bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ACQUISITION POLICY AND PRACTICES AT THE BRITISH LIBRARY LENDING DIVISION
Authors: Wood David N
Published: February 2008

The acquisitions policies of the Division are based on a consideration of a number of criteria—academic level, demand, availability and speed of supply from elsewhere, and country of publication. Only ‘worthwhile’ literature is collected, and apart from the serials area where a comprehensive collection is maintained, low demand categories of literature are collected only if availability elsewhere is non‐existent, restricted or slow. Among its 51,500 current serials are conventional journals, directories, yearbooks, report series, a few technical newspapers, some standards series and many official publications (particularly British). Including secondhand material, over 100,000 books are acquired each year. Most of these are in English but many foreign language items are brought in response to demand. Other categories of literature acquired are dissertations, research reports, research series in microform and music. The preferred method of obtaining serials is through a subscription agency. Although British books are selected in house, the majority of books are obtained by means of approval programmes. In addition, the Division has many exchange arrangements.
UNION CATALOGUES AT THE BRITISH LIBRARY LENDING DIVISION
Authors: Russon D
Published: February 2008

Because of the concentration of inter/ending on the British Library Lending Division, union catalogues primarily play a supportive role in Britain. All union catalogues now held at the Lending Division have their origins in the National Central Library (NCL). The main one is the Union Catalogue of Books (UCB) which is an amalgamation of the NCL's Outlier Union Catalogue (OUC) and part of its National Union Catalogue (NUC). With the creation of the British Library Lending Division and its policy of acquiring all ‘worthwhile’ English language books it was decided that it would no longer be necessary to have a central author/title catalogue of recently published English language books. Only details of foreign language books and pre‐7972 English books are therefore now added to the catalogue. Other smaller catalogues used are: the combined regional ISBN list, the pre‐1801 Catalogue, the Conference Catalogue, the Government Publications Catalogue, and the Slavonic Union Catalogue. The Lending Division does not maintain a catalogue of serials, the British Union Catalogue of Periodicals (BUCOP) is used to locate titles or parts not in stock at the Division.
CYRILLIC MONOGRAPHS AT THE LENDING DIVISION
Authors: Bennett RJ , Bowyer TH , Menzinger Klaus
Published: February 2008

When the National Lending Library for Science and Technology was set up in 1960 one of its key concerns was with the formation of a comprehensive stock of Russian scientific periodicals, and, to complement this, a comprehensive stock of Russian scientific and technical monographs. The increased interest of Western scientists in Russian science and technology, brought about particularly by the successful Russian space programme, assured a demand for this material.
HANDLING OF MICROFORMS AT THE BRITISH LIBRARY LENDING DIVISION
Authors: Haigh Peter A
Published: February 2008

The British Library Lending Division holds material on both microfiche and roll microfilm. Most of the roll microfilm is 35 mm. The Lending Division prefers to purchase negative microforms. Both diazo‐based and silver image stock is purchased. Microforms are entered in the Lending Division's catalogues and indexes in the same way as conventional literature, with a note to indicate that the item is in microform. The new building at Boston Spa includes provision for a microform store, and cabinets which will be on mobile bases have been especially designed to hold either microfiche or microfilm in one run. Standard published catalogues and bibliographies are used to identify the fact that a particular title has been published in microform; identifying individual items in a series or reel can be difficult. The Lending Division duplicates film and lends the duplicate, a process which is more labour intensive for roll film than for fiche. The need to observe the British Copyright Act 1957 sometimes makes it impossible to provide a service in the most economical way. Conditions imposed by suppliers can govern the format that can be issued. The Division has in recent years purchased a number of special collections on microform.
A COMPARISON OF THE OCLC DATA BASE AND NUC FOR BIBLIOGRAPHIC CHECKING
Authors: Clarke ASM
Published: February 2008

To help in deciding whether the Lending Division could make good use of the on‐line data base as a tool for providing US locations for items requested but not held in the UK, a survey was undertaken in February this year, to compare the success rate and time taken to check the Ohio College Library Center (OCLC) data base and the National Union Catalog (NUC).
INTERLIBRARY BORROWING: COSTS AND BENEFITS
Authors: Lester Ray
Published: February 2008

An assessment is needed of the factors that contribute to the cost of obtaining material on interlibrary loan. The main internal library resource involved is staff time, which must be used effectively as well as efficiently. The internal costs per loan at the British Library Lending Division are less than at other libraries, which would not benefit from competing with the Lending Division, though groups of libraries might supply ‘easier’ requests among themselves, through on‐line union lists or core collections of periodicals. Interlibrary loan systems should also be able to provide an urgent service for special cases, but it is not easy to reconcile the demands and the actual needs of users. Despite economic arguments for free distribution of information, some level of charging is a useful means of regulating interloan demand. Document delivery can be effected by acquisition for stock, referral to another library, or interlibrary loan, and costs and benefits vary for each method. It is concluded that libraries should be able to operate a cost‐effective interlending service by concentrating on items that users really need and by assessing carefully when interloans are most beneficial. At the same time, it is necessary to assess the effects of new procedures and technologies at local level on the scholarly and scientific communication system as a whole.
INTERLIBRARY LENDING AROUND THE WORLD; A REVIEW OF RECENT PAPERS: XII
Authors: Kefford Brian
Published: February 2008

Eleven different studies of interlending efficiency at regional level or in individual libraries are summarized. A network of academic libraries in NW Canada relies on its largest members. Problems at the national level in Denmark are reported briefly, along with studies of interloan requests made by two university libraries. In the GDR, a general library looks at both incoming and outgoing requests. The latest annual report on interlending in Northrhine‐Westphalia (FRG) is discussed, together with a study of bibliographically‐unchecked requests. The Hungarian Central Technical Library examines its growing role as a supplier of interlibrary loans. Three reports from different areas of the USA concentrate mainly on supply times, and an account is given of one joint venture that failed.
THE USE OF SERIALS AT THE BRITISH LIBRARY LENDING DIVISION IN 1980
Authors: Clarke Ann
Published: February 2008

A sample of 66,430 serial requests received at the Lending Division over a two‐week period in May 1980 was examined, and details of satisfaction, subject, date of publication, type of requesting organization, method of transmission to the Lending Division and where possible the Division's serial shelf mark, were recorded from each request form. The type of issue and the country of origin of each request were also recorded. Results show that a quite limited core collection of serials can satisfy a high proportion of demand. Only 10% of titles requested were necessary to satisfy 50% of demand. However, concentration of demand on titles had dropped since 1975 when a similar survey took place. Analysis by subject reveals that the concentration is higher for science than social sciences, and higher for social sciences than for the humanities. Therefore, a smaller proportion of titles requested in science is required to satisfy demand than in the social sciences or humanities. Lists of titles in rank order of use have been produced from both the 1980 and 1975 surveys. The amount of overlap between the top titles on each list is not great, and decreases as the number of titles increases. Of the top 5,000 titles on each list, only 2,591 (52%) are common to both lists. This inconsistency of rank lists over time sheds doubt on the continuing value of core lists of serials, which might decrease substantially in validity over a relatively short period.
ACCESS TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTATION
Authors: Kennington Don
Published: February 2008

Most local government documents are produced for internal purposes, but better exchange of information is highly desirable. A recent study has investigated the production and control of local government documentation in the UK. The published output of all departments of five different local authorities was monitored over a period of six months. It was found that local authorities are a major source of publications, but that standards of production and inclusion of bibliographic details varied greatly. Policies on document status and deposit of copies were generally lacking, and coverage in the periodical press and in secondary sources was poor. A code of practice on production and deposit of documents, and perhaps the establishment of a national clearinghouse, are needed.
A PLANNED DECENTRALIZED SOLUTION FOR NATIONAL DOCUMENT SUPPLY: THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
Authors: Landwehrmeyer R
Published: February 2008

In the Federal Republic of Germany supraregional document supply is decentralized because the political framework is federal. Demand for documents is intense and comprehensiveness of acquisition is vital. Co‐ordination of acquisitions is achieved not by the state authorities but by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, which organizes and largely funds a co‐operative programme based on Special Subject Libraries. Decentralization of acquisition means that efficient location tools are necessary. The seven Regional Union Catalogues have been supplemented by Central Subject Catalogues, the Berlin Periodicals Data Base, and other union catalogue projects. A comprehensive information and documentation programme has been set up and will increase demands. Inter/ending is based on the seven regions, but direct requesting to Special Subject Libraries has increased significantly, in the search for faster supply times.
CORE COLLECTIONS OF JOURNALS FOR NATIONAL INTERLENDING PURPOSES
Authors: Kefford Brian , Line Maurice
Published: February 2008

Centralized national provision for inter/ending provides a better service than decentralized provision but can be difficult and expensive to implement, so partial centralization should be considered. Journals are specially suited to central collections. Concentration of demand on a relatively small number of journals means that collections of 7,000–8,000 titles could supply 80% of demand and 2,000 titles 50% in many countries. There are however problems in identifying journals for core collections. Bibliometric methods can be shown to be of little help. Analysis of demand at the British Library Lending Division indicates that rank lists are not very stable over time; and various factors such as language or stage of economic development will cause variations that make it difficult to apply core lists between countries (though it may be possible to allow for differences, especially if core lists based on current demand could be obtained from a number of different countries). Once a core collection had been set up, it would have to attract sufficient requests to monitor demand and adjust its contents accordingly. If a comprehensive collection is not possible, limitation to certain subjects has advantages. As collections grow, additional journals will be cheaper to acquire, though the unit cost per request will still be lower for the journals in heaviest demand. It is concluded that the concept of core collections is sound, but further data are needed before the practical problems of setting up such collections can be properly assessed.
HAS POISSON BEEN KICKED TO DEATH? — A REBUTTAL OF THE BRITISH LIBRARY LENDING DIVISION'S VIEWS ON THE INCONSISTENCY OF RANK LISTS OF SERIALS
Authors: Urquhart John A , Vickers Stephen
Published: February 2008

In a recent article in Interlending Review on the use of serials at the British Library Lending Division it is stated that: ‘Lists of titles in rank order of use have been produced from both the 1980 and 1975 surveys. The amount of overlap between the top titles on each list is not great, and decreases as the number of titles increases. Of the top 5,000 titles on each list, only 2,591 (52%) are common to both lists.’ The conclusion was drawn that: ‘This inconsistency of rank lists overtime sheds doubt on the continuing value of core lists of serials, which might decrease substantially in validity over a relatively short period.’ At first sight the conclusion seems justified; for example, only 60% of titles occur in the first 100 on both occasions. Let us, however, look at the overlap in more detail.
BS on building maintenance
Authors: Streeter John
Published: February 2008

As we reported in October, a draft British Standard on the management of building maintenance was published recently for public comment. Although the draft may eventually undergo considerable revision before emerging as a British Standard, it is nevertheless of considerable interest to facilities managers as a first attempt to lay down guidelines for procedures within the scope of this new profession.
CHILDREN AND MARITAL PROBLEMS
Authors: Chester Robert
Published: February 2008

The aim of this paper is to draw together within an evaluative framework British research‐based material concerning the impact of children, or the absence of children, on the quality and stability of the marriage relationship. The focus, therefore, is quite specific, and there is no attempt to review the whole corpus of literature on childbearing and child‐rearing. The relevant material is limited, fragmentary, and scattered across the literature of several disciplines. For such reasons it has been necessary in parts to draw upon American research both to indicate where the gaps and possibilities in indigenous research may lie and to show how far British findings supplement and support the American. Despite its thinness and incohesiveness, however, British material is adequate to test some common ideas about the relationship between children and marriage and, as will be seen, some of the conclusions to which it leads are counter‐intuitive, or at least contrary to beliefs which are widely found amongst relevant professionals as well as amongst the general public.
FAMILY‐MAKING BY AID
Authors: Mitchell G.D.
Published: February 2008

Artificial insemination by donor semen is a relatively new practice: the first occasion was in 1884 in the U.S.A., and this was not reported until 1909 when an article appeared in Medical World. As in most cases the husband was azoospermic, i.e. sterile. Today, whilst this appears to be the most common reason for AID, there are others. Thus a genetically transmitted disease like Huntington's Chorea may be avoided by AID. But increasingly there are cases of men having had irreversible vasectomies, usually after having had a family, and following divorce and remarriage wish to have a child by the second wife. The numbers of couples having AID cannot be ascertained but in the U.K. it is supposed that there are over two thousand AID babies born annually, and the waiting lists at some clinics suggest strongly that numbers are increasing considerably.
TACTICAL BEHAVIOR AND NEGOTIATION OUTCOMES
Authors: Weingart Laurie R. , Thompson Leigh L. , Bazerman Max H. , Carroll John S.
Published: February 2008

This paper examined negotiator behavior in a variable‐sum two‐party negotiation task and its impact on individual and joint negotiator out‐come. Specifically, we examined the role of negotiator opening offer, reciprocity and complementarity of the use of tactics, systematic progression of offers, and information sharing in a negotiation with integrative potential. Results indicated that initial offers affect final outcome differently across buyers and sellers. The buyer's initial offer was curvilinearly related to his or her final outcome in the form of an inverted‐U. The seller's initial offer was positive‐linearly related to seller's outcome. Second, negotiators reciprocated and complemented both distributive and integrative tactics. In addition, highly integrative dyads differed from less efficient dyads in their reciprocation of integrative behaviors and complementarity of distributive behaviors. Third, approximately forty percent of offers made represented systematic concessions, but the proportion of offers reflecting systematic concessions was not related to the efficiency of the joint outcome. Finally, while information sharing did appear to have a positive effect on the efficiency of agreements, differences in the amount of information provided did not affect the proportion of outcome claimed by each party.
GOAL ACHIEVEMENT, PROCEDURAL JUSTICE AND THE SUCCESS OF MEDIATION
Authors: Pruitt Dean G. , Peirce Robert S. , Zubek Jo M. , Welton Gary L. , Nochajski Thomas H.
Published: February 2008

This research examined the relationships among a number of outcomes of mediation. The sample consisted of 73 hearings at two dispute settlement centers in New York State. Predictions from goal achievement theory were contrasted with predictions from procedural justice theory. In accordance with goal achievement theory, disputants who attained their goals in the agreement indicated immediate satisfaction with that agreement and with the conduct of the hearing. However, goal achievement was unrelated to long‐run success or long‐run satisfaction with the agreement, a result which may apply primarily to the mediation of interpersonal disputes. The predictions from procedural justice theory were more successful. Disputants who perceived that the underlying problems had been aired, that the mediator had understood what they said and that they had received a fair hearing also showed immediate satisfaction with the agreement and with the conduct of the hearing. In addition, these and related perceptions—especially in the eyes of the respondent—were predictive of several aspects of long‐run success.
STERNBERG'S STYLES OF HANDLING INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT: A THEORY‐BASED REANALYSIS
Authors: van de Vliert Evert
Published: February 2008

Sternberg and his co‐workers developed a new taxonomy of conflict management styles that ignores an earlier, related model proposed by Blake and Mouton, Thomas, and Rahim. Following a critical review of Sternberg's taxonomy, the present paper presents a reanalysis of some of Sternberg's data that attempts to integrate the two taxonomies. The results confirm Thomas's identification of integrative and distributive dimensions underlying the typology of conflict styles. Sternberg's style of involving outsiders is interpreted as a “Pyrrhic victory,” which loads low on the integrative dimension and high on the distributive dimension. The study is interpreted as providing evidence for the need to replace the concept of conflict style as a specific form of behavioral tendency by treating style as a broad pattern of behavioral tendencies.
POSITIVE EFFECTS OF CONFLICT: A FIELD ASSESSMENT
Authors: Cosier Richard A. , Dalton Dan R.
Published: February 2008

Research relying on laboratory protocol and case studies has demonstrated positive effects from cognitive conflict and controversy. Reported benefits have included better judgments, improved strategic decisions and a better understanding of others' positions. This study develops and assesses the psychometric properties of an instrument designed to examine decision conflict in field settings. This instrument was administered on site to 63 managers. Factors identified in the instrument were disagreement, openness, and control. Interestingly, the openness dimension was positively associated with job commitment. The control factor was inversely associated with job satisfaction.
POWER AND POLITICS IN PRIVATIZATION NEGOTIATIONS
Authors: Buntzman Gabriel F.
Published: February 2008

Much of the commerce of state and local governments with private firms is fairly routine. Standardized procedures exist for its conduct. A trend to privatization of facilities and services, however, has created novel contexts in which government‐business relationships must be negotiated. In the absence of established ground rules, the balance of power between the local government and the firm is likely to be asymmetrical and unstable. This manuscript chronicles the dynamic nature of power distribution and the application of power in negotiations surrounding the privatization of a major distribution facility in one of the largest cities in the United States. The manuscript concludes with some cautionary comments for firms contemplating conducting business with local governments.
PREPARING THE GROUND FOR MEDIATION: FOOTHILLS REVISITED
Authors: Kaufman Sanda , Duncan George T.
Published: February 2008

Recognizing fertile ground and preparing ground not yet ready is an essential skill of an effective intervenor. This sequence of diagnosis and action is studied in a theoretical framework in which mediators examine and alter four classes of disputants' perceptions. These classes are (1) the available set of actions, (2) the class of possible consequences, (3) the likelihoods of uncertain events and consequences of actions, and (4) preferences over consequences. Denver's increasing demand for water led to the Foothills environmental dispute in 1977. This dispute featured various forms of third party intervention. U.S. Representative Patricia Schroeder's failure to mediate the Foothills conflict, and U.S. Representative Timothy Wirth's success, are compared in terms of the disputants' key beliefs affected by the two self‐appointed intervenors' actions. Using the technique of counterfactual case analysis, an exploration is made of a range of possible timing and ground preparation decisions. Although the particular circumstances of any dispute play a key role in its resolution, the proposed perspective extracts features that are general and therefore transferable to other contexts, thereby enabling mediators to belter develop, transmit, and apply intervention skills.
DRAWING THE LINE: AN EXPLORATORY TEST OF ETHICAL BEHAVIOR IN NEGOTIATIONS
Authors: Anton Ronald J.
Published: February 2008

This is an empirical study of a business ethics issue. It examines the question of when an untrue statement in a negotiations context is considered unethical behavior. Four types of untrue statements are considered. A questionnaire was used to determine (1) if the types of untrue statements were distinct, (2) if they formed a continuum, and (3) whether the collective perspective of reasonable people was able to “draw a line” in such a continuum between ethical and unethical behavior. The results showed a consensus of moral intuition and the ability to draw a line between ethical and unethical behavior. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES AND STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES IN CONFLICT MANAGEMENT RESEARCH: AN UPDATE
Authors: Harris Michael M.
Published: February 2008

The purpose of this paper is to provide an update on various methodological issues and statistical techniques pertinent to the conflict management literature. First, issues related to use of laboratory studies, college students, and the study situation are reviewed. Second, two recent innovative statistical techniques, meta‐analysis and confirmatory modeling are described and potential applications in the conflict management field are given.
MANAGING CONFLICT IN A CONTEXT OF GOVERNMENT CHANGE: LESSONS FROM THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF CANADA, 1984–1988
Authors: Bourgault Jacques , Dion Stèphane
Published: February 2008

Many relationships between politicians and bureaucrats are based on an energy‐equilibrium model where the politicians provide energy and the bureaucrats, equilibrium. According to this model, conflicts occur when one partner does not adequately fulfill his or her expected role. This model may be fruitfully used to study the relationship between the politician, the career bureaucrat, and the political appointee. The division of roles among this “ménage à trois” is particularly difficult and often generates tension. The situation is most prone to conflict when the government is in a period of change. At such times, the newly elected politicians have a tendency to mistrust the established bureaucracy and to depend almost exclusively on their political appointees. The dysfunctions induced by this phenomenon, in regard to the capacity of the bureaucracy to adequately fulfill its equilibrium role, are very clearly illustrated by the Canadian political transition of 1984, when the federal government was handed over to the Progressive Conservative Party. A series of interviews with ministers, senior civil servants, and senior policy advisors, all of whom had ringside seats to this transition, shows how the extensive power granted to ministerial offices aggravated the difficulties usually associated with a period of transition. This particular transition illustrates how important it is for the newly elected to ensure that their partisan policy advisors play their roles without getting in the way of the indispensable cooperation which must be established between ministers and senior civil servants.
INJUSTICE AND ORGANIZATIONAL CONFLICT: THE MODERATING EFFECT OF POWER RESTORATION
Authors: Cropanzano Russell , Baron Robert A.
Published: February 2008

This experiment investigated the causal links between injustice and interpersonal conflict. Previous research has suggested two possible explanations. One group of theorists has argued for a pragmatic model, whereby individuals engage in interpersonal conflict in order to maximize personal gain. Justice is, at most, a secondary consideration. Alternatively, others have suggested that perceived unfairness is a crucial element in conflict. The present study tested these two frameworks. As predicted, results were generally consistent with the justice model. However, the expression of conflict only took place when there was no opportunity for power restoration. Results are discussed in terms of the situation's impact on conflict behavior. Limitations of the present research design are noted.
WORKPLACE JUSTICE OUTCOMES “IN THE NAME OF THE UNION”: A FIELD ASSESSMENT
Authors: Mesch Debra J. , Dalton Dan R.
Published: February 2008

Prior work has demonstrated that management enjoys a substantive edge in many grievance cases largely as a function of its discretion to pursue or dismiss these cases as it chooses. Conversely, organized labor has far less discretion in as much as it must pursue serious grievances which may be less viable. It is argued here that grievances “filed in the name of the union” may provide an important exception to this principle. This field assessment of format grievances (N = 538) indicates robust differences in the outcomes of grievances between those “filed in the name of the union” and those filed in the more traditional manner. This tendency may provide some countervailing influence for the grievant to the advantages posited for management.
MANAGING GROUP DECISION MAKING PROCESSES: INDIVIDUAL VERSUS COLLECTIVE ACCOUNTABILITY AND GROUPTHINK
Authors: Kroon Marceline B.R. , Hart Paul't , van Kreveld Dik
Published: February 2008

This study explores the effects of different structures of accountability on the development of groupthink. Specifically, the differences between individual and collective accountability are examined and contrasted to a condition with no accountability. The groupthink phenomenon can be differentiated into collective avoidance, arising from a pessimistic perception of a decisional issue, and collective overoptimism. It is argued that structures of accountability can either promote or reduce groupthink, depending upon the way group members perceive the decisional issue. We tested the hypothesis that accountability can prevent the collective‐avoidance type of groupthink, and that individual accountability will be more effective in doing so than collective accountability, by preventing the possibility to “hide in the crowd.” The results confirm that under conditions conducive to collective avoidance, individual accountability is more effective in reducing groupthink‐like tendencies than collective accountability. However, group members expecting to be collectively responsible still display less symptoms of groupthink than control groups. In particular, accountability makes groups display more difficulty to reach consensus, stimulates group members to try to influence the decision making, results in a more equal dispersion of influence within the group, and in less risky decisions. Some methodological concerns regarding research on groupthink and accountability, and the implications of the findings for future research in this area are discussed.
STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR TRIBAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A CULTURALLY APPROPRIATE MODEL FOR CONSENSUS BUILDING
Authors: Broome Benjamin J. , Cromer Irene L.
Published: February 2008

The Americans for Indian Opportunity (AIO), a national Indian organization concerned primarily with tribal governance issues, has sponsored numerous projects during the 1980s which suggest that better models of communication and consensus‐building are desperately needed within Indian tribal communities. Due in part to the use of forms of problem‐solving that are incongruent with tribal values and cultural patterns, many Indian communities have been paralyzed in their efforts to develop consensus on strategic plans. While many tribes have experimented with various forms of conflict management techniques, careful consideration must be given to the appropriateness of the approach employed Because the cultural traditions of Indian communities are rooted in a consensual approach to problem‐solving, dispute resolution approaches imposed by non‐Indian law and bureaucracies often conflict with tribal values. This paper reports the attempt of one tribe, the Winnebago in Nebraska, to introduce a system of planning and problem‐solving adequate for dealing with the needs of the tribal community in a culturally appropriate manner.
CRISIS BARGAINING: TRACKING RELATIONAL PARADOX IN HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION
Authors: Donohue William A. , Ramesh Closepet , Borchgrevink Carl
Published: February 2008

This paper develops an empirical means of tracking involvement in a relational double‐bind in hostage negotiations as a means of monitoring the extent to which the hostage takers developed more cooperative or competitive relational parameters with police negotiators. Verbal immediacy was used to track the hostage takers double bind problems across nine different hostage negotiations. The results indicated that the purpose for taking hostages greatly influenced the kinds of paradoxes displayed by the hostage takers. Mentally ill hostage takers became cooperative early in the negotiation, but then turned more competitive as the negotiation unfolded. Hostage takers caught in the act of committing a crime became competitive early and then became more cooperative as time elapsed The hostage takers involved in domestic violence remained competitive throughout the interaction.
CULTURE, FACE MAINTENANCE, AND STYLES OF HANDLING INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT: A STUDY IN FIVE CULTURES
Authors: Ting‐Toomey Stella , Gao Ge , Trubisky Paula , Yang Zhizhong , Soo Kim Hak , Lin Sung‐Ling , Nishida Tsukasa
Published: February 2008

The objective of this study was to test Ting‐Toomey's (1988a) theory on conflict face‐negotiation. More specifically, the study examined the relationship between face maintenance dimensions and conflict styles in Japan, China, South Korea, Taiwan, and the United States. The results were summarized as follows: (1) Cultural variability of individualism‐collectivism influences two face maintenance dimensions—self‐face concern and other‐face concern; (2) Cultural variability influences conflict styles, with U.S. members using a higher degree of dominating conflict style than their Japanese and Korean cohorts, and the Chinese and Taiwanese members using a higher degree of obliging and avoiding conflict management styles than their U.S. counterparts; (3) Overall, face maintenance dimensions served as better predictors to conflict styles rather than conflict styles to face dimensions; (4) Self‐face maintenance was associated strongly with dominating conflict style, and other‐face maintenance was associated strongly with avoiding, integrating, and compromising styles of conflict management. Directions for future testing of the conflict face‐negotiation theory were proffered.
MANAGERIAL DECISION MAKING IN JAPAN, THE U.S., AND HONG KONG
Authors: Cosier Richard A. , Schwenk Charles R. , Dalton Dan R.
Published: February 2008

Although there has been a good deal of prior research on differences between Asian (i.e., Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea) and American business practices, few studies have dealt with comparisons of approaches to decision making in the various cultures. This paper addresses how levels of openness, conflicting advice, centralized control, and disagreement across different countries may affect decision making. It may be that the “common wisdom” which suggests Japanese decision making exclusively involves cooperation ignores the existence of conflict in Japanese decisions. In fact, Japanese decision makers may be more open, resolve conflict prior to reaching consensus, and exert less centralized control than decision makers in the U.S. and Hong Kong. This could help explain their abilities to make effective business decisions in Japan.
PROCEDURAL CONSTRAINTS AND CONFLICTUAL PREFERENCES IN COLLECTIVE DECISION‐MAKING: AN ANALYSIS BASED ON THE CONSTITUTIONAL DECISION OF NOVEMBER 1981 IN CANADA
Authors: Imbeau Louis M.
Published: February 2008

Based on a formalization of the 1981 constitutional negotiation in Canada, this article analyses the impact of procedural constraints on collective decisions. Four procedural constraints are considered: voting procedures, voting rules, decision rules, and the order of presentation of options to the vote. Sincere voting (voting according to a voter's preference scale), complete information, and free communication are assumed in the first part of the analysis. The assumption of sincere voting is relaxed in the second part where strategic voting is considered The analysis shows that (1) a collective decision is determined by some interaction of voters' preferences, procedural constraints, and voting strategies, and (2) procedural constraints can be ordered in terms of their relative impact on the collective decision (in decreasing order: decision rules, voting rules, order of presentation, voting procedures). In the conclusion, a general model of the determination of collective decisions is presented.
MEDIATION CONTROL TECHNIQUES: A TEST OF KOLB'S “ORCHESTRATORS” VS. “DEALMAKERS” MODEL
Authors: Baker Carol , Ross William H.
Published: February 2008

The present study attempted to replicate the findings of Kolb's research identifying two groups of mediators, which she labeled “Dealmakers” and “Orchestrators.” Seventy‐seven mediators were presented with a written dispute and asked to react the likelihood that they would use each of nine different mediation techniques. The techniques corresponded to Sheppard's taxonomy of Process Control, Content Control, and Motivational Control techniques. They also rated the perceived effectiveness of each of these three types of control with the dispute. Based upon their responses, the mediators were separated into groups using average‐link cluster analysis. The results suggested four clusters: Cluster 1 members corresponded to Kolb's “Dealmakers,” relying upon Process, Content, and Motivational Control techniques. Cluster 2 members did not correspond to either of Kolb's classifications, choosing to use Content and Motivational Control strategies. Cluster 3 members were similar to Kolb's “Orchestrators;” members of this cluster relied upon Process and Content Control techniques only. Cluster 4 members were reluctant to use any of the control strategies. These findings suggest a partial replication and extension of Kolb's initial work. Implications for future research are discussed.
THE INFLUENCE OF POWER, DISTRIBUTION NORMS AND TASK MEETING STRUCTURE ON RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN SMALL GROUP NEGOTIATION
Authors: Mannix Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2008

Subjects participated in a three‐person negotiation exercise, in which they had to form two‐ or three‐way coalitions to receive resources. The effects of power position (high, medium, low), distribution norms (contribution, need), and task meeting structure (caucus, joint) on the distribution of resources were examined. Most coalition theories assume that the power position of the players calls into play different levels of entitlement which will determine the allocation of resources. There has, however, been little attempt to manipulate entitlement, in the form of distribution norms, separately from power structure. In the research reported here, three‐person groups contained a high, medium, and low power player. The dominant group distribution norm was manipulated as either contribution‐based or need‐based. Task meeting structure was manipulated by beginning each group meeting with either a three‐way meeting between all players (joint) or a series of one‐on‐one meetings (caucus). As predicted, groups that began by caucusing had a higher incidence of two‐way agreements than groups that began with joint meetings. The task meeting structure interacted with power position such that caucusing increased the high power player's outcome, while the joint meeting structure increased the low power player's outcome. In addition, the distribution norm interacted with power position such that the contribution‐based norm increased the outcomes of high power players, while the need‐based norm increased the outcomes of the low power players.
REWARD ALLOCATION PREFERENCES IN GROUPS AND ORGANIZATIONS
Authors: Chen Ya‐Ru , Church Allan H.
Published: February 2008

This review article focuses on the factors that affect the selection and implementation of three principles of distributive justice (i.e., equity, equality, and need) to reward systems in group and organizational settings. After presenting an overview of the assumptions, goals, and possible consequences associated with each of the three perspectives, the article then describes the moderating factors influencing distribution rule preferences across four levels of analysis: (1) the interorganizational, (2) the intraorganizational, (3) the work group, and (4) the individual. Some of the variables discussed include cross‐cultural differences, reward system implementation, task interdependency, work group climate, and individual characteristics. This material is then summarized through the use of a new conceptual model for describing allocation rule preferences. The article concludes with suggestions for future research.
A CONTINGENCY MODEL OF MANDATED MEDIATION: LESSONS FROM THE RAILWAY LABOR ACT
Authors: Swiercz Paul M. , Flynn Linda P.
Published: February 2008

Over the past decade there has been an upsurge of interest in the study of mediation. Much of the current interest is the consequence of mediation's apparent success in the management of labor‐management conflicts. It is suggested here that a critical examination of mandated mediation—a long standing, but neglected part of negotiation under the Railway Labor Act of 1926—can make substantive contributions to the development of mediation theory. This paper proposes a conceptual model for understanding context, process, and outcome constraints on the performance of mandated mediation.
JUSTICE FOR ALL? UNION VERSUS MANAGEMENT RESPONSES TO UNJUST ACTS AND SOCIAL ACCOUNTS
Authors: Friedman Raymond A. , Robinson Robert J.
Published: February 2008

Current research on justice has found that perceptions of injustice are reduced when harm‐doers provide an explanation or “account” of their actions. We question whether these findings generalize to everyone in organizations. In particular, we predict that responses to unjust acts and social accounts about them will differ for those in organizations who have less power and for those who are “in‐group” to the victim. We test this prediction by replicating Bies and Shapiro's study of causal accounts, using union subjects as well as managerial subjects, and constructing a scenario in which the victim is a worker and another in which the victim is a manager. As expected, union subjects were more angry about unjust acts than were managers. Counter to our expectations, all subjects perceived an act to be more unjust when the victim was a worker than when the victim was a manager. As in previous studies, an account reduced feelings of injustice, except in one situation: among those of lower power (union reps) who evaluated acts that hurt members of their own group (i.e., a worker), an account did not reduce their sense of injustice for the victim, even though it did reduce blame at the harm‐doer.
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION AND CONFLICT ESCALATION: AN ATTRIBUTION‐BASED MODEL
Authors: Jones Tricia S. , Remland Martin S.
Published: February 2008

Traditionally, conflict theory and research has focused almost exclusively on verbal behavior to understand strategic processes. Research on various nonverbal cues in conflict interaction is limited to investigations of narrowly defined variable sets and/or atheoretic descriptions of nonverbal behaviors, with little attention to the underlying reasons for the behavioral choices made by disputants. This paper proposes an attribution‐based model of conflict escalation as a consequence of non‐verbal status displays. The lack of research on the role of nonverbal communication in conflict escalation and the limitations of current models of nonverbal immediacy exchange are cited as a justification for the proposed model. Implications of the model are summarized in the form of several propositions.
MANAGING THE HEADQUARTERS‐FOREIGN SUBSIDIARY RELATIONSHIP: THE ROLES OF STRATEGY, CONFLICT, AND INTEGRATION
Authors: Pahl Joy M. , Roth Kendall
Published: February 2008

This study examined the relationship between the headquarters and the foreign subsidiaries of multinational corporations (MNCs). Hypotheses concerning the strategies pursued by each MNC, intergroup conflict, conflict management styles, integrating mechanisms, and the effectiveness of the headquarters‐subsidiary relationship are developed and tested. There were no significant differences in the intergroup conflict experienced by subsidiaries pursuing different international strategies. However, effectiveness of the headquarters‐subsidiary relationship was negatively related to intergroup conflict. The use of the avoiding style of conflict management was negatively related to the effectiveness of the headquarters‐subsidiary relationship, as hypothesized. For MNCs pursuing global integration strategies, the use of personal integrating mechanisms and integrating conflict management styles were negatively related to intergroup conflict. For MNCs pursuing local responsiveness strategies, the use of bureaucratic integrating mechanisms and dominating conflict management styles were not negatively related to inter‐group conflict. This ran counter to expectations. MNCs pursuing multi‐focal strategies did not fit neatly into either strategy camp—global integration or local responsiveness.
COMPLAINANT‐RESPONDENT DIFFERENCES IN PROCEDURAL CHOICE
Authors: Peirce Robert S. , Pruitt Dean G.
Published: February 2008

This research concerned preference and choice among six procedures commonly used to resolve disputes. Two experiments revealed that, compared to complainants, respondents liked inaction and disliked arbitration. However, the most striking findings concerned general preferences among the procedures: consensual procedures (negotiation, mediation, and advisory‐arbitration) were best liked, followed by arbitration, with inaction and struggle least liked. Further analysis suggested that perceptions of self‐interest and societal norms underlie these procedural preferences, with the latter perceptions apparently more important. An examination of choices among the procedures revealed that negotiation was by far the most common first choice of action. If negotiation failed to resolve the conflict, the following escalative sequence of actions was typically endorsed: mediation, then advisory arbitration, then arbitration, and finally struggle.
IMAGINED IDEOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES IN CONFLICT ESCALATION AND RESOLUTION
Authors: Keltner Dacher , Robinson Robert J.
Published: February 2008

There is a tendency for opposing partisans to ideological disputes to imagine that their opponents are extremist, biased, and in diametric opposition to themselves. The current investigation examined the role of these imagined ideological differences in face‐to‐face negotiations. Experiment 1 examined the problems that develop when negotiators attend to irrelevant ideological differences. Dyads who were made aware of political differences, even imagined ones (i.e., their political views were actually similar), required more time to allocate hypothetical funds and perceived their partner less favorably than did dyads who were unaware of their political differences. Experiments 2 and 3 tested the hypothesis that ideological opponents who acquire accurate information about their counterpart's beliefs (thus reducing the effects of imagined ideological differences) will have more successful negotiations. Opposing partisans to abortion (Experiment 2) and the death penalty (Experiment 3) reached more comprehensive, integrative agreements and perceived each other more favorably when they disclosed their own views to each other before negotiating. The relevance of these findings to other mediation techniques and real world conflicts was discussed.
INFLUENCE OF MEDIATOR CHARACTERISTICS AND BEHAVIOR ON THE SUCCESS OF MEDIATION IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Authors: Bercovitch Jacob , Houston Allison
Published: February 2008

This article analyzes two of the determinants of the effectiveness of the mediation process, namely the impact of different mediators and mediation behavior on mediation outcomes in international relations. We review the literature and consider this relationship in terms of specific hypotheses concerning (1) the identity of a mediator, (2) previous interactions with the parties, (3) previous mediation attempts, and (4) the nature of mediation strategy. An original data set of 97 international disputes and 364 mediation attempts in the post‐1945 period is utilized to test our hypotheses. Multivariate analysis suggests the significance of high mediator rank, directive strategy, and close political alignment in achieving successful outcomes. We use these results to posit and test a series of causal models of mediation.
USE OF THE COLLABORATIVE COLLECTIVE BARGAINING PROCESS IN LABOR NEGOTIATIONS
Authors: Post Frederick R. , Bennett Rebecca J.
Published: February 2008

To speak of collective bargaining as a collaborative process seems a contradiction. Since 1935 when collective bargaining was institutional‐ized in the Wagner Act, the process has assumed that the disputing par‐ties are enemies, competing for scarce resources with different objec‐tives. This article explains the implementation of a new theory of col‐lective bargaining which encourages truthfulness, candor, and the acknowledgement of shared goals and avoids the negative and self‐defeating power plays of the adversarial collective bargaining process. As a result of this process, grievances in the observed company declined from 40 per year under previous contracts, to 2 in 18 months under the current contract; anger and hostility have been nearly eliminated; and there is a real spirit of cooperation present in the plant.