bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Route for Preparation of 2‐Deoxy‐D‐ribofuranose Phospho Sugar.
Authors: Hanaya Tadashi , Tsukui Hiroyuki , Igi Naomi , Noguchi Ayashi , Kawamoto Heizan , Yamamoto Hiroshi
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Antioxidant Polyphenol Glycosides from the Plant Draba nemorosa.
Authors: Rahman Md. Aziz Abdur , Moon Surk‐Sik
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Oligosaccharide Synthesis in Microreactors.
Authors: Carrel Frederic R. , Geyer Karolin , Codee Jeroen D. C. , Seeberger Peter H.
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Calyciphyllines E and F, Novel Hepta‐ and Pentacyclic Alkaloids from Daphniphyllum calycinum.
Authors: Saito Shizuka , Kubota Takaaki , Kobayashi Jun'ichi
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Anodic Cyanation of C‐4 Hydroxylated Piperidines: Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Alkaloid 241D.
Authors: Girard Nicolas , Hurvois Jean‐Pierre
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Further Studies on a Samarium Diiodide‐Promoted Reductive Carbon—Nitrogen Bond Cleavage Reaction: Synthesis of (+)‐Aphanorphine.
Authors: Katoh Miho , Inoue Hiroshi , Honda Toshio
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
One‐Pot Dehydrazinative β‐Glycosylation in Aqueous Media: Synthesis of Benzoxazinone C‐Nucleosides.
Authors: Yadav Lal Dhar Singh , Rai Vijai Kumar
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Acid‐Catalyzed Stereoselective Rearrangement and Dimerization of Flavenes: Synthesis of Dependensin.
Authors: Deodhar Mandar , Black David StC , Kumar Naresh
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Luminacin D.
Authors: Oehlrich Daniel , Vidot Sandrine M. E. , Davies Mark W. , Clarkson Guy J. , Shipman Michael
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Approach to Substituted Methylcarbapenems and Benzocarbacephems by Radical Cyclization Using Cp2TiCl.
Authors: Monleon Laura M. , Grande Manuel , Anaya Josefa
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Isolation of Secondary Metabolites and in vitro Potent Anticancer Activity of Clerodermic Acid from Enicosanthum membranifolium.
Authors: Efdi Mai , Itoh Tomohiro , Akao Yukihiro , Nozawa Yoshinori , Koketsu Mamoru , Ishihara Hideharu
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Parvistemins A—D, a New Type of Dimeric Phenylethyl Benzoquinones from Stemona parviflora Wright.
Authors: Yang Xinzhou , Gulder Tobias A. M. , Reichert Matthias , Tang Chunping , Ke Changqiang , Ye Yang , Bringmann Gerhard
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of (+)‐Azaspiracid‐1. Part 2. Synthesis of the EFGHI Sulfone and Completion of the Synthesis.
Authors: Evans David A. , Dunn Travis B. , Kvaernoe Lisbet , Beauchemin Andre , Raymer Brian , Olhava Edward J. , Mulder Jason A. , Juhl Martin , Kagechika Katsuji , Favor David A.
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Minerals Recovery and Processing
Authors: Nagaraj D. R.
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Development of Thin Film Media for High‐Density Perpendicular Magnetic Recording
Authors: Futamoto Masaaki
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Supported High Temperature Protonic Films Produced by Solid State Reaction
Authors: Meulenberg Wilhelm A. , Serra Jose M.
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Laser Ablation in Liquids: Applications in the Synthesis of Nanocrystals
Authors: Yang G. W.
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Heteroditopic Receptors
Authors: Itsikson Nadezhda A. , Geide Irina V. , Morzherin Yuri Yu. , Matern Anatoly I. , Chupakhin Oleg N.
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Example of Overriding Cyanation During Reaction of a Primary Alcohol with o‐Nitrophenyl Selenocyanate
Authors: Dong Shuzhi , Paquette Leo A.
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic Asymmetric Carbon—Carbon Bond Formations: Their Evolution from Biocatalysis to Organocatalysis over the Millennium
Authors: Ikunaka Masaya
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Practical Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral Chrysanthemic Acid Esters
Authors: Itagaki Makoto , Suenobu Katsuhiro
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Procedures for and Possible Mechanism of Pd‐Catalyzed Allylations of Primary and Secondary Amines with Allylic Alcohols.
Authors: Muzart Jacques
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Artificial Photosynthetic Systems: Assemblies of Slipped Cofacial Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines Showing Strong Electronic Coupling
Authors: Satake Akiharu , Kobuke Yoshiaki
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Progress in the Synthesis of Bioactive Polycyclic Natural Products
Authors: Miyashita Masaaki
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
N‐Demethylation of Alkaloids
Authors: Thavaneswaran Shanti , McCamley Kristy , Scammells Peter J.
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A General Approach to Indoles: Practical Applications for the Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Pharmacophores
Authors: Kuethe Jeffrey T.
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective Constructions of Quaternary Carbons and Their Application to the Asymmetric Total Syntheses of Fredericamycin A and Discorhabdin A
Authors: Kita Yasuyuki , Fujioka Hiromichi
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of the Marine Natural Product (+)‐Discodermolide in Multigram Quantities
Authors: Mickel Stuart J.
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Progress Toward a Total Synthesis of Spirastrellolide A
Authors: Paterson Ian , Anderson Edward A. , Dalby Stephen M. , Lim Jong Ho , Loiseleur Olivier , Maltas Philip , Moessner Christian
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Macrocycles as Precursors for Organic Nanotubes
Authors: Pasini Dario , Ricci Marina
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dynamic Kinetic Resolution Catalyzed by Enzymes and Metals
Authors: Martin‐Matute Belen , Baeckvall Jan‐E.
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Supported Catalysts
Authors: Clark James H. , Macquarrie Duncan J.
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalyst Deactivation and Regeneration
Authors: Bartholomew Calvin
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
History and Perspective of Chiral Organic Catalysts
Authors: Lelais Gerald , MacMillan David W. C.
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nitrile Ylides: Generation, Properties and Synthetic Applications
Authors: Escolano Carmen , Duque Maria D. , Vazquez Santiago
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Biology and Chemistry of Hyperlipidemia
Authors: Jain Kishor S. , Kathiravan M. K. , Somani Rahul S. , Shishoo Chamanlal J.
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Possible Role of Proton‐Coupled Electron Transfer (PCET) in Water Oxidation by Photosystem II
Authors: Meyer Thomas J. , Huynh My Hang V. , Thorp H. Holden
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Design of Nanohydrogel‐Incorporated Microcapsules for Appropriate Controlled‐Release of Peptide Drugs
Authors: Ichikawa Hideki , Fukumori Yoshinobu
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Development of Functional Drug Carriers to Realize Advanced Medical Therapy
Authors: Tabata Yasuhiko
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Development of Cell/Tissue‐Based Medical Products
Authors: Tsuchiya Toshie
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Amyloid Fibrils: From Disease to Design. New Biomaterial Applications for Self‐Assembling Cross‐β Fibrils
Authors: Gras Sally L.
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
NMR Analysis of Bioprotective Sugars: Sucrose and Oligomeric (1→2)‐α‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐ (1→2)‐β‐D‐fructofuranosides
Authors: Fischer Daniela , Geyer Armin
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Breast cancer vaccines
Authors: Mittendorf Elizabeth A. , Peoples George E. , Singletary S. Eva
Published: August 2007

The objective of this study was to review issues involved in the search for a breast cancer vaccine. A review of the recent literature (2004–2007) was undertaken, with earlier literature included as appropriate for background, to assess 1) current approaches being used to create a therapeutic breast cancer vaccine, and 2) potential strategies for a preventive vaccine targeting either an infectious agent or tumor‐associated antigen. Several approaches to the development of a therapeutic vaccine show promise, including tumor cell/dendritic cell fusion and DNA vaccines based on single purified antigens or DNA fragments from whole cells. Most of these experimental vaccines have either not moved beyond preclinical testing or have not shown a significant clinical response. Strategies involving host factors that mitigate immune response against tumors also show promise. Interest has increased in developing a preventive vaccine that can be administered to immunocompetent patients with minimal or no evidence of disease. Prophylactic vaccines typically target infectious agents, but the evidence for an infectious etiology for breast cancer is largely descriptive and difficult to interpret. A second strategy for a preventive breast cancer vaccine is to target tumor‐associated antigens. Ongoing clinical trials are utilizing this approach, with preliminary results that are encouraging. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Pathologic fractures correlate with reduced survival in patients with malignant bone disease
Authors: Saad Fred , Lipton Allan , Cook Richard , Chen Yin‐Miao , Smith Matthew , Coleman Robert
Published: August 2007

BACKGROUND.

Data from randomized, controlled trials of zoledronic acid were retrospectively analyzed to assess the effect of pathologic fractures on survival in patients with malignant bone disease.

METHODS.

A Cox regression model was used to estimate the effect of fractures (time‐dependent variable) on survival in patients with stage III multiple myeloma or bone metastases from solid tumors enrolled in 3 large trials. Patients were randomized to receive zoledronic acid, pamidronate, or placebo every 3–4 weeks for up to 24 months (prostate cancer, breast cancer, and multiple myeloma) or up to 21 months (lung and other solid tumors).

RESULTS.

A total of 3049 patients with multiple myeloma (n = 513), breast (n = 1130), prostate (n = 640), or lung cancer or other solid tumors (n = 766) were included in this analysis. Patients with multiple myeloma had the highest fracture incidence (43%), followed by breast (35%), prostate (19%), and lung cancer (17%). In all tumor types except lung, pathologic fracture was associated with a significant increase in risk of death, and breast cancer patients had the greatest increased risk. After adjustment for baseline characteristics, including performance status and prior skeletal complications, breast cancer patients who developed a pathologic fracture on study had a significant 32% increased risk of death relative to patients without a fracture (hazard ratio = 1.32;P< .01); patients with multiple myeloma or prostate cancer had a >20% increased risk of death.

CONCLUSIONS.

These results suggest that fractures are associated with increased risk of death in patients with malignant bone disease. Therefore, preventing fractures is an important goal of therapy. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Erratum: Three‐dimensional Mohr–Coulomb limit analysis using semidefinite programming. Commun. Numer. Meth. Engng (DOI: 10.1002/cnm.1018)
Authors: Krabbenhøft K. , Lyamin A. V. , Sloan S. W.
Published: August 2007

The information given in References [8,9] of this paper was incorrect. The references should be as follows:

Krabbenhoft K, Lyamin AV, Sloan SW. Conic representations of Mohr–Coulomb plasticity, 2005. Abstract submitted to the Second International Conference on Nonsmooth/Nonconvex Mechanics with Applications in Engineering, Thessaloniki, Greece, 7–8 July 2006.

Krabbenhoft K, Lyamin AV, Sloan SW. Conic representations of Mohr–Coulomb plasticity. In
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Nonsmooth/Nonconvex Mechanics with
Applications in Engineering, Baniotopoulos CC (ed.), Thessaloniki, Greece, 7–8 July 2006; 181–188.
A comparison of continuous‐time active RC filters for the analog front end
Authors: Moschytz George S.
Published: August 2007

Two band‐stop, or notch, filters, optimized for maximum dynamic range and low noise, which may be used in high‐speed wire‐bound data transmission systems for channel attenuation, are compared. Design equations for the two filters are given, and the method used for optimizing the dynamic range and low noise is described. PSpice analysis is carried out, and a comparison of noise, referred as the input, is given. The dynamic range is optimized so as to have the same signal level at each amplifier output. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent representation results for linear system maps: A short survey
Authors: Sandberg Irwin W.
Published: August 2007

We give an expression for the most general input–output map associated with the members of a certain important large family of multidimensional linear shift‐invariant systems with bounded Lebesgue‐measurable inputs. The expression given is an iterated function‐space limit of a convolution. We also give a necessary and sufficient condition under which the limit can be written as a convolution with an integrable impulse–response function. A key role is played by a certain family of weighting operators. It is observed that for the large family of inputs and maps addressed, the Dirac impulse–response concept is in fact not the key concept concerning the representation of H, and that instead the input–output properties of H are determined, in general, by a certain type of family of responses. Some related material concerning other results, engineering education, and discrete‐space systems, is also given. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Explicit design of remote‐tuned combiner for GSM and WCDMA signals
Authors: Rhodes J. D. , Mobbs C. I.
Published: August 2007

The problems associated with combining multiple GSM carriers and WCDMA signals onto a single antenna are developed leading to a unique solution. This solution is based upon the concept of cascading directional filters to meet the electrical requirements, which may readily be tuned electrically leading to remote‐tuned products capable of injecting one or more WCDMA channels into the same communication band as several GSM carriers.

A particular solution is presented, which exhibits both optimum amplitude and group delay characteristics for the WCDMA signal. Closed‐form expressions are given for the network functions including the amplitude and group delay characteristics. By developing techniques similar to those used in Rhodes (Theory of Electrical Filters. Wiley: New York, 1976), explicit formulas for element values in the general 2nth degree network are given and proved.

A practical operating unit for the US cellular band has been designed and constructed. Measured per‐ formance is given and shows excellent agreement with theory. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fast algorithm for representing continuous piecewise linear functions in closed form
Authors: Lum Robert , Chua Leon O.
Published: August 2007

This paper presents a fast algorithm for representing continuous piecewise linear functions in closed form for arbitrary dimensions. The algorithm uses a minimal nesting of absolute value functions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The modelling and simulation of high‐frequency electronic circuits
Authors: Brazil Thomas J.
Published: August 2007

This paper provides an overview of progress in selected topics related to the modelling and simulation of high‐frequency electronic circuits. There are several specific features of this regime that distinguish it from more conventional electronic analysis; however, here we will just emphasize two: firstly, the durable value, and yet the intrinsic limitations, of the circuit paradigm in representing the physical behaviour of high‐frequency electronic devices, and secondly, the challenge of efficiently representing frequency‐domain linear data in general non‐linear transient simulation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of nonlinear oscillatory network dynamics via time‐varying amplitude and phase variables
Authors: Lanza Valentina , Corinto Fernando , Gilli Marco , Civalleri Pier Paolo
Published: August 2007

The goal of this manuscript is to propose a method for investigating the global dynamics of nonlinear oscillatory networks, with arbitrary couplings. The procedure is mainly based on the assumption that the dynamics of each oscillator is accurately described by a couple of variables, that is, the oscillator periodic orbits are represented through time‐varying amplitude and phase variables. The proposed method allows one to derive a set of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations governing the time‐varying amplitude and phase variables. By exploiting these nonlinear ordinary differential equations, the prediction of the total number of periodic oscillations and their bifurcations is more accurate and simpler with respect to the one given by the latest available methodologies. Furthermore, it is proved that this technique also works for weakly connected oscillatory networks. Finally, the method is applied to a chain of third‐order oscillators (Chua's circuits) and the results are compared with those obtained via a numerical technique, based on the harmonic balance approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On chip pulse shape design for precise synchronization of DS‐CDMA systems
Authors: Nossek Josef A. , Antreich Felix
Published: August 2007

In this work, a methodology is established to design optimum chip pulse shapes which are absolutely bandlimited, their energy mainly concentrated in the chip duration, and which minimize the variance of the time‐delay estimation error of an unbiased estimator. The low‐complexity optimization method is based on the prolate spheroidal wave functions. Thus, the variational problem at hand can be transformed into a tractable parametric optimization problem. It is shown that the designed optimum chip pulse shapes significantly improve the synchronization performance of direct sequence code‐division multiple access systems by minimizing the Cramer–Rao lower bound (CRLB). The time‐delay estimation bias under
the presence of multipath is compared with the conventionally used bandlimited rectangular chip pulse shape. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing synchronizability of dynamical networks using the connection graph stability method
Authors: Jalili Mahdi , Rad Ali Ajdari , Hasler Martin
Published: August 2007

Dynamical networks with diffusive couplings are investigated from the point of view of synchronizability. Arbitrary connection graphs are admitted but the coupling is symmetric. Networks with equal interaction coefficients for all edges of the interaction graph are compared with networks where the interaction coefficients vary from edge to edge according to the bounds for global synchronization obtained by the connection graph stability method. Synchronizability is tested numerically by establishing the time to decrease the synchronization error from 1 to 10−5 in the case of networks of identical Lorenz or Rössler systems. Synchronizability from the point of view of phase synchronization is also tested for networks of non‐identical Lorenz or Rössler systems. In this case the phase‐order parameters are compared, as a function of the mean interaction strength. Throughout, as network structures, scale‐free and Watts–Strogatz small‐world networks are used. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Circuits, computers, and beyond Boolean logic
Authors: Roska Tamás
Published: August 2007

Historically, the invention of the stored programmable computer architecture, introduced by John Von Neumann, was also influenced by electrical circuit implementation aspects, as well as tied to fundamental insight of logic reasoning. It can also be considered as a mind‐inspired machine. Since then, the implementation of logic gates, control and memories has developed independently of the architecture. The Cellular Wave Computer architecture (IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II1993;40:163–173;Electron. Lett. 2007;43:427–449;J. Circuits Syst. Comput. 2003;5(2):539–562) as a spatial–temporal universal machine on flows has also been influenced by circuit aspects of very large‐scale integration (VLSI) technology, as well as some motivating living neural circuits,viathe cellular nonlinear (neural) network (CNN). It might be considered as a brain‐inspired machine.

In this paper, after summarizing the main properties of the Cellular Wave Computer, we highlight a few basic properties of this new kind of computer and computing. In particular, phenomena related to (i) the one‐pass solution of a set of implicit equations due toreal‐time spatial array feedback, (ii) the true random signal array generationvia the insertion of the continuous physical noise signals, (iii) the finite synchrony radius due to thefunctional delay of wires, as well as to (iv)biology relevance. We also show that the Cellular Wave Computer is performing spatial–temporal inference that goes beyond Boolean logic, a characteristic of living neural circuits. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On circuit models for quantum‐classical networks
Authors: Csurgay Árpád I.
Published: August 2007

Physics is not scale invariant, and today the scale of atoms and molecules challenges designers of machines in which quantum effects have dominant sway. What role could circuit theory play in designing machines described by quantum‐classical models? Classical equivalent circuits do exist for systems composed of metal contacted and wired devices, such as resonant tunneling diodes, single electron transistors, metal–insulator–metal diodes, etc. circuits, but not for quantum‐entangled networks, such as multi‐quantum‐state atoms.

If devices were not contacted and wired by macroscopic metals, i.e. devices were classically field coupled, then generalized circuit models can be introduced. Case studies have been presented on the role of circuit models in quantum‐classical systems. However, there are no ideal circuit elements capable of capturing the port properties of quantum‐mechanical and/or quantum‐optical subsystems and their coupling to classical waveguides or cavities. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formative Time Delay in Nitrogen Discharges at Low Pressure
Authors: Marković V. Lj. , Stamenković S. N. , Gocić S. R.
Published: August 2007

In this paper the formative time delay in nitrogen was determined from statistically based measurements of electrical breakdown time delay. The measurements were carried out under different conditions on a newlydesigned gas tube with a plane‐parallel electrode system made from copper. The avalanche growth was followed based on a simple analytical model agreeing well with the experimental data. The dependencies of the formative time delay on the working voltage and the electron yields in the interelectrode space originating from residual states were found. A developed approximate model for the formative time delay has shown fits with the experimental data better than other models discussed in the literature. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quantum‐Statistical Equation‐of‐State Models of Dense Plasmas: High‐Pressure Hugoniot Shock Adiabats
Authors: Pain J. C.
Published: August 2007

We present a detailed comparison of two self‐consistent equation‐of‐state models which differ from their electronic contribution: the atom in a spherical cell and the atom in a jellium of charges. It is shown that both models are well suited for the calculation of Hugoniot shock adiabats in the high pressure range (1 Mbar‐10 Gbar), and that the atom‐in‐a‐jellium model provides a better treatment of pressure ionization. Comparisons with experimental data are also presented. Shell effects on shock adiabats are reviewed in the light of these models. They lead to additional features not only in the variations of pressure versus density, but also in the variations of shock velocity versus particle velocity. Moreover, such effects are found to be responsible for enhancement of the electronic specific heat. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the Time‐Resolved Optogalvanic Spectra of Neon and Krypton
Authors: Piracha N. K. , Nesbett K. , Moten S. , Moeller P.
Published: August 2007

In this work time resolved optogalvanic signals associated with transitions excited from the first metastable state of neon and krypton have been studied. These gases have similar energy state configurations and it is of significant interest to study their time resolved optogalvanic waveforms resulting from transitions belonging to the states of same quantum numbers. The experimentally observed optogalvanic signals recorded for different discharge currents have been fitted to a theoretical model to obtain parameters that determine amplitudes, instrumental time constants and decay rates of the 1s levels. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On Ideal Stability of Cylindrical Localized Interchange Modes
Authors: Umansky M. V.
Published: August 2007

Stability of cylindrical localized ideal pressure‐driven interchange plasma modes is revisited. Converting the underlying eigenvalue problem into the form of the Schrödinger equation gives a new simple way of deriving the Suydam stability criterion and calculating the growth rates of unstable modes. Near the marginal stability limit the growth rate is exponentially small and the mode has a double‐peak structure. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Appearance of a Hα Minimumat the Onset of Net Recombination in Hydrogen Plasmas
Authors: Wenzel U. , Schröder D. , Fussmann G.
Published: August 2007

Hydrogen plasmas out of ionization equilibrium are either ionizing or recombining depending on the electron temperature Te . Within the transition region between these two opposite states a minimum of the Hα emission is often experimentally observed. Simple cases were previously analyzed which could be interpreted assuming only a temperature variation, i.e the electron density was constant in the transition region. Here we discuss two examples in which both the density and the temperature vary at the transition. In the linear plasma generator PSI‐II a hydrogen plasma is cooled down by puffing additional gas. We find a minimum at Tmin ≈ 1.1 eV. A second example is the effect of an ELM(edge localized mode) pulse propagating through a recombining divertor plasma in the tokamak ASDEX Upgrade. The Hα response shows a double peak which can be interpreted as a local minimum assuming a simultaneous rise of density and temperature during an ELM. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phospha‐ and Arsaalkenes RE=C(NMe2)2 (E = P, As) as Novel Phosphinidene‐ and Arsinidene‐Transfer Reagents (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 26/2007)
Authors: Weber Lothar
Published: August 2007

The cover picture shows the reaction between the phosphavinylidene complexes [(η5‐C5H5)(CO)2M=P=C(SiMe3)2] and the inversely polarized phosphaalkene tBuP=C(NMe2)2, which affords η3‐1,2‐diphosphaallyl complexes by smooth transfer of the phosphinidene unit onto the electrophilic ligand of the precursors. The molecular structure underlines the unsymmetrical η3‐ligation of the heteroallyl ligand to the metal with the tert‐butyl substituent syn to the central phosphorus atom. Treatment of the phosphavinylidene complexes with P‐aroylphosphaalkenes leads to decomposition. In contrast, phosphavinylidene complexes and As‐aroylarsaalkenes yield complexes featuring cyclic phosphenium ligands with an As=C bond. It is believed that the first step of this process is a formal [2+1] cycloaddition between the P=C bond and the aroylarsinidine to give a three‐membered ring, which subsequently incorporates the CO unit to afford the final product. In all cases, tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethene is formed as a byproduct. Details are presented in the Microreview by L. Weber on p. 4095 ff.
Syntheses and Reactions of Polycationically Substituted Azido‐ and Diazidobenzenes
Authors: Weiss Robert , Pühlhofer Frank G. , Huber Stefan M.
Published: August 2007

The increased reactivity of hexakis[4‐(dimethylamino)‐1‐pyridinio]benzene hexakis(trifluoromethanesulfonate) (1) towards nucleophilic substitution of DMAP+ ligands was used for the syntheses of the corresponding pentacationically substituted azidobenzene and the tetracationically substituted o‐diazidobenzene. In contrast to unsubstituted azido‐ and diazidobenzene, the latter compounds are stable towards heat or shock. Predominantly due to the strong electrostatic effects provided by the polycationically substituted phenyl(ene) moieties, the corresponding triphenylphosphazides are stable at room temperature. Application of the Staudinger reaction yielded the corresponding polyonio‐substituted aniline and o‐phenylenediamine, respectively.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Recent Advances on the Synthesis and Chemistry of Carbaporphyrins and Related Porphyrinoid Systems
Authors: Lash Timothy D.
Published: August 2007

Synthetic methods have been developed for the efficient synthesis of meso‐unsubstituted carbaporphyrinoid systems, including oxybenziporphyrins, benzocarbaporphyrins, tropiporphyrins, and azuliporphyrins. In addition, meso‐tetrarylporphyrinoids are available by using modified Lindsey–Rothemund reaction conditions. These porphyrin analogs show a broad spectrum of aromatic properties that range from nonaromatic benziporphyrins to highly diatropic systems such as benzocarbaporphyrins. Carbaporphyrinoid systems exhibit unusual reactivity and are often capable of generating organometallic derivatives under mild conditions. Many of the trends observed in the carbaporphyrinoid series were also evident for an expanded series of carbasapphyrins as well. Syntheses of dicarbaporphyrinoids have been investigated but it remains to be seen whether these studies will eventually lead to the formation of hydrocarbon analogs of the porphyrins.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Channel incision, evolution and potential recovery in the Walla Walla and Tucannon River basins, northwestern USA
Authors: Beechie T. J. , Pollock M. M. , Baker S.
Published: August 2007

We evaluated controls on locations of channel incision, variation in channel evolution pathways and the time required to reconnect incised channels to their historical floodplains in the Walla Walla and Tucannon River basins, northwestern USA. Controls on incision locations are hierarchically nested. A first‐order geological control defines locations of channels prone to incision, and a second‐order control determines which of these channels are incised. Channels prone to incision are reaches with silt‐dominated valley fills, which have sediment source areas dominated by loess deposits and channel slopes less than 0·1(area)−0·45. Among channels prone to incision, channels below a second slope–area threshold (slope = 0·15(area)−0·8) did not incise. Once incised, channels follow two different evolution models. Small, deeply incised channels follow Model I, which is characterized by the absence of a significant widening phase following incision. Widening is limited by accumulation of bank failure deposits at the base of banks, which reduces lateral channel migration. Larger channels follow Model II, in which widening is followed by development of an inset floodplain and aggradation. In contrast to patterns observed elsewhere, we found the widest incised channels upstream of narrower reaches, which reflects a downstream decrease in bed load supply. Based on literature values of floodplain aggradation rates, we estimate recovery times for incised channels (the time required to reconnect to the historical floodplain) between 60 and 275 years. Restoration actions such as allowing modest beaver recolonization can decrease recovery time by 17–33 per cent. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antenna combining for multi‐antenna multi‐relay channels
Authors: Fan Yijia , Adinoyi Abdulkareem , Thompson John S. , Yanikomeroglu Halim
Published: August 2007

In this paper we analyse the performance of multiple relay channels when multiple antennas are deployed only at relays. We apply two antenna diversity techniques at relays, namely maximum ratio combining (MRC) on receive and transmit beamforming (TB). We show that for both decode‐and‐forward and amplify‐and‐forward relaying protocols, with K relays the network can be decomposed into K diversity channels each with a different channel gain, and that the signals can be effectively combined at the destination. We assume that the total number of antennas at all relays is fixed at N. With a reasonable power constraint at the relays, the network capacity will be lower bounded by that of N relay channels each with single antenna, and upper bounded by that of single relay channel with N antennas. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Channel estimation for chip‐level Alamouti coded multi‐rate CDMA: blind subspace algorithms and performance analysis
Authors: Nicolov Eugene B. , Nazar Shahrokh Nayeb , Psaromiligkos Ioannis N.
Published: August 2007

In this work we consider the problem of blind channel estimation for the downlink of a variable spreading gain (VSG) multi‐rate code‐division‐multiple‐access (MR CDMA) system which uses the orthogonal space‐time block coding (STBC) proposed by Alamouti. In contrast to traditional symbol‐level STBC CDMA systems, we consider a chip‐level ST block coding system for which we derive a simple subspace‐based blind channel estimation method. For the derived algorithm we investigate the necessary and sufficient conditions for the channel to be uniquely identifiable up to a complex multiplicative constant. We also analyse the behaviour of the channel estimation algorithm as a function of the data samples utilised, establishing its unbiasedness and providing a closed‐form expression for the mean‐square‐error (MSE) as well as the Cramer—Rao bound (CRB) for the channel estimation performance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A revision of Palaeontinidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha) from the Jurassic of China with descriptions of new taxa and new combinations
Authors: Bo Wang , Haichun Zhang , Yan Fang , Yutao Zhang
Published: August 2007

The new generic name Martynovocossus nom. nov. (Hemiptera, Palaeontinidae) is proposed as a replacement name for the preoccupied and junior homonym Pseudocossus Martynov, 1931, non Pseudocossus Kenrick, 1914, non Pseudocossus Gaede, 1933. The new genus group is redefined based on new, exceptionally preserved material including complete forewings and hindwings with colour pattern preservation. The synonymies for Martynovocossus zemcuznicovi comb. nov., M. turgaiensis comb. nov., M. strenus comb. nov., M. punctulosus comb. nov., M. bellus comb. nov. and M. ancylivenius comb. nov. are established, and the diagnostic characters for M. strenus comb. nov., M. bellus comb. nov. and M. punctulosus comb. nov. are revised. Two new species, M. decorus sp. nov. and M. cheni sp. nov., are described from the Middle Jurassic Daohugou Lagerstätte. Martynovocossus species display considerable intraspecific variation, particularly in aspects of wing size, venation and colour pattern. A key to species of Martynovocossus is presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevention and cure efforts both substitute and complement
Authors: Hennessy David A.
Published: August 2007

Suppose one could expend effort to prevent probabilistic transition to an adverse state, and also effort to expedite probabilistic transition to a beneficial state. Bearing in mind that the efforts occur in different states, should these efforts substitute or complement? Two appealing arguments are in conflict. If cure effort is costly, then the incentive to prevent should be high in order to avoid future cure effort costs, i.e. efforts are gross substitutes in demand. If prevention effort is costly, then the incentive to cure should be low since recidivism is likely, i.e. efforts complement. In a lifetime present value model, we show that both arguments have merit. We also show that the prevalence of the adverse state can rise with a subsidy on cure effort costs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iron-mediated regulation of liver hepcidin expression in rats and mice is abolished by alcohol
Authors: Harrison-Findik Duygu Dee , Klein Elizabeth , Crist Callie , Evans John , Timchenko Nikolai , Gollan John
Published: August 2007

Alcohol reduces and iron increases liver hepcidin synthesis. This study investigates the interaction of alcohol and iron in the regulation of hepcidin messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in animal models. Mice were administered 10% ethanol for 7 days after an iron-overloaded diet. Rats were administered regular or ethanol-Lieber De Carli diets for 7 weeks with or without carbonyl iron. Hfe−/− mice were used as a model for genetic iron overload. Hepcidin mRNA expression was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and northern blotting. Iron elevated and alcohol decreased liver hepcidin expression in mice and rats. Interestingly, despite iron overload, alcohol was capable of suppressing the up-regulation of hepcidin mRNA expression in both models. Liver iron and ferritin protein expression was elevated in alcohol-treated rats, but was not elevated further in rats treated with both iron and alcohol. Duodenal ferroportin protein expression was increased both in alcohol-treated mice and in mice treated with alcohol and iron. Hfe−/− mice treated with ethanol for 7 days exhibited a further decrease in hepcidin mRNA expression. The iron-induced increase in DNA-binding activity of the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBP alpha) was also suppressed by alcohol.

Conclusion:

Alcohol abolishes the iron-induced up-regulation of both liver hepcidin transcription and the DNA-binding activity of C/EBP alpha. Of note, hepcidin protects the body from the harmful effects of iron overload. Our findings therefore suggest that alcohol negates the protective effect of hepcidin, which may have implications for the liver injury observed in alcoholic liver disease and genetic hemochromatosis in combination with alcohol. (Hepatology 2007.)
Open‐label steady‐state pharmacokinetic drug interaction study on co‐administered quetiapine fumarate and divalproex sodium in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder
Authors: Winter Helen R. , DeVane C. Lindsay , Figueroa Carlos , Ennis Debra J. , Hamer‐Maansson Jennifer E. , Davis Patty C. , Smith Mark A.
Published: August 2007

Objective

To determine whether there is a pharmacokinetic drug interaction between quetiapine fumarate and divalproex sodium.

Methods

The pharmacokinetics and short‐term tolerability and safety of coadministered quetiapine and divalproex were examined in adults with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder (Cohort A) or bipolar disorder (Cohort B) in an open‐label, parallel, 2‐cohort drug‐interaction study conducted at three centers in the United States. Cohort A was administered quetiapine (150 mg bid) prospectively for 13 days, with divalproex (500 mg bid) added on days 6–13. Cohort B was administered divalproex (500 mg bid) for 16 days, with quetiapine (150 mg bid) added on days 9–16. Quetiapine and valproic acid plasma concentration–time data over a 12‐h steady‐state dosing interval were used to determine Cmax, Tmax, Cmin, area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUCτ), and oral clearance (CL/F).

Results

In Cohort A (n = 18), addition of divalproex did increase the Cmax of quetiapine by 17% but did not change AUCτ. In Cohort B (n = 15), addition of quetiapine decreased both total valproic acid Cmax and AUCτ by 11%. No differences were observed in adverse events (AEs) with either quetiapine or divalproex monotherapy or their combination.

Conclusion

Combination therapy with quetiapine (150 mg bid) and divalproex (500 mg bid) resulted in small and statistically non‐significant pharmacokinetic changes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.