bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of New Functionalized Indoles Based on Ethyl Indol-2-carboxylate
Authors: Boraei Ahmed , El Ashry El , Barakat Assem , Ghabbour Hazem
Published: March 2016

Successful alkylations of the nitrogen of ethyl indol-2-carboxylate were carried out using aq. KOH in acetone. The respective N-alkylated acids could be obtained without separating the N-alkylated esters by increasing the amount of KOH and water. The use of NaOMe in methanol led to transesterification instead of the alkylation, while the use of NaOEt led to low yields of the N-alkylated acids. Hydrazinolysis of the ester gave indol-2-carbohydrazide which then was allowed to react with different aromatic aldehydes and ketones in ethanol catalyzed by acetic acid. Indol-2-thiosemicarbazide was used in a heterocyclization reaction to form thiazoles. The new structures were confirmed using NMR, mass spectrometry and X-ray single crystal analysis.
Socioeconomic Indicators Are Independently Associated with Nutrient Intake in French Adults: A DEDIPAC Study
Authors: Si Hassen Wendy , Castetbon Katia , Cardon Philippe , Enaux Christophe , Nicolaou Mary , Lien Nanna , Terragni Laura , Holdsworth Michelle , Stronks Karien , Hercberg Serge , Méjean Caroline
Published: March 2016

Studies have suggested differential associations of specific indicators of socioeconomic position (SEP) with nutrient intake and a cumulative effect of these indicators on diet. We investigated the independent association of SEP indicators (education, income, occupation) with nutrient intake and their effect modification. This cross-sectional analysis included 91,900 French adults from the NutriNet-Santé cohort. Nutrient intake was estimated using three 24-h records. We investigated associations between the three SEP factors and nutrient intake using sex-stratified analysis of covariance, adjusted for age and energy intake, and associations between income and nutrient intake stratified by education and occupation. Low educated participants had higher protein and cholesterol intakes and lower fibre, vitamin C and beta-carotene intakes. Low income individuals had higher complex carbohydrate intakes, and lower magnesium, potassium, folate and vitamin C intakes. Intakes of vitamin D and alcohol were lower in low occupation individuals. Higher income was associated with higher intakes of fibre, protein, magnesium, potassium, beta-carotene, and folate among low educated persons only, highlighting effect modification. Lower SEP, particularly low education, was associated with lower intakes of nutrients required for a healthy diet. Each SEP indicator was associated with specific differences in nutrient intake suggesting that they underpin different social processes.
General Practitioners and Chronic Non-Malignant Pain Management in Older Patients: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Kennedy Mary-Claire , Henman Martin , Cousins Gráinne
Published: March 2016

Chronic non-malignant pain (CNMP) is commonly managed by General Practitioners (GPs) in primary care. Analgesics are the mainstay of CNMP management in this setting. Selection of medications by GPs may be influenced by micro factors which are relevant to the practice setting, meso factors which relate to the local or regional environment or macro factors such as those arising from national or international influences. The aim of this study is to explore influences on GP practises in relation to pain management for older adults with CNMP. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 GPs. Transcripts were organised using the Framework Method of Data Management while an applied thematic analysis was used to identify the themes emerging from the data. Clinical considerations such as the efficacy of analgesics, adverse effects and co-morbidities strongly influence prescribing decisions. The GPs interviewed identified the lack of guidance on this subject in Ireland and described the impact of organisational and structural barriers of the Irish healthcare system on the management of CNMP. Changes in practice behaviours coupled with health system reforms are required to improve the quality and consistency of pharmacotherapeutic management of CNMP in primary care.
Highly Active Copolymerization of Ethylene and N-Acetyl-O-(ω-Alkenyl)-l-Tyrosine Ethyl Esters Catalyzed by Titanium Complex
Authors: Wang Jing , Li Hongming , Zhang Runcong , Shi Xianghui , Yi Jianjun , Wang Jian , Huang Qigu , Yang Wantai
Published: March 2016

A series of N-acetyl-O-(ω-alkenyl)-l-tyrosine ethyl esters were synthesized by the reaction of vinyl bromides (4-bromo-1-butene, 6-bromo-1-hexene, 8-bromo-1-octene and 10-bromo-1-decene) with N-acetyl-l-tyrosine ethyl ester. 1H NMR, elemental analysis, FT-IR, and mass spectra were performed for these N-acetyl-O-(ω-alkenyl)-l-tyrosine ethyl esters. The novel titanium complex can catalyze the copolymerization of ethylene and N-acetyl-O-(ω-alkenyl)-l-tyrosine ethyl esters efficiently and the highest catalytic activity was up to 6.86 × 104 gP·(molTi)−1·h−1. The structures and properties of the obtained copolymers were characterized by FT-IR, (1H)13C NMR, GPC, DSC, and water contact angle. The results indicated that the obtained copolymers had a uniformly high average molecular weight of 2.85 × 105 g·mol−1 and a high incorporation ratio of N-acetyl-O-(but-3-enyl)-l-tyrosine ethyl ester of 2.65 mol % within the copolymer chain. The units of the comonomer were isolated within the copolymer chains. The insertion of the polar comonomer into a copolymer chain can effectively improve the hydrophilicity of a copolymer.
What Characterizes a System Builder? The Role of Local Energy Companies in Energy System Transformation
Authors: Palm Jenny , Fallde Magdalena
Published: March 2016

This article focuses on the development of sustainable energy systems in the Swedish local context and, specifically, on the actors that have proved to be crucial for such transitions: municipally owned energy companies. With the theoretical lens inspired by LTS‘s (large technical systems), the concept of the system builder was analyzed for the purpose of further understanding what characterizes the system builder—a frequently used but seldom problematized concept. This paper originates from earlier studies based on interviews and official documents. In this article, the municipal energy company and its role throughout the processes is used to illustrate how system builders act and can influence the development of energy systems. Three examples are used to illustrate how system building has been enabled through controlling the objectives and visions of the local energy planning, through enrolling the city council, and finally through recognizing the opportunity to expand the market through the coordination of systems. In this case, the system builder was characterized by the ability to act as a collective, as one unit, despite the multitude of individuals representing the organization, by the use of skills and knowledge in different policy processes, and by the ability to recognize opportunities in combining different sociotechnical systems. The need for system builders to act on expanding as well as stagnating systems is also shown.
Sustainable Process Performance by Application of Six Sigma Concepts: The Research Study of Two Industrial Cases
Authors: Sujova Andrea , Simanova Lubica , Marcinekova Katarina
Published: March 2016

The current approach to business management focuses on increasing the performance of business processes. To achieve the required processes performance means to ensure the required quality and capability of processes. The partial aim of this paper is to confirm the positive effects of the Six Sigma methodology (SSM) on the corporate performance in the Slovak Republic and an investigation of the dependency of SSM implementation on the certified quality management system (QMS) as a set-forward condition via a questionnaire survey carried out in Slovak industrial enterprises. The survey results confirmed the above-mentioned assumptions. The SSM using DMAIC (Define-Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control) was applied in real conditions of two manufacturing enterprises with a different level of quality management system. The results of the research study proved a possibility to implement SSM and to use the same methods in enterprises aside from a level of QMS. However, more remarkable results were achieved by the enterprise which introduced QMS. The first application of SSM in enterprises within specific conditions of furniture production processes can be considered to be a contribution of the research study, as well. The result of the work is the model including the methodology and the appropriate combination of methods and tools for assuring the sustainable performance of the business processes.
Development of an Adaptive Forecasting System: A Case Study of a PC Manufacturer in South Korea
Authors: Jung Chihyun , Lim Dae-Eun
Published: March 2016

We present a case study of the development of an adaptive forecasting system for a leading personal computer (PC) manufacturer in South Korea. It is widely accepted that demand forecasting for products with short product life cycles (PLCs) is difficult, and the PLC of a PC is generally very short. The firm has various types of products, and the volatile demand patterns differ by product. Moreover, we found that different departments have different requirements when it comes to the accuracy, point-of-time and range of the forecasts. We divide the demand forecasting process into three stages depending on the requirements and purposes. The systematic forecasting process is then introduced to improve the accuracy of demand forecasting and to meet the department-specific requirements. Moreover, a newly devised short-term forecasting method is presented, which utilizes the long-term forecasting results of the preceding stages. We evaluate our systematic forecasting methods based on actual sales data from the PC manufacturer, where our forecasting methods have been implemented.
A Novel Vaccine Approach for Chagas Disease Using Rare Adenovirus Serotype 48 Vectors
Authors: Farrow Anitra , Peng Binghao , Gu Linlin , Krendelchtchikov Alexandre , Matthews Qiana
Published: March 2016

Due to the increasing amount of people afflicted worldwide with Chagas disease and an increasing prevalence in the United States, there is a greater need to develop a safe and effective vaccine for this neglected disease. Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) is the most common adenovirus vector used for gene therapy and vaccine approaches, but its efficacy is limited by preexisting vector immunity in humans resulting from natural infections. Therefore, we have employed rare serotype adenovirus 48 (Ad48) as an alternative choice for adenovirus/Chagas vaccine therapy. In this study, we modified Ad5 and Ad48 vectors to contain T. cruzi’s amastigote surface protein 2 (ASP-2) in the adenoviral early gene. We also modified Ad5 and Ad48 vectors to utilize the “Antigen Capsid-Incorporation” strategy by adding T. cruzi epitopes to protein IX (pIX). Mice that were immunized with the modified vectors were able to elicit T. cruzi-specific humoral and cellular responses. This study indicates that Ad48-modified vectors function comparable to or even premium to Ad5-modified vectors. This study provides novel data demonstrating that Ad48 can be used as a potential adenovirus vaccine vector against Chagas disease.
Differing Levels of Forestry Best Management Practices at Stream Crossing Structures Affect Sediment Delivery and Installation Costs
Authors: Morris Brian , Bolding M. , Aust W. , McGuire Kevin , Schilling Erik , Sullivan Jay
Published: March 2016

Forestry best management practices (BMPs) are used to reduce sedimentation from forest stream crossings. Three BMP treatments (BMP−, BMP-std, and BMP+) were applied to three forest road stream crossings (bridge, culvert, and ford). BMP− did not meet existing BMP guidelines, BMP-std met standard recommendations, and BMP+ treatments exceeded recommendations. Following BMP applications, three simulated rainfall intensities (low, medium, and high) were applied in order to evaluate sediment delivery from crossing type and BMP level. During rainfall simulation, sediment concentrations (mg/L) were collected with automated samplers and discharge (L/s) was estimated to calculate total sediment loading. Costs of stream crossings and BMP levels were also quantified. Mean sediment associated with the three stream crossings were 3.38, 1.87, and 0.64 Mg for the BMP−, BMP-std, and BMP+ levels, respectively. Ford, culvert, and bridge crossings produced 13.04, 12.95, and 0.17 Mg of sediment during construction, respectively. BMP enhancement was more critical for sediment control at the culvert and ford crossings than at the bridge. Respective costs for BMP−, BMP-std, and BMP+ levels were $5,368, $5,658, and $5,858 for the bridge; $3,568, $4,166 and $4,595 for the culvert; and $180, $420 and $1,903 for the ford. Costs and sediment values suggest that current standard BMP levels effectively reduce stream sediment while minimizing costs.
Modeling of Andean Páramo Ecosystems’ Hydrological Response to Environmental Change
Authors: Flores-López Francisco , Galaitsi S. , Escobar Marisa , Purkey David
Published: March 2016

In the Peruvian Andes, water infiltration from tropical wetlands, called páramo, generates headwaters for downstream rivers. The hydrological processes of these wetlands are not well understood within the larger hydrological system, impeding efforts to mitigate the rapid environmental changes anticipated due to regional population growth and climate change. This study constructed and calibrated a Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) system model for ecosystems with sparse data in the Quiroz-Chipillico watershed in the Piura region of Peru. The model simulates the impacts of possible changes within the hydrological system to assist decision-makers in strategizing about sustainable development for the region, especially the páramo. Using scenarios designed with stakeholder participation, the WEAP model for the Quiroz-Chipillico watershed examines river headflow production, reservoir water levels, and demand coverage for downstream users when the upstream páramo and its environs are subjected to changes of temperature, precipitation, and land use. The model reveals that while temperature and precipitation changes can be expected to impact páramo water production, the anticipated land use changes will be a primary driver of hydrological responses in the páramo and subsequent changes downstream.
THE VARYING LIGHT CURVE AND TIMINGS OF THE ULTRASHORT-PERIOD CONTACT BINARY KIC 9532219
Authors: Lee Jae Woo , Hong Kyeongsoo , Koo Jae-Rim , Park Jang-Ho
Published: March 2016

KIC 9532219 is a W UMa-type eclipsing binary with an orbital period of 0.1981549 days that is below the short-period limit (∼0.22 days) of the period distribution for contact binaries. The Kepler light curve of the system exhibits striking changes in both eclipse depths and light maxima. Applying third-body and spot effects, the light-curve synthesis indicates that the eclipsing pair is currently in a marginal contact stage with a mass ratio of q = 1.20, an orbital inclination of i = 66.°0, a temperature difference of T
1–T
2 = 172 K, and a third light of l
3 = 75.9%. To understand the light variations with time, we divided up the light curve into 312 segments and analyzed them separately. The results reveal that variation of eclipse depth is primarily caused by changing amounts of contamination due to the nearby star KIC 9532228 between the Kepler Quarters and that the variable O’Connell effect originates from the starspot activity on the less massive primary component. Based on our light-curve timings, a period study of KIC 9532219 indicates that the orbital period has varied as a combination of a downward parabola and a light-travel-time (LTT) effect due to a third body, which has a period of 1196 days and a minimum mass of 0.0892 M
⊙ in an orbit of eccentricity 0.150. The parabolic variation could be a small part of a second LTT orbit due to a fourth component in a wider orbit, instead of either mass transfer or angular momentum loss.
VARIABILITY IN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI FROM PROPAGATING TURBULENT RELATIVISTIC JETS
Authors: Pollack Maxwell , Pauls David , Wiita Paul J.
Published: March 2016

We use the Athena hydrodynamics code to model propagating two-dimensional relativistic jets as approximations to the growth of radio-loud active galactic nuclei for various input jet velocities and jet-to-ambient matter density ratios. Using results from these simulations we estimate the changing synchrotron emission by summing the fluxes from a vertical strip of zones behind the reconfinement shock, which is nearly stationary, and from which a substantial portion of the flux variability should arise. We explore a wide range of timescales by considering two light curves from each simulation; one uses a relativistic turbulence code with bulk velocities taken from our simulations as input, while the other uses the bulk velocity data to compute fluctuations caused by variations in the Doppler boosting due to changes in the direction and the speed of the flow through all zones in the strip. We then calculate power spectral densities (PSDs) from the light curves for both turbulent and bulk velocity origins for variability. The range of the power-law slopes of the PSDs for the turbulence induced variations is −1.8 to −2.3, while for the bulk velocity produced variations this range is −2.1 to −2.9; these are in agreement with most observations. When superimposed, these power spectra span a very large range in frequency (about five decades), with the turbulent fluctuations yielding most of the shorter timescale variations and the bulk flow changes dominating the longer periods.
FORWARD MODELING OF PROPAGATING SLOW WAVES IN CORONAL LOOPS AND THEIR FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT DAMPING
Authors: Mandal Sudip , Magyar Norbert , Yuan Ding , Doorsselaere Tom Van , Banerjee Dipankar
Published: March 2016

Propagating slow waves in coronal loops exhibit a damping that depends upon the frequency of the waves. In this study we aim to investigate the relationship of the damping length (L

d
) with the frequency of the propagating wave. We present a 3D coronal loop model with uniform density and temperature and investigate the frequency-dependent damping mechanism for the four chosen wave periods. We include the thermal conduction to damp the waves as they propagate through the loop. The numerical model output has been forward modeled to generate synthetic images of SDO/AIA 171 and 193 Å channels. The use of forward modeling, which incorporates the atomic emission properties into the intensity images, allows us to directly compare our results with the real observations. The results show that the damping lengths vary linearly with the periods. We also measure the contributions of the emission properties on the damping lengths by using density values from the simulation. In addition to that we have also calculated the theoretical dependence of L

d
with wave periods and showed that it is consistent with the results we obtained from the numerical modeling and earlier observations.
MAGNETIC HELICITY OF ION KINETIC TURBULENCE WITH A NONZERO ELECTRON TEMPERATURE
Authors: Markovskii S. A. , Vasquez Bernard J.
Published: March 2016

Hybrid numerical simulations of strong turbulence with a nonzero electron temperature are carried out in the proton kinetic range. The turbulent cascade is initiated by a large-scale spectrum with a nonzero cross-helicity. The turbulence evolves freely and produces a magnetic helicity spectrum with a peak at smaller scales. Testing is performed to verify that the shape of the peak is not affected by numerical artifacts. The magnetic helicity spectrum is shown to be determined by both the electron and proton thermal pressures, rather than the proton pressure alone. Implications for the observed correlations between the magnetic helicity and the plasma parameters in the solar wind are discussed.
A NUMERICAL STUDY OF LONG-RANGE MAGNETIC IMPACTS DURING CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS
Authors: Jin M. , Schrijver C. J. , Cheung M. C. M. , DeRosa M. L. , Nitta N. V. , Title A. M.
Published: March 2016

With the global view and high-cadence observations from Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly and Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory, many spatially separated solar eruptive events appear to be coupled. However, the mechanisms for “sympathetic” events are still largely unknown. In this study, we investigate the impact of an erupting flux rope on surrounding solar structures through large-scale magnetic coupling. We build a realistic environment of the solar corona on 2011 February 15 using a global magnetohydrodynamics model and initiate coronal mass ejections (CMEs) in active region 11158 by inserting Gibson–Low analytical flux ropes. We show that a CME’s impact on the surrounding structures depends not only on the magnetic strength of these structures and their distance to the source region, but also on the interaction between the CME and the large-scale magnetic field. Within the CME expansion domain where the flux rope field directly interacts with the solar structures, expansion-induced reconnection often modifies the overlying field, thereby increasing the decay index. This effect may provide a primary coupling mechanism underlying the sympathetic eruptions. The magnitude of the impact is found to depend on the orientation of the erupting flux rope, with the largest impacts occurring when the flux rope is favorably oriented for reconnecting with the surrounding regions. Outside the CME expansion domain, the influence of the CME is mainly through field line compression or post-eruption relaxation. Based on our numerical experiments, we discuss a way to quantify the eruption impact, which could be useful for forecasting purposes.
SEARCHING FOR SPECTROSCOPIC BINARIES WITHIN TRANSITION DISK OBJECTS*
Authors: Kohn Saul A. , Shkolnik Evgenya L. , Weinberger Alycia J. , Carlberg Joleen K. , Llama Joe
Published: March 2016

Transition disks (TDs) are intermediate stage circumstellar disks characterized by an inner gap within the disk structure. To test whether these gaps may have been formed by closely orbiting, previously undetected stellar companions, we collected high-resolution optical spectra of 31 TD objects to search for spectroscopic binaries (SBs). Twenty-four of these objects are in Ophiuchus and seven are within the Coronet, Corona Australis, and Chameleon I star-forming regions. We measured radial velocities for multiple epochs, obtaining a median precision of 400 ms−1. We identified double-lined SB SSTc2d J163154.7–250324 in Ophiuchus, which we determined to be composed of a K7(±0.5) and a K9(±0.5) star, with orbital limits of a < 0.6 au and P < 150 days. This results in an SB fraction of

in Ophiuchus, which is consistent with other spectroscopic surveys of non-TD objects in the region. This similarity suggests that TDs are not preferentially sculpted by the presence of close binaries and that planet formation around close binaries may take place over similar timescales to that around single stars.
MOA-2011-BLG-028Lb: A NEPTUNE-MASS MICROLENSING PLANET IN THE GALACTIC BULGE*
Authors: Skowron J. , Udalski A. , Poleski R. , Kozłowski S. , Szymański M. K. , Wyrzykowski Ł. , Ulaczyk K. , Pietrukowicz P. , Pietrzyński G. , Soszyński I. ,   (The OGLE Collaboration)20, Abe F. , Bennett D. P. , Bhattacharya A. , Bond I. A. , Freeman M. , Fukui A. , Hirao Y. , Itow Y. , Koshimoto N. , Ling C. H. , Masuda K. , Matsubara Y. , Muraki Y. , Nagakane M. , Ohnishi K. , Rattenbury N. , Saito To. , Sullivan D. J. , Sumi T. , Suzuki D. , Tristram P. J. , Yonehara A. ,   (The MOA Collaboration)21, Dominik M. , Jørgensen U. G. , Bozza V. , Harpsøe K. , Hundertmark M. , Skottfelt J. ,   (The MiNDSTEp Collaboration)
Published: March 2016

We present the discovery of a Neptune-mass planet orbiting a

0.8
±
0.3

M

⊙

star in the Galactic bulge. The planet manifested itself during the microlensing event MOA-2011-BLG-028/OGLE-2011-BLG-0203 as a low-mass companion to the lens star. The analysis of the light curve provides the measurement of the mass ratio

(
1.2
±
0.2
)

×

10

−
4

, which indicates that the mass of the planet is 12–60 Earth masses. The lensing system is located at 7.3 ± 0.7 kpc away from the Earth near the direction of Baade’s Window. The projected separation of the planet at the time of the microlensing event was 3.1–5.2 au. Although the microlens parallax effect is not detected in the light curve of this event, preventing the actual mass measurement, the uncertainties of mass and distance estimation are narrowed by the measurement of the source star proper motion on the OGLE-III images spanning eight years, and by the low amount of blended light seen, proving that the host star cannot be too bright and massive. We also discuss the inclusion of undetected parallax and orbital motion effects into the models and their influence onto the final physical parameters estimates.
CLASSIFICATION AND RANKING OF FERMI LAT GAMMA-RAY SOURCES FROM THE 3FGL CATALOG USING MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES
Authors: Saz Parkinson P. M. , Xu H. , Yu P. L. H. , Salvetti D. , Marelli M. , Falcone A. D.
Published: March 2016

We apply a number of statistical and machine learning techniques to classify and rank gamma-ray sources from the Third Fermi Large Area Telescope Source Catalog (3FGL), according to their likelihood of falling into the two major classes of gamma-ray emitters: pulsars (PSR) or active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Using 1904 3FGL sources that have been identified/associated with AGNs (1738) and PSR (166), we train (using 70% of our sample) and test (using 30%) our algorithms and find that the best overall accuracy (>96%) is obtained with the Random Forest (RF) technique, while using a logistic regression (LR) algorithm results in only marginally lower accuracy. We apply the same techniques on a subsample of 142 known gamma-ray pulsars to classify them into two major subcategories: young (YNG) and millisecond pulsars (MSP). Once more, the RF algorithm has the best overall accuracy (∼90%), while a boosted LR analysis comes a close second. We apply our two best models (RF and LR) to the entire 3FGL catalog, providing predictions on the likely nature of unassociated sources, including the likely type of pulsar (YNG or MSP). We also use our predictions to shed light on the possible nature of some gamma-ray sources with known associations (e.g., binaries, supernova remnants/pulsar wind nebulae). Finally, we provide a list of plausible X-ray counterparts for some pulsar candidates, obtained using Swift, Chandra, and XMM. The results of our study will be of interest both for in-depth follow-up searches (e.g., pulsar) at various wavelengths and for broader population studies.
Age-Associated Resident Memory CD8 T Cells in the Central Nervous System Are Primed To Potentiate Inflammation after Ischemic Brain Injury
Authors: Ritzel Rodney M. , Crapser Joshua , Patel Anita R. , Verma Rajkumer , Grenier Jeremy M. , Chauhan Anjali , Jellison Evan R. , McCullough Louise D.
Published: March 2016

Aging is associated with an increase in basal inflammation in the CNS and an overall decline in cognitive function and poorer recovery following injury. Growing evidence suggests that leukocyte recruitment to the CNS is also increased with normal aging, but, to date, no systematic evaluation of these age-associated leukocytes has been performed. In this work, the effect of aging on CNS leukocyte recruitment was examined. Aging was associated with more CD45high leukocytes, primarily composed of conventional CD8+ T cells. These results were strain independent and seen in both sexes. Intravascular labeling and immunohistology revealed the presence of parenchymal CD8+ T cells in several regions of the brain, including the choroid plexus and meninges. These cells had effector memory (CD44+CD62L−) and tissue-resident phenotypes and expressed markers associated with TCR activation. Analysis of TCRvβ repertoire usage suggested that entry into the CNS is most likely stochastic rather than Ag driven. Correlational analyses revealed a positive association between CD8 T cell numbers and decreased proinflammatory function of microglia. However, the effects of cerebral ischemia and ex vivo stimulation of these cells dramatically increased production of TNF, IFN-γ, and MCP-1/CCL2. Taken together, we identified a novel population of resident memory, immunosurveillant CD8 T cells that represent a hallmark of CNS aging and appear to modify microglia homeostasis under normal conditions, but are primed to potentiate inflammation and leukocyte recruitment following ischemic injury.
KIR3DL1 and HLA-B Density and Binding Calibrate NK Education and Response to HIV
Authors: Boudreau Jeanette E. , Mulrooney Tiernan J. , Le Luduec Jean-Benoît , Barker Edward , Hsu Katharine C.
Published: March 2016

NK cells recognize self-HLA via killer Ig-like receptors (KIR). Homeostatic HLA expression signals for inhibition via KIR, and downregulation of HLA, a common consequence of viral infection, allows NK activation. Like HLA, KIR are highly polymorphic, and allele combinations of the most diverse receptor–ligand pair, KIR3DL1 and HLA-B, correspond to hierarchical HIV control. We used primary cells from healthy human donors to demonstrate how subtype combinations of KIR3DL1 and HLA-B calibrate NK education and their consequent capacity to eliminate HIV-infected cells. High-density KIR3DL1 and Bw4-80I partnerships endow NK cells with the greatest reactivity against HLA-negative targets; NK cells exhibiting the remaining KIR3DL1/HLA-Bw4 combinations demonstrate intermediate responsiveness; and Bw4-negative KIR3DL1+ NK cells are poorly responsive. Cytotoxicity against HIV-infected autologous CD4+ T cells strikingly correlated with reactivity to HLA-negative targets. These findings suggest that the programming of NK effector function results from defined features of receptor and ligand subtypes. KIR3DL1 and HLA-B subtypes exhibit an array of binding strengths. Like KIR3DL1, subtypes of HLA-Bw4 are expressed at distinct, predictable membrane densities. Combinatorial permutations of common receptor and ligand subtypes reveal binding strength, receptor density, and ligand density to be functionally important. These findings have immediate implications for prognosis in patients with HIV infection. Furthermore, they demonstrate how features of KIR and HLA modified by allelic variation calibrate NK cell reactive potential.
Combining Expertise: Reflecting on a Team Approach to Curriculum Development and Implementation
Authors: Bailey Jean M. , Perkowski Linda C.
Published: March 2016

Introduction

This article discussed curriculum development and implementation using a unique collaboration of basic scientists and clinicians functioning as course co-directors. It explores the pros, cons, and unintended consequences of this integrated approach through reflections of the faculty involved.

Methods

Ten faculty participated in semi-structured phone interviews to reflect on their experiences.

Results

Analysis of interview transcripts revealed four key themes: (1) the value of the basic scientist and clinician partnership, (2) strategies for coordination, (3) balancing responsibilities, and (4) hierarchy and power.

Discussion

This study identified that both basic scientists and clinicians experienced benefits from using a course co-director collaborative approach to curriculum development and implementation. While challenges are also noted, the benefits of the collaboration were evident in course organization, course evaluation reports, student feedback, and USMLE Step I pass rate.
A Review of Impact of Tobacco Use on Patients with Co-occurring Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Pal Arghya , Balhara Yatan Pal Singh
Published: March 2016

Consumption of tobacco has been a worldwide problem over the past few decades due to the highly prevalent tobacco-attributable complications. Tobacco use has also been found to be more prevalent in patients with psychiatric disorders. Therefore, we conducted this review about the impact of tobacco use on co-occurring psychiatric disorders. Various facets of this interaction between tobacco use among those with co-occurring psychiatric disorders have been explored. It has been found that people with psychiatric disorders have a higher chance of currently smoking tobacco and lesser chance of cessation. Tobacco use and mental disorders continue to share a complex relationship that has been further evolving after the change in the pattern of tobacco use and also the advent of newer modalities of treatment. However, at the same time, it is believed that cessation of smoking may lead to improvement in the symptoms of mental illness.
Neo-Confucianism of Joseon dynasty––its theoretical foundation and main issues
Authors: LEE Haesung
Published: March 2016

The theoretical foundation of Joseon Neo-Confucianism, which started with the theory of the Principle and Material Force (Seongriseol), seeks for the fundamental values of all things in the universe by means of the theories of Cosmology (Ujuron) and Mind and Nature (Simseongron). The theory of Self-Cultivation (Suyangron) pursues ideal character training to reach the ultimate Noble Gentleman’s (Gunja) status; then established the theory of Fidelity (Yiriron), which stresses moral practice against injustice. These theories functioned organically with the theory of Ritual Formalities (Yeseol) and the theory of Statecraft Ideas (Gyeongseron), deeply rooted in Democentrism (Minbonjuyi), in order to realize Confucian ideas as methodological indicators. The theory of Four Beginnings and Seven Emotions (Sadanchiljeongron) extended to be the theories of the Principle’s Dominance (Juriron) and Material Force’s Dominance (Jugiron). Likewise, the theory of Sameness-Difference of Human Nature and Material Nature (Inmulseong Dongiron) became the Horak debates, which formed the Neo-Confucian academic genealogies of the Joseon dynasty.
Ponovno ovrednotenje Webra na Japonskem in nekatera izhodišča za obravnavo religije v povezavi s potrošništvom
Authors: DELAKORDA KAWASHIMA Tinka
Published: March 2016

V zahodnih študijah religije se v zadnjem času religijo razumeva kot spreminjajoče se prakse ljudi, in ne kot skupek prepričanj in doktrino, ki jim verniki sledijo. To še posebej drži za japonsko religijsko konstelacijo, kjer je bogato prakticiranje različnih religij vselej prednjačilo pred pripadnostjo dogmam in verskim institucijam. Raziskovalci so v taki religioznosti opazili spodbudne elemente za razvoj moderne kapitalistične družbe. Članek podrobno prikaže, kako so Webrove teze o vplivu religije na razvoj moderne družbe sprejemali na Japonskem in na osnovi razširitve njegovih tez predstavi nekatera mogoča izhodišča za obravnavo religije v povezavi z razvojem modernega potrošništva na Japonskem.
Listening and the League of Nations: Acoustics Are the Argument
Authors: Von Fischer Sabine
Published: March 2016

Abstract: In the debates following the 1926–27 competition for the new headquarters of the League of Nations in Geneva, the acoustic aspect was largely overlooked. The competition coincided with the formation of architectural acoustics as a profession and an academic discipline. Looking at this coincidence sheds new light on the reasoning of Peter Meyer and Sigfried Giedion, who, in support of Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret’s scheme, gave remarkable prominence to arguments about acoustics. The transmission of speech in the large Assembly Hall with seating for 2,700 could not be resolved by traditional techniques, and opinions on the modern method of electroacoustic amplification differed greatly. The protagonists who stepped forward in favor of Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret’s scheme, for which Gustave Lyon served as acoustic advisor, emphasized the sound quality of their design for the large Assembly Hall. Despite the acoustically infeasible competition brief, they declared literal understanding, based on the intelligibility of speech, to be a fundamental function of the League of Nations headquarters. The questions raised in this paper relate to architecture’s aurality and visuality, as well as claims concerning function in debates on Modernism. Diplomatic understanding was evidently at stake in the League of Nations’ political program, but, curiously, literal understanding was neglected in the acoustic design for the Assembly Hall by many of the competitors and the jury, and—apart from a short remark by Jacques Gubler in 1985 —was subsequently overlooked by historians. Keywords: acoustics; function; functionality; League of Nations; Gustave Lyon; Franz Max Osswald. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.495
Clinical Management and Guidelines for Infective Endocarditis in Orthodontics
Authors: Tekale Pawankumar D , Mhaske Arun R , Acharya Vishwas Diwakar , Patil Harshal A , Agarwal Chetankumar O , Aru Bharti M
Published: March 2016

The fixed orthodontic treatment is not contraindicated in systemic disorders, where orthodontist reveals the diagnosis from medical practitioner and plan the orthodontic treatment, oral hygiene maintenance and necessary prophylaxis. Due to privation of practical guidelines and fear of advancing the contagion, many orthodontist do not treat patient potentially at the risk of developing endocarditis. This review article highlights the sign, symptoms, orthodontic guidelines and prophylaxis modalities for infective endocarditis (IE).

How to cite this article

Tekale PD, Mhaske AR, Acharya VD, Patil HA, Agarwal CO, Aru BM. Clinical Management and Guidelines for Infective Endocarditis in Orthodontics. World J Dent 2015;6(4):226-228.
A 3-Year Follow-up Case Report of a Successfully treated Perforating Internal Root Resorption using MTA
Authors: Vedavathi B , Swapna DV , Rashmi K , Hegde Jayshree , Pai Veena Suresh , Kumar GR Krishna
Published: March 2016

Internal root resorption is the progressive destruction of intraradicular dentin along the canal wall as a result of clastic activity. Perforating internal root resorption poses a diagnostic and treatment challenge to the clinician. Poor prognosis of such teeth makes extraction a treatment option. Presented herein is a case report of a mandibular second premolar with advanced perforating internal root resorption in the middle third of the root. Advanced diagnostic method, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was used for definitive diagnosis and treatment planning. Sectional obturation with gutta-percha was performed up to the resorptive defect and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was used to fill the resorptive defect and rest of the canal space. At a follow-up of 3 years, the patient was clinically asymptomatic with good bone repair around the resorptive defect.

How to cite this article

Rashmi K, Hegde J, Swapna DV, Pai VS, Vedavathi B, Kumar GRK. A 3-Year Follow-up Case Report of a Successfully treated Perforating Internal Root Resorption using MTA. World J Dent 2015;6(4):235-238.
Bond Strength of Reline Resins to Aged-simulated Denture Base Acrylic Resin
Authors: Borges Alessandra Buhler , Torres Carlos Rocha Gomes , Batista Graziela Ribeiro , Bresciani Eduardo , Crastechini Erica , Zanatta Rayssa Ferreira
Published: March 2016

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of different direct reliners to acrylic resin for denture base.

Materials and methods

Double-cone specimens were made: HA-heat-cured acrylic resin-(n = 20); U-Ufi Gel Hard C-(n = 10); K: Kooliner-(n = 10); R-Rebase II Fast-(n = 10) and RH-Rebase II Fast + Resin Hardener-(n = 10). Ten HA samples were immediately submitted to cohesive test. The remaining HA samples and others were submitted to thermal aging (HAaged, 1000 cycles, 5.55oC), followed by tensile test. For tensile strength, 50 single cone-shaped samples were made of heat-cured acrylic resin and aged (HAaged, 1000 cycles, 5.55oC). After surface treatment, relining resin cones were build up using silicon molds, and stressed to failure. Values of cohesive and tensile strength were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 5%).

Results

Bond strength were: HA/HAaged: 21.17 (Â±4.89)a, U/HAaged: 11.56 (Â±1.98)b, R/HAaged: 9.69 (Â±2.37)b, RH/ HAaged: 9.38 (Â±1.78)bc and K/HAaged: 5.98 (Â±1.90)c. The cohesive strength were: KCoe: 22.29(Â±4.06)a; RCoe: 23.99 (Â±3.29)a; RHCoe: 24.84 (Â±3.88)a; UCoe: 25.62 (Â±3.03)a; HAaged: 36.06 (Â±8.65)b and HA:42.29 (Â±7.68)b. Groups followed by the same letters do not show differences.

Conclusion

Bond strength of acrylic resin to acrylic denture base material is higher than the reliners and Ufi Gel Hard C showed the higher bond strength.

How to cite this article

Zanatta RF, Batista GR, Crastechini É, Bresciani E, Borges AB, Torres CRG. Bond Strength of Reline Resins to Aged-simulated Denture Base Acrylic Resin. World J Dent 2016;7(1):1-5.
A Retrospective Panoramic Radiographic Study on Prevalence of Pulp Stones in South Karnataka Population
Authors: Ajmal Muhammed , Sandeepa NC , Deepika N
Published: March 2016

Background

Pulp stones are calcification in the dental pulp which can be present either in deciduous or permanent teeth. Exact causes of pulp stones are not known and several elements have been associated. It can be seen in healthy, diseased or as a part of various syndromes. Frequency of pulp stones fluctuated from 8 to 95% depending on the population studied. Our study is an attempt to know the prevalence of pulp stones in radiographs of South Karnataka population and to assess probable relations between pulp stones and gender, type of tooth, dental arch and quadrant. Comparison of our results with published documents was done and our study statistics can be considered as an added information in the field of forensic dentistry.

Materials and methods

One thousand panoramic radiographs were retrospectively evaluated which included 576 females 424 males aged between 18 and 70 years. A total of 27,184 teeth were examined for the presence of pulp stones. Associations of pulp stones with sex, tooth type, dental arch and side were noted.

Results

Pulp stones prevalence was 7.5% of subjects. Out of 27,184 teeth examined, 394 teeth revealed pulp stones (1.45%). Occurrences were rare in premolars (2%) but significantly higher in molars (54.6%). Pulp stones were seen more in first molars than second molars and in maxillary first molars than in mandibular first molars. Pulp stones were commonly seen in 26 to 45 years age group.

Conclusion

Pulp stones may provide useful forensic information when examining dental records to identify deceased persons. Dental features vary among different population and thus knowing the prevalence is significant in the forensic aspect.

How to cite this article

Sandeepa NC, Ajmal M, Deepika N. A Retrospective Panoramic Radiographic Study on Prevalence of Pulp Stones in South Karnataka Population. World J Dent 2016;7(1):14-17.
Articulators through the Years Revisited: From 1900 to 1950—Part II
Authors: Jain Ashish R
Published: March 2016

This article continues an historical review, begun in the last issue, of landmark clinical investigations that advanced the profession's understanding of the nature of condylar movement. The investigators’ unique recording devices, developed for registering and studying the movements of the condyles in human subjects, are described.

How to cite this article

Jain AR. Articulators through the Years Revisited: From 1900 to 1950—Part II. World J Dent 2016;7(1):2331.
Multicystic Ameloblastoma in Anterior Region of the Mandible treated by Partial Mandibulectomy
Authors: Tomo Saygo , Fernandes Karina Gonzales Camara , Kina Mônica , Simonato Luciana Estevam , da Silva Damaris Sprita , de Lúcia Mariângela Borghi Ingraci
Published: March 2016

Among all odontogenic tumors, multicystic ameloblastoma stands out as the most common one, originating from odontogenic epithelium, and despite these tumors are consi dered benign in nature, it shows a wide aggressive beha vior, growing through the trabeculae of spongy bone. Diagnosing multicystic amelo blastoma is frequently challenging, nevertheless, modern imaginologic advents have demonstrating high accuracy. Due to its locally invasive behavior, management of multicystic amelo blastoma has been theme for controversies in literature, nevertheless, most of researches seem to agree that aggressive surgical resection is the most effective approach for this tumor. This paper reports an uncommon case of multicystic ameloblastoma occurring in the anterior mandible region of a female patient. Clinical main manifestation consisted on an extensive swelling in chin region, associated to a bone expansion in anterior lower alveolar bone. The patient reported the lesion has growing slowly, and have not manifested any episode of pain or sensitivity loss. Panoramic radiography analysis revealed an extensive lesion with honeycomb aspect in mental region of the mandible, while the computed tomography analysis showed the vestibular expansion of the tumor with several osseous septa into the lesion. Chosen treatment for the tumor was the partial mandibulectomy incorporation a riskfree bone border, aiming to avoid recurrence, once the literature points high rates of recurrence in ameloblastic tumors conservatively treated. After tumor removal with a 1.5 cm safe bone, histologic analysis revealed no tumor tissue presence on health bone margin, establishing a good prognosis with no recurrence. Moreover, diagnosis performed based on clinicalradiographical evaluation was satisfactory, leading us to the right diagnosis. This case elucidates that clinical and imaginologic evaluation of ameloblastoma tumors is reliable for clinicians to define the right diagnosis for these lesions. Furthermore, it shows multicystic ameloblastoma might be treated by partial mandibulectomy with a magin of healthy bone with low recurrence chances and satisfactory quality of life.

How to cite this article

Tomo S, da Silva DS, de Lúcia MBI, Kina M, Fernandes KGC, Simonato LE. Multicystic Ameloblastoma in Anterior Region of the Mandible Treated by Partial Mandibulectomy. World J Dent 2016;7(1):3640.
Development of a vehicle emission inventory with high temporal–spatial resolution based on NRT traffic data and its impact on air pollution in Beijing – Part 2: Impact of vehicle emission on urban air quality
Authors: He Jianjun , Wu Lin , Mao Hongjun , Liu Hongli , Jing Boyu , Yu Ye , Ren Peipei , Feng Cheng , Liu Xuehao
Published: March 2016

Abstract. A companion paper developed a vehicle emission inventory with high temporal–spatial resolution (HTSVE) with a bottom-up methodology based on local emission factors, complemented with the widely used emission factors of COPERT model and near-real-time (NRT) traffic data on a specific road segment for 2013 in urban Beijing (Jing et al., 2016), which is used to investigate the impact of vehicle pollution on air pollution in this study. Based on the sensitivity analysis method of switching on/off pollutant emissions in the Chinese air quality forecasting model CUACE, a modelling study was carried out to evaluate the contributions of vehicle emission to the air pollution in Beijing's main urban areas in the periods of summer (July) and winter (December) 2013. Generally, the CUACE model had good performance of the concentration simulation of pollutants. The model simulation has been improved by using HTSVE. The vehicle emission contribution (VEC) to ambient pollutant concentrations not only changes with seasons but also changes with time. The mean VEC, affected by regional pollutant transports significantly, is 55.4 and 48.5 % for NO2 and 5.4 and 10.5 % for PM2.5 in July and December 2013 respectively. Regardless of regional transports, relative vehicle emission contribution (RVEC) to NO2 is 59.2 and 57.8 % in July and December 2013, while it is 8.7 and 13.9 % for PM2.5. The RVEC to PM2.5 is lower than the PM2.5 contribution rate for vehicle emission in total emission, which may be due to dry deposition of PM2.5 from vehicle emission in the near-surface layer occuring more easily than from elevated source emission.