bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Methodological Approach to Evaluate Livestock Innovations on Small-Scale Farms in Developing Countries
Authors: García-Martínez Antón , Rivas-Rangel José , Rangel-Quintos Jaime , Espinosa José , Barba Cecilio , De-Pablos-Heredero Carmen
Published: June 2016

The aim of the study was deepening the knowledge of livestock innovations knowledge on small-scale farms in developing countries. First, we developed a methodology focused on identifying potential appropriate livestock innovations for smallholders and grouped them in innovation areas, defined as a set of well-organized practices with a business purpose. Finally, a process management program (PMP) was evaluated according to the livestock innovation level and viability of the small-scale farms. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the impact of PMP on the economic viability of the farm. Information from 1650 small-scale livestock farms in Mexico was collected and the innovations were grouped in five innovation areas: A1. Management, A2. Feeding, A3. Genetic, A4. Reproduction and A5. Animal Health. The resulting innovation level in the system was low at 45.7% and heterogeneous among areas. This study shows the usefulness of the methodology described and confirms that implementing a PMP allows improving the viability an additional 21%, due to a better integration of processes, resulting in more efficient management.
Welcome to the New Journal Fishes
Authors: Esteban Maria
Published: June 2016

Most of life’s evolutionary history has been played out in the water.[...]
Energy Ontologies: Wind, Biomass, and Fossil Transportation
Authors: Scott Heidi
Published: June 2016

This article uses literary sources to draw ontological distinctions among three distinct energy sources: wind power, biomass, and fossil fuels. The primary aim is to demonstrate how radically our fossil fuel regime has changed human ontology in the last two centuries during which we have entered the Anthropocene. Because this radical transformation contains myriad elements, this article will focus on transportation: the speed, quality, and quantity of travel permitted by successive energy sources. To consider the comparative literatures of energy as they relate to transportation, we will begin with wind, then consider muscle-driven biomass giving way to coal locomotion, and conclude with the highest octane fuel, petroleum. The central interest is in how the fuel depicted in literature illuminates historical moments in which the interfaces between self, society, and nature are configured by specific energy regimes. By using literature as a source text, we may arrive at an emotionally and philosophically more robust synthesis of energy history than the social and natural sciences, relying upon objective accounts and statistics, are able to provide. By re-reading literature through the lens of the Anthropocene, we gain perspective on how earlier insights into the relationship between energy and experience can inform our explorations of today’s ontological reality. Energy literature instructs us out of the fossil fuel mindset of world domination and back to a physical realm in which we are small actors in a world guided by capricious forces. Such a reality requires hard muscular work and emotional immersion to restore an ethic of care and sustainability.
The Birth of Homo Colossus: Energy Consumption and Pre-Familiarization in Joel Barlow’s Vision of Columbus
Authors: Pangborn Matthew
Published: June 2016

Although Raymond De Young points out the current response to energy descent he terms localization “is not globalization in reverse”, the writers of modernity’s energy ramp-up used many of the same techniques De Young proposes for adapting to the downslope of M. King Hubbert’s fossil-fuels peak. Among these is pre-familiarization, the construction of mental models that “help people to feel at home in a place they have not yet inhabited.” Long before William Catton’s depiction of the West’s outsized energy user as Homo colossus, for example, Joel Barlow provided early national Americans with a reflection of themselves as gigantic consumers of the continent’s bounty in his 1787 Vision of Columbus. In the epic poem, Barlow puts in place foundational elements of the myth of progress that will develop with an increasingly extravagant energy consumption: a refutation of the classical republican model of history as cyclical; a conflation of the process of resource extraction with that of production; a characterization of this “production” as the natural trait of the knowledgeable, moral Western subject; the pairing of this characterization with a racialized discourse; and an assertion of climate melioration that anticipates by two centuries the counter-arguments of anthropogenic climate-change denialists. The poem invites its reader to inhabit the skin of a lofty and distanced observer of natural life, drawing on the earlier century’s infatuation with the prospect view, to help the reader become “pre-familiarized” with an idea of him- or herself fitting an economic model of endless growth. In the work, therefore, might be found not only the blueprints for an as-yet inchoate Anthropocene, but also the design of a new humanity to go along with it.
GIS and Transport Modeling—Strengthening the Spatial Perspective
Authors: Loidl Martin , Wallentin Gudrun , Cyganski Rita , Graser Anita , Scholz Johannes , Haslauer Eva
Published: June 2016

The movement and transport of people and goods is spatial by its very nature. Thus, geospatial fundamentals of transport systems need to be adequately considered in transport models. Until recently, this was not always the case. Instead, transport research and geography evolved widely independently in domain silos. However, driven by recent conceptual, methodological and technical developments, the need for an integrated approach is obvious. This paper attempts to outline the potential of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) for transport modeling. We identify three fields of transport modeling where the spatial perspective can significantly contribute to a more efficient modeling process and more reliable model results, namely, geospatial data, disaggregated transport models and the role of geo-visualization. For these three fields, available findings from various domains are compiled, before open aspects are formulated as research directions, with exemplary research questions. The overall aim of this paper is to strengthen the spatial perspective in transport modeling and to call for a further integration of GIS in the domain of transport modeling.
Preventive Effects of Rhodiola rosea L. on Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Rats
Authors: Zhang Ke , Si Xiao-Ping , Huang Jian , Han Jian , Liang Xu , Xu Xiao-Bo , Wang Yi-Ting , Li Guo-Yu , Wang Hang-Yu , Wang Jin-Hui
Published: June 2016

Rhodiola rosea L. (RRL) possesses a wide range of pharmacological properties, including lung-protective activity, and has been utilized in folk medicine for several 100 years. However, the lung-protective mechanism remains unclear. This study investigated the possible lung-protective activity mechanism of RRL in a pulmonary fibrosis (PF) rat model. Lung fibrotic injury was induced in Sprague–Dawley rats by single intratracheal instillation of saline containing bleomycin (BLM; 5 mg/kg). The rats were administered 125, 250, or 500 mg/kg of a 95% ethanol extract of RRL for 28 days. The animals were killed to detect changes in body weight, serum levels of glutathione (GSH) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), as well as lung tissue hydroxyproline (HYP) content. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hematoxylin and eosin, Masson’s trichrome, and immunohistochemical staining were performed to observe the histopathological changes in lung tissues. Additionally, target-related proteins were measured by Western blotting. RRL alleviated the loss of body weight induced by instilling BLM in PF rats, particularly at the 500 mg/kg per day dose. RRL reduced HYP (p < 0.01) and increased GSH and T-SOD contents. BALF levels of TNF-α, TGF-β1, and IL-6 decreased significantly in the RRL-treated groups. Expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and α-smooth muscle actin decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner in response to RRL. Moreover, the levels of TGF-β1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in lung tissues also decreased in the RRL-treated groups. RRL alleviated BLM-induced PF in rats. Our results reveal that the protective effects of RRL against fibrotic lung injury in rats are correlated with its anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and anti-fibrotic properties. MMP-9 may play important roles in BLM-induced PF.
Field Method for Testing Repellency of an Icaridin-Containing Skin Lotion against Vespid Wasps
Authors: Boevé Jean-Luc , Eertmans Frank , Adriaens Els , Rossel Bart
Published: June 2016

Vespid wasps are ecologically beneficial predators of insects but their stings also pose a human health risk. Current control methods based on killing vespids are suboptimal. Here, the repellent effect against Vespula vulgaris of a 20% icaridin skin lotion was evaluated under field conditions. An experimental setup was designed in which six artificial skin pieces (10 × 10 cm) were video-recorded for 1 h, to count each min the numbers of flying and feeding vespids. Prior to monitoring, five pieces were successively smeared with 2 mg of cream per cm2, in 30 min intervals, from t = −120 min to 0. The sixth sheet remained untreated to serve as a control. One milliliter of an attractant, fruit jam, was deposited on each of the six surfaces at t = 0. The control surface was free of any flying or feeding vespid during an average period of 25 min, whereas the other five surfaces (treated at t = −120, −90, −60, −30, and 0 min) remained vespid-free for 39, 40, 45, 49, and 51 min, respectively. The skin lotion remained significantly active for at least 2 h. The experimental methodology is adjustable and allows the study of repellents against vespids in semi-natural conditions.
Contrasting Foraging Patterns: Testing Resource-Concentration and Dilution Effects with Pollinators and Seed Predators
Authors: Wenninger Alexandria , Kim Tania , Spiesman Brian , Gratton Claudio
Published: June 2016

Resource concentration effects occur when high resource density patches attract and support more foragers than low density patches. In contrast, resource dilution effects can occur if high density patches support fewer consumers. In this study, we examined the foraging rates of pollinators and seed predators on two perennial plant species (Rudbeckia triloba and Verbena stricta) as functions of resource density. Specifically, we examined whether resource-dense patches (densities of flower and seeds on individual plants) resulted in greater visitation and seed removal rates, respectively. We also examined whether foraging rates were context-dependent by conducting the study in two sites that varied in resource densities. For pollinators, we found negative relationships between the density of flowers per plant and visitation rates, suggesting dilution effects. For seed predators, we found positive relationships consistent with concentration effects. Saturation effects and differences in foraging behaviors might explain the opposite relationships; most of the seed predators were ants (recruitment-based foragers), and pollinators were mostly solitary foragers. We also found that foraging rates were site-dependent, possibly due to site-level differences in resource abundance and consumer densities. These results suggest that these two plant species may benefit from producing as many flowers as possible, given high levels of pollination and low seed predation.
Hedgehog Signaling in Endochondral Ossification
Authors: Ohba Shinsuke
Published: June 2016

Hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays crucial roles in the patterning and morphogenesis of various organs within the bodies of vertebrates and insects. Endochondral ossification is one of the notable developmental events in which Hh signaling acts as a master regulator. Among three Hh proteins in mammals, Indian hedgehog (Ihh) is known to work as a major Hh input that induces biological impact of Hh signaling on the endochondral ossification. Ihh is expressed in prehypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes of developing endochondral bones. Genetic studies so far have demonstrated that the Ihh-mediated activation of Hh signaling synchronizes chondrogenesis and osteogenesis during endochondral ossification by regulating the following processes: (1) chondrocyte differentiation; (2) chondrocyte proliferation; and (3) specification of bone-forming osteoblasts. Ihh not only forms a negative feedback loop with parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) to maintain the growth plate length, but also directly promotes chondrocyte propagation. Ihh input is required for the specification of progenitors into osteoblast precursors. The combinatorial approaches of genome-wide analyses and mouse genetics will facilitate understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying the roles of Hh signaling in endochondral ossification, providing genome-level evidence of the potential of Hh signaling for the treatment of skeletal disorders.
Characterization of Tensile Mechanical Behavior of MSCs/PLCL Hybrid Layered Sheet
Authors: Pangesty Azizah , Arahira Takaaki , Todo Mitsugu
Published: June 2016

A layered construct was developed by combining a porous polymer sheet and a cell sheet as a tissue engineered vascular patch. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the influence of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) sheet on the tensile mechanical properties of porous poly-(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL) sheet. The porous PLCL sheet was fabricated by the solid-liquid phase separation method and the following freeze-drying method. The MSCs sheet, prepared by the temperature-responsive dish, was then layered on the top of the PLCL sheet and cultured for 2 weeks. During the in vitro study, cellular properties such as cell infiltration, spreading and proliferation were evaluated. Tensile test of the layered construct was performed periodically to characterize the tensile mechanical behavior. The tensile properties were then correlated with the cellular properties to understand the effect of MSCs sheet on the variation of the mechanical behavior during the in vitro study. It was found that MSCs from the cell sheet were able to migrate into the PLCL sheet and actively proliferated into the porous structure then formed a new layer of MSCs on the opposite surface of the PLCL sheet. Mechanical evaluation revealed that the PLCL sheet with MSCs showed enhancement of tensile strength and strain energy density at the first week of culture which is characterized as the effect of MSCs proliferation and its infiltration into the porous structure of the PLCL sheet. New technique was presented to develop tissue engineered patch by combining MSCs sheet and porous PLCL sheet, and it is expected that the layered patch may prolong biomechanical stability when implanted in vivo.
Metal Bioaccumulation by Estuarine Food Webs in New England, USA
Authors: Chen Celia , Ward Darren , Williams Jason , Fisher Nicholas
Published: June 2016

Evaluating the degree of metal exposure and bioaccumulation in estuarine organisms is important for understanding the fate of metals in estuarine food webs. We investigated the bioaccumulation of Hg, methylmercury (MeHg), Cd, Se, Pb, and As in common intertidal organisms across a watershed urbanization gradient of coastal marsh sites in New England to relate metal exposure and bioaccumulation in fauna to both chemical and ecological factors. In sediments, we measured metal and metalloid concentrations, total organic carbon (TOC) and SEM-AVS (Simultaneously extracted metal-acid volatile sulfides). In five different functional feeding groups of biota, we measured metal concentrations and delta 15N and delta 13C signatures. Concentrations of Hg and Se in biota for all sites were always greater than sediment concentrations whereas Pb in biota was always lower. There were positive relationships between biota Hg concentrations and sediment concentrations, and between biota MeHg concentrations and both pelagic feeding mode and trophic level. Bioavailability of all metals measured as SEM-AVS or Benthic-Sediment Accumulation Factor was lower in more contaminated sites, likely due to biogeochemical factors related to higher levels of sulfides and organic carbon in the sediments. Our study demonstrates that for most metals and metalloids, bioaccumulation is metal specific and not directly related to sediment concentrations or measures of bioavailability such as AVS-SEM.
Flexible Epoxy Resin Formed Upon Blending with a Triblock Copolymer through Reaction-Induced Microphase Separation
Authors: Chu Wei-Cheng , Lin Wei-Sheng , Kuo Shiao-Wei
Published: June 2016

In this study, we used diglycidyl ether bisphenol A (DGEBA) as a matrix, the ABA block copolymer poly(ethylene oxide–b–propylene oxide–b–ethylene oxide) (Pluronic F127) as an additive, and diphenyl diaminosulfone (DDS) as a curing agent to prepare flexible epoxy resins through reaction-induced microphase separation (RIMPS). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the existence of hydrogen bonding between the poly(ethylene oxide) segment of F127 and the OH groups of the DGEBA resin. Small-angle X-ray scattering, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy all revealed evidence for the microphase separation of F127 within the epoxy resin. Glass transition temperature (Tg) phenomena and mechanical properties (modulus) were determined through differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis, respectively, of samples at various blend compositions. The modulus data provided evidence for the formation of wormlike micelle structures, through a RIMPS mechanism, in the flexible epoxy resin upon blending with the F127 triblock copolymer.
Uncertainty Relations and Possible Experience
Authors: Jaeger Gregg
Published: June 2016

The uncertainty principle can be understood as a condition of joint indeterminacy of classes of properties in quantum theory. The mathematical expressions most closely associated with this principle have been the uncertainty relations, various inequalities exemplified by the well known expression regarding position and momentum introduced by Heisenberg. Here, recent work involving a new sort of “logical” indeterminacy principle and associated relations introduced by Pitowsky, expressable directly in terms of probabilities of outcomes of measurements of sharp quantum observables, is reviewed and its quantum nature is discussed. These novel relations are derivable from Boolean “conditions of possible experience” of the quantum realm and have been considered both as fundamentally logical and as fundamentally geometrical. This work focuses on the relationship of indeterminacy to the propositions regarding the values of discrete, sharp observables of quantum systems. Here, reasons for favoring each of these two positions are considered. Finally, with an eye toward future research related to indeterminacy relations, further novel approaches grounded in category theory and intended to capture and reconceptualize the complementarity characteristics of quantum propositions are discussed in relation to the former.
Aqueous Extract of Paris polyphylla (AEPP) Inhibits Ovarian Cancer via Suppression of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma Coactivator (PGC)-1alpha
Authors: Wang Chia-Woei , Tai Cheng-Jeng , Choong Chen-Yen , Lin Yu-Chun , Lee Bao-Hong , Shi Yeu-Ching , Tai Chen-Jei
Published: June 2016

Chemotherapy, a major approach was used in carcinoma treatment, always involves the development of drug resistance as well as side-effects that affect the quality of patients’ lives. An association between epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and chemotherapy resistance was established recently. We demonstrate in this paper that the aqueous extract of Paris polyphylla (AEPP)—a traditional Chinese medicine—can be used in various cancer types for suppression of carcinogenesis. We evaluated the suppressions of EMT and mitochondrial activity by AEPP treatment in a high-glucose (HG) induced-human ovarian carcinoma cell line (OVCAR-3 cells). The mitochondrial morphology was investigated using MitoTracker Deep Red FM staining. Our results indicated that AEPP reduced the viability of OVCAR-3 cells considerably through induction of apoptosis. However, this inhibitory potential of AEPP was attenuated by HG induction in OVCAR-3 cells. The levels of estrogen-related receptor (ERR)-alpha activator and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC)-1alpha were elevated by HG induction, but were suppressed by AEPP treatment. Down-regulations of cell survival and EMT were oberved in OVCAR-3 cells through suppression of PGC-1alpha by AEPP treatment. These results were confirmed through PGC-1alpha knockdown and overexpression in OVCAR-3 cells. Thus, AEPP can be beneficial for treating ovarian cancer and has potential for development of an integrative cancer therapy against ovarian cancer proliferation, metastasis, and migration.
Effect of Steam Blanching and Drying on Phenolic Compounds of Litchi Pericarp
Authors: Kessy Honest , Hu Zhuoyan , Zhao Lei , Zhou Molin
Published: June 2016

The effects of different treatment methods on the stability and antioxidant capacity of the bioactive phenolic compounds of litchi pericarps were investigated. Fresh litchi pericarps were open air–dried, steam-blanched for 3 min in combination with hot air oven drying at 60 and 80 °C, and unblanched pericarps were dried in a hot air oven at 40, 60, 70 and 80 °C until equilibrium weight was reached. The total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins and individual procyanidins, and antioxidant activity were analyzed. The combination of blanching and drying at 60 °C significantly (p < 0.05) improved the release of phenolic compounds, individual procyanidins, and the extracts′ antioxidant capacity compared with the unblanched hot air oven-dried and open air–dried pericarps. Drying of fresh unblanched litchi pericarps in either open air or a hot air oven caused significant losses (p < 0.05) in phenolic compounds and individual procyanidins, leading to a reduction in the antioxidant activity. A similar increase, retention or reduction was reflected in flavonoids, proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins because they are sub-groups of phenolic compounds. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryldydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging capacity of the treated pericarps were significantly correlated (r ≥ 0.927, p < 0.01) with the total phenolic compounds. Thus, the combination of steam blanching and drying treatments of fresh litchi pericarps could produce a stable and dry litchi pericarp that maintains phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity as a raw material for further recovery of the phytochemicals.
Accurate Measurement of the Effects of All Amino-Acid Mutations on Influenza Hemagglutinin
Authors: Doud Michael , Bloom Jesse
Published: June 2016

Influenza genes evolve mostly via point mutations, and so knowing the effect of every amino-acid mutation provides information about evolutionary paths available to the virus. We and others have combined high-throughput mutagenesis with deep sequencing to estimate the effects of large numbers of mutations to influenza genes. However, these measurements have suffered from substantial experimental noise due to a variety of technical problems, the most prominent of which is bottlenecking during the generation of mutant viruses from plasmids. Here we describe advances that ameliorate these problems, enabling us to measure with greatly improved accuracy and reproducibility the effects of all amino-acid mutations to an H1 influenza hemagglutinin on viral replication in cell culture. The largest improvements come from using a helper virus to reduce bottlenecks when generating viruses from plasmids. Our measurements confirm at much higher resolution the results of previous studies suggesting that antigenic sites on the globular head of hemagglutinin are highly tolerant of mutations. We also show that other regions of hemagglutinin—including the stalk epitopes targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies—have a much lower inherent capacity to tolerate point mutations. The ability to accurately measure the effects of all influenza mutations should enhance efforts to understand and predict viral evolution.
Water Resources Assessment and Management in Drylands
Authors: Koch Magaly , Missimer Thomas
Published: June 2016

Drylands regions of the world face difficult issues in maintaining water resources to meet current demands which will intensify in the future with population increases, infrastructure development, increased agricultural water demands, and climate change impacts on the hydrologic system. New water resources evaluation and management methods will be needed to assure that water resources in drylands are optimally managed in a sustainable manner. Development of water management and conservation methods is a multi-disciplinary endeavor. Scientists and engineers must collaborate and cooperate with water managers, planners, and politicians to successfully adopt new strategies to manage water not only for humans, but to maintain all aspects of the environment. This particularly applies to drylands regions where resources are already limited and conflicts over water are occurring. Every aspect of the hydrologic cycle needs to be assessed to be able to quantify the available water resources, to monitor natural and anthropogenic changes, and to develop flexible policies and management strategies that can change as conditions dictate. Optimal, sustainable water management is achieved by cooperation and not conflict, thereby necessitating the need for high quality scientific research and input into the process.
Le Sanctuaire d'Apollon à Claros ; nouvelles découvertes
Authors: de La Genière Juliette
Published: June 2016

Le chantier de Claros est de nouveau en activité, deux campagnes ont été menées à l'automne, en 1988 et 1989. Après un résumé des fouilles anciennes et des travaux exécutés sous la direction de L. Robert jusqu'en 1961, on donne une description des fouilles exécutées par la nouvelle équipe. Les objectifs principaux étaient : préciser la chronologie des monuments déjà découverts ; examiner la relation entre les deux temples (Apollon et Artémis) ; éclairer les étapes de la fréquentation du secteur actuellement dégagé ; enfin annoncer des études en vue de la restauration du temple d'Apollon. On donne ici la description des divers sondages effectués en 1988 et 1989.
Selective photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to methanol in CuO-loaded NaTaO3 nanocubes in isopropanol
Authors: Xiang Tianyu , Xin Feng , Chen Jingshuai , Wang Yuwen , Yin Xiaohong , Shao Xiao
Published: June 2016

A series of NaTaO3 photocatalysts were prepared with Ta2O5 and NaOH via a hydrothermal method. CuO was loaded onto the surface of NaTaO3 as a cocatalyst by successive impregnation and calcination. The obtained photocatalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM, UV–vis, EDS and XPS and used to photocatalytically reduce CO2 in isopropanol. This worked to both absorb CO2 and as a sacrificial reagent to harvest CO2 and donate electrons. Methanol and acetone were generated as the reduction product of CO2 and the oxidation product of isopropanol, respectively. NaTaO3 nanocubes loaded with 2 wt % CuO and synthesized in 2 mol/L NaOH solution showed the best activity. The methanol and acetone yields were 137.48 μmol/(g·h) and 335.93 μmol/(g·h), respectively, after 6 h of irradiation. Such high activity could be attributed to the good crystallinity, morphology and proper amount of CuO loading, which functioned as reductive sites for selective formation of methanol. The reaction mechanism was also proposed and explained by band theory.
The semantics and pragmatics of directional numeral modifiers
Authors: Blok Dominique
Published: June 2016

Directional prepositions that can be used as numeral modifiers (directional numeral modifiers or DNMs) are different from other numeral modifiers that set an upper bound in that they set a non-cancellable lower bound, their upper bound is cancellable, they are incompatible with the numeral at the bottom of the scale they quantify over, they are not downward monotone and do not license NPIs, and they interact differently with evaluative adverbs. This paper argues that the cause of all these differences is that DNMs assert a lower bound and implicate an upper bound, and that all class B numeral modifiers require quantification over a range of values. Crosslinguistic data support these claims.
On QUD-based Licensing of Strict and Sloppy Ambiguities
Authors: Kehler Andrew
Published: June 2016

According to standard theories of VP-ellipsis, possible readings are determined by constraints (syntactic, semantic, discoursal) that apply jointly to the antecedent and ellipsis clauses. Drawing on insights from a number of previous authors, I present two arguments for a model in which VP-ellipsis meanings are crucially dependent on the operative (and often implicitly resolved) question-under-discussion (QUD; Roberts 1998/2012), specifically requiring that the meaning of an ellipsis clause be a member of the QUD's alternative set.
THE NEXT GENERATION VIRGO CLUSTER SURVEY (NGVS). XIII. THE LUMINOSITY AND MASS FUNCTION OF GALAXIES IN THE CORE OF THE VIRGO CLUSTER AND THE CONTRIBUTION FROM DISRUPTED SATELLITES*
Authors: Ferrarese Laura , Côté Patrick , Sánchez-Janssen Rúben , Roediger Joel , McConnachie Alan W. , Durrell Patrick R. , MacArthur Lauren A. , Blakeslee John P. , Duc Pierre-Alain , Boissier S. , Boselli Alessandro , Courteau Stéphane , Cuillandre Jean-Charles , Emsellem Eric , Gwyn S. D. J. , Guhathakurta Puragra , Jordán Andrés , Lançon Ariane , Liu Chengze , Mei Simona , Mihos J. Christopher , Navarro Julio F. , Peng Eric W. , Puzia Thomas H. , Taylor James E. , Toloba Elisa , Zhang Hongxin
Published: June 2016

We present measurements of the galaxy luminosity and stellar mass function in a 3.71 deg2 (0.3 Mpc2) area in the core of the Virgo Cluster, based on

griz data from the Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS). The galaxy sample—which consists of 352 objects brighter than M

g
= −9.13 mag, the 50% completeness limit of the survey—reaches 2.2 mag deeper than the widely used Virgo Cluster Catalog and at least 1.2 mag deeper than any sample previously used to measure the luminosity function in Virgo. Using a Bayesian analysis, we find a best-fit faint-end slope of α = −1.33 ± 0.02 for the g-band luminosity function; consistent results are found for the stellar mass function and the luminosity function in the other four NGVS bandpasses. We discuss the implications for the faint-end slope of adding 92 ultracompact dwarfs (UCDs)—previously compiled by the NGVS in this region—to the galaxy sample, assuming that UCDs are the stripped remnants of nucleated dwarf galaxies. Under this assumption, the slope of the luminosity function (down to the UCD faint magnitude limit, M

g
= −9.6 mag) increases dramatically, up to α = −1.60 ± 0.06 when correcting for the expected number of disrupted non-nucleated galaxies. We also calculate the total number of UCDs and globular clusters that may have been deposited in the core of Virgo owing to the disruption of satellites, both nucleated and non-nucleated. We estimate that ∼150 objects with M

g
≲ −9.6 mag and that are currently classified as globular clusters might, in fact, be the nuclei of disrupted galaxies. We further estimate that as many as 40% of the (mostly blue) globular clusters in the Virgo core might once have belonged to such satellites; these same disrupted satellites might have contributed ∼40% of the total luminosity in galaxies observed in the core region today. Finally, we use an updated Local Group galaxy catalog to provide a new measurement of the luminosity function of Local Group satellites, α = −1.21 ± 0.05, which is only 1.7σ shallower than measured in the core of the Virgo Cluster.
GAS DYNAMICS IN THE MILKY WAY: A LOW PATTERN SPEED MODEL
Authors: Li Zhi , Gerhard Ortwin , Shen Juntai , Portail Matthieu , Wegg Christopher
Published: June 2016

We present gas flow models for the Milky Way based on high-resolution grid-based hydrodynamical simulations. The basic galactic potential we use is from an N-body model constrained by the density of red clump giants in the Galactic bulge. We augment this potential with a nuclear bulge, two pairs of spiral arms, and additional mass at the bar end to represent the long bar component. With this combined model we can reproduce many features in the observed (

) diagram with a bar pattern speed of

and a spiral pattern speed of

. The shape and kinematics of the nuclear ring, Bania’s Clump 2, the Connecting arm, the Near and Far 3 kpc arms, the Molecular Ring, and the spiral arm tangent points in our simulations are comparable to those in the observations. Our results imply that a low pattern speed model for the bar in our Milky Way reproduces the observations for a suitable Galactic potential. Our best model gives a better match to the (

) diagram than previous high pattern speed hydrodynamical simulations.
HELIOSEISMIC MEASUREMENTS OF THE ROSSBY NUMBER IN THE SUN’S NEAR-SURFACE SHEAR LAYER
Authors: Greer Benjamin J. , Hindman Bradley W. , Toomre Juri
Published: June 2016

Through helioseismic measurement of the Sun’s subsurface flows, we assess the Rossby number associated with the convective motions. The helioseismic procedure is a new form of the ring-analysis technique that is capable of resolving supergranulation. The extremely fine spatial resolution is achieved by deconvolving the set of p-mode Doppler shifts measured separately within a multitude of densely overlapping analysis regions. We find that just below the photosphere, the Rossby number is large (

) and the convective flows are only weakly influenced by rotation. Below a depth of

, the flows become rotationally constrained and the concomitant Rossby number is small (

). These results support the supposition that the near-surface shear layer is a transition region for the degree of rotational impact on convective motions.
UNVEILING THE PHYSICS OF LOW-LUMINOSITY AGNs THROUGH X-RAY VARIABILITY: LINER VERSUS SEYFERT 2
Authors: Hernández-García L. , Masegosa J. , González-Martín O. , Márquez I. , Perea J.
Published: June 2016

X-ray variability is very common in active galactic nuclei (AGNs), but these variations may not occur similarly in different families of AGNs. We aim to disentangle the structure of low-ionization nuclear emission-line regions (LINERs) compared to Seyfert 2s by the study of their spectral properties and X-ray variations. We assembled the X-ray spectral parameters and variability patterns, which were obtained from simultaneous spectral fittings. Major differences are observed in the X-ray luminosities and the Eddington ratios, which are higher in Seyfert 2s. Short-term X-ray variations were not detected, while long-term changes are common in LINERs and Seyfert 2s. Compton-thick sources generally do not show variations, most probably because the AGN is not accesible in the 0.5–10 keV energy band. The changes are mostly related to variations in the nuclear continuum, but other patterns of variability show that variations in the absorbers and at soft energies can be present in a few cases. We conclude that the X-ray variations may occur similarly in LINERs and Seyfert 2s, i.e., they are related to the nuclear continuum, although they might have different accretion mechanisms. Variations at UV frequencies are detected in LINER nuclei but not in Seyfert 2s. This is suggestive of at least some LINERs having an unobstructed view of the inner disk where the UV emission might take place, with UV variations being common in them. This result might be compatible with the disappeareance of the torus and/or the broad-line region in at least some LINERs.
BINARY NEUTRON STAR MERGERS: A JET ENGINE FOR SHORT GAMMA-RAY BURSTS
Authors: Ruiz Milton , Lang Ryan N. , Paschalidis Vasileios , Shapiro Stuart L.
Published: June 2016

We perform magnetohydrodynamic simulations in full general relativity (GRMHD) of quasi-circular, equal-mass, binary neutron stars that undergo merger. The initial stars are irrotational, n = 1 polytropes and are magnetized. We explore two types of magnetic-field geometries: one where each star is endowed with a dipole magnetic field extending from the interior into the exterior, as in a pulsar, and the other where the dipole field is initially confined to the interior. In both cases the adopted magnetic fields are initially dynamically unimportant. The merger outcome is a hypermassive neutron star that undergoes delayed collapse to a black hole (spin parameter a/M
BH ∼ 0.74) immersed in a magnetized accretion disk. About 4000M ∼ 60(M
NS/1.625 M
⊙) ms following merger, the region above the black hole poles becomes strongly magnetized, and a collimated, mildly relativistic outflow—an incipient jet—is launched. The lifetime of the accretion disk, which likely equals the lifetime of the jet, is Δ t ∼ 0.1 (M
NS/1.625 M
⊙) s. In contrast to black hole–neutron star mergers, we find that incipient jets are launched even when the initial magnetic field is confined to the interior of the stars.
Personalization in Design through New Technological Achievements
Authors: Micevska Jelena , Kandikjan Tatjana
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND: Mass customized products are achievable due to the advancements in the technologies and software engineering. Mass customization has become necessity for the contemporary production companies. At the same time, that means lot of complication in the engineering, production and logistic processes. Altogether, the complete process of customization costs time and money, which implies additional charges to the customized product.BACKGROUND: Mass customized products are achievable due to the advancements in the technologies and software engineering. Mass customization has become necessity for the contemporary production companies. At the same time, that means lot of complication in the engineering, production and logistic processes. Altogether, the complete process of customization costs time and money, which implies additional charges to the customized product.AIM: The aim of this research is gathering knowledge in the field of additive technologies and parametric modeling.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The gathered knowledge is used in order to help non-designers and designers, both with no knowledge in computer-aided design (CAD) systems and additive technologies. The main idea behind the product configuration model (PCM), proposed in this paper is to enable user-friendly interface, easy to use for novice CAD users. In that manner user can design its own product as a CAD model.RESULTS: With the technologies like additive technologies, new possibilities emerge. These technologies completely change the process of designing and producing a new product. The size of the series and complexity of the geometry is no obstacle and more important does not apply additional charges. That means that one can order unique product to be produced especially for him/her and have it delivered in short period. With the decrease price of machines for additive technologies, mainly fused deposition modeling (FDM) machines, the number of home-owned machines has increased. Therefore, the users can produce at home anything that they designed or bought as CAD model online.CONCLUSION: Having in mind that most of them are not familiar with CAD modeling, in this paper, we are proposing product configuration model for creating personalized parts.
Influência do nível de atividade física na percepção da qualidade de vida em comunidade universitária
Authors: Maciel Erika Da Silva , Gomes Grace Angélica de Oliveira , Sonati Jaqueline Girnos , Modeneze Denis Marcelo , Quaresma Fernando Rodrigues Peixoto , Vilarta Roberto
Published: June 2016

OBJETIVO: Analisar a associação entre a qualidade de vida (QV) e o nível de atividade física (NAF) de uma comunidade universitária.

MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal e exploratório. Utilizou-se o International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) e o WHOQOL-100 para avaliação do NAF e da QV. Participaram 303 voluntários de uma comunidade universitária que aceitaram a responder os formulários via internet. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e de comparação entre os grupos ‘mais ativo’ e ‘menos ativo’ utilizando-se os Testes Qui-quadrado, T de Student e Mann Whitney considerando-se p <0,05.

RESULTADOS: A maioria dos indivíduos (64,0%) não atende a recomendação mundial de atividade física, sendo o maior percentual de indivíduos inativos a categoria dos docentes (84,0%). Quanto à percepção de QV, os resultados demonstram que, com exceção do domínio espiritualidade, todos os outros apresentaram maiores valores médios para os indivíduos praticantes de atividade vigorosa. Entre os praticantes e não praticantes de atividade vigorosa observou-se diferença significativa nos domínios Psicológico, Nível de independência, Meio ambiente e no escore geral de QV.

 

CONCLUSÕES: O NAF foi associado positivamente à QV dos voluntários, principalmente quando se trata da prática regular de atividade física vigorosa. Os resultados desse estudo reforçam a importância da atividade física regular e vigorosa para a promoção da QV nessa população e destaca o uso da internet como ferramenta de coleta de dados em grupos com acesso facilitado.
Les enjeux économiques et géopolitiques du régime international de contrôle des drogues
Authors: Aureano Guillermo R.
Published: June 2016

Adopté par les accords internationaux au début des années 1960, le paradigme prohibitionniste a résisté depuis à toutes les tentatives pour le remettre en cause. Cet immobilisme à toute épreuve traduit la mainmise d’intérêts géopolitiques et commerciaux sur la législation internationale concernant les drogues.
Dépénalisation et santé publique : politiques des drogues et toxicomanies au Portugal
Authors: Stevens Alex , Hughes Caitlin , Andro Armelle
Published: June 2016

Le Portugal s’est résolument engagé dans la voie de la dépénalisation depuis 2001. Si les résultats de cette politique, qui associe une réorientation de l’action policière à un développement des structures de soin, sont parfois difficiles à établir, il reste que le bilan d’ensemble de cette nouvelle stratégie apparaît suffisamment positif pour qu’elle serve de modèle.
La guerre contre les drogues au Mexique : l’échec du modèle prohibitionniste
Authors: Díaz Cuervo Jorge Carlos , Villarreal Pedro A.
Published: June 2016

Les partisans du tout-répressif dans notre rapport aux drogues se targuent souvent du pragmatisme et du bon sens de leur position. Un examen du résultat des politiques prohibitionnistes menées depuis cinquante ans révèle pourtant l’échec complet de ces politiques à remplir leurs objectifs, c’est-à-dire leur absence de réalisme et leur caractère profondément idéologique.
Groupe d’écriture thérapeutique pour patients hospitalisés dans une maison des adolescents
Authors: Viardot Claire , Rizzi Alice Titia , Lachal Jonathan , Moro Marie Rose
Published: June 2016

Cet article s’intéresse à un groupe thérapeutique d’écriture émotionnelle destiné à des adolescents hospitalisés. Nous avons analysé les productions de 131 patients sur une durée de six mois. Notre méthode est qualitative, utilisant l’« interpretative phenomenological analysis ». Explorant les récits d’expériences des patients et la manière dont ils écrivent et décrivent leurs émotions, nos résultats permettent de rendre compte de l’évolution de leur narrativité. L’hôpital et le temps d’hospitalisation sont utilisés comme des moyens de médiation dans la recherche du semblable et du différent. Les écrits nous montrent les différentes tentatives de maitrise émotionnelle ou à l’inverse les débordements qui sont l’un comme l’autre à comprendre comme une lutte contre la dépendance affective et l’impossible indépendance. La place du corps et ce qu’il représente pour le patient est centrale dans la description du vécu émotionnel au cours de l’hospitalisation. Enfin, les investissements et contre investissements groupaux nous éclairent sur la manière dont les patients abordent le temps de soin. Ces résultats nous permettent de saisir comment se rejoue le processus de séparation-individuation pour l’adolescent, au cours de l’hospitalisation, et comment le groupe d’écriture permet la mise en place d’un processus thérapeutique par le traitement des émotions.
Traces cérébrales des traumatismes infantiles et devenir psychopathologique
Authors: Moureau Audrey , Delvenne Véronique
Published: June 2016

Le développement affectif, relationnel mais aussi cognitif de l’enfant est lié de manière très précoce à la qualité des relations d’investissement et de sécurité de ses donneurs de soins. La période périnatale apparaît comme un moment de grande sensibilité du développement cérébral au stress, surtout s’il est chronique et associé à une sécrétion prolongée de cortisol, il est susceptible de laisser une trace neurobiologique pouvant influer sur la vie entière de l’individu. Des modifications de l’architecture du cerveau peuvent entraîner une altération du développement des fonctions intellectuelles et du développement physique (nanisme psychogène), des troubles du système de l’affectivité, des émotions et de la mémoire. Le stress toxique précoce peut provoquer une hyperréactivité ultérieure pour des stress mineurs avec des conséquences mentales et physiques qui persistent jusqu’à l’âge adulte. Le risque psychopathologique de dépression, d’anxiété, d’état de stress post-traumatique mais aussi de syndrome métabolique et de maladies cardio-vasculaires sera accru.
D’une phénoménologie de la volonté à une philosophie du co-agir
Authors: Michel Johann
Published: June 2016

L’objet de la présente contribution vise moins à analyser tel aspect de la Philosophie de la volonté élaboré par Ricœur que de repérer, dans son œuvre ultérieure, les structures de transition (et le sens de leur articulation) entre une phénoménologie d’abord centrée sur l’ eidos d’une volonté bien solitaire à une philosophie du co-agir qui débouche sur le souci de l’autre et des institutions. On peut ainsi, dans une perspective très panoramique, pointer trois structures de transition complémentaires venant initialement de traditions philosophiques hétérogènes, d’une part, la socio-phénoménologie couplée avec la philosophie hégélienne de la Sittlichkeit , d’autre part, la tradition chrétienne du socius et du prochain couplée avec une philosophie politique néo-aristotélicienne, enfin une sémantique de l’action issue des courants analytiques.
Le Service, les Services. Fondements, ambiguïtés et contexte actuel
Authors: Bouquet Brigitte , Dubéchot Patrick
Published: June 2016

La notion de service dessine une mosaïque d’espaces, de pratiques et d’enjeux, parfois difficile à déchiffrer. L’article tente d’expliquer la construction de cet enchevêtrement de sens et finalités, de définir les multiples acceptions du terme, leurs contenus. Les auteurs retracent, dans une perspective sociohistorique, l’émergence du Service public dans la société républicaine et le développement récent d’un marché des services dans une société en voie de tertiarisation. Dans cet univers en mouvement, la relation de service est devenue un concept central dans l’analyse des activités et pratiques d’accueil et d’accompagnement des publics dans les champs de l’action sociale, médico-sociale, de la santé. Cette exploration sémantique est aussi l’occasion de s’interroger sur le sens des évolutions de cette notion de service et d’une mise en perspective pour l’avenir au regard de la nouvelle donne impulsée par le Plan d’action en faveur du travail social et du développement social, notamment à travers la revendication : « Merci, de ne plus nous appeler usagers ! »