bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visibility research for road lighting based on a dynamic situation
Authors: Van Bommel W.J.M. , Tekelenburg J.
Published: December 2008

Much of visibility research related to road lighting is based on static tests with small objects. At an open-air road lighting laboratory a series of dynamic tests have been conducted. For this purpose a normal motor car was equipped with a measuring and recording set-up. The 'objects' to be detected by the drivers of this car were pedestrians. These pedestrians were not on the carriageway, but on the adjacent surroundings of the road. The results of these tests confirm the importance of the average road surface luminance. The improvement in visual performance is found to be considerable up to a lighting level of 3.4 cd/m2. Concentrating the light on the carriageway has a negative effect on visual performance as far as pedestrians positioned outside the carriageway itself are concerned: at least 40 per cent of the average illuminance on the traffic lane must be available on the adjacent surrounds.
Design of asymmetric reflecting surfaces
Authors: Montón M.Q. , Vizmanos J.G.
Published: December 2008

A computer-assisted method of designing reflecting surfaces is developed for a point source. Input data: the required reflected intensities along different C planes, the source intensity diagram, and the vertex of the reflector. Using a merit function a quasi-continuous compound reflector can be designed.
Examination of electrode erosion by the transpiration technique
Authors: O'Brien N.W. , Mucklejohn S.A.
Published: December 2008

The adaption of the transpiration technique to investigate the phenomenon of electrode erosion in lamps is described. Some preliminary results from the technique, along with the details of some concurrent lamp experiments, are also given.
Development of the new code of practice for traffic routes
Authors: Hargroves R.A. , Simons R.H. , Simpson M.D.
Published: December 2008

A new code of practice for the lighting of traffic routes, based on the CIE recommendations for luminance design, is about to be introduced. This paper explains the way in which CIE recommendations have been applied to achieve a system which is simple in everyday use. Design tables, computed by manufacturers for their individual luminaires, enable spacing to be calculated for given performance criteria. Appropriate maintenance factors are derived. Linear interpolation in the computer program for establishing the design table is shown to be accurate enough, and an exchange of data between manufacturers shows very good agreement between the results from different computers. The use of threshold increment, rather than intensity restrictions to control glare is explained, as is the use of iso-luminance templates to ensure adequate uniformity round bends and the concept of effective width in dealing with lantern overhang.
Subdivision of the sky hemisphere for luminance measurements
Authors: Tregenza P.R.
Published: December 2008

A scanning pattern for sky photometry is described, in which the hemisphere is divided into 151 zones in bands parallel with the horizon.
Daylight availability and lighting use: Geographical variations
Authors: Secker Sheila M. , Littlefair Paul J.
Published: December 2008

Within the UK, regional variations in climate and latitude (1,2) can cause differences in the relative amounts of daylight available; yet existing methods for predicting daylight in interiors are mainly based on daylight data from south-east England. There is increasing interest in using daylight to save lighting energy in buildings; however, it is possible that the benefits of daylighting may vary significantly from region to region throughout the UK. This paper reports on a study of the magnitude of this variation in lighting energy use, based on the model of manual switching in daylit spaces derived by Hunt(3,4). Analysis of meteorological daylight data(5) for five locations has produced, for the first time, curves which can be used to predict hours of use of manually controlled lighting in daylit buildings in various parts of the UK. These curves are presented, together with an analysis of the regional differences in lighting use for various example situations. The significance and probable causes of these variations are discussed, and the need for more daylight measurements in different parts of the country is explored.
Luminance pattern simulation: Design of an artificial BRE Average Sky
Authors: Stupple S.P. , Lynes J.A. , Littlefair P.J.
Published: December 2008

The BRE Average Sky has recently been proposed as a means of evaluating the energy effects of new forms of daylighting design. However, the complex geometry of some innovative design solutions means that predictive calculations can be extremely difficult and direct measurement under an artificial sky may be preferred. This paper describes the outcome of a feasibility study to design an artificial sky to simulate the BRE Average Sky. The problem is essentially one of producing a particular luminance distribution within a space, and is therefore relevant to other lighting design problems where a controlled pattern of luminance is required. First the difficulties of setting up a luminance pattern are briefly discussed. These include the problems of internal reflection, and parallax errors which occur when the luminance pattern is viewed from different points within the space. Two alternative designs for the artificial sky are outlined. The first uses a specular paraboloid which can reduce parallax error considerably and causes negligible inter-reflection problems. However, it is best suited to unilateral fenestration. The second uses the more traditional matt hemisphere, but with a time-saving computer technique to optimise the simulation of the required luminance pattern. This technique could be used in a wide variety of lighting design problems, whenever a highly controlled luminance pattern is required.
Possible optical, visual and behavioural effects of eyelids
Authors: Ronchi Lucia R.
Published: December 2008

The visual system operates under automatic controls through a number of servo systems. Among other effects, we note that the visual depth of focus may increase when the eyelid invades the pupil area. The difficulties met in trying to account for this finding by classical optics are reviewed.
Lighting works of art for exhibition and conservation
Authors: Cuttle C.
Published: December 2008

Display lighting which enhances object appearance may be legitimate for many museum exhibits, but is generally inappropriate for works of art. These require presentation which reveals their intrinsic visible characteristics with accuracy and honesty, and the term 'exhibition' is used to distinguish this process from display. It requires that the entire setting, including lighting, develops from an aim to reveal works of art rather than to enhance them, and the notion of 'the well-lit room' is promoted as a concept which expresses the essentials of this design approach. However, it is evident that these may conflict with recommended illuminance maxima, particularly the 50 lux level for more sensitive objects. A working model of the photochemical processes is proposed to give an improved basis for specifying control of lighting. Limiting values of annual damage exposure are derived from the current illuminance maxima recommendations; these permit a more flexible approach to reconciling competing requirements for exhibition and conservation. Also, the model provides a framework which enables information relating to exposure of materials and to means for controlling degradation to be evaluated in terms which can readily be related to actual conditions of exhibition m museums and art galleries.
Emergency lighting: Legislation and application
Authors: Bullen A.A.
Published: December 2008

The history of emergency lighting requirements for public buildings is outlined. Current British legislative requirements are given, and the relevant detailed guidance documents are referenced.
Light reflection by prismatic sheets
Authors: Holmes J.G.
Published: December 2008

The prismatic pattern on controllers used in large luminaires has strong reflective properties in oblique directions. As an example of its use, a flat prismatic sheet may be used to exclude direct light (and direct radiant heat) from the sun in certain circumstances.
Visual performance using reaction times
Authors: Rea Mark S , Ouellette Michael J
Published: December 2008

Visual performance has been a topic of study for many years. For a variety of reasons, it has been difficult to develop a completely satisfactory model of visual performance. Recently the connection has been made between reaction time experiments and realistic studies of visual performance. In this report an extensive set of reaction time data are presented which were collected over a large range of stimulus conditions relevant to interior and exterior lighting applications. An empirical model of visual performance was developed from these data. It forms the next logical step in the development of an application tool for lighting practitioners.
Exit signs in smoke: Design parameters for greater visibility
Authors: Jouellette Michael
Published: December 2008

A review of regulations and specifications for internally illuminated exit signs recommended or enforced by various sanctioning bodies in Canada, Great Britain and elsewhere reveals omissions and inconsistencies which may compromise the safety of building occupants in smoke. Since these problems are partly due to lack of conclusive research, a controlled psychophysical experiment was conducted to assess the readability of three common exit sign design features (i.e. the various combinations of opaque and transilluminated text and backgrounds) under different levels of smoke density and ambient illumination. The sign designs differed greatly in terms of threshold illuminance at the rear of the signs (analogous to the intensity of the sign's light source), but all were similar in terms of the threshold luminance of the sign's front panel. Based on these findings, recommendations are made for improved building codes.
Visibility at a tunnel entrance: Effect of temporal luminance variation
Authors: Bourdy C. , Chiron A. , Cottin F. , Monot A.
Published: December 2008

A dynamic study demonstrates and evaluates the transitory lack of performance at a tunnel entrance evidenced by a sharp increase followed by an asymptotic decrease with time of relative threshold. This overshoot is characterised by its amplitude and its position in time with respect to tunnel entry.
Minimum semicylindrical illuminance and modelling in residential area lighting
Authors: Rombauts P. , Vandewyngaerde H. , Maggetto G.
Published: December 2008

The recognition of persons is extremely important in considering the safety aspects of residential area lighting. Semi-cylindrical illuminance is the appropriate descriptive parameter, as shown by experiments carried out under real outdoor conditions. The minimum level is used as a basic design criterion. On the other hand, values above 25 lux do not enhance recognition. Other experiments were set up to examine any correlation of modelling effects of the human face with the ratio of vertical to semi-cylindrical illuminance. It is shown that this ratio presents only a geometrical function relative to the object person position. Luminaire concepts are discussed in connection with guidelines for semi-cylindrical illuminance and glare.
Illuminance distributions: Prediction for uniform and non-uniform lighting
Authors: Slater A.I.
Published: December 2008

If non-uniform lighting installations are to become accepted design practice it is important for the designer to be able to predict the lighting distribution accurately. This is only practicable by computer, and so predictions of illuminance distributions within a simulated office were made using a sophisticated suite of commercially available programs running on a desk-top computer. These predictions were compared with detailed illuminance measurements. Uniform and non-uniform arrays of recessed and surface-mounted luminaires with a wide range of light output distributions, and also uplighters were considered. Predictions for non-uniform arrays of ceiling-mounted luminaires generally agreed less well with measured values than predictions for uniform arrays. However, in most cases agreement at the majority of points within the room was better than ± 10%, sufficiently accurate for most design purposes. For the uplighter cases agreement was not so good, although almost all points were within ±20%. Care is necessary when modelling upward light from ceiling-mounted luminaires and uplighters; consideration of the adequate subdivision of surfaces is especially important. The need for detailed luminaire data was also demonstrated. The desirability of some form of quality assurance for lighting prediction software is highlighted.
Road surface reflection and road lighting: Field investigations
Authors: Bodmann H.W. , Schmidt H.J.
Published: December 2008

The reflection from dry road surfaces is discussed in terms of the CIE classification systems and tested on road lighting installations in south-west Germany. Temporal and local variations of reflection characteristics as measured on streets in Karlsruhe are reported. Finally a study of the effect of wear on the reflection of road samples under realistic conditions of exposure to traffic loads is described. Conclusions are drawn on the design and validation of road lighting installations.
Effect of correlated colour temperature on the perception of interiors and colour discrimination performance
Authors: Boyce P.R. , Cuttle C.
Published: December 2008

A feature of many national lighting standards is the recommendation that lamps with high correlated colour temperatures should not be used at low illuminances. The technical justification for this advice is limited so two experiments have been conducted to explore its validity. In the first experiment, fifteen observers carried out colour discrimination tasks and assessed the lighting of a small room lit to different illuminances using lamps with good colour rendering properties but with different correlated colour temperatures. The room decor was achromatic but natural colour, in the form of fruit and flowers, was introduced as another variable. In the second experiment, ten observers carried out colour discrimination tasks and made assessments of the lighting of the same room lit to 225 lx, but decorated with blue or pink walls and lit by lamps with good colour rendering properties but different correlated colour temperatures. Again, natural colour, in the form of fruit and flowers, was introduced as another variable. Analyses of the assessments of the lighting of the room showed that one major factor determining the impression given by the lighting was the illuminance. Increasing the illuminance made the lighting of the room appear more pleasant, more comfortable, clearer, more stimulating, brighter, more colourful, more natural, more friendly, more warm, more uniform, less hazy, less oppressive, less dim and less hostile. The correlated colour temperature of the lamps used had virtually no effect on the observer's impression of the lighting of the room. The other major factor influencing the impression of the lighting of the room was the presence of natural colour. Introducing natural colour, in the form of fruit and flowers, enhances the positive impressions created by the lighting, particularly at the higher illuminances. This enhancement occurs regardless of the correlated colour temperature of the lamps being used. It can be concluded that the advice limiting the use of high correlated colour temperature lamps in rooms lit to low illuminances is unnnecesarily restrictive. The results obtained suggest that provided the occupants are fully adapted to the lighting the correlated colour temperature of the lamp has little effect on people's impressions of the lighting of the room.
Security lighting: Effects of illuminance and light source on the capabilities of guards and intruders†
Authors: Boyce P.R. , Rea M.S.
Published: December 2008

An important function of perimeter security lighting is to enable guards to detect and recognise possible intruders. The experiments presented here were designed to systematically assess the performance of guards at these two tasks. The behaviour of intruders was also studied. Two experiments were undertaken on a large open field on four clear, moonless nights. In the first experiment, eighteen guards tried to detect and to recognise one of four intruders walking along a known path. In the second experiment the guards tried to detect an intruder moving in an unspecified manner across the open field. In the first experiment, the intruders provided data on the locations where they believed they had been detected and recognised. Their ability to see an acuity target located at the guard's position was also assessed. In the second experiment the intruders simply reported when they believed they had been detected. Both experiments were performed in the dark and under four different perimeter security lighting installations. Two light sources, low-pressure sodium and high-pressure sodium, and two lighting distributions, floodlighting and street lighting, were employed. The distances at which the guards detected and recognised the intruders were measured. The distances at which the intruders believed they had been detected and recognised were also measured. Measurements of vertical illuminance were obtained for the four security lighting installations, throughout the large open field. The main conclusions derived from the results are as follows. The presence of security lighting increases the distance at which intruders can be detected and recognised. A vertical illuminance in the range 4-10 lux will usually ensure a high level of detection and recognition. The low-pressure sodium discharge lamp is as effective as the high-pressure sodium discharge lamp for the detection of intruders and the recognition of their faces. Guards' and intruders' preferences for the different lighting conditions are consistent with the effect of those conditions on their ability to perform their respective tasks.
Television scene lighting consistency index
Authors: Sproson W.N. , Taylor E.W.
Published: December 2008

A brief account is given of the Television Consistency Index method for assessing the colorimetric properties of light sources for use in television scene lighting. Theoretical limits have been determined within which this index may be used as a general description of lamp performance, bearing in mind the inevitable differences in spectral analysis characteristics (spectral sensitivities) which exist between one colour television camera and another. Practical comparisons between displayed colour television scenes are described, in which the original scenes were illuminated by different lamps, and the results of these tests are discussed in relation to corresponding Television Consistency Index and General Colour Rendering Index values.
Modeling effect of shading: New approach
Authors: Nameda Naoyoshi
Published: December 2008

One purpose of lighting is to help in the perception of an object's three-dimensional form. The quality of lighting that does this is sometimes called 'the modelling effect of light' and it helps people see a solid form by creating a gradient of light across the surface of the object. This paper reports on a study which investigated the manner in which the pattern of light alone creates a sense of solidity in an object and relates this to the processing of visual information in terms of spatial frequencies. It is suggested that the human visual system identifies bands of spatial frequencies in the pattern of light incident on the retina and that the information is transmitted by two different visual pathways. Further, it is hypothesised that the perceived depth of a simple solid form can be predicted by considering the relationship between the information carried by the two visual pathways. Using a computer to process an image of a simply lit regular solid form, the investigators were able to analyse the frequency components in an image and then weight them according to two given frequency responses, in order to provide a measure of the stimulation in the two visual pathways. In this experiment a corrugated wave object was used. It was lit horizontally to avoid any specially apprehensive psychological effect. The data were then used to assess the importance of different spatial frequencies in the perception of apparent depth in the image of the solid form. Apparent depths of the image were estimated by comparing with a real object.
Cathode mode transition in high-pressure discharge lamps at start-up
Authors: Anders A. , Jüttner B.
Published: December 2008

The starting period of mercury and sodium high-pressure discharge lamps was investigated by electrical, optical, and spectroscopic methods. It was found that the arc is within an explosive cathode mode as long as the cathode is not sufficiently heated. This mode is characterised by an intensive line radiation of activator material and by a noisy burning voltage. After some half-cycles of the voltage had been supplied, a transition to a thermionic cathode mode was observed. This transition was detected by the abrupt disappearance of both the activator line emission and the noise of the burning voltage. It is pointed out that the most severe electrode erosion is not caused by sputtering as usually assumed, but by the explosive arc mode during the few half-cycles after breakdown.
Visual environment for the exhibition of cultural relics
Authors: Yang Gongxia  , Si Yun
Published: December 2008

The techniques of semantic differential scale and factor analysis have been used to investigate the optimum lighting conditions of the visual environment for the exhibition of cultural relics. Bronze ware, unglazed painted pottery and tri-coloured glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty have been studied. The parameters used to describe the lighting conditions of the visual environment for the exhibition are the azimuth a and elevation θ of the directional lighting and the vector/scale illuminance ratio E/Es.
Relative visual performance: A basis for application
Authors: Rea Mark S. , Ouellette Michael J.
Published: December 2008

Visual performance is defined in terms of the speed and accuracy of processing visual information. To evaluate illuminated tasks in terms of visual performance, it is necessary to have a valid computational model that relates measurable, salient aspects of the visual environment (e.g. target contrast) to measurable human responses (e.g. visual response time). A model of visual performance should be independent of the influence of non-visual factors as they influence speed and accuracy. It is also important to have practical application tools that can measure the salient aspects of the visual environment and compute (predict) visual performance for real tasks. This paper describes the basis for a visual performance model and how it can be applied using a computer imaging device.
Sawtooth rooflights : Efficiency at different sky states
Authors: Solovyov A.K. , Spiridonov A.V.
Published: December 2008

The lighting efficiency of sawtooth rooflights for clear sky and overcast sky conditions is evaluated by computer using the finite luminous element method. The daylight factor components for the direct sky lighting of the work plane and the inclined rooflight ceiling, reflected light on the plane and the light reflected from the adjacent roof and falling into the sawtooth rooflights are discriminated. The procedure takes into account the effect of direct sunlight on the formation of the luminous environment in a room. Empirical formulae suitable for fairly straightforward computations of these components are presented. Consideration of direct sunlight by this approach provides for a 25% reduction of the glazing area or an increase in the period during which daylight can be used in a room, and thereby a considerable lighting energy saving.
Indoor illuminance: Effect of externally reflected component
Authors: Solovyov A.K. , Spiridonov A.V.
Published: December 2008

The paper presents computer calculations of the effect of the light reflected from the earth on the indoor illuminance, as well as corresponding model measurements. On the basis of these studies an engineering prediction method has been developed to determine the reflected component from the underlying earth surface. It is shown that taking this factor into account makes it possible to reduce the area of windows, in some cases by as much as 40%.
Interreflection calculations: Improving convergence
Authors: Littlefair P.J.
Published: December 2008

Some sophisticated lighting computer programs model internal reflection explicitly, by dividing the room into a set of diffusing elements. This Note presents a method to improve the speed of the resulting interreflection calculation by a factor of two or three. The resulting algorithm is especially appropriate for visualization programs which generate a photometric image of an interior.
Chemical analysis of lamps and lamp materials
Authors: Brumleve T.R.
Published: December 2008

A review of modem methods of chemical analysis for the characterisation of lamps and lamp materials is presented. The general categories which are discussed are in situ emission and absorption spectroscopy, electrical diagnostics of trace impurities, gas analysis by mass spectrometry and gas chromatography, vapour pressure and vapour composition measurements, surface analysis and x-ray methods, thermal analysis, and instrumental and wet-chemical methods for elemental analysis in solids. Numerous examples of the application of these methods to lamps and lamp materials are presented.
Effect of window size and sunlight presence on glare
Authors: Boubekri M. , Boyer L.L.
Published: December 2008

In a direct gain or a sunlighting strategy, windows are designed to admit sunlight directly into the living space. The problem of sizing the window in this case is compounded by glare usually thought to be very high and the potentially cheerful effects caused by the direct penetration of sunlight. This study examines the effect of window size on discomfort glare in such conditions based on occupants' appraisal (perceived glare) and also by using established glare prediction algorithms (calculated glare). Further, it compares perceived with calculated glare. Glare appraisals took place in a private office room of a typical size. The results indicate that, although with only low level of statistical signifieanee, window size affects glare when the observer is facing the window and this effect is described by a bell-shape curve. From a lateral position, the effect of window size is rather insignificant. The size of sunspots in the room does not affect significantly perceived glare. Furthermore, perceived glare is much lower than that derived by calculations. The factors causing such higher glare tolerance are discussed.
Luminance of distant objects under overcast skies
Authors: Tregenza P.R.
Published: December 2008

The luminance of a distant object is greater than that of the same object seen nearby, due to atmospheric scattering of light. This paper describes the theory of scattering under an overcast sky, and presents results of measurements in an urban atmosphere. A formula for determining the relative luminance of distant inclined surfaces is given for use in daylight calculations.
Structural equation modelling in lighting research: An application to residential acceptance of new fluorescent lighting
Authors: Beckstead J.W. , Boyce P.R.
Published: December 2008

The present study serves as a vehicle to introduce structural equation models into the field of lighting research. Structural equation models are representations of relationships among variables. This study examined relationships among some of the beliefs people hold about fluorescent lighting in general and their decision to use new compact fluorescent lighting in their homes. The goal of the study was to determine which beliefs best predict usage. A questionnaire was designed to survey beliefs, attitudes, and behaviours related to fluorescent lighting. Questionnaires were completed by thousands of individuals attending the New York State Fair. To determine which beliefs best predict attitude toward fluorescent lighting, and usage of compact fluorescent lighting in the home, the relationships among all the variables were analysed using LISREL, a structural equation modelling technique. This powerful method provides a means to investigate unobservable constructs such as beliefs and attitudes, as well as other subjective variables. Our analysis showed that behaviours, such as using compact fluorescent lights at home, could be predicted successfully from the beliefs and attitude people hold about conventional fluorescent lighting. These findings have implications for designing educational and informational programs intended to increase use of compact fluorescent lighting in the residential sector.
Measuring appearance: Parameters indicated from gloom studies
Authors: Shepherd A.J. , Julian W.G. , Purcell A.T.
Published: December 2008

This paper reports on the second stage of a study of gloom, part of a larger study which aims to quantify observers' impressions or general appearance of interiors. 'Gloom' refers to conditions, particularly in working environments such as offices, in which a room appears inadequately lit or underlit despite task area (working plane) illuminances which meet the recommendations of lighting standards and codes. An earlier paper reviewed the previous, largely anecdotal, work on the subject and established empirically that gloom is a commonly held experience. This was determined by making groups of observers appraise a room under three different lighting arrangements. The experiments reported here look at a larger range of conditions: twelve lighting conditions were examined in which the light in task and peripheral areas was varied systematically. By comparing the results from each condition it was possible to assess the importance of the adaptation luminance and the distribution of light in an interior in determining the subjects' impressions of a room.
A Cost Analysis of Part C Early Intervention Services in New Jersey
Authors: TARR JULIE E. , BARNETT W. S.
Published: December 2008

This study estimates the cost of early intervention services in New Jersey and investigates sources of variations in cost. Data were obtained statewide from a cost survey and a daily activity log that service providers completed. Variables affecting cost were the types of staff providing services, time allocations of providers, services setting and type, wage rates, and staff-child ratio. Wide variation in cost and seemingly high absenteeism leading to less than full employment of personnel suggest opportunities for increased efficiency. A fee-for-service system is one alternative to the present system of grant awards that might increase incentives for efficiency. In changing the incentive structure, care must be taken that service quality is not unintentionally compromised.
Preservice Teacher Beliefs About Inclusion
Authors: PROCTOR ROSALYN , NIEMEYER JUDITH A.
Published: December 2008

This study examined the development of preservice teacher beliefs about inclusion. Six undergraduates from a southeastern university who were enrolled in a birth through kindergarten licensure program were interviewed and made available reflective writings for a qualitative analysis. Some beliefs were found during the group focus interview and initial individual interview, but additional beliefs evolved within the student teaching experience itself and are described in this article. Data suggested that students held positive beliefs about inclusion, although the context of the inclusion setting also mediated these beliefs. Students were confronted with challenges that inclusion settings often present. One finding suggested the importance of support for students to develop problem-solving and decision-making skills within inclusion contexts to provide for positive teacher beliefs about inclusion.
Early Intervention and Pediatrics: Current Status and Future Directions
Authors: Guralnick Michael J.
Published: December 2008

Significant changes in pediatric practice, thought, and education have led to increased involvement of pediatricians with young handicapped children and their families. This article examines the conditions that have led to these changes with special emphasis on the training needed by pediatricians to effectively serve handicapped children. Three national training programs are discussed to illustrate efforts in this area. Future directions and future problems regarding the physician-educator relationship are also considered.
Changing Etiological Perspectives in Down's Syndrome: Implications for Early Intervention Programs
Authors: Abroms Kippy I. , Bennett Joan W.
Published: December 2008

Identified shortly after birth, Down's syndrome babies will represent a substantial number of infants in need of early intervention services. The very nature of infant programs calls for parent involvement. Direct contact with parents of Down's syndrome infants can provide professionals with opportunities to share new genetic findings that may assist parents in adjusting to the birth of their handicapped child.
Alternative Administrative Strategies for Young Handicapped Children: A Policy Analysis
Authors: Behr Shirley , Gallagher James J.
Published: December 2008

One of the major and puzzling omissions from the legislative blizzard for the handicapped in the 1960's and 1970's has been the preschool handicapped child, aged 0-3. The present policy analysis explores the preferences of three groups of interested persons in 10 program options that would provide services for young children. A group of educators, mental retardation specialists, and advocates all chose public education as the preferred agency to administer services for young handicapped children. Public education was identified as long standing and public funded and more likely to provide continued program support.
The Use of Developmental Test Data for Documenting Handicapped Children's Progress: Problems and Recommendations
Authors: Keogh Barbara K. , Sheehan Robert
Published: December 2008

Strategies for documenting progress of young handicapped children are summarized and discussed, with emphasis on the use of developmental test data for documentation of program impact. As small treatment effects are often the rule rather than the exception in educational programs for preschool handicapped children, the need for differentiated use of developmental test data is underscored. Possible methods for analysis of developmental test items are proposed within the context of growth patterns of handicapped children. These include consideration of range, density and scatter, and the ratio of pass-fail items. Implications of child progress data for program evaluation are discussed.
Vestibular Stimulation in Early Childhood: A Review
Authors: Sandler Allen , Coren Andrea
Published: December 2008

Vestibular stimulation provided through rocking, spinning, or other movement experiences has been shown to have a significant influence upon arousal level, visual alertness, visual tracking behavior, motor development, and reflex development. Research also suggests possible influences upon cognitive development and development of mother-infant attachment. In this article, literature describing the effect of vestibular stimulation is reviewed, with particular attention directed toward use of this form of stimulation with handicapped infants and young children. information provided is applicable to children with the range of disabilities commonly encountered in early intervention programs.
Consistency and Correspondence of Mothers' and Teachers' Assessments of Young Handicapped Children
Authors: Blacher-Dixon Jan , Simeonsson Rune J.
Published: December 2008

Due to the recognition of the limitations of standardized, formal assessment instruments and the mandates of Public Law 94-142, teachers, direct care staff, and parents are becoming Involved in assessment of young handicapped children. If the evaluation and judgments of parents are to be valid sources of information about the child, the utility of clinical judgment must be documented. Typically, parents tend to overestimate their child's general intelligence or ability; however, this may be a function of the specific test, measure, or rating scale used. The study described in this article was designed to determine (a) the degree of correspondence between mothers' and teachers' ratings on the same version of the same assessment instrument and (b) the degree of correspondence between mothers' ratings across a period of time. The data support the reliability of maternal assessment and provide evidence for the contributions of parents to the assessment process in early intervention.
Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Efficacy Research with Behaviorally Disordered Children
Authors: Strain Phillip S.
Published: December 2008

This article offers a brief treatment of three interrelated topics pertinent to the conduct of long-term follow-up evaluations of early intervention. Initially, a number of conceptual and methodological issues are presented that address the following questions: (a) What is it that constitutes sound efficacy data? and (b) What are the essential elements of experimental control in long-term treatment evaluation? In the second section, these two questions are answered by a specific example of long-term follow-up research conducted at the Regional Intervention Program, Nashville, Tennessee. Included in this section are experimental procedures and results obtained on 40 former clients who were studied at 3 to 9 years away from active treatment. In the final portion of this article, a personal perspective on future efficacy research is offered.
Mainstreaming in the Kindergarten Classroom: Perspectives of Parents of Handicapped and Nonhandicapped Children
Authors: Turnbull Ann P. , Winton Pamela J. , Blacher Jan , Salkind Neil
Published: December 2008

In this study 101 parents of both handicapped and nonhandicapped children in mainstreamed kindergarten settings participated in a telephone interview. Results indicated a high level of agreement between both sets of parents on the benefits and drawbacks of mainstreaming. The greatest benefits of mainstreaming were identified by parents as related to social outcomes, whereas the greatest drawbacks were in instructional areas. Approximately one-third of the parents in each group did not have prior information or knowledge of mainstreaming; nearly all parents were interested in receiving more information on the topic. The implications of these data for research, teacher training, and information dissemination to parents are discussed.
An Evaluation of the Efficacy of Televised Home Instruction: Teaching Parents to be Trainers of Their Preschool Handicapped Children
Authors: Holsworth Thomas E. , Currie Robert J.
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate three modes of home-based parent training, designed to teach parents to be the primary therapist of their preschool handicapped children. Subjects (N = 40) were rondomly assigned to one of four treatment conditions. Subjects assigned to conditions 2, 3, and 4 were given instructional materials necessary for teaching their handicapped children four developmental skills that they had not yet acquired. Pretest and posttest data were collected on parental training skills. A 4 x 4 x 2 ANOVA for repeated measures supported three conclusions: (1) parents do learn the behavioral strategies necessary to train their handicapped children; (2) televised programming is equally efficient as print media In transmitting the bellavioral strategies which parents employ; and (3) when televised programming is combined with the traditional print media, parental apprehension of training skills is significantly better than with either media alone.
The Handicapped Child in the Regular Kindergarten Classroom
Authors: Walter Gail , Vincent Lisbeth
Published: December 2008

Fifteen mildly and moderately handicapped kindergarten-age children and four classrooms of typical kindergarten students and their teachers were the subjects of this investigation. The behavior and interaction of the handicapped students with teachers and peers In the mainstreamed setting was compared to that of nonhandicapped students. Teachers rated handicapped students as successful, partially successful, and unsuccessful. Characteristics distinguishing the three groups of students were identified. High levels of social interaction skills and behaviors were not necessarily correlated with teachers' perception of success. Rather, task behavior and independent task performance were correlated with success. The results were discussed in light of the varied goals for mainstreaming.
Why Me? Parental Reactions to the Birth of an Exceptional Child
Authors: Tulloch Deborah
Published: December 2008

Parental reactions to the birth of an exceptional child are examined in the context of two conceptual frameworks: the traditional psychoanalytically oriented approach, which emphasizes the maladaptive aspects in parenting an exceptional child, and the developmental approach, which emphasizes the opportunities for growth and successful adaptation in parenting an exceptional child. Parents examined according to psychoanalytic constructs are often placed in the role of psychiatric patient. Guilt receives a major emphasis as a near universal characteristic; consequently parental reactions are seen typically as demonstrating nonacceptance or rejection of the exceptional child. Professionals subscribing to psychoanalytic theory may assume an accusatory attitude toward parents by holding them culpable for their child's condition. In contrast, parents examined according to the developmental framework are believed to change dynamically in response to the multiple demands of their child and their own roles in the greater society. Thus parents are thought to be able to assume viable roles as agents for change. A joint supportive parenthood of parents and professionals may be more likely given a developmental orientation when parental reactions to the birth of an exceptional child are valued as predictable, natural, and appropriate.
Parents and Educators Affecting the Legislative Process
Authors: Donovan William C.
Published: December 2008

The following article illustrates how social change for individuals with disabilities can be made through the legislative process. It first identifies a critical social and educational need for children with disabilities, specifically preschool programming for three- and four-year-olds, and then details how the author, special education professionals, and parents addressed this need. The author recounts a four-year process that concluded with the passage of legislation for a preschool program supported by an appropriation of one million dollars.
Stress and Adaptation in Parents of Young Handicapped and Nonhandicapped Children: A Comparative Study
Authors: Dyson Lily , Fewell Rebecca R.
Published: December 2008

Three questions were asked in this study; (1) Do parents of handicapped children experience more stress than parents of nonhandicapped children? (2) What are the sources of stress for parents of handicapped children? and (3) is stress in the parents of handicapped children mediated by an external factor of social support? Findings Indicate significantly greater stress in the families with handicapped children, and four factors are identified as significantly related to stress in these families. Perceived family support was significantly greater for families with handicapped children, and although nonsignificant (p < .057), findings suggest that families with handicapped children who have more support have less stress. Results are discussed in rotation to previous findings, particularly with regard to how the age of the child may be a critical factor determining family adjustment.
Young Handicapped Children: Their Prevalence and Experiences with Early Intervention Services
Authors: Fine Mark A. , Swift Carolyn F.
Published: December 2008

The present study assessed the prevalence of handicapping conditions among young children (0 through 4) In Ohio and explored the experiences these handicapped children and their families have had with early intervention services. Using a telephone interview procedure, parents from 1,551 families in Ohio having 2,133 children were administered a survey instrument. Results indicated that 6.1% of the young children had functionally handicapping conditions. Approximately two-thirds (63%) of these children had received early intervention services as a result of their conditions. Parents of those served reported that service was initiated soon after conditions were noticed and that they were satisfied with their quality. Planning implications for the general public, professionals, legislators, and administrators are discussed.
A Psychometric Study of a Criterion-Referenced Assessment Instrument Designed For Infants and Young Children
Authors: Bailey E.J. , Bricker Diane
Published: December 2008

The Evaluation and Programming System: For Infants and Young Children. Assessment Level I: Developmentally 1 Month to 3 Years (EPS-I) is an experimental assessment Instrument designed for children functioning developmentally between birth and three years of age. This instrument was designed to provide Information that can be used to develop educational programs and as a tool to assess program effectiveness. Although perhaps a viable option for professional working with young handicapped children, the ESP-I lacked technical information reflecting the extent to which it is a reliable and valid Instrument.

The purpose of this study was to investigate selected psychometric properties of the ESP-I. Interobserver agreement and temporal stability were examined as a measure of test reliability. Comparisons between ESP-I scores and standardized test scores and parent ratings of childrens' skills and abilities were examined as a measure of test validity. In addition, this study examined the instrument's usefulness for developing educational programs for young handicapped children.
An Approach for Enhancing the Symbolic, Communicative, and Interpersonal Functioning of Young Children with Autism or Severe Emotional Handicaps
Authors: Rogers Sally J. , Herbison Jean M. , Lewis Hal C. , Pantone Jeanne , Reis Kathy
Published: December 2008

An intervention approach emphasizing development of symbolic thought, communication, and interpersonal relationships was Implemented with 26 children (ages 2 through 6) who had infantile autism, pervasive developmental disorder, or severe emotional handicaps. The main intervention strategy was the use of play in all its interpersonal, cognitive, and structural variety, imbedded in a reactive language environment. Over a six- to eight-month intervention period, the children demonstrated significant changes in several targeted developmental areas, including cognition, perceptual/fine motor, social/ emotional, and language skills. The cognitive complexity of their play skills increased significantly in areas of symbolic complexity, symbolic agent, and symbolic substitutions. Additionally, significant improvement in the communicative and interpersonal characteristics of their play was found. These changes support the efficacy of this approach with young autistic and severely emotionally handicapped children when the children's needs for high levels of structure, intensity, and consistency are met.