bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Characterization of Isoimmunogenic Placental Antigens in the Rabbit
Authors: Chang C.‐H. , Nishiyama T. , Angellis D.
Published: July 2010

By isoimmunization of adult virgin female rabbits with rabbit placental extracts we have demonstrated the production of humoral antibody against two antigens, Ag‐1 and Ag‐2. Neither antigen is a normal serum protein, nor are they allotype proteins. Ag‐1 has an alpha‐2 mobility and a molecular weight of about 400,000. Ag‐2 exhibits a gamma mobility but was not characterized. The antibody activity directed to Ag‐1 in immune sera was the complement‐fixing IgG fraction. Direct fluorescence‐labeled antibody technique revealed that Ag‐1 is a ubiquitous intracellular antigen primarily localized in the nucleus. The fast‐growing, SV‐40 virus‐transformed rabbit kidney cell line (TRK‐1) expressed much higher levels of Ag‐1 than the slow‐growing, non‐transformed normal rabbit kidney cell line (LLC‐RK1). The possibility that elevation of Ag‐1 production is associated with rapid cell proliferation is discussed.
Frozen Lymphocyte Pools as Technical and Reference Controls for Lymphocyte Transformation
Authors: Barclay G. Robin , White Arthur G.
Published: July 2010

Healthy individuals' peripheral blood lymphocytes show wide ranges of response to mitogens and allogeneic lymphocytes. When individuals' lymphocytes are pooled together, the responses of the pool are equivalent to the means of the responses of the lymphocytes which comprise the pool. Pooled lymphocytes retain their responsiveness when stored frozen, and may be used as standard responding cells in lymphocyte transformation tests, but are not suitable controls for antigen‐induced lymphocyte transformation.
Inhibition of B Cell Cytotoxicity by Aggregated IgG and Immune Complexes*
Authors: D'Apice A. J. F. , Tait B. D. , Lambert G.
Published: July 2010

The presence of immune complexes or aggregated IgG in the microlymphocytotoxicity assay may cause inhibition of cytoxity. When HLA‐A and ‐B antigens are the subject of the test the effect is minimal; however, when B cell alloantigens are being examined the effect is marked. The pattern of inhibition in the latter case and the fact that B lymphocytes preincubated with immune complexes are resistant to cytotoxic lysis by anti‐B cell sera suggests that immune complexes and aggregated IgG inhibit cytotoxicity by prevention of antibody binding rather than by complement consumption.
HLA Gene and Haplotype Frequencies in Spina Bifida. Population and Family Studies
Authors: de Bruyere Marc , Kulakowski Sophie , Malchaire Jacques , Delire Marcel , Sokal Gerard
Published: July 2010

The search for HLA association in spina bifida is particularly interesting since this condition can be associated with the effects of the T locus in mice. Gene and haplotype frequencies in 32 unrelated patients suffering from spina bifida were studied. Gene frequency of HLA—B5 and haplotype frequency of A2, B5 were increased without reaching signification levels. Fourteen families were examined clinically and radiologically. A high frequency of spina bifida occulta and other vertebral abnormalities was found without evidence of linkage with HLA haplotypes.
HLA Determinants in Chronic Active Liver Disease: Possible Relation of HLA‐Dw3 to Prognosis
Authors: Opelz Gerhard , Vogten Arnold J. M. , Summerskill William H. J. , Schalm Solko W. , Terasaki Paul I.
Published: July 2010

Thirty‐eight patients with severe chronic active liver disease (CALD) were found to have a significantly higher frequency of HLA‐Dw3 (68%) than 91 healthy controls (24%) (P < 0.0001). The association of CALD was statistically significantly stronger with the D locus than with the B locus of HLA. The response to treatment was significantly worse in patients with HLA‐Dw3 than in patients who lacked this antigen.
A Note on Relative Risks*
Authors: Curie‐Cohen Martin
Published: July 2010

In the study of disease correlations with specific antigens, the current expression for “relative risks” is computationally convenient. However, a more exact expression has been devised which is also more easily interpretable as the relative probability of contracting a disease for individuals carrying a specific antigen as compared to the probability for those not carrying that antigen.
An HLA‐D Specificity Found in the Japanese Population
Authors: Sasazuki T. , McMichael A. , Payne R. , McDevitt H.O. , Yakura H. , Wakisaka A. , Aizawa M. , Itakura K.
Published: July 2010

A new HLA‐D specificity was found in the Japanese population in two different laboratories. Japanese cell YT, found at Stanford, California, was A9, BW22J, CW1 and cell Wa, found at Sapporo, Japan, was A9, BW22J homozygous. They were shown to be HLA‐D identical to the homozygous Japanese cell AH which was submitted to the VIth International Histocompatibility Testing Workshop (Workshop number 2‐001). This specificity was common in the Japanese (gf = 0.089) but completely absent from 62 Caucasians tested. Strong association of this specificity with HLA‐BW22J was demonstrated.
A Comparison of HLA Data of the North American Black with African Black and North American Caucasoid Populations
Authors: Payne R. , Feldman M. , Cann H. , Bodmer J.G. , Biegel A. , Duquesnoy R. , Perkins H. , Rodey G. , Shaw J.F. , Stastny P. , Ward F.E.
Published: July 2010

For purposes of genetic comparison, the available HLA data on United States and African Black, together with United States Caucasoid populations, are summarized. Antigen frequencies and pairwise linkage disequilibria are presented for the HLA‐A, ‐B and ‐C loci in Black populations typed for the 1975 Histocompatibility Testing Workshop. The Black population samples comprise 356 North American Blacks and 411 African Blacks of whom 222 were Bantu. These are compared with a sample of 503 American Caucasoids. All significant linkage disequilibria between the A and B loci found in North American Blacks were also present in the North American Caucasoids. Between the B and C loci, Bw35 and Cw4 were in strong linkage disequilibrium in all groups. Significantly strong association between the A and C loci (Aw28 with Cw3) were observed only in the African Blacks. There were unique disequilibria both in the American Caucasoids and African Blacks. Although the frequencies of many antigens in U.S. Blacks lie between those in Africans and U.S. Caucasoids, there are exceptions such as Aw33, Bw35, Cw4.
On some misprintings in the paper by Piazza, “Haplotypes and linkage disequilibrium from the three‐locus phenotypes”, and a FORTRAN program to use its formulae
Authors: Baur Max P.
Published: July 2010

The subroutine LOC3, which computes haplotypes and linkage disequilibrium from three‐locus phenotypes according to Piazza (1975), is presented and some clarifying comments on the inconsistency of the variables u1— u8 in Piazza's paper are given.
Inhibition of the Mixed Leukocyte Reaction by Alloantisera in Man. I. Technical aspects*
Authors: Jonker Margreet , van Rood J.J.
Published: July 2010

Some technical aspects of MLC inhibition by sera obtained from multiparous women were studied. The variability of the MLC response was very high. The serum source used in the cultures was probably to a large extent responsible for this variability. Aspecific inhibition, which was observed with some test sera, could be removed by dialysis against PBS. To make the evaluation of inhibition by immune sera objective, a scoring system was introduced for the degree of inhibition. Test sera were usually added to the cultures. Alternatively, stimulator and responder cells were preincubated with the test serum. Preincubation of the stimulator cells did not show a difference in inhibition pattern when this was compared with serum addition. Preincubation of the responder cells showed a completely different inhibition pattern.

The MLC inhibition test compared very well with an indirect immunofluorescence test and a cytotoxicity test using B‐cell enriched cell suspensions.
Inhibition of the Mixed Leukocyte Reaction by Alloantisera in Man II. Incidence and Characteristics of MLC‐Inhibiting Antisera from Multiparous Women
Authors: Jonker Margreet , van Leeuwen Aad , van Rood J.J.
Published: July 2010

The incidence of MLC‐inhibiting antibodies was determined in 42 pregnancy sera. MLC's were carried out between the cells from the serum donor and her busband in the presence of nonimmune AB serum and the test serum. Fifty per cent of the sera reduced the MLC response to less than 40% of the control values. Only four sera had lymphocytotoxic activity. The inhibition was strong against the specific immunizor, less strong against random unrelated cells and weak against cells which were SD‐identical with the serum donor. Absorptions with lymphocytes and platelets were carried out. Lymphocytes removed activity in three of the four sera tested. Platelets removed activity from one serum. It was concluded that both anti‐LD and anti‐SD anti‐bodies were able to inhibit the MLR at the stimulator cell level.
The Use of Pooled Sera for HLA Cytotoxicity Crossmatching
Authors: Nathan Paul , Sollmann Peggy
Published: July 2010

A two‐stage procedure is described for cytotoxicity tests in which three different sera from a prospective kidney recipient are pooled in each well of a standard microcytotoxicity test plate. The results are reproducible and as sensitive as those obtained with single sera tests. The technique permits a reduction in time required for a test and the number of wells that must be evaluated to screen a series of sera. It enables a laboratory to run all available sera on patients for cadaver kidney crossmatching and to eliminate hyperacute rejections. Serum pooling may also be used for screening of many sera against random cell panels.
Frozen‐Thawed Mononuclear Cells as a Source of B Lymphocytes for Antibody Screening
Authors: Strong Douglas M. , Knudsen Bodil B. , Mann Dean L. , Sell Kenneth W.
Published: July 2010

B lymphocytes were isolated from fresh blood and frozen‐thawed lymphocyte preparations from the same donors. A panel of 55 human antisera, previously found to react with human peripheral blood B lymphocytes in cytotoxicity assays, was screened against these B‐cell preparations. There was essentially no difference in the reactions of B‐cell antisera with fresh B lymphocytes when compared with frozen‐thawed cells. The percentage recovery of B cells from the fresh and frozen preparations was not significantly different.
Specificity of Human Lymphocytes Primed against Allogeneic Cells in vitro. II. Discrimination and Cross‐Reactivity in Repeated Priming
Authors: Moen T. , Thorsby E.
Published: July 2010

When studying the specificity of human lymphocytes primed in vitro against HLA—D determinants on allogeneic cells, it was found that specific restimulation of the primed cells 10 days after the first priming did not influence their discriminatory power compared to cells primed only once. Likewise, priming to one HLA—D determinant and repeated priming against another HLA—D determinant did not change the discrimination for the first priming antigen. Neither was there any increased relative reactivity to the second priming determinant. On simultaneous priming against two HLA—D determinants carried by two different stimulating cells, a good discrimination for both antigens was obtained compared to third party cells, but if the stimulations were separated by 24 h or more, the second priming was mainly without effect. Antigeneic competition is thought to be the mechanism involved in this early restriction of specificity.
HLA—A and B Antigen Frequencies in an Asbestos Exposed Population with Normal and Abnormal Chest Radiographs
Authors: Darke C. , Wagner M.M.F. , McMillan G.H. Grant
Published: July 2010

Previous studies of HLA antigen frequencies in asbestos related pulmonary fibrosis have suggested some weak associations both with susceptibility to the disease (B12 and B27) and protection from the disease (B18 and Bw35). HLA typing was performed on a further series of 64 asbestos workers with no chest abnormality and 166 workers with various radiographic changes, 78 having pulmonary fibrosis. The results fail to give statistical confirmation of these associations although B27 was twice as frequently associated with pulmonary fibrosis and diffuse pleural thickening. Analysis of the combined data from this and four other studies failed to show any consistent associations.
The RhLA Complex of Rhesus Monkeys. XI: Positive MLC Reactions between Identical Sibs Caused by Alloimmunization1
Authors: van Es A. A. , Balner H.
Published: July 2010

D‐locus identical pairs of monkeys were alloimmunized. An exchange of skin and blood between initially MLC‐negative unrelated monkeys frequently led to strong mutual reactivity in mixed cultures. This was not the case when RhLA identical siblings were similarly (mutually) immunized. These data led to the postulation of a second RhLA‐linked MLC locus, named D', which exerts its influence only after alloimmunization. Interestingly, strong MLC responsiveness between the RhLA identical siblings could be provoked after further immunization with tissue from a third party animal. This unexpected MLC‐reactivity is ascribed to the influence of minor non MHC linked loci which express themselves if the responder has been sensitized against a disparate D'‐product. It is suggested that the postulated D' locus has a “helper function” in that it assists in triggering proliferative responses in mixed cultures against the products of these non MHC loci.
A Simulation of HLA—DR Matching in Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Busson M. , Hors J. , Dausset J.
Published: July 2010

A simulation of the matching for HLA‐DR, B, A loci was achieved by taking into account the practical situation of kidney transplants for 89 donors and 322 potential recipients.

A complete HLA‐DR identical graft was theoretically possible in 52% of the cases. Conversely, if the identity for B or particularly the identities for both B and A were sought, the necessary pool of recipients would have to be much larger, requiring intense international cooperation.
The Effect of Blood Transfusion on the Immune Response and Renal Graft Survival in the Chacma Baboon
Authors: Smit J. A. , MacPhail S. , Myburgh J. A.
Published: July 2010

There is uncertainty about the role of blood transfusion of potential kidney graft recipients. In this study baboons were transfused under conditions mimicking the clinical situation and then challenged with kidney allografts. Eleven baboons were transfused 10 times with blood from different donors. Lymphocytotoxic antibodies induced against the separated B and T cells of a panel of 12 normal baboons were as follows: B−T− 30%; B+T− 3%; B−T+ 1% and B+T+ 66%. Kidney transplantations were done from donors against which the recipients had negativé B−T− cross‐matches. Median allograft survival time (MST) of 12 days in this group, which was immuno‐suppressed with azathioprine and prednisolone, was not prolonged when compared with non‐transfused, immunosuppressed animals (MST 12 days). A second group of 14 animals was screened for cytotoxins after each transfusion against a panel of five to six normal baboons. The antibody profile of 80 combinations tested after three transfusions was as follows: B−T− 65%; B+T− 16%, B−T+ 0% and B+T+ 19%. Transplantation was with donors against which the transfused recipient had formed B+T− antibodies. Kidney allograft survival was again not prolonged (MST 13 days) but the mean serum creatinine level 8 days after transplantation was significantly lower than that observed in the first group.
HLA Antigens in a Scottish Psoriatic Population
Authors: Gunn I. , Leheny W. , Lakshmipathi T. , Lamont M. A. , Faed M.
Published: July 2010

Sixty‐one patients in the Dundee area suffering from psoriasis were typed for HLA—A and HLA—B antigens. On the basis of the typing results, the patients were divided into three groups, and studied with respect to sex, age of onset and familial incidence of the disease. The frequency of HLA—A1 appeared to be increased and HLA—B7 decreased but HLA—B13 and HLA—B17 were highly significantly increased (P < 10−6 and P < 10−10 respectively) in the psoriatic group compared to 204 controls. Of particular interest was a highly significant association of HLA—A1 with HLA—B17 in psoriatic patients. Family studies showed HLA—B17 to be a useful genetic marker for psoriasis in the families of B17 positive patients. Considerations of age of onset, familial incidence and typing data suggest that there is heterogeneity of genetic susceptibility to psoriasis and that one probable mechanism is the dominant inheritance of a “disease allele” in linkage disequilibrium with the allele coding for HLA—B17.
The HLA Antigens and ABO Blood Groups in an American Black Population with Mitral Valve Prolapse
Authors: Kachru Raj B. , Telischi Massumeh , Cruz Jairo B. , Patel Ramesh , Towne William D.
Published: July 2010

A total of 42 American Black patients with mitral valve prolapse and 194 healthy individuals of similar ethnic background were tested for the distribution of various HLA antigens and ABO blood groups. The most significant result was an increased frequency of Bw35 in patients (74%) as compared with controls (39%), with a P value of < 0.0001; the relative risk was 4.45.
HLA Antigens in a Psoriatic Family: Comparative Studies with MLC, HTC, PLT and Serological HLA‐DR Determinations
Authors: Marcusson Jan , Möller Erna
Published: July 2010

HLA genotypes were characterized in a large family of 48 individuals in three generations. In this family, carriers of the proband's disease‐predisposing haplotype commonly expressed clinical signs of illness, manifested as psoriasis and/or arthritic lesions. From these data, and from other family studies, presented previously, we have concluded that cutaneous andlor joint lesions may be signs of disease in carriers of the predisposing HLA haplotype.

We have investigated HLA‐A, B, C and DIDR antigens in the family members. This gave us the opportunity to evaluate the validity of different assays for the determination of HLA‐D alleles in a family material where the MLC tests formed the basis for a correct assignment of HLA‐D determinants. The HTC method and the PLT assay were both afflicted with specific typing problems, partly due to the existence of cellular cross‐reactions between HLA‐D determinants, which seemed to be reminiscent of serological DR crossreactions.
HLA and Cancer in South African Indians
Authors: Hammond M. G. , Appadoo B. , Brain Peter
Published: July 2010

Two‐hundred‐and‐forty‐nine Indian cancer patients were tested for 39 HLA antigens and the antigen frequencies were compared with those of 603 control subjects. Comparisons were also made between cancer patients and controls for each ethnic group and for each site of cancer. There was an increase in the frequency of the HLA antigens A11 and Bw52 in patients with malignancies. Heterozygosity at the B locus was significantly increased in patients with cancer of the breast. The Aw24, B17 haplotype was also associated with breast cancer.
HLA Frequencies in a Mexican Mestizo Population
Authors: Gorodezky C. , Terán L. , Escobar‐Gutiérrez A.
Published: July 2010

The aim of the present study was to reevaluate the distribution of HLA antigens in Mexican Mestizos since, in our previous report, very few specificities were explored for this population. The Mestizos are primarly a mixture of Caucasians (Spaniards) and Mexican Indians and account at the present time for about 95% of the total Mexican population. A and B antigens were typed on isolated cells using a microlymphocytotoxicity technique. Antigen, gene and haplotype frequencies were calculated including the significance for Δ values. The results clearly showed that the HLA distribution differs from other ethnic groups and the predominant antigens are A2, A9, B5, Bw35 and B40, but the general pattern clearly shows the participation in genetical composition of Spanish and Mexican Indian backgrounds. The most frequent haplotypes were A2—B5, A9—Bw35, A9—B40 and A2—B40, which are also the most common in some Mongoloid populations.
Stimulation of Lymphocyte Proliferation by Non‐Lymphoid Porcine Tissue Cells
Authors: Pawelec G. , Davies H. ff. S. , Pearson J. D. , Steele C. , Brons G.
Published: July 2010

Cultured porcine non‐lymphoid cells, characterized by biochemical and morphological criteria, were derived from different tissues of individuals typed by serological and mixed lymphocyte culture methods for gene products of the major histocompatibility complex. These cultured cells have been used as stimulators in mixed lymphocyte‐tissue cell cultures in order to investigate (1) the magnitude, kinetics and dose‐dependence of lymphocyte transformation caused by tissue cells compared with that caused by lymphocytes as stimulators; (2) the relationship between the expression of serologically detected Ia‐like antigens by tissue cells and their ability to cause lymphocyte transformation; (3) the genetic control of stimulation by tissue cells and by lymphocytes and (4) the expression and genetic control of lymphocyte stimulatory properties restricted to tissue cells and absent from lymphocytes. It has been shown that some but not all kinds of tissue cells can stimulate allogeneic lymphocytes strongly and that the characteristics of such stimulation are similar to those observed in mixed lymphocyte cultures. Strong stimulation by tissue cells does not always correlate with the expression of serologically detectable Ia‐like antigens, but appears to be controlled by the major histocompatibility complex. There is evidence that certain tissue cells possess lymphocyte stimulatory properties not shared by lymphocytes. Preliminary data suggest that such tissue cell specific stimulation is not controlled by the major histocompatibility complex, though more detailed genetic analysis is required.
NE1: a New Neutrophil Specific Antigen
Authors: Claas F.H.J. , Langerak J. , Sabbe L.J.M. , van Rood J.J.
Published: July 2010

The sera of three children with chronic benign neutropenia, due to anti‐neutrophil antibodies, were studied with respect to their antibody specificity. This was done by screening the sera against a panel of leukocyte donors in the EDTA micro‐agglutination test and in the indirect fluorescence test. Two of the sera contained antibodies against the known neutrophil‐specific antigen NA2. The third serum was directed against a new neutrophil‐specific antigen. Genetic analysis showed no correlation between this antigen and the already known neutrophil‐specific antigens: 9A, NA1, NA2, NB1, and NC1. In the Dutch population the frequency of the new antigen, tentatively called NE1, is 23%, which gives a gene frequency of 0.12.
HLA—DR Typing of Frozen B Lymphocytes
Authors: Madsen Melvin , Johnsen Hans Erik , Kissmeyer‐Nielsen Flemming
Published: July 2010

In the complement dependent lymphocytotoxic microtechnique it was found that antibody‐killed frozen B lymphocytes are sufficiently stained for reliable reading after 30 min of incubation with trypan blue, while the background of staining is only about 10%. During the next 30 min of incubation, however, the background of staining increases to about 30%, whereafter it remains constant for at least 24 h. Formaldehyde is able to stop the trypan blue uptake by killed or damaged lymphocytes completely. Consequently, if formaldehyde is added to the reactions 30 min after the trypan blue addition, the otherwise rapidly increasing background of staining is kept at an acceptable level of 10%, thus making HLA—DR typing of frozen stored B lymphocytes possible. The trypan blue staining seems rather independent of incubation conditions before the addition of the dye. Similar results were obtained with T lymphocytes.
Typing for HLA‐D/DR Associated DP‐Antigens with the Primed Lymphocyte Typing (PLT) Technique
Authors: Morling N. , Jakobsen B. K. , Platz P. , Ryder L. P. , Svejgaard A. , Thomsen M.
Published: July 2010

A total of 74 healthy unrelated random individuals and 36 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) were typed for HLA‐D antigens with the homozygous typing cell technique and typed for HLA‐D/DR associated DP‐antigens with the primed lymphocyte typing (PLT) technique. All patients and some of the controls were also HLA‐DR typed with a limited battery of anti‐DR sera. Selected PLT‐cells, specific for the HLA‐D/DR antigens D/DRwl‐8 and the local specificity D “H” were used. The results of the PLT‐experiments were evaluated with the Normalized Median Response (NMR) method and the further procedure of DP‐antigen assignment was analyzed. The DP‐antigen assignments could be done solely according the NMR‐values in approximately two thirds of the individuals. In the remaining individuals, further interpretation of the experimental data had to be done for the assignment of DP‐antigens. The correlation coefficients were estimated between the HLA‐D assignments and (i) the individual PLT‐cell NMR‐values with a fixed cut‐off for positive reactions and (ii) the DP‐antigen assignments. These coefficients were 0.79 and 0.92, respectively. The correlations between HLA‐D, ‐DR and DP‐antigen assignments of the specificities HLA‐D, ‐DR and DPI, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 8 were analyzed in 42 controls and 36 JRA patients. The total correlation coefficients were: (i) HLA‐D/DR: r = 0.78; HLA‐DR/DP: 0.77; and HLA‐D/DP: 0.96. The DP‐antigen assignments correlated significantly better with HLA‐D than with the HLA‐DR antigen assignments, which does not agree with other studies.

The DP‐antigen frequencies among the controls were calculated and the estimated sum of gene frequency corresponding to definable DP‐antigens was 0.94 indicating that about 12% of random individuals possess as yet undefined DP‐antigens.
Polyglandular Autoimmune Disease and HLA
Authors: Farid Nadir R. , Larsen Bodil , Payne Ronald , Noel Elke P. , Sampson Laura
Published: July 2010

We have studied 25 patients with polyglandular autoimmune disease with respect to HLA antigens. Whereas the combination of insulin dependent diabetes with Graves’disease or atrophic thyroiditis was associated with an increase in HLA–B8, this was not found to be the case for patients with I.D.D.M. and goitrous thyroiditis. However 4/7 of these patients were DRw3 positive in contrast to previously established normal distribution of HLA–B8 in patients with goitrous thyroiditis alone. These data suggest that patients with polyglandular failure may be highly selected for HLA‐B8/DRw3 positivity.

We also report on two families with polyglandular autoimmune disease; the results suggest that these disorders are not necessarily transmitted with B8/DRw3 bearing haplotypes. In one family both the affected mother and non‐affected father were B8 positive. The mother's B8, which was associated with DRw7, BfF and Rgadid not appear to be involved in the transmission of disease susceptibility to two affected offspring. The search for complete haplotypic arrangement should be pursued to see whether this uncommon haplotype arrangement is peculiar to autoimmune diseases.
Residual Heteroantigenicity of Glutaraldehyde‐Treated Porcine Cardiac Valves
Authors: Villa Maria Luisa , De Biasi Silvia , Pilotto Fulvia
Published: July 2010

Treatment of porcine valves in vitro with glutaraldehyde significantly decreases their hetero‐antigenicity, as judged by immune reaction in mice heterografted with glutaraldehyde‐treated valves or injected intraperitoneally with valvular homogenates.

Conditioned porcine valves, grafted in a cutaneous pouch onto the backs of two different inbred strains (C57B1 and DBA) behave like inert material and show minimal cellular infiltration at histological examination. Little or no antibody response, demonstrable with the cytotoxity test is elicited by glutaraldehyde‐treated valvular tissue, either grafted or injected intraperitoneally as homogenate. These data supply a biological basis for the surgical practice of heterotransplants of glutaraldehyde‐treated valves as an alternative to the artificial prostheses.
Restricted Genetic Heterogeneity in Families of Patients with Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: MacSween J. Michael , Fernandez Louis A. , Eastwood Stuart L. , Pyesmany Allan F.
Published: July 2010

HLA antigens of the A and B loci were determined on the lymphocytes of 30 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (A.L.L.), as well as all of their mothers and 26 of the fathers. Seven of the 26 parents shared a common haplotype. This incidence of 269 per 1,000 contrasts with an expected incidence of 90.7 per 1,000, calculated from haplotype frequencies in a North American population (x2= 7.61, P < 0.01) and a frequency of one in 27 in parents of patients with renal failure in the local population (x2= 3.91, P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference between the latter group and the North American controls (x2= 0.39, P > 0.10). This suggests that the genetic background of a large proportion of patients with A.L.L. has restricted heterogeneity, presumably leading to the increased expression of leukemia associated recessive genes.
HLA–C Antigens on Platelets1
Authors: Mueller‐Eckhardt Gertrud , Hauck Margit , Kayser Winfried , Mueller‐Eckhardt Christian
Published: July 2010

The direct demonstration of HLA–C antigens Cw2, Cw3, and Cw4 on human platelets is described. The antigens were detected by means of a platelet radioimmune anti‐IgG test using acid eluates from platelets and lymphocytotoxic antisera. It is concluded that HLA–C determinants are only weakly expressed on platelets. Individual differences observed reflect antigenic variations.
HLA–DRw4 in Pemphigus Vulgaris Patients in Israel
Authors: Brautbar Chaim , Moscovitz Marian , Livshits Tatyana , Haim Salim , Hacham‐Zadeh Shoshana , Cohen Haim A. , Sharon Rafi , Nelken David , Cohen Tirza
Published: July 2010

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is relatively common in Jews. Three HLA antigens were significantly more frequent in 39 Israeli Jewish PV patients than in controls: A26 – 59% vs 20%; Bw38 – 61% vs 20%; and DRw4 – 90% vs 38%. The joint occurrence of A26–Bw38–DRw4 was observed in 46% of PV patients and in 10% of controls. Similar results were recently reported for Jews in the Los Angeles area. Yet, when our patient sample was grouped into Ashkenazi and non‐Ashkenazi Jews, it was evident that each of the three antigens had a higher frequency both in Ashkenazi patients and controls as compared to non‐Ashkenazim. The relative risk for DRw4 in Ashkenazim was 33.8 as compared to 14.4 in the total sample of Israeli PV patients. The phenotype A26–Bw38–DRw4 was present in 57% of Ashkenazi patients and in 13% of controls. Ashkenazi Jews have the highest prevalence of PV, and HLA associations were strongest with Ashkenazi PV patients. These associations were with three antigens, all of high frequency in that group.
The HLA System in the Campania Region: A Genetic Study
Authors: Zappacosta Serafino , De Felice Mario , Fiore Michele , Ferrara Giovanni B
Published: July 2010

The HLA–A, –B and –C locus gene frequencies and the significant A, B and B, C haplotypes of the population of Campania (Southern Italy) are reported. From a comparison of gene frequencies and from an overall genetic distance evaluation with other European and Mediterranean populations the typical Mediterranean structure of the Campanian population is confirmed. While keeping several Middle Eastern features, it places itself as far from Northern Italy (Bergamo) as from the Spanish and the French populations. Among all the groups compared, including Turkish and Lebanese, the largest distance is measured from the English, the Danish and the German populations.
The Effect of Blood Transfusions on Renal Transplantation. Studies of 395 Patients Registered for Transplantation with a First Cadaveric Kidney
Authors: Solheim B. G. , Flatmark A. , Halvorsen S. , Jervell J. , Pape J. , Thorsby E.
Published: July 2010

Three‐hundred‐and‐ninety‐five candidates registered for a first cadaveric renal transplant have been analyzed for the effect of pre‐graft blood transfusions. Of these, 348 patients were transplanted, 45 died prior to transplantation and two patients have not yet received a transplant. Slightly less than half of the transplanted patients had been transfused, and those receiving five or more transfusions demonstrated a superior graft survival. This was pronounced in all HLA incompatible transplants who had received five or more transfusions. In patients who received less than five transfusions, only one‐two HLA antigen incompatible transplants demonstrated increased graft survival. The frequency of rejection episodes was significantly decreased in all transfused compared to non‐transfused groups. Among the patients dying while waiting for a transplant, the majority had been transfused, and a significantly higher proportion of them had cytotoxic HLA antibodies, compared to those who were transplanted.
The Use of Frozen‐Thawed Lymphocytes for DRw Typing
Authors: DeGoey Steven R. , Moore S. Breanndan , Radue Vicky A.
Published: July 2010

Results of DRw typing using frozen‐thawed plastic “adhered” cell preparations were comparable to those obtained using fresh sheep E‐rosetted lymphocytes. Estimates of B‐cell content of such preparations may be erroneously low if surface immunoglobulin fluorescence is the only method used.
Determining Antigenic Relationships on the Basis of MLC Testing. I. A Matrix Approach for Listing All Possible Antigenic Assignments*
Authors: Sheehy Michael J. , Denniston Carter
Published: July 2010

We present an approach for determining all possible antigenic relationships among a group of individuals, on the basis of MLC results. We assume that the researcher or tissue typer has a criterion for classifying responses into positives and negatives, and that this classification has already been done for the data set being considered. Given any set of positive and negative MLC responses, our technique produces all antigenic assignments consistent with the assumption that a response occurs if and only if the stimulator has antigen (s) foreign to the responder. No genetic assumptions are made.
Distribution of HLA Antigens in Ticuna Indians of Brazil: Results of Typing a Leprosy‐Affected Family
Authors: Lawrence Dale N. , Bodmer Julia G. , Bodmer Walter F.
Published: July 2010

HLA typing was performed in 1978, using antisera recognizing specificities defined by the Seventh Workshop, on lymphocytes separated and frozen in the field during a 1976 expedition among Amazonian Ticuna Indians. Family segregation of HLA antigens was used to ascertain haplotypes of a sample of essentially unrelated reproductive‐age adults. “Expaternal” haplotypes were also included in the total of 81 haplotypes used for calculating the A and B locus gene frequencies.

Common A and B locus antigens among the Ticuna were Aw24, Aw31, A2, Bw39, B40, Bw35, and B15.1. Bw52 and Bw53 were also present. No A or B locus “blanks” were found. A slight degree of European admixture was apparent. Bw16‐reactive cells from certain persons consistently failed to react with Oxford antisera capable of recognizing the Bw38 or Bw39 subspecificities. Cw1 and Cw3 were found in association with typical South American Indian haplotypes. The results of HLA typing of a large extended family with multiple cases of leprosy are depicted and compared to recently reported family studies of leprosy.
Bu and SV: Two Closely Related B‐Locus Specificities
Authors: Schreuder Ieke , Nieman H. G. , Laundy G. J. , Entwistle C. C.
Published: July 2010

The B15/Bw21/Bw35 related specificities ‘Bu’and ‘SV’have been studied in Bristol and in Leiden, both independently and with mutually exchanged sera and cells. Evidence is presented that these specificities are likely to be discrete though very closely related antigens occurring with a combined phenotype frequency of about 1% in Dutch and English Caucasians. SV may be associated with Aw36, while no clear‐cut haplotype or phenotypic association has yet emerged for Bu with any HLA–A or C locus antigen. Bu and SV appear to be related to the variant of B15 reported to be common in Negroid populations.
Identification of Surface IgM as the Target Antigen of Cold Lymphocytotoxins*
Authors: Takahashi Hihashi , Terasaki Paul I. , Iwaki Yuichi , Nakata Seizoh
Published: July 2010

IgG and IgM were stripped from the surface of human B lymphocytes using heterologous anti‐IgG or IgM antisera. The percent SIg (surface Ig) determined by fluorescence for SIgM was reduced from 55% to 20%, or a reduction of 64%. Upon stripping SIgM, the B lymphocytes were no longer killed by seven different cold cytotoxic antibodies obtained from kidney transplant patients. We conclude that SIgM is the target of cold cytotoxins. These cold cytotoxic antibodies are postulated to be immunoregulatory antibodies. They are less specific than anti‐idiotypic antibodies.
Possible Mechanisms by which Alloantisera Inhibit in the MLC Test
Authors: Jonker Margreet , de Rooy‐Doyer Lieke
Published: July 2010

MLC inhibition studies were performed with two human alloantisera: one specific for HLA‐B7, the other for HLA‐DRw7. The stimulator cell inhibitory effects of these sera were tested in primary and secondary MLC tests. Both sera inhibited in the primary MLC, whereas only the anti‐DRw7 serum was capable of blocking the secondary MLC test. The difference in inhibiting properties of these sera was further analyzed in primary MLC tests using selected MLC combinations, Fc receptor negative cell populations and pepsin digests of the anti‐B7 serum. Anti‐DRw7 antibodies could inhibit by masking the stimulatory DR antigens. The inhibition of the anit‐B7 antiserum was dependent on Fc, which suggested that anti HLA‐B antibodies inhibited by some other mechanism. This inhibition could have been caused by antibody dependent cellular lympholysis of the stimulator cells or by the induction of suppressor cell activity.
Further Evidence for the Partition of HLA‐B14
Authors: Darke C.
Published: July 2010

The minimal sequential absorption of 12 HLA‐B14 antisera with B14 positive cells provided 10 antisera that showed a high correlation (r values < 0.8) with the original B14.1 and B14.2 sera of Dewar et al. (1977). The subdivisions defined by the absorbed sera corresponded to the B14 subtype of their immunizing cell. The subtyping of 112 B14 positive individuals showed the frequency of B14.1 to be 33.04%. B14 heterozygous individuals always typed for one but never for both subdivisions. Analysis of a population of 2,044 showed B14.1 to be in linkage disequilibrium with Aw32 and B14.2 with Aw33, Aw30 and A3. It is concluded that B14.1 and B14.2 are distinct antigens which, in the population tested, comprise the entire specificity of HLA‐B14.
MHC Restricted Dual Specific Inhibition of Mixed Leukocyte Culture Reactions by Human HLA Antibody Molecules
Authors: de Rooij‐Doyer E. , Jonker M. , Bruning J.W. , van Rood J.J.
Published: July 2010

A human alloantiserum was found which selectively inhibits responding cells in mixed leukocyte culture reactions. Inhibition was achieved by pre‐incubation of responder cells in the antiserum followed by washing. The serum showed dual specificity as an inhibiting agent. First, inhibition was restricted to HLA‐B7 or ‐B40 positive stimulator cells, specificities against which the antiserum also had cytotoxic activity. Second, inhibition was almost exclusively associated with the presence of the phenotype HLA‐Al, ‐B8 on the responder cells

The HLA associated specificity for responder cells was unexpected since no alloantibody activity directed to responder alloantigens could be detected by conventional serological methods. The antiserum donor had not been immunized with HLA‐Al, ‐B8 antigens nor with known crossreactive antigens. Furthermore, the serum donor did not carry HLA‐Al, ‐B8 antigens herself.

The inhibiting substance in the antiserum had physicochemical properties of IgG and was specifically reactive with HLA‐B7 positive platelets. Pepsin digest preparations were not inhibitory. Fc receptor positive responder cells were required for inhibition. Responder cells, preincu‐bated with the antiserum, suppressed the response of cells not incubated with the antiserum. Three possible explanations of these results are discussed: specific binding of the Fc part of the antibody with Fc receptors of responder cells, specific activation of suppressor cells and cross‐reactivity.
The First Example of an HLA‐Bw45 Antiserum Produced in a HLA‐Bw44 Positive Woman
Authors: Darke C.
Published: July 2010

An HLA‐Bw45 serum (Mu46), which was produced by pregnancy in a Bw44 positive woman, is described. The serum was unable to be absorbed by Bw44 positive cells. Blocking tests employing broad B12 (Bw44 + Bw45) antisera, stimulated by either Bw44 or Bw45, showed that only F(ab)2 from Bw45‐stimulated B12 sera would completely block the cytotoxicity of this serum. It was concluded that Bw44 and Bw45 are distinct specificities which share common determinants.
Association of HLA‐B12 with Multiple Sclerosis in India
Authors: Wadia N. H. , Trikannad V. S. , Krishnaswamy P. R.
Published: July 2010

In Indian patients with Multiple Sclerosis it was observed, upon testing for serum determinable histocompatibility antigens, that HLA‐B12 antigen was present in excess (77.7%), in comparison with normal controls (13.8%). In fact, in the sub‐group of ‘clinically definite’ patients, the B12 antigen excess was remarkable (84%). These preliminary findings seem to point to a different immunogenetic profile of Indian MS patients in comparison with Western and Japanese series. Relevant published information relating to the HLA‐B12 alleles in disease processes is discussed in order to provide a basis for further work.
Use of Monocytes in HLA‐A, B, C and DR Typings
Authors: Stux S. , Hammond P. , Fitzpatrick D. , Dubey D. , Yunis E.
Published: July 2010

A simple method of improved serologic typing of monocytes for HLA‐A, B, C and DR specificities is described. The method employs monocytes recovered from frozen samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells; it chiefly involves pretreatment of monocytes with 0.01% iodoacetamide (IAA) prior to typing.

The advantage of this method lies principally in the lowering of the background nonspecific cytotoxicities and false positive readings upon IAA addition to the monocyte preparations. Using this method monocytes can be typed for HLA‐A, B, C determinants. Although the addition of IAA results in substantial typing improvements, we found the assignment of A, B, C specificities difficult due to the presence of extra positive reactions when monocytes were compared to Tlymphocyte typings, probably due to the presence of DR or monocyte specific antibodies in the routinely used HLA antisera. This method proved to be most useful in DR typings where monocytes in the presence of IAA were compared with autologous B cells in the absence of IAA. The differences in typings due to a decrease in false positive cytotoxic readings were significantly in favor of using IAA treated monocytes in DR typings (P > 0.0001). The use of IAA in the course of B cell or T cell typings had no adverse consequences on either A, B, C or DR typings, respectively. Our results indicate a potential usefulness for the use of IAA in typing monocytes for HLA determinants in general and for the DR determinants in particular.
Human B‐Blast Specific Target Determinants in CML: A Methodological Study
Authors: Johnsen H. E.
Published: July 2010

A method for preparation of purified human PWM stimulated B lymphoblasts and their usefulness as targets in CML is described. The purified B lymphoblasts were found to carry surface membrane immunoglobulin (Smlg) and HLA‐DR antigens and were non E‐rosette forming. In contrast, PHA‐stimulated lymphoblasts were found to be E‐rosetting, Smlg negative and without serologically detectable HLA‐DR antigens, and thus were characterized as T lymphoblasts. Using B and T lymphoblasts in parallel as targets in CML, it was possible to demonstrate target determinants exclusively expressed by the B lymphoblasts.
HLA‐A and B Typing in the Sarakole Population of West Africa
Authors: Woimant F. , Lesobre B. , Dehay C. , Pieron R.
Published: July 2010

The distribution of HLA genes and haplotype frequencies was studied in a population of 119 Sarakole West Africans. The absence of HLA‐B15, the rarity of HLA‐A10, B12 and B17 and the relatively high frequency of HLA‐A2 and B5 were noted. The presence of a Da 6 gene in the African populations is confirmed. The main gametic associations were Aw19‐Bw35 and Aw23‐B5.
Genetically Appropriate Expression of HLA and DR (IA) Alloantigens on Human Melanoma Cell Lines
Authors: Pollack Marilyn S. , Livingston Philip O. , Fogh Jorgen , Carey Thomas E. , Oettgen Herbert F. , Dupont Bo
Published: July 2010

Studies of the expression of HLA and DR alloantigens on cultured human melanoma cells in comparison with those expressed on peripheral lymphocytes and B‐cells derived from the same patients have shown that the HLA‐A B, and C locus antigens expressed on the cultured tumor cells were consistent with those expected from the typing of periperal blood lymphocytes. One melanoma cell line failed to express all the HLA antigens expected from donor typing.

All five of the lines tested also expressed DR antigens and in three instances these could be demonstrated to have genetically consistent allotypes. However, in preliminary studies, stimulation of allogeneic lymphocytes by the DR positive melanoma cells could not be demonstrated.
Expression of HLA‐DR Antigens on Tlymphocytes
Authors: Gerbase‐Delima Maria , Kraemer Maria H. , Novo Neil F. , Paiva Elias R. , Mendes Nelson F.
Published: July 2010

Our data have demonstrated, for the first time, expression of HLA‐DR antigens on heated T cells (45*C, 1 h) and have confirmed the occurrence of these antigens on mitogen‐stimulated T cells.

HLA‐DR antigens were detected by microlymphocytotoxicity employing defined and non‐defined anti‐HLA‐DR sera. The HLA‐DR T cell antigens proved to be the same as the ones expressed on B cells from the same donor. In addition, extra reactions were observed on mitogen‐stimulated and on heated T cells which could be abolished by absorption with cytotoxicity negative B cells of the same donor (cytotoxicity‐negative‐absorption‐positive phenomenon).
A New Determinant, Defined by PLT, Coded for in the HLA Region and Apparently Independent of the HLA‐D and DR Loci
Authors: Termijtelen A. , Bradley B. A. , van Rood J.J.
Published: July 2010

A PLT cell was raised between a responder cell which carried the HLA‐D and DR specificities Dw3, 8; DRw3, 8 and a stimulator cell which was most likely homozygous for HLA‐Dw3, DRw3. The PLT cell appeared to recognize a determinant (PL3A) which was (1) different from the officially recognized HLA‐D and DR determinants, (2) was associated with HLA‐Al, B8, Dw3 and DRw3, and (3) segregated in three informative families with HLA. Another responder‐stimulator combination could be selected to raise PLT cells which recognized the same determinant.
Human IgM Anti‐IgM Cytotoxin for B Lymphocytes
Authors: Cicciarelli J. C. , Chia D. , Terasaki P. I. , Barnett E. V. , Shirahama S.
Published: July 2010

Blymphocytes were shown previously to be killed at 5*C by some autologous and allogeneic human sera. We show here that such cold cytotoxins are directed against immunoglobulins on the surface of B lymphocytes. The activity is partially removed by passing serum through IgG‐coupled Sepharose and usually completely removed by passing serum through IgM‐coupled Sepharose. Activity is regained from the columns by acid elution and IgM inhibits the cytotoxicity of these eluates. 125I‐labeled eluates bind to IgG‐ and IgM‐coupled Sepharose beads and binding is inhibited by IgM and to a lesser degree by IgG thus showing a primarily more avid binding to IgM as compared to IgG. Furthermore, the 12SI‐labeled cytotoxic eluates recognize the same determinants) on IgM and IgG. We suggest that IgM anti‐IgM antiimmunoglobulin may regulate immune reactivity by binding to B‐lymphocyte surfaces.