bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The adjuvanticity of gamma inulin
Authors: Cooper Peter D , Steele Edward J
Published: July 2007

Gamma‐inulin (g‐IN) is a polymorph identified as the active component of inulin preparations that specifically activates the alternative pathway of complement (APC). The APC is central to many leucocyte functions, including B cell activation. We show here that g‐IN, when formulated as a pure, endotoxin‐free, fine suspension insoluble at 37°C and given at 50–100 μg per mouse, is a potent adjuvant for both humoral and cell‐mediated responses to a variety of antigens. g‐IN increased secondary IgG responses five‐ to 28‐fold (P <0·001), using as antigen phosphorylcholine coupled to keyhole limpet haemocyanin; subclasses IgG 2a, 2b, and 3 were boosted several hundred‐fold, IgG 1 10‐fold. IgM and IgA were increased four‐to six‐fold. Delayed hypersensitivity, by footpad swelling after secondary challenge with sheep red blood cells (SRBC), was increased more than two‐fold (P <0·001) if g‐IN was included with the primary SRBC, equivalent to increasing primary doses 10‐fold, g‐IN was equally active if given 5 days before the primary SRBC. Thus it is an immune stimulant rather than a depot or vehicle for antigen. Mice primed subcutaneously with 30–300 HA units of H2N2 influenza virus (strain A/JAP) and challenged intranasally with a lethal dose of HIN1 virus (strain A/WSN) all died, but if g‐IN was given with the primary antigen 50% of the mice survived(P < 0·001), a deduced but not proven boost to cytotoxic T cell‐mediated immunity. Unpublished work has shown that g‐IN has no adverse effects at adjuvant‐active doses. g‐IN is thus a promising new vaccine adjuvant. It also has a potential for antitumour therapy, and is a specific reagent for expioring the role of complement in vivo.
In vivo studies of whole ricin monoclonal antibody immunoconjugates for the treatment of murine tumours
Authors: Kanellos Jerry , MacKenzie Ian FC , Pietersz Geoffrey A
Published: July 2007

Ricin is a highly potent toxin which binds to cells via galactose binding sites on the B chain; the toxicity is manifest by the A chain and most studies with immunotoxins have used ricin A chain‐antibody conjugates. We have previously described a method for the coupling of whole ricin to monoclonal antibody (MoAb) so that the galactose binding sites on the B chain are blocked; these conjugates are not non‐specifically toxic. Whole ricin‐MoAb conjugates were examined in vivo for their stability, clearance rates and toxicity, and these were compared with modified ricin‐MoAb conjugates produced by periodate treatment of ricin. First, the biological half‐life of whole ricin or modified ricin was determined and indicated that while ricin was rapidly cleared from the circulation (t1/2 = 4·5 ± 0·5 min) compared with modified ricin (t1/2 = 17 ± 1 min), covalent linkage of native ricin to MoAb increased the blood circulation time of the toxin (t1/2 = 22 ± 1 min). Immunotoxins synthesized with the Ly‐2·1 MoAb using native or modified (deglycosylated) ricin were compared in vivo. In two different models anti‐Ly‐2·1 immunotoxins could be shown to be effective in vivo: (i) intraperitoneal tumours, thymomas grown in the peritoneal cavity could be completely eradicated by ricin‐MoAb; (ii) subcutaneous tumours, mice with tumours approximately 0·75 cm in diameter received intravenous doses of the whole ricin–MoAb and a substantial reduction in tumour size was achieved. Thus whole ricin–antibody conjugates made with the galactose binding site blocked combine the advantage of high potency with high specificity (which was previously lacking in intact ricin conjugates) and can be successfully used in vivo to treat tumours.
The in vitro proliferative response of lymphoid cells of mice infected with Salmonella enteritidis 11RX
Authors: Kotlarski I , Pope M , Doherty K , Attridge SR
Published: July 2007

Intraperitoneal injection of (BALB/c × C57BL/6) F1 mice with live, but not killed Salmonella enteritidis 11RX (11RX) induced T cells in the spleen and peritoneal cavity which were able to proliferate in vitro in response to two different forms of 11RX antigens. The majority of cells which proliferated were L3T4+ T cells and most of the response was restricted by the I‐A locus of the H‐2 major histocompatibility complex, although a smaller K region restricted response was also detected. T cells able to respond to 11RX antigens could only be demonstrated when non‐adherent lymphoid cell suspensions from immunized mice were used, and usually a limited response was obtained unless small numbers of adherent cells present in normal peritoneal cell suspensions were added. Cells cultured in vitro for 3 days were able to mediate local transfer of delayed type hypersensitivity and secondary immunization did not enhance the reactivity of responding cells to 11RX antigens.
Natural cell‐mediated cytotoxicity against syngeneic rat chondrocytes originating from different types of cartilage
Authors: Radomska DM , Osiecka A , Malejczyk J
Published: July 2007

Natural anti‐chondrocyte cytotoxicity of normal rat splenocytes, peritoneal cells and thymocytes was tested by means of 51Cr‐release assay. Chondrocytes derived from epiphyseal, costal, nasal, and auricular cartilages were used as target cells. In some experiments, erythroleukaemic K‐562 cells, known as typical natural killer cell targets, were also used. All types of chondrocytes were lysed equally well by splenocytes. Peritoneal cells exerted a low cytotoxic effect, whilst very low, almost negligible, cytotoxicity was noted with thymocytes. Negative selection with antibodies and complement showed that spleen‐derived anti‐chondrocyte effector cells are endowed with surface ganglioside asialo‐GM1. A similar result was obtained in parallel experiments with K‐562 cells. Moreover, ‘cold’ target experiments demonstrated that the release of 51Cr from the labeled chondrocytes could be inhibited by addition of unlabelled chondrocytes and K‐562 cells.
Slow electron velocity-map imaging spectroscopy of the 1-propynyl radical
Authors: Zhou Jia , Garand Etienne , Eisfeld Wolfgang , Neumark Daniel M.
Published: July 2007

High resolution photoelectron spectra of the 1-propynyl and 1-propynyl-d3 anions acquired with slow electron velocity-map imaging are presented. The electron affinity is determined to be 2.7355±0.0010eV for the 1-propynyl radical and 2.7300±0.0010eV for 1-propynyl-d3. Several vibronic transitions are observed and assigned using the isotopic shifts and results from ab initio calculations. Good agreement between experimental spectra and calculations suggests a C3v geometry for the 1-propynyl radical. No evidence is found for strong vibronic coupling between the ground electronic state and the low-lying first excited state.
Nitrogen acceptors in bulk ZnO (0001¯) substrates and homoepitaxial ZnO films
Authors: Adekore B. T. , Pierce J. M. , Davis R. F. , Barlage D. W. , Muth J. F.
Published: July 2007

Bulk single crystals of unintentionally doped ZnO having charge carrier concentration, ND−NA values of ∼1017 cm−3 were implanted with N+ ions at dosages of 1015 and 1016 cm−2 at 95 keV to a depth of 150 nm. The resulting p−n structure having acceptor concentrations ranging from 1017 to 1018 cm−3 was compared with nitrogen doped homoepitaxial films with ∼8×1017 cm−3 acceptors. Photoluminescence spectra acquired at 8 K showed an increase in the peak for the neutral donor-bound to acceptor-bound transition at 3.210 eV with increasing annealing temperature, thermal activation of a unique donor to acceptor transition due to nitrogen at 3.067 and 3.057 eV for implanted and epitaxial films, respectively; and an increase in the intensity of the defect-related green band at selected temperatures. Electroluminescence measurements at 300 K revealed an ultraviolet band, direct band-to-band recombination at 3.34 eV, donor-acceptor pair recombinations at 3.19 and 3.0 eV, and recombination in the green region centered at 2.49 eV. Current-voltage characteristics of implanted and homoepitaxial p−n diodes were also determined.
Structure and optical properties of amorphous lead-germanate films developed by pulsed-laser deposition
Authors: Dussauze M. , Giannoudakos A. , Velli L. , Varsamis C. P. E. , Kompitsas M. , Kamitsos E. I.
Published: July 2007

Lead-germanate materials are attractive systems for photonics applications. In this context, amorphous lead-germanate films were grown by pulsed-laser deposition at different substrate temperatures and oxygen pressures using a glassy target of composition 0.4PbO–0.6GeO2. Optical and infrared measurements showed that the substrate temperature has a strong influence on the optical quality and stability of the deposited films. An accurate characterization of films was achieved by comparing experimental and simulated transmittance spectra in the infrared, and allowed to probe the structural evolution and variations in composition as a function of oxygen pressure. The results showed that the difference in reactivity of lead and germanium toward oxygen in the laser-produced plasma allows for composition adjustments in the lead-germanate films by varying the oxygen pressure in the deposition chamber.
Morphology, surface structures, and magnetic properties of MnSb thin films and nanocrystallites grown on graphite
Authors: Zhang Hongliang , Kushvaha Sunil S. , Wee Andrew T. S. , Wang Xue-sen
Published: July 2007

MnSb nanocrystallites and thin films have been grown on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) by codeposition of Mn and Sb in ultrahigh vacuum. The surface morphologies of these MnSb structures were investigated using in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). With 5nm nominal deposition, MnSb nanocrystallite chains with a typical width of 50nm are formed along the HOPG step edges. A continuous MnSb film is formed after Mn and Sb codeposition on a HOPG precovered with an Sb wetting layer. The MnSb thin film surface exhibits mostly hexagonal-shaped MnSb(0001) plateaus of a few atomic layers in height. Atomic-resolution STM images revealed 2×2 and (23×23)R30° reconstructions on the MnSb(0001) surface and a 2×1 superstructure on MnSb(101¯1). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study showed that the Mn 2p peaks shift 2.5eV with respect to that of elemental Mn, indicating the formation of MnSb compound. Vibrating sample magnetometry measurement showed that the MnSb film is ferromagnetic at room temperature, and is composed of mostly (0001)-oriented grains as well as some with other orientations.
Haemophagocytosis in a patient with Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever
Authors: Cagatay Atahan , Kapmaz Mahir , Karadeniz Asli , Basaran Seniha , Yenerel Mustafa , Yavuz Selim , Midilli Kenan , Ozsut Halit , Eraksoy Haluk , Calangu Semra
Published: July 2007

Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe disease with a case fatality of 2.8 to 80 %. A patient dwelling in an endemic region for CCHF was admitted with fever preceding bleeding diathesis and pancytopenia. Despite no history of tick exposure, CCHF was highly suspected. With an oral ribavirin therapy, clinical and laboratory improvements were obtained. The diagnosis was confirmed by detection of IgM antibody to CCHF virus and positive RT-PCR. Although the main pathogenesis of CCHF infection is not elucidated yet, haemophagocytosis, a symptom rarely reported in viral haemorrhagic fevers, was observed in this case. Haemophagocytosis is suggested to have a role in the development of pancytopenia in CCHF, the mechanism of which still needs to be investigated, probably with cytokine studies. Together with clinical symptoms and patient history, haemophagocytosis may be an indicator for CCHF.
Role of prophylactic endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients with acute biliary pancreatitis due to transient common bile duct obstruction
Authors: Teoh Anthony Y B , Poon Michael C M , Leong Heng Tat
Published: July 2007

Background and Aim:  The role of prophylactic endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients with transient common bile duct obstruction is controversial. The aim of this study was to assess the value of performing prophylactic endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients suffering from acute biliary pancreatitis and absent common bile duct stones on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).

Methods:  Hospital notes of patients admitted to our unit with a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis from January 2000 to January 2005 were reviewed. Endoscopic sphincterotomy was performed when patients were deemed unfit for cholecystectomy, suffering from a severe attack of acute pancreatitis and/or showing evidence of transient common bile duct obstruction. The outcomes of patients with and without endoscopic sphincterotomy were compared.

Results:  A total of 427 patients were admitted with a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis during the study period. Eighty‐eight patients with absent common bile duct stones on ERCP were identified. Endoscopic sphincterotomy was performed in 71 patients and not performed in 17 patients. There was no significant difference in recurrent pancreatitis rates (1.4% vs 5.8%, P = 0.35), recurrent biliary complication rates (5.6% vs 5.9%, P = 1) or mortality rates (5.8% vs 1.5%, P = 0.35). The time to recurrent complications (38.4 days vs 41.0 days, P = 0.38) was not significantly different between the two groups. There was no ERCP‐related morbidity or mortality.

Conclusion:  Prophylactic endoscopic sphincterotomy is not recommended in patients with transient common bile duct obstruction or as an option to cholecystectomy in elderly patients. Early cholecystectomy should be performed.
Extracolonic findings in an asymptomatic screening population undergoing intravenous contrast‐enhanced computed tomography colonography
Authors: Kim Young Sun , Kim Nayoung , Kim Soo Young , Cho Kyoung Soo , Park Min Jung , Choi Seung Ho , Lim Seon Hee , Yim Jeong Yoon , Cho Kyung Ran , Kim Chung Hyeon , Kim Dong Hee , Kim Sun Sin , Kim Jeong Hoon , Choi Byung Inhn , Jung Hyun Chae , Song In Sung , Shin Chan Soo , Cho Sang‐Heon , Oh Byung‐Hee
Published: July 2007

Background and Aim:  The purpose of this study was to evaluate extracolonic findings that could be encountered with computed tomography colonography (CTC) using intravenous (IV) contrast material in an asymptomatic screening population.

Methods:  Intravenous contrast medium‐enhanced CTC was performed in 2230 asymptomatic adults (mean age, 57.5 years). Axial images were prospectively examined for extracolonic lesions. These findings were classified into three categories: potentially important findings, likely unimportant findings, and clinically unimportant findings. Potentially important extracolonic findings were defined as those which required immediate further diagnostic studies and treatment. Clinical and radiologic follow up, missed lesions and clinical outcomes were assessed using medical records (mean duration of follow up, 1.6 years).

Results:  A total of 115 new potentially important findings in 5.2% of subjects (115/2230) were found. Subsequent medical or surgical intervention was performed in 2.0% (45/2230). New extracolonic cancer was detected in 0.5% (12/2230), and the majority of them (83.3%) were not metastasized. Computed tomography colonography missed eight potentially important extracolonic findings in eight subjects (0.4%, 8/2230): 0.8‐cm early‐stage prostatic cancer, six adrenal mass and one intraductal papillary mucinous tumor. There were no severe life‐threatening complications related to contrast medium.

Conclusion:  Intravenous contrast‐enhanced CTC could safely detect asymptomatic early‐stage extracolonic malignant diseases without an unreasonable number of additional work‐ups, thus reducing their morbidity or mortality.
Hepatitis B and C virus coinfection in The TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database
Authors: Zhou Jialun , Dore Gregory J , Zhang Fujie , Lim Poh Lian , Chen Yi‐Ming A ,   The TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database
Published: July 2007

Background and Aim:  Most studies of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection with HIV have been conducted among Western patient populations. This study aims to assess rates of HBV and HCV coinfection, and their impact on response to antiretroviral therapy and mortality, using data from The TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database (TAHOD), a multi‐center cohort of patients with HIV in the Asia–Pacific region.

Methods:  Patients who had been tested either HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) or HCV antibody were included. Patients who ever tested positive for HBV or HCV were regarded as coinfected for the duration of the study.

Results:  Results of hepatitis tests were available for 55% (HBV) and 49% (HCV) of 2979 TAHOD patients, with prevalence of HBV and HCV coinfection both at approximately 10%. Mean CD4 change at 180 days after antiretroviral treatment initiation was 118.8 cells/μL and patients with either HBV or HCV had a lower but non‐significant CD4 increase compared with patients with HIV only. Median time to reach undetectable viral load (<400 copies/mL) was 148 days and was not independently associated with HBV or HCV. In univariate analysis, patients with HCV had increased mortality (unadjusted hazard ratio, HR 2.80, P = 0.007). However, neither HBV (adjusted HR 0.80, 95% confidence interval CI 0.24–2.64, P = 0.710) nor HCV (adjusted HR 1.06, 95% CI 0.40–2.79, P = 0.905) was associated with increased mortality after adjustment for other covariates. Both HBV and HCV remained independently associated with elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the multivariate model (HBV, adjusted HR 1.94, 95% CI 1.04–3.62, P = 0.037; HCV, adjusted HR 2.74, 95% CI 1.47–5.12, P = 0.002).

Conclusion:  The impact of hepatitis coinfection on immunological and virological responses to antiretroviral therapy and HIV disease progression among this Asian cohort are similar to that seen in Western countries. The longer‐term impact of hepatitis coinfection on both HIV disease and liver disease morbidity and mortality needs to be monitored.
Hepatic hydrothorax: Pathophysiology diagnosis and management
Authors: Roussos Anastasios , Philippou Nikiphoros , Mantzaris Gerassimos J , Gourgouliannis Konstantinos I
Published: July 2007

Hepatic hydrothorax is defined as a significant pleural effusion (usually greater than 500 ml) in a cirrhotic patient, without an underlying pulmonary or cardiac disease. The diagnosis of hepatic hydrothorax should be suspected in a patient with established cirrhosis and portal hypertension, presenting with a unilateral pleural effusion, most commonly right‐sided. In the vast majority of cases, patients with hepatic hydrothorax have end‐stage liver disease. Therefore, they should be considered potential candidates for orthotopic liver transplantation. Until the performance of transplantation, other therapeutic modalities should be applied in order to relieve symptoms and prevent pulmonary complications.
Ultrasonic pulse velocity for determining the early age properties of dry-cast concrete containing ground granulated blast-furnace slag
Authors: Panesar D K , Chidiac S E
Published: July 2007

This study evaluates the potential use of ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) for determining the early age compressive strength of dry-cast concrete containing varying percentages of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS). The proposed approach includes computing the dynamic elastic modulus from UPV measurements, evaluating the static elastic modulus from experimentally measured dynamic-to-static elastic modulus ratios, and determining the compressive strength from the static elastic modulus using formulae suggested in ACI-363. The early age strengths of dry-cast concrete containing varying amount of GGBFS, which are determined using UPV measurements, are in good agreement with the measured strength. The evaluation is also extended to include five datasets reported in published literature for concrete containing varying types and amounts of mineral admixtures. Key words: concrete, compressive strength, dry cast, early age properties, ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS), ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV).
Effects of artificial aeration, macrophyte species, and loading rate on removal efficiency in constructed wetland mesocosms treating fish farm wastewater
Authors: Maltais-Landry Gabriel , Chazarenc Florent , Comeau Yves , Troesch Stéphane , Brisson Jacques
Published: July 2007

We studied the contribution of artificial aeration, loading rate, and macrophyte species on pollutant removal in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSFCWs) treating reconstituted trout farm wastewater. Twelve 1 m2 mesocosms located in a controlled greenhouse environment were used to test two species of macrophytes (Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia), three loading rates (30, 60, and 90 L·m–2·d–1), and presence or absence of artificial aeration at the intermediate loading rate. There was no effect of any variable (macrophytes, loading, aeration) on total suspended solids (TSS) or chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. Artificial aeration improved nitrogen removal while higher loading rates diminished removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. Macrophytes improved nitrogen and phosphorus removal, but this effect varied depending on loading rates and presence or absence of artificial aeration. We found no differences between Phragmites and Typha for treatment of trout fish farm wastewater. Under summer conditions, our results suggest that artificial aeration could be used to improve nitrogen removal by HSSFCWs. Key words: horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands, artificial aeration, loading rates, Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia, fish farm wastewater.
Distribution of Diurnal Fluctuations in Stem Circumference of Douglas-fir
Authors: Dobbs R. C. , Scott D. R. M.
Published: July 2007

Diurnal circumferential fluctuations were measured during late summer at different locations on the stems of several Douglas-fir trees.In one study, devices were installed to record periodically circumferential changes at five levels on the stems of study trees. The results indicated that the amplitude of diurnal fluctuation is considerably greater in a zone adjacent to midcrown than at levels above or below. Within this zone, shrinkage and subsequent dimensional recovery begin sooner and proceed at the greatest rates. The more dynamic fluctuation within this zone may relate to transpirational patterns in the crown and to factors determining "stem elasticity".In a related study, a tree was girdled. Results indicated that circumferential fluctuations are primarily seated in peripheral tissues removed in the process of girdling. Possible explanations and implications of the reported patterns are discussed.
Estimating Weights of Tree Components of Lodgepole Pine from Large-Scale Aerial Photographs
Authors: Kiil A. D.
Published: July 2007

Sixty-three lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) trees were measured on the ground, felled, and their crowns and stems were weighed. The combined independent variables of tree height and crown width gave the most precise estimate of fuel components. No significant differences were found between ground and air photo measurements of total tree height and crown width. Hence, the weight of all branchwood, entire crown, and entire tree can be estimated by the use of large-scale aerial photographs.
Monthly Variations in Photosynthetic Rate of Jack Pine Provenances in Relation to their Height
Authors: Logan K. T.
Published: July 2007

Rates of apparent photosynthesis of ten jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) provenances, representing a region from Maine to the Northwest Territories, were measured at monthly intervals from July to November. The trees were 7 years old and 1.4–3.5 m tall.Correlation between rate of apparent photosynthesis and height depended on time of year at which photosynthetic measurements were made. Before September no correlation was found; after September the tallest provenances had the highest photosynthetic rates. A major exception was the sole maritime provenance studied: its high photosynthetic rate was not matched by good total height growth at Petawawa.
Cost of a Small Forest Inventory
Authors: Bonnor G. M.
Published: July 2007

Cost data obtained from a 1969 inventory of a 5600 acre (2268 ha) forest are presented and analyzed. A seperation of the data into fixed and variable costs is made. The effect on cost of specifications regarding precision and detail of information is explored.
A Monte Carlo Test of Holgate's New Randomness Tests
Authors: Payandeh Bijan
Published: July 2007

The performance of Holgate's mean ratio and correlation tests was intensively evaluated on five 48-acre forest tracts and four computer-redistributed populations with specified spatial distribution patterns generated from each tract. These two test statistics were calculated for all possible combinations of distances to the sth and tth (s < t s = 1, 2, 3, 4 and t = 2, 3, 4, 5) nearest trees from each of the 200 randomly selected points. Results indicated that the ratio test may lead to erroneous conclusions when applied to nonrandom distributions. The correlation test was very powerful in detecting regular spacing, but it was not very sensitive in detecting aggregation.
Seasonal and Diurnal Periodicity in the Release of Cronartiumcomandrae Aeciospores from Stem Cankers on Lodgepole Pine
Authors: Powell J. M.
Published: July 2007

Release of Cronartiumcomandrae Pk. aeciospores from stem cankers on Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm. in southwestern Alberta occurred from mid-May to late August, the peak period being between late May and mid-June, after which there was a gradual decrease. Diurnal aeciospore periodicity showed spores to be usually released between 0800 and 1900 hours, with some evidence for a double peak. Maximum daily concentration of trapped spores at a distance of 2.5 cm from the canker was 17 217 spores/m3, but on more than half the days fewer than 100 spores/m3 were collected. The highest hourly concentration observed from an individual canker was 128 200 spores/m3, which coincided with the onset of heavy rain. Atmospheric turbulence was associated with all peak aeciospore concentrations. Little release occurred when temperatures were below 7 °C, when relative humidity levels were high, or when dew was present. Peak release occurred when air temperatures were above 20 °C and relative humidity levels were at their lowest. Heavy rains initially increased spore concentrations, but light rains did not have the same effect. Wind was important for initiation of spore release, but there was no close correlation between high wind velocities and high spore concentrations released from a canker.
Peroxidase Isoenzyme Variation in Interspecific Elm Hybrids
Authors: Feret Peter P.
Published: July 2007

Analysis of peroxidase isoenzymes in interspecific elm hybrids indicated that a close correlation exists between parental isoenzymes and those of the progeny. In some crosses, isoenzymes undergo mendelian segregation while in others segregation distortion is evident. Mechanisms proposed to account for the disturbed segregation ratios and unexpected phenotypes include crossing over between peroxidase loci, accumulation of lethal genetic deficiencies, and dominance of some peroxidase genes.
Resistance of Pinusarmandii to Cronartiumribicola
Authors: Hoff R. J. , McDonald G. I.
Published: July 2007

Resistance in seedlings of Pinusarmandii Franch. to Cronartiumribicola J. C. Fisch. ex Rabenh. was high (ca. 72%). Resistance of artificially inoculated seedlings was expressed as: a percentage of seedlings lacking foliar or stem symptoms; a percentage of seedlings with foliar symptoms but lacking stem symptoms; or as a percentage of seedlings having bark reactions that were lethal to the fungus. Histological examinations indicated that the bark reactions resulted from necrosis of host cells which was apparently triggered by invading mycelium. Subsequent formation of a wound-periderm layer established a barrier between the diseased and healthy portions of the stem. Mechanisms providing resistance to C. ribicola in P. armandii were compared to such mechanisms in Pinusmonticola (Dougl.) and other pines in response to infection by stem rusts; they were found to be strikingly similar.
Factors Influencing the Weight of Black Spruce and Balsam Fir Stems
Authors: Pnevmaticos S. M. , Jaeger T. A. , Perem E.
Published: July 2007

The factors influencing green weight of black spruce and balsam fir stems were investigated. It was found that for black spruce stems, moisture content and sapwood content could be predicted by the age and height of the tree. For balsam fir, however, it was difficult to establish meaningful correlations. Stem bark volume was well correlated for both species with diameter at breast height. Regression equations for stem green density with different combinations of independent variables estimated at breast height were developed; it was found that breast height specific gravity and moisture content were the most important variables in predicting stem green density. Stem wood volume was very well correlated with stem weight immediately after felling.
Pathogenicity Tests of Some Discomycetes Occurring on Conifers
Authors: Smerlis E.
Published: July 2007

Pathogenicity of Cenangiumferruginosum Fr. ex Fr., Dermeabalsamea (Pk.) Scaver, D. piceina Groves, Potebniamycesconiferarum (Hahn) Smerlis, and Pragmoporapithya ((Fr.) Fr.) Groves was confirmed and demonstrated on additional tree species. Pathogenicity of the following was demonstrated for the first time: Ascocalyxlaricina (Ettl.) Schläpfer, Biatorellaresinae (Fr.) Mudd, Dermeapinicola Groves, Lachnellulaagassizii (Berk. & Curt.) Dennis, L. arida (Phill.) Dennis, L. gallica (Karst. & Har.) Dennis, L. occidentalis (Hahn & Ayers) Dharne, Potebniamycesbalsamicola Smerlis var. balsamicola, and Pragmoporaamphibola Massal. Inoculations with Ascocalyxabietis Naumov, Lachnellulaciliata (Hahn) Dennis, L. suecica (de By. ex Fckl.) Nannf., Odontotremahemisphaericum (Fr.) Rehm, Peziculalivida (Berk. & Br.) Rehm, and Tryblidiopsispicea Vel. were negative.
Metabolism of Uracil by Germinating Jack Pine Seedlings
Authors: Durzan D. J. , Pitel J. , Mia A. J. , Ramaiah P. K.
Published: July 2007

In hypocotyls of dry jack pine seeds, RNA was localized mainly in nucleoli and throughout nuclei. After 4 days of imbibition, RNA increased in the cytoplasm and was concentrated particularly in phragmosomes during the first wave of cell divisions. At 5-6 days, when radicles had emerged, uracil-5 or 6-3H was readily degraded to β-alanine via dihydrouracil and β-urcidopropionic acid. The remaining 10% of the radioactivity was recovered mainly as uracil from ribosomal RNA. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to separate RNA into ribosomal and transfer RNA fractions. Within 90 min up to 70% of the tritium incorporated into RNA was recovered from 18 and 25 S ribosomal RNA (0.7 and 1.3 × 106 daltons). At the shoot apex, radioactivity per unit area was localized nearly 2-fold more in nuclei than in the cytoplasm and particularly in nuclei from the anneau initial (peripheral zone). At later exposure times to uracil, more radioactivity was detected in the cytoplasm and throughout the shod apex.
Observations sur deux rouilles-tumeurs du pin gris (Pinus banksiana)
Authors: Lavallee Andre , Bard Gerard
Published: July 2007

Globose gall rust (Endocronartiumharknessii) was observed mostly on branches of jack pine in three young natural stands studied in Quebec; the increase in the level of infection after a three-year-period was 1.2, 2.0, and 29.8%) of the 500 trees sampled in each of the three stations. Mortality and growth reduction was observed mostly when jack pine had galls on the trunk. Cronartiumcoleosporioides var. slalactiforme produces a fusiform canker-like gall at the base of the stems; the proportion of stems newly affected was 0.8, 1.0, and 4.8%, after three years of observation according to the station; reduction of growth by this rust fungus was not evident after three years. Other observations made on damages by squirrels, winter and drought conditions, and the presence of other cankers indicated that these can hasten the degradation of jack pine trees affected by branch or stem.
The Translocation of 14C-photoassimilate in Single Tree Progeny of White Spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss)
Authors: Ursino D. J.
Published: July 2007

Young trees from seedlots representing single tree progeny of white spruce and assessed as either fast- or slow-growing on the basis of shoot height, were allowed to photoassimilate 14CO2 and either 24 or 48 h later, the magnitude and distribution of 14C were determined. In comparison to the slow-growing plants 48 h after 14CO2 photoassimilation, the fast-growing spruce retained a higher percentage of the assimilated 14C and translocated less to the root. Differences in growth rate between the seedlots did not affect the partitioning of 14C between the 80% ethanol-soluble and -insoluble fractions.
The Differential Sensitivity of Eastern White Pine to Three Types of Air Pollution
Authors: Berry Charles R.
Published: July 2007

The possibility of selecting clones of eastern white pine (Pinusstrobus L.) with specific sensitivities to different air pollution regimes was investigated. Field screening was carried out by exposing potted seedlings to field conditions for 1 year or longer in each of three areas where a particular phytotoxicant was known to predominate. The areas were characterized by the following pollution sources and major phytotoxicants: (1) power plant, sulfur dioxide; (2) fertilizer plant, fluorides; and (3) vehicular traffic, oxidants. Selections were made of: (1) trees injured during only one season in one area; (2) trees injured during both the summer and winter, but only in one area; (3) trees resistant to air pollution in all three areas; and (4) trees sensitive to air pollution in all three areas. These selections are being propagated for use as specifically sensitive bioindicators of air pollution and as resistant lines for use in seed orchards of white pine.
The Effects of Fire Exclusion on Ponderosa Pine Communities in Glacier National Park, Montana
Authors: Lunan James S. , Habeck James R.
Published: July 2007

Ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Laws.) forest communities in Glacier National Park, Montana, were investigated to determine the effects of fire exclusion. Analysis of age data in these fire-dependent communities indicates that ponderosa pine is not reproducing itself as well as other mesophytic conifers invading these stands. In addition to these compositional changes, it was determined that fuel accumulations are greater in these park communities compared with similar wilderness area pine communities subject to more recent burning.
Observations on Identification of Pinusalbicaulis Engelm. and Pinusflexilis James Based on Needle Resin Canals
Authors: Kalgutkar R. M.
Published: July 2007

Resin canals in needles of Pinusalbicaulis and P. flexilis trees from southwestern Alberta were examined. Pinusalbicaulis needles are characterized by one ventral and two dorsal canals in contrast to those of P. flexilis which vary in the number and development of resin canals.
Aboveground Biomass of Black Spruce Stands in Subarctic Quebec
Authors: Moore T. R. , Verspoor E.
Published: July 2007

Aboveground biomass and tree density data are presented for three spruce–lichen woodland and three spruce–moss forest sites (Piceamariana dominant). Based on regressions of oven-dry weight on diameter breast height, spruce biomass values of 10 000–29 000 and 78 000–163 300 kg•ha−1 were obtained from the woodland and forest sites, respectively. Tree densities ranged from 1270 to 3080 and 4840 to 5350 per hectare for the two associations.
Dwarf mistletoe on white spruce in Sprucewoods Provincial Park, Manitoba
Authors: French D. W. , Baker F. A. , Laut John
Published: July 2007

Pure stands of white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) have been decimated by dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobiumpusillum Peck) in Sprucewoods Provincial Park. Infection ranged from 100% in some stands to 25% in stands invaded more recently. Large trees may live 40 years or longer after being infected. Trees with brooms, which previously had annual radial increments of 0.67 cm at 1.4 m, had annual increments in the last 5 years of 0.04 to 0.14 cm. White spruce less than 2 m tall were absent on all but one of the plots where the total number of seedlings decreased 20% in 2 years, and 24–27% of the surviving seedlings were infected. Dwarf mistletoe infection reduced annual height growth of infected seedlings 40% in 1977.
Seasonal changes in biomass and vertical distribution of mycorrhizal and fibrous-textured conifer fine roots in 23- and 180-year-old subalpine Abiesamabilis stands
Authors: Vogt Kristiina A. , Edmonds Robert L. , Grier Charles C.
Published: July 2007

Seasonal changes in biomass and vertical distribution of fibrous, mycorrhizal, and total conifer fine roots (≤ 2 mm) were examined in 23- and 180-year-old Pacific silver fir (Abiesamabilis (Dougl.) Forbes) ecosystems. In both stands, > 80% of fine roots was located in the upper 15 cm of the soil profile, in the forest floor (O1 and O2) and A horizon. During periods of active root growth in the young stand, significantly higher conifer root biomass occurred in the A horizon (370 to 690 g/m2) than the forest floor (200 to 350 g/m2). At all sampling times, a significantly higher biomass of conifer fine roots was located in the forest floor (550 to 1090 g/m2) than the A horizon (290 to 640 g/m2) in the old stand. In both stands, mycorrhizal roots comprised 10 to 15% of the total weight of conifer fine roots during peak root growth, 2 to 6% when roots were not growing, and 21 to 29% during the winter and early spring when roots were growing. Up to 69% of the biomass of fibrous and mycorrhizal roots was located in the forest floor in both stands.
Fertilisation azotée en forêt de pin gris (Pinusbanksiana). III. Croissance du pin gris
Authors: Camiré C. , Bernier B.
Published: July 2007

Six nitrogen fertilizers (urea, sulfur-coated urea, urea-formaldehyde, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and calcium nitrate) were individually applied, either in fall or in spring, at a rate of 224 kg N/ha and compared for their effects on growth distribution along the stem, height increase, basal area increase, and volume increase of an 18-year-old jack pine stand during 5 years after treatment. The response to nitrogen treatments was maximum the 2nd and 3rd years after fertilization and became nil in the fifth season. The distribution of growth along the stem varied with the height considered, the maximum being observed in the first 3 m aboveground. Treatments that responded best in terms of increase in basal area (2 m2/ha or 34% higher than control) and in volume (10 m3/ha or 21% higher than control) were urea and ammonium sulfate applied in fall, and ammonium nitrate applied in spring. Regression analysis on principal components revealed that growth the year before treatment and nutrient concentrations in foliage (N, P, K, Mg, Ca, and Mn) explain at least 80% of the observed growth variations on a 5-year basis.
Growth and cold hardiness of container-grown Douglas-fir, noble fir, and Sitka spruce seedlings in simulated greenhouse regimes
Authors: Owston Peyton W. , Kozlowski T. T.
Published: July 2007

Seedlings of Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Abiesprocera Rehd., and Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr. were grown for 5 months in growth rooms which simulated hot, warm, or cool growing regimes in greenhouses in western Oregon. Temperature, humidity, light intensity, and photoperiod were changed diurnally and seasonally. In all three species, maximum heights of seedlings were attained in the hot regime, whereas stem diameters were similar under the hot and warm regimes. Dry weight increment was greatest in the warm regime. The cool regime was suboptimal for all aspects of growth. Seedlings grown in the hot regime were least resistant to cold in early fall. Differences in resistance to cold of seedlings grown in the warm and cool regimes varied by species and type of damage.
Organic nitrogen interference with automated ammonium analyses
Authors: White Carleton S. , Gosz James R.
Published: July 2007

Automated analyses for inorganic NH4 N are being performed on samples of widely differing organic and inorganic composition and this causes concern about the accuracy of the inorganic NH4 N determination. An automated phenol method for determination of inorganic NH4 N was compared with the steam distillation method for analysis of KCl extracts of forest floor samples. Amino acids added to the KCl extracts were found to contribute significant positive interference to the automated method. Modification of the automated method yielded results identical to steam distillation analyses. The original method was found to overestimate inorganic NH4 N in extracts of forest floor material by 17–26%.
Effects of early cone collection and artificial ripening on white spruce and red pine germination
Authors: Winston D. A. , Haddon B. D.
Published: July 2007

Two experiments were conducted at the Petawawa National Forestry Institute, Chalk River, Ontario, in 1978 to test the feasibility of early cone collection and to determine the optimum conditions for the artificial ripening of white spruce and red pine cones. Cones were collected at periodic intervals, commencing 7 weeks before natural cone ripeness, and stored under four storage conditions and three storage periods. White spruce cones collected August 1, 4 weeks before natural seed dispersal, and stored on open, screened trays for 12 weeks at 5 °C and 75–95% relative humidity yielded seeds of high germinability. Seeds extracted from cones immediately after this collection failed to germinate. Cold storage of white spruce cones at 5 °C for as little as 4 weeks eliminated dormancy and the subsequent need for seed stratification after extraction. Good germination of red pine seeds was obtained from cones collected August 16, 7 weeks before natural seed dispersal, and stored on screened trays in a well-ventilated, unheated building, for 4 weeks.Completion of embryo growth must be attained before artificial ripening can be successfully applied; it may be used as an index for commencement of cone collections provided subsequent cone handling includes artificial ripening.
Effect of SO2 on growth and sulfur content of hybrid poplar
Authors: Biggs A. R. , Davis D. D.
Published: July 2007

Growth of hybrid poplar clone NE-388 (Populusmaximowizii Henry × trichocarpa Torr. & Gray) was significantly reduced by repeated continuous 72-h exposures to 0.12 or 0.25 ppm SO2 for 6 or 14 weeks, respectively. Both dosages of SO2 induced significant defoliation of the oldest leaves. The sulfur content of abscised foliage ranged from 0.90 to 1.70% S dry weight basis compared with control values of 0.24 to 0.32% S. These sulfur values may provide information on the role of hybrid poplar in removing pollutants from the atmosphere.
Centroid of wood density, bole eccentricity, and tree-ring width in relation to vector winds in wave forests
Authors: Robertson Alexander
Published: July 2007

Circular statistics are used to analyse directional data inherent in X-ray densitometric data that pertain to cross-sectional discs sampled from balsam fir wave forest trees at Spirity Cove, Newfoundland. The analysis concentrates on directionality of centroids of mean wood density, bole eccentricity, and tree-ring width in eight directions from the pith. The results show that the centroid of mean wood density, bole cross sections, and mean tree-ring width are significantly directional and correspond closely with the mean vector wind direction.
Releases of carbon to the atmosphere from degradation of forests in tropical Asia
Authors: Houghton R. A.
Published: July 2007

The net annual flux of carbon from south and southeast Asia as a result of changes in the area of forests was calculated for the period 1850 to 1985. The total net flux ranged from 14.4 to 24.0 Pg of carbon, depending on the estimates of biomass used in the calculations. High estimates of biomass, based on direct measurement of a few stands, and low estimates of biomass, based on volumes of merchantable wood surveyed over large areas, differ by a factor of almost 2. These and previous estimates of the release of carbon from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere have been based on changes in the area of forests, or rates of deforestation. Recent studies have shown, however, that the loss of carbon from forests in tropical Asia is greater than would be expected on the basis of deforestation alone. This loss of carbon from within forests (degradation) also releases carbon to the atmosphere when the products removed from the forest burn or decay. Thus, degradation should be included in analyses of the net flux of carbon from terrestrial ecosystems. Degradation may also explain some of the difference between estimates of tropical forest biomass if the higher estimates are based on undisturbed forests and the lower estimates are more representative of the region. The implication of degradation for estimates of the release of carbon from terrestrial ecosystems is explored. When degradation was included in the analyses, the net flux of carbon between 1850 and 1985 was 30.2 Pg of carbon, about 25% above that calculated on the basis of deforestation alone (with high estimates of biomass), and about 110% above that calculated with low estimates of biomass. Thus, lower estimates of biomass for contemporary tropical forests do not necessarily result in lower estimates of flux.
Nutrient leaching from Acerrubrum leaves by experimental acid rainfall
Authors: Potter Christopher S.
Published: July 2007

Freshly collected Acerrubrum L. leaves from a regenerating forest stand at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, North Carolina, were washed with experimental acid rainfall (pH 4.6). Nutrient leaching rates from undamaged leaves were significant for SO42−, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+, whereas NO3−-N was absorbed from rainfall. Significantly greater leaching of SO42−, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+, and significantly greater absorption of NO3−-N and NH4+-N, occurred in artificially damaged leaves than in undamaged leaves. Comparisons between leaching transfers and foliar nutrient pools showed that base cation (K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) leaching losses account for up to 25% of foliar pools, whereas absorption of NO3−-N and NH4+-N from precipitation can increase total foliar N by almost 2%. Projected growing season cation leaching losses (expressed as a percentage of foliar pools) from damaged leaves were in agreement with previously reported whole-canopy leaching fluxes based on analysis of throughfall at the field site. These results suggest that nutrient leaching losses from young, rapidly growing tree leaves are lower than previously published leaching fluxes for more mature forest stands.
Ordered and unordered multinomial response models: an application to assess loblolly pine merchantability
Authors: Arabatzis Alexandros A. , Gregoire Timothy G.
Published: July 2007

Qualitative response models constitute a class of regression models used to predict one of a discrete number of mutually exclusive outcomes. These models differ from continuous regression models in that the response variable takes only discrete values. In forestry applications, the use of such models has been largely confined to mortality studies where the dependent variable is dichotomous. However, it is common in forestry to deal with variables that are either naturally discrete or continuous but recorded discretely. Consequently, there is a need for models that are appropriate for polychotomous dependent variables. Two models that appear to be suitable for forestry applications are presented, namely the ordered and unordered multinomial models, with emphasis on their theoretical justification, statistical inference, and model selection criteria. Using permanent plot data from loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) plantations on cutover, site-prepared areas throughout the southern United States, these models were fitted to assess the merchantability of loblolly pine trees. The results demonstrate the potential of qualitative response models for meaningful implementation in a variety of forestry applications and, also, for suggested topics for future research work.