bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF SUTURE MATERIALS AND SUTURE TECHNIQUES ON THE HEALING OF WOUNDS IN THE SKIN OF THE SHEEP
Authors: Lascelles AK , Claringbold PJ
Published: December 2007

Vetafil, braided polyester yarn, braided silk, monofilament nylon and plain catgut were used to suture wounds in the skin of sheep. The apposition of the edges of the wound, the gauge of the suture material, the tension of the sutures and the dressing were varied. The strength of the wound was used to assess the effect of these various factors. No significant differences were found with the exception that very closely spaced sutures caused a significant decrease in the strength of the wounds. The inflammatory response in the skin caused by the various suture materials was examined histologically. The response varied considerably, but no difference between the various suture materials could be seen.
THE ACTION OF ANIONS ON CARDIAC MUSCLE
Authors: Nayler WG , McCulloch M
Published: December 2007

Substitution of chloride by bromide, nitrate and iodide lessened the force of isotonic contraction in cardiac muscle.

Toxic effects found during iodide perfusion were reversed by strophanthin‐G, CaCl2, plasma and fresh Ringer solution. Low CaCl2 and high KCl precipitated toxicity.

Bromide, nitrate and iodide failed to affect contracture.

The contrast between these results and those reported for skeletal muscle is discussed.
THE POSITIVE INOTROPIC ACTIVITY OF PLASMA
Authors: Nayler WG , McCulloch M
Published: December 2007

Plasma exerts a positive inotropic action on the isolated heart. The inotropic response is similar to that induced by the glycosides.

DNP and quinidine sulphate both fail to depress the activity of plasma but abolish that of the glycosides.

Plasma activity is increased when hearts are perfused in low calcium Ringer solution.

Anterior pituitary extract restored the response of the winter heart to plasma.

The possibility that plasma normally contains a substance which regulates myocardial contractility is discussed.
HAEM SYNTHESIS IN VITRO
Authors: Clark Peggy , Walsh RJ
Published: December 2007

The uptake of radioiron by mammalian reticulocytes is a rapid process and haem is synthesised from the iron almost immediately. The process is slower with avian erythrocytes and this is possibly related to a slower but more prolonged synthesis of protoporphyrin by the nucleated cells. This synthesis must account for all the Fe59 haemoglobin formed in vitro under the experimental conditions. Incubation of both reticulocytes and nucleated cells, before addition of iron, reduces both uptake of iron and synthesis of haem. It is postulated that there are two stages in the process of intracellular haem synthesis. The first is the entry of iron into the cell and this is inhibited by mercuric chloride but not by other enzyme inhibitors. The second phase, haem synthesis, is inhibited by potassium cyanide, and is therefore apparently dependent on oxidative respiration.
RELEASE OF HISTAMINE FROM MAST CELLS BY ANTIGEN‐ANTIBODY REACTIONS IN VITRO
Authors: Archer GT
Published: December 2007

The mechanism of mast cell disruption and release of histamine following antigen‐antibody reactions was investigated by means of an in vitro system using mast cells isolated from the rat. Following the reaction between antigen and fresh immune rat serum, a substance was produced which caused the disruption of added mast cells with the release of histamine. This substance was labile at 37° C., becoming inactive within 10 minutes. Its formation depended on the presence of complement as well as antigen and antibody.
GLUCOSE AND NITRATE UTILISATION BY ANAEROBIC CULTURES OF PS. AERUGINOSA
Authors: Collins FM
Published: December 2007

Ps. aeruginosa was grown under anaerobic conditions in a synthetic glucose nitrate medium. In the presence of nitrate, carbon dioxide and cellular carbon were the end products of glucose metabolism. The nitrate was reduced almost entirely to gaseous nitrogen or nitrous oxide (18 p.c. of utilised NO3‐N). Continued incubation of anaerobic cultures after the exhaustion of the nitrate did very little to alter the end products of nitrate utilisation, but striking variations were recorded for the glucose utilisation. Up to 11 p.c. of the utilised glucose carbon was recovered as volatile and non‐volatile organic acids. The non‐volatile acids included extensive amounts of lactic and glycollic acids together with smaller quantities of succinic, malic, fumaric, citric, α keto glutaric and oxalacetic acids. The volatile acid was produced in approximately the same quantity in both aerated and anaerobic cultures whether nitrate was present or not. Carbon balances of 100 p.c. were obtained for the anaerobic cultures, but extensive discrepancies in the aerated culture indicated the formation of other undetected end products of glucose metabolism.
DIFFERENCES IN ASSOCIATION OF CORTICOSTEROIDS WITH SERUM PROTEINS OF DIFFERENT ANIMAL TYPES
Authors: Reich Magda
Published: December 2007

A marked species difference in the capacity of plasma protein fractions to combine with corticosteroids has been demonstrated by the use of C14‐labelled cortisol and corticosterone, and paper electrophoresis methods. Of the five species studied, human serum had the highest and sheep serum the lowest capacity for corticosteroid binding.

Studies made on the properties of corticosteroid protein complexes showed that the eluted corticosteroids were unaltered physically; there was an interchange between the bound and added corticosteroid; there was no competition for sites between the individual corticosteroids. It was shown in human sera that, at maximum binding between corticosterone‐4‐C14 and albumin, approximately 5 albumin molecules per 1 corticosterone molecule were involved.

The findings indicate the complexity of the characteristics of the protein carrier mechanism for steroid hormones in diverse animal species.
A FLUORIMETRIC MICRODETERMINATION OF SELENIUM IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
Authors: Cousins FB
Published: December 2007

A method for the determination of selenium in trace quantities in a variety of animal and plant tissues is described. The method makes use of the fluorescence of the seleniumdiamino benzidine complex in hydrocarbon solvents. Determination of as little as 0·02 μg selenium is possible and the method has been routinely used for estimations in the range 0·1–2·0 μg selenium.
THE EFFECT OF PITUITARY EXTRACTS ON MELANOPHORES IN ISOLATED ELASMOBRANCH SKIN
Authors: Waring H
Published: December 2007

Alkali‐treated B‐containing extracts from ox pituitary exhibit increased strength (potentiation) and increased duration of response (protection) both in vivo and in vitro.

Protection is in part explicable by the decreased metabolic destruction of the treated hormone.
TISSUE INJURY BY HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRIC CURRENT: OBSERVATIONS WITH THE SANDISON‐CLARK EAR‐CHAMBER
Authors: Buckley Ian K
Published: December 2007

High frequency current has been employed to produce minute injuries to selected blood vessels within Sandison‐Clark rabbit ear‐chambers. There are two principal findings.

First, at the surface of injured endothelial cells transparent blister‐like structures appear which, after increasing in size, separate from the cell as transparent globular bodies, floating freely in the plasma. It is concluded that these structures are produced by the damaged endothelial cells.

Second, the area of vascular damage apparent within one hour of injury is increased fivefold by 24 hours. It is suggested that the initially injured cells may liberate diffusible chemical factors which secondarily injure the surrounding endothelial cells. Alternatively, or perhaps additionally, this phenomenon may be due to initial latent cell injury which only gradually becomes visible with the passage of time.
TISSUE INJURY BY HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRIC CURRENT: OBSERVATIONS WITH THE SANDISON‐CLARK EAR‐CHAMBER
Authors: Buckley Ian K
Published: December 2007

Injury by high frequency electric current to small groups of cells within the Sandison‐Clark rabbit ear‐chamber has demonstrated the in vivo development of blister‐like structures on injured cells and the subsequent separation of these to form free floating globular bodies. It is concluded that this process is responsible for the appearance of transparent globules within injured blood vessels and that it corresponds to a similar phenomenon frequently observed on cells in vitro.

Further consequences of cellular injury were the very rapid formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles by some cells and the active migration of granular leucocytes to the site of injury. Leucocyte accumulation under these conditions strongly suggests a chemotactic effect by products of injured cells.
AUGMENTATION BY TRIIODOTHYRONINE OF SOME OF THE EFFECTS OF HYDROCORTISONE IN MAN
Authors: Hetzel Basil S , Charnock John S , Lawrence James R , Wellby Maurice L
Published: December 2007

There has been recent interest in the interaction between thyroid and adrenal hormones arising out of studies of the metabolic changes associated with stress in man.

A comparison has been made of the metabolic effect of hydrocortisone (given by continuous infusion in 100 mg. and 200 mg. dosage) with the combination of hydrocortisone (in the same dosage) and a single intravenous injection of 0·5 mg. of L‐triiodothyronine. An infusion of normal saline on another occasion acted as a control. Observations were carried out in six healthy medical student volunteers, each infusion being maintained for an eight‐hour period of observation.

Hydrocortisone alone did not raise the metabolic rate or alter the non‐protein respiratory quotient. The metabolic rate was increased by the combination with triiodothyronine, the rise observed being similar to that previously determined from a similar dosage of triiodothyronine alone.

Triiodothyronine augmented the increase in blood glucose and fall in blood eosinophils observed with hydrocortisone alone.

The decrease in plasma inorganic phosphate between the second and sixth hours of observation with hydrocortisone was altered to a significant increase after the fourth hour when triiodothyronine was also given.

Changes in plasma cholesterol levels were unexpected. While there was no change with hydrocortisone alone, the combination with triiodothyronine produced an increase which was significant at two and eight hours.

Following the combination there were no consistent differences in the urinary excretion rates of total nitrogen, sodium, potassium and inorganic phosphate when compared with levels following separate administration.

These results indicate that the simultaneous administration of triiodothyronine augments some, but not all, of the effects of hydrocortisone.
AN IMPROVED MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY FOR FORMIMINOGLUTAMIC ACID
Authors: Davis RE , Onesti P
Published: December 2007

A microbiological assay for formiminoglutamic acid using Lactobacillus arabinosus as test organism is described. The method can be used to detect formiminoglutamic acid in urine when other growth‐promoting substances such as glutamic acid and glutamine are present. By use of this method, the urinary excretion of formiminoglutamic acid can be regularly detected in folic acid‐deficient rats.
THE EFFECT OF PRECURSORS OF PYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDES ON POISONING BY CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
Authors: Gallagher CH
Published: December 2007

The intraperitoneal injection of either nicotinic acid or DL‐tryptophane, which are precursors of pyridine nucleotides, reduced considerably the death rate in rats subsequent to the administration by stomach tube of doses of carbon tetrachloride which were usually lethal. The greatest reduction in death rate was obtained when nicotinic acid or DL‐trypophane was given two days before CCl4. Large doses of nicotinic acid injected five hours after CCl4 was administered did not prevent deaths.

Nicotinic acid, which is a direct precursor of pyridine nucleotides, was more effective under the experimental conditions of this study in preventing deaths from CCl4 poisoning than DL‐tryptophane, which is a precursor of nicotinic acid.

Choline chloride, L‐methionine, reduced glutathione, glucose and ethylenediaminetetra‐acetic acid did not appreciably reduce the death rate due to subsequent CCl4 administration within the limits of this study.

In rats killed 20 hours after the administration of a lethal dose of CCl4, there was a fall of more than 50 p.c. in the extinction coefficient at 260 mμ (E260) of acid extracts of fresh liver homogenates or mitochondria prepared in 0.25 M sucrose compared with the figures for normal rats. The loss of material absorbing at 260 mμ in the homogenates was from the mitochondrial component.

Prophylactic injections of nicotinic acid maintained almost normal E260 values in acid extracts of liver homogenates of rats given CCl4. Injection of nicotinic acid without a subsequent dose of CCl4 did not result in an increase of E260 values above normal. It is probable, therefore, that nicotinic acid stimulates a rapid replacement of pyridine nucleotide lost from mitochondria as a result of CCl4 administration. Greatest protection against the loss of E260 values was obtained when nicotinic acid was given two to three days before CCl4.

The relationship between mitochondrial E260 values and the lethal effects of CCl4 is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE INNATE RESISTANCE OF MICE TO INFECTION WITH MOUSEPOX
Authors: Schell K
Published: December 2007

The response of mice to ectromelia virus depends on the route of injection and the differences between C57 Bl and a susceptible strain of mice have been studied using different routes of injection.

The difference in susceptibility between C57 Bl and stock mice appears earliest following the intravenous injection of ectromelia virus, and following splenectomy this difference is abolished.

The strain difference is most pronounced when the virus is injected into the footpad. It is reduced to a minimum after intracerebral injection, probably because not enough antibody reaches the brain tissue. All resistance is abolished after intraperitoneal injection and for this no explanation is advanced.

Following the intranasal instillation of virus, C57 Bl mice are less resistant because they die of the pneumonia which follows a vigorous local response in the lungs. They succumb to doses of virus which are not lethal by the footpad route, and with larger doses they even die earlier than stock mice.

The difference in susceptibility following different routes of inoculation can be explained in terms of the difference in effectiveness of the antibody response and it has been shown that resistance is inherited as a single, autosomal, dominant factor.
EVAPORATIVE WATER LOSS AND TEMPERATURE REGULATION IN THE MARSUPLAL SETONYX BRACHYURUS
Authors: Bentley PJ
Published: December 2007

Salivation on the fur does not affect the temperature regulation, at high environmental temperatures of the quokka Setonex brachyurus. Evaporative water loss is reduced in Setonyx after dehydration, temperature reculation being correspondingly poorer. This cannot be related to the reduction in fond intake observed in dehydrated animals.
SERUM PROTEIN LEVELS AND THE “AUTO‐IMMUNE” COMPLEMENT‐FIXATION REACTION
Authors: Hackett Earle , Beech Margaret , Roman W
Published: December 2007

Sera from 297 patients were tested for the “auto‐immune” complement‐fixation reaction, and the serum proteins were analysed be electrophoresis and measured. Apart from a slightly increased incidence of hyper‐muntoaglobulinaemia among the positive reactors, no exclusive or regular correlation between the reaction and the levels of the various fractions was observed.
THE PERIPHERAL DILATOR ACTION OF RESERPINE IN MAN
Authors: de la Lande IS , Parks VJ , Sandison AG , Skinner SL , Whelan RF
Published: December 2007

Infusion of reserpine into the brachial artery produces a very marked and prolonged vasodilatation which is confined to the skin of the limb. During the dilatation there is no detectable increase in sensitivity to noradrenaline nor any reduction in the response of the vessels to ephedrine or to reflex sympathetic activity. While some degree of noradrenaline depletion of the tissues cannot be excluded, the findings suggest that if such depletion occurs, it must in some way release vascular tone without causing other manifestations of depletion.
LYSOGENY IN PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: Holloway BW , Egan JB , Monk Marilyn
Published: December 2007

An investigation has been made into lysogenicity and pyocinogenicity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bacteriophages isolated were classified into groups on their antigenic properties and attempts have been made to correlate biological characteristics with this grouping. Multiple lysogeny in some strains is described, including one strain lysogenic for four unrelated phages.

Certain of the bacterial strains are lysogenic for a phage having characteristics more typical of a virulent than of a temperate bacteriophage and the relationship of such strains to the isolation of virulent phages from natural sources is discussed.

Reference is made to the application of this knowledge of Pseudomonas phages to genetic and epidemiological studies with this bacterium.
THE UPTAKE OF ISONIAZID AND RELATED COMPOUNDS BY MYCOBACTERIA
Authors: Youatt Jean
Published: December 2007

Other hydrazides inhibited the uptake of isoniazid. If the hydrazide group was substituted there was no inhibition. C14 meotinic acid hydrazide was taken up at approximately one‐third of the rate of uptake of isoniazid. The uptake required oxygen and was sensitive to sodium cyanide and azide. In this the uptake resembled that of isoniazid, but there was no inhibition by other hydrazides even in large excess.

Hydrazones of isoniazid were taken up by a different process which did not require oxygen and was insensitive to cyanide.

These results are discussed in terms of the mode of action of isoniazid.
THE ANTISTAPHYLOCOCCAL ACTIVITY OF HUMAN SERA IN VITRO AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO PASSIVE PROTECTIVE POTENCY
Authors: Fisher Stephen
Published: December 2007

The degree of bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect of human sera against coagulase producing staphylococci was found to vary according to strain and serum. The nature of the antibacterial agent is unknown.

The ability of human sera to protect mice against the lethal effect of intraperitoneally injected living staphylococci of a certain strain (strain Smith) in mucin suspension appeared independent of the effect of the sera against the same strain in vitro.

In a preparation of human gamma globulin, the mouse protective factor appeared to have been concentrated; divergent results were obtained in two kinds of test fro antibacterial activity in vitro.
THE EFFECT OF DIET ON ACETATE TOLERANCE IN SHEEP
Authors: Jarrett IG , Filsell OH
Published: December 2007

The rate of disappearance of injected acetate from the vascular system of sheep fed lucerne chaff is much more rapid than that of sheep fed wheaten chaff.

Animals feeding on green pasture respond to injected acetate in a manner similar to those eating lucerne chaff, whereas animals on dry pasture respond like those on wheaten chaff.

Within two days of changing from a diet of wheaten to lucerne chaff the tolerance to acetate characteristic of a lucerne chaff diet can be observed. A longer time is required for the alteration in tolerance when sheep which had been eating lucerne chaff are changed to wheaten chaff.

Possible factors involved in the nature of the diet and their effect on the ability of the sheep to utilize acetate are discussed.
AN APPARATUS FOR THE CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF EATING, DRINKING AND SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY OF RATS
Authors: Glow Peter H , Chambers JW
Published: December 2007

An apparatus is described which permits consistent and sequential analysis of the general activity, fluid and food intake of rats in psychopharmacological research. The experimental results obtained from the use of this apparatus indicated that methyl phenidate tends to produce significantly higher levels of activity during those periods of the day when these animals are normally quiescent.
PROPERTIES OF THE OLFACTORY EFFERENT SYSTEM
Authors: Kerr DIB
Published: December 2007

Appropriately timed afferent stimulation of one olfactory bulb can depress afferent induced activity in the opposite bulb, the depression being mediated by the true commissural component of the anterior commissure which is part of the olfactory efferent system. Bulbar retrograde responses evoked by lateral olfactory tract stimulation are depressed by continuous high frequency stimulation of the anterior commissure, and this is considered to be further evidence for a depressive action of the efferent system in the olfactory bulb. Stimulation of the efferent system evokes monophasic negative waves in the bulb which, on continuous stimulation, summate to give a sustained negativity. The appearance of this negative shift is correlated with the onset of the depressive influence. Lateral olfactory tract stimulation evokes polyphasic, dominantly positive, waves in the bulb which do not summate but rapidly fatigue on repetitive stimulation at high frequencies.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE PRODUCED IN INBRED MICE FOLLOWING THE ISOLOGOUS AND HOMOLOGOUS TRANSFER OF ANTIGENICALLY STIMULATED SPLEEN CELLS
Authors: Dineen JK , Perry Beverley T
Published: December 2007

Antigenically stimulated spleen cells from C3H and C57Bl mice have been transferred to isologous and homologous recipients and both the immediate appearance of antibody and the response to a challenge injection of antigen 11–12 weeks later have been studied.

Antibody can be detected as early as two days after isologous transfer of C57Bl cells, but none appears after homologous transfer. Isologous transfer of C3H cells gives much less evidence of early response showing either a delay up to six days before first appearance or failing completely.

Following late challenge mice that received isologous cells responded with typical secondary response in the great majority. No secondary type responses were obtained with homologous combinations.
LONG TERM STORAGE OF TISSUE CULTURE CELLS
Authors: Ferguson Jean
Published: December 2007

Survival rates after storage at −65°C. for periods ranging from 1‐9 months are given for 15 established cell lines of epithelial appearance from a wide variety of sources. Recently isolated epithelial cells from monkey kidney and human amnion tissue and fibroblast‐like cells recently isolated from cervical biopsies have also shown suitable survival rates on storage at −65°C. All cultured cells are still viable after nine mouths, although a variation in recovery rate is shown from cell type to cell type. Freshly isolated monkey kidney and human amnion cells which have not been cultured fail to survive in significant numbers when stored at −65°C. The number of cells surviving is dependent on the concentration of cells stored and on the rate of thawing.
DETERMINATION OF PROTEIN FRACTIONS IN SMALL SAMPLES OF PLASMA AND OF LYMPH IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Courtice FC
Published: December 2007

In an investigation of the transfer of proteins and lipids across the capillary membrane in the rabbit, only small volumes of lymph were often available. This necessitated the use of a method for determining the several protein fractions in lymph which involved the use of such small volumes. Total protein was determined by kjeldahl digestion and nesslerization, and the protein fractions by paper electrophoresis.

The various steps in the procedure of electrophoresis were standardized and the dye‐binding capacities of the globulin fractions were determined in relation to albumin. All the globulin fractions were shown to bind less dye, bromophenol blue, than albumin and the areas of the dye curves were multiplied by the following factors in relation to albumin as unity: γ‐globulin and fibrinogen, 1·76; β‐globulin 1·40, α‐globulin 1·50 and total globulin 1·56. The accuracy of the method for the determination of the levels of these fractions in the plasma and lymph of normal and hypercholesterolaemic rabbits is discussed.
THE FLOW AND COMPOSITION OF HEPATIC LYMPH IN THE NORMAL AND HYPERCHOLESTEROLAEMIC RABBIT
Authors: Courtice FC
Published: December 2007

Hepatic lymph was collected from an efferent vessel of the hepatic lymph node in two groups of rabbits, one living on a normal diet and one on a diet to which cholesterol was added.

The average flow of lymph in the normal group was 0·7 ml./hr., and much greater, up to 30 ml./hr., in the hypercholesterolaemic animals.

The average albumin level in the lymph of the normal rabbit was 96 p.c. and the globulin 74 p.c. of that in the plasma. In the hypercholesterolaemic group these values were slightly less, 88 and 70 p.c. respectively. Each of the globulin fractions, α, β and γ, varied only slightly from the mean globulin level.

The cholesterol and phospholipid plasma : lymph gradients in the normal animals were much the same as for α and β globulin, but in the hypercholesterolaemic group these gradients were much greater. This was in agreement with the findings that the increased lipid levels in the plasma of the hypercholesterolaemic rabbit were due mainly to larger, less dense complexes with a high cholesterol : phospholipid ratio.

The significance of these findings with regard to the permeability of the hepatic sinusoids and the production of lymph is discussed.
STUDIES OF ARTHROPOD‐BORNE VIRUS INFECTIONS IN QUEENSLAND
Authors: Doherty RL , Carley JG
Published: December 2007

Serological studies of 62 patients with clinical dengue in the 1953–55 epidemic in North Queensland demonstrated the diagnostic value of the haemagglutination‐inhibition test against Murray Valley encephalitis antigen. Two distinct patterns of response to complement‐fixation, haemagglutination‐inhibition, and neutralization tests were demonstrated, and are considered to represent first and second infections with dengue.

The age distribution of antibodies suggested that about 40 p.c. of the non‐immune population of Brisbane were infected in the 1942–44 epidemic of dengue. No evidence was found of more recent dengue infection in Brisbane, but one patient from Cooktown had evidence of dengue infection between 1947 and 1953, when no epidemic was recognized.

Neutralization tests demonstrated that the human immunity pattern to group B arthropodborne viruses at Brisbane, Townsville, Innisfail, the Atherton Tableland and Lockhart River Mission was due to infection with dengue, and not with MVE. However, evidence of MVE infection at Townsville since 1956 was found in fowl sera. Sera from Coen and Wrotham Park showed evidence of infection with MVE, and not with dengue.

Evidence is presented that the 1925–26 and 1953–55 epidemics of dengue in Queensland were due to dengue type 1, and the 1942–44 epidemic predominantly to dengue type 2, but with some cases due to dengue 1. It was necessary to use suckling mice to determine neutralization indices in order to obtain a type‐specific response.
THE OCCURRENCE OF β‐AMINO‐ISOBUTYRIC ACID IN THE URINE OF PATIENTS WITH THALASSEMIA MAJOR
Authors: Hillcoat BL
Published: December 2007

Three cases of thalassemia major in whom splenectomy had not been performed were found to be excreting large amounts of β‐amino‐isobutyric acid (BAIB).

Two cases of thalassemia major in whom splenectomy had been performed were found to be excreting much smaller amounts of this amino‐acid.

The possible significance of BAIB in thalassemia major is briefly considered.
A SURVEY FOR ANTIBODIES TO ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS IN MAN AND ANIMALS
Authors: Pope JH , Scott W
Published: December 2007

Neutralizing antibodies to the Innisfail strain of EMC virus were present at significant levels, in one of 337 human sera collected in Queensland, and in one of 48 from Papua.

Antibodies were also present, in Queensland, in 22 p.c. of water‐rats, Hydromys chrysogaster; in 5–10 p.c. of rats, Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus, R. sordidus conatus and Melomys lutillus littoralis; in 2 p.c. of bandicoots, Isoodon macrourus; and in one of 44 horses. A series of mice, cats, dogs and kangaroos examined was negative.
THE AMOUNT OF PLASMA TRAPPED BY RED CELLS IN CENTRIFUGED AND SEDIMENTED BLOOD
Authors: Clark Peggy , Walsh RJ
Published: December 2007

An accurate method for dividing red blood cell columns has been devised. Blood is placed in P.V.C. tubing which is sealed at one end with a glass bead. This tubing is inserted into a piece of glass tube before centrifugation, and later the contents can be frozen before the tubing is divided. The method was used to measure the amount of plasma trapped with the red blood cells. From these measurements the ratio of the true to the observed haematocrit value was found to be 0·94 at centrifugal forces greater than 1,430 g. The ratio decreased with decreasing relative centrifugal force, but variations in the haematocrit value did not alter the correction factor. The amount of plasma trapped in centrifuged and sedimented normal human blood decreased from top to bottom of the red cell columns, but the amount in different sections of the columns became more uniform as the time of centrifugation or of sedimentation increased. A blood sample with a high sedimentation rate showed a different pattern on sedimentation.
THE HAEMATOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINE
Authors: Casley‐smith JR
Published: December 2007

Various haematological observations were made on Central Australian aborigines. One group contained some 30 nomadic males living under primitive conditions for most of the year. The second group consisted of about 20 males and 15 females living under urban conditions, on an almost European diet. The nomadic group's diet had a high iron content. The haemoglobin levels of a control group of Europeans in Central Australia were also measured.

The haemoglobin and haematocrit values of the nomads were higher than those of the Bungalow males. Both sexes at the Bungalow did not differ significantly from European controls. The erythrocyte counts showed no significant difference between the two male groups. The haemoglobin levels of a group of 16 Europeans living at Alice Springs were almost the same as those of the Bungalow males.

The M.C.V's and M.C.H's of the nomads were just greater than those of Europeans, but the Bungalow groups did not differ significantly from either the nomads or Europeans. The M.C.H.C's did not differ significantly between the groups or from European standards.

Erythrocyte osmotic fragility studies showed an increase in haemolysis at ‐5N but otherwise were not significantly different from those of Europeans. The aborigines did not differ significantly among themselves.

The erythrocyte sedimentation rates were quite raised in all groups of aborigines when compared with Europeans. However, the nomads’ values were less than those of the urban groups.
A CLOSED METHOD FOR THE MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE LIVING RAT PANCREAS IN SITU
Authors: Palmer AA , Wilkins AG
Published: December 2007

A method is described for the microscopic observation of the pancreas of the rat which affords clear vision for periods up to 6 hours with minimal damage to the tissues and does not require the use of irrigating solutions.
THE REMOVAL OF UNESTERIFIED FATTY ACIDS BOUND TO ALBUMIN FROM THE PERITONEAL CAVITY OF THE RAT
Authors: Lascelles AK , Morris Bede
Published: December 2007

The absorption of T‐1824 labelled albumin and 14C labelled unesterified fatty acid from the peritoneal cavity of the rat has been studied. It was found that labelled fatty acids were removed much more rapidly than labelled albumin. While the concentration of both total and labelled albumin in the peritoneal fluid fell progressively during the period of absorption, the concentration of total unesterified fatty acids in the peritoneal fluid rose slightly.

The results suggested that unesterified fatty acids exchanged rapidly in both directions across the peritoneal serous membrane. In the case of albumin, there was a unidirectional transfer of unlabelled protein into the peritoneal cavity. The net removal of both albumin and unesterified fatty acids occurred together with the absorption of fluid through the lymphatic system.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE STAINING PROCESS IN THE QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF SERUM PROTEINS BY PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: Wilkinson Gwendoline K , Wilkinson GN
Published: December 2007

A procedure for routine analysis of serum proteins is described, which is virtually free from factors requiring critical control in the staining process, and gives a stable linear dye‐protein relationship over a wide range of protein densities.

Optimal staining is achieved only if the concentration of the dye solution and the staining time both exceed inter‐related lower limits which in combination depend on the maximum density of protein on paper for which optimal staining conditions are required. Staining for 10 minutes in a 1 p.c. solution of bromphenol blue produces optimal staining for protein densities up to 0·15 mg./cm.2

Freedom from factors requiring critical control is a consequence of optimal staining conditions. A number of staining methods described in the literature are sub‐optimal and in consequence require rigid standardization to obtain reproducible results.
EQUILIBRIUM SEDIMENTATION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS IN CAESIUM CHLORIDE DENSITY GRADIENTS
Authors: Barry RD
Published: December 2007

Preparations of standard and incomplete influenza A virus were subjected to equilibrium sedimentation in density gradients of caesium chloride solutions. Concentrated solutions of caesium chloride rapidly destroyed the infectivity of influenza virus.

For standard virus preparations, the distribution of haemagglutinin in these gradients indicates that they consist largely of particles of similar density with a small class of particles of lower density. The size of this class was different in the two strains tested. The distribution of electron‐microscopically visible particles obtained for one strain corresponded to the distribution of haemagglutinin. There was no evidence that a separate class of inactive particles exists in standard preparations.

The viral enzyme is uniformly distributed in the virus population.

Incomplete virus preparations lack the homogeneity of standard virus preparations. As incompleteness increases, an array of particle types of variably lower density appears.
CHANGES IN POLARISATION RESISTANCE DURING THE REPOLARISATION PHASE OF THE RABBIT VENTRICULAR ACTION POTENTIAL
Authors: Johnson EA , Tille J
Published: December 2007

The magnitude and time course of changes in polarisation resistance during the repolarisation phase of action potentials recorded from rabbit ventricular muscle have been measured with intracellular double‐barrelled microelectrodes.

Action potentials from 74 fibres in 7 preparations have been examined. In all fibres, at some time during the repolarisation phase, the polarisation resistance was greater than the resting polarisation resistance. The mean maximum increase above the resting value was 1·63 (± 0·15 S.D.) times.

The polarisation resistance remained constant even with large negative voltage displacements (60 mV). No evidence was found of regenerative repolarisation.
THE FUNCTION OF TOTAL DOSE IN THE PRODUCTION OF CHRONIC LETHAL LIVER DISEASE IN RATS BY PERIODIC INJECTIONS OF THE PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOID, HELIOTRINE
Authors: Bull LB , Dick AT
Published: December 2007

Groups of young male rats were given 0·1 LD50 heliotrine intraperitoneally three times per week for seven weeks. One group was then killed for assessment of liver injury, and other groups were killed and similarly examined at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 weeks after the last injection. At each of these time intervals also one group which had been given the first course of injections and one which had not, were started on a course of injections at the same dose and frequency as the first, but injections were continued until each rat died.

The mean total dose required to kill the rats was found to be the same whether it was given in one continuous course of 0·1 LD50 injections or broken into two courses with periods of 10–30 weeks between them. With increasing age, however, an increase in susceptibility of the rats to the alkaloid became apparent.

Histopathological examination of the livers revealed that in the absence of further dosage beyond 2·1 LD50, the lesion continued to progress for 20 weeks, but subsequently became modified by an increasing amount of active parenchymal regeneration. The effects of the second course of injections on the lesion already existing was to increase the rate of its development; it became more chronic and further advanced at the time of death in all groups given the broken than in those given the unbroken courses. From these observations it seems that the determination of failure of liver function in the chronic liver disease is to be sought in the biochemical rather than in the morphological changes in the liver.
THE EFFECT OF AMIPHENAZOLE ON MORPHINE‐INDUCED ANALGESIA IN MICE
Authors: McKenzie JS
Published: December 2007

The hot‐plate method has been used on mice to investigate the effect of amiphenazole on the analgesic activity of morphine. Over a range of doses of each, morphine analgesia is potentiated by amiphenazole. The phenomenon has been observed with oral, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes of administration. In addition, morphine at a dose producing only slight analgesia potentiates the mild analgesic action of amiphenazole.

The effects of amiphenazole on codeine analgesia have been variable; at most, mixtures of the two drugs have shown a moderate but brief increase of analgesic effectiveness over that of the components given alone.

It is suggested that the morphine‐potentiating property of amiphenazole may allow satisfactory clinical analgesia with doses of morphine less than those customary.
THE DYNAMIC RED CELL STORAGE FUNCTION OF THE SPLEEN IN SHEEP
Authors: Turner AW , Hodgetts V Elizabeth
Published: December 2007

Chlorpromazine (0·46–0·7 mg./kg. i.v.) caused profound fall of haematocrit in sheep. Its virtual abolition by splenectomy and its inverse relationship to splenic gamma radiation surface counts in intact sheep prepared with 51Cr‐labelled red cells showed this to be due almost entirely to splenic relaxation and consequent increase of red cells held there. Plasma dilution through water shift played only a small part in the haematocrit fall Similar haematocrit fall, and its virtual abolition by splenectomy, occurred after dihydroergotamine but not after Dibenamine. Both these agents, as well as chlorpromazine, were shown to reduce the haematocrit response to adrenaline or nor‐adrenaline. Haematocrit fall also occurred after pentobarbitonum sodium at a dose sufficient to produce obvious central effects. The relative importance of ataraxis and of splenic adrenergic blocking in the haematocrit‐reducing effect of chlorpromazine in sheep could not be wholly resolved, but the central effects are probably more important. Haematocrit fall, abolished by splenectomy, was also observed after mepazine (2·3 mg./kg. i.m.). The effect after meprobamate (9·4 mg./kg.) was slight.
ANALYSIS OF MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY FACTORS IN A STOCK OF CLOSELY INBRED WHITE LEGHORN FOWLS USING A GRAFT‐versus‐HOST REACTION ON THE CHORIOALLANTOIC MEMBRANE
Authors: Burnet Deborth , Burnet FM
Published: December 2007

A study of two sublines of a closely inbred White Leghorn stock has been made using the number of foci produced after transfer of adult leucocytes to chorioallantoic membranes as an indication of the degree of genetic difference between donor and embryonic host.

If minor degrees of reactivity are neglected for the time being, the results are explicable in terms of three alleles, A, B, C, at a single locus, and following clonal selection theories of immunity, on the assumption that each fowl carries leucocyte cell clones capable of reacting with antigens not present in its body.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SECRETION OF NITROGEN IN SHEEP SALIVA
Authors: Somers M
Published: December 2007

Measurements were made on the distribution of nitrogen in the mixed and parotid salivary secretion of sheep and on the amount of nitrogen secreted daily in the parotid saliva.

The distribution of nitrogen in the mixed saliva followed the same pattern as that in the parotid secretions obtained when the glands were in a quiescent state. The concentration of nitrogen in both fluids depended on the rate of secretion.

Although the concentration of total nitrogen in the mixed and parotid saliva increased during short‐term stimulation, the pattern of nitrogen distribution was not affected. During prolonged stimulation of the parotid glands the nitrogen composition of the saliva changed.

Quantitatively, urea was the most important nitrogen compound in both the mixed and parotid saliva, accounting for 60–70 p.c. of the total nitrogen.

The average volume of saliva secreted daily by one parotid gland was 2380 ± 43·8 ml. and the average total nitrogen content was 295·5 ± 5·77 mg. when the nitrogen intake was 14·8 gm. per day.

Some implications of the amount and nature of the nitrogen compounds in relation to the ruminal metabolism of nitrogen in sheep are discussed.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SECRETION OF NITROGEN IN SHEEP SALIVA
Authors: Somers M
Published: December 2007

Urea was added to the rumen of three merino sheep at the rates of 5, 10 and 20 gm. daily to increase the overall nitrogen intakes from 10.7 gm. in the basal ration to 13·0, 15·4 and 20·0 gm. per day.

A marked increase in the total amount of nitrogen secreted in parotid saliva was found to occur as the nitrogen intake of the sheep rose. A similar high correlation was found between the level of nitrogen intake and the amount of urea nitrogen secreted in the saliva daily.

Between the highest and the lowest levels of nitrogen intake the magnitude of the increases were 0·26 gm. of total nitrogen and 0·18 gm. of urea nitrogen per gland per day.

The concentration of urea nitrogen in the blood increased with the level of nitrogen intake of the sheep, but fluctuations in the level of blood urea could not be accounted for by nitrogen intake alone.

A significant correlation was found between the concentrations of urea nitrogen in the blood and in the saliva. This offered a partial explanation of the higher concentrations of salivary urea resulting from the increased nitrogen intakes.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SECRETION OF NITROGEN IN SHEEP SALIVA
Authors: Somers M
Published: December 2007

Differential responses occurred in the amount of urea nitrogen and total nitrogen secreted in the parotid saliva, according to the nitrogen status of the sheep, when 1·4 gm. of urea nitrogen was injected into the blood daily. Of this amount of nitrogen, 0·1 gm. could be recovered in the secretion from one parotid gland daily when the sheep were in positive nitrogen balance, and 0·3 gm. when the sheep were in negative nitrogen balance.

The urinary excretion accounted for 1·0 gm. of the 1·4 gm. of urea nitrogen injected daily when the sheep were in positive nitrogen balance, but only 0·3 gm. per day at the lower nitrogen status.

The implications of these findings were discussed in relation to a urea conservation mechanism in sheep.
PHAGOCYTOSIS BY EOSINOPHILS FOLLOWING ANTIGEN‐ANTIBODY REACTIONS IN VITRO
Authors: Archer GT , Bosworth Nola
Published: December 2007

Phagocytosis by human and rat eosinophils was studied by means of an in vitro system consisting of red cells as antigen, immune serum and white cells. Erythrophagocytosis by the white cells, including eosinophils, occurred following the reaction between red cell antigens and fresh immune sera at room temperature. A high percentage of the eosinophils showed phagocytosis. The part played by complement in phagocytosis was investigated by means of immune serum inactivated by heat, hydrazine, zymosan and diethyl other. It was concluded that the first component is the only component of complement required for phagocytosis.
THE EOSINOPHIL CONTENT OF THE PERITONEAL CAVITY OF THE RAT
Authors: Bosworth Nola , Archer GT
Published: December 2007

The eosinophil content of the peritoneal cavity was studied in normal rats and in rats which had received injections into the peritoneal cavity of a number of substances. A non‐specific increase in eosinophils occurred following the injection of physiological saline, histamine, serotonin and phenergan. There was a specific increase in eosinophils following a challenge injection of human red cells into animals previously sensitised to this antigen. Large numbers of eosinophils, with greatly reduced numbers of mast cells, were obtained simply by repeatedly irrigating the peritoneal cavity with large volumes of saline.
THE EFFECT OF A CHANGE IN SHAPE OF THE CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL ON THE IONIC CONDUCTANCES
Authors: Johnson Edward A , Tille J , Wilson Lesley
Published: December 2007

Rabbit ventricular muscle was stimulated at a low constant rate and an extra stimulus was interposed shortly after every fourth action potential. Pairs of differently shaped action potentials were obtained in this way.

The magnitude and time course of polarisation resistance have been determined throughout these action potential pairs. The increase in polarisation resistance during the repolarisation phase was more prolonged and somewhat greater in the action potential of longer duration and area.

Changes in membrane conductance to sodium and potassium ions throughout the action potentials have been computed. Throughout the whole of the repolarisation phase the computed potassium conductance is lower and the computed sodium conductance is higher than in the resting state.
THE DYNAMIC RED CELL STORAGE FUNCTION OF THE SPLEEN IN SHEEP
Authors: Hodgetts V Elizabeth
Published: December 2007

In the sheep the spleen has been shown to act as a dynamic reservoir of highly concentrated blood. As the number of red cells retained in the spleen is dependant upon the emotional state of the animal at the time, the values of the jugular haematocrit and of the F cells ratio are subject to wide variations. The extent to which such variations can affect the calculated values of blood volume (BV) and red cell volume (RCV) from plasma volume (PV) and jugular haematocrit has been demonstrated. Separate determination of RCV by labelled‐cell techniques, such as 51Cr‐labelling, may also be fallacious, because a considerable proportion of the total red cells (of the order of 10 p.c.) was found to be withheld from free “mixing” in some sheep; but this was readily overcome by the intravenous administration of adrenaline. Little error could result, and considerable saving of time could be made, by basing estimates of RCV and PV on a single sample taken 10 minutes after administration of labelled cells and T‐1824 together with adrenaline to contract the spleen and thereby promote rapid and complete “mixing”. More simply, after injection of only T‐1824 plus adrenaline, BVpl could be calculated from the formula PV/(100 – H × F cells) where H is the haematocrit determined after 2–3 minutes, PV is based on a single plasma sample at 10 minutes and F cells after adrenaline is taken to be 0·81.

The mean PV of 21 determinations on 13 Merino sheep, as determined by the T‐1824 method, was 44·6 ml./kg. (S.D., 3·1 ml./kg.). The mean BV, RCV and PV of 5 sheep, as determined by 51Cr‐labelled cells and T‐1824, were 66·4, 19·7 and 46·7 ml./kg. respectively (S.D., 5·4, 2·8 and 3·6 ml./kg, respectively).
GENETIC STUDIES ON LYSOGENY IN PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: Egan JB , Holloway BW
Published: December 2007

Mutants of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa temperate phage D3 have been isolated which are characterised by a clear plaque, and a reduced frequency of lysogenisation. They have horn classified into three groups on their ability to co‐operate in mixed infection to give a lysogenisation frequency characteristic of the wild type. Genetic recombination has been demonstrated for phage D3 and a preliminary linkage map constructed. Crosses between representatives of the three groups of clear plaque mutants confirm the genetic diversity indicated by the co‐operation test.