bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pleiotropic Effects of Heparin and its Monitoring in the Clinical Practice
Authors: Arachchillage Deepa J. , Kitchen Steve
Published: May 2024

Unfractionated heparin (UFH) was uncovered in 1916, has been used as an anticoagulant since 1935, and has been listed in the World Health Organization's Model List of Essential Medicines. Despite the availability of many other anticoagulants, the use of heparin (either low molecular weight heparin [LMWH] or UFH) is still substantial. Heparin has pleotropic effects including anticoagulant and several nonanticoagulant properties such as antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory activity, and anticomplement effects. Although UFH has been widely replaced by LMWH, UFH is still the preferred anticoagulant of choice for patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and patients with high-risk mechanical cardiac valves requiring temporary bridging with a parenteral anticoagulant. UFH is a highly negatively charged molecule and binds many positively charged molecules, hence has unpredictable pharmacokinetics, and variable anticoagulant effect on an individual patient basis. Therefore, anticoagulant effects of UFH may not be proportional to the dose of UFH given to any individual patient. In this review, we discuss the anticoagulant and nonanticoagulant activities of UFH, differences between UFH and LMWH, when to use UFH, different methods of monitoring the anticoagulant effects of UFH (including activated partial thromboplastin time, heparin anti-Xa activity level, and activated clotting time), while discussing pros and cons related to each method and comparison of clinical outcomes in patients treated with UFH monitored with different methods based on available evidence.
Molecular Epidemiology of Group A Streptococcus Isolated from Children in Beijing during 2011 to 2019
Authors: Li Hong-Jun , Wei Ting-Ting , Song Hui-Ming , Cui Yan , Tian Mei-Li , Zou Lin , Xi Lu , Yang Yan-Na , Zhang Guo-Feng , Du Juan , Cui Fuqiang , Lu Qing-Bin
Published: May 2024

Objective This study aimed to examine the characteristics of Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infection and identify the emm genotypes and the superantigen gene of GAS strains isolated from children from 2011 to 2019 in Tongzhou District, Beijing.

Methods Pharyngeal swab samples from children with scarlet fever or pharyngeal infection were collected and tested for GAS. In GAS isolates, emm genotypes and superantigen genes were identified. Logistic regression models were used to explore the correlations between demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, and GAS infection.

Results In total, 172/1,214 (14.2%) GAS were isolated. The GAS infection rate in children with scarlet fever was 47.5%, higher than 8.5% in children with pharyngeal infection (p < 0.001). The risk of GAS infection was associated with oral mucosal congestion in children with scarlet fever, and older age, tonsillitis, and rash in children with pharyngeal infection. Seven emm genotypes were detected in 164 GAS isolated strains, of which emm12 and emm1 accounted for 47.0 and 46.3%, respectively. Among 112 GAS isolates, the top 5 detection rates of superantigen genes were speF 100.0%, speG 100.0%, speB 98.2%, speC 94.6%, and smeZ 82.1%. Higher proportions of speA, speJ, and speK were detected in emm1 isolates, while speH and speI were more common in emm12 isolates (p < 0.001).

Conclusion The changing predominant type expanded the knowledge of the circulating emm types, which should be considered in future vaccine development.
6 (Het)Arene/Alkene Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling for C(sp2)—C(sp2) Bond Formation
Authors: Sambiagio C. , Maes B. U. W.
Published: May 2024

The formation of C(sp2)—C(sp2) bonds via the coupling of an aromatic or heteroaromatic species and an alkene is of crucial importance in organic synthesis. While this responsibility has fallen mostly on the Mizoroki–Heck coupling since its discovery half a century ago, the cross-dehydrogenative counterpart, occurring from unfunctionalized reactants, has clear potential advantages in terms of synthetic flexibility and greenness. As cross-dehydrogenative couplings have attracted considerable interest in the recent past, this transformation has been developed from a very limited approach to a much more versatile method. This chapter offers an overview of the different strategies used to functionalize different classes of (hetero)aromatic species, pointing out the strengths and weaknesses of each method.
7 Alkene/Alkene Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling for C(sp2)—C(sp2) Bond Formation
Authors: Kakiuchi F. , Kochi T.
Published: May 2024

Conjugated dienes are not only synthetically versatile but are also often found in natural products and bioactive compounds, and various methods have been developed for the stereo- and regioselective synthesis of 1,3-diene structures. Recently, much attention has been paid to transition-metal-catalyzed cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reactions between alkenes, because they enable the synthesis of 1,3-dienes in few steps from readily available molecules, thus providing atom-economical, environmentally benign synthetic methods. This chapter briefly describes representative examples of alkene CDC reactions between two different alkenes.
8 Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling Involving Aldehydes for C(sp2)—C(sp2) Bond Formation
Authors: Khandelia T. , Ghosh S. , Patel B. K.
Published: May 2024

Aldehydes have been widely utilized as an acyl source for the construction of C(sp2)—C(sp2) bonds via cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) in an efficient and sustainable strategy. The aldehyde-based acylation is an important methodology for the synthesis of diaryl ketones, a significant motif in the field of agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and dyes. The process of C(sp2)—C(sp2) bond construction is accomplished under metal-free, transition-metal-mediated, or photochemical conditions. During the process, the oxidant alone, or in combination with transition metals, plays a crucial role. In this chapter, we have highlighted the advances made in this field, along with published reports and procedures.
19 Enantioselective Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling
Authors: Faisca Phillips A. M. , Guedes da Silva M. F. C. , Pombeiro A. J. L.
Published: May 2024

The possibility of creating a chiral center directly from two C—H bonds, or from a C—H bond and an X—H bond (X = heteroatom), without any prior derivatization (e.g., the installation of a leaving group) opens up many new possibilities in synthesis. Many chiral ligands and organocatalysts have now been discovered to be compatible with the oxidizing conditions in which these transformations take place. Furthermore, as reactions that can be performed under milder conditions are found, such as those that involve the use of molecular oxygen or even air to accept the two hydrogen atoms lost, or that can be run at lower temperatures, the repertoire of cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) methodologies has become even bigger. Ligands such as mono- and bisoxazolines, bisphosphines, axially chiral binaphthols and bi-2-naphthylamine derivatives, and salens, as well as organocatalysts such as amino acids, chiral amines and diamines, cinchona alkaloids, axially chiral phosphoric acids, imidodiphosphoric acids, imidazolinones, and thioureas, amongst others, have been found to be robust and to perform well under CDC reaction conditions, providing high asymmetric induction and good yields of products. Some of these catalysts also work well in synergy with another catalyst. Recent developments in this area include the use of light energy for activation in combination with photocatalysts, as well as methods based on the use of electrochemistry. In this review, methods involving CDC that have been developed for the synthesis of molecules with one or more chiral centers, including compounds with axial or planar chirality, are presented, and their scope and limitations are discussed. The organization is based firstly on the type of catalysis used, and then divided further according to the type of bond being formed.
Spatially varied stacking fault energy induced low twinning ability in high entropy alloys
Authors: Weng Shayuan , Han Weina , Chen Gang , Fu Tao
Published: May 2024

Nanostructured high-entropy alloys (HEAs) are promising candidates for extreme load-bearing applications due to their superior performance. In this work, we investigate the deformation behaviors of CoCrFeMnNi HEA under high-speed impact by molecular dynamics simulations. Compared with Al, Ni, and Cu representing pure metals with low to high stacking fault energies, it is found that the CoCrFeMnNi HEA exhibits remarkably low twinning density under shock, despite its extremely low stacking fault energy. Shear loading is then applied to stacking-faulted HEAs and these pure metals to study the evolution of stacking faults under shear stress. The results further show a low tendency for stacking faults to transform into deformation twinning in HEAs, regardless of the initial density of stacking faults. The energy path for deformation twins and stacking faults was calculated, and a direct comparison of fault energies could not explain the deformation mechanism of HEA. We reveal that the inhomogeneous energy profile of dislocation slip caused by the inherent heterogeneity of HEA leads to dispersed stacking fault propagation, which suppresses twinning formation. These results address the spatially tunable defects and further urgent need for the synergistic design of components and microstructures in HEAs.
Equivalence of flexible stripline and coaxial cables for superconducting qubit control and readout pulses
Authors: Monarkha V. Y. , Simbierowicz S. , Borrelli M. , van Gulik R. , Drobotun N. , Kuitenbrouwer D. , Bouman D. , Datta D. , Eskelinen P. , Mannila E. , Kaikkonen J. , Vesterinen V. , Govenius J. , Lake R. E.
Published: May 2024

We report a comparative study on microwave control lines for a transmon qubit using (i) flexible stripline transmission lines and (ii) semi-rigid coaxial cables. During each experiment, we performed repeated measurements of the energy relaxation and coherence times of a transmon qubit using one of the wiring configurations. Each measurement run spanned 70–250 h of the measurement time, and four separate cooldowns were performed so that each configuration could be tested twice. From these datasets, we observe that changing the microwave control lines from coaxial cables to flexible stripline transmission lines does not have a measurable effect on coherence compared to thermal cycling the system or random coherence fluctuations. Our results open up the possibility of large-scale integration of qubit control lines with integrated component with planar layouts on flexible substrate.
Evidence of two-dimensional lateral quantum confinement in self-formed core–shell InGaN nanowires on Si (111) emitting in the red
Authors: Deng Rongli , Pan Xingchen , Lin Haibin , Li Junyong , Nötzel Richard
Published: May 2024

The proof of strong two-dimensional lateral quantum confinement in the In-rich core of red-light emitting self-formed core–shell InGaN nanowires is given. The nanowires are directly grown on Si (111) by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. After the initial InGaN nucleation, straight nanowires with quantum-size core radius determined by x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray mappings develop. Detailed comparison of the photoluminescence from the core, the In contents of the core and shell, and the core radius with theoretical modeling reveals a parabolic confinement potential with large ground state quantum confinement energies of electrons and holes. Such strong lateral quantum confinement in a vertical quantum wire active region is ideal for the performance of optoelectronic devices, in particular of our reported red InGaN light emitting diode with high brightness and color stability.
A unified theory of the self-similar supersonic Marshak wave problem
Authors: Krief Menahem , McClarren Ryan G.
Published: May 2024

We present a systematic study of the similarity solutions for the Marshak wave problem in the local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) diffusion approximation and in the supersonic regime. Self-similar solutions exist for a temporal power law surface temperature drive and a material model with power law temperature dependent opacity and energy density. The properties of the solutions in both linear and nonlinear conduction regimes are studied as a function of the temporal drive, opacity, and energy density exponents. We show that there exists a range of the temporal exponent for which the total energy in the system decreases, and the solution has a local maxima. For nonlinear conduction, we specify the conditions on the opacity and energy density exponents under which the heat front is linear or even flat and does possess its common sharp characteristic; this characteristic is independent of the drive exponent. We specify the values of the temporal exponents for which analytical solutions exist and employ the Hammer–Rosen perturbation theory to obtain highly accurate approximate solutions, which are parameterized using only two numerically fitted quantities. The solutions are used to construct a set of benchmarks for supersonic LTE radiative heat transfer, including some with unusual and interesting properties such as local maxima and non-sharp fronts. The solutions are compared in detail to implicit Monte Carlo and discrete-ordinate transport simulations as well gray diffusion simulations, showing a good agreement, which highlights their usefulness as a verification test problem for radiative transfer simulations.
An image-based spatiotemporal approach for detecting coherence resonance in annular model gas-turbine combustor
Authors: Guk Seungmin , Seo Seonghyeon , Lee Minwoo
Published: May 2024

When exposed to an intermediate level of noise, dynamical systems near a Hopf bifurcation can reveal deterministic information about the impending oscillatory mode. Known as the coherence resonance, this phenomenon can be used as a precursor to thermoacoustic instability, which is detrimental to practical combustors. In this study, we apply a spatiotemporal dimensionality reduction method, namely the sparsity-promoting dynamic mode decomposition, to detect coherence resonance in a combustor that exhibits a transition toward thermoacoustic instability. We stochastically excite the annular model gas-turbine combustor and acquire its high-speed image for spatiotemporal analysis. As a result, we find that the impending mode of instability is best identified with a maximum clustering level at the intermediate noise amplitude, implying the existence of coherence resonance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that an image-based method has been used for the detection of coherence resonance, opening new possibilities for the prediction of combustion instability without requiring embedded sensors.
Comprehending flame development and misfire at advanced engine conditions: Detailed experimental characterizations and machine learning-assisted kinetic analyses
Authors: Cui Yanqing , Liu Haifeng , Wen Mingsheng , Ming Zhenyang , Zheng Zunqing , Han Yu , Cheng Song , Yao Mingfa
Published: May 2024

Through comprehensive experimental and modeling efforts, this work unravels the underlying mechanisms governing flame development and misfire at advanced engine conditions that are representative of low-load and lean blow-out operations. Toward this, preliminary heat release, autoignition, and flame developing patterns are characterized, via a case study of n-heptane, at ultra-lean conditions in a well-controlled optical engine under various combustion modes including homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), partially premixed combustion (PPC), and reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI). Changes in preliminary heat release and flame developing patterns at three overall equivalence ratios (0.12, 0.18, and 0.24) are first characterized under the PPC mode. Flame development characteristics including flame areas and number of initial flame kernels at close-to-misfire conditions are further extracted and compared across the HCCI, RCCI, and three PPC modes, with two distinctive and one transition regimes identified. Further analyses indicate that sustainable flame development and misfire are largely controlled by the spatial distribution of local equivalence ratio (phi) and local temperature in the mixture, which dictate the initial flame kernel generation and the subsequent flame propagation through localized preliminary heat release and autoignition. Chemical kinetic modeling is also undertaken, using a recently updated gasoline chemistry model, in conjunction with a backpropagation neural network, where the predicted ignition delay map well captures the different regions of flame development. Further kinetic analysis and heat rate of production per reaction analysis corroborate the CH2O planar laser-induced fluorescence experiments and highlight the important chemical kinetics that govern the initial flame development patterns.
Research on fusion navigation framework and algorithm based on fully-connected neural network
Authors: Xu Chunsheng , Liu Yunqing , Zhu Zhanchen , Zhang Shuning , Wang Ershen , Yi Jingyi , Wang Yongkang
Published: May 2024

Fusion navigation and positioning have evolved into crucial technologies and methodologies within navigation systems. Currently, the majority of combined positioning frameworks employ Kalman filtering algorithms for data fusion. To explore more efficient and high-precision fusion architectures and algorithms, we introduce a fusion navigation framework based on a fully-connected neural network (FCNN). Initially, we conducted an analysis of existing fusion positioning technology, data fusion algorithms, and the application of artificial intelligence algorithms in navigation positioning. Drawing insights from the federated Kalman filter (FKF) architecture, FCNN, and attention mechanism, we propose a fusion navigation framework centered on FCNN. Finally, fixed-point and trajectory determination experiments were carried out in both open and semi-shielded environments. The results demonstrate that, compared to the traditional FKF architecture, the FCNN fusion navigation framework, coupled with the attention mechanism fusion algorithm, effectively accommodates data, mitigates errors, and achieves superior positioning accuracy.
On the direct quantization of Maxwell field
Authors: Benarab W , Belhadi Z
Published: May 2024

In this paper, we apply the generalized integration constants (GCI) method (Belhadi 2023 https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.08236), in field theory to quantize Maxwell and the Klein–Gordon free fields. The study is performed in both position and momentum spaces, to obtain the equal-time Dirac brackets among the fields and their conjugate momenta. The idea is to compute the brackets near the initial instant using the Taylor polynomial expansion, and then deduce directly their expressions at any later time. In the case of the Maxwell field, the interdependence of the field components (constraints) requires the use of the Helmholtz theorem to separate the transversal and longitudinal parts. Our work finishes with the study of the O(3) nonlinear sigma model using the GCI approach.
Effect of Ni-doping on the structural and electronic properties of metal halide perovskite CsSnBr3: a DFT study
Authors: Özcan Merve , Geçit F Hayal , Cabuk Suleyman
Published: May 2024

The structural and electronic properties of pure and Ni-doped perovskite CsSnBr3 in unit cell and supercell were computed using density functional theory at ambient pressure. Computed formation energy values of undoped and Ni-doped CsSnBr3 compounds show that these structures are stable. We used both standard DFT and HSE06 calculation in electronic band structure of pure and Ni-doped CsSnBr3 compounds. Since the band gap of undoped and Ni-doped CsSnBr3 compounds is located at the R symmetry point in the Brilloun zone, these compounds are materials with a direct band gap. In the HSE06 calculation, it was found that the band gap of 12.5% Ni doped-CsSnBr3 increased significantly from 1.1162 eV to 1.4343 eV. The electron charge density, Bader charge analysis and density of states reveal a strong covalent bond between Sn-Br (Ni-Br) and a strong ionic bond between Cs-Br. The direct electronic band gaps of undoped and Ni-doped CsSnBr3 perovskites in the visible energy range show that these compounds can be used effectively in optical applications.
Cu2O/CuO composite for efficient performance in photoelectrochemical and optoelectronics applications
Authors: Khalifa Mahmoud A
Published: May 2024

This study introduces a highly active photoelectrode, comprising a Cu2O/CuO composite, synthesized through annealing Cu2O thin film under controlled conditions to induce partial oxidation. Through systematic investigation of annealing conditions, including temperature and duration, an optimal synthesis condition of 400 °C for 1 h was identified, resulting in superior photoelectrochemical and optoelectronic properties. It yielded the most favorable outcomes, exhibiting the largest charge carrier density of 1.09 × 1021 cm−3, lowest charge transfer resistance of 18.8 Ω, and highest photocurrent density of −2.97 mA cm−2 with stability of 81%. This performance enhancement, which surpassed the initial photocurrent by 7 times under AM 1.5 simulated sunlight illumination at 0 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), is attributed to the formation of the Cu2O/CuO composite. This composite facilitates improved electron-hole pair separation efficiency, while the narrow bandgap of CuO enables enhanced light absorption. Additionally, the stability of the photocurrent is significantly improved by 2.3 times, attributed to the protective function of the CuO layer on Cu2O. Thus, the Cu2O/CuO composite emerges as a highly efficient and promising photocathode, offering a facile and cost-effective route for photoelectrochemical and optoelectronics applications.
Nonthermal plasma removal of CH4-NOx under LNG engine exhaust environment: experiment, mechanism and kinetic analysis
Authors: Xiang Chuang , Lyu Lin , Cai Yunkai , Liang Junjie , Zhu Neng
Published: May 2024

To explore the mechanism underlying the removal of CH4 and NOx, which are typical emissions from LNG engines, through the nonthermal plasma method, a plasma chemistry model of CH4-NOx under the LNG engine exhaust environment was established in this study. Sixty key reactions affecting the conversion of CH4, CO, and NOx were determined through sensitivity analysis, and their pre-exponential factors were optimized using a genetic algorithm. The proposed model shows good performance in predicting the concentrations of CH4, CO, and NOx under the exhaust conditions of LNG engine. Then, reaction path analyses for evolution of CH4, CO, NO, and NO2 were performed under specific conditions. The results showed that CH4 mainly decomposed into CH2 that is subsequently converted into CO and CO2. CH2 is the main source for CO production. The concentration of NOx is determined by the oxidation reactions of N with O2, OH, and HO2. The specific concentration distributions of NO and NO2 were influenced by the oxidation–reduction reactions between them. Analyses of the time scales for the conversion processes of CH4, CO, and NOx were also conducted, and it was found that the reaction time scales of CH4 and CO were approximately 1 × 10−10−1 × 10−5 s, and that was approximately 1 × 10−9−1 × 10−4 s for NOx. Furthermore, during the overlapping period for the conversion of CH4, CO, and NOx, the NOx was dominant in the competition for O. This study provides a basis for the construction of a plasma catalytic chemistry model of CH4-NOx under LNG engine exhaust conditions.
Beam quality prediction for Tm-doped fiber system based on finite-difference beam propagation method
Authors: Wang Sijie , Tao Mengmeng , Yang Qiubai , Qi Yunfeng , Ye Xisheng
Published: May 2024

A numerical model is established to predict the beam quality factor M2 of fiber laser for the first time. The finite-difference beam propagation method (FD-BPM) is introduced to simulate the beam propagation of thulium-doped fiber lasers (TDFLs) with given design parameters. The output beam profile can be calculated for an active fiber with complex refractive index profiles and various bending radii. The beam quality factor M2 can be obtained by the calculated beam profile. The numerical simulation results agree with the reported experiment data with a deviation of less than 10%, which validates the accuracy of the model. This model provides a convenient and efficient approach for designing the high-beam-quality TDFLs with reduced experiment efforts.
Hubble diagrams in statistically homogeneous, anisotropic universes
Authors: Anton Theodore , Clifton Timothy
Published: May 2024

We consider the form of Hubble diagrams that would be constructed by observers in universes that are homogeneous but anisotropic, when averaged over suitably large length-scales. This is achieved by ray-tracing in different directions on the sky in families of exact inhomogeneous cosmological solutions of Einstein's equations, in order to determine the redshifts and luminosity distances that observers in these space-times would infer for distant astrophysical objects. We compare the results of this procedure to the Hubble diagrams that would be obtained by direct use of the large-scale-averaged anisotropic cosmological models, and find that observables calculated in the averaged model closely agree with those obtained from ray-tracing in all cases where a statistical homogeneity scale exists. In contrast, we find that in cosmologies with spaces that contain no statistical homogeneity scale that Hubble diagrams inferred from the averaged cosmological model can differ considerably from those that observers in the space-time would actually construct. We hope that these results will be of use for understanding and interpreting recent observations that suggest that large-scale anisotropy may have developed in the late Universe.
Multi-field Split Curvature Wavefront Sensing and its Application in the Large Field Survey Telescope
Authors: Wu Zhixu , Zhang Yiming , Cong Jianan , Bai Hua , Xia Yong , Tang Rongxin , Li Ming , Li Zhengyang , Yuan Xiangyan
Published: May 2024

The image quality of a large field survey telescope with a fast focal ratio of the primary mirror is high sensitivity to the optical elements’ misalignments and the primary mirror’s deformations. To maintain good optical performance, the perturbations need to be aligned, and the tomographic reconstruction of these perturbations can be derived from wavefront sensing with multi-field points for alignment. This work undertakes a comprehensive examination related to the implementation and optimization of a multi-field split curvature wavefront sensing system, including defocus distance, signal pre-processing, deblending of overlapped doughnuts, field-dependent correction, and distorted coordinate correction. We also conduct experiments to demonstrate the application and performance of a multi-field split curvature wavefront sensing system in Mephisto. In the context of the decentering of the secondary mirror, the coefficient of determination (R) attains a high value of 0.993, indicating a robust linearity between the coma coefficients and the decentering of the secondary mirror. A comparative analysis of the simulated and experimental results shows that the difference between them is less than 0.1 λ.
Pinning-depinning transitions in two classes of discrete elastic-string models in (2+1)-dimensions
Authors: Wu Yongxin , Xia Hui
Published: May 2024

The pinning-depinning phase transitions of interfaces for two classes of discrete elastic-string models are investigated numerically. In the (1+1)-dimensions, we revisit these two elastic-string models with slight modification to the growth rule, and compare the estimated values with the previous numerical and experimental results. For the (2+1)-dimensional case, we perform extensive simulations on pinning-depinning transitions in these discrete models with quenched disorder. For full comparisons in the physically relevant spatial dimensions, we also perform numerically two distinct universality classes, including the quenched Edwards–Wilkinson, and the quenched Kardar–Parisi–Zhang equations with and without external driving forces. The critical exponents of these systems in the presence of quenched disorder are numerically estimated. Our results show that the critical exponents satisfy scaling relations well, and these two discrete elastic-string models do not fall into the existing universality classes. In order to visually comparisons of these discrete systems with quenched disorder in the (2+1)-dimensional cases, we present surface morphologies with various external driving forces during the saturated time regimes. The relationships between surface morphologies, scaling exponents and correlation length are also revealed.
The use of fluid-phase 3D printing to pattern alginate-gelatin hydrogel properties to guide cell growth and behaviour in vitro
Authors: Souza Andrea , Kevin McCarthy , Rodriguez Brian J , Reynaud Emmanuel G
Published: May 2024

Three-dimensional (3D) (bio)printing technology has boosted the advancement of the biomedical field. However, tissue engineering is an evolving field and (bio)printing biomimetic constructions for tissue formation is still a challenge. As a new methodology to facilitate the construction of more complex structures, we suggest the use of the fluid-phase 3D printing to pattern the scaffold’s properties. The methodology consists of an exchangeable fluid-phase printing medium in which the constructions are fabricated and patterned during the printing process. Using the fluid-phase methodology, the biological and mechanical properties can be tailored promoting cell behaviour guidance and compartmentalization. In this study, we first assessed different formulations of alginate/gelatin to create a stable substrate capable to promote massive cell colonization in vitro over time. Overall, formulations with lower gelatin content and 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffer as a solvent showed better stability under cell culture conditions and enhanced U2OS cell growth. Next, the fluid-phase showed better printing fidelity and resolution in comparison to air printing as it diminished the collapsing and the spread of the hydrogel strand. In sequence, the fluid-phase methodology was used to create functionalized alginate-gelatin-arginylglycylaspartic acid peptide (RGD) hydrogels via carbodiimides chemistry. The alginate-gelatin-RGD hydrogels showed an increase of 2.97-fold in cell growth and more spread substrate colonization in comparison to alginate-gelatin hydrogel. Moreover, the fluid-phase methodology was used to add RGD molecules to pre-determined parts of the alginate-gelatin substrate during the printing process promoting U2OS cell compartmentalization. In addition, different substrate stiffnesses were also created via fluid-phase by crosslinking the hydrogel with different concentrations of CaCl2 during the printing process. As a result, the U2OS cells were also compartmentalized on the stiffer parts of the printings. Finally, our results showed that by combining stiffer hydrogel with RGD increasing concentrations we can create a synergetic effect and boost cell metabolism by up to 3.17-fold. This work presents an idea of a new printing process for tailoring multiple parameters in hydrogel substrates by using fluid-phase to generate more faithful replication of the in vivo environment.
Understanding the weakening patterns of inner Tibetan Plateau vortices
Authors: Zhao Yang , Lu Mengqian , Chen Deliang , Zhang Lujia
Published: May 2024

This study focuses on changes in the Tibetan Plateau vortices (TPVs) by using ERA5 reanalysis, covering the summers from 1979 to 2022 within the Tibetan Plateau (TP) region. These TPVs were identified using a geopotential height analysis. We discovered that the central-western TP had the most TPV activity and observed a clear decreasing trend in both the intensity and frequency of the TPVs in this region. This decrease was also accompanied by a decline in the strength of the associated vertical upward motion. To better understand this change, we employed the quasi-geostrophic omega equation. This allowed us to examine the dynamic, diabatic, and topographic factors contributing to the vertical motion during different phases of TPV activity in this region. Our results indicate that the main reason behind the weakened TPVs is the diminishing upper-level jet stream, which exerts dynamic forcing on the system. In the later stage, we observed that intensive moisture transport induces heightened diabatic vertical motion. However, this effect is not potent enough to counterbalance the diminishing dynamic influence. Therefore, our findings suggest a significant shift in TPV activity, transitioning from a dynamic-dominated regime to a latent heating-dominated diabatic regime. This new insight enhances our understanding of the complex mechanisms that influence TPV behavior.
Arctic summer sea ice loss will accelerate in coming decades
Authors: Poltronieri Anna , Bochow Nils , Olson Aksamit Nikolas , Boers Niklas , Kristen Jakobsen Per , Rypdal Martin
Published: May 2024

The Arctic sea ice (ASI) is expected to decrease with further global warming. However, considerable uncertainty remains regarding the temperature range that would lead to a completely ice-free Arctic. Here, we combine satellite data and a large suite of models from the latest phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) to develop an empirical, observation-based projection of the September ASI area for increasing global mean surface temperature (GMST) values. This projection harnesses two simple linear relationships that are statistically supported by both observations and model data. First, we show that the September ASI area is linearly proportional to the area inside a specific northern hemisphere January–September mean temperature contour
T

c
. Second, we use observational data to show how zonally averaged temperatures have followed a positive linear trend relative to the GMST, consistent with Arctic amplification. To ensure the reliability of these observations throughout the rest of the century, we validate this trend by employing the CMIP6 ensemble. Combining these two linear relationships, we show that the September ASI area decrease will accelerate with respect to the GMST increase. Our analysis of observations and CMIP6 model data suggests a complete loss of the September ASI (area below 10

6

km

2

) for global warming between

1.5

∘

C and

2.2

∘

C above pre-industrial GMST levels.
Model exploration of microplastic effects on zooplankton grazing reveal potential impacts on the global carbon cycle
Authors: Richon Camille , Gorgues Thomas , Cole Matthew , Paul-Pont Ika , Maes Christophe , Tagliabue Alessandro , Laufkötter Charlotte
Published: May 2024

Amongst the increasing number of anthropogenic stress factors threatening ocean equilibrium, microplastics (MP;

<

5 mm) have emerged as particularly worrisome. In situ observations have shown that MP accumulate in large areas at the surface ocean where it may threaten the functioning marine species. In particular, experimental evidence has shown that the grazing rates of several zooplankton species may be significantly altered by MP. These direct impacts on zooplankton may alter nutrient and carbon cycling. However, how these laboratory results may translate into impacts on the global ocean is yet unknown. Here, we use a global coupled physical-biogeochemical model including MP (NEMO/PISCES-PLASTIC) to investigate the impacts of MP exposure on zooplankton grazing rates. Drawing from experimental results, we use varying water contamination impact thresholds to explore the biogeochemical consequences of MP impacts on short (10 years) and long timescales (100 years). Our simulations show that the geographical extent of MP impacts on zooplankton remains restricted to about 10% of the global ocean surface, even after 100 years of constant MP contamination. However, in the most contaminated regions (e.g. the sub-tropical gyres), [MP] has surged from a few mg m−3 to

>

50 mg m−3. Despite their oligotrophic nature and limited contribution to the overall ocean carbon cycle, MP impacts on zooplankton grazing could disrupt carbon cycling in these highly contaminated regions (up to 50% reduction in yearly primary production, carbon export fluxes and organic matter remineralisation after 100 years). Our research suggests that persistent MP pollution in the ocean could diminish primary production by 4%. In spite of the large sensitivity of our results to the water contamination impact threshold, we suggest MP impacts on zooplankton grazing may cause an annual loss of 1 Gt yr−1 of exported carbon after 100 years, if MP inputs remain constant globally.
Unlocking urban charm for liveable street: transformative design strategies to boost pedestrian appeal in Asian cities
Authors: Nugroho S
Published: May 2024

Walking as a mode of transportation faces challenges in Asian cities due to the proliferation of private motorized vehicles and lacking public transportation management. Despite contributing to people’s physical and mental well-being, walking is often considered the last option for transportation. Previous research has highlighted the link between walking, urban design qualities, individual reactions, and a sense of place. Other studies have suggested that a sense of place fosters a sense of belonging and attachment to the location. This paper aims to propose transformative design strategies to enhance pedestrians’ willingness to walk through the design of street junctions. Street junctions, especially those featuring corner buildings, offer opportunities for walking, observing, and resting, all of which are crucial elements for vibrant public spaces. The findings reveal that street junctions in cities like Surabaya (Indonesia) are predominantly perceived as “spaces to move” rather than “places to be.” To advance walkability in street junctions, transformative design strategies need to be addressed. Encouraging pedestrians’ willingness to walk can focus on their experiences and perceptual qualities. Developing policies aimed at enhancing street junctions in Asian cities emerges as a pivotal strategy for strengthening a culture of walking.
Placing concepts of sensory gardens as social nodes in Older Adult’s Daycare Centre’s design towards a sustainable community: Surabaya
Authors: Rizqiyah Fardilla , Prasetya Mercyella
Published: May 2024

The urban ageing population has become a global issue that affects the world’s population composition, with an increasing proportion of persons aged 65 and older in urban environments. Older adult’s communities, as integral parts of society, can respond to this by achieving active ageing. The term ‘active ageing’ refers to efforts to maximize health, safety, and community participation to enhance the quality of life in line with advancing age. Facilities catering to the older people, such as nursing homes, often do not comprehensively consider the mobility limitations of the older adults when providing accessibility. The human-centered method is employed in the implementation process of a sensory garden at the older adult’s daycare center facility. This method places its focus on deriving solutions for conflicts between the older people group and other groups in the context of connectivity and accessibility, with the objective of creating integration between outdoor spaces and the building mass within the older adult’s daycare center facility. By utilizing the human-centered method, the root causes of accessibility issues and persons aged 65 and elder’s declining abilities can be systematically understood and resolved through a straightforward design intervention, namely the implementation of a centrally located sensory garden that serves as social nodes. Using a centralized spatial organization in the arrangement of the building masses fosters a connected circulation in the form of a linear loop. With a clear sequence, this linear configuration can accommodate ease of visual access and movement. In the built environment with accessibility amenities, it can foster a sustainable older people community. Furthermore, through the holistic implementation of sensory garden arrangements, the older people community can achieve sustainability and optimal productivity.
Tourism photography: a form of adaptation to sustain the heritage district of Malioboro, Yogyakarta
Authors: Wiyatiningsih  , Oentoro K , Mandayu C O , Hartono S
Published: May 2024

The study discusses the role of tourism photography in the increasing existence and sustainability of heritage areas in Yogyakarta. Tourism photography has become a lifestyle trend in the current digital era. The principle of tourism photography as a promotion media of tourism objects and destinations contributes to the increasing popularity of the heritage areas in Yogyakarta as the uniqueness of urban tourism in Yogyakarta. Tourism photography is developing in the heritage area of Malioboro. It can be seen as an opportunity and a threat for the district as well. Therefore, the study aims to find out the sites and their architectural characteristics that are used as the setting of tourism photography. The study implemented an explorative case study method with Malioboro heritage area as the case study. Data was collected through a participatory observation, interviews with key persons and participants, and relevant documents. The results of the study shows that tourism photography plays a key role in the preservation of heritage buildings in the Malioboro heritage area. The activities of tourism photography in the Malioboro area involve the local community as the actors of tourism photography, such as photographers, renting traditional costumes and preparing the local transportation. The active participation of the local community gives financial benefits for the community. Furthermore, the old buildings are well maintained, so that they become more attractive for tourists. It can be said that tourism photography contributes to the effort to maintain the heritage buildings in Malioboro, Yogyakarta.
Metaphorical Architecture of Tanean Lanjhang as a programming concept for Indonesia Islamic Science Park (IISP) – Madura, towards Sustainable Urban Tourism
Authors: Mulia A , Ardyansyah Wahyu P , Lestari Tiara P , Fahrurrozi M Naufal P , Nugroho Fadhil A , Rizqiyah F
Published: May 2024

The current trend in Indonesia involves extensive urban development across various sectors, including tourism. The province of East Java has plans to create an area that not only entertains but also educates and imparts cultural and Islamic values. This concept is known as the Indonesia Islamic Science Park (IISP), which is intended to be built on Madura Island. However, the Madurese community holds strong reservations towards modern infrastructure due to their cultural traditions. Therefore, the design concept for the Indonesia Islamic Science Park serves as an alternative approach to address these concerns. This research employs an intangible metaphorical approach that maps elements of the traditional Tanean Lanjhang house arrangement pattern into zones within the Indonesia Islamic Science Park. Data collection related to Tanean Lanjhang includes literature review and field surveys. The transformation process utilizes source-to-target mapping frameworks. This mapping is carried out to select source objects that can be explored for information to be directed towards the target domain (architecture). This data or information will be reduced into design criteria to be used in formulating the spatial program and zoning for the Indonesia Islamic Science Park area. Ultimately, a spatial program concept like this can become the hallmark of the Indonesia Islamic Science Park, offering a unique tourist destination that is not only reminiscent of the local culture but is also readily embraced by all members of the community.
The Subjective Quality of City and Its Correlation with Citizen Happiness
Authors: Barliana MS , Rahmanullah F , Nuryanto N , Mardiana R , Dwidayati K H
Published: May 2024

Cities face various challenges particularly on city planning, environmental threats, technology, the lack of resources and social inequality. The ability of policy makers and urban leaders to deal with these challenges will determine the success of the city development and its people. Basically, people’s happiness is the main purpose of city planning and infrastructure. The government needs to implement the happiness factor as city quality parameters in the future. The aim of this study is to examine the correlation between the subjective quality of the city which is reflected in the city planning policies and the citizens’ level of happiness. The methodology of this research is quantitative descriptive applying correlation analysis. Data collection was done through questionnaires and distributed in three cities in Indonesia which are Bandung, Semarang and Denpasar. The finding implies that three cities indicate positive correlation. The level of correlation in Bandung is the highest among three cities.
Human-Centered Design: an Implementation of Methods In Designing Kendari Fish Market As An Urban Design Object
Authors: Mahendra A S , Rahman L M I A , Kharismawan R , Nugroho S , Rizqiyah F
Published: May 2024

In line with the regional development references contained in the medium-term regional development plan (RPJMD), Kendari City 2010-2030 has a focused goal to be achieved. Development of the Kota Lama area into an infrastructure area through its regional and cultural potential. Given the fact that there have been no significant changes regarding the development of the Kota Lama area compared to other areas in Kendari City which are more advanced, it is necessary to make efforts to harmonize this by looking at the context of the strategic location of the area and the conditions of the surrounding community. The majority of people whose profession is fishermen have made the Kendari City fish market a vital object that needs further attention for regional development efforts in accordance with the 2010-2030 Kendari City RPJMD. By focusing on humans in terms of activity and behavior patterns, the Human-Centered Design method is the ideal method to be implemented in the design of the Kendari City fish market. This design proposal discusses about implementation of Human-Centered Design method by applying 5 stages of the method with each stage having different techniques but still referring to humans as the main focus. By generating design alternatives at the Human-Centered Design method stage, the determining aspect for the elaboration of the best alternative that will be implemented is the aspect of circulation and community gathering points, in terms of human patterns and behavior at the Kendari City Fish Market site. The application of this method is used so that the design of an urban design object can return to the fundamental realm, namely focusing on humans. This is important to apply, especially to the urban design objects, because cities must be able to fulfill basic human needs so that the expected development can be realized.