bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Standard operating procedures for clinical research personnel – part 9
Authors: Bohaychuk Wendy , Ball Graham
Published: August 2002

This is the ninth in a series of articles containing proposals for wording and content of standard operating procedures (SOPs) for clinical research activities conducted by sponsors and Contract Research Organisations (CROs). The procedures include those required by the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), many other guidelines and regulations, and ‘best practice’ observed by the authors. The model forms require modification for actual use. In this article, SOPs are presented for the initial selection process for suitable study sites (SOP 315), study site selection visits (SOP 316), assessment of Phase I facilities (SOP 317), documentation of qualifications of investigators and other site personnel (SOP 318) and final authorisation to use a study site (SOP 319). (The full text of all 101 SOPs is available from the authors.) Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the reliability of the estimated incapability index
Authors: Pearn W. L. , Lin G. H.
Published: August 2002

Greenwich and Jahr‐Schaffrath (1995) introduced the process incapability index $C_{\rm pp}= C_{\rm ip}+ C_{\rm ia}$, which provides an uncontaminated separation between information concerning the process precision $(C_{\rm ip})$ and process accuracy $(C_{\rm ia})$. In this paper, we consider the three indices, and investigate the statistical properties of their natural estimators. For the three indices, we obtain their UMVUEs and MLEs, and compare the reliability of the two estimators based on the relative mean square errors. In addition, we construct 90%, 95%, and 99% upper confidence limits, and the maximum values of $\hat{C}_{\rm pp}$ for which the process is capable 90%, 95%, and 99% of the time. The results obtained in this paper are useful to the practitioners in choosing good estimators and making reliable decisions on judging process capability. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of two‐center overlap and nuclear attraction integrals over Slater‐type orbitals with integer and noninteger principal quantum numbers
Authors: Özdoğan T. , Orbay M.
Published: August 2002

A general formula has been established for the expansion of the product of two normalized associated Legendre functions centered on the nuclei a and b. This formula has been utilized for the evaluation of two‐center overlap and nuclear attraction integrals over Slater‐type orbitals (STOs) with integer and noninteger principal quantum numbers. The formulas given in this study for the evaluation of two‐center overlap and nuclear attraction integrals show good rate of convergence and great numerical stability under wide range of quantum numbers, orbital exponents, and internuclear distances. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2001
Relationship between the energy of donor–acceptor bond and the reorganization energy in molecular complexes
Authors: Timoshkin A. Y. , Davydova E. I. , Sevastianova T. N. , Suvorov A. V. , Schaefer H. F.
Published: August 2002

Donor–acceptor complexes of silicon halides with ammonia, pyridine, and 2,2′bipyridine SiX4 · nD (X = F, Cl, Br) have been studied at the B3LYP/pVDZ level of theory. Energies of the donor–acceptor bond have been estimated taking into account the reorganization energy of the donor and acceptor fragments and basis set superposition error correction. Despite of the very low (or even negative) dissociation energy of SiX4 · nD into free fragments, the Si–N bonding in all complexes is rather strong (75–220 kJ mol−1). It is the reorganization energy of the acceptor SiX4 (75–280 kJ mol−1) that governs the dissociation energy of the complex. Thus, in contrast to the complexes of group 13 halides, the reorganization effects are crucial for the complexes of group 14 halides, and their neglecting leads to erroneous conclusions about the strength of the donor–acceptor bond in these systems. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Equilibrium geometry and gas‐phase proton affinity of 2‐thiouracil derivatives
Authors: Moustafa H. , El‐Taher S. , Shibl M. F. , Hilal Rifaat
Published: August 2002

The ground‐state geometries of uracil, 6‐hydroxy‐uracil, and 6‐hydroxy‐, 6‐amino‐, 6‐methyl‐, 6‐trifluoro‐, and 6‐phenyl‐2‐thiouracil were optimized at the Hartree–Fock level. The molecular structures were fully optimized using the 6‐31G and 6‐31G* basis sets. The effect of substituents on the geometry and electronic structural features of 2‐thiouracils were examined. The perturbation effects of the OH and NH2 groups are by far more pronounced on the geometric features and the dipole moment magnitude and direction of 2‐thiouracil. The potential energy per atom criteria was used to compare the relative tightness of binding in the studied series. Proton affinity and deprotonation enthalpy on each of the possible sites in 2‐thiouracil and its derivatives have been calculated at the 6‐31G/MP2 level of theory. The obtained results show that thiouracils behave as bases where they possess a high tendency to abstract protons. Substituents in the 6‐position have the general effect of enhancing the basicity strength of the thiocabonyl site in the order Ph < CH3 ≈ NH2 < OH. The CF3 group has the effect of reducing considerably the basicity strength and enhances the acidity strength at both N1 and N3. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Modeling of vibronic interaction and chaotic dynamics in electronic and nuclear subsystems of molecules
Authors: Morozov V. A. , Dubina Y. M.
Published: August 2002

The interaction of electronic and nuclear subsystems of a molecular system is described to be a consequence of cubic and biquadratic coupling on coordinates between electronic and nuclear oscillators in the classic and mixed quantum–classic models of a molecule. The simple relationships between two parameters of nonlinearity and usually used in the description of adiabatic vibronic interaction in a real molecules a shift of equilibrium position of nuclei and change of force constant them harmonic vibrations upon electronic excitation of a molecule are established. It is shown that performance of these relationships averaged on “fast” time dynamics of excitation of electronic oscillators of the classic model coincides with dynamics of population of the excited electronic state of the mixed quantum–classic model for any values of nuclear positions. The influence considered vibronic interaction on the character of dependence of quasienergies of a molecule dressed by a cloud of photons from the coordinate nuclear oscillator is investigated. As a necessary condition for the appearance of chaotic dynamics of nuclei in the considered quantum–classic model of a molecule at transformation by its light fields it is proposed to consider the occurrence of two‐well quasienergy. Taking account this criterion, it is shown that only the considered cubic (but not biquadratic) vibronic interaction is one of the reasons for the chaotic dynamics of nuclei in molecules interacting with a light field. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Electronic excitation in anionic polymerization of butadiene: Nonempirical calculations of reaction complexes
Authors: Kalninsh K. K. , Podolsky A. F.
Published: August 2002

A new mechanism of anionic polymerization of butadiene is proposed. In the elementary chemical act, the “living” polymer–monomer complex is excited into the low‐lying triplet state. This state has the character of charge (electron) and cation (Li+ or Na+) transfer from the terminal unit of the active center to the monomer molecule. In the framework of this concept, the probability of chemical bond formation is determined by spin density on radical centers of reagent molecules. Semiempirical and ab initio 6‐31G** quantum‐chemical calculations showed stable interaction between components of the complex in the ground electronic state (9–11 kcal/mol) and low energy levels of triplet excited states (<14 kcal/mol). This new approach is shown to be useful in the analysis of polymerization kinetics and the microstructure of polybutadiene depending on the cation type and the ion pair state. The mechanism of cis‐trans isomerization in the terminal unit of the living polymer consists in concerted rotation about the CβCγ bond and the migration of Li between Cα and Cγ atoms. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Quantum mechanics of solvated complexes: A test for positronium
Authors: Chuev Gennady N. , Schrader D. M. , Stepanov Sergey V. , Byakov Vsevolod M.
Published: August 2002

A hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics approach is developed for calculating properties of solvated complexes. The method is based on self‐consistent calculations of the Kohn–Sham equations for electronic wave functions and integral equations for solvent structure. The method is applied to solvated positronium (Ps). Using a simple parameterization for the Ps wave function, we calculate the local solvent structure around a hydrated Ps. The results are consistent with the experimental data. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Symmetrization of eigenfunctions of angular momentum in point groups
Authors: Li An Yong , Liao Mu Zhen
Published: August 2002

The eigenfunctions |jm〉 of angular momentum can combine linearly to make basis functions of irreducible representations of point groups. We surmount the projection operator and find a new method to calculate the combination coefficients. It is proven that these coefficients are components of eigenvectors of some hermitian matrices, and that for all pure rotation point groups, the coefficients can be made real numbers by properly choosing the azimuth angles of symmetry elements of point groups in the coordinate system. We apply the coupling theory of angular momentum to obtain the general formulas of the basis functions of point groups. By use of our formulas, we have calculated the basis functions with half‐integers j from 1/2 to 13/2 of double‐valued irreducible representations for the icosahedral group. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 83: 286–302, 2001
Rapid bioanalysis of vancomycin in serum and urine by high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using on‐line sample extraction and parallel analytical columns
Authors: Cass Robert T. , Villa Josephine S. , Karr Dane E. , Schmidt Donald E.
Published: August 2002

A novel high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method is described for the determination of vancomycin in serum and urine. After the addition of internal standard (teicoplanin), serum and urine samples were directly injected onto an HPLC system consisting of an extraction column and dual analytical columns. The columns are plumbed through two switching valves. A six‐port valve directs extraction column effluent either to waste or to an analytical column. A ten‐port valve simultaneously permits equilibration of one analytical column while the other is used for sample analysis. Thus, off‐line analytical column equilibration time does not require mass spectrometer time, freeing the detector for increased sample throughput. The on‐line sample extraction step takes 15 seconds followed by gradient chromatography taking another 90 seconds. Having minimal sample pretreatment the method is both simple and fast. This system has been used to successfully develop a validated positive‐ion electrospray bioanalytical method for the quantitation of vancomycin. Detection of vancomycin was accurate and precise, with a limit of detection of 1 ng/mL in serum and urine. The calibration curves for vancomycin in rat, dog and primate were linear in a concentration range of 0.001–10 µg/mL for serum and urine. This method has been successfully applied to determine the concentration of vancomycin in rat, dog and primate serum and urine samples from pharmacokinetic and urinary excretion studies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sublimation properties of CoF3: mass spectrometric and quantum chemical studies
Authors: Popovic Arkadij , Lesar Antonija , Rau Julietta V. , Bencze László
Published: August 2002

The sublimation of cobalt trifluoride was studied using the Knudsen effusion method combined with mass spectrometry. The pressure of F was directly measured for decomposition of CoF3(s) into CoF2(s). The average kinetic energy of $\hbox{\bf CoF}_{\bf 2}^{\hbox{\bf +}}, \hbox{\bf CoF}^{\hbox{\bf +}}$ and $\hbox{\bf Co}^{\hbox{\bf +}}$ fragment ions was determined and the relative ionisation cross section curves measured from 6 eV to 100 eV. Thermodynamic functions of gaseous CoF3 and Co2F6, were evaluated from geometrical and vibrational parameters provided from theoretical calculations. Heats of formation of CoF3(s), CoF3(g), Co2F6(g) were established as (−784 ± 6) kJ/mol, (−565 ± 11) kJ/mol and (−1289 ± 22) kJ/mol, respectively. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of cationic surfactants in oral rinses and a disinfectant formulation using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Morrow Ava P. , Kassim Olakunle O. , Ayorinde Folahan. O.
Published: August 2002

Three commercial oral rinses and one commercial disinfectant formulation were analyzed for the presence of cationic surfactants using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOFMS) in the positive ion mode. The product labels on these formulations indicate the presence of cetylpyridinium chloride, tetraalkylammonium or trialkylbenzylammonium chlorides. The resulting MALDI‐TOF mass spectra only showed cetylpyridinium, tetraalkylammonium, and trialkylbenzylammonium ions, apparently due to the dissociation of the salts in the ion source. We confirmed the presence of cetylpyridinium salt in the three oral formulations, whereas the disinfectant formulation consisted of a complex mixture of the salts of dioctyldimethylammonium, didecyldimethylammonium, benzylmyristyldimethylammonium, decyloctyldimethylammonium, benzyldecyldimethylammonium, and benzylcetyldimethylammonium. This work demonstrates again the potential for using meso‐tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin as a matrix in the MALDI‐TOFMS analysis of low molecular weight compounds. This study also demonstrates that the mode of ionization of quaternary ammonium compounds (cationic surfactant salts) under MALDI conditions is by dissociation, leading to the detection of only the positively charged moieties. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gas‐phase conformers of the [M + 2H]2+ ion of bradykinin investigated by combining high‐field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry, hydrogen/deuterium exchange, and energy‐loss measurements
Authors: Purves Randy W. , Barnett David A. , Ells Barbara , Guevremont Roger
Published: August 2002

The continuous separation capability of high‐field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) was used in combination with complementary techniques for probing biomolecular ions in the gas phase. Gas‐phase conformers of the [M + 2H]2+ ion of bradykinin were examined using a combination of FAIMS, H/D exchange, and energy‐loss measurements. When FAIMS data and H/D exchange data were analyzed separately, the presence of only two conformers of the [M + 2H]2+ ion of bradykinin could be detected. However, in an experiment in which FAIMS and H/D exchange were combined, at least four different conformers of the gas‐phase [M + 2H]2+ ion of bradykinin were detected, including one of very low abundance. Cross sections calculated for the four conformers, based on energy‐loss measurements, were 250, 240, 250, and 244 Å2, in order of decreasing abundance. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of urinary nucleosides. II. Comparison of mass spectrometric methods for the analysis of urinary nucleosides
Authors: Dudley Edward , Lemiere Filip , Dongen Walter Van , Langridge James I. , El‐Sharkawi Salah , Games David E. , Esmans Eddy L. , Newton Russell P.
Published: August 2002

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of urinary nucleosides have diagnostic potential as tumour markers. We have developed separation techniques linked to mass spectrometric detection in order to overcome the problems associated with past identification and quantitation methods. The three methods of analysis utilised were: gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), high‐performance liquid chromatography/ion‐trap mass spectrometry (HPLC/ITMS) and capillary liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (CapLC/TQMS). Here we compare the relative effectiveness of each of the techniques for subsequent application in the systematic study of urinary nucleoside profiles in cancer patients. All three methods proved to be valuable techniques for such urinary nucleoside analyses, and a combination rather than one single choice is concluded as the ideal. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Free energy for blue copper protein unfolding determined by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
Authors: Cunsolo Vincenzo , Foti Salvatore , Rosa Carmelo La , Saletti Rosaria , Canters G. W. , Verbeet M. Ph.
Published: August 2002

An electrospray ionisation (ESI) mass spectrometric method for the determination of the free energy (ΔG) of unfolding of proteins is described. The method was tested using three blue copper proteins: wild type azurin, Cys‐3Ala/Cys‐26Ala (C3A/C26A) azurin mutant and wild‐type amicyanin. The time course of the denaturation process of the proteins dissolved in methanol/water (50:50, v/v, pH 3.5) was followed by recording ESI mass spectra at time intervals. The spectra showed two series of peaks, corresponding to the native holo‐protein and the unfolded apo‐protein. From the intensity ratio of these two series of peaks at increasing time and at equilibrium, the free energy for the unfolding process for the three proteins could be determined. To evaluate the reliability of the thermodynamic data obtained by the ESI mass spectrometric approach, the denaturation process was followed by UV‐VIS spectroscopy. The two sets of data obtained by these independent methods were in good agreement indicating that the ESI‐MS approach can be used to obtain reliable quantitative information about the protein unfolding process. In principle, this approach can be applied to other proteins and requires very low amounts of sample, due to the intrinsic sensitivity of mass spectrometry. This may prove particularly useful when the amount of sample available prevents the use of current methods. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A rapid and precise method for sampling and determining the oxygen isotope ratio of atmospheric water vapor
Authors: Helliker Brent R. , Roden John S. , Cook Craig , Ehleringer James R.
Published: August 2002

A quantitative method for cryogenically sampling atmospheric water vapor on the temporal scale of 10 to 15 min in the field or laboratory is described. The sample apparatus is lightweight, affordable, and easy to assemble. The method allows for H2O:CO2 equilibration within the same sampling tubes and hence increases turnaround time for δ18O analysis. Quantitative analysis in the laboratory showed recovery of a vaporized, known, 18O water standard to 0.2‰ precision. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil Vapor Extraction and Chemical Oxidation to Remediate Chlorinated Solvents in Fractured Crystalline Bedrock: Pilot Study Results and Lessons Learned
Authors: Cho H. Jean , Fiacco R. Joseph , Daly Matthew H.
Published: August 2002

A pilot study was completed at a fractured crystalline bedrock site using a combination of soil vapor
extraction (SVE) and in‐situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) with Fenton's Reagent.
This system was designed to destroy 1,1,1‐trichloroethane (TCA) and its daughter products,
1,1‐dichloroethene (DCE) and 1,1‐dichloroethane (DCA). Approximately 150 pounds
of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were oxidized in‐situ or removed from the aquifer as vapor
during the pilot study. Largely as a result of chemical oxidation, TCA concentrations in groundwater located
within a local groundwater mound decreased by 69 to 95 percent. No significant rebound in VOC concentration was
observed in these wells. Wells located outside of the groundwater mound showed less dramatic decreases in VOC
concentration, and the data show that vapor stripping and short‐term groundwater migration following the
oxidant injection were the key processes at these wells. Although the porosity of the aquifer at the site is on
the order of 2 percent or less, the pilot study showed that SVE could be an effective remedial process in
fractured crystalline rock. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In‐Situ Plasma Remediation of Contaminated Soils
Authors: Fox Catherine A. , Circeo Louis J. , Martin Robert C.
Published: August 2002

Plasma‐torch technology has excellent potential for cost‐effective treatment of contaminated
soils and other types of buried waste material. This article describes the evolution and basic features of this
technology, with emphasis on the non‐transferred plasma arc torch. In addition, selected results from
both laboratory experiments and field demonstrations will show how this technology can successfully destroy
hazardous/toxic materials and/or stabilize contaminants in situ so they are no longer a threat to human
health and the environment. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evaluation of Risk from Using Poultry Litter to Remediate and Reuse Contaminated Estuarine Sediments
Authors: Barth Edwin , Sass Bruce , Polaczyk Amy , Landy Ron
Published: August 2002

The availability of heavy metals in contaminated sediment evaluated for beneficial reuse, before and after
chemical amendment, was evaluated using poultry manure as the amendment. The dredged sediment was only slightly
contaminated with heavy metals. Availability tests on the amended sediment showed an increase in heavy metals,
most likely because of poultry feed amendments passed to the manure. There would be difficulty finding one
chemical amendment to reduce the availability of a number of heavy metals because the metals exhibit different
chemical properties. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Optimal operation of CVT‐based powertrains
Authors: Pfiffner Rolf , Guzzella Lino
Published: August 2002

Continuously Variable Transmissions (CVTs) are considered by many as a promising contribution to the improvement of the fuel economy of passenger cars. This paper discusses the fuel‐optimal operation of a CVT‐equipped powertrain in stationary and in transient conditions. The well‐known optimal solution in the stationary case will be given only a short review discussing the importance of a correct CVT efficiency model.

For transient vehicle operation so far only heuristic control strategies are known. This work aims to fill this gap. After detailed modelling of the complete powertrain and the introduction of a meaningful cost function, the resulting nonlinear optimal control problem is solved.

The optimization is carried out for two different engines: a conventional SI engine and a downsized supercharged (DSC) SI engine. Each can be considered as a typical representative of the corresponding engine class. In both cases the optimal solutions are shown to be superior to standard CVT control algorithms, yielding larger gains in fuel economy for DSC engines.

The optimal feedforward controls are then approximated by suboptimal feedback controllers that realize almost the same benefits in fuel economy at a substantially reduced computational effort. Finally, it is shown how the well‐known ‘single track modified’ control approach can be changed such that it produces the same results as the suboptimal controller. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in backwater plant communities from 1975 to 1995 in Navigation Pool 8, Upper Mississippi River
Authors: Tyser Robin W. , Rogers Sara J. , Owens Thomas W. , Robinson Larry R.
Published: August 2002

Water elevation in the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) is highly regulated by an extensive system of locks and dams. Completion of this system in the 1930s created productive, biologically diverse backwater habitats. The status of plant communities in these backwater areas may now be threatened by several factors, including sediment accumulation, recreational use, and navigation traffic. Aerial photography, taken in 1975 and from 1991 to 1995, was used to describe vegetation changes occurring in four UMR backwater areas of Navigation Pool 8. The objectives were to determine (1) if changes occurring in these areas are consistent with hydrarch succession, (2) if the diversity of their plant communities has declined since 1975, and (3) how a large flood event that occurred in 1993 affected the composition and diversity of plant communities in these areas. Three general cover classes were recognized, representing an aquatic to terrestrial gradient. Coverages of specific vegetation types were estimated and evaluated using two indices of community diversity (vegetation richness and the Shannon diversity index). Though some vegetation changes were consistent with expected successional patterns (e.g. increased terrestrialization), other changes were not (e.g. loss of marsh vegetation). Diversity indices and coverages of most aquatic macrophytes declined from 1975 to 1991/1992 but then increased following the 1993 flood. The results suggest that disturbance–diversity concepts, including the flood pulse model, are applicable to the vegetation dynamics of these systems. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the value of the critical point in fractal percolation
Authors: White Damien G.
Published: August 2002

We derive a new lower bound pc>0.8107 for the critical value of Mandelbrot's dyadic fractal percolation model. This is achieved by taking the random fractal set (to be denoted A∞) and adding to it a countable number of straight line segments, chosen in a certain (nonrandom) way as to simplify greatly the connectivity structure. We denote the modified model thus obtained by C∞, and write Cn for the set formed after n steps in its construction. Now it is possible, using an iterative technique, to compute the probability of percolating through Cn for any parameter value p and any finite n. For p=0.8107 and n=360 we obtain a value less than 10−5; using some topological arguments it follows that 0.8107 is subcritical for C∞ and hence (since ∞ dominates A∞) for A∞. ©2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 18: 332–345, 2001.
Estimation of 3D model and object color using multiple color images
Authors: Nishiyama Yoshio , Saito Hideo , Ozawa Shinji
Published: August 2002

In this study, the generation of realistic 3D CG images is considered, and in particular, a method is proposed to estimate an object's 3D shape and color from image series taken at fixed positions of the camera and light source while rotating the object. An object placed on a turntable is treated as a set of surface elements each having seven degrees of freedom (DOF). Epipolar plane images (EPI) are analyzed using input image series, and all DOF for each surface element are calculated in order to estimate the 3D shape and color. First, loci drawn by surface elements on the EPI are tracked. Correct tracking is ensured by preventing the influence of fluctuations in object surface reflectivity, and self‐occlusions caused by uneven shape. For highly reliable loci, the 3D positions of the surface elements are calculated, while the other surface elements are located by interpolation. In addition, the RGB values of surface elements can be expressed as linear sums of diffuse reflection components and specular reflection components, so that vectors in RGB color space can be separated into those related to the object, and those related to the light source. Color estimation for all surface elements is performed by using a two‐color reflection model. In experiments, all surface element DOF were calculated for various objects, and 3D CG images, including those with light source data added, were synthesized successfully, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(11): 49–60, 2001
Adaptation transfer between scanning saccade and memory‐guided saccade
Authors: Aoki Mina , Fujita Masahiko
Published: August 2002

A report by Deubel that adaptation to scanning saccade (S‐sacc) transfers to both memory‐guided saccade (M‐sacc) and visually‐guided internally‐initiated saccade (VI‐sacc) and a report by the authors that adaptation transfer does not occur between M‐sacc and VI‐sacc on previous experimental results seem at first sight to indicate a contradiction. Thus, the properties of S‐sacc are clarified here from the points of view of the main sequence characteristics and adaptation transfer. The results show that S‐sacc and M‐sacc have wholly different main sequence characteristics while S‐sacc and VI‐sacc have almost identical main sequence characteristics. In addition, main sequence characteristic similar to those of M‐sacc was not observed in any stage of S‐sacc adaptation. On the other hand, the results of experiments that study the degree of transfer of adaptation to S‐sacc or M‐sacc onto another saccade show that adaptation transfers occur asymmetrically but complete transfers do not occur. In addition, when adaptations are induced simultaneously to S‐sacc and M‐sacc, such that the gain increases to one and decreases to another, selective adaptations occur. These results show that S‐sacc and M‐sacc are saccades that have significant asymmetrical crosstalk. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(11): 70–79, 2001
Conservation ethics versus development: how to obviate the dichotomy?
Authors: Rajeswar Jonnalagadda
Published: August 2002

This paper is an attempt to portray the present ‘no‐win’ situation with respect to conservation and development, and to suggest the means to overcome the predicament. Due to its inherent exclusionist approach, modern science could not incorporate multiple variables that operate in the complex processes of the life supporting systems. Globalization of trade is creating a New World Order of economic colonization. Under the umbrella of globalization, consumerism has become an all‐pervasive culture, eroding the pluralistic cultural base of the world. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

Where there are threats of irreversible environmental damage, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing precautionary action. Scientific adventurism should give way to holistic wisdom. Solutions to most of the problems lie, not within the boundaries of exclusive specializations, but in the interface of all the disciplines of knowledge. Integration of the traditional ecological knowledge with modern technology could lead to a better understanding of nature and its complex processes. Living within – not against – the logic of the ecosphere, by abandoning affluence and consumptive growth, should be the new paradigm.
Toward a dynamic theory of antibiotic resistance
Authors: Homer Jack , Ritchie‐Dunham James , Rabbino Hal , Puente Luz Maria , Jorgensen James , Hendricks Kate
Published: August 2002

Many common bacterial pathogens have become increasingly resistant to the antibiotics used to treat them. The evidence suggests that the essential cause of the problem is the extensive and often inappropriate use of antibiotics, a practice that encourages the proliferation of resistant mutant strains of bacteria while suppressing the susceptible strains. However, it is not clear to what extent antibiotic use must be reduced to avoid or reverse an epidemic of antibiotic resistance, and how early the interventions must be made to be effective. To investigate these questions, we have developed a small system dynamics model that portrays changes over a period of years to three subsets of a bacterial population— antibiotic‐susceptible, intermediately resistant, and highly resistant. The details and continuing refinement of this model are based on a case study of Streptococcus pneumoniae, a leading cause of illness and death worldwide. The paper presents the model's structure and behavior and identifies open questions for future work. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Level of consistency in quantification and IMFP determination by the Tougaard method applied to XPS of a Langmuir–Blodgett film taken at widely different emission angles
Authors: Suzuki Noboru , Kato Teiji , Tougaard Sven
Published: August 2002

A photopolymerized cadmium 10,12‐pentacosadiynoate Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film was transferred onto a silicon wafer substrate with a native oxide layer. The film was investigated by quantitative analysis of peak intensity and peak shape (the Tougaard method). This method has not been applied previously to a series of spectra taken at different emission angles. The objective of this paper is therefore twofold: to determine the ability of this method to give consistent quantification from analysis of spectra from the same sample but taken at widely different emission angles; and to determine the inelastic mean free paths (IMFPs) and compare the values to those determined earlier by angle‐resolved x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy from the same structures. Survey spectra taken at several emission angles between 5° and 78° were analysed and IMFPs were determined at the energies corresponding to the Cd 3d, O 1s and Si 2s,p photoelectron peaks. It was found that for each core level the spectra taken at all angles ⩽ 73° give consistent quantification to within a standard deviation of 5–10%. This is approximately the same as the uncertainty in quantification made on the basis of a spectrum taken at a single angle. The IMFPs in the LB film are determined to be 29.2 ± 1.7 Å at 955 eV and 40.2 ± 2.2 Å at 1388 eV. These values are close to those obtained in a previous paper and are in good agreement with the reported values for polyethylene calculated from the optical data. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contrasting Bayesian analysis of survey data and clinical trials
Authors: Malec Donald J.
Published: August 2002

Although both surveys and clinical trials are amenable to Bayesian hierarchical modelling, the general aims, constraints and actual analysis of each can often vary considerably. First, examples are presented showing how Bayesian hierarchical modelling can be used to produce estimates for small areas from survey data and, also, how it can be used to combine data from clinical trials. Then, it will be shown how surveys and clinical trials may differ with respect to the presence of design effects/selection biases and with the ability to validate models. The impact of the design on modelling will be highlighted and a class of sample selection models will be shown to help alleviate the design's influence. Although surveys generally have enough data to validate many features of a model, clinical trials may not, leaving sensitivity analysis as a means to prior acceptance. Some design issues, contrasting Bayesian with frequentist methods, will also be discussed. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can electronic medical images replace hard‐copy film? Defining and testing the equivalence of diagnostic tests
Authors: Obuchowski Nancy A.
Published: August 2002

Electronic medical images are an efficient and convenient format in which to display, store and transmit radiographic information. Before electronic images can be used routinely to screen and diagnose patients, however, it must be shown that readers have the same diagnostic performance with this new format as traditional hard‐copy film. Currently, there exist no suitable definitions of diagnostic equivalence. In this paper we propose two criteria for diagnostic equivalence. The first criterion (‘population equivalence’) considers the variability between and within readers, as well as the mean reader performance. This criterion is useful for most applications. The second criterion (‘individual equivalence’) involves a comparison of the test results for individual patients and is necessary when patients are followed radiographically over time. We present methods for testing both individual and population equivalence. The properties of the proposed methods are assessed in a Monte Carlo simulation study. Data from a mammography screening study is used to illustrate the proposed methods and compare them with results from more conventional methods of assessing equivalence and inter‐procedure agreement. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experience with an efficient parallel kernel memory allocator
Authors: McKenney Paul E. , Slingwine Jack , Krueger Phil
Published: August 2002

There has been great progress from the traditional allocation algorithms designed for small memories to more modern algorithms exemplified by McKusick's and Karels' allocator (McKusick MK, Karels MJ. Design of a general purpose memory allocator for the 4.3BSD UNIX kernel. In USENIX Conference Proceedings, Berkeley, CA, June 1988). Nonetheless, none of these algorithms have been designed to meet the needs of UNIX kernels supporting commercial data‐processing applications in a shared‐memory multiprocessor environment.

On a shared‐memory multiprocessor, memory is a global resource. Therefore, allocator performance depends on synchronization primitives and manipulation of shared data as well as on raw CPU speed.

Synchronization primitives and access to shared data depend on system bus interactions. The speed of system buses has not kept pace with that of CPUs, as witnessed by the ever‐larger caches found on recent systems. Thus, the performance of synchronization primitives and of memory allocators that use them have not received the full benefit of increased CPU performance.

An earlier paper (McKenney PE, Slingwine J. Efficient kernel memory allocation on shared‐memory multiprocessors. In USENIX Conference Proceedings, Berkeley, CA, February 1993), describes an allocator designed to meet this situation. This article reviews the motivation for and design of the allocator and presents the experience gained during the seven years that the allocator has been in production use. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DirectJ: Java APIs for optimized 2D graphics
Authors: Bellotti Francesco , Berta Riccardo , De Gloria Alessandro , Poggi Andrea
Published: August 2002

The ever more widespread diffusion of Java interfaces and animations has highlighted the performance problems of the Java graphics environment. We have analysed the bottleneck and created a set of APIs that support direct access to platform specific hardware resources for graphics acceleration. We have also re‐implemented standard APIs in order to allow transparent direct access also by programs using standard JFC. The improvement in performance of about one order of magnitude encourages the utilization of Java for realizing fluid animations on large windows. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing Java applications for a nuclear fusion experiment: a test case for Java applicability in a demanding environment
Authors: Manduchi Gabriele
Published: August 2002

The paper describes the experience gained in the development of Java applications in a nuclear fusion experiment. Two Java tools for graphical data display and experiment configuration set‐up are presented as case studies. Based on these tools, the results derived by the application of some metrics for object oriented software and by the analysis of the design patterns imported in the applications are presented to highlight the effective code reuse achieved with Java. The main issues in the applicability of Java in a demanding environment are then introduced and a few weaknesses of the language are finally discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NR‐grep: a fast and flexible pattern‐matching tool
Authors: Navarro Gonzalo
Published: August 2002

We present nrgrep (‘non‐deterministic reverse grep’), a new pattern‐matching tool designed for efficient search of complex patterns. Unlike previous tools of the grep family, such as agrep and Gnu grep, nrgrep is based on a single and uniform concept: the bit‐parallel simulation of a non‐deterministic suffix automaton. As a result, nrgrep can find from simple patterns to regular expressions, exactly or allowing errors in the matches, with an efficiency that degrades smoothly as the complexity of the searched pattern increases. Another concept that is fully integrated into nrgrep and that contributes to this smoothness is the selection of adequate subpatterns for fast scanning, which is also absent in many current tools. We show that the efficiency of nrgrep is similar to that of the fastest existing string‐matching tools for the simplest patterns, and is by far unmatched for more complex patterns. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Half a century of programming and a spark of light
Authors: Barnes John
Published: August 2002

In this issue JOHN BARNES continues with a summary of a few programming languages that he has had the pleasure or misfortune to use and generally concludes that their design has been a series of missed opportunities. The paper concludes, however, with a glimmer of hope that, in one small corner of England, something good is emerging. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Excitatory synapses from CA3 pyramidal cells onto neighboring pyramidal cells differ from those onto inhibitory interneurons
Authors: Aaron Gloster B. , Dichter Marc A.
Published: August 2002

The glutamatergic pyramidal cell (PYR) to pyramidal cell synapse was compared to the PYR to inhibitory interneuron (INT) synapse in area CA3 of rat hippocampal roller‐tube cultures. Paired‐pulses and tetanic stimulations of a presynaptic PYR were conducted utilizing dual whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings of either two PYRs or of a PYR and visually identified stratum oriens INT. Differences in synaptic characteristics were observed, depending on the postsynaptic target cell. Across cell pairs the variation of EPSC amplitudes was much larger for postsynaptic PYRs than for INTs. EPSCs recorded from INTs had faster rise times and shorter decays than those recorded in PYRs. There were also differences in the short‐term plasticity of these synapses. Dual PYR:PYR recordings during paired‐pulse stimulation at 100 ms interstimulus intervals demonstrated no modulation of EPSC amplitudes, while PYR:INT synapses showed paired‐pulse depression. During trains of action potentials, the PYR:PYR EPSCs followed the presynaptic action potential train reliably, with little depression of EPSCs, while PYR:INT EPSCs demonstrated failures of transmission or profound depression after the initial EPSC. These results indicate multiple differences at both the pre‐ and postsynaptic level in the characteristics of pyramidal cell synapses that depend on the postsynaptic target's identity as either PYR or INT. Synapse 42:199–202, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative ultrastructure of slowly adapting lingual afferent terminals in the principal and oral nuclei in the cat
Authors: Zhang Li Fen , Moritani Masayuki , Honma Shiho , Yoshida Atsushi , Shigenaga Yoshio
Published: August 2002

Previous studies provide evidence that a structure/function correlation exists in the cytoarchitectonically different zones of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. To extend this relationship, we examined the ultrastructural features of trigeminal primary afferent neurons in the cat dorsal principal nucleus (Vpd) and the rostrodorsomedial oral nucleus (Vo.r) using intra‐axonal labeling with horseradish peroxidase and morphometric analyses. All labeled boutons contained round synaptic vesicles. Eighty‐two percent of the boutons in the Vo.r and 99% of the boutons in the Vpd were presynaptic to nonprimary dendrites. The remaining boutons in the Vo.r were presynaptic to somata (8%) or primary dendrites (10%). The average number of postsynaptic profiles per labeled bouton did not differ in the Vpd and Vo.r. Most labeled boutons in the two nuclei were postsynaptic to unlabeled axon terminals with pleomorphic vesicles (p‐ending). The number of p‐endings per labeled bouton was higher in the Vpd than Vo.r A morphometric analysis indicated that labeled bouton volume and apposed surface area were larger in the Vpd than Vo.r while active zone area and vesicle number did not differ. All these parameters were larger than those of p‐endings in each nucleus. In both labeled boutons and p‐endings, the parameters were positively correlated with bouton size. These results suggest that sensory information conveyed through trigeminal afferents is more strongly controlled at the level of the first synapse by presynaptic mechanisms in the Vpd than in the Vo.r, while the efficacy of transmission at primary afferent synapses does not differ. Synapse 41:96–111, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anticocaine catalytic antibodies have no affinity for RTI compounds: Implications for treatment
Authors: Kuhar Michael J. , Carroll F. Ivy , Bharat Narine , Landry Donald W.
Published: August 2002

Potential medications for cocaine abusers include: anticocaine catalytic antibodies, which could serve as circulating peripheral blockers of cocaine that prevents its action in the brain; and 3‐phenyltropane cocaine analogs, which could serve as potent, selective, and long‐lasting substitutes that reduce drug‐seeking. In order to evaluate the compatibility of these agents, we measured if a catalytic antibody would bind and interact with some cocaine analogs. Anticocaine catalytic antibody 15A10 had no significant affinity for RTI‐51, RTI‐112, or RTI‐177 as examined by ELISA. They exhibited high affinity for the immunogen TSA1 in the same experiment, as expected. Because the antibody and the RTI compounds do not interact, they are candidates for simultaneous use. Synapse 41:176–178, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
μ‐Opioid receptors in the ventral tegmental area are targeted to presynaptically and directly modulate mesocortical projection neurons
Authors: Svingos Adena L. , Garzón Miguel , Colago Eric E.O. , Pickel Virginia M.
Published: August 2002

Mesocorticolimbic projections originating from dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) play a critical role in opiate addiction. Activation of μ‐opioid receptors (MOR), which are located mainly within inhibitory neurons in the VTA, results in enhanced dopaminergic transmission in target regions, including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). We combined retrograde tract‐tracing and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to determine if neurons in the VTA that project to the mPFC contain MOR or receive input from MOR‐containing terminals. Rats received unilateral injections of the retrograde tracer Fluoro‐Gold (FG) into the mPFC. Tissue sections throughout the VTA were then processed for electron microscopic examination of FG and MOR. Immunoperoxidase labeling for FG was present in VTA cell bodies that contained immunogold‐silver particles for MOR that often were contacted by profiles exclusively immunoreactive for MOR, including somata and axon terminals. The majority of dually labeled profiles were dendrites that received convergent input from unlabeled axon terminals forming either symmetric or asymmetric type synapses. Within retrogradely labeled cell bodies and proximal dendrites, MOR immunoreactivity was mainly sequestered within the cytoplasm. In contrast, distal retrogradely labeled dendrites contained MOR gold particles located along the plasma membranes. These data suggest that opiates active at MOR in the VTA modulate cortical activity through 1) presynaptic actions on MOR in terminals contacting mesocortical cell bodies, and 2) direct activation of MOR in distal dendrites of projection neurons. Synapse 41:221–229, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.