bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tribochemistry of tetrahedral hydrogen‐free amorphous carbon coatings in the presence of OH‐containing lubricants
Authors: Matta C. , De Barros Bouchet M. I. , Le‐Mogne T. , Vachet B. , Martin J. M. , Sagawa T.
Published: October 2007

Diamond‐like carbon (DLC) films are gaining attention for its use in a wide range of tribological applications because of their low friction coefficient and high wear resistance. Recently, ultra‐low friction or superlubricity as low as 0.006 has been observed between hydrogen‐free DLC films lubricated with oil containing a glycerol mono‐oleate (GMO) additive. Consequently, there are many efforts to understand their detailed tribological behaviour. In this study, first, a characterisation of a pristine hydrogen‐free tetrahedral amorphous DLC coating (denoted as ta‐C) is presented. The technique used for ta‐C characterisation is the energy‐filtered transmission electron microscopy studied on a focus ion beam cross section of the coating. Then, to simulate the action of GMO, which is used as an additive in engine oils, and to understand its mechanism of action in boundary lubrication conditions, simple and shorter molecules such as pure glycerol and hydrogen peroxide are used in friction tests. These two molecules and GMO have the same alcohol chemical function. Friction tests in the presence of pure glycerol and hydrogen peroxide are presented. Moreover, to understand the properties of these two molecules, the overtone of GMO and their reaction mechanism in boundary lubrication, liquid phase lubrication was simulated by gas phase lubrication. Results show that very low friction coefficients are obtained with no apparent wear. Finally, the mechanisms of ultra‐low friction are investigated by the wetting method and the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technique. These two techniques are used to identify the physical (wetting method) and chemical (XPS) changes occurring at the ta‐C surface after friction. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Culturally responsive caring in occupational therapy
Authors: Muñoz Jaime Phillip
Published: October 2007

The present study examined how practitioners conceptualized culture and used their understanding of a client's culture to provide culturally responsive caring. Descriptions of practice were elicited from experienced practitioners serving culturally diverse clients. Twelve practitioners completed a written questionnaire and participated in a telephone interview. Half of these same participants also participated in a follow‐up interview, which was confirmatory in nature. Grounded theory methodologies were used to identify and conceptualize key processes inherent in these practitioners' descriptions of providing culturally competent care. Practitioners' perceptions of providing culturally responsive care were categorized into five interrelated constructs: building cultural awareness; generating cultural knowledge; applying cultural skills; engaging culturally diverse others; and exploring multiculturalism. One environmental construct, the diversity context was also defined in the data. Culturally responsive caring is described as a process of actively developing a synergistic relationship grounded in mutuality and an intentional respect for a person's cultures. The findings add to the discourse on cultural competency in occupational therapy and may help to examine conceptual models of cultural competency for the profession. Possible implications for culturally responsive professional development, education, practice and research are presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
Authors:   John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Published: October 2007

In order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Each bibliography is divided into 20 sections: 1 Reviews; 2 General; 3 Anti‐infective Agents; 4 Cardiovascular System Agents; 5 CNS Depressive Agents; 6 Non‐steroidal Anti‐inflammatory Agents; 7 CNS Agents; 8 Anti‐neoplastic Agents; 9 Haematological Agents; 10 Neuroregulator‐Blocking Agents; 11 Dermatological Agents; 12 Immunosuppressive Agents; 13 Autonomic Agents; 14 Respiratory System Agents; 15 Neuromuscular Agents; 16 Reproductive System Agents; 17 Gastrointestinal System Agents; 18 Anti‐inflammatory Agents ‐ Steroidal; 19 Teratogens/fetal exposure; 20 Others. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted.
Incidence and prevalence of abnormal liver associated enzymes in patients with atrial fibrillation in a routine clinical care population
Authors: Makar George A. , Weiner Mark G. , Kimmel Stephen E. , Bennett Dimitri , Burke Anne , Yang Yu‐Xiao , Han Xiaoyan , Sellers Kimberly , Nessel Lisa , Lewis James D.
Published: October 2007

The prevalence of elevated liver enzymes has not been described in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who may be more likely to develop these abnormalities due to comorbidities and medications. As signals of liver injury lead to termination of drug development programs, an attempt to better define the background prevalence would aid in interpreting these elevations in the setting of exposure to a new drug. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and incidence of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevations in a cohort with AF.

Methods

Retrospective cohort of patients with AF using the outpatient medical record of the University of Pennsylvania Health System (UPHS). Primary outcomes were prevalence and incidence of ALT elevations (>40 U/L). We also examined the prevalence of risk factors for ALT elevations.

Results

Liver enzymes were measured at least once in 1630 of 2151 patients (76%). The prevalence of ALT >40 U/L was 27.6% (95%CI 25.7–29.5%). The incidence of new ALT elevations was 14.5/100 person‐years (95%CI 13.0–16.1) for ALT > 40 U/L and 2.1/100 person‐years (95%CI 1.6–2.8) for ALT elevations above twice the upper limit of normal (ULN). New persistent ALT elevations above twice the ULN were identified in 0.2% of patients.

Conclusion

Elevated ALT is common among patients with AF, although new and persistent elevation greater than twice the ULN is uncommon. In the setting of a new drug, these factors make it difficult to delineate drug‐induced liver injury from incident elevations due to comorbidities. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composite polymer electrolyte based on (PEO)6:NaPO3 dispersed with BaTiO3
Authors: Bhide Amrtha , Hariharan Krishnaswamy
Published: October 2007

BACKGROUND: Polymer electrolytes have attracted considerable attention as regards portable solid‐state electrochemical device applications. The present investigation is focused on the characterization of a new Na+ ion conducting polymer electrolyte (PEO)6:NaPO3 dispersed with 3–10 wt% BaTiO3 (0.7 µm) fillers. The composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) were prepared by a solution‐casting method and characterized using various physical measurement techniques.

RESULTS: Differential scanning calorimetry results indicate a maximum reduction in the degree of crystallinity of the polymer from 62.6% for uncomplexed poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) to 27.6% for the CPE with 6 wt% BaTiO3. This substantiates an enhancement in the amorphous phase of the polymer inferred from X‐ray diffraction and optical micrographs. The CPE dispersed with 6 wt% BaTiO3 is found to be the best composition exhibiting a maximum ionic conductivity of 1.2 × 10−6 S cm−1 at 345 K with cationic transport number (t) of 0.33.

CONCLUSIONS: An enhancement in the ionic conductivity of about two orders of magnitude is achieved for the composite electrolytes when compared to filler‐free solid polymer electrolyte. Correlation of the temperature‐dependent conductivity, activation energy for ion migration and transport number enables an understanding of the role played by the fillers in conduction characteristics of the CPEs. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Manufacturing technologies of polymeric nanofibres and nanofibre yarns
Authors: Zhou Feng‐Lei , Gong Rong‐Hua
Published: October 2007

In the textile industry, although there are several methods for obtaining sub‐micro‐ or nanofibres, electrospinning perhaps is the most versatile process. Electrospinning has been recognized as a feasible technique for the fabrication of continuous polymeric nanofibre yarns desired in the textile industry. Various materials including polymers, composites, ceramics and metals have been successfully electrospun into nanofibres in recent years mostly in solution and some in the melt. Potential applications based on electrospun nanofibres as a new‐generation material in the textile industry will be realized if suitable nanofibre yarns become available to textile processes like weaving, knitting and embroidery. In this review, we present, from a textile viewpoint, a comprehensive overview of processing technologies of polymeric nanofibres in the textile industry; however, the emphasis here is focused on electrospinning. In particular, we choose to concentrate on a detailed account of research activities on the yarns and fabrics composed of electrospun nanofibres. Our discussion is concluded with some personal perspectives on the future challenges for the development and optimization of yarns based on electrospun nanofibres. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Berührungslos messen mit Licht. Laser‐Doppler‐Sensoren
Authors: Czarske Jürgen , Büttner Lars , Pfister Thorsten
Published: October 2007

Der optische Doppler‐Effekt ermöglicht die Messung von Positionen und Geschwindigkeiten bewegter Objekte. Bringt man kleine Teilchen in ein Fluid ein, so lässt sich auch die Strömung studieren. Die spezielle Ausführung des Laser‐Doppler‐Liniensensors eignet sich wegen seiner hohen Ortsauflösung von etwa einem Mikrometer besonders für die Vermessung von Mikrokanalströmungen. Kombiniert man mehrere Sensoren dieser Art, kann man sogar dreidimensionale Strömungsfelder von turbulenten Strömungen untersuchen. Moderne Ausführungen erlauben die Vermessung von technischen rauen Oberflächen. Beispielsweise kann auch die Spaltweite von Turbomaschinen gemessen werden, was für eine Erhöhung des Wirkungsgrads von Bedeutung ist.
Die stärksten Explosionen im Universum. Gamma‐Ray Bursts
Authors: Klose Sylvio , Kann David Alexander , Schulze Steve
Published: October 2007

Noch vor wenigen Jahren waren die kosmischen Gamma‐Ray Bursts weitgehend unbekanntes Terrain. Heute ist die Erforschung dieser kurzlebigen Quellen einer der wissenschaftlichen Zweige der Astrophysik, die besonders rasant wachsen. Die Bursts und die ihnen nachfolgenden Afterglows sind die leuchtkräftigsten Erscheinungen im Universum. Ihre Quellen liegen vermutlich in der Entstehung stellarer Schwarzer Löcher und den dabei verursachten ultra‐relativistischen Materieausflüssen. Gamma‐Ray Bursts bieten als Werkzeug der beobachtenden Kosmologie eine atemberaubende Perspektive.
Mit Pedalkraft gegen Berge und Wind. Fahrradfahren
Authors: Suhr Wilfried , Schlichting H. Joachim
Published: October 2007

Die Steigung der Fahrbahn bestimmt die Zusammensetzung der Fahrwiderstände und ist damit von großer Bedeutung für die Taktik eines Radrennens. Da sich an steilen Anstiegen das Fahren im Windschatten nicht mehr lohnt, kommt es dort zum Showdown unter den Favoriten. Leichtgewichtige Fahrer sind hier im Vorteil, wie einfache allometrische Überlegungen zeigen. Aus denselben Gründen hätten Schwergewichte auf Gefällestrecken zwar Vorteile, die sie aber im Allgemeinen wegen der engen Kurven und begrenzter Haftreibung nicht voll ausnutzen können. Je nach Streckenführung kann beim Einzelzeitfahren der Wind der ärgste Widersacher des Radfahrers sein. Modellrechnungen zeigen, wie sich der Wind je nach seiner Richtung auswirkt und erteilen der auf den ersten Blick nahe liegenden Idee zur Kompensierung des Windes kreisförmige Rennstrecken einzuführen, eine klare Absage.
Laue‐Beugung auf dem Schreibtisch. Photonische Quasikristalle
Authors: Ledermann Alexandra , von Freymann Georg , Wegener Martin
Published: October 2007

Quasikristalle aus atomaren Strukturen, die Röntgenlicht beugen, sind seit rund einem Vierteljahrhundert bekannt. Seit 2006 sind dreidimensionale Quasikristalle mit größeren Strukturen nanotechnologisch herstellbar, die auf sichtbares Licht abgestimmt sind. Diese photonischen Quasikristalle erlauben zum Beispiel mit einem Laserpointer eine einfache Visualisierung der ungewöhnlichen Laue‐Beugungsbilder. Im Gegensatz zum Röntgenbereich “spürt” das Licht beim Durchgang durch die Struktur eine starke räumliche Modulation der optischen Brechzahl. Das wirft neue Fragen zur Physik der Wellenausbreitung in photonischen Quasikristallen auf.
Die Entdeckung des Riesen‐Magnetowiderstandes. Physik‐Nobelpreis 2007
Authors: Bruno Patrick
Published: October 2007

Den Nobelpreis für Physik erhielten in diesem Jahr Albert Fert (Paris) und Peter Grünberg (Jülich) “für ihre Entdeckung des Riesen‐Magnetowiderstandes.” Dessen Anwendung revolutionierte die Technik, mit der Computerfestplatten die Information auslesen, heißt es in der Begründung des Nobel‐Komitees.
Mathematica 6
Authors: Radons Gunnar
Published: October 2007

Softwaresystem für Berechnungen und Simulationen aller Art. Voraussetzungen: Windows, Mac OS X, Linux x86‐64bit; Vertrieb: www.additive‐net.de/software/mathematica. Preise von ca. 150,– Euro (Studentenversion) bis ca. 3800,– Euro (Industrieversion).
Forschung bis zur Selbstaufgabe
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: October 2007

In einer Pfarrersfamilie auf dem Lande wächst er zu einem eigenwilligen Denker heran. Humanistische Bildung mag er gar nicht, stattdessen führt er das Leben eines Romantikers wie nach dem Lehrbuch – inklusive Krankheit zum Tode.
Kaltes Eis aus heißem Ofen
Authors: Vilgis Thomas
Published: October 2007

Zugegeben, Mikrowellengeräte sind bei Gourmets eher verpönt, raubt die Erwärmung von Fertiggerichten oder Gefrorenem nicht nur Genuss, sondern auch jegliches Kocherlebnis. Für Physiker hingegen sind Mikrowellen beliebte Experimentierfelder, deren elektromagnetische Eigenschaften feine Zaubereien ermöglichen, zum Beispiel das Herstellen von heißer Pflaumensauce im Kardamom‐Eismantel. So steht dem Dessertklassiker einem neuen, physikalischen Auftritt nichts mehr im Wege.
Functional balance and mobility tests in healthy participants: reliability, error and influencing factors
Authors: Busse M E , Tyson S F
Published: October 2007

Background and Purpose. Knowledge of the measurement error and reliability of measurement tools is required to judge whether true changes in performance have occurred. How a patient's performance relates to that of a healthy individual, and which factors would influence performance, also need to be considered to assess whether a patient's performance is ‘normal’. The aim of the present study was to assess within‐session and test–retest reliability, and measurement error, of a hierarchical series of functional tests of balance and walking in healthy participants. Obtaining indicative data in a group of healthy participants was an additional aim. Method. Forty healthy participants aged 20–60 years were recruited from staff and students of Cardiff University. The participants completed eight functional balance and mobility tests on two occasions on the same day. Intra‐class correlation co‐efficients (ICCs), assessed within‐session, and test–retest reliability and measurement error were calculated from the mean squares error term of a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The relationship to the overall mean score was calculated and linear regression investigated the factors influencing performance. Results. Within‐session and test–retest reliability for each of the tests was moderate to high (ICCs = 0.88–0.98 and 0.77–0.94, respectively). The overall measurement error was 3% to 11% of the mean scores. Age was the most frequent factor influencing performance; level of activity and body mass index (BMI) did not influence performance on any of the tests. Conclusions. Functional balance and mobility tests are reliable but are subject to random error up to 11% of the mean. The present study provides initial reference data for physiotherapists in clinical practice. It is important to begin to develop a database of a standard range of scores to give a context with which to judge more accurately the importance and relevance of clinical measurements from patients. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atomic resolution (1.1 Å) structure of the ribosome‐inactivating protein PD‐L4 from Phytolacca dioica L. leaves
Authors: Ruggiero Alessia , Chambery Angela , Maro Antimo Di , Parente Augusto , Berisio Rita
Published: October 2007

The ribosome inactivating protein PD‐L4 from Phytolacca dioica is a N‐β‐glycosidase, probably involved in plant defence. The crystal structures of wild type PD‐L4 and of the S211A PD‐L4 mutant with significantly decreased catalytic activity were determined at atomic resolution. To determine the structural determinants for the reduced activity of S211A PD‐L4, both forms have also been co‐crystallized with adenine, the major product of PD‐L4 catalytic reaction. In the structure of the S211A mutant, the cavity formed by the lack of the Ser hydroxyl group is filled by a water molecule; the insertion of this non‐isosteric group leads to small albeit concerted changes in the tightly packed active site of the enzyme. These changes have been correlated to the different activity of the mutant enzyme. This work highlights the importance of atomic resolution studies for the deep understanding of enzymatic properties. Proteins 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zinc binding of Tim10: Evidence for existence of an unstructured binding intermediate for a zinc finger protein
Authors: Ivanova Ekaterina , Ball Matthew , Lu Hui
Published: October 2007

Zinc‐finger proteins are among the most abundant proteins in eukaryotic genomes. Tim10 and all the small Tim proteins of the mitochondrial intermembrane space contain a consensus twin CX3C zinc‐finger motif. Zn2+can bind to the reduced Tim10, but not disulphide bonded (oxidized) protein. However, the zinc‐binding reaction of Tim10 and of zinc‐finger proteins, in general, is ill‐defined. In this study, the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of zinc‐binding to reduced Tim10 were investigated using circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence spectrometry, and stopped‐flow fluorescence techniques. At equilibrium, coupled with the use of protein fluorescence and metal chelators, the zinc‐binding affinity was determined for Tim10 to be about 8 × 10−10M. Then, far UV CD was used to investigate the secondary structure change upon zinc‐binding of the same set of protein samples at various free Zn2+concentrations. Comparison between the results of CD and fluorescence studies showed that the zinc‐binding reaction is not a simple one‐step process. It involves formation of a binding intermediate that is structurally as unfolded as the apoTim10; subsequently, a degree of folding is induced at increased zinc concentrations in the final complex. Next, the stopped‐flow fluorescence technique was used to investigate the kinetic process of the binding reaction. Data analysis shows that the reaction has a single kinetic phase at a low free Zn2+concentration (∼1 nM), and a double kinetic phase at a high free Zn2+concentration. The kinetic result is consistent with that of the studies at equilibrium. Therefore, a two‐step reaction model mechanism is proposed, in which zinc‐binding is regulated by the initial selective‐binding of Zn2+to Cys followed by folding. Implication of the two‐step zinc‐binding mechanism for Zn2+trafficking in the cell is discussed. Proteins 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Buprenorphine plus naloxone, a new substitution treatment
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Fraser Alan
Published: October 2007

Suboxone, a combination of buprenorphine and the opiate antagonist naloxone, is a substitution treatment for opioid drug dependence intended to reduce potential abuse by intravenous injection. In our New products review Steve Chaplin presents the clinical data relating to its efficacy and adverse effects, and Dr Alan Fraser comments on its place in therapy. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd
OFT condemns the Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme
Authors: Chaplin Steve
Published: October 2007

Steve Chaplin describes the Office of Fair Trading's wide‐ranging proposals for reform of the Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd
Measurement and analysis of truck transport environment in Brazil
Authors: Rissi Giovani Otavio , Singh S. Paul , Burgess G. , Singh J.
Published: October 2007

Increasing trade in today's global economy requires packaging to be designed to contain, protect and deliver products without damage during transportation and handling. Vibration forces that occur during transportation are one of the most significant causes of damage during shipping. The objective of this study was to quantify and analyse the vibration that occurs during truck transport in Brazil. The study was done using two types of trucks: small local trucks for local metropolitan distribution areas and larger tractor‐trailers for cross‐country transportation. Ten metropolitan areas in different regions of Brazil were selected for 1‐day trips representing normal delivery. These trips encountered varying road surfaces (asphalt, concrete, stone and dirt). The long distance trips were done on highways that were more than 1200  km long. The vertical vibration levels were higher than the lateral and longitudinal levels as expected. A composite power density spectrum of all trips is provided in this paper to simulate truck transport in Brazil using random vibration test methods. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast determination of herbicides in waters by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Montoro Elena Pastor , González Roberto Romero , Frenich Antonia Garrido , Torres M. Elena Hernández , Vidal Jose Luis Martínez
Published: October 2007

A rapid multiresidue method for the analysis of more than 40 herbicides (such as simazine, terbuthylazine and diuron) in waters has been developed and validated by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS). Prior to chromatographic determination, the samples were extracted using a solid‐phase extraction procedure. The analysis was performed on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column using a gradient elution profile and a mobile phase consisting of methanol and an aqueous solution of formic acid (0.01%). Other chromatographic and MS/MS parameters were optimised in order to improve selectivity and sensitivity of the analytes. The analytes were detected using electrospray ionisation (ESI)‐MS/MS in positive ion mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), optimising parameters such as voltage cone, capillary voltage, source and desolvation temperature, and desolvation and cone gas flow. The optimised method provides a rapid separation (less than 10 min) of the selected herbicides in the assayed matrices, and it was validated by the analysis of spiked blank matrix samples. Good linearity was obtained and the repeatability of the method was less than 20% for the lowest calibration point. The limits of detection ranged from 0.002 to 0.02 µg/L, and the limits of quantification from 0.005 to 0.05 µg/L, which were below the values specified by the European Union. Finally, the method was successfully applied to real environmental samples from Andalusia (southern Spain). Terbuthylazine, simazine, atrazine desisopropyl and desethyl terbuthylazine were the herbicides most frequently found in water samples. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antiviral treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infections: the past, the present and the future
Authors: Férir Geoffrey , Kaptein Suzanne , Neyts Johan , De Clercq Erik
Published: October 2007

A decade ago, standard therapy against chronic hepatitis B virus infections only consisted of lamivudine or IFN‐α. Treatment with lamivudine and IFN has been compounded by, respectively, the emergence of drug‐resistant virus strains and the appearance of serious side effects. In the last 10 years, hepatitis B treatment has made much progress. Several treatments are now licensed for the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B and others are under development. Here, we provide an overview of the potential and mode of action of anti‐HBV agents that are currently available, and/or may become available in the near future. Foremost among these newer compounds are adefovir dipivoxil, entecavir and telbivudine. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural design innovation: Russia Tower
Authors: Halvorson Robert , Warner Carrie
Published: October 2007

The Russia Tower will be Europe's tallest building and one of the most distinctive high rises in the world. The striking 600 m (1968 ft) tall form and its structure evolved through a collaborative process between the architect, Foster + Partners of London, and structural engineer Halvorson & Partners of Chicago. The innovative ‘braced spine’ structural system developed in this process is an efficient concept for super‐tall structures and was a direct response to the design challenges and opportunities presented by this project. The design process between Foster and Halvorson that led to this unique tower design is described and several of its special structural engineering design considerations are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IEEE 802.11 handoff latency improvement using Fuzzy Logic
Authors: Chang Chi‐Yuan , Wang Hong‐Jie , Chao Han‐Chieh , Park Jong Hyuk
Published: October 2007

Multimedia transmissions are delay‐sensitive Internet applications. Because mobile stations are in continual motion, handoff processes are necessary and unavoidable in wireless network environments. Because handoff processes tend to break the communication link, the research has been conducted on reducing the break time and arrival delay during Internet multimedia applications. In this paper, we propose an approach based on Fuzzy Logic to evaluate the average variation in signal strength received by a mobile station and produce a FitAP factor. This factor indicates the possible handoff access point that is suitable for the mobile station. According to the FitAP factor, a mobile station needs only to execute an active scan process once. Therefore, smaller handoff latency is expected. We compare the results from the current cell search scheme with that of the Fuzzy Logic approach. The statistical results show that the proposed method outperforms the current cell search scheme with an improved handoff latency performance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A distributed routing protocol for providing QoS in Wireless Mesh Networks operating above 10 GHz
Authors: Anastasopoulos Markos P. , Panagopoulos Athanasios D. , Cottis Panayotis G.
Published: October 2007

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are considered for a plethora of complex applications, where different QoS specifications should be satisfied. In such applications, QoS issues concerning the delay and the reliability of data transmission are of utmost importance. In this paper, a distributed routing protocol for WMNs operating above 10 GHz to support services with distributed QoS is presented. As far as propagation is concerned, the major factor limiting the performance of millimetre wave radio systems is rain attenuation. The routing problem is formulated as a problem of linear programming, where the objective is to determine the path with minimum transmission delay while at the same time, satisfying a given set of constraints. Lagrangian Relaxation and dual decomposition are used to solve the problem in a distributed way. The proposed algorithm exhibits a low computational complexity, it is scalable and guarantees convergence to an optimal routing scheme. Its performance is verified through extended simulations employing an accurate spatial‐temporal channel model. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal TCP segment size for mobile server access over wireless links of cellular networks
Authors: Lee Goo Yeon , Jeong Choong Kyo , Kim Hwa Jong , Lee Yong
Published: October 2007

Internet access from mobile phones over cellular networks suffers from severe bandwidth limitations and high bit error rates over wireless access links. Tailoring TCP connections to best fit the characteristics of this bottleneck link is thus very important for overall performance improvement. In this work, we propose a simple algorithm in deciding the optimal TCP segment size to maximize the utilization of the bottleneck wireless TCP connection for mobile contents server access, taking the dynamic TCP window variation into account. The proposed algorithm can be used when the product of the access rate of the wireless link and the propagation time to mobile contents servers is not large. With some numerical examples, it is shown that the optimal TCP segment size becomes a constant value when the TCP window size (WS) exceeds a threshold. One can set the maximum segment size (MSS) of a wireless TCP connection to this optimal segment size for mobile contents server access for maximum efficiency on the expensive wireless link. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance analysis of MIMO systems with multiuser diversity
Authors: Yang Liang
Published: October 2007

In this paper, we present a comprehensive performance analysis for multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) systems with multiuser diversity over Rayleigh fading channels. We derive exact closed‐form expressions of the outage probability and the average bit error rate (BER) for different MIMO schemes, including the selective combining (SC), maximum ratio combining (MRC) and space‐time block codes (STBC). We also provide the explicit upper bounds on the BER performance. Finally, the mathematical formalism is verified by numeric results that study the interaction between the antenna diversity and the multiuser diversity. It is observed that the system performance is deteriorated as the number of transmit antennas increases in multiuser scenario, which is unlike the case in single‐user systems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of Oil Quality in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] by Mutation Breeding
Authors: Patil Archana , Taware S. P. , Oak M. D. , Tamhankar S. A. , Rao V. S.
Published: October 2007

Low oxidative stability, off‐flavor and rancidity are the major drawbacks of soybean oil. Modification of the fatty acid composition of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] oil can improve its quality and value for processors and acceptability among consumers. Mutation breeding of soybean was therefore initiated with the objective of identifying stable soybean mutants with altered fatty acid composition for improved oxidative stability and nutritional quality. Seeds of soybean cultivar ‘MACS 450’ were treated with γ‐radiation and/or ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS). The harvest of M1 plants was evaluated for fatty acid composition by gas chromatography. Highly significant variation in all the fatty acids except palmitic acid was observed. Treatment of EMS in higher concentrations as well as combined treatment of both the mutagens, i.e., γ‐radiation and EMS were effective in increasing the variability for the fatty acid content in soybean oil. The variability was skewed towards high levels of oleic (35–42%) and low levels of linolenic acid (3.77–5.00%). M3 and M4 generations of desirable variants were analyzed for the stability of the mutated trait. Only high oleic variants were stable in M3 and M4 generations. Based on fatty acid values, oxidative stability index (OSI), nutritional quality index (NQI) and ratio of essential fatty acids (ω6/ω3) were calculated for the control and M2, M3 and M4 generations. The ω6/ω3 ratio in all the high oleic mutants was within the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended value (5–10%). A significant positive correlation between OSI and oleic acid content (P < 0.001) indicated improved oxidative stability of the oil while retaining nutritional quality. These high oleic lines could be utilized further in breeding programs for improvement of soybean oil quality.
Rigid Polyurethane Foam Production from Palm Oil‐Based Epoxidized Diethanolamides
Authors: Lee C. S. , Ooi T. L. , Chuah C. H. , Ahmad S.
Published: October 2007

A new type of rigid polyurethane foam was produced by incorporating oxazolidone heterocyclic rings on to polyurethane backbones. Epoxidized diethanolamides were synthesized by reacting palm oil blends of epoxidized palm olein and refined bleached deodorized palm kernel olein with diethanolamine to produce rigid polyurethane foams. Epoxides, retained in the diethanolamides, reacted with isocyanate during foam production in the presence of AlCl3–THF complex catalyst to form oxazolidone linkages in the polyurethane network. The carbonyl stretch of oxazolidone was identified at 1,750 cm−1 through Fourier Transform Infra Red analysis. Chemical modifications of the polyurethane network also improved the thermal and mechanical properties of the foams. In addition, isocyanate index 1.4 was determined to be the most suitable in the production of foams from this newly synthesized epoxidized diethanolamides.
Mrg15 null and heterozygous mouse embryonic fibroblasts exhibit DNA‐repair defects post exposure to gamma ionizing radiation
Authors: Garcia Sandra N. , Kirtane Bhakti M. , Podlutsky Andrej J. , Pereira-Smith Olivia M. , Tominaga Kaoru
Published: October 2007

MORF4‐related gene on chromosome 15 (MRG15) is a core component of the NuA4/Tip60 histone acetyltransferase complex that modifies chromatin structure. We here demonstrate that Mrg15 null and heterozygous mouse embryonic fibroblasts exhibit an impaired DNA‐damage response post gamma irradiation, when compared to wild‐type cells. Defects in DNA‐repair and cell growth, and delayed recruitment of repair proteins to sites of damage were observed. Formation of phosphorylated H2AX and 53BP1 foci was delayed in Mrg15 mutant versus wild‐type cells following irradiation. These data implicate a novel role for MRG15 in DNA‐damage repair in mammalian cells.
Association of intimate partner physical and sexual violence with unintended pregnancy among pregnant women in Peru
Authors: Cripe Swee May , Sanchez Sixto E. , Perales Maria Teresa , Lam Nally , Garcia Pedro , Williams Michelle A.
Published: October 2007

Objective

To examine the associations between lifetime physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) with pregnancy intent among pregnant women in Lima, Peru.

Methods

A total of 2167 women who delivered at the Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, Lima, Peru were interviewed during the postpartum recovery period. Logistic regression was used to estimate multivariable adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

Results

Lifetime physical or sexual violence (40.0%) and unintended pregnancies (65.3%) were common in the study population. Compared with non‐abused women, abused women had a 1.63‐fold increased risk for unintended pregnancy. Unintended pregnancy risk was 3.31‐fold higher among women who experienced both physical and sexual abuse compared with non‐abused women. The prevalence and severity of physical violence during pregnancy was greater among women with unintended pregnancies compared with women with planned pregnancies.

Conclusion

The findings indicate the need to include IPV screening and treatment in prenatal care and reproductive health settings.
Inheritance and perinatal consequences of inherited thrombophilia in Greece
Authors: Karakantza Marina , Androutsopoulos Georgios , Mougiou Athina , Sakellaropoulos Georgios , Kourounis Georgios , Decavalas Georgios
Published: October 2007

Objective

To investigate the impact of inherited thrombophilic factors on the gestational outcome of unselected pregnant women.

Method

A total of 392 women with spontaneous pregnancy were investigated for Factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A, and MTHFR C677T mutations. Adverse pregnancy outcomes were recorded.

Results

Thrombophilic genotypes were significantly higher in women with placental abruption. Heterozygocity for Factor V Leiden increased the risk for placental abruption 9.1 times. The MTHFR T677T genotype increased the risk for placental abruption 4.8 times despite folate supplements, and normal serum folate and B12 levels. Women with inherited thrombophilia and previous obstetric complications were at significant risk for complications in a subsequent pregnancy (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Women with placental abruption should be screened for thrombophilic factors and plasma homocysteine should be measured. Subgroups of women with inherited thrombophilia and obstetric complications might benefit from prophylactic anticoagulation in subsequent pregnancies.
Cord blood cardiac troponin I, fetal Doppler velocimetry, and acid base status at birth
Authors: Alexandre Sandra Maria , D'Almeida Vânia , Guinsburg Ruth , Nakamura Mary U. , Tufik Sérgio , Moron Antonio
Published: October 2007

Objective

To analyze the association between umbilical cord cardiac troponin I (cTnI), obstetric Doppler, and birth acidemia. Method: This prospective observational study was conducted on 58 singleton pregnancies at 3 Brazilian hospitals. Umbilical and middle cerebral artery Doppler velocimetry were performed 24 h prior to birth. At delivery, cord blood was collected for pH, blood gas analysis, and cTnI measurement. Results: Cardiac troponin I ≥ 0.20 ng/mL was detected in 5 neonates (8.6%). Centralization was recorded in 12 fetuses; 4 of these (33.3%) had detectable cTnI compared with 1/46 (2.2%) fetuses with normal Doppler (P = 0.005). Acidemia was present in 60% of the neonates with detectable cTnI, compared with 15% of the neonates with undetectable cTnI (P = 0.042). Conclusion: Centralization and birth acidemia are associated with detectable cTnI in cord blood supporting the possibility of myocardial ischemia in these fetuses.
Misoprostol for the termination of pregnancy up to 12 completed weeks of pregnancy
Authors: Faúndes A. , Fiala C. , Tang O.S. , Velasco A.
Published: October 2007

The aim was to review the current knowledge about the use of misoprostol alone for abortion induction during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Publications reporting experiences with misoprostol alone for pregnancy termination within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy were included in the analysis. Vaginal administration of 800 μg repeated up to three times at 6, 12 or 24 h intervals has an 85% to 90% effectiveness, defined as complete abortion, in most studies. Oral administration is less effective, but sublingual administration at 3‐hour interval has the same effectiveness, with more frequent side effects. The oral and sublingual routes appear to be better accepted than vaginal administration. Most studies are limited to the first 9 weeks of pregnancy. The experience on pregnancy termination between 10 and 12 weeks is not yet sufficient for a recommendation.
Misoprostol for the termination of pregnancy with a live fetus at 13 to 26 weeks
Authors: Ho P.C. , Blumenthal P.D. , Gemzell‐Danielsson K. , Gómez Ponce de León R. , Mittal S. , Tang O.S.
Published: October 2007

A combination of mifepristone and misoprostol is the regimen of choice for termination of pregnancy between 13 to 26 weeks. In many countries, mifepristone is still not available, and misoprostol has to be used alone. Many misoprostol‐alone regimens have been reported in the literature with apparently good results. Most of the trials were conducted in pregnancies between 13 and 22 weeks. For this gestational period, we recommend the regimen of 400 μg of vaginal misoprostol every 3 h up to 5 doses, as it appears to be effective without excessive side effects or complications. There is inadequate data to recommend a regimen for the gestational period of 23 to 26 weeks but it is advisable to reduce the dose and frequency of administration of misoprostol. Common side effects of misoprostol‐induced termination of pregnancy include gastrointestinal side effects, abdominal cramps, bleeding, fever and chills. Complications may include infection or rarely rupture of uterus.
Misoprostol for induction of labor with a live fetus
Authors: Weeks A. , Alfirevic Z. , Faúndes A. , Hofmeyr G.J. , Safar P. , Wing D.
Published: October 2007

Induction of labor is common in clinical practice. Many different medical and mechanical methods have been used, but the current gold standard is vaginal dinoprostone. Misoprostol has been used for the induction of labor since 1987. In early studies with large misoprostol doses (e.g. 200 μg) there were high rates of uterine hyperstimulation. Cochrane meta‐analysis, however, shows that when used in low doses it is as effective as vaginal dinoprostone and with no excess of hyperstimulation. 25 μg vaginal misoprostol 4‐hourly, 50 μg oral misoprostol 4‐hourly or 20 μg oral misoprostol solution 2‐hourly are all safe and effective regimens. Reports of uterine rupture in women with previous cesarean sections mean that it remains contraindicated in this group.
Treatment of postpartum hemorrhage with misoprostol
Authors: Blum J. , Alfirevic Z. , Walraven G. , Weeks A. , Winikoff B.
Published: October 2007

A literature review was conducted to determine whether misoprostol is an effective treatment for postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and in what dose. All English language articles published before March 2007 reporting on misoprostol for treatment of PPH were reviewed. Unpublished data previously presented at international scientific meetings were also included in the review. Little evidence exists in support of misoprostol for treatment of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Nonetheless, PPH remains a major killer of women worldwide, and new treatment options are widely sought. For this reason, we recommend a single dose of misoprostol 600 μg oral or sublingual for PPH treatment in instances when other treatments have either failed to work or are not available.
Miniaturizing the laparoscope: Current applications of micro‐ and minilaparoscopy
Authors: Tu Frank F. , Advincula A.P.
Published: October 2007

Technological advancements have enabled miniaturization of the endoscope without significant compromise to either diagnostic or operative abilities. With a complement of instruments < 5 mm in diameter, newer minimally invasive techniques have been developed to decrease the pain and trauma associated with surgical procedures. These advancements involve additional options for peritoneal access as well as facilitating diagnostic evaluation of the pelvis. Although the robustness and durability of the smaller instruments is an area of concern, a thorough understanding of the clinical advantages and disadvantages has the potential to improve patient outcomes.
Very high rates of vitamin D insufficiency in women of child-bearing age living in Beijing and Hong Kong
Authors: Woo Jean , Lam Christopher W. K. , Leung Jason , Lau Winny Y. , Lau Edith , Ling Xu , Xing Xiaoping , He Zhao Xi , Murray Skeaff  C. , Bacon Catherine J. , Rockell Jennifer E. P. , Lambert Aaron , Whiting Susan J. , Green Timothy J.
Published: October 2007

We aimed to describe the vitamin D status of young women living in two Chinese cities in the spring – Beijing in the north (latitude 39° north) and Hong Kong (latitude 22° north) in the south. We also examined the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations to determine a threshold for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D above which there is no further suppression of PTH. Finally, we examined whether dietary Ca intake influences this relationship. Non-pregnant women aged 18–40 years (n441) were recruited between February and June. Fasting blood was collected and dietary intakes were assessed using 5 d food records. Mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was lower in Beijing than Hong Kong women (29v.34 nmol/l;P < 0·001). Vitamin D deficiency ( ≤  25 nmol/l) was indicated in 40 % of Beijing and 18 % of Hong Kong women, and over 90 % of women in both cities were insufficient ( ≤ 50 nmol/l). Mean Ca and vitamin D intakes were 478 mg/d and 2·0 μg/d, respectively. The relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and PTH was linear throughout the range with a slope of − 0·36 (different from 0;P < 0·001;R0·26), with no apparent threshold. There was no influence of Ca intake on the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and PTH concentration. Vitamin D deficiency is common and insufficiency is very common in non-pregnant women in Hong Kong and Beijing during spring. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was inversely associated with PTH with no apparent threshold. Strategies such as vitamin D fortification or supplementation may be required.
Influence of fat replacers on chemical composition, proteolysis, texture profiles, meltability and sensory properties of low-fat Kashar cheese
Authors: Sahan Nuray , Yasar Kurban , Hayaloglu Ali A , Karaca Oya B , Kaya Ahmet
Published: October 2007

Changes in chemical composition, proteolysis, lipolysis, texture, melting and sensory properties of low-fat Kashar cheese made with three different fat replacers (Simplesse® D-100, Avicel Plus® CM 2159 or β-glucan) were investigated throughout ripening. The low-fat cheeses made with fat replacers were compared with full- and low-fat counterparts as controls. Reduction of fat caused increases in moisture and protein contents and decreases in moisture-in-non fat substance and yield values in low-fat cheeses. The use of fat replacers in the manufacture of low-fat Kashar cheese increased water binding capacity and improved overall quality of the cheeses. Use of fat replacer in low-fat cheese making has enhanced cheese proteolysis. All samples underwent lipolysis during ripening and low-fat cheeses with fat replacers had higher level of total free fatty acid than full- or low-fat control cheeses. Texture attributes and meltability significantly increased with addition of fat replacers. Sensory scores showed that the full-fat cheese was awarded best in all stages of ripening and low-fat variant of Kashar cheeses have inferior quality. However, fat replacers except β-glucan improved the appearance, texture and flavour attributes of low-fat cheeses. When the fat replacers are compared, the low-fat cheese with Avicel Plus® CM 2159 was highly acceptable and had sensory attributes closest to full-fat Kashar cheese.
In the Name ofAdat: Regional Perspectives on Reform, Tradition, and Democracy in Indonesia
Authors: HENLEY DAVID , DAVIDSON JAMIE S.
Published: October 2007

This article examines the revival ofadat(custom) in post-Suharto Indonesia, a movement which few Indonesia-watchers predicted. Four general reasons for the rise ofadatrevivalism are identified. The first is the support, both ideological and concrete, of international organizations and networks committed to the rights of indigenous peoples. The second is the uncertainty, together with the opportunities, attendant on the processes of democratization and decentralization which followed the end of Suharto's authoritarian rule. The third is the oppression of marginal population groups under the New Order. The fourth root is historical, having to do with the positive role whichadathas played in the country's political imagination since the beginning of Indonesian nationalism.Adatas a political cause involves a set of loosely related ideals which, rightly or wrongly, are associated with the past: authenticity, community, order, and justice. These ideals have been invoked in varying proportions to pursue a wide variety of political ends, including the control of resources and the exclusion of rivals as well as the protection, empowerment, and mobilization of underprivileged groups.