bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Allies and Enemies: Pro-Kurdish Parties in Turkish Politics, 1990–94
Authors: Watts Nicole F.
Published: December 2011

Preventing the development of an ethnic Kurdish cultural and political movement has been a priority of the Turkish state since the Kurdish-led Shaykh Said Rebellion of 1925.' Nevertheless, beginning around 1959 this effort was steadily if slowly undermined, and events of the past ten years suggest that it has indeed failed. Not only have Kurdish activists gained some measure of international recognition for themselves and for the concept of Kurdish ethnic rights,2 but promoting the notion of specifically Kurdish cultural rights has almost become a standard litany for a wide array of Turkish civic and state actors, from Islamist political parties to business organizations, human-rights groups, prime ministers, and mainstream newspaper columnists. Although the separatist Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) and its insurgency against Turkey have claimed a great deal of academic and popular attention, it is these diffuse but public re-considerations of minority rights taking place within legitimate Turkish institutions have contributed the most to the sense that past policies of coping with the “Kurdish reality” are ultimately unsustainable, and that it may be difficult, if not impossible, to return to the climate of earlier years, when discussions of ethnic difference were suppressed, limited to the private realm, or confined to the fringes of radical politics.
Oil Revenue and Kuwait's Economy: An Econometric Approach
Authors: Kaboudan Mahmoud A.
Published: December 2011

This paper presents a macroeconomic model for a small developing oil-exporting economy: Kuwait. The model is a simultaneous system of difference equations. Historic effects of changes in revenues from oil exports on the country's economic conditions are simulated. The model is then used to forecast these conditions through 1990, and to test two fiscal policy alternatives under the assumption that revenues from Kuwait's oil exports will remain constant from 1986 to 1990. The following are key words: developing economies; oil-exporting economies; Middle East economies; Kuwait; Kuwait's economy; policy models; macroeconomic models; econometric models; macroeconometric models; forecasting models; and policy models.
“NATIONALISM” AND KURDISH NOTABLES IN THE LATE

OTTOMAN–EARLY REPUBLICAN ERA
Authors: Özoğlu Hakan
Published: December 2011

The era culminating in World War I saw a transition from multinational empires to

nation-states. Large empires such as the Austro-Hungarian and the Ottoman searched for ways to

cope with the decline of their political control, while peoples in these empires shifted their political

loyalties to nation-states. The Ottoman Empire offers a favorable canvas for studying new

nationalisms that resulted in many successful and unsuccessful attempts to form nation-states. As

an example of successful attempts, Arab nationalism has received the attention that it deserves in

the field of Middle Eastern studies.1 Students have engaged in many complex

debates on different aspects of Arab nationalism, enjoying a wealth of hard data. Studies on

Kurdish nationalism, however, are still in their infancy. Only a very few scholars have addressed

the issue in a scholarly manner.2 We still have an inadequate understanding of the

nature of early Kurdish nationalism and its consequences for the Middle East in general and

Turkish studies in particular. Partly because of the subject's political sensitivity, many

scholars shy away from it. However, a consideration of Kurdish nationalism as an example of

unsuccessful attempts to form a nation-state can contribute greatly to the study of nationalism in

the Middle East.
GLOBALIZATION AND POLITICAL ISLAM: THE SOCIAL BASES OF

TURKEY'S WELFARE PARTY
Authors: Gülalp Haldun
Published: December 2011

Political Islam has gained heightened visibility in recent decades in Turkey. Large numbers of

female students have begun to demonstrate their commitment by wearing the banned Islamic

headdress on university campuses, and influential pro-Islamist TV channels have proliferated. This

paper focuses on the Welfare (Refah) Party as the foremost institutional representative

of political Islam in Turkey.
WILLEM FLOOR, The Afghan Occupation of Safavid Persia
1712–1729 (Paris: Association Pour l'Avancement Des Etudes Iraniennes,
1998). Pp. 387.
Authors: Champagne David C.
Published: December 2011

One could assume from the misleading title of this work that it is a new analytical history of
the fall of the Safavid empire and the nine-year Afghan usurpation of the Safavid throne. More
than forty years after Laurence Lockhart published his monumental work, The Fall of the
Safavi Dynasty and the Afghan Occupation of Persia, a new study based on subsequent
research would be a major contribution to the field. But Willem Floor has made a different, yet
extremely significant, contribution. He has performed a yeoman's service by annotating,
translating, and compiling primary source materials from the archives of the Vereenigde
Oostindische Compagnie (VOC), or the Dutch East Indies Company, that someday will assist
such an effort.
RICHARDVAN LEEUWEN, Waqfs and Urban
Structures: The Case of Ottoman Damascus (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1999). $69.00.
Authors: Ghazzal Zouhair
Published: December 2011

In Waqfs and Urban Structures, Richard van Leeuwen gives a clear and coherent
thesis regarding the evolution of Damascene waqfs throughout the Ottoman period. Since the
takeover in 1516 of Greater Syria by the Ottomans, “waqfs were an integral
part of imperial policy and were used as a mechanism to foster the cohesion between the centre of
authority and the conquered provinces” (p. 148). A number of phenomena point in that
direction, all of which seem to confirm the thesis of the strengthening of ties between Damascus
and Istanbul. A number of sultans, beginning with Selim, who entered Damascus in 1516, erected
their own waqfs within the city. Ties were strengthened with local families either through
iqtāע grants or prestigious appointments to religious positions.
Positions of judges, muftis, and administrators to major public waqfs, were all intermittently
infused with elements from outside the city—or, at least, with elements known for their
loyalty to the “center.” These elements were not exclusively from within the
hierarchy of aעyān and ulama, and the local would be mixed with loyal
elements from other provinces. Above all, the local governors were for the most part—with
the notable exception of the עĀzms—Turkish, or at least from
non-Arab provinces. Van Leeuwen argues—and that is his main thesis—that such
phenomena constituted a clear indication of “centralizing tendencies” (p. 114)
whose aim was for the imperial state to interfere in and control some of the major local
institutions, among them, of course, the waqfs. Even though van Leeuwen makes it plain that
such practices of “interference” did not imply that “waqfs were
appropriated by the central government” (p. 87), there was nevertheless a deliberate urban
policy of spatial control (the way waqfs were distributed). Control was imposed either through
resource management (how rents and leases were granted) and appointments to major religious
and judicial positions or through a reframing of the law to buttress the imperial grip over the city.
Van Leeuwen's main thesis is indeed far broader than a study of urban waqfs. It uses the
example of waqfs to show that, contrary to many theses of “decentralization” in
which the “center” is portrayed as losing its grip over the provinces (the so-called
peripheries), the state did its best not to relinquish control over major urban institutions. In short,
the “centralizing efforts” (p. 115) of the imperial state is the motto of this
study.
RALPH M. COURY, The Making of an Egyptian Arab
Nationalist: The Early Years of Azzam Pasha, 1893–1936 (Reading, U.K.: Ithaca
Press, 1998). Pp. 536. $50.40 cloth.
Authors: Ahmida Ali Abdullatif
Published: December 2011

With few exceptions, Orientalist polemics and nationalist inventions of history have
dominated the study of nationalism in the Arab Middle East. The lack of a critical framework and
historical analysis has led many scholars to doubt the very existence of nationalism in the region.
Nationalism has been treated either as a political instrument of ambitious leaders and intellectuals
or an insignificant phase in Arab history, soon replaced by political Islamic movements,
regionalism, and tribalism.
NELIDA FUCCARO, The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq, Library of Modern Middle East Studies, vol. 14 (London: I. B. Tauris, 1999). Pp. 246. $55 cloth.
Authors: SHIELDS SARAH
Published: December 2011

The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq offers an ambitious effort to reinterpret

communal identities in Iraq during the British Mandate. Although this work focuses explicitly on

Yazidis, Fuccaro engages the ongoing debate about the process of group identity formation in

non-national states. In this monograph, Fuccaro argues that changing Yazidi communal identities

are constructed within a broader context of government centralization, national identity

formation, and British Mandatory rule. She shows that this context is crucial in understanding the

reconstruction of Yazidi collective self-definitions.
SARAH D. SHIELDS, Mosul before Iraq: Like Bees Making
Five-sided Cells, SUNY Series in the Social and Economic History of the Middle East
(Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000). Pp. 292. $68.50 cloth, $22.95 paper.
Authors: Ochsenwald William
Published: December 2011

Despite the long-standing political and practical difficulties of doing research about Iraq, the
scholarly world has recently witnessed the publication of several outstanding historical works on
the Ottoman period. Hala Fattah and Dina Rizk Khoury in particular have set in their books a high
standard of thorough research, careful analysis, and thoughtful conclusions. Now, in this
long-awaited book, Sarah Shields lives up to her predecessors' standard by making her own
excellent contribution to the study of Ottoman Iraq.
MANOCHEHR DORRAJ, ED., Middle East at the Crossroads: The Changing Political Dynamics and the Foreign Policy Challenges (New York: University Press of America, 1999). Pp. 316.
Authors: BATTAH ABDALLA M
Published: December 2011

Like a mega-earthquake, the end of the Cold War sent lasting shockwaves

throughout the international system. Outside the former communist bloc, the epicenter of this

earthquake, nowhere else were those tremors more dramatic in their impact than in the Middle

East—a region of long-standing geo-strategic standing and a legacy of incessant foreign

conquest and intervention. The end of the Cold War exposed clearly the structural weaknesses of

the region and drastically reduced its system immunities. As at previous turning points, the Middle

East faced formidable constraints as well as luring opportunities. Middle East at the

Crossroads is a collection of articles addressing the contours of this new environment and

its challenges for both Middle Eastern states and the major powers. It is a welcome addition and

an important contribution to Middle Eastern studies.
SUSAN SLYOMOVICS, The Object of Memory: Arab and Jew
Narrate the Palestinian Village (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998). Pp.
319. $19.95 paper.
Authors: Bahhur Riad
Published: December 2011

Susan Slyomovics's Object of Memory explores the ways in which Arabs
and Jews (primarily Palestinian Arabs and Israeli Jews) narrate the
Palestinian village, focusing on the pre-1948 Palestinian village of Ein Houd, located in the
Carmel Mountains south of the city of Haifa. The Palestinian inhabitants of Ein Houd were
displaced during the 1948 war and prevented by the Israeli government from returning to their
homes there. Most of them became internal refugees, designated “present
absentees” under Israeli law. Others became refugees in surrounding Arab states and in the
part of Palestine that became known as the West Bank. Their properties were confiscated by
Israel under the Absentee Property Law.
JOHN E. WOODS, The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire, rev. ed. (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1999). Pp. 357.
Authors: SUBTELNY MARIA EVA
Published: December 2011

First published in 1976 under the same title by Bibliotheca Islamica (Minneapolis and

Chicago) but with the additional subtitle, “A Study in 15th/9th Century

Turko–Iranian Politics,” this book is a revised and expanded version of the

author's revised doctoral dissertation (Princeton University, 1974).
FADWAEL GUINDI, Veil: Modesty, Privacy and
Resistance, Dress, Body, Culture Series (New York: Berg, 1999). Pp. 262. $19.50 paper.
Authors: Makhlouf Avril
Published: December 2011

In the Preface, Fadwa El Guindi states that her book is a study “born out of fieldwork
on the contemporary Islamic movement” and represents “an original synthesis of
ethnography, history, Qur[ham]anic text, Hadith, and Tafsir.”
But the book is also exhortatory. In a preliminary sentence that takes the place of a dedication, El
Guindi expresses the hope her book will reach those who have made the decision to veil, those
who have refused, those who have always veiled, and those who have never veiled. It is clear that
El Guindi's main audience is Muslim women and men, whom she invites to understand the
religious, political, and sociological origins of their current stances for or against veiling. Yet the
non-Muslim reader, who feels graciously invited into the audience to observe and learn, easily
understands her arguments.
MOHJA KAHF, Western Representations of the Muslim
Woman: From Termagant to Odalisque (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1999). Pp. 207.
$16.95 paper.
Authors: Michalak Laurence
Published: December 2011

The Muslim woman—secluded, oppressed, and either longing for liberation or ignorant
in her false consciousness—has been an enduring topos in the Western imagination since
the spread of Islam. Right? Wrong. Mohja Kahf explains that in fact “the question of the
liberty, or lack thereof, of the Muslim woman” does not appear until around the 17th
century, and the image of the subjugated Muslim woman, with its trappings of harems and veils,
does not reach full fruition until the 18th and 19th centuries. If we go back to the 8th century,
even after the Muslims had conquered Spain and part of France, there was a lack of European
curiosity about Muslims and a tendency to see them as just another enemy who was not
particularly different from the pagans of Europe. Orientalism and its gendered images came much
later and were based on and helped to justify Western domination over the East, especially during
the rise and heyday of colonialism. What, then, was the European image of the Orient—in
particular, of Muslim women—during the many centuries before Orientalism, when the
Muslim world was as powerful as, or even more powerful than, Europe? Kahf answers this
question by introducing us to a series of fictional Muslim women from European literature of the
Middle Ages through the late Romantic period.
ADIL ÖZDEMIR AND KENNETH
FRANK, Visible Islam in Modern Turkey, Library of Philosophy and
Religion, ed. John Hick (London: Macmillan Press, 2000; New York: St. Martin's Press,
2000; Istanbul: SEV Printing and Publishing, 2000). Pp. 270. $75.00 cloth.
Authors: Edmonds Anna G.
Published: December 2011

Visible Islam in Modern Turkey by Adil Özdemir and Kenneth Frank is an
objective, readable handbook of Islamic worship practices. The authors offer an introduction to
the basics of Muslim worship in Turkey and to expressions of faith and identity, prayer,
alms-giving, the fast, and the pilgrimage to Mecca. Along with some history behind the practices,
they also present their combined interpretations of the present religious climate. This last issue
lifts parts of the book above the level of general guide to that of social commentary, as the
authors point out the tensions between secular and non-secular worldviews.
OFIRA SELIKTAR, Failing the Crystal Ball Test: The Carter
Administration and the Fundamentalist Revolution in Iran (Westport, Conn.: Praeger,
2000). Pp. 266. $65.00 cloth.
Authors: Goode James
Published: December 2011

In Failing the Crystal Ball Test, Ofira Seliktar, a political scientist at Gratz College,
seeks to account for the “policy and intelligence debacle” (p. x) associated with the
pre-eminent crisis of the Carter years. It is her hope that by understanding what went wrong with
policy toward Iran, future policy-makers will be able to reduce the risk of similar disasters
elsewhere in the relatively unstable conditions of the post-Cold War world. To achieve her
objective, she focuses on the three-year period from the beginning of 1977 to the seizure of the
United States embassy in November 1979. Seliktar, whose previous work has centered on Israel,
bases her study on the multi-volume series of American documents seized at the embassy and
published in Iran during the 1980s. These materials cluster around the last several years of
U.S.–Iranian relations prior to the takeover of the compound. In addition, she has relied on
an extensive list of secondary works in English.
DAVID SHANKLAND, Islam and Society in Turkey
(Hemingford Grey, U.K.: Eothen Press, 1999). Pp. 250. $55.00 cloth.
Authors: White Jenny B.
Published: December 2011

This book serves two important functions. First, it gives a comprehensive overview of the
many varieties of Islamic practice and organization in contemporary Turkey and sets these into
the larger national context. Second, the author shares important insights into the manner in which
the culture of the political process leads inevitably to certain kinds of accommodation with
religion. The survey of Turkey's religious brotherhoods, associations, and political parties,
while brief, is comprehensive without being superficial. Enough history, ideology, organization,
and telling details are given for each to come alive in the larger context of Turkey's
complex intersection of culture and political history. The book comes alive in the description of
the Alevi, a religious minority that has been the subject of the author's own research for
many years. There also is a particularly interesting discussion of the presentation of Islam in
children's schoolbooks and the relationship of Islamic values to moral behavior and love for
the nation. Although this is not new material, it is set within a larger discussion.
TALAL NIZAMEDDIN, Russia and the Middle East: Towards a
New Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999). Pp. 296. $49.95.
Authors: Freedman Robert O.
Published: December 2011

In an outgrowth of his doctoral dissertation, Talal Nizameddin, now a lecturer at Haigazian
University in Beirut, discusses the evolution of Russian foreign policy toward the Middle East
under Boris Yeltsin from the collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991 until 1997. The
book, based in part on extensive interviews in Moscow, seeks to show how Russian policy
evolved from what the author describes as the “radical pro-West” view of Foreign
Minister Andrei Kozyrev in the early 1990s to the more nationalist view of Yevgeny Primakov in
the mid- to late 1990s. In general, Nizameddin succeeds in his task, although his failure to
evaluate critically some of the comments given to him by his interviewees in Moscow, such as
Vitaly Naumkin, and the clearly anti-United States and anti-Israel perspective with which the
book is written detract from the value of the study.
BRENDAN O'MALLEYAND IAN
CRAIG, The Cyprus Conspiracy: America, Espionage and the Turkish Invasion (London: I. B. Taurus, 1999). Pp. 283. $29.95.
Authors: Bennett James P.
Published: December 2011

“We Greeks invented tragedy. So we are fated to act it out. But why it should be only
the Greeks of Cyprus, I don't know” (Greek Cypriot student, Limassol, 1993).
“When bad things happen to us we think someone else intended them. When it's
good things, we think we did them. That's what we learned [in an intercommunal
conflict-resolution exercise]. But it's true!” (Turkish Cypriot student,
Nicosia/Lefkoşe, 1997). Brendan O'Malley and Ian Craig ably relate a
well-researched account of the division of Cyprus, focusing on the deliberations and political
events that presaged partition in 1974. Their purpose is not to draw lessons for policy today, but
to explain and to fix blame—and, at times, credit—for the division of the island.
ERGUN ÖZBUDUN, Contemporary Turkish Politics:
Challenges to Democratic Consolidation (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2000). Pp. 181.
$49.95 cloth.
Authors: Tachau Frank
Published: December 2011

Based on Professor Özbudun's lectures at Bilkent University, this book is at once
compact, highly readable, and very insightful. Unlike much current literature on Turkey, the
analysis is set in a broad and informed comparative context. Turkey, the author points out, has
been left out of comparative political studies, particularly those encompassing the Middle East and
southern Europe, in which arguably it could (or should) have been included. Scholarly neglect
thus reflects real-world politics: Turkey falls between two worlds, one of which it once largely
controlled, the other to which it currently aspires to belong. This lacuna is one of the factors that
persuaded Özbudun to publish this volume.
STEFANIA PANDOLFO, Impasse of the Angels: Scenes from a
Moroccan Space of Memory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997). Pp. 399. $60.00
cloth, $22.51 paper.
Authors: Boudreau Douglas L.
Published: December 2011

Stefania Pandolfo's Impasse of the Angels is a fascinating study of a
Moroccan society as it defines itself in the present-day post-colonial Maghrib. Starting at a point
of crisis for the people in question (the move from the old village to the new), the author artfully
presents the understanding of identity (personal, social, regional, and even national) as precisely
the result of such conflicts, both historical and present: the fracturing and reunification, wounding
and healing, produced by mutually opposed and yet interacting processes.
EKREM TATOGLUAND KEITH W.
GLAISER, Dimensions of Western Foreign Direct Investment in Turkey
(Westport, Conn.: Quorum Books, 2000). Pp. 226. $67.50 cloth.
Authors: Erdilek Asim
Published: December 2011

The surge in foreign direct investment (FDI)—investment with managerial control by
the foreign investor, usually a multinational corporation—has been the major driver of
globalization in the past two decades and the accelerator of economic development in many
developing countries. It has, however, bypassed Turkey. By all relevant relative measures found in
the United Nations' annual World Investment Report, Turkey has failed to
attract much FDI.
The Metazoan Meiofauna in Its Biogeochemical Environment: The Case of an Antarctic Coastal Sediment
Authors: Vanhove S. , Lee H.J. , Beghyn M. , Gansbeke D. Van , Brockington S. , Vincx M.
Published: December 2011

The metazoan meiobenthos was investigated in an Antarctic coastal sediment (Factory Cove, Signy Island, Antarctica). The fine sands contained much higher abundances compared to major sublittoral sediments worldwide. Classified second after Narrangansett Bay (North Atlantic) they reached numbers of 13 × 106ind m-2. The meiofauna was highly abundant in the surface layers, but densities decreased sharply below 2 cm. Vertical profiles mirrored steep gradients of microbiota, chloropigments and organic matter and were coincident with chemical stratification. Spatial patchiness manifested especially in the surface layer. Nematodes dominated (up to 90%), andAponema, Chromctdorita, Diplolaimella, Daptonema, MicrolaimusandNeochromadoraconstituted almost the entire community. Overall, the nematode fauna showed a strong similarity with fine sand communities elsewhere. The dominant trophic strategies were epistrarum and non-selective deposit feeding, but the applied classification for feeding guild structure of the nematodes of Factory Cove is discussed. High standing stock, low diversity and shallow depth distribution may have occurred because of the high nutritive (chlorophyll exceeded lOOOmgm-2and constituted almost 50% of the organic pool) and reductive character of the benthic environment. These observations must have originated from the substantial input of fresh organic matter from phytoplankton and microphytobenthic production, typical for an Antarctic coastal ecosystem during the austral summer.
Recruitment and Demographic Variability in a Lagoonal Population of the Blenniid Fish Lipophrys Pavo
Authors: Ruchon François , Laugier Thierry , Quignard Jean-Pierre
Published: December 2011

The demography of a lagoonal population of Lipophrys pavo over a four year period is described. This population exhibited high variability in recruitment and mortality and as a result, in age structure and density. During the study the average size at a given age decreased. This decrease was not linked to growth variation. Changes in demography and length structure are interrelated and could be linked to stressful environmental conditions and to reproductive patterns of this species.

Lipophrys pavo (Risso, 1810) is a common species in shallow waters of the rocky littoral of the Mediterranean sea (Zander, 1972; Patzner, 1984). This species differs from other Blenniidae by its ability to colonize biotopes where hard substrates are scarce (Moosleimer, 1980; Almada et al., 1994; Ruchon, 1995), and by its great euryhaline and eurythermal tolerance limits (Marion, 1890; Paris & Quignard, 1971; Zander, 1972; Müller et al., 1973; Moosleitner, 1988; Patzner & Seiwald, 1988). This euryvalence has allowed L. pavo to colonize brackish and soft-bottom lagoons of the Gulf of Lion where it is the single Blenniidae present (personal observation). Lipophrys pavo is a gonochoric species exhibiting strong sexual dimorphism (Zander, 1975; Papaconstantinou, 1979). Males are territorial nest breeders during the spawning season (Patzner et al., 1986), and females are batch spawners (Fishelson, 1963a; Patzner, 1985a).
Description and Analysis of Cephalopod Beaks from Stomachs of Six Species of Odontocete Cetaceans Stranded on Hawaiian Shores
Authors: Clarke Malcolm , Young Richard
Published: December 2011

Cephalopod prey of several cetacean species from Hawaiian waters were identified and quantified from the beaks in stomachs of stranded individuals. The different species of cetaceans all appear to target different species and sizes of cephalopods. Beaks from two sperm whales (Physeter catodon) included a total of 312 upper and 292 lower beaks (mandibles) of cephalopods. All of the cephalopods represented by lower beaks were oceanic squid belonging to 20 or more species in 14 families. The major constituents of the whale diet were Histioteuthis hoylei (45% by number and 10·9% by dry weight), Ommastrephes bartrami (7·6% by number, 30·6% by weight) and Architeuthis sp. (only 0·7% by number, but 26·5% by weight). In a Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) stomach, 1051 upper beaks and 1349 lower beaks were present. Eighteen or more genera of cephalopods in 15 families were present. The major constituents of the Grampus diet were Enoploteuthis spp. (36·1% by number and 30·1% by dry weight) and Abraliopsis spp. (23·6% by number, but only 4·9% by weight) and O. bartrami (1·3% and 32·1% respectively). The melon-headed whale (Peponocephala electra) eats fish as well as cephalopods which are represented by only six lower beaks belonging to five genera, Enoploteuthis, Teuthowenia, Abraliopsis, Abralia sp. and Bathyteuthis abyssicola. The beaked whale (unidentified) contained two lower beaks which were O. bartrami. Stenella attenuata also eats fish and the sample contained lower beaks, one of Enoploteuthis sp. and seven of an Abraliopsis sp.
Acoustic Structure and Individual Variation of Grey Seal (Halichoerus Grypus) Pup Calls
Authors: Caudron Abigail K. , Kondakov Andrei A. , Siryanov Serguei V.
Published: December 2011

Throughout lactation, pups of pinnipeds regularly vocalize, including during interactions with their mother. In all studied species of otariids and in some phocids, these calls exhibit sufficient acoustic variation for individual recognition. As female grey sealsHalichoerus grypus(Pinnipedia: Phocidae) often pup in dense colonies, and regularly leave their offspring alone to go to sea, the selective pressure for mutual vocal recognition between mothers and pups could be high. To investigate call variation in pups of this species, 170 calls of ten individual pups were analysed. Out of seven acoustic features studied, location of maximum signal strength, the number of harmonics and the frequency and strength of the fundamental show the highest individuality. However, the apparent infrequent use of pup calls during mother-pup reunions suggests that vocal signals may not play the major role in pup discrimination by female grey seals, as observed in other phocids which females do not vocalize to their pup.
A Natural Spore Trap for Algae in Polluted Estuaries
Authors: Russell George
Published: December 2011

Fucus vesiculosus was transplanted from one locality with an impoverished flora to another with a species-poor but different vegetation. Discs of Fucus thallus incubated in culture showed a significant increase in epiflora in the transplants. The possible applications to routine monitoring of polluted estuaries are discussed.

Harmful effects of pollution on the algal biodiversity of estuaries have been reported in numerous floristic studies (e.g. Edwards, 1972). The species-list approach suffers from a number of quite serious flaws: it is highly labour intensive; the absence of sampling rigour makes it difficult to interpret the results; and it is unsuitable as a basis for routine monitoring. In order to overcome these objections, it was decided to see if Fucus vesiculosus L. (Algae: Fucophyceae) a perennial macrophyte with high tolerance to pollution, can function as a trap for spores of smaller algae in the same locality and so express, in some way, the species richness of the surrounding vegetation. The method adopted to test this idea was simply to transfer Fucus from one locality with an impoverished flora to another with a species-poor but different vegetation, and then to quantify the effects of transference on the diversity of the epiflora.
A Note on the Occurrence of the Thresher Shark, Alopias Vulpinus from South-Western Black Sea
Authors: Kabasakal Hakan
Published: December 2011

On 8 November 1996, a female thresher shark (Figure 1) was caught in a purse seine full of bluefish (Pomatomus saltator), off Şile (41°15′24″N 29°35′30″E). The shark was photographed and tooth samples from lower and upper jaws were removed, and placed in the personal collection of the author. The total length of the shark was 453 cm.

Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788) is one of the three species of the family Alopiidae (Compagno, 1984). The thresher shark occurs worldwide, usually far offshore in temperate to tropical oceans, but where there are schools of bluefish, mackerel and squid, it may come close to the shore in pursuit. It is one of the most common shark species in the Mediterranean Sea (Quero, 1984). According to Devedjian (1926), Rhasis Erazi (1942) and Slastenenko (1955–1956) thresher sharks occur in the Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Black Sea, however, over the last 40 years there have been no reports of this species in these areas (Ak§iray, 1987).
Life history traits of the sand stargazerDactyloscopus tridigitatus(Teleostei: Blennioidei) from south-eastern Brazilian coast
Authors: Teixeira Rogério Luiz , de Barros Eduardo Hoffman , Ferreira Rodrigo Barbosa , Melo Rafael Magno Costa , Salvador-Jr Luiz Fernando
Published: December 2011

Individuals of the sand stargazerDactyloscopus tridigitatuswere collected monthly over a period of one year in an urban-sandy beach in south-eastern Brazil. We sampled 57 males, 64 females, and 6 juveniles, indicating a sex-ratio of approximately 1:1. Total length and weight did not differ significantly between sexes, showing no sexual dimorphism in size. The growth ofD. tridigitatuswas highly positive allometric and the correlation coefficient was significant for both sexes. Males were observed carrying two egg clumps under each enlarged pectoral fin during most of the year. In contrast, females showed a more restricted reproductive period, concentrated during the austral rainy season. The number of eggs in each clump carried by males did not differ significantly from the number of vitellogenic oocytes of mature females. The number of eggs carried by males was weakly correlated to male total length; however, female fecundity was strongly correlated to female total length.Dactyloscopus tridigitatusconsumed a high variety of prey items, including crustaceans, annelids, molluscs, teleosts, insects and eggs. Isopods were the most important component of the diet followed by polychaetes and amphipods. We concluded that promiscuous breeding, paternal care behaviour and invertivorous feeding habits seem to be important traits for the species' success in the studied habitat.
WHO OWNS WHAT? SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE FOUNDATION OF POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
Authors: Gerson Lloyd P.
Published: December 2011

Neither a doctrine of rights nor a doctrine of justice can provide a non-question-begging foundation for political philosophy. Instead, all political philosophical theories must rest on the recognition of the existence of moral agents, individual members of a natural kind capable of entering into associations with other moral agents. Beginning with moral agency, we can deduce that for there to be any associations, political or otherwise, there has to be the mutual recognition of self-ownership. The nature of moral agency excludes the possibility that groups like states or societies or nations can be moral agents. From moral agency and self-ownership, we can deduce the exigency of property ownership. On this basis, we can explain a state of affairs as just when and only when there is no aggression against moral agents. And we can show that the only nonarbitrary right is the right to self-ownership and property ownership. Thus, A has a right to p means: to deprive A of p is unjust. So, rights are founded on justice and justice is founded on property and property is founded on self-ownership and the recognition of self-ownership is a necessary condition for the mutual recognition of moral agency, the only possible basis for the existence of human associations. Thus, rights and justice are derivative or dependent concepts; they are not basic or foundational.
HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE INTERESTS: PUZZLES AT THE PERIPHERY OF THE PROPERTY PARADIGM
Authors: Hubin Donald C.
Published: December 2011

The question of ownership—property rights—is important in addressing many issues of public policy. But the attempt to subsume all questions of rights under what I describe as “the property paradigm” exerts a distorting influence on debates about a variety of complex moral issues. More specifically, I argue that the application of the property paradigm deformed discussion of the nature and basis of parental rights. The claim that parental rights are not best understood as property rights is now widely acknowledged. However, while the property paradigm exerts only vestigial influence on contemporary discussions of parental rights, it still exerts a significant distorting effect on discussions of reproductive rights. I argue that focusing on the question of the ownership of gametes, in particular of sperm, tends to warp the moral dialog concerning reproductive rights. Those sensitive moral debates are better framed in terms of individuals' legitimate interests than in terms of property.
Wholegrain cereals and bread: a duet of the Mediterranean diet for the prevention of chronic diseases
Authors: Gil Angel , Ortega Rosa M , Maldonado José
Published: December 2011

Objective

The promotion of healthy lifestyles is one of the major goals of governments and international agencies all over the world. Wholegrain cereals are rich in nutrients and many phytochemical compounds, with recognised benefits for health, including dietary fibre, a number of phenolic compounds, lignans, vitamins and minerals and other bioactive components. The aim of the present work is to review the fundamental studies that support the consumption of wholegrain cereals and bread to prevent chronic diseases.

Design

Descriptive review considering human studies.

Setting and subjects

Subjects included in randomised intervention trials and cohort studies from different countries published up to 2010.

Results

Several studies show consistently that subjects who ingest three or more portions of foods per day based on wholegrain cereals have a 20–30 % lower risk of CVD than subjects who ingest low quantities of cereals. This level of protection is not observed with the ingestion of refined cereals, these being even higher than with the intake of fruit and vegetables. Likewise, high intake of wholegrain cereals and their products, such as whole-wheat bread, is associated with a 20–30 % reduction in the risk of type 2 diabetes. Finally, protection against the risk of colorectal cancer and polyps, other cancers of the digestive tract, cancers related to hormones and pancreatic cancer has been associated with the regular consumption of wholegrain cereals and derived products.

Conclusions

The regular intake of wholegrain cereals can contribute to reduction of risk factors related to non-communicable chronic diseases.
Food consumption and civil society: Mediterranean diet as a sustainable resource for the Mediterranean area
Authors: Medina F Xavier
Published: December 2011

Objective

To define the Mediterranean diet model inside a Mediterranean social and cultural food framework and from the perspective of a local model of consumption.

Design

Reflexion and review of literature available in relation to the Mediterranean diet, locality and proximity.

Setting and subjects

Mediterranean region and its populations.

Results

The Mediterranean local food system under the term Mediterranean diet encourages local production and local consumption. From this perspective, this model takes part of every local Mediterranean lifestyles and encourages sustainability.

Conclusions

From a local Mediterranean point of view and as a proximity model of consumption, Mediterranean food and diet can be a sustainable resource for the Mediterranean area.
Do television food commercials target children in Germany?
Authors: Effertz Tobias , Wilcke Ann-Christin
Published: December 2011

Objective

To examine whether the German food industry directs commercials for unhealthy products to children and whether self-administered voluntary restrictions on the promotion of less healthy foods (the EU Pledge) are effective to mitigate this exposure.

Design

By analysing German data from television (TV) channels, advertised products were categorized and food products classified as core foods (healthy) and non-core foods (less healthy). Marketing techniques were documented. Food commercials were furthermore compared with commercials for toy products, and comparisons were made between advertising patterns before and after the EU Pledge.

Setting

Data for ten German TV channels were recorded for two weekdays and two weekend days from 06.00 to 22.00 hours in 2007 and 2008. A second sample containing one weekday and one weekend day of three German TV channels was recorded again in 2010 for comparison in the same time period.

Subjects

In total 16 062 advertisements from 2007–2008 and 2657 from 2010 were analysed.

Results

In 2007–2008 19·9 % of TV commercials were for food products, of which 73 % were for non-core foods, 21 % for core foods and 6 % not classified. In three specified channels widely viewed by children and youth, 14·5 % of commercials were for food products, of which 88·2 % were for non-core foods. Commercials for unhealthy foods were broadcast significantly more often during children's peak viewing and in children's programmes, with a higher use of promotional characters and premiums than found in commercials for non-food products. In 2010, analysis of the three specified channels found that 18·5 % of commercials were for food products, of which 98·2 % were for non-core foods. While the use of premiums decreased compared with other commercials, the use of promotional characters in non-core food commercials increased, especially during children's programmes.

Conclusions

Children in Germany are exposed to large numbers of food commercials. The exposure to commercials for non-core foods and the use of techniques attractive to children are widespread and appear to have remained unaffected by the announcement of the EU Pledge in December 2007. We conclude that the industry's voluntary agreement has failed to fulfil its declared purpose.
Störungen des Sozialverhaltens
Authors: Stadler Christina
Published: December 2011

Dieser Beitrag diskutiert die prädiktive Validität der allgemeinen Diagnosekriterien von Störungen des Sozialverhaltens nach ICD-10 und DSM-IV-TR. Dabei wird Bezug genommen auf aktuelle Befunde, die eine Phänotypisierung früh beginnender Störungen des Sozialverhaltens auf der Basis neurobiologischer und persönlichkeitsspezifischer Faktoren nahelegen. Untersuchungsergebnisse, die auf defizitäre neurobiologische Mechanismen aggressiven Verhaltens in Bezug auf Prozesse der Emotionswahrnehmung und Emotionsregulation hinweisen, werden dargestellt, wobei auch die Bedeutung möglicher mediierender Einflüsse früher psychosozialer Erfahrungen auf neurobiologische Funktionen erörtert wird. Die klinischen Implikationen für die Klassifikation, den Verlauf und die Behandlung von Störungen des Sozialverhaltens werden abschließend diskutiert.
Nichts Neues seit dem «kleinen Hans» und dem «kleinen Peter»?
Authors: Pflug Verena , Seehagen Sabine , Schneider Silvia
Published: December 2011

Angststörungen zählen zu den häufigsten psychischen Störungen des Kindes- und Jugendalters. Sie beginnen sehr früh, sind zu einem erheblichen Anteil stabil und stellen einen bedeutsamen Risikofaktor für das Auftreten einer psychischen Störung im Erwachsenenalter dar. Die Therapieforschung der letzten Jahre hat gezeigt, dass Angststörungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter effektiv behandelt werden können. Allerdings ist die Wirksamkeit von Psychotherapie bislang nur für verhaltenstherapeutische Interventionen sehr gut belegt; die Datenlage für psychodynamische Interventionen oder nicht verhaltenstherapeutisch orientierte Familientherapie ist dagegen eher unbefriedigend. Aktuelle randomisierte Therapiestudien weisen nach, dass bereits Vorschulkinder mit kognitiver Verhaltenstherapie effektiv behandelt werden können. Anders als lange Zeit angenommen, scheint der Einbezug der Eltern in die Behandlung keine weitere Verbesserung des Therapieerfolgs mit sich zu bringen. Fragestellungen zur Effektivität störungsspezifischer Behandlungsansätze sowie Kombinationsbehandlungen aus Psychotherapie und dem Einsatz von Serotoninwiederaufnahmehemmern (SSRIs) werden in der Therapieforschung zunehmend aufgegriffen. Zusätzlich zu den «klassischen» KVT-Programmen gibt es erste vielversprechende Hinweise auf die Wirksamkeit neuer Behandlungskonzepte wie z. B. Attention Bias Modifikation (ABM) oder computerunterstützte Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie.
Hemispheric dispersion of radioactive plume laced with fission nuclides from the Fukushima nuclear event
Authors: Hsu Shih‐Chieh , Huh Chih‐An , Chan Chuen‐Yu , Lin Shuen‐Hsin , Lin Fei‐Jan , Liu Shaw Chen
Published: December 2011

Radioactivities of particulate 131I and 137Cs released from the Fukushima nuclear accident were monitored in a regional aerosol network including two high mountain sites (central Taiwan and Tibetan Plateau). The results were integrated with data measured elsewhere around the world, with special focus on the mid‐latitudes. The hemispheric transport of the Fukushima radiation clouds (FRCs) by the westerlies took ∼18 days, displaying an exponential‐like decrease eastward, with a dilution factor of at least five orders of magnitude following a full circuit around the globe. The initial two waves of FRCs may travel at different atitudes: the first one at ∼3–4 km, whereas the second one up to 5 km or more. 131I and 137Cs were fractionated during transport, with 137Cs concentrated in the shallower layer, susceptible to depositional removal, while 131I moving faster and higher. This accident may be exemplified to identify some atmospheric processes on the hemispheric scale.
Numerical simulation for a vortex street near the poleward boundary of the nighttime auroral oval
Authors: Yamamoto T.
Published: December 2011

The formation of a vortex street is numerically studied as an aftermath of a transient (≈1 min) depression of the energy density of injected particles. It is basically assumed that the kinetic energies of auroral particles are substantially provided by nonadiabatic acceleration in the tail current sheet. One of the causes of such energy density depression is an outward (away from the Earth) movement of the neutral line because in such situation, a particle passes the acceleration zone for a shorter time interval while it is inwardly transported in the current sheet. The numerical simulation shows that a long chain of many (≥5) vortices can be formed in the nighttime high‐latitude auroral oval as a result of the hybrid Kelvin‐Helmholtz/Rayleigh‐Taylor (KH/RT) instability. The main characteristics of long vortex chains in the simulation such as the short lifetime (≲2 min) and the correlation between wavelength,λ, and arc system width, A, compare well with those of the periodic auroral distortions observed primarily in the high‐latitude auroral oval. Specifically, eitherλ‐A relationship from simulation or observation shows a positive correlation between λ and A but with considerable dispersion in λ. Since auroral vortices arising from the hybrid KH/RT instability are not accompanied by significant rotational motions, the magnetic shear instability caused by undulations in the field‐aligned current (FAC) sheet could turn the vortices into spirals which wind or unwind in response to increase or decrease of FACs, respectively.
A study of the changes of the near‐Earth plasma sheet and lobe driven by multiple substorms: Comparison with a full particle simulation of reconnection
Authors: Sauvaud J.‐A. , Jacquey C. , Oka M. , Palin L. , Fruit G. , Kistler L. M. , Balogh A. , Cao J. B. , Reeves G. , Mukai T. , Shinohara I. , Grigorenko E.
Published: December 2011

Comparisons of multispacecraft observations and full‐particle simulations are used to understand magnetotail changes during substorms and the related cross‐tail current disruptions/reductions. We first show that the electric field accompanying current disruptions can be measured in the tail lobe from the drift velocity of oxygen beams. A stormy period is studied here with a fleet of spacecraft including the four Cluster spacecraft and the Double Star spacecraft TC‐1 in the tail, ACE and Geotail respectively in the solar wind and magnetosheath, and five LANL geostationary satellites, thus allowing the determination of the direction of propagation of the substorm disturbances. Each substorm here corresponds to an energy‐loading period followed by a dipolarization of the magnetic field seen from 11 to 18 RE. Plasma sheet thinning inside 12 RE occurs during energy loading and is enhanced at the onset of strong dissipations of magnetic energy, which precede by several minutes particle injections at 6.6 RE. Dipolarizations coincide with an increase of the lobe electric field, up to several mV/m. This study shows that the onset of the magnetic energy conversion occurs at about ∼10–11 RE and that once initiated, the perturbation propagates both toward the Earth and toward the distant tail. Comparisons of the measurements with recently published 2D full particle simulations of the reconnection process by Oka et al. (2008) indicate a good agreement between data and simulated magnetic lobe signatures. This suggests that the lobe magnetic changes are the signature of a tailward retreating neutral line, with its associated current disruption/reduction.