bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethnic Minority Training in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Quintana Stephen M. , Bernal Martha E.
Published: March 2007

This study evaluated the status of multicultural training in counseling programs approved by the American Psychological Association (APA) (n= 41) and compared these programs to (a) clinical psychology programs (n = 104) and (b) existing standards and recommendations proposed in literature, for example, by Bernal and Castro, and Ridley, Mendoza, and Kanitz. Results suggested that compared to clinical programs counseling psychology programs demonstrated significantly higher commitment to multicultural training. However, the effect size of the differences between these two psychology specialties was small. Moreover, normative data from counseling psychology programs indicated that most programs are providing training that leads to, at best, multicultural sensitivity, but very few appear to be providing training that prepares practitioners to be multiculturally proficient. Hence it was concluded that, although counseling psychology programs have potential to make significant contributions to the mental health of racial and ethnic minority populations, significant changes need to be made before these programs yield a critical number of counseling psychologists who can begin to meet the mental health needs of racial and ethnic minority populations. Suggestions and recommendations are made to guide these changes.
Attachment Theory, Counseling Process, and Supervision
Authors: Pistole M. Carole , Watkins C. Edward
Published: March 2007

This article is designed to stimulate interest in the clinical utility of attachment theory and examine how its constructs are relevant to counseling and counseling supervision. The initial section illustrates attachment constructs in action and demonstrates how the theory and its related research can be used to conceptualize clients' experience in their emotionally important relationships. The authors then discuss counseling process focusing on the ways attachment theory can contribute to understanding the client-counselor relationship and change strategies. The implications of the central constructs are also explored in relation to counseling supervision. In concluding, the authors discuss research and clinical extensions of attachment theory, alluding briefly to areas that are also extensions of traditional counseling psychology. Throughout, the article's intent is to help the reader appreciate the complexity of attachment theory as well as its science-practice links and its potential contribution to clinical research and service delivery.
Substance Use, Confrontation of Impaired Colleagues, and Psychological Functioning among Counseling Psychologists: A National Survey
Authors: Good Glenn E. , Thoreson Richard W. , Shaughnessy Peter
Published: March 2007

Three hundred and ninety-three members of APA Division 17 (Counseling Psychology) completed a survey examining their past and current substance use, identification and confrontation of impaired psychologists, life satisfaction, work stress, and psychological distress. Respondents indicated favorable perceptions of their personal and professional satisfaction, low to moderate work stress, and minimal psychological distress. Overall, reported current levels of alcohol use were modest and use of other substances was low, although approximately 10% reported having been confronted for their substance abuse in the past. Forty-three percent of respondents reported knowledge of a male psychologist's and 28% reported knowledge of a female psychologist's current alcohol use problem; however, results suggested a general disinclination to confront impaired colleagues. The need to reconcile ethical obligations with the practical realities of confronting impaired psychologists is addressed.
Portfolio Assessment of Multicultural Counseling Competency
Authors: Coleman Hardin L. K.
Published: March 2007

Portfolio assessment is an alternate approach to the measurement of multicultural counseling competency. Most approaches to the assessment of multicultural counseling competency have focused on the development of point-in-time instruments that determine the degree to which an individual has acquired the awareness, knowledge, and skills associated with being a multiculturally competent counselor. A portfolio assessment encourages the learner to present concrete evidence that demonstrates his or her current level of multicultural counseling competency. This approach can be effective at both identifying the level of multicultural counseling competency for purposes of evaluation and for stimulating the development of further competence. The strengths and weaknesses of this approach to assessment of multicultural counseling competency are also discussed.
Beyond Feelings:
Authors: Heesacker Martin , Bradley Margaret M.
Published: March 2007

Emotion and emotion-related processes lie at the heart of counseling, yet there is scant evidence that counseling psychology has a substantial curricular, scientific, or psychotherapeutic commitment to the psychological science of emotion. Likewise, social psychology and other fields involved with emotion science often avoid researching counseling-relevant topics and disseminate their findings in outlets and formats not likely to be accessed by or useful to counseling psychologists. This article identifies a series of impediments that may be responsible for these and related problems and proposes potential solutions.
Piecing the Puzzle Together:
Authors: Hansen Nancy E. , Freimuth Marilyn
Published: March 2007

The field of psychology holds theory to be one of the critical determinants of practice, yet the relationship between the two is difficult to describe. This article presents a seven-level model that delineates the different pathways through which theory affects conceptualization and intervention. Four outer levels of the framework (assumptive world, school, theory, and theorist) provide a way to organize clinical thinking, whereas two inner levels (strategy and technique) direct practice. The critical working hypothesis level serves as a bridge between the two. A case example illustrates the application of this model to clinical data, and implications are emphasized for graduate student training and psychotherapy practice.
Preparing Anglos for the Challenges and Joys of Multiculturalism
Authors: Kiselica Mark S.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to discuss the multicultural training process with Anglo trainees as it relates to the following three issues: (a) supportively assisting Anglos with the difficult task of confronting White racism, (b) teaching Anglos to respond empathetically to challenges from ethnic-minority colleagues and clients, and (c) introducing Anglos to the joys inherent in multicultural counseling.
Resolving Ethical and Legal Problems in Randomized Experiments
Authors: Boruch Robert F. , Victor Timothy , Cecil Joe S.
Published: March 2007

This article considers the ethical problems engendered by random assignment and privacy concerns in randomized field experiments. The particular focus is on procedural, legislative, and technical approaches to reducing or avoiding the problems. Examples are given from a variety of disciplines, although the main emphasis is on research in crime and delinquency.
Judges' Reactions to Sentencing Reform in Ohio
Authors: Griffin Timothy , Wooldredge John
Published: March 2007

Sentencing reforms are often presumed to be negatively received by the judiciary, although there is little research directly examining why this is the case. In this article, results from a survey of Ohio judges who recently experienced a major sentencing reform (Ohio's Senate Bill 2) are examined. A number of important findings emerge, including that a slight majority of judges favors the reform overall, despite opposition to specific features of the legislation. There is also evidence that judges who are personally unfavorable toward Senate Bill 2 assume that the majority of judges share their disfavor, whereas judges who favor the bill are more realistic in their perceptions of others' assessments. Chi-square analysis and principal components analysis show that general disfavor of Senate Bill 2 is associated with concerns about loss of judicial authority but that many judges who favor the bill believe it can promote greater equity in sentencing.
A Peer Jury in the Juvenile Court
Authors: Reichel Philip , Seyfrit Carole
Published: March 2007

Using the procedure of informal probation, the juvenile court in Columbia County (Georgia) is experimenting with a panel of age peers who determine case disposition for certain offenses and offenders. The authors describe the innovative progam and present the results of a qualitative program assessment using information from in-depth interviews and questionnaire responses. The data indicate the program is popular with peer jury members, youthful offenders, and parents. The positive nature of the responses suggests that further research be done to determine if peer juries are any more or less successful than other juvenile court programs.
Pennsylvania's Sentencing Reform: The Impact of Commission-Established Guidelines
Authors: Kramer John H. , Lubitz Robin L.
Published: March 2007

Sentencing guidelines have attracted extensive attention as a rational approach to sentencing reform despite little evidence that guidelines act to reduce disparity or increase fairness. This article reports on a major assessment of Pennsylvania's commission-developed guidelines. The findings indicate that the Commission's guidelines have had a substantial impact on sentencing. The article focuses particularly on race, county size, and disparity measures in evaluating the impact of the guidelines. The findings support the conclusion that commission-based guidelines can effect meaningful sentencing reform.
Juvenile Delinquency: Can Social Science Find a Cure?
Authors: Gibbons Don C.
Published: March 2007

In the first half of this century, criminologists voiced a good deal of optimism regarding the search for the causes of crime and delinquency. Further, they exhibited a good deal of enthusiasm for correctional intervention based upon scientific knowledge. However, although criminological knowledge has grown impressively in the past two or three decades, criminologists have produced many specific findings and conditional propositions but few unequivocal scientific generalizations. In addition, pessimism about treatment has replaced optimism, following the discovery that “nothing works.” This article takes stock of the current state of affairs and offers suggestions regarding directions to be pursued.
Some Unexpected Effects of a Police Service for Victims
Authors: Skogan Wesley G. , Wycoff Mary Ann
Published: March 2007

This article examines the impact of a special police program for crime victims. Police officers recontacted recent victims by telephone. The officers were to find out whether they needed any assistance, refer them to support services, offer advice and information, gather any new information on the case, and indicate the department's continuing concern for their plight. Participating victims also were sent crime prevention materials. The program was evaluated using an experimental design. Victims were randomly assigned to treatment and control groups, and only the former were contacted. Then, follow-up interviews were conducted with all victims in order to assess the impact of the program.
California Legislature Ends the Jailing of Children: The Story of a Policy Reversal
Authors: Steinhart David
Published: March 2007

In 1986, California adopted the nation's strongest law prohibiting the incarceration of children in jails and lockups for adults. This legislation was a policy reversal in a state with a long history of jailing children in huge numbers. Key ingredients of the reform effort were a well-organized proponent coalition, including the National Council on Crime and Delinquency and the Youth Law Center; a respected legislative author; a background of pending California litigation on the issue; and publicity surrounding tragic deaths and injuries to minors confined in adult facilities. The reform bill, SB 1637, became effective January 1, 1987. It outlaws use of jails for minors under juvenile court jurisdiction, but permits six hour confinement of certain minors in police lockups under strict statutory conditions. Advocates of reform in other states may benefit from this study of jail removal in California.
Physical Environment and Jail Social Climate
Authors: Houston James G. , Gibbons Don C. , Jones Joseph F.
Published: March 2007

Do positive alterations in the physical environment of correctional facilities result in improvements in the attitudes and feelings of correctional officers or prisoners? The demolition of a bastille-type county jail in Oregon and its replacement with an ultra-modern facility provided an opportunity to address this question. The Moos Correctional Institution Environment Scale (CIES) was administered to staff and prisoners in the old and new jail and also in two “control” jails where no physical alterations took place. The results showed no changes in inmate responses to the CIES in any of the jails, while some improvement in scores for correctional officers in the new jail were noted. The data seem to confirm the long-held suspicion that the physical attractiveness of institutional facilities has little to do with the attitudes of prisoners toward these places.
Jailing Juveniles in Florida: The Dynamics of Compliance with a Sluggish Federal Reform Initiative
Authors: Frazier Charles E. , Bishop Donna M.
Published: March 2007

Compliance with the jail removal mandate of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 has been slow and incomplete. The present study examines obstacles to full compliance with requirements of the mandate. Data include interviews with justice officials, direct observations of jail admissions procedures, and individual-level data on all juvenile jail admissions for calendar year 1987. Although there is evidence that commonly recognized impediments to policy reform played a part in Florida's failure to achieve full compliance by the 1988 deadline, our analyses suggest that social conditions neglected by other researchers are of equal or greater importance.
Correlates of Jail Overcrowding: A Case Study of a County Detention Center
Authors: Shelden Randall G. , Brown William B.
Published: March 2007

Overcrowding in local jails has emerged as an important social problem in recent years. Many have assumed that this problem has resulted from rising crime rates and general population growth, but recent research has called into question such claims. This study examines jail overcrowding in the county detention center in Las Vegas, Nevada. The data show that the major causes of jail overcrowding include a rise in the arrest rate for certain crimes, such as driving under the influence, domestic violence, drugs and vagrancy, along with recent legislative changes, questionable police practices, and the punitive nature of some of Nevada's laws.
Evaluating Intensive Supervision Probation/Parole (ISP) for Drug Offenders
Authors: Turner Susan , Petersilia Joan , Deschenes Elizabeth Piper
Published: March 2007

This article reports results from a recently completed randomized field experiment testing the effects of intensive supervision probation/parole (ISP) for drug-involved offenders. The ISP demonstration project, funded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance, included five jurisdictions: Contra Costa, California; Seattle, Washington; Des Moines, Iowa; Santa Fe, New Mexico; and Winchester, Virginia. Jurisdictions developed ISP programs tailored to their own contexts, using the general ISP model developed by Georgia and New Jersey in the early 1980s. Results show that ISP offenders were seen more often, submitted more often to drug testing, received more drug counseling, and had higher levels of employment than their counterparts on routine probation/parole supervision. With respect to 1-year recidivism outcomes, a higher proportion of ISP offenders had technical violations (primarily for drug use), but there was no difference between the two study groups in new criminal arrests. At the end of the 1-year follow-up, more ISP offenders had been placed in jail or prison (mostly for technical violations). This policy drove up system costs, which for ISP averaged just under $8,000 per year per offender versus about $5,500 per year per offender for routine supervision. The article concludes with a discussion of how these results can be used to inform future ISP research and policy discussions.
Drug Tests and the Prediction of Pretrial Misconduct: Findings and Policy Issues
Authors: Belenko Steven , Mara-Drita Iona , McElroy Jerome E.
Published: March 2007

Growing concern about the impact of drug abuse and the proliferation of drug-related caseloads in urban courts has fueled interest in urine screening and monitoring programs to detect drug use among pretrial defendants. Research on the predictive utility of urine tests in New York City and elsewhere suggests that this information does not improve the ability to classify high-risk offenders, nor does urine monitoring appear to reduce pretrial misconduct under supervised release programs. Coupled with technical and process concerns surrounding drug tests, the evidence thus far suggests caution in the adoption of pretrial drug-testing programs.
Pinning a Tail on the Dragon: The Chinese and the International Heroin Trade
Authors: Dobinson Ian
Published: March 2007

This article discusses some widely held misconceptions about the involvement of Chinese criminals in international heroin trafficking. The evidence considered in the article undermines those claims that large, interlinked syndicates control heroin distribution from the source to the street and also that the triads are heavily involved in the heroin trade. The implications of these data are briefly considered.
Electronic Monitoring of the Drunk Driver: A Seven-Year Study of the Home Confinement Alternative
Authors: Lilly J. Robert , Ball Richard A. , Curry G. David , McMullen John
Published: March 2007

This article evaluates the success of a program using electronic monitoring (EM) as the “front end” of a probation term for drunk drivers during three different program phases lasting over 7 years. The data indicate that EM was implemented with few equipment problems or client complaints and was very cost-effective, with nearly all the clients completing their EM period successfully. There was no evidence of any “add-on” effect, nor was there much evidence of selection bias by gender, age, race, or socioeconomic status. Probation success declined, however, during the post-EM probation period.
Addressing Technological Change: The Challenge to Social Theory
Authors: Wajcman Judy
Published: March 2007

Technology is central to contemporary theories of social, cultural and economic change, yet its treatment is still predominantly one of technological determinism. This article examines the development of the social studies of science and technology (STS) and its critique of this dominant position. It provides an account of the principal concepts that inform the area, which emphasize that technology is a socio-technical product, patterned by the conditions of its creation and use. Technology and society, rather than being separate spheres, are mutually constituted. In this way, STS adds an important dimension missing in recent social theory, one that is sensitive to the materiality of social relations and the power of objects. Finally, the article explores the contribution of scholars of gender and technology to both STS and feminist theory. For all the diversity to be found within the field, what has emerged is a powerful legacy of theory and research that promises to make a significant contribution to public debates in the 21st century.
Gender Relations and Technological Change in Asia
Authors: Kelkar Govind , Nathan Dev
Published: March 2007

In the post-colonial world of the last 50 years in Asia, one broad conclusion can be stated: overall women have advanced in search of more equal gender relations in most of the continent. The challenges to patriarchy are increasing and patriarchy is weakening. This article examines how advances in information technologies have the potential to change the organization of work in Asia, especially in the areas of gender relations and cultural ceilings. Our major questions are: how are women affecting and have been affected by these wide-ranging technological advances? How do we understand the ongoing contradiction of development policy - being efficient and productive as well as pursuing social and gender equality and sustainable human development? While the new information technologies in manufacturing, services and communications hold great promise for dissolving old bases of discrimination, the potential of these technologies for decentralized and more humane development, with participatory political structures, has yet to be realized because of continuing patriarchal relations and the domination of accumulation over development goals.
Retrotopia: Critical Reason Turns Primitive
Authors: Rév István
Published: March 2007

The collapse of the Communist regimes and the failure of the anti-bureaucratic critical left may be traced back to the same roots. Around the middle of the 1960s the critical left turned away from a future-oriented utopia and discovered anthropology, the peasants and the primitive as an anti-capitalist, anti-bureaucratic, anti-centralist, anti-consumerist alternative. East European critical intellectuals were quick to follow the turn of intellectual direction, and became unable to provide a technologically desirable, politically sound, historically acceptable critique of the existing Communist regimes. The anti-capitalist, anti-imperialist retrotopia of the New Left proved to be too seductive to the official Communist ideologues, so they too gave up the future-oriented utopia, the only historical legitimation of the political practices and economic problems of the Communist regimes. The Fall at the end of the 1980s falsified the research programme of the critical social scientists for whom it was professionally almost impossible to come to terms with the peculiar and completely unexpected changes.
Contamination, Corrosion and the Social Order: An Overview
Authors: Freudenburg William R.
Published: March 2007

The social impacts of technological disasters are more severe than those of natural disasters. Three factors are involved in explaining this disparity. First, many of the most severe impacts are associated not with simple physical destruction, but with the ambiguity of harm. Many of the most disturbing forms of technological contamination cannot be detected by the naked eye or by the other unaided senses; many cannot be assessed after the fact even with sophisticated equipment; and many can never be said definitively to have ended, or for that matter, not to have ended. Second, unlike natural disasters - which often lead to the emergence of a `therapeutic' community, with an outpouring of spontaneous as well as official assistance to victims - technological disasters tend to be followed by the emergence of corrosive communities, often characterized by lawyers who act to limit the potential liability of their clients, but whose net effect is often to blame the victims, to divide the community and to delay or to prevent the start of recovery. Finally, technological disasters can create widespread sociocultural disruption and concerns over recreancy, raising disturbing questions about the trustworthiness of societal institutions on which we all depend.
Negotiating Both Sides of the Plant Gate: Gender, Hazardous Facility Workers and Community Responses To Technological Hazards
Authors: Roberts J. Timmons
Published: March 2007

Workers at hazardous facilities and their families play an important and virtually undocumented role in determining community responses to technological disasters. Community researchers must pay closer attention to whether hazardous facility workers reside locally, to their roles in the community, how gender affects their relations with family members and authorities, and how they affect their neighbors and local attitudes more broadly. Risk is `socially constructed' by workers based largely upon their structural positions in their firms, their level of control over hazards at the workplace, the firm's ties to local economies, the effectiveness of corporate safety and environmental relations campaigns, and whether gender relations in the home buffer anxiety and concern over hazards in the workplace.
PPBS and Cost Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Hartley Harry J.
Published: March 2007

PPBS is depicted as a means for formulating more precise curricular objectives and extending the time horizon in educational planning. Program budgets focus upon programs to be accomplished rather than objects to be purchased, and thus PPBS provides for the development of performance indicators and cost-effectiveness criteria as administrative tools.
Leader-Team Belief System Congruence and Relationships to Morale within Teaching Teams
Authors: Ables Jack , Conway James
Published: March 2007

If members of teaching teams are to direct more of their energies toward learning processes rather than the interpersonal conflicts of the team, then factors associated with team cohesion must be identified. This study finds that homogeneity of belief systems, within teams as well as between the team and its leader, is significantly related to team morale.
Instructional Management in Historical Perspective: Evidence on Differentiation in School Districts
Authors: Rowan Brian
Published: March 2007

An analysis of job titles in a sample of California school districts was made to trace patterns of instructional management in school districts during the period 1930-1970. The analysis of the data revealed that (1) the form of instruction and curriculum management in districts changed during the period of study and that (2) increases in instructional management positions have been less than in positions that either keep track of money, materials, and people or positions that manage auxiliary services for students.
Perceived Role Conflict, Role Ambiguity, and Teacher Burnout
Authors: Schwab Richard L. , Iwanicki Edward F.
Published: March 2007

This study of 469 classroom teachers examined the relationship of role conflict and role ambiguity to teacher burnout. Three aspects of burnout were examined: feelings of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization or negative attitudes toward students, and feelings of a lack of personal accomplishment. Two of the more important findings were: (1) role conflict and role ambiguity explained a statistically significant amount of variance infeelings of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and (2) role conflict and role ambiguity differed in their relationships to the three aspects of burnout. Suggestions for minimizing role conflict and role ambiguity as well as recommendations for future research are presented.
Mobilizing Constituency Pressure to Influence State Education Policy Making
Authors: Mazzoni Tim L. , Malen Betty
Published: March 2007

Minnesota case studies on the issue of tax concessions for private school parents provide the basis for an analysis of the political strategy of constituency mobilization and its policy impact. A generalized model is thenpresented, and it is discussed in relationship to the pluralist bargaining description of state education policy making.
The Gender Difference Hypothesis: A Synthesis of Research Findings
Authors: Jones B. Kathryn
Published: March 2007

The intent of this inquiry was to synthesize empirical findings on gender differences published in the first 22 volumes of the Educational Administration Quarterly. A content analysis of these articles provided adequate statistical information to conduct a meta-analysis on 147 tests of the gender difference hypothesis. When an effect size of .5 was required to infer a gender difference on a criterion variable of interest, only 6 (or 4%o) of the 147 tests in the synthesis population provided sufficient evidence to support a gender difference hypothesis. From these findings a discussion of implications for future theoretical and empirical inquiries follows.
Enchantment, Disenchantment, and Accommodation: How a Faculty Made Sense of the Succession of its Principal
Authors: Ogawa Rodney T.
Published: March 2007

This article presents the findings of a study that examined how an elementary school faculty made sense of the succession of its principal. The findings suggest that teachers' sense-making was affected by two sets of factors previously identified by research in noneducational settings: a group norm and characteristics of the succession process. The findings also suggest that a general expectation of change and presuccession sense-making affected the manner in which teachers interpreted succession events. The findings of this study suggest several questions to guide future research.
Understanding Classroom Environments: An Organizational Sensemaking Approach
Authors: Gilmore Michael J. , Murphy Joseph
Published: March 2007

A social psychological approach to understanding the social environment in classrooms is developed. Causal mapping techniques were used to investigate classroom environments and sensemaking within classrooms. Using unbiased interview techniques, concept structures for classrooms were developed. The research demonstrates that a homogeneous conception of classroom environments is flawed; students used highly individualistic concepts or labels to describe their classroom environments. The diversity of the cognitions represents the unique meaning that each student attributes to his or her classroom environment, defined by and mediated through relationships among students.
"Miss Lincoln doesn't Teach here": A Descriptive Narrative and Conceptual Analysis of a Principal's Symbolic Leadership Behavior
Authors: Reitzug Ulrich C. , Reeves Jennifer Esler
Published: March 2007

The concept of organizational culture and the leader's role in its development has recently received significant attention. However, scholars have noted that thick descriptions of how school leaders symbolically influence organizational culture are scarce. Additionally, scholars have been critical of 'symbolic managers" and described their influence on organizational culture as manipulative. This study seeks to increase the conceptual understanding of symbolic leadership behavior and inform the issue of cultural manipulation by providing an extensive description and conceptual analysis of the symbolic leadership behavior of an elementary school principal
Principals, Parents, and Administrative Superiors
Authors: Goldring Ellen B.
Published: March 2007

Many recent reform efforts contain a strong parental involvement component. However, the hierarchical governing system of most schools is not eroding as parent participation increases. An outcome of the increasing levels of parental involvement is that the principalship is becoming more a middle manager position than in the past. The central question posed in this study is, how do the relationships among principals, parents, and administrative superiors affect the extent to which parents are involved in educational policy-making at the school-site level? A stratified random sample of elementary school principals in Israel participated in a study about parental involvement practices. The results indicate that the nature of the relationships differ for principals of high-and low-SES schools. The study highlights the importance of studying parental involvement from a political perspective of the school organization
Creating Teacher Leadership Roles
Authors: Hart Ann Weaver
Published: March 2007

A comparative case study revealed divergent emerging judgments of a teacher career ladder in two schools. Educators in the two sites strongly disagreed over the relative salutary impact of the new tasks and responsibilities on instruction and student learning. In an earlier analysis, the use of work structure and group-level frameworks fell short in providing a full explanation for site-specific differences in teachers' individual perceptions of the career ladder reform. Therefore, a deductive analysis of the cases was conducted applying role theory constructs. It revealed individual-group dynamics embedded in group conceptions of role. Conclusions support the assertionis that interpretations drawn from the immediate environment have profound impacts on "objective" tasks associated with work characteristics and their outcomes and emphasize the ambiguity of innovation in established organizations.
Science in Educational Administration: A Postpositivist Conception
Authors: Evers Colin W. , Lakomski Gabriele
Published: March 2007

Arguments about the strengths and weaknesses of traditional logical empiricist conceptions of science have figured prominently in debates over the nature and content of theories of educational administration. In this article, we briefly review some of these debates and their consequences for administrative theory, concluding that much of the dispute is misconceived owing to the widespread acceptance of foundational assumptions about knowledge justification. As an alternative, we urge the adoption of a nonfoundational, coherentist view of knowledge justification that leads to a much broader conception of science, one we think is more suitable for developing a systematic new science of administration. We conclude by outlining some consequences of our new science for postmodern developments in the field and approaches to organizational design and leadership.
School Governance Regimes and Teachers' Job Satisfaction: Bureaucracy, Legitimacy, and Community
Authors: Verdugo Richard R. , Greenberg Nancy M. , Henderson Ronald D. , Uribe Oscar , Schneider Jeffrey M.
Published: March 2007

Most approaches to improving education in the United States fail; some succeed in certain schools only to fail elsewhere. Why? The main thesis of this study is that various programs to school reform fail because they neglect to consider the role of legitimacy as an intervening factor as a school moves from a strict bureaucratic to a community governance regime. This article develops and estimates a causal model describing the relationship between bureaucracy, legitimacy, and community as predictors of teachers' job satisfaction-an important school outcome that is highly related to student achievement. Data for the study are from a national survey of National Education Association teacher members.
Use it or Lose it: Commentary on “Knowledge Utilization in Educational Policy and Politics”
Authors: Herrington Carolyn D.
Published: March 2007

In this reaction to the Mitchell and Boyd article, comments are restricted to three areas. First, the importance of utilization of knowledge in the field of educational policy and politics is reiterated, and reinforcing observations are presented to points made in the article regarding the centrality of political utilization as a defining component of the field. Second, the need for additional investigations of the professional research environment, which has thus far produced the promising but limited interdisciplinary research in the field as identified by Mitchell and Boyd is suggested. Finally, a consideration of emerging conceptualizations of the diminished role of political ideology and the enhanced role of learning in an age of information is presented. Additionally, how they might lead to a new politics of learning-one in which the current policy control continuum might be joined with, or compete with, alternative ordering principles for the field of educational policy and politics-is discussed.
The Inequality of Separation: Racial Composition of Schools and Academic Achievement
Authors: Caldas Stephen J. , Bankston Carl
Published: March 2007

Using multilevel modeling, this study examines the effect of African American concentration in Louisiana public schools on the academic achievement of African American and White students. The authors consider this question as they control for a variety of individual and school-level sociodemographic factors, including socioeconomic status and student race. African American concentration is defined as the percentage of the student body that is African American. Student achievement is a factor score derived from the three 10th-grade components of the Louisiana Graduation Exit Examination. The data are drawn from the 1990 test results of 42,000 students from 342 secondary schools. The study finds that, controlling for all variables, African American concentration still has a negative effect on student achievement. However, the percentage of minority students only begins to have a significant negative effect at relatively high levels of concentration. These findings suggest that to resegregate African American students could have negative academic outcomes for those students.
Does Information About Personality Scales Affect Responses and Attitudes? 1
Authors: Tracy Russel L. , Fiske Donald W.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the effects of giving subjects additional information about personality tests. One group received only standard instructions; a second group also had an opportunity to examine typical items; a third had, in addition, an oral exposition of one variable—either the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale or the Similes Preference Inventory. Additional information was associated with slightly more positive attitudes but did not increase response homogeneity or the uniformity of subjects' perceptions of the variable being measured. It was concluded that, when a subject is given the task of describing himself, his responses are determined primarily by his interaction with each item, rather than by general attitudes elicited by the instructions.
Library Skills, Study Habits and Attitudes, and Sex as Related to Academic Achievement
Authors: Corlett Donna
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the relationship of library skills, study habits and attitudes, and sex to the academic achievement of college freshmen. The multiple regression equation was used to determine the relationships. The Library Orientation Test appeared to be valid for forecasting college success.
Echo: a Computer Based Test for the Measurement of Individualistic, Cooperative, Defensive, and Aggressive Modes of Behavior
Authors: Krus David J. , Balcar Karel R. , Bland Patricia C.
Published: March 2007

A military-economic type of allocation game was used as a framework for a personality, computer based test. Test scores were derived from the magnitudes of allocations of monetary units into four regions. This decision-making behavior was interpreted in relation to its underlying personality traits through using the imago algorithm. Standardization of test scores and their interpretations, based on variable test norms, were automated.
Interval Scaling Using Pair Comparisons or Pair Comparison Treatment of Complete Ranks Under Case III Assumptions
Authors: Wherry Robert J. , Schriesheim Chester A.
Published: March 2007

Two of the better approaches to the scaling of stimuli are the methods of pair comparison and pair comparison treatment of complete ranks under the assumptions of Thurstone's Case III. This paper outlines a computer program with four data input options which scales up to 40 stimuli using these methods. The program will also compute an absolute scale zero point if the user employs the Horst method of balanced values (acceptance or rejection of pairs) in addition to the pair comparison procedure. Output of the program is detailed and includes, in addition to scale values and standard deviations, several matrices which allow Case IV or V scaling by hand with minimal effort.
A Comparison of Variable Configurations Across Scale Lengths: An Empirical Study'
Authors: Schutz Howard G. , Rucker Margaret H.
Published: March 2007

Data from 2-, 3-, 6-, and 7-point rating scales were analyzed to determine whether scale length affected response patterns. The results of this study indicate that data configurations are relatively invariant with changes in number of scale points.
Prediction of First Quarter Freshman GPA Using Sat Scores and High School Grades
Authors: Chissom Brad S. , Lanier Doris
Published: March 2007

The study attempted to determine the validity of students' SAT scores and HSGPA as predictors of freshman course grades and overall college grade point average (CGPA). Subjects for the study included 669 freshman students at Georgia Southern College who had enrolled in and completed either English Composition I or freshman mathematics during fall quarter, 1973. Data for the study included students' SAT-V scores, SAT-M scores, HSGPA and CGPA. Results showed that a significant multiple correlation existed between the predictor variables and CGPA.
Iris: a Computer-Interactive Apl Program for Recovering Simple Orders
Authors: Reynolds Thomas J. , Cliff Norman
Published: March 2007

IRIS, a computer-interactive APL program for developing a simple order for a set of stimuli, is described. IRIS executes interactively by presenting pairs to be judged at a remote terminal. The subject responds by indicating his preference, or, by indicating that he has no preference. From a subject's judgments, IRIS determines which judgments are implied via transitivity and presents only pairs for which no implications are known. A substantial reduction in number of paired-comparisons required to recover a simple order results.
Group Size Effects in Employment Testing
Authors: Hillery Joseph M. , Fugita Stephen S.
Published: March 2007

Effects of the number of individuals (1 to 10) coacting while taking two standardized motor performance tests were examined. Scores on the manual and finger dexterity sections of the General Aptitude Test Battery were collected from two state employment agencies for 2,261 actual applicants. Increases in aptitude scores corresponding to increases in group size were predicted based upon the summation hypothesis of social facilitation theory. Results indicated a group size effect with performance appearing to increase somewhat linearly with increases in number of coactors. The implications for social facilitation theory and the interpretation of tests administered in a group setting were discussed.
Some Comments Concerning the Use of Monotonic Transformations To Remove the Interaction in Two-Factor Anova's
Authors: Huck Schuyler W. , Sutton Cary O.
Published: March 2007

In his discussion of two-factor experiments, Winer (1971) points out that it may be desirable to remove the interaction (and thus obtain additivity of effects) through a monotonic data transformation. The present authors extend Lubin's (1961) discussion of ordinal and disordinal interactions by introducing the concept of "dual-ordinal." This concept is important since a transformation cannot bring about additivity of effects unless the interaction is "dual-ordinal" in nature. For the applied researcher, a simple rule-of-thumb is set forth which allows one to determine, through visual inspection of a single interaction graph, whether or not an interaction is dual-ordinal.
The Concurrent Validity of the Primary Self-Concept Scale for a Sample of Third-Grade Children
Authors: Jensen Joan M. , Michael Joan J. , Michael William B.
Published: March 2007

In addition to estimates of the reliability for the eight factor scales of the 24-item Primary Self-Concept Scale (PSCS) obtained from two administrations to a sample of 83 children in the third grade, concurrent validity coefficients of the eight scales were determined relative to the same eight factors on the Teacher Questionnaire (TQ) designed to reflect teachers' perceptions of children's behaviors in these eight factor categories. Scores on four scales of the PSCS on its first administration and on three scales on its second administration yielded statistically significant validity (phi) coefficients with scores on corresponding factor categories of the TQ.
A Preliminary Investigation of Two Procedures for Setting Examination Standards
Authors: Andrew Barbara J. , Hecht James T.
Published: March 2007

Two standard setting procedures were employed by two groups of judges to set pass-fail levels for comparable samples of a nationally administered examination. These procedures were both designed to set standards in relation to the minimally qualified examinee. The study was undertaken to determine whether similar standards would be set for the same examination content when determined by different groups of judges, and whether the two procedures employed would result in similar standards for comparable samples of test content. In addition, the extent to which group consensus judgments might differ from individual judgments was also investigated. The results suggest that different groups of judges do set similar examination standards when using the same procedure, and that the average of individual judgments does not differ significantly from group consensus judgments. Significant differences were found, however, between the standards set by the two procedures employed. This finding was observed for both groups. The nature of these differences is described, and their implications for setting examination standards are discussed.
Novelty and Sensation Seeking in Two Academic Training Settings
Authors: Waters Carrie Wherry , Ambler Rosalie , Waters L.K.
Published: March 2007

Subscale scores on the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS) and the Novelty Experiencing Scale (NES), scores on a social desirability scale and on two ability tests, and academic course grades were obtained for a sample of 275 pre-flight students. Data from 172 college males of the same age range (Waters, 1974) provided comparisons between college and pre-flight students. The preflight students, as compared to college males, scored higher on External Sensation, Thrill and Adventure Seeking, and External Cognition; but scored lower on Experience Seeking and Disinhibition. A factor analysis of the subscales of the SSS and NES yielded a general and three group factors in both the pre-flight and the college student samples. One group factor was defined by the External Sensation subscale of the NES and the Thrill and Adventure Seeking subscale of the SSS. This group factor was the only one that included subscales from both instruments. The other two group factors, which represented clusters of the remaining within instrument subscales, were interpreted as reflecting within scale method variance.
Equivalencies among Canonical Factor Analysis, Canonical Reliability Analysis, and Principal Components Analysis: Implications for Data Reduction of Fallible Measures
Authors: Conger Anthony J. , Stallard Eric
Published: March 2007

If variables are scaled so that they have equal errors of measurement, then the maximally reliable composites found in a canonical reliability analysis have highly desirable properties. Under this scaling transformation, canonical factor analysis on all nonerror variance, principal components analysis and canonical reliability analysis all yield equivalent results. Thus, the resulting components are successively maximally reliable and simultaneously provide a least squares fit to both the covariance matrix of rescaled observed scores and of rescaled true scores. In addition, the proportion of true to observed score variance retained in an s-dimensional least squares fit is equal to the ratio of the s-dimensional canonical reliability to the canonical reliability of the entire battery. Based on the above, it is argued that data reduction (when there is no a priori reason to keep the original units of measurement) should proceed by doing a components analysis on the covariance matrix rescaled so as to yield equal errors of measurement.