bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do the components of manualized family‐based treatment for anorexia nervosa predict weight gain?
Authors: Ellison Rani , Rhodes Paul , Madden Sloane , Miskovic Jane , Wallis Andrew , Baillie Andrew , Kohn Michael , Touyz Stephen
Published: January 2012

Objective:

Family‐based treatment for anorexia nervosa (FBT) has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) in a number of randomized control trials (RCT). The aim of the current research was to determine whether adherence to the key components of the model as outlined in the treatment manual predict weight gain or dropout.

Method:

The 59 participants were under 19 years and had AN for less than 3 years. Five core treatment objectives and working alliance were measured across 20 sessions of FBT.

Results:

The core objectives of parents taking control, being united, not criticizing the patient and externalizing the illness predicted greater weight gain. Sibling support did not predict weight gain. The relationship between therapeutic alliance and weight gain was positive for mothers but negative for fathers. Dropout was predicted by low control and poor maternal‐therapeutic alliance.

Discussion:

The results of this study lend further support for the efficacy of the FBT, demonstrating that the principles guiding clinical practice are those which lead to weight gain. The finding that parental control is the central predictor of change can also support the development of augmentations to the model. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Examining associations between disordered eating and serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms
Authors: Munn‐Chernoff Melissa A. , McQueen Matthew B. , Stetler Gary L. , Haberstick Brett C. , Rhee Soo Hyun , Sobik Laura E. , Corley Robin P. , Smolen Andrew , Hewitt John K. , Stallings Michael C.
Published: January 2012

Objective:

The serotonin system has been implicated in mood and appetite regulation, and the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) is a commonly studied candidate gene for eating pathology. However, most studies have focused on a single polymorphism (5‐HTTLPR) in SLC6A4; little research has utilized multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to investigate associations between SLC6A4 and eating pathology more comprehensively.

Method:

Family‐based association tests were conducted for seven polymorphisms in or near SLC6A4, using families from the Colorado Center for Antisocial Drug Dependence. Data were available for 135 families, with phenotypic data available for female twins and female nontwin siblings. Seven items assessed two disordered eating characteristics: weight and shape concerns and behaviors (WSCB) and binge eating (BE).

Results:

No significant associations were found between any genetic variant and the two disordered eating characteristics.

Discussion:

This study suggests that utilizing polymorphisms in and near SLC6A4, including 5‐HTTLPR, may not be useful in identifying genetic risk factors for disordered eating. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Synthesis and Characterization of New Pentacoordinate Iron‐Based Aryloxide Complexes
Authors: Chérémond Yvens , Crochet Aurélien , Fromm Katharina M.
Published: January 2012

Heterobimetallic lithium–iron coordination compounds are interesting targets for several reasons: they can be used as precursors for mixed metal oxides, as catalysts, for example, for ring‐opening polymerization reactions or to study oxidation/reduction processes. Finally their magnetic properties are also of interest. New heterobimetallic aryloxide complexes, namely [(thf)4Li3Fe(OPh)3(O2C6H4)Cl]2 (1), [{(thf)3Li3Fe(OPh)5Cl}3]n (2), and [(thf)3Li3Fe(OPh)6]2 (3), have been synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. While compounds 1 and 3 were synthesized by an oxidative substitution reaction, compound 2 was directly obtained from the FeIII salt. These compounds are accessible by both synthetic pathways. Additionally, in compound 1, the phenoxy ligand was catalytically oxidized to ortho‐catechol, which was incorporated into the structure of 1 as a ligand that coordinates strongly to iron. All compounds feature the FeIII ion with a trigonal, bipyramidal environment, with coordination number 5.
Use of ergodic reasoning to reconstruct the historical range of variability and evolutionary trajectory of rivers
Authors: Fryirs Kirstie , Brierley Gary J. , Erskine Wayne D.
Published: January 2012

Applications of ergodic reasoning (or location for time substitution) aid efforts at environmental reconstruction and prediction, providing a useful tool to analyse and communicate stages of landscape evolution. Analysis of the historical range of behaviour and change that a river system has experienced can be used to interpret thresholds that have been breached, and underlying controls and/or triggers for adjustment and change. This information can be used to forecast future trajectories of adjustment and provide target conditions for management activities. This paper uses a case study from upper Wollombi Brook, New South Wales, Australia to demonstrate how ergodic reasoning can be used to assess river behaviour, change and responses to natural and human‐disturbances. The ‘river evolution diagram’ developed by Brierley and Fryirs (Geomorphology and River Management: Applications of the River Styles Framework. Blackwell Publishing: Oxford, 2005) is presented as a means for depicting the range of behaviour and evolutionary variability of this river. These approaches can be readily applied in other systems. Implications for approaches to analysis of river evolution and management are outlined. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Volatility and Density Prediction Performance of Alternative GARCH Models
Authors: Huang Teng‐Hao , Wang Yaw‐Huei
Published: January 2012

This study compares the volatility and density prediction performance of alternative GARCH models with different conditional distribution specifications. The conditional residuals are specified as normal, skewedHyphen;t or compound Poisson (jump) distribution based upon a nonlinear and asymmetric GARCH (NGARCH) model framework. The empirical results for the S&P 500 and FTSE 100 index returns suggest that the jump model outperforms all other models in terms of both volatility forecasting and density prediction. Nevertheless, the superiority of the nonHyphen;normal models is not always significant and diminished during the sample period on those occasions when volatility experiences an obvious structural change. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association of attentional shift and reversal learning to functional deficits in geriatric depression
Authors: Potter Guy G. , McQuoid Douglas R. , Payne Martha E. , Taylor Warren D. , Steffens David C.
Published: January 2012

Objective

The objective of this study is to examine the association between self‐reported functional disability in depressed older adults and two types of executive function processes, attentional set shifting and reversal learning.

Methods

Participants (N = 89) were aged 60 or over and enrolled in a naturalistic treatment study of major depressive disorder. Participants provided information on self‐reported function in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and completed the Intra–Extra Dimensional Set Shift test (IED) from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery, which assesses intra‐dimensional attentional shifts, extra‐dimensional attentional shifts, and reversal learning. Participants were categorized by the presence or absence of IADL difficulties and compared on IED performance using bivariable and multivariable tests.

Results

Participants who reported IADL difficulties had more errors in extra‐dimensional attentional shifting and reversal learning, but intra‐dimensional shift errors were not associated with IADLs. Only extra‐dimensional shift errors were significant in multivariable models that controlled for age, sex, and depression severity.

Conclusions

Attentional shifting across categories (i.e., extra‐dimensional) was most strongly associated with increased IADL difficulties among depressed older adults, which make interventions to improve flexible problem solving a potential target for reducing instrumental disability in this population. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Planar Chiral Phosphines Derived from [2.2]Paracyclophane
Authors: Rowlands Gareth J.
Published: January 2012

[2.2]Paracyclophane offers an exciting framework for the synthesis of planar chiral phosphines. Its rigid structure and unusual electronic properties have led to the development of a range of mono‐ and di‐phosphines including the commercially available ligand, PhanePhos. This review discusses the synthesis and use of [2.2]paracyclophane‐based phosphines and aims to give an insight into their success and failures. It is hoped that this review will encourage the design of new planar chiral phosphines for use in transition metal‐mediated catalysis and organocatalysis.
Reinforcement of electrospun membranes using nanoscale Al2O3 whiskers for improved tissue scaffolds
Authors: Dong Zexuan , Wu Yiquan , Wang Qin , Xie Chao , Ren Yanfang , Clark Robert L
Published: January 2012

Poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) is a promising material for tissue engineering applications; however, it can be difficult to create scaffolds with the morphology, hydrophilicity, and mechanical properties necessary to support tissue growth. Typically, pure PCL scaffolds have good cellular adhesion, but somewhat low mechanical properties (elastic modulus and tensile strength). This study addresses these issues by incorporating Al2O3 whiskers as reinforcements within PCL membranes generated by electrospinning. Membranes were prepared with Al2O3 content ranging from 1 to 20 wt % and characterized using XRD, TEM, and SEM to determine composition and morphology. The Al2O3 whiskers were well dispersed within the PCL fibers, and the membranes had a highly porous morphology. The elastic modulus was significantly improved by the well aligned whisker reinforcements as verified by tensile testing. The cell morphology and proliferation studies demonstrate Al2O3 whisker reinforced PCL scaffolds maintained the good biocompatibility. These improvements demonstrate that Al2O3 whisker reinforced PCL scaffolds can be considered as a biocompatible material for tissue engineering and dental applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2012.
A computational model for stress reduction at the skin‐implant interface of osseointegrated prostheses
Authors: Yerneni Srinivasu , Dhaher Yasin , Kuiken Todd A.
Published: January 2012

Osseointegrated implants (OI)s for transfemoral prosthetic attachment offer amputees an alternative to the traditional socket attachment. Potential benefits include a natural transfer of loads directly to the skeleton via the percutaneous abutment, relief of pain and discomfort of residual limb soft tissues by eliminating sockets, increased sensory feedback, and improved function. Despite the benefits, the skin‐implant interface remains a critical limitation, as it is highly prone to bacterial infection. One approach to improve clinical outcomes is to minimize stress concentrations at the skin‐implant interface due to shear loading, reducing soft tissue breakdown and subsequent risk of infection. We hypothesized that broadening the bone base at the distal end of the femur would provide added surface area for skin adhesion and reduce stresses at the skin‐implant interface. We tested this hypothesis using finite element models of an OI in a residual limb. Results showed a dramatic decrease in stress reduction, with up to ∼90% decrease in stresses at the skin‐implant interface as cortical bone thickness increased from 2 to 8 mm. The findings in this study suggests that surgical techniques could stabilize the skin‐implant interface, thus enhancing a skin‐to‐bone seal around the percutaneous device and minimizing infection. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2012.
Mussel inspired protein‐mediated surface modification to electrospun fibers and their potential biomedical applications
Authors: Xie Jingwei , Michael Praveesuda Lorwattanapongsa , Zhong Shaoping , Ma Bing , MacEwan Matthew R. , Lim Chwee Teck
Published: January 2012

Mussel inspired proteins have been demonstrated to serve as a versatile biologic adhesive with numerous applications. The present study illustrates the use of such Mussel inspired proteins (polydopamine) in the fabrication of functionalized bio‐inspired nanomaterials capable of both improving cell response and sustained delivery of model probes. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirmed the ability of dopamine to polymerize on the surface of plasma‐treated, electrospun poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) fiber mats to form polydopamine coating. Transmission electron microscopy images demonstrated that self‐polymerization of dopamine was induced by pH shift and that the thickness of polydopamine coating was readily modulated by adjusting the concentration of dopamine and reaction time. Polydopamine coatings were noted to affect the mechanical properties of underlying fiber mats, as mechanical testing demonstrated a decrease in elasticity and increase in stiffness of polydopamine‐coated fiber mats. Polydopamine coatings were also utilized to effectively immobilize extracellular matrix proteins (i.e., fibronectin) on the surface of polydopamine‐coated, electrospun fibers, resulting in enhancement of NIH3T3 cell attachment, spreading, and cytoskeletal development. Comparison of release rates of rhodamine 6G encapsulated in coated and uncoated PCL fibers also confirmed that polydopamine coatings modulate the release rate of loaded payloads. The authors further demonstrate the significant difference of rhodamine 6G adsorption kinetics in water between PCL fibers and polydopamine‐coated PCL fibers. Taken together, polydopamine‐mediated surface modification to electrospun fibers may be an effective means of fabricating a wide range of bio‐inspired nanomaterials with unique properties for use in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and advanced biomedical applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2012.
Mechanical stimulation of fibroblasts in micro‐channeled bacterial cellulose scaffolds enhances production of oriented collagen fibers
Authors: Martínez Héctor , Brackmann Christian , Enejder Annika , Gatenholm Paul
Published: January 2012

Cellulose perforated by micro‐channels (∅︁ ∼500 μm) has been investigated as a potential future scaffold material for meniscus implants. Scaffolds seeded with 3T6 fibroblasts were cultivated with mechanical stimulation in a compression bioreactor for enhanced collagen production. Constructs under dynamic compression at a frequency of 0.1 Hz and compression strain of 5% were compared to static cultures used as controls. The three‐dimensional distributions of collagen fibers and fibroblasts in the cellulose scaffolds were studied under native, soft‐matter conditions by combined second harmonic generation and coherent antiStokes Raman scattering microscopy, requiring no artificial sample preparation. Results showed that the micro‐channels facilitated the alignment of cells and collagen fibers and that collagen production was enhanced by mechanical stimulation. Thus, cell‐seeded, micro‐channeled cellulose scaffolds provided guided tissue growth required to obtain an ultrastructure mimicking that of the meniscus. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2012.
SELF‐HELP GROUPS AND EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN: SELF‐SELECTION, OR ACTUAL BENEFITS?
Authors: Husain Zakir , Mukerjee Diganta , Dutta Mousumi
Published: January 2012

Researchers argue that programmes promoting SHGs often attract women already active in the public domain (‘self‐selection effect’), excluding those most in need of assistance. This exaggerates estimates of the effects of the programme (‘programme effects’). This paper attempts to test the significance of the programme effect of SHGs by comparing empowerment levels of newly inducted and older members of SHGs, based on a survey conducted in six municipalities in West Bengal, India. Results indicate that programme effects operated only to reduce tolerance of domestic violence and enhance status of members within the household. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asking the right questions, involving the right people
Authors: Remund David
Published: January 2012

Understanding to what or whom corporate communications leaders feel responsible is important in this age of rapid technological and economic change. A fast‐changing world demands self‐awareness among its leaders, particularly those who manage communications in an increasingly transparent environment. This study takes an in‐depth look at how senior practitioners in one of the most traditional leadership roles in public relations—the corporate communications leader—define responsibility and do work that is excellent in quality, socially responsible, and personally meaningful. This study is modeled after the GoodWork® protocol, initiated in 1996 by psychologist Howard Gardner and colleagues, employing Q‐sorts, personal diaries, and semistructured interviews with a purposive sample. “Asking the right questions and involving the right people” emerged as a working definition of personal responsibility, and themes of honesty/integrity, life balance, and relationships also surfaced as influential in defining what personal responsibility means in communications leadership.
Soil‐ecological evaluation of willows in a floodplain
Authors: Zimmer Dana , Baum Christel , Meissner Ralph , Leinweber Peter
Published: January 2012

Willows (Salix spp.) were supposed to be suitable candidates for the phytoremediation of polluted floodplain soils, but it is unknown how willow growth alters concentrations and mobility of pollutants under the conditions of ongoing periodically flooding. Therefore, effects of willow cropping on total concentrations and mobility of As and heavy metals and soil microbial properties were determined after three and four growing seasons under willows in comparison to native grassland in a flood channel of a River Elbe floodplain (Central Germany). After 4 y of willow coppice, the heavy metal concentrations (mg kg–1) were increased not only in the grass control plots (final Cu 274, Pb 276, Zn 935) but also under the willows (final Cu 248, Pb 251, Zn 779) compared to the initial concentrations (initial Cu 170, Pb 156, Zn 579). This increase might likely be caused by the ongoing sedimentation by flood events. The smaller increase under willows compared to grass might be related to an initial net effect of phytoextraction. The concentrations of the mobile fractions of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn were significantly lower under willows than under grass. Higher β‐glucosidase activities under willows than under grass might indicate a starting net decomposition of organic matter. Therefore, the study of long‐term and large‐scale effects are recommend before an appropriate evaluation of willow short‐rotation coppice for phytoremediation of polluted floodplains will be established.
Molecularly imprinted solid‐phase extraction for the selective determination of methamphetamine, amphetamine, and methylenedioxyphenylalkylamine designer drugs in human whole blood by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Kumazawa Takeshi , Hasegawa Chika , Hara Kenji , Uchigasaki Seisaku , Lee Xiao‐Pen , Seno Hiroshi , Suzuki Osamu , Sato Keizo
Published: January 2012

A novel method is described for the extraction of methamphetamine, amphetamine, and methylenedioxyphenylalkylamine designer drugs, such as 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐methamphetamine, 3,4‐methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4‐methylenedioxyethylamphetamine, N‐methyl‐1‐(3,4‐methylenedioxyphenyl)‐2‐butanamine, and 3,4‐(methylenedioxyphenyl)‐2‐butanamine, from human whole blood using molecularly imprinted solid‐phase extraction as highly selective sample clean‐up technique. Whole blood samples were diluted with 10mmol/L ammonium acetate (pH 8.6) and applied to a SupelMIP‐Amphetamine molecularly imprinted solid‐phase extraction cartridge. The cartridge was then washed to eliminate interferences, and the amphetamines of interest were eluted with formic acid/methanol (1:100, v/v). After derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride, the analytes were quantified using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Recoveries of the seven amphetamines spiked into whole blood were 89.1‐102%. The limits of quantification for each compound in 200 |mL of whole blood were between 0.25 and 1.0 ng. The maximum intra‐ and inter‐day coefficients of variation were 9.96 and 13.8%, respectively. The results show that methamphetamine, amphetamine, and methylenedioxyphenylalkyl‐amine designer drugs can be efficiently extracted from crude biological samples such as whole blood by molecularly imprinted solid‐phase extraction with good reproducibility. This extraction method will be useful for the pretreatment of human samples before gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry.
Trace analysis of glyphosate in water by capillary electrophoresis on a chip with high sample volume loadability
Authors: Horčičiak Michal , Masár Marián , Bodor Róbert , Danč Ladislav , Bel Peter
Published: January 2012

A new method for the determination of trace glyphosate (GLYP), non‐selective pesticide, by CZE with online ITP pre‐treatment of drinking waters on a column‐coupling (CC) chip has been developed. CC chip was equipped with two injection channels of 0.9 and 9.9 μmL volumes, two separation channels of 9.3 |mL total volume and a pair of conductivity detectors. A very effective ITP sample clean‐up performed in the first channel at low pH (3.2) was introduced for quick CZE resolution and detection of GLYP carried out at higher pH (6.1) in the second channel on the CC chip. The LOD for GLYP was estimated at 2.5 μg/L (15 nmol/L) using a 9.9 |mL volume of the injection channel. ITP‐CZE analyses of model and real samples have provided very favorable intra‐day (0.1‐1.2% RSD) and inter‐day (2.9% RSD) repeatabilities of the migration time for GLYP while 0.2‐6.9% RSD values were typical for the peak area data. Recoveries of GLYP in spiked drinking water varied in the range of 99‐109%. A minimum pre‐treatment of drinking water (degassing and dilution) and a short analysis time (ca. 10 min) were distinctive features of ITP‐CZE determinations of GLYP on the CC chip with high sample volume loaded, as well.
High‐temperature dissociation of ethyl radicals and ethyl iodide
Authors: Yang Xueliang , Tranter Robert S.
Published: January 2012

The decomposition of ethyl iodide and subsequent dissociation of ethyl radicals have been investigated behind incident shock waves in a diaphragmless shock tube by laser‐schlieren (LS) densitometry (1150–1870 K, 55 ± 2 Torr and 123 ± 3 Torr). The LS density‐gradient profiles were simulated assuming that the initial dissociation of C2H5I proceeded by 87% C–I fission and 13% HI elimination. Excellent agreement was found between the simulations and experimental profiles. Rate coefficients for the C–I scission reaction were obtained and show strong falloff. Gorin model RRKM (Rice, Ramsperger, Kassel, and Marcus) calculations are in excellent agreement with the experimental data with E0 = 55.0 kcal/mol, which is in very good agreement with recent thermochemical measurements and evaluations. However, E0 is approximately 2.7 kcal/mol higher than previous estimates. First‐order rate coefficients for dissociation of C2H5I were determined to be k55Torr = 8.65 × 1068 T−16.65 exp(−37,890/T) s−1, k123Torr = 3.01 × 1069 T−16.68 exp(−38,430/T) s−1, k∞ = 2.52 × 1019 T−1.01 exp(−28,775/T) s−1. Rates of dissociation for ethyl radicals were also obtained, and these are in very good agreement with theoretical predictions (Miller J. A. and Klippenstein S. J. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2004, 6, 1192–1202). The simulations show that at low temperatures ethyl radicals are consumed through recombination reactions as well as dissociation, whereas at high temperatures, dissociation dominates. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 433–443, 2012
Computational study on the recombination reaction between benzyl and propargyl radicals
Authors: Matsugi Akira , Miyoshi Akira
Published: January 2012

The kinetics and mechanisms of the recombination reaction between benzyl and propargyl radicals have been computationally investigated by using the B3LYP, CBS‐QB3, and CASPT2 quantum chemical methods, and the steady‐state unimolecular master equation analysis based on the Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus theory. Six distinct recombination channels arising from the radicals' nonequivalent resonance structures (three for benzyl and two for propargyl) were investigated at the CASPT2/cc‐pVTZ//B3LYP/6‐311G(d,p) level, and the respective rate constants were calculated with the variational transition state theory. It was found that the reaction dominantly proceeds by the addition of the propargyl radical to the alpha(CH2) site of the benzyl radical and the additions to the ortho‐ and the para‐sites are unfavorable due to the loss of the aromaticity. The isomerization reaction pathways of the initially formed adducts to methylenecyclopenta‐fused compounds through diradical intermediates were identified. Methylene–indanyl radicals were also identified as products, which are produced by direct H‐atom elimination reactions from the diradical and methylenated indanes. The results of the master equation analyses indicated that the 1‐methylene‐2‐indanyl radical is dominantly produced at high temperature (>1500 K), but the overall rate constant is significantly smaller than the high‐pressure limit within the pressure range studied (0.001–100 atm). The reactions of the triplet biradicals via the intersystem crossing were also suggested to be important and are discussed qualitatively. Investigations on the subsequent reactions of 1‐methylene‐2‐indanyl radicals revealed that the radicals rapidly decompose to 1‐methyleneindene or naphthalene + H. The temperature‐ and pressure‐dependent rate expressions are proposed for kinetic modeling. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 206–218, 2012
Detailed chemical kinetic modeling of JP‐10 (exo‐tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene) high‐temperature oxidation: Exploring the role of biradical species in initial decomposition steps
Authors: Magoon Gregory R. , Aguilera‐Iparraguirre Jorge , Green William H. , Lutz Jesse J. , Piecuch Piotr , Wong Hsi‐Wu , Oluwole Oluwayemisi O.
Published: January 2012

The initial pathways of JP‐10 (exo‐tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene) decomposition are expected to have a significant effect on combustion and pyrolysis behavior of the fuel, affecting, for example, product distribution and ignition delay. Modeling of JP‐10 decomposition should capture these initial decomposition processes as accurately as possible. Two classes of computational approaches have been applied to study intramolecular disproportionation—an important class of reactions in the initial stages of JP‐10 decomposition: (1) the second‐order, multiconfigurational, quasidegenerate perturbation theory employing the complete active space self‐consistent field (CASSCF) reference; and (2) the size‐extensive, left‐eigenstate, completely renormalized (CR) coupled‐cluster (CC) method with singles, doubles, and noniterative triples, termed CR‐CC(2,3), capable of describing reaction pathways involving biradicals. Applying higher levels of theory to points along the CASSCF reaction paths, the barriers to intramolecular disproportionation are much smaller and some barriers appear to vanish. The conventional ring‐opening + disproportionation pathway is compared with an alternative concerted reaction pathway. Overall, this investigation has yielded insights into alkyl disproportionation and ring‐opening reactions that may be of more general use in chemical kinetic modeling. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 179–193, 2012
The enthalpy and entropy of activation for ethyl acetate saponification
Authors: Petek Aljana , Krajnc Majda
Published: January 2012

The saponification of ethyl acetate was measured by conductimetry at different temperatures within a batch reactor. A new mathematical model for obtaining concentration profiles from conductivity was presented and used for reaction‐kinetics' determination. The Arrhenius parameters (A, Ea) showed good agreement with the previously published values. Basic transition‐state theory was used for obtaining the Gibbs energy (ΔG‡), the enthalpy (ΔH‡), and the entropy (ΔS‡) of activation. The low enthalpy of activation and negative entropy of activation were consistent with a reaction pathway when forming a transition‐state complex. The suggested mechanism involves OH−, acting as a general base for removing proton from one of the hydroxide hydrating water, placed directly between it and the ester. The nucleophile from the water then attacks at the electrophilic C of the ester, breaking the π bond, and creating a tetrahedral intermediate. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 692–698, 2012

This article was published online on 24 January 2012. An error was subsequently identified. This notice is included in the online and print versions to indicate that both have been corrected on 16 July 2012.
IMPACTS OF LAND COVER CHANGE SCENARIOS ON STORM RUNOFF GENERATION: A BASIS FOR MANAGEMENT OF THE NYANDO BASIN, KENYA
Authors: Olang L. O. , Kundu P. M. , Ouma G. , Fürst J.
Published: January 2012

The effects of conceptual land cover change scenarios on the generation of storm runoffs were evaluated in the Nyando Basin. The spatial scenarios represented alternatives that vary between full deforestation and reforestation. Synthetic storm events of depths 40, 60 and 80 mm were formulated according to the rainfall patterns and assumed to have durations corresponding to the runoff times of concentration. The Natural Resource Conservation Service–Curve Number model was used to generate runoff volumes within the sub‐catchments, which were subsequently routed downstream to obtain effects in the whole basin. The simulated land cover change impacts were evaluated relative to values obtained from the actual land cover state of the basin in the year 2000. From the results, an agricultural land cover scenario constituting of about 86 per cent of agriculture indicated increased runoff volumes in the entire basin by about 12 per cent. An agricultural‐forested land cover scenario with 40 and 51 per cent of forest and agriculture respectively revealed reduced runoff volumes by about 12 per cent. Alternatively, a scenario depicting a largely forested land cover state with about 78 per cent of forests reduced the runoff volumes by about 25 per cent according to the model estimates. Runoff volumes in the basin were also likely to reduce by about 15 per cent if the appropriate land cover scenario for the respective sub‐catchments were to be assumed for runoff management purposes. Considering the prevalent data uncertainty, the study effectively highlights the potential hydrological vulnerability of the basin. The results obtained can form a basis for appropriate catchment management of the area. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photocoagulation of dermal blood vessels with multiple laser pulses in an in vivo microvascular model
Authors: Jia Wangcun , Tran Nadia , Sun Victor , Marinček Marko , Majaron Boris , Choi Bernard , Nelson J. Stuart
Published: January 2012

Background/Objectives

Current laser therapy of port wine stain (PWS) birthmarks with a single laser pulse (SLP) does not produce complete lesion removal in the majority of patients. To improve PWS therapeutic efficacy, we evaluated the performance of an approach based on multiple laser pulses (MLP) to enhance blood vessel photocoagulation.

Study Design

The hamster dorsal window chamber model was used. Radiant exposure (RE), pulse repetition rate (fr), total number of pulses (np), and length of vessel irradiated were varied. Blood vessels in the window were irradiated with either SLP with RE of 4–7 J/cm2 or MLP with RE per pulse of 1.4–5.0 J/cm2, fr of 0.5–26.0 Hz, and np of 2–5. The laser wavelength was 532 nm and pulse duration was 1 ms. Either a 2 mm vessel segment or entire vessel branch was irradiated. Digital photographs and laser speckle images of the window were recorded before and at specific time points after laser irradiation to monitor laser‐induced blood vessel structural and functional changes, respectively.

Results

We found that: (1) for a SLP approach, the RE required to induce blood vessel photocoagulation was 7 J/cm2 as compared to only 2 J/cm2 per pulse for the MLP approach; (2) for MLP, two pulses at a repetition rate of 5 Hz and a RE of 3 J/cm2 can induce photocoagulation of more than 80% of irradiated blood vessel; and (3) irradiation of a longer segment of blood vessel resulted in lower reperfusion rate.

Conclusions

The MLP approach can induce blood vessel photocoagulation at much lower RE per pulse as compared to SLP. The 5 Hz fr and the need for two pulses are achievable with modern laser technology, which makes the MLP approach practical in the clinical management of PWS birthmarks. Lasers Surg. Med. 44:144–151, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: Movement Disorder Society Task Force guidelines
Authors: Litvan Irene , Goldman Jennifer G. , Tröster Alexander I. , Schmand Ben A. , Weintraub Daniel , Petersen Ronald C. , Mollenhauer Brit , Adler Charles H. , Marder Karen , Williams‐Gray Caroline H. , Aarsland Dag , Kulisevsky Jaime , Rodriguez‐Oroz Maria C. , Burn David J. , Barker Roger A. , Emre Murat
Published: January 2012

Mild cognitive impairment is common in nondemented Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and may be a harbinger of dementia. In view of its importance, the Movement Disorder Society commissioned a task force to delineate diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment in PD. The proposed diagnostic criteria are based on a literature review and expert consensus. This article provides guidelines to characterize the clinical syndrome and methods for its diagnosis. The criteria will require validation, and possibly refinement, as additional research improves our understanding of the epidemiology, presentation, neurobiology, assessment, and long‐term course of this clinical syndrome. These diagnostic criteria will support future research efforts to identify at the earliest stage those PD patients at increased risk of progressive cognitive decline and dementia who may benefit from clinical interventions at a predementia stage. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Subacute brachial diplegia associated with west nile virus myelitis
Authors: Zafar Sahar F. , Ubogu Eroboghene E.
Published: January 2012

Introduction: Brachial diplegia is a clinical term used to describe weakness restricted to the upper extremities. We report a case of brachial diplegia associated with West Nile virus infection. Methods: A 48‐year‐old man developed severe painless bilateral upper extremity weakness within a few weeks of a flu‐like illness. Results: Clinical examination revealed marked periscapular, shoulder girdle, and humeral muscle atrophy and bilateral scapular winging, with near symmetrical bilateral hypotonic upper extremity weakness. This was associated with clinical signs of an encephalomyelopathy without cognitive or sensory deficits. Electrophysiological studies demonstrated a subacute disorder of motor neurons, their axons or both, involving the cervical and thoracic myotomes, with ongoing denervation. Serological studies confirmed recent West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Gradual improvement occurred following conservative supportive therapies. Conclusions: Progressive brachial diplegia is a rare neuromuscular presentation of WNV neuroinvasive disease. This case report adds to the clinical spectrum of WNV‐induced neurologic sequelae. Muscle Nerve 45: 900‐904, 2012
Unexpected neuroimaging abnormalities in patients with apparent C8 radiculopathy: Broadening the clinical spectrum
Authors: Hehir Michael K. , Figueroa Juan J. , Zynda‐Weiss Andrea M. , Stanton Michael , Logigian Eric L.
Published: January 2012

Introduction: C8‐root impingement by C7/T1 lesions on neuroimaging studies is not consistently observed in C8 radiculopathy. We hypothesized that C7 or T1 root lesions (with a pre‐ or postfixed plexus) or cervical myelopathy might explain some “C8 radiculopathies” without C8 root compression. Methods: Retrospective analysis of cervical neuroimaging in 31 consecutive patients with EMG‐confirmed C8 radiculopathy. Results: Five patients (16%) had C8‐root compression at C7/T1. Of those without C8‐root compression, 5 (16%) had C7‐root compression at C6/7, one (3%) had T1‐root compression at T1/T2, 7 (23%) had cervical cord compression at or above the C6/7 level, 4 (13%) had intramedullary cervical lesions, and 9 (29%) had mild or nonspecific findings. Conclusions: C8 radiculopathy without C8‐root compression may be due to C7‐root compression in the setting of a “prefixed” brachial plexus, upper cervical cord compression with vascular compromise of the distal cervical spinal cord (“myelopathic hand”), or intramedullary cervical cord lesions. Muscle Nerve 45: 859–865, 2012
Reliability of neuromuscular measurements during explosive isometric contractions, with special reference to electromyography normalization techniques
Authors: Buckthorpe Matthew W. , Hannah Ricci , Pain T.G. , Folland Jonathan P.
Published: January 2012

Introduction: This study determined the between‐session reliability of neuromuscular measurements during explosive isometric contractions, with special consideration of electromyography (EMG) normalization. Methods: Following familiarization, 13 men participated in 3 identical measurement sessions involving maximal and explosive voluntary contractions of the knee extensors, while force and surface EMG were recorded. Root mean square EMG amplitude was normalized to different reference measures: (evoked maximal M‐wave peak‐to‐peak amplitude and area, maximum and sub‐maximum voluntary contractions). Results: Explosive voluntary force measurements were reliable on a group level, whereas within‐subject reliability was low over the initial 50 ms and good from 100 ms onward. Normalization of EMG during explosive voluntary contractions, irrespective of the reference method, did not reduce the within‐subject variability, but it did reduce substantially the variability between‐subject. Conclusions: The high intra‐individual variability of EMG and early phase explosive voluntary force production may limit their use to measuring group as opposed to individual responses to an intervention. Muscle Nerve 46: 566–576, 2012
Mechanisms of action of botulinum neurotoxins, β3‐adrenergic receptor agonists, and PDE5 inhibitors in modulating detrusor function in overactive bladders: ICI‐RS 2011
Authors: Kanai Anthony , Zabbarova Irina , Oefelein Michael , Radziszewski Piotr , Ikeda Youko , Andersson Karl‐Erik
Published: January 2012

Background

Botulinum neurotoxins type A (BoNT/A), β3‐adrenergic receptor agonists, and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are promising agents that mitigate lower urinary tract symptoms by attenuating the sensory system. However, whether they act directly on afferent nerves or indirectly through the other cell types is unclear.

Methods

Spinal cord transected female mice were used as a model for neurogenic bladder overactivity. In vivo methods utilized decerebrate mouse cystometry. In vitro approaches included optical mapping of Ca2+ transient, single unit afferent nerve recordings and tension measurements from bladder sheets and wall cross‐sections. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure the expression of β3‐adrenergic receptors on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons.

Results

Our unique approaches revealed the direct effects of BoNT/A in inhibiting neuropeptide release and firing rates in afferents following bladder injections. β3‐adrenergic receptor agonists are demonstrated to directly inhibit afferent nerve firing independent of the relaxing effects on bladder smooth muscle. Moreover, data suggest the expression of these receptors on DRG neurons that send projections to the bladder. The mechanism of action of PDE5 inhibitors on bladder overactivity is discussed.

Discussion

The questions raised during the plenary session of the 2011 International Consultation on Incontinence‐Research Society meeting regarding the benefits of BoNT/A, β3‐adrenergic receptor agonist and PDE5 inhibitor treatments of overactive bladder are addressed.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that the abovementioned agents, in low enough concentrations, can directly inhibit afferent excitability without decreasing detrusor contractility. Accordingly, they have considerable potential for treating the sensory component of lower urinary tract dysfunctions. Neurourol. Urodynam. 31:300–308, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developing a validated urinary diary: Phase 1
Authors: Bright Elizabeth , Cotterill Nikki , Drake Marcus , Abrams Paul
Published: January 2012

Aims

To develop and validate a urinary diary, using the psychometric validation protocol applied to all International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire (ICIQ) modules.

Methods

Patient and clinician opinion was sought on diary content, format, and duration using interviews and questionnaires. Content deemed essential for inclusion were incorporated into four draft diary formats (Phase 1a). Four rounds of content validation using patient‐completed diaries or patient interviews and one round of clinician opinion were undertaken, before a consensus was achieved (Phase 1b).

Results

Phase 1a: 27 patients were interviewed and 30 clinicians returned a questionnaire regarding diary content, format and duration. Content deemed essential for inclusion was identified. Patients reported no format preference but preferred a diary of ≤7 days. Clinicians preferred a 3‐day diary in single sheet format. Phase 1b: 75 of 200 (37.5%) patients returned completed draft diaries. Equal preference for the two portrait format diaries was expressed. Twenty‐six clinicians returned a questionnaire regarding their preference for either of these two options, with 69% (18/26) selecting the one with a printed 24‐hr clock. Optimal diary duration was 4 days. Frequency, voided volume, fluid intake (amount, time and type), time of incontinence episode, and bladder sensation were supported for inclusion in the final diary.

Conclusions

Diary content, format, and duration deemed essential by both patients and clinicians have been identified in this preliminary phase, allowing the formation of a draft urinary diary. Further tests of diary validity, reliability and responsiveness will be evaluated in Phase 2 of the study. Neurourol. Urodynam. 31:625–633, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
COMRADES OR CULPRITS? DONOR ENGAGEMENT AND BUDGET TRANSPARENCY IN AID‐DEPENDENT COUNTRIES
Authors: de Renzio Paolo , Angemi Diego
Published: January 2012

Budget transparency has come to be considered a key aspect of governance. Over the past decade, donors have invested increasing resources in strengthening processes through which budget transparency in developing countries can be enhanced. According to the 2008 Open Budget Index (OBI) Report, however, aid dependency and budget transparency appear to be inversely correlated. This article looks at the role of donor agencies in promoting or preventing budget transparency in aid‐dependent countries. It looks at significant correlations across the whole sample of 84 countries covered in the 2008 OBI, and analyzes more specific data for a sub‐sample of 16 aid‐dependent countries, before selecting six countries for which more detailed findings are then presented. All of these countries have implemented reforms aimed at enhancing budget transparency, with substantial donor support. These, however, often had only limited success, partly because they were not well adapted to the local context, and partly because donors put limited emphasis on improving public access to budget information. Donor efforts were also often offset by other characteristics of donor interventions, namely their fragmentation, lack of transparency, and limited use of programme aid modalities such as budget support and pooled sector funding. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Indications for antimicrobial prescribing in European nursing homes: results from a point prevalence survey
Authors: Latour Katrien , Catry Boudewijn , Broex Elisabeth , Vankerckhoven Vanessa , Muller Arno , Stroobants Rudi , Goossens Herman , Jans Béatrice ,   On behalf of the European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption Project Group
Published: January 2012

Purpose

In light of the emerging problem with multiresistant microorganisms in nursing homes (NHs), the European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption NH subproject was set up to measure and describe antimicrobial use across Europe. The aim of this paper was to investigate the indications for antimicrobial use and hence identify targets for quality improvement.

Methods

Data were obtained from a point prevalence survey conducted in 323 NHs across 21 European countries. A resident questionnaire had to be completed for each resident receiving an antimicrobial, collecting data such as compound name and indication for antimicrobial prescribing. Four main indications for antimicrobial use were recorded: nasal decolonisation of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage with mupirocin, prophylactic, empirical, and microbiologically documented treatments. The latter three treatment types were further subdivided according to the targeted infections.

Results

In total, 1966 residents were treated with 2046 antimicrobials. Empirical treatments were most common (54.4% of all antimicrobial therapies; prevalence: 3.39 per 100 eligible residents), followed by prophylactic (28.8%; prevalence: 1.87%) and microbiologically documented (16.1%; prevalence: 1.01%) regimes. MRSA decolonisation with nasal mupirocin (0.7%; prevalence: 0.02%) was uncommon. Antimicrobials were most frequently prescribed for the prevention or treatment of urinary (49.5%; prevalence: 3.23%) and respiratory (31.8%; prevalence: 1.81%) tract infections. A very high proportion of uroprophylaxis was reported (25.6% of all prescribed antimicrobials; prevalence: 1.67%).

Conclusions

The indications for antimicrobial prescribing varied markedly between countries. We identified uroprophylaxis as a possible target for quality improvement. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Avian predators as a biological control system of common vole (Microtus arvalis) populations in north‐western Spain: experimental set‐up and preliminary results
Authors: Paz Alfonso , Jareño Daniel , Arroyo Leticia , Viñuela Javier , Arroyo Beatriz , Mougeot François , Luque‐Larena Juan José , Fargallo Juan Antonio
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND: Ecologically based rodent pest management using biological control has never been evaluated for vole plagues in Europe, although it has been successfully tested in other systems. The authors report on the first large‐scale replicated experiment to study the usefulness of nest‐box installation for increasing the breeding density of common kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) and barn owls (Tyto alba) as a potential biological control of common vole (Microtus arvalis) abundance in agricultural habitats in north‐western Spain.

RESULTS: The results show that: (1) population density of both predator species increased in response to both nest‐site availability and vole density; (2) voles are a major prey for the common kestrels during the breeding period; (3) vole density during the increase phase of a population cycle may be reduced in crop fields near nest boxes.

CONCLUSION: The installation of nest boxes provides nesting sites for barn owls and kestrels. Kestrel populations increased faster than in areas without artificial nests, and the common vole was one of their main prey during the breeding season. The results suggest that local (field) effects could be found in terms of reduced vole density. If so, this could be an environmentally friendly and cheap vole control technique to be considered on a larger scale. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry