bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brevundimonas lenta sp. nov., isolated from soil
Authors: Yoon Jung-Hoon , Kang So-Jung , Lee Jung-Sook , Oh Hyun Woo , Oh Tae-Kwang
Published: October 2007

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, Brevundimonas-like bacterial strain, DS-18T, was isolated from soil in Dokdo, Korea, and its exact taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Strain DS-18T grew optimally at pH 6.5–7.0 and 25 °C without NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain DS-18T belonged to the genus Brevundimonas. Strain DS-18T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1
ω7c and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The DNA G+C content was 68.7 mol%. Strain DS-18T exhibited levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 96.3–98.7 % to the type strains of Brevundimonas species and Mycoplana bullata. Mean DNA–DNA relatedness values between strain DS-18T and the type strains of phylogenetically related Brevundimonas species and M. bullata were in the range 15–32 %. Strain DS-18T differed from Brevundimonas species and M. bullata in several phenotypic characteristics. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genetic data, strain DS-18T represents a novel species of the genus Brevundimonas, for which the name Brevundimonas lenta sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DS-18T (=KCTC 12871T =JCM 14602T).
Rapidithrix thailandica gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine gliding bacterium isolated from samples collected from the Andaman sea, along the southern coastline of Thailand
Authors: Srisukchayakul Pornpoj , Suwanachart Chatrudee , Sangnoi Yutthapong , Kanjana-Opas Akkharawit , Hosoya Shoichi , Yokota Akira , Arunpairojana Vullapa
Published: October 2007

The taxonomic positions of three strains of marine gliding bacteria, TISTR 1736, TISTR 1741 and TISTR 1750T, isolated from the southern coastline of Thailand were evaluated by using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the three isolates formed a distinct lineage within the family ‘Flammeovirgaceae’, phylum Bacteroidetes, and were related to the genus Flexithrix. The DNA G+C contents of the isolates were in the range 40–43 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major cellular fatty acids were 16 : 1ω5c (cis-5-hexadecenoic acid) and 15 : 0 (pentadecanoic acid). The major hydroxyl fatty acids were 3-OH 17 : 0 (3-hydroxyheptadecanoic acid), 3-OH 15 : 0 (3-hydroxypentadecanoic acid) and 3-OH 16 : 0 (3-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid). On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, these marine bacteria are considered to represent a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Rapidithrix thailandica gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Rapidithrix thailandica is TISTR 1750T (=IAM 15448T).
Mucilaginibacter paludis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Mucilaginibacter gracilis sp. nov., pectin-, xylan- and laminarin-degrading members of the family Sphingobacteriaceae from acidic Sphagnum peat bog
Authors: Pankratov Timofei A. , Tindall Brian J. , Liesack Werner , Dedysh Svetlana N.
Published: October 2007

Two facultatively aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria capable of degrading pectin, xylan, laminarin and some other polysaccharides were obtained from the acidic Sphagnum peat bog Bakchar, in western Siberia, Russia, and were designated strains TPT18T and TPT56T. Cells of these isolates are Gram-negative, non-motile, long rods that are covered by large capsules. On ageing, they transform into spherical L-forms. Strains TPT18T and TPT56T are acido- and psychrotolerant organisms capable of growth at pH 4.2–8.2 (with an optimum at pH 6.0–6.5) and at 2–33 °C (with an optimum at 20 °C). The major fatty acids are iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1
ω7c); the quinones are MK-7 and MK-6. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the novel strains share 97 % sequence similarity and belong to the family Sphingobacteriaceae; however, they are related only distantly to members of the genera Pedobacter (91.8–93.3 % similarity) and Sphingobacterium (89.6–91.2 % similarity). The DNA G+C content of strains TPT18T and TPT56T is 42.4 and 46.1 mol%, respectively. The low DNA–DNA hybridization value (42 %) and a number of phenotypic differences between strains TPT18T and TPT56T indicated that they represent two separate species. Since the two isolates are clearly distinct from all currently described members of the family Sphingobacteriaceae, we propose a novel genus, Mucilaginibacter gen. nov., containing two novel species, Mucilaginibacter gracilis sp. nov. and Mucilaginibacter paludis sp. nov. The type strains of Mucilaginibacter gracilis and Mucilaginibacter paludis are respectively TPT18T (=ATCC BAA-1391T =VKM B-2447T) and TPT56T (=ATCC BAA-1394T =VKM B-2446T).
Paenibacillus humicus sp. nov., isolated from poultry litter compost
Authors: Vaz-Moreira Ivone , Faria Cátia , Nobre M. Fernanda , Schumann Peter , Nunes Olga C. , Manaia Célia M.
Published: October 2007

Two bacterial strains, PC-142 and PC-147T, isolated from poultry litter compost, were characterized with respect to their phenetic and phylogenetic characteristics. The isolates were endospore-forming rods that were reddish in colour after Gram staining. They were catalase- and oxidase-positive, were able to degrade starch and gelatin and grew at 15–40 °C and pH 5.5–10.0. The predominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0, the major respiratory quinone was menaquinone MK-7, the cell-wall peptidoglycan was of the A1γ type and the G+C content of the DNA was 58 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and phenetic characterization indicated that these organisms belong to the genus Paenibacillus, with Paenibacillus pasadenensis SAFN-007T as the closest phylogenetic neighbour (97.5 %). Strains PC-142, PC-147T and P. pasadenensis SAFN-007T represent a novel lineage within the genus Paenibacillus, characterized by a high DNA G+C content (58–63 mol%). The low levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with respect to other taxa with validly published names and the identification of distinctive phenetic features in the two isolates indicate that strains PC-142 and PC-147T represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus humicus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PC-147T (=DSM 18784T =NBRC 102415T =LMG 23886T).
Phylogenetic relationships within the family Halobacteriaceae inferred from rpoB′ gene and protein sequences
Authors: Enache Madalin , Itoh Takashi , Fukushima Tadamasa , Usami Ron , Dumitru Lucia , Kamekura Masahiro
Published: October 2007

In order to clarify the current phylogeny of the haloarchaea, particularly the closely related genera that have been difficult to sort out using 16S rRNA gene sequences, the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase subunit B′ gene (rpoB′) was used as a complementary molecular marker. Partial sequences of the gene were determined from 16 strains of the family Halobacteriaceae. Comparisons of phylogenetic trees inferred from the gene and protein sequences as well as from corresponding 16S rRNA gene sequences suggested that species of the genera Natrialba, Natronococcus, Halobiforma, Natronobacterium, Natronorubrum, Natrinema/Haloterrigena and Natronolimnobius formed a monophyletic group in all trees. In the RpoB′ protein tree, the alkaliphilic species Natrialba chahannaoensis, Natrialba hulunbeirensis and Natrialba magadii formed a tight group, while the neutrophilic species Natrialba asiatica formed a separate group with species of the genera Natronorubrum and Natronolimnobius. Species of the genus Natronorubrum were split into two groups in both the rpoB′ gene and protein trees. The most important advantage of the use of the rpoB′ gene over the 16S rRNA gene is that sequences of the former are highly conserved amongst species of the family Halobacteriaceae. All sequences determined so far can be aligned unambiguously without any gaps. On the other hand, gaps are necessary at 49 positions in the inner part of the alignment of 16S rRNA gene sequences. The rpoB′ gene and protein sequences can be used as an excellent alternative molecular marker in phylogenetic analysis of the Halobacteriaceae.
Halococcus thailandensis sp. nov., from fish sauce in Thailand
Authors: Namwong Sirilak , Tanasupawat Somboon , Visessanguan Wonnop , Kudo Takuji , Itoh Takashi
Published: October 2007

Fifteen strains of red-pigmented, strictly aerobic, coccoid, extremely halophilic archaea were isolated from fish sauce (nam-pla) produced in Thailand. They grew optimally at 37 °C, pH 6–8 and in the presence of 20–30 % (w/v) NaCl. The DNA G+C contents of the isolates were 60.0–61.8 mol%. They had MK-8(H2) as a major menaquinone component and C20C20and C20C25derivatives of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol methylphosphate and a sulfated glycolipid, S-DGA-1, as major polar lipid components. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons revealed that a representative strain, HDB5-2T, was affiliated withHalococcus dombrowskiiJCM 12289T,Halococcus qingdaonensisJCM 13587TandHalococcus morrhuaeJCM 8876T(levels of similarity of 98.2–98.7 %). Based on data from DNA–DNA hybridization experiments, the 15 strains represented a single species, showing hybridization values of >78.9 % to representative strain HDB5-2T, but were unrelated to eitherHalococcus dombrowskiiJCM 12289TorHalococcus morrhuaeJCM 8876T, with levels of relatedness of <50 %. Moreover, a comparison of phenotypic properties discriminated these new isolates from recognized species of the genusHalococcus. The 15 strains are thus considered to represent a novel species of the genusHalococcus, for which the nameHalococcus thailandensissp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HDB5-2T(=BCC 20213T=JCM 13552T=PCU 278T).
Halomonas kribbensis sp. nov., a novel moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from a solar saltern in Korea
Authors: Jeon Che Ok , Lim Jee-Min , Lee Jung Ro , Lee Gye Suk , Park Dong-Jin , Lee Jae-Chan , Oh Hyun-Woo , Kim Chang-Jin
Published: October 2007

A moderately halophilic, Gram-negative bacterium, designated strain BH843T, was isolated from a solar saltern in Korea and subjected to a taxonomic analysis. Strain BH843Tgrew at salinities of 1–14 % (w/v) NaCl and at temperatures of 10–40 °C. The cells were motile cocci or short rods with single flagella and contained C16 : 0, C19 : 0cycloω8cand C17 : 0cyclo as the major fatty acids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 66 mol% and the predominant ubiquinone was Q-9. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses showed that strain BH843Tformed a distinct phyletic line within the genusHalomonas, and the levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with respect to recognizedHalomonasspecies were below 95.1 %. The levels of DNA–DNA relatedness between strain BH843Tand the type strains of phylogenetically closely relatedHalomonasspecies were below 25 %. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular data, strain BH843Trepresents a novel species within the genusHalomonas, for which the nameHalomonas kribbensisis proposed. The type strain is BH843T(=KCTC 12584T=DSM 17892T).
A comprehensive ChIP–chip analysis of E2F1, E2F4, and E2F6 in normal and tumor cells reveals interchangeable roles of E2F family members
Authors: Xu Xiaoqin , Bieda Mark , Jin Victor X. , Rabinovich Alina , Oberley Mathew J. , Green Roland , Farnham Peggy J.
Published: October 2007

Using ChIP–chip assays (employing ENCODE arrays and core promoter arrays), we examined the binding patterns of three members of the E2F family in five cell types. We determined that most E2F1, E2F4, and E2F6 binding sites are located within 2 kb of a transcription start site, in both normal and tumor cells. In fact, the majority of promoters that are active (as defined by TAF1 or POLR2A binding) in GM06990 B lymphocytes and Ntera2 carcinoma cells were also bound by an E2F. This very close relationship between E2F binding sites and binding sites for general transcription factors in both normal and tumor cells suggests that a chromatin-bound E2F may be a signpost for active transcription initiation complexes. In general, we found that several E2Fs bind to a given promoter and that there is only modest cell type specificity of the E2F family. Thus, it is difficult to assess the role of any particular E2F in transcriptional regulation, due to extreme redundancy of target promoters. However, Ntera2 carcinoma cells were exceptional in that a large set of promoters were bound by E2F6, but not by E2F1 or E2F4. It has been proposed that E2F6 contributes to gene silencing by recruiting enzymes involved in methylating histone H3. To test this hypothesis, we created Ntera2 cell lines harboring shRNAs to E2F6. We found that reduction of E2F6 only induced minimal alteration of the transcriptome of Ntera2 transcriptome. Our results support the concept of functional redundancy in the E2F family and suggest that E2F6 is not critical for histone methylation.
The extracellular protease matrix metalloproteinase-9 is activated by inhibitory avoidance learning and required for long-term memory
Authors: Nagy Vanja , Bozdagi Ozlem , Huntley George W.
Published: October 2007

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of extracellularly acting proteolytic enzymes with well-recognized roles in plasticity and remodeling of synaptic circuits during brain development and following brain injury. However, it is now becoming increasingly apparent that MMPs also function in normal, nonpathological synaptic plasticity of the kind that may underlie learning and memory. Here, we extend this idea by investigating the role and regulation of MMP-9 in an inhibitory avoidance (IA) learning and memory task. We demonstrate that following IA training, protein levels and proteolytic activity of MMP-9 become elevated in hippocampus by 6 h, peak at 12–24 h, then decline to baseline values by ∼72 h. When MMP function is abrogated by intrahippocampal infusion of a potent gelatinase (MMP-2 and MMP-9) inhibitor 3.5 h following IA training, a time prior to the onset of training-induced elevation in levels, IA memory retention is significantly diminished when tested 1–3 d later. Animals impaired at 3 d exhibit robust IA memory when retrained, suggesting that such impairment is not likely attributed to toxic or other deleterious effects that permanently disrupt hippocampal function. In anesthetized adult rats, the effective distance over which synaptic plasticity is impaired by a single intrahippocampal infusion of the MMP inhibitor of the kind that blocks IA memory is ∼1200 μm. Taken together, these data suggest that IA training induces a slowly emerging, but subsequently protracted period of MMP-mediated proteolysis critical for enabling long-lasting synaptic modification that underlies long-term memory consolidation.
An investigation of the sharing of common fears between mothers and their eleven year‐old children in middle‐class families
Authors: Lego Suzanne
Published: October 2007

Much can be learned about man by observing reactions common to all men. It is especially useful to understand how these common reactions come to emerge, as one moves through the life cycle. One reaction common to all human beings is fear. This study was designed to provide more knowledge about the genesis of common fears in children, by examining the relationship between general fearfulness and specific fears of mothers and general fearfulness and specific fears of their eleven‐year‐old children.
The Interdisciplinary Team: A Role Definition for Nursing
Authors: Challela Mary
Published: October 2007

The interdisciplinary model of health care has been presented as one alternative to the present disorganized health care delivery system. While fraught with problems exemplified by the various professionals, possessing specific skills and prescribed areas of expertise, the model presents both challenges and opportunities for improved client service as well as professional growth. How nursing responds to the challenges may well determine its inclusion or exclusion in health care planning and delivery.

Some of the factors which influence team function were conceptualized and their application to nursing were explored. Suggestions for resolving some of the difficulties were outlined and discussed based somewhat on current literature but primarily on the experience of the writer.
Philosophy Provides the Rationale for Nursing's Multiple Research Directions
Authors: Baer Ellen D.
Published: October 2007

The author wishes to acknowledge with gratitude the assistance in the refinement of these ideas of Ms. Neville Strumpf, Dr. Diane O. McGivern, Dr. Shake Ketefian and Dr. Patricia Winstead‐Fry.
Translating Professional Potential Into Action
Authors: Pardue Stephanie Farley
Published: October 2007

Professional nurses today have an ever‐expanding arena for professional practice and for contributing to the resolution of the health care delivery crisis in our nation. Such pressing issues as reducing health care costs, third party payment for nurses, an expanded nursing practice act, increasing primary health care by nurses, and generally increasing the quality of health care provided must be addressed. Nurses must continuously translate their professional potential into action to become more powerful as individuals and as a group.

In 1979 many politicians have little awareness of the “nurse vote”; however, the “teacher vote” is one that is respected and courted. If the majority of the current registered nurses in the nation could coalesce into an identifiable interest group, the political impact could be exhilarating. However, individual nurses must grow into feeling powerful as individuals before they can actively and persistently work toward power as a group. If they feel powerless as individuals, they will quickly become disheartened when the power of the group is threatened.

Each individual nurse should work to improve her own situation, and not passively wait the vicissitudes of life. Factors which serve to thwart her in this effort are professional ambivalence, dichotomized thinking, scapegoating, negative assumptions, and the rigid ruts‐no risks syndrome. Factors which serve to enhance her in this effort are a clear personal and professional sense of identity, a high degree of critical thinking ability, assuming responsibility for one's own actions, intellectual re‐fertilization, and being willing to be a risk‐taker. As a philosopher once said, “we might feel some sympathy for the one who tried and failed, but only pity for the one who never even tried.”
Nurse Managed Clinics: an Approach to Graduate Community Health Nursing Education
Authors: Cobb Ann Kuckelman , Kerr Mary Ann , Pieper Barbara
Published: October 2007

In summary, nurse managed clinics can be another step toward narrowing the gap between education and service and providing a non‐traditional setting for the developing of leaders in futuristic nursing.
Reactions of Families To The Child With Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Kruger Susan , Shawver Martha , Jones Linda
Published: October 2007

The purpose of this descriptive study was to investigate the nature of behavior patterns of families, especially siblings of children with cystic fibrosis. Special attention was given to changes in behaviors of the siblings following the diagnosis of CF. Orem's self‐care theory was used as the framework to describe the data and potential methods of assistance. Twenty‐five siblings from fourteen different families consented to be interviewed. The mean age was 9.78 years. The data revealed considerable changes in family activities which represented interruption in the universal self‐care requisite for solitude and social interaction. Family vacations involving travel were reduced because of anxieties relating to possible crises and adequacy of medical assistance while traveling. The findings revealed a serious lack of nursing involvement with these families. Most of the care was given by physicians and social workers who saw the families only in the clinic setting. The applications of five methods of assistance are described as suggestions for nursing involvement.
Toward a Unique Knowledge Base in Nursing
Authors: McMurrey Phoebe Hughes
Published: October 2007

This article explores the subject of unique knowledge in nursing by attempting to answer three questions: 1) what is unique knowledge, 2) does nursing have a unique knowledge base, and 3) is a unique knowledge base essential to nursing? It argues that knowledge becomes unique because of the unique perspective of the discipline in which that knowledge is incorporated. A survey of various attempts to define the unique focus of nursing is followed by a discussion of the importance of such a definition if nursing is to establish itself as a professional discipline.
Battered Women: A Health Care Problem In Disguise
Authors: Drake Virginia Koch
Published: October 2007

This writer recommends that scholarly research studies be conducted on the topic of battered women, children of battered women, and the batterers with the hope that effective interventions can be developed or identified for use by nurses and other members of the health care team working to help these damaged human beings. A goal is to gain and test new knowledge which would contribute to an expanding body of nursing science. The ultimate goal of this work is succinctly stated by Maslow (1968): “Improving individual health is one approach to making a better world” (p. 6).
A Constant ComDarative Method for Teaching Research Critiquing to Baicalau reate Nursing Students
Authors: Mallick M. Joan
Published: October 2007

The essence of the constant comparative method is the use of four research articles, each on the same topic, which are read repeatedly by students throughout the research course. By the completion of the course students have read all portions of all four reports and have evaluated their adequacy both individually and as compared to other studies.

The constant comparative method is used in introductory nursing research courses for baccalaureate students. The goal of developing competent consumers is introduced early in the course, and its value to nursing practice is stressed.
A Delphi Application Health Care, Practice, Education and Education Administration; Circa 1992
Authors: Hill Barbara A. Snyder
Published: October 2007

Exploration of the future is an essential component of effective long‐range planning. Navigating the change process is the anticipated object. The author used the Delphi technique to identify the probable future events in health care and in nursing practice, education, and education administration. Concomitant strategies required by nursing education administrators to manage future programs are identified.
Meta‐Analysis: A Perspective for Research Synthesis
Authors: Smith Mary Colette , Naftel David C.
Published: October 2007

A review of the literature is an important early step in the scientific process. Metaanalysis is a methodology that increases the objectivity in a synthesis of the results from the research literature. It is the application of research and statistical techniques, which are employed in objective primary research to the analysis of a collection of studies. Meta‐analysis provides a method of step‐by‐step defining, collecting, coding, quantifying, synthesizing, analyzing, interpreting, and reporting information from a collection of research studies. The unit of inquiry is the study. This review provides an introduction to meta‐analysis and a summary of the methodology in a metaanalysis as well as evaluations of meta‐analysis by other authors.
Reflections on Collaboration and Unification
Authors: Styles Margretta M.
Published: October 2007

This article presents a framework for analyzing institutional collaboration, briefly reviews professional developments in collaboration and unification within and between the nursing service and education sectors, and predicts trends with respect to these movements.
Transformation: A Key to Shaping Nursing
Authors: Smith Mary Jane
Published: October 2007

This article focuses on a time that expands the present and embraces the year 2000. The transformational world view is presented as a system of values and beliefs ever‐changing and leading in different directions. Several directions are discussed in relation to the shaping of nursing.
Research Methodology: Epistemologic Considerations
Authors: Smith Mary Colette
Published: October 2007

The selection of research methodology originates in assumptions regarding the nature of the phenomena under investigation, the appropriate means of inquiry regarding the phenomena, and the subject matter and end results sought. Consideration of constructivist methodology, with a focus on first degree constructs in the minds of participants in problem situations, is recommended as appropriate to inquiry into the phenomena of nursing.
Evaluating the Use of the Basic Knowledge Assessment Tool (BKAT) in Critical Care Nursing with Baccalaureate Nursing Students
Authors: Toth Jean C.
Published: October 2007

In this study the Basic Knowledge Assessment Tool (BKAT) was administered to 38 senior baccalaureate nursing students prior to and following a course in critical care nursing to evaluate the reliability of the tool in measuring knowledge in critical care.

Results from the study indicate that the BKAT is a valid and reliable measure of knowledge in critical care nursing in the sample studied and possibly in similar samples, and part of that knowledge is basic nursing knowledge, and the B U T measures learning. A comparison group of 73 nurses with from 1 to greater than 6 years of experience in critical care nursing had statistically significant higher scores on the BKAT than did the students. This finding is consistent with that of previous research. However, findings from the study also indicate that senior nursing students have some critical care knowledge to bring to the employment situation following graduation.

The BKAT is regarded as an instrument that can assist nursing educators in schools of nursing to evaluate courses in critical care nursing and educators in the clinical setting to evaluate orientation programs. Indications also exist that the BKAT can be used as a tentative bench mark in narrowing the expectancy gap between what is learned by students and what nurse managers expect new graduates to know.
Curology: A Basic Science Related to Nursing
Authors: Vredevoe Donna L.
Published: October 2007

Basic sciences focus on specific types of variables. At present nursing must draw from a number of sciences to create the variables and measurements for research. It is proposed that the cluster of variables needed to advance nursing research is so unique that a new basic science should be developed to study the integration of the variables prior to application in studies of patient care. Curology would be that science. Nursing is thus unusual among professions in that it must generate its own basic science as well as applied science. This is a result of the unusual clusters of interacting variables that come into play in the science of care.

This paper is intended to provide a framework for thought about a basic science of variables related to patient care. Some ideas are suggested as beginning points for future development.
Overview of Health and Services in Taiwan, ROC
Authors: Lin Mei‐Yuan (Wang)
Published: October 2007

The purpose of health and medicine of course is the elimination of disease and the prolongation of life expectancy. It also includes the improvement of the health of individuals and thus to make it possible for everyone to attain the status of physical, mental, and social well‐being and to lead a happy and healthy life. To reach these goals, we are planning, implementing, evaluating, and improving our health programs through organized efforts with the active participation of each citizen.

Today there is a demand for higher quality care in both the clinical and community health care settings. Therefore well‐educated, better‐prepared nurses are in demand. To upgrade the quality of nurses, the nursing education system should be simplified and raised to college level. The nurse who participates in the profession should maintain competence in nursing. Fortunately, our Chinese nurses who participate in the profession are making an effort to implement and improve the standards of nursing to meet the health needs of the public.
An Ethical Dilemma
Authors: Miya Pamela A.
Published: October 2007

This case study illustrating an unethical research practice represents one of the many ethical dilemmas that faculty members may encounter. A moral judgment and action process is used in the analysis of the conflict between the duties of a faculty member, who is a/so in the nursing profession, and her duties to a friend and colleague. Ethical issues are clearly identified and analyzed in terms of two normative ethical theories. Systematic analysis of an ethical issue enhances the identification and resolution of ethical situations. Concluding recommendations for faculty members are offered.

The author gratefully acknowledges Dr. Ruth B. Purtilo for her careful review of this manuscript. Any resemblance of this case study and its characters to an actual situation is purely coincidental.
Collaboration: Couples Working Together To Manage Chronic Illness
Authors: Corbin Juliet M. , Strauss Anselm L.
Published: October 2007

Management of chronic illness by couples, within the context of their lives, has the potential to become problematic, especially if the illness is severe. Working together collaboratively appears to be one way that some couples are able to prevent, resolve, or circumvent problems and go on to do the illness and biographic work that is necessary to manage both the illness and their lives. This paper explores what collaboration is, how it works, and what happens when it breaks down. It also offers a three‐step program for nursing intervention in cases where collaboration has either broken down or never existed.
Pediatric Dismissal Protocol to Aid the Transition from Hospital Care to Home Care
Authors: Kruger Susan , Rawlins Patrice
Published: October 2007

The effectiveness of a written Home Instruction Sheet was studied for increase of knowledge and follow‐through of home instructions. Verbal home instructions were given to 34 parents of children being dismissed from a pediatric unit. In addition, a written Home Instruction Sheet was given to 33 parents. The instruction sheet contained five categories of instructions: physician's visit, diet, activity, medication regime, and special instructions. After four days the parents were interviewed with a follow‐up phone call questionnaire. The responses of the parents who received the written Home Instruction Sheet were significantly more accurate in three of five major categories of questions: that is, physician's visit, diet instructions, and special instructions (p <.05). Knowledge in the category of activity instructions approached significance at a level of.06. Knowledge in medication regimes was not significant.

In the categories of physician's visit and diet instructions, there was a significantly greater level of positive responses for follow‐through of home instructions from the parents who received the written Home Instruction Sheet than from those parents who received verbal instructions. The responses to the follow‐through of home care demonstrated no significant difference in three of the five categories: activity instructions, medication regime, and special instructions. These findings suggest that written home instructions can assist parents/families in their accuracy of knowledge and follow‐through of home instructions.
Nursing Diagnosis in Perspective: Response to a Critique
Authors: Kritek Phyllis B.
Published: October 2007

As noted above, I have attempted to respond to Shamansky and Yanni's critique of nursing diagnosis. This has included an identification of some critical assumptions that underlie their work, the contexting of their arguments in the history of scientific discovery, and a listing of various misconceptions and distortions concerning nursing diagnosis.

I have concluded that the authors' basic premise was a desire to eliminate rather than ameliorate nursing diagnosis. The authors had an unstated preconception of a preferred model of conceptualizing nursing, which they did not directly state as their preconception. They systematically listed real inadequacies of nursing diagnosis efforts as an argument for abandonment. They reflected limited understanding of or information about the nursing diagnosis literature. They tended occasionally to overstate their case.

I believe that my dissatisfactions with nursing diagnosis efforts are more informed, more complex, and more numerous than theirs including such quandaries as taxonomic principles and research units of analysis. However, my responses to these problems are proactive rather than reactive, committed to amelioration rather than elimination. While I feel that the authors have provided a salutory service in delineating their concerns, I look forward to other critical reviews that might provide the intuitive insights to address the next steps in the evolutionary development of nursing diagnosis.
Rights and Responsibilities: Nurse‐Patient Relationships
Authors: Taylor Susan G.
Published: October 2007

Nurse‐patient relationships are examined in terms of rights and responsibility models of moral development and judgment, leading to a definition and description of maternalism.
Personal Computers and Database Access
Authors: Clark Mary Jo , Clark Philip E.
Published: October 2007

There are a variety of databases relevant to nursing practice and nursing research. Access to databases such as Medline and Eric has largely been through libraries or other institutions, but with the advent of personal computers it is now possible for anyone to access a database. This article discusses the advantages of personally conducting computerized literature searches. The hardware and software necessary to conduct a computer search are also reviewed.
Interesting Insights: Guest Editorial Images of Israel: A Focus of Forces
Authors: Wilson Holly Skodol , Hutchinson Sally A.
Published: October 2007

This article offers an experiential account ofa visit to Israel, the host country of the 1985 International Council of Nurses. It represents an effort to grasp the essence of a place in which contrasts and juxtapositions abound. Putting the Israel experience in perspective aims to enhance our ability to mobilize personally as well as professionally as a worldwide social force.
Nursing Care of the Family with a Chronically III, Hospitalized Child: An Alternative Approach
Authors: Ferraro Adelina R. , Longo Diane C.
Published: October 2007

Although nurses successfully employ family crisis intervention strategies when caring for pediatric in‐patients, this approach may be counterproductive with families of a chronically ill, hospitalized child. During an admission to an acute care facility these families, if previous levels of functioning have been adequate, may be able to function well despite the stress that all families experience under such circumstances. This article explores an alternative framework for assessing families who are coping simultaneously with a chronic pediatric condition and an acute medical problem. An assessment model based on Miller's 1983 work was developed; it focuses on families' response to long‐term health problems and successful adaptation. A clinical case is presented and analyzed using relevant theoretical and research literature. Nursing interventions with both family and staff are included in this presentation.
Using Nursing Diagnosis to Describe the Clinical Competence of Baccalaureate and Associate Degree Graduating Students: A Comparative Study
Authors: Lee Helena A. , Strong Kathleen A.
Published: October 2007

What are the clinical competencies of nursing students graduating with associate degrees (ADN) and those graduating with baccalaureate degrees (BSN) when nursing diagnoses are used to describe clinical practice? The purpose of this study was to compare perceptions of clinical competence of professional and technical nursing students with the expectations of their nursing faculty by using a nursing diagnosis framework. The 102 subjects were graduating ADN and BSN nursing students and their faculties from two schools of nursing. Faculty and student two‐part questionnaires were developed: the first included demographic information, while the second contained the 51 nursing diagnoses listed during the Fifth Conference of the National Croup for Classification of Nursing Diagnosis. Using a Likert‐type scale, the faculty members indicated degree of competence expected from graduates and the students indicated degree of perceived personal competence. The means were tabulated and rank ordered for each group, and the responses of faculty and student groups were compared. The findings indicated considerable agreement among all four sample groups; there were only six diagnoses with a difference in group mean of 0.5 or more between the ADN and the BSN faculty and student groups. Results of this study support the need for further examination of role similarities and differences between those who practice professional nursing and those who practice technical nursing.

The multiple roles, practice settings, and education programs in nursing require a common language and framework for the discussion of clinical competence (National League forNursing,1980. This study used a nursing diagnosis framework to examine perceived clinicalcompetence of students graduating with associate degrees (ADN) and those graduating with baccalaureate degrees (BSN) and to compare the students' perceptions of competence with the expectations of their faculty members.
The Participant Philosophy in Nursing Science
Authors: Tilden Virginia Peterson , Tilden Stephen
Published: October 2007

The central thesis of this article is that scientific rigor is necessary but not sufficient to address the broad human issues that challenge the nursing profession. The pursuit of scientific rigor has led nurse researchers away from personal engagement in the issues they wish to study. Clinical scholarship demands active engagement in the practice arena. Three modes of knowledge acquisition–quantitative, qualitative, and personal–are identified and discussed in the context of Pirsig's 1974 “participant philosophy.” A structure explaining the relationships between each of the major modes of knowledge acquisition is presented.

Summary

A philosophic model that interrelates three modes of knowledge acquisition in nursing has been presented.

The purpose of the model is to form what Pirsig called “quality,” which parallels Plato's “that which is good” and the Greek concept of “virtue” or “excellence.” One major idea is that the search for “reality” must be de fined in human terms rather than in terms of a reality that is imagined to exist outside of human perception. The second major idea is that quantitative and qualitative research methodologies must be combined with individual personal knowledge by individual participation in all modes of knowledge acquisition. Nurse researchers must become involved in deciding what ought to be by participating in the environments that they study. This means that they must practice nursing as well as observe practice, that they must take responsibility for their own actions in research and in practice as well as recording the behavior of others. By conducting research while avoiding personal engagement, a person risks being merely a spectator of the human process, and thus risks producing trivial results.
Developing a New Philosophy For an Established School of Nursing
Authors: Luslcy Karen Frazier , Macey Janie Capps , Rutledge Dana Nelson
Published: October 2007

In conclusion, it must be stated that creating a new philosophy statement is not an easy task, and we did not anticipate the number of ramifications to the project. The process of change promoted anxiety, resistance, and frustration, but the ultimate goal of writing a philosophy on which the curriculum would be based proved exciting and rewarding. The members of the Educational Programs Task Force felt a camaraderie in achieving a difficult task. After the task was completed, members reflected on the process and found that they were able to discuss, disagree, and reach consensus with a high degree of maturity. Scholarly dialogue became increasingly important, and the members of the Task Force felt that in the process they had grown intellectually and emotionally.
A Model for Predicting the Adaptation of Families to Medical Crisis: An Analysis of Role Integration
Authors: Fife Betsy Louise
Published: October 2007

Summary.Medical crises produce conditions that precipitate rapid and extensive role transformation and increase families' vulnerability to the development of psychosocial problems that are secondary to the illness. Therefore, the incidence of these crises necessitate the development of strategies that will facilitate identification of those families at high risk for poor adaptation. This paper has presented a model for evaluating the effectiveness with which families will be able to cope with this kind of change and stress, based on assessment of their level of functioning prior to the crisis. Role theory provided the framework for the model, as the analysis of role behavior is particularly relevant to the underlying functional dynamics of family relationships. Although intervention has not been incorporated within the model, this assessment of family interaction can be used to suggest needed points of intervention.
A Descriptive Study: Defining Characteristics of the Nursing Diagnosis Cardiac Output, Alterations In: Decreased
Authors: Dahon Joanne
Published: October 2007

The defining characteristics of the nursing diagnosis “Cardiac output, alterations in: decreased” were gathered from VNA discharge records dated from January 1,1980, to December 31,1981. From this population 100 records with the diagnosis were selected. Defining characteristics were the subjective and objective patient cues recorded by the nurse when the diagnosis was made. The 12 defining characteristics proposed by the Fifth National Conference on the Classification of Nursing Diagnoses were used as a framework for the data collection tool. The researcher found 180 defining characteristics and clustered them into Cordon's 11 Functional Health Patterns. The 3 most frequently used patterns were health perception/health maintenance, activity/rest, and cognitive/perceptual. Out of 100 occasions, the defining characteristics of the National Conference were not used 69 times. The author recommends repeating this study in other settings, especially in acute care settings, to clarify educational issues for staff and the usefulness of this diagnosis in clinical practice.
Maximizing Mailed Questionnaire Responses
Authors: Baker Constance M.
Published: October 2007

A mailed questionnaire was used in national surveys of 109 deans of colleges of nursing and 444 nurse‐middle managers in academic nursing. Detailed descriptions are given of all parts of the data collection process over which the researcher had some control: respondents, questionnaires, cover letters, mailings, dates, and follow‐up procedures. Response rates of 94% and 88%, coupled with a low incidence of item nonresponse on a lengthy questionnaire, challenge the common criticisms of this data gathering method. Future investigations need to focus on the forces influencing the decisions of potential research subjects to participate.
A Descriptive Profile of Type B Personality
Authors: Thomas Sandra Paul
Published: October 2007

Psychologic, behavioral, sociodemographic and environmental variables were examined in a battery of self‐report instruments administered to 98 subjects who had agreed to participate in the second phase of a longitudinal investigation of health in middle adulthood. Type B individuals, in contrast to coronary‐prone Type A personalities, experience less stress as a result of the frustrations of daily life and feel less pressured by too many things to do. They are more likely to view life as a joy and express fewer concerns about the meaning of life than do Type As. Type Bs in midlife tend to be married, employed full time, satisfied with their work, and in better general health. They tend to have fewer days of illness, visits to physicians, hospitalizations, surgical procedures, and prescriptions. Although coronary disease is known to be relatively rare in Type Bs, their advantaged general health status has not been recognized.
An Approach to Undergraduate Student Investigations in Clinical Settings
Authors: Powers Bethel Ann , Smith Toni C.
Published: October 2007

Undergraduate nursing students in one university conduct quality assurance studies in the clinical setting as part of the requirements for a formal research course. The joint guidance of student projects by the nursing practice quality assurance coordinator and the research course instructor constitutes a type of collegial relationship that unifies practice and educational goals. There are mutual advantages to the nursing quality assurance program and to nursing students.
A Sentence of Sentences
Authors: Lewis Edith P.
Published: October 2007

Having finally accessed IMAGE'S pages, printwise, this writer is behooved to prioritize her objectives so that the conceptualizations contained herein will be translucently articulated and the parameters of the discourse strictly delimited in order to maximally impact the perusers.
Establishing a Collaborative Nurse‐Patient Relationship: A Distinct Focus of Nursing Action in Primary Care
Authors: KASCH CHRIS R.
Published: October 2007

A significant percentage of primary care encounters extend beyond the boundaries of medicine and demand the experitse of the nurse. An examination of existing research on the role of the nurse in primary care suggests that researchers have not been successful in illuminating the distinct contribution of the nurse. In order to bridge this gap, the domain of nursing can be conceptualized as a process of social interaction (Kasch, 1984), which suggests that one of the distinct contributions of the nurse may lie in the interpersonal domain; specifically, the possession of interpersonal competencies central to accomplishing nursing and medical goals in primary care. One central facet of interpersonal competence is relational competence—the ability to establish a collaborative provider‐patient relationship. The purpose of this essay is to ground theoretically the concept of collaboration in order to provide a starting point for research aimed at defining the contribution of the nurse in primary care.
A Case Study of Oppressed Group Behavior in Nurses
Authors: Hedin Barbara A.
Published: October 2007

This article draws on data collected in West Germany on the relationship of the social, political and economic context and the conceptualization, implementation and subsequent discontinuation of an experimental nursing program at the Free University of Berlin (FUB) in the early 1980s. Paulo Freire's model of oppressed group behavior is used as a lens through which to make sense of the behavior of West German nurses. Examples of oppressed group behavior, oppressor behavior, myths used to subjugate the oppressed, and a “banking concept” of education are given. The characteristics of a nursing education that is “freeing,” that leads to the development of critical consciousness, are outlined.
Top‐Ranked Schools of Nursing: Network of Scholars
Authors: POLLOCK SUSAN E.
Published: October 2007

The Top‐Ranked Schools of Nursing (TRSN) study was a nationwide investigation to delineate a composite of elements that characterizes a top‐ranked school. Research was identified as one of those significant elements. The influence and scope of research in a TRSN study is described as are the ways in which these endeavors are pursued and supported. These findings will be of benefit to those interested in promoting and improving nursing scholarship.