bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coastal Exploitation, Land Loss, and Hurricanes: A Recipe for Disaster
Authors: AUSTIN DIANE E.
Published: November 2006

Southern Louisiana occupies a dynamic landscape, marked by coastal wetlands interrupted by both natural and human‐made levees, and vulnerable to both the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers and major storms coming off the Gulf of Mexico. It is also a region into which, for centuries, exiled and threatened populations have moved and found refuge. Systematic and dramatic changes along the entire reach of the Mississippi River coupled with activities within the region's wetlands such as levee construction, canal dredging, and petroleum extraction have contributed to both pollution and extensive coastal land loss. In this article, I discuss the recent hurricanes in light of the relationship between Louisiana and the rest of the United States and the environmental and community degradation that has occurred along the coast. I focus on petroleum development, the most recent and extensive natural resource to shape southern Louisiana's wealth and economy.
Louisiana's Oysters, America's Wetlands, and the Storms of 2005
Authors: McGUIRE TOM
Published: November 2006

When Katrina made landfall near Empire, Louisiana's “oyster capital,” it devastated the public and private oyster grounds of Plaquemines and St. Bernard parishes. Rita followed with similar damage in parishes to the west of the Mississippi River. These storms thus struck at a core of Louisiana's maritime heritage. Much attention has focused on the physical and social destruction these events have caused in New Orleans and on the failures of the public response efforts. Social scientists are in a position to assess such damages and to critique this collective failure of response. In this article, I seek to contribute to a parallel assessment of the potential of the oyster industry to recover from the storms of 2005, after a decade of substantial diminishment in political and economic power and public support.
Finding a Place for the Commonplace: Hurricane Katrina, Communities, and Preservation Law
Authors: MORGAN DAVID W. , MORGAN NANCY I. M. , BARRETT BRENDA
Published: November 2006

The aftermath of Hurricane Katrina drew attention to commonplace landscape markers that create for a community a sense of place—that connection between people and places crucial to a sense of corporate and individual identity and heritage. There is a legal context for sense of place within extant federal preservation legislation. Nevertheless, many such markers with special meanings for residents have been overlooked in federal documentation, the cornerstone of which is the National Register of Historic Places. Grassroots efforts and national media coverage have helped forge a niche for sense of place within the recovery plans and policy emerging in the affected region. However, it is unclear whether this will carry over into practice. In terms of long‐term policy shifts, remedying the shortcomings highlighted by Katrina may require changes to the National Historic Preservation Act and its associated guidelines and regulations, or it may entail a new approach altogether.
Vulnerability and Place: Flat Land and Uneven Risk in New Orleans
Authors: COLTEN CRAIG E.
Published: November 2006

Vulnerability to extreme events is shaped by both physical and social factors, and Hurricane Katrina brutally exposed that fact in New Orleans. Historically, low‐income Irish and Italian populations suffered when floods washed over the Crescent City. Modifications in the structural defenses to floods and shifting demographics since 1950 altered the geography of vulnerability. In recent years, both blacks and whites have occupied below‐sea‐level sites, exposing both to flood risks, although the racial composition of the city has undergone a near reversal. Additionally, low‐income residents, found disproportionately within the African American population, suffered dual vulnerability. Not only did many live in low‐lying areas but evacuation plans relied on private automobiles that left many poor residents to endure the impact of the hurricane‐induced flooding.
Why Katrina's Victims Aren't Refugees: Musings on a “Dirty” Word
Authors: MASQUELIER ADELINE
Published: November 2006

In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, a controversy emerged in the U.S. public sphere over the use of the word refugee to characterize the displaced residents of New Orleans. In this article, I explore the significance of the concept of “the refugee” for U.S. citizens, and I discuss what the failure to find an appropriate term to describe stranded New Orleanians reveals about the experience of poverty. I argue that the conceptual void uncovered by the crisis reflects the larger social void in which poor New Orleanians have long been confined and I examine the role of public discourse in defining and helping justify the inequalities uncovered by Katrina.
Putting the Ninth Ward on the Map: Race, Place, and Transformation in Desire, New Orleans
Authors: BREUNLIN RACHEL , REGIS HELEN A.
Published: November 2006

In this article, we consider how long‐term patterns of resistance to structural violence inform citizens' responses to displacement before and after Katrina. Drawing on Abdou Maliq Simone's (2004) conceptualization of people as infrastructure, we recenter the discussion about the rebuilding of New Orleans around displaced residents, taking the place‐making practices of members of a social club as a lens through which to examine the predicament of the city as a whole. Members have been generating alternative ways of thinking about and dwelling together in a restructuring city. Their perspectives are articulated through in‐depth interviews, focus groups, and the embodied practices of club members and their followers as they make claims to the city through massive, participatory street processions known as second lines. These distinctive ways of thinking and being in the city—the subaltern mainstream of the second‐line tradition—are now being deployed by exiled New Orleanians reconsidering their relationship to home.
Wade in the Water: Personal Reflections on a Storm, a People, and a National Park
Authors: PEÑA ALLISON H.
Published: November 2006

This article is a product of my associative thoughts on Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, my return to the city, and my position as park anthropologist at Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve, which includes the Chalmette Battlefield and National Cemetery. Fazendeville, or “the village” as it was known, was a historical African American community located on the site of the Battle of New Orleans, now Chalmette Battlefield, from 1867 to 1964. In 1999, the park undertook an oral history project on the community. As the anthropologist for the park, I wanted to reestablish contact with former residents or descendants who had been displaced as a result of the storms. It is my hope that the community's voices will not be lost in the floodwaters but will reemerge as determined and strong as they were once heard, singing “Wade in the Water” during the baptismal processions to the river.
Whence Collective Rituals? A Cultural Selection Model of Ritualized Behavior
Authors: LIÉNARD PIERRE , BOYER PASCAL
Published: November 2006

Ritualized behavioris a specific way of organizing the flow of action, characterized by stereotypy, rigidity in performance, a feeling of compulsion, and specific themes, in particular the potential danger from contamination, predation, and social hazard. We proposed elsewhere a neurocognitive model of ritualized behavior in human development and pathology, as based on the activation of a specifichazard‐precaution systemspecialized in the detection of and response to potential threats. We show how certain features of collective rituals—by conveying information about potential danger and presenting appropriate reaction as a sequence of rigidly described precautionary measures—probably activate this neurocognitive system. This makes some collective ritual sequences highly attention‐demanding and intuitively compelling and contributes to their transmission from place to place or generation to generation. The recurrence of ritualized behavior as a central feature of collective ceremonies may be explained as a consequence of this bias in selective transmission.
The Role of Remarriage in a Microevolutionary Process: Considerations from a 19th‐Century Italian Community
Authors: MANFREDINI MATTEO , BRESCHI MARCO
Published: November 2006

In this study, we investigate the extent to which social norms and cultural constraints might affect the genetic contribution of remarriage to future generations in a mid–19th century Italian population. By reconstructing the life histories of the inhabitants of Casalguidi, 1,028 marriages were recorded and analyzed. Frequency and reproductive pattern of remarriages were found to play a quantitatively important role in the process of population renewal, featuring 20 percent of total unions and 12 percent of total children borne between 1820–58. Cultural patterns shaped the access to remarriage, but widows resulted more open than widowers in the partner choice. Furthermore, remarriages were more likely consanguineous than first unions because of socioeconomic reasons. As a result, a genotypic differentiation between the offspring of first marriage and remarriage was found. However, the lower intensity of female remarriage and the predominance of widowers' unions limited the potential differentiation in the gene pool of offspring.
Visual Anthropology
Authors: BOELLSTORFF TOM
Published: November 2006

Cultural Travel and Migrancy: The Artistic Representation of Globalization in the Electronic Media of West Java. Edwin Jurriëns. Leiden: KITLV Press, 2004. 213 pp.
Food in the Ancient World
Authors: KING STACIE M.
Published: November 2006

Food in the Ancient World. Joan P. Alcock. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2006. 276 pp.
The Sweet Potato in Oceania: A Reappraisal
Authors: LINDENBAUM SHIRLEY
Published: November 2006

The Sweet Potato in Oceania:. Reappraisal. Chris Ballard, Paula Brown, Michael Bourke, and Tracy Harwood, eds. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005. 227 pp.
The Struggle for Self‐Determination: History of the Menominee Indians since 1854
Authors: PERLEY BERNARD C.
Published: November 2006

The Struggle for Self‐Determination: History of the Menominee Indians since 1854. David R. M. Beck. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005. 290 pp.
The Gay Archipelago: Sexuality and Nation in Indonesia
Authors: LAVENDER ABRAHAM D.
Published: November 2006

The Gay Archipelago: Sexuality and Nation in Indonesia. Tom Boellstorff. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005. 282 pp.
La domination masculine
Authors: HANNOUM ABDELMAJID
Published: November 2006

La domination masculine. Pierre Bourdieu. Paris: Seuil, 1998. 142 pp. (English translation, Masculine Domination. Richard Nice. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. 133 pp.)
Symptoms of Modernity: Jews and Queers in Late‐Twentieth‐Century Vienna
Authors: LINKE ULI
Published: November 2006

Symptoms of Modernity: Jews and Queers in Late‐Twentieth‐Century Vienna. Matti Bunzl. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2004. 292 pp.
Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction
Authors: McCORD BETH
Published: November 2006

Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction. Barbara Y. Butler. and D. Troy Case, eds. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2005. 807 pp.
The Emergence of Culture: The Evolution of a Uniquely Human Way of Life
Authors: WEISS ELIZABETH
Published: November 2006

The Emergence of Culture: The Evolution of. Uniquely Human Way of Life. Philip G. Chase. New York: Springer Press, 2006. 227 pp.
Pilgrimage and Healing
Authors: ROTHENBERG CELIA
Published: November 2006

Pilgrimage and Healing. Jill Dubisch and Michael Winkelman, eds. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2005. 268 pp.
Rethinking Commodification: Cases and Readings in Law and Culture
Authors: BATTEAU ALLEN W.
Published: November 2006

Rethinking Commodification: Cases and Readings in Law and Culture. Martha M. Ertmanand Joan C. Williams, eds. New York. New York University Press, 2005. 450 pp.
Ciuliamta Akluit: Things of Our Ancestors: Yup'ik Elders Explore the Jacobsen Collection at the Ethnologisches Museum Berlin
Authors: KRAMER JENNIFER
Published: November 2006

Ciuliamta Akluit: Things of Our Ancestors: Yup'ik Elders Explore the Jacobsen Collection at the Ethnologisches Museum Berlin. Ann Fienup‐Riordan, ed. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005. 420 pp.
The Secret Cemetery
Authors: RAINVILLE LYNN
Published: November 2006

The Secret Cemetery. Doris Francis, Leonie Kellaher, and Georgina Neophytou. New York: Berg, 2005. 298 pp.
The Red Riviera: Gender, Tourism, and Postsocialism on the Black Sea
Authors: HARTLEY‐MOORE JULIE
Published: November 2006

The Red Riviera: Gender, Tourism, and Postsocialism on the Black Sea. Kristen Ghodsee. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005. 226 pp.
Women in Tibet
Authors: CALKOWSKI MARCIA
Published: November 2006

Women in Tibet. Janet Gyatsoand Hanna Havnevik, eds. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005. 436 pp.
Engaged Anthropology: Research Essays on North American Archaeology, Ethnobotany, and Museology, Papers in Honor of Richard I. Ford
Authors: GREMILLION KRISTEN J.
Published: November 2006

Engaged Anthropology: Research Essays on North American Archaeology, Ethnobotany, and Museology, Papers in Honor of Richard I. Ford. Michelle Hegmonand B. Sunday Eiselt, eds. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005. 263 pp.
Looking Reality in the Eye: Museums and Social Responsibility
Authors: DOBKINS REBECCA J.
Published: November 2006

Looking Reality in the Eye: Museums and Social Responsibility. Robert P. Janesand Gerald T. Conaty, eds. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2005. 196 pp.
Applied Anthropology: Domains of Application
Authors: GUERRÓN‐MONTERO CARLA
Published: November 2006

Applied Anthropology: Domains of Application. Satish Kediaand John van Willigen. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005. 376 pp.
Tattoo: An Anthropology
Authors: DIAB MARK C.
Published: November 2006

Tattoo: An Anthropology. Makiko Kuwahara. Oxford: Berg Press, 2005. 288 pp.
Final Days: Japanese Culture and Choice at the End of Life
Authors: ROSENBERGER NANCY
Published: November 2006

Final Days: Japanese Culture and Choice at the End of Life. Susan Orpett Long. Honolulu: University of Hawai′i Press, 2005. 287 pp.
Film, Ethnography, and the Senses: The Corporeal Image
Authors: EVERSHED SARAH
Published: November 2006

Film, Ethnography, and the Senses: The Corporeal Image. David MacDougall. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005. 274 pp.
The Evolution of Cultural Diversity: A Phylogenetic Approach
Authors: McELREATH RICHARD , SCHROEDER KARI
Published: November 2006

The Evolution of Cultural Diversity:. Phylogenetic Approach. Ruth Mace, Clare J. Holden, and Stephen Shennan, eds. Oxford, U.K.: Cavendish Publishing, 2005. 291 pp.
Mutual Life, Limited: Islamic Banking, Alternative Currencies, Lateral Reason
Authors: STARRETT GREGORY
Published: November 2006

Mutual Life, Limited: Islamic Banking, Alternative Currencies, Lateral Reason. Bill Maurer. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005. 217 pp.
Ancient Middle Niger: Urbanism and the Self‐Organizing Landscape
Authors: KELLY KENNETH G.
Published: November 2006

Ancient Middle Niger: Urbanism and the Self‐Organizing Landscape. Roderick J. McIntosh. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 261 pp.
Thicker Than Water: The Origins of Blood as Symbol and Ritual
Authors: LYONS ANDREW P.
Published: November 2006

Thicker Than Water: The Origins of Blood as Symbol and Ritual. Melissa L. Meyer. New York: Routledge, 2005. 264 pp.
The Moundbuilders: Ancient Peoples of Eastern North America
Authors: RIORDAN ROBERT
Published: November 2006

The Moundbuilders: Ancient Peoples of Eastern North America. George R. Milner. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2005. 224 pp.
Cultural Landscapes in the Ancient Andes: Archaeologies of Place
Authors: MEWAN GORDON
Published: November 2006

Cultural Landscapes in the Ancient Andes: Archaeologies of Place. Jerry D. Moore. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005. 270 pp.
Socialization, Land, and Citizenship among Aboriginal Australians: Reconciling Indigenous and Western Forms of Education
Authors: O'BRIEN COLLEEN MARIE
Published: November 2006

Socialization, Land, and Citizenship among Aboriginal Australians: Reconciling Indigenous and Western Forms of Education. Raymond Matthew Nichol. Lewiston, NY: Edward Mellen Press, 2005. 480 pp.
Scenic Spots: Chinese Tourism, the State, and Cultural Authority
Authors: SHEPHERD ROBERT
Published: November 2006

Scenic Spots: Chinese Tourism, the State, and Cultural Authority. P'al Ny'iri. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005. 143 pp.
Global Pharmaceuticals: Ethics, Markets, Practices
Authors: ETKIN NINA L.
Published: November 2006

Global Pharmaceuticals: Ethics, Markets, Practices. Adriana Petryna, Lakoff Andrew, and Arthur Kleinman, eds. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005. 301 pp.
Beyond Black and Red: African–Native Relations in Colonial Latin America
Authors: CASTAÑEDA ANGELA
Published: November 2006

Beyond Black and Red: African–Native Relations in Colonial Latin America. Matthew Restall, ed. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2005. 303 pp.
Liquid Relations: Contested Water Rights and Legal Complexity
Authors: RABY NAMIKA
Published: November 2006

Liquid Relations: Contested Water Rights and Legal Complexity. Dik Roth, Rutgerd Boelens, and Margareet Zwarteveen, eds. New Brunswick: NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005. 313 pp.
Being Góral: Identity Politics and Globalization in Postsocialist Poland
Authors: GALBRAITH MARYSIA
Published: November 2006

Being Góral: Identity Politics and Globalization in Postsocialist Poland. Deborah Cahalen Schneider. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2006. 212 pp.
Totems and Teachers: Key Figures in the History of Anthropology
Authors: GLAZIER JACK
Published: November 2006

Totems and Teachers: Key Figures in the History of Anthropology. Sydel Silverman, eds. New York: AltaMira Press, 2004. 258 pp.
Archaeology of Asia
Authors: FLAD ROWAN
Published: November 2006

Archaeology of Asia. Miriam T. Stark, eds. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2006. 364 pp.
Ishi's Brain: In Search of America's Last “Wild” Indian
Authors: DARNELL REGNA
Published: November 2006

Ishi's Brain: In Search of America's Last ”Wild„ Indian. Orin Starn. New York: W. W. Norton, 2005. 352 pp.
Anthropology and Consultancy: Issues and Debates
Authors: CEFKIN MELISSA
Published: November 2006

Anthropology and Consultancy: Issues and Debates. Pamela J. Stewartand Andrew Strathern, eds. New York: Berghahn Books, 2005. 146 pp.
Everything Was Forever, Until It Was No More: The Last Soviet Generation
Authors: ZIKER JOHN P.
Published: November 2006

Everything Was Forever, Until It Was No More: The Last Soviet Generation. Alexei Yurchak. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005. 331 pp.
Historicizing Online Politics: Telegraphy, the Internet, and Political Participation in China
Authors: CARSTENS SHARON
Published: November 2006

Historicizing Online Politics: Telegraphy, the Internet, and Political Participation in China. Zhou Yongming. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2005. 290 pp.
Do strict rules and moving images increase the reliability of sequential identification procedures?
Authors: Valentine Tim , Darling Stephen , Memon Amina
Published: November 2006

Live identification procedures in England and Wales have been replaced by use of video, which provides a sequential presentation of facial images. Sequential presentation of photographs provides some protection to innocent suspects from mistaken identification when used with strict instructions designed to prevent relative judgements (Lindsay, Lea, & Fulford, 1991). However, the current procedure in England and Wales is incompatible with these strict instructions. The reported research investigated whether strict instructions would enhance the reliability of identification from video. The effect of using moving rather than still video clips was also investigated. Participants witnessed a live staged incident, and attempted to identify the culprit later from police video lineups, which were run double blind. Strict instructions produced a significantly lower rate of correct identifications in culprit present lineups, but did not significantly reduce the rate of mistaken identification in culprit absent lineups. Moving images yielded fewer mistaken identifications in culprit absent lineups. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Good, you identified the suspect…but please ignore this feedback’: can warnings eliminate the effects of post‐identification feedback?
Authors: Lampinen James Michael , Scott Jennifer , Pratt DeAnna , Leding Juliana K. , Arnal Jack D.
Published: November 2006

The present experiments focus on whether the post‐identification feedback effect can be reduced by providing participants with warnings. Participants viewed a crime on video and identified a suspect from a target‐absent lineup (Experiment 1) or target‐present lineup (Experiment 2). Participants then received positive feedback, negative feedback or no feedback. Half of the participants received a warning saying their feedback was randomly generated by the computer, and the other half received no warning. Robust post‐identification feedback effects were observed in both experiments in the no warning condition. These effects were largely eliminated when participants received a warning. In Experiments 3 and 4, we failed to find an ameliorative effect of a forensically realistic warning. These results indicate that warnings can reduce the effect of post‐identification feedback in principle, but the application of warnings in practice may be more difficult. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive output feedback control for a class of nonlinear systems with unknown virtual control coefficients signs
Authors: Zheng Yunfeng , Yang Yansheng
Published: November 2006

This paper presents a global output‐feedback control scheme for a class of nonlinear systems that are transformed via a parameter‐independent change of co‐ordinates into a form in which there exist three kinds of unknown parameters: one is the unknown virtual control coefficients, one is the unknown parameters that multiply output nonlinearities and the other kind is the unknown parameters that multiply affine functions of the derivative of the measured output with coefficients that are smooth nonlinear functions of the measured output. We use two parameter‐dependent changes of co‐ordinates to transform the system considered into parametric output‐feedback form. One transformation is used to eliminate the difficulty in dealing with unknown virtual control coefficients and the other transformation is used to remove the nonlinearities which are affine functions of the derivative of the measured output with coefficients that are smooth nonlinear functions of the measured output. Then the scheme presented by Ye (IEEE Trans. Automat. Control2001;46:112–115) can be applied to the new system. Global results can be obtained for the overall closed‐loop systems without any constraints on the nonlinear terms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Molecular Weight on the Structure and Morphology of Oriented Thin Films of Regioregular Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) Grown by Directional Epitaxial Solidification
Authors: Brinkmann M. , Rannou P.
Published: November 2006

Regioregular head‐to‐tail (HT)‐coupled poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT) with a weight‐average molecular weight (Mw) in the 7.3–69.6 kDa range is crystallized by directional epitaxial solidification in 1,3,5‐trichlorobenzene (TCB) to yield highly oriented thin films. An oriented and periodic lamellar structure consisting of crystalline lamellae separated by amorphous interlamellar zones is evidenced by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Both the overall crystallinity as well as the orientation of the crystalline lamellae decrease significantly with increasing Mw. The total lamellar periodicity is close to the length of “fully extended” chains for Mw = 7.3 kDa (polystyrene‐equivalent molecular weight, eq. PS) and it saturates to a value of ca. (25–28) ± 2 nm for Mw ≥ 18.8 kDa (eq. PS). This behavior is attributed to a transition from an oligomeric‐like system, for which P3HT chains are essentially in a fully extended all‐trans conformation and do not fold, to a semicrystalline system that involves a periodic alternation of crystalline lamellae separated by extended amorphous interlamellar zones, which harbor chain folds, chain ends, and tie molecules. For P3HT with Mw of ca. 7.3 kDa (eq. PS), epitaxial crystallization on TCB allows for the growth of both “edge‐on” and “flat‐on” oriented crystalline lamellae on the TCB substrate. The orientation of the lamellae is attributed to 1D epitaxy. Because of the large size of the “flat‐on” crystalline lamellae, a characteristic single‐crystal electron diffraction pattern corresponding to the [001] zone was obtained by selected area electron diffraction (SAED), indicating that P3HT crystallizes in a monoclinic unit cell with a = 16.0 Å, b = 7.8 Å, c = 7.8 Å, and γ = 93.5°.
Synthesis, characterization and investigation of the thermal behaviour of six novel polynuclear cobalt and copper complexes for potential application in MOCVD
Authors: Das Mahua , Shivashankar S. A.
Published: November 2006

New tetranuclear complexes of copper and cobalt have been prepared under ambient conditions from corresponding metal acetates in acetone, using triethanolamine and diethanolamine as the ligands. The complexes have been characterized by infrared spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, elemental analysis and thermal analysis. The mass spectra of the complexes show that the complexes retain the acetate moiety in their structures. Simultaneous thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TGA–DTA) reveal that the complexes are solids that sublime over the temperature range 50–100 °C, under atmospheric pressure. The TGA–DTA curves reveal that the complexes retain carbon at temperatures as high as 500 °C. The presence of carbon is known to limit the mobility of growth species for oxides, restricting them to nanometersized crystals. Thus, the complexes have potential applications as precursors in the growth of nanostructured metal oxide thin films under specific CVD conditions. Because of their low sublimability, the complexes are prospective candidates as precursors for low‐temperature growth of multilayer oxide thin films where the thickness of individual layers needs to be controlled at nanometer level and for introducing dopants at low concentrations by MOCVD technique. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunogenetic risk and protective factors for juvenile dermatomyositis in Caucasians
Authors: Mamyrova Gulnara , O'Hanlon Terrance P. , Monroe Jason B. , Carrick Danielle Mercatante , Malley James D. , Adams Sharon , Reed Ann M. , Shamim Ejaz A. , James‐Newton Laura , Miller Frederick W. , Rider Lisa G.
Published: November 2006

Objective

To define the relative importance (RI) of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles and peptide binding motifs as risk or protective factors for juvenile dermatomyositis (DM), and to compare these with HLA associations in adult DM.

Methods

DRB1 and DQA1 typing was performed in 142 Caucasian patients with juvenile DM, and the results were compared with HLA typing data from 193 patients with adult DM and 797 race‐matched controls. Random Forests classification and multiple logistic regression were used to assess the RI of the HLA associations.

Results

The HLA–DRB1*0301 allele was a primary risk factor (odds ratio [OR] 3.9), while DQA1*0301 (OR 2.8), DQA1*0501 (OR 2.1), and homozygosity for DQA1*0501 (OR 3.2) were additional risk factors for juvenile DM. These risk factors were not present in patients with adult DM without defined autoantibodies. DQA1 alleles *0201 (OR 0.37), *0101 (OR 0.38), and *0102 (OR 0.51) were identified as novel protective factors for juvenile DM, the latter 2 also being protective factors in adult DM. The peptide binding motif DRB1 9EYSTS13 was a risk factor, and DQA1 motifs F25, S26, and 45(V/A)W(R/K)47 were protective. Random Forests classification analysis revealed that among the identified risk factors for juvenile DM, DRB1*0301 had a higher RI (100%) than DQA1*0301 (RI 57%), DQA1*0501 (RI 42%), or the peptide binding motifs. In a logistic regression model, DRB1*0301 and DQA1*0201 were the strongest risk and protective factors, respectively, for juvenile DM.

Conclusion

DRB1*0301 is ranked higher in RI than DQA1*0501 as a risk factor for juvenile DM. DQA1*0301 is a newly identified HLA risk factor for juvenile DM, while 3 of the DQA1 alleles studied are newly identified protective factors for juvenile DM.
Immunosuppressive medications and hospitalization for cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Solomon Daniel H. , Avorn Jerry , Katz Jeffrey N. , Weinblatt Michael E. , Setoguchi Soko , Levin Raisa , Schneeweiss Sebastian
Published: November 2006

Objective

The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), most likely because of increased systemic inflammation. Prior research suggests that immunosuppressive medications may reduce the risk of CVD among RA patients. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of various immunosuppressive medications on the risk of cardiovascular events among a group of older patients with RA.

Methods

In this nested case–control study, the source cohort was derived from Medicare beneficiaries receiving a drug benefit from the state of Pennsylvania. These individuals were required to have been diagnosed as having RA on at least 2 visits and to have filled a prescription for an immunosuppressive agent. Cases were defined as those patients who were hospitalized for a cardiovascular event such as myocardial infarction or stroke, and 10 control subjects were matched to each case by age, sex, and calendar year of the index date (the time of the first cardiovascular event in each case). Current use of an immunosuppressive medication was defined as having filled a prescription for these agents within the 90 days prior to the index date. Multivariate logistic regression models that included important covariates were assessed to determine the risk of cardiovascular events associated with immunosuppressive agents and their combinations.

Results

Among the study cohort, we identified 3,501 RA patients who fulfilled our eligibility criteria. During followup of this cohort, 946 patients were hospitalized for a cardiovascular event. Although the 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were wide in adjusted risk regression models with methotrexate (MTX) monotherapy as the reference group, biologic immunosuppressive agents showed neither protective nor deleterious effects (with biologics monotherapy, odds ratio [OR] 1.0, 95% CI 0.5–1.9; with biologics plus MTX combination therapy, OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.3–2.0; and with biologics plus other immunosuppressive agents, OR 1.2, 95% CI 0.7–2.2). Monotherapy with oral glucocorticoids was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1 – 2.1), and a similar trend in the direction of risk was seen with glucocorticoid combination therapy (OR 1.3, 95% CI 0.8–2.0). Cytotoxic immunosuppressive agents other than MTX (azathioprine, cyclosporine, and leflunomide) were also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events (with both monotherapy and combination treatment, OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–3.0).

Conclusion

When compared with RA patients receiving MTX monotherapy, those receiving biologic immunosuppressive agents had neither an increased nor decreased risk of experiencing a cardiovascular event, whereas use of oral glucocorticoids and cytotoxic immunosuppressive agents was associated with significant increases in the risk of cardiovascular events.
Nucleus pulposus notochord cells secrete connective tissue growth factor and Up‐regulate proteoglycan expression by intervertebral disc chondrocytes
Authors: Erwin W. Mark , Ashman Keith , O'Donnel Paul , Inman Robert D.
Published: November 2006

Objective

To identify the components of conditioned medium obtained from intervertebral disc nucleus pulposus–derived canine notochord cells, and to evaluate the capacity of such factors to affect disc‐derived chondrocyte gene expression of aggrecan, versican, and hyaluronic acid synthase 2 (HAS‐2) as a function of culture conditions.

Methods

Canine notochord cells obtained from nonchondrodystrophic dogs were cultured within alginate beads under conditions of serum deficiency (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium [DMEM]) to produce notochord cell–conditioned medium (NCCM). NCCM was evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectroscopy. Bovine disc–derived chondrocytes were cultured with serum‐deficient medium (DMEM) and NCCM and assayed for the effect of tissue culture conditions on aggrecan, versican, and HAS‐2 gene expression. Next, chondrocyte gene expression for aggrecan was evaluated using DMEM containing recombinant connective tissue growth factor (rCTGF), and the results compared with those obtained using NCCM and DMEM.

Results

NCCM contained aggrecan, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, fibronectin, and CTGF precursor. Culture with NCCM caused an up‐regulation of aggrecan, versican, and HAS‐2 gene expression. NCCM induced aggrecan gene expression in chondrocytes at a level similar to that induced by 100–200 ng/ml rCTGF. Nonchondrodystrophic and chondrodystrophic canine notochord cells exhibited similar levels of CTGF gene expression.

Conclusion

Nucleus pulposus–derived notochord cells secrete CTGF (CCN2), a recently discovered multifunctional growth factor. There is no difference between CTGF gene expression in nonchondrodystrophic and chondrodystrophic canine notochord cells, suggesting a possible role of CTGF as an anabolic factor within the disc nucleus that is, to at least some degree, dependent on the population of notochord cells within the disc nucleus.
Extreme value analysis within a parametric outlier detection framework
Authors: Cabras S. , Morales J.
Published: November 2006

Threshold selection is a key aspect in extreme values analysis, especially when the sample size is small. The main idea underpinning this work is that extreme observations are assumed to be outliers of a specified parametric model. We propose a threshold selection method based on outlier detection using a suitable measure of surprise. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A versatile esterase from Bacillus subtilis: Cloning, expression, characterization, and its application in biocatalysis
Authors: Schmidt Marlen , Henke Erik , Heinze Birgit , Kourist Robert , Hidalgo Aurelio , Bornscheuer Uwe T.
Published: November 2006

An esterase from Bacillus subtilis DSM402 (BS2) was cloned and functionally expressed in E. coli. The enzyme is active up to 50°C, and the Vmax (1449 mM/min) and KM values (119 mM) were determined using p‐nitrophenyl acetate as substrate. BS2 belongs to the few hydrolases that can act on tertiary alcohols and was therefore used to resolve racemic acetates of selected tertiary alcohols, but also to selectively remove the tert‐butyl ester protecting group from peptides. In addition, the enzyme shows promiscuous amidase activity.
Effect of indole‐3‐acetic acid administration by gavage and by subcutaneous injection on rat leukocytes
Authors: Pugine Silvana M. P. , Brito Poliana de P. , Alba‐Loureiro Tatiane C. , Costa Ernane J. X. , Curi Rui , De Melo Mariza P.
Published: November 2006

This study was done to investigate the effect of indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) administered subcutaneously and by gavage on neutrophil function and cytotoxicity in neutrophils and lymphocytes. A gavage administration resulted in an increase in phagocytic capacity in neutrophils in a dose depended manner for 1 mg, 2 mg, 18 mg, and 40 mg of IAA per kg of body mass, respectively, compared with the control. Similarly, subcutaneous administration of IAA at 2, 18, and 40 mg per kg of body mass promoted a significant rise in phagocytosis by neutrophils. H2O2 production in neutrophils from treated rats by gavage was similar to those receiving subcutaneous IAA treatment, and did not show a significant difference between treatments and control. IAA treatment, whether by gavage or subcutaneous, did not produce an alteration in antioxidant enzyme activities or in glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase activity of either neutrophils or lymph nodes. Subcutaneous IAA administration did not alter the neutrophil and lymphocyte death as deduced by unaltered membrane integrity, DNA fragmentation and mitochondrial transmembrane potential, compared with controls. In conclusion, IAA administration either subcutaneously or by gavage could increase the phagocytic capacity by neutrophils and this acid administration did not have prooxidant effects or cytotoxic effects on neutrophils and lymphocytes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective Labeling of Proteins by Using Protein Farnesyltransferase
Authors: Duckworth Benjamin P. , Zhang Zhiyuan , Hosokawa Ayako , Distefano Mark D.
Published: November 2006

The challenging task of identifying and studying protein function has been greatly aided by labeling proteins with reporter groups. Here, we present a strategy that utilizes an enzyme that labels a four‐residue sequence appended onto the C terminus of a protein, with an alkyne‐containing substrate. By using a bio‐orthogonal cycloaddition reaction, a fluorophore that carried an azide moiety was then covalently coupled to the alkyne appended on the protein. FRET was used to calculate a Förster (R) distance of 40 Å between the eGFP chromophore and the newly appended Texas Red fluorophore. This experimental value is in good agreement with the predicted R value determined by using molecular modeling. The small recognition tag, the high specificity of the enzyme, and the orthogonal nature of the derivatization reaction will make this approach highly useful in protein chemistry.
Cover Picture: Identification of Labile UDP‐Ketosugars in Helicobacter pylori, Campylobacter jejuni and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Key Metabolites used to make Glycan Virulence Factors (ChemBioChem 12/2006)
Authors: McNally David J. , Schoenhofen Ian C. , Mulrooney Erin F. , Whitfield Dennis M. , Vinogradov Evgeny , Lam Joseph S. , Logan Susan M. , Brisson Jean‐Robert
Published: November 2006

The cover picture shows 3D models of the pyranose rings of UDP‐sugar metabolites that were identified by examining the PseB reaction from Helicobacter pylori by using NMR spectroscopy. PseB plays an important role in the biosynthesis of pseudaminic acid (Pse)—a sialic acid‐like sugar that is found on the flagella of H. pylori. Pse is essential for bacterial motility and as such is a virulence factor. Since, it is not found in humans, agents that interfere with Pse biosynthesis could offer therapeutic potential. Several bacteria produce sugars that are attractive therapeutic targets. However, their biosynthetic pathways can involve multiple enzymatic reactions that produce unstable metabolites in minute quantities. Examination of the WbjB and WbjC reactions from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the PglF reaction from C. jejuni and the PseB reaction from C. jejuni and H. pylori with NMR clarified biosynthetic pathways led to the identification of unstable metabolites that had not been previously observed. Further details can be found in the article by D. McNally et al. on p. 1865 ff.
Rh‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Arylboronic Acids with a Dynamic Library of Chiral tropos Phosphorus Ligands
Authors: Monti Chiara , Gennari Cesare , Piarulli Umberto
Published: November 2006

A library of 19 chiral tropos phosphorus ligands, based on a free‐to‐rotate (tropos) biphenol unit and a chiral P‐bonded alcohol (11 phosphites, 1‐P(O)2O to 11‐P(O)2O) or secondary amine (8 phosphoramidites, 12‐P(O)2N to 19‐P(O)2N), were screened, individually and in combinations of two, in the rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric conjugate addition of arylboronic acids to enones and enoates. High enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee) and excellent yields were obtained in the addition to either cyclic or acyclic substrates. The flexible biphenolic P ligands outperformed the analogous rigid binaphtholic P ligands. Variable‐temperature 31P NMR studies revealed that the biphenolic ligands are tropos even at low temperature. Only below 190 K was a coalescence observed; upon further cooling, two atropisomers were detected. The Rh homocomplexes ([Rh(La)2]+) were also studied: in general, a single doublet (P–Rh coupling) was observed in the case of the biphenolic phosphite ligands, over the temperature range 380–230 K, demonstrating their tropos nature in the rhodium complexes even at low temperatures. On the other hand, the phosphoramidites showed different behaviors depending on the structure of the ligand and on the nature of the rhodium source. The spectrum at 230 K of the mixture of [Rh(acac)(eth)2] (eth=C2H4) with phosphite 6‐P(O)2O and phosphoramidite 19‐P(O)2N (the most enantioselective ligand combination in the conjugate addition reaction) revealed the presence of four homocomplexes (total approximately 40 %: [Rh{6‐P(O)2O}2], [Rh{(aR)‐19‐P(O)2N}2], [Rh{(aS)‐19‐P(O)2N}2], [Rh{(aR)‐19‐P(O)2N}{(aS)‐19‐P(O)2N}]) and one heterocomplex, [Rh{6‐P(O)2O}{(aR)‐19‐P(O)2N}] (approximately 60 %) In the heterocomplex, the biphenol‐derived phosphite is free to rotate (tropos) while the biphenol‐derived phosphoramidite shows a temperature‐dependent tropos/atropos behavior (coalescence temperature=310 K).
One‐Electron versus Two‐Electron Mechanisms in the Oxidative Addition Reactions of Chloroalkanes to Amido‐Bridged Rhodium Complexes
Authors: Tejel Cristina , Ciriano Miguel A. , López José A. , Jiménez Sonia , Bordonaba Marta , Oro Luis A.
Published: November 2006

The compound syn‐[{Rh(μ‐NH{p‐tolyl})(CNtBu)2}2] (1) oxidatively adds CCl bonds of alkyl chlorides (RCl) and dichloromethane to each metal centre to give the cationic complexes syn‐[{Rh(μ‐NH{p‐tolyl})(η1‐R)(CNtBu)2}2(μ‐Cl)]Cl and anti‐[{Rh(μ‐NH{p‐tolyl})Cl(CNtBu)2}2(μ‐CH2)]. Reaction of 1 with the chiral alkyl chloride (−)‐(S)‐ClCH(Me)CO2Me (R*Cl) gave [{Rh(μ‐NH{p‐tolyl})(η1‐R*)(CNtBu)2}2(μ‐Cl)]Cl ([3]Cl) as an equimolecular mixture of the meso form (R,S)‐[3]Cl‐Cs and one enantiomer of the chiral form [3]Cl‐C2. This reaction, which takes place in two steps, was modeled step‐by‐step by reacting the mixed‐ligand complex syn‐[(cod)Rh(μ‐NH{p‐tolyl})2Rh(CNtBu)2] (4) with R*Cl, as a replica of the first step, to give [(cod)Rh(μ‐NH{p‐tolyl})2RhCl(η1‐R*)(CNtBu)2] (5) with racemization of the chiral carbon. Further treatment of 5 with CNtBu to give the intermediate [(CNtBu)2Rh(μ‐NH{p‐tolyl})2RhCl(η1‐R*)(CNtBu)2], followed by reaction with R*Cl reproduced the regioselectivity of the second step to give (R,S)‐[3]Cl‐Cs and [3]Cl‐C2 in a 1:1 molar ratio. Support for an SN2 type of reaction with inversion of the configuration in the second step was obtained from a similar sequence of reactions of 4 with ClCH2CO2Me first, then with CNtBu, and finally with R*Cl to give [(CNtBu)2(η1‐CH2R)Rh(μ‐NH{p‐tolyl})2(μ‐Cl)Rh(η1‐R*)(CNtBu)2]Cl (R = CO2Me, [7]Cl) as a single enantiomer with the R configuration at the chiral carbon. The reactions of 1 with (+)‐(S)‐XCH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3 (X = Br, I) gave the related complexes [{Rh(μ‐NH{p‐tolyl})(η1‐CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3)(CNtBu)2}2(μ‐X)]X, probably by following an SN2 profile in both steps.
One‐Step Fabrication and High Photocatalytic Activity of Porous TiO2 Hollow Aggregates by Using a Low‐Temperature Hydrothermal Method Without Templates
Authors: Liu Zhaoyang , Sun Darren D. , Guo Peng , Leckie James O.
Published: November 2006

Porous TiO2 hollow aggregates have been synthesized on a large scale by means of a simple hydrothermal method without using any templates. The as‐prepared products were characterized by means of field emission scanning electron microscopy, XRD, TEM, nitrogen adsorption, UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of the aggregates was demonstrated through the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B. Structural characterization indicates that the porous TiO2 aggregates are 500–800 nm in diameter and display mesoporous structure. The average pore sizes and BET surface areas of the aggregates are 12 nm and 168 m2 g−1, respectively. Optical adsorption investigations show that the aggregates possess an optical band‐gap energy of 3.36 eV. The as‐prepared products were substantially more effective photocatalysts than the commercially available photocatalyst P25. The dye degradation rate of the porous TiO2 hollow aggregates is more than twice that of P25. The high photoactivities of the aggregates can be attributed to the combined effects of several factors, namely, large surface areas, the existence of mesopores, and the high band‐gap energy. In addition, the as‐prepared products can be easily recycled.
Oxidation of Linear Trinuclear Ruthenium Complexes [Ru3(dpa)4Cl2] and [Ru3(dpa)4(CN)2]: Synthesis, Structures, Electrochemical and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Kuo Ching‐Kuo , Liu Isiah Po‐Chun , Yeh Chen‐Yu , Chou Chung‐Hsien , Tsao Ting‐Bin , Lee Gene‐Hsiang , Peng Shie‐Ming
Published: November 2006

The neutral, monocationic, and dicationic linear trinuclear ruthenium compounds [Ru3(dpa)4(CN)2], [Ru3(dpa)4(CN)2][BF4], [Ru3(dpa)4Cl2][BF4], and [Ru3(dpa)4Cl2][BF4]2 (dpa=the anion of dipyridylamine) have been synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. Cyclic voltammetric and spectroelectrochemical studies on the neutral and oxidized compounds are reported. These compounds undergo three successive metal‐centered one‐electron‐transfer processes. X‐ray structural studies reveal a symmetrical Ru3 unit for these compounds. While the metalmetal bond lengths change only slightly, the metalaxial ligand lengths exhibit a significant decrease upon oxidation of the neutral complex. The electronic configuration of the Ru3 unit changes as the axial chloride ligands are replaced by the stronger “π‐acid” cyanide axial ligands. Magnetic measurements and 1H NMR spectra indicate that [Ru3(dpa)4Cl2] and [Ru3(dpa)4Cl2][BF4]2 are in a spin state of S=0 and [Ru3(dpa)4Cl2][BF4], [Ru3(dpa)4(CN)2], and [Ru3(dpa)4(CN)2][BF4] are in spin states of S=1/2, 1, and 3/2, respectively. These results are consistent with molecular orbital (MO) calculations.
A sufficient condition of controllability of RLCM active networks over F(z)
Authors: Lu Kai‐Sheng
Published: November 2006

This paper defines the separability of an RLCM active network and finds a sufficient condition that the active network is controllable and observable over F(z) if its passive network is controllable and observable over F(z). So the controllability (observability) criteria in (Proc. IEEE ISCAS, 2005) can be used to analyse and design active networks. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reticular Nickel Microwires with Assembled Nanostructures: Synthesis, Magnetism and Catalysis for the Growth of Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Ni Xiaomin , Zhao Qingbiao , Zhang Yongfeng , Zheng Huagui
Published: November 2006

Reticular nickel microwires assembled from different‐shaped building blocks are fabricated by a simple, one‐pot method in the absence of any surfactants or external magnetic field. The synthetic process involves the chemical reduction of a nickel complex with hydrazine under controlled reaction conditions. Our strategy focuses on the modulation of the reaction rate to control the shape of the subunits and their spontaneous assembly behavior, which avoids the need for surfactants or an external force. The nickel wires can be reproducibly created with the assistance of various complexants, such as citrate, tartrate, lactate, ethylenediamine, triethanolamine and diethanolamine, which proves the generality of this method. These nickel wires show variable magnetic properties and catalysis for the growth of carbon nanotubes in pyrolyzing acetone due to the nature of their microstructures. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)