bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Classical spin systems
Authors: Boudreau Joseph F. , Swanson Eric S.
Published: February 2018

The thermodynamic properties of spin systems are evaluated with Monte Carlo methods. A review of classical thermodynamics is followed by a discussion of critical exponents. The Monte Carlo method is then applied to the two-dimensional Ising model with the goal of determining the phase diagram for magnetization. Boundary conditions, the reweighting method, autocorrelation, and critical slowing down are all explored. Cluster algorithms for overcoming critical slowing down are developed next and shown to dramatically reduce autocorrelation. A variety of spin systems that illustrate first, second, and infinite order (topological) phase transitions are explored. Finally, applications to random systems called spin glasses and to neural networks are briefly reviewed.
Quantum mechanics II–many body systems
Authors: Boudreau Joseph F. , Swanson Eric S.
Published: February 2018

Chapter 23 develops formalism relevant to atomic and molecular electronic structure. A review of the product Ansatz, the Slater determinant, and atomic configurations is followed by applications to small atoms. Then the self-consistent Hartree-Fock method is introduced and applied to larger atoms. Molecular structure is addressed by introducing an adiabatic separation of scales and the construction of molecular orbitals. The use of specialized bases for molecular computations is also discussed. Density functional theory and its application to complicated molecules is introduced and the local density approximation and the Kohn-Sham procedure for solving the functional equations are explained. Techniques for moving beyond the local density approximation are briefly reviewed.
Quantum field theory
Authors: Boudreau Joseph F. , Swanson Eric S.
Published: February 2018

Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques are developed to compute properties of a variety of quantum field theories. The method is introduced with a simple scalar field theory and used to evaluate the particle spectrum and phase diagram for parity symmetry breaking. The technique of micorcanonical updating is introduced to increase efficiency. The important topic of gauge theory is then introduced via the gauged Z2 model. Development of the gauge theory formalism continues with Abelian gauge theory in two dimensions. The interaction between static charges is computed and compared to the exact result. The string tension in nonableian SU(2) gauge theory is explored with the aid of the renormalization group, which gives an entrée to a discussion of the Higgs mechanism. Finally, the formalism for including fermions is briefly reviewed.
The European Court of Justice and the Policy Process
Authors: Schmidt Susanne K.
Published: February 2018

The European Court of Justice is one of the most important actors in the process of European integration. Political science still struggles to understand its significance, with recent scholarship emphasizing how closely rulings reflect member states’ preferences. In this book, I argue that the implications of the supremacy and direct effect of the EU law have still been overlooked. As it constitutionalizes an intergovernmental treaty, the European Union has a detailed set of policies inscribed into its constitution that are extensively shaped by the Court’s case law. If rulings have constitutional status, their impact is considerable, even if the Court only occasionally diverts from member states’ preferences. By focusing on the four freedoms of goods, services, persons, and capital, as well as citizenship rights, the book analyses how the Court’s development of case law has ascribed a broad meaning to these freedoms. The constitutional status of this case law constrains policymaking at the European and member-state levels. Different case studies show how major pieces of EU legislation cannot move beyond case law but have to codify its principles. Judicialization is important in the EU. It also directly constrains member-state policies. Court rulings oriented towards individual disputes are difficult to translate into general policies, and into administrative practices. Policy options are thereby withdrawn from majoritarian decision-making. As the Court cannot be overruled, short of a Treaty change, its case law casts a long shadow over policymaking in the European Union and its member states, undermining the legitimacy of this political order.
Reaching Beyond the Market into State Responsibilities
Authors: Schmidt Susanne K.
Published: February 2018

Chapter 5 addresses policies that are more sensitive to sovereignty. The Citizenship Directive and the Patient Mobility Directive were both highly influenced by case-law development, although member states have largely reserved the right to define citizenship and the shape of their welfare states. The Court, however, consistently holds that member states have to respect the four freedoms also in areas of exclusive competence. Neither did existing secondary law inhibit the Court from partly designing an alternative policy. Regulation through case law is susceptible to creating inequalities, as it is difficult for private actors to understand. By codifying case law, member states wanted to signal their preferences to the Court. However, existing case law does not guarantee the necessary majorities for a common policy. Corporate tax policy is an example of an area where there is a lack of agreement in the face of a great deal of case law.
Introduction
Authors: Webster Wendy
Published: February 2018

In 2015, a display opened at Imperial War Museum North, telling the story of people who arrived in Britain during the Second World War—chiefly from continental Europe, America and the British Empire—and of what happened to them when the war was over.1 A museum visitor commented, ‘People post-war wanted Polish fighters to leave despite the help we were given—sad reflection of “Brexit Britain” ’. The comment was prompted by a panel in the display on Polish soldiers and airmen. Many were in Britain during the Second World War and lost their lives fighting alongside British forces. But when a Gallup Poll was held in Britain in June 1946, asking people whether they agreed with a government decision to allow Poles who wanted to remain in Britain to do so, more than half answered ‘no’....
Allies
Authors: Webster Wendy
Published: February 2018

From 1941, the image of an ‘allies war’ in the British media expanded to include many new allies and emphasized inter-allied friendship and solidarity, with occasional conflict—often due to misunderstandings—easily resolved. Outside the world of propaganda, mixing in Britain produced many close transnational friendships and mutual respect in the wider community of allies, as well as the imperial community. But mixing did not always bring people together. There was also considerable inter-allied antagonism and violence. In wartime propaganda, some allies were more visible than others. Men in uniform were highly visible and fighting men enjoyed much popular approval—although with many reservations in the case of white Americans. Allied women in Britain were largely invisible. Accusations levelled against Jews placed them outside the idea of an allied community making a common effort and Jews were also increasingly excluded from the media’s vision of an allied community after 1942.
Getting Over Athens
Authors: Wiater Nicolas
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines the ambivalent image of Classical Athens in Dionysius of Halicarnassus’ Roman Antiquities. This image reflects a deep-seated ambiguity of Dionysius’ Classicist ideology: on the one hand, there is no question for Dionysius that Athenocentric Hellenicity failed, and that the Roman empire has superseded Athens’ role once and for all as the political and cultural centre of the oikoumene. On the other, Dionysius accepted Rome’s supremacy as legitimate partly because he believed (and wanted his readers to believe) her to be the legitimate heir of Classical Athens and Classical Athenian civic ideology. As a result, Dionysius develops a new model of Hellenicity for Roman Greeks loyal to the new political and cultural centre of Rome. This new model of Greek identity incorporates and builds on Classical Athenian ideals, institutions, and culture, but also supersedes them.
Standing up to the Demos
Authors: Erskine Andrew
Published: February 2018

Plutarch wrote twenty-three Greek Lives in his series of Parallel Lives—of these, ten were devoted to Athenians. Since Plutarch shared the hostile view of democracy of Polybius and other Hellenistic Greeks, this Athenian preponderance could have been a problem for him. But Plutarch uses these men’s handling of the democracy and especially the demos as a way of gaining insight into the character and capability of his protagonists. This chapter reviews Plutarch’s attitude to Athenian democracy and examines the way a statesman’s character is illuminated by his interaction with the demos. It also considers what it was about Phocion that so appealed to Plutarch, first by looking at his relationship with the democracy and then at the way he evokes the memory of Socrates. For him this was not a minor figure, but a man whose life was representative of the problems of Athenian democracy.
Sensible Qualities and Secondary Qualities in the First Dialogue
Authors: Downing Lisa
Published: February 2018

By focusing on the First Dialogue’s use of ‘sensible quality’ rather than ‘idea’, we can draw out some important morals that allow us to better appreciate its actual accomplishments. Whereas the Principles is an attack on materialist mechanism primarily via its representative theory of perception, the First Dialogue is an attack on materialist mechanism primarily via its primary/secondary-quality distinction. Viewing the First Dialogue in this light allows us to see it as more effective and insightful than we otherwise might, although it also requires us to acknowledge that Hylas is never as philosophically naïve as Berkeley sometimes seems to suggest.
Scribes in Private Letter Writing
Authors: Halla-aho Hilla
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines the role of scribes in private letters from Roman Egypt. The role of the scribe here refers to the scribe’s activity in producing the linguistic form of the letter. Most private letters in Roman Egypt were not written by their senders, but by a scribe (usually not professional) to whom the sender dictated his message. It is pointed out that on the levels of orthography, phonology, and morphology, we see predominantly the output of the scribe. Concerning syntax, it is possible to distinguish two types of scribal behaviour: first, reproducing the author’s message in the forms it was dictated to the scribe, and secondly, composing the letter text more or less independently. Reproducing the author’s syntax appears to have been the normal practice, but in certain occasions linguistic comparison provides clear evidence that a competent scribe took care of the final wording on behalf of the author.
Letters from High to Low in the Graeco-Roman Period
Authors: Clarysse Willy
Published: February 2018

In this chapter, papyrus letters sent from superiors to their inferiors are studied on the basis of test cases ranging across the Graeco-Roman period in Egypt, from the third century BCE to the third century CE. This correspondence is drawn from four archival groups of texts: the archive of Zenon; the letters of L. Bellienus Gemellus and the letters of the sons of Patron; and the Heroninus archive. The letters are usually short, full of imperatives, and characterized by the absence of philophronetic formulae. Recurrent themes of the correspondence are urgency, rebukes, orders, and interdictions, and there is an almost total lack of polite phrases.
Greek or Coptic? Scribal Decisions in Eighth-Century Egypt (Thebes)
Authors: Cromwell Jennifer
Published: February 2018

This chapter focuses on the scribes who produced legal documents in the village of Djeme (western Thebes) in the eighth century CE. One specific formulaic component is used as the key case study to examine the degree of variation found between these writers. Scribes can be grouped together based not only on their use of this formula, but in conjunction with their palaeography and orthography. Variation between these features was not arbitrary, but was influenced by the professional networks (‘text communities’) within which they worked. The use of particular formulae was not necessarily a personal one, but reflects the type of training that each person received. In this, the practice of using two scripts for the use of different languages is key, highlighting the importance of extralinguistic elements when considering variation.
The Artist and the Institution
Authors: Gover K. E.
Published: February 2018

This chapter analyzes the lawsuit between the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art (Mass MoCA) and Christoph Büchel in terms of my dual-intention theory of authorship. The Mass MoCA case represents a significant challenge to the widespread art world intuition that the creative freedom of the artist should be given virtually absolute precedence in decisions about the creation, exhibition, and treatment of artworks. The chapter argues that this view is incorrect: respect for the artist’s moral rights does not require deferring to the artist’s wishes in every case. It shows that the distinction between artifactual ownership and artistic ownership that underlies the notion of artistic moral rights also serves to establish limits on those rights.
Conclusion
Authors: Gover K. E.
Published: February 2018

The challenges to artistic authority by contemporary art practice have certainly enlarged our sense of what kinds of things count as artworks, and by extension they have altered our sense of who artists are and what they do. However, while the landscape of art has changed, these ideal or rhetorical challenges to the modernist ideology of artistic authority have not in fact penetrated our most deeply held cultural beliefs and practices surrounding the artist’s special relationship to his or her work. The concept of the artist serves as a regulative ideal, and the gestures by the avant-garde to demystify or destroy this ideal serve a largely rhetorical function. This chapter discusses three examples: Donald Judd, John Cage, and Wim Delvoye.
Introduction: what is a carnivorous plant?
Authors: Ellison Aaron M. , Adamec Lubomír
Published: February 2018

The approximately 800 species of carnivorous plant together provide a classic example of convergent evolution. The known carnivorous species and genera represent nine independent angiosperm lineages. They are united by a suite of five essential traits that together make up the ‘carnivorous syndrome:’ (1) capturing or trapping prey in specialized. usually attractive, traps; (2) killing the captured prey; (3) digesting the prey; (4) absorption of metabolites (nutrients) from the killed and digested prey; and (5) use of these metabolites for plant growth and development. Although many other ‘paracarnivorous’ plants have one or two of these traits, only plants that have all five of them that function in a coordinated way can be considered true carnivorous plants.
Systematics and evolution of Lentibulariaceae: II. Genlisea
Authors: Fleischmann Andreas
Published: February 2018

Systematics and evolution of Genlisea (corkscrew plants) (Lentibulariaceae) are treated. Vegetative and generative morphology of the plants, and anatomy of their rhizophylls (‘root-leaves’) that function as sophisticated eel traps are explained and illustrated. A simplified phylogenetic tree and a detailed distribution map are provided, and the evolutionary history, including genome and karyotype evolution, and phylobiogeography of the 30 currently known species of Genlisea are discussed.
Reproductive biology and pollinator-prey conflicts
Authors: Cross Adam T. , Davis Arthur R. , Fleischmann Andreas , Horner John D. , Jürgens Andreas , Merritt David J. , Murza Gillian L. , Turner Shane R.
Published: February 2018

Most carnivorous plants are insect-pollinated, despite insects representing the primary prey of these plants. The potential for pollinators to be caught by traps represents a possible pollinator–prey conflict (PPC), which may have ecological and evolutionary consequences for the reproductive biology of carnivorous plants. We review the reproductive biology—pollination biology, seed dormancy, and germination—and PPC in carnivorous plants. The vast majority of carnivorous plants show little or no overlap in prey and pollinator spectra because of pollinator independence and the spatial and temporal separation of flowers and traps. All carnivorous plants appear to produce seeds with some form of dormancy, most commonly physiological (species with fully developed embryos) or morphophysiological (species with underdeveloped embryos) dormancy. A complete understanding of the pollination and germination requirements of carnivorous plants is essential for conservation purposes, and this area should be a focal point of future research.
Crushing the Insubmissive
Authors: Lemos T. M.
Published: February 2018

This chapter argues that violence was sometimes used to erase the personhood of foreigners not only in ancient Israel but in the wider ancient Near East. The discussion begins with an assessment of whether foreigners were considered to be legal and social persons, treating evidence from biblical texts, legal collections, royal inscriptions, treaty texts, reliefs, and other sources. The evidence found in these sources is mixed. While legal and social agency is often ascribed to foreigners, non-native individuals are frequently compared to animals and portrayed as being the victims of ritualized violence in ancient West Asian, ancient Egyptian, and ancient Israelite materials. The chapter contends that foreigners were persons but that their personhood was subject to erasure in warfare and in cases of transgression. Nonetheless, the categories of native and foreign were less central to how most violence was performed than were conceptions of masculinized domination and subordination.
Interacting Systems far from Equilibrium
Authors: Morawetz Klaus
Published: February 2018

In quantum statistics based on many-body Green’s functions, the effective medium is represented by the selfenergy. This book aims to discuss the selfenergy from this point of view. The knowledge of the exact selfenergy is equivalent to the knowledge of the exact correlation function from which one can evaluate any single-particle observable. Complete interpretations of the selfenergy are as rich as the properties of the many-body systems. It will be shown that classical features are helpful to understand the selfenergy, but in many cases we have to include additional aspects describing the internal dynamics of the interaction. The inductive presentation introduces the concept of Ludwig Boltzmann to describe correlations by the scattering of many particles from elementary principles up to refined approximations of many-body quantum systems. The ultimate goal is to contribute to the understanding of the time-dependent formation of correlations. Within this book an up-to-date most simple formalism of nonequilibrium Green’s functions is presented to cover different applications ranging from solid state physics (impurity scattering, semiconductor, superconductivity, Bose–Einstein condensation, spin-orbit coupled systems), plasma physics (screening, transport in magnetic fields), cold atoms in optical lattices up to nuclear reactions (heavy-ion collisions). Both possibilities are provided, to learn the quantum kinetic theory in terms of Green’s functions from the basics using experiences with phenomena, and experienced researchers can find a framework to develop and to apply the quantum many-body theory straight to versatile phenomena.
Scattering on a Single Impurity
Authors: Morawetz Klaus
Published: February 2018

Evolution of a many-body system consists of permanent collisions among particles. Looking at the motion of a single particle, one can identify encounters by which a particle abruptly changes the direction of flight, these are seen as true collisions, and small-angle encounters, which in sum act as an applied force rather than randomising collisions. The scattering on impurities is used to introduce the mentioned mechanisms and, in particular, to show how they affect each other. Point impurities are assumed, i.e. impurities the potential of which is restricted to a single atomic site of the crystal lattice. In this case interaction potentials never overlap and many-body effects are due to nonlocal character of the quantum particle. To introduce elementary components of the formalism, in this chapter we first describe the interaction of an electron with a single impurity. Lippman–Schwinger equations are derived and the physics behind the collision delay, dissipativeness and optical theorems is explored.
Spectral Properties
Authors: Morawetz Klaus
Published: February 2018

The spectral properties of the nonequilibrium Green’s functions are explored. Causality and sum rules are shown to be completed by the extended quasiparticle picture. The off-shell motion is seen to become visible in satellite structures of the spectral function. Different forms of ansatz to reduce the two-time Green’s function to a one-time reduced density matrix are discussed with respect to the consistency to other approximations. We have seen from the information contained in the correlation function that the statistical weight of excitations with which the distributions are populated are given by the spectral function. This momentum-resolved density of state can be found by the retarded and advance functions.
Quantum Kinetic Equations
Authors: Morawetz Klaus
Published: February 2018

The gradient approximations of the Kadanoff and Baym equations are derived up to first order. The off-shell motions responsible for the satellites are shown to ensure causality. The cancellation of off-shell motions from the drift and correlation part of the reduced density provides a precursor of the kinetic equation for the quasiparticle distribution which leads to a functional between reduced and quasiparticle distribution, named the extended quasiparticle picture. Virial corrections appear as internal gradients in the selfenergy and therefore in the considered processes. With this extended quasiparticle picture, the non-Markovian kinetic equations are transformed into Markovian ones for proper defined quasiparticles without neglect showing the exact cancellation of off-shell parts. Alternative approaches are discussed for comparison.
Variational Techniques of Many-Body Theory
Authors: Morawetz Klaus
Published: February 2018

The variational technique for nonequilibrium Green’s functions is derived resulting in the Hedin equations. This allows exploring of the high-density limit of diagrammatic expansions. Nonequilibrium Ward identities are presented. An asymmetric cummulant expansion of many-body Greens functions is developed resulting in asymmetric internal propagators which will become important for a consistent theory of pairing and condensation. All known approximations for the selfenergy are derived and reviewed with respect to asymmetric corrected propagators. The linear response formalism is discussed and the response for finite systems is presented. The link to functional renormalisation techniques is provided and integration of high-energy modes is discussed with hard and soft cut-off procedures.
Diffraction on a Barrier
Authors: Morawetz Klaus
Published: February 2018

The transport through a one-dimensional barrier is calculated within the tight-binding model. The surface Green’s functions are introduced as a method to invert the Green’s function matrix and to set-up convenient boundary conditions for simulations. The formalism is applied to calculate the transport properties of parallel stacked organic molecules. The extension to higher dimensions and multiband crystals is discussed. In this section we apply the GKB formalism to diffraction of electrons on a barrier. The system we study is a planar heterojunction of two ideal semi-infinite crystals or a surface of a crystal. As an initial condition we take a stream of electrons with a sharp momentum.
Kinetic Theory of Systems with SU(2) Structure
Authors: Morawetz Klaus
Published: February 2018

Systems with spin-orbit coupling and magnetic fields exhibit a SU(2) structure. Large classes of materials and couplings can be written into an effective spin-orbit coupled Hamiltonian with Pauli structure. Appropriate kinetic equations are derived keeping the quantum spinor structure. It results in coupled kinetic equations of scalar and vector distributions. The spin-orbit coupling, the magnetic field and the vector part of the selfenergy can be written in terms of an effective Zeeman field which couples both distributions. The currents and linear response are derived and the anomalous parts due to the coupling of the occurring band splitting are discussed. The response in magnetic fields reveals subtle retardation effects from which the classical and quantum Hall effect result as well as anomalous Hall effects. As application the dynamical conductivity of grapheme is successfully calculated and compared to the experiments.
Relativistic Transport
Authors: Morawetz Klaus
Published: February 2018

The quantum kinetic equations for relativistic baryon-meson systems are derived from Kadanoff and Baym equations. It is shown that the virtual exchange of mesons create an effective Yukawa potential between the nucleons. Binding properties of nuclear matter are discussed and the problem of Coester line is explored which means that only three-particle correlations or relativistic effective masses can describe the binding of nuclear matter correctly. The derived kinetic equations show in-medium processes of scattering and particle creation and destruction which are forbidden for free-scattering. The corresponding in-medium cross sections are presented.
Scripts and Writing
Authors: Kornicki Peter Francis
Published: February 2018

This chapter deals with the diversity of scripts in East Asia. By the time that neighbouring societies came into contact with Chinese writing, it had already gone a long way towards standardization and had already generated a substantial literature. In many of those societies the Chinese script was used to write official and then literary texts in Sinitic, and subsequently to write the vernaculars using characters phonographically. This was true of Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, but it was not true of the Tanguts or of Tibet, where the arrival of Buddhist scriptures stimulated the desire to translate, and for this purpose scripts were invented for the Tangut and Tibetan vernaculars. In Japan the two kana scripts emerged in the ninth century, and later vernacular scripts were developed in Vietnam (nôm), Korea (hangul or chosongul) and other societies. This diversity, it is argued, is largely due to the principle of disassociation.
Classics, Examinations, and Confucianism
Authors: Kornicki Peter Francis
Published: February 2018

This chapter deals with the Confucian tradition in East Asia and the role played by the Chinese classics in education and learning throughout East Asia and in the civil service examinations which were held in most neighbouring societies. The Chinese classics were by no means easy to understand, so commentarial traditions emerged in China at an early stage; the difficulties were compounded for those who spoke quite different languages, and there was tension between those who considered mastery of the Sinitic texts essential and those who considered the messages they contained more important and who therefore tolerated vernacular approaches to them. In China this happened during the Mongol Yuan dynasty when Xu Heng produced explanations and translations in vernacular Chinese. In Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and other societies vernacular approaches went hand in hand with engagement with the Sinitic originals.
The Scope of Policing
Authors: Churchill David
Published: February 2018

This chapter explores the urban police role in the nineteenth century, examining what the police did and how they were deployed in the city. It details how both the ‘old’ and the ‘new’ police were given an ‘omnibus mandate’, covering crime control, urban order, sanitation, and public safety. Police statistics reveal that police interventions were far more common for minor, impersonal, regulatory offences than for more serious, personal crimes of theft and violence. Hence, rather than specialist crime-fighting agencies, nineteenth-century police forces were key institutions of urban improvement. Furthermore, the chapter illuminates the strategy of preventative policing, revealing the geography and temporality of patrol, the tactics of police surveillance, and the broad powers of arrest with which they were entrusted.
Intensification, Crop Diversification, and Gender Relations in Malawi
Authors: Mvula Peter , Mulwafu Wapulumuka
Published: February 2018

In this chapter a variety of methods were used to collect data to study smallholders in Malawi. The surveys were complemented by a set of qualitative interviews to establish gender dynamics in agriculture and for livelihoods. Key informant interviews were conducted with agricultural personnel in the sampled districts and focus group discussions were held with some farmers. For a bigger picture of the agricultural policies and practices, the study relied on a review of key documents and publications by government and other agencies implementing agricultural programmes in the country. Descriptive statistics demonstrate that a shift from maize and tobacco to Irish potatoes, groundnuts, and soya beans in the areas under study has provided an opportunity for smallholder farmers to diversify and increase production and thus improve their livelihoods. Another noticeable change has been the increased participation of women in the production and marketing of crops.
Policies or Prices? A Gendered Analysis of Drivers of Maize Production in Malawi and Zambia, 2002–13
Authors: Prowse Martin , Hillbom Ellen
Published: February 2018

Maize is the basis for both agricultural production and food consumption in many areas of Southern Africa. This chapter presents a longitudinal study on changes in maize production based on Afrint data for Malawi and Zambia. It compares the extent to which farms managed by men and women have experienced such changes and identifies the factors driving the processes. It also locates the discussion within the context of government agricultural policies, especially fertilizer subsidy schemes, and trends in global as well as national maize prices. As a complement to Afrint I, II, and III rounds of data collection the chapter utilizes qualitative data collected in Malawi and Zambia in 2012 and 2016 containing interviews with key informants, households, and focus groups.
Capturing Christ’s Tears
Authors: Hickey Helen M.
Published: February 2018

This chapter investigates the historiography of the cult of the Holy Tear of Christ, La Sainte Larme, and explores the materiality and affective life of the relic. The apocryphal narrative tells that an angel caught the tears Christ shed on hearing about Lazarus’ death and gave them to Mary Magdalene for safekeeping. Around 1040, Geoffrey Martel received the relic of the Holy Tear as a reward for his military efforts. Enshrined at the Abbey of La Trinité, Vendôme, France, the Holy Tear enjoyed a robust devotion during the Middle Ages, attracting pilgrims from all over Europe. The end point for La Sainte Larme’s fame is the French Revolution, when the relic disappears. Christ’s Tear provides an exemplary case for emotion studies and material culture because it encapsulates religious piety and feeling, but, as an ephemeral bodily excretion, it presents interpretive challenges as an object.
Emotional Debris in Early Modern Letters
Authors: Barnes Diana G.
Published: February 2018

As Ovid’s heroine Briseis acknowledges, letters carry material traces of the emotions that motivated the writer. This is true of any handwritten document, but more so for letters that stand in for face-to-face conversation with familiars. Emotion may be suggested by a tremor in an upright line, an ink blot, a torn page, or a hurried scrawl. Nevertheless, it is difficult to pin these signs to a manifest emotion with certainty. And yet we should not disregard these traces altogether; they were part of an epistolary vocabulary familiar to early modern writers and readers. This chapter elucidates affective traces by reading letters written by early modern women through the literary lens of Ovid’s Heroides, a key text in humanist pedagogy with broad influence across literary and non-literary writing.
Moving Objects
Authors: Begiato Joanne
Published: February 2018

The final chapter explores ideas of movement and the act of being moved in relation to materiality and history, in order to reflect on potential future directions of emotions and material culture as a field. From imaginative and supernatural movement, physical and temporal movement, to psychological and physiological movement, it considers the roles of a range of objects—both real and imagined—in constructing feelings and identities for individuals, families, communities, and nations. The chapter presents objects as time travellers, exploring how their emotional meanings are created in and across time periods, and asking when these meanings might come to an end.
Spin-1 and spin-2 fields
Authors: Kachelriess Michael
Published: February 2018

Massive and massless spin-1 and spin-2 fields, their field equations and propagators are studied. The connection between local gauge symmetry and the coupling to a conserved current is derived in the massless case. The dynamical stress tensor is defined as source of gravity, and its local conservation is shown. The basic ideas of large extra dimensions is outlined in an appendix.
Renormalisation II: Improving perturbation theory
Authors: Kachelriess Michael
Published: February 2018

This chapter introduces the quantum action as the generating functional of 1PI Green functions. The Ward identities of QED are derived and the vacuum polarisation is calculated. The renormalisation group equations are introduced. Critical phenomena and Wilsonian effective theories are discussed.
Symmetries and symmetry breaking
Authors: Kachelriess Michael
Published: February 2018

The spontaneous breaking of symmetries (SSB) is discussed for global symmetries and Goldstones theorem is derived. The renormalisation of theories with SSB is studied using the effective potential. Then SSB is applied to the Abelian Higgs model, both on the classical and quantum level.
Phase transitions and topological defects
Authors: Kachelriess Michael
Published: February 2018

As the early universe cools down, it may perform transitions to phases with more and more broken symmetries. In a first-order phase transition, fields may be trapped in the false vacuum; the rate of the resulting tunneling process to the true vacuum is derived. Phase transitions can lead also to the formation of topological defects. Their structure and the reason for their stability are discussed.
Hadrons, partons and QCD
Authors: Kachelriess Michael
Published: February 2018

This chapter first discusses the breaking of scale invariance of QCD with massless quarks by quantum corrections and explains that this effect is responsible for the bulk of hadron masses. Then the parton picture is introduced, where one replaces a hadron which is probed in a hard process by free quarks and gluons. Perturbative QCD describes via the DGLAP equations the evolution of parton distribution functions f(x,Q2) as functions of Q2, requires however as as input f(x,Q20) from measurements at a fixed scale Q0 »QCD. The total annihilation cross section e+e →hadrons is calculated and it is shown that infrared singularities due to massless gluons and quarks cancel.
Thermal relics
Authors: Kachelriess Michael
Published: February 2018

The Boltzmann equations, which describe processes as diverse as the evolution of the dark matter density, big bang nucleosynthesis or recombination, are derived. The Gamov criterion states that processes freeze-out when their rate becomes smaller than the Hubble rate. It is demonstrated that the mass of any thermal relic is bounded by ≲ 20TeV, while the abundance of a cold dark matter particle with 〈σv〉 ≃ 3 × 10−26 cm3/s corresponds to the observed one, ΩCDM = 0.2. Big bang nucleosynthesis, which successfully explains the abundance of light elements like D and 4He, is discussed.
Inflation
Authors: Kachelriess Michael
Published: February 2018

This chapter introduces inflation as a phase of nearly exponential expansion in the early universe. The slow-roll conditions are deribed and possible inflationary models are discussed. Reheating connects the end of inflation with the standard hot big-bang model. The spectrum of fluctuations generated by inflation is calculated and it is shown that it is nearly scale-invariant and Gaussian. The fluctuations have fixed phase relations on superhorizon scales that cause characteristic oscillations of the temperature fluctuations of the cosmic microwave background.
Black holes
Authors: Kachelriess Michael
Published: February 2018

Black holes are introduced as solutions of Einsteins equations contain-ing a physical singularity covered by an event horizon. The properties of Schwarzschild and of Kerr black holes are examined. It is demonstrated that the event horizon of a black hole can only increase within classical physics. However, the event horizon is an infinite redshift surface and emits in the semi-classical picture thermal radiation. This Hawking radiation leads in turn to the information paradox.
Cosmological constant
Authors: Kachelriess Michael
Published: February 2018

The contribution of vacuum fluctuations to the cosmological constant is reconsidered studying the dependence on the used regularisation scheme. Then alternative explanations for the observed accelerated expansion of the universe in the present epoch are introduced which either modify gravity or add a new component of matter, dubbed dark energy. The chapter closes with some comments on attempts to quantise gravity.
Targeting: Precision Bombing and the Production of Ethics
Authors: Zehfuss Maja
Published: February 2018

The chapter examines claims that precision bombing has made warfare more ethical. It traces claims that deploying technology to increase precision, complemented by greater efforts to avoid collateral damage through targeting processes, has made warfare more acceptable in an ethical sense. It explores the meaning of ‘precision’ and questions to what extent ‘precision’ actually entails protection for non-combatants. The chapter shows how the praise for precision not only produces Western warfare as ethical but also both relies upon and reproduces a particular kind of ethics, based on the idea of non-combatant protection. Finally, it examines drone warfare, which appears to reach a new level in terms of achieving the ideal of precision. The conclusion notes the implications of this argument for how we think about war.
The Politics of War at the Limits of Ethics
Authors: Zehfuss Maja
Published: February 2018

This concluding chapter draws together key themes explored across the individual chapters and reflects on implications for the wider argument about war and the politics of ethics. It briefly sums up the seductiveness of ethical war and how it gives rise to practices that counter-intuitively enable and even enhance violence. That is, it brings into focus the problem of the practice of ethics in contemporary Western war. The chapter then asks whether the problem lies in a faulty conceptualization of ethics that might be overcome, arguing that this is not possible. As ethics itself is produced and impossible to demarcate against politics, the chapter goes on to flesh out the need for a response at the limit of ethics. The chapter concludes by returning to the problem of the politics of ethics.
Universal Reason
Authors: Tripkovic Bosko
Published: February 2018

The chapter explores the metaethical foundations of the argument from universal reason. This argument relies on the idea that moral values are universal and attainable through reason. Drawing on comparative constitutional practice, the chapter contends that universality and reasonableness in this argument take two distinct forms: the deductive model assumes that reasoning will point to mind-independent values, and the reflective model holds that the process of reasoning makes courts better attuned to the moral commitments of their own constitutional community. The chapter argues that the deductive model is implausible, and that the reflective model is plausible but builds on moral attitudes already present in the argument from constitutional identity and common sentiment. The chapter concludes that the argument from universal reason cannot be an independent basis of constitutional moral judgment.
Values and Normative Judgment
Authors: Tripkovic Bosko
Published: February 2018

The chapter develops an account of value and normative judgment by exploring the tension between the theoretical and practical perspective. The theoretical perspective explains moral values as contingent upon our evaluative attitudes, and the practical perspective presents values as independent from these attitudes. To overcome this tension, the chapter develops the notions of confidence and reflection. It describes how confidence in our practical perspective emerges through reflection: this process involves seeking greater coherence, introspection, and imagination to discover more authentic and self-definitional evaluative attitudes, and accommodation of other evaluative perspectives through openness, flexibility, tolerance, and persuasion. The chapter argues that values are both revealed and reshaped in this process, and that dynamics between confidence and reflection provides an apposite model for making normative judgments, including judicial moral judgments.
Contract Formation in India: Law and Practice
Authors: Nuggehalli Nigam
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines the law on the formation of contracts in India. The Indian Contract Act 1872 is significant as it is the first successful attempt to codify the English common law of contract in the British Commonwealth. The Act was then transplanted to other jurisdictions in the British Commonwealth. The preamble of the Act makes it clear that it is intended to ‘define and amend certain parts of the law relating to contract’; therefore the Act does not exhaustively set out the rules of contract law. Interesting issues follow relating to the precise ambit of the Act, and the areas where there continues to be room for common law development, whether novel and unique to India, or adopted into Indian law after considering the common law developments in other jurisdictions. One issue relates to the postal acceptance rule which does not state that it is an exception to the instantaneous communication rule. Another issue relates to whether the Act permits the accommodation of a subsequent development in the English common law.
Third Party Beneficiaries in Thai Contract Law
Authors: Tudsri Pattarapas , Pinkaew Angkanawadee
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines the ability for third party beneficiaries to enforce contracts under section 374 of the Thai Civil and Commercial Code. The provision illustrates that the urgency for enactment of the Code came at the expense of depth and intricacy. Whereas the German Civil Code expressly provides that the third party’s entitlement to enforce the provisions of a contract may be inferred from the circumstances, such provision is absent in the Thai Code. While the intention of the parties should be capable of inference from the contract, Thai courts have demonstrated a reluctance to read section 374 broadly; compelling evidence is required before the third party is found to acquire rights. Apart from the four categories of contracts where the courts more readily find third party rights—insurance, compromise, a contract to discharge a debt owed by third party, and a contract to confer an option on a third party—parties are likely to find it difficult to invoke section 374. Underlying the judicial attitude is the strong grip of the privity rule, or to use the German-inspired term, the ‘relativity of contract’. This restrictive approach also applies to the interpretation of ‘performance’ which does not include conferment of benefits.
Chinese Public Theology
Authors: Chow Alexander
Published: February 2018

It has been widely recognized that Christianity is the fastest growing religion in one of the last communist-run countries of the world: the People’s Republic of China. Yet it would be a mistake to describe Chinese Christianity as merely a clandestine faith or, as hoped by the Communist Party of China, a privatized religion. Alexander Chow argues that, since the end of the Cultural Revolution (1966–76), Christians in mainland China have been constructing a more intentional public theology to engage the Chinese state and society. Chinese Public Theology recalls the events which have led to this transformation and examines the developments of Christianity across three generations of Chinese intellectuals from the state-sanctioned Protestant church, the secular academy, and the growing urban renaissance in Calvinism. Moreover, Chow shows how each of these generations have provided different theological responses to the same sociopolitical moments of the last three decades. This book explains that a growing understanding of Chinese public theology has been developed through a subconscious intermingling of Christian and Confucian understandings of public intellectualism. These factors result in a contextually unique understanding of public theology, but also one which is faced by contextual limitations as well. Mindful of this, Chow draws from the Eastern Orthodox doctrine of theosis and the Chinese traditional teaching of the unity of Heaven and humanity (Tian ren heyi) to offer a path forward in the construction of a Chinese public theology. Chinese Public Theology promises a new perspective into the vibrant and growing area of Chinese Christianity.
Dibdin and John Raphael Smith
Authors: Grindle Nicholas
Published: February 2018

This interlude builds on insights into the relationship between song and visual culture by discussing in detail the relationship between Charles Dibdin and the artists George Morland and John Raphael Smith, who produced numerous high-art paintings based on Dibdin’s songs. It considers the implications of this appropriation of a popular musical tradition by the elite art world, and provides a compelling account of the overlapping worlds of fine art, the theatre, and musical entertainment by examining the clubs and societies in which they mingled. It concludes by relating this to issues of professionalism and status, matters of supreme importance to a self-made man such as Dibdin.
Place, People, Texts
Authors: Nowakowska Natalia
Published: February 2018

What is Poland? If the meaning of apparently stable words such as ecclesia has been anything but stable historically, the same is of course true of ‘Poland’, a simple noun which masks multiple possible meanings and polemical intents. For the sixteenth century, Poland should be defined not as an ethnic people (a nascent nation state), but rather as a political phenomenon. As such, this study will consider all the peoples and territories under the authority of the Polish Crown in the reign of King Sigismund I, regardless of their ‘ethnic’ or linguistic status. Twenty years ago, John Elliott coined the phrase ‘composite monarchies’, pointing out that most early modern monarchies were patchworks of territories acquired at various times by different means (marriage, conquest, inheritance), held together by one monarch....