bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Reagan Revolution and Antistatist Growthmanship
Authors: Collins Robert M
Published: November 2023

Both good stories and strong arguments can be ruined by exaggeration, which, often as not, is driven less by an urge to deceive than by a desire to keep things simple. The temptations of neatness are especially acute for historians, who have the difficult task of making the past comprehensible without sacrificing the bewildering complexity that usually characterizes human affairs. As we have seen, many policymakers, opinion molders, and ordinary Americans appeared to give up on growth in the 1970s. Yet, even during the general retreat from growth, others continued to look to growth as a way out of the nation’s apparent economic dilemma. Their efforts constituted the real beginnings, in the 1970s, of what later came to be labeled the Reagan Revolution. That conservative reorientation of public affairs began not when Ronald Reagan took the oath of office in January 1981, or even at the time of his election to the presidency several months earlier, but rather in the more obscure byways of the past, in the fumblings of the mid-197os to somehow recapture the economic and psychological momentum of the economic golden age that had come to an effective end in 1968 and that Richard Nixon’s exertions had failed to reawaken. In the 1980s Ronald Reagan built on these beginnings by appropriating economic growth in an effort to drive a stake through the heart of modern liberalism.
Slow Drilling in Hard Boards
Authors: Collins Robert M
Published: November 2023

In the 1990s, the pursuit of economic growth took yet another twist. Having campaigned for election as a self-proclaimed New Democrat who combined liberal sensibilities with hard-headed realism and fiscal practicality, President Bill Clinton displayed a centrist, highly expedient style of leadership that generated both extraordinary controversy and considerable practical success. Self-consciously seeking to “build a bridge to the 21st century big enough, wide enough, and strong enough for all of us to walk across together,” the Arkansan tacked and trimmed his way toward the new millennium with a show of political flexibility and pragmatism of a sort not seen since the heyday of FDR.1 Clinton’s opportunism sowed despair among his liberal supporters and consternation among his political opponents. Nowhere was the style more clearly demonstrated than in the realm of political economy. The result was an eclectic approach to growth that reflected less the preconceptions of an ideological program than the lessons, both positive and negative, of a half century’s experience with growth policy.
Introduction: Sex, Society, and Identity
Authors: Nye Robert A
Published: November 2023

After having spent a long day in the Bibliotheque Nationale reading dis–integrating old sex manuals, I was browsing through the wares of a quayside stall and came upon a popular French text on sexual virility published in 1971 that reiterated almost word for word the beliefs about male sexuality I had encountered earlier that afternoon. Young women on the lookout for virile lovers, I read, should consider men with dark and abundant body hair; they should pay special attention to their hands, because the hand was a reliable indicator of the size and shape of the penis, and a weak handshake a dead giveaway of impotence. The “primordial element” of a happy marriage, according to the author, was the husband’s ability to maintain an erection and sexually satisfy his wife. If he should fail in this task, he will set in motion both a “psycho-pathological inversion” of his natural dominance and her “instinct to feel herself dominated,” which will end in “neurosis, adultery, and divorce.”1
The Roots of Bourgeois Honorability
Authors: Nye Robert A
Published: November 2023

In a story set some years after the fall of the Napoleonic regime, Balzac declares through a character that “there is no nobility anymore, nothing more than an aristocracy.”1 In the first half of the nineteenth century, Balzac and many other writers of fiction made a nice living exploring in their works the composition of this successor class of the pre-revolutionary elite. It was a subject of endless fascination for contemporary readers, who became adept at sorting out the subtly inflected contrasts in dress, speech, and manners that were the acknowledged markers between those who had been born to high status and those who had earned it.
Bourgeois Sociability and the Point d’Honneur: 1800—1860
Authors: Nye Robert A
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I begin to consider more of the public expressions of masculine honor that will occupy the next three chapters. To this point I have attempted to show how conclusions about a man’s honor and honorability could be drawn from his sexual comportment and personal appearance—areas usually regarded as part of the silent if not inscrutable “private” domain.
The War Economy: Motivations and Results
Authors: Schaffer Ronald
Published: November 2023

By the summer of 1918, the structure for managing the war economy was essentially complete. The WIB and other agencies were able to supervise decisions of private industry; to regulate consumption of fuel, agricultural products, and other materials vital to war; to stimulate military production; to manipulate commerce and finance; and to control the nation’s transportation system. These actions constituted a substantial shift, a movement toward more centralized management and more government control than most American businessmen would have accepted before 1917.
The Great War, Prohibition, and the Campaign for Social Purity
Authors: Schaffer Ronald
Published: November 2023

Several years before the war, proponents of temperance and abstinence had begun a national campaign to restrict alcohol consumption. Challenged by an expanding liquor industry and the multiplication of saloons, alarmed by the havoc that drunkenness wreaked on family and society and on individual health and morals, they had formed an Anti-Saloon League and a Women’s Christian Temperance Union. Prohibitionists developed informal alliances with suffragists and Protestant churches, fielded an army of speakers, created elaborate political machines, and won numerous victories in towns and counties, cities and states.
Dewey, Lippmann, and Bourne
Authors: Schaffer Ronald
Published: November 2023

Intellectuals were as divided over their nation’s entry into war as the rest of the American people, many welcoming it, others abhorring it or facing it with resignation. Like businessmen and labor leaders, suffragists and moral reformers, certain intellectuals tried to use war to promote causes and interests. Some saw it as a means to advance their careers, to make their lives more exciting, or to demonstrate to their fellow citizens the value of people who dealt in ideas.
Introduction: Intimate Frontiers
Authors: Levy Barry
Published: November 2023

During the nineteenth century most Americans defined the “home” as a sheltered location where American women cultivated mother hood to nurture conscience in America’s children. Similar ideologies affected Western Europeans. But domesticity’s strain was purest in America. Many Americans held the conceit that the household should be a morally self-sufficient institution.
Middling Roots
Authors: Levy Barry
Published: November 2023

In order to understand the social development of early Pennsylvania and the development of the American ideal of domesticity it is helpful to examine the distinctive nature of middling life in seventeenth-century northwestern Britain, where Quaker organization was developed, primarily by George Fox and Margaret Fell, and from where a significant number of the early Pennsylvania settlers came. Historians, using evidence primarily from southeastern England and New England, have developed persuasive generalizations about seventeenth-century British middling families. These are misleading, however, in reference to northwestern society, Quakerism, and Pennsylvania. Historians have shown that a middling society emphasizing household autonomy developed in southeastern England by the early seventeenth century. Some have argued that domesticity originated as a modification of this household tradition. Northwestern Quakers accepted middling northwesterners’ emphasis on human relations, for neither Quakers nor typical north westerners could afford alternative institutions. On the other hand, northwestern Quakers developed their family ideal in bold opposition to the customs of their native region. These tensions help explain why the Quakers were the first to develop a form of domesticity as part of their religion and why Anglo-American domesticity originated in remote and rugged terrain.
Spiritual Tribalism
Authors: Levy Barry
Published: November 2023

In the late 1650s George Fox and Margaret Fell became preeminent among a large number of inspired Quaker preachers. Their leader ship is wonderfully mysterious, but one distinctive strength is explainable. More than other early Quaker leaders, they respected the social resources of middling upland farmers and tradesmen. Beginning with new religious insights and an impoverished laity, they ended by forming a religious people distinguished by egalitarian, loving relationships and morally self-sufficient households. Their efforts took a lifetime. But they introduced a new family form in order to sustain Quakerism. They were the founders of Quaker organization and of Anglo-American domesticity.
Wives-Ministers-Mothers
Authors: Levy Barry
Published: November 2023

The Welsh Tract and Chester Quaker communities’ use of intimate relations to convey the Holy Spirit, instead of the formal relations of extra-household institutions, had another major consequence: the creation of a tightly focused, characterologically consistent, social role for women. The Quakers melded women’s sexuality, spirituality, and maternal authority into a novel feminine mystique that later became the model for New England advocates of domesticity.
Everyday Stalinism
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila
Published: November 2023

Here is a pioneering account of everyday life under Stalin, written by one of our foremost authorities on modern Russian history. Focusing on urban areas in the 1930s, Sheila Fitzpatrick shows that with the adoption of collectivization and the first Five-Year Plan, everyday life was utterly transformed. With the abolition of the market, shortages of food, clothing, and all kinds of consumer goods became endemic. As peasants fled the collectivized villages, major cities were soon in the grip of an acute housing crisis, with families jammed for decades in tiny single rooms in communal apartments, counting living space in square meters. It was a world of privation, overcrowding, endless queues, and broken families, in which the regime's promises of future socialist abundance rang hollowly. We read of a government bureaucracy that often turned everyday life into a nightmare, and of the ways that ordinary citizens tried to circumvent it, primarily by patronage and the ubiquitous system of personal connections known as blat. And we read of the police surveillance that was endemic to this society, and the waves of terror like the Great Purges of 1937, that periodically cast this world into turmoil. Fitzpatrick illuminates the ways that Soviet city-dwellers coped with this world, examining such diverse activities as shopping, traveling, telling jokes, finding an apartment, getting an education, landing a job, cultivating patrons and connections, marrying and raising a family, writing complaints and denunciations, voting, and trying to steer clear of the secret police. Based on extensive research in Soviet archives only recently opened to historians, this superb book illuminates the ways ordinary people tried to live normal lives under extraordinary circumstances.
Introduction
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila
Published: November 2023

This book is about the everyday life of ordinary people, “little men” as opposed to the great. But the life these ordinary people lived was not, in their own understanding and probably ours, a normal life. For those who live in extraordinary times, normal life becomes a luxury. The upheavals and hardships of the l 930s disrupted normalcy, making it something Soviet citizens strove for but generally failed to achieve. This book is an exploration of the everyday and the extraordinary in Stalin’s Russia and how they interacted. It describes the ways in which Soviet citizens tried to live ordinary lives in the extraordinary circumstances of Stalinism. It presents a portrait of an emerging social species, Homo Sovicticus, for which Stalinism was the native habitat.
A Time of Troubles
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila
Published: November 2023

Surveillance means that the population is watched; terror means that its members are subject on an unpredictable but large-scale basis to arrest, execution, and other forms of state violence. A society under surveillance does not have to be a society under terror: for example, the German Democratic Republic of the l970s and l 980s was relatively free of terror, although it was watched over by the Stasi-that overachieving pupil of the NKVD-with a thoroughness un-paralleled in the history of state security. But there is obviously a relationship between surveillance and terror; the same institutions are used and many of the same processes are involved. In the Soviet Union, where waves of terror against different groups of the population started with the Civil War and occurred periodically thereafter throughout the prewar period, the relationship was particularly close. Surveillance was an everyday reminder of the possibility of terror.
Reform and Revolution
Authors: Adams Thomas Mcstay
Published: November 2023

Keeping Montlinot as inspector of the depot de mendicite at Soissons against his better judgment was not the last concession Calonne would be obliged to make to enlightened opinion. Historians date the “prerevolution” in France from Calonne’s decision to convoke an Assembly of Notables in February 1787. He calculated that by this extraordinary measure he might circumvent the obstruction that the parle ment would certainly raise against his plan for a general land tax-a tax to be collected without exemptions for the privileged and with the aid of consultative assemblies in each province. The strategy backfired. The Assembly of Notables called for a wholesale redress of grievances. Calonne turned over the reins of finance to his most outspoken critic in the Assembly, the archbishop of Toulouse, Lomenie de Brienne.
Landed Autocrats, Gentlemen Farmers, and British Influences
Authors: Bowman Shearer Davis
Published: November 2023

Some Fundamental Analogies between mid-nineteenth century planters and Junkers as landed upper classes can be summarized in the phrases “landed autocrats” and “gentlemen farmers.” Exploring these analogies will provide a useful overview of those similar circumstances and characteristics that made proprietors of plantations and knight’s estates (Ritterguter) comparable landed elites, and will also permit some discussion of significant dissimilarities between their historical environments. In the process it will be helpful to contrast planterdom and Junkerdom with the landed aristocracy (gentry and peerage) of nineteenth-century England, but then to emphasize that England exerted tremendous influence on economic and ideological developments in both the South and East Elbia. Finally, I will emphasize that the comparability of planters and Junkers does not derive from the influence of either regional society upon the other.
Agrarian Entrepreneurs
Authors: Bowman Shearer Davis
Published: November 2023

This Chapter WILL present a roughly chronological survey of the economic histories of the planter and Junker elites through the middle decades of the nineteenth century. It will sketch their agrarian evolutions from the time of their emergence as landed entrepreneurs, and the concurrent creation of “bound” labor forces in East Elbia and the South, during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries respectively. After examining these early centuries we will consider how England’s industrial revolution, beginning in the late eighteenth century, gave the agrarian entrepreneurship of planters and Junkers a new lease on life and helped to shape the economic and social landscapes of the Old South and contemporaneous East Elbia, albeit in very different ways. In the process we should not only learn more about Junkerdom and the plantation gentry but also gain a heightened appreciation for the regional, national, and continental varieties of productive modes and social structures that interacted over several centuries of economic development in the Western world.

Although I will not address directly the complex and contentious question of whether planters and Junkers qualified as “capitalists” until Chapter 3, here and now I owe the reader some discussion of the potentially ambiguous terms entrepreneur and entrepreneurship. C. Joseph Pusateri, an historian of American business, has examined the various ways in which the term entrepreneur has been defined in English since it first appeared in a 1755 treatise by an Irishman grown rich as a Paris banker. Pusateri concludes that “what is still the most useful and comprehensive definition of entrepreneurship today” is to be found in a 1949 essay by Arthur C. Cole: “the purposeful activity …
Contentious Concepts
Authors: Bowman Shearer Davis
Published: November 2023

BECAUSE I TEND to emphasize the importance of differences between the historical environments of the planter and Junker elites, this study seems to fall under the rubric of what sociologists Theda Skocpol and Margaret Somers have termed “contrast-oriented” comparative history. Its practitioners stand “squarely in the middle between the characteristic disciplinary concerns of social scientists and historians"-that is, between an historical focus on the course and logic of events in a particular society during a particular span of time, and a socialscientific preoccupation with concepts, theories, or models whose explanatory power transcends a specific historical context.1 These different perspectives are highlighted in a review of Skocpol’s own States and Revolutions: A Comparative Study of France, Russia, and China (1979) by William McNeill, an historian who has composed impressive trans-national studies like The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community (1963) and The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force, and Society Since A.D. 1000 (1982) . After complimenting Skocpol for “a clear, concise, and admirably well-crafted book,” McNeill took note of her “implicit repudiation of the roll of personalities in affecting the revolutionary processes she analyzes.
Planter and Junker Conservatism
Authors: Bowman Shearer Davis
Published: November 2023

In 1902 Ulrich Bonnell Phillips, a Georgia native who was among the first genuine scholars to study the history of the Old South, pointed out that “the institution of domestic servitude had naturally a conservative influence upon those who were interested in its maintenance.” His cogent explanation of this “conservative influence” deserves to be quoted in full: “Slaves were capital, and capital is always conservative in its tendency. Moreover, slavery was generally on the defensive against attack, and thus in a conservative position. It was a long-established institution, and for that reason its maintenance was conservative. Secession was advocated by its supporters as a means to the more certain preservation of slavery, and in that light the policy seems to have been conservative.” The deductive simplicity and penetrating straightforwardness of this analysis are especially remarkable in that Phillips was, in the words of Eugene Genovese, “a racist, however benign and paternalistic,” and lived at a time when the prevailing Southern view of antebellum planters seems to have been been the maudlin and romantic image painted by such popular writers as Thomas Nelson Page of Virginia. The “Old Virginia” plantation owner, wrote Page, “believed in a democracy, but understood that the absence of a titled aristocracy had to be supplied by a class more virtuous than he believed them to be. This class was, of course, that to which he belonged.”
Foreword: The Columbian Legacy
Authors: Axtell James
Published: November 2023

The European Discovery of America was a Fortuitous Mistake, but a mistake nonetheless. Columbus was looking for something else and certainly did not expect to encounter a continental obstacle. Like any sensible Mediterranean trader, he sought the certified wealth of the Orient, with which to launch an old-fashioned crusade to liberate Jerusalem from the scimitared hand of Islam. And he went to his grave believing that the lands he had found, while new to the mapmakers, were part of the Far East.

With the venial hubris of hindsight, we do not hesitate to second-guess the Admiral’s interpretation of his own accomplishments.
At the Water’s Edge: Trading in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Axtell James
Published: November 2023

American Historians are Just Beginning to Discover that North America had a full and important history in the sixteenth century. In addition to perhaps four million Indians, the French, English, Spanish, and Portuguese were economically and, on occasion, politically preoccupied with the new continent. The Spanish penetrated deep into the Southeast and Southwest, establishing military posts and missionary centers wherever they went. When they chose not to settle, they did their utmost to ensure that European rivals did not outflank them. The zones of sharpest conflict were on the coasts of Florida, near the shipping lanes of the Spanish bullion fleets, and around Newfoundland, whose fish-laden waters drew fleets from all the major Western European ports. All of these ventures led to contact and sometimes conflict with the local natives.
Harvard and the FBI: “A Most Cooperative and Understanding Association”
Authors: Diamond Sigmund
Published: November 2023

This Chapter Presents the Harvard-FBI relation essentially as the FBI saw it —what activities at Harvard most concerned it; what parts of the university most attracted its attention; how it obtained information about the university, and from whom. How the FBI looked at Harvard and what it claimed to see there are important, but they are only part of the story. What was Harvard’s view of the relationship: who acted for Harvard; was the relationship a matter of policy or something into which the university drifted; who even knew about the relationship; was it the result of well-considered views of the kind of organization the FBI was, or was it derived from more general considerations of Cold War politics? The answers to these questions require access to a different set of documents —not in the FBI archives but in the records of the universities, their professors, and the other private organizations, like foundations, that were involved in the relationship with the FBI.

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William F. Buckley, Jr.: The FBI Informer as Yale Intellectual
Authors: Diamond Sigmund
Published: November 2023

Among The Harvard documents in the FBI file were a number that dealt with the Haroard Crimson, the undergraduate student newspaper. The FBI was worried in 1949 that the editors of the Crimson were on the verge of exposing a relationship between the FBI and Yale University through which, secretly, information was made available about students and faculty members. My concern with uncovering the details of Yale-FBI cooperation was not made easier by the fact the the names of some of the key figures in the relationship-including that of a person described as “liaison officer, Yale University”-were blacked out of the documents. Eventually, I was to discover that the “liaison officer” was Harry B. Fisher, an undercover employee of Yale University for twenty five years, whose last fifteen years of service were devoted mainly to political surveillance.
New York
Authors: Royal Stokes W
Published: November 2023

Syncopated dance music was being played in New York from around the turn of the century by local orchestras, and ragtime piano was evolving into an idiom there that would later be dubbed Harlem Stride. By 1915 a black New Orleans band, Freddie Keppard’s Original Creole Orchestra, was visiting New Yark on the vaudeville circuit and in 1917 the white Original Dixieland Jazz Band, also from New Orleans, was booked into Reisenweber’s restaurant on Columbus Circle. The ODJB, a quintet, created a sensation and the combo was the first to record the sounds of jazz, which they did soon after their New York debut.
California
Authors: Royal Stokes W
Published: November 2023

If New York has for half a century been the jazz mecca, Los Angeles must today be regarded as the music’s most flourishing province. One close observer of the jazz scene there counted, in the late 1980s, some eighty active jazz venues in the Los Angeles area, conceding that this total included piano bars, weekend-only live music, and some groups of questionable jazz credentials, and asked if New York could top this.
Singers
Authors: Royal Stokes W
Published: November 2023

No general discussion of the jazz vocal art would be complete without inclusion of the role that the blues, specifically the vocal blues, has played in the jazz idiom. To remark that that role was seminal is an understatement. But before we move on to hear of the formative experiences of several blues singers, let us first consider the relationship between vocal and instrumental expression in jazz, for virtually all blues singers and a great many jazz singers have utilized elements of instrumental attack and have simulated something of the sound quality of horns. We again call upon jazz historian William J. Schafer.
John Hammond: “The Tragedy of Duke Ellington” (1935)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Lington’s interest in writing pieces longer than roughly three minutes-the length permitted by one side of a ten-inch, 78-rpm recording-proved a divisive issue for critics. While some rallied to the defense of Ellington’s “extended works,” as they came to be called, others pronounced them shapeless, overblown, or contrary to the spirit of jazz.The first “extended” piece to generate considerable controversy was not Creole Rhap sody (1931)-though it had caused grumbling in some quarters-but Reminiscing in Tempo (1935), which took up four record sides and lasted nearly thirteen minutes.’ Ellington com posed it following the death of his mother Daisy in May, writing it as his orchestra traveled by train on a series of one-nighters through the South.2 Although gentle and reflective in character, Reminiscing in Tempo provoked violent reactions from writers who earlier had admired Ellington’s shorter works. No one was more incensed than Spike Hughes, Elling ton’s former booster in England, who branded the piece “a long, rambling monstrosity” and threatened not to review any more Ellington records “until Duke realizes it is not ‘smart’ to write this sort of music.”3
Aaron Copland on Ellington (1938)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Since the record makers persist in forgetting la musique moderne during the holidays (according to them, Bach makes an appropriate gift, but Bartok does not) this is a good moment to see what the swing bands have been up to recently.
Ellington’s “Defense of Jazz” (1943/1944)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Perhaps the most striking peculiarity of jazz as opposed to “classical” music, however, is the extremely limited nature of its emotional vocabulary. As a musical language, jazz is graphic and colorful, but, in poetic resources, it is about as rich as pidgin English. A great deal of it makes its appeal exclusively to the motor impulses without affecting the emotions at all. When it does affect the emotions it is limited to the expression of a few elementary moods-sexual excitement, exhilaration, sorrow (in the blues), and a sort of hypnotic intoxication. Its vocabulary does not encompass religious awe, trag-to some of the more intelligent jazz, nor is he aware of the amazing musical background of some of our foremost composers and arrangers, in the popular field.
Ellington: “Swing is My Beat!” (1944)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Americans have always listened to music, when they aren’t busy making it. This is part of our culture. For some, hearing “live” music is a luxury. For others it’s part of the daily diet. Everything depends on how the budget stacks up against the price of admission to Carnegie Hall or the cover charge at nightclubs giving out with the “hot” brand of music.
Andre Hodeir: “A Masterpiece: Concerto for Cootie” (1954)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Some pieces of music grow old; others stay young. At times we can hardly believe it possible that once we actually enjoyed listening to a page of music or a chorus that now seems overwhelmingly long on faults and short on merits. To make up for this, some works seem more and more attractive to us as time goes by. For one thing, we are more difficult to please at thirty than we were at twenty. Instead of liking a hundred records, we no longer like more than five or six; but perhaps we like them better. Judging by my own experience, there can be no doubt that the test of time has favored Ellington’s Concerto for Cootie-more, perhaps, than any other work, and this is a sure sign of merit. It has become clear to me that this piece is one of the high points in Ellington’s output, which has been vast and rich in flashes of genius, but unequal and occasionally disappointing. I would even say that it offers a striking epitome of certain essential aspects of his work.
Ellington: “The Race for Space” (ca. late 1957)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

As a musician, jazz, that is, there would rightly be some question as to what Duke Ellington is doing in a serious discussion on the race for space. As the most adequate answer I can think of, I’m talking about the race for space for the logical reason that what happens in the race for the moon and other planets and the control of space affects me as well as every other American and like you and others reading this, I most certainly don’t want Russian “moons” and other space projectiles circling around over my head.
Ellington on the Air in Vancouver (1962)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

“What actually happened, we started out calling it the ‘Todalo,’ and of course, the printer obviously made a mistake and put another ‘o’ in it or something. I never spelled it for him, actually. ‘Todalo,’ you know, is a broken walk.
Gary Giddins on the Sacred Concerts (1975)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

After the success of the first Sacred Concert, Ellington went on to produce two more: the second, premiered at New York’s Cathedral of St. John the Divine in 1968, and the third in 1973 at London’s Westminster Abbey. Despite Ellington’s regard for these pieces-in his memoirs, for example, he called the second Sacred Concert “the most important thing I have ever done”1-few critics have given them serious consider ation.
American Indian Women and Cultural Conflict
Authors: Anderson Karen
Published: November 2023

Understanding the Historical Experiences of American Indian women means taking into account the diversity of traditional Indian societies, especially with regard to economic systems and kinship structures, and the varieties of their experiences since their first contact with Europeans. Women’s status and roles within tribal cultures varied, depending on whether the tribe was matrilineal or patrilineal, primarily dependent on agriculture or on hunting and gathering for its subsistence, and on the meanings attached to masculinity and femininity and to women’s and men’s activities.

Although they varied in linguistic, cultural, and other ways, traditional cultures were similar in their general economic systems. All relied on agriculture, hunting and gathering, or a combination of the two for their subsistence. Although not as nomadic as many whites assumed, many Indian groups did move occasionally, allowing the land and its resources a periodic rest while moving on to more fertile grounds. In many areas, hunting and gathering alone provided an adequate subsistence. In some cases, the shifting agriculture practiced by Woodland and Prairie Indians required less labor than the intensive agriculture employed by whites.
From the Indian New Deal to Red Power
Authors: Anderson Karen
Published: November 2023

The Discontinuation of federal allotment policies in 1934 marked the end of one phase in white assimilationist strategies, but not the end of official paternalism and regulation in the lives of American Indian women. Official efforts to impose patriarchal families changed as economic trends, assimilative successes, and public policies motivated many Native Americans to form nuclear families. By the 1950s, the formal agencies of the welfare state replaced and supplemented the Bureau of Indian Affairs as the mechanism for regulating women’s sexuality, maternity, and family relations. Whether the government focused on reservation-based economic development or on assisting Indian movement to urban economies, Native American women found that the heightened importance of a market economy in their lives often meant increasing economic dependence on men and held contradictory implications for their autonomy.
In The Shadow of The Plantation
Authors: Anderson Karen
Published: November 2023

The Defeat of The South in the Civil War and the consequent abolition of slavery launched the era in which the meaning of freedom for blacks was defined. During the Reconstruction years, white planters and blacks tested their respective, but unequal, powers and created the institutions that would structure social relations in the South for many decades. The stakes for blacks in this struggle included not only the political content of their freedom but also their economic position and the gender and family relations it would make possible or desirable.

The politics of race and gender in the Reconstruction era starkly reveals the dense interconnections between public status and private life. The black struggle for control over the conditions of their labor and their lives occurred as an integral part of the conduct of daily life. Black women and men used their newly acquired rights to move freely and to withhold their labor in order to improve the conditions of their work and, especially, to secure some measure of family integrity and privacy.
Liberty and Power in the Second American Revolution
Authors: Mcpherson James M
Published: November 2023

In January 1867, Congressman George W. Julian of Indiana, one of the most radical of Republicans, stood up in the House to speak against a Reconstruction bill that would replace military rule with civil government in the South. Although the measure disfranchised many ex-Confederates and enfranchised former slaves, Julian warned that restoration of these states to self-government “would be ruinous to the best interests of their loyal people and calamitous to the nation.
Daughters: Wives in the Making
Authors: Harris Barbara J
Published: November 2023

In Yorkist and early Tudor England, the expectation that aristocratic women would marry shaped their lives from the moment of their birth. From their earliest years they were socialized to view themselves as future wives. The goal of their educations was to teach them the manners and religious values of their class and the skills they would need to manage their great households and serve their families. Parents also fostered their daughters’ relationships with their kin and patrons in the hope they would promote the girls’ marriages and careers as they approached adolesence.
Their Brilliant Careers: Aristocratic Women at the Yorkist and Early Tudor Court
Authors: Harris Barbara J
Published: November 2023

The Vast majority of Yorkist and early Tudor aristocratic women achieved lifelong vocations through marriage, but the minority, from families with close ties to the reigning dynasty, could also aspire to careers at court. Such careers offered them the only opportunity to fashion identities and roles outside their natal or marital families. Appointments to the queen’s household also gave them a nonfamilial source of income since Ladies-in-Waiting and Maids-of-Honor received annual fees and nonmonetary perquisites, privileged access to royal patronage, and annuities or pensions when they retired.
Conclusion
Authors: Harris Barbara J
Published: November 2023

Lady Lettice Tresham with whom this book began, and Mary, duchess of Richmond, with whom it ended, both contributed to the survival and long-term prosperity of their families. Through marriage, they entered lifetime careers that gave them considerable power, even authority, over their families, servants, and local regions; opened politics to them; and, within limits, allowed them to shape their destinies.
“Scratch a Communist ... “: Women and the American Communist Party During the Depression
Authors: Coiner Constance
Published: November 2023

The androcentrism of Communist literary circles reflected that of the Party as a whole, but the CP’s role in the struggle for sexual equality must be measured against the backdrop of the dominant culture. I begin this chapter, then, by (briefly) discussing the position of women in the United States during the ‘30s, indicating a few of the historiographical sources that provide a necessary complement to this study. I move quickly to this chapter’s central task, examining the CP and “the woman question,” and focus largely on Party publications during the period. However, the chapter’s last section relies on four documentaries (With Babies and Banners, Union Maids, The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter, and Seeing Red) that, with my own interview material, augment information derived from the Party press. The role of women in Party-related activities reminds us of Myra Jehlen’s useful premise for analyzing women’s history and writing: Women must be viewed not in “actual independence but [in) action despite dependence” (581). Feminism was thwarted during the ‘30s by the national preoccupation with economic collapse and recovery. The previous decade’s debate over the “new woman” was subsumed by anxiety over the unemployed man, and competition for a limited number of jobs reinforced cultural assumptions about the proper sexual division of labor. The public arena absorbed most attention, while issues seemingly unrelated to economic reclamation were ignored. Americans were reluctant to examine or tamper with traditional roles within the family at a time when it was viewed as perhaps the only remnant of stability.
Meridel Le Sueur: Biographical Sketch and Reportage
Authors: Coiner Constance
Published: November 2023

One of the most prominent women writers of the ‘30s, Le Sueur endured redbaiting, blacklisting, and 25 years of obscurity to become in the ‘70s a regional folk heroine and nearly an archetypal figure within some elements of the women’s movement. For some of the Le Sueur faithful, her work seems to deserve uncritical celebration. Yet such celebration would have us ignore historically resonant problems in her work. For the vast majority of mainstream critics, on the other hand, Le Sueur’s work merits little notice. This latter position is more damaging than the first because it denies Le Sueur’s social and historical value as well as her significant formal experiments. Le Sueur, herself, feels ambivalent about her Wonder Woman status. On one hand, she welcomes the readership and recognition that came after 25 years of obscurity and feels she has earned her self-imposed title, “Mrs. Lazarus.” Yet she also hungers for genuine criticism of her work, and she refuses the role of “St. Meridel” that some people have imposed on her (Grossmann 3D).
Creating a Female Dominion in American Reform 1890–1935
Authors: Muncy Robyn
Published: November 2023

In this book, Muncy explains the continuity of white, middle-class, American female reform activity between the Progressive era and the New Deal. She argues that during the Progressive era, female reformers built an interlocking set of organizations that attempted to control child welfare policy. Within this policymaking body, female progressives professionalized their values, bureaucratized their methods, and institutionalized their reforming networks. To refer to the organizational structure embodying these processes, the book develops the original concept of a female dominion in the otherwise male empire of policymaking. At the head of this dominion stood the Children’ s Bureau in the federal Department of Labor. Muncy investigates the development of the dominion and its particular characteristics, such as its monopoly over child welfare and its commitment to public welfare, and shows how it was dependent on a peculiarly female professionalism. By exploring that process, this book illuminates the relationship between professionalization and reform, the origins and meaning of Progressive reform, and the role of gender in creating the American welfare state.
Origins of the Dominion: Hull House, 1890-1910
Authors: Muncy Robyn
Published: November 2023

‘There’ s power in me, and will to dominate which I must exercise;’ wrote Jane Addams in 1889, “they hurt me else’ .’ 1 In late-nineteenth-century America, frustrated ambition was injuring other college-educated women as well. Consequently, when Addams eased her own pain by founding a social settlement in Chicago, her venture attracted a group of women similarly bruised by constraints on their aspirations and ready to unfetter their capacities for personal independence and public authority. The desire to unlock the shackles that would have bound them to obscure, private lives provided Addams and her followers with a motive for creating a female dominion within the larger empire of policymaking; their experiences at Hull House supplied the values and strategies that made their creation possible.
Peace Movements and the Challenge of Nationalism 1850–1889
Authors: Cooper Sandi E
Published: November 2023

To the exhilarated organizers of the 1849 Paris International Peace Congress, a future for annual conventions of “friends of peace” seemed assured. Expecting to repeat their success, they had convened in the Paulskirche in Frankfurt in 1850. By 1851, however, when organizers called for a congress in Manchester, political reality intruded. Continental participation dwindled. The “international” meeting had become mainly British.

For the next two decades, peace movements on both sides of the Atlantic underwent persistent battering. During the 1850s, 1860s, and l870s-with the remarkable exception in 1867–1871-a few, hardy, isolated campaigners strug gled against ridicule and indifference. The volcanic political terrain following the revolutions and counterrevolutions of 1849-1851 drove peace from the agendas of many potential supporters.
The Context of Health Care: Persons, Possessions, and States
Authors: Engelhardt H Tristram
Published: November 2023

Not all humans are equal. Health care confronts individuals of apparently widely divergent capacities: competent adults, mentally retarded adults, children, infants, and fetuses. These differences are the bases of morally relevant inequali ties. Competent adults have a moral position not held by fetuses or infants. In addition, there are social inequalities among competent adults as a consequence of disparities in social power and wealth. The wealthy may buy goods and services not available to the less fortunate. These inequalities reach into the central fabric of health care decisions. Finally, special questions of equality and inequality among persons are raised by the existence of states. States frequently claim special moral prerogatives to regulate health care and to distribute health care resources. To come to terms with bioethical issues as they arise for patients and health care professionals within the embrace of states, one will need to know how seriously one ought to take the various moral and financial inequalities among humans and the supposed moral prerogatives of states.
Paying the Price: Workers, Contracts, and Wage Labor
Authors: Zonderman David A
Published: November 2023

The mechanized factory system in antebellum New England was more than a col lection of machines, buildings, people, and rules. This system was also shaped by the fundamental need to hire labor and pay wages. Workers often found themselves in an unfamiliar network of labor markets, contracts, and wage rates. They quickly learned that contracts were more than pieces of paper, and wages were more than dollars and cents. Contracts were often instruments of social control, and wages lay at the heart of what it meant to be a factory worker. Thus, when workers examined how they were recruited into the industrial labor force and how they were paid once they were in the factories, crucial issues about economic independence and social identity often came to the fore. Some workers saw contracts and wage labor as their entree into the emerging commercial cash-based economy as autonomous actors. Others saw contracts and wage labor as one of the most dangerous threats to what ever was left of the freedom and independence of the worker.
A Time to Labor: Workers, the Workday, and the Ten-Hour Movement
Authors: Zonderman David A
Published: November 2023

The labor reform movement of the 1840s voiced many criticisms of the factory sys tem and many ideas for correcting these problems. One issue, however, became a focal point for many workers’ organizations—the problem was the long hours of factory labor, and the solution was the campaign for a ten-hour law. This early crusade for labor legislation underlay much of the organizational activity among factory operatives in the mid- l 840s, and brought to the forefront a long-standing debate about the hours of labor. The ten-hour movement also raised new and crucial questions about the meaning of politics and citizenship for factory operatives. Just as with wage labor, workers knew that the hours of labor were more than a matter of minutes and time on a clock.