bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of polystyrene nanoplastic deposition on SiO2 and Al2O3 surfaces: Ionic strength effects
Authors: Myeong Hyeonah , Kim Juhyeok , Lee Jin-Yong , Kwon Kideok D.
Published: January 2023

Nanoplastic pollution is an emerging environmental threat to the critical zone. The transport of nanoplastic particles in subsurface environments can be determined mainly by soil minerals because they provide surfaces that interact with nanoplastic particles. However, the interactions between mineral surfaces and nanoplastics are poorly understood. In this study, the deposition kinetics of polystyrene-nanoplastic particles onto representative oxide surfaces SiO2 and Al2O3 at circumneutral pH were investigated using a quartz crystal microbalance, with variations in the ionic strength (0.1–100 mM) of the well-dispersed nanoplastic particles suspension. While polystyrene-nanoplastic particles deposited minimally on the SiO2 surface at an ionic strength of < 100 mM (∼10 ng/cm2), substantial deposition occurred at 100 mM (3.7 ± 0.4 μg/cm2). On the Al2O3 surface, a significant amount of polystyrene-nanoplastic particle was deposited from the lowest ionic strength (4.5 ± 0.8 μg/cm2). The deposition mass at 100 mM NaCl was two times higher (7.2 ± 0.2 μg/cm2) than on the SiO2 surface, while the deposition rates were similar between the two surfaces (10–15 Hz/min). Our results indicate that alumina most likely exerts a stronger influence than quartz on the transport of nanoplastic particles in soils and groundwater aquifers. The deposition kinetics strongly depends on the mineral surface and solution ionic strength, and these quantitative results can serve as validation data in developing transport modeling of nanoplastic in subsurface environments.
A novel objective fabric pilling evaluation method based on the photometric stereo algorithm
Authors: Luo Jian , Xin Binjie , Yuan Xiuwen
Published: January 2023

The pilling grade is one of the important indexes to evaluate the quality of fabric; the traditional method for pilling evaluation is based on manual operation, which is subjective. In this paper, a self-developed system is established and a photometric stereo-based three-dimensional (3D) acquisition method for pilling evaluation has been demonstrated. Firstly, a 3D surface model is obtained by using photometric stereo, mapping a 3D model to a two-dimensional image; the gray value is used to represent the depth value of the fabric surface and the pilling segmentation is realized by the Otsu threshold method after filtering the fabric texture by the relative total variance algorithm. The pilling number and pilling area are used as eigenvectors for pilling classification using the support vector machine. Finally, the classification accuracy of the pilling grade was 95.9%. For pilling evaluation, the developed system and method can be considered reliable and effective according to the experimental results.
Study on a theoretical model of braided auxetic yarns made from a high-speed braiding machine
Authors: Liu Zhuoran , Xu Qiaoli , Xiong Jiali , Du Zhaoqun
Published: January 2023

The main content of this article theoretically analyzes the yarn diameter and Poisson's ratio variation of braided auxetic yarns under axial strain. Braided auxetic yarns are composed of three components: wrap yarns, the core yarn, and the stiff yarn. The core yarn has a larger diameter and smaller elastic modulus than the other two kinds of yarns, but its rigidity is lower. There is a lack of theoretical basis for predicting the Poisson's ratio of braided auxetic yarn. Based on the geometric model, the curve of the Poisson's ratio has been determined and the Poisson's ratio trend of braided auxetic yarns is deduced, aiming to predict the Poisson's ratio of braided auxetic yarns under axial strain with accurate yarn parameters. The experimental results show that the minimum Poisson's ratio of theoretical value and actual value appears under the same axial strain, and the variation trend of Poisson's ratio of both values is consistent. The Poisson's ratio curve of braided auxetic yarns is predicted, which lays a theoretical foundation for the development of auxetic materials and also provides more possibilities for subsequent research.
Evaluation method of fabric pilling grades based on saliency-based deep convolutional network
Authors: Guan Shengqi , Liu Dongdong , Hu Luping , Lei Ming , Shi Hongyu
Published: January 2023

In order to improve the objectivity of fabric pilling evaluation, a saliency deep convolutional network method for fabric pilling evaluation is proposed. First of all, the fabric pilling instrument is used to generate pilling fabric samples as a nonstandard dataset that is added to the standard fabric pilling dataset. The dataset is expanded through data augmentation to increase the number and diversity of pilling data. Then, a saliency preprocessing model is constructed to achieve the preprocessing of the fabric pilling image dataset by fusing the local and global saliency map. Finally, improvements to the ResNet 34 network model are made. The convolutional layer is improved to achieve small target pilling features enhancement. The residual module in the residual network is improved by using ReLU6 as the activation function, giving a down-sampling convolution on the shortcut branch of each residual block and adding average pooling, which avoids the loss of weight information. An improved attention mechanism module is added to extract fully and learn fabric pilling features according to the channel attention mechanism in parallel with the spatial attention mechanism. The recommended method uses standard and nonstandard pilling fabric samples to expand the number and diversity of the dataset. The improved ResNet 34 network model improves the ability of feature extraction and learning, thus improving the accuracy of pilling evaluation. The experimental results show that the average accuracy of the proposed method is 93.88%, which indicates that the pilling grade evaluation algorithm used can effectively achieve the grade evaluation of fabric pilling.
Fostering Youth-Enabling Environments: A Participatory Affordance-Capability Framework for the Development and Use of Youth-Engaged Environmental Assessments
Authors: Jaffe Julia , Loebach Janet
Published: January 2023

This paper proposes a new conceptual approach to the development and utilization of youth-led environmental assessments to inform the planning of youth-enabling environments. Interdisciplinary research has established the influential effects of the physical environment on children and adolescents’ well-being and development, yet there is a gap in our understanding of how to create everyday environments for youth that speak to their needs and interests and provide opportunities for them to flourish. Engaging youth through participatory action research to both develop and conduct environmental assessments can have positive implications for youth empowerment and well-being while also altering research and planning practices to effectively integrate youth voice. The proposed approach integrates elements from affordance theory, the Capability Approach, and positive youth development within a youth participatory action research framework to create a process that encourages capability formation, fosters positive development, and improves our understanding of what constitutes a youth-enabling environment.
Finite/fixed-time synchronization control of fuzzy inertial cellular neural networks with mixed delays
Authors: Yang Tianqing , Zou Runmin , Liu Fang
Published: January 2023

In this paper, the finite-time (FT) and fixed-time synchronization (F-TS) problems of fuzzy inertial cellular neural networks (FICNNs) with mixed delays are discussed based on the Filippov solution theory and FT stability theory. Compared with related research, this paper considers the fuzzy inertial system combined with discontinuous activation of cellular neural networks (CNNs) for the first time. Then, by choosing appropriate variable transformation, the original system can be rewritten as a first-order differential system. Some novel and useful sufficient conditions for finite/fixed-time synchronization of FICNNs are established by applying three suitable discontinuous state feedback controllers. Finally, three numerical simulations are presented to elaborate the validity of the proposed methods.
Diagnosis of malaria disease by integrating chi-square feature selection algorithm with convolutional neural networks and autoencoder network
Authors: Çalışkan Abidin
Published: January 2023

Malaria is a febrile illness caused by a parasite called plasmodium. This life-threatening disease is preventable and treatable if diagnosed early. The World Health Organization aims to reduce the global malaria incidence and death rates by at least 90% until 2030. This disease is diagnosed by visually analyzing red blood cells with a microscope by experienced radiologists. Therefore, this situation may be erroneous due to subjective interpretations. In this study, red blood cells were trained with deep learning–based convolutional neural networks to diagnose malaria, and thus, their deep features were obtained. These obtained features are also trained with autoencoder networks. Thus, the chi-square feature selection algorithm was used to obtain distinctive features. Finally, the unique feature set obtained is given as an introduction to machine learning algorithms, and then a unique diagnostic model is proposed. As a result, 100% accuracy rate was obtained. The results are promising for the diagnosis of malaria disease.
Effusion Prevalence at Tympanostomy During COVID-19: Follow-Up
Authors: Nguyen Dang-Khoa , Ghattas Yasmine , Maul Timothy M. , Wei Julie L.
Published: January 2023

Objective

We previously reported pandemic year (2020) intraoperative middle ear effusion (MEE) rate at time of bilateral myringotomy tube (BMT) placement was 18% lower compared to pre-pandemic year (2019). After mandatory stay at home orders (MSHO) and pandemic social distancing precautions were relaxed, we aimed to assess the impact of a persistent pandemic with new COVID-19 variants on MEE presence during BMT.

Methods

This study is a retrospective chart summary exempted by Nemours institutional review board at a single tertiary children’s hospital. Children < 18 years who underwent BMT during March 1, 2019–June 31, 2019 (pre-COVID), March 1, 2020–June 31, 2020 (PY1), and March 1, 2021–June 31, 2021 (PY2) were included. Statistical analysis included chi-squared and KruskalWallis.

Results

A total of 1069 BMTs were reviewed: 551 (52%) during pre-COVID, 227 (21%) during PY1, and 291 (27%) during PY2. There were no significant differences in age, sex, or BMI across comparison groups. Intraoperative MEE was significantly higher pre-COVID (83%) compared to PY1 (65%) and PY2 (69%) ( P < .001) despite a small rebound in PY2.

Conclusion

Intraoperative MEE remains lower in subsequent pandemic years despite relaxed public health measures and may be impacted by persistent public health measures like masking, lower return to daycare, variable social distancing, and/or change to access to health care.
Effect of abrupt and gradual calorie restriction regimens on biochemical and behavioral markers in obese mice model
Authors: Nathan Kousalya , E Malligai , Jabaris S Sugin Lal , Visweswaraiah Naveen K.
Published: January 2023

Background: Although Calorie Restriction (CR) is primarily considered in obesity management, behavioral studies of CR and its methodology of implementation are not well-defined. Objective: The study aimed to determine the efficacy of the extensively researched method of CR—abrupt calorie restriction (ACR) and a newly proposed gradual calorie restriction (GCR) in terms of body weight, behavioral and biochemical parameters in the obese animal model—C57BL/6J mice. Design: Male obese mice were subjected to GCR regimen for 14 weeks which was compared and evaluated for anxiety-like behavior and stress levels with ACR. Plasma corticosterone was measured before initiation of CR and every three weeks following GCR and ACR, whereas plasma insulin was measured twice—after obesity induction and post 14 weeks of CR. The behavioral assessments were conducted before inducing CR and every three weeks following ACR and GCR. Results: A significant anxiety-like behavior and an increase in plasma corticosterone were observed in mice on GCR during the critical initial six weeks of CR ( p < 0.05). Both groups showed a decrease in plasma glucose levels; however, the GCR group showed a significant reduction ( p < 0.01). There was a significant decrease in social interaction in both groups with an increase in the latency period and a decrease in time spent with the stranger animal during the social interaction test ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: The mice on GCR regimen demonstrated lesser anxiety-like behavior and low plasma corticosterone levels compared to those on ACR. This gives us a new avenue in CR research to evaluate the methodologies of implementing CR.
Lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the head and neck: a SEER analysis of prognostic factors for survival
Authors: Wei Jing , Deng Hui , Wu Lihua , Song Jianbo , Zhang Junping , Yang Wenhui , Zhang Mengxian , Zhen Hongtao
Published: January 2023

Objective

To explore the epidemiological characteristics of patients with lymphoepithelial carcinoma (LEC) of the head and neck and the prognostic factors.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of cases of head and neck LEC retrieved from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and the log-rank test were employed to assess overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS). Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to construct Cox regression models. We established nomograms to predict OS and CSS among patients with nasopharyngeal LEC, who were divided into high- and low-risk groups based on the OS nomograms to compare the effects of treatment using the restricted mean survival time (RMST).

Results

The 5-year OS and CSS rates of the cohort were 70.8% and 74.8%, respectively. Advanced age, unmarried status, black race, distant metastasis, and the absence of surgical treatment were significantly associated with decreased survival rates. RMST did not differ between the combined treatment (radiotherapy and chemotherapy) and radiotherapy monotherapy groups, but chemotherapy alone displayed poor efficacy.

Conclusions

Head and neck LEC is associated with a favorable prognosis. Radiotherapy plays a significant role in managing patients with nasopharyngeal LEC, which is influenced by multiple prognostic factors.
Vehicle Design Strategies to Reduce the Risk of COVID-19 Transmission in Shared and Pooled Travel: Inventory, Typology, and Considerations for Research and Implementation
Authors: Sanguinetti Angela , DePew Ashley , Hirschfelt Kate
Published: January 2023

The global COVID-19 pandemic has given rise to a plethora of ideas for modifying and redesigning public transportation and shared mobility vehicles to protect workers and riders from contracting the disease while traveling. This research seeks to inventory these strategies, and to organize and distill them in a way that enables researchers, policymakers, and public transport and mobility service operators to more systematically and efficiently evaluate them. Through literature search and analysis, the COVID-19 risk-mitigating vehicle design (CRVD) typology was developed, articulating 12 categories of strategies (e.g., Seating Configuration, Barriers) and 12 mechanisms (e.g., physical distancing, physical separation) by which the strategies may reduce COVID-19 spread. A secondary contribution of this research is to gather opinions of experts in fields related to COVID-19 and its transmission, about the identified CRVD strategies and mitigation mechanisms. The typology and expert opinions serve as a launching point for further innovation and research to evaluate the effectiveness of CRVD strategies and their relationship to user preferences and travel behavior, within and beyond the current context. Public transport and shared mobility service operators can use the CRVD typology as a reference, in conjunction with industry guidance and emerging research on strategy effectiveness, to aid decision-making in their continued response to the pandemic as well as for future planning.
Effects of Pavement Characteristics on Rolling Resistance of Heavy Vehicles: A Literature Review
Authors: Levesque William , Bégin-Drolet André , Lépine Julien
Published: January 2023

The effects of pavement characteristics on rolling resistance of heavy vehicles have gained more interest in recent years. Rolling resistance is the result of the combination of independent (but sometimes correlated) physical phenomena that dissipate energy, which can be regrouped under three different main themes. Road roughness (wavelengths between 0.5 and 50 m) causes movements in vehicle suspensions, which dissipate energy. Pavement macrotexture (wavelengths between 0.5 and 50 mm) creates additional viscoelastic deformations on tire treads. The viscoelastic behavior of the flexible pavement structure, which is referred to as structure-induced rolling resistance, is responsible for a perpetual upward slope perceived by heavy vehicle tires. Secondary aspects can also affect rolling resistance, such as road wetness and snow. This paper addresses each of these three main phenomena from three angles of analysis: (1) theoretical modeling, (2) laboratory experiments, and (3) in situ measurements. The literature on road roughness and structure-induced rolling resistance modeling is extensive compared to macrotexture-effect modeling, as the underlying physical mechanisms are still not well understood. There is, however, strong experimental evidence that the pavement macrotexture can significantly affect rolling resistance, but these studies are mostly related to cars. There are many in situ approaches, but the results are usually based on an indirect method and the different studies are difficult to compare and sometimes inconsistent. It appears that the bottleneck of scientific research on this topic is the fundamental inability to measure the rolling resistance of heavy vehicles with a direct in situ approach under real driving conditions.
Changes in Screen Time in Brazil: A Time-Series Analysis 2016-2021
Authors: Cardoso Pollyanna Costa , Caldeira Thaís Cristina Marquezine , Sousa Taciana Maia de , Claro Rafael Moreira
Published: January 2023

Purpose

To analyze the temporal trend of leisure screen time among adults in Brazil between 2016 and 2021.

Design

Time-series analysis of six cross-sectional surveys.

Setting

Data from the Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (Vigitel) (2016/21).

Subjects

A probabilistic sample of 265 252 adults (≥18 years).

Measures

Time watching television (TV), or using cell phone, computer, or tablet (CCT) during leisure time, and indicators of prolonged exposure for the total population and sociodemographic groups.

Analysis

Prais-Winsten regression models were used to identify trends in the studied period.

Results

Mean time watching TV remained stable (2.3 h to 2.2 h/day) as the frequency of adults watching TV ≥ 3 hours/day (25.7% to 25.1%) for 2016/21. There was an increase in mean time spent on CCT (1.7 h to 2.0 h/day; .08 h/day/year; P < .001) and in the frequency of adults spending ≥ 3 hours/day on CCT (19.9% to 25.5%; 1.33 pp/year; P < .001) for 2016/21. The increase in screen time was relevant in all sociodemographic groups.

Conclusion

Leisure screen time has increased in Brazil, with greater intensity over time.
Medical Management of Canine Chronic Ulcerative Stomatitis Using Cyclosporine and Metronidazole
Authors: Ford Kimberly R. , Anderson Jamie G. , Stapleton Barbara L. , Murphy Brian G. , Kumar T. K. Santosh , Archer Todd , Mackin Andrew J. , Wills Robert W.
Published: January 2023

Canine chronic ulcerative stomatitis (CCUS) is a spontaneously occurring, painful, and often debilitating condition of the oral cavity, with a suspected immune-mediated component. The response to pharmacological treatment is generally poor, thus the need to identify more effective medical therapies for this condition. This article describes a prospective clinical trial that was designed to evaluate the efficiency of a combination of cyclosporine and metronidazole in managing CCUS. The hypothesis was that a combination of cyclosporine and metronidazole would effectively minimize clinical signs associated with CCUS. Ten client-owned dogs with a biopsy-confirmed diagnosis consistent with CCUS were prescribed cyclosporine (5 mg/kg) for 1 week, followed by the addition of metronidazole (15-20 mg/kg), both administered orally once daily. The cyclosporine dosage interval was lengthened over time. Dogs were observed for a 6-month period and evaluated using a 32-point Canine Ulcerative Stomatitis Disease Activity Index (CUSDAI). Regular cyclosporine therapeutic drug monitoring was also conducted by the measurement of whole blood cyclosporine levels and the pharmacodynamic assessment of the T-cell expression of IL-2. The results demonstrated that a combination of cyclosporine and metronidazole was effective in minimizing the clinical signs of CCUS and in reducing CUSDAI scores. Neither blood cyclosporine levels nor the T-cell expression of IL-2 predicted improvement in clinical signs and CUSDAI scores, although there was a correlation between blood drug concentrations and the suppression of T-cell IL-2 expression. The evaluation of clinical signs and CUSDAI scores appears to be the most effective means of assessing response to therapy, and therapeutic drug level monitoring does not appear to be routinely indicated.
Influence of strain induced melt activation (SIMA) on the morphology of primary phase in steel microstructure
Authors: Kumar Sinha Nitesh , Choudhary Ishwari Narain , Prasad Rabindra , Mahali Manik , Singh Jayant Kumar
Published: January 2023

Strain induced melt activation (SIMA) is the mechanism for the formation of the globular microstructure under the controlled working process followed by holding the specimen at a temperature between solidus & liquidus pertaining to the given alloy system. The effect of SIMA process on the microstructure of steel, 10% and 15% deformed at 900°C and holding at 1400°C for 3 and 5 min separately were investigated. The metallographic examination of the SIMA processed steel was done and compared with the as received steel. It was observed that SIMA processed steel shows the globular structure as compared with the unprocessed steel. It was also found that as the deformation percentage increases, more globular structure forms. Due to the globular microstructure, there is enhancement in the mechanical properties such as tensile strength and hardness. The parameter such as degree of warm working process, temperature and holding time are important factor in controlling SIMA process. During mechanical working in the SIMA process, strain energy gets stored in the material. The 15% deformation with 3 min holding time enhanced the hardness and ultimate tensile strength by approximately 8% respectively as compared with as received sample. This acts as a driving force for recrystallization of warm worked steel which resulted in equiaxed grains of primary phase in the microstructure.
Numerical investigation of clocking effect on irreversible energy loss in volute for centrifugal pump with vaned diffuser based on entropy generation method
Authors: Zhu Xiangyuan , Xie Changcheng , Jiang Wei , Li Guojun
Published: January 2023

In order to study temporal and spatial variation of energy loss and reveal influence rule of clocking effect on energy loss and flow field in centrifugal pump with vaned diffuser, numerical simulations were carried out. Numerical simulations were validated by experiments. Local equilibrium of turbulence generation and dissipation was verified to state feasibility of energy loss methods. Hydraulic loss in each component was assessed, which shows that variation of hydraulic loss in volute is more significant due to clocking effect than that in other components. Vortical structure in volute varies greater under different guide vane positions than it in other components. The results show that positive and negative flow angle appears interlaced in tongue region with high velocity gradient, especially when diffuser is mounted at θd1. Since a clearance presents between tongue and vane trailing edge at θd1, a small vortex forms. Which promotes the blocking effect of the large-scale vortex at volute outlet pipe. Therefore, high velocity gradient appears at small vortex region and volute outlet pipe region. The shear strain rate at the tongue and volute outlet pipe is more significant than that at other diffuser mounted positions. Energy loss at these regions increases. This situation can be improved by a more suitable diffuser mounted position θd4, where the clearance and small vortex vanishes, the shear strain rate, velocity gradient, and energy loss decrease.
A static balancing mechanism with continuously variable payload capacity for space docking simulation
Authors: Xue Yuan , Liu Shiwei , Wang Zhihai , Tao Siyuan
Published: January 2023

In this paper, a novel static balancing mechanism is presented to realize gravity compensation in the application of the space docking simulation. By optimizing the relative positions of the compensation pulley block and suspension pulley block, the proposed gravity balancing device achieves static balance in geometry and hence is applicable to continuous variable payload environments. The static balancing mechanism is developed firstly, and its design philosophy is described in detail. By adopting the genetic algorithm (GA) and steepest descent method (SDM) simultaneously, the optimal structural configuration with small trajectory fluctuation in the direction of gravity is obtained. Furthermore, the effect of structural parameters on gravity compensation performance is evaluated. Experimental results and error analysis demonstrate the gravity balancing capability, which indicates the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed device in the space docking condition.
Optimization of a land vehicle suspension subjected to a buried charge explosion
Authors: Titri Zakaria , Bounab Belkacem , Louar M Abderaouf , Khalfallah Smail , Baranowski Paweł
Published: January 2023

Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) represent a serious threat to vehicles. These IEDs can partially or fully damage the vehicle and the onboard equipment and, threaten the lives of its crew. To protect against these devices, modifications to specialized vehicles are made in different parts. Among these latter, the present work focuses on the effects of the suspension system on the dynamic response of the vehicle. The behaviour of a McPherson suspension system of a light vehicle is numerically studied in order to optimize the dimensions of selected components. Three models based on different approaches are developed. The first is based on an Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) formulation with fluid-structure coupling, which gives a more realistic representation of the blast phenomena. However, it needs significant calculation time and computational power. The second is a simplified, purely Lagrangian, model which requires less computational resources but includes several assumptions. The third model is based on a meta-modelling approach. This latter is used to optimize the dimensions of selected sub-systems of the vehicle suspension via a genetic optimization algorithm.
A biomechanical comparison of posterior fixation approaches in lumbar fusion using computed tomography based lumbosacral spine modelling
Authors: Ramakrishna Vivek AS , Chamoli Uphar , Larosa Alessandro G , Mukhopadhyay Subhas C , Gangadhara Prusty B , Diwan Ashish D
Published: January 2023

Extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF) may be performed with a standalone interbody cage, or with the addition of unilateral or bilateral pedicle screws; however, decisions regarding supplemental fixation are predominantly based on clinical indicators. This study examines the impact of posterior supplemental fixation on facet micromotions, cage loads and load-patterns at adjacent levels in a L4-L5 XLIF at early and late fusion stages. CT data from an asymptomatic subject were segmented into anatomical regions and digitally stitched into a surface mesh of the lumbosacral spine (L1-S1). The interbody cage and posterior instrumentation (unilateral and bilateral) were inserted at L4-L5. The volumetric mesh was imported into finite element software for pre-processing, running nonlinear static solves and post-processing. Loads and micromotions at the index-level facets reduced commensurately with the extent of posterior fixation accompanying the XLIF, while load-pattern changes observed at adjacent facets may be anatomically dependent. In flexion at partial fusion, compressive stress on the cage reduced by 54% and 72% in unilateral and bilateral models respectively; in extension the reductions were 58% and 75% compared to standalone XLIF. A similar pattern was observed at full fusion. Unilateral fixation provided similar stability compared to bilateral, however there was a reduction in cage stress-risers with the bilateral instrumentation. No changes were found at adjacent discs. Posterior supplemental fixation alters biomechanics at the index and adjacent levels in a manner that warrants consideration alongside clinical information. Unilateral instrumentation is a more efficient option where the stability requirements and subsidence risk are not excessive.
Doctors and their families
Authors: Benbow Susan Mary
Published: January 2023

Objective

This article reflects on the relationship between doctors and their families and how it influences a doctor’s health, well-being and practice and the health and well-being of other family members. It uses an established model for conceptualising this recursive relationship, drawing on systemic and communications theory, coordinated management of meaning. The article invites doctors to reflect on relational influences between them and their families across the course of their career and following retirement.

Conclusion

Families are important to, and influence, the well-being of their doctor-members. Likewise, doctors are important to, and influence, the health and well-being of their families.
Strengthening Social Compact and Innovative Health Sector Collaborations in Addressing COVID-19 in South African Workplaces
Authors: Jeebhay Mohamed F. , Naidoo Rajen N. , Naidoo Saloshni , Adams Shahieda , Zungu Muzimkhulu , Kgalomono Spo , Naicker Nisha , Kistnasamy Barry
Published: January 2023

Workplaces are nodes for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 transmission and require strategies to protect workers’ health. This article reports on the South African national coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) strategy that sought to ensure workers’ health, protect the economic activity, safeguard livelihoods and support health services. Data from the Occupational Health Surveillance System, Surveillance System of Sentinel Hospital Sites, and government databases (public sector health worker and Compensation Fund data) was supplemented by peer-reviewed articles and grey literature. A multipronged, multi-stakeholder response to occupational health and safety (OHS) policy development, risk management, health surveillance, information, and training was adopted, underpinned by scientific input, through collaboration between government, organized labour, employer bodies, academia, and community partners. This resulted in government-promulgated legislation addressing OHS, sectoral guidelines, and work-related COVID-19 worker's compensation. The OHS Workstream of the National Department of Health provided leadership and technical support for COVID-specific workplace guidelines and practices, surveillance, information, and training, as well as a workplace-based vaccination strategy.
Brand Origin Effects During Economic Declines: Evidence from an Emerging Market
Authors: Azzari Vitor , Zambaldi Felipe , Guissoni Leandro Angotti , Rodrigues Jonny Mateus , Scornavacca Eusebio
Published: January 2023

Drawing on the signaling theory perspective, this study examines the effect of perceived country of origin on brand performance during economic contractions. The authors specify an econometric model linking brand market share to recession periods and analyze the interaction with brand origin perception. They test the model on four years of longitudinal data on consumer packaged goods brands combined with a self-administrated consumer questionnaire to infer consumers’ perceptions about brands’ origins. The authors find that economic contractions differentially affect brands with different country-of-origin perceptions. The results indicate that the market share of brands that customers most identify as domestic suffers more damage during contractions than brands they perceive as foreign. The main contribution of this article is in generating a better understanding of brands’ resistance to economic contractions based on their perceived country of origin. Moreover, the authors provide strategic recommendations to brands based on their origin perception and the country's economic situation.
Prothrombin Time and Coagulation Factor IX as Hemostatic Risk Markers for Legg– Calvé–Perthes Disease
Authors: Hernández-Zamora Edgar , Rodríguez-Olivas Armando Odiseo , Rosales-Cruz Erika , Galicia-Alvarado Marlene Alejandra , Zavala-Hernández Cesar , Reyes-Maldonado Elba
Published: January 2023

Background

Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease (LCPD) is a pediatric disorder that occurs due to the avascular necrosis of the femoral head and affects the range of motion of the hip in various degrees. Its etiology is still unknown, although it has been associated with coagulation abnormalities, however, the lack of reproducibility in the results in various studies has created a controversy as to whether hemostasis disorders are related to LCPD. On the other hand, there is little information on laboratory studies that could facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of LCPD.

Methods

Blood and plasma samples were tested from 25 patients with LCPD and 50 healthy controls, matched by sex and age. Cellular markers were evaluated through complete blood count, as well as coagulation times, coagulation factors activity, antithrombotic proteins, and homocysteine concentration.

Results

After assessing activity value frequencies in each group, the results showed more significant activity in some of the biological risk markers of thrombophilia, presenting a substantial difference in prothrombin time↘, FV↗, FVIII↗, FIX↗, and Hcy↗. These values imply that there may be hypercoagulable states in patients, which can cause thrombotic events.

Conclusions

Diminished prothrombin time and increase in FV activity, FVIII, FIX, and Hcy concentration support the hypothesis that microthrombi formation in small-caliber vessels could be causing avascularity and femoral necrosis, which are traits of LCPD. In addition, based on our results, we believe that the laboratory studies carried out are very useful in the diagnosis and treatment of LCPD.
Designing a free chattering robust nonlinear sliding mode control for underactuated two wheels mobile robots with disturbances and uncertainties
Authors: Alihosseini Amir , Dehkordi Nima Mahdian , Sajjadi Mohammadreza
Published: January 2023

In this paper, we propose a novel free chattering robust nonlinear sliding mode control based on the Lyapunov theory for underactuated two-wheels mobile robots. The salient features of the proposed control method are as: (1) it considers the full dynamics of the system, disturbances, and uncertainties; (2) it has not considered the small signal model of the system that leads to the large signal instability; and (3) the proposed underactuated control results in less costs, least chattering, easy implementation, and no stability issues. The proposed nonlinear controller is designed based on Lyapunov and Lassalle theory. Moreover, we have shown that the proposed controller is robust against disturbances and uncertainties.
An efficient method for structural coupling of mechanical systems by using frequency response functions
Authors: ŞEN Murat , ÇAKAR Orhan
Published: January 2023

In many mechanical systems, it is very common to bring together different structural elements or subsystems produced by different producers and create a whole coupled system. It is often not possible to manufacture an entire mechanical system in one place. Although the dynamic properties of each of the subsystems produced by different manufacturers are known, it is a matter that should be known and studied how the dynamic behavior of the new system will be after the creation of a new system by combining these subsystems. In this study, a method for structural coupling of mechanical systems is presented in order to contribute to the solution of structural dynamic problems. It is based on Sherman–Morrison formula known for solving mathematical inverse problems of modified matrices. The method is very useful and practical for real mechanical engineering applications due to only the frequency response functions belong to the coupling coordinates of the subsystems are used. The main highlight of the presented method is there is no need a matrix inversion for calculations.
Men’s Violence Prevention and Peace Education: Drawing on Galtung to Explore the Plurality of Violence(s), Peace(s), and Masculinities
Authors: McInerney William W. , Archer David Tim
Published: January 2023

This article examines a concern that some programs engaging men in the prevention of violence against women use overly homogenized conceptions of violence. In response, the authors draw on their experience teaching men's violence prevention in North America and the UK and their background in peace studies to bring Johan Galtung’s influential peace and conflict frameworks into the men’s violence prevention context. It is argued a feminist-informed Galtungian approach can support existing men’s violence prevention by 1) incorporating heterogeneous conceptions of men’s direct, cultural, and structural violences; 2) introducing conceptions of positive and negative peaces; and 3) outlining different programmatic strategies through peacekeeping, peacemaking, and peacebuilding approaches. This article outlines how Galtung’s framework can help improve men’s violence prevention by providing an accessible, contextually adaptable, and analytically useful framework to support men in understanding violence, peace, and the interdependent relationships between violences, peaces, and peace-work in addressing violence against women.
Determining a preoperative international normalised ratio threshold safe for hip fracture surgery
Authors: Mekkawy Kevin L , Chaudhry Yash P , Mawn John G , MacMahon Aoife , Oni Julius K , Sterling Robert S , Sotsky Rachel B , Khanuja Harpal S
Published: January 2023

Introduction:

The purpose of this study was first, to assess the relationship between preoperative INR (international normalised ratio) and postoperative complication rates in patients with a hip fracture, and second, to establish a threshold for INR below which the risk of complications is comparable to those in patients with a normal INR.

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program and found 35,910 cases who had undergone surgery for a hip fracture between 2012 and 2018. Cases were stratified into 4 groups based on their preoperative INR levels: <1.4; ⩾1.4 and <1.6; ⩾1.6 and <1.8 and ⩾1.8. These cohorts were assessed for differences in preoperative factors, intraoperative factors, and postoperative course. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the risk of transfusion, 30-day mortality, cardiac complications, and wound complications adjusting for all preoperative and intraoperative factors.

Results:

Of the 35,910 cases, 33,484 (93.2%) had a preoperative INR < 1.4; 867 (2.4%) an INR ⩾1.4 and <1.6; 865 (2.4%) an INR ⩾ 1.6 and <1.8 and 692 (1.9%) an INR ⩾ 1.8. A preoperative INR ⩾ 1.8 was independently associated with an increased risk of bleeding requiring transfusion. A preoperative INR ⩾ 1.6 was associated with an increased risk of mortality.

Conclusions:

We found that an INR of <1.6 is a safe value for patients who are to undergo surgery for a hip fracture. Below this value, patients avoid an increased risk of both transfusion and 30-day mortality seen with higher INR values. These findings may allow adjustment of preoperative protocols and improve the outcome of hip fracture surgery in this group of patients.
The Choice of Healthy Source of Energy for Cooking Among Households in Ghana: Does Financial Inclusion Matter?
Authors: Immurana Mustapha , Kisseih Kwame Godsway , Ayesu Enock Kojo , Mohammed Ayisha , Ziblilla Yakubu Mbanba , KK Toby Joseph Mathew , Boachie Micheal Kofi , Halidu Babamu Osman
Published: January 2023

Air pollution resulting from the use of unhealthy/unclean energy sources for cooking causes illnesses such as lung cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and ischaemic heart disease. In Ghana, each year, about 18 000 deaths are recorded due to the use of unhealthy energy sources for cooking. While financial inclusion can influence the adoption of healthy energy sources for cooking, less attention has been paid to it. This study, therefore, investigates the effect of financial inclusion on the choice of healthy source of energy for cooking among households in Ghana. Doing so reveals whether financial inclusion can be employed as a tool to decrease the use of unhealthy sources of energy for cooking in Ghana. We employ the Ghana Living Standards Survey round 7 (GLSS7) as the data source for the study whiles the binary logistic regression is used as the estimation technique. The findings show that, households with financial inclusion (using a single indicator) are more likely to choose healthy sources of energy for cooking relative to those without financial inclusion (OR = 2.52, P < .01). Moreover, the effect of financial inclusion (using a single indicator) on choosing a healthy source of energy for cooking is greater among rural households (OR = 3.18, P < .01) relative to their urban counterparts (OR = 2.27, P < .01). The findings are robust even after using a different estimation technique and a combined index of financial inclusion. Thus, in the quest to improve the use of healthy sources of energy for cooking, enhancing financial inclusion among households, could be a useful strategy.
Evaluating the objective and subjective physical environments of residential care facilities
Authors: Mu Jingyi , Kang Jian , Zheng Sui
Published: January 2023

The aim of this research was to explore the objective and subjective physical environments of residential care facilities (RCFs) by studying 34 facilities in Harbin, Changchun, Shenyang and Dalian. A study that combines questionnaires and instrumental testing. Pearson’s correlation and regression analysis were used to analyse the correlation between the measured value and the evaluation result and the impact on the results of the participants’ personal background evaluations. The results showed that the brightness intensity ranged from 100 to 450 cd/m2, illuminance 200–550 lx and sound pressure level (SPL) 40–58 dBA. In reconstructed RCFs (RCFs converted from other buildings), the odour and other factors were significantly positively correlated with the satisfaction of participants. Seasonal changes had a significant impact on the level of different physical environments, particularly in the assessment of the thermal environment. Temperatures were highest in bedrooms, reaching 27°C. The correlation between the measured value and the evaluated satisfaction was high. The education level of participants was related to their satisfaction with the overall Indoor environmental quality (IEQ). Participants in the study were satisfied with the overall IEQ of the RCFs. These results can provide data-based support and act as a reference for IEQ research on RCFs.
Low thermal inertia thermal barrier coatings for spark ignition engines: An experimental study
Authors: Gandolfo John , Gainey Brian , Yan Ziming , Jiang Chen , Kumar Rishi , Jordan Eric H , Filipi Zoran , Lawler Benjamin
Published: January 2023

Application of thermal barrier coatings in spark ignition engines have historically been avoided due to the knock penalty associated with higher surface temperatures induced by the ceramic layer. However, advances in low thermal inertia coatings (i.e. temperature swing coatings) that combine low thermal conductivity with low volumetric heat capacity can prevent excessively high surface temperatures during the intake stroke and reduce or avoid knock while improving performance and efficiency. In this study, a novel coating material was tested in a low compression ratio spark ignition engine to evaluate the performance of an advanced low thermal inertia coating during steady and cold-start conditions. A total of four pistons with this novel material was tested, with an additional piston coated with gadolinium zirconate. Spark timing sweeps demonstrated a maximum 0.8% relative thermal efficiency gain with a thin coating of the novel material. The novel material coated above 200-microns showed a deterioration in performance and efficiency due to charge heating increasing knock propensity. Cold-start tests demonstrated that charge heating is beneficial for reducing unburned hydrocarbons and particle matter emissions.
Advanced turbulence and combustion modeling for the study of a swirl-assisted natural gas spark-ignition heavy-duty engine
Authors: Riccardi Marco , De Bellis Vincenzo , Sforza Lorenzo , Beatrice Carlo , Bozza Fabio , Mirzaeian Mohsen
Published: January 2023

Increasing demands on higher performance and lower fuel consumption and emissions have led the path for internal combustion engine development; this race is nowadays directly related to CO2 emissions reduction. To drive engine development and reduce the time-to-market, the employment of numerical analysis is mandatory. This requires a continuous improvement of the simulation models toward real predictive analyses able to reduce the experimental R&D efforts. In this framework, 1D numerical codes are fundamental tools for system design, energy management optimization, and calibration. The present work is focused on the improvement of the phenomenological turbulence model, originally conceived to describe turbulence evolution in tumble-promoting engines. The turbulence model is developed with reference to a SI heavy-duty CNG engine derived from a diesel engine. In this architecture, due to the flat cylinder head, turbulence is also generated by swirl and squish flow motions, in addition to tumble motion. The presented turbulence model is validated against 3D CFD results, demonstrating to properly predict turbulence and swirl/tumble evolution under two different operating conditions, without the need for any case-dependent tuning. The developed turbulence model is coupled to a phenomenological combustion model based on the fractal geometry theory applied to the flame front surface, where the turbulence is assumed to support flame propagation through an enhancement of the flame front area with respect to the laminar counterpart. The combustion model is validated against an extensive experimental dataset, composed of 25 operating points at different engine rotational speeds and loads. The numerical/experimental comparisons of global performance parameters are satisfactory, leading to maximum errors around ±2% for the BSFC, ±2° for the main combustion events, and ±1 bar for the in-cylinder peak pressure. Burn rate profiles are very well captured by the combustion model at changing operating conditions, not requiring any case-dependent tuning. The presented results demonstrate that the turbulence/combustion models could constitute a reliable virtual test facility, contributing to supporting and driving experimental activities.