bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Still Too Hot To Handle? Firebrand Radical Feminism
Authors: Mackay Finn
Published: January 2022

This is a particularly important time to be reconsidering and revisiting radical feminism. The contemporary visibility of trans rights movements, and the unsurprising, accompanying backlash from a variety of camps makes this a politically charged and tense moment for reflection on the herstory, present, and future of this school of feminism.
What is the entrainment coefficient of a pure turbulent line plume?
Authors: Richardson James , Hunt Gary R.
Published: January 2022

Despite its pivotal role in the classic theory of turbulent line plumes, there has been no consensus on the value of the entrainment coefficient $\alpha$ suitable for a pure plume. Reported measurements vary by 100 %, from $\alpha =0.1$ to $\alpha =0.2$, hindering the predictive capabilities of plume theory. Following our theoretical developments, measurements of plume entrainment using a new approach and a rigorous assessment of reported values for $\alpha$, we conclude that ${\alpha =0.11\pm 15\,\%}$ should be adopted as the consensus value. Our theoretical framework demonstrates how $\alpha$ is determined from underlying plume measurements, and places an emphasis on the link between measurement uncertainty and uncertainty in $\alpha$. This framework inspired our experimental design, intentionally conceived to precisely determine $\alpha$. From measurements of the plume scalar width and the entrainment velocity outside the plume, we determine that $\alpha =0.108\pm 2\,\%$ ($95\,\%$ confidence interval). Complementing our experiments is an evaluation of the historical data which, after we explain why some reported values of $\alpha$ are erroneous, supports the range $0.095\lesssim \alpha \lesssim 0.13$. The proposed consensus value thus represents both our precisely determined value and the variation in the published data. The significance of a consensus value for $\alpha$ can be summarised as follows: (i) it enhances confidence in the application of plume theory to practical situations and (ii) it permits more detailed comparison of entrainment between pure line plumes and related turbulent flows, including forced and lazy line plumes and wall plumes.
Three-dimensionality of hypersonic laminar flow over a double cone
Authors: Hao Jiaao , Fan Jianhui , Cao Shibin , Wen Chih-Yung
Published: January 2022

Hypersonic laminar flow over a canonical 25°–55° double cone is studied using computational fluid dynamics and global stability analysis (GSA) with a free-stream Mach number of 11.5 and various unit Reynolds numbers. Axisymmetric simulations reveal that secondary separation occurs beneath the primary separation bubble beyond a critical Reynolds number. The numerical results agree well with existing experiments and the triple-deck theory with the axisymmetric effect on the incoming boundary layer treated by the Mangler transformation. The GSA identifies a three-dimensional global instability that is azimuthally periodic immediately prior to the emergence of secondary separation. The criterion of the onset of global instability in terms of a scaled deflection angle established for supersonic compression corner flows (Hao et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 919, 2021, A4) can be directly applied to double-cone flows. As the Reynolds number is further increased, the flow is strongly destabilized with the coexistence of multiple stationary and low-frequency oscillating unstable modes. Direct numerical simulations confirm that the supercritical double-cone flow is intrinsically three-dimensional, unsteady and exhibits strong azimuthal variations in the peak heating.
Effect of phase change on jet atomization: a direct numerical simulation study
Authors: Gao Xinxin , Chen Jianye , Qiu Yinan , Ding Yue , Xie Junlong
Published: January 2022

Atomization is often accompanied by phase change, which could significantly affect performance parameters such as the cooling efficiency and combustion efficiency of atomization. Nevertheless, the effect of phase change on jet atomization is rarely numerically studied due to the complexity of the coupling of the aerodynamics and the thermodynamics as well as the modelling difficulty caused by the cross-scale flow. In this study, comprehensive direct numerical simulations were carried out to evaluate the effects of phase change on the primary breakup and secondary atomization. Two methods dealing with phase-interface movement and mass transfer across the interface are built to meet the requirements of different modelling scales and Weber numbers. Simulation results indicate that phase change affects the flow behaviours and volume distribution of broken droplets in the primary breakup. In the secondary atomization, phase change leads to significantly different deforming morphologies of droplets with low Weber number and a more thorough breakup of droplets with high Weber number.
Influence of slip velocity in a two-phase bubbly jet
Authors: Seo Hyunduk , Marjanovic Goran , Balachandar S. , Kim Kyung Chun
Published: January 2022

The effect of the slip velocity in a bubbly jet (

$Re = 3000$

, initial void

$\textrm {fraction} = 1.1\,\%$

) is studied with various bubble slip ratios (0.07–2.1 times the inlet velocity, 0.01–0.31 m s

$^{-1}$

in dimension). The governing equations, which are the conservation of mass, momentum and volume fraction, are solved by direct numerical simulations. A set of ordinary differential equations was derived by using a conventional one-dimensional integral framework on jets and by expressing the slip velocity using an exponential function. The one-dimensional analysis of bubbly jets successfully predicted the jet velocity radius, centreline velocity and the gas spread rate downstream of the bubbly jet. Second- and third-order statistics were also analysed to better understand the turbulent characteristics of the bubbly jet. A high slip ratio results in a rigid, narrower bubbly jet core region, where the turbulent kinetic energy is conserved along the centreline but does not diffuse towards the ambient region. The narrow, circular region around the core at high slip ratios decreased the turbulent kinetic energy. In the rigid bubbly jet core, turbulent diffusion of the gas phase is suppressed and has low correlations with the velocity fluctuations. Turbulence characteristics such as turbulence stress were compared with single-phase jet and plume results from existing literature. The magnitude of the turbulence characteristics at the lowest slip ratio is comparable with what is found in the literature, but there is a rapid transition from slip ratios of

$0.14$

to

$0.7$

. Furthermore, the turbulent kinetic energy budget was analysed for each case. The production term had the largest contribution, and its magnitude was almost five times the buoyancy production downstream. High slip ratio cases show a positive peak of pressure strain and turbulent diffusion along the centreline.
Large very dense subgraphs in a stream of edges
Authors: Mathieu Claire , de Rougemont Michel
Published: January 2022

We study the detection and the reconstruction of a large very dense subgraph in a social graph with n nodes and m edges given as a stream of edges, when the graph follows a power law degree distribution, in the regime when
$m=O(n. \log n)$
. A subgraph S is very dense if it has
$\Omega(|S|^2)$
edges. We uniformly sample the edges with a Reservoir of size
$k=O(\sqrt{n}.\log n)$
. Our detection algorithm checks whether the Reservoir has a giant component. We show that if the graph contains a very dense subgraph of size
$\Omega(\sqrt{n})$
, then the detection algorithm is almost surely correct. On the other hand, a random graph that follows a power law degree distribution almost surely has no large very dense subgraph, and the detection algorithm is almost surely correct. We define a new model of random graphs which follow a power law degree distribution and have large very dense subgraphs. We then show that on this class of random graphs we can reconstruct a good approximation of the very dense subgraph with high probability. We generalize these results to dynamic graphs defined by sliding windows in a stream of edges.
PREMATURE OXIDATION DURING ARGON PLASMA CLEANING OF WATER-RICH RADIOCARBON SAMPLES
Authors: Cox J Royce , Blinman Eric , Wacker Lukas , Rowe Marvin W
Published: January 2022

Plasma oxidation for 14C sampling utilizes low-pressure (133 Pa), low-energy (<50 W), and low- temperature (<50°C) Ar- and O2-plasmas generating CO2 for AMS dating. O2-plasmas on empty chambers remove organic contamination. When clean, a new specimen is inserted and Ar-plasmas dislodge adsorbed atmospheric CO2 from surfaces. Finally, O2-plasmas oxidize organic materials to CO2 for AMS analysis. During some Ar-plasmas we observed anomalous pressure increases and unexpectedly high CO2. Residual gas analysis detected water, hydrogen and oxygen species with Ar and CO2 indicating water plasmas that produced excited oxygen species that prematurely oxidized specimen organic matter. Evolution of excess CO2 during Ar cleaning compromises the ability to affirm that atmospheric CO2 was removed. Standards, TIRI Belfast Pine and VIRI I Whalebone, were dated to determine whether water-induced oxidation was a confounding influence in dating. TIRI wood was sampled twice, once a water-soaked specimen in an Ar plasma and once with water-vapor-plasma only. The TIRI dates agreed with six earlier dates on usual specimens. A colloidal extract from VIRI I whale bone was also sampled and dated twice using both water–plasma oxidation in an Ar-plasma and in an O2-plasma. Dating agreement suggests that water plasmas do not pose undue risks of contamination.
Coming out to Vote: The Construction of a Lesbian and Gay Electoral Constituency in the United States
Authors: PROCTOR ANDREW
Published: January 2022

Using the formation of a lesbian and gay electoral constituency as a case, this article demonstrates how activists and party elites contest and construct collective identities and groups. Activist–party interactions produce identity-building feedback that recognizes some groups and identities and rejects others, creating conditions for people to see themselves as partisans. I call this process “constitutive group mobilization.” I find that, when party actors affirmed civil rights and libertarian constructions of lesbian and gay people and politics, mobilization was relatively bipartisan. Republicans’ emerging alliance with the Christian Right, however, brought activists to form the National Association of Lesbian and Gay Democratic Clubs, crystallizing civil rights as the dominant linkage to partisanship. These developments reveal how groups and identities form endogenously to parties rather than entering the party system as preformed entities with fixed interests and partisanship. Thus, the lesbian and gay case provides insights about group and identity formation previously overlooked in party and LGBT politics scholarship.
National Debt and Political Allegiance in Eighteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Weber Lina
Published: January 2022

The article traces a hitherto-neglected form of political obligation, one that resulted from national debt and relied on creditors’ self-interest. Eighteenth-century commentators argued that William III had introduced public borrowing to gain support from the people and to maintain the Revolution Settlement. This claim was first made by tories and became a staple argument of opposition authors. Around the middle of the eighteenth century, this connection between national debt and political allegiance was reassessed. Robert Wallace presented the debt as a price worth paying for the excellent British constitution, David Hume considered it as Britain's last hope to maintain the established order. In the discussions of American independence, the association of national debt with political obligation was used for divergent purposes. While Adam Smith and Richard Price utilized it to argue for a reform of empire, Thomas Paine urged the American provinces to unite under an American national debt. Drawing on authors from various political allegiances in eighteenth-century Britain, the article shows how the same idea about national debt and political obligation could be used for different purposes.
Technophany and Its Publics: Artisans, Technicians, and the Rise of Vishwakarma Worship in India
Authors: George Kenneth M. , Narayan Kirin
Published: January 2022

The worship of Vishwakarma, a god long associated with India's hereditary artisans and their tools, has achieved new relevance with the rise of industrial capitalism in South Asia. No longer moored solely to artisanal caste interests, worship of the god heralds a range of publics in whichtechnē(crafting, fabricating, or making) is an exalted activity and public concern. Using “technophany” as a conceptual framework, we argue that deifications of technology and technicity sit at the core of Vishwakarma worship. Rather than treat religion and technology as ontologically distinct modalities of being-in-the-world, we use this framework to show how artisans, technicians, mechanics, and engineers use Vishwakarma worship to bring industrial technologies into alignment with the cosmos. Drawing on historical and ethnographic materials, we push beyond earlier scholarship that has treated Vishwakarma worship as a holdover from peasant culture or as a set of practices pitted against industrial capitalism.
Prevalence of herpes zoster virus reactivation in patients diagnosed with Bell's palsy
Authors: Freire de Castro R , Crema D , Neiva F C , Pinto R A S R , Suzuki F A
Published: January 2022

Objective

Herpes zoster virus can cause inflammatory neuropathy of the facial nerve. However, studies evaluating the prevalence of this agent in peripheral facial palsy are heterogeneous regarding sample group selection, laboratory analysis method and variables studied. In addition, there are a lack of epidemiological data in the Brazilian population on this serological phenomenon in peripheral facial palsy. This study estimated herpes zoster reactivation prevalence in serological samples through chemiluminescence immunoassay for quantitative determination of specific antibodies directed against the virus.

Methods

This cross-sectional study sought to determine the prevalence of viral reactivation by herpes zoster in subjects with idiopathic peripheral facial palsy through analysis of serological samples over a year.

Results

Forty-seven patients (32 females and 15 males) participated. Severe paralysis was more common in older patients (p = 0.017). Facial pain (p = 0.02) and vertigo (p = 0.001) were related to a worse evolution of facial palsy. The rate of serological reactivation of the virus was 12.76 per cent.

Conclusion

The rate of serological reactivation of herpes virus in idiopathic peripheral facial palsy in our population is similar to foreign literature data, suggesting similar aetiological mechanisms in the genesis of this morbidity.
Self-harm in pregnancy and the postnatal year: prevalence and risk factors
Authors: Ayre Karyn , Liu Xiaoqin , Howard Louise M. , Dutta Rina , Munk-Olsen Trine
Published: January 2022

Background

Self-harm in pregnancy or the year after birth (‘perinatal self-harm’) is clinically important, yet prevalence rates, temporal trends and risk factors are unclear.

Methods

A cohort study of 679 881 mothers (1 172 191 pregnancies) was conducted using Danish population register data-linkage. Hospital treatment for self-harm during pregnancy and the postnatal period (12 months after live delivery) were primary outcomes. Prevalence rates 1997–2015, in women with and without psychiatric history, were calculated. Cox regression was used to identify risk factors.

Results

Prevalence rates of self-harm were, in pregnancy, 32.2 (95% CI 28.9–35.4)/100 000 deliveries and, postnatally, 63.3 (95% CI 58.8–67.9)/100 000 deliveries. Prevalence rates of perinatal self-harm in women without a psychiatric history remained stable but declined among women with a psychiatric history. Risk factors for perinatal self-harm: younger age, non-Danish birth, prior self-harm, psychiatric history and parental psychiatric history. Additional risk factors for postnatal self-harm: multiparity and preterm birth. Of psychiatric conditions, personality disorder was most strongly associated with pregnancy self-harm (aHR 3.15, 95% CI 1.68–5.89); psychosis was most strongly associated with postnatal self-harm (aHR 6.36, 95% CI 4.30–9.41). For psychiatric disorders, aHRs were higher postnatally, particularly for psychotic and mood disorders.

Conclusions

Perinatal self-harm is more common in women with pre-existing psychiatric history and declined between 1997 and 2015, although not among women without pre-existing history. Our results suggest it may be a consequence of adversity and psychopathology, so preventative intervention research should consider both social and psychological determinants among women with and without psychiatric history.
‘Viva Malta’: national unity, loyalty and the familiar in a post-independence Maltese song
Authors: Ciantar Philip , Mamo Renè
Published: January 2022

In the years following its independence from Britain in 1964, Malta experienced several changes socially, politically, economically and culturally. In part, these arose from the fact that after independence Malta, as a small Mediterranean island-country, had to take full control of its own destiny, including its economy and politics. At approximately the same time a band called The Malta Bums was set up and eventually gained popularity both locally and further afield. Their 1967 release of ‘Viva Malta’ achieved unprecedented success and is still hugely popular today. This article analyses this song in its historical, cultural and social context. It discusses how and why this track became so popular at that time and is still popular nowadays. For that purpose, it scrutinises its music and lyrics, as well as the production process and how each one of these built on the familiar to convey sentiments of national unity central to the loyalty that the lyrics call for.
Balance control based on six-dimensional spatial mechanics and velocity adjustment through region intervention and foot landing for quadruped robot
Authors: Luo Bende
Published: January 2022

Currently, the body balance control algorithm of a quadruped robot executing trot gait motion is more complex and computationally intensive, which is not conducive to improving the real-time control performance of the robot. This paper proposes a six-dimensional spatial mechanics decoupling algorithm to enhance the balance control accuracy during trot gait while optimizing the computational effort. A 6 × 6 matrix is established to describe the relationship between six ground reaction forces of the diagonal supporting leg and six spatial forces and torques controlling robot degrees of freedom, which is optimized to reach the full rank. Decoupling calculation is adopted to obtain required ground reaction forces by matrix inverse operation, and forces are converted to joint motor torques utilizing the Jacobian matrix. The trajectory of the swing leg foot is generated based on cubic interpolation, and the robot motion speed is adjusted by selecting the landing point. This paper also proposes a region intervention control method based on center of mass projection to regulate the moving speed while ensuring the balance of the robot. Finally, the algorithm is verified by simulation using open source software Webots. The results show that when the robot moves at an average speed of 0.5 m/s, the lateral displacement change of the robot is less than 0.009 m, the height change is less than 0.003 m, and the rotating angles around the x, y, and z axes are less than 0.0036 rad, 0.0013 rad, and 0.001 rad, respectively.
Environmental correlates of some selected fish species in the Jebba Dam, North-Central Nigeria
Authors: Oladipo Segun O. , Nneji Lotanna M. , Adeniyi Akinkunle V. , Adeyemi-Ale Olutomi A. , Adelakun Kehinde M.
Published: January 2022

There is a lack of comprehensive understanding of environmental factors influencing fish species’ abundance and distribution in some Nigerian freshwater ecosystems. Our study investigated the environmental factors that drive the abundance and distribution of three economically important fishes –Lates niloticus, Citharinus citharus, andDistichondus rostratus– in Jebba Hydroelectric power dam in Northcentral Nigeria. The species catch abundance was determined using gillnets of different mesh sizes, each measuring 50 m length and 20 m deep. The physicochemical parameters were also assessed following standard methods. A total relative abundance of 47.49%, 27.74%, 24.77% were observed forC. citharus,L. niloticus, andD. rostratus, respectively. The canonical correspondence analysis showed that the catch abundance ofL. niloticusassociates with water volume, turbidity, phosphate, and hydrogen carbonate. Analysis showed that water hardness, biological oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), and chloride levels drive the catch abundance ofD. rostratus, whileC. citharusassociates with temperature and depth. The linear Pearson correlation showed a strong positive relationship of the abundance ofL. niloticuswith turbidity, phosphate, total suspended solids, hydrogen carbonate, water depth, temperature, and water volume. Our result showed a strong positive association of the abundance ofC. citharuswith water volume, total dissolved solids, temperature, and water depth. A strong positive relationship of the abundance ofD. rostratuswith conductivity, water depth, and total dissolved solids was reported. Our study improved knowledge on the environmental factors affecting the abundance of three economically important freshwater fishes in Jebba Hydroelectric dam. Further study is needed to investigate the impact of global climate change on the future distribution of these freshwater fish species.
Effects of childhood trauma in psychopathy and response inhibition
Authors: Bedwell Stacey A. , Hickman Charlotte
Published: January 2022

Childhood trauma is linked to impairments in executive function and working memory, thought to underly psychological disorders including depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Research demonstrates that childhood trauma can partially mediate posttraumatic stress disorder in those with executive function deficits. Despite a link with executive function deficit, psychopathy as a consequence of trauma is yet to be studied in this context. The present study investigates the possibility of a relationship between childhood trauma, psychopathic traits, and response inhibition. Eighty participants were tasked to completed the Childhood Traumatic Events Scale (Pennebaker & Susman, 2013), Levenson’s Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (Levenson et al., 1995), and Flanker task of response inhibition (Eriksen & Eriksen, 1974). Scores of trauma exposure, psychopathic traits, and reaction times in the Flanker task were measured. Regression analysis revealed no significance for trauma exposure in predicting psychopathic traits (p = .201) and response inhibition (p = .183), indicating that childhood trauma does not strongly predict susceptibility to psychopathic traits or response inhibition deficits. These findings form an important basis on which to build a further understanding of the consequences of childhood trauma exposure, specifically in terms of understanding how specific cognitive functions may be influenced and providing a clearer understanding of how psychopathic traits develop.
An analysis of property inference methods
Authors: Rosenfeld Alex , Erk Katrin
Published: January 2022

Property inference involves predicting properties for a word from its distributional representation. We focus on human-generated resources that link words to their properties and on the task of predicting these properties for unseen words. We introduce the use of label propagation, a semi-supervised machine learning approach, for this task and, in the first systematic study of models for this task, find that label propagation achieves state-of-the-art results. For more variety in the kinds of properties tested, we introduce two new property datasets.
Prospects for Democratic Breakdown in the United States: Bringing the States Back In
Authors: Grofman Bernard
Published: January 2022

The greatest threat of democratic breakdown stems from the federal structure of the US Constitution and from false claims of election fraud with the potential for state- or congressional- level reversals of popular vote outcomes. The potential for such a breakdown was revealed by the events of January 6, 2021, with tens of millions of voters still believing in the big lie and the repetition of that lie by legislators and government officials. It is exacerbated by hyperpolarization, minoritarian control caused by partisan gerrymandering for state legislative districts and in the US House, malapportionment in the US Senate, and the highest likelihood of Electoral College reversals of popular vote outcomes in more than a century. Democratic breakdown is also made more likely by recent legislation that makes it easier for legislators in some gerrymandered states to reverse the outcomes of the popular vote in their states.
UWB antenna with novel FSS reflector for the enhancement of the gain and bandwidth
Authors: Pandhare Rashmi A. , Abegaonkar Mahesh P. , Dhote Chandresh
Published: January 2022

In this paper, a novel ultra-wide-band antenna backed by a suspended ground for an enhancement of bandwidth and a frequency selective surface (FSS) reflector for the enhancement of gain is proposed in order to meet the specific coverage requirements for broadband applications. The impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 13.4 GHz (1.8–15.2 GHz). To enhance the gain of the antenna, a FSS reflector is employed below the suggested ultra wide-band antenna. A novel FSS, which consists of 5 × 5 array of elements, located at a distance of 1.01 λ (36.14 mm) below the proposed antenna. There is 4–5 dBi improvement in antenna gain after application of the FSS. In order to observe the signal correlation of the proposed antenna, the time domain analysis using similar antennas in face-to-face and side-to-side scenarios has been performed using the EM simulation tool CST-STUDIO. The simulated results of the proposed antenna exhibit good agreement with the experimental results of the prototype model antenna.
Engendering Liberal Revolution in Nineteenth-Century Spanish America: Women, Partisan Politics, and the Federalist War in Colombia, 1859–1863
Authors: Murray Pamela S.
Published: January 2022

This article traces women's involvement in Colombia's mid nineteenth-century Liberal Revolution, particularly the 1860 Liberal-Federalist revolt led by General Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera and the two-and-a-half year civil war, or Federalist War, it precipitated. It uses personal correspondence and other archival sources to trace that involvement, highlighting how women both participated in the war, taking sides with one or another of the country's two rival political parties (Liberals or Conservatives), and shaped the larger partisan contest in which the fighting was embedded. It shows first how Mosquera's female supporters cooperated with him, offering logistical support and information that proved critical to the Liberal-Federalists’ eventual victory. It also shows how Conservative women opposed or resisted Mosquera and his followers. The article, moreover, examines the efforts of members of both groups of female partisans—pro-Mosquera Liberals or “Rojas” and anti-Mosquera “Godas”—to influence politics and public opinion, whether through private, behind-the-scenes personal conversation or through the spread of news, and sometimes disinformation. Above all, it reveals how women shaped the wartime public sphere through their active participation in the so-called ‘war of words’—the fierce ideological and rhetorical struggle that defined the very terms and meaning of the conflict.
Target site resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibitors in a fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx.) accession from Wisconsin and its response to alternative herbicides
Authors: Nunes Jose J. , Raiyemo Damilola A. , Arneson Nicholas J. , Rosa Alexandre T. , Tranel Patrick J. , Werle Rodrigo
Published: January 2022

Owing to the lack of effective POST herbicide options, producers typically rely on nicosulfuron as the main POST grass herbicide in sweet corn production systems. In 2019, a Wisconsin sweet corn producer reported fall panicum control escapes after spraying nicosulfuron. Seeds from mature plants were collected to (1) measure fall panicum response to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides, (2) elucidate the resistance mechanism, and (3) evaluate its response to alternative POST herbicides. Greenhouse and laboratory investigations were conducted to assess fall panicum response to ALS-inhibiting herbicides and elucidate the resistance mechanism. Dose–response results showed that fall panicum was highly resistant to nicosulfuron with a resistance ratio of >12.9-fold (survived rates >254 g ai ha−1, or 8× the field label rate). Molecular and genetic studies indicated that there are multiple ALS gene copies in fall panicum and that resistance was due to a mutation in one copy, resulting in an Asp-376-Glu amino acid substitution. Additional greenhouse experiments indicate that clethodim (105 g ai ha−1), quizalofop-p-ethyl (70 g ae ha−1), glyphosate (864 g ae ha−1), and glufosinate (650 g ai ha−1) are effective POST options to manage the ALS-resistant fall panicum (>90.0% control and 96.8% biomass reduction) in rotational years. The 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)-inhibiting herbicides isoxaflutole (105 g ai ha−1), mesotrione (105 g ai ha−1), tembotrione (92 g ai ha−1), and tolpyralate (39 g ai ha−1) did not provide effective POST fall panicum control. Because these herbicides are commonly used for POST weed control in sweet corn, more investigations are required to evaluate combinations of HPPD-inhibiting herbicides with herbicides from other sites of action for POST fall panicum control. Herein we confirm the first case of herbicide resistance in fall panicum in the United States.
Infrasound–Electric‐Field Coupling Associated With the 2018 Shinmoe‐Dake Eruptions, Kirishima Volcanic Complex, Japan
Authors: Aniya Satoru , Aizawa Koki , Matsushima Takeshi
Published: January 2022

Shinmoe‐dake volcano, which is within the Kirishima volcanic complex, Japan, erupted from March to June 2018. The eruptions were recorded by various geophysical instruments that were installed 3.1–5.4 km from the crater. Here we present the first documented evidence of infrasound‐induced electric‐field changes in the near surface at the time of the explosive eruptions. Significant electric‐field changes coincide with the infrasound arrivals. An order‐of‐magnitude estimation of the electric field indicates that the electrokinetic mechanism induced by pore water movement relative to the host rock, is a plausible cause of the observed infrasound–electric‐field coupling. The ground displacement and electric‐field particle motions suggest that the infrasound waves from the explosive eruptions produce vertical ground motion, and simultaneously induce horizontal groundwater flow, which subsequently generates electric‐field changes due to the propagation of the infrasound wave.
Factors Controlling Acidification in Intermediate and Deep/Bottom Layers of the Japan/East Sea
Authors: Li Lan , Chen Baoshan , Luo Yiming , Xia Jinqi , Qi Di
Published: January 2022

Much effort has been devoted to studying the absorption of anthropogenic CO2 by the surface and subsurface ocean, where surface seawater acidifies rapidly while the deep ocean was thought to respond to CO2 intrusion at longer time scales. However, recent studies have revealed rapid acidification of the deep Japan/East Sea, implying that ongoing changes in ocean dynamics are accelerating acidification at depth, and the controlling mechanisms have not been fully addressed. Using a multibox model of ocean circulation and carbonate chemistry, we demonstrate that a combination of reduced deep/bottom water formation and an increase in organic matter remineralization can best explain the observed pattern of rapid acidification in deep waters. In contrast, acidification in the intermediate layer is controlled by increased particulate organic carbon remineralization accompanied by intensified intermediate ventilation. Variations of ventilation and remineralization of particulate organic carbon dominating acidification in different layers of the water column need to be considered in future investigations.
Explaining NOMAD D/H Observations by Cloud‐Induced Fractionation of Water Vapor on Mars
Authors: Daerden F. , Neary L. , Villanueva G. , Liuzzi G. , Aoki S. , Clancy R. T. , Whiteway J. A. , Sandor B. J. , Smith M. D. , Wolff M. J. , Pankine A. , Khayat A. , Novak R. , Cantor B. , Crismani M. , Mumma M. J. , Viscardy S. , Erwin J. , Depiesse C. , Mahieux A. , Piccialli A. , Robert S. , Trompet L. , Willame Y. , Neefs E. , Thomas I. R. , Ristic B. , Vandaele A. C.
Published: January 2022

The vertical profiles of water vapor and its semi‐heavy hydrogen isotope HDO provided by instruments on ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter constitute a unique new data set to understand the Martian water cycle including its isotopic composition. As water vapor undergoes hydrogen isotopic fractionation upon deposition (but not sublimation), the D/H isotopic ratio in water is a tracer of phase transitions, and a key quantity to understand the long‐term history of water on Mars. Here, we present 3D global simulations of D/H in water vapor and compare them to the vertically resolved observations of D/H and water ice clouds taken by NOMAD during the second half of Mars year 34. D/H is predicted to be constant with height up to the main cloud level, above which it drops because of strong fractionation, explaining the upper cut‐off in the NOMAD observations when HDO drops below detectability. During the global and regional dust storms of 2018/2019, we find that HDO ascends with H2O, and that the D/H ratio is constant and detectable up to larger heights. The simulations are within the provided observational uncertainties over wide ranges in season, latitude and height. Our work provides evidence that the variability of the D/H ratio in the lower and middle atmosphere of Mars is controlled by fractionation on water ice clouds, and thus modulated by diurnally and seasonally varying cloud formation. We find no evidence of other processes or reservoirs that would have a significant impact on the D/H ratio in water vapor.
Statistical Analysis of Refractive and Diffractive Scintillation at High Latitudes
Authors: Conroy James P. , Deshpande Kshitija , Scales Wayne , Zaghloul Amir
Published: January 2022

A comprehensive statistical analysis was performed on Global Positioning System scintillation data acquired at high latitudes from 2014 to 2017 after separating phase scintillation events originating from refraction and/or diffraction. Events exceeding a prescribed threshold were identified and analyzed statistically as a function of time, latitude, and propagation angle. The statistical analysis indicates that at high latitudes phase scintillation, which occurs more frequently than amplitude scintillation, is generated through refractive processes which can typically be treated as a stochastic Total Electron Content effect at high latitudes for Global Navigation Satellite System frequencies, and have the highest probability around magnetic noon in the Cusp. On average the phase scintillation index values decrease as a function of latitude, particularly during the first 6 hr of the evening. In addition, irregularities on the poleward side of the aurora are predominantly smaller than the Fresnel scale, when amplitude scintillation events are observed. By comparison, the mean of the phase scintillations on the equatorial side of the aurora, when amplitude scintillations are also present, indicates the existence of irregularities which are larger and smaller than the Fresnel scale. We also found that, during the day and at dusk, the spectral content of the irregularities apparently changes with decreasing off‐B Angle. No such increase is readily apparent at night or at dawn.
Overriding Plate Deformation and Topography During Slab Rollback and Slab Rollover: Insights From Subduction Experiments
Authors: Xue K. , Schellart W. P. , Strak V.
Published: January 2022

Some subduction zones in nature show mainly overriding plate (OP) extension and low topography, and others show mainly shortening and elevated topography. Here we investigate how end‐member subduction modes (trench retreat with slab rollback and trench advance with slab rollover) affect overriding plate deformation (OPD), topography, and mantle flow with time‐evolving three‐dimensional fully‐dynamic analog models using particle image velocimetry. We conduct two sets of experiments, one of which is characterized by trench retreat, and the other characterized by trench advance. Experiments showing continuous trench retreat experience overall OP extension, while experiments dominated by trench advance experience overall shortening. Both subduction modes present fore‐arc shortening and intra‐arc extension. Our experiments indicate that the overall OPD is mainly driven by the horizontal mantle flow at the base of the OP inducing a viscous drag force (FD), and is determined by the horizontal gradient of the horizontal mantle shear rate , which controls the horizontal trench‐normal gradient in FD. Furthermore, a large‐scale trenchward OP tilting and overall subsidence are observed in the experiments showing continuous trench retreat, while a landward OP tilting and an overall uplift are observed during long‐term trench advance. The two types of topography during the two different subduction modes can be ascribed to the downward component of the large‐scale trenchward mantle flow and the upward component of the landward mantle flow, respectively, and thus represent forms of dynamic topography. Our models showing trench advance provide a possible mechanism for OPD and topography at the Makran subduction zone.
Deep physical neural networks trained with backpropagation
Authors: Wright Logan G. , Onodera Tatsuhiro , Stein Martin M. , Wang Tianyu , Schachter Darren T. , Hu Zoey , McMahon Peter L.
Published: January 2022

Deep-learning models have become pervasive tools in science and engineering. However, their energy requirements now increasingly limit their scalability1. Deep-learning accelerators2–9 aim to perform deep learning energy-efficiently, usually targeting the inference phase and often by exploiting physical substrates beyond conventional electronics. Approaches so far10–22 have been unable to apply the backpropagation algorithm to train unconventional novel hardware in situ. The advantages of backpropagation have made it the de facto training method for large-scale neural networks, so this deficiency constitutes a major impediment. Here we introduce a hybrid in situ–in silico algorithm, called physics-aware training, that applies backpropagation to train controllable physical systems. Just as deep learning realizes computations with deep neural networks made from layers of mathematical functions, our approach allows us to train deep physical neural networks made from layers of controllable physical systems, even when the physical layers lack any mathematical isomorphism to conventional artificial neural network layers. To demonstrate the universality of our approach, we train diverse physical neural networks based on optics, mechanics and electronics to experimentally perform audio and image classification tasks. Physics-aware training combines the scalability of backpropagation with the automatic mitigation of imperfections and noise achievable with in situ algorithms. Physical neural networks have the potential to perform machine learning faster and more energy-efficiently than conventional electronic processors and, more broadly, can endow physical systems with automatically designed physical functionalities, for example, for robotics23–26, materials27–29 and smart sensors30–32.
A loss-based patch label denoising method for improving whole-slide image analysis using a convolutional neural network
Authors: Ashraf Murtaza , Robles Willmer Rafell Quiñones , Kim Mujin , Ko Young Sin , Yi Mun Yong
Published: January 2022

This paper proposes a deep learning-based patch label denoising method (LossDiff) for improving the classification of whole-slide images of cancer using a convolutional neural network (CNN). Automated whole-slide image classification is often challenging, requiring a large amount of labeled data. Pathologists annotate the region of interest by marking malignant areas, which pose a high risk of introducing patch-based label noise by involving benign regions that are typically small in size within the malignant annotations, resulting in low classification accuracy with many Type-II errors. To overcome this critical problem, this paper presents a simple yet effective method for noisy patch classification. The proposed method, validated using stomach cancer images, provides a significant improvement compared to other existing methods in patch-based cancer classification, with accuracies of 98.81%, 97.30% and 89.47% for binary, ternary, and quaternary classes, respectively. Moreover, we conduct several experiments at different noise levels using a publicly available dataset to further demonstrate the robustness of the proposed method. Given the high cost of producing explicit annotations for whole-slide images and the unavoidable error-prone nature of the human annotation of medical images, the proposed method has practical implications for whole-slide image annotation and automated cancer diagnosis.
Arousal-based pupil modulation is dictated by luminance
Authors: Pan Jasmine , Klímová Michaela , McGuire Joseph T. , Ling Sam
Published: January 2022

Pupillometry has become a standard measure for assessing arousal state. However, environmental factors such as luminance, a primary dictator of pupillary responses, often vary across studies. To what degree does luminance interact with arousal-driven pupillary changes? Here, we parametrically assessed luminance-driven pupillary responses across a wide-range of luminances, while concurrently manipulating cognitive arousal using auditory math problems of varying difficulty. At the group-level, our results revealed that the modulatory effect of cognitive arousal on pupil size interacts multiplicatively with luminance, with the largest effects occurring at low and mid-luminances. However, at the level of individuals, there were qualitatively distinct individual differences in the modulatory effect of cognitive arousal on luminance-driven pupillary responses. Our findings suggest that pupillometry as a measure for assessing arousal requires more careful consideration: there are ranges of luminance levels that are more ideal in observing pupillary differences between arousal conditions than others.
Colistin exposure enhances expression of eptB in colistin-resistant Escherichia coli co-harboring mcr-1
Authors: Elizabeth Rajkumari , Baishya Somorita , Kalita Bubul , Wangkheimayum Jayalaxmi , Choudhury Manabendra Dutta , Chanda Debadatta Dhar , Bhattacharjee Amitabha
Published: January 2022

Colistin resistance has increased due to the increasing and inappropriate use of this antibiotic. The mechanism involves modification of lipid A with phosphoethanolamine (PEtN) and/or 4-amino-4deoxy-l-arabinose (L-Ara4N). EptA and eptB catalyze the transfer of phosphoethanolamine to lipid A. In this study, gene network was constructed to find the associated genes related to colistin resistance, and further in vitro validation by transcriptional analysis was performed. In silico studies showed that eptB gene is a highly interconnected node in colistin resistance gene network. To ascertain these findings twelve colistin-resistant clinical isolates of Escherichia coli were selected in which five were harboring the plasmid-mediated mcr-1. Screening for colistin resistance was performed by broth microdilution (BMD) method and Rapid polymyxin NP test. PCR confirmed the presence of the eptA and eptB genes in all isolates and five isolates were harboring mcr-1. Transcriptional expression in five isolates harboring mcr-1, showed an enhanced expression of eptB when exposed under sub-inhibitory colistin stress. The present study for the first time highlighted genetic interplay between mcr-1 and eptA and eptB under colistin exposure.
Multivalent self-assembled nano string lights for tumor-targeted delivery and accelerated biomarker imaging in living cells and in vivo
Authors: Li Zhijun , Li Qiannan , Wu Yanan , Yuan Kun , Shi Mingqing , Li Yiwei , Meng Hong-Min , Li Zhaohui
Published: January 2022

Multivalent self-assembled nano string lights for tumor-targeted delivery with high efficiency and accelerated biomarker imaging in living cells and in vivo.
On the origin of chaotrope-modulated electrocatalytic activity of cytochrome c at electrified aqueous|organic interfaces
Authors: Gamero-Quijano Alonso , Cazade Pierre-André , Bhattacharya Shayon , Walsh Sarah , Herzog Grégoire , Thompson Damien , Scanlon Micheál D.
Published: January 2022

Aqueous chaotropes accelerate the electrocatalytic activity of adsorbed cytochrome c towards reactive oxygen species (ROS) production at electrified aqueous|organic interfaces.
Solving the discrepancy between the direct and relative-rate determinations of unimolecular reaction kinetics of dimethyl-substituted Criegee intermediate (CH3)2COO using a new photolytic precursor
Authors: Peltola Jari , Seal Prasenjit , Vuorio Niko , Heinonen Petri , Eskola Arkke
Published: January 2022

Direct kinetic experiments of (CH3)2COO unimolecular reaction using a new photolytic precursor reveal that the (CH3)2COO → Products is more important main loss process of (CH3)2COO in the atmosphere than direct kinetic studies hitherto suggest.
Soft X-ray signatures of cationic manganese–oxo systems, including a high-spin manganese(v) complex
Authors: Delcey Mickaël G. , Lindblad Rebecka , Timm Martin , Bülow Christine , Zamudio-Bayer Vicente , von Issendorff Bernd , Lau J. Tobias , Lundberg Marcus
Published: January 2022

Limitations in synthesis of high-valent metal–oxo complexes are circumvented by trapping a series of ionic Mn–oxo complexes. One of them is a rare high-spin Mn(v)–oxo, which can serve as a template to identify similar intermediates in catalysis.
A facile surface alloy-engineering route to enable robust lithium metal anodes
Authors: Liao Xiaobin , Liu Qian , Liu Xiaolin , Zhu Shaohua , Zhao Kangning , Zhao Yan
Published: January 2022

Li-rich alloys have been developed as advanced artificial SEI layers to suppress the formation of Li dendrites and parasitic reactions on the Li metal anode.
K+ extraction induced phase evolution of KFeO2
Authors: Zhang Shiyu , Sun Jian , Gao Jianghui , Jiang Wen , Cheng Liwei , Wang Hao , Lin Jun , Peng Cheng , Wang Jianqiang
Published: January 2022

The phase evolution process arises from K+ extraction in moist KFeO2 and a reversed K+ reinsertion process after high temperature calcination.
On the absolute photoionization cross section and threshold photoelectron spectrum of two reactive ketenes in lignin valorization: fulvenone and 2-carbonyl cyclohexadienone
Authors: Pan Zeyou , Bodi Andras , van Bokhoven Jeroen A. , Hemberger Patrick
Published: January 2022

The absolute photoionization cross section (PICS) of these crucial ketene intermediates supports their quantification in lignin pyrolysis, combustion and organic synthesis.
A modified Jarzynski free-energy estimator to eliminate non-conservative forces and its application in nanoparticle–membrane interactions
Authors: Hosseini Atiyeh (Najla) , Lund Mikael , Ejtehadi Mohammad Reza
Published: January 2022

A Pair Forces method is introduced to remove the contribution of non-conservative forces in free energy calculations.
Formation of 1-ethynyl-1H-silole from the reaction of silicon atoms with benzene: matrix infrared spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations
Authors: Li Danyang , Xu Jiaping , Xu Xin , Yang Wenshao , Jian Jiwen
Published: January 2022

Spectroscopic evidence of forming a silole derivative directly through the reaction of atomic silicon with benzene presented for the first time.