bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Two-Year Clinical Evaluation of Glass Ionomer and Ormocer Based Fissure Sealants
Authors: Guler C , Yilmaz Y
Published: April 2015

The objective of the present study provides further data comparing retention, marginal integrity and caries preventive effects of two fissure sealants (glass ionomer based; GC Fuji VII Capsule [Fuji VII] and ormocer based; Admira Seal [AS]) in children. This study was designed as a randomized single-blind clinical trial. The permanent first molars (PFMs) of 50 children, 7-13 years of age (mean age: 8.9<1.3 years), were sealed with a split-mouth design. Fissure sealants applied to the PFMs according to the manufacturer's recommendations by one pediatric dentist. Clinical evaluation of the sealants was carried out to record retention, marginal integrity and presence of caries at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after placement by the other pediatric dentist. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox's regression models were used to estimate the probability of two sealants success. Results: Alpha and Bravo retention rates at the end of follow-up were 13% and 80% for Fuji VII and 3% and 83% for AS, respectively. For retention and marginal integrity between fissure sealants was found similar survival rates (p>0.05). After 24 months, presence of caries was 16% for Fuji VII and 32% for AS (p<0.05). Conclusion: Fuji VII and AS exhibited similar retention and marginal integrity during 24 months. However, Fuji VII was showed better results than AS for caries preventive effect. Consequently, Fuji VII sealants may be a better choice for preventing occlusal caries.
Chemomechanical Caries Removal in Primary Molars : Evaluation of Marginal Leakage and Shear Bond Strength in Bonded Restorations” - An in Vitro Study
Authors: Viral PM , Nagarathna C , Shakuntala B S
Published: April 2015

Objectives : To evaluate and compare the efficiency, marginal leakage and shear bond strength of Carisolv and Papacarie in primary molars. Method: Freshly extracted 60 human carious primary molars were randomly divided into two experimental groups - Group I [ caries removal by Carisolv ] and Group II [ caries removal by Papacarie ]. The amount of time taken for complete caries removal was recorded using a stopwatch. After bonded restorations, both the experimental groups were further randomly subdivided into four experimental groups and subjected to marginal leakage and shear bond strength evaluation. Results : Papacarie [ 337.67 ± 18.13 ] was clinically more efficient than Carisolv [461.33 ± 27.76 ] in removing caries with respect to time in seconds. 66.7% of teeth treated with Carisolv did not show any marginal leakage as compared to 20% with Papacarie. The mean [ ± SD ] shear bond strength of Carisolv [ 9.67 ± 3.80 ] treated teeth was slightly more when compared to Papacarie [ 8.36 ± 4.51]. Conclusion :Papacarie was clinically more efficient in caries removal but showed significantly more marginal leakage than Carisolv.
Effect of Laser and Air Abrasion Pretreatment on the Microleakage of a Fissure Sealant Applied with Conventional and Self Etch Adhesives
Authors: Tirali RE , Çelik C , Arhun N , Berk G , Cehreli SB
Published: April 2015

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different pretreatment protocols along with different bonding agents on the microleakage of a fissure sealant material. Method: A total of 144 freshly extracted noncarious human third molars were used. The teeth were randomly assigned into three groups with respect to the pretreatment protocol employed: A. Air Abrasion B. Er,Cr:YSGG laser C. No pretreatment (Control). In each group specimens were further subjected to one of the following procedures before application of the sealant: 1. %36 Phosphoric acid-etch (AE) (DeTrey Conditioner 36/ Denstply, UK) 2.AE+Prime&Bond NT (Dentsply,UK) 3.Clearfil S3 Bond (Kuraray, Japan) 4.Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray, Japan). All teeth were sealed with the same fissure sealant material (Conseal F/ SDI, Australia). Sealed teeth were further subjected to thermocycling, dye penetration test, sectioning and quantitative image analysis. Statistical evaluation of the microleakage data was performed with two way independent ANOVA and multiple comparisons test at p=0.05. For qualitative evaluation 2 samples from each group were examined under Scanning Electron Microscopy. Results: Microleakage was affected by both the type of pretreatment and the subsequent bonding protocols employed (p<0.05). Overall, the highest (Mean=0.36mm) and lowest (Mean=0.06 mm) microleakage values were observed in samples with unpretreated enamel sealed by S3+Conseal F and samples with laser pretreated enamel sealed by Acid Etch+Prime&Bond+Conseal F protocols, respectively (p<0.05). In the acid-etch group samples pretreated with laser yielded in slightly lower microleakage scores when compared with unpretreated samples and samples pretreated with air abrasion but the statistical significance was not important (p=0,179). Similarly, when bonding agent is applied following acid-etching procedure, microleakage scores were not affected from pretreatment protocol (p=0,615) (intact enamel/laser or air-abrasion). For both all-in one and two step self etch adhesive systems, unpretreated samples demonstrated the highest microleakage scores. Conclusions: For the groups in which bonding agent was utilized, pretreatments did not effected microleakage. Both the tested pretreatment protocols and adhesive procedures had different effects on the sealing properties of Conseal F in permanent tooth enamel.
Impact of Socio-Cultural Practice of Infant/Young Child Gum Lancing during Teething
Authors: Olabu BO , Okoro DO , Thigiti JM , Oramisi VA
Published: April 2015

Background: Fever and diarrhea are among the common morbidities that do occur during infancy and are sometimes wrongly associated with teething by the community. Some societies practice gum lancing, ordinarily referred to as gum cutting, as a remedy for the “teething diarrhoea”. These myths have a potential of giving false security with the belief that these symptoms are part of the teething process, and so medical attention may not be sought when necessary. There are few studies focusing on the outcome of such practices despite their known potential dangers. Objective: To describe various methods of gum lancing and clinical presentation, management and outcome of gum lancing among the Akamba people as seen in Kangundo District Hospital. Method: One hundred and fifteen infants/children who were brought to the hospital with a positive history of gum lancing. Results: The common presenting complaints were persistent diarrhoea (74.0%), fever (44.3%), difficulty in breathing (27.8%) and refusal to feed (20.9%). 58.3% cases warranted admission and these included severe dehydration and shock (47.8%), severe and very severe pneumonia (40.3%), meningitis (26.9%) and generalized sepsis (17.9%). There were a total of 7 mortalities (6.1%), 3 on arrival and 4 within the pediatric ward. Invasive gum lancing procedures and delayed seeking of medical attention were associated with severe disease and poorer outcomes. Conclusion: The impact of gum lancing is of both a public health and economic significance. It is associated with unfavorable outcome if prompt measures are not put in place. There is need to conduct community sensitization and educate caregivers on the truths of teething and dangers of gum lancing as well as seeking health services for fever and diarrhoea. Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and adequate rehydration are necessary in management of the victims.
KTP Laser on Microleakage of Compomer Restorations in Class V Restorations
Authors: Kapdan A , Kuştarcı A , Kapdan A , Öznurhan F , Ünal M , Aksoy S
Published: April 2015

Aim: To evaluate the effects of pulsed KTP (potassium-titanyl-phosphate) laser on decrease of dentinal microleakage of compomer restorations in primary teeth. Method: Twenty four primary molars were selected for the study. After Class V cavity preparations in buccal and lingual surfaces, teeth were divided into three groups: Group 1: Control, Group 2: 1 W KTP laser, Group 3: 1.5 W KTP laser. Then cavities were restored with compomer and teeth were thermocycled to 500 cycles, isolated and immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsin for 24 hours. Teeth were rinsed, dried, and sectioned, and microleakage was assessed by dye penetration at the occlusal and gingival surface of the teeth with stereomicroscope (40X). The data were analyzed with Kruskal- Wallis, Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests. Results: When the scores of microleakage at the gingival margins of the groups were compared, the differences among the groups were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). At the occlusal margins of the groups, there were no statistical differences (p≯0.05). Comparing the gingival and the occlusal margins in the each group, statistically significant differences existed in the Groups 1 and 3 (p<0.05).Conclusions: KTP laser is able to seal dentinal tubules and consequently reduce microleakage towards pulp in primary teeth.
A Novel Distraction Technique for Pain Management during Local Anesthesia Administration in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Kamath PS
Published: April 2015

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of an active and novel distraction technique WITAUL (Writing In The Air Using Leg) on the pain behavior observed and reported by children receiving local anesthesia injections prior to dental treatment. Study design: The study was conducted on 160 children (80 in control and 80 in intervention group) between the ages of 4 - 10 years. During the administration of anesthesia the children in the control group were made to relax by means of deep breathing and those in the intervention group were taught to use the WITAUL distraction technique. the behavior of the children aged 4 - 5 years was noted using the Modified Toddler-Preschooler Post operative Pain Scale (TPPPS) and that of children aged above 6 years was measured using the FACES Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R). Results: The use of WITAUL was found to be statistically significant (p value < 0.0001) compared to the control method in serving as a distraction and hence in managing pain during local anesthesia administration. The mean Modified TPPPS scores (4 - 5 year olds) for the WITAL group was 2.46 ±1.752 and that of the control was 5.64±2.328. The mean FPS-R scores (6 - 10 year olds) for the WITAUL group was 3±1.748 and that of the control group was 6.26±1.858. Conclusion: The WITAUL technique therefore appears to be a simple and effective method of distraction during local anesthesia administration in pediatric patients.
Clinical Performance of Fiber-Reinforced Nanofilled Resin Composite in Extensively Carious Posterior Teeth of Children: 30-Month Evaluation
Authors: Candan Ü , Eronat N , Önçağ Lo
Published: April 2015

Objective: To evaluate the 30-month clinical performance of a nanofilled-resin composite with or without glass-fiber layering in restorations of large cavities in posterior teeth of children. Study Design: A total of 71 restorations were placed in permanent molar teeth of 47 children (mean age 10.9 years) with (FRC; n=35) or without (RC; n=36) fiber layering. One operator placed all restorations. Restorations were evaluated according to the USPHS modified-Ryge criteria at baseline, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 months. The data were analyzed using Fisher's exact and chi-square tests and outcomes were compared using the Cochran-Q test (p<0.05). Results: The 30-month survival rates of the restorations were 97% and 97.1% in the RC and FRC groups, respectively. Nanofilled-resin restorations with or without glass fiber-layering showed similarly high clinical performance. No differences were detected between the evaluated criteria when comparing baseline with any of the evaluation periods (p<0.05). After 30 months there were no secondary caries, change in anatomical form or postoperative sensitivity. Only minor changes for marginal adaptation, marginal discoloration, color match and surface texture were observed. Conclusion: It was concluded that nanofilled-resin composite applied with or without glass-fiber layering showed similar and good results in large cavities of posterior permanent teeth in children over a 30-month period.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Dental Erosion in American Children
Authors: Habib M , Hottel TL , Hong L
Published: April 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and characteristics of dental erosion in children aged 2-4 years old and 12 years old. Study design: 243 subjects were recruited from daycare centers, preschools, and grade schools; they received dental examinations assessing their condition of dental erosion, including both depth and area of tooth surface loss on four maxillary incisors. Questionnaires were given to the subjects to obtain socio-demographic, oral health behaviors at home, and access to dental care. Dental erosion was analyzed and risk factors were assessed using Chi-Square and logistic regression analysis. Results: The subjects were 60% Caucasians, 31% Black, 7% Hispanic and others were 2%. 34% of children could not get the dental care they needed within the past 12 months and 61% of all children brushed their teeth twice or more daily. Overall, 12% of study children had dental erosion with 13% for 2-4 years old and 10% for 12 years old, with the majority of erosive lesions within enamel. Family income (OR 3.98, p=0.021) and acidic fruit juice consumption (OR 2.38, p=0.038) were significant risk factors for dental erosion, even after controlling for other factors, such as source of drinking water and oral hygiene using logistic regression analysis. Conclusions: Dental erosion is a relatively common problem among the children in this study and it is seen as a multi-factorial process.
Utilization of Emergency Services for Non-Traumatic Dental Disease
Authors: Da Silva K , Kunzel C , Yoon RK
Published: April 2015

Purpose: To identify and characterize children who utilize emergency dental services for non-traumatic dental disease. Study design: Caregivers of children under 12 years old who seek out emergency services for the treatment of non-traumatic dental disease will be surveyed regarding their child's current oral health status. Patient's clinical data will be obtained and they will be further followed for a period of 2 months to determine if they follow-up with recommendations for comprehensive dental care. Results: One hundred and ninety-eight people participated in the study (97% response rate). Eighty-three percent of the children were diagnosed with dental caries. Seventy-four percent of patients of record presented with an emergency at least once before and 73% had a history of one or more broken appointments. Patients with a history of previous emergency visits (OR=3.45, CI=2.05, 5.81) or a history of missed appointments (OR=2.21, CI=1.42, 3.58) were significantly more likely to fail to return for comprehensive care (P<.01). Conclusion: This study shows that those who utilize emergency services more than once, or have a history of missed appointments are more likely to continue to utilize emergency dental services as their primary means for dental care.
Pediatric Dental Patients’ Attitudes to Rubber Dam
Authors: McKay A , Farman M , Rodd H , Zaitoun H
Published: April 2015

Objectives: To explore young patients’ experiences of rubber dam (RD) and determine how personal and clinical factors may influence opinions. Study design: A self-completed questionnaire was developed to capture pediatric patients’ experiences of treatment under RD in a hospital setting. Patients’ acceptance of RD and perceptions of how well it was explained to them were recorded on a 10cm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), where zero represented the most negative score. The following clinical variables were also recorded: type of RD; procedure undertaken; use of local anaesthetic and procedure duration. Results: One hundred children (52 male, 48 female) with a mean age of 11.8 years (SD=2.29; range 7-17 years) participated. Overall, acceptance of RD was satisfactory (mean VAS=5.0). Patients were happy with the explanation of why RD was used (mean VAS=7.7). The type of RD, use of local anaesthetic, procedure undertaken and duration of the procedure did not significantly influence acceptance levels. However, RD was significantly less acceptable to patients who underwent radiographic examination whilst wearing the RD (P< 0.05, t-test). Nearly five times as many patients expressed concern at being seen wearing RD when taken to the radiography department (39.2%, n=20/51), compared to those who were reportedly self-conscious about RD when treated only on the paediatric dentistry clinic (8.2%, n=4/49). Conclusions: The use of RD appears acceptable physically and psychologically to most pediatric patients, however, visibility of the RD to others was a potential concern to some children.
Treatment of Oral Ulcers in Dogs Using Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Alamoudi N M , El Ashiry E A , Farsi N M , El Derwi D A , Atta H M
Published: April 2015

Aim: Adipose tissue Derived Mesenchymal Stem cells (ADMSCs) represent a promising tool for new clinical concepts in supporting cellular therapy. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of ADMSCs transplantation on oral ulcer healing in dogs. Study design: Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from adipose tissues of dogs obtained by suction-assisted lipectomy (liposuction), by dish adherence and were expanded in culture. Oral ulcers were induced by topical application of formocresol in the oral cavity of 18 dogs. The dogs were classified into 3 groups. Either autologous ADMSCs, Corticosteriod (Dexamethasone) or vehicle (saline) was injected. The healing process of the ulcer was monitored histopathologically. Gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelets derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and collagen was assessed in biopsies obtained from all ulcers ‘’as healing markers’’, by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: ADMSCs group showed significantly accelerated oral ulcer healing compared with the Dexamethasone and control groups. There was increased expression of VEGF, PDGF, EGF and collagen genes in ADMSCs-treated ulcers compared with Dexamethasone and controls. Conclusion: ADMSCs transplantation may help accelerate oral ulcer healing, possibly through the induction of angiogenesis by VEGF and PDGF, as well as epithelial and connective tissue proliferation as evidenced by increased EGF and collagen gene expression.
Minimally Invasive Clinical Approach in Indirect Pulp Therapy and Healing of Deep Carious Lesions
Authors: Opal S , Garg S , Dhindsa A , Taluja T
Published: April 2015

Indirect pulp treatment is a conservative vital pulp procedure performed in deep carious lesion approximating the pulp, but without signs or symptoms of pulp degeneration. Removing the carious biomass along with sealing the residual caries from extrinsic substrate and oral bacteria makes residual caries after the first excavation less active. This allows time for pulpo dentinal complex to form tertiary dentine so that at the second excavation, there is less likelihood of pulpal exposure. It has also been suggested that by changing the cavity environment from an active lesion into a more slowly progressing lesion, will be accompanied by more regular tubular tertiary dentin formation. The success of this approach has been demonstrated by various randomized controlled studies comparing conventional treatment of such lesions with stepwise excavation. These results are echoed at clinical, radiographic, macroscopic, microscopic and ultrastructural level during follow up visits. This study reviews promising concepts and rationale of minimally invasive indirect pulp therapy technique where conventional wisdom of caries removal is challenged.
Green Pigmentation in Human Teeth. A Stereomicroscopic Study
Authors: Rakauskaite A , Juodzbalys G , Pauza DH , Cicciù M
Published: April 2015

Green pigmentation in teeth is an uncommon condition associated with bilirubin deposits in hard dental tissues. Its occurrence can cause anxiety to both the child and parents and is not diagnosed easily by clinicians. The aim of this study is to analyze the current knowledge about the etiology, the intraoral alterations, and the macroscopic and microscopic features of green teeth pigmentation related to a high bilirubin levels. A primary tooth was extracted and manually sliced into 600 microns thin sections. The slenderized slices were examined with a light microscope AxioImager M1 to evaluate the microscopic teeth structure.

The clinical characteristics of teeth may help in the diagnosis of current or past systemic diseases. Pediatricians should be able to quickly note the signs in order to perform the proper diagnosis. This study may help clinicians gain more knowledge about the current status of this uncommon pathology.
Bispectral Index Monitoring:Validity and Utility in Pediatric Dentistry
Authors: Goyal A , Mittal N , Mittal P , Gauba K
Published: April 2015

Reliable and safe provision of sedation and general anesthesia is dependent on continuous vigilance of patient’s sedation depth. Failure to do so may result in unintended oversedation or undersedation. It is a common practice to observe sedation depth by applying subjective sedation scales and in case of general anesthesia, practitioner is dependent on vital sign assessment. The Bispectral Index System (BIS) is a recently introduced objective, quantitative, easy to use, and free from observer bias, and clinically useful tool to assess sedation depth and it precludes the need to stimulate the patient to assess his sedation level. The present article is an attempt to orient the readers towards utility and validity of BIS for sedation and general anesthesia in pediatric dentistry. In this article, we attempt to make the readers understand the principle of BIS, its variation across sedation continuum, its validity across different age groups and for a variety of sedative drugs.
Timing of Class III Treatment with Unfavorable Growth Pattern
Authors: Tai K , Park JH , Ohmura S , Okadakage-Hayashi S
Published: April 2015

When treating young patients with Class III malocclusion, factors such as timing and an accurate prediction of growth of the mandible are very important. Even though early interceptive treatment of Class III might often be successful, clinicians should be careful to not initiate early treatment with premolar extractions which will compromise the success of orthognathic surgery later due to mandibular prognathism. This case report presents an adolescent female patient who developed a severe Class III skeletal discrepancy during growth and was treated with surgery after her growth had finished.
Comparison of Salivary Calcium, Phosphate and Alkaline Phosphatase Levels in Children with Early Childhood Caries after Administration of Milk, Cheese and GC Tooth Mousse: An in Vivo Study
Authors: Hegde AM , Naik N , Kumari S
Published: April 2015

Background and Objectives: This study compares the Salivary Calcium, Phosphate and Alkaline Phosphataselevels in children with Early Childhood Caries after administration of Milk, Cheese and GC Tooth Mousse to a control group of caries resistant children. Study design: 90 kindergarten children both males and females aged 5 years, from the South Canara region were included in the study. Based on the dmfs score, children were divided into 3 groups: Control group, ECC group and S-ECC group. The Salivary Calcium, Phosphate and Alkaline Phosphatase levels in the sample were assessed before and after administration of Milk, Cheese and GC Tooth Mousse at three different intervals, i.e within 5 minutes, 30 minutes and 60 minutes by using Spectrophotometry. Results: The mean Salivary Calcium levels were higher in caries free group whereas Phosphate and Alkaline Phosphatase were lower in the caries free group which was statistically highly significant (p<0.001). The Tooth Mousse group showed higher bioavailability of calcium and phosphate which was statistically highly significant (p<0.001). Salivary Calcium and Phosphate levels within 5 minutes after application of Milk, Cheese and Tooth Mousse were higher than at 30 and 60 minutes. Salivary Alkaline Phosphatase levels were lower than the baseline values at all the 3 intervals after administration of Milk, Cheese and Tooth Mousse and was statistically not significant (p≯0.05). Conclusion: Saliva should be saturated with Calcium and Phosphate to affect their bioavailability in amounts adequate for remineralizaton. Milk, Cheese and GC Tooth Mousse applicaton were equally beneficial in saturating the saliva with adequate amount of Calcium and Phosphate.
Fluoride Release from Fluoride Varnishes under Acidic Conditions
Authors: Lippert F
Published: April 2015

Objective: The aim was to investigate the in vitro fluoride release from fluoride varnishes under acidic conditions. Study design: Poly(methyl methacrylate) blocks (Perspex, n=3 per group) were painted with 80±5 mg fluoride varnish (n=10) and placed into artificial saliva for 30min. Then, blocks were placed into either 1% citric acid (pH 2.27) or 0.3% citric acid (pH 3.75) solutions (n=3 per solution and varnish) for 30min with the solutions being replaced every 5min. Saliva and acid solutions were analyzed for fluoride content. Data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA (varnish, solution, time). Results: The three-way interaction was significant (p>0.0001). Fluoride release and release patterns varied considerably between varnishes. Fluoride release in saliva varied by a factor of more than 10 between varnishes. Some varnishes (CavityShield, Nupro, ProFluorid, Vanish) showed higher fluoride release in saliva than during the first 5min of acid exposure, whereas other varnishes (Acclean, Enamel-Pro, MI Varnish, Vella) showed the opposite behavior. There was little difference between acidic solutions. Conclusions: Fluoride release from fluoride varnishes varies considerably and also depends on the dissolution medium. Bearing in mind the limitations of laboratory research, the consumption of acidic drinks after fluoride varnish application should be avoided to optimize the benefit/risk ratio.
Assessment for the Children's Fear Survey Schedule—Dental Subscale
Authors: El-Housseiny AA , Farsi NM , Alamoudi NM , Bagher SM , El Derwi D
Published: April 2015

Objectives: Child dental fear causes a significant management problem. The Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) is the most widely used measure of dental fear in children. This study was undertaken to develop and test reliability and validity for the Arabic version of the CFSS-DS. Study design: the English CFSS-DS was translated to Arabic language and its reliability and validity were evaluated by distributing it to 6-12 year old Arabic pediatric dental patients (n=220). Of whom 144 children were assigned for test- retest reliability. To test criterion validity; 44 children were subjected to behavior rating during treatment and compared with their CFSS-DS. Fear of returning to the dentist was evaluated for all the children to test construct validity. Results: the Arabic version of the CFSS-DS showed good internal consistency (alpha = 0.86) and test-retest reliability (0.86, P<0.001). Treatment with or without local anesthesia did not affect the children's behavior or fear scores. Significant correlations were found between total fear scores and both Frankl rating scale (r=-0.54, p<0.001) and willingness to return to the dentist (r=0.50, p<0.001). Conclusion: the Arabic version of the CFSS-DS appears to be a reliable and valid method for evaluating child's dental fear in Arabic cultures.
Zirconia Crowns for Rehabilitation of Decayed Primary Incisors: An Esthetic Alternative
Authors: Ashima G , Sarabjot K Bhatia , Gauba K , Mittal HC
Published: April 2015

Esthetic management of extensively decayed primary maxillary anterior teeth requiring full coronal coverage restoration is usually challenging to the pediatric dentists especially in very young children. Many esthetic options have been tried over the years each having its own advantages, disadvantages and associated technical, functional or esthetic limitations. Zirconia crowns have provided a treatment alternative to address the esthetic concerns and ease of placement of extra-coronal restorations on primary anterior teeth. The present article presents a case where grossly decayed maxillary primary incisors were restored esthetically and functionally with readymade zirconia crowns (ZIRKIZ, HASS Corp; Korea). After endodontic treatment the decayed teeth were restored with zirconia crowns. Over a 30 months period, the crowns have demonstrated good retention and esthetic results. Dealing with esthetic needs in children with extensive loss of tooth structure, using Zirconia crowns would be practical and successful. The treatment described is simple and effective and represents a promising alternative for rehabilitation of decayed primary teeth.
Efficacy of Contemporary and Novel Intracanal Medicaments against Enterococcus Faecalis
Authors: Marickar RF , Geetha RV , Neelakantan P
Published: April 2015

Objectives. To compare the antibacterial activity of propolis (30% in methyl cellulose), curcumin (2.5mg/mL of methyl cellulose), 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX), 2% metronidazole gel (MZ) and a mixture of 2% CHX and 2% MZ against Enterococcus faecalis in vitro. Calcium hydroxide served as the control. Study design. The inhibitory effect of the medicaments on E. faecalis was determined by the agar diffusion test and tube dilution test. The rate of bactericidal activity was evaluated by the time-kill assay. Zones of inhibition data and time to kill data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test (P=0.05). Results. CHX demonstrated the highest mean zone of inhibition (34 ± 3mm) which was not significantly different (P≯ 0.05) from curcumin (33 ± 2mm) and MZ (30 ± 2mm). Calcium hydroxide showed only contact inhibition. The time kill assay showed a time dependent action of each medicament. Conclusions. All tested agents except calcium hydroxide demonstrated significant reduction of viable bacteria at the time periods. The intracanal medicaments tested brought about a time dependent antibacterial effect on E.faecalis
Oral Health Knowledge of Pregnant Women on Pregnancy Gingivitis and Children's Oral Health
Authors: Zhong C , Ma KN , Wong YS , So Y , Lee PC , Yang Y
Published: April 2015

Objective: Pregnancy gingivitis and early childhood caries remain prevalent in Hong Kong. The aim of this study was to assess pregnant women's knowledge and beliefs related to pregnancy gingivitis and children's oral health. Study design: An outreach survey was carried out in a clinic that provided antenatal examination. A written oral health questionnaire related to pregnancy gingivitis and early childhood caries was administered to pregnant women. Of the 106 pregnant women who enrolled in the study, 100 completed the questionnaires. Results: Among the 100 subjects, only 39% correctly identified that hormonal changes contribute to pregnancy gingivitis. Only 36% identified red and swollen gums as signs of gingivitis. Furthermore, 53% of the surveyed pregnant women were not sure about the amount of toothpaste to administer to a child aged 18 months to 5 years. Almost 50% assumed that a replanted avulsed tooth would probably not survive within a short extra-alveolar period of less than 60 minutes. Conclusion: Prenatal women generally lack knowledge of a common oral disease that occurs during pregnancy and of what constitutes adequate oral health care for children. Oral health care education should be implemented as part of a prenatal care program.
Treatment Considerations in Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Hazan-Molina H , Dror Aizenbud D
Published: April 2015

Hutchinson-Guilford progeria syndrome is an extremely rare condition classified as one of the premature ageing syndromes. This case presents a 16-year-old Israeli female patient, suffering from a variant of Hutchinson-Guilford progeria with a history of treatment with oral biphosphnates. The patient presented with typical cranial and facial features of the syndrome including delayed teeth eruption and root development probably due to insufficient jaw growth and severs retrognatic position of the maxilla and mandible. Orthodontic treatment considerations are described along with those required in light of the previous treatment by oral biphosphonates.

All primary teeth were extracted in three appointments while creating as minimal trauma as possible to the surrounding tissue and alveolar bone. For now, the patient refuses to begin the orthodontic treatment course. There are no limitations to conduct any dental procedures in progeria patients, however, extreme caution must be exercised during oral surgery due to the inelasticity of tissues and dermal atrophy. Orthodontic procedure commencement should be early enough to manage the delayed development and eruption of teeth. Patients taking oral biphosphonates should be advised of this potential complication. If orthodontic treatment is considered appropriate, plans should be assessed and modified to include compromises.
Maxillary Dental Anomalies in Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate: A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study
Authors: Celikoglu M , Buyuk SK , Sekerci AE , Cantekin K , Candirli C
Published: April 2015

Objective: To compare the frequency of maxillary dental anomalies in patients affected by unilateral (UCLP) and bilateral (BCLP) cleft lip with palate and to determine whether statistical differences were present or not between cleft and normal sides in UCLP group by using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). In addition, the frequency of those dental anomalies was compared with previous studies presenting the same population without cleft Study Design: Fifty non-syndromic patients affected by UCLP (28 patients) and BCLP (22 patients) were selected for analysis of dental anomalies by means of CBCT. The frequency of maxillary dental anomalies including tooth agenesis, microdontia of lateral incisor, ectopic eruption and impaction of canine and supernumerary tooth were examined. Pearson chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were performed for statistical comparisons. Results: All patients affected by UCLP and BCLP were found to have at least one maxillary dental anomaly. The most frequently observed dental anomaly was tooth agenesis (92.5% and 86.4%, respectively) in UCLP and BCLP groups. Tooth agenesis and canine impaction were observed more commonly in the cleft side (75.0% and 35.7%, respectively) than in the normal side (57.1% and 14.3%, respectively) in UCLP group (p≯0.05). All dental anomalies were found to be higher in both cleft groups than in general populations not affected by cleft. Conclusion: Since patients affected by UCLP and BCLP had at least one dental anomaly and higher dental anomaly frequency as compared to patients without cleft, those patients should be examined carefully prior to orthodontic treatment.
Analysis of Submersible Electric Pumping Systems
Authors: Nolen K. B. , Gibbs S. G.
Published: April 2015

This paper presents a field proven analytical method of evaluating submersible electric pumping equipment and well performance jointly. A computerized mathematical model is described which considers the effects of free gas, pump speed (variable frequency drives) and pump tapering. The method allows accurate calculations of important downhole parameters including pump intake pressure, pump intake volume (including free gas), pump pressure and fluid density profile. Lifting cost parameters such as power requirements of pump and motor, monthly power consumption, pump and motor performance and overall system efficiency are also determined. Once operating conditions are known, decisions can be made on ways to increase production (if additional potential exists) or to reduce operating costs. Thus, the same basic goals that often justify frequent analysis of rod pumping systems8 can be applied to submersible pumping.
Effect of Change in VO2max on Daily Total Energy Expenditure in a Cohort of Norwegian Men: A Randomized Pilot Study
Authors: Zisko Nina , Stensvold Dorthe , Hordnes-Slagsvold Katrine , Rognmo Øivind , Nauman Javaid , Wisløff Ulrik , Karlsen Trine
Published: April 2015

Objective:

To investigate how a change in VO2max induced through 6 weeks of high intensity aerobic interval training affects daily total energy expenditure (TEE), active energy expenditure (AEE) and mitochondrial function in people not previously exposed to structured high intensity aerobic interval training (AIT).

Methods:

Thirty healthy males (39±6 yrs) not exposed to structured exercise training were randomized to either 1x4 min AIT (1-AIT), 4x4 min AIT (4-AIT), both at 90-95% maximum heart rate (HRmax) or 47 min of MCT at 70% HRmax. TEE, AEE, number of steps, active time, sedentary time, VO2max and mitochondrial function in m. vastus lateralis were measured before and after intervention.

Results:

TEE increased 14% (p=0.014) and AEE increased 43% (p= 0.004) after MCT. There was no change in TEE or AEE after 1-AIT or 4-AIT, but 1-AIT had significantly lower TEE (p=0.033) and step-count (p=0.011) compared to MCT post intervention. VO2max increased 7% after 1-AIT (p= 0.004) and 9% after 4-AIT (p=0.004), with no change after MCT. No change was observed in maximal mitochondrial respiration (VMAX) or Citrate Synthase (CS) activity within or between interventions. Basal respiration (V0) increased after 1-AIT (p=0.029) and 4-AIT (p=0.022), with no significant change after MCT.

Conclusion:

AIT interventions that increase VO2max, do not stimulate subjects to increase TEE or AEE. The intensity of exercise seems to play apart, as MCT increased TEE and AEE and AIT did not. Emphasis should be placed on the importance of maintaining everyday activities when introducing structured exercise training to untrained individuals.
Total Cyanide Field Spikes for Industrial Wastewater Samples Verify Successful Sample Integrity, Preservation, Pre‐Treatment and Testing
Authors: Delaney Michael F. , Blodget Charles
Published: April 2015

Obtaining accurate and precise results for total cyanide concentrations in wastewater samples is fraught with positive and negative interferences. Even the United States Environmental Protection Agency has acknowledged that it may be difficult or impossible to adequately mitigate all interferences. We demonstrated that a field spike of complex cyanide can be successfully used to demonstrate when sampling, preservation, pre‐treatment, and analysis techniques are working adequately to retain any cyanide present in the sample without causing false positives or false negatives. For 257 industrial wastewater effluent samples collected at a wide variety of Greater Boston industries, 237 (92.2%) had usable field spike recoveries, averaging 86.2% recovery. Field spike recoveries for problematic industries that had very high or very low field spike recoveries were useful to show when alternative preservations and field dilutions were successfully preserving total cyanide. The field spike approach is general and should also work in a similar manner for raw and treated drinking water samples.
Enhancing BPMN 2.0 informational perspective to support interoperability for cross-organizational business processes
Authors: Jankovic Marija , Ljubicic Miroslav , Anicic Nenad , Marjanovic Zoran
Published: April 2015

Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) is being adopted as one of the
industry standards for modeling cross-organizational business processes
(CBPs). BPMN analyzes a business process as a set of interrelated activities,
focusing primarily on the functional perspective of the process. However, for
successful CBP modeling, an informational perspective is important. Although
BPMN 2.0 supports information flow design, existing representations of
data/information elements are not sufficient to support CBP modeling
requirements. In this light, the paper proposes an approach for formal
modeling and specification of information requirements used and generated in
the CBPs. A UML View Profile is introduced to specify information
requirements as views over the common reference ontology. A BPMN 2.0
extension is introduced to connect the defined views and the corresponding
process activities. Ultimately, the proposed information requirements
specification enables generation of the message instance and its
transformation at the implementation level.
Cross-cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Exercise-Induced Leg Pain Questionnaire for English- and Greek-Speaking Individuals
Authors: Korakakis Vasileios , Malliaropoulos Nikos , Baliotis Konstantinos , Papadopoulou Sofia , Padhiar Nat , Nauck Tanja , Lohrer Heinz
Published: April 2015

Study Design

Clinical measurement.

Objectives

To translate the German version of the Exercise-Induced Leg Pain Questionnaire (EILP-G) to Greek and English and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Greek version.

Background

The EILP-G was developed to evaluate the severity of symptoms and sports ability in individuals with exercise-induced leg pain (EILP). Translation of the questionnaire to other languages will provide a standard outcome measure across populations.

Methods

The EILP-G questionnaire was cross-culturally adapted to Greek and English, according to established guidelines. The validity and reliability of the Greek version were assessed in 40 patients with EILP, 40 patients with other lower extremity injuries, 40 track-and-field athletes with no history of EILP, and 40 young adults without pathology. Participants completed the questionnaire at baseline and again after 7 to 10 days.

Results

The expert committee and the participants considered the questionnaire to have good face and content validity. Concurrent validity as assessed using the Schepsis score was almost perfect (rho = 0.947, P<.001). Dimensionality analysis revealed a 1-factor solution, explaining 83.8% of the total variance. Known group validity was demonstrated by significant differences between patients compared with the asymptomatic groups (P<.001). The Greek version exhibited excellent test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.995 for the EILP group) and internal consistency (Cronbach α = .942 for the EILP group). Finally, no ceiling or floor effects were found, as none of the individuals with EILP scored the maximum or minimum possible values on the questionnaire.

Conclusion

The Greek version, adapted from the original EILP-G, is a valid and reliable questionnaire, and its psychometric properties are comparable with the original version. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015;45(6):485–496. Epub 30 Apr 2015. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5428
Novel multilayer nano-composite protective coatings for metallic medical tools
Authors: Major Lukasz , Lackner Juergen M. , Kot Marcin , Morgiel Jerzy
Published: April 2015

Requirements for tribological protective coatings for medical tools, which would increase their wear and corrosion resistance, are very high. The presented paper deals with novel nano-composite, multilayer protective coatings for tissue interaction elaboration and their diagnosis on metallic substrates. A hybrid pulsed laser deposition system was used for coating deposition. In the presented work, nano-composite Cr/CrN + [Cr/a-C : H implanted by metallic nanocrystals] multilayer coatings were developed for surface protection. The mechanical properties of the coatings were investigated by means of micro-hardness and elasticity modulus measurements. Bio-medical tests were conducted using eukaryotic cells. Microstructural analysis by means of transmission electron microscopy indicated that chromium which was implanted into a-C : H layers reacted with carbon forming chromium carbides.
Numerical Analysis and Evaluation of Process and Geometry Specific Transient Temperature Fields for a New Variation of Gas-Assisted Injection Molding
Authors: Moritzer E. , Seidel S.
Published: April 2015

Two-Stage GITBlow, a special injection molding process developed by Polymer Processing Paderborn, combines the advantages of gas-assisted injection molding and blow molding. This is achieved by producing a preform with gas-assisted injection molding, which is then inflated into a larger cavity in the same mold. The inflation behavior is heavily influenced by the temperature distribution over the cross section of the preform. The preform is not rotationally symmetric and features functional geometries that are not inflated during the second process stage. Therefore, the temperature development during the first stage, i.e. the gas-assisted injection molding, as well as cooling and handling of the preform, is essential for the subsequent inflation. If certain thermal conditions are met, inflation and the creation of a homogeneous wall thickness is improved. The development of the necessary temperature profiles for homogeneous inflation is heavily dependent on the geometry of the gas chamber. Due to the preform's geometry, characteristic material accumulations are formed during the gas injection. These create local temperature hotspots that act as heat sources during the temperature equalization before inflation starts. Simulations were conducted to predict the gas chamber geometry and its influence on the temperature distribution and development during the process. The combination of two different simulation approaches creates a new method to analyze GITBlow and similar processes. Simulation results were verified with extensive experimental studies.
Erfahrungen mit Windwurf im Kanton Bern
Authors: Meier-Glaser Adrian Lukas , Beer Walter , Marti Walter
Published: April 2015

Experiences with windthrow in Canton Berne

The winter storms Vivian (1990) and Lothar (1999) hit Canton Berne with its many privately owned forests hard. The main objective of state intervention was to protect the forest areas that had remained intact. Important success factors in the management of the event were the strong attachment of owners to their forest, the swift and clear strategic response by the forestry service, rapid credit approvals by government and parliament, and further the high level of motivation and persistence of all actors involved. Ensuring an open, regular and objective communication in a comprehensible form for all target groups and during all phases of the process was also of great importance. Framework conditions change, such as legal regulations, the political environment, the situation of forest owners and enterprises or the timber market. These present new challenges for those in charge. A next storm will again come unexpectedly and will have other impacts than Vivian or Lothar. But as then, a successful management of the event will depend on the motivation of forest owners, clear strategies, a competent forestry service, the political will to support measures in forests and along the wood chain, together with a good collaborative relationship between all actors.
Rejecting Eco-Authoritarianism, Again
Authors: Shahar Dan Coby
Published: April 2015

Ecologically-motivated authoritarianism flourished initially during the 1970s but largely disappeared after the decline of socialism in the late-1980s. Today, ‘eco-authoritarianism’ is beginning to reassert itself, this time modelled not after the Soviet Union but modern-day China. The new eco-authoritarians denounce central planning but still suggest that governments should be granted powers that free them from subordination to citizens’ rights or democratic procedures. I argue that current eco-authoritarian views do not present us with an attractive alternative to market liberal democracy even if we take a highly pessimistic view of our shared prospects under the latter sort of regime.