bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Citation and Distortion: Pierre Pomme, Voltaire and the Crafting of a Medical Reputation
Authors: Arnaud Sabine
Published: December 2020

In his Questions sur l’Encyclopédie Voltaire casts Doctor Pierre Pomme as an exorcist for modern times. For the philosopher, Pomme’s treatment of hysteric and hypochondriac affections exemplifies the struggle against fanaticism and ignorance. In subsequent private correspondence Pomme and Voltaire exchange letters built around Christian metaphors. The term “exorcist” evokes a series of images putting into play the status of Pomme and the discipline of medicine as a whole. This article analyses the figurative schemes developed by Pomme and Voltaire, and how the use of metaphors generates a myth of therapy .It examines how Pomme seizes upon the rhetoric employed to create an image of his role as a doctor while also pursuing strategic aims particular to his work.
Plague of Icy Breath. Cholera and the Gateshead Community 1831–1832
Authors: Tullo Ellen
Published: December 2020

The impact of cholera epidemics on communities around the world during the 19th century has generated a vast array of resources for the medical historian. However, the more readily available testimonies of doctors and local boards of health dominate the literature, whilst our understanding of the experience of individuals, particularly the destitute victims of cholera and their families, is sparse.This article analyses a collection of unpublished documents assembled by an antiquary, John Bell, from Gateshead, North-East England, in 1831–1832, in order to reconstruct the experience of the local community as they prepared themselves for the arrival of cholera and how they responded to its devastating effects. The paper concludes by examining the enduring changes prompted by the community reaction to the cholera outbreak of 1831–1832, including the establishment of the Gateshead Dispensary.
Une stabilisation difficile. La chlorpromazine dans les années 1950 en Belgique
Authors: Majerus Benoît
Published: December 2020

Through a Belgian case study the article tries to trace the gradual stabilisation of chlorpromazine as an antipsychotic in the 1950s. By varying ranges and angles of approach it shows the heterogeneity of actors involved and the semantic bricolage that accompany the marketing of the first antipsychotic. Far from being a revolution, the presence of Largactil® in psychiatric practice is rather characterised by integration into a wider range of medicines and sinuous searching to give sense to this new drug.
Psychische Ereignisse – organische Interpretationen: Traumakonzepte in der deutschen Psychiatrie seit 1889
Authors: Kloocke Ruth , Schmiedebach Heinz-Peter , Priebe Stefan
Published: December 2020

This paper examines the debate on psychological trauma in German psychiatry since 1889. A content analysis of five leading German psychiatric journals between 1889 and 2005 is realised. An organic concept of psychological trauma has been prominent in the professional debate until today. Psychiatrists frequently referred to physical traumatisation, constitutional factors and genetic predisposition, exogenous reaction types according to Bonhoeffer, and to biological markers in the context of the PTSD concept. The biological tradition in German psychiatry resulted in a specific adoption of concepts on psychological trauma. However, integrating various models of psychological trauma into a psychiatric tradition focusing on a biological model proved to be difficult and inconsistent.
Making medicine a business in Japan: Shimadzu Co. and the diffusion of radiology (1900–1960)
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves
Published: December 2020

This contribution focuses on the role of the firm Shimadzu in the marketing of X-ray machines in Japan during the first part of the 20th century, viewed from a business history perspective. It attempts to further understanding of the process of technology diffusion in medicine. In a global market controlled by American and German multinational enterprises, Japan appears to have been a particular country, where a domestic independent firm, Shimadzu, succeeded in establishing itself as a competitive company. This success is the result of a strategy based on both the internalisation of technological capabilities (recruitment of university graduate engineers, subcontracting of research and development activities) and an original communication policy towards the medical world. Finally, the specific structure of the Japanese medical market, composed of numerous and largely privatised small healthcare centres, facilitated the rapid diffusion of X-ray machines, a new technology which conferred a comparative advantage on its holders.
La découverte de la circulation sanguine: révolution ou refonte?
Authors: Crignon Claire
Published: December 2020

The discovery of the principle of blood circulation by William Harvey is generally considered as one of the major events of the “scientific revolution” of the 17th century. This paper reconsiders the question by taking in account the way Harvey’s discovery was discussed by some contemporary philosophers and physicians, in particular Fontenelle, who insisted on the necessity of redefining methods and principles of medical knowledge, basing themselves on the revival of anatomy and physiology, and of its consequences on the way it permits to think about the human nature. This return allows us to consider the opportunity of substituting the kuhnian scheme of “structure of scientific revolutions” for the bachelardian concept of “refonte”.
Am I My Brain or My Genitals? A Nature-Culture Controversy in the Hermaphrodite Debate from the mid-1960s to the late 1990s
Authors: Kraus Cynthia
Published: December 2020

The groundbreaking and prophetic rhetoric of neuroscience has recently highlighted the fetal brain as the most promising organ for understanding why transsexuals feel “trapped in the wrong body”, a nd for predicting whether children born with “ambiguous” genitalia will grow up to feel like a man or a woman. This article proposes a recent history of the cerebralization of intersexuality and of transsexuality as atypical neurodevelopmental conditions. It examines the ways in which the organizational theory of brain sex differentiation developed in the late 1950s in behavioral neuroendocri - nology has gained increased prominence in and through controversies over best practice issues in the case management of intersex newborns, and the etiology of transsexuality. It focuses on the American context and on the leading warrior in this battle: Milton Diamond, now a most prominent figure in professional debates about the clinical management of intersexuality, and the intersex person’s best friend.

Persons with an intersexed or transsexual condition consider, not their gonads, but their brains, their core sense of self, as the primary determinant of sex. (Diamond and Beh 2005, 6–7, note 1)
Jeunes filles scoliotiques et orthopédie à la Belle Epoque: l’essor urbain de la mécanothérapie à Lausanne et Genève
Authors: Kaba Mariama
Published: December 2020

In Belle Epoque towns marked by the industrial and medical surge, a new technical therapy, called mechanotherapy, emerged, stemming from Swedish medical gymnastics and auxiliary to orthopaedics. Aiming mostly at treating scoliosis, this therapy by movement attracted a sizeable female clientele to these towns, because of the hygienic and social conceptions feeding col lective imagination linked to the bodies of scoliotic young girls. Taking the Frenchspeaking Swiss towns of Lausanne and Geneva as examples, the article first seeks to describe the emergence of mechanotherapy as a medical and urban phenomenon. It then addresses the role played by scoliosis in this ortho - paedic practice, and examines the clientele attracted to the towns, among which well-born young girls seem to be predominant.
Heresy, Medicine and Paracelsianism in Sixteenth-Century Italy: the Case of Girolamo Donzellini (1513–1587)
Authors: Celati Alessandra
Published: December 2020

Many Italian physicians embraced Protestant ideas during the sixteenth Century: this suggests a connection between medical science and religious nonconformity. But why were physicians so exposed to the influence of Protestantism? Can we suppose that their heretical views affected the way in which they conceived medicine? And can we posit a particular link between certain kinds of medical thinking and specific religious doctrines? In order to analyse this relationship, I will focus on a specific character: Girolamo Donzellini. As a physician of great renown, put on trial five times by the Venetian Inquisition and eventually sentenced to death, Donzellini is a good case study. Moreover, his exposure to the works of Paracelsus allows one to put forward some considerations on Italian Paracelsianism, showing that medical attitudes often described as incompatible by historians could actually coexist in the same person, as a result of the complexity of the cultural and religious context.
Humans, Elephants, Diamonds and Gold: Patterns of Intentional Design in Girolamo Cardano’s Natural Philosophy
Authors: Giglioni Guido
Published: December 2020

Distancing himself from both Aristotelian and Epicurean models of natural change, and resisting delusions of anthropocentric grandeur, Cardano advanced a theory of teleology centred on the notion of non-human selfhood. In keeping with Plato, he argued that nature was ruled by the mind, meaning by “mind” a universal paragon of intelligibility instantiated through patterns of purposive action (“noetic” teleology). This allowed Cardano to defend a theory of natural finalism in which life was regarded as a primordial attribute of being, already in evidence in the most elementary forms of nature, whose main categories were ability to feign, self-interest, self-preservation and indefinite persistence.
The Theory of the Circulation of Blood and (Different) Paths of Aristotelianism. Girolamo Franzosi’s De motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus pro Aristotele et Galeno adversus anatomicos neotericos libri duo: Teleology versus Mechanism?
Authors: Presti Roberto Lo
Published: December 2020

Few discoveries in the history of medicine had a greater impact than William Harvey’s discovery of the circulation of blood, and few intellectual milieus of the early modern period had as decisive a part in the rise of ‘modern’ medicine and the shaping of the western scientific mentality in general than the philosophical and scientific movement of ‘Venetian Aristotelianism’, which grew up around the University of Padua, where Harvey himself had studied. In this chapter, I aim to explore some aspects of the intellectual movement of ‘Venetian Aristotelianism’ as well as the debate that ensued upon the discovery of the circulation of blood. My focus, however, is not on any of the major protagonists, but rather on a quite marginal figure in this debate, namely Hieronymus Franzosi.
Listen and Watch: The Practice of Lecturing and the Epistemological Status of Sex Education Films in Germany
Authors: Laukötter Anja
Published: December 2020

This article takes as its starting point Frauennot-Frauenglück (Women’s Misery – Women’s Happiness), a film representative of health education films on sex hygiene in Weimar Germany. This paper opens by situating the film in the landscape of German health education films from World War I to the Weimar era. I document the evolution of interest in sexual health education films in the early decades of the twentieth century and show how their narratives changed as a result of the increasing popularity of feature films in the Weimar period.

The article then focuses on the lectures which accompanied health education films. I argue that an analysis of these under-investigated lectures can raise new stimulating epistemological questions on the historical status of health education films, as these lectures changed the filmic dispositive. I show how this common practice served as a technique of rhetorical reworking in efforts to adjust or orient the visuality of what was shown to the public. Drawing on two very different lectures which accompanied Frauennot-Frauen – glück, the article identifies two approaches to lecturing. While one consisted in enabling controversial films to be screened to the public, the other (socialist) approach transforms initial censorial intentions, allowing the speaker stress his personal or new positions.
Debating Sex: Education Films and Sexual Morality for the Young in Post-War Germany, 1945–1955
Authors: Winkler Anita
Published: December 2020

After 1945 rapidly climbing figures of venereal disease infections menaced the health of the war-ridden German population. Physicians sought to gain control over this epidemic and initiated large-scale sex education campaigns to inform people about identification, causes and treatment of VD and advised them on appropriate moral sexual behaviour as a prophylactic measure. Film played a crucial role in these campaigns. As mass medium it was believed film could reach out to large parts of society and quickly disseminate sexual knowledge and moral codes of conduct amongst the population. This essay discusses the transition of the initial central role of sex education films in the fight against venereal disease in the immediate postwar years towards a more critical stance as to the effects of cinematographic education of the young in an East and West German context.
Gessner Studies: state of the research and new perspectives on 16th-century studies in natural history
Authors: Glardon Philippe
Published: December 2020

The field of Gesnerian studies is still to a large extent underdeveloped. This statement sums up in a nutshell the state of research on the body of work of the Zurich physician. Yet, no place for pessimism in this succinct conclusion: in what follows we trace some major tendencies and developments in the study of the Gesnerian corpus. On the whole, it is mostly his illustrations that have drawn scholars’ attention, providing interesting perspectives on art his¬tory and the representation of nature in the 16th century, as well as, through the study of the circulation of images, on the scholarly networks and knowl¬edge communication in the Renaissance. The second part of this article builds on concrete examples to provide possible perspectives on the paratext of Historia animalium, and on the various additions made to it by its author. In conclusion, it appears that numerous aspects of the Renaissance percep¬tion of nature remain unexplored, but also that a reading that makes use of precise lexicological and statistical tools is necessary and promising. This conclusion is positive and seeks to highlight the network established between scholars from different domains of the humanities, and also the technical means available at present, which open new possibilities for comparison, exchange and collating of research information.
Ni pédants, ni amateurs? Les journaux de psychologie dans l’Allemagne du dernier tiers du XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Gantet Claire
Published: December 2020

Neither pedants nor amateurs? Psychological journals in Germany in the last three decades of the 18th century

The Magazin zur Erfahrungsseelenkunde introduced a new tone in the evolving field of psychology. For the first time, attention was paid not to the abstract relationships between body and soul, but to suffering individuals from the « common folk ». The collection and systematic publication of accounts of readers should eventually allow the formulation of an empirical «science of the soul». The readers would eventually send accounts of personal and experienced «cases». By 1800, this conception of the science of psychology was called into question by educated philosophers who, in journals opened only to specialists, endeavored to develop a more professional psychology. They nevertheless failed in formulating general criteria of scientificity. The main argument of this article is that the distinction between amateurs and scientists was not an outcome of the inner evolution of the field of psychology, but that it developed through practices of communication in which periodicals play a major role.
La psychologie de Marcel Sembat: le «violon d’Ingres» d’un homme politique?
Authors: Carroy Jacqueline
Published: December 2020

The socialist politician Marcel Sembat’s unpublished manuscripts reveal the unexpected figure of a diarist with a passion for his own intimate, bodily, sexual and affective economy, and of an autodidact and sometimes polemical reader of psychology (for instance Pierre Janet’s). Sembat was recognized nonetheless as a potentially publishable author by Georges Dumas, the editor of the Journal de psychologie normale et pathologique, who asked him to contribute an article – which was never published – on dreaming. Sembat was also particularly receptive to Freud’s early conceptions of sexuality. Was Marcel Sembat an amateur, like the painter Ingres playing the violin? Could he be characterized as a “psychologist from below”? As a dilettante? Or simply as a cultivated man according to the meaning this period ascribed to the term?
The Role of International Organisations in the Development of Public Health Nursing, 1933–1974
Authors: Galiana-Sánchez María Eugenia
Published: December 2020

This paper analyses the contribution made by the League of Nations (LoN) and the World Health Organisation (WHO) to the development of public health nursing, and the role of nursing experts working in these and other organisations.

The sources consulted included documentation on public health nursing held in the LoN archives and technical reports drawn up by expert committees on nursing and related fields held in the WHO database.

In the 1920s, international organisations began seeking to meet the need for public health nurses who could implement community-based interventions, deploying various strategies to achieve this goal over the course of the 20th century.

The work of nursing experts on the LoN Hygiene Committee and WHO Advisory Committees underpinned systematic efforts to establish appropriate training in public health nursing and to organise effective nursing services in Europe. The role they played reveals changing attitudes towards the contribution of public health nursing.
La remise en question du pouvoir psychiatrique à Genève (1960–1980)
Authors: Gesnerus Editors
Published: December 2020

The article deals with the development of the manner in which Geneva’s institutional psychiatric power is undermined during the 1970s. An attempt is thus made to situate the former disagreements into a broader perspective. thereby referring to the so-called «anti-psychiatry» of the 1960s. Following a presentation of the Bel-Air Clinic in regards to its context and reforms, the paper features an analysis of the criticisms and demands purported by alternative groups in matter of psychiatry. As such, the paper ranges from the denunciation of psychiatric repression in Canton Geneva, to the subsequent critical eruption of the reorganisation of the psychiatric structures, up to the legislative amendments of the 1980s.
Caspar Wolf and his personal public commitment to edit Conrad Gessner’s unfinished history of plants (Part I: Essay)
Authors: Funk Holger
Published: December 2020

After completion of his History of animals, Gessner began an equally ambitious History of plants, which, however, he could not complete due to his premature death in consequence of a fatal epidemic. Immediately after Gessner’s death, Caspar Wolf (c. 1532–1601), Gessner’s former pupil, publicly announced his intention to edit the botanical legacy of his mentor. Wolf’s announcement, entitled “Promise” (Pollicitatio), is of prime importance concerning the unfinished plant history and has influenced many researchers’ views. However, it has often been forgotten that Wolf had written the announcement also for his own domestic purposes and that caution is therefore required. The present study, complemented by the first full translation of Wolf’s text, is intended to reinforce the need for such caution. It is suggested that it was not only Wolf’s failings that led to the final failure of the project, but also that Gessner himself may have failed to establish a body of text substantial enough to satisfy his own aspirations.
Die Inszenierung einer «Schweizer Hygiene». Der Schweizer Pavillon an der Internationalen Hygiene-Ausstellung Dresden, 1911
Authors: Hochstrasser Rahel
Published: December 2020

In May 1911, the fi rst International Hygiene Exhibition opened its doors in Dresden. Plenty of objects relevant to the fi eld of hygiene were found in various halls on the spacious showground. In addition, 30 national pavilions were built along an avenue. One of these pavilions was the «Schwyzer Hus», the Swiss pavilion. At the beginning of the twentieth century Swiss representatives were part of an international scientifi c network. They collaborated to develop what became known as scientific hygiene. This paper analyses the planning, realisation and reception of the Swiss pavilion. I want to show how the Swiss experts of hygiene positioned themselves among the other nations and how they worked to establish a «Swiss hygiene».
Zwischen Abgrenzung und Aufklärung: Die Berichterstattung über die Antibabypille in der Schweizer Frauenzeitschrift Annabelle in den späten 1960er Jahren
Authors: Stuber Selina
Published: December 2020

The birth control pill and its potential societal consequences were only discussed publicly in Switzerland from the mid-1960s onwards. While initial reports about the birth control pill were scarce, a change soon took place and reports became rather frequent. Women’s magazines played a crucial role in that change. The Swiss women’s magazine Annabelle not only provided its readers with knowledge concerning the contraceptive pill but also produced behavioral norms in terms of sexuality and society. In the essay at hand, the medical and sociopolitical context in which Annabelle thematized the new contraceptive pill in their issues from 1966 to 1968 will be examined.
Les styles de raisonnement médical à l’épreuve du concept de santé dans les années 1630–1670
Authors: Carvallo Sarah
Published: December 2020

The concept of health forms a main issue for the medical theory. In as much as it depends on a special time, place, epistemology and metaphysics, it gets a specifi c thickness. In the modern medicine of the years 1630–1670s, on the one hand, it delineates an ideal characterised by a just proportion, that anatomy studies; on the other hand, a frequency noticed by new technologies of knowledge. Those scientifi c reorganizations bear a new conception of health in the frame of a political anatomy, which aims not only to cure, but also to prevent epidemics and optimize the general state of the population. The alternative to generalizing individual data through two anatomical objects – either through the humani corporis fabrica or the «politick body» – captures the thickness of modern health conception, which characterizes the cumulative ways of proceeding in science inducing a foliated pluralism in western medicine.
Croatian and Serbian War Crimes, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, and the Judicial Systems of Serbia and Croatia
Authors: Hebda Wiktor
Published: December 2020

Croatian and Serbian War Crimes, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, and the Judicial Systems of Serbia and CroatiaThe war in former Yugoslavia (1991–1995) was marked by war crimes which still affect Serbian–Croatian political relations. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), which operated between 1993–2017, was supposed to pass fair verdicts on those responsible for war crimes, but its verdicts have been surrounded by controversy in Post-Yugoslav states. The article analyzes Serbian and Croatian war crimes in Croatian territory between 1991–1995 as well as the verdicts passed by the ICTY against the most prominent war criminals. The actions taken by the Serbian and Croatian judicial systems are also discussed. The analysis presented in the article indicates that the verdicts delivered by the ICTY were selective and difficult to accept for both sides of the conflict. Unfortunately, Serbo-Croatian cooperation on war crimes has been developing for only a few years and has not produced the expected results. For these reasons, war crimes and war criminals still have a negative influence on political and social relations between the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Serbia. Chorwackie i serbskie zbrodnie wojenne, Międzynarodowy Trybunał Karny da Byłej Jugosławii oraz serbski i chorwacki wymiar sprawiedliwościKwestia zbrodni wojennych i obiektywnego osądzenia zbrodniarzy wojennych jest wysoce problematyczna. Bezspornie wojna w byłej Jugosławii z lat 1991-1995 była tragiczna w skutkach i naznaczona wydarzeniami, którym można nadać miano zbrodni wojennych. Międzynarodowy Trybunał Karny dla Byłej Jugosławii (MTKJ) funkcjonujący w latach 1993-2017 miał w założeniu sprawiedliwie osądzić osoby odpowiedzialne za zbrodnie wojenne. Niemniej jego działalność (orzeczone kary) wzbudza pewne kontrowersje, a co za tym idzie może być i jest krytycznie oceniana. W artykule przedstawiono syntetyczną analizę serbskich oraz chorwackich zbrodni wojennych mających miejsce na terytorium Chorwacji w latach 1991-1995. Następnie odniesiono się do kar orzeczonych przez MTKJ wobec najważniejszych zbrodniarzy wojennych. W tym też aspekcie zwrócono uwagę na aktywność serbskiego i chorwackiego wymiaru sprawiedliwości. Analiza zawarta w artykule potwierdza tezę że wydawane wyroki przez MTKJ odznaczały się selektywnością, dlatego też w niektórych przypadkach były one trudne do zaakceptowania przez obie strony konfliktu. Niestety serbsko-chorwacka współpraca w zakresie zbrodni wojennych rozwija się dopiero od kilku lat i nie przyniosła oczekiwanych rezultatów. Z tych też powodów zbrodnie wojenne i zbrodniarze wojenni nadal mają negatywny wpływ na stosunki polityczne i społeczne między Republiką Chorwacji a Republiką Serbii.
Uchodźca, czyli „nowak”. Spór o słowo. O projekcie artystycznym „Nowacy” Jany Shostak w kontekście konstruowania znaczeń i kryzysu migracyjnego.
Authors: Szczepanik Joanna
Published: December 2020

Refugee or "Newcomer". Dispute over the Word: About the Artistic Project "Nowacy" ("Newcomers") by Jana Shostak in the Context of the Construction of Meaning and the Migration CrisisThe artistic diploma project of Jana Shostak, a Polish student from Belarus, assumed the introduction of the word “nowak” (newcomer) into the Polish language as an alternative to the negative term “refugee.” This initiative becomes particularly important in the context of the migration crisis, going beyond the safe sphere of art. The methods of presenting it, both by the artist and by the media, in the form of interviews, press articles and comments on internet forums, were analyzed. The article is an attempt to make a meta-interpretation of this artistic proposal from the perspective of critical cultural studies, emphasizing two main areas: culture as a battlefield and language as a tool of constructing meaning. Methodologically, it is also supported by relativistic linguistic theories, the paradigm of symbolic interactionism, ethnomethodology, the concept of engaged aesthetics and critical theory. Uchodźca, czyli „nowak”. Spór o słowo. O projekcie artystycznym  „Nowacy” Jany Shostak w kotekście konstruowania znaczeń i kryzysu migracyjnegoArtystyczny projekt dyplomowy Jany Shostak zakłada wprowadzenie do języka polskiego słowa „nowak” jako alternatywy dla negatywnie nacechowanego określenia „uchodźca”. Inicjatywa ta nabiera szczególnego znaczenia w kontekście kryzysu migracyjnego, wykraczając poza bezpieczną sferę sztuki. Analizie poddane zostały sposoby jej prezentowania zarówno przez artystkę, jak i przez media, w postaci wywiadów, artykułów prasowych oraz wypowiedzi na forach internetowych. Artykuł jest próbą dokonania meta-interpretacji tej propozycji artystycznej z perspektywy kulturoznawstwa krytycznego z postawieniem akcentu na dwa zasadnicze obszary: kultury jako pola walki oraz języka jako narzędzia konstruującego znaczenie. Metodologicznie wspiera się również relatywistycznymi teoriami lingwistycznymi, paradygmatem interakcjonizmu symbolicznego, etnometodologią, oraz koncepcją estetyki zaangażowanej i teorią krytyczną.
Did the Confinement of Boer Civilians in Concentration Camps by the British Army during the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902) Constitute an Act of Genocide?
Authors: Ribeiro Hector
Published: December 2020

Did the Confinement of Boer Civilians in Concentration Camps by the British Army during the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902) Constitute an Act of Genocide?This article addresses the confinement of Boer civilians in concentrationcamps by the British Army during the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902), specifically whether this confinement and its ramifications might amount to an act of genocide. This possibility is often dismissed out of hand by historians, who usually claim that the tens of thousands of deaths in the camps can be attributed to incompetence and non-human factors. This article uses Vahakn Dadrian’s definition of genocide, which considers indirect coercion as a tool of genocide. This type of coercion allows for concealing the actual ways adopted for achieving “population reduction”. This article argues that though the tens of thousands of deaths that occurred in the camps were not the result of direct physical violence, they nevertheless satisfy Dadrian’s definition of an act of genocide. Czy zamknięcie cywilnej ludności burskiej w obozach koncentracyjnych przez armię brytyjską podczas drugiej wojny burskiej (1899-1902) stanowi akt ludobójstwa?Artykuł podejmuje kwestię internowania cywilnej ludności burskiej w obozach koncentracyjnych przez armię brytyjską podczas drugiej wojny burskiej (1899-1902), w szczególności w świetle pytania, czy ten rodzaj odosobnienia oraz jego konsekwencje należy uznać za akt ludobójstwa. Taka możliwość bywa od razu odrzucana przez historyków, którzy zwykli twierdzić, że dziesiątki tysięcy ofiar śmiertelnych w tych obozach to jest efekt niekompetencji i czynników pozostających poza kontrolą ludzi. Autor artykułu odwołuje się do definicji ludobójstwa sformułowanej przez Vahakn Dadriana, według której przymus pośredni zalicza się do arsenału narzędzi ludobójstwa. Ten rodzaj środka przymusu pozwala ukryć rzeczywiste sposoby, które mają spowodować „zredukowanie populacji”. Artykuł dowodzi, że jakkolwiek śmierć kilkudziesięciu tysięcy osób w obozach nie była następstwem bezpośredniego użycia przemocy fizycznej, to jednak definicja ludobójstwa podana przez Dadriana zmajduje tu zastosowanie.
Uczestnictwo w polskiej kulturze imigrantów edukacyjnych z Ukrainy
Authors: Jawor Anna
Published: December 2020

Cultural Participation of the Studentd from Ukraine in PolandAlmost 40 thousand Ukrainians study in Poland. This is the second largest student group in our country. The main reason for them to study here is to get a diploma but an academic period is also a time of intense cultural participation. In this article I analyze the perception of culture by Ukrainians. What do art and culture mean for them? What they appreciate and what they reject in this sphere. Do they attend high culture events or they prefer popular culture? Finally, what is the difference between cultural participation in Poland and in Ukraine? This article is based on 50 qualitative interviews among Ukrainian students in Warsaw. Uczestnictwo w polskiej kulturze imigrantów edukacyjnych z UkrainyW Polsce studiuje prawie 40 tysięcy Ukrainek i Ukraińców. Jest to największa po Polakach grupa narodowościowa studentów w naszym kraju. Przyjeżdżają oni tutaj głównie po to, żeby zdobyć dyplom, ale studia to również czas intensywnej partycypacji kulturalnej. W artykule przyglądam się postrzeganiu kultury przez Ukraińców. Jakie znaczenie przypisują kulturze i sztuce, co w niej cenią, a co odrzucają? Czyu czestniczą w kulturze wysokiej, czy popularnej? Co jest zachętą do uczestnictwa, a co stanowi bariery? W końcu, jaka jest różnica między uczestnictwem w kulturze w Polsce i na Ukrainie? Artykuł powstał na podstawie 50 wywiadów jakościowych przeprowadzonych wśród studiujących w Warszawie.
W pułapce pojęć
Authors: Wróblewska-Trochimiuk Ewa
Published: December 2020

Trapped in ConceptsThis paper aims at reviewing a publication entitled Conculture. Dimensions of cultural participation among young immigrants from Ukraine in Poland by Anna Jawor, Urszula Markowska-Manista and Marta J. Pietrusińska. W pułapce pojęćTekst jest recenzją publikacji Konkultura. Wymiary uczestnictwa w kulturze młodych imigrantów z Ukrainy w Polsce, autorstwa Anny Jawor, Urszuli Markowskiej-Manisty i Marty J. Pietrusińskiej.
Od redakcji
Authors: Burszta Wojciech Józef , Serwański Jacek Tomasz
Published: December 2020

Editorial / Od redakcji
Arctic Amplification Weakens the Variability of Daily Temperatures over Northern Middle-High Latitudes
Authors: Dai Aiguo , Deng Jiechun
Published: December 2020

Arctic amplification (AA) reduces meridional temperature gradients (dT/dy) over the northern mid-high latitudes, which may weaken westerly winds. It is suggested that this may lead to wavier and more extreme weather in the midlatitudes. However, temperature variability is shown to decrease over the northern mid-high latitudes under increasing greenhouse gases due to reduced dT/dy. Here, through analyses of coupled model simulations and ERA5 reanalysis, it is shown that consistent with previous studies, cold-season surface and lower-mid troposphere temperature (T) variability decreases over northern mid-high latitudes even in simulations with suppressed AA and sea ice loss under increasing CO2; however, AA and sea ice loss further reduce the T variability greatly, leading to a narrower probability distribution and weaker cold or warm extreme events relative to future mean climate. Increased CO2 strengthens meridional wind (υ) with a wavenumber-4 pattern but weakens meridional thermal advection [−υ(dT/dy)] over most northern mid-high latitudes, and AA weakens the climatological υ and −υ(dT/dy). The weakened thermal advection and its decreased variance are the primary causes of the T variability decrease, which is enlarged by a positive feedback between the variability of T and −υ(dT/dy). AA not only reduces dT/dy, but also its variance, which further decreases T variability through −υ(dT/dy). While the mean snow and ice cover decreases, its variability increases over many northern latitudes, and these changes do not weaken the T variability. Thus, AA’s influence on midlatitude temperature variability comes mainly from its impact on thermal advection, rather than on winds as previously thought.
Quest over the Sampling Error of COSMIC Radio Occultation Temperature Climatologies
Authors: Shen Zhen , Zhang Kefei , He Qimin , Wan Moufeng , Li Longjiang , Wu Suqin
Published: December 2020

The sampling error caused by the uneven distribution of radio occultation (RO) profiles in both space and time domains is an important error source of RO climatologies. In this paper, the sampling error RO temperature climatologies is investigated using the 4-yr (2007–10) data from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate mission. The error is divided into three parts, including local time component (LTC), temporal component (TC), and spatial component (SC). The characteristics of the three components are investigated. Results show the following: 1) The LTC part of the total sampling error is characterized by a pattern of periodic positive and negative deviations, with a full cycle of about four months. The most significant LTC values are found in the area around 60°N/S and the polar regions. 2) The TC part is mainly associated with the extent of day-to-day temperature variability and the daily number of RO profiles observed in each month. The most pronounced TC part is shown in high-latitude areas in wintertime, where the day-to-day temperature variability is high. 3) The SC part shows distinct features in different altitude ranges. It is characterized by a systemic error in the lower troposphere (2–8 km) but exhibits a seasonal trend at the altitude range from 8 to 40 km. 4) The total sampling error is dominated by the TC and SC parts in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, whereas in the upper stratosphere it is dominated by the LTC part.
On Vortices Initiated over West Africa and Their Impact on North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Duvel Jean-Philippe
Published: December 2020

Using 38 years of the ERA-Interim dataset, an objective tracking approach is used to analyze the origin, characteristics, and cyclogenesis efficiency (CE) of synoptic-scale vortices initiated over West Africa and the Atlantic Ocean. Vortices initiated over the ocean at a given pressure level often result from a vertical expansion of a “primary” vortex track initiated earlier over West Africa. Low-level (850 hPa) primary vortices are initiated mainly in July near the Hoggar Mountains (24°N, 5°E), while midlevel (700 hPa) primary vortices are initiated mainly in August–September near the Guinea Highlands (10°N, 10°W). The CE of all these vortices is about 10% in July and 30% in August. The average CE is, however, smaller for low-level “Hoggar” vortices because they peak in July when the cyclogenesis potential index of the Atlantic Ocean is weak. Seasonal and interannual modulations of the cyclogenesis is related more to this index than to the number of vortices crossing the West African coast. Cyclogenesis is nearly equally distributed between the coast and 60°W, but the part of the cyclogenesis due to vortices initiated over West Africa decreases from 80% near the coast to about 30% at 60°W. The most probable delay between the vortex vertical expansion and cyclogenesis is 2 days, but it can be up to 10 days. This analysis also confirms previous results, such as the larger CE for vortices extending at low levels over the continent at 10°N, or the delayed and therefore west-shifted cyclogenesis of low-level “Hoggar” vortices.
Medical Student Education During COVID-19: Electronic Education Does Not Decrease Examination Scores
Authors: Kronenfeld Joshua P. , Ryon Emily L. , Kronenfeld Daniel S. , Hui Vanessa W. , Rodgers Steven E. , Thorson Chad M. , Sands Laurence R.
Published: December 2020

Background

During the COVID-19 emergency, medical students were mandated to remain home, creating challenges to providing education remotely for third-year clinical rotations. This study aims to assess student reception and investigate objective outcomes to determine if online learning is a suitable alternative.

Methods

Medical students enrolled in the third-year surgical clerkship during COVID-19 were asked to participate in a survey. 19 of 27 (70%) students participated. Content, faculty-led lectures, and resident-led problem-based learning (PBL) sessions were assessed using a ten-point Likert scale. National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) examination, weekly quiz, and oral examination scores were compared to previous years. Student t-tests compared the groups.

Results

The median age was 25 years. Comparing in-person to electronic sessions, there was no difference in effectiveness of faculty sessions preparing students for NBME (6.2 vs. 6.7, P = .46) or oral examinations (6.4 vs. 6.8, P = .58); there was also no difference in resident-led PBL sessions preparing students for NBME (7.2 vs. 7.2, P = .92) or oral examinations (7.4 vs. 7.6, P = .74). Comparing this group to students from the previous academic year, there was no difference in weekly quiz (85.3 vs. 87.8, P = .13), oral examination (89.8 vs. 93.9, P = .07), or NBME examination (75.3 vs. 77.4, P = .33) scores.

Discussion

Surgical medical didactic education can effectively be conducted remotely through faculty-led lectures and resident-led PBL sessions. Students did not have a preference between in-person and electronic content in preparation for examinations. As scores did not change, electronic education may be adequate for preparing students for examinations in times of crisis such as COVID-19.
Concrete Conflicts: The Vicissitudes of an Ordinary Material in Modernizing Gaza City
Authors: Abreek-Zubiedat Fatina , Avermaete Tom
Published: December 2020

Working within the field of architecture in conflict zones, this article discusses two construction projects that heavily relied on concrete in Gaza city to reveal a collision between concrete’s reformative capacity in processes of modernization and the Israeli occupier’s agenda of “reformation” by concrete. The Israeli-designed and constructed Sheikh Radwan neighborhood was intended to rehabilitate Palestinian refugees and was supposed to silence their demands for the right to return. The Rashad A-Shawa Cultural Centre in Gaza, by contrast, was Gazan a public project that reflected the modernization of the city and attempted to reform its people out of a belief in architecture’s role in giving shape to the Palestinians’ struggle for national self-determination. The two juxtaposed cases highlight the centrality of concrete to Gaza’s urban history but also its conflicting discourses of modernization.
Small-Cell Carcinoma of Nasopharynx: A Case Report of Unusual Localization
Authors: Mesolella Massimo , Allosso Salvatore , Varricchio Silvia , Russo Daniela , Pignatiello Sara , Buono Sarah , Motta Gaetano
Published: December 2020

Neuroendocrine tumors are a spectrum of rare and highly heterogeneous neoplasms with distinct functional and biological behavior in relation to location, tumor size, and histological differentiation. Neuroendocrine tumors arise from the neuroendocrine cells of the diffuse neuroendocrine system located in almost every organ. Neuroendocrine tumors in the head and neck district are usually reported in sinonasal cavities and larynx. We present the case of a nasopharyngeal small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, which, as far as we know, is the 16th case reported in literature.
Exploring the association between anticipated and actual responses to disclosures of intimate partner violence and sexual assault
Authors: Waterman Emily A. , Dworkin Emily R. , Dardis Christina M. , Ullman Sarah E. , Edwards Katie M. , Rodriguez Lindsey M.
Published: December 2020

Victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual assault (SA) commonly disclose their experiences to friends or family members, or within other personal relationships. Disclosure recipients’ responses to these disclosures are associated with victims’ mental health. Previous research has separately measured both actual responses to IPV/SA and anticipated responses to IPV/SA (e.g., response to a hypothetical scenario) from the perspective of disclosure recipients. Yet, little research has described the association between disclosure recipients’ anticipated and actual responses. The aim of the current paper was to use a prospective design to examine the association between disclosure recipients’ anticipated and actual responses to IPV/SA, including positive and negative social reactions, perceptions of victim responsibility, empathy, and confusion and ineffectiveness about how to respond. Participants ( N = 126 college students aged 18–23; 70.6% women) answered questions about their anticipated responses to a hypothetical IPV/SA disclosure scenario, and then six months later answered the same questions about their actual responses to an actual disclosure of IPV/SA. Although most anticipated and actual responses were significantly associated, associations were moderate in size. Some associations were stronger for participants with a closer relationship to the victim, for participants who had their own victimization history, for women, and for men. Individuals can predict their responses to some degree, but are not totally accurate in doing so.
Clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of gastrofibromatosis-like undifferentiated carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Zhishang , Zhao Guang , Jiang Bo , Li Baohui , Wang Yangkun
Published: December 2020

Objective

To study the clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of gastrofibromatosis-like undifferentiated carcinoma (GFLUC).

Methods

Three patients with GFLUC underwent histological and immunophenotypic analyses and fluorescence in situ hybridization to detect human epidermal growth factor receptor ( HER2) gene amplification.

Results

Among the three patients (2 male [36 and 44 years old], 1 female [58 years old]), two had lesions in the gastric body and one had lesions in the gastric antrum. Histological analysis revealed mixtures of aggressive fibromatosis and undifferentiated carcinoma in all three cases. Highly invasive fibromatous tissue, consisting of fibroblasts, proliferating myofibroblasts, and collagenous fibrous tissues, accounted for >90% of the tumor, with undifferentiated cancerous tissue accounting for <10% scattered in the gaps within the invasive fibromatous tissue, with no glandular ducts or nests. Immunophenotypic analysis showed that the undifferentiated cancerous cells were positive for pan-cytokeratin, CDX2, villin, and p53, while the cytoplasm of invasive fibromatous cells was positive for vimentin, β-catenin, and smooth muscle actin. No HER2 gene amplification was detected.

Conclusions

Unlike other gastric carcinomas, GFLUC shows specific histological, biological, and immunophenotypic characteristics.
Monitoring and Modeling Railway Structures on High-Speed Lines with Asphalt Concrete Underlay: A Study on the Bretagne–Pays de la Loire Line
Authors: Khairallah Diana , Chupin Olivier , Blanc Juliette , Hornych Pierre , Piau Jean-Michel , Ramirez Cardona Diego , Ducreau Alain , Savin Frederic
Published: December 2020

The design and durability of high-speed railway lines is a major challenge in the field of railway transportation. In France, 40 years of feedback on the field behavior of ballasted tracks led to improvements in the design rules. However, the settlement and wear of ballast, caused by dynamic stresses at high frequencies, remains a major problem on high-speed tracks leading to high maintenance costs. Studies have shown that this settlement is linked to the high acceleration produced in the ballast layer by high-speed trains traveling on the track, disrupting the granular assembly. The “Bretagne–Pays de la Loire” high-speed line (BPL HSL), with its varied subgrade conditions, represents the first large-scale application of asphalt concrete (GB) as the ballast sublayer. This line includes 77 km of conventional track with a granular sublayer of unbound granular material (UGM) and 105 km of track with an asphalt concrete sublayer under the ballast. During construction, instruments such as accelerometers, anchored deflection sensors, and strain gages, among others, were installed on four sections of the track. This paper examines the instrumentation as well as the acquisition system installed on the track. The data processing is explained first, followed by a presentation of the ViscoRail software, developed for modeling railway tracks. The bituminous section’s behavior and response is modeled using a multilayer dynamic response model, implemented in the ViscoRail software. A good match between experimental and calculated results is highlighted.
The Suppressive Impacts of Voter Identification Requirements
Authors: Darrah-Okike Jennifer , Rita Nathalie , Logan John R.
Published: December 2020

Political observers argue that the United States is in a contemporary era of voter suppression. We study one mechanism that may limit voter participation, the requirement to show identification documents at the polls—voter ID policy. Voting rights advocates have raised concerns about disparate impacts of voter restrictions on racial minorities. However, past studies have reported conflicting results. Analyzing nationally representative data from the Current Population Survey across nine election years, we show that voter ID policies, and especially “strict photo ID policies,” have a suppressive effect on participation. Voter ID requirements can reduce the probability of self-reported voting by as much as four percentage points, enough to swing a national election. While we found suppressive effects of ID policies for all racial groups, we show that Latino citizens face disproportionately negative suppressive effects of strict ID policies.