bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Making It “Count”: Mental Weighing and Identity Attribution
Authors: Mullaney Jamie L.
Published: January 2008

Research on identity suggests that a critical factor in identity concerns presentation or the behaviors actors perform in order to convince others of their identity. Yet identity also involves the attributions others make on the basis of these behaviors. In this paper, I argue that all acts do not fare equally in the process of attribution. Rather, individuals making attributions engage in a process of mental weighing as a way to determine which acts “count” toward identity and to what extent. While various components of the act contribute to its social weight—its presence or absence, markedness, frequency, context, and the manner in which it is performed—the lens through which the attributer views the act also influences the weighing process.
Identity and the Definition of the Situation in a Mass‐Mediated Context
Authors: Altheide David L.
Published: January 2008

The importance of identity and the definition of the situation for symbolic interactionist theory and research are discussed. These two concepts have been separated in much research since the 1970s, with identity being used in a variety of ways. This separation is partly attributed to paradigm shifts in social science, as well as to popular culture treatments of identity. Popular culture's emphasis on “collective” and “personal” identities is processed through entertainment formats that emphasize emotional and vicarious involvement, drama and action. Materials illustrate the presence of a mass‐mediated generalized other, media communities, and the significance this has for realist and postrealist ethnography. Suggestions are offered for a reintegration of identity and the definition of the situation in ethnographic work.

Sexvideos are total fantasy. But people have to realize that even in a fantasy you have to deal with reality.

—Pornographic film actress
“Talking Emotions”: Gender Differences in a Variety of Conversational Contexts
Authors: Goldshmidt Orly Turgeman , Weller Leonard
Published: January 2008

Based on numerous studies demonstrating gender differences in both language and emotions, we investigated whether women are more verbally expressive of their feelings than men. Data from eleven samples, based on four methods of data collection (observations, “hidden” observations, interviews, and content analysis), were analyzed as to whether women used more emotional words than men. In each of the eleven samples, women used significantly more emotional words. The findings relate to two theoretical issues in the literature: “dominance” versus “cultural” perspective of gender and language and the importance of context in analyzing gender differences in language.
Getting Paid in Smiles: The Gendering of Child Care Work
Authors: Murray Susan B.
Published: January 2008

Based on four and a half years of participant‐observation field research and focused interviews with men and women child care workers, the author examines the occupational processes of the entry and tenure of workers, paying particular attention to gender as it manifests in the meanings and actions involved in becoming and continuing as a child care worker. As men and women workers go about the business of becoming and being child care workers, they become active agents in the reproduction of child care as low‐wage, low‐status, women's work. Through the construction of particular gendered “accounts” and “vocabularies of motive,” workers play a key role in sustaining the status of child care as a gendered occupation.
Evil as Indexical: The Implicit Objective Status of Guns and Illegal Drugs
Authors: Katovich Michael A. , Wieting Stephen G.
Published: January 2008

We use C.H. Mead's perspective on the meaning of social objects and his theory of the past and Harold Garfinkel's application of indexicality to describe how people respond to social objects as evil. Mead's notion of an implied objective past illuminates how social actors not only connect objects to past evils but also invoke an objective past to index evil in the future. Focusing on guns and illegal drugs, we maintain that responses to each draw on conceptions of the past in ways that attempt to make their connection to evil in the past and future justifiable. Such responses create meaningful categories that actors then use to anticipate future responses to objects. We note that while people appear to be comfortable using pasts and indexical expressions to define Schedule I drugs as evil in themselves, the attempt to make guns into evil objects has met with strong resistance and requires elaborate contextualization.
Hard Jobs and Good Ambition: U.S. Army Generals and the Rhetoric of Modesty
Authors: Dowd James J.
Published: January 2008

This article examines the accounts given by U.S. Army general officers explaining their success. Based on interviews with sixty‐two generals, I describe the ways in which these officers—whose profession renounces careerism and self‐aggrandizement—fashion explanations of their success (and the success of their colleagues) as being due to selfless service. Even as they have reached the zenith of success in their field, these men and women are not free to admit to personal ambition or to a desire for promotion. Their accounts of their success emphasize their good fortune, hard work, and love of the service. Eschewing personal ambition, they cite as their primary responsibility the well‐being of the soldiers under their command. When asked directly about their extraordinarily successful careers, they almost uniformly acknowledge their willingness to accept the “hard jobs” the organization has asked them to assume. When asked about ambition, they routinely distinguish between good and bad ambition, a distinction that aligns almost perfectly with that between unit and self. Although they are warriors, specialists in the art of war, this is a group that is also practiced in modesty.

I think I've had good ambition.

(Division Commander, Interview #53)
Symbolic Interaction and Transformation of Class Structure: The Case of China
Authors: Chang Johannes Han‐Yin
Published: January 2008

So far, research on the shaping and change of class stratification has remained a territory for Marxist and Weberian scholars and, to a lesser degree, for functionalist scholars. The outcome in the explanatory domain is the production of a tremendous amount of knowledge concerning the relevance of structural conditions and power. Unfortunately, however, the significance of meaning as an independent explanatory variable has been neglected. This article attempts to tackle the neglected dimension empirically, using a revised macro‐level symbolic interactionist approach. Its objectives are twofold: to reveal the crucial impact of meaning on the radical change of class structure in the context of China's economic reform and to demonstrate the potential of symbolic interactionism for studying macro‐level sociological phenomena such as class stratification.
Professionals' Accounts for Work‐related Deceptions
Authors: Shulman David
Published: January 2008

Using interview and observational data, this article analyzes how private detectives account for using work‐related deceptions, I place special emphasis on how practitioners' accounts draw on professional affiliations and organizational resources that are less available to individuals in their private lives. These affiliations and resources include economic and demographic characteristics of employers, practitioners, clients and investigative targets, state licensing, the profession's social repute, and asymmetries in specialized knowledge between practitioners and laypersons. The conclusion addresses how accounts for work‐related deceptions benefit professionals through advantaging them over targets, obscuring harmful consequences of work, and helping them and their clients to avoid negative labeling.

If you call someone up and say, “Hi, would you mind telling me where your brother is, so that I can put his ass in jail for the next five years,” you won't last too long in the private detective business.

—Anonymous private detective
Credibility, Agency, and the Interaction Order
Authors: Manning Philip
Published: January 2008

There are two ways of reading Goffman—as a theorist of trust and ritual accommodation, that is, as a theorist of the interaction order, or as a theorist of deception. I suggest a way of making these two readings compatible, by arguing that Goffman was interested in what I call the “production of credibility.” Credibility is the quality of being believable, and this quality is integral to both trust and deception. Viewed in this way, Goffman explored the ways in which people make their actions convincing to other people. Although Goffman's analysis of the interaction order did not need a theory of the self, his work actually contains two quite different theories of the self: one linked to role analysis, one to his analysis of mental illness. I argue for the latter at the expense of the former. I conclude that Goffman both initiated substantive work about the interaction order and contributed to a synthesis of a theory of the interaction order and a theory of the self.
Erving Goffman: The Reluctant Apprentice
Authors: Jaworski Gary D.
Published: January 2008

The intellectual relationship between Erving Goffman and Everett C. Hughes is explored in the context of an apprenticeship model derived from correspondence between the two sociologists. Goffman is identified as a “reluctant apprentice” because his work and his letters to Hughes display a tension between a striking originality and a fidelity to his “master.” Three phases of their ambivalent relationship are described and an explanation for Goff‐man's reluctant acknowledgment of Hughes's influence is briefly explored.
Interactive Art Interpretation: How Viewers Make Sense of Paintings in Conversation
Authors: Bruder Kurt A. , Ucok Ozum
Published: January 2008

This study explores the talk of viewers as they encountered paintings in an art gallery. An inductive analysis of conversations recorded between viewers and one of the researchers resulted in the identification of three categories of art talk: Evaluation, Attraction, and Storytelling. Further, the authors distinguish two design features governing this kind of talk, Narration and Reification.

Viewers verbalize their experience of paintings in order to interactively manufacture meaning. This sense‐making process is consequential not merely for the viewers' understanding of the artwork but for their conception of the world, and of themselves and others in it. Perhaps most significant, viewers employ artwork as a material and symbolic resource in the ceaseless interactive fabrication of their own identities.
Cybersex: Outercourse and the Enselfment of the Body
Authors: Waskul Dennis , Douglass Mark , Edgley Charles
Published: January 2008

The increased popularity of the Internet invites the possibility of repackaging familiar activities in a new medium. Sex is one such activity—an age‐old topic with a new cybertwist. The new technologies of computer‐mediated communication allow us to examine the nature of human interaction in a uniquely disembodied environment that potentially transforms the nature of self, body, and situation. Sex—fundamentally a bodily activity—provides an ideal situation for examining these kinds of potential transformations. In the disembodied context of on‐line interaction both bodies and selves are fluid symbolic constructs emergent in communication and are defined by sociocultural standards. Situations such as these are suggestive of issues related to contemporary transgressions of the empirical shell of the body, potentially reshaping body‐to‐self‐to‐social‐world relationships.
Youth in Foster Care With Adult Mentors During Adolescence Have Improved Adult Outcomes
Authors: Ahrens Kym R. , DuBois David Lane , Richardson Laura P. , Fan Ming-Yu , Lozano Paula
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE. The goal of this study was to determine whether youth in foster care with natural mentors during adolescence have improved young adult outcomes.

METHODS. We used data from waves I to III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (1994–2002). Individuals who reported that they had ever been in foster care at wave III were included. Youth were considered mentored when they reported the presence of a nonparental adult mentor in their life after they were 14 years of age and reported that the relationship began before 18 years of age and had lasted for at least 2 years. Outcomes were assessed at wave III and included measures of education/employment, psychological well-being, physical health, and participation in unhealthy behaviors as well as a summary measure representing the total number of positive outcomes.

RESULTS. A total of 310 youth met the inclusion criteria; 160 youth were mentored, and 150 youth were nonmentored. Demographic characteristics were similar for mentored and nonmentored youth. Mentored youth were more likely to report favorable overall health and were less likely to report suicidal ideation, having received a diagnosis of a sexually transmitted infection, and having hurt someone in a fight in the past year. There was also a borderline significant trend toward more participation in higher education among mentored youth. On the summary measure, mentored youth had, on average, a significantly greater number of positive outcomes than nonmentored youth.

CONCLUSIONS. Mentoring relationships are associated with positive adjustment during the transition to adulthood for youth in foster care. Strategies to support natural mentoring relationships for this population should be developed and evaluated.
Fathers’ Experiences in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Search for Control
Authors: Arockiasamy Vincent , Holsti Liisa , Albersheim Susan
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE. This qualitative study aimed at understanding the experiences of fathers of very ill neonates in the NICU.

METHODS. Sixteen fathers of very ill and/or very preterm infants who had been in the NICU for >30 days were interviewed by a male physician. Fathers were asked about their level of comfort with or concerns about staff communication regarding their infant, about accessing information, and about more general perceptions of their experience in the neonatal intensive care unit. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed for analysis. Coding used content analysis with construction of themes by 3 researchers.

RESULTS. The overarching theme for fathers was a sense of lack of control. Their world view, as a “backdrop” theme, provided context for all of the themes. Four other interrelated subthemes were identified, including information; communication, particularly with the health care team; fathers’ various roles; and external activities. Fathers reported that relationships with friends/family/health care team, receiving information consistently, and receiving short written materials on common conditions were ways of giving them support. The fathers said that speaking to a male physician was a positive and useful experience.

CONCLUSIONS. Fathers experience a sense of lack of control when they have an extremely ill infant in the NICU. Specific activities help fathers regain a sense of control and help them fulfill their various roles of protectors, fathers, partners, and breadwinners. Understanding these experiences helps the health care team offer targeted supports for fathers in the NICU.
Hybridization between Longnose and Alligator Gars in Captivity, with Comments on Possible Gar Hybridization in Nature
Authors: Herrington Steven J. , Hettiger Kurt N. , Heist Edward J. , Keeney Devon B.
Published: January 2008

Although hybridization occurs widely in fishes, it has never been recorded in gars. Here, we describe the first known hybrids of the longnose gar Lepisosteus osseus and alligator gar Atractosteus spatula from four specimens spawned in an aquarium containing multiple gar species. Genetic analyses of cytochrome b and tyrosinase sequences and a microsatellite locus indicated that the four specimens were hybrid offspring of a female longnose gar and a male alligator gar. The combination of physical appearance, meristic counts, and mensural measurement ratios further discriminated the hybrids from each parent and supported the conclusion of hybrid origin. The four hybrids had body coloration and transverse scale rows similar to those of longnose gar, a snout length and shape intermediate between those of longnose and alligator gars, and two rows of teeth on the upper jaw as are seen in alligator gar. This conclusive evidence of intergeneric hybridization in the gars may provide insights into phylogenetic relationships in Lepisosteidae and hybridization theory and may explain unsubstantiated reports of gar hybridization in nature and the pet trade.
Seasonal Patterns of Predation on Juvenile Pacific Salmon by Anadromous Cutthroat Trout in Puget Sound
Authors: Duffy Elisabeth J. , Beauchamp David A.
Published: January 2008

In the marine environment, Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. suffer the greatest natural losses during early marine residence, and predation is hypothesized to be the key source of mortality during this life history stage. In the face of recent declines in Puget Sound salmon populations, our goal was to determine the extent of predation mortality on salmon during early marine life. In spring and summer of 2001‐2003, we caught juvenile salmon and potential predators at nearshore areas in northern and southern regions of Puget Sound, Washington. We focused on the potential predation impact of coastal cutthroat trout O. clarkii clarkii, which were caught in low but consistent numbers in both regions and were the most abundant large‐bodied potential predators of juvenile salmon in our catches. Cutthroat trout consumed a diverse and dynamic array of diet items and became increasingly piscivorous with increasing fork length above 140 mm. Cutthroat trout consumed a greater biomass of Pacific herring Clupea pallasii than any other prey fish species, but juvenile salmon were particularly important prey between April and June, making up greater than 50% of the fish prey consumed. Cutthroat trout exhibited size‐selective predation, eating salmon that were smaller than the average size of conspecific prey available in the environment. For a hypothetical size‐structured population of 1,000 cutthroat trout, pink salmon O. gorbuscha and chum salmon O. keta contributed the greatest number of salmon to the diet but Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha contributed the greatest salmonid biomass. On an order‐of‐magnitude basis, these predation estimates represented a relatively minor amount of early marine mortality for Chinook salmon and lower rates for the other salmon species. Conversely, juvenile salmon contributed significantly to the spring energy budget for cutthroat trout in Puget Sound.
Marine Migration of North American Green Sturgeon
Authors: Lindley Steven T. , Moser Mary L. , Erickson Daniel L. , Belchik Michael , Welch David W. , Rechisky Erin L. , Kelly John T. , Heublein Joseph , Klimley A. Peter
Published: January 2008

An understanding of the distribution of North American green sturgeon Acipenser medirostris in coastal waters is crucial to minimize impacts on this vulnerable species from various fisheries. To determine migratory patterns, we tagged 213 subadult and adult green sturgeon in spawning rivers and summer aggregation areas with uniquely coded ultrasonic pingers and observed their coastal movements with arrays of automated hydrophones deployed along the West Coast of North America from southeast Alaska to Monterey Bay, California. Green sturgeon exhibited an annual migration along the continental shelf from U.S. to Canadian waters in the fall and an apparent return migration in the spring. Peak migration rates exceeded 50 km/d during the springtime southward migration. Large numbers of green sturgeon were detected near Brooks Peninsula on northwest Vancouver Island, British Columbia, during May‐June and October‐November. A single fish was detected in southeast Alaska in December. This pattern of detections suggests that important overwintering grounds may be north of Vancouver Island and south of Cape Spencer, Alaska. A high frequency of detection allowed us to estimate that annual survival of tagged green sturgeon was 0.83 in 2004. The rapid, frequent long‐distance migrations by these fish may make them vulnerable to bycatch in bottom trawl fisheries on the shelf waters of western North America.
Behavioral Responses of Murray Cod Maccullochella peelii peelii to Pulse Frequency and Pulse Width from Electric Fishing Machines
Authors: Bearlin Andrew R. , Nicol Simon J. , Glenane Terry
Published: January 2008

The effective electrical conductivity (Cf) of Murray cod Maccullochella peelii peelii was evaluated as part of an investigation into effective electric fishing settings for this important species. We describe an evaluation of minimum thresholds of power applied to an electrical field required to elicit four responses (escape, forced swimming, immobilization, and narcosis) from Murray cod. Estimates of Cf varied from 46 to 80 μS/cm depending on the response threshold of interest; these results support hypotheses that a global standard for Cf could be applied to power transfer calculations. Results indicate that at 60 Hz, pulse widths (PWs) of 6.7‐10 ms are most efficient; however, the electrical dose required for all responses is minimized using higher frequencies resulting in PWs of less than 2 ms. Our observations support other work suggesting that the complexity and range of responses are determined jointly by the nature of the stimulus and the orientation to the field. We suggest that a measure of electrical dose required for a given stimulus provides insight into settings for maximizing electric fishing effectiveness.
Halosulfuron Helps Control Several Broadleaf Weeds in Cucumber and Pumpkin
Authors: Trader Brian W. , Wilson Henry P. , Hines Thomas E.
Published: January 2008

Field experiments were conducted in 1999, 2000, and 2001 to investigate PRE and POST applications of halosulfuron-methyl in combination with clomazone plus ethalfluralin for control of several broadleaf weeds in cucumber and pumpkin. Halosulfuron was applied PRE or POST to cucumber and pumpkin at 9, 18, and 27 g ai/ha in combination with a PRE application of clomazone at 175 g ai/ha plus ethalfluralin at 630 g ai/ha. Halosulfuron applied POST at 27 g/ha in combination with clomazone plus ethalfluralin controlled weed species greater than 62%. Smooth pigweed control by addition of halosulfuron at 27 g/ha PRE or POST was greater than 88%, and common ragweed control was greater than 78% PRE and 88% POST, but control of ivyleaf morningglory and tall morningglory was 43 to 67% PRE and 62 to 76% POST. Cucumber injury with addition of halosulfuron did not exceed 13% PRE or POST, but pumpkin was injured as much as 43% with addition of halosulfuron PRE and 27% by POST applications. In a separate study without clomazone plus ethalfluralin PRE, smooth pigweed up to 13 cm tall was controlled 83% by halosulfuron at 27 g/ha in 2000, but rapidly growing smooth pigweed 15 to 40 cm tall was controlled only 58% in 2001. Cucumber and pumpkin yields were not affected by halosulfuron rate but were higher than yields produced by cucumber and pumpkin treated with only the mixture of clomazone plus ethalfluralin. In these studies, cucumber and pumpkin were tolerant to halosulfuron at 9 to 27 g/ha PRE or POST, making this herbicide acceptable for use in combination with clomazone and ethalfluralin for controlling several common weed species.
Characteristics of the Reflections from Rain Depending on Features of Atmospheric Turbulence
Authors: Khraisat Ya. S. H. , Yanovsky F. J.
Published: January 2008

This paper considers the influence of the shape of turbulence spectrum onto the microwave echo-signal from rain. Consideration is done in frequency domain. Doppler spectrum of the radar signal is calculated at different intensity of turbulence and rain rate. The inertia of raindrops is taken into account. The developed approach allows calculating Doppler spectrum at different models of turbulence spatial spectra and as functions of median drop diameter, eddy dissipation rate, wavelength, parameters of drop size distribution and radar parameters.
Experimental Investigations of the Attenuation Factor along the Sea Paths with Common Length along the Land Surface
Authors: Zhukov B. V. , Andrienko Yu. A.
Published: January 2008

The method of realization and experimental research of the attenuation factor ratio within the UHF and SHF bands along the sea paths with common length along the land surface are presented. The lower boundary of the altitudes at which the approximate matching of the attenuation factors is established and the promise for using of the method of radio-wave raying with the help of the reference sources for diagnosis of radio and radar observation is demonstrated.
Horn Radiation Properties for Synthesized Pulse Signals in 6-mm Wavelength Range
Authors: Alekseev V. V. , Drobakhin O. O. , Pridatko S. I. , Saltykov D. Yu.
Published: January 2008

The description of the physical principle which lies in basis of horn application as a part of a multifrequency measuring unit with time-domain signal synthesis is considered. The experimental data of antenna patterns in the operating frequency band and spatial resolution estimate by scanning of the edge of metal plate are presented. The results of gauss beam approximation of the experimental data are displayed.
Evaluation of the Maximum Range of Ultra Wideband Radio Communication in Conditions of a Restricted Radiation Level
Authors: Berdyshev A. V. , Avdeev Vladimir B.
Published: January 2008

Methodological issues related to evaluation of the possible ultra wideband (UWB) radio communication range without scattering and with interim scattering on a passive relay object depending on the rate of information transmission as a sequence UWB pulses in conditions of regulatory restrictions of the emission level are analyzed. Examples of calculation of maximum communication ranges when the pulse transmission-reception system uses three types of antenna pairs, i.e., hypothetical aperture antennas, horn antennas P6-23A, and dipole antennas, are given and analyzed.
Vacuum-Tube Pumped Enhanced Emission Laser on the Basis of Aqueous Alcoholic Solution of 6G Rhodamine
Authors: Basetsky V. L . , Zarudnyi A. A.
Published: January 2008

The results of experimental investigations of spatial and power characteristics of a powerful laser based on aqueous alcoholic solution of 6G rhodamine are presented. The laser can be used as a part of the adaptive telescope for creation of an artificial adjusting star or as a lidar transmitter. It is experimentally proved that at the optimal selection of the dyer concentration and the length of the plane-parallel resonator laser radiation spread might amount to 1 mrad.
Estimation of Area and Frequency Plans of Cellular Communication Systems using Small-Size Clusters
Authors: Plotnikov N. D. , Zubchenko Yu. O.
Published: January 2008

It is performed the estimation of area and frequency plans for cellular communication system using small-size clusters simplifying the problem of selection of the cluster dimensions in the process of designing of cellular communication networks.
Increasing the Accuracy of Estimation of the Probability of Trouble-Free Operation of a Telemetric Control System with Mutually-Dependent Information Parameters
Authors: Emelyanov V. M. , Shuklin I. I. , Emelyanov V. V. , Nosorev S. Yu.
Published: January 2008

Different models for estimation of the probability of a telemetric control system trouble-free operation are analyzed. It is shown that the probability of the system trouble-free operation in estimation by the model, allowing for maximum deviations of each parameter, is P1 = 0.99573, and the probability of the system trouble-free operation, taking into account that parameters are independent, is P2 = 0.99484. Given mutual dependence of parameters, the trouble-free operation probability is P3 = 0.97151. When parameters are converted into an independent type, using linear conversion, the trouble-free operation probability makes P4 = 0.97151.
Softening response properties of plain concrete by large-scale direct tension tests
Authors: Lee S.-K. , Woo S.-K. , Song Y.-C.
Published: January 2008

The softening response properties of plain concrete, which directly affect the structural capacity of the concrete containment building of nuclear power plants, were studied via direct tension tests using large-size concrete specimens with two notches. A variation of two and three levels of the concrete strength and the maximum size of coarse aggregate, respectively, was considered. Two independently controlled actuators were used to ensure a homogeneous increase of crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) on the top and bottom notches of the specimen and to avoid secondary flexural stresses. From the tests, the complete load–CMOD responses with stable post-peak descending curves were obtained for each specimen. The fracture energy data obtained using the complete load–CMOD responses and one evaluated using a classical prediction equation were compared. The results, owing to size effect, indicated that the fracture energy obtained in the current investigation is larger on average than that obtained using a classical prediction equation. The direct tensile strength of the large-size specimens was, however, about half the splitting tensile strength of the cylindrical specimens.
A novel method to improve sulfate resistance of concrete by surface treatment with super-absorbent resin synthesised in situ
Authors: Song X. F. , Wei J. F. , He T. SH.
Published: January 2008

Sulfate attack is a key factor that results in the deterioration of concrete. In the current paper, a novel method to improve the sulfate resistance of concrete by surface treatment with super-absorbent resin (SAR) synthesised in situ is presented. The precursor solution of poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) is soaked into the capillary pores of hardened concrete, initiated by infrared radiation and synthesised SAR, then the swollen SAR absorbs water and fills capillary pores to cut off the penetration pipes of external sulfates. The performances of SAR synthesised in situ were characterised by the swelling ratio for deionised water and 5% sodium sulfate solution. The osmosis of [Formula: see text] in cement mortar was compared before and after being treated by SAR. The sulfate corrosion characteristics of cement mortar were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The laboratory testing results indicate that the SAR has a high swelling ratio, and the swollen SAR, which adhered to the capillary pores of cement mortar, can evidently reduce the osmosis of [Formula: see text] in cement mortar. After being subjected to sodium sulfate attack, the cement mortar specimens treated by SAR were not severely deteriorated.
Principles of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders in Children
Authors: Gosch Elizabeth A. , Flannery-Schroeder Ellen , Mauro Christian F. , Compton Scott N.
Published: January 2008

This article elucidates the theoretical underpinnings of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) as applied to the treatment of anxiety disorders in children, focusing on social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and separation anxiety disorder. It reviews behavioral and cognitive theories that have influenced this approach. We argue that it is necessary to understand the essential components of this approach in the context of these theories in order to provide effective clinically sensitive, and child-focused treatment. Components discussed include assessment, psychoeducation, affective education, self-instruction training, cognitive restructuring, problem solving, relaxation training, modeling, contingency management, and exposure procedures. Hypothesized key processes, such as the need to be experiential in treatment, are presented for consideration.
They’re Not Just “Little Adults”: Developmental Considerations for Implementing Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy With Anxious Youth
Authors: Kingery Julie Newman , Roblek Tami L. , Suveg Cynthia , Grover Rachel L. , Sherrill Joel T. , Bergman R. Lindsey
Published: January 2008

Developmental factors direct optimal implementations of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) protocols with children and adolescents. Although chronological age can approximate level of development, youthful clients benefit when clinicians carefully assess each child’s cognitive, social, and emotional skills and adjust manualized treatments accordingly. Using several components of manualized CBT for anxiety in youth (i.e., affective education, cognitive restructuring, exposure tasks) as a framework, this article reviews empirical literature and provides practical suggestions for modifying these aspects of treatment to fit a child’s level of development. Important issues such as engaging youth in treatment, and involving school personnel and parents in this process are also discussed. This article concludes with a call for future research that will inform the implementation of manualized treatments based on developmental factors.
The Role of Gender and Culture in Treating Youth With Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Harmon Holly , Langley Audra , Ginsburg Golda S.
Published: January 2008

The purpose of this article is to discuss the complexities of working with anxious children and adolescents of diverse cultures within the context of cognitive-behavioral treatment. Our discussion will examine how culture, gender, and minority status affect anxious symptomatology in children and adolescents and how this may be addressed in treatment. The authors discuss the importance of considering the cultural variations in symptom expression, cultural norms and issues of acculturation, effects of discrimination, and finally the ways that gender can moderate symptom expression. Case examples are incorporated into each section. Recommendations include an emphasis on research on working with children of diverse cultures and the need for ongoing training that helps therapists to examine the impact of their own cultural beliefs on clinical care.
Factor Analysis of the Schema Questionnaire-Short Form in a Nonclinical Sample
Authors: Lachenal-Chevallet Karine , Mauchand Pierre , Cottraux Jean , Bouvard Martine , Martin Robert
Published: January 2008

The original version of the Schema Questionnaire (205 items) was developed by Young to measure early maladaptive schemas. The Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (SQ-SF) was designed (Young, 1998) to measure 15 maladaptive schemas and is a shorter instrument (75 items). Factor analytic research with the SQ-SF has supported the schemas proposed by Young (Welburn, Coristine, Dagg, Pontrefact, & Jordan, 2002). The present study examined the psychometric properties of the French version of the SQ-SF in a nonclinical sample (N = 263). The results of the factor analysis revealed 14 interpretable factors, including 13 of the 15 schema subscales proposed by Young. These 14 subscales demonstrated moderate to good internal consistency. These results are in part consistent with previous results based on the English version of the SQ-SF and provided support for the cross-cultural validity of the SQ-SF.
Metacognitions, Emotions, and Procrastination
Authors: Spada Marcantonio M. , Hiou Kalliopi , Nikcevic Ana V.
Published: January 2008

The present study explored the relationships between metacognitions, negative emotions, and procrastination. A convenience sample of 179 participants completed the following questionnaires: General Procrastination Scale, Decisional Procrastination Scale, Meta-cognitions Questionnaire 30, Penn State Worry Questionnaire and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. A cross-sectional design was adopted and data analysis consisted of correlation and multiple regression analyses. One dimension of metacognitions was found to be positively and significantly correlated with behavioral procrastination. Four dimensions of metacognitions were found to be positively and significantly correlated with decisional procrastination. Positive and significant relationships were also observed between anxiety, depression and behavioral procrastination; and between anxiety, depression, worry, and decisional procrastination. Multiple regression analyses indicated that depression and beliefs about cognitive confidence independently predicted behavioral procrastination, and that depression and positive beliefs about worry independently predicted decisional procrastination. These preliminary results would seem to suggest that metacognitive theory may be relevant to understanding procrastination.
New Completion Solution for Multi Layer Gas Fields: A Case History
Authors: Arianto M. A. , Susatyo Y. , Srisantoso B.
Published: January 2008

Recently an experimental completion, called "Dual Monobore" was implemented in VICO Indonesia. The paper will describe an implementation of this completion as a new solution adopted in VICO to optimize both gas production and reserves recovery from multi layer gas reservoirs. Using monobore completion concepts, the "Dual Monobore" completion has the flexibility to allow simultaneous but separate production from depletion drive reservoirs and water drive reservoirs.
Techniques of Predicting Remaining Oil in a Mature Oil Field With High Water Cut—Case Study
Authors: Liu Wenling , Han Dakuang , Wang Jingrong , Hu Shuiqing , Ye Jigen
Published: January 2008

The remaining oil in mature oilfields at high water cut stage is highly scattered in the whole field and relatively abundant in some localities. In view of this feature, a new approach is proposed to predict the distribution of the remaining oil in mature oilfields by integrating multidisciplinary means such as geology, seismic, geophysical well logging and reservoir simulation. At the high water cut stage, oilfields are always thin sand-shale interbedded layers and with numerous of wells, sophisticated target processing method of seismic data, sophisticated structure interpretation, combining of logging and seismic data in thin interbedded layers prediction and seismic constrained geology modeling technique are researched to construct the logging and seismic unit sophisticated reservoir characterization in mature oilfields. This technique has been applied in reprocessing old seismic data of Gangdong area in Dagang oilfield and improved the main frequency of seismic data by 10-15 Hz, and in X4-5 block in Xingshugang oilfield in Daqing with an average well distance of 200m, some new cognitions have been obtained in the faults, microtectonics and the distribution of the river channel sands in the block. With the result of combining logging and seismic prediction, high precision determinable reservoir model is established. Also the distribution of the remaining oil is predicted through large-scale sophisticated reservoir numerical simulation on the basis of this model. The case application shows that integrating multiple disciplines technique of predicting remaining oil in a mature oilfield with high water cut has a profound meaning for finding remaining oil effectively.
Backing Off a Free Drillstring: Planning and Execution on a World-Class ERD Well
Authors: Eck-Olsen Johan , Foster Brandon M.
Published: January 2008

Since the inception of horizontal and Extended Reach wells, operators have faced the deviation-related complications that arise when dealing with stuck pipe and pipe recovery operations. Drillstring washouts in particular create a problematic situation in an ER drilling operation, as it necessary to spend extensive time circulating and rotating at high rates to sufficiently clean a high angle wellbore to a level that allows a safe and trouble free trip1,2,3. When a washout occurs prior to the completion of the cleanup process (which they almost always do), the operator is faced with a difficult choice: a.) continue to circulate until the hole is clean, running the risk of enlarging the washout and potentially creating a twist-off, or b.) attempt to pull out of a dirty hole, which may (and often does) result in tight hole and/or stuck pipe.

A case history is presented where a drillstring washout occurred on a long extended reach well prior to the completion of the cleanup process. Attempts to trip the string proved futile, and it became apparent that the string would probably become stuck during further attempts to pull out of the hole. A modified version of the traditional backoff technique was safely used to separate the pipe below the washout without the drillstring actually being stuck. The entire string was subsequently recovered, saving >13MM NOK (2MM USD) in lost time and equipment. This is believed to be the first ever successful backoff of a free drillstring.
Through-Tubing Rotary Drilling From Njord Floating Platform
Authors: Tistel Jan Ivar , Oyovwevotu Joy , Talukdar Saifullah , Kjosnes Kare , Brusdal Lill Harriet
Published: January 2008

The densely-faulted Njord reservoir in the Norwegian North Sea is considered one of the most complex reservoirs in the world. The field is developed from a semi-submersible platform with 15 subsea-completed wells drilled in a pre-drilling campaign in 1996 to 1997 and two major platform drilling campaigns, one in 1997 through 2000 and the other in 2002 to 2003. Drilling of two conventional sidetracked oil producers in the last campaign was challenging and costly. As the field matures, the need for a cheaper way of drilling sparsely located smaller undrained compartments became essential. This led to initiate an ambitious campaign called the low-cost infill targets (LIFT) for identifying and drilling those targets using a cheaper drilling technique called the through tubing rotary drilling (TTRD).

TTRD is a hugely demanding task especially, from a floating platform as any economic rationale will be lost if completion accessories and well integrity are compromised through TTRD. To the best of our knowledge, no TTRD operations have previously been executed from a floater. The severity of depletion, especially with depletion and re-pressurization (Huff'n Puff) of parts of the reservoir provides a significant technical test and challenge for TTRD on Njord. The relative movement of the floater also presents extra operational challenges, which requires accurate measures to prevent damage to the tubing hanger, Christmas tree (XMT), downhole-safety valve, and existing completion string. Issues related to bottomhole assembly design to meet drilling and production needs, mud rheology, equivalent circulating density (ECD) management, rock mechanics, and completion techniques are critically analyzed and risk-reducing or eliminating measures are put in place through extensive research and development for each of the prospective targets.

This paper is intended to give a comprehensive description on the technological challenges of the TTRD technology from a floating platform, research and development activities to qualify the technology on Njord, screening of drilling targets and the drilling experiences from two TTRD wells on Njord.
A Permanent System for Measurement of Downhole Flowrates – North Sea Examples
Authors: Jalali Younes , Charron Alain
Published: January 2008

Several examples from North Sea fields are presented, which illustrate production profiles derived from permanent downhole sensors. Good agreement with surface testing data is obtained; reservoir properties can also be deduced. The characteristics of this system are compared with alternate methods of rate measurement.
Data Room on CD-ROM
Authors: Collarini C. R. , Jordan D. G.
Published: January 2008

Prospective buyers of producing properties usually have insufficient time to thoroughly evaluate a divestment package. Determining the value of the unproved potential, which is often the difference between the successful and unsuccessful purchasers, is time-consuming and expensive. Having all of the needed data at hand in a well-organized system can significantly increase the effectiveness of an evaluation. CD-ROM and more advanced digital technology have proven to be efficient and cost-effective means of communicating the evaluation data needed by potential buyers.

Raw data that is not available electronically is scanned. Data available electronically is transferred directly to a readonly file or provided in downloadable format for user manipulation. Information on the CD-ROM can be viewed on-screen and printed as needed. Software to read and print scanned documents is free of charge and provided to the prospective buyer for use with most operating systems. The CD-ROM can be used on a network, allowing concurrent use by multiple evaluators.

Initial data organization, also required to set up a physical data room, continues to be the most time-consuming process. Software and hardware limitations have been encountered by both preparers of the information and by users, but technical advances continue to eliminate those problems. Making the information "user-friendly" is the objective in this environment of rapid technological change.

Reception by both sellers and prospective buyers has been good. Organization and maintenance of a data room and paper reproduction costs have been reduced substantially or eliminated entirely. Buyers eliminate or reduce their data collection time. Although there is no known documentation, many sellers believe they benefit by receiving higher bids for their properties. Well-organized, high quality data and adequate evaluation time allow prospective buyers to reduce the uncertainty of the valuation. Less uncertainty means higher-quality reserve categories and higher bids.
Innovative Adaptation of Subsea Test Tree Successfully Tests Ultra Deep Water Wells in the Campos Basin, Brazil
Authors: Etcheverry Carlos Fulvio , Maia Claudio R. F. Tigre
Published: January 2008

Testing and gathering data from a well to evaluate the potential of a new field is a common practice in the oil and gas industry. However, performing this task in a subsea environment to test a well in ultra deep water presents significantly greater challenges to the operator and service providers. Since testing in the depths required for the subject well had not previously been attempted, there were concerns of problems that might occur in maintaining response times and control of the test equipment.

This paper will present the innovative solution that was devised to perform the evaluation testing in the deepest offshore producing well in the world (1,853 meters or 6,079 feet) from a drill ship with conventional subsea equipment. The equipment, the well, location conditions, and procedures that were used to safely and efficiently perform the evaluation testing will be discussed.

To date, this has been the deepest well in which this function has been successfully performed. From the well testing data gathered, the Petrobras Reservoir Engineering and Geology Departments were able to determine production potentials, which indicated that this was the most important discovery of the last few years, as well as to obtain information that would be invaluable for field development. It is anticipated that the field will have an estimated oil production of 180,000 BOPD and 4.8 mm m3 of gas by the year 2,000.