bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new flagellate of the genus Proteromonas Kunstler, 1883, from an Indian lizard
Authors: Krishnamurthy R.
Published: June 2009

A new flagellate, Proteromonas hemidactyli sp.nov., is described from the large intestine of the lizard, Hemidactylus brooki, in Hyderabad, India. It is characterized by a long, slender and fusiform body, two similar but subequal flagella, a kidney-shaped sub-blepharoplastic body, a ribbon-like paranuclear body and a vesicular nucleus. A parabasal body is absent.

I am extremely grateful to Dr S. S. Qadri, Reader in Zoology, Osmania University, Hyderabad for his guidance and advice during the course of this work. I am thankful to Dr S. Mehdi Ali, Professor of Zoology, Marathwada University, and Dr S. N. Singh, Professor of Zoology, Osmania University, for providing me with laboratory and library facilities. Thanks are also due to the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, for the award of a fellowship.
Life-history Studies on Proteocephalus pinguis La Rue
Authors: Hunter George W.
Published: June 2009

While working on parasites of fish for the New York State Conservation Department during the summer of 1928 it was possible to secure experimental evidence on the life-cycle of Proteocephalus pinguis La Rue 1911. The adult parasite lives in the digestive tract of Esox lucius Linnaeus and E. reticulatus Le Sueur where it ranges in length between 50 and 90 mm. Since La Rue (1914) gives a complete description of the adult it is not necessary to go further into the morphology of this form. Adult tapeworms for the experiments were taken from E. lucius from Lake Erie and Ellicott Creek, near Buffalo, New York, and from E. reticulatus from Barrett and China Ponds near Carmel, New York.
Sense organs of monogenean skin parasites ending in a typical cilium
Authors: Lyons Kathleen M.
Published: June 2009

Single receptors seen with the electron microscope to consist of a terminal cilium embedded in a nerve bulb have been found in the skin parasitic monogeneanGyrodactylussp., adult and larvalEntobdella soleae, Leptocotyle minor(adult) and in the endoparasitic juvenile ofAmphibdella flaviolineata.Their distribution inGyrodactylussp. has been mapped using phase-contrast microscopy, and staining with the indoxyl acetate method for non-specific esterases revealed a nervous connexion between the lateral ventral nerve cord and the ‘tangoreceptor’. The general relationships of the nervous system inGyrodactyluswere investigated by staining with the thiocholine method for cholinesterase. The ‘sensory’ neurone contains vesicles, microtubules and mitochondria and the whole nerve bulb is sealed into the epidermis by means of septate desmosomes. The basal body of the cilium is not greatly modified and there is no obvious rootlet system. The terminal cilium of single receptors inEntobdella soleaehas a 9 + 2 structure. A compound sense organ from the head ofEntobdella soleaehas also been described. The significance of the fibre arrangement in the terminal cilia and the possible roles of these sense organs have been discussed.

I should like to thank Dr D. L. Lee for training in electron microscope techniques and for his encouragement, Dr P. Tate for his continued interest and the staff of the Marine Biological Laboratory, Plymouth, especially Mr G. Best and Mr J. E. Green, for their assistance. This work was conducted during tenure of a Science Research Council Fellowship and the Tucker-Price Research Fellowship of Girton College.
Description of the immature stages of Hyalomma (Hyalommina) kumari Sharif, 1928 (Acarina: Ixodidae) and redescription of the adults, with notes on its hosts and distribution
Authors: Chaudhuri R. P.
Published: June 2009

A colony of the ixodid tick Hyalomma (Hyalommina) kumari was bred in the laboratory and all stages described. The known hosts and distribution of the tick in India are given briefly.
The oncomiracidia of the monocotylid monogeneans Dictyocotyle coeliaca and Calicotyle kroyeri
Authors: Kearn G. C.
Published: June 2009

The eggs of D. coeliaca have been cultured successfully and the free-swimming larva has been studied for the first time. The eggs have an incubation period which for monogeneans is exceptionally long (4–5 months at 10 °C). Apart from maintenance at a low temperature no other special conditions such as high hydrostatic pressure or washing to remove host body fluid are necessary for development. It is not necessary for the eggs to come into contact with host body fluid before development can begin.

The oncomiracidium of D. coeliaca has no eyes, a well-developed pair of anterior median gland cells and a pair of hamuli. The oncomiracidium of C. kroyeri is similar to that of D. coeliaca except for the presence of two pairs of conspicuous pigmented eyes, poorly developed anterior median gland cells, the presence of an extra pair of gland cells at the posterior end of the body and the absence of hamuli.

A comparison of the larval features of D. coeliaca and C. kroyeri has confirmed that these parasites belong to quite distinct species.
Observations on the epidermis of the miracidium and on the formation of the tegument of the sporocyst of Fasciola hepatica
Authors: Southgate V. R.
Published: June 2009

The relationship between the ciliated epidermal cells and the subepidermal layer of the miracidium of Fasciola hepatica has been described. Non-ciliated ridge-like extensions of the subepidermal layer separate the ciliated epidermal cells from each other. The sunken portions of the subepidermal layer, each containing a nucleus, lie below the outer body wall muscles of the miracidium and open into the ridge by narrow neck-like connexions. Elongate vesicles, which may be a source of stored plasma membrane similar to that which occurs in the transitional epithelium of other animals, fill most of the ridge. In addition, characteristic round electron dense granules are found in the ridge but the majority are found in the sunken portions of the subepidermal layer.

The development and origins of the tegument of the sporocyst of F. hepatica have been described at the ultrastructural level. When the miracidium is in the process of penetrating the snail host, large vacuoles appear between the ciliated epidermal cells and the basal lamina which overlies the muscles of the body wall. These vacuoles have the effect of loosening the epidermal cells from the basal lamina of the body wall of the miracidium. Possible mechanisms involved in the formation of such vacuoles are suggested and discussed.

During penetration of the snail the ciliated epidermal cells of the miracidium are lost; the ridge, a syncytial layer between the epidermal cells which is connected with the subepidermal layer, spreads over the basal lamina and exposed body wall muscles of the metamorphosing sporocyst to form the new outer covering of the sporocyst.

Cytoplasm passes from the subtegumentary layer into the tegument during this stage of the development of the body wall of the sporocyst. Muscular contraction and microtubules may be involved in the outward movements of this cytoplasm. The nuclei of the subtegumentary layer remain below the muscles of the body wall.

Twenty-four hours after penetration of the snail the outer plasma membrane of the tegument forms folds, which greatly increase the surface area.

Sixty hours after penetration involutions between the folds, which may indicate pinocytosis, are present, and it is suggested that pinocytosis may play a role in food absorption.

The fully formed tegument is a syncytial layer containing numerous electron dense granules, vacuoles, mitochondria and lipid droplets.

The results on the formation of the tegument of the sporocyst have been discussed with reference to the controversy about the origins and terminology of the outer covering of the Platyhelminths.
The distribution and fine structure of the integumentary papillae of the cercaria ofHimasthla secunda(Nicoll)
Authors: Chapman H. D. , Wilson R. A.
Published: June 2009

The distribution of the integumentary papillae of the cercaria ofHimasthla secundahas been studied by a variety of techniques. Structures stained by silver nitrate and visible under the light microscope correspond in their spatial distribution with papillae observed under the scanning electron microscope. The tegumentary papillae described with the light and scanning electron microscope are correlated with the specialized nerve endings in the tegument as seen in transmission electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of these papillae is examined by conventional transmission electron microscopy and the probability that these structures are sensory is discussed.
A novel phosphagen phosphotransferase in the plerocercoids ofSchistocephalus solidus(Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea)
Authors: Barrett J. , Lloyd G. M.
Published: June 2009

Neither phosphagens nor phosphagen phosphotransferase activity could be detected inFasciola hepatica, Hymenolepis diminuta, Moniezia expansaor in the plerocercoids ofLigula intestinalis. The plerocercoids ofSchistocephalus solidus, however, possess an active taurocyamine phosphotransferase, although it too contains no detectable phosphagens. The taurocyamine phosphotransferase ofS. solidushas an absolute requirement for a divalent metal ion and ATP could not be replaced by ITP, GTP, CTP, or UTP as the phosphate donor. The role of phosphagens in helminths is discussed.
Dipetalonema viteae: ultrastructural study on the in vitro interaction between rat macrophages and microfilariae in the presence of IgE antibody
Authors: Ouaissi M. A. , Haque A. , Capron A.
Published: June 2009

The in vitro interaction between rat peritoneal macrophages and Dipetalonema viteae microfilariae in the presence of amicrofilaraemic rat immune serum was studied by transmission electron microscopy. The probable sequence of events leading to the killing of D. viteae microfilaria by macrophages is as follows. (a) Rat peritoneal macrophages in the presence of amicrofilaraemic rat immune serum adhere to the parasite surface, (b) the macrophages extend their pseudopodia around the parasite, (c) the ‘lysosome-like’ granules discharge their contents on to the parasite surface, (d) the lytic activity of these products begins at the parasite surface and (e) subsequent breaking of the microfilarial cuticle occurs, exposing the parasite intracellular material.
Monitoring Theileria parva infection in adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks
Authors: Irvin A. D. , Boarer C. D. H. , Dobbelaere D. A. E. , Mahan S. M. , Masake R. , Ocama J. G. R.
Published: June 2009

A rapid method is described for preparing and staining salivary glands of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks infected with Theileria parva. The technique, involving the use of a modified methyl green pyronin stain, minimizes the risk of losing material and allows examination of stained glands within minutes of preparation. The technique was applied in a series of studies in which ticks were either infected with T. parva under different conditions, or maturation of parasites in adult ticks was stimulated by different means. When nymphal ticks were fed on the ears of cattle the subsequent infection rate of the adult ticks showed no correlation with the parasitaemia of the cattle at the time of nymphal engorgement. There was no difference in infection rates between adult ticks in which parasite maturation had been stimulated either by incubation at 37 °C or by feeding on rabbits. However, parasite maturation took about 1 day longer in incubated ticks than in rabbit-fed ticks. Female ticks were consistently more highly infected than males, both in terms of the percentage of ticks infected and the mean number of infected acini/tick. Ticks were infected with T. parva by injection of nymphs with parasitaemic bovine blood, but the resultant adult infection was lower than that in ticks which had been infected naturally by feeding on cattle.
Larvae of the British Metastriata (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae)
Authors: Snow Keith R.
Published: June 2009

Detailed descriptions are given of the larvae of the three species of British metastriatan ticks, with particular reference to the arrangement and dimensions of setae.
Toxocara vajrasthirae sp.nov. from the hog-badger (Arctonyx collaris) of Thailand
Authors: Sprent J. F. A.
Published: June 2009

Toxocara vajrasthirae is described from the hog-badger (Arctonyx collaris) of Thailand. Of the species in the genus Toxocara, it most closely resembles T. canis. It differs in the possession of proportionately shorter and narrower cervical alae, relatively longer spicules, a coarse, reticulate pattern on the eggshell and an undivided part of the uterus which is longer than the divided part.
Ultrastructural and cytochemical observations on the body wall of the redia of Sphaeridiotrema globulus (Rudolphi, 1819)
Authors: Reader Trevor A. J.
Published: June 2009

The ultrastructure of the body wall of the redia of Sphaeridiotrema globulus is described. The tegument, which possesses numerous microvilli, is shown to be a syncytial, cytoplasmic layer connected to underlying subtegumentary ‘cells’ by cytoplasmic processes. Between the subtegumentary ‘cells’ are located the normal parenchyma cells of the body wall, which are believed to be important in carbohydrate storage.
Mitochondria, Golgi complexes, endoplasmic reticulum and beta glycogen granules are located in the tegument and subtegumentary ‘cells’. In addition, large whorled bodies and dense secretory granules appear to be formed within the subtegumentary ‘cells’ prior to their passage into the outer tegument. It is suggested that these whorled structures are contributing to the growth of the tegument. Small membrane-bound ‘vesicles’ are also seen in the tegument and some of these may be pinocytotic in nature.
Following incubation, horseradish peroxidase tracer was localized within ‘vesicles’ in both the tegument, subtegumentary ‘cells’ and parenchyma cells, which indicates that the redial body wall may be important in the uptake of nutrients.
Phosphatase enzymes are abundant within the tegument, particularly in association with the plasma membranes and microvilli. These enzymes, which appear to have their origin in the endoplasmic reticulum of subtegumentary cells, are believed to be associated with the uptake of nutrients through the redial tegument.
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: observations on the comparative immunogenicity of adult worms from primary and immune-adapted infections
Authors: Jenkins D. Conwil
Published: June 2009

A comparison was made of the immunogenicity of normal worms, derived from a primary infection, and immune-adapted worms, derived from a trickle infection, after surgical transfer into previously uninfected rats. Exposure to 300 normal worms for 2 days was sufficient to induce resistance to challenge infection 3 weeks later in four of eight rats. The immune-adapted worms were, however, significantly less immunogenic, only one rat in ten developing resistance to challenge after 21 days exposure to 300 worms.
These results offer further evidence that the protective antigens produced by normal worms are in some way altered in adapted worms, so that adapted worms have a reduced immunogenicity.
Rediscovery ofSolenopotes tarandi(Mjöberg, 1915) (Linognathidae: Anoplura), with ectoparasites of the Barren Ground Caribou
Authors: Weisser Christian F. , Kim Ke Chung
Published: June 2009

The adults ofSolenopotes tarandi(Mjöberg, 1915) are redescribed and illustrated, and its allied species ofSolenopotesare compared. The nymphs of this species are for the first time described and illustrated. Ectoparasite infestation of the barren ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus grantiAllen) is also discussed.
The stimulation of immunity to Trichuris muris in mice exposed to low-level infections
Authors: Wakelin D.
Published: June 2009

Mice infected with as few as ten eggs of the nematode Trichuris muris are highly resistant to a challenge infection given 5 weeks later. The rate of elimination of challenge larvae is similar in mice immunized by infection with ten or with 300 eggs. Stimulation of immunity to challenge by the low-level infections is dependent upon the persistence of the immunizing worm population and removal of the population at day 14 considerably reduces the level of immunity. Worms developing from a low-level immunizing infection are not eliminated by a ‘self-cure’ response, as is the case with larger infections, and become sexually mature. Adult worms from such an infection are, however, eliminated by the response to a superimposed challenge infection. Repeated infection of mice with small numbers of eggs stimulates an immune response and the worm population is eliminated before patency.
Observations on the early relationship between Moniliformis dubius (Acanthocephala) and the haemocytes of the intermediate host, Periplaneta americana
Authors: Rotheram Susan , Crompton D. W. T.
Published: June 2009

An electron microscope study has been made of some of the events which occur during the beginning of the relationship between Moniliformis dubius and its intermediate host, Periplaneta americana. The acanthor penetrates through the intestinal wall and is encapsulated by host haemocytes. This encapsulation is typical of the haemocytic reaction of insects to foreign bodies. A proliferation of the acanthor's surface membrane then takes place and forms a coat of microvilli. The formation of this coat by the parasite is accompanied by the dispersion or disintegration or both of the encapsulating haemocytes. The coat of microvilli constitutes a major component of the envelope surrounding early larval stages of M. dubius. There is no evidence for the presence of host connective tissue in the envelope.

We are grateful to Dr A. V. Grimstone, Department of Zoology, for use of the electron microscope, and to Mr David Barnard and Miss Valerie Furber for technical assistance. We thank Dr George Salt, F.R.S. for his criticism of the manuscript.
Effects of chloroquine onPlasmodium knowlesi in vitro
Authors: Gutteridge W. E. , Trigg P. I. , Bayley P. M.
Published: June 2009

The binding of chloroquine to DNA isolated fromP. knowlesihas been investigated. In the presence of increasing concentrations of malarial DNA, the absorption spectrum of chloroquine exhibited strong hypochromism in the range 325–350 nm, small red shifts of the absorption maxima and an isosbestic point at 300 nm. The fluorescence emission of the drug at 380 nm (excitation 330 nm) was quenched five-fold by malarial DNA. Chloroquine itself protected malarial DNA from thermal denaturation. These data are consistent with binding of the drug to malarial DNA as has been suggested from studies with DNA from bacteria and mammalian cells. The binding affinity for malarial DNA is of the same order as that for mammalian DNA.

The effect of chloroquine on the metabolism ofP. knowlesiin culture was also investigated. There was a direct correlation between concentrations of drug which affect the morphology of parasites and those which affect markedly the incorporation of3H-adenosine into DNA and RNA,14C-isoleucine incorporation into protein and the formation of lactate as a result of respiration. However, all processes were inhibited to the same extent, indicating that binding to DNA is not the only action of the drug.

The mode of action of chloroquine and the question of resistance to it are discussed.

One of us (P. I. T.) received financial assistance from the World Health Organization. We thank Dr F. Hawking and Dr J. Williamson for many helpful discussions, Dr K. N. Brown for reading through the manuscript, and Miss Jane Dunnett, Mrs A. C. Gutteridge and Mr T. Scott-Finnigan for skilled technical assistance.
Observations on the behaviour of Dermacentor andersoni larvae infesting normal and tick resistant guinea-pigs
Authors: Allen J. R. , Kemp D. H.
Published: June 2009

In three separate experiments the behaviour of Dermacentor andersoni larvae on normal and tick-resistant guinea-pigs was studied at intervals throughout 5-day infestation periods. Fewer larvae survived on resistant hosts and their mean sizes were less than those of larvae on normal hosts, the differences becoming more obvious as time progressed. When measured at 32°C, the peristaltic rates of midgut diverticula of the larvae surviving on resistant hosts were consistently lower than those of larvae from normal hosts. Mean surface temperatures of infested ears were higher on resistant than on normal hosts. This was assumed to be a result of cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions in the resistant animals. Larvae detached, or changed attachment sites, more often on resistant than on normal hosts. This was consistently evident after 26 h post-infestation and correlated with the known timing of basophil cell infiltration and degranulation in the skin of infested, resistant guinea pigs. It appeared that most larvae, after detaching from the resistant host, died off the host. However, some died in situ while still attached. Such deaths occurred on resistant but not on normal animals between 8 and 26 h post-infestation.
A comparative study of the vitelline cell in Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, S. japonicum and S. mattheei
Authors: Erasmus D. A. , Popiel I. , Shaw J. R.
Published: June 2009

A comparison is given of the ultrastructure of the vitelline cell in Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, S. japonicum and S. mattheei. Four stages in development of the vitelline cell have been categorized as follows: Stage 1, the undifferentiated cell; Stage 2, the developing cell showing the beginning of synthetic activity; Stage 3, the developing cell showing active protein synthesis; Stage 4, the fully mature vitelline cell. These stages in development have been defined morphologically and Stages 1, 2 and 3 are very similar in all 4 species. Lipid is present in the Stage 4 cells of all species but appears earlier at Stage 3 in S. haematobium and S. mattheei. There are several differences as to the intercellular inclusions of the Stage 4 cells, the most marked of these being the absence of calcareous corpuscles from S. japonicum as compared with the other 3 species.
Specific cross-immunity between Trichinella spiralis and Trichuris muris: immunization with heterologous infections and antigens and transfer of immunity with heterologous immune mesenteric lymph node cells
Authors: Lee T. D. G. , Grencis R. K. , Wakelin D.
Published: June 2009

Infections with either 300 infective Trichinella spiralis larvae or 400 embryonated eggs of Trichuris muris were effective in eliciting accelerated expulsion of heterologous challenge infections given 20 days after the primary infection. Accelerated expulsion could also be achieved by the administration of soluble crude worm antigen given 12 days prior to heterologous challenge or by adoptive transfer of mesenteric lymph node cells taken from mice infected with the heterologous parasite. Each species is capable of eliciting an accelerated secondary expulsion response in hosts that have been actively or adoptively immunized against the other species and these results are taken to indicate that there is a specific cross-immunity between T. spiralis and T. muris due to shared antigens. It is postulated that these shared antigens are derived from stichocyte granules.
Two new species ofToxocarafrom viverrid hosts
Authors: Warren E. G.
Published: June 2009

Toxocara genettaesp.nov. andToxocara sprentisp.nov. from viverrid hosts in Africa and S.E. Asia respectively are described. SevenToxocaraspp. from viverrid hosts are differentiated. The writer proposes thatToxocara canarisiPuylaert, 1967, from a feline host, become aspecies inquirendaerequiring further study.
Activity, ageing and penetration of hookworm larvae
Authors: Croll Neil A. , Matthews Bernard E.
Published: June 2009

Lipid levels of infective larvae of Ancylostoma tubaeforme are reduced and their behavioural activity declines with age. We have measured behavioural activity using the percentage active, rate of activity, and the percentage of larvae able to penetrate a membrane. Neostigmine bromide, a cholinergic drug, increased larval activity in all tests. Larvae, stored at 4 and 10 °C and in hypertonic saline, were inactive but consumed lipid. When returned to isotonic saline at 26 °C, these larvae were no more active than those at 26 °C throughout. We found no evidence that such inactive larvae had entered a state of quiescence. All our results, and those of other workers, have been used to emphasize that larval ageing is related directly to decreased metabolic rates, and not primarily to lipid levels.
Genetic recombination in Plasmodium berghei
Authors: Walliker D. , Carter R. , Morgan S.
Published: June 2009

Crosses have been made between two lines of Plasmodium berghei yoelii differing in drug-sensitivity and enzyme-type. The two lines used were line A, which is pyrimethamine-resistant and contains an electrophoretic form of glucose phosphate isomerase termed GPI-1, and line C, which is pyrimethamine-sensitive and contains enzyme-form GPI-2.
Equal numbers of blood forms of lines A and C were mixed and injected intravenously into a mouse. Mosquitoes were fed immediately on the mixture, and the resulting sporozoites used to infect further rodents. After treating these animals with pyrimethamine, drug-resistant parasites characterized by GPI-2 could be detected in the remaining infections. Controls showed that these parasites were recombinant forms, which had arisen by cross-fertilization of gametes in the mosquitoes, and not by mutation or ‘synpholia’.
By cloning the products of crosses between lines A and C by dilution, parasite lines of two recombinant classes (resistant GPI-2 and. sensitive GPI-1) were isolated, together with lines of parental characteristics.
Means of acquisition ofHistomonas meleagridis byeggs ofHeterakis gallinarum
Authors: Lund Everett E. , Chute Anne M.
Published: June 2009

Experimentally we have demonstrated what Lee (1969, 1971 a, b) postulated on the basis of morphological considerations. The female heterakid is capable of transmittingH. meleagridisfrom the bird to the caecal worm egg without the intervention of the male except for fertilization. If the male is otherwise involved in the transmission ofH. meleagridis, it seems unlikely that its role is of appreciable significance in the life-cycle of the histomonad as we know it now. However, if as believed by many, the histomonad was originally a parasite of a nematode that may not have been an obligatory parasite, the role of the male worm may have been considerably more important to the survival of the histomonad.
An histological and ultrastructural study of Thelohania contejeani Henneguy, 1892 (Nosematidae), Microsporidian parasite of the crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes Lereboullet
Authors: Cossins A. R. , Bowler K.
Published: June 2009

An outbreak of the Microsporidian parasite Thelohania contejeani is reported in a population of Austropotamobius pallipes in Northumberland, U.K. Since less than 10% of all crayfish caught were infected it is concluded that T. contejeani has no serious effect on the population studied. The mode of transmission of the parasite from host to host is discussed.

The host–parasite relationship and life-cycle of T. contejeani were studied using histological and electron microscope techniques. Spores were observed in some detail, and diplocarya, sporont and pansporoblast stages were identified within the general spore mass that invades host muscle tissue. Using serial sections the sporoblast ‘diplocaryon’ was shown to be a single nucleus with a deep cleft. T. contejeani was found to occur mainly in striated muscle, although it was found in cell bodies in the central nervous system.
Cysticercoids of three species of Tatria (Cyclophyllidea: Amabiliidae) including T. octacantha sp.nov. from the haemocoele of the damsel-fly nymphs Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Sulz and Enallagma cyathigerum, Charp.
Authors: Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

Cysticercoids of three species of Tatria have been recovered from the haemocoele of two species of damsel-fly nymphs from a lake in Mid-Wales. This is the first record of Tatria in Britain. The cysticercoids are enclosed each in a transparent capsule of host origin permanently attached to the midgut of the host. The cysticercoids of the three species are indistinguishable superficially. Specific diagnosis depending on the armature of the scolex. Tatria octacantha sp.nov. differs from the other eight species by the presence of eight apical rostellar hooks and 48 small spines on the rostellar surface. One mature adult was found in a little grebe Podiceps ruficollis ruficollis (Pallas) from the same lake and is described briefly. The cysticercoids are described in general terms and the scolex of T. octacantha in detail including the mode of operation of the rostellum and the ultrastructure of the surface layers. A layer of fibres occurs below the superficial longitudinal muscles of the rostellum providing additional support for this mobile organ. A revised key to the nine species of Tatria is included.
Strain specific immunity to Plasmodium berghei: a new genetic marker
Authors: Oxbrow A. I.
Published: June 2009

Mice immunized by single pyrimethamine terminated infections of Plasmodium berghei berghei, strain NK65 or the Nigerian P. berghei-like parasite, N67, were immune to challenge by P.b. berghei, P.b. yoelii strain 17X, P.b. killicki strain 194ZZ and N67. Mice similarly immunized against P.b. yoelii were only immune or N67 resulted in infections comparable to those found in normal mice. Mice immunized against P.b. killicki were similar except that they also possessed some protection against challenge by N67. Evidence was obtained which indicated that the difference between P.b. yoelii and N67 was not associated with the virulence of the parasites. Prolonged exposure to P.b. yoelii infection slightly increased homologous and heterologous immunity. Two lines of parasites were crossed; one of these was derived from P.b. yoelii and the other from N67. They differed in pyrimethamine sensitivity, glucose phosphate isomerase type and the ability to survive in mice immunized against P.b. yoelii. Ten lines of parasites showing the P.b. yoelii characters of pyrimethamine resistance and GPI-1 were isolated in drug treated mice immune to P.b. yoelii challenge. Twenty-one clones were isolated without drug or antibody selection from the parasites resulting from the cross between P.b. yoelii and N67. Sixteen of these clones were classified according to the markers which they possessed and six were found to be recombinant in character. The experiments showed that genetic recombination occurred as a frequent event in P. berghei and involved factors which control the cross-immunity produced following infection with these parasites.
Biochemical and physiological studies of certain ticks (Ixodoidea). Haemolysis rate and meal size in the interactions between Argas (Persicargas) arboreus Kaiser, Hoogstraal and Kohls, A. (P.) persicus (Oken) (Argasidae) and some avian hosts
Authors: Tatchell Roger J. , Kerr John D. , Boctor Found N.
Published: June 2009

Bloodmeal volumes and haemolysis rates were determined in male Argas (Persicargas) arboreus and A. (P.) persicus fed on pigeons, domestic fowl, and adult and fledgling herons. Erythrocyte osmotic fragility curves were prepared for the host species.
Phosphatase systems in Fasciolopsis buski Lankester, 1857 and Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus Cobbold, 1876
Authors: Goil Madan M.
Published: June 2009

Biochemical studies on the non-specific phosphomonoesterases have demonstrated the presence of acid phosphomonoesterase with maximum activity at pH 4·0 in Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus (enzyme I) and at pH 4·5 in the case of Fasdolopsis buski (enzyme II). The Km for ρ-nitrophenyl phosphate hydrolysis was 0·66 mM for enzyme I and 1·1 mM for enzyme II. Different concentrations of fluoride, arsenate, tartrate, tartaric acid, cysteine and copper brought about inhibition of both enzymes and magnesium, iodoaeetate, iodoacetamide and EDTA had no influence on either enzyme activity. Cobalt activated both enzymes while zinc inhibited enzyme I and strongly stimulated enzyme II.
Changes in the hatch rate of Haemonchus contortus eggs between geographic regions
Authors: Jambre L. F. Le , Whitlock J. H.
Published: June 2009

Vulvar phenotypes and the rate of development of eggs over a range of temperatures were used to compare Haemonchus contortus populations in New York State and Ohio. These parameters indicated that the westernmost boundary of the subspecies Haemonchus contortus cayugensis is the Chautauqua valley in New York. The Haemonchus ecotype in Ohio had a vulvar phenotype formula similar to that described for the subspecies Haemonchus contortus contortus. The relationship between slope and intercept of the regression of rate of egg hatch on temperature was different for morphs within ecotypes as well as between the New York and Ohio ecotypes. Linguiform-A appeared to be the cold-adapted morph in both ecotypes. Smooth was the warm-adapted morph in New York with linguiform-B filling that niche in Ohio.
Enzyme variation in Eimeria species of the chicken
Authors: Shirley M. W.
Published: June 2009

A method for the biochemical identification of protozoa belonging to the genus Eimeria is described for the first time. Starch gel electrophoresis of the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase, glucose phosphate isomerase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from parasite extracts revealed both intra- and inter-species differences when 11 strains representative of 6 species of Eimeria were examined. Oocysts were the most accessible parasite stage for investigation but sporozoites and merozoites of an embryo-adapted strain of E. tenella were also examined for enzyme activity.
Dipetalonema viteae infection in hamsters: enhancement and suppression of microfilaraemia
Authors: Haque A. , Chassoux D. , Ogilvie B. M. , Capron A.
Published: June 2009

Mature male Dipetalonema viteae released a substance(s) which caused eahanced microfilaraemia in infected hamsters. In hamsters implanted with female D. viteae, the microfilaraemia of a subsequent infection was suppressed. The microfilaraemia of female worms implanted in hamsters was depressed within 5 days when the animals were given a further infection with infective larvae.
Annual variation in the growth of Haemonchus contortus in experimental infections of sheep and its relation to arrested development
Authors: Coadwell W. J. , Ward P. F. V.
Published: June 2009

Fifty-six sheep, worm-free birth, were each given a sigle infection of 50 000 Haemonchus contortus larvae at varying at varying times over a 2 year period. They were killed from 13 to 89 days infection and the lengths of both male and female parasites measured. Using a computer, growth curves for each sex were constructed and the relative lengths of the worms in each infection were calculated by dividing their measured lengths by the lenghts predicted by the appropriate curve. Since there was no significant difference between the relation length of male and female worms in an infection, the mean value was used in further analyses. Differences in sex of host and duration of infection had no significant effect on the relative length of parasites. There was a close relation between relative length and the time of year of infection. The relation was cyclical and closely followed a sine curve with a maximum at day 90 and a minimum at day 275 of the year. Arrested development at the 4th larval stage occurred at the time of year risen again. It is suggested that this cyclic change in growth pattern and arrested development is controlled by the seasonal variation in concentration of a substances present in the host’s blood. Parasite relative length was also related to sheep age, but the relationship observed was largely an artifact of the close birth dates of many of the sheep.
Fine structural aspects of an embryo-adapted strain of Eimeria tenella in the epithelial cells of the chorio-allantoic membrane
Authors: Lücht I. G. , Millard B. J. , Scholtyseck E. G.
Published: June 2009

The fine structure and development of the endogenous stages of an embryo-adapted strain of Eimeria tenella in chicken embryos is described. First-generation merozoites were formed by endodyogeny in uninucleate developmental stages as well as schizogony and the endoplasmic reticulum of merozoites of the second-generation schizonts appeared as a circular structure, often enclosing other organelles. In contrast to the parent strain, development of the second-generation schizonts was restricted to cells of epithelial origin. These observations confirm that the complete endogenous cycle of the embryo-adapted strain of E. tenella is restricted to epithelial cells of the chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) and that no major ultrastructural changes have occurred as a result of repeated embryo passage.
The develoment of Haemonchus contortus, a nematode parasite of the ovine abomasum, in the laboratory rabbit
Authors: Mapes C. J. , Gallie G. J.
Published: June 2009

The development and growth of Haemonchus contortus was studied in the stomach of the laboratory rabbit. Less than 1% of the ensheathed infective larvae givrn to rabbits become established, whereas after exsheathment in vitro under physiological conditions, 20–30% of the larvae administered developed to nthe 4th stage. Following doses of up to 10000 larvae, nearly all worms were lost from the 16th to the 21st day after infection, but after doses of 50000 larvae considerable numbers of 4th-stage larvae were recovered 25 days after infection. No adult worms were recovered and no eggs were found in the faeces. Infection was accompanied by inflammation, haemorrhage, disruption and flattening of the mucus secreting cells and by mononuclear infiltration. No cellular reactions in the immediate vicinity of the nematodes in the mucosa or changes in the pH of the stomach contents were observed.
Some effects of population density in infections of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch) in golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus Waterhouse) and common gull (Larus canus L.)
Authors: Halvorsen Odd , Andersen Karin
Published: June 2009

Golden hamsters were given plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum either singly or in groups of 2, 4, 8 or 15. There was a higher rate of recovery of worms from hamsters given many (8 and 15) than from those given few (1, 2 or 4) plerocercoids. The difference in rate of recovery of worms was present from 2 h after administration of plerocercoids and persisted up to day 20 when experiments were ended. Denser tapeworm populations had the smallest individuals and some of them contained worms with primary strobilae at the start of egg production. The size of the tapeworm population did not influence the prepatent time. Also, with the common gull there was a higher rate of recovery of worms when plerocercoids were given in groups. These results are discussed in relation to aspects of the life-cycle of D. dendriticum where the natural final host is most probably normally infected by a larger number of plerocercoids at the same time.
Activation of succinate dehydrogenase from adultFasciola hepatica(Trematoda)
Authors: Barrett J.
Published: June 2009

The succinate dehydrogenase of adultFasciola hepaticawas found to exist in active and inactive forms. The enzyme was inactivated by 1 μM oxaloacetate and activated by incubation with compounds which bind to the active site (succinate, fumarate, malonate) or by incubation with anions and certain nucleotides. The activation of the enzyme by succinate followed first-order kinetics. The extent of activation ofF. hepaticasuccinate dehydrogenase depended on the nature and concentration of the activator and on the pH. The rate of activation of the enzyme depended on the temperature. In contrast, the fumarate reductase activity ofF. hepaticawas not activated by incubation with substrate or anions and was not inhibited by oxaloacetate (100 μM). The significance of these results in the regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in parasitic helminths is discussed.
Strongyloides ratti: the effect of betamethasone on the course of infection in rats
Authors: Moqbel R. , Denham D. A.
Published: June 2009

Rats were treated with betamethasone at different stages of infection withStrongyloides ratti. Treatment caused a diminution in the number of adult worms recovered but this residual population was not expelled as were worms from untreated rats. If treatment was started after expulsion had already begun adult worm numbers increased – suggesting that auto-infection occurred. Treatment throughout a primary infection prevented the development of an immune response which expelled, or killed, a challenge infection. Treatment, just before and just after challenge, prevented the expulsion of the challenge infection. Worm expulsion up to day 35 was prevented by treating rats with betamethasone 4, 6, 8 and 10 days after infection.
The effect of vitamins A, E and K on experimentally induced histomoniasis in turkeys
Authors: Schildknecht E. G. , Squibb R. L.
Published: June 2009

Vitamins A, E and K were incorporated into turkey starter rations at normal (1×), 5× and 50× the National Research Council recommended vitamin levels and evaluated for their effect on histomoniasis in turkeys. Infected as well as comparable uninfected poults were included in all trials. Each vitamin was also evaluated at normal and 50× the NRC level in combination with ipronidazole, a low-level antihistomonal agent. In addition to performance parameters, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) plasma enzyme levels were used to evaluate the vitamin effect. None of the vitamins tested alone were found to be effective in terms of reducing mortality and morbidity following a severeHistomonas meleagridischallenge, regardless of the vitamin dose. A significant improvement in performance was demonstrated with the vitamin E (50×)–ipronidazole combination and a numerical improvement with the vitamin A (50×)–ipronidazole combination over ipronidazole alone or the poults fed NRC recommended vitamin levels. The GOT and LDH plasma enzyme levels correlated well with the progressive pathological changes associated with the disease. At 11 days post-infection both enzymes were consistently and significantly elevated above those of the uninfected controls, irrespective of the vitamin levels provided. The presence of low level ipronidazole in most instances delayed the onset of clinical symptoms and was associated with a delay in enzyme elevation, indicating the excellent correlation and sensitivity of the enzyme method in assessing liver damage.
Effect of dimetridazole on transmission of Histomonas meleagridis by Heterakis gallinarum
Authors: Chute M. B. , Chute Anne M. , Wilkins G. C.
Published: June 2009

The administration of an antihistomonal drug, dimetridazole, at a dose of 0·08% in feed, controlled experimental infections with Histomonas meleagridis in chickens. The treated birds developed no lesions and the duration of infection with H. meleagridis was reduced. This drug regimen, however, did not always prevent incorporation of H. meleagridis into eggs of Heterakis gallinarum; heterakid eggs pooled from medicated chickens in which H. meleagridis had never been detected transmitted the protozoan to 1 of 10 turkeys fed the eggs. Thus, therapeutic treatment of chickens with dimetridazole may reduce, but not eliminate, transmission of H. meleagridis by eggs of H. gallinarum from medicated birds.
Mannosyl transferase activity in homogenates of adult Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: Rumjanek F. D. , Smithers S. R.
Published: June 2009

Homogenates of adult Schistosoma mansoni contain enzymes which are capable of transferring [14C]mannose from GDP[U-14C]mannose to a lipid acceptor which migrates as a single peak on a silica gel thin-layer plate. This lipid may belong to the class of polyprenol monophosphates which are intermediate elements in the glycosylation of nascent proteins. The schistosome mannosyl transferase activity is associated with membranous particles and is dependent on the presence of Mn2+. However, other divalent metals such as Mg2+ or Ca2+ can, in decreasing order of efficiency, replace Mn2+. When UDP[U-14C]glucose was incubated with the homogenates in the same conditions, relatively little label was transferred to the lipid acceptor. Live worms incubated in a medium containing GDP[U-14C]mannose seem to incorporate the label preferentially on the tegument and on adjacent subtegumental structures. By adding foetal calf serum to the medium, incorporation of the label can be stimulated.
The effect of continuous doses of Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae on the intestinal mucosa of sheep and on liver vitamin A concentration
Authors: Coop R. L. , Angus K. W.
Published: June 2009

Eight 7-month-old sheep were dosed continuously with Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae and 4 sheep were killed at 5 and 10 weeks from the commencement of infection. Flattening of the mucosa and villous atrophy were commonly present at slaughter, and parasites were often found in superficial channels parallel with the luminal surface. At 10 weeks the mucosa was thickened and highly cellular. Leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and maltase activity were reduced in the proximal third of the small intestine. Liver vitamin A was reduced in 3 of 4 infected sheep at 10 weeks, but serum vitamin A levels were comparable with those of worm-free control sheep throughout the experiment.
Mechanism of skin penetration byAncylostoma tubaeformelarvae
Authors: Matthews Bernard E.
Published: June 2009

Skin penetration by infectiveAncylostoma tubaeformelarvae has been investigated cinematographically and usingin vitrotechniques. The dermal tissue appears to cause little hindrance to larval migration but complete penetration through the skin from the dermal direction did not occur, although total penetration from the epidermal surface was frequently accomplished. No evidence could be found for enzymic secretions emanating from the worms under conditions that gave positive results fromNecator americanusandStrongyloides fülleborniinfective larvae. The results indicated thatA. tubaeformewas able to penetrate without the use of enzymic secretions and an alternative, mechanical mechanism for penetration is advanced.
The specific immunoglobulin response in cattle to Theileria parva (Muguga) infection
Authors: Wagner G. G. , Duffus W. P. H. , Akwabi C. , Burridge M. J. , Lule M.
Published: June 2009

Cattle were inoculated with dilutions of Theileria parva (Muguga) stabilate without concurrent antibiotic treatment. The dilutions were selected to induce severe East Coast fever infections, which in some cases would lead to death. Serum samples were collected and the complement fixation (CF), indirect haemagglutination (IHA) and indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) tests were used to detect T. parva serum antibodies. Sera were fractionated on Sephadex G200 to determine the activities of specific immunoglobulin fractions. Sequential production of IgM antibody followed by 7SIg antibody was demonstrated by the IHA and CF tests. All IFA activity was restricted to the 7SIg fraction. Serologic reactions in the IHA test were detected as early as 4 days after inoculation of the stabilate, CF activity after 8 days and IFA activity after 21 days.
Novel anti-malarial hydroxynaphthoquinones with potent broad spectrum anti-protozoal activity
Authors: Hudson A. T. , Randall A. W. , Fry M. , Ginger C. D. , Hill B. , Latter V. S. , McHardy N. , Williams R. B.
Published: June 2009

Novel hydroxynaphthoquinones are reported with outstanding efficacy againstPlasmodium,EimeriaandTheileriaspecies. Biochemical evidence is presented for the selective toxicity of these compounds being due to inhibition of parasite respiratory systems.