bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trend and Impact of Military Expenditure on Economic Growth in South Asia
Authors: Patra Sudhakar
Published: January 2019

The objective of the chapter is to analyze trend, pattern, and impact of military expenditure in South Asian countries, namely Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The study is based on secondary data from World Bank database, South Asian report, and RBI macroeconomic indicators. The trend of military expenditure has been analyzed using line graphs for all five South Asian countries. Military spending is higher as percentage of GDP in Pakistan among all South Asian countries. Military expenditure has positive impact on economic growth in South Asian countries. The study suggested effective military expenditure strategies and expenditure which is important for improving economic productivity and growth of countries. There is positive correlation between total military personnel and per capita GDP in all South Asian countries except Pakistan.
Military Expenditure and Economic Growth Relationship Revisited in Some South Asian Countries
Authors: Datta Kanchan
Published: January 2019

To protect the motherland from foreign invasion, to maintain peace and stabilize border tension, to maintain a balance of strength among neighboring countries, military expenditure is inevitable. On the other hand, if huge money is spent to continue the war game with neighboring countries that shrinks the funds available for investing in health, education, infrastructure, and industrialization. Under this controversy, some researchers feel increase in military expenditure raises national income through multiplier effect, but another group thinks it crowds out investment for generating employment and reduction of poverty especially in developing countries. In this chapter an attempt has been taken to investigate the relation between military expenditure and its impact on economic growth of some South Asian nations (e.g., India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh) by giving special importance to India.
Security in Transnational Interoperable PPDR Communications
Authors: Ferrús Ramon , Sallent Oriol , Verkoelen Cor , Fransen Frank , Andersen Keld , Bjerrum-Niese Christian , Saijonmaa Jaakko , Olivieri Claudia , Duits Michel , Galin Anita , Pangallo Franco , Modi Debora Proietti
Published: January 2019

The relevance of cross border security operations has been identified as a priority at European level for a long time. A European network where Public Protection and Disaster Relief (PPDR) forces share communications processes and a legal framework would greatly enforce response to disaster recovery and security against crime. Nevertheless, uncertainty on costs, timescale and functionalities have slowed down the interconnection of national PPDR networks and limited the transnational cooperation of their PPDR forces so far. Currently, the European research project ISITEP is aimed at developing the legal, operational and technical framework to achieve a cost effective solution for PPDR interoperability across European countries. Inter alia, ISITEP project is specifying a new Inter-System-Interface (ISI) for the interconnection of current TETRA and TETRAPOL networks through Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity. This approach turns communications security as a central aspect. In this context, this paper describes the framework and methodology defined to carry out the development of the security requirements for the interconnection of PPDR networks via the new IP ISI and provides a discussion on the undertaken security risk and vulnerability analysis. Furthermore, an overview of the designed security architecture solution for network interconnection is provided.
Border Security and Cooperative Initiatives to Counter Illicit Drug Trafficking
Authors: Haughton Suzette A.
Published: January 2019

The illegal flow of drugs continues to undermine states border security. The chapter utilizes a document analysis of secondary source data from the USA Homeland Security and border security agencies in Jamaica. It aims to assess the security challenges posed by the Jamaica-USA trafficking of drugs and explores how border security measures function in reducing this problem. The Container Security Initiative, Customs Trade Partnership against Terrorism, the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative, the Jamaica-USA Maritime Counter Drug Agreement (Shiprider Agreement) and the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative will be explored to assess how these border security initiatives aid in curtailing drug flows to the USA. The chapter discusses the role of border security in detection, deterrence and apprehension via coordinated intelligence driven strategies. It concludes that the trans-border nature of illegal drug flows necessitate increased state-to-state sustained future cooperation especially within the context of globalisation.
Application of Circular Economy for Sustainable Resource Management in Kuwait
Authors: Gulseven Osman , Mostert Jacques
Published: January 2019

Circular economy is an alternative to traditional industrial system based on producing and consuming as much as possible. Contrary to produce and dispose model, circular economy emphasizes resource efficiency in both consumption and production cycle. This research aims to reveal potential role of circular economy with specific applications to small and medium sized enterprises in Kuwait. It is proposed that by applying circular economy concepts, Gulf Cooperation Council countries, particularly Kuwait, can achieve a competitive edge in global economy while minimizing the impact of industrial activities to the environment. Is it also proposed that small and medium sized enterprises tend to be the least efficient enterprises. Therefore, they have the highest potential for circular economy applications that lead to innovation, sustainability and resource efficiency.
Green Marketing in India
Authors: Shukla Ajit Kumar
Published: January 2019

Green marketing is the study of all efforts to consumer, produce, distribute, promote, package and reclaim products in a manner that is sensitive or responsive to ecological concerns. As consumers, we simply don't think about it on a day-to-day basis because the message does not surround us. Most of us did not grow up in a resource starved environment and so the implications of wastefulness have had no direct repercussions on our daily lives. We acknowledge the issue is out there and demonstrate concern for what is being done to improve our collective condition but beyond recycling or an interest in non-toxic HH cleaning products, we simply don't have access to green products or services, let alone do we have an understanding for how to evaluate their functionality or benefit- to us or the environment. In the present study narrows down on one specific area and that is to measure the awareness level of the customers with reference to the green marketing.
Eco-Friendly Culpabilities of Modern Corporates on Ecological Marketing
Authors: Esakki Thangasamy
Published: January 2019

Modern marketing is consumer-oriented. However, very often, for immediate gains, many corporates surpass the ecological value. Gradually, the importance of ecology is grasped among the corporates in the modern marketing environment. This gave a birth to green marketing which is safe to the consumers and highly profitable to the corporates simultaneously. Thus, a systematic investigation into the emerging phenomena of ecological marketing and the modern corporates' responsibility becomes the need of the hour universally. In this context, the objectives of this study are to present a detailed conceptual framework of Green marketing and its impact on environment, to highlight the Green Marketing initiatives undertaken by the selected modern corporates, encompassing some prominent banking companies, to analyze the benefits accruing out of the eco-friendly responsibilities shouldered by the corporates, and to suggest measures to the corporates to perform better in the context of sustainable marketing.
Understanding Attitude Towards Green IT Among Professionals in IT Service SMEs in Bangladesh
Authors: Gan P. L. , Mahmud Imran , Ramayah T. , Zuhora Fatema Tuz
Published: January 2019

Bangladesh is a least developed country which ranks 131 out of 132 in the environment pollution index. Currently, small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) provide 70–80 percent of job opportunities in Bangladesh. Information technology (IT) is one of the industries providing highest employment in the country. The IT professionals' expertise plays an important role in influencing the firms' decisions regarding sustainability. The objective of this chapter is to develop a theoretical model to measure attitude towards green IT usage among IT professionals in Bangladesh. The model will be grounded on self-determination theory.
Contextual Relationship Among 3 C's and Innovative Green Procurement Practices Using ISM and Its Validation Using MICMAC Analysis
Authors: Bag Surajit
Published: January 2019

This paper argues for the use of Interpretive Structural Modeling in building a theory of innovative green procurement practices. Earlier researchers have conducted vast studies related to the hard dimensions of green procurement practices. However, there is a dearth of studies focusing particularly on the soft dimensions of green procurement practices. To address the gap in existing literature, this study first systematically reviews the green procurement literature. Secondly, these dimensions were refined through expert interviews from the manufacturing sector. Thirdly, it illustrates the use of ISM method to find the contextual relationship of elements. The ISM model was finally validated using MICMAC analysis. The current study is unique from two perspectives. Firstly, Resource dependence theory was used as a theoretical lens to study the links between elements. Secondly, it integrated innovation and green procurement practices for the purpose of investigation. The findings show strong associations between 3C's (Collaboration, Coordination, and Cooperation) and innovative green procurement practices. The paper concludes with managerial implications and directions for future research.
Building Theory of Green Procurement Using Fuzzy TISM and Fuzzy DEMATEL Methods
Authors: Bag Surajit
Published: January 2019

Green procurement is the set of procurement policies held, action taken and relationships formed in response to concerns linked with the natural environment. Green procurement has drawn major attention of supply chain practitioners' and has become the theme of most of the seminars and workshops. Green procurement is gaining popularity due to its positive association with the triple bottom line. Firms implement green procurement to achieve sustainability in this dynamic business environment. There are several published papers that have adopted either qualitative or quantitative methodology to build and test theories in the discipline of green procurement. However multiple elements influencing green procurement creates decision making problem among supply chain practitioners. This has motivated to pursue the current study and further extend the theory of green procurement. The main purpose of the current study is to investigate the inter-relationships between elements of green procurement using advanced multi criteria decision making techniques. First systematic review of literature is done to identify the leading drivers. Secondly these drivers were refined through expert interview from manufacturing sector. Thirdly Fuzzy TISM and Fuzzy DEMATEL method were applied to find the intensity of influence of green procurement drivers and make a comparative study of elements. Finally, the conclusions of research are drawn and also present the managerial implications and directions of future research.
Value Engineering-Based Method for Implementing the ISO14001 System in the Green Supply Chains
Authors: Leu Jun-Der , Lee Larry Jung-Hsing , Krischke André
Published: January 2019

Numerous green regulations currently require companies to be responsible for their effect on the natural environment, in addition to achieving their economic goals. In view of this, many companies have implemented the ISO14001 system in their supply chain to comply with green regulations. However, implementing such a system involves technical and communication efforts; hence, an effective method is needed to support the implementation. In this paper, the authors propose a value engineering (VE)-based model with quality tools to support the implementation of the ISO14001 system in the Green Supply Chains. In it, they applied the framework of VE with the quality engineering tools Fishbone Analysis and Failure Mode Effect Analysis for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of green issues in supply chains to cover quality, risk, and value of the system. The proposed method was applied to a global electronics manufacturing company in Taiwan, and the application results showed positive outputs in terms of CO2 emission, power consumption, water consumption, and waste water recovery. Based on the evidence, academic and industrial implications are discussed.
Intelligent IoT-Enabled System in Green Supply Chain Using Integrated FCM Method
Authors: Chen Rui-Yang
Published: January 2019

From green supply chain perspective of the internet of things, actualization of the IOT into the complex system for green inventory management will link the real world with the digital world seamlessly. Modeling the complex systems in green supply chain can be hard in a computational utilization and inventory management of relationships exists. Two of the problems of IoT-enabled system are the lack of stable integrated architecture and autonomous mechanism. This paper proposes the intelligent IoT-enabled system in green supply chain using FCM and fuzzy QFD method. It aims to simulate complex system by linked physical and digital objects with relationships while enhancing decision-making performance efficiency for green inventory management. A case study and experiment evaluation of the proposed FCM approach on green supply chain is presented to provide some indication for work improvement. The experiment compares the total effects performance of the green inventory status as estimated by the two methods using the proposed IoT-enabled FCM and traditional FCM.
Green Information System for a Sustainable Enterprise
Authors: Radu Laura-Diana
Published: January 2019

The changes made in the environment as a consequence of massive industrialization led to a change in the vision of mankind on how organizations should interact with the ecosystem. In the same time information system has a key role in their activity. The increasing their use is accompanied by positive effects. This chapter presents the changes necessary for transformation traditional information systems in green information system. The organization's motivations to develop and implement strategies and regulations for environmental protection are varied. They can be the organization's internal drivers, such as reducing delivery costs, increasing efficiency, improving market reputation, and external, such as government legislation or policies, regulations, competition. Changes necessary to implement green information system are presented based on agile model life cycle and in accord with organizations objectives.
Introducing Eco Friendly Urban Traffic Control Room
Authors: Bhadra Somasree , Kundu Anirban , Khatua Sunirmal
Published: January 2019

In this article, new services in Green Computing environment is introduced. Energy and power is saved in an efficient manner using proposed services. These services are still undefined to the researchers in most of the cases. A typical framework of hierarchical structure for typical software managed central urban traffic control room is considered as case study. Each type of services is shown with an example which is interrelated with central traffic control room scenario. The authors' aim is to produce an energy efficient and power savings method in computing environment. Urban Traffic Control Room is considered as a case study. This is because in today's world urban traffic management is one of the most burning issues of any smart city management. Use of complex yet efficient software in the urban traffic control room may aid in proper management of road traffic. Keeping in mind growing environmental concerns, efficient green system architecture needs to be in place to ensure high performance, reliability and security of such an important public service sector.
The Leading Practices of Green Mobile Telecommunication Base Station Design
Authors: Migdadi Yazan
Published: January 2019

The aim of this study is to identify the green mobile telecommunication base station design practices as adopted by leading cases, four cases were analyzed; Ericsson, ZTE, Huawei, and Bharti. The data were collected from the published data. This study reveals that; the design attributes could be classified to; primary and secondary design attributes. A lot of relationships are reported between the design attributes. This study helps the academics in understanding the relationship between design attributes and actions, so they can use the reported model of this study for teaching purposes or for further extended survey study. The base stations developer and mobile communication services providers have a good insight about the sustainable design alternatives. The green operations practices are still new and the research contribution is limited, the research contribution of green mobile telecommunication base station deign is very limited.
Evaluating Factors Affect Green IT Readiness (Part 1)
Authors: Alsultanny Yas A. , Alnassar Fatma M.
Published: January 2019

The IT departments must have green IT readiness to control emissions from data centres and selecting equipments of low power consumption. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the factors affecting green IT readiness. A questionnaire of developed to evaluate green IT readiness from the perspective of the IT staff. The questionnaire divided into two parts. The first part is for demographic information and general questions. The second part for green IT dimensions; technology, practice, policy, governance, and attitude. The data collected from 401 respondents. The results showed that the factors; technology, practice, attitude, and maintenance have an agree degree of agreement, while the factors; policy, governance, and green IT readiness have neutral degree of agreement. The governance has the highest correlation and influence on green IT readiness. The study recommends organizations, to setup strategies for implementing green IT as short-term solutions, and the government needs new laws and policies to implement green IT as a long-term solution.
Meaning of Green for 3PL Companies
Authors: Ersoy Pervin
Published: January 2019

In today's competitive environment managing green, becoming environmentally friendly and sustainable has become main topic for all industries and companies. Therefore, in this chapter it will be addressed how green logistics solutions and practices can help companies to increase their performance with specific practices, cases and results from Turkey's 3PL service providers' side. This chapter will discuss why being green is important for 3PL companies and the benefits of being green from the business and environment side with current data and real life examples. The main purpose of this chapter is to shed light on green performance indicators and to identify benefits of being green for 3PL companies in Turkey.
Green Marketing Strategies and Marketing Performance
Authors: Kılıç Serkan , Özdemir Erkan
Published: January 2019

Businesses have increasingly paid more attention to the production and marketing of green products. The aim of this study is to establish the marketing mix (4P) strategies that businesses pursuit for their green products and examine the effects of green product, green pricing, green marketing channel and green marketing communication strategies on the marketing performance. The results of the present study are particularly important in terms of shaping the marketing mix strategies of businesses that have already implemented/will implement the production and marketing of green products. The research data were collected by the web based questionnaire method from 258 businesses that operated in Turkey. SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 17.0 softwares were used to conduct the analysis. As a result of multiple regression analysis, it was found that green pricing and green marketing communication strategies had a significant effect on the marketing performance.
Green Investments and Food Security
Authors: Ene Corina , Voica Marian Cătălin , Panait Mirela
Published: January 2019

Green investments are the perfect tool to generate complex self-regenerating systems in order to achieve a sustainable development. Even if the burden of transition from high polluting economy to a green economy is high, the cost should be split among all that have interest in achieving this goal. The switch to green is an international current that will ultimately force the change if it is not made willingly. All parties have an interest to promote change before the change gets them on the wrong foot. In this regard, the chapter aims to emphasizing the potential benefits of the transition to a green economy in terms of reducing poverty, enhancing food security, nutrition and health on a sustainable basis while promoting ecosystem stability. Thus, increased green investments throughout the food system are imperatively needed so that changing the way food is obtained could become a powerful force for sustainable development.
Principles of Learning in the Technology-Enhanced Classroom
Authors: Krahenbuhl Kevin S.
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents a contextual overview of common misconceptions, challenges, and conceptual frames of importance with respect to learning with technology. Having explored these foundational elements, it adapts principles of learning and multimedia informed by empirical research in cognitive science for the technology-enhanced classroom. The chapter concludes with areas for future research expanding on this synthesis of research and a discussion of its implications and applications for educators in these technologically rich learning environments.
Technology Integration in Preservice Teacher Education Programs
Authors: Giovannini Joan M.
Published: January 2019

The integration of technology in K-12 education is highlighted in the ISTE Standards, Common Core State Standards Initiative, and Elementary and Secondary Education Act. Preservice teacher education must reevaluate how technology integration is approached, examining preservice teacher attitudes and competencies toward instructional design and technology use. Recent studies indicate that, while preservice teachers demonstrate a high level of understanding of technology tools, they do not integrate those tools naturally into classroom settings for lesson delivery, assessment and classroom management. In a world of rapidly changing technology tools, preservice teacher education must develop an instructional and philosophical approach that identifies challenges and opportunities for technology integration in teaching and learning. This chapter provides an overview of research that explores the integration of educational technology in preservice teacher education. It provides emerging recommendations for design and redesign of those programs.
Choosing and Adapting a Mobile Learning Model for Teacher Education
Authors: Ireri Bonface Ngari , Wario Ruth Diko , Mwingirwa Irene Mukiri
Published: January 2019

Teachers and instructors end up choosing any instructional design and tools for luck of guiding frameworks especially when integrating teaching and learning with mobile technology. The decision by the instructor becomes even more complex when presented with multiple traditional frameworks to choose from. The Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) model has lately become popular in teacher training, however, research continues to explore on its effectiveness especially in a fast growing technological environment. New models are being created and this chapter has attempted to present such model that can aid teachers and instructors in making a good choice. Content Relevance and Serving, Content Format and Packaging, Learner Attention, Learner Feedback and Context Awareness where factors identified as critical in making a choice for an instructional design model to adopt.
Using Technology to Bridge the Intercultural Gap in the Classrooms of K-8 ENL Students
Authors: White-Clark Renee , Robertson Shawn , Lovett Ashley
Published: January 2019

The transformation of today's classrooms' demographics and the demand for instructional technology has created a challenge for many teachers. While teachers must comply with Common Core Standards and infuse technology throughout the curriculum, they must also differentiate instruction for their diverse student populations. Therefore, the success of all students requires teachers to bridge the intercultural gap in the classrooms of ENL students. This imperative task encompasses the orchestration of teachers' pedagogical expertise of culturally responsive teaching, literacy instruction, technological engagement, and parental partnership. This chapter will discuss the enhancement of the educational opportunities of linguistically diverse students, while emphasizing the importance of these elements. The authors will disseminate the theoretical framework for understanding the integral aspects of the teachers' dilemma, and provide practical instructional ideas and resources for educators to feasibly implement to improve their use of technology in their respective classrooms.
Moving From Theory to Practice
Authors: Bald Lisa-Marie , Orth Judith A. , Hargiss Kathleen M.
Published: January 2019

Technology integration continues to be a professional development concern, especially in elementary schools. It remains unclear why there is a difference between how teachers talk about using technology and how they apply it in teaching reading. The purpose of this investigation was to explore professional development options that would help teachers connect theory to practice by studying their decision-making process. In a case study design, 10 K-4 teachers participated in one 60-minute interview, one follow-up interview, and one 45-minute focus group. With the use of typological analysis, transcripts were coded for initial and emerging themes. Results indicated that integrating mobile devices was highly dependent upon teachers being self-directed learners. Teachers relied on informal collegial interactions when deciding to use mobile devices. Continuous professional development that addresses adult learning styles was recommended by the teachers to support technology adoption.
The Vignette TaBLE
Authors: Elwood Susan , Johnson Robin D. , Perales Cary
Published: January 2019

This chapter investigates the research and recommendations regarding the collaborative design of the joint, flipped-instruction micro-learning vignettes for classroom mentors and teacher candidates regarding promising practices of flipped instruction within a mobile learning environment. The focus of the chapter relates to pedagogies that incorporate active learning within mobile technologies that are most likely to enhance meaningful learning. The Vignette Team-based, Blended Learning Experience (TaBLE) will be presented, based upon its research-based rationale, design, preliminary results, and future implications.
Discourse Analysis of Japanese “Black Companies”
Authors: Takahashi M. , Kimata A. , Teramoto N. , Ito S. , Nakamura T.
Published: January 2019

Issues concerning Black Companies have been extensively discussed in Japan recently. This paper aims to understand how discourses on Black Companies have been constructed and altered within the Japanese social context. To achieve this, we conducted discourse analysis using the case of Dentsu Inc., focusing especially on the multi-levels of discourse and power relations. We find that the process of power emergence in Black Companies and of values relating to the ethic of hard work on the part of employees relate to three levels of discourse: micro-discourse, meso-discourse and macro-discourse. This paper contributes to discourse studies by establishing that one discourse emerges under the influence of other discourses. As a practical contribution, this finding will assist those struggling with injustices in their organisation by enabling them to change their difficult situations via involvement with various discourses.
Reliability of Fan-Out Wafer-Level Heterogeneous Integration
Authors: Lau John , Li Ming , Lei Yang , Li Margie , Xu Iris , Chen Tony , Yong Qing X. , Cheng Zhong , Kai Wu , Lo Penny , Li Zhang , Tan Kim H. , Cheung Yiu Ming , Fan Nelson , Kuah Eric , Xi Cao , Ran Jiang , Beica Rozalia , Lim Sze P. , Lee Ning Cheng , Ko Cheng-Ta , Yang Henry , Chen Yu-Hua , Tao Mian , Lo Jeffery , Lee Ricky
Published: January 2019

In this study, the reliability (thermal cycling and shock) performances of a fan-out wafer-level system-in-package (SiP) or heterogeneous integration with one large chip (5 × 5 mm), three small chips (3 ×3 mm), and four capacitors (0402) embedded in an epoxy molding compound package (10 × 10 mm) with two redistribution layers (RDLs) are experimentally determined. Emphasis is placed on the estimation of the Weibull life distribution, characteristic life, and failure rate of the solder joint and RDL of this package. The fan-out wafer-level packaging is assembled on a printed circuit board (PCB) with more than 400 (Sn3wt%Ag0.5wt%Cu) solder joints. It is a six-layer PCB. The sample sizes for the thermal cycling test and shock test are, respectively, equal to 60 and 24. The failure location and modes of the thermal cycling test and shock test of the fan-out wafer-level SiP solder joints and RDLs are provided and discussed. 3-D nonlinear finite element models are also constructed and analyzed for the fan-out heterogeneous integration package during thermal cycling and shock conditions. The simulation results are correlated to the experimental results. Finally, recommendations on improving the fan-out wafer-level SiP solder joints and RDLs under thermal and shock conditions are provided.
Screen Printing Fine Pitch Stretchable Silver Inks onto a Flexible Substrate for Wearable Applications
Authors: Pan Jianbiao , Keif Malcolm , Ledgerwood Joshua , Rong Xiaoying , Wang Xuan
Published: January 2019

This article presents the development and optimization of the screen printing process for printing stretchable silver ink onto a stretchable thermoplastic polyurethane substrate. A test vehicle was designed including 50 μm/5 mm (line width/line length) to 350 μm/35 mm lines (at four biases). A two-level factorial design with three replicates was selected to investigate the effect of process parameters on the quality of prints. We proposed calculated sheet resistance based on the measured resistance value, trace width, and trace length, which can replace trace height measurements on rough profile substrates. We found that squeegee pressure and emulsion thickness have statistically significant effects on calculated sheet resistance of print traces, whereas print speed does not have statistically significant effects. In our experiment setting levels, the lower the squeegee pressure, the lower the calculated sheet resistance that is achieved. The emulsion with higher emulsion over mesh (EOM) is better than the emulsion with lower EOM because it can achieve lower sheet resistance. After optimizing the screen printing process, we were able to print 100 μm (4 mils) trace width and spacing with high consistency.
Design, Materials, Process, and Fabrication of Fan-Out Panel-Level Heterogeneous Integration
Authors: Ko Cheng-Ta , Yang Henry , Lau John , Li Ming , Li Margie , Lin Curry , Lin J. W. , Chang Chieh-Lin , Pan Jhih-Yuan , Wu Hsing-Hui , Chen Yu-Hua , Chen Tony , Xu Iris , Lo Penny , Fan Nelson , Kuah Eric , Li Zhang , Tan Kim Hwee , Lin Chia-Hung , Beica Rozalia , Lin Marc , Xi Cao , Lim Sze Pei , Lee Ning Cheng , Tao Mian , Lo Jeffery , Lee Ricky
Published: January 2019

The design, materials, process, and fabrication of a heterogeneous integration of four chips by a fan-out panel-level packaging (FOPLP) method are investigated in this study. Emphasis is placed on (1) the application of a dry-film epoxy molding compound for molding the chips and (2) the application of a special assembly process called uni-substrate-integrated package for fabricating the redistribution layers (RDLs) of the FOPLP. The Ajinomoto build-up film is used as the dielectric of the RDLs and is built up by the semiadditive process. Electroless Cu is used to make the seed layer, laser direct imaging is used for opening the photoresist, and printed circuit board (PCB) Cu plating is used for making the conductor wiring of the RDLs. The panel dimensions are 508 × 508 mm. The package dimensions of the FOPLP are 10 × 10 mm. The large chip size and the small chip sizes are, respectively, 5 × 5 mm and 3 × 3 mm. The uniqueness of this study is that all the processes are carried out by using the PCB equipment.
DETECTION OF CALR MUTATIONS USING HIGH RESOLUTION MELTING CURVE ANALYSIS (HRM-A); APPLICATION ON A LARGE COHORT OF GREEK ET AND MF PATIENTS
Authors: Giannopoulos Andreas , Rougkala Niki , Loupis Theodoros , Mantzourani Marina , Viniou Nora-Athina , Variami Eleni , Vassilakopoulos Theodoros , Dryllis George , Kotsianidis Ioannis , Gougopoulou Theodora , Politou Marianna , Konstantopoulos Konstantinos , Vassilopoulos George
Published: January 2019

Background and Objectives
Somatic mutations in the calreticulin gene (CALR) are detected in approximately 70% of patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary or secondary myelofibosis (MF), lacking the JAK2and MPLmutations. To determine the prevalence of CALRframeshift mutations in a population of MPN patients of Greek origin, we developed a rapid low-budget PCR-based assay and screened samples from 5 tertiary Haematology units. This is a first of its kind report of the Greek patient population that also disclosed novel CALRmutants.
 
Methods
MPN patient samples were collected from different clinical units and screened for JAK2and MPLmutations after informed consent was obtained. Negative samples were analyzed for the presence of CALRmutations. To this end, we developed a modified post Real Time PCR High Resolution Melting Curve analysis (HRM-A) protocol. Samples were subsequently confirmed by Sanger sequencing.
 
Results
Using this protocol we screened 173 MPN, JAK2and MPLmutation negative, patients of Greek origin, of whom 117 (67.63%) displayed a CALRexon 9 mutation. More specifically, mutations were detected in 90 out of 130 (69.23%) essential thrombocythaemia cases (ET), in 18 out of 33 (54.55%) primary myelofibrosis patients (pMF) and in 9 out of 10 (90%) cases of myelofibrosis secondary to ET (post-ET sMF). False positive results were not detected. The limit of detection (LoD) of our protocol was 2%. Furthermore, our study reavealed 6 rare novel mutations which are to be added in the COSMIC database. 
 
Conclusions
Overall, our method could rapidly and cost-effectively detect the mutation status in a representative cohort of Greek patients; the mutation make-up in our group was not different from what has been published for other national groups.
Using Accelerometers to Record Postural Sway in Adolescents With Concussion: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Alkathiry Abdulaziz A. , Sparto Patrick J. , Freund Brin , Whitney Susan L. , Mucha Anne , Furman Joseph M. , Collins Michael W. , Kontos Anthony P.
Published: January 2019

Objective

To investigate the magnitude of postural sway induced by different balance tasks in adolescents with concussion and to examine the associations of postural sway with concussion symptoms.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Patients or Other Participants

Fifty-six adolescents (20 girls, 36 boys) between 13 and 17 years of age who sustained a concussion within the past 44 days and were still symptomatic.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Anterior-posterior postural sway was measured using an accelerometer attached to the participant's lower back while he or she performed 6 static-balance tasks that varied the visual input, type of surface, and foot stance. Participants self-reported symptoms that occurred at the time of the concussion (eg, dizziness, confusion, amnesia) as well as at the time of balance testing (eg, eye and head movement–induced dizziness).

Results

The normalized path length of postural sway during the different balance tasks was greater with the eyes closed (mean = 19.3 mG/s) compared with the eyes open (mean = 12.4 mG/s; P < .001). Furthermore, sway while standing with the feet together on a foam surface (mean = 17.9 mG/s) or while tandem standing on a firm surface (mean = 19.4 mG/s) was greater than sway while standing with the feet together on a firm surface (mean = 10.3 mG/s; P < .001). Greater sway was associated with dizziness and confusion reported at the time of injury (P < .05). Dizziness and headache symptoms at rest were positively correlated with sway (P < .05).

Conclusions

Using accelerometers to measure postural sway during different challenging balance conditions in adolescents with concussion may provide an objective means of quantifying balance impairments in clinical environments. Furthermore, the association of these measurements with symptoms suggests a need to account for symptom severity at the time of testing.
Athletic Training Educators' Knowledge and Confidence About Competency-Based Education
Authors: Mace Kimberly L. , Bacon Cailee E. Welch
Published: January 2019

Context:

The knowledge and confidence of athletic training educators regarding competency-based education are not known. While there may be a role for this model of education within athletic training, it is important to gain an understanding of the familiarity current educators have with competency-based education.

Objective:

To assess current athletic training educators' knowledge and confidence regarding competency-based education.

Design:

Cross-sectional.

Setting:

Online survey instrument.

Patients or Other Participants:

A total of 163 respondents (19.2% response rate) from a convenience sample of 849 athletic training educators.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Demographic information was collected. Participants completed a multiple-choice knowledge assessment along with pre- and posttest confidence ratings.

Results:

Composite knowledge scores were low with an average of 3.25 ± 1.9 correct responses out of 8 (40.6%). Average confidence scores were 2.8/4.0 ± 0.6 pretest and 2.0/4.0 ± 0.7 posttest. No significant relationships were found between composite knowledge score and years of experience as an athletic trainer or years of experience as an educator. Further, participants scored similarly with respect to composite knowledge, pretest confidence, and posttest confidence regardless of highest degree attained, program type, or recent participation in continuing education on competency-based education.

Conclusions:

Current athletic training educators demonstrated an overall lack of familiarity with competency-based education and reported average pre- and posttest confidence scores. While there may be merit in exploring the opportunities for a competency-based model in athletic training education, efforts should first ensure that educators are familiar with the concepts.
Libertad de prensa y violencia en el País Vasco y Colombia. Una aproximación histórica a debates actuales
Authors: Álvarez Berastegi Amaia
Published: January 2019

Introducción. El presente artículo muestra un análisis histórico comparado en torno a la formulación y evolución de la libertad de prensa durante los últimos 50 años de conflicto violento en Colombia y en el País Vasco. Método. A través de una periodización diacrónica, el trabajo analiza la censura y autocensura existente en ambos contextos desde la formulación liberal de este derecho en el siglo XIX hasta la transición política iniciada en ambos casos en 2011. Resultados. Los dos estudios de caso se encuentran a día de hoy inmersos en una transición política hacia la paz que, además, coincide con la transformación digital de los medios que está revolucionando el periodismo y la manera de interactuar en la red. Conclusiones. El artículo propone incluir la memoria de las violaciones contra la libertad de prensa en el proceso de transformación de los conflictos y reivindica asimismo la necesidad de reformular el concepto de la libertad de expresión en el presente escenario digital.
El clickbait, como estrategia del periodismo viral: concepto y metodología
Authors: Bazaco Ángela , Redondo Marta , Sánchez-García Pilar
Published: January 2019

El artículo aborda el clickbait, una estrategia del periodismo viral que buscaprovocar que los usuarios accedan al vínculo de una página mediante una selección noticiosa yestrategias de redacción que funcionan como cebo. La investigación aporta una definición máscompleta que las registradas hasta ahora, así como una caracterización de las variables asociadas alfenómeno. Metodología. En su fase empírica, recurre al análisis de contenido para comprobar lapresencia de clickbait en 2.266 mensajes emitidos en Facebook y Twitter por El País y El Mundo.Resultados. La investigación detecta una alta presencia de contenidos clickbait en ambos medios(41,6% de media), así como una prevalencia de técnicas como: información incompleta, preeminenciade soft news, repetición y serialización o utilización de hipérboles. Discusión. La escasez deinvestigaciones sobre clickbait exige intensificar el análisis de su evolución y vigilar las consecuenciasque tiene en la calidad de la información que circula en redes sociales.
How to P(l)ay with Words? The Use of Puns in Online Bank Advertisements in English and Serbian in Light of Relevance Theory
Authors: Lazović Vesna
Published: January 2019

Based on a corpus comprising online bank advertisements shown in the UK and Serbia, this paper aims at describing the most frequent ways of creating puns and classifying them based on their predominant structure. The function of puns in advertising is explained from the perspective of Sperber and Wilson’s relevance theory (1995) and the behavioural AIDA model. This paper also tries to reveal whether the formal and semantic aspects of lexical units are exploited in British and Serbian bank offers, and whether there are any language- and culture-specific features in terms of punning.
Od slovenščine kot prvega jezika k nemščini kot tujemu jeziku: poti do razvoja slovnične in sporazumevalne zmožnosti
Authors: Leskovec Mojca
Published: January 2019

V zgodovini didaktike tujih jezikov sta se poučevanje slovnice in vključevanje materinščine obravnavala izrazito raznoliko, pri modernem pouku tujih jezikov pa sta upravičeno zopet našla svoje mesto. Temeljni cilj pouka tujih jezikov je namreč razvoj sporazumevalne zmožnosti, pri kateri se po Skupnem evropskem jezikovnem okviru jeziki povezujejo in medsebojno delujejo ter za katero je najpomembnejša slovnična zmožnost. Članek izmed didaktično-metodičnih načel, na katerih naj bi temeljil pouk v postmetodski dobi, tako izpostavlja dve: akcijsko in raznojezično usmerjenost. Pri modernem pouku tujih jezikov naj bi se dopolnjevali spoznavni učni procesi in procesi avtomatizacije ter intralingvalna in interlingvalna strategija poučevanja. Članek povzema različne razloge za vključitev slednje ter na primeru slovenščine kot izhodiščnega in nemščine kot tujega jezika prikazuje, kako lahko vključitev prvega jezika pozitivno vpliva na razumevanje rabe členov v drugem oz. tretjem jeziku.
Od slovnične do pragmatične kompetence: glagolski čas in aspekt kot sredstvi za izražanje vljudnosti v angleščini za potrebe turizma
Authors: Radovanović Aleksandra , Mićović Dragoslava
Published: January 2019

Da bi zmanjšali verjetno odstopanje med pragmatičnim in gramatičnim razvojem učencev angleščine za potrebe turizma (AJT), je potrebno v poučevanje vključiti pragmatične aspekte polivaletnih slovničnih paradigem. Prispevek opisuje analizo glagolskega časa in aspekta z dvema dopolnjujočima se ciljema: 1) določiti in ponuditi opis rabe različnih oblik glagolskih časov in aspekta, ki imajo funkcijo notranjih pragmatičnih modifikatorjev, s katerimi se doseže višja stopnja vljudnosti v AJT, ter 2) predstaviti ugotovitve in oblikovati predloge za učitelje AJT. V analizi, ki je usmerjena predvsem v jezikovno pragmatiko, smo uporabili besedila za slušno razumevanje iz štirih učbenikov. Analiza je potrdila povezavo med analiziranimi jezikovnimi elementi in izražanjem vljudnosti. Posebej se je osredotočila na teoretični okvir za rabo preteklega pogojnika, preteklika in nedovršnih oblik, osvetlila pa je tudi vljudnostne aspekte, izražene z glagolskimi oblikami v prihodnjiku. Prav tako predlagamo, da se pri poučevanju AJT spodbuja jezikovnopragmatična zavest učenca.
Podoba Luthra v književnosti 21. stoletja
Authors: Javor Briški Marija
Published: January 2019

Članek se osredinja na podobo Martina Luthra (1483–1546) v dveh romanih 21. stoletja: Feuer. Der Luther-Roman (2014) avtorice Waldtraut Lewin in Durchs Feuer hindurch. Ein Luther-Roman (2015) Richarda Böcka. Analizo romanov, ki zasnujeta različni Luthrovi podobi, avtorica izvede na narativni, tematski in motivni ravni, ob upoštevanju ciljne publike in namena avtorjev.
Vloga kolokacij in frazemov v medijskih ocenah nogometašev
Authors: Cerovšek Mateja
Published: January 2019

Prisotnost frazeoloških enot v športnem besedilu ni naključje. Stalne besedne zveze – po obliki in pomenu ali po rabi – se pojavljajo tudi v podzvrsteh športnega komentarja. V medijskih ocenah športnikov (nogometašev) tako kolokacije in frazemi prevzemajo različne vloge. Nogometni terminološki izrazi so ključni s pragmatičnega vidika, saj omogočajo izražanje na specifičnem športno-nogometnem področju. Obravnavani frazeološki enoti pa imata tudi stilistični vlogi; prva je vezana na skupek novinarskih izrazov, ki spremljajo tip besedila, to je medijski športni govor. Vključenih pa je tudi nemalo besednih zvez, katerih namen je predvsem slogovno razgibati besedilo.