bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Addressee agreement and clitic raising in Kiunguja Swahili
Authors: Carstens Vicki
Published: December 2022

I analyze the plural addressee suffix -eni in Kiunguja Swahili as the head of an AddresseeP. -Eni selects vP, out of which the verb raises to host this suffix. Close inspection provides insights into several aspects of Kiunguja syntax. -Eni routinely co-occurs with a second person singular object marker ku- on the verb despite its plural addressee interpretation. I argue that this mismatch is due to doubling of a conjoined object: [yousing & X]. I provide an analysis in terms of clitic raising of the second singular object pronoun onto the verb. The resulting ku- -eni construction is an apparent violation of the general ban on agreement with singular conjuncts, but not an actual one, since the OM turns out not to be agreement. It is a genuine violation of the Coordinate Structure Constraint, however, which I’ve argued is made possible by the relation Agree (-eni, &P). Eni also encodes the features of a plural addressee of an imperative or exhortative (e.g. ‘Let’s go!’ with plural addressee). The facts motivate an analysis of exhortatives in which addressee features are variable and formally distinct from those of the 1st person speaker, modifying Zanuttini et al (2012).
A morphosyntactic account of agreement in Mara
Authors: Bhattacharya Tanmoy , Sharma Jyoti
Published: December 2022

This chapter looks at Mara, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the state of Mizoram in Northeast India, across the following paradigms: (i) direct and inverse alignment of agreement affixes; (ii) person-number feature discontinuous split; and (iii) negation affecting inversion. The analysis is based on a morphosyntactic approach towards multiple agreement and is shown to be superior to a purely syntactic one, since such an approach can account for the (default) prefixal as well as suffixal orders of agreement affixes in the language. The system set-up involves syntactic operations of bottom-up Agree cycles from v-to-T, which are conditioned by person-number hierarchy and by the presence of negation. In the morphological component two operations, namely, a relativized sub-φ-structure vocabularization and Flipping, are proposed, which work in tandem with syntax by operating on the Spell-Out structures generated by the Agree cycles syntax and derive the desired orders of affixes.
Object marking in Bantu
Authors: Riedel Kristina
Published: December 2022

The status of object markers in Bantu languages has been the subject of debate since the seminal work of Joan Besnan and Sam Mchombo which treated object markers as nominal elements. Since then, an alternative view has emerged, analysing Bantu object marking as a reflex of agreement. However, much new data has become available in the decade since, including detailed studies of languages like Zulu and Bukusu as well as comparative work. Advances have also been made in describing and analysing related areas of morphosyntax and agreement processes in Bantu languages more generally. This chapter offers a synthesis of this work and its implications on the analysis of object marking in Bantu, concluding in a favour of a general agreement analysis for requiring dislocation with agreement in some Bantu languages
Asymmetric symmetry in Tigrinya object marking
Authors: Overfelt Jason
Published: December 2022

This chapter argues that, despite initial appearances, Tigrinya (Ethio-Semitic, Eritrea and Northern Ethiopia; SOV) is an asymmetric object language that employs two distinct ditransitive frames. It is argued that these frames are obscured by a surface ambiguity, but are reliably betrayed by the observed object-marking patterns. This analysis provides a way of understanding some unexpected optionality of object marking in ditransitive constructions. It also correctly predicts that various interpretive and structural asymmetries correlate with the observed object-marking pattern. Object marking in Tigrinya, which shows surface symmetry but deep asymmetry, therefore serves a cautionary role in the classification of languages as either symmetric or asymmetric.
DOM and other object-marking strategies
Authors: Irimia Monica Alexandrina , Roessler Eva-Maria
Published: December 2022

Recent accounts have argued, for a variety of unrelated languages, that more than one case assigner or more than one syntactic licensing operation is needed for certain types of nominals (Brattico 2011, Matushansky 2012, Vainikka and Brattico 2014, Forbes 2020, Oxford 2019, Irimia in press, a.o.). Here we discuss structural aspects of differential objects in a set of genetically unrelated languages from Romance, Indo-Aryan, Tupí-Guaraní, and southwestern Basque, examining their interaction with other object licensing strategies. We propose that the licensing of certain types of differential objects, including those signalled with oblique morphology (oblique DOM), involve the presence of an additional functional projection beyond the regular Case assigner valuing [uCase]. This additional licenser acts in conjunction with the initial Case assigner/licenser on nominals which contain an additional discourse-linking ([person]) feature (related to grammaticalized animacy and specificity), beyond [uCase]. One consequence is that in some of the languages discussed here the initial [uCase] strategy, which might result in object agreement, can surface concomitantly with oblique DOM.
Introduction
Authors: Howarth David , James Scott
Published: December 2022

Chapter 1 begins by introducing the puzzle of bank structural reform. In the wake of the global financial crisis, the problem of too-big-to-fail banks proved to be one of the most difficult and divisive to resolve. Unlike most areas of post-crisis banking regulation, there was little attempt to coordinate efforts to address the issue through bank structural reform—namely, restrictions on banks’ ability to engage in higher-risk trading activities through structural separation and/or prohibitions on proprietary trading. The central aim of the book is to understand why six jurisdictions with banking systems that are among the world’s largest pursued such divergent approaches, despite significant political pressures to engage in structural reform. The chapter reviews the important similarities and differences across our six cases—the US, UK, EU, France, Germany, and the Netherlands—to justify our comparative method. Next it summarizes the limitations of existing scholarship in this area as a justification for the book. The chapter then assesses alternative explanations rooted in political economy and political science, concluding that none provides an adequate account of regulatory variation in bank structural reform. The final sections provide a detailed summary of our argument, explain the rationale for the book, and include an overview of the structure.
A Comparative Financial Power Approach
Authors: Howarth David , James Scott
Published: December 2022

Chapter 2 develops our theoretical framework. It begins by reviewing explanations in international and comparative political economy, and theories of business power, to explain why they offer an inadequate account of patterns of bank structural reform across advanced economies. To address these limitations, we turn to the literature on interest group lobbying, which points to the importance of the relational context and ‘financial unity’ as key determinants of financial power, and from which we derive our first hypothesis about variation in the stringency of structural reform. This section also draws on theories of interest representation to specify our empirical expectations about cross-national variation, differentiating between ‘competitive’ and ‘cooperative’ forms of financial power. Next, the chapter considers the institutional context of financial power, reviewing theories of agenda setting and venue shifting to derive our second hypothesis about the (de)politicization of banking reform. The final section pulls these insights together by presenting our comparative financial power framework: combining the two explanatory variables—interest group lobbying and venue shifting—to produce a two-by-two typology of different banking reform outcomes: durable, contested, symbolic, and no reform.
Germany
Authors: Howarth David , James Scott
Published: December 2022

Chapter 6 considers the structural reform introduced in Germany through the Trennbankengesetz (Bank Separation Law) in 2013, which had little impact on most German banks’ trading activities. This was in spite of commitments made by Chancellor Angela Merkel to tackle the issue of too-big-to-fail in the wake of the crisis, and sustained political pressure from the main opposition Social Democratic Party in the run-up to the September 2013 legislative elections. Our central argument is that the limited ringfencing reforms introduced by the German government can be attributed to cooperative financial power and the absence of venue shifting. Despite the fragmented, multi-tiered structure of the German banking industry, it was nonetheless capable of wielding significant unified collective influence within the policy process. This influence was channelled through multiple centralized associations representing the commercial, cooperative and savings, and regional banking sectors. These associations formed a powerful alliance in opposition to structural reform, bolstered by the support of the politically influential SME sector. Although the government sought to manage the reform agenda through existing committee structures, it could not be entirely insulated from political pressures—hence the largely symbolic reform designed to appease public anger while inflicting minimal economic costs on the sector.
Thermoregulation in Odonata
Authors: Castillo-Pérez Ulises , May Michael L. , Córdoba-Aguilar Alex
Published: December 2022

Odonates are prime subjects to study both the mechanisms of thermoregulation and the ecological and evolutionary responses to global climate change. Odonates use behavioral, color, and physiological strategies (e.g. using their subcuticular tracheal air sacs) to modulate internal temperature. These mechanisms can be used simultaneously and have been mainly studied in anisopteran and zygopteran adults and so there is an open niche for investigating such mechanisms in larvae. Although fairly resilient compared to other insects, adult odonates with dark colors and/or narrow thermal limits face local extinction, based on results from multi- and single species studies. Finally, we invite our readers to foster research on the following topics: a) genetics of thermoregulation; b) thermoregulation mechanisms; c) trade-offs between thermoregulation ability and other traits; and d) using odonates in the field to stimulate cultural awareness about the effects of climate on insects.
Odonata trophic ecology
Authors: Arnaud Sentis , Kari Kaunisto , Lenin Chari , André Morrill , Olga Popova , Justin Pomeranz , David Boukal , Nedim Tüzün , Robby Stoks
Published: December 2022

Trophic interactions are at the core of several key ecological processes and theories as they determine the flow of material and energy within and across communities and habitats. Odonates provide a rich and diverse taxonomic group with several features (e.g. trophic position, hunting behavior, olfaction) that make them a very interesting biological model for the study of trophic interactions in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Moreover, odonates undergo incomplete metamorphosis with aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults, which provides opportunities to investigate ontogenetic diet variation and trophic links between aquatic and terrestrial systems. They are also important predators regulating prey populations and mediating community processes such as trophic cascades. Finally, recent studies on odonates have pioneered whether local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity can counterbalance the negative impacts of global change on resource acquisition and fitness. This chapter reviews recent studies investigating the trophic features and role of odonates in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems as well as their importance for investigating the impact of global change on trophic ecology, local adaption, and community processes. Many of the insights highlighted in this chapter go beyond odonates and have helped to advance key concepts in trophic ecology.
Odonata assemblages in human-modified landscapes
Authors: Smith Brenda D. , Villalobos-Jiménez Giovanna , Mary Ann C. Perron , Sahlén Göran , Assandri Giacomo , Vilenica Marina , Calvão Lenize Batista , Juen Leandro , Cerini Francesco , Bried Jason T.
Published: December 2022

Human activities such as logging, agriculture, and urbanization can drastically change and limit Odonata species distributions in aquatic and terrestrial environments. These modifications may culminate in extirpations of rare and resident species and homogenization of community composition across space. This chapter reviews how human land use is (re)shaping odonate assemblages and focuses on the impacts from logging, agriculture, and urbanization. Deeper appreciation and analysis of regulatory mechanisms (e.g. vulnerability traits, species interactions, phylogenetic niche conservatism) and background “noise” (e.g. natural heterogeneity, climate change, historical context) will be important in understanding and predicting odonate community responses to ongoing and future landscape alteration.
Madness in the Family
Authors: Kim H. Yumi
Published: December 2022

Madness in the Family shows how the family was central in providing care and shaping understandings of madness in turn-of-the-twentieth-century Japan. Despite the spread of Japanese psychiatry in the late nineteenth century, the caregiving obligations of families intensified. Without the social welfare policies necessary to make psychiatry accessible to the broader public, the burden of care continued to fall on families, especially women. When women fell ill, they drew on their experiences of the intimacies of kinship to make sense of their mental and emotional afflictions, producing vernacular understandings of madness that resisted popular notions of women’s innate pathologies. Madness in the Family traces how women and families navigated unprecedented and shifting medical, spiritual, legal, and commercial landscapes, from the countryside where fox spirits were said to overtake human minds and cage-like structures confined those considered mentally ill at home, to urban areas where feminized illnesses like hysteria became popularized and the criminal courtroom where female defendants were assessed for menstruation-induced mental abnormalities. Across these diverse sites, women and families produced a distinct set of gendered ideas and practices concerning care, bodies, and illness that would lay the groundwork for the designation of the family from the post–World War II period until today as the most “natural” locus of care for those suffering from mental and emotional afflictions.
Secrecy Comes to the Smithsonian
Authors: Regis Ed
Published: December 2022

The chapter describes the origin of the Pacific Project as well as the origin of the Smithsonian Institution. In the fall of 1962, at the height of the Cold War, officers representing the three main military services, the army, the navy, and the air force, arrived at the Smithsonian Institution, in Washington. The officers were from the Deseret Test Center, a new military installation in Fort Douglas, Utah. The chapter describes how these officers outlined a biological survey of various Pacific islands that they wanted to be undertaken. They were not forthcoming with their motives in wanting the survey, but Smithsonian officials volunteered to perform the survey using their own scientists and others to be hired as needed.
Prequels
Authors: Regis Ed
Published: December 2022

The chapter describes the discovery of the Pacific and two scientific expeditions of its waters that preceded this one; it also describes the respective accomplishments of the two prequels. The first was the United States South Seas Exploring Expedition, informally known as the “Ex. Ex.” It was also known as “the Wilkes Expedition,” after its commander, Charles Wilkes. The second prequel to the POBSP was the Tanager Expedition of 1923. It was led by Alexander Wetmore, an ornithologist and avian paleontologist who later became secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. The South Seas Expedition gathered a total of forty tons of specimens, some of which became part of the earliest collection of artifacts to be put on display in the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. Members of the Tanager Expedition did a significant amount of ecological restoration work on one of the islands in the Hawaiian chain, Laysan. They also exterminated the island’s rabbits, which had largely denuded Laysan of its once profuse vegetation. The chapter ends by describing the precise areas of the Pacific within which the bulk of the POBSP’s survey work was to be conducted.
Project 112
Authors: Regis Ed
Published: December 2022

Quoting from declassified government documents, the chapter describes the several steps by which the Pacific Ocean Biological Survey Program (POBSP) came into being. It was authorized by US president John F. Kennedy and his defense secretary, Robert McNamara. They wanted to do a total re-examination of the nation’s abilities to wage warfare and to avoid reliance on nuclear bombs. As part of this effort, McNamara authorized a study of chemical and biological warfare: this was the so-called Project 112, which would be implemented by the Deseret Test Center. Under the provisions of Project 112, it would be the Smithsonian’s role to discover which islands of the Pacific were most suitable for biological weapons tests, while the bioweapons tests themselves would be conducted by members of Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense). The chapter also describes the origin of the army’s requirement that the weapons tests pose no hazards to the human, animal, or plant life or have protracted effects on the environment. Finally, the chapter shows that recent scientific studies of the transmissibility of diseases by wild birds make it doubtful that infected birds flying to human population centers could cause widespread disease or deaths.
Introduction
Authors: Kling David W.
Published: December 2022

The introductory chapter provides a rationale for the book, arguing that an understanding of the history of Christianity requires a knowledge of the multitudinous ways that the Bible has been interpreted throughout Christian history. As an interdisciplinary study of history, theology, and biblical studies, this book addresses the history of ten texts—in some cases a single text, in others clusters of related texts, and in still others, whole chapters or large portions of a book in the Bible. Each chapter is shaped roughly like an hourglass. That is, the history of a text is traced on either side of a particular episode in which the text is appropriated by an individual or a community and undergoes an innovative interpretation. This critical juncture—the neck of the hourglass—becomes the primary focus of attention in each chapter. Selected episodes illustrate the varied application of scriptural texts related to church polity, theology, missiology, ethics, and religious experience. Some texts have been a course of comfort; others have been a source of social transformation; still others have been the basis of revolutionary behavior.
“Love Your Enemies”
Authors: Kling David W.
Published: December 2022

This chapter focuses on the emergence of the Anabaptist peace tradition during the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation and explores various expressions of this tradition extending into the present. The chapter examines controversies surrounding Anabaptist historiography, considers the Anabaptists’ understanding of “the sword” in the Bible, and focuses on the importance of the person of Jesus and his teachings (particularly the Sermon on the Mount) as the ethical rationale for pacifism and a nonviolent ethic. The chapter ends with a discussion of the nonviolent ethic articulated in the writings of John Howard Yoder, a prominent scholar within the Mennonite community whose influence extended well beyond the Anabaptist orbit.
Crockett, Hard Cider, and the Whigs’ Rustic Turn
Authors: Suval John
Published: December 2022

By the late 1830s, Squatter Democracy, in style and substance, had become a dominant strain in American politics. Whigs began appropriating the trappings of their rivals’ signature brand, first by stoking the legend of one of their own—a brash congressman from western Tennessee named David Crockett—and then by waging a “log cabin and hard cider” campaign in 1840 that landed western war hero William Henry Harrison in the White House. Whigs then played a leading role in passing the landmark Preemption Act of 1841, which legalized squatting on a mass scale. Meanwhile, the emergence of southwestern humor as a genre ushered in the age of the picaresque squatter, a member of an “original race” in the West distinguished by violent swagger and spicy speech—qualities embodied by the fictional Davy Crockett, who was quite different from the man who died at the Alamo.
Manufacturing Destiny
Authors: Suval John
Published: December 2022

American emigrants capitalized on the ideology of Manifest Destiny and settler-friendly land policies to claim Oregon from Great Britain, making US acquisition of that territory a crowning achievement of Squatter Democracy. But the war with Mexico, which broke out at the same time, struck even some of the most ardent expansionists as dangerous overreach. For many northerners, the commencement of hostilities confirmed suspicions that proslavery men firmly held the reins of the Democracy. Determined to draw a line in the sand, Democratic congressman David Wilmot offered a proviso in August 1846 barring slavery from any territory gained from Mexico and heralding the rise of the Free Soil movement. Lewis Cass responded with the doctrine of popular sovereignty, calling for settlers to decide the slavery question. Squatters ceased being dependably Democratic pioneers who planted the American flag on Pacific shores and became politically unpredictable arbiters of slavery’s future.
Squatterdom
Authors: Suval John
Published: December 2022

Robert J. Walker did not want to become governor of Kansas Territory, but when President Buchanan pleaded, he relented. A progenitor of Squatter Democracy, he professed an unshakable commitment to letting the people of Kansas determine the status of slavery. From the moment he arrived, his every move became grist for rumor and recrimination. If he interacted with free-state men, the South cried foul. If he was seen in proslavery quarters, the free staters registered displeasure. Preaching strict neutrality on slavery and arguing that peace would open fields of opportunity for all, Walker clung to popular sovereignty. But ongoing electoral fraud by Border Ruffians and the resulting proslavery Lecompton Constitution compelled him finally to take a stand for democracy, hastening a rupture with Buchanan. The forsaken governor’s resignation left the Party of Jackson on the brink of collapse and Kansas and the nation on a war footing.
Coming Up the Hard Way
Authors: Brown Ashley
Published: December 2022

This chapter discusses the hardships Althea Gibson endured in her childhood. Eschewing the “politics of respectability” in her public accounts of her early life, Gibson diverged sharply from the entrenched script of gentility and femininity that society expected women, especially race-conscious Black women, to follow in living, and in telling the stories of, their lives. That Gibson not only defied gender norms in her youth but looked back in adulthood with neither shame nor apology for fighting, committing acts of daring and disobedience, displaying tactics of self-reliance and self-defense, and experiencing physical and emotional pain during a tough upbringing in Harlem all marked her as decidedly non-conformist. Gibson’s father, Daniel—the major male figure in her early life—encouraged her way of thinking and gave her boxing lessons. The chapter details Gibson’s experiences as a young Black girl against the backdrop of segregation and the Great Migration.
Changeover
Authors: Brown Ashley
Published: December 2022

This chapter begins by describing how Althea Gibson played as much tennis as possible in the six weeks leading up to Forest Hills in 1956. She then participated in the O’Keefe Invitation Tennis Tournament in Toronto and the Pacific Southwest Tennis Championship in Los Angeles. Gibson’s status as an outsider was undeniable during her time in Los Angeles; she was the only Black player in the tournament. After Los Angeles, she played the Colorado State Championship in Denver. The chapter then looks at Gibson’s position as a Black celebrity and how World Tennis used a solo portrait of her for its November cover, her first for an American magazine. The World Tennis cover was a welcome change in mainstream media coverage of Gibson that fall. The chapter considers how the State Department found Gibson plenty suitable for its purposes in Australia. At the request of the Australian Lawn Tennis Association, Gibson played in the country’s four most important tournaments. However, Gibson drew heavy criticism in the Australian press and faced the issue of sexism.
How Documentaries Work
Authors: Bricca Jacob
Published: December 2022

How Documentaries Work breaks down the hidden conventions of the documentary film in accessible language for film students and documentary enthusiasts alike. The chapters on “Narrative” and “Meaning” show how documentaries use story constructions borrowed from fiction filmmaking and combine elements from disparate sources in order to prosecute their stories, while chapters on “Flow” and “Time” illuminate the precise mechanics of how the flow of information in a documentary is regulated to produce a specific result in the mind of the viewer. Other chapters on “Titles,” “Music,” and “Sound” break the documentary down into component parts that can be analyzed independently. Throughout the text, excerpts from interviews with documentary producers, directors, and craftspeople help to illuminate the concepts and deliver behind-the-scenes insights. It contains examples from over one hundred contemporary documentaries and covers a wide variety of contemporary nonfiction work, including docuseries, television documentaries, unscripted series, and contemporary avant-garde documentaries.
Presence Framing
Authors: Bricca Jacob
Published: December 2022

Chapter 4 introduces the term “presence framing” (or “the framing of presence”) as the way in which documentaries arrange their materials for the audience in order to suggest a particular interpretation of the onscreen relationship between the participants, the camera, and the filmmaker. Some documentaries use observational framing, cutting out all references to the act of filming and creating a world in which it appears that the camera was never seen or noticed by the participants. Participatory framing, by contrast, acknowledges the presence of the filmmaker to some degree, either by implication (since the interviewees are talking to someone offscreen) or more explicitly by having the participants interact with the filmmaker onscreen or talk to them offscreen. The reflexive frame critiques the entire filmmaking project by throwing attention onto the illusory nature of all documentary filmmaking. The role of the narrator is discussed in the context of presence framing, and the ways in which filmmakers alter the outcome of the events they portray are elaborated upon. The concept of the semi-staged scene is introduced, in which participants appear to discuss things between themselves but have in fact been directed to do so.
Time
Authors: Bricca Jacob
Published: December 2022

Chapter 6 details how documentaries manipulate the experience of time for the audience. Most documentaries speak in the present tense with narration and title cards, engaging in a subtle but important manipulation that encourages the audience to feel as though the action is happening right in front of them rather than in the past. When cuts are made, footage is often strung together out of sequence in order to reinforce this illusion; for instance, verité shots are manipulated to make it seem as though the film was shot with multiple cameras when in fact usually only one camera is employed. When a documentary wishes to provide a fast-moving experience, it may play things in a mode called accelerated verité. When interleaving is used, scenes are intermingled so that multiple strands of time are proceeding simultaneously.
"The Amazing Iroquois" and the Invention of the Empire State
Authors: Winters John C.
Published: December 2022

“The Amazing Iroquois” follows the lives of an extended Seneca family from the American Revolution to the Cold War. It explores how Red Jacket, Ely S. Parker, Harriet Maxwell Converse (adopted), and Arthur C. Parker became agents in the invention of the historical, political, and cultural conceptions of the Empire State. Each was one of the most popular indigenous celebrities of their respective age, so they were in a unique position to shape white New Yorker’s conception of self by rewriting and representing their peoples’ history on their own terms. From indigenous imperial politics to pioneering museum exhibitions, each was able to package and deliver Iroquois stories to the public in defiance of the contemporary racial stereotypes and settler colonial politics that threatened to bury them. Because of their skill, the advantages of celebrity, and the timely intervention of Iroquois leadership, these competing forces came together to create a popular and long-lasting historical memory. The Iroquois became an obvious and foundational part of New York’s own exceptional state history and self-identification. This is a story of how four members of an extended Seneca family worked within and used the tools of a colonial culture to shape aspects of contemporary New York culture in their own peoples’ image. The result was the creation of “The Amazing Iroquois,” an historical memory shaped by a combination of indigenous self-definition, colonial expectations about racial stereotypes and Native American politics, and the personalities of the people who did so much to shape it.
Conclusion
Authors: Winters John C.
Published: December 2022

On May 17, 2021, the Red Jacket Peace Medal was repatriated by the Buffalo History Museum to the Seneca-Iroquois National Museum. As Seneca Nation President Matthew Pagels explained, the “medal represents what lives inside each and every Seneca person: the heart of a sovereign and our rightful recognition as such.” The Peace Medal and its long history are a fundamental part of Seneca national identity, a memory shaped by Red Jacket, Ely Parker, Harriet Converse, and Arthur Parker. This repatriation reveals the influence of these four on the long and complex, but ultimately indigenous, legacy of Iroquois exceptionalism.
The Problem of Islam
Authors: Hamid Shadi
Published: December 2022

Chapter 3 addresses the role of Islam and how Muslim-majority societies, contrary to popular belief, are well suited to democracy if not necessarily in practice then in theory. The “problem” of Islam is at least in part a problem of liberalism—the fear, often unstated or implicit, that the more democracy there is, the less liberalism there will be.
Introduction
Authors: Hsia Ke-Chin
Published: December 2022

The Introduction argues for the importance to examine how late Imperial Austria and the First Austrian Republic provided care and welfare for citizen-soldiers disabled in military service and dead soldier’s surviving dependents. The era of the First World War stands at the center of this study, but the wartime arrangements and early postwar programs represented both the continuation of longer-term trends and revolutionary changes in and after 1918. Placing this history of Austrian welfare for war victims in the historiographical context of war victim welfare in other First World War belligerent countries, of late Imperial Austrian state-citizen relations, and of the European welfare state and social citizenship more generally, the introduction lays out the intellectual agenda and the structure of the book. The Introduction also discusses the terminology, methodology, and the main line of argument that seeks to de-exoticize Habsburg Central Europe.
War Victims as a New Power Factor
Authors: Hsia Ke-Chin
Published: December 2022

At the end of war, war victims themselves seized the opportunity and became a driving force behind the unfolding events. Transforming from an abstract population/administrative category to a formidable social movement outside of the milieu party (Lager) structures, the chapter argues that war victims formed a “partnership of the weak” with the republican state in the early months of the Austrian Revolution. The partnership gave organized war victims the right to participate in important welfare policy-making and decision-making processes, but it also constrained and moderated their activism. Working together, state officials and the Zentralverband created new welfare politics from both the top down and the bottom up
Introduction
Authors: Weiser Peg Brand
Published: December 2022

The Introduction provides a historical and literary context for the examination of Albert Camus’s 1947 fictional novel, The Plague, to suggest its relevance to our own lived experiences of the 2021 Covid-19 pandemic that brought the routines and expectations of our normal, daily lives to an unprecedented halt. Details of Camus’s life and work inform our reading of the narrative that give rise to multiple interpretations as well as intriguing questions of scholarly inquiry: How realistic are the characters? Does solidarity eventually triumph over isolation? Does the popular novel inspire social change or fail in its aspirations? Facing the absurdity of a similarly unwelcome and unpredictable disease, have we managed our fear of death more successfully than the citizens of Oran? An overview of authors’ contributions sets the stage for new and unique perspectives: an invitation for readers to reflect upon our communal experience of immense grief.
Present in Effacement
Authors: Schultz Jane E.
Published: December 2022

Camus’s consignment of women to minor roles in The Plague provides a prehistory of professional angst and staff shortages in the Covid-19 pandemic. The narrator’s depiction of gender imbalance functions as a metaphor for plague. It also replicates the twentieth-century medical discourse of heroic physicians with nameless patients and subordinate staff, enacting a medical gaze that reduces female characters to conventional, low-status roles and obscures their participation in the civic cause of fighting the plague. Camus’s emphasis on Dr. Rieux’s heroism and optimism in the face of suffering flattens gender distinctions instead of creating sustainable, egalitarian community bonds. The gender disparities at the heart of the novel provide a systemic prequel to the devaluation of nursing and frontline jobs that plague the current pandemic.
The Meaning of a Pandemic
Authors: Edgar Andrew
Published: December 2022

This chapter explores Camus’s Myth of Sisyphus and The Plague to argue that plagues, and by implication pandemics, may be understood as examples of absurdity. The absurd may be understood as a more or less encompassing moment of meaninglessness that throws into question our habitual, taken-for-granted understandings of the world within which we live. While Myth advocates a capitulation to the absurd by accepting the meaninglessness of existence, The Plague advocates a more proactive position, in that its principal characters struggle to make new sense of their lives in the face of the plague. The problem of narrating the experience of plague is at the heart of the novel. The Plague may thereby be read as having important implications for how people have responded to Covid-19, specifically as a challenge to the habitual understanding of their lives and, akin to Camus’s plague, by anticipating a new and better future.
Horror and Natural Evil in The Plague
Authors: Freeland Cynthia A.
Published: December 2022

The Plague is a record of great suffering. Children thrash with painful buboes, families are separated, and victims cough up clots of blood. Horrors proliferate, from the initial rat invasions and deaths to burial pits emitting the putrid smoke of human cremations. Here nature is indifferent at best. Camus describes natural phenomena as portents of doom: especially the relentless winds buffeting the town. My chapter places Camus’s novel within the context of what I have elsewhere called “natural horror,” a genre with no identifiable monster but suffused with dread. I discuss how rats and bats function in horror works like Dracula and in The Plague, as well as in our current pandemic, as “zoonotic villains,” symbols of malevolence. Finally, I assess the response Camus recommends to what his narrator Dr. Rieux calls the “ridiculous and hideous injustice” of the world.
Competing Obligations
Authors: Clarke Frances M. , Plant Rebecca Jo
Published: December 2022

Precedents established during the War of 1812 set the stage for Civil War–era debates over underage enlistment. Faced with critical manpower shortages, Democratic Republicans in Congress tried to lower the age at which a youth could enlist without the consent of his parent, guardian, or master from twenty-one to eighteen. Critics of the proposed legislation strongly objected, arguing that it undercut citizens’ rightful claims to minor sons, wards, and apprentices and unfairly favored states with large slave populations. They argued that southern planters would rebel if the US government laid claim to slaves; why, then, should industrious farmers and mechanics be expected to surrender their most valuable source of labor? This heated debate over minor enlistees raised critical questions concerning the exercise of political, military, and household authority that remained unresolved at the war’s end.
Preserving the Seed Corn
Authors: Clarke Frances M. , Plant Rebecca Jo
Published: December 2022

Although the Confederacy was often accused of enlisting males “from cradle to grave,” its leaders in fact expressed great anxiety about the dangers of youth enlistment. These fears had their origins in the antebellum era, when the slaveholding elite observed the free states’ rapid population growth with alarm, while also worrying about potentially being outnumbered by the African Americans they enslaved. These deep-seated demographic fears alerted Confederate leaders to the dangers of “grinding the seed corn”—sacrificing the generation that would need to build and sustain the new nation after the war. Even when the Confederate Congress lowered the conscription age by one year in 1864, it stipulated that seventeen-year-olds would serve in separate reserve units, not the regular army. Viewing youth as a scarce resource to be conserved, the Confederate leadership never accepted the militarization of underage boys as the price they would have to pay for independence.
God Has Opened the Eyes of the Wise-Hearted Dr. Jenner
Authors: Brown Jeremy
Published: December 2022

Before it was finally eradicated in the 1970s, smallpox was a deadly disease, which killed millions and maimed those who survived. This chapter focuses on several little-known rabbinic responses to the smallpox inoculation and the newer vaccine introduced by Jenner, and on Abraham ben Solomon of Hamburg’s book Oleh Terufah (Leaf of Healing) published in 1785. The chapter also describes the antisemitic attacks claiming that Jenner’s vaccine was a Jewish plot to infect the population and concludes with the fight against smallpox in the early years of the State of Israel.
Your Hand Lay Heavily on the Inhabitants of This Land
Authors: Brown Jeremy
Published: December 2022

Of all the pandemics that effected Jewish communities, none was as well documented as cholera. It was also the first pandemic in the era of rapid medical discoveries, like the widespread acceptance of the germ theory of disease. This chapter will review the changing attitudes of Jewish communities and their leaders toward these scientific advances in the light of Jewish folk medicine and a continued belief in the power of amulets and prayers. To place all this into context, the tumultuous history is described of the attempts in both England and America to proclaim a general day of fasting and prayer in response to the cholera outbreak of 1832. The chapter concludes with an examination of several rabbinic rulings made in response to cholera, including one in which, in the face of a deadly cholera epidemic, congregants were instructed not to fast on Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement.
So They Will Not Be Depressed
Authors: Brown Jeremy
Published: December 2022

This chapter examines one of the most remarkable Jewish responses to pandemics. In the towns and shtetls of eastern Europe and Israel, communities would marry two orphans under a black canopy in a cemetery. This act was believed to end a pandemic. The custom spread to North America, where, in response to the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918, Plague Weddings were held in New York, Philadelphia, and Winnipeg. The unusual history of this practice is traced, as well as the controversy that it engendered. The chapter demonstrates that the custom was far more widespread than previously thought, and it ends with a description of the first Plague Wedding held in over 80 years. It took place in a cemetery in Israel in March 2020 in an effort to end the COVID-19 pandemic.
A Plague of Biblical Proportions
Authors: Brown Jeremy
Published: December 2022

This chapter reviews the many responses of Judaism, in all of its many modern manifestations, to the COVID-19 pandemic. We examine new rulings that allowed a remarkable degree of religious flexibility, even among orthodox Jews, and look for their origins in some of the pandemic responses of the last 500 years. New questions arose about many aspects of Jewish law, like how to run a prayer service, whether teachers should continue to receive a salary, and when to get the COVID-19 vaccine. This chapter also examines how the Conservative and Reform movements addressed the challenge of keeping Jewish practice alive during the pandemic and how COVID-19 affected Judaism in the State of Israel.
Conclusions
Authors: Brown Jeremy
Published: December 2022

This chapter reviews the findings of this study, demonstrating a far more intricate relationship between Judaism and the world of infectious disease than had previously been thought. With this new understanding, readers will see how Judaism developed not only in response to external persecutions and internal intellectual expressions, but also as a result of the vagaries of the natural world, in which pandemics were as much a part of Jewish life as the weather. This book has uncovered a new pandemic history of the Jewish people, one in which life was lived against a backdrop of plagues. Of course, not all of Jewish history can be understood through the lens of pandemics. Instead, this understanding of the pandemic history of the Jewish people has added a new dimension to Jewish history, one that, until now, had been virtually overlooked.
Introduction: Rethinking Comparative Capitalism
Authors: Baccaro Lucio , Blyth Mark , Pontusson Jonas
Published: December 2022

This introductory essay flashes out the “growth model” perspective and provides a framework for the chapters in the volume. It makes five interrelated arguments. First, existing theoretical frameworks are ill equipped to tackle the politics of growth and stagnation because of their almost exclusive focus on “supply side institutionalism.” Second, political economists need to take macroeconomics more seriously but also be more critical of mainstream theories and take advantage of pluralism in macroeconomics. Third, an advanced capitalist economy faces a common problem of boosting aggregate demand in the face of a broad stagnationist tendency, but growth drivers differ significantly at the country level. Fourth, international political economy factors contribute to shaping the feasibility and durability of national growth models. Fifth, the analysis of the politics of growth models needs to combine both electoral and producer group perspectives by distinguishing between the politics of policy choice and the politics of democratic legitimation.
China’s Growth Models in Comparative and International Perspectives
Authors: Tan Yeling , Conran James
Published: December 2022

China’s economic expansion relies on a hybrid system containing two growth models, one based on exports concentrated along the coast and the other on state-led investment in the interior. We examine China’s response to several critical events—the 1998 Asian crisis; China’s 2001 WTO entry; and the 2008 global crisis—to show how this hybrid system is intrinsically tied to the global economy. We argue that the two models are far from easy complements, with each producing distinct distributional implications and global spillovers. The chapter then compares the coalitions underpinning the Chinese system with those found in Europe, another heterogenous continent-sized economy. The analysis explores how authoritarian rule enables China to switch between growth models in ways that may be harder for democracies. It also identifies limits to this flexibility by examining the politics that have frustrated the PRC leadership’s efforts to shift toward consumption-driven growth.
Growth and Stagnation in Southern Europe
Authors: Baccaro Lucio , Bulfone Fabio
Published: December 2022

Italy and Spain are usually portrayed as “most similar” country cases by comparative political economy research. Both are seen as “mixed” models of capitalism, less efficient than “pure” types such as Germany or the United States. Alternatively, both are seen as “Mediterranean” welfare states, in which transfers dominate social expenditures, while investments in human capital development are neglected. Applying the growth model perspective to these two cases reveals, however, two highly dissimilar trajectories in the past 30 years. While Spain was one of the fastest growing economies in the Eurozone, Italy went through a phase of prolonged stagnation. The chapter focuses on the interaction between international economic constraints/opportunities and domestic conditions. It argues that while Spain was able to implement a growth strategy that, although highly unbalanced and inherently inegalitarian, was consistent with the growth possibilities afforded by euro membership, Italy stands out for its inability to find a viable growth driver.
Global Capital and National Growth Models
Authors: Bohle Dorothee , Regan Aidan
Published: December 2022

This chapter contributes to growth model literature by examining the extent to which small states occupy different privileged positions in global wealth and value chains. In the globally interconnected world of big tech, banking and financial services, small states increasingly carve out particular niches. We demonstrate this on two distinct cases. First, we examine the role of Ireland in facilitating the global corporate tax avoidance strategies of US multinationals, which increases the wealth of individual shareholders in big tech and pharma companies. Second, we examine the role of Latvia in facilitating illicit banking practices and money laundering, which increases the wealth of high-net-worth individuals in the post-Soviet space. The chapter concludes by arguing that the growth model literature needs to move beyond methodological and ontological assumptions of the nation-state to understand the integrated and globalized nature of capital accumulation.