bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on Integrated Project Delivery Construction Project Collaborative Application Based on Building Information Model
Authors: Teng Jia Ying , Wu Xian Guo , Zhou Ge Qian , Zhao Wei Jia , Cao Jing
Published: December 2012

In the last few years, in order to solve the problems of traditional delivery mode in construction industry, such as over budget, project delay and so on, Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) as an effective solution has become a hot spot in China and abroad. IPD with special implementation of process has many advantages compared with the traditional delivery mode. In this paper, the modeling strategy of BIM in IPD project is proposed, and the application of BIM in all stages of IPD on basis of engineering project is analyzed. The study provides foundation for the further collaboration application of IPD with BIM.
A Research of the Spongy Foams from Interpenetrating Polymer Network of Polyurethane/ Epoxy Resin
Authors: Huang Hong Jun , Kang Wang , Wan Guo Shun , Lei Jiang
Published: December 2012

A series of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) spongy foams based on polyurethane (PU) and epoxy resin (EP) were prepared by a simultaneous polymerization technique. The PU/EP IPN spongy foams with different epoxy content were investigated. The results showed that initial adhesion increased with the increment of EP content, and gained the highest value when the content reached to 20%; FTIR suggested the formation of PU/EP IPN; the density also increased with the increasing content of epoxy; the highest degree of uniformity in bubbles were observed in foams with 20% content of epoxy resin.
Preparation of Flame Retardant Polyamide 6 Fibers with Melamine Cyanurate and Bicyclic Phosphates via Melt Spinning
Authors: Lin Yun Zhi , Sha Kai , Xu Hai Yan , Tang Yin , Xiao Ru
Published: December 2012

Melamine cyanurate (MCA) and bicyclic phosphates (BP) were combined and added into polyamide6 (PA6) with the polyethylene oxide (PEO) as dispersing agent by melt blend, then the flame retardant PA6 fibers were prepared by melt spinning. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to characterize the morphology and properties of the blends. The results indicated that the MCA particles with diametric size about 400nm are highly uniformly in the PA6 matrix, the spinnability and tensile strength of flame retardant PA6 fibers declined due to co-addition of MCA and M102B, TGA showed the flame retardant PA6 fibers decomposed early and retained high solid residue. From Flammability testing, an increase of oxygen index to 33.2% and an improvement of the UL-94 classification to V-0 were observed.
A Generalized Route to Synthesize Nanometer-Sized Metal Oxides by Using Frothing Method
Authors: Cheng Zhi Lin , Liu Zan
Published: December 2012

The nanometer-sized oxides of transition metals including copper, nickel, zinc, titanium and zirconium with higher surface area were easily synthesized by using frothing method. It revealed that the method not only had a simple prepared process and low cost, but also exhibited a superiorly size-controlled ability.
Study on Synthetic Process of Low Toxic Urea-Formaldehyde Resin
Authors: Chen Gui Hua , Han Jian , Zhang Xiao Huan
Published: December 2012

This study aimed at exploring a producing method of urea-formaldehyde resin that contained low free formaldehyde. Effects of the pH value of addition stage, the pH value and the temperature of polycondensation stage on the properties of the resin were analyzed. The experimental results showed that controlling the pH value of addition stage to 7.5-8.0, regulating the pH value of polycondensation stage to 4.8-5.1, and keeping the temperature of polycondensation stage to 88-92°C, a low toxic urea-formaldehyde resin adhesive was obtained which contained free formaldehyde 0.08%. Using this resin adhesive, the bonding strength of the plywood reached 1.7MPa, formaldehyde emission of the plywood was 0.7mg/l, reaching the grade E1.
Mechanical Properties of Recycled Butyl Rubber/Virgin Butyl Rubber Composite
Authors: Li Lin , Kim Jin Kuk
Published: December 2012

Large amounts of butyl rubber (IIR) are used as inner tires for aeroplanes, trucks, cars, two-wheelers etc. However, after long runs when these tires are not serviceable they are discarded. Almost the entire amount of rubber from the worn out tires is discarded, which again need very long time for natural degradation due to crosslinked structure of rubbers and presence of additives. To solve this problem, recycled rubber is used as a partial substitute for new IIR in inner tire compounds. The blends with a certain amount of recycled rubber content show good mechanical properties.
Effects of Hydrothermal Treatment on the Structure and Properties of Aviation Polysulfide Sealant
Authors: Meng Jiang Yan , Wang Yun Ying
Published: December 2012

An aviation polysulfide sealant has been soaked in a water bath at 85 °C to study the effects of hydrothermal treatment on this material. The morphology, Shore A hardness, and mechanical properties of the sealant were measured before and after soaking. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and room temperature storage modulus (E') were measured by means of a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). The results showed that the surface glossiness of the polysulfide disappeared, some bubble defects appeared on its surface, the Shore A hardness and the tensile strength increased, while the elongation at break fluctuated with aging. The Tg and E' of the sealant changed only slightly. The chemical structure of the sealant was not obviously changed, and its aggregation state was changed only slightly, thus indicating that this sealant is characterized by good hydrothermal resistance.
Protein Adsorption on Surface-Attached Weak Polyelectrolyte Layers
Authors: Li Qiong , Zhang Hai Ning
Published: December 2012

Fibrinogen adsorption onto surface-attached poly(methacrylic acid) monolayers and poly(methacrylic acid)/polyethyleneimine bilayers has been investigated. The adsorbed amount of fibrinogen was found to be dependant on the charge sign of the topmost layer because of electrostatic interactions.
Research and Evaluation on the Machining Properties of Plantation Eucalyptus Veneer LVL
Authors: Sun Jing , Li Ning , Su Chu Wang , Yuan Quan Ping , Fang Wen Jing
Published: December 2012

In this paper, the machining properties (including planning, sanding, drilling, shaping, mortising and cross cutting) of LVL, compared with Toona ciliata Roem, were tested. Their properties were conducted according to the criteria ASTM D1666-87 and the test on crosscutting is referred to the method established by New Zealand Forest Research Institute. In the meantime, the individual properties were assigned to the corresponding grades according to criterion. The results show as follow: The planning, sanding, drilling, and crosscutting machining properties of LVL and Toona ciliata Roem show excellent；the drilling properties are both good; but the mortising property of LVL show middle, and Toona ciliata Roem show good. In the machining performance comprehensive evaluation system for full marks 50 points, its comprehensive marks were separately for 46.3 points and 44.4 points；the comprehensive machining properties of two kinds of wood show excellent, and the comprehensive machining properties of LVL were slightly worse than Toona ciliata Roem. So plantation Eucalyptus veneer LVL had great potential to be used in the manufacture of high-grade furniture and high-added value products.
Modification of DABA/BMI Composites by Silane Compound and Fumed SiO2
Authors: Alia Nazakat , Zhang Qiu Yu , Wu Yin , Chen Ying
Published: December 2012

In this present investigation, at ﬁrst, Dially bisphenol A (DABA)/Bismaleimide (BMI) system was modiﬁed with gamma-aminopropyltriethoxy silane (KH550). The objective of the work was to study the effect of addition of various weight percentages of KH550 into BMI/DABA composites on its mechanical properties, thermal properties and morphorogy. Further modification was carried out with fumed silica. The role of KH550 was discussed in these composites prepared. Nancomposites were characterized by differential DSC, TGA, and scanning electron microscopy SEM. TGA results conﬁrmed that the heat stability of the nano composite DABA/BMI/KH550 is improved compared with DABA/BMI system. SEM results indicated that the fumed silica dispersed homogeneously in DABA/BMI/KH550 matrix on nanoscale. Mechanical results shows that newly developed system has improved bending modulus to 4.0GPa, while with incorporation of fumed SiO2 impacted strength also improved to 20.60kJ/m2.
Power Quality Control of Wind-Diesel Hybrid Power Systems Using Fuzzy PI Controller
Authors: Yang Su Hyung , Kim Ho Chan , Boo Chang Jin , Kang Min Jae , Kim Eel Hwan , Ko Hee Sang , Lee Kwang Y.
Published: December 2012

This paper proposes a modeling and controller design approach for a wind-diesel hybrid system including dump load. The proposed control scheme for power quality is fuzzy PI controller which has advantages of PI and fuzzy controller. Simulation results show that the proposed controller is more effective against disturbances caused by wind speed and load variation than the PI controller, and thus it contributes to a better quality wind-diesel hybrid power system.
Green Chemical Conversion of Carboxylic Acid to Ester in Dicationic Ionic Liquid 1,1’-decane-1,10-diylbis (3-butylpyridinium) dibromide
Authors: Chinnappan Amutha , La Dahye , Kim Hern
Published: December 2012

Esterification of carboxylic acids with alkyl halides were studied using dicationic ionic liquid 1,1’-decane-1,10-diylbis (3-butylpyridinium) dibromide-[C10(Bpy)2] (Br)2 in the presence of triethylamine. Good conversion rates and yields were obtained. The ionic liquid could be reused after removal of water under vacuum.
Design Optimization of Nonwoven Processing Parameters Using Hybrid Taguchi and TOPSIS Approach
Authors: Wang Shu Wen , Su Te Li
Published: December 2012

This study aimed to apply Taguchi method and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to optimize multiple qualities of needlepunched nonwoven fabrics with the fewest experiments. The quality characteristics are tear strength of machine direction (MD)/ cross machine direction (TD) and tensile strength of MD/TD. From nine experiments based on the L9 orthogonal array, the swing rate of the cross-lapper machine is 1500 rpm, the delivery rate of the cross-lapper machine is 15 cm/min, the depth of the needle penetration is 14 mm, and the punch density is 60 punches/cm2 were found to be the optimal processing parameters. Finally, ten confirmation experiments were executed to ensure the reliability and reproducibility of the TOPSIS predicted optimal conditions with a 95% confidence interval for the needlepunched nonwoven fabrics.
Using Vertical Green as Material for Complying Building Energy Code
Authors: Sathien Kaweewat , Techato Kuaanan , Taweekun Juntakan
Published: December 2012

Plant utilization as a part of building envelope has never been introduced in view of the compliance to Building Energy Code or the successful building energy codes or even in view of energy for building labeling. This research tries to find out the approach to utilize the equivalent plant conductivity (ke) in order to make the plant as a construction material for the building envelope. The ke is plugged into the formula of the Overall Thermal Transfer Value to see the energy saving for air-condition from having vertical green. By testing on two rooms with air conditioner, one with vertical green and another is without vertical green, the room with vertical green reduced the Overall Thermal Transfer Value from 59.87 W/m2 to 49.39 W/m2.
Comparison of Linear and Disk AC MHD Power Generation
Authors: Pattana Intani , Harada Nobuhiro
Published: December 2012

This paper presents comparative performances of an linear and disk AC MHD power generation with an active power. The configuration of linear and disk consist of the top and bottom stators. the top stator bottom stator winding are connected with a power supply and an electrical load, respectively. The interaction between the metal fluid and traveling magnetic field can be explained by Maxwell’s equations and Ohm’s law based on the method of finite-elements. Power flow and electrical efficiency of an AC MHD power generation have been evaluated by various slip conditions. The optimal operating point of the generator was defined by adjusting slip values. The result confirms that disk AC MHD power generation has high active power more than linear AC MHD power generation at the same slip.
The Use of Wind Power to Reduce the Greenhouse Gases Emissions in Brazil
Authors: Silva Milthon S. , Nóbrega André P. , Júnior José R.T.
Published: December 2012

This paper is intended to be an evaluation of the use of Wind Power to reduce Carbon Dioxide emissions (C02) in Brazil. In the first part of the paper, the mean aspects of Wind Power Energy and the importance of clean energy in the current world received an introductory description. Next, the mean emission assessment method was described, then, the contribution, in terms of emissions of C02, of several energy sources was depicted in terms of tons per MW produced. It was done a comparative of the integration of Wind Parks in grids with different energy matrices (hydro, coal and etc.), a study comparing the several energy sources both in Brazil and the world. And finally, it was done an approach about the planning and future opportunities for Brazilian energetic panorama, emphasizing the technical feasibility and the stimulus of the public policies.
Finite Element Method for Step Reduction in Forming Socket Head Screws
Authors: Thara Somkid , Prommul Kusol , Sresomroeng Bhadpiroon , Sripraserd Jiraporn
Published: December 2012

Nowadays, step reduction in the manufacturing process is an important issue because it reduces both the cost and time. The objective of this research is to reduce the steps used in the cold forging process of a socket head screw from 3 steps (existing design) to 2 steps (new design). The commercial FEM (Finite Element Method) software was used for simulating the values of flow line, forging force and die stress, which were then used to determine part quality and tool life. The results have shown that the simulated values of 2-step design are similar to 3-step design.
Wind Energy Harvesting Using Flexible Piezoelectric Device
Authors: Mutsuda Hidemi , Miyagi Junpei , Yasuaki Doi , Yoshikazu Tanaka
Published: December 2012

We have developed a flexible piezoelectric device (FPED) composed of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and functional resin to generate electric power from wind energy with wide range in frequency. We made clear electrical characteristics of the FPED generated by wind power and availability of an attached bluff body in uniform wind. Moreover, we also validated electric performance of the FPED which is laminated with a stretching resin and has a roughness surface such as woolen and small hemisphere. We showed that both a force caused by breeze and wind energy with wide range of spectrum could be harvested effectively using the FPED.
Development of Thailand Low Carbon Society Scenario
Authors: Nidhiritdhikrai Raksanai , Vivanpatarakij Supawat , Wangjiraniran Weerin
Published: December 2012

The objective of this paper is to establish and manage the study group of Thailand and conduct the research activities and create the possible scenario stories of Thailand under the global trend of carbon reduction. The goal of "Balance of Economic, Environment, Energy and Social development (3E&1S) for Low Carbon Societies (LCS)” has been set to be the key decision focus of this study. The tool to handle this future issue is the scenario planning method. This approach is widely applied for exploring the different possible future prospective. Outcome of scenario creation is derived by the brainstorming process from key stakeholders. With the obtained information, the possible scenarios will be determined and can be used as a guideline for policy planning and long-term preparation for economic, environmental, energy and social development of Thailand.
Description of Hysteresis in Lithium Battery by Classical Preisach Model
Authors: Franzitta V. , Viola A. , Trapanese Marco
Published: December 2012

In this paper Preisach Model is applied to obtain a mathematical model of the hysteresis in lithium battery. Preisach Model allows to describe the hysteresis of charging and discharging cycles in a lithium battery. The identification of the model is obtained by using a neural network technique developed for magnetic systems. The model is verified on some experimental tests on commercial batteries.
Biogas Energy Potential from Livestock Manures for Electricity Generation in Nakhonratchasima, Thailand
Authors: Meehom Sureeporn , Iaprasert Wipanan , Kulworawanichpong Thanatchai
Published: December 2012

Electricity is a pre-requisite for technological progress and economy growth. Thailand has been facing an electric energy crisis in inadequate electricity generation capacity compared with the demand. It is essential to replace the conventional energy (e.g. fossil fuels) and electricity import with renewable energy resources, particularly biogas that can be play a major role to meet the electricity demand. This paper explores the current state of biogas energy potential from livestock manures in Nakhonratchasima, Thailand. The results show a potential of electricity produced from animal manures of cattle, buffalo, swine and poultry. The total annual recoverable rates of livestock manures and biogas yield in Nakhonratchasima Province are 431.334 Mtonne of dry matter and 119,631 Mm3, respectively. In energy terms, the annual amount of the recoverable biogas resources is equivalent to 2,691.691 PJ or 748 TWh. This total amount of available biogas energy potential can meet anticipated electricity demand. Therefore, the assessment of biogas energy resources will make a significant utilization of energy management in the future.
Design and Analysis of the Linear Electrical Generator in Wave Energy Farm Utilizing Resonance Power Buoy System
Authors: Park Se Myung , Kim Jin Ho , Park Sang Sin
Published: December 2012

The importance of renewable energy has led to the preliminary development of a technology that converts wave energy to electric energy. Therefore in this research, we propose a novel generation system that is composed of a linear generator inside a buoy. It converts wave energy into electric energy. We expect that the proposed system can generate sufficient power in a relatively small wave energy area where WRPS is operated. Furthermore, we analyze the vibration characteristics of two degrees of freedom linear generator in the proposed generation system by vibration analysis. At same time, we design and analyze the linear generator by using a commercial electromagnetic analysis software named MAXWELL.
Wind Energy Potential Assessment for Nosrat Abad Station
Authors: Alamdari P. , Nematollahi O. , Alemrajabi A.A.
Published: December 2012

Wind characteristic at a site is one of the most important parameters for wind energy development projects. Statistical analysis on wind data will reveal the quantity and quality of wind energy at a site. In the present study, wind data for Nosrat Abad at Sistan and Baluchistan Province of Iran, has been statistically analyzed to determine the potential of wind for power generation. The wind speed data for 2007 has been gathered at three heights, i.e. 10 m, 30 m and 40 m. Mean wind speed, wind speed distribution function, and mean wind power density have been evaluated for the site. The magnitude of Power density at 40 m height is estimated at 170 W/m¬¬¬2 which is suitable for water pumping and battery charging.
Drying Model, Shrinkage and Energy Consumption Evaluation of Air Dried Sheet Rubber Drying System for Small Enterprise
Authors: Ekphon A. , Ninchuewong T. , Tirawanichakul S. , Tirawanichakul Y.
Published: December 2012

The main objective of this research was to study drying kinetics of air dried sheet (ADS) rubber using hot air and simulated drying kinetics by empirical model compared to experimental results. The 10-15 fresh rubber sheet with initial moisture content ranging of 23-40% dry-basis was dried by temperature of 40-70°C and air flow rate of 0.7 m/s. The fresh rubber sheet samples were dried until the desired final moisture content reached to 0.15% dry-basis. The experimental results showed that the drying rate of ADS rubber dried with hot air convection was faster than conventional natural air convection and drying rate was related to drying temperature. The experimental data was statistical non-linear regression analyzed by using 10 conventional empirical models. The coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) values were used as the criteria for selecting the best equation to describe the experimental data The results showed that the calculated results of Verma et al.’ model had a good relation to the experimental results. For specific energy evaluation, the results showed that at high drying temperature specific energy consumption of ADS rubber was relatively low compared to drying with low temperature. Finally, the determination of physical quality showed that.
Parametric Modeling and Simulation of Taper-Lock Connection in Wind Turbine Spindle Based on ANSYS
Authors: Wu Li Mei , Li Yong Zhao , Wang Yan Rong , Yang Fei
Published: December 2012

Taking taper-lock Connection in Wind Turbine Spindle as research object, the paper analyzes the relativity of structural sizes and builds the parametric structural model by means of a way APDL. By using the non-liner finite element software ANSYS, the stress of taper-lock on the limit load conditions is analyzed, then contact stress and strain of the planet carrier and spindle are discussed. This is useful to the choice of assembly condition during taper-lock, planet carrier and spindle and providing theoretical data.
Exploiting of Ocean Wave Energy
Authors: Shao Cheng , Yuan Xao Yu
Published: December 2012

Sea waves are a very promising energy carrier among renewable power sources, and so many devices to convert wave energy into electrical energy have been invented. This paper discussed the fundamentals of ocean wave energy, summarized the wave energy research being conducted. And the purpose is to take refers to scientists and engineers in this area.
Sensitivity Analysis of Hydroelectric Power Generation from Cascading Reservoirs
Authors: Asfaw Tilahun Derib , Yusof Khamaruzaman Wan , Hashim Ahmad Mustafa
Published: December 2012

The cascading reservoirs in Perak, Malaysia, were used to test the sensitivity analysis of hydroelectric power generation during refill and deplete period of the reservoirs. The cascading scheme comprises four reservoirs namely Temenggor, Bersia, Kenering and Chenderoh. The test was conducted after the analysis of water balance and stage-storage relationship of each reservoir in the cascading scheme. The result showed that power generation from the smaller reservoir, Bersia, is more sensitive to the change of headrace level, while the larger storage capacity and rated head reservoir is the most sensitive to the change of release. Therefore, to maximize the power generation from the cascading reservoir, the refill operations should be ranked according to the increasing order of the reservoir storage capacity and a reverse order should be followed during deplete period.
Homotopy Continuation Based Non-Divergent Power Flow
Authors: Lee Seung Min , Song Hwa Chang
Published: December 2012

This paper presents a non-divergent power flow using homotopy continuation method for power system static analysis. During power flow calculation with newly established network data in power system planning, divergence may occur because of the ill-condition by singularity of power flow Jacobian or bad initial guesses. The application of homotopy continuation method can lead the chosen initial guess to a closer solution to power flow equations in hybrid coordinate successfully and can provide further information on the convergence characteristic. This paper includes an illustrative example certifying the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Shell-Derived Heterogeneous Base Catalyst for Transesterification of Palm Oil
Authors: Jindapon Wayu , Jaiyen Siyada , Winitsorn Anurak , Butnark Suchada , Ngamcharussrivichai Chawalit
Published: December 2012

In the present work, shell, which is available in abundance, low cost and non-toxicity, was used as a source of calcium for preparation of heterogeneous base catalysts. The catalyst was prepared by dissolution-precipitation method in which a calcined shell was mixed with Zn(NO3)2 and Al2O3 under acidic conditions, followed by calcination at 300-700 °C. ZSA-I was referred to as the catalyst attained under the suitable synthesis conditions. Physicochemical properties of ZSA-I were studied by using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric/ differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) and CO2-pulse chemisorption analysis. ZSA-I gave the highest fatty acid methyl ester yield of 99 wt.% in the transesterification of palm oil with methanol and can be reused at least 5 times with a retention of the methyl ester yield higher than 96 wt.%.
Towards Ultra Thin and High Efficiency ZnxCd1-xS/CdTe Solar Cell by AMPS 1D
Authors: Hossain Md. Sharafat , Matin Mahmud Abdul , Islam M.A. , Aliyu Mohammad Mannir , Razykov Takhir , Sopian Kamaruzzaman , Amin Nowshad
Published: December 2012

The main motivation of this work was to obtain high efficiency at reduced CdTe absorber layer thickness and replacing ZnxCd1-xS as window layer in conventional CdS/CdTe solar cells. The conventional CdTe baseline case was the starting point of this investigation to analyze ultra thin and high efficiency ZnxCd1-xS/CdTe solar cell for optimal value of x. The initial step of the analysis was to decrease the CdTe absorber layer to the extreme limit of 1 µm and at this thickness the proposed cell has shown satisfactory level of efficiencies. The ultimate step was to insert a suitable back surface field (BSF) with As2Te3 to reduce the back contact barrier height and back surface recombination loss of the ultra thin cell. All the analysis was done using the widely used simulator Analysis of Microelectronic and Photonic Structures (AMPS 1D). The conversion efficiency of 18.02% (Voc = 0.89 V, Jsc = 25.34 mA/cm2, FF = 0.78) without BSF and an efficiency of 20.3% (Voc = 0.93 V, Jsc = 25.97 mA/cm2, FF = 0.825) with As2Te3 BSF were achieved for the proposed cells from 1 µm and 0.6 µm CdTe absorber layer respectively. Moreover, the normalized efficiency of the proposed ultra thin cells linearly decreased with the increasing operating temperature at the gradient of -0.35%/°C, which indicates better stability of the ultra thin cells.
Creating the Wind Energy for Operating the 3-C-Section Blades Wind Car
Authors: Çamur Hüseyin , Kassem Youssef
Published: December 2012

The purpose of this work is to determine the drag characteristics and the torque of three C-section blades wind car. Three C-section blades are directly connected to wheels by using of various kinds of links. Gears are used to convert the wind energy to mechanical energy to overcome the load exercised on the main shaft under low speed. Previous work on three vertical blades wind car resulted in discrepancies when compared to this work. Investigating these differences was the motivation for this series of work. The calculated values were compared to the data of three vertical blades wind car. The work was conducted in a low wind speed. The drag force acting on each model was calculated with an airflow velocity of 4 m/s and angular velocity of the blade of 13.056 rad/s.
Operating a Three Blade-Wind Car with Wind Energy
Authors: Çamur Hüseyin , Kassem Youssef
Published: December 2012

Airfoils have become a combined aspect of human flight as it has evolved over the last century. As the design of each airfoil determines many aspects of its use in the real world, all significant characteristics must be analyzed prior to implementation. The aerodynamic effects of pressure, drag, lift, and pitching moment are used to evaluate the behavior of the airfoil. The airfoil shape is expressed analytically as a function of some design parameters. The NACA 0012 and NACA 2412 are used with design parameters that control the camber and the thickness of the airfoil. Singularity method is the way to determine velocity distribution and pressure distribution of the airfoils. In order to apply it to the potential flow, Kutta condition and kinematic flow condition must be satisfied. It is expedient to treat a very thin profile. In this work, three vertical blades wind car, and directly connected to wheels by using of various kinds of links, and gears are used to convert the wind energy to mechanical energy to overcome the load that rotates the main shaft. The purpose of this work is to determine the torque, lift and drag forces of the different types of NACA airfoils that can be used in electric power generating or running our wind car. This was done by calculating of pressure distribution over the upper and lower surface of the airfoil to calculate the velocity distribution, lift and drag coefficient.
Heterogeneous Catalyst for Transesterification of Biodiesel Synthesis
Authors: Pandhare Amar P. , Padalkar Atul S.
Published: December 2012

The awareness on biodiesel in developing countries in the recent times has been increased. Several activities have been picked up for its production especially with a view to boost the rural economy. In the present investigation biodiesel was prepared from jatropha curcas seed oil (non edible oil). Before exploiting any plant for industrial application, it is imperative to have complete information about its biology, chemistry, and all other applications so that the potential of plant could be utilized maximally. Biodiesel was prepared by transesterification process of jatropha oil with methanol in heterogeneous system, using heterogeneous catalyst. The heterogeneous catalysts are environment friendly and render the process simplified. Calcination process was followed by the dependence of the conversion of jatropha oil on the reaction variables such as the catalyst loading; the molar ratio of the methanol to oil, reaction temperature agitation speed and the reaction time was studied. The conversion was over 89% at a reaction temperature of 70oC and molar ratio 12:1. Finally, Jatropha oil methyl esters was characterized to test its properties as fuels in diesel engines, such as viscosity, flash point, cetane number. Results showed that biodiesel obtained under the optimum conditions is an excellent substitute for fossil fuels.
Nonlinear Modeling and Identification of Underwater Thruster
Authors: Husaini A.B. , Anam K. , Zahurin Samad , Arshad M.R.
Published: December 2012

Complexity in modeling an underwater thruster analytically, leave system identification approached a good option on developing accurate dynamic model for underwater thruster. Nonlinearity of the system due to fluid solid interaction such as, hydrodynamic force hitting the propeller blade make the system identification became a trivial task. This paper presents nonlinear modeling and identification of the underwater thruster from input–output measurement. The system was fully submerged, and current was varied as the input and the output thrust was measured using load cell. Nonlinear Hammerstein method is chosen for identification of the system. The results are numerically and graphically presented. The nonlinear system identification with second order linear dynamics gave the best result, where is the model, can fit up to 82 % of the real response of the thrust. The finding of the model can be utilized in the future to improve underwater vehicle performance by developing optimum control algorithm.
A Fuzzy Logic Based on Theoptimal Energy Conservation with Human Satisfaction of the Inverter Air Conditioning System for Tropical Area
Authors: Plodprong Chutima , Patprakorn Worarat , Bhasaputra Pornrapeepat
Published: December 2012

This research is study of the air conditioning by used fuzzy logic control to analysis. It will take into account the energy savings and the room temperature remained in range of comfort zone for the resident's satisfaction. To control % AC compressor and fan speed. The system was simulated and designed simulation model of fuzzy logic controlled on Matlab program to monitor energy consumption and temperature of the room. The results indicate that thermal comfort of the room together with energy saving can be obtained through fuzzy logic controlled .At a temperature setting of 25 °C and defined heat load in the room, the energy saving for the system is calculated to 30.77 % for fuzzy controllers when compared with on-off condition.
Modeling and Simulation of Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) Hydraulic System
Authors: Yuan Ma Shu , Sameh Bdran , Samo Saifullah
Published: December 2012

As most of today’s a continuously variable transmission (CVT) adopt an electro-hydraulic control system, the role of electronically controlled solenoid valves play an important stature. This paper presents a dynamic modeling and simulation of CVT hydraulic system using Matlab-simulink package and analyzes the dynamic characteristics of the CVT hydraulic system in frequency domain.
Fluid Flow Characterization in IPMC Actuated Contractile Water Jet Thruster
Authors: Shaari Muhammad Farid , Bakar Husaini Abu , Zahurin Samad
Published: December 2012

Contractile water jet thruster is an alternative method for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) locomotion as well as for the AUV’s manoeuvrability control. Currently, studies on contractile water jet thruster focus more on the thrust force performance and its efficiency, such as the characterization of vortex ring formation process, the slug model L/D ratio and the influence of the thrust performance on the AUV. The aim of this paper is to discuss the fluid flow behaviour in the thruster during contraction process under different actuation frequency. This research utilized Ionic Polymer Metal Composite (IPMC) as the actuators instead of electric motor for the contractile function. The result shows that the Reynolds number of the intake flow has negative linear relation with the actuation frequency.
Green Generation by Single-Pass Frequency-Doubling in a Periodically Poled MgO:LiNbO3 at Room Temperature
Authors: An Hong Bo , Su Bing Hua , Niu Li Hong , Xue Jun Wen
Published: December 2012

122mW green emission at 532.3nm with a conversion efficiency of 1.2% was measured by single-pass second-harmonic generation in a 10mm long periodically poled MgO:LiNbO3 (MgO:PPLN) crystal is reported. A continuous-wave Yb-doped fiber laser operating at 1064.6nm with narrow bandwidth of 0.1nm is used as pumping source. The experimental temperature acceptance bandwidth ΔT=4.6°C is a little higher than the simulation data of 4°C. Output power instabilities or variations of the green beam pattern were not observed during experiments. In this work, the optimized efficiency was achieved when the waist located at the center of MgO:PPLN and Rayleigh length equal to its length, and the lens’ location in the system was calculated.
Research on the Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Poly-Peri-Naphthalene
Authors: Wu Bo Rong , Chen Fei Biao , Xiong Yun Kui , Liao Wei Ling
Published: December 2012

With the features of good electrical conductivity, and insolubilization in the electrolytic solution, Poly-Peri-Naphthalene (PPN) can be regarded as the cathode material, and there is a certain necessity to study the electrochemical properties of PPN. PPN can be synthesized easily by 3, 4, 9, 10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA), and the related characterizations regarding to PPN is described in this paper. Meanwhile, research on the electrochemical properties of the synthesized PPN under several different temperatures has been carried out, and some basic laws have been found as follows: 1) Under the condition of 600°C≦T≦1100°Csynthesis temperature, the electrical conductivity of PPN is strengthrened with the increased temperature; 2) The discharge capacity of PPN is also increased with the increased synthesis temperature. 3) As a kind of battery cathode active material, the cyclical stability of PPN is excellent. But the capacity is small, aiming at the deficiency, nitrification treatment on the PPN has been carried out, thus the high-capacity PPN is obtained, the first discharge capacity is 342mAhg-1. Therefore, we can safely predict that the future of PPN as a lithium battery cathode material is promising.
Delamination in Drilling of GFR/High Impact Polystyrene Omposites
Authors: Srinivasan T. , Palanikumar K. , Rajagopal K.
Published: December 2012

Glass fiber reinforced thermo plastic composite materials are finding increased applications in many areas due to their important applications. Drilling is an important operation in the final assembly of the structural frames. The life of the joining can be critically affected by the quality of the drilled holes. The delamination, fiber peel out, pull in, are important concern in drilling. The analysis of delamination in drilling and the influence of cutting parameters on thermoplastic composite materials is presented in detail.
Tensile Properties, Hardness and Micro Structural Analysis of Al 6061 – SiCP Metal Matrix Composites Fabricated by Ultrasonic Cavitation Approach
Authors: Poovazhagan L. , Kani Kalaichelvan , Shanmugasundaram D.
Published: December 2012

The combined use of ultrasonic cavitation and mechanical stirring to disperse the silicon carbide particles (SiCp) in molten aluminum alloys has been studied. Composite materials with various weight percentage of Al 6061 alloy (matrix) and SiCp (reinforcement, average particle size 10 micrometers) were fabricated. The microstructure of the composites was investigated by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The micro structural analysis validates the good dispersion of SiCp in the metal matrix. The tension test results reveal that the tensile strength of the as-cast metal matrix composites (MMCs) have been improved significantly for the 5 and 10 weight percentage of SiCp and then decreases. The hardness of MMCs increases and the ductility decreases as the particle percentage increases. The ultrasonic cavitation based fabrication is a novel route for producing wide range of MMCs.
Study on Wire Electric Discharge Machining Based on Response Surface Methodology and Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Shandilya Pragya , Jain P.K. , Jain N.K.
Published: December 2012

Wire electric discharge machining (WEDM) is one of the most popular non-conventional machining processes for machining metal matrix composites (MMCs). The present research work deals the parametric optimization of the input process parameters for response parameter during WEDM of SiCp/6061 Al metal matrix composite (MMC). Response surface methodology (RSM) and genetic algorithm (GA) integrated with each other to optimize the process parameters. RSM has been used to plan and analyze the experiments. Four WEDM parameters namely servo voltage, pulse-on time, pulse-off time and wire feed rate were varied to study their effect on the quality of cut in SiCp/6061 Al MMC using cutting width (kerf) as response parameter. The relationship between kerf and machining parameters has been developed by using RSM. The mathematical model thus than developed was then employed on GA to optimized the process parameters.
Adhesive Wear Behaviour of Aluminium Alloy / Fly Ash Composites
Authors: Udaya Prakash J. , Moorthy T.V.
Published: December 2012

The aim of this research work is to study the influence of wear parameters on the adhesive wear behaviour of aluminium matrix composites (AMCs). It consists of A413 aluminium alloy as the matrix material and particulate fly ash of 3%, 6% and 9% by weight as the reinforcement material. Stir casting technique was used to fabricate the AMCs. The distribution of the fly ash particles in the matrix phase was investigated using the SEM image. The wear tests have been carried out using a pin on disc machine according to the ASTM G99 – 05 specifications. Wear surfaces were analysed using the images captured through Video measuring machine. It was found that load has the highest influence on wear rate followed by sliding distance, sliding speed, and weight percentage of reinforcement.
Fabrication and Characterization of SiC, Al2O3 and B4C Reinforced Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy (AA 7075) Metal Matrix Composites: A Study
Authors: Senthilvelan T. , Gopalakannan S. , Vishnuvarthan S. , Keerthivaran K.
Published: December 2012

The paper presents the results of experimental investigation on the characterization and analysis of mechanical properties of composites formed. Three aluminum metal matrix composites reinforced with 10 wt% of B4C, SiC and Al2O3 particles were processed. The stir casting method followed by hot rolling was used for fabrications of aluminium 7075 metal matrix composites, being one of the cost effective industrial methods. Experimental results show nearly a uniform distribution and good dispersion of reinforced particles within aluminium matrix. Both tensile strength and hardness are enhanced by incorporation of reinforcement particles into the matrix. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was done to study the good dispersion of particles and surface characteristics.
Thermal and Magnetisms Design of an Inductor Using Finite Element Method
Authors: Boo K.K. , Mark Ovinis , Thirumalaiswamy Nagarajan
Published: December 2012

Thermal stress points in an inductor can cause insulation deterioration and ageing, leading to winding faults, while high magnetic flux causes interference. In this paper, the thermal and magnetic behaviors of inductors with different winding geometries are investigated using the Finite Element Method (FEM) based on 2-Dimension and 3-Dimension model of an inductor. Inductors with different winding geometries have different thermal envelopes and the geometry with the slowest thermal transition has fewer thermal stress points potentially reducing winding faults at the conductor. Furthermore, slow thermal transition would result in greater magnetic field coverage with no magnetic flux outside boundary of the inductor.
Visco-Elastic Properties of Catheter Reinforced with Braids: Stress Relaxation under Two-Stage Step Strain for Different Deformation Paths
Authors: Kato Yasuyuki , Krosawa Show , Ueda Masahito
Published: December 2012

Generally, as for the material of catheter, a soft characteristic is necessary so as not to damage vascular wall etc. On the other hand, responsivity and enough rigidity are required for the surgical operations such as myocardial infarction or cerebral infarction. Therefore, the catheter, which is made of soft nylon resin and is reinforced with thin stainless wires so called “braid”, is chosen as the subject of this study. The purpose of this study is to reveal the effect of braid on the mechanical property of the catheter by investigating the relationship of the stress relaxation and the relative angle between the braid and the principal axis of stress. Especially, in order to investigate the stress relaxation under combined loading, the experiments of two-stage step strain for tension and torsion are carried out with different deformation paths. Consequentially, the phenomenon of the stress relaxation reduces with the relative angle becomes smaller. Moreover, the numerical model under two-stage step strain is proposed in this paper, and the validity of this model is confirmed by comparing the calculated results with the experimental results.
Physical and Chemical Properties Research for Phosophogysum-Based Silicon and Aluminum Composite Materials
Authors: Mei Fu Ding , Hou Jiao Jiao , Wang Zhen , Chen Bo Wen , Gao Ming
Published: December 2012

In this paper, the phosphogypsum-based salic composite binder is the main study object, the particle size distribution, chemical composition and mineral composition of the components have been tested and analysed; According to the ratio experiments, a rational proportion range of the phosphogypsum-based Si-Al composite binder has been summarized; meanwhile, experiments have been designed for composite binder’s activity characterization by using the method of activity rate Kª , and the extent which the Kª value is affected by the external environment is Temperature > Curing time > Fineness; then scattered points on the dissolved quantity of active Al2O3、SiO2 and the compressive strength at 90d is simulated by Matlab, and simulation results show that the compressive strength at 90d linearly increased with the increasing of dissolved quantity of active Al2O3、SiO2.
An Efficient Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm for MEMS Tuning
Authors: Sheikholeslami Mohammad Mojtaba , Deihimfar Hamid Reza , Mafinezhad Khalil , Akhlaghi Iman Ahadi
Published: December 2012

Micro-electromechanical switches (MEMS) with good performance in high frequency application such as linearity, no DC power consumption, no noise, small size and capability to co-fabrication on the chip today, it is noteworthy. the evolutionary approach in the design optimization of MEMS is a novel and promising research area. The problem is of a multi-objective nature; hence, multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEA) are used. In this paper we introduced geometrical parameters of micro-electromechanical switch as input parameters or variables of multi-objective genetic algorithms then we compute electrical parameter of mems switch That show good performance and relation between theoretical parameter and simulated results is good.
A Generalized Inertial-Dependent Prandtl-Ishlinskii Model for Wide-Band Frequency Piezoelectric Actuator
Authors: Hassani Vahid , Tjahjowidodo Tegoeh
Published: December 2012

Smart materials such as piezoceramics used in industrial applications, are subjected to nonlinear phenomenon of hysteresis which degrades the tracking performance of the actuator in operation. Depending on the operating frequency and input magnitude applied to the piezoelectric actuators (PA), the symmetric and asymmetric hysteresis loops can be observed. A generalized inertial-dependent Prandtl-Ishlinskii (PI) model is proposed in term of the stop operator to compensate the effects of nonlinearity in asymmetric hysteresis loops for PA. A nonlinear envelope function is assigned for the threshold of the stop operator to minimize the error between the model response and the measured response obtained through the experiments at frequency range from 200 Hz to 500 Hz.
Optimization of Total Material Processing Time in a Manufacturing Flow Shop Environment
Authors: Baskar A. , Anthony Xavior M.
Published: December 2012

Due to the pressure in a shop floor to complete a set of jobs within due date, all the materials are to be processed within a minimum possible time. This is linked to the problem of finding an optimal sequence in terms of total completion time (Make Span) for processing ‘n’ jobs in ‘m’ processing centers in the shop floor. The problem is NP hard as the total number of sequences is (n!) for a permutation flow shop scheduling problem. In the shop floor, due to the limitation in the computing capabilities and computer knowledge, still the Classical heuristics are popular because of their simplicity. However, in most of the cases, we get only one sequence except in CDS algorithm where the best sequence is selected from (m-1) alternatives. This paper deals with optimization of total material processing time in a manufacturing flow shop using the concept of Dummy Machine in one Heuristics proposed by the authors, based on the Pascal’s triangle. In such cases, more sequences having make spans which may be optimal/ near optimal can be obtained. This results in optimization of total material processing time and enables the shop floor supervisor to complete the jobs within a minimum possible time.