bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crack‐Tip Stress Field and Fatigue Crack Growth Monitoring Using Infrared Lock‐In Thermography in A359/SiCp Composites
Authors: Myriounis D. P. , Kordatos E. Z. , Hasan S. T. , Matikas T. E.
Published: February 2010

Abstract: This paper deals with the study of fracture behaviour of silicon carbide particle‐ reinforced aluminium alloy matrix composites (A359/SiCp) using an innovative non‐destructive method based on lock‐in thermography. The heat wave, generated by the thermo‐mechanical coupling and the intrinsic energy dissipated during mechanical cyclic loading of the sample, was detected by an infrared camera. The coefficient of thermo‐elasticity allows for the transformation of the temperature profiles into stresses. A new procedure was developed to determine the crack growth rate using thermographic mapping of the material undergoing fatigue. The thermographic results on the crack growth rate of A359/SiCp composite samples with three different heat treatments were correlated with measurements obtained by the conventional compliance method. The results obtained by the two methods were found to be in agreement, demonstrating that lock‐in thermography is a powerful tool for fracture mechanics studies. The paper also investigates the effect of heat treatment processing of metal matrix composites on their fracture properties.
Combined Cycle Fatigue of Gas Turbine Blade Materials at Elevated Temperature
Authors: Filippini M. , Foletti S. , Pasquero G.
Published: February 2010

Abstract:  In gas turbine engines for aerospace propulsion, and in particular in the HP and LP stage blading where the highest temperatures are experienced, the assessment of the fatigue damage mechanisms due to the interaction of high cycle fatigue (due to vibration phenomena) and low cycle fatigue (due to ground‐air‐ground major engine cycling) are of paramount importance for the structural integrity of the components. In order to experimentally evaluate the material performance in this highly demanding environment, a number of combined cycle fatigue (CCF) and low cycle fatigue (LCF) tests with and without dwell have been carried out on an investment cast polycrystalline nickel superalloy, at temperatures up to 870 °C, on specimens with pre‐cracked coating. Comparison of the CCF and the LCF tests with dwell with conventional LCF tests is presented herein.
THE GROWTH OF FAMILY EARNINGS INEQUALITY IN CANADA, 1980–2005
Authors: Lu Yuqian , Morissette René , Schirle Tammy
Published: February 2010

In this study we document recent trends in family earnings inequality using data from the Canadian Census and provide insight into the various factors that drive changes in the family earnings distribution. Over the period 1980–95 we observe substantial increases in family earnings inequality. In contrast, we find that some decrease in inequality occurred over the period 1995–2005 although the earnings of the richest 1 percent of families increased substantially. We use semi‐parametric decomposition methods to show that increases in the employment rates of men and women, increases in their educational attainment, and decreases in assortative mating tended to have equalizing effects on the family earnings distribution. We also show that increases in the returns to higher education and increases in the proportion of single individuals as well as lone‐parent families drove increases in family earnings inequality.
Paclitaxel‐Eluting Stents for Chronically Occluded Saphenous Vein Grafts (EOS) Study
Authors: JIM MAN‐HONG , HO HEE‐HWA , KO RYAN LAP‐YAN , SIU CHUNG‐WAH , YIU KAI‐HANG , LAU CHU‐PAK , CHOW WING‐HING
Published: February 2010

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to report the feasibility, short‐ and medium‐term results of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on saphenous vein graft (SVG) chronic total occlusions (CTO) using paclitaxel‐eluting stents (PES).

Background:

In postbypass patients, PCI on SVG CTO, rather than native vessel CTO, is another treatment option. However, the acute procedural and medium‐term outcomes are unknown.

Methods:

Twenty‐two consecutive, symptomatic postbypass patients underwent PCI on SVG CTO; angiographic success was seen in 16 patients (73%). The successful cases were evaluated at 1 year; restudy angiography was performed at 11 ± 5 months in 15 patients (94%).

Results:

The patients had a mean age of 73 years with predominance of male (68%); the mean SVG age was 14 years. On average, patients received 3.4 PESs per lesion; the stent size was 3.5 ± 0.4 mm with a total stent length of 98 ± 34 mm. The use of embolic protection devices and glycoprotein IIb/ IIIa inhibitors was observed in 6 (38%) and 5 (31%) patients, respectively. The in‐hospital major adverse cardiac event (MACE) was 13%, accountable by 2 patients with postprocedure myocardial infarction. At follow‐up, 6 patients had angiographic restenosis (40%); there was 1 noncardiac death and 3 target vessel revascularizations. The 1‐year MACE was 25%; the graft survival free of occlusion and revascularization was 56%.

Conclusions:

PCI on SVG CTO is a feasible approach with a fairly high success and low in‐hospital complication. However, it is associated with a relatively high angiographic restenosis and MACE at 1 year. (J Interven Cardiol 2010;23:40–45)
Influence of interimplant distances and placement depth on peri‐implant bone remodeling of adjacent and immediately loaded Morse cone connection implants: a histomorphometric study in dogs
Authors: Barros Raquel R. M. , Novaes Arthur B. , Muglia Valdir A. , Iezzi Giovanna , Piattelli Adriano
Published: February 2010

Objectives: The aim of this study was to histomorphometrically evaluate the influence of interimplant distances (ID) and implant placement depth on bone remodeling around contiguous Morse cone connection implants with ‘platform‐shifting’ in a dog model.

Material and methods: Bilateral mandibular premolars of six dogs were extracted, and after 12 weeks, each dog received 8 implants, four placed 1.5 mm subcrestally (SCL) on one side of the mandible and four placed equicrestally (ECL) on the other side, alternating the ID of 2 and 3 mm. The experimental groups were SCL with IDs of 2 mm (2 SCL) and 3 mm (3 SCL) and ECL with IDs of 2 mm (2 ECL) and 3 mm (3 ECL). Metallic crowns were immediately installed. After 8 weeks, the animals were euthanized and histomorphometric analyses were performed to compare bone remodeling in the groups.

Results: The SCL groups' indices of crestal bone resorption were significantly lower than those of ECL groups. In addition, the vertical bone resorption around the implants was also numerically inferior in the SCL groups, but without statistical significance. No differences were obtained between the different IDs. All the groups presented similar good levels of bone‐to‐implant contact and histological bone density.

Conclusion: The subcrestal placement of contiguous Morse cone connection implants with ‘platform shifting’ was more efficient in preserving the interimplant crestal bone. The IDs of 2 and 3 mm did not affect the bone remodeling significantly under the present conditions.

To cite this article:
 Barros RRM, Novaes AB Jr., Muglia VA, Iezzi G, Piattelli A. Influence of interimplant distances and placement depth on peri‐implant bone remodeling of adjacent and immediately loaded Morse cone connection implants: a histomorphometric study in dogs. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 371–378. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01860.x
Comparison of two full‐mouth approaches in the treatment of peri‐implant mucositis: a pilot study
Authors: Thöne‐Mühling Miriam , Swierkot Katrin , Nonnenmacher Claudia , Mutters Reinier , Flores‐de‐Jacoby Lavin , Mengel Reiner
Published: February 2010

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that an additional full‐mouth disinfection results in a greater clinical and microbiological improvement compared with sole mechanical debridement within one session in patients with peri‐implant mucositis and treated chronic periodontitis.

Material and methods: The study included 13 partially edentulous patients (mean age 51.5 years) with treated chronic periodontitis and 36 dental implants with mucositis (bleeding on probing and/or a gingival index ≥1 at least at one site at baseline, absence of peri‐implant bone loss during the last 2 years before baseline). After randomized assignment to a test and a control group, patients received a one‐stage full‐mouth scaling with or without chlorhexidine. Clinical and microbiological examination was performed at baseline, after 1, 2, 4 and 8 months. Additional microbial samples were taken 24 h after treatment. Microbiological analysis was performed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction.

Results: Both treatment modalities resulted in significant reductions of probing depth at implant sites after 8 months, with no significant group differences. The bacteria at implants and teeth could be reduced in every group 24 h after treatment; however, this reduction was not significant after 8 months.

Conclusions: Both treatment modalities led to an improvement of the clinical parameters and a temporary reduction of the microflora at implants with mucositis, but without significant inter‐group differences after 8 months.

To cite this article:
 Thöne‐Mühling M, Swierkot K, Nonnenmacher C, Mutters R, Flores‐de‐Jacoby L, Mengel R. Comparison of two full‐mouth approaches in the treatment of peri‐implant mucositis: a pilot study. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 504–512. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01861.x
Enhanced osteoblast response to hydrophilic strontium and/or phosphate ions‐incorporated titanium oxide surfaces
Authors: Park Jin‐Woo , Kim Youn‐Jeong , Jang Je‐Hee
Published: February 2010

Objective: This study investigated the surface characteristics and in vitro biocompatibility of titanium (Ti) surfaces incorporated with strontium ions (Sr) and/or phosphate ions (P) produced by hydrothermal treatment for future applications as endosseous implant surfaces.

Material and methods: Sr and/or P‐incorporated Ti oxide surfaces were produced by hydrothermal treatment. The surface characteristics were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, thin‐film X‐ray diffractometry, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, contact angle and surface energy measurements, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, and profilometry. MC3T3‐E1 pre‐osteoblast cell attachment, morphology of spread cells, viability, and quantitative analysis of osteoblastic gene expression on grit‐blasted microrough (RBM), P‐incorporated (P), and P‐ and Sr‐incorporated (SrP) Ti surfaces were evaluated.

Results: Microstructured P and SrP surfaces showed significantly higher wettability and surface energy compared with RBM surfaces (P<0.01). After immersion in Hank's balanced salt solution, considerable apatite deposition was observed on the P and SrP surfaces. Sr incorporation significantly increased cellular attachment and viability compared with other surfaces (P<0.05). Real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed markedly higher mRNA expressions of the osteoblast transcription factor gene (Runx2) and the osteoblast phenotype genes (alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin) in cells grown on the P and SrP surfaces compared with those on the RBM surface.

Conclusions: These results demonstrate that Sr‐ and P‐incorporated Ti oxide surfaces may improve implant bone healing by enhancing attachment, viability, and differentiation of osteoblastic cells.

To cite this article:
 Park J‐W, Kim Y‐J, Jang J‐H. Enhanced osteoblast response to hydrophilic strontium and/or phosphate ions‐incorporated titanium oxide surfaces. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 398–408. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01863.x
Prospective study with a 2‐year follow‐up on immediate implant loading in the edentulous mandible with a definitive restoration using intra‐oral welding
Authors: Degidi Marco , Nardi Diego , Piattelli Adriano
Published: February 2010

Objectives: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the concept of intra‐oral welding as a suitable technique for the fabrication of a restoration for edentulous mandibles on the same day as surgery using tapered connection implants.

Material and methods: Each of 20 patients had an edentulous mandible and received four inter‐foraminal, tapered connection implants. All implants were immediately loaded with a fixed restoration supported by an intra‐orally welded titanium framework. Final abutments were connected to the implants and then a titanium bar was welded to them using an intra‐oral welding unit. This framework was used as a support for the final restoration, which was fitted on the same day as implant placement. Mean marginal bone loss and radiographically detectable alteration of the welded framework were assessed using periapical radiographs immediately after surgery, and at 6‐, 12‐ and 24‐month follow‐up examinations.

Results: Seven males and 13 females, with an average age of 56.5 years (SD=15.1; n=20), were consecutively treated with 80 immediately loaded implants. No fracture or radiographically detectable alteration of the welded frameworks was evident. All implants osseointegrated and a 100% implant survival rate was achieved at the 24‐month follow‐up. The accumulated mean marginal bone growth was 0.21 mm (SD 0.25, n=80). The average pocket probing depth was 1.38 mm (SD 0.41).

Conclusions: The intra‐oral welding technique applied to the delivery of a final restoration of the edentulous mandible over immediately restored tapered connection implants seems to have no adverse effect on marginal bone loss and implant survival.

To cite this article:
 Degidi M, Nardi D, Piattelli A. Prospective study with a 2‐year follow‐up on immediate implant loading in the edentulous mandible with a definitive restoration using intra‐oral welding. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 379–385. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01865.x
Evaluation by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of trabecular bone quality in mandible and cervical vertebrae
Authors: Celenk Peruze , Celenk Cetin
Published: February 2010

Objective: The purpose of this study was to make a comparison between mandibular and cervical vertebral bone quality (BQ) using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods: The cervical MRI images included in this study belonged to 36 patients (23 women, 13 men; mean age 54 years) who had various clinical symptoms (e.g., headache, vertigo, imbalance). The mandible and cervical vertebrae BQ measurements were performed by the same investigator on these sections. Mandibular and cervical vertebral T2* axial cross sections were performed following receipt of consent from each patient. T2* relaxation time values were determined in the trabecular area.

Results: The relationship between cervical vertebral and mandibular BQ was revealed by regression and correlation analysis. The correlation coefficient was r=0.04, r2=0.002, and P=0.818, which is not statistically significant. The relation between age and mandible BQ was very weak (r=0.001, r2=0.000001, and P=0.995), and the relation between age and cervical vertebrae BQ was correlated (r=−0.585, r2=0.342, and P<0.001).

Conclusions: There is a low correlation between the BQ measurements of cervical vertebrae and the mandible. Precise mandibular BQ measurement does not provide information that correlates with BQ in the other sites of the skeleton. Although an age‐dependent decrease occurs in vertebral BQ, no significant alteration occurs in mandibular BQ.

To cite this article:
 Celenk P, Celenk C. Evaluation by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of trabecular bone quality in mandible and cervical vertebrae. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 409–413. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01869.x
Correlation of IMPDH1 Gene Polymorphisms with Subclinical Acute Rejection and Mycophenolic Acid Exposure Parameters on Day 28 after Renal Transplantation
Authors: Kagaya Hideaki , Miura Masatomo , Saito Mitsuru , Habuchi Tomonori , Satoh Shigeru
Published: February 2010

Abstract:  The risk of acute rejection in patients with higher exposure to mycophenolic acid (MPA), the active metabolite of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), might be due to inosine 5′‐monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) polymorphisms. The correlations with subclinical acute rejection, IMPDH1 polymorphisms and MPA exposure on day 28 post‐transplantation were investigated in 82 Japanese recipients. Renal transplant recipients were given combination immunosuppressive therapy consisting of tacrolimus and 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 g/day of MMF in equally divided doses every 12 hr at designated times. There were no significant differences in the incidence of subclinical acute rejection between IMPDH1 rs2278293 or rs2278294 polymorphisms (p = 0.243 and 0.735, respectively). However, in the high MPA night‐time exposure range (AUC >60 μg·h/ml and C0 ≥ 1.9 μg/ml), there was a significant difference in the incidence of subclinical acute rejection between IMPDH1 rs2278293 A/A, A/G and G/G genotypes (each p = 0.019), but not the IMPDH1 rs2278294 genotype. In the higher daytime MPA exposure range, patients with the IMPDH1 rs2278293 G/G genotype also tended to develop subclinical acute rejection. In patients with the IMPDH rs2278293 A/A genotype, the risk of subclinical acute rejection episode tends to be low and the administration of MMF was effective. The risk of subclinical acute rejection for recipients who cannot adapt in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of MPA seems to be influenced by IMPDH1 rs2278293 polymorphism. The prospective analysis of IMPDH1 rs2278293 polymorphism as well as monitoring of MPA plasma concentration after transplantation might help to improve MMF therapy.
Original Research—Anatomy/Physiology: Induction of Sexual Arousal in Women Under Conditions of Institutional and Ambulatory Laboratory Circumstances: A Comparative Study
Authors: Bloemers Jos , Gerritsen Jeroen , Bults Richard , Koppeschaar Hans , Everaerd Walter , Olivier Berend , Tuiten Adriaan
Published: February 2010

Introduction

Measuring under naturally occurring circumstances increases ecological validity. We developed an ambulatory psychophysiological laboratory that allows experiments to be performed at home.

Aims

To compare institutional laboratory task measures with ambulatory laboratory task measures.

Main Outcome Measures

Vaginal pulse amplitude (VPA), clitoral blood volume (CBV), subjective report of sexual arousal, preconscious attentional bias for erotic stimuli, subjective reports about feeling at ease, tense, anxious or inhibited.

Methods

VPA and CBV were measured in eight women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) and eight healthy controls while exposed to neutral and erotic film clips both in the institute’s laboratory and at home. Before and after film clip presentations, subjects performed an emotional Stroop task and completed two questionnaires.

Results

In healthy controls, genital measures of sexual arousal were significantly increased at home compared with the institutional laboratory, whereas no differences were observed between the institutional laboratory and the at home measurements in women with HSDD. The responses at home were significantly higher in healthy controls compared with women with HSDD. Subjective experience of genital responding increased at home for both groups of women. Concordance between subjective experience and genital sexual arousal was more pronounced in the institutional laboratory setting. Preconscious attentional bias was stronger in the institutional laboratory for both groups of women. Healthy controls felt more at ease and less inhibited at home while subjects with HSDD did not.

Conclusions

The use of an ambulatory laboratory is a valuable tool allowing psychophysiological (sex) research under more natural circumstances (e.g., a participant’s home). In this study, the increase in ecological validity resulted in a qualitative differentiation between the healthy controls and the women with HSDD in the home setting, which is not apparent in the artificial setting of the institutional laboratory.
Original Research—ED Pharmacotherapy: Characteristics, Behaviors, and Attitudes of Men Bypassing the Healthcare System When Obtaining Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors
Authors: Schnetzler Gabriel , Banks Ian , Kirby Mike , Zou Kelly H. , Symonds Tara
Published: February 2010

Introduction

Men may choose to bypass the healthcare system to obtain a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5i).

Aim

Evaluate the characteristics and purchasing patterns of men obtaining a PDE5i without prior healthcare professional (HCP) interaction.

Main Outcome Measures

Prior HCP interaction, defined as having a prescription for any PDE5i, having a PDE5i sample from a physician, or buying the PDE5i in a retail pharmacy; and erectile dysfunction (ED, the Massachusetts Male Aging Study single-item question) were assessed. A multivariate regression analysis determined predictive factors for PDE5i purchase without prior HCP interaction.

Methods

A Web-based observational study was conducted in the United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy.

Results

Of the 11,899 participants, 1,252 (10.5% [95% CI, 10.0–11.1%]) reported PDE5i use in the last 6 months. PDE5is were obtained without prior HCP interaction by 403 users (32.3% [95% CI, 29.6–34.8%]); 65.5% of them had ED. Overall prevalence of men using PDE5is without HCP interaction was 3.0% (95% CI, 2.6–3.5%), 4.1% (95% CI, 3.5–4.6%), and 2.8% (95% CI, 2.1–3.5%) for men aged 18–34, 35–50, and >50 years, respectively (P = 0.0045). Predictive factors for obtaining a PDE5i without prior HCP interaction were embarrassment to speak to a physician (P = 0.0009) and the perception that this would be the cheapest way to get the medicine (P = 0.03).

Conclusions

Based on these findings, it can be estimated that approximately 6 million men in Europe might currently bypass the healthcare system to obtain a PDE5i. In addition to the risks associated with use of PDE5is from uncontrolled sources, because most of these men have ED, they also miss the opportunity for important health information or medical follow-up. HCPs should actively address ED and offer treatment to discourage men from seeking uncontrolled sources of ED medicines.
Neuronal Activity in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Varies Across the Estrous Cycle in Anesthetized Female Rats: Effects of Dopamine Receptor Agonism
Authors: Richards Natalie , Wayman Chris , Allers Kelly A.
Published: February 2010

Purpose

The central nervous system plays a pivotal role in sexual behavior. The role of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus in female sexual behavior is poorly characterized. In males, there is a correlation between PVN neuron activity and erectile activity, and in mediating dopamine receptor agonist-induced sexual arousal.

Material and Methods

To understand the role of the PVN in female sexual function, baseline PVN neuronal activity and responses to dopamine receptor agonism were assessed in anesthetized rats. Single unit recordings were used to assess the firing properties of individual PVN neurons; and local field potentials quantified PVN network activity (combined activity of large numbers of PVN neurons). Baseline and apomorphine-stimulated activity was measured across the estrous cycle.

Results

Baseline firing rates of single units were found to differ across the stages of the estrous cycle with metestrus showing the highest firing rate (3.7 vs. 0.9 Hz in diestrus). Apomorphine administration caused significant increases in firing rate in 29% of neurons, and significant decreases in 71%. Basal local field potentials also varied between estrous stages and in response to apomorphine; significant differences in the total power of alpha1 and beta1 bands were observed in both cases.

Conclusions

This study shows that PVN neuronal activity varies with hormonal state, and these neurons are differentially affected by apomorphine, suggesting two different populations. These data are indicative of a critical role for the PVN in female sexual function. It is important that the hormonal state should be considered when investigating sexual physiology and the effect of pharmacological agents.
SENSORY PROFILING OF CHANGES IN WHEAT AND WHOLE WHEAT BREAD DURING A PROLONGED PERIOD OF STORAGE
Authors: JENSEN SIDSEL , OESTDAL HENRIK , THYBO ANETTE K.
Published: February 2010

A sensory profile of wheat and whole wheat pan bread with extented shelf life was conducted to characterize sensory changes during a 3‐week storage period. Variation between assessors was also assessed together with repeatability of the profile. The robustness in the sensory profile was determined by comparing two sensory trials 4 months apart (with six assessors participating in both trials). Initially, assessors agreed on a consensus list of 14 attributes (wheat) and 17 attributes (whole wheat). Multivariate data analysis was used to study the effect of storage time and assessors on the sensory profile. The impact of storage time was especially evident for whole wheat bread, but results showed that storage time had a significant effect on aroma and flavor of both bread types. An agreement in the sensory evaluations over time was found, which emphasize the robustness of the profile, the consistency of samples baked at different times and the reliability of the obtained results.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The use of enzymes in bread production has made it possible to extend the shelf life of bread considerably by decreasing the rate of starch retrogradation. Thus, other parameters are decisive for shelf life determination – off flavor is believed to be one parameter of high importance. Off flavor development in bread is however an overlooked area in food research. Sensory profiling focusing on changes in sensory perception related to storage time will reveal the most important sensory alterations. These sensory alterations are highly relevant for consumer preferences and can furthermore be used as a tool to elucidate chemical mechanisms responsible for off flavor formation. Consequently, the present sensory profiling is of significant value for industrial bread producers, enzyme manufactures and finally the consumers. The knowledge can be included in future examinations of sensory and chemical changes of bread with extended shelf life aiming at enhancing the quality of such products.
Quantifying Data Worth Toward Reducing Predictive Uncertainty
Authors: Dausman Alyssa M. , Doherty John , Langevin Christian D. , Sukop Michael C.
Published: February 2010

The present study demonstrates a methodology for optimization of environmental data acquisition. Based on the premise that the worth of data increases in proportion to its ability to reduce the uncertainty of key model predictions, the methodology can be used to compare the worth of different data types, gathered at different locations within study areas of arbitrary complexity. The method is applied to a hypothetical nonlinear, variable density numerical model of salt and heat transport. The relative utilities of temperature and concentration measurements at different locations within the model domain are assessed in terms of their ability to reduce the uncertainty associated with predictions of movement of the salt water interface in response to a decrease in fresh water recharge. In order to test the sensitivity of the method to nonlinear model behavior, analyses were repeated for multiple realizations of system properties. Rankings of observation worth were similar for all realizations, indicating robust performance of the methodology when employed in conjunction with a highly nonlinear model. The analysis showed that while concentration and temperature measurements can both aid in the prediction of interface movement, concentration measurements, especially when taken in proximity to the interface at locations where the interface is expected to move, are of greater worth than temperature measurements. Nevertheless, it was also demonstrated that pairs of temperature measurements, taken in strategic locations with respect to the interface, can also lead to more precise predictions of interface movement.
The Story of Good Citizenship: Framing Public Policy in the Context of Duty‐Based versus Engaged Citizenship
Authors: MCBETH MARK K. , LYBECKER DONNA L. , GARNER KACEE A.
Published: February 2010

Recent studies have explored the dimensions of duty‐based versus engaged citizenship. These studies assert that individuals differ on the question of “what is a good citizen” and somehow suggest that “engaged citizens” are more participatory, global, and committed to social justice than their duty‐based counterparts. In this article, we examine, with an innovative survey methodology and merging of citizenship and framing literature, the potential effects of increased engaged citizenship on policy issues. Our questions explore the characteristics of citizenship and explore whether duty‐based and engaged citizens are more likely to support a policy, in this case recycling efforts, if the issue is framed in the context of their respective preferred citizenship norm. We find that the engaged recycling frame was strongly supported by individuals with a more engaged view of citizenship who also supported some duty‐based frames of recycling. Conversely, respondents with a more duty‐based view of citizenship did not support engaged recycling frames.

Estudios recientes han explorado las dimensiones de la noción de “ciudadanía basada en deberes”vis‐à‐vis aquella de “ciudadanía involucrada.” Estos estudios afirman que los individuos difieren en sus respuestas a la pregunta de “¿qué es un buen ciudadano?” Así mismo, parecen sugerir que los “ciudadanos involucrados” son más participativos, globales, y entregados a la justicia social que sus homólogos basados en deberes. En este artículo examinamos los efectos potenciales del incremento de la ciudadanía involucrada en asuntos de política con una innovadora metodología de encuestas y combinando la literatura de ciudadanía y la teoría del enmarcamiento de asuntos. Nuestras preguntas exploran las características de la ciudadanía y si acaso los individuos cuyo comportamiento se aproxima al planteado en la noción de “ciudadanía basada en deberes” son más proclives a apoyar una política de reciclaje, que aquellos cuyo comportamiento se aproxima al planteado en la noción de “ciudadanía involucrada.” De manera específica exploramos si acaso los ciudadanos responden de manera más decidida a propuestas de reciclaje dependiendo de si están enmarcadas en una noción de “ciudadanía basada en deberes” o en una de “ciudadanía involucrada.” Encontramos que una política de reciclaje enmarcada en una de noción “ciudadanía involucrada” fue fuertemente apoyada por individuos cuyo comportamiento se aproxima al planteado en dicha noción pero que estos mismos individuos también apoyaron algunas propuestas de reciclaje enmarcadas en la noción de “ciudadanía basada en deberes.” En cambio, individuos cuyo comportamiento se aproxima al planteado en la noción de “ciudadanía basada en deberes” no apoyaron ninguna propuesta de reciclaje enmarcada en la noción de “ciudadanía involucrada.”
A Rational Choice Approach to Explaining Policy Preferences and Concern for Representing Women among State Legislators
Authors: WHISTLER DONALD E. , ELLICKSON MARK C.
Published: February 2010

Rational choice theory predicts that women, when significantly involved in the production of private competitive goods and services, will adopt the same self‐interested political orientation as similarly economically situated men. Guided by this approach, this nationwide survey of state legislators finds that competitive occupational background significantly reduces support for representing distributive–redistributive policy among both women and men legislators. However, it also finds that women legislators in general, as well as women holding leadership positions, retain a significant concern for representing women. Democratic Party affiliation and noncompetitive occupational background predict support for distributive–redistributive policies among women and men legislators, while only Democratic Party affiliation predicts concern for representing women among women and men legislators. Other explanatory variables (i.e., lower education, liberal ideology, African‐Americans, lower‐socioeconomic status districts, and political ambition) are in the direction hypothesized to influence representing distributive–redistributive policies and women but are not all statistically significant.

La teoría de la decisión racional predice que cuando las mujeres se involucran significativamente en la producción de bienes y servicios competitivos, adoptarán la misma orientación política de búsqueda de sus intereses personales que los hombres similarmente situados económicamente. Guiados por este enfoque, esta encuesta nacional de los legisladores estatales encuentra que los antecedentes profesionales competitivos reducen significativamente el apoyo entre mujeres así como hombres legisladores para representar políticas distributivas‐redistributivas. Sin embargo, encuentra que en general, las mujeres legisladoras, así como aquellas mujeres que desempeñan posiciones de autoridad, conservan una preocupación significativa por representar a las mujeres. Por su parte, tanto afiliación al Partido Demócrata como antecedentes ocupacionales no‐competitivos, predicen apoyo entre las mujeres y los hombres legisladores, a políticas distributivas‐redistributivas, mientras que sólo afiliación al Partido Demócrata predice preocupación entre las mujeres y los hombres legisladores por representar a las mujeres. Otras variables que pueden explicar esto (i.e., educación baja, ideología liberal, Afroamericanos, distritos con bajo nivel socioeconómico, y ambición política) están en la dirección hipotetizada para influir la representación de las políticas distributivas‐redistributivas y de mujeres, pero no todas son estadísticamente significativas.
Public Accounts Committees in the Pacific Region
Authors: PELIZZO RICCARDO
Published: February 2010

Building on the work of Jacobs, Jones, Wehner, Pelizzo, and Stapenhurst, this article addresses an issue that had been left unaddressed by previous research: the relationship between the organization, the activity, and the performance of Public Accounts Committees (PACs). By analyzing an original data set, this article explores whether and how certain organizational features affect the amount of activities performed by PACs and how these, in their turn, affect PACs' ability to achieve policy‐relevant results.

Construyendo por un lado sobre el trabajo de Jacobs, Jones, Wehner, y Pelizzo, y por otro, en el de Stapenhurst, este trabajo aborda un tema que ha sido dejado de lado por investigaciones previas: la relación entre la organización, la actividad, y el desempeño de los Comités de Cuentas Públicas (PACs, por sus siglas en inglés). Al analizar un nuevo conjunto de datos, este articulo explora si, características organizacionales y cómo afectan estas la cantidad de actividades realizadas por los Comités de Cuentas Públicas y cómo la cantidad de actividades de las PACs afecta la habilidad de dichos comités para lograr resultados políticos relevantes.
The common law and international law – a dynamic contemporary dialogue
Authors: Kirby Michael
Published: February 2010

International law, as expressed in treaties and in customary law, is of growing importance in municipal jurisdictions throughout the world. Some barriers to the use of international law in national courts are identified. Occasionally, they include scepticism and even hostility about this body of law. However, the past 60 years have witnessed a remarkable change in judicial attitudes in final courts in most Commonwealth countries.

In the UK, the impact of Europe has helped create an ‘incoming tide’. In South Africa, India and Canada, constitutional provisions have stimulated the change. New Zealand is now affected by its Bill of Rights Act. But, in Australia, none of these forces was available and decisional authority adhered for decades to strict dualism.

The changing pace of utilisation of international law in the UK and Australia are described. In the UK, the Human Rights Act 1998 now consolidates a trend already happening in the courts. In Australia, the Mabo decision in 1992 effectively endorsed the Bangalore Principles on the municipal application of international human rights norms. This paper describes the contrasting case-law. In the foregoing countries, it concludes with a response to criticisms of judicial utilisation of international law and a suggestion of the proper jurisprudential basis that can be identified to sustain a judicial process that is now well advanced in the countries surveyed.
msABC: a modification of Hudson’s ms to facilitate multi‐locus ABC analysis
Authors: PAVLIDIS P. , LAURENT S. , STEPHAN W.
Published: February 2010

With the availability of whole‐genome sequence data biologists are able to test hypotheses regarding the demography of populations. Furthermore, the advancement of the Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) methodology allows the demographic inference to be performed in a simple framework using summary statistics. We present here msABC, a coalescent‐based software that facilitates the simulation of multi‐locus data, suitable for an ABC analysis. msABC is based on Hudson’s ms algorithm, which is used extensively for simulating neutral demographic histories of populations. The flexibility of the original algorithm has been extended so that sample size may vary among loci, missing data can be incorporated in simulations and calculations, and a multitude of summary statistics for single or multiple populations is generated. The source code of msABC is available at http://bio.lmu.de/~pavlidis/msabc or upon request from the authors.
Néron models and limits of Abel–Jacobi mappings
Authors: Green Mark , Griffiths Phillip , Kerr Matt
Published: February 2010

We show that the limit of a one-parameter admissible normal function with no singularities lies in a non-classical sub-object of the limiting intermediate Jacobian. Using this, we construct a Hausdorff slit analytic space, with complex Lie group fibres, which ‘graphs’ such normal functions. For singular normal functions, an extension of the sub-object by a finite group leads to the Néron models. When the normal function comes from geometry, that is, a family of algebraic cycles on a semistably degenerating family of varieties, its limit may be interpreted via the Abel–Jacobi map on motivic cohomology of the singular fibre, hence via regulators onK-groups of its substrata. Two examples are worked out in detail, for families of 1-cycles on CY and abelian 3-folds, where this produces interesting arithmetic constraints on such limits. We also show how to compute the finite ‘singularity group’ in the geometric setting.
Fibers of generic projections
Authors: Beheshti Roya , Eisenbud David
Published: February 2010

Let X be a smooth projective variety of dimension n in Pr, and let π:X→Pn+c be a general linear projection, with c>0. In this paper we bound the scheme-theoretic complexity of the fibers of π. In his famous work on stable mappings, Mather extended the classical results by showing that the number of distinct points in the fiber is bounded by B:=n/c+1, and that, when n is not too large, the degree of the fiber (taking the scheme structure into account) is also bounded by B. A result of Lazarsfeld shows that this fails dramatically for n≫0. We describe a new invariant of the scheme-theoretic fiber that agrees with the degree in many cases and is always bounded by B. We deduce, for example, that if we write a fiber as the disjoint union of schemes Y′ and Y′′ such that Y′ is the union of the locally complete intersection components of Y, then deg Y′+deg Y′′red≤B. Our method also gives a sharp bound on the subvariety of Pr swept out by the l-secant lines of X for any positive integer l, and we discuss a corresponding bound for highly secant linear spaces of higher dimension. These results extend Ran’s ‘dimension +2 secant lemma’.
Analytic continuation of overconvergent Hilbert eigenforms in the totally split case
Authors: Sasaki Shu
Published: February 2010

We generalise results of Buzzard, Taylor and Kassaei on analytic continuation ofp-adic overconvergent eigenforms over ℚ to the case ofp-adic overconvergent Hilbert eigenforms over totally real fields F, under the assumption thatpsplits completely in F. This includes weight-one forms and has applications to generalisations of Buzzard and Taylor’s main theorem. Next, we follow an idea of Kassaei’s to generalise Coleman’s well-known result that ‘an overconvergentUp-eigenform of small slope is classical’ to the case ofp-adic overconvergent Hilbert eigenforms of Iwahori level.
Noncoding RNA Gas5 Is a Growth Arrest– and Starvation-Associated Repressor of the Glucocorticoid Receptor
Authors: Kino Tomoshige , Hurt Darrell E. , Ichijo Takamasa , Nader Nancy , Chrousos George P.
Published: February 2010

Gas5 is a noncoding RNA that acts as a decoy glucocorticoid response element to inhibit glucocorticoid-mediated transcription.
Proteus mirabilis pmrI
, an RppA-Regulated Gene Necessary for Polymyxin B Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Urothelial Cell Invasion
Authors: Jiang Sin-Sien , Liu Ming-Che , Teng Lee-Jene , Wang Won-Bo , Hsueh Po-Ren , Liaw Shwu-Jen
Published: February 2010

Proteus mirabilis
is naturally resistant to polymyxin B (PB). To investigate the underlying mechanisms, Tn
5
mutagenesis was performed, and a mutant exhibiting increased PB susceptibility was isolated. The mutant was found to have Tn
5
inserted into the P
pmrI
(
Proteus pmrI
) gene, a gene which may encode a UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase. In other bacteria,
pmrI
belongs to the seven-gene
pmrF
operon, which is involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) modification. While the P
pmrI
knockout mutant had a wild-type LPS profile and produced amounts of LPS similar to those produced by the wild type, LPS of the knockout mutant had higher PB-binding activity than that of the wild type. PB could induce alterations of LPS in the wild type but not in the P
pmrI
knockout mutant. Moreover, the P
pmrI
knockout mutant exhibited decreased abilities in biofilm formation and urothelial cell invasion. Complementation of the P
pmrI
mutant with the full-length P
pmrI
gene led to restoration of the wild-type phenotypic traits. Previously we identified RppA, a response regulator of the bacterial two-component system, as a regulator of PB susceptibility and virulence factor expression in
P. mirabilis
. Here we showed that RppA could mediate the induction of P
pmrI
expression by PB. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay further demonstrated that RppA could bind directly to the putative P
pmrI
promoter. Together, these results provide a new insight into the regulatory mechanism underlying PB resistance and virulence expression in
P. mirabilis
.
International Cohort Analysis of the Antiviral Activities of Zidovudine and Tenofovir in the Presence of the K65R Mutation in Reverse Transcriptase
Authors: Grant Philip M. , Taylor Jonathan , Nevins Andrew B. , Calvez Vincent , Marcelin Anne-Geneviève , Wirden Marc , Zolopa Andrew R.
Published: February 2010

A K65R mutation in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase can occur with the failure of tenofovir-, didanosine-, abacavir-, and, in some cases, stavudine-containing regimens and leads to reduced phenotypic susceptibility to these drugs and hypersusceptibility to zidovudine, but its clinical impact is poorly described. We identified isolates with the K65R mutation within the Stanford Resistance Database and a French cohort for which subsequent treatment and virological response data were available. The partial genotypic susceptibility score (pGSS) was defined as the genotypic susceptibility score (GSS) excluding the salvage regimen's nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) component. A three-part virologic response variable was defined (e.g., complete virologic response, partial virologic response, and no virologic response). Univariate, multivariate, and bootstrap analyses evaluated factors associated with the virologic response, focusing on the contributions of zidovudine and tenofovir. Seventy-one of 130 patients (55%) achieved a complete virologic response (defined as an HIV RNA level of <200 copies/ml). In univariate analyses, pGSS and zidovudine use in the salvage regimen were predictors of the virologic response. In a multivariate analysis, pGSS and zidovudine and tenofovir use were associated with the virologic response. Bootstrap analyses showed similar reductions in HIV RNA levels with zidovudine or tenofovir use (0.5 to 0.9 log10). In the presence of K65R, zidovudine and tenofovir are associated with similar reductions in HIV RNA levels. Given its tolerability, tenofovir may be the preferred agent over zidovudine even in the presence of the K65R mutation.
Combination of V106I and V179D Polymorphic Mutations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Confers Resistance to Efavirenz and Nevirapine but Not Etravirine
Authors: Gatanaga Hiroyuki , Ode Hirotaka , Hachiya Atsuko , Hayashida Tsunefusa , Sato Hironori , Oka Shinichi
Published: February 2010

Etravirine (ETV) is a second-generation nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor (NNRTI) introduced recently for salvage antiretroviral treatment after the emergence of NNRTI-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Following its introduction, two naturally occurring mutations in HIV-1 RT, V106I and V179D, were listed as ETV resistance-associated mutations. However, the effect of these mutations on the development of NNRTI resistance has not been analyzed yet. To select highly NNRTI-resistant HIV-1
in vitro
, monoclonal HIV-1 strains harboring V106I and V179D (HIV-1
V106I
and HIV-1
V179D
) were propagated in the presence of increasing concentrations of efavirenz (EFV). Interestingly, V179D emerged in one of three selection experiments from HIV-1
V106I
and V106I emerged in two of three experiments from HIV-1
V179D
. Analysis of recombinant HIV-1 clones showed that the combination of V106I and V179D conferred significant resistance to EFV and nevirapine (NVP) but not to ETV. Structural analysis indicated that ETV can overcome the repulsive interactions caused by the combination of V106I and V179D through fine-tuning of its binding module to RT facilitated by its plastic structure, whereas EFV and NVP cannot because of their rigid structures. Analysis of clinical isolates showed comparable drug susceptibilities, and the same combination of mutations was found in some database patients who experienced virologic NNRTI-based treatment failure. The combination of V106I and V179D is a newly identified NNRTI resistance pattern of mutations. The combination of polymorphic and minor resistance-associated mutations should be interpreted carefully.