bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Short‐Duration, Localized Carbamide Peroxide Application to Remove Enamel Staining on Bond Strength of Resin Cement to Enamel
Authors: Cooper Jeril R. , Young Nancy B. , Haywood Van B. , Mettenburg Don , Callan Richard S. , Rueggeberg Fredrick A.
Published: March 2016

Objective

Peripheral enamel staining is often noticed after removal of long‐term veneer or crown provisional restorations. Application of carbamide peroxide (CP) easily removes the stain, but the potential for immediate bonding with a resin‐based cement is questionable. This project tested the short‐term, shear bond strength of a commercial, photo‐curable, resin cement to bovine enamel after application of a 10% concentration of CP placed for different exposure times.

Materials and Methods

Bovine enamel was flattened and polished. Surfaces had either no CP application (control), or 10% CP applied for 10, 20, or 30 seconds. Teeth were acid‐etched, rinsed, dried, and controlled sized stubs of a commercial resin cement were photocured onto the treated surfaces. The shear bond strength of each specimen was determined using a universal testing machine, and results were compared using an analysis of variance at a preset alpha of 0.5 (n = 10/group).

Results

No significant differences (p = 0.819) in shear bond strength were found among any CP cleaning treatments or the experimental (nontreated) control.

Conclusions

Short‐term application of 10% carbamide peroxide prior to acid etching, to remove enamel stains in teeth prepared to receive ceramic veneers or crowns, does not reduce immediate shear bond strength of resin‐based cement to enamel.

Clinical Significance

Clinicians can confidently apply 10% CP for short‐term, localized stain removal on enamel and not be concerned about affecting subsequent bond strength of a resin‐based cement to enamel. (J Esthet Restor Dent, 2016)
Shape plasticity in response to water velocity in the freshwater blenny Salaria fluviatilis
Authors: Laporte M. , Claude J. , Berrebi P. , Perret P. , Magnan P.
Published: March 2016

A non‐random association between an environmental factor and a given trait could be explained by directional selection (genetic determinism) and by phenotypic plasticity (environmental determinism). A previous study showed a significant relationship between morphology and water velocity in Salaria fluviatilis that conformed to functional expectations. The objective of this study was to test whether this relationship could be explained by phenotypic plasticity. Salaria fluviatilis from a Corsican stream were placed in four experimental channels with different water velocities (0, 10, 20 and 30 cm s−1) to test whether there was a morphological response associated with this environmental factor. After 28 days, fish shape changed in response to water velocity without any significant growth. Fish in higher water velocities exhibited a more slender body shape and longer anal and caudal fins. These results indicate a high degree of morphological plasticity in riverine populations of S. fluviatilis and suggest that the previous relationship between morphology and water velocity observed in the field may largely be due to an environmental determinism.
Vaniprevir plus peginterferon alfa‐2b and ribavirin in treatment‐experienced Japanese patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 (GT1b) infection: Phase 3 studies
Authors: Kumada Hiromitsu , Mochida Satoshi , Suzuki Fumitaka , Chayama Kazuaki , Karino Yoshiyasu , Nakamura Keisuke , Fujimoto Go , Howe Anita Y. M. , Ludmerer Steve W. , Mobashery Niloufar
Published: March 2016

Background and Aim

Vaniprevir is a macrocyclic hepatitis C virus (HCV) non‐structural (NS)3/4A protease inhibitor. The objective of these phase 3 multicenter, open‐label trials was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of vaniprevir + peginterferon alfa‐2b + ribavirin (PR) in Japanese patients with HCV genotype (GT)1 infection who had previously failed treatment with interferon‐based regimens.

Methods

Japanese patients with chronic HCV GT1 were enrolled. In PN044, patients with previous relapse or virologic breakthrough were randomized to vaniprevir (300 mg twice daily) + PR for 12 weeks followed by PR for another 12 weeks (12‐week arm) or vaniprevir + PR for 24 weeks (24‐week arm). In PN045, patients with previous partial/null response received vaniprevir + PR for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was sustained virologic response at 24 weeks after completing treatment (SVR24).

Results

In PN044 (n = 51), SVR24 was 92.0% and 96.2% in the 12‐ and 24‐week arms, respectively. In PN045 (n = 42), SVR24 was 61.9% in all patients and 55.2% in previous null responders. In both studies, vaniprevir + PR was generally safe and well tolerated; the majority of adverse events were mild/moderate and included pyrexia, decreased hemoglobin, headache, nausea, pruritus, and decreased platelet count. Polymorphisms in the HCV NS3 gene at baseline (Y56, Q80, and V170) did not impact treatment outcome. Virologic failure was principally associated with the on‐treatment emergence of R155 or D168 mutations.

Conclusions

Vaniprevir + PR is an effective, well‐tolerated treatment for Japanese patients with HCV GT1 infection who failed previous interferon‐based treatment.

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01405937 and NCT01405560 (Protocols PN044 and PN045)
OsGRF4 controls grain shape, panicle length and seed shattering in rice
Authors: Sun Pingyong , Zhang Wuhan , Wang Yihua , He Qiang , Shu Fu , Liu Hai , Wang Jie , Wang Jianmin , Yuan Longping , Deng Huafeng
Published: March 2016

Traits such as grain shape, panicle length and seed shattering, play important roles in grain yield and harvest. In this study, the cloning and functional analysis of PANICLE TRAITS 2 (PT2), a novel gene from the Indica rice Chuandali (CDL), is reported. PT2 is synonymous with Growth‐Regulating Factor 4 (OsGRF4), which encodes a growth‐regulating factor that positively regulates grain shape and panicle length and negatively regulates seed shattering. Higher expression of OsGRF4 is correlated with larger grain, longer panicle and lower seed shattering. A unique OsGRF4 mutation, which occurs at the OsmiRNA396 target site of OsGRF4, seems to be associated with high levels of OsGRF4 expression, and results in phenotypic difference. Further research showed that OsGRF4 regulated two cytokinin dehydrogenase precursor genes (CKX5 and CKX1) resulting in increased cytokinin levels, which might affect the panicle traits. High storage capacity and moderate seed shattering of OsGRF4 may be useful in high‐yield breeding and mechanized harvesting of rice. Our findings provide additional insight into the molecular basis of panicle growth.
Occult fetomaternal hemorrhage in women with pathological placenta with respect to permeability
Authors: Umazume T. , Yamada T. , Morikawa M. , Ishikawa S. , Kojima T. , Cho K. , Masauzi N. , Minakami H.
Published: March 2016

Aim

Women with pre‐eclampsia (PE), placenta previa (PP), placental abruption (PA), and placental mesenchymal dysplasia (PMD) have been described as having placental permeability dysfunction. This study was performed to determine whether occult fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH) is common in women with such complications and in women with non‐reassuring fetal status.

Methods

Forty‐one antenatal and 39 postnatal blood samples were obtained from 46 women, including 11 with placental permeability dysfunction (5, 3, 2, and 1 with PE, PP, PA, and PMD, respectively) and 35 controls without such complications. To estimate the amount of fetal red blood cells, flow cytometry was performed using the fetal cell count system with two antibodies against fetal hemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase and the β‐γ system with two monoclonal antibodies against hemoglobin β‐chain and hemoglobin γ‐chain. A diagnosis of FMH was made when the fraction size of the isolated cell population on scatter plots expressing fetal hemoglobin alone or hemoglobin γ‐chain alone accounted for ≥0.02% of the total cell population on scatter plots.

Results

FMH was identified in five women, including one each with PE, PA, PP, PMD, and no complications. Thus, the prevalence rate of FMH was significantly higher in women with complications than in controls (36% [4/11] vs 2.9% [1/35], respectively, P =  0.009). The FMH occurrence rate did not differ between women with and without non‐reassuring fetal status (7.7% [1/13] vs 12% [4/33], respectively, P =  1.000).

Conclusion

The risk of fetal red blood cells trafficking into the maternal circulation may be increased in women complicated with PE, PA, PP, and PMD.
Exploratory analysis of textual data from the Mother and Child Handbook using the text‐mining method: Relationships with maternal traits and post‐partum depression
Authors: Matsuda Yoshio , Manaka Tomoko , Kobayashi Makiko , Sato Shuhei , Ohwada Michitaka
Published: March 2016

Aim

The aim of the present study was to examine the possibility of screening apprehensive pregnant women and mothers at risk for post‐partum depression from an analysis of the textual data in the Mother and Child Handbook by using the text‐mining method.

Methods

Uncomplicated pregnant women (n = 58) were divided into two groups according to State–Trait Anxiety Inventory grade (high trait [group I, n = 21] and low trait [group II, n = 37]) or Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score (high score [group III, n = 15] and low score [group IV, n = 43]). An exploratory analysis of the textual data from the Maternal and Child Handbook was conducted using the text‐mining method with the Word Miner software program. A comparison of the ‘structure elements’ was made between the two groups.

Results

The number of structure elements extracted by separated words from text data was 20 004 and the number of structure elements with a threshold of 2 or more as an initial value was 1168. Fifteen key words related to maternal anxiety, and six key words related to post‐partum depression were extracted.

Conclusion

The text‐mining method is useful for the exploratory analysis of textual data obtained from pregnant woman, and this screening method has been suggested to be useful for apprehensive pregnant women and mothers at risk for post‐partum depression.
Serum Cobalamin and Methylmalonic Acid Concentrations in Hyperthyroid Cats Before and After Radioiodine Treatment
Authors: Geesaman B.M. , Whitehouse W.H. , Viviano K.R.
Published: March 2016

Background

Hyperthyroidism, the most common endocrine disorder in cats, has been associated with low serum cobalamin concentrations. Whether this is a functional cobalamin deficiency of clinical importance has not been assessed.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Cats with hyperthyroidism experience a functional cobalamin deficiency which correlates with their clinical catabolic state and is reversible with return of the euthyroid state.

Animals

Thirty‐nine client‐owned hyperthyroid cats.

Methods

Prospective observational study. Serum cobalamin, methylmalonic acid, and clinical scores were determined in each hyperthyroid cat at enrollment and when euthyroid (60 days after radioiodine treatment).

Results

Five of the 39 hyperthyroid cats (13%) had a low serum cobalamin concentration ranging from <150 to 290 ng/L. Serum cobalamin concentrations normalized to >350 ng/L in 2 of the hypocobalaminemic cats once euthyroid. None of the hyperthyroid/hypocobalaminemic cats had increased serum methylmalonic acid concentrations (175–601 nmol/L). In cats with clinical and biochemical hyperthyroidism, there was no correlation between serum cobalamin concentrations with total T4 concentration (P= .12) or clinical scores including body weight (P= .11) andBCS(P= .54).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

In this population of hyperthyroid cats, the prevalence of hypocobalaminemia was low. Specifically, hyperthyroid cats, in which concurrent gastrointestinal disease is unlikely. Hypocobalaminemia is not a functional deficiency requiring supplementation in hyperthyroid cats without gastrointestinal disease.
The recommended treatment algorithms of the BCLC and HKLC staging systems: does following these always improve survival rates for HCC patients?
Authors: Kim Kwang Min , Sinn Dong Hyun , Jung Sin‐Ho , Gwak Geum‐Youn , Paik Yong‐Han , Choi Moon Seok , Lee Joon Hyeok , Koh Kwang Cheol , Paik Seung Woon
Published: March 2016

Background & Aims

Several staging systems have been proposed for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Among them, only the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) and Hong Kong Liver Cancer (HKLC) staging systems also recommend treatment modality. This study was designed to see whether BCLC and HKLC staging can guide treatment strategy, so analyzed whether patients survival is better for those who received recommended therapy by each staging system.

Methods

A total of 3515 treatment‐naïve, newly diagnosed HCC patients at a single centre were analyzed.

Results

Five‐year survival rates according to BCLC stages: 0 = 79.1%, A = 62.9%, B = 40.3%, C = 21.3% and D = 27.0%; 5‐year survival rates according to HKLC stages: I = 72.3%, IIa = 54.9%, IIb = 50.6%, IIIa = 21.3%, IIIb = 10.2%, IVa = 16.7%, IVb = 7.2%, Va = 47.1% and Vb = 11.3%. The C‐indices of the BCLC and HKLC staging systems were 0.708 and 0.732 respectively. Patient survival was better when patients received the recommended treatment in stages 0 or A; survival was worse if treatment began at stage B, C or D. For HKLC staging system, survival was better when patients received the recommended treatment in stages I, IIa, IIb, IIIa or Va but was worse when treatment began in stages IIIb, IVa, IVb or Vb.

Conclusion

Both the BCLC and HKLC staging systems effectively stratified patient prognosis, but neither could direct therapy for a large proportion of patients; for some stages, recommended therapy was associated with worse prognosis.
Sorting duplicated loci disentangles complexities of polyploid genomes masked by genotyping by sequencing
Authors: Limborg Morten T. , Seeb Lisa W. , Seeb James E.
Published: March 2016

Many plants and animals of polyploid origin are currently enjoying a genomics explosion enabled by modern sequencing and genotyping technologies. However, routine filtering of duplicated loci in most studies using genotyping by sequencing introduces an unacceptable, but often overlooked, bias when detecting selection. Retained duplicates from ancient whole‐genome duplications (WGDs) may be found throughout genomes, whereas retained duplicates from recent WGDs are concentrated at distal ends of some chromosome arms. Additionally, segmental duplicates can be found at distal ends or nearly anywhere in a genome. Evidence shows that these duplications facilitate adaptation through one of two pathways: neo‐functionalization or increased gene expression. Filtering duplicates removes distal ends of some chromosomes, and distal ends are especially known to harbour adaptively important genes. Thus, filtering of duplicated loci impoverishes the interpretation of genomic data as signals from contiguous duplicated genes are ignored. We review existing strategies to genotype and map duplicated loci; we focus in detail on an overlooked strategy of using gynogenetic haploids (1N) as a part of new genotyping by sequencing studies. We provide guidelines on how to use this haploid strategy for studies on polyploid‐origin vertebrates including how it can be used to screen duplicated loci in natural populations. We conclude by discussing areas of research that will benefit from better inclusion of polyploid loci; we particularly stress the sometimes overlooked fact that basing genomic studies on dense maps provides value added in the form of locating and annotating outlier loci or colocating outliers into islands of divergence.
Ancient hybridization and genomic stabilization in a swordtail fish
Authors: Schumer Molly , Cui Rongfeng , Powell Daniel L. , Rosenthal Gil G. , Andolfatto Peter
Published: March 2016

A rapidly increasing body of work is revealing that the genomes of distinct species often exhibit hybrid ancestry, presumably due to postspeciation hybridization between closely related species. Despite the growing number of documented cases, we still know relatively little about how genomes evolve and stabilize following hybridization, and to what extent hybridization is functionally relevant. Here, we examine the case of Xiphophorus nezahualcoyotl, a teleost fish whose genome exhibits significant hybrid ancestry. We show that hybridization was relatively ancient and is unlikely to be ongoing. Strikingly, the genome of X. nezahualcoyotl has largely stabilized following hybridization, distinguishing it from examples such as human–Neanderthal hybridization. Hybridization‐derived regions are remarkably distinct from other regions of the genome, tending to be enriched in genomic regions with reduced constraint. These results suggest that selection has played a role in removing hybrid ancestry from certain functionally important regions. Combined with findings in other systems, our results raise many questions about the process of genomic stabilization and the role of selection in shaping patterns of hybrid ancestry in the genome.
Anatomy of the national myth: archetypes and narrative in the study of nationalism
Authors: Morden Michael
Published: March 2016

This paper argues that recognising types of underlying narrative form which repeatedly occur across cases is critical to the study of nationalism. It proposes a method borrowed from the literary theory of Northrop Frye – archetypal criticism – for identifying the four basic forms of emotional architecture that characterise the myths of particular nations: tragic, romantic, comic and satiric. The study of nationalism has long acknowledged the importance of narrative in political behaviour. But consideration of how distinct types of narratives affect specific emotions is missing. The ‘narrative turn’ in the social sciences, which has responded to instrumentalist scepticism, has thus far focused on the cognitive functions of narrative. That is, how narrative influences the acquisition and interpretation of information and how stories are used to construct or reinforce a collective understanding of events. The undertheorised dimension of narrative in nationalism relates to the emotional structures embedded within narrative. This is where this paper makes its contribution.
Arrhythmic Burden and Ambulatory Monitoring of Pediatric Patients with Cardiomyopathy
Authors: CZOSEK RICHARD J. , JEFFERIES JOHN L. , KHOURY PHILIP R. , ANDERSON JEFFREY B. , WILMOT IVAN , KNILANS TIMOTHY K. , SPAR DAVID S.
Published: March 2016

Background

Pediatric patients with cardiomyopathy (CM) are at risk for sudden cardiac death (SCD), likely driven by arrhythmic etiologies.

Objectives

Describe arrhythmia burden and Holter utility in pediatric CM including: hypertrophic CM (HCM), dilated CM (DCM), and restrictive CM (RCM).

Methods

Retrospective cohort study of patients <21 years with CM. Patient demographics, arrhythmic history, and genetic status were reviewed including outcomes of death, aborted SCD, and device shocks. Holter findings were analyzed over the prior 5 years including clinically significant findings and resulting changes to management. Analysis for the composite outcomes of death, aborted SCD, and appropriate shock were performed using logistic regression with backward elimination.

Results

One hundred and forty‐six patients were included: 83 HCM, 54 DCM, and nine RCM (mean 13 ±
6 years). A total of 23% of patients had defibrillators. There were six deaths (two SCD), four patients with appropriate device therapies, and four aborted SCD episodes. In total, 305 Holter monitors were reviewed. Six Holters had significant findings, all nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Two Holters resulted in changes in management, both defibrillator implantations. Twelve patients had one or more of the conditions defining the composite outcome. Using logistic regression, clinical history of ventricular arrhythmia, frequent premature ventricular complexes, and CM type were included as potential independent predictors in the final model and clinical ventricular arrhythmia and RCM disease were associated with the composite outcome.

Conclusions

SCD and device therapies were relatively rare. Routine Holter screening rarely demonstrated significant findings or changed clinical care. Clinical history of ventricular arrhythmia was associated with poor clinical outcome.
Developmental Changes in Neonatal and Infant Skin Structures During the First 6 Months: In Vivo Observation
Authors: Miyauchi Yuki , Shimaoka Yayoi , Fujimura Tsutomu , Koike Yumi , Yatabe Michio , Nishikawa Masakatsu , Hayashi Masaru , Sugata Keiichi , Moriwaki Shigeru , Hatamochi Atsushi
Published: March 2016

Background/Objectives

Developmental changes of structures in neonatal and infant skin have not been well characterized. The purpose of this study was to clarify changes in skin structures during neonatal and infant growth in vivo.

Methods

Fifteen healthy, full‐term neonates (seven girls, eight boys) were studied. The measurements were performed 4 to 7 days (neonate) and 1, 3, and 6 months after birth on the buttock, upper thigh, and ventral forearm skin using a confocal laser scanning microscope. Developmental changes in dermoepidermal junction structures, stratum corneum thickness, epidermal thickness, and microvascular development were investigated.

Results

A significant decrease in stratum corneum thickness was observed over the 3 months after birth. Dermal papillae were not observed in neonatal skin but were observed gradually over the next 3 months. Epidermal thickness, determined from the skin surface to the bottom of the epidermal layer, increased significantly from 4 to 7 days to 1 month of age, indicating the formation of dermal papillae and rete ridges. Complicated microvascular structures were observed in neonatal skin but disappeared gradually and were observed only at the dermal papillae at 3 months of age.

Conclusions

Our results reveal that infant skin is in a developmental stage structurally up to 3 months of age, paralleling skin functional and developmental maturation.
Dental stories for children with autism
Authors: Marion Ian W , Nelson Travis M. , Sheller Barbara , McKinney Christy M. , Scott JoAnna M.
Published: March 2016

Purpose

To investigate caregivers' preference regarding dental stories to prepare children with autism for dental visits.

Methods

Caregivers of children with autism were allowed use of dental stories available via different media (paper, tablet computer, computer) and image types (comics or drawings, photographs, video). Caregivers completed pre‐ and postintervention surveys. Fisher's exact tests were used to determine associations between predictive factors and preferences.

Results

Forty initial and 16 follow‐up surveys were completed. Subjects were primarily male (85%). Mean child age was 6.7 years. Nine (64%) caregivers found the dental story useful for themselves and their child. Two (14%) caregivers found the aid only helpful for themselves. Preferred media type was associated with language understanding (p = .038) and home media preference (p = .002).

Conclusions

Practitioners should consider using dental stories to help prepare families and children for dental visits. Individual preferences for dental stories vary; using prior history can aid in selection.
Together in Need: Relational Selfhood, Vulnerability to Harm, and Enriching Attachments
Authors: Wolfe Katharine
Published: March 2016

Connections between one's own welfare and that of others abound if we pause to look for them, although philosophical theories of selfhood have only very recently begun to incorporate these connections. This essay draws on recent work on need to argue that one of the strongest expressions of these connections is to be found in the relational needs that they can generate. While paying heed to needs that arise from the relational nature of selfhood at large, this essay pays particular attention to what I call “transpersonal needs”: needs that occur when one's experience of the needs of others gives rise to certain needs of one's own. I argue that the best criterion for defining need is vulnerability to harm, but this does not mean that having a need is something that is purely harmful. Having certain needs can also enrich one's life. Further, while every need entails a corresponding vulnerability to harm, some of these potential harms are more detrimental to one's welfare than others, with some relational needs standing among those that can result in the greatest harm if unanswered.
A Person‐Oriented Analysis of Social Withdrawal in Chinese Children
Authors: Coplan Robert J. , Liu Junsheng , Ooi Laura L. , Chen Xinyin , Li Dan , Ding Xuechen
Published: March 2016

The goal of this study was to compare the socio‐emotional and academic adjustment of different subtypes of socially withdrawn (shy, unsociable, avoidant) school‐age children in mainland China. Participants were N = 1344 children ages 10–12 years from public elementary schools in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Multi‐source assessment included: child self‐reports of social withdrawal subtypes and internalizing difficulties (e.g., depression, social anxiety); peer nominations of children's peer relations (e.g., peer victimization, peer preference); and teacher ratings of children's school adjustment (e.g., academic success, internalizing problems). Results from person‐oriented analyses indicated that socially avoidant (i.e., shy‐unsociable) children reported the most pervasive internalizing difficulties compared to other groups. However, in contrast to findings among Western samples, unsociable children were as likely to have peer and academic difficulties as their shy and socially avoidant peers. Findings are discussed in terms of the implications of different subtypes of social withdrawal among children in collectivistic societies such as China.
Reading Formations of Subjectivity: From Discourse to Psyche
Authors: Brock Maria
Published: March 2016

This article represents a critical overview of strategies to examine subjectivity in discourse, highlighting a series of methodological approaches, which seek to manage the tension between discourse studies' focus on social and cultural structures, and psychoanalysis' interest in unconscious motivations. One aim is to trouble the supposed opposition between discourse analysis and the psychosocial approach and to regard the latter as a possible extension of insights established by the former. It is argued here that psychosocial readings in general, and Lacanian approaches more specifically, offer a cautious, nuanced way of introducing psychoanalytic ideas into the analysis of texts. The first part of this article offers examples of discourse analytic approaches, which have explicitly sought to incorporate psychoanalytic notions, followed by a discussion of Lacanian discourse analysis – a method shaped directly by this psychoanalytic school's concern with language. The article concludes with a series of methodological injunctions for conducting a psychosocial form of textual analysis.
Late Mesoproterozoic rifting in Arctic Canada during Rodinia assembly: impactogens, trans‐continental far‐field stress and zinc mineralisation
Authors: Turner Elizabeth C. , Long Darrel G. F. , Rainbird Robert H. , Petrus Joseph A. , Rayner Nicole M.
Published: March 2016

This paper challenges the conventional interpretation of a major, economically important Mesoproterozoic intracratonic rift system as a group of aulacogens, proposing instead that they are rifts that developed in response to far‐field stress caused by continent–continent collision (impactogens) during supercontinent assembly. The tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Bylot basins (Arctic Canada) records dramatic alternations between extensional and compressional stress regimes, precluding an aulacogen interpretation and favouring an impactogen interpretation. New geochronological data (U–Th–Pb whole‐rock depositional age; detrital zircon signatures) provide a record of impactogens that developed in Laurentia's interior as a result of Grenvillian (~1.1 Ga) far‐field stress during assembly of the supercontinent Rodinia. Formation of the world‐class Nanisivik zinc deposit in one of the rifts is temporally associated with the Grenvillian orogeny, and consequently represents both (i) a rare exception to the global pattern of few ore deposits forming during supercontinent episodes, and (ii) a hitherto unrecognised tectonic setting for carbonate‐hosted zinc deposits.
Modeling Co‐evolution of Speech and Biology
Authors: de Boer Bart
Published: March 2016

Two computer simulations are investigated that model interaction of cultural evolution of language and biological evolution of adaptations to language. Both are agent‐based models in which a population of agents imitates each other using realistic vowels. The agents evolve under selective pressure for good imitation. In one model, the evolution of the vocal tract is modeled; in the other, a cognitive mechanism for perceiving speech accurately is modeled. In both cases, biological adaptations to using and learning speech evolve, even though the system of speech sounds itself changes at a more rapid time scale than biological evolution. However, the fact that the available acoustic space is used maximally (a self‐organized result of cultural evolution) is constant, and therefore biological evolution does have a stable target. This work shows that when cultural and biological traits are continuous, their co‐evolution may lead to cognitive adaptations that are strong enough to detect empirically.
Regulation of Cell Migration and β1 Integrin Trafficking by the Endosomal Adaptor GGA3
Authors: Ratcliffe Colin D. H. , Sahgal Pranshu , Parachoniak Christine A. , Ivaska Johanna , Park Morag
Published: March 2016

The integrin family of cell adhesion receptors link extracellular matrices to intracellular signaling pathways and the actin cytoskeleton; and regulate cell migration, proliferation and survival in normal and diseased tissues. The subcellular location of integrin receptors is critical for their function and deregulated trafficking is implicated in various human diseases. Here we identify a role for Golgi‐localized gamma‐ear containing Arf‐binding protein 3 (GGA3), in regulating trafficking of β1 integrin. GGA3 knockdown reduces cell surface and total levels of α2, α5 and β1 integrin subunits, inhibits cell spreading, reduces focal adhesion number, as well as cell migration. In the absence of GGA3, integrins are increasingly retained inside the cell, traffic toward the perinuclear lysosomal compartment and their degradation is enhanced. Integrin traffic and maintenance of integrin levels are dependent on the integrity of the Arf binding site of GGA3. Furthermore, sorting nexin 17 (SNX17), a critical regulator of integrin recycling, becomes mislocalized to enlarged late endosomes upon GGA3 depletion. These data support a model whereby GGA3, through its ability to regulate SNX17 endosomal localization and through interaction with Arf6 diverts integrins from the degradative pathway supporting cell migration.
Endogenous mycotic endophthalmitis in a dog with candiduria and Evans syndrome
Authors: Enders Andrew , van der Woerdt Alexandra , Donovan Taryn
Published: March 2016

This report describes the clinical presentation, diagnosis, histologic lesions, and outcome of endogenous mycotic endophthalmitis secondary to candiduria in a three‐year‐old female spayed Dachshund. The dog was being treated for Evans syndrome for one month prior to being diagnosed with candiduria and fibrinous uveitis OS. The left eye was enucleated due to secondary glaucoma, and the fungal urinary tract infection was treated successfully. Uveitis developed in the contralateral eye with relapse of the urinary tract infection in the following weeks. The right eye was medically managed until secondary glaucoma developed and was subsequently enucleated. Histopathology of both eyes showed evidence of endophthalmitis with intralesional fungal organisms, consistent with Candida spp. Ocular candidiasis is rare in dogs. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of endogenous mycotic endophthalmitis with concurrent candiduria in a dog.
A novel property of gold nanoparticles: Free radical generation under microwave irradiation
Authors: Paudel Nava Raj , Shvydka Diana , Parsai E. Ishmael
Published: March 2016

Purpose:

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are known to be effective mediators in microwave hyperthermia. Interaction with an electromagnetic field, large surface to volume ratio, and size quantization of nanoparticles (NPs) can lead to increased cell killing beyond pure heating effects. The purpose of this study is to explore the possibility of free radical generation by GNPs in aqueous media when they are exposed to a microwave field.

Methods:

A number of samples with 500 mM 5,5‐dimethyl‐1‐pyrroline N‐oxide (DMPO) in 20 ppm GNP colloidal suspensions were scanned with an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)/electron spin resonance spectrometer to generate and detect free radicals. A fixed (9.68 GHz) frequency microwave from the spectrometer has served for both generation and detection of radicals. EPR spectra obtained as first derivatives of intensity with the spectrometer were double integrated to get the free radical signal intensities. Power dependence of radical intensity was studied by applying various levels of microwave power (12.5, 49.7, and 125 mW) while keeping all other scan parameters the same. Free radical signal intensities from initial and final scans, acquired at the same power levels, were compared.

Results:

Hydroxyl radical (OH⋅) signal was found to be generated due to the exposure of GNP–DMPO colloidal samples to a microwave field. Intensity of OH⋅ signal thus generated at 12.5 mW microwave power for 2.8 min was close to the intensity of OH⋅ signal obtained from a water–DMPO sample exposed to 1.5 Gy ionizing radiation dose. For repeated scans, higher OH⋅ intensities were observed in the final scan for higher power levels applied between the initial and the final scans. Final intensities were higher also for a shorter time interval between the initial and the final scans.

Conclusions:

Our results observed for the first time demonstrate that GNPs generate OH⋅ radicals in aqueous media when they are exposed to a microwave field. If OH⋅ radicals can be generated close to deoxyribonucleic acid of cells by proper localization of NPs, NP‐aided microwave hyperthermia can yield cell killing via both elevated temperature and free radical generation.
Small acoustically forced symmetric bodies in viscous fluids
Authors: Nadal François , Lauga Eric
Published: March 2016

The total force exerted on a small rigid body by an acoustic field in a viscous fluid is addressed analytically in the limit where the typical size of the particle is smaller than both the viscous diffusion length scale and the acoustic wavelength. In this low-frequency limit, such a force can be calculated provided the effect of the acoustic steady streaming is negligible. Using the Eulerian linear expansion of Lagrangian hydrodynamic quantities (velocity and pressure), the force on a small solid sphere free to move in an acoustic field is first calculated in the case of progressive and standing waves, and it is compared to past results. The proposed method is then extended to the case of more complex shapes with three planes of symmetry. For a symmetric body oriented with one of its axis along the wave direction, the acoustic force exerted by a progressive wave is affected by the particle shape at leading order. In contrast, for a standing wave (with the same orientation), the force experienced by the particle at leading order is the same as the one experienced by a sphere of same volume and density.
Fast radio bursts tease astronomers
Authors: Schilling Govert
Published: March 2016

Conflicting results suggest the potent blasts come in two flavors.
Spiking neurons can discover predictive features by aggregate-label learning
Authors: Gütig Robert
Published: March 2016

Credit assignment in the brain

To discover relevant clues for survival, an organism must bridge the gap between the short time periods when a clue occurs and the potentially long waiting times after which feedback arrives. This so-called temporal credit-assignment problem is also a major challenge in machine learning. Gütig developed a representation of the responses of spiking neurons, whose derivative defines the direction along which a neuron's response changes most rapidly. By using a learning rule that follows this development, the temporal credit-assignment problem can be solved by training a neuron to match its number of output spikes to the number of clues. The same learning rule endows unsupervised neural networks with powerful learning capabilities.

Science
, this issue p.
10.1126/science.aab4113
Highly stretchable electroluminescent skin for optical signaling and tactile sensing
Authors: Larson C. , Peele B. , Li S. , Robinson S. , Totaro M. , Beccai L. , Mazzolai B. , Shepherd R.
Published: March 2016

Make it stretch, make it glow

The skins of some cephalopods, such as the octopus, are highly flexible and contain color-changing cells. These cells are loaded with pigments that enable rapid and detailed camouflaging abilities. Larson
et al.
developed a stretchable electroluminescent actuator. The material could be highly stretched, could emit light, and could also sense internal and external pressure. A soft robot demonstrated these combined capabilities by stretching and emitting light as it moved.

Science
, this issue p.
1071
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Diagnostic Testing: 30 Years of Evolution
Authors: Alexander Thomas S.
Published: March 2016

A concern during the early AIDS epidemic was the lack of a test to identify individuals who carried the virus. The first HIV antibody test, developed in 1985, was designed to screen blood products, not to diagnose AIDS. The first-generation assays detected IgG antibody and became positive 6 to 12 weeks postinfection. False-positive results occurred; thus, a two-test algorithm was developed using a Western blot or immunofluorescence test as a confirmatory procedure. The second-generation HIV test added recombinant antigens, and the third-generation HIV tests included IgM detection, reducing the test-negative window to approximately 3 weeks postinfection. Fourth- and fifth-generation HIV assays added p24 antigen detection to the screening assay, reducing the test-negative window to 11 to 14 days. A new algorithm addressed the fourth-generation assay's ability to detect both antibody and antigen and yet not differentiate between them. The fifth-generation HIV assay provides separate antigen and antibody results and will require yet another algorithm. HIV infection may now be detected approximately 2 weeks postexposure, with a reduced number of false-positive results.
Complement Opsonization Promotes Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Infection of Human Dendritic Cells
Authors: Crisci Elisa , Ellegård Rada , Nyström Sofia , Rondahl Elin , Serrander Lena , Bergström Tomas , Sjöwall Christopher , Eriksson Kristina , Larsson Marie
Published: March 2016

Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections globally, with a very high prevalence in many countries. During HSV-2 infection, viral particles become coated with complement proteins and antibodies, both present in genital fluids, which could influence the activation of immune responses. In genital mucosa, the primary target cells for HSV-2 infection are epithelial cells, but resident immune cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), are also infected. DCs are the activators of the ensuing immune responses directed against HSV-2, and the aim of this study was to examine the effects opsonization of HSV-2, either with complement alone or with complement and antibodies, had on the infection of immature DCs and their ability to mount inflammatory and antiviral responses. Complement opsonization of HSV-2 enhanced both the direct infection of immature DCs and their production of new infectious viral particles. The enhanced infection required activation of the complement cascade and functional complement receptor 3. Furthermore, HSV-2 infection of DCs required endocytosis of viral particles and their delivery into an acid endosomal compartment. The presence of complement in combination with HSV-1- or HSV-2-specific antibodies more or less abolished HSV-2 infection of DCs. Our results clearly demonstrate the importance of studying HSV-2 infection under conditions that ensuein vivo, i.e., conditions under which the virions are covered in complement fragments and complement fragments and antibodies, as these shape the infection and the subsequent immune response and need to be further elucidated.

IMPORTANCEDuring HSV-2 infection, viral particles should become coated with complement proteins and antibodies, both present in genital fluids, which could influence the activation of the immune responses. The dendritic cells are activators of the immune responses directed against HSV-2, and the aim of this study was to examine the effects of complement alone or complement and antibodies on HSV-2 infection of dendritic cells and their ability to mount inflammatory and antiviral responses. Our results demonstrate that the presence of antibodies and complement in the genital environment can influence HSV-2 infection underin vitroconditions that reflect thein vivosituation. We believe that our findings are highly relevant for the understanding of HSV-2 pathogenesis.
A North American H7N3 Influenza Virus Supports Reassortment with 2009 Pandemic H1N1 and Induces Disease in Mice without Prior Adaptation
Authors: Williams Graham D. , Pinto Amelia K. , Doll Brittany , Boon Adrianus C. M.
Published: March 2016

Reassortment between H5 or H9 subtype avian and mammalian influenza A viruses (IAV) can generate a novel virus that causes disease and transmits between mammals. Such information is currently not available for H7 subtype viruses. We evaluated the ability of a low-pathogenicity North American avian H7N3 virus (A/shorebird/Delaware/22/2006) to reassort with mammalian or avian viruses using a plasmid-based competition assay. In addition to genome segments derived from an avian H7N9 virus, the H7N3 virus reassorted efficiently with the PB2, NA, and M segments from the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (
P
H1N1) virus.
In vitro
and
in vivo
evaluation of the H7N3:
P
H1N1 (7 + 1) reassortant viruses revealed that the PB2, NA, or M segments from
P
H1N1 largely do not attenuate the H7N3 virus, whereas the PB1, PA, NP, or NS genome segments from
P
H1N1 do. Additionally, we assessed the functionality of the H7N3:
P
H1N1 7 + 1 reassortant viruses by measuring the inflammatory response
in vivo
. We found that infection with wild-type H7N3 resulted in increased inflammatory cytokine production relative to that seen with the
P
H1N1 strain and that the increase was further exacerbated by substitution of
P
H1N1 PB2 but not NA or M. Finally, we assessed if any adaptations occurred in the individually substituted segments after
in vivo
inoculation and found no mutations, suggesting that
P
H1N1 PB2, NA, and M are genetically stable in the background of this H7N3 virus. Taking the data together, we demonstrate that a North American avian H7N3 IAV is genetically and functionally compatible with multiple gene segments from the 2009 pandemic influenza virus strain without prior adaptation.

IMPORTANCE
The 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus continues to circulate and reassort with other influenza viruses, creating novel viruses with increased replication and transmission potential in humans. Previous studies have found that this virus can also reassort with H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses. We now show that several genome segments of the 2009 H1N1 virus are also highly compatible with a low-pathogenicity avian H7N3 virus and that these reassortant viruses are stable and not attenuated in an animal model. These results highlight the potential for reassortment of H1N1 viruses with avian influenza virus and emphasize the need for continued surveillance of influenza viruses in areas of cocirculation between avian, human, and swine viruses.
Extracellular Vesicles Exploit Viral Entry Routes for Cargo Delivery
Authors: van Dongen Helena M. , Masoumi Niala , Witwer Kenneth W. , Pegtel D. Michiel
Published: March 2016

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as crucial mediators of intercellular communication, being involved in a wide array of key biological processes. Eukaryotic cells, and also bacteria, actively release heterogeneous subtypes of EVs into the extracellular space, where their contents reflect their (sub)cellular origin and the physiologic state of the parent cell. Within the past 20 years, presumed subtypes of EVs have been given a rather confusing diversity of names, including exosomes, microvesicles, ectosomes, microparticles, virosomes, virus-like particles, and oncosomes, and these names are variously defined by biogenesis, physical characteristics, or function. The latter category, functions, in particular the transmission of biological signals between cells
in vivo
and how EVs control biological processes, has garnered much interest. EVs have pathophysiological properties in cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, infectious disease, and cardiovascular disease, highlighting possibilities not only for minimally invasive diagnostic applications but also for therapeutic interventions, like macromolecular drug delivery. Yet, in order to pursue therapies involving EVs and delivering their cargo, a better grasp of EV targeting is needed. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms underpinning EV uptake by receptor-ligand interactions with recipient cells, highlighting once again the overlap of EVs and viruses. Despite their highly heterogeneous nature, EVs require common viral entry pathways, and an unanticipated specificity for cargo delivery is being revealed. We discuss the challenges ahead in delineating specific roles for EV-associated ligands and cellular receptors.
Strengths and Limitations of Model Systems for the Study of Urinary Tract Infections and Related Pathologies
Authors: Barber Amelia E. , Norton J. Paul , Wiles Travis J. , Mulvey Matthew A.
Published: March 2016

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are some of the most common bacterial infections worldwide and are a source of substantial morbidity among otherwise healthy women. UTIs can be caused by a variety of microbes, but the predominant etiologic agent of these infections is uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
(UPEC). An especially troubling feature of UPEC-associated UTIs is their high rate of recurrence. This problem is compounded by the drastic increase in the global incidence of antibiotic-resistant UPEC strains over the past 15 years. The need for more-effective treatments for UTIs is driving research aimed at bettering our understanding of the virulence mechanisms and host-pathogen interactions that occur during the course of these infections. Surrogate models of human infection, including cell culture systems and the use of murine, porcine, avian, teleost (zebrafish), and nematode hosts, are being employed to define host and bacterial factors that modulate the pathogenesis of UTIs. These model systems are revealing how UPEC strains can avoid or overcome host defenses and acquire scarce nutrients while also providing insight into the virulence mechanisms used by UPEC within compromised individuals, such as catheterized patients. Here, we summarize our current understanding of UTI pathogenesis while also giving an overview of the model systems used to study the initiation, persistence, and recurrence of UTIs and life-threatening sequelae like urosepsis. Although we focus on UPEC, the experimental systems described here can also provide valuable insight into the disease processes associated with other bacterial pathogens both within the urinary tract and elsewhere within the host.