bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Karagoz Co-Opted: Turkish Shadow Theatre of the Early Republic (1923-1945)
Authors: Ozturk Serdar
Published: January 2007

During the early Turkish republic karagöz shadow theatre's Ottoman patterns were transformed. Reformers attempted to restrict coffeehouses where the art had flourished and developed written texts to replace the improvised practice of the past. They sponsored performances in government-supported community centers and created shows to promote government policies. The efforts meant that an art, which had grown from lower-class satire of the elite was purged of obscene elements, characters were changed to conform to modern ideology, and government control was asserted on what had been a domain of free speech. It is possible that the efforts to restructure the once vibrant art helped hasten its decline.
The Meaning of Signs: Diagnosing the French Pox in Early Modern Augsburg
Authors: Stein Claudia L'Engle
Published: January 2007

This article reconstructs the diagnostic act of the French pox in the French-disease hospital of sixteenth-century Augsburg. It focuses on how the participants in the clinical encounter imagined the configuration of the pox and its localization in the human body. Of central importance for answering this question is the early modern conception of physical signs. It has been argued that it was due to a specific understanding of bodily signs and their relationship to a disease and its causes, that disease definition and classification in the early modern period showed a high degree of flexibility and fluidity. This paper looks at how the sixteenth-century theoretical conception of physical signs not only shaped the diagnosis and treatment of the pox but also reflected the overall organization of institutions.
China and India: Towards Greater Cooperation and Exchange
Authors: Goh Gillian Hui Lynn
Published: January 2007

The rapid and parallel rise of China and India on the world stage has resulted in rife critical comparisons of the two Asian giants. However, an exploration of potential scope for Sino-Indian cooperation to their mutual benefit may prove a more fruitful exercise. Whether in the economic or strategic sense, or whether pertaining to aspirations towards global power status, Sino-Indian interests are certainly converging. Already, progressively deeper Sino-Indian interactions signal a ripening of mutual trust. This could pave the way for the establishment of specific platforms of mutual collaboration, lesson-learning and aid which would not only be useful in themselves, but may serve as important confidence building-measures for the future.
China's History Activism and Sino-Japanese Relations
Authors: Reilly James
Published: January 2007

This essay explores the emergence and impact of populist "history activism" in China. History activism includes museums and academics documenting Japanese wartime atrocities in China, the redress movement demanding compensation for Chinese victims and popular protests against Japan over a range of issues. While the Chinese state played a central enabling role in the emergence of history activism in the early 1990s, activists have subsequently mobilised popular sentiments, lobbied for official support and exacerbated tensions between China and Japan.
Deciding on Institutionalization for a Relative with Dementia: The Most Difficult Decision for Caregivers
Authors: Caron Chantal D. , Ducharme Francine , Griffith Jennifer
Published: January 2007

The decision to move a family member with dementia to a nursing home is a difficult experience for caregivers. Complex psychosocial factors are involved and knowledge of predictive factors alone is insufficient. Using grounded theory, this study explores the decision-making process with regards to institutionalization, from the perspective of family caregivers. Fourteen people who moved a relative to long-term care in the preceding 6 months were interviewed. Data analysis using comparative analysis and line-by-line dimensional analysis was used to develop a theoretical model of the decision-making process. Three factors within the model were central to the process: (a) caregivers' perceptions of their ability to provide care, (b) caregivers' evaluations of their relatives' ability to make care decisions, and (c) the evolving influence of contextual factors and interactions with healthcare professionals. The contribution of these findings to new conceptualizations of institutionalization is discussed.
Accessible Support for Family Caregivers of Seniors with Chronic Conditions: From Isolation to Inclusion
Authors: Stewart Miriam , Barnfather Alison , Neufeld Anne , Warren Sharon , Letourneau Nicole , Liu Lili
Published: January 2007

Accessible support programs can improve health outcomes for family caregivers of older relatives with a chronic condition. Over the course of 6 months, 27 experienced family caregivers provided weekly support via the telephone to 66 individuals, either new family caregivers of seniors recently diagnosed with stroke or newly vulnerable family caregivers (i.e., facing increasing demands from the deterioration of their senior relative's condition) of seniors with Alzheimer's disease. Qualitative data documented the perceived impact of the intervention, including increased satisfaction with support, coping skills, caregiving competence and confidence, and decreased caregiver burden and loneliness. Caregivers identified varied support processes that overcame support deficits in their social networks. These processes can facilitate replication in future research and inform practice, programs, and policies.
A Leadership Identity Development Model: Applications from a Grounded Theory
Authors: Komives Susan R. , Longerbeam Susan D , Owen Julie E , Mainella Felicia C , Osteen Laura
Published: January 2007

This article describes a stage-based model of leadership identity development (LID) that resulted from a grounded theory study on developing a leadership identity (Komives, Owen, Longerbeam, Mainella, & Osteen, 2005). The LID model expands on the leadership identity stages, integrates the categories of the grounded theory into the LID model, and develops how the categories of the theory change across stages of the model. The model has implications for working with individuals as they develop their leadership identity and for facilitating groups as they develop empowering environments for shared leadership. Connections to related scholarship and stage-based implications for practice are explored.
The Nature of Student Affairs Work at Historically Black Colleges and Universities
Authors: Hirt Joan B , Strayhorn Terrell L , Amelink Catherine T , Bennett Belinda R
Published: January 2007

This qualitative study examined the nature of work for 70 administrators (67% female, 33% male) who provide services to students at historically Black colleges and universities. Data were collected by administering the National Professional Life Survey (NPLS) that asked respondents about their work, relationships with others on campus, and the rewards they valued in their work. Survey datawere supplemented through in-depth one-on-one and group interviews. The nature of work was defined by three dimensions: pace of work, how work gets done, and work environment. Key findings reveal that work for these professionals is challenging, highly stressful, and that enacting change on campus takes time. Perhaps most interesting, there is a fairly entrenched sense of racial uplift among HBCU administrators. The opportunity to encourage success among Black students was considered both a privilege and a reward.
Age at first sexual intercourse, genes, and social context: Evidence from twins and the dopamine D4 receptor gene
Authors: Guo Guang , Tong Yuying
Published: January 2007

We carried out two distinct types of genetic analysis with data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The first was a non-DNA twin analysis using monozygotic (identical) and same-sex dizygotic (fraternal) twins. The second analysis investigates the association between age at first sexual intercourse and the 48-bp repeat polymorphism in the dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4). The twin analysis shows that MZ twins correlate their timing of first sex to a much greater extent than do the same-sex DZ twins. Our analysis of the polymorphisms in DRD4 indicates that those with an any-3R genotype experienced a risk of first sexual intercourse 23% (p=.016), 233% (p=.0001), 28% (p=.012), and 69% (p=.006) higher than those with an other/other (or any-4R) genotype in the all-ethnicities (n=2,552), Asian, white, and Hispanic samples, respectively. The risk of first sex does not differ between the two genotypes in the African American sample. These results were obtained after adjusting the standard socioeconomic covariates, including gender, parental education, family structure, and community poverty in the regression model. Evidence from both twin and genetic-variant analyses points to a role of genes in the timing of first sexual intercourse.
Elevated Risk of Death for African Americans with AIDS, San Francisco, 1996-2002
Authors: Jain Sheila , Schwarcz Sandra , Katz Mitchell H , Gulati Reena , McFarland William
Published: January 2007

Disparities in survival among people with AIDS continue in the treatment era, with a higher rate of death among African Americans than among Whites, Latinos, and Asians/Pacific Islanders (API). Few studies have been able to identify underlying reasons for this disparity. The authors' objectives were to determine the extent of disparities in AIDS-related death by race/ethnicity, and examine factors that may contribute to or explain these differences. Using San Francisco surveillance data, racial/ethnic differences in survival among residents diagnosed with AIDS between 1996 and 2002 were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox proportional hazards regression techniques. The data confirm that a disparity in survival after AIDS persists between African Americans and Whites, Latinos, and APIs in San Francisco. Underlying causes of this disparity are multiple, but many of them are amenable to intervention and should be addressed.
Breaking Down Barriers to Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening: A University-based Prevention Program for Latinas
Authors: Warren Anne , Londoño Gloria E , Wessel Lois A , Warren Robert D
Published: January 2007

Abstract:Introduction. The lower rate of utilization of mammography and cervical cancer screening observed for Latinas in the United States has been attributed to cultural, economic, and linguistic barriers they may encounter.

Methods. A screening program was implemented offering cancer prevention education plus breast and cervical cancer screening to Latinas, as well as all necessary follow-up care, at no cost to the participant.

Results. In the first 6 years of this project, a total of 928 screening visits occurred; 53% were participants who had returned at least once for additional annual screening. Ninety-one percent of participants preferred speaking in Spanish to their health care providers; however, only 2% identified a primary care provider and 5% stated they had health care insurance. The participant characteristics and results of initial evaluation, as well as necessary follow-up studies, are presented.

Conclusions. By removing economic concerns and by providing care and education through bilingual staff in a culturally sensitive environment, some of the barriers to cancer screening for Latinas were overcome. The success of the program is reflected by a high rate of return for additional annual screening by our participants.
The Digital Divide in Public E-Health: Barriers to Accessibility and Privacy in State Health Department Websites
Authors: West Darrell M. , Miller Edward Alan
Published: January 2007

State health departments have placed a tremendous amount of information, data, and services online in recent years. With the significant increase in online resources at official health sites, though, have come questions concerning equity of access and the confidentiality of electronic medical materials. This paper reports on an examination of public health department websites maintained by the 50 state governments. Using a content analysis of health department sites undertaken each year from 2000 to 2005, we investigate several dimensions of accessibility and privacy: readability levels, disability access, non-English accessibility, and the presence of privacy and security statements. We argue that although progress has been made at improving the accessibility and confidentiality of health department electronic resources, there remains much work to be done to ensure quality access for all Americans in the area of public e health.
Following the Call: How Providers Make Sense of Their Decisions to Work In Faith-based and Secular Urban Community Health Centers
Authors: Curlin Farr A , Serrano Karen D , Baker Matthew G , Carricaburu Sarah L , Smucker Douglas R , Chin Marshall H
Published: January 2007

We interviewed 49 health care providers from 6 faith-based and 4 secular community health centers (CHCs) to explore the ways they relate their religious commitments to practice among the underserved. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed for emergent themes through an iterative process of textual analysis. Providers in faith-based CHCs explained the decision to work in underserved settings as a response to a religious calling to medicine as a means of ministry, and by reference to particular benefits and freedoms of working with colleagues who share an explicitly faith-informed vision for care of the underserved. Most providers from secular CHCs explained their motivations in less religious terms by reference to intrinsic rewards such as "making a difference" for the underserved. Providers from both settings emphasized the frustrations and difficulties of meeting overwhelming demands with inadequate resources. In light of prior literature regarding work orientation, our findings suggest that CHCs may provide distinctive opportunities for intrinsically motivated providers to craft their work into a calling, where a calling is understood as a deeply felt motivation for work that goes beyond the satisfaction of the worker's material and social needs. Faith-based CHCs appear to provide a context that is attractive to some minority of providers who desire to enact a religious calling to ministry through the practice of medicine. Future studies are needed to test these hypotheses using quantitative methods and broader representative sampling.
Overcoming the Conflict between the Right to Freedom of Religion and Women's Rights to Equality: A South African Case Study of Muslim Marriages
Authors: Amien Waheeda
Published: January 2007

This article provides an overview of the South African law reform process regarding the legal recognition of Muslim marriages in the context of South Africa's constitutional commitments. With reference to the proposed draft legislation, it explores the conflict between the right to freedom of religion and women's rights to equality that arises as a result of the proposed recognition. Despite the conflict, it is argued that legal recognition of Muslim marriages is necessary for the protection of women's rights. After considering the ways in which the conflict has been dealt with at legislative and judicial levels, suggestions are offered to overcome the conflict so that women's rights to equality are not compromised.
Dealing with the Past: Pro-State Paramilitaries, Truth and Transition in Northern Ireland
Authors: Rolston Bill
Published: January 2007

One promise of formal truth recovery processes, such as truth commissions, in transitional societies is that they present the possibility of a common narrative emerging about the causes of conflict. At the same time, there is now evidence that such processes also create silences; some narratives are not fully represented. One such silence is in relation to pro-state paramilitaries. Drawing extensively on interviews with a number of loyalist paramilitary activists in Northern Ireland, as well as others attuned to the current state of loyalism, this article explores loyalist paramilitary attitudes to dealing with the past, and in particular, the possibility of a truth commission for Northern Ireland. It considers the reasons for loyalist reticence about supporting such a commission, including their belief that the call for truth serves a republican insurgent agenda, their conviction that they have been abandoned by the state to which they have been loyal, and a general sense of confused political identity within loyalism. Finally, the article considers some ways in which loyalists might be persuaded to engage in a truth recovery process, not least through an attempt to produce a tighter definition of truth. If their narrative succeeds in being properly represented, there may be lessons to be learned for similar transitional societies.
What Practices Constitute Torture? US and UN Standards
Authors: Nowak Manfred
Published: January 2007

This article is a response to the attempts of the US government to redefine torture in a highly restrictive sense and at the same time distinguishing it from other forms of cruel inhuman or degrading treatment (CIDT). To this end, the author undertakes a short analysis of the understanding of the concept of torture and CIDT by the present US Government and asks whether this interpretation corresponds to the definition of torture in Article 1, Convention against Torture (CAT). An analysis of the techniques authorized by US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld for the interrogation of Guantanamo detainees is also carried out in light of applicable UN standards and international case law.
Guarding the Wild: Place, Tradition, Literature, and the Environment in the Work of a Cretan Folk Poet
Authors: Ball Eric L
Published: January 2007

This article engages in a close reading of the mandinadha (rhyming couplets) of a Cretan folk poet. I argue that the poet's texts negotiate the conventions of the mandinadha genre in order to promote an ethic of "the wild" and reinterpret Cretan masculine rebellious identity in the service of an environmentally minded place awareness. This reinterpretation involves a particular reading of Cretan tradition, Cretan folk literature, and the writings of Cretan-born novelist Nikos Kazantzakis.
"The Ghosts of Strangers": Hospitality, Identity and Temporality in Caryl Phillips's The Nature of Blood
Authors: Calbi Maurizio
Published: January 2007

This article investigates how Caryl Phillips retells Othello's story as a creative re-appropriation of Shakespeare's play. In The Nature of Blood, Phillips's previous ironic stance toward Othello as "a black European success" turns into a more complex response, which implicitly acknowledges that this Shakespearean "other" stands for multiple subject positions. The black general of Phillips's retelling subterraneously links with the other figures of "dis-location," which appear in the stories that make up the rest of the novel. These uncanny juxtapositions allow Phillips to explore the interimplication of various forms of marginalisation and displacement, from early modernity to our postcolonial present. The solution to marginalisation and displacement is not to be found, however, in a rigid sense of identity and belonging, or in essentialist notions of "home." "Home" seems to reside in the imaginative gap between desire and its fulfillment. The fulfillment of the desire for home is equivalent to the marginalisation of a host of others. Inextricably bound with the question of home is the question of hospitality. Phillips not only indicts the hostility and brutalities of the Nazi regime through the story of Eva Stern; he is also sceptical of "liberal" concepts of hospitality. His novel, the article concludes, welcomes the "strangeness" of identity, and repeatedly brings to the fore the "ghosts of strangers." These are "ghosts" whose traumatic memories cannot be entirely dispelled or wholly assimilated, and do not fit in with the linear, homogeneous and empty time of historicism.
Delgamuukw: A Legal Straightjacket for Oral Histories?
Authors: Napoleon Val
Published: January 2007

C'est avec désolation qu'on constate l'ethnocentrisme continu des cours dans leur traitement des histoires orales autochtones comme artefacts culturels, en dépit des recommandations de tenir compte des perspectives des peuples autochtones et d'y adapter les règles de la preuve. Dans cet article, je décris comment le Juge en chef McEachern de la Cour suprême de la Colombie Britannique répondait à un témoin gitksan, Gwaans, lorsqu'elle présentait sonadaawkcomme preuve de l'organisation sociale Gitksan et de leur propriété sur les terres. La cour fut incapable d'entendre ni d'accepter l'adaawktel que présenté—une institution juridique et politique plutôt qu'un simple artefact culturel ou le rapport d'une histoire chronologique. Les formes d'expression, le symbolisme et les liens entre les mondes des esprits, des humains et des animaux dépassaient la compréhension du juge. Est-ce que lors de litiges futures leadaawksera traité différemment? L'article aborde un ensemble de questions inquiétantes, notamment le fait que le pouvoir judiciaire (1) adopte une approche réductionniste face auadaawket (2) évalue l'adaawkselon les règles de la cour plutôt que celles propres auadaawk.
When Precaution Points Two Ways : Confronting “West Nile Fever”
Authors: Scott Dayna Nadine
Published: January 2007

Cette étude examine le rôle d'une doctrine juridique émergente, le principe de précaution, dans l'élaboration du plan de gestion du virus du Nil occidental dans la ville de Toronto, en 2003. Elle soulève la question si le principe de précaution, duquel on s'attend généralement à ce qu'il transforme la prise de décision en matière d'environnement et de santé publique, peut servir de feuille de route ou de guide aux agents responsables au travers les incertitudes associées tant au virus qu'au ‘traitement’. Bien que la recherche se concentre sur un contexte local particulier, elle aborde également des défis plus vastes posés aux gouvernements qui espèrent pouvoir s'appuyer sur le principe de précaution pour guider leurs politiques face à la controverse. Dans le cas du virus du Nil occidental, les responsables de santé publique semblaient se trouver devant un problème insoluble: opter pour la précaution face au virus, une menace incertaine à la santé publique, signifiait s'exposer à des risques pour l'environnement et la santé associés à l'utilisation de pesticides chimiques. La recherche s'appuie sur des données empiriques qualitatives recueillies par observation participante lors de séances du conseil municipal de Toronto et par entrevues semi-structurées avec près d'une douzaine des principaux acteurs politiques. L'objet de cette analyse empirique détaillée est d'évaluer le potentiel du principe de précaution comme instrument politique à la lumière de l'argument couramment invoqué par les détracteurs du principe. Peut-il nous sortir de la controverse? Ou bien, est-ce que le principe de précaution, comme le soutiennent certains chercheurs en droit, notamment Cass Sunstein, «ne mène nulle part»?
"Numbers on Top of Numbers": Counting the Civil War Dead
Authors: Faust Drew Gilpin
Published: January 2007

The assumption that the government has an obligation to name and count the military dead only emerged in the United States as a result of the Civil War experience. A massive postwar reburial program dedicated to identifying and reinterring every Union soldier was paralleled by intensive public and private efforts accurately to number the war's losses, which had not been carefully compiled by either North or South during the conflict. In an era of increasing preoccupation with statistics, an enumeration of the dead came to seem imperative to understanding the Civil War's unanticipated scale and destructiveness.
Reforming Intelligence: Democracy and Effectiveness
Authors: Boraz Steven C. , Bruneau Thomas C.
Published: January 2007

Abstract: Reforming national intelligence communities is a critical, if often overlooked, task facing democratizing countries. Democracy requires openness in the flow of information and discussion, while intelligence work often demands secrecy. Maintaining agencies to do such work in the midst of a generally open political culture is a challenge for any democracy. Democratizing or newly democratic countries, however, must deal with the even more arduous task of transforming intelligence bureaucracies that once served undemocratic regimes. Happily, intelligence agencies brought under civilian, democratic control may also become better at their core job of protecting free nations from deadly threats.
Corruption: Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Mungiu Alina
Published: January 2007

Political corruption poses a serious threat to democracy and its consolidation. Many anticorruption initiatives fail because they are nonpolitical in nature, while most of the corruption in developing and postcommunist countries is inherently political. Successfully fighting this kind of corruption requires far more than instituting best practices from advanced democracies. Electoral revolutions can lead to consolidated democracies only if they are followed by revolutions against particularism. Nothing short of such a revolution will succeed in curbing corruption in countries where particularism prevails.
Favorable Conditions and Electoral Revolutions
Authors: Bunce Valerie , Wolchik Sharon L
Published: January 2007

From 1996 to 2005 a wave of electoral revolutions swept through east Central Europe, the Balkans, and Soviet successor states. The success of these revolutions and their concentration in the post-communist world reflect favorable political and social conditions, as well as the fact that the common structures and policies of communist regimes created unusually good conditions for diffusion of the electoral model after communism’s end. These structural conditions led international donors to concentrate democracy assistance in this region. Efforts to support electoral revolutions in countries with less supportive conditions and less favorable attitudes toward the West and democracy are likely to be more problematic
Community Capitalism: How Housing Advocates, the Private Sector, and Government Forged New Low-Income Housing Policy, 1968–1996
Authors: Erickson David J.
Published: January 2007

The commonly accepted story about the U.S. welfare state is that it developed between the 1930s and the late 1960s and then suffered a series of policy and political setbacks during the 1970s, which triggered a political backlash. Conservative politicians from Richard Nixon to Ronald Reagan successfully harnessed white middle-class anger over government programs in order to roll back the welfare state. At first glance, the fate of federal programs that subsidize apartments for low-income tenants confirms this narrative: the federal government created housing programs during the New Deal; it added to them significantly during the 1960s. In the late 1960s and 1970s, bad press, conservative attacks, and policy mistakes triggered cutbacks in the 1980s.
Compulsory Arbitration and the Australasian Model of State Development: Policy Transfer, Learning, and Innovation
Authors: Goldfinch Shaun , Smith Philippa Mein
Published: January 2007

Policymakers transfer knowledge about policies, ideas, and institutions between political systems, learning from one another in a process of policy learning; lesson drawing; diffusion; or policy transfer. As Dolowitz and Marsh observe: “While terminology and focus often vary … studies are concerned with the process by which knowledge about policies, administrative arrangements, institutions, and ideas in one political system (past or present) are used in the development of policies, administrative arrangements, institutions and ideas in another political system.” The literature on policy transfer has mainly addressed how policymakers glean potential lessons and use those experiences to devise reforms. It asks questions about why policy transfer occurs; who was involved; what was transferred; from where; the extent of the transfer; and how the process of transfer is “related to policy ‘success’ or ‘failure.’” Greener distinguishes this from policy learning, where policymakers make deliberate adjustments in response to experience or new information, and learning is evident when policy changes as a result of this process. Some scholars see policy transfer as a subset of policy learning, since these are often part of the same procedure. Oliver and Pemberton advance a model, for example, of how ideas are absorbed through learning, in which bureaucratic battles ensue to institutionalize a new policy, and reformers' success in securing support can be critical in determining the extent of policy learning and transfer.
The Rise and Fall of Dutch Taiwan, 1624-1662: Cooperative Colonization and the Statist Model of European Expansion
Authors: Andrade Tonio
Published: January 2007

This study, based on Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, and Chinese sources, examines the
rise and fall of Dutch Taiwan in the light of a model of European expansion first
sketched (separately) by historians John E.Wills Jr. and Michael N. Pearson. According
to the Wills-Pearson model, Europeans were successful in colonization attempts
because they received support from European states, whereas Asian states were less
likely to support overseas adventurism. The case of Taiwan strongly supports the
model—not just the establishment of a Dutch colony on Taiwan, but also the loss of
that colony to the Chinese military leader Zheng Chenggong, who ousted the Dutch
in 1662, because Zheng's state was similar to many western European states in its
dependence upon revenue from seaborne commerce and its concomitant willingness to
undertake overseas expansion. The article concludes by urging scholars to learn more
about non-Western colonization, suggesting several possible avenues of research.
Re-Evaluating the Therapeutic Misconception: Response to Miller and Joffe
Authors: Appelbaum Paul S , Lidz Charles W
Published: January 2007

Responding to the paper by Miller and Joffe, we review the development of the concept of therapeutic misconception (TM). Our concerns about TM's impact on informed consent do not derive from the belief that research subjects have poorer outcomes than persons receiving ordinary clinical care. Rather, we believe that subjects with TM cannot give an adequate informed consent to research participation, which harms their dignitary interests and their abilities to make meaningful decisions. Ironically, Miller and Joffe's approach ends up largely embracing the very position that they inaccurately attribute to us: the belief that, with some exceptions, it is only the prospect of poorer outcomes that should motivate efforts to dispel TM. In the absence of empirical studies on the steps required to dispel TM and the impact of such procedures on subject recruitment, it is premature to surrender to the belief that TM must be widely tolerated in clinical research.
Black Public Libraries in the South in the Era of De Jure Segregation
Authors: Fultz Michael
Published: January 2007

The intent of this article is to present an overview and analysis of the development of public libraries for African Americans in the South during the era of de jure segregation and through the civil rights movement of the 1960s. Written from the perspective of an educational historian, the essay seeks to discern salient continuities and discontinuities in the growth and desegregation of both public libraries and public schools in the South and within this broadened context to push both fields beyond the topical blinders that have too often characterized their separate historical investigations.
The Critical Incident Technique and the Qualitative Evaluation of the Connecting Libraries and Schools Project
Authors: Radford Marie L
Published: January 2007

This article describes Flanagan's Critical Incident Technique (CIT) for those seeking guidance in its application. Examples in the library and information science (LIS) field are discussed, including an in-depth example of a CIT study conducted as part of a qualitative evaluation of the Connecting Libraries and Schools Project (CLASP) in New York City. The CLASP study analyzed critical incidents from 2,416 fifth and seventh grade students regarding their perceptions of interactions with urban public librarians and library staff. For both positive and negative critical incidents, the most important factor in these preadolescent's perception of successful library visits is the attitude of the librarian or staff member they encounter.
Using a Multiple-Case Studies Design to Investigate the Information-Seeking Behavior of Arts Administrators
Authors: Zach Lisl
Published: January 2007

The case study method, and in particular the multipleâcase studies design, offers LIS researchers a proven tool for achieving a deep understanding of a specific phenomenonâ-for example, the information-seeking behavior of a particular user group. Although the case study method has been dismissed by critics who question the rigor of the approach, numerous studies over the past twenty years have demonstrated that the case study method can be used successfully to probe beneath the surface of a situation and to provide a rich context for understanding the phenomena under study. This article summarizes the application of the multipleâcase studies design, in which a literal and theoretical replication strategy is used to identify consistent patterns of behavior and to uncover new and/or divergent themes. The motivation behind arts administrators' decisions to seek information is investigated using this approach and examples are given of sample selection, data collection, and analysis. Specific issues associated with the case study method are identified and practical steps used to address them are suggested.
Rethinking Cosmopolitanism in Nadine Gordimer's The Conservationist
Authors: Coundouriotis Eleni
Published: January 2007

Gordimer's The Conservationist is a critique of white liberalism in South Africa during the height of the apartheid era, the early 1970s. The novel's protagonist, a wealthy capitalist, takes on the identity of an environmentalist when he buys a farm as a weekend get-away and unexpectedly develops a strong attachment to the land. Gordimer uses the land as a metaphor for history and national identity, exploring her protagonist's racial anxieties as well as his impatience with his liberal social milieu. Gordimer maps through the ideas of conservationism a cosmopolitan ethic that anticipates the breakdown of the rigid social and spatial boundaries set up by apartheid. Cosmopolitanism as a theory has interrogated the idea of the local and the extent to which the local remains apart from the influences of internationalism. The local for Gordimer has several overlapping identities that intimate competing historical narratives through separate claims on the land. Cosmopolitanism is useful in examining Gordimer's historical premise as it foregrounds the point of intersection of differently located views of the world.
Academic Freedom Under Fire: The Case for Critical Pedagogy
Authors: Giroux Henry A
Published: January 2007

In spite of its broad-based, even global, recognition, higher education in the United States is currently being targeted by a diverse number of right-wing forces, which have high jacked political power and have waged a focused campaign to undermine the principles of academic freedom, sacrifice critical pedagogical practice in the name of patriotic correctness, and dismantle the university as a bastion of autonomy, independent thought, and uncorrupted inquiry. Ironically, by adopting the vocabulary of individual rights, academic freedom, balance, and tolerance, private advocacy groups and individuals such as the American Council for Trustees and Alumni and David Horowitz are waging a campaign designed not merely to counter dissent but to destroy it and in doing so to eliminate all of those remaining public spaces, spheres, and institutions that nourish and sustain a democratic civil society. The article argues that there is much more at stake in the current assault on the university than the issue of academic freedom. First and foremost is the concerted attempt by right-wing extremists and corporate interests to strip the professoriate of any authority, render critical pedagogy as merely an instrumental task, eliminate tenure as a protection for teacher authority, and remove critical reason from any vestige of civic courage, engaged citizenship, and social responsibility. The article offers both a critique and some suggestions about how such an attack can be collectively resisted, especially by those of us working in the universities. There is a central focus in the article on the importance of both developing a theoretical framework for engaging critical pedagogy and developing a defense for its use in the classroom as part of a broader project of connecting education to democratic values, identities, public spaces, and relationships.
Code-switching, Linguistic Jokes and Ethnic Identity: Reading Hidden Transcripts in a Cross-Cultural Context
Authors: Boeschoten Riki van
Published: January 2007

Based on anthropological field-work among Slav-speakers in the Florina area, this article focuses on informal cultural language-based practices, such as code-switching and the telling of jokes. The analysis tries to decode the implicit social and cultural meanings of these practices and explores to what extent these data can improve our understanding of the relationship between language, ethnicity and power. The ethno-texts presented here focus on the tension between the use of the local vernacular and standard Greek and reveal a profound tension between official compliance and its symbolic reversal. I explore to what extent this tension can be read as a symbolic resistance to cultural hegemony and under what circumstances such resistance can be also understood as a way of constructing ethnic identity. At a broader level the paper aims to advance the debate in two critical areas of anthropological inquiry: the tension between domination and resistance and the concept of cultural intimacy.
Shelter Writing: Desperate Housekeeping from Crusoe to Queer Eye
Authors: Fraiman Susan
Published: January 2007

In dialogue with Gaston Bachelard on "felicitous space," Rita Felski on the everyday, and feminist scholarship both celebrating and reviling the domestic, this essay theorizes a mode I call "shelter writing." Shelter writing—going back to Robinson Crusoe and primarily but not exclusively novelistic—lingers over the shaping and keeping of a domestic space. It details the labor of securing and supplying a home, the pleasure of taking a room from mess to thoughtful arrangement, the daily routines of neatening and freshening. But this is no simple romance of the domestic. I am interested in step-by-step descriptions of homemaking made urgent and precious in the wake of traumatic dislocation. Like Crusoe, my "housekeepers" are the survivors of a wrecked domesticity—whether as the result of migration, divorce, poverty, or a stigmatized sexuality. The essay closes by reading an exemplary passage from Stone Butch Blues (1993), in which Leslie Feinberg's butch protagonist, brutalized and exiled from an early age, finds beauty, safety, and sanity in the mundane acts of sanding floors and buying towels.
The Phonetics and Phonology of "Definitive Accent" in Tongan
Authors: Anderson Victoria , Otsuka Yuko
Published: January 2007

The so-called definitive accent (DA) in Tongan has been analyzed in various ways in the literature: as stress shift from penultimate to final vowel, as simultaneous stress reduction on a penult and stress addition on an ultima, and as addition of a syllable by repetition of the final vowel. This study investigates each of these analyses empirically in order to establish the phonology of DA in Tongan. Our findings support Melenaite Taumoefolau's proposal that definite NPs are formed by repetition of the NP-final vowel, and thus a morphological analysis of DA as reduplicative suffixation. Moreover, our findings substantiate an account of Tongan in which stress is unexceptionally penultimate in a foot, and in which "long vowels" and "diphthongs" are to be considered sequences of two syllables, as suggested by Taumoefolau.
Transgendered Perspectives on Premodern Sexualities
Authors: Morris Marilyn
Published: January 2007

The varied and complex emotional attachments formed by John, Lord Hervey and Lady Mary Wortley Montagu over the course of their lives demonstrate the inadequacies of modern sexual taxonomies for understanding the nature of premodern intimacy. The ways in which these two friends took on diverse, transgendered personas as they pursued a range of relationships provide a rich ground for exploring the connections between sexual desire and individual identity before the notion of sexual orientation existed.
Queer Yiddishkeit: Practice and Theory
Authors: Shandler Jeffrey
Published: January 2007

Queer Yiddishkeit—a cluster of works in literature, journalism, filmmaking, and performance art—constitutes one of the most revealing and provocative developments in contemporary Jewish culture. These works all juxtapose queerness and Yiddish in some way and do so as a means of challenging some cultural status quo. Queer Yiddishkeit epitomizes how, a half-century since the Holocaust, cultural engagements with Yiddish have been reconceiving the possibilities of the language and its relationship to culture and peoplehood. Several examples of Queer Yiddish culture are examined herein, especially performances that link Yiddish with drag, focusing on the different ways that they interrelate Yiddishness and queerness. This essay then considers what the practices of Queer Yiddishkeit suggest for the theorizing of Yiddish now, at a crucial juncture in the language's history, marked, on one hand, by the imminent passing of the last speakers who used Yiddish as a vernacular before World War II, and, on the other hand, by the expansion of what the author terms postvernacular engagements with Yiddish.
Launching International Collaboration for Interpretation Research
Authors: Shaw Sherry
Published: January 2007

The expansion of interpretation research projects across national boundaries contributes to improved personal, professional, and intellectual outcomes for researchers and practitioners. Establishing and maintaining these collaborative teams may be especially beneficial to strengthening the research agenda of new researchers. Conducting international studies requires intercultural sensitivity in all stages of a project (Deaf culture as well as ethnicity-related cultures) and has the potential to combine culture-specific perspectives and expertise for a more comprehensive application of results. The project design, supported by literature on international joint ventures, was a process of organizing stable international research collaboration that incorporated interdisciplinary expertise at three universities (University of Arkansas�Little Rock, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, and the Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Austria). This article follows the project through its conceptualization and initial study (2002), expansion beyond the initial research project (2004), data collection, analysis, and dissemination (2005). It presents potential options for data analysis and a description of the sample (n = 1,546). Topics of discussion include applying international joint venture stability research to establishing and maintaining research alliances, improving communication and collaborative skills, identifying mutually beneficial research topics with international universities, and applying results to the participating programs.
Towards a Poststructuralist Southeast Asian Studies?
Authors: Curaming Rommel Argamosa
Published: January 2007

This article is specifically in response to the two thought-provoking articles ("Space, Theory and Hegemony: The Dual Crises of Asian Area Studies and Cultural Studies" and "Mapping Poststructuralism's Border: The Case for a Poststructuralist Area Studies") published in Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia in April 2003. It questions the viability of the author's attempt to integrate poststructuralism in an effort to re-invent conventional area studies, such as Southeast Asian Studies. It argues that the justification for the call for a poststructuralist area studies is flawed and that while there is a need to re-invent area studies, it cannot be safely accomplished by appropriating poststructuralism as a theoretical support. This is primarily because the opposing epistemological foundations of the two projects — area studies and poststructuralism — will tend to cancel each other out and analysis therefore that purports to combine the two contains contradictions. It further argues that poststructuralism can be more useful in playing the role of a higher-order critique of — as adjunct to, rather than as an integral part of — area studies.
Comic Art, Children's Literature, and the New Comic Studies
Authors: Hatfield Charles
Published: January 2007

Children's Literature studies has traditionally treated comics fitfully and superficially despite the importance of comics as a global phenomenon associated with children. Conversely, the growing field of Comics Studies has largely neglected the child reader and childhood. Yet, children's culture scholars have recently begun to embrace comics while Anglophone educators and publishers have become newly conscious of children as comics readers. Hatfield suggests that Childhood Studies and Comics Studies have a new opportunity and need to acknowledge each other. He provides Children's Literature scholars an overview of Comics Studies by summarizing and contextualizing publishing trends, conferences, and theory.
The Democratic Peace Theory Reframed: The Impact of Modernity
Authors: Gat Azar
Published: January 2007

This article argues that the democratic peace theorists have overlooked the defining development that underlies that peace of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: the industrial-technological revolution. Not only did that revolution make democracy on a country scale possible; it also madeallthe countries that experienced the revolution—democratic and nondemocratic—far less belligerent in comparison with preindustrial times. The democratic peace did not exist among premodern democratic and republican city-states, not because they were not democratic or liberal enough but because they were premodern. Other factors that have emanated from the modern transformation and may generate greater aversion to war apply mostly to liberal democratic countries while being only variably connected to their regime. Such factors include the staggering rise in the standard of living; the decrease in hardship, pain, and death; the dominance of metropolitan life and the service economy; the spread of the consumer and entertainment society; sexual promiscuity; women's franchise; and the shrinking ratio of young males in the population.
How Did Europe Democratize?
Authors: Ziblatt Daniel
Published: January 2007

How was democracy achieved in nineteenth-century Europe? This article reviews fours recent books that bring democracy's first wave “back in” to mainstream political science. By launching an important two-way interchange between earlier and subsequent waves of democratization, the books address three core questions: what prompts democratic openings; who are the most important actors in the push for democratization; and once undertaken, how is democracy secured. The four works offer different and at times competing answers to these questions, but all suggest that democracy's first wave was neither exceptional nor inevitable. Instead, it was marked by its own share of concessions and uncertainties, indicating the enduring relevance of Europe's democratization for contemporary cases.