bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Aphid Genus Nippolachnus Matsumura, 1917, with Synonymy of the Mysterious Neonippolachnus Shinji, 1924 (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Lachninae)
Authors: Kanturski Mariusz , Lee Minho , Koszela Katarzyna , Lee Seunghwan
Published: March 2024

Nippolachnus Matsumura, 1917 is a small aphid genus from the tribe Tuberolachnini (Hemiptera: Lachninae) occurring in Southeast Asia. Species from this genus are quite characteristic and stand out among lachnids for their morphology and ecological associations. We have performed a revision and phylogenetic analyses to elucidate the relationships within Nippolachnus and other representatives of Tuberolachnini. Here, the taxonomy of the genus is revised based on morphological data to include seven species, three of them newly described: Nippolachnus chakrabartii sp. nov. from India, Nippolachnus sinensis sp. nov. from China, and Nippolachnus malayaensis sp. nov. from Indonesia. Nippolachnus appear to be non monophyletic genus and a new genus, Indolachnus gen. nov., is described to accommodate Nippolachnus himalayensis (van der Goot, 1917) as Indolachnus himalayensis (van der Goot, 1917) comb. nov. The new genus is a sister group to the remaining Nippolachnus species, which created a monophyletic clade. Neonippolachnus Shinji, 1924 syn. nov. is recognised as a synonym of Nippolachnus, and Neonippolachnus betulae Shinji, 1924 syn. nov. as a synonym of Nippolachnus micromeli Shinji, 1924. For the first time, a scanning electron microscopy study of the sexual generation of N. piri Matsumura, 1917 has been performed. Apterous and alate viviparous females of N. bengalensis Basu and Hille Ris Lambers, 1968, N. piri, and N. micromeli, and alate viviparous females of N. xitianmushanus Zhang and Zhong, 1982 are re-described and illustrated, as well as apterous and alate viviparous females of I. himalayensis comb. nov. Hitherto unknown morphs of N. micromeli, N. piri, and N. xitianmushanus are described. A lectotype and paralectotypes of N. xitianmushanus are designated herein. Notes on distribution and host plants are given, and keys to apterous and alate viviparous females of the genera Nippolachnus and Indolachnus are also provided.
Clinical and Radiological Characteristics of Non-Obese Female Patients with Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
Authors: Horev Anat , Ben-Arie Gal , Zlotnik Yair , Koltochnik Maor , Ben Chaim Or , Biederko Ron , Regev Tamir , Tsumi Erez , Shelef Ilan , Steen Yana Mechnik , Eliav Tal , Katson Mark , Domany Erel , Honig Asaf
Published: March 2024

While the typical patient with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is an obese female of childbearing age, there are unique patient populations, such as non-obese females, that have not been well studied. Characterizing this subpopulation may increase awareness our of it, which may prevent underdiagnosis and improve our understanding of IIH’s underlying pathophysiology. We retrospectively reviewed electronic medical records and compared the clinical and radiological characteristics of non-obese (BMI < 30) and obese (BMI > 30) female patients with IIH. Two hundred and forty-six patients (age 32.3 ± 10) met our inclusion criteria. The non-obese patients (n = 59, 24%) were significantly younger than the obese patients (29.4 ± 9.9 vs. 33.2 ± 10.2, p = 0.004) and had higher rates of severe papilledema (Friesen 4–5; 25.4% vs. 11.8%, p = 0.019), scleral flattening (62.7% vs. 36.9%, p = 0.008), and optic nerve dural ectasia (78.0% vs. 55.6%, p = 0.044). Non-obese patients also had a tendency to have a higher lumbar puncture opening pressure (368 ± 92.7 vs. 344 ± 76.4, p = 0.062). Non-obese patients were three times more likely to present with a combination of scleral flattening and optic nerve dural ectasia (OR = 3.00, CI: 1.57–5.72, χ2 = 11.63, α < 0.001). Overall, non-obese females with IIH were found to have a more fulminant presentation, typified by higher rates of severe papilledema and radiological findings typical for IIH.
The Value of a Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography plus Stress Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Strategy for the Evaluation of Patients with Chronic Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Busi Gherardo , Amico Mattia Alexis , Vannini Matteo , Virgili Giacomo , Migliorini Angela , Pontecorboli Giulia , Pradella Silvia , Acquafresca Manlio , Moroni Mario , Di Mario Carlo , Valenti Renato , Carrabba Nazario
Published: March 2024

Background: Noninvasive imaging methods, either anatomical or functional tests, serve as essential instruments for the appropriate management of patients with established or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). We sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) plus stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (S-CMR) strategy in patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS). Methods: Patients with suspected CCS showing intermediate coronary plaques (stenosis 30–70%) at CCTA underwent S-CMR. Patients with a positive S-CMR were referred to invasive coronary angiography (ICA) plus instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR), and myocardial revascularization if recommended. All patients received guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT), including high-dose statins, regardless of myocardial revascularization. The primary endpoint was a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and unplanned revascularization. Results: According to the results of CCTA, 62 patients showing intermediate coronary plaques underwent S-CMR, which was positive for a myocardial perfusion deficit in n = 17 (27%) and negative in n = 45 (73%) patients. According to the results of ICA plus iFR, revascularization was performed in 13 patients. No differences in the primary endpoint between the positive and negative S-CMR groups were observed at 1 year (1 [5.9%] vs. 1 [2.2%], p = 0.485) and after a median of 33.4 months (2 [11.8%] vs. 3 [6.7%]; p = 0.605). Conclusions: Our study suggests that a CCTA plus S-CMR strategy is effective for the evaluation of patients with suspicion of CCS at low–intermediate risk, and it may help to refine the selection of patients with intermediate coronary plaques at CCTA needing coronary revascularization.
Relationship between Permanent Catheter Patency and Nutrient Score in Patients Aged >75 Years Requiring Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Kim Moo Jun , Hwang Yunkyeong , Jeon Jae Wan , Kim Hae Ri , Han Suyeon , Park Heewon , Lee Eu Jin , Ham Young Rok , Na Ki Ryang , Park Hyerim , Choi Dae Eun
Published: March 2024

Background: Malnutrition is common in patients undergoing hemodialysis and is a powerful predictor of morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to investigate the effect of nutritional status on permanent catheter patency in elderly patients aged >75 years of age undergoing dialysis using tunneled dialysis catheters; Methods: Records of 383 patients whose nutritional factors and body cell mass (BCM) were measured simultaneously at the start of dialysis between 14 January 2020 and 30 September 2023, at Chungnam National University Hospital, were retrospectively reviewed. The relationships between permanent catheter patency at 180 days and BCM parameters and clinical parameters were studied using Kaplan–Meier survival curves and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis. Results: Age and sexual differences were significant (p ≤ 0.05), and most of the BCM parameters and BCM were not significant (p ≤ 0.05), except for intracellular water. Permanent catheter patency was superior at low controlling nutritional status (CONUT) scores (p < 0.05). After adjustment for covariates, the CONUT score remained an independent factor associated with permanent catheter-patency survival; Conclusions: CONUT scores measured before the start of dialysis are expected to play an important role in predicting the prognosis of permanent catheter-patency survival in patients aged >75 years.
In Vitro Effects of Weissella cibaria CMU and CMS1 on Receptor Activator of NF-κB Ligand (RANKL)-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation
Authors: Park Geun-Yeong , Park Jeong-Ae , Kang Mi-Sun
Published: March 2024

Excessive osteoclast activity can promote periodontitis-associated bone destruction. The inhibitory mechanisms of Weissella cibaria strains CMU and CMS1 against periodontitis have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether heat-killed (HK) W. cibaria CMU and CMS1 or their respective cell-free supernatants (CFSs) inhibit osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption in response to receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-treated RAW 264.7 cells. TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase) staining and bone resorption assays revealed that both HK bacteria and CFSs significantly suppressed the number of TRAP-positive cells, TRAP activity, and bone pit formation compared to the RANKL-treated control (p < 0.05). HK bacteria dose-dependently inhibited osteoclastogenesis while selectively regulating certain genes in CFSs (p < 0.05). We found that disrupting the direct interaction between HK bacteria and RAW 264.7 cells abolished the inhibitory effect of HK bacteria on the expression of osteoclastogenesis-associated proteins (c-Fos, nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1), and cathepsin K). These results suggest that dead bacteria suppress osteoclast differentiation more effectively than the metabolites and may serve as beneficial agents in preventing periodontitis by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation via direct interaction with cells.
AA5754–Al2O3 Nanocomposite Prepared by Friction Stir Processing: Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Performance
Authors: Mohammed Moustafa M. , Abdullah Mahmoud E. , Rohim M. Nafea M. , Kubit Andrzej , Aghajani Derazkola Hamed
Published: March 2024

The utilization of Al2O3 nanopowder to reinforce AA5754 aluminum alloy through blind holes employing the friction stir processing (FSP) technique to produce an aluminum matrix nanocomposite is explored in this paper. Motivated by the necessity to enhance the strength and ductility of welded joints, the impacts of varying the tool rotational speed (rpm) and blind hole diameter on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints are investigated. Experimental characterization techniques including SEM, optical microscopy, microhardness, and tensile tests were employed to analyze the welded joints produced under different processing parameters (tool rotational speeds of 910, 1280, and 1700 rpm, and blind hole diameters of 0, 1, 1.5, and 2 mm). Comparative analyses were conducted against base metal properties and joints without reinforcement powder. It was found that the addition of nanopowder resulted in a decrease in the maximum generated heat during FSP, while also reducing the stir zone size compared to samples without nanopowder. Moreover, enhancements in both the strength and ductility of the joints were observed with the incorporation of Al2O3 nanoparticles. The optimal combination of welding conditions, observed at 1280 rpm rotational speed and 1.5 mm hole diameter, yielded a remarkable ultimate tensile strength of 567 MPa, accompanied by a hardness of 45 HV. These results underscore the potential of nano-Al2O3 reinforcement in significantly improving the mechanical properties of the produced nanocomposite, with implications for advancing the performance of welded structures in various engineering applications.
Identifying and Mapping the Spatial Factors That Control Soil Erosion Changes in the Yellow River Basin of China
Authors: Guo Jinwei , Qi Yanbing , Zhang Luhao , Zheng Jiale , Sun Jingyan , Tang Yuanyuan , Yang Xiangyun
Published: March 2024

The Yellow River Basin has been considered to have the most serious soil erosion in the world, and identifying and mapping the spatial controlling factors would be of great help in adopting targeting strategies for soil erosion prevention. This study used the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) to estimate the spatial and temporal changes in soil erosion from 1985 to 2020 and analyzed the controlling factors. The results indicated that from 1985 to 2020, the average erosion modulus in the Yellow River Basin was 1160.97 t∙km−2∙yr−1, and the erosion modulus in the middle reach was significantly greater than in the lower and upper reaches. Changes in vegetation coverage, rainfall and land use controlled 38.95%, 40.87% and 9.21% of soil erosion changes, respectively. Among them, the area in which soil erosion was decreased due to increased vegetation coverage accounted for 70.77% of the area controlled by vegetation coverage, while the area in which soil erosion was increased due to increased rainfall accounted for 86.62% of the area controlled by rainfall. These results prove the effectiveness of vegetation restoration projects in controlling soil erosion in the Yellow River Basin, but more attention needs to be paid to the impact of rainfall on soil erosion in the future.
The Impact of Territorial Spatial Transformation on Carbon Storage: A Case Study of Suqian, East China
Authors: Huang Wenting , Guo Long , Zhang Ting , Chen Ting , Chen Longqian , Li Long , Zhang Xundi
Published: March 2024

The carbon storage of terrestrial ecosystems plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change, and the transformation of territorial space has a significant impact on the carbon cycle of a country’s terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, evaluating the impact of space transformation on carbon storage is essential for enhancing regional carbon storage potential and reducing carbon emissions. We use the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model to analyze the dynamic changes in territorial spatial transformation and carbon storage from 2000 to 2020 in Suqian, as well as their relationship. On this basis, the optimization strategy and specific path for improving territorial space carbon storage capacity were determined. The results show the following: that (1) from 2000 to 2020, territorial spatial transformation in Suqian was dramatic, with the most significant changes occurring between 2005 and 2010. The scale of mutual transformation between agricultural production space and urban–rural construction space was the largest. (2) Carbon storage gradually decreased in Suqian City, with a total reduction of 1.23 × 106 tons over 20 years and an annual decrease of 1.46%. The carbon density of forested space was significantly higher than that of other spaces. The conversion of agricultural production space and forestland space to urban–rural construction space was the main factor driving a decrease in carbon storage. (3) Territorial spatial transformation is a spatial manifestation of the evolution of human–land relationships. Regulating the function, scale, structure and layout of territorial space as a whole and implementing differentiated management of specific space will be beneficial to optimize carbon storage in Suqian.
Arable Land Quality in Developing China: An Integrated Exploration from Global Challenges to Localized Solutions
Authors: Ye Sijing , Song Changqing , Kuzyakov Yakov , Cheng Feng , Kong Xiangbin , Feng Zhe , Gao Peichao
Published: March 2024

Ensuring global food security and sustainable development remains a top priority at present [...]
Relationship between Sociodemographic and Health-Related Factors and Sedentary Time in Middle-Aged and Older Adults in Taiwan
Authors: Huang Hung-Chin , Chang Shao-Hsi , Yang Xiaolin
Published: March 2024

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the associations between sociodemographic and health-related factors and sedentary time in middle-aged and older Taiwanese adults. Materials and Methods: A total of 1031 participants (460 men, 571 women; mean age 65.0 years ± 7.8 years; range 55 to 93 years) were randomly recruited from the National Computer Assessment Telephone Interview, Taiwan, in 2013. Sedentary time, TV viewing, physical activity, and sociodemographic factors were assessed through questionnaires. Body mass index was self-reported and calculated to evaluate obesity. In 2023, the associations between sedentary time and sociodemographic and health-related factors were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation, cross tabulation, and logistic regression and were stratified by gender. Results: Over 47% of participants reported spending more than 2 h watching TV, and more than 33% reported engaging in over 6 h of total sedentary activities. Men and women with insufficient physical activity had a higher probability of prolonged sedentary time than their physically active counterparts (p = 0.032 for men, p = 0.024 for women). Both men and women who spent more than 2 h watching TV daily were more likely to have high sedentary time compared to those with shorter TV viewing durations (both p < 0.001). Highly educated and unmarried women exhibited a higher likelihood of prolonged sedentary time than their less educated and married counterparts (p = 0.021 and p = 0.01, respectively). Conclusions: Sedentary time showed significant and positive associations with both insufficient physical activity and prolonged TV viewing in both genders. Additionally, significant associations were observed between sedentary time and high education and unmarried status in women. These findings emphasize the importance of implementing gender-specific approaches in future interventions and policy initiatives aimed at reducing sedentary behavior among middle-aged and older adults.
Effective Differences between 2D and 3D Planned Brachytherapy in Lung Cancer: An Institutional Retrospective Study
Authors: Lalić Nensi , Bojović Marko , Ivanov Olivera , Ličina Jelena , Popević Spasoje , Stjepanović Mihailo , Bursać Daliborka , Lalić Ivica , Milić Rade , Tomić Sanja , Parapid Biljana , Anđelković Aleksandar
Published: March 2024

Background and Objectives: Advanced lung cancer is usually manifested by endoluminal tumor propagation, resulting in central airway obstruction. The objective of this study is to compare the high dose rate brachytherapy treatment outcomes in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) depending on the treatment planning pattern—two-dimension (2D) or three-dimension (3D) treatment planning. Materials and Methods: The study was retrospective and two groups of patients were compared in it (a group of 101 patients who underwent 2D planned high-dose-rate endobronchial brachytherapy (HDR-EBBT) in 2017/18 and a group of 83 patients who underwent 3D planned HDR-EBBT between January 2021 and June 2023). Results: In the group of 3D planned brachytherapy patients, there was a significant improvement in terms of loss of symptoms of bronchial obstruction (p = 0.038), but no improvement in terms of ECOG PS (European Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status) of the patient (p = 0.847) and loss of lung atelectasis (if there was any at the beginning of the disease) (p = 0.781). Two-year overall survival and time-to-progression periods were similar for both groups of patients (p = 0.110 and 0.154). Fewer treatment complications were observed, and 91.4% were in 3D planned brachytherapy (BT) patients. Conclusions: Three-dimensionally planned HDR-EBBT is a suggestive, effective palliative method for the disobstruction of large airways caused by endobronchial lung tumor growth. Independent or more often combined with other types of specific oncological treatment, it certainly leads to the loss of symptoms caused by bronchial obstruction and the improvement of the quality of life of patients with advanced NSCLC. Complications of the procedure with 3D planning are less compared to 2D planned HDR-EBBT.
Properties of Fluorine-Free Steelmaking Flux Prepared Using Red Mud
Authors: Zhao Zheng , Zhang Yanling , Yu Kan
Published: March 2024

The basic oxygen steelmaking process is based on the CaO-FeO-SiO2 ternary slag system, characterized by a high melting point and low lime dissolution rate, often becoming one of the key factors limiting the efficiency of the converter. The bulk solid waste red mud, produced by the Bayer alumina process and rich in Fe2O3/Al2O3/Na2O, significantly reduces the melting point of the steelmaking slag system and enhances the efficiency of lime dissolution. This study utilized red mud as the main raw material to prepare a fluoride-free flux. An in situ online observation system was used to measure the melting point of the flux and the dissolution rate of lime in the flux. The results indicate that the melting point of the red mud-based flux is below 1200 °C, and under the same conditions, the lime dissolution rate is 10 to 15 times higher than when this flux is not used. Experiments in a 10 kg induction furnace show that using this flux, the dephosphorization rate under conditions without oxygen blowing is close to 40%, far higher than the rate achieved using CaF2. Under oxygen-blowing conditions, the dephosphorization rate using the red mud-based flux is comparable to that of CaF2, and significantly higher than without any flux, especially under high [C] content conditions. The data show that the red mud-based flux has the potential to be widely used as a fluoride-free flux in the steelmaking process.
Study of the Errors in Interpolated Fast Fourier Transform for Interferometric Applications
Authors: Cavedo Federico , Esmaili Parisa , Norgia Michele
Published: March 2024

Frequency estimation is often the basis of various measurement techniques, among which optical distance measurement stands out. One of the most used techniques is interpolated fast Fourier transform due to its simplicity, combined with good performance. In this work, we study the limits of this technique in the case of real signals, with reference to a particular interferometric technique known as self-mixing interferometry. The aim of this research is the better understanding of frequency estimation performances in real applications, together with guidance on how to improve them in specific optical measurement techniques. An optical rangefinder, based on self-mixing interferometry, has been realized and characterized. The simulation results allow us to explain the limits of the interpolated fast Fourier transform applied to the realized instrument. Finally, a method for overcoming them is proposed by decorrelating the errors between the measurements, which can provide a guideline for the design of frequency-modulated interferometric distance meters.
Micron-Sized Thiol-Functional Polysilsesquioxane Microspheres with Open and Interconnected Macropores: Preparation, Characterization and Formation Mechanism
Authors: Han Lu , Nie Zhenyu , Gao Rongsheng , Jiang Zhengyang , Kan Chengyou
Published: March 2024

Polysilsesquioxane (PSQ) microspheres have shown promise in many fields, but previous studies about porous PSQ microspheres are scarce. Herein, we fabricated novel micron-sized thiol-functional polysilsesquioxane (TMPSQ) microspheres with open and interconnected macropores by combining inverse suspension polymerization with two-step sol–gel and polymerization-induced phase separation processes, without using phase-separation-promoting additives or sacrificial templates. The chemical composition of the TMPSQ microspheres was confirmed using FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. The morphology of the TMPSQ microspheres was characterized using SEM and TEM. TGA was employed to test the thermal stability of the TMPSQ microspheres. Mercury intrusion porosimetry and nitrogen adsorption–desorption tests were performed to investigate the pore structure of the TMPSQ microspheres. The results showed that the TMPSQ microspheres had open and interconnected macropores with a pore size of 839 nm, and the total porosity and intraparticle porosity reached 70.54% and 43.21%, respectively. The mechanism of porous generation was proposed based on the morphological evolution observed using optical microscopy. The macropores were formed through the following four steps: phase separation (spinodal decomposition), coarsening, gelation, and evaporation of the solvent. The macropores can facilitate the rapid mass transfer between the outer and inner spaces of the TMPSQ microspheres. The TMPSQ microspheres are promising in various fields, such as catalyst supports and adsorbents.
3D-QSAR and Molecular Dynamics Study of Isoxazole Derivatives to Identify the Structural Requirements for Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) Agonists
Authors: Yan Dan , Yang Yueying , Shen Hanxiao , Liu Zhen , Yao Kun , Liu Qing
Published: March 2024

The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has been recognized as a potential drug target for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). FXR agonists benefit NAFLD by modulating bile acid synthesis and transport, lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis pathways. However, there are still great challenges involved in developing safe and effective FXR agonists. To investigate the critical factors contributing to their activity on the FXR, 3D-QSAR molecular modeling was applied to a series of isoxazole derivatives, using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA (q2 = 0.664, r2 = 0.960, r2pred = 0.872)) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA (q2 = 0.706, r2 = 0.969, r2pred = 0.866)) models, which demonstrated strong predictive ability in our study. The contour maps generated from molecular modeling showed that the presence of hydrophobicity at the R2 group and electronegativity group at the R3 group in these compounds is crucial to their agonistic activity. A molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was carried out to further understand the binding modes and interactions between the FXR and its agonists in preclinical or clinical studies. The conformational motions of loops L: H1/H2 and L: H5/H6 in FXR–ligand binding domain (LBD) were crucial to the protein stability and agonistic activity of ligands. Hydrophobic interactions were formed between residues (such as LEU287, MET290, ALA291, HIS294, and VAL297) in helix H3 and ligands. In particular, our study found that residue ARG331 participated in salt bridges, and HIS447 participated in salt bridges and hydrogen bonds with ligands; these interactions were significant to protein–ligand binding. Eight new potent FXR agonists were designed according to our results, and their activities were predicted to be better than that of the first synthetic FXR agonist, GW4064.
Theoretical Insights into Different Complexation Modes of Dioxovanadium(V) Compounds with Pyridoxal Semicarbazone/Thiosemicarbazone/S-Methyl-iso-thiosemicarbazone Ligands
Authors: Alshammari Odeh Abdullah Odeh , Maisara Sawsan , Alshammari Badriah , Alshammari Maha Raghyan , Rakic Violeta , Dimitrić Marković Jasmina , Jevtovic Violeta , Dimić Dušan
Published: March 2024

Vanadium complexes have gained considerable attention as biologically active compounds. In this contribution, three previously reported dioxovanadium(V) complexes with pyridoxal semicarbazone, thiosemicarbazone, and S-methyl-iso-thiosemicarbazone ligands are theoretically examined. The intermolecular stabilization interactions within crystallographic structures were investigated by Hirshfeld surface analysis. These experimental structures were optimized at the B3LYP-D3BJ/6-311++G(d,p)(H,C,N,O,S)/def2-TZVP(V) level of theory, and crystallographic and optimized bond lengths and angles were compared. High correlation coefficients and low mean absolute errors between these two data sets proved that the selected level of theory was appropriate for the description of the system. The changes in structures and stability were examined by adding explicit solvent molecules. The Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) was employed to analyze the intramolecular interactions with special emphasis on the effect of substituents. A good correlation between electron density/Laplacian and interatomic distance was found. Through molecular docking simulations towards Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), the binding affinity of complexes was further investigated. The spontaneity of binding in the active position of BSA was shown. Further experimental studies on this class of compounds are advised.
Responsive Microgels through RAFT-HDA Dynamic Covalent Bonding Chemistry
Authors: Nie Jingkai , Yin Hang , Cao Ruyue , Huang Changyuan , Luo Xiang , Ji Jun
Published: March 2024

This paper developed a method for preparing ultrasound-responsive microgels based on reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer-hetero Diels–Alder (RAFT-HAD) dynamic covalent bonding. First, a styrene cross-linked network was successfully prepared by a Diels–Alder (DA) reaction between phosphoryl dithioester and furan using double-ended diethoxyphosphoryl dithiocarbonate (BDEPDF) for RAFT reagent-mediated styrene (St) polymerization, with a double-ended dienophile linker and copolymer of furfuryl methacrylate (FMA) and St as the dienophile. Subsequently, the microgel system was constructed by the HDA reaction between phosphoryl disulfide and furan groups using the copolymer of polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether acrylate (OEGMA) and FMA as the dienophore building block and hydrophilic segment and the polystyrene pro-dienophile linker as the cross-linker and hydrophobic segment. The number of furans in the dienophile chain and the length of the dienophile linker were regulated by RAFT polymerization to investigate the effects of the single-molecule chain functional group degree, furan/dithioester ratio, and hydrophobic cross-linker length on the microgel system. The prepared microgels can achieve the reversible transformation of materials under force responsiveness, and their preparation steps are simple and adaptive to various potential applications in biomedical materials and adaptive electrical materials.
Research Progress on Benzimidazole Fungicides: A Review
Authors: Bai Song , Zhang Miaohe , Tang Shouying , Li Miao , Wu Rong , Wan Suran , Chen Lijun , Wei Xian , Li Feifei
Published: March 2024

Benzimidazole fungicides are a class of highly effective, low-toxicity, systemic broad-spectrum fungicides developed in the 1960s and 1970s, based on the fungicidal activity of the benzimidazole ring structure. They exhibit biological activities including anticancer, antibacterial, and antiparasitic effects. Due to their particularly outstanding antibacterial properties, they are widely used in agriculture to prevent and control various plant diseases caused by fungi. The main products of benzimidazole fungicides include benomyl, carbendazim, thiabendazole, albendazole, thiophanate, thiophanate-methyl, fuberidazole, methyl (1-{[(5-cyanopentyl)amino]carbonyl}-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl) carbamate, and carbendazim salicylate. This article mainly reviews the physicochemical properties, toxicological properties, disease control efficacy, and pesticide residue and detection technologies of the aforementioned nine benzimidazole fungicides and their main metabolite (2-aminobenzimidazole). On this basis, a brief outlook on the future research directions of benzimidazole fungicides is presented.
Biomedical Applications of Sulfonylcalix[4]arene-Based Metal–Organic Supercontainers
Authors: Fan Ya-Wen , Shi Meng-Xue , Wang Zhenqiang , Dai Feng-Rong , Chen Zhong-Ning
Published: March 2024

Coordination cages sustained by metal–ligand interactions feature polyhedral architectures and well-defined hollow structures, which have attracted significant attention in recent years due to a variety of structure-guided promising applications. Sulfonylcalix[4]arenes-based coordination cages, termed metal–organic supercontainers (MOSCs), that possess unique multi-pore architectures containing an endo cavity and multiple exo cavities, are emerging as a new family of coordination cages. The well-defined built-in multiple binding domains of MOSCs allow the efficient encapsulation of guest molecules, especially for drug delivery. Here, we critically discuss the design strategy, and, most importantly, the recent advances in research surrounding cavity-specified host–guest chemistry and biomedical applications of MOSCs.
Essential Oil Compounds in Combination with Conventional Antibiotics for Dermatology
Authors: Simbu Shivar , Orchard Ané , Vuuren Sandy van
Published: March 2024

Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a significant threat to public health, prompting novel combinations comprising of natural sources such as essential oil compounds with conventional antibiotics. This study aimed to determine the possible interactions between six essential oil compounds with eight antibiotics/antifungals against six pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Cutibacterium acnes, and Candida albicans) commonly implicated in skin infections. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for the antibiotics and essential oil compounds were evaluated singularly and in combination using the broth microdilution assay. The fractional inhibitory concentrations (FIC) were calculated to determine the interactive profile of the combinations. The synergistic interactions (FIC ≤ 0.5) were further analysed at varying ratios and depicted on isobolograms. The toxicity of the synergistic combinations was determined using the brine shrimp lethality assay. Eight synergistic interactions were identified against the selected Gram-positive and P. aeruginosa pathogens, and the combinations also demonstrated a reduced toxicity. The combination of amoxicillin and eugenol demonstrated the lowest toxicity (LC50 = 1081 µg/mL) and the highest selectivity index (14.41) when in a 70:30 ratio. This study provides insight into the in vitro antimicrobial interactions of essential oil compounds and conventional antibiotics that can form a basis for newer therapies.
Preparation of Low-Temperature Solution-Processed High-κ Gate Dielectrics Using Organic–Inorganic TiO2 Hybrid Nanoparticles
Authors: Le Hong Nhung , Wang Rixuan , Hou Benliang , Kim Sehyun , Kim Juyoung
Published: March 2024

Organic–inorganic hybrid dielectric nanomaterials are vital for OTFT applications due to their unique combination of organic dielectric and inorganic properties. Despite the challenges in preparing stable titania (TiO2) nanoparticles, we successfully synthesized colloidally stable organic–inorganic (O-I) TiO2 hybrid nanoparticles using an amphiphilic polymer as a stabilizer through a low-temperature sol–gel process. The resulting O-I TiO2 hybrid sols exhibited long-term stability and formed a high-quality dielectric layer with a high dielectric constant (κ) and minimal leakage current density. We also addressed the effect of the ethylene oxide chain within the hydrophilic segment of the amphiphilic polymer on the dielectric properties of the coating film derived from O-I TiO2 hybrid sols. Using the O-I TiO2 hybrid dielectric layer with excellent insulating properties enhanced the electrical performance of the gate dielectrics, including superior field-effect mobility and stable operation in OTFT devices. We believe that this study provides a reliable method for the preparation of O-I hybrid TiO2 dielectric materials designed to enhance the operational stability and electrical performance of OTFTs.
Emerging Evidence of Golgi Stress Signaling for Neuropathies
Authors: Shirai Remina , Yamauchi Junji
Published: March 2024

The Golgi apparatus is an intracellular organelle that modifies cargo, which is transported extracellularly through the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membrane in order. First, the general function of the Golgi is reviewed and, then, Golgi stress signaling is discussed. In addition to the six main Golgi signaling pathways, two pathways that have been increasingly reported in recent years are described in this review. The focus then shifts to neurological disorders, examining Golgi stress reported in major neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease. The review also encompasses findings related to other diseases, including hypomyelinating leukodystrophy, frontotemporal spectrum disorder/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, microcephaly, Wilson’s disease, and prion disease. Most of these neurological disorders cause Golgi fragmentation and Golgi stress. As a result, strong signals may act to induce apoptosis.
Association between Serum Phytosterols and Lipid Levels in a Population-Based Study
Authors: Stanasila Laura , Lütjohann Dieter , Popp Julius , Marques-Vidal Pedro
Published: March 2024

The association between phytosterols and lipid levels remains poorly assessed at a population level. We assessed the associations between serum levels of six phytosterols (campesterol, campestanol, stigmasterol, sitosterol, sitostanol and brassicasterol) and of lipids [total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)- and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipopoprotein A-IV and lipoprotein Lp(a)] in two cross-sectional surveys of a population-based, prospective study. Data from 910 participants (59.1% women, 70.4 ± 4.7 years) for the first survey (2009–2012) and from 721 participants (60.2% women, 75.1 ± 4.7 years) for the second survey (2014–2017) were used. After multivariable adjustment, all phytosterols were positively associated with total cholesterol: slope and (95% confidence interval) 1.594 (1.273–1.915); 0.073 (0.058–0.088); 0.060 (0.044–0.076); 2.333 (1.836–2.830); 0.049 (0.033–0.064) and 0.022 (0.017–0.028) for campesterol, campestanol, stigmasterol, sitosterol, sitostanol and brassicasterol, respectively, in the first survey, and 1.257 (0.965–1.548); 0.066 (0.052–0.079); 0.049 (0.034–0.063); 1.834 (1.382–2.285); 0.043 (0.029–0.057) and 0.018 (0.012–0.023) in the second survey, all p < 0.05. Similar positive associations were found between all phytosterols and LDL cholesterol. Positive associations were found between campesterol and sitosterol and HDL-cholesterol: slope and (95% CI) 0.269 (0.134–0.405) and 0.393 (0.184–0.602) for campesterol and sitosterol, respectively, in the first survey, and 1.301 (0.999–1.604) and 0.588 (0.327–0.849) in the second survey, all p < 0.05. No associations were found between phytosterols and triglyceride or lipoprotein Lp(a) levels, while a positive association between campesterol and apolipoprotein A-IV levels was found: 2.138 (0.454–3.822). Upon normal dietary intakes, serum phytosterol levels were positively associated with total and LDL cholesterol levels, while no consistent association with other lipid markers was found.
Healthy and Unhealthy Dietary Patterns of Depressive Symptoms in Middle-Aged Women
Authors: Choi Ji-Young , Park Seon-Joo , Lee Hae-Jeung
Published: March 2024

Depressive symptoms are a common menopausal feature in middle-aged women and are associated with dietary factors. This study aimed to determine the association between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms in 2190 Korean women aged 45–69 years. Depressive symptoms were screened using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and food intake was examined using a food frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were derived from principal components analysis and identified two dietary patterns: a “healthy” dietary pattern (high intake of whole-grain rice, legumes, vegetables, fruits, and fish) and an “unhealthy” dietary pattern (high intake of noodles, dumplings, sweets, red meat, soda, and coffee). After adjusting for all confounding factors, those with the highest healthy dietary pattern scores had a 0.56-fold lower risk of depressive symptoms than those with the lowest score (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.56, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.37–0.84, p for trend = 0.006). Conversely, those with the highest unhealthy pattern scores had a 1.85-fold higher risk of depressive symptoms than that of those in the lowest quartile (OR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.30–2.63, p for trend = 0.002). In middle-aged women, a dietary pattern of high intake of fiber-rich whole-grain rice, fruits, vegetables, and legumes may help prevent and manage depressive symptoms.
Nanofabrication Process Scale-Up via Displacement Talbot Lithography of a Plasmonic Metasurface for Sensing Applications
Authors: Pellacani Paola , Jefimovs Konstantins , Angelini Margherita , Marabelli Franco , Tolardo Valentina , Kazazis Dimitrios , Floris Francesco
Published: March 2024

The selection of an affordable method to fabricate plasmonic metasurfaces needs to guarantee complex control over both tunability and reproducibility of their spectral and morphological properties, making plasmonic metasurfaces suitable for integration into different sensing devices. Displacement Talbot lithography could be a valid solution thanks to the limited fabrication steps required, also providing the highly desired industrial scalability. Fabricated plasmonic metasurfaces are represented by a gold nanohole array on a glass substrate based on a triangular pattern. Scanning electron microscopy measurements have been recorded, showing the consistency of the surface features with the optimized design parameters. Reflectance and transmittance measurements have also been carried out to test the reliability and standardization of the metasurface’s optical response. Furthermore, these plasmonic metasurfaces have also been successfully tested for probing refractive index variations in a microfluidic system, paving the way for their use in sensitive, real-time, label-free, and multiplexing detection of bio-molecular events.
Extensive Countrywide Molecular Identification and High Genetic Diversity of Haemonchus spp. in Domestic Ruminants in Greece
Authors: Arsenopoulos Konstantinos V. , Minoudi Styliani , Symeonidou Isaia , Triantafyllidis Alexandros , Fthenakis George C. , Papadopoulos Elias
Published: March 2024

The gastrointestinal nematode parasite Haemonchus spp. is one of the most pathogenic parasites of ruminants, due to its blood-sucking activity, which causes large economic losses in the ruminant industry. The latest epizootiological data recorded an increase in the infection, not only in Greece but also in other countries, mainly attributed to climatic changes. The study of the population structure and the investigation of the phylogenetic relationships of Haemonchus spp. are essential for the understanding of its biology and epizootiology to implement appropriate control and prevention strategies. In addition, the molecular approach allows the determination of evolutionary relationships between different species of this parasite, the diverse hosts they infect, as well as the different geographic compartments from which they originate. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify the species of the sympatric populations of the genus Haemonchus, a nematode parasite infecting ruminants (sheep, goats, cattle, and buffaloes) from different regions of Greece (continental and insular) using molecular methods. At the same time, an attempt was made to identify the possible subpopulations of Haemonchus spp. in Greece, to investigate their phylogenetic relationships, as well as to determine the genetic diversity of each population. A total of 288 worms of the genus Haemonchus were processed using molecular methods; of these, 96 were collected from sheep, 96 from goats, 48 from cattle, and finally, 48 from buffaloes. A fragment of 321 base pairs of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) sequence of nuclear DNA was amplified for species identification, and, after basic local alignment search tool (Blast) analysis, it was revealed that they belonged to H. contortus. A fragment of 820 base pairs of subunit 4 of the nicotinamide dehydrogenase (ND4) gene of mitochondrial DNA was amplified for genetic diversity analysis. The Greek mitochondrial ND4 sequences of H. contortus were classified into 140 haplotypes, and the values of the average nucleotide and haplotype diversity were lower compared to the respective values derived from Italy, Malaysia, the USA, and China. The phylogenetic analysis of the ND4 gene revealed a clear grouping of the Greek haplotypes when compared with Asian ones, and, at the same time, there was no profound grouping of the same haplotypes with regard to their different hosts and geographical origin within different regions of Greece. The aforementioned findings confirmed that H. contortus prevails in our country and can infect all species of ruminants, without geographical boundaries, when the right conditions (i.e., common grazing) are created.
Viral Infections, Are They a Trigger and Risk Factor of Alzheimer’s Disease?
Authors: Rippee-Brooks Meagan D. , Wu Wenzhe , Dong Jianli , Pappolla Miguel , Fang Xiang , Bao Xiaoyong
Published: March 2024

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), a progressive and debilitating condition, is reported to be the most common type of dementia, with at least 55 million people believed to be currently affected. Many causation hypotheses of AD exist, yet the intriguing link between viral infection and its possible contribution to the known etiology of AD has become an attractive focal point of research for the field and a challenging study task. In this review, we will explore the historical perspective and milestones that led the field to investigate the viral connection to AD. Specifically, several viruses such as Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1), Zika virus (ZIKV), and severe cute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), along with several others mentioned, include the various viruses presently considered within the field. We delve into the strong evidence implicating these viruses in the development of AD such as the lytic replication and axonal transport of HSV-1, the various mechanisms of ZIKV neurotropism through the human protein Musashi-1 (MSI1), and the spread of SARS-CoV-2 through the transfer of the virus through the BBB endothelial cells to glial cells and then to neurons via transsynaptic transfer. We will also explore beyond these mere associations by carefully analyzing the potential mechanisms by which these viruses may contribute to AD pathology. This includes but is not limited to direct neuronal infections, the dysregulation of immune responses, and the impact on protein processing (Aβ42 and hyperphosphorylated tau). Controversies and challenges of the virus–AD relationship emerge as we tease out these potential mechanisms. Looking forward, we emphasize future directions, such as distinct questions and proposed experimentations to explore, that the field should take to tackle the remaining unanswered questions and the glaring research gaps that persist. Overall, this review aims to provide a comprehensive survey of the past, present, and future of the potential link between viral infections and their association with AD development while encouraging further discussion.
Therapeutic Potential of Targeting the PERK Signaling Pathway in Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Yu Xinyuan , Dang Lihong , Zhang Ran , Yang Wei
Published: March 2024

Many pathologic states can lead to the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in cells. This causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR), which encompasses three main adaptive branches. One of these UPR branches is mediated by protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), an ER stress sensor. The primary consequence of PERK activation is the suppression of global protein synthesis, which reduces ER workload and facilitates the recovery of ER function. Ischemic stroke induces ER stress and activates the UPR. Studies have demonstrated the involvement of the PERK pathway in stroke pathophysiology; however, its role in stroke outcomes requires further clarification. Importantly, considering mounting evidence that supports the therapeutic potential of the PERK pathway in aging-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases, this pathway may represent a promising therapeutic target in stroke. Therefore, in this review, our aim is to discuss the current understanding of PERK in ischemic stroke, and to summarize pharmacologic tools for translational stroke research that targets PERK and its associated pathways.