bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stochastic Analysis of the Duration of the Speaker Role in Psychotherapy
Authors: Langs Robert J. , Badalamenti Anthony F.
Published: August 2011

An analysis has been undertaken of the stochastic behavior of the time series which defines the duration of utterances exchanged by patients and therapists in six recorded sessions of psychotherapy. Each series followed a Box-Jenkins time series model of order (1, 0, 0): that is, each behaved as a first-order autoregressive process, sensitive to the prior state of the system. The confidences associated with the parameters of the autoregressive models were very high. In addition, the histograms of length of each utterance indicated an underlying Poisson model for the emergence of speech. The parameters of the Poisson and autoregressive models varied with each patient/therapist pair. Signatures for the process dynamics of the speaker-role variable were obtained. The two analyses suggest fundamental structures within the psychotherapeutic dialogue. The Box-Jenkins results provide a global summary of the inner structure of the series and its progression, while the Poisson results describe its instantaneous behavior. This work is offered as a part of new efforts to apply scientific and mathematical methods to the psychotherapeutic domain.
Personal Meaning: Attraction to Sports Participation
Authors: Battista Robert Rocco
Published: August 2011

The present study examined for adults the personal meaning of sport participation. The subjects, 50 women and 48 men, completed the Personal Meaning of Racquetball Participation questionnaire, on which they identified and ranked personal factors they associated with playing racquetball. Analysis indicated that subjects ranked enjoyment as the primary motive for participation. Men scored significantly higher than women on competition; however, women scored significantly higher than men on self-satisfaction, feedback, beauty in movement, and feeling together, χ2 indicated association for both sexes of active participation and athletic ability. All subjects rated enjoyment and challenge as important. These data suggest racquetball is enjoyed by and has personal meaning for both sexes.
Tennis Serving Velocity and Accuracy
Authors: Cauraugh James H. , Gabert Trent E. , White John J.
Published: August 2011

The temporal constraints of tennis serves were manipulated as a percentage of maximum service velocity. The velocity conditions were 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90%. Elite tennis players ( N = 15) completed 10 serves at each velocity. Three error measures (total variability, constant error, and variable error) were analyzed separately for target accuracy, accuracy of ball velocity, and proportional error in velocity. Significant total variability and variable error were found for proportional error in velocity. Both measures showed improved performance as ball velocity increased from 70% to 90%.
Development of Handwriting in Primary School: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Hamstra-Bletz Lisa , Blöte Anke W.
Published: August 2011

To investigate the development of handwriting in primary school children a study was conducted in which the scripts of 127 pupils were rated yearly, starting in Grade 2. Children were followed-up on for 3, 4, or 5 yr. The BHK-scale for children's handwriting was used for rating the scripts on 13 characteristics and for measuring the speed of writing. The shifts in frequency of occurrence of the various characteristics over time were analyzed using Correspondence Analysis. A one-dimensional solution was chosen, yielding a time dimension. Results were interpreted in terms of (a) children's growing motor ability, (b) a deterioration of the form aspects of the script as they had initially learned those, and (c) the development of a personal writing style with regard to esthetic aspects. A strong relation was found between the speed of writing and grade.
Influences of TV Games on Physical and Psychological Development of Japanese Kindergarten Children
Authors: Shimai Satoshi , Masuda Kimio , Kishimoto Youichi
Published: August 2011

The present study was an investigation of playing a TV game and its influences on physical and psychological development of kindergarten children. A self-completed questionnaire was delivered to the parents of 426 children. Of these, 408 had fully completed answers. Questions regarded the amounts of TV game play, its influences on health and on development of children and the attitudes of parents toward the game. Analysis indicated that the kindergarten children, especially boys, played frequently and both the percentage of players and the number of playing hours increased with age. Few adverse effects were reported on vision or other aspects of physical health. Children who played the game had much higher scores on sociability than those with no experience. This seemed to reflect that children acquired a new repertoire of plays from the TV game.
Reliability of the Prueba De Coordinación Corporal Para Niños (Body Coordination Test for Children)
Authors: Camacho-Araya Teresita , Woodburn Sharon S. , Boschini C.
Published: August 2011

Reliability coefficients of .94 for stability and .95 for internal reliability were obtained by the same rater for a Spanish version of the Body Coordination Test for Children (Köperkoordinationstest für Kinder, KTK) given to 90 children. Interrater agreement of .99 when scoring performances simultaneously and .90 over an 8-day interval were obtained with 120 subjects. Sex, grade, group of children, and treatment were significant sources of variation.
Perception of Figure Orientation by Nonambulatory Children with Profound Mental Retardation
Authors: Krenn Marlene J. , Whiteley John H.
Published: August 2011

An habituation-dishabituation procedure was used to study perception of changes in figure orientation by nonambulatory children with profound mental retardation. On each of 3 days, 16 participants were given familiarization trials with either a vertical or an horizontal pattern, followed by test trials with the familiarized stimulus and one of three novel stimuli—a 90° or 45° rotation of the pattern, or a rearrangement of the pattern elements into a square. Visual fixation times decreased over familiarization trials. Fixation times on test trials were longer for novel than for familiar stimuli, indicating that these children discriminated changes in form and orientation.
Some Motivational Aspects of Imagery Mnemonics
Authors: Higbee Kenneth L.
Published: August 2011

A great amount of research has been conducted on the cognitive aspects of mnemonics. The present research began the exploration of some motivational aspects of mnemonics—factors that can affect how much people might want to use mnemonics. College students used the rhyming Peg mnemonic to learn 12 sayings (e.g., Curiosity killed the cat), or used the Link mnemonic to learn 22 errands (e.g., get a haircut). Under some conditions the mnemonic students rated the two tasks as being less difficult and requiring less effort than did control students. They also rated the tasks as being more interesting and more enjoyable than did control students. The results suggest that mnemonics do have potential motivational properties that may be worth investigating further.
Comparative Study of the Dynamic, Static, and Rotary Balance of Deaf and Hearing Children
Authors: Gayle G. William , Pohlman Roberta L.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the present study was to measure the dynamic, static and rotary balance of deaf and hearing children. 20 deaf and 20 normal hearing students matched for mean age of 123±5.9 or 5.6 mo. and sex (11 boys, 9 girls) performed three tests of balance. A series of Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests and a Kendall Tau were applied to assess whether balance was affected in sensorineural deafness and to assess whether age and sex were factors in over-all balance, respectively. Significant differences were noted between groups for dynamic balance and rotary balance. Although not significant, there was a difference of 57.8% in number of trials for successful completion of static balance in favor of the hearing children. In the present study, over-all balance in deaf children was significantly inferior to the balance in hearing children. Knowledge of these differences may aid those working with deaf children in physical education.
The Last and Weiss Rorschach Sum E in a Normal Sample
Authors: Greenwald Deborah F.
Published: August 2011

For 62 undergraduate women correlations of Rorschach Sum E with scores on 16 PF, Barron's MMPI Ego Strength Scale, the Eagly Self-esteem Scale, Kaplan's Self-derogation Scale, and MAACL. Anxiety, depression, and hostility showed FC + was the only Sum E component associated with adaptive functioning and so Sum E is of limited usefulness.
Effects of Instructions Given to Reactors and Nonreactors to Produce Visual Imagery Sequences following an Imagined Pleasant Scene
Authors: Yanovski Alexander , Fogel Max L.
Published: August 2011

15 Visual Imagery Reactors and 15 Nonreactors were instructed to produce Visual Imagery Sequences using as a point of departure a pleasant scene imagined by themselves. Despite these instructions, Reactors developed significantly less pleasant scene material, more High and Low Affect/Conflict, less Neutral Content, and briefer sequences preceding all Affect/Conflict. Four Reactors and no Nonreactors expressed difficulty in visualizing pleasant scenes. Reactors made more interruptions when attempting to continue imagery of the pleasant scene. Several additional scores occurred almost exclusively within a subgroup of Reactors. These results are consistent with previous studies using different test stimuli and are congruent with previously advanced theoretical formulations.
Attitudes of Physical Educators toward the Integration of Handicapped Students
Authors: Jarvis Katie Chaput , French Ron
Published: August 2011

The effectiveness of a 2-day workshop to enhance the attitudes of 28 elementary and secondary physical educators toward integrating handicapped students into regular classes was investigated. Subjects in the treated group were matched with the control group by sex, grade taught, and years teaching experience. The control group did not participate in the workshop. Data were collected before the workshop, immediately after the workshop, and about 4 months later. Analysis of covariance indicated although the mean score of the workshop group showed some positive shift in attitudes, no significant differences were evident so the workshop was ineffective in promoting positive attitudes.
Psychology of Computer Use: XVIII. Paired-Associate Acquisition and Recall: Microcomputer versus Pencil-And-Paper Copying
Authors: Stinnett Terry A. , Edwards Ron
Published: August 2011

The rate of acquisition and the immediate and delayed recall of words presented as a paired-associate task were examined as a function of method of copying the response words (microcomputer versus pencil and paper), typing proficiency, and sex. The subjects were 62 college students inexperienced in the use of microcomputers assigned to the following groups: 30 microcomputer subjects (6 typing-proficient men, 8 typing-proficient women, 8 nontyping-proficient men, and 8 nontyping-proficient women) and 32 subjects given pencil-and-paper tasks (8 typing-proficient men, 8 typing-proficient women, 8 nontyping-proficient men, and 8 nontyping-proficient women). Subjects were given five training and immediate recall trials and one delayed recall trial involving 20 paired-associate word dyads. Analysis indicated that the rate of acquisition was inferior for the microcomputer-working subjects as evidenced by significantly fewer subjects reaching a predetermined criterion for successful acquisition and that these subjects evidenced significantly inferior immediate and delayed recall. No differences as a function of typing proficiency or sex were observed. It was suggested that the results may have been due to interference from an interpolated activity for the microcomputer-working subjects or to a recall deficit inherent in microcomputer use.
Rejoinder to Peterson's Comments on Perception of Enclosure Effects of Architectural Surfaces in a Large Scale Interior Space
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M.
Published: August 2011

A response to criticisms regarding the stimuli used to represent Space Establishing Elements in a study of their effects on the perception of enclosure was given. Counterarguments supported the specificity of the drawings used and their logical and theoretical meaning.
On-Line Judgments of Grammaticality of Sentences
Authors: Nagata Hiroshi
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to obtain on-line processing data for judgments of the grammatically of sentences. 28 students read the initial portion (context string) of sentences and then judged whether the final portion (target string) continued grammatically or ungrammatically the context string. Analysis showed there was an inverted-U relationship between judged grammaticality of sentences and reaction times needed to judge grammatical continuation of the target with the context string. Given a certain level of ungrammaticality, subjects were insensitive to the ungrammatically of the sentences. Findings indicate that the linguistic intuition attributed uniformly to native speakers of language is not displayed in on-line judgments of sentence grammaticality.
Perceived Use of Health Education Services in a School-Based Clinic
Authors: Hawkins Wesley E. , Spigner Clarence , Murphy Mary
Published: August 2011

This study assessed 1087 adolescents attending public school in Grades 10, 11, 12, and perceived use of health education services in a school-based clinic. Adolescents reported the most frequent health services they would use were nutrition/body weight, sex education, and mental health services. In addition, sex differences were found for perceived health education services as more girls than boys reported they would more likely use services for nutrition/overweight and underweight, information on unwanted pregnancy, counseling, and clinics to treat the blues.
Field Dependence/Independence and Performance in School: An Argument against Neutrality of Cognitive Style
Authors: Páramo María Fernanda , Tinajero Carolina
Published: August 2011

To ascertain whether there is any relationship between field dependence/independence and performance in school, the Children's Embedded Figures Test and Embedded Figures Test were applied to 103 10- to 14-yr.-olds (55 boys and 48 girls) in Grades 5 to 8 of primary education and Grade 1 of secondary education in Santiago de Compostela (Spain), and the scores were compared with their school marks in Mathematics, Spanish, Natural Sciences, and Social Sciences, and with their over-all mark. Field-independent children performed better in all subjects, especially boys. This finding appears unsupportive of the supposed neutrality of field dependence/independence and suggests that this dimension of cognitive style should be taken into account in education.
Ascending-Descending Threshold Differences and Internal Subjective Judgment in off Measurements
Authors: Ghozlan A.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to measure, using the method of limits, the ascending-descending threshold difference (Δ = fa – fd) in normal subjects and its variation with repetition of the task two weeks after the first session. Sample mean values scored in the two sessions were close to zero and positively correlated. The ascending-descending difference was suggested to be likely related to the internal judgment of the subject.
Vision, Kinesthesis, and Control of Hand Movement by Young and Old Adults
Authors: Lovelace Eugene A. , Aikens James E.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the accuracy with which 20 young (18 to 24 yr.) and 32 old (55 to 85 yr.) adults were able to move their hands when not allowed to guide them visually. They tried to touch a target spot given either visually or kinesthetically, under conditions in which the target either remained present during the response or was discontinued prior to the response. They also tried to touch points on the face with eyes closed and wrote their names and common words with and without visual input. While there was slight evidence of age-related decline in accuracy of moving the hand to a target location in some conditions, older adults appear to use kinesthetic cues to the target location as effectively as visual cues. The absence of age effects on touching the face or writing with the eyes closed suggests that the kinesthetic and motor control systems are relatively well preserved in healthy older adults.
Effects of Concreteness on Cross-Language Priming in Lexical Decisions
Authors: Jin Young-Sun
Published: August 2011

Korean-English bilinguals were shown a prime word in one language for 150 msec, followed by a word or nonword in the other language which required a lexical decision. Target words which were translations of the preceding word showed a substantial (96 msec.) priming effect compared to unrelated target words; targets semantically associated to the translation also showed a significant though smaller priming (56 msec). For both types of target and for both target languages, the priming effect was greater for concrete word-pairs than for abstract word-pairs. In contrast, a second experiment with monolinguals gave equivalent priming for concrete and abstract pairs. The results support the hypothesis of Saegert and Young and of Paivio and Desrochers that the two lexicons of the bilinguals are most closely integrated via a common, nonverbal representation.
Sex Preferences of Mentally Retarded Children Depicted in the Human Figure Drawn First
Authors: Kifune Noriyuki
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to investigate the effect of sex, age (5 to 18 yr.), and IQ (20 to 78) of subjects on sex of human figures drawn first by 146 mentally retarded children. The results showed that the percentages of self-sex figures drawn first by mentally retarded boys and girls are statistically significantly lower than those for boys and girls of normal ability and that neither severity of retardation nor age is significant in determining the frequencies with which a self-sex figure is drawn first by mentally retarded boys and girls. It was suggested that minimal intelligence is required to learn the sex-identification and to identify with one's own sex.
Phantom Representations of Congenitally Absent Limbs
Authors: Scatena Paul
Published: August 2011

It has been widely claimed that phantom limbs are not experienced by children born without the part or who have it amputated in early childhood. This review looks at some reported cases of such phantoms, as well as a lesser known account that shows that phantoms of aplasics can be vivid and dexterous. Reasons for the infrequency of such reports are examined, and some implications for understanding the development of the body schema are proposed.
Attentional Style and Powerlifting Performance
Authors: McGowan Robert W. , Talton Billy Jack , Tobacyk Jerome J.
Published: August 2011

In 1981 Nideffer stated that sport performance could be predicted if attentional demands of the task and the attentional abilities of the athlete were known. A simple closed type skill was chosen (powerlifting) where attentional demands were later suggested to be narrow and internal. Attentional style was assessed by Pratt and Nideffer's abbreviated Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style. 98 subjects volunteered while these powerlifters were participating in the United States Powerlifting Federation's National Collegiate Powerlifting Championships in 1989. Analysis indicated significant differences in attentional style between successful and less successful powerlifters. Results are discussed in relationship to attentional theory.
Additional Evidence on Reliability and Validity for the Khatena-Morse Multitalent Perception Inventory
Authors: Khatena Joe , Morse David T.
Published: August 2011

The Khatena-Morse Multitalent Perception Inventory has two forms of 50 items designed to identify leadership, music, art, and creative talent of people of age 10 yr. and over. Most subjects can complete the inventory in 10 to 30 min. Scoring is done by counting affirmative responses; the total serves as a versatility index. Using responses of 6,186 school-age children and 1,617 adults, this paper presents evidence of internal consistency, and alternate forms and test-retest reliability as well as validity indices based on the Khatena-Torrance Creative Perception Inventory and Thinking Creatively with Sounds and Words, the former giving an index of creative perception and the latter a measure of originality requiring processing of information for production. The data suggest the Khatena-Morse Multitalent Perception Inventory is promising as a brief screening device for versatility of talent.
Sport Expertise: The Cognitive Advantage
Authors: Garland Daniel J. , Barry John R.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this article is to illustrate the significance of the cognitive system in sport expertise. Consideration of visual-perceptual abilities, along with cognitive factors and their relationship with sport expertise, suggest that level of sport performance can be reliably differentiated on several cognitive dimensions. Information is given concerning the cognitive requirements of sports skills. It is argued that, although visual-perceptual abilities are inherent in all levels of sport performance, cognitive factors are essential for sport expertise.
Effects of Schematic Organization on Scientific Contents Learned by Eight-Year-Old Children
Authors: Pelegrina Manuel , Salvador Francesc
Published: August 2011

This study is an extension of schematic theory on the acquisition of scientific contents by children. The variable, “importance of actions,” considered functionally intensive in schematic organization, was categorized and scaled. Two retention intervals were also introduced to extend this research to the study of cognitive change over. A simple physics demonstration (changes of phase of water: solid to liquid and liquid to gas) was carried out in front of 65 children ages 7.4 to 8.4 yr. Then, they were asked to write and explain what they had seen. The sentences were classified and scaled, and a script was built from them. Statistically significant comparisons between actions lead us to accept that categorization and schematic organization techniques could explain some aspects of the process by which children acquire scientific knowledge.
Study of Wais—R, Quick Test and PPVT IQS for Neuropsychiatric Patients
Authors: Price David R. , Herbert David A. , Walsh Michael L , Law Joseph G.
Published: August 2011

As expected, the PPVT and various forms of the Quick Test, all tests of receptive vocabulary, overestimated the three IQs of the WAIS—R, often by more than half a standard deviation for a small sample (N = 30) of psychiatric in-patients. A restricted range of scores may have contributed to spuriously high correlations among the various measures of IQ.
Parents' Attitudes and the Reading Performance of Their Children
Authors: Beech John R.
Published: August 2011

A group of 60 children were given tests in reading performance, intelligence and personality while their parents were tested on personality, attitudes towards reading, and the frequency and duration of listening to their children reading. Factor analysis yielded two factors related to parental attitudes towards reading and their activities with their children as measured overtly and covertly, but these were not linked to the reading performance of the children. Instead, reading performance was linked to a morality variable in both the children and their parents. This suggested that there was a tendency for the poor readers and their parents to “fake good.” This might account for the lack of association between reading performance and parental attitudes and activity in reading.
Queasiness: An Informal Look
Authors: Trinkaus John , Chow Mun-Bing
Published: August 2011

Responses of 435 students to 6 questions from Hippocrates indicated considerable queasiness perceived in the hypothetical situations posed. Eating after someone else, especially if the person is unfamiliar, elicited more response than other situations. Students and the original respondents to the magazine's inquiry rated the situations in a similar manner.
Effects of Walking on Reaction and Movement Times among Elders
Authors: Roberts Beverly L.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a 6-wk. walking program on reaction times and movement times among 52 elders. Twenty-seven elderly, whose mean age was 71.8 yr. comprised the experimental group, and 25 elderly whose mean age was 71.8 yr. comprised the comparison group. The former subjects walked for 30 min. three times a week for 6 wk. while the latter maintained their normal activity. No significant differences in simple or choice reaction times and the associated movement times were found. To clarify the relationship of health and current and past physical activity, correlations of these with both simple and choice reaction times and movement times were examined. Except for the number of miles walked in a week, none of the correlations were significant. These results may not support previous findings that reaction and movement times were shorter with life-long participation in aerobic activity. However, the present study examined persons who were sedentary and were not involved in a life-long participation in aerobic exercise. Implications of these findings are discussed.
College Women's Decision-Making Skills Relating to Voluntary Participation in Physical Activity during Leisure Time
Authors: Lock Robyn S.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess whether instruction and participation in deBono's CoRT I Thinking Program would improve women's abilities to evaluate personal commitment to physical activity and increase participation in physical activity during leisure time. Subjects were 53 women enrolled in a health-related fitness class. The Nonequivalent Control Group design was used. The intervention group ( n = 25) followed deBono's CoRT I Program and engaged in lecture and laboratory activities. The nonintervention group engaged only in the lecture and laboratory activities. Responses to the Commitment to Physical Activity Scale, the Physical Activity Participation Inventory, and summary questions, which were administered to the intervention group only, were used to answer the research questions. A 2-factor repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated the intervention group showed significant gains in commitment scores as well as a significant gain in the mean number of hours of participation. The summary questions indicated that 96% of the participants in the decision-making program considered the experience a valuable one as well as having more positive feelings about participation in physical activity, 92% reported being better able to establish priorities concerning participation, having their aims and goals clarified, in addition to considering the alternatives and consequences concerning participation.
Nonballistic Coincident Timing
Authors: Blais Christine , Kerr Robert
Published: August 2011

A nonballistic coincident timing task was used to assess to what extent retarded subjects could use spatial and temporal information to plan their movements. Subjects did not just respond to events but appeared able to modify/plan their responses, given sufficient time.
Socioemotional Functioning of Creative Preschoolers
Authors: Smith Delores E. , Moran James D.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relationship between original thinking and socioemotional characteristics of 40 preschoolers, ranging in age from 44 to 68 mo. ( M = 56.2 mo.). Socioemotional behavior was assessed by teachers on two ratings, the Kohn Social Competency and the Child's Behavior Traits scales. Creative potential was assessed by the Multidimensional Stimulus Fluency Measure which measures ideational fluency. Contrary to expectations, no statistically significant differences in psychosocial adjustment were found between the more and less creative preschoolers on a median split. A significant effect for sex was detected on six of seven socioemotional variables examined, with girls scoring higher than boys on over-all adjustment. Similarly, more positive attributes of preschool girls are indicated in areas of functioning that traditionally have been reported to be characteristic of boys.
Behavior Engineering Proposals: 3. Effects on Drivers and Passengers of a Mandatory Use Law for Safety Belts
Authors: Cope John G. , Johnson Anita Wells , Grossnickle William F.
Published: August 2011

The rate of safety belt use for drivers and front-seat passengers was examined by direct behavioral observation during the warning and enforcement phases of a mandatory use law in North Carolina. A substantial increase was noted in belt use for both groups once enforcement was initiated but has slowly eroded over time. Both drivers and passengers exhibited much higher rates of use when the other front seat occupant was also using a safety belt, suggesting the importance of behavior modeling.
Anxiety, Self-Control and Shooting Performance
Authors: Sade Shraga , Bar-Eli Michael , Bresler Shlomo , Tenenbaum Gershon
Published: August 2011

55 rifle shooters were administered state-trait anxiety and self-control questionnaires. Shooting performance was recorded on 7 competitive occasions. Analysis indicated shooting performance is dependent more on anxiety state than on anxiety trait and self-control. Highly skilled shooters were less anxious and performed better across all competitions than moderately skilled shooters but did not differ on self-control and anxiety trait. The assumption that increased anxiety negatively affects performance through the mediation of self-control should be further studied.
Insulin and Dextrose Effects on Fixed-Interval Behavioral Thermoregulation in Albino Rats
Authors: Vitulli William F. , Anderson Connie P. , Quinn Joseph M. , Jarvis Julie D.
Published: August 2011

This study is a systematic replication of the effects of insulin doses on operant behavior reinforced (in an earlier study) by fixed-ratio schedules of microwave (MW) reinforcement. In this study, insulin and dextrose doses were administered (ip) prior to fixed-interval 2-min. schedules of MW reinforcement in rats tested in a cold environment. Six Sprague-Dawley rats were conditioned to regulate their thermal environment with 5-sec. exposures of MW radiation (SAR = 0.34 Watts/kg/(mW/cm2) under the FI-2′ schedules. Humulin-regular insulin and 50% solutions of dextrose were administered (ip) alternately with saline control sessions for 8-hr. durations. A within-subjects, repeated-measures 4 × 8 × 3 factorial analysis of variance design showed that insulin doses suppressed operant responding for heat, which confirmed the results of the earlier study under a different schedule. In addition, high doses of dextrose had similar suppressing effects on operant responding for heat. The data are interpreted in terms of the discriminative properties of increased thermogenesis produced by the insulin and dextrose doses. The suppressing effects were more pronounced for the first two hours, yet they persisted for approximately six hours of the 8-hr. sessions.
Computerized Interpretation of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery: A Pilot Study
Authors: Horton Arthur MacNeill , Vaeth Jack , Anilane Juline
Published: August 2011

Programs for the computer analysis and interpretation of neuropsychological test data have been developed in recent years. In this paper, a new computer program, with initial validation data, is presented. Diagnostic hit rate for brain damage was 80% (52 of 65). For the extent of brain damage the hit rate was 60% (12 of 20). When laterality was considered, the hit rate was 71% (10 of 14). These results are comparable with computer programs for data from the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychology Test Battery.
Subliminal Stimulation and Cognitive and Motor Performance
Authors: Gustafson Roland , Källmén Håkan
Published: August 2011

The present experiment investigated whether subliminally exposed messages affect cognitive and motor performance and whether personality factors can explain interindividual differences in this respect. According to Silverman (1983), people have a symbiotic fantasy, that is, a need for symbiotic oneness with the mother figure. This need can temporarily be satisfied by a tachistoscopic exposure of the message “Mommy and I are one.” By relieving the unconscious conflict, psychological tension is reduced. Using these notions, it was hypothesized that different measures of performance should be improved. The results indicate that both cognitive performance, in terms of the ability to interpret incomplete and fragmented pictures, and motor performance, in terms of the ability to follow a printed line with a stylus, is improved by this procedure compared to that of a control group exposed to the neutral message “People are walking.” However, it was not possible to relate these changes to individual differences in terms of the individual's structure of his psychological defense system as measured by the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT). Other possible explanations are discussed.
Effects of Alcohol on Cognitive Performance Measured with Stroop's Color Word Test
Authors: Gustafson Roland , Källmén Håkan
Published: August 2011

An experiment was performed to test whether alcohol intoxication leads to cognitive disinhibition as measured by the Color Word Test. In psychoanalytic terms, it was hypothesized that alcohol would decrease secondary process functioning leading to disinhibition and so make it easier to perform a primary process function. 24 men and 24 women participated and were randomly assigned to an Alcohol group, a Placebo group or a Control group. The alcohol dose was 1.0 ml of 100% alcohol/kg body weight. No statistically significant differences were found on any of the three dependent measures, number of errors, number of hesitations and total time needed, except that men in the Alcohol group needed significantly longer time to complete the test. These results indicate that cognitive disinhibition is not valid as an explanation for alcohol-related changes in cognitive functioning.
Automaticity in Spelling Competence
Authors: Ormrod Jeanne Ellis , Lounge Joseph P.
Published: August 2011

Two studies examined the speed with which good spellers and poor spellers spell easy and difficult words. At both the elementary school (Grades 3 and 4) and undergraduate levels, good spellers spelled words more quickly than poor spellers. This difference appeared even for very easy words that all subjects could spell. Implications for the importance of automaticity in spelling competence are discussed.
Hemispheric Performance in Detecting Prosody: A Competitive Dichotic Listening Task
Authors: Herrero John V. , Hillix W. A.
Published: August 2011

Ross's 1981 model of right-hemisphere processing of affective speech components was investigated within the dichotic paradigm. A spoken sentence constant in semantic content but varying among mad, sad, and glad emotional tones was presented to 45 male and 45 female college students. Duration of stimuli was controlled by adjusting digital sound samples to a uniform length. No effect of sex emerged, but the hypothesized ear advantage was found: more correct identifications were made with the left ear than with the right. A main effect of prosody was also observed, with significantly poorer performance in identifying the sad tone; in addition, sad condition scores for the right ear were more greatly depressed than those for the left ear, resulting in a significant interaction of ear and prosody.
Relationship of Self-Efficacy and Locus of Control Constructs in Predicting College Students' Physical Fitness Behaviors
Authors: Bezjak John E. , Lee Jerry W.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this investigation was to study how elements of Rotter's social learning theory and Bandura's self-efficacy theory jointly predict physical fitness behaviors of college students. The Physical Fitness Opinion Questionnaire was developed to measure locus of control beliefs, self-efficacy, value placed on physical fitness, expectancy of reinforcement, and value of reinforcement specific to physical fitness behaviors. More specifically, this study examined the relations among these five factors in predicting college student health-related physical fitness behavior. Results indicated that specific locus of control measures combined with general values held toward physical fitness were not effective in predicting college students' participation in physical fitness activities. Only self-efficacy and value of specific reinforcement for fitness appeared to predict college students' participation in health-related physical fitness activities.
Multivariate Analyses of Cognitive and Cognitive Style Variables Based on Hemisphere Specialization Theory Predictive of Success in a College Developmental Studies Program
Authors: Payne David A. , Evans K. Ann , Goolsby Charlee E. , Barton Richard M.
Published: August 2011

Right and left cerebral hemisphere and limbic scores derived from the Herrmann Brain Dominance Profile, Scholastic Aptitude Test Verbal and Mathematics scores, and High School Grade Point Average were correlated with grades in college developmental courses in reading, English, and mathematics for 146 students. Pearson correlations ranged from −.27 to .42. Multiple correlations with seven predictors ranged from .45 to .55, and from .14 to .37 for the profile scores alone. Discriminant analyses yielded hit-rates (predictive of classification of success and failure/actual classification) of 69%/72% in Reading, 76%/75% in English, and 66%/71% in Mathematics.
Musical Preferences as a Function of Stimulus Complexity and Listeners' Sophistication
Authors: Burke Michael J. , Gridley Mark C.
Published: August 2011

Two groups of college students, 20 with fewer than two years of musical training and 20 with extensive musical backgrounds, rated their preferences for piano recordings of J. S. Bach's “Prelude and Fugue in C Major,” Claude Debussy's “The Maid With the Flaxen Hair,” Edvard Grieg's “Wedding Day at Troldhaugen,” and Pierre Boulez's “Piano Sonata No. 1, 2nd Movement.” Each piece had been ranked according to perceived complexity by seven music professors. When personal preference was plotted against complexity, an inverted-U curve was obtained. These data corroborate the 1874 position of Wilhelm Wundt and others. Average liking was significantly higher among musically sophisticated subjects, due primarily to differences between their ratings and those of the nonsophisticated subjects for the pieces by Debussy and Boulez. This suggests that musical sophistication might increase preference, particularly for modern pieces in which complexity is greatest.
Brand Name Awareness and Image Perception of Women's Daytime Apparel
Authors: Kwon Yoon-Hee
Published: August 2011

The objectives were (1) to investigate brand name awareness and image perceptions of nationally known women's brand name apparel and (2) to identify these characteristics of female consumers which influence brand preferences. The statistical analysis of data collected from 130 female students and 75 working women indicated brand name awareness was influenced by subjects' occupational status and clothing expenditure. Calvin Klein and Ralph Lauren showed more distinctive image characteristics than 12 other national apparel brands. Brand preference was affected by brand attributes, clothing interest, clothing expenditure, and age. A few marketing implications were suggested.
A Sex Difference in Field Dependence/Independence in the Absence of Vestibular Activation and Eye Movements
Authors: Scholan Katherine , Smith Myra
Published: August 2011

Frame influence on perception of target orientation was investigated using small stimuli presented briefly to central vision. College men and women were equally accurate in their perceptions of the orientations of alphanumeric characters presented without a frame. When the same targets were enclosed in a frame, the performance of women, but not men, was significantly impaired.
Projective Test Findings for Boys with Gender Disturbance: Draw-a-Person Test, IT Scale, and Make-a-Picture Story Test
Authors: Rekers George A. , Rosen Alexander C. , Morey Shasta Mead
Published: August 2011

With 66 boys, aged 3 yr. to 17 yr. who were referred for potential gender-identity disorder, this study examined intrapsychic manifestations as reflected in their projections to the Draw-A-Person Test, the Brown IT Scale for Children, and the Shneidman Make-A-Picture Story Test. Without access to these projective test findings, an independent clinical psychologist provided a diagnostic rating on the severity of gender disturbance on a five-point diagnostic rating scale, based on clinical interviews of the child and his parents and a systematic behavioral assessment based on previously published normative standardization data. For each of the three projective measures, significant correlations were found between the clinician ratings on severity of gender disturbance and the test findings in the feminine direction (D-A-P, r = .44; IT Scale, r = .64; M-A-P-S, r = .35). These results validated the use of intrapsychic phenomena of fantasy and self-perception as measured by these projective tests for the diagnosis of gender disturbance in male children and adolescents.
Student-Athletes and Academic Coursework: A Ten-Year Summary
Authors: Knapp Terry J. , Raney J. F.
Published: August 2011

Over 10 yr. (1978 to 1987) a random sample of university baseball, basketball, and football players ( ns of 31, 26, and 30) changed concentrations of earned academic credits but those in physical education remained high (15%)
Speed of Mental Rotation as a Function of Problem-Solving Strategies
Authors: Johnson A. Michael
Published: August 2011

40 subjects solved seven identical and seven mirror image visually-displayed mental-rotation problems, a measure of right hemisphere processing. Subjects who indicated that they bad inferred that, if two objects were not identical, then they must be mirror images showed faster rotation times. This evidence supports the hypothesis that expedient problem-solving strategies may contribute to right-hemisphere processing speed as measured by mental rotation. That mental rotation and humor processing may draw on the same right hemisphere processes is also discussed.
Changes of Eye-Blink Activities during Hypnotic State
Authors: Tada Hideoki , Yamada Fumio , Hariu Tohru
Published: August 2011

Three experiments were conducted to examine eye-blink activity during the hypnotic state. The results were as follows: (1) eye-blink rate was dramatically reduced during the hypnotic as compared to the nonhypnotic state, (2) blink-rate variability between events (for example, the task and rest period) was smaller under the hypnotic than under the nonhypnotic state, (3) decrements, after induction of hypnosis, were observed in all aspects of blink-wave attributes (amplitude, duration, slope, and area). These findings can be interpreted in terms of the facilitation of motor inhibition by hypnosis.
Propranolol Treatment of Paruresis (Psychogenic Urinary Retention): A Brief Case Report
Authors: Zgourides George D. , Warren Ricks
Published: August 2011

Propranolol, a nonselective beta-blocker, was administered to a client with paruresis (psychogenic urinary retention) following a novel in vivo exposure treatment. The client did not report a significant increase in his ability to urinate in public facilities during subsequent exposures. Rationale for including propranolol as an adjunct to exposure therapy of paruresis is discussed.
Use of Photographs to Simulate Environments: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Stamps Arthur E.
Published: August 2011

From 1,300 articles of relevant literature on environmental psychology, a meta-analysis of the 11 papers which contain the required information yielded a combined correlation of 0.86 between preferences obtained in situ and preferences obtained through photographs. This represented values for 152 environments evaluated by more than 2,400 respondents. Possible applications include the selection of environmental simulation media, ascertaining the amount of work necessary to establish or impeach a claim based on an existing body of research, and revising the form of literature reviews and the operation of peer review to bring contemporary research closer to Bacon's ideal of a converging, collective process.
Passive Tactile Stimulation Effects on the Muscle Tone of Hypotonic, Developmentally Delayed Young Children
Authors: Linkous L. W. , Stutts R. M.
Published: August 2011

A pilot study was performed with 13 children, 1 to 4 yr. of age, to explore an heretofore uninvestigated area. The effect of passive tactile stimulation was an increase in muscle activation and hence the muscle tone of 13 hypotonic, develop-mentally delayed children.
Pleasantness and Unpleasantness of Environmental Sounds
Authors: Shimai Satoshi , Tanaka Masatoshi , Terasaki Masaharu
Published: August 2011

The present study was done to identify environmental sounds as pleasant or unpleasant for use as stimuli. On a questionnaire of 138 pleasant and 150 unpleasant environmental sounds, students estimated the frequency of pleasant and unpleasant experiences for each sound item. More than half of the students rated 25 environmental sounds “always” or “often” pleasant and that 26 sound sources were rated as “always” or “often” unpleasant. Factor analyses (Promax) yielded 20 factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.0 for pleasant sounds and 27 for unpleasant sounds. Some of natural and musical sounds were pleasant for most subjects. Sounds of alarm, excretion, and scratching were unpleasant for most subjects. Some environmental sounds may be estimated as pleasant for some but unpleasant for others.
An Examination of Aikido's Fourth Teaching: An Anatomical Study of the Tissues of the Forearm
Authors: Olson Gregory D. , Seitz Frank C.
Published: August 2011

One of the basic teachings of Aikido is known as Yonkyo (Fourth Teaching) or Tekubi-Osae (Wrist Securing). According to some Aikido master teachers, Yonkyo is designed to attack the opponent's weak points. This investigation focused on examining this teaching with the purpose of describing the anatomical tissues involved in the etiology of pain when this teaching is applied precisely. Particular focus was placed on the anatomical locations/sources of pain associated with the application of this teaching.
Selecting Language-Impaired Children for Research Studies: Insights from the San Diego Longitudinal Study
Authors: Ziegler Mary , Tallal Paula , Curtiss Susan
Published: August 2011

The need for a standardized approach to the selection of research subjects for studies on language impairment has long been an area of controversy in the literature. The data obtained from the selection of language-impaired and control subjects for the San Diego Longitudinal Study allows one to evaluate the effects a two-stage subject-selection procedure has on the characteristics of the language-impaired and normal subjects selected for research studies. Specifically, what effect do quantitative measures, as compared to clinical judgements and referrals, have on the characteristics of subjects selected for research studies? Explicit and detailed oral and written descriptions of subjects sought for both a language-impaired group and a control group were given to teachers and clinicians. However, only 39 of the first 100 children referred as language-impaired and 29 of the first 60 referred as normal controls were found on standardized testing to meet the study criteria and to be matched on important variables, such as IQ and socioeconomic status. These results demonstrate the importance of establishing quantitative inclusionary as well as exclusionary criteria for selecting and matching subjects in clinical research studies.