bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Existence results for semilinear elliptic equations with small measure data
Authors: Grenon Nathalie
Published: July 2002

We give a smallness condition on

|m|

, and

‖f‖_q

for the existence of a solution for the model problem:

−Δp_u=f(x)|u|^γ+mμ

with

u=0

on

∂Ω

, where

Ω

is a bounded open set of

ℝ^{N}

,

f\left(x\right) \in L^{q}\left(\Omega \right)

,

q⩾1

,

m \in ℝ

and

μ

is a Radon measure with bounded variation on

Ω

such that

\left|\mu \right|\left(\Omega \right) = 1

.

Nous donnons une condition suffisante sur

|m|

, et

‖f‖_q

pour l'existence de solution au problème modèle :

−Δ_pu=f(x)|u|^γ+mμ

avec

u=0

sur

∂Ω

, où

Ω

est un ouvert borné de

ℝ^{N}

,

f(x)\in L^q(Ω)

,

q⩾1

,

m\in ℝ

et

μ

est une mesure de Radon à variation bornée sur

Ω

telle que

\left|\mu \right|\left(\Omega \right) = 1

.
A few symmetry results for nonlinear elliptic PDE on noncompact manifolds
Authors: Ge Yuxin , Almeida Luıs , Damascelli Lucio
Published: July 2002

We prove some symmetry theorems for positive solutions of elliptic equations in some noncompact manifolds, which generalize and extend symmetry results known in the case of the euclidean space

ℝ^{n}

. The (variational) technique that we use relies on Sobolev inequalities available for manifolds together with the well known method of moving planes. In the particular case of the standard

n

-dimensional hyperbolic space

ℍ^{n}

we get the radial symmetry of positive solutions of the equation

- \Delta ℝ^{n}u = f\left(u\right)

in

ℍ^{n}

, which tend to zero at infinity (or belong to the Sobolev space

H^{1}\left(ℍ^{n}\right)

in some cases), under different hypotheses on the relationship between the behavior of the nonlinearity

f

in a neighborhood of zero and the summability properties of the solution. One of the main features of this work is to single out and study the connection between the geometric properties of the manifold considered and the growth conditions on the nonlinearity in order to have our symmetry results.

Nous démontrons quelques résultats de symétrie pour des solutions positives de certaines équations différentielles partielles sur des variétés – ce sont des généralisations de résultats qui étaient déjà connus dans le cas des espaces euclidien,

ℝ^{n}

. La technique variationnelle est basée sur des inégalités de Sobolev dans le cadre des variétés, combinées avec une adaptation de la méthode traditionnelle de “moving planes” à notre situation. En particulier, dans le cas de l'espace hyperbolique à

n

dimensions,

ℍ^{n}

, nous démontrons la symétrie radiale des solutions positives de

−Δu=f(u)

dans

ℍ^{n}

, qui tendent vers zéro à l'infini (ou, dans certains cas, appartiennent à l'espace de Sobolev

H^{1}\left(ℍ^{n}\right)

).

Un des intérêts majeurs de ce travail réside dans les relations mises en évidence entre certaines caractéristiques de nature géométrique de la variété domaine et les propriétés de nature analytique (taux de croissance) des non linéarités admissibles.
Uniform (projective) hyperbolicity or no hyperbolicity: A dichotomy for generic conservative maps
Authors: Bochi Jairo , Viana Marcelo
Published: July 2002

We show that the Lyapunov exponents of volume preserving

C^1

diffeomorphisms of a compact manifold are continuous at a given diffeomorphism if and only if the Oseledets splitting is either dominated or trivial. It follows that for a

C^1

-residual subset of volume preserving diffeomorphisms the Oseledets splitting is either dominated or trivial.

We obtain analogous results in the setting of symplectic diffeomorphisms, where the conclusion is actually stronger: dominated splitting is replaced by partial hyperbolicity. We also obtain versions of these results for continuous cocycles with values in some matrix groups.

In the text we give the precise statements of these results and the ideas of the proofs. The complete proofs will appear in [4].

Nous montrons que les exposants de Lyapunov des difféomorphismes de classe

C^1

qui préservent le volume dans une varieté compacte sont continus à un difféomorphisme donné si et seulement si sa décomposition de Oseledets est dominée ou bien triviale. Il s'en suit que pour un sous-ensemble

C^1

-résiduel des difféomorphismes qui préservent le volume, la décomposition de Oseledets est soit dominée soit triviale.

Nous obtenons des résultats analogues dans le cadre des difféomorphismes symplectiques où, en fait, les conclusions sont plus fortes : on remplace décomposition dominée par hyperbolicité partielle. De même, nous obtenons des versions de ces résultats pour des cocyles continus à valeurs dans plusieurs groupes de matrices.

Dans le texte en anglais nous donnons les énoncés précis de ces résultats, et des idées des preuves. Les démonstrations complètes apparaitront dans [4].
Proof of the De Gennes formula for the superheating field in the weak κ limit
Authors: Helffer Bernard , Bolley Catherine
Published: July 2002

In continuation with our preceding paper [3] concerning the superconducting film, we present in this article new estimates for the superheating field in the weak κ limit. The principal result is the proof of the existence of a finite superheating field

h^{sh,+}(κ)

(obtained by restricting the usual definition of the superheating field to solutions of the Ginzburg-Landau system

(f, A)

with

f

positive) in the case of a semi-infinite interval. The bound is optimal in the limit

κ → 0

and permits to prove (combining with our previous results) the De Gennes formula

2^{ - \frac{3}{4}} = \lim_{\kappa \rightarrow 0} \kappa ^{\frac{1}{2}}h^{sh, + }\left(\kappa \right)

The proof is obtained by improving slightly the estimates given in [3] where an upper bound was found but under the additional condition that the function

f

was bounded from below by some fixed constant

ρ > 0

.

Poursuivant notre étude précédente [3] sur les films supraconducteurs, nous présentons dans cet article de nouvelles estimations sur le champ de surchauffe lorsque

κ

tend vers

0

. Le résultat principal est la démonstration, dans le cas d’un intervalle semi-infini, de l’existence d’un champ de surchauffe fini

h^{sh,+}(κ)

(obtenue en restreignant la définition usuelle du champ de surchauffe aux solutions

(f, A)

du système de Ginzburg–Landau telles que

f

soit positive). La majoration est optimale à la limite

κ → 0

et permet de montrer (en regroupant avec nos résultats précédents) la formule de De Gennes

2^{ - \frac{3}{4}} = \lim_{\kappa \rightarrow 0}\kappa ^{\frac{1}{2}}h^{sh, + }\left(\kappa \right)

La démonstration est obtenue en améliorant légèrement les estimations de l’article [3] dans lequel nous donnions une majoration, mais en supposant la fonction

f

minorée par une constante

ρ > 0

fixée.
Regularity of solutions for arbitrary order variational inequalities with general convex sets
Authors: Liang Jin
Published: July 2002

We consider the regularity of solutions of a system for nonlinear arbitrary order variational inequalities with some general concrete closed convex sets. The maximal function method and the convergence method are used, and a higher integrability of the derivatives is obtained.

Nous étudions la régularité des solutions d’un système d’inégalités variationnelles non linéaires d’ordre arbitraire dans des ensembles convexes fermés généraux qui peuvent être représentés sous une forme concrête. On utilise la méthode de la fonction maximale et la méthode de convergence pour obtenir un résultat d’intégrabilité sur les dérivées d’ordre supérieur.
Ergodic problem for the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation. I. Existence of the ergodic attractor
Authors: Arisawa Mariko
Published: July 2002

The problem of the convergence of the terms

λuλ_(x), ≠ u(x,T)

in the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equations (HJBs) as

λ

tends to

+0

,

T

goes to

+∞

, to the unique number is called the ergodic problem of the HJBs. We show in this paper what kind of qualitative properties exist behind this kind of convergence. The existence of the ergodic attractor is shown in Theorems 1 and 2. Our solutions of HJBs satisfy the equations in the viscosity solutions sense.

Le problème de la convergence des termes

\lambda u_{\lambda }\left(x\right),\frac{1}{T}u\left(x,T\right)

dans les équations de Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJBs) quand

λ

tends vers

+∞

,

T

tends vers

+∞

, vers le numéro unique s’appelle le problème ergodique des HJBs. Nous montrons ici les propriétés qualitatives qui existent derrière ce type de convergence. L’existence de l’attracteur ergodique est démontrée dans les Théorèmes 1 et 2. Nos solutions des HJBs satisfont les équations au sens de la solution de la viscosité.
A hierarchy of hydrodynamic models for plasmas. Zero-electron-mass limits in the drift-diffusion equations
Authors: Jüngel Ansgar , Peng Yue-Jun
Published: July 2002

A model hierarchy of hydrodynamic and quasi-hydrodynamic equations for plasmas consisting of electrons and ions is presented. The various model equations are obtained from the transient Euler–Poisson system for electrons and ions in the zero-electron-mass limit and/or in the zero-relaxation-time limit. A rigorous proof of the zero-electron-mass limit in the quasi-hydrodynamic equations is given. This model consists of two parabolic equations for the electrons and ions and the Poisson equation for the electric potential, subject to initial and mixed boundary conditions. The remaining asymptotic limits will be proved in forthcoming publications.

Furthermore, the existence of solutions to the limit problem which can be of degenerate type is proved without the assumptions needed for the zero-electron-mass limit (essentially, positivity of the particle densities). Finally, the uniqueness of solutions to the limit problem is studied.

Une hiérarchie d’équations hydrodynamiques et quasi-hydrodynamiques pour les plasmas constitués d’électrons et ions est présentée. Les équations des modèles résultent du système Euler–Poisson non stationnaire pour les électrons et ions par une limite de masse d’électron (“zero-electron-mass-limit”) et/ou par une limite de relaxation (“zero-relaxation-time-limit”). Une démonstration rigoureuse de la limite de masse d’électron dans les équations quasi-hydrodynamiques est donnée. Ce modèle consiste en deux équations paraboliques pour les densités des électrons et ions et l’équation de Poisson pour le potentiel électrique, completées par des conditions aux limites mêlées. Les autres limites asymptotiques seront démontrées dans des publications à venir.

En outre, on montre l’existence de solutions du problème limite qui peut être du type “dégénéré”, sans les hypothèses utilisées pour la limite de masse d’électron (essentiellement, positivité des densités des particules). Finalement, l’unicité de solutions du problème limite est étudiée.
Relaxations semi-linéaire et cinétique des systèmes de lois de conservation
Authors: Serre Denis
Published: July 2002

R. DiPerna (1983) proved the convergence of the approximate solutions given by the vanishing viscosity method, towards an entropy solution of the underlying hyperbolic system. He used two main assumptions: the existence of convex positively invariant domains (in the sense of K.N. Chuey et al. (1977)) and genuine nonlinearity. We prove below that, under the same assumptions together with the sub-characteristic condition, the approximate solutions given by the semi-linear relaxation converge too. Actually, our result stands for a more general approximation, first introduced by R. Natalini (1998).

R. DiPerna (1983) a montré la convergence de la solution approchée fournie par la méthode de viscosité, vers une solution entropique du système hyperbolique sous-jacent. Il a utilisé deux hypothèses fondamentales : l’existence de domaines convexes positivement invariants (au sens de K.N. Chuey et al. (1977)) et la non-linéarité des champs caractéristiques. Nous montrons ici que ces hypothèses, jointes à la condition sous-caractéristique, assurent aussi la convergence des solutions approchées fournies par la relaxation semi-linéaire. En fait, notre analyse est valide pour une classe plus générale d’approximations, introduites récemment par R. Natalini (1998).
Asymptotic behaviour of solutions of some semilinear parabolic problems
Authors: Herraiz Luis
Published: July 2002

We consider the Cauchy problem:

\tag{0.1}
\begin{align}
&u_{t} - \Delta u + u^{p} = 0 && \text{ for }x \in ℝ^{N},t > 0, \\
\tag{0.2}
& u\left(x,0\right) = u_{o}\left(x\right) && \text{ for }x \in ℝ^{N}.
\end{align}

Here

p > 1

,

N≥ 1

and

u_0(x)

is a continuous, nonnegative and bounded function such that:

\tag{0.3}
u_0\left(x\right) \sim A\left|x\right|^{ - \alpha },\text{ as }\left|x\right|\rightarrow \infty ,

for some

A > 0

and

α > 0

. In this paper we discuss the asymptotic behaviour of solutions to (0.1)–(0.3) in terms of the various values of the parameters

p, N, α

and

A

. A common pattern that emerges from our analysis is the existence of an external zone where

u(x,t) \sim u_0(x)

and one (or several) internal regions, where the influence of diffusion and absorption is most strongly felt. We present a complete classification of the size of these regions, as well as that of the stabilization profiles that unfold therein, in terms of the aforementioned parameters.

Nous considérons le problème de Cauchy:

\begin{align}
\tag{0.1}
&u_{t} - \Delta u + u^{p} = 0 && \text{ pour }x \in ℝ^{N}, & t > 0, \\
\tag{0.2}
&u\left(x,0\right) = u_{o}\left(x\right) && \text{ pour }x \in ℝ^{N}.
\end{align}

Où

p > 1

,

N ≥ 1

et

u_0(x)

est une fonction continue, nonnégative et bornée telle que:

\tag{0.3}
u_{O}\left(x\right) \sim A\left|x\right|^{ - \alpha }, \text{ quand }\left|x\right|\rightarrow \infty ,

pour

A > 0

et

α > 0

. Dans cette note nous étudions le comportement asymptotique des solutions de (0.1)–(0.3) dépendant des valeurs des paramètres

p,N, α

et

A

. Nous prouvons l’existence d’une zone extérieure où

u(x, t) \sim u_0(x)

et une (ou plusieurs) régions intérieures où l’influence de la diffusion et l’absorption est très forte. Nous présentons une classification complète de l’étendue de ces régions et des profils des solutions dépendant des paramètres.
The acquisition of motoneuron subtype identity and motor circuit formation
Authors: Landmesser Lynn T.
Published: July 2002

Experiments in chick embryos using classical transplantation techniques introduced by Viktor Hamburger are reviewed; these demonstrated that chick‐limb innervating motoneurons become specified by extrinsic signals prior to axon outgrowth and that they selectively grow to appropriate muscles by actively responding to guidance cues within the limb. More recent experiments reveal that fast/slow and flexor/extensor subclasses of motoneurons are distinct by E4–5 and that they exhibit patterned spontaneous activity while still growing to their targets. These observations are then related to the combinatorial code of LIM transcription factor expression, which has been hypothesized to specify motoneuron subtypes.
Constant dark‐rearing effects on visual adaptation of the zebrafish ERG
Authors: Saszik Shannon , Bilotta Joseph
Published: July 2002

Anatomical and electrophysiological studies have shown that zebrafish retinal neurons develop in a sequential manner. Several studies have examined the impact of restricted rearing environments on zebrafish visual development, but the results have been mixed. The purpose of this study was to examine the development of light adaptation properties of the zebrafish electroretinogram (ERG), and examine the effects of constant dark rearing on retinal development. Subjects were zebrafish, Danio rerio, reared under normal lighting conditions and zebrafish reared in constant dark from fertilization to 6 days postfertilization (dpf). Increment threshold functions were obtained from a‐ and b‐wave ERG responses from normally reared subjects at different ages and from animals exposed to early constant dark rearing. Dark‐reared subjects were tested immediately following constant dark exposure (6–9 dpf) and after exposure to normal cyclic lighting (11–13 dpf). Adult zebrafish were significantly more sensitive at lower background illuminations than were larvae zebrafish. Also, constant dark rearing had a differential effect on the a‐ and b‐wave response measures. Constant dark rearing raised b‐wave threshold uniformly across background illuminations, while only producing higher a‐wave thresholds at low levels of illumination. These results are consistent with findings in studies on zebrafish retinal development, and may help explain some of the discrepancies across studies examining the effects of restricted rearing.
5HTR2A gene polymorphism and personality traits in patients with major psychoses
Authors: Golimbet V.E. , Alfimova M.V. , Manandyan K.K. , Mitushina N.G. , Abramova L.I. , Kaleda V.G. , Oleichik I.V. , Yurov YuB. , Trubnikov V.I.
Published: July 2002

Serotonin receptor (5HTR2A) gene polymorphism has been reported to be associated with clinical phenotypes in schizophrenia. The current study attempted to investigate a relationship between 5HTR2A 102T/C polymorphism and personality traits as well as clinical symptoms in patients with ICD-10 diagnoses of schizophrenia and affective disorders. 5HTR2A genotyping, clinical and psychological assessment were administered to 375 patients, 104 first-degree healthy relatives of the patients and 157 controls. In the patients an association was observed between the 2/2 5HTR2A genotype and scores on the Hypochondriasis scale (MMPI) (ANOVA, F = 4.56; P = 0.011) and trait anxiety (F = 4.21; P = 0.002). A significant difference between 1/1 and 2/2 genotypes has been also found for Neuroticism scores (EPI) (t = 2.18; P = 0.0031). No significant differences by 5HTR2A genotype were observed in either the control or first-degree relatives' group for all scales studied. Positive, negative and psychopathological symptoms emerged higher in the 2/2 genotype patients compared to other genotype carriers. Therefore, the 2/2 genotype may contribute to produce the phenotype, with specific clinical and pathological features in common, regardless of nosologic heterogeneity of psychoses.
Temperament traits in male suicide attempters and violent offenders
Authors: Engström G. , Persson B. , Levander S.
Published: July 2002

With the purpose of comparing temperament traits in subjects who have been violent towards others and with subjects who have shown self-directed violence, 34 male suicide attempters and 34 male violent offenders were matched for age and psychiatric diagnosis. Violent offenders with a history of suicide attempts were excluded. Temperament traits were assessed by means of the Karolinska Scales of Personality.

The temperament profiles of suicide attempters and violent offenders were very similar, with high trait anxiety and very low socialization. Violent offenders displayed significantly higher social desirability (P < 0.001). Suicide attempters tended to have higher indirect aggression and monotony avoidance. Impulsiveness, verbal aggression, and inhibition of aggression were within the normal range in both groups. There were substantial temperamental similarities between suicide attempters and violent offenders. In order to disentangle the differential mechanisms behind aggression towards self and others, we probably need to consider historical as well as current situation factors in a systematic way.
Gender-related clinical differences in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Authors: Bogetto F. , Venturello S. , Albert U. , Maina G. , Ravizza L.
Published: July 2002

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the gender-related differences of clinical features in a sample of obsessive-compulsive (OCD) patients. One hundred and sixty outpatients with a principal diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (DSM-IV, Y-BOCS = 16) were admitted. Patients were evaluated with a semi-structured interview covering the following areas: socio-demographic data, Axis I diagnoses (DSM-IV), OCD clinical features (age at onset of OC symptoms and disorder, type of onset, life events and type of course). For statistical analysis the sample was subdivided in two groups according to gender. We found an earlier age at onset of OC symptoms and disorder in males; an insidious onset and a chronic course of illness were also observed in that group of patients. Females more frequently showed an acute onset of OCD and an episodic course of illness; they also reported more frequently a stressful event in the year preceding OCD onset. A history of anxiety disorders with onset preceding OCD and hypomanic episodes occurring after OCD onset was significantly more common among males, while females showed more frequently a history of eating disorders. We found three gender-related features of OCD: males show an earlier age at onset with a lower impact of precipitant events in triggering the disorder; OCD seems to occur in a relative high proportion of males who already have phobias and/or tic disorders; and a surfeit of chronic course of the illness in males in comparison with females.
Federalism and democratization in Russia
Authors: Ross Cameron
Published: July 2002

The scholarly literature on democratic transitions has largely ignored developments at the local level and the relationship between federalism and democracy. In this work I examine the development of federalism in Russia and I assess the impact of Russia’s highly asymmetrical form of federalism on democratisation. The study shows that federalism far from promoting democracy has allowed authoritarianism to flourish in many of Russia’s eighty nine regions and republics. Federalism and democratization in Russia exist in contradiction rather than harmony. In a vicious circle, authoritarianism at the centre has been nourished by authoritarianism in the region and vice versa. “Elective dictatorships” and “delegative democracies” are now well entrenched in many republics, and mini-presidential systems are firmly established in a majority of the regions.
Society and transition in post-Soviet Russia
Authors: Ahl Richard
Published: July 2002

Applying traditional notions of the concept ‘political cleavage’ to Russian society is premature. Judicious analysis of public opinion data demonstrates that, despite any statistically significant differences of opinion that may exist, major Russian social groups have substantively similar attitudes toward economic reform. As economic issues are likely to dominate political life in Russia for the foreseeable future, the homogeneity of opinion on those issues minimizes the potential for socially based political cleavages. This social environment weakens the rationale for adherence to democratic institutions, which are essentially a means for peaceful mediation of societal conflicts.
THE 1999–2000 ACC Task Analysis of Nurse‐Midwifery/Midwifery Practice: A Consideration of the Concept of Professional Issues
Authors: Johnson Peter G. , Oshio Sachiko , Fisher Maria Christina , Fullerton Judith T.
Published: July 2002

The American College of Nurse‐Midwives (ACNM) Certification Council periodically conducts a task analysis study as evidence supporting the content validity of the national certification examination in nurse‐midwifery and midwifery. The purpose of this article is to report findings related to the examination of the relationship between professional issues and safe beginning‐level midwifery as measured by the 1999–2000 Task Analysis of American Nurse Midwifery and Midwifery Practice. Study findings suggest that newly certified midwives place strong emphasis on the importance of tasks related to the ACNM “Hallmarks of Midwifery,” which characterize the art and science of the profession; these include tasks dealing with health promotion and cultural competency. The beginning midwives, however, gave consistently low ratings to tasks related to ACNM “Core Competencies” that mirror the professional responsibilities of midwives; these include tasks related to the history of midwifery, research, or health policy. The study has implications for nurse‐midwifery/midwifery educators, experienced midwifery mentors, and other persons interested in reinforcing the relevance of these important professional issues to the new midwife.
A COF‐Like N‐Rich Conjugated Microporous Polytriphenylamine Cathode with Pseudocapacitive Anion Storage Behavior for High‐Energy Aqueous Zinc Dual‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Haozhe , Zhong Linfeng , Xie Jinhao , Yang Fan , Liu Xiaoqing , Lu Xihong
Published: July 2021

Conducting polymers with good electron conductivity and rich redox functional groups are promising cathode candidates for constructing high‐energy aqueous zinc batteries. However, the glaring flaw of active‐site underutilization impairs their electrochemical performance. Herein, we report a poriferous polytriphenylamine conjugated microporous polymer (CMP) cathode capable of accommodating Cl− anions in a pseudocapative‐dominated manner for energy storage. Its specific 3D, covalent‐organic‐framework‐like conjugated network ensures high accessibility efficacy of N active sites (up to 83.2% at 0.5 A g−1) and distinct physicochemical stability (87.6% capacity retention after 1000 cycles) during repeated charging/discharging courses. Such a robust CMP electrode also leads to a zinc dual‐ion battery device with a high energy density of 236 W h kg−1 and a maximum power density of 6.8 kW kg−1, substantially surpassing most recently reported organic‐based zinc batteries. This study paves the way for the rational design of advanced CMP‐based organic cathodes for high‐energy devices.
Thin‐Film Patient‐Specific Flow Diverter Stents for the Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms
Authors: Velvaluri Prasanth , Pravdivtseva Mariya S. , Berg Philipp , Wodarg Fritz , Miranda Rodrigo Lima de , Hövener Jan‐Bernd , Jansen Olav , Quandt Eckhard
Published: July 2021

Intracranial aneurysm treatment based on blood flow reduction with braided flow diverters (FDs) has become highly relevant. However, FDs have several limitations, e.g., sudden torsional collapse, variable porosity, and possible side branch occlusions. Thin‐film FD stents can overcome these limitations by offering high design freedom to produce patient‐specific implants. Here a workflow to design, fabricate, and characterize novel thin‐film FDs that can be individualized to meet patient‐specific needs is demonstrated. FD design is virtually optimized to achieve the best flow reduction and the lowest crimping resistance. Then, the optimal design is fabricated using state‐of‐the‐art thin‐film technology. The thin‐film FD is characterized for mechanical and flow behavior and is compared to a braided FD (Derivo; FD0). The thin‐film FD and FD0 show similar radial forces in the diameter range 2.6–4.5 mm, and the former exhibits no sudden torsional collapse. The flow analysis using MRI reveals that both FDs reduce the flow into the aneurysm. However, only the thin‐film FD maintains adequate flow into all the side branches. A thin‐film FD that overcomes braided FDs limitations while offering similar performance has been developed. The proposed framework is a pilot study for fabricating on‐demand patient‐specific thin‐film FD stents.
Molecular Control of Carbon‐Based Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts through Metal Macrocyclic Complexes Functionalization
Authors: Hong Yaoshuai , Li Longbin , Huang Bingyu , Tang Xiannong , Zhai Weijuan , Hu Ting , Yuan Kai , Chen Yiwang
Published: July 2021

Owing to their zero pollution and high efficiency, fuel cells and metal–air batteries show great potential for broad application to sustainable energy technologies. However, the use of expensive and scarce Pt‐based materials as cathode catalysts to overcome the slow kinetics of oxygen‐reduction reaction (ORR) limits the scalability of such devices. Recently, considerable progress has been made in the development of nonprecious‐metal ORR catalysts. Although metal macrocyclic complexes (MMC) exhibiting a well‐definedM‐N4(M = Fe, Co, Mn, Cu, etc.) structure (which can provide open sites to combine with oxygen and catalyze ORR) have attracted widespread attention, the MMC ORR performance is usually unsatisfactory because MCCs exhibit poor conductivity, symmetric electron distribution, inferior O2adsorption, and low activation. However, MMC‐modified conductive‐carbon materials effectively solve such problems and simultaneously boost the ORR catalytic activity. In this review, the recent achievements in MMC‐functionalized carbon materials as ORR catalysts are summarized, and the current challenges and prospects of MMC‐functionalized carbon‐based ORR catalysts are discussed based on recent experimental and theoretical studies.
Investigating Degradation Modes in Zn‐AgO Aqueous Batteries with In Situ X‐Ray Micro Computed Tomography
Authors: Scharf Jonathan , Yin Lu , Redquest Christopher , Liu Ruixiao , Quinn Xueying L. , Ortega Jeff , Wei Xia , Wang Joseph , Doux Jean‐Marie , Meng Ying Shirley
Published: July 2021

To meet growing energy demands, degradation mechanisms of energy storage devices must be better understood. As a non‐destructive tool, X‐ray Computed Tomography (CT) has been increasingly used by the battery community to perform in situ experiments that can investigate dynamic phenomena. However, few have used X‐ray CT to study representative battery systems over long cycle lifetimes (>100 cycles). Here, the in situ CT study of Zn–Ag batteries is reported and the effects of current collector parasitic gassing over long‐term storage and cycling are demonstrated. Performance representative in situ CT cells are designed that can achieve >250 cycles at a high areal capacity of 12.5 mAh cm−2. Combined with electrochemical experiments, the effects of current collector parasitic gassing are revealed with micro‐scale CT. The volume expansion and evolution of ZnO and Zn depletion are quantified with cycling and elevated temperature testing. The experimental insights are utilized to develop larger form‐factor (4 cm2) cells with electrochemically compatible current collectors. With this, over 500 cycles at a high capacity of 12.5 mAh cm−2 for a 4 cm2 form‐factor are demonstrated. This work demonstrates that in situ X‐ray CT used in long cycle‐lifetime studies can be applied to examine a multitude of battery chemistries to improve performances.
Allegations of child sexual abuse: An empirical analysis of published judgements from the Family Court of Australia 2012–2019
Authors: Webb Nola , Moloney Lawrence J. , Smyth Bruce M. , Murphy Robyn L.
Published: July 2021

Allegations of child sexual abuse pose agonisingly difficult issues for families, family law professionals and the courts. We present data from the population (N=521) of Family Court of Australia judgements containing allegations of child sexual abuse published in the Australasian Legal Information Institute's Australian database. Our data cover all in‐scope judgements published between mid‐2012 and mid‐2019, of which 71 dealt with cases that were uncontested. A further 70 were contested but the allegations were abandoned before the end of the trial. We classified the remaining 380 cases as “fully contested”. Of this group: (a) in 14% of cases, judicial officers expressed a direct or clearly implied belief that the allegations of child sexual abuse were true; (b) risk of sexual harm to a child was found in 12% of judgements; (c) when no risk of sexual harm was found, judges were more than twice as likely to regard the allegations as genuine but mistaken rather than to have been deliberately misleading; (d) just under two‐thirds of allegedly unsafe parents had the time they spent with their child(ren) increased by the court; and (e) in 17% of judgements, children's living arrangements were changed to the allegedly unsafe parent.
Chiral Arylated Amines via C−N Coupling of Chiral Amines with Aryl Bromides Promoted by Light
Authors: Song Geyang , Yang Liu , Li Jing‐Sheng , Tang Wei‐Jun , Zhang Wei , Cao Rui , Wang Chao , Xiao Jianliang , Xue Dong
Published: July 2021

The Buchwald‐Hartwig C‐N coupling reaction has found widespread applications in organic synthesis. Over the past two decades or so, many improved catalysts have been introduced, allowing various amines and aryl electrophiles to be readily used nowadays. However, there lacks a protocol that could be used to couple a wide range of chiral amines and aryl halides, without erosion of the enantiomeric excess (ee). Reported in this article is a method based on molecular Ni catalysis driven by light, which enables stereoretentive C‐N coupling of optically active amines, amino alcohols, and amino acid esters with aryl bromides, with no need for any external photosensitizer. The method is effective for a wide variety of coupling partners, including those bearing functional groups sensitive to bases and nucleophiles, thus providing a viable alternative to accessing synthetically important chiral N‐aryl amines, amino alcohols, and amino acids esters. Its viability is demonstrated by 92 examples with up to 99 % ee.
Cooperative Catalysis of Ru(III)‐Porphyrin in CO2‐Involved Synthesis of Oxazolidinones
Authors: Chen Xiao‐Chao , Yao Yin‐Qing , Zhao Kai‐Chun , Liu Lei , Lu Yong , Liu Ye
Published: July 2021

CO2‐transformations into high value‐added products have become a fascinating area in green chemistry. Herein, a Ru(III)‐porphyrin catalyst (RuCl3 ⋅ 3H2O−H2TPP) was found highly efficient in the three‐component reaction of CO2, aliphatic amines and dichloroethane (or its derivative) for synthesis of oxazolidinones in the yields of 71∼91%. It was indicated by means of the control experiments and UV‐vis spectra that CO2 was stoichiometrically activated by the involved aliphatic amine substrates to form a stable carbamate salt while 1,2‐dichloroethane (or its derivative) was independently activated by the involved Ru(III)‐porphyrin catalyst. The combination of CO2‐activation by aliphatic amines with 1,2‐dichloroethane activation by Ru(III)‐porphyrin catalyst cooperatively contributed to this successful transformation.
Ultra‐Stable Cycling of High Capacity Room Temperature Sodium‐Sulfur Batteries Based on Sulfurated Poly(acrylonitrile)
Authors: Murugan Saravanakumar , Niesen Stefan , Kappler Julian , Küster Kathrin , Starke Ulrich , Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: July 2021

We report on a room temperature (RT) sodium‐sulfur (Na−S) battery based on a sodium anode, a sulfurated poly(acrylonitrile) (SPAN) cathode and an electrolyte containing sodium tetrakis(hexafluoroisopropyloxy) borate (Na[B(hfip)4]; hfip=hexafluoroisopropoxide) in a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC). The hfip anion as a weakly coordinating anion (WCA) provides high anodic stability, high ionic conductivity, and superior electrochemical performance in carbonate‐based solvents. The Na‐SPAN cell exhibits an initial discharge capacity of 1360 
and a remarkable reversible capacity of 1072 
after 1000 cycles at 3 C (C=C‐rate, 5.025 
) with an insignificant average capacity decay of less than 0.021 % per cycle. A careful choice of the discharge cut‐off potential (DCP) reveals that a DCP of 0.2 V allows for stable cycling for more than 500 cycles while a DCP of 0.5 V results in a constant capacity decay. The excellent cycle stability at a DCP of 0.2 V is likely to be caused by the high conversion of the SPAN‐bound sulfur into Na2S.
Employability skills in mainstream education: Innovations in schooling and institutional isomorphism
Authors: Robson James , Randhawa Ashmita , Keep Ewart
Published: July 2021

In England, the Studio Schools model, focused on developing employability skills in young people, represents a disruptive attempt at educational innovation. Through a documentary analysis of foundational documents, interviews with the model’s architects and case studies of five Studio Schools, we map the tensions between theoretical conceptualisations of the model and the messy realities of implementing it. We found that the schools faced a wide range of challenges related particularly to local inter‐school competition, centralised accountability measures and structural assumptions about the ‘gold educational standard’. When facing these challenges, the course of least resistance for the schools was an iterative abandonment of the distinctive aspects of the Studio Schools model and a move back towards mainstream approaches to schooling. This process of institutional homogenisation is discussed through the lens of neo‐institutional theory, with the challenges schools faced and their trajectories framed in terms of coercive, mimetic and normative isomorphism. We argue that the use of isomorphism as a heuristic device provides important insight into the process of educational innovation in an educational system that combines competition and the risk of market failure with coercive accountability measures and embedded assumptions about the ‘gold standard’ schooling pathway.
Advancing a rapid, high throughput screening platform for optimization of lentivirus production
Authors: Gopal Sneha , Osborne Adam E. , Hock Lindsay , Zemianek Jill , Fang Kun , Gee Gretchen , Ghosh Ronit , McNally David , Cramer Steven M. , Dordick Jonathan S.
Published: July 2021

Background

Lentiviral vectors (LVVs) hold great promise as delivery tools for gene therapy and chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR‐T) therapy. Their ability to target difficult to transfect cells and deliver genetic payloads that integrate into the host genome makes them ideal delivery candidates. However, several challenges remain to be addressed before LVVs are more widely used as therapeutics including low viral vector concentrations and the absence of suitable scale‐up methods for large‐scale production. To address these challenges, we have developed a high throughput microscale HEK293 suspension culture platform that enables rapid screening of conditions for improving LVV productivity.

Key Results

High density culture (40 million cells mL−1) of HEK293 suspension cells in commercially available media was achieved in microscale 96‐deep well plate platform at liquid volumes of 200 μL. Comparable transfection and LVV production efficiencies were observed at the microscale, in conventional shake flasks and a 1‐L bioreactor, indicating that significant scale‐down does not affect LVV concentrations and predictivity of scale‐up. Optimization of production step allowed for final yields of LVVs to reach 1.5 × 107 TU mL−1.

Conclusions

The ability to test a large number of conditions simultaneously with minimal reagent use allows for the rapid optimization of LVV production in HEK293 suspension cells. Therefore, such a system may serve as a valuable tool in early stage process development and can be used as a screening tool to improve LVV concentrations for both batch and perfusion based systems.
Review recent rulings involving free speech, academic freedom
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: July 2021

An overview of the key topics faced by campus administrators with citations to noteworthy cases, statutes, regulations, and additional sources.
Consistency may be key, but continuity is essential for success
Authors: Skipworth Stan
Published: July 2021

Throughout the course of my career, I've long heard of, and applied myself to, the concept of being consistent, to being able to perform my job at a particular level or standard to the best of my ability, even if the circumstances of doing so become more demanding or complex.
How cameras enhance safety on a small campus
Authors: Rahn Josh
Published: July 2021

First responders need continuous situational awareness to keep their communities safe. But maintaining a high‐level security presence on a college campus is difficult to achieve with foot patrols alone. That's especially true at smaller institutions, where the available staffing resources in terms of certified officers and security professionals may be limited. The physical environment of a college presents another challenge in the form of large interior spaces and outdoor blind spots.
Legally compliant diversity initiatives can eliminate bias in hiring
Authors: Dalessandro Dina
Published: July 2021

As institutions continue to evaluate and grow their diversity, equity, and inclusion plans, it is imperative to consider how both overt and unconscious bias may affect the hiring and recruitment process of staff, including campus law enforcement.
Fight or flight: Can marketing tools help consumers cope with self‐discrepancies and social identity threat?
Authors: Ukrainets Kateryna , Homburg Christian
Published: July 2021

Self‐discrepancy between the actual and ought self‐concept is harmful to individuals, causing them to experience psychological discomfort. Previous consumer research has repeatedly demonstrated that self‐discrepancies motivate consumers to cope with their negative psychological consequences. However, despite the potential of marketing tools to influence consumers' affective reactions, consumer research remains silent on how firms can help consumers cope with psychological discomfort caused by self‐discrepancies. We apply the “approach–avoidance” coping classification to the firm context and suggest two marketing tools—cause‐related marketing (CRM) and a spacious store layout—as moderators of the relationships between experienced self‐discrepancy and a threat to a consumer's social identity and between social identity threat and store loyalty/store attitude. In a scenario‐based experimental study, we collect data and apply structural equation modeling for data analysis. The results confirm that both suggested marketing tools can effectively mitigate the negative effects of social identity threat on store loyalty and attitude. Furthermore, a spacious store layout exerts a stronger moderating effect than CRM.
Unravelling the Zn‐Cu Interaction during Activation of a Zn‐promoted Cu/MgO Model Methanol Catalyst
Authors: Pandit Lakshmi , Boubnov Alexey , Behrendt Gereon , Mockenhaupt Benjamin , Chowdhury Chandra , Jelic Jelena , Hansen Anna‐Lena , Saraçi Erisa , Ras Erik‐Jan , Behrens Malte , Studt Felix , Grunwaldt Jan‐Dierk
Published: July 2021

We report on an inverse model Cu/MgO methanol catalyst modified with 5 % zinc oxide at the Cu surface to element‐specifically probe the interplay of metallic copper and zinc oxide during reductive activation. The structure of copper and zinc was unraveled by in situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and in situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) supported by theoretical modelling of the extended X‐ray absorption fine structure and X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure spectra. Temperature‐programmed reduction in H2 during in situ XAS showed that copper was reduced starting at 145 °C. With increasing reduction temperature, zinc underwent first a geometrical change in its structure, followed by reduction. The reduced zinc species were identified as surface alloy sites, which coexisted from 200 °C to 340 °C with ZnO species at the copper surface. At 400 °C Zn−Cu bulk‐alloyed particles were formed. According to in situ XRD and in situ XAS, about half of the ZnO was not fully reduced, which can be explained by a lack of contact with copper. Our experimental results were further substantiated by density functional theory calculations, which verified that ZnO with neighboring Cu atoms reduced more easily. By combining these results, the distribution, phase and oxidation state of Zn species on Cu were estimated for the activated state of this model catalyst. This insight into the interplay of Cu and Zn forms the basis for deeper understanding the active sites during methanol synthesis.
Alkynes as Building Blocks, Intermediates and Products in the Electrochemical Procedures Since 2000
Authors: Bortolami Martina , Petrucci Rita , Rocco Daniele , Scarano Vincenzo , Chiarotto Isabella
Published: July 2021

Electrochemical procedures present a selective and environmentally friendly approach for fine chemicals preparation. The use of electricity instead of classical chemical reagents is economical and ecologically attractive. In fact, electricity from renewable resources can be used for electrochemical transformations with highly sustainable and desirable electrochemical applications. Alkynes triple C−C bond has a key role in many chemical transformations, and a growing attention has been recently paid to its electrochemical reactivity. The use of alkynes as building blocks or intermediates or products in electrochemical synthesis is presented in this minireview.
Kleine Raupe, lange Faser, glänzende Seide
Authors: Sicker Dieter
Published: July 2021

Reisen Sie gern? Oft hat man dabei unerwartete Erlebnisse, die irgendwie mit Chemie zu tun haben und chemisches Lehrbuchwissen wird ungeahnt erweitert. Es verknüpft sich mit Geschichte und Geschichten, unbekannten Anwendungen, praktischen Handgriffen und dem realen Leben anderer Menschen. Man staunt über etwas, in dem man gar nichts Staunenswertes vermutete. Über solche kleinen Wunder soll diese Serie berichten. Mehr als sonst wollen wir dazu Fotos benutzen. Diesmal folgen wir der Spur der Seide.
Survival outcomes and toxicity in patients 40 years old or older with relapsed metastatic germ cell tumors treated with high‐dose chemotherapy and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation
Authors: Agrawal Vaibhav , Abonour Rafat , Abu Zaid Mohammad , Althouse Sandra K. , Ashkar Ryan , Albany Costantine , Hanna Nasser H. , Einhorn Lawrence H. , Adra Nabil
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND

High‐dose chemotherapy (HDCT) plus peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) is effective salvage therapy for relapsed metastatic germ cell tumors (GCTs) but has potential toxicity. Historically, an age of ≥40 years has been associated with greater toxicity and worse outcomes.

METHODS

This is a retrospective analysis of 445 consecutive patients with relapsed GCT treated with HDCT and PBSCT with tandem cycles at Indiana University from between 2004‐2017 per our institutional regimen. Kaplan‐Meier methods and log‐rank tests were used for progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 329 patients were <40 years of age, whereas 116 patients were ≥40 years of age; HDCT was used as second‐line therapy in 85% and 79%, respectively. Median follow‐up time was 42.5 months (range, 0.3‐173.4 months). Grade ≥3 toxicities were similar between either group, except for greater pulmonary (P = .02) and renal toxicity (P = .01) in the ≥40‐years‐of‐age group. Treatment‐related mortality was similar between both age groups: 10 patients (3%) in the <40‐years‐of‐age group and 4 patients (3.5%) in ≥40‐years‐of‐age group died from complications of HDCT. Two‐year PFS for <40 years of age versus ≥40 years of age was 58.7% versus 59.6% (P = .76) and 2‐year OS was 63.9% versus 61.5% (P = .93). Factors predicting worse PFS included Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥1, platinum refractory disease, nonseminoma histology, and not completing 2 cycles of HDCT. Age was not an independent predictor of worse outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

HDCT plus PBSCT is effective salvage therapy in patients ≥40 years of age with relapsed metastatic GCT. Patients ≥40 years of age experience similar rates of toxicity and treatment‐related mortality as those <40 years of age.