bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Adult-Neonate Synchrony during Speech and Nonspeech
Authors: Austin Ann M. Berghout , Peery J. Craig
Published: September 2011

Five neonates and two adult female interactants were videotaped and categorized as to their interactionally synchronous movements during speech and nonspeech. Although synchrony occurred during speech as well as nonspeech, it was significantly more likely to occur during periods of speech. Duration of adults' movement were significantly shorter during speech and longer during nonspeech. These findings corroborate previous suggestions that interactional synchrony between adults and infants occurs on a micro-level.
Influence of Gaze and Physical Closeness: A Delayed Effect
Authors: Tobiasen Joyce M. , Allen Andrea
Published: September 2011

The compensation process articulated in the equilibrium model of nonverbal behavior has generally been described as an immediate response to an ongoing interaction. The present investigation explored whether a compensatory response can also be delayed from one interaction to another. Subjects interacted with a confederate who gazed at them continuously, avoided gaze, or gazed about 50% of the time. Subject and confederate were then separated. The dependent measure was the distance subjects chose to sit from the confederate after they were reunited for a second interaction. Subjects in the continuous-gaze condition sat significantly farther away from the confederate than those in the natural or averted-gaze conditions. These results suggest that inappropriate nonverbal behavior by one member of a pair can affect the nonverbal approach or avoidance behaviors of the other member of the pair in a subsequent interaction.
Assessment of Apparent Length and Angle Explanations of the Poggendorff Effect
Authors: Wilson A. E.
Published: September 2011

Explanations of the Poggendorff effect were assessed by comparing the degree of angular distortion induced by modified and traditional configurations. Assimilation theory predicted that the traditional effect would be reversed in modified configurations. Analysis showed that the effect, although reduced in magnitude, was not reversed. Comparison of the degree of the effect induced by modified and traditional configurations indicated that a substantial portion of the Poggendorff effect was due to processing of areas between the long vertical lines of the display. This finding is not consistent with theories based on subjective distortion of angles. It was concluded that a theory of the Poggendorff effect must include processing of internal areas of the configuration.
Relationship between Birth Order and Reflection-Impulsivity in College Age Students
Authors: Lopez Linda C.
Published: September 2011

The Matching Familiar Figures Test (Adult Form) and questionnaire designed to elicit information dealing with birth order were administered to 6 male and 35 female undergraduates without a control for family size. Analysis showed firstborn individuals significantly more reflective than laterborn individuals.
Listeners' Identification of Human-Imitated Animal Sounds
Authors: Lass Norman J. , Eastham Sandra K. , Wright Tammie L. , Hinzman Audrey R. , Mills Karen J. , Hefferin Amy L.
Published: September 2011

To determine whether listeners can accurately identify human-imitated animal sounds, 20 speakers (10 females and 10 males) recorded their imitations of cows, cats, dogs, pigs, and sheep. These recordings were randomly arranged on a master tape and presented to 30 judges for identification. Analysis indicates that listeners can accurately identify various human-imitated animal sounds. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Lateral Differences for Person Perception: Effects of Task on Visual Processing of Handwriting
Authors: Bruyer R. , Secq K.
Published: September 2011

Sergent and Bindra suggested that identification of faces using few different stimuli engages mainly the left hemisphere and, conversely, that discrimination of faces using more stimuli engages mainly the right hemisphere. The present study examined whether this suggestion holds for the perception of handwriting which, like faces, authorizes the perception of “persons”. Normal adults were presented stimuli consisting of a word written in various hands, laterally displayed for 180 msec. Exp. 1 (identification) was conducted with 8 subjects, who were asked to identify (push-button) four different stimuli by means of an associated first name. Exp. 2 (discrimination) was conducted with 16 subjects who were asked to make same/different judgments between a central stimulus and a lateral one under three experimental conditions, normal, mirror-reversed, and inverted presentations of both members of the pair. The results suggest that the direction of asymmetry depends more on the amount of stimuli than on the task and that familiarity with the stimuli is an important variable.
Extension of Stimuli for Two-Point Tactual Discrimination: A Yes-No TSD Approach
Authors: Guyot Gary W. , Johnson Floyd D. , Weaver Collin
Published: September 2011

This study extended the two-point esthesiometer separations used previously in studies of the ability to discriminate two-points from one-point on the dorsal forearm. A yes-no signal detection (TSD) technique was employed. Analysis indicated that subjects reliably discriminate two-points from one-point on the dorsal forearm, and they show a steady increase in sensitivity from 16- to 40-mm two-point signals. In addition, the yes-no TSD approach appears to yield results similar to the fixed-base matching-TSD technique when measuring two-point tactual discrimination.
Effects of Play Contexts on Children's Production of Text
Authors: Pellegrini Anthony D. , Cramer Stephen E.
Published: September 2011

To investigate the effects of two play contexts (blocks and housekeeping) on preschoolers' production of explicit and implicit oral text 10 each at two ages, 4 and 5 yr. were tested. Children's text was coded from verbatim transcripts according to Halliday and Hasan's system. Analyses indicated that age did not affect significantly children's use of explicit or implicit language. Text did vary according to play context. Children used implicit language in the blocks context. More varied age sampling is needed.
Effects of Age, Race, Sex, and Employment Experience on Students' Perceptions of Job Applications
Authors: Fusilier Marcelline R. , Hitt Michael A.
Published: September 2011

Although a number of laws exist concerning equal employment opportunity (EEO), research suggests that discrimination still exists. Are attitudes and intentions regarding EEO compliance evolving among those who are planning managerial careers and have grown up in the era since passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964? To explore this question, the present study investigated business students' evaluations of various job applications. Specifically, students were exposed to resumes of job applicants who varied in terms of their employment experience, age, race, and sex. Analyses indicated a main effect for employment experience and two small interactions. The relationship of these perceptions to actual future behaviors was discussed. Results were also compared to those of previous studies of business students' attitudes and intentions regarding discrimination in employment.
Gödel's Arithmetization Procedure as the Basis for a Pattern Recognition System: A Nascent Theory Mapping Pattern into Number and Number into Phenomenal Experience
Authors: Brigner Willard L.
Published: September 2011

Prime numbers are used to code various dimensions of an input matrix (receptor surface), i.e., prime numbers code the position of each cell in the matrix, the position of each column and row constituted by the cells of the matrix, and the orientation of each such column or row. The coding permits any pattern or stimulus configuration to be changed into a single, unique number, viz., the serial product of the prime numbers which code the relevant dimensions of the pattern. Storage of a pattern is effected by storage of the serial product. By factoring the serial product, the pattern or stimulus configuration is analyzed into the dimensions (features) specified by the code. The factorization is also utilized in abstracting a schema, in approximating a feature count model, and in presenting a strategy for holistic vs sequential pattern processing. Finally, the relationship between the serial product representing a pattern and the phenomenal experience of a pattern is explored.
Oral-Dependent Content in Children's Rorschach Protocols
Authors: Gordon Michael , Tegtmeyer Paul F.
Published: September 2011

High frequencies of oral-dependent content on the Rorschach discriminated between groups of adults in terms of accurate social perception, interpersonal sensitivity and acquiescence. Present results suggest that such scores occur at a much lower frequency and have different interpretive significance for children's protocols than they do for records of adults. Oral-dependent responses for children appear to be more associated with various personality problems, particularly those of an internalizing nature, and appear largely unrelated to measures of social competence.
STructure of Communication and Reports of Involuntariness by Hypnotic and Nonhypnotic Subjects
Authors: Spanos Nicholas P. , De Groh Margaret
Published: September 2011

We hypothesized that phrasing a communication to move the arm as either a suggestion, a directive, or an instruction would differentially affect subjects' interpretations of the movement. 45 hypnotic and 45 non-hypnotic subjects who responded positively to a suggestion tended to describe the movement as involuntary both on open-ended questionnaires and later on an explicit involuntariness scale. Subjects given a directive to move the arm, or an instruction to reach for a pencil, rarely described their experience as involuntary on the open-ended questionnaires but sometimes rated it as involuntary on the scale. The ratings of involuntariness by subjects given suggestions seem likely to reflect interpretations made concurrently with the movement suggested. However, such ratings by subjects given directives or instructions are likely to reflect retrospective interpretations cued by the instrument used to assess subjects' experiences.
Finger Misrepresentation and Dyscalculia in an Ecological Context: Toward an Ecological (Cultural) Evolutionary Neuro-Psychiatry
Authors: Pontius Anneliese A.
Published: September 2011

A new model posits the existence of a general link between ecological (cultural) factors and post-natally evolving cognitive functions and in particular the emergence of such functions in specific clusters. Such “ecological syndromes” are characteristic of a significant portion of a cultural group and analogous to syndromes found with certain brain lesions without implying them. Presently a specific link is noted between known low skills in arithmetic and as tested here, quantitatively inaccurate pictorial (and implied mental) representation of fingers in 78% of New Guineans and 70% of Indonesians living in remote areas, while only 16% of Western European regular school children (ages 7 to 10 yr.) misrepresented the fingers in drawing a person. Previously a link between low literacy skills and inaccurate spatial relations in representing the pattern of the face was found for diverse time periods and cultural groups.
Sensory Process Instruction with Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Curley James F. , Reilly Laurence J.
Published: September 2011

To determine whether the use of a teaching method geared to an individual learner's dominant perceptual modality would increase level of learning and the efficiency with which that level was achieved on a selected learning task 60 children (8 to 12 yr. old) were divided into three groups of 20 each based upon performance on two perceptual screening procedures. In the instructional phase the subject was given information to be mastered under the following three sensory modalities, Auditory-Vocal-Motor, a Visual-Vocal-Motor, and Combination channel. A two-way analysis of variance yielded significant main effects for training in the visual and combined conditions only.
Competition Trait Anxiety in Youth Sport: Differences According to Age, Sex, Race and Playing Status
Authors: Smith Theresa
Published: September 2011

Differences in competitive trait anxiety of 80 boy and 79 girl athletes participating in team-sport competition were examined on the basis of age, sex, race, and playing status (all star and playing substitute). While data did not show differences in sport competition trait anxiety according to age, sex, or race, all star athletes had significantly lower anxiety scores than playing substitutes.
Principles of Projection: An Integrative Approach
Authors: Wagner Edwin E.
Published: September 2011

Projection is accounted for by three principles: appropriateness of the stimulus, saliency for the personality, and integrative symbolism. The critical role of the stimulus in determining the areas and levels of personality assessed is discussed. It is suggested that the radio telescope may be a better analogy than the microscope or X-ray for explaining how a projective technique works. A succinct definition of a projective technique is presented.
Developmental Perspective of the Gilles De La Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Incagnoli Theresa , Kane Robert
Published: September 2011

This paper concerned developmental perspectives of the Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome. Topics addressed included birth, developmental and family histories, and symptom picture. The neglected area of academic achievement was examined. Results of the first systematic investigation of neuropsychological functioning of Tourette children undertaken in the United States was presented. Subjects were 13 diagnosed male Tourette patients between 10 and 13 yr. of age. Parents completed the Developmental History and Tourette Syndrome Questionnaires while subjects were administered die WISOR, Wide Range Achievement Test, Bender-Gestalt, and Halstead Neuropsychological Test Battery for Children. There was no supporting evidence that pre-/postnatal trauma was significant in the etiology of the disorder. Again, evidence suggested a genetic component. Finally, academic difficulties appear related to the visuographic dysfunction noted on neuropsychological assessment.
Sensory Storage of Fragmentary Displays
Authors: Holding Dennis H. , Orenstein Howard B.
Published: September 2011

A partial-report version of the Eriksen-Collins paradigm was devised to test iconic storage. The test lay in presenting arrays of 12 partial letters, one of which was randomly chosen for completion. Additional conditions checked whether the completed letters were legible and to what extent the completion fragments were guessable. Test sequences included dark or light inter-stimulus intervals and 4 different delay times, which had no significant effects. Analysis showed that subjects were no better able to report a synthesis of the first and second fragments than to guess the letters from separate fragments. A second experiment demonstrated some integration of successive single-letter presentations, although subjects apparently do not have iconic access to full arrays of letter fragments.
Generalizability of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale Norms
Authors: Hoffman R. A. , Gellen M. I.
Published: September 2011

The reported normative data ( n = 743) for the Tennessee Self-concept Scale were applicable to black subjects but not white subjects, males, females, or various age levels.
Visual Comparison by Preschool Children: Effects of Age, Sex, and Cognitive Style
Authors: Cluskey Kathleen A. Mc , Wright John C. , Papini Dennis R.
Published: September 2011

Differences in visual scanning by reflective and impulsive children can be detected as young as 3 years of age. Such differences are indicative of differences in information. Such differences emerge rapidly between the ages of 3 and 5 years, and females and reflective males develop faster than impulsive males.
XXX. Paths Open to Us
Authors: Bartley S. Howard
Published: September 2011

Life has held two choices—excitement, motor activity and interplay with Nature, or quiet, peace and even apathy. Sidestepping these has led to eroticism or to ways to stop thought processes and sensation.
Training Creativity of Children Assessed by the Obscure Figures Test
Authors: Furze Cynthia T. , Tyler Jeanne G. , Reynolds Paul Mc
Published: September 2011

A modified version of the Obscure Figures Test was administered to 287 children in Grades 4 and 5 in one of four 2-wk. creativity training programs. Participating children significantly increased their scores relative to those of controls. Implications for understanding creativity and for utility of the test are discussed.
Dynamic Balance of Learning Disabled and Nondisabled Children
Authors: Cinelli Bethan , Depaepe James L.
Published: September 2011

This investigation assessed a difference in the dynamic balance abilities of 30 learning disabled and 30 nondisabled children of elementary-school age. Only distance traveled across the beam, a novel task, was signifcantly different between groups; no other effects were significant. Nondisabled subjects traveled further across the beam before losing balance than learning disabled children.
Sex Differences in Cognitive Strategic Preference among Medical Students
Authors: Caplan Bruce
Published: September 2011

The cognitive strategic preferences of first-year medical students (42 men and 31 women) were assessed using the Word-Shape Sorting Test, on which subjects may adopt a verbal or visuospatial approach to problem-solving. 24 (77%) women, but only 25 (60%) men, exhibited a clear preference for a particular information-processing strategy. Some factors contributing to confusion in the literature on cognitive style are discussed.
Comparisons of Four Psychomotor Tasks: Grade and Sex of Elementary School Children
Authors: Ruffer William A.
Published: September 2011

Children in Grades 1 through 6 ( N = 1,183) were tested on either a simple reaction time, pursuit rotor, hand tapping, or arm-hand steadiness task. The results, which provide normative data, show that all four tasks are grade (age) dependent; subjects in higher grades performed better than those in lower grades. Reaction time was sex-dependent; the boys scored better than the girls. Arm-hand steadiness was also sex dependent; the girls scored better than the boys. No interaction of sex × grade was noted on any task.
Embedded-Figures Test Performance and Self-Concept of Elementary School Children
Authors: Guyot Gary W. , Fairchild Louis , Johnson Brad
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between Embedded Figures Test and Piers-Harris Self-concept scores for 160 boys and 169 girls in Grades 4 through 6. Field-independent girls had significantly higher self-concept scores than field-dependent girls. However, there was no significant difference between the self-concept scores of the field-independent and field-dependent boys.
Consistent Reproduction of Movement Sequences during Acquisition of a Pursuit Tracking Task
Authors: Franks Ian M. , Wilberg Robert B.
Published: September 2011

A pursuit tracking task is used as a vehicle to investigate the manner in which response consistency is affected by practice. Detailed examination of movement patterns shows that subjects can reproduce the mid-phase of a movement relatively consistently while the accelerative and decelerative phases of the movement remain highly variable. The findings are discussed with reference to Sparrow's 1983 concept of efficiency in conjunction with Norman and Shallice's 1980 model of automated action.
Effects of Dance on Anxiety
Authors: Lesté Andre , Rust John
Published: September 2011

The study investigated the effects of modern dance on anxiety. State anxiety was assessed before and after a 3-mo. education programme, using the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The target group followed a class in modern dance. Control groups were (1) a physical education group to control for the effects of exercise, (2) a music group to control for aesthetic sensitivity training, and (3) a mathematics group. Several concomitant variables were measured: age, sex, attitude towards dance, and previous experience in sport, dance, and relaxation. Dance training significantly reduced anxiety, but no control activities did so. Examination of the concomitant variables showed that the result could not be accounted for by any obvious artifacts.
An Assessment of Two Domains for Predicting Achievement
Authors: Dziuban Charles D. , Miller A. Jeanne
Published: September 2011

Achievement and developmental domain test scores of 226 pupils in Grade 3 were used to predict scholastic performance. The developmental scores added significantly to predictability afforded by the achievement tests alone. Consideration for the use of both domains was urged.
Perceptual Learning from Counseling Exercises
Authors: Peterson-Cooney Lorrie
Published: September 2011

Processes implied in two aspects of perception are identified as related sources for perceptual learning from counseling exercises. Using these processes as technique is then clarified. Three examples of counseling exercises are given.
Geophysical Variables and Human Behavior: XVI. Some Criticisms
Authors: Rutkowski Chris A.
Published: September 2011

Recent statistical studies suggesting that numbers of UFO reports are related to geophysical phenomena are examined. It is argued that the studies have used inadequate data and that the physical interpretation of the studies needs closer examination.
Distant Transfer in Coincident Timing as a Function of Variability of Practice
Authors: Catalano John F. , Kleiner Brian M.
Published: September 2011

An assumption of Schmidt's schema theory is that variable practice will enhance the development of schema which will in turn facilitate transfer to situations requiring novel responses. This assumption has been supported in research with both open and closed tasks as defined by Poulton. In an open task-study the novel response was within the range of responses previously experienced by subjects. The present study using an open task concerned whether acquisition of novel responses outside the range of the subjects' past experience would be facilitated by variability of practice. The results confirmed schema theory. Subjects with variable practice showed greater transfer to a novel speed outside the range of training than subjects trained under constant practice. A generalization gradient was obtained. Further the novel conditions were from training conditions, the poorer the transfer appeared to be. However, generalization decrement was attenuated with variable practice.
Contribution of Sex-Differentiated Experiences to Spatial and Mechanical Reasoning Abilities
Authors: Lunneborg Clifford E. , Lunneborg Patricia W.
Published: September 2011

For 137 women and 115 men first-year college students tested spatial visualization and mechanical reasoning were most strongly correlated with four everyday spatial abilities—understanding mathematics/science and graphs/charts, drafting and drawing things, and arranging objects. Despite greater practice on only 2 of 10 activities, men uniformly judged they had significantly better spatial ability compared to their same-gender peers than did the women.
Strength and Anthropometric Characteristics of Selected Offensive and Defensive University-Level Football Players
Authors: Daniel Michael L. , Brown Barry S. , Gorman Dean
Published: September 2011

Prediction of football-playing ability from several tests of power and anthropometric measures and a prediction of body fat from several skinfold sites was determined among university-level football players. Success in football ability, determined from the coach's rating, correlated highly with skinfolds, % body fat, and a few power measures. Skinfold estimates of body fat can be accurately assessed ( r = .92) from two sites, iliac crest and cheek. Football teams would benefit from periodic “in-season” and “offseason” checks on body fat to ensure compliance to a year-long training program.
The Objectives-Based Motor-Skill Assessment Instrument: Validation of Instructional Sensitivity
Authors: Ulrich Dale A. , Ulrich Beverly D.
Published: September 2011

To validate the instructional sensitivity of the Objectives-based Motor-skill Assessment Instrument 34 preschoolers aged 30 to 65 mo. were randomly assigned to a group who received formal motor-skill instruction or one who received supervised free play for 30 min. three times weekly for 10 wk. This test was administered before and after 10 wk. according to standardized procedures. A one-way analysis of covariance was applied to the total-test score to examine the effect of training, using the pretest data as the covariate. When the differences attributed to pretest scores were partialled out, there were significant between-group differences in posttest scores favoring the instructed group. This result supports the claim by the test developer that the test can be used to evaluate the success of fundamental training programs for gross motor skill.
Individual Differences in Evaluation of Architectural Colour: Categorization Effects
Authors: Whitfield Allan
Published: September 2011

144 subjects ranked 9 colour samples in order of appropriateness for the walls of a simulated domestic interior furnished in one of 3 styles. Inter-subject agreement varied as a function of sex and marital status, with indications of an interaction between these variables. No age-related effects were observed. The results are interpreted in terms of a categorization model.
Reliability of an Attention-Assessing Technique
Authors: Craver H. W.
Published: September 2011

The reliability of an attention-focusing technique was assessed for 12 subjects over 4 sessions. Subjects' thought intrusions were counted while they were focusing on either visual or auditory stimuli. Digital temperatures were recorded and an experimental-situation questionnaire was administered. This technique provides extremely reliable self-reports across the sessions. The total number of intrusions was higher for the auditory stimulus than for the visual stimulus. The study's relevance to assessing self-monitoring techniques such as meditation is discussed.
Cognitive Processing Capacity and Heart Rate in Recognition Memory for Numbers and Random Shapes
Authors: Kribbs Nancy Barone , Shaffer Joseph I. , Muswick Gary
Published: September 2011

Heart rate was measured in 30 men during a recognition-memory task using both numbers and random shapes as stimuli. Findings for the number, but not the shape material, provided support for the hypothesis that availability of cognitive processing capacity is reflected by heart rate. This was considered an indication of separate cognitive processors.
Specific Stimulus-Evoked Violent Action in Psychotic Trigger Reaction: A Seizure-like Imbalance between Frontal Lobe and Limbic Systems?
Authors: Pontius Anneliese A.
Published: September 2011

A recently proposed diagnostic class, psychotic trigger reaction, is deduced from careful clinical studies of eight white men, who upon a very specific trigger stimulus committed murder or attempted to (and in one case also rape). The new class is defined as a sudden ego-alien, motiveless (at least with respect to aggression), motor-wise well organized, violent complex action without emotional concomitants. The action is evoked (not provoked) by an individually unique stimulus within a specific context reviving repeated past traumatic experience. Typically there is no (significant) loss of consciousness and practically full recall. Observed are first-time hallucinations (visual, auditory, tactile, somesthetic, but not olfactory as in temporal lobe epilepsy) and signs of imbalance in the autonomic nervous system (loss of bladder control, ejaculation, profuse sweating, nausea). Only four of these men had previous psychiatric diagnoses (and then various ones) or abnormal EEGs at some time in their lives. Variety in prior diagnoses would be consistent with a seizure-like disorder, here specifically implicating an imbalance in functioning between limbic and frontal lobe systems. Clinical tests for the latter were prevailingly indicative of dysfunctioning. A detailed clinical analysis of the violent acts within their context suggests behaviors are analogous to certain limbic system mechanisms, especially the kindling phenomenon.
A Critical Examination of Use of Non-Parametric Statistics in the Journal of Counseling Psychology
Authors: Jenkins Stephen J. , Fuqua Dale R. , Froehle Thomas C.
Published: September 2011

An analysis of 1698 empirical articles published in the Journal of Counseling Psychology since 1954 was performed to provide an examination of the patterns of use of non-parametric statistical procedures. Analysis indicated that non-parametric procedures have not been as widely used as parametric procedures. It was also evident that the use of non-parametric procedures has steadily declined over time. The question of the appropriateness of the domination of parametric procedures emerges.
Cerebral Specialization and Hemispheric Performance Asymmetries in Narrative Memory
Authors: Wingfield Arthur , Milstein Glen , Blumberg Mark
Published: September 2011

Data on cerebral specialization derived from studies of human head-injuries have long implicated the left hemisphere's critical role in speech processing and verbal memory. We report a relatively simple paradigm which demonstrates an analogous asymmetry in narrative recall performance in normal subjects when either one hemisphere or the other is concurrently engaged with control of a secondary motor task. Caution in generalizing these data to performance asymmetries in brain-injured patients is nevertheless required.
Illusional Effects of Spatial Distance between Focal and Contextual Parts of a Modified Müller-Lyer Figure
Authors: Kolbert Joachim , Sarris Viktor
Published: September 2011

Visual integration of spatially separated stimuli was studied in a modified Müller-Lyer illusional pattern by varying the distance between the shaft and the contextual lines. Using the method of constant stimuli, the data from 265 participants indicated a significant inverted-U trend which is contrary to previously reported findings.
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements in Normal and Dyslexic Children
Authors: Black J. L. , Collins D. W. K. , De Roach J. N. , Zubrick S. R.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes a detailed study of horizontal eye movements associated with visual tracking of a smoothly moving target. Essentially all children, even at target velocities as low as 5°/sec., show some saccadic eye movements superimposed on smooth tracking movements. Detailed analysis of pursuit eye-movements from a group of 26 poor readers and 34 normal controls (8 to 13 yr.) showed that about 25% of poor readers have an abnormally raised saccadic component in smooth pursuit. This suggests that studies of eye movements during tracking of smoothly moving targets at low velocity, combined with a quantitative approach to data analysis, may be useful for early detection of a significant proportion of poor-reading children.
Personality, Hypnotic Susceptibility and EEG Responses: Preliminary Study
Authors: De Pascalis Vilfredo , Imperiali Maria G.
Published: September 2011

22 men and women, students in psychology, were given the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, also percent theta, alpha and beta EEG spectral powers were evaluated during an hypnotic induction induced according to Barber's method. The EEG performance was compared with two baseline eyes-open, eyes-closed conditions and with a neutral control situation of listening to a weather report. No relation was found between Extraversion-Introversion scores and scores on the Barber Suggestibility Scale. The difference in EEG powers was nonsignificant for groups high and low in suggestibility, while a significant interaction was found for eyes open or closed × suggestibility groups when extreme scores of Extraversion-Introversion and Neuroticism were considered according to Eysenck's (1966) method. The right theta power of the stable extraverts and neurotic introverts, high in susceptibility in eyes-open condition was higher than the neurotic extraverts, and stable introverts who were low in susceptibility to hypnosis. The right theta power of the neurotic extraverts and stable introverts who were low in susceptibility to hypnosis showed a tendency to increase in eyes-closed conditions, while an opposite observation was made for the stable extraverts and neurotic introverts, subjects who were high in susceptibility. It is interesting to notice, according to Galbraith, et al. (1970) that it was the eyes-open condition which yielded the best EEG predictor of hypnotic susceptibility.
Reading between the Lines: Personality Correlates of Graffiti Writing
Authors: Schwartz Marc J. , Dovidio John F.
Published: September 2011

Because private graffiti can be an effective way of communicating unconventional attitudes anonymously and in a manner that allows the writer to avoid negative sanctions, it was hypothesized that graffitists would be more creative and more externally-oriented in their locus of control and would describe graffiti less negatively than would non-graffitists. Subjects were assigned to graffitist and non-graffitist conditions on the basis of their self-report. All three of the hypotheses were supported. Graffitists were more creative and external than were non-graffitists. In addition, graffitists evaluated graffiti neutrally whereas non-graffitists described graffiti negatively. These results suggest that writing graffiti is not an arbitrary, destructive act but rather a purposeful behavior through which individuals may express themselves.
Assessment of Eye Dominance through Response Time
Authors: Metalis Spero A. , Niemiec Andrew J.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the effectiveness of a new technique for the assessment of eye dominance. 41 undergraduates of both sexes completed the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory, as well as two conventional performance indexes of eye dominance. Then each subject was positioned before the video monitor of a microcomputer and asked to view the monitor through a device that presented a different area of the monitor screen to each eye. In these two screen areas the digits 0 through 9 were randomly presented. Within every three trials the first two trials presented a digit to both eyes, and on the third trial a digit was presented to both eyes or to only one eye. There were 20 presentations of each kind: to both eyes, right eye, or left eye. The subject indicated whether the viewed digit was larger than or less than 4.5. This cognitive decision task was a constant in all trials. Analyses were performed on the third-trial response times, specifically, on the response time using right eye minus response time using left eye. For right-eyed people this was a positive number. As predicted, handedness, as assessed by the Edinburgh instrument, was significantly correlated with eyedness, as assessed by the response time procedure. The two conventional indexes of eyedness were also correlated with eyedness as assessed by the response time procedure. This procedure, then, provides a cardinal-scale measurement of degree of eye dominance.
Emotion: A Classification of Current Literature
Authors: Whissell Cynthia M.
Published: September 2011

337 abstracts listed in a computer search of the Psychological Abstracts for January 1979 to February 1983 as instances of the descriptor “emotion” were analyzed in terms of source, type, length, and content of the document abstracted. Relatively large numbers of abstracts of dissertations (22%) and foreign-language documents (11%) were noted. Content was analyzed in 11 categories based on the history of the area (Psychoanalysis, Physiology, Cognition, Learning, Development, Structure, Pathology, Comparative, Communication, Personality, and Attribution). The category of Pathology contained the largest number of documents (25%) and the Comparative category, the smallest (2%). Samples of the literature in each category are presented, and problems inherent in any unique definition of “emotion” are discussed.
The Conceptual and Mathematical Unity of Analysis of Variance, Simple Correlation, and Multiple Regression
Authors: Pirot Michael , Lustig Stephen D.
Published: September 2011

Analysis of variance, simple correlation, and multiple regression, though ordinarily construed as distinctly different statistical strategies, are demonstrated to be mathematically equivalent, insofar as each method arrives at the same variance accounted for. Conceptually, the three methods are only different procedures to divide the same total variation among a set of observations. As a practical matter, the methods differ in their suitability to analyze data formatted in a particular manner. Underlying these approaches and many of the statistics used in the behavioral sciences is the general linear model, which means that data are organized in a linear fashion. A linear rule is the most parsimonious reduction of complex data but at the same time tends to ignore information not predicted by the rule.
Revision of the Tent Series of the Children's Embedded Figures Test: A Possible Predictor of Early Reading Achievement
Authors: Burlingame Kenneth , Eliot John , Hardy Robert Charles
Published: September 2011

A shortened version of the Tent series of the Children's Embedded Figures Test is proposed as a possible predictor of early reading achievement.
Effects of Social Influences and Waiting on Time Judgment
Authors: Ahmadi Kate S.
Published: September 2011

Utilizing social judgment theory, the relationships of three social cues to time judgment under low physical temporal-cue conditions were explored. These social influences were as follows: being free to interact with another person, being told by the experimenter to expect to wait a specified period of time, and seeing another person's time judgment. 72 college students, randomly assigned to conditions of free social interaction (alone-interactive) and of waiting expectancy (expected-unexpected), made time estimates after 4 min., 7 sec. Each person under interactive conditions made another judgment after seeing a partner's judgment. Mean estimation was lower alone than under interactive conditions and lower under expected than unexpected waiting conditions. Under interactive conditions, correlations were positive between the individual's first and second judgments, between the partners' second judgments, and between the individual's second and the partner's first judgments. Social cues may influence time judgment.
Reported Visual Imagery for Faces and Facial Recognition Memory
Authors: Mc Kelvie Stuart J.
Published: September 2011

Data from several studies of college students yielded moderate correlations among faces recognition scores (ratings, answers to questions), but association between visual imagery and recognition memory for faces was small to medium. Women reported more vivid and better controlled visual imagery for faces than men.
Color Preference and Stimulation Seeking
Authors: Nelson J. Gordon , Pelech Marc T. , Foster Stephen F.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that seekers of high stimulation would prefer the color red and seekers of low stimulation would prefer the color blue was investigated with 170 adolescents. High to low stimulation-seeking was assessed with the Sensation Seeking Scale, red and blue stimulus colors were presented to the subjects and a preference response elicited. Both boys and girls who scored high on the Sensation Seeking Scale preferred the color red and those who scored low preferred the color blue. This provides further construct validity for the Sensation Seeking Scale and supports current theoretical underpinnings in the area of control and stimulation-seeking.
A Portable Method for Analysing Time-Series Data in Clinical Practice
Authors: Stanley Brian
Published: September 2011

A simplified method of time-series analysis (Young's C statistic) which is appropriate for assessing trends in clinical/applied data is described. The statistic is easily programed into Hewlett Packard HP41CV calculator whose non-volatile memory, magnetic card reader, and printer together provide a convenient and portable method of analysing time-series data in clinical situations. Other programs should be easily accomplished.
American and Swedish Children's Apprehension about Communication: A Comparative Study
Authors: Watson Arden K. , Monroe Eula E. , Atterstrom Hans
Published: September 2011

Apprehension about communication is the fear of avoidance of verbal interaction which results in shyness, timidity, or reticence. Little is known about the effects of culture on apprehension about communication, especially in children. This study compared amounts of apprehension about communication among 5- to 11-yr.-old boys and girls in the USA (N = 369) and Sweden (N = 406). Significant differences in apprehension about communication as measured by the Personal Report of Communication Fear were found for American and Swedish subjects; the Swedish students over-all showed more apprehension.
Laughter as a Function of Audience Size, Sex of the Audience, and Segments of the Short Film “Duck Soup”
Authors: Butcher Jennifer , Whissell Cynthia
Published: September 2011

96 subjects formed 18 “audiences,” nine composed entirely of men and nine entirely of women. Audiences were composed of either 2, 4, or 10 subjects, and were instructed to view the short film “Duck Soup.” Data reflecting the frequency, amplitude, and duration of laughter were obtained for each of three segments of the film by passing taped laughter through a sound-level recording device. Results of three 2 (sexes) × 3 (size of audience) × 3 (segments of the film) analyses of variance indicate that the largest audience was responsible for the most responding on all measures and that the last segment of the film was also associated with more responding than the middle segment. No sex differences were observed in any analysis, and no interactions were significant. Results are discussed in terms of the facilitation of laughter by size of audience, the nature of comedy, and the non-artifactual nature of high scores.
Gender and Deviance in 1972 Data
Authors: Rowe Alan R.
Published: September 2011

Self-reported likelihood of committing nine deviant acts were analyzed for differences between men and women. Data gathered in a 1972 survey of the population aged 15 yr. and over in New Jersey, Iowa, and Oregon were used and are still considered representative. The sample of 1993 was selected by area probability techniques combined with random selection of respondents within each sampled household. One-hour interviews were conducted by professional interviewers representing National Analysts, Inc. Analysis shows that for each of the nine deviant acts more men indicate a propensity to deviate.
Paired-Associate Learning as a Function of Age and Mode of Presentation
Authors: Godley Robert M. , Estes Robert E. , Fournet Glenn P.
Published: September 2011

Researchers have continued to echo McGeoch and Irion's (1952) statement concerning the superiority of the auditory modality for young children and the visual modality for older children in paired-associate learning despite conflicting results. In the present study, in which the performance of second and fifth grade children on a paired-associate task under 6 different modes of presentation was compared, mode of presentation did not vary as a function of age. The picture/sound combined condition was superior to the sound and printed/spoken-word conditions but provided no advantage over the picture condition alone. No significant differences were found among the printed-word, spoken-word, and combined printed/spoken-word conditions. Difficulties in making comparisons among studies because methods differed and implications for further research were discussed.
Masculinity-Femininity and Perceptual Style on the Circles Test
Authors: Zétényi Tamás , Lukécs Dénes
Published: September 2011

In relation to the open perceptual style characteristics a classification of responses to the Torrance's Circles Test provided a measure of psychosexual identification. To the initial stimulus inner-spaced and outer-spaced responses can be interpreted as feminine and masculine styles of information processing. The observations were validated by the Mf scale of the MMPI. Masculine women gave fewer inner-space responses than masculine men, and feminine men gave more inner-space responses than feminine women.
Dreaming and Hypnotic Susceptibility: A Pilot Study
Authors: Gibson H. B.
Published: September 2011

Previous experimental work has indicated that certain stable personality characteristics are reliably associated with differential susceptibility to hypnosis. It is suggested that people who are more susceptible will be characterized by an awareness of dreaming more frequently, vividly and creatively. This study describes the construction of a Dream Questionnaire and the relations of the scores obtained on it to scores previously obtained on the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility. Sex differences were noted in response to the questionnaire. For women, a global score was derived from the questionnaire, and this was positively and significantly associated with hypnotic susceptibility. Men responded rather differently to the questionnaire and as hypnotic susceptibility scores were available for only a more limited number, further analysis was postponed until more data from men may become available. Some suggestions for research are discussed, and the relations between sleep research and hypnosis research are briefly considered.
Effects of Orienting Instructions, Monetary Incentives, and Sex of Listeners on Listening Comprehension
Authors: Sewell Edward H.
Published: September 2011

The study investigated the effects of orienting instructions, monetary incentives, and sex of the listener on performance on a test of listening comprehension. Neither orienting instructions nor monetary incentives resulted in significant differences, but undergraduate men ( n = 64) scored significantly higher than the women ( n = 56) on the listening comprehension test.
Exner's Four Square: Useful Index in Appraisal of Learning Disability?
Authors: Scott Ralph S.
Published: September 2011

Rorschach protocols, focusing on Exner's Four Square, were obtained for 14 boys who had been referred for a second opinion following an initial diagnosis as learning disabled. The findings indicated wide diversity, suggesting that a significant proportion of students manifest fundamental problems which are not essentially cognitive in nature. For these students, traditional psychoeducational decisions may be inappropriate and unproductive.
Physical Training and Personality Factors as Predictors of Marathon Time and Training Injury
Authors: McKelvie Stuart J. , Valliant Paul M. , Asu Marjatta E.
Published: September 2011

On the basis of surveys completed by 105 male participants in a popular marathon, a multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify the variables contributing significantly to the prediction of final time. Overall prediction was successful, with R = .896, and training pace was the most important factor in the equation, speedier workouts being associated with faster marathon times. Final time was also related positively to best 10-km race time in the previous 12 mo. and repression-sensitization (faster runners being more sensitized), and negatively to maximum number of training miles in a single week, number of previous marathons completed, and number of days of training lost through illness or injury. Contrary to expectations, locus of control was not related to final time. Only 27% of the runners had lost training time through injury, but a discriminant analysis showed that, compared to those who had avoided this problem, the injured were younger, rested less, ran less in the week prior to the marathon, ran a slightly longer long run but ran it earlier before the race, and ran fewer runs of 20 miles or more. It is suggested that researchers should study the repression-sensitization variable and investigate injury in runners preparing for a marathon.