bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conceptualizing Social Behaviour
Authors: Birch Jonathan
Published: November 2017

Hamilton classified social behaviours by the sign of their effects on the reproductive success of the actor and the recipient, leading to a four-part schema that categorizes behaviour as altruistic, selfish, mutually beneficial, or spiteful. While broadly endorsing Hamilton’s approach, this chapter argues that we should categorize social behaviour in terms of the selection processes that have maintained the behaviour in recent evolutionary history. Given its close affinity with a recent history theory of function, this approach faces objections that parallel the well-known objections to that theory, but parallel responses are also available. This chapter further argues that the classification of an action should be (i) strategy-relative and (ii) task-relative.
The Multicellular Organism as a Social Phenomenon
Authors: Birch Jonathan
Published: November 2017

As Hamilton observed, the stability of cooperation within clonal groups of cells is no mystery, since the cells’ inclusive fitness interests are aligned. However, the process of social group transformation, by means of which a social group of cells is transformed into a multicellular individual with a division of labour among multiple cell types, remains mysterious. In both multicellular organisms and eusocial insects, group size and the number of specialized types are closely linked. As Bourke has argued, positive feedback is likely to be crucial in explaining the relationship between size and complexity, and a social perspective on the organism helps us understand this feedback loop. This chapter proposes an expanded feedback loop in which the relationship between group size and specialization is mediated by the degree of redundancy (which may be either passive or active) in task structures.
… and Climbing Out Again
Authors: Birch Jonathan
Published: November 2017

This chapter lists in brief some of the key claims for which the book has argued. It then provides a conclusion to the book, relating some of the book’s recurring themes to other debates in the philosophy of biology and sketching some directions for future work. The first theme is the relationship between statistics and causality, which is connected to the long-running clash between ‘statisticalist’ and ‘causalist’ interpretations of evolutionary theory. The second theme is the way in which inclusive fitness synthesizes the organism-centred and gene-centred perspectives on evolution, pointing the way towards a Hamiltonian approach to culture that may offer a novel synthesis of agent-centred and meme-centred approaches to cultural change. The third theme is the conceptual connection, due to the importance of horizontal transmission in both cases, between genetic evolution in microbes and cultural evolution in humans.
Political Equality as the Foundation of Democracy
Authors: Dalton Russell J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the theoretical arguments for equality in democratic participation. Long-term evidence for the United States shows that participation levels are increasing overall. At the same time, the participation gap in who is active is also widening. It also reviews the civic voluntarism model that describes the factors that affect the inequality of participation within and between nations. Differences in social status are a key determinant of participation, social groups can mobilize individuals to participate, and citizen values affect participation levels. Aspects of the social structure, party system, and institutional structures may also influence the size of the participation gap.
The Special Case of Online Activism
Authors: Dalton Russell J.
Published: November 2017

Previous scholarship has offered mixed opinions on how online activism will change patterns of political participation. Surveys of Americans in 2008 and 2012 provide empirical evidence on how people use the internet as a method of political participation. In some instances, internet activism substitutes for traditional offline forms of participation. But the opportunity for online participation also increases the active share of the public. As with other participation modes, the better educated are more likely to use online activity, which can further widen the participation gap. Social media are further changing how citizens participate in the political process by connecting individuals with shared political interests into communities of action.
Introduction
Authors: de Vignemont Frédérique
Published: November 2017

The embodied approach claims to return the mind to the body. This book returns the body to the mind. Let us leave aside what the body can do for cognition and focus on what it feels like to have a body. We constantly receive a flow of information about it, and yet the phenomenology of bodily awareness is relatively limited. It seems at first sight reducible to the “feeling of the same old body always there” or to a mere “feeling of warmth and intimacy” (James, 1890, p. 242). But when our body becomes less familiar we can grasp the many ways our body can appear to us. In particular, the experience of phantom limbs in amputees best brings bodily awareness into the limelight. The chapter describes a series of puzzling results, which raise fundamental questions about how we experience our body.
The Bodyguard Hypothesis
Authors: de Vignemont Frédérique
Published: November 2017

How are the sense of ownership and the sense of agency related? Does one need to be able to control one’s body to experience it as one’s own? One may suggest that the sense of bodily ownership is grounded in action-orientated representations of the body. However, this agentive hypothesis cannot explain how one can experience as one’s own a rubber hand that is not under control, while not experiencing as one’s own tools that are under control. The chapter then argues that one needs to distinguish between two kinds of hot body maps: the working body map involved in instrumental actions, and the protective body map involved in self-defence. It is proposed that one experiences as one’s own the body represented in the protective body map, which represents the body that has a special significance for the evolutionary needs of the organism.
Discovering Architecture
Authors: Walker Matthew
Published: November 2017

This chapter deals with the genesis of architectural knowledge. In particular, it explores those rare moments when early modern English authors wrote about newly discovered examples of ancient architecture, the most important forms of architectural knowledge that existed. I will discuss three such accounts (all published in the Philosophical Transactions) of Roman York, Palmyra, and ancient Athens. These three texts share a preoccupation with truth and accuracy, as befitted the task of communicating highly sought-after architectural knowledge. They also demonstrate the degree of confidence of English writers in this period, not only in how they interpreted ancient architecture, but also in how they sought to criticize previous European authors on the subject. But most importantly, these texts reveal the extent of English intellectuals’ knowledge of the architectural principles of the ancient world and how that knowledge was in a state of flux.
Fontainebleau 1977–84
Authors: Penrose Angela
Published: November 2017

In 1978, aged 65, Edith took up the position of professor of political economy at the Institut Européen d’Administration des Affaires or European Institute of Business Administration (INSEAD) in France, and became the first associate dean of research and development (1982–4). She advanced the growth and professionalism of INSEAD research. Uwe Kitzinger, then dean, regarded her appointment as a significant step towards his vision of INSEAD as a European centre of knowledge generation. She took up the position there at a time when the ideas of resource-based, competence-based, dynamic capabilities-based, knowledge-based approaches to business strategy, strategic management, and organization science—all derived from her thinking—were emerging. At INSEAD, as elsewhere, she is remembered for the quality of her mentoring. As her husband’s health declined she became a devoted carer but continued to travel, write, and lecture extensively.
The Nature and Function of Exceptions to Copyright Infringement
Authors: Chapdelaine Pascale
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at the nature of exceptions to copyright infringement (e.g., fair use, fair dealing) and at how copyright user rights are often assimilated to exceptions to copyright infringement. It discusses whether copyright user rights should be better understood as a rule of interpretation of exceptions, rather than giving rise to ‘rights’ as the legal meaning of that term suggests. It further investigates the consequences of exceptions to copyright infringement being characterized as rights or privileges and whether they are (or should be) mandatory (i.e., that exceptions may not be waived by contract). It looks at the mechanics and shortcomings of exceptions to copyright infringement as a regulatory tool. The chapter concludes that exceptions are probably better characterized as privileges than rights, and that, unless expressly stated otherwise, they may be waived by contract. This account of exceptions to copyright infringement reveals a weak strain of copyright user rights.
Redefining Goods, Services, Sales, and Licences
Authors: Chapdelaine Pascale
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at misconceptions about tangibility and intangibility and, in particular, the requirement of a physical object to distinguish whether commercial copies of copyright works are goods or services, and the ripple effects of that misconception on how courts construe sales and licences. This misconception has significant consequences for the regulation of information products and user rights thereto. Rather than somewhat arbitrary considerations based on the misconstrued effects of the presence of a physical object, factors including individuality, scarcity, physical control, and exclusivity should inform a more cohesive regulation of copyright user rights and be the determining factors to define copies of copyright works as goods, services, or sui generis.
Citizen Virtue
Authors: Annas Julia
Published: November 2017

In the Laws citizens’ virtue will prominently feature sōphrosunē, which is typically associated with self-control and discipline, but here linked more with moderation in a variety of contexts. Citizens’ virtues will be more focussed on cooperation and less on self-assertion than typical Greek virtues. It is now apparent that life in Magnesia, the city of the Laws, will be much less exciting and adventurous than life in Athens, and tamer than life in the military societies of Sparta and Crete—another way in which a life focussed on virtue as a whole differs from life centred only on military virtue or on individual ambition. All citizens will be virtuous, to a lesser degree than the rulers of the Republic, but to a greater degree than the Republic’s other members. The Laws is not a pessimistic fall-back from the Republic because the level of virtue required in lower, but an optimistic attempt to sketch a society where all citizens can become virtuous.
Bringing Things Together
Authors: Annas Julia
Published: November 2017

Cicero and Philo develop in their different ways one theme of Plato’s Laws: laws can function in a society which aims to make citizens live virtuous, and so happy, lives in a way other than that of mere force or sanctions. They can educate citizens as to the value of the life they are leading, formed by these laws. Although the work did not leave a tradition of thought, it separately interested these two very diverse thinkers. The Laws is written in an unattractive style and does not draw in readers like the Republic does, but it repays effort with the richness of Plato’s new thoughts about virtue and law. He is now prepared to learn from experience rather than pure thought, and his project of blending the best of Spartan and Athenian ways of life is among the most original in ancient or more recent political thought.
Writing Europe into the History of the British Empire
Authors: Rüger Jan
Published: November 2017

How should we think of the relationship between Europe and the British empire? Much of the public debate in the recent past has suggested a clear-cut answer: the empire prevented Britain from being drawn ‘into Europe’; it was thanks to its imperial possessions that the United Kingdom could afford not to play a more active European role. Empire and Europe, in short, presented opposite poles in Britain’s engagement with the world. The essay challenges this widely held assumption. It investigates the many ways in which European and imperial experiences were bound up with each other in British life. By doing so, it explores strategies for writing the British empire into European history and European history into the imperial British past.
Global History and the Transformation of Early Modern Europe
Authors: Berg Maxine
Published: November 2017

The Industrial Revolution was not only about the conditions of supply in the West. It was also about the development of global trading systems that positioned the West as a nodal point in a global exchange of goods and materials. This chapter makes a clear case for the significance of trade with Asia in the development of the European economies. It examines critically the historiography on the world and the Industrial Revolution: it contrasts the fairly expansive view that Hobsbawm gave to the Industrial Revolution with historiography’s turning first inwards, to Europe only (Landes) and to Britain only (Wrigley, Allen), then outward again, in recent approaches. By emphasizing the interconnectedness of economic development, it raises significant questions about how all scholars should approach the global nature of the modern capitalist economy.
A Shooting Star
Authors: Wilson Keeley
Published: November 2017

No large industrial company has ever grown as fast as Nokia did in the 1990s and few have fallen quite as rapidly: Nokia’s mobile phone business went from posting record results in 2007 to almost dragging the whole company into bankruptcy in 2012. The opening chapter sets the scene with a brief history of Nokia’s journey. Three different lines of theoretical reasoning which could explain Nokia’s decline are discussed: unavoidable Schumpeterian creative destruction, organizational evolution gone astray, and a failure of managerial volition. The CORE dimensions used in the analysis of each chapter are introduced: Cognition (what leaders saw, how they interpreted it, conclusions they drew, and decisions made); Organization (operational actions, managers’ responsibilities, and relationships in the firm); Relationships (interpersonal element of how leaders complement each other, how well they work together, and the ambitions they harbor); and Emotions (critical to the quality of strategic sense-making and collective commitment).
Divine Agency and Divine Action
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: November 2017

The fundamental problems that have arisen over the last half-century in treatments of divine action in the Christian tradition stem from a failure to come to terms with the concept of action. Theologians and philosophers have assumed that we can have a closed conception of agency on a par with the concept of knowledge. On the contrary, the concept of action is a general concept like “event,” “quality,” or “thing.” It is an open concept with a great variety of context-dependent criteria. Recent work on the concept of action can provide an initial and utterly indispensable orientation in work on divine agency and divine action, but it cannot resolve fundamental questions about what God has really done; nor can it illuminate the particular actions of God that are so important in theology. For that we need to turn to theology proper, that is, to work in historical and systematic theology.
The Dissolution of Divine Action and Agency in Process Theology
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: November 2017

Recent philosophical work on divine action has been undertaken carefully and in a sustained manner by Process theologians. Thus the central aim of this chapter is to articulate and evaluate the salient options on offer with respect to divine action and agency in the Process tradition. Though Chapter 3 dealt with the work of Schubert Ogden, a key player in the Process tradition, Ogden did not draw upon the foundations of the Process tradition in his account of divine action. The author engages the work of David R. Griffin, who has provided one of the more thorough accounts of divine action in the Process tradition. He examines how Griffin handles the issue of divine action, and argues that the Process tradition faces formidable difficulties conceptually and theologically in that matter.
Introduction
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: November 2017

This introduction forms the bridge between the first and second volumes. The author points us back to his argument in Volume One that a central mistake in debates about divine agency and divine action is that one must use a general concept of divine action to understand the particular network of divine actions in creation and redemption that are at the core of the Christian faith. Even if one finds necessary and sufficient conditions for a concept of divine action, that concept will not inform us in any meaningful way about what God has actually done on our behalf. The author proposes that a careful, critical investigation of the Christian tradition will best supplement the intellectual malaise among Anglophone analytic philosophy on divine action. By careful attention to specific divine actions in the Christian tradition, one will find fresh ways of thinking about divine action in the contemporary debate.
Agency and Action in Christ in Maximus the Confessor
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the species of divine action in Maximus the Confessor’s teaching on the two natural wills of Christ. Specifically, the author examines Maximus’ claim that the actions of the Son must be both of his divine nature and his human nature, and what this entails for the teaching of his two wills. The author brings Maximus’ theological concerns into dialogue with contemporary theology and philosophy, seeking to clarify what Maximus meant in his context. It is shown how Maximus is concerned to display as far as possible the ontological commitments that are required for the full embrace of the Chalcedonian Definition. The author then engages the “three-agent” problem that arises from Maximus’ theology, namely, properly referring to the logos, the divine nature, and the human nature.
Fundamentals of fluid dynamics with an introduction to the importance of interfaces
Authors: Stone H. A.
Published: November 2017

The topics discussed are all related to basic fluid mechanics. In these introductory notes I highlight some of the main features of fluid flows and their mathematical characterization. There is much physical intuition encapsulated in the differential equations, and one of our goals is to gain more experience (i) understanding the governing equations and various related principles of kinematics, (ii) developing intuition with approximating the equations, (iii) applying the principles to a wide range of problems, which includes (iv) being able to rationalize scaling laws and quantitative trends, often without having a detailed solution in hand. Where possible we provide examples of the ideas with ‘soft interfaces’ in mind.
Complex fluids: the physics of emulsions
Authors: Cates M.
Published: November 2017

These lectures start with the mean field theory for a symmetric binary fluid mixture, addressing interfacial tension, the stress tensor, and the equations of motion (Model H). We then consider the phase separation kinetics of such a mixture: coalescence, Ostwald ripening, its prevention by trapped species, coarsening of bicontinuous states, and the role of shear flow. The third topic addressed is the stabilization of emulsions by using surfactants to reduce or even eliminate the interfacial tension between phases; the physics of bending energy, which becomes relevant in the latter case, is then presented briefly. The final topic is the creation of long-lived metastable emulsions by adsorption of colloidal particles or nanoparticles at the fluid–fluid interface; alongside spherical droplets, these methods can be used to create a range of unconventional structures with potentially interesting properties that are only now being explored.
Thomas Aquinas on Bodily Identity
Authors: Fitzpatrick Antonia
Published: November 2017

This is a study of the union of matter and the soul in human beings in the thought of the Dominican Thomas Aquinas. At first glance, this issue might appear arcane, but it was at the centre of Catholic polemic with heresy in the thirteenth century and of the development of medieval thought. The book argues that theological issues, especially the need for an identical body to be resurrected at the end of time, were vital to Aquinas’s account of how human beings are constituted. The book explores how theological questions shaped Aquinas’s thought on individuality and bodily identity over time, his embryology and understanding of heredity, his work on nutrition and bodily growth, and his fundamental conception of matter. It demonstrates how Aquinas used his peripatetic sources, Aristotle and Averroes, to further his own thinking. The book indicates how Aquinas’s thought on bodily identity became pivotal to university debates and relations between rival mendicant orders in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, and that quarrels surrounding these issues persisted into the fifteenth century. Not only is this a study of the interface between theology, biology, and physics in Aquinas’s thought; it also fundamentally revises the generally accepted view of Aquinas. Aquinas is famous for holding that the only substantial form in a human being is the soul; most scholars have therefore thought he located the identity of the individual in their soul. This book restores the body through a thorough examination of the range of Aquinas’s works.
Thomas Aquinas (I)
Authors: Fitzpatrick Antonia
Published: November 2017

This chapter restores the place of the body within Aquinas’s theory of the composition of human nature, explaining his account of the body’s autonomy relative to the soul. The central arguments of the entire study are elaborated: theological problems, particularly the bodily resurrection, led Aquinas to emphasize the body’s goodness; Aquinas thinks that the individuality of the whole person had its origins in matter; the individual body’s autonomy is underpinned by its unique ‘dimensive quantity’—a corporeal form, but an ‘accidental’, not a substantial form, which individualizes the body’s matter. These arguments are established through attending to: essence and its relationship to the individual; the beauty of the human body; embryology, heredity, and the structure of matter; and individuation. A theme running through the chapter is Aquinas’s radical remodelling of Peter Lombard’s concept of the ‘truth of human nature’, i.e. that from which the resurrected body will be constituted.
Conclusion
Authors: Fitzpatrick Antonia
Published: November 2017

This Conclusion is intended as a straightforward recapitulation of the principal arguments of this study: that Aquinas’s thought on the composition of human nature and the body in particular cannot be understood apart from the theological and social context that informed it; that Aquinas’s account of matter is far more subtle than is conventionally supposed; that Aquinas presents a clear account of the autonomy of the body relative to the soul, and that this revolves around the body’s accidental structural form, dimensive quantity; and that Aquinas’s thought on the postmortem continuity of the matter particular to individual bodies is muddled, and that this should not lower but if anything raise our opinion of him as a thinker, especially given his innovative exploitation of Averroes’ theory of matter and the doctrinal consequences of his thought on the body more generally, in the late thirteenth century and beyond.
Agenda-Setting Dynamics during the Campaign Period
Authors: Partheymüller Julia
Published: November 2017

It is widely believed that the news media have a strong influence on defining what are the most important problems facing the country during election campaigns. Yet, recent research has pointed to several factors that may limit the mass media’s agenda-setting power. Linking news media content to rolling cross-section survey data, the chapter examines the role of three such limiting factors in the context of the 2009 and the 2013 German federal elections: (1) rapid memory decay on the part of voters, (2) advertising by the political parties, and (3) the fragmentation of the media landscape. The results show that the mass media may serve as a powerful agenda setter, but also demonstrate that the media’s influence is strictly limited by voters’ cognitive capacities and the structure of the campaign information environment.
Economic Performance and Turnout in Regional Perspective
Authors: Förster André , Kaukal Malte
Published: November 2017

Following the idea that the behavior of individuals is framed by their contextual setting, this chapter tackles the persistent research gap regarding the impact of regionally varying economic performance on individual turnout. By looking at German districts and applying a multilevel design, we analyze the interplay of an individual’s characteristics and the regional economic performance regarding the decision to cast a vote. Results do not show a direct effect of regional economic performance in the data for 2009 and 2013, but high regional unemployment rates enforce the negative effect of individual unemployment on turnout in the German federal election in 2009, in the middle of the European economic crisis. Additionally, we find evidence that during this crisis election in 2009, East Germans seem to be more susceptible to economic threat scenarios than West Germans, as the former tend to withdraw from voting when regional unemployment rates are high.
The Biblical Canon Lists from Early Christianity
Authors: Gallagher Edmon L. , Meade John D.
Published: November 2017

This book contributes to the discussion on the development of the biblical canon by presenting clearly the early Christian lists of canonical books. Scholarly and popular literature frequently mentions the views of early Christians on the biblical canon, and frequently the information is wrong or insufficiently nuanced. This book clearly presents the early canon lists, with notes to guide the interpretation of the lists, and will clear up some confusion on the state of the Bible in early Christianity. The lists certainly do not solve every problem about the development of the Bible, and close study of their contents will in some ways add to the complexities of the subject. But in the belief that scholarship advances most soundly by constant interaction with the ancient sources that it seeks to interpret, ready access to a collection of canon lists in the original language with translation and notes should serve as a boon to biblical scholars and patristic scholars alike.
Latin Christian Lists
Authors: Gallagher Edmon L. , Meade John D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter contains texts, translations, and analysis of the nine early canon lists (Old Testament and/or New Testament) in Latin in probable chronological order: Muratorian Fragment, Codex Claromontanus, Mommsen Catalogue, Hilary of Poitiers, Jerome of Stridon, Rufinus of Aquileia, Breviarium Hipponense, Augustine of Hippo, and Pope Innocent I. The Latin West tells a slightly different story of the canon to the Greek East. Only Hilary, Jerome, and Rufinus present the OT canon similar to the Jews and the Greek lists, while Mommsen, Breviarium Hipponense, Augustine, Claromontanus, and Innocent present a wider canon, including the deuterocanonical books. The NT lists manifest dispute over the inclusion of Hebrews but generally include the Catholic Epistles and Revelation.
The Syriac Christian List
Authors: Gallagher Edmon L. , Meade John D.
Published: November 2017

The St Catherine’s Monastery Syriac List provides us with a fourth-century list of OT and NT books, probably from Edessa in Syria. The list is anonymous. The OT part of the list contains the protocanonical books first, while listing the deuterocanonical books second; that is, these books are kept distinct within the list. The NT part of the list contains the four Gospels, Acts, and the fourteen epistles of Paul. The disputed Catholic Epistles and the book of Revelation are omitted from the NT part of the list. It is the earliest representative of a Syriac catalogue of canonical books.
The Impact of our Categorisation of Types of Jurisdiction
Authors: Svantesson Dan Jerker B.
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that our approach to jurisdiction—including Internet jurisdiction—is based on the misguided assumption that there is a universally held understanding of how the different types of jurisdiction must be categorised, both in private international law and in public international law as traditionally defined. As far as public international law goes, convention suggests that jurisdiction may be neatly divided into three categories; prescriptive jurisdiction, adjudicative jurisdiction, and enforcement jurisdiction. This chapter challenges this assumption and highlights that there is greater diversity in approaches than convention suggests, and also that there are clear examples of problems with this categorisation. Furthermore, it is argued that if these categories should be maintained they ought to be supplemented with a fourth category of ‘investigative jurisdiction’.
Justice, Function, and Partnerships in Republic 1
Authors: Payne Andrew
Published: November 2017

This chapter traces the concepts fundamental to Plato’s functional teleology of action, as this will appear in the later books of the Republic. A close analysis is given of the refutation of Polemarchus and the concepts of craft and partnership. Socrates compares justice to a craft and criticizes Polemarchus’ suggestion that engaging in partnerships is the action in which the just person is beneficial. This section of the Republic begins the investigation of the function or characteristic activity which is the context for being just and which justice by its operation makes good. This is the activity of forming and engaging in partnerships.
The Form of the Good I
Authors: Payne Andrew
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the premise that understanding the Form of the Good is the unintended end or purpose of philosophic inquiry in the sense of Plato’s functional teleology of action. It begins the presentation of this theme by introducing the three images that Socrates uses to convey his beliefs about the Form of the Good: the Sun, the Divided Line, and the Cave. A motif common to these images is the role of vision as an analogue to knowledge. Plato’s theory of vision in the Timaeus is examined in detail. The image of the Divided Line in particular conveys the thought that we exercise vision for the sake of directing our thought toward intelligible objects. The present chapter concludes with an overview of the comparison Plato frequently employs between vision and knowledge.
‘Let God Rise Up!’ The Bible and Notions of Victory in War
Authors: Kelsay John
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines biblical notions of victory in war. It begins with the Hebrew Bible, in which the notion of God as a warrior who ‘rises up’ to fight for, and more often with, God’s people is basic. It shows how this idea is interwoven with depictions of God as a commander who sets rules of behaviour—including the resort to and conduct of war, a judge who turns against disobedient nations, and ultimately a redeemer who, in the fullness of time, vindicates his people. It then describes the ways Jews and Christians developed this inheritance in the period between 200 BCE and 200 CE. Finally, it reflects on the import of this material with respect to notions of victory in the just war tradition and in the changing landscape of contemporary conflict.
Neither Victors nor Victims
Authors: Whetham David
Published: November 2017

Between 2007 and 2011, Wootton Bassett, a small Wiltshire town in the UK, became the focus of national attention as its residents responded to the regular repatriations of dead soldiers through its High Street. The town’s response came to symbolize the way that broader attitudes developed and changed over that period. As such, it is a fascinating case study in civil–military relations in the twenty-first century. Success may be the same as victory, but victory, at least as it has been traditionally understood, is not a realistic goal in many types of contemporary conflict. Discretionary wars—conflicts in which national survival is not an issue and even vital national interests may not be at stake—pose particular challenges for any government which does not explain why the cost being paid in blood and treasure is ‘worth it’.
‘Western’ Colonization and Colonialism
Authors: Arneil Barbara
Published: November 2017

In Chapter 2, the author analyses colonies in Ancient Greece (apoikia and emporion) and Rome (colonia and emporium) rooted in agrarian settlement and trade, respectively. The volume then traces the central thread of agrarian labour in ‘Western’ colonization from its roots in the colonia of Ancient Rome (agrarian settlements), linked etymologically to colonnus, meaning farmer, and colere, meaning cultivation, through John Locke’s seventeenth-century settler colonialism rooted in an agrarian labour theory of property to the central role it played in domestic colonies. The second part of the chapter examines how external colonization served domestic ends in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, by sending the unemployed, criminals, and mentally ill and disabled people from European city streets to colonies overseas. Over the next century or so, these same populations would become targets for proposed domestic colonies.
Agreement and global case splits: agreement determining case
Authors: Bárány András
Published: November 2017

This chapter moves on to other languages and discusses global case splits. Such splits are alternations in case-marking which depend on properties of more than one argument, i.e. they are not local, but global. The analysis introduced in Chapter 3 is extended to cover such splits as well, showing that the same configurations of person determine the distribution of object agreement in Hungarian, subject case in Sahaptin, and object case in Kashmiri. It is also shown how the analysis can account for splits that are based on animacy using the same machinery, and splits that go beyond the inverse/direct distinction. The data in this chapter also illustrate that person and agreement can determine the choice of Case on the verb’s arguments in a number of languages in systematic ways.
Literary Fiction and True Beliefs
Authors: Young James O.
Published: November 2017

Art is often said to be a source of beliefs, but one may wonder whether these beliefs are true. Only when we understand how artworks assist audience members in forming beliefs can this question be answered in a satisfactory fashion. The cognitivist position adopted in this chapter is supported by appeal to the psychological literature concerned with art and belief. A successful effort to answer the question of whether artworks are a good source of true beliefs will require a careful examination and interpretation of the experimental results. This approach to the experimental literature will support the view that artworks, and in particular works of literary fiction, assist audience members in forming true beliefs.
Fictional Persuasion and the Nature of Belief
Authors: Steglich-Petersen Asbjørn
Published: November 2017

Psychological studies on fictional persuasion demonstrate that being engaged with fiction systematically affects our beliefs about the real world, in ways that seem insensitive to the truth. This threatens to undermine the widely accepted view that beliefs are essentially regulated in ways that tend to ensure their truth, and may tempt various non-doxastic interpretations of the belief-seeming attitudes we form as a result of engaging with fiction. This chapter evaluates this threat, and argues that it is benign. Even if the relevant attitudes are best seen as genuine beliefs, their lack of appropriate sensitivity to the truth does not undermine the essential tie between belief and truth. To this end, this chapter considers what is taken to be the three most plausible models of the cognitive mechanisms underlying fictional persuasion, and argues that on none of these models does fictional persuasion undermine the essential truth-tie.
Authority by Allusion
Authors: Hernandez Rebecca Skreslet
Published: November 2017

The final chapter brings the discussion of al-Suyūṭī’s legal persona squarely into the modern era. The discussion explores how contemporary jurists in Egypt use the legacy of the great fifteenth-century scholar in their efforts to frame their identity and to assert authority as interpreters and spokesmen for the Sharīʿa in a political arena that is fraught with tension. In the midst of Mursī’s embattled presidency, leading scholars at Egypt’s state religious institutions rushed to news and social media outlets to affirm their status as representatives of “orthodoxy” and to distance themselves from more extreme salafī trends that threaten to change the way Islamic law is practiced in the modern Egyptian state. It is striking how closely the image of the moderate Sunni, Sufi-minded, theologically sound scholar grounded in the juristic tradition (according to the accepted legal schools) fits with the persona that al-Suyūṭī strove so tenaciously to construct.
Bayle, the Bible, and the Remonstrant Tradition at the Time of the Commentaire philosophique
Authors: Pitassi Maria-Cristina
Published: November 2017

Bayle’s equivocal relationship to Arminianism is here examined from the perspective of the status of the Bible. Though rejecting the doctrine that every word was to be considered divinely inspired, Bayle did defend the divinity of Scripture in his polemic with Jean Le Clerc. For Le Clerc, biblical criticism could solve theological conflicts by discovering the authentic meaning of Scripture, but Bayle insisted that natural light precedes exegesis, and revelation is limited to those matters that do not conflict with reason. He dissociates himself from Socinianism by distinguishing moral from speculative reason. Only moral reason offers an absolute norm. Bayle disregards the Arminian distinction between what is against reason and what is beyond reason. His Commentaire philosophique juxtaposes the natural light that can identify divine elements in the Bible with our historical reality that frustrates its capacity for apprehending religious truths. Thus Bayle inevitably clashes with the Arminian tradition.
Forms of Instrumental Reasoning
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the strengths and weaknesses of John Broome’s recent account of practical reasoning as instrumental reasoning. It outlines more flexible alternative accounts, both of instrumental reasoning and of practical reasoning more generally, which supposedly cover the ground rather better.
Do the Right Thing
Authors: Mason Elinor
Published: November 2017

Subjective rightness (or ‘ought’ or obligation) seems to be the sense of rightness that should be action guiding where more objective senses fail. However, there is an ambiguity between strong and weak senses of action guidance. No general account of subjective rightness can succeed in being action guiding in a strong sense by providing an immediately helpful instruction, because helpfulness always depends on the context. Subjective rightness is action guiding in a weaker sense, in that it is always accessible and comprehensible to the agent. Hence traditional belief formulations say roughly, “do what you believe is best.” This is not yet a satisfactory formulation, because it cannot make sense of our ongoing subjective duty to improve our beliefs. The notion of ‘trying’ does capture the dynamic and diachronic nature of our subjective obligation. Thus, we should formulate subjective obligation in terms of trying: “try to do well by morality.”
Lopsided Lives
Authors: Pummer Theron
Published: November 2017

Intuitively there are many things that non-derivatively contribute to well-being: pleasure, desire satisfaction, knowledge, friendship, love, rationality, freedom, moral virtue, and appreciation of beauty. According to pluralism, at least two different types of things non-derivatively contribute to well-being. Lopsided lives score very low in terms of some types of things that putatively non-derivatively contribute to well-being, but very high in terms of other such types of things. This chapter argues that pluralists essentially face a trilemma about lopsided lives: they must either make implausible claims about how they compare in terms of overall well-being with more balanced lives, allow overall well-being to be implausibly hypersensitive to very slight nonevaluative differences, or adopt implausible seeming limits on what things lives can contain or how much they can contribute to overall well-being. Such problems about lopsided lives push us away from pluralism and toward simpler theories of well-being, toward hedonism in particular.
Introduction
Authors: Jalloh Charles Chernor , Bantekas Ilias
Published: November 2017

Africa has been at the forefront of contemporary global efforts towards ensuring greater accountability for international crimes. But the continent’s early embrace of international criminal justice seems to have taken a new turn with the recent pushback from some African states claiming that the emerging system of international criminal law represents a new form of imperialism masquerading as international rule of law. This work analyses the relationship and tensions between the International Criminal Court (ICC) and Africa. It traces the origins of the confrontation between African governments, acting individually or within the framework of the African Union, and the permanent Hague-based ICC. Leading commentators offer valuable insights on the core legal and political issues that have bedevilled the relationship between the two sides and expose the uneasy interaction between international law and international politics.
Conclusion
Authors: Jalloh Charles Chernor , Bantekas Ilias
Published: November 2017

Africa has been at the forefront of contemporary global efforts towards ensuring greater accountability for international crimes. This work analyses the relationship and tensions between the International Criminal Court (ICC) and Africa. It traces the origins of the confrontation between African governments, acting individually or within the framework of the African Union, and the permanent Hague-based ICC. Topics examined include Africa, the ICC, and universal jurisdiction; the controversial use of the Prosecutor’s proprio motu power to initiate investigations in Africa; national implementation of the ICC statute in Africa; the complementarity principle; the sequencing of justice and peace; the question of immunity of sitting heads of state; the controversial role of the UN Security Council in referring and deferring situations under ICC investigation; the role of African domestic and traditional courts in the fight against impunity; and the recent withdrawal of some African states parties from the ICC.
Subnational Authorities as Outsiders of EU Law
Authors: Finck Michèle
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the outsider narrative. The central dynamics of the narrative are highlighted through various domains of Union law. It will be seen that the Member States remain the sole masters of the Treaties, that have a status of sovereign equals. The outsider narrative indeed perceives Member States to be monolithic entities that benefit from special rights and obligations. This is underlined by the doctrine of purely internal situations. It is argued that references to ‘national identity’ in the TEU cannot be understood as a direct recognition of SNAs. It is shown that, even in its revised form, the principle of subsidiarity fails to establish SNAs as insiders. It follows that under the formal legal account, subnational authorities can at best be considered outsiders of European Union law.
Conclusion
Authors: Finck Michèle
Published: November 2017

The conclusion briefly recalls the formal and functional narratives of the outsider and the insider that have been introduced to make sense of the status of local and regional authorities in EU law and then moves on to a brief analysis of the reasons for their coexistence. It reflects on the divergence between the law on the books and the law in action in this domain and illustrates the complexity of maintaining subnational diversity and identities in an age of interconnection. The centrality of polycentricity and interconnection and the weakening of formal paradigms of independence and autonomy hint at a currently occurring paradigm shift.
Deuteronomy 28 and Ancient Near Eastern Curses
Authors: Quick Laura
Published: November 2017

This chapter reviews previous scholarship pertaining to the composition of Deuteronomy 28 in light of the ancient Near Eastern curse and treaty tradition, and in particular to the Neo-Assyrian text known as ‘Esarhaddon’s Succession Treaties’. The alleged relationship between the curses in Deuteronomy 28 and Esarhaddon’s Succession Treaties is important for the insights it provides concerning the dating and reasons behind the composition of the book of Deuteronomy. However, not all scholars are in agreement concerning the extent of the relationship: whether Deuteronomy 28 is a direct translation of the Succession Treaties, whether it appropriates the Treaties in an act of literary subversion, or even if the two texts are related at all. Since several important Aramaic inscriptions featuring curses have recently come to light, it is suggested that a new investigation of the problem is long overdue.
Writing and Ritual in Deuteronomy 28
Authors: Quick Laura
Published: November 2017

This chapter argue that ritual behaviours might be just as good a source as literary texts for the diffusion of traditional cursing and treaty material across different cultures in the ancient Near East. In particular, the role of ad hoc oral Targum in the ritual process could have been an important means by which traditions were shared between different language communities. Recognition of the ritual context of this material also provides insights for the comparative method, the dating and authorship of Deuteronomy 28, and the subversive impetus thought to have stood behind its composition. Ultimately, the function of the written word in a largely oral world is shown to be fundamental to understanding the composition, function and the early history of the curses in the book of Deuteronomy.
Brexit and the EU Economic & Monetary Union
Authors: Chang Michele
Published: November 2017

Although the UK enjoyed an opt-out from EMU, Chang explains that it was influential in its development. The UK successfully defended its interests in financial services despite EMU. Moreover, it often acted as a shield for non-Eurozone countries. Therefore, the withdrawal of the UK from the EU is likely to have an impact within the EMU, altering interstate alliances, changing the balance between euro-ins and euro-outs, and reducing the need to act outside the legal framework of the EU. In addition, the shortfall in the EU budget resulting from the end of the UK financial contributions may change the stakes in fiscal negotiations, creating room for the establishment of a Eurozone fiscal capacity. Finally, it is uncertain to what extent post-Brexit the EU may be able to push forward with the Capital Markets Union and whether the UK may stay connected to it.