bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Specific thermal ablation of tumor cells using single‐walled carbon nanotubes targeted by covalently‐coupled monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Marches Radu , Chakravarty Pavitra , Musselman Inga H. , Bajaj Pooja , Azad Robert N. , Pantano Paul , Draper Rockford K. , Vitetta Ellen S.
Published: June 2009

CD22 is broadly expressed on human B cell lymphomas. Monoclonal anti‐CD22 antibodies alone, or coupled to toxins, have been used to selectively target these tumors both in SCID mice with xenografted human lymphoma cell lines and in patients with B cell lymphomas. Single‐walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) attached to antibodies or peptides represent another approach to targeting cancer cells. CNTs convert absorbed near‐infrared (NIR) light to heat, which can thermally ablate cells that have bound the CNTs. We have previously demonstrated that monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) noncovalently coupled to CNTs can specifically target and kill cells in vitro. Here, we describe the preparation of conjugates in which the MAbs are covalently conjugated to the CNTs. The specificity of both the binding and NIR‐mediated killing of the tumor cells by the MAb‐CNTs is demonstrated by using CD22+CD25− Daudi cells, CD22−CD25+ phytohemagglutinin‐activated normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and CNTs covalently modified with either anti‐CD22 or anti‐CD25. We further demonstrate that the stability and specificity of the MAb‐CNT conjugates are preserved following incubation in either sodium dodecyl sulfate or mouse serum, indicating that they should be stable for in vivo use. © 2009 UICC
Histological evaluation of chitosan‐based biomaterials used for the correction of critical size defects in rat's calvaria
Authors: Spin‐Neto Rubens , de Freitas Rubens Moreno , Pavone Chaíne , Cardoso Márcia Barreto , Campana‐Filho Sérgio Paulo , Marcantonio Rosemary Adriana Chiérici , Marcantonio Elcio
Published: June 2009

Chitosan, a biopolymer obtained from chitin, and its derivates, such as chitosan hydrochloride, has been reported as wound healing accelerators and as possible bone substitutes for tissue engineering, and therefore these substances could be relevant in dentistry and periodontology. The purpose of this investigation was to make a histological evaluation of chitosan and chitosan hydrochloride biomaterials (gels) used in the correction of critical size bone defects made in rat's calvaria. Bone defects of 8 mm in diameter were surgically created in the calvaria of 50 Holtzman (Rattus norvegicus) rats and filled with blood clot (control), low molecular weight chitosan, high molecular weight chitosan, low molecular weight chitosan hydrochloride, and high molecular weight chitosan hydrochloride, numbering 10 animals, divided into two experimental periods (15 and 60 days), for each biomaterial. The histological evaluation was made based on the morphology of the new‐formed tissues in defect's region, and the results indicated that there was no statistical difference between the groups when the new bone formation in the entire defect's area were compared (p > 0.05) and, except in the control groups, assorted degrees of inflammation could be seen. In conclusion, chitosan and chitosan hydrochloride biomaterials used in this study were not able to promote new bone formation in critical size defects made in rat's calvaria. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2010
Preparation and characterization of microspheres comprised of collagen, chondroitin sulfate, and apatite as carriers for the osteoblast‐like cell MG63
Authors: Tsai Shiao‐Wen , Chen Chia‐Chun , Liou Hau‐Min , Hsu Fu‐Yin
Published: June 2009

Numerous studies about bone matrix fabrication focus on how the species and concentrations of components affect the cellular response. However, there are few studies that investigate how the related spatial arrangement of the components influences cellular activity. The aim of this work was to develop a novel method to biomimetically manufacture a three‐dimensional mineral bone matrix and study the effect of apatite‐collagen‐chondroitin sulfate (CS) microspheres on the adhesion rate and activity of osteoblast‐like cells. Although previous studies used a crosslinking agent or lyophilized methods to fabricated three‐dimensional collagen microspheres, we produced beads composed of collagen and CS under mild reaction conditions. This process not only maintains collagen self‐assembly into fibrils with a D‐periodic pattern ability but also simultaneously introduces two major native bone matrix elements, collagen and CS, into the beads. Furthermore, we mimic the native in vivo bone matrix formation process by the direct nucleation and growth of apatite crystals on collagen fibrils. The apatite crystals are similar in composition to human bone mineral via X‐ray diffraction and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometric analysis. The cellular attachment rate of MG63 osteoblast‐like cells is significantly higher for collagen‐CS‐apatite gel beads than for collagen‐CS gel beads. In addition, with regard to the osteoblast bioactivity, we observed that alkaline phosphatase activity of MG63 cells on the collagen‐CS‐apatite gel beads higher than on the collagen‐CS gel beads on day 14. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
The application of atelocollagen gel in combination with porous scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering and its suitable conditions
Authors: Yamaoka H. , Tanaka Y. , Nishizawa S. , Asawa Y. , Takato T. , Hoshi K.
Published: June 2009

For improving the quality of tissue‐engineered cartilage, we examined the in vivo usefulness of porous bodies as scaffolds combined with an atelocollagen hydrogel, and investigated the suitable conditions for atelocollagen and seeding cells within the engineered tissues. We made tissue‐engineered constructs using a collagen sponge (CS) or porous poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) with human chondrocytes and 1% hydrogel, the concentration of which maximized the accumulation of cartilage matrices. The CS was soft with a Young's modulus of less than 1 MPa, whereas the porous PLLA was very rigid with a Young's modulus of 10 MPa. Although the constructs with the CS shrank to 50% in size after a 2‐month subcutaneous transplantation in nude mice, the PLLA constructs maintained their original sizes. Both of the porous scaffolds contained some cartilage regeneration in the presence of the chondrocytes and hydrogel, but the PLLA counterpart significantly accumulated abundant matrices in vivo. Regarding the conditions of the chondrocytes, the cartilage regeneration was improved in inverse proportion to the passage numbers among passages 3–8, and was linear with the cell densities (106 to 108 cells/mL). Thus, the rigid porous scaffold can maintain the size of the tissue‐engineered cartilage and realize fair cartilage regeneration in vivo when combined with 1% atelocollagen and some conditioned chondrocytes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2010
Electrical regulation of Schwann cells using conductive polypyrrole/chitosan polymers
Authors: Huang Jinghui , Hu Xueyu , Lu Lei , Ye Zhengxu , Zhang Quanyu , Luo Zhuojing
Published: June 2009

Electrical stimulation (ES) can dramatically enhance neurite outgrowth through conductive polymers and accelerate peripheral nerve regeneration in animal models of nerve injury. Therefore, conductive tissue engineering graft in combination with ES is a potential treatment for neural injuries. Conductive tissue engineering graft can be obtained by seeding Schwann cells on conductive scaffold. However, when ES is applied through the conductive scaffold, the impact of ES on Schwann cells has never been investigated. In this study, a biodegradable conductive composite made of conductive polypyrrole (PPy, 2.5%) and biodegradable chitosan (97.5%) was prepared in order to electrically stimulate Schwann cells. The tolerance of Schwann cells to ES was examined by a cell apoptosis assay. The growth of the cells was characterized using DAPI staining and a MTT assay. mRNA and protein levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in Schwann cells were assayed by RT‐PCR and Western blotting, and the amount of NGF and BDNF secreted was determined by an ELISA assay. The results showed that the PPy/chitosan membranes supported cell adhesion, spreading, and proliferation with or without ES. Interestingly, ES applied through the PPy/chitosan composite dramatically enhanced the expression and secretion of NGF and BDNF when compared with control cells without ES. These findings highlight for the first time the possibility of enhancing nerve regeneration in conductive scaffolds through ES‐increased neurotrophin secretion. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2010
Family‐directed cognitive adaptation for schizophrenia
Authors: Friedman‐Yakoobian Michelle S. , Mueser Kim T. , Giuliano Anthony , Goff Donald C. , Seidman Larry J.
Published: June 2009

Cognitive impairment is pervasive in schizophrenia and is a major cause of poor functioning and caregiver burden. However, there are few treatments specifically aimed at helping families cope with a relative's cognitive difficulties and reducing the effects of cognitive impairments on the client's daily functioning. Family‐directed cognitive adaptation (FCA) is a 16‐session treatment developed to address this need. In this article, we provide a rationale for the development of FCA, describe the program itself, and summarize a pilot study aimed at evaluating the acceptability and feasibility of the treatment. We conclude with a case example of a family who participated in the program. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 65: 1–14, 2009.
Fibrosarcomatous transformation in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of the breast—A case report
Authors: Kim Min Sun , Kim Kyu Soon , Han Hyun Young , Kang Yoon Jung , Choi Young Jin , Kang Dong Wook , Kim Joo Heon
Published: June 2009

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare cutaneous malignant tumor that usually occurs in the trunk, extremities, head, and neck but very rarely in the breast. Fibrosarcomatous transformation of DFSP is even rarer, with a higher risk of distant metastasis and poorer prognosis than DFSP. We report a case of such transformation in a DFSP in the breast. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2009
Prenatal diagnosis of schizencephaly with 2D‐3D sonography and MRI
Authors: Gedikbasi Ali , Yildirim Gokhan , Saygi Sezin , Arslan Oguz , Gul Ahmet , Ceylan Yavuz
Published: June 2009

We report a case of schizencephaly diagnosed prenatally at 23 weeks of gestational age with two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) sonography and fetal brain MRI, confirmed by autopsy. The diagnostic method of choice is 2D transabdominal and transvaginal sonography, whereas additional 3D sonography and MRI may provide a better understanding of the pathology and related findings. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2009
Sonographic appearance of a migrated Angelchik anti‐reflux prosthesis in the pelvis
Authors: Zavareh Ali , Dubbins Paul
Published: June 2009

Surgical implantation of Angelchik prosthesis around the distal esophagus was a popular treatment for gastroesophageal reflux in the 1980s. However, because of frequent complications, this surgical technique was abandoned. We report a case of a migrated Angelchik prosthesis in a 56‐year‐old woman in whom the prosthesis was found in the pelvic cavity 20 years after the initial surgery. The plain radiographic and ultrasound findings are described. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2009
PIV as a method for quantifying root cell growth and particle displacement in confocal images
Authors: Bengough A. Glyn , Hans Joachim , Bransby M. Fraser , Valentine Tracy A.
Published: June 2009

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) quantifies displacement of patches of pixels between successive images. We evaluated PIV as a tool for microscopists by measuring displacements of cells and of a surrounding granular medium in confocal laser scanning microscopy images of Arabidopsis thaliana roots labeled with cell‐membrane targeted green fluorescent protein. Excellent accuracy (e.g., displacement standard deviation <0.006 pixels) was obtained for root images that had undergone rigid digital translations of up to 40 pixels. Analysis of zoomed images showed that magnifications of up to 5% maintained good linear relations between PIV‐predicted and actual displacements (r2 > 0.83). Root mean squared error for these distorted images was 0.4–1.1 pixels, increasing at higher magnification factors. Cell growth and rhizosphere deformation were tracked with good temporal (e.g., 1‐min interval) and spatial resolution, with PIV patches located on recognizable cell features being tracked more successfully. Appropriate choice of GFP‐label was important to decrease small‐scale biological noise due to intracellular motion. PIV of roots grown in stiff 2% versus 0.7% agar showed patterns of cell expansion consistent with physically impeded roots of other species. Roots in glass ballotini underwent rapid changes in growth direction on a timescale of minutes, associated with localized arching of ballotini. By tracking cell vertices, we monitored automatically cell length, width, and area every minute for 0.5 h for cells in different stages of development. In conclusion, PIV measured displacements successfully in images of living root cells and the external granular medium, revealing much potential for use by microscopists. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Utilization of high‐accuracy FTICR‐MS data in protein quantitation experiments
Authors: Strohalm Martin , Novak Petr , Pompach Petr , Man Petr , Kavan Daniel , Witt Matthias , Dzubak Petr , Hajduch Marian , Havlicek Vladimir
Published: June 2009

Human acute T‐lymphoblastic leukemia cell line (CEM) treated with cisplatin, and the stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) strategy were used to present an improved method of data processing in high‐accuracy mass spectrometry (MS). By using peptide mass fingerprinting with low mass tolerance, we were able to utilize far more data retained in MS scans which would normally be missed by a standard processing method. This new way of data interpretation results in an improvement of the relevance of quantitation experiments and enabled us to search and quantify different types of posttranslational modifications. Furthermore, we used this technique to distinguish among different protein isoforms, commonly returned by Mascot search engine. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of cytosine methylation on the chemoselectivity of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide‐oligonucleotide adducts determined using nanoLC/MS/MS
Authors: Glick James , Xiong Wennan , Lin Yiqing , Noronha Anne M. , Wilds Christopher J. , Vouros Paul
Published: June 2009

Benzo[a]pyrene is a major carcinogen implicated in human lung cancer. Almost 60% of human lung cancers have a mutation in the p53 tumor suppressor gene at several specific codons. An on‐line nanoLC/MS/MS method using a monolithic nanocolumn was applied to investigate the chemoselectivity of the carcinogenic diol epoxide metabolite, ( ± )‐(7R,8S,9S,10R)‐benzo[a]pyrene 7,8‐diol 9,10‐epoxide [( ± )‐anti‐benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE)], which was reacted in vitro with a synthesized 14‐mer double stranded oligonucleotide (5′‐ACCCG5CG7TCCG11CG13C‐3′/5′‐GCGCGGGCGCGGGT‐3′) derived from the p53 gene. This sequence contained codons 157 and 158, which are considered mutational ‘hot spots’ and have also been reported as chemical ‘hot spots’ for the formation of BPDE‐DNA adducts. In evaluating the effect of cytosine methylation on BPDE‐DNA adduct binding, it was found that codon 156, containing the nucleobase G5 instead of the mutational hot spot codons 157 (G7) and 158 (G11), was the preferential chemoselective binding site for BPDE. In all permethylated cases studied, the relative ratio for adduction was found to be G5≫ G11 > G13 > G7. Permethylation of CpG dinucleotide sites on either the nontranscribed or complementary strand did not change the order of sequence preference but did enhance the relative adduction level of the G11 CpG site (codon 158) approximately two‐fold versus the unmethylated oligomer. Permethylation of all CpG dinucleotide sites on the duplex changed the order of relative adduction to G5≫ G7 > G11 > G13. The three‐ to four‐fold increase in adduction at the mutational hot spot codon 157 (G7) relative to the unmethylated or single‐stranded permethylated cases suggests a possible relationship between the state of methylation and adduct formation for a particular mutation site in the p53 gene. Using this method, only 125 ng (30 pmol) of adducted oligonucleotide was analyzed with minimal sample cleanup and high chromatographic resolution of positional isomers in a single chromatographic run. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on the metabolism of mitragynine, the main alkaloid of the herbal drug Kratom, in rat and human urine using liquid chromatography‐linear ion trap mass spectrometry
Authors: Philipp Anika A. , Wissenbach Dirk K. , Zoerntlein Siegfried W. , Klein Oliver N. , Kanogsunthornrat Jidapha , Maurer Hans H.
Published: June 2009

Mitragynine (MG) is an indole alkaloid of the Thai medicinal plant Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom in Thai) and reported to have opioid agonistic properties. Because of its stimulant and euphoric effects, Kratom is used as a herbal drug of abuse. The aim of the presented study is to identify the phase I and II metabolites of MG in rat and human urine after solid‐phase extraction (SPE) using liquid chromatography‐linear ion trap mass spectrometry providing detailed structure information in the MSn mode particularly with high resolution. The seven identified phase I metabolites indicated that MG was metabolized by hydrolysis of the methylester in position 16, O‐demethylation of the 9‐methoxy group and of the 17‐methoxy group, followed, via the intermediate aldehydes, by oxidation to carboxylic acids or reduction to alcohols and combinations of some steps. In rats, four metabolites were additionally conjugated to glucuronides and one to sulfate, but in humans, three metabolites to glucuronides and three to sulfates. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development coaching: Helping scientific and technical professionals make the leap into leadership
Authors: Hurd Jean L.
Published: June 2009

Why is it so difficult for many technical professionals to become effective managers? As a vehicle for detailed, actionable feedback and early individualized support, coaching can guide the new leader in shifting fundamental values and developing the practices and relationship skills needed to succeed in the role—and to help others succeed. The author discusses four shared characteristics of scientific/engineering professionals that create challenges for them when they take on leadership responsibilities and illustrates two key strategies for successfully transitioning these professionals into leadership roles. She explains the six steps of the leadership development coaching model for deploying these key strategies, and presents coaching case studies of four people's journeys to become effective leaders. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Defending local business roots: The case of the Norwegian Book Clubs
Authors: McCarthy John F. (Jack) , Manolova Tatiana S.
Published: June 2009

This exploratory case study examines the challenges faced by the Norwegian Book Clubs, a well‐established company in a small country's book distribution sector, and the company's strategic responses to the challenge of industry deregulation and related threat of foreign competition. The theoretical argument of the study is shaped by the “liability of foreignness” hypothesis (Hymer, 1976) but takes the perspective of the indigenous market player. This theoretical lens is supplemented with insights on entry deterrent strategies from industrial organization (Bain, 1956). Case findings suggest industry incumbents can reinforce their “local player advantage” through simultaneously strengthening their organizational capabilities, increasing their positional advantages in the domestic market, and enhancing their local embeddedness. The authors further find that market characteristics and government regulations significantly affect the relationship between company strategic responses and the local player's advantage. Implications for theory, managerial practice, and public policy are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometric analysis of irbesartan in human plasma: Application to pharmacokinetic study of irbesartan
Authors: Lee Hye Won , Ji Hye Young , Park Eun‐Seok , Lee Kang Choon , Lee Hye Suk
Published: June 2009

A hydrophilic interaction chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometric method (HILIC/MS/MS) for the determination of irbesartan in human plasma was developed. Irbesartan and losartan (internal standard) were extracted from human plasma with ethyl acetate at acidic pH. The analytes were analyzed on a Luna HILIC column with the mobile phase of ACN–ammonium formate (50 mM, pH 6.5) (96:4, v/v) and detected by ESI MS/MS in the selected reaction monitoring mode. The standard curve was linear (r2 = 0.9981) over the concentration range of 10–2500 ng/mL and the lower LOQ was 10 ng/mL using 100 μL of plasma sample. The CV and relative error for intra‐ and interassay at four QC levels were 2.9 to 8.1% and –2.7 to 2.3%, respectively. There were less absolute and relative matrix effects for irbesartan and losartan. The present method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of irbesartan after oral dose of irbesartan (150 mg tablet) to male healthy volunteers.
Dynamic control of split flow in packed column supercritical fluid chromatography using dual resistively heated restrictors
Authors: Li Jian Jun , Thurbide Kevin B.
Published: June 2009

Remote control of the vent/detector split flow ratio in packed column supercritical fluid chromatography (pSFC) with flame ionization detector (FID) is demonstrated using a dual heated restrictor method. Restrictors stemming from a Tee at the separation column outlet were, respectively, fixed into an FID and a vent port, and their individual temperatures were controlled using resistively heated wires. Subsequently, both system pressure and split flow could be manipulated. For example, for applied restrictor temperatures examined up to 600°C, corresponding vent/FID split flow ratios between 2 and 7 were observed depending on the port heated. As well, column pressures around 16–23 MPa were also achievable over the same range. Conversely, isobaric altering of the split flow ratio was possible when opposing positive and negative temperature gradients were applied at the two restrictors. Under these conditions, the system pressure varied less than 1% RSD over a 10 min period. As an application, the method was used to establish stable detector operation in the analysis of n‐alkanes under pSFC‐FID conditions that initiated flame instability. Results indicate that this technique could be a relatively simple and inexpensive means of controlling system pressure and detector split flow ratios in pSFC‐FID.
Secondary tracheoesophageal puncture: Blind technique with a rigid hysterometer
Authors: Pighi Gian Paolo , Barbieri Franco , Adami Roberto , Fiorino Francesco
Published: June 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

The use of a rigid esophagoscope during tracheoesophageal puncture for speaking valve insertion in laryngectomized patients may be hindered by stenosis of the esophagus, or arthritic deformation of the spine, limiting extension of the neck. To prevent complications we currently perform a blind technique in these patients with the use of a rigid hysterometer instead of the esophagoscope.

Methods:

Ten patients underwent secondary tracheoesophageal puncture using a rigid hysterometer. This was inserted through the mouth and gently advanced along the cervical esophagus to the level of the tracheostomy. A transverse incision was made on the posterior membranaceous wall of the trachea to enable the hysterometer to enter the tracheal lumen. The curved cannula of a Provox trocar was retrogradely inserted into the fistula following the hysterometer as a guide. After withdrawing the hysterometer, a Provox flexible guidewire was introduced into the cannula and advanced up to the oral cavity to anchor a Blom‐Singer prosthesis. Withdrawal of the guidewire enabled the prosthesis to be housed in the fistula.

Results:

All patients had a successful surgical outcome without any intra‐ or postoperative complications. The resulting fistula was adequate and enabled patients to wear their prostheses without trouble and to quickly acquire an intelligible voice.

Conclusions:

The limited thickness allows easy advance of the hysterometer beyond esophageal stenotic tracts, and its particular curved conformation permits progression toward the level of the tracheostomy in patients who cannot assume a relaxed, extended supine position on the operating table. Laryngoscope, 2009
Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in patients with the mitochondrial A1555G mutation
Authors: Kawashima Yoshiyuki , Noguchi Yoshihiro , Ito Taku , Kitamura Ken
Published: June 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To evaluate the vestibular function in patients with the mitochondrial DNA A1555G mutation.

Study Design:

Data from patients with the mutation at an academic tertiary referral center were prospectively recorded.

Methods:

The histories of five unrelated patients with bilateral moderate to profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) carrying the A1555G (A to G substitution at 1555 nucleotide) mutation were recorded, especially their history of vestibular symptoms. Thereafter, vestibular examinations, including positional, positioning and spontaneous nystagmus testing; caloric response testing; and vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) testing were performed. In the cases where the VEMP activity presented, the amplitudes of the first positive‐negative peak (p13‐n23) of the mutation group were compared to a healthy volunteer group and to a sudden SNHL group.

Results:

Four of the five patients suffered from repetitive vestibular symptoms. Positioning, positional, and spontaneous nystagmus were not observed except in one patient. Three of the five patients had normal caloric responses, but all the patients had abnormal VEMPs. The interpeak amplitudes in the mutation group were significantly lower at the intensities of 95 and 105 dB normal hearing level (nHL) in comparison to the healthy volunteer group. In addition, the amplitudes in the mutation group were significantly lower at the intensity of 95 dB nHL in comparison to the sudden SNHL groups.

Conclusions:

These results indicated that the A1555G mutation can cause vestibular dysfunction, especially saccular dysfunction and cochlear dysfunction. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the pathophysiological nature of the inner ear dysfunction in patients with the A1555G mutation. Laryngoscope, 2009
Differential remodeling of mono‐ and trimethylated H3K27 during porcine embryo development
Authors: Park Ki‐Eun , Magnani Luca , Cabot Ryan A.
Published: June 2009

Histone methylation plays an important role in regulating chromatin structure and gene expression. Methylation of the lysine residue 27 of histone H3 (H3K27) is an epigenetic mark that is closely linked with transcriptional repression; global patterns of H3K27 methylation undergo dramatic changes during cleavage development in the mouse. The aim of this study was to characterize the H3K27 methylation pattern in cleavage stage porcine embryos obtained either by in vivo or in vitro fertilization or parthenogenetic activation and to determine the expression patterns of EED, EZH2, and SUZ12 (regulators of H3K27 methylation). We found that monomethylated H3K27 was detectable in the nuclei of oocytes and pronuclear, 2‐cell, 4‐cell, 8‐cell, and blastocyst stage embryos. Trimethylated H3K27 was detectable in the nuclei of GV stage oocytes, the chromosome of MII stage oocytes and a single pronucleus of the pronuclear stage embryos produced by fertilization; the signals were faint or absent in nuclei of two‐cell through blastocyst stage embryos. In addition, EED transcripts were increased from the four‐cell stage (P < 0.05) in embryos obtained by in vitro fertilization, parthenogenetic activation and in vivo fertilization. EZH2 transcript levels were highest in the GV‐stage oocyte (P < 0.05). SUZ12 transcripts were transiently increased at the four‐cell stage (P < 0.05) in parthenogenetic and in vivo derived embryos. Our results suggest that H3K27 trimethylation is an epigenetic marker of maternally derived chromatin that is globally remodeled during porcine embryogenesis. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 1033–1042, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Micro MRI of the mouse brain using a novel 400 MHz cryogenic quadrature RF probe
Authors: Baltes Christof , Radzwill Nicole , Bosshard Simone , Marek Daniel , Rudin Markus
Published: June 2009

The increasing number of mouse models of human disease used in biomedical research applications has led to an enhanced interest in non‐invasive imaging of mice, e.g. using MRI for phenotyping. However, MRI of small rodents puts high demands on the sensitivity of data acquisition. This requirement can be addressed by using cryogenic radio‐frequency (RF) detection devices. The aim of this work was to investigate the in vivo performance of a 400 MHz cryogenic transmit/receive RF probe (CryoProbe) designed for MRI of the mouse brain. To characterize this novel probe, MR data sets were acquired with both the CryoProbe and a matched conventional receive‐only surface coil operating at room temperature (RT) using conventional acquisition protocols (gradient and spin echo) with identical parameter settings. Quantitative comparisons in phantom and in vivo experiments revealed gains in the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of 2.4 and 2.5, respectively. The increased sensitivity of the CryoProbe was invested to enhance the image quality of high resolution structural images acquired in scan times compatible with routine operation (< 45 min). In high resolution (30 × 30 × 300 µm3) structural images of the mouse cerebellum, anatomical details such as Purkinje cell and molecular layers could be identified. Similarly, isotropic (60 × 60 × 60 µm3) imaging of mouse cortical and subcortical areas revealed anatomical structures smaller than 100 µm. Finally, 3D MR angiography (52 × 80 × 80 µm3) of the brain vasculature enabled the detailed reconstruction of intracranial vessels (anterior and middle cerebral artery). In conclusion, this low temperature detection device represents an attractive option to increase the performance of small animal MR systems operating at 9.4 Tesla. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Several simultaneous formulations for transient dynamic response optimization: An evaluation
Authors: Wang Qian , Arora Jasbir S.
Published: June 2009

Several simultaneous formulations for transient dynamic response optimization are described, analyzed and compared. A key feature of the formulations is that the state variables, in addition to the real design variables, are treated as independent variables in the optimization process. The state variables include different combinations of generalized displacements, velocities and accelerations. Formulations based on different discretization techniques for first‐order and second‐order differential equations are presented. Finite difference, Newmark's method and methods based on collocation are all discussed. Similar to the simultaneous analysis and design approach used for the optimization of structures subjected to static loads and the direct collocation/transcription method for optimal control, the equations of motion are treated as equality constraints. A major advantage of these formulations is that special design sensitivity analysis methods are no longer needed. However, the formulations have larger numbers of variables and constraints. Therefore, sparsity of the problem functions must be exploited in all the calculations. Advantages and disadvantages of the formulations are discussed. The numerical results for an example problem and performance features of the formulations are compared. All the formulations converge to the optimum solution for the example problem. They are quite efficient for a smaller number of time grid points; however, the computational times increase as the number of grid points is increased. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keeping up with the Joneses: The relationship of perceived descriptive social norms, social information, and charitable giving
Authors: Croson Rachel , Handy Femida , Shang Jen
Published: June 2009

We study the influence of perceived descriptive social norms on subsequent giving behavior to nonprofits, explore how social information can influence these norms, and provide insight for fundraising practice. A survey conducted in a nonprofit organization first shows that donors use their beliefs about the descriptive social norm to inform their own donation behavior. Donors who believe that others make high contributions tend to make high contributions themselves. Next, a laboratory experiment demonstrates the influence of social information on the descriptive social norm and consequently on giving. These results suggest strategies for fundraising practice. Informing donors of contributions made by another person influences their perceptions about the descriptive social norm, which in turn influences their giving behavior. We conclude with a discussion of theoretical and practical implications.
“Put me in, Coach”: A pilot evaluation of executive coaching in the nonprofit sector
Authors: Fischer Robert L. , Beimers David
Published: June 2009

The use of executive coaching within the nonprofit sector has received increased attention over the past decade as a mechanism to build capacity and address issues of burnout and turnover among executives. This article presents the results of an evaluation of a pilot six‐month executive coaching program that was implemented in 2005 in an urban metropolitan area. The evaluation collected data through surveys and semistructured interviews with nine executive directors and five coaches who participated in the pilot and analyzed the data to assess the effectiveness of the delivery and usefulness of the experience. The coaching experience was rated as very helpful and supportive of the development of executive directors as nonprofit leaders.
Synthesis, characterization, and comparison of properties of new fluorinated poly(arylene ether)s containing phthalimidine moiety in the main chain
Authors: Mohanty Aruna Kumar , Sen Suman Kumar , Ghosh Anindita , Maji Samarendra , Banerjee Susanta
Published: June 2009

Four new poly(arylene ether)s have been prepared by the reaction of N‐phenyl‐3,3‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)phthalimidine (PA) with four different perfluoroalkylated monomers namely 1,3‐bis(4′‐fluoro‐3′‐trifluoromethyl benzyl) benzene, 4,4′‐bis(4′‐fluoro‐3′‐trifluoromethyl benzyl) biphenyl, 2,6‐bis(4′‐fluoro‐3′‐trifluoromethyl benzyl) pyridine, and 2,5‐bis(4′‐fluoro‐3′‐trifluoromethyl benzyl) thiophene. The poly(arylene ether)s were characterized by different spectroscopic, thermal, mechanical, and electrical techniques. The poly(arylene ether) containing quadriphenyl unit in the main chain showed very high glass transition temperature of 291°C and outstanding thermal stability upto 556°C for 10% weight loss under a 4:1 nitrogen:oxygen mixture. The polymers were soluble in a wide range of organic solvents. Transparent thin films of these polymers exhibited tensile strengths upto 75 MPa and elongation at break upto 32%. The films of these polymers showed low water absorption of 0.26%. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Signal transduction responses to lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine 1‐phosphate in human prostate cancer cells
Authors: Gibbs Terra C. , Rubio Maria V. , Zhang Zhihong , Xie Yuhuan , Kipp Kevin R. , Meier Kathryn E.
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) are lipid mediators that bind to G‐protein‐coupled receptors. In this study, signaling responses to 18:1 LPA and S1P were examined in parallel in three human prostate cancer cell lines: PC‐3, Du145, and LNCaP.

METHODS

Receptor expression was assessed by RT‐PCR, Northern blotting, and immunoblotting. Cellular responses to mediators were studied by proliferation assays, phosphoprotein immunoblotting, and phospholipid metabolism assays.

RESULTS

All cell lines express mRNA for both LPA and S1P receptors. PC‐3 and Du145, but not LNCaP, proliferate in response to LPA and S1P. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA), LPA, and S1P induce activation of Erks in PC‐3 and Du145; only EGF and PMA activate Erks in LNCaP. In Du145 and PC‐3, Akt is activated by EGF, LPA, and S1P. Akt is constitutively active in LNCaP; EGF but not LPA or S1P stimulates further phosphorylation. FAK is phosphorylated in response to both LPA and S1P in PC‐3 and Du145, but not in LNCaP. LPA and S1P stimulate phospholipase D (PLD) activity to varying extents in the different cell lines. Notably, both lipid mediators activate PLD in LNCaP. In Du145, LPA, but not S1P, activates PLD and enhances cellular production of LPA.

CONCLUSIONS

Although both LPA and S1P induce signal transduction in all prostate cancer cell lines studied, a proliferation response is observed only when the Erk, Akt, and FAK pathways are activated. Other responses to the lipid mediators, such as PLD activation, likely contribute to other cellular outcomes. Prostate 69: 1493–1506, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the accuracy of inferring energetic coupling between distant sites in protein families from evolutionary imprints: Illustrations using lattice model
Authors: Liu Zhenxing , Chen Jie , Thirumalai D.
Published: June 2009

It is suspected that correlated motions among a subset of spatially separated residues drive conformational dynamics not only in multidomain but also in single domain proteins. Sequence and structure‐based methods have been proposed to determine covariation between two sites on a protein. The statistical coupling analysis (SCA) that compares the changes in probability at two sites in a multiple sequence alignment (MSA) and a subset of the MSA has been used to infer the network of residues that encodes allosteric signals in protein families. The structural perturbation method (SPM), that probes the response of a local perturbation at all other sites, has been used to probe the allostery wiring diagram in biological machines and enzymes. To assess the efficacy of the SCA, we used an exactly soluble two dimensional lattice model and performed double‐mutant cycle (DMC) calculations to predict the extent of physical coupling between two sites. The predictions of the SCA and the DMC results show that only residues that are in contact in the native state are accurately identified. In addition, covariations among strongly interacting residues are most easily identified by the SCA. These conclusions are consistent with the DMC experiments on the PDZ family. Good correlation between the SCA and the DMC is only obtained by performing multiple experiments that vary the nature of amino acids at a given site. In contrast, the energetic coupling found in experiments for the PDZ domain are recovered using the SPM. We also predict, using the SPM, several residues that are coupled energetically. Proteins 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fast and accurate automatic structure prediction with HHpred
Authors: Hildebrand Andrea , Remmert Michael , Biegert Andreas , Söding Johannes
Published: June 2009

Automated protein structure prediction is becoming a mainstream tool for biological research. This has been fueled by steady improvements of publicly available automated servers over the last decade, in particular their ability to build good homology models for an increasing number of targets by reliably detecting and aligning more and more remotely homologous templates. Here, we describe the three fully automated versions of the HHpred server that participated in the community‐wide blind protein structure prediction competition CASP8. What makes HHpred unique is the combination of usability, short response times (typically under 15 min) and a model accuracy that is competitive with those of the best servers in CASP8. Proteins 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural basis of typhoid: Salmonella typhi type IVb pilin (PilS) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator interaction
Authors: Balakrishna Asha M. , Saxena Anand M. , Mok Henry Yu‐Keung , Swaminathan Kunchithapadam
Published: June 2009

The type IVb pilus of the enteropathogenic bacteria Salmonella typhi is a major adhesion factor during the entry of this pathogen into gastrointestinal epithelial cells. Its target of adhesion is a stretch of 10 residues from the first extracellular domain of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). The crystal structure of the N‐terminal 25 amino acid deleted S. typhi native PilS protein (ΔPilS), which makes the pilus, was determined at 1.9 Å resolution by the multiwavelength anomalous dispersion method. Also, the structure of the complex of ΔPilS and a target CFTR peptide, determined at 1.8 Å, confirms that residues 113–117 (NKEER) of CFTR are involved in binding with the pilin protein and gives us insight on the amino acids that are essential for binding. Furthermore, we have also explored the role of a conserved disulfide bridge in pilus formation. The subunit structure and assembly architecture are crucial for understanding pilus functions and designing suitable therapeutics against typhoid. Proteins 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Performance of the Pro‐sp3‐TASSER server in CASP8
Authors: Zhou Hongyi , Pandit Shashi B. , Skolnick Jeffrey
Published: June 2009

The performance of the protein structure prediction server pro‐sp3‐TASSER in CASP8 is described. Compared to CASP7, the major improvement in prediction is in the quality of input models to TASSER. These improvements are due to the PRO‐SP3 threading method, the improved quality of contact predictions provided by TASSER_2.0, multiple short TASSER simulations for building the full‐length model, and the accuracy of model selection using the TASSER‐QA quality assessment method. Finally, we analyze the overall performance and highlight some successful predictions of the pro‐sp3‐TASSER server. Proteins 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ab‐initio theory of semiconductor band structures: New developments and progress
Authors: Bechstedt F. , Fuchs F. , Kresse G.
Published: June 2009

We present most recent developments to calculate the electronic states of semiconductors and insulators without taking into account experimental parameters. They are based on the solution of the quasiparticle equation starting with a reasonable zeroth order approximation for the electronic states and the GW approximation for the exchange–correlation self‐energy. Due to inclusion of screened exchange effects from the very beginning, self‐consistency can be easily reached. The advantages with respect to a starting point based on single‐particle eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the ground‐state density functional theory (DFT) are clearly shown for band gaps, positions of semicore d‐bands, and densities of states. The progress is demonstrated for compounds containing first‐row elements such as metal oxides and nitrides whose gaps are much too small or even negative within the conventional DFT. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Reliability‐based robust design optimization: A multi‐objective framework using hybrid quality loss function
Authors: Yadav Om Prakash , Bhamare Sunil S. , Rathore Ajay
Published: June 2009

In this globally competitive business environment, design engineers are constantly striving to establish new and effective tools and techniques to ensure a robust and reliable product design. Robust design (RD) and reliability‐based design approaches have shown the potential to deal with variability in the life cycle of a product. This paper explores the possibilities of combining both approaches into a single model and proposes a hybrid quality loss function‐based multi‐objective optimization model. The model is unique because it uses a hybrid form of quality loss‐based objective function that is defined in terms of desirable as well as undesirable deviations to obtain efficient design points with minimum quality loss. The proposed approach attempts to optimize the product design by addressing quality loss, variability, and life‐cycle issues simultaneously by combining both reliability‐based and RD approaches into a single model with various customer aspirations. The application of the approach is demonstrated using a leaf spring design example. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of Tencel treated with a cationic β‐cyclodextrin derivative
Authors: Kistamah N. , Carr C. M. , Rosunee S.
Published: June 2009

The interaction and the durability to laundering of a cationic β‐cyclodextrin derivative applied to Tencel were examined by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The N1(s) XPS spectra of the cationic β‐cyclodextrin treated substrates revealed the presence of the applied finish on the fibre surface and that the durability of the applied finish to hand‐wash was good. However, the cationic β‐cyclodextrin derivative showed poor durability to the ISO CO6/C2S wash protocol. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The design and analysis of split‐mouth studies: What statisticians and clinicians should know
Authors: Lesaffre Emmanuel , Philstrom Bruce , Needleman Ian , Worthington Helen
Published: June 2009

The split‐mouth design is a popular design in oral health research. In the most common split‐mouth study, each of two treatments are randomly assigned to either the right or left halves of the dentition. The attractiveness of the design is that it removes a lot of inter‐individual variability from the estimates of the treatment effect. However, already about 20 years ago the pitfalls of the design have been reported in the oral health literature. Yet, many clinicians are not aware of the potential problems with the split‐mouth design. Further, it is our experience that most statisticians are not even aware of the existence of this design. Since most of the critical remarks appeared in the oral health literature, we argue that it is necessary to introduce the split‐mouth design to a statistical audience, so that both clinicians and statisticians clearly understand the advantages, limitations, statistical considerations, and implications of its use in clinical trials and advise them on its use in practice. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corporate social responsibility and requisite holism—supported by tradable permits
Authors: Bozicnik Stane , Mulej Matjaz
Published: June 2009

(Corporate) social responsibility (SR) is a way towards requisite holism by creation of ethics. By SR the contemporary world might create a new economy with (informal) systems thinking, including a sustainable model of dynamic management of CO2 emissions. The existing CO2 tradable permits concept does not provide it. Based of systemic thinking (by Mulej's Dialectical Systems Theory) we drafted a worldwide model of CO2 (hot‐bed‐gases) emissions management. One must limit all emissions on the Planet‐Earth‐level in equilibrium with the carrying capacity of Earth. Neither governments nor market forces alone can handle the problem, but they can handle it in inter‐disciplinary international creative cooperation, possibly guided by United Nations Organization. Our model offers a requisitely holistic basis for it: it offers a synergy of tradable emission permits and international agreement on emission cap. Then, more SR may be attainable and lead to more holism/success in sustainable‐future management. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.