bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intracapsular Tonsillectomy Using Plasma Ablation Versus Total Tonsillectomy: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Sedgwick Matthew J. , Saunders Christopher , Bateman Neil
Published: February 2023

Objective

To determine whether intracapsular tonsillectomy, using plasma ablation, results in differences in postoperative patient outcomes to total tonsillectomy.

Data Sources

A systematic review of two databases (Embase and PubMed) was conducted in March 2022 to identify published English‐language randomized controlled trials and observational studies which provided a comparison between intracapsular tonsillectomy, using plasma ablation, and total tonsillectomy.

Review Methods

Qualitative synthesis and meta‐analysis were used to compare outcomes between techniques.

Results

Seventeen studies were identified for inclusion. Across these, 1996 and 4565 patients underwent intracapsular and total tonsillectomy, respectively. Studies included 8 randomized controlled trials, 1 prospective cohort study, and 8 retrospective cohort studies. Time to pain free, time on analgesia, time to normal diet, and time to normal activity were significantly shorter with intracapsular tonsillectomy by on average 4.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5‐5.9; p < .0001), 4.1 (95% CI 2.7‐5.4; p < .0001), 3.5 (95% CI 1.7‐5.4; p = .0002) and 2.8 (95% CI 1.6‐4; p < .0001) days, respectively. Risk of posttonsillectomy hemorrhage was significantly lower following intracapsular tonsillectomy (relative risk [RR] 0.36; 95% CI 0.16‐0.81; p = .0131); risk of posttonsillectomy hemorrhage requiring surgical management was lower but failed to reach significance (RR 0.52; 95% CI 0.19‐1.39; p = .19).

Conclusion

Intracapsular tonsillectomy using plasma ablation has similar efficacy in managing indications for tonsil surgery to total tonsillectomy while significantly reducing the postoperative morbidity and likelihood of posttonsillectomy hemorrhage experienced by patients, allowing them to return to their normal life faster.
Pharmaceutical Payments to Japanese Board‐Certified Head and Neck Surgeons Between 2016 and 2019
Authors: Murayama Anju , Shigeta Haruki , Kamamoto Sae , Yamashita Erika , Saito Hiroaki , Sawano Toyoaki , Bhandari Divya , Shrestha Sunil , Kusumi Eiji , Tanimoto Tetsuya , Ozaki Akihiko
Published: February 2023

Objective

To evaluate the magnitude, prevalence, and trend of the financial relationship between Japanese head and neck surgeons and pharmaceutical companies between 2016 and 2019.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional analysis.

Setting

Japan.

Methods

This study evaluated personal payments concerning lecturing, consulting, and writing paid by 92 major pharmaceutical companies to all Japanese head and neck surgeons board‐certified by the Japan Society for Head and Neck Surgery between 2016 and 2019. The payments were descriptively analyzed and payment trend were assessed using population‐averaged generalized estimating equations. Further, the payments to board executive board members with specialist certification were also evaluated separately.

Results

Of all 443 board‐certified head and neck surgeons in Japan, 365 (82.4%) received an average of $6443 (standard deviation: $12,875), while median payments were $2002 (interquartile ranges [IQR] $792‐$4802). Executive board specialists with a voting right received much higher personal payments (median $26,013, IQR $12,747‐$35,750) than the non‐executive specialists (median $1926, IQR $765‒$4134, p < .001) and the executive board specialists without a voting right (median $4411, IQR $963‐$5623, p = .015). The payments per specialist and prevalence of specialists with payments annually increased by 11.4% (95% CI: 5.8%‐17.2%; p < .001) and 7.3% (95% CI: 3.8%‐11.0%; p < .001), respectively.

Conclusion

There were increasingly widespread and growing financial relationships with pharmaceutical companies among head and neck surgeons in Japan, alongside of introduction of novel drugs. The leading head and neck surgeons received much higher personal payments from pharmaceutical companies, and no sufficient regulation was implemented by the society in Japan.
Electrochemical mechanisms of leakage‐current in photovoltaic modules
Authors: Kempe Michael , Hacke Peter , Morse Joshua , Li Jichao , Shen Yu‐Chen , Han Katherine
Published: February 2023

This paper analyzes the mechanisms and pathways for leakage current flow observed in Si photovoltaic modules subjected to high temperature and humidity and a large voltage bias with respect to ground. The current inside of the frame is in the form of electron motion, but in the glass and polymer, it is in at least a large part attributable to the movement of ions. When the mode of current flow changes from electronic to ionic conduction, electrochemical reactions will take place at the interface. This can include reactions that produce volatile chemical species like H2, COx, and O2, along with ionic species such as OH− and H3O+. Here, we see evidence of the importance of different charge carriers with different diffusion rates and the influence of electrochemical processes involved. The application of negative voltage to the cell circuit affects the resistivity of glass producing surfaces with poor conductivity but with some increases in the electrochemical potential producing complicated interactions that are important when the voltage is changed. In the polymer, there is the development of a space charge region and a chemical gradient providing two oppositional forces to current flow, which when released create a complicated discharge process. Here, we give a basic understanding of the charge/discharge of PV cells highlighting how the specific mechanisms are important in understanding some of the degradation processes in PV modules. We find that there is evidence of multiple significant charge carrier species with different diffusion time scales. The glass/polymer interface forms a depleted region of higher resistance after prolonged exposure to current. Charge also builds up at the polymer to cell antireflective coating interface and mostly flows to the gridlines to experience electrochemical reactions. These complexities result in non‐linear behavior where the apparent resistivities of the different layers change during charge/discharging processes, making the modeling of the current flow extremely difficult.
Enantioselectivity of indoxacarb enantiomers in Bombyx mori larvae: toxicity, bioaccumulation and biotransformation
Authors: Lin Qiao , Deng Pengyu , Feng Tianyou , Ou Guipeng , Mou Lianhong , Zhang Yuping
Published: February 2023

Background

Indoxacarb is a chiral insecticide with excellent insecticidal activity against lepidopterous insects. Because of their enantioselectivity, chiral pesticides' environmental behavior at the enantiomeric level has been highlighted. The chiral stability, enantioselective bioaccumulation, biotransformation behavior of indoxacarb to a non‐target insect silkworm are still unclear.

Results

A chiral analysis method for indoxacarb and its metabolite DCJW in silkworm was developed using liquid chromatography and high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC/HRMS). In silkworms, the recoveries of indoxacarb and DCJW were 86.06%‐104.52% with relative standard deviation (RSD) < 9.01%. The 96‐h lethal concentration (LC50) values of R‐indoxacarb, S‐indoxacarb, and enriched S‐indoxacarb (2.333 S/1R) were 1.08 × 102, 1.92, and 6.89 mg a.i. L−1, respectively, according to the acute toxicity test results. When silkworm larvae were exposed to 1/50 of the LC50 concentration, the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of R‐indoxacarb was 0.0296–0.318, and the BCF of S‐indoxacarb was 0.0125–0.211. In silkworm larvae, the amount of R‐DCJW produced by R‐indoxacarb was 0.00610 to 2.34 times that of the parent R‐indoxacarb, and the amount of S‐DCJW produced by S‐indoxacarb was 0.125–36.9 times that of the parent S‐indoxacarb.

Conclusion

There was no chiral transition from S‐indoxacarb to R‐indoxacarb or a transformation from R‐indoxacarb to S‐indoxacarb. Indoxacarb was preferentially bioaccumulated in silkworm larva, while S‐indoxacarb bioconversion into the metabolite S‐DCJW was much greater than R‐indoxacarb bioconversion into R‐DCJW. This study could improve understanding of the indoxacarb accumulation and transformation process in insects, as well as provide more scientific data for indoxacarb environmental and ecological risk assessment. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Peiminine regulates bone‐fat balance by canonical Wnt/β‐catenin pathway in an ovariectomized rat model
Authors: Gu Hanwen , Wei Jian
Published: February 2023

Peiminine is a major biologically active component of Fritillaria thunbergii Miq that exhibits good anticancer, antiinflammatory, and anti‐osteoclast effects. However, its effects on osteoporosis (OP) remain unknown. This study aimed to explore whether Peiminine was able to regulate osteogenesis and adipogenesis in ovariectomized (OVX) rat. The effects on the differentiation of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), function of Wnt/β‐catenin pathway, ALP activity, calcium nodule deposition, as well as adipocyte formation in vitro by Peiminine at different concentrations, were detected. The curative effects of Peiminine on the ovariectomy‐induced osteoporosis model by micro‐CT and bone histomorphology assays were analyzed. The promotion of osteogenic differentiation and inhibition of adipogenic differentiation by Peiminine (5–40 μg/mL) was detected and the optimum concentration was 20 μg/mL. Mechanistically, Peiminine regulated the fate of BMSCs in vitro, and activated Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway by restraining phosphorylation of β‐catenin and promoting the nuclear translocation of β‐catenin. Moreover, Peiminine prevented ovariectomy‐induced osteoporosis by alleviating trabecular bone loss and inhibiting adipose formation. Our data suggested that Peiminine could attenuate ovariectomy‐induced osteoporosis by alleviating trabecular bone loss and inhibiting adipose formation. These encouraging discoveries could lay the foundation for Peiminine to be a promising preventive treatment strategy for skeletal diseases, such as osteoporosis.
Climate‐change modelling at reduced floating‐point precision with stochastic rounding
Authors: Kimpson Tom , Paxton E. Adam , Chantry Matthew , Palmer Tim
Published: February 2023

Reduced‐precision floating‐point arithmetic is now deployed routinely in numerical weather forecasting over short timescales. However, the applicability of these reduced‐precision techniques to longer‐timescale climate simulations—especially those that seek to describe a dynamical, changing climate—remains unclear. We investigate this question by deploying a global atmospheric, coarse‐resolution model known as Simplified Parameterizations PrimitivE Equation DYnamics (SPEEDY) to simulate a changing climate system subject to increased concentrations, over a 100‐year timescale. Whilst double precision is typically the operational standard for climate modelling, we find that reduced‐precision solutions are sufficiently accurate. Rounding the floating‐point numbers stochastically, rather than using the more common “round‐to‐nearest” technique, improves the performance of the reduced‐precision solutions notably. Over 100 years, the mean bias error (MBE) in the global mean surface temperature (precipitation) relative to the double‐precision solution is +1.8  K ( mm(6 hr)) when integrating numerically at half precision (10 significant bits) with stochastic rounding. By examining the resultant climatic distributions that arise after 100 years, the difference in the expected value of the global surface temperature relative to the double‐precision solution is  K and that for precipitation is  mm(6 hr). Whilst further research is necessary to extended these results to more complex and higher‐resolution models, they indicate that reduced‐precision techniques and stochastic rounding could be suitable for the next generation of climate models and motivate the use of low‐precision hardware to this end.
Improving the performance of fermionic neural networks with the Slater exponential Ansatz
Authors: Bokhan Denis , Kolchenko Maria M. , Boev Aleksey S. , Fedorov Aleksey K. , Trubnikov Dmitrii N.
Published: February 2023

In this work, we propose a technique for the use of fermionic neural networks (FermiNets) with the Slater exponential Ansatz for electron‐nuclear and electron–electron distances, which provides faster convergence of target ground‐state energies due to a better description of the interparticle interaction in the vicinities of the coalescence points, while the accuracies of results, obtained with original and input‐modified FermiNets are similar due to high expressiveness of underlying neural network. Our analysis of learning curves indicates on the possibility to obtain accurate energies with smaller batch sizes using arguments of the bagging approach. In order to obtain even more accurate results for the ground‐state energies, we propose an extrapolation scheme for estimating Monte Carlo integrals in the limit of an infinite number of points. Numerical tests for a set of molecules demonstrate a good agreement with the results of the original FermiNets approach (achieved with larger batch sizes than required by our approach) and with results of the coupled‐cluster singles and doubles with perturbative triples (CCSD(T)) method that are calculated in the complete basis set limit.
Platypnoea–orthodeoxia syndrome affects nocturnal oxygen desaturation: A case report
Authors: Hoshi Mamiko , Kozu Yutaka , Kawamura Michio , Furusho Naho , Ozoe Ryosuke , Jinno Yusuke , Sugaya Kenichi , Hiranuma Hisato , Chin Kazuo , Gon Yasuhiro
Published: February 2023

A woman in her late 20s who had received an implantable cardioverter defibrillator in childhood for ventricular arrhythmia was diagnosed with severe obstructive sleep apnoea (apnoea–hypopnoea index, 77.1/h), and she began continuous positive airway pressure treatment. Before initiating this treatment, she had moderate hypoxaemia of unknown cause. She was admitted for adjustment of the position of her implantable cardioverter defibrillator, which had caused purple discoloration and ulceration of the overlying skin. On admission, she had dyspnoea and her arterial oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry significantly decreased while sitting. This led to detection of a patent foramen ovale and a right‐to‐left shunt while sitting. We diagnosed platypnoea–orthodeoxia syndrome with an atrial septal defect. Atrial septal defects should be suspected in hypoxic patients with obstructive sleep apnoea.
Improve rideshare safety for students by sharing strategies, resources
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: February 2023

Samantha Josephson, a 21‐year‐old senior at the University of South Carolina, was murdered in March 2019 when she mistakenly entered a car that she believed was the Uber she'd called. The driver used childproof locks to entrap Josephson in the car before he murdered her. The murder gained national traction and attention and led to the passage of Sami's Law in New Jersey, which requires ridesharing company drivers to display two illuminated signs on their car, and have a scannable QR code, to ensure rider safety. Legislation at the federal level has been pending since 2020. ­(Editor's note: The legislation isn't related to the work of the #WhatsMyName foundation.)
Follow tips to increase your shot at grant funding
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: February 2023

While Shannon Day worked in the emergency communications department at Syracuse University for 16 years, “‘No' was never an option. I had to find a solution [to whatever problem we faced]. Grant funding is similar,” said Day, who now works as Grants Development Consultant at Grants Office, LLC, a consulting firm.
Long‐term programs helped spur enrollment
Authors: D'Orio Wayne
Published: February 2023

When Scott Verzyl joined the University of South Carolina in 2004, the school's goals were clear but wide‐ranging. The public university wanted to grow its enrollment, increase applicants from both in‐state and out of state, and improve the profile of the student body.
Precision Delivery of Dual Immune Inhibitors Loaded Nanomodulator to Reverse Immune Suppression for Combinational Photothermal‐Immunotherapy
Authors: Tian Ying , Younis Muhammad Rizwan , Zhao Yatong , Guo Kai , Wu Jiayingzi , Zhang Longjiang , Huang Peng , Wang Zhongqiu
Published: February 2023

Although photothermal therapy (PTT) can noninvasively kill tumor cells and exert synergistic immunological effects, the immune responses are usually harmed due to the lack of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) pre‐infiltration and co‐existing of intricate immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), including the programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1)/cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47)/regulatory T cells (Tregs)/M2‐macrophages overexpression. Indoleamine 2, 3‐dioxygenase inhibitor (NLG919) or bromodomain extra‐terminal inhibitor (OTX015) holds great promise to reprogram suppressive TME through different pathways, but their collaborative application remains a formidable challenge because of the poor water solubility and low tumor targeting. To address this challenge, a desirable nanomodulator based on dual immune inhibitors loaded mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles is designed. This nanomodulator exhibits excellent biocompatibility and water solubility, PTT, and bimodal magnetic resonance/photoacoustic imaging abilities. Owing to enhanced permeability and retention effect and tumor acidic pH‐responsiveness, both inhibitors are precisely delivered and locally released at tumor sites. Such a nanomodulator significantly reverses the immune suppression of PD‐L1/CD47/Tregs, promotes the activation of CTLs, regulates M2‐macrophages polarization, and further boosts combined therapeutic efficacy, inducing a strong immunological memory. Taken together, the nanomodulator provides a practical approach for combinational photothermal‐immunotherapy, which may be further broadened to other “immune cold” tumors.
A Novel Surfactant with Short Hydrophobic Head and Long Hydrophilic Tail Generates Vesicles with Unique Structural Feature
Authors: Mukherjee Smriti , Shanmugam Ganesh
Published: February 2023

Surfactant molecules typically have a long hydrophobic tail and a short hydrophilic head group. It remains unexplored if surfactants can have a short hydrophobic head group and a long hydrophilic tail. Designing such surfactants is a challenge as a lengthy hydrophilic tail would completely solubilize the molecules. In this context, herein, the Fmoc‐functionalized Gly‐Pro‐Hyp (GPO) tripeptide repeat‐based molecule (Fm‐GPO) with fluorenyl moiety as a short hydrophobic head and peptide as a long hydrophilic tail is demonstrated as a reverse surfactant at physiological pH, for the first time. π–π stacking of the fluorenyl moieties and intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the peptide chains with extended polyproline‐II structure promoted the self‐assembly into spherical vesicles with a unique feature of a large hydrophilic area in the interior and exterior of the bilayer. The current Fm‐GPO system offers a new class of surfactants with unique features that can aid in the design of drug‐loaded vehicles, which can be target‐specific as the peptide chain can be manipulated with different functional ultra‐short peptide sequences.
Engineering Crystal Growth and Surface Modification of Na3V2(PO4)2F3 Cathode for High‐Energy‐Density Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liang Kang , Zhao Hongshun , Li Jianbin , Huang Xiaobing , Jia Shuyong , Chen Wenkai , Ren Yurong
Published: February 2023

Na3V2(PO4)2F3 (NVPF) is a suitable cathode for sodium‐ion batteries owing to its stable structure. However, the large radius of Na+ restricts diffusion kinetics during charging and discharging. Thus, in this study, a phosphomolybdic acid (PMA)‐assisted hydrothermal method is proposed. In the hydrothermal process, the NVPF morphologies vary from bulk to cuboid with varying PMA contents. The optimal channel for accelerated Na+ transmission is obtained by cuboid NVPF. With nitrogen‐doping of carbon, the conductivity of NVPF is further enhanced. Combined with crystal growth engineering and surface modification, the optimal nitrogen‐doped carbon‐covered NVPF cuboid (c‐NVPF@NC) exhibits a high initial discharge capacity of 121 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C. Coupled with a commercial hard carbon (CHC) anode, the c‐NVPF@NC||CHC full battery delivers 118 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, thereby achieving a high energy density of 450 Wh kg−1. Therefore, this work provides a novel strategy for boosting electrochemical performance by crystal growth engineering and surface modification.
Charge‐Assisted Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Frameworks with Inorganic Ammonium Regulated Switchable Open Polar Sites
Authors: Ding Xiaojun , Luo Yilin , Wang Wei , Hu Tongyang , Chen Jing , Ye Gang
Published: February 2023

Surface open polar sites within the voids of porous molecular crystals define the localized physicochemical environment for critical functions such as gas separation and molecular recognition. This study presents a new charge‐assisted hydrogen bonding (H‐bonding) motif, by exploiting inorganic ammonium (NH4+) cations as H‐bond donors, to regulate the assembly of C2‐symmetric carboxylic tectons for building robust H‐bonded frameworks with permanent ultra‐micropores and open oxygen sites. Diverse building blocks are bridged by tetrahedral NH4+to expand distinctive H‐bonded networks with varied pore architectures. Particularly, the open polar oxygen sites can be switched by altering NH4+sources to tune the deprotonation of carboxyl‐containing tectons. The activated porousPTBA·NH4·DMFpreserves the pore architecture and open polar oxygen sites, exhibiting remarkably selective sorption of CO2(107.8 cm3g−1,195 K) over N2(11.2 cm3g−1, 77 K) and H2(1.4 cm3g−1, 77 K).
Designing Atomic Interfaces in Chalcogenides for Boosting Photocatalysis
Authors: Ma Mengmeng , Zhao Huaping , Wang Zhijie , Lei Yong
Published: February 2023

A deeper understanding of interfaces comes after the rapid development of nano‐hybrids. Atomic interfaces with atomic‐level thickness, intimate bonds, inferior charge‐transport resistance, and robust stability have received escalating interest in the field of photocatalysis. Taking into account the fact that the carrier dynamics and spectrum response of candidate photocatalysts like chalcogenides remain suffering, sustained efforts are devoted. Hybridization, which is accompanied by interface designing, behaves as a supportive strategy to enlarge the photocatalytic output. Hence, the comprehensive survey for recent empirical studies on atomic interfaces in chalcogenides is highly desirable. Precisely, the fundamental of atomic interfaces, the devised approaches to design atomic interfaces in chalcogenides and their feasible roles for maneuvering photocatalysis, and the auxiliary advanced characterization are enumerated and summarized. The multifarious interaction of structure, chemical environment, optical and electric properties, and photocatalytic performance in chalcogenides with atomic interfaces is highlighted. Meanwhile, perspectives of atomic interfaces benefiting photocatalysis are given with a summary, and outlooks related to controllable architecture, nucleation mechanism, calculation, and the correlation between atomic interfaces and amended photocatalysis are presented discreetly. Herein, the review is meant to provide the first systematic account of designing atomic interfaces in chalcogenides served for ultimate photocatalytic applications.
A slew of mixture relationships involving discrete and continuous generalized hypergeometric distributions and their special cases
Authors: Jones M.C. , Balakrishnan N.
Published: February 2023

Our starting point is recognition of some mixture relationships involving the (continuous) Gauss hypergeometric distribution. Our main emphasis is then to generalize these relationships to ones involving (discrete) generalized hypergeometric distributions and their rarely considered continuous counterparts. Two such sets of relationships are derived one involving beta distributions and the other gamma distributions. A wide variety of interesting special cases arise along the way: Poisson, binomial, negative binomial, logarithmic, Conway–Maxwell–Poisson and Libby–Novick distributions all appear. There are also comments on the wider context within which the relationships of interest in this article arise.
A case for unlearning in higher education
Authors: Posey Allison
Published: February 2023

The Unlearning Cycle offers a way to help educators identify some of the underlying assumptions and beliefs we bring to our pedagogical design. In a field so focused on learning, it is actually unlearning we need to focus on. This chapter shares research and strategies to trade up for new ways of teaching and designing for inclusive, rigorous learning.
Rejecting “normal”: UDL as a lever for equity in rural teacher education
Authors: Fornauf Beth S. , Mascio Bryan
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores the application of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) as a lever for equitable and inclusive pedagogies in teacher education. Building on our prior work as teacher educators in the northeastern United States, we analyze how UDL can be used to support teacher candidates in identifying, interrogating, and resisting problematic practices embedded into the structures of schooling.
Faculty attitudes toward inclusive instruction: Then and now
Authors: Stanwood Julie , Mittiga Angela
Published: February 2023

This chapter describes one East Coast university's attempts to raise awareness and incentivize faculty to integrate inclusive instructional principles to their practice. The chapter includes findings from the surveys, interpretations, and recommendations to administrators for making inclusive instruction more accessible to faculty.
‘EMS needs revolution not evolution’
Authors: Williams Rob
Published: February 2023

Rob Williams argues that the current structure of EMS, even accounting for the RCVS's proposed changes, is an outdated model not fit for purpose, and that it is time for a complete rethink.
Peter Joseph Zanetti
Authors: Jones R. S. , Allen W. M. , Hardy B. D. W.
Published: February 2023

Initially a small animal vet, he worked for the PDSA before becoming a meat inspector.
One vet's journey to a better work‐life balance
Authors: Richardson Hugo
Published: February 2023

After locuming in Norway, Hugo Richardson describes the similarities and differences between working environments in the UK and Scandinavia, and how he now helps other vets to do the same.
Threatened species face similar types and numbers of threats as endangered species when listed under the Endangered Species Act
Authors: Costante Delaney M. , Haines Aaron M. , Leu Matthias
Published: February 2023

With species increasingly imperiled due to anthropogenic activities, conservation practitioners are tasked with determining conservation priorities to make the best use of limited resources. One way of setting priorities is to categorize species based on risk of extinction. The United States' Endangered Species Act (ESA) has two listing statuses into which imperiled species are placed to receive protections: threatened or endangered. Our objective was to identify differences between threatened and endangered (T&E) species beyond what is outlined in their ESA definitions. For 6 broad‐resolution threats (habitat modification, overutilization, pollution, species‐species interactions, environmental stochasticity, and demographic stochasticity), we investigated whether there is a difference in the number and types of threats which impacted T&E species at the time of their listing. We found that threatened (x̄ = 2.9, SD = 1.4) and endangered (x̄ = 3.0, SD = 1.1) species faced a similar number of threats at time of their listing. The only broad‐resolution threat that impacted endangered species more than threatened species was demographic stochasticity, with endangered species being 2.1 times (95% CI = 1.5–2.8) more likely to be impacted than threatened species. We examined demographic stochasticity by breaking it down into finer‐resolution threats to identify additional differences between T&E species. We found 4 finer‐resolution demographic stochasticity threats (few individuals in one population, few individuals in multiple populations, lack of reproduction, and genetic loss) to be strong predictors of endangered status. The similarities in the number and types of broad‐resolution threats faced by T&E species indicated that they are equally conservation reliant.
Thermal analysis of viscoelastic radiative flow of tri‐hybrid nanofluid over a rotating disk using different shaped nanoparticles with applications
Authors: Arif Muhammad , Lone Showkat Ahmad , Saeed Anwar , Kumam Poom , Watthayu Wiboonsak , Galal Ahmed M.
Published: February 2023

The fluid containing solid nanoparticles “nanofluid” performed more effectively compared to conventional fluids. The thermal scientists and scholars considered nanofluid in their research due to its useful applications in different thermal systems. But nanofluid still not enough for the required thermal transport properties. Therefore, the researchers tried to disperse two or more than two nanoparticles which are called hybrid and tri‐hybrid nanofluid. It was tested experimentally that these hybrid nanofluids are more efficient fluids in different cooling systems compared to nanofluid and regular fluids. The present article carried out the research about the suspension of three different kinds of nanoparticles in various shapes for advance cooling applications in industries and engineering problems. The three nanoparticles are cylindrical carbon nanotubes, spherical aluminum oxide, and platelet shaped(Graphene) are mixed in water flowing in a rotating disk. This advance fluid has remarkable enhancement in the heat transfer rate in comparison with regular fluid, mono nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid. In this study viscoelastic radiative ternary hybrid nanofluid is considered on a rotating disk. The solutions are obtained by using the HAM method. For physical interpretation, all the flow parameters are discussed through graphs. The impact of volume fraction on the flow and heat transfer is also evaluated and presented in graphs. From the comparison, it was declared that tri‐hybrid nanofluid has the best thermal performance compared to hybrid and mono nanofluid. Furthermore, radiation increases the temperature of the fluid, while viscoelastic parameter decreases the radial and tangential velocity. From the present study, we noticed that by considering the tri‐hybrid mixture in water, the rate of heat transfer can be enhanced up to 33.69%. Finally, the results obtained show that the tri‐hybrid nanofluid has excellent performance in the heat transfer rate.
The ‘Historical City Centre’ Question: How Have the Historical Centres of Major Cities Changed After the Intervention of the URBAN I Initiative?
Authors: Fernández-García Manuel , Donati Francesca , Navarro Yáñez Clemente J.
Published: February 2023

One of the main goals of urban planning is to reduce ‘urban inequalities’ between neighbourhoods to promote socio-spatial cohesion within the city. Cohesion is achieved by reducing the social and spatial distance of targeted areas compared to the city as a whole. This chapter aims to contribute to the study of this effect by analysing the social change in intervened neighbourhoods compared to change in all the non-intervened. The areas of five major Spanish cities (Madrid, Malaga, Sevilla, Valencia y Zaragoza), where URBAN initiatives were implemented, were analysed. This chapter presents the change in the neighbourhoods’ relative position—based on residents’ socio-economic status—within the city hierarchy. The difference was explored by comparing and analysing the census data for 1991 and 2001. Evidence suggests that intervened neighbourhoods improved their relative position within the city raking.
Policy Evidence About the Added Value of EU-Integrated Urban Initiatives as Local Policy Mixes
Authors: Navarro Yáñez Clemente J. , Rodríguez-García María Jesús , Guerrero-Mayo María José
Published: February 2023

Have local strategies promoted better urban policies and urban spaces? This chapter reviews the main evidence about this question concerning the added value of urban initiatives promoted by the EU in Spain between 1994 and 2013. The first section summarises the evidence presented in previous chapters, in line with the two aspects of added value and the specific research questions proposed about them. The second section interprets the results of the Spanish case, in line with the conceptualisation of these initiatives as multi-level policy mixes and the multi-scalar comparative analysis that is appropriate to explain local integrated strategies in the framework of the European Cohesion Policy.
The Agenda of Urban Sustainable Development Initiatives: Challenges, Goals, and Actions Across Policy Areas
Authors: Herrera-Gutiérrez María Rosa , Muñoz-García Lucía , Pastor-Seller Enrique
Published: February 2023

Problems to solve, objectives, and policy actions are the main components of the policy agenda of local strategies. The European framework for sustainable urban development sustains that urban policy initiatives have to pay attention to five main policy sectors to promote sustainable urban development: physical space, economic development, social inclusion, environment, and governance. Applying the CUPPA approach, this chapter analyses the relevance of these five policy sectors as problems, objectives, and policy actions in local projects. Comparing URBAN and URBANA Initiatives, the chapter shows the growing importance of environmental and governance issues. Moreover, the comparison shows a change in the policy frame of URBAN and URBANA programmes from the classical ‘neighbourhood revitalisation’ (centred on physical space and social inclusion) to the current ‘sustainable neighbourhoods’ frame (more comprehensive portfolios across policy sectors and a more important role to community).
The Impact of the URBANA Initiative: Socio-Economic Conditions, Self-Perceived Health and Quality of the Built Environment—A Time-Trend Analysis of Repeated Cross-Sectional Data
Authors: Zapata-Moya Ángel Ramón , Navarro Yáñez Clemente J.
Published: February 2023

This chapter analyses the potential impacts of the URBANA programme between the periods before and after its implementation. The impact was studied using a quasi-experimental design based on secondary data from the complete series of the Spanish Living Conditions Survey. The impact of the programme on household socio-economic conditions, self-perceived health and the quality of the built environment was studied. In addition, the degree of vulnerability of the neighbourhoods in which the programmes were implemented was taken into account, as the impacts could be conditioned by this contextual dimension. The results suggest some improvements in urban context and health, specifically among those neighbourhoods with higher levels of vulnerability before the intervention process. Therefore, the chapter shows ‘neighbourhood effects’ due to the differences between the selected neighbourhoods and the importance of the selection process in policy design.
LGBTQ+ Professionals’ Euphorias! Site-specific Shifts in LGBTQ+ Education Staff’s Happiness & Comfort
Authors: Jones Tiffany
Published: February 2023

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) education professionals have been portrayed negatively in education research literature and can be fired in religious institutions. This chapter investigates 229 LGBTQ+ professionals’ euphorias in their employing education institutions. Almost half of LGBTQ+ staff were euphoric about their identities at school especially if out or in urban/suburban contexts. Many were euphoric often. Institutional Inclusion, Acceptance, and Pride Generativity euphorias dominated. Over two-thirds of staff reported changes to euphorias, including (1) site-specific shifts in Institutional Inclusion and Acceptance euphorias depending on the support employment bodies and communities, employment security and safety concerns and (2) a less pronounced slow increase of Community Connection euphoria, especially relative to the disclosure, education, and activist efforts of colleagues. Changes had site-specific or variable qualities.
Rebooting IT Security Awareness – How Organisations Can Encourage and Sustain Secure Behaviours
Authors: Sasse M. Angela , Hielscher Jonas , Friedauer Jennifer , Buckmann Annalina
Published: February 2023

Most organisations are using online security awareness training and simulated phishing attacks to encourage their employees to behave securely. Buying off-the-shelf training packages and making it mandatory for all employees to complete them is easy, and satisfies most regulatory and audit requirements, but does not lead to secure behaviour becoming a routine. In this paper, we identify the additional steps employees must go through to develop secure routines, and the blockers that stop a new behaviour from becoming a routine. Our key message is: security awareness as we know it is only the first step; organisations who want employees have to do more to smooth the path: they have to ensure that secure behaviour is feasible, and support their staff through the stages of the Security Behaviour Curve – concordance, self-efficacy, and embedding – for secure behaviour to become a routine. We provide examples of those organisational activities, and specific recommendations to different organisational stakeholders.
The Effects of the Russo-Ukrainian War on Network Infrastructures Through the Lens of BGP
Authors: Tsiatsikas Zisis , Karopoulos Georgios , Kambourakis Georgios
Published: February 2023

One of the most critical building blocks of the reliable operation of the Internet is the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) that is used to exchange routing messages, signaling active and defective routing paths. During large-scale catastrophic incidents, such as conventional military operations or cyberwarfare, the stability of the Internet is affected, causing the announcements of defective routing paths to increase substantially. This work studies the relation between major incidents, such as armed conflicts in a country scale, and the corresponding network outages observed in the core of the Internet infrastructure as announced by BGP. We focus on the Russo-Ukrainian war as a timely and prominent use case and examine geolocalized BGP data for a 2-month period. Our methodology allows us to cherry-pick long-term network outages among temporary interruptions of service in this specific time window, and pinpoint them to the areas of the operations. Our results indicate that there is a high correlation between the start of military operations and network outages in a city and country level. Furthermore, we show that the last few days before the start of the operations network outages rise as well, indicating that preparatory cyberattack activities take place. No less important, network outages remain at much higher than usual levels during the operations, something that can be attributed to infrastructure destruction possibly backed by cyberattacks.
Flavor-changing light bosons with accidental longevity
Authors: Ema Yohei , Liu Zhen , Lyu Kun-Feng , Pospelov Maxim
Published: February 2023

Abstract

We consider a model with a complex scalar field that couples to (e, μ) or (μ, τ) within the “longevity” window: $$ \left[|{m}_{l_1}-{m}_{l_2}|,{m}_{l_1}+{m}_{l_2}\right] $$

m

l
1

−

m

l
2

m

l
1

+

m

l
2

in which l1 and l2 are the two different charged leptons. Within such a mass window, even a relatively large coupling (e.g. of the size commensurate with the current accuracy/discrepancy in the muon g − 2 experiment) leads to long lifetimes and macroscopic propagation distance between production and decay points. We propose to exploit several existing neutrino experiments and one future experiment to probe the parameter space of this model. For the μ − e sector, we exploit the muonium decay branching ratio and the production and decay sequence at the LSND experiment, excluding the parametric region suggested by gμ − 2 anomaly. For the τ − μ sector, we analyze three main production mechanisms of scalars at beam dump experiments: the Drell-Yan process, the heavy meson decay, and the muon scattering. We explore the constraints from the past CHARM and NuTeV experiments, and evaluate sensitivity for the proposed beam dump experiment, SHiP. The latter can thoroughly probe the parameter space relevant for the gμ− 2 anomaly.
Probing the mechanism of neutrinoless double-beta decay in multiple isotopes
Authors: Agostini Matteo , Deppisch Frank F. , Van Goffrier Graham
Published: February 2023

Abstract

A large experimental program is being mounted to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay over the next decade. Multiple experiments using different target isotopes are being prepared to explore the whole parameter space allowed for inverted-ordered light neutrinos, and have the potential to make discoveries in several other scenarios, including normal-ordered light neutrinos and other exotic mechanisms. We investigate to what extent long-range and exotic short-range contributions may be distinguished by combining measurements of the decay half-life across isotopes in the framework of a global Bayesian analysis. We demonstrate how measurements in two isotopes will constrain the parameter space up to a two-fold degeneracy, and how a further measurement in a third isotope removes such a degeneracy. We also discuss the impact of uncertainties and correlations in nuclear matrix element calculations. Our work motivates an experimental program measuring neutrinoless double-beta decay in more than one isotope, as this would break parameter degeneracies and advance our understanding of particle physics beyond the Standard Model.
Combined Conduit Score in Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Venography in Patients with Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
Authors: Elsaid Nada , Razek Ahmed , Batouty Nihal M. , Elmokadem Ali H , Tawfik Ahmed M. , Saied Ahmed
Published: February 2023

Background

Based on increased understanding of the idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) pathophysiology, venous sinus stenting (VSS) has emerged as an effective treatment for patients with transverse sinus stenosis (TSS). The presence of a reliable TSS screening tool is warranted. The combined conduit score (CCS) is the most widely used score for evaluation of the cerebral sinovenous stenosis in contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance venography (CE-MRV).

Purpose of the Study

To evaluate the interobserver agreement between neuro-interventionalists and radiologists with respect to the CCS in evaluation of transverse sinus stenosis in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension using CE-MRV.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted on 26 consecutive patients diagnosed with IIH and underwent CE-MRV. The 2 neuro-interventionalists and 2 radiologists separately evaluated the cerebral venous sinuses using the CCS.

Results

The mean CCS was significantly different between the neuro-interventionalists and radiologists (p < 0.001), higher for the radiologists. The inter-rater reliability was excellent (ICC = 0.954, 95% CI: 0.898–0.979) between the 2 neuro-interventionalists, good between the 2 radiologists (ICC = 0.805, 95% CI: 0.418–0.921), but was not acceptable between the neuro-interventionalists and the radiologists (ICC 0.47 95% CI:−2.2–0.782).

Conclusion

Despite the excellent agreement between the neuro-interventionists and the good agreement between the radiologists, there was no agreement between the neuro-interventionists and the radiologists. Our finding suggests that there is a gap between the 2 specialties but does not favor any of them. Factors related to the observers, the venous sinus system, the MRV or the CCS score may have resulted in this discrepancy. Automatic or semi-automatic feature extractions to produce quantifiable biomarkers for IIH are warranted. The clinical decisions should not depend only on strongly observer-dependent scores with training and/or experience-dependent influences.
Depression im Alter und Frailty – epidemiologische, klinische und neurobiologische Zusammenhänge
Authors: Depping M. S. , Köhler-Ipek L. , Ullrich P. , Hauer K. , Wolf R. C.
Published: February 2023

Hintergrund

Depression ist beim alten Menschen die häufigste psychische Störung und wird durch geriatrietypische Morbidität beeinflusst. Die Komorbidität mit „Frailty“ ist besonders relevant. Frailty ist von zentraler Bedeutung in der modernen Altersmedizin und zeigt die belastungsabhängige Vulnerabilität eines alten Menschen sowie sein erhöhtes Risiko von Behinderung, Hospitalisierung und Tod an. Es kommt der Diagnostik und Behandlung von Depression im Alter zugute, sich mit den Zusammenhängen mit Frailty auseinanderzusetzen, auch auf neurobiologischer Ebene.

Ziel der Arbeit

Dieses narrative Review gibt einen Überblick über die Komorbidität von Depression im Alter und Frailty, mit einem Schwerpunkt auf neurowissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen, die anhand des Research-Domain-Criteria(RDoC)-Ansatzes systematisiert werden.

Ergebnisse

Frailty findet sich komorbid bei mehr als einem Drittel der Patienten mit Depression im Alter, was mit kritischen Depressionsverläufen und mit schlechterer Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit antidepressiver Medikation verbunden ist. Depression und Frailty teilen motivationale und psychomotorische Merkmale, speziell Antriebsminderung, erhöhte Erschöpfbarkeit und verringerte körperliche Aktivität. Bei Frailty sind funktionelle Veränderungen in bewegungsvorbereitenden neuronalen Arealen mit motorischen Leistungseinschränkungen assoziiert. Bei Depression im Alter mit Apathie finden sich abnorme Struktur und veränderte funktionelle Konnektivität des Belohnungs- und des Salienznetzwerks, außerdem veränderte funktionelle Konnektivität dieser Netzwerke mit prämotorischen Arealen.

Diskussion

Es ist prognostisch und therapeutisch relevant, Frailty bei Alterspatienten mit Depression zu erkennen. Die (Weiter‑)Entwicklung und Individualisierung von Therapien für diese vulnerable Patientengruppe wird auch davon profitieren, sich auf neuronale Mechanismen der Komorbidität zu beziehen.
Stress memory and its regulation in plants experiencing recurrent drought conditions
Authors: Kambona Carolyn Mukiri , Koua Patrice Ahossi , Léon Jens , Ballvora Agim
Published: February 2023

Developing stress-tolerant plants continues to be the goal of breeders due to their realized yields and stability. Plant responses to drought have been studied in many different plant species, but the occurrence of stress memory as well as the potential mechanisms for memory regulation is not yet well described. It has been observed that plants hold on to past events in a way that adjusts their response to new challenges without altering their genetic constitution. This ability could enable training of plants to face future challenges that increase in frequency and intensity. A better understanding of stress memory-associated mechanisms leading to alteration in gene expression and how they link to physiological, biochemical, metabolomic and morphological changes would initiate diverse opportunities to breed stress-tolerant genotypes through molecular breeding or biotechnological approaches. In this perspective, this review discusses different stress memory types and gives an overall view using general examples. Further, focusing on drought stress, we demonstrate coordinated changes in epigenetic and molecular gene expression control mechanisms, the associated transcription memory responses at the genome level and integrated biochemical and physiological responses at cellular level following recurrent drought stress exposures. Indeed, coordinated epigenetic and molecular alterations of expression of specific gene networks link to biochemical and physiological responses that facilitate acclimation and survival of an individual plant during repeated stress.