bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Problem-Solving Courts and the Social Mind-set Model (with Monica K. Miller, Kylie Kulak, and Amber Westbrook)
Authors: Miller Monica K. , Kulak Kylie , Westbrook Amber
Published: November 2024

The Social Mind-set model attempts to explain why societies differ in both what they consider to be a crime and in what they consider to be the proper response (e.g., helping versus imprisoning offenders) to that crime. Societies around the world can vary greatly in their responses to some behaviors, with one society considering the behavior to be a crime and another not. Particularly, the Social Mind-set model describes six factors that influence a society’s social mind-set: (1) high-profile events and social movements, (2) economic and legal situations, (3) cultural beliefs and practices, (4) the use of scientific research and data, (5) a preference for justice principles, and (6) attributions for behavior. This chapter provides examples of these factors and discusses how they might influence the adoption of PSCs.
The Benefits (Pros) and Drawbacks (Cons) of Problem-Solving Courts
Authors: Miller Monica K. , Yelderman Logan A. , Holbrook Mia A. , Kulak Kylie
Published: November 2024

While many scholars and the members of the public view problem-solving courts as beneficial, some scholars suggest that they are more of a drawback than a benefit. This chapter examines the theoretical and evidenced-based arguments for the benefits of problem-solving courts and their drawbacks for society, the courts, and the participants. Various research methodologies have been used to determine the effectiveness of problem-solving courts both at the individual court level and at the broader state or national level, which are included in the discussion of whether or not problem-solving courts are a societal benefit. However, not all PSCs are supported by scientific research. Through rigorous investigations, many potential costs and drawbacks have been identified. This chapter summarizes these pros and cons and also includes a discussion about the legal implications of problem-solving courts and how those relate to the costs and benefits of problem-solving courts.
Society, Science, and Problem-Solving Courts
Authors: Miller Monica K. , Yelderman Logan A. , Holbrook Mia A. , Kulak Kylie
Published: November 2024

Some social scientists believe the world is becoming more “homogenized,” and specifically, more “Americanized,” through globalization. Yet, there is still great variability across countries, particularly in terms of culture, legal procedures, and governmental structures. Societies continue to change over time, and because law is a reflection of culture (and vice versa), the law and court system will also change. Science and technology also provide avenues for changes in law. New legal systems that reflect the legal consciousness of society will require new laws and procedures to guide and regulate these programs to best promote societal and legal goals. Legal systems, have required new approaches to understanding the role of judges, the ethical reach of probation and supervision, and the balance between punishment and community safety. Since their development in the 1980s, problem-solving courts have spread to many countries, and yet others have not adopted this approach for reasons discussed herein. This book reviews the history and development of problem-solving courts in many countries. We posit that science and culture provide a workable foundation to explain these differences within the United States and abroad. This chapter draws conclusions about how science and society have affected the development (or not) of problem-solving courts in the past, resulting in the courts of today. It also makes predictions about how science and society will affect the problem-solving courts of tomorrow. This includes issues of diversity, establishing quality evaluations, ethics, and expansion versus contraction.
Sovereign Inequalities
Authors: Powers Allison
Published: November 2024

This chapter explains why the United States and Mexico returned to arbitration in 1923, when President Álvaro Obregón sought recognition for his government and President Warren G. Harding was eager to secure compensation for US property nationalized following the 1910–1920 Mexican revolution. Although State Department officials predicted that the arbitral tribunal would limit the redistributive potential of Mexico’s 1917 constitution by mandating market value compensation for US investors following any land or resource nationalizations, hundreds of Mexican citizens turned to the arbitration to bring denial of justice charges against the United States. By tracing the effects of their claims on diplomatic contests over meanings of sovereign equality, the chapter argues that interwar debates over mass resource nationalization did not only concern the property rights of US investors; they also exposed racialized violence within the US legal system.
The Specter of Compensation
Authors: Powers Allison
Published: November 2024

Faced with the prospect of an arbitral tribunal ruling that the US legal system violated the international legal norms to which all putatively “civilized” nations were beholden, the State Department ultimately chose to abandon the arbitration rather than disavow state violence. This chapter tells the story of how and why they did so. By agreeing to a privately negotiated lump-sum settlement rather than allowing the 1923 Claims Commission to complete its work, the United States and Mexico smoothed over diplomatic conflicts without having to definitively rule on any of the key issues that claimants had raised concerning the inequities of US law enforcement. In doing so, the two powers erased from published diplomatic records evidence of how ordinary people used international law to challenge structural injustices within the US legal system.
Parties
Authors: Sorabji John
Published: November 2024

Rules concerning parties to proceedings are consolidated in this Part. Rules are set out concerning party capacity and, where a party lacks capacity, the appointment of litigation friends and the Official Solicitor. Provision is made governing the status in which an individual party may bring proceedings. Provision is also made for natural persons to have capacity and for the possible future extension of capacity, as already is the case in some jurisdictions, to the environment (rivers, mountains) or animals. It also incorporates provision for intervenors, providing for the first time general rules governing such participants in proceedings. The role of advocates to the court (amicus curiae) is also codified.
Case Statements
Authors: Sorabji John
Published: November 2024

Case statements or pleadings play an integral role in defining the scope of any dispute. This Part maintains the established approach, which requires parties to plead facts. It makes provision for the use of Particulars of Claim, Defences, and further Statements of Case. It provides for rules concerning case statements in judicial review proceedings, consolidating them in this general Part rather than placing them within a discrete set of rules governing judicial review proceedings. Taking account of digitisation this Part does not make provision for the claim form to be separate from the Particulars of Claim; that historic approach being inappropriate where case statements are completed through a digital procedure. The Part also specifies the approach to be taken to party admissions, as well as the time limits for service of case statements. It also reintroduces the idea of closure of proceedings as a consequence of the digitisation of procedure.
Third Movement
Authors: Simpson Barbara
Published: November 2024

This movement is comprised of an Intermezzo that examines Pragmatist thinking on conflict resolution, and an Étude that demonstrates the generativity of dialogue in the senior management team of an arts-based company. The Intermezzo draws primarily on Mary Parker Follett’s writing about different ways of resolving conflict, including domination, compromise, and her preferred solution, integration. It also includes a commentary on George Herbert Mead’s thinking about the generative potential of gestural communication. The Étude explores these Pragmatist ideas in the context of differences between the senior managers, and the ways in which these differences become productive as they work together to make new futures.
The Work Ethic
Authors: Deranty Jean-Philippe
Published: November 2024

The modern work ethic is the primary target of critics of work. Max Weber’s recounting of the rise of the work ethic at the start of the Industrial Revolution is for this reason a widely used reference in contemporary debates. This chapter summarizes the main features of Weber’s famous account, highlighting how it makes the centrality of work a key plank of its narrative, and examining the reasons that make it appealing to critics of work. The apparent force of the Weberian reference (and by extension the critical bite of the ‘work ethic’ reference) are questioned, notably because the extreme malleability of the ‘modern work ethic’ narrative makes it a category with no determinate content. Recent scholarship also calls into doubt the historical accuracy of Weber’s genealogy. In fact, in other studies Weber highlights dimensions of work that are precisely of the kind that demonstrate its significance.
Penman of the Founding
Authors: Calvert Jane E.
Published: November 2024

This first complete and accurate biography of Founder John Dickinson gives a full account of his critical role in the establishment of the nation from the colonial period, through the earliest resistance to Britain, and into the Early Republic. Beginning with his childhood in Maryland and Delaware, it describes Dickinson’s Quaker family, heritage, and education in historical context. His family was wealthy enough to send him to Philadelphia and London for the best legal education in the British Empire. In England, he discovered his patriotic sentiments for America. Upon return to the colonies, he quickly rose to become a successful lawyer and legislator, which positioned him well for leadership of the American resistance to British taxation measures. From the 1765 Stamp Act Congress until 1776, Dickinson’s writings defined the response, creating a distinct sense of American identity and making Dickinson the first American celebrity. His agenda for reconciliation dominated the First and Second Continental Congresses. Because he did not want separation from Britain, he refused to vote on or sign the Declaration of Independence, but he nevertheless served as a colonel and a private in the Revolutionary War. He also advocated women’s rights and the abolition of slavery. Dickinson continued to serve in high office, as a delegate to Congress, president of Delaware and then Pennsylvania, chairman of the Annapolis Convention, delegate to the Federal Convention, president of the Delaware constitutional convention, and a Delaware state senator. In retirement, he remained active leading citizens’ groups, authoring pamphlets, writing and promoting legislation at the state and national levels, and engaging in philanthropy.
“The Noblest Aim of Human Abilities & Industry”
Authors: Calvert Jane E.
Published: November 2024

Chapter Two describes the three years Dickinson spent receiving legal training at the Middle Temple in London’s Inns of Court. Together with his friend and kinsman Robert Goldsborough, he explored London and studied law. During the legal terms, Dickinson would attend one of the courts in Westminster Hall and take notes on the proceedings. Between terms, he would read case books all day. He worked so intensively that he became ill and was directed by doctors to stop studying, begin exercising, and use a standing desk, all of which brought him back to good health. When the French and Indian War began in the colonies, Dickinson witnessed hearings before the Board of Trade during which Quaker rule in Pennsylvania was challenged over their refusal to raise a militia to protect the inhabitants on the frontier. His deep introspection during this time, revealed in letters to his parents, showed his gratitude for the opportunities afforded to him as well as his deep patriotism for America. He resolved to maintain his virtue above all else and fight for justice whatever the personal cost to himself.
“By uniting We stand, by dividing We fall”
Authors: Calvert Jane E.
Published: November 2024

Chapter Seven recounts Dickinson’s meteoric rise to international celebrity with the publication of his twelve Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania against the Townshend Acts. When he saw no indication that Americans were concerned about these new acts, he wrote with several purposes: to educate Americans about their rights and how to resist oppression peacefully; to encourage Americans to unify in their resistance; and to cultivate a sense of identity in them as Americans. Responses came even before all the letters had been published. Most significantly, the Massachusetts Assembly issued the famous circular letter that unified most of the colonies in a non-importation agreement. But Quaker Pennsylvania lagged behind, reluctant to resist. Accolades for the Farmer, as Dickinson was now known, poured in from around the Atlantic World. With his publication of America’s first patriotic song, “The Liberty Song,” he solidified his status as the spokesman for the American cause.
“Freedom or an honorable Death”
Authors: Calvert Jane E.
Published: November 2024

Chapter Nine shows Dickinson at the height of his power and influence as he orchestrated unity among various factions in Pennsylvania and set the agenda for the Continental Congresses. With the Quaker Assembly refusing to mount resistance to Britain, and radical sentiment against Quakers mounting, Dickinson proposed a system of conventions and committees to bypass the Assembly. Although he joined the First Congress late, Dickinson’s plan for peaceful resistance prevailed nonetheless, evidenced by his authorship of four of the six documents Congress produced. In the Second Congress, his vision for resistance likewise dominated. He authored two seminal documents, the Olive Branch Petition and the Declaration on Taking Up Arms, both intended to prevent war and facilitate reconciliation. Dickinson also led the way in raising the militia in Pennsylvania and preparing the country for a civil war with Britain. In late 1775, his instructions to the delegates to Congress forbade them from voting in favor of independence.
“To bear my public Testimony”
Authors: Calvert Jane E.
Published: November 2024

Chapter Sixteen describes how, although Dickinson was busy enough with his tenant properties, practicing a little law, and studying theology, he missed politics and could not resist involvement. While counseling Governor McKean on fair treatment for laboring people, his overwhelming concern was for the preservation of the Union, which he believed was in jeopardy from both Napoleon and Great Britain, and the internal threat of slave rebellion. He therefore continued to speak out against the expansion of slavery into the Louisiana Territory and pressed U.S. Senator George Logan to pass legislation forbidding trade with the new nation of Haiti in order to prevent a similar slave revolt in America. After the British attacked American seamen in the 1807 Chesapeake-Leonard Affair, Dickinson finally acceded to the pleas of his countrymen to stand for office again. He was relieved that he was not elected.
Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae
Authors: Matthews John
Published: November 2024

An introduction to the main subject of the book, the early fifth-century Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae, dedicated to the emperor Theodosius II by an anonymous author who seems to have possessed some connection with the administration of the city, followed by a translation of the text preserving as much as possible of its original format.
Urban Development (1)
Authors: Matthews John
Published: November 2024

Expanding on the material of Chapter 5, Chapter 6 is the first of three chapters tracing the urban development of Constantinople in successive periods. The discussion uses the Notitia to trace the urban history of the city back in time to the archaic and Classical Greek city and its harbours on the northern side of the peninsula. The southwards expansion of Byzantium is then noted, culminating under the Severan emperors in the development of the area south of the acropolis by the construction of a new civic centre based on a colonnaded forum (or agora), great public baths, and possibly a hippodrome. The features of this development are paralleled in other cities, and seen as the monumental starting point of Constantine’s urban design. Also discussed is the course of the lost city walls of Constantine and the measurements provided by the Notitia of the area enclosed by them.
Urban Development (2)
Authors: Matthews John
Published: November 2024

See Chapter 6 for the contents of Chapters 7 and 8, which discuss the monumental and other developments of the times of Constantius II, Julian, Valens, and Theodosius I and II, and trace the westwards shift of economic and social focus in the city, based on the establishment of new forums and new harbours with their attendant facilities on its southern coastline. Particular attention is given in Chapter 7 to the visual evidence preserved in the narrative frieze of the column of Arcadius.
The Signing Singing Voice
Authors: Maler Anabel
Published: November 2024

This chapter argues that the singing voice need not be an audible one: in sign language music, the signing performer may rarely or never produce any audible vocal sounds, and yet these pieces of music are unquestionably vocal. But what constitutes a signing singing voice? This chapter outlines the philosophical and musicological underpinnings that support the notion of a signing voice, as well as exploring concepts of voice within Deaf culture. It identifies several key elements of vocal delivery as they pertain to signing voices, focusing on prosody, mouth movements, facial expressions, eye gaze, body movements, and collectivity. It argues that the signing voice exists at the crossing of meaning, site, and motion, understanding the signing voice as moving through space, using the entire body, and emerging out of communal, reciprocal experiences between bodies.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Rumination Syndrome (CBT-RS)
Authors: Burton Murray Helen , Thomas Jennifer J. , Juarascio Adrienne S.
Published: November 2024

RS is as a condition characterized by repeated, effortless regurgitation of material. This book offers a comprehensive treatment approach for rumination syndrome (RS), cognitive–behavioral therapy for RS (CBT-RS). With case examples and a practical stepwise approach, this book enables clinicians to utilize CBT-RS in clinical settings to increase treatment access for RS. A corresponding workbook includes educational handouts and fillable worksheets.
Innovation Policy
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian
Published: November 2024

This chapter covers the various policies governments have used or might use to encourage or direct innovative activity in the public and private sectors. It discusses the various arguments for government policy in this area and derives the optimal subsidy using a simple model of underinvestment in innovation by the market. This optimum is impossible to achieve, of course, both because the model is too simple for the complexity of the problem, and because of the many actors involved. The chapter goes on to review the existing policies and their performance: direct subsidy, intellectual property instruments, tax credits, and so forth. A final section discusses the national innovation system framework.
Intellectual Property Rights and Economic Development
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian
Published: November 2024

This chapter reviews the stylized facts about the use of IP by residents of developing countries and considers whether IP policy should vary as a function of a country’s level of economic development. After considering a couple of models of innovation and IP for trading countries at different levels of development, the empirical evidence on the impact of patent protection on technology transfer to a country, domestic innovation in that country, and its economic growth is reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the impact of pharmaceutical product patents on product availability, as these are often the most important patents in the least developed countries.
Technology Standards and Standard Essential Patents
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian
Published: November 2024

This chapter covers technology standards and standard essential patents (SEPs). It begins by discussing the role the patent system plays in the development and commercialization of technology standards, a role which has increased over time due to the increased importance of digital technologies. It describes standard-setting organizations and the features of SEPs that may lead to patent hold-up, royalty stacking, or patent hold-out. The choice of fair reasonably and nondiscriminatory (FRAND) royalty rates and the ways in which they might be computed in practice given the large number of patent and patent owners usually involved is reviewed. The chapter also presents the issues involved in this ongoing legal, economic, and policy debate.
Mixed Messages
Authors: Benford Tiffany
Published: November 2024

“Mixed Messages: Navigating the Intersections of Identity and Intergenerational Trauma” uses the author’s own personal story to explore how racial and gender oppression are internalized and reproduced through the family. It discusses how multiracial individuals are often forced to endure microaggressions levied at them from both the outside world and their own family members. It argues that recognizing how one has been intimately impacted by the systems of White supremacy and heteropatriarchy, and making a commitment to personal healing, is a critical step toward breaking the cycle of generational trauma within one’s family.
Fighting for Our Place
Authors: Omísadé Richardson Chateé
Published: November 2024

For Black people, the constant fight to simply exist and create a space of equal footing within American society has been an uphill battle. Not only has it been exhausting, but it has also created cultural fissures separating an entire group of people from their ancestral origins, and has caused a deep well of historical trauma that the community has been struggling to swim its way through in multiple contexts, but most notably in education. Education has not been difficult because of any inherent deficit as has been mischaracterized in a large body of literature. Education has been a challenge due to intentional external and institutionalized barriers. Critical race theory acknowledges that racism is endemic to the education system. With this assertion, academia as the bedrock and pinnacle of education is saturated in racist underpinnings that manifest as antiblackness. This chapter explores the existence and perpetuation of antiblackness in academia.
In the Wake of White Privilege
Authors: Coleman Jennifer A.
Published: November 2024

“In the Wake of White Privilege” invites White readers to challenge how they think about their privilege. White privilege includes a host of benefits based on being born with White-colored skin in a society that tells itself that White is superior, with laws and policies that treat its citizens as such. Although race is a social construct, its impact is real. Systemic racism, privilege, and discrimination affect both mental and physical health and access to care, and thus lead to innumerable health disparities. This chapter reviews examples of health disparities based on systemic White privilege in the mental health and other fields, as well as outlines some action items for people who identify as White to use to become antiracist and dismantle this system.
Theorizing Illustration as an Artform
Authors: Wartenberg Thomas E.
Published: November 2024

This chapter has two aims: to develop an account of the nature of visual illustration of philosophy and to undermine the denigration of illustration as an artform. The account of illustration posits a number of norms—most centrally fidelity and felicity—as necessary for an image to function as a visual illustration of a philosophical text. It also introduces the notion of an analogical illustration to supplement the more standard notion of a pictorial illustration. The second half of the chapter undermines the standard assumption that illustrations are an artform inferior to painting and sculpture. It does so by first demonstrating that Titian’s masterpiece, The Rape of Europa, is actually an illustration of Ovid’s description of that event, and second, by examining claims by critics that Norman Rockwell is no mere illustrator.
Frontispieces in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Wartenberg Thomas E.
Published: November 2024

Changes in print technology brought about a new type of illustration of philosophical texts in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: pictorial frontispieces. This chapter focuses on two important philosophical texts that contained such works: Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan and Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Emile. The frontispieces in these books function very differently. Bosse’s well-known frontispiece to Leviathan illustrates central theses of that work in visual form and serves as a paradigm of how a visual image can present a complex conceptual content to its viewers. The frontispieces to Rousseau’s book are mythological pictures that are not analogues of Rousseau’s claims in Emile. These fundamentally different approaches to illustrating philosophy mark a key moment in the evolving range of visual images used to accompany philosophical texts.
Art Inspired by Wittgenstein
Authors: Wartenberg Thomas E.
Published: November 2024

Ludwig Wittgenstein’s philosophical writing inspired a number of late twentieth- and early twenty-first-century artists to create works that illustrated his ideas. This chapter focuses on works by Joseph Kosuth, Bruce Nauman, Mel Bochner, Jasper Johns, Maria Bußmann ,and Eduardo Paolozzi that are inspired by Wittgenstein. One of the remarkable features of some of these works is that they return to an earlier tradition in which words play a significant role in an artwork, unlike works in the Modernist and earlier traditions that employed a purely pictorial space from which written language was eliminated. This inclusion is in keeping with the emphasis within twentieth century philosophy on language. In analyzing these works, the question of how they illustrate Wittgenstein’s ideas is paramount. These concept-based illustrations are among the most significant and challenging illustrations of philosophy.
Mel Bochner Illustrates On Certainty
Authors: Wartenberg Thomas E.
Published: November 2024

Abstract:This chapter continues my discussion of Wittgenstein-inspired artworks with a detailed examination of Mel Bochner’s illustrations for Wittgenstein’s book, On Certainty. To set the context for the works, Wittgenstein’s anti-skeptical argument in On Certainty is presented, showing Wittgenstein’s criticism of Descartes’s hyperbolic doubt but also of G. E. Moore’s attempt to refute skepticism by citing the truths he knows for certain. Bochner’s works, while having a precise beauty that emerges as one studies them in detail, are shown to provide visual analogues to Wittgenstein’s key ideas and arguments. These analogical illustrations are claimed to be some of the most significant illustrations of philosophy.
Conclusion
Authors: Wartenberg Thomas E.
Published: November 2024

This concluding chapter is a summary that emphasizes the structure of the book as a whole and the conclusions it reaches about illustrations of philosophy. It starts by discussing the four-fold distinction among illustrations of philosophy presented in the book: text-based, concept-based, theory-based, and quotation-based illustrations. Two different strategies for illustrating philosophy are enumerated: personifying an abstract theory and providing an analogical illustration of it. In both cases, examples from the book are mentioned. Illustrations of philosophy can have two different uses and these are also discussed: pedagogy and artistic. Finally, a variety of different factors explaining the evolution of illustrations of philosophy are cited: technological developments, ideology, developments within the field of philosophy, and broader cultural developments. All of these have been factors influencing how illustrations of philosophy have been created. The book concludes with a discussion of the importance of studying this neglected artistic tradition.
Confidentiality (with Jan Willer and Jeffrey Barnett)
Authors: Willer Jan
Published: November 2024

This chapter opens by describing legal issues related to confidentiality in psychotherapy. Limits to confidentiality are discussed, as well as the psychotherapist’s responsibilities to maintain confidentiality. The reader is encouraged to gain knowledge of their particular state’s laws, with particular attention to mandated reporting. The HIPAA Privacy Rule is introduced, as well as the concept of protected health information (PHI). The legal limits to confidentiality are introduced, with attention to suicidal ideation with intent, child abuse, elder abuse, violent ideation with intent, and others. How to effectively and confidentially use case material in coursework, lectures, writings, and other media is discussed. Emerging challenges to confidentiality are addressed.
Professional Phone Contacts and the Initial Phone Call
Authors: Willer Jan
Published: November 2024

This chapter leads the beginning psychotherapist through the steps of making an initial contact with a psychotherapy client over the phone. Personal and professional phone greetings are discussed with examples of dos and don’ts. The process of making an initial contact with a client is reviewed, including how to manage clients who are difficult to reach, and those who leave a phone number that is shared. What to discuss and how to manage the initial phone call is reviewed, as well as how to end it tactfully in a timely manner. The reader is counseled on the importance of keeping their personal phone number secure.
Effective Documentation
Authors: Willer Jan
Published: November 2024

This chapter discusses the process of producing effective clinical documentation that aligns with professional standards of care. Both electronic and paper progress notes and charting are discussed. A suggested format for progress notes is provided: SOAP (subjective, objective, assessment, plan) notes. The important of documenting a complete record of treatment is discussed, including the full story of attendance and treatment, the clinical management of treatment-interfering behaviors, safety and risk issues, hostile or threatening behavior, inappropriate client statements and behavior, and the psychotherapist’s interventions and recommendations. The client’s legal right to read the progress notes is discussed. Managing obtaining prior documentation and releasing records is discussed. Also, what is referred to by HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996) as “psychotherapy notes” is defined and discussed. Treatment plans are discussed.
Psychotropic Medication: Referrals and Adherence
Authors: Willer Jan
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents basic information about psychotropic medications for the beginning psychotherapist and discusses their role in the referral process. The benefits of medications added to psychotherapy are discussed. The reader is oriented to which mental health professionals are available to prescribed psychotropic medications. Also discussed are myths about psychotropic medication, the influence of genetics and biology on mental illness, working effectively with prescribers, and understanding medication adherence. The reader is advised to seek a medication consultation when certain symptoms are present. Effective communication with the psychotherapist’s clients’ prescribers is emphasized. The roles of stigma and side effects are discussed relative to medication adherence.
Telling Then and Now
Authors: Smalls Krystal A.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 3 provides historical context for diasporic tellings by young Liberians in this moment. It begins with a few short ethnographic encounters with young Liberians and their discourses about what it means to be Liberian. From hip hop culture to fashion, their multimodal comments (a hip hop video shoot, a diatribe on authenticity, and a t-shirt) guide us toward critical reflection on the history of national and diasporic belonging. In particular, they guide the chapter’s reflection on the meaning of “colonial” in the Liberian context, especially when deployed by a complexly positioned outsider like the author. Their discourses also inform a historical review of a fraught African Colonization Movement and of some of the discursive structures that helped engender Liberian nationhood and personhood in its early years. As a “history of the present,” the chapter concludes with a brief reflection on the current relationship between Liberians (in Liberia and abroad) and African Americans.
The Loom of Loss
Authors: Smalls Krystal A.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 4 proffers “telling” as narrative retheorized through Black life and death. By listening closely to and then amplifying some of Victoria’s quiet dirges, much of the chapter is spent examining the losses that structure Blackness and the practices that make up Black slow life. Following the work of C. Riley Snorton, Hortense Spillers, and Saidiya Hartman, this section ruminates on grammatical and theoretical transitivity to consider the potential meaning of telling Black loss. In particular, it takes up telling as fully transitive—in the sense that it takes an object (a thing told) and an indirect object (an entity that is told to)—to help us make out some of the ways in which Black Diaspora emerges as an intersubjective field of being and meaning wherein Black pain is remarkable and grievable. All said, the chapter asks what we might bear witness to when we consider Black ways of transmitting selves and stories not as narrative, or even as counter-narrative, but as something best captured, or set free, by the transitive act of telling.
Sense and Sensibility Ways of Relating and Black Diasporic Languaging
Authors: Smalls Krystal A.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 5 centers the affective, aesthetic, and embodied dimensions of “Black language” and considers how racialized “ways of relating” transcend verbal language to create diasporic legibility, familiarity, and even intimacy across difference. The ethnographic examples from a Philadelphia suburb, a Monrovia neighborhood, and a Charleston college campus gesture to a global Black esotericism and aesthetic that provide protection and pleasure and help constitute Black relationalities, space, and place. To further flesh out understandings of Black languaging and some of the more thorny intersubjective realities they have engendered, the chapter then presents Liberia’s complex linguistic landscape and examines antiblack epistemes through a constellation of raciolinguistic, discursive objects in Liberia and the United States.
Sounding Off
Authors: Smalls Krystal A.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 6 returns us to Adima and her classmates (from the Introduction) to tune into their sonic productions as they embodied the joys of refusal and disregard in ways that transcend verbal language. Drawing from a hefty load of Black feminist and other theory, the author considers their soundings as place-making movement that relocates their bodies, others’ bodies, and the space they all share into Black Diaspora, even if just for a moment. One section of this raciosemiotic analysis entails a line-by-line semiotic discourse analysis to show the ways two young women rewrote their Black, African, feminine bodies against dominant indexical scripts. The chapter closes by situating their semiotic practices of gendered Black being in a long and winding history of signifying, a recent practice of stunting, and other layered modes of telling Blackness.
Conclusion
Authors: Smalls Krystal A.
Published: November 2024

The text concludes with a multilayered reflection that begins with a short meditation on the stakes of living and studying Black life. The author then reflects on some synchronic tellings against our overexposure, circumscription, and disposability that have emerged in recent moments (“Can I live?” “Black lives matter.” “Say her name.”). After itemizing Telling Blackness’s primary contributions, the section concludes with a musing over the potentialities of Blackness and Black study, as learned from the 15-year ethnographic voyage told in this text and from the author’s own life.
Faulty Mind-Reading
Authors: Kerr Natalie , Kurtz Jaime
Published: November 2024

Research shows that we have miscalibrated expectations about reaching out and connecting with others. We tend to underestimate how much we’ll enjoy it and how much others will appreciate it. This can cause us to miss out on many simple opportunities for connection in our everyday lives, including talking to strangers, giving compliments, expressing gratitude, and offering social support. More broadly, there is a persistent “liking gap,” where we tend to underestimate just how much others like us and enjoy our company. This chapter explains some of the reasons for this “social miscalibration” and offers tips to better align ourselves with the minds of others.
Liking, Demystified
Authors: Kerr Natalie , Kurtz Jaime
Published: November 2024

What determines whether you click with a new friend, or have chemistry with a potential romantic partner? You might think that these processes are mysterious, or are determined by a person’s unique attributes (a quick wit, for example). However, research in social psychology and related fields suggests that liking and loving are often triggered by simple, mundane factors. For example, people like those that they cross paths with often (the mere exposure effect) and with whom they share common interests. People who exude positivity and pay attention are also more likeable. People also just enjoy feeling liked and listened to. This chapter reviews these often-underappreciated factors and suggests ways in which readers might capitalize on them to begin to form authentic social connections.
Introduction to Epidemiologic Thinking
Authors: Rothman Kenneth J. , Huybrechts Krista F. , Murray Eleanor J.
Published: November 2024

This chapter introduces the reader to epidemiology, showing why epidemiologic thinking is needed to elucidate the disease burden in a population and the causal connections that are responsible for that disease burden. Common sense is often thought to suffice to reveal the causes of disease. Nevertheless, common sense needs to be refined to avoid basic conundrums, such as why death rates in Sweden appear greater than death rates in Panama, why women in a British town who were smokers had a lower risk of death than those who were nonsmokers, and why it is incorrect to attribute the long life of orchestra conductors to their choice of profession.
What Is Causation?
Authors: Rothman Kenneth J. , Huybrechts Krista F. , Murray Eleanor J.
Published: November 2024

Although everyone understands the concept of cause and effect, it is largely self-taught and based on obvious causal connections, such as a light switch controlling a light. This chapter describes a model that diagrams a causal mechanism as a pie, in which each piece of the pie is a necessary causal component in the causal mechanism. These components interact with other components to produce disease. But how might one infer that a given factor is a cause of a disease? Philosophers of science have shown that statements about the natural world cannot be proven logically like mathematical theorems. Although checklists exist for making causal inferences, these also do not have the force of logic. Understanding nature is largely a matter of trial and error, or more specifically a process of conjecture and refutation, in which theories are tested and discarded if and when they are shown to be incorrect.
Stratified Analysis
Authors: Rothman Kenneth J. , Huybrechts Krista F. , Murray Eleanor J.
Published: November 2024

Stratification involves cross-tabulating exposure and disease data within categories of another variable or a set of variables. It is a fundamental tool for exploring and analyzing epidemiologic data, accomplishing several important goals. First, by examining the relation between exposure and disease within categories of a potential confounder, it is an effective method to control confounding. Second, it demonstrates how the relationship between an exposure and disease depends on some third variable, a phenomenon called effect-measure modification. Third, stratification reveals the distribution of key study variables, serving as a check on data validity and helping to avoid data processing errors. This chapter focuses on the use of stratification to control confounding, using either of two approaches, pooling or standardization. Whenever possible it is recommended that stratification be the initial approach to data analysis, in preference to regression modeling, helping the investigators to become familiar with the distributions of key study variables.
Using Regression Models in Epidemiologic Analysis
Authors: Rothman Kenneth J. , Huybrechts Krista F. , Murray Eleanor J.
Published: November 2024

Stratification should be the primary approach to data analysis, and in many situations it is sufficient. When the number of confounders to control exceeds more than one or two, however, stratification can become inefficient. Regression modeling can provide simultaneous control of many more variables than stratification can manage, at the price of some assumptions about the data. Many regression models are variations of the general linear model, which models an outcome variable, the dependent variable, as a function of one or more independent variables. Modeling various epidemiologic measures may warrant modifying the model by transforming the outcome variable to meet mathematical constraints. As a result, there are a variety of regression models that are used in epidemiologic analysis. This chapter discusses models intended to be used for predicting outcomes, versus those intended to be used to infer causal effects. It also mentions some cautions about modeling, such as overfitting and having the form of the model determine the shape of a dose-response relation.
Field Epidemiology
Authors: Rothman Kenneth J. , Huybrechts Krista F. , Murray Eleanor J.
Published: November 2024

Field epidemiology is the application of epidemiologic methods and tools to the assessment, treatment, and prevention of disease in community settings. It is often conducted by government or nonprofit organizations. The applied nature of this work involves the use of special methods. This chapter describes several key components of field epidemiology, including surveillance, field epidemiology study designs, and outbreak investigations and control. Sources of bias that are particularly relevant for field epidemiology are discussed, along with causal effects in community settings. Outbreak investigations do not always result in identification of an infectious cause, and several noncausal reasons why a cluster of cases may arise are described. The chapter concludes by demonstrating how the reproductive number can be used to benchmark the level of effort needed to control an infectious disease outbreak when a vaccine is available.
The Power of Innovation in Organizational and Social Change
Authors: Araque Juan Carlos , Weiss Eugenia L.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 2, “The Power of Innovation in Organizational and Social Change,” highlights innovation as a necessary and powerful tool to improve programs and services in the health and human service fields. This chapter also recognizes that innovative strategies must follow ethical standards when working with clients. Innovative leaders become social architects open to organizational and social innovations, providing guidelines, fostering creativity, and building new systems for social change. The latest innovations in health and human services are described, including new technologies, the use of big data, patient-guided interventions, and the proper use of social media.
Key Leadership Styles for Social Change and Innovation
Authors: Araque Juan Carlos , Weiss Eugenia L.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 3, “Key Leadership Styles for Social Change and Innovation,” describes and analyzes a handful of powerful leadership styles associated with social change causes and initiatives. The leadership literature is somewhat diffused, dating back more than 100 years. Unfortunately, there is no agreement among scholars and practitioners as to what the best leadership style is. Hundreds of leadership theories, approaches, and models have been created or developed to discover the appropriate attributes leaders have or should have to affect social change successfully. Therefore, we will concentrate on what we consider to be the most successful leadership styles for health and human service delivery: the tenets, potential benefits, and critical elements.
Cultural Proficiency and Diversity Considerations in the Workplace
Authors: Araque Juan Carlos , Weiss Eugenia L.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 9, “Cultural Proficiency and Diversity Considerations in the Workplace,” demonstrates methods and approaches that innovative leaders can use to promote individuals and organizations to be accountable in advancing equity through personal and institutional practices. This chapter introduces the reader to the Cultural Proficiency Continuum as a tool for social architects to identify attitudes and behaviors in themselves and others to reduce discriminatory practices and promote workplace diversity. Cultural humility and the facets of intersectionality (i.e., multiple and interrelated identities) are discussed, including convergence issues with race, gender, disabilities, and sexual orientation. Additionally, leadership models aligned with diversity considerations and social equity are reviewed, demonstrating how organizational policies and practices can foster equitable working conditions for all.
Leadership and Crisis Response
Authors: Araque Juan Carlos , Weiss Eugenia L.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 15, “Leadership and Crisis Response,” contains the latest emergency procedures and practices leaders and crisis teams can apply during crisis management, such as responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, mass shootings, extreme weather patterns, and other crises. Unfortunately, the number of human-made (e.g., terrorism and shootings) or natural disasters (e.g., wildfires, earthquakes, pandemics, and violent storms) has significantly increased, and we need to be more vigilant and better prepared to deal with crises. Essential emergency resources, response models, and organizations are highlighted, including the standardized emergency management system, incident command center, food and shelter emergency funding boards, and American Red Cross products and services. Crisis response operations are constantly practiced and assessed so that first responders have the tools to identify potential events or circumstances that could significantly improve their performance and save lives.
Conclusion
Authors: Martelli Francesca K. A.
Published: November 2024

Who exactly read Cicero’s letters after his death, and how did their identities determine the collection of Epistulae ad Familiares that took shape? In this Conclusion, we revisit what is known and unknown about the readerships of Cicero’s letters and consider how the narrative interests that this letter collection serves in its sixteen-book format can be used to supplement this information. We also revisit the question of why these documents from the late Republic would have retained a currency in the imperial and late antique periods in which they continued to circulate, and we draw on Derrida’s concept (or puncept) of hauntology to describe the effect of their ongoing circulation in these later periods.