bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A load balancing algorithm on multiprocessor time‐sharing systems
Authors: Member Nariyoshi Yamai , Shimojo Shinji , Members Hideo Miyahara
Published: July 2007

To use multiprocessor systems efficiently, several load balancing algorithms have been adopted widely. However, most of the algorithms proposed so far can be applied to FCFS systems, and only a few can be applied to time‐sharing systems in wide use today. This paper proposes a load balancing algorithm designed to reduce the average response time of processes, introducing a load measure which takes into account the distribution of the work demand of each kind of process. This algorithm can be applied to a multiprocessor system with round‐robin scheduling discipline. This algorithm also seems easy to implement on actual systems because load balancing is made by assigning new processes to the lightest loaded processor rather than migrating running processes. According to the simulation experiment, the algorithm proposed here improves the average response time compared with that of the “Join the Shortest Queue” algorithm over all situations investigated.
Automatic line‐shaped defect evaluation of solid‐state imaging device
Authors: Asano Toshio , Nonmember Seiji Hata, , Koishikawa Susumu , Nonmembers Youichi Shimizu,
Published: July 2007

A method to evaluate quantitatively the faint line‐shaped defect existing in the imaging signal of a solid‐state imaging device has been developed. Classifying line‐shaped defects into nondirectional ones for which the direction of the line defect cannot be specified and those of vertical direction, we investigate an evaluation algorithm for each of them and evaluate them by experiments. For nondirectional line defects, noticing that the line defects resemble straight line defects, line defects are detected within an image using Hough transformation. Next, computing the length and contrast of line defects as evaluation parameters, the degree of defect was evaluated. In the computation, efficient processing was attempted by making some additions to the processing method. As a result, detection and evaluation were achieved within a practically reasonable time. Taking into consideration vertical line defects and noticing that defect evaluations by human eye are different depending on frequency ranges of lines, defects of contrast in high‐frequency range using data interpolation and contrast in low‐frequency range using smoothing process were found and then the degree of defects by these contrasts was evaluated. Using the forementioned algorithm, a system was developed for automatic evaluation of line‐shaped defects for experiment and compared with the traditional evaluation by human eye. As a result, good agreement was obtained and the line‐shaped defects of a solid‐state imaging device were evaluated automatically.
Automated classification of pneumoconiosis radiographs based on recognition of small rounded opacities
Authors: Chen Xuan , Toriwaki Jun‐Ichiro , Hasegawa Jun‐Ichi
Published: July 2007

This paper proposes an automated procedure for both the size classification and the density (profusion) classification of the pneumoconiosis radiograph. The procedure is as follows. The rounded opacities are enhanced using a second‐order difference linear filter with a circular weighting function which is designed based on the model for the shape and the density distribution of the pneumoconiosis rounded opacities. The candidates for the center of the rounded opacity are extracted, and the size classification is made by estimating the size of the rounded opacity. Then the density classification is made by measuring the density of the rounded opacity. Thus, the classification procedure is conceptually composed of three stages: (1) recognition of rounded opacity; (2) size classification; and (3) density classification. This paper concentrates on the size classification and the method is described. The result is shown with a discussion for the classification experiment using ILO international standard film. In the experiment, the recognition rate of approximately 72 percent was obtained for both the size and the density classifications, using only one feature parameter. This result indicates the usefulness of the proposed method, and an attempt is made to recognize directly the individual pneumoconiosis rounded opacity. Another feature of the method is that the weighting function is selected based on the enhancement effect of the filter. This point may be interesting as an example of the automatic parameter determination of the emphasis filter in the image processing.
Development and application of vehicle‐license number recognition system using real‐time image processing
Authors: Kanayama Kenji , Fujikawa Yoshimasa , Fujimoto Koichi
Published: July 2007

The authors have proposed a system architecture and a high‐speed method to extract characters (a four‐digit vehicle number) on a vehicle license plate for a realtime vehicle license number recognition system. This paper describes the results of field tests of a system which is based on the previous work but with some further developments. To identify characters on a vehicle license plate, a template‐matching method is used which compares the skeleton pattern of characters and its background pattern. To use the system at night, a continuous illumination with two light sources is employed. The experiments including simulations confirm the usefulness of the proposed method at night. The field tests show that about 75 percent of all passing vehicles were recognized successfully in the daytime and about 55 percent at night. The average processing time is about 150 ms, and the 98 percentile value is about 410 ms. These values are sufficient for practical measurements of a vehicle traveling time (between two points). This paper describes also a system to give traveling information to vehicle users, by employing message boards as an example of application of the proposed system.
Hierarchical shape description using skeletons and hierarchical shape discrimination by neural networks
Authors: Matsushita Hiroshi , Mori Yoshihiro , Inui Toshio
Published: July 2007

In the shape recognition of a nonrigid three‐dimensional (3‐D) body, there is difficulty in how to describe changes of viewpoint and shape, and how to relate it to an efficient recognition method. This paper proposes a hierarchical description based on multiple‐resolution representation using skeletons as primitives for the shape descriptions. Further, methods for hierarchical learning and discrimination using a neural network model are proposed and a simulation of a global discrimination network has been implemented. The results indicate that features are reflected well by the skeletons, and that flexible, efficient shape discrimination is possible.
A comparative study with feedforward pdp models for alphanumeric character recognition
Authors: Kato Yoshinaga , Tan Yasuo , Ejima Toshiaki
Published: July 2007

This paper discusses the alphanumeric character recognition using two kinds of PDF (parallel distributed processing) models. The models considered are the FPM (fuzzy partition model) of a new type with multiple input/output units, and the conventional BP (back‐propagation) model. Two BP algorithms with different error evaluation functions are applied to those models, and the number of trainings and the recognition rate in the multifont recognition are compared.

As a result of experiment, it is shown that FPM with Kullback divergence evaluation can realize a more accurate recognition with fever number of trainings, compared to the conventional BP model. The reason for the reduction of the number of trainings is discussed when the mutual inhibition in FPM unit as well as the Kullback divergence as the error evaluation function are employed.
Calcium‐mediated, purinergic stimulation and polarized localization of calcium‐sensitive adenylyl cyclase isoforms in human airway epithelia
Authors: Nlend Marie-Christine , Schmid Andreas , Sutto Zoltan , Ransford George A. , Conner Gregory E. , Fregien Nevis , Salathe Matthias
Published: June 2007

Purinergic stimulation of human airway epithelia results in a prolonged increase in ciliary beat frequency that depends on calcium‐mediated cAMP production [Lieb, T., Wijkstrom Frei, C., Frohock, J.I., Bookman, R.J. and Salathe, M. (2002) Prolonged increase in ciliary beat frequency after short‐term purinergic stimulation in human airway epithelial cells. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 538, 633–646]. Here, fully differentiated human airway epithelial cells in culture are shown to express calcium‐stimulated transmembrane adenylyl cyclase (tmAC) isoforms (types 1, 3, and 8) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry of tracheal sections and fully differentiated airway epithelial cell cultures revealed polarized expression of these tmACs, with types 1 and 8 localized to the apical membrane and thus at the position required for ciliary regulation. Real‐time, ciliated‐cell specific cAMP production by tmACs upon apical, purinergic stimulation with UTP was confirmed using fluorescent energy resonance transfer between fluorescently tagged PKA subunits.
Probability risk transmission matrix as a decision tool for assessing methods of transmission interruption of Wuchereria bancrofti infection
Authors: DAS P. K. , VANAMAIL P.
Published: June 2007

Lymphatic filariasis continues to cause severe morbidity and economic loss. The World Health Assembly (WHA) has passed a resolution to eliminate this disease by 2020. The major thrust of the elimination strategy is interrupting transmission by anti-parasitic treatment of entire communities. However, both vector density and community microfilaria load (CMFL) influence the intensity of transmission. Therefore, using a logistic regression approach a relationship has been established between the Risk of Infection Index (RII), vector density and CMFL. The present analysis indicates that there is no risk of transmission as long as the CMFL is maintained below 5 microfilaria (mf)/60 mm3 and the vector density per man-hour (MHD) is <25. However, transmission may continue when vector density is >25 and CMFL is <5 mf/60 mm3. In situations where CMFL is very high, parasitic control by mass administration may be cost effective in interrupting transmission. But at lower level of CMFL (<4 mf) and higher level of vector density it might be more cost effective to use vector control methods. A RII value <0·2 is considered to be the threshold for confirming interruption of transmission. Thus, the relationship has been depicted in the form of a probability matrix, which could be used for selecting an appropriate control strategy.
Revisiting Titan's Earth‐based scattering data at 13 cm‐λ
Authors: Sultan‐Salem Ahmed K. , Tyler G. Leonard
Published: June 2007

Earth‐based measurements of scattering from Titan's surface at 13 cm‐λ obtained by the Arecibo Observatory provide an almost complete record over longitude of the backscattering spectra from the surface of Titan at 25.5°S. The observations contain a quasi‐specular component, indicating the presence of smooth surfaces on wavelength scale, that is distinct from an omni‐present diffuse background. Previous modeling of this scattering using Hagfors law produces values for the surface dielectric constant consistent with liquid hydrocarbons. Use of plausible alternative models, such as a linear combination of two Gaussian scattering laws, yields higher dielectric constant results, which are consistent with a solid surface of simple organics or “dirty” water ice. In instances where several scattering laws are plausible models for the data, it is helpful to check the consistency of the inferred surface parameters before making conclusions concerning surface composition.
Confinement of pure electron plasmas in the Columbia Non-neutral Torus
Authors: Berkery John W. , Pedersen Thomas Sunn , Kremer Jason P. , Marksteiner Quinn R. , Lefrancois Remi G. , Hahn Michael S. , Brenner Paul W.
Published: June 2007

The Columbia Non-neutral Torus (CNT) [T. S. Pedersen, J. P. Kremer, R. G. Lefrancois, Q. Marksteiner, N. Pomphrey, W. Reiersen, F. Dahlgreen, and X. Sarasola, Fusion Sci. Technol. 50, 372 (2006)] is a stellarator used to study non-neutral plasmas confined on magnetic surfaces. A detailed experimental study of confinement of pure electron plasmas in CNT is described here. Electrons are introduced into the magnetic surfaces by placing a biased thermionic emitter on the magnetic axis. As reported previously, the insulated rods holding this and other emitter filaments contribute to the radial transport by charging up negatively and creating E×B convective transport cells. A model for the rod-driven transport is presented and compared to the measured transport rates under a number of different conditions, finding good agreement. Neutrals also drive transport, and by varying the neutral pressure in the experiment, the effects of rod-driven and neutral-driven transport are separated. The neutral-driven electron loss rate scales linearly with neutral pressure. The neutral driven transport, presumably caused by electron-neutral collisions, is much greater than theoretical estimates for neoclassical diffusion in a classical stellarator with strong radial electric fields. In fact the confinement time is on the order of the electron-neutral collision time. Ion accumulation, electron attachment, and other effects are considered, but do not explain the observed transport rates.
Long-range corrected density functional study on weakly bound systems: Balanced descriptions of various types of molecular interactions
Authors: Sato Takeshi , Tsuneda Takao , Hirao Kimiko
Published: June 2007

The long-range correction scheme for the density functional theory, combined with a van der Waals functional, is examined for its applicability to a wide variety of weakly bonded complexes including dispersion, dipole-induced dipole, dipole-dipole, and hydrogen-bonded complexes. The present method is able to describe geometries and binding energies of all these complexes accurately. Explicit inclusion of the long-range exchange and dispersion interactions is found to be important for the balanced description of various kinds of weak interactions. The present method is a promising alternative for high-level ab initio methods in calculations of large and complex systems, because it gives equally correct descriptions for various types of molecular interactions with much less computational cost.
Stochastic web as a generator of three-dimensional quasicrystal symmetry
Authors: Zaslavsky G. M. , Edelman M.
Published: June 2007

It is shown that two coupled oscillators perturbed by periodic kicks generate a thin stochastic web in the four-dimensional phase space, which differs from the Arnold web. Under some resonance-type condition the web possesses a quasicrystal-type symmetry. In three-dimensional coordinate space, the web’s symmetry corresponds to the icosahedral one and, due to that, the original four-dimensional map can be considered as a dynamical generator of the quasicrystal-type tiling of three-dimensional space.
Vibrational and configurational heat capacity of poly(vinyl acetate) from dynamic measurements
Authors: Tombari E. , Ziparo C. , Salvetti G. , Johari G. P.
Published: July 2007

The complex heat capacity Cp* of poly(vinyl acetate) has been measured at 20.95mrad∕s modulation frequency during the cooling as well as on heating at 24, 8, and 2K∕h and during cooling at 0.5K∕h. The study is complemented with (the rate-dependent) Cp,app measured during cooling and heating at 60, 24, and 8K∕h. At low temperatures, the real component of Cp* yields the unrelaxed Cp or Cp,vib, the vibrational part of Cp. It is found to be indistinguishable from Cp,glass and lies on a line extrapolated to its equilibrium melt’s temperature. At T near Tg,ΔCp(=Cp,melt−Cp,glass) shows no detectable contribution from Cp,vib. The finding conflicts with a modified entropy theory calculation [E. A. DiMarzio and F. Dowell, J. Appl. Phys. 50, 6061 (1979)], which had predicted that ∼27% of ΔCp of poly(vinyl acetate) at T near Tg is vibrational in origin and the remainder configurational. At T<Tg, the real component of Cp* varies more slowly with T than Cp,app.
Field effect in epitaxial graphene on a silicon carbide substrate
Authors: Gu Gong , Nie Shu , Feenstra R. M. , Devaty R. P. , Choyke W. J. , Chan Winston K. , Kane Michael G.
Published: June 2007

The authors report a strong field effect observed at room temperature in epitaxially synthesized, as opposed to exfoliated, graphene. The graphene formed on the silicon face of a 4H silicon carbide substrate was photolithographically patterned into isolated active regions for the semimetal graphene-based transistors. Gold electrodes and a polymer dielectric were used in the top-gate transistors. The demonstration of a field effect mobility of 535cm2∕Vs was attributed to the transistor geometry that maximizes conductance modulation, although the mobility is lower than observed in exfoliated graphene possibly due to grain boundaries caused by the rough morphology of the substrate surface.
High and electric field tunable Curie temperature in diluted magnetic semiconductor nanowires and nanoslabs
Authors: Zhang Xiu-Wen , Fan Wei-Jun , Zheng Yu-Hong , Li Shu-Shen , Xia Jian-Bai
Published: June 2007

The Curie temperature of diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) nanowires and nanoslabs is investigated using the mean-field model. The Curie temperature in DMS nanowires can be much larger than that in corresponding bulk material due to the density of states of one-dimensional quantum wires, and when only one conduction subband is filled, the Curie temperature is inversely proportional to the carrier density. The TC in DMS nanoslabs is dependent on the carrier density through the number of the occupied subbands. A transverse electric field can change the DMS nanowires from the paramagnet to ferromagnet, or vice versae.
Gendered Transformations: Beauty, Love, and Sexuality in Qajar Iran
Authors: Najmabadi Afsaneh
Published: July 2007

Qajar Iran (1785-1925) began with notions of beauty that were largely gender-undifferentiated; that is, beautiful men and women were depicted with very similar facial and bodily features. Sometimes the only way one can tell who is male or female is through style of headgear. Other times it remains very difficult to tell if we are looking at a man or a woman.

In written sources, the same adjectives, such as moon-faced (māh ṭalᶜat), rose-faced (gul rukhsar), cypress-statured sarv qāmat or sarv qad), ruby lips (laᶜl lab), bow-eyebrows (kamān abrū), or alternatively crescent eyebrows (hilāl abrū), black-scented hair (mushgīn mū), narrow-waist (miyān bārīk or kamar bārīk), narcissus-eyed (nargīs chashm), etc., are used to describe male and female beauty.
The Ulama of Jabal ‘Amil in Safavid Iran, 1501–1736: Marginality, Migration and Social Change
Authors: Abisaab Rula Jurdi
Published: July 2007

Shortly after the investiture of Shah Isma'il (r, 907-30/1501-24) in Iran as the first Safavid monarch, Twelver Shi'ism was declared the religion of the new empire. Shah Isma'il and succeeding monarchs seemed determined to convert Iran from Sunnism to a literate urban version of Twelver Shi'ism, distinct from the folk religion of the Turkoman nomads. The process of conversion to Shi'ism is best understood within the larger political framework of Ottoman-Safavid relations, as an attempt to demarcate Safavid territory against Ottoman encroachments and insulate its inhabitants from Sunnite leanings. To disseminate the Shi'ite creed and apply Islamic law(sharī'a)in accordance with the Shi'ite school(madhhab), the shahs invited the Shi'ite ulama from Arabic-speaking territories such as Iraq, Bahrain, and Jabal ‘Amil (in present-day Lebanon) to reinforce their counterparts in Persia. Among these, the contribution of the scholars of Jabal ‘Amil became especially notable as they successfully cultivated Safavid patronage and reaped unprecedented socio-economic power.
The “Mortar Massacres”: A Controversy Revisited
Authors: Rusek Benjamin , Ingrao Charles
Published: July 2007

One of the many controversies that survived the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina concerns the responsibility for several of the most deadly artillery attacks against civilians during the three-year siege of Sarajevo. Although indiscriminate artillery fire accounted for a small fraction of the total civilian deaths during the war, graphic video footage of the mass slaughter exercised a disproportionate effect on world public opinion and, therefore, on Western policymakers who felt constrained to “do something.” On at least three occasions, individual artillery explosions in the Bosnian capital prompted immediate international intervention that substantially determined the course and resolution of the conflict. The persistence of controversy is informed by a combination of factors, including the substantial consequences of the Western response, the inconclusiveness of some of the forensic data, and the conflicting statements of civilian survivors, journalists, spokesmen for the belligerents, and U.N. officials—all of whom have been accused of some degree of bias by one side or another. Nearly a decade later, testimony and forensic evidence presented at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) has shed new light on these incidents, presenting a more comprehensive and authoritative historical baseline account of the “mortar massacres,” much as it has for a plethora of criminal acts committed by all sides during the wars of Yugoslav succession. The Tribunal recently released documentation detailing some of the mortar attacks that occurred in the city of Sarajevo, including forensic reports compiled by the U.N. Protection Force (UNPROFOR) which had not been previously made public. The bulk of this information is contained in the Tribunal Judgment and corresponding Dissenting Opinion of the former commander of the Sarajevo Romanija Corps (SRK), Major General Stanislav Galić. Although the reliability of judicial testimony and other evidence is invariably limited by the abilities and resources of both the prosecution and defense, the trial transcript has cleared away at least some of the fog of war, making it somewhat less difficult to apportion responsibility for the disputed attacks. This article integrates the Galić transcript with earlier, wartime U.N. documentation, press releases, and media reports, supplemented by interviews conducted by the authors with military experts familiar with the characteristics of the weaponry employed by the besiegers. It also endeavors to place the most notorious incidents in the broader context presented by the multiplicity of artillery attacks that took place in urban areas across Bosnia between 1992 and 1995.
Facing the Violent Past: Discussions with Serbia's Youth
Authors: Yerkes Maryanne
Published: July 2007

As nations emerge from repressive regimes and societies begin to rebuild following violent intranational conflict, the notion of “facing the past” has become an increasingly important and pressing issue. How should new regimes address the crimes of their predecessors? How should societies deal with individuals who committed grave crimes against humanity? Who should be held responsible for what happened during the dark periods of violence and war?
BalkanEgyptiansand Gypsy/Roma Discourse
Authors: Trubeta Sevasti
Published: July 2007

Since the 1990s, yet another entity has emerged among the wide range of groups and minorities in the Balkans attracting the attention of politicians, scholars and the public. Known as “Egypcani” in Macedonia and Kosovo, or as “Jevgs/Jevgits” in Albania, these Albanophone Muslims are usually identified as Albanianised “Gypsies” by the societies in which they live, although they consider themselves to be descendents of Egyptian immigrants to the Balkans. Today, BalkanEgyptiansare officially recognised as a distinct population group in the Republic of Macedonia, while they enjoy political influence through representative and cultural organisations in Kosovo and Albania.
Corridor or blind alley? The A1M Herts corridor consortium
Authors: Charlesworth Julie , Rainnie Al , Kraithman David
Published: July 2007

Local authority intervention in the local economy has proliferated in recent years and is not, as much work suggests, confined to large Labour controlled authorities coping with inner city problems and/or declining heavy industry; a wide variety of economic development initiatives are being executed by councils across the political spectrum. This paper examines the notion of growth coalitions and attempts to shed some light on these aspects of neglected research and reasons for local authority intervention, exemplified by the A1M Herts Corridor Campaign, an economic development initiative to attract inward investment to an affluent county.
Piecing together the peace dividend: Managing change in communities dependent on defence expenditure
Authors: Roe William
Published: July 2007

Summary

To date governments have been slow to appreciate that, as well as a peace dividend, arms reduction will bring social and economic hardship to communities which have relied upon defence expenditure for employment. Conversion of military bases, let alone restructuring of defence industries, cannot be left to market forces to achieve; government intervention is required to ensure the successful adjustment of communities.

During the Cold War, the dominance of the “military-industrial complex” spread the notion that disarmament would threaten not only security, but jobs. Current geopolitical changes present an opportunity to challenge this argument. Local employment initiatives are essential to prevent defence cuts from causing unemployment.
The International Fund for Ireland: Some findings on its patterns of expenditure
Authors: Sheehan Maura
Published: July 2007

The International Fund for Ireland (IFI) was established by the Irish and British governments as part of the Anglo-Irish Agreement of November 1985. In 1994 the total resources available to the Fund were approximately £280 million. Both Unionists and Nationalists have expressed opposition to the Fund and concern over the Fund's objectives. Despite the considerable degree of controversy which surrounds the Fund, there has been no systematic analysis of the Fund's expenditure. This article begins such an analysis by presenting findings on the geographical distribution of the Fund's expenditure over the period 1986/87–1994. Findings on the distribution of the Fund's expenditure by the various initiatives and programmes which it sponsors (eg Business Enterprise, Tourism, etc) are also presented. The article also presents detailed findings on the allocation of the Fund's expenditure in one particular area of Northern Ireland, West Belfast. A number of policy recommendations are made on methodological issues surrounding the evaluation of the Fund and measures which the Fund could implement to reduce the suspicion and controversy which surround it.
Local Labour Market Information on Disability
Authors: Pitcher Jane , Siora Georgia , Green Anne
Published: July 2007

This article considers recent policy developments impacting upon the need for up-to-date information relating to disabled people. In examining data provided by existing sources and requirements for additional information, it considers debates on definitions of disability and how definitions and the framing of questions determine the type and quality of information available. Attention is also given to ways of filling the major information gaps and potential areas of research.
Participating in Partnership
Authors: Strange Ian
Published: July 2007

In the context of changing relations between the state, business, and urban policy, this article focuses on the role of business participation in the regeneration of Sheffield. It assesses whether Sheffield's business leaders have been able to establish a distinctive business-orientated development agenda in Sheffield's regeneration coalition, and considers the extent to which business participation in urban affairs has been influenced by the restructuring of the local state by central government. A further aim of the paper is to explore the relevance of urban regime theory in interpreting the role of local business leaders in urban governance.
The Media Lab at the University of the West of England, Bristol
Authors: Skinner Linda
Published: July 2007

This article describes the background and early steps undertaken to establish a Media Lab at the University of the West of England. The Media Lab is an industry-related research and development facility for creative technology projects involving new media; for example, interactive storytelling in virtual reality, distributed media production, visualisation of the environment, automatic set design and the development of digital media devices and services. The project is described under the headings: background, project activities, implementation issues, impact on the local economy, and lessons learned.
A Practice Review of Technology Management
Authors: Tilson Barbara
Published: July 2007

Defence industry cutbacks impact at national and local economy levels by triggering business deaths and job cuts, leading to lost workforce and production skills and a contracting manufacturing and technology base. Diversification is a key responsive mechanism to defence industry contraction, but how this can be funded and managed is a major issue. One route is to provide the structure and mechanisms for technology transfer. The 1980s and 1990s have seen a number of initiatives established which prioritised this route and some have received European funding under KONVER I support for defence diversification. These constituted the primary focus of research for this paper and form a practice review of diversification experiences between 1993 and 1995 through selected case studies from Lancashire, the West Midlands, the South West and Hertfordshire. Discussion of the mechanisms, structures and operational issues is contexualised by outlining public and private sector strategies and support.
Contract Culture and Target Fetishism
Authors: Gray Anne
Published: July 2007

Performance management in TECs1 and urban initiatives has developed in the 1990s into a “contract culture” characterised by heavy reliance on quantitative indicators as the basis for funding arrangements. These indicators may have perverse effects. Firstly, they may distort the design of local policy at the level of strategic planning and SRB (Single Regeneration Budget) bid-writing. Secondly, their use in contracts between TECs, City Challenge companies, SRB partnerships and their delivery agencies may distort policy implementation. An instructive parallel may be drawn between this “indicator distortion” and the distortions induced by planning targets in the former Soviet Union.
The Local Economic Impact of Construction Projects in a Small and Relatively Self-contained Economy
Authors: Armstrong H. W. , Darrall J. , Grove-White R.
Published: July 2007

Whilst the local multiplier impacts of the annual operation of universities has been the subject of intensive research, the economic impacts of capital construction projects have been almost completely ignored. This paper presents the results of detailed analysis of capital projects at Lancaster University in 1993- The reasons for the radically different annual operation and construction multipliers estimated in the Lancaster study are examined. Despite the smaller size of construction multipliers it is argued that it is a serious mistake to estimate local construction multipliers by making simplifying assumptions on the size of the key parameters in the multiplier equations.
An Exploration of the Use of Language Training in Exporting Firms
Authors: MacDonald Sandra , Cook Mark
Published: July 2007

Despite the importance of using foreign languages as a means of increasing competitiveness in overseas markets, there is little empirical data on how firms use languages and access training as part of a competitive strategy. Based on interviews with the owner/managers of 14 firms in Northamptonshire, this paper considers their use of language training. A detailed investigation was carried out of the type of training used in the surveyed firms. Through the use of in-depth interviews, the diverse strategies used by the firms were revealed. The implications for local training providers are also discussed.
Tourism and Local Economic Development
Authors: Stobart Jon , Ball Rick
Published: July 2007

The relationships between tourism and local economic development extend beyond conventional notions of jobs, diversification and income. The drive for tourism by local authorities and linked agencies, often through the creation of a local action plan, provides a valuable self-appraisal opportunity that may raise the awareness of local economic potentials. Moreover, it also nurtures productive team-building and partnership development within and between local authorities and outside agencies and organisations, and spins off into wider local economic benefits such as image enhancement and the attraction of inward investment. Ultimately, it may boost the local policy machine in ways that enhance and extend the status and strength of the local economy.
The Song has Ended but the Melody Lingers
Authors: Deas Iain , Ward Kevin G.
Published: July 2007

This paper assesses the prospects for the Regional Development Agency (RDA) initiative, in light of the experience of Britain's Urban Development Corporation (UDC) programme. It explores the contrasts between the two initiatives and considers the prospects for the RDA programme. The paper argues that RDAs pose only limited constitutional implications, but should be more accurately considered as another managerial innovation — reflecting the Blairite preoccupation with “joined-up government” — in the search for more effective delivery mechanisms for sub-national economic development policy. It concludes by arguing that RDAs, like UDCs before them, represent a new hub of power to which locally accountable policy makers may prove to be marginal.
SETTING UP A HOSPITAL‐BASED DEPENDENCY RESOURCE UNIT
Authors: Dowd Toni
Published: July 2007

This paper commences with a brief historical review of addiction intervention in the New England Region of New South Wales. The concept and role of a hospital‐based assessment unit and the philosophical premises underlying its functioning are discussed briefly. The implementation of a pilot service at the Armidale and New England Hospital is outlined and some of the dilemmas encountered in consolidating the service are highlighted. Some future issues are examined.
LIAISON NURSING IN A HOSPITAL‐BASED DRUGS AND ALCOHOL SERVICE UNIT
Authors: Goodin Bill
Published: July 2007

This paper describes the role and function of the Liaison Nurse as a specialist nurse in Drugs and Alcohol in a major teaching hospital setting. It argues that the Liaison Nurse can stimulate change by supporting and facilitating the role of the general nurse as an early detection and intervention agent in a patient population with alcohol and other drug related disorders.
THE STATE OF HOSPITAL INTERVENTION IN QUEENSLAND WITH RESPECT TO ALCOHOL AND DRUG PROBLEMS
Authors: Bolton M.
Published: July 2007

The philosophy of the Queensland Alcohol and Drug Dependence Services with respect to the development of treatment services is to promote and catalyze the establishment of such services by other health personnel and agencies — in particular by hospitals. This is necessary for logistic reasons as well as to ‘legitimize’ the treatment of substance abuse in general health and medical circles.

The present situation is outlined and different models of hospital intervention in different regions of Queensland are presented. The future of the treatment of substance abuse lies in increased commitment by traditional health and medical services, such as hospitals, to the alleviation of these problems.
Explanatory and Treatment Models of Dependence
Authors: Sinclair Rona G.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The relationship between the changing concepts of dependence is considered and the social/cultural context from which they developed. A range of management options is outlined and the need for a co‐ordinated approach stressed.
Drug and Alcohol Problems in Psychiatric Training and Practice
Authors: Grigor J.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Drug and alcohol problems are somewhat divorced from the mainstream of psychiatric practice in Australia and at present there is no specific experience required in postgraduate training programmes. Proposals to remedy this situation are discussed.
Still Groping
Authors: Kamien M.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The teaching on alcohol and drug topics in the University of Western Australia's medical course is described. Emphasis is placed on the relative lack of coordination of this teaching at present, but coordinated topic teaching is to be introduced which should facilitate a multidisciplinary approach to alcohol and drug problems.
Controlled Drinking for Whom?
Authors: Lenton Simon
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The answer to the question: “Is this person suitable for controlled drinking?” is seen as a process of ongoing assessment, decision making and re‐evaluation rather than a discrete one‐off decision. Certain variables have been demonstrated as predictive of a controlled drinking versus an abstinence treatment goal and these are considered with respect to their likely role in the decision making process. The wishes and attitude of the client and significant others are considered of primary importance. Severity of drinking symptoms, although important, is less predictive than age and employment status at intake although there is a significant interaction between these variables. Successful controlled drinkers tend to have lower prior levels of alcohol consumption. Past periods of abstinence or control are important in goal choice but can be misleading. Cognitive impairment and life threatening physical damage are strong contraindicators of a controlled drinking treatment goal. It is concluded that the wishes of the client and significant others are of upmost importance in deciding for whom controlled drinking. The tentative treatment guidelines of Heather and Robertson are also presented.
The Australian Response
Authors: Batey R.G.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The varying Australian responses to alcohol, tobacco and other drug abuse at a local, State and national level are considered historically and from the present viewpoint. Current Australian drug research is reviewed.
Early Intervention Among Excessive Drinkers: How Early and in What Context?
Authors: Rollnick Stephen
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Brief intervention for the less dependent problem drinker is considered in terms of its appropriateness and focus. The pitfalls in screening then advising drinkers who consume alcohol excessively are considered. These drinkers are not a homogeneous group, but differ as to whether or not they have problems caused by drinking and whether or not they acknowledge that they are drinking too much. Suggestions are made about finding a context for dialogue which is meaningful to the drinker and which may motivate him to take action to reduce alcohol consumption.
Genetics of Alcohol and Aldehyde Dehydrogenases
Authors: Holmes Roger S.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: This paper reviews the genetic status of the two key enzymes of alcohol metabolism in humans, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Human ADH is encoded by at least five genes, giving rise to three classes of enzyme. The Class I genes are located on chromosome 4 and encode three homologous polypeptides α, β and γ‐ADH, generating six isozymes in homozygous individuals. The ADH2 (β subunit) gene coding sequence is interrupted by eight introns and spans approximately 15 kilobases. Polymorphisms at the ADH2 and ADH3 (γ subunit) loci generate allelic isozymes in human populations of which two have widely divergent kinetic properties. Class II (π‐ADH) and Class III (khgr;‐ADH) ADH genes encode subunits that are more divergent in sequence, reflecting earlier evolutionary origins, as compared with the three human Class I genes. The Class III gene (ADH5) is localized on human chromosome 4, near the Class I genes. Human ALDHs are encoded by at least three genes giving rise to two major liver isozymes, ALDH1 and ALDH2, differentially localized in cytosol and mitochondria respectively, and ALDH3, exhibiting high activity in human stomach. cDNA nucleotide and subunit amino acid sequences for the ALDH1 and ALDH2 isozymes reflect 68% structural identity. A high frequency polymorphism exists for ALDH2 in Mongoloid populations, which has been associated with alcohol sensitivity. Human ALDH genes have been mapped to three separate chromosomes: ALDH1 (chromosome 9); ALDH2 (chromosome 12); and ALDH3 (chromosome 17).
The Wernicke‐Korsakoff Syndrome: Clinical Correlates and Dilemmas
Authors: Price John , Kerr Ray
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The Wernicke‐Korsakoff syndrome remains common in Queensland despite a sharp fall in psychiatric hospital unit admissions with this diagnosis. The clinical features of the syndrome are discussed from neuropsychological and anatomical viewpoints. The so‐called continuum hypothesis of memory impairment in problem drinkers has not been supported by recent neuropsychological evidence. Alcoholic and non‐alcoholic Wernicke's encephalopathy are compared. It is concluded that these two conditions differ in several respects and that thiamin deficiency might predispose certain areas of the brain to damage from alcohol.
A Follow‐Up Study of Patients with Alcohol‐Related Brain Damage in the Community
Authors: Price John , Mitchell Sheila , Wiltshire Bevan , Graham Joan , Williams Gail
Published: July 2007

Abstract: An account is given of the outcome for 37 patients after their discharge into the community without receiving any rehabilitation geared specifically to their alcohol‐related brain damage. They were followed up for at least 12 months. There were 7 deaths, a figure greatly in excess of actuarial prediction. With one exception, neuropsychological test results at the time of intake did not predict outcome. Those admitted to the study from general hospital beds did better than those admitted through psychiatric or rehabilitation facilities, probably because those who had suffered Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) at some time (usually at the time they entered the study) did better than others. They were less likely to be drinking at the end of the follow‐up period than those without a history of WE, who generally fared badly.
Current Trends in the Pharmacological Treatment of Alcohol‐related Problems
Authors: Naranjo Claudio A.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Since alcohol‐related problems affect almost 20% of the adult population, effective therapies are needed. Newly developed pharmacological strategies have been tested experimentally in animals and humans and progress is apparent. For example, an imidazobenzodiazepine (Ro15–4513) has recently been found to antagonize ethanol intoxication in rats selectively. However, testing in humans may be prevented by toxicity and ethical concerns. Abrupt discontinuation of ethanol intake in dependent subjects results in a withdrawal syndrome (AWS). With the recently developed benzodiazepine loading dose technique, practically all patients can be effectively treated with oral diazepam. Recent studies in rats suggest that non‐sedative calcium channel blockers (e.g. nitrendipine, nifendipine) may also attenuate the AWS. New pharmacological strategies for decreasing alcohol consumption have also been developed. In three randomized, double‐blind, controlled studies, serotonin uptake inhibitors (zimelidine, citalopram and viqualine) have consistently attenuated alcohol consumption in early stage problem drinkers. Effects on ethanol intake are distinct from the antidepressant properties of these drugs and they are most likely explained by a facilitation of satiety signals. Recently, new pharmacological approaches for attenuating neurological and hepatic alcohol‐related problems have been described. Examples illustrate how the integration of basic and clinical pharmacological strategies may lead to improved pharmacotherapy for alcoholism within the foreseeable future.
The Assessment of Alcohol‐Related Problems: a Need for a New Perspective
Authors: Rydon Philip , Redman Selina , Sanson‐Fisher Robert W.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: While general practice represents an appropriate point for detecting and intervening with those with alcohol‐related problems, existing data suggest that family physicians are currently unable to identify correctly those with such problems. Among the reasons which may explain these low detection rates is the absence of a suitable screening instrument for use in this setting. A set of criteria against which any instrument should be tested before being employed in the general practice setting is outlined. These criteria state that the scale should have three major characteristics. Firstly, it should be acceptable to patient and general practitioner. Secondly, the scale must have a conceptual frame which acknowledges the multidimensionality of problems; allows measurement of direct and indirect problems; is capable of detecting changes over time; focuses on non‐dependent rather than dependent problems; and which is based on experts' and consumers' agreement as to what constitutes a problem. Finally the scale should have demonstrated adequate reliability and validity within general practice. Existing scales fail to meet the majority of these criteria. As a consequence, the Primary Care Group at Newcastle is attempting to develop a scale which meets the specified criteria. Preliminary results indicate that the constructed scale does have some promise.
West Australian initiatives: the evaluation of hospital screening services
Authors: Spencer John
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The strategies of the Western Australian Alcohol and Drug Authority for minimising the morbidity and mortality associated with alcohol and other drug problems are outlined. The preventive strategies emphasised are the education and training of health workers; community screening and intervention; intervention in general practice, and in the hospital setting. Screening studies in general hospitals in Genaldton, Perth, Fremantle and Bunbury are described and the results discussed.
Structural Remodeling in the Limb Circulation: Impact of Obesity and Diabetes
Authors: Stepp David W. , De Chantemele Eric J. Belin
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT

Obesity is an emerging epidemic worldwide and threatens cardiovascular health due to the complications of accompanying metabolic dysfunction. One potential mechanism by which these complications are advanced is structural alteration in the microcirculation perfusing target organs. In this brief review, the authors focus on the structural adaptations that occur in the microcirculation, with specific focus on changes in basement membrane thickness and vascular structure. By delineating changes in end‐stage disease and recent insights from animal studies, they hope to convince the reader (1) that diabetic disease in the limb is associated with profound changes in arteriolar structure and (2) that parallel changes in microvascular architecture precede the onset of frank type II diabetes.
The German Military Occupation of Italy and the War against Civilians
Authors: Pezzino Paolo
Published: July 2007

The article presents the results of a research group which has, over the last few years, carried out a careful contextualization of the massacres of civilians in four Italian regions (Apulia, Campania, Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna) during World War II. The research enables us to go beyond references to the irrationality of evil, the unchangeable core of violence in human nature or terror as an end in itself, which do not contribute much to an analytical interpretation. The aim has been to place these massacres in a more precise historical context by reconstructing the power structures, the logic and the cultural conditioning which made them possible, the behaviour and aims of the various protagonists, the complex evolution of the survivors’ memories and the ways in which the community memory has been taken up, or expelled, by the anti-Fascist paradigm of Republican Italy.