bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crop appropriation, labour supply, and demand for farm inputs: Evidence from Nigeria
Authors: Soneye Olurotimi O.
Published: November 2022

Crop appropriation occurs when portions of a farmer's crops are taken by individuals to whom she has no contractual obligation. While it is a reality in rural areas across developing countries, its economics has barely received attention. This paper uses data from Nigerian women farmers whom local patriarchal norms have typically had as crop owners rather than landowners to explore the question of how crop appropriation might affect levels of engagement in agriculture. I find the phenomenon to induce less time farming, greater participation in off‐farm employment, and lower demand for farm inputs.
Realizing the Switching of Optoelectronic Memory and Ultrafast Detector in Functionalized‐Black Phosphorus/MoS2 Heterojunction
Authors: Liu Chang , Ding Shuimei , Tian Qianlei , Hong Xitong , Su Wanhan , Tang Lin , Wang Liming , Zhang Mingliang , Liu Xingqiang , Lv Yawei , Ho Johnny C. , Liao Lei , Zou Xuming
Published: November 2022

A single device with switchable functions is highly attractive to the growing demands of complex optoelectronics. However, most of the currently reported devices either exhibit a lack of multifunction operation or require complex electrode configurations with limited performances. Here, a new concept of a functionalized‐black phosphorus (f‐BP)/MoS2 heterojunction is proposed, which enables the coexistence of an optoelectronic memory and a detector in a single device. The oxidation‐induced artificial‐traps on the BP surface result in a gate‐modulated photogating effect, so that the device can be freely switched between memory and detector by simply changing the back‐gate voltage. In the memory model, the device has an ultra‐long storage time (10 years), an ultra‐high on/off ratio (3.5 × 107), and outstanding multi‐bit storage (≈90 states), while in the detector model, the device still exhibits a fast response (130/260 µs), an impressive responsivity (22.2 A W−1), and self‐driven broadband detection (ultraviolet to near‐infrared). Most importantly, the highly anisotropic BP enables fast NIR polarization resolution with a maximum polarization ratio of 6.98 at 1064 nm.
The determinants of Black quarterback pay in the National Football League
Authors: Berri David , Farnell Alex , Simmons Robert
Published: November 2022

This paper seeks to econometrically determine differences in salary returns to attributes of quarterbacks in the National Football League (NFL), by race. We analyse salary determination of 215 White and Black quarterbacks over 2006 through 2020 with separate equations estimated for each group. Our analysis indicates that top draft pick evaluations persist into future pay setting for each group. However, there is a faster rate of decay of early draft round salary premium for Black quarterbacks. This is found to be robust across different estimations. This result is indicative of differential treatment in pay setting for Black quarterbacks.
Employing inverse Class‐E power amplifier series output filter in parallel Doherty power amplifier
Authors: Sheikhi Akram , Hemesi Hossein , Grebennikov Andrei
Published: November 2022

In this paper, a Doherty power amplifier based on an inverse Class‐E amplifier with a series output filter are presented. The proposed inverse Class‐E amplifier has been designed and simulated using lumped elements and transmission lines (TL), respectively. The high‐performance simulation results of TL inverse Class‐E PA with an output power of 46.2 dBm, peak drain efficiency of 71%, and a power gain of 27 dB at an input power 18 dBm have been obtained. Finally, the Doherty power amplifier (DPA) based on the inverse Class‐E power amplifier with some asymmetry in two paths has been designed and implemented. Implementation of both carrier and peaking amplifiers with an inverse Class‐E load network can provide an increase in the efficiency and improvement of harmonic suppression levels. Maximum drain efficiencies of 69.3% and 54% at maximum output power level (50 dBm) and 7‐dB back‐off power level (43 dBm) have been measured, respectively.
Optically remote‐controlled miniaturized 3D reconfigurable CRLH‐printed MIMO antenna array for 5G applications
Authors: Al‐khaylani Hayder H. , Elwi Taha A. , Ibrahim Abdullahi A.
Published: November 2022

A reconfigurable MIMO antenna array of a three‐dimensional geometry that is operating at sub‐6 GHz for 5G applications. The proposed antenna array provides a wideband with excellent matching impedance, S11 ≤ −10 dB, from 3.1 to 5.75 GHz. The proposed MIMO array is constructed from four antenna elements arranged on a cubical structure to provide a low mutual coupling, below −20 dB, over all frequency bands of interest. Each antenna element is excited with a coplanar waveguide. The proposed radiation patterns are controlled with two optical switches of light‐dependent resistors (LDRs). The antenna array is tested in terms of S‐parameters and radiation patterns. The maximum gain is found to be 3.6, 6.9, and 3.5 dBi at 3.6, 3.9, and 4.9 GHz, respectively. It is realized that the proposed array realizes a significant beam forming by splitting the antenna beam and changing the main lobe direction at 3.9 GHz after changing LDR switching statuses.
A simple SIW balanced directional coupler with high common‐mode suppression
Authors: Sun Nan , Zhao Yong‐Jiu , Yang Xin‐yu , Deng Hong‐wei
Published: November 2022

In this letter, a simple balanced directional coupler with high common‐mode (CM) suppression is designed by using a single‐layer substrate‐integrated waveguide (SIW). The SIW can be considered a naturally balanced structure. The CM noises are able to be intrinsically suppressed when differentially excited along the symmetric H‐plane of SIW. The coupling window with tapered transition is designed for broadening the bandwidth of 3‐dB coupling. The microstrip differential feeding structure with inductive vias and inductive matching section enables planar integration and better impedance matching. Finally, a SIW balanced directional coupler operating at 14–16 GHz is designed and fabricated. Measured results are in good agreement with simulated ones.
A compact triple‐band printed dipole antenna using C‐shaped resonators with stable radiation for GSM/ISM/WLAN applications
Authors: Hatamian Amir , Ghobadi Changiz , Nourinia Javad , Shokri Majid
Published: November 2022

A compact printed dipole antenna using an integrated balun is introduced in this work, which is achieved three frequency bands by using C‐shaped resonators. The total dimension of the proposed antenna is 42 × 72 mm2, and it covers the frequency bands of 1.62–1.88, 2.36–2.81, and 5.15–6.16 GHz with S11 < −10 dB. Furthermore, the measured peak gains of the antenna in three frequency bands are equal to 8.52, 9.46, and 6.81 dB, respectively. Dipole antennas with integrated baluns have a main frequency band based on the length of the dipole arms. Nevertheless, in the presented design, two additional frequency bands have been created for the antenna, by producing suitable magnetic couplings between the C‐shaped resonators and the Γ‐shaped feed line innovatively, which has a better radiation behavior, unlike traditional triple‐band antennas. An equivalent circuit of the introduced antenna has been investigated and afterward, the optimized antenna has been fabricated and tested.
A universal and convenient optimization design method of meshed transmission lines using parameter extraction
Authors: Li Mingtai , Li Tuanjie , Tang Yaqiong
Published: November 2022

In this paper, a universal and convenient optimization design method of the meshed transmission lines (TL) is presented. For optimizing meshed TL with the given characteristic impedance and propagation constant, the fast and accurate parameter characterization of meshed TL is a significant problem. A novel parameter extraction scheme is proposed to meet time‐saving and high accuracy of parameter characterization, and the related example analyses are given. Some guidelines for meshed TL design are given, and the transform is achieved from metallic transmission lines device to meshed transmission lines device with the same RF performance. A meshed TL filter is designed with good measurement results.
CIDP prognosis in patients with IVIG treatment‐related fluctuations
Authors: Cook Melissa , Pasnoor Mamatha , Ajroud‐Driss Senda , Brannagan Thomas H. , Dimachkie Mazen M. , Allen Jeffrey A.
Published: November 2022

Introduction/aims

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is an acquired immune‐mediated peripheral nerve disorder with variable prognosis and long‐term dependence on immunotherapy. Frequent assessment of grip strength can be a useful tool to identify intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment‐related fluctuations (TRFs) and optimize IVIG treatment in real‐time, but the long‐term implications of TRFs are unknown. We aimed to explore the impact that real‐time TRFs had on long‐term CIDP prognosis, strength impairment, and disability.

Methods

This retrospective observational cohort study analyzed standard of care clinical and treatment outcomes in patients who participated in a published prospective study of intra‐IVIG‐cycle grip strength quantification. Patients were analyzed based upon the presence or absence of TRFs, as determined in the initial prospective study.

Results

Data were available for 23 CIDP patients with a mean follow‐up period of 44.7 mo. There were no differences in baseline or follow‐up strength, disability, or IVIG usage in patients with a low number of fluctuations compared to those with a high number of fluctuations. In both groups, drug‐free remission was achieved in about one‐third of patients.

Discussion

TRFs are important to identify in order to optimize treatment in real time, but poorly predict long‐term disease activity status. The presence of minor TRFs are unlikely to result in substantial accumulation of disability over time. Periodic IVIG optimization trials using objective outcomes are encouraged in all CIDP patients receiving chronic IVIG treatment as a means to identify the lowest effective IVIG dose and frequency.
“His lectures were like watching a show on Netflix”: A success story of laugh tracks in prerecorded undergraduate lessons
Authors: Varhola Andrés
Published: November 2022

The onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic in 2020 put enormous pressure on educators to quickly adapt course materials for online delivery. In my case, a naturally humorous teaching style clashed with the arid world of computers in a virtual environment, leading me to believe in a reduced teaching effectiveness under such conditions, and that my students would suffer from countless hours of dull screentime. This article narrates the story of how a simple technique—adding laugh tracks to prerecorded videos in forestry undergraduate courses—was the foundation of a comprehensive approach to design online instruction with a high entertainment value. Several ideas to integrate humor in online (and face‐to‐face) learning are described based on these experiences and are accompanied by a brief theoretical background highlighting the value of bringing laughter to academic settings. Student feedback clearly indicated that the use of laugh tracks and other humorous elements was well received, especially during the challenging times of learning under lockdowns.
The Catalytic Reduction of Nitroanilines Using Synthesized CuFe2O4 Nanoparticles in an Aqueous Medium
Authors: Naghash‐Hamed Samin , Arsalani Nasser , Mousavi Seyed Borhan
Published: November 2022

The primary objective of this research is to investigate the reduction of 4‐nitroaniline (4‐NA) and 2‐nitroaniline (2‐NA) using synthesized copper ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) via facile one‐step hydrothermal method as a heterogeneous nano‐catalyst. Nitroanilines were reduced in the presence and without the catalyst with a constant amount (100 mg) of reducing agent of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) at room temperature in water to amino compounds. To characterize the functional groups, size, structure, and morphology of as‐prepared magnetic NPs, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TEM were employed. The UV‐Vis spectrum was utilized to explore the catalytic effect of CuFe2O4. The outcomes revealed that the synthesized CuFe2O4 as a heterogeneous magnetic nano‐catalyst catalyzed the reduction of 4‐NA and 2‐NA significantly faster than other candidate catalysts. The outcomes demonstrated that the catalyst catalyzed 4‐nitroaniline to para‐phenylenediamine (p‐PDA) and 2‐nitroaniline to ortho‐phenylenediamine (o‐PDA) with a constant rate of 7.49×10−2 s−1 and 3.19×10−2 s−1, and conversion percentage of 96.5 and 95.6, in 40 s and 90 s, sequentially. Furthermore, the nanoparticles could be recovered by a magnetic separation method and reused for six consecutive cycles without remarkable loss of catalytic ability.
Optimized Tunability of Barium Strontium Titanate Thin Films onto Different Plates with Proper Buffer Layers
Authors: Dong Hanting , Ke Liang , Hui Xiangjun , Mao Jiangfeng , Du Haiqing , Yuan Wenqi , Ding Qi
Published: November 2022

Misfit strain, polarization, permittivity, and tunability of Ba
x
Sr1−x
TiO3 (BST) thin films on various substrates with varied buffer layers are calculated by a modified thermodynamic model. The lattice parameters of the LaAlO3 (LAO), CaTiO3 (CT), BaZr0.25Ti0.75O3 (BZT), and MgO buffer layers grow consecutively as does the thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) of the Si, Ti, Ni, and stainless steel (SS) substrates. When the TEC of substrates is bigger (such as Ni, SS) than that of the films, introducing buffer layers with larger lattice parameters (such as BZT, MgO) can improve the permittivity and tunability. Conversely, inserting buffer layers with smaller lattice parameters (such as LAO, CT) can enhance the dielectric response when the TEC of substrates is smaller (such as Si, Ti) than that of the films. The relationship between the TEC of substrate and the lattice parameter of buffer layer is primarily linear for achieving high tunability. According to several references, introducing LaNiO3 buffer layers can significantly increase the tunability of BST solid solutions prepared on Si‐based substrates, which is in line with the estimated rule. This law offers a guide for choosing the best substrate and buffer layer when producing BST films with strong dielectric response.
Bandgap and Vibration Suppression Mechanisms of Novel Star‐Shaped Hybrid Metamaterials
Authors: Cheng Shu-liang , Yang Hong-yun , Yan Qun , Wang Bin , Sun Yong-tao , Xin Ya-jun , Ding Qian , Yan Hao , Wang Liang
Published: November 2022

Herein, a novel star‐shaped hybrid acoustic metamaterial structure is proposed. Based on Bloch's theorem and the finite element method, the bandgap characteristics and the bandgap formation mechanism of different combinations of structures are first analyzed. Then, the propagation characteristics of elastic waves in Model C2 are studied with focus on equal frequency contours, phase velocity, and group velocity. And the attenuation of elastic waves in the finite size structure of Model C2 illustrates that the elastic waves are effectively suppressed in the bandgap frequency range, which further confirms the perfect correspondence between the bandgap and the vibration attenuation region. Finally, the influence of structural parameters on the bandgap is analyzed, as well as the change of the bandgap when the structure undergoes large deformation, which can realize the tunability and flexibility of the bandgap. This study provides important clues for the design of vibration isolators and metamaterials, and shows the good engineering application potential of the structure for vibration isolation.
Large‐eddy simulations of drizzling shallow cumuli using a turbulence‐aware autoconversion parametrization
Authors: Jin Han‐Gyul , Lee Hyunho , Baik Jong‐Jin
Published: November 2022

Turbulence in clouds enhances collision between cloud droplets, which is critical to drizzle formation in shallow cumulus clouds. In this study, we develop an autoconversion parametrization that considers the turbulence‐induced collision enhancement (TICE) obtained from a particle trajectory model. We implement the developed parametrization to a large‐eddy simulation model and simulate the Rain In Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) case to investigate the effects of TICE on shallow cumulus clouds and their sensitivities to the cloud droplet number concentration and horizontal grid resolution. TICE significantly increases the autoconversion rate, leading to large increases in the accretion rate, rainwater path and surface rain rate. The simulations of shallow cumulus clouds are highly sensitive to the cloud droplet number concentration and horizontal grid resolution, and the inclusion of TICE overall reduces the sensitivities. For example, the large rainwater path and surface rain rate that appear when cloud droplet number concentration is relatively low are reduced by TICE, whereas the very small rainwater path and surface rain rate that appear when cloud droplet number concentration is relatively high are increased by TICE. Comparisons with two other TICE‐aware parametrizations based on direct numerical simulation results of droplet collisions in turbulence show that there are substantial differences in TICE effects for different parametrizations, which implies a large uncertainty in simulating turbulent clouds. Among the three parametrizations, the parametrization developed in this study shows intermediate TICE‐induced increases in rainwater path and surface rain rate.
A high‐throughput LC–MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of isoniazid, ethambutol and pyrazinamide in human plasma
Authors: Pršo Kristián , Žideková Nela , Porvazník Igor , Solovič Ivan , Mokrý Juraj , Kertys Martin
Published: November 2022

Rationale

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a challenging global infectious disease, mainly affecting the lungs. First‐line anti‐TB drugs play a crucial role in slowing down the rapid spread of TB. In addition, the patient might benefit from therapeutic drug monitoring since it has become an accepted clinical tool for optimizing TB treatment.

Methods

A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to monitor the plasma level of isoniazid, ethambutol and pyrazinamide in plasma samples. A one‐step extraction procedure using an Ostro™ plate was applied, and extracts were analyzed by gradient elution followed by detection on a mass spectrometer by multiple reaction monitoring mode.

Results

The analytes were separated within 4.2 min and over the concentration range of 0.2–10 μg/ml for isoniazid and ethambutol and 1–65 μg/ml for pyrazinamide. The method was successfully validated according to the European Medicine Agency guideline for the selectivity, linearity and lower limit of detection, precision and accuracy, matrix effect, extraction recovery, carryover, dilution integrity and stability, and applied for quantification of analytes in clinical samples from TB patients.

Conclusions

The presented method allows sensitive and reproducible determination of selected anti‐TB drugs with advantages such as low sample volume requirement, short run time of analysis, one‐step sample preparation procedure with capabilities for phospholipids removal, and a low quantification limit as well as a high degree of selectivity.
Learning and teaching Chinese as a foreign language: A scoping review
Authors: Chan Jessica , Woore Robert , Molway Laura , Mutton Trevor
Published: November 2022

Despite the growth of research in learning and teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language (CFL), no scoping review of research published in international, anglophone journals has been published so far. A total of 289 journal articles published in 95 journals were identified and used to provide a bibliometric mapping of research in CFL over three decades. Data from the sampled articles reveals a great diversity of focus in CFL research that has been conducted in more than 24 countries. The included articles also reflect an upsurge in research intensity across several key areas of focus, some of which are related to the distinctive linguistic features of the Chinese language. We also report on the research methods employed by the studies in our sample and the characteristics of their participants. Our mapping of the field identifies gaps in the existing literature which may subsequently inform any focused or comprehensive reviews. We conclude by setting out some implications for future CFL research, both in terms of substantive areas of focus and methodological approaches.
Monkeypox virus diagnosis and laboratory testing
Authors: Nakhaie Mohsen , Arefinia Nasir , Charostad Javad , Bashash Davood , Haji Abdolvahab Mohadeseh , Zarei Mohammad
Published: November 2022

The multi‐country outbreak of monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection, while the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic is still an ongoing issue, has caused a new challenge. The re‐emergence of MPXV and the rising incidence in non‐endemic countries is turning into an upcoming threat to global health. Hence, rapid identification of the virus with appropriate methodology with the lowest false results plays a critical role in estimating the global extent of the crisis and providing preventive measures. This review summarised the main applicable strategies for primary detection and confirmation of MPXV and highlighted available data in biosafety, requirements, standard operating procedures, specimen collection, transportation and storage of clinical samples, and waste disposal of the viral agent. Also, various assays including molecular techniques, immunoassays, histopathological methods, electron microscopy, genomic sequencing, and cell culture have been illustrated. Moreover, we reflected on current knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.
Resilient and event‐triggered control of stochastic jump systems under deception and denial of service attacks
Authors: Xu Yihao , Chai Senchun , Shi Peng , Zhang Baihai , Wang Yanqian
Published: November 2022

This article investigates the resilient and event‐triggered control problem of stochastic jump systems subject to randomly occurring denial of service (DoS) attacks and deception attacks. First, a novel resilient and memory event‐triggered scheme (RMETS) is proposed. The influence caused by DoS attacks is characterized as an uncertainty of the triggering condition. Under the RMETS, the desired security performance of the system and limited network resources can be well balanced while stochastic deception and DoS attacks occur. Second, by using the Lyapunov theory and the linear matrix inequality method, the resilient controller and the proposed RMETS are co‐designed. Sufficient conditions are established to ensure the security performance under the two types of attacks. Finally, numerical and practical examples are rendered to illustrate the effectiveness of the developed approach.
Hyperspectral response and monitoring study of soil moisture content based on the optimized spectral index
Authors: Yan Xiaobin , Qiao Xingxing , Yang Sha , Feng Meichen , Song Xiaoyan , Zhang Meijun , Xiao Lujie , Zhang Zhou , Shafiq Fahad , Yang Wude , Wang Chao
Published: November 2022

Soil moisture controls the exchange of energy between the land surface and the atmosphere and significantly affects plant growth and productivity. Hyperspectral (350–2500 nm) monitoring of soil moisture content (SMC) could provide a theoretical basis for the real‐time estimation of spatial and temporal variations in soil moisture. During this study, we have developed SMC prediction models in different soil moisture ranges by using the combination of spectral preprocessing methods and optimized spectral indices. Results indicated that first‐order derivative (FD) preprocessing method can highlight the effective information of the spectra and improve the correlation between spectral reflectance and SMC. The spectral reflectance exhibited a strong correlation with SMC near 1400, 1700, 1900, and 2200 nm. The FD‐NDSI‐W0‐model had the best SMC prediction and applicability (R2 = 0.977, root mean square error = 3.413%, relative percent deviation = 6.171) to predict SMCs. Overall, pretreatment methods, combined with the two‐band random combination to optimize the spectral index to build a prediction model of SMC, could be applied for accurate monitoring of SMC.
Electrochemical Determination of Levofloxacin Using Poly(Pyrogallol Red) Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Koçak Çağrı Ceylan , Aslışen Burak , Karabiberoğlu Şükriye , Özdokur Kemal Volkan , Aslan Avni , Koçak Süleyman
Published: November 2022

In this paper, an electrochemical sensor for levofloxacin detection was developed by electrochemical polymerization of pyrogallol red (PGR) on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surfaces. Surface morphology and electrical properties of the Poly(PGR)/GCE obtained was characterized by SEM and EIS techniques. Voltammetric behaviour of the levofloxacin was found pH dependent, and the best response was obtained at pH 6.0 PBS. By monitoring the peak current at around 0.9 V, a wide linear range of calibration graph: from 0.2 μM‐ 15 μM LEV and 15 μM‐ 355 μM for levofloxacin, and very low detection limit of 97 nM were achieved with amperometry. Selectivity of the method developed was proven in the presence of possible interfering substances and the method was successfully employed for levofloxacin detection in pharmaceutical tablet and synthetic urine sample.
Single Nickel Atom Catalysts Enable Fast Polysulfide Redox for Safe and Long‐Cycle Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Ma Yuhong , Wu Tongwei , Jiao Yu , Wang Fan , Chen Bo , Yan Yichao , Hu Anjun , Li Yinuo , Fan Yuxin , He Miao , Hu Yin , Li Yaoyao , Lei Tianyu , Zhang Yanning , Chen Wei , Huang Ming , Zhu Jun , Li Fei
Published: November 2022

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have attracted great interest due to their low cost, high theoretical energy density, and environmental friendliness. However, the sluggish conversion of lithium polysulfides (LiPS) to S and Li2S during the charge/discharge process leads to unsatisfactory rate performance of lower to 0.1 C (1 C = 1675 mA g−1) especially for Li‐S pouch batteries, thus hindering their practical applications in high power batteries. Here, well‐defined and monodispersed Ni single‐atom catalysts (SACs) embedded in highly porous nitrogen‐doped graphitic carbons (NiSA‐N‐PGC) are designed and synthesized to form Ni–N4 catalytic sites at the atomic level. When serving as a bifunctional electrocatalyst, the Ni−N4 catalytic sites cannot only promote the interfacial conversion redox of LiPS by accelerating the transformation kinetics, but also suppress the undesirable shuttle effect by immobilizing LiPS. These findings are verified by both experimental results and DFT theoretical calculations. Furthermore, Li ions show low diffusion barrier on the surface of Ni−N4 sites, resulting in enhanced areal capacity of batteries. As a result, the Li–S battery delivers stable cycling life of more than 600 cycles with 0.069% capacity decay per cycle at a rate of 0.5 C. More importantly, the Li–S pouch cells with NiSA‐N‐PGC show an initial capacity of 1299 mAh g−1 at a rate of 0.2 C even with high sulfur loading of 6 mg cm−2. This work opens up an avenue for developing single‐atom catalysts to accelerate the kinetic conversion of LiPS for highly stable Li–S batteries.
Crocodile‐Skin‐Inspired Omnidirectionally Stretchable Pressure Sensor
Authors: Lee Giwon , Son Jonghyun , Kim Daegun , Ko Hyeon Ju , Lee Seung Goo , Cho Kilwon
Published: November 2022

Stretchable pressure sensors are important components of multimodal electronic skin needed for potentializing numerous Internet of Things applications. In particular, to use pressure sensors in various wearable/skin‐attachable electronics, both high deformability and strain‐independent sensitivity must be realized. However, previously reported stretchable pressure sensors cannot meet these standards because they exhibit limited stretchability and nonuniform sensitivity under deformation. Herein, inspired by the unique sensory organ of a crocodile, an omnidirectionally stretchable piezoresistive pressure sensor made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/silver nanowires (AgNWs) composites with microdomes and wrinkled surfaces is developed. The stretchable pressure sensor exhibits high sensitivity that changes negligibly even under uniaxial and biaxial tensile strains of 100% and 50%, respectively. This behavior is attributed to the microdomes responsible for detecting applied pressures being weakly affected by tensile strains, while the isotropic wrinkles between the microdomes deform to effectively reduce the external stress. In addition, because the device comprises all PDMS‐based structures, it exhibits outstanding robustness under repeated mechanical stimuli. The device shows strong potential as a wearable pressure sensor and an artificial crocodile sensing organ, successfully detecting applied pressures in various scenarios. Therefore, the pressure sensor is expected to find applications in electronic skin for prosthetics and human–machine interface systems.
Delivering unexpected news to pregnant women and their attending family: Is sonographer training adequate? A narrative review
Authors: English Kolbee , Spurway Jacqueline , Quinton Ann , Alphonse Jennifer
Published: November 2022

Delivering unexpected news is a common task many sonographers face within the clinical setting. Research has shown sonographers do not feel equipped to break unexpected news to pregnant women and their families. The aim of this study was to review current national and international literature to determine whether sonographers receive sufficient training to deliver unexpected news in the obstetric setting and the types of training individuals had received. Keywords were searched using PubMed, Google Scholar and Central Queensland University library. A total of 22 articles were selected for discussion and four main themes were identified during thematic analysis: (1) sonographers felt underprepared to deliver unexpected news, (2) sonographers felt training was or would be beneficial in delivering unexpected news, (3) a standard training protocol and guidelines should be implemented and (4) training and preparation to deliver unexpected news can improve patient care and satisfaction. Improved communication and patient care could be achieved with the implementation of standard guidelines and training, within universities or via professional associations to ensure sonographers are prepared to deliver unexpected news.
Recycling‐Induced Copper Contamination of a 42CrMo4 Quench and Tempering Steel: Alterations in Transformation Behavior and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Gramlich Alexander , Hinrichs Torben , Springer Hauke , Krupp Ulrich
Published: November 2022

The transformation behavior and the mechanical properties of three laboratory produced steels are presented. To investigate the influence of copper contamination, the reference alloy 42CrMo4 is modified and alloyed with 0.5 and 1.0 wt% copper, respectively. The transformation behavior is investigated through dilatometry that yields continuous cooling transformation diagrams, while the mechanical properties are investigated by hardness measurements as well as Charpy‐V‐notch impact and tensile tests. Accompanying microstructure investigations by means of light optical, scanning electron, and transmissions electron microscopy and thermodynamic simulations (CALPHAD) are performed. It is demonstrated that copper contamination that will be unavoidable when increasing the overall steel recycling fraction may contain the potential for increasing the hardness as well the strength of standard high strength steels, although it is considered to be very detrimental during steel production. Together with reduced environmental footprints and production costs due to the utilization of lower grade scrap with more Cu‐contamination, the development of alternative processing routes for Cu‐contamination‐tolerant high strength steels is pursued.
Development and validation of sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatography‐photodiode array method for determination of three sulfonated esters and N‐methyl‐O‐phenyldiamine dihydrochloride as potential genotoxic impurities in Amlodipine and Telmisartan fixed‐dose combination
Authors: Chenkual Laltanpuii , Lalchandani Dimple S. , Chaturvedi Sachin , Mariyappan Mahindran , Porwal Pawan
Published: November 2022

Several regulatory organizations encourage the quantitative analysis of potentially genotoxic impurities in finished pharmaceutical preparation. For the first time, a sensitive, accurate, and reliable reversed phase‐high‐performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for two antihypertensive drugs, three genotoxic impurities of Amlodipine namely methyl benzene sulfonate, ethyl benzene sulfonate, and ethyl‐p‐toluene sulfonate, as well as N‐methyl O‐phenylenediamine dihydrochloride as genotoxic impurities of Telmisartan that is marketed in a single pill combination. reversed phase‐high‐performance liquid chromatography method was developed using a C18 column Agilent (Zorbax C18; 250 × 4.6 mm internal diameter, 5 μm) along with 50 mM ammonium acetate (pH 4.5) and ACN as a mobile phase in gradient mode to achieve the retention of all analytes. The new method's sensitivity allowed the quantification of namely methyl benzene sulfonate, ethyl benzene sulfonate, and N‐methyl‐O‐phenylenediamine dihydrochloride at test concentrations as low as 0.025%. Amlodipine and Telmisartan each had a test concertation of 100 and 800 μg/ml, respectively. The developed analytical method was validated for different applications, that is, for assay and related substance methods. The calibration curves for genotoxic impurities were linear in the range of the Limit of quantitation to 1.2% of the test concentration of the respective drugs. Forced degradation investigations were conducted on selected drugs, and targeted analytes were then quantified. The stability of both drugs in acid and basic hydrolysis was improved compared to when they were evaluated separately, although Amlodipine showed an inverted degradation pattern in a more recent investigation when combined with Telmisartan under oxidative degradation conditions. The validated method was successfully applied for the quantification of the genotoxic impurities of Amlodipine and Telmisartan in finished pharmaceutical preparation.
The Role of Digital and Public Humanities in Confronting the Past: Survivors’ of Ireland's Magdalene Laundries Truth Telling
Authors: O’Mahoney Jennifer
Published: November 2022

The Magdalene Laundries are a prominent part of Irish social history, used by the Irish State and Religious Orders to incarcerate girls and women who were deemed to be immoral, including unmarried mothers, victims of sexual assault, and criminal justice system referrals. The Irish State and Religious Orders have restricted all access to their archives of these institutions, perpetuating the silencing and marginalization of the women’s experiences. This chapter considers the role of the Waterford Memories digital humanities project in contributing to affording agency to the Magdalene survivors. The methodology of oral history narratives will be critically considered to analyze their dual purpose of providing a way for the women to understand the meaning of their experiences, in addition to a permanent and public record of these first-hand accounts. The role of the project as a repository for cultural resource materials on the study of institutional abuse, and as an educational pedagogical tool, will also be discussed.
Struktur des Länderberichts
Authors: Holtmann Everhard , Jaeck Tobias , Wohlleben Odette
Published: November 2022

Der hier vorgelegte Länderbericht basiert auf den Daten des Fünften Deutschen Freiwilligensurveys (FWS 2019) und seiner Vorgängerstudien von 1999, 2004, 2009 und 2014. Der Deutsche Freiwilligensurvey ist eine vom Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ) geförderte repräsentative Studie zum Stand des freiwilligen und ehrenamtlichen (wird im Länderbericht synonym verwendet) Engagements in Deutschland. Aufgrund seiner hohen und seit 1999 kontinuierlich steigenden Fallzahl (vgl. Abb. 2.2) sind neben bundesweiten (vgl. Simonson et al. 2021) auch länderspezifische Analysen möglich. Mit dem aktuellen Länderbericht werden die Daten des Freiwilligensurveys seit 2014 zum zweiten Mal in einem Vergleich über die 16 verschiedenen Bundesländer hinweg analysiert. Erstellt werden( mit Ausnahme Bremens) 15 Länderprofile.
The universal trophic index: new methodological approach to eutrophication monitoring and control
Authors: Neverova-Dziopak Elena , Kowalewski Zbigniew , Preisner Michał
Published: November 2022

Anthropogenic eutrophication is one of the consequences of human activities observed from the beginning of urbanization processes and is now a widespread problem around the globe. Mitigation of eutrophication directly corresponds to the achievement of at least three main Sustainable Development Goals. Due to the complexity of eutrophication mechanisms, there are still many issues with managing this process and its consequences, that complicate the achievement of the above-mentioned objectives. So far, there is no universal definition of eutrophication and there is no unified methodological approach to surface water trophic status assessment. In connection with the above, a need arises for the development of scientifically and economically justified methods of reliable trophic state assessment, useful for solving application and engineering tasks. This paper presents a new approach to trophic state assessment based on the innovative universal trophic index (UTI), which can be used for fresh, brackish and saltwater bodies. The proposed UTI index was developed and verified using an extensive database of the Baltic Sea monitoring data for over 100 years. The elaborated method is a reliable tool for the assessment of water trophic status, which also allows for the development of predictive mathematical models as the basis for effective eutrophication management. In addition, the method is simple to use and enables the trophic state assessment at low cost, time and effort. The above-mentioned features make the proposed indicator meet the requirements set for modern ecological indicators and determine the advantage of the proposed methodological approach over other currently used methods.
Lower Bounds Against Sparse Symmetric Functions of ACC Circuits: Expanding the Reach of #SAT Algorithms
Authors: Vyas Nikhil , Williams R. Ryan
Published: November 2022

We continue the program of proving circuit lower bounds via circuit satisfiability algorithms. So far, this program has yielded several concrete results, proving that functions in$\mathsf {Quasi}\text {-}\mathsf {NP} = \mathsf {NTIME}[n^{(\log n)^{O(1)}}]$Quasi-NP=NTIME[n(logn)O(1)]and other complexity classes do not have small circuits (in the worst case and/or on average) from various circuit classes$\mathcal { C}$C, by showing that$\mathcal { C}$Cadmits non-trivial satisfiability and/or#SAT algorithms which beat exhaustive search by a minor amount. In this paper, we present a new strong lower bound consequence of having a non-trivial#SAT algorithm for a circuit class${\mathcal C}$C. Say that a symmetric Boolean functionf(x1,…,xn) issparseif it outputs 1 onO(1) values of${\sum }_{i} x_{i}$∑ixi. We show that for every sparsef, and for all “typical”$\mathcal { C}$C, faster#SAT algorithms for$\mathcal { C}$Ccircuits imply lower bounds against the circuit class$f \circ \mathcal { C}$f∘C, which may bestrongerthan$\mathcal { C}$Citself. In particular:

#SAT algorithms fornk-size$\mathcal { C}$C-circuits running in 2n/nktime (for allk) implyNEXPdoes not have$(f \circ \mathcal { C})$(f∘C)-circuits of polynomial size.

#SAT algorithms for$2^{n^{{\varepsilon }}}$2nε-size$\mathcal { C}$C-circuits running in$2^{n-n^{{\varepsilon }}}$2n−nεtime (for someε> 0) implyQuasi-NPdoes not have$(f \circ \mathcal { C})$(f∘C)-circuits of polynomial size.

Applying#SAT algorithms from the literature, one immediate corollary of our results is thatQuasi-NPdoes not haveEMAJ∘ACC0∘THRcircuits of polynomial size, whereEMAJis the “exact majority” function, improving previous lower bounds againstACC0[Williams JACM’14] andACC0∘THR[Williams STOC’14], [Murray-Williams STOC’18]. This is the first nontrivial lower bound against such a circuit class.
Commercial volumetric MRI reporting tools in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review of the evidence
Authors: Mendelsohn Zoe , Pemberton Hugh G. , Gray James , Goodkin Olivia , Carrasco Ferran Prados , Scheel Michael , Nawabi Jawed , Barkhof Frederik
Published: November 2022

Purpose

MRI is integral to the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and is important for clinical prognostication. Quantitative volumetric reporting tools (QReports) can improve the accuracy and objectivity of MRI-based assessments. Several QReports are commercially available; however, validation can be difficult to establish and does not currently follow a common pathway. To aid evidence-based clinical decision-making, we performed a systematic review of commercial QReports for use in MS including technical details and published reports of validation and in-use evaluation.

Methods

We categorized studies into three types of testing: technical validation, for example, comparison to manual segmentation, clinical validation by clinicians or interpretation of results alongside clinician-rated variables, and in-use evaluation, such as health economic assessment.

Results

We identified 10 companies, which provide MS lesion and brain segmentation and volume quantification, and 38 relevant publications. Tools received regulatory approval between 2006 and 2020, contextualize results to normative reference populations, ranging from 620 to 8000 subjects, and require T1- and T2-FLAIR-weighted input sequences for longitudinal assessment of whole-brain volume and lesions. In MS, six QReports provided evidence of technical validation, four companies have conducted clinical validation by correlating results with clinical variables, only one has tested their QReport by clinician end-users, and one has performed a simulated in-use socioeconomic evaluation.

Conclusion

We conclude that there is limited evidence in the literature regarding clinical validation and in-use evaluation of commercial MS QReports with a particular lack of clinician end-user testing. Our systematic review provides clinicians and institutions with the available evidence when considering adopting a quantitative reporting tool for MS.
TSPO PET signal using [18F]GE180 is associated with survival in recurrent gliomas
Authors: Quach Stefanie , Holzgreve Adrien , Kaiser Lena , Unterrainer Marcus , Dekorsy Franziska J. , Nelwan Debie V. , Bartos Laura M. , Kirchleitner Sabrina V. , Weller Jonathan , Weidner Lorraine , Niyazi Maximilian , Ruf Viktoria C. , Herms Jochen , Stöcklein Sophia , Wetzel Christian , Riemenschneider Markus J. , v. Baumgarten Louisa , Thon Niklas , Brendel Matthias , Rupprecht Rainer , Bartenstein Peter , Tonn Joerg-Christian , Albert Nathalie L.
Published: November 2022

Purpose

Glioma patients, especially recurrent glioma, suffer from a poor prognosis. While advances to classify glioma on a molecular level improved prognostication at initial diagnosis, markers to prognosticate survival in the recurrent situation are still needed. As 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) was previously reported to be associated with aggressive histopathological glioma features, we correlated the TSPO positron emission tomography (PET) signal using [18F]GE180 in a large cohort of recurrent glioma patients with their clinical outcome.

Methods

In patients with [18F]GE180 PET at glioma recurrence, [18F]GE180 PET parameters (e.g., SUVmax) as well as other imaging features (e.g., MRI volume, [18F]FET PET parameters when available) were evaluated together with patient characteristics (age, sex, Karnofsky-Performance score) and neuropathological features (e.g. WHO 2021 grade, IDH-mutation status). Uni- and multivariate Cox regression and Kaplan–Meier survival analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors for post-recurrence survival (PRS) and time to treatment failure (TTF).

Results

Eighty-eight consecutive patients were evaluated. TSPO tracer uptake correlated with tumor grade at recurrence (p < 0.05), with no significant differences in IDH-wild-type versus IDH-mutant tumors. Within the subgroup of IDH-mutant glioma (n = 46), patients with low SUVmax (median split, ≤ 1.60) had a significantly longer PRS (median 41.6 vs. 25.3 months, p = 0.031) and TTF (32.2 vs 8.7 months, p = 0.001). Also among IDH-wild-type glioblastoma (n = 42), patients with low SUVmax (≤ 1.89) had a significantly longer PRS (median not reached vs 8.2 months, p = 0.002). SUVmax remained an independent prognostic factor for PRS in the multivariate analysis including CNS WHO 2021 grade, IDH status, and age. Tumor volume defined by [18F]FET PET or contrast-enhanced MRI correlated weakly with TSPO tracer uptake. Treatment regimen did not differ among the median split subgroups.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that TSPO PET using [18F]GE180 can help to prognosticate recurrent glioma patients even among homogeneous molecular subgroups and may therefore serve as valuable non-invasive biomarker for individualized patient management.

Graphical abstract
Evolution of a structured cell population endowed with plasticity of traits under constraints on and between the traits
Authors: Alvarez Frank Ernesto , Carrillo José Antonio , Clairambault Jean
Published: November 2022

Confronted with the biological problem of managing plasticity in cell populations, which is in particular responsible for transient and reversible drug resistance in cancer, we propose a rationale consisting of an integro-differential and a reaction-advection-diffusion equation, the properties of which are studied theoretically and numerically. By using a constructive finite volume method, we show the existence and uniqueness of a weak solution and illustrate by numerical approximations and their simulations the capacity of the model to exhibit divergence of traits. This feature may be theoretically interpreted as describing a physiological step towards multicellularity in animal evolution and, closer to present-day clinical challenges in oncology, as a possible representation of bet hedging in cancer cell populations.