bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global development of innovative financial services. Does family economic socialization influence investor behavior in real estate crowdfunding?
Authors: Legenzova Renata , Leckė Gintarė
Published: December 2021

Research background: Globalization, digitalization and growth of technological innovations trigger development of new financial services, such as real estate crowdfunding. Seeking better return opportunities individual investors often disregard neoclassical decision-making criteria, while behavioral factors, such as social influence, emotions, cognitive abilities are gaining importance. This paper addresses the role of family economics socialization as a complex process by which individuals acquire social skills, knowledge, behavior patterns needed to make investment decision by purposively or spontaneously interacting with their family members.

Purpose of the article is to assess if and how family economic socialization impacts on investor behavior in real estate crowdfunding.

Methods: Research data was collected through an online survey of Lithuanian real estate crowdfunding investors. Then structural equation modeling technique was employed to investigate the impact of family economic socialization on behavior of real estate crowdfunding investors.

Findings & Value added: Findings revealed that majority of real estate crowdfunding investors make bounded rationality investment decisions. Family, as one of the main agents of the economic socialization, does not ensure rationality of the crowdfunding decision-making process. Purposive family economic socialization has no impact on the behavior of investors with bounded rationality, yet it has a significant impact on behavior of rational family members. Spontaneous family economic socialization proved to have a positive and significant impact on the behavior of investors with bounded rationality. Taking into consideration rapid global development of innovative financial services market, such results might be a troubling signal for the product developers and market regulators.
The financial condition of corporations of the Russian defense-industrial complex, which are included in the TOP lists of the largest military companies in the world
Authors: Gregova Elena , Tulyakova Irina , Dengov Victor
Published: December 2021

Research background: Over the recent period, new “players” have appeared on the world arms and military equipment markets as large exporters, which were previously positioned as large importers of weapons. As international experience shows, in order to become a global exporter of weapons and military equipment, one needs to create powerful military companies. Russian defense companies occupy high places in various TOP lists, which provides the country with a stable position in the export markets. An analysis of the financial condition of these companies makes it possible to deepen the assessment of the prospects for Russian arms exports. The authors have repeatedly addressed the topic of Russian arms exports and the place of Russia in the global arms and military equipment trade markets.

Purpose of the article: The main goal of the study is to analyze the current financial standing of the leading Russian defense industry companies, which ensure the country’s stable positions in global export markets.

Methods: Generalizations of the research are based on the processing and systematization of data obtained from available information sources. By analyzing the statistics, the authors were able to deduce the trends of the current moment and determine the prospects.

Findings & Value added: Consideration of the financial condition of backbone enterprises of the Russian defense industry enabled the authors to make an educated guess about what the prospects for Russia hold high positions in the global markets of AME.
Ways of Detection of Creative Accounting in a Global Economy
Authors: Hrosova Lenka
Published: December 2021

Research background: Any entity operating in a global economic environment is required to conduct an accounting agenda in such a way that its financial statements are prepared in a clear, comprehensible manner and adhere to the accounting principle of fair and true presentation of accounting facts as it serves as a source of information for internal and other external entities using this information in its economic decision-making. It is the principle of accurate and true presentation of accounting information that plays an important role in the field of creative accounting, in which the accounting data is adjusted or manipulated to the desired form.

Purpose of the article: The main goal of this paper is to point out the issue of creative accounting and the possibility of its detection using selected models.

Methods: The methodological part is focused on the application of the Beneish model and CFEBT model assuming the use of creative techniques in the period 2016-2020.

Findings & Value added: The summary of the results of the analysis thus points to the use of creative accounting in a given accounting entity according to the Beneish model and CFEBT model, but this accounting entity, despite its use, did not violate the principle of a true and fair representation of the accounting reality.
Innovation measurement: An extensive literature analysis
Authors: Janoskova Katarina , Kral Pavol
Published: December 2021

Research background: There is no doubt that innovation is an important source of a company´s competitiveness, but it is very difficult to measure the extent to which it contributes to the growth of competitiveness. Opponents of measuring innovation argue that measuring innovation is a measurement of the immeasurable. How to measure innovations and is it possible to measure innovations, is a question constantly posed by academics, managers, and economists all over the world. To find answer to these questions, this review article analyses scientific publications on innovation measurement published between 1968 and 2021.

Purpose of the article: The main purpose of this article is to increase the understanding of the metrics landscape and to identify differences in the methods used in the past and present with emphasis on identification of statistical and econometric methods used to study innovation.

Methods: To achieve the purpose of the article, literature review as a method of qualitative research was used. Data for literature review were gained from the Web of Science database.

Findings & Value added: The analysis finds several metrics that can be used for evaluation of company´s innovation. The results can helps managers, academics, and economists to better understand the innovation measurement..
Open innovations as a means of increasing the competitiveness of enterprises on a global scale
Authors: Rosnerova Zuzana
Published: December 2021

Research background: Innovation is considered to be the driving force of any economy. In many cases, innovations are perceived as a means of increasing the competitiveness of companies or streamlining business processes. In cases where companies have introduced innovations into their practice, this has been reflected in their financial economy, and in many cases better financial results have been achieved.

Purpose of the article: The article deals with the issue of open innovations and addresses the degree of implementation of open innovations in companies operating on the Slovak market. The aim of the paper is to identify the state of use of the concept of open innovation. It also aims to find out whether companies applying this concept are interested in obtaining funds from public sources and which public sources are most interested in.

Methods: As part of the analysis of the state of use of open innovations in the conditions of companies operating in the Slovak economy, descriptive and comparative methods are used, on the basis of which is possible find out the interest of companies in the concept of open innovations. The results are displayed through a description and graphical display.

Findings & Value added: Based on the findings, it can be stated that 64.34% of companies have addressed the concept of open innovation in their practice. Regarding the interest of companies in public sources of financing for open innovation, the most common sources are the European Structural Funds.
Innovative creative activities of Russian companies in the global business environment
Authors: Samoylov Alexander V. , Zhulega Irina A. , Sycheva Evelina
Published: December 2021

Research background: Analytical research is needed to manage innovation development, which is the relevant background of this work.

Purpose of the article: The aim of this study is to analyse and evaluate the use of innovative creative technologies to create added value in the face of globalization change. The aim of the study is to compare the dynamics of innovative creative development of Russia and the world leaders.

Methods: The Global Innovation Index (GII-2020) is used as a scientific and methodological approach to monitoring and analysing the level of innovative creative processes, based on the study of available statistical sources and studies conducted by Cornell University, INSEAD and WIPO.

Findings & Value added: At present, in the conditions of the global crisis and the strengthening of economic sanctions against Russia by the United States and the European Union, the innovative direction of the economic policy of the state is of paramount importance. This is because advances in innovative technologies, more than ever, determine the dynamics of economic growth, the level of well-being of the population. Global innovation indices create an area of research in which innovative factors, including creative activity, are under constant evaluation. This assessment is a key tool for making a decision to improve the development of modern business processes and to determine strategically the priority of the development vectors in the future in order to strengthen the country’s economic position and competitiveness in the face of globalization.
Digital marketing communication in the age of globalization
Authors: Bílková Renáta
Published: December 2021

Research background: The marketing perception has changed dramatically in recent years. Evolution of digital shopping and information technology generate new challenges. Internet marketing and social media have a significant impact on the behavior of consumers, and businesses are forced to look into new ways to play a role in each stage of the consumer’s decision-making process. Nowadays marketing is concerned with understanding people’s motivations and using these insights to create content and campaigns that engage and gain the attention of relevant users in the global Internet marketplace.

Purpose of the article: Consumers use different research strategies when preparing to purchase a product. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the importance and relevance stages of the mapping customer decision-making process for better user experience and to segment users on the basis of their current intention to purchase goods.

Methods: The research work is based mainly on the STDC framework, which is used for strategic and content planning in order to adapt ads to the decision-making phase in which the customer is located. For the purposes of the article and to obtain target information, a quantitative self-service questionnaire was created. The purpose of this questionnaire was to find out the steps in the selection of specific goods and the factors that influenced their final purchase.

Findings & Value added: The article has a practical focus on the recommendations for marketing communication which will attract more consumers and increase competitiveness, which is relevant especially in the context of globalization.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on digital globalization
Authors: Popescu Maria Loredana , Platagea Gombos Svetlana , Burlacu Sorin , Mair Amza
Published: December 2021

Research background: After more than a year of the Covid-19 pandemic, we can investigate whether it caused a shock to the global economy, pushing for deglobalization, or on the contrary, it was a challenge for digital globalization and digital transformation of economies. Through this research we join the research contributions that examine the process towards digital globalization that characterizes the world economy, its impact on businesses, consumers, and governments. We also discuss the challenges posed by the crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic to globalization and perhaps the acceleration of the digital transformation of economies.

Purpose of the article: The aim of this research is to highlight the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the age of digital globalization.

Methods: Documentary analysis, as the main research method, is doubled by a case study that allows us to highlight the specific characteristics of digital globalization.

Findings & Value added: The findings of the research allowed us to highlight the essential aspects of digital globalization that were perhaps exacerbated by the Covid-19 pandemic, but which contribute greatly to understanding the phenomenon of globalization. Our research also reveals four lessons learned in the COVID-19 pandemic. We also present some considerations regarding the globalization after the health crisis.
Digitization and robotization of accounting for business entities in the Czech Republic
Authors: Slezák Jiří , Barotová Jana , Červenková Jana , Svačková Daniela
Published: December 2021

Research background: Business entities in the Czech Republic, as well as others around the world began to realise the need of using new information technologies. More business subjects became conscious of the advantages and benefits of digitization, automatization and robotization, not only in accounting, because of the influence of Sars-Covid-19 pandemic. The concept of digitization is the use of information and digital technologies that lead to streamlining and improving processes in the areas of communication, information transfer, data availability and more. Considering the fact that nobody knows how the digital world will look like in the future, it is necessary for business entities to prepare themselves for anything to come so they will be able to react flexibly because it is obvious that the digital world affects and will affect every part of business management. Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper is to evaluate the level of digitization of business entities in the Czech Republic in accounting. Methods: To conduct the research we have used a questionnaire survey and testing of statistical hypotheses. Findings & Value added: The answers of respondents show that the level of digitization and the use of their services depends on their size, larger entities are using the digitization more intensively. The article is very useful, especially at a time when the Czech Republic and the world are affected by the pandemic Sars-Covid-19.
Are Slovak farms financially healthier as a result of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union?
Authors: Bencová Tatiana , Boháčiková Andrea , Tóth Marián , Pindešová Diana
Published: December 2021

Research background: The main goal of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is to support farmers and improve their productivity. Agriculture is a specific sector of the economy, characterized by income support for farmers to ensure the availability of quality food. However, the question remains whether Slovak farms are financially healthy under the influence of the reformed CAP of European Union (EU)?

Purpose of the article: The main goal of the article is to evaluate the financial health of Slovak farms using selected prediction techniques pointing to the impact of the CAP of EU.

Methods: We have used data obtained from the financial statements of Slovak farms in the years 2009-2020. The financial health of farms will be assessed using selected generally constructed models of multivariate discriminatory analysis (Altman Z-score, IN 05, Creditworthiness Index, Taffler model), but also prediction models that have been specially constructed for the Slovak agricultural sector, such as G-index and CH-index. To detect the statistical differences between the years 2009-2013 and 2014-2020 in the value of prediction models of farms were used statistical t-tests of conformity in the surveyed sample.

Findings & Value added: The results can be evaluated on two levels. The first of them is a look at the analysis of the financial health of Slovak farms in the context of the interpretation of the regulations of the Common Agricultural Policy of EU. The second output is an evaluation of the financial health of farms in the selected time period.
Muskel-Funktionsanalyse bei Progressiver Diaphysärer
Dysplasie (PDD)/Camurati-Engelmann Syndrom (CES) – eine
Fallstudie
Authors: Anders Christoph , Abendroth Ben , Abendroth Klaus
Published: December 2021

Hintergrund Das Camurati-Engelmann Syndrom (CES) ist klinisch durch
Muskelfunktionsstörungen, Watschelgang und eingeschränkte
Mobilität gekennzeichnet, die möglicherweise durch eine
diaphysäre Dysplasie getriggert sind.

Fragestellung Lassen sich mit dem Oberflächen-EMG (OEMG)
funktionelle und pathogenetische Hinweise für die
Muskelveränderungen finden?

Methode Für diese Einzelfallstudie wurde das OEMG während
Gehens auf einem Laufband bei unterschiedlichen Gehgeschwindigkeiten an Muskeln
der Beine, der Hüfte und des Rumpfes erfasst. Ebenso wurde die
empfundene Beanspruchung erfragt. Die Daten wurden mit denen einer weiblichen
Normpopulation verglichen.

Ergebnisse Das OEMG weist bereits im Stehen wechselnde Abweichungen von
den Werten der Normpopulation auf. Das Beanspruchungsempfinden beim Gehen war
generell höher als in der Normgruppe und wies ein Optimum bei
2,5 km/h auf. Die OEMG-Kurven der Mm. multifidus, glutaeus
medius, biceps femoris und gastrocnemius ergaben der jeweiligen Funktion
zugeordnete aber von der Norm abweichende Aktivierungsmuster als Hinweis auf
Muskelschwäche und Koordinationsstörungen.

Schlussfolgerung Die beobachteten Befunde können die
Gangveränderungen zumindest teilweise erklären, erlauben aber
keine weiteren Hinweise zur Pathogenese des CES.
Träger von Düften und Hoffnungen
Authors: Herber Sabrina , Zimmermann Eliane
Published: December 2021

Ätherische Öle in einer sanften Verdünnung bis 1 % können Sterbende, Schwerkranke und Angehörige ganzheitlich unterstützen und begleiten, mildern Ängste, vermitteln Geborgenheit und lindern körperliche und seelische Schmerzen. Je nach Wunsch der Betroffenen eignet sich dazu die Anwendung ätherischer Öle in Form von Duftkompressen, Körperölmischungen, Raumsprays oder in elektrischen Verneblern. Patienten und Angehörige sollten den Duft immer als angenehm und wohltuend empfinden.
Emerging international compliance: Policy implications of a money laundering case
Authors: Isolauri Emilia A. , Zettinig Peter , Nummela Niina
Published: December 2021

By conducting a qualitative single case study, we have depicted in this study a suspected case of international money laundering in Finland, and described its consequences in terms of policy changes. The case allowed us to investigate how new anti-money laundering policies emerge over time and thus advance knowledge relevant to formulating effective international business policies. Building on institutional heterogeneity and the co-evolutionary nature of change, we have proposed a new framework depicting emerging international compliance in order to promote understanding of this complex, yet dynamic phenomenon. The literature repeatedly highlights the role of formal policies in mitigating international money laundering, however, we have paid additional attention to unethical business practices and the moral aspect recognised to be important in terms of curbing the problem. This is particularly relevant for MNCs, as they can aid institutional change internationally by spreading ‘company best practices’. We also present the managerial and policy implications of solving moral problems related to money laundering from the perspective of governments, society and organisations.
Measurement of non-linearity in the cathodoluminescence yield for non-doped scintillators
Authors: Belov M. V. , Koutovoi S. A. , Kozlov V. A. , Pestovskii N. V. , Savinov S. Yu. , Zagumennyi A. I. , Zavartsev Yu. D. , Zavertyaev M. V.
Published: December 2021

We propose a method for studying nonlinearity in the cathodoluminescence (CL) characteristics of wide-bandgap materials based on the measurements of the CL energy dependence on the total energy of a pulsed electron beam Eb using its bremsstrahlung. It is shown that the x-ray radiant energy produced by a high-power (∼10MW/cm2) electron beam with particle energies of 50–300 keV is proportional to Eb in the case of weak variations in the electron energy distribution of the beam. This direct proportionality between Eb and the x-ray radiant energy is experimentally confirmed in the current experiment by measuring the dependence of the molecular nitrogen emission radiant energy at 337 nm excited by a direct electron impact (the 0-0 vibrational transition of the second positive system of the emission bands of N2 molecule) on the total electron beam energy Eb. Using this result, the dependencies of the CL radiant energy on Eb are studied for undoped Bi4Ge3O12, PbWO4, CeF3, and BaF2 crystals with bright intrinsic luminescence. An interpretation of these dependencies is given using a simple theoretical model and photoluminescence nonlinearity data published in the literature. We estimate the average concentration of the electronic excitations (EE) provided by the electron beam (1018–1019 e.–h.p./cm3) and obtain the approximate dependencies of the CL yield on the EE density for the studied materials. For the CeF3 crystal, different CL yield dependencies on the EE density are found for the bands at 300 and 350 nm.
Achieving sub-diffraction spatial resolution using combined Fourier transform spectroscopy and nonlinear optical microscopy
Authors: Steves Megan A. , Knappenberger Kenneth L.
Published: December 2021

Fourier transform nonlinear optical microscopy is used to perform nonlinear spectroscopy of single gold nanorods in an imaging platform, which enables sub-diffraction spatial resolution. The nonlinear optical signal is detected as a function of the time delay between two phase-locked pulses, forming an interferogram that can be used to retrieve the resonant response of the nanoparticles. Detection of the nonlinear signal through a microscopy platform enables wide-field hyperspectral imaging of the longitudinal plasmon resonances in individual gold nanorods. Super-resolution capabilities are demonstrated by distinguishing multiple nanorods that are co-located within the optical diffraction limit and are spatially separated by only tens of nanometers. The positions and resonance energies obtained through Fourier transform nonlinear optical microscopy agree with the relative positions and aspect ratios deduced from electron microscopy.
The zeta function for the triangular potential
Authors: Naber M. G.
Published: December 2021

The zeta functions for the Schrödinger equation with a triangular potential are investigated. Values of the zeta functions are computed using both the Weierstrass factorization theorem and analytic continuation via contour integration. The results were found to be consistent where the domains of the two methods overlap. Analytic continuation is used to compute the values of the zeta functions at zero and the negative integers and explore the pole structure (and residue values) as well as the value of the slopes at the origin. Those results are used for the computation of the trace and determinant of the associated Hamiltonians.
High-throughput deterministic plasma etching using array-type plasma generator system
Authors: Sano Yasuhisa , Nishida Ken , Asada Ryohei , Okayama Shinya , Toh Daisetsu , Matsuyama Satoshi , Yamauchi Kazuto
Published: December 2021

A deterministic processing method is a high-precision finishing method, where the to-be-removed amount of material at each point of the work surface is calculated based on an accurately measured present surface shape and is removed precisely using a numerically controlled (NC) processing system. Although this method has achieved nanometer-scale accuracy, the method requires considerable time to scan the work surface, leading to low productivity. Therefore, using an individual on–off controllable array-type plasma generator covering the entire work surface, enabling simultaneous NC plasma processing is proposed herein. A novel intermittent gas flow system was constructed using cyclic on–off control of the gas supply and exhaust valves instead of the commonly used continuous gas flow to achieve uniform in-plane plasma etching. It was found that uniform removal could be achieved by combining it with a pulse-modulated high-frequency power supply and setting the plasma generation time in one cycle to be sufficiently short. Furthermore, a power control approach was developed for maintaining a constant plasma state, even while varying the plasma-generating array elements, which resulted in a demonstration experiment of NC plasma etching that successfully reduced the thickness variation of a silicon substrate.
On a class of quasilinear Schrödinger equations with the supercritical growth
Authors: Tu Kaifei , Cheng Yongkuan
Published: December 2021

In this paper, we consider a class of quasilinear Schrödinger equations arising from plasma physics and nonlinear optics. Based on the perturbative approach, we prove the existence of infinity many slow decaying solutions for any positive parameter.
Structural analysis and potential extraction from diffraction data of disordered systems by least-biased feature matching
Authors: Zhao Yuansheng
Published: December 2021

Determining the structure and underlying potential from the experiment data is an important task in the study of disordered systems such as liquids and glasses. In this article, a new approach to tackle this problem is proposed. This method can iteratively refine any interaction potential u with the form of a fixed potential ψ added by a dot product between adjustable parameter θ and some functions of atomic coordinates called features f (i.e., potential u = ψ + θ · f). The updating rule for parameters is very simple as it only uses the difference of the ensemble mean of f between the simulation box and experiment. The solution found by this method minimizes the Kullback–Leibler divergence of the atomic distribution under the parameterized potential u and the prior potential ψ, subject to the condition that the ensemble mean of f of the simulation box is equal to its experimental value, ensuring that the potential given will be the least biased one from the prior potential but still consistent with the experiment. It is also shown that this method approximately minimizes the squared difference between the parameterized potential and the unknown true potential. Furthermore, the flexibility of the potential functional form allows the potential to be automatically fitted to some convenient forms or to encode additional known properties of the system under study. The method is tested on Lennard-Jones liquid as well as SiO2 liquid and glass for potential extraction or structure refinement using simulated data and real experiment data. Good results are obtained for both systems.
Unveiling the relationship between structural and polarization effects on the first hyperpolarizability of a merocyanine dye
Authors: Siqueira Ysmailyn , Lyra Marcelo L. , Ramos Tárcius N. , Champagne Benoît , Manzoni Vinícius
Published: December 2021

The nonlinear optical response, more specifically the Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering (HRS) response of the Brooker’s merocyanine, has been calculated at the time-dependent density functional theory level and rationalized in terms of the structural changes and polarization effects induced by applied external electric fields. The structural change leads to large changes in the HRS response, while only slight variations were observed due to the polarization effects on the fixed quinoid form. Considering both structural and polarization contributions concurrently, the HRS response is dominated by cooperative behavior of those effects for weak and intermediate electric field strengths. At the same time, the competition between both effects was a crucial factor in the region of strong electric fields. The obtained results can lead to an easier understanding for upcoming studies considering more realistic models of solvents where it is not simple to disentangle these contributions.
A better understanding of terahertz emission from semiconductor surfaces with a phased-array effect
Authors: Mannan Abdul , Inoue Ryotaro , Murakami Fumikazu , Serita Kazunori , Murakami Hironaru , Tonouchi Masayoshi
Published: December 2021

We studied the phased-array effects in terahertz emission from semiconductor surfaces upon femtosecond laser illumination. A finite-difference time-domain simulation and experimental observation of the radiation patterns were utilized to examine the optical excitation at normal to the semiconductor surface and oblique angles of 30° and 45° with diameters of ∼10 and 275 μm. The results revealed that there exists a clear phased-array effect for the defocusing conditions. The larger diameter induced a pronounced directivity of the emission owing to the constructive interference of multiple point sources obeying the law of linear superposition, whereas the radiation patterns at smaller diameters were explained as the dipole point source. This finding, in addition to previous studies, will provide a better understanding and contribute to applications of terahertz emission spectroscopy in the field of semiconductor research and development.
Overview of Vacuum Technology
Authors: Gessert Timothy A.
Published: December 2021

Overview of Vacuum Technology provides the reader a broad treatment of typical systems and components used in the critical field of vacuum technology. It demonstrates where and why certain vacuum components are used in this rapidly evolving area of science. It develops the reader's understanding of how to effectively establish vacuum equipment that will meet both their present and near-future needs. This important reference offers guidance on “costs of ownership” concerns for initial purchase and other less-understood costs related to operation and maintenance. This foundation will allow technologists and researchers to acquire vacuum equipment capable of producing a required level of reproducibility, as well as maintain the vacuum equipment within the research and production budgets.

This important book:Provides definitions and use cases, principles and key applications, procedures, and data evaluationDiscusses the development of gas laws, the transport of gas molecules, and vacuum chamber outgassingPresents descriptions and selection advice for critical components such as gauges, pumps, valves, chambers, feedthroughs, and flangesScientists, engineers, and technologists in semiconductor electronics, photovoltaics, energy, and materials science will find this an invaluable reference. Educators and researchers interested in vacuum technology will also find this book a useful resource.
Scope and Other Resources
Authors: Gessert Timothy A.
Published: December 2021

The first chapter of this book describes its primary focus, some background information on the author, and the envisioned reader. Specifically, the book is intended for technologists new to the vacuum industry and/or graduate students who are beginning their research studies and require a rapid introduction to the science and design of vacuum systems and components they will be using. The chapter also provides suggestions of where to find more detailed information on vacuum technology, including published references as well as the importance of leveraging personal and professional associations.
Electronic Doping Strategy in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Wei Xueyuan , Zhang Pengxiang , Bai Yang , Chen Qi
Published: December 2021

Doping is widely adopted in semiconductor device fabrication, such as in chips, solar cells, and light-emitting diodes, and plays an important role in improving the performance of the device. For traditional semiconductors, the main purpose of doping is to tailor their electronic properties. However, in the perovskite community, the doping technique is mainly discussed in the context of crystallography, such as the crystal structure, phase transition, and residual stress. Impurity doping effects on electronic properties have been largely unexplored. Here, we review doping strategies and their impacts on traditional semiconductors and halide perovskite materials. We focus on the effects of doping on the electrical properties of materials and their resultant devices, which include on their carrier concentration, conductivity, band structure, and carrier dynamics. This review is expected to provide inspiration for the design and processing of perovskite materials and their corresponding devices.
Place cells may simply be memory cells: Memory compression leads to spatial tuning and history dependence
Authors: Benna Marcus K. , Fusi Stefano
Published: December 2021

Significance

Numerous studies on primates revealed the importance of the hippocampus in memory formation. The rodent literature instead focused on the spatial representations that are observed in navigation experiments. Here, we propose a simple model of the hippocampus that reconciles the main findings of the primate and rodent studies. The model assumes that the hippocampus is a memory system that generates compressed representations of sensory experiences using previously acquired knowledge about the statistics of the world. These experiences can then be memorized more efficiently. The sensory experiences during the exploration of an environment, when compressed by the hippocampus, lead naturally to spatial representations similar to those observed in rodent studies and to the emergence of place cells.
Decoupling between Shockley partials and stacking faults strengthens multiprincipal element alloys
Authors: Pei Zongrui , Zhang Siyuan , Lei Yinkai , Zhang Fan , Chen Mingwei
Published: December 2021

Significance

Alloys play crucial roles in the civilization history of human beings. Recently, a group of novel alloys without principal elements—i.e., multiprincipal element alloys—have been extensively studied due to their excellent mechanical performance. Although we know many multiprincipal element alloys have high-yield stresses, the underlying mechanistic origins remain elusive. Assisted by state-of-the-art theoretical and experimental methods, we show that the excellent mechanical properties have diverse origins. The strengthening effects through Shockley partials and stacking faults can change in different directions in these alloys, breaking the conventional wisdom. These insights generalize the physical picture for the strengthening mechanisms that can coexist in the multiprincipal element alloys and provide a pathway to design high-performance alloys.
A halogen budget of the bulk silicate Earth points to a history of early halogen degassing followed by net regassing
Authors: Guo Meng , Korenaga Jun
Published: December 2021

Significance

Halogens play a critical role in biochemistry and are useful to understand how planets formed and evolved. As we found that the traditional way of constraining the halogen budget within Earth is unreliable, we developed a method that better utilizes relevant geochemical data and estimated halogen abundances in various silicate reservoirs of Earth. Our halogen budget indicates that the majority of halogens are more concentrated in the mantle than in the surface and suggests that halogens have likely experienced early degassing and subsequent net regassing. This study also provides an important key to deciphering the geological history of ocean chemistry.
Engineered synaptic tools reveal localized cAMP signaling in synapse assembly
Authors: Sando Richard , Ho Milan Lyndie , Liu Xinran , Südhof Thomas C.
Published: December 2021

The physiological mechanisms driving synapse formation are elusive. Although numerous signals are known to regulate synapses, it remains unclear which signaling mechanisms organize initial synapse assembly. Here, we describe new tools, referred to as “SynTAMs” for synaptic targeting molecules, that enable localized perturbations of cAMP signaling in developing postsynaptic specializations. We show that locally restricted suppression of postsynaptic cAMP levels or of cAMP-dependent protein-kinase activity severely impairs excitatory synapse formation without affecting neuronal maturation, dendritic arborization, or inhibitory synapse formation. In vivo, suppression of postsynaptic cAMP signaling in CA1 neurons prevented formation of both Schaffer-collateral and entorhinal-CA1/temporoammonic-path synapses, suggesting a general principle. Retrograde trans-synaptic rabies virus tracing revealed that postsynaptic cAMP signaling is required for continuous replacement of synapses throughout life. Given that postsynaptic latrophilin adhesion-GPCRs drive synapse formation and produce cAMP, we suggest that spatially restricted postsynaptic cAMP signals organize assembly of postsynaptic specializations during synapse formation.
TIM3+ TRBV11-2 T cells and IFNγ signature in patrolling monocytes and CD16+ NK cells delineate MIS-C
Authors: Hoste Levi , Roels Lisa , Naesens Leslie , Bosteels Victor , Vanhee Stijn , Dupont Sam , Bosteels Cedric , Browaeys Robin , Vandamme Niels , Verstaen Kevin , Roels Jana , Van Damme Karel F.A. , Maes Bastiaan , De Leeuw Elisabeth , Declercq Jozefien , Aegerter Helena , Seys Leen , Smole Ursula , De Prijck Sofie , Vanheerswynghels Manon , Claes Karlien , Debacker Veronique , Van Isterdael Gert , Backers Lynn , Claes Kathleen B.M. , Bastard Paul , Jouanguy Emmanuelle , Zhang Shen-Ying , Mets Gilles , Dehoorne Joke , Vandekerckhove Kristof , Schelstraete Petra , Willems Jef ,   MIS-C Clinicians, Willekens Julie , Schaballie Heidi , Van daele Sabine , Dierickx Laure , David Sara , Dhont Evelyn , Verrijckt Ann , de Jaeger Annick , Beel Emma , Matthijs Inge , Minne Aurélie , Decaestecker Karin , John Jijo , Crijnen Thomas E.M. , Koninckx Muriel , Verbruggen Joery , Nys Goele , Akhnikh Samira , Vanlede Koen , Coppens Annelien , Thijs Joke , Ryckaert Ilse , Covents Annick , Duval Els L.I.M. , Verschelde Ann , De Keyzer Linde , Van Ackere Tine , Verbist Astrid , Daeze Charlotte , Becue Caroline , De Paepe Justine , Keepers Jo , Bruylants Bruno , Kuypers Sabine , Daelemans Siel , van der Werff ten Bosch Jutte , van Berlaer Gerlant , Dreesman Alexandra , Florkin Benoit , Heijmans Catherine , Papadopoulos Jean , Stordeur Patrick , Janssens Sophie , Beyaert Rudi , Saeys Yvan , Casanova Jean-Laurent , Lambrecht Bart N. , Haerynck Filomeen , Tavernier Simon J.
Published: December 2021

In rare instances, pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection results in a novel immunodysregulation syndrome termed multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). We compared MIS-C immunopathology with severe COVID-19 in adults. MIS-C does not result in pneumocyte damage but is associated with vascular endotheliitis and gastrointestinal epithelial injury. In MIS-C, the cytokine release syndrome is characterized by IFNγ and not type I interferon. Persistence of patrolling monocytes differentiates MIS-C from severe COVID-19, which is dominated by HLA-DRlo classical monocytes. IFNγ levels correlate with granzyme B production in CD16+ NK cells and TIM3 expression on CD38+/HLA-DR+ T cells. Single-cell TCR profiling reveals a skewed TCRβ repertoire enriched for TRBV11-2 and a superantigenic signature in TIM3+/CD38+/HLA-DR+ T cells. Using NicheNet, we confirm IFNγ as a central cytokine in the communication between TIM3+/CD38+/HLA-DR+ T cells, CD16+ NK cells, and patrolling monocytes. Normalization of IFNγ, loss of TIM3, quiescence of CD16+ NK cells, and contraction of patrolling monocytes upon clinical resolution highlight their potential role in MIS-C immunopathogenesis.
Label-free detection of single nanoparticles with disordered nanoisland surface plasmon sensor
Authors: Lee Hongki , Berk Joel , Webster Aaron , Kim Donghyun , Foreman Matthew R
Published: December 2021

We report sensing of single nanoparticles using disordered metallic nanoisland substrates supporting surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). Speckle patterns arising from leakage radiation of elastically scattered SPPs provide a unique fingerprint of the scattering microstructure at the sensor surface. Experimental measurements of the speckle decorrelation are presented and shown to enable detection of sorption of individual gold nanoparticles and polystyrene beads. Our approach is verified through bright-field and fluorescence imaging of particles adhering to the nanoisland substrate.
PET respiratory motion correction: quo vadis?
Authors: Lamare F , Bousse A , Thielemans K , Liu C , Merlin T , Fayad H , Visvikis D
Published: December 2021

Positron emission tomography (PET) respiratory motion correction has been a subject of great interest for the last twenty years, prompted mainly by the development of multimodality imaging devices such as PET/computed tomography (CT) and PET/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). PET respiratory motion correction involves a number of steps including acquisition synchronization, motion estimation and finally motion correction. The synchronization steps include the use of different external device systems or data driven approaches which have been gaining ground over the last few years. Patient specific or generic motion models using the respiratory synchronized datasets can be subsequently derived and used for correction either in the image space or within the image reconstruction process. Similar overall approaches can be considered and have been proposed for both PET/CT and PET/MRI devices. Certain variations in the case of PET/MRI include the use of MRI specific sequences for the registration of respiratory motion information. The proposed review includes a comprehensive coverage of all these areas of development in field of PET respiratory motion for different multimodality imaging devices and approaches in terms of synchronization, estimation and subsequent motion correction. Finally, a section on perspectives including the potential clinical usage of these approaches is included.
Pre- and post-treatment image-based dosimetry in 90Y-microsphere radioembolization using the TOPAS Monte Carlo toolkit
Authors: Bertolet Alejandro , Wehrenberg-Klee Eric , Bobić Mislav , Grassberger Clemens , Perl Joseph , Paganetti Harald , Schuemann Jan
Published: December 2021

Objective. To evaluate the pre-treatment and post-treatment imaging-based dosimetry of patients treated with 90Y-microspheres, including accurate estimations of dose to tumor, healthy liver and lung. To do so, the Monte Carlo (MC) TOPAS platform is in this work extended towards its utilization in radionuclide therapy. Approach. Five patients treated at the Massachusetts General Hospital were selected for this study. All patients had data for both pre-treatment SPECT-CT imaging using 99mTc-MAA as a surrogate of the 90Y-microspheres treatment and SPECT-CT imaging immediately after the 90Y activity administration. Pre- and post-treatment doses were computed with TOPAS using the SPECT images to localize the source positions and the CT images to account for tissue inhomoegeneities. We compared our results with analytical calculations following the voxel-based MIRD scheme. Main results. TOPAS results largely agreed with the MIRD-based calculations in soft tissue regions: the average difference in mean dose to the liver was 0.14 Gy GBq−1 (2.6%). However, dose distributions in the lung differed considerably: absolute differences in mean doses to the lung ranged from 1.2 to 6.3 Gy GBq−1 and relative differences from 153% to 231%. We also found large differences in the intra-hepatic dose distributions between pre- and post-treatment imaging, but only limited differences in the pulmonary dose. Significance. Doses to lung were found to be higher using TOPAS with respect to analytical calculations which may significantly underestimate dose to the lung, suggesting the use of MC methods for 90Y dosimetry. According to our results, pre-treatment imaging may still be representative of dose to lung in these treatments.
Comparison of the electrical and impedance properties of Au/(ZnOMn:PVP)/n-Si (MPS) type Schottky-diodes (SDs) before and after gamma-irradiation
Authors: Altındal Şemsettin , Barkhordari Ali , Pirgholi-Givi Gholamreza , Ulusoy Murat , Mashayekhi Hamidreza , Özçelik Süleyman , Azizian-Kalandaragh Yashar
Published: December 2021

The effect of 60Co-iradiation) on the electrical parameters in the Au/(ZnOMn:PVP)/n-Si SDs have been investigated using the current-voltage (I–V) and capacitance/conductance-voltage (C/G–V) measurements. Firstly, the values of reverse-saturation-current (Io), ideality-factor (n), barrier-height (BH), shunt/series resistances (Rsh, Rs), and rectifying-rate (RR) were extracted from the I–V data before and after gamma-irradiation (5 and 60 kGy) using thermionic-emission (TE), Norde, and Cheung methods. The surface-states (Nss) versus energy (Ec–Ess) profile was extracted from I–V data considering voltage-dependent of n and BH using Card-Rhoderick method. Secondly, the doping-donor atoms (Nd), Fermi-energy (EF), BH, maximum electric-field (Em), and depletion-layer width (Wd) were extracted from the linear-part of reverse-bias C−2–V plot for 100 kHz before and after irradiation. Finally, the voltage-dependent profiles of Rs and radiation-induced of Nss were extracted from the C/G–V plots by using Nicollian-Brews and the difference between C–V plots before and after irradiation, respectively. The peak behavior in the Nss–V plots and shifts in its position was attributed to special-distribution of Nss at (ZnOMn:PVP)/n-Si interface and restructure/reordering of them under radiation and electric field. Experimental results show that gamma-irradiation is more effective both on the I–V and C/G–V plots or electrical parameters, and hence the fabricated Au/(ZnOMn:PVP)/n-Si SDs can be used as a radiation-sensor.
An ARDS Severity Recognition Model based on XGBoost
Authors: Zhang Huimin , Ding Renshuang , Zhang Qi , Fang Mingxing , Zhang Guanghua , Yu Naiwen
Published: December 2021

Given the subjectivity and non-real-time of disease scoring system and invasive parameters in evaluating the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), combined with noninvasive parameters, this paper proposed an ARDS severity recognition model based on extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). Firstly, the physiological parameters of patients were extracted based on the MIMIC-III database for statistical analysis, and the outliers and unbalanced samples were processed by the interquartile range and synthetic minority oversampling technique. Then, Pearson correlation coefficient and random forest were used as hybrid feature selection to score the noninvasive parameters comprehensively, and essential parameters for identifying diseases were obtained. Finally, XGBoost combined with grid search cross-validation to determine the best hyper-parameters of the model to realize the accurate classification of disease degree. The experimental results show that the model’s area under the curve (AUC) is as high as 0.98, and the accuracy is 0.90; the total score of blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) is 0.625, which could be used as an essential parameter to evaluate the severity of ARDS. Compared with traditional methods, this model has excellent advantages in real-time and accuracy and could provide more accurate diagnosis and treatment suggestions for medical staff.