bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender, Preloss Marital Dependence, and Older Adults’ Adjustment to Widowhood
Authors: Carr Deborah
Published: January 2004

I examine how preloss emotional and instrumental dependence on one's spouse affects older adults’ psychological adjustment to widowhood. Analyses are based on 297 persons from the Changing Lives of Older Couples (CLOC) study, a prospective study of widowhood among adults aged 65 and older. Women who were most emotionally dependent on their spouses had the poorest self‐esteem while still married, yet evidence the highest levels of self‐esteem following loss. Men who were most dependent on their wives for home maintenance and financial management tasks experience the greatest personal growth following loss. These results suggest that widowed persons who were once highly dependent upon their spouses reap psychological rewards from the recognition that they are capable of managing on their own.
Substance Use and Early Marriage
Authors: Martino Steven C. , Collins Rebecca L. , Ellickson Phyllis L.
Published: January 2004

Prior work indicates that substance use is related to adolescent marriage. We describe two different processes that may account for this relationship and hypothesize patterns of association that would be consistent or inconsistent with each. Using data from a study that followed west coast youth from 7th grade to young adulthood (N = 3,324), we assessed the effects of cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use in 7th and 10th grade on the probability of marriage prior to age 20. When gender, race, and SES were controlled, cigarette use in adolescence, but not other substance use, was associated with early marriage. Low educational attainment and early unwed parenthood each uniquely mediated this association. These results suggest that the link between substance use and early marriage reflects a disposition toward risky or unconventional behavior, not the judgment‐impairing effects of drug and alcohol use.
Paternal Involvement with Children: The Influence of Gender Ideologies
Authors: Bulanda Ronald E.
Published: January 2004

Although prior social science research has established the ability of gender ideologies to influence the domestic division of labor, it has neglected to disentangle their potentially unique influence on paternal involvement with children. Past research examining the influence of gender ideology on parenting behaviors does not acknowledge potential differences that may result from accounting for each parent's gender ideology. Using both waves of the National Survey of Families and Households (N = 1,088), I assess the effect of both mother's and father's gender ideology on two measures of paternal involvement. Whereas egalitarian fathers demonstrate greater involvement than traditional fathers, mother's gender ideology failed to predict paternal involvement. Egalitarian mothers do not appear to negotiate greater father involvement successfully.
Seed predation by birds and small mammals in semiarid Chile
Authors: Kelt Douglas A. , Meserve Peter L. , Forister Matthew L. , Nabors L. Karina , Gutiérrez Julio R.
Published: January 2004

We studied spatial and temporal patterns in foraging activity among diurnal birds and nocturnal mammals at a semiarid site in northern Chile using artificial foraging trays. Small mammals foraged more extensively under shrubs than in open microhabitats, but birds showed no such selection. Moreover, avian foraging was more extensive than that by small mammals in all seasons and both microhabitats. Avian foraging was highly seasonal, as many birds at our site migrate to the Andean prepuna or to Patagonia during the austral summer. Birds have tended to be overshadowed by small mammals and ants in studies of granivory, but this study suggests that their importance may be underestimated in some systems.
Formaldehyde‐negative allergic contact dermatitis from melamine‐formaldehyde resin
Authors: Aalto‐Korte K. , Jolanki R. , Estlander T.
Published: January 2004

Melamine‐formaldehyde resin (MFR) is used as a textile finish, in tableware, in surface coatings, and in glues in the furniture and wood industry. MFR is considered to be an infrequent sensitizer. Contact allergy to MFR is often combined with formaldehyde allergy. Patients allergic to textile finish often react to MFR, although other finishes are nowadays more commonly used. Besides allergy to textile finish, allergic contact dermatitis from MFR has been described in workers in composite production and in an orthopaedic plaster technician. To our knowledge, there are no previous reports of contact allergy in the plywood industry from MFR. We describe 3 cases of occupational allergic contact dermatitis from MFR without contact allergy to formaldehyde, 1 in the plywood industry, 1 in the production of melamine‐laminated chipboard and 1 in laboratory work.
Allergic contact dermatitis from bisphenol A in PVC gloves
Authors: Aalto‐Korte Kristiina , Alanko Kristiina , Henriks‐Eckerman Maj‐Len , Estlander Tuula , Jolanki Riitta
Published: January 2004

Bisphenol A is used as an antioxidant in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics and as an inhibitor of end polymerization in PVC. Since 1998, we have investigated 4 cases of contact allergy from bisphenol A in PVC gloves. Only the case of the first patient, a packer in the food industry, has been reported in detail. A dentist and an oral hygienist apprentice had used disposable PVC gloves made by the same manufacturer, both in 1999. The dentist's PVC gloves contained 0.044% bisphenol A. In 2002, a cabin servant had used 2 brands of household‐type PVC gloves. Her gloves contained 0.12% and 0.07% bisphenol A. Moreover, 2 of the patients reacted to p‐tertiary butyl catechol, a polymerization inhibitor in PVC, but the connection between the allergic reaction and the PVC gloves could not be proven. In 2002, we analysed 16 brands of disposable PVC gloves for medical use, covering at least 80% of the Finnish market. We found a very small amount of bisphenol A in 1 brand, and no p‐tertiary butyl catechol in any of the gloves. Nowadays, it seems that manufacturers avoid using bisphenol A in the production of disposable gloves for medical use, but bisphenol A should be remembered as a possible contact allergen in PVC products.
Vanishing Points, Turning Points, and Points of No Return: Geographies of Somewhere, Elsewhere, and Nowhere
Authors: Houe Poul
Published: January 2004

This article mines textual representations – by Max Frisch, Klaus Mann, Rainer Maria Rilke, and Peter Weiss – of typically discounted twentieth century Western positions and traditions for their possible clues as to the kind of cultural displacements of which Western civilization is said to be uniquely unaware, disinterestedly aware or disinterested in. If current modulations of cultural strangeness and estrangement have indeed aggravated the erosion of representational prospects, it lies near at hand to visit this recent decline as an instance of Eurocentric ways as still encoded, perhaps encrypted, in their subaltern Other(s).

Univocal subject positionality‐or identity‐is the foremost casualty in all the texts under scrutiny, and painful after‐effects ensue from the implicit moments of textual crisis. Yet subsequent exilic mindsets and mental geographies of repositioning show little evidence of radical reconfiguration, let alone multiplication, of foundational priorities or sensibilities. In most instances, the sense of cultural landscape and cultural mobility merely contracts to inescapable points of historical gravity, from which the interpretational trajectory rarely bespeaks a turning point, but all the more so a point of no return or a virtual vanishing point.

All the same, disfiguration of positionality and identity remains potentially translatable into transfiguration. The original and traditional‐the home‐enables a process of travel, hybridization, and othering, provided the cultural privilege of seeing is unlearned along the way. For that to happen, the process of unlearning must incorporate the process of learning as its sine qua non.
Five‐Finger Exercises: Mika Waltari's Detective Stories
Authors: Pyrhönen Heta
Published: January 2004

This essay addresses the question of what happens when authors import into their own culture a genre whose structures and conventions have been moulded in another culture. If the imported structures and conventions include a certain value system, does an author's adaptation cause them to express markedly different values than they do in their original context? I explore this question by analysing the detective stories by Mika Waltari, a reowned Finnish author, who used both the British whodunit and Edgar Allan Poe's Dupin stories as models.

I first consider Waltari's use of specific generic conventions and consider the national values he makes them express. I then analyse Waltari's insertion of himself into the textual roles of detective and culprit in order to examine the link between writing detective stories and ideology. I show how Waltari creates a fundamental discrepancy between the whodunit world and the Finnish context in which he sets this world in order to emphasize the literariness of the imitated model. In his hands, writing detective stories becomes first and foremost a literary exercise that enables him to show his skilful, self‐reflexive, and ironic play with literary forms and conventions.
Literature, Pornography, and Libertine Education
Authors: Johansen Jørgen Dines
Published: January 2004

The objective of this article is not to write an apology for pornography, not because it is impossible to defend, but rather because it has been done so brilliantly by Susan Sontag in her seminal essay ‘‘The Pornographic Imagination’’.1 The objective is to analyze a certain kind of literary pornography from both literary and psychological, here psychoanalytic, points of view. The term covers, basically, pictorial and literary representations of sexual activities. Literary pornography has been cultivated in drama, poetry, and prose fiction, whether short stories or novels. Furthermore, there are representations of sexual activities in the visual arts and literature considered great by any artistic standard, and then there is a tremendous lot of mere trash. Finally, pornography is not something given once and for all, but a designation used relative to the norms of a given group at a given time. Much of what our great‐grandparents, grandparents, and even our parents considered pornographic, seems to most of us today endowed with a certain innocence and sentimentality. To encompass all the facets of this subject in a single article is impossible. This essay considers a certain aspect of genre convention: pornography presented in a framework of education.
Helena Fourment's Het Pelsken
Authors: Thøfner Margit
Published: January 2004

This article focuses on Het Pelsken, a portrait by Peter Paul Rubens depicting his second wife Helena Fourment in a state of undress. It takes its cue from the fact that, for eighteen years of her life, Helena was the undisputed owner of Het Pelsken. The central aim is to give an historically grounded yet nuanced account of Helena's spectatorship in relation to an erotically charged and thus, in the early modern period, potentially troubling image. This, in turn, may function as a starting point for more profound inquiries into how women use their eyes when looking at erotically charged imagery.

Margit Thøfner is a lecturer in art history in the School of World Art Studies and Museology at the University of East Anglia. She has published articles in the Oxford Art Journal, in the Nederlands Kunsthistorisch Jaarboek and in Emblematica. She has received an AHRB grant to investigate courtly and civic festivals in the Habsburg Netherlands in the early modern period.
Icon and narration in eighteenth‐century Christian Egypt: the works of Yuhanna al‐Armani al‐Qudsi and Ibrahim al‐Nasikh
Authors: Tribe Tania C.
Published: January 2004

The many icons painted by Yuhanna, an Armenian from Jerusalem, and/or Ibrahim, a Coptic scribe, suggest that they headed an important workshop in eighteenth‐century Cairo, with links to the post‐Byzantine schools of Greater Syria, particularly Aleppo and Jerusalem. Their depictions of biblical episodes and hagiographical narratives often articulate words and images to clarify the story being told and the identity of the holy person represented. The gradual breakdown of Ottoman organization in the eighteenth century, partly due to Western influence, led to an influx of Christians from Greater Syria and a renewal of confidence in the local Coptic community. Coptic patrons shared in the wider revival of Egyptian Muslim scholarship, applying the common emphasis on grammar and rhetoric to the recovery of their own cultural memory. This was reflected in the taste for complex verbal‐visual devices in icons, the iconography of which included many local martyr saints, reinforcing Coptic identity.

Tania C. Tribe lectures in art history and theory in the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. She has a special interest in the arts of Christian north‐eastern Africa, and has published several articles in this field. She is currently preparing a book on the visual culture of Christian Egypt.
Detection and quantification of apocrine secreted odor‐binding protein on intact human axillary skin
Authors: Jacoby R. B. , Brahms J. C. , Ansari S. A. , Mattai J.
Published: January 2004

Synopsis

A proposed mechanism of axillary malodor formation is bacterial interaction with secreted odor carrier proteins leading to the release of volatile odor molecules. One primary volatile odor molecule, 3‐methyl‐2‐hexenoic acid, is secreted into the apocrine glandular lumen bound to two carrier proteins known as apocrine secretion odor‐binding proteins (ASOB1 and ASOB2). The objective of this study was to develop a biologic method to detect and quantify ASOB2 in vitro and on intact axillary skin. The proteins present in pure apocrine secretion were separated via SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), electro‐blotted, and reacted with antibodies to detect ASOB2. The results of this study demonstrate that ASOB2 shares immunologically homologous epitopes with the human serum protein, apolipoprotein‐D (apo‐D). Axillary secretions and baseline microflora were collected from two groups of panelists 6 h after showering with a non‐antibacterial soap. The extracts were fractionated by SDS–PAGE. ASOB2 was detected selectively by Western blot using a monoclonal mouse‐antihuman apo‐D antibody and quantified on human axillary skin using the presented methods. Axillary ASOB2 concentration varied among individuals (<0.1–4.1 µg cm−2) with significant differences (P < 0.05, anova) seen between those of Chinese descent and non‐Chinese descent. Panelists of Chinese ancestry did not show significantly lower baseline microflora levels when compared to non‐Chinese panelists.
Dry skin and impairment of barrier function associated with itch – new insights
Authors: Yosipovitch G.
Published: January 2004

Synopsis

Itch is a common symptom in dry skin related to inflammatory skin diseases, normal aging, and systemic diseases such as chronic renal failure, and HIV. However, correlations between itch and objective measures of barrier function and skin dryness such as skin hydration and transepidermal water loss have been rarely found. Recent experimental evidence indicates that damage to the stratum corneum with acetone/ether and water elicits a scratching response in mice and rats. These responses correlate to the number of PGP 9.5 immunoreactive fibers in the epidermis and to FOS‐like immunoreactivity in the spinal cord. Other neuromediators involved in the pathogenesis of itch in dry skin are nerve growth factor (NGF), muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, and opiates. Serine proteases such as tryptase and their respective proteinase‐activating receptor 2 (PAR2), recently found in both skin and nerves of patients with atopic eczema, suggest that these molecules may have a role in itch in dry skin. This has also been exemplified in the itchy and hyperkeratotic phenotype of the stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme (SCCE) transgenic mouse model, which is over‐expressing a serine protease. Developing inhibitors to these neuropeptides and mediators may be an attractive strategy for anti‐itch treatment. The significant progress made in development of moisturizers may have an additional benefit in reducing the itch associated with dry skin. Formulating topical combination therapies containing moisturizers and anti‐pruritics can significantly reduce the itch associated with dry skin. This paper will review the current clinical knowledge on the association between dry skin and itch and the recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology of this problem.
Objective determination of fatigue development following sun exposure using Advanced Trail Making Test
Authors: Horikoshi T. , Matsue K. , Takahashi T. , Ishii H. , Yamada K. , Hayashi S. , Yabune M. , Murakami M. , Kajimoto O.
Published: January 2004

Synopsis

Sun exposure during leisure activity evokes fatigue. We employed the Advanced Trail Making Test (ATMT), a recently developed objective method of evaluating brain function performance used to measure mental fatigue, for objective determination of fatigue development caused by solar exposure to the human body. First, a survey of consumer awareness was performed, and fatigue development from solar exposure was generally recognized in both summer and spring. In the field test, 15 males (26–41 years old) received sun exposure equivalent to 100 kJ m−2 of ultraviolet radiation three to four times each day for 3 days, during which the subjects wore a short sleeve shirt and a short pant, and covered their head with a towel. A significant increase in scores for subjective sense of fatigue was observed in the evening of all 3 days following sun exposure and on the fourth day, which had no exposure, as well as in the morning of the third and fourth days, as compared with those periods during the control week, which did not have experimental solar exposure. ATMT showed a significant increase in average value in the evening of the first and second days following sun exposure, as well as in the morning of the third and fourth days. In addition, increases in body temperature and heart rate were observed during the exposure periods. The results of multiple regression analysis of subjective feelings showed that fatigue caused by solar exposure was qualitatively different from that in the control week. These results suggest that brain function performance declined following solar exposure as did fatigue development. ATMT results may be useful for quantitative and objective evaluation of mental fatigue caused by sun exposure, along with development of sun care products for the prevention of solar‐caused fatigue.
Rheological characterization of hair shampoo in the presence of dead sea salt
Authors: Abu‐Jdayil B. , Mohameed H. A. , Sa'id M. , Snobar T.
Published: January 2004

Synopsis

In Jordan, a growing industry has been established to produce different types of Dead Sea (DS) cosmetics that have DS salt (contains mainly NaCl, KCl, and MgCl2) in their formulas. In this work, the effect of DS salt on the rheology of hair shampoo containing the sodium lauryl ether sulfate as a main active matter was studied. The effects of DS salt and active matter concentration, and the temperature and time of salt mixing, on the rheological properties of hair shampoo were investigated. The salt‐free shampoo showed a Newtonian behavior at ‘low active matter’ (LAM) and shear thinning at ‘high active matter’ (HAM). The presence of DS salt changed the rheological behavior of LAM shampoo from Newtonian (for the salt‐free shampoo) to shear thinning. On the other hand, the behavior of HAM shampoo switched from shear thinning to Newtonian behavior in the presence of high concentration of DS salt. The addition of DS salt increased the apparent viscosity of shampoo to reach a maximum value that corresponded to a salt concentration of 1.5 wt.%. Further addition of DS salt led to a decrease in the shampoo viscosity to reach a value less than that of the salt‐free sample at high salt concentration. Changing the mixing temperature (25–45 °C) and mixing time (15–120 min) of DS salt with shampoo has no significant influence on the rheological behavior. However, the mixing process increased the apparent viscosity of salt‐free shampoo. The power law model fitted well the flow curves of hair shampoo with and without DS salt.
Moisturizing potentials of ascorbyl palmitate and calcium ascorbate in various topical formulations
Authors: Gönüllü Ü. , Yener G. , Üner M. , Incegül T.
Published: January 2004

Synopsis

The aim of this study was to use two of Vitamin C derivatives, lipophilic ascorbyl palmitate and hydrophilic calcium ascorbate to determine their skin‐hydrating effects for the first time. For this purpose, anhydrous cream, gel and w/o emulsion were prepared and applied to the volunteers' inner forearms. A commercial topical preparation containing a known moisturizer, Vitamin E, was also chosen and used for comparison. Moisture contents of the skin were measured by using corneometer.
A Preface to Ethics:
Authors: Schweiker William
Published: January 2004

This essay outlines a new preface for ethics demanded by the massive developments of the global age. It does so in and through the comparative use of “myths” to explicate the lived structure of experience. The essay begins by isolating main features of global dynamics, including proximity, the compression of the world and the expansion of consciousness, and also global, cultural reflexivity. In the second step of the “preface,” it is argued that globality itself is a moral space in which peoples must orient their lives. It is a moral space defined by the massive extension of human power in the modern world. In light of the challenge that global dynamics and the extension of human power now pose, the essay then isolates, methodologically, options for developing a global ethics, and advocates a distinctly hermeneutical approach. This approach is practiced in the last section of the “preface” by engaging ethically the biblical “myth” of creation and its reinterpretation in an epitome of Jesus's Torah teaching. The intention is to show how current religious thought can speak to massive challenges in a distinctive way. It is, again, to offer a preface to ethics.
Leave No Poor Behind:
Authors: Ilesanmi Simeon O.
Published: January 2004

Globalization is being celebrated in many circles as a distinctive achievement of our age, drawing peoples and societies more closely together and creating far greater wealth than any previous generations ever knew. While the first of these assertions is correct in the sense that societies and cultures are colliding, hitherto relatively closed horizons are opening up, and spaces and time are compressing, the second deserves critical interrogations. Using Africa's experience with globalization as a case study, this article argues that globalization be understood as an emerging preference for certain institutional and policy practices that are creating and coercively imposing pervasive but avoidable conditions of material deprivations on many societies. The article defends a motivational rationale anchored in the normative vision of socio‐economic and development rights as a way to mitigate the deleterious effects of unguarded globalization.
Jihad Revisited
Authors: Heck Paul L.
Published: January 2004

This article offers an overview of the various formulations of jihad during the first six Islamic centuries (7th–13th CE), showing them to be embedded in particular socio‐historical contexts. If the essential significance of jihad as righteous cause (i.e., action for the sake of a moral order) is shown to have been variously altered according to the needs and conditions of the Muslim community, significant possibilities arise for a contemporary understanding of jihad that is relevant to the needs and circumstances of the Muslim community today. Some features of the jihad tradition, although specific to a particular period and with little relevance today, continue to inform the current discussion on jihad. Discussion of the jihad tradition, then, should take care to distinguish the historically incidental features of the tradition from those with an enduring relevancy. By doing so, the jihad tradition will be able to contribute to discussions on the relation of religion to the public order and political organization, even those not limited to Islam.
“Let Us Be Saints if We Can”
Authors: Levinson Henry Samuel
Published: January 2004

Stanley Hauerwas's Gifford Lectures are, at least in part, an interpretation of the Giffords that came before him. As a contribution to intellectual and theological history, however, I wish Hauerwas had given witness to Santayana's Hermes the hermeneut, along with the considerable, indeed considerate, witness he does give to his own Christian faith. Hauerwas seems to dislike Reinhold Niebuhr and, by my account, misreads William James. Thus I have to conclude that With the Grain of the Universe does not measure up to his own more capacious and incisive works.
Inter‐agent Dialogues in Electronic Marketplaces
Authors: Karacapilidis Nikos , Moraïtis Pavlos
Published: January 2004

This paper presents an overall framework for carrying out different types of dialogues between intelligent and autonomous agents acting in an electronic marketplace. Such dialogues take place during various commercial transactions concerning requests and offers of products and services. The proposed dialogue framework has been adopted in the communication and collaboration protocols of an already implemented system, which enables buyers and sellers delegate a variety of tasks to their personal agents. Much attention has been paid to the personalization of collaborative agents, which may permanently live and interact in the market representing their owners' interests. Our overall approach builds on a modular decomposition of the agents involved, and a formal and operational modeling of the associated dialogues. Features of our framework are demonstrated through an illustrative example of dialogues deployed during interagent transactions on the establishment of a combined reservation for dinner and a movie. The main contribution of this work is that the proposed framework is capable to represent disparate dialogues taking place among agents having adopted diverse strategies for carrying out e‐commerce transactions.
Cartographies of Globalisation, Technologies of Gendered Subjectivities: The Dub Poetry of Jean ‘Binta’ Breeze
Authors: Sharpe Jenny
Published: January 2004

By locating the current usage of ‘diaspora’ within today's cultures, I make a case for the unacknowledged subject of Paul Gilroy's black Atlantic world being Western, urban and male. In order to consider the black Atlantic as the site of multiple and heterogeneouslyproduced subjectivities, I turn to the Jamaican performance poet, Jean ‘Binta’ Breeze, whose work stages modern black subjectivities that are Third World, rural, domestic and female. Her poems depict black female subjectivities that are both local and global, articulated more through dancehall culture and radio technology than a ‘cut‐and‐mix’ music style that tends to be male‐identified.
Partial Awareness Creates the “Illusion” of Subliminal Semantic Priming
Authors: Kouider Sid , Dupoux Emmanuel
Published: January 2004

We argue that the lack of consensus regarding the existence of subliminal semantic processing arises from not taking into account the fact that linguistic stimuli are represented across several processing levels (features, letters, word form) that can independently reach or not reach awareness. Using masked words, we constructed conditions in which participants were aware of some letters or fragments of a word, while remaining unaware of the whole word. Three experiments using the Stroop priming paradigm show that when the stimulus set is reduced and participants are encouraged to guess the identity of the prime, such partially perceived stimuli can nonetheless give rise to “semantic” processing. We provide evidence that this effect is due to illusory reconstruction of the incompletely perceived stimulus, followed by usual semantic processing of the result. We conclude that previously reported unconscious Stroop priming is in fact a conscious effect, but applied to a perceptual illusion.
Why Good Guys Wear White
Authors: Meier Brian P. , Robinson Michael D. , Clore Gerald L.
Published: January 2004

Affect is a somewhat abstract concept that is frequently linked to physical metaphor. For example, good is often depicted as light (rather than dark), up (rather than down), and moving forward (rather than backward). The purpose of our studies was to examine whether the association between stimulus brightness and affect is optional or obligatory. In a series of three studies, participants categorized words as negative or positive. The valence of the words and the brightness of the letters were varied orthogonally. In Studies 1, 2, and 3, we found that categorization was inhibited when there was a mismatch between stimulus brightness (e.g., light) and word valence (e.g., negative). Studies 4 and 5 reveal boundary conditions for the effect. The studies suggest that, when making evaluations, people automatically assume that bright objects are good, whereas dark objects are bad.
Neural Signals for the Detection of Unintentional Race Bias
Authors: Amodio David M. , Harmon-Jones Eddie , Devine Patricia G. , Curtin John J. , Hartley Sigan L. , Covert Alison E.
Published: January 2004

We examined the hypothesis that unintentional race-biased responses may occur despite the activation of neural systems that detect the need for control. Participants completed a sequential priming task that induced race-biased responses on certain trials while electroencephalography was recorded. The error-related negativity (ERN) wave, a component of the event-related potential with an anterior cingulate generator, was assessed to index neural signals detecting the need for control. Responses attributed to race bias produced larger ERNs than responses not attributed to race bias. Although race-biased responses were prevalent across participants, those with larger ERNs to race-biased responses showed higher levels of control throughout the task (e.g., greater accuracy and slowed responding following errors). The results indicate that race-biased responses may be made despite the activation of neural systems designed to detect bias and to recruit controlled processing.
Chimpanzees Remember the Results of One-by-One Addition of Food Items to Sets Over Extended Time Periods
Authors: Beran Michael J. , Beran Mary M.
Published: January 2004

Four chimpanzees were highly accurate in selecting the larger of two concurrent accumulations of bananas in two opaque containers over a span of 20 min. One at a time, bananas were placed into the containers, which were outside the chimpanzees' cages. The chimpanzees never saw more than one banana at a time, and there were no cues indicating the locations of the bananas after they were placed into the containers. The performance of these animals matched that of human infants and young children in similar tests. The chimpanzees were successful even when the sets to be compared were sufficiently large (5 vs. 8, 5 vs. 10, and 6 vs. 10) to cast doubt on the possibility that the chimpanzees were using an object file mechanism. These chimpanzees are the first nonhuman animals to demonstrate extended memory for accumulated quantity.
Spontaneous Discounting of Availability in Frequency Judgment Tasks
Authors: Oppenheimer Daniel M.
Published: January 2004

Discounting is a causal-reasoning phenomenon in which increasing confidence in the likelihood of a particular cause decreases confidence in the likelihood of all other causes. This article provides evidence that individuals apply discounting principles to making causal attributions about internal cognitive states. In particular, the three studies reported show that individuals will fail to use the availability heuristic in frequency estimations when salient causal explanations for availability exist. Experiment 1 shows that fame is used as a cue for discounting in estimates of surname frequency. Experiment 2 demonstrates that individuals discount the availability of their own last name. Experiment 3, which used individuals' initials in a letter-frequency estimation task, demonstrates that simple priming of alternative causal models leads to discounting of availability. Discounting of cognitive states can occur spontaneously, even when alternative causal models are never explicitly provided.
The Capacity of Visual Short-Term Memory is Set Both by Visual Information Load and by Number of Objects
Authors: Alvarez G.A. , Cavanagh P.
Published: January 2004

Previous research has suggested that visual short-term memory has a fixed capacity of about four objects. However, we found that capacity varied substantially across the five stimulus classes we examined, ranging from 1.6 for shaded cubes to 4.4 for colors (estimated using a change detection task). We also estimated the information load per item in each class, using visual search rate. The changes we measured in memory capacity across classes were almost exactly mirrored by changes in the opposite direction in visual search rate (r2 = .992 between search rate and the reciprocal of memory capacity). The greater the information load of each item in a stimulus class (as indicated by a slower search rate), the fewer items from that class one can hold in memory. Extrapolating this linear relationship reveals that there is also an upper bound on capacity of approximately four or five objects. Thus, both the visual information load and number of objects impose capacity limits on visual short-term memory.
Short-Term Episodic Memory for Visual Textures
Authors: Zhou Feng , Kahana Michael J. , Sekuler Robert
Published: January 2004

Cognition is shaped by the way that past experiences are represented in memory. To examine the representation of recent visual experiences, we devised a novel procedure that measures episodic recognition memory for synthetic textures. On each trial, two brief study stimuli were followed by a probe, which either replicated one of the study stimuli or differed in spatial frequency from both. The probe's spatial frequency roved from trial to trial, testing recognition with a range of differences between probe and study items. Repeated testing of recognition generated mnemometric functions, snapshots of memory strength's distribution. The distributional characteristics of the mnemometric functions rule out several hypotheses about memory representation, including the hypothesis that representations are prototypes constructed from previously seen stimuli; instead, stimuli are represented in memory as noisy exemplars.
Editors Can Lead Researchers to Confidence Intervals, but Can't Make Them Think
Authors: Fidler Fiona , Thomason Neil , Cumming Geoff , Finch Sue , Leeman Joanna
Published: January 2004

Since the mid-1980s, confidence intervals (CIs) have been standard in medical journals. We sought lessons for psychology from medicine's experience with statistical reform by investigating two attempts by Kenneth Rothman to change statistical practices. We examined 594 American Journal of Public Health (AJPH) articles published between 1982 and 2000 and 110 Epidemiology articles published in 1990 and 2000. Rothman's editorial instruction to report CIs and not p values was largely effective: In AJPH, sole reliance on p values dropped from 63% to 5%, and CI reporting rose from 10% to 54%; Epidemiology showed even stronger compliance. However, compliance was superficial: Very few authors referred to CIs when discussing results. The results of our survey support what other research has indicated: Editorial policy alone is not a sufficient mechanism for statistical reform. Achieving substantial, desirable change will require further guidance regarding use and interpretation of CIs and appropriate effect size measures. Necessary steps will include studying researchers' understanding of CIs, improving education, and developing empirically justified recommendations for improved statistical practice.
An Age-Related Deficit in Prefrontal Cortical Function Associated With Refreshing Information
Authors: Johnson Marcia K. , Mitchell Karen J. , Raye Carol L. , Greene Erich J.
Published: January 2004

Older adults are slower than young adults to think of an item they just saw, that is, to engage or execute (or both) the simple reflective operation of refreshing just-activated information. In addition, they derive less long-term memory benefit from refreshing information. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we found that relative to young adults, older adults showed reduced refresh-related activity in an area of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (left middle frontal gyrus, Brodmann's Area 9), but not in other refresh-related areas. This provides strong evidence that a frontal component of the circuit that subserves this basic cognitive process is especially vulnerable to aging. Such a refresh deficit could contribute to poorer performance of older than young adults on a wide range of cognitive tasks.
Visual Prosody and Speech Intelligibility
Authors: Munhall K.G. , Jones Jeffery A. , Callan Daniel E. , Kuratate Takaaki , Vatikiotis-Bateson Eric
Published: January 2004

People naturally move their heads when they speak, and our study shows that this rhythmic head motion conveys linguistic information. Three-dimensional head and face motion and the acoustics of a talker producing Japanese sentences were recorded and analyzed. The head movement correlated strongly with the pitch (fundamental frequency) and amplitude of the talker's voice. In a perception study, Japanese subjects viewed realistic talking-head animations based on these movement recordings in a speech-in-noise task. The animations allowed the head motion to be manipulated without changing other characteristics of the visual or acoustic speech. Subjects correctly identified more syllables when natural head motion was present in the animation than when it was eliminated or distorted. These results suggest that nonverbal gestures such as head movements play a more direct role in the perception of speech than previously known.
Read My Lips
Authors: Nicholls Michael E.R. , Searle Dara A. , Bradshaw John L.
Published: January 2004

It is well known that the right side of the mouth moves more than the left during speech, but little is known about how this asymmetry affects lipreading. We investigated asymmetries in the visual expression and perception of speech using the McGurk effect—an illusion in which incongruent lip movements cause listeners to misreport sounds. Thirty right-handed participants watched film clips in which the left, the right, or neither side of the mouth was covered. The McGurk effect was attenuated when the right side of the mouth was covered, demonstrating that this side is more important to lipreading than is the left side of the mouth. Mirror-reversed images tested whether the asymmetry was the result of an observer bias toward the left hemispace. The McGurk effect was stronger in the normal than in the mirror orientation when the mouth was fully visible. Thus, observers attend more to what they think is the right side of the speaker's mouth. Asymmetries in mouth movements may reflect the gestural origins of language, which are also right lateralized.
Size and age of maturity of Atlantic salmon correlate with the North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAOI)
Authors: Jonsson N. , Jonsson B.
Published: January 2004

Sea‐age at maturity of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar decreased with increasing values of the seasonal NAOI from February to April. Body mass increment from smolts to adults of one‐sea‐winter Atlantic salmon increased with increasing NAOI in May at the time when the juveniles moved to sea.
The scarecrow toadfish: habitat, abundance and size at maturity at Bimini, Bahamas
Authors: Newman S. P. , Gruber S. H. , Handy R. D.
Published: January 2004

Six scarecrow toadfish Opsanus phobetron were found in the stomachs of five juvenile lemon sharks Negaprion brevirostris, and subsequent sampling yielded 29 O. phobetron specimens from mangroves (45% of toadfish), conch shells (28%), and seagrass beds (25%) around Bimini, Bahamas during the winter. The presence of large numbers of scarecrow toadfish including mature females, when the water temperature was >22° C, suggests that this is a successful breeding tropical population and not a glacial relict.
Reproductive migration of brown trout in a small Norwegian river studied by telemetry
Authors: Rustadbakken A. , L’Abée‐Lund J. H. , Arnekleiv J. V. , Kraabøl M.
Published: January 2004

The movement of 34 large (39–73 cm standard length) brown trout Salmo trutta was monitored using radio telemetry for up to 74 days in Brumunda, a small Norwegian river (mean annual discharge 3·3 m3 s−1) flowing into the large Lake Mjøsa. The maximum range of movement in the river was 20 km. No clear relationships existed between individual movement and water discharge, temperature and barometric pressure. Brown trout migrated at all levels of water discharge. At low discharge (<2 m3 s−1) movements were nocturnal. A weir 5·3 km from the outlet restricted ascending brown trout at low (c. 6° C), but not at high (c. 8° C) water temperatures. Spawning occurred in September to October and tagged individuals spent 2–51 days at the spawning sites. Mean migration speed from tagging to when the fish reached the spawning area, and from when they left the spawning areas and reached the lake was 1·0 and 2·3 km day−1, respectively. All tagged brown trout that survived spawning returned to the lake after spawning.
Exposure to a common environment erodes inherited between‐population trophic morphology differences in Arctic charr
Authors: Alexander G. D. , Adams C. E.
Published: January 2004

Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus juveniles reared from eggs collected from four Scottish populations showed inherited variation in their expression of trophic morphology, measured as a suite of eight characteristics of the head and mouth, before their first exogenous feeding. This demonstrated a genetic component to trophic morphology expression. During a period of 5 months following first feeding, typified by rapid growth, the differential between groups exposed to a common rearing and feeding environment was reduced significantly. It was concluded that this was the result of common environmental exposure acting on phenotypic plasticity in trophic morphology.
Release of sex steroids into the water by roach
Authors: Lower N. , Scott A. P. , Moore A.
Published: January 2004

Electro‐olfactogram (EOG) recordings of the olfactory epithelium of both male and female roach Rutilus rutilus demonstrated that both sexes were able to detect free and glucuronidated 17,20β‐dihydroxy‐4‐pregnen‐3‐one (17,20β‐P) with high sensitivity. Male, but not female, roach were also sensitive to androstenedione. Sexually mature female roach were shown to release free 17,20β‐P, glucuronidated 17,20β‐P and androstenedione into the water; for all three steroids, the rate of release was significantly enhanced by injection of carp pituitary extract (CPE). A series of trials was also carried out which showed that mature males, and to a lesser extent immature males and females, were able also to release free and glucuronidated 17,20β‐P, both before and after CPE treatment. Water extracts from containers that had held CPE‐treated mature male and female roach were examined for the presence of other steroids. This revealed that free and glucuronidated 17,20β‐P plus free and glucuronidated 17,20β,21‐trihydroxy‐4‐pregnen‐3‐one (17,20β, 21‐P) predominated in water extracts from both sexes. The free moieties of 17,20α‐dihydroxy‐4‐pregnen‐3‐one, 17‐hydroxyprogesterone and 11‐deoxycortisol were found at concentrations which were between four and 20 times lower than those of free 17,20β‐P. Androstenedione was found at concentrations which were 25‐fold lower than those of 17,20β‐P. Despite its apparent high rate of release by sexually mature male and female roach, free 17,20β,21‐P was found not to exhibit any EOG activity at the highest dose tested (10−7 M).
Impact of variable pelagic environments on natural larval growth and recruitment of the reef fish Thalassoma bifasciatum
Authors: Sponaugle S. , Pinkard D. R.
Published: January 2004

New recruits of the bluehead wrasse Thalassoma bifasciatum were censused and collected from nearshore reefs of Barbados, West Indies, every 2 weeks for 20 months. Their temporal coincidence with low salinity (<34·5) water during their pelagic larval stage was determined by comparing the otolith records of new recruits with conductivity and temperature records from a current meter moored 2 km off the west coast of the island. Larval residence in a low salinity North Brazil Current (NBC) ring appeared to have a negative impact on growth. Larvae that encountered a NBC ring for at least 7 days during either the first half of the larval period exhibited slower larval growth than those that did not encounter a ring for 7 days during any part of their larval period. As a result of this slower growth, larvae that encountered low salinity waters had a longer pelagic larval duration and were larger at the time of settlement. The magnitude of settlement was not distinctly related to the presence or absence of a NBC ring, but the largest settlement event occurred at the end of the longest ring event. Early juvenile growth did not vary between fish that had encountered a ring and those that did not, so size differences at settlement were propagated through the first week of life on the reef. The potentially opposing attributes of fast and slow‐growing larvae (e.g. fast growing larvae with shorter larval stage duration but smaller size at settlement and higher susceptibility to reef predation), and the resulting differential mortality on the reef may promote the persistence of individuals in the population with contrasting life history traits, and contribute to the lack of a relationship between larval growth and recruitment success. Positive transport related effects of rings (i.e. enhanced retention during some ring events) may further complicate matters by outweighing the negative impact of rings on larval growth.
Behavioural response of Mullus surmuletus to habitat modification by the invasive macroalga Caulerpa taxifolia
Authors: Levi F. , Francour P.
Published: January 2004

Densities of red mullet Mullus surmuletus have declined since 1996 at Cap Martin, Alpes‐Maritimes, France, following colonization by Caulerpa taxifolia. Foraging M. surmuletus were rarely observed over C. taxifolia or the seagrass Posidonia oceanica, but were observed over bare sand and endemic macroalgae. Within colonized sites (where the mean cover of C. taxifolia was 30–100%), fish were concentrated on areas with low cover of C. taxifolia(<21%). A difference in the frequency of observations of foraging groups (17%) was observed between sites with and without C. taxifolia. The observed patterns were probably due to a physical barrier to foraging that is presented by meadows of C. taxifolia. Changes to habitat structure that occur when the substratum is colonized by C. taxifolia influence the accessibility to benthic food resources, and consequently the foraging activities of fish that feed on benthic invertebrates. The decline in density of M. surmuletus at Cap Martin could be the result of fish emigration from colonized sites (unfavourable to the species) to uncolonized sites.