bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suppression of Clostridium difficile in the Gastrointestinal Tracts of Germfree Mice Inoculated with a Murine Isolate from the Family Lachnospiraceae
Authors: Reeves Angela E. , Koenigsknecht Mark J. , Bergin Ingrid L. , Young Vincent B.
Published: August 2012

The indigenous microbial community of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract determines susceptibility to
Clostridium difficile
colonization and disease. Previous studies have demonstrated that antibiotic-treated mice challenged with
C. difficile
either developed rapidly lethal
C. difficile
infection or were stably colonized with mild disease. The GI microbial community of animals with mild disease was dominated by members of the bacterial family
Lachnospiraceae
, while the gut community in moribund animals had a predominance of
Escherichia coli
. We investigated the roles of murine
Lachnospiraceae
and
E. coli
strains in colonization resistance against
C. difficile
in germfree mice. Murine
Lachnospiraceae
and
E. coli
isolates were cultured from wild-type mice. The ability of each of these isolates to interfere with
C. difficile
colonization was tested by precolonizing germfree mice with these bacteria 4 days prior to experimental
C. difficile
challenge. Mice precolonized with a murine
Lachnospiraceae
isolate, but not those colonized with
E. coli
, had significantly decreased
C. difficile
colonization, lower intestinal cytotoxin levels and exhibited less severe clinical signs and colonic histopathology. Infection of germfree mice or mice precolonized with
E. coli
with
C. difficile
strain VPI 10463 was uniformly fatal by 48 h, but only 20% mortality was seen at 2 days in mice precolonized with the
Lachnospiraceae
isolate prior to challenge with VPI 10463. These findings confirm that a single component of the GI microbiota, a murine
Lachnospiraceae
isolate, could partially restore colonization resistance against
C. difficile
. Further study of the members within the
Lachnospiraceae
family could lead to a better understanding of mechanisms of colonization resistance against
C. difficile
and novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment and prevention of
C. difficile
infection.
Cometary evolution and cryovolcanism 1This article is part of a Special issue that honours the work of Dr. Donald M. Hunten FRSC who passed away in December 2010 after a very illustrious career.
Authors: Belton Michael J.S.
Published: August 2012

Recent space observations of cometary nuclei show evidence of internal (cryovolcanic) activity while retaining aspects of their primitive origins. Using discoveries made during the two most recent cometary encounters: EPOXI at 103P/Hartley 2 and Stardust-NExT at 9P/Tempel 1, we test a hypothesis for their physical evolution, which, if true, could provide a unified basis for understanding the relative ages of their surfaces and the causes of a wide range of cometary activity. We show: (i) that the categorization of 103P/Hartley 2 as hyperactive is not a reflection of the extent of activity over the surface of the nucleus for which we find a normal H2O production rate; (ii) that the heterogeneous spatial distribution of CO2 and H2O in the inner comae of 9P/Tempel 1 and 103P/Hartley 2 is best explained by processes associated with cometary activity rather than the presence of primitive compositional heterogeneities in the nucleus; and (iii) that most of the quasi-circular depressions seen on the surface of 9P/Tempel are the result of outburst activity. The apparent absence of circular depressions and large scale layering on 103P/Hartley 2 present a challenge to the evolutionary hypothesis although the small size of its nucleus may ultimately provide an explanation.
Photometry of dayside auroras during solar minimum 1This article is part of a Special issue that honours the work of Dr. Donald M. Hunten FRSC who passed away in December 2010 after a very illustrious career.
Authors: McEwen D.J. , Sivjee G.G.
Published: August 2012

An examination is made of Antarctic dayside auroras to establish how they relate to solar wind strength under the quiet conditions of the recent extended solar minimum when the solar wind pressure was weak and the interplanetary magnetic field Bz is small. It is found that, during the many days of observation, the aurora is detected even with the most stable and quiet conditions. On such occasions the 630 nm OI emission can be as low as 50 R, but is unambiguously and continuously detectable through each noon. This is above an airglow intensity of about 30 R. For these quiet conditions there is no evident relation between the solar wind dynamic pressure or interplanetary magnetic field Bz and dayside auroral intensity. This suggests that there is no effective reconnection under these minimal conditions and the particle source for the dayside aurora could be within the magnetosphere.
The contemporary and historical budget of atmospheric CO21This article is part of a Special Issue that honours the work of Dr. Donald M. Hunten FRSC who passed away in December 2010 after a very illustrious career.
Authors: Huang Junling , McElroy Michael B.
Published: August 2012

Observations of CO2 and O2 are interpreted to develop an understanding of the changes in the abundance of atmospheric CO2 that have arisen over the period 1995–2007. Fossil fuels accounted for an addition of 89.3 Gt of carbon to the atmosphere over this time period, 29% of which was transferred to the ocean, 15% to the global biosphere, with the balance (57%) retained by the atmosphere. Analysis of historical data for CO2 derived from studies of gases trapped in ice at Law Dome in Antarctica indicate that the biosphere represented a net source of atmospheric CO2 prior to 1940, switching subsequently to a net sink.
Saturn upper atmospheric structure from Cassini EUV and FUV occultations 1This article is part of a Special Issue that honours the work of Dr. Donald M. Hunten FRSC who passed away in December 2010 after a very illustrious career.
Authors: Shemansky D.E. , Liu X.
Published: August 2012

Stellar occultations of the Saturn atmosphere using the Cassini ultraviolet imaging spectrograph (UVIS) experiment have provided vertical structure at a range of latitudes. The transmission spectra in the extreme–far ultraviolet (EUV–FUV) range allow extraction of vertical profiles of H2 and hydrocarbon abundances from the top of the atmosphere to about 300 km above the 1 bar (1 bar = 100 kPa) pressure level. A reanalysis of the Voyager 2 δSco occultation in 1981 is consistent with the original report. The hydrocarbon homopause is near a pressure of 0.2 μbar in the UVIS analysis, compared to ∼0.01 μbar obtained from the Voyager occultation. Measured hydrocarbon abundances are obtained in the pressure range 600–0.1 μbar in the Cassini UVIS experiment. The combined UVIS results provide evidence for significant latitudinal dependence of vertical temperature profile. The confinement of the hydrocarbons in the current observations compared to published models and the Voyager ultraviolet spectrograph (UVS) results at solar maximum, infer smaller eddy diffusion coefficients in this epoch. Model calculations indicate that the latitudinal dependence of H2 vertical displacements is caused primarily by the combined effects of gravitational potential and evident differences in electron energy deposition at the top of the atmosphere affecting the temperature profile. The derived H2 density profiles from ~–40° latitude and others close to the equator, are found to be nearly identical on a pressure scale below the exobase. The inference is that that the pressure profile of H2 density at Saturn is unchanged over a broad range of latitudes.
The lunar sodium atmosphere: April–May 1998 1This article is part of a Special Issue that honours the work of Dr. Donald M. Hunten FRSC who passed away in December 2010 after a very illustrious career.
Authors: Sprague A.L. , Sarantos M. , Hunten D.M. , Hill R.E. , Kozlowski R.W.H.
Published: August 2012

Atmospheric sodium at the Moon was observed for altitudes from the ground up to 1800 km from 18 April to 13 May 1998, a period including an entire lunar month. Because of bad weather, coverage was incomplete but we present the analysis of 36 spectra largely from near first and third quarter phases and passage through full moon. The apparatus used was the specially built clear aperture 16.5 cm, 203 cm focal length, Mt. Lemmon Lunar Coronagraph on Mt. Lemmon in the Catalina Mountains of Tucson, Arizona. Data are interpreted in terms of Chamberlain fits to the observed emission rate using both one equivalent temperature and two source components (with both cold and hot density distributions). The extent and equivalent temperatures of the exosphere during this period trended towards an extended coma with very little fraction in the thermally accommodated regime, even near the surface. Preliminary data–model comparisons suggest that these measurements are consistent with rates and spatial distributions expected from a photon-stimulated desorption source, although evidence for one, or possibly two, periods of notable meteoroid impact source might be present. A compilation of new and previously published observations illustrates an increased emission by sodium at third quarter over that of first quarter, a result that suggests that the dayside exospheric content increases, at least occasionally, following transit of the Moon through the Earth’s magnetosphere.
The O2(b1Σ) dayglow emissions: application to middle and upper atmosphere remote sensing 1This article is part of a Special issue that honours the work of Dr. Donald M. Hunten FRSC who passed away in December 2010 after a very illustrious career.
Authors: Yee Jeng-Hwa , DeMajistre R. , Morgan F.
Published: August 2012

The O2 atmospheric band transition is observed in the altitude region between ∼40 and 200 km in the dayglow and between ∼80 and 100 km in the nightglow. Wallace and Hunten (J. Geophys. Res. 73, 4813 (1968)) presented the first detailed analysis of the sources and sinks of this O2 airglow emitting state. Because of its extended altitude coverage, bright signal, and spectral and photometric properties, this emission provides an important means to remotely sense the thermal, dynamical, and compositional structures of the upper atmosphere. In this paper we present a photochemical and emission–absorption model that calculates the spectral brightnesses of the four brightest vibrational manifolds of this band system that, for the first time, extends from the mesosphere to the thermosphere. This model incorporates the latest rate constants, cross sections, and spectral parameters relevant to this emission, some of which were not considered in previous remote sensing retrieval applications. The model results are compared with our previous rocket experiments to assess the utility of this emission for upper atmospheric remote sensing and to identify key future measurement challenges. This model, together with improved instrument capabilities, permits us to study the atmosphere from 40 up to 200 km, a region where the strongest coupling between the lower atmosphere and upper atmosphere occurs.
Commonality and Specificity of Acupuncture Action at Three Acupoints as Evidenced by fMRI
Authors: Claunch Joshua D. , Chan Suk-Tak , Nixon Erika E. , Qiu Wei Qiao , Sporko Tara , Dunn Joseph P. , Kwong Kenneth K. , Hui Kathleen K.S.
Published: August 2012

Previous work from our team and others has shown that manual acupuncture at LI4 (hegu), ST36 (zusanli), and LV3 (taichong) deactivates a limbic-paralimbic-neocortical brain network, and at the same time activates somatosensory regions of the brain. The objective of the present study was to explore the specificity and commonality of the brain response to manual acupuncture at LI4, ST36, and LV3, acupoints that are located on different meridians and are used to treat pain disorders. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to monitor the brain responses to acupuncture at three different acupoints; we examined 46 healthy subjects who, according to their psychophysical responses, experienced deqi sensation during acupuncture. Brain responses to stimulation at each of the acupoints were displayed in conjunction with one another to show the spatial distribution. We found clusters of deactivation in the medial prefrontal, medial parietal and medial temporal lobes showing significant convergence of two or all three of the acupoints. The largest regions showing common responses to all three acupoints were the right subgenual BA25, right subgenual cingulate, right isthmus of the cingulum bundle, and right BA31. We also noted differences in major sections of the medial prefrontal and medial temporal lobes, with LI4 predominating in the pregenual cingulate and hippocampal formation, ST36 predominating in the subgenual cingulate, and LV3 predominating in the posterior hippocampus and posterior cingulate. The results suggest that although these acupoints are commonly used for anti-pain and modulatory effects, they may mobilize the same intrinsic global networks, with substantial overlap of common brain regions to mediate their actions. Our findings showing preferential response of certain limbic-paralimbic structures suggests acupoints may also exhibit relative specificity.
Dermal and Ocular Irritation Studies of Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) Venom
Authors: Han Sang Mi , Lee Kwang Gill , Yeo Joo Hong , Pak Sok Cheon
Published: August 2012

The aim of this study was to access the irritant properties of bee venom (BV) after its application to skin and eye mucous membranes of the rabbit. The animals were also observed for clinical signs and mortality after the application of the test material. Six animals were used for the skin irritation test and nine rabbits for the eye irritation test. The acute BV application to the rabbit skin revealed no appreciable clinical signs throughout the observation period of 72 h and there was no mortality seen. In the eye irritation test, eye reactions were read and graded 24, 48, 72, 96 and 168 h after BV treatment. No changes in the cornea, iris or conjunctivae were observed at all time points of observations. Based on the present findings, it can be concluded that the irritation potential of BV is negligible.
RADIATIVE LEPTONIC DECAYS OF THE CHARGED B AND D MESONS INCLUDING LONG-DISTANCE CONTRIBUTION
Authors: YANG JI-CHONG , YANG MAO-ZHI
Published: August 2012

In this work, we study the radiative leptonic decays of B-, D-and [Formula: see text], including both the short-distance and long-distance contributions. The short-distance contribution is calculated by using the relativistic quark model, where the bound state wave function we used is that obtained in the relativistic potential model. The long-distance contribution is estimated by using vector meson dominance model.
STRING CORRECTIONS TO THE RIEMANN CURVATURE TENSOR AND THE THIRD-ORDER SOLUTION
Authors: BELLUCCI S. , O'REILLY D.
Published: August 2012

The string corrections to the Riemann curvature tensor are found to first-order in the string slope parameter. This is done for D = 10, N = 1 supergravity, the presumed low energy limit of string theory. We then use a related constraint and proceed to find a third-order solution.
REVISITING THE POSSIBILITY OF NEW PHYSICS IN THE $K\hbox{--}\bar{K}$ AND $B_d\hbox{--}\bar{B}_d$ SYSTEMS
Authors: AHUJA GULSHEEN , VERMA ROHIT , FAKAY PRIYANKA , GILL P. S. , GUPTA MANMOHAN
Published: August 2012

Recently several developments have taken place in the lattice QCD calculations of hadronic factors in the case of [Formula: see text] and the [Formula: see text] mixings along with contribution of the long distance effects in the [Formula: see text] system. These have led some authors (Refs. 12 and 13) to point towards the possibility of New Physics (NP) in these systems to the tune of 20% or so. However, the present analysis, based on essentially NP free inputs and incorporating constraints of unitarity, shows that in case the NP effects are there in the parameters associated with these systems, e.g. sin 2β, Vtd, ϵK, etc., these seem to be only at a few percent level.
SEIBERG–WITTEN PREPOTENTIAL FROM WZNW CONFORMAL BLOCK: LANGLANDS DUALITY AND SELBERG TRACE FORMULA
Authors: TAI TA-SHENG
Published: August 2012

We show how SU(2) Nf = 4 Seiberg–Witten prepotentials are derived from [Formula: see text] four-point conformal blocks via considering Langlands duality.
KALUZA–KLEIN GAUGE AND MINIMAL INTEGRABLE EXTENSION OF OSp(4|6)/(SO(1, 3) × U(3)) SIGMA-MODEL
Authors: UVAROV D. V.
Published: August 2012

Basing upon experience from performing double-dimensional reduction of the D = 11 supermembrane on AdS 4 × S7 background to Type IIA superstring on AdS 4 × ℂℙ3 we introduce Kaluza–Klein (partial) κ-symmetry gauge as a vanishing condition of the contributions to the D = 11 supervielbein components tangent to D = 10 space–time that are proportional to the differential of the coordinate parametrizing compact 11th space–time dimension identified with the supermembrane worldvolume compact dimension. For AdS 4 × S7 supermembrane Kaluza–Klein gauge removes half Grassmann coordinates associated with eight space–time supersymmetries, broken by the AdS 4 × ℂℙ3 superbackground, by imposing D = 3 (anti-)Majorana condition on them. The consideration relies on the realization of osp(4|8) isometry superalgebra of the AdS 4 × S7 superbackground as [Formula: see text] superconformal algebra. Requiring further vanishing of the D = 10 dilaton leaves in the sector of broken supersymmetries just two Grassmann coordinates organized into D = 3 (anti-)Majorana spinor that defines minimal SL(2, ℝ)-covariant extension of the OSp(4|6)/(SO(1, 3) × U(3)) sigma-model. Among four possibilities of such a minimal extension we consider in detail one, that corresponds to picking out D = 3 Majorana coordinate related to broken Poincaré supersymmetry, and show that the AdS 4 × ℂℙ3 superstring equations of motion in this partial κ-symmetry gauge are integrable. Also the relation between the OSp(4|6)/(SO(1, 3) × U(3)) sigma-model and the AdS 4 × ℂℙ3 superstring is revisited.
MASSIVE p-FORMS: FIRST-CLASS APPROACHES
Authors: SARARU SILVIU CONSTANTIN
Published: August 2012

Massive p-forms are analyzed from the point of view of the Hamiltonian path integral quantization. More precisely, the quantization procedure is based on the path integral of a first-class system equivalent (at both classical and quantum levels) with the original theory. This first-class system is constructed using the gauge unfixing approach and the Batalin–Fradkin method, respectively. Both methods finally output the manifestly Lorentz covariant path integral for p- and (D-p-1)-forms with topological coupling or (p-1)- and p-forms with Stückelberg coupling.
STOCHASTIC PROPERTIES OF TUMOR GROWTH DRIVEN BY WHITE LÉVY NOISE
Authors: JIANG LILI , LUO XIAOQIN , WU DAN , ZHU SHIQUN
Published: August 2012

The dynamical behavior of tumor growth model driven by Lévy noise terms is investigated. For α = 2 and β = 0, the process driven by white Lévy noise approach to the standard Gaussian white noise can be viewed in the analysis of the steady-state probability distribution and the mean first-passage time. When β → 0, the index α would increase the mean first-passage time as scale σ < 0 and shorten the mean first-passage time as scale σ > 0. A nonzero β parameter induces α to decrease the mean first-passage time. Thus analyzing the initial situation of tumor is very important to obtain more therapy time.
CONTINUOUS-TIME FINANCE AND THE WAITING TIME DISTRIBUTION: MULTIPLE CHARACTERISTIC TIMES
Authors: FA KWOK SAU
Published: August 2012

In this paper, we model the tick-by-tick dynamics of markets by using the continuous-time random walk (CTRW) model. We employ a sum of products of power law and stretched exponential functions for the waiting time probability distribution function; this function can fit well the waiting time distribution for BUND futures traded at LIFFE in 1997.
MODELING THE OPTIMAL CENTRAL CARBON METABOLIC PATHWAYS UNDER FEEDBACK INHIBITION USING FLUX BALANCE ANALYSIS
Authors: DE RAJAT K. , TOMAR NAMRATA
Published: August 2012

Metabolism is a complex process for energy production for cellular activity. It consists of a cascade of reactions that form a highly branched network in which the product of one reaction is the reactant of the next reaction. Metabolic pathways efficiently produce maximal amount of biomass while maintaining a steady-state behavior. The steady-state activity of such biochemical pathways necessarily incorporates feedback inhibition of the enzymes. This observation motivates us to incorporate feedback inhibition for modeling the optimal activity of metabolic pathways using flux balance analysis (FBA). We demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology on a synthetic pathway with and without feedback inhibition. Similarly, for the first time, the Central Carbon Metabolic (CCM) pathways of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Homo sapiens have been modeled and compared based on the above understanding. The optimal pathway, which maximizes the amount of the target product(s), is selected from all those obtained by the proposed method. For this, we have observed the concentration of the product inhibited enzymes of CCM pathway and its influence on its corresponding metabolite/substrate. We have also studied the concentration of the enzymes which are responsible for the synthesis of target products. We further hypothesize that an optimal pathway would opt for higher flux rate reactions. In light of these observations, we can say that an optimal pathway should have lower enzyme concentration and higher flux rates. Finally, we demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method by comparing it with the extreme pathway analysis.
ARTIFICIAL RESTRAINT SYSTEMS FOR WALKING AND RUNNING ROBOTS: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: COLETT JOSEPH S. , HURST JONATHAN W.
Published: August 2012

Many efforts to develop walking and running robots utilize a boom or other device to catch the robot when it falls, sense the position of the robot, and constrain the robot to operate in a two dimensional plane. However, publications usually focus on the robot, and the restraint system remains undocumented. Each group must start from scratch, or rely on word of mouth to build on the experience of others. This paper focuses solely on the artificial restraint system for legged robots, with discussion of various design options and documentation of existing systems.
STUDYING THE ROLE OF MACROPHAGES IN CIRCULATING PROSTATE CANCER CELLS BY IN VIVO FLOW CYTOMETRY
Authors: GUO JIN , FAN ZHICHAO , GU ZHENGQIN , WEI XUNBIN
Published: August 2012

Metastasis is a very complicated multi-step process and accounts for the low survival rate of the cancerous patients. To metastasize, the malignant cells must detach from the primary tumor and migrate to secondary sites in the body through either blood or lymph circulation. Macrophages appear to be directly involved in tumor progression and metastasis. However, the role of macrophages in affecting cancer metastasis has not been fully elucidated. Here, we have utilized an emerging technique, namely in vivo flow cytometry (IVFC) to study the depletion kinetics of circulating prostate cancer cells in mice and determine how depletion of macrophages by the liposome-encapsulated clodronate affects the depletion kinetics. Our results show different depletion kinetics of PC-3 cells between the macrophage-deficient group and the control group. The number of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the macrophage-deficient group decreases in a slower manner compared to the control mice group. The differences in depletion kinetics indicate that the absence of macrophages facilitates the stay of prostate cancer cells in circulation. In addition, our imaging data suggest that macrophages might be able to arrest, phagocytose and digest PC-3 cells. Therefore, phagocytosis may mainly contribute to the depletion kinetic differences. The developed methods elaborated here would be useful to study the relationship between macrophages and tumor metastasis in small animal cancer models.
VISUALIZATION OF HEAD AND NECK CANCER MODELS WITH A TRIPLE FUSION REPORTER GENE
Authors: ZHENG YING , LIN QIAOYA , JIN HONGLIN , CHEN JUAN , ZHANG ZHIHONG
Published: August 2012

The development of experimental animal models for head and neck tumors generally rely on the bioluminescence imaging to achieve the dynamic monitoring of the tumor growth and metastasis due to the complicated anatomical structures. Since the bioluminescence imaging is largely affected by the intracellular luciferase expression level and external D-luciferin concentrations, its imaging accuracy requires further confirmation. Here, a new triple fusion reporter gene, which consists of a herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (TK) gene for radioactive imaging, a far-red fluorescent protein (mLumin) gene for fluorescent imaging, and a firefly luciferase gene for bioluminescence imaging, was introduced for in vivo observation of the head and neck tumors through multi-modality imaging. Results show that fluorescence and bioluminescence signals from mLumin and luciferase, respectively, were clearly observed in tumor cells, and TK could activate suicide pathway of the cells in the presence of nucleotide analog-ganciclovir (GCV), demonstrating the effectiveness of individual functions of each gene. Moreover, subcutaneous and metastasis animal models for head and neck tumors using the fusion reporter gene-expressing cell lines were established, allowing multi-modality imaging in vivo. Together, the established tumor models of head and neck cancer based on the newly developed triple fusion reporter gene are ideal for monitoring tumor growth, assessing the drug therapeutic efficacy and verifying the effectiveness of new treatments.
GROWTH AND EQUITY IN CHINA: PATTERN, CAUSES AND CHALLENGES
Authors: LIU MINQUAN
Published: August 2012

Many factors have shaped the current pattern of growth and equity in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Among them are the foundations laid before 1978, especially in respect of land-related institutions and social sector investments. These successfully complemented the PRC's subsequent export and FDI promotion strategies. In the forthcoming decades, it will be important for the PRC to expand its domestic demand, improve on income distribution, and increase social sector investments. Greater social protections, higher wages and increased public spending on education can all help the PRC to meet these challenges to ensure sustained economic growth and development.
THE SCOPE FOR FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET INTERVENTIONS
Authors: BOFINGER PETER
Published: August 2012

The discussion on exchange rate policy is dominated by the so-called "impossible trinity". In this paper, a strategy of managed floating is developed that allows one to transform the "impossible trinity" into a "possible trinity". If a central bank targets an exchange rate path which is determined by uncovered interest parity (UIP), it can at the same time set its policy rate autonomously. As a UIP path removes the incentives for carry-trade, it is also compatible with capital mobility. The approach can be used unilaterally to prevent carry trade as a central bank can always prevent an appreciation of its currency. But it can also be applied bilaterally or multilaterally. Successful examples are the European Monetary System and the exchange rate policy of Slovenia before its EMU membership.
GLOBALIZATION AND TRADE FLOWS: WHAT YOU SEE IS NOT WHAT YOU GET!
Authors: MAURER ANDREAS , DEGAIN CHRISTOPHE
Published: August 2012

The trade collapse that followed the global financial crisis of 2008–2009 has led to a renewed interest in measurement issues affecting international merchandise trade statistics in the new globalized economy. The international fragmentation of industrial production blurs the concept of country of origin and calls for the production of new statistics on the domestic content of exports, with a view of estimating trade in value added. In 2010, the international statistical community revised the concepts and definitions on both international merchandise trade and trade in services statistics. This paper discusses the various issues related to the concepts of "goods for processing" and "intra-firm trade" in trade statistics, and provides an overview of the method of analyzing the impact of the fragmentation of production in international value chains.
A GIS for the planning of electrical earthing
Authors: Busby J. P. , Entwisle D. , Hobbs P. , Jackson P. , Johnson N. , Lawley R. , Linley K. , Mayr T. , Palmer R. , Raines M. , Reeves H. , Tucker S. , Zawadzka J.
Published: August 2012

When creating an electrical earth for a transformer with vertically driven earthing rods, problems can arise either because the ground is too hard or because the ground is too resistive to achieve the required earthing resistance. To assist in the planning of earthing installations a geographic information system (GIS) layer has been created. In its simplest form it consists of a colour coded map that indicates the most likely earthing installation: a single vertically driven rod (indicated by dark green); multiple vertically driven rods (indicated by light green); a horizontal trench, where a rod installation is unlikely (indicated by yellow); for difficult ground, a specialist installation (i.e. drilling; indicated by red). However, the GIS can be interrogated to provide site-specific information such as site conditions, likely depth of installation and quantity of earthing materials required. The GIS was created from a spatial model constructed from soil, superficial and bedrock geology that has been attributed with engineering strength and resistivity values. Calculations of expected earthing rod resistance, rod or trench length, and all possible combinations of ground conditions have been compared with the ‘likely’ conditions required for each of the four proposed installation scenarios to generate the GIS layer. The analysis has been applied to the electrical network distribution regions of Western Power Distribution, in the English Midlands, and UK Power Networks, which covers East Anglia, London and the SE of England. Because the spatial model that underlies the GIS has been constructed from national databases the analyses can be extended to other regions of the UK.
The US Geological Survey’s Military Geology Unit in World War II: ‘the Army’s pet prophets’
Authors: Nelson C. M. , Rose E. P. F.
Published: August 2012

In 1942 the US Geological Survey formed a Military Geology Unit (MGU) at Washington, DC of in-house and other earth scientists and engineers to gather terrain and related strategic intelligence. MGU compiled reports containing data about regions outside the USA as tables, text and maps for use by Allied forces, especially American and British. Benefiting to some extent from both Allied and German geological experience in World War I, MGU developed into by far the largest geology-based intelligence unit used to help guide Allied planning and operations in World War II. About 50 ‘Strategic Engineering Studies’ were completed in 1942, and at least 50 more in 1943. MGU products contributed significantly to the Allied campaigns in Sicily and Italy from 1943, and complemented British geotechnical work associated with Normandy and the NW Europe Campaign in 1944–1945. In 1944–1945, MGU deployed teams from Washington to US Army theatre headquarters in Europe, and more substantially to the SW Pacific and Pacific Ocean areas, principally to provide intelligence for strategic and tactical planning, and advice to and (in the Pacific) participation in combat operations. After 1945, MGU developed into a Military Geology Branch, responding to demands of wars cold and hot until 1972.
Methodology for creating national engineering geological maps of the UK
Authors: Dobbs M. R. , Culshaw M. G. , Northmore K. J. , Reeves H. J. , Entwisle D. C.
Published: August 2012

In the United Kingdom (UK) geological maps traditionally have been attributed with lithostratigraphical map units. However, without significant supplementary information, these maps can be only of limited use for planning and engineering works. During the middle part of the 20th century, as development of the science of engineering geology began to accelerate, engineering geological maps started to appear in various forms and at various scales to meet the challenge of making geological maps more suited to land-use planning, engineering design, building, construction and maintenance. Today, engineering geological maps are routinely used at various scales as part of the engineering planning, design and construction process. However, until recently there had been no comprehensive, readily available engineering geological map of the UK to provide the broad context for ground investigation. This paper describes the recently published (2011) 1:1 000 000 scale engineering geology superficial and bedrock maps of the UK. It describes the methodologies adopted for their creation and outlines their potential uses, limitations and future applications.

Supplementary material:

Engineering Geology (Bedrock) Map of the United Kingdom, Engineering Geology (Superficial) Map of the United Kingdom and Extended Key for the Engineering Geology Maps of the United Kingdom are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18528
.
The Fifth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM 2012)
Authors: Adar Eytan , Teevan Jaime
Published: August 2012

WSDM (pronounced "wisdom") is the premier international ACM conference covering research in the areas of search and data mining on the Web. The Fifth ACM WSDM Conference took place in Seattle, Washington, USA during February 8-12, 2012. WSDM publishes original, high quality papers and presentations related to search and data mining on the Web and the Social Web, with an emphasis on practical but principled novel models of search, retrieval and data mining, algorithm design and analysis, economic implications, and in-depth experimental analysis of accuracy and performance. WSDM 2012 was a highly selective, single track meeting that includes invited talks as well as oral and poster presentations of refereed papers.
Interview with Markus Strohmaier
Authors: Atzenbeck Claus
Published: August 2012

Markus Strohmaier is an Assistant Professor at Graz University of Technology, and a Visiting Assistant Professor at Stanford University (USA) during the 2011/12 academic year. In addition he is a Distinguished Visiting Scholar at Stanford University's Media-X program (since 2010) and has been a visiting scientist/professor at XEROX Parc (2009, 2010--2011) and RWTH Aachen (2009). His main research interests include Web-Science, Social and Semantic Computing, Networks and Data Mining. Markus Strohmaier has published in top-tier conferences and high impact journals including the International World Wide Web (WWW) conference, ACM Hypertext, the ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM), the IEEE Conference on Social Computing (SocialCom) as well as the Information Processing and Management Journal and the Journal of Knowledge Management. His research group has received numerous best paper/poster awards and nominations. Markus Strohmaier is a founding co-chair of the ACM SIGWEB Working Group on Social Media and General PC Chair for the 23rd ACM Hypertext and Social Media 2012 conference.
"Quantifying Bias in Social and Mainstream Media" by Yu-Ru Lin, James P. Bagrow, and David Lazer with Ching-man Au Yeung as coordinator
Authors: Lin Yu-Ru , Bagrow James P. , Lazer David
Published: August 2012

Social media, such as blogs, are often seen as democratic entities that allow more voices to be heard than the conventional mainstream media as well as a balancing force against the arguably slanted elite media. A systematic comparison between social and mainstream media is necessary but challenging due to the scale and dynamic nature of modern communication. We propose empirical measures to quantify the extent and dynamics of social (blog) and mainstream (news) media bias. We focus on a particular form of bias|coverage quantity|as applied to stories about the 111th US Congress. We compare observed coverage of Members of Congress against a null model of unbiased coverage, testing for biases with respect to political party, popular front runners, regions of the country, and more. Our measures suggest distinct characteristics in news and blog media. A simple generative model, in agreement with data, reveals differences in the process of coverage selection between the two media.
Upcoming SIGWEB supported conferences
Authors: Samuel Hamman
Published: August 2012

The Special Interest Group on Hypertext and the Web, SIGWEB was created in 1989 to support the community participating in the annual ACM Hypertext Conference. Now in its third decade, SIGWEB has grown considerably and now sponsors five annual conferences of different sizes and covering a wide range of topics. SIGWEB supports several specialized conferences, short courses, and workshops, as well as the Annual Hypertext Conference. SIGWEB sponsored conferences focus on timely topics in applied and computational hypertext and Web disciplines and provide a place for members and the entire applied Hypermedia and Web community to exchange ideas and to meet with and expand their network of colleagues. In this article, we provide a brief overview of SIGWEB sponsored conferences, in addition to events that are in cooperation with SIGWEB.
A Model for Information Growth in Collective Wisdom Processes
Authors: Das Sanmay , Magdon-Ismail Malik
Published: August 2012

Collaborative media such as wikis have become enormously successful venues for information creation. Articles accrue information through the asynchronous editing of users who arrive both seeking information and possibly able to contribute information. Most articles stabilize to high-quality, trusted sources of information representing the collective wisdom of all the users who edited the article. We propose a model for
information growth
which relies on two main observations: (i) as an article’s quality improves, it attracts visitors at a faster rate (a rich-get-richer phenomenon); and, simultaneously, (ii) the chances that a new visitor will improve the article drops (there is only so much that can be said about a particular topic). Our model is able to reproduce many features of the edit dynamics observed on Wikipedia; in particular, it captures the observed rise in the edit rate, followed by 1/
t
decay. Despite differences in the media, we also document similar features in the comment rates for a segment of the LiveJournal blogosphere.
Can More Code Mean Fewer Bugs?
Authors: Neville-Neil George V.
Published: August 2012

Dear One, You almost had me with your appeal to simplicity, that having a single line with system() on it reduces the potential for bugs. Almost, but not quite.
Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma Arising in an Esophageal Polyp: A Case Report
Authors: Torres-Mora Jorge , Moyer Ann , Topazian Mark , Alexander Jeffrey , Wu Tsung-Teh , Seys Amber , Fritchie Karen
Published: August 2012

Liposarcoma is one of the most common sarcomas in adults, but only rarely presents as an esophageal primary. There have been several reports of well-differentiated liposarcoma (WDL) arising in the esophagus, but we present a case of dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DL) presenting as a large esophageal polyp. We believe this is the first reported case of DL of the esophagus with morphologic evidence of both well-differentiated and dedifferentiated components. The diagnosis was confirmed by demonstration of CPM gene amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).
Heart Rate Responses to Synthesized Affective Spoken Words
Authors: Ilves Mirja , Surakka Veikko
Published: August 2012

The present study investigated the effects of brief synthesized spoken words with emotional content on the ratings of emotions and heart rate responses. Twenty participants' heart rate functioning was measured while they listened to a set of emotionally negative, neutral, and positive words produced by speech synthesizers. At the end of the experiment, ratings of emotional experiences were also collected. The results showed that the ratings of the words were in accordance with their valence. Heart rate deceleration was significantly the strongest and most prolonged to the negative stimuli. The findings are the first suggesting that brief spoken emotionally toned words evoke a similar heart rate response pattern found earlier for more sustained emotional stimuli.
Role of Calcium and Mitochondria in MeHg-Mediated Cytotoxicity
Authors: Roos Daniel , Seeger Rodrigo , Puntel Robson , Vargas Barbosa Nilda
Published: August 2012

Methylmercury (MeHg) mediated cytotoxicity is associated with loss of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis. The imbalance in Ca2+physiology is believed to be associated with dysregulation of Ca2+intracellular stores and/or increased permeability of the biomembranes to this ion. In this paper we summarize the contribution of glutamate dyshomeostasis in intracellular Ca2+overload and highlight the mitochondrial dysfunctions induced by MeHg via Ca2+overload. Mitochondrial disturbances elicited by Ca2+may involve several molecular events (i.e., alterations in the activity of the mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes, mitochondrial proton gradient dissipation, mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening, thiol depletion, failure of energy metabolism, reactive oxygen species overproduction) that could culminate in cell death. Here we will focus on the role of oxidative stress in these phenomena. Additionally, possible antioxidant therapies that could be effective in the treatment of MeHg intoxication are briefly discussed.
A Node Deployment Strategy Considering Environmental Factors and the Number of Nodes in Surveillance and Reconnaissance Sensor Networks
Authors: Kim Yonghyun , Yeo Myungho , Kim Daesik , Chung Kwangsue
Published: August 2012

In wireless sensor networks, sensor coverage and network connectivity problems are caused by the restricted sensing and communication range of the nodes. To solve these problems, many studies have been undertaken but most of this work is too limited to be applied to real environments because they do not consider various environmental factors that affect wireless sensor network deployment. In this paper, we propose a node deployment strategy that considers environmental factors and the number of nodes for surveillance and reconnaissance sensor networks (SRSNs). Our strategy consists of four steps for the installation of a surveillance and reconnaissance sensor network: the analysis of environmental factors, sensor node deployment, selection of monitoring sites and relay node deployment. It deploys the sensor nodes, and relay nodes while considering features of the surveillance and reconnaissance sensor networks as well as environmental factors. Simulation results show that our strategy improves sensor coverage and network connectivity.
Lattices Generated by Orbits of Subspaces under Finite Singular Orthogonal Groups II
Authors: Gao You , Fu XinZhi
Published: August 2012

Let be a (2ν + δ + l)‐dimensional vector space over the finite field 𝔽q. In this paper we assume that 𝔽q is a finite field of odd characteristic, and O2ν+δ+l,  Δ(𝔽q) the singular orthogonal groups of degree 2ν + δ + l over 𝔽q. Let ℳ be any orbit of subspaces under O2ν+δ+l,  Δ(𝔽q). Denote by ℒ the set of subspaces which are intersections of subspaces in ℳ, where we make the convention that the intersection of an empty set of subspaces of is assumed to be . By ordering ℒ by ordinary or reverse inclusion, two lattices are obtained. This paper studies the questions when these lattices ℒ are geometric lattices.
Current and Emerging Therapeutic Options in Adrenocortical Cancer Treatment
Authors: Stigliano Antonio , Cerquetti Lidia , Sampaoli Camilla , Bucci Barbara , Toscano Vincenzo
Published: August 2012

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a very rare endocrine tumour, with variable prognosis, depending on tumour stage and time of diagnosis. The overall survival is five years from detection. Radical surgery is considered the therapy of choice in the first stages of ACC. However postoperative disease-free survival at 5 years is only around 30% and recurrence rates are frequent.o,p’DDD (ortho-, para’-,dichloro-, diphenyl-, dichloroethane, or mitotane), an adrenolytic drug with significant toxicity and unpredictable therapeutic response, is used in the treatment of ACC. Unfortunately, treatment for this aggressive cancer is still ineffective. Over the past years, the growing interest in ACC has contributed to the development of therapeutic strategies in order to contrast the neoplastic spread. In this paper we discuss the most promising therapies which can be used in this endocrine neoplasia.
Experimental and Theoretical Studies on the Effect of Die Temperature on the Quality of the Products in High-Pressure Die-Casting Process
Authors: Sadeghi Mohammad , Mahmoudi Jafar
Published: August 2012

Die temperature in high-pressure die casting of A380 alloy is optimized by experimental observation and numerical simulation. Ladder frame (one part of the new motor EF7) with a very complicated geometry was chosen as an experimental sample. Die temperature and melt temperature were examined to produce a sound part. Die temperatures at the initial step and the final filling positions were measured and the difference between these values was calculated. ProCAST software was used to simulate the fluid flow and solidification step of the part, and the results were verified by experimental measurements. It is shown that the proper die temperature for this alloy is above 200°C.
Sparse Reconstruction for Bioluminescence Tomography Based on the Semigreedy Method
Authors: Guo Wei , Jia Kebin , Zhang Qian , Liu Xueyan , Feng Jinchao , Qin Chenghu , Ma Xibo , Yang Xin , Tian Jie
Published: August 2012

Bioluminescence tomography (BLT) is a molecular imaging modality which can three-dimensionally resolve the molecular processes in small animalsin vivo. The ill-posedness nature of BLT problem makes its reconstruction bears nonunique solution and is sensitive to noise. In this paper, we proposed a sparse BLT reconstruction algorithm based on semigreedy method. To reduce the ill-posedness and computational cost, the optimal permissible source region was automatically chosen by using an iterative search tree. The proposed method obtained fast and stable source reconstruction from the whole body and imposed constraint without using a regularization penalty term. Numerical simulations on a mouse atlas, andin vivomouse experiments were conducted to validate the effectiveness and potential of the method.
Multiplicity Result of Positive Solutions for Nonlinear Differential Equation of Fractional Order
Authors: Liu Yang , Weiguo Zhang
Published: August 2012

We investigate the existence of multiple positive solutions for a class of boundary value problems of nonlinear differential equation with Caputo’s fractional order derivative. The existence results are obtained by means of the Avery‐Peterson fixed point theorem. It should be point out that this is the first time that this fixed point theorem is used to deal with the boundary value problem of differential equations with fractional order derivative.