bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Postpancreatoduodenectomy Hemorrhage Treated by Combined Transcatheter Arterial Embolization and Superior Mesenteric Artery to Iliac Artery Bypass: Report of a Case
Authors: Sasaki Hayato , Murakami Yoshiaki , Uemura Kenichiro , Sudo Takeshi , Hashimoto Yasushi , Kondo Naru , Sueda Taijiro
Published: January 2015

Postpancreatectomy hemorrhage is a potentially life-threatening complication. We report herein our experience with a 65-year-old man with locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma who underwent pancreatoduodenectomy with lymphadenectomy following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. On postoperative day 45, he developed massive hematemesis. Angiography revealed active bleeding from the common hepatic artery, and transcatheter coil embolization of that vessel was successfully performed. On postoperative day 64, he again developed massive hematemesis. Angiography revealed active bleeding from the proximal superior mesenteric artery. Immediately after coil embolization of that vessel, bypass grafting between the superior mesenteric artery and the right common iliac artery was performed, using a greater saphenous vein graft. The combination of embolization and bypass grafting is an option for treatment of bleeding from the superior mesenteric artery in an emergent situation.
Rapid Pore Cranial Drilling With External Ventricular Drainage for Treatment of Intraventricular Hemorrhage: A 36-Year Case Series
Authors: Zhang Wei , Wei Lin , Li Gang , Sun Jinlong , Jin Peng , Yang Jun , Wang Daokui , Bai Yunan , Li Xingang , Fei Chang , Wang Chengwei , Wang Baoan , Pan Shumao , Du Jihai , Xie Bo , Xu Dongfang , Xin Changming , Wang Jihua , Zhang Qinglin
Published: January 2015

This study aimed to describe the technique details of rapid pore cranial drilling with external ventricular drainage and document its clinical outcomes by highlighting the advantages over the traditional and modified cranial drilling technique. Intraventricular hemorrhage is one of the most severe subtypes of hemorrhagic stroke with high mortality. The amount of blood in the ventricles is associated with severity of outcomes, and fast removal of the blood clot is the key to a good prognosis. Between 1977 and 2013, 3773 patients admitted for intraventricular hemorrhage underwent rapid pore cranial drilling drainage. The therapeutic effects and clinical outcomes were retrospectively analyzed. Of these patients, 1049 (27.8%) experienced complete remission, 1788 (47.4%) had improved condition, and 936 (24.8%) died. A total of 3229 (85.6%) patients gained immediate remission. One typical case was illustrated to demonstrate the efficacy of the rapid pore drilling technique. Rapid pore cranial drilling drainage in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage is fast, effective, and provides immediate relief in patients with severe conditions. It could be a better alternative to the conventional drilling approach for treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage. A randomized controlled trial for direct comparison between the rapid pore cranial drilling drainage and conventional drilling technique is in urgent need.
The Effect of the Use of Synthetic Mesh Soaked in Antibiotic Solution on the Rate of Graft Infection in Ventral Hernias: A Prospective Randomized Study
Authors: Yabanoğlu Hakan , Arer İlker Murat , Çalıskan Kenan
Published: January 2015

Wound infections and seroma formations are important problems in ventral hernia repair operations using synthetic mesh grafts. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the use of synthetic mesh soaked in vancomycin solution on the rate of graft infection. The total number of subjects was 52. The subjects were randomized into 2 groups using a software program. Group 1 (n = 26) was the control group. In group 2 (n = 26), synthetic mesh was soaked in a Vancomycin solution before it was implanted. The patients were compared with respect to demographic characteristics and preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables. There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to the available variables. Seroma development was significantly more common in group 2 (P < 0.041). Three patients (5.7%) developed superficial wound infection, and 9 (17%) developed surgical site infection 2–type wound-site infection. No significant difference was found between the groups in terms of infection. The use of synthetic mesh soaked in vancomycin solution had no beneficial effects on the rate of wound-site infection. Future randomized, controlled, large-scale studies using the same mesh and suture types, and meshes soaked in larger spectrum antibiotics are needed.
Long‐term changes in soil pH across major forest ecosystems in China
Authors: Yang Yuanhe , Li Pin , He Honglin , Zhao Xia , Datta Arindam , Ma Wenhong , Zhang Ying , Liu Xuejun , Han Wenxuan , Wilson Maxwell C. , Fang Jingyun
Published: January 2015

Atmospheric acidic deposition has been a major environmental problem since the industrial revolution. However, our understanding of the effect of acidic deposition on soil pH is inconclusive. Here we examined temporal variations in topsoil pH and their relationships with atmospheric sulfur and nitrogen deposition across China's forests from the 1980s to the 2000s. To accomplish this goal, we conducted artificial neural network simulations using historical soil inventory data from the 1980s and a data set synthesized from literature published after 2000. Our results indicated that significant decreases in soil pH occurred in broadleaved forests, while minor changes were observed in coniferous and mixed coniferous and broadleaved forests. The magnitude of soil pH change was negatively correlated with atmospheric sulfur and nitrogen deposition. This relationship highlights the need for stringent measures that reduce sulfur and nitrogen emissions so as to maintain ecosystem structure and function.
Shallow crustal permeability enhancement in central Japan due to the 2011 Tohoku earthquake
Authors: Kinoshita Chihiro , Kano Yasuyuki , Ito Hisao
Published: January 2015

Pore pressure decreased at the Kamioka mine in central Japan after the Tohoku earthquake (M9.0) on 11 March 2011, which can be attributed to a permeability increase. We focus on the Earth's tidal response before and after the earthquake to evaluate rock permeability change through hydraulic diffusivity change. If we assume a constant elastic modulus, hydraulic diffusivity is found to increase from 3.3 to 6.7 m2/s after the Tohoku earthquake. We also analyzed data before and after the 2007 Noto Hanto (M6.9) and 2008 Suruga Bay (M6.5) earthquakes, which yield no significant tidal response changes. We examined the amount of dynamic and static stress changes caused by these earthquakes and show that it is difficult to attribute the permeability enhancement solely to dynamic stress, and static stress change may also affect the permeability enhancement.
The role of effective normal stress, frictional properties, and convergence rates in characteristics of simulated slow slip events
Authors: Watkins W. David , Colella Harmony V. , Brudzinski Michael R. , Richards‐Dinger Keith B. , Dieterich James H.
Published: January 2015

Slow slip events (SSEs) observed in subduction zones around the world exhibit a wide range of recurrence intervals, durations, and propagation speeds. To illuminate possible mechanisms responsible for the observed variability and guide future modeling efforts, we employ the earthquake simulator RSQSim to explore the effects of variations in the convergence rates, frictional parameters, and effective normal stress on SSE characteristics. Both recurrence intervals and durations of SSEs are essentially directly proportional to the effective normal stress, while along‐strike propagation speeds are inversely proportional. Effective normal stresses in the range of 3–9 MPa produce fault slip consistent with observed SSEs. Changes in rate‐state frictional instability (b − a) have a moderate inverse effect on propagation speeds but much weaker effects on recurrence intervals and durations. Convergence rates are inversely proportional to recurrence intervals, propagation speeds show a weak positive relationship, and event durations appear insensitive.
Brittle creep and subcritical crack propagation in glass submitted to triaxial conditions
Authors: Mallet Céline , Fortin Jérôme , Guéguen Yves , Bouyer Frédéric
Published: January 2015

An experimental work is presented that aimed at improving our understanding of the mechanical evolution of cracks under brittle creep conditions. Brittle creep may be an important slow deformation process in the Earth's crust. Synthetic glass samples have been used to observe and document brittle creep due to slow crack‐propagation. A crack density of 0.05 was introduced in intact synthetic glass samples by thermal shock. Creep tests were performed at constant confining pressure (15 MPa) for water saturated conditions. Data were obtained by maintaining the differential‐stress constant in steps of 24 h duration. A set of sensors allowed us to record strains and acoustic emissions during creep. The effect of temperature on creep was investigated from ambient temperature to 70°C. The activation energy for crack growth was found to be 32 kJ/mol. In secondary creep, a large dilatancy was observed that did not occur in constant strain rate tests. This is correlated to acoustic emission activity associated with crack growth. As a consequence, slow crack growth has been evidenced in glass. Beyond secondary creep, failure in tertiary creep was found to be a progressive process. The data are interpreted through a previously developed micromechanical damage model that describes crack propagation. This model allows one to predict the secondary brittle creep phase and also to give an analytical expression for the time to rupture. Comparison between glass and crystalline rock indicates that the brittle creep behavior is probably controlled by the same process even if stress sensitivity for glass is lower than for rocks.
Verification of air/surface humidity differences from AIRS and ERA‐Interim in support of turbulent flux estimation in the Arctic
Authors: Boisvert L. N. , Wu D. L. , Vihma T. , Susskind J.
Published: January 2015

Evaporation from the Arctic Ocean and its marginal seas is essential for air moisture, cloudiness, and precipitation, as well as for the associated feedbacks, which contribute to the Arctic amplification of climate warming. However, evaporation in the Arctic is still associated with large uncertainties. The Boisvert et al. (2013) moisture flux scheme (BMF13) is based on application of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) data, which produces high‐quality, global, daily atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles even in the presence of clouds. Comparing the results of BMF13 against the ERA‐Interim reanalysis, we found differences up to 55 W m−2 in the surface latent heat flux in the Beaufort‐East Siberian Seas (BESS). We found out that the quality of the input data for the BMF13 and ERA‐Interim flux schemes was the main cause for the differences. Differences in the input data sets cause moisture flux estimates to differ up to 1.6 × 10−2 g m−2 s−1 (40 W m−2 latent heat flux) in the BESS region, when both data sets were applied to the BMF13 scheme. Thus, the input data sets, AIRS version 6 and ERA‐Interim reanalysis, were compared with a variety of in situ data. In skin temperature ERA‐Interim had twice as large an error as AIRS version 6, but smaller errors in air specific humidity. The results suggested that AIRS data and the BMF13 scheme are a good option to estimate the moisture flux in the Arctic. However, the differences detected demonstrate a need for more in situ measurements of air temperature and humidity in the Arctic.
Land surface memory effects on dust emission in a Mongolian temperate grassland
Authors: Nandintsetseg Banzragch , Shinoda Masato
Published: January 2015

Aeolian processes in temperate grasslands are unique in that the plant growth‐decay cycle, soil moisture/snowpack dynamics, and induced grazing interactively affect seasonal and interannual variations of dust emission. This study uses process‐based ecosystem model DAYCENT and unique saltation flux measurements to (1) identify primary land surface factors that control dust emission with soil moisture and vegetation components (live grasses, standing dead grasses, and litter) in a Mongolian grassland and (2) test the dead‐leaf hypothesis proposed by previous observational studies that correlates plant biomass in summer and dust events the following spring. In general, the DAYCENT model realistically simulates seasonal and interannual variations of the vegetation components and soil moisture that were captured by field observations during 2003–2010. Then, the land surface components are correlated with measured daily saltation flux in the springs of 2008–2009 and the frequency of monthly dusty days during March–June 2002–2010. Results show that dust emission had a similar amplitude of significant correlation with wind speed and a combination of all land surface components, which demonstrates a memory of the preceding year. The memory analysis reveals that vegetation and soil moisture anomalies during spring dust emission are significantly autocorrelated with the preceding year's (autumn) corresponding anomalies, which were controlled by rainfall during a given summer. Most importantly, of the vegetation components, the standing dead grasses had the strongest memory and simultaneous correlation with spring dust emission, suggesting the validity of the dead‐leaf hypothesis.
Low‐frequency storminess signal at Bermuda linked to cooling events in the North Atlantic region
Authors: van Hengstum Peter J. , Donnelly Jeffrey P. , Kingston Andrew W. , Williams Bruce E. , Scott David B. , Reinhardt Eduard G. , Little Shawna N. , Patterson William P.
Published: January 2015

North Atlantic climate archives provide evidence for increased storm activity during the Little Ice Age (150 to 600 calibrated years (cal years) B.P.) and centered at 1700 and 3000 cal years B.P., typically in centennial‐scale sedimentary records. Meteorological (tropical versus extratropical storms) and climate forcings of this signal remain poorly understood, although variability in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) or Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) are frequently hypothesized to be involved. Here we present records of late Holocene storminess and coastal temperature change from a Bermudian submarine cave that is hydrographically circulated with the coastal ocean. Thermal variability in the cave is documented by stable oxygen isotope values of cave benthic foraminifera, which document a close linkage between regional temperature change and NAO phasing during the late Holocene. However, erosion of terrestrial sediment into the submarine cave provides a “storminess signal” that correlates with higher‐latitude storminess archives and broader North Atlantic cooling events. Understanding the driver of this storminess signal will require higher‐resolution storm records to disentangle the contribution of tropical versus extratropical cyclones and a better understanding of cyclone activity during hemispheric cooling periods. Most importantly, however, the signal in Bermuda appears more closely correlated with proxy‐based evidence for subtle AMOC reductions than NAO phasing.
Commodity Chains
Authors: Burr Thomas C.
Published: January 2015

Commodity chains – the series of steps required to produce and distribute a product – constitute the underlying socioeconomic structures of economic globalization. The notion of commodity chains, which are also called value chains, supply chains, or production networks, originated in world systems theory. Studies of commodity chains examine the sequence of stages for each product, the increasingly global geography of chains, their interfirm governance, and the institutional environments in which they operate. Originally manufacturers drove or governed chains; today they are increasingly governed by larger retailers. Attention to consumption in commodity chain studies has long been minimal, but scholars are finally starting to look at how consumers shape these social structures.
Consumer Movements, History of
Authors: Stole Inger L.
Published: January 2015

Over the span of the twentieth century, there were four major consumer movements in the United States. Each of these organized efforts arose in response to economic, social, and political changes that affected citizens in their role as consumers, and each involved a range of strategies to alter asymmetries between producer and consumer and to pass legislative reforms for this purpose. The first such movement, which emerged in the early 1900s, during the Progressive era, called for changes to deplorable industry work and production practices through consumer protection laws. The second, which occurred in the 1930s, was a response to the proliferation of advertising after World War I, and was led by consumer advocates demanding informative advertising and quality standards for goods. The third movement arose in the 1960s and continued into the following decade, calling for regulatory reforms and stricter government oversight of corporate conduct. Consumers rallied yet again in the twentieth century, echoing a century of unresolved demands, but this time in a global context.
Outsourcing
Authors: Lair Craig D.
Published: January 2015

Outsourcing traditionally refers to a process whereby an entity lifts an activity out from its organizational confines and transfers it to a source that is located in the market. This means that many entities are coming to “buy” much of what they used to “make.” While outsourcing is not new, it is becoming increasingly prevalent in many areas of life, particularly in the realms of business, government, and in individual and family life. There are many causes for this and a number of significant consequences have resulted from this development. Whether we view it as something that is good or bad, the fact remains that ours is increasingly an age of outsourcing.
Service Economy
Authors: Warhurst Chris
Published: January 2015

The service economy now dominates countries in North America, Europe, and elsewhere. There are different accounts of this economy. Three particular shifts are articulated: in the number of jobs provided by services, in the type of work provided by services, and from production to the consumption of services. This entry outlines and evaluates these three shifts.
Developmental associations between victimization and body mass index from 3 to 10 years in a population sample
Authors: Qualter Pamela , Murphy Suzanne M. , Abbott Janice , Gardner Kathryn J. , Japel Christa , Vitaro Frank , Boivin Michel , Tremblay Richard E.
Published: January 2015

In the current prospective study, we investigated (1) whether high and low BMI in early childhood puts a child at risk of victimization by their peers, and (2) whether being victimized increases BMI over the short‐ and long‐term, independent of the effect of BMI on victimization. We also examined whether gender moderated these prospective associations. Participants were 1,344 children who were assessed yearly from ages 3 to 10 years as part of the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSCD). BMI predicted annual increases in victimization for girls aged 6 years and over; for boys aged 7 and 8 years of age, higher BMI reduced victimization over the school year. Further, victimization predicted annual increases in BMI for girls after age 6 years. When these short‐term effects were held constant, victimization was also shown to have a three and 5‐year influence on annual BMI changes for girls from age 3 years. These short‐ and long‐term cross‐lagged effects were evident when the effects of family adversity were controlled. The findings support those from previous prospective research showing a link between higher BMI and victimization, but only for girls. Further, being victimized increased the likelihood that girls would put on weight over time, which then increased future victimization. The implications of these prospective findings for interventions are considered. Aggr. Behav. 42:109–122, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expression of FSHD‐related DUX4‐FL alters proteostasis and induces TDP‐43 aggregation
Authors: Homma Sachiko , Beermann Mary Lou , Boyce Frederick M. , Miller Jeffrey Boone
Published: January 2015

Objective

Pathogenesis in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) appears to be due to aberrant expression, particularly in skeletal muscle nuclei, of the full‐length isoform of DUX4 (DUX4‐FL). Expression of DUX4‐FL is known to alter gene expression and to be cytotoxic, but cell responses to DUX4‐FL are not fully understood. Our study was designed to identify cellular mechanisms of pathogenesis caused by DUX4‐FL expression.

Methods

We used human myogenic cell cultures to analyze the effects of DUX4‐FL when it was expressed either from its endogenous promoter in FSHD cells or by exogenous expression using BacMam vectors. We focused on determining the effects of DUX4‐FL on protein ubiquitination and turnover and on aggregation of TDP‐43.

Results

Human FSHD myotubes with endogenous DUX4‐FL expression showed both altered nuclear and cytoplasmic distributions of ubiquitinated proteins and aggregation of TDP‐43 in DUX4‐FL‐expressing nuclei. Similar changes were found upon exogenous expression of DUX4‐FL, but were not seen upon expression of the non‐toxic short isoform DUX4‐S. DUX4‐FL expression also inhibited protein turnover in a model system and increased the amounts of insoluble ubiquitinated proteins and insoluble TDP‐43. Finally, inhibition of the ubiquitin–proteasome system with MG132 produced TDP‐43 aggregation similar to DUX4‐FL expression.

Interpretations

Our results identify DUX4‐FL‐induced inhibition of protein turnover and aggregation of TDP‐43, which are pathological changes also found in diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and inclusion body myopathy, as potential pathological mechanisms in FSHD.
SOD1 silencing in motoneurons or glia rescues neuromuscular function in ALS mice
Authors: Dirren Elisabeth , Aebischer Julianne , Rochat Cylia , Towne Christopher , Schneider Bernard L. , Aebischer Patrick
Published: January 2015

Objective

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is an incurable disorder mainly characterized by motoneuron degeneration. Mutations in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene account for 20% of familial forms of the disease. Mutant SOD1 exerts multiple pathogenic effects through the gain of toxic properties in both neurons and glial cells. Here, we compare AAV‐based gene therapy suppressing expression of mutant SOD1 in either motoneurons or astrocytes.

Methods

AAV vectors encoding microRNA against human SOD1 were administered to G93ASOD1 mice either by intracerebroventricular injections in pups or by lumbar intrathecal injections in adults. Vector systems were designed to suppress SOD1 expression predominantly in either spinal motoneurons or astrocytes. Electrophysiological and behavioral tests were performed on treated animals to evaluate disease progression.

Results

Following vector injection in G93ASOD1 pups, efficient silencing of SOD1 expression was achieved in motoneurons and/or astrocytes. Most complete protection of motor units was obtained when targeting human SOD1 predominantly in motoneurons. Suppressing SOD1 mainly in astrocytes led to preserved muscle innervation despite only partial protection of spinal motoneurons. In both cases, injection in pups led to full recovery of neuromuscular function and significantly prolonged survival. Vector injections in adult mice also achieved significant protection of neuromuscular function, which was highest when motoneurons were targeted.

Interpretation

These results suggest that AAV‐mediated SOD1 silencing is an effective approach to prevent motoneuron degeneration caused by SOD1 mutation. AAV vectors suppressing SOD1 in motoneurons delay disease onset and show effective neuroprotection. On the other hand, AAV‐based SOD1 silencing in astrocytes rescues neuromuscular function following initial denervation.
Skins and Sleeves for Soft Robotics: Inspiration from Nature and Architecture
Authors: Lekakou Constantina , Elsayed Yahya , Geng Tao , Saaj Chakravarthini M.
Published: January 2015

This paper is on the design, fabrication, and testing of skins and sleeves for soft robotics with the focus on the mechanical features of the microstructure of these skins, drawing inspiration from nature and architecture. Biological inspirations drawn from animals are used for designing skin membranes or skin structures for soft robotic actuators, in particular pneumatic actuators that protect, guide, and contribute to the development of the actuated shape. The results presented in this paper will be a new step toward advancing the state‐of‐the‐art of biologically inspired soft robots for minimally invasive surgery. Inspirations from architecture are of particular interest in the areas of formability of design and continuous flow. The report presents a trade‐off study using various skin and sleeve technologies of innovative fiber structures and combinations of different materials in different innovative designs, surrounding a pneumatically actuated, soft robot of variable stiffness.
Capability of New High Strength ADI‐Materials for Automotive Components under Crash Loading
Authors: Böhme Wolfgang , Reissig Lutz
Published: January 2015

The development of new high strength ADI (Austempered Ductile Iron) materials and their evaluation for light weight design purposes are parts of the German research project LEA. The Fraunhofer IWM is investigating the capabilities of ADI materials under crash loading situations by conducting high rate tensile tests which quantify the material's strain rate sensitivity. These investigations result in a reduction of the austenitic phase content of initially about 35%, decreasing to 5–10% after fracture (as characterized by X‐ray diffraction), indicating a phase transformation comparable to a TRIP effect. Several ADI 1000 and ADI 1200 samples show an increase in strength of about 100 MPa up to crash‐relevant strain rates of 100 s−1, and the elongation at fracture is constant or increasing, in some cases up to more than 20%. Thus, the newly developed high strength ADI materials exhibit good potential for crash loaded automotive components.
Magnetically Labeled Cells with Surface‐Modified Fe3O4 Spherical and Rod‐Shaped Magnetic Nanoparticles for Tissue Engineering Applications
Authors: Gil Sara , Correia Clara R. , Mano João F.
Published: January 2015

Magnetically targeted cells with internalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) could allow the success of cell transplantation and cell‐based therapies, overcoming low cell retention that occurs when delivering cells by intravenous or local injection. Upon magnetization, these cells could then accumulate and stimulate the regeneration of the tissue in situ. Magnetic targeting of cells requires a detailed knowledge between interactions of engineered nanomaterials and cells, in particular the influence of shape and surface functionalization of MNPs. For the first time, cellular internalization of amino surface‐modified iron oxide nanoparticles of two different shapes (nanospheres or nanorods) is studied. MNPs show high cellular uptake and labeled cells could exhibit a strong reaction with external magnetic fields. Compared to nanorods, nanospheres show better internalization efficiency, and labeled cells exhibit strong transportation reaction with external magnetic fields. Contiguous viable cell‐sheets are developed by magnetic‐force‐based tissue engineering. The results confirm that the developed magnetic‐responsive nano‐biomaterials have potential applicability in tissue engineering or cellular therapies.
Removal of Palladium from Cross‐Coupling Reactions Using Isocyanide Reagents
Authors: French Jonathan M. , Griffiths Justin R. , Diver Steven T.
Published: January 2015

Isocyanide reagents removed residual palladium from palladium‐catalyzed cross‐couplings, to sub‐ppm levels. The results were similar using either Pd(II) or Pd(0) precatalysts. Using the 3‐isocyanopropylated silica gel reagent 1, no chromatography or other treatments were required. The soluble isocyanide potassium isocyanoacetate (KO2CCH2NC) was also found to be highly effective when combined with silica gel chromatography.

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Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative Ring Closure of ortho‐Cyanoanilides with Hypervalent Iodonium Salts: Arylation–Ring Closure Approach to Iminobenzoxazines
Authors: Aradi Klára , Novák Zoltán
Published: January 2015

A novel, highly modular synthetic methodology with high functional group tolerance was developed for the construction of iminobenzoxazine derivatives from ortho‐cyanoanilides and diaryliodonium triflates via an oxidative arylation–cyclization path. The reaction is supposed to involve the formation of highly active aryl‐copper(III) species. In this novel transformation, copper(II) triflate was used as catalyst in 1,2‐dichloroethane or ethyl acetate and the reaction takes place at 75 °C in 2–16 h.

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Two Consecutive Palladium(II)‐Promoted CH Alkenylation Reactions for the Synthesis of 3‐Alkenylquinolones
Authors: Ortiz‐de‐Elguea Verónica , Sotomayor Nuria , Lete Esther
Published: January 2015

Highly substituted quinolones are obtained through an efficient and atom economical procedure that involves two consecutive palladium(II)‐catalyzed CH alkenylation reactions. A selective 6‐endo intramolecular CH alkenylation leads to 4‐substituted quinolones that have been further functionalized at C‐3 through a second intermolecular CH alkenylation reaction.

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Metal‐Free Photocatalytic Aerobic Oxidation of Thiols to Disulfides in Batch and Continuous‐Flow
Authors: Talla Ali , Driessen Brian , Straathof Natan J. W. , Milroy Lech‐Gustav , Brunsveld Luc , Hessel Volker , Noël Timothy
Published: January 2015

Disulfides represent significant molecular and structural features in various biologically active compounds and fine chemicals. Therefore, the development of mild, efficient and sustainable methods to access disulfides is of great importance. Here, we describe the development of a mild metal‐free photocatalytic aerobic oxidation of thiols to disulfides using Eosin Y and visible‐light irradiation. A continuous flow procedure was developed to accelerate the photocatalytic process, enabling the preparation of disulfides with high purity in a timeframe of minutes. The mildness and applicability of our method was exemplified by the flow synthesis of the cyclic peptide hormone, oxytocin, requiring only a 200 s reaction time and an efficient one‐pot batch protocol for the preparation of the therapeutic thiuram disulfide, disulfiram.

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Structure and Morphologic Influence of WO3 Nanoparticles on the Electrochromic Performance of Dual‐Phase a‐WO3/WO3 Inkjet Printed Films
Authors: Santos Lídia , Wojcik Pawel , Pinto Joana V. , Elangovan Elamurugu , Viegas Jaime , Pereira Luís , Martins Rodrigo , Fortunato Elvira
Published: January 2015

The optimization of tungsten trioxide (WO3) nanoparticles produced via hydrothermal synthesis for application in electrochromic (EC) devices is reported. The structure and morphology of the nanoparticles are controlled by changing the acidity of the aqueous solvent added to the sol‐gel precursor (peroxopolytungstic acid) during synthesis. Orthorhombic hydrated WO3 nanorods or monoclinic WO3 nanoslabs are obtained when HCl is added, while synthesis only in aqueous medium results in a mixture of both types of polymorphs. Dual‐phase thin films are processed by inkjet printing deposition of the nanoparticles in flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate with indium tin oxide coating (ITO PET) followed by the deposition of the precursor solution. When compared with purely amorphous tungsten oxide films, the dual phase ones present higher optical densities and improved capacity, and cyclability stability. The best results, obtained for orthorhombic hydrated nanoparticles (ortho‐WO3·0.33H2O), are due to its high surface area and improved conductivity. Additionally, the ex situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD) lithiation studies show evidence of a higher distortion of the monoclinic when compared with the orthorhombic crystallographic structure, which contribute to the inferior EC performance. These results validate the use of inkjet printing deposition with low processing temperatures for EC dual‐phase thin films containing optimized nanoparticles which are compatible with low‐cost substrates.
Gender differences in occupational injury incidence
Authors: Berecki‐Gisolf Janneke , Smith Peter M. , Collie Alex , McClure Roderick J.
Published: January 2015

Objectives

To describe the frequency and distribution of workplace injury claims by gender, and quantify the extent to which observed gender differences in injury claim rates are attributable to differential exposure to work‐related factors.

Methods

WorkSafe Victoria (Australia) workers' compensation data (254,704 claims with affliction onset 2004–2011) were analysed. Claim rates were calculated by combining compensation data with state‐wide employment data.

Results

Mental disorder claim rates were 1.9 times higher among women; physical injury claim rates were 1.4 times higher among men. Adjusting for occupational group reversed the gender difference in musculoskeletal and tendon injury claim rates, i.e., these were more common in women than men after adjusting for occupational exposure.

Conclusions

Men had higher rates of physical injury claims than women, but this was mostly attributable to occupational factors. Women had higher rates of mental disorder claims than men; this was not fully explained by industry or occupation. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:299–307, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Crystal structures and antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of zinc(II), nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes of N‐(piperidylthiocarbonyl)benzamide
Authors: Xie Juan , Cheng Zhongqin , Yang Wen , Liu Huanhuan , Zhou Weiqun , Li Mengying , Xu Yunlong
Published: January 2015

A new zinc(II) complex of N‐(piperidylthiocarbonyl)benzamide, [ZnL2], has been synthesized and characterized using elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopies. X‐ray diffraction indicates that [ZnL2] presents a tetrahedral structure within an O2S2 donor set, which is different from analogous square planar [NiL2] and [CuL2] available in the literature. The antimicrobial activities of [ZnL2], [NiL2] and [CuL2] were evaluated against fungi and bacteria. The results show that [ZnL2] is the best for control of the studied fungi and bacteria, and its antimicrobial activity is close to that exhibited by commercial products. The relationship between the structures and antimicrobial activities of the complexes was further investigated using density functional theory calculations. It is elucidated that the increase of the polarity of carbonyl and thiocarbonyl groups determines antifungal and antibacterial activities. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of the complexes was tested against human cancer cells (hepatocellular carcinoma (SK‐Hep‐1) and breast carcinoma (MCF‐7)). The [CuL2] complex is found to be the most cytotoxic. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cu(II)–Schiff base complex‐functionalized magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles: a heterogeneous catalyst for various oxidation reactions
Authors: Ghorbani‐Choghamarani Arash , Darvishnejad Zahra , Norouzi Masoomeh
Published: January 2015

Cu(II)–Schiff base complex‐functionalized magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were prepared and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy techniques. This compound acts as a highly active and selective catalyst for the oxidation of sulfides and thiols. These reactions can be carried out in ethanol or solvent‐free conditions in the presence of hydrogen peroxide with complete selectivity and very high conversion under mild reaction conditions. The designed catalytic system prevents effectively the over‐oxidation of sulfides to sulfones. Separation and recycling can also be easily done using a simple magnetic separation process. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Skinless Work Group: Facing the Uncertainty of “Resting on a Void”
Authors: Sanfuentes Matías
Published: January 2015

This paper examines the conflicts and resistances that contemporary organizations face in the effort of generating new and challenging work opportunities. Assuming the metaphoric and real character of the ‘body of the organization’, different dilemmas that work groups tackle in the generation of collaborative and productive spaces are described. Based on a socioanalytic consultancy carried out with a group of Reichian body psychotherapists, the study illustrates the complexities to delineate a common strategy and to overcome the threatening porosity and inconsistencies of the ‘institutional skin’. The lack of a body support is particularly paradoxical for a group of psychotherapists that base their therapeutic method on body techniques, and which crystallizes as an institution the place of rejection and exclusion that Reich and the concern for the body have historically occupied. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fishers’ ecological knowledge of sawfishes in Lake Piso, Liberia
Authors: Leeney R.H.
Published: January 2015

A lack of recent data on the presence of sawfishes throughout West Africa inhibits the development of conservation strategies for these endangered elasmobranchs.

Short interviews were conducted with 32 fishermen around Lake Piso, Liberia, over three days to assess whether this region might still support a population of sawfishes.

Just over half of all interviewees recognized the image of a sawfish and had seen at least one in their lifetime.

No respondent claimed to have frequently caught or observed sawfishes in the past, and few fishermen appeared to know if sawfishes were even edible.

Seven fishermen stated that they had seen or caught a sawfish within the last five years.

The cultural importance attributed to sawfishes in other parts of West Africa was not apparent among the interviewees.

These findings suggest that if sawfishes are still present in Lake Piso, they are rare and local ecological knowledge of these fishes is declining.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sawfishes in The Gambia and Senegal – shifting baselines over 40 years
Authors: Leeney Ruth H. , Downing Nigel
Published: January 2015

Historical and current information on sawfish distribution and abundance in African waters is limited, yet such information is essential in order to effect conservation strategies for this group of critically endangered elasmobranchs.

During a study of sawfishes in the Gambia River in 1974 and 1975 fishermen were interviewed and sawfishes and rostra were collected in order to assess the species and size classes present and the spatial distribution of sawfishes.

Largetooth sawfish (Pristis pristis) were common in the Gambia River during this period and could be found several hundred kilometres upriver, extending into Senegal.

Interviews conducted with fishermen in 2014 at key fish landings sites along the Gambian coast and upriver suggest that sawfish are now rarely encountered, although a small number of fishermen stated that they had caught a sawfish within the last 5 years.

The use of nets was perceived to be the main cause of sawfish decline. There was little mention of any cultural importance of sawfish, which were considered useful primarily as a source of food.

Sawfish declines are resulting in a shifting baseline syndrome, whereby local knowledge of sawfish ecology and cultural importance is being lost in the West Africa region.

These data demonstrate for the first time that the Gambia River was historically a key habitat for freshwater sawfish and as such, should be considered in any future conservation actions for sawfishes in the West Africa region.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive Iterative Learning Control Based High Speed Train Operation Tracking Under Iteration‐Varying Parameter and Measurement Noise
Authors: Li Zhenxuan , Hou Zhongsheng
Published: January 2015

The iterative learning control (ILC)‐based automatic train operation is proposed to address a high speed train (HST) tracking problem with consideration of the iteration‐varying operation condition. The iteration‐varying operation condition considered in this paper is the air resistance coefficient of an HST, which may be completely different at two consecutive operation processes due to different weather conditions. In addition, to alleviate the effect of measurement noise, the proposed method is modified further. The effectiveness of these two proposed methods are verified by theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.
Uptake of extracellular DNA: Competence induced pili in natural transformation of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Muschiol Sandra , Balaban Murat , Normark Staffan , Henriques‐Normark Birgitta
Published: January 2015

Transport of DNA across bacterial membranes involves complex DNA uptake systems. In Gram‐positive bacteria, the DNA uptake machinery shares fundamental similarities with type IV pili and type II secretion systems. Although dedicated pilus structures, such as type IV pili in Gram‐negative bacteria, are necessary for efficient DNA uptake, the role of similar structures in Gram‐positive bacteria is just beginning to emerge. Recently two essentially very different pilus structures composed of the same major pilin protein ComGC were proposed to be involved in transformation of the Gram‐positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae – one is a long, thin, type IV pilus‐like fiber with DNA binding capacity and the other one is a pilus structure that was thicker, much shorter and not able to bind DNA. Here we discuss how competence induced pili, either by pilus retraction or by a transient pilus‐related opening in the cell wall, may mediate DNA uptake in S. pneumoniae.
Computer architecture and FPGAs: A learning‐by‐doing methodology for digital‐native students
Authors: Cifredo‐Chacón Mª De Los Ángeles , Quirós‐Olozábal Ángel , Guerrero‐Rodríguez José María
Published: January 2015

The theoretical teaching of Computer Architecture is not suitable longer. In the present time, students claim for a learning‐by‐doing according to their dynamic and active character. Nowadays, interactive teaching is possible thanks to the decrease in the prices of the Field Programmable Gate Arrays. This paper proposes a learning‐by‐doing methodology to teach Computer Architecture to first‐year student who belong to a digital‐native generation. The method consists in developing a whole computer from scratch while they are introduced to hardware description languages (HDL) and programmable logic devices. Firstly, students design each and every element of the computer by VHDL language. Later on, they interconnect the verified elements and test the complete computer. A FPGA‐based board is needed to implement and check the correct performance of the designed computer. This educational approach is intended to be used with first‐year students from Computer Engineering Degree, thus, it is the first experience of the students with the basics of Computer Architecture. Students have a computer and a FPGA‐based board in anytime. In the final exam, a design of a different computer is propounded. Computer testing and programming is a requirement to pass. The high percentage of passed students corroborated the success of the methodology. Thus, computer functioning and construction is understood by a hands‐on methodology at the same time as VHDL language and FPGA technology are introduced. Lack attention is avoided since students keep a dynamic role working with their personal computer and FPGA at all times. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:464–470, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21617
Sense of Community, Social Identity and Social Support Among Players of Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs): A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: O'Connor Erin L. , Longman Huon , White Katherine M. , Obst Patricia L.
Published: January 2015

The majority of research examining massively multiplayer online game (MMOG)‐based social relationships has used quantitative methodologies. The present study used qualitative semi‐structured interviews with 22 Australian World of Warcraft (WoW) players to examine their experiences of MMOG‐based social relationships. Interview transcripts underwent thematic analysis and revealed that participants reported experiencing an MMOG‐based sense of community (a sense of belonging within the gaming or WoW community), discussed a number of different MMOG‐based social identities (such as gamer, WoW player and guild or group member) and stated that they derived social support (a perception that one is cared for and may access resources from others within a group) from their relationships with other players. The findings of this study confirm that MMOG players can form gaming communities. Almost all participants accessed or provided in‐game social support, and some gave or received broader emotional support. Players also identified as gamers and guild members. Fewer participants identified as WoW players. Findings indicated that changes to the game environment influence these relationships and further exploration of players' experiences could determine the optimal game features to enhance positive connections with fellow players. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facile Synthesis of Zn0.5Cd0.5S Ultrathin Nanorods on Reduced Graphene Oxide for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution under Visible Light
Authors: Shen Shuling , Ma Anping , Tang Zhihong , Han Zhuo , Wang Mingjie , Wang Zhao , Zhi Linjie , Yang Junhe
Published: January 2015

A new contact model between ZnxCd1−xS nanorods and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was obtained by rational formation of ultrathin Zn0.5Cd0.5S (ZCS) nanorods on RGO through a facile oleylamine–DMSO mediated synthesis approach. The 1 D/2 D model of ZCS/RGO provides a strong contact line‐to‐line interface, which is not only conducive for the fast collection and transfer of photogenerated electrons but also stabilizes the ultrathin nanorod structure of ZCS. The photocatalytic test results indicated that the ZCS/RGO nanocomposites exhibit significantly enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution rate and cycling stability under visible light compared with free ZCS and the physical mixture of ZCS and RGO.