bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Palladium-Catalyzed Multicomponent Synthesis of 2-Imidazolines from Imines and Acid Chlorides
Authors: Xu Boran , Worrall Kraig , Arndtsen Bruce A.
Published: November 2012

We describe the palladium-catalyzed multicomponent synthesis of 2-imidazolines. This reaction proceeds via the coupling of imines, acid chlorides and carbon monoxide to form imidazolinium carboxylates, followed by a decarboxylation. Decarboxylation in CHCl3 is found to result in a mixture of imidazolinium and imidazolium salts. However, the addition of benzoic acid suppresses aromatization, and generates the trans-disubstituted imidazolines in good yield. Combining this reaction with subsequent nitrogen deprotection provides an overall synthesis of imidazolines from multiple available building blocks.
Efficient Preparation of α-Ketoacetals
Authors: Ayala-Mata Francisco , Barrera-Mendoza Citlalli , Jiménez-Vázquez Hugo , Vargas-Díaz Elena , Zepeda L.
Published: November 2012

The Weinreb amides 2a,b were prepared from the α,α-dimethoxyacetic acids 1c,d. A number of representative nucleophilic additions (RMgX and RLi) on 2 afforded α-ketoacetals 3a–j in 70–99% yield. These compounds represent a versatile arrangement of functional groups of significant synthetic value, as demonstrated in the synthesis of (±)-salbutamol.
Priesthood Satisfaction and the Challenges Priests Face: A Case Study of a Rural Diocese in the Philippines
Authors: Cornelio Jayeel
Published: November 2012

This article draws from the experience of Catholic priests based in a rural diocese in the Philippines. It will be argued that their satisfaction as diocesan priests is best understood as a religious emotion in spite of the challenges they face on a daily basis. Their challenges revolve around economic limitation, problems with their bishop and leaders, and relational isolation brought about by social and geographic distance. In spite of these challenges, priest-respondents have asserted that they are satisfied because they are still able to fulfill their vocation as priests and have an impact on the lives of their parishioners. Priesthood satisfaction in this sense is not an individual state of the mind dependent on the environment and circumstances. Instead, priesthood satisfaction can be understood as a religious emotion that allows them to remain faithful to their vocation as Catholic priests. The nuances explored in this article inform and complement the various studies on priesthood in the West.
Analysis of Continuous Steering Movement Using a Motor-Based Quantification System
Authors: Lee Hsin-Min , Li Ping-Chia , Wu Shyi-Kuen , You Jia-Yuan
Published: November 2012

Continuous steering movement (CSM) of the upper extremity (UE) is an essential component of steering movement during vehicle driving. This study presents an integrated approach to examine the force exertion and movement pattern during CSM. We utilized a concept similar to the isokinetic dynamometer to measure the torque profiles during 180°/s constant-velocity CSM. During a steering cycle, the extremity movement can be divided into stance and swing phases based upon the hand contact information measured from the hand switch devices. Data from twelve normal young adults (six males and six females) showed that there are three typical profiles of force exertion. The two hands exhibit similar time expenditures but with asymmetric force exertions and contact times in both the clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise (CCW) steering cycles. Both hands contribute more force but with less contact time in their outward CSM directions (i.e., CW for the right hand and CCW for the left hand). These findings help us to further understand CSM and have a number of important implications for future practice in clinical training. Considerably more research is required to determine the roles of the various shoulder muscles during CSM at various speeds.
Determination of the Shear Buckling Load of a Large Polymer Composite I-Section Using Strain and Displacement Sensors
Authors: Park Jin Y. , Lee Jeong Wan
Published: November 2012

This paper presents a method and procedure of sensing and determining critical shear buckling load and corresponding deformations of a comparably large composite I-section using strain rosettes and displacement sensors. The tested specimen was a pultruded composite beam made of vinyl ester resin, E-glass and carbon fibers. Various coupon tests were performed before the shear buckling test to obtain fundamental material properties of the I-section. In order to sensitively detect shear buckling of the tested I-section, twenty strain rosettes and eight displacement sensors were applied and attached on the web and flange surfaces. An asymmetric four-point bending loading scheme was utilized for the test. The loading scheme resulted a high shear and almost zero moment condition at the center of the web panel. The web shear buckling load was determined after analyzing the obtained test data from strain rosettes and displacement sensors. Finite element analysis was also performed to verify the experimental results and to support the discussed experimental approach.
Modeling and Performance Analysis of Movement-Based Group Location Management Using RFID Sensing in Public Transportation Systems
Authors: Chung Yun Won
Published: November 2012

Location management, which consists of location registration and paging, is essential to provide mobile communication services to mobile stations (MSs). Since MSs riding on a public transportation system (TS) generates significant location registration signaling loads simultaneously when a TS with riding MSs moves between location areas (LAs), group location management was proposed. Under the group location management, an MS performs group registration when it gets on a TS and performs group deregistration when it gets off a TS. Then, only a TS updates its current location when it changes LA, on behalf of all riding MSs. In this paper, movement-based group location management using radio frequency identification (RFID) is proposed, where the MS’s getting on and getting off behaviors are detected using RFID and only location update of a TS is carried out if the number of crossed cells from the last updated cell exceeds a predefined movement threshold, on behalf of all riding MSs. Then, we develop an analytical model for the performance analysis of the movement-based group location management and analyze the effects of various parameters on the performance. The results show that the movement-based group location management has reduced signaling cost compared with movement-based individual location management, and optimal performance can be achieved by choosing appropriate movement threshold values.
A Wireless Sensor Enabled by Wireless Power
Authors: Lee Da-Sheng , Liu Yu-Hong , Lin Chii-Ruey
Published: November 2012

Through harvesting energy by wireless charging and delivering data by wireless communication, this study proposes the concept of a wireless sensor enabled by wireless power (WPWS) and reports the fabrication of a prototype for functional tests. One WPWS node consists of wireless power module and sensor module with different chip-type sensors. Its main feature is the dual antenna structure. Following RFID system architecture, a power harvesting antenna was designed to gather power from a standard reader working in the 915 MHz band. Referring to the Modbus protocol, the other wireless communication antenna was integrated on a node to send sensor data in parallel. The dual antenna structure integrates both the advantages of an RFID system and a wireless sensor. Using a standard UHF RFID reader, WPWS can be enabled in a distributed area with a diameter up to 4 m. Working status is similar to that of a passive tag, except that a tag can only be queried statically, while the WPWS can send dynamic data from the sensors. The function is the same as a wireless sensor node. Different WPWSs equipped with temperature and humidity, optical and airflow velocity sensors are tested in this study. All sensors can send back detection data within 8 s. The accuracy is within 8% deviation compared with laboratory equipment. A wireless sensor network enabled by wireless power should be a totally wireless sensor network using WPWS. However, distributed WPWSs only can form a star topology, the simplest topology for constructing a sensor network. Because of shielding effects, it is difficult to apply other complex topologies. Despite this limitation, WPWS still can be used to extend sensor network applications in hazardous environments. Further research is needed to improve WPWS to realize a totally wireless sensor network.
Advancing Profiling Sensors with a Wireless Approach
Authors: Galvis Alex , Russomanno David J.
Published: November 2012

The notion of a profiling sensor was first realized by a Near-Infrared (N-IR) retro-reflective prototype consisting of a vertical column of wired sparse detectors. This paper extends that prior work and presents a wireless version of a profiling sensor as a collection of sensor nodes. The sensor incorporates wireless sensing elements, a distributed data collection and aggregation scheme, and an enhanced classification technique. In this novel approach, a base station pre-processes the data collected from the sensor nodes and performs data re-alignment. A back-propagation neural network was also developed for the wireless version of the N-IR profiling sensor that classifies objects into the broad categories of human, animal or vehicle with an accuracy of approximately 94%. These enhancements improve deployment options as compared with the first generation of wired profiling sensors, possibly increasing the application scenarios for such sensors, including intelligent fence applications.
A Catalytic Sensor for Measurement of Radical Density in CO2 Plasmas
Authors: Vesel Alenka , Zaplotnik Rok , Iacono Jonathan , Balat-Pichelin Marianne , Mozetic Miran
Published: November 2012

A catalytic sensor for the measurement of radical density in weakly ionized CO2 plasmas, created in a low-pressure electrodeless discharge, is presented. The CO2 plasma was created in a 4 cm wide borosilicate glass tube inside a copper coil connected to a radio frequency generator operating at 27.12 MHz with a nominal power of 250 W. The dissociation fraction of the CO2 molecules was measured in the early afterglow at pressures ranging from 10 Pa to 100 Pa, and at distances of up to 35 cm along the gas stream from the glowing plasma. The radical density peaked (2 × 1020 m–3) at 80 Pa. The density quickly decreased with increasing distance from the glowing plasma despite a rather large drift velocity. The dissociation fraction showed similar behavior, except that the maximum was obtained at somewhat lower pressure. The results were explained by rather intense surface recombination of radicals.
An Efficient Micro Control Unit with a Reconfigurable Filter Design for Wireless Body Sensor Networks (WBSNs)
Authors: Chen Chiung-An , Chen Shih-Lun , Huang Hong-Yi , Luo Ching-Hsing
Published: November 2012

In this paper, a low-cost, low-power and high performance micro control unit (MCU) core is proposed for wireless body sensor networks (WBSNs). It consists of an asynchronous interface, a register bank, a reconfigurable filter, a slop-feature forecast, a lossless data encoder, an error correct coding (ECC) encoder, a UART interface, a power management (PWM), and a multi-sensor controller. To improve the system performance and expansion abilities, the asynchronous interface is added for handling signal exchanges between different clock domains. To eliminate the noise of various bio-signals, the reconfigurable filter is created to provide the functions of average, binomial and sharpen filters. The slop-feature forecast and the lossless data encoder is proposed to reduce the data of various biomedical signals for transmission. Furthermore, the ECC encoder is added to improve the reliability for the wireless transmission and the UART interface is employed the proposed design to be compatible with wireless devices. For long-term healthcare monitoring application, a power management technique is developed for reducing the power consumption of the WBSN system. In addition, the proposed design can be operated with four different bio-sensors simultaneously. The proposed design was successfully tested with a FPGA verification board. The VLSI architecture of this work contains 7.67-K gate counts and consumes the power of 5.8 mW or 1.9 mW at 100 MHz or 133 MHz processing rate using a TSMC 0.18 μm or 0.13 μm CMOS process. Compared with previous techniques, this design achieves higher performance, more functions, more flexibility and higher compatibility than other micro controller designs.
Wind Farm Siting and Protected Areas in Catalonia: Planning Alternatives or Reproducing 'One-Dimensional Thinking'?
Authors: Ariza-Montobbio Pere , Farrell Katharine N.
Published: November 2012

Wind energy is an emblem of sustainability with the potential to promote a qualitative alternative to current energy systems and nuclear options for CO2 reduction. However, wind farm siting often conflicts with aspirations to conserve traditional landscapes and wildlife habitats. In this paper we adopt a Critical Theory perspective, informed by Herbert Marcuse`s work, to study the discourse concerning wind energy siting in Catalonia, Spain. We give particular attention to how tensions between potentially conflicting sustainability objectives are addressed and by whom. Based on a review of this siting discourse and the application of Marcuse’s theory, we find that the Catalan wind energy siting discourse is both influenced by and reproducing what Marcuse referred to as the ‘one-dimensional thinking’ of technology as ideology: erasing the possibility of critical dialectical thought by subsuming the question of “what should be” under the question of “what is”. This has implications both for how these conflicts are investigated and for the sustainability of decisions taken. We conclude that closer attention to the role of ‘one-dimensional thinking’ in wind energy siting discourses could improve not only the understanding of their logic but might also have the potential to help make them more democratic.
Subtype Specific Differences in NS5A Domain II Reveals Involvement of Proline at Position 310 in Cyclosporine Susceptibility of Hepatitis C Virus
Authors: Ansari Israr-ul , Striker Rob
Published: November 2012

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is susceptible to cyclosporine (CsA) and other cyclophilin (CypA) inhibitors, but the genetic basis of susceptibility is controversial. Whether genetic variation in NS5A alters cell culture susceptibility of HCV to CypA inhibition is unclear. We constructed replicons containing NS5A chimeras from genotypes 1a, 2a and 4a to test how variation in carboxy terminal regions of NS5A altered the genotype 1b CsA susceptibility. All chimeric replicons including genotype 1b Con1LN-wt replicon exhibited some cell culture sensitivity to CsA with genotype 4a being most sensitive and 1a the least. The CypA binding pattern of truncated NS5A genotypes correlated with the susceptibility of these replicons to CsA. The Con1LN-wt replicon showed increased susceptibility towards CsA when proline at position 310P was mutated to either threonine or alanine. Furthermore, a 15 amino acid long peptide fused N terminally to GFP coding sequences confirmed involvement of proline at 310 in CypA binding. Our findings are consistent with CypA acting on multiple prolines outside of the previously identified CypA binding sites. These results suggest multiple specific genetic variants between genotype 1a and 1b in the C-terminus of NS5A alter the CsA susceptibility of replicons, and some variants may oppose the effects of others.
Bone marrow concentrate for autologous transplantation in minipigs
Authors: Herten M. , Sager M. , Benga L. , Fischer J. C. , Jäger M. , Betsch M. , Wild M. , Hakimi M. , Jungbluth P. , Grassmann J. P.
Published: November 2012

Autologous bone marrow plays an increasing role in the treatment of bone, cartilage and tendon healing disorders. Cell-based therapies display promising results in the support of local regeneration, especially therapies using intra-operative one-step treatments with autologous progenitor cells. In the present study, bone marrow-derived cells were concentrated in a point-of-care device and investigated for their mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) characteristics and their osteogenic potential.

Bone marrow was harvested from the iliac crest of 16 minipigs. The mononucleated cells (MNC) were concentrated by gradient density centrifugation, cultivated, characterized by flow cytometry and stimulated into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. Cell differentiation was investigated by histological and immunohistological staining of relevant lineage markers. The proliferation capacity was determined via colony forming units of fibroblast and of osteogenic alkaline-phosphatase-positive-cells.

The MNC could be enriched 3.5-fold in nucleated cell concentrate in comparison to bone marrow. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a positive signal for the MSC markers. Cells could be differentiated into the three lines confirming the MSC character. The cellular osteogenic potential correlated significantly with the percentage of newly formed bone in vivo in a porcine metaphyseal long-bone defect model.

This study demonstrates that bone marrow concentrate from minipigs display cells with MSC character and their osteogenic differentiation potential can be used for osseous defect repair in autologous transplantations.
En-bloc femoral cement removal after failure of cemented total hip replacement in two dogs
Authors: Song J. , Sheehy J. G. , Dyce J.
Published: November 2012

In two dogs with periprosthetic infection after total hip replacement, the femoral cement mantle was retrieved by proximal extraction without an invasive osteotomy or cortical fenestration. En-bloc femoral cement removal was performed by injection of polymethylmethacrylate cement into the central mantle void left after stem removal, and by threading a positive profile pin into the newly injected cement. Once the PMMA had polymerized, the pin was withdrawn with the entire mantle attached. This technique should be considered in patients with circumferential deterioration of the femoral bone-cement interface in which the diameter of the femoral isthmus would not obstruct withdrawal of the cement mantle.
ASSESSING BOTTOM SEDIMENT CONTAMINATION WITH HEAVY METALS IN THE KLAIPĖDA PORT SEMI-CLOSED BAYS / KLAIPĖDOS UOSTO PUSIAU UŽDARŲ ĮLANKŲ DUGNO NUOSĖDŲ UŽTERŠTUMO SUNKIAISIAIS METALAIS VERTINIMAS
Authors: Galkus Arūnas , Stakėnienė Rimutė , Jokšas Kęstutis , Lagunavičienė Lina
Published: November 2012

The present paper reports the results obtained by investigation of surface bottom sediment contamination with Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg in three largest semi-closed bays of Klaipėda Port in 2008 and 2009. The concentrations of heavy metals and organic carbon same as the percentages of 6 granular fractions were determined at 41 stations. The contamination level was established by calculating the Nemerov's pollution index. The major factors responsible for sediment contamination with heavy metals and distribution patterns of discrete pollutants and different pollution areas were determined. By comparison of the obtained results with the results of 1998, the changes of sediment contamination with heavy metals in the last ten years were evaluated. It was determined that bottom sediments not contaminated with heavy metals are dominant in the semi-closed bays of Klaipėda port. Heavy contamination with nickel, and moderate contamination with zinc and copper only occur in small areas. Santrauka Nagrinėjami trijų didžiausių Klaipėdos uosto pusiau uždarų įlankų paviršinių dugno nuosėdų užterštumo sunkiaisiais metalais 2008–2009 m. ypatumai. Tyrimų tikslas – įvertinti nuosėdų užterštumo sunkiaisiais metalais Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg lygį ir nustatyti taršos tendencijas. Tikslui įgyvendinti 41 stotyje nustatytos metalų ir organinės anglies koncentracijos bei nuosėdų šešių granulinių frakcijų procentiniai kiekiai. Užterštumo lygiui nustatyti apskaičiuotas Nemerovo užterštumo indeksas, atlikta jo reikšmių erdvinio pasiskirstymo analizė. Nustatyti svarbiausi nuosėdų užterštumą sunkiaisiais metalais lemiantys veiksniai, skirtingo užterštumo nuosėdų arealų ir įvairių taršos elementų pasiskirstymo ypatumai. Gautus rezultatus palyginus su analogiškais 1998 m. tyrimų rezultatais, įvertinti nuosėdų užterštumo sunkiaisiais metalais pokyčiai per dešimtmetį. Įrodyta, kad Klaipėdos uosto pusiau uždarose įlankose vyrauja sunkiaisiais metalais neužterštos dugno nuosėdos. Tik nedideliuose arealuose yra dugno nuosėdų, labai užterštų nikeliu, vidutiniškai užterštų cinku ir variu.
ECO-INTENSITY ANALYSIS FOR A CHIP-FUELLED BOILER HOUSE / EKOLOGINIO INTESYVUMO NAMĄ ŠILDANT SKIEDROMIS ANALIZĖ
Authors: Blumberga Dagnija , Vīgants Edgars , Veidenbergs Ivars , Vīgants Ģirts , Vītoliņš Valdis
Published: November 2012

The operational eco-intensity of a heat supply system is dependent upon the interaction of its elements and their common performance. It is of special importance to gain insight into possibilities to reduce chip fuel consumption in the case when an additional element – a gas condenser – is installed in a boiler house. The efficiency of a system's operation is estimated by its eco-intensity; such estimates concern the influence exerted by technological parameters on the reduction in natural resource consumption, allowing this problem to be thoroughly analysed by means of definite factors promoting the eco-intensity rise. Based on the results of commercial experiment, the authors have found the independent variables for the case of gas condenser without packing. The eco-intensity of a boiler house operation decreases as the outdoor temperature falls and therefore the boiler's load should be increased. This aspect could be due to several causes, among which the most important are: the deviations of the operating parameters of the gas condenser, the increase in the flue gas velocity, and temperature. Analytical treatment of the influence exerted by a boiler's specific load on the operational efficiency of its energy has shown that as this former grows, the efficiency decreases and therefore less heat energy could be derived from the gas condenser. This should be taken into account at simulation of the control over a gas condenser's operation. Santrauka Ekologinis intensyvumas priklauso nuo šilumos tiekimo sistemos elementų sąveikos ir jų bendro veikimo. Tai ypač svarbu tiriant galimybes sumažinti skiedrų kuro sąnaudas tuo atveju, kai šildomame name yra įdiegtas papildomas elementas – dujų kondensatorius. Sistemos veikimo efektyvumas įvertinamas pagal jos ekologinį intensyvumą; tokie vertinimai susiję su įtaka technologiniams parametrams mažinant gamtinių išteklių naudojimą. Remdamiesi tyrimo duomenimis, autoriai nustatė nepriklausomuosius dujų kondensatoriaus kintamuosius. Šildomo namo ekologinis intensyvumas susijęs su lauko temperatūra. Kai ji nukrinta, apkrova turėtų būti padidinama. Tai lemia kelios priežastys, iš jų svarbiausios: dujų kondensatoriaus darbinių parametrų nuokrypiai, išmetamųjų dujų greičio padidėjimas ir temperatūra. Atlikta analizė parodė, kad didinant katilo formą, sistemos efektyvumas mažėja, ir todėl mažiau šilumos energijos tiekiama iš dujų kondensatoriaus. Tai turėtų būti įtraukta į dujų kondensatoriaus veikimo kontrolės modeliavimo skaičiavimus.
Quelle langue...
Authors: Mc Loughlin Mary
Published: November 2012

Résumé Cet écrit tente de soulever quelques questions autour de la langue, maternelle et étrangère, et les différentes places que chacune occupe. Quelles sont les difficultés rencontrées dans le passage de l’une à l’autre ? Que faire de l’espace entre-deux, l’espace de l’intraduisible ? La situation analytique est-elle différente en fonction de la langue parlée ?
L'inconscient et le temps
Authors: Fierens Christian
Published: November 2012

Résumé L’inconscient en lui n’apparaît pas. Il est intemporel. L’inconscient ne peut passer, dans le temps de l’analyse, que moyennant le « signifiant ». On explicite l’opération de ce dernier primo par la subversion du sujet, secundo par la coupure impliquée dans la hâte de conclure et tertio par l’absence de tout message.
Introduction
Authors: Kenward Robert E. , Papathanasiou Jason , Manos Basil , Arampatzis Stratos
Published: November 2012

Change in land-use, and hence, biodiversity, result from decisions at local level, which are restrained only in part by formal environmental assessments. However, local knowledge and adaptive management for small de-intensification measures could be mediated by the internet to restore biodiversity and ecosystem services at low cost, by providing decision support to local managers of land and species while also collating their knowledge to guide policy-making. The authors of this chapter introduce four questions that challenge the development of suitable internet systems and which this project seeks to answer.
Database of Environmental Decision Support Tools
Authors: Ivask Mari , Aruvee Eve , Piirimäe Kristjan
Published: November 2012

This chapter investigates modeling and data sources for environmental decision support for local authorities and private managers. A metadatabase of 198 computerized environmental decision tools was collected using a questionnaire with two sequential web-pages of 4+16 questions (http://tess.ttu.ee/). Half of the software applications are freely downloadable and well described online. The database contains 42 references reported as forestry tools, 50 as agriculture or apiculture tools, and 15 targeting to either amenity areas or tourism and access-based recreation. The most domain-general toolbox, InVEST, integrates models which support management of natural capital, including pollination of crops and production of timber, but is limited in types of natural capital and management situations. Agricultural toolboxes DSSAT and MicroLEIS cover soil quality issues well but ignore management of agricultural landscapes where natural and semi-natural habitats provide wild crop pollination, biocontrol of pests, and other services. The most prominent sustainable forestry toolboxes are UBC-FM and NED-2. The latter contains simulation models and qualitative knowledge bases, but complex forest management conditions require more flexible metamodeling approaches. For the management of recreational sites, no integrated toolkit exists. As most of the existing environmental tools support option assessment, future development should address also earlier decision-making steps.
Pan-European Analysis of Environmental Assessment Processes
Authors: Kenward Robert , Ewald Julie A. , Sharp Robin J.A.
Published: November 2012

This chapter presents data on variation between national and local levels for information requirements, and on the pattern of data within these levels across Europe. It notes high decision-making, use, and generation of information at local level, with high variability between countries in some factors relevant to governance of environmental decisions.
Guidelines and Recommendations
Authors: Sharp Robin J.A. , Ewald Julie A. , Kenward Robert
Published: November 2012

Policy guidelines and recommendations were derived from direct and indirect sample surveys of stakeholders in most European Union countries and some others and from related analytical work. They call for rationalisation of the high level environmental assessment systems in Europe, greater sharing of data derived from them, more research into the information needs of stakeholders, especially local stakeholders, who take key decisions about the environment, recognition of the value of participation in biodiversity-related activities by ordinary users of the countryside, promotion of citizen capability to use electronic mapping tools for biodiversity monitoring and management, analysis of the links between land-use changes and success in biodiversity conservation, and support for progress towards a comprehensive decision-support system via an internet portal providing a one-stop site for ideas and knowledge.
Assessment Report
Authors: Tederko Zenon , Arampatzis Stratos
Published: November 2012

This chapter describes the evaluation processes required by European Commission and added internally, including the strengths and weaknesses identified. Recommendations are made for removal of such weaknesses, and for building on strengths, in future projects.
Overall Conclusions
Authors: Kenward Robert , Papathanasiou Jason , Manos Basil , Arampatzis Stratos
Published: November 2012

This chapter summarises the intentions, processes, and findings of the project, funded by the Commission of the European Union, to design a Transactional Environmental Support System (TESS). It provides an executive summary for the book.
A method for induction and quantification of diapause entry in the swede midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: Des Marteaux Lauren E. , Habash Marc B. , Schmidt Jonathan M. , Hallett Rebecca H.
Published: November 2012

Induction of diapause under laboratory conditions is a valuable tool for the study of dormancy in economic pests such as the swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). In the present study, diapause in larval swede midge was achieved via manipulation of rearing photoperiod and temperature. Frequency of diapause was assessed by sieve separation of diapause cocoons from pre-sifted peat substrate following emergence of pupating individuals. Mean diapause frequency for swede midge larvae reared under cool conditions with short day length or cool conditions with decreasing day lengths were 45.2% and 19.5%, respectively. Only 1.2% of swede midge reared under warm, long day length conditions entered diapause. A small percentage of larvae neither pupated nor entered diapause and remained in substrate long after other individuals had emerged as adults. This behaviour was more prevalent under cool and short or decreasing day length rearing conditions. Approximately 76% of the larvae used for diapause induction were recovered with the present larval and cocoon retrieval method, and premature (larval and pupal) mortality averaged 18.2%. Although diapause occurred in the present study, conditions resulting in higher diapause frequencies should be investigated and attempts should be made to improve survival and recovery of individuals.
Shaping the worship of the Reformed Church in Geneva: Calvin on prayer and praise
Authors: Heron Alasdair
Published: November 2012

The article aims to investigate the Calvin’s Genevan Service Order. It focuses on the question how the Psalter Calvin shaped the worship of the Reformed Church in Geneva. The article follows the critical edition of the Genevan prayer in Calvini Opera Selecta and in the German Studienausgabe as the two main published editions of the Genevan order with its related texts. The article shows that Calvin adhered to the general line of the Swiss and Upper German Reformations. It explores the understanding of worship reflected in the Genevan Service Order and the specific significance of its musical aspect. The article illustrates why Calvin gave the psalms the place he did in Genevan Reformed worship.
Post-chemotherapy arthralgia and arthritis in lung cancer
Authors: Amiri Aref H , Jaferian Soleiman
Published: November 2012

Objective: Evaluate the characteristics of arthritis, arthralgia and musculoskeletal pain after chemotherapy in patients with lung cancer. Materials and Methods: In this study, we evaluate the characteristics of 17 patients with joint symptoms following receiving chemotherapy for lung cancer. Demographic information of patients including sex, age, time of rheumatologic findings after starting of chemotherapy, time of improvement after starting of medication, and relevant laboratory findings for each patient. Results: A total of seventeen patients (six women with mean age 41.2 ± 5.2 years and 11 men with mean age 42.5 ± 8.2) that received standard chemotherapy for lung cancer according to stage of disease. Joint symptoms usually began about seven months after the first session of chemotherapy. Patients had an average of two tender joints and 1 hr of morning stiffness. Four patients were positive for anti-nuclear antibody, and none of patient was positive for rheumatoid factor. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD), corticosteroids, and venlafaxine were prescribed. Four patients did not show an improvement. Follow-up was available for all patients. 11 patients showed favorable responses, characterized by a significant decrease (more than 50%) in morning stiffness, pain, and tender joint counts after a mean of three months’ treatment. Two patients had complete resolution of symptoms and did not required further medications for arthritis, arthralgia or musculoskeletal pain. Conclusion: Chemotherapy-related arthropathy in lung cancer is not uncommon. Early treatment with NSAID, DMARD, and corticosteroids is effective in the majority of patients.
Emergency percutaneous tracheostomy in two cancer patients with difficult airway: An alternative to cricothyroidotomy?
Authors: Nasa Prashant , Singh Akhilesh , Juneja Deven , Garg Nitin , Singh Omender , Javeri Yash
Published: November 2012

Inability to intubate and/or ventilate either due to distorted neck anatomy or restricted mouth opening is uncommon but potentially hazardous clinical scenario in head and neck cancer patients. Emergency cricothyroidotomy in such patients may provide a means of oxygenating the patient, but in practice has limitations and does not establish a definitive airway. We report 2 cases who had distorted face and neck anatomy in which percutaneous tracheostomy was done as an emergency life-saving procedure when other measures to obtain a definitive airway failed.
Closure of the Cone of Sums of 2d-powers in Certain Weighted ℓ1-seminorm Topologies
Authors: Ghasemi Mehdi , Marshall Murray , Wagner Sven
Published: November 2012

In a paper from 1976, Berg, Christensen, and Ressel prove that the closure of the cone of sums of squares in the polynomial ring in the topology induced by the ℓ1-norm is equal to Pos([–1; 1]n), the cone consisting of all polynomials that are non-negative on the hypercube [–1,1]n. The result is deduced as a corollary of a general result, established in the same paper, which is valid for any commutative semigroup. In later work, Berg and Maserick and Berg, Christensen, and Ressel establish an even more general result, for a commutative semigroup with involution, for the closure of the cone of sums of squares of symmetric elements in the weighted -seminorm topology associated with an absolute value. In this paper we give a new proof of these results, which is based on Jacobi’s representation theoremfrom2001. At the same time, we use Jacobi’s representation theorem to extend these results from sums of squares to sums of 2d-powers, proving, in particular, that for any integer d ≥ 1, the closure of the cone of sums of 2d-powers in the topology induced by the -norm is equal to Pos([–1; 1]n).
Overview of the LADCO winter nitrate study: hourly ammonia, nitric acid and PM2.5 composition at an urban and rural site pair during PM2.5 episodes in the US Great Lakes region
Authors: Stanier C. , Singh A. , Adamski W. , Baek J. , Caughey M. , Carmichael G. , Edgerton E. , Kenski D. , Koerber M. , Oleson J. , Rohlf T. , Lee S. R. , Riemer N. , Shaw S. , Sousan S. , Spak S. N.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. An overview of the LADCO (Lake Michigan Air Directors Consortium) Winter Nitrate Study (WNS) is presented. Sampling was conducted at ground level at an urban-rural pair of sites during January–March 2009 in eastern Wisconsin, toward the western edge of the US Great Lakes region. Areas surrounding these sites experience multiday episodes of wintertime PM2.5 pollution characterized by high fractions of ammonium nitrate in PM, low wind speeds, and air mass stagnation. Hourly surface monitoring of inorganic gases and aerosols supplemented long-term 24-h aerosol chemistry monitoring at these locations. The urban site (Milwaukee, WI) experienced 13 PM2.5 episodes, defined as periods where the seven-hour moving average PM2.5 concentration exceeded 27 μg m−3 for at least four consecutive hours. The rural site experienced seven episodes by the same metric, and all rural episodes coincided with urban episodes. Episodes were characterized by low pressure systems, shallow/stable boundary layer, light winds, and increased temperature and relative humidity relative to climatological mean conditions. They often occurred in the presence of regional snow cover at temperatures near freezing, when snow melt and sublimation could generate fog and strengthen the boundary layer inversion. Substantial contribution to nitrate production from nighttime chemistry of ozone and NO2 to N2O5 and nitric acid is likely and requires further investigation. Pollutant-specific urban excess during episode and non-episode conditions is presented. The largest remaining uncertainties in the conceptual model of the wintertime episodes are the variability from episode-to-episode in ammonia emissions, the balance of daytime and nighttime nitrate production, the relationship between ammonia controls, NOx controls and ammonium nitrate reductions, and the extent to which snow and fog are causal (either through meteorological or chemical processes) rather than just correlated with episodes because of similar synoptic meteorology.
Initial MST radar observations of upper tropospheric-lower stratospheric duct-like structures over Jicamarca, Peru
Authors: Li Z. , Naqvi S. , Gerrard A. J. , Chau J. L. , Bhattacharya Y.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Persistent wind jet structures along zonal and meridional fields, believed to be caused by stationary gravity waves, were detected in February 1999 in mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere (MST) radar wind measurements of the troposphere and lower stratosphere over Jicamarca, Peru. Over a continuous seven day span of MST-data analyzed in this study, two days of observations showed signatures of wave-like structures in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere wind jets associated with the phases of the stationary gravity waves. We believe these wave-like structures are ducted gravity waves. We present these initial observations, their characteristics, and the results of simple numerical simulations used in an attempt to mimic these observed features. Although a fair replication of the observed ducted structure in the numerical model is found, the observed period of ~90 min is nonetheless much longer than what is traditionally observed. As a result, the specific physical nature of the observed structures is not fully established. Nevertheless, given the high quality of the observations, we demonstrate here that continued analysis of this data set and concurrent modeling efforts will allow for a better understanding of Doppler ducts at high spatial and temporal resolution, and the results presented here can ultimately be applied to studies of middle atmospheric fronts, ducts, and bores.
Heterogeneous chlorine activation on stratospheric aerosols and clouds in the Arctic polar vortex
Authors: Wegner T. , Grooß J.-U. , von Hobe M. , Stroh F. , Sumińska-Ebersoldt O. , Volk C. M. , Hösen E. , Mitev V. , Shur G. , Müller R.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Chlorine activation in the Arctic is investigated by examining different parameterizations for uptake coefficients on stratospheric aerosols, high-resolution in-situ measurements and vortex-wide satellite observations. The parameterizations for heterogeneous chemistry on liquid aerosols are most sensitive to temperature with the reaction rates doubling for every 1 K increase in temperature. However, differences between the currently available parameterizations are negligible. For Nitric Acid Trihydrate particles (NAT) the major factors of uncertainty are the number density of nucleated particles and different parameterizations for heterogeneous chemistry. These two factors induce an uncertainty that covers several orders of magnitude on the reaction rate. Nonetheless, since predicted reaction rates on liquid aerosols always exceed those on NAT, the overall uncertainty for chlorine activation is small. In-situ observations of ClOx from Arctic winters in 2005 and 2010 are used to evaluate the heterogeneous chemistry parameterizations. The conditions for these measurements proved to be very different between those two winters with HCl being the limiting reacting partner for the 2005 measurements and ClONO2 for the 2010 measurements. Modeled levels of chlorine activation are in very good agreement with the in-situ observations and the surface area provided by Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) has only a limited impact on modeled chlorine activation. This indicates that the parameterizations give a good representation of the processes in the atmosphere. Back-trajectories started on the location of the observations in 2005 indicate temperatures on the threshold for PSC formation, hence the surface area is mainly provided by the background aerosol. Still, the model shows additional chlorine activation during this time-frame, providing cautionary evidence for chlorine activation even in the absence of PSCs. Vortex-averaged satellite observations by the MLS instrument also show no definite connection between chlorine activation and PSC formation. The inter -and intra-annual variability of vortex-average HCl and HNO3 based on MLS observations is examined for the Arctic winters 2004/2005 to 2010/2011. These observations show that removal of HCl and HNO3 from the gas-phase are not correlated. HNO3 loss exhibits great inter-annual variability depending on prevailing temperatures while HCl loss is continuous through December without considerable inter- or intra-annual variability. Only the recovery of HCl in late winter depends on the level of denitrification. Hence, the occurrence of HNO3 containing PSC particles does not seem to have a significant effect on the speed of initial chlorine activation on a vortex-wide scale.
Atmospheric water vapour tracers and the significance of the vertical dimension
Authors: Goessling H. F. , Reick C. H.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Atmospheric water vapour tracers (WVTs) are an elegant tool to determine source-sink relations of moisture "online" in atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). However, it is sometimes desireable to establish such relations "offline" based on already existing atmospheric data (e.g. reanalysis data). One simple and frequently applied offline method is 2-D moisture tracing. It makes use of the "well-mixed" assumption, which allows to treat the vertical dimension integratively. Here we scrutinise the "well-mixed" assumption and 2-D moisture tracing by means of analytical considerations in combination with AGCM-WVT simulations. We find that vertically well-mixed conditions are seldomly met. Due to the presence of vertical inhomogeneities, 2-D moisture tracing (I) neglects a significant degree of fast-recycling, and (II) results in erroneous advection where the direction of the horizontal winds varies vertically. The latter is not so much the case in the extratropics, but in the tropics this can lead to large errors. For example, computed by 2-D moisture tracing, the fraction of precipitation in the Western Sahel that originates from beyond the Sahara is ~40%, whereas the fraction that originates from the tropical and Southern Atlantic is only ~4%. Full (i.e. 3-D) moisture tracing however shows that both regions contribute roughly equally, which reveals the results of an earlier study as spurious. Moreover, we point out that there are subtle degrees of freedom associated with the implementation of WVTs into AGCMs because the strength of mixing between precipitation and the ambient water vapour is not completely provided by such models. We compute an upper bound for the resulting uncertainty and show that this uncertainty is smaller than the errors associated with 2-D moisture tracing.
Exploring the atmospheric chemistry of O2SO3- and assessing the maximum turnover number of ion catalysed H2SO4 formation
Authors: Bork N. , Kurtén T. , Vehkamäki H.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. It has recently been demonstrated that the O2SO3− ion forms in the atmosphere as a natural consequence of ionizing radiation. Here, we present a density functional theory-based study of the reactions of O2SO3− with O3. The most important reactions are (a) oxidation of O2SO3− to O3SO3− and (b) cluster decomposition into SO3, O2 and O3−. The former reaction is highly exothermic and the nascent O3SO3− will rapidly decompose into SO4− and O2. If the origin of O2SO3− is SO2 oxidation by O3−, the latter reaction closes a catalytic cycle wherein SO2 is oxidized to SO3. The relative rates between the two major sinks for O2SO3− is assessed, thereby providing a measure of the maximum turnover number of ion catalysed SO2 oxidation, i.e. how many SO2 can be oxidized per free electron. The rate ratio between reactions (a) and (b) is significantly altered by the presence or absence of a single water molecule, but reaction (b) is in general much more probable. Although we are unable to assess the overall importance of this cycle in the real atmosphere due to the unknown influence of CO2 and NOx, we roughly estimate that ion induced catalysis may contribute with several percent of H2SO4 levels in typical CO2 free and low NOx reaction chambers, e.g. the CLOUD chamber at CERN.
An analysis of atmospheric CH4 concentrations from 1984 to 2008 with a single box atmospheric chemistry model
Authors: Tan Z. , Zhuang Q.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. We present a single box atmospheric chemistry model involving atmospheric methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO) and radical hydroxyl (OH) to analyze atmospheric CH4 concentrations from 1984 to 2008. When OH is allowed to vary, the modeled CH4 is 20 ppb higher than observations from the NOAA/ESRL and AGAGE networks for the end of 2008. However, when the OH concentration is held constant at 106 molecule cm−3, the simulated CH4 shows a trend approximately equal to observations. Both simulations show a clear slowdown in the CH4 growth rate during recent decades, from about 13 ppb yr−1 in 1984 to less than 5 ppb yr−1 in 2003. Furthermore, if the constant OH assumption is credible, we think that this slowdown is mainly due to a pause in the growth of wetland methane emissions. In simulations run for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres separately, we find that the Northern Hemisphere is more sensitive to wetland emissions, whereas the southern tends to be more perturbed by CH4 transportation, dramatic OH change, and biomass burning. When measured CO values from NOAA/ESRL are used to drive the model, changes in the CH4 growth rate become more consistent with observations, but the long-term increase in CH4 is underestimated. This shows that CO is a good indicator of short-term variations in oxidizing power in the atmosphere. The simulation results also indicate the significant drop in OH concentrations in 1998 (about 5% lower than the previous year) was probably due to an abrupt increase in wetland methane emissions during an intense EI Niño event. Using a fixed-lag Kalman smoother, we estimate the mean wetland methane flux is about 128 Tg yr−1 through the period 1984–2008. This study demonstrates the effectiveness in examining the role of OH and CO in affecting CH4.