bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cold Antisolvent Bathing Derived Highly Efficient Large‐Area Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Jang Gyumin , Kwon Hyeok‐Chan , Ma Sunihl , Yun Seong‐Cheol , Yang Hyunha , Moon Jooho
Published: August 2019

Scaling large‐area solar cells is in high demand for the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with a high power‐conversion efficiency (PCE). However, few roll‐to‐roll‐compatible deposition methods for the formation of highly oriented uniform perovskite films are reported. Herein, a facile cold antisolvent bathing approach compatible with large‐area fabrication is introduced. The wet precursor films are submerged in a cold antisolvent bath at 0 °C, and the retarded nucleation and growth kinetics allow highly oriented perovskite to be grown along the [110] and [220] directions, perpendicular to the substrate. The high degree of the preferred crystal orientation benefits the effective charge extraction and reduces the amount of inter‐ and intra‐grain defects inside the perovskite films, improving the PCE from 16.48% (ambient‐bathed solar cell) to 18.50% (cold‐bathed counterpart). The cold antisolvent bathing method is employed for the fabrication of large‐area (8 × 10 cm2) PSCs with uniform photovoltaic device parameters, thereby verifying the scale‐up capability of the method.
Reduced Nonradiative Energy Loss Caused by Aggregation of Nonfullerene Acceptor in Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Qin Yunpeng , Zhang Shaoqing , Xu Ye , Ye Long , Wu Yi , Kong Jingyi , Xu Bowei , Yao Huifeng , Ade Harald , Hou Jianhui
Published: August 2019

Reducing energy loss (Eloss) is of critical importance to improving the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). Although nonradiative recombination () is investigated in quite a few works, the method for modulating is seldom reported. Here, a new method of depressing Eloss is reported for nonfullerene OSCs. In addition to ternary‐blend bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells, it is proved that a small molecular material (NRM‐1) can be selectively dispersed into the acceptor phase in the PBDB‐T:IT‐4F‐based OSC, resulting in lower and , and hence a significant improvement in the open‐circuit voltage (VOC); under an optimal feed ratio of NRM‐1, an enhanced power conversion efficiency can also be gained. Moreover, the role of NRM‐1 in the method is illustrated and its applicability for several other representative OSCs is validated. This work paves a new pathway to reduce the Eloss for nonfullerene OSCs.
Isolation and characterization of Bordetella pseudohinzii in mice in China
Authors: Ma Lei , Huang Shuwu , Luo Yinzhu , Min Fangui , He Lifang , Chen Meiling , Pan Jinchun , Zhang Yu , Wang Jing
Published: August 2019

We report on the first detection and isolation of B. pseudohinzii (Bordetella pseudohinzii) in laboratory mice in China. Forty‐one B. pseudohinzii strains were isolated from 3094 mice in 33 different laboratory animal facilities in southern China. The isolates were identified through culture and genome sequenceing. Phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of 16S rRNA and OmpA genes demonstrated that these strains were on the same clade as other B. pseudohinzii strains isolated from mice. Experimental infected mice presented an asymptomatic infection. B. pseudohinzii replicated in both the respiratory tract and the digestive tract. Most importantly B. pseudohinzii shed via feces and infected a group of sentinel mice in a separate cage via cage padding contaminated with B. pseudohinzii‐positive feces, indicating that B. pseudohinzii could transmit efficiently among mice and contaminate environmental facilities. Our study highlights the importance of routine monitoring of the pathogen in laboratory mice and provides vital insights into the transmission of Brodetellae in rodents and human.
Chemical Interactions of Cryptic Actinomycete Metabolite 5‐Alkyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinolines through Aggregate Formation
Authors: Sugiyama Ryosuke , Nakatani Takahiro , Nishimura Shinichi , Takenaka Kei , Ozaki Taro , Asamizu Shumpei , Onaka Hiroyasu , Kakeya Hideaki
Published: August 2019

Organisms often produce secondary metabolites as a mixture of biosynthetically related congeners. However, why are metabolites with minor chemical variations produced simultaneously? 5‐Alkyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinolines (5aTHQs) are small, lipophilic metabolites produced by Streptomyces nigrescens HEK616 when cultured with Tsukamurella pulmonis TP‐B0596. A mixture of 5aTHQs forms aggregates that show enhanced membrane affinity and biological activity. The ability to form aggregates and membrane‐binding activity is regulated by the length of the alkyl chains. Aggregates with long alkyl chains were too stable to fuse with lipid membranes. However, if inactive 5aTHQ congener was mixed with active congener, the mixture showed increased membrane affinity, enabling cellular entry and biological activity. Therefore, it is shown that sloppiness in a biosynthetic pathway, by which minor structural variations can be produced, is functionally rational, as the metabolites show synergistic action.
Phosphite‐Catalyzed C−H Allylation of Azaarenes via an Enantioselective [2,3]‐Aza‐Wittig Rearrangement
Authors: Motaleb Abdul , Rani Soniya , Das Tamal , Gonnade Rajesh G. , Maity Pradip
Published: August 2019

A phosphite‐mediated [2,3]‐aza‐Wittig rearrangement has been developed for the regio‐ and enantioselective allylic alkylation of six‐membered heteroaromatic compounds (azaarenes). The nucleophilic phosphite adducts of N‐allyl salts undergo a stereoselective base‐mediated aza‐Wittig rearrangement and dissociation of the chiral phosphite for overall C−H functionalization of azaarenes. This method provides efficient access to tertiary and quaternary chiral centers in isoquinoline, quinoline, and pyridine systems, tolerating a broad variety of substituents on both the allyl part and azaarenes. Catalysis with chiral phosphites is also demonstrated with synthetically useful yields and enantioselectivities.
Intermolekulare, durch Cp*RhIII‐katalysierte C−H‐Aktivierung ermöglichte 1,4‐Carboaminierung von konjugierten Dienen
Authors: Pinkert Tobias , Wegner Tristan , Mondal Shobhan , Glorius Frank
Published: August 2019

Es wird ein Protokoll für die Dreikomponenten‐1,4‐Carboaminierung von Dienen beschrieben. Synthetisch vielseitige Weinreb‐Amide wurden mit 1,3‐Dienen und gut verfügbaren Dioxazolonen als Stickstoffquelle gekuppelt, wobei [Cp*RhCl2]2‐katalysierte C−H‐Aktivierung die 1,4‐carboaminierten Produkte liefert. Die Transformation verläuft unter milden Reaktionsbedingungen und zeigt eine hohe Regio‐ undE‐Selektivität. Mechanistische Untersuchungen deuten darauf hin, dass eine intermediäre RhIII‐Allylspezies redoxneutral mit einem elektrophilen Amidierungsreagenz reagiert.
Programmed Release of Dihydroartemisinin for Synergistic Cancer Therapy Using a CaCO3 Mineralized Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Wan Xiuyan , Zhong Hui , Pan Wei , Li Yanhua , Chen Yuanyuan , Li Na , Tang Bo
Published: August 2019

Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) has attracted increasing attention as an anticancer agent. However, using DHA to treat cancer usually depends on the synergistic effects of exogenous components, and the loss of DHA during delivery reduces its effectiveness in cancer therapy. Reported herein is a programmed release nanoplatform of DHA to synergistically treat cancer with a Fe‐TCPP [(4,4,4,4‐(porphine‐5,10,15,20‐tetrayl) tetrakis(benzoic acid)] NMOF (nanoscale MOF) having a CaCO3 mineralized coating, which prevents DHA leakage during transport in the bloodstream. When the nanoplatform arrives at the tumor site, the weakly acidic microenvironment and high concentration of glutathione (GSH) trigger DHA release and TCPP activation, enabling the synergistic Fe2+‐DHA‐mediated chemodynamic therapy, Ca2+‐DHA‐mediated oncosis therapy, and TCPP‐mediated photodynamic therapy. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the nanoplatform showed enhanced anticancer efficiency and negligible toxicity.
Antiadhesive Nanosomes Facilitate Targeting of the Lysosomal GlcNAc Salvage Pathway through Derailed Cancer Endocytosis
Authors: Koide Ryosuke , Nishimura Shin‐Ichiro
Published: August 2019

Activated endocytosis of extracellular macromolecules and their intracellular trafficking to lysosomes is an essential metabolic mechanism in cancer cells during their rapid proliferation. Cancer cells reuse a vast amount of N‐acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) supplied from the GlcNAc salvage pathway for the accelerated synthesis of a pivotal uridine diphosphate (UDP)‐GlcNAc. A method to inactivate key glycosidases in lysosomes could critically contribute to the development of potent anticancer therapy. Here we demonstrate that “nanosomes” made of core metals covered by an antiadhesive mixed self‐assembled monolayer allow for avoiding nonspecific surface protein corona and targeted molecular delivery through activated endocytosis. Nanosomes carrying suicide substrates showed that lysosomal glycosidases such as β‐hexosaminidase and β‐galactosidase in cancer cells are promising targets for novel anticancer therapeutic nanomedicine that induce apoptotic cell death through lysosomal membrane permeabilization. The advantage of this method is evident because multivalent surface loading by antiadhesive nanosomes makes it possible to highlight “weak interactions” such as carbohydrate–lectin interactions independent of surface protein corona.
Coordination‐Directed Growth of Transition‐Metal–Crystalline‐Carbon Composites with Controllable Metal Composition
Authors: Tzadikov Jonathan , Amsellem Meital , Amlani Hila , Barrio Jesús , Azoulay Adi , Volokh Michael , Kozuch Sebastian , Shalom Menny
Published: August 2019

Transition‐metal–carbon (CTM) composites show ample activity in many catalytic reactions. However, control of composition, distribution, and properties is challenging. Now, a straightforward path for the synthesis of transition‐metal nanoparticles engulfed in crystalline carbon is presented with excellent control over the metal composition, amount, ratio, and catalytic properties. This approach uses molten monomers that coordinate metals ions at high temperature. At high temperatures, strong coordination bonds direct the growth of carbon material with homogeneous metals distribution and with negligible losses, owing to the liquid‐like reaction compared to the traditional solid‐state reaction. The strength of the approach is demonstrated by the synthesis of mono, binary, and trinary transition‐metal–crystalline‐carbon composites with tunable and precise elemental composition as well as good electrochemical properties as oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysts.
Chiral Phosphoric Acids in Metal–Organic Frameworks with Enhanced Acidity and Tunable Catalytic Selectivity
Authors: Chen Xu , Jiang Hong , Li Xu , Hou Bang , Gong Wei , Wu Xiaowei , Han Xing , Zheng Fanfan , Liu Yan , Jiang Jianwen , Cui Yong
Published: August 2019

Chiral phosphoric acids are incorporated into indium‐based metal–organic frameworks (In‐MOFs) by sterically preventing them from coordination. This concept leads to the synthesis of three chiral porous 3D In‐MOFs with different network topologies constructed from three enantiopure 1,1′‐biphenol‐phosphoric acid derived tetracarboxylate linkers. More importantly, all the uncoordinated phosphoric acid groups are periodically aligned within the channels and display significantly enhanced acidity compared to the non‐immobilized acids. This facilitates the Brønsted acid catalysis of asymmetric condensation/amine addition and imine reduction. The enantioselectivities can be tuned (up to >99 % ee) by varying the substituents to achieve a nearly linear correlation with the concentrations of steric bulky groups in the MOFs. DFT calculations suggest that the framework provides a chiral confined microenvironment that dictates both selectivity and reactivity of chiral MOFs.
Salen‐Based Amphiphiles: Directing Self‐Assembly in Water by Metal Complexation
Authors: Tosi Filippo , Stuart Marc C. A. , Wezenberg Sander J. , Feringa Ben L.
Published: August 2019

Tuning morphologies of self‐assembled structures in water is a major challenge. Herein we present a salen‐based amphiphile which, using complexation with distinct transition metal ions, allows to control effectively the self‐assembly morphology in water, as observed by Cryo‐TEM and confirmed by DLS measurements. Applying this strategy with various metal ions gives a broad spectrum of self‐assembled structures starting from the same amphiphilic ligand (from cubic structures to vesicles and micelles). Thermogravimetric analysis and electric conductivity measurements reveal a key role for water coordination apparently being responsible for the distinct assembly behavior.
Investigation of OSN properties of PDMS membrane for the retention of dilute solutes with potential industrial applications
Authors: Morshed Mahbub , Simonaire Hervé , Alem Halima , Roizard Denis
Published: August 2019

Few commercially available membranes can be used for organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN). Applying OSN in chemical industries is nevertheless of high interest to cut with energy consumption linked to solvent recycling and soluble catalysts recovery. A commercial membrane, PERVAP4060, was used to investigate the retention of dilute solutes in toluene feeds and to mimic metathesis medium. The studied solutes were R‐BINAP a neutral polyaromatic molecule used in metathesis chemistry, tetraoctylammonium bromide (ToABr), a charged molecule used as a homogeneous catalyst and n‐hexadecane. Retention of polar ToABr (95%) was higher than that of neutral R‐BINAP (80%). The transfer mechanism, either pore flow or solution‐diffusion, was discussed. All the results obtained suggested that the transport is governed by the solution‐diffusion mechanism. The measured retentions could be explained in terms of solubility affinities and diffusion coefficients. The stability and performances of PERVAP4060 were well established, showing the strong potential for industrial applications. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48359.
New Nucleoside Analogues for the Treatment of Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Infections
Authors: De Clercq Erik
Published: August 2019

Eight different compounds, all nucleoside analogues, could presently be considered as potential drug candidates for the treatment of Ebola virus (EBOV) and/or other hemorrhagic fever virus (HFV) infections. They can be considered as either (i) adenine analogues (3‐deazaneplanocin A, galidesivir, GS‐6620 and remdesivir) or (ii) guanine analogues containing the carboxamide entity (ribavirin, EICAR, pyrazofurin and favipiravir). All eight owe their mechanism of action to hydrogen bonded base pairing with either (i) uracil or (ii) cytosine. Four out of the eight compounds (galidesivir, GS‐6620, remdesivir and pyrazofurin) are C‐nucleosides, and two of them (GS‐6620, remdesivir) also contain a phosphoramidate part. The C‐nucleoside and phosphoramidate (and for the adenine analogues the 1′‐cyano group as well) may be considered as essential attributes for their antiviral activity.
Identifying Protein Conformational Dynamics Using Spin‐label ESR
Authors: Lai Yei‐Chen , Kuo Yun‐Hsuan , Chiang Yun‐Wei
Published: August 2019

Spin‐label electron spin resonance (ESR) has emerged as a powerful tool to characterize protein dynamics. One recent advance is the development of ESR for resolving dynamical components that occur or coexist during a biological process. It has been applied to study the complex structural and dynamical aspects of membranes and proteins, such as conformational changes in protein during translocation from cytosol to membrane, conformational exchange between equilibria in response to protein‐protein and protein‐ligand interactions in either soluble or membrane environments, protein oligomerization, and temperature‐ or hydration‐dependent protein dynamics. As these topics are challenging but urgent for understanding the function of a protein on the molecular level, the newly developed ESR methods to capture individual dynamical components, even in low‐populated states, have become a great complement to other existing biophysical tools.
Robust consensus of fractional‐order singular uncertain multi‐agent systems
Authors: Pan Huan , Yu Xinghuo , Yang Guohua , Xue Li
Published: August 2019

This paper focuses on consensus analysis of fractional‐order singular multi‐agent systems (FOSMASs) with uncertainties under fixed topology. The definition of admissible consensus or robust admissible consensus of FOSMASs is proposed and the communication network topology is assumed to be an undirected or a directed graph. Through a coordinate transformation, the admissible consensus of FOSMASs is converted into two parts, one is regularity and impulse‐free of single fractional‐order singular (FOS) linear system, another one is admissibility of multiple FOS linear systems. The consensus conditions are expressed by linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) via SVD technique. Some simulation examples are given to show how to solve LMIs to get the control gain. The simulation results display that the states of the FOSMAS can achieve consensus by using the solved control gain.
Segmented Bayesian calibration approach for estimating age in forensic science
Authors: Bucci Andrea , Skrami Edlira , Faragalli Andrea , Gesuita Rosaria , Cameriere Roberto , Carle Flavia , Ferrante Luigi
Published: August 2019

Forensic age estimation is receiving growing attention from researchers in the last few years. Accurate estimates of age are needed both for identifying real age in individuals without any identity document and assessing it for human remains. The methods applied in such context are mostly based on radiological analysis of some anatomical districts and entail the use of a regression model. However, estimating chronological age by regression models leads to overestimated ages in younger subjects and underestimated ages in older ones. We introduced a full Bayesian calibration method combined with a segmented function for age estimation that relied on a Normal distribution as a density model to mitigate this bias. In this way, we were also able to model the decreasing growth rate in juveniles. We compared our new Bayesian‐segmented model with other existing approaches. The proposed method helped producing more robust and precise forecasts of age than compared models while exhibited comparable accuracy in terms of forecasting measures. Our method seemed to overcome the estimation bias also when applied to a real data set of South‐African juvenile subjects.
In vivo surveillance and elimination of teratoma‐forming human embryonic stem cells with monoclonal antibody 2448 targeting annexin A2
Authors: Tan Heng Liang , Tan Bao Zhu , Goh Winfred Xi Tai , Cua Simeon , Choo Andre
Published: August 2019

This study describes the use of a previously reported chimerised monoclonal antibody (mAb), ch2448, to kill human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in vivo and prevent or delay the formation of teratomas. ch2448 was raised against hESCs and was previously shown to effectively kill ovarian and breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The antigen target was subsequently found to be Annexin A2, an oncofetal antigen expressed on both embryonic cells and cancer cells. Against cancer cells, ch2448 binds and kills via antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and/or antibody‐drug conjugate (ADC) routes. Here, we investigate if the use of ch2448 can be extended to hESC. ch2448 was found to bind specifically to undifferentiated hESC but not differentiated progenitors. Similar to previous study using cancer cells, ch2448 kills hESC in vivo either indirectly by eliciting ADCC or directly as an ADC. The treatment with ch2448 post‐transplantation eliminated the in vivo circulating undifferentiated cells and prevented or delayed the formation of teratomas. This surveillance role of ch2448 adds an additional layer of safeguard to enhance the safety and efficacious use of pluripotent stem cell‐derived products in regenerative medicine. Thereby, translating the use of ch2448 in the treatment of cancers to a proof of concept study in hESC (or pluripotent stem cell [PSC]), we show that mAbs can also be used to eliminate teratoma forming cells in vivo during PSC‐derived cell therapies. We propose to use this strategy to complement existing methods to eliminate teratoma‐forming cells in vitro. Residual undifferentiated cells may escape in vitro removal methods and be introduced into patients together with the differentiated cells.
Evaluating the impact of the augmented reality learning environment on electronics laboratory skills of engineering students
Authors: Singh Gurjinder , Mantri Archana , Sharma Ojaswa , Dutta Rubina , Kaur Rashpinder
Published: August 2019

In engineering education, laboratory experience is powerful in building up the specialized aptitudes and skills of the engineering graduates by structuring and conducting practical experiments. In engineering laboratories, the student often deals with complex laboratory equipment to perform the experiment. Oscilloscope and function generator are frequently used electronic equipment in electronics engineering laboratories. Augmented reality (AR) technology has the capacity to provide a unique learning experience to the students which can ease down the difficulties faced by students while operating laboratory equipment. In this paper, an augmented reality learning environment (ARLE) is developed which could help the student in operating the laboratory equipment. The study aims to determine the impact of AR intervention on student laboratory skills, cognitive load, and learning motivation. The experiment was conducted amongst 60 first‐year undergraduate engineering students. The participants were randomly divided into two groups: Experimental group and Control group. The participants of the experimental group were given ARLE treatment while the participants from the control group were given traditional teaching treatment. The experimental results suggest that AR intervention has a significant positive impact on student laboratory skills. Also, ARLE is an effective tool in reducing the cognitive load of students while operating laboratory equipment. The student feedback indicates that the students of the experimental group operated the equipment without any fear of damaging the equipment as they were already familiarized with the equipment in ARLE. The results of this study recommend AR as an adequate technology for developing unique AR experiences for engineering education.
Nonconserved miR‐608 suppresses prostate cancer progression through RAC2/PAK4/LIMK1 and BCL2L1/caspase‐3 pathways by targeting the 3′‐UTRs of RAC2/BCL2L1 and the coding region of PAK4
Authors: Zhang Xu , Fang Jiajie , Chen Shiming , Wang Weiyu , Meng Shuai , Liu Ben
Published: August 2019

The aim of this study is to investigate the functions and mechanisms of miR‐608 in prostate cancer (PCa). CISH and qRT‐PCR analysis demonstrated that miR‐608 was low expressed in PCa tissues and cells, which was partly attributed to the methylation of CpG island adjacent to the transcription start site (TSS) of miR‐608 gene. Intracellular miR‐608 overexpression inhibited in vivo PCa tumor growth, and suppressed PCa cell proliferation, G2/M transition, and migration in vitro, which was independent of EMT‐associated mechanisms. Then RAC2, a GTPase previously deemed hematopoiesis‐specific but now discovered to exist and play important roles in PCa, was verified by western blot and dual‐luciferase reporter assays to mediate the effects of miR‐608 through RAC2/PAK4/LIMK1/cofilin pathway. MiR‐608 also promoted the apoptosis of PCa cells through BCL2L1/caspase‐3 pathway by targeting the 3′‐UTR of BCL2L1. Moreover, PAK4, the downstream effector of RAC2, was found to be targeted by miR‐608 at the mRNA coding sequence (CDS) instead of the canonical 3′‐UTR. Knocking down RAC2, PAK4, or BCL2L1 with siRNAs reproduced the antiproliferative, mitosis‐obstructive, antimigratory and proapoptotic effects of miR‐608 in PCa cells, which could be attenuated by downregulating miR‐608. In conclusion, miR‐608 suppresses PCa progression, and its activation provides a new therapeutic option for PCa.
Mono‐reduced Corannulene: To Couple and Not to Couple in One Crystal
Authors: Rogachev Andrey Yu. , Alkan Melisa , Li Jingbai , Liu Shuyang , Spisak Sarah N. , Filatov Alexander S. , Petrukhina Marina A.
Published: August 2019

One‐electron reduction of corannulene, C20H10, with Li metal in diglyme resulted in crystallization of [{Li+(diglyme)2}4(C20H10.−)2(C20H10‐C20H10)2−] (1), as revealed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. This hybrid product contains two corannulene monoanion‐radicals along with a dianionic dimer, crystallized with four Li+ ions wrapped by diglyme molecules. The dimeric (C20H10‐C20H10)2− anion provides the first crystallographically confirmed example of spontaneous radical dimerization for C20H10.−. The C−C bond length between the two C20H10.− bowls of 1.588(5) Å is consistent with the single σ‐bond character of the linker. The trans‐disposition of two bowls in the centrosymmetric (C20H10‐C20H10)2− dimer is observed with the torsion angle around the central C−C bond of 180°. Comprehensive theoretical analysis of formation/decomposition processes of the dimeric dianion has been carried out in order to evaluate the nature of bonding and energetics of the C20H10.− coupling. It is found that such σ‐bonded dimers are thermodynamically unstable due to large preparation energy and repulsive Pauli component of the bonding, but kinetically persistent due to a high energy barrier provided by the existing spin‐crossing point.
Chiral Induction and Remote Chiral Communication in Quinoline Oligoamide Foldamers for Determination of Enantiomeric Excess and Absolute Configuration of Chiral Amines and Their Derivatives
Authors: Zheng Lu , Zhan Yulin , Ye Lin , Zheng Dan , Wang Ying , Zhang Kun , Jiang Hua
Published: August 2019

Two pentameric foldamers, Q5 and Q5C‐S, containing a C−F bond were synthesized based on quinoline oligamide foldamers for the measurement of enantiomeric excess and for the determination of absolute configuration of chiral amines, diamines, amino alcohols, and α‐amino acid esters. Chiral induction of Q5 was triggered in situ when the chiral analytes reacted with the C−F bond in Q5 by a N‐nucleophilic substitution reaction, leading to a linear correlation between the CD amplitude at the region of quinoline chromophores and the ee values of the chiral analytes, which can be used for the ee determination of chiral analytes. Furthermore, the CD intensity of Q5C‐S containing a chiral motif at its C‐terminus enhances via remote, favorable chiral communication when the chiral induction was triggered in situ by chiral analytes at the N‐terminus matches the original helicity of Q5C‐S, but decreases via remote, conflicted chiral communication when the chiral induction is triggered in situ by chiral molecules at the N‐terminus mismatches the original one. The system can thus be used for determination of the absolute configuration of chiral analytes, given that the chirality of the chiral motif at the C‐terminus of Q5C‐S is known.
Lewis Acid Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Hydrogen Activation: Structures, Mechanisms, and Reactivities
Authors: Li Yinwu , Liu Jiahao , Huang Xiao , Qu Ling‐Bo , Zhao Cunyuan , Langer Robert , Ke Zhuofeng
Published: August 2019

As a new type of bifunctional catalyst, the Lewis acid transition‐metal (LA‐TM) catalysts have been widely applied for hydrogen activation. This study presents a mechanistic framework to understand the LA‐TM‐catalyzed H2 activation through DFT studies. The mer(trans)‐homolytic cleavage, the fac(cis)‐homolytic cleavage, the synergetic heterolytic cleavage, and the dissociative heterolytic cleavage should be taken as general mechanisms for the field of LA‐TM catalysis. Four typical LA‐TM catalysts, the Z‐type κ4‐L3B‐Rh complex tri(azaindolyl)borane‐Rh, the X‐type κ3‐L2B‐Co complex bis‐phosphino‐boryl (PBP)‐Co, the η2‐BC‐type κ3‐L2B‐Pd complex diphosphine‐borane (DPB)‐Pd, and the Z‐type κ2‐LB‐Pt complex (boryl)iminomethane (BIM)‐Pt are selected as representative models to systematically illustrate their mechanistic features and explore the influencing factors on mechanistic variations. Our results indicate that the tri(azaindolyl)borane‐Rh catalyst favors the synergetic heterolytic mechanism; the PBP‐Co catalyst prefers the mer(trans)‐homolytic mechanism; the DPB‐Pd catalyst operates through the fac(cis)‐homolytic mechanism, whereas the BIM‐Pt catalyst tends to undergo the dissociative heterolytic mechanism. The mechanistic variations are determined by the coordination geometry, the LA‐TM bonding nature, the electronic structure of the TM center, and the flexibility or steric effect of the LA ligands. The presented mechanistic framework should provide helpful guidelines for LA‐TM catalyst design and reaction developments.
Cover Image, Volume 76, Issue 5
Authors: Yamada Mimori , Hayashi Kensuke
Published: August 2019

ON THE COVER: The cover image is based on the Short Report Microtubule nucleation in the cytoplasm of developing cortical neurons and its regulation by brain‐derived neurotrophic factor by Kensuke Hayashi et al., DOI: 10.1002/cm.21550.

image
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase 5A4 immunohistochemistry as a diagnostic assay in lung cancer: A Canadian reference testing center's results in population‐based reflex testing
Authors: Fiset Pierre O. , Labbé Catherine , Young Kelvin , Craddock Kenneth J. , Smith Adam C. , Tanguay Jeffrey , Pintilie Melania , Wang Ri , Torlakovic Emina , Cheung Carol , da Cunha Santos Gilda , Ko Hyang‐Mi , Boerner Scott L. , Hwang David M. , Leighl Natasha B. , Tsao Ming‐Sound
Published: August 2019

Background

The presence of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement predicts response to ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was the initial reference standard to detect ALK rearrangement, but immunohistochemistry (IHC) using D5F3 has gained acceptance as an alternative diagnostic method. ALK IHC assays using other ALK antibodies have also been used as screening methods, but data supporting their utility as diagnostic tests have not been widely reported.

Methods

Data from reflexive clinical ALK IHC test using the 5A4 clone concurrent with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation testing were analyzed. ALK IHC results were reported as negative (−), equivocal, or positive (+), with equivocal or positive staining validated by FISH break‐apart probe testing. Treatment outcomes were reviewed for ALK IHC+ patients.

Results

Between 2012 and 2015, 146 (2.5%) cases were reported as ALK IHC+, 188 (3.2%) were reported as equivocal, and 5624 (94.4%) were reported as ALK IHC−. Of the ALK IHC+ cases, 131/143(91.6%) were ALK FISH+. Excluding 6 cases in which FISH was inconclusive or not performed, the positive predictive value was 95.6%, and the negative predictive value was 100%. Most specimens (n = 5352 [89.6%]) were also successfully tested for EGFR. Clinical responses to ALK TKIs were noted in 49 ALK IHC+ patients, with a median progression‐free survival of 9.9 months.

Conclusions

ALK 5A4 IHC can serve as a robust diagnostic test for ALK‐rearranged lung cancer and is associated with treatment response and survival. Optimized tissue allocation resulted in high success rates of combined reflex EGFR and ALK testing.
Two enemies, one fight: An update of oral cancer in patients with Fanconi anemia
Authors: Amenábar José M. , Torres‐Pereira Cassius C. , Tang Kai D. , Punyadeera Chamindie
Published: August 2019

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare inherited genetic condition that may lead to bone marrow failure, leukemia, and/or solid tumors. It is caused by the loss of function of at least 1 gene of the FA/BRCA pathway, which is necessary for DNA repair. Patients with FA have a 200‐fold to 1000‐fold risk of developing head and neck cancer, mainly oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and of doing so at a much younger age than individuals within the general population. Also, patients who have FA with OSCC have poor overall survival rates, reinforcing the necessity to detect OSCC early. The scope of the current review is to provide an update on OSCC in patients with FA.
The RS4;11 cell line as a model for leukaemia with t(4;11)(q21;q23): Revised characterisation of cytogenetic features
Authors: Ragusa Denise , Makarov Evgeny M. , Britten Oliver , Moralli Daniela , Green Catherine M. , Tosi Sabrina
Published: August 2019

Background

Haematological malignancies harbouring rearrangements of the KMT2A gene represent a unique subtype of leukaemia, with biphenotypic clinical manifestations, a rapid and aggressive onset, and a generally poor prognosis. Chromosomal translocations involving KMT2A often cause the formation of oncogenic fusion genes, such as the most common translocation t(4;11)(q21;q23) producing the KMT2A‐AFF1 chimera.

Aim

The aim of this study was to confirm and review the cytogenetic and molecular features of the KMT2A‐rearranged RS4;11 cell line and put those in context with other reports of cell lines also harbouring a t(4;11) rearrangement.

Methods and Results

The main chromosomal rearrangements t(4;11)(q21;q23) and i(7q), described when the cell line was first established, were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and 24‐colour karyotyping by M‐FISH. Additional cytogenetic abnormalities were investigated by further FISH experiments, including the presence of trisomy 18 as a clonal abnormality and the discovery of one chromosome 8 being an i(8q), which indicates a duplication of the oncogene MYC. A homozygous deletion of 9p21 containing the tumour‐suppressor genes CDKN2A and CDKN2B was also revealed by FISH. The production of the fusion transcript KMT2A‐AFF1 arising from the der(11)t(4;11) was confirmed by RT‐PCR, but sequencing of the amplified fragment revealed the presence of multiple isoforms. Two transcript variants, resulting from alternative splicing, were identified differing in one glutamine residue in the translated protein.

Conclusion

As karyotype evolution is a common issue in cell lines, we highlight the need to monitor cell lines in order to re‐confirm their characteristics over time. We also reviewed the literature to provide a comparison of key features of several cell lines harbouring a t(4;11). This would guide scientists in selecting the most suitable research model for this particular type of KMT2A‐leukaemia.
Effect of Doping Ce Ions on Morphology and Photocatalytic Activity of CuO Nanostructures
Authors: Chen Yajie , Tan Haiwen , Wu Xiaoqing , Sun Qimeng , Wang Dagui , Wang Yongqian
Published: August 2019

By one‐step hydrothermal method, pure and Ce‐doped CuO nanostructures (NSs) are successfully synthesized. In this work, C4H6CuO4·H2O and Ce(NO3)3·6H2O are used as the precursor and the dopant. The results of X‐ray diffraction and energy dispersive spectroscopy demonstrate that small portions of Ce ions are incorporated into the crystal lattice of CuO NSs and substitute Cu ions with the formation of a tiny impurity (Cu2O). Field emission scanning electron microscopy images display that the nanoellipsoid morphology of pure CuO transforms to an apparently rough surface with larger sizes of the morphology by doping with Ce element. Compared to pure CuO NSs, the UV–vis absorption of Ce‐doped CuO NSs is remarkably enhanced, which exhibits a strong ability of light absorption both in the 200–380 nm and in the visible region (380–800 nm). The measured band‐gaps of pure and Ce‐doped CuO NSs with different amounts of Ce ions are 2.07 and 1.93, 2.03, 2.02 eV, respectively. The photocatalytic test shows that the photocatalytic activity of Ce‐doped CuO NSs is eminently better than for pure CuO NSs, with the photodegradation of methylene blue solution rising up to 90.04%.
Metal‐Rich Ternary Perovskite Nitrides
Authors: Niewa Rainer
Published: August 2019

Research interest in inverse perovskite nitrides, since the early beginnings in the 1940s has considerably intensified in recent years. Within the last decades exploration lead to a wide variety of new compounds, compositions and structural arrangements. Electronic properties of the novel materials span from insulating and semiconducting via semimetallic and metallic, depending on element combination. Similarly, magnetic properties qualify for various applications, according to frequently high Curie temperatures and saturation magnetizations, together with development of delicate magnetic structures and often occurring metamagnetic transitions, to give only few examples. This minireview is intended to give an overview on formation of such metal‐rich compounds with focus on chemical systems and crystal chemistry.
Synthesis and Evaluations of “1,4‐Triazolyl Combretacoumarins” and Desmethoxy Analogs
Authors: Khandaker Tashrique A. , Hess Jessica D. , Aguilera Renato , Andrei Graciela , Snoeck Robert , Schols Dominique , Pradhan Padmanava , Lakshman Mahesh K.
Published: August 2019

1,4‐Triazolyl combretacoumarins have been prepared by linking the trimethoxyarene unit of combretastatin A4 with coumarins, via a 1,2,3‐triazole. For this, 4‐azidocoumarins were accessed by a sequential two‐step, one‐pot reaction of 4‐hydroxycoumarins with (benzotriazol‐1‐yloxy)tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP), followed by reaction with NaN3. In the reaction with BOP, a coumarin‐derived phosphonium ion intermediate seems to form, leading to an O4‐(benzotriazolyl)coumarin derivative. For the CuAAC reaction of azidocoumarins with 5‐ethynyl‐1,2,3‐trimethoxybenzene, catalytic [(MeCN)4Cu]PF6 in CH2Cl2/MeOH with 2,6‐lutidine, at 50 oC, was suitable. The 4‐azidocoumarins were less reactive as compared to PhN3 and the NBO coefficients of the azido groups were compared by DFT analysis. Compound solubility was a problem in biological assays. On the basis of the biological and solubility data of one 1,4‐triazolyl combretacoumarin, four analogs lacking one or two methoxy groups were synthesized. Reactivity differences among the phenylacetylenes were noted and the NBO coefficients of the alkynes were compared by DFT analysis. In cytotoxicity assays, 1‐phenyl‐4‐(3,4,5‐trimethoxyphenyl)‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazole showed activity in CEM and MDA‐MB‐231 cell lines by apoptosis. The desmethoxy 6‐bromo‐4‐(4‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐1‐yl)‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one also showed cytotoxicity against the two cell lines, but this did not appear to be consistent with apoptosis. The antiviral activity of the compounds was unremarkable.
Synthesis and Applications of 9H‐Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]indole and 9H‐Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]indol‐9‐one Derivatives
Authors: Lorton Charlotte , Voituriez Arnaud
Published: August 2019

This review covers the strategies for the synthesis of 9H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐a]indole and 9H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐a]indol‐9‐one derivatives. Both metal‐promoted or non‐metal catalyzed transformations will be developed, including some relevant applications.
Electrochemical Characteristics of a Triphenylamine Derivative by Microelectrode Voltammetry
Authors: Matsuda Shofu , Okuda Yuuki , Obu Yoshiki , Nagayama Norio , Umeda Minoru
Published: August 2019

With the objective of understanding the kinetic redox properties of triphenylamine derivatives in association with chemical reactions, for their future application in functional organic semiconductor devices, the electrochemical characteristics of 4‐(2,2‐diphenylethenyl)‐N,N‐bis(4‐methylphenyl)‐benzenamine (TPA) were evaluated. Based on cyclic voltammograms of TPA on Pt disk electrodes with diameters of 300 μm and 10 μm at slow and fast scan rates in an acetonitrile solution, the TPA.+ is stable, while the TPA2+ is unstable. Importantly, the unstable TPA2+ appears to break down by a subsequent chemical reaction. A Cottrell plot analysis from chronoamperometry of a solution containing TPA reveals that both the first and second oxidations are one‐electron reactions. Concerning the stabilization mechanism of the first oxidation state of TPA, the results of molecular orbital calculations indicate that the electrons of the HOMO level are distributed in the triphenylamine group, which induces a resonance‐stabilized TPA.+. Based on these results, TPA/TPA.+ is suggested to have a sufficient stability for further application in organic semiconductor devices.
Design and Application of a Non‐enzymatic Sensor Based on Metal‐organic Frameworks for the Simultaneous Determination of Carbofuran and Carbaryl in Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: Soltani‐Shahrivar Morteza , Karimian Nashmil , Fakhri Hanieh , Hajian Ali , Afkhami Abbas , Bagheri Hasan
Published: August 2019

A novel, stable and sensitive non‐enzymatic sensor was developed with metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) that have attracted great attention in electrochemical sensors applications in recent years. The pore structures of MIL (Fe)‐101 and MIL (Fe)‐53 are the families of MOFs that were constructed via a simple solvothermal procedure. The 35MIL‐101(Fe)‐reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite has been used for modification of glassy carbon electrode for the determination of carbofuran (CBF) and carbaryl (CBR). The porosity of the composites increased the voltammetric responses significantly for CBF and CBR in a mixed solution that makes the simultaneous determination of both carbamate pesticides possible. Characterization of MIL (Fe)‐101 and MIL (Fe)‐53 were performed with FT‐IR, XRD, BET and SEM. Finally, the introduced sensor under the optimal conditions showed low detection limits of 1.2 and 0.5 nM within the linear ranges of 5.0–200.0 nM and 1.0–300.0 nM for CBF and CBR, respectively. The non‐enzymatic sensor was successfully used to monitoring of carbamates residue in vegetable and fruit samples.
Molecular characterization of hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma reveals alterations in various genes involved in DNA repair, epigenetic regulation, signaling pathways, and cell cycle control
Authors: Mogler Carolin , Koschny Ronald , Heilig Christoph E. , Frohling Stefan , Schirmacher Peter , Weichert Wilko , Pfarr Nicole
Published: August 2019

Epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas (EHE) of the liver are rare, low‐malignant vascular tumors whose molecular pathogenesis is incompletely understood. The diagnosis of EHE is challenging, and the course of the disease can be highly variable. Therapeutic options for EHE are limited, including resection of primary and metastatic tumors, organ transplantation and rather ineffective systemic approaches. Driver mutations have been reported (fusion transcripts of either YAP‐TFE3 or WWTR1‐CAMTA1) but comprehensive molecular profiling has not been performed. Our aim was to molecularly characterize hepatic EHE to identify new molecular targets. Eight primary hepatic EHE were analyzed by next‐generation sequencing using a 409‐gene panel. The majority of primary hepatic EHE revealed a low number of mutations. Genes that were mutated primarily are involved in DNA repair, epigenetic regulation, signaling pathways and cell cycle control, indicating that EHE present with mutations in various functions. Although only detecting a low mutation rate, a comparison with comprehensive databases (target db V3) revealed mutations in five genes with putative therapeutical options. Therefore, our findings help to shed light on the molecular background of EHE and might pave the way to new therapeutic approaches.
Improvement of Energy Efficiency and Effectiveness of Cooking for Parabolic‐Type Solar Cooker Used with Activated‐Carbon‐Coated Aluminium Cooking Pot
Authors: Goswami Anik , Basu Subhajit , Sadhu Pradip Kumar
Published: August 2019

In India, due to the high price of cooking gases, people still cook with noncommercial fuels like kerosene and firewood. These cause a lot of health problems and also harm the environment. A clean solution to this problem is to use a solar cooker. A solar cooker suffers from the problem of low utility and hence takes a longer period of time for cooking. To counter this problem and reduce cooking time, the solar cooker is tested with charcoal coated utensil. In this paper, a parabolic‐type domestic solar cooker is tested for the same utensil with and without cost effective thermal coating. It is observed that the effectiveness and efficiency of cooking is considerably increased by using the charcoal coating on the utensil. Considering the economic condition of the people of the selected area, this method provides a cost effective way to increase the cooking effectiveness of the solar cooker and reduce dependency on noncommercial fuels.
Sequence stratigraphy, depositional systems, and petroliferous plays within a low‐accommodation setting: A case study from the Lower Jurassic Sangonghe Formation, Xiayan Rise, Junggar Basin, Northwestern China
Authors: Liu Mingyang , Xia Shiqiang , Zhang Yongbo , Xiang Jialin , Huang Huihui , Ma Hongni
Published: August 2019

The Xiayan Rise (Junggar Basin, NW China) preserves a record of fluvial–deltaic–lacustrine, low‐accommodation deposits of the Lower Jurassic Sangonghe Formation. Sequence stratigraphy, depositional systems, and petroliferous plays are investigated with seismic sections, wireline logs, and cores. The results indicate that two third‐order sequences and eight fourth‐order sequences are recognized. The sequence architecture is controlled by episodic tectonic movement, sediment supply, and climate. In addition, several sedimentary microfacies are identified including braided delta deposits and shore‐shallow lacustrine deposits. During the depositional period of J1s22, basin tectonics result in a decrease in water depth and accommodation space. Subaqueous distributary channels are wide and flat which superimpose and connect with each other. During the depositional period of J1s21‐2, tectonic movement results in increasing water depth and accommodation space during a phase of warm and humid climate. During the depositional period of J1s21‐1, the accommodation space was limited but sediment supply continued which is easy to form forced regression. Low rates of tectonic subsidence and low accommodation space results in the distribution of isolated subaqueous distributary channels which resulted from lacustrine depth. Petroliferous plays comprising source rocks, reservoirs, and seals can be found in LST1 and LST2.
Impacts of a multicomponent intervention programme on neuropsychiatric symptoms in people with dementia and psychological health of caregivers: A feasibility pilot study
Authors: Law Waiyan , Kwok Timothy C.Y.
Published: August 2019

Objectives

The objectives of this study are to explore the feasibility of a multicomponent intervention programme and to evaluate its impacts on behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) and psychological health of caregivers.

Methods

Fifty‐six community‐dwelling people with dementia (PWD) and knee osteoarthritis (OA) and their caregivers were recruited and randomized into the intervention group (IG) or comparison group (CG). Each participant in both groups received an individual physiotherapy session (personalized home exercises and care education) and underwent 8 weeks of a 1‐hour‐structured group exercise session weekly at a day care centre. They were instructed to follow the prescribed home exercise. The IG received a multicomponent programme, combining knee OA‐specific therapeutic exercise with self‐management support, while the CG attended the routine group exercise programme. The attendance rate and reasons for non‐attendance were recorded for evaluating the feasibility. The Chinese versions of the Revised Scale for Caregiving Self‐Efficacy (RSCSE) and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI‐Q) were measured at the baseline and postintervention.

Results

Fifty‐four dyads completed the programme with high attendance rate (94.4%). Compared with the CG, caregivers in the IG significantly improved in three domains of RSCSE scores (P ≤ .005) and caregivers' distress (P = .004) after the intervention. However, no effects were observed in terms of BPSD severity in PWD. No adverse events or falls were reported.

Conclusion

This multicomponent programme is feasible and safe for dementia caregivers and older people with mild‐to‐moderate dementia and knee OA. The programme has beneficial effects on caregiving self‐efficacy and distress of dementia caregivers.