bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anthropology and spirit possession: A reconsideration of the Pythia's role at Delphi
Authors: Maurizio L.
Published: May 2006

During a consultation at Delphi, one of Apollo's servants imagined, heard, intuited, or feigned Apollo's presence and then uttered Apollo's divine response to the human client who made inquiry of the god. Such inspired mimicry appears incomprehensible to the non-believing distant observer to whom Apollo no longer speaks. Scholars hear nothing at Delphi and, steadfast in their faith in positivism, claim Apollo said nothing. In a similar fashion, scholars have pronounced that the Pythia, like Apollo, did not speak at Delphi, or that her attendant prophets reformulated her utterances and converted them into comprehensible prose or verse. Such a reconstruction of the divinatory consultation at Delphi, however, finds no support in the ancient evidence.Not one ancient source suggests that anyone other than the Pythia issued oracular responses.
InvocatioandImprecatio: the Hymn to the Greatest Kouros from Palaikastro and the oath in ancient Crete
Authors: Perlman Paula J.
Published: May 2006

The hymn to the Greatest Kouros from Palaikastro, Crete, has occasioned considerable debate among students of choral lyric and ancient Greek religion since its discovery in 1904. The god invoked as the greatestkouroshas been identified with Zeus Diktaios in whose sanctuary at Palaikastro the hymn was discovered. The hymn as we have it is a second or third century AD copy of a late fourth or third century BC composition. As is so often the case in Cretan studies, Minoan antecedents for the cult of Zeus Diktaios at Palaikastro and for the hymn have been suggested and explored.
Attic Comedy and the ‘Comic Angels’ Krater in New York
Authors: Shapiro H.A.
Published: May 2006

The centerpiece of Oliver Taplin's recent monograph on Greek drama and South Italian vase-painting is an Apulian bell-krater of the early fourth century in a New York private collection (Plate IV). The vase belongs to the genre conventionally known as phlyax vases, though Taplin would reject that label, since it is the thesis of his book that many, if not most, of these vases reflect Athenian Old Comedy and not an indigenous Italic entertainment, the phlyax play.
Plutarch, Callisthenes and the Peace of Callias
Authors: Bosworth A. B.
Published: May 2006

The continuing and polemical debate over the authenticity of the Peace of Callias has become so complicated that it would be a positive service to scholarship to remove some of the more contentious evidence and reduce the scope of the argument. That is the object of this article. A fragment of Callisthenes has bulked very large in the modern literature. According to the received view the Olynthian historian denied the existence of a formal peace between Athens and the Persian King and alleged that the King observed ade factolimit to his empire, never venturing west of the Chelidonian islands. For sceptics this is grist to the mill. A writer of the mid-fourth century rejected the Athenian patriotic tradition, and it is assumed that he had good reason to do so. On the other hand defenders of the authenticity of the Peace stumble over Callisthenes' apparent denial and are forced to counter-denial or to sophistry. What is common to both camps is a tendency to refer to the evidence of Callisthenes without noting that the original text is lost. The ‘fragment’ (which it is not) is preserved by Plutarch in a sophisticated passage of source criticism and due attention needs to be paid to his mode of citation. Only then can we begin to elicit what Callisthenes may have said and reconstruct the probable context in his historical exposition. As always, we need to approach the unknown through proper study of the known.
Porphyry and the intelligible triad
Authors: Edwards M. J.
Published: May 2006

Passages from Plato often inspired in late antiquity a speculative profusion of ingenuities that can scarcely have been intended by the author. Even in the Timaeus, however, few passages could be found which were to undergo so much elaboration as the sparse and incidental remarks in the Sophist concerning Being, Life and Mind. These terms are given some prominence in the Enneads of Plotinus, where it remains nonetheless very difficult to reconstruct a hierarchical order either of dignity or of procession, or to give the triad that cardinal place in his system which is certainly accorded to the triad One-Mind-Soul. If the term Life is to take a place between Being and Mind it must be sharply distinguished from Soul, which is always inferior to the intellect in the ontology of the true Platonist. Plotinus is one of the most exact of philosophers, and if he fails to make the discriminations which would be necessary to anyone wishing to understand this nomenclature, it is because he is not expounding such a triad even as a subordinate part of his system: at most it might be thought to be implied or presupposed.
The opening of the Pylos campaign
Authors: Strassler Robert B.
Published: May 2006

This essay presents a new interpretation of what happened in the opening of the Pylos campaign; one that rests mainly on an attempt to discover, in Thucydides' text, Demosthenes' original plan for the campaign and the Spartan reaction to it. Thucydides says little about plans for Pylos; indeed, he seems to describe this part of the campaign as unusually haphazard and fortuitous. Unfortunately, his account of it (iv 2–16), which is our only real source, is so compressed, obscure, and elliptical that no interpretation of these events can now approach proof or certainty. All scenarios and explanations are therefore speculative. They can be evaluated only by their degree of consistency with all the data, unsatisfactory as these may be, and by their relative plausibility—a subjective and fallible measure at best since human affairs so often turn out less plausibly than we expect. Despite these limitations and caveats, rigorous analysis is possible, and can reveal enlightening and previously unnoticed connections both between events within the Pylos campaign, and between these difficult chapters and other, clearer parts of Thucydides' text.
The Descent of the Greek Epic
Authors: Chadwick John
Published: May 2006

A fundamental assumption throughout this article is that the text of Homer is no different from that of other classical authors, since it has been preserved by the same kind of manuscript tradition. The difference is that while all our texts go back to the editions of the Hellenistic scholars, the gap between these and the author is relatively short for fourth and fifth century writers, but very much longer for Homer, if we assign to him a very approximate date of the late eighth, or even early seventh, century.
On an alleged inconsistency in the Nicomachean Ethics (IX,4)
Authors: Martin C. F. J.
Published: May 2006

But the attributes named seem to belong even to the majority of men, poor creatures though they may be. Are we to say then that in so far as they are satisfied with themselves and think they are good, they share in these attributes? Certainly no one who is thoroughly bad and impious has these attributes, or even seems to do so. They hardly belong even to inferior people; for they are at variance with themselves, and have appetites for some things and rational desires for others.
Sophoclean Logic (Antigone 175–81)
Authors: O'Sullivan Neil
Published: May 2006

Creon addresses the citizens of Thebes with a τόπος familiar in Greek poetry: it is impossible to tell what someone is really like from initial appearance, and therefore we cannot know anyone's quality until it is too late. Here the idea is expressed in a more specific form, a variant on the ἀρχὴ ἄνδρα δείκνυσι attributed to one or other of the Seven Sages. The only real difficulty editors have found in Antigone 175–181 is the use of γάρ in 178. How do 178–181 (‘I think the timid ruler worthless’) explain 175–177 (‘You cannot know anyone until he has ruled’)? This problem led some to reject the text given above, but the majority of editors, including the most recent, seem to have accepted it.
Against the authenticity of the ring CMS II.3.326: fragments of a discourse on Minoan glyptic
Authors: Sourvinou-Inwood Christiane
Published: May 2006

In CMS II.3 1. Pini set out a very persuasive case for the view that there are no good stylistic arguments against the authenticity of the Herakleion ring CMS II.3.326 (H.M.216?) [PLATE IV(a)]. Here I want to argue that there are, nevertheless, strong iconographical reasons for doubting that authenticity.

I will begin by reexamining two iconographical arguments against the ring's authenticity which have been considered and criticised by Pini. In my view, though his general criticisms are correct, the particular modalities and forms involved in the case under consideration are such as to suggest that the arguments in question, when focussed in certain particular ways, do have force in this particular situation.
Philostratus'Heroikosand its Setting in Reality
Authors: Jones Christopher P.
Published: May 2006

This paper discusses the background in reality of theHeroikos (Dialogue concerning Heroes), which is ascribed to Philostratus of Athens, and is mainly devoted to the hero Protesilaos. After a summary of the work, the paper considers it from four aspects. Thetime of writingfalls after 217 (the second victory at Olympia of the athlete Helix of Phoenicia); there may be a reference to events in Thessaly under the emperor Alexander Severus (222-235). If the author is the well-known Philostratus, then such a date also implies adramatic datein the author's own time. This is corroborated by two series of references which appear to run from the comparatively recent past to the present. One of these concerns bones of heroes, while the other concerns athletes to whom the hero Protesilaos had given advice in the form of oracles. Thegeographical settingof the dialogue is Elaious in the Thracian Chersonese. The evidence for the cult of Protesilaos on the territory of Elaious comes from literature, notably Herodotus, from coins of the time of Commodus, and from modern observations, notably a vivid account given by Heinrich Schliemann. While Philostratus' description of the cult-place at Elaious appears very accurate, his account of the Island of Achilles in the Pontus is less so. Finally, the paper considers theHeroikosin the context of contemporary belief about heroes and their powers. Another work probably by the same author, theLife of Apollonius of Tyana, is adduced to assess the credulity of readers in Philostratus' time and later. Documents and literature of the imperial period show that even dead contemporaries could be regarded as heroes, who were still influential even from beyond the grave. The references to Protesilaos in literature (Pausanias, Lucian) strongly suggest that he was regarded as issuing oracles in the form of dreams, and this too accords with beliefs about heroes both in the Hellenistic period and in the Roman.
Julian's Persian Expedition in Ammianus and Zosimus
Authors: Fornara Charles W.
Published: May 2006

The nature of the bond connecting the work of Ammianus Marcellinus with the now fragmentary history of Eunapius of Sardis or with Zosimus' Νέα Ἱστορία is an old and intriguing problem rather more notable for the multiplicity than for the finality of its hypothetical solutions. The question arises out of the perception that Ammianus and Zosimus provide coincidental material in their accounts of Julian's Persian expedition. Eunapius figures in the equation because, as we generally assume, it was he whom Zosimus followed. Since all scholars but Dillemann are satisfied that these correspondences indubitably require some hypothesis of literary affiliation, all of the formal possibilities have one by one been tried. Sudhaus, whose investigation of the similarities proved influential, denied that Ammianus could have been used either by Zosimus or by his source (Eunapius); he affirmed instead that Ammianus and Eunapius must have been linked by their own use of a common source, namely, Oribasius, the physician of Julian and his companion on the Persian expedition.
The regal image in Plutarch'sLives: I. Physical Descriptions in Plutarchan Narrative
Authors: Tatum W. Jeffrey
Published: May 2006

That the physical description of a biographer's subject constitutes a natural and (one should think) necessary element of the genre seems an unremarkable premise on which to entertain a reading of Plutarch. In such chronicles of wasted time as we possess, after all, descriptions of the fair and the not-so-fair are hardly unusual, regardless of literary category. And, at least since the time of Leo, the prevailing scholarly assumption has been that Plutarch'sLivesordinarily include an account of the subject's appearance as a standard structural component of the biography—an idea still to be found in P. Stadter's magisterial commentary on thePericles. One ought perhaps to hesitate in speaking of generic requirements for Plutarchan biography, if only because we are now more than ever quite uncertain in which exact literary tradition our author is most appropriately situated, though it is fair (I think) to observe how commonly physical descriptions are to be found in the extant biographies of Cornelius Nepos and in Suetonius'Lives of the Caesars. The narrative conventions of biography, one instinctively supposes, require a personal description. Moreover, theeikonismoswas by Plutarch's day a staple of rhetorical technique, useful to encomium and invective alike, and regularly discussed in handbooks. Literary and rhetorical expections, then tend to support Leo's proposition.
Piglets again
Authors: Schaps David
Published: May 2006

In a note to volume cxi of this journal, I observed that the word , although a diminutive, did not at all periods describe a piglet. In the classical period, it seems to have meant a small but not necessarily immature pig; in Hellenistic Delos and in Egypt, a pig fullgrown or nearly so, apparently synonymous with the non-diminutive ; then by the first post-Christian century the term came indeed to mean ‘piglet’, a meaning previously expressed by .
The argument of the second stasimon of Oedipus Tyrannus
Authors: Sidwell Keith
Published: May 2006

The Second Stasimon of Oedipus Tyrannus has over the years drawn forth many divergent interpretations. So Carey's recent attempt to clear the cluttered paths towards it of accumulated debris must be warmly welcomed. We may now regard it as untenable to see criticism of Oedipus behind the reference to tyranny. We should not look for hostile comment upon Jokasta and Oedipus for what they have said in the preceding scene about the Laius oracle. At 873, we should accept the paradosis, recognising that it is not impossible for the word τύραννος to mean ‘tyrant’ in tragic texts. We should reject Scodel's attempt to introduce the idea of stasis into the argument, and interpret ὔβρις φυτεύει τύραννον as an account of what motivates the tyrant to take power (cf. Bacchylides 15.59–60 [Snell] and A. Ag. 1346f, 1612f., 1633 for this idea4).
The structure of Aristophanic comedy
Authors: Sifakis G. M.
Published: May 2006

The structure which is generally taken to underlie the composition of the plays of Aristophanes is made up of a number of quantitative parts which have been abstracted by dividing the comedies into broad sections. It roughly corresponds to the quantitative division of tragedy offered by the twelfth chapter of Aristotle'sPoetics (viz.prologue, episode,exodos, khorikonor choral song, the last-named subdivided intoparodosandstasimon), and includes prologue,parodos, ‘proagon’or ‘battle scene,’ ‘epirrhematicagon,’ parabasis, iambic scenes, choral songs orstasimo, exodos.
Disentangling the beast: humans and other animals in Aeschylus'Oresteia
Authors: Heath John
Published: May 2006

The Greeks of the polis, most of them with hands dirty from the earth and animals they worked with and struggled against every day, knew that there was a thin line that separated their own humanity from the life of the beast. Hesiod provides the first explicit testimony to the difference between the two worlds:

But you, Perses, deliberate on this in your heart (φρεσί) and listen now to right (δίκη), forgetting violence (βίη) altogether. For the son of Cronus drew up this law for men, that fish and beasts and flying birds eat one another, since right (δίκη) is not in them. But to mankind he gave right (δίκη) which is by far the best. For if anyone knows the right (τὰ δί καια) and is willing to speak it (ἀγορεῦσαι) to him far-seeing Zeus gives prosperity. (WD274-81)
Triremes at rest: On the beach or in the water?
Authors: Harrison Cynthia M.
Published: May 2006

We have been fortunate enough to witness in our own time the launching of a reconstruction of an ancient trireme. Questions about the trireme's architecture that had been debated for centuries were definitively resolved by the research that preceded the building of the reconstruction. However, certain aspects of the care and handling of triremes remain to be examined. Among them is the notion that triremes in commission were customarily hauled up onto the beach at night.
Spectator sport or serious politics? όί περιεστηκότες and the Athenian lawcourts
Authors: Lanni Adriaan M.
Published: May 2006

In his tractA Rationale of Judicial Evidence, Jeremy Bentham repeatedly refers to the courtroom as the ‘theatre of justice’. Bentham's description has been borne out by recent scholarship on Athenian law. As a form of civic space, the Athenian lawcourts were similar to the Theatre of Dionysos in many respects: litigants faced each other in a competitiveagon, delivering lines written for them by logographers to a mass audience which would range, ordinarily, from 200 to 1500 jurors. Moreover, modern scholars have drawn on the notion of ‘social drama’ introduced by the anthropologist Victor Turner to describe the Athenian lawcourts as an arena for socially constructive feuding behaviour, as a public stage for the social élite to compete for prestige, or as a forum for ongoing communication between élite litigants and mass jurors ‘in a context which made explicit the power of the masses to judge the actions and behavior of élite individuals’.
Cratinus' Διονυσαλέξανδρος and the head of Pericles
Authors: Revermann Martin
Published: May 2006

The hypothesis of Cratinus' Διονυσαλέξανδρος (POxy 663), one of the most important pieces of evidence for non-Aristophanic comedy, raises many problems, some of which, notably the reconstruction of the pre-parabatic plot and the staging problems in the κρίσις-scene, have received a fair amount of scholarly attention. I propose to look at a feature of this play to which much less thought has been devoted in print, but which, I believe, is central to an appreciation and understanding of it: the significance of costume and costume-change.
Early states and hero cults: a re-appraisal
Authors: Whitley James
Published: May 2006

An interest in the Greek idea of the hero, and in the cults established in Greek states to historical or legendary figures endowed with this status, has for long been one of the chief concerns of research into Greek philology and religion. But it is only through the gradual accumulation of archaeological evidence of Geometric and Archaic date that the origins of ‘hero cults’ have begun to be seen as an historical problem requiring an historical explanation. The most recent general works on Geometric and Archaic Greece, by J. N. Coldstream, Anthony Snodgrass and François de Polignac, have long sections devoted to discussing the significance of hero cults, and general ‘pan-hellenic’ explanations have been offered for their occurrence. Whilst there may be much truth in their suggestions, such ‘pan-Hellenic’ explanations ignore important local differences in the archaeological and material manifestations of hero cults. These differences, I would argue, relate in part to the different paths that were taken in the formation and development of early states in Greece. I shall use as examples the two regions of Attica and the Argolid, two areas of Greece where differences both in the manifestations of hero cults and in the paths of social evolution can most easily be traced. Before embarking on a detailed comparison of the two areas however, some discussion of the other general explanations that have been put forward is in order.
Who is Dicaeopolis?
Authors: Bowie E. L.
Published: May 2006

The name given by Aristophanes to the leading character in his Acharnians has given rise to much discussion, and I take the opportunity of the appearance in this Journal of another well-documented assessment to put forward briefly, and without a full and independent armoury of footnotes, a solution that contests the communis opinio that Dicaeopolis in some sense speaks for and as Aristophanes.
Sisters, daughters and the deme of marriage: a note
Authors: Cox Cheryl Anne
Published: May 2006

With the publication recently of two valuable studies on Attic demes, we are now more fully aware of what we know, and do not know, of the deme. With Osborne's work, we now have some idea of the tendency of Athenians to own and maintain property in the deme of origin, but the role of marriage in consolidating property in that deme is more difficult to assess. In contrast to Osborne's focus on the ancestral deme, this brief study will concentrate on the deme into which the woman married; such a deme will be termed the deme of marriage or the marital deme. The study will focus particularly on the families who contracted more than one alliance for their kinswomen into the same outside deme and will emphasize the importance of siblings in securing and maintaining these alliances in the marital deme.
A monument from Sinope
Authors: Jones C. P.
Published: May 2006

In the course of investigating the Pontic region under Byzantium, Anthony Bryer and David Winfield have rescued from oblivion a monument from Sinope of much earlier date. 'Excavations for a gas pump not far west of the walls. . . brought to light an altar made of a stumpy fluted Doric column. A clean-cut inscription carved on two successive flutings reads:

ΔΕΛΦΙΝΙοΣ

ΟΡΓΙΑΛΕΟΣ
Mechanisms of homocysteine neurotoxicity in neurodegenerative diseases with special reference to dementia
Authors: Obeid Rima , Herrmann Wolfgang
Published: May 2006

Mild to moderate hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. Human studies suggest that homocysteine (Hcy) plays a role in brain damage, cognitive and memory decline. Numerous studies in recent years investigated the role of Hcy as a cause of brain damage. Hcy itself or folate and vitamin B12 deficiency can cause disturbed methylation and/or redox potentials, thus promoting calcium influx, amyloid and tau protein accumulation, apoptosis, and neuronal death. The Hcy effect may also be mediated by activating the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor subtype. Numerous neurotoxic effects of Hcy can be blocked by folate, glutamate receptor antagonists, or various antioxidants. This review describes the most important mechanisms of Hcy neurotoxicity and pharmacological agents known to reverse Hcy effects.
Vacuolar-type H+-ATPases at the plasma membrane regulate pH and cell migration in microvascular endothelial cells
Authors: Rojas J. D. , Sennoune S. R. , Maiti D. , Bakunts K. , Reuveni M. , Sanka S. C. , Martinez G. M. , Seftor E. A. , Meininger C. J. , Wu G. , Wesson D. E. , Hendrix M. J. C. , Martínez-Zaguilán R.
Published: May 2006

Microvascular endothelial cells involved in angiogenesis are exposed to an acidic environment that is not conducive for growth and survival. These cells must exhibit a dynamic intracellular (cytosolic) pH (pHcyt) regulatory mechanism to cope with acidosis, in addition to the ubiquitous Na+/H+exchanger and HCO3−-based H+-transporting systems. We hypothesize that the presence of plasmalemmal vacuolar-type proton ATPases (pmV-ATPases) allows microvascular endothelial cells to better cope with this acidic environment and that pmV-ATPases are required for cell migration. This study indicates that microvascular endothelial cells, which are more migratory than macrovascular endothelial cells, express pmV-ATPases. Spectral imaging microscopy indicates a more alkaline pHcytat the leading than at the lagging edge of microvascular endothelial cells. Treatment of microvascular endothelial cells with V-ATPase inhibitors decreases the proton fluxes via pmV-ATPases and cell migration. These data suggest that pmV-ATPases are essential for pHcytregulation and cell migration in microvascular endothelial cells.
Indiscipline in Nigeria: Causes, Patterns, Interventions and Implications for National Development
Authors: Ukaegbu Chikwendu Christian
Published: May 2006

The concept, ‘discipline’ has two broad meanings, namely, discipline as a field of knowledge, and discipline as order. The latter is the focus of this paper. Discipline as order has several sub-categorizations. These include the order by conduct and action which results from training, instruction, and education; the order maintained and observed by persons under control or command; a system of rules of conduct. Discipline is also used to denote control gained by enforcing obedience or compliance especially by use of punishment. In sum, discipline implies controlled and orderly behavior. By contrast, indiscipline means absence or lack of order. Simplistically defined, it implies unruly, wild, undomesticated and uncontrolled behavior. But when defined moralistically, indiscipline encompasses more serious violations such as crimes. Therefore, indiscipline refers to deviation from prescribed norms whether such norms are mere folkways, matters of etiquette or serious crimes.
Interfact of Traditional and Modern Medicine in Mali
Authors: Imperato Pascal James
Published: May 2006

Few would dispute the claim that traditional medical practitioners provide most of the health care in Africa today. The reasons for this are several and include the availability and accessibility of traditional practitioners to the mass of people and faith in their skills. In recent years much discussion has centered on the issue of integrating traditional practitioners into the modern health care delivery system (Good, 1977). Strong arguments have been mustered on either side of this question, and they are often presented with heated emotion. The degree and level of integration is also hotly disputed, and shades of opinion range from advocating dialogue between the two systems to proposing that traditional practitioners be “legitimized” and integrated into the modern health care delivery system. Most opinions on this broad subject area have been publicly voiced or written by those whose culture reference is western. We know very little about how traditional practitioners feel about the matter.
Frelimo's Victories in Mozambique
Authors: Leonard Richard W.
Published: May 2006

On May 17, 1970, Portuguese colonial forces in Mozambique numbering 50,000 and headed by the newly appointed Commander-in-Chief, General Kaulza de Arriaga launched a sweeping offensive against the areas in northern Mozambique held by FRELIMO, the Mozambique Liberation Front. Operation Gordian Knot was intended to crush the FRELIMO forces which had been operating in Mozambique since 1964. Now, four years after “Gordian Knot,” General de Arriaga has retired from the Portuguese armed forces. Following the coup that rocked Portugal on April 25 the new provisional Portuguese government has opened discussions with FRELIMO in Lusaka on the colonial problem. And FRELIMO forces are operating in strength in five districts of Mozambique—from Niassa and Cabo Delgado in the north, to Tete in the west, to Beira and Vila Pery in central Mozambique. The purpose of this article is to examine the Portuguese military defeat in Mozambique and the growing strength of FRELIMO, to look at the situation as it appears immediately following the coup in Portugal, and to briefly relate these developments to U.S. policy towards Portuguese colonialism.

The most dramatic testimony of the Portuguese military failure is of course the coup in Portugal. Many accounts have noted that General Spinola's book, Portugal and the Future, which heralded the coup, made clear in its analysis that Portugal could not defeat the liberation movements militarily and that a political solution had to be sought. The signs of the erosion of Portugal's position have been evident: the feeling of “hopelessness” among Portuguese youth about the colonial wars; an estimated 100,300 draft resisters and deserters abroad added to the some one million expatriates working outside the country; an increasing tendency for troops in the field “to shy away from contact with the enemy, taking defensive stands only“; fewer than one hundred places taken in the military academy with room for four hundred; the massive discontent within the Portuguese junior officer corps about conditions of service; the growing refusal of military duty (one half of the last class called refused to report).
The American Response to Africa's Participation in the International System
Authors: Spiro Herbert J.
Published: May 2006

Africa's participation in the international system, by whatever measures it is gauged, skyrocketed during the 1960s from a level close to zero to its present extensity, intensity, and complexity. The difficulty of analyzing the American response to Africa's participation arises from at least two intellectual — but not merely intellectual — problems: First, there have been many different — and differentiated — American responses rather than a single one. Second, much of what is often described as American responses actually may have been triggered by American initiatives to which Africans responded, setting off a kind of chain reaction of reciprocal interactions, which have neither a clearly discernible beginning nor a definable end in time.
The Political Economy of Famine in Sudan and the Horn of Africa
Authors: Prendergast John
Published: May 2006

Over 300,000 Sudanese perished primarily from hunger during 1988-89 in one of the most avoidable human tragedies in recent history. Mostly from the war-torn southern part of the country, these civilians were deliberately starved by central government, and to a lesser extent the insurgent Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA), which used the deprivation of food as a tactic of war. The threat of further genocidal actions by the Islamic fundamentalist junta in Khartoum and the private militias allied with the government continue to daily threaten the lives of millions of internally displaced people. Due to these man-made causes and nature’s lack of rain, up to ten million Sudanese are at risk of malnutrition, hunger and starvation in 1991.
Foreign Enterprise and Labor Exploitation in Namibia: A Report of the U.N. Council For Namibia
Authors: Naqvi Ali Sarawar
Published: May 2006

Following the termination of South Africa's mandate over Namibia by resolution 2145 (XXI) of 27 October 1966, the General Assembly decided that the United Nations Council for Namibia, in its capacity as the legal Administering Authority for Namibia until independence, and in fulfillment of the mandate entrusted to it under General Assembly resolution 2248 (S-V) of 19 May 1967 and reaffirmed in subsequent resolutions of the Security Council and the Assembly, should consider the activities of foreign economic interests operating in Namibia.
Bank Loans to South Africa: The Case Against ‘Business as Usual’
Authors: Smith Timothy H.
Published: May 2006

For the last ten years the issue of U.S. bank loans to South Africa has been a clear focus for many U.S. church bodies. Documents provided for the record of this hearing include resolutions from the late 1960s from the Conventions, Synods, and Assemblies of several major Protestant denominations. These resolutions clearly call for an end to U.S. financial support to the land of apartheid. The vigorous campaign of the 1960s for an end to bank loans to South Africa resulted in a victory when a $40 million floating credit by ten U.S. banks was not renewed. Dozens of discussions were held with bank officials and millions of dollars in accounts were withdrawn in protest in that campaign.
Africans, Africanists, and the Image of Africa
Authors: Makward Edris
Published: May 2006

Friday, November 4, 1977, I am sure, is just another day for most of you gathered here to deal with some important business concerning this honorable association of scholars, professionals and other genuinely interested men and women.

This Association is after all basically a membership organization and it exists primarily through, and for its constituent members. Characteristically the first line of our By-Laws (as revised in April 1970) states that ‘The Corporation shall consist of not less than 100 members.”
Plenary Address, 20th ASA Annual Meeting
Authors: Lake Anthony
Published: May 2006

I doubt that there are many groups in America which would have so many members who want to discuss foreign policy on a Saturday night. I am impressed with your seriousness and look forward to an interesting discussion after my remarks. I will not reveal whether / would give up a Saturday evening to hear what I am about to say. But I am glad to be here to listen to your comments and discuss your questions.
Problems of Industrialization in Africa
Authors: Seidman Ann
Published: May 2006

The newly independent nations of Africa have, without exception, proclaimed their desire to industrialize in order to create increasingly productive employment opportunities and higher living standards for all their inhabitants. Historically, colonial development was oriented to producing the raw material exports required by the factories of Europe, and importing the manufactured goods those factories produced. Colonial government expenditures were devoted to building the infrastructure—railroads, roads, ports—required to facilitate the export of raw materials. Colonial policies discouraged local manufacturing to preserve African markets for goods produced in European factories. Most of the investable surpluses created by raw materials production in Africa were siphoned out of the country in the form of profits, interest, and dividends of the oligopolistic colonial firms that owned the mines and estates, and dominated the foreign trade. Little capital was left for investment in new industries. At the time of independence, less than 10% of the national product in the typical African country consisted of manufactured output—among the lowest level of industrialization in the world.
Afrocommunism Ten Years After: Crippled But Alive
Authors: Ottaway Marina
Published: May 2006

The year 1977 was a good one for Marxism-Leninism in Africa, for in the space of a few months, three important countries officially embraced that ideology. Ethiopia did so after three years of revolutionary upheaval, and in the wake of a shoot-out in the old imperial palace, during which Mengistu Haile Mariam managed to eliminate the more moderate members of the ruling military committee. In Angola and Mozambique, which had gained independence from Portugal less than two years earlier, Marxism-Leninism was officially adopted at party congresses which decided to transform the pre-independence liberation movements into orthodox vanguard parties.
The Ford Foundation and African Studies
Authors: Sutton Francis X. , Smock David R.
Published: May 2006

Like any respectable modern organization, the Ford Foundation has computer printouts showing in fat volumes of lists and tables what it has done. Some of these compilations trace the record from the beginning of the Foundation’s national and international programs in 1950. An international interest was there from the start, because the study group that in the late forties advised the Foundation’s trustees on what they ought to do successfully urged that they should devote major attention to world problems of peace and international understanding. The first specific attention to Africa south of the Sahara came in 1954 with a half-dozen grants and a series of what were then called “foreign study and research fellowships.” Fellowships for Asian and Near Eastern studies had started earlier, in 1952, and some of them went to young scholars working on the Maghreb, Egypt, and places down as far as Sudan and Ethiopia.
Is There Life Beyond the Ivory Tower?
Authors: Reefe Thomas Q.
Published: May 2006

It is one of the misfortunes of a graduate education that students are exposed to a narrow range of career and employment models in the university environment. The most common model is that of the specialized university professor, and too many graduate students and Ph.D.’s make the very serious mistake of spending one or two recruitment years trying unsuccessfully to get work exclusively in the college and university professoriate in order to fulfill this single career goal. This perception is born out by the fact that university placement officers are suddenly deluged in August, the last month of the university recruiting year, by dozens upon dozens of unemployed Ph.D.’s in all fields asking, “What else can I do with my advanced degree?” I believe that the candidate who expands career goals and who seeks employment in the four year college and university teaching market and in other professional job markets at the same time can find well-paid and interesting career work. Multiple job searches can take forty hours a week and often have to be added to other commitments like part-time work or dissertation writing. Employment inquiries in non-academic professional fields take planning and a lot of hustle, for applications and job leads take months and months to mature just as they do in the academic market place.
Southern Africa: A Challenge to the United Nations*
Authors: Farah Abdulrahim A.
Published: May 2006

Criticism is frequently expressed about the manner in which the African group at the United Nations injects southern Africa into discussions at every conceivable opportunity in the political, the economic, and the social forum. A question often posed is whether the emphasis on this issue, particularly at the international level, is proportionate to its import for the world community as a whole. As we Africans view the matter, the situation in southern Africa challenges the basic assumptions which brought the United Nations into being, and it is therefore the responsibility of the entire world community. In the political context, the situation is seen as a threat to regional and international peace and security; in the moral context it is considered a crime against humanity. The concern of African states was expressed by the late Kwame Nkrumah when, as President of Ghana, he declared: “The independence of Ghana is meaningless unless it is linked with the total liberation of Africa.”
The Nature of American Interests in Africa
Authors: Smith Robert S.
Published: May 2006

I am delighted to consider with an audience of academicians a subject as filled with both philosophical and political considerations as is the nature of American interests in Africa. It is a subject with which we in the government are confronted everyday, and to which we have, perforce, given a great deal of attention — even though we may not always articulate these interests as fully and clearly as many students of Africa would wish. As you may be aware the Department of State recently developed a new and more systematic approach to policy analysis and resource allocation in the aftermath of departmental task force recommendations contained in the report, Diplomacy for the 70's - A Program of Management Reform for the Department of State.
Rhodesia: The Time-Scale for Majority Rule*
Authors: Palley Claire
Published: May 2006

The Rhodesian settlement proposals of 1971 have been described by the British Foreign Secretary, Sir Alec Douglas-Home, as a just and honorable settlement, conferring advantages on Rhodesian Africans, measuring them not against an ideal solution, but against an indefinite continuation of the status quo in Rhodesia, and leading by a steady addition of Africans to the Rhodesian Parliament to majority rule.
General Amin and the Indian Exodus from Uganda
Authors: Patel Hasu H.
Published: May 2006

During the first week in August 1972 General Idi Amin Dada, President of the Second Republic of Uganda, announced the mass expulsion of Asians over a period not to exceed three months. Thus began the final chapter in the story of the Indian presence in Uganda. General Amin had once again made newspaper headlines all over the world. While press coverage had not been favorable to the General, it became particularly scathing in October when he expressed his views on Hitler and the Jews. What began as consternation quickly turned into intense vitriol against Amin, and newspapers throughout the world reflected this change. With the exception of a few papers in West, East, and Central Africa, however, most of the African press did not comment on the General's pronouncements. Black African leaders — with the notable exception of President Kaunda of Zambia and President Nyerere of Tanzania — adopted a curious attitude of non-interference.
Mozambique and the United Nations
Authors: El-Khawas Mohamed
Published: May 2006

Mozambique has been a difficult and frustrating problem for the United Nations ever since the mid-1950s when Portugal first became a member of the United Nations and denied that it had any territories which did not fully govern themselves. Although the General Assembly and the Security Council have both labored on the problem for many years, their action has not brought about any real improvements in the political or social realities in Mozambique.
Acts of Human Kindness: Tutsi, Hutu and the Genocide
Authors: Jefremovas Villia
Published: May 2006

Most press reports would have us believe that the genocide in Rwanda was the result of a “centuries-old” ethnic/tribal hatred. There is no denying that mass murder and genocide took place in Rwanda. It is estimated that between 500,000 and 1,000,000 people died in the most appalling way. Those killed were from all ethnic groups, Tutsi, Hutu, and Twa; but the vast majority of those killed were Tutsi. However, it is important to understand the process by which this took place: we must stop and ask if this genocide was inevitable, if it was universal, and if it was the result of ancient irreconcilable hatreds.

The reference to tribal warfare, or even ethnic conflict, implies that there are (at least) two sides fighting, and that all members of society are caught up in the killings. But in this case, the great preponderance of deaths resulted not from “conflict” but from murder.
France in Africa: African Politics and French Foreign Policy
Authors: Bourmaud Daniel
Published: May 2006

French policy in Africa is at a crossroads. Forced to consider among choices that appeared entrenched in the past, France now hesitates to implement essential reforms. The reluctance to carve out a new conception of French-African relations is in part tied to the magnitude of the changes which have affected African states south of the Sahara since 1989, but it is also tied to the generalized failure of French aid policies since the Second World War. The result has been a conceptual vacuum in French policy towards Africa, reflected in the oscillation between the old practices, including very controversial ones, and the structural adjustments in which France is little more than an interested observer.
The Anguish of Angola: On Becoming Independent in the Last Quarter of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Marcum John A.
Published: May 2006

As the United States approaches its two-hundredth year of independence, Angola is entering upon its first. Fifteen years after most of Black Africa shed colonial rule, and fourteen after Angolan insurgents shattered the myth of multiracial harmony in Iusophone Africa, a total collapse of Portuguese authority has catapulted Angola to an uncertain nationhood born in chaos and civil war.
Statement: Africanist and Jewish
Authors: Sklar Richard L. , Lofchie Michael F.
Published: May 2006

Twenty-eight African states, over sixty percent of the African group at the United Nations, have voted to condemn Zionism as “a form of racism.” Five African countries opposed the resolution and twelve abstained. People of good will do disagree about the merits of particular Israeli policies. The meaning of Zionism is also a matter of serious debate in Jewish and intercultural circles. But to identify Zionism with racism is nothing less than an act of hostility toward the Jewish people. Sadly, the African states contributed as much as any other regional bloc to the perpetration of this act.
Human Rights Violations in Ethiopia: The Case for Permanent Adjustment of Immigration Status for Ethiopians in the United States
Authors:   The Ethiopian Committee on Immigration
Published: May 2006

Ethiopia is one of the oldest countries in the world. Except for a brief five year period of Italian occupation (1936-41), Ethiopia, in the span of its thousands of years of existence, was never conquered and administered by a foreign power. Therefore, the tradition of permanent emigration or seeking asylum in foreign countries is an alien concept to the Ethiopian people.

Ancient and medieval Ethiopia is depicted as having existed in isolation from contemporaneous states and empires. This attribution of isolationism, compactly expressed by Edward Gibbon’s oft quoted statement that “the Ethiopians slept nearly a thousand years, forgetful of the world by whom they were forgotten,” is not at all borne by historical facts.
U.S. Policy and Black Refugees
Authors:   The Honorable Shirley Chisholm (D-NY)
Published: May 2006

The debate over who is a “legitimate refugee” involves more than just a quarrel over definitions. Haitians and African refugees, largely Ethiopians, have come to our shores in much the same manner as previous groups. The reaction to the arrival of these groups, however, must be seen in the context of legal and political changes in American society.

The “first asylum” phenomenon of persons fleeing to the United States as their first place of refuge from persecution has become the primary focus of any policy decisions affecting our refugee and immigration laws. Further, the “first asylum” issue has blurred the distinctions between refugees and immigrants.
Coping with the African Refugee Problem: Reflections on the Role of Private Voluntary Organization Assistance
Authors: Gorman Robert F.
Published: May 2006

There can be little doubt that the African refugee problem is a severe one that should command a good deal more attention than it has received over the past few years in the public’s eye. But if the African refugee crisis has received less than its deserved attention, the role of private voluntary organizations (PVOs) in responding to that crisis has received less. It is the purpose of this brief inquiry to assess the role of PVCs in the African refugee situation. Before doing so it is essential that the dimensions of Africa’s refugee problem be briefly outlined.
Dreams, Battles, and the Rout of the Elite in Congo-Kinshasa: The Mourning of an Imagined Democracy
Authors: Pongo Martin Kalulambi
Published: May 2006

On May 17, 1997, the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of the Congo (AFDL), led by Laurent-Désiré Kabila, took power in Kinshasa after a seven-month liberation war. According to the opinion of numerous observers, Kabila’s rebellion would be a saving act; it would distance the Congo from the specter of civil war toward which it was fatally headed. Ethnic opposition to the Mobutu regime was stirring. The rebellion would save the country from the claws of cynical politicians and from the political chasm they dug with the sovereign national conference, which created nonfunctional political institutions. Ten months after the new leaders were installed at Kinshasa, it is still too soon to evaluate their efforts to put the country back on its feet. But many praiseworthy initiatives, of which the Bulletin of the Congolese Press Agency daily informs us, touch all aspects of national life.