bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential diagnosis of submucosal gastric tumors: gastric schwannomas misdiagnosed as GISTs
Authors: Unver Mutlu , Ertekin Suleyman Cağlar , Kebapcı Eyüp , Olmez Mustafa , Ergin Erhan , Ozturk Safak , Sahin Erkan , Ortac Ragıp
Published: December 2024

Schwannomas commonly occur in the head and neck region but are rarely seen in the gastrointestinal tract; the stomach and small intestine are the most commonly involved sites. These tumors are usually misdiagnosed as gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) before histopathological confirmation due to radiological similarity. GI schwannomas show positivity for S100 protein and vimentin but are negative for CD 117 and CD 34, which helps in differentiating the tumor from GISTs. Case 1: a 70-year-old woman was referred to our hospital by complaints of abdominal pain and discomfort. Upper GI endoscopy demonstrated a protruding lesion at the lesser curvature of the gastric body, and fine-needle aspiration biopsy showed chronic inflammation without malignancy. Since the lesion was suspected to be GIST, this patient had surgery, and a gastric schwannoma was resected successfully. Case 2: a 66-year-old female with anemia and abdominal discomfort was found to have a submucosal elevated mass at the greater curvature of the antrum. Fine needle aspiration biopsy was suggestive of a spindle cell tumor resembling GIST. The patient underwent subtotal gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y reconstruction. Histopathology confirmed schwannoma. It is necessary to differentiate gastric schwannomas from other submucosal tumors of the stomach, especially GISTs. Surgical complete resection of schwannomas usually has a good prognosis with a low probability of recurrence. Though rare, gastric schwannomas should be included in the differential diagnosis of submucosal gastric tumors because the correct identification of this tumor type helps in proper management and evasion of unnecessary extensive surgery.
Riparian forests: a temporal analysis of their ecological status in urban river systems of the Andean Patagonia, Chubut, Argentina
Authors: Papazian Gabriela , Kutschker Adriana M , Rovere Adriana E
Published: December 2024

Streams and rivers are ecosystems strongly impacted by changes associated with urbanization, which cause ecological degradation of their banks and the deterioration in water quality. Assessing the ecological state of riverbanks and proposing measures to mitigate their degradation are priorities. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of riparian forests in three urban river systems with different population densities and to analyze changes over a temporal scale. The pre-urban, urban and post-urban sections of the rivers were analyzed. The Quality Index of Riparian Forests for Andean Patagonian rivers (QBRp) was used. This index assesses four riverbank attributes: vegetation cover, vegetation structure, cover quality and degree of naturalness of the river channel. In all cases, pre-urban sections showed the highest QBRp values, indicating good quality riverbanks. The application of the index at different times allowed the identification of temporal changes in the ecological quality of the riverbanks, both in general and regarding individual components. A general trend of stability or improvement in the ecological quality of the riverbanks was recorded in peri-urban sections; meanwhile, urban and one post-urban sections displayed a decrease in quality, a condition related to modifications in the structure and quality of vegetation and the loss of the river channel naturalness. Urban areas with medium-high population density were associated with poor quality riverbanks. The QBRp index enables the assessment of how urbanization affects diverse aspects of riparian quality over time and supports the development of concrete actions for the effective management of these riparian environments.
The October 7, 2023, Attack on Israel Indicates a Change in Trauma Patterns of Terror Victims, due to the Use of Thermobaric Weapons
Authors: Ostfeld Ishay , Kachel Erez , Shafir Oleg , Gal Itay , Cohen Yehonatan , Kugel Chen , Hoffman Jay R
Published: December 2024

Introduction

The terror attack on October 7, 2023, in southern Israel resulted in approximately 1,200 civilians and security personnel killed. Of the civilians murdered, approximately 200 men, women, and children were murdered inside their homes, while the remaining casualties were murdered in an open field at a music festival, in their cars, or in the streets of local cities.

Materials and Methods

Currently, official data have not yet been published regarding the types of injuries suffered by Israeli civilians during the terror attack. However, the massive damage found in buildings infiltrated by the terrorists, weapons found on neutralized terrorists, and the findings of the pathologists tasked with examining and identifying the casualties, as well as preliminary clinical evidence, suggested that many died from hand-held explosive devices or rocket-propelled grenades containing a “thermobaric”-type warhead.

Results

The use of thermobaric weapons has also been reported from the Russia–Ukraine war, suggesting that these weapons are becoming more common in their use. Thermobaric injuries differ from typical battlefield injuries due to their specific blast characteristics. Considering that thermobaric weapons are relatively cheap to manufacture and highly efficient, it can be assumed that their unique injury patterns will become more common in future battlefields.

Conclusions

This paper reports on a possible change in the nature of terror and battlefield injuries and alerts emergency organizations and military forces worldwide to prepare for the need of treating more blast injuries, burns, smoke inhalation, and asphyxiation.
Effects of cloud geometry and metallicity on shattering and coagulation of cold gas, and implications for cold streams penetrating virial shocks
Authors: Yao Zhiyuan , Mandelker Nir , Oh S Peng , Aung Han , Dekel Avishai
Published: December 2024

Theory and observations reveal that the circumgalactic medium (CGM) and the cosmic web at high redshifts are multiphase, with small clouds of cold gas embedded in a hot, diffuse medium. We study the ‘shattering’ of large, thermally unstable clouds into tiny cloudlets of size $\ell _{\rm shatter}\sim {\rm min}(c_{\rm s}t_{\rm cool})$ using idealized numerical simulations. We expand upon previous works by exploring the effects of cloud geometry (spheres, streams, and sheets), metallicity, and an ionizing ultraviolet background. We find that ‘shattering’ is mainly triggered by clouds losing sonic contact and rapidly imploding, leading to a reflected shock that causes the cloud to re-expand and induces Richtmyer–Meshkov instabilities at its interface. The fragmented cloudlets experience a drag force from the surrounding hot gas, leading to recoagulation into larger clouds. We distinguish between ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ coagulation regimes. Sheets are always in the ‘fast’ coagulation regime, while streams and spheres transition to ‘slow’ coagulation above a critical overdensity, which is smallest for spheres. Surprisingly, $\ell _\mathrm{shatter}$ does not appear to be a characteristic clump size even if it is well resolved. Rather, fragmentation continues until the grid scale with a mass distribution of $N(\gt m)\propto m^{-1}$. We apply our results to cold streams feeding massive ($M_{\rm v}\lower.5ex\rm{\,\, \buildrel\gt \over \sim \,\,}10^{12}\, {\rm M}_\odot$) galaxies at $z\lower.5ex\rm{\,\, \buildrel\gt \over \sim \,\,}2$ from the cosmic web, finding that streams likely shatter upon entering the hot CGM through the virial shock. This could explain the large clumping factors and covering fractions of cold gas around such galaxies, and may be related to galaxy quenching by preventing cold streams from reaching the central galaxy.
Convective shutdown in the atmospheres of lava worlds
Authors: Nicholls Harrison , Pierrehumbert Raymond T , Lichtenberg Tim , Soucasse Laurent , Smeets Stef
Published: December 2024

Atmospheric energy transport is central to the cooling of primordial magma oceans. Theoretical studies of atmospheres on lava planets have assumed that convection is the only process involved in setting the atmospheric temperature structure. This significantly influences the ability for a magma ocean to cool. It has been suggested that convective stability in these atmospheres could preclude permanent magma oceans. We develop a new 1D radiative-convective model in order to investigate when the atmospheres overlying magma oceans are convectively stable. Using a coupled interior-atmosphere framework, we simulate the early evolution of two terrestrial-mass exoplanets: TRAPPIST-1 c and HD 63433 d. Our simulations suggest that the atmosphere of HD 63433 d exhibits deep isothermal layers which are convectively stable. However, it is able to maintain a permanent magma ocean and an atmosphere depleted in $\mathrm{H_{2}O}$. It is possible to maintain permanent magma oceans underneath atmospheres without convection. Absorption features of $\mathrm{CO_{2}}$ and $\mathrm{SO_{2}}$ within synthetic emission spectra are associated with mantle redox state, meaning that future observations of HD 63433 d may provide constraints on the geochemical properties of a magma ocean analogous with the early Earth. Simulations of TRAPPIST-1 c indicate that it is expected to have solidified within $100 \,\mathrm{M}\rm {yr}$, outgassing a thick atmosphere in the process. Cool isothermal stratospheres generated by low-molecular-weight atmospheres can mimic the emission of an atmosphere-less body. Future work should consider how atmospheric escape and chemistry modulates the lifetime of magma oceans, and the role of tidal heating in sustaining atmospheric convection.
State, Frontiers, and Mobility in Mughal-Era Rajasthan
Authors: Kothiyal Tanuja
Published: December 2024

After the conquest by the Mughal Emperor Akbar by the 1570s, Rajput polities of the Thar Desert were integrated into the Mughal Empire. However, a close reading of Rajput history and politics indicates that the post-nomadic nature of the Rajput polity continued to shape complex interactions among the Rajput chieftaincies of the Thar and the Mughal state. In the harsh, inhospitable stretches of the Thar Desert, intimate knowledge of the geography defined the nature of the control that could be exercised. On these frontiers, both the Mughal state and the sedentarized Rajput polities located in the fortress capitals, such as Jodhpur, Bikaner, and Jaisalmer, were often forced to accommodate local expressions of authority. Located far from Rajput-Mughal centers of power, the Rajput brotherhoods on the frontiers relied on the older social and political networks and made their claims to authority through acts of insubordination bordering on the criminal. However, unlike James Scott’s Zomia, which was a zone of escape from the state, the frontiers of the Thar represented sites of negotiation, where multiple layers of authority could be experienced.
The Emergence of Hindavi Literary Cultures in the Sultanate and Early Mughal Period
Authors: Orsini Francesca
Published: December 2024

This chapter discusses the main vernacular genres in sultanate and early Mughal north India—romances, versions of the Sanskrit epics, and songs. It focuses on vernacular texts under the broad rubric of Hindavi, but adopts a multiscalar approach to situate them within the broader context of the multilingual literary culture of the time. At the textual level, this approach analyses texts for register, artistry, and interlingual and intertextual traces. At the level of genre, it identifies the most popular genres and traces their diffusion (or not) across languages. Spatial proximity allows us to put together archives and languages that historiography has divided. Finally, at a social level, this approach interrogates texts for their social concerns and imagination, and for the narrative solutions they put forward to the problems they deal with.
Adorno’s Reception and Application of Psychoanalysis
Authors: Fong Benjamin Y.
Published: December 2024

This chapter reviews Theodor W. Adorno’s engagement with and deployment of psychoanalysis. Adorno was a perceptive reader of Freud and uniquely articulated psychoanalysis’s value within a historical perspective in such a way as to provide the theoretical framework for a novel research program. The chapter begins with an outline of the basic form of Adorno’s engagement with psychoanalysis, first articulated in his failed Habilitationsschrift, honed in his critique of the revisionist psychoanalysts, and laid out in mature form in “Sociology and Psychology.” Then, it fills in the basic content of Adorno’s deployment of psychoanalysis, the nucleus of which was the hypothesis of the new anthropological type. For Adorno, this type bore two essential psychological features: regression and instrumentality, or what the author has elsewhere called “losing oneself” and “living straight ahead.” Finally, the chapter concludes with a description of the research program that emerged out of this understanding of the new anthropological type and of what a renewed research agenda based on this theory might look like today.
Adorno and Environmentalism
Authors: Wilke Sabine
Published: December 2024

Adorno often drew on nature images in composing the titles for his short vignettes in Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life (published in 1951). This chapter provides the springboard for the author’s reflections on Adorno and environmentalism. Adorno lived during a time that experienced extreme forms of destruction from World War II and the Holocaust to the beginning of the nuclear age, and a growing awareness of the environmental effects of these devastations that defined his philosophical position as a reflection from damaged life. This chapter provides critical commentary on what the author considers perhaps Adorno’s most personal and, at the same time, most fragmentary project. It is in these subjective reflections that the kernel to Adorno’s guidance for today’s thoughts on environmentalism can be found. This chapter repositions Adorno’s thoughts about advanced capitalism and the vanishing of the (old) subject in a context that ties these ideas to environmental themes broadly conceived. The author offers close readings of select passages in Minima Moralia that could productively inform discussions in the environmental humanities of the twenty-first century.
Adorno and Activism
Authors: Sebastian Cecilia
Published: December 2024

This chapter revisits Adorno’s ambivalence toward 1960s student activism in the context of his and the Frankfurt School’s extended grappling with the theory–practice dialectic. It locates, in Adorno’s mid-1960s lectures on History and Freedom, a firm reclamation of the enduring historical possibility of political spontaneity and intervention. The chapter offers several suggestions as to why Adorno nonetheless cast doubt on the efficacy of ongoing student activism with the argument that political practice was “blocked,” as well as what can be gained from Adorno’s robust defense of theory within the theory–practice dialectic. Yet it ultimately argues that, against his own skepticism and Cold War blinders, Adorno’s inchoate theory of moral-political action in the lectures obtained its nearest practical expression in the international solidarity that motivated the political movements of the era. To understand Adorno’s continued relevance for activism, this past historical-theoretical conjuncture requires further exploration.
Economic Geographies of Industrial Change
Authors: Panitz Robert , Glückler Johannes
Published: December 2024

Industrial and geographical dynamics are interrelated. This chapter focuses on how scholars in the field of economic geography analyse the spatial dynamics of industrial change. Whereas traditional approaches have analysed industrial change through static and cyclical frameworks, contemporary theory endorses the evolutionary and institutional nature of the spatial processes that characterizes industrial dynamics. These processes range from local agglomeration and specialization to global connectivity and interdependence regarding particular divisions of labour in production and trade. The comparative case studies on global stock photography and the effect of Brexit on financial services in Europe are used to assess whether and how seemingly disruptive changes, such as digital technology or political and regulatory reforms, transform the underlying economic geographies of these industries. The almost unpredictable nature of industrial change underscores the need for context-sensitive, path-dependent, and contingent relational approaches to capture current industrial shifts due to globalization, digitization, sustainabilization, and servitization.
Diplomacy and External Relations
Authors: Hallmannsecker Martin
Published: December 2024

Abstract: This chapter provides an overview of the external relations entertained by Imperial-era poleis both with Roman authorities and other cities. After a brief discussion of the preparatory processes of embassies, there follows an analysis of the various reasons that led Greek cities to send out official ambassadors, including specific occasions to honour Roman emperors and governors as well as cases of conflict resolution and the request for certain privileges. Another important context for official embassies was in the wake of natural disasters, when cities asked the Roman authorities but also other poleis for financial and material support. The next section focuses on the testimonies for ‘kinship diplomacy’ between poleis as a crucial persuasion strategy in the diplomatic toolkit. The last section discusses inter-city rivalries for titles and privileges as well as the homonoia coinage boasting of concord between two cities as further testimony of the intense exchange between Imperial-period poleis.
The Imperial Cults in the Greek Provinces
Authors: Frija Gabrielle
Published: December 2024

The Greek cities established a wide variety of cults for the goddess Roma, the imperatores of the late Republican period, and finally the emperors and their families. The so-called ‘imperial cult’ spread to all the Greek provinces, at different paces. The Greek cities and the federal assemblies developed a wide range of means to honour the emperor: dedication of statues, altars and temples, contests. All these celebrations marked the daily life of the Greek populations of the empire. The imperial cults were rooted in the communities that made up the empire. Far from being imposed from above by the imperial power as a unified and foreign cult, they were fully integrated into local religious traditions. However, their existence at all levels of the political and religious life of the empire is in itself a factor of integration; the imperial cults reflect, and probably contributed to, the homogenization of the empire.
Onomastics and Prosopography
Authors: Blanco-Pérez Aitor
Published: December 2024

This chapter studies the link between personal names and the identification of the individuals comprising the population of Greek cities in the Roman Empire. In a diverse world virtually devoid of surviving birth certificates and archival records, the onomastic sequences present in our primary sources reveal ancestry relationships on which a prosopography of these poleis can be attempted. This useful information must be approached with caution given the particularities and evolution of nomenclature systems in the Imperial period. For this reason, an introduction to the basics of Greek and Roman onomastics is provided, together with a deeper exploration of the complexities of patronymics and tria nomina sequences in the available evidence. This analysis corroborates the importance of names in revealing not only the identification of individuals but also issues of local differentiation, chronology, and status, particularly as regards the spread of Roman citizenship in the Greek East.
The Greek City of the Roman Empire
Authors: Dench Emma
Published: December 2024

The variety of recent scholarly approaches to identity issues concerning Greek cities of the Roman Empire illustrates the continued entanglement of modern ideas and ideals of power, politics, empires, and nations with classical antiquity. Modern treatments have often veered between binary and essentialist thinking about the relative behaviour of ‘Greeks’ and ‘Romans’, reproducing older idealizations of autonomy as an intrinsically Greek trait, and focusing on the more ecumenical and multicultural ‘pick and mix’ expressions of identity in the literary and material evidence of the Hellenistic and Roman periods, or on a seemingly apolitical interplay of ‘global’ and ‘local’ perspectives in the Roman Empire. This chapter analyses key models of how the Roman Empire worked, and its impact on and implication of local communities, groups, and individuals, and signals the limitations of focusing on a kind of imperial identity politics that privileges the elite and other successful groups and individuals.
The Legal Status of the Greek Poleis in the Roman Empire
Authors: Merola Giovanna D.
Published: December 2024

This city represented a fundamental pawn in the administrative and economic structure of the Roman Empire. Particularly in the Graeco-Asian area, where the urban reality had a long tradition and was well established, Rome used the cities and their elites as an intermediary between local populations and the central government. Civic institutions were generally preserved, and communities continued to manage themselves autonomously, in some cases even obtaining a privileged status (freedom, immunity). All cities were, however, part of the empire, towards which they had duties (first of all fiscal ones) and on which their very existence depended. This chapter offers an overview of the legal status of Greek cities in the Roman Empire, in order to grasp its real meaning and evaluate its evolution over time.
Greek and Roman Citizenships
Authors: Girdvainyte Lina
Published: December 2024

This chapter explores the complexity of civic belonging in the world of the Greek city-states under Rome. While local regimes of citizenship remained central to individual and community identities, the influx of settlers from Italy, as well as Roman citizenship extension had an impact on local and Roman citizenship policies alike. This chapter looks at some of the ways in which Greek communities dealt with the recurrent need to expand their citizen ranks, and examines the main consequences of the increasing, if highly uneven, spread of Roman citizenship, both for the enfranchised individuals and their native communities. The practice of multiple citizenships is also explored, and a case is made for some subjective, performative aspects of citizenship, which could be extended to foreign residents on the basis of territorial presence.
The Production and Circulation of Alpine Jade Axeheads
Authors: Pétrequin Pierre , Pétrequin Anne-Marie , Sheridan Alison
Published: December 2024

Around 5600 BCE, the first Mediterranean Neolithic colonists located sources of Alpine jades (eclogites, omphacitites, and jadeitites) in the southwestern Italian Alps. This sixth-millennium use of one of the toughest rocks for manufacturing stone axeheads constitutes the origin of an extraordinary technical, economic, and ideological system of the European Neolithic: the Europe of Jade. From 5300 BCE, these axeheads—some of them used as tools for felling trees and working wood, while others were super-sized ‘signifier objects’—circulated around Europe over distances up to 1,800 km as the crow flies, their distribution stretching from Malta to Denmark and from the Atlantic to the Black Sea. The authors propose to analyse the ways in which these mountain jades were exploited at heights between 800 m and 2,400 m above sea level. This exploitation underpinned one of the most original social and religious systems in the European Neolithic between 4700 and 3600 BCE.
Archaeological Record in Mountain Environments: The Reasons of Its Elusiveness
Authors: Angelucci Diego E.
Published: December 2024

Mountain environments exhibit a set of features, including elevation, relief, climate, vegetation, and soil, which increase erosion and weathering dynamics, thus resulting in harsh conditions for the integrity of archaeological deposits and remains. On average, the archaeological evidence from upland sites is poorer than that from lowland sites, in both quantity and quality, and is sometimes difficult to detect. This chapter presents the main environmental and geomorphological factors that control surface dynamics in the mountains, summarizes the formation processes at upland sites, and discusses the consequences for archaeological stratifications and remains from a geoarchaeological perspective. This is done with the help of selected case studies of prehistoric and historic sites, mainly from the Alps.
Mountains, Heritage, and Tourism: Global Pasts and Global Futures
Authors: Waterton Emma , Hoffmann Tanja , Hall Jenny , Saul Hayley
Published: December 2024

Since the Rio Earth Summit in the early 1990s, the relevance of mountains to global climate change and development agendas has increasingly been formalized in international policy. This has had implications for the management of heritage and tourism, and particularly gender justice and Indigenous rights for mountain peoples. This chapter reviews the complex intersections of these debates as they play out in global-local policy. It begins with a brief review of the history of mountain tourism before turning to consider how (and when) mountains emerged as a form of ‘global heritage’ in need of protection and conservation. The chapter then homes in on mountain futures, placing particular emphasis on three discussion points: gender, climate change, and Indigenous-led interventions.
Trimorphous Verb Bases in Betta Kurumba
Authors: Coelho Gail
Published: December 2024

Betta Kurumba (BK) has developed three verb bases (past theme, nonpast theme, and bare theme) to which suffixes of various inflectional and derivational categories are attached. The first two end in formatives derived from Proto-Dravidian (PDr) tense-voice suffixes. The use of these themes in modern BK appears arbitrary because there is little systematic correlation in the modern language between the grammatical category in which they are used and their original PDr tense/voice features. However, an examination of certain formal and functional aspects of the three themes enables us to provide a historical account of their distribution. This chapter traces the likely changes that led to the current use of the three themes, arguing that they are the outcome of mergers between pre-BK conjunctive participles, past and nonpast tensed verb stems, and causative stems.
Syntactic Maintenance of Tamil Relative Clauses in Multilinguals
Authors: Lakshmanan Usha
Published: December 2024

This study builds upon previous research on monolingual Tamil children’s acquisition of relative clauses to investigate syntactic maintenance of relativization in Tamil in multilingual 9–17-year-old adolescents (L1 Tamil speakers educated through the medium of English (L2) with Hindi as an L3). A picture-cued production task eliciting Subject and Direct Object relative clauses in the three languages found that multilingual adolescents performed similarly regardless of age and language proficiency. In L1, adolescents produced tag, participial, and (unlike younger monolingual Tamil children) correlative relative clauses. The participial relative predominated, similar to 5;0 to 6;6-year-old monolingual children and unlike monolingual children younger than 5 years, who preferred the tag relative. In L2, the postnominal embedded relative clause predominated; in L3, their least proficient language, the correlative predominated. The findings indicate a privileged role for syntax in ensuring separation between languages in multilingual children’s acquisition and use, thus promoting L1 maintenance and preempting convergence.
Agreement in Malto Conjunctive Participles
Authors: Kobayashi Masato
Published: December 2024

Of the two perfective conjunctive participles of Malto, the -ko participle is invariant, whereas the -ke participle shows agreement with the subject, which is identical to that of the main clause. Since the subject of the -ko participle usually differs from that of the main clause, the -ke and -ko participles apparently form a switch-reference system. Given that different-subject affixes tend to be more complex in switch-reference systems, it is unusual that the same-subject affix shows agreement while the different-subject affix does not. Historically, Malto -ke is traced back to the Proto-Kuṛux-Malto verbal adjective. As predicative adjectives, the -ke participles are coindexed with the subjects of the main clause, whereas the -ko participle forms temporal clauses, which are adjuncts. Since the -ko conjunctive participle also has same-subject usage, the -ke and -ko participles are not in complementary distribution and should not be considered a switch-reference system.
Realist Drama as World Drama
Authors: Wang Ning
Published: December 2024

Although the term “realism” is often used to describe mainstream literary creative methods of nineteenth-century European novels, it also has its own historical origins, which are usually traced back to Aristotle who regarded it as an aesthetic principle of literary theory and criticism. Due to the ease with which drama can travel across languages and cultures worldwide, some playwrights who create works based on everyday life have transcended the boundaries of time and space, and their works have achieved global significance. Therefore, constructing a theoretical concept of realist drama as “world drama” is feasible because realism has been a constant in the history of drama as a genre. This chapter examines world drama as a type of theatrical work that transcends the limitations of time and space and can be performed, appreciated, and critically discussed by people globally. The works of English playwright William Shakespeare, a dramatist who has achieved almost unparalleled appreciation abroad, are a good example of world drama. The Marxist theoretical concept “Shakespearization” has helped scholars find commonalities in the ways in which Shakespeare’s works have been integrated into other cultures globally. Building on this concept, this chapter develops the idea of “Ibsenization” in the context of global drama. Focusing on the influence of Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen on modern Chinese drama, the chapter suggests new theoretical approaches to world drama that incorporate examples from the global tradition of realist theater practiced outside of Europe.
Pathways to Monastic Life
Authors: Meeks Lori
Published: December 2024

Using the autobiography of medieval Japanese monk Eison (1201–1290), this chapter discusses Buddhist monastic life, and taking the approach of “lived Buddhism,” it reveals the variety of ways monastic life is contingent upon relationships with a variety of actors. Eison’s autobiography provides rich details about his family life (e.g., his father was a monk, and he went to live with a shrine attendant when he was a young boy following the death of his mother). It also reveals the many different teachers he studied with, the pressure he faced to cover the costs of esoteric ritual training, his interactions with members of the laity, the deathbed services offered to loved ones, his study habits and methods, and his attitudes toward local and indigenous gods. Throughout, Eison’s autobiography is used to explore the ways in which monastic life in practice often diverged from the ideals presented in the vinaya.
Emotions and Expert Authority in Global Governance
Authors: Hor Amoz JY , Mongkolnchaiarunya Jittip
Published: December 2024

Emotions are often overlooked but crucial in global governance. This chapter helps fill this gap by theorizing the emotional underpinnings of why people submit and even desire international expert authority in global governance. The chapter argues that the allure of expert authority is that it offers a way of coping with powerlessness in international politics. The chapter expands this argument through three sources of theoretical inspiration: Erich Fromm explains the emotional appeal of inhibiting authority, Melanie Klein demonstrates why the technical realities that experts construct can be so alluring, and Sara Ahmed shows how expertise itself circulates fear and faith in their own authority. These can be read as separate frameworks or steps that build on each other. The chapter illustrates these with brief examples in global governance, especially humanitarianism, climate governance, and nuclear politics.
Business and Human Rights
Authors: Jørgensen Rikke Frank , Akhtar Marya , Koch Pernille Boye
Published: December 2024

The chapter engages with the notion of digital constitutionalism through the lens of the international human rights and business framework. Drawing on examples from the EU, it highlights how governments have translated the non-binding UN framework into legally binding regulation targeting tech giants and their platforms. The EU is an interesting case in relation to digital constitutionalism, business, and human rights, due to its unique supra-national construction and its long tradition of regulating companies, inter alia, to ensure respect for human rights. When examining the EU approach to business and human rights vis-à-vis the international human rights and business framework, the chapter focus on the procedural-substantial obligations related to human rights due diligence, as well as redress and enforcement mechanisms. In conclusion, it argues that while the EU’s risk-based approach to human rights and business in many ways represent an important step forward in terms of legally binding obligations on companies, its approach also entails weaknesses compared to the coherent and unified human rights-based approach that characterize the international human rights and business framework.
Extraterritoriality
Authors: Bignami Francesca , Resta Giorgio
Published: December 2024

This chapter argues that the competing American ballot-box and European fundamental rights paradigms of regulatory law have marked the specific domain of digital regulation. These regulatory paradigms and their associated state interests are projected extraterritorially through the market power of Silicon Valley, on the one hand, and the privacy rights of EU regulators, on the other hand. This chapter also analyses recent developments in the EU, where there is now a state effort to create digital markets and, relatedly, an emerging preference for some data localization to promote both fundamental rights and economic and security interests. In China, we observe the emergence of a layered form of digital regulation: at the deepest level is state control of digital infrastructure, industry actors, and civil society users; layered on top is an attempt to improve the position of consumers through both digital platform regulation and competition law applied to the largest oligopolies. As a result, the earlier Chinese strategy of data localization is now complemented by a bureaucratically controlled form of extraterritorial engagement.
The transcription factors ERF105 and NAC72 regulate expression of a sugar transporter gene and hexose accumulation in grape
Authors: Lu Lizhen , Delrot Serge , Fan Peige , Zhang Zhan , Wu Die , Dong Fengqin , García-Caparros Pedro , Li Shaohua , Dai Zhanwu , Liang Zhenchang
Published: December 2024

Sugar transport plays a pivotal role in determining the productivity of plants and their capacity to act as carbon sinks. In the major fruit crop grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), the transporter gene V. vinifera Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporter 15 (VvSWEET15) is strongly expressed during berry ripening. However, the specific functions of VvSWEET15 and the mechanisms governing its transcriptional regulation remain largely unresolved. Here, we demonstrate that VvSWEET15 functions as a hexose transporter whose expression is associated with the strong sugar accumulation that starts at the véraison stage. We also characterize VvERF105 as a repressor that binds to the LTR-binding element in the VvSWEET15 promoter, thereby downregulating its expression and inhibiting hexose accumulation at the prevéraison stage. In contrast, VvNAC72 is an activator that binds to the VvNAC72-binding domain (CACATG) and promotes VvSWEET15 expression and hexose accumulation at postvéraison stages. Both transcription factors and VvSWEET15 are preferentially expressed in phloem cells. These results demonstrate that the balance between transcriptional activators and repressors is critical in regulating VvSWEET15 expression in sink organs. Further understanding of these processes will help improve plant productivity and their potential to be used as carbon sinks.
The GTE4–EML chromatin reader complex concurrently recognizes histone acetylation and H3K4 trimethylation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Qian Feng , Zhao Qiang-Qiang , Zhou Jin-Xing , Yuan Dan-Yang , Liu Zhen-Zhen , Su Yin-Na , Li Lin , Chen She , He Xin-Jian
Published: December 2024

Histone acetylation and H3K4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) are associated with active transcription. However, how they cooperate to regulate transcription in plants remains largely unclear. Our study revealed that GLOBAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GROUP E 4 (GTE4) binds to acetylated histones and forms a complex with the functionally redundant H3K4me3-binding EMSY-like proteins EML1 or EML2 (EML1/2) in Arabidopsis thaliana. The eml1 eml2 (eml1/2) double mutant exhibits a similar morphological phenotype to gte4, and most of the differentially expressed genes in gte4 were coregulated in eml1/2. Through chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing, we found that GTE4 and EML2 co-occupy protein-coding genes enriched with both histone acetylation and H3K4me3, exerting a synergistic effect on the association of the GTE4–EML complex with chromatin. The association of GTE4 with chromatin requires both its bromodomain and EML-interacting domain. This study identified a complex and uncovered how it concurrently recognizes histone acetylation and H3K4me3 to facilitate gene transcription at the whole-genome level in Arabidopsis.
Polar localization and local translation of RHO-RELATED PROTEIN FROM PLANTS2 mRNAs promote root hair growth in Arabidopsis
Authors: Li Yuanyuan , Zhu Sirui
Published: December 2024

Root hairs are tip-growing cells that anchor plants in the soil and are critical for water uptake, nutrient acquisition, and plant–environment interactions. While the molecular mechanisms that maintain the polar growth of root hairs through the asymmetric distribution of proteins, such as RHO-RELATED PROTEIN FROM PLANTS 2 (ROP2), have been described, it is unclear whether and how the transcripts encoding these tip-localized proteins are polarly localized and locally translated. Here, we demonstrated that ROP2 mRNA exhibits polar localization in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root hairs. We showed that region VI (250–350 bp downstream of the stop codon) of the ROP2 3′ untranslated region (UTR) is necessary for proper mRNA localization. Moreover, region VI-mediated ROP2 mRNA polar localization was required for local translation of ROP2 transcripts, contributing to the proper subcellular localization of ROP2. Region III (100–200 bp downstream of the stop codon) influenced the local translation of ROP2 mRNA. Phenotypic investigations demonstrated that both regions III and VI of the ROP2 3′ UTR play crucial roles in modulating root hair growth. These findings help explain the local protein biosynthesis of ROP2, advancing our understanding of the regulatory mechanism and genetic basis of mRNA localization and local translation in plants.
Association between diabetes mellitus and fetal and maternal outcomes during and after pregnancy—a nationwide study
Authors: Neupane Binita , Karki Sunita , Sharma Monica , Farooq Umer
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) affects both the mother and fetus during and after pregnancy. Multiple studies have shown the prognostic impact of DM on maternal and fetal outcomes, but studies at the national level are limited. Therefore, we aimed to conduct this nationwide study.

Materials and methods

This retrospective study used a Nationwide Inpatient Sample 2020 (NIS) using International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) codes for adult pregnant patients. STATA version MP14.2 was used mainly for analysis. We used Fischer's exact test to compare proportions, the student's t-test to compare continuous variables, and multivariate regression analysis to calculate the adjusted odds ratio.

Results

The total number of pregnant patients included in the study was 3 436 671; 36 350 (1.05%) had DM. Patients with DM had longer hospital lengths of stay than non-diabetic patients (3.93 days vs. 2.5 days, P < .01). Other significant outcomes were higher cost of hospital stay ($37 079 vs. $23 371, P < .01), preeclampsia (7.17% vs. 2.02%, P < .01), intrauterine fetal death (0.63% vs. 0.13%, P < .01), stillbirth (2.89% vs. 0.75%, P < .01), gestational hypertension (7.07% vs. 3.07%, P < .01) and preterm labor (5.8% vs. 1.94%, P < .01). There were no differences in the two groups regarding pre-existing hypertension, abortion, large for gestational age, eclampsia, placenta previa, abruptio placenta, postpartum anemia, prolonged labor, intrapartum, and postpartum hemorrhage. We conducted a trend analysis from 2016 to 2020 for mortality, length of stay, total charges, and significant maternal and fetal outcomes.

Conclusion

DM is associated with greater maternal and fetal adverse outcomes, resource utilization, and length of stay.
In People with Subacute Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, earlier Physical Therapy Improved Symptoms at a Faster Rate than Later Physical Therapy: Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Campbell Kody R , Antonellis Prokopios , Peterka Robert J , Wilhelm Jennifer L , Scanlan Kathleen T , Pettigrew Natalie C , Chen Siting , Parrington Lucy , Fino Peter C , Chesnutt James C , Horak Fay B , Hullar Timothy E , King Laurie A
Published: December 2024

Importance

There is unclear evidence on when to initiate physical therapy after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in non-athlete, adult population.

Objective

The objective of this study was to investigate physical therapy timing after mTBI through changes in patient-reported and clinically-assessed tools and objective and mechanism measurements of sensorimotor balance control.

Design

This study was an investigator-blinded randomized control trial (NCT03479541).

Setting

The study took place at an academic research center.

Participants

Two hundred and three participants were randomized to earlier physical therapy (n = 82) or to later physical therapy (n = 121).

Intervention

After enrollment, the earlier physical therapy group started rehabilitation within 1 week and the later group started rehabilitation after a 6-week wait period. All participants received similar rehabilitation; 6-week program administered and progressed by licensed physical therapists.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI). Secondary outcomes included common patient-reported/clinical assessments of mTBI and objective/mechanism measurements of balance, including novel measures of central sensorimotor integration. Differences between and within the groups on outcomes were examined with linear mixed-effect models, t tests, and effect sizes.

Results

While both groups significantly improved and reached similar levels on patient-reported outcomes (DHI and secondary outcomes), the earlier physical therapy group had significantly larger and faster rates of improvement compared to later physical therapy. There were differential effects of physical therapy timing on the objective/mechanism-measured outcomes. Specifically, there were significant improvements in sensorimotor time delay for the earlier physical therapy group and no change in the later group. Further, the later group worsened in the motor activation components for balance control while there was no change in the early group.

Conclusion and Relevance

Earlier physical therapy after mTBI can improve symptoms at a faster rate relative to later physical therapy. Earlier physical therapy also showed improvements in sensorimotor aspects of balance control, not seen in the later group. There may be an important window to address central sensorimotor deficits after mTBI.
Systemic sclerosis–related fecal incontinence: a scoping review focusing on a neglected manifestation
Authors: Lescoat Alain , Zimmermann François , Murray Charles D , Khanna Dinesh , Hughes Michael , McMahan Zsuzsanna H
Published: December 2024

Objectives

This scoping review sought to summarize the current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical presentation of, and the investigations that may help characterize faecal incontinence (FI) in patients with SSc.

Methods

The planned scoping review was based on the methodological framework proposed by Arksey and O’Malley. Two databases were screened: PubMed (Medline), (Web of Science), and data extraction was performed using a predefined template.

Results

A total of 454 abstracts were screened and 61 articles were finally included, comprising 32 original articles. The prevalence of FI was 0.4% to 77% in original articles that did not use FI among the mandatory inclusion criteria. Internal anal sphincter was reported as more impacted than external sphincter and vasculopathy of arterioles and extracellular matrix deposition with fibrous replacement of the internal sphincter were the key underlaying pathogenic events. The most represented patient-reported outcome in original articles was the Wexner FI score (22% of original articles) followed by the UCLA SCTC-GIT 2.0 (16% of original articles). Although there is no validated diagnostic approach for FI in SSc, 47% of original articles used anorectal manometry to assess rectal physiology in SSc patients. Conservative measures to treat either liquid or hard stool including anti-diarrhoeal medications and dietary adjustments were the first step of proposed FI management in included narrative reviews and guidelines.

Conclusion

This is the first scoping review exploring FI in SSc. We propose a new research agenda which may help improve treatment strategies and foster research focusing on a neglected manifestation of SSc.