bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discocyte‐Echinocyte Reversibility in Blood Stored in CPD over a Period of 56 Days
Authors: Laczkó J. , Feó C. J. , Phillips W.
Published: December 2004

Blood collected with CPD and stored was examined with optical (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after reversal of echinocytes into disco‐cytes. Reversal was achieved by incubation of the red blood cells at 37 C in an adenosine containing medium. The transformation of discocytes into echinocytes occurred rapidly during the first three weeks of storage. A shape/density relationship was observed in the various fractions. The denser cells were found to have the more advanced echinocytic changes. After incubation with adenosine, most of the cells reversed into discocytes and early stages of stomatocytes. When spheroechino‐cytes I and II were present, they reversed into sphero‐stomatocytes. No echinocytogenic property was found in plasma during 5 weeks of storage at 4 C and no immediate reversion of echinocytes was obtained in fresh plasma, therefore the initial discocyte‐echinocyte transformation was explained by intracellular changes. The data from the various fractions showed that the more dense cells were more spherocytic. We suggest that removal of this part of the population of stored red blood cells might improve the survival of transfused cells.
The Effect of Ambient Storage on Platelet Membrane Structure and Response to Thrombin
Authors: White G. C. , Workman E. F. , Lundblad R. L.
Published: December 2004

Blood platelets rapidly lose hemostatic function during in vitro storage at room temperature. In view of recent studies implicating platelet surface proteins in some aspects of platelet function, we have examined the effect of platelet storage on membrane structure and function. Platelets obtained from a single donor by double plateletpheresis were stored for seven days at 22 C with constant agitation. On succeeding days, platelets were removed and analyzed for membrane surface structure determined by iodination of membrane surface proteins, membrane function determined by serotonin uptake and equilibrium binding of thrombin to surface receptors, and platelet (unction determined by serotonin release and platelet aggregation in response to thrombin. The earliest changes in membrane surface structure were observed within 48 hours and consisted of decreased iodination of membrane surface proteins, and increased iodination of membrane proteins with estimated molecular weights of 260,000, 240,000, and 84,000. No changes were observed in the overall protein composition of the platelet, but changes in membrane function were observed. Relative uptake of serotonin decreased from 89 to 37 per cent and appeared to occur in parallel with the changes in membrane surface proteins. Changes in thrombin binding, on the other hand, were progressive throughout the storage period. The number of molecules of thrombin bound with high affinity decrease from 1,040 to 520 per platelet while the number of molecules bound with low affinity decreased from 103,600 to 4,500. No persistent alterations were observed in the affinity of thrombin for its receptors. Thrombin‐induced platelet aggregation and release of serotonin decreased in parallel with the changes in thrombin binding.
Further Aspects of Microgranulocytotoxicity
Authors: Drew S. I. , Carter B. M. , Guidera D. , Lee K. E. , Sasaki M. , Terasaki P. I. , Gale R. P.
Published: December 2004

Some aspects influencing the serologic outcome of complement‐dependent granulocyte cytotoxicity are presented. Ficoll‐Hypaque (density 1.060) gradient centrif‐ugation with hypotonic lysis of red blood cells yielded populations of granulocytes with greater than 90 per cent purity. Granulocytes exposed to papain (0.01%) at 24 C for 12 minutes showed enhanced serologic reactivity compared with untreated cells. In addition, enhanced cytotoxicity was promoted by 5 C (cold) as opposed to 22 C (warm) incubation of granulocytes and antibody in the first stage of the microcytotoxicity assay and emphasizes the temperature dependence of the serologic reactions. Neutrophil‐specific leukoagglutinins were not cytotoxic under optimal in vitro conditions. Conversely, a significant proportion of antibodies selected for cytotoxicity failed to agglutinate granulocytes. Cold reactive granulo‐cytotoxins are complement dependent, IgM in nature, and 2‐mercaptoethanol sensitive and do not appear to be immune complexes. By optimizing reaction conditions, granulocyte microcytotoxicity is a valuable addition to in vitro assays detecting immune sensitization against granulocyte surface antigens.
Filtration Leukapheresis: The Influence of Granulocyte Counts Upon the Donors' Yield
Authors: Kosmidis P. A. , Lewandowski S.
Published: December 2004

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of granulocyte count on the yield of granulocytes. Healthy adult volunteer donors underwent filtration leukapheresis without premedication. The granulocyte count was measured before and immediately after the procedure. In 73 donors, there was an increase and in 67 donors there was a decrease in the granulocyte counts. In this study of nonmedicated donors those with high initial granulocyte counts and those in which there was a large increase in the postleukapheresis granulocyte counts provided the best yield with the filtration leukapheresis technique.
IgM Cold‐Warm Hemolysins in Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: Burkart P. T. , Hsu T. C. S.
Published: December 2004

A patient with infectious mononucleosis and immune hemolytic anemia is described. The hemolysis was mediated by the temporary appearance of both a serum IgM anti‐i cold agglutinin and an increase of red blood ceil i antigen. The cold agglutinin had a high titer, low thermal amplitude and cold‐warm hemolytic activity.
Effects of Prolonged Room Temperature Holding of Whole Blood Intended for Preparation of Components
Authors: Kahn R. A. , Johnson R. K. , Heaton W. A. L.
Published: December 2004

Current FDA regulations require that platelet concentrates must be prepared within four hours of whole blood collection. To determine if this time period was critical for the harvesting of viable platelets and other blood components, whole blood was held at room temperature for four, six or eight hours after which various components were prepared. Our results indicate that up to eight hours storage had no detrimental effect on platelet yield, recovery in vivo or lifespan. AHF activity, supernatant hemoglobin and red blood cell ATP were also unaffected.
Heterophile Antibodies. Part II. An Evaluation of the Effect of Autologous Blood Group Substances on the Natural Formation of Agglutinating Antibodies to Sheep Red Blood Cells
Authors: Vos G. H. , Brain P. , Vos D.
Published: December 2004

This study shows that some substances in human secretions can inhibit the agglutination of sheep red blood cells by human antibodies. When present in adequate concentrations, they can also inhibit the reaction of the donor's own sheep red blood cell antibody activity in vitro. The subjects in whom this phenomenon was found almost always had low agglutinating antibody titers to sheep red blood cells. The inhibiting activity of saliva for sheep red blood cell antibodies was influenced by the ABH secretor status. Substances reacting against sheep red blood cell antibodies occur in the secretions in considerably smaller quantities than ABH substances.
Heterophile Antibodies. Part III. Evidence for Linkage of High Responder Activity to Sheep Red Blood Cells and the Formation of Specific Antibodies to HBsAg
Authors: Vos G. H. , Brain P. , Vos D. , Marimuthu T.
Published: December 2004

Group A, B and O subjects who produce immune antibodies to group A, or B red blood cells also produce high titer antibodies to sheep red blood cells. Sheep red blood cells appear to possess AB‐like as well as non‐AB determinants on their surface membranes, each capable of producing and reacting with antibodies of their respective specificities. The antibodies against AB‐like determinants preferentially agglutinate A or B cells whereas non‐AB‐like determinants preferentially stimulate hemolytic antibodies. Human antibodies reacting with these two kinds of determinants on sheep red blood cells may be produced in response to microorganisms possessing very similar factors on their membranes. Individuals who possess AB‐like determinants in their secretions, similar to the determinants present on sheep red blood cells (or microorganisms), often make weaker antibodies to these red blood cells. Subjects lacking corresponding anti‐sheep inhibitors in their secretions generally produce stronger sheep red blood cell antibodies. There is a positive correlation between the formation of antibodies to HBsAg and strong agglutinating antibodies to sheep red blood cells, indicating that similar determinants may be found on HBsAg virus and on sheep red blood cells. No such correlation was found for anti‐tetanus antibodies.
Problems with a Walking Donor Transfusion Program
Authors: Kakaiya R. M. , Morrison F. S. , Halbrook J. C. , Rawson J. E. , Lotz L. L.
Published: December 2004

A walking donor transfusion program is outlined in detail. A total of 205 transfusions from 72 walking donors were given to 57 newborns in a Newborn Intensive Care Unit over a nine‐month period. The average recipient weighed 1,762 g and the average transfusion was 15 ml of blood. Because a suitable walking donor was not always available when a transfusion was needed, 19 units of regular adult blood were also used to support the program. No immediate or delayed transfusion reactions were noted, but one fatal incident of serum hepatitis transmission occurred. Our experience suggests that a walking donor program carries an inherent significant risk of transmission of hepatitis and alternative methods with strict blood bank control are needed to assure maximum safety in neonatal transfusion.
Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction Caused by the Second Example of Anti‐K19
Authors: Marsh W. L. , DiNapoli J. , ØYen R. , Greenspan R. , Hu A. , Rincon F.
Published: December 2004

A second example of anti‐K19 has been identified in the serum of a black patient immunized by blood transfusions. The antibody was responsible for delayed hemolysis of transfused incompatible red blood cells. The patient's red blood cells are K:‐19 but are otherwise of common Kell phenotype. The K19 antigen is closely associated with the Kell blood group although there is, as yet, no pedigree information to confirm that it is produced by the Kell gene. Tests on 10,757 group O blood donors have not revealed any further examples of the K:‐19 phenotype.
Formaldehyde‐Related Antibodies in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Sandler S. G. , Sharon R. , Bush M. , Stroup M. , Sabo B.
Published: December 2004

In a study of anti‐N‐like antibodies, we tested sera from 93 hemodialysis patients for hemagglutination reactions with untreated and formaldehyde‐treated reagent red blood cells. Six of 22 sera from patients who had been dialyzed with formaldehyde‐sterilized membranes had anti‐N‐like activity and 20 (91%) specifically agglutinated formaldehyde‐treated red blood cells. Sera from 71 patients dialyzed with disposable membranes neither had anti‐N‐like activity nor agglutinated formaldehyde‐treated red blood cells. The agglutination of formaldehyde‐treated red blood cells by sera from hemodialysis patients was unrelated to MNU phenotypes and, therefore, identified a second serologic specificity, provisionally termed “anti‐formaldehyde.” “Anti‐formaldehyde” was absorbed by and eluted from NN red blood cells as well as from formaldehyde‐treated red blood cells regardless of MNU phenotype. All eluates and sera containing anti‐N‐like activity also agglutinated formaldehyde‐treated red blood cells, typically after the addition of anti‐human serum. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that anti‐N‐like reactions of hemodialysis patients' sera represent crossreactions of formaldehyde related antibodies with N antigens of normal red blood cells.
Local versus Regional Procurement and Distribution of Granulocytes
Authors: Friedenberg W. R. , Jr J. J. Marx , Weir G. J. , Banerjee T. K. , Chang S. , Becker G.
Published: December 2004

Granulocyte concentrates obtained by discontinuous flow centrifugation (DFC) and continuous flow centrif‐ligation (CFC) were studied. The DFC granulocytes were obtained from a regional center and stored for 24 hours prior to transfusion. The CFC granulocytes were obtained locally and transfused within a few hours. Even at 24 hours, DFC granulocytes had significantly reduced bactericidal capacity, chemi‐luminescence, nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, chemo‐taxis and random mobility. Granulocyte kinetics utilizing DF32P and skin windows demonstrated the ability of DFC granulocytes to circulate and migrate into the tissues despite the in vitro abnormalities. Until effective storage techniques for granulocyte preservation became available, rapid transportation and processing from regional centers or local procurement of granulocytes is necessary to transfuse functional granulocytes.
Ultrastructure of Human Platelets Processed for Transfusion Under Standard Blood Bank Conditions
Authors: Lee E. L. , Azar H. A. , Kasnic G.
Published: December 2004

Platelets processed for transfusion are routinely subjected to centrifugation, mechanical agitation and storage at either room temperature or 4 C. To evaluate morphologic changes associated with standard blood bank conditions, platelet units were grouped into four categories: linear agitation at room temperature, agitation at a 90° arc with a Hemolater at room temperature, agitation at a 360° arc with a commercial platelet agitator, and refrigeration at 4 C without agitation. Cold (4 C) preservation resulted in a surprisingly good preservation of platelet ultrastructure, even at 72 hours of storage. By contrast, harsh linear agitation at room temperature brought about marked alterations in platelet ultrastructure beginning at 24 hours. The Hemolator agitator with 90° arc was associated with good preservation of platelet organelles even at 72 hours, whereas marked degenerative changes were observed at this time in platelets processed with a commercial agitator with a 360° arc. These results indicate that platelets stored at 4 C or processed at room temperature with an agitator with 90° arc show the best preservation of ultrastructure.
Reduced Antibody Response in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure Undergoing Hemodialysis with Formaldehyde Sterilized Units
Authors: Sharon R.
Published: December 2004

In an attempt to explain the relatively low incidence of antibody production seen in patients undergoing regular hemodialysis, sera from 200 patients were exposed to formaldehyde under conditions similar to those during dialysis. It was found that this procedure substantially reduced antibody titers, except when the initial titer was very high. The danger of missing low antibody titers after dialysis is pointed out.
The Relationship of Granulocyte ATP to Chemotactic Response During Storage
Authors: McCullough J. J. , Weiblen B. J.
Published: December 2004

During the storage of granulocytes, bactericidal activity declines more slowly than does chemotactic response (CTR). Bacterial killing involves increased activity of the hexose monophosphate shunt, oxygen utilization and the generation of toxic products of oxygen. Chemotaxis is probably a contractile process involving myosin and actin filaments and possibly ATP as a source of energy. Thus, maintainance of ATP may be important in granulocyte preservation. During storage at 1 to 6 C of granulocytes collected by continuous and intermittent flow centrifuge leukapheresis, both CTR and ATP decreased approximately 33 per cent. Decreases in CTR and ATP were 12 and 10 per cent respectively when cells were stored at 20 to 24 C. Further decreases in CTR and ATP occurred between 24 and 48 hours of storage, although levels of both were higher in cells stored at 20 to 24 C compared with those stored at 1 to 6 C. When the results from all storage conditions were combined, the overall coefficient of correlation between CTR and ATP was 0.71 (p < .05). Although ATP is probably not the only important variable in granulocyte preservation, granulocytes may resemble red blood cells in that a minimal level of ATP may be necessary for adequate function.
Therapeutic Effectiveness and Safety of Outdated Human Red Blood Cells Rejuvenated to Restore Oxygen Transport Function to Normal, Frozen for 3 to 4 Years at −80 C, Washed, and Stored at 4 C for 24 Hours Prior to Rapid Infusion
Authors: Valeri C. R. , Zaroulis C. G. , Vecchione J. J. , Valeri D. A. , Anastasi J. , Pivacek L. E. , Emerson C. P.
Published: December 2004

Human red blood cell concentrates with hematocrit values of 75 V% were prepared from citrate‐phosphate‐dextrose (CPD) blood, stored at 4 C for 20 to 28 days, and biochemically modified with a solution containing pyruvate, inosine, glucose, phosphate, and adenine (PIGPA Solution A). The rejuvenated red blood cells were frozen with 40% W/V glycerol in a polyolefin plastic bag and were stored at −80 C. After three to four years of frozen storage, the units were thawed, washed, and stored at 4 C in a sodium chloride‐glucose‐phosphate solution for 24 hours prior to transfusion. Red blood cell recovery was 97 per cent after thawing and 90 per cent after washing. An automated differential agglutination procedure (ADA) showed 24‐hour survival values of about 80 per cent, and long‐term survival values of about 85 days depending on the disease state of the recipient. The red blood cells had normal affinity for oxygen on the day of transfusion. Plasma hemoglobin levels measured immediately after transfusion indicated extravascular removal of nonviable donor red blood cells. There was no increase in the uric acid level during the 24‐hour posttransfusion period. A pool of three to ten units of rejuvenated washed previously frozen red blood cells was transfused rapidly to each of 19 anemic elderly patients. The red blood cells which had normal oxygen delivery capacity immediately upon transfusion increased the recipient's red blood cell mass and produced no untoward effects.
Hepatitis B e Antigen in Volunteer and Paid Blood Donors
Authors: Tabor E. , Goldfield M. , Black H. C. , Gerety R. J.
Published: December 2004

Sera from 200 volunteer blood donors and 200 paid blood donors, all positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), were tested for the presence of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg). HBeAg was detected in 31 HBsAg‐positive paid donors (15%), and in 11 HBsAg‐positive volunteer donors (5%) by agar gel diffusion. The presence of HBeAg was associated with higher titers of HBsAg. No significant difference was found in the prevalence of antibody to HBeAg (anti‐HBe) in the two donor groups. Rheumatoid factor was not associated with the presence or absence of HBeAg or anti‐HBe, indicating that HBeAg is probably not an anti‐IgG. These data support the epidemiological evidence that paid blood donors appear to be more likely than volunteer donors to transmit hepatitis B virus infection to recipients of their blood.
Red Cell Antibodies and Low Ionic Strength: A Study with Enzyme‐Linked Antiglobulin Test
Authors: Leikola J. , Perkins H. A.
Published: December 2004

Alloantibody uptake on red blood cells was quantified with an accurate and reproducible enzyme‐linked antiglobulin test. The uptake of anti‐D, anti‐Fya and anti‐JKa was markedly accelerated by low ionic strength salt solution (LISS) with a final ionic strength of 0.05 M. Near maximum uptake occurred within ten minutes at room temperature which corresponded to 60 minutes in saline at 37 C. Papain treatment of red blood cells increased the amount of anti‐D bound, and there was no difference whether or not the papain‐treated cells were suspended in LISS. In contrast, the uptake of IgG anti‐A and anti‐Leb was not accelerated by LISS, nor did LISS increase the rate of binding of antiglobulin to IgG antibody‐coated red blood cells. We suggest this may be explained by the fact that the ABH and Lewis antigens (as well as bound IgG antibodies) extend beyond the “ionic cloud” surrounding the red blood cell. Antibody binding in the presence of albumin was approximately the same as in saline; but if the albumin was first dialyzed against LISS, the reaction was markedly accelerated and the final antibody uptake somewhat higher than in LISS alone.
Distribution of Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBB) Among Fractions Derived from Contaminated Human Plasma
Authors: Kuwahara S. S. , Calera F. , Perry E. S.
Published: December 2004

The introduction of polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) into the Michigan food chain resulted in the presence of low levels of PBB in plasma pools used for blood fractionation. Pooled plasma lots contained an average of 1.0 ± 0.2 ng/ml of PBB, while antihemophilic factor, fibrinogen, and immune serum globulin did not contain detectable amounts of PBB. Albumin (25%) lots contained an average of 2.0 ± 0.4 ng/ml of PBB. Analysis of old lots showed that PBB first appeared in an albumin lot filled in January, 1974. Plasma used in preparing this lot was drawn during the period when PBB was entering the food chain. The results indicated that the behavior of chemical pollutants is an important consideration when fractionating blood or plasma collected in areas where industrial or environmental pollution have occurred.
A simple method for preparation of C3c fragment from trypsinized serum‐ reacted zymosan
Authors: Chaplin H , Hoffmann NL , Monroe MC
Published: December 2004

A simple method for preparing relatively pure C3c fragment from serum‐ reacted zymosan is described. Although hyperimmunization studies indicate contamination of the “C3c” product by C3d and immunoglobulin antigenic materials, these are present in such small amounts that they do not impair the effectiveness of the product as a reagent for absorbing anti‐C3c reactivity from polyspecific antisera. Furthermore, two of the three hyperimmune sera contained such weak anti‐C3d that they could serve as monospecific anti‐C3c antiglobulin reagents if used at moderate dilution. Neutralization of accompanying anti‐IgG and weak anti‐IgM is easily accomplished with readily available purified immunoglobulins. Preliminary studies indicate that the C3c product should be adaptable to quantitative radioimmunoassay of anti‐C3c antibody concentrations and equilibrium constants.
The Antiglobulin Reaction with Native and Enzyme‐Modified Red Cells
Authors: Rearden A. , Masouredis S. P.
Published: December 2004

The quantity of anti‐IgG bound at equilibrium to cell‐bound anti‐D failed to increase with enzymatic modification of intact red blood cells. This contrasts with results obtained by immunoelectronmicroscopy with unsealed red blood cell ghosts. Ghosts derived from enzyme‐modified, anti‐D‐sensitized intact red blood cells show an increased ratio of anti‐IgG to anti‐D. The ratio declined with protease modification of intact cells, possibly because of steric hindrance to anti‐IgG binding within the cellular agglutinates. At comparable levels of cell‐bound anti‐D and anti‐IgG, enzyme‐modified cells were more agglutinable in the antiglobulin reaction than unmodified cells. As in saline hemagglutination, enzymatic enhancement of agglutinability appears to be unrelated to the amount of antibody bound, but rather may be related to other factors such as alterations of the biophysical properties of the red blood cell membrane.
Cryopreservation of Human Platelets Isolated by Discontinuous‐Flow Centrifugation Using the Haemonetics Model 30 Blood Processor
Authors: Vecchione J. J. , Chomicz S. M. , Emerson C. P. , Valeri C. R.
Published: December 2004

Platelets were isolated from normal volunteers by discontinuous‐flow centrifugation using the Haemonetics Model 30 Blood Processor. The numerical equivalent of about five single units of platelets collected at each pheresis were frozen together in a −80 C mechanical freezer with a 6% final concentration of dimethylsul‐foxide (DMSO) as the cryoprotectant. Platelet freeze‐thaw‐wash recovery in vitro was about 80 per cent and the platelet recovery value depended upon the method used to enumerate the platelets. The 51Cr survival values in vivo were about 50 per cent less than those in fresh platelets. These values were not significantly different from those seen when platelets were isolated from single units of blood by differential serial centrifugation. Transfusion of two and one‐half units of freeze‐preserved platelets provided an increase in the recipient's circulating platelet count comparable with that from one unit of fresh platelets. The hemostatic effectiveness of freeze‐preserved platelets isolated by discontinuous‐flow centrifugation has not yet been studied.
In Vitro Evaluation of Platelets Stored in CPD‐Adenine Formulations
Authors: Bolin R. B. , Cheney B. A. , Simpliciano O. A. , Peck C. C.
Published: December 2004

Little information is available about the effect of adenine and added glucose on stored platelets. Two new formulations, CPDA‐2 and CPDA‐3, contain 34 mg adenine per 63 ml preservative and extra glucose (1.75 and 2.0 times the glucose in standard CPD). We have studied the in vitro integrity of platelet concentrates stored in CPD, CPDA‐I, CPDA‐2, and CPDA‐3 at 22 C for 72 hours. Morphology score, pH, platelet size, population distribution parameters, and electron microscopic ultrastructure did not show any adverse effects which could be ascribed to the presence of adenine or extra glucose or both. No differences in platelet adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration or plasma glucose utilization during storage were found between CPD and CPDA‐I platelets. The results suggest that adenine and added glucose in these preservatives are not detrimental to platelets in vitro by the measures employed.
An Additional Example of Autoanti‐M
Authors: Vale D. R. , Harris I. M.
Published: December 2004

A sixth example of a potent autoanti‐M is described in a nongravida, nontransfused Caucasian woman. The anti‐M was still present after a period of 12 months without any apparent cause.
Continuous‐Flow Leukapheresis for Rapid Cytoreduction in Leukemia
Authors: Lane T. A.
Published: December 2004

Three patients with leukemia were treated for acute leukostasis using the continuous‐flow cell separator. The first patient, treated with a standard procedure sustained only a 14 per cent decrease in leukocyte count even though 50 × 1010 leukocytes were removed. A more aggressive approach was taken with the second two patients by increasing the rate of leukocyte removal three‐ to fourfold. In these patients, 100 to 230X1010 leukocytes were removed and prepheresis counts dropped by 48 to 85 per cent. Both had satisfactory clinical response to pheresis. The data suggest that an aggressive pheresis can effectively treat symptoms associated with acute leukostasis. Finally, the continuous‐flow cell separator has distinct advantages over the discontinuous‐flow separator in patients with small blood volumes.
The Action of Anti‐A,AB Isoantibodies on Group A, AB‐Positive Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Skinnider L. F. , Giesbrecht K.
Published: December 2004

Human lymphocytes of group A and group AB individuals were exposed to anti‐A,B antisera both in growth medium and in fresh autologous plasma. Agglutination developed slowly but was present in all positive specimens by four hours and was negative in the group O controls even after 24 hours. There was no loss of viability even in the presence of the fresh plasma. The lymphocytes in the agglutinates appeared larger and more irregular suggesting stimulation of the lymphocytes but assessment by 3H thymidine uptake showed no evidence of a mitogenic response.
A Trypsin Method for Coating Human Red Blood Cells with Plasma C3 and/or C4
Authors: Hsu T. C. S. , Steinberg J. , Borley R. J. , Sawitsky A.
Published: December 2004

Simple procedures are described for the production of human red blood cells coated with C3 and/or C4 by brief trypsin treatment of cell‐plasma mixtures at room temperature. These cells (‘EC3/4’‐try) were unusual in that their agglutinability by anticomplement sera, as compared to sucrose‐water RBC, was similar when tested by AutoAnalyzer but was markedly reduced in manual testing, especially against anti‐C4. In spite of this, both ‘EC34’‐try and ‘EC3’‐try were found to be suitable indicator cells for determining the adequacy of anti‐C3c and/or anti‐C3d activities in reagents used for manual antiglobulin tests.
A Study of Criteria for Blood Donor Deferral
Authors: Tomasulo P. A. , Anderson A. J. , Paluso M. B. , Gutschenritter M. A. , Aster R. H.
Published: December 2004

Donor deferral rates in regional blood centers vary from 5 to 24 per cent, reducing by more than 1,250,000 the number of units of volunteer blood available for transfusion in the nation each year. Those criteria for donor deferral which are intended to exclude donors likely to suffer a “donor reaction” are based partially on untested hypotheses and tradition. In a six‐month prospective study, we adopted more liberal criteria for donor acceptance. During this period, donor reaction rates did not increase, and the deferral rate fell from 10 to 7 per cent. Our findings suggest that less restrictive criteria can be used for donor selection without compromising donor safety. If all blood centers reduced their deferral rates to 7 per cent, the nation's blood supply would be increased by more than 500,000 units annually.
Effect of Plastic Containers on Liquid Preservation of Human Granulocytes. I. With and Without Deoxyribonuclease and Hydrocortisone
Authors: Contreras T. J. , Jemionek J. F. , French J. E. , Shields L. J.
Published: December 2004

We have characterized the effects of four types of plastic polymer containers—polyvinyl chloride (PL‐146), bioriented‐biaxial polyolefin, ethylene‐vinyl acetate, and polypropylene—on the in vitro recovery, viability, membrane integrity, and phagocytosis of human granulocytes (PMNL). Cells were collected by continuous‐flow centrifugation leukapheresis (CFCL), then further isolated by counterflow centrifugation‐elutriation (CCE), and stored at 4 to 6 C for up to 14 days at concentration of 6 × 106 PMNL/ml in medium with or without hydrocortisone (HC) or deoxyribonuclease (DNAase). Regardless of the containers, there were no significant differences observed in the responses of PMNL within the first 48 hours of storage. However, PMNL stored in the polyvinyl chloride (PL‐146) containers either with or without HC and DNAase maintained a significantly higher viability and slower mean cell volume (MCV) expansion rate after 48 to 96 hours compared with that stored in other containers. The phagocytic response was comparable in surviving PMNL from all containers during the first seven days. Addition of HC and DNAase to the storage medium reduced the rate of PMNL volume expansion in all containers, improved the viability in all but the polypropylene containers, but had no effect on the phagocytic response. Since the results show a strong correlation between the rate of PMNL volume expansion during storage and subsequent loss of PMNL viability and function, the containers made with PL‐146 polyvinyl chloride are superior to those made of bioriented‐biaxial polyolefin, ethylene‐vinyl acetate, or polypropylene.
Relationship Between I and H Antigens
Authors: Rouger Ph. , Juszczak G. , Doinel C. , Salmon Ch.
Published: December 2004

The H and I antigens were studied in the plasma and saliva of 52 group O subjects, by hemagglutination inhibition at continuous flow. H plasma substance was detected with one anti‐H antibody from a Bh donor. Secretors have more H plasma substance than do non‐secretors, but there was no relationship between the amounts of I and H substances in the plasma. On the contrary, the amounts of I substance in the saliva‐detected by anfi‐I (Sti) is a function of secretor status. Nonsecretors had a much greater amount of I in saliva than did secretors. These results support the hypothesis that I antigen (detected by anti‐I (Sti)) is a part of the substrate of H antigen.
Improvement of Platelet Function Following Plateletpheresis in Patients with Myeloproliferative Diseases
Authors: Orlin J. B. , Berkman E. M.
Published: December 2004

Four patients with myeloproliferative diseases and acute hemorrhagic or thrombotic complications of thrombocytosis were treated with plateletpheresis by discontinuous‐flow centrifufation. Reduction of platelet counts was achieved rapidly, without complications and was associated with clinical improvement. In all four cases, abnormal platelet aggregation testing was present before pheresis, but improved immediately after pheresis. Platelet‐sizing data obtained in one case suggested that during the pheresis procedure, a population of larger volume platelets was selectively removed. The efficacy of plateletpheresis in these clinical situations may be related to the selective removal of a large abnormal platelet population.
Cryopreservation of Complement‐Coated Erythrocytes
Authors: Plunkett R. W. , Cunningham R. K. , Lichtenberg S. H.
Published: December 2004

Cells coated with complement components (C3b‐C4b and C4b cells) were prepared by various methods and stored in liquid nitrogen using a low‐glycerol, rapid freeze technique. Freshly coated cells, and cells coated and then frozen were tested versus various antiglobulin and anticomplement reagents to evaluate the reactivity of such frozen, stored, complement‐coated human red blood cells. Liquid nitrogen preservation of such coated cells proved to be feasible when such cells were compared with freshly coated control cells.
Automated Partial Exchange Transfusion in Sickle Cell Anemia
Authors: Klein H. G. , Garner R. J. , Miller D. M. , Rosen S. L. , Statham N. J. , Winslow R. M.
Published: December 2004

Partial exchange transfusion is used to manage several of the complications of sickle cell anemia. Automated exchanges have been performed successfully in thirteen homozygous (SS) sickle cell patients and in one patient with hemoglobin SC. Although the expected acute increase in whole blood oxygen affinity occurred in each patient, there was no clinical evidence of detrimental effects during or immediately after each procedure, and in each case the patient was unchanged or improved when evaluated by exercise testing. By using a discontinuous‐flow cell separator, it is possible to decrease the time required to achieve a 50 per cent exchange in an adult to approximately two hours. Transfusion of blood with an antigenic marker permits rapid evaluation of exchange efficiency during the procedure. When partial exchange transfusion is indicated, the discontinuous‐flow cell separator provides a safe, rapid, and effective procedure.
Bga and Bgb Correlations with HLA Antigens by Capillary Tube Technique
Authors: Crawford M. N. , Schroeder M. L.
Published: December 2004

The manual capillary tube technique, in a series of 114 Mood samples collected into CPD, demonstrated Bga on the red blood cells of 93 per cent of the HLA‐B7 donors, and Bgb on the red blood cells of 80 per cent of the HLA‐B17 donors. These results compare favorably with reported autoanalyzer studies. Successful results require normal red blood cell‐plasma ratios in the samples and avoidance of heparin for collection.
Streptomycin‐Specific Antibody Coincident with a Developing Warm Autoantibody
Authors: Florendo N. T. , MacFarland D. , Painter M. , Muirhead E. E.
Published: December 2004

The presence of an antibody with specificity against streptomycin‐sensitized red blood cells in the serum of a patient with tuberculous pericarditis is reported. Hemolysis and significant anemia were absent. The antibody appeared to develop together with an evolving warm autoantibody, but was clearly separable from the latter. The streptomycin‐specific antibody was "penicillin‐like" by being totally neutralized in the presence of streptomycin. Red blood cells had to be separately sensitized with streptomycin prior to incubation with the antibody. The antibody cross‐reacted with neomycin‐sensitized cells and was also neutralized by the presence of neomycin. In addition, a possible cross‐reactivity of the streptomycin‐specific antibody and the warm autoantibody is suggested. The association of a drug‐induced antibody and autoimmune antibody of IgG type is most unusual. In our experience, we have encountered only one similar example.
Blood Groups and Genetic Markers Polymorphism and Probability of Paternity
Authors: Salmon D. , Salmon C.
Published: December 2004

Recent advances in knowledge of blood groups' polymorphism provide aid to paternity diagnosis. When no exclusion is detected in any of the 20 or more systems available to the laboratory, validation of paternity is recommended. Two indices may be calculated: the proportion of males excluded by the phenotypes of the mother and child, and the probability of paternity of the alleged father. This latter index is based on bayesian process. The different formulations proposed by several authors are compared. The fact that a single exclusion in 20 or more systems needs to be denied or confirmed by indices of paternity is emphasized.
Spuriously Positive Direct Antiglobulin Tests Caused by Use of Silicone Gel
Authors: Geisland J. R. , Milam J. D.
Published: December 2004

The direct antiglobulin test using broad‐spectrum antihuman globulin was spuriously positive for eight subjects (13%) when red blood cells from silicone gel separation tubes were used. These observations demonstrate that serum separator tubes containing silicone gel have limited use in the blood bank and transfusion service, especially when direct antiglobulin tests must be performed. The tests were positive with anti‐C3 reagent, but were negative with anti‐IgG when monospecific anti‐human globulin was used.
An auto‐anti‐Ena, inhibitable by MN sialoglycoprotein
Authors: Pavone B.G. , Billman R. , Bryant J. , Sniecinski I. , Issitt P.D.
Published: December 2004

An auto‐anti‐Ena, which reacts with trypsin, but not with ficin‐treated red blood cells, and which can be totally inhibited with sialoglycoprotein (SGP) isolates from red blood cells, is described. From comparative studies on this antibody and on the four known examples of allo‐anti‐Ena, it is clear that the term “anti‐Ena” describes a heterogeneous group of related but not identical specificities. The specificities contained within the auto‐anti‐Ena described are different from those within any of the sera containing allo‐anti‐Ena. Several of the specificities that have been included under the blanket term, anti‐Ena, complex with the MN SGP of normal red blood cells, but recognize different portions of that polypeptide.
The quality assurance of antiglobulin reactions with Fab‐sensitized reagent red blood cells
Authors: Wenz B. , Dugan E.P.
Published: December 2004

The production, function, and use of a new antiglobulin control cell is described. The cells are sensitized with monovalent Fab (fragment, antigen‐binding) fragments and can be agglutinated by active antiglobulin serum only. In contrast to commercial antiglobulin control cells, which are frequently associated with false‐positive results, the reactivity of the Fab‐sensitized cells is entirely specific. It is concluded that Fab‐sensitized cells provide greater quality assurance than currently available reagents.
Donor toxicity in granulocyte collections: association of lichen planus with the use of hydroxyethyl starch leukapheresis
Authors: Bode U. , Deisseroth A.B.
Published: December 2004

A normal male volunteer developed lichen planus in association with leukapheresis, with HES used to increase granulocyte yield. Although there is no direct proof of a causative relationship, the temporal association of the onset of initial symptoms and HES infusion strongly supports such a conclusion.
The first example of a Raddon‐like antibody as a cause of a transfusion reaction
Authors: Baldwin M.L. , Barrasso C. , Gavin J.
Published: December 2004

A serum Raddon defining a low‐frequency red blood cell antigen FR, and its association with the Miltenberger complex of antigens, were reported in 1977. An antibody of the same serological specificity was the cause of a transfusion reaction. The patient's reaction and serological response, as well as the frequency of Raddon and its inheritance, are described.
Anti‐Rh41, a New Rh Antibody Found in Association with an Abnormal Expression of Chromosome 1 Genetic Markers
Authors: Svoboda R. K. , Van West B. , Grumet F. C.
Published: December 2004

A new antibody, anti‐Rh41, is described. This antibody was found prepartum in a multiparous, Caucasian female with no prior history of transfusions. Anti‐Rh41 reacts with red blood cells from individuals with cis oriented C and e genes, but is nonreactive with cells possessing the products derived from individuals with cis‐oriented Cw and e genes, a characteristic which distinguishes this antibody from anti‐rhi. Furthermore, in contrast to anti‐rhi, anti‐Rh41 consistently reacts with Negro rh's (VS‐positive) bloods. Also noteworthy in this study is the presence of an abnormal expression of chromosome 1 genetic markers in an offspring of the propositus.
Elution of Antibody from Red Blood Cells Using Xylene—A Superior Method
Authors: Bueno R. , Garratty G. , Postoway N.
Published: December 2004

Chan‐Shu and Blair's2 findings that xylene produces a strongly reactive eluate from red blood cells have been confirmed and extended. Alloantibodies of 21 different blood group specificities and red blood cells sensitized in vivo, including ABO sensitization of babies' blood, were tested. The xylene method produced stronger reacting eluates than the modified ether method in 70 per cent of the tests. Ether, acid, and heat methods never produced significantly stronger eluates than did xylene. Ether eluates prepared from red blood cells sensitized with anti‐S and anti‐s were nonreactive, but the same cells yielded easily detectable anti‐S and anti‐s when xylene eluates were prepared. The xylene method is sensitive and simple. In addition, xylene is not subject to such stringent control of storage conditions by inspection agencies as is ether.
Effect of heat on the conversion of di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate to mono‐2‐ ethylhexyl phthalate in human plasma
Authors: Peck C. C. , Odom D. G. , Albro P. W. , Jess D. A. , Barrett B. B.
Published: December 2004

Plasma di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), which accumulates during blood storage in plastic bags, gives rise to plasma mono‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP). This also in plasma samples awaiting analysis, which are no longer stored in plastic bags. Heating plasma samples at 60 C for 25 to 30 minutes in a water bath effectively halts conversion of DEHP to MEHP during subsequent room temperature storage for at least 100 hours. This result is consistent with the view that MEHP accumulation in plasma is due to enzymatic hydrolysis of DEHP by esterase (s) which can be heat‐inactivated.
Production of Allo‐Anti‐Ena by an Individual Whose Red Blood Cells Carry Some Ena Antigen
Authors: Issitt P. D. , Wilkinson‐Kroovand S. , Langley J. W. , Smith N.
Published: December 2004

We recently described6 an individual whose red blood cells appear to carry a hybrid MNSs sialoglycoprotein (SGP). The MN‐derived portion of that SGP carries at least two determinants defined by some examples of antibodies that have been called anti‐Ena. However, the red blood cells lack a different determinant that is defined by other examples of anti‐Ena. This individual has now formed an anti‐Ena antibody that reacts with the portion of Ena that her red blood cells lack, but not with the Ena determinants that have been shown7 to be carried on MN SGP. It is not yet clear whether the portion of Ena that her red blood cells lack and that her antibody defines is MN SGP‐borne. The findings in this case provide further support for our conclusions6,7,9 that the terms “Ena” and “anti‐Ena,” as previously used, describe heterogeneous groups of antigens and antibodies.
Blood Preservation 33
Authors: Dawson R. B. , Sisk L. D. , Meyer D. R. , Hershey R. T. , Myers‐Hilbert C. S.
Published: December 2004

Blood storage in CPD‐adenine supplemented with 25 mM inosine and 10 mM phosphate gave 2,3‐DPG levels as high as 140 per cent of normal for six weeks of blood storage at 4 C. Lower but normal 2,3‐DPG levels were maintained throughout six weeks with inosine or inosine plus ribose. Ribose alone provided marginally increased DPG maintenance over the control, but ribose with phosphate maintained 2,3‐DPG levels above 70 per cent of normal for five weeks of storage and two weeks longer than the control preservative. ATP levels were maintained at normal or above for six weeks with phosphate plus ribose or inosine. 2,3‐DPG maintenance has previously been shown to be impaired by phosphate, unless inosine is also present. The ribose and inosine effects on 2,3‐ DPG maintenance are not additive. Phosphate also has an enhancement effect on ATP maintenance in the presence of either ribose or inosine.
Neutrophil Migration in Leukopenic Dogs: In Vivo Comparison of Granulocyte Function after Transfusion of Leukapheresis Concentrates or Purified Granulocytes Isolated by Counterflow Centrifugation‐Elutriation
Authors: Jemionek J. F. , Contreras T. J. , Baker W. H. , Stevens D. N. , Bernhards F. W. , Walden D. A.
Published: December 2004

Granulocytes from dogs obtained by continuous‐flow centrifugation leukapheresis were purified by counterflow centrifugation‐elutriation using a modified rotor and enlarged separation chamber. The separation chamber has a threefold increase in volume capacity, as compared to the commercial Beckman Instruments' separation chamber, and the quantity and purity of the granulocytes recovered are suitable for purified granulocyte transfusion studies in a 10‐kg canine animal model. Transfusion of these cells into cyclophosphamide‐induced neutropenic animals permits an analysis of granulocyte chemotactic ability in terms of migration into skin chambers filled with endotoxin‐activated serum. The purified granulocyte function in vivo was compared to the activity of granulocytes present in leukapheresis concentrates. The data show that transfused granulocytes isolated by counterflow centrifugation‐ elutriation from leukapheresis concentrates retain identical in vivo chemotactic activity, as compared to granulocytes present in transfused leukapheresis concentrates.
Fetal Death Due to Extreme Maternal Rh Immune Augmentation
Authors: Branch D. R.
Published: December 2004

A 19‐year‐old woman who denied previous transfusion or pregnancy delivered a stillborn Rho(D)‐positive male fetus at 38 weeks' gestation. IgG antibodies with the specificities anti‐Rho(D), anti‐ rh”(E), anti‐Jka, and anti‐Yta were eluted from the fetal red blood cells. In the maternal serum, the antiglobulin titer of anti‐Rho(D) was 1:20,000 and the saline (IgM) titer was 1:1,024. Amniocentesis findings at 36 weeks had suggested only mild, if any, fetal hemolysis, but the stillborn infant showed signs of severe hemolytic disease with cardiac failure. This case appears to represent an unusual augmented immune response to fetal red blood cell antigens.
Temperature Sensitivity within the Pasteurization Temperature Range of Prekallikrein Activator in Stable Plasma Protein Solution (SPPS)
Authors: Marley P. B. , Gilbo C. M.
Published: December 2004

Human plasma protein fraction, used worldwide as a plasma expander, produces in some recipients adverse reactions resembling those following infusion of bradykinin. The presence of excessive quantities of a Hageman factor degradation product (prekallikrein activator, PKA) in the protein solution is thought to be the reason for these reactions. Like other manufacturers, CSL has experienced batch‐to‐batch variability in the PKA levels in its plasma protein product (SPPS). In this paper, data is presented showing that PKA is inactivated to a greater extent at the high extreme (60.5 C) of the pasteurization temperature range than at the low extreme (59.5 C). This difference in pasteurization temperature can lead to a two‐ or threefold difference in PKA concentration in the final product and can make the difference between the product being potentially reactive or innocuous, as well as accounting for some of the batch‐to‐batch variability observed in the past.