bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptation and Natural Selection
Authors: Láruson Áki J. , Reed Floyd A.
Published: March 2021

Here non-random shifts in allele frequencies over time are introduced, as well as how to incorporate varying levels of selection into a model of a single population through time. This chapter highlights the difference between weak and strong selection, the dynamics of single allele versus genotype-level selection, and how selection strength and population size affect allele frequency distributions over time. Finally the inference of the selection coefficient from allele frequency data is discussed, alongside the concepts of overdominance and underdominance.
Person Identification at Airports During Passport Control
Authors: Stevens Charlie
Published: March 2021

This chapter provides insight into the development of internationally interoperable standards for passport and travel documents, and technological advances to facilitate fast and effective processing of passenger information for comparison against watchlists at borders and airports. The demands posed to border controls are considered and how these have changed over time, with particular emphasis on the modern-day threat of identity impostors and the development of facial recognition technology at Automated Border Control points. The continuing central role of human personnel for verifying the identity and nationality of travellers is described, with consideration of personnel selection, training, and performance monitoring.
Steps Towards a Cognitive Theory of Unfamiliar Face Matching
Authors: Bindemann Markus , Burton A. Mike
Published: March 2021

The visual comparison of unfamiliar faces—or ‘face matching’—is utilized widely for person identification in applied settings and has generated substantial research interest in psychology, but a cognitive theory to explain how observers perform this task does not exist. This chapter outlines issues of importance to support the development of a cognitive account of unfamiliar face matching. Characteristics of the face, such as within-person variability and between-person similarity in appearance, are considered as the visual input upon which identification must build. The cognitive mechanisms that observers may bring to bear on faces during identity comparison are analysed, focusing on attention, perception, evaluation, and decision processes, including sources of individual differences at each of these stages. Finally, the role of different experimental and occupational contexts in understanding face matching and for optimizing theory development is discussed.
Possession and Title to Land
Authors: Rostill Luke
Published: March 2021

This chapter examines the nature of the title that is acquired through taking possession of land. It argues that the traditional view, which is that mere possession is not a source of freehold title, is plausible only if one overlooks how the law has evolved. Today, one can acquire a fee simple estate simply through taking possession. The chapter seeks to marshal new arguments in support of this claim. Its main strategy is to analyse the incidents of the possessor’s interest with a view to showing that it has the core features of a fee simple estate. It also considers the scope of the rule and analyses a number of objections.
Moral Personhood and Personal Identity
Authors: Boeker Ruth
Published: March 2021

This chapter applies Locke’s kind-dependent account of identity to persons. First, the author argues that Lockean persons belong to a moral and legal kind of being: they are subjects of accountability. This interpretation gives full credit to Locke’s claim that ‘person’ is a forensic term, but it also shows that his arguments presuppose a particular conception of morality that is grounded in divine law and the power to enforce morality by reward and punishment. Next, the chapter asks how Locke’s moral and legal account of personhood enables us to specify persistence conditions for persons. It is argued that it is helpful to examine Locke’s understanding of just accountability. For Locke sameness of consciousness is a necessary condition for moral accountability. This makes it possible to establish that sameness of consciousness is a necessary condition for personal identity. Yet it is also acknowledged that Locke thinks about moral accountability in particular and controversial ways. The chapter ends by offering fine-grained distinctions for understanding the relation between morality and metaphysics in Locke’s account of personal identity.
Hegel and Marx on the Historical Necessity of the Terror
Authors: James David
Published: March 2021

Hegel is shown to explain the historical necessity of the phase of the French Revolution known as the Terror in terms of conceptual necessity. This conceptual necessity concerns the self-conception and understanding of how the world ought to be characteristic of agents who are committed to the idea of ‘absolute’ freedom. Practical necessity here plays a key role, in that it is the mediating factor between this conceptual necessity and historical necessity. It also enables Hegel to avoid introducing a standpoint that is external to the one of the agents caught up in the historical process that is being explained. Marx explains the Terror in similar terms, and his explanation of it is shown to be related to his critique of the modern state and his critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right.
The Compatibility of Freedom and Necessity in Marx’s Idea of Communist Society
Authors: James David
Published: March 2021

It is argued that the manner in which workers organize production and determine its goals explains how freedom and necessity are reconciled in Marx’s idea of communist society. Freedom and necessity are reconciled, moreover, in such a way that both self-realization and engagement in activities that possess some intrinsic value become possible, whereas this is not the case for workers in capitalist society. Communist society is explained in terms of a concept of freedom that incorporates three distinct types of freedom, whereas this concept of freedom is incompatible with the constraints generated by the capitalist mode of production and the social relations that emerge on its basis. The theme of how historical materialism is committed to the idea of historical necessity and seeks to explain this necessity in terms of practical necessity is then introduced.
Eugenio Montale
Authors: Hofmann Michael
Published: March 2021

Montale, in the 1930s, was between wars but also between women. His ‘hermetic’ style shimmers between suggested meanings or implications. ‘Boats on the Marne’ sounds like a pleasure-outing, a Sunday sail or row, and begins with ‘happiness’ but ends with ‘floating’ (like a corpse?); begins with an upside-down sun, and ends among the stars. A poem whose thought takes the characteristically Montalean form of a cyclone, opening and opening.
Karen Solie
Authors: Hofmann Michael
Published: March 2021

The fourth and last of these poems is the newest, and dates from 2015. ‘The World’ is shown to be an actual ship, a privately owned and managed luxury liner kept in continuous, obscene movement around our planet. Hence its name. Solie’s speaker (male, unnamed) is a co-owner and passenger-cum-inmate. His speech or pitch runs in parallel to the ship’s unceasing progress. Alas for both, it is shown to have the unhappy, destabilizing knack of puncturing itself, of turning down, of emerging into profound, unhappy, unanswerable questions.
Introduction
Authors: Rosenberg Joseph Elkanah
Published: March 2021

Drawing on a number of examples from writers such as D. H. Lawrence and James Joyce, the introduction develops the concept of “wastepaper modernism”: an awareness of communicative failure that finds its most potent manifestation in images of wasted and ruined print. While “wastepaper modernism” finds its fullest constellation at mid-century, its origins lie at the end of the Victorian era. In a moment that is symptomatic of an emerging ambivalence towards the printed residue of history, Henry James, watching the media spectacle of Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee, figures the transition of one age into another as a layering of papery debris over papery debris: the presentable “historic page” becomes only another peeling poster or discarded billet that accumulates in the Jubilee’s aftermath. To be modern, for James, is to anticipate ruination.
Vladimir Nabokov’s Identity Papers
Authors: Rosenberg Joseph Elkanah
Published: March 2021

This chapter examines the disciplinary power of “identity papers,” such as passports and citizenship cards, in Nabokov’s fiction. The loss of such documents does more than alienate so many of Nabokov’s characters from their homelands: it estranges them from their very selves. To be without papers in Nabokov’s fiction is not just to be stateless, but to be without any identity at all. Passports and citizenship cards both reflect their holders and supplant them, becoming papery doubles that, in mirroring the self, take its place. In “fictitious biographies” like The Real Life of Sebastian Knight, Nabokov depicts lives that rely entirely on documentation and paperwork—selves quite literally made out of paper.
Coda
Authors: Rosenberg Joseph Elkanah
Published: March 2021

Wastepaper Modernism concludes by briefly turning towards our current age of new media technologies and networks. Where literature’s first media age of cinemas and radios brought about an acute anxiety about the novel’s status as a print-based medium, by the end of the century this turned into a state of wistfulness towards all things paper. This change exposes what was at stake in wastepaper modernism’s imagination of literature as a decayed medium. Wastepaper modernism marked a brief but vital moment in which literature recognized its own materials as occupying the border between meaning and unmeaning.
Moral and Ascriptive Responsibilities
Authors: Simester A P
Published: March 2021

This chapter sets out in more detail two concepts of responsibility, “moral” and “ascriptive”, as they are used in this book. Moral responsibility is concerned with a defendant’s eligibility for moral praise or blame in respect of her behaviour. Ascriptive responsibility, by contrast is concerned with the conditions of accountability. The latter is audience-relative: the former is not. Within the criminal law, denials of moral responsibility are accommodated through defences such as infancy and insanity, and by the requirement of voluntariness. Denials of ascription, by contrast, turn primarily upon doctrines of causation, omissions, and complicity. The chapter concludes with a critique of the so-called voluntary act requirement.
Distinguishing Defences (from Offences, and from Each Other)
Authors: Simester A P
Published: March 2021

This chapter distinguishes substantive defences from offences, and distinguishes the major types of defences from each other. The substantive defences are united by the culpability principle. They all play a role in preventing convictions of blameless defendants who satisfy the actus reus and mens rea of a crime. Traditionally, theorists have divided the substantive defences into two categories: justifications and excuses. Excuses directly engage findings of culpability whereas justifications are primarily concerned with wrongdoing. However, there is another class of defences that deny culpability indirectly—those that deny moral responsibility. These can usefully be called ‘irresponsibility defences’ rather than excuses. Furthermore, for practical purposes, excuses can be subdivided into three subcategories: rationale-based excuses; hybrid and partial irresponsibility defences; and defensive mistakes. The chapter focuses mainly on the difference between rationale-based excuses and justifications, before turning to discuss the general distinction between defences and offences.
Future War and the Defence of Europe
Authors: Allen John R. , Hodges Frederick Ben , Lindley-French Julian
Published: March 2021

Set against the backdrop of the COVID-19 crisis, Future War and the Defence of Europe considers in the round how peace can be maintained on a continent that has suffered two cataclysmic conflicts since 1914. COVID-19 and the trend-accelerating impact of such pandemics is first considered. The book then weaves history, strategy, policy, and technology into a compelling analytical narrative that sets the scale of the challenge Europeans and their allies will face if Europe’s peace is to be upheld in a transformative century. The book challenges foundational assumptions about how Europe’s defence is organized, the role of a fast-changing transatlantic relationship, NATO, the European Union, and their constituent nation-states. At the heart of the book is a radical vision of a technology-enabling future European defence built around a new kind of Atlantic alliance, an innovative strategic public–private partnership, and the future hyper-electronic European force it must spawn. Europeans should be under no illusion: unless they do far more for their own defence, and very differently, all that Europeans now take for granted could be lost in the maze of hybrid war, cyber war, and hyperwar they must face.
Defending Europe
Authors: Allen John R. , Hodges F. Ben , Lindley-French Julian
Published: March 2021

The maintenance of peace in Europe must not and cannot be taken for granted. Unless Europeans do far more for their own defence, the Americans will be unable to defend them, but there is no credible future war, future defence of Europe without the Americans! Five lines of strategy are thus needed: managing Russia with defence and dialogue; balancing post-COVID-19 human security and national defence; re-establishing European strategic realism and responsibility via a genuine NATO–EU partnership; building a strategic public–private partnership; and really adapting NATO to meet the future war, future defence challenge of Europe. This chapter details these.
Introduction
Authors: Quick Laura
Published: March 2021

This is a book about clothing and adornment in the world that gave rise to the Hebrew Bible. On the one hand, then, this is a book concerned with material culture: with the various garments and items of adornment that we read about in the pages of the Bible, or with the material remains of objects such as jewellery and cosmetic cases that have been recovered from the ancient Levant....
Spread the Hem of Your Cloak over Me (Ruth 3:9)
Authors: Quick Laura
Published: March 2021

In the world of the biblical authors, there was no semiotic distinction between body and soul according to Western philosophical conceptions. Instead, the body was thought to index personhood. The physical body, encompassing skin, nails, and hair, functioned as a complex boundary of the self. Since clothing was worn directly upon the physical body, it was understood as a manifestation of that boundary, and as such it was thought to take on or encode the personhood of the wearer. Clothing’s potential to index personhood meant that it could be utilized in order to transfer ethnicity or royal status from one individual to another, or even to sever the relationship between an individual from his or her family group. After exploring clothing and the body in ancient Near Eastern literature, I turn to the Hebrew Bible, where we will see that these insights are essential in order to properly comprehend and unpack the function of clothing in certain biblical texts. Clothing’s potential to index abstract conceptions of the self animates and informs these texts, with implications for understanding the complex relationship between the body and the self in the biblical world.
A Gold Ring in a Swine’s Snout (Prov 11:22)
Authors: Quick Laura
Published: March 2021

This chapter explores jewellery in the Hebrew Bible in light of the material evidence from the ancient Levant. I consider the function of jewellery in biblical texts, focused upon how these objects modify and ritualize the body. The ability of jewellery to index personhood is utilized in order to explore and unpack the use of jewellery in votive offerings. Moving beyond these insights, I then turn to the recovery of amulets inscribed with biblical passages—the earliest written evidence for biblical literature. As amulets, these objects served an apotropaic, ritual function. In biblical texts, we see this in action in the production of the golden calf, which is made from the jewellery of the Israelites. Such items therefore provide access to dimensions of personal religion and religious worship carried out outside of the official sphere. But by making sure that jewellery was utilized in the furnishing of the Temple, the biblical writers circumscribe this personal piety, making it compliant to the larger dominant model of the official Temple cult.
Introduction
Authors: Giles Paul
Published: March 2021

This chapter outlines the underlying theoretical argument informing this work. The first section, ‘Four-Dimensional Postmodernism’, summarizes various ways in which postmodernism has been understood, arguing that a broad historical definition functions most effectively. It discusses the ramifications of postmodernism as a term with social and economic as well as cultural implications, along with the complex relation between postmodernism and religion. The second section, ‘Ironies of the Anthropocene’, engages environmentalist theory, suggesting that the Anthropocene can usefully be understood as (among other things) a rhetorical concept. It traces how such representations have influenced art marked by the prospect of climate change. The final section, ‘Genealogies of the Planetary’, tracks how ideas of the planetary have been critically framed, from the nineteenth century through to the present day. It discusses how planetary time is represented in postmodernist Indigenous painting and how such disruptions of linear sequence are also manifested in musical temporalities.
A War to Remember (1)
Authors: Shams Fatemeh
Published: March 2021

The Iran–Iraq War ran for eight grueling and bloody years between 1980 and 1988, when the Islamic Republic was still in its infancy, irrevocably changing the official literary discourse of the 1980s. Through a socio-literary analysis, this chapter investigates the way in which the state’s martial campaign was manifested in, and promoted by, the canonized voices of the war, resulting in the launch of a whole new genre of Sacred Defense poetry, and the deployment of a form of mystic militantism, drawing on the lexicon and tropes of the classical Persian mystical and devotional poetry.
The Rise of Bpifrance
Authors: Thiemann Matthias , Volberding Peter
Published: March 2021

Founded in 2013 as a unification of dispersed elements of development banking activities in France, Bpifrance has been one of the most active proponents of the new techniques of development financing, such as venture capital and fund of funds investments. Bringing together these new techniques of direct equity investment with more traditional forms of loan and guarantee business, Bpifrance provides a one-stop shop model for the promotion of SMEs and start-ups in France, including the human capital formation of entrepreneurs. This, we argue, represents a reconfigured mode of dirigiste intervention in the French economy. Placing Bpifrance both in the context of the European field of development banking, as well as the historical context of state dirigisme post World War II, this chapter explores both the dangers and merits of such a new dirigiste model, which on the one hand through its synergy effects of different business line provides the state with an efficient tool to foster innovation and entrepreneurship, but at the same time is fragile, as it is potentially subject to overburdening political demands for intervention, demands which in the long run might threaten its financial viability.
Conclusion
Authors: Bradley Ian
Published: March 2021

Arthur Sullivan was no saint and certainly no ascetic. He enjoyed life to the full and was an unashamed pleasure seeker, adding gambling to the usual trinity of women, wine, and song. It is not surprising that he related so closely to the biblical figure of the Prodigal Son whom he resembled both in terms of his somewhat profligate lifestyle and in his bouts of remorse and regret. He had a remarkable capacity for generosity and a simple and trusting Christian faith. Although his life was not without its apparent contrasts and contradictions, his character, like his music, was distinguished by its simplicity, straightforwardness, and utter sincerity. Both exerted a softening and uplifting effect which it is not too much to describe as a divine emollient.
Context and Coherence
Authors: Stojnić Una
Published: March 2021

Natural languages are riddled with context-sensitivity. One and the same string of words can express indefinitely many different meanings on an occasion of use. And yet we understand one another effortlessly, on the fly. What fixes the meaning of context-sensitive expressions, and how are we able to recover this meaning so quickly and without effort? This book offers a novel response: we can do so because we draw on a broad array of subtle linguistic conventions that fully determine the interpretation of context-sensitive items. Contrary to the dominant tradition, which maintains that the meaning of context-sensitive language is underspecified by grammar, and depends on non-linguistic features of utterance situation, this book argues that meaning is determined entirely by discourse conventions, rules of language that have largely been missed, and the effects of which have been mistaken for extra-linguistic effects of an utterance situation on meaning. The linguistic account of context developed in this book sheds a new light on the nature of linguistic content, and the interaction between content and context. At the same time, it provides a novel model of context that should constrain and help evaluate debates across many sub-fields of philosophy where appeal to context has been common, often leading to surprising conclusions: for example, in epistemology, ethics, value theory, metaphysics, metaethics, and logic, among others.
Dynamic Propositionalism
Authors: Stojnić Una
Published: March 2021

This chapter tackles the challenge of non-propositionalism. It argues that the source of the puzzle motivating non-propositionalism is the implicit assumption of the traditional, extra-linguistic account of context-sensitivity resolution. The problem is not in the idea that modal claims express truth-conditional content, but in the underlying assumption of how a context operates to determine this content. With a more nuanced understanding of the linguistic mechanisms driving context-sensitivity resolution, which captures the effects of discourse conventions, the apparent non-propositionality of modal discourse turns out to be an illusion. The account delivers ordinary propositional content even for discourses that prima facie evade propositionalist treatment. More importantly, a broader range of data suggests that such propositional content is required to properly account for the range of interpretations modal discourses allow. Thus, any adequate account has to take into account how discourse conventions identified in this chapter interact with the interpretation of modality.
Defining the Product
Authors: Benger Alaluf Yaara
Published: March 2021

This chapter explores how the objectives of the nascent holiday resort industry transformed in relation to dynamics of health, pleasure, and social class. It analyses the process of defining holiday as a product by drawing on source material from the different actors in the resort economy, including internal documents of the local corporations, resort publications, travel guides, railway advertising, vacationers’ accounts, and medical literature referring directly to holiday practices. It shows that the emotionally loaded encounter between different social classes at the resort was a core aspect of the shifting practices of holidaymaking from ‘taking the waters’ to commercial amusements, or from health to recreation. In order to comprehend these transformations, the chapter focuses on three watering-places that were among the most popular holiday destinations in Victorian and Edwardian Britain, but which differed in their characteristics: Harrogate—an aristocratic inland spa; Scarborough—a spa and seaside resort with mixed social clientele; and Blackpool—the exemplary working-class seaside town. The chapter concludes by pointing to the impact of the therapeutic rationalization of recreational activities on the resort industry, arguing that the notions of health and pleasure in the history of holidaymaking should not be addressed as opposites, but as interrelated concepts defined and valued within a wider context, namely the relation between leisure, class, gender, scientific expertise, and emotion knowledge.
Constitutional Foundations and the Design of the Austrian Liability of Public Bodies Act
Authors: Storr Stefan , Bayer Kathrin , Bereiter Daniela , Mischensky Luca
Published: March 2021

Similarly to other legal systems of continental Europe, the Austrian system has what may be regarded as a general principle of damages liability, although it does not have a wholly separate body of law dealing with damages actions against public authorities. But administrative liability arises if a fault exists and is proven. Moreover, the injured party is required to bring an appeal to the public authority that is potentially liable in tort. The ordinary courts have the competence to inquiry as to whether a rule of law has been infringed and liability has arisen. Included within these rules there are the procedural requirements set out by Austrian courts since the end of the nineteenth century and later codified by legislation, as well as the constraints that emerged more recently.
The EU Institutions Liability between the Member States Principles and the Causality Standards of the EU Court of Justice
Authors: Marchetti Barbara
Published: March 2021

Several important features characterize administrative liability within the EU. First and foremost, not only is liability affirmed, but it is also based on the general principles of law common to the laws of the Member States. Second, and consequently, those principles have been defined and refined by EU courts. Third, the mere fact of a serious and manifest infringement of any rule of law may be enough for liability to arise and it is for EU courts to judge about it, without any preliminary appeal. It must be observed that the European administration—functionally intended—does not have the panoply of powers that characterizes national authorities and, in particular, is seldom involved in material activities. However, the exercise of its powers is subject to duties of legality and procedural fairness and propriety.
Hungary, Poland, and Romania
Authors: Cananea Giacinto della
Published: March 2021

This chapter compares the respective answers of the Hungarian, Polish, and Romanian systems of administrative liability. It begins by noting that after 1989, all such countries modified their constitutions, which now regulate government liability in tort differently from the past. Not only do they admit government liability, but they also lay down general principles about it, although they variably construct the right to compensation. There are, instead, some relevant differences in their rules concerning administrative procedure. In particular, unlike Hungary and Poland, Romania has no such thing as a procedural code. However, the crucial empirical question is whether the same, or similar solutions are given to the issues raised by the hypothetical cases. Despite the fact that the European Convention on Human Rights influences the three legal systems, not always is the disregard of procedural constraints, such as prior notice and hearing, in itself sufficient to make administrative action unlawful and, thus, to give rise to liability. Sometimes, claimants fail to get redress for wrongful failures to grant licences or exercise a discretion in the issuing of general or individual orders. The reason is not only that administrative authorities enjoy discretionary powers, but also that sometimes the courts seem reluctant to abandon the idea that those who govern cannot be held liable.
The Authority and Power of Regional Economic Courts in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Caserta Salvatore
Published: March 2021

This chapter compares the authority of the Central American Court of Justice (CACJ) and the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) with that of the Andean Tribunal of Justice (ATJ) and the Mercosur Permanent Review Court (PRC) and, in so doing, draws general conclusions about the actors and factors that may be deemed of importance for better understanding the de facto authority of the Latin American and Caribbean Regional Economic Courts (RECs). More specifically, it shows that, similar to the CCJ, the ATJ has been relatively successful in achieving authority, at least in the area of intellectual property (IP) law. This occurred thanks to the Court’s ability to develop a relationship with state and sub-state actors, such as administrative agencies and national judges, which repeatedly filed preliminary rulings on these topics, thus allowing the Court to make a difference in this area of law. The chapter also shows the fluctuations of the authority of the ATJ on classic matters of community law, such as removal of trade barriers and the implementation of the policies of the Andean Community. In contrast, the Mercosur PRC has struggled throughout its history to ensure that it receives a steady flow of cases to rule upon and has been repeatedly criticised by both state and sub-state actors. This final chapter shows that this reality is a symptom of political instability, lack of commitment to regional institutions, authoritarian politics, and struggle to complete the transition to democracy in the Mercosur Member States. Against this background, the chapter draws general theoretical conclusions on the authority of the four RECs in Latin American and the Caribbean.
Rationality and Morality
Authors: Nichols Shaun
Published: March 2021

To what extent is morality based on reason? To answer this question, we need to clarify which aspect of morality is under investigation, and which notion of reason is in play. Recent work in moral psychology has attempted to debunk central aspects of moral judgment and metaethical judgment. However, rational processes might play a vital role in the acquisition of moral systems. This chapter sets out the basic idea of processes and suggests that one kind of process—statistical learning—is especially significant for moral learning. Statistical learning processes are both empiricist, in that they are domain-general processes, and they are rational, in that they conform to the rules of probability theory. Thus they are poised to provide alternatives to both nativist and sentimentalist accounts of our moral psychology.
Rationalism, Universalism, and Relativism
Authors: Nichols Shaun
Published: March 2021

People seem to regard some norms (e.g., about the wrongness of armed robbery) as universally true, and other norms (e.g., about which side of the road to drive on) as true relativized to some context or group. This chapter considers whether such meta-evaluative beliefs are rational. There are reasons to doubt that the belief in universalism about norms is evidentially rational. Nonetheless, universalism seems to be a default setting in normative cognition. That is, when we acquire norms, we tend to presuppose that they hold universally. This chapter argues that even though the default assumption of universalism might not be evidentially rational, it is ecologically rational to have a bias in favor of universalism. However, people are not completely locked into universalism. Under conditions of low consensus regarding some norm, people do move away from universalism and adopt some form of relativism, at least at a reflective level. And this is plausibly an evidentially rational response to low consensus.
Sources of Increasing Inequality
Authors: Teal Francis
Published: March 2021

While all the evidence we have points to the rising living standards for most of the very poorest, the wages of unskilled labour in poor countries remain a fraction of those in rich countries. Those potential workers are seen as a threat to the living standards of the unskilled in rich countries and the political impetus to limit their access to those labour markets has been, and remains, one of the most potent issue in the politics of rich countries. This aversion to immigration as a threat to the wages of the unskilled often transmutes into a hostility to trade, as goods, which use a lot of unskilled labour, can be imported more cheaply. Both immigration and trade are seen as a threat to the unskilled. Two dimensions of this threat are examined in this chapter—the impact of Chinese exports on wages in the US and the impact of immigration on the UK economy.
The Latino Continuum and the Nineteenth-Century Americas
Authors: Lamas Carmen E.
Published: March 2021

This book argues that the process of recovering Latina/o figures and writings in the nineteenth century does not merely create a bridge between the US and Latin American countries, peoples, and literatures, as they are currently understood, but reveals their fundamentally interdependent natures, politically, socially, historically, and aesthetically, thereby recognizing the degree of mutual imbrication of their peoples and literatures of the period. Largely archived in Spanish, it addresses concerns palpably felt within (and integral to) the US and beyond. English-language works also find a place on this continuum and have real implications for the political and cultural life of hispanophone and anglophone communities in the US. Moreover, the central role of Latina/o translations signals the global and the local nature of the continuum. For the Latino Continuum embeds layered and complex political and literary contexts and overlooked histories, situated as it is at the crossroads of both hemispheric and transatlantic currents of exchange often effaced by the logic of borders—national, cultural, religious, linguistic, and temporal. To recover this continuum of Latinidad, which is neither confined to the US or Latin American nation states nor located primarily within them, is to recover forgotten histories of the hemisphere, and to find new ways of seeing the past as we have understood it. The figures of Félix Varela, Miguel Teurbe Tolón, Eusebio Guiteras, José Martí, and Martín Morúa Delgado serve as points of departures for this reconceptualization of the intersection between American, Latin American, Cuban, and Latinx studies.
The Evolving Nature of EU Business Lobbying
Authors: Coen David , Katsaitis Alexander , Vannoni Matia
Published: March 2021

This chapter examines business lobbying in the EU from a historical perspective. Conceptually, it discusses how the EU’s evolution has influenced interest intermediation in Brussels. In doing so, it addresses the increasing authority handed to the European Commission, the growth of European regulatory networks, and multi-level governance; and their influence on business and the strategic choices it makes. From the opposite perspective, it examines the impact that business has had on the EU’s integration, and its policy-making procedures. Empirically, the chapter draws on unique business surveys spanning from the mid-1990s up until today, and a large-N analysis of 12,000 registered organizations on the EU’s transparency register. It also provides a case study on business strategies, focused on the directive on tobacco control. Theoretically, this chapter contributes to discussions on European integration, interest group activity, business lobbying, and governance in the EU.,
Effervescence Accelerators: Barriers to Outsiders in Christian Interaction Rituals
Authors: Draper Scott
Published: March 2021

In interaction ritual theory, barriers to outsiders are cues that communicate who is and is not excluded from a ritual. Prior research on religious rituals has established strong support for the hypothesis that barriers promote collective effervescence and social solidarity. Questions remain, though, regarding how this social dynamic impacts the practices, identities, missions, and conflicts of congregations who strive to be inclusive. We conducted microsociological analysis of rituals based on participant-observation and focus groups at six Christian congregations: Jehovah’s Witnesses, Latter-day Saints, Christian Scientists, Brethren, Catholics, and Episcopalians. Barriers were built in all the rituals, bringing congregational distinction through contrast with different types of outsiders. We also observed effervescent moments where barriers were low and inconsequential, suggesting that severe barriers are unnecessary. Rather, the special ritual function of barriers is to provide instant jolts of effervescence, especially when other social dynamics are failing.
The irreducible core of trustee duties in East Asian trusts
Authors: Lee Joyman
Published: March 2021

This article examines the idea of the “irreducible core” of trustee duties in relation to East Asian trusts. Although the Japanese Trust Act of 2006 has designated many duties as non-core, the extent of reduction is far from certain. This is because regulatory law continues to apply, as well as the court’s policy interest in giving effect to the trust only where this is intended by the parties. The New Zealand Trust Act of 2019, which highlights the centrality of good faith rather than self-denial, clearly identifies the duties which stand at the core of the Japanese and Chinese trusts.
Sex‐specific effects of in vitro fertilization on adult metabolic outcomes and hepatic transcriptome and proteome in mouse
Authors: Narapareddy Laren , Rhon‐Calderon Eric A. , Vrooman Lisa A. , Baeza Josue , Nguyen Duy K. , Mesaros Clementina , Lan Yemin , Garcia Benjamin A. , Schultz Richard M. , Bartolomei Marisa S.
Published: March 2021

Although in vitro fertilization (IVF) is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes, there is increasing concern about the long‐term and sex‐specific health implications. Augmenting our IVF mouse model to longitudinally investigate metabolic outcomes in offspring from optimal neonatal litter sizes, we found sex‐specific metabolic outcomes in IVF offspring. IVF‐conceived females had higher body weight and cholesterol levels compared to naturally conceived females, whereas IVF‐conceived males had higher levels of triglycerides and insulin, and increased body fat composition. Through adult liver transcriptomics and proteomics, we identified sexually dimorphic dysregulation of the sterol regulatory element‐binding protein (SREBP) pathways that are associated with the sex‐specific phenotypes. We also found that global loss of DNA methylation in placenta was linked to higher cholesterol levels in IVF‐conceived females. Our findings indicate that IVF procedures have long‐lasting sex‐specific effects on metabolic health of offspring and lay the foundation to utilize the placenta as a predictor of long‐term outcomes.
Managing a patient with purple urine bag syndrome
Authors: Letizia Matthew , Tyson Rebecca
Published: March 2021

Purple urine bag syndrome most commonly occurs in chronically catheterized patients who develop urinary tract infections. Although this syndrome can cause concern because of the appearance of abnormally colored urine, it is relatively benign. However, if left untreated, purple urine bag syndrome can lead to complications associated with progressive lower urinary tract infections. This article discusses how to identify, diagnose, and treat purple urine bag syndrome.
CE: Nursing Orientation to Data Science and Machine Learning
Authors: O'Brien Roxanne L. , O'Brien Matt W.
Published: March 2021

Nurses collect, use, and produce data every day in countless ways, such as when assessing and treating patients, performing administrative functions, and engaging in strategic planning in their organizations and communities. These data are aggregated into large data sets in health care systems, public and private databases, and academic research settings. In recent years the machines used in this work (computer hardware) have become increasingly able to analyze large data sets, or “big data,” at high speed. Data scientists use machine learning tools to aid in analyzing this big data, such as data amassed from large numbers of electronic health records. In health care, predictions for patient outcomes has become a focus of research using machine learning. It's important for nurses and nurse administrators to understand how machine learning has changed our ways of thinking about data and turning data into knowledge that can improve patient care. This article provides an orientation to machine learning and data science, offers an understanding of current challenges and opportunities, and describes the nursing implications for nurses in various roles.
Harm Perceptions of E-cigarette Use Among New Zealand Young People: Development of a Questionnaire
Authors: Birch Oliver , Newcombe David , Bullen Chris
Published: March 2021

Objectives:

E-cigarette use is growing among New Zealand young people, yet their perceptions of the harms of e-cigarette use are unknown. This study aimed to determine domains and specific items for inquiry to inform the creation of a questionnaire assessing the perceptions of harms of e-cigarette use in this group.

Materials and Methods:

An integrative literature review generated a preliminary list of survey items and domains. A Delphi study involving 6 expert academics was undertaken to verify and refine this list. The consensus was facilitated through online, structured communication.

Results:

Previous data collection attempts included items assessing participants’ knowledge of e-cigarettes, their current e-cigarette and cigarette use, and how harmful they perceived e-cigarettes to be relative to cigarettes. The Delphi study refined the initial list of items while contributing additional considerations. A total of 54 items were organized into 7 domains: “E-cigarette Knowledge,” “Cigarette Use,” “E-cigarette Use,” “E-cigarette Relative Harm,” “E-cigarette Promotion,” “Acceptability (E-cigarettes and Cigarettes)”, and (“General Introduction”) items on participants’ identity characteristics (gender, age, ethnicity).

Conclusions:

Each of the items will inform the design of a questionnaire assessing New Zealand young people’s perceptions of the harms of e-cigarette use. Development of these items will involve further literature reviewing, focus groups with end-users, and a pilot study.
Continuous Pectoral Nerve Block Compared With Continuous Thoracic Paravertebral Block and Intravenous Opioid Analgesia for the Postoperative Analgesic Efficacy in Patients Undergoing Modified Radical Mastectomy
Authors: Abu Elyazed Mohamed M. , Mostafa Shaimaa F.
Published: March 2021

Objectives:

Postoperative pain following mastectomy is often severe and pain management is necessary. We evaluated the analgesic efficacy of continuous pectoral nerve block (PEC) in comparison with that of the continuous thoracic paravertebral block (TPVB) and the intravenous opioid analgesia in patients scheduled for modified radical mastectomy (MRM).

Materials and Methods:

A total of 90 female patients aged 20 to 70 years, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I to III, undergoing unilateral MRM were randomly allocated into 3 groups. All patients received postoperative morphine patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). Continuous TPVB and continuous PECs were added in group II and group III, respectively. Postoperative morphine consumption during the first 48 hours and postoperative visual analog scale were recorded.

Results:

The cumulative morphine consumption in the first 24 hours postoperative was higher in the PCA-M group (27.47±4.95 mg) than that of the TPVB group (8.43±2.67 mg) and PEC group (13.47±3.89 mg) (P<0.001, confidence interval: 16.6-21.5 and 11.6-16.4, respectively). It was significantly higher in the PEC group as compared with the TPVB group (P<0.001, confidence interval: 2.6-7.5). On admission to postanesthesia care unit till 2 hours postoperative, the median visual analog scale score at rest was higher in the PCA-M group than that of the TPVB group (P<0.05) and PEC group (P<0.05) without statistical difference between the TPVB group and PEC group.

Discussion:

Continuous PEC and continuous TPVB reduced the postoperative morphine consumptions as compared with the intravenous opioid analgesia in patients undergoing MRM with greater reduction in TPVB and without increased adverse effects.
Shoulder Balance Following Correction Surgery for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Moorthy Vikaesh , Goh Graham S. , Guo Chang-Ming , Tan Seang-Beng , Chen John Li-Tat , Soh Reuben Chee Cheong
Published: March 2021

Study Design:

This is a retrospective study.

Objective:

This study aims to determine (1) when shoulder rebalancing occurs after adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) correction surgery and (2) whether shoulder asymmetry was influenced by the use of pedicle screws or hooks.

Summary of Background Data:

Postoperative shoulder imbalance is an important outcome of AIS correction surgery as it may influence a patient’s appearance and satisfaction.

Materials and Methods:

Seventy AIS patients undergoing AIS correction surgery at a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. Radiographic parameters were measured from anteroposterior x-rays at preoperative, immediate postoperative, 6 months postsurgery, and 12 months postsurgery. Shoulder parameters measured were: radiographic shoulder height (RSH), clavicle angle, coracoid height difference (CHD), and T1 tilt. The Cobb angle of the proximal thoracic curve, major thoracic curve, and thoracolumbar/lumbar curve. The percentage of correction was also calculated.

Results:

Lateral shoulder asymmetry (RSH and CHD) changed significantly from preoperative to up to 6 months postsurgery. T1 tilt, a measure of medial shoulder asymmetry, did not change significantly. Postoperatively, the hook group attained significantly better shoulder balance than the screw group in terms of RSH and CHD up to 12 months postsurgery. However, the percentage correction of the major thoracic curve was significantly greater in the screw group than the hook group (hook: 62.2±18.4% vs. screw: 76.0±16.0%, P=0.007).

Conclusions:

Lateral shoulder rebalancing occurs up to 6 months after surgery. While thoracic pedicle screws offer greater correction of major AIS curves, hook constructs offer better postoperative shoulder symmetry.

Level of Evidence:

III.