bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heterotrophic consumption by planktonic bacteria and algae in Embalse del Río Tercero (Córdoba, Argentina)
Authors: Romero María Cristina , Mariazzi Aldo A.
Published: February 2024

La actividad heterotrófica de bacterias y algas planctónicas se estimó mediante los parámetros cinéticos obtenidos de la aplicación del método propuesto por Wright y Hobbie (1966). Este método nos permite diferenciar entre los dos mecanismos de consumo hallados en algas y bacterias, simple difusión y transporte activo respectivamente. Comparando las velocidades reales debido a difusión o transporte activo (vd/vt, %) se observó que las algas consumen menos del 10% de la cantidad removida por las bacterias en igual período, siendo éstas más efectivas para consumir sustratos orgánicos presentes en el agua en muy bajas concentraciones (menos de 10 ug • 1-1). Los parámetros obtenidos por simple difusión sólo fueron significativos a fines del verano, sugiriendo que en esa época del año el heterotrofismo algal puede competir con el consumo bacteriano. Ambos mecanismos de consumo son sensibles a variaciones térmicas del ambiente (Q10 : 2,5 a 9,2) por lo cual el uso del agua por la Central Termonuclear de Embalse, pueda incrementar considerablemente el consumo heterotrófico.
Regulación de la temperatura en Chaetophractus villosus
Authors: V. G. Roig , O. E. Henriquez
Published: February 2024

Chaetophractus villosus body temperature was observed by means of teletermometers placed at different body depths while kept in captivity in chambers of constant temperature. At a periferical level high variations were recorded. Below 4-5 cm depth temperature variations were alternated until a termical gradient is reached. Nictimeral rithms are showed in nocturnal activity, being, ore evident in reponse to the environmental temperature.Coments about feeding behavior, ecology and fisiology are included. General considerations about filogeny of termo regulation are also given.
Contribución al conocimiento limnológico del Río Bermejo en su tramo inferior
Authors: Bonetto Argentino A. , Zalocar Yolanda , Pedrozo Fernando L. , Bonetto Carlos
Published: February 2024

The main limnological features of the Bermejo river have been recorded at Puerto Velaz, 30 kilometers upstream the river mouth.The most stricking feature of the Bermejo river is an extremely high rate of suspended solid. The low water transparency limited the phytoplankton growth. Therefore phytoplankton density and primary production were undetectable during the flood period, reaching a máximum of 170 ind/ml and 30 mgC/m2/d respectively during the low water period. Diatoms (Melosira) and Chlorophytes (Scenedesmus) were dominant.The suspended solid concentration reached a máximum of 9,500 mg/1 in the summer flood, during the studied period. The dissolved oxygen was always near saturation. Chemical oxygen demand and water transparency were very low. Conductivity ranged from 850 uS/cm to 310 /uS/cm.
Zoobentos de arroyos inmisarios del Embalse Río Tercero con especial referencia a la zonación del Río Grande (Calamuchita, ´Córdoba, Argentina)
Authors: Corigliano María del Carmen , Cossarini Gladys Mónica
Published: February 2024

The structural and functional atributes of zoobenthos in the tributary streams of the Río Tercero reservoir were evaluated. The analysis of Surber samples allows us to determine dominant associations, relative abundance as well as to suggest a tentative approach of trophic structure. The most frequent groups were chironomids and may- flies: Pseudochironomus sp., Pentaneura sp., Baetis sp. and Ephemerella sp. The affinity was high within the same river. In hill stretchs there were more scrapers and in the mouths collectors predominated. It is considered that zonal differentiation of the physiography and physiognomy of each stream basin is expressed in the composition of benthos communities.
Zoobentos en ambientes leniticos de la cuenca del Río Cuarto (Córdoba, Argentina)
Authors: Corigliano María del Carmen , Poloni de Capiello Noemí del Carmen
Published: February 2024

Some lenitic water bodies associated to Río Chucul and Río Saladillo on the Río Cuarto basin were selected in order to evaluate the composition and structure of macro-invertebrate benthonic fauna.Field works were conducted in September 1983 and May and November 1984. Cualitative and cuantitative samples were analyzed as well as the relationships between inventories determined by diversity, similarity and association indices. The observed dominant species were: Tanypus sp., Paratanytarsus sp. (Díptera), and Littoridina parchappei (Mollusca). Localities showed similar degrees of affinity (X = 0,36), the epifauna and infauna of the same place being most related. Each biotope was structurally and functionally different in composition.Diversity of life forms seem to be related to resource and microhabitat variations. The pools that are isolated from fluvial course have a richer fauna, a more complex trophic wed and are evolving to terrestrial stages.
Pencegahan Stunting Menuju Generasi Sehat Kelurahan Belian
Authors: Juliana Tinta , Jihan Febiyanti
Published: February 2024

Stunting is a condition in which children experience failure in growth (body and brain) as a result of prolonged and prolonged malnutrition. Caused by low nutritional intake such as vitamins, minerals and animal protein sources. In accordance with the national target in the National Strategy (Stranas) for Accelerating Stunting Reduction, the Riau Islands Province is targeting a reduction in stunting prevalence of 14% in 2024. Therefore, the aim of this community service is to prevent and reduce stunting rates in Batam City. This community service involves several partners, including the Botania Community Health Center, Awal Bros Hospital, Batam City Health Service, BKKBN, and the role of Awal Bos University students. The method used in this activity is to provide education about stunting, carry out pre-tests and post-tests, apart from that, there is also a demonstration on cooking a healthy menu. The results after providing education about stunting to parents of babies and toddlers at Posyandu Sehati, there was an increase in knowledge by 17%.
Empowering Education: Integrating Canva as an Innovative Instructional Media in Community Schools
Authors: Dasiyem  , Ester Julinda Simarmata  , Rosdiana Samosir
Published: February 2024

This community activity aims to strengthen the awareness and skills of SD Negeri 1 Peunaron teachers regarding the use of Canva as a learning medium. Through a series of activities, including familiarization sessions, hands-on demonstrations, and group practice sessions, teachers are given in-depth instruction on how to integrate Canva into everyday learning. The results of this service include the creation of more creative and interesting learning materials, as well as the formation of a mutually supportive learning community between teachers. Even though obstacles related to technology accessibility still exist, the successful implementation of Canva at SD Negeri 1 Peunaron provides motivation for continued initiatives. This success not only represents a revolution in teaching practice, but also marks the first step towards more innovative learning in rural settings. In this way, this service will not only have an impact at the local level at SD Negeri 1 Peunaron, but can also become a model for other schools in utilizing technology to improve the quality of learning. This success provides a framework for further investigating the potential of technology in rural education, creating a wave of innovation that could change the learning paradigm in schools across the region.
Penerapan Strategi Pembelajaran Peningkatan Kemampuan Berpikir (SPPKB) Peserta Didik untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Matematika pada Materi Trigonometri di Kelas X-1 SMA Negeri 1 Hibala TP.2022/2023
Authors: Titus Bago
Published: February 2024

The aim of this research is to determine the improvement in mathematics learning outcomes in Trigonometry material through the application of learning strategies to improve thinking skills (SPPKB) for students in Class X of SMA Negeri 1 Hibala. This research was conducted in Class X of SMA Negeri 1 Hibala, with a collaborative class action research design. This classroom action research is carried out in the form of an iterative cycle in which there are four main stages of activity, namely planning, action, observation and reflection, and so on until the expected improvements or improvements are achieved. Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, it can be concluded that the application of learning strategies to improve students' thinking skills (SPPKB) can improve the mathematics learning outcomes of students in Class X of SMA Negeri 1 Hibala. Improved student learning outcomes can be seen from the test results at the end of each meeting. The results of this research prove that there is an increase in student learning outcomes as follows. In cycle I, meeting-1, there was an increase, namely from the average score before the action of 65.37, in other words, the percentage of students' learning completeness was 37.50% to 70.12 or the percentage of students' learning completeness was 40.50%; then at meeting 2 it increased to 75.25 or the percentage of students' learning completeness was 67.50%. In cycle II, meeting-1, there was still an increase from the average value of cycle I, meeting-2, namely from 75.25 to 77.00 or the percentage of students' learning completeness, which was 75%, then at meeting-2 the average value of the class increased to 81.12, in other words, the percentage of students' mathematics learning completeness is 82.50%.
Upaya Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Matematika Siswa melalui Penerapan Model Problem Based Learning di Kelas VII SMP Negeri 1 Lolomatua
Authors: Yotina Ndruru
Published: February 2024

The aim of this research is to improve students' mathematics learning outcomes through the application of the problem based learning model. The type of implementation of this research is classroom action research (PTK) which is carried out in two cycles. The subjects of this research were all 20 students in class VII-A of SMP Negeri 1 Lolomatua and the object of this research was the students' mathematics learning outcomes. The data collection technique used is in the form of essay test questions and learning implementation observation sheets. Next, analysis is carried out on the data that has been obtained. The research results show that applying the problem based learning model can improve student learning outcomes. This is proven by the increase in learning outcomes from cycle I to cycle II. In cycle I the average obtained was 70 with a percentage of complete learning outcomes of 70%. Meanwhile, the learning outcomes for cycle II were an average of 85 with a percentage of complete learning outcomes of 85%. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that students' mathematics learning outcomes improve by implementing the problem based learning model for class VII-A students at SMP Negeri 1 Lolomatua for the 2022/2023 academic year.
Pengembangan Multimedia Interaktif Menggunakan Construct 2 pada Mata Pelajaran Informatika Kelas VII SMP
Authors: Hanifah Dina , Bentri Alwen , Zuwirna Zuwirna , Amsal Mutiara Felicita
Published: February 2024

Pengembangan multimedia interaktif dilatar belakangi rendahnya hasil belajar peserta didik karena permasalahan pembelajaran yaitu masih rendahnya keaktifan siswa dalam mengikuti Mata Pelajaran Informatika, kurangnya motivasi dan antusias siswa dalam mengikuti Mata Pelajaran Informatika, sehingga siswa kurang memperhatikan guru dalam menerangkan pelajaran, dan kurangnya variasi penggunaan media pembelajaran oleh guru ketika menerangkan pelajaran. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, dikembangkan multimedia interaktif menggunakan Construct 2 untuk membantu pelaksanaan pembelajaran yang lebih menarik. Penelitian pengembangan multimedia interaktif bertujuan untuk menghasilkan multimedia interaktif yang berkualitas yang telah melalui uji kelayakan produk berdasarkan penilaian dari validator materi, validator media dan siswa. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian pengembangan yang dikenal dengan istilah Research & Development (R&D) dengan model pengembangan 4-D. Model pengembangan ini terdiri dari empat tahapan yang pertama define (pendefenisian) ,yang kedua design (desain), yang ketiga development (pengembangan) dan yang keempat disseminate (penyebaran). Hasil penelitian pengembangan multimedia interaktif yang dikembangkan memperoleh tingkat validitas 96% untuk materi dengan kategori sangat Valid. Aspek media yang diuji oleh 2 validator, validator satu 97,7% dengan kualifikasi “Sangat Valid” dan oleh validator dua 98,8% dengan kualifikasi “Sangat Valid”. Hasil respon siswa mendapat tingkat kepraktisan 94% dengan kualifikasi “Sangat Praktis”. Berdasarkan hasil uji validitas dan praktikalitas dapat disimpulkan bahwa produk multimedia interaktif telah siap dikembangkan dan praktis digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran dikelas maupun proses pembelajaran secara mandiri pada mata pelajaran Informatika.
FILTRATION MODELING USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANN)
Authors: Alsaqqar Awatif Soaded
Published: February 2024

In this research Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique was applied to study the filtration process in water treatment. Eight models have been developed and tested using data from a pilot filtration plant, working under different process design criteria; influent turbidity, bed depth, grain size, filtration rate and running time (length of the filtration run), recording effluent turbidity and head losses. The ANN models were constructed for the prediction of different performance criteria in the filtration process: effluent turbidity, head losses and running time. The results indicate that it is quite possible to use artificial neural networks in predicting effluent turbidity, head losses and running time in the filtration process, with agood degree of accuracy reaching 97.26, 95.92 and 86.43% respectively. These ANN models could be used as a support for workers in operating the filters in water treatment plants and to improve water treatment process. With the use of ANN, water systems will get more efficient, so reducing operation cost and improving the quality of the water produced.
ANALYSIS OF GEOTEXTILE EMBANKMENT BY ANSYS
Authors: Alkaissi Zainab Ahmed
Published: February 2024

The major objectives of this research are to analyze the behavior of road embankmentsreinforced with geotextiles constructed on soft soil and describe the finite element analysis by usingANSYS program ver. (5.4). The ANSYS finite element program helps in analyzing the stability ofgeo- structure (embankment) in varied application of geotextiles reinforcement to enhance the bestdesign for embankment.The results of analysis indicate that one of the primary function of geotextiles reinforcement was toreduce the horizontal displacement significantly. With the inclusions of reinforcement, the horizontaldisplacement reduced by about (81%), while the vertical displacement reduced by (32%). The effectof geotextiles stiffness modulus on horizontal and displacement is quite significant even a very highmodulus of geotextile will have relatively little effect on vertical displacement. Also it is observedfrom the obtained results that the maximum displacement occurred at the toe of embankment for bothhorizontal and vertical movement, then decrease gradually to a negligible value for the layerreinforced case. Also the reinforcement reduces the shear stress developed in the foundation soil.
MIXED CONVECTION PHENOMINA AFFECTED BY RADIATION IN A HORIZONTAL RECTANGULAR DUCT WITH COCENTRIC AND ECCENTRIC CIRCULAR CORE
Authors: AL-Hafidh Manal H. , Sayhood Raed Gatie
Published: February 2024

The numerical investigation has been performed to study the radiation affected steady state laminar mixed convection induced by a hot inner varied positions circular core in a horizontal rectangular channel for a fully developed flow. To examine the effects of thermal radiation on thermo fluid dynamics behavior in the eccentric geometry channel, the generalized body fitted co-ordinate system is introduced while the finite difference method is used for solving the radiative transport equation. The governing equations which used are continuity, momentum and energy equations. These equations are normalized and solved using the Vorticity-Stream function. After validating numerical results for the case without radiation, the detailed radiation effect is discussed. From the parametric study, the Nusselt number (Nu) distributions in steady state were obtained for Aspect Ratio AR (0.55-1) and Geometry Ratio GR (0.1-0.9). The fluid Prandtl number is 0.7, Rayleigh number (0 ≤ Ra ≤ 104), Reynolds number Re (1-2000), Optical Thickness (0 ≤ t ≤ 10), Conduction-Radiation parameter (0 ≤ N ≤ 100) for the range of parameters considered. It is indicated in the results that heat transfer from the surface of the circular core exceeds that of the rectangle duct and when circular core is lower than the center of the channel, the rate of heat transfer decreased. The correlation equations are concluded to describe the radiation effect.
BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE BEAMS REINFORCED IN SHEAR WITH CARBON FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER
Authors: Al-Mussaue Abdul-Muttalib I. Said , Al-Modhafer Amjad H. Abdul-Razaq
Published: February 2024

Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) were widely used in strengthening reinforced concrete membersin the last few years, these fibers consist mainly of high strength fibers which increase the member capacity in addition to changing the mode of failure of the reinforced concrete beams. Experimental and theoretical investigations were carried to find the behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened by CFRP in shear and bending. The experimental work included testing of 12 beams divided into 4 groups; each group contains 3 beams. The following parameters were taken into consideration: - Concrete crushing strength. - CFRP strengthening location (shear strengthening and both shear and flexure strengthening). Reinforced beams were simply supported subjected to two point loads. Each group consists of three beams; the first beam without CFRP, the second one, is strengthened with CFRP in shear and the third is strengthened with CFRP in both flexure and shear. Four groups with different crushing strength of (12, 20, 30 and 39 MPa). The CFRP sheets are attached externally.It was found that in beam with low crushing strength loads transfer to the CFRP at early stages while inthose of high crushing strength, CFRP contribution only starts when full strength of the beam is fulfilled. Afull bond between CFRP sheets and the concrete is assumed in the theoretical analysis. Comparison between the theoretical and the experimental results revealed the validity of the numerical analysis and the developed methods such that there was a difference of 13% in the ultimate strength for the tested and analyzed beams.
THE EFFECTS OF BLOOD REHEOLOGICAL ON THE FLOW THROUGH AN AXISYMMETRIC ARTERIAL STENOSIS
Authors: Hassan Jafar M.
Published: February 2024

The prediction of the blood flow through an axisymmetric arterial stenosis is one of the most important aspects to be considered during the Atherosclrosis. Since the blood is specified as a non-Newtonian flow, therefore the effect of fluid types and effect of rheological properties of non-Newtonian fluid on the degree of stenosis have been studied. The motion equations are written in vorticity-stream function formulation and solved numerically. A comparison is made between a Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid for blood flow at different velocities, viscosity and Reynolds number were solved also. It is found that the properties of blood must be at a certain range to preventing atheroscirasis
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF STRIP FOOTING RESTING ON GIBSON-TYPE SOIL BY USING MATLAB
Authors: Obaid Ahmed Qasim , Ali Firas Hussain , Mohammed Adnan Qahtan
Published: February 2024

This research presents a method of using MATLAB in analyzing a nonhomogeneous soil (Gibson-type) byestimating the displacements and stresses under the strip footing during applied incremental loadingsequences. This paper presents a two-dimensional finite element method. In this method, the soil is divided into a number of triangle elements. A model soil (Gibson-type) with linearly increasing modulus of elasticity with depth is presented. The influences of modulus of elasticity, incremental loading, width of footing, and depth of footing are considered in this paper. The results are compared with authors' conclusions of previous studies.
التكامل البيئي- الاجتماعي - الجمالي في تصميم المجمعات السكنية لنمط متعدد الاسر - تقويم التجربة العراقية –
Authors: ياسين بهجت رشاد , احمد سنا لطيف
Published: February 2024

يعد مبدأ التكامل البيئي- الاجتماعي - الجمالي من المبادىء المهمة في تصميم المجمعات السكنية لنمط متعدد الاسر لمالها من اهمية في وقتنا الحالي بسبب تفاقم ازمة السكن ، وللوصول الى تصاميم تقترب من نمط الاسكان منفرد الاسرة ، معالاخذ بالمعلومات والمعطيات والحلول الناجعة والمتراكمة عبر خبرات سنين طويلة والموجودة في تراثنا العربي للمحلة السكنيةالتقليدية، على هذا الاساس اعتمد البحث في تقديمه للمشكلة البحثية المتمثلة في "غياب المعرفة الشمولية وندرة وجود دراساتمتخصصة بالتكامل البيئي - الاجتماعي - الجمالي في تصميم المجمعات السكنية لنمط متعدد الاسر " ، حيث ان معظمالدراسات السابقة تخصصت في مقوم واحد من هذه المقومات واهملت البقية ولم توجد مراعاة لكون العملية التصميمية تحتاجلهذا التكامل لجميع هذه المقومات للوصول الى تصميم ينتمي للبيئة ويلبي احتياجات الساكنين ويعبر عنهم .و يفترض البحث انهللوصول الى تصميم ناجح للمجمعات السكنية لنمط متعدد الاسر يجب مراعاة التكامل بين المقومات البيئية -الاجتماعية -الجمالية اثناء التصميم وللمنطقة التي نصمم فيها وان فقدان التكامل بين هذه المقومات سيسبب في عدة مشاكل للسكان.والهدف الاستراتيجي للبحث هو الوصول الى بيان اهمية مفهوم التكامل بين العوامل البيئية - الاجتماعية - الجمالية فيتصميم المجمعات السكنية المعاصرة لنمط متعدد الاسر ويتفرع من هذا الهدف الاستراتيجي أهداف فرعية وهي: بيان اهم مفردات القيم (البيئية- الاجتماعية - الجمالية) للمحلة السكنية التقليدية وصياغتها بشكل معاصر. بعد معرفة اهم المفردات الفاعلة لكل ناحية من نواحي القيم وصياغتها بشكلها المعاصرسنستخدمها كمقياس تحليلي لتقويمالتجربة العراقية.
اختيار مواقع لإنشاء سدود صغيرة في منخفض الكعرة باستخدام تقنيات التحسس النائي والتحليل المكاني
Authors: Ali Hussain Z. , Ali Dalal J.
Published: February 2024

استخلاص المعالم من السطوح الطبوغرافية هي إنشاء صورة نقطية تمثل ارتفاعات سطح الأرضبالاعتماد على نموذج الارتفاع الرقمي الذي يعتبر الأساس الذي يعتمد عليه تحليل السطوح الطبوغرافية .إن نماذج الارتفاعات الرقمية تستنبط بشكل رئيسي بتطبيق النماذج المجسمة ( زوج من الصور) المتوفرة منالمسح التصويري وبيانات التحسس النائي أو من الخرائط الطبوغرافية وهنا تم استخدام نموذج ارتفاع رقميمستخلص من الخرائط الطبوغرافية ، واشتقاق عدد من الخصائص الهامة من نموذج الارتفاع الرقمي مثلإصدار 9.3 ، والتي تعتبر مدخلات ArcGIS الانحدار والتوجيه وظلال الأرض باستخدام برنامجلاستخلاص الخصائص الهيدرولوجية مثل تحديد اتجاه سريان المياه فوق سطح الأرض بعدها تم حساب تراكملتحديد Basin لتحديد الوديان الموجودة في المنطقة وإنتاج خارطة Stream order السريان و إنتاج خارطةإصدار 9.3 ArcGIS حوض التغذية وبالاعتماد على هذه الطبقات يتم اختيار مواقع للسدود باستخدام برنامج.Arc Hydro وامتداده
INVESTIGATION OF TWISTED TAPE TURBULATOR FOR FIRE TUBE BOILER Part I. Heat Transfer
Authors: Amori Karima E. , Insayif Rashid K.
Published: February 2024

The present work presents a new experimental study of the enhancement of turbulentconvection heat transfer inside tubes for combined thermal and hydrodynamic entry length of onepopular “turbulator” (twisted tape with width slightly less than internal tube diameter) inserted forfire tube boilers. Cylindrical combustion chamber was used to burn (1.6 to 7kg/h) fuel oil #2 todeliver hot gases with ranges of Reynolds number (10500 to 21700), and (11400 to 24150) for bothempty and inserted tube respectively.A uniform wall temperature technique was used by keepingapproximately constant water temperature difference (25ºC) between inlet and exit cooling water inparallel flow shell and tube heat exchanger. The test tube consisted of smooth carbon steel tube of(2400mm) long and (52mm) internal diameter. This test tube instrumented to derive local heattransfer coefficient and local flue gasses static pressure.The experimental results show that for thesame fuel consumption, twisted tape insert with (H/D = 11.15) enhanced the mean Nusselt numberin (75.2%), (68.8%), (49.8%), (40.3%), and (16.7%) for fuel consumption (7kg/h), (6.16kg/h),(4.5kg/h), (3.24kg/h), and (1.6kg/h) respectively.A set of empirical correlations that permit theevaluation of the mean Nusselt number (for developing and fully developed region), and averageNusselt number (for developed region) for empty and inserted tube are generated for engineeringapplications.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF LAMINAR MIXED CONVECTION IN TROMBE WALL CHANNEL
Authors: Saleh Saad M. , Abd Yasser A.
Published: February 2024

The two dimensional steady, combined forced and natural convection in vertical channel isinvestigated for laminar regime. To simulate the Trombe wall channel geometry properly, horizontalinlet and exit segments have been added to the vertical channel. The vertical walls of the channel aremaintained at constant but different temperature while horizontal walls are insulated. A finitedifference method using up-wind differencing for the nonlinear convective terms, and centraldifferencing for the second order derivatives, is employed to solve the governing differentialequations for the mass, momentum, and energy balances. The solution is obtained for streamfunction, vorticity and temperature as dependent variables by iterative technique known as successivesubstitution with overrelaxation. The flow and temperature patterns in the channel are obtained forReynolds numbers and Grashof number ranging from 25 to 100 and (100 to 1,000,00,) respectively.A computer program ( Fortran 90 ) is built to calculate the fraction factor and the totalaverage Nusselt number (Nu) also the average heat transfer Q in steady state and for Aspect ratio Ar(10) and Grashof number GR (10 2 − 10 5 ), the fluid Prandtl number is fixed at (Pr=0.733) andReynolds number Re (25-100).The results show reasonable representation to the relation between Nusselt number and frictionfactor with other parameters (Ar, GR and Re). Nu is increased with increasing Re and GR but itdecreases with Ar increase and (Q) is increased with increasing Re ,GR and Ar. At the same time, theproduct friction factor(fRe) increased with (GR) and (Ar)increased and (Re )decrease.Comparison of the result with the previous work shows a good agreement
RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE SEISMIC STABILITY OF EMBANKMENTS REINFORCED WITH STONE COLUMNS
Authors: Jawad Ahmed S.
Published: February 2024

Geotechnical engineers have always been concerned with the stabilization of slopes. For this purpose,various methods such as retaining walls, piles, and geosynthetics may be used to increase the safety factor of slopes prone to failure. The application of stone columns may also be another potential alternative for slope stabilization. Such columns have normally been used for cohesive soil improvement. Most slope analysis and design is based on deterministic approach i.e a set of single valued design parameter are adopted and a set of single valued factor of safety (FOS) is determined. Usually the FOS is selected in view of the understanding and knowledge of the material parameters, the problem geometry, the method of analysis and the consequences of failure. This results in different FOS obtained by different designers. This inherent variability characteristic dictates that slope stability problem is a probabilistic problem rather than deterministic problem. Furthermore, the FOS approach cannot quantify the probability of failure or level of risk associated with a particular design situation. The objective of this study is to integrate probabilistic approach as a rational means to incorporate uncertainty in the slope stability analysis. The study was made through a hypothetical problem which includes a sensitivity analysis. The methodology is based on Monte Carlo simulation integrated in commercially available computer program SLOPE/W. The output of the analysis is presented as the probability of failure as a measure of the likelihood of the slope failure. Results of this study have verified that the probability of failure is a better measure of slope stability as compared to the factor of safety because it provides a range of value rather than a single value.
DESIGN OF A CONTINUOUS SLIDING MODE CONTROLLER FOR THE ELECTRONIC THROTTLE VALVE SYSTEM
Authors: AL-Samarraie Shibly Ahmed
Published: February 2024

Lowering the emission, fuel economy and torque management are the essentialrequirements in the recent development in the automobile industry. The main engine controlinput that satisfies the above requirements is the throttling angle which adjusts the air massflow rate to the engine port. Due to the uncertainty and the presence of the nonlinearcomponents in its dynamical model, the sliding mode control theory is utilized in this workfor the throttle valve angle control system to design a robust controller for this system in thepresence of a nonlinear spring and Coulomb friction. A continuous sliding mode control lawwhich consists of a saturation function, instead of a signum function, and the integral ofanother saturation function is used in this work. This choice for the control structure willprevent the chattering to occurs but with a certain steady state error. On the other hand, theaddition of the integral term will effectively reduce the steady state error according to thechoice of its parameters. The simulations result for typical references of the opening throttleangle demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller, especially after the addition ofa nonlinear integral term.
EXHAUST ANALYSIS AND PERFORMANCE OF A SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE RUN ON DUAL FUELS MODE
Authors: Chaichan Miqdam Tariq
Published: February 2024

Generally fossil based fuels are used in internal combustion engines as an energy source.Excessive use of fossil based fuels diminishes present reserves and increases the air pollution inurban areas. This enhances the importance of the effective use of present reserves and/or to developnew alternative fuels, which are environment friendly. Use of alternative fuel is a way of emissioncontrol. The term “Alternative Gaseous Fuels” relates to a wide range of fuels that are in thegaseous state at ambient conditions, whether when used on their own or as components of mixtureswith other fuels.In this study, a single cylinder diesel engine was modified to use LPG in dual fuel mode to studythe performance, emission, and combustion characteristics. The primary fuel, liquefied petroleumgas (LPG), was mixed with air, compressed, and ignited by a small pilot spray of diesel. Dual fuelengine showed a reduction in oxides of nitrogen in the entire load range. The brake thermalefficiency improved by 3% in dual fuel mode, especially at low load, and also reduced thehydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and CO2 emissions.
PHOTO DYNAMIC THERAPY (PDT) WITH BIOLOGICAL TISSUES USING ND:GLASS LASER
Authors: AL-Jobouri Hadeel Kassim , Al Dergazly Anwaar A.
Published: February 2024

A Photo Dynamic Therapy (PDT) is a technique which is used with Laser to treat many of cancertissues. This paper deals with the relatively new therapeutic technique (PDT) with pulsed Nd:glass Laserwhich was applied to human soft tissues (Ovary and Kidney tissues), and to the hard tissues (freshlyextracted human teeth), with power density of 280 watt/mm2 and exposure time 330 usec. Differentdyes (Blue, methylene, eosin, and orange) were applied to the area before irradiation to study the effectof the pigments on the laser interaction with biological tissues. The zone of treatment (Z-necrosis) withaid of MATLAB was determined. The relationship of zone of treatment with exposure time,accumulated damage and fraction of oxidative radicals was obtained.
DISSOLUTION OF BENZENE IN THE SATURATED POROUS MEDIA
Authors: Sulaymon . Abbas H. , Gzar Hatem Asal
Published: February 2024

The aim of the present research is to study the dissolution and transport process ofbenzene as a light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) in saturated porous media.Unidirectional flow at water velocities ranged from 0.90 to 3.60 cm/hr was adopted to studythis process in a three dimensional saturated sand tank (100 cm×40 cm×35 cm). This tankrepresents a laboratory-scale aquifer. The aquifer was constructed by packing homogeneoussand in the rectangular tank. The experimental results were used to characterize thedissolution behavior of an entrapped nonaqueous phase benzene source in a three dimensionalaquifer model. The time invariant average mass transfer coefficient was determined at eachinterstitial velocity, the values of this coefficient were ranged from 0.016 to 0.061 cm/hr. Itwas increased proportionally with velocity toward a limiting value. The results show that theconcentration of the LNAPL reduces as the distance increased in x and/or z direction from thesource of pollution. In most cases the benzene concentration declines with velocity more than2.34 cm/hr at downstream of the LNAPL pool.
DAMAGE DETECTION AND LOCATION FOR IN AND OUT-OFPLANE CURVED BEAMS USING FUZZY LOGIC BASED ON FREQUENCY DIFFERENCE
Authors: Hadi Nabil H. , Ashoor Hayder S.
Published: February 2024

In this study, structures damage identification method based on changes in the dynamic characteristics(frequencies) of the structure are examined, stiffness as well as mass matrices of the curved(in and out-of-plane vibration) beam elements is formulated using Hamilton's principle. Each nodeof both of them possesses seven degrees of freedom including the warping degree of freedom. Thecurved beam element had been derived based on the Kang and Yoo’s thin-walled curved beam theoryin 1994. A computer program was developing to carry out free vibration analyses of the curvedbeam as well as straight beam. Comparing with the frequencies for other researchers using the generalpurpose program MATLAB. Fuzzy logic system (FLS) applied in two stages to calculate thedamage extent and location in simply in and out-of- plane curved beam, the damage deduce by reductionin stiffness for three levels (20%, 40%, 60%). At the first stage the output faults of the fuzzy system represented by four levels of damage in curved beam (undamaged, slight, moderate, and severe), and at second stage indicate damage location at element with two defuzzification methods (centroid and middle of maximum). The results show that the frequency difference method is efficient to indicate and quantifydamage with accuracy about (99.5%) for slight and moderate damage about (100%) for severe damage. Consequently fuzzy logic performs well for detecting, locating and quantifying damage in curved beam.
IMPLEMENTATION OF ROOT FINDING ALGORITHM OF MINIMUM PHASE FILTER USING VHDL
Authors: Ghanim Zainab Noori , Omran Buthaina Mosa , Al-Deen Malathe Salah
Published: February 2024

Root-finding is an oldest classical problem, which is still an important research topic, due to its impact on computational algebra and geometry. In communications systems, when the impulse response of the channel is minimum phase the state of equalization algorithm is reduced and the spectral efficiency will improved. To make the channel impulse response minimum phase the prefilter which is called minimum phase filter is used, the adaptation of the minimum phase filter need root finding algorithm. In this paper, the VHDL implementation of the root finding algorithm introduced by Clark and Hau is introduced.VHDL program is used in the work, to find the roots of two channels and make them minimum phase, the obtained output results are similar in accuracy to the past work results, which is built by using MATLAB program. Using VHDL is necessary in FPGAs for building hardware of the root finding algorithm in lower cost and time. MATLAB program is used only for displaying the input and output discrete signals of tested channels.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF AIR FLOW RATE EFFECTS ON HUMIDIFICATION PARAMETERS WITH PREHEATING AND DEHUMIDIFICATION PROCESS CHANGING
Authors: Mustafa Ayad Tareq
Published: February 2024

This research study experimentally the effect of air flow rate on humidification processparameters. Experimental data are obtained from air conditioning study unit T110D. Results obtainedfrom experimental test, calculations and psychometrics software are discussed. The effect of air flow rateon steam humidification process parameters as a part of air-conditioning processes can be explainedaccording to obtained results. Results of the steam humidification processes (1,2) with and withoutpreheating with 5A and 7.5A shows decreasing in dry bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and heat add tomoist air with increasing air flow rate, but humidification load, and total energy of moist air increase withincreasing air flow rate in the testing tunnel. The steam humidification process (1) with dehumidifyingcoil shows increase in dry bulb temperature, humidity ratio, humidification load, and heat add to moist airwith increasing air flow rate in the testing tunnel, but the total energy decrease as air flow rate increase.These obtained results can be beneficial for controlling comfort air-conditioning processes in buildings
PROPERTIES OF HARDENED CONCRETE USING CRUSHED CLAY BRICK AS AGGREGATES
Authors: Ghazi Osama M.
Published: February 2024

This paper provides the result of an investigation to use of crushed clay brick asaggregates in producing concrete. Eight different crushed clay brick aggregate concretes wereused in this investigation. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and pulse velocity ofcrushed clay brick aggregates concrete were determined and compare to natural aggregateconcrete. The compressive strength of crushed clay brick aggregates concretes were alwayslower than the compressive strength of natural aggregates concrete regardless the age ofconcrete, but the crushed clay brick aggregates concrete showed better performance as the age ofconcrete increases and average reduction in compressive strength were 33.5% at the age of 7days but it becomes only 20% at the age of 56 days compared to natural aggregates concrete. Thesplitting tensile strength of crushed clay brick aggregates concrete were always lower thannatural aggregate concrete, the reduction in splitting tensile strength of crushed clay brickaggregates concrete is ranging between 11 and 26% with an average reduction of about 18.5%compared to natural aggregates concrete. The pulse velocity of crushed clay brick aggregatesconcrete were also lower than natural aggregates concrete, the reduction in pulse velocity ofcrashed clay brick aggregates concrete is ranging between 6 and 22% with an average reductionof about 14% compared to natural aggregates concrete.
بناء نظام اداري لتسعير الفعاليات في العقود الانشائية باعتماد هيكلية تجزئة العمل في قطاع المباني في العراق
Authors: الحلي حسن كمال محسن , العجيلي حاتم خليفة , ساكو زهير ميخائيل
Published: February 2024

تعتمد فرضية البحث على وجود ظاهرة عامة في إعمال المقاولات لدى المقاولين وهيتجاوز الكلف الحقيقية المصروفة خلال مرحلة التنفيذ عن الكلف التخمينية للمقاولات الإنشائيةفي مرحلة تقديم العطاء مما يسبب العجز المالي والمشاكل الاقتصادية للمقاولين.تبنى البحثدورة حياة بناء النظام التي تمر بمراحل مختلفة هي تحديد المشكلة وتحليلها وتصميم النظامالإداري المقترح.ولانجاز ذلك تم دراسة النظم العالمية والمحلية المعتمدة وبرمجة النظامالإداري المقترح بصيغة متناغمة مع بعض برامج الحاسوب الآلي المختلفة لتشكل بأجمعهابرنامجا حاسوبيًا مطورًا يستخدم لتسعير فعاليات عقود الانشاء المختلفة وليكون أكثر دقةوسرعة وعلمي وكفوء وبسيط يسهل على المقاولين استخدامه ويمتلك المرونة الكافية لغرضالتطوير والتكيف مع المتغيرات المستقبلية يعتمد على هيكلية تجزئة العمل ويتوافق مع الدليلالقياسي الموحد للمسح الكمي لإعمال المباني والهندسة المدنية.
THERMAL BUCKLING OF RECTANGULAR PLATES WITH DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION USING STRAIN ENERGY METHOD
Authors: Abdul-Majeed Wael R. , Jweeg Muhsin J. , Jameel Adnan N.
Published: February 2024

By using governing differential equation and the Rayleigh-Ritz method of minimizing the total potential energy of a thermoelastic structural system of isotropic thermoelastic thin plates, thermal buckling equations were established for rectangular plate with different fixing edge conditions and with different aspect ratio. The strain energy stored in a plate element due to bending, mid-plane thermal force and thermal bending was obtained. Three types of thermal distribution have been considered these are: uniform temperature, linear distribution and non-linear thermal distribution across thickness. It is observed that the buckling strength enhanced considerably by additional clamping of edges. Also, the thermal buckling temperatures and thermal buckling load have lowest values at first mode of buckling for all types of ends condition and with all values of aspect ratios
INFLUENCE OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ON STIFFNESS OF ASPHALT PAVING MATERIALS
Authors: Hamed M.  , Makki Maryam S.
Published: February 2024

Asphalt pavement properties in Iraq are highly affected by elevated summer air temperatures. One of these properties is stiffness (resilient modulus). To explain the effect of air temperatures on stiffness of asphalt concrete, it is necessary to determine the distribution of temperatures through the pavement asphalt concrete layers. In this study, the distribution of pavement temperatures at three depths (2cm,7cm, 10cm) below the pavement surface is determined by using the temperature data logger instrument. A relationship for determining pavement temperature as related to depth and air temperature has been suggested. To achieve the objective of this thesis, the prepared specimens have been tested for indirect tension in accordance with ASTM D4123, using the pnuematic repeated load apparatus, in order to determine the values of resilient modulus at three different temperatures (10, 25, 40) °C. From results of testing, it is observed that the resilient modulus decreases with increase in test temperature by a rate of 8.78×10 Psi/C' for asphalt concrete wearing courses. An increase in optimum asphalt content by 0.1% (by weight of total mixture) causes a decrease in resilient modulus by 22% at a temperature of 40C". A statistical model for the prediction of resilient modulus has been developed depending on mixture variables of: asphalt content, asphalt hinder viscosity, surface area of combined aggregates, air voids of compacted mixture and test temperature.
THE EFFECT OF CUTOFF WALL ANGLE ON SEEPAGE UNDER DAMS
Authors: Esmat Zainal, Abdul Kareem
Published: February 2024

Flow of water under concrete dams generates uplift pressure under the dam, which may cause the dam to function improperly, in addition to the exit gradient that may cause piping if exceeded a safe value. Cutoff walls usually used to minimize the effect of flow under dams. It is required to1)minimize the flow quantity to conserve water in the reservoir, it is also required to2)minimize the uplift pressure under the dam to maintain stability of the dam, and it is required to

3) minimize the exit gradient to prevent quick condition to occur at the toe of the dam where piping may occur and may cause erosion of the soil. Varying the angle of cutoff walls affects its influence on the factors aforementioned that are required to be minimized. In this paper, the cutoff wall angle was varied from 0° to 180° using GeoStudio 2007 SEEP/W computer program, and the variations of the three factors were studied and analyzed. The results shows that the best angle to minimize the water flow is about 60°, the best angle to minimize the uplift pressure was about 120° to 135°, and the best angle to minimize theexit gradient was about 45° to 75°. The case where two cutoff walls were used one with angle 60°, the other with an angle 120° were investigated. The results indicated where the minimum values for all factors may be obtained.
MECHANICAL DEGRADATION OF HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYMER WITH SURFACTANT ADDITION IN A ROTATING DISK APPARATUS
Authors: Slaiman Izzat N. , Al-Qamaje Haidar M. , Abdul-Jabbar Marwa F. , Al-shifee Hala S.
Published: February 2024

Mechanical degradation hampers the practical usage of polymers for turbulent drag reductionapplication. Mechanical degradation refers to the chemical process in which the activation energy ofpolymer chain scission is exceeded by mechanical action on the polymer chain, and bond ruptureoccurs. When a water-soluble polymer and surfactant are mixed in water solution, the specific structures(aggregates) are formed, in which polymer film is formed around micelle. In this work, Xanthan gum (XG) –Sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SELS) complex formation and its effect on percentage viscosity reduction(%VR) was studied. It was found that SELS surfactant reduced the mechanical degradation of XG muchmore efficiently than this polymer alone. Xanthan Gum (XG) has been tested for its shear stability anddegradability. 0.5% and 1.0 % by weight concentration solutions were exposed to shear stirring at differentspeeds and time; also 0.5% through 1.5% by weight concentration solutions of SELS were added to XGsolutions to determine the ability of SELS to reduce the mechanical degradation of XG. It has been noticedby measuring the percentage viscosity reduction (%VR) of the mixture of XG-SELS that the % VRdecreases when added this surfactant to XG polymer
POLLUTION OF MINING INDUSTRY SULFUR PURIFICATION PLANT AT AL MISHRAQ
Authors: Ibrahim Jathwa A.
Published: February 2024

The Al Mishraq site has been the subject of many scientific studies for the period before andafter the fire in 2003. Five visits to the site were conducted twice in 2003 for general fact-finding, twicein 2004, and once in 2005 for detailed sampling and monitoring. Desk-based research and laboratory analysis of soil and water samples results indicate that surface water and groundwater pollution from Al Mishraq site was significant at the time of its operation. The primary pollution source was the superheated water injection process, while the principal receptor is the River Tigris. Now that the plant is idle, this source is absent. Following the June 2003 sulphur fire, initial investigations indicate that short damage tovegetation was severe close to the plant but there is no evidence of widespread or significant long-termdamage. Rainwater and drainage ponds and gullies close to the sulphur processing and acid containhazardous levels of acid. Runoff from these areas may be affecting local water quality. There is regional moderate groundwater contamination by sulphate and hydrogen sulphide, but much of this may be naturally sourced. The site in its current state represents a low risk to human health and the environmentprincipally due to the acidic surface water ponds, but in the absence of corrective action, the hazardlevels may be elevated after some decades.
THE EFFECT OF SPACE VOLUME ON FREE CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER FOR ONGITUDINAL FINNED CYLINDER WITH DIFFERENT SLOPE NGLES
Authors: KADHUM SALEEM KHALEFA
Published: February 2024

This study deals with free convection heat transfer for the outer surface of twocylinders of the shape of (Triangular & Rectangular fined cylinders with 8-fins),putted into two different spaces; small one with dimension of (Length=1.2m,height=1m, width=0.9m) and large one with dimension of (Length=3.6m, height =3m,width=2.7m). The experimental work was conducted with air as a heat transportmedium. These cylinders were fixed at different slope angles (0o, 30o, 60o and 90o).The heat fluxes were (279, 1012, 1958, 3005, 4419) W/m2, where heat transferred byconvection and radiation. In large space, the results show that the heat transfer fromthe triangular finned cylinder is maximum at a slope angle equals to 90o and isminimum at the slope of 0o angle whit the heat transferred from the triangular finnedcylinder is maximum at slop angle of 30o and minimum at the slop of angle 60o in thesmall space with following range of the Raleigh number (1.68*107-3.46*108).