bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ATTAC (Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions for the Aid of Citizens)
Authors: Birchfield Vicki L. , Freyberg‐Inan Annette
Published: September 2017

The international social movement ATTAC (Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions for the Aid of Citizens) was launched in France in 1998 and has since evolved into a transnational network that spans the globe with associations in over forty countries. Pushing for alternatives to neoliberal globalization, ATTAC is a loose network of non‐hierarchical, decentralized associations in many different countries – from the most highly developed to the most impoverished – and includes diverse groups and individuals, ranging from public intellectuals, teachers, and ecumenical leaders to small farmers, environmentalists, and advocates for the homeless and unemployed. ATTAC characterizes itself as an alter‐globalization movement that promotes some limits to commodification and the reign of market forces, more transparent and equitable forms of international economic exchange, and greater political and democratic control of financial markets.
Aung San Suu Kyi (b. 1945)
Authors: Amador Ernest A.
Published: September 2017

Aung San Suu Kyi, a Pulitzer Prize‐winning author and talented orator, is a leading proponent for democracy in Burma, a country that has been governed by a military regime, oftentimes discouraging opposition with cruel treatment or even death. Suu Kyi, enduring multiple, years‐long imprisonments and restricted rights for her opposition against the Burmese military government, is considered an important symbol in the struggle against oppression.
Australia, Anti‐War Movement
Authors: Bennett Terri
Published: September 2017

Organized and sustained anti‐war and peace movements occurred in Australia as early as World War I and have persisted with each foreign war in which Australian troops have been involved, including World War II, the Korean War, Vietnam, and the US War in Iraq.
Australia, Unemployed Movement
Authors: Cottle Drew
Published: September 2017

The Great Depression of the 1930s wrought enormous misery for a generation of Australian workers. Many lost their jobs, homes, and savings. Men, young and old, traveled on foot or by train searching for any kind of work. Families unable to pay the rent had to leave their homes, many making the “midnight flit” to other unoccupied dwellings. The destitute lived roughly, surviving on waste ground in makeshift camps known as Happy Valleys. A culture of poverty persisted among the unemployed where “making do” was a fact of life. Abandoned by the federal and state governments, political parties, and trade unions, and stigmatized by the press, the unemployed were expected to endure the Depression decade with resignation. Between 1927 and 1929 employers had prevailed over the unions of timber workers, wharf laborers, and coalminers in a series of climactic struggles. It was believed that the working class were demoralized by these experiences and would offer no resistance to the mass sackings, wage cuts, and homeless‐ness imposed by the Depression. While most did accept their straitened circumstances, some jobless Australians formed small militant groups to fight for jobs, housing, and their dignity.
Australian Aboriginal Protests
Authors: Foley Gary
Published: September 2017

Australian indigenous political resistance of the modern era can be traced to the first aboriginal political organization, the Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association (AAPA), established in 1924 by aboriginal wharfies (members of the Maritime Union of Australia) Fred Maynard and Tom Lacey. The AAPA had in part been inspired by Jamaican Marcus Garvey and shared the motto of Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association: “One God, One Aim, One Destiny.” The AAPA stood for self‐determination, economic independence, and land rights for aboriginal people, and its adaptation and incorporation of the ideas of Garvey demonstrates a far higher level of political sophistication than white Australian historians have ever acknowledged. Operations of the AAPA were largely restricted to the north coast of New South Wales (NSW). It managed to last only four years due to intense police and Aborigines Protection Board harassment, but the AAPA nurtured the flame of resistance, embedded ideas of self‐reliance and independence, and was to have a powerful influence on the next generation of NSW indigenous activists in the 1930s.
A
ustralian Left
Authors: Beilharz Peter
Published: September 2017

The left in Australia across the twentieth century had two main coordinates – the USSR and the Australian Labor Party (ALP). The mistake made by the Australian communists was to imagine that the experience of the Soviet Union was entirely relevant to Australia – but it was not. The mistake made by Australian radicals more generally was to imagine that the Labor Party would somehow become the vehicle or encourager of the cause of Australian socialism. They were also wrong, though they did much good work in the process of testing these fantasies.
Austria, 20th‐Century Protests
Authors: Bluemel Helen
Published: September 2017

Protests in Austria have taken a variety of forms, from ethnic minority issues surrounding demands for autonomy in the Hapsburg empire to anti‐democratic left‐ and right‐wing protests in the First Republic (1918–34) and eventual fascist takeover. When describing the development of conflicts in Austria from 1900 to the present day, it is important to discern the change in what “Austria” means. The country has undergone multiple forms of government; it has progressed from a monarchy at the onset of the century to a parliamentary democracy today. Furthermore, it also has changed its territorial and ethnic character immensely. It ceased to exist as an independent state for seven years from 1938 to 1945. All these factors had an influence on the form protests took in the country itself.
Babel, Isaac (1894–1941)
Authors: Buzby Amy
Published: September 2017

Isaac Emmanuelovich Babel was born in 1894 to a Jewish family in Odessa during a period of social upheaval, anti‐Semitic persecution, and the flight of Jews from the Russian Empire. As a youth he survived the 1905 pogrom through the assistance of Christian neighbors, but his grandfather was among the victims. In 1915 he graduated from the Institute of Financial and Business Studies in Kiev and moved to Petrograd, despite residency laws that prohibited Jews from the Pale, to establish himself as a writer. Babel quickly earned the respect of Maxim Gorky, who published two of his stories in
Letopis
. During the Russian Civil War Babel enlisted in the Red Army and briefly saw action before contracting malaria and returning to Petrograd to work on Gorky's
Novaya Zhin
.
Bacon's Rebellion
Authors: King Nathan
Published: September 2017

Bacon's Rebellion was the culmination of a series of events that aggravated small Virginia back‐country tobacco farmers, and it played a large role in the development of race‐based chattel slavery in the United States. In 1675–6 small farmers were faced with repeated attacks from Native Americans, low tobacco prices, and high taxes. The Virginia Colony, led by Sir William Berkeley, was perceived as ineffectual, particularly with regards to protection against Native American attacks. In the previous year, colonists retaliating against a Doeg attack on a plantation mistakenly attacked the Susquehannocks. Governor Berkeley organized a meeting with the Susquehannocks that led to the death of several tribesmen. This provoked increased attacks upon plantations, but the government would not take military action. Berkeley called for restraint on the part of the colonists. Nathaniel Bacon and other colonists refused.
Bain, J. T. (1860–1919)
Authors: van der Walt Lucien
Published: September 2017

Born in Dundee, Scotland to a working‐class family in 1860, J. T. Bain (James Thomas Bain, Jimmy Bain) served in the British army in South Africa and India, before returning to Scotland. There he learned socialism from Thomas Carlyle, William Morris, and John Ruskin, and trained as a fitter, moving to the Transvaal in 1890. He formed the Witwatersrand Mine Employees' and Mechanics' Union in 1892, better known as the Labor Union, and pioneered socialist ideas, distributing the
Clarion
to miners, and publishing the
Johannesburg Witness
in 1898 and 1899, the first socialist paper in South Africa. Bain's politics were a mixture of segregation and socialism: the Labor Union, for example, supported the color bar, and Bain worked as a spy for Paul Kruger's Transvaal government. Bain fought for the Transvaal in the Second Anglo‐Boer War (1899–1902), and was captured by the British, narrowly escaping execution for treason when it was discovered that he had Transvaal citizenship.
Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich (1814–1876)
Authors: McLaughlin Paul
Published: September 2017

Mikhail Bakunin is among the most significant anarchist activists and theorists of the nineteenth century. In both roles he came into conflict with Karl Marx, and he developed a particularly influential form of non‐Marxist socialism.
Balkan Socialist Confederation, 1910–1948
Authors: Karamanić Slobodan
Published: September 2017

The concept of a Balkan socialist federation emerged at the beginning of the twentieth century from among left, socialist, and communist political forces in the region. The idea sought to synchronize the strivings of the Balkan people by articulating questions of national liberation with class struggle, anti‐imperialism against foreign domination, and the struggle against capitalist exploitation and economic colonization. The central aim was to establish a new political unity: a common federal republic unifying the Balkan Peninsula on the basis of internationalism, political solidarity, and economic equality. The underlying vision was that despite social, economic, and cultural differences among the Balkan peoples, the historical need for emancipation was a common basis for unification.
Baraka, Imanu Amiri (b. 1934)
Authors: Romanska Magda
Published: September 2017

Amiri Baraka, also known as Imanu Amiri Baraka, a playwright, writer, poet, and one of the leaders of the Black Revolt of the 1960s, was born in Newark, New Jersey, on October 7, 1934, under the name Everett LeRoi Jones. He studied philosophy and religious studies at Rutgers, Columbia, and Howard universities. He joined the US Air Force in 1954, but was discharged after being accused of being a communist sympathizer. Baraka moved to Greenwich Village, where he began writing. In 1964 his play
Dutchman
won an Obie Award. In 1965, after the assassination of Black Muslim leader Malcolm X, Baraka moved to Harlem and became involved in the Black Nationalism movement. In Harlem, Baraka founded the Black Arts Repertory Theater School, which became an influential breeding ground for talented black artists and writers. Baraka rose to prominence during the Modern Black Convention movement, which began in 1966 with the Black Arts Convention in Detroit and the National Black Power Conference summit in Washington, DC. Under Baraka's leadership, factions of the Black Arts and Black Power movements merged, fostering the politics of black cultural nationalism that began to define the Modern Black Convention movement. Baraka's movement focused on developing a number of organizations that focused on the formation of black nationality, among them, the United Brothers and the Committee For a Unified NewArk (CFUN), the NewArk Student Federation, Unity and Struggle, and a few Jihad publications. In the 1970s the local organizations emerged into the national spotlight, forming the Congress of African People, the African Liberation Support Committee, the National Black Assembly, and the Black Women's United Front. During that time, adding to his own anti‐white sentiments, Baraka began using anti‐Semitic and anti‐gay rhetoric. In 1974 Baraka distanced himself from Black Nationalism and became a Marxist, arguing against the imperialist tendencies of the West. In 1979 he became a lecturer at SUNY‐Stony Book in the Department of African Studies. Although during the 1980s he denounced his former anti‐Semitic statements, he continued to refer to himself as anti‐Zionist. In 1984 Baraka became a full professor. After the attacks of September 11, 2001, Baraka wrote a poem accusing the Bush administration, together with Israel, of participating in the plot.
Barbados and the Windward Islands, Protest and Revolt
Authors: Bouchard Jennifer Westmoreland
Published: September 2017

The Windward Islands are located in the southeastern portion of the West Indies. Their name comes from the fact that they are in the path of the northeast trade winds. The Windward Islands include Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, Grenada, St. Vincent, and the Grenadines. Barbados is also in this region. Each of these islands gained independence from its colonizing power (France, Spain, or Great Britain) at different times after 1962; however, the histories of resistance concerning both the emancipation of slaves and decolonization in these islands are closely related. The focus here will be on forms of resistance related to emancipation and decolonization of the Anglophone islands of Dominica, St. Lucia, Grenada, St. Vincent, and Barbados.
Heidegger, Martin (1889–1976)
Authors: Socha Bailey
Published: September 2017

Martin Heidegger was born on September 26, 1889 in Messkirch, a town in the Black Forest region of Germany, to a Roman Catholic family. He began his education at a gymnasium in 1903 in Constance and then in Freiburg at Bertholds gymnasium. As the local sexton, his father and his wife were unable to send their son to study at the university. Instead, Heidegger intended to train as a Jesuit, but was ejected from the Society of Jesus at Tisis due to a heart condition. He began theological studies at the Albert‐Ludwig University in Freiburg but was advised by his mentors to switch his concentration to mathematics and philosophy, which he did enthusiastically.
Italy,Compromesso Storico/Historic Compromise
Authors: Manicastri Steven
Published: September 2017

TheCompremesso Storicoor the Historic Compromise was meant to create a coalition party between the PCI (Italian Communist Party), the DC (Christian Democrats), and the PSI (Italian Socialist Party). The idea behind the compromise was to be able to push forward more economic reforms while at the same time legitimizing the Communist Party in the eyes of the Western world as a non‐revolutionary party. The Historic Compromise had many players involved in its establishment and demise, some of which were considered terrorists by the Italian state. The role the United States played in the compromise is also very interesting to highlight and examine. The history leading to the compromise as well as its failure stretches back to the early days of the Italian Republic, after the “economic boom” placed Italy among the world's top capitalist countries (Ginsborg 2003: 254). The political climate was one of eagerness for economic reform, which the DC was unwilling to provide.
Jones, Claudia (1915–1964)
Authors: Tomek Beverly
Published: September 2017

Black nationalist Claudia Jones was a member of the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA) and is best known for her essay “An End to the Neglect of the Problems of Negro Women.” She was deported to Britain for violating the Smith Act and advocating revolution against the American government during the McCarthy era. After becoming an important part of the British Communist Party she founded and edited the first black newspaper in Britain, the
West Indian Gazette
, and brought the Caribbean festival of Carnival to the country. She fought against imperialism, racism, and fascism and for the rights of women, focusing especially on those of the black working class.
Lacan, Jacques (1901–1981)
Authors: Socha Bailey
Published: September 2017

Jacques‐Marie Emile Lacan was among the leading psychoanalysts of the twentieth century. He combined Freudian theory with Marxist notions that have contributed to advancing knowledge about self‐expression and personal development. His work has extended well beyond his life and has influenced many radical and Marxist intellectuals, including Slavoj Žižek and others who seek to merge psychoanalysis with healthy and contented human development. Unlike modern psychologists from a range of perspectives, Lacan embraced major elements of Freudianism and advanced the discourse.
Lynd, Staughton (b. 1929)
Authors: Tomek Beverly
Published: September 2017

Staughton Lynd is an icon of the civil rights, social justice, and peace movements in the United States from the 1950s to the early twenty‐first century. He is best known for his work during the Freedom Summer and for protesting the Vietnam War, but he has made equally important contributions to the fight for working‐class rights and democratic rank‐and‐file unionism and to the field of American history.
Mari Bras, Juan (1927–2010)
Authors: Morales Raquel L.
Published: September 2017

Puerto Rico's first recognized citizen, Juan Mari Bras, was born in the town of Mayaguez on December 2, 1927. At the age of 15, he was one of a group of youths who established the Capítulo de Agregados Pro Independencia (CAPI – Chapter of Pro Independence Apprentices). The budding political activist would go on to attend the University of Puerto Rico – Río Piedras in 1948. A member of Juventud Independista Puertorriqueña (Youth for Puerto Rican Independence), Juan and his classmates invited Don Pedro Albizu Campos – a national hero who had recently been released from prison – to speak at the university. When the university refused to allow Don Pedro to speak, the students protested. For his part in the strike, Mari Bras was expelled from the university.
Mass Worker
Authors: Manicastri Steven
Published: September 2017

The term “mass worker” was first used in the workerist journal
Classe Operaia
to describe the massification of Italian workers during the 1960s and 1970s. The mass worker would be the protagonist of Italy's “Hot Autumn,” which has led some to say that the mass worker was only a historical subject of a particular time. However, the mass worker has also reappeared in other than developing countries from South Africa to Korea, therefore rendering the concept of the mass worker as something larger than a specific historical subject (Wright 2008: 122).
October
: Film and the Bolshevik Revolution
Authors: Bâ Saër Maty
Published: September 2017

October
, directed in 1928 by the legendary filmmaker Sergei Eistenstein (1898–1948), attempts to re‐present the early phases of the October 1917 Bolshevik Revolution (in five Acts) focusing on Petrograd, from the end of the czarist monarchy (February 1917) to the provisional government and the peace and land decrees (November 1917). Though Lenin returns in April, he is targeted for arrest in July. By late October, the Bolsheviks’ advanced guard, led by Anatov‐Oveyenko, gets inside the czar's palace; he eventually signs the dissolution of the provisional government. Toward the end of
October
, Lenin declares the Bolshevik Revolution successful and ends his statement with ‘We must now set about building a proletarian socialist state in Russia.”
Oilfields Workers' Trade Union, Trinidad and Tobago (1937–)
Authors: Vincent Godfrey
Published: September 2017

The Oilfields Workers’ Trade Union (OWTU) is one of the oldest and most powerful labor organizations in Trinidad and Tobago and the Caribbean. Its origins lie in the formation of the United Workers Trading Association (UWTA) in 1936 when oil workers at Fyzabad, under the leadership of Elbert Redvers Blades, established a cooperative to seek redress against high food prices that plagued oil workers. Following the 1937 general strike and insurrection that engulfed the country, and with Tubal Uriah “Buzz” Butler on the run from British security forces, members of UWTA met at the home of Cecil Williams – located at Coon's Town, Forest Reserve, Fyzabad – on July 15, 1937 to formally launch the Oilfields Workers’ Trade Union.
Piven, Frances Fox (b. 1932)
Authors: Tomek Beverly
Published: September 2017

Frances Fox Piven is recognized as one of several leading social and political scientists. She is best known for her books and articles on poverty in the United States and its remedies, as well as her political activism on behalf of workers and the poor, which has directly commented on and engaged the oppressed in the United States to act on their own behalf to improve their conditions.
Roy, Arundhati (b. 1961)
Authors: Socha Bailey
Published: September 2017

Arundhati Roy was born in Shillong, India on November 24, 1961 to a Bengali Hindu father and a Malay Syrian Christian mother. Roy lived in Kerala, India until she went to Delhi at the age of 16. She studied architecture at the School of Planning and Architecture in Delhi, and has a long‐running career as a screenwriter. She is the author ofThe God of Small Things, for which she was awarded the Booker Prize in 1997. The novel is semi‐autobiographical and incorporates themes of religious and caste relations, political currents in the Kerala region, and sexuality. Roy stood trial before the Indian Supreme Court under obscenity charges forThe God of Small Things. Aside from her novel, Roy has authored several critical essays, is involved in many activist‐oriented causes, and is an advocate for anti‐globalization. Some of her other notable works includeThe Cost of Living,The Algebra of Infinite Justice, andWar Talk.
Schmitt, Carl (1888–1985)
Authors: Eber‐Schmid Noah R.
Published: September 2017

Carl Schmitt was born in the Rhineland town of Plettenberg, Germany on July 11, 1888 to a Franco‐German Catholic family from the Mosel Valley region. An arch‐conservative political theorist, Schmitt holds the persistently perplexing position of having an often awkward theoretical influence on both left‐ and right‐wing revolutionary and political movements hostile to the status quo of Western liberal governments. He completed his studies in law in 1915 and began an academic career, holding positions in Griefswald, Bonn, Berlin, and Cologne. The details of Schmitt's intellectual and activist career as a jurist and theologico‐political theorist limn a well‐known narrative of infamy.
Tucker, Jerry (b. 1938)
Authors: Ness Immanuel , Tucker Tracy
Published: September 2017

Jerry Tucker is among the major US labor activists and labor strategists from the late twentieth to early twenty‐first centuries. He spent his life fighting for workers and challenging the traditional labor movement to stand up for its original mission of solidarity, democracy, and accountability. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri in 1938 into a working‐class, union family. His father was a journeyman tool and die maker and member of the United Electrical Workers Union (UE) and his mother was a garment worker before leaving the work world to raise Tucker and his three siblings. Tucker married Elaine in 1969 and has three daughters.
West, Cornel (b. 1953)
Authors: Tomek Beverly
Published: September 2017

Cornel West is a leading advocate for African Americans and the poor in the United States. A leader among the Democratic Socialists of America, he is also a well‐known author and university professor with ties to Harvard University, Princeton University, and Union Theological Seminary.
Introduction to passive electron intensity modulation
Authors: Hogstrom Kenneth R. , Carver Robert L. , Chambers Erin L. , Erhart Kevin
Published: September 2017

This work introduces a new technology for electron intensity modulation, which uses small area island blocks within the collimating aperture and small area island apertures in the collimating insert. Due to multiple Coulomb scattering, electrons contribute dose under island blocks and lateral to island apertures. By selecting appropriate lateral positions and diameters of a set of island blocks and island apertures, for example, a hexagonal grid with variable diameter circular island blocks, intensity modulated beams can be produced for appropriate air gaps between the intensity modulator (position of collimating insert) and the patient. Such a passive radiotherapy intensity modulator for electrons (PRIME) is analogous to using physical attenuators (metal compensators) for intensity modulated x‐ray therapy (IMXT). For hexagonal spacing, the relationship between block (aperture) separation (r) and diameter (d) and the local intensity reduction factor (IRF) is discussed. The PRIME principle is illustrated using pencil beam calculations for select beam geometries in water with half beams modulated by 70%–95% and for one head and neck field of a patient treated with bolus electron conformal therapy. Proof of principle is further illustrated by showing agreement between measurement and calculation for a prototype PRIME. Potential utilization of PRIME for bolus electron conformal therapy, segmented‐field electron conformal therapy, modulated electron radiation therapy, and variable surface geometries is discussed. Further research and development of technology for the various applications is discussed. In summary, this paper introduces a practical, new technology for electron intensity modulation in the clinic, demonstrates proof of principle, discusses potential clinical applications, and suggests areas of further research and development.
Back to the Future: The Everyday Built Environment in a Phase of Transition
Authors: Habraken John
Published: September 2017

Time is a crucial dimension in architecture, yet architectural education ignores it. While historical environments were able to evolve over centuries, the purist spirit that has prevailed since the advent of Modernism is at odds with the social dynamics of normal human life.

John Habraken – a renowned architectural educator and writer both in the Netherlands and the US – examines the issues and argues for a more effective distribution of design control, showcasing recent projects in the Netherlands and Denmark that have achieved this.
Four Decades of Open Building Implementation: Realising Individual Agency in Architectural Infrastructures Designed to Last
Authors: Kendall Stephen
Published: September 2017

The ‘open building’ approach grew out of research and early projects starting in the 1960s, aimed at overcoming the rigidity of the prevailing top‐down housing process in the Netherlands. Geared to ensuring user control and sustainability in the built stock, it involves coordinating stakeholders in the real estate development process, enabling variety and change to become efficient. Architect, researcher and educator Stephen Kendall explains the approach and describes pioneering projects in Europe, Japan, China, the US and Russia, as well as detailing instances around the world where it has become part of public policy.
Dead and Dying Shopping Malls, Re‐Inhabited
Authors: Dunham‐Jones Ellen , Williamson June
Published: September 2017

The living dead could be coming to a shopping centre near you! Zombie paintball experiences are just one of many inventive reuses of failing malls identified by architectural educators and writers Ellen Dunham‐Jones and June Williamson, who have been tracking trends in suburban retrofits for over a decade. From medical facilities to megachurches, and from offices to community colleges, they cite projects the length and breadth of the US – and beyond – that take advantage of the vast floor areas and parking facilities of these sites, and give them a sustainable future.
High Performance Flexible Nonvolatile Memory Based on Vertical Organic Thin Film Transistor
Authors: Hu Daobing , Wang Xiumei , Chen Huipeng , Guo Tailiang
Published: September 2017

Flexible floating‐gate organic transistor memory (FGOTM) is a potential candidate for emerging memory technologies. Unfortunately, conventional planar FGOTM suffers from weak driving ability and insufficient mechanical flexibility, which limits its commercial application. In this work, a novel flexible vertical FGOTM (VFGOTM) is reported. Benefitting from new vertical architecture, VFGOTM provides ultrashort channel length to afford an extremely high current density. Meanwhile, VFGOTM devices exhibit excellent memory performance and outstanding retention property. The memory properties of VFGOTM devices are comparable or even better than traditional planar FGOTM and much better than the reported organic nonvolatile memory with vertical transistor structures. More importantly, organic nonvolatile memory with vertical transistor structures is investigated for the first time on a flexible substrate. The results show that VFGOTM architecture allows vertical current flow across the channel layer to effectively eliminate the effect of mechanical bending during current transport, which significantly improves the mechanical stability of the flexible VFGOTM. Hence, with a combination of excellent driving ability, memory performance, and mechanical stability, VFGOTM devices meet the practical requirements for high performance memory applications, which have great potential for the application in a wide range of flexible and wearable electronics.
High Polarity Poly(vinylidene difluoride) Thin Coating for Dendrite‐Free and High‐Performance Lithium Metal Anodes
Authors: Luo Jing , Fang Chia‐Chen , Wu Nae‐Lih
Published: September 2017

The high‐polarity β‐phase poly(vinylidene difluoride) (β‐PVDF), which has all trans conformation with F and H atoms located on the opposite sides of the polymer backbone, is demonstrated to be a promising artificial solid‐electrolyte interphase coating on both Cu and Li metal anodes for dendrite‐free Li deposition/stripping and enhanced cycling performance. A thin (≈4 µm) β‐PVDF coating on Cu enables uniform Li deposition/stripping at high current densities up to 5 mA cm−2, Li‐plating capacity loadings of up to 4 mAh cm−2, and excellent cycling stability over hundreds of cycles under practical conditions (1 mA cm−2 with 2 mAh cm−2). Full cells containing an LiFePO4 cathode and an anode of either β‐PVDF coated Cu or Li also exhibit excellent cycling stability. The profound effects of the high‐polarity PVDF coating on dendrite suppression are attributed to the electronegative F‐rich interface that favors layer‐by‐layer Li deposition. This study offers a new strategy for the development of dendrite‐free metal anode technology.
Eine NMR‐Methode zur Bestimmung der Bindungsreihenfolge supramolekularer Liganden an basische Reste in Proteinen
Authors: Hogeweg Anna , Sowislok Andrea , Schrader Thomas , Beuck Christine
Published: September 2017

Die Erkennung von Proteinoberflächen, die in Protein‐Protein‐Wechselwirkungen eine Rolle spielen, entwickelt sich zu einem Fokus der supramolekularen Chemie. NMR‐Spektroskopie ist die Methode der Wahl, um Bindungsstellen von Liganden mittels Signalverschiebung und Linienverbreiterung zu identifizieren. Für große aromatische Liganden ist dies anhand klassischer NMR‐Spektren oft jedoch nicht eindeutig möglich. Wir verwenden Lys‐ und Arg‐spezifische H2(C)N‐NMR‐Experimente, um die Seitenkettenatome, die in engem Kontakt mit den Liganden stehen und für die die größten Änderungen in den NMR‐Signalen zu erwarten sind, direkt zu beobachten. Dazu wurde die Bindung von Lys‐ und Arg‐spezifischen supramolekularen Pinzetten und einem Calixaren an zwei Modellproteine untersucht. In den H2(C)N‐Spektren sind Signale für die terminalen CH2‐Gruppen aller Lys‐ und Arg‐Reste sichtbar und anhand signifikanter Unterschiede in ihren Intensitäten oder Verschiebungen kann die Bindungsreihenfolge eines Liganden eindeutig identifiziert werden.
Green synthesis of new pyrimido[4,5‐d]pyrimidine derivatives using 7‐aminonaphthalene‐1,3‐disulfonic acid‐functionalized magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles as catalyst
Authors: Ghorbani‐Vaghei Ramin , Sarmast Narges
Published: September 2017

We, herein, describe a novel, simple, efficient and one‐pot multi‐component procedure for the synthesis of substituted pyrimido[4,5‐d]pyrimidines via reaction of N,N‐dimethyl‐6‐amino uracil, isothiocyanate and aromatic aldehydes promoted by 7‐aminonaphthalene‐1,3‐disulfonic acid (ANDSA)‐functionalized magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2 in water as solvent and without using any other harmful organic reagents. Compared with other reactions, using these organic–inorganic hybrid heterogeneous catalysts can help us to achieve a green procedure, high catalytic activity, easy recovery with an external magnetic field, and short reaction times.
Preparation and characterization of hexamethylenetetramine‐functionalized magnetic nanoparticles and their application as novel catalyst for the synthesis of pyranopyrazole derivatives
Authors: Ghorbani‐Vaghei Ramin , Izadkhah Vida
Published: September 2017

A new magnetic catalyst was prepared through the reaction of silanol groups, on the surface of silica‐coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles, with (3‐chloropropyl)triethoxysilane followed by hexamethylenetetramine and chlorosulfonic acid. The obtained magnetic catalyst was characterized using thermogravimetric analysis, vibrating sample magnetometry, scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis. Its catalytic activity was investigated in the synthesis of pyranopyrazole compounds, and the results were excellent regarding high yield of the products and short reaction time.
Taxadiene‐5α‐ol is a minor product of CYP725A4 when expressed in Escherichia coli
Authors: Sagwan‐Barkdoll Laxmi , Anterola Aldwin M.
Published: September 2017

CYP725A4 is a P450 enzyme from Taxus cuspidata that catalyzes the formation of taxadiene‐5α‐ol (T5α‐ol) from taxadiene in paclitaxel biosynthesis. Past attempts expressing CYP725A4 in heterologous hosts reported the formation of 5(12)‐oxa‐3(11)‐cyclotaxane (OCT) and/or 5(11)‐oxa‐3(11)‐cyclotaxane (iso‐OCT) instead of, or in addition to, T5α‐ol. Here, we report that T5α‐ol is produced as a minor product by Escherichia coli expressing both taxadiene synthase and CYP725A4. The major products were OCT and iso‐OCT, while trace amounts of unidentified monooxygenated taxanes were also detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Since OCT and iso‐OCT had not been found in nature, we tested the hypothesis that protein–protein interaction of CYP725A4 with redox partners, such as cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) and cytochrome b5, may affect the products formed by CYP725A4, possibly favoring the formation of T5α‐ol over OCT and iso‐OCT. Our results show that coexpression of CYP725A4 with CPR from different organisms did not change the relative ratios of OCT, iso‐OCT, and T5α‐ol, while cytochrome b5 decreased overall levels of the products formed. Although unsuccessful in finding conditions that promote T5α‐ol formation over other products, we used our results to clarify conflicting claims in the literature and discuss other possible approaches to produce paclitaxel via metabolic and enzyme engineering.
Zum Verbundverhalten von Betonschraubdübeln mit großem Durchmesser
Authors: Lechner Johannes , Fleischhacker Nikolaus , Waltl Christoph , Feix Jürgen
Published: September 2017

Das Verbundverhalten von Betonschrauben mit großem Durchmesser wird mittels Auszugsversuchen mit enger Stützung untersucht. Durch das Eindrehen von Betonschrauben in das erstellte Bohrloch wird eine kraftschlüssige Verbindung hergestellt, über deren Verhalten wenig bekannt ist. Zusätzlich zur konventionellen Installation auf Basis des Hinterschnitts wurde eine Variante mit zusätzlichem Verbundmörtel untersucht. In ersten Versuchen wird der Einfluss der Verbundlänge der Schrauben auf das Tragverhalten durch Variation der Anzahl an Gewindegängen für verschiedene Betondruckfestigkeiten betrachtet. Um genauere Auskunft über die Spannungsverteilung im Kraftübertragungsbereich zu erhalten, wurden anschließend zwei Arten von Messschrauben mit Dehnmessstreifen im Verbundbereich entwickelt. Aus den Erkenntnissen, die mit diesen Messschrauben gewonnen wurden, wird eine Ansatzfunktion abgeleitet, mit welcher die Verteilung der Längsspannung beschrieben werden kann. Aus dieser Verteilung kann anschließend analytisch auf die Verbundspannungsverteilung rückgerechnet werden. Abschließend wird ein Vergleich mit dem gängigen Ansatz einer konstanten Verbundspannung untersucht.
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as the sole method for sentinel node biopsy detection in patients with breast cancer
Authors: Karakatsanis A , Daskalakis K , Stålberg P , Olofsson H , Andersson Y , Eriksson S , Bergkvist L , Wärnberg F
Published: September 2017

Background

Sentinel node biopsy (SNB) using superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles is a novel method in breast cancer. Several studies have verified the non-inferiority of SPIO compared with the standard use of radioisotope 99mTc with or without blue dye. The aim of the MONOS study presented here was to evaluate the use of SPIO as a sole tracer and the efficacy of tracer injection in the preoperative setting.

Methods

This prospective cohort study was carried out in two hospitals, one using 99mTc and the other SPIO. 99mTc was injected in the morning of the day of surgery or the day before. SPIO was either injected before surgery in the outpatient clinic or 1 h before the operation.

Results

A total of 338 consecutive patients with breast cancer underwent 343 procedures; SPIO nanoparticles were used in 184 procedures and 99mTc-labelled tracer in 159. Detection rates for SPIO and 99mTc were 95·6 and 96·9 per cent respectively (P = 0·537). All nodes with SPIO uptake were coloured brown. Fewer nodes were retrieved with SPIO (mean 1·35 versus 1·89), regardless of whether blue dye was used (P < 0·001). Preoperative SPIO injection (58·7 per cent of procedures), a median of 16 (range 2–27) days before the procedure, was associated with a better tracer-specific detection rate (95·3 versus 86 per cent; P = 0·031) and retrieval of more nodes (mean 1·43 versus 1·03; P < 0·001) than perioperative administration. Skin staining was present in 39·9 per cent of patients, and was related to breast-conserving surgery and periareolar injection.

Conclusion

The use of SPIO alone is a safe alternative, with results comparable to those of the standard dual technique using 99mTc and blue dye. The efficacy of injection in the preoperative setting simplifies logistics and improves performance. Skin staining can be prevented by a deeper peritumoral injection.
Enhancing the Adsorption Capacity of Hematite by Manganese Doping: Facile Synthesis and its Application in the Removal of Congo Red
Authors: Su Huaifen , Wang Xiaoxue , Sun Yuanwei , Xu Dan , Li Lei , Liu Caihua , Zeng Suyuan , Sun Dezhi
Published: September 2017

This work aims to provide a facile method for the preparation of Mn‐doped hematite microrods and reveals the relationship between Mn doping and the enhanced adsorption properties. The adsorption performance of hematite could be greatly enhanced by Mn doping. The maximal adsorption capacity of the Mn‐doped α‐Fe2O3 is calculated to be 84.54 mg/g, which exhibits obviously enhanced adsorption capacity as compared to the un‐doped α‐Fe2O3 (33.02 mg/g). To further understand the adsorption process, the adsorption kinetic as well as thermodynamic behaviors are carefully investigated. The results suggest that the adsorption process of CR onto the adsorbents follows the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. Meanwhile, the adsorption process can be designated to be a Langmuir process. The adsorption capacities of CR vary as a function of Mn contents, which are regarded as the synergistic effect between surface areas and pore sizes.
Euphorbia tirucalli β‐Amyrin Synthase: Critical Roles of Steric Sizes at Val483 and Met729 and the CH–π Interaction between Val483 and Trp534 for Catalytic Action
Authors: Hoshino Tsutomu , Nakagawa Kazuya , Aiba Yukari , Itoh Daichi , Nakada Chika , Masukawa Yukari
Published: September 2017

The functions of Val483, Trp534, and Met729 in Euphorbia tirucalli β‐amyrin synthase were revealed by comparing the enzyme activities of site‐directed mutants against that of the wild type. The Gly and Ala variants with a smaller bulk size at position 483 predominantly afforded monocyclic camelliol C, which suggested that the orientation of the (3S)‐2,3‐oxidosqualene substrate was not appropriately arranged in the reaction cavity as a result of the decreased bulk size, leading to failure of its normal folding into the chair–chair–chair–boat–boat conformation. The Ile variant, with a somewhat larger bulk, afforded β‐amyrin as the dominant product. Intriguingly, various variants of Trp534 exhibited significantly decreased enzymatic activities and provided no aberrantly cyclized products, although the aromatic Phe and Tyr residues were incorporated and the steric sizes of the aliphatic residues were altered. Therefore, the Trp534 residue does not stabilize the transient cation through a cation–π interaction. Furthermore, the Trp residue, with the largest steric bulk among all natural amino acids, is essential for high enzymatic activity. Robust CH–π complexation between the Val483 and Trp534 residues is proposed herein. Altering the steric bulk at the Met729 position afforded the pentacyclic skeletons. Thus, Met729 is positioned at the E‐ring formation site. More detailed insights into the functions of the Val483, Trp534, and Met729 residues are provided by homology modeling.
Overcoming the Incompatibility Challenge in Chemoenzymatic and Multi‐Catalytic Cascade Reactions
Authors: Schmidt Sandy , Castiglione Kathrin , Kourist Robert
Published: September 2017

Multi‐catalytic cascade reactions bear a great potential to minimize downstream and purification steps, leading to a drastic reduction of the produced waste. In many examples, the compatibility of chemo‐ and biocatalytic steps could be easily achieved. Problems associated with the incompatibility of the catalysts and their reactions, however, are very frequent. Cascade‐like reactions can hardly occur in this way. One possible solution to combine, in principle, incompatible chemo‐ and biocatalytic reactions is the defined control of the microenvironment by compartmentalization or scaffolding. Current methods for the control of the microenvironment of biocatalysts go far beyond classical enzyme immobilization and are thus believed to be very promising tools to overcome incompatibility issues and to facilitate the synthetic application of cascade reactions. In this Minireview, we will summarize recent synthetic examples of (chemo)enzymatic cascade reactions and outline promising methods for their spatial control either by using bio‐derived or synthetic systems.
A Newly Designed Composite Gel Polymer Electrolyte Based on Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride‐Hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP) for Enhanced Solid‐State Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Xia Yan , Wang Xiuli , Xia Xinhui , Xu Ruochen , Zhang Shengzhao , Wu Jianbo , Liang Yanfei , Gu Changdong , Tu Jiangping
Published: September 2017

Developing high‐performance solid‐state electrolytes is crucial for the innovation of next‐generation lithium‐sulfur batteries. Herein, a facile method for preparation of a novel gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) based on poly(vinylidene fluoride‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP) is reported. Furthermore, Li1.5Al0.5Ti1.5(PO4)3 (LATP) nanoparticles as the active fillers are uniformly embedded into the GPE to form the final PVDF‐HFP/LATP composite gel polymer electrolyte (CPE). Impressively, the obtained CPE demonstrates a high lithium ion transference number of 0.51 and improved electrochemical stability as compared to commercial liquid electrolyte. In addition, the assembled solid‐sate Li−S battery with the composite gel polymer electrolyte membrane presents a high initial capacity of 918 mAh g−1 at 0.05 C, and better cycle performance than the counterparts with liquid electrolyte. Our designed PVDF‐HFP/LATP composite can be a promising electrolyte for next‐generation solid‐state batteries with high cycling stability.
Human brain imaging of nicotinic acetylcholine α4β2* receptors using [18F]Nifene: Selectivity, functional activity, toxicity, aging effects, gender effects, and extrathalamic pathways
Authors: Mukherjee Jogeshwar , Lao Patrick J. , Betthauser Tobey J. , Samra Gurleen K. , Pan Min‐Liang , Patel Ishani H. , Liang Christopher , Metherate Raju , Christian Bradley T.
Published: September 2017

Nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptors (nAChR's) have been implicated in several brain disorders, including addiction, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Here we report in vitro selectivity and functional properties, toxicity in rats, in vivo evaluation in humans, and comparison across species of [18F]Nifene, a fast acting PET imaging agent for α4β2* nAChRs. Nifene had subnanomolar affinities for hα2β2 (0.34 nM), hα3β2 (0.80 nM) and hα4β2 (0.83 nM) nAChR but weaker (27–219 nM) for hβ4 nAChR subtypes and 169 nM for hα7 nAChR. In functional assays, Nifene (100 μM) exhibited 14% agonist and >50% antagonist characteristics. In 14‐day acute toxicity in rats, the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) were estimated to exceed 40 μg/kg/day (278 μg/m2/day). In human PET studies, [18F]Nifene (185 MBq; <0.10 μg) was well tolerated with no adverse effects. Distribution volume ratios (DVR) of [18F]Nifene in white matter thalamic radiations were ∼1.6 (anterior) and ∼1.5 (superior longitudinal fasciculus). Habenula known to contain α3β2 nAChR exhibited low levels of [18F]Nifene binding while the red nucleus with α2β2 nAChR had DVR ∼1.6–1.7. Females had higher [18F]Nifene binding in all brain regions, with thalamus showing >15% than males. No significant aging effect was observed in [18F]Nifene binding over 5 decades. In all species (mice, rats, monkeys, and humans) thalamus showed highest [18F]Nifene binding with reference region ratios >2 compared to extrathalamic regions. Our findings suggest that [18F]Nifene PET may be used to study α4β2* nAChRs in various CNS disorders and for translational research.
Group‐Based Trajectory Models: Assessing Adherence to Antihypertensive Medication in Older Adults in a Community Pharmacy Setting
Authors: Dillon Paul , Stewart Derek , Smith Susan M. , Gallagher Paul , Cousins Gráinne
Published: September 2017

Antihypertensive medication nonadherence is highly prevalent, leading to uncontrolled blood pressure. Methods that facilitate the targeting and tailoring of adherence interventions in clinical settings are required. Group‐Based Trajectory Modeling (GBTM) is a newer method to evaluate adherence using pharmacy dispensing (refill) data that has advantages over traditional refill adherence metrics (e.g. Proportion of Days Covered) by identifying groups of patients who may benefit from adherence interventions, and identifying patterns of adherence behavior over time that may facilitate tailoring of an adherence intervention. We evaluated adherence to antihypertensive medication in 905 patients over a 12‐month period in a community pharmacy setting using GBTM, identifying three subgroups of adherence patterns: 52.8%, 40.7%, and 6.5% had very high, high, and low adherence, respectively. However, GBTM failed to demonstrate predictive validity with blood pressure at 12 months. Further research on the validity of adherence measures that facilitate interventions in clinical settings is required.