bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Produção de massa seca e nutrição nitrogenada de cultivares de Brachiaria brizantha (A. Rich) Stapf sob doses de nitrogênio
Authors: Costa Kátia Aparecida de Pinho , Oliveira Itamar Pereira de , Faquin Valdemar , Silva Gilson Pereira , Severiano Eduardo da Costa
Published: February 2010

O nitrogênio (N) é considerado um dos nutrientes responsável pelo crescimento vegetativo das plantas, mantendo as pastagens produtivas e com bom valor nutritivo. Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada na produção de massa seca, valor nutritivo e nutrição nitrogenada de cultivares de Brachiaria brizantha (A. Rich) Stapf. O delineamento utilizado foi blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 3 x 4 (três cultivares de Brachiaria brizantha: Marandu, Xaraés e MG-4; e quatro doses de N: 0, 50, 100 e 150 mg.dm-3, tendo como fonte a uréia), com três repetições. Avaliaram-se três cortes nas forrageiras, com intervalos de 30 dias. A adubação nitrogenada proporciona aumentos lineares nas produções de massa seca, teores de PB, nitrato, amônio e clorofila (unidade SPAD); e redução nos teores de FDN e FDA nos cultivares de Brachiaria brizantha. O cultivar Xaraés apresenta maior produção de massa seca, teor de PB, clorofila (unidade SPAD) e menores teores de FDN e FDA que os cultivares Marandu e MG-4.
Características sensoriais de ovos de codornas japonesas (Coturnix japonica temminck e schlegel, 1849) suplementadas com pigmentantes sintéticos e selenometionina
Authors: Moura Adolpho Marlon Antoniol de , Fonseca José Brandão , Melo Enayde de Almeida , Lima Vera Lúcia Arroxelas Galvão de , Santos Priscila Antão dos , Silva Quésia Jemima da
Published: February 2010

A substituição do milho pelo sorgo promove redução na pigmentação da gema dos ovos, sendo necessária a inclusão de fontes exógenas de pigmentantes. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar às características sensoriais dos ovos de codornas japonesas (Coturnix japonica (Temminck & Schlegel, 1849) alimentadas com rações formuladas com sorgo, em substituição total ao milho, com a inclusão de pigmentantes sintéticos amarelo (apocaroteno 10%) e vermelho (cantaxantina 10%) e selenometionina. Foram utilizados os seguintes tratamentos: T1: ração referência; T2: ração com sorgo (RS); T3: RS+apo-éster; T4: RS+apo-éster+cantaxantina e T5: RS+apo-éster+cantaxantina+selenometionina. Utilizaram-se 30 provadores não-treinados para avaliação quanto ao sabor do ovo e cor da gema, analisados pelo Teste de Comparação Pareada -Grau de diferença com 0,05 de probabilidade. Os dados ao serem analisados, utilizando a Tabela de Número Mínimo de Respostas Coincidentes, ao nível de 5% de significância, indicaram que os provadores detectaram diferença na intensidade de sabor e cor entre a amostra padrão e os tratamentos. O grau de diferença para o atributo sabor foi de intensidade leve entre a amostra padrão e os tratamentos T2, T4 e T5. Para o atributo cor, o grau de diferença foi considerado de intensidade leve a grande entre a amostra padrão e a dos tratamentos. Pode-se utilizar os pigmentantes sintéticos apoéster e cantaxantina associados com selenometionina em rações a base de sorgo para codornas japonesas.
Dipteryx lacunifera seed oil: characterization and thermal stability
Authors: Queiroga Neto Vicente , Bora Pushkar Singh , Diniz Zeomar Nitão , Cavalheiro José Marcelino Oliveira , Queiroga Karine Formiga
Published: February 2010

The Dipteryx lacunifera Ducke is an oleaginous legume with high oil and protein content that can be used in human nutrition. The specie is a native of the Piauí and Maranhão state in the north east of Brazil. The measure physico-chemical properties of the oil are specific density, refractive index, acid, peroxide, iodine and saponification values of 0.91, 1.4651, 0.60 (% oleic acid), 2.81, 70.80 and about 179, respectively. Gas chromatographic analysis of the oil showed the presence of 20.6% saturated, 65.1% monounsaturated and 14.3% polyunsaturated fatty acids. The saturated fatty acids C6:0, C8:0, C12:0 and C17:0 were present in trace (<0.01%) amounts while the C16:0, C18:0, C20:0, C22:0 and C24:0 were at concentrations of 10.3, 5.4, 3.4, 0.9 and 0.6% of the total fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 and C22:2 contents were 65.1, 14.1, 0.3% and trace (0.01%), respectively. Thermal analysis (TG/DTG) revealed that the thermal decomposition of the oil occurs in two steps corresponding to the unsaturated and saturated fatty acids. The oil, when heated to a temperature of 180º C for 400 min showed smaller loss in mass than commercial soy, sunflower and corn oils. The curve DSC indicated an endothermic event with enthalpy variation (DH) of -56.7 Cal.g-1 in the temperature interval of 340 ºC (Ti) the 463º C (Tf), with maximum in 411.1º C (Tm).
Fatty acid profile of "bottled butter fat" produced in the region of Salinas, Minas Gerais
Authors: Clemente Maria das Graças , Abreu Luiz Ronaldo de , Pinto Sandra Maria , Rezende Creuza Pedroso Amaral
Published: February 2010

The economic history of Salinas, Minas Gerais is largely based on cattle-breeding. The discoverers found in the city's region a large potential for the progress of their activities, either in agriculture or in cattle-breeding (OLIVEIRA, 2000). Even today, milk production plays an important role in family farming activities, which besides raw milk, provides curdal cheese, cottage cheese, and "bottled butter fat", which is manufactured with fat extracted from whey. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the fatty acid profile of "bottled butter fat" produced in Salinas, in the northern region of Minas Gerais , and also to analyze the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acid of these butters. The fatty acid profile of the "bottled butter fat" was determined by chromatographic analysis, according to methodology advanced by Luddy et al. (1960), and later modified by Abreu (1993). Analysis of variance was applied for comparison of the averages by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The fatty acid profiles of all the "bottled butter fat" were found to be similar. The concentration of saturated fatty acids was higher than that of the unsaturated, with averages of 60,36% and 39,64%, respectively.
Levels of true digestible lisiane and metabolizable energy for growing pigs: effect on nitrogen and energy balance
Authors: Chiaradia Rafael Coutinho Finamor , Zangeronimo Márcio Gilberto , Fialho Elias Tadeu , Lima José Augusto de Freitas , Rodrigues Paulo Borges , Sousa Raimundo Vicente de
Published: February 2010

An experiment was conducted at the Department of Animal Husbandry of Universidade Federal de Lavras aiming to study the nitrogen and energy balance in diets with reduced crude protein rates (CP) and different levels of energy and lysine for growing pigs. 52 castrated pigs (initial weight = 36.13 ± 2.8 kg) of high genetic potential were used, housed individually in metabolism cages (experimental unit). The treatments consisted of 12 diets with three levels of metabolizable energy (ME) (3060, 3230 and 3400 kcal / kg) and four of true digestible lysine (TDL) (0.7, 0.9, 1.1 and 1, 3%) with 14% CP plus a control diet with 3230 kcal ME / kg, 1.03% TDL and 18% CP. We used a DBC in time 3x4 +1 factorial design with four replications to verify the absorbed nitrogen (AN), N retained (NR), the NR / NA (%),absorbed energy (AE), retained energy (RE) and the ratio RE /AE (%). In relation retained nitrogen / absorbed nitrogen was declining linear regression (P <0.05) when 3400 kcal / kg was used, where the lowest levels (0.7 and 0.9%) of TDL showed the best results. In the study of energy balance, for the variables retained energy and the relationship between energy there was no difference (P> 0.05) between the control treatment and other experimental diets. It is concluded that the levels 3230 kcal / kg and 1.03% of TDL can be used without affecting the utilization of nitrogen by growing pigs in diets with reduced crude protein content.
Direcionadores na difusão da estratégia de Postponement: casos de empresas Brasileiras
Authors: Sampaio Mauro , Csillag João Mario
Published: February 2010

O propósito deste artigo foi investigar a difusão do postponement no ambiente de negócios brasileiro e identificar os direcionadores de sua implementação. Este estudo utilizou a metodologia de multicasos para avaliar um fenômeno muito conhecido na literatura, mas raro no mundo empresarial. Resultados sugerem que a adoção do postponement exige não apenas a reconfiguração do sistema logístico, mas também mudanças no relacionamento entre os membros da cadeia de suprimentos, investimentos em tecnologia e visão estratégica de seus líderes. Novos pré-requisitos foram identificados, sugerindo que o atual modelo para implementação do postponement necessita ser ampliado. As empresas precisam investir em mudanças de produto, processo, relacionamento na cadeia de suprimento e organizacionais para usufruir dos benefícios do postponement.
Os conflitos entre a prática gerencial e as relações em família: uma Abordagem complexa e multidimensional
Authors: Silva Anielson Barbosa da , Rossetto Carlos Ricardo
Published: February 2010

O artigo tem como objetivo compreender os significados da vivência de conflitos entre a prática gerencial e as relações em família. O estudo foi embasado epistemologicamente nos pressupostos do paradigma interpretativo, utilizou uma abordagem qualitativa e foi realizado com gerentes que atuam no Banco do Brasil. O conflito entre a prática gerencial e as relações em família está vinculado ao tempo dedicado ao exercício de papéis no trabalho e na família, à incompatibilidade de interesses e às divergências de percepção e de visão entre os agentes envolvidos. A pesquisa revelou a existência de fatores que geram conflito na prática gerencial e nas relações em família. A percepção dos gerentes é que os conflitos nas relações em família os afetaram emocionalmente e isso interfere no desempenho da prática gerencial. Abordar o tema numa perspectiva complexa e multidimensional é uma forma de reconhecer a existência de conexões espaciais, temporais e comportamentais e essa constatação pode auxiliar a compreender a experiência vivida de gerentes de forma singular e multifacetada. Estudos adicionais devem considerar os vínculos entre o gênero, a personalidade, o contexto, o tipo de trabalho e o estágio na carreira. Espera-se que o tema amplie o foco de análise do conflito e auxilie na compreensão da teoria e da prática organizacional.
Medindo a imagem do destino turístico: uma pesquisa baseada na teoria de resposta ao item
Authors: Pérez-Nebra Amalia Raquel , Torres Cláudio V.
Published: February 2010

O potencial turístico do Brasil é reconhecido por diversos segmentos, e sabe-se de sua pouca representatividade no cenário internacional. Objetivou-se a construção e validação de um Instrumento de Imagem do Destino Turístico, e posterior comparação dos turistas reais e potenciais, além de uma revisão sobre o conceito de imagem do destino. Para a pesquisa se construiu um sítio eletrônico em quatro idiomas e enviaram-se e-mails nos mesmos idiomas. A pesquisa foi respondida por 658 pessoas, de 66 diferentes países. A média de idade foi de 33,2 anos (dp=11,5), 58,7% eram do sexo feminino, 53,9% eram solteiros, mais de 80% concluíram o terceiro grau, a maioria já fez viagem internacional (90,8%), mas poucos vieram ao Brasil (26,8%). O tratamento dos dados foi por meio de análise fatorial e análise de resposta ao item, além da diferença entre grupos. Os resultados ofereceram subsídios para alcançar o objetivo de construir e validar um Instrumento de Imagem do Destino. Foram encontrados cinco fatores: 1. Cenário específico, 2. Cultura local, 3. Luxo e conforto, 4. Infra-estrutura e segurança, e 5. Recreação e entretenimento. O segundo objetivo foi alcançado. Comparando os grupos, dois fatores apresentaram diferença entre turistas potenciais e reais. Aplicações e impactos são sugeridos ao longo do trabalho.
Previsão não-linear de retornos na BOVESPA: volume negociado em um modelo auto-regressivo de transição suave
Authors: Iquiapaza Robert Aldo , Bressan Aureliano Angel , Amaral Hudson Fernandes
Published: February 2010

Neste artigo, avalia-se a capacidade preditiva de um modelo auto-regressivo de transição logística suave (lstar) na geração de retornos estatisticamente significativos, quando se utiliza como variável de transição o volume negociado e o próprio retorno defasado, para o índice Ibovespa da Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo, analisado em termos diários entre os anos de 1996 e 2006. A justificativa para a inclusão do volume encontra-se em características do mercado e em algumas evidências de finanças comportamentais, que indicam que existe uma relação negativa entre volume e retornos futuros. O modelo possui, em geral, bom ajuste aos dados, embora não tenha a capacidade de gerar lucros reais adicionais, se os custos de transação são de 0.5% por operação. Para custos menores existe certa capacidade de previsão, embora inferior à de um modelo ar(1) e da estratégia de comprar e manter. considerando o risco, para custos de 0.035% por operação, o modelo auto-regressivo possibilita a obtenção de um índice de sharpe 20% maior do que com a estratégia de comprar e manter.
Histopathological alterations in bullfrog juveniles fed commercial rations of different crude protein levels
Authors: Seixas Filho José Teixeira de , Hipolito Marcio , Martins Ana Maria Cristina Rabello Pinto da Fonseca , Rodrigues Eliane , Castagna Airton Antonio , Mello Sílvia Conceição Reis Pereira
Published: February 2010

The relationship between the quality of dietary crude protein and health of bullfrog juveniles (Lithobates catesbeianus) was evaluated by necropsy and histopathological examination of animals. The histopathology results showed that animals fed different feeds, regardless of CP levels, presented lymphocytary hepatitis, colitis and flattened microvillosities; kidneys with areas of tubulonephrosis and renal tubule calcification; myocarditis and cardiac muscular fiber dissociation. Such injuries suggested a degenerative nutritional process, with development of inflammatory processes spread to all the organs. These findings suggested that the animals had been fed with proteins of low biological value, indicating, apparently, poor feed quality, that harmed the health of the frogs and, consequently, their performance. Complementary studies are necessary to understand the biochemical behavior of the bullfrog in its second phase of life, supplying data for a better understanding of the nutrition of these animals.
Biodisponibilidade de fontes de metionina para poedeiras leves na fase de produção mantidas em ambiente de alta temperatura
Authors: Carvalho Débora Cristine de Oliveira , Albino Luiz Fernando Teixeira , Rostagno Horacio Santiago , Pinheiro Sandra Regina Freitas , Brito Claudson Oliveira , Viana Maurício Tárcio dos Santos
Published: February 2010

Objetivou-se determinar se a biodisponibilidade de metionina análoga ácido livre (MHA-AL) é igual ou superior a 65%, na base de produto, para poedeiras leves no período de 24 a 40 semanas de idade. Durante quatro períodos experimentais de 28 dias, utilizaram-se 640 poedeiras comerciais com 24 semanas de idade, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com dez tratamentos, oito repetições e oito aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração basal farelada deficiente em metionina, contendo 2.830 kcal de energia metabolizável (EM)/kg, 14,5% de proteína bruta (PB) e 0,23% e 0,21% de metionina total e digestível, respectivamente, suplementada com DL-metionina 99%, DLM (0,0325; 0,05; 0,065; 0,0975; 0,10 ou 0,15%) e com MHA-AL 88% (0,05; 0,10 e 0,15%). As características avaliadas foram peso corporal (kg), produção de ovos (%), massa de ovos (g), peso médio dos ovos (g), consumo de ração (g) e conversão alimentar (g de ração/g de ovo). Com base nos dados de produção de ovos, massa de ovo e conversão alimentar, a biodisponibilidade da MHA-AL foi calculada em 74,66; 73,97; e 71,17%, respectivamente, conferindo à MHA-AL biodisponibilidade média de 73,22% em relação à DLM, na base do produto. A biodisponibilidade da MHA-AL é superior a 65% na base do produto.
Inclusion of guava wastes in feed for broiler chickens
Authors: Lira Rosa Cavalcante , Rabello Carlos Bôa-Viagem , Ferreira Paulo Vanderlei , Lana Geraldo Roberto Quintão , Lüdke Jorge Vitor , Dutra Junior Wilson Moreira
Published: February 2010

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of including guava wastes in the feed on the performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens. An experiment was carried out with 300 male Cobb strain chicks, in a randomized complete design with five levels of waste and five replications. A reference diet based on corn and soybean meal and four feeds with 3, 6, 9 or 12% guava waste were evaluated. The feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion were assessed weekly; the weight at slaughter and the weight and yield of eviscerated carcass, carcass without feet and head, breast, drumstick, thigh, wing, back, edible viscera and abdominal fat were assessed. The inclusion of guava waste in the feed promotes performance and carcass yield similar to that obtained with the feed based on corn and soybean meal, therefore this agro-industrial by-product can be used at levels of up to 12% in feeds for broiler chickens.
Efeitos do centeio, do trigo e da suplementação com xilanases sobre o valor nutricional de dietas e o desempenho de frangos corte
Authors: Mourão José Luís Teixeira de Abreu Medeiros , Pinheiro Victor Manuel Carvalho
Published: February 2010

Três experimentos foram realizados para avaliar os efeitos de dietas formuladas com 53% de trigo ou centeio, suplementadas ou não com a enzima xilanase (0,06%), sobre a digestibilidade de nutrientes e a energia metabolizável das dietas e sobre o desempenho e desenvolvimento do trato digestivo de frangos de corte. Como testemunha foi usada uma dieta com 53% de milho. No primeiro experimento, as digestibilidades da matéria seca, matéria orgânica e gordura e energia metabolizável corrigida para o nitrogênio (EMAn) das dietas com centeio foram menores que daquelas com trigo (2.556 kcal/kg vs 2.842 kcal/kg) e menores no conjunto dessas dietas que na dieta com milho (2.684 kcal/kg vs 3.010 kcal/kg). A digestibilidade da matéria orgânica e a EMAn das dietas com centeio também foi inferior às da dieta com trigo. A suplementação com xilanases não afetou a utilização digestiva das dietas com centeio ou com trigo. No segundo experimento, nos frangos alimentados com as dietas com centeio, o menor ganho de peso e consumo de EMAn e a pior conversão alimentar ocorreram entre os 8 e os 35 dias de idade. A conversão alimentar foi de 2,17 para as dietas com centeio e 1,88 para a dieta com milho. A adição de xilanases às dietas com centeio ou trigo não melhorou a conversão alimentar. Nos frangos alimentados com as dietas com centeio durante 31 dias, o duodeno-jejuno e íleo foram maiores e o rendimento de carcaça menor que nos frangos alimentados com a dieta testemunha (71,6% vs 74,4%). As dietas com trigo não afetaram essas características. Os pesos do pâncreas e do fígado também não foram alterados pelas dietas.
Desempenho e características de carcaça de tourinhos Nelore e Canchim terminados em confinamento recebendo dietas com cana-de-açúcar e dois níveis de concentrado
Authors: Oliveira Emanuel Almeida de , Sampaio Alexandre Amstalden Moraes , Fernandes Alexandre Rodrigo Mendes , Henrique Wignez , Oliveira Rodrigo Vidal , Ribeiro Glauco Mora
Published: February 2010

O objetivo foi avaliar o desempenho e as características de carcaça de tourinhos terminados em confinamento alimentados com dietas contendo cana-de-açúcar (Var. SP 80-1816) e dois níveis de concentrado (40 ou 60 % da MS). Foram utilizados 15 animais da raça Nelore com aproximadamente 330 kg e 18 meses de idade e 15 da raça Canchim com aproximadamente 300 kg e 15 meses de idade. Os animais foram alojados em baias individuais por um período de 126 dias (os primeiros 21 dias foram de adaptação). Foram realizadas pesagens e tomadas imagem ultrassônicas, ao início do experimento e a cada intervalo de 35 dias. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 ×2, composto de 2 grupos genéticos e 2 níveis de concentrado. Não foi observada interação fatores ×variáveis estudadas. Os animais da raça Canchim apresentaram melhor eficiência alimentar (0,17 ×0,14) e maior ganho de área de olho-de-lombo (19,7 ×13,2 cm²). A dieta contendo 60% de concentrado, em comparação àquela com 40%, proporcionou maior ganho de peso diário (1,44 ×0,98 kg/animal), maior peso de abate (499,43 ×460,20 kg), de carcaça quente (265,39 ×244,70 kg) e de traseiro especial (129,74 ×118,68 kg). Os animais da raça Canchim apresentaram maior área de olho-de-lombo (80,89 ×66,85 cm²) e os animais Nelore maior cobertura de gordura (5,5 ×3,2 mm). Dietas com 60% de concentrado são mais indicadas para terminação de bovinos com elevado potencial de ganho de peso que aquelas com 40%.
Composição tecidual e química dos cortes comerciais da carcaça de cordeiros Santa Inês terminados em pastagem nativa com suplementação
Authors: Santos José Rômulo Soares dos , Pereira Filho José Morais , Silva Aderbal Marcos de Azevêdo , Cezar Marcílio Fontes , Borburema Jucileide Barboza , Silva José Orlando Ramos
Published: February 2010

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da suplementação na composição tecidual e química da perna e do lombo de ovinos Santa Inês terminados em pastejo. Foram utilizados 24 ovinos castrados, com peso vivo médio (PV) de 15,8 kg e 3 a 4 meses de idade, distribuídos em três níveis de suplementação com concentrado (0; 1,0 e 1,5% do PV), num delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e oito repetições. A perna e o lombo foram dissecados em músculo, ossos e gordura, para determinação da composição tecidual, e a carne foi utilizada na determinação da composição química. A suplementação influenciou os rendimentos de músculos, ossos, gordura, matéria seca, cinzas, proteína bruta e gordura do lombo e da perna. A suplementação melhora o rendimento muscular e a composição química do lombo e da perna de ovinos Santa Inês terminados em pastagem nativa. Quando o objetivo for obter carcaças mais leves, o nível de concentrado recomendável é de 1,0% do PV e, se a finalidade for adquirir carcaças mais pesadas, recomenda-se o nível de 1,5%.
Turtle cleaners: reef fishes foraging on epibionts of sea turtles in the tropical Southwestern Atlantic, with a summary of this association type
Authors: Sazima Cristina , Grossman Alice , Sazima Ivan
Published: February 2010

In the present study we record several instances of reef fish species foraging on epibionts of sea turtles (cleaning symbiosis) at the oceanic islands of Fernando de Noronha Archipelago and near a shipwreck, both off the coast of Pernambuco State, northeast Brazil. Nine reef fish species and three turtle species involved in cleaning are herein recorded. Besides our records, a summary of the literature on this association type is presented. Postures adopted by turtles during the interaction are related to the habits of associated fishes. Feeding associations between fishes and turtles seem a localized, albeit common, phenomenon.
Reproductive biology and development of gill glands in the inseminating characid, Macropsobrycon uruguayanae Eigenmann, 1915 (Cheirodontinae: Compsurini)
Authors: Azevedo Marco A. , Malabarba Luiz R. , Burns John R.
Published: February 2010

The reproductive biology and development of the gill gland are described for Macropsobrycon uruguayanae, an inseminating characid species of the tribe Compsurini, subfamily Cheirodontinae. Between April 2001 and March 2002, 117 males and 143 females of this species were collected in the rio Ibicuí, Uruguay basin in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Reproductively active individuals were present during most months sampled, indicating lack of a well-defined seasonal reproductive period. Several maturing females were found to be inseminated before completing full maturation. Histological analyses demonstrated spermatozoa within the ovaries of females in different stages of gonadal maturation collected during most months. No immature females had inseminated ovaries. Standard length at first gonadal maturation was estimated to be 24 mm for both males and females. Mean absolute fecundity was 191.08 (± 48.83 SD) oocytes per female, one of the lowest among characids. Relative fecundity was 0.539 (± 0.069 SD) oocytes per mg weight of the female, a value similar to that found for the majority of species of Cheirodontinae. The presence of two cohorts of oocytes within ovaries of M. uruguayanae indicates synchronous development, with total spawning. The mean diameter of mature oocytes was 0.6711 (± 0.1252 SD) mm, smaller than that found for the majority of species of Characidae. Gill glands occurred in all mature males, as well as in males undergoing advanced maturation. In the latter case, fewer gill filaments comprised the glands. Gill glands were not observed in immature males, males undergoing the initial stages of maturation, or in any female. A given gill gland may comprise as many as 24 filaments of the lateral hemibranch of the first gill arch. Secondary lamellae within most of the gill gland are greatly reduced, with columnar cells being present between them. These columnar cells contain abundant vesicles, suggesting secretory activity. The morphology of the gill gland of M. uruguayanae resembles that found in the majority of characid species that possess this structure.
Project Reech: Using Theatre Arts to Authenticate Local Knowledge
Authors: Mosavel Maghboeba , Thomas Teleangè
Published: February 2010

Marginalized communities need to be heard and validated within their local context, so that individual and community support can be garnered and ownership of the concerns can be embraced. This article reports on three modalities that were used in the community outreach activities of Project REECH. The goal of Project REECH is to engage residents in low-income neighborhoods in a dialogue with researchers to identify the major health concerns in their community. With the aid of these community conversations, the goal is to identify and train community residents to conduct such community-identified research in their neighborhoods. This article primarily explores and evaluates the use and effectiveness of an arts modality called Playback Theatre. Also, it briefly reports on the use of Readers' Theatre and graphic facilitation to aid in the dissemination of the data collected from these community conversations.
Using Lay Health Promoters in Occupational Health: Outcome Evaluation in a Sample of Latino Poultry-Processing Workers
Authors: Grzywacz Joseph G. , Arcury Thomas A. , Marín Antonio , Carrillo Lourdes , Coates Michael L. , Quandt Sara A.
Published: February 2010

Lay Health Promoters (LHPs) are widely used in community health education, but their use and evaluation in occupational health has been limited to farm workers. Evaluation data were collected from 30 randomly selected Latino poultry processing workers who had an encounter with an LHP who delivered Maria's Story, an occupational health lesson about cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs). Participants had good recall of Maria's Story. Most participants ( n = 18, 60%) could identify the primary occupational health exposure linked to CTDs, more than 50% of participants ( n = 16) could recall one or more ways of preventing CTDs, and 43.3% ( n = 13) described in detail recommended treatments. Nearly one-half ( n = 12) reported an occupational health behavior change after hearing Maria's Story. The results of this study suggest that LHPs may be effective in promoting occupational health and reducing occupational health disparities among ethnic minorities in high-risk occupations.
Views of a Cal/OSHA Inspector
Authors: Oudiz Jack
Published: February 2010

Retiring CAL/OSHA Industrial Hygienist and Senior Safety Engineer Jack Oudiz offers his thoughts in the nature of a voluntary “exit interview” on his years working for the agency and its performance in its mission.
Job Stress and Performance: A Study of Police Officers in Central Taiwan
Authors: Chen Yu-Fen
Published: February 2010

The relationship between job stress and job performance of police officers in Taiwan was explored. A survey was designed and distributed to 1,067 police officers in central Taiwan. The 787 valid responses to this questionnaire were quantitatively analyzed. Major findings were: (1) Officers
perceived that their job stress came mainly from “tasks”, and perceived “contextual performance” as higher than other domains of job performance. (2) The group feeling most stress were officers aged between 31-40 with 11-20 years' service, employed as general police
officers not holding a supervising position, and who had graduated from the police college. (3) There was a significant negative relationship between job stress and job performance. Higher job stress led to lower job performance and vice versa.
The Relationship Between Fatigue and Personality in a Student Population
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M.
Published: February 2010

To investigate the relationship between fatigue or Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)-like symptoms and basic dimensions of personality, a sample of 466 Kuwaiti college students took part in the study (M age = 19.0 years, SD = 2.1). Participants completed the Arabic Scale
of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ASCFS; Abdel-Khalek & Al-Theeb, 2006) and the Arabic version of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ; Abdel-Khalek & Eysenck, 1983; Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975). The ASCFS was found to be significantly and positively correlated with neuroticism and
psychoticism and negatively correlated with extraversion. Two high-loading factors were extracted from both sexes and labeled “Fatigue and neuroticism versus extraversion”, and “Psychoticism versus lie”. A multiple stepwise regression was carried out and the predictors
of ASCFS were found to be neuroticism and psychoticism (positive) and extraversion (negative) among men, while in women the predictors were neuroticism and psychoticism. It was concluded that high scores on neuroticism, psychoticism, and introversion may predispose people to CFS. Clinicians
treating CFS could find this result useful. It is suggested that treating neurotic symptoms may ameliorate CFS symptoms.
Aging Anxiety and Personality Traits Among Taiwanese Undergraduates
Authors: Gao Yu-Jing
Published: February 2010

In this study the relationship between anxiety about aging and personality traits in a Taiwanese population was examined. One hundred and seventy-six college students completed the Anxiety About Aging Scale (Lasher & Faulkender, 1993) and the Big Five Inventory, Taiwan version (Chen,
2004). Results showed that personality traits (neuroticism, urgency, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) significantly correlated with overall aging anxiety. The 4 dimensions of anxiety about aging were related differentially to various personality traits.
The Role of Task-Oriented Versus Relationship-Oriented Leadership on Normative Contract and Group Performance
Authors: Tabernero Carmen , Chambel M. José , Curral Luis , Arana José M.
Published: February 2010

In this paper we examine how groups develop normative contracts based on beliefs about the obligations other members of the group must fulfil in order to achieve group goals. The role played by perceived leadership – task- or relationship-oriented – was analyzed in relation
to the development of relational normative contract and group performance. The study sample comprised 72 participants (24 groups of 3 members). A member of each team received training to be a group leader (task- or relationship-oriented leader). All groups worked on a simulation program: a
complex decision-making managerial task. Group regulatory variables and group processes were evaluated during the simulation. Results showed that task-oriented leaders effected higher group efficacy and positivism among members of the group. In contrast, relationship-oriented leaders effected
greater cohesion between the group's members. The final group performance is explained from the perspective of group efficacy and the relational normative contract.
Examining the Permanence of the Effect of a Social Skills Training Program for the Acquisition of Social Problem-Solving Skills
Authors: Dereli Esra
Published: February 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the permanence of the effect of a social skills training program for children in increasing skills relating to solving social problems and understanding others' feelings during the preschool period (children aged 6 years). A total of 55 children
took part in the research (35 in the experimental group and 20 in the control group). A social skills training program was taught to the children in the experimental group for 2 hours a week over 22 weeks and it was found that it significantly affected their social problem-solving skills and
understanding of others' feelings. Results of posttest scores of the children and their scores after 1 year indicated that the Social Skills Training Program for Children maintains its effects.
Simulation of a hybrid fermentation-separation process for production of butyric acid
Authors: Blahušiak Marek , Schlosser Štefan , Marták Ján
Published: February 2010

Simulation of a hybrid fermentation-separation process for the production of butyric acid (BA) based on published data was done. A unit consisting of a bioreactor with immobilized cells in the fibrous bed and of separation by pertraction through supported liquid membranes (SLM) was considered. Productivities of the unit volume of a fixed bed bioreactor in continuous and fed-batch fermentation at pH 5.5 and 6.0 were used. Concentration of BA in the bioreactor outlet stream was assumed to be in the interval from 0.11 kmol m−3 to 0.45 kmol m−3. Data on the pertraction through SLM with phosphonium ionic liquid (IL) and bulk liquid membrane with trioctylamine (TOA) as carriers were used. A strong increase in the required membrane area was found for both carriers at the pH of pertraction above 4. pH values of fermentation and pertraction should be optimized independently. It is advantageous to have pH of the feed into the pertraction unit of about 4. Dependences of the membrane area on the pertraction efficiency are nearly linear and not very sharp, especially for IL, what enables working at the pertractor efficiency exceeding 90 %. Application of phosphonium IL is promising compared to classical extractant TOA because of lower demand of the membrane area in a large interval of BA concentrations in the pertractor feed.
Application of anoxic fixed film and aerobic CSTR bioreactor in treatment of nanofiltration concentrate of real textile wastewater
Authors: Klepacz-Smółka Anna , Sójka-Ledakowicz Jadwiga , Paździor Katarzyna , Ledakowicz Stanisław
Published: February 2010

An anoxic fixed film bioreactor (FFB) with biomass immobilized on activated carbon and an aerobic continuous stirred tank bioreactor with overflow were applied to degrade concentrate from nanofiltration of real textile effluents containing Reactive Red 120 (RR-120). The efficiency of color removal was 99 % irrespective of the fraction of nanofiltration concentrate in the feed. An approximate dye balance based on the assessed adsorption capacity of RR-120 by activated carbon indicated that the dye was removed by means of adsorption as well as of biological processes. Aromatic amine released from a dye molecule was fully adsorbed by activated carbon. COD level in the outflow of the system was above that imposed by legislation. Despite an adjustment of the feed pH to 7 this was constantly increasing up to the value above 9 in both reactors. Neither the nanofiltration concentrate nor the effluents from the bioreactors affected the growth of Pseudomonas putida used as toxicity indicator.
Pretreatment of landfill leachate by chemical oxidation processes
Authors: Derco Ján , Gotvajn Andreja , Zagorc-Končan Jana , Almásiová Beáta , Kassai Angelika
Published: February 2010

Kinetics and efficiency of Fenton’s and ozonation processes for the pretreatment of two landfill leachates (fresh and mature) resulting from municipal waste disposal were studied. Both samples presented high organic load, high toxicity and low biodegradability. These were the reasons why oxidative treatment was proposed. Fresh and mature leachate showed different behaviors in the oxidation experiments. The final extents of removal were attained in comparable time intervals in both oxidation systems. Maximal removal of organics by the Fenton’s oxidation reached more than 50 % according to COD. Zero or first order kinetics were found the best to describe the organic components (in terms of COD and DOC) removal by the Fenton’s oxidation for both landfill leachates. Higher reaction rate values of the Fenton’s oxidation were achieved with fresh leachate samples. The efficiency of initial organics removal with ozone was about 70 % for mature leachate, while in case of the fresh one only 41 % of COD were removed. The best fits of COD and DOC experimental data from oxidation of fresh and mature leachates were obtained by a combined kinetic model. No significant improvement of the biodegradability of landfill leachates was achieved using these treatment procedures. Regarding toxicity, ozonation showed to be more effective than the Fenton’s oxidation. Advanced oxidation experiments confirmed that the Fenton’s oxidation and ozonation are comparable oxidative treatment techniques for the reduction of organic pollution in the investigated municipal landfill leachates. However, neither of them is effective enough to be used as a pretreatment method followed by biological treatment.
Unique role of water content in enzymatic synthesis of ethyl lactate using ionic liquid as solvent
Authors: Major Brigitta , Németh Gergely , Bélafi-Bakó Katalin , Gubicza László
Published: February 2010

Enzymatic synthesis of ethyl lactate was studied in organic solvents and in ionic liquids to determine optimal media for the reaction, and to investigate the effect of water content on the ester yield. Experiments proved that Cyphos 202 ionic liquid is the best solvent affording the highest ethyl lactate yields. Furthermore, 20 times less enzyme sufficed to carry out the reaction in this ionic liquid compared to organic solvents; ionic liquid could be applied as solvent. Using water removal, the ester yield decreased since a side reaction, dimerization of lactic acid, occurred as well. In contrast to these results, without water removal, the produced water was partly consumed by the decomposition of lactoyllactic acid to free lactic acid, increasing thus the substrate concentration of the mixture and enhancing the ester yield.
Gender differences in health‐related quality of life following total laryngectomy
Authors: Lee Mary T. , Gibson Sam , Hilari Katerina
Published: February 2010

Background: The impact of a total laryngectomy on an individual's life has primarily been measured from a male viewpoint reflecting the demographics of a diagnosis of laryngeal cancer. A small number of studies have looked specifically at females, but very few are comparison studies. Consequently, there is little consistent research regarding any potential gender differences.

Aims: To investigate whether there are gender differences in perceptions of health‐related quality of life and functional abilities following total laryngectomy.

Methods & Procedures: A total of 43 participants (22 males, 21 females), who had undergone a total laryngectomy procedure at least one year previously, took part in the study. They completed The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Questionnaire Version 3.0 (EORTC QLQ‐C30) in conjunction with the disease‐specific Head & Neck Cancer Module (QLQ‐H&N35).

Outcomes & Results: There were no significant differences between males and females on demographic and disease‐related variables, except for the following: significantly more females lived alone and changed their employment status following surgery. Males had a significantly higher global health status/quality of life than females (p < 0.05) and significantly higher levels of physical (p = 0.01), emotional (p < 0.01), cognitive (p < 0.05) and social functioning (p < 0.05). After adjusting for differences in living arrangements and change in employment status, differences in emotional and social functioning remained significant. There was a general trend for females to have higher symptom/impairment levels and to report more treatment‐related problems, but the majority of these differences were not significant.

Conclusions & Implications: Following total laryngectomy, females appear to be worsely affected in aspects of quality of life than males. Emotional and social functioning are particularly vulnerable. The findings imply that rehabilitation programmes after total laryngectomy need to evaluate quality of life and address these specific areas in order to improve patient‐reported long‐term outcomes.
Integrated speech and phonological awareness intervention for pre‐school children with Down syndrome
Authors: van Bysterveldt Anne Katherine , Gillon Gail , Foster‐Cohen Susan
Published: February 2010

Background: Children with Down syndrome experience difficulty with both spoken and written language acquisition, however controlled intervention studies to improve these difficulties are rare and have typically focused on improving one language domain.

Aims: To investigate the effectiveness of an integrated intervention approach on the speech, letter knowledge, and phonological awareness development of ten pre‐school children with Down syndrome aged between 4;4 and 5;5.

Methods & Procedures: A multiple single‐subject design was used to evaluate treatment effectiveness. Baseline and intervention measures for speech and pre‐ and post‐intervention measures for letter knowledge and phonological awareness were compared. The intervention comprised three components: a parent‐implemented home programme; centre‐based speech–language therapy sessions, and ‘Learning through Computer’ sessions with a total intervention time of 20 hours over 18 weeks. Letter knowledge and phonological awareness activities were linked to each child's speech targets.

Outcomes & Results: Results indicated significant treatment effects on speech measures for all ten participants. Six of the ten participants showed increases on letter knowledge and nine showed increased awareness of initial phonemes in words but responses were not above binomial chance level (that is, 70% correct) for phonological awareness tasks. Individual results are presented and implications for parents and therapists are discussed.

Conclusions and Implications: The findings of this study suggest an intervention approach that integrates speech, letter knowledge, and phonological awareness targets is effective in remediating speech error patterns at the single‐word level in young children with Down syndrome. Phonological awareness and letter knowledge appeared to be stimulated through the intervention, but significant improvement above chance levels on untrained phonological awareness tasks was not evident. Follow‐up investigation is necessary to determine longer‐term outcomes.
A Clinical Study of Chondral-Separated Types of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus
Authors: Monden Satoshi , Hasegawa Atsushi , Takagishi Kenji
Published: February 2010

Background: The progress of diagnostic imaging technology, including CTs, MRIs, and ankle arthroscopy has encouraged more detailed descriptions of osteochondral lesions of the talus. These lesions can vary from chondral fragments separated from the subchondral bone with or without bone sclerosis or cysts in the subchondral layers. Isolated lesions of the cartilage, defined as chondral-separated types, as opposed to the osteochondral-separated types which were osteochondral fragments, were retrospectively evaluated in this study. Materials and Methods: Seventy-three osteochondral lesions of the talus in 69 patients were treated. There were 29 chondral-separated types in 29 patients confirmed by examining CT, MRI, and arthroscopic findings. Results: The average age at onset of the chondral-separated type was 30.7 years. CT findings (29 ankles) showed sclerosis in seven ankles, micropores in nine, honeycombs in seven, and cysts in six. MRI T2-weighted image findings (28 ankles) showed micro to large pore high signals in the subchondral layers in 18 ankles, low to high mixed signals with poor margins in six, and high signals on the articular surfaces in four. Arthroscopic findings (29 ankles) showed softening of the articular cartilage in two ankles, fissures in 16, bulging and fissures in six, and detachment of the articular cartilage in five. Conclusion: The onset of these lesions occurred in adults after bone maturity with involvement of the chondral and subchondral layers. Each layer seemed to have experienced different degenerative and reparative processes.

Level of Evidence: III, Retrospective Case Series
Curettage of Aneurysmal Bone Cysts of the Feet
Authors: Chowdhry Majid , Chandrasekar C. R. , Mohammed R. , Grimer R. J.
Published: February 2010

Background: Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABC) mainly occur in the long bones but only rarely in the bones of the feet. This study reviews the 25-year experience of a tertiary orthopaedic oncology referral center treating ABC's in the bones of the feet, using prospectively collected data to document their incidence, treatment and the outcome. Materials and Methods: Information on the diagnosis, treatment, complications and outcomes were collected for all eligible patients from our prospectively collected database. Radiologic healing was used as our primary outcome measure. Cases were considered to have failed treatment if there was progression of the lesion that needed further treatment. Results: Of 273 patients with ABC, 16 patients (5.9%) were found to have their lesions in the foot. There were ten female and six male patients, aged from 4 to 52 (mean, 18.2) years. The metatarsals were the most commonly affected site (44%). Curettage of the lesion without additional adjuvant measures (14 of 16 patients) was sufficient for the treatment in 11 of 14 patients (79%). This gave a recurrence rate of 21% (three of 14 patients) in those treated by curettage alone and 19% (three of 16 patients) if the whole cohort is considered. Conclusion: Although relatively rare, there is no reason to assume that ABCs of the feet will respond to treatment or recur any differently from ABCs that occur elsewhere in the body. Our experience has been that surgical curettage alone is sufficient to treat most ABCs of the feet.

Level of Evidence: IV, Case Series
Glacier inventory of the upper Huasco valley, Norte Chico, Chile: glacier characteristics, glacier change and comparison with central Chile
Authors: Nicholson Lindsey , Marín Jorge , Lopez David , Rabatel Antoine , Bown Francisca , Rivera Andrés
Published: February 2010

Results of a new glacier inventory of the upper Huasco valley, which lies within the arid Norte Chico zone of the Chilean Andes, are presented for 2004. Despite the high altitude, the glaciation in this region is limited in extent and is not classical mountain glaciation, which poses difficulties in completing standard inventory attribute tables. Small cornice-style ridgeline features constitute a large number of the non-transient ice bodies identified, and glaciers with surface areas <0.1 km2 comprise 18% of the glacierized area and 3% of the water resource stored as glacier ice within the Huasco valley. Rock glaciers are an important component of the cryosphere, comprising 12% of the total water volume stored in glacial features. Changes in glacier area over the last ~50 years are in line with those for glaciers in central Chile despite the contrasting climate conditions. Projections of glacier area change based on glacier hypsometry and zero isotherm shifts predicted using the PRECIS regional model temperature change for IPCC scenario B2 conditions suggest that the survival of 65% of glacier area and 77% of active rock-glacier area will be threatened under forecast conditions for the end of the 21st century.