bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A PESQUISA ETNOGRÁFICA ONLINE EM TEMPOS DE CULTURA DA CONVERGÊNCIA
Authors: Aguiar Jacqueline Gomes de
Published: January 2020

O presente texto pretende discorrer sobre algumas dimensões da pesquisa em meios online, considerando as mudanças comunicacionais e sociais desde o surgimento da Internet e das novas inter-relações que passaram a se estabelecer entre os sujeitos; os modos de interação humana mediada pelas tecnologias, e a proveniente ressignificação de modos de estar e de viver em um mundo cada vez mais tecnológico e conectado. Um mundo contemporâneo que compreende relativizações nos processos de produção e propagação de conhecimentos humanos, conteúdos culturais e midiáticos. Pretende-se ainda colocar em perspectiva uma abordagem metodológica de pesquisa que busca atender essas especificidades sócio-culturais elencadas anteriormente: a etnografia virtual ou como denomina Robert V. Kozinets: netnografia, apresentada e descrita na obra “Realizando pesquisa etnográfica online”.

 

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Etnografia, Etnografia virtual, Netnografia, Internet, Cultura da Convergência.

 

 

RESUME

This text intends to discuss some dimensions of research in online media, considering the communicational and social changes since the emergence of the Internet and the new interrelationships that started to be established between the subjects; the modes of human interaction mediated by technologies, and the resulting resignification of ways of being and living in an increasingly technological and connected world. A contemporary world that comprises relativizations in the processes of production and propagation of human knowledge, cultural and media content. It is also intended to put into perspective a methodological approach to research that seeks to meet these socio-cultural specificities previously listed: virtual ethnography or as it is called Robert V. Kozinets: netnography, presented and described in the book “Performing online ethnographic research”.

 

KEYWORDS: Ethnography, Virtual Ethnography, Netnography, Internet, Convergence Culture.

 

 

RESUMEN

El presente texto pretende discutir algunas dimensiones de la investigación en los medios en línea, considerando los cambios comunicacionales y sociales desde la aparición de Internet y las nuevas interrelaciones que comenzaron a establecerse entre los sujetos; los modos de interacción humana mediados por las tecnologías y la resultante resignificación de formas de ser y vivir en un mundo cada vez más tecnológico y conectado. Un mundo contemporáneo que comprende relativizaciones en los procesos de producción y propagación del conocimiento humano, el contenido cultural y mediático. También tiene la intención de poner en perspectiva un enfoque metodológico para la investigación que busca cumplir con estas especificidades socioculturales mencionadas anteriormente: etnografía virtual o como se le llama Robert V. Kozinets: netnografía, presentada y descrita en el libro "Realización de investigación etnográfica en línea".

 

PALABRAS CLAVE: Etnografía, Etnografía virtual, Netnografía, Internet, Cultura de convergencia.
NETNOGRAFIA E HUMANIDADES DIGITAIS: perspectivas e desafios
Authors: Soares Fagno da Silva , Pereira Jesus Marmanillo , Porto Junior Francisco Gilson Rebouças , Moraes Nelson Russo de
Published: January 2020

O novo dossiê, intitulado NETNOGRAFIA E HUMANIDADES DIGITAIS: perspectivas e desafios, foi organizado pelos colegas Dr. Fagno da Silva Soares do CLIO & MNEMÓSINE/IFMA e Núcleo de Estudos em História Oral - NEHO/USP e, do Dr. Jesus Marmanillo Pereira do Laboratório de Estudos e Pesquisa sobre Cidades e Imagens - LAEPCI/UFMA). O dossiê reuniu um coletivo de pesquisas e reflexões cujos objetos e perspectivas investigativas inscrevem-se sob a rubrica da etnografia ou Virtual Ethnography como sugere Christine Hine (2000) e suas relações com o que temos chamado de Humanidades Digitais, enquanto ferramenta metodológica, técnica interpretativa ou prática investigativa acerca das comunidades digitais offline ou online apropriadas por uma análise investigativa no/do ciberespaço. Nesse sentido buscou-se criar um espaço de diálogo transdisciplinar na qual os usos na/da internet e seus impactos sóciodigitais possibilitam reflexões e narrativas no âmbito das percepções e das sociabilidades digitais, constituindo um campo no qual se aproximam a comunicação das humanidades.
TECNOLOGIAS DIGITAIS E ENSINO DE INGLÊS: uma proposta de escrita colaborativa e produção de vídeo
Authors: SANTOS KEILA MENDES , Araújo Costa Cleide Jane de Sa
Published: January 2020

Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar as contribuições da utilização das TDIC no processo de desenvolvimento das habilidades de speaking e writting em aprendizes de inglês, partindo da proposta de produção de um vídeo e da escrita colaborativa de um e-book. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, configurada como estudo de caso, que teve como participantes 6 licenciandos em língua inglesa (LI). Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionários e foi realizado ao longo do Componente Curricular Língua Inglesa Avançada I. Os resultados alcançados permitiram perceber que as TDIC auxiliaram eficazmente na aprendizagem dos discentes, estimulando a percepção dos próprios erros e incitando a autonomia, levando os participantes a revisarem aspectos linguísticos fundamentais para suas produções.

 

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Tecnologias; Língua inglesa; Aprendizagem.

 

ABSTRACT

This study aims to analyze the contributions of the use of ICDT in the developing process of speaking and writing skills with English learners, starting from the proposal of a video production and the collaborative writing of an e-book. It is a qualitative research, configured as a case study, which had as participants 6 English-language students (EL). The data were collected through questionnaires and was conducted during the Subject Advanced English Language I. The results obtained allowed to realize that the ICDT helped effectively in the students’ learning, stimulating the perception of their own errors and inciting the autonomy, taking the participants to review linguistic aspects that were fundamental to their productions.

 

KEYWORDS: Technologies; English language; Learning.

 

RESUMEN

Este estudio tiene por objetivo analizar las contribuciones de la utilización de las TDIC en el proceso de desarrollo de las habilidades de hablar y escribir en aprendices de inglés, partiendo de la propuesta de producción de un vídeo y de la escritura colaborativa de un ebook. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, configurada como estudio de caso, que tuvo como participantes 6 licenciandos en lengua inglesa (LI). Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de cuestionarios y fue realizado a lo largo del Componente Curricular de la Lengua Inglesa Avanzada I. Los resultados alcanzados permitieron percibir que las TDIC ayudaron eficazmente en el aprendizaje de los discentes, estimulando la percepción de los propios errores e incitando la autonomía, llevando a los participantes a revisar aspectos lingüísticos fundamentales para sus producciones.

 

PALABRAS CLAVE: Tecnologías; Idioma  Inglés; Aprendizaje.
ENFERMAGEM NA PROMOÇÃO DA SUSTENTABILIDADE AMBIENTAL:uma revisão integrativa.
Authors: Leite Tailana Santana Alves , Martins José Lauro , De Assunção Nayana Barros , Almeida Amanda Andrade de , Silva Fernando Dias da , Costa José Mateus de Almeida , Santos Sandreane Alves dos
Published: January 2020

RESUMO

O presente estudo objetivou compreender e enfatizar a atuação do profissional de enfermagem em promover sustentabilidade ambiental. Utilizando-se de uma pesquisa com base na revisão de literatura integrativa, a discursão contou com 9 autorias e foi organizada ora pela concordância dos autores, ora pela discrepância entre as ideias. Ademais se construiu uma ideia a partir das publicações, em sua grande parte pesquisas de campo e atividades que envolveram ações junto a comunidade. A partir dos estudos analisados, notou-se que o serviço da enfermagem inerente à saúde ambiental atribui-se, imprescindivelmente, as ações educativas
A BUSCA POR PADRÕES NA RESOLUÇÃO DE PROBLEMAS MATEMÁTICOS NOS ANOS FINAIS DO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL
Authors: Nascimento Wanderson Santos do , Zica César de Oliveira
Published: January 2020

O presente artigo tem como cerne propor a importância da busca por padrões matemáticos como ferramenta auxiliadora na resolução de exercícios nas series finais do ensino fundamental, mostrando que estes podem agir como um pilar para uma educação eficaz e duradoura. Foi realizado um estudo bibliográfico com diferentes autores, no intuito de trazer clareza sobre o tema, buscando uma fundamentação teórica relacionada com a importância do mesmo para um ensino aprendizagem significativo. O estudo apresenta algumas atividades (problemas), que foram resolvidos por meio da análise e do uso de padrões, mostrando assim suas possíveis aplicações e sua formidável serventia. O objetivo na apresentação desses problemas foi mostrar a relevância em enxergar padrões, os quais podem estimular a aprendizagem facilitando a interpretação e a resolução de problemas matemáticos, por parte dos alunos.
O JORNALISMO ECONÔMICO E AS VOZES QUE FALARAM NOS JORNAIS NOS ANOS DE DEBATE DAS REFORMAS DA PREVIDÊNCIA
Authors: Santos Moreira de Souza Taianne , Neto Antonio José Pedroso
Published: January 2020

Analisa como os jornais Folha de São Paulo, O Globo, O Estado de São Paulo e o Valor Econômico abordaram a Previdência. Considerou-se dois modelos: Capitalização e Repartição simples. Buscou-se perceber se esses veículos, privilegiaram um modelo em detrimento a outro. As reportagens foram analisadas a partir de três períodos: 1998 (reforma de Fernando Henrique Cardoso), 2003 (reforma de Luís Inácio Lula da Silva) e agosto de 2016 a julho de 2017 (principal período de discussão da proposta de Michel Temer). Buscou-se identificar as vozes que falaram sobre a temática. Observou um quantitativo elevado de matérias que não apresentavam vozes, as que apresentavam, tiveram como categorias mais expressivas as ligadas aos parlamentares e ao mercado financeiro, ligados ao modelo de capitalização.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Análise de vozes. Jornais impressos. Jornalismo Econômico. Reforma da Previdência.

 

ABSTRACT

It analyzes how the newspapers Folha de São Paulo, O Globo, the state of São Paulo and Valor Economico approached the welfare. Two models were considered: capitalization and simple distribution. We sought to understand whether these vehicles favored one model over another. The reports were analyzed from three periods: 1998 (Reform of Fernando Henrique Cardoso), 2003 (Reform of Luís Inácio Lula da Silva) and August 2016 to July 2017 (main period of discussion of Michel Temer's proposal). We sought to identify the voices that spoke about the theme. He observed a high number of subjects that did not have voices, those who presented, had as the most expressive categories those related to parliamentarians and the financial market, linked to the capitalization model.

 

KEYWORDS: Voice analysis. Printed newspapers. Economic journalism. Pension reform.

 

RESUMEN

Analiza cómo los periódicos Folha de Sao Paulo, O Globo, el estado de Sao Paulo y Valor Económico abordaron el bienestar. Se consideraron dos modelos: capitalización y distribución simple. Tratamos de entender si estos vehículos favorecieron un modelo sobre otro. Los informes fueron analizados de tres períodos: 1998 (Reforma de Fernando Henrique Cardoso), 2003 (Reforma de Luís Inácio Lula da Silva) y agosto de 2016 a julio de 2017 (período principal de discusión de la propuesta de Michel Temer). Tratamos de identificar las voces que hablaban sobre el tema. Observó un gran número de temas que no tenían voces, los que se presentaban, tenían como las categorías más expresivas las relacionadas con los parlamentarios y el mercado financiero, vinculadas al modelo de capitalización.

 

PALABRAS CLAVE: Análisis de voz. Periódicos impresos. Periodismo económico. Reforma de las pensiones.
4G Model of Final Unification - A Very Brief Report
Authors: Seshavatharam U. V. S. , Lakshminarayana S.
Published: January 2020

With our long experience in the field of unification of gravity and quantum mechanics, we understood that, when mass of any elementary is extremely small/negligible compared to macroscopic bodies, highly curved microscopic space-time can be addressed with large gravitational constants and magnitude of elementary gravitational constant seems to increase with decreasing mass and increasing interaction range. In our earlier publications, we proposed that, 1) There exist three atomic gravitational constants associated with electroweak, strong and electromagnetic interactions; 2) There exists a strong interaction elementary charge in such a way that, it's squared ratio with normal elementary charge is close to inverse of the strong coupling constant; and 3) Considering a fermion-boson mass ratio of 2.27, quarks can be split into quark fermions and quark bosons. Further, we noticed that, electroweak field seems to be operated by a primordial massive fermion of rest energy 584.725 GeV and hadron masses seem to be generated by a new hadronic fermion of rest energy 103.4 GeV. In this context, starting from lepton rest masses to stellar masses, we have developed many interesting and workable relations. With further study, a workable model of final unification can be developed.
Potential in Vitro Elicitation of Secondary Metabolite Using Sodium Azide in Tissue Culture of Nigella sativa and Its Eeffect on DNA Damage Inhibition
Authors: Iqbal Mohammed Shariq , Iqbal Zahra , Hashem Abeer , Abd_Allah Elsayed  Fathi , Jafri Asif , Ansari Mohammad
Published: January 2020

Nigella sativa (NS) is an effective medicinal plant possessing noteworthy antioxidant property. In NS, there are more than hundred phyto-chemicals reported, out of which thymoquinone is the utmost active phyto-constituent having sturdy antioxidative property. Thymoquinone is a cyclicdione, when reacts with sodium azide, converts into α-azido ketones i.e its analogs which are handy with extensive range of reactions. Sodium azide induces stress in plants thereby, modulating the antioxidant system. The present investigation was planned to elucidate the effect of sodium azide at different concentrations (5µM, 10µM, 20µM, 50µM, 100µM and 200µM) on its secondary metabolites (mainly thymoquinone) in NS callus culture extract (NSE). The results showed sodium azide effect on thymoquinone content and a concentration dependent boost in antioxidant property. It was also observed that thymoquinone content and percent yield (analyzed by RP-HPLC; Reverse Phase- High Performance Liquid Chromatography) were minimum (0.033±0.006% and 0.420±0.045%, respectively) at 200 µM sodium azide used. Whereas, antioxidant activity (analyzed by DPPH; 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) was found to be maximum (3.873±0.402%) at same dose. Further, analysis was done for inhibition of oxidative DNA damage at different concentrations of sodium azide on NSE, maximum inhibition of DNA damage (0.243±0.017%) was found at 200 µM concentration of sodium azide. When correlated, strong positive correlation was observed between percent yield and percent thymoquinone, antioxidant property and inhibition of DNA damage. Whereas, strong negative correlation was observed between percent yield and antioxidant property, percent thymoquinone and antioxidant property, percent thymoquinone and inhibition of DNA damage. The findings evidently point out that the content of thymoquinone, antioxidant property and inhibition of DNA damage was affected by sodium azide.
The Stability of a General Sextic Functional Equation by Fixed Point Theory
Authors: Lee Yang-Hi , Jung Soon-Mo , Roh Jaiok
Published: January 2020

In this paper, we consider the generalized sextic functional equation \begin{align*} \sum_{i=0}^{7}{}_7 C_{i} (-1)^{7-i}f(x+iy) = 0. \end{align*} And by applying the fixed point theory in the sense of L. C\u adariu and V. Radu, we will discuss the stability of the solutions for this functional equation.
Universidade, pesquisa e docência: reflexões críticas sobre os abusos do atual governo
Authors: Schütz Jenerton Arlan , Fuchs Cláudia , Da Costa Carlos Odilon
Published: January 2020

O presente escrito examina as atuais críticas endereçadas à universidade, à dimensão da pesquisa e aos professores. O intuito é apresentar, mediante análise e interpretação crítica dos fatos, entrevistas, falas e tweets, os principais desdobramentos de tais julgamentos, além de problematizar ao menos três de seus mais notáveis abusos: i) os ataques contemporâneos à educação (em seus diferentes níveis), pesquisa e docência; ii) o relativismo das pesquisas e dos conhecimentos científicos; iii) o de tornar as universidades em espaços de (suposta) balbúrdia e de produção/pesquisa irrelevante. O problema que daí decorre é deixar a pesquisa realizada nas universidades, sejam elas públicas ou privadas, à mercê da aprovação de recursos e financiamentos, e os professores com o risco de perder a dimensão da pesquisa, dimensão imprescindível para se investigar, compreender, interferir e estabelecer/elencar subsídios que sejam plausíveis de melhorar e desenvolver a realidade social no qual a universidade está inserida.
Politics of Culture and Culture of Politics on Indian Television News: A Frame Analysis of Hindi Television News Debates in India
Authors: Fatma Tahzeeb
Published: January 2020

News as a narrative form relies on various codes of culture to communicate to the audience. Understanding news is not limited to what is communicates but how it does that in order to assess the real effect of news on society. Its relationship with society and its power can be studied by how news frames the issues that it communicates. Over the years Indian television has seen a revolution in the way it shares news, there is a move away from objective bulletins to a more discursive form of news debates that gather significantly more audience viewership. This research studies television news debates on Hindi television news channels to understand the complicated relationship between politics and culture in Indian news landscape. Through conducting a comprehensive frame analysis this research looks at news text and its use of culture as well as its engagement with politics that blurs the line between culture and politics.
Artificial Lift System Applications in Tight Formations: The State of Knowledge
Authors: Kolawole Oladoyin , Gamadi Talal D. , Bullard Denny
Published: January 2020

The artificial lift (AL) system is the most efficient production technique in optimizing production from the unconventional horizontal oil and gas wells. Nonetheless, due to declining reservoir pressure during the production life of a well, artificial lifting of oil and gas remains a critical issue. Notwithstanding the attempt by several studies in the past few decades to understand and develop cutting-edge technologies to optimize the application of AL in tight formations, there remains differing assessments of the best approach, AL type, optimum time, and conditions to install AL during the life of a well. This report presents a comprehensive review of AL system application with specific focus on tight oil and gas formations across the world. The review focuses on over 35 successful and unsuccessful field tests in the unconventional horizontal wells over the past few decades. The purpose is to apprise the industry and academic researchers on the various AL optimization approaches that have been used and suggest AL optimization areas where new technologies can be developed.
Improving Completions Immediately: An Applied Methodology for Real-Time Optimization
Authors: Stark Price , Tran John-Bosco , Mogck Drew , Mask Gene
Published: January 2020

A proven and tested method for helping improve completion design during well stimulation is formally presented. Systematic changes in terms of cluster spacing, fluid design, proppant design, and perforating scheme were evaluated and implemented in real time. Post completion evaluation led to a series of design improvements applied to active and future projects.

The ultimate goal of the project was to identify an improved completion design both in terms of productivity and economic efficiency in real time. A formal approach of beginning at the cluster level and expanding to the asset level was followed. The project focus progressed from the optimal stage completion to well completion and then section. For stage and well optimization, the target was to meet or exceed the type curve for the area while maintaining economic discipline. This paper will focus on the near wellbore aspect of asset optimization.

The diagnostic pad consisted of six wells configured in a wine rack spacing design. A single diagnostic well "Wildcat No. 1" was completed individually and included a fiber-optic cable installed on casing. During completion downhole, microseismic monitoring and tilt were recorded from nearby vertical wellbores.

The cluster-level flow profiles were recorded at each stage using fiber-optics. This data, provided in real time, enabled a dynamic workflow to test, assess, and immediately apply learnings. For example, stage length was tested, evaluated, and adjusted until a favorable length was identified.

Improvements in the completion design around the fluid system, cluster spacing, shots per foot (spf), injection rate, and execution parameters were identified based on the Uniformity Index (UI). Temporal changes to the completion design were also reviewed and identified. This approach is as significant as the technologies that enable it and is discussed in detail.
Operational Challenges and Reward of Liner Refracs in the Eagle Ford
Authors: Bennett John S. , Baker Scott , Williams Brandon , Pitman Malcolm Derek
Published: January 2020

This paper chronicles the progression of liner refracs on mature wells in the South Texas Eagle Ford Shale. Operational issues, strategies to mitigate the risk, and well results will be reviewed.

Liner refracs involve running and cementing smaller casing as a liner inside previously stimulated 5 ½-in. cased hole lateral completions. This method of isolating existing perforations has been successfully applied to allow subsequent refrac plug and perf operations. The operational steps to execute these deployments impose more risk than completing new wells and significant failures have occurred. Fit for purpose equipment, best practices, and a steep learning curve have been employed to mitigate the risk and improve the overall economic benefits of the program. An account of the failures and efforts to prevent these issues is provided.

From the summer of 2018 through 2019, 15 liner refracs have been executed in high temperature wells in Dewitt County, Texas. Three of the wells with operational issues are presented along with the approach to prevent reoccurrence. One well was eventually lost when the production casing was inadvertently damaged while attempting to mechanically cut the installed liner. This prompted an alternative deployment method, and the development of an anchor system which has now been used on six wells. The smaller geometry and tools required in liner refracs impose additional challenges. This study outlines this operator's approach to minimize the risk and reduce failure frequency. Dramatic increases in pressure and production have been observed on the liner refracs. The wells that have been executed successfully, have exceeded return on investment expectations.

Liner refracs provide a tool to capture production and reserves from existing wells and enhance field development. Lessons learned and alternative methods to execute liner refracs are considered in this field study.
A Structured Approach to Solving Completion Challenges with Downhole Fiber Optic Monitoring
Authors: Mast Michael , Hoffman Ben , Cox Casey , Byrd Dane
Published: January 2020

The capabilities of permanently installed fiber optic cable to monitor the distribution of slurry between perforation clusters in a hydraulic fracturing treatment are now well understood throughout the industry. The distributed measurements from the fiber optic cable gives the ability to test different completion designs to evaluate which design can promote a more uniform flow distribution between perforation clusters.

Over the past few years, the cost of utilizing a permanently installed fiber optic cable has decreased. However, the investment still adds to the total development cost of the pad, meaning that the knowledge gained from fiber optic measurements need to be maximized in order to realize the value added and to lower costs on future developments. For this reason, it is imperative to understand the challenges to be solved by implementing this technology, and to create a structured design of experiments suited to solve these challenges.

This paper presents some recent work performed in the southern Delaware Basin utilizing fiber optic-based distributed acoustic sensing data. The primary objectives of this project were to improve the fluid distribution between clusters and to test the ability to keep the improved fluid distribution while extending the treatment interval length. The variables changed between experiments to achieve these goals will be discussed along with their corresponding results. It will be shown how pairing the fiber optic measurements with a structured design of experiments increased the knowledge gained from the fiber optic project.
Making Real-Time Decisions to Improve Completion Performance In Delaware Basin: Protect Parent Wells and Increase Cluster Efficiency
Authors: Ji Qin , Garcia Allie , Green Larrez , Valle Laine , Coenen Erica
Published: January 2020

Methods for analyzing surface pressure data in real time are proposed and demonstrated to improve the completion design and cluster efficiency of child wells while protecting nearby parent wells.

This study involves three parent wells and ten child wells, landed horizontally in the Wolfcamp A and B reservoirs in the Delaware Basin. An integrated real-time analysis of surface pressure measurements acquired from parent and offset child well completions enabled informed decisions regarding pump rate, fluid volume, frac stage sequence, and diverter schedule on subsequent stages. Results included the mitigation of frac-hits at the parent wells and improved fluid distribution of the child wells.

Real-time monitoring indicated significant fluid communication during treatment between child and parent wells. The order of operations and completion design were changed during the job to reduce the risk of adverse effects on both well types from frac hits. By changing the treatment design, the magnitude and characteristics of pressures observed in the parent well showed significant reduction in the intensity of fluid communication. The design change also improved cluster efficiency of the nearby child wells, with no indication of damaging frac hits occurring.

Pressure-based fracture mapping was used to supplement observations from the parent well. These pressure responses, recorded from an isolated stage on an offset well, were used to compute fracture geometries and growth rates of the stimulated fractures. The fracture height of the child wells decreased after adjusting the order of operations and completion designs during stimulation, which indicated fracture containment within the target zone. These results validated the improved cluster efficiency findings. The differences in geometries and growth curves were interpreted as improved fracture quality near the wellbore, with no damaging frac hits from the completion stages.

Real-time pressure monitoring and analysis provides immediate, accurate feedback during stimulation. Data-driven decisions enables optimization of the frac design and pump schedule (slurry rate, slurry volume, proppant volume, proppant concentration, etc). Comprehensive understanding of the fracture growth behaviors assists in making more-informed decisions during the execution of a well stimulation program, mitigates parent well damage, and enhances child well production.
Acoustic Imaging of Perforation Erosion in Hydraulically Fractured Wells for Optimizing Cluster Efficiency
Authors: Robinson Stephen , Littleford Thomas , Luu Tim , Wardynski Kacper , Evans Andrew , Horton Blake , Oman Michael
Published: January 2020

A new solid-state, high-resolution acoustic imaging technology has been applied in hydraulically fractured wells to image and quantify perforation erosion. The downhole device captures detailed full-lateral logs of horizontal wells, without the need for clear fluids to facilitate measurements. This paper discusses how the imaging technology functions, lab testing that validated the measurements, and field testing completed with several operators in a variety of reservoirs and basins.

This high-resolution, acoustic-based downhole imaging technology provided a 360-degree view inside a variety of wells. Instead of optics, the imaging technology used high-frequency sound waves to image a full lateral through opaque fluids at sub-millimetric levels. The imaging tool was conveyed on either tractor or e-coil to continuously log the wellbore between 15 and 30ft/min, completing a full azimuthal scan that imaged individual perforations regardless of orientation. A range of imaging techniques quantified and measured each perforation to determine the extent of erosion in each perforation, cluster, and stage sustained during the hydraulic fracturing process.

The acoustic imaging technology was initially tested in the lab with calibration jigs and perforated pipe samples to validate its accuracy. The technology was then field deployed by several operators and used to assess perforation erosion in extended horizontal wells by scanning the entire well from toe to heel and measuring thousands of perforations in a single log. The data gathered quantified the perforation diameter, perforation erosion range, perforation orientation dependency, cluster efficiency, perforation erosion bias, and discovered the presence of significant casing damage around areas where plugs were set. The image results showed the distribution, size, and measured diameter for each perforation in each cluster. The results noted toe or heel biases and how these changed in different well types and designs in different basins. The data allowed operators to reach conclusions regarding erosion and cluster efficiency across the entire lateral in various wells in the Montney, Permian, and Anadarko basins. Wells across North America were scanned in several other basins for comparison purposes using various completion designs from different operators.

The high-resolution acoustic imaging technology offers a robust 360-degree view of long horizontal wells and perforation measurements post-fracture. Over 35,000 perforations have been measured using the technology in the field across various well types with different designs. The technology has proven to be a valuable tool in improving and optimizing completion designs by providing detailed feedback on where designs are working effectively and where they can be improved.
More Bang for the Buck – Optimized Perforating Design for Unconventional Reservoirs
Authors: Wehunt C. Dean , Naik Sarvesh J. , Singh Amit K.
Published: January 2020

Effective fracture treatment distribution to stimulate and obtain production from all perforation clusters is a key goal for success in unconventional reservoirs. The objectives of this work were to assess the impacts of multi-cluster stage perforating design parameters and execution uncertainties on treatment slurry distribution, production, ultimate recovery, and offset well interference for unconventional reservoirs.

A stochastic perforation breakdown and slurry injection model and a conceptual reservoir simulator were used to investigate treatment slurry distribution, production, and ultimate recovery impacts. The design parameters in the analysis were clusters per stage, cluster spacing, maximum proppant concentrations, perforation diameter, and number of perforations per cluster for both fixed- and variable-shot cluster designs. Uncertainties evaluated included perforation breakdown percentage, perforation shot phasing for non-oriented carriers, perforation hole diameter growth from erosion, and formation permeability.

As part of the analysis, the authors defined and used a new dimensionless quantity—the Slurry Distribution Number (Nsd)—that potentially fills a gap as no standard industry definition exists for perforation cluster efficiency. Nsd successfully correlated perforating design changes with slurry distribution outcomes. The authors used the results to identify strategies to mitigate uncertainty impacts, obtain more predictable outcomes, and achieve improved production results.

Novel information is presented that can assist perforating design optimization for unconventional reservoirs. In addition to introducing Nsd, the authors show perforation carrier phasing and shot phasing within the casing are generally not the same for decentralized carrier systems. The authors demonstrate how to model the perforation breakdown and stage stimulation process using a combination of published geomechanics, perforation erosion, and perforation flow resistance models. Lastly, the authors describe future study opportunities for perforating uncertainties and design parameters.
Shale Frac Designs Move to Just-Good-Enough Proppant Economics
Authors: Melcher Howard , Mayerhofer Michael , Agarwal Karn , Lolon Ely , Oduba Oladapo , Murphy Jessica , Ellis Ray , Fiscus Kirk , Shelley Robert , Weijers Leen
Published: January 2020

Selecting appropriate proppants is an important part of hydraulic fracture completion design. Proppant selection choices have dramatically increased in recent years as regional sands have become the proppant of choice in many liquid-rich shale plays. But are these new proppants the best long-term choices to maximize production? Do they provide the best well economics?

The paper presents a brief historical perspective on proppant selection followed by various detailed studies of how different proppant types have been performing in various unconventional basins (Williston, Permian, Eagle Ford, Powder River and DJ) along with economic analyses. As the shale revolution pushed into lower-quality reservoirs, the concept of dimensionless conductivity has pushed our industry to use ever lower-quality materials – away from ceramics and resin-coated proppant to white sand in some Rocky Mountain plays and more recently from white sand to regional sand in the Permian and Eagle Ford plays.

Further, we compare early-to late-time production response and economics in liquid-rich wells where proppant type changed. The performance of various proppant types and mesh sizes is evaluated using a combination of different techniques, including big data multi-variate statistics, lab conductivity testing, detailed fracture and reservoir modeling, as well as direct well group comparisons. The results of these techniques are then combined with economic analyses to provide a perspective on proppant selection criteria. The comparisons are anchored to permeability estimates from production history matching and DFITs and thousands of wellsite proppant conductivity tests to determine dimensionless conductivity estimates that best approach what is obtained in the field.

Proppant selection is typically based on crush resistance to stress loading and fracture conductivity under various flow conditions while having the lowest possible cost. However, dimensionless fracture conductivity is the main driver of well performance as it relates to proppant selection since it includes the relationship of fracture conductivity provided by the proppant relative to the actual flow capacity of the rock (the product of permeability and effective fracture length), which is supported by the production analyses in the paper. The paper shows how much fracture conductivity is adequate for a given effective fracture length and reservoir permeability and then looks at the economics of achieving this "just-good -enough" target conductivity, either through less proppant mass with higher-cost proppants or more proppant mass with-lower cost proppants, as well as mesh size considerations.

This paper does not rely on a single technique for proppant selection but uses a combination of various data sources, analysis techniques and economic criteria to provide a more holistic approach to proppant selection.
Protective and Therapeutic Effects of Nanoliposomal Quercetin on Acute Liver Injury in Rats
Authors: Liu Xiangyan , Zhang Yang , Liu Ling , Pan Yifeng , Hu Yu , Yang Pu , Liao Mingmei
Published: January 2020

Background Quercetin, a pigment (flavonoid) found in many plants and foods, has good effects on protecting liver function but poor solubility and bioavailability in vivo. A drug delivery system can improve the accumulation and bioavailability of quercetin in liver. Objective In this study, we used liposomal nanoparticles to entrap quercetin and evaluated its protective and therapeutic effects on drug-induced liver injury in rats. Design The nanoliposomal quercetin was prepared by a thin film evaporation-high pressure homogenization method and characterized by morphology, particle size and drug content. Acute liver injury was induced in rats by composite factors, including carbon tetrachloride injection, high-fat corn powder intake and ethanol drinking. After pure quercetin or nanoliposomal quercetin treatment, liver function was evaluated by detecting serum levels of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic-oxal acetic transaminase (GOT) and direct bilirubin (DBIL). Histology of injured liver tissues was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results and discussion On histology, liposomal nanoparticles loading quercetin were evenly distributed spherical particles. The nanoliposomal quercetin showed high bioactivity and bioavailability in rat liver and markedly attenuated the liver index and pathologic changes in injured liver tissue. With nanoliposomal quercetin treatment, the serum levels of GPT, GOT and DBIL were significantly better than treated with pure quercetin. Using liposomal nanoparticles to entrap quercetin might be an effective strategy to reduce hepatic injury and protect hepatocytes against damage. Conclusions Liposomal nanoparticles may improve the solubility and bioavailability of quercetin in liver. Furthermore, nanoliposomal quercetin could effectively protect rats against acute liver injury and may be a new hepatoprotective and therapeutic agent for patients with liver diseases.
Multilocus phylogeny and cryptic diversity of white-toothed shrews (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla, Crocidura) in China
Authors: Chen Shunde , Qing Jiao , Liu Zhu , Liu Yang , Tang Mingkun , Murphy Robert W , Pu Yingting , Wang Xuming , Tang Keyi , Guo Keji , Jiang Xuelong , Liu Shaoying
Published: January 2020

Background: Crocidura , the most speciose mammalian genus, occurs across much of Asia, Europe and Africa. The taxonomy of Chinese representatives has been studied primarily based on cursory morphological comparisons and their molecular phylogenetic analyses remain unexplored. In order to understand the phylogeny of this group in China, we estimated the first multilocus phylogeny and conducted species delimitation, including taxon sampling throughout their distribution range. Results: We obtained one mitochondrial gene ( cytb ) (~ 1, 134 bp) and three nuclear genes ( ApoB , BRCA1 , RAG1 ) (~ 2, 170 bp) for 132 samples from 57 localities. Molecular analyses identified at least 14 putative species that occur within two major well-supported groups in China. Polyphyletic C. wuchihensis appears to be composed of two putative species. Two subspecies, C. rapax rapax and C. rapax kurodai should be elevated to full species status. A phylogenetic tree based on mitochondrial gene from Asian Crocidura species showed that the C. rapax rapax is embedded within C. attenuata , making the latter a paraphyletic group. Three strongly supported undescribed species ( C. sp.1, C. sp.2 and C. sp.3) are revealed from Zada County of Tibet (Western China), Hongjiang County of Hunan Province (Central China) and Dongyang County of Zhejiang Province (Eastern China), Motuo County of Tibet, respectively. The divergence time estimation suggested that China’s Crocidura species began to diversify during the late Pliocene (3.66 Ma) and the Early Pleistocene (2.29 Ma), followed by a series of diversifications through the Pleistocene. Conclusions: The cryptic diversity found in this study indicated that the number of species is strongly underestimated under the current taxonomy. We propose that the three undescribed species should be evaluated using extensive taxon sampling and comprehensive morphological and morphometric approaches. Climate change since the late Pliocene and the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau may result in the diversification and speciation of China’s Crocidura species. In short, the underestimated diversity underlines the need for a taxonomic revision of Chinese Crocidura species.
Identification of a robust functional subpathway signature for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by comprehensive and integrated analyses
Authors: Wang Ping , zhang chunlong , Li Weidong , Zhai Bo , Jiang Xian , Reddy Shiva , Jiang Hongchi , Sun Xueying
Published: January 2020

Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal malignancy and its mortality continues to rise globally. Because of its high heterogeneity and complex molecular landscapes, published gene signatures have demonstrated low specificity and robustness. Functional signatures containing a group of genes involved in similar biological functions may display a more robust performance. Methods: The present study was designed to excavate potential functional signatures for PDAC by analyzing maximal number of datasets extracted from available databases with a recently developed method of FAIME (Functional Analysis of Individual Microarray Expression) in a comprehensive and integrated way. Results: Eleven PDAC datasets were extracted from GEO, ICGC and TCGA databases. By systemically analyzing these datasets, we identified a robust functional signature of subpathway (path:00982_1), which belongs to the drug metabolism-cytochrome P450 pathway. The signature has displayed a more powerful and robust capacity in predicting prognosis, drug response and chemotherapeutic efficacy for PDAC, particularly for the classical subtype, in comparison with published gene signatures and clinically used TNM staging system. This signature was verified by meta-analyses and validated in available cell line and clinical datasets with chemotherapeutic efficacy. Conclusion: The present study has identified a novel functional signature for PDAC and it is like to improve the current systems for predicting the prognosis and monitoring drug response, and to serve a potential linkage to therapeutic options for combating PDAC. However, the involvement of path:00982_1 subpathway in the metabolism of anti-PDAC chemotherapeutic drugs, particularly its biological interpretation, requires a further investigation.
Evaluation of radioactive 125I seed implantation for the treatment of refractory malignant tumors based on CT-guided 3D template assisted technique: efficacy and safety
Authors: Zhao Guang Sheng , Liu Song , Yang Liang , Li Chuang , Wang Ruo Yu , Zhou Jun , Zhang Yue Wei
Published: January 2020

Background: To observe the medium-and long-term clinical efficacy and safety of radioactive 125I seed implantation for refractory malignant tumors based on a CT-guided 3D template-assisted technique. Methods: Twenty-five patients with refractory malignant tumors who received radioactive 125I seed implantation based on a CT-guided 3D template-assisted technique were selected. The post-operative adverse reactions were recorded; the number of puncture needles and particles used in the operation, dosimetric parameters, post-operative physical strength scores, and tumor response were statistically analyzed. The overall survival time and survival rate were counted, and the effect and prognosis were assessed. Results: 125I seed implantation was successful in all patients and no serious complications occurred. The average number of implanted puncture needles was 17 (19.12±13.00) and the median number of particles was 52 (55.12±32.97). The D90 in the post-operative clinical target volume (CTV) (93.24±15.70 Gy) was slightly lower than pre-operative CTV (93.92±17.60 Gy; P>0.05). The D90 in the postoperative planning target volume (PTV) (142.16±22.25 Gy) was lower than the pre-operative PTV (145.32±23.48 Gy; P>0.05). The tumor responses at 6 months post-operatively: complete remission (CR), 20%(5/25); partial remission (PR), 48%(12/25); stable disease (SD), 24%(6/25); progressive disease (PD), 8%(2/25); CR+PR, 68%(17/25); and local control rate, 92%(23/25). The 6-, 12-, and 24-month survival rates were 100%, 88%, and 52%, respectively. The post-operative physical strength score (Karnofsky performance score, KPS) exhibited a gradual trend towards recovery, which rose to the highest value 12 months after seed implantation, then decreased slightly, but the average score was still > 90 points. There was one intra-operative pneumothorax and two patients with superficial malignant tumors developed skin ulcerations. Multivariate analysis of prognosis showed that tumor sites and types were independent risk factors affecting survival. The number of needles and particles, and template type were not factors that affected prognosis. Conclusions: 3D template combined with CT-guided radioactive 125I seed implantation was shown to improve the rational distribution of radiation dose in the tumor target area because accurate radioactive 125I particle implantation was achieved. It has fewer complications and can further extend the overall survival and quality of life in patients with refractory malignant tumors.