bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TREATING WATER INSTITUTIONS AS ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES: DEMONSTRATION OF A CONCEPTUAL MODEL1
Authors: Livingston M. L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:Institutional innovation is central to many water resource problems. (In this context “institutions” refers to the laws and regulations governing water allocation and use.) Yet, typically, economic analyses treat institutions as exogenous and fixed. Unfortunately, this conventional assumption does not allow economists to address many modern problems. This paper develops an economic framework in which institutions are treated as endogenous. The model accounts for (1) factors that stimulate calls for formal institutional change, (2) the role of interest groups in policymaking, and (3) actual institutional change as it impacts choice domains and thus economic performance. The model is compared to a specific case of change in Colorado's water institutions, namely, instream water rights legislation in the 1970's. The empirical evidence is generally consistent with model hypotheses. The model promises to be useful to scholars and policymakers interested in institutional innovation.
PLANNING FOR DROUGHT: THE ROLE OF STATE GOVERNMENT1
Authors: Wilhite Donald A. , Wood Deborah A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Although droughts are a frequent occurrence over much of the United States, response by state and federal government has been ineffective and poorly coordinated. Recently, several states have recognized the value of drought emergency planning and have developed plans to assist them in responding more effectively to prolonged periods of water shortage. These states have created an organizational structure to coordinate the assessment and response activities of state and federal agencies. Each state's drought response plan is unique since each state's water supply and management problems, and their consequent impacts, are unique. The drought response plans developed by Colorado, South Dakota and New York are reviewed here in detail. We recommend that other states affected by frequent and severe water shortages also develop drought emergency plans. These plans will enhance state government's ability to implement effective measures in a timely manner and, ultimately, may provide added incentive for the federal government to develop the national drought response plan called for by the General Accounting Office in 1979.
A COMPARISON OF THREE METHODS FOR MEASURING RECENT RATES OF SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION1
Authors: Ritchie Jerry C. , McHenry J. Roger
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The determination of sediment accumulation rates is important in understanding how these materials are affecting lakes and reservoirs ecosystems. In this study three methods were used to estimate sediment accumulation rates in the impounded backwater lakes behind Lock and Dam Nos. 8 and 9 on the upper Mississippi River. The three methods were: 1) a “spud” survey, 2) a survey of bottom contours, and 3) the use of fallout cesium‐137. The field use of these three methods of determining sediment accumulation and the potential errors and merits involved in each method are discussed. The results from the field study in backwater areas along the upper Mississippi River showed the survey of bottom contour method gave the lowest rate of sediment deposition and the 137Cs method gave the highest rates. Sediment accumulation rates from 0 to 7.8 cm per year were measured in the study area. All three methods are useful and have unique characteristics for determining rates and patterns of sediment accumulation. Thus the choice of a method to be used in a sediment survey is dependent on the type of information needed and the time available.
OUTPUT AND INVESTMENT FRONTIERS OF UNITED STATES IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE1
Authors: Long Roger B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Economic models sometimes indicate that irrigation water is misallocated in agriculture, especially when it appears that the marginal value product is higher in other uses (such as for hydro‐power). Historically, trends tend to contradict this reasoning, however, especially since irrigation has grown from 20 million acres in 1940 to over 50 million acres in 1980. Results of this study tend to indicate that as agriculture becomes more and more intensive (in terms of inputs), irrigation is part of that long term trend. Further, major economic variables, such as output and investments in agriculture, appear to be more highly correlated with irrigated land than with dryland agriculture. Recent data indicate an upper limit of about 320 million acres for dryland farming in the United States, while no such constraint is apparent for irrigated agriculture.
BEDLOAD TRANSPORT IN A POOL‐RIFFLE SEQUENCE OF A COASTAL ALASKA STREAM1
Authors: Campbell A. J. , Sidle R. C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A Helley‐Smith pressure differential bedload sampler was used to measure bedload transport at consecutive riffle sections of a riffle‐pool‐riffle sequence on Bambi Creek, a small (154 ha), second‐order stream on Chichagof Island, Alaska, during four storms over a 2‐year period. Maximum bedload transport rate measured was 4920 kg/h at a streamflow of 2.35 m3/s corresponding to a storm having a 5‐year return interval. Transport of larger sediment (> 8 mm) varied systematically with streamflow at the two sampling locations. At flows up to approximately bankfull, transport of large sediment was greatest at the upstream site; at flows above bankfull, transport of large sediment was greatest at the downstream site. The net import of large sediment to the pool during moderate stormflows and net export of large sediment from the pool during flows above bankfull may be related to a “convergence” or “reversal” of competence between the upstream riffle and subsequent pool at flows approximating bankfull stage. Cross‐sections monitored within the study reach indicate that stormflows resulted in net filling of the riffle sections and net scour of the pool; periods of low streamflow resulted in net scour of the riffles and net filling of the pooL
PAST AND FUTURE OF ANALYSIS OF WATER RESOURCES TIME SERIES1
Authors: Yevjevich Vujica , Harmancioglu Nilgun Bayraktar
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: water resources supply and demand time series consist of several or all of the four basic characteristics: tendency, intermittency, periodicity and stochasticity. Their importance changes from one type of variables to another. Historic developments of analysis of time series in hydrology have varied significantly over the past, from the stress on search for periodicities and persistence in annual series to the emphasis on the series stochastic properties. Supply and demand series are often highly interrelated, which fact is most often neglected in planning water resources systems in general, and water storage capacities in particular. The future of series analysis in water resources will likely be by a joint use of physically‐based structural analysis and the use of advanced methods of treating data by stochastic processes, statistical estimation and inference techniques. The most intriguing challenge of the future of this analysis may be the treatment of nonnormal, nonlinear and in general nonstationary hydrologic and water use time series. The proper treatment of complex multivariate processes will also challenge the specialists, especially for the purposes of transfer of information between data on variables at given points, or between data at several points of a given variable, or both.
SOME SIMPLE MODELS FOR DISCRETE VARIATE TIME SERIES1
Authors: McKenzie Ed.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:Simple models are presented for use in the modeling and generation of sequences of dependent discrete random variables. The models are essentially Markov Chains, but are structurally autoregressions, and so depend on only a few parameters. The marginal distribution is an intrinsic component in the specification of each model, and the Poisson, Geometric, Negative Binomial and Binomial distributions are considered. Details are also given for the introduction of time‐dependence into the means of the sequences so that seaonality can be treated simply.
FRACTIONAL DIFFERENCING MODELING IN HYDROLOGY1
Authors: Hosking J. R. M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Fractional differencing is a tool for modeling time series which have long‐term dependence; i.e., series in which the correlation between distant observations, though small, is not negligible. Fractionally differenced ARIMA models are formed by permitting the differencing parameter d in the familiar Box‐Jenkins ARIMA(p, d, q) models to take nonintegral values; they permit the simultaneous modeling of the long‐term and short‐term behavior of an observed time series. This paper discusses the usefulness of fractional differencing to time‐series modeling, with emphasis on hydrologic applications. A methodology for fitting fractionally differenced ARIMA models is described, and examples are presented.
CONTEMPORANEOUS AUTOREGRESSIVE‐MOVING AVERAGE (CARMA) MODELING IN WATER RESOURCES1
Authors: Camacho Fernando , McLeod A. Ian , Hipel Keith W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:The Contemporaneous Autoregressive‐Moving Average (CARMA) model is a simple and efficient model that can be used to fit many multivariate hydrological time series. For certain types of multistation river flow systems, the CARMA model is naturally obtained when the physical restrictions of the system or the characteristics of the data are taken in consideration during the formulation of the model. It is shown how the CARMA model can optimally be used to handle multiple time series where the number of observations in each series may be different. Adequate model building techniques, as well as computational and statistical efficient algorithms to estimate the parameters of the model, are given. The methodologies and applications of the CARMA model are illustrated with three examples. It is also shown how the full multivariate ARMA model may lead to losses in efficient of the estimators when the CARMA model is adequate.
BIAS IN HYDROLOGIC PREDICTION USING LOG‐TRANSFORMED REGRESSION MODELS1
Authors: Koch Roy W. , Smillie Gary M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Hydrologic variables are related through a complex set of dynamic processes. Due to this complexity, empirical, usually statistical, models are used for the synthesis of records or extentions of short‐term data. Two statistical models applied are the power function and the exponential function of a hydrologic variable expressed in terms of streamflow. Parameters are usually estimated using least squares analysis on a linear relationship between a logarithmic transformation of the variables. This procedure produces biased results when used to predict an individual value or the long‐term mean. Assuming the errors of the linear model are normally distributed, the bias is derived and is shown to result from the inverse transformation process. For cases where the errors are not normal, a nonparametric approach is used to estimate the bias. Evaluation of the implications for water quality, sediment and streamflow forecasting show the magnitude of the bias to vary with the particular application and to be significant in a few cases. Use of this simple technique for sediment discharge did not provide accurate results and should be questioned in general. Since no general conclusions can be drawn from this study as to when the bias is significant, evaluation in each situation is recommended as standard practice in hydrologic regression when a transformation is applied.
ORGANIZATION OF THE WATER POLICY PROCESS “FROM THE BOTTOM UP”: THE RED RIVER VALLEY OF THE NORTH EXPERIMENT1
Authors: Harrison David C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The water policy process should weight and integrate a full range of social, economic and environmental considerations in defining the public interest. In practice, isolated elements of this process are performed by the existing legislative, administrative and judicial processes. Neither individually nor together do they do all of it. Until the political process defines the public interest, perceptions will persist that we do not have national water policy or a unified process for developing it.

We have yet to mount a legitimate organizational attack on the problem of policy coordination and institutional fragmentation on a national scale. Experience with the U.S. Water Resources Council and Title II river basin commissions taught that we must develop a better understanding of the roles of public policy and policy leadership in a democratic society. We must specifically go beyond putting administrative agencies together to talk about water management to putting the main constituencies together to talk about water policy.

The political and economic leadership of the Red River Valley of the North have undertaken to provide unified policy direction for water use and management for their 60,000‐square‐mile region. The guiding concept was provided by the author, who also intervened in the role of organizer. An enthusiastic constituency formed for the process when it was established that the process began at the local level and it was the Valley's own responsibility to make it work.

This paper describes the approach used to organize the policy process in the Red River Valley and analyzes the response. It concludes that the bottom‐up philosophy of this administration will readily take root if prototype initiatives like the Red can be undertaken elsewhere and if our political and economic leadership, who must take the initiative, receive guidance and support at the local level and on a regional scale, It concludes that the “basin approach” will prove valid if “local statesmen” acquire the means to institutionalize it.
UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH AND STATE LEGISLATURES1
Authors: Kundell James E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Societal trends indicate an increased need for university water researchers to develop and improve working relationships with state legislatures to help ensure that water related legislation is based on sound water resources information. Recommendations for providing technical support to state legislatures on water resources issues include: the necessity for researchers to take the initiative; the importance of researchers capitalizing on existing linkages; the need to maintain a continuous link between key legislators, legislative staff, and researchers; and the need for researchers to provide comprehensible information in a timely manner.
STREAM NITRATE‐N LOADS IN RELATION TO VARIATIONS IN ANNUAL AND SEASONAL RUNOFF REGIMES1
Authors: Hill A. R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The calculation of stream nutrient loads from a sampling period of one year or, at most, a few years may provide an inaccurate estimate of average seasonal or annual loads due to considerable year‐to‐year variations in hydrological regime. The number of years of record required to give a reliable estimate of long‐term average NO3‐N loads was analyzed for E. Duffin Creek and the Nottawasaga River in Ontario, Canada. Nitrate load rating relationships were used in combination with a continuous stream discharge record for 22 years (E. Duffin Creek) and 34 years (Nottawasaga River) to simulate long‐term seasonal and annual variation in NO3.N loads. The errors involved in calculating average loads were examined by comparing the loads derived from sampling periods of one or more consecutive years duration with the estimated long‐term average load for the two rivers. Annual NO3‐N loads for a single year deviated from the long‐term average load by ± 20 to 53 percent in 8 out of 22 years in E. Duffin Creek and in 13 of 34 years in the Nottawasaga River. Six consecutive years of record would be required for both rivers to ensure that an error of > ± 20 percent would occur in only 5 percent of these observation periods. February‐April NO3‐N loads for a single year could deviate by up to +90 percent or ‐61 percent from the long‐term average spring period load for the two rivers. A sampling period of at least 6–7 years would be needed to estimate average NO3‐N loads for the spring runoff season with an error <± 20 percent.
SIMULATION OF SALTWATER INTRUSION IN VOLUSIA COUNTY, FLORIDA1
Authors: Mercer James W. , Lester Barry H. , Thomas Stephen D. , Bartel Ronald L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Volusia County, in east central Florida, comprises approximately 1,200 square miles situated between the St. Johns River and the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the County is underlain by a three‐aquifer system. Population centers in Volusia County, which create a large water demand, are located near the coast. Saltwater intrusion into the ground water near these population centers has led to relocation of public water supply wells further inland. Regional management of the county's water resources commissioned construction of a three‐dimensional computer model of the county. Predevelopment simulation results were used as initial conditions for the development simulations, which included well discharge data. The predevelopment model calibration consisted of reproducing field‐determined potentiometric surfaces. As part of the calibration process, sensitivity analyses were performed on boundary conditions, recharge rates, permeability, and leakage properties. Results of the model study indicate the utility of computer models as a management tool for the complex ground‐water system in Volusia County.
MISSISSIPPI EMBAYMENT AQUIFER SYSTEM IN MISSISSIPPI: GEOHYDROLOGIC DATA COMPILATION FOR FLOW MODEL SIMULATION1
Authors: Arthur J. K. , Taylor R. E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: As part of the Gulf Coast Regional Aquifer System Analysis (GC RASA) study, data from 184 geophysical well logs were used to define the geohydrologic framework of the Mississippi embayment aquifer system in Mississippi for flow model simulation. Five major aquifers of Eocene and Paleocene age were defined within this aquifer system in Mississippi.

A computer data storage system was established to assimilate the information obtained from the geophysical logs. Computer programs were developed to manipulate the data to construct geologic sections and structure maps. Data from the storage system will be input to a five‐layer, three‐dimensional, finite‐difference digital computer model that is used to simulate the flow dynamics in the five major aquifers of the Mississippi embayment aquifer system.
WETLAND ECOSYSTEM STUDIES FROM A HYDROLOGIC PERSPECTIVE1
Authors: LaBaugh James W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Selected studies from the literature were reviewed to determine the extent of knowledge about the relationship between hydrology and wetland ecosystem studies. Wetland studies of chemical input‐output relationships have been the most dependent on hydrologic data of all wetland investigations; yet, very few of these studies have attempted to measure all components of a wetland's water balance. Usually, unmeasured components were calculated as the difference between measured inputs and outputs. Ground water frequently was overlooked. Chemical input‐output investigations primarily were concerned with determining the amount of input retained in the wetlands. Few studies also included direct measurement of biogeochemical processes within wetlands of elements that were part of simultaneous input‐output investigations. The importance of uncertainties in chemical budgets that are due to uncertainties in hydrologic budgets has been addressed in very few wetland investigations. Although many studies have emphasized the importance of hydrology to wetland ecosystem research, few studies have documented this, so that hydrology remains one of the least understood components of wetland ecosystems.
APPLICABILITY OF THE GREEN AND AMPT INFILTRATION EQUATION TO RANGELANDS1
Authors: Devaurs Micheline , Gifford Gerald F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to investigate the use of Green and Ampt infiltration equation parameters (determined by least squares fitting of field infiltration data or predicted from soil texture properties) to characterize infiltration on spatially varying rangeland sites. It was found that a least squares regression approach reduces the physically based parameters in the Green and Ampt to empirical coefficients since negative coefficients are obtained, particularly on plots with low infiltration rates. Green and Ampt parameters predicted from soil texture data describe infiltration rates less than 3 cm/hr. The applicability of these Green and Ampt parameters appears limited to sites with lower infiltration rates. Results indicate that soil texture predictive triangles, developed to describe infiltration on agricultural soils, need revision to adequately describe infiltration patterns on rangelands.
EFFICACY AND COST OF AQUATIC WEED CONTROL IN SMALL PONDS'
Authors: Shireman Jerome V. , Colle Douglas E. , Canfield Daniel E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Twenty, 0.2 hectare ponds were utilized for a four‐year evaluation of three aquatic vegetation control techniques: a combination of inorganic fertilization and mechanical harvesting, aquatic herbicides, and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Ponds used for herbicide and grass carp treatments were managed at three levels of aquatic vegetation (none, 40 and 70 percent plant occupation). Submersed vegetation was not controlled with inorganic fertilization. Vegetation levels were maintained for less than 30 days after mechanicai harvesting. Submersed macrophytes were not completely eliminated with herbicides, but the herbicide treatments utilized were effective at maintaining aquatic vegetation above 30 percent pond volume occupation. Grass carp consumed all species of submersed vegetation at the stocking densities used in this study; therefore, planned levels of submersed macrophytes were not maintained. Grass carp did not consume all floating leaf vegetation, but after four years some grass carp ponds did have lower densities of floating leaf plants. Fertilization costs were $608/hectare/year, and mechanical harvesting costs were $1979/hectare/year, resulting in a total aquatic vegetation treatment cost of $2587/hectare/ year. Herbicide costs for the different treatment levels ranged from $417/hectare/year to $1339/hectare/year over the four‐year period. Grass carp were the most economical vegetation control measure tested, with costs ranging from $159/hectare/year to $248/hectare/year for the four‐year study.
UTILIZATION OF MODELS IN WATER RESOURCES1
Authors: Al Austin T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A 1984 survey of water resources personnel was conducted to determine the current and future uses of mathematical models in planning, design and operations of water resources systems. Eighty‐six percent of those responding indicated they have used mathematical models in the last year. Lack of appropriate data, inadequate time and funding to do the modeling and lack of models that represent the “real world” situation were the most frequently mentioned constraints to model use. Microcomputers were seen as having a positive influence on mathematical model use in water resources.
ACCUMULATION OF SELECTED TRACE METALS IN SOILS OF URBAN RUNOFF SWALE DRAINS1
Authors: Wigington Parker J. , Randall Clifford W. , Grizzard Thomas J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Field investigations were conducted at three sites in the Washington, D.C., area to detect the accumulation patterns of the trace metals, cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in the soils of roadside grassed swale drains that had been receiving urban stormwater runoff. Two sites were residential areas and one site was an intensively used highway. The research results seem to indicate that the use of swale drains to control urban stormwater runoff had few harmful effects to fine textured soils with respect to the study metals. With the exception of zinc, typical roadside patterns of decreasing metal concentrations with increasing distance from roads were observed for the upper 5 cm of study soils. Zinc accumulated in residential grassed swales due to leachate from galvanized curverts. Sampling to a depth of 60 cm revealed no evidence of subsurface trace metal enrichment in the study swales. Although the percentage of soil zinc in leachable form was as high as 20 percent of total zinc concentrations, the other study metals had small leachable components. Leachable lead was always less than 1 percent of the total lead.
IDENTIFICATION OF SOLUTE LOADING SOURCES TO A SURFACE STREAM1
Authors: Rittmaster Rochelle L. , Mueller David K.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A study was performed to identify sources of solute loading to the Dirty Devil River and its major tributaries, in southeastern Utah. A primary goal was to determine the contribution of gypsum dissolution to total dissolved solids concentration, and its potential increase in the future if salinity control measures are instituted. Synoptic field data were collected during the low flow period in October 1983. Data were analyzed using the geochemistry models WATEQF and BALANCE to postulate mineral reactions leading to solute loading. Three known sources of solute loading, involving two different geochemical mechanisms, were clearly discernable. Two additional areas of possible gypsum dissolution were located.
ALGAL BIOASSAY AND GROSS PRODUCTIVITY EXPERIMENTS USING SEWAGE EFFLUENT IN A MICHIGAN WETLAND'
Authors: Richardson Curtis J. , Schweglei Benedict R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: One component of the filamentous algal community of a northern fen ecosystem in central Michigan was studied under conditions of nutrient enrichment by secondarily treated sewage effluent during one growing season. The productivity of Cladophora spp. measured by continuous flow bioassay was 2.6 g dry weight m day at the site of effluent addition compared to 0.085 g m day at the control site. Under conditions of nutrient enrichment, uptake by bioassay Cladophora spp. averaged 12 mg m−2day−1for phosphorus and 55 mg m−2day−1for nitrogen, compared to 0.01 mg m−2 day−1and 0.16 mg m−2day−1for phosphorus and nitrogen, respectively, in the control area. At the end of the growing season approximately 4.3 g N m−2 and 0.96 g P m−2were immobilized in Cladophora algal biomass. Algal growth temporarily immobilized 3.0 percent of the nitrogen and 1.0 percent of the phosphorus added as sewage effluent. Gross productivity of surface water in the fen averaged 1.5 g O2m−2day−1at the nutrient enriched site, compared to 0.5 g O2 m−2day−1at the control area. Gross productivity, community respiration and reaeration constant values in the fen were similar to data collected by other researchers in shallow water aquatic systems, but only at the fertilized sites.
A TWO‐DIMENSIONAL PARTICLE TRACKING ESTUARINE TRANSPORT MODEL1
Authors: Chu Wen‐sen , Gardner Shenill
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A two‐dimensional particle tracking model is developed for estuarine water quality investigation. The method requires only the solution of a two‐dimensional hydrodynamics model and, therefore, is more economical to use than conventional multi‐dimensional estuarine transport models. The present model does not consider turbulent diffusion, and it handles only conservative constituents. The model was applied to Humboldt Bay, California, where the flushing of sewage effluent was simulated. The model was applied to evaluate the present release plan, and to determine alternative release plans for limiting the transport of sewage effluent into shellfish producing areas Within the Bay.
FLOOD FORECASTING FOR TUCURUI HYDROELECTRICAL PLANT, BRAZIL1
Authors: Solomon S. I. , Basso E. , Osorio C. , de Moraes H. Melo , Serrano A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The construction of the Tucurui Hydroelectric Plant on the Tocantins River basin in Brazil requires flood forecasting for ensuring the safety of the cofferdam. The latter has been initially designed for a flood with a return frequency of one in 25 years. Lack of adequate forecasting facilities during the earlier stages of construction has resulted in significant damages and construction delays. Statistical forecasting models were developed by Projeto de Hidrologiay Climatologie da Amazonia (PHCA) for the purpose of preventing further damages at the site. These models are currently in use and are the subject of this paper. The application of these models during the 1980 flood season, when the highest flood on record occurred at the Tucurui site, proved of great assistance in preventing the flooding of the cofferdam. In conjunction with the development of these models a number of data collection platforms using data transmission through the GOES system were installed to provide automatically the data required for forecasting.
COMPARISON OF FOUR ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATES AND THE PONAR GRAB FOR BENTHIC INVERTEBRATE COLLECTION1
Authors: Slack Keith V. , Ferreira Rodger F. , Averett Robert C
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Four different bottom‐placed artificial substrates were compared with the Ponar grab for collecting benthic invertebrates. Artificial substrate samples of organisms were larger and more diverse than those of the grab. Barbeque Basket samplers caught the most taxa and individuals and Beak Trays caught the least. Chironomids and crustaceans were dominant in artificial substrate samples. Exposure habitat (left or right bank) determined taxa availability, whereas sampler design determined suitability for colonization by the taxa. Diversity for Beak Tray samples was lower than that for other artificial substrates but higher than for Ponar samples. The Barbeque Basket, Bull Basket, and Multiple Plate samples were taxonomically similar. Ponar samples were different, and Beak Trays were of intermediate similarity. As qualitative samplers, Barbeque Baskets were 63 percent efficient, followed by Bull Baskets (55 percent), Multiple Plates (48 percent), Beak Trays (38 percent), and Ponar Grabs (6–10 percent). Bull Baskets required the least and Beak Trays the most replicates to be within a preselected percentage error of the mean at the 95 percent probability level for numbers of taxa and individuals, and for diversity. Under conditions of the study, Bull Baskets ranked highest, followed by Barbeque Baskets and Multiple Plates, in selected performance criteria. Differences between grab and artificial substrate samples are explainable in terms of major riverine habitats and characteristics of the collection methods.
THE EFFICIENCY OF WATER PRICING: A RATE OF RETURN ANALYSIS FOR MUNICIPAL WATER DEPARTMENTS1
Authors: Mercer Lloyd J. , Morgan W. Douglas
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The rate of return on invested capital can be used as a guide to resource allocation by municipal water departments (MWD's) in the same way it is used in the private sector. To achieve economic efficiency, the target rate of return for MWD's should be the market rate of return as an approximation to the opportunity cost of capital. The actual internal rate of return for a sample of 30 California MWD's for the period 1970‐1982 is calculated for this study. The operating internal rate of return varies across the sample MWD's from less than 2 percent to 14 percent. If 10 percent is taken as the opportunity cost of capital, 25 of the 30 MWD's were inefficient; i.e., earned less than 10 percent. Half the sample earned less than 5 percent. An examination of potential causes of low rates of return shows that low average water prices are the primary reason for the low rates of return. For efficient operation, MWD's should set a target rate of return equal to the opportunity cost of capital and adjust water prices so as to achieve that target.
REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF METHODS FOR QUANTIFYING INSTREAM FLOW REQUIREMENTS1
Authors: Estes Christopher C. , Orsborn John F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Present guidelines for selecting a method to determine instream flow requirements and evaluating the validity of the results from a particular method are insufficient. This paper contributes to the efforts of researchers to develop a guide and critique for instream flow methods.

A review of instreani flow methods and recommendations for their application is supplemented by a summary of a comparison of four independent analyses. The four analyses: the Physical Habitat Simulation System approach of the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Montana Method by Tennant, and two methods by Orsborn (Maximum Spawning Area Flow and Maximum Spawning Area) represent resource intensive and simplistic data collection and analysis methods. Each analysis was used to independently determine flows to support spawning by chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in Willow Creek, Alaska.

Results of these analyses indicate that each method can be used independently or collectively to generate instream flow recommendations, if calibrated to the site or area studied. Once adjusted to the species and basin of interest, methods similar to the Montana and two Orsborn methods should be used to determine flow recommendations for areas where competition for water is minimal. The Instream Flow Incremental Methodology or similar methods should be applied when competition for water is keen or when detailed evaluations of the responses of species/life phases to flow variations are required.
MANAGEMENT OF INSTREAM FLOWS THROUGH RUNOFF DETENTION AND RETENTION1
Authors: Van Haveren Bruce P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The use of reservoirs and land treatments to manage streamflow for the maintenance or enhancement of instream flow values is a valid concept. Historically, large reservoirs have been used for flood control and water‐supply regulation. Smaller structures have enjoyed widespread use for soil and water conservation in headwater areas. Where reservoir releases can be controlled, it is technically feasible to regulate flows for the enhancement of instream values. However, institutional and political obstacles may preclude the operation of some reservoirs for this purpose. Retention and detention structures and land treatments, implemented for soil and water conservation purposes, have often had favorable effects on the streamflow hydrograph. Decreases in peak flows and increases in low flows have been documented. Design concepts for runoff‐control structures are discussed in relation to instream flow management objectives. Hydro‐logic simulation is offered as a potential tool for project design and feasibility analysis.
AN EFFICIENT RESPONSE MATRIX METHOD FOR COUPLING A GROUNDWATER SIMULATOR AND A REGIONAL AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT MODEL1
Authors: Lemoine Pierre H. , Reichard Eric G. , Remson Irwin
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: By extending the concept of response matrix to consider “active” and “passive” effects, an efficient response matrix method is developed for coupling a groundwater simulator and a regional agricultural management model The method eliminates the need to store all of the recovery information from preceding time periods. Active effects are those which occur during the actual application of a pumping or recharge stress while passive effects represent the recovery of water levels from an initial departure from steady‐state conditions at the beginning of a time step. Derivation of the required matrices and a numerical example are presented for the Salinas Valley groundwater basin in California.
ALTERNATIVES TO THE USE OF AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE WELLS1
Authors: Kanwar R. S. , Baker J. L. , Melvin S. W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A large number of agricultural drainage wells (ADWs) are located in north‐central Iowa. These wells permit sediments, pesticides, nitrate, and bacteria in surface and subsurface drainage water to enter regional aquifers that are currently being used for drinking‐water supplies, mostly by rural families and communities. This paper reports some possible alternatives to control the entry of surface and subsurface drainage waters into groundwater systems, and describes a methodology to make comprehensive economic feasibility studies of alternative drainage outlets. The estimated cost of providing main subsurface drains varied from $220 to $960 per hectare. If the use of ADWs was completely eliminated without providing alternative drainage, it is estimated that the average annual loss to the farmers of the area would be at least $270 per hectare in reduced crop yields. Of course, losses would be weather dependent and highly variable. Management practices to reduce the pollutant load in water draining to ADWs are also discussed.
AN EVALUATION OF WEEKLY AND MONTHLY TIME SERIES FORECASTS OF MUNICIPAL WATER USE1
Authors: Franklin Sheryl L. , Maidment David R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A cascade model for forecasting municipal water use one week or one month ahead, conditioned on rainfall estimates, is presented and evaluated. The model comprises four components: long term trend, seasonal cycle, autocorrelation and correlation with rainfall. The increased forecast accuracy obtained by the addition of each component is evaluated. The City of Deerfield Beach, Florida, is used as the application example with the calibration period from 1976–1980 and the forecast period the drought year of 1981. Forecast accuracy is measured by the average absolute relative error (AARE, the average absolute value of the difference between actual and forecasted use, divided by the actual use). A benchmark forecast is calculated by assuming that water use for a given week or month in 1981 is the same as the average for the corresponding period from 1976 to 1980. This method produces an AARE of 14.6 percent for one step ahead forecasts of monthly data and 15.8 percent for weekly data. A cascade model using trend, seasonality and autocorrelation produces forecasts with AARE of about 12 percent for both monthly and weekly data while adding a linear relationship of water use and rainfall reduces the AARE to 8 percent in both cases if it is assumed that rainfall is known during the forecast period. Simple rainfall predictions do not increase the forecast accuracy for water use so the major utility of relating water use and rainfall lies in forecasting various possible water use sequences conditioned on sequences of historical rainfall data.
EFFECT OF INFLUENT PHOSPHORUS REDUCTIONS ON GREAT LAKES SEWAGE TREATMENT COSTS1
Authors: Sonzogni William C. , Heidtke Thomas M
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Controlling phosphorus sources, such as laundry detergents, for eutrophication control has been the aim of water resources management in many areas. However, the advisability of limiting phosphorus in raw wastewater continues to be debated. One aspect that has received little attention is the cost savings at sewage treatment plants practing phosphorus removal. It is estimated, based on available data and observations where detergent phosphorus has been reduced, that cost savings could range from about $0.20 to $1.70 per capita per year for an influent reduction of about 1.5 mg/L of phosphorus. These savings result mostly from a decrease in the amount of chemicals needed to remove phosphorus at the plant as well as a decrease in sludge production. For the U.S. Great Lakes basin, total annual savings amounting to several million dollars are projected given a basin‐wide ban. Although estimates of cost savings are presented for the Great Lakes basin, the results are applicable to other areas where phosphorus controls are being considered.
PREDICTING BASEFLOW ALKALINITY AS AN INDEX TO EPISODIC STREAM ACIDIFICATION AND FISH PRESENCE1
Authors: DeWalle David R. , Dinicola Richard S. , Sharpe William E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Regression models to predict baseflow alkalinity from basin hydrogeology were developed and verified for headwater streams on the Laurel Hill anticline in southwestern Pennsylvania. Predicted baseflow alkalinities were then used to estimate sensitivity to acidification and presence of trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations for 61 headwater streams. Sensitivity classifications were verified by surveying trout populations. Geologic variables relating to the carbonate rock burial depth, extent of carbonate rock recharge areas, and length of stream channel flowing through effluent carbonate rock outcrops were much more useful in predicting baseflow alkalinity than areal extent of carbonate rocks. Baseflow alkalinity was not well related to status of trout populations on these anticlinal basins, especially on noneffluent basins where bedrock dip exceeded surface slope.
REGIONAL APPLICATION OF AN APPROXIMATE STREAMFLOW PARTITIONING METHOD1
Authors: Shirmohammadi Adel , Sheridan J. M. , Knisel W. G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The approximate streamflow partitioning method which uses daily rainfall and streamfiow data was applied in Coastal Plain, Coastal Flatwoods, and Southern Piedmont physiographic regions for estimation of the surface and subsurface flow components of total streainflow. Sizes of the watersheds ranged from 9.6 km2 to 1,030 km. Although the streamflow partitioning method was developed and tested on the Coastal Plain physiographic region, results indicate that the procedure can be applied to other physiographic regions where available data are limited to daily values. The effect of channelization on the partitioned flow components in the Coastal Plain and Coastal Flatwoods physiographic areas was also examined. While channelization was found to decrease the storm‐time base, it had no significant effect on the relative percentages of the partitioned flow components.
LOW DISCHARGE PERIODS OF RIVERS IN THE UPPER VISTULA RIVER BASIN, POLAND1
Authors: Tlalka Alicja , Tlalka Jacek
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A method is presented for determining low discharge periods of rivers based on threshold values defined in terms of MEAN OF MINIMUM SUMMER (WINTER) DISCHARGES. The method is used to determine summer low flow periods in the Vistula River basin in Poland. Analysis is based on daily discharge data for 84 basins of the Upper Vistula River which was collected by the Polish Institute of Meteorology and Water Economy.
VELOCITY CONTROL AS A TOOL FOR OPTIMAL PLUME CONTAINMENT IN THE EQUUS BEDS AQUIFER, KANSAS1
Authors: Heidari M. , Sadeghipour J. , Drici O.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A ground‐water‐management model was developed to investigate the best management options for the containment of an oil‐field‐brine plume in the Equus Beds aquifer in south‐central Kansas. The main purpose of the management model was to find the optimal locations and minimum rates of pumpage of a set of plume‐interception wells, to successfully reverse the velocity vectors at observation wells located along the plume front, and also to satisfy freshwater demands from supply wells. The effects of the calculated minimum withdrawals from the interception wells on the migration of contaminants throughout the ground‐water system were evaluated utilizing a solute‐transport model. This latter analysis was carried out to ensure the containment of the plume. Whereas application of the management model to the study area achieves the management objectives, the implementation of the results is believed to be impractical and expensive. This is because a considerable amount of water must be pumped out to reverse the velocity vectors in the vicinity of the plume. In general, the proposed technique of pollutant containment may be effective when applied to aquifers having low hydraulic gradients and/or to aquifers with hazardous plumes whose containment is not subject to economic constraints.
HYDROLOGIC SIMULATION OF THE BRANDYWINE BASIN1
Authors: Huang Shu‐Li , Keenan John D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A deterministic hydrologic model, encompassing the hydrologic regime and all water uses, is developed by integrating empirical hydrologic relationships. The Brandywine Basin, located in southeastern Pennsylvania and northern Delaware, is used as an example to demonstrate this modeling effort. The basin is divided into 19 subwatersheds to account for the spatial variation of resource characteristics. The output of the model is the response of the hydrologic system to various inputs such as precipitation, land use characteristics and policy decisions. This modeling effort is applicable to watersheds similar to the Brandywine Basin in size, and once the model is developed and validated, can be applied continuously in the management and planning of water resources such as predicting the hydrologic effects of proposed projects and simulating hydrologic information.
GENERALIZED WATERSHED LOADING FUNCTIONS FOR STREAM FLOW NUTRIENTS1
Authors: Haith Douglas A. , Shoemaker Leslie L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Loading functions are proposed as a general model for estimating monthly nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes in stream flow. The functions have a simple mathematical structure, describe a wide range of rural and urban nonpoint sources, and couple surface runoff and ground water discharge. Rural runoff loads are computed from daily runoff and erosion and monthly sediment yield calculations. Urban runoff loads are based on daily nutrient accumulation rates and exponential wash off functions. Ground water discharge is determined by lumped parameter unsaturated and saturated zone soil moisture balances. Default values for model chemical parameters were estimated from literature values. Validation studies over a three‐year period for an 850 km2 watershed showed that the loading functions explained at least 90 percent of the observed monthly variation in dissolved and total nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes in stream flow. Errors in model predictions of mean monthly fluxes were: dissolved phosphorus ‐ 4 percent; total phosphorus ‐ 2 percent; dissolved nitrogen ‐ 18 percent; and total nitrogen ‐ 28 percent. These results were obtained without model calibration.
GROUND‐WATER TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS AT LYONS FERRY FISH HATCHERY, WASHINGTON1
Authors: Oberlander P. L. , Myers D. A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The well field serving the Lyons Ferry Fish Hatchery has experienced reduced water temperatures following continued, periodic withdrawal of large volumes of water. In January 1985, the well field temperature was 49°F, which is less than the optimal 52°F for raising salmon and steelhead trout. The aquifer supplying the hatchery is in hydraulic and thermal connection with the Snake River and a flooded embayment of the Palouse River. Ground‐water temperatures in the well field cycle on an annual basis in response to changes in surface water temperature and pumping rate. Numerical simulation of the well field, using a simplified mixing cell model, demonstrates the coupling of well field hydraulics and aquifer thermal response. Alternative pumping schedules indicate that it is feasible to adjust ground‐water pumping to effectively store heat in the aquifer during the summer months when surface water temperatures are elevated. Sensitivity analysis of this model indicated that the primary controls of the system's thermal response are the volume of the aquifer assumed to contribute to the well field and temperature of the overlying surface water body.
AUTOMATIC BOTTLE SEALING MECHANISM FOR SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING OF VOLATILE ORGANICS IN WATER1
Authors: Ho James Shou‐Yien
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The design, construction, and evaluation of two automatic bottle sealing mechanisms for the collection of volatile organic compounds in water are described. Manually collected samples were either stored in uncapped bottles or in bottles capped with the automatic bottle sealing mechanisms. After 24 hours' storage, significant losses of volatile compounds from uncapped samples occurred even if the samples were stored at 4°C, but not for the samples capped with the automatic bottle sealing mechanisms. The mechanism for sealing the sample bottles was integrated into a commercial sampler with minor modifications to the sampler. The sampling system was then evaluated under controlled conditions to simulate actual field sampling. The results showed that the system was suitable for taking sequential discrete water samples automatically for 24 hours without significant losses of volatile organic compounds.