bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing Gas Lift Capability To Support Asset Design
Authors: Hall James W. , Jaralla Mubarak A.M.
Published: June 2011

Qatar Petroleum (QP) produces hydrocarbons from the onshore Dukhan field and two offshore oil fields (Bul Hanine and Maydan Mahzam). After producing through natural flow for an extended period, pressure depletion and water influx have led to the use of artificial lift. The lift method of choice in QP-operated oil fields is continuous-flow gas lift, for both technical and economic reasons.

The time of transition from natural flow to artificial lift for an oil field presents significant challenges and also great opportunity. A number of aspects of the operation need to be updated to suit the new conditions imposed by artificial-lift requirements. Successful adaptation to the new requirements delivers great benefit. Similarly, failure to determine and adapt to the new requirements can lead to early abandonment of a field. The task of determining the requirements for the organization, people, systems, and hardware is facilitated by a structured multidisciplinary approach to achieve the best results.

In order to evaluate the existing capabilities in the field of gas lift, a team of technical specialists conducts a series of interviews with selected staff. The goal of these interviews is first to establish the current perceived capability in gas lift across the stakeholder directorates. After establishing this current state perception, those interviewed are then asked to articulate their vision of where the organization should be in the future to achieve maximum recovery/benefit from the producing assets. This methodology has been applied successfully for other initiatives in the recent past.

After reconciling the differences between perceived "As-Is" and actual state, and reconciling perceived "To-Be" with technically feasible targets, a "road map" is developed. The road map outlines the path to development of capability related to organization, people, systems, and hardware to deliver the vision for long-term gas lift production of the assets. The combined road-map elements define specific functionality that is incorporated into the design of the facilities.

This integrated, multidisciplinary approach facilitates communication between organizational segments and supports the inclusion of critical components in the design and operational practices of the new infrastructure to support gas lift operations. Facilities designed with consideration for the long-term goals of the business will serve to reduce operating costs; reduce health, safety, and environmental (HSE) exposure; and improve ultimate recovery.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Infantile Hemangioma Reside in the Perivascular Region
Authors: Yuan Si-Ming , Chen Rong-Liang , Shen Wei-Min , Chen Hai-Ni , Zhou Xiao-Jun
Published: June 2011

Infantile hemangioma grows quickly in the first year of life and regresses slowly to fibrofatty tissue during childhood; mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been reported to contribute to this adipogenesis. Recent studies have shown the perivascular origin of MSCs in multiple organs. We hypothesized that MSCs in hemangioma might also reside in the perivascular region. We isolated MSCs from proliferating hemangioma by their selective adhesion to plastic culture dishes. Mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow (BM-MSCs) and foreskin-derived fibroblasts were used as controls. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining were used to examine their antigen profiles; in vitro induction of multi-lineage differentiation was performed to test their pluripotency. Platelet-derived growth factor R-β (PDGFR-β), CD133, and peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) were selected as the markers to observe MSCs in hemangioma by immunohistochemistry staining, with costaining of CD31 and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Hemangioma-derived MSCs (Hem-MSCs) had fibroblast-like morphology; they expressed the MSC markers CD105, CD90, CD29, and vimentin and did not express the hematopoietic/endothelial markers CD45, CD34, CD31, and flt-1; Hem-MSCs also expressed CD133 and PPAR-γ. Most Hem-MSCs expressed PDGFR-β and α-SMA; in contrast, the expression of PDGFR-β and α-SMA in BM-MSCs was very weak. The Hem-MSCs differentiated into adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondroblasts in vitro. This confirmed their pluripotency. Immunohistochemistry showed the colocalization of PDGFR-β/α-SMA, CD133/α-SMA, and PPAR-γ/α-SMA in the perivascular region. MSCs were successfully obtained from proliferating hemangioma, revealing the perivascular origin of MSCs in hemangioma.
An Examination of Risk Factors for Readmission to Acute Adult Mental Health Services Within 28 Days of Discharge in the Australian Setting
Authors: Callaly Tom , Trauer Tom , Hyland Mary , Coombs Tim , Berk Michael
Published: June 2011

Objective: The aim of this paper was to identify risk factors associated with readmission within 28 days of discharge from eight Australian adult acute mental health inpatient services.

Method: A detailed file audit was conducted comparing 222 patients readmitted within 28 days of discharge with 253 patients not readmitted during the same period.

Results: There was an association between early readmission and having had contact with the service in the previous 12 months (51% vs 21%), having been admitted in the previous 12 months (65% vs 36%), and having been diagnosed with an emotionally unstable personality disorder (14% vs 4%). Those who were not readmitted had a significantly higher score in the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales on index admission than those who were readmitted. Those who had community team contact on the day of discharge and those who received follow up by the mental health team within 7 days of discharge were more likely to be readmitted (55% vs 45% and 29% vs 19% respectively).

Conclusions: Significant determinants of early readmission identified were a history of recent previous admissions and a diagnosis of unstable personality disorder. The usefulness of this performance measure to Area Mental Health Services and clinicians is discussed.
The Early Motherhood Service: An Acceptable and Accessible Perinatal Mental Health Service
Authors: Judd Fiona , Stafford Lesley , Gibson Penelope , Ahrens Jennifer
Published: June 2011

Objectives: The aims of this paper are to quantify the effect of an innovative perinatal mental health program, the Early Motherhood Service, to identify factors contributing to its success, and to make recommendations as to its general applicability across other rural services.

Method: The study involved stakeholder evaluation, analysis of available outcome data and analysis of consumer feedback data.

Results: Service functions were grouped into four key areas: increasing awareness of perinatal mental health problems; providing information and advice; providing treatment and support; and education, training and capacity building. Women accessing the service showed significant improvement in outcomes as measured by change over time in the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the Health of the Nation Outcome Scale. Consumer feedback demonstrated that the service was highly valued. Key factors identified as contributing to the service's success were broad coverage of perinatal mental health problems; inclusion of early intervention and prevention; outreach capacity; partnership with, support for and capacity building of other health providers; a location which is accessible and non-stigmatizing; and staff comprising senior and skilled clinicians.

Conclusions: The Early Motherhood Service is an innovative perinatal mental health service. It provides a useful model for the development of such services in rural communities.
The Multiple Uses of Routine Mental Health Outcome Measures in Australia and New Zealand: Experiences From the Field
Authors: Coombs Tim , Stapley Kathy , Pirkis Jane
Published: June 2011

Objective: The aim of this paper is to describe the way in which particular Australian and New Zealand mental health services are making use of routine outcome data to foster clinical improvements for consumers.

Method: We invited individuals who are responsible for implementing outcome data collection across the two countries to describe exemplary practices occurring within their own services, and present the resultant information in the form of case studies.

Results: Outcome measurement is being used to guide clinical decision-making, engage consumers in treatment, foster a collaborative approach to care planning and goal setting, review consumers’ progress with treatment, inform questions about consumers’ eligibility for given programs, assist with discharge planning, improve the evidence-base on which services are founded, and evaluate particular models of service delivery.

Conclusions: A number of mental health services are deriving useful information from routine outcome measurement, and using this to guide clinical practice. The examples provided here may offer some lessons for other services wishing to make better use of outcome data, and there may be some opportunities for the sharing of resources or infrastructure. Services that are already using outcome data to inform their clinical activities, and services that are keen to do so, will need ongoing support.
Benchmarking the Cost Efficiency of Community Care in Australian Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services: Implications for Future Benchmarking
Authors: Furber Gareth , Brann Peter , Skene Clive , Allison Stephen
Published: June 2011

Objective: The purpose of this study was to benchmark the cost efficiency of community care across six child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) drawn from different Australian states.

Method: Organizational, contact and outcome data from the National Mental Health Benchmarking Project (NMHBP) data-sets were used to calculate cost per “treatment hour” and cost per episode for the six participating organizations. We also explored the relationship between intake severity as measured by the Health of the Nations Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents (HoNOSCA) and cost per episode.

Results: The average cost per treatment hour was $223, with cost differences across the six services ranging from a mean of $156 to $273 per treatment hour. The average cost per episode was $3349 (median $1577) and there were significant differences in the CAMHS organizational medians ranging from $388 to $7076 per episode. HoNOSCA scores explained at best 6% of the cost variance per episode.

Conclusions: These large cost differences indicate that community CAMHS have the potential to make substantial gains in cost efficiency through collaborative benchmarking. Benchmarking forums need considerable financial and business expertise for detailed comparison of business models for service provision.
Nitroxides: Versatile Reporters and Reactants
Authors: Zottler Evelyn , Gescheidt Georg
Published: June 2011

Stable nitroxyl radicals are important tools in chemistry, biophysics, biology, and materials science. Their stability and the sensitivity of their EPR spectra to the local environment make them valuable molecular probes. This review seeks to give an overview of the developments in the field of nitroxide spin probes and their various applications, with the main focus on the pH-sensitive imidazoline nitroxide family.
Synthesis of Novel Triazol Compounds containing Isatin as Potential Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents by Microwave and Conventional Methods
Authors: Özil Musa , Menteşe Emre , Yilmaz Fatih , İslamoğlu Fatih , Kahveci Bahittin
Published: June 2011

Microwave irradiation has been used to accelerate the conversion of isatin (1a) and 5-nitroisatin (1b) into their Schiff bases 3-[5 ’-aryl(alkyl)-2 ’,4 ’-dihydro-1 ’,2 ’,4 ’-triazol-3 ’-on-4 ’-yl]iminoisatin (3a–g) and 3-[5 ’-aryl(alkyl)-2 ’,4 ’-dihydro-1 ’,2 ’,4 ’-triazol-3 ’-on-4 ’-yl]imino-5-nitroisatin (4a–g), respectively. Reaction was achieved by microwave-induced technique, which reduced the reaction time drastically and improved the yield when compared to conventional heating. The newly synthesised bases showed moderate antimicrobial activity against the standard bacterial and fungal organisms tested
Synthesis and Structure of bis(cyclohexylmethyl) 3,6-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine-1,2-dicarboxylate
Authors: Zhang Shu , Rao Guo-Wu , Mao Xiao-Guang , Hu Wei-Xiao
Published: June 2011

Bis(cyclohexylmethyl) 3,6-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine-1,2-dicarboxylate was prepared from cyclohexylmethyl chloroformate and 3,6-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,2(or 1,4)-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine and its structure was determined by X-ray diffraction. This reaction yields the title compound rather than bis(cyclohexylmethyl) 3,6-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine-1,4-dicarboxylate. The 2,3-diazabutadiene group in the central six-membered ring of tetrazine is not planar and the tetrazine ring has a twist conformation.
Synthesis and Spectral Properties of Triazine-Based Dendritic Dithienylethenes
Authors: Cheng Chuanjie , Liu Zhongbin , Shen Liang , Li Long , Ma Cha , Pu Shouzhi , Xu Jingkun
Published: June 2011

Two novel triazine-based dendrimers comprising a dithienylethene core and eight and 16 ethyl groups around the periphery were synthesised in high yields in a convergent way, without using tedious protection and chromatographic separation steps. Their optical properties such as photochromism, fluorescence emission and film-forming behaviour were investigated. The new symmetrical dendritic dithienylethenes showed typical photochromic behaviour in solution and good film-forming performance in a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix. Moreover, the dendrimers have demonstrated remarkable fluorescence enhancement and good solubility in common organic solvents, compared with the corresponding small molecule diarylethene. Thus, the new dendrimers as optoelectronic materials, have potential applications in optical storage, photo-switches, and so on.
Barium Chloride Dispersed on Silica Gel Nanoparticles: An Efficient Catalyst for the Preparation of 2,4,6-Triarylpyridines under Solvent-Free Conditions
Authors: Shafiee Mohammad Reza Mohammad , Moloudi Raheleh
Published: June 2011

BaCl2 dispersed on a nano-structural type of silica gel (BaCl2-nano SiO2) was found to be an effective catalyst for the rapid and high yielding preparation of substituted 2,4,6-triarylpyridine frameworks by the reaction of various acetophenones, benzaldehydes and ammonium acetate. The prepared catalyst was characterised by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analysis.
Upregulation of Adipogenesis and Chondrogenesis in MSC Serum-Free Culture
Authors: Ho Saey Tuan Barnabas , Tanavde Vivek Madhukar , Hui James Hoi , Lee Eng Hin
Published: June 2011

Serum-free media have been shown to be effective in the expansion of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, the effects may go beyond cell expansion as the differentiation potentials of the cells may be modified, thus influencing their efficacy for downstream applications. The latter is poorly understood, and this has prompted an evaluation of the influence of a serum-free formulation on the chondrogenic, adipogenic, and osteogenic potential of MSCs. The media consisted of Knockout™ Serum Replacement (KSR) with a cocktail of growth factors coupled with either collagen or fibronectin coatings. Collagen coating was selected as it promoted consistent cellular attachment. When compared against fetal bovine serum (FBS) controls, cell proliferation in the serum-free media was enhanced at passage 1. Similar levels of surface markers were observed in the two groups with a slight reduction in CD90 and CD73 in the serum-free culture at passage 3. The cultures were screened under differentiation conditions and a better maintenance of the chondrogenic potential was noted in the serum-free media with higher expressions of glycoaminoglycans (GAGs) and collagen II. Chondrogenesis was deficient in the FBS group and this was attributed to the inherent inconsistency of animal serum. Adipogenesis was enhanced in the serum-free group with a higher PPARG expression and lipid accumulation. Similar levels of osteogenic mineralization was noted in the FBS and serum-free groups but collagen I gene expression was suppressed in the latter. This was initially observed during expansion. These observations were attributed to the signaling cascades triggered by the cytokines presented in the serum-free formulation and the interaction with the collagen substrate. The serum-free media helps to maintain and enhance the chondrogenic and adipogenic potentials of the MSCs, respectively. This advantage can be exploited for therapeutic applications in cartilage and adipose tissue engineering.
Synthesis of novel 5-alkyl/aryl/heteroaryl substituted diethyl 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-4,4-dicarboxylates by aziridine ring expansion of 2-[(aziridin-1-yl)-1-alkyl/aryl/heteroaryl-methylene]malonic acid diethyl esters
Authors: More Satish S , Mohan T Krishna , Kumar Y Sateesh , Kumar U K Syam , Patel Navin B
Published: June 2011

A novel synthetic methodology has been developed for the synthesis of diethyl 5-alkyl/aryl/heteroaryl substituted 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-4,4-dicarboxylates (also called 2-substituted pyrroline-4,5-dihydro-3,3-dicarboxylic acid diethyl esters) by iodide ion induced ring expansion of 2-[(aziridin-1-yl)-1-alkyl/aryl/heteroaryl-methylene]malonic acid diethyl esters in very good to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. The electronic and steric impact of the substituents on the kinetics of ring expansion of N-vinyl aziridines to pyrrolines has been studied. Various diversely substituted novel pyrroline derivatives have been synthesized by this methodology and the products can be used as key intermediates in the synthesis of substituted pyrrolines, pyrroles and pyrrolidines.
Cognitive Function in Patients Undergoing Arthroplasty: The Implications for Informed Consent
Authors: Demosthenous N. , St Mart J. P. , Jenkins P. , Chappel A. , Cheng Kenneth
Published: June 2011

Obtaining informed consent for an operation is a fundamental daily interaction between orthopaedic surgeon and patient. It is based on a patient's capacity to understand and retain information about the proposed procedure, the potential consequences of having it, and the alternative options available. We used validated tests of memory on 59 patients undergoing lower limb arthroplasty to assess how well they learned and recalled information about their planned procedure. All patients showed an ability to learn new material; however, younger age and higher educational achievement correlated with better performance. These results have serious implications for orthopaedic surgeons discussing planned procedures. They identify groups of patients who may require enhanced methods of communicating the objectives, risks, and alternatives to surgery. Further research is necessary to assess interventions to improve communication prior to surgery.
Effects of Working Memory Capacity and Content Familiarity on Literal and Inferential Comprehension in L2 Reading
Authors: ALPTEKIN CEM , ERÇETIN GÜLCAN
Published: June 2011

This study examines the effects of working memory capacity and content familiarity on literal and inferential comprehension in second language (L2) reading. Participants were 62 Turkish university students with an advanced English proficiency level. Working memory capacity was measured through a computerized version of a reading span test, whereas content familiarity was achieved through nativization of a narrative, that is, textual and contextual modification to reflect the reader's own culture. After completing the reading span test, the participants were randomly divided into two groups, one being exposed to the original text and the other to the nativized version. They then answered multiple‐choice comprehension questions aiming to check literal and inferential comprehension. The results revealed independent and additive effects of working memory capacity and content familiarity on inferential comprehension. No effects were observed on literal understanding. These findings have implications for the design of assessment instruments in L2 reading comprehension.
Effect of Frequency and Idiomaticity on Second Language Reading Comprehension
Authors: MARTINEZ RON , MURPHY VICTORIA A.
Published: June 2011

A number of studies claim that knowledge of 5,000–8,000 of the most frequent words should provide at least 95% coverage of most unsimplified texts in English, arguably enough to guess or ignore most unknown words while reading (Hirsh & Nation, 1992; Hu & Nation, 2000; Laufer, 1991; Nation, 2006). However, perhaps hidden in that 95% figure are other kinds of words—multiword expressions—not accounted for by current estimates based on frequency lists. Such expressions are often composed of highly frequent words, and therefore it is possible that such items may go unnoticed by learners reading in the second language. To test this assertion, a two‐part test was taken by 101 adult Brazilian learners of English: One part contained short texts composed of the top 2,000 words in English; the second part contained the exact same words, however the arrangement of these same words constituted multiword expressions (e.g., large, and, by → by and large). Tests of reading comprehension indicated that learners' comprehension not only decreased significantly when multiword expressions were present in text but students also tended to overestimate how much they understood as a function of expressions that either went unnoticed or were misunderstood.
English Textbooks in Parallel‐Language Tertiary Education
Authors: PECORARI DIANE , SHAW PHILIP , MALMSTRÖM HANS , IRVINE AILEEN
Published: June 2011

Tertiary education in many countries is increasingly bilingual, with English used in parallel with the national language, particularly as a reading language. This article describes the results of a survey of student attitudes toward, and reading practices regarding, English language textbooks. Over 1,000 students at three Swedish universities responded to a questionnaire asking about their experiences with English textbooks. Textbooks written in English were generally unpopular, and the perception was widespread that they placed a greater burden on students. However, respondents were divided about whether their reading behavior and their learning outcomes were affected by having a textbook in English, and about whether English texts were desirable. The findings of this study have implications for teaching practices in contexts in which students are asked to read, or are being prepared to read, in a second language. Implications for the English as a foreign language or English as a second language classroom are discussed.
REVIEWS
Authors: MATSUDA PAUL KEI
Published: June 2011

Book reviewed in this article:

TESOL Quarterly welcomes evaluative reviews of publications relevant to TESOL professionals. In addition to textbooks and reference materials, these include computer and video software, testing instruments, and other forums of nonprint materials.

Maintaining Control: Autonomy and Language Learning Richard Pemberton, Sarah Toogood, and Andy Barfield

Constructivist Strategies for Teaching English Language Learners Adelman Sharon Reyes and Trina Lynn Vallone

English Language Learners: The Essential Guide David Freeman and Yvonne Freeman
Video Recording and the Research Process
Authors: LEUNG CONSTANT , HAWKINS MARGARET R.
Published: June 2011

TESOL Quarterly publishes brief commentaries on aspects of qualitative and quantitative research.
Nudging technique for scale bridging in air quality/climate atmospheric composition modelling
Authors: Maurizi A. , Russo F. , D'Isidoro M. , Tampieri F.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. The interaction between air quality and climate involves dynamical scales that cover an immensely wide range. Bridging these scales in numerical simulations is fundamental in studies devoted to megacity/hot-spot impacts on climate. The nudging technique is proposed as a bridging method that can couple different models at different scales. Here, nudging is used to force low resolution chemical composition models using a high resolution run on critical areas. A one-year numerical experiment focused on the Po Valley hot spot is performed using the BOLCHEM model to asses the method. The results show that the model response is stable to perturbation induced by the nudging and that, if a high resolution run is taken as a reference, there is an increase in model skills of low resolution run when the technique is applied. This improvement depends on the species and the season. The effect spreads outside the forcing area and remains noticeable over an extension about 9 times larger.
Bamboo fibers @ poly(ethylene glycol)‐reinforced poly(butylene succinate) biocomposites
Authors: Bao Le , Chen Yiwang , Zhou Weihua , Wu Yang , Huang Yulan
Published: June 2011

The poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate)‐ (PPEGMA)‐grafted bamboo fiber (BF) (BF@PPEGMA) was successfully synthesized via the esterification and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) methods. The poly(butylenes succinate) (PBS) matrix‐based composites including BF and BF@PPEGMA were prepared by a twin‐screw extruder. The structure, morphology, as well as the properties of BF@PPEGMA and composites was investigated. The results indicated that PPEGMA was successfully grafted onto the BF surfaces, making BF surfaces rough and less thermally stable. The BF@PPEGMA showed of stronger interactions with PBS matrix than pristine BF, leading to the improvement of tensile modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break of the composites. The PBS/BF@PPEGMA composites absorbed less water than PBS/BF composites due to the existence of less content of hydroxyl groups after surface modification. Incorporation of BF and BF@PPEGMA facilitated the crystallization of PBS at higher temperatures, leading to formation of regular spherulites without appearance of transcrystallization. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
Limited benefit of joint estimation in multi‐agent iterative learning
Authors: Schoellig Angela P. , Alonso‐Mora Javier , D'Andrea Raffaello
Published: June 2011

This paper studies iterative learning control (ILC) in a multi‐agent framework, wherein a group of agents simultaneously and repeatedly perform the same task. Assuming similarity between the agents, we investigate whether exchanging information between the agents improves an individual's learning performance. That is, does an individual agent benefit from the experience of the other agents? We consider the multi‐agent iterative learning problem as a two‐step process of: first, estimating the repetitive disturbance of each agent; and second, correcting for it. We present a comparison of an agent's disturbance estimate in the case of (I) independent estimation, where each agent has access only to its own measurement, and (II) joint estimation, where information of all agents is globally accessible. When the agents are identical and noise comes from measurement only, joint estimation yields a noticeable improvement in performance. However, when process noise is encountered or when the agents have an individual disturbance component, the benefit of joint estimation is negligible.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Using collaborative annotating and data mining on formative assessments to enhance learning efficiency
Authors: Lin Jian‐Wei , Lai Yuan‐Cheng
Published: June 2011

This research applies the techniques of collaborative annotating and data mining into formative assessments and further develops an annotation‐sharing and intelligent formative assessment (ASIFA) system as an auxiliary Web learning tool. The collaborative annotating technique is based on collaborative annotations made by peers while the data mining technique is used to identify the learning bottlenecks suffered by most students on a formative assessment. The ASIFA system combines these two techniques, deemed as scaffolding learning, to furnish students with adequate annotations to clarify their confused concepts on formative assessments and to further improve their learning achievements on summative assessments. Finally, some experiments are conducted in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed system and investigate the effects of the students' behaviors of inputting and reviewing annotations on learning achievements. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 22:364–374, 2014; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.20561
An axonemal PP2A B‐subunit is required for PP2A localization and flagellar motility
Authors: Elam Candice A. , Wirschell Maureen , Yamamoto Ryosuke , Fox Laura. A. , York Kerry , Kamiya Ritsu , Dutcher Susan K. , Sale Winfield S.
Published: June 2011

Analysis of Chlamydomonas axonemes revealed that the protein phosphatase, PP2A, is localized to the outer doublet microtubules and is implicated in regulation of dynein‐driven motility. We tested the hypothesis that PP2A is localized to the axoneme by a specialized, highly conserved 55‐kDa B‐type subunit identified in the Chlamydomonas flagellar proteome. The B‐subunit gene is defective in the motility mutant pf4. Consistent with our hypothesis, both the B‐ and C‐ subunits of PP2A fail to assemble in pf4 axonemes, while the dyneins and other axonemal structures are fully assembled in pf4 axonemes. Two pf4 intragenic revertants were recovered that restore PP2A to the axonemes and re‐establish nearly wild‐type motility. The revertants confirmed that the slow‐swimming Pf4 phenotype is a result of the defective PP2A B‐subunit. These results demonstrate that the axonemal B‐subunit is, in part, an anchor protein required for PP2A localization and that PP2A is required for normal ciliary motility. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trans fatty acid isomers and the trans‐9/trans‐11 index in fat containing foods
Authors: Kuhnt Katrin , Baehr Melanie , Rohrer Carsten , Jahreis Gerhard
Published: June 2011

To determine trans fatty acid (TFA) distribution of contemporary foods, especially regarding individual trans octadecenoic acids (trans C18:1), 339 German foods of six categories (semi‐solid fats, deep‐fried potato products, bakery products, confectioneries, instant products and butter) were analysed using two GC methods. Results showed a high variation of TFA content between and within the categories containing between 0 and 40.5% of FAME except in butter, which is a source of natural TFA. The mean TFA values were below 2.0% of FAME, however, bakery products contained 4.5% and butter fat 3.2%, respectively. In addition, the distribution of individual trans C18:1 differed. In samples containing ruminant fat (butter and various confectioneries), vaccenic acid (t11‐C18:1, t11) predominated, while in foods containing industrially hydrogenated fats, elaidic acid (trans‐9, t9‐) and t10‐C18:1 were the major trans isomers.. This was reflected by a low t9/t11 index of 0.3 and 0.5 in butter and ruminant fat containing confectioneries, respectively, whilst the highest index was observed in shortenings and deep‐fried potato products at 5.2 and 6.8, respectively. In conclusion, the TFA content of foods available on the German market is generally declining, but substantial variations are present. The t9/t11 index could be used as an indicator to determine ruminant fat.

Practical applications: A number of studies provide evidence that a high TFA intake, particularly of industrial origin, adversely affects human health. The TFA content of foods could be reduced due to the introduction of several mandatory regulations and modifications regarding the hydrogenation process of oils. The most abundant dietary TFA are the isomers of trans C18:1. Unfortunately, the differentiation of these isomers is not yet very common, though the trans C18:1 profile differs depending on its origin (bacterial hydrogenation in the rumen or industrial hydrogenation). To date, data for TFA content including the trans C18:1 profile of different food categories are limited. The present study confirmed that the TFA contents in German foods are declining. However, TFA are still elevated, especially in bakery products and confectioneries, which are produced using mainly industrial but also ruminant fats. Therefore, the t9/t11 index imparts important information on the source of TFA in processed foods.
Shikonin‐loaded liposomes as a new drug delivery system: Physicochemical characterization and in vitro cytotoxicity
Authors: Kontogiannopoulos Konstantinos N. , Assimopoulou Andreana N. , Dimas Konstantinos , Papageorgiou Vassilios P.
Published: June 2011

Alkannin and shikonin are naturally occurring hydroxynaphthoquinones with a well‐established spectrum of wound healing, antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Recently, extensive scientific effort has been focused on their effectiveness on several tumors and mechanism(s) of antitumor activity. Liposomes have been proved as adequate drug carriers offering significant advantages over conventional formulations, such as controlled release and targeted drug delivery, leading to the appearance of several liposomal formulations in the market, some of them concerning anticancer drugs. The aim of the present study was to prepare shikonin‐loaded liposomes for the first time in order to enhance shikonin therapeutic index. An optimized technique based on the thin film hydration method was developed and liposomes characterization was performed in terms of their physicochemical characteristics, drug entrapment efficiency, and release profile. Results indicated the successful incorporation of shikonin into liposomes, using both 1,2‐dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and egg phosphatidylcholine lipids. Liposomes presented good physicochemical characteristics, high entrapment efficiency and satisfactory in vitro release profile. In vitro cytotoxicity of liposomes was additionally tested against three human cancer cell lines (breast, glioma, and non‐small cell lung cancer) showing a moderate growth inhibitory activity.

Practical applications: Shikonin is a naturally occurring hydroxynaphthoquinone and extensive scientific research (in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials) has been conducted during the last years, focusing on its effectiveness on several tumors and mechanism(s) of antitumor action. The purpose of this work was to prepare and characterize shikonin‐loaded liposomes as a new drug delivery system for shikonin. Liposomal formulations provide significant advantages over conventional dosage forms, such as controlled release and targeted drug delivery for anticancer agents. Thus, liposomes could reduce shikonin's side effects, enhance selectivity to cancer cells and protect shikonin from internal biotransformations and instability matters (oxidization and polymerization). Furthermore, liposomal delivery helps overcome the low aqueous solubility of shikonin, which is the major barrier to its oral and internal administration, since it cannot be dissolved and further absorbed from the receptor.
Strategy for high‐fidelity multiplex DNA copy number assay system using capillary electrophoresis devices
Authors: Shin Seung‐Hun , Shin Gi Won , Yim Seon‐Hee , Jung Seung‐Hyun , Jung Gyoo Yeol , Chung Yeun‐Jun
Published: June 2011

Structural variation of human genome such as duplications and deletions, collectively termed copy number variation (CNV), is one of the major genetic variations. Reliable and efficient measurement of CNV will be essential to develop diagnostic tools for CNV‐related diseases. We established a strategy based on multiplex PCR and capillary electrophoresis (CE) for reliable CNV assay. Multiplex‐PCR was performed using five primer sets for target loci and a diploid control (DC). We designed primers satisfying three conditions: different size of each PCR product for CE separation, unified annealing temperature for multiplex PCR, and suitability for quantitative PCR (qPCR). We defined the accurate PCR cycles for quantification of copy numbers at which the amplifications for all targets were supposed to be exponential, named maximum doubling cycle. CE was carried out with PCR product and the ratio of the peak areas (target/diploid control) was calculated. Our multiplex PCR‐CE analysis reliably determined copy numbers of X chromosome with variable copies ranging from 1 to 5 and showed higher reliability than qPCR (correlation coefficient 0.996 versus 0.898). When measuring the six randomly selected autosomal CNV targets using our multiplex PCR‐CE, the results agreed with those from qPCR. In addition, our strategy was validated for the broad application to commonly used CE devices. Taken together, this assay will be useful for accurate analysis of multiple disease‐associated CNVs in a clinical setting.
Protocol for high‐resolution electrophoresis separation of myosin heavy chain isoforms in bovine skeletal muscle
Authors: Picard Brigitte , Barboiron Christiane , Chadeyron David , Jurie Catherine
Published: June 2011

In this short communication we describe a specific protocol for SDS‐PAGE separation of adult bovine myosin heavy‐chain (MyHC) isoforms. The conditions defined in this protocol allow a good separation with a good reproducibility of the four MyHC isoforms (MyHC I, IIa, IIx, IIb) identified in adult skeletal muscle of this species. This procedure uses mini‐gel electrophoresis system and does not involve preparation of gradient separating gels. In addition, this protocol can also be applied to the electrophoretic separation of ovine and camel MyHC isoforms.
A common right fronto‐parietal network for numerosity and duration processing: An fMRI study
Authors: Dormal Valérie , Dormal Giulia , Joassin Frédéric , Pesenti Mauro
Published: June 2011

Numerosity and duration processing have been modeled by a functional mechanism taking the form of an accumulator working under two different operative modes. Separate investigations of their cerebral substrates have revealed partly similar patterns of activation, mainly in parietal and frontal areas. However, the precise cerebral implementation of the accumulator model within these areas has not yet been directly assessed. In this study, we asked participants to categorize the numerosity of flashed dot sequences or the duration of single dot displays, and we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the common neural correlates of these processes. The results reveal a large right‐lateralized fronto‐parietal network, including the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and areas in the precentral, middle and superior frontal gyri, which is activated by both numerosity and duration processing. Complementary psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analyses show a functional connectivity between the right IPS and the frontal areas in both tasks, whereas the right IPS was functionally connected to the left IPS and the right precentral area in the numerosity categorization task only. We propose that the right IPS underlies a common magnitude processing system for both numerosity and duration, possibly corresponding to the encoding and accumulation stages of the accumulator model, whereas the frontal areas are involved in subsequent working‐memory storage and decision‐making processes. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oncologic outcomes in advanced laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas treated with different modalities in a single institution: A retrospective analysis of 65 cases
Authors: Bussu Francesco , Miccichè Francesco , Rigante Mario , Dinapoli Nicola , Parrilla Claudio , Bonomo Pierluigi , Cadoni Gabriella , Mantini Giovanna , Galli Jacopo , Rufini Vittoria , Almadori Giovanni , Valentini Vincenzo , Paludetti Gaetano
Published: June 2011

Background

Treatment for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has been predominantly surgical for decades, but in the last 20 years nonsurgical modalities (radiotherapy), with the aim of organ preservation, also became predominant among advanced stages. Retrospectively evaluating our series of stage III and stage IV laryngeal SCCs, we compared the 2 main therapeutic modalities.

Methods

Medical records of 65 consecutive patients with advanced laryngeal SCC, from November 2005 to January 2009, were reviewed.

Results

Among irradiated patients 2‐year organ preservation was 86% for cT2, 43% for cT3, and 17% for cT4a (p = .037, Wilcoxon test). With respect to survival, the only significant differences between surgery and radiotherapy were detected among cT4a SCCs (p = .03, Wilcoxon test), in favor of surgery.

Conclusions

The present results confirm the surgical recommendation for cT4a laryngeal SCCs. On the other hand, for T < 4, our results confirm that radiochemotherapy warrants a survival similar to that of total laryngectomy, thus allowing us to preserve the larynx in a relevant number of cases. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Oxytocin stimulates adult neurogenesis even under conditions of stress and elevated glucocorticoids
Authors: Leuner Benedetta , Caponiti Julia M. , Gould Elizabeth
Published: June 2011

Oxytocin has been linked to social behavior, including social recognition, pair bonding and parenting, but its potential role in promoting neuronal growth has not been investigated. We show here that oxytocin, but not vasopressin, stimulates both cell proliferation and adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus of rats. Oxytocin is also capable of stimulating adult neurogenesis in rats subjected to glucocorticoid administration or cold water swim stress. These findings suggest that oxytocin stimulates neuronal growth and may protect against the suppressive effects of stress hormones on hippocampal plasticity. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aminopropyltriethoxysilane‐silica hybrid monolithic capillary microextraction combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the determination of trace elements in biological samples
Authors: Zhang Lin , Chen Beibei , Peng Hanyong , He Man , Hu Bin
Published: June 2011

A simple and sensitive method based on aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)‐silica hybrid monolithic capillary microextraction (CME) combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) was developed for the determination of trace elements in biological samples. Under the optimized conditions, the adsorption capacities of APTES‐silica hybrid monolithic capillary were 42.5, 55, 57.5, 82.5, 52.5, and 40 μg/m for Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II), respectively. The LODs were in the range of 1.2 (Cd)–14 (Pb) ng/L with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of <5.1% (c=1 μg/L, n=7). The reproducibility of APTES‐silica hybrid monolithic preparation ranged from 1.6 to 5.6% in one batch, and from 2.3 to 6.2% in batch‐to‐batch, respectively. To validate the developed method, two certified reference materials of NIES No. 10‐b rice flour and GBW 07601 (GSH‐1) human hair were analyzed and the determined values were in good agreement with the certified values. The proposed method has also been applied for the analysis of human hair and urine samples with the recoveries for the spiked samples in the range of 89–106%.
Improved preparation of chiral stationary phases via immobilization of polysaccharide derivative‐based selectors using diisocyanates
Authors: Tang Shouwan , Liu Guihua , Li Xiaofang , Jin Zhaolei , Wang Fang , Pan Fuyou , Okamoto Yoshio
Published: June 2011

The classical method for the preparation of immobilized polysaccharide‐based chiral stationary phases (CSPs) with a diisocyanate was improved. Cellulose or amylose was directly coated onto 3‐aminopropyl silica gel after it was dissolved in a mixture of N,N‐dimethylacetamide, LiCl, and pyridine, then immobilized onto silica gel with a diisocyanate, and finally allowed to react with an excess of corresponding isocyanate. Four polysaccharide derivatives, 3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate and 3,5‐dichlorophenylcarbamate of cellulose, and 3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate and 5‐chloro‐2‐methylphenylcarbamate of amylose, were immobilized onto silica gel utilizing this method. Compared with the classical diisocyanate method, the improved procedure avoided the derivatization and regeneration of 6‐hydroxyl groups of cellulose and amylose, and thus showed an advantage for simple and economical preparation. The relationships among the amount of diisocyanate used, immobilization efficiency, and enantioseparation on the cellulose‐based CSPs were investigated. Also, the solvent durability of the obtained CSPs was examined with eluents containing chloroform or THF. By utilizing these eluents, the chiral recognition abilities of the obtained CSPs for some of the tested racemates were improved.
A Challenge for Peptide Coarse Graining: Transferability of Fragment‐Based Models
Authors: Engin Ozge , Villa Alessandra , Peter Christine , Sayar Mehmet
Published: June 2011

Peptides are highly promising building blocks for design and development of novel materials with potential application areas ranging from drug design to biotechnology. The necessity to understand the structural and thermodynamic properties of these complex materials has led to a dramatic increase in the development of computational techniques geared specifically towards peptide‐based systems. Both all‐atom (AA) and coarse‐grained (CG) simulations of such materials have become extremely important, where the latter is an indispensable tool for reaching the time and length scales relevant to the experiments. Here, we review different approaches and discuss the challenges in the development of CG models for peptides. In particular, we concentrate on the transferability of fragment‐based CG models. We analyze the transferability of a solvent‐free CG model developed to model hydrophobic phenylalanine dipeptides (FF) in water. Here, we employ the same CG strategy—with non‐bonded potentials based on peptide fragments—to two other hydrophobic dipeptides, valine–phenylalanine (VF) and isoleucine–phenylalanine (IF). In line with the previously developed model, the dipeptides are described by seven beads and the potentials developed for FF (bonded and non‐bonded) are directly applied to describe the phenylalanine and backbone atoms, while new potentials are developed to account for the valine and isoleucine sidechains. By comparing AA and CG intra and intermolecular samplings, we show the ability of the CG model to reproduce the conformational behavior and thermodynamic association properties of the corresponding atomistic systems.

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Stereotactic techniques and perioperative management of DBS in dystonia
Authors: Starr Philip A. , Bejjani Paul , Lozano Andres M. , Metman Leo Verhagen , Hariz and Marwan I.
Published: June 2011

This article reviews the available literature related to the surgical technique for implantation of deep brain stimulation (DBS) hardware for the treatment of dystonia. Topics covered include stereotactic targeting, selection of specific hardware components, site of placement of the cable connectors and pulse generators, and postoperative documentation of electrode location. Techniques in stereotactic neurosurgery are rapidly evolving, and there is no Class I evidence to unequivocally validate any specific technique described. Nevertheless, the guidelines provided may assist surgical teams in tailoring a rational approach to DBS implantation in dystonia. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society