bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dancy on Desire and Internalism of Reasons
Authors: PERSSON INGMAR
Published: July 2010

Abstract. The objective of this paper is to critically assess some of Jonathan Dancy's views on reasons and motivation in Moral Reasons. It is argued, first, that his ‘gap’ theory of desire is untenable and that he would do better to adopt what he calls ‘pure ascriptionism’ which also denies that desires are motivational states distinct from beliefs. Second, the cognitivist theory of motivation is, however, less plausible than a conativist theory of motivation that takes desires to be distinct motivational states. Third, despite contrary announcements, Dancy does not espouse an internalist view of reasons. This is fortunate since it would be a belief internalism which is an incoherent position. His position is rather that of belief externalism coupled with a cognitivist theory of motivation. Fourth, this externalism is compatible with positions that are usually referred to as internalist, which, to distinguish them, might be called factually internalist.
True Science: Apropos a Recent Collection of Duhem's Essays
Authors: Needham Paul
Published: July 2010

Pierre Duhem, Essays in the History and Philosophy of Science, trans. and ed. by Roger Ariew and Peter Barker. Hackett Publishing Company, Indianapolis and Cambridge, 1996. Cloth and paper.
The Expressivist Theory of Truth1
Authors: TÄNNSJÖ TORBJÖRN
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The expressivist theory of truth (TETT) is stated and defended. According to TETT, to state such things as that it is true that snow is white is to express one's assent to the proposition that snow is white. In contexts where we refer to propositions with the aid of definite descriptions (“What Peter said”) or quantify over them (“Everything Peter says”), in order to say that they are “true”, the word “true” is essential, however. But it does not stand for any genuine property. According to TETT, as here understood, it expresses our readiness or willingness to assent to these propositions. It is argued that TETT, even if still more of a reseach program than a full‐fledged theory, means an improvement over more elaborate minimalist theories of truth put forward by Crispin Wright and Paul Horwich.
A Modal Theory of Metaphor
Authors: ZEMACH EDDY
Published: July 2010

Abstract All metaphors have the logical form “metaphorically, Fx”. “Metaphorically” is a modal operator. If “F” literally denotes the property F and metaphorically denotes the property G, “Metaphorically, Fx” says that x is G in reality because in its home world (Wx) it is F, when (1) x being F is manifest in Wx (2) it is a law of Wx that being F causes being G (3) being G in Wx is essential to x, hence it is G in all possible worlds. For example, Emily Dickinson says that her life is (metaphorically) a loaded gun. This means that the entity x that in the real world is her life, is in its home‐world a loaded gun. A loaded gun is lethal, a trait x manifests in its home world. Therefore in the real world, too, where it is not a loaded gun but a life, x is lethal and, though deceptively (as a life) calm, it is truly dangerous.
Metaphor and Truth‐conditional Semantics: Meaning as Process and Product
Authors: COLLIN FINN , ENGSTRØM ANDERS
Published: July 2010

Abstract A criticism is offered of the chief argument employed by Davidson to debunk the notion of “metaphorical meaning”, which exploits the static nature of standard truth‐conditional semantics. We argue, first, that Davidson's argument fails, and go on to suggest, secondly, that truth‐conditional semantics would profit if the static feature were abandoned and were replaced by a processual, dynamic conception of meaning. We try to show that this processual aspect can be captured without making the ensuing semantic theory open to the charge of psychologism.
Natural Semantics: Why Natural Deduction is Intuitionistic
Authors: GARSON JAMES W.
Published: July 2010

Abstract:In this paper investigates how natural deduction rules define connective meaning by presenting a new method for reading semantical conditions from rules called natural semantics. Natural semantics explains why the natural deduction rules are profoundly intuitionistic. Rules for conjunction, implication, disjunction and equivalence all expressintuitionisticrather than classical truth conditions. Furthermore, standard rules for negation violate essential conservation requirements for having a natural semantics. The standard rules simply do not assign a meaning to the negation sign. Intuitionistic negation fares much better. Not only do the intuitionistic rules have a natural semantics, that semantics amounts to familiar intuitionistic truth conditions. We will make use of these results to argue that intuitionistic connectives, rather than standard ones have a better claim to being the truly logical connectives.
There Is A Problem with Substitutional Quantification
Authors: Hugly Philip , Sayward Charles
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Whereas arithmetical quantification is substitutional in the sense that a particular quantification is true only if some instance of it is true, it does not follow (and, in fact, is not true) that an account of the truth‐conditions of the sentences of a language of arithmetic can be given by a substitutional semantics. A substitutional semantics fails in a most fundamental fashion: It fails to articulate the truth‐conditions of the quantifications with which it is concerned. This is what is defended in the paper. In particular, it is defended against remarks to the contrary by Saul Kripke in a well known paper on the topic.
An argument for the principle of maximizing expected utility
Authors: Peterson Martin
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The main result of this paper is a formal argument for the principle of maximizing expected utility that does not rely on the law of large numbers. Unlike the well‐known arguments by Savage and von Neumann & Morgenstern, this argument does not presuppose the sure‐thing principle or the independence axiom. The principal idea is to use the concept of transformative decision rules for decomposing the principle of maximizing expected utility into a sequence of normatively reasonable subrules. It is shown that this procedure provides a resolution of Allais's paradox that cannot be obtained by Savage‐style or von Neumann & Morgenstern‐style arguments.
Normal Extensions of G.3
Authors: Xu Ming
Published: July 2010

Abstract: In this paper we use “generic submodels” to prove that each normal extension of G.3 (K4.3W) has the finite model property, by which we establish that each proper normal extension of G.3 is G.3Altn for some n≥0.
On Referring to Oneself
Authors: GAYNESFORD MAXIMILIAN DE
Published: July 2010

Abstract:According to John McDowell, in its central uses, ‘I’ is immune to error through misidentification and thus to be accounted strongly identification‐free (I–II). Neither doctrine is obviously well founded (III); indeed, given that deixis is a proper part of ‘I’ (IV–VIII), it appears that uses of ‘I’ are identification‐dependent (IX–X)
Logical Form and Propositional Function in the Tractatus
Authors: LOOMIS ERIC J.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Wittgenstein's Tractatus carefully distinguished the concept all from the notion of a truth‐function, and thereby from the quantifiers. I argue that Wittgenstein's rationale for this distinction is lost unless propositional functions are understood within the context of his picture theory of the proposition. Using a model Tractatus language, I show how there are two distinct forms of generality implicit in quantified Tractatus propositions. Although the explanation given in the Tractatus for this distinction is ultimately flawed, the distinction itself is a genuine one, and the forms of generality that Wittgenstein indicated can be seen in the quantified sentences of contemporary logic.
Epistemology as Engineering?
Authors: WRENN CHASE B.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: According to a common objection to epistemological naturalism, no empirical, scientific theory of knowledge can be normative in the way epistemological theories need to be. In response, such naturalists as W.V. Quine have claimed naturalized epistemology can be normative by emulating engineering disciplines and addressing the relations of causal efficacy between our cognitive means and ends. This paper evaluates that “engineering reply” and finds it a mixed success. Based on consideration of what it might mean to call a theory “normative,” seven versions of the normativity objection to epistemological naturalism are formulated. The engineering reply alone is sufficient to answer only the four least sophisticated versions. To answer the others, naturalists must draw on more resources than their engineering reply alone provides.
Higher Values and Non‐Archimedean Additivity
Authors: CARLSON ERIK
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Many philosophers have claimed that extensive or additive measurement is incompatiblewith the existence of “higher values”, any amount of which is better than any amount of some other value. In this paper, it is shown that higher values can be incorporated in a non‐standard model of extensive measurement, with values represented by sets of ordered pairs of real numbers, rather than by single reals. The suggested model is mathematically fairly simple, and it applies to structures including negative as well as positive values.
Definite Descriptions, Reference, and Inference
Authors: ZOUHAR MARIÁN
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The paper presents an argument against referential treatment of definite descriptions' semantics. Referentialism with respect to semantics of definite descriptions claims that when descriptions are used referentially, then they are semantically referring expressions. It is argued that this picture does not lead to a satisfactory representation of propositions expressed by utterances involving definite descriptions. For if propositions are what primarily enters the relation of entailment, then referentialism is commited to the view that (i) some inferences usually taken as valid are claimed to be invalid; (ii) some inferences usually taken as invalid are claimed to be valid; (iii) some inferences that are by no means trivially valid must be taken to be such. It is argued that Russellian‐ism with respect to definite descriptions gives us a better representation of propositions expressed by utterances involving descriptions.
Non‐Cognitivism and Validity
Authors: ALM DAVID
Published: July 2010

Abstract: In this paper I defend against a certain objection the view that it is possible to account for validity and kindred notions for moral language within a non‐cognitivist framework by appeal to the descriptive meaning of moral terms. The objection is that such an account leads to an asymmetry in the accounts it offers for synonymy in different contexts; in certain contexts it holds that sameness of meaning for a moral term depends on its evaluative meaning, in other contexts that it depends on the term's descriptive meaning. In the third part of the paper I try to show why non‐cognitivists should be prepared to live with that asymmetry. In the process I also deal with two other objections.
Causation in Collisions ‐ An Empiricist but Non‐Humean Account
Authors: JOHANSSON LARS‐GÖRAN
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Hume's regularity theory of causation was partly motivated by a criticism of Descartes' causal account of collisions. According to Descartes, bodies are things with extension, and since having extension does not entail any ability to cause changes of motion in other bodies, such changes must be explained by attributing a ‘causal power’ to bodies, logically independent of their extension. Hume's point is that we can't observe any such causal power and we should not use ideas about such unobserved qualities of bodies. Given his form of empiricism, the regularity theory is the only choice; causation is no more than constant correlation. However, there is a third option beside attributing a metaphysical ‘causal power’ and mere regularity; if we follow Newton and say that bodies are characterised and individuated by their mass, not their extension, we can give another analysis of causal interaction between bodies. It is by having mass a body can cause changes in the motion of other bodies. Thus, using classical mechanics we can give an alternative to Hume's regularity theory of causation in which the necessary connection between cause and effect is understood as a conceptual connection between certain descriptions of cause and effect. It does not satisfy Hume's strictures on concept formation, but no additional metaphysics is necessary. In a sense it is an intermediate position between Humean regularity and an account in terms of metaphysical necessity.
Value Relations
Authors: RABINOWICZ WLODEK
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The paper provides a general account of value relations. It takes its departure in a special type of value relation, parity, which according to Ruth Chang is a form of evaluative comparability that differs from the three standard forms of comparability: betterness, worseness and equal goodness. Recently, Joshua Gert has suggested that the notion of parity can be accounted for if value comparisons are interpreted as normative assessments of preference. While Gert's basic idea is attractive, the way he develops it is flawed: His modeling of values by intervals of permissible preference strengths is inadequate. Instead, I provide an alternative modeling in terms of intersections of rationally permissible preference orderings. This yields a general taxonomy of all binary value relations. The paper concludes with some implications of this approach for rational choice.
Some Logico‐Semantical Themes in Karl Olivecrona's Philosophy of Law: A Non‐Exegetical Approach
Authors: ÅQVIST LENNART
Published: July 2010

The paper deals with certain issues with which Olivecrona was mainly concerned in his Philosophy of Law, notably (i) his views about the logical or syntactical form of imperatives as used in the law, and (ii) his views on the semantics of imperatives in the law and on the question whether and to what extent the notions of truth and falsity are applicable to those imperatives at all. In the light of an important critical notice of Olivecrona's work by Marc‐Wogau (1940), we examine some textual evidence for attributing to Olivecrona a so‐called Atheoretical Thesis to the effect that imperatives in the law are neither true nor false or lack truth‐value altogether. We close the paper by commenting on the celebrated distinction due to Hedenius (1941) and further elaborated by Wedberg (1951) between genuine (“rule‐stating”) normative sentences in the law and spurious ones (stating merely that a given rule is (or is not) in force in a given society at a given time). Two interesting difficulties bound up with that distinction will be dealt with. By means of various quotations we try to capture something of the flavour characterizing the legal philosophical discussion in Sweden in the mid‐twentieth century during la belle époque of Scandinavian Legal Realism of which Olivecrona was a typical representative.
On the Copernican Turn in Semantics
Authors: COZZO CESARE
Published: July 2010

Alberto Coffa used the phrase “the Copernican turn in semantics” to denote a revolutionary transformation of philosophical views about the connection between the meanings of words and the acceptability of sentences and arguments containing those words. According to the new conception resulting from the Copernican turn, here called “the Copernican view”, rules of use are constitutive of the meanings of words. This view has been linked with two doctrines: (A) the instances of meaning‐constitutive rules are analytically and a priori true or valid; (B) to grasp a meaning is to accept its rules. The pros and cons of different versions of the Copernican view, ascribable to Wittgenstein, Carnap, Gentzen, Dummett, Prawitz, Boghossian and other authors, will be weighed. A new version will be proposed, which implies neither (A) nor (B).
Canada and Her Great Neighbour*
Authors: Clark S. D.
Published: July 2010

L'auteur de cette communication y examine la raison pour laquelle le peuple canadien s'efforce de conserver une identity nationale distincte. La nation canadienne fut d'abord le produit d'intérêts exigeant l'isolement du Canada par rapport au plus vaste ensemble communautaire nord‐américain. La propagation chez eux d'un sentiment national a requis de la plupart des Canadiens qu'ils rejettent la possibilityé de participer au grand marchê libre, résultant de l'union des Treize Colonies et de la création des Etats‐Unis, comme d'en tirer leur profit.

Les perturbations politiques et sociales que le Canada a connues sont nées des tentatives de ses citoyens pour mettre fin à une politique qui limitait leur liberté de mouvement et leur refusait la promotion sociale offerte par l'expansion de l'ensemble de l'Amérique du Nord. Ceci s'applique aux tourmentes du Canada français aussi bien qu'ailleurs au pays.
Carl A. Dawson, 1887–1964
Authors: Hall Oswald
Published: July 2010

Un ancien collégue d'un pionnier de la sociologie canadienne rend hommage á son oeuvre de professeur, écrivain, chercheur et directeur du département.
Socialization in a Medium‐Security Reformatory*
Authors: Mann W. E.
Published: July 2010

D'après des interviews auprès d'un échantillonnage d'environ trente détenus récemment liberés, cette étude approfondit à la fois les étapes de la socialisation des prisonniers aux normes et aux valeurs de la sous‐culture des detenus ainsi que les principales variables qui influent sur la proportion et sur le degré de socialisation. Mention est faite du rôle des experiences antérieures à l'emprisonnement telles que la résidence au sein de quartiers de classes ouvrières ou inférieures, le comportement en bandes (“gang”), l'incarcération dans des institutions pénitentiaires de comté ou des institutions pour jeunes et les processus de sélection à l'interieur de la maison de correction; mais on a accordé une attention speciale aux pressions uniformisantes qui s'exercent au dortoir, ainsi qu'au groupe de travail et autres groupes primaires charactéristiques de cette institution; on a aussi mentioné les exigences rencontrées par les nouveaux prisonniers lors de leur adaptation.
Robert E. Park and the Chicago School of Sociology: A Centennial Tribute*
Authors: Burnet Jean
Published: July 2010

Bien qu'il semble plus près de nous qu'eux, Robert Park, né en 1864, etait contemporain de Durkheim, Simmel et Weber. Nonobstant le mythe si répandu au sujet de l'école de Chicago en sociologie, Park ne fit pas qu'accumuler des données empiriques sur les problèmes sociaux à Chicago; il fut un théoricien d'une valeur exceptionnelle, bien au fait de la science sociale europeienne et profondément intéressé au côte humaniste en sociologie. Avec certains collègues, dont feu Robert Redfield, il partagea ou leur communiqua une perspective qui, d'une part, s'est avérée d'une importance théorique vitale et qui, d'autre part, a été des plus fructueuses dans la recherche. La lecture de son ôeuvre est toujours profitable et agréable.
Social Inequality without Social Stratification*
Authors: Wrong Dennis H.
Published: July 2010

Les changements observés au sein de sociétés industrielles tres développés ont rendu à nouveau pertinentes certaines distinctions théoriques, que I'on avait écartées comme purement terminologiques dans la littérature sociologi‐que sur la stratification. Un petit nombre de sociologues ont prétendu avec insistance récemment que la notion de classe sociale était devenue de moindre importance dans I'étude de la société contem‐poraine. Acceptant la perspective réaliste, adoptée par des théoriciens tels que Marx, Schumpeter, Weber et Warner, ils ont refusé de limiter le phénoméne des classes sociales aux différences de revenu, de statut ou, en général, d'influence. Dire que les classes disparaissent, ce n'est pas nier que l'inégalité subsiste. Le fait que les demarcations entre les classes s'estompent peut même faciliter, au niveau idéologi‐que, le démenti des inégalités et les rendre, en fait, moins visibles. Les sociologues américains, de façon générale, ont refusé de voir séparément comme problèmes l'existence des classes, d'une part, et l'existence d'un eventail d'inégalités de divers types, d'autre part; ce refus est dû a des preventions méthodologiques, théoriques et idéologiques. En dernier lieu, disons que les classes n'ont pas besoin d'être des groupes héréditaires afin de se perpé‐tuer. La tendance vers le développement d'une méritocratie peut (i) produire de nouvelles classes non héréditaires, lesquelles co‐existeraient avec l'égalité de possibilités, ou bien (ii) affermir une situation ou des différences prononcées persistent en l'absence de classes.
Some Implications of Value Differentiation In Pharmacy*
Authors: Harvey Edward
Published: July 2010

L'analyse des confets de rô1es du professionnel et de l'homme d'affaires est faite du point de vue des valeurs auxquelles souscrivent les pharmaciens. La valorisation que les pharmaciens font de leur occupation influence la satisfaction qu'ils en derivent et le reerutment du personnel. L'intérêt suscité chez les pharmaciens par des questions politiques et idéologiques ayant trait à la profession représente un substitut institutionnel aux valeurs d'ordre professional. L'auteur suggère d'autres utilisations possibles du modèle analytique qu'il a développé.
Some Dimensions of Adult Status
Authors: Lucas Rex A.
Published: July 2010

Quand la femme changea radicalement tout à coup de statut en revenant aux Etudes a plein temps entre les âges de trente et de cinquante ans, cette innovation rendit explieites un certain nombre de postulats au sujet des rôles de l'adulte dans notre société quant à la définition du rôle, la compétence qu'il requiert, le pragmatisme de notre vie sociale et la variété des tâches que l'adulte y détient. Elle mit à jour aussi le caractére des relations interpersonnelles implicite dans le statut de l'adulte.

Le dilemme des étudiants adultes c'est que, si le contenu de leurs rôles est défini, leurs expectatives au sujet de rapports réciproques n'étaient pas satisfaites.
Controversies About Lower‐class Culture: Delinquency and Illegitimacy
Authors: Rodman Hyman
Published: July 2010

La classe des sous‐priviléglés a‐t‐elle son patrimoine culturel? La controverse autour de cette question Vient de ce que l'on se demande si ceux‐ci partagent les valeurs des classes moyennes ou s'ils n'adhèrent qu'à leurs valeurs propres. Une partie de l'argumentation disparalt quand on note le caractère limitatif du problème s'il est posé sous forme de dilemme. Au lieu d'une alternative, quatre possibilltés au moins peuvent être suggérées, à savoir, que la classe des sousprivilégiés: (1) partage les valeurs des classes moyennes, (2) abandonne les valem des classes moyennes et développe les sienna, (3) partage les valeurs des classes moyennes et se crée aussi d'autres valeurs, (4) n'est pas guidée en certains domaines par un système de valeurs. Ces possibilités mettent en lumière I'hétérogénéité de la classe des sous‐privilégiéS et elles peuvent clarifier les controverses qui entourent les problèmes de I'illégitimité et des délits.
Working Class Politics: An Interpretation of the Quebec Case*
Authors: Pinard Maurice
Published: July 2010

L'echec repete des partis politiques de gauche au Quebec est generalement attri‐bue au conservatisme et au nationalisme de la classe ouvriere canadienne‐fran‐caise. Cependant, quand on considere l'appui disproportions des ouvriers pour l'Union Nationale, il appert que cet appui ne peut s'expliquer par de telles attitudes. Nous suggerons plutot que la montee de l'Union Nationale durant les an‐nees de 1935 a 1936 represente surtout la montee d'un mouvement politique de protestation economique, et que les ouvriers s'attacherent peu a evaluer son ideologic propre. De facon plus generate, nous pretendons que les valeurs et les inte‐rets des elites sont plus importantes que ceux des classes inferieures pour ex‐pliquer 1'orientation conservatrice et nationaliste de la politique au Quebec et l'echec des partis de gauche.

The failure of leftist parties in Quebec is usually interpreted as a result of the conservatism and ethnic consciousness of the French Canadian working class. However, when the disproportionate support of the workers for the conservative Union Nationale party is considered, one finds that it cannot be explained by these and related attitudes. As an alternative interpretation, it is suggested that the Union Nationale rose during the 1930s as an economic protest movement and that the workers turned to it independently of its philosophy. More generally, we argue that the values and interests of the elites are more important than those of the lower classes to explain the conservative and nationalist character of Quebec politics and the failure of leftist parties.
Contextual Factors in the Rise of Academic Sociology in the United States*
Authors: Morgan J. Graham
Published: July 2010

Cet article effectue l'analyse de certains elements culturels et educatifs qui favoriserent la croissance de la sociologie en tant que discipline universitaire aux Etats‐Unis a la fin du dix‐neuvieme siecle. II est a remarquer que cette evolution est unique au contexte americain. Les facteurs qui retiennent l'at‐tention de l'auteur son les suivants: les attitudes vis‐a‐vis l'education superieure; rinfluence des ideaux et methodes allemands concernant l'education; la con‐fiance que Ton avait dans la valeur de la science, y compris les sciences sociales; le climat ideologique liberal de la societe americaine et, par voie de consequence, des universites; et l'etat d'avancement de la theorie sociologique aux Etats‐Unis durant cette periode.

This paper is concerned with some of the cultural and educational elements in late nineteenth‐century America which allowed for and fostered the ready growth of sociology as a university discipline at that time, a growth not to be found in other countries. Specific factors investigated are the attitude towards higher education, the influence of German ideals and methods on that education, the belief in the value of science, including social science, the liberal ideological climate of the society and hence of the universities, and the general state of sociological theory in the United States in this period.
Situation and Social Network in Cities*
Authors: Chrisman Noel J.
Published: July 2010

Un problème significatif dans l'élaboration et l'utilisation de réseaux sociaux en recherche urbaine se rapporte à la spécification du contenu des relations de réseau. Dans une étude sur le terrain chez les Danois américains de la Californie, certains facteurs furent de grande utilité dans la définition des liens de réseau. Ce sont: le cadre institutionnel à l'intérieur duquel s'élaborent les liens de réseau; les situations qui leur permettent d'être opérants et la nature affective de ces liens de réseau. En plus de leur valeur opératoire, ces facteurs permettent au chercheur d'évaluer la qualité et la diversité de la vie urbaine.

A significant problem in the construction and use of social networks in urban research is that of specifying the content of network relationships. In fieldwork among Danish‐Americans in California, the institutional framework in which network ties were recruited, the situations in which such ties were activated, and the affective nature of network links were useful in defining network bonds. In addition to their operational utility, these factors allow the investigator to assess the quality and diversity of urban life.
Network Analysis in Ecuador and Nova Scotia: Some Critical Remarks*
Authors: Whitten Norman E.
Published: July 2010

L'analyse de réseau est appliquée ici à quelques caractéristiques sociales dominantes de communautés noires de l'Equateur occidental et de l'Est du Canada. Les systèmes sociaux des deux régions qui découlent des réseaux varient en fonction des règles du jeu (game style) des modèles culturels de redistribution, lesquels sont spécifiques aux mécanismes d'adaptation des deux régions. Le rôle du chercheur est d'importance capitale dans la détermination de la règle du jeu (game style) et dans la compréhension des fonctions de rétroaction (feed‐back) culturelle divergente du réseau. Le sens du propos de l'auteur c'est que la principale valeur de l'analyse de réseau ne réside pas dans la délimitation et dans la classification des réseaux eux‐mêmes, mais dans ce qu'elles peuvent nous renseigner sur les processus de changements sociaux et culturels adaptifs. Sous cet angle, l'analyse de réseau est envisagée d'une manière productive en tant qu'une stratégie de recherche sur le terrain.

Network analysis is applied to some dominant social characteristics of Negro communities in western Ecuador and eastern Canada. Network‐based social systems in both areas vary according to the culturally patterned game style of redistribution specific to the adaptive mechanisms of the two regions. The role of the investigator is crucial in delineating the game style, and in understanding divergent cultural feed‐back aspects of network functions. It is argued that the principal value of network analysis lies not in the delineation and classification of networks themselves, but rather in what such delineation and classification can tell us about processes of social and cultural adaptive change. Viewed in this way, network analysis is most productively considered as a field strategy.
Ascription and Position: A Comparative Analysis of “Stacking” in Professional Football*
Authors: BALL DONALD W.
Published: July 2010

Le phénomène du rangement sélectif (“stacking”) qui correspond à une presence ou à une absence disproportionnée sur une équipe de joueurs possédant certains traits innés fait l'objet d'une analyse empirique comparée dans le domaine du football canadien et américain. De plus on examine la pratique du rangement sélectif dans la Ligue canadienne de Football par rapport à Porigine raciale. On compare deux modèles théoriques, l'un basé sur la centralité dans l'organisation et l'autre base sur l'orientation des tâches primaires‐secondaires, afin de connaître leur utilité dans la compréhension de la pratique du rangement sélectif et de leurs implications particulières.

The phenomenon of “stacking,” the disproportionate presence or absence of players defined by a particular ascribed characteristic, is empirically examined in the comparative context of professional football in Canada and the United States. Additionally, the ascribed characteristic of national origin is examined in terms of stacking patterns in the Canadian Football League. Two models, organizational centrality and primary‐secondary task‐orientation are compared theoretically as to their utility in explaining stacking practices, and the implications are considered.
Women Workers and White‐Collar Unions*
Authors: MARCHAK PATRICIA
Published: July 2010

Une étude sur échantillon des cols blancs en Colombie britannique a mis en évidence que les possibilités de recrutement syndical sont meilleures chez les femmes que chez les hommes et que cela est directement relié aux niveaux de salaire et au degré d'autonomie au travail. Les syndiqués présentèrent dans leurs réponses une image qui est à l'opposé des travailleurs non‐syndiqués ayant les mêmes emplois. Les hommes accordent un meilleur appui à leur union que les femmes. Cet appui s'accroît au fur et à mesure qu'ils accroissent leur autonomie au travail et que leurs revenus augmentent. Les données descriptives recueillies révèlent que les femmes jouissent de bas salaires peu importe leur degré d'autonomie au travail, leur niveau d'instruction, ou leur statut syndical. La plupart des femmes possèdent peu d'autonomie au travail indépendemment de leur degré de scolarité et de leur statut syndical. Comparées aux hommes, leurs chances d'obtenir une promotion sont faibles. La répartition des salaires de même que l'allocation des niveaux de contrôle sur les tâches professionnelles suggèrent fortement que les syndicats de cols blancs apportent peu de bénéfices aux travailleurs féminins.

A survey of white‐collar workers in British Columbia revealed that union potential is higher among women than among men and is directly related to income and levels of job control. Union members provided an opposite response pattern to that of non‐union workers in similar jobs. Men were more supportive of their union than were women, and their support was greater as their control and income levels increased. The descriptive data show that women have low incomes regardless of job control, education, or union status, that most have low job control regardless of education or union status, and that their hopes for promotion are small compared to those of men. The income and control allocations strongly suggest that existing white‐collar unions do not benefit women workers.
Uncertainty and the Outcome of a Development Situation
Authors: RUTZ HENRY J.
Published: July 2010

Dans plusieurs sociétés industrielles, les décisions concernant linvestissement rurale se prennent dans un contexte dune planification rationnelle a niveau central et dune prise de décision au niveau local. Lorsque le changement provoqué sexprime dans un projet de développement économique sur un territoire donné conçu par rapport à des résultats anticipés précis en courte période, il est utile de concevoir le processus de développement économique comme un processus social dinteraction entre les concepteurs et les clients de telle sorte quil soit possible de comprendre les différences qui existent entre les attentes des premiers et les réalisations des seconds dans la situation de développement. Larticle entreprend de mettre en parallèle les décisions dinvestissement des planificateurs centraux qui veulent transformer les fondements de lindustrie dexportation des bananes dans la vallée de Waidina Fiji, sur une période de cinq ans, et celles des villageois producteurs durant la même période.

Rural investment decisions in many postcolonial societies take place within a framework of rational central‐planning and local‐level decision‐making. When induced change occurs in the form of an economic development project over a defined area for a specified short‐term outcome, it is fruitful to view the economic development process as a social process of interaction between developers and developed in order to understand the discrepancies between the expectations of the former and the attainments of the latter in the development situation. This article examines the central planners investment decision to change the production base for the banana‐export industry in the Waidina valley, Fiji, over a five‐year period, and the investment decisions of village producers during this same period.
The post Second World War Canadian society*
Authors: CLARK S.D.
Published: July 2010

Ce texte porte surtout sur ce qui est arrivéà la société canadienne depuis la seconde guerre mondiale. Cependant l'auteur soutient que pour comprendre les changements qui ont eu lieu dans cette société il faut retourner au passé et faire l'étude de la façon dont la société canadienne a évolué au cours des années d'avant la seconde guerre mondiale. On peut parler non seulement d'un « ordre ancien » de la société canadienne française mais aussi d'un ordre ancien de la société canadienne; et de cette façon qualifier de « révolution tranquille» les évènements qui se sont déroulés depuis la guerre tant au Canada français qu'au Canada anglais.

The primary concern of this paper is with what has happened to Canadian society since the Second World War. In seeking to understand the changes that have been taking place in this society, however, the author argues that it is necessary to go back and examine the way in which Canadian society developed over the years before the Second World War. One can speak of an ‘old order’ of Canadian society, not simply of an old order of the society of French Canada, and what has happened since the war, in English‐speaking as well as French‐speaking Canada, can be described as a ‘quiet revolution.’
The legitimation of violence: hockey players' perceptions of their reference groups' sanctions for assault*
Authors: SMITH MICHAEL D.
Published: July 2010

Des entrevues auprès de joueurs de hockey d'écoles secondares ont fourni des données quant à leurs perceptions des sanctions offertes par leurs groupes de référence normatifs concernant le comportement aggressif. Les résultats indiquent que si les joueurs percoivent des différences entre les sanctions offertes par chaque groupe de référence, il y a approbation d'une variété de comportements aggressifs. Une analyse factorielle a révélé que les sanctions venant (i) du père, (2) de la mère, (3) des confrères qui ne sont pas joueurs et (4) des membres de l'équipe et de Fentraineur constîtuent des dimensions conceptuelles distinctes. Dans l'optique du concept de justification, la violence dans les sports ainsi que dans d'autres sphères sociales, n'est pas anormale mais représente plutôt une conduite approuvée par les normes sociales.

Interviews with Toronto high school hockey players yielded data pertaining to players' perceptions of their normative reference groups' sanctions for assault. Results indicated that although players viewed each reference group's sanctions as somewhat distinctive, there was approval of a variety of assaultive behaviours. Factor analysis revealed that the sanctions of (1) father, (2) mother, (3) nonplaying peers, and (4) teammates and coach formed independent conceptual dimensions. In light of the concept of legitimation, much of the violence in sport, as in other social spheres, is not aberrant, but rather is socially acquired normative conduct.
In search of cultural identity factors: a comparison of ethnic students*
Authors: DRIEDGER LEO
Published: July 2010

L'analyse factorielle d'items de type Likert administrés à des étudiants sousgradués suggère que six facteurs peuvent décrire les modalités d'identification ethnique: la religion, l'endogamie, la langue utilisée, les organisations ethniques, l'éducation paroissiale et le choix d'amis à 1'intérieur du groupe. Une comparaison des profils factoriels de sept groupes ethniques révèle plusieurs variations. Les étudiants juifs s'identifient fortement avec l'endogamie et les choix d'amis à 1'intérieur du groupe, mais donnent relativement peu d'importance à la religion et à l'utilisation de la langue ethnique. Les étudiants français sont fortement identifiés à leur langue et à leur religion. Les étudiants français et juifs attachent de la valeur à l'éducation paroissiale. L'identification au groupe ethnique est la plus faible chez les Scandinaves et les Polonais. Les modalités d'identification tendent á varier avec les expériences qui ont une importance historique pour le groupe ethnique. C'est pourquoi les mesures de ces modalités révèlent une structure à facteurs multiples.

Factor analysis of Likert‐type items administered to undergraduate students suggests that modes of ethnic identification can be described in terms of six factors: religion, endogamy, language use, ethnic organizations, parochial education, and choice of ingroup friends. A comparison of the factor profiles of seven ethnic groups revealed considerable variations. For example, the Jewish students identified strongly with endogamy and ingroup choice of friends but ranked low on the importance of religion and the use of their ethnic language. The French students' identification with their language and religion was high. Both the French and the Jewish students valued parochial education. Scandinavian and Polish ethnic ingroup identification was the lowest of all seven groups compared. The modes of identification tended to vary with the historically important experiences of ethnic groups. Therefore the measures of the modes exhibited a multifactor structure.
VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATION AFFILIATION AND NATIONAL DIVERSITY*
Authors: BOOTH ALAN
Published: July 2010

Par nature, les associations volontaires sont des intermédiaires qui établissent les liens nécessaires entre les institutions de la société. Plus une société est hétérogene, plus elle requiert d'associations qui peuvent représenter les divers intérêts et, à la fois, empêcher ces divers intérêts de mener à une désorganisation individuelle et sociale. L'analyse de données de cinq nations révèle une correspondance entre la diversité nationale et l'affiliation à des associations volontaires. Cette correspondance est vue comme fournissant un support partiel à la thèse avancée.

It is argued that voluntary associations are interstitial in character, providing needed linkages between society's institutions. More heterogeneous societies require greater numbers of associations to represent divergent interests and at the same time to prevent these varied interests from leading to personal and social disorganization. Analysis of data from five nations shows a correspondence between national diversity and voluntary organization affiliation. The correspondence is interpreted as partial support for the thesis advanced.
ONTARIO STUDENT PARTY ACTIVISTS: A NOTE ON DIFFERENTIAL PARTICIPATION IN A VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATION
Authors: CLARKE HAROLD D. , KORNBERG ALLAN , LEE JAMES
Published: July 2010

Bien qu'un bon nombre d'études de participation politique aient été faites auprès de publics de masse, le degré de participation de ceux que Ton désigne habituellement d'activistes politiques a été presque complétement ignoré. Cette note de recherche porte sur le degré de participation à l'intérieur de clubs universitaires rattachés à un parti politique á partir de données obtenues au moyen de questionnaires envoyés à un échantillon d'activistes dans plusieurs universités ontariennes au printemps de 1970. L'analyse par classification multiple est utilisée pour mesurer l'effet de plusieurs variables sur le degré de participation. Un résultat important se trouve dans ce que plusieurs variables qui peuvent servir à expliquer pourquoi on devient membre d'une association volontaire telle qu'un club politique sont inutiles pour expliquer le degré de participation dans les activités du club.

Although there have been a number of studies of political participation among mass publics, there have been virtually no efforts made to study differential participation among those conventionally designated as political activists. This research note focuses on differential participation within university political party clubs, using data derived from questionnaires sent to a sample of political club activists in the several Ontario universities in the spring of 1970. Multiple classification analysis is used to assess the impact of several variables on differential participation. A major finding is that some variables, useful for explaining who joins a voluntary organization such as a political club, are unable to explain level of participation in the club's activities.
Canadian Subarctic Athapaskans in the literature to 1965*
Authors: SLOBODIN RICHARD
Published: July 2010

Reports on communities of Northern Athapaskan speakers began to appear with the earliest exploration of the American Subarctic. Some early publications include astute and penetrating observations. However, professional ethnography of these peoples has developed only in recent decades and much has yet to be learned on this level. For this and other reasons, theoretical discussion arising from Northern Athapaskan material has not been lively. There are many opportunities for work on Northern Athapaskan society and culture; some are pointed out in this article.
Particularism in Subsaharan Africa: ‘tribalism’ in town*
Authors: GUGLER JOSEF
Published: July 2010

A model of particularism is proposed that distinguishes bases and levels of identification, association, unions, and organization. It is constructed from the literature on urbanization in Subsaharan Africa and the author's research in Nigeria. The context of ethnicity is described as a set of concentric circles designating the more narrowly or more largely defined ethnic groups ego identifies with, recruits his/her friends from, joins in unions, and supports in formal organizations. Socioeconomic position and religion are seen as alternative bases, each again offering different levels at which to define ‘we’ as against ‘they.’ The model thus focuses attention on both: alternative contents of particularistic attachment and action, and different levels of ethnic, socioeconomic, or religious inclusiveness at which such attachment and action crystallize.
Colonialism and underdevelopment in Kigoma region, Tanzania: a social structural view*
Authors: WAYNE JACK
Published: July 2010

This paper examines the impact on the social structure of Kigoma Region, Tanzania, of the imposition of British colonial rule and the coercion of the population to work for the plantations and other enterprises established under British auspices. As a consequence of indirect rule and economic exploitation, the networks of the ruling stratum were strengthened, while those of the commoners fell apart. These structural changes led to the creation of a crime‐ridden society that became less egalitarian and less conducive to individual well‐being. The paper concludes with some observations on the social dimensions of underdevelopment.

L'article examine l'effet de l'imposition du régime colonial britannique et de la contrainte au travail dans les plantations et autres entreprises établies sous les auspices britanniques sur la structure sociale de la Région du Kigoma, Tanzanie. Les conséquences du contrôle indirect et de l'exploitation économique ont renforcé les réseaux de la strate dominante alors que ceux des gens ordinaires se sont désintégrés. Ces changements structuraux ont donné naissance à une société remplie de crimes qui est devenue moins égalitaire et moins favorable au bien‐être individuel. Quelques remarques sur les dimensions sociales du sous‐développement terminent l'article.
SUICIDE AS AN INDEX OF ROLE STRAIN AMONG EMPLOYED AND NOT EMPLOYED MARRIED WOMEN IN BRITISH COLUMBIA*
Authors: CUMMING ELAINE , LAZER CHARLES , CHISHOLM LYNNE
Published: July 2010

Une comparaison est effectuée entre les taux de suicide chez les femmes mariés qui travaillent et chez celles qui ne travaillent pas afin de tester 1'idée que les coûts de travailler, à savoir, les conflits de rôle et la surcharge, sont plus importants que les a vantages économiques et ceux provenants des liens sociaux. L'analyse des taux de suicide en CB en 1961 et 1971 suggère cependant que les bénéfices dépassent les coûts. L'examen des taux de suicide chez les femmes de d'autres états maritaux suggère que 1'avantage principal de travailler est social plutôt qu'économique. D'autres explications des résultats sont discutées.

Suicide rates of married women who work are compared with the rates of those who do not in order to test the proposition that the costs of working, that is, role conflict and role overload, outweigh the economic and affiliative benefits. Analysis of suicide rates in BC in 1961 and 1971 suggests, however, that the benefits of working outweigh the costs. Consideration of the rates of suicide among women of other marital statuses suggests that the main benefit of working may be affiliative rather than economic. Alternative explanations of the findings are discussed.