bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and safety of an alternative onabotulinumtoxinA injection paradigm for refractory overactive bladder
Authors: MacDiarmid Scott , Glazier David B. , McCrery Rebecca J. , Kennelly Michael J. , Nelson Mariana , Ifantides Kimberly Becker , McCammon Kurt A.
Published: September 2023

Aims

In studies utilizing a 20‐injection‐site paradigm of onabotulinumtoxinA treatment for overactive bladder (OAB), some patients performed clean intermittent catheterization (CIC). An alternative injection paradigm of fewer injections targeting the lower bladder may reduce the need for CIC by maintaining upper bladder function. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of an unapproved alternative 10‐injection‐site paradigm targeting the lower bladder.

Methods

In this phase 4, double‐blind, parallel‐group study, patients with OAB and urinary incontinence (UI) for ≥6 months with ≥3 episodes of urinary urgency incontinence (no more than 1 UI‐free day) and ≥8 micturitions per day over 3 days during screening were randomized 2:1 to onabotulinumtoxinA 100 U or placebo injected at 10 sites in the lower bladder.

Results

Of 120 patients, 78 in the onabotulinumtoxinA group and 39 in the placebo group had efficacy assessments. In the double‐blind phase, mean change from baseline at week 12 in daily frequency of UI episodes was greater with onabotulinumtoxinA (−2.9) versus placebo (−0.3) (least squares mean difference [LSMD]: −2.99, p < 0.0001). Achievement of 100% (odds ratio [OR]: 6.15 [95% confidence interval, CI: 0.75–50.37]), ≥75% (OR: 7.25 [2.00–26.29]), and ≥50% improvement (OR: 4.79 [1.87–12.28]) from baseline in UI episodes was greater with onabotulinumtoxinA versus placebo. Reductions from baseline in the daily average number of micturitions (LSMD: −2.24, p < 0.0001), nocturia (LSMD: −0.71, p = 0.0004), and urgency (LSMD: −2.56, p < 0.0001) were greater with onabotulinumtoxinA than with placebo. Treatment benefit was improved or greatly improved in the onabotulinumtoxinA group (74.0% of patients) versus placebo (17.6%) (OR: 13.03 [95% CI: 3.23–52.57]). Mean change from baseline in Incontinence Quality of Life score was greater with onabotulinumtoxinA versus placebo (LSMD: 24.2, p = 0.0012). Two of 78 (2.6%) patients in the onabotulinumtoxinA group used CIC during the double‐blind period; no females used CIC during the double‐blind period. Commonly reported adverse events (≥5%) were urinary tract infection (UTI), dysuria, and productive cough for both groups; rate of UTI was higher with onabotulinumtoxinA versus placebo.

Conclusion

In patients treated with onabotulinumtoxinA for OAB with UI, an unapproved alternative injection paradigm targeting the lower bladder demonstrated efficacy over placebo, with a low incidence of CIC.
An efficient solid shell material point method for large deformation of thin structures
Authors: Li Jiasheng , Ni Ruichen , Zeng Zhixin , Zhang Xiong
Published: September 2023

The standard material point method (MPM) encounters severe numerical difficulties in simulating shell structures. In order to overcome the shortcomings of locking effects, the discretization size of background grid should be small enough, usually smaller than 1/5 of the shell thickness, which however will lead to prohibitive computational cost. A novel solid shell material point method (SSMPM) is proposed to efficiently model the large deformation of thin structures. The SSMPM describes the material domain of shell structures by shell particles with hexahedral particle domains. The locking treatments of solid shell element are then introduced in SSMPM, which results in the correction of strain field throughout the shell thickness. Namely, the assumed natural strain (ANS) method is adopted to eliminate the shear locking and trapezoidal locking, while the enhanced assumed strain (EAS) method is employed to eliminate the thickness locking. With the precise description of bending modes, a single layer of particles and a coarse background grid could be used in shell structure simulations with the SSMPM, which dramatically increases the computational efficiency. A local multi‐mesh contact method is presented to naturally couple SSMPM and MPM for the contact situations of shells with other objects. Several numerical examples, including beam vibration, pinched cylinder with free edges and full hemispherical shell, are performed to verify and validate the SSMPM, which shows that the SSMPM considerably outperforms the standard MPM in these situations. A fluid–structure interaction problem and the penetration of a thin plate are investigated based on the contact method and the results are in good agreement with those in the literature.
Complications of Novel Radiofrequency Device Use in Rhinology: A MAUDE Analysis
Authors: Torabi Sina J. , Bitner Benjamin F. , Abello Eric H. , Nguyen Theodore V. , Wong Brian J.F. , Kuan Edward C.
Published: September 2023

With the widespread adoption of intranasal radiofrequency (RF) devices, our objective was to report national adverse events (AEs) associated with their use. The Food and Drug Administration's Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience was queried. A total of 24 device‐related AEs were reported, 11 (45.8%) for Celon® (Olympus), 3 (12.5%) for Vivaer® (Aerin), 2 (8.3%) for Neuromark® (Neurent), and 8 (33.3%) for Rhinaer® (Aerin). Seven (63.6%) of the Celon®‐related complications were related to tissue necrosis (largely user error‐related), but 1 (9.1%) episode of pediatric ocular palsy was also reported. Vivaer® complications included synechiae formation, a mucosal perforation, and a case of empty nose syndrome. Of the posterior nasal nerve ablating devices, 9 of 10 AEs were epistaxes, of which 7 (77.8%) required operative intervention. Surgeons should exercise vigilance and tissue‐appropriate device settings when utilizing RF devices. Epistaxis and tissue necrosis may occur, as well as more rare, but devastating, complications.
Impact of Frailty on Postoperative Outcomes in Extended Endonasal Skull Base Surgery for Suprasellar Pathologies
Authors: Kshirsagar Rijul S. , Eide Jacob G. , Qatanani Anas , Harris Jacob , Abello Eric H. , Roman Kelsey M. , Vasudev Milind , Jackson Christina , Lee John Y.K. , Kuan Edward C. , Palmer James N. , Adappa Nithin D.
Published: September 2023

Objective

Frailty metrics estimate a patient's ability to tolerate physiologic stress and there are limited frailty data in patients undergoing expanded endonasal approaches (EEA) for suprasellar pathologies. Elevated frailty metrics have been associated with increased perioperative complications in patients undergoing craniotomies. We sought to examine this potential relationship in EEA.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Two tertiary academic skull base centers.

Methods

Cases of patients undergoing EEA for suprasellar pathologies were reviewed. Demographic, treatment, survival, and postoperative outcomes data were recorded. Frailty was calculated using validated indexes, including the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, the modified 5‐item frailty index (mFI‐5), and the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI). Primary outcomes included 30‐day medical and surgical complications.

Results

A total of 88 patients were included, with 59 (67%) female patients and a mean age of 54 ± 15 years. The most common pathologies included 53 meningiomas (60.2%) and 21 craniopharyngiomas (23.9%). Most patients were ASA class 3 (54.5%) with mean mFI‐5 0.82 ± 1.01 and CCI 4.18 ± 2.42. There was no association between increased frailty and 30‐day medical or surgical outcomes (including postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak), prolonged length of hospital stay, or mortality (all P > .05). Higher mFI‐5 was associated with an increased risk for 30‐day readmission (odds ratio: 2.35, 95% confidence Interval: 1.10‐5.64, P = .04).

Conclusion

Despite the patient population being notably frail, we only identified an increased risk for 30‐day readmission and observed no links with deteriorating surgical, medical, or mortality outcomes. This implies that conventional frailty metrics may not effectively align with EEA outcomes.
Multicriteria GIS‐based analysis for the evaluation of the vulnerability of the marine environment in the Gulf of Trieste (north‐eastern Adriatic Sea) for sustainable blue economy and maritime spatial planning
Authors: Pagano Mariangela , Fernetti Michele , Busetti Martina , Ghribi Mounir , Camerlenghi Angelo
Published: September 2023

The Gulf of Trieste, is a shallow semi‐enclosed sea of about 500 km2 in the north‐eastern part of the Adriatic Sea. The coastal and marine areas of the Italian region Friuli Venezia Giulia, which borders most of the Gulf of Trieste, are subject to significant pressure from human activities, especially in terms of maritime traffic, ports, industry, fishing and tourism. But they are also characterised by natural areas of high environmental value. We wanted to understand the human impact on these coastal and marine areas in order to better inform sustainable management.

To carry out the analysis, we collected a range of anthropogenic (human) and environmental data, from which we produced a series of indicator maps. By combining the various indicators, we created two subsequent maps: the seabed vulnerability map and the marine environment vulnerability map in the area as a whole. The analysis has highlighted areas with different degrees of environmental vulnerability due to human development and identified the most critical areas in the Gulf of Trieste with high anthropogenic pressure. Both maps show that human impacts affect large areas of the seabed and marine environment, while those with minimal or non‐existent impacts are very limited and are related mainly to areas with high levels of existing protection and conservation.

The seabed vulnerability map shows that the biggest problems are related to discharge of dredging sludge, mollusc fishing with dredgers and turbo blowers, and anchoring boats. Furthermore, the presence of anthropogenic elements on the seabed can damage the natural environment and even permanently alter the natural shape and structure of the seabed. The marine environment vulnerability map shows that ports, urbanisation, industrial activities, maritime traffic and fishing pressure affect the entire study area.

The vulnerability maps are a useful analytical tool to identify the most critical areas where possible actions can be planned to maintain a healthy and sustainable productive marine environment and to manage and resolve the conflicts between economic development and environmental health.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Research progress of composite cylindrical shells
Authors: Zhang Liwei , Zhao Liyuan , Pan Lin , Gao Jiangang
Published: September 2023

Composite cylindrical shell (CCS) structure are a number of engineering applications in aerospace, civil engineering, ordnance industry, sports equipment and other fields because of their excellent mechanical properties, low density and strong design. In this study, the classification, preparation technology and mechanical test of CCS are summarized. The research on the axial compression strength of CCS is reviewed. The theory of axial compression elasticity and the strength criterion of orthotropic composite materials are analyzed, and the strength criterion is compared. Finally, the basic theory of instability and buckling is deeply analyzed, and the stability theory of CCS is analyzed in detail. In order to provide a new reference for future scientific research and engineering application, the research difficulties are given in the conclusion, and the future research direction is predicted.

Highlights

Comparing and analyzing the classification, preparation technology and mechanical properties of composite cylindrical shells (CCS) comprehensively.

Summarizing and analyzing the axial compression strength of CCS in depth, and analyzing the theory of axial compression elasticity and the strength criterion of orthotropic composite materials thoroughly.

Analyzing the basic theory of instability and buckling in depth, and analyzing the stability theory of CCS in detail.

Giving the research difficulty of composite cylindrical shell, and predicting the future development direction of CCS.
SiO nanoparticle modified CFRP composites effecting on mechanical and vibration damping properties
Authors: Bozkurt Yüksel Tokur , Bulut Mehmet , Erkliğ Ahmet , Özbek Özkan
Published: September 2023

SiO nanoparticle inclusion effects on vibration‐damping and mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced plastic composites (CFRP) were experimentally investigated by incorporating the NS particles into the epoxy resin system. The nanoparticles in the SiO form were incorporated into the epoxy resin at different ratios (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 3%) in weight to produce the modified CFRP samples. In addition, the effects of cutout with two different types (edgewise semicircular and central circular) on the vibration response of SiO modified CFRP test samples were determined for different SiO particle incorporation ratios. In this way, variation of both mechanical and vibration properties was experimentally determined in terms of cutout weakening of the composite in the middle while incorporating the SiO particle modification of the CFRP composites. It was seen from this study that the incorporation SiO nanoparticles into CFRP composites were provided the increasing trend in the vibration‐damping and mechanical properties and the highest mechanical and vibration properties were obtained for the addition of 1.5 wt% SiO nanoparticles. On the other hand, further SiO nanoparticle addition, more than 1.5–2 wt%, decreased in mechanical and vibration properties of the composite test samples.

Highlights

SiO nanoparticle effects on mechanical properties of CFRP composite laminates.

SiO nanoparticle effects on vibration damping of CFRP composite laminates.

Central cutout effects on vibration characteristics of CFRP composite laminates.

Fracture characteristics of CFRP composite laminates with SiO nanoparticle incorporation.
Fiberglass‐reinforced triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) lattice structures for energy absorption applications
Authors: Ormiston Shaun , Srinivas Sundarram Sriharsha
Published: September 2023

Triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS)‐based lattice structures exhibit improved mechanical and energy absorption properties compared to other lattices. Fused filament fabrication is the preferred approach for fabricating these structures and majority of the existing TPMS structures are manufactured using a single polymer. This study presents composite lattice structures that are reinforced with a second material. TPMS lattice structures are designed using MSLattice and modeled into cubical, cylindrical, bar, and dogbone geometries with relative density levels of 25%, 50%, and 75%. The structures are 3D printed with micro carbon fiber‐embedded nylon as the base matrix and fiberglass as the reinforcement. The structures are then characterized for mechanical properties and energy absorption as a function of density. The results show that the 25% relative density fiberglass‐reinforced structures exhibited similar or better properties compared to the 75% density structures without reinforcement. The mass normalized maximum force withstood by the 25% density‐reinforced cylinder was 1340 N/g compared to 1219 N/g for the 75% density non‐reinforced cylinder, clearly demonstrating the benefits of adding fiberglass. The 25% density cylindrical samples' energy absorption capacity increased on an average by 24.8% with the addition of fiberglass. The 25% density bar and dogbone samples' exhibited the highest improvement with the addition of fiberglass with an increase in stress capacity of 64.6% and 113%, respectively. These findings suggest that these lightweight composite TPMS structures can be a promising candidate for energy absorption applications such as the crumple zones in automobiles.

Highlights

Gyroid structure modeled with 25%, 50% and 75% density in different geometries.

Structures 3D printed with onyx fiber and reinforced with fiberglass.

Reinforced cylindrical samples' energy absorption capacity increased by 24.8%.

Bar and dogbone samples' maximum stress capacity doubled with reinforcement.

Composite TPMS structures are good candidate for energy absorption application.
Why mismatch negativity continues to hold potential in probing altered brain function in schizophrenia
Authors: Todd Juanita , Salisbury Dean , Michie Patricia T.
Published: September 2023

The brain potential known as mismatch negativity (MMN) is one of the most studied indices of altered brain function in schizophrenia. This review looks at what has been learned about MMN in schizophrenia over the last three decades and why the level of interest and activity in this field of research remains strong. A diligent consideration of available evidence suggests that MMN can serve as a biomarker in schizophrenia, but perhaps not the kind of biomarker that early research supposed. This review concludes that MMN measurement is likely to be most useful as a monitoring and response biomarker enabling tracking of an underlying pathology and efficacy of interventions, respectively. The role of, and challenges presented by, pre‐clinical models is discussed as well as the merits of different methodologies that can be brought to bear in pursuing a deeper understanding of pathophysiology that might explain smaller MMN in schizophrenia.
The association between wealth and sleep medication use in a nationally‐representative sample of older Medicare beneficiaries
Authors: Musty Allison , Lund Jennifer L. , Yang Yang Claire , Niznik Joshua , Shmuel Shahar , Duchesneau Emilie D.
Published: September 2023

Background

Sleep disorders are common among older adults, leading to high prevalence of over‐the‐counter and prescription sleep medication use. Socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals have higher prevalence of sleep disorders. Frequent use of sleep medications can increase the risk of falls. Little is known about the association between wealth and sleep medication use in older adults.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional analysis using a nationwide sample of 7603 Medicare beneficiaries (65+ years) from Round 1 (2011) of the National Health and Aging Trends Study. We measured self‐reported wealth as the sum of assets (retirement savings, stocks/bonds, checking/savings accounts, business assets, and home value) minus liabilities (mortgage, credit card, and medical debt). Self‐reported sleep medication use in the past month was categorized as frequent (5–7 nights/week), sometimes (1–4 nights/week), or never (0 night/week). We estimated differences in the prevalence of sleep medication use by quintiles of wealth using crude and adjusted binomial regression models. Individuals missing sleep medication information were excluded.

Results

Median wealth was $152 582 (IQR: $24 023–412 992). Sixteen percent reported frequent sleep medication use, 15% reported some use, and 70% reported no use. Frequent sleep medication use was more common in lower wealth quintiles (lowest: 20%, highest: 12%). Alternatively, some use was more common in higher wealth quintiles (lowest: 11%, highest: 18%). Results were similar after adjustment for demographic factors, anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders.

Conclusions

In this study, less wealthy older adults had higher prevalence of frequent sleep medication use. This may lead to dependency or increased fall risk in this vulnerable population.
Preparation and anticorrosion performance of nano polyaniline/polyurethane interpenetrating network composite coating
Authors: Xu Zhenhua , Yu Huan , Fang Tao , Zhang Man , Liu Jiesheng , Tan Xiaoming
Published: September 2023

Polyaniline−dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (PANI‐DBSA) particles were synthesized through in situ lotion polymerization of aniline and DBSA as raw materials, followed by combining with epoxy resin (E‐44) and castor oil (CO) to prepare a PANI mixture (PANI‐DBSA/CO) which was used as a nanofiller to create a nano polyaniline/polyurethane (PANI‐PU) interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) coating. SEM, XRD and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the PANI‐DBSA and PANI‐PU IPN composite coatings that were produced. The coatings’ physical and mechanical characteristics were investigated, as well as the system's corrosion behaviour in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, utilizing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and electrokinetic polarization. Acid, alkali and saltwater immersion investigations were used to further evaluate the coatings’ medium resistance. The results show that when PANI‐DBSA is added at 1 wt%, the contact angle reaches 102.6°, the adhesion reaches S1 grade after 720 h immersion, the tensile strength is 16.22 MPa and the elongation reaches 208%. The impedance value of the composite coating grew by 569 times with the addition of 1 wt% PANI, and the resistance duration to 10 wt% H2SO4, 10 wt% NaOH and 3.5 wt% NaCl reached more than 90 days. The addition of PANI to IPN coatings can increase corrosion resistance and extend their application range. © 2023 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Light in SmI2‐mediated chemistry: Synthetic applications and mechanistic studies
Authors: Patra Subhasmita , Satapathy Sipramayee , Rath Aswini , Nayak Akash Kumar , Maity Sandeepan
Published: September 2023

SmI2 is a versatile reagent in single electron transfer‐mediated reductive transformations. Photoexcitation of SmI2 generates a reactive excited state capable of transferring an electron to substrates that are recalcitrant towards accepting electrons. Synthetic results unequivocally indicate light as a green and sustainable promoter of SmI2‐mediated chemistry, with the potential to replace the suspected carcinogen hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA). Rate constants of photoinduced electron transfer from SmI2 are in the range of 107–109 M−1 s−1, which are an order of magnitude higher in comparison with the ground state process. Recent advancement in EuII‐ and CeIII‐based photo‐redox catalysis rejuvenated the area of photo‐catalyzed reactions of low‐valent lanthanides. This review article aims to illustrate the role of photoexcitation on SmI2‐mediated reductive transformations.
Investigating protein‐membrane interactions using native reverse micelles constructed from naturally sourced lipids
Authors: Walters Sara H. , Castillo Abdul J. , Develin Angela M. , Labrecque Courtney L. , Qu Yun , Fuglestad Brian
Published: September 2023

Advancing the study of membrane associated proteins and their interactions is dependent on accurate membrane models. While a variety of membrane models for high‐resolution membrane protein study exist, most do not reflect the diversity of lipids found within biological membranes. In this work, we have developed native reverse micelles (nRMs) formulated with lipids from multiple eukaryotic sources, which encapsulate proteins and enable them to interact as they would with a biological membrane. Diverse formulations of nRMs using soy lecithin, porcine brain lipids, or bovine heart lipids combined with n‐dodecylphosphocholine were developed and characterized by dynamic light scattering and 31P‐NMR. To optimize protein encapsulation, ubiquitin was used as a standard and protein NMR verified minimal changes to its structure. Peripheral membrane proteins, which bind reversibly to membranes, were encapsulated and include glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4), phosphatidylethanolamine‐binding protein 1 (PEBP1), and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4). All three proteins showed anticipated interactions with the membrane‐like inner surface of the nRMs as assessed by protein NMR. The nRM formulations developed here allow for efficient, high‐resolution study of membrane interacting proteins up to and beyond ~21 kDa, in a more biologically relevant context compared to other non‐native membrane models. The approach outlined here may be applied to a wide range of lipid extracts, allowing study of a variety of membrane associated proteins in their specific biological context.
Landscape‐scale spatiotemporal dynamics of Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) populations: implications for spatially‐based pest management
Authors: Park Yong‐Lak , Choi Kyungsan , Cullum John , Hoelmer Kim A. , Weber Donald C. , Morrison William R. , Rice Kevin B. , Krawczyk Greg , Fleischer Shelby J. , Hamilton George , Ludwick Dalton , Nielsen Anne L. , Kaser Joseph , Polk Dean , Shrewsbury Paula M. , Bergh J. Christopher , Kuhar Thomas P. , Leskey Tracy C.
Published: September 2023

BACKGROUND

Brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is an invasive and severe pest of specialty and row crops. A 2‐year field study conducted in four Mid‐Atlantic states in the USA characterized the spatial and temporal dynamics of BMSB populations and its association with landscape elements in commercial agriculture settings. In each state, two 1 km2 sites included typical landscape elements (i.e., tree fruit orchards, annual field and vegetable crops, woodlands, and human‐made structures). Twenty‐seven georeferenced pheromone traps were deployed per site and the number of BMSB adults and nymphs captured was counted throughout the growing season.

RESULTS

Findings from spatial analysis by distance indices, along with time‐series maps of BMSB distribution, showed that BMSB exhibited significant spatial aggregation, and that its distribution was spatially consistent between years. Analyses with geographic information systems (GIS) revealed that BMSB ‘hot spots’ occurred in different landscape elements throughout each season. Most patches (i.e., clusters of significantly higher trap captures) were found near woodlands early in the season, near tree fruit orchards in summer, and on the border of annual field crops in autumn. Buffer analysis with GIS indicated that more BMSB adults were captured closer to woodlands compared with other landscape elements.

CONCLUSION

Understanding the spatial and temporal movement and distribution of BMSB is critical to predicting their potential impact and ultimately devising strategies to mitigate this risk to vulnerable crops. The results of this study can be used to design streamlined, spatially‐based areawide management of BMSB in heterogeneous and complex agricultural landscapes. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Quantum Coherence from a Few Incoherent Bosons
Authors: Laha Pradip , Moore Darren W. , Filip Radim
Published: September 2023

An engineered hybrid interaction of a few incoherent bosons with a cooled discrete‐level system may give rise to substantial quantum coherence, an essential resource with diverse applications for quantum technology. This is in contrast to the expected requirement of intense and coherent external drives in current technologies. Substituting such external drives with internal hybrid processes stimulated by mere thermal energy may then contribute to reduced energy consumption in observing and using quantum phenomena. This low‐energy emergence of quantum coherence is then suitable for proof‐of‐principle exploration with recent experiments in platforms such as trapped ions and superconducting circuits.
Interfaces in Atomic Layer Deposited Films: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Zaidi Syed Jazib Abbas , Park Jae Chan , Han Ji Won , Choi Ji Hyeon , Ali Muhammad Aanish , Basit Muhammad Abdul , Park Tae Joo
Published: September 2023

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is an effective method for precise layer‐wise growth of thin‐film materials and has allowed for substantial progress in a variety of fields. Advances in the technique have instigated high‐level interpretations of the relationship between nanostructure architecture and performance. An inherent part in the ALD of films is the underlying interfaces between each material, which plays a significant role in advanced electronics. Considering the impact of sandwiched substructures, it is appropriate to highlight opportunities and challenges faced by applications that rely on these interfaces. This review encompasses the current prospects and obstacles to further performance improvements in ALD‐generated interfaces. 2D electron gas, high‐k materials, freestanding layered structures, lattice matching, and seed layers, as well as prospects for future research, are explored.
Quadruplet pregnancy outcome with and without fetal reduction: Danish national cohort study (2008–2018) and comparison with dichorionic twins
Authors: Rasmussen M. K. , Kristensen S. E. , Ekelund C. K. , Sandager P. , Jørgensen F. S. , Hoseth E. , Sperling L. , Zingenberg H. J. , Hjortshøj T. D. , Gadsbøll K. , Wright A. , Wright D. , McLennan A. , Sundberg K. , Petersen O. B.
Published: September 2023

Objectives

To perform a nationwide study of quadrichorionic quadriamniotic (QCQA) quadruplet pregnancies and to compare the pregnancy outcome in those undergoing fetal reduction with non‐reduced quadruplets and dichorionic diamniotic (DCDA) twin pregnancies from the same time period.

Methods

This was a retrospective Danish national register‐based study performed using data from the national Danish Fetal Medicine Database, which included all QCQA quadruplets and all non‐reduced DCDA twin pregnancies with an estimated due date between 2008 and 2018. The primary outcome measure was a composite of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including pregnancy loss or intrauterine death of one or more fetuses. Secondary outcomes included gestational age at delivery, the number of liveborn children, preterm delivery before 28, 32 and 37 gestational weeks and birth weight. Data on pregnancy complications and baseline characteristics were also recorded. Outcomes were compared between reduced and non‐reduced quadruplet pregnancies, and between DCDA pregnancies and quadruplet pregnancies reduced to twins. A systematic literature search was performed to describe and compare previous results with our findings.

Results

Included in the study were 33 QCQA quadruplet pregnancies, including three (9.1%) non‐reduced pregnancies, 28 (84.8%) that were reduced to twin pregnancy and fewer than three (6.1%) that were reduced to singleton pregnancy, as well as 9563 DCDA twin pregnancies. Overall, the rate of adverse pregnancy outcome was highest in non‐reduced quadruplets (66.7%); it was 50% in quadruplets reduced to singletons and 10.7% in quadruplets reduced to twins. The proportion of liveborn infants overall was 91.1% of the total number expected to be liveborn in quadruplet pregnancies reduced to twins. This was statistically significantly different from 97.6% in non‐reduced dichorionic twins (P = 0.004), and considerably higher than 58.3% in non‐reduced quadruplets. The rates of preterm delivery < 28, < 32 and < 37 weeks were decreased in quadruplets reduced to twins compared with those in non‐reduced quadruplet pregnancies. Quadruplets reduced to twins did not achieve equivalent pregnancy outcomes to those of DCDA twins.

Conclusion

This national study of QCQA quadruplets has shown that multifetal pregnancy reduction improves pregnancy outcome, including a decreased rate of preterm delivery and higher proportion of liveborn children. © 2023 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Obesity risk factors in British Labrador retrievers: Effect of sex, neuter status, age, chocolate coat colour and food motivation
Authors: Wallis Natalie J. , Sumanasekera Natasha T. , Raffan Eleanor
Published: September 2023

Background

Canine obesity is a complex disease affected by genetic, endocrine and environmental factors. It is associated with reduced lifespan and many comorbidities. Prevalence differs by breed, with Labrador retrievers at high risk. Past data on how biological risk factors impact weight gain have been contradictory, possibly because they were obtained from genetically heterogeneous populations.

Methods

We investigated risk factors for canine obesity in a population of British Labrador retrievers (n = 521) with high‐quality data on obesity, weight, owner‐reported food motivation and related characteristics. We used linear regression to assess known and novel risk factors for obesity.

Results

We found that neutering increased obesity in males (p < 0.001) but not females (p = 0.37). Older age was associated with obesity in female Labradors (p = 0.013) but not males (p = 0.49). We identified two new risk factors for obesity in Labrador retrievers: chocolate coat colour (p < 0.001) and high food motivation (p < 0.001).

Limitations

Strategic recruitment to collect both obese and lean dogs means this cohort is not suitable for assessing obesity prevalence in UK Labrador retrievers.

Conclusion

Studying this genetically homogeneous population informs our knowledge of common risk factors for obesity and expands those relevant to Labrador retrievers.
First report of Nocardia abscessus panniculitis in a cat
Authors: Legain Mélanie , Idée Adrien , Mosca Marion , Pin Didier
Published: September 2023

A 10‐year‐old, spayed, domestic, shorthaired cat was referred for cellulitis of the abdominal wall. Histopathological examination of cutaneous biopsies revealed nodular to diffuse pyogranulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis with tissue grains. Nocardia abscessus was identified via 16s rRNA PCR. Susceptibility testing showed that the isolated bacteria was susceptible to amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, which was prescribed for 11 months. Successive controls showed a progressive resolution of cutaneous signs, and no relapse was seen 5 months after treatment termination. This case report describes the first case of N. abscessus infection in a cat.
Presumptive generalised post‐anaesthetic myopathy in a sevoflurane‐anaesthetised obese pony
Authors: Cardinali Martina , Junot Stephane
Published: September 2023

An 18‐year‐old, obese, female French saddle pony presented with chronic lameness. After being diagnosed with laceration of the manica flexoria of the deep flexor tendon, general anaesthesia for a tenotomy and desmotomy was planned. After induction of general anaesthesia, the horse was positioned in left lateral recumbency. General anaesthesia was maintained for 110 minutes with sevoflurane in 70% inspired oxygen, and controlled mechanical ventilation was provided to maintain normocapnia. Arterial pressure remained within normal limits, with mean arterial pressure above 70 mmHg throughout the procedure. After regaining consciousness, the horse was weak on the left hindlimb, unable to stand and uncomfortable. Creatine kinase was measured at 599 U L−1(standard range: 110–250 U L−1). A post‐anaesthetic myopathy was suspected, and supportive therapies were started, with liberal fluid therapy, acepromazine, phenylbutazone and analgesics administration. Despite these treatments, the condition progressively worsened and became generalised. Attempts at slinging the pony proved ineffective, and the clinical condition deteriorated. Due to the poor prognosis, the owner elected for euthanasia.
Successful treatment of equine corneal neovascularisation by subconjunctival aflibercept
Authors: Zadorozhnyy Oleg , Nasinnyk Illia , Korol Andrii , Pasyechnikova Nataliya
Published: September 2023

A 10‐year‐old Westphalian horse was presented for examination following a 4‐week history of ocular trauma and mycotic ulcerative keratitis of the right eye, complicated with uveitis and corneal neovascularisation. The right eye was treated for corneal neovascularisation with a 0.1 mL (4 mg) subconjunctival injection of aflibercept. A single subconjunctival injection of aflibercept was sufficient for complete regression of corneal neovascularisation. This is the first reported case of corneal neovascularisation in a horse successfully treated with subconjunctival aflibercept.
Surface characterizations and methylene blue pollutant removal efficiency of ZnO nanorods/biochar hybrids
Authors: Chen Hung‐Hsiang , Lu Lin‐Sin , Jhang Jia‐Jie , Lee Chang‐Hsueh , Chen Hsiang , Chen Ku‐Fan
Published: September 2023

In this study, the integration of carbon nanotube (CNT), graphene, and biochar (BC) with zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs) was investigated for efficient water pollutant removal. Two types of ZnO NRs/BC hybrids (BC on top and bottom of ZnO NRs) were synthesized and compared to other carbon material‐based ZnO NRs combinations. Methylene blue (MB) adsorption efficiency was evaluated for various carbon material‐based ZnO NRs composites, revealing good performance in ZnO NRs/BC hybrids, particularly with BC on top. The adsorption efficiency reached an impressive 61.79% for ZnO NRs/BC, surpassing other configurations. MB removal by ZnO NRs/BC fitted well with pseudo‐first‐order kinetics and the rate constants of MB adsorption is 9.19 × 10−2 1/min (R2 = 0.9237). Surface characterizations revealed a distinctive distribution of BC grains, with denser aggregation observed on top of ZnO NRs. This unique distribution contributed to higher MB adsorption rates, substantiated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis that showcased stronger MB adsorption in ZnO NRs/BC hybrids. Notably, the enhanced MB adsorption rates were attributed to the population of BC grains. This research establishes ZnO NRs/BC composites as promising candidates for effective water pollutant removal. The developed materials can be combined with the existed conventional wastewater treatment systems to further purify the water quality.

Practitioner Points

ZnO NRs/BC hybrids achieve a remarkable 61.79% efficiency in removing MB pollutants, surpassing other carbon materials.

MB removal using BC‐based materials follows pseudo‐first‐order kinetics.

BC grains exhibit unique distribution patterns on ZnO NRs, with densely packed grains atop contributing to higher MB removal.

FTIR analysis confirms increased MB‐related bond vibration, supporting the effectiveness of ZnO NRs/BC hybrids for water pollutant removal.
Drone Perspectives on Cetacean Mating and Sex
Authors: Ramos Eric Angel , Hartman Karin L. , Baird Robin W. , Lerma Jordan K. , Missael Rodríguez-González Fabian , Orbach Dara N.
Published: September 2023

Mating and sociosexual behaviors of cetaceans are challenging to study in nature because most species spend only brief periods of time at the surface and most copulation and courtship occurs underwater. Recent advancements in technology have enabled a new perspective on these behaviors. Drones, or unoccupied aerial systems, have revolutionized studies of marine mammals by providing unparalleled aerial perspectives on the behaviors of whales, porpoises, and dolphins, including their use for investigating questions concerning the sexual behaviors and mating habits of species in near-surface waters. Drones offer numerous benefits over traditional boat- and land-based observational methods for studying mating in free-swimming cetaceans, including the ability to continuously film in high resolution for fine-scale tracking of activity and mating behaviors at and near the water’s surface. This paper outlines various ways in which drone data can be used to understand mating in cetaceans, including novel drone-based video observations of six species of dolphins and whales. These examples illustrate specific sociosexual and mating behaviors and how drone-based data can be used to address questions about the diversity of sexual behaviors and mating strategies. The use of drones is improving opportunities to investigate the fitness advantages of mating tactics and their evolutionary drivers.
SSMB Transverse-Longitudinal Coupling Dynamics
Authors: Deng Xiujie
Published: September 2023

After dedicated efforts devoted to the longitudinal dynamics to realize an ultrasmall longitudinal emittance and ultrashort bunch length for coherent radiation generation, we need to make sure that the coupling arising from transverse dynamics does not degrade or even destroy the longitudinal fine structures. Such an argument is based on the observation that the transverse beam size in an SSMB ring can be orders of magnitude larger than the desired microbunch length. This is the basic motivation for us to investigate the transverse-longitudinal coupling (TLC) dynamics. In this chapter, we start from the linear TLC and then investigate the nonlinear TLC dynamics. For the linear dynamics, first we analyze the passive bunch lengthening induced by bending magnets. We then emphasize the fact that TLC can actually be actively applied for efficient bunch compression and high harmonic generation when the transverse emittance is small. We present three theorems on the application of such TLC schemes, with their implications discussed. Further, we have analyzed the contribution of modulators to the vertical emittance from quantum excitation, to obtain a self-consistent evaluation of the required modulation laser power when applying these coupling schemes in a storage ring. The theorems and related analysis provide the theoretical basis for the application of TLC in SSMB to lower the requirement on the modulation laser power, by taking advantage of the fact that the vertical emittance in a planar ring is rather small. Based on the investigations, we have presented example parameters sets for the envisioned SSMB storage ring to generate high-power EUV and soft X-ray radiation at the end of this dissertation.
SSMB Proof-of-Principle Experiments
Authors: Deng Xiujie
Published: September 2023

To make SSMB a real option for future photon source facility, a crucial step is to experimentally demonstrate its working mechanism. In this chapter, we report the first successful experimental demonstration of the SSMB mechanism. Parts of the work presented have been published in Refs. [1, 2].
Summary
Authors: Deng Xiujie
Published: September 2023

In this final chapter, we give a brief summary of the dissertation, and present some useful results for practitioners.
Behind the mask: a critical perspective on the ethical, moral, and legal implications of AI in ophthalmology
Authors: Veritti Daniele , Rubinato Leopoldo , Sarao Valentina , De Nardin Axel , Foresti Gian Luca , Lanzetta Paolo
Published: September 2023

Purpose

This narrative review aims to provide an overview of the dangers, controversial aspects, and implications of artificial intelligence (AI) use in ophthalmology and other medical-related fields.

Methods

We conducted a decade-long comprehensive search (January 2013–May 2023) of both academic and grey literature, focusing on the application of AI in ophthalmology and healthcare. This search included key web-based academic databases, non-traditional sources, and targeted searches of specific organizations and institutions. We reviewed and selected documents for relevance to AI, healthcare, ethics, and guidelines, aiming for a critical analysis of ethical, moral, and legal implications of AI in healthcare.

Results

Six main issues were identified, analyzed, and discussed. These include bias and clinical safety, cybersecurity, health data and AI algorithm ownership, the “black-box” problem, medical liability, and the risk of widening inequality in healthcare.

Conclusion

Solutions to address these issues include collecting high-quality data of the target population, incorporating stronger security measures, using explainable AI algorithms and ensemble methods, and making AI-based solutions accessible to everyone. With careful oversight and regulation, AI-based systems can be used to supplement physician decision-making and improve patient care and outcomes.
Diagnostic and prognostic molecular pathology of lymphoid malignancies
Authors: Fend Falko , van den Brand Michiel , Groenen Patricia JTA , Quintanilla-Martinez Leticia , Bagg Adam
Published: September 2023

With the explosion in knowledge about the molecular landscape of lymphoid malignancies and the increasing availability of high throughput techniques, molecular diagnostics in hematopathology has moved from isolated marker studies to a more comprehensive approach, integrating results of multiple genes analyzed with a variety of techniques on the DNA and RNA level. Although diagnosis of lymphoma still relies on the careful integration of clinical, morphological, phenotypic, and, if necessary molecular features, and only few entities are defined strictly by genetic features, genetic profiling has contributed profoundly to our current understanding of lymphomas and shaped the two current lymphoma classifications, the International Consensus Classification and the fifth edition of the WHO classification of lymphoid malignancies. In this review, the current state of the art of molecular diagnostics in lymphoproliferations is summarized, including clonality analysis, mutational studies, and gene expression profiling, with a focus on practical applications for diagnosis and prognostication. With consideration for differences in accessibility of high throughput techniques and cost limitations, we tried to distinguish between diagnostically relevant and in part disease-defining molecular features and optional, more extensive genetic profiling, which is usually restricted to clinical studies, patients with relapsed or refractory disease or specific therapeutic decisions. Although molecular diagnostics in lymphomas currently is primarily done for diagnosis and subclassification, prognostic stratification and predictive markers will gain importance in the near future.
Enhancing prognostic accuracy: a SEER-based analysis for overall and cancer-specific survival prediction in cervical adenocarcinoma patients
Authors: Chen Linlin , Chen Yu , Shi Haoting , Cai Rong
Published: September 2023

Background

Cervical adenocarcinoma (CA) is the second most prevalent histological subtype of cervical cancer, following cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). As stated in the guidelines provided by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, they are staged and treated similarly. However, compared with CSCC patients, CA patients are more prone to lymph node metastasis and recurrence with a poorer prognosis. The objective of this research was to discover prognostic indicators and develop nomograms that can be utilized to anticipate the overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) of patients diagnosed with CA.

Methods

Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) database, individuals with CA who received their diagnosis between 2004 and 2015 were identified. A total cohort (n = 4485) was randomly classified into two separate groups in a 3:2 ratio, to form a training cohort (n = 2679) and a testing cohort (n = 1806). Overall survival (OS) was the primary outcome measure and cancer-specific survival (CSS) was the secondary outcome measure. Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were employed to select significant independent factors and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) Cox regression analysis was utilized to develop predictive nomogram models. The predictive accuracy and discriminatory ability of the nomogram were assessed by employing metrics such as the calibration curve, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and the concordance index (C-index).

Results

Age, Tumor Node Metastasis stages (T, N, and M), SEER stage, grade, and tumor size were assessed as common independent predictors of both OS and CSS. The C-index value of the nomograms for predicting OS was 0.832 (95% CI 0.817–0.847) in the training cohort and 0.823 (95% CI 0.805–0.841) in the testing cohort.

Conclusion

We developed and verified nomogram models for predicting 1-, 3- and 5-year OS and CSS among patients with cervical adenocarcinoma. These models exhibited excellent performance in prognostic prediction, providing support and assisting clinicians in assessing survival prognosis and devising personalized treatments for CA patients.