bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solvent-Free synthesis of 2-Aminothiophene-3-Carbonitrile Derivatives Using High-Speed Vibration Milling
Authors: Xu Fang , Li Yujin , Xu Fengshuang , Ye Qing , Han Liang , Gao Jianrong , Yu Wubin
Published: July 2014

The solvent-free synthesis of 2-aminothiophene-3-carbonitrile derivatives by high-speed vibration milling using the inexpensive and environmentally friendly Et2NH as a catalyst was studied. The reaction conditions were optimised and the derivatives were obtained in good yield. This method has advantages in terms of short reaction time and facile conditions.
Infrared Absorption Spectra, Radiative Efficiencies, and Global Warming Potentials of Newly-Detected Halogenated Compounds: CFC-113a, CFC-112 and HCFC-133a
Authors: Etminan Maryam , Highwood Eleanor , Laube Johannes , McPheat Robert , Marston George , Shine Keith , Smith Kevin
Published: July 2014

CFC-113a (CF3CCl3), CFC-112 (CFCl2CFCl2) and HCFC-133a (CF3CH2Cl) are three newly detected molecules in the atmosphere that are almost certainly emitted as a result of human activity. It is important to characterise the possible contribution of these gases to radiative forcing of climate change and also to provide information on the CO2-equivalence of their emissions. We report new laboratory measurements of absorption cross-sections of these three compounds at a resolution of 0.01 cm−1 for two temperatures 250 K and 295 K in the spectral range of 600–1730 cm−1. These spectra are then used to calculate the radiative efficiencies and global warming potentials (GWP). The radiative efficiencies are found to be between 0.15 and 0.3 W∙m−2∙ppbv−1. The GWP for a 100 year time horizon, relative to carbon dioxide, ranges from 340 for the relatively short-lived HCFC-133a to 3840 for the longer-lived CFC-112. At current (2012) concentrations, these gases make a trivial contribution to total radiative forcing; however, the concentrations of CFC-113a and HCFC-133a are continuing to increase. The 2012 CO2-equivalent emissions, using the GWP (100), are estimated to be about 4% of the current global CO2-equivalent emissions of HFC-134a.
Chaperoning Proteins for Destruction: Diverse Roles of Hsp70 Chaperones and their Co-Chaperones in Targeting Misfolded Proteins to the Proteasome
Authors: Shiber Ayala , Ravid Tommer
Published: July 2014

Molecular chaperones were originally discovered as heat shock-induced proteins that facilitate proper folding of proteins with non-native conformations. While the function of chaperones in protein folding has been well documented over the last four decades, more recent studies have shown that chaperones are also necessary for the clearance of terminally misfolded proteins by the Ub-proteasome system. In this capacity, chaperones protect misfolded degradation substrates from spontaneous aggregation, facilitate their recognition by the Ub ligation machinery and finally shuttle the ubiquitylated substrates to the proteasome. The physiological importance of these functions is manifested by inefficient proteasomal degradation and the accumulation of protein aggregates during ageing or in certain neurodegenerative diseases, when chaperone levels decline. In this review, we focus on the diverse roles of stress-induced chaperones in targeting misfolded proteins to the proteasome and the consequences of their compromised activity. We further discuss the implications of these findings to the identification of new therapeutic targets for the treatment of amyloid diseases.
A Note of Caution on Maximizing Entropy
Authors: Neapolitan Richard , Jiang Xia
Published: July 2014

The Principle of Maximum Entropy is often used to update probabilities due to evidence instead of performing Bayesian updating using Bayes’ Theorem, and its use often has efficacious results. However, in some circumstances the results seem unacceptable and unintuitive. This paper discusses some of these cases, and discusses how to identify some of the situations in which this principle should not be used. The paper starts by reviewing three approaches to probability, namely the classical approach, the limiting frequency approach, and the Bayesian approach. It then introduces maximum entropy and shows its relationship to the three approaches. Next, through examples, it shows that maximizing entropy sometimes can stand in direct opposition to Bayesian updating based on reasonable prior beliefs. The paper concludes that if we take the Bayesian approach that probability is about reasonable belief based on all available information, then we can resolve the conflict between the maximum entropy approach and the Bayesian approach that is demonstrated in the examples.
New Riemannian Priors on the Univariate Normal Model
Authors: Said Salem , Bombrun Lionel , Berthoumieu Yannick
Published: July 2014

The current paper introduces new prior distributions on the univariate normal model, with the aim of applying them to the classification of univariate normal populations. These new prior distributions are entirely based on the Riemannian geometry of the univariate normal model, so that they can be thought of as “Riemannian priors”. Precisely, if {pθ ; θ ∈ Θ} is any parametrization of the univariate normal model, the paper considers prior distributions G( θ - , γ) with hyperparameters θ - ∈ Θ and γ > 0, whose density with respect to Riemannian volume is proportional to exp(−d2(θ, θ - )/2γ2), where d2(θ, θ - ) is the square of Rao’s Riemannian distance. The distributions G( θ - , γ) are termed Gaussian distributions on the univariate normal model. The motivation for considering a distribution G( θ - , γ) is that this distribution gives a geometric representation of a class or cluster of univariate normal populations. Indeed, G( θ - , γ) has a unique mode θ - (precisely, θ - is the unique Riemannian center of mass of G( θ - , γ), as shown in the paper), and its dispersion away from θ - is given by γ. Therefore, one thinks of members of the class represented by G( θ - , γ) as being centered around θ - and lying within a typical distance determined by γ. The paper defines rigorously the Gaussian distributions G( θ - , γ) and describes an algorithm for computing maximum likelihood estimates of their hyperparameters. Based on this algorithm and on the Laplace approximation, it describes how the distributions G( θ - , γ) can be used as prior distributions for Bayesian classification of large univariate normal populations. In a concrete application to texture image classification, it is shown that this leads to an improvement in performance over the use of conjugate priors.
Application of a Modified Entropy Computational Method in Assessing the Complexity of Pulse Wave Velocity Signals in Healthy and Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Chang Yi-Chung , Wu Hsien-Tsai , Chen Hong-Ruei , Liu An-Bang , Yeh Jung-Jen , Lo Men-Tzung , Tsao Jen-Ho , Tang Chieh-Ju , Tsai I-Ting , Sun Cheuk-Kwan
Published: July 2014

Using 1000 successive points of a pulse wave velocity (PWV) series, we previously distinguished healthy from diabetic subjects with multi-scale entropy (MSE) using a scale factor of 10. One major limitation is the long time for data acquisition (i.e., 20 min). This study aimed at validating the sensitivity of a novel method, short time MSE (sMSE) that utilized a substantially smaller sample size (i.e., 600 consecutive points), in differentiating the complexity of PWV signals both in simulation and in human subjects that were divided into four groups: healthy young (Group 1; n = 24) and middle-aged (Group 2; n = 30) subjects without known cardiovascular disease and middle-aged individuals with well-controlled (Group 3; n = 18) and poorly-controlled (Group 4; n = 22) diabetes mellitus type 2. The results demonstrated that although conventional MSE could differentiate the subjects using 1000 consecutive PWV series points, sensitivity was lost using only 600 points. Simulation study revealed consistent results. By contrast, the novel sMSE method produced significant differences in entropy in both simulation and testing subjects. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that using a novel sMSE approach for PWV analysis, the time for data acquisition can be substantially reduced to that required for 600 cardiac cycles (~10 min) with remarkable preservation of sensitivity in differentiating among healthy, aged, and diabetic populations.
Entropy and Its Discontents: A Note on Definitions
Authors: Petroni Nicola
Published: July 2014

The routine definitions of Shannon entropy for both discrete and continuous probability laws show inconsistencies that make them not reciprocally coherent. We propose a few possible modifications of these quantities so that: (1) they no longer show incongruities; and (2) they go one into the other in a suitable limit as the result of a renormalization. The properties of the new quantities would slightly differ from that of the usual entropies in a few other respects.
Carnosic Acid Inhibits the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in B16F10 Melanoma Cells: A Possible Mechanism for the Inhibition of Cell Migration
Authors: Park So , Song Hyerim , Sung Mi-Kyung , Kang Young-Hee , Lee Ki , Park Jung
Published: July 2014

Carnosic acid is a natural benzenediol abietane diterpene found in rosemary and exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-carcinogenic activities. In this study, we evaluated the effects of carnosic acid on the metastatic characteristics of B16F10 melanoma cells. When B16F10 cells were cultured in an in vitro Transwell system, carnosic acid inhibited cell migration in a dose-dependent manner. Carnosic acid suppressed the adhesion of B16F10 cells, as well as the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1. Interestingly, secretion of TIMP-2 increased significantly in B16F10 cells treated with 10 μmol/L carnosic acid. Additionally, carnosic acid suppressed the mesenchymal markers snail, slug, vimentin, and N-cadherin and induced epithelial marker E-cadherin. Furthermore, carnosic acid suppressed phosphorylation of Src, FAK, and AKT. These results indicate that inhibition of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition may be important for the carnosic acid-induced inhibition of B16F10 cell migration.
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Rhizoma Smilacis glabrae by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with LTQ OrbitrapXL Hybrid Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Chen Shao-Dan , Lu Chuan-Jian , Zhao Rui-Zhi
Published: July 2014

Rhizoma Smilacis glabrae, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as well as a functional food, has been commonly used for detoxification treatments, relieving dampness and as a diuretic. In order to quickly define the chemical profiles and control the quality of Smilacis glabrae, ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization hybrid linear trap quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI/LTQ-Orbitrap-MS) was applied for simultaneous identification and quantification of its bioactive constituents. A total of 56 compounds, including six new compounds, were identified or tentatively deduced on the basis of their retention behaviors, mass spectra, or by comparison with reference substances and literature data. The identified compounds belonged to flavonoids, phenolic acids and phenylpropanoid glycosides. In addition, an optimized UHPLC-ESI/LTQ-Orbitrap-MS method was established for quantitative determination of six marker compounds from five batches. The validation of the method, including linearity, sensitivity (LOQ), precision, repeatability and spike recoveries, was carried out and demonstrated to be satisfied the requirements of quantitative analysis. The results suggested that the established method would be a powerful and reliable analytical tool for the characterization of multi-constituent in complex chemical system and quality control of TCM.
SVAS3: Strain Vector Aided Sensorization of Soft Structures
Authors: Culha Utku , Nurzaman Surya , Clemens Frank , Iida Fumiya
Published: July 2014

Soft material structures exhibit high deformability and conformability which can be useful for many engineering applications such as robots adapting to unstructured and dynamic environments. However, the fact that they have almost infinite degrees of freedom challenges conventional sensory systems and sensorization approaches due to the difficulties in adapting to soft structure deformations. In this paper, we address this challenge by proposing a novel method which designs flexible sensor morphologies to sense soft material deformations by using a functional material called conductive thermoplastic elastomer (CTPE). This model-based design method, called Strain Vector Aided Sensorization of Soft Structures (SVAS3), provides a simulation platform which analyzes soft body deformations and automatically finds suitable locations for CTPE-based strain gauge sensors to gather strain information which best characterizes the deformation. Our chosen sensor material CTPE exhibits a set of unique behaviors in terms of strain length electrical conductivity, elasticity, and shape adaptability, allowing us to flexibly design sensor morphology that can best capture strain distributions in a given soft structure. We evaluate the performance of our approach by both simulated and real-world experiments and discuss the potential and limitations.
Design, Experiments and Simulation of Voltage Transformers on the Basis of a Differential Input D-dot Sensor
Authors: Wang Jingang , Gao Can , Yang Jie
Published: July 2014

Currently available traditional electromagnetic voltage sensors fail to meet the measurement requirements of the smart grid, because of low accuracy in the static and dynamic ranges and the occurrence of ferromagnetic resonance attributed to overvoltage and output short circuit. This work develops a new non-contact high-bandwidth voltage measurement system for power equipment. This system aims at the miniaturization and non-contact measurement of the smart grid. After traditional D-dot voltage probe analysis, an improved method is proposed. For the sensor to work in a self-integrating pattern, the differential input pattern is adopted for circuit design, and grounding is removed. To prove the structure design, circuit component parameters, and insulation characteristics, Ansoft Maxwell software is used for the simulation. Moreover, the new probe was tested on a 10 kV high-voltage test platform for steady-state error and transient behavior. Experimental results ascertain that the root mean square values of measured voltage are precise and that the phase error is small. The D-dot voltage sensor not only meets the requirement of high accuracy but also exhibits satisfactory transient response. This sensor can meet the intelligence, miniaturization, and convenience requirements of the smart grid.
Studying, Teaching and Applying Sustainability Visions Using Systems Modeling
Authors: Iwaniec David , Childers Daniel , VanLehn Kurt , Wiek Arnim
Published: July 2014

The objective of articulating sustainability visions through modeling is to enhance the outcomes and process of visioning in order to successfully move the system toward a desired state. Models emphasize approaches to develop visions that are viable and resilient and are crafted to adhere to sustainability principles. This approach is largely assembled from visioning processes (resulting in descriptions of desirable future states generated from stakeholder values and preferences) and participatory modeling processes (resulting in systems-based representations of future states co-produced by experts and stakeholders). Vision modeling is distinct from normative scenarios and backcasting processes in that the structure and function of the future desirable state is explicitly articulated as a systems model. Crafting, representing and evaluating the future desirable state as a systems model in participatory settings is intended to support compliance with sustainability visioning quality criteria (visionary, sustainable, systemic, coherent, plausible, tangible, relevant, nuanced, motivational and shared) in order to develop rigorous and operationalizable visions. We provide two empirical examples to demonstrate the incorporation of vision modeling in research practice and education settings. In both settings, vision modeling was used to develop, represent, simulate and evaluate future desirable states. This allowed participants to better identify, explore and scrutinize sustainability solutions.
Identification of Luteolin as Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus A16 Inhibitors through Reporter Viruses and Cell Viability-Based Screening
Authors: Xu Lin , Su Weiheng , Jin Jun , Chen Jiawen , Li Xiaojun , Zhang Xuyuan , Sun Meiyan , Sun Shiyang , Fan Peihu , An Dong , Zhang Huafei , Zhang Xiguang , Kong Wei , Ma Tonghui , Jiang Chunlai
Published: July 2014

Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common pediatric illness mainly caused by infection with enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CA16). The frequent HFMD outbreaks have become a serious public health problem. Currently, no vaccine or antiviral drug for EV71/CA16 infections has been approved. In this study, a two-step screening platform consisting of reporter virus-based assays and cell viability‑based assays was developed to identify potential inhibitors of EV71/CA16 infection. Two types of reporter viruses, a pseudovirus containing luciferase-encoding RNA replicons encapsidated by viral capsid proteins and a full-length reporter virus containing enhanced green fluorescent protein, were used for primary screening of 400 highly purified natural compounds. Thereafter, a cell viability-based secondary screen was performed for the identified hits to confirm their antiviral activities. Three compounds (luteolin, galangin, and quercetin) were identified, among which luteolin exhibited the most potent inhibition of viral infection. In the cell viability assay and plaque reduction assay, luteolin showed similar 50% effective concentration (EC50) values of about 10 μM. Luteolin targeted the post-attachment stage of EV71 and CA16 infection by inhibiting viral RNA replication. This study suggests that luteolin may serve as a lead compound to develop potent anti-EV71 and CA16 drugs.
Challenges of Integrated Water Resources Management in Indonesia
Authors: Fulazzaky Mohamad
Published: July 2014

The increased demands for water and land in Indonesia as a consequence of the population growth and economic development has reportedly have been accelerated from the year to year. The spatial and temporal variability of human induced hydrological changes in a river basin could affect quality and quantity of water. The challenge is that integrated water resources management (IWRM) should cope with complex issues of water in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner, without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems. Even though the government of Indonesia has adopted new paradigm for water resources management by the enactment of Law No. 7/2004 on water resources, the implementation of IWRM may face the technical and managerial challenges. This paper briefly reviews the implementation of IWRM and related principles and provides an overview of potential water-related issues and progress towards implementation of IWRM in Indonesia. The availability of water and a broader range of water-related issues are identified. The recommended actions for improving the future IWRM are suggested. Challenges to improve the capacity buildings of IWRM related to enabling environment, institutional frameworks and management instruments are verified to contribute to the future directions for efficient problem-solving ability.
Réflexions suscitées par la culture de graminées africaines à proximité du littoral nord-ouest-méditerranéen
Authors: Bourreil Pierre
Published: July 2014

Of the grasses cultivated outdoors since 1967 in the botanical garden of the Faculty of Sciences of St-Jérôme, Marseille (warm, subhumid mediterranean climate), two species of Aristida are shown in the summer of 1969, to have become acclimated. These are Aristida coerulescens Desf. (bioclimatic spread : from the upper to the warm subhumid Sahara, the northernmost stations being the Spanish and Silician coasts) and Aristida tunetana Coss. (bioclimatic spread : from the lower arid to the upper semi-arid). These species, which in Africa are perennials, behave as annuals in France where the conditions of winter kill of the vegetative parts but do not destroy the grain. Additionally three perennial clumps of Stipagrostis ciliata which had been three quarters destroyed by the winter frost have vegetated since spring of 1969 to produce at present (August) three fine plants in full flower. The bioclimatic spread of this last-mentioned species from the lower Sahara to the aride upper Sahara, makes all the more interesting its capacity to survive under growing conditions. In reference to these results, the author is induced to researches of applied botany.
Population genetics of the endemic and endangered Vriesea minarum (Bromeliaceae) in the Iron Quadrangle, Espinhaço Range, Brazil
Authors: Lavor Pâmela , van den Berg Cássio , Jacobi Claudia M. , Carmo Flávio F. , Versieux Leonardo M.
Published: July 2014

• Premise of the study: Knowledge about genetic variability in plant populations is one of the main branches of conservation genetics, linking genetic data to conservation strategies. Vriesea minarum is a bromeliad endemic to the Iron Quadrangle region (southeastern Brazil), occurring on mountaintop rock outcrops. It is listed as endangered due to habitat loss, particularly from iron ore mining. Thus, determining the structure and genetic diversity of V. minarum populations could help develop strategies to conserve the species.

• Methods: We studied the genetic structure of 12 populations of V. minarum using 10 microsatellite loci transferred from other species of Bromeliaceae. Statistical analyses to compare and describe the genetic diversity of each population were performed, and genetic structure within and among populations, isolation by distance, and Bayesian structure were also analyzed.

• Key results: Our results show high inbreeding (GIS = 0.376) and low population structure (FST = 0.088), possibly related to high gene flow due to great pollinator efficiency and/or efficient seed dispersal, thus leading to high connectivity among populations of these fragmented rock outcrops. Two clusters were observed, corresponding to the basins of rivers São Francisco and Doce.

• Conclusions: Gene flow among populations is high but, given the rate of habitat loss to mining, most populations are vulnerable and will become increasingly isolated if no action is taken to preserve them. Thus, conservation of this species depends on in situ and ex situ actions, such as controlling overexploitation and creating a germoplasm bank.
The structure and development of incompletely closed carpels in an apocarpous species, Sagittaria trifolia (Alismataceae)
Authors: Huang Lan‐Jie , Wang Xiao‐Wen , Wang Xiao‐Fan
Published: July 2014

• Premise of the study: Carpel closure is commonly considered as a key innovation in angiosperms; however, some families continue to exhibit a variety of forms of incomplete carpel closure. The carpel of Sagittaria species contains an unusual structure. In this study, we confirm the closure type of the carpel of Sagittaria trifolia and discuss its development and evolution.

• Methods: Scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy of semithin sections were used to observe the development and the mature structure of the carpel. Pollen tube growth in the carpel and seed germination in the achene was also studied.

• Key results: During late carpel development, the middle parts of the carpel margins underwent postgenital fusion. However, at maturity the lowest and uppermost parts of the carpel margins remained open. The mature carpel was incompletely closed and contained a secretion‐filled canal, which extended from the stigma to the opening at the carpel base. At that site, pollen tubes could either grow to the ovule or exit the carpel and grow to other carpels. The basal opening also served as an exit point for the seedling to emerge.

• Conclusions: Incomplete carpel closure by S. trifolia differs from the closure types recorded in previous studies because two entrances link the ovary in the carpel to the outside environment. This type of carpel closure occurs as a result of the lack of fusion of the carpel margins at the base of the carpel and could improve the seed set and seedling germination of S. trifolia.
Polyphyletic origin of Brassica juncea with B. rapa and B. nigra (Brassicaceae) participating as cytoplasm donor parents in independent hybridization events
Authors: Kaur Puneet , Banga Shashi , Kumar Nitin , Gupta Shilpa , Akhatar Javed , Banga Surinder S.
Published: July 2014

• Premise of the study: Brassica juncea is a major source of edible oil in the Indian subcontinent and northern China. It is also used as a root and leaf vegetable in China and as a condiment in Europe and America. There is a long‐standing view that B. juncea originated from multiple hybridization events between B. rapa and B. nigra and that hybridizations were always unidirectional with B. rapa as the cytoplasmic donor. These conclusions were, however, centered primarily on nuclear markers.

• Methods: Two hundred forty‐six accessions of B. juncea, B. rapa, and B. nigra were genotyped using chloroplast and nuclear simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers.

• Key results: A structure analysis assigned B. juncea germplasm (122) into three major groups based on plasmotype variation. The bulk of Indian B. juncea genotypes were grouped along with Chinese and Australian accessions. This plasmotype was absent in sampled accessions of B. rapa (97), B. nigra (27), and other wild crucifers (10). The second group of B. juncea included East European genotypes and four accessions from India. It showed unambiguous homology with the predominant B. nigra plasmotype. The neighbor joining tree produced seven subgroups, arranged into two broad lineages. The first lineage included Indian, Australian, and Chinese B. juncea genotypes; it was associated with wild species belonging to the “rapa” lineage. Nuclear SSR marker‐based analyses were largely supportive of results from chloroplast SSR analyses.

• Conclusions: Based on these results, we provide the first report that B. juncea originated several times with both B. rapa and B. nigra as cytoplasmic donors in separate hybridization events.
Chemistry of polyhalogenated nitrobutadienes, 14: Efficient synthesis of functionalized (Z)-2-allylidenethiazolidin-4-ones
Authors: Zapol’skii Viktor A , Namyslo Jan C , Gjikaj Mimoza , Kaufmann Dieter E
Published: July 2014

The reaction of mercaptoacetic acid esters with pentachloro-2-nitro-1,3-butadiene (1) provides an appropriate precursor for the synthesis of special thiazolidin-4-ones. Applying different anilines as the second constituent for the requisite cyclization step, a series of (Z)-2-allylidenethiazolidin-4-ones was obtained in yields up to 81%. Some subsequent reactions have been examined too, such as the formation of perfunctionalized 1H-pyrazoles upon treatment with hydrazine. Thiazolidinones are as well known for their physiological activities as for their application in optoelectronics.
Vitamin D Time Profile Based on the Contribution of Non-Genetic and Genetic Factors in HIV-Infected Individuals of European Ancestry
Authors: Guidi Monia , Foletti Giuseppe , McLaren Paul , Cavassini Matthias , Rauch Andri , Tarr Philip E , Lamy Olivier , Panchaud Alice , Telenti Amalio , Csajka Chantal , Rotger Margalida ,   the Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Published: July 2014

Background

Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in HIV-infected individuals and vitamin D supplementation is proposed according to standard care. This study aimed at characterizing the kinetics of 25(OH)D in a cohort of HIV-infected individuals of European ancestry to better define the influence of genetic and non-genetic factors on 25(OH)D levels. These data were used for the optimization of vitamin D supplementation in order to reach therapeutic targets.

Methods

1,397 25(OH)D plasma levels and relevant clinical information were collected in 664 participants during medical routine follow-up visits. They were genotyped for 7 SNPs in 4 genes known to be associated with 25(OH)D levels. 25(OH)D concentrations were analysed using a population pharmacokinetic approach. The percentage of individuals with 25(OH)D concentrations within the recommended range of 20–40 ng/ml during 12 months of follow-up and several dosage regimens were evaluated by simulation.

Results

A one-compartment model with linear absorption and elimination was used to describe 25(OH)D pharma-cokinetics, while integrating endogenous baseline plasma concentrations. Covariate analyses confirmed the effect of seasonality, body mass index, smoking habits, the analytical method, darunavir/ritonavir and the genetic variant in GC (rs2282679) on 25(OH)D concentrations. 11% of the inter-individual variability in 25(OH)D levels was explained by seasonality and other non-genetic covariates, and 1% by genetics. The optimal supplementation for severe vitamin D deficient patients was 300,000 IU two times per year.

Conclusions

This analysis allowed identifying factors associated with 25(OH)D plasma levels in HIV-infected individuals. Improvement of dosage regimen and timing of vitamin D supplementation is proposed based on those results.
Mitochondrial DNA Mutations in Ageing and Disease: Implications for HIV?
Authors: Payne Brendan AI , Gardner Kristian , Chinnery Patrick F
Published: July 2014

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations cause neurological and multisystem disease. Somatic (acquired) mtDNA mutations are also associated with degenerative diseases and with normal human ageing. It is well established that certain nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) antiretroviral drugs cause inhibition of the mtDNA polymerase, pol γ, leading to a reduction in mtDNA content (depletion). Given this effect of NRTI therapy on mtDNA replication, it is plausible that NRTI treatment may also lead to increased mtDNA mutations. Here we review recent evidence for an effect of HIV infection or NRTI therapy on mtDNA mutations, as well as discussing the methodological challenges in addressing this question. Finally, we discuss the possible implications for HIV-infected persons, with particular reference to ageing.
L'instauration et les effets du seuil électoral de 5 %
Authors: Onclin François
Published: July 2014

Résumé Un seuil électoral de 5 % a été introduit sans grand débat dans le système électoral pour lutter contre la fragmentation des forces politiques. Les petits partis, auxquels cette mesure est préjudiciable, ont saisi la Cour d’arbitrage à maintes reprises afin d’obtenir l’annulation du seuil, qu’ils considèrent comme une entorse au principe, constitutionnalisé, de représentation proportionnelle. François Onclin expose l’origine de l’adoption du seuil électoral. Il examine les intérêts stratégiques et les motivations qui ont amené les acteurs politiques à le soutenir ou à le contester. Il analyse ensuite les arguments des partisans et des opposants du seuil électoral, ainsi que le raisonnement de la Cour d’arbitrage qui a validé le seuil. Au-delà des stratégies et des discours, quels ont été les effets précis du seuil électoral de 5 % ? Ils apparaissent au premier abord relativement limités. Quelques sièges ont été attribués différemment à la Chambre et au Sénat en 2003 et dans le groupe linguistique français du Parlement bruxellois en 2009 en raison du seuil légal de 5 %. Le comportement des électeurs ne s’en est pas trouvé modifié. Mais l’anticipation par les partis des effets potentiels du seuil de 5 % est une conséquence indirecte du seuil, en particulier la création de cartels en Flandre, qui a diminué la lisibilité du jeu politique et s’est révélée être, pour partie, à la base de la crise politique aiguë de 2007-2008.
Diel activity patterns of Paradiplosis tumifex (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and its inquiline, Dasineura balsamicola (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), within young balsam fir
Authors: Carleton R. D. , Johns R. C. , Edwards B. V. , Eveleigh E. S. , Silk P. J.
Published: July 2014

Field studies were carried out to assess diel activity patterns of the balsam gall midge, Paradiplosis tumifex Gagné (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in 2012, and its inquiline, Dasineura balsamicola (Lintner) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in 2013, in a young balsam fir (Abies balsamea (Linnaeus) Miller) stand in New Brunswick, Canada. Both gallmaker and inquiline are most active during the afternoon/evening hours (17:00–22:00 hours). Male gallmaker activity was largely confined to the space below the crown and typically involved short periods of flight of <30 seconds. Calling and mating by the gallmaker occurred at ground level and were followed by dispersal of females to the vegetative crown. Female gallmakers were typically observed in the tree crown beginning in early afternoon, with peak oviposition occurring between 20:00 and 21:00 hours. Female inquilines displayed similar activity patterns, although no calling or mating were observed. Moreover, inquiline flight and foraging for oviposition sites were more active than the gallmaker, with shorter rest periods and more buds visited than the gallmaker. Our results indicate that population monitoring should focus on female gallmakers as they fly during the evening. Also, before any treatment application, care should be taken to accurately identify the insects to ensure that the inquiline is not inadvertently killed.
Quaternary geology of the Carmacks map area, Yukon Territory
Authors: Jackson L E
Published: July 2014

The Carmacks map area has been partly or extensively glaciated a minimum of four times during the past ca. 1.5 million years. The two oldest, named pre-Reid glaciations occurred prior to the last magnetic reversal (>0.78 Ma BP). The pre-Reid
glaciations and subsequent Reid Glaciation were separated by at least two periods of interglacial climate. Interglacial climates were similar to those of today or radically warmer. The Wounded Moose paleosol developed early in this period. Auriferous placers were deposited in the Dawson Range. The
glacial ice was less extensive during Reid Glaciation than during the pre-Reid glaciations. During the period between the Reid and McConnell glaciations, the climate warmed to one comparable to the present. The Diversion Creek paleosol developed during this mild interval. The glacial ice cover of
the latest (McConnell) glaciation was less extensive than that of the Reid Glaciation. Following the end of the McConnell Glaciation, the Yukon River, and presumably other major streams, incised close to their contemporary levels by the early Holocene. Volcano Mountain erupted around the
Pleistocene-Holocene boundary and may have been active during the mid-Holocene.

Bedrock is characteristically competent in the study area with the exception of the Carmacks Group. The most significant occurrences of placer gold occur in the Dawson Range. They result from the weathering and transport of lode gold associated with intrusions of the felsic subvolcanic Mount Nansen
Group. All existing placer operations either overlie or are topographically downslope from Mount Nansen Group intrusions.
Petroleum resource potential of sedimentary basins on the pacific margin of Canada
Authors: Hannigan P K , Dietrich J R , Lee P J , Osadetz K G
Published: July 2014

There are three major sedimentary basins on the Pacific margin of Canada: the Tofino Basin, which overlies the present convergent plate margin west of Vancouver Island; the Queen Charlotte Basin, a transtensional basin lying adjacent to the transform boundary
between the North American and Pacific plates; and the Georgia Basin, a sedimentary basin with foreland affinities in Late Cretaceous to Eocene time, which in the southeast is overlain by the Fraser River delta. The location of these sedimentary basins at complex plate margins has resulted in a
variety of depositional settings that have affected source rock potential and reservoir development. The plate interactions have resulted in a highly variable and complicated tectonic history, which has influenced trap formation, maturation history and petroleum migration. Limited gas production
from Pleistocene sediments in the Fraser delta, a good gas show in a well on the Olympic Peninsula and numerous seepages and other indications of hydrocarbons at surface, in wells and on seismic sections throughout the area, all point to an unrealized hydrocarbon potential. The probabilistic
assessment of oil and gas potential for the sedimentary basins on the Pacific margin indicates that the total median estimate of in-place hydrocarbon volumes for all west coast basins is in the order of 1560 x 106m3 (9.8 x 109\~bbl) of oil and 1228 x 109m3 (43.4 TCF) of gas. There are no
discovered reserves in these west coast plays, but some 97 gas pools larger than 3 x 109m3, and two oil pools larger than 160 x 106m3, are expected to be present. Several of the conceptual plays have significant potential with respect to undiscovered gas volume, particularly the Pliocene and
Miocene gas plays in Queen Charlotte Basin and the Tertiary structural play in the Tofino region. Estimates for oil potential are less optimistic.
Canon, Jubilees 23 and Psalm 90
Authors: Venter Pieter M.
Published: July 2014

There never existed only one form of the biblical canon. This can be seen in the versions as well as editions of the Hebrew and Greek Bibles. History and circumstances played a central role in the gradual growth of eventually different forms of the biblical canon. This process can be studied using the discipline of intertextuality. There always was a movement from traditum to traditio in the growth of these variant forms of biblical canon. This can be seen in an analysis of the intertextuality in Jubilees 23:8–32. The available canon of the day was interpreted there, not according to a specific demarcated volume of canonical scriptures, but in line with the theology presented in those materials, especially that of Psalm 90.
Malachi’s concern for social justice: Malachi 2:17 and 3:5 and its ethical imperatives for faith communities
Authors: Bọlọjẹ Blessing O. , Groenewald Alphonso
Published: July 2014

Any time humans in any culture consider primary ethical concepts, justice will be to the fore. Much seems to hinge upon it whether human society is to function with any semblance of civil order, security and harmony. When justice is pervasively trampled upon, the very fabric of liveable society crumbles. The apprehension for justice is clearly reflected in almost all of the Old Testament (OT). It is an important theological motif in the OT. This is found in such OT literature as historical, legal, prophetic and wisdom writings. This evidence thus reveals that the apprehension for the issue of justice was one of the many ways by which Israel’s multifaceted social life was knit together throughout its various ancient historical developments. No aspect of the life of Israel was excluded from this kind of apprehension for justice, and Yahweh was understood to be actively involved in its entire phase. This article examines Malachi’s fourth disputation in the light of the lawlessness alluded to in Malachi 2:17 and the corruption of personal and civil morality in Malachi 3:5. In the discussions that follow, this article examines the need for the justice of Yahweh; that is, Yahweh’s righting of past wrongs and the reversal of sinful societal order. The purpose is to enact a communal ethic for those who generously care for the neighbourhood and are firm in their devotion to Him, that is, God.
Contribuição dos assentamentos rurais no desmatamento da Amazônia: um olhar sobre o Estado do Pará
Authors: Calandino Danielle , Wehrmann Magda , Koblitz Rodrigo
Published: July 2014

A colonização de terras devolutas na região amazônica para fins de reforma agrária, política social que vem sendo priorizada pelo governo em detrimento de uma política efetiva de redistribuição de terras – o que não foge substancialmente do padrão histórico de ocupação dirigida da região –, tem causado consequências socioambientais em diversas áreas do desenvolvimento que necessitam ser mais intensamente exploradas. Com o intuito de subsidiar essa discussão sob o prisma ambiental, recorreu-se à análise de geoprocessamento. Como medida de impacto ambiental, foi avaliada a dinâmica do desmatamento em 15% dos assentamentos federais do Estado do Pará, durante cinco anos. Os resultados demonstraram haver proporcionalmente mais desmatamentos no interior dos assentamentos do que na área que os circunscreve. No entanto, a velocidade de incremento do desmatamento ao longo dos anos é menor dentro dos assentamentos, quando se excluem as áreas protegidas do Estado. O estudo aponta para possíveis causas que contribuem para a tendência de desmatamento no âmbito dos assentamentos. Fatores como a vulnerabilidade econômica, o atraso na liberação dos financiamentos rurais, as incertezas fundiárias, tamanho dos lotes e a exploração madeireira em assentamentos fictícios são apontados como algumas das causas determinantes do padrão observado.
Effects of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Flour on Viability of Probiotic Bacteria During Kefir Storage
Authors: Boudjou Souhila , Zaidi Farid , Hosseinian Farah , Oomah B. Dave
Published: July 2014

Whole ground faba bean was investigated for its capability and efficiency to enhance bacterial survival and growth during kefir storage. Microbial analyses, pH and total titratable acidity (TTA) were measured in kefir samples, containing starter cultures with or without probiotic bacteria, (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis) supplemented with whole ground faba bean during 28 days cold storage at 4 ºC. Faba bean flour supplementation (4%) stimulated bifidogenic microbial growth, increased titratable acidity linearly from day 1 to 21, and reduced pH during kefir storage. Bacterial count was strongly and positively correlated with lactic acid content and inversely associated with pH. Faba bean contributed to the additive effect on viable cell counts and pH of the probiotic co-culture (Lb. acidophilus and B. lactis), but had a distinct antagonistic effect on titratable acidity of kefir. Hierarchical cluster analysis based on the microbiological, titratable acidity and pH data differentiated kefir corresponding to the presence or absence of faba bean supplementation. Faba bean flour maintain sprobioticst ability and extends kefir shelf life.
La concepción de la historia de la filosofía en Aristóteles
Authors: Martínez Lorca Andrés
Published: July 2014

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Los misterios de la encarnación: algunos problemas en torno al lenguaje análitico de la práctica
Authors: Díaz de Rada Brun Angel , Cruces Francisco
Published: July 2014

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La psicosemántica de Jerry A.Fodo
Authors: Hermida Lazcano Pablo
Published: July 2014

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Galileanos contra corriente : François Blondel y L'art de jetter les bombes (1683)
Authors: Hidalgo Cámara Encarnación
Published: July 2014

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A favor de las ranas y de su condición perdida
Authors: Sánchez Antonio
Published: July 2014

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El objetivo último de la física
Authors: Hermida de la Rica Mariano , Marquina San Miguel María Luisa
Published: July 2014

Se argumenta en las siguientes páginas que el objetivo último de la física quizás no sea hallar las leyes de las interacciones fundamentales, o explicar (en principio) todo en términos de las leyes fundamentales de la física, como se tiende a pensar hoy en día. Y aunque estos objetivos serán perseguidos (supuestamente) durante bastante tiempo, el objetivo final de la física debiera ser cómo disolver estas leyes fundamentales en la "nada", o lo que es lo mismo: cómo eliminarlas
Valores epistémicos y justificación: razón teórica y racionalidad práctica en L. Wittgenstein (Sobre la certeza)
Authors: Corredor Lanas Cristina
Published: July 2014

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La concordia entre la filosofía y religión en el Fasl Al-Maqâl de Averroes
Authors: Maiza Ozcoidi Idoia
Published: July 2014

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RESEÑA de : Sánchez Meca, Diego. Buber (1878-1965). Madrid : Ed. del Orto, 1997
Authors: Sevillano Mir Antonio
Published: July 2014

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RESEÑA de : Ribas Massana, Albert. Biografía del vacio : su historia filosófica y científica desdela Antigüedad a la Edad Moderna. Barcelona : Destino, 1997
Authors: Cortés Morató Jordi
Published: July 2014

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RESEÑA de : Goethe, J. W. Teoría de la naturaleza. Madrid : Tecnos, 1997
Authors: Gambazzi Sergio
Published: July 2014

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Naturalización y relativismo epistemológicos
Authors: Armero Sanjosé Julio César
Published: July 2014

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Condillac: conocimiento y mundo externo
Authors: Martínez Liébana Ismael
Published: July 2014

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RESEÑA de : Domínguez Rey, Antonio. Eros, gnosis, poiesis : a propósito de La llamada exótica
Authors: Sánchez Meca Diego
Published: July 2014

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RESEÑA de : López Sáenz, M.C. Marcuse. Madrid : Ediciones del Orto, 1998
Authors: Picot Castro María Jesús
Published: July 2014

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Filosofar tras el “final de la filosofía”: sobre la cuestión del pensar en la edad de la ciencia
Authors: Riedel Manfred
Published: July 2014

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La ambigüedad de la escritura
Authors: Royo Hernández Simón
Published: July 2014

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Huellas de Hegel
Authors: Ripalda Crespo José María
Published: July 2014

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La Escuela de Frankfurt
Authors: Gabás Raúl
Published: July 2014

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La universalidad del lenguaje en la filosofía hermenéutica de H. G. Gadamer
Authors: López Sáenz Mari Carmen
Published: July 2014

La filosofía hermenéutica de H.G.Gadamer realiza un tratamiento fenomenológico e intencional del lenguaje, que impide reducirlo a un mero comportamiento subjetivo o a un mero instrumento de conocimiento. H.G. Gadamer emprende un estudio fenomenológico del lenguaje según el cual éste no se agota en la conciencia de los hablantes y, por tanto, no es un mero comportamiento subjetivo, a pesar de que constituye nuestra apertura al mundo. El lenguaje excede la conciencia no sólo porque hace posible la objetivación en el mundo de todo posible objeto de conciencia, sino también porque revela el mundo irrelativo absoluto, el cual no es un objeto de conciencia. Asi pues, el lenguaje transciende la conciencia individual, ya que todo pensamiento lo lleva consigo. El mundo del lenguaje puede ser comprendido pero sólo desde él, viviendo en él, no objetivándolo. Ya Heidegger habla demostrado que el lenguaje no es un simple producto del individuo, sino que es histórico y cultural por naturaleza y constituye las matrices en las que viven los individuos, es revelador del ser-en-el-mundo. El lenguaje garantiza el acceso a la investigación ontológica, es —como dijo Heidegger— la casa del ser. Gadamer se opone a la reducción de la palabra al signo y al privilego de la función designativa del lenguaje, que ha conducido a la sustitución del lenguaje natural por otro artificial y univoco, carente de la metafórica y la multivocidad características de aquél. La concepción hermenéutica del lenguaje intenta romper la primacía de la relación sujeto-objeto, típica de la teoría del conocimiento, y anteponer el significado a la referencia. El lenguaje constituye nuestro mundo, es el contexto de nuestra vida e interacción. Toda acción requiere y es resultado de una interpretación y ésta tiene siempre un carácter lingüístico.
El derecho a la filosofía desde el punto de vista cosmopolítico
Authors: Derrida Jacques
Published: July 2014

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Del cristal de la lógica al discurso sin espejo: una perspectiva de la lógica del s. XX
Authors: Vega Luis
Published: July 2014

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