bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Designing the Modern Multimodal Urban Arterial
Authors: Beaton Eric B. , Bialostozky Evan , Dougherty Patrick , Gouge Taylor Reiss , Orosz Theodore V.
Published: February 2016

AASHTO's functional classification system specifies that arterials should be designed to provide high mobility and low access; however, this narrow view does not fully represent the vitality of many urban streets, which need to maintain high access and high mobility across a variety of modes. Webster Avenue (US-1) in the Bronx, New York City, was an arterial that was focused on providing vehicular mobility but did not support the mobility and accessibility goals of public transit users and pedestrians. This paper describes results of the multimodal redesign of Webster Avenue by the New York City Department of Transportation (DOT) and the Metropolitan Transit Authority's New York City Transit (NYCT) as part of implementing bus rapid transit (BRT) in the corridor. The new arterial street design improves the organization of traffic: buses, which make frequent stops, now travel exclusively in the right travel lane, while general traffic is able to use the left travel lane. Key project results include a 19% to 23% improvement in bus speeds for the new BRT–select bus service route (compared with the former limited-stop route), 11% to 16% improvement in local bus speeds, maintenance of traffic speeds and volumes, and significant pedestrian safety improvements along the corridor. These results were achieved through extensive outreach and coordination with community stakeholders, careful use of different priority treatments on different parts of the corridor, and the strong working partnership between the New York City DOT and NYCT.
Influences of Neighborhood Characteristics and Personal Attitudes on University Commuters’ Public Transit Use
Authors: Namgung Mi , Akar Gulsah
Published: February 2016

This study examined the links between attitudes, the built environment, and travel behavior on the basis of data from the Ohio State University's 2012 Campus Transportation Survey. The analysis results indicated that attitudes might have explained travel behavior better than the built environment. Survey respondents were asked questions about their attitudes on public transit use, and their answers were grouped into new attitudinal factors by using principal component analysis. Then, new neighborhood categories were created by K-means cluster analysis by means of built-environment and land use variables (population density, employment density, housing density, median age of structures, percentage of single-family housing, and intersection density). As a result of this analysis, discrete neighborhood categories, such as urban high-density and residential neighborhoods, and urban low-density and mixed-use neighborhoods, were created. Then, differences in attitudes toward public transit were analyzed across these new neighborhood categories. Binary logit models were estimated to determine the influence of these neighborhood categories as well as personal attitudes on public transit use after sociodemographic characteristics were controlled for. The results indicated that attitudes were more strongly associated with travel behavior than with neighborhood characteristics. The findings of this study will aid in the formation of a better understanding of public transit use by highlighting the effects of attitudes and neighborhood characteristics in transit use as well as differences in attitudes between neighborhood types.
Strategies to Improve or Optimize Practices for Acquisition of Real Property
Authors: Tsapakis Ioannis , Quiroga Cesar
Published: February 2016

Inefficiencies in the process of acquiring and managing real property have a significant impact on transportation agencies' ability to develop and deliver projects effectively. Acquisition of real property is frequently on the critical path of those projects. Delays in acquiring real property are one of the main reasons for project delays and cost overruns. Federal and state agencies are interested in developing strategies for streamlining practices for acquisition of real property. In 2010, NCHRP sponsored a research study to develop improved, integrated real property procedures and business practices within the process of transportation project development and delivery, as well as to develop recommendations for best practices in property management. This paper presents some of the results of that effort and focuses on the improvement and optimization of the current state of practice in acquiring real property by negotiation and condemnation. The analysis resulted in the following research products: (a) an integrated model of the process of transportation project development and delivery, (b) a model for real property acquisition and relocation assistance in accordance with 42 USC 4601 et seq. (not constrained by regulatory encumbrances), and (c) a discussion of issues and challenges affecting project development and delivery that typically involve real property components as well as strategies for addressing those issues and challenges. The discussion includes an analysis of 20 negotiation and condemnation issues and challenges that practitioners identified via a national survey and follow-up interviews as well as 20 corresponding strategies for improvement or optimization.
Does Roadside Vegetation Affect Driving Performance?: Driving Simulator Study on the Effects of Trees on Drivers' Speed and Lateral Position
Authors: Calvi Alessandro
Published: February 2016

This study investigated the effects of roadside vegetation on driving performance on a two-lane rural road. In a driving simulation, 44 participants drove along seven roadside tree configurations. The configurations were characterized by two offsets of trees from the road edge (1.5 and 4.0 m) and three spacings between trees (10.0, 17.5, and 25.0 m) located on the roadside of a two-lane rural road that was 6.0 m wide. One additional configuration, without trees, was used as the baseline condition. The investigation was developed over five geometric elements: sharp left curve, sharp right curve, gentle left curve, gentle right curve, and tangent. Compared with the baseline condition, when trees were close to the road edge, drivers were found to decrease their speed significantly and move toward the centerline of the road. By contrast, when the offset of trees was increased, drivers adopted higher speeds that increased the distance from the road edge but with a lower left lateral displacement. This occurred along all five geometries, especially on sharp curves. Tree spacing did not affect the drivers' speed but significantly influenced the lateral position: drivers moved farther away from the road edge when tree spacing was decreased. The results demonstrated that drivers balanced the useful guidance information that roadside trees provided with the risk associated with the presence of trees: when trees were far away, the sense of guidance was predominant, and drivers adopted higher speeds; when trees were closer, drivers saw the trees as a risk, slowed down, and moved further away from them. Such driving behavior has direct impacts on the safety implications of roadside trees.
Evaluation of the Minimum Forward Roadway Glance Duration
Authors: Samuel Siby , Fisher Donald L.
Published: February 2016

Several studies have reported that excessively long glances away from the forward roadway elevated the risk of crashes. However, little research has been conducted to determine how long between glances inside the vehicle to perform a secondary task does a driver need to glance toward the forward roadway to detect threats present in or emerging from the forward roadway. To determine this length of time, the authors asked drivers to perform simulated in-vehicle tasks requiring seven glances alternating inside (four) and outside (three) the vehicle. The glance inside was limited to 2 s. The glance outside was varied between 1 and 4 s. Forty-five participants were evaluated across one continuous view and two conditions of alternating views (baseline and low cognitive load). Drivers in both conditions of alternating views were found to detect far more hazards when the forward roadway duration between two in-vehicle glances was the longest (4 s). The decrease in hazard detection during the shorter roadway durations was a consequence of the drivers' having to devote more resources to their driving while they switched their attention between the primary (driving) and secondary (in-vehicle) tasks. Type of processing was found to have an effect, with a larger percentage of the hazards detected in scenarios involving bottom-up processing (compared with top-down), while there was no significant effect found for eccentricity (central versus peripheral). The results suggest that a driver's minimum glance duration on the forward roadway must be at least 7 s when he or she is engaged in a low-load, in-vehicle task that requires alternating glances inside and outside the vehicle.
Brain Activity Involved in Vehicle Velocity Changes in a Sag Vertical Curve on an Expressway: Vector-Based Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study
Authors: Orino Yoshitomo , Yoshino Kayoko , Oka Noriyuki , Yamamoto Kouji , Takahashi Hideki , Kato Toshinori
Published: February 2016

A sag vertical curve on an expressway, where a downgrade changes to an upgrade, often causes reduced vehicle velocity that results in traffic congestion and occasional accidents. This study conducted an experiment on an actual expressway. The experiment used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure the impact of a sag on driver brain activity while driving. fNIRS provides real-time monitoring of localized hemoglobin concentration changes in the cerebral cortex and can detect brain activity by calculating cerebral oxygen exchange. Cluster analysis of vehicle velocity over 965 m from the sag point revealed a constant velocity group (69.7%) and a reduced velocity group (30.3%) with significant velocity reduction [–9.8 ±6.5 km/h ( p = .01)] in the first 425 m. Brain activity in the constant velocity group increased significantly in the parietal association cortex (PAC) and the supplementary motor area (SMA) ( p < .05). In the subsequent 450 m, vehicle slowdowns gradually disappeared, and PAC activity in the reduced velocity group began to increase followed by increased prefrontal cortical activity. These findings suggest the possibility that the presence or absence of activity in the PAC, which is responsible for visuomotor coordination, spatial perception, and attention, influences differences in vehicle velocity reduction. The simultaneous activation of the PAC and SMA may indicate that the motor-related functions were activated on the basis of the driver's perception of the road environment and vehicle speed. This possibility suggests that traffic safety measures that stimulate the PAC to better awareness may be effective in reducing slowdowns after a sag.
Operational Performance of Two-Way Left-Turn Lanes: Driving Simulator Evaluation
Authors: Ogle Jennifer H. , Ladue Meredith N. , Sarasua Wayne A. , Davis William J. , Mammadrahimli Adika , Zhao Xi
Published: February 2016

This study evaluated the operational performance of two-way left-turn lanes (TWLTLs) of varying widths in urban and suburban settings, in support of more flexible lane width standards for the South Carolina Highway Design Manual (SCHDM) update. Currently, the SCHDM only allows a TWLTL width of 15 ft to be used in design, and the distribution of TWLTL widths observed in a field study were justly limited; this limitation disallowed a proper evaluation of operational effects of TWLTL width. A fully integrated, high-fidelity driving simulator was used to test the operational effects of a range of TWLTL widths. Sixty participants made a series of left turns from a development driveway into TWLTLs of various widths. The TWLTL simulator scenarios included three-lane and five-lane road cross-section configurations and TWLTL widths of 12, 14, and 16 ft. Analyses were performed to determine the effects of ( a) TWLTL width on driver gap acceptance and ( b) turning-vehicle encroachments into through lanes. Analysis of variance tests indicated that TWLTL widths of 12, 14, and 16 ft had no effect on gap acceptance for three-lane and five-lane roadway sections. Trajectories were compared for a random sample of participants to evaluate the effect of TWLTL widths on vehicle encroachments into through lanes. On the basis of a subset of 30 participants, only one encroachment was observed for the scenario with a width of 12 ft, and two encroachments for the scenarios with widths of 14 and 16 ft. Greater variation in lane position was observed for wider TWLTLs, as participants took advantage of the larger space for maneuvering.
Economic Impacts of Rail Transit on Recreational Shore Communities: Case of the north Jersey Coast line
Authors: Deka Devajyoti , Lahr Michael , Marchwinski Thomas , de la Calle Maia
Published: February 2016

This study estimated the impact of spending by North Jersey Coast Line (NJCL) riders during summer weekends on the economies of the Jersey Shore communities known for beach-oriented recreational activities. The NJCL is a commuter rail line that provides many workers with access to their workplaces on weekdays throughout the year. The line also provides a large number of recreational visitors from New York City and other parts of New Jersey with direct access to the Jersey Shore communities on summer weekends. To estimate the economic benefits to the shore communities from spending by NJCL riders on summer weekends, this study used a software program (R/ECON) regional input–output (I-O) model developed by the Rutgers Economic Advisory Service of Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Visitor expenditure data from an onboard survey of NJCL riders were used as model inputs. The survey was conducted during the summer of 2013 and was completed by 2,241 riders returning from the shore area. The R/ECON I-O model provided estimates of economic benefits to the shore communities in terms of jobs, earnings, gross domestic product, state taxes, and local taxes. The model also generated return-on-investment multipliers for these variables. The study showed that the $14.8 million spent by NJCL riders on summer weekends in the shore communities generated approximately 225 annualized jobs, more than $9 million in earnings, and more than $1 million in state taxes. More than 80% of the economic benefit was generated by out-of-state visitor spending.
Travel and Emissions Analysis of Sustainable Transportation Policies with Activity-Based Modeling
Authors: Shiftan Yoram , Kheifits Leonid , Sorani Michael
Published: February 2016

Although activity-based models (ABMs) are starting to be used for metropolitan area transportation planning and policy making, experience is lacking in the use of the wealth of information and measures that such models offer. This paper reports on the implementation of an advanced ABM developed for the Tel Aviv, Israel, metropolitan area to analyze the various transport, activity, and emissions impacts of auto restraint, transit, and land use policies. The policy implications of various scenarios are presented. The results showed that a combination of aggressive pull-and-push measures to encourage more transit and less car use had only marginal impacts on total vehicle kilometers traveled, emissions, and greenhouse gas emissions. Other findings showed no synergic effects and suggested that some policies might have had unintended outcomes. All of the policies tested led to less congestion but increased accessibility at the same time; the increased accessibility attracted more trips to the city. Overall, this study showed that ABMs could provide important advantages in the analysis of various transport policies to improve sustainable transportation development and to enable detailed analyses of the synergic effects of various policies and their impact on many indicators. The paper advances the state of the practice of the use of ABMs for policy analysis, but much more experience and insight are needed on the best way to use the rich information and abundant measures obtained from such models.
Road Safety Improvement Program on Indian Reservations in North Dakota and South Dakota
Authors: Shinstine Debbie S. , Ksaibati Khaled
Published: February 2016

Tribal communities recognize the need to improve roadway safety. A five-step methodology was developed by the Wyoming Technology Transfer Center, Local Technical Assistance Program (WYT2/LTAP), to improve roadway safety on Indian reservations. This methodology was implemented initially on the Wind River Indian Reservation (WRIR); the success of this implementation was the impetus for the Wyoming Department of Transportation, Cheyenne, to fund three systemwide, low-cost safety improvement projects. Given the success of the program on the WRIR, tribes across the country became interested in the program. WYT2/LTAP and the Northern Plains Tribal Technical Assistance Program (NPTTAP) assist tribes to implement this program on their reservations in the Great Plains region and developed criteria to identify tribes to participate. Reservations in North Dakota and South Dakota applied to NPTTAP, and three tribes were accepted to participate: the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe (SRST), the Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate Tribe, and the Yankton Sioux Tribe. Although work had begun on all three reservations, this study focused on the implementation on the roadway safety program by the SRST. Members of the SRST were located in North Dakota and South Dakota, and crash data were collected from each state separately. Because the reporting and years of data differed, several analyses were performed to identify trends in crashes on the SRST. The South Dakota portion of the reservation was compared with statewide rural roads and with the WRIR because the two reservations were of similar size and character. Many challenges and differences were identified through the analysis, which demonstrated that a single procedure would not work for all reservations. Through extensive coordination and collaboration with the tribes and government agencies, WYT2/LTAP and the technical assistance program centers could provide the technical assistance that the tribes would need to develop their own road safety improvement programs.
Development of a Real-Time Stringlines Tool to Visualize Subway Operations and Manage Service at New York City Transit
Authors: Suchkov Boris , Boguslavsky Mikhail , Reddy Alla
Published: February 2016

In 2013, with real-time train arrival data becoming widely available through its general transit feed specification real-time (GTFS-RT) feed, New York City Transit (NYCT) recognized the potential for new service management tools capable of on-the-fly performance visualization and reporting. This paper describes the process taken by NYCT to develop and evaluate a transit analysis tool that uses information from automatic train supervision countdown clocks, transmitted as GTFS-RT data, to visualize train spacing, movement, and related parameters. The main part of this tool is a new web application that uses stringline (time–distance) charts for monitoring operations in the system as they happen. Operational problems (e.g., delays, train bunching, or gaps in service) can be identified more easily on stringline charts than on the traditional model board display to help managers and operating personnel deliver continuous service performance improvements. The application was built in-house with the use of existing data resources (the GTFS-RT feed of predicted train arrivals) and open-source tools. In-house development minimized cost and allowed for maximum flexibility to add features in the future. The development team successfully employed a methodology of iterative development to incrementally review, add features, and test the application without having to go through very long design and requirements cycles. As more transit agencies release GTFS-RT data to the public, they may see opportunities to take a similar approach to develop new tools for internal use quickly and with little additional cost.
Toward an Open Transit Service Data Standard in Developing Asian Countries
Authors: Krambeck Holly , Qu Li
Published: February 2016

To determine the viability of using transit service information databases that used the general transit feed specification (GTFS) as a low-cost first step toward addressing common transit system issues in developing countries, a team from the World Bank undertook GTFS pilot programs in Manila, Philippines; Haiphong, Vietnam; and Zhengzhou, China. These cities represented a diverse cross section of local conditions and challenges. Through these pilot activities, the World Bank team learned two things: (a) GTFS databases did have the potential to help developing cities overcome, for the first time, challenges that they faced for many years and (b) GTFS databases were very difficult to establish and maintain in developing countries. To support practitioners seeking to undertake GTFS programs in developing countries, this paper walks readers through the steps undertaken to design and implement the pilot activities, citing both successes and specific lessons learned throughout.
Dynamic Estimates of Fare Elasticity for U.S. Public Transit
Authors: Schimek Paul
Published: February 2016

Transit agencies frequently need to estimate the revenue and ridership impacts of proposed changes in fares. These agencies may rely on the decades-old rule of thumb that the elasticity of transit ridership with respect to fare is 20.3. Studies using European data have found that the relationship is more elastic, particularly in the long run. This paper estimates fare and service elasticities with panel data for 198 U.S. transit agencies from 1991 to 2012. Although the short-run fare elasticity was found to be 20.34, the long-run fare elasticity was 20.66. Moreover, the long run was not very far in the future: 90% of the adjustment to the long-run equilibrium occurred within 18 to 36 months. Separate models were estimated for transit agencies in large urban areas (1 million or more population) and smaller ones (less than 1 million). Transit demand in large areas was less sensitive to fare (long-run elasticity of 20.48 compared with 20.73 for small areas) and much more sensitive to service (long-run elasticity of 1.12 compared with 0.67). Furthermore, where fares are initially low, an increase in fare will lead to a greater decline in ridership than in places where fares are initially higher. Use of the 20.3 rule of thumb for forecasting will significantly understate ridership losses caused by fare increases even in the cases in which fare elasticity is lowest (larger urban area or high initial fare). There is no single fare or service elasticity that best fits all cases. At a minimum, both urban area size and initial fare level should be considered when selecting appropriate fare elasticity.
THE SCHULHOF FAMILY: SOLVING THE AGE PUZZLE
Authors: Vokrouhlický David , Ďurech Josef , Pravec Petr , Kušnirák Peter , Hornoch Kamil , Vraštil Jan , Krugly Yurij N. , Inasaridze Raguli Ya. , Ayvasian Vova , Zhuzhunadze Vasili , Molotov Igor E. , Pray Donald , Husárik Marek , Pollock Joseph T. , Nesvorný David
Published: February 2016

The Schulhof family, a tight cluster of small asteroids around the central main belt body (2384) Schulhof, belongs to a so far rare class of very young families (estimated ages less than 1 Myr). Characterization of these asteroid clusters may provide important insights into the physics of the catastrophic disruption of their parent body. The case of the Schulhof family has been up to now complicated by the existence of two proposed epochs of its origin. In this paper, we first use our own photometric observations, as well as archival data, to determine the rotation rate and spin axis orientation of the largest fragment (2384) Schulhof. Our data also allow us to better constrain the absolute magnitude of this asteroid, and thus also improve the determination of its geometric albedo. Next, using the up-to-date catalog of asteroid orbits, we perform a new search of smaller members in the Schulhof family, increasing their number by 50%. Finally, the available data are used to access Schulhof's family age anew. We now find that the younger of the previously proposed two ages of this family is not correct, resulting from a large orbital uncertainty of single-opposition members. Our new runs reveal a single age solution of about 800 kyr with a realistic uncertainty of 200 kyr.
THE LOW-MASS ASTROMETRIC BINARY LSR 1610–0040
Authors: Koren Seth C. , Blake Cullen H. , Dahn Conard C. , Harris Hugh C.
Published: February 2016

Even though it was discovered more than a decade ago, LSR 1610−0040 remains an enigma. This object has a peculiar spectrum that exhibits some features typically found in L subdwarfs, and others common in the spectra of more massive M dwarf stars. It is also a binary system with a known astrometric orbital solution. Given the available data, it remains a challenge to reconcile the observed properties of the combined light of LSR 1610−0040AB with current theoretical models of low-mass stars and brown dwarfs. We present the results of a joint fit to both astrometric and radial velocity measurements of this unresolved, low-mass binary. We find that the photocentric orbit has a period

days, somewhat longer than previous results, eccentricity of

, and we estimate that the semimajor axis of the orbit of the primary is

, consistent with previous results. While a complete characterization of the system is limited by our small number of radial velocity measurements, we establish a likely primary mass range of 0.09–0.10

from photometric and color–magnitude data. For a primary mass in this range, the secondary is constrained to be 0.06–0.075

, making a negligible contribution to the total I-band luminosity. This effectively rules out the possibility of the secondary being a compact object such as an old, low-mass white dwarf. Based on our analysis, we predict a likely angular separation at apoapsis comparable to the resolution limits of current high-resolution imaging systems. Measuring the angular separation of the A and B components would finally enable a full, unambiguous solution for the masses of the components of this system.
Mirko Ramovš – A Scientist among Enthusiasts
Authors: Knific Bojan
Published: February 2016

Avtor v članku predstavlja prispevek Mirka Ramovša pri prenašanju etnokoreoloških spoznanj v dejavnost folklornih skupin. V prvem delu prispevka opozarja na njegovo vlogo v folklorni dejavnosti in dosežke na tem področju, v drugem prispevka pa analizira vprašanja, povezana z njegovim dojemanjem izvirnosti folklornih skupin, njihovim ohranjanjem izročila in kulturnim poslanstvom.
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In this paper, the author presents Mirko Ramovš’s contribution to the transfer of ethnochoreological findings to folk dance groups. In the first part, the author highlights Ramovš’s role in the world of folklore activity and his achievements, whereas the second part of the paper focuses on an analysis of questions related to his understanding of the originality of folk dance groups, the preservation of their traditions and their cultural mission.
Koleda for the Future – Tanac Dances for All Generations. Intangible Culture in the Digital Age
Authors: Zebec Tvrtko
Published: February 2016

The Koleda refers to the ritual event that takes place during the Christmas and New Year periods, with processions moving from house to house and participants expressing good wishes and collecting gifts. The Koleda of Dubašnica on the Island of Krk is special because a king and queen are chosen. The traditional tanac dance and the revival of the custom after a quarter of a century are presented in this context. The excellent levels of organization displayed by the local community, which uses digital technology to facilitate communication and keep documentation up to date more efficiently, has proven to be very important.
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Koleda (koledovanje) je ritual v božično-novoletnem času. Zanj je značilna hoja v procesiji od hiše do hiše, pri tem udeleženci izrekajo dobre želje in pobirajo darove. Koleda iz Dubašnice na otoku Krku je nekaj posebnega, ker pri tem izbirajo kralja in kraljico. V kontekstu teh praks sta predstavljena tradicionalni ples tanac in proces obnove rituala po četrtstoletni opustitvi. Dobro organizacijo lokalne skupnosti podpira uporaba sodobne tehnologije, ki omogoča lažjo komunikacijo, hkrati pa zelo učinkovit način dokumentiranja, ki se je že pokazal kot zelo pomemben.
Cultural Memory, Step Dancing, Representation and Performance. An Examination of Tearmann and the Great Famine
Authors: Foley Catherine E.
Published: February 2016

This paper examines the concept of cultural memory and explores how it shapes and is shaped by theatrical representation and performance. To this end, the paper focuses on one historical and cultural event in Ireland, the Great Famine of 1845–1849, and examines its folk theatrical representation in the production, Tearmann (translated Refuge),1 produced by Siamsa Tíre, the National Folk Theatre of Ireland. It also examines how dancing played an important role in the production and how it assisted in shaping, and being shaped by, cultural memories of the Great Famine.
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V prispevku je preučen koncept kulturnega spomina, raziskano je, kako se oblikuje in je oblikovan v gledaliških reprezentacijah in izvedbah. V ta namen se avtorica osredinja na veliko lakoto v letih 1845–1849 kot pomemben kulturnozgodovinski dogodek in preučuje njeno ljudsko gledališko predstavitev Tearmann (v irskem jeziku pomeni zatočišče), ki ga izvaja Siamsa Tíre (Irsko nacionalno ljudsko gledališče, The National Folk Theatre of Ireland). Zanima jo, kako pomembno vlogo ima ples v obravnavani uprizoritvi in kako prispeva k oblikovanju (in je oblikovan) v kulturnem spominu na veliko lakoto.
The Origin of Servant Leadership
Authors: Tran Ben
Published: February 2016

Servant leadership suffers from the same limitation as leadership studies in general. Many are now calling for a deeper study of the meaning and application of this emerging subfield of leadership study so that servant leadership could be adapted with open minds and effectively be practiced. A strong foundation must be built to support the emerging structure of servant leader scholarship. The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the origin, the meaning, the role, and the purpose of authentic servant leadership. In so doing 1) the foundation and meaning of leadership is defined and clarified, 2) the role and meaning of follower is defined and clarified, and 3) the role and meaning of management is and clarified. The chapter concludes with an explanation of the intended meaning and purpose of authentic servant leadership. In so doing, this chapter addresses the following common confusing terms in research and misused roles in corporations: leadership, follower, and management.
Advertising Ethics in the Social Media Age
Authors: Gülsoy Tanses Yasemin
Published: February 2016

Advertising ethics covers a wide range of issues, from the advertising of alcohol to misleading price claims. Advertising ethics research has traditionally concentrated on the influence of advertising on consumers or the society in general. New media tend to give rise to new ethical situations. This chapter aims to examine the issue of advertising ethics in the social media and offer suggestions for resolving some of the ethical concerns raised by social media advertising.
Digital Pedagogy from the Perspective of Early Childhood Education
Authors: Vitoulis Michael , Laloumi-Vidali Evangelia
Published: February 2016

The context of this proposed chapter attempts to approach the concept of “digital pedagogy” focused on particular educational conditions of preschool education. It attempts to support the compelling reasons that require broadening the scope of the theory of “digital pedagogy” in early childhood education. It looks forward to the articulation of traditional pedagogical theories in conjunction with the fundamental principles of “digital pedagogy”, elaborates further risks and suggests possible limitations, and highlights a deliberation associated with digital pedagogy from the perspective of early childhood education. It describes a framework for implementing digital pedagogies in order to exploit the professional development of early childhood educator.
Ecological Perspectives Surrounding the Design of Self-Determination-Enhanced Problem-Based Learning as a Formative Intervention for Students with Disabilities in Inclusive Settings
Authors: Seok Soohnwa , DaCosta Boaventura , Kim Woo
Published: February 2016

This transdisciplinary chapter focuses on ecological perspectives surrounding the design of self-determination-enhanced Problem-Based Learning (PBL). The chapter presents a PBL conceptual framework that can be leveraged in implementation of the skills needed for the 21st-century, specifically self-determination for students with disabilities in inclusive settings. The framework is built upon an extensive research synthesis of the principles behind PBL instructional design with an emphasis on special education. The research synthesis revealed the relationships between self-determination learning and PBL. A collaborative learning model—SHARE: Structure, Hypothesis, Analysis, Research, and Evaluation—was subsequently designed as a positive intervention in implementing PBL. In brief, technology and teacher education constitute the essence of quality self-determination-enhanced PBL practices. Educators, educational policymakers, and researchers involved in inclusive education practices will find this chapter of particular interest as 21st-century learning skills are becoming increasingly vital in today's society.
Digital Rhetoric and Globalization
Authors: Verhulsdonck Gustav
Published: February 2016

Digital rhetoric has been discussed by many theorists as comprising a marked shift from ancient rhetoric's focus on persuasion. For some of the earlier theorists, digital rhetoric defined a novel relationship between literacy and the mechanics of text as computer-mediated communication and changed relationships between consuming, producing and engaging with discourse as information on a screen. Later digital rhetoricians argue different approaches and definitions that are more inclusive of the different types of discourse facilitated by multimodal, interactive, immersive, and computer-mediated communication as semantic discourse at the interface level and encoded through computer programming language, servers, and networks. This chapter focuses on the different modes of digital rhetoric in the context of globalization through a convergence-continuum model approach. The model presented approaches rhetoric and discourse from various levels as loosely based on the models of activity theory, multimodality intercultural theories of globalization and integrates them into a continuum model ranging from global, public modes to individual, personal digital rhetorical modes and practices. Instead of being prescriptive, this model is descriptive in recognizing the fluid natures of digital rhetorical interactions whereby global and local, public and private, group and individual, production and consumption, human and technological, physical and virtual and other discourse contexts merge.
The Context-Security Nexus in Ubiquitous Computing
Authors: Khan M. Fahim Ferdous , Sakamura Ken
Published: February 2016

Context-awareness is a quintessential feature of ubiquitous computing. Contextual information not only facilitates improved applications, but can also become significant security parameters – which in turn can potentially ensure service delivery not to anyone anytime anywhere, but to the right person at the right time and place. Specially, in determining access control to resources, contextual information can play an important role. Access control models, as studied in traditional computing security, however, have no notion of context-awareness; and the recent works in the nascent field of context-aware access control predominantly focus on spatio-temporal contexts, disregarding a host of other pertinent contexts. In this paper, with a view to exploring the relationship of access control and context-awareness in ubiquitous computing, the authors propose a comprehensive context-aware access control model for ubiquitous healthcare services. They explain the design, implementation and evaluation of the proposed model in detail. They chose healthcare as a representative application domain because healthcare systems pose an array of non-trivial context-sensitive access control requirements, many of which are directly or indirectly applicable to other context-aware ubiquitous computing applications.
The Value of Adaption and Innovation as a Function of Diversity
Authors: Friedel Curtis
Published: February 2016

When one is asked to put a diverse team together to solve a particular problem, one often thinks of diversity as differences in ethnicity, gender, social economic status, and age. However, one variable not often considered is problem-solving style. Kirton's Adaption-Innovation (AI) theory explains how some people are more adaptive while others are more innovative in their style of solving problems. Because many of today's problems are complex, if not wicked, both more adaptive and more innovative individuals need to work together on teams to solve problems so that unintended consequences of problems may be anticipated. A case study is presented in this chapter providing evidence to suggest distinguishing characteristics of those who are more adaptive or more innovative may be misattributed to nationality or culture, despite evidence of independence between these variables. Finally, Kirton's AI theory is linked to the study of leadership.
Software Engineering Ethics Education
Authors: Kadoda Gada
Published: February 2016

The difficulties inherent in the nature of software as an intangible object pose problems for specifying its needs, predicting overall behavior or impact on users, and therefore on defining the ethical questions that are involved in software development. Whereas software engineering drew from older engineering disciplines for process and practice development, culminating in the IEEE/ACM Professional Code in 1999, the topic of Software Engineering Ethics is entwined with Computer Science, and developments in Computer and Information Ethics. Contemporary issues in engineering ethics such as globalization have raised questions for software engineers about computer crime, civil liberties, open access, digital divide, etc. Similarly, computer-related ethics is becoming increasingly important for engineering ethics because of the dominance of computers in modern engineering practice. This is not to say that software engineers should consider everything, but the diversity of ethical issues presents a challenge to the approach of accumulating resources that many ethicists maintain can be overcome by developing critical thinking skills as part of technical training courses. This chapter explores critical pedagogies in the context of student outreach activities such as service learning projects and considers their potential in broadening software engineering ethics education. The practical emphasis in critical pedagogy can allow students to link specific software design decisions and ethical positions, which can perhaps transform both student and teacher into persons more curious about their individual contribution to the public good and more conscious of their agency to change the conditions around them. After all, they share with everyone else a basic human desire to survive and flourish.
Teaching Engineering Ethics in the Classroom
Authors: Basart Josep M.
Published: February 2016

Engineering students are introduced to their profession's ethical and social responsibilities along with their education and training at university. This might be the only time and place where public welfare engagement may be promoted by the institution and acknowledged by students. Their future behavior as engineers heavily depends on the understanding and commitment they may develop during this process. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the main points related to the teaching and learning of Engineering Ethics at universities. In order to gain insight into this complex educational scene, a set of questions are formulated and explored. The discussion of these questions amounts to explain what Engineering Education consists of, how to integrate Engineering Ethics courses into the curriculum and develop instructional designs for classroom teaching, who should assume teaching responsibilities, and finally, what Engineering Ethics goals should be. For each query, the primal issues, controversies, and alternatives are discussed.
The Role of Ethical Leadership in Ethical Organizations
Authors: Kasemsap Kijpokin
Published: February 2016

This chapter reveals the role of ethical leadership in ethical organizations, thus illustrating the theoretical and practical overviews of ethical leadership, organizational ethical culture, and organizational ethical climate; the significance of organizational ethical climate in organizational performance; and the significance of ethical leadership and organizational ethical culture in ethical organizations. The utilization of ethical leadership is crucial for ethical organizations that seek to serve suppliers and customers, increase business performance, strengthen competitiveness, and achieve continuous success in global business. Therefore, it is essential for ethical organizations to explore their ethical leadership applications, promote a strategic plan to systematically evaluate their practical advancements, and urgently respond to the ethical leadership needs of organizational members in ethical organizations. Applying ethical leadership in ethical organizations will greatly improve organizational performance and reach business goals in the social media age.
Mobile Phone Usage in Organizational Communication and Decision-Making
Authors: Xia Yun , Mao Yuping
Published: February 2016

Through individual in-depth interviews, the authors examine employees' use of mobile phones for decision-making and internal/external communication in the China branch of a multinational company. The study shows that mobile phones are a key communication tool in the company. Voice calls are the most preferable way of mobile phone use due to their synchronous nature for instant communication and the rich verbal cues they carry. Text messaging is an unobtrusive way of business communication and it can be used as the formal documentation of business decision-making. Group text messaging turns the mobile phone into a mass communication platform for customer relationship maintenance. Contingency theory is applied to further discuss the findings, and practical recommendations are also provided.
Engaging Software Engineering Students with Employability Skills
Authors: Armarego Jocelyn
Published: February 2016

This chapter explores the findings from an Action Research project that addressed the Professional Capability Framework (Scott & Wilson, 2002), and how aspects of this were embedded in an undergraduate Engineering (Software) degree. Longitudinal data identified the challenges both staff and students engaged with. The interventions that were developed to address these are described and discussed. The results of the project show that making soft skills attainment explicit as part of the learning objectives went a long way in assisting students to engage with the activities that exercised these skills.
Challenges in Ethics Education
Authors: Anyansi-Archibong Chi
Published: February 2016

Ethics, broadly defined, is having the integrity to act in a moral and civil manner. It calls for both organizations and individuals to act responsibly and with some trust. This chapter describes a collaborative and cooperative initiative to assess the effectiveness of research ethics education. A pre- and post-survey of over 200 graduate researchers in seven doctoral offering institutions of the North Carolina University System who participated in the open seminar research ethics course showed significant improvement on knowledge and attitude about ethics but did not show improvement in ethical reasoning skills assessment. Compared to the control group, these findings lead researchers to the conclusions that effective ethics education and training may be improved by developing programs that create a community of supportive peers and mentors rather than individual training designed to effect compliance regulations and codes of conduct.
Libraries at the Crossroads
Authors: Akakandelwa Akakandelwa
Published: February 2016

This chapter discusses the various ethical challenges librarians face as they provide library services through the use of social networking technologies. Specifically, the chapter identifies the major ethical issues being encountered by librarians in the use of social media, the implications to professional practice, and the mitigation strategies that can be used to address these issues. The first section is a brief introduction to social networking tools and their uses in the provision of library services. It also discusses the benefits of adoption of social media in libraries. The second section discusses the major ethical challenges being faced by libraries as they integrate social media in their outreach programmes. The third section discusses implications of use of social media in the provision of library services and attempts to recommend measures and practices librarians should undertake to ensure ethical use of social media in their operations. The fourth section is a conclusion to the chapter.
Dynamics of Knowledge Renewal for Professional Accountancy Under Globalization
Authors: Ng Artie W. , Ho Florence
Published: February 2016

Turmoil in the global financial markets has raised concerns about the role of professional accountants in safeguarding the interests of corporate stakeholders. This chapter aims to articulate the interrelated developments that critically challenge the profession in delivering quality financial reporting and the implications to accounting education. Based on an interdisciplinary literature review, it contains a conceptual framework that exemplifies a model for dynamic human capital development with a trilogy of quality in professional accountancy in light of the changes under the contemporary global financial system that demands knowledge of both local and global relevance. This study suggests the renewed responsibilities and challenges taken up by professional accountants under the current global environment. A framework is developed to illustrate the pertinence of renewal for accounting professional initiated at the institutional level that integrates tertiary education with current practice knowledge, continuing professional development, as well as standards set by the professional accounting bodies.
Pre-Service Teachers and Technology Integration
Authors: Mulder David J.
Published: February 2016

The current generation of young teachers entering the profession is often presumed to have an easy comfort with and seemingly innate understanding of technology. Prensky (2001) has gone so far as to name them “digital natives” and has claimed that members of the millennial generation “think and process information fundamentally differently from their predecessors” (p. 1). However, recent studies in several English-speaking western nations call the millennial generation's innately skillful use of technology into question, and some studies of millennial teachers indicate that they are, in fact, no better at integrating technology into their teaching than their colleagues from other generations. Rogers' (2003) diffusion of innovations theory provides an alternative to the digital native/digital immigrant approach for explaining teachers' technology integration habits. Based on this approach, suggestions for teacher educators are recommended for training millennial teachers to integrate technology and pedagogy.