bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Artistic Originality of Rasul Gamzatov’s Play “The Mountain Girl”
Authors: Murtazaliev Ahmed Magomedovich , Bashirova Roza Saadulayevna , Nabigulaeva Marjanat Nabigulaevna
Published: April 2021

The article considers artistic originality of the play “The Mountain Girl” by the national poet of Dagestan Rasul Gamzatov. The study aims to reveal originality of characters and circumstances, various types of conflicts: domestic, interfamilial, interpersonal, psychological. The play tells the story of a young mountain woman in a realistic manner. Entering into a conflict with the world dominated by centuries-old conservative traditions and practices, the young woman emerges victorious from this unequal struggle. Scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that it expands understanding of R. Gamzatov’s multi-genre creative work, in particular, the famous poet is portrayed as a talented dramatist, he is skilful in creating psychological portraits, depicting people’s characters and relationships, penetrating into their inner world. The attained results have shown the nature of the artistic and aesthetic richness and depictive potential of the play “The Mountain Girl”, shed light on peculiarities of the conflict and character, as well as on the author’s individual artistic style.
Definitional Analysis of Lexical Unit ‘Love’ as Word-Representative of LOVE Concept (by the Material of Explanatory Dictionaries of the English Language)
Authors: Getman Anastasia Aleksandrovna
Published: April 2021

The paper aims to identify the language means of the LOVE concept representation in the English language. The research methodology includes a definitional analysis of the lexeme-representative “love”. Scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that the concept LOVE is analysed through the lens of linguo-culturology and within the framework of the semantic-cognitive approach. As a result, nuclear components of the concept are described, lexical units of the nominative field of the concept LOVE are identified and their semantic classification is presented. The research findings can serve as a basis for a more comprehensive semantic and cognitive analysis of the concept under study.
Actualisation of Archetypal Meanings of “Bull” in World Culture
Authors: Kuchukova Zukhra Akhmetovna , Berberova Liana Burkhanovna
Published: April 2021

The article considers the “bull” as a natural and artistic phenomenon, basing on numerous folklore and mythological, literary, cinematic texts, as well as on authors’ cognitive memory. The study aims to ascertain that the image of the “bull” can have multiple meanings, depending on ethnocultural and civilizational factors. The work is novel in that it is the first to examine evolutionary path of the “bull” as an archetypal image in diachronic context with involvement of gnoseological capabilities of not only literature but also adjacent philological disciplines. The attained results demonstrate a wide variable range in interpretation of the animalistic image, accounted for by the level of the mankind’s ecological culture.
Language Means for Creating Psychologism in Leïla Slimani’s Novel “Chanson douce”
Authors: Seliverstova Mariya Olegovna , Aslanyan Olga Vladimirovna
Published: April 2021

The study aims to systematise the language means used for creating psychologism in L. Slimani’s novel “Chanson douce”. Scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that peculiarities of functioning of the lexical, syntactic and stylistic devices used by the author to make a psychological description of characters are identified, the main motifs in creative work and features of the individual style of the modern writer Leïla Slimani are determined. As a result of the study, the researchers have identified the main features of psychological description in the author’s work, as well as the dominant compositional devices and language means at various levels which facilitate embodiment of the author’s ideological attitude.
Features of Translating Colour Terms, Zoonyms and Lacunae from R. Bradbury’s Novel “Fahrenheit 451” from English into Russian
Authors: Mosolkova Marina Germanovna , Khusainova Anisa Amirovna , Kudryavtseva Marina Gennadievna
Published: April 2021

The study aims to compare translation of colour terms, zoonyms and lacunae from R. Bradbury’s novel “Fahrenheit 451” as interpreted by T. N. Shinkar and V. T. Babenko. Scientific novelty of the research lies in studying and carrying out a comparative analysis of the methods used for translation of colour terms, zoonyms and lacunae, which make up the linguistic worldview of the novel, in interpretations by T. N. Shinkar and V. T. Babenko, taking into account different generations, the translators’ experience, technological advancements. This is the first time that R. Bradbury’s novel “Fahrenheit 451” is studied in such an aspect. The results of the study have shown that V. T. Babenko’s version of translation is the closest to the original, he has managed to convey the message and emotional sentiment of the work more effectively. The analysis of the translations helped the researchers to identify the ideas refracted through the lens of the author’s perception.
Specificity of Interaction of Percepts, Representations, Frames and Concepts in Mental World Model
Authors: Khakhalova Svetlana Alexeewna
Published: April 2021

The paper aims to reveal specificity of interaction of percepts, representations, frames and concepts in human consciousness. The article provides an analytical survey of foreign and domestic studies on mechanisms of human cognition (knowledge storage and knowledge representation). Scientific originality of the research lies in the fact that the author for the first time analyses the frame “threat” using the strategic questioning method. The research findings are as follows: the author shows that the mental world model is a dynamic one; it focuses on concepts and is based on the antinomies “construction vs reconstruction”, “perception vs representation”.
TEACHING VOCABULARY MASTERY TO THE PRIMARY PUPILS THROUGH ALPHABET CARDS
Authors: Karbala Derin
Published: April 2021

The paper aims at explaining how primary pupils are taught vocabulary through Alphabet Cards. The subject of this classroom action research was 20 pupils. The research was a classroom action research which was conducted in two cycles where each cycle consisted of planning, implementation, observation and reflection. The data of this research were obtained from the results of the test and observation sheet, questionnaire, field notes, during the implementation of the action. The findings of the research showed that Alphabet Cards was effective in developing primary pupils’ vocabulary. The effectiveness of Alphabet Cards was shown by the improvement of pupils’ score. The findings revealed that in cycle 1 there were 12 pupils who achieved minimum criteria of achievement. It means that the classical achievement was 60%. In cycle 2, it showed that there were 17 of 20 pupils who achieved the minimum criteria of achievement. It means that the gain achievement was 85%. Gain achievement is based on the number of pupils who get the score at least the criteria of success (70). Both of the gained and individual achievements have met the criteria of success. It can be concluded that the Alphabet cards is very effective to develop the pupils’ vocabulary.
PROFESIONALISME SEORANG PENDIDIK
Authors: Syifa Galuh Nur
Published: April 2021

Profesionalisme merupakan tuntutan bagi seseorang yang memiliki pekerjaan sebagai profesi. Tuntutan tersebut berupa keahlian, keterampilan, pengetahuan, dan kecakapan dalam menjalani bidang profesinya. Profesi guru merupakan salah satu pekerjaan profesi di Indonesia. Guru yang profesional memiliki peran yang sangat penting, yaitu sebagai contoh bagi peserta didik, memberikan motivasi, sebagai fasilitator dan yang tercantum dalam Undang-undang No. 14 Tahun 2005 mengenai Guru dan Dosen yang mana seorang guru harus memiliki empat kompetensi dasar agar menjadi guru yang profesional. Kompetensi dasar tersebut yaitu: kompetensi profesional, kompetensi pedagogik, kompetensi sosial, dan kompetensi kepribadian. Dari keempat kompetensi tersebut guru dapat melaksankan kewajibannya sebagai seorang pendidik. Dengan demikian, jika kewajibannya telah terlaksana maka guru akan mendapatkan hak yang semestinya didapat. Kewajiban guru adalah untuk meciptakan generasi mendatang menjadi suatu generasi yang dapat memajukan dan mencerdaskan bangsa Indonesia.
PERANG RIDDAH DAN FUTUHAT ISLAMIYAH (KAJIAN RELASI PERISTIWA SOSIAL DAN PERKEMBANGAN BAHASA ARAB)
Authors: Bin-Tahir Saidna Zulfiqar
Published: April 2021

Lahirnya agama Islam dan peristiwa-peristiwa sosial yang mengiringinya merupakan fenomena sosial yang mencengangkan sepanjang sejarah abad pertengahan. Islam yang lahir di tempat gersang yang dihuni bangsa primitif telah melahirkan peradaban dunia yang mempesona. Setiap peristiwa sosial yang terjadi di awal lahirnya Islam merupakan peristiwa yang memiliki pengaruh dahsyat terhadap proses revolusi perkembangan bahasa Arab. Bahasa Arab telah menjadi salah satu sumber pengetahuan sehingga upaya untuk mengetahui proses perkembangannya menjadi kebutuhan yang sangat esensial untuk melacak asal muasal terbentuknya bahasa tersebut dan faktor faktor yang menjadikan bahasa Arab sebagai bahasa terdepan di era ini. Tulisan ini memperlihatkan bahwa peristiwa sosial yang mengiringi lahirnya agama Islam membawa dampak dan pengaruh pada perkembangan bahasa Arab, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa perkembangan bahasa Arab tidak hanya dipengaruhi dari peradaban yang berkembang sebelum lahirnya Islam. Sebagaimana ditunjukkan dalam tulisan ini bahwa peristiwa-peristiwa sosial pada masa shadr Islam merupakan transformasi proses perkembangan bahasa Arab. Pada masa itu merupakan momentum agung turunnya al-Qur’an. Masuknya ajaran agama Islam kepada masyarakat jahiliah Arab membangun hubungan interaksi sosial masyarakat Arab dan Islam. Pada masa ini terjadi proses pertumbuhan ilmu pengetahuan yang bersumber dari Islam, yang berdampak nyata pada perkembangan bahasa Arab. Tulisan ini menyarankan perlunya suatu kajian lebih lanjut atas perkembangan bahasa Arab yang dibangun dari aspek historis. Mengingat sejarah panjang dalam Islam, menegaskan adanya momentum agung yang mampu mengembangkan bahasa Arab sebagai bahasa istimewa bagi umat Islam dan peradaban dunia.
Students’ and teachers’ perceptions and experiences of course scheduling in undergraduate sports sciences program: An Ethiopian case study
Authors: kulluche beshir edo
Published: April 2021

AbstractFlexibility in course scheduling is an integral part of institutional strategies used to increase studentengagement and success, yet little research exists that examines scheduling as a key factor that determinesstudents’ experiences and educational outcomes. This study explored the undergraduate sport sciencestudents and their teachers at Jimma University, Ethiopia, regarding their experiences in semester-based andblock scheduling formats as well as their reflections and perspectives on the effectiveness of these schedulingformats for teaching and learning. For this, the study used an exploratory mixed-methods design consisting ofindividual interviews with six teachers and focus group interviews with undergraduate sports sciences studentsample (n = 40), and institutional archives of the sampled students’ cumulative grade point averages (GPAs).The study findings indicate divergent views regarding their perceptions and mixed experiences with thesemester-based and block scheduled courses. Irrespective of these, the majority of participants reported thatteachers’ missing scheduled classes, tending not to teach the full time of the class session, continual lecturing,and scarcity of instructional resources are the major challenges surrounding the implementation of bothsemester-based and block teaching. We discuss the implications of these findings for future research,implementation, and intervention design.
磁场和电磁波依赖参照系（坐标系）吗？
Authors: YANG Zheng-Ling
Published: April 2021

如果磁场真的是由电流引起的，则某些磁场是依赖参照系（观察者、坐标系）而存在的；进而，某些电磁波也可能是依赖参照系（观察者、坐标系）而存在的。建议设计新的物理实验对这两个看法进行高精度、高稳定性的检验。
Review article
Authors: Usman Safri
Published: April 2021

Metode yang digunakan adalah metode sampling, karenasebelumnya telah dilakukan survey, maka desa yang dijadikansampel adalah Desa Bajo Tilamuta Kabupaten Boalemo yangmayoritas penduduknya adalah Suku Bajo. Pengambilan sampeldilakukan secara purposive yaitu pemilihan sampel secara langsungkarena sebelumnya diketahui bahwa sampel yang dipilih dapatmewakili populasi. Sedangkan analisis datanya menggunakan trademargin sebagai alat ukurnya
Sauter & Russell Handbook of Emotion Theory
Authors: Sauter Disa , Russell James A
Published: April 2021

What is a nonverbal expression of emotion? Both the notion of expression and the notion of emotion are contentious in the literature. Everyone knows the clear cases – smiles, frowns, screams, chuckles, slumps, and so on – but the category as a whole is not well defined. Writers from different theoretical backgrounds have criticized the implicit assumptions inherent in this phrase (Ekman, 1971; Hinde, 1985; Parkinson, 2005; Zajonc, 1985). Are the referenced behaviors in fact expressing something, and is this something an emotion? Not all scientific accounts are consistent with the implication that certain nonverbal behaviors express an emotion.However, for simplicity of reference we will continue to use the phrase “nonverbal expression.” But we do so in an inverted-commas sense only, namely, to refer to those nonverbal behaviors that are commonly taken to express emotions. We acknowledge that the category is vague, and we remain agnostic on whether what is expressed is truly an emotion, or, indeed, whether “express” is what such behaviors do.We are similarly agnostic on the definition of emotion, and we do not use that word here in any technical sense. Instead, our focus in this chapter is on short-term emotion episodes, which we take to be multi-componential events of limited duration commonly taken to be an emotion. Components include but are not limited to appraisals, physiological changes, subjective experiences, nonverbal expressions, and instrumental behaviors.We now turn to summarizing how the basic emotion, appraisal, and psychological constructionist research programs account for the production and perception of nonverbal expressions. (See chapters in this volume by Shiota, Ellsworth, and Barrett, respectively, for more general discussions of each research program and for fuller sets of references.) Although each program is commonly called a theory, they are instead broad research programs: each includes a family of loosely related (indeed sometimes conflicting) theories and assumptions, an interpretation of the history of the field, various background assumptions about human nature, prescribed methods and data analytic procedures, and conclusions drawn from previous research. Furthermore, each program continues to develop. We present a prototypical version of each program, emphasizing differences among the three research programs. That said, the three research programs also share important assumptions, methods, and conclusions, although the emphasis may vary. For example, when we describe one program’s account of evolutionary origins, the reader should not infer that the other two programs reject evolution by natural selection or assume special creation. Similarly, the fact that one program emphasizes context does not mean that contextual effects are incompatible with the other programs. We present each program’s assertions as if they were established facts, but in fact they are hypotheses. In the conclusion to our chapter, we elaborate on compatibilities and convergences, but we begin by contrasting the three programs.
Penerapan Asuhan Keperawatan Jiwa Pada Tn.K Dengan Masalah Halusinasi Pendengaran Di Batu Besar Kecamatan Nongsa Kota Batam
Authors: rohayati wahyuli
Published: April 2021

Halusinasi adalah suatu gejala pada individu dengan gangguan jiwa yang mengalami gangguan perubahan persepsi sensori yang ditandai dengan klien merasakan sensasi berupa suara, penglihatan, pengecapan, perabaan, atau penghiduan tanpa stimulus yang nyata. Halusinasi sudah melebur dan pasien merasa sangat ketakutan, panik dan tidak bisa membedakan antara khayalan dan kenyataan yang dialaminya
KERJASAMA KEIMIGRASIAN DALAM ASEAN DAN ASEM
Authors: adityatama Deni meidistira , yaserarya
Published: April 2021

Penelitian ini mencoba untuk mengamati kerjasama keimigrasian khususnya kerjasama keimigrasian dalam ASEAN dan ASEM. Tujuan dilakukan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan memahami implementasi dan bentuk kerjasama keimigrasian dalam ASEAN dan ASEM. Digunakan metode kualitatif dalam penulisan ini, data didapat melalui studi kepustakaan kemudian dikumpulkan dan dianalisis untuk disajikan dalam bentuk deskriptif secara sistematis. Dari penelurusan data sekunder, didapat hasil salah satu bentuk kerjasama ASEAN dalam keimigrasian adalah dibentuknya kebijakan bebas visa atau ASEAN Framework Agreement on Visa Exemption, sementara pada pembahasan kerjasama keimigrasian ASEM membahas mengenai lembaga bernama The Asia-Europe Foundation (ASEF) yang berkaitan dengan keimigrasian. Dalam penerapan kerjasama keimigrasian ASEAN tersebut disatu sisi memberi banyak manfaat namun disisi lain juga tak dapat dihindari adanya kerugian dan permasalahan, sementara bentuk kerjasama keimigrasian ASEM terlihat berjalan baik karena tetap mempertahankan hak-hak para migran dalam hal keimigrasian, salah satu yang dibahas disini adalah pemberian jaminan kesehatan.
Review Jurnal
Authors: Usman Safri
Published: April 2021

Sampel berjumlah 16 nelayan aktif, 3 pedagang,15 pengecer, dan 1 eksportir. Ikan tuna tersebutdijual langsung ke pedagang grosir di Gorontalodan kemudian dijual ke eksportir di Bali,Makassar, Palu, dan Surabaya. Kemudianeksportir mengekspor tuna ke negara lain.Berdasarkan hasil analisis, Rp40.000 / kg,keuntungan masing-masing agen penjualanmeliputi Rp20.000 / kg untuk pengecer,Rp30.000 / kg untuk pedagang keliling danRp50.000 / kg untuk pedagang. Marginmaksimum adalah «55.56% dari pedagang
Sebuah profesi guru
Authors: Arsandi
Published: April 2021

Guru mempunyai peranan yang amat strategis dan urgen dalam keseluruhan upaya pendidikan.Hampir semua usaha pembaruan dibidang kurikulum dan penerapan metode mengajar guru, pada akhirnya tergantung pada guru itu sendiri. Guru ialah orang yang merencanakan, dan melaksanakan proses pembelajaran, menilai serta membimbing peserta didik untuk meraih cita-cita dan memiliki budi pekerti. Profesi guru merupakan profesi yang dapat menentukan masa depan bangsa ini. Guru tanpa menguasai bahan pelajaran, strategi pembelajaran, mendorong siswa belajar untuk mencapai prestasi yang tinggi maka, segala upaya peningkatan kualitas pendidikan tidak akan mencapai hasil yang maksimal. Kualitas pendidikan sangat ditentukan oleh berbagai factor, namun yang paling utama dan sangat dominan adalah kualitas profesional seorang guru. Guru profesional minimal memiliki komitmen kepada peserta didik dan proses belajarnya,menguasai secara mendalam bahan pelajaran yang akan diajarkannya. Serta cara penyampaiannya kepada siswa, bertanggung jawab memantau hasil belajar siswa melalui berbagai teknik evaluasi, mampu berpikir secara sistematis tentang apa yang dilakukan,mengadakan refleksi dan koreksi, guru sering dijadikan tokoh teladan dsn bahkan menjadi tokoh indentifikasi diri. Maka dengan demikian guru hendaknya memiliki perilaku dan kemampuan yang memadai untuk mengembangkan siswanya atau peserta didik secarab utuh
Follow my Example, for Better and for Worse: The Influence of Behavioural Traces on Recycling Decisions
Authors: Topf Sabine , Speekenbrink Maarten
Published: April 2021

Recycling behaviour can recover valuable materials and mitigate green house gas emission from landfills and incinerators. The potential positive impact of individuals' recycling behaviour depends on others also making an effort, for instance avoiding contamination. Knowing what other people have done may therefore influence recycling behaviour. Behavioural traces are evidence of other people's behaviour in a shared environment. Here they relate to waste items already placed in one of two bins, a mixed-recycling bin and a non-recyclable waste bin. In two online experiments and one real-life intervention study we investigate the role of behavioural traces on the willingness to recycle as well as the correctness of recycling. We find that seeing behavioural traces of previous recycling behaviour makes recycling generally more likely and people tend to copy item placement. This in turn increases correctness in groups where the average individual has good knowledge of recycling. Introducing correct items at the start of the day in the intervention study did not increase correctness, possibly because the correct items were soon buried by other items. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Comparing the use of sum-scores and Item Response Theory’s person location scores as measures of Functional Somatic Symptoms
Authors: Acevedo-Mesa Angélica , Monden Rei , Roest Annelieke , Tendeiro Jorge , Rosmalen Judith
Published: April 2021

Purpose: This study aims to compare the use of sum-scores and person location scores from Item Response Theory (IRT) as outcome measures of Functional Somatic Symptoms (FSS) in an epidemiological study. Method: Data from 1247 participants (60% female) from the Tracking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS) general population cohort study at the fifth (mean age = 22.2, SD = 0.64) and sixth (mean age = 25.6, SD = 0.6) measurement waves was employed. We fitted the Graded Response Model (GRM) from IRT to the 12 items of the “physical complaints” subscale of the Adult Self-Report (ASR) to calculate item and person location parameters. We performed bootstrapped multiple linear regressions to analyze the relationship between Positive Affect (PA) and FSS using person location scores and compared the results to results obtained using sum-scores. Results: The items “nausea” and “abdominal pain” were most discriminative. ASR sum-scores and person location scores were highly correlated, although the latter captured more variability. Using sum-scores and person location scores to study the association between PA and FSS did not result in relevant differences. Conclusion: Although person location scores capture more variability, we did not find added value in the longitudinal analyses of the association between PA and FSS.
A Feature-Based Approach to the Comparative Study of “Nonordinary” Experiences
Authors: Taves Ann , Barlev Michael
Published: April 2021

At the turn of the 20th century, researchers and clinicians compared case studies of patients diagnosed with hysteria and mediums who claimed to channel spirits based on alterations they observed in their sense of self. Yet, notwithstanding its early promise, this comparative approach to such “nonordinary experiences” (NOEs) was never fully realize due to disciplinary siloing and the challenges involved in comparing culture-laden accounts. Today, psychologists tend to reify constructs, such as religious or spiritual, extraordinary (psychical, paranormal, anomalous, or exceptional), and psychopathological. In doing so, they face an unresolved challenge: experiences with phenomenologically distinct features may be appraised similarly within a culture (that is, viewed as evidence for the same culturally-specific construct) and experiences that share phenomenological features may be appraised differently across cultures. Here, we call for a renewed approach to comparing NOEs across cultures that prioritizes subjectively recognizable features instead of constructs. First, we review the history of the comparative approach in psychology and where it is today. Second, we introduce a feature- based approach, building on the event cognition literature, where “lived experiences” are broken down into their phenomenological features and the claims made about them. Third, we propose ways in which cultural learning shapes experiences, and possibly the ordinary-nonordinary distinction itself. We conclude by highlighting that by building on and shifting the focus of previous efforts, the feature-based approach provides a way to compare experiences at the population level.
Tres décadas de muy baja fecundidad en España, 1991 - 2018
Authors: Esteve Albert , Lozano Mariona , Boertien Diederik , Mogi Ryohei , Cui Qi
Published: April 2021

Con datos de la Encuesta de Fecundidad de 2018 (14.556 mujeres y 2.619 hombres), en este artículo (i) examinamos la evolución de la fecundidad de las generaciones de mujeres y hombres nacidos en España entre 1962 y 1989 y sus preferencias reproductivas en cuanto al tamaño ideal de familia y al deseo de tener hijos en los próximos tres años; (ii) analizamos los motivos por los que mujeres y hombres no han alcanzado el número deseado de hijos y estimamos la fecundidad no realizada según sea el motivo principal que la ha impedido; y, finalmente, (iii) examinamos la probabilidad de tener un primer hijo en función de la edad y la situación de pareja y laboral de las personas. Los resultados constatan el carácter estructural de la baja fecundidad en España para mujeres y hombres. La fecundidad observada está claramente por debajo de la fecundidad deseada. Los motivos materiales - asociados con la precariedad laboral, la inestabilidad, los recursos económicos - son los principales responsables de que mujeres y hombres no alcancen el número de hijos deseados. Tras estos motivos aparecen los relacionados con la pareja (no tener pareja estable) y la salud (dificultades de quedar embarazada). Tener pareja estable entre los 25 y 35 años es un determinante próximo de la transición al primer hijo.
How the health of contemporary hunter-gatherers is a victim of ‘civic-colonial’ policies and politics?
Authors: Kumar Rakesh
Published: April 2021

Hunting-gathering is considered the oldest mode of subsistence strategy. It combines hunting animals, fishing and foraging for wild foods and nutrients and mobility as a sustenance mechanism. During colonial times, there can be seen a trend of undermining hunter-gatherer’s identity, culture, belief, worldview, practices by implementing various policies e.g. capitalisation of nature as a natural resource, displacement led development, etc. It has not only marginalised the hunter-gatherer community socially, culturally, economically and politically but also affected their health adversely. It has been observed worldwide that the post-colonial government has not only renewed colonial marginalisation politics and policies but also legalised it in the name of development, service, national obligation, legislation, institution, nationalism, civic responsibility, citizenship, and morality. This act of local government has been described as civic-colonisation. The civic-colonial policies and politics have used the western capitalist framework, technology-led development in the livestock area, politics of nomenclature etc. as a roadmap for the politics of reconciliation. These policies and politics have categorised the hunter-gatherer as an ethnic minority and cost their land, culture, health and identity. In this article, I have discussed what is civic-colonisation? and how civic-colonial policies are linked to health problems of the present-day hunter-gatherer's community?
The Twelve-Part Typology of Evaluation Uses
Authors: Vedung Evert
Published: April 2021

Bringing evaluation insights to use is a mantra among evaluators. Their standard solution is to discern instrumental, conceptual, and legitimizing uses as utilizations of evaluation products and to regard use of evaluation processes as a fourth type essentially different from the previous three. In two fundamental ways, this article is breaking loose from this three-times-one typology of use. One deviation is adding tactical, ritual, and constitutive product uses to the prevailing triad of instrumental, conceptual, and legitimizing uses. Even more fundamental is the second divergence, where all six uses are joined not only to product use but to process use as well. This means that all six types of use will turn up in the form of both product use and process use, leading to a six-times-two pattern instead of the three-times-one-uses-of-evaluation typology. The result is the Twelve-part typology of evaluation uses. After elaborating on the evaluation product-use/evaluation process-use distinction, the paper deliberates on the twelve-part evaluation uses typology in detail and provides practical examples of them all for illumination.
Und was hat das jetzt gebracht? Zum Nutzen von Evaluationen bei partizipativen Evaluationsstrategien im Universitätskolleg der Universität Hamburg
Authors: Kopischke André
Published: April 2021

Der Beitrag stellt die evaluative Begleitung im Universitätskolleg der Universität Hamburg mit dem Fokus auf Dimensionen des Nutzens von Evaluationsergebnissen und des Evaluationsprozesses vor. Angelehnt an Saunders (2011, 2012) liegt in der Art und Weise, wie partizipativ professionell Evaluierende die Begleitung gestalten, die Möglichkeit, Nutzen zu schaffen. Nach theoretischen Erwägungen zum Nutzen von Evaluationen wird aufgezeigt, wie es durch die partizipative Evaluationsstrategie am Universitätskolleg gelungen ist, verschiedene Formen von Befund- und Prozessnutzen zu generieren, und welche Herausforderungen dabei zu berücksichtigen sind. Dabei zeigt sich die auf dem Ansatz der Partizipativen Evaluation basierende Strategie als besonders geeignet, um individuelle und projektbezogene Erträge aus dem Prozess heraus zu generieren und damit die Anwendbarkeit der Erkenntnisse zu erhöhen. Die organisationalen Nutzungsmöglichkeiten der Befunde stellen sich als eingeschränkt dar.
A Game of Thrones, 1936-Style: How Three Canadians Shaped the Abdication of Edward VIII
Authors: McDowall Duncan
Published: April 2021

King Edward VIII’s 1936 abdication has remained fixed in modern memory as a traumatic constitutional crisis wrapped in what many consider the most fateful love story of the century. The King’s determination to marry Wallis Simpson, “the woman he loved,” still feeds the mills of popular and academic history. The narrative, however, habitually focuses on the Anglocentric world of the Court of St. James, the Anglican hierarchy, and Stanley Baldwin’s Conservative government. This focus overlooks the key role of non-British participants in the crisis. This article views the abdication through a significant Canadian prism. In London, Ontario-born banker Sir Edward Peacock (1871–1962) served as the Receiver-General of the Duchy of Cornwall, the investment trust designed to support the duties of the Prince of Wales. As such, Peacock became Edward’s most intimate financial advisor as abdication loomed, a role now fully elaborated in light of hitherto unconsulted papers held at Queen’s University. Press baron Lord Beaverbrook played a more public role, joining with Churchill, as the King’s champion, using his mass-circulation newspapers to curry public sympathy for the beleaguered monarch. In Ottawa, Prime Minister Mackenzie King trod a characteristically cautious line between guarding Canada’s autonomy, won under the 1931 Statute of Westminster, while still preserving its filial tie to Britain.
From an Economic Term to a Political Concept
Authors: Saharov Juhan
Published: April 2021

The term “economic self-management” (in Estonian, isemajandamine ) stood at the center of economic and political debates in Soviet Estonia in 1987–1988. This article traces its transformation from an economic term to a political concept, reconstructing the intellectual resources that the reformers were drawing on in this process. Navigating the constraints of Soviet discourse, reform-minded academics in Soviet Estonia radically expanded the original meaning of isemajandamine, which ultimately provided an argumentative platform for declaring the republic’s “sovereignty” within the Soviet Union. The article brings out the linguistic, political, and transnational dimensions of this conceptual innovation, which started in 1987 and was completed when the law on the “economic independence” of the Baltic republics was adopted by the Soviet Union in 1989.
IATROGENIC CHANGES IN THYROID GLAND OF PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AFTER THERAPY WITH AMIODARON
Authors: Danyliuk O.I.
Published: April 2021

Objective of the study: to analyze the frequency of structural and functional changes in the thyroid gland of the patients with atrial fibrillation who took amiodarone for 12 months on regular basis. The study was based on findings obtained by examining 80 patients (28 women and 52 men) with cardiosclerosis (diffuse and postinfarction), atrial fibrillation and heart failure IIA at the age of 63.5 ± 1.3 years and 15 healthy individuals of the relevant age (62,4 ± 2,4 years) and relevant sex proportions. The main inclusion criterion was the euthyroid state of the thyroid gland before the beginning of antiarrhythmic therapy. To assess the functional state of the thyroid gland, we studied the content of free thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and antibodies to thyroid peroxidase. The examination was carried out before the therapy, and in 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after the beginning of the study during the course of antiarrhythmic therapy. To detect structural changes in the thyroid gland, we used ultrasound scanning. Depending on the prescribed treatment, the participants were divided into the following groups: group I included the patients who received amiodarone in a dosage of 200 mg per day and basic therapy (n = 60); control group involved the patients who received the basic therapy with antiarrhythmic drugs, digoxin and bisoprolol (n = 20). Results. The therapy with amiodarone for a year resulted in thyroid dysfunction in 33.3% of the patients. Hypothyroidism (20.0%) is leading in the structure of amiodarone-associated thyroid dysfunctions; this condition is subclinically manifested in 11.7% of the patients. The development of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis was observed in 13.3% of the patients, and the first cases of hyperthyroidism were detected not earlier than six months. Under the effect of amiodarone in the first months of the therapy, serum levels of free thyroxine may increase, while free triiodothyronine may decrease, therefore there may be a tendency to slightly increased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the first weeks of the therapy. The above changes in laboratory parameters are transient and are not accompanied by the deterioration of the antiarrhythmic action of amiodarone.
MODERN CONCEPTS ABOUT IMPACT OF DIFFERENT FOOD ADDITIVES ON THE HUMAN BODY
Authors: Mustafina Н. M. , Starchenko I. I. , Koka V. М. , Lukachina Ye. I. , Chernyak V. V.
Published: April 2021

This article highlights the analysis of available data about the impact of food additives on a human body. We specified the meaning of the term "food additives", paid attention to the history of discovering and applying food additives, described the differences between natural and synthetic food additives. According to the literature, most food additives used in modern food industry can be considered quite safe. The safety of food additives is determined on the basis of extensive comparative studies, and the use of food additives is prohibited unless they have been tested and approved by the relevant authorities. But, with the development of analytical methods, the emergence of new experimental data, the question of the possible negative impacts of one or another additive on individual organs and systems of the human body can be reconsidered. In particular, certain food additives that were previously considered harmless, for example E 240, E 121, are now recognized as very dangerous and prohibited for use. It has been proven that food supplements that are harmless to one person can have a negative effect on another. Therefore, it is recommended to limit the use of food additives for children, the elderly and people prone to allergic reactions. The article describes in detail the results of experimental studies about the negative impact of specific additives, in particular ponceau 4R, sodium nitrite and monosodium glutamate on individual internal organs. Attention is focused on the group of food additives such as nitrogen compounds, which due to the biotransformation can result in the nitrite formation. An excess of the latter, in turn, according to some researchers, can provoke the development of malignant tumours in various organs, primarily in the terminal parts of the colon. Thus, the impact of various combinations of food additives on the morpho-functional state of the internal organs requires further detailed research.
PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY AS A COMPONENT OF PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION FOR PATIENTS WITH STOMACH CANCER
Authors: Viun S. V. , Viun T. I. , Ivanova Yu. V. , Bityak S. Yu. , Holoborotko N. N.
Published: April 2021

The study and analysis of the treatment outcomes were carried out in 69 patients aged from 40 to 85 years (mean age 53.0±1.0) who had tumours of the body or cardiac part of the stomach T3-4 (according to the UICC classification (ninth edition, 2014)). The distribution of patients according to the localization of tumour lesions in the stomach was as follows: 43 (62.3%) cases found in the body region and 22 (31.9%) found in the proximal section (of which 14 (20 3%) were in the cardia (Type III according to Siewert J.R.), 8 (11.6%) patients had the transition to the abdominal oesophagus (type II according to Siewert JR), 4 (5.8%) patients had the tumour located in the stump of the resected organ. Histologically, the vast majority of neoplasms were represented by adenocarcinoma (94.8%). All other types of tumours made up for 5.2%. The patients received photodynamic therapy with the Photolon photosensitizer and subsequent irradiation with a laser with a wavelength λ = 0.67 μm crossed irradiation fields, which was introduced through the biopsy channel of the endoscope. The light dose and the number of irradiation sessions were determined depending on the degree of damage to the oesophagus and stomach (from 4 to 7 sessions). The light dose of the session was up to 200 J. The power density of the laser radiation is 25 mW/cm2. Endoscopic photodynamic therapy can be used at the stage of combined treatment in combination with chemotherapy and surgery and is an effective means of preventing the failure of the oesophageal-small intestinal anastomosis in the early postoperative period. Due to photodynamic therapy in the preoperative period, the number of complications in the early postoperative period has significantly decreased. The leakage of the oesophageal-intestinal anastomosis developed in 4 cases, which make up 5.8%.
TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND INFLAMMATION MARKERS DURING PROGRESSION OF GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE IN YOUNG PATIENTS WITH AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS
Authors: Pasiieshvili T.M.
Published: April 2021

The aim of this study is to establish the content of inflammation markers (tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 18) and the index of total antioxidant activity in young patients with comorbidity between gastroesophageal reflux disease and autoimmune thyroiditis and to determine their dependence on morpho-histological changes in the oesophageal mucosa. Materials and methods. The study involved 182 students aged 18 to 25 years: 120 patients with comorbidity between gastroesophageal reflux disease and autoimmune thyroiditis, 42 those having an isolated course of autoimmune thyroiditis. The methodology included complex clinical, instrumental, immunological, statistical methods. Results. Determining the activity of proinflammatory cytokines has revealed their statistically significant increase. The level of these cytokines depends on morpho-histological changes in the mucous membrane and reaches the maximum during the erosive process. At the same time, the indicator of total antioxidant activity significantly decreases. In this case, the erosive form of the disease is accompanied by more expressive changes in this indicator. Conclusions. The inflammatory process in the oesophagus is accompanied by the activation of the pro-inflammatory segment of immunity against the background of the suppression of the antioxidant system, which is dependent on morphological changes in the oesophageal mucosa. These changes will contribute to the development of pathological apoptosis and the progression of nosologies.
Incidencia de hipotermia perioperatoria inadvertida, en perros sometidos a anestesia general inhalatoria
Authors: Ospina-Argüelles Diego A , Buriticá-Gaviria Edwin , Echeverry-Bonilla Diego
Published: April 2021

La incidencia de hipotermia perioperatoria inadvertida es una de las principales complicaciones perianestésicas en caninos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la incidencia de hipotermia perioperatoria inadvertida en 49 perros sometidos a anestesia general inhalatoria. Al finalizar el periodo preanestésico, transanestésico y postanestésico, se registró la temperatura corporal, de acuerdo con los siguientes rangos: hipertermia (>39,5°C), normotermia (38,5-39,5°C), hipotermia leve (38,4-36,5°C), hipotermia moderada (36,4-34,0°C), hipotermia severa (<34°C). En preanestesia, el 65% de los animales mostraron hipotermia leve y 2% hipotermia moderada. En transanestesia, 55% de los animales tuvieron hipotermia leve, 37% hipotermia moderada y 6,1% hipotermia severa. En postanestesia, 59% de los animales tuvieron hipotermia leve, 29% hipotermia moderada y 6% hipotermia severa. Se encontraron diferencias al comparar la temperatura basal, con la final transanestésica y postanestésica, respectivamente (p<0,001); del mismo modo, se obtuvieron diferencias al comparar la temperatura inicial, con la final del periodo transanestésico (p<0,001). Por otra parte, no hubo relación estadística entre las diferentes clasificaciones ASA, los procedimientos realizados, el sexo y los rangos etarios evaluados, así como tampoco hubo diferencia en el tiempo de extubación frente al tipo de procedimiento realizado. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que, bajo las condiciones aquí planteadas, la incidencia de hipotermia preanestésica es mínima, mientras la aparición de hipotermia transanestésica y postanestésica de carácter leve, moderada y severa es mayor.
Los componentes ambientales de la cuenca Torca: un insumo para el análisis de los escenarios de variabilidad climática en la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia
Authors: Montoya-Rojas Grace Andrea , Rivera-Marroquín Michael Esteban
Published: April 2021

Esta revisión presenta una metodología de análisis espacial de las principales interrelaciones entre los componentes ambientales: atmosférico, geosférico, hidrosférico, biosférico y antroposférico y la variabilidad climática de temperatura y precipitación, que se proyectan hasta el 2100, en la cuenca Torca, en Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. Los humedales de la cuenca son de importancia local, nacional e internacional, por los servicios ecosistémicos de soporte de flora y fauna. Para ello, mediante los sistemas de información geográfica (SIG), se establecieron apreciaciones prospectivas con resultados ya establecidos, desde 2011 al 2040, desde 2041 hasta 2070 y desde 2071 al 2100. Se identificaron, relaciones de interconectividad entre los sistemas naturales y humanos, para entender las capacidades de adaptación a las variaciones de temperatura y de precipitación, que se proyectan en la Cuenca. Uno de los resultados más relevantes está asociado a que los análisis prospectivos multitemporales, a escalas regionales, necesitan más detalle, para generar planes de acción concretos en los ecosistemas estratégicos, como lo son los humedales de la Cuenca. Adicionalmente, la Estructura Ecológica Principal, de la cual, hace parte la cuenca Torca, que aun cumple sus funciones de regulación, pero se encuentra en peligro de degradación, debido al acelerado crecimiento de Bogotá y el fenómeno de conurbación con los municipios aledaños, como Chía, Sopó y Cajicá, lo que disminuiría sus capacidades de adaptabilidad a la variabilidad climática proyectada.
An Analysis of Universality in Khalil Gibran’s The Prophet
Authors: Brohi Faiz Muhammad , Ali Brohi Ahmed , Kabooro Nasarullah
Published: April 2021

This research article portrays the comprehensive picture of a society in which Khalil Gibran is found giving numerous principles aimed at the prevalence of harmony and peace. His book (The Prophet) is comprised of twenty-six different essays that lead towards a perfect society. Gibran’s art of depicting Universality in The Prophet inspires people towards the creation of an ideal society. The themes of the book, which are universal, are not only concerned with one nation but with all nations and religions across the globe. This study highlights the issues of people along with solid solutions through given essays. The study explores, discusses, and critically analyzes multiple socio-psychological issues facing men in his/ her brief sojourn on the planet earth. The study exploits qualitative design using textual analysis based on the novel's close reading to arrive at results.
Before Calculating the Teeth of Spur gears on the Bend
Authors:   Central Ukrainian National Technical University, Nevdakha Yurii , Dubovyk Viktor ,   Central Ukrainian National Technical University, Nevdakha Nataliia ,   Central Ukrainian National Technical University, Zlatopolskiy Fedir ,   Central Ukrainian National Technical University
Published: April 2021

The aim of the work is to improve the calculations of spur cylindrical wheels per bend, due to the fact that the existing formulas do not give the actual value of the maximum stress, and the diagram does not correspond to the real law of stress distribution. In order to obtain satisfactory results, it is more correct to calculate the teeth at the maximum local stress. Combining the coefficients and substantiating the calculated dependence to determine the value of the coefficient of the shape of the tooth under load, applied at any point of the working profile of the tooth, to obtain formulas for the bending strength of the teeth of the gear and wheel. When calculating the bending teeth, the calculation is based on the stresses arising at the base of the tooth, under the load applied at the top of the tooth. Consider first the most common calculation scheme. Dangerous section of the tooth as seen from the plot of total stresses indicates that the maximum normal stress occurs on the non-working side of the tooth - the compression side, however, since fatigue cracks occur at the base of the tooth on the stretching side, the calculation is based on tensile stress on the working side. The hypothesis of non-curvature of flat sections is unfair for short beams of variable cross section, so the total diagram does not correspond to the real law of stress distribution. But at the base of the tooth near the transition curve is the place of stress concentration. The actual dangerous cross-section lies below the cross-section of the depression, this is confirmed by the fact that the fatigue cracks form an angle with the load curve close to straight, and the fracture of the tooth has a convex shape. In this case, it is more correct to calculate the teeth at the maximum local stress. Combining the coefficients obtained a calculated dependence to determine the value of the coefficient of the shape of the tooth under load, applied at any point of the working profile of the tooth. As a result of the study it was found that the coefficient of tooth shape decreases with increasing number of teeth. This result was expected because as the number of teeth increases, the angle between the teeth decreases, and neighboring teeth perceive part of the stress that occurs in the loaded tooth. The formulas for checking the bending strength of gear teeth and wheels are obtained. The above refinement calculations of the teeth on the bend reflect the beneficial effect of improving the accuracy of the manufacture of teeth.