bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Motivation and social capital among prospective blood donors in three large blood centers in Brazil
Authors: Gonçalez Thelma T. , Di Lorenzo Oliveira Claudia , Carneiro‐Proietti Anna Barbara F. , Moreno Elizabeth C. , Miranda Carolina , Larsen Nina , Wright David , Leão Silvana , Loureiro Paula , de Almeida‐Neto Cesar , Lopes Maria‐Inês , Proietti Fernando A. , Custer Brian , Sabino Ester ,   NHLBI Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study‐II (REDS‐II), International Component
Published: September 2012

BACKGROUND: Studies analyzing motivation factors that lead to blood donation have found altruism to be the primary motivation factor; however, social capital has not been analyzed in this context. Our study examines the association between motivation factors (altruism, self‐interest, and response to direct appeal) and social capital (cognitive and structural) across three large blood centers in Brazil.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a cross‐sectional survey of 7635 donor candidates from October 15 through November 20, 2009. Participants completed self‐administered questionnaires on demographics, previous blood donation, human immunodeficiency virus testing and knowledge, social capital, and donor motivations. Enrollment was determined before the donor screening process.

RESULTS: Among participants, 43.5 and 41.7% expressed high levels of altruism and response to direct appeal, respectively, while only 26.9% expressed high levels of self‐interest. More high self‐interest was observed at Hemope‐Recife (41.7%). Of participants, 37.4% expressed high levels of cognitive social capital while 19.2% expressed high levels of structural social capital. More high cognitive and structural social capital was observed at Hemope‐Recife (47.3 and 21.3%, respectively). High cognitive social capital was associated with high levels of altruism, self‐interest, and response to direct appeal. Philanthropic and high social altruism were associated with high levels of altruism and response to direct appeal.

CONCLUSION: Cognitive and structural social capital and social altruism are associated with altruism and response to direct appeal, while only cognitive social capital is associated with self‐interest. Designing marketing campaigns with these aspects in mind may help blood banks attract potential blood donors more efficiently.
Temperature cycling improves in vivo recovery of cold‐stored human platelets in a mouse model of transfusion
Authors: Xu Fei , Gelderman Monique P. , Farrell John , Vostal Jaroslav G.
Published: September 2012

BACKGROUND: Platelet (PLT) storage at room temperature (RT) is limited to 5 days to prevent growth of bacteria, if present, to high levels. Storage in cold temperatures would reduce bacterial proliferation, but cold‐exposed PLTs are rapidly cleared from circulation by the hepatic Ashwell‐Morell (AM) receptor, which recognizes PLT surface carbohydrates terminated by β‐galactose. We cycled storage temperature between 4 and 37°C to preserve PLT function and reduce bacterial growth.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Temperature‐cycled (TC) human PLTs were stored at 4°C for 12 hours and then incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes before returning back to cold storage. PLTs stored at RT or at 4°C (COLD) or TC for 2, 5, and 7 days were infused into SCID mice and the in vivo recovery was determined at 5, 20, and 60 minutes after transfusion.

RESULTS: PLTs stored for 2 days in COLD had significantly lower in vivo recoveries than RT PLTs. TC PLTs had improved recoveries over COLD and comparable to RT PLTs. After 5‐ and 7‐day storage, TC PLTs had better recoveries than RT and COLD PLTs. PLT surface β‐galactose was increased significantly for both COLD and TC PLTs compared to RT. Blocking of the AM receptor by asialofetuin increased COLD but not TC PLT recovery.

CONCLUSION: TC cold storage may be an effective method to store PLTs without loss of in vivo recovery. The increased β‐galactose exposure in TC PLTs suggests that mechanisms in addition to AM receptors may mediate clearance of cold‐stored PLTs.
Sustained Low Clinical Event Rates in Real‐World Patients Receiving Everolimus‐Eluting Coronary Stent System from a Large, Prospective, Condition of Approval Study: 2‐Year Clinical Outcomes from the XIENCE V® USA Study
Authors: HERMILLER JAMES B. , RUTLEDGE DAVID R. , GRUBERG LUIS , KATOPODIS JOHN N. , LOMBARDI WILLIAM , MAO VIVIAN W. , ZHAO WEIYING , SHARMA SAMIN K. , TAMBOLI HOSHEDAR P. , WANG JIN , JONNAVITHULA LALITHA , SUDHIR KRISHNANKUTTY , KRUCOFF MITCHELL W.
Published: September 2012

Objectives:
 This 2‐year follow‐up of the XIENCE V® USA study examines both the long‐term safety and effectiveness of the everolimus‐eluting coronary stent system (EECSS) in real‐world patients.

Background:
 The safety and effectiveness of EECSS at 1 year in real‐world clinical settings have been demonstrated in XIENCE V® USA trial with low rates of target lesion revascularization (TLR), cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI), and stent thrombosis (ST). Data on whether efficacy is maintained after 1 year and the event rate of very late stent thrombosis (VLST) between 1 and 2 years have not yet been reported.

Methods:
 XIENCE V® USA is a prospective, multicenter, single‐arm, FDA required condition of approval study designed to examine the safety and effectiveness of EECSS in an all‐inclusive, consecutively enrolled population from real‐world clinical settings. Clinical end‐point events, including ST, cardiac death, MI, and revascularization were adjudicated by an independent Clinical Events Committee.

Results:
 Four thousand eight hundred and seventy‐three (96.4%) out of 5,054 participants (1,875 standard‐risk; 3,059 extended‐risk) reached 2‐year follow‐up. The 2‐year rate of Academic Research Consortium (ARC)‐defined definite and probable ST was 0.96% (95% CI 0.70–1.28) in the overall population and 0.34% (95% CI 0.12–0.74) and 1.33% (95% CI 0.95–1.81) in the standard‐risk and extended‐risk cohorts, respectively. The rate of VLST was 0.06% in the overall population, 0.0% in the standard‐risk, and 0.10% in the extended‐risk cohorts. The 2‐year composite rate of cardiac death and ARC‐defined MI was 8.9% (95% CI 8.08–9.70) in the overall population and 5.6% (95% CI 4.61–6.78) and 10.8% (95% CI 9.71–11.94) in the standard‐risk and extended‐risk cohorts, respectively.

Conclusion:
 Low event rates observed at 1 year were maintained through 2 years. Despite the increased number of patients who discontinued dual antiplatelet therapy by 2 years, the ST rate remained consistently low, and <1% at 2 years due to low VLST occurrence. These results demonstrate continued safety and effectiveness of the XIENCE V® everolimus‐eluting stent in a highly complex, real‐world patient population through 2 years. (J Interven Cardiol 2012;25:565–575)
Forest as hazard, forest as victim: Community perspectives and disaster mitigation in the aftermath of Kelowna's 2003 wildfires
Authors: Goemans Magdalene , Ballamingie Patricia
Published: September 2012

Situated within the political ecology of hazard, this article is an extended case study of the devastating 2003 wildfires in and around Kelowna, British Columbia (also known as the Okanagan Mountain Park Fire). This article reveals how compliance (or lack thereof) with fire mitigation strategies recommended by provincial, regional, and municipal agencies is complicated by differing social constructions of what constitutes ecologically sustainable forest management and community safety. Three perspectives emerge regarding the urban forests: “nature as hazard”—a volatile force to be controlled; “nature as instrumentally valuable”—a contribution to the character of one's surroundings and subsequent sense of place; and “nature as intrinsically valuable”—a distinct entity to be preserved and protected for its own sake. The article also examines how experiences of disaster influence community perceptions and result in a greater willingness to engage in fire mitigation strategies due to perceptions of heightened vulnerability. Forestry and fire mitigation agencies need to determine multiple courses of action among the varied and valid range of residents’ nature perspectives. The role of human agency in disaster mitigation must be examined, particularly as the risk of fire at the wildland‐urban interface continues to be exacerbated by encroaching human settlements and climate change.
Incorporating ecological principles into statistical models for the prediction of species’ distribution and abundance
Authors: Stewart‐Koster Ben , Boone Edward L. , Kennard Mark J. , Sheldon Fran , Bunn Stuart E. , Olden Julian D.
Published: September 2012

Understanding the determinants of species’ distributions and abundances is a central theme in ecology. The development of statistical models to achieve this has a long history and the notion that the model should closely reflect underlying scientific understanding has encouraged ecologists to adopt complex statistical methods as they arise. In this paper we describe a Bayesian hierarchical model that reflects a conceptual ecological model of multi‐scaled environmental determinants of riverine fish species’ distributions and abundances. We illustrate this with distribution and abundance data of a small‐bodied fish species, the Empire gudgeonHypseleotris galii, in the Mary and Albert Rivers, Queensland, Australia. Specifically, the model sought to address; 1) the extent that landscape‐scale abiotic variables can explain the species’ distribution compared to local‐scale variables, 2) how local‐scale abiotic variables can explain species’ abundances, and 3) how are these local‐scale relationships mediated by landscape‐scale variables. Overall, the model accounted for around 60% of variation in the distribution and abundance ofH. galii. The findings show that the landscape‐scale variables explain much of the distribution of the species; however, there was considerable improvement in estimating the species’ distribution with the addition of local‐scale variables. There were many strong relationships between abundance and local‐scale abiotic variables; however, several of these relationships were mediated by some of the landscape‐scale variables. The extent of spatial autocorrelation in the data was relatively low compared to the distances among sampling reaches. Our findings exemplify that Bayesian statistical modelling provides a robust framework for statistical modelling that reflects our ecological understanding. This allows ecologists to address a range of ecological questions with a single unified probability model rather than a series of disconnected analyses.
Cardiorespiratory fitness and heart rate recovery in obese premenopausal women
Authors: Carroll S. , Marshall P. , Ingle L. , Borkoles E.
Published: September 2012

Post‐exercise heart rate recovery (HRR) has been proposed as a measure of cardiac autonomic dysfunction in apparently healthy adults. We aimed to determine the effects of a lifestyle intervention on HRR among clinically obese premenopausal women. A randomized controlled trial was conducted to investigate the effects of a 3‐month non‐dieting lifestyle intervention program on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and HRR among healthy clinically obese premenopausal women. Thirty‐one were randomly assigned to 3‐month intensive lifestyle intervention and 31 served as controls. Sixty‐one participants performed a maximal treadmill walking test with metabolic gas exchange. Baseline anthropometric measures were closely related to HRR at 1 min, which may indicate reduced parasympathetic reactivation. Post‐exercise HRR at 60 s (HRR60) increased from 21.3 ± 6.2 to 27.8 ± 10.2 bpm in the intervention group compared with a smaller reduction (26.8 ± 12.3 to 24.5 ± 9.9 bpm) in controls (test for interaction P = 0.0001). HRR120 showed a significant effect of time (P = 0.0002) with no significant interaction with lifestyle intervention. A significant increase in was evident in the lifestyle group (21.6 to 23.6 mL/kg/min) compared with a modest reduction in the controls (22.6 to 21.6 mL/kg/min; test for interaction, P = 0.001). Clinically obese healthy premenopausal women achieved significant improvements in HRR60 and following a 3‐month intensive lifestyle intervention.
Update on Medicare‐funded allied health chronic disease management consultations in dietetics and the five most referred professions in 2010
Authors: CANT Robyn P. , FOSTER Michele M.
Published: September 2012

Aim:  Uptake of Medicare‐funded chronic disease management items has increased exponentially since the programme commenced in 2004. We aim to report on national utilisation of the five most referred of 13 allied health services and to examine patient uptake rates.

Methods:  Annual statistics generated from national Medicare billing data from January 2010 to December 2010 were extracted from the Medicare public database and compared by profession, state and per capita population.

Results:  The five most utilised individual services were: (in decreasing order) podiatry, physiotherapy, dietetics, chiropractic and speech pathology. They provided 94% of all allied health consultations nationally, on referral from general practitioners. Per capita utilisation revealed wide variation in uptake by state and territory; some states had far less services than the national average. Patterns of referral instanced by age range and gender of clientele differed between professions. Most dietetics clients were middle aged (45–74 years) and this fits with expectations of chronic disease incidence. There was inequity of access to group services for the management of type 2 diabetes, with most services (85%) provided in South Australia and New South Wales.

Conclusion:  Dietetics providers have maintained and improved their referral rate and continue to be the third most utilised Medicare chronic disease management allied health service. Six years into the programme, further exploration is warranted to understand the reasons for wide variation in rates of patient uptake for the service provider professions.
Kinetics of Th17‐related cytokine expression in experimentally induced rat periapical lesions
Authors: Wei Shusheng , Kawashima Nobuyuki , Suzuki Noriyuki , Xu Jing , Takahashi Satomi , Zhou Mengyu , Koizumi Yu , Suda Hideaki
Published: September 2012

Th17‐related cytokines are essential factors in various pathological states, including inflammatory bone destruction. This study investigated the contribution of Th17‐related cytokines to the progress of experimentally induced rat periapical lesions. Periapical pathoses were induced by unsealed exposure of the pulp chamber of the lower first molars. A variety of immunocompetent cells, including CD68+ macrophages, Ia antigen+ cells and TCRαβ+ T cells, were observed in the lesions. The expression levels of Th17‐related cytokines, IL‐17 and IL‐23, and of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, IL‐1β and IL‐6, were significantly increased at 14 days (expansion stage) compared with normal periapical tissues. The expression levels of Foxp3, a regulatory T cell (Treg)‐related gene, and of IL‐10, an anti‐inflammatory cytokine, were higher at 28 days (chronic stage) than at 14 days. These findings suggest that Th17‐related cytokines may be primary contributors to the initiation of periapical bone destruction, and that lesion expansion may be regulated by anti‐inflammatory mediators.
Secretory Sorting Receptors Carboxypeptidase E and Secretogranin III in Amyloid β‐Associated Neural Degeneration in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Plá Virginia , Paco Sonia , Ghezali Gregory , Ciria Victor , Pozas Esther , Ferrer Isidro , Aguado Fernando
Published: September 2012

The secretory sorting receptors carboxypeptidase E (CPE) and secretogranin III (SgIII) critically activate peptidic messengers and targeting them at the regulated secretory pathway. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the wide range of changes includes impaired function of key secretory peptidic cargos such as brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neuropeptides. Here, we analyzed CPE and SgIII in the cerebral cortex of AD patients and transgenic mice. In the normal human cortex, a preferential location in dendrites and perikarya was observed for CPE, whereas SgIII was mainly associated with axons and terminal‐like buttons. Interestingly, SgIII and CPE were consistently detected in astroglial cell bodies and thin processes. In AD cortices, a strong wide accumulation of both sorting receptors was detected in dystrophic neurites surrounding amyloid plaques. Occasionally, increased levels of SgIII were also observed in plaque associate‐reactive astrocytes. Of note, the main alterations detected for CPE and SgIII in AD patients were faithfully recapitulated by APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. These results implicate for the first time the sorting receptors for regulated secretion in amyloid β‐associated neural degeneration. Because CPE and SgIII are essential in the process and targeting of neuropeptides and neurotrophins, their participation in the pathological progression of AD may be suggested.
Coexistence of macro‐ and micro‐vascular abnormalities in newly diagnosed normal tension glaucoma patients
Authors: Mroczkowska Stephanie , Ekart Aniko , Sung Velota , Negi Anil , Qin Lu , Patel Sunni R. , Jacob Sarita , Atkins Carole , Benavente‐Perez Alexandra , Gherghel Doina
Published: September 2012

Purpose:  To investigate the coexistence of ocular microvascular and systemic macrovascular abnormalities in early stage, newly diagnosed and previously untreated normal tension glaucoma patients (NTG).

Methods:  Retinal vascular reactivity to flickering light was assessed in 19 NTG and 28 age‐matched controls by means of dynamic retinal vessel analysis (IMEDOS GmbH, Jena, Germany). Using a newly developed computational model, the entire dynamic vascular response profile to flicker light was imaged and used for analysis. In addition, assessments of carotid intima‐media thickness (IMT) and pulse wave analysis (PWA) were conducted on all participants, along with blood pressure (BP) measurements and blood analyses for lipid metabolism markers.

Results:  Patients with NTG demonstrated an increased right and left carotid IMT (p = 0.015, p = 0.045) and an elevated PWA augmentation index (p = 0.017) in comparison with healthy controls, along with an enhanced retinal arterial constriction response (p = 0.028), a steeper retinal arterial constriction slope (p = 0.031) and a reduced retinal venous dilation response (p = 0.026) following flicker light stimulation.

Conclusions:  Early stage, newly diagnosed, NTG patients showed signs of subclinical vascular abnormalities at both macro‐ and micro‐vascular levels, highlighting the need to consider multi‐level circulation‐related pathologies in the development and progression of this type of glaucoma.
L’apport du patrimoine culturel à la société : changements en cours
Authors: Holtorf Cornelius
Published: September 2012

Dans la période récente, la réflexion sur le patrimoine culturel a passablement évolué dans le monde. Cet article examine ce que sera sans doute l’apport du patrimoine culturel à la société du xxie siècle en faisant valoir qu’aujourd’hui, pour la première fois depuis quelque 200 ans, son utilité pour la société ne paraît plus définitivement acquise, mais change au contraire rapidement. Si l’on veut qu’elle puisse être exploitée, il nous faut repenser de fond en comble ce que le patrimoine culturel peut signifier et faire dans la société contemporaine.
Le processus de transformation du patrimoine industriel : points forts et points faibles
Authors: Högberg Anders
Published: September 2012

Comment le récit du passé un site historique peut profiter à notre société ? C’est une question qui revient dans les discussions autour des études et pratiques patrimoniales ; les réponses suggérées ne manquent pas. Ce texte analyse ce qui a été retenu et ce qui a été oublié dans un processus de développement urbain au cours duquel le secteur autrefois industriel de Lomma Eternit au sud de la Suède a été transformé en quartier résidentiel huppé. Le résultat montre que la visualisation du patrimoine industriel résultant de la pratique du patrimoine culturel sur le site a donné un lieu aujourd’hui trèés apprécié mais potentiellement aussi source de conflits.
Éducation au contexte historique et Voyage dans le temps : un moyen de guérir une société malade de ses divisions?
Authors: Marais Louis
Published: September 2012

Pour faire redémarrer le processus de guérison et de réconciliation, souvent abandonné par les équipes au pouvoir, nous devons donner aux gens la possibilité de se réunir, de discuter et de dialoguer et d’apprendre les uns des autres. L’Éducation au contexte historique et Voyage dans le temps peuvent remplir cette fonction, en offrant un espace sûr pour affronter le passé et engager un dialogue fondé sur la réflexion, écouter d’autres points de vue, voir les choses avec des yeux différents et s’ouvrir à de nouvelles expériences.
Instrumentalisme dans l’apprentissage du patrimoine
Authors: Zipsane Henrik
Published: September 2012

Les musées en Suède, comme dans beaucoup d’autres pays d’Europe font aujourd’hui l’objet d’un regard critique qui reflète une demande politique croissante pour plus de redevabilité, en termes de nombre de visiteurs, contribution à l’industrie touristique, visites de groupes scolaires et ainsi de suite. Beaucoup de professionnels des musées n’aiment guère cet ‘instrumentalisme’ et veulent plaider la cause de la culture et des musées pour eux‐mêmes. Cette critique s’appuie sur nombre d’idées inexactes sur ce que furent autrefois les musées, les archives et les sites patrimoniaux.
Clinical pictures
Authors: Sabin M. A.
Published: September 2012

A 6 year old girl presents with excessive weight gain. The clincal picture shown is a radiograph of the left hand and wrist.
An Analysis of Submissions on Proposed Regulations for Audit and Assurance in New Zealand
Authors: Davis Marion , Hay David
Published: September 2012

After numerous collapses of finance companies in New Zealand, and widespread losses by investors, self‐regulation of the auditing profession was no longer considered adequate or acceptable internationally. The New Zealand Government sought to restore public perceptions of audit quality and investor confidence in the financial markets with proposals to change existing accounting standards and audit and assurance requirements. The proposals included a review engagement for some entities, and imposing the force of law on auditing standards. We analyse the public submissions on the auditing and assurance aspects of these proposals. Many respondents object to the proposal, requiring small public sector and not‐for‐profit entities to obtain review engagements, and to give auditing standards the force of law.
The Changing IASB and AASB Relationship
Authors: Stevenson Kevin M.
Published: September 2012

This article takes the reader inside the changing relationship between the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) and other standard setters, and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in 2012. Critically, it looks at the prospect that relationships between the IASB and domestic standard setters might now change markedly as attempts are made to establish more formal links with domestic and regional groupings of standard setters, a move currently being mooted by the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Trustees and the IASB. Related to this development, the article looks at a rapidly emerging aspect of standard setting – the rise of regional groupings such as the Asian‐Oceanian Standard‐Setters Group (AOSSG). Such groups are having a direct impact on relationships between domestic standard setters and the IASB.
Personal Reflections on Ten Years of the IASB
Authors: McGregor Warren
Published: September 2012

The International Accounting Standard Board's first 10 years were, in many ways, tumultuous. Established initially as a type of accounting ‘think tank’ with a mandate to develop high‐quality accounting standards that could be adopted on a voluntary basis by countries around the world, it soon gained an international constituency that thrust it into the hurly burly of international accounting standard setting. Before it knew it, the Board was faced with not only resolving challenging technical issues but also dealing with the politics and other pressures that accompany attempts to change accounting practices in highly controversial areas. This article is a personal reflection on the Board's journey from its inception in 2001 until 2011, when the last of the initial board appointees, including the author, retired from the Board. The article indentifies and discusses some of the critical events that took place, including the impact of some of the events on the people directly involved.
Association of Dietary Copper and Zinc Levels with Hepatic Copper and Zinc Concentration in Labrador Retrievers
Authors: Fieten H. , Hooijer‐Nouwens B.D. , Biourge V.C. , Leegwater P.A.J. , Watson A.L. , van den Ingh T.S.G.A.M. , Rothuizen J.
Published: September 2012

Background

Copper‐associated hepatitis is an inherited disease in theLabrador Retriever. Apart from genetic factors, dietary intake of copper and zinc are suspected to play a role in the pathogenesis.

Objectives

To investigate whether dietary copper and zinc levels of commercially available dry diets are associated with hepatic copper and zinc concentrations inLabrador Retrievers.

Animals

Fifty‐fiveLabrador Retrievers that were fed a single brand and type of commercial dry food for at least 1 year. Of these, 44 dogs were family members ofLabrador Retrievers with copper‐associated hepatitis.

Methods

Liver biopsies, blood samples, and diet samples were obtained. Liver specimens were scored histologically and copper and zinc concentrations were quantified. Dietary concentrations of copper and zinc were measured. The association between dietary intake of copper and zinc and hepatic copper and zinc concentrations was investigated by linear regression analysis.

Results

High dietary copper and low dietary zinc levels were significantly associated with high hepatic copper levels. No association between dietary intake and hepatic zinc was present.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Dietary copper and zinc at current levels in commercially available dry dog food can influence hepatic copper and can be a risk factor for the development of copper‐associated hepatitis inLabrador Retrievers with a genetic susceptibility to copper.
Association betweenABCB1 Genotype and Seizure Outcome in Collies with Epilepsy
Authors: Muñana K.R. , Nettifee‐Osborne J.A. , Bergman R.L. , Mealey K.L.
Published: September 2012

Background

Medically refractory seizures are an important problem in both humans and dogs with epilepsy. Altered expression ofABCB1, the gene encoding for p‐glycoprotein (PGP), has been proposed to play a role in drug‐resistant epilepsy.

Hypothesis

Heterogeneity of theABCB1 gene is associated with seizure outcome in dogs with epilepsy.

Animals

Twenty‐nine Collies with epilepsy being treated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs).

Methods

Prospective and retrospective cohort study. Dogs were classified as having a good outcome (≤1 seizure/month, no cluster seizures) or a poor outcome (>1 seizure/month, with or without cluster seizures) based on owner‐completed questionnaire. SerumAEDconcentrations were measured, andABCB1 genotyping was performed on buccal tissue samples. Association analyses were performed for genotype and seizure outcome, number ofAEDs administered, serumAEDconcentrations, and incidence of adverse effects.

Results

Fourteen dogs of 29 (48%) were homozygous for theABCB1‐1∆ mutation (M/M), 11 dogs (38%) were heterozygous (M/N), and 4 dogs (14%) had the wild‐type genotype (N/N). Dogs with the M/M genotype were significantly more likely to have fewer seizures and have lessAED‐related sedation than M/N or N/N dogs (P = .003 andP = .001, respectively). Serum phenobarbital and bromide concentrations did not differ between groups, but the M/N and N/N groups received a larger number ofAEDs than the M/M group (P = .014).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

ABCB1 genotype is associated with seizure outcome in Collies with epilepsy. This cannot be attributed to differences inPGPfunction, but might be because of intrinsic variations in seizure severity among phenotypes.
Prospective Evaluation of NT‐proBNP Assay to Detect Occult Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Predict Survival in Doberman Pinschers
Authors: Singletary G.E. , Morris N.A. , Lynne O'Sullivan M. , Gordon S.G. , Oyama M.A.
Published: September 2012

Background

Occult (asymptomatic) dilated cardiomyopathy (ODCM) is highly prevalent in Doberman Pinschers.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Assess ability of NT‐proBNP assay to detect ODCM and predict death.

Animals

155 asymptomatic Dobermans presenting for ODCM screening.

Methods

Echocardiography, 24‐hour Holter, and NT‐proBNP assay were performed prospectively. Diagnosis was based on increased left ventricular end‐systolic dimension, >50 ventricular premature complexes (VPCs), or both on Holter. Utility was evaluated using receiver‐operating characteristic curves. Effect of age, weight, sex, disease status, VPCs, and NT‐proBNP on survival was analyzed using Kaplan‐Meier and Cox‐proportional hazard analysis.

Results

Seventy‐three (47.1%) Dobermans were diagnosed with ODCM, including 31, 17, and 25 that met Holter, echocardiographic, or both criteria, respectively. Sensitivity of NT‐proBNP > 457 pmol/L to detect these groups was 45.2, 76.5, and 96.0%, respectively. Combination of NT‐proBNP and Holter to detect ODCM yielded sensitivity of 94.5%, specificity of 87.8%, and accuracy of 91.0%. Follow‐up data were available for 78 Dobermans. The median survival time of Dobermans with > 50 VPCs (469 days), NT‐proBNP > 900 pmol/L (284 days), or ODCM (474 days) was significantly (P < .0001) shorter than those with < 50 VPCs (1743 days), NT‐proBNP < 900 pmol/L (1743 days), or without disease (1743 days). NT‐proBNP concentration and disease status were independently predictive of all‐cause mortality.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The combination of NT‐proBNP assay and Holter detected ODCM with high accuracy. NT‐proBNP and disease status were independently associated with survival. NT‐proBNP assay identified Dobermans with high probability of increased LVIDs consistent with ODCM, and can facilitate pursuit of confirmatory diagnostic testing, such as echocardiography, in suspected Dobermans.
Phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin inhibit function of P-gp but not MRP2 in Caco-2 cells
Authors: Sukhaphirom Naphassamon , Vardhanabhuti Nontima , Chirdchupunseree Hemvala , Pramyothin Pornpen , Jianmongkol Suree
Published: September 2012

Objectives

The purposes of this study were to investigate the inhibitory effects of two lignans, phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin, on the function of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2), using the in-vitro model of Caco-2 cells. In addition, the effect of prolonged exposure to these two compounds on the expression of active P-gp was also determined.

Methods

The activity of P-gp and MRP2 was determined in the uptake assays by monitoring the intracellular accumulation of their specific substrates (calcein acetoxymethyl ester and 5(6)-carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate, respectively) with fluorescence spectroscopy.

Key findings

Hypophyllanthin and phyllanthin inhibited P-gp function with comparable potencies, but neither compound affected MRP2 activity. When the lignans were washed out before addition of substrate, the inhibitory action of both compounds against P-gp function was lost. These results suggested the reversibility of the inhibition. Moreover, prolonged exposure of the Caco-2 cells to both lignans (up to 7 days) had no effect on P-gp function.

Conclusions

Phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin directly inhibited P-gp activity and did not interfere with MRP2 activity. It was likely that both phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin could reversibly inhibit P-gp function.
Diurnal variation in CYP1A2 enzyme activity in South Asians and Europeans
Authors: Perera Vidya , Gross Annette S , McLachlan Andrew J
Published: September 2012

Objectives

Response to some medications can depend on time of administration throughout the day. This study investigated diurnal variation in cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) activity in people of South Asian and European ancestry.

Methods

CYP1A2 activity was determined using the 4-h paraxanthine/caffeine saliva concentration ratio following a 100-mg oral dose of caffeine in healthy individuals of South Asian (n = 11) and European (n = 12) ancestry. Caffeine was administered in the morning and evening on three separate days.

Key findings

A higher CYP1A2 activity (mean ± standard deviation) was found in the morning (0.52 ± 0.17) when compared with evening (0.47 ± 0.17) (n = 23, P < 0.05). When stratified by ethnicity, a difference in CYP1A2 activity was found in the morning (0.43 ± 0.13) and evening (0.35 ± 0.05) for South Asians (P < 0.05), but not in Europeans (0.61 ± 0.15 and 0.56 ± 0.17, respectively). The intra-individual variation in CYP1A2 activity (% coefficient of variation, CV) of CYP1A2 activity ranged from 2.9 to 40.0% in the morning and 1.3 to 38.8% in the evening. Inter-individual CV was 32.1 ± 5.0% and 30.9 ± 6.4% in South Asians and Europeans, respectively.

Conclusions

This study observed diurnal variation of CYP1A2 activity in South Asians, resulting in lower enzyme activity in the evening.
Physicians' perceptions, attitudes and expectations regarding the role of hospital-based pharmacists in the West Bank, Palestine
Authors: Khdour Maher R , Alayasa Kawther S , AlShahed Qusai N , Hawwa Ahmed F
Published: September 2012

Objective

To evaluate the perceptions, expectations and experiences of physicians with regard to hospital-based pharmacists in the West Bank, Palestine.

Methods

A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 250 physicians practising in four general hospitals in the West Bank, Palestine. The main sections of the questionnaire comprised a series of statements pertaining to physicians' perceptions, expectations and experiences with pharmacists.

Key findings

One hundred and fifty seven questionnaires were completed and returned (response rate, 62.8%). The majority of respondents were most comfortable with pharmacists detecting and preventing prescription errors (76.4%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 69.5–81.2%) and patient education (57.9%; CI 51.2–63.4%) but they were not comfortable with pharmacists suggesting the use of prescription medications to patients (56.7%; CI 49.8–62.4%). Most physicians (62.4%; CI 56.8–69.1%) expected the pharmacist to educate their patients about the safe and appropriate use of their medication. However, approximately one-third (31.7%; CI 26.0–39.6%) did not expect pharmacists to be available for consultation during rounds. Physicians' experiences with pharmacists were less favourable; whereas 77% (CI 70.2–81.5%) of the physicians agreed that pharmacists were always a reliable source of information, only 11.5% (CI 6.2–16.4%) agreed that pharmacists appeared to be willing to take responsibility for solving any drug-related problems.

Conclusion

The present study showed that hospital physicians are more likely to accept traditional pharmacy services than newer clinical services for hospital-based pharmacists in the West Bank, Palestine. Pharmacists should therefore interact more positively and more frequently with physicians. This will close the gap between the physicians' commonly held perceptions of what they expect pharmacists to do and what pharmacists can actually do, and gain support for an extended role of hospital-based pharmacists in future patient therapy management.
Exercise identity as a risk factor for exercise dependence
Authors: Murray Aja L. , McKenzie Karen , Newman Emily , Brown Erin
Published: September 2012

Objectives

The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between exercise identity and exercise dependence. We hypothesized that stronger exercise identities would be associated with greater odds of experiencing exercise dependence symptoms.

Design

Logistic regression was used to assess the extent of association between exercise identity and the risk of experiencing exercise dependence symptoms.

Method

Participants (101) were recruited online via sports clubs and social networking sites and were asked to complete online measures of exercise identity and exercise dependence.

Results

The overall model fit was a significant improvement on the baseline model, but only the exercise beliefs factor was significantly associated with the odds of dependence symptoms, with higher scores on the belief scale predicting greater odds of experiencing dependence symptoms. Exercise role identity, in contrast, was not significantly associated with odds of experiencing dependence symptoms. Per cent correct classification was 55.9% for asymptomatic and 88.2% for symptomatic individuals and the overall per cent correct classification was 77.5%.

Conclusions

The relation between identity and dependence could represent both a fruitful research avenue and a potential therapeutic target for those experiencing dependence symptoms; although our findings only showed a relationship between one of the two factors of the exercise identity measure and dependence. Longitudinal research is required to examine the relationship between identity and dependence in the context of other variables to better understand why some individuals become exercise dependent whereas others do not.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Exercise identity has been identified as an important determinant of exercise behaviour and studies within the exercise identity framework have proven elucidative with respect to the psychological processes that may underpin commitment to exercise.

It has separately been established that some individuals may become dependent on exercise and exhibit symptoms indicative of a behavioural addiction to exercise according in line with clinical definitions.

What does this study add?

Psychological explanation for exercise dependence based on escalation of normal exercise identity processes.

Empirical investigation of identity‐dependence link using a sample of physically active individuals.

Comparison of two alternative structures for the exercise identity construct.
A further look into compensatory health beliefs: A think aloud study
Authors: Kaklamanou Daphne , Armitage Christopher J. , Jones Christopher R.
Published: September 2012

Objectives

Compensatory health beliefs are hypothesized to be a means by which people compensate for the negative effects of performing an unhealthy behaviour by engaging in a health‐protective behaviour (Knäuper, Rabiau, Cohen, & Patriciu, 2004). However, the measurement of compensatory health beliefs has proven problematic (e.g., Radtke, Scholz, Keller, Perren, & Hornung, 2010) and so the aims of the present study are to identify: (a) the kinds of difficulties that people experience when completing compensatory health belief scales; and (b) what steps will be required to develop a future reliable and valid measure of compensatory health beliefs.

Design

Cross‐sectional survey.

Methods

Forty‐three participants (M = 34.98 years, SD = 13.94) completed the compensatory health beliefs questionnaire while thinking aloud. Participants' responses to the compensatory health beliefs scale were coded using French, Cooke, McLean, Williams, and Sutton's (2007) schedule.

Results

Consistent with prior research, the full compensatory health beliefs scale showed evidence of internal reliability, and face validity. Participants identified several conceptual ambiguities, most notably: (a) between belief‐ and behaviour‐based compensation (i.e., participants did not believe in the compensatory health belief, but still engaged in the affiliated compensatory behaviour), and (b) the ‘effectiveness’ of the beliefs (i.e., participants talked about engaging in the compensatory behaviour, but acknowledged that it was only a partial solution).

Conclusions

Although the compensatory health belief subscales lack reliability, the measure as a whole possesses face validity. Further work is required to refine the compensatory health beliefs scale by discriminating between compensatory health beliefs and compensatory health behaviours.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject? Although the idea that people use compensatory health beliefs as a strategy to continue engaging in unhealthy behaviours is an appealing one, attempts to measure compensatory health beliefs has produced mixed findings (see Kaklamanou & Armitage, ; Knäuper et al., ; Nooijer, Puijk‐Hekman, & Assema, ; Radtke et al., ).

What does this study add? The present study, using a ‘think aloud technique’, suggests ways to improve reliability of the compensatory health beliefs scale. We suggest that three sub‐strategies underpin the ‘activate Compensatory Health Beliefs’ strategy. We propose a new construct that we call ‘compensatory health behaviours’.
Positive experience, self‐efficacy, and action control predict physical activity changes: A moderated mediation analysis
Authors: Parschau Linda , Fleig Lena , Koring Milena , Lange Daniela , Knoll Nina , Schwarzer Ralf , Lippke Sonia
Published: September 2012

Objectives

Experiencing positive consequences of one's physical activity is supposed to facilitate further activity. This motivational outcome might be generated by an increase in perceived self‐efficacy. In addition to such a mediator effect, we examine whether this applies generally or only under conditions of volitional control. For this purpose, perceived action control was considered as a putative moderator.

Design and Method

N = 193 students participated in a study with three measurement points in time. At baseline, positive experience with previous physical activity was measured as a predictor of physical activity. Two weeks later, self‐efficacy and action control variables were assessed as putative mediator and moderator, respectively. After another 2 weeks, physical activity was measured as the outcome. A moderated mediation model was specified with baseline physical activity and sex as covariates.

Results

Self‐efficacy was found to mediate between initial positive experience and later physical activity, and this mediation was moderated by action control.

Conclusions

Participants’ perceptions of positive experience were associated with their subsequent self‐efficacy fostering physical activity. However, persons with low levels of action control did not translate positive experience into physical activity via self‐efficacy.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Numerous studies have shown that exercise‐specific self‐efficacy predicts subsequent physical activity. Prior positive experience with physical activity is suggested to be associated with exercise‐specific self‐efficacy.

Furthermore, action control was found to be beneficial for the maintenance of physical activity.

What does this study add?

This study unveils the mechanisms between these social‐cognitive determinants: our longitudinal results suggest that the mediation of positive experience and subsequent physical activity via self‐efficacy is moderated by action control.

Persons with low levels of action control did not translate positive experience into physical activity via self‐efficacy.
Posterior predictive checks can and should be Bayesian: Comment on Gelman and Shalizi, ‘Philosophy and the practice of Bayesian statistics’
Authors: Kruschke John K.
Published: September 2012

Bayesian inference is conditional on the space of models assumed by the analyst. The posterior distribution indicates only which of the available parameter values are less bad than the others, without indicating whether the best available parameter values really fit the data well. A posterior predictive check is important to assess whether the posterior predictions of the least bad parameters are discrepant from the actual data in systematic ways. Gelman and Shalizi (2012a) assert that the posterior predictive check, whether done qualitatively or quantitatively, is non‐Bayesian. I suggest that the qualitative posterior predictive check might be Bayesian, and the quantitative posterior predictive check should be Bayesian. In particular, I show that the ‘Bayesian p‐value’, from which an analyst attempts to reject a model without recourse to an alternative model, is ambiguous and inconclusive. Instead, the posterior predictive check, whether qualitative or quantitative, should be consummated with Bayesian estimation of an expanded model. The conclusion agrees with Gelman and Shalizi regarding the importance of the posterior predictive check for breaking out of an initially assumed space of models. Philosophically, the conclusion allows the liberation to be completely Bayesian instead of relying on a non‐Bayesian deus ex machina. Practically, the conclusion cautions against use of the Bayesian p‐value in favour of direct model expansion and Bayesian evaluation.
Patients' aggressive behaviours towards nurses: development and psychometric properties of the hospital aggressive behaviour scale‐ users
Authors: Waschgler Kathrin , Ruiz‐Hernández José Antonio , Llor‐Esteban Bartolomé , García‐Izquierdo Mariano
Published: September 2012

Aim

This article is to report the development and psychometric testing of the Hospital Aggressive Behaviour Scale – Users.

Background

Workplace violence is present in many work spheres, but in the healthcare sector, nurses in particular are at more risk due to the close contact they maintain with users and clients and the special characteristics of this relationship.

Design

Using qualitative and quantitative methodology, an instrument was applied to a sample of 1,489 nurses from 11 public hospitals. Data collection was carried out in 2010 and 2011.

Results

Exploratory factor analysis yielded a 10‐item instrument distributed in two factors (non‐physical violence and physical violence), which was validated by means of confirmatory factor analysis. Both the resulting questionnaire and the factors identified present high internal consistency and adequate external validity, analysed by means of statistically significant correlations between the Hospital Aggressive Behaviour Scale and job satisfaction, burnout components, and psychological well‐being.

Conclusions

The results indicate that, in nursing personnel, higher exposure to user violence leads to lower job satisfaction, more emotional exhaustion and more cynicism, and to a lower level of psychological well‐being.

The instrument developed in this study may be very useful in the sphere of assessment and prevention of psychosocial risks for the early detection of the problem of user violence in its two facets.
Failure to detect an association between aggressive periodontitis and the prevalence of herpesviruses
Authors: Stein Jamal M. , Said Yekta Sareh , Kleines Michael , Ok Dilara , Kasaj Adrian , Reichert Stefan , Schulz Susanne , Scheithauer Simone
Published: September 2012

Background

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) have been suspected to play a causal role in periodontitis pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of these viruses in subgingival plaque samples of Caucasian patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis compared to periodontally healthy controls.

Methods

A total of 65 patients with aggressive periodontitis and 65 unmatched controls from Germany were investigated in the study. Subgingival plaque samples were analysed for the presence of HSV‐1, EBV and HCMV by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction assays. Viral antibody titres were determined quantitatively by immunosorbent assays.

Results

DNA of HSV‐1 and HCMV were detected in 1.5% of the patients and controls, whereas EBV DNA was present in 10.8% and 13.9% respectively. Detection rates of serum IgG against HSV‐1 (76.1% versus 73.9%), EBV (98.5% versus 96.9%), HCMV (47.7% versus 46.2%) and IgM levels against HSV‐1 (6.2% versus 1.5%), EBV (0% versus 0%), HCMV (0% versus 1.5%) did not significantly differ between patients and controls.

Conclusion

The data of our study do not suggest any contribution of HSV‐1, EBV or HCMV to aggressive periodontitis in a German population. Ethnic and methodological aspects might have caused conflicting results of previous studies.