, strongly contested JCR’s goal of distributing the rescued material to Jewish centers outside of Europe. Unlike JCR, they believed in a new Jewish beginning on the war-torn continent. On the other hand, Zionist- versus Diaspora-centered views also led to internal conflicts within JCR regarding the rightful ownership and appropriate relocation of European Jewish cultural heritage. JCR’s history reveals significant facets of Jewish agency and future planning in the early postwar years while reflecting the new topography of Jewish existence after the Holocaust.
Ein vergessenes Kapitel jüdischer Diplomatie: Richard Lichtheim in den Botschaften Konstantinopels (1913–1917)
Authors: Kirchner Andrea
Published: October 2016

This article deals with Richard Lichtheim’s (1885–1963) successful diplomatic negotiations on behalf of the persecuted Jewish community in Palestine during the First World War. Between 1913 and 1917 the Berlin-born emissary represented the Zionist Organization in Constantinople. Here, his top priority eventually became to win the political support of the Great Powers in order to protect the Yishuv against the harassment of the Turkish authorities, who occasionally threatened the existence of the Jewish settlements in Palestine. Thanks to Lichtheim’s relentless efforts, both the German Reich and the United States repeatedly exerted their influence on the Sublime Porte and thus prevented the expulsion of the Jewish population of Palestine. This article sheds light on a forgotten chapter of Jewish diplomacy. It introduces Richard Licht­heim as an important policymaker during the First World War and shows how he succeeded in winning over both the German and American ambassadors as influential advocates for the Jewish community in Palestine.
The Human One? A Controversial CEB Translation Choice
Authors: Westfall Cynthia Long
Published: October 2016

The choice of the editors of the Common English Bible (CEB) to translate Greek, Aramaic and
English phrases as either “The Human One” or “the human being” has been controversial. However, it
renders the “literal” meaning of a stock idiom that was in use both in the Aramaic of Jesus’ day and in the
Hebrew and Aramaic language in the OT. For those who are not taught the literal meaning of the idiom,
the traditional literalistic word-for-word translation of ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου as “the Son of Man” is either
meaningless or misleading both in terms of Christology and for following the narrative of the Gospels. An
accurate translation of the sense of the Aramaic and Hebrew idiom was virtually a necessary choice for
semantic accuracy, and reflects the CEB’s purpose and translation theory. It is also a missional choice to
render the Word of God in a way that is understood in the target audience’s language. However, the majority
of the public that purchases Bibles has religious and theological commitments and tends to expect or even
demand specific theological vocabulary and technical terms that are part of a specialized religious register,
even though it is misunderstood. Therefore, the CEB engages in “norm-breaking” by attempting to choose
vocabulary from registers that are currently in use in the English language in comparable contexts as those
that are represented in the source text.
The rhetoric of love and self-narrativesin the cinema image: A Peircean approach
Authors: Lee Yunhee , Soh Jongseok
Published: October 2016

This paper aims to examine processes of self-interpretation by virtue of a psychological tool of love as communication medium. Within the Peircean semiotic perspective, the concept of love is seen as feeling-ideas, action, and a law in three stages, which are accompanied by those of the self, corresponding to the innovative, the critical, and the expressive. Based on the presupposition of the relation between love and the self, self-controlled action, i. e. so-called interpreting activity, reveals that love is a driving force for evolution of the self which is connected to other as social organism. The three stages of love are embodied in sensible hearts, intimate relationships with others, and a sense of community for sensible judgement. These processes of interpreting activity allow one to connect each stage of the self as self-narrative comprising sensitivity to phenomenon as a first-person perspective, actual intimate connection with other, and a general feeling towards community. We will demonstrate these points by discussing the relevant images from the filmThe Great Beauty(2013).
Aerodynamic Optimization of Turbine Based Combined Cycle Nozzle
Authors: Li Shangze , Zhang Yufei , Chen Haixin , Deng Kaiwen
Published: October 2016

This paper aims at optimizing a Turbine Based Combined Cycle (TBCC) nozzle for upgrading its aerodynamic performance in multiple flight conditions. An in-house RANS solver called NSAWET is employed for aerodynamic evaluation. The optimizer is a differential evolution algorithm combined with a response surface. Firstly, a two-dimensional model of the initial TBCC nozzle system is investigated. The flow field of the nozzle contains complicated shockwave interactions that cause thrust loss. Then multi-point aerodynamic optimization of a two-dimensional ramjet nozzle is carried out, which objectives are to maximize the thrust coefficients at Mach numbers 2.5, 3.0 and 4.0. The objective functions are increased substantially at the first two Mach numbers after optimization, while slightly decreased at the last Mach number. The turbine flow path is built up based on the optimized profile and the performances in typical flight conditions are validated. Results demonstrate that both the ramjet and turbine nozzles are improved in most flight conditions.
Inverse Simulation for Gas Turbine Engine Control through Differential Algebraic Inequality Formulation
Authors: Uppal Tarun , Raha Soumyendu , Srivastava Suresh
Published: October 2016

Modern day gas turbines are prime movers in land, air and sea. They have stringent performance requirements to meet the complex mission objectives. Optimal control strategies can help them meet their performance objectives more efficiently. A novel inverse simulation method for optimal control and system analysis studies using Differential Algebraic Equality/Inequality (DAE/DAI) technique is brought out in this paper with a case study. The gas turbine model together with safety constraints and performance specifications is represented as a high index DAI/DAE system. The solution for this DAE/DAI system is obtained using a new numerical approach that is capable of handling both equality and inequality constraints on system dynamics. The algorithm involves direct numerical integration of a DAI formulation in a time stepping manner using Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) solver that detects and satisfy active constraints at each time step (mesh point). In this unique approach the model and the constraints are always solved together. The method ensures stable solution at each time step, local minimum at each iteration of simulation and provides a regularised basis to the solver. Compared to other existing computationally intensive techniques in usage, this approach is easy, ensures continuous constraint satisfaction and provides a viable option for Model Predictive Control (MPC) of gas turbine engines.
Marrow adipose tissue spectrum in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: de Araújo Iana M , Salmon Carlos E G , Nahas Andressa K , Nogueira-Barbosa Marcello H , Elias Jorge , de Paula Francisco J A
Published: October 2016

Objective

To assess the association of bone mass and marrow adipose tissue (MAT) with other fat depots, insulin resistance, bone remodeling markers, adipokines and glucose control in type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Design and methods

The study groups comprised 24 controls (C), 26 obese (O) and 28 type 2 diabetes. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to determine bone mineral density (BMD). Blood samples were collected for biochemical measurements.1H Magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to assess MAT in the L3 vertebra, and abdominal magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess intrahepatic lipids in visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Regression analysis models were used to test the association between parameters.

Results

At all sites tested, BMD was higher in type 2 diabetes than in O and C subjects. The C group showed lower VAT values than the type 2 diabetes group and lower IHL than the O and type 2 diabetes groups. However, MAT was similar in the 3 groups. Osteocalcin and C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen were lower in type 2 diabetes than those in C and O subjects. Moreover, at all sites, BMD was negatively associated with osteocalcin. No association was observed between MAT and VAT. No relationship was observed among MAT and HOMA-IR, leptin, adiponectin or Pref-1, but MAT was positively associated with glycated hemoglobin.

Conclusions

MAT is not a niche for fat accumulation under conditions of energy surplus and type 2 diabetes, also is not associated with VAT or insulin resistance. MAT is associated with glycated hemoglobin.
Additive effects of dexamethasone and palmitate on hepatic lipid accumulation and secretion
Authors: Harasim-Symbor Ewa , Konstantynowicz-Nowicka Karolina , Chabowski Adrian
Published: October 2016

Synthetic and natural glucocorticoids are able to highly modify liver lipid metabolism, which is possibly associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease development. We have assessed the changes in lipid and sphingolipid contents in hepatocytes, lipid composition and saturation status as well as the expression of proteins involved in fatty acid transport after both dexamethasone and palmitate treatments. The experiments were conducted on primary rat hepatocytes, incubated with dexamethasone and/or palmitic acid during short (16 h) and prolonged (40 h) exposure. Intracellular and extracellular lipid and sphingolipid contents were assessed by gas liquid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The expression of selected proteins was estimated by Western blotting. Short and prolonged exposure to dexamethasone combined with palmitic acid resulted in increased expression of fatty acid transporters, which was subsequently reflected by excessive intracellular accumulation of triacylglycerols and ceramide. The expression of microsomal transfer protein and cassette transporter was also significantly increased after dexamethasone and palmitate treatment, which was in accordance with elevated extracellular lipid and sphingolipid contents. Our data showed additive effects of dexamethasone and palmitate on protein-dependent fatty acid uptake in primary hepatocytes, resulting in the increased accumulation of triacylglycerols and sphingolipids. Moreover, the combined treatment altered fatty acid composition and diminished triacylglycerols desaturation index. Importantly, we observed that additive effects on both increased microsomal transport protein expression as well as elevated export of triacylglycerols, which may be relevant as a liver protective mechanism.
Presentación Vol. XL.1.2016
Authors: Sánchez Gutiérrez Ginette
Published: October 2016

Estas son las primeras páginas de presentación del primer número de la Revista Káñina.
La contabilidad nominal en español y bribri desde la perspectiva funcional tipológica
Authors: Krohn Haakon Stensrud
Published: October 2016

El presente artículo aborda las nociones de sustantivos contables e incontables en español y bribri desde un punto de vista funcional tipológico, según el cual se presume que la codificación morfosintáctica de la contabilidad constituye un reflejo icónico de la conceptualización del referente por parte del hablante. Las teorizaciones predominantes sobre el tema afirman que en las lenguas de clasificadores numerales, como el bribri, todos los sustantivos son permanentemente incontables, a diferencia de sus contrapartes en las variedades lingüísticas que no poseen clasificadores numerales; sin embargo, nuestra aproximación indica que las diferencias entre los dos tipos de lenguas en cuanto a la contabilidad nominal son mínimas.
El surrealismo en la obra poética Manifiesto olvidado
Authors: Calderón Arias María Gabriela
Published: October 2016

El artículo propone una interpretación del surrealismo en el poemario “Manifiesto olvidado” escrito por Mario Picado Umaña y publicado por la Editorial Costa Rica en el año 1989, como parte de una producción literaria donde la vanguardia estilística y la experimentación con el lenguaje adquieren importancia. Este poemario extrae del surrealismo, características y metáforas particulares, que cumplen un papel importante en el desarrollo de su obra; el artículo incluye algunos poemas del autor y se trata de establecer coordenadas inherentes que parten de su poesía hacia este movimiento histórico.
De cómo la mismidad y la otredad reviven la utopía. Una lectura de El eco de los pasos de Julieta Pinto
Authors: Ríos Quesada Verónica
Published: October 2016

La crítica literaria sobre El eco de los pasos (1979) de Julieta Pinto se ha enfocado en el desencanto generado por la traición a los ideales que supuestamente dieron pie a la guerra civil costarricense de 1948. En contraposición, este artículo se basa en el análisis de su arquitectura de novela de tesis, provocada desde la inmediatez de la revolución sandinista. La novela promueve la tesis de que la otredad (la sociedad nicaragüense) aspira a los valores de la mismidad (la sociedad costarricense) y dicha familiaridad permite una resignificación del concepto de revolución exenta de tintes izquierdistas. El artículo espera demostrar los mecanismos que permiten la canalización de este mensaje fabricado para una audiencia costarricense. Entre estos se encuentra la construcción de dos planos, uno centrado en el encuentro verosímil entre Carlos Fonseca Amador (basado en el líder sandinista) y Ernesto, el otro, dedicado al 48, narrado por la voz de la memoria reprimida de Ernesto; así como la manipulación del acontecer histórico. En suma, por la solidaridad intrínseca con la causa sandinista, El eco de los pasos ocupa un lugar particular en la literatura costarricense, generalmente considerada indiferente ante la contemporaneidad de los movimientos revolucionarios centroamericanos.
El sujeto marginal en la cuentista Julieta Pinto
Authors: Vallejos Ramírez Mayela
Published: October 2016

En esta colección de cuentos Los marginados se trabaja una variedad de temas que están relacionados con la vida de las personas en áreas rurales y marginales de la sociedad. La marginalidad social a pesar de que siempre ha existido en el mundo, en esta época contemporánea los estudiosos en la materia le han prestado una mayor atención tal vez por el crecimiento de estos sectores en las sociedades actuales. En general, en estos cuentos se hace un reclamo a la justicia social y los derechos humanos para todos. Los diferentes cuentos que hemos escogido para este trabajo permiten una muestra de los diferentes aspectos de la marginalización.
THE USE OF PATH ANALYSIS IN THE DETERMINATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR EFFECTS ON THE TOTAL PRODUCTION OF AQUACULTURE PONDS IN PASURUAN, EAST JAVA PROVINCE
Authors: Asaad Andi Indra Jaya , Ratnawati Erna , Mustafa Akhmad
Published: October 2016

Environmental factors in the form of soil and water quality are the important factors of aquaculture pond productivity, including total production (tiger shrimps, Penaeus monodon, and milkfish, Chanos chanos) in Pasuruan, East Java Province. The objective of this study was to analyze the direct or indirect effects of soil and water quality on the total production of ponds in Pasuruan using a path analysis application. Data were collected in the pond areas around Pasuruan Regency including Nguling, Lekok, Rejoso, Keraton, and Bangil Sub-Districts as well as Pasuruan City. Soil quality was determined as a free variable and exogen; water quality as mediate variable, suspended, and endogen; as well as milkfish production as suspended variable and endogen. Environmental characteristics were illustrated using descriptive statistics, while environment factor effects on total production were analyzed using path analysis. The results of path analysis show that from the 12 analyzed soil quality variables, only two variables were affected in the total production of pond (tiger shrimps and milkfish) namely: contents of soil organic carbon and soil phosphate. While based on 11 water quality variables, two variables (water salinity and water iron) were affected the total production of ponds in Pasuruan Regency. The direct effects of soil organic carbon and phosphate on the total production were 0.314 and -0.600, respectively. Water salinity and water iron gave direct effects on total production amounting to -0.678 and 0.358 respectively. It is also found that two soil variables which were affected in the total production, did not indicate the effect towards water quality in ponds. Further implication of this research is put more attention for these variables into pond’s management in order to gain more production. Technical application could be appropriate for pond preparation and frequently water changing during grow out.
FATTY ACID PROFILES OF CYCLOPOID COPEPOD NAUPLII Apocyclops panamensis AND THE EFFECTS OF SALINITY CHANGE
Authors: Sumiarsa Gede Suwarthama , Phelps Ronald P.
Published: October 2016

Lipid and fatty acid profiles were described for copepod nauplii Apocy clops panamensis from fertilized brackish water ponds, and after being acclimated to fullsea water salinity. Mean total lipid content of copepod nauplii collected from ponds fertilized with inorganic fertilizer combined either with alfalfa meal, rice bran, wheat bran, and a combination of these fertilizers ranged from 5.66 ± 0.15 to 7.76% ± 0.27%. Non-polar (neutral) lipid fraction of pond copepod nauplii was a significantly higher percentage of the total lipid content (74.5 ± 1.8 - 93.5% ± 1.0%) compared to those of polar lipid (6.5 ± 1.0 - 21.3% ± 1.8%) (P= 0.000). DHA/EPA ratio in neutral lipids ranged from 1.8 ± 0.2 - 2.0 ± 0.1 with no significant differences in three fertilization regimes. DHA was 27.5% ± 0.56% of the neutral lipids and EPA 14.8% ± 0.8%. Acclimation of copepod nauplii for six hours from brackish to full-sea water salinity reduced their lipid content and individual dry weight significantly. Mean total lipid content was reduced 44.2%, non-polar lipid was reduced 46.9% and polar lipid was reduced 24.4%. Acclimation altered the DHA/EPA ratio, in the neutral fraction the ratio increased 26.3% but in the polar fraction it decreased 25%.
SINGLE-O-SHELTER HUNA (Cherax albertisi) AND REDCLAW (C. quadricarinatus) CULTURE
Authors: Ahmad Taufik , Sofiarsih Lilis , Nuriadi Nuriadi , Apriyana G.
Published: October 2016

Many hatcheries successfully produced and sold cherax as ornamental crayfish. The attempt to culture cherax in earthen pond to produce consumable size yabbies facing the fact that cherax is a good hole digger and usually escapes through the hole in dyke. Single-o-shelter meant to provide shelter for every single spawner as well as hideout for the juvenile produced. The shelter for spawner was a 25 inches long and 2.0 inches diameter PVC pipe randomly spread on pond bottom. Aquatic weed (Vallisneria torta) grew in the shallow part of pond to provide hiding place for juvenile. The species stocked is huna and redclaw, each at density of 2 and 6 sets of spawner. One set of spawner consists of 3 males and 5 females weighing averagely around 20 g each. The experimental units are randomly selected to facilitate random block design in 2 rearing period as replicate. The pond dimension is 10 m x 10 m, divide into 3 compartments i.e. feeding, ground, nursery ground and harvest ditch. Water depth at nursery ground was 30 cm and at the other compartments at 60 cm. Follow gravity force, the water in ponds flows at 50—100 L minute-1. Self-made diet distributed into pond twice a day to meet 3% daily feeding ration. Survival rate and specific growth rate of spawner as well as juvenile produced and number of gravid female checked at the end of each rearing period or every 3 months. After 6 months, average weight of redclaw and huna reaching 146.12 ± 34.47 g and 103.7 ± 29.83 g, respectively. Redclaw produced progeny of 5 size groups and huna produced only 2 groups. Respective to the species, average weight of the first offspring batch was 39.03 ± 5.33 and 26.83 ± 2.09 g. Redclaw at 2 sets of spawner and male grow faster than of 6 sets of spawner and female. No survival rate significant difference among ponds indicates that single–o-shelter technique provides sufficient shelter for spawner to grow and reproduce. Male monosex redclaw culture in earthen pond seems to be more promising than mixed-sex and female monosex culture for consumable size production of either huna or redclaw.
SYSTEMATIC REVISION OF THE GENERA OF PANGASIIDAE (SILURIFORMES, OSTARIOPHYSI)
Authors: Gustiano Rudhy , Pouyaud Laurent
Published: October 2016

The family Pangasiidae belongs to the suborder Siluroidei, order Siluriformes, and suborder Ostariophysi. Since the groups were established as Pangasiini Bleeker, 1858; its content and classification have been greatly changed. Judging from the literature, the main constraint to cultivate wild species and to optimize the production of cultured species is needed to the poorly documented systematics of this family. Therefore the objective of the present study is to provide the diagnostic characters and the keys for identification the genera of Pangasiidae. The results clearly demonstrate that biometrically four natural groups can be distinguished. They are the genus Helicophagus, Pangasianodon, Pteropangasius, and Pangasius. The diagnosis of the family, the identification key of the genera and the description are given.
SURVEY OF VIRAL DISEASES OF PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP, Litopenaeus vannamei IN INDONESIA
Authors: Taukhid Taukhid , Supriyadi Hambali , Koesharyani Isti
Published: October 2016

Penaeid shrimp culture is a major contributor to foreign exchange earning in Indonesia. It has significant impact on economic development of fisheries sector, and leads to be one of prime mover to improve social prosperity. However, shrimp industry particularly black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) has been facing unpredictable situation due to disease problem. The main constrain in correlation to the development of shrimp industry is disease outbreak, especially caused by viral agents. White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) occurred in 1994, causing mass mortality of black tiger shrimp almost in all of the middle and western part of Indonesia. Due to the disease problem, it is estimated that in year 2000, more than 50% of shrimp pond were idle. Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) or “udang vanamei” was introduced to Indonesia at the end of 1999, and released officially in July, 2001. Response of shrimp farmers to the shrimp rapidly accepted and distributed to many provinces in the country. At the end of 2006, distribution of white shrimp culture was encountered in more than 15 provinces. The seeds are mainly produced from hatcheries located in East Java and Lampung. The information of TSV in Indonesia was reported firstly from East Java at the end of 2002, without a clear history. Since then, survey of TSV distribution was conducted intensively in white shrimp production areas. Beside TSV, population of white shrimp coming to Indonesia also susceptible to White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) and Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHHNV) infection. A survey with the aim to know significant viral diseases of white shrimp is needed to set up an alternative strategy to control them. The survey was conducted, firstly in the main production centers of white shrimp; and planned to be continued throughout the country. Samples collection, diagnostic method and data compiled in this study were collected from both active and passive surveillance. Diagnosis of viral diseases infecting white shrimp in this study was focused on TSV, WSSV, and IHHNV agents. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test has been used as a major diagnostic technique in this study. Progress report of the study showed that TSV spreading limited in controlled areas. The study proved that WSSV and IHHNV have been found in cultured white shrimp. All of the diseases mentioned above tend to be a significant constrain of future white shrimp industry in Indonesia, and special attention should be given in order to protect wide-spread of particular disease from infected to uninfected ones. Also, briefly current status of white shrimp culture development in the country will be discussed in this paper.
Streptococcus agalactiae INFECTION ON TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus) IN CIRATA RESERVOIR, WEST JAVA
Authors: Lusiastuti Angela Mariana , Gardenia Lila , Mufidah Tatik , Aryati Yani
Published: October 2016

Streptococcosis is one of bacterial diseases in the culture of Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and has caused significant economic losses. Streptococcus iniae, is known as pathogen to marine and freshwater fishes whereas Streptococcus agalactiae is known as pathogen to Tilapia. The isolation and characterization of four isolates of S. agalactiae, were described from an infected Tilapia from Cirata Reservoir, West Java, in July 2008. Conventional and rapid identification systems were used to determine isolates of S. agalactiae from brain and kidney tissues. In this paper, we have characterized S. agalactiae and this was the first isolation of this bacteria from fish. The isolates were gram positive, catalase-negative, oxidase-negative,  haemolytic cocci colonies on blood agar. All of the of isolates were biochemically characterized with the API 20 Strep System (bioMerieux). Bacterial chromosomal DNA used in PCR assay was extracted by heating method. The forward primer is Sdi 61: 5’-AGGAAACCTGCCATTTGCG-3’ and the reverse primer is Sdi 252: 5’-CAATCTATTTCTAGATCGTGG-3’ with gene target 16S intergenic spacer and it has 192 bp in length. These primers were designed by Alpha DNA (Montreal, Quebec). The biochemical patterns of four isolates were rather different although almost all traits were similar with the exception of pyroglutamic acid (pyra) and L-arginin (ADH), for which we observed negative and positive reaction in this study. Therefore, some of the biochemical characteristics of the four isolates did not fit 100% with the typical patterns of S. agalactiae. However, the PCR result showed that this PCR assay is an effective tool for rapid and specific detection of S. agalactiae, the main pathogens involved in warm-water streptococcosis, obtained from pure culture of naturally infected fish. Therefore, it could be a useful alternative for culture-based routine diagnosis of warm-water streptococcal infections in fish.
PHENOTYPIC AND GENOTYPIC PERFORMANCES OF BLACK TIGER SHRIMP, Penaeus monodon HAVING FAST GROWTH TRAITS
Authors: Haryanti Haryanti , Muzaki Ahmad , Wardana Ida Komang , Fachrudin Fachrudin , Sembiring Sari Budi Moria , Permana I Gusti Ngurah
Published: October 2016

Shrimp breeding research focusing on fast growth traits is important to develop better phenotypic and genotypic characters of shrimp spawners. The aim of this research was to evaluate shrimp breeding technology to produce fry having fast growth traits. Selection was initiated from the breeding of wild shrimp spawners (F-0) based on full sib mating, probiotics, biosecurity, and viral diseases diagnosis. Viral disease diagnoses were performed using 7 viruses (TSV, WSSV, IHHNV, YHV, BP, MBV, and HPV) provided in the IQ-2000 kit. The result showed that 11 families of the first generation (F-1) shrimp were phenotypically varied (big, regular and small size). Number of fry from the first generation resulted from phenotypic selection that have fast growth trait ranged between 1.99% and 4.49% of the total fry population. Genotypic performance of the shrimp broodstock (F-0) and the first generation (F-1) showed different genetic variations. Heterozigosity values were 0.2872±0.0047 (female) and 0.5487±0.0103 (male) for shrimp broodstock (F-0), 0.704±0.0261 for the first generation (F-1) having fast growth trait, and 0.6224±0.023 for F-1 having slow growth. Gene markers of fast growth trait were indicated by the genes with molecular weights of 1,025; 1,280; and 1,325 basepairs and having different DNA sequences compared to that of slow growth shrimp.
NON-CLOTTING HAEMOLYMPH OF WSSV-INFECTED SHRIMP: IS IT A FACTOR IN INFECTION PROCESSES?
Authors: Soetrisno Coco Kokarkin
Published: October 2016

White spot syndrome virus is recognized as the most prominent pathogen of penaeid shrimp and has been affecting this shrimp farming industry around the world. The virus may reduce the shrimp’s immune response and alter enzymatic and biochemical composition of tissues. Similar to other environmental stressed or other pathogeninfected shrimp, in late stages of WSSV infection, shrimp will fail to clot the haemolymph, so any minor injury will lead to increased haemolyph loss. A series of experiments to determine the effect of non-clotting haemolymph on WSSV infection were carried out in controlled facilities in Indonesia. The preliminary test showed that normal clotting time was 13.3 seconds while WSSV-injected shrimp mostly failed to clot their haemolymph 16 hours post infection (hpi). Some other clinical signs such as abnormal swimming, red discoloration, white spots and mortality were consistent with those observed by previous studies. Three shrimp species: banana shrimp (P. merguiensis) 9 g , white leg shrimp (P. vannamei) 7 g and the tiger shrimp (P. monodon) 16.5 g were water-borne-challenged with non-clotting, WSSV-infected haemolymph (NCH) from tiger shrimp donor in duplicate tanks each with 12 shrimp. The control were tiger shrimps fed with WSSV-infected tissue at the rate of 40% of bodyweight (BW) and other tiger shrimps were used as negative controls fed with commercial feed only.The study revealed that NCH dosages of 1.46%; 2.03%; and 2.06% (v/v) for eachspecies were sufficient to infect and kill all shrimps in less than two days comparedto eight days for the shrimps fed on infected tissue. The WSSV in non-clottedhaemolymph eventuallyattaches into the living tissues of healthy shrimp. This modeof infection is likely more difficult to control by the ordinary fine mesh screeningmethod.
SATELLITE-MEASURED SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CHLOROPHYLL-A VARIABILITY IN THE GULF OF TOMINI, SULAWESI
Authors: Radiarta I Nyoman
Published: October 2016

Chlorophyll-a concentration, an index of phytoplankton biomass, is an important parameter for fisheries resources and marine aquaculture development. Spatial and temporal variability of surface cholophyll-a (chl-a) concentration and water condition in the Gulf of Tomini were investigated using monthly climatologies the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view sensor (SeaWiFS), sea surface temperature (SST), and wind data from January 2000 to December 2007. The results showed seasonal variation of chla and SST in the Gulf of Tomini. High chl-a concentrations located in the eastern part of the gulf were observed during the southeast monsoon in August. During the northwest monsoon, chl-a concentrations were relatively low (<0.2 mg m-3) and distributed uniformly throughout most of the region. Chl-a concentrations peaked in August at every year, and chl-a concentrations were observed low in November at every year from 2000 to 2007. SSTs were relatively high (> 28oC) during the northwest monsoon, but low during the southeast monsoon. High wind speed was coincided with high chl-a concentrations. Local forcing such as sea surface heating and wind condition are the mechanisms that controlled the spatial and temporal variations of chlorophyll concentrations.
NONSPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE AND RESISTANCE OF Litopenaeus vannamei FED WITH NUCLEOTIDE, β-GLUCAN, AND PROTAGEN DIETS
Authors: Manoppo Henky , Sukenda Sukenda , Djokosetiyanto Daniel , Sukadi Mochamad Fatuchri , Harris Enang
Published: October 2016

The objective of this research was to evaluate the nonspecific immune response and resistance of Litopenaeus vannamei fed with nucleotide, β–glucan, and protagen diets. Shrimp juveniles with an average weight of 5.39±0.56 g were reared in glass aquaria at a density of 15 shrimps/aquarium. Shrimps were fed three times a day for four weeks at a feeding rate of 3%/bw/day. Treatment diets consisted of A: basal diet (without immunostimulant), B: β–glucan, C: protagen, and D: nucleotide, each with three replicates. At the end of feeding period, the shrimps were intramuscularly injected with Vibrio harveyi 0.1 x 106 cfu.shrimp-1. Total haemocyte count (THC) of shrimp fed with nucleotide-diet was significantly different compared to that of control shrimp (p=0.01), but not different compared to shrimp fed with protagen-diet. PO activity also increased significantly in shrimp fed with nucleotide-diet (p=0.02). β–glucan diet could also increase THC and PO activity, but compared to the control, the increase was not significantly different. Overall, PO activity of shrimp fed with nucleotide, β–glucan, and protagen diets was high (>0.35). Oral administration of nucleotide, β–glucan, and protagen for four consecutive weeks significantly increased resistance of shrimp to disease (<0.01) where the highest resistance rate was observed on shrimp fed with nucleotide-diet. Growth of shrimp fed with nucleotide-diet was significantly different compared to that of control shrimp (p<0.01), as well as to β–glucan, and protagen-treated shrimp. As a conclusion, supplementation of nucleotide into shrimp pellet enhanced nonspecific immune response and growth performance better than β-glucan, and protagen.