bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methods for the formation and optimization of calendar plans for construction companies
Authors: Oleinik Pavel , Yurgaytis Alexey , Voronina Galina , Makarenko Alisa
Published: December 2018

This article describes the methods of forming and optimizing the calendar plans of construction enterprises, their nature and applicability in different specific cases. The main types of schedules and schedules of planning of building processes and normative documents used in the formation of calendar plans are also described. In addition to existing and actively used methods for optimizing calendar plans, new directions for the development of optimization algorithms are described, which are just beginning to be introduced into building technologies.
Integration of organizational-technological and social aspects in the realization of the program of renovation of residential development
Authors: Korol Elena , Gaydysheva Yuliya , Passmore David
Published: December 2018

The renovation program is designed to solve a complex of problems of the city, the priority of which is a comfortable ratio of building density and developed infrastructure. The draft regional standards for urban planning has been developed for a pragmatic and at the same time comfortable layout of buildings (urban blocks) with an infrastructural core. Nevertheless, such an approach contains a number of administrative risks that can be minimized by carrying out proper planning and execution within a scheduled time frame. To improve planning accuracy, it is possible to use a system-organized block diagram consisting of integrated resettlement units. To select the optimal relocation option, it is important to carry out a multivariate analysis.
Selective Phthalimido-N-oxyl (PINO)-Catalyzed C–H Cyanation of Adamantane Derivatives
Authors: Berndt Jan-Philipp , Erb Frederik , Ochmann Lukas , Beppler Jaqueline , Schreiner Peter
Published: December 2018

We present a new method for the selective C(sp3)–H cyanation of adamantane derivatives with PINO as the hydrogen abstracting reagent. A cyano radical is thereby transferred from p
-toluenesulfonyl cyanide, allowing the cyanation of adamantane derivatives in up to 71% yield. The protocol presents a novel way to orthogonally functionalized adamantanes that are otherwise difficult to prepare. Mechanistic studies support the hypothesis of a radical pathway.
From Kontsevich-Witten to linear Hodge integrals via Virasoro operators
Authors: Wang Gehao
Published: December 2018

We give a proof of Alexandrov’s conjecture on a formula connecting the Kontsevich-Witten and Hodge tau-functions using only the Virasoro operators. This formula has been confirmed up to an unknown constant factor. In this paper, we show that this factor is indeed equal to one by investigating series expansions for the Lambert W function on different points.
Investigation by Mössbauer spectroscopy and atom probe tomography of the phase transformation of Nd-Fe-B alloys after high-energy ball milling
Authors: Maât Nicolas , Lardé Rodrigue , Nachbaur Virginie , Le Breton Jean-Marie , Isnard Olivier , Pop Viorel , Chicinaş Ionel
Published: December 2018

The main goal of this paper is to investigate the behavior of mechanically milled Nd2Fe14B powders. The effect of the milling on the magnetic properties of the Nd2Fe14B intermetallic is measured and is compared to the structural analysis performed by Mössbauer spectroscopy and atom probe tomography (APT). The high energy ball milling of Nd2Fe14B powders for up to 12 h induces the progressive disappearance of the hard magnetic behavior. Mössbauer spectroscopy and APT analyses have shown the decomposition of the Nd2Fe14B phase in the early stages of milling into an amorphous, disordered Nd-Fe-B phase that is rich in neodymium and in an α-Fe phase. The corresponding microstructure is very characteristic, with the formation of submicrometric pure iron particles, surrounded by an amorphous shell enriched in neodymium and in boron. By using APT, each step of the process can be identified. This high-resolution technique allows us obtaining a 3D mapping in real space of the chemical species (Nd, Fe, and B) on the atomic scale. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the nanostructure of the analyzed samples are realized from the data and show the formation of the Nd2Fe14B nanocomposite that is composed of α-Fe soft magnetic nanosized crystallites embedded in the Nd2Fe14B hard magnetic matrix. These results confirm the decomposition of the initial Nd2Fe14B phase. After 2 h of high-energy mechanical milling, Fe particles with diameters of up to 100 nm are observed. By increasing the milling time, the element intermixing and grain size reduction of the decomposition products can be observed.
Crystallographic orientation of uniaxial calcite and dolomite determined using reflection generalized ellipsometry
Authors: Jellison G. E. , Leonard D. N. , Anovitz L. M. , Parish C. M. , Specht E. D. , Rosseel T. M.
Published: December 2018

Using the two-modulator generalized ellipsometry microscope (2-MGEM), it is shown that it is possible to determine the direction of the optic axis of crystallites of the high birefringence materials calcite and dolomite. 2-MGEM measurements are performed in reflection at near-normal incidence, so sample preparation requires only an optically polished surface. For uniaxial materials, the 2-MGEM measures the direction of the fast axis and the diattenuation, which can then be related to the tilt angle of the optic axis with respect to the surface normal once the maximum diattenuation is known. The optical resolution of the present instrument is 4-6 μm, and areas as large as 1 cm2 can be measured without distortion. Additionally, the 2-MGEM measures the depolarization, which is a measure of the quality of the data. Using this information, an optical pole figure can be determined. The 2-MGEM results are compared with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements on the same samples. Additional standard spectroscopic generalized ellipsometry measurements at a large angle of incidence were performed on single crystal calcite and dolomite to determine the spectroscopic ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices from 220 nm to 850 nm from which the maximum diattenuation can be determined.
Synchronization of heterogeneous oscillator populations in response to weak and strong coupling
Authors: Wilson Dan , Faramarzi Sadegh , Moehlis Jeff , Tinsley Mark R. , Showalter Kenneth
Published: December 2018

Synchronous behavior of a population of chemical oscillators is analyzed in the presence of both weak and strong coupling. In each case, we derive upper bounds on the critical coupling strength which are valid for arbitrary populations of nonlinear, heterogeneous oscillators. For weak perturbations, infinitesimal phase response curves are used to characterize the response to coupling, and graph theoretical techniques are used to predict synchronization. In the strongly perturbed case, we observe a phase dependent perturbation threshold required to elicit an immediate spike and use this behavior for our analytical predictions. Resulting upper bounds on the critical coupling strength agree well with our experimental observations and numerical simulations. Furthermore, important system parameters which determine synchronization are different in the weak and strong coupling regimes. Our results point to new strategies by which limit cycle oscillators can be studied when the applied perturbations become strong enough to immediately reset the phase.
Impact of edge roughness on the electron transport properties of MoS2 ribbons
Authors: Park Jejune , Mouis Mireille , Triozon François , Cresti Alessandro
Published: December 2018

Edge roughness is expected to play a major role in narrow ribbons obtained from two-dimensional materials, due to the large length/surface ratio of the disordered edges with respect to the whole system surface. In the case of semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides, a physical and quantitative understanding of the impact of edge roughness on the transport properties of ribbons with nanometer widths is essential in view of their potential applications in ultrascaled nanoelectronics. By means of atomistic quantum transport simulations, we show that the conductance due to edge states within the bulk gap is strongly suppressed by roughness. The corresponding localization length is found to be in the order of few nanometers. At low carrier energies outside the gap, edge roughness drives the system into the diffusive transport regime. The study of the mean free path, under different conditions of roughness and for different ribbon widths, shows that the conductance is moderately affected for widths above 10 nm and lengths in the order of 100 nm, with a more significant degradation for ultra-narrow ribbons.
Oblique instability and electron acceleration in relativistic unmagnetized cloud-plasma interaction
Authors: Ardaneh Kazem
Published: December 2018

Relativistic unmagnetized cloud-plasma interaction is analyzed by performing linear analysis and particle-in-cell simulation. This course consists of an electron-ion cloud injected into a stationary ambient plasma and has long been a favorite topic in laboratory and space plasmas. An oblique electromagnetic instability dominates the unstable spectrum. In the interaction with the generated electromagnetic fields, the cloud electrons are entirely mixed with the ambient ones and form a hot electron population. The velocity of the cloud ions, however, has not changed significantly from the initial bulk velocity. As this ion cloud propagates into the plasma, it derives an electrostatic field which can accelerate the electrons up to energy equipartition between electrons and ions. The electrostatic field is amplified at the expense of the kinetic energy of ions, and its spatial scale is on the order of the electron skin depth. The electron acceleration in such an electrostatic field is, therefore, a likely process for pre-acceleration of electrons in unmagnetized plasmas.
Three-dimensional turbulence modeling and computational fluid dynamics simulation of hydrodynamics of two-impinging-jet spinning disk reactors
Authors: Mirzaei Mohamadali , Molaei Dehkordi Asghar , Hashemi Aref
Published: December 2018

In this article, a three-dimensional numerical simulation based on a Reynolds stress model has been developed to investigate the hydrodynamic behavior of two-impinging-jet spinning disk reactors (TIJSDRs) proposed by Molaei Dehkordi. TIJSDR comprises two coaxial rotating disks separated by a small distance and two-impinging jets introduced at the center of both the rotating disks. The governing equations were solved using Computational Fluid Dynamics techniques to predict the hydrodynamic behavior and turbulent flow pattern as well as to explore the effects of pertinent parameters such as rotational speeds of the disks, the direction of rotating disks, and configuration dimensions on the velocity distribution of the turbulent flow and fluid flow pattern. Depending on the values of these parameters and the radial location, different flow types, including Batchelor, Stewartson, and torsional Couette with merged and unmerged boundary layers, were observed.
Finite electric displacement simulations of polar ionic solid-electrolyte interfaces: Application to NaCl(111)/aqueous NaCl solution
Authors: Sayer Thomas , Sprik Michiel , Zhang Chao
Published: December 2018

Tasker type III polar terminations of ionic crystals carry a net surface charge as well as a dipole moment and are fundamentally unstable. In contact with electrolytes, such polar surfaces can be stabilized by adsorption of counterions from the solution to form electric double layers. In a previous work [T. Sayer et al., J. Chem. Phys 147, 104702 (2017)], we reported on a classical force field based molecular dynamics study of a prototype model system, namely, a NaCl(111) slab interfaced with an aqueous NaCl solution on both sides. A serious hurdle in the simulation is that the finite width of the slab admits an electric field in the solid perturbing the theoretical charge balance at the interface of semi-infinite systems [half the surface charge density for NaCl(111)]. It was demonstrated that the application of a finite macroscopic field E canceling the internal electric field can recover the correct charge compensation at the interface. In the present work, we expand this method by applying a conjugate electric displacement field D. The benefits of using D instead of E as the control variable are two fold: it does not only speed up the convergence of the polarization in the simulation but also leads to a succinct expression for the biasing displacement field involving only structural parameters which are known in advance. This makes it feasible to study the charge compensating phenomenon of this prototype system with density functional theory based molecular dynamics, as shown in this work.
Anisotropy-driven collisional separation of impurities in magnetized compressing and expanding cylindrical plasmas
Authors: Ochs I. E. , Fisch N. J.
Published: December 2018

When a cylindrically symmetric magnetized plasma compresses or expands, velocity-space anisotropy is naturally generated as a result of the different adiabatic conservation laws parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field. When the compression timescale is comparable to the collision timescale, and both are much longer than the gyroperiod, this pressure anisotropy can become significant. We show that this naturally generated anisotropy can dramatically affect the transport of impurities in the compressing plasma, even in the absence of scalar temperature or density gradients, by modifying the azimuthal frictions that give rise to radial particle transport. Although the impurity transport direction depends only on the sign of the pressure anisotropy, the anisotropy itself depends on the pitch magnitude of the magnetic field and the sign of the radial velocity. Thus, pressure anisotropy effects can drive impurities either towards or away from the plasma core. These anisotropy-dependent terms represent a qualitatively new effect, influencing transport particularly in the sparse edge regions of dynamically compressing screw pinch plasmas. Such plasmas are used for both X-ray generation and magneto-inertial fusion, applications which are sensitive to impurity concentrations.
Multi-material 3D printed mechanical metamaterials: Rational design of elastic properties through spatial distribution of hard and soft phases
Authors: Mirzaali M. J. , Caracciolo A. , Pahlavani H. , Janbaz S. , Vergani L. , Zadpoor A. A.
Published: December 2018

Up until recently, the rational design of mechanical metamaterials has usually involved devising geometrical arrangements of micro-architectures that deliver unusual properties on the macro-scale. A less explored route to rational design is spatially distributing materials with different properties within lattice structures to achieve the desired mechanical properties. Here, we used computational models and advanced multi-material 3D printing techniques to rationally design and additively manufacture multi-material cellular solids for which the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio could be independently tailored in different (anisotropic) directions. The random assignment of a hard phase to originally soft cellular structures with an auxetic, zero Poisson's ratio, and conventional designs allowed us to cover broad regions of the elastic modulus-Poisson's ratio plane. Patterned designs of the hard phase were also used and were found to be effective in the independent tuning of the elastic properties. Close inspection of the strain distributions associated with the different types of material distributions suggests that locally deflected patterns of deformation flow and strain localizations are the main underlying mechanisms driving the above-mentioned adjustments in the mechanical properties.
Public perceptions towards wildfire preparedness in the Veluwe region of the Netherlands
Authors: Oswald Brian P. , Brennan Amy , Williams Pat Stephens , Darville Ray , McCaffrey Sarah
Published: December 2018

The Netherlands has a growing threat of wildfires due to warmer and drier weather patterns. The purpose of this study was to identify public perceptions towards wildland fire preparedness in the forested Veluwe region of the country to aid those managers who would be affected by wildland fires to better plan for and manage fire events. Over 500 surveys were distributed to assess public opinions and perceptions regarding wildland fire and public expectations of government agencies in the event of a wildfire. Owing to the lack of any significant historical context of wildfires, the assumption was that the Dutch do not see fire as an immediate threat. Findings from this survey revealed that visitors and residents of the Veluwe region are aware of the wildfire problem in the Netherlands, but see wildfires as an immediate threat to nature (preferred term for most vegetated areas in the Netherlands) rather than themselves. Respondents to this survey also have high expectations of government agencies to inform them about wildfires.
Effective design principles for leakless strand displacement systems
Authors: Wang Boya , Thachuk Chris , Ellington Andrew D. , Winfree Erik , Soloveichik David
Published: December 2018

Significance

The modern information age was enabled by encoding, transmitting, and manipulating information in a way that is robust to error. However, synthetic biology and molecular programming, fields that aim to recapitulate the successes of electronics within biochemistry, still struggle with error tolerance. The ability to create “smart” molecular systems capable of robust information processing and decision making would enable important applications in biomaterial production, biosensing, and therapeutics. Based on DNA strand displacement building blocks, we demonstrate de novo engineered molecular cascades robust to spurious interactions using an error correction scheme based on redundancy. In principle, arbitrary levels of error reduction could be attained. The information propagation cascades form a foundation for more complex, resilient, and faster programmable reaction networks.
Repeat variants for the SbMATE transporter protect sorghum roots from aluminum toxicity by transcriptional interplay incisandtrans
Authors: Melo Janaina O. , Martins Laura G. C. , Barros Beatriz A. , Pimenta Maiana R. , Lana Ubiraci G. P. , Duarte Christiane E. M. , Pastina Maria M. , Guimaraes Claudia T. , Schaffert Robert E. , Kochian Leon V. , Fontes Elizabeth P. B. , Magalhaes Jurandir V.
Published: December 2018

Acidic soils, where aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major agricultural constraint, are globally widespread and are prevalent in developing countries. In sorghum, the root citrate transporter SbMATE confers Al tolerance by protecting root apices from toxic Al3+, but can exhibit reduced expression when introgressed into different lines. We show that allele-specificSbMATEtransactivation occurs and is caused by factors located away fromSbMATE. Using expression-QTL mapping and expression genome-wide association mapping, we establish thatSbMATEtranscription is controlled in a bipartite fashion, primarily incisbut also intrans. Multiallelic promoter transactivation and ChIP analyses demonstrated that intermolecular effects onSbMATEexpression arise from a WRKY and a zinc finger-DHHC transcription factor (TF) that bind to andtrans-activate theSbMATEpromoter. A haplotype analysis in sorghum RILs indicates that the TFs influenceSbMATEexpression and Al tolerance. Variation inSbMATEexpression likely results from changes in tandemly repeatedcissequences flanking a transposable element (a miniature inverted repeat transposable element) insertion in theSbMATEpromoter, which are recognized by the Al3+-responsive TFs. According to our model, repeat expansion in Al-tolerant genotypes increases TF recruitment and, hence,SbMATEexpression, which is, in turn, lower in Al-sensitive genetic backgrounds as a result of lower TF expression and fewer binding sites. We thus show that even dominantcisregulation of an agronomically important gene can be subjected to precise intermolecular fine-tuning. These concerted cis/transinteractions, which allow the plant to sense and respond to environmental cues, such as Al3+toxicity, can now be used to increase yields and food security on acidic soils.
Blocking IL-1β reverses the immunosuppression in mouse breast cancer and synergizes with anti–PD-1 for tumor abrogation
Authors: Kaplanov Irena , Carmi Yaron , Kornetsky Rachel , Shemesh Avishai , Shurin Galina V. , Shurin Michael R. , Dinarello Charles A. , Voronov Elena , Apte Ron N.
Published: December 2018

Significance

Inflammation and immunosuppression are dominant features of cancer progression. In the tumor microenvironment, macrophages produce interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which subsequently recruits myeloid cells from the bone marrow. In mice deficient in IL-1β or in wild-type mice treated with anti–IL-1β Abs, implanted breast cancer tumors regress. Regression is due to decreased tumor-related immunosuppression, meditated mainly by macrophages, and increased antitumor immunity, mediated by elevated dendritic cell function and activated cytotoxic CD8 lymphocytes. Although anti–PD-1 reduces tumor growth, the combination of anti–IL-1β plus anti–PD-1 abrogated the tumors completely. These observations support clinical trials of blocking IL-1β in cancer and that anti–IL-1β is a checkpoint inhibitor.
Varieties and breeding.
Authors: Sanewski G. M. , d'Eeckenbrugge G. C. , Junghans D. T.
Published: December 2018

This chapter describes the main and minor cultivars, as well as other species and botanical varieties, of pineapple. The genetics and breeding system, including cytogenetics, selection, and rogueing, are discussed. Considerations in hand pollination, seed handling, germination and nursery management are also mentioned.
Hierarchical assembly and disassembly of a transcriptionally active RAG locus in CD4+CD8+ thymocytes
Authors: Naik Abani Kanta , Byrd Aaron T. , Lucander Aaron C.K. , Krangel Michael S.
Published: December 2018

Expression of Rag1 and Rag2 is tightly regulated in developing T cells to mediate TCR gene assembly. Here we have investigated the molecular mechanisms governing the assembly and disassembly of a transcriptionally active RAG locus chromatin hub in CD4+CD8+ thymocytes. Rag1 and Rag2 gene expression in CD4+CD8+ thymocytes depends on Rag1 and Rag2 promoter activation by a distant antisilencer element (ASE). We identify GATA3 and E2A as critical regulators of the ASE, and Runx1 and E2A as critical regulators of the Rag1 promoter. We reveal hierarchical assembly of a transcriptionally active chromatin hub containing the ASE and RAG promoters, with Rag2 recruitment and expression dependent on assembly of a functional ASE–Rag1 framework. Finally, we show that signal-dependent down-regulation of RAG gene expression in CD4+CD8+ thymocytes depends on Ikaros and occurs with disassembly of the RAG locus chromatin hub. Our results provide important new insights into the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate RAG gene expression in developing T cells.
Multiple-Choice Hardware/Software Partitioning for Tree Task-Graph on MPSoC
Authors: Shi Wenjun , Wu Jigang , Jiang Guiyuan , Lam Siew-kei
Published: December 2018

Hardware/software (HW/SW) partitioning, that decides which components of an application are implemented in hardware and which ones in software, is a crucial step in embedded system design. On modern heterogeneous embedded system platform, each component of application can typically have multiple feasible configurations/implementations, trading off quality aspects (e.g. energy consumption, completion time) with usage for various types of resources. This provides new opportunities for further improving the overall system performance, but few works explore the potential opportunity by incorporating the multiple choices of hardware implementation in the partitioning process. This paper proposes three algorithms for multiple-choice HW/SW partitioning of tree-shape task graph on multiple processors system on chip (MPSoC) with the objective of minimizing execution time, while meeting area constraint. Firstly, an efficient heuristic algorithm is proposed to rapidly generate an approximate solution. The obtained solution produced by the first algorithm is then further refined by a customized Tabu search algorithm. We also propose a dynamic programming algorithm to calculate the exact solutions for relatively smaller scale instances. Simulation results show that the proposed heuristic algorithm is able to quickly generate good approximate solutions, and the solutions become very close to the exact solutions after refined by the proposed Tabu search algorithm, in comparison to the exact solutions produced by the dynamic programming algorithm.
The Influence of Antidepressants on the Disease Course Among Patients With Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis—A Danish Nationwide Register–Based Cohort Study
Authors: Kristensen Marie Skov , Kjærulff Thora Majlund , Ersbøll Annette Kjær , Green Anders , Hallas Jesper , Thygesen Lau Caspar
Published: December 2018

Background

Psychiatric comorbidity might modify the disease course adversely in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Treatment options include antidepressants, which, apart from improving mood, have anti-inflammatory properties that might modify the disease course. This nationwide study aimed to examine the influence of antidepressants on the disease course among patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD).

Methods

Patients registered with an incident diagnosis of CD or UC in the Danish National Patient Register (2000–2017) were included. Information on antidepressant use and proxy measures of disease activity (health care and drug utilization) was extracted from national population registers. Poisson regression was performed to estimate disease activity rates by antidepressant use adjusted for confounders. Furthermore, the analyses were performed stratified by IBD subtype and type of antidepressants.

Results

A total of 42,890 patients were included (UC: 69.5%; CD: 30.5%). When adjusted for confounders, a lower incidence rate of disease activity was found among antidepressant users compared with nonusers in both CD (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68–0.82) and UC (IRR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.84–0.95) patients. Further, markedly lower rates of disease activity were found among CD (IRR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.43–0.62) and UC (IRR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.59–0.75) patients with no use of antidepressants before IBD onset.

Conclusions

In this nationwide study, antidepressant use was found to be beneficial on the disease course among patients with UC and CD, particularly in patients with no use of antidepressants before IBD onset. Randomized controlled trials are warranted to investigate the potential of antidepressants being an adjunct treatment to conventional IBD therapy.
WPS as a Political Movement
Authors: Hunt Swanee , Nderitu Alice Wairimu
Published: December 2018

Over two decades, diverse actors have been fashioning a collective response to the disproportionate impact of modern war on women. Motivating factors have included an emerging recognition of the need for human security and growing awareness that military force is insufficient. Where women are concerned, the WPS agenda has become a key mechanism in the pursuit of inclusive policies. For example, survivors of 1990s genocide have campaigned for UN action to ensure women’s full participation in security decisions by employing the principles of WPS in their advocacy. Moreover, the experiences of women in conflict, coupled with their exclusion from formal processes, have inspired a groundswell of political activism among women. This chapter examines the key milestones and motivators of this movement. In doing so, it demonstrates that as international policymakers engaged, a broader range of champions accelerated the movement. We suggest that despite challenges, the political movement associated with WPS has facilitated the creation of tools, including national action plans and UN Security Council Resolution 1325, that acknowledge the positive contributions of women’s meaningful inclusion.
WPS and Adopted Security Council Resolutions
Authors: Shepherd Laura J.
Published: December 2018

This chapter outlines the architecture of the Women, Peace, and Security agenda at the United Nations. Building on the explanation of the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 provided earlier in the volume, it explores the meanings of “women,” “peace,” and “security” that are constructed through the WPS policy framework. The chapter traces the continuities and changes to the central concepts in the resolutions and reflects on the implications of these representational practices as they affect the provisions and principles of the WPS agenda in practice. Moreover, the chapter draws out the key provisions of each resolution to explore the tensions that have arisen over time regarding the types of energy and commitment that have become manifest in the architecture supporting WPS implementation. This in turn enables a brief analysis of likely future directions of WPS practice and a comment on the ways in which Security Council dynamics might affect and effect certain possibilities while excluding or proscribing others.
Expressive Writing and Stress-Related Disorders
Authors: Wilhelm Kay , Crawford Joanna
Published: December 2018

Expressive writing (EW) was developed in the 1980s by Pennebaker and colleagues, who defined it as “writing focusing on traumatic, stressful or emotional events, and the feelings inspired by these.” There have been developments in terms of process, covering a range of instructions, target groups, and writing conditions and, more recently, benefit-finding writing (BFW) about benefits derived from stress or traumatic situations. EW has now been trialed across a broad range of situations, involving mental and physical health domains. Results from meta-analyses find small but significant improvements more related to physical health than mental health parameters. It is thought to be best suited to people with mild-to-moderate psychological distress who are addressing stress-related conditions and situations. The chapter describes common forms of EW and explores the place of BFW. Some mechanisms for expressive writing are discussed, but these are still speculative.
The Eight Steps in Marx’s Dialectical Method
Authors: Ollman Bertell
Published: December 2018

What one understands about dialectics often depends on the order in which it is presented. This article begins with the philosophy of internal relations, in which everything is conceived of in terms of relations and processes, and its accompanying process of abstraction, which enables us to focus on and separate out the part(s) of these relations and processes that are best suited for studying the problem(s) at hand. All the other steps Marx takes in his dialectical method, such as “dialectical laws,” “inquiry,” “self-clarification,” “exposition,” and “the identity of theory and practice” can only work as well as they do on the basis of these foundations.
Geriatric Capitalism
Authors: Vidal Matt
Published: December 2018

This entry presents a variegated capitalism analysis of Atlantic capitalism. We trace the development of the national accumulation regimes in the United Kingdom, United States, and Germany from the nineteenth century to the present. Following the Great Depression and World War II, policymakers, reformers, and business leaders explicitly crafteda framework for regulating North American and Western European capitalism . The national Fordist accumulation regimes embedded in thisinternational framework offset the stagnationist and crisis tendencies of capitalism for around two decades, seeing high profits and strong, wage-led growth. The crisis of Fordism that lasted through the 1970s—declining profits and stagnation—marked the transition to what we refer to as the geriatric stage of post-Fordist Atlantic capitalism. In response to the crisis, capital and the state engaged in widespread restructuring. The post-Fordist regime of internationalized competition and finance generated a return to destructive, wage-based competition. The core-periphery nature of the enlarged, neoliberalized European Union and the precarious dependence of the United States on China have exacerbated global political economic instability. The post-Fordist stage is characterized by slow growth, economic instability, and increasingly damaging economic crises; wage stagnation, rising inequality, and labor market precarity; and political polarization.
The Unresolved Agrarian Question in South Asia
Authors: Das Debarshi
Published: December 2018

This entry analyzes the historical evolution of the agrarian economy in South Asia and its present day predicament. Our focus is on the biggest country of the region, India. We start with a discussion of the Marixst theory of rent. Subsequently an agrarian economy dominated by petty peasants is examind through the lens of this theory. We probe the details of the South Asian agrarian economy which we argue is stuck in a state of lack of accumulation. We argue that asymmetry of market power in the agrarian produce market and state policies are the key factors in explaining why the agrarian question remains unresolved in South Asia.
American Folk Music, Folk Songs, and Ballads
Authors: Winick Stephen D.
Published: December 2018

Folk music, folk songs, and ballads are nested categories of traditional expression: folk songs are folk music that has words, and ballads are folk songs that tell stories. These genres are universal; all people make music, and almost all start with what scholars would call “folk music.” Nevertheless, this chapter suggests specific ways to find and study them in an American context. Music, songs, and ballads are created by individuals, circulate orally, are adapted by other individuals, and thus become communally re-created works of art. Finding and studying such works is a challenge, requiring us to combine aspects of historical inquiry, literary and linguistic analysis, musicological study, and ethnography. These genres have also become part of popular culture in ways that have been called “folkloresque,” one of which is the movement generally known as “the folk revival.” Virtually all Americans hear folk music in the context of these folkloresque adaptations.
Neuromodulatory Feedback to the Inferior Colliculus
Authors: Hurley Laura
Published: December 2018

The inferior colliculus (IC) receives prominent projections from centralized neuromodulatory systems. These systems include extra-auditory clusters of cholinergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic neurons. Although these modulatory sites are not explicitly part of the auditory system, they receive projections from primary auditory regions and are responsive to acoustic stimuli. This bidirectional influence suggests the existence of auditory-modulatory feedback loops. A characteristic of neuromodulatory centers is that they integrate inputs from anatomically widespread and functionally diverse sets of brain regions. This connectivity gives neuromodulatory systems the potential to import information into the auditory system on situational variables that accompany acoustic stimuli, such as context, internal state, or experience. Once released, neuromodulators functionally reconfigure auditory circuitry through a variety of receptors expressed by auditory neurons. In addition to shaping ascending auditory information, neuromodulation within the IC influences behaviors that arise subcortically, such as prepulse inhibition of the startle response. Neuromodulatory systems therefore provide a route for integrative behavioral information to access auditory processing from its earliest levels.
Lying in Social Psychology
Authors: DePaulo Bella M.
Published: December 2018

The social psychology of lying addresses some of the most fundamental questions about deception: How often do people lie? Why do they lie? To whom to they tell their lies? Do particular types of people lie especially often? Research-based answers to all those questions are reviewed. The investigation of frequency includes a comparison of students and non-students living in the same area, finding a higher incidence of lying among the former. Also discussed are strategies for lying, cognitive factors in lying, and lying in close and casual relationships. The system of personality categories introduced (or rather, updated) by Ashton and Lee (2007) is reviewed. The chief distinction in types of lie is found to be between self-serving lies and other-oriented lies. Strategies are examined in depth using interviews of suspected criminals and frequenters of online forums. The chapter concludes with a pessimistic overview of online dating sites.
Body Memory and the Unconscious
Authors: Fuchs Thomas
Published: December 2018

In traditional psychoanalysis the unconscious was conceived as a separate intra-psychic reality, hidden ‘below consciousness’ and only accessible to a ‘depth psychology’ based on metapsychological premises and concepts. In contrast to this vertical conception, this chapter presents a phenomenological approach to the unconscious as a horizontal dimension of the lived body, lived space, and intercorporeality. This approach is based (a) on a phenomenology of body memory, defined as the totality of implicit dispositions of perception and behaviour mediated by the body and sedimented in the course of earlier experiences. It is also based on (b) a phenomenology of the life space as a spatial mode of existence which is centred in the lived body and in which unconscious conflicts are played out as field forces.
Evaluating the Impact of Prescribed Versus Nonprescribed Benzodiazepine Use in Methadone Maintenance Therapy: Results From a Population-based Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Eibl Joseph K. , Wilton Andrew S. , Franklyn Alexandra M. , Kurdyak Paul , Marsh David C.
Published: December 2018

Objectives:

Benzodiazepine (BZD) use is common in patients who are engaged in methadone as a treatment for opioid use disorder. BZD prescribing is generally discouraged for this patient population due to the increased risk of BZD dependence and BZD use disorder, medication-assisted treatment (MAT) discontinuation, and opioid-overdose death. However, some patients have concurrent mental health disorders, where BZD use may be clinically indicated. This study evaluates the impact of prescribed BZD on MAT outcomes.

Methods:

Linking urine drug screening data (UDS) and prescribing information from single-payer health records, we conducted a retrospective Kaplan–Meier analysis between patients using prescribed and nonprescribed BZD with methadone treatment retention as the primary outcome. Data are from a network of 52 outpatient clinics in Ontario, Canada, between January 1, 2006 and June 30, 2013.

Results:

We identified 3692 patients initiating methadone-assisted treatment for the first time; 76% were BZD−/UDS− (no BZD prescription and <30% screens positive for BZD); 13% were BZD+/UDS−; 6% BZD−/UDS+; and 6% BZD+/UDS+. Using 1-year treatment retention as a primary outcome, patients using nonprescribed BZD (BZD−/UDS+) were twice as likely (adjusted odds ratio 0.38, 95% confidence interval 0.27–0.53) to discontinue treatment as those not using BZD (BZD−/UDS−), or those using BZD in a prescribed manner (BZD+/UDS+).

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest that prescribed BZD can be used during methadone MAT without impacting a patient's retention in MAT, but nonprescribed BZD use is predictive of treatment discontinuation. Importantly, we urge both the physician and patient to seek alternative clinical options to BZD prescribing, due to the potential for developing physical dependence (and BZD use disorder) to BZD and the risks of negative interactions with opioids.
Concept and treatment outcomes of dynamic spinal brace for scoliosis in cerebral palsy
Authors: Kajiura Ichiro , Kawabata Hidehiko , Okawa Atsuko , Minobe Yukiyasu , Matsuyama Motoaki , Yoshida Kiyoshi , Suzuki Tsunehiko
Published: December 2018

We developed a novel device, dynamic spinal brace (DSB), with the basic concept of automatic correction by maximizing posture control. Herein, we report the structure of the DSB and preliminary treatment outcomes for scoliosis in patients with cerebral palsy. The study cohort comprised 219 patients with cerebral palsy treated for scoliosis with Cobb angle of at least 20° and follow-up of more than 3 years under the DSB. Cobb angle, trunk shift, and pelvic obliquity were assessed by semi-sitting radiography, and a questionnaire on daily lifestyle was collected. The immediate correction of these parameters by wearing DSB was demonstrated. In those who aged older than 15 years, the annual progression was 1.0°, and trunk shift was not deteriorated statistically. The questionnaire survey indicated that the DSB led to improvements in QOL and caregiving, and only 3.5% of the patients discontinued DSB because of intolerance. However, we could not find clear evidence that DSB affects the natural history of scoliosis in children with cerebral palsy.
Effects of Intimate Partner Violence and Home Environment on Child Language Development in the First 3 Years of Life
Authors: Peterson Catherine C. , Riggs Jessica , Guyon-Harris Katherine , Harrison Lauren , Huth-Bocks Alissa
Published: December 2018

Objective:

Intimate partner violence (IPV) can adversely affect children's cognitive development, but links between IPV exposure and language development in the earliest years of life remain unknown. The present study examined the effects of IPV and the quality of the home environment on children's language development at age 3 years.

Methods:

In a prospective, 5-panel, longitudinal study of 79 mother-child dyads assessed prenatally to age 3 years, we examined standardized measures of receptive and expressive language development at age 3 years. Predictors and covariates included measures of IPV, characteristics of the home environment, maternal education, and maternal depression.

Results:

Regression analyses indicated a significant main effect of the home environment and maternal education on receptive language, with more supportive homes and more educated mothers at age 1 year linked to better child receptive language at age 3 years. Higher maternal education also significantly predicted better child expressive language at age 3 years. Early exposure to IPV had a direct adverse effect on children's expressive language development; however, interaction analyses indicated that this association was moderated by the quality of the home environment. Specifically, IPV adversely affected expressive language even when home quality was high, indicating that a supportive and stimulating home environment did not buffer effects of IPV on expressive language development.

Conclusions:

Intimate partner violence may adversely affect expressive language, even in positive home environments. Early language skill is an important predictor of later academic readiness and psychological development; therefore, children from at-risk home environments should be screened and monitored early for intervention.
Can a smartphone app help manage wounds in primary care?
Authors: Kulikov Pavel S. , Sandhu Prabjot K. , Van Leuven Karen A.
Published: December 2018

Background and purpose:

Although wound care guidelines are available for primary care providers, barriers to assessment and treatment remain. This article examines current evidence supporting wound management, wound guidelines, and provider comfort with wound management in primary care and discusses the need for improved training, education, and the development of a simplified approach to wound management in primary care.

Methods:

This review of evidence examines knowledge of wound care, wound curriculum, and the current availability of guidelines for health care providers at the frontlines.

Conclusion:

Few primary care curriculums and institutions require wound care education. Access to guidelines, pathways, and educational resources is limited, which negatively effects primary care provider's knowledge and comfort level in treating wounds in current clinical practice.

Implication for Practice:

Educating the general practitioner on evidence-based wound management and providing adequate resources remain a priority. Increasing awareness of available electronic wound care applications (apps) can improve a timely wound care assessment, diagnosis, and initiation of treatment.
Nonexpanded Prefabricated Anterior Perforator of Transverse Cervical Artery Flap for Full Facial Reconstruction
Authors: Wang Xian , Wang Haiping
Published: December 2018

Background:

Prefabricated flap is an important technique to reconstruct facial skin defects. There is no any procedure for full facial reconstruction, and we are the first one to accomplish it.

Methods:

Instead of the traditional supraclavicular island flap, we choose nonexpanded flap pedicled by the anterior perforator of transverse cervical artery (ap-TCA) to repair the whole facial deformity.

Results:

Nonexpanded prefabricated ap-TCA flap repaired full facial deformity successfully.

Conclusion:

Nonexpanded prefabricated ap-TCA flap is one of the best options for male full facial deformity patients.
The Analysis of Computed Tomography of Paranasal Sinuses in Nasal Septal Deviation
Authors: Yazici Demet
Published: December 2018

Objectives:

Anatomic variations of paranasal sinuses are frequent among population that should be analyzed and interpreted accurately. The purpose of this study is to analyze anatomical variants and their relationships of paranasal sinuses in patients with nasal septal deviation undergoing septoplasty.

Methods:

A total number of 150 patients (74 males, 76 females) with nasal septal deviation undergoing septal surgery were included in this retrospective study. The authors analyzed the direction and the angle of the nasal septal deviation, variations of the nasal turbinates, ethmoidal air cells, paranasal sinus pneumatization, accessory pneumatization of the paranasal complex and sphenoid sinus-related structures and the Keros, optic nerve and Vidian canal classification, and relationships between these structures in the paranasal computed tomography of the patients.

Results:

The incidence of concha bullosa, Onodi cell, and anterior clinoid pneumatization were higher in patients with nasal septal deviation when compared with current literature.

Conclusion:

Physicians and surgeons dealing with the nose and maxillofacial region should be able to analyze paranasal computed tomography by themselves and must be aware of these variations during performing septal and craniomaxillofacial surgery.
Incubation of discriminative stimulus-controlled cocaine craving: An animal model relevant to relapse prevention
Authors: Madangopal Rajtarun , Tunstall Brendan J , Komer Lauren E , Weber Sophia J , Hoots Jennifer K , Lennon Veronica A , Bossert Jennifer M , Epstein David H , Shaham Yavin , Hope Bruce T
Published: December 2018

In abstinent drug addicts, cues formerly associated with drug-taking experiences gain relapse-inducing potency ('incubate') over time. Animal models of incubation may help develop treatments to prevent relapse, but these models have ubiquitously focused on the role of conditioned stimuli (CSs) signaling drug delivery. From a translational perspective this is problematic because people encounter these stimuli only during or after relapse. For this reason, incubation in response to discriminative stimuli (DSs) that signal drug availability before relapse, not yet examined in preclinical studies, could be more relevant to relapse prevention. We trained rats to self-administer cocaine (or palatable food) under DS control, then investigated DS-controlled incubation of craving, in the absence of drug-paired CSs. DS-controlled cocaine (but not palatable food) seeking incubated over 60 days of abstinence and persisted up to 300 days. Understanding the neural mechanisms of this DS-controlled incubation holds significant promise for drug relapse treatments.