bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mental Health Outcomes Following Recent Parental Divorce
Authors: COONEY TERESA M. , KURZ JANE
Published: March 2007

The role of parental divorce in young adult adjustment has been overlooked in the divorce and developmental literature. This study addresses the association between recent parental divorce and mental health outcomes in young adults aged 18 to 23. Divorce decrees and driver's license registries in a single state were used to draw a sample of 485 White young adults, half of whom had experienced parental divorce within 15 months of the interview and the other half whose parents were still married. Comparison of the two groups indicated that at the bivariate level, parental divorce was associated with poorer mental health outcomes, but only among females. Furthermore, multivariate models estimating depression levels among these youth indicated that the significant effect of parental divorce on females was eliminated once parents' past marital quality was considered. Finally, the analyses indicated that dissatisfaction with current friendships or intimate relationships was predictive of greater depression in both sexes.
Market Child Care Versus Care by Relatives
Authors: KUHLTHAU KAREN , MASON KAREN OPPENHEIM
Published: March 2007

We study the determinants of whether mothers of preschool-aged children use market child care versus care by relatives to assess the importance of economics versus preferences. The evidence suggests that employed mothers turn to relatives for child care partly out of preference, not just because relatives are inexpensive. Public policies that encourage the use of relatives for child care might therefore increase parental satisfaction and quality of care. The analysis finds substantially similar results for African American and other women, but the results for employed mothers differ from those for nonemployed women, who appear to use child care primarily to enhance child development.
Work and Family Policy in Canada
Authors: SKRYPNEK BERNA J. , FAST JANET E.
Published: March 2007

Canada has a complex web of social and economic policies that have an impact on family members' abilities to manage the interface between work and family life. This article reviews existing work and family policy in Canada and identifies problems many Canadians experience in struggling to meet the competing demands of work and family life. Using Eichler's models of the family (patriarchal, individual responsibility, and social responsibility) and three conceptual models of the relationship between work and family (separate sphere, spillover effects, and interactive), implicit assumptions about the family and the nature of the work-family relationship underlying Canadian policy are discussed. It is argued that one of the reasons existing policy does not fully meet the needs of Canadians is that it is based on outdated assumptions about the family and the nature of the work-family interface. Recommendations for policy reform are offered.
Family Privacy
Authors: BERARDO FELIX M.
Published: March 2007

Privacy is examined within the context of marriage and the family. The relative invisibility of significant intrafamilial transaction is used to explain part of our pluralistic ignorance concerning the psychosocial dimensions of this basic unit of society. Based on a framework of concepts derived from the social sciences, both the functional and dysfunctional aspects of familial autonomy are elaborated, with particular emphasis given to marital interaction. The general erosion of privacy in the United States is analyzed in terms of its potential for disrupting the traditional right of the family to control the amount and type of information it is willing to reveal to outsiders and when, as well as under what conditions and to whom it is disposed to make such disclosures. A systematic effort to specify the changing dimensions of family privacy is called for.
Self-Regulation and Self-Worth of Black Children Reared in Economically Stressed, Rural, Single Mother-Headed Families
Authors: MURRY VELMA McBRIDE , BRODY GENE H.
Published: March 2007

Risk and protective factors were examined to identify processes in rural, single-parent, Black families that are linked with positive child outcomes. Results can be linked to the competency and resiliency models. Protective domains promoted greater child selfregulation, with parenting protective factors promoting greater self-regulation than child and community protection. Maternal risk had the greatest negative effect on child selfworth. Results also revealed that protective factors moderate the relationship between risk factors and child outcomes. The association between risk factors and self-regulation was low when protection was high and was significant when protection was low. Furthermore, protective factors seem to insulate boys in high-risk settings more than girls in similar environments. These findings highlight the important role of protective factors in promoting successful development of Black children reared in economically stressed rural, single-parent families and the extent to which protective factors insulate and buffer risk factors that might otherwise compromise these children's development.
Getting Help With Housework
Authors: SPITZE GLENNA
Published: March 2007

Research on household labor typically has focused on housework performed by spouses, occasionally including children and other household members. Help from outsiders has been studied separately in research on kin networks or paid help. The author investigate conditions under which households receive outside formal or informal help using data for a probability sample of middle-aged and older persons living in a variety of household types. Most housework is performed by household members; outside help with cleaning, yard care, and/or household repair is most common. Households are most likely to accomplish housework internally when they include married couples and more adult members and members of both sexes, there are fewer children, housing is owner occupied, and members are younger and healthier. Higher income increases formal help, whereas local adult children increase informal help. Involvement in other kin, friendship, or neighborhood networks does not influence patterns of housework help.
In Search of Women Athletes
Authors: Billings Andrew C.
Published: March 2007

In the final year of the 20th century, television’s ESPN network conducted a survey that determined the 100 greatest athletes of the 1900s. Although any list can be critiqued for accuracy and fairness, noticeably absent were women athletes, who constituted just 8% of the list. Because ESPN’s list shades the way future generations will characterize the 20th century, criticism of ESPN’s list is of importance to sports scholars, historians, sports fans, and the American citizen as a whole. This article lists several possible reasons for the lack of women on the Top-100 list. However, the author ultimately argues that when analyzing history, the shaping of cultural events to fit collective memory often allows the person shaping the event to revert back to biases present in the day the events took place.
Leaving the Disability Ghetto
Authors: Page Stephen J. , O’Connor Edmund , Peterson Kirk
Published: March 2007

Authors have hypothesized that athletes with disabilities exhibit differential levels of achievement motivation but have not allowed for firsthand information from the athletes themselves concerning why they actually participate in sport or how their own histories have influenced their decisions. The purpose of this study was to query the reasons six elite athletes with disabilities cited for participating in sport using interview questions based on the Sport Orientation Questionnaire. Thematic analysis indicated that participation provided a means of affirming competence and being considered a serious competitor, providing a common social outlet for individuals who are disabled, promoting fitness, and delaying the effects of disability. The ways in which sport participation can offer an ameliorative outlet for individuals with disabilities are discussed.
The Collegiate Athletic Arms Race: Origins and Implications of the "Rule 48" Controversy
Authors: Edwards Harry
Published: March 2007

The passage of Rule 48 by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) pro voked the most heated racial debate within the organization since the onset of widespread collegiate sports integration during the late 1960s and early 1970s. At the core of the controversy are concerns over the legislation's anticipated financial and academic conse quences for those Division I institutions which have traditionally set less stringent academic standards for athletes' admissions and sports participation. Predominantly Black institu tions' efforts to establish and maintain parity with predominantly White institutions in the race to recruit "blue-chip" Black athletes is examined within the context of Rule 48's implica tions. The forces precipitating Rule 48 and those complicating its equitable implementation are shown to be rooted in the traditions and ongoing character of interracial relations in American sport and society. And, finally, problems of academic quality and integrity in collegiate sports are revealed to be only part of a much broader and potentially more devastating crisis afflicting education in America.
Opportunity and Work Behavior in College Coaching
Authors: Knoppers Annelies , Meyer Barbara Bedker , Ewing Marty , Forrest Linda
Published: March 2007

Opportunity for mobility and growth plays a large part in determining work behavior such as aspirations, satisfaction and work exit (Kanter, 1977). To have opportunity means to have many viable career and financial options, to have access to information on new job vacancies and to receive informal training. In this paper we explore the gendering of opportunity and of work behavior in Division I college coaching. The sample consisted of 947 coaches who responded to a questionnaire. Opportunity was assessed through access to positions, opportunities for income, channels to job information and frequency of feedback from supervisors. Career aspiration degree of satisfaction and likelihood of exit were the measures of work behavior. The results indicated that the work behaviors of the sample were those of people in low opportunity jobs and that the opportunities for women in college athletics were more circumscribed than those for men. The results were discussed in the context of Kanter's (1977) theory of gendered work behavior in male dominated organizations.
Emotional Responses to the Sports Page
Authors: Wann Daniel L. , Branscombe Nyla R.
Published: March 2007

Spectators' emotional responses during actual competitions and attributions for game outcomes have been previously examined. In the current research, emotional responses of fans either high or low in identification with a team were measured after they simply read a newspaper article written by another fan of their team or a fan of a competing team. The author was described as either loyal or disloyal to his own team following a competition that was either won or lost in overtime. As hypothesized, persons with varying degrees of identification with the team exhibited different patterns of reactions to the article. For highly identified persons, the most positive mood state followed exposure to a sports article that described a victory for the ingroup whose author was also an admitted loyal fan of the same team. The most negative affect was evoked when the author of the article was a disloyal fan of the subjects' favorite team and the competition was lost. This pattern was not found for individuals low in identification with the team. They were not significantly influenced by the game outcome, group membership of the author, or the author's degree of commitment to the team. Implications for research on sports spectators, exposure to sports news, and emotion regulation are discussed.
TELEVISING INTERNATIONAL SPORT: RACE, ETHNICITY, AND NATIONALISTIC BIAS
Authors: Sabo Don , Jansen Sue Curry , Tate Danny , Duncan Margaret Carlisle , Leggett Susan
Published: March 2007

This study used both qualitative and quantitative analyses to discern whether the narratives, metaphors, framing devices, and production practices in televised international athletic events differed by the race, ethnicity, or nationality of athletes. About 340 hours of videotapes of 7 televised international athletic events were used to study key aspects of production: (a) commentator descriptions of 161 athletes in 31 competitions, (b) 30 personal interviews drawn from 3 of the events under study, and (c) 5 opening and closing segments that commonly unify themes and metaphors and that produce the look of an event. Six major findings include the following: (a) efforts were made to provide fair treatment of athletes, (b) the treatment of race and ethnicity varied across productions, (c) little evidence of negative representations of Black athletes, (d) representations of Asian athletes drew on cultural stereotypes, (e) representations of Latino-Hispanic athletes were mixed, and (f) nationalistic bias was evident.
THE BAN ON DRUGS IN SPORTS
Authors: Black Terry , Pape Amelia
Published: March 2007

This article analyses the ban on drugs in sport from a market perspective. It argues that the ban can only be justified if the following three requirements are fulfilled: (a) There must be a persistent and widespread problem with the market solution, (b) the introduction of a ban must be able to reduce the market problem, and (c) the value of resources used up enforcing the ban must be less than the value of resources used up by the market problem. The evidence presented suggests that there is not a problem with the market. It is demonstrated that in the absence of a ban on drugs, fair contests result because any advantage gained from taking drugs is competed away. It is also concluded that the removal of the ban would improve athletes' health because they could have access to medical advice and supervision. The authors conclude that the ban is not justified.
IF YOU FILM IT, WILL THEY COME?
Authors: Rowe David
Published: March 2007

Sports is an important subject for film, offering opportunities for the screen exploration and representation of action, drama, character, and so on. This article pursues the question of what the domain of sports offers to film, and which features of sports are selected and highlighted by it. There is a brief examination of the concept of film genre and of whether a sports film genre can be said to exist. Particular attention is given to how the dominant mythologies of sports shape its filmic treatment and how they are related to issues of power and social reproduction (mainly through a preliminary discussion of the “post-American” baseball film). It is thereby hoped to initiate greater dialogue about the relationships between sports, film, culture, social structure, and ideology.
Who’s the Man? Sammy Sosa, Latinos, and Televisual Redefinitions of the “American” Pastime
Authors: Juffer Jane
Published: March 2007

Latino and Latin American baseball players have expanded the boundaries of the “American pastime,” asserting their ethnic and national identities even while being accepted as representatives of the sport most closely aligned with a white United States identity. This redefinition is achieved in part via cable and satellite technologies that carry images of Latinos to homes throughout the United States at a time when the Latino population is growing and becoming more dispersed, raising the possibility that baseball will lessen racism and xenophobia. However, media coverage is at times nostalgic for a more bounded sense of home and nation and often emphasizes players’ individual mobility, erasing the economic and political conditions that have brought Latin American players to the United States. The author shows how these tensions play out in Chicago superstation WGN’s coverage of Cubs star Sammy Sosa, who has emerged as a national hero in both the U.S. and the Dominican Republic.
The Effects of Infant Day Care On Psychological Development
Authors: Kagan Jerome , Kearsley Richard B. , Zelazo Philip R.
Published: March 2007

A longitudinal investigation was designed to assess the psychological effects of an experimentally conducted day care program on children aged 3.5 to 29 months. The subjects were Chinese and Caucasian children from working- and middle-class families who were cared for at a special group care center five days a week; the major control group consisted of children reared totally at home and matched with the experimental children in terms of ethnicity, social class, and sex. Data gathered during the last two assessments, at age 20 and 29 months, revealed little difference between the day care and home control children with respect to cognitive functioning, language, attachment, separation protest, and play tempo; the only simple effect of rearing involved behavior with unfamiliar peers. There was a provocative interaction among ethnicity, social class, and rearing: among working-class Chinese children, the day care experience facilitated cognitive development and reduced apprehension in unfamiliar situations; this effect did not occur among Caucasians In general, the home environment seemed more influential in sculpting each child's early development than were day care experiences.
Racial Integration in Residential Neighborhoods
Authors: Heumann Leonard F.
Published: March 2007

Stable racial integration of residential neighborhoods has been studied using measures of physical distance, social distance, and type of neighborhood organization. All three concepts describe different dimensions of stable integration, but they are seldom com bined. When these concepts are interrelated, attainment of stable racial integration can be seen as a process, and a clearer continuum of interracial neighborhood types can be distinguished. This paper develops new measures of physical, social, and organizational integration which should allow more accurate analysis of the process by which neighbor hoods attain and maintain stable racial integration. These measures can aid social scientists and community planners m distinguishing those factors that predispose orfacilitate stable integration in a society where most institutional arrangements predispose segregated living.
Generalizing From Single Case Studies
Authors: Kennedy Mary M.
Published: March 2007

Although studies of single cases occur throughout research fields, they are only recently beginning to appear in evaluation. These studies are difficult to generalize from, because statistical techniques do not apply. This article offers a variety of suggestions for logically analyzing the relationship between a single case and a population so that reasonable generalizations may be possible. Methodologies used by clinicians and by court justices are also examined for their relevance to evaluation methodology.
The Summer Threshold Program
Authors: Santee Richard T. , Davis Barbara Gross
Published: March 2007

The Summer Threshold Program at the University of California at Berkeley provides entering freshmen with an introduction to college life. The program was evaluated using a variety of measures and data sources. Primary outcome variables centered on grade point averages and persistence levels of Threshold and non-Threshold freshmen. Other variables examined for program and comparison students include: expectations about college life, perceptions of first year at college, level of academic effort, faculty ratings of students' educational attitudes, and other attitudinal variables. Through comparative data, multiple measures, and longitudinal follow-up, useful conclusions were reached concerning the program's problems and successes.
The Power of t and Wilcoxon Statistics
Authors: Blair R.Clifford , Higgins J.J.
Published: March 2007

Computer-generated Monte Carlo techniques were used to assess the relative power of Wilcoxon's rank-sum test and the independent means t test under a certain mixed normal distribution. Results showed a very largepoweradvantagefor the Wilcoxon statistic. This indicates that the very large advantages promised by asymptotic theory may be obtained with samples of sizes commonly encountered in social science research.
Educational Evaluation and Shifting Youth Policy
Authors: Fuller Bruce
Published: March 2007

Social programs, including interventions helping disadvantaged youth, offer implicit models regarding what behavioral changes will cause various social and economic outcomes. Responding, in part, to the work of evaluators, federal and state youth policies advance different intervention models. This article reviews five causal metaphors running throughout youth employment and education programs: (1) The functionalist economic model, arguing that increased skills will improve youth employment; (2) the institutional socialization model, suggesting that earlier entrance to the "adult work world" will ease youth "transition"; (3) a psychosocial view of youth development, emphasizing the individual's sense of social efficacy in learning and work situations; (4) the subcultural model, pointing to the importance of local opportunity structures and social norms functional within specific subcultural conditions; and (5) a self-determined community development vision, urging local economic growth in disadvantaged areas. Evaluation evidence, increasingly abundant, should begin to look across these models to improve program strategies. A review of such research for youth employment efforts is included. When feasible, evaluation sponsors and evaluators should explicitly articulate programs' causal models to nurture broader theoretical understandings and minimize being overly confined within the immediate program model one is evaluating.
Juvenile Diversion
Authors: Severy Lawrence J. , Whitaker J. Michael
Published: March 2007

The desirability of combining tests of theory with evaluations of treatment modalities is argued in the context of an investigation of the effectiveness of a juvenile diversion program. More than 2000 Memphis-area youth participated in a true experimental design (with randomization) assigning youth to "penetrate" the traditional system, "services," or a control group "without services." Recidivism analyses dependent on court record data consistently failed to demonstrate the relative superiority of any of the three treatment approaches on outcome measures of dichotomous recidivism status, total number of recidivating offenses, and days of successfully avoiding rearrest.
Energy Cost Control in Nonprofit Multifamily Housing
Authors: Egel Kenneth S.
Published: March 2007

During 1981, Berkeley Planning Associates designed and field-tested a model for comprehensive energy management in nonprofit student, elderly, and government- assisted multifamily housing. The model was tested with the University Students' Cooperative Association of Berkeley, California, the largest nonprofit student housing cooperative in North America. The program included extensive energy auditing and past consumption data analyses, conservation workshops and seminars for residents, mod ification of energy billing systems, and the installation of energy-saving equipment in the test buildings. Overall energy use in the test buildings was reduced by 24.1% as compared to a 0% change in consumption for the control building sample. Projected annual dollar savings for the test buildings totaled $36, 750. The simple payback period for energy-saving equipment installed in the test buildings (excluding labor) was 1.3 months. The article examines the model developed and implemented and discusses the factors most responsible for program success.
The Correction for Guessing
Authors: Tallmadge G. Kasten
Published: March 2007

There are many situations in which the so-called correction for guessing does not fulfill its intended function. One such situation that has received little, if any, attention in the literature occurs when test takers who have nothing to gain from scoring well respond randomly to questions they could have answered correctly had they tried. Under such circumstances, the raw score is likely to underestimate the test takers' true abilities. Applications of the correction for guessing will only exacerbate the problem that already exists. If random responding is more prevalent in the control than in the treatment group, the correction for guessing will inflate treatment-effect estimates that may already be spuriously high.
Use of Synthetic Data in Dealing With Self-Selection
Authors: Hirst Eric , Trimble John , Goeltz Richard , Cardell N. Scott
Published: March 2007

Because energy conservation programs are generally voluntary, participating households are different from nonparticipants in important, energy-related ways. This self-selection bias complicates efforts to estimate energy savings due to these programs. This article discusses several methods for dealing with self-selection. The choices include nonrandom sampling of program nonparticipants, binary choice models that explicitly treat house hold decisions to participate and to retrofit, or use of both methods. Because some of the methods discussed are new and have not yet been applied to analysis of energy conserva tion programs, we developed a "synthetic "data set. We conducted numerical experiments with this data to examine the performance of these different methods. These experiments show that the improved sample design and analytical techniques generally yield more accurate estimates of program energy savings. Our experience also suggests that a small, well-defined synthetic data set is helpful in developing, debugging, and evaluating soft ware associated with new analytical approaches.
Toward a Coherent View of Evaluation
Authors: Sherrill Sam
Published: March 2007

The view of evaluation presented here is based on the expansion of outcome evaluation to include estimations of unintended outcomes. Projections of these outcomes into thefuture are also part of the expanded scope of outcome evaluation. Once identified as either private, merit, or public goods, benefit-cost analysis is then used to estimate the economic values of both types of projected outcomes. Human rights are identified as a separate way of valuing projected outcomes, distinct from, and in addition to, their monetary worth. In both cases we are interested in the impact of all discernable outcomes, so valued, on the level and distribution of income and rights. Kuhn's systems model of organizations is offered as a way of specifying the organizational function of evaluation. Essentially, evaluation provides information on the interaction of the organization, as a system, with its environment. This information is used by decision-makers to adaptively respond to the environmental conditions of the organization.
An Evaluation Model for Manpower Training Program Managers
Authors: Lawther Wendell C. , Gromelski Raymond A.
Published: March 2007

Recent manpower training evaluation studies focus primarily on program impact while examining the actual training process to varying degrees. They offer little, however, that can directly benefit the local program manager. After categorizing recent studies using a "production model, "this study illustrates how local program managers can evaluate their programs in ways that will significantly contribute to greater program effectiveness. An alternative, nonstatistical methodology relates the interaction of specific training pro grams and participant characteristics to long-term impacts. Using actual data from a Hampton, Virginia prime sponsor, guidelines for program planning are suggested.
Evaluating Emergency Programs
Authors: Vosburgh William W. , Baker Timothy , Cornelius Sandra S.
Published: March 2007

Emergency programs, which often call for exceptions to ordinary rules and procedures and flexible, short-term, reactive activities that preempt attention from overall ends, pose special problems for both process and goal-attainment evaluations. An emergency is defined as: (1) a change in life circumstances so that individuals who could ordinarily cope can no longer do so without additional resources, and (2) a situation from which life-threatening or dangerous consequences are thought to flow. Relaxed standards are suggested in areas of targeting and coverage, equity, and efficiency. Such important secondary gains as development of community resources, establishing and reinforcing service networks, problem identification, and advocacy should be included in any general evaluation.
Multimethod Assessment of a Child-Care Demonstration Project for Afdc Recipient Families
Authors: Neenan Peter A. , Bowen Gary L.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the development of a multifaceted evaluative strategy designed to assess the effects of the offer of guaranteed subsidized child care on the subsequent attainment of welfare independence and aggregate welfare expenditures for Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) recipients with preschool-age children. The rationale for the evaluation approach ultimately adopted proceeds from the recognition that multimethod, triangulated research designs have the potential to be methodologically superior to single-method approaches. This description of the evaluation design, including a discussion of the presenting issue and the evaluation context, is intended as a catalyst to social scientists to develop more complex and multifaceted evaluation designs in social service research.
Statisticaland Demographic Issues Underlying Voting Rights Cases
Authors: Rubinfeld Daniel L.
Published: March 2007

This article serves as an introduction to a symposium that was organized with the goal of ex plicating, discussing, and evaluating the validity of the most important statistical and demo graphic issues that have been raised in voting rights cases. The article outlines, discusses, and evaluates the issues surrounding a recent voting rights case in Los Angeles, Garza v. County of Los Angeles.
Pretrial Home Detention With Electronic Monitoring
Authors: Maxfield Michael G. , Baumer Terry L.
Published: March 2007

The problem of overcrowding in U.S. state and federal prisons and jails has prompted searches for alternatives to incarceration for persons already sentenced or awaiting trial. One of the most visible alternatives adopted is electronically monitored home detention, or "house arrest. " This article reports on one study conducted in Indianapolis, Indiana to evaluate the effectiveness of electronically monitored home detention for 224 defendants awaiting resolution of charges against them. Tracking of those in the program revealed that successful completion of monitored detention was more likely if the person had (a) a suitable living arrangement, where parents or a spouse also lived, and (b) a criminal record, if any, consisting of only minor offenses. The importance of defendant screening, organization and effective management of the monitoring, and program coordination among involved judges, prosecutors, and otheragents is emphasized.
Stakeholder Information Needs
Authors: Lobosco Anna F. , Newman Dianna L.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effect of variations of program evaluation purpose and methodology on decision-making information needs of various stakeholders. Respondents provided one of three levels of service in the context of early childhood special education. The results generally supported the hypothesis that program evaluation purpose (formative or summative) and methodological approach (quantitative or qualitative) differentially affect the decision-making information needs of individuals responsible for different levels of service provision (adminis trative, direct service, or parental). These results have clear implications for evaluation practice and policy development in early childhood special education.
Reliability and Validity of Retrospective Behavioral Self-Report By Narcotics Addicts
Authors: Anglin M. Douglas , Hser Yih-Ing , Chou Chih-Ping
Published: March 2007

Issues related to the reliability and validity of self-reported behavior within a deviant population are examined using data obtained from narcotics addicts in two face-to-face interviews conducted 10 years apart. The same measures of behavioral self-report for an overlapping period of 4-5 years were collected at each interview and were analyzed within a test-retest design. Agreement between measures obtained at the two recall points was reasonably good except for low-frequency behaviors and for measures of income and monetary costs. The correlation coefficients of the intervariable relationships measured at each interview increased as the constituent item reliabilities increased. Urinalyses conducted at each interview generally validated recent self-reported narcotics use.
Expanding the Role of Program Evaluation in Social Welfare Policy Analysis
Authors: Unrau Yvonne A.
Published: March 2007

Program evaluation is integral to the policy analysis process in social services. Increasingly, program administrators and policymakers rely on program evaluation results for making micro- and macro-level decisions about client services. This article examines the role of program evaluation in relationship to several dimensions of policy analysis and suggests that program evaluation is most persuasive as a component of the policy process when its role is clearly understood. Such clarity can be achieved by using the program mandate to guide evaluation activity and including frontline practitioners in developing program evaluation models.
Estimating the Cost-Effectiveness of Coordinated DSM Programs
Authors: Hill Lawrence J. , Brown Marilyn A.
Published: March 2007

Coordinated demand-side management (DSM) programs—jointly funded, designed, and implemented by government agencies and electric and gas utilities—are likely to become much more widespread in the future. Because of the comingling of government and private funds in these types of programs, estimating their cost-effectiveness for electric and gas utilities is more difficult than for typically utility-run DSM programs. In this article, we describe and illustrate a methodology for estimating the cost-efffectiveness of coordinated programs from the standpoint of the electric or gas utility. Although the discussion is limited to DSM programs cofunded by government and electric and gas utilities, the principles can be used for other types of programs cofunded by the government and firms in the private sector.
An Illustration of Item Homoge-Neity Scaling and Multilevel Analysis Techniques in the Evaluation of Drug Prevention Programs
Authors: Kreft Ita G.G.
Published: March 2007

Many reports of successful school-based intervention programs can be criticized for their choice of a unit of analysis and for the neglect of measurement errors. This article is an illustration of how different conclusions can be reached from different choices of units of analyses and/or of different treatment of the data. This is done by a reanalysis of a well-reported data set. The data is thoroughly taken apart, using different statistical techniques. The result of the analyses shows that earlier reported effects of a normative school-based drug prevention program were not found. The subsequent search for moderator effects of the same program, such as a lowering effect on the relationship between the pre- and posttest or on the relationship between respon dents' use and the use of their fnends, was not successful either. It is concluded that the null hypothesis of zero effects should be retained. More successful was a search for individual charac teristics that show significant relationships with respondents'alcohol use. Among them was the abuse of alcohol by adults in respondents' direct social environment and the use of friends.
Illuminating Crime
Authors: Quinet Kenna Davis , Nunn Samuel
Published: March 2007

This study reports on an evaluation of the effects of street lights on crime in several Indianapolis neighborhoods. Crime was measured in terms of calls for police service (CFS). Using a quasi- experimental design, we performed analyses on four multiblock areas, three intersections, and two aggregated address groups. Two control areas were matched to two multiblock areas that re ceived enhanced lighting. Of the nine target areas, six showed evidence of lower CFS volumes after more lighting. We analyzed the mean weekly CFS in the pre- and postinstallation periods. Two lighted areas had a lower mean weekly CFS after installation. The more illuminated target area experienced a greater reduction in average CFS for property and miscellaneous crimes than did the control area.
Social Support and Positive Health Practices
Authors: McNicholas Suzanne Lamb
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between positive health practices and social support, self-esteem, and optimism. The relationships between social support and self-esteem and between social support and optimism were also examined. Two alternative mediational models, with self-esteem in Model 1 and optimism in Model 2, were tested to help explain the relationship between social support and positive health practices in middle-age adults. The sample of 202 middle-age adults completed a demographic data sheet, the Personal Lifestyle Questionnaire, Personal Resource Questionnaire85-Part 2, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Revised Life Orientation Test. The five correlational hypotheses were supported. Social support, self-esteem, and optimism were all positively related to positive health practices, and social support was positively related to self-esteem and optimism. The two mediational models tested with regression analyses were not supported.
Development and Testing of a Family Nursing Scale
Authors: Åstedt-Kurki Päivi , Tarkka Marja-Terttu , Paavilainen Eija , Lehti Kristiina
Published: March 2007

A methodological study was conducted to test the psychometric properties of the Family Functioning, Health, and Social Support (FAFHES) Instrument to be used with families of heart patients. A total of 109 initial items were developed based on knowledge generated by three Finnish academic dissertations concerning family functioning, health, and social support provided by nurses. Data were collected from family members of 161 heart patients. Principal component analysis was performed in each of three total scales: family functioning, family health, and social support. The scales had acceptable reliability (alpha coefficients ranged from .73 to .95). Internal consistency reliability and content validity of the FAFHES have initial support. Results obtained from this study support that this instrument is ready for use in research in which the investigator wishes to measure social support associated with family functioning and the health of families of heart patients.
The Self, Health, and Depression in Elderly Women
Authors: Heidrich Susan
Published: March 2007

A short-term, longitudinal, survey study was conducted to examine relationships among actual and ideal self conceptions, physical health, and depression in 149 community-dwelling elderly women. Two theoretical perspectives regarding the self were compared, women's self-development and lifespan developmental theory. As predicted by theories of women's development, relationships with others emerged as a salient aspect of the self in elderly women. Regression analyses indicated that actual and ideal self-conceptions were predicted by depression, but not generally by physical health status. Thus, physical health problems were not global in their effects on the various dimensions of the self in elderly women, but depression was.
Respiratory Responses to Unsupported Arm Lifts Paced During Expiration
Authors: Breslin Eileen H. , Garoutte Bill C.
Published: March 2007

Unsupported arm exercise endurance is reduced in both normal subjects and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in association with an increase in dyspnea and alterations in the pattern of respiratory muscle recruitment. Some report greater difficulty carrying out arm activity paced during the expiratory phase of respiration rather than during inspiration. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of unsupported arm exercise lifts paced in phase with expiration (EUAL) on (a) diaphragm recruitment measured as the electromyographic amplitude (EMG-DI), (b) the pattern of thoracoabdominal motion measured with inductive plethysmography, and (c) the sensation of dyspnea measured with a 100 mm visual analog scale. Data were collected from 18 normal adult subjects at baseline and during EUAL When compared with rest, EUAL resulted in significant increases in mean inspiratory and expiratory diaphragm EMG amplitudes, dyssynchronous thoracoabdominal motion, and dyspnea intensity. These changes in diaphragm recruitment and thoracoabdominal motion may in part explain reports of increased dyspnea intensity with unsupported arm exercise.
Risking Involvement with Cancer Patients
Authors: Artinian Barbara M.
Published: March 2007

The helping relationship has been identified by Brammer (1988) as central to the practice of nursing. This study explored the process of developing special relationships with cancer patients. Interviews were conducted with 32 nursing personnel. The grounded theory method of constant comparative analysis was selected for this investigation. An open-ended interview guide explored the difference between the usual relationships nurses had and the special relationships they formed with selected patients. A basic psychosocial process, "risking involvement" in special relationships with cancer patients, was identified. The willingness to risk involvement took the forms of resisting involvement or practicing involvement.
Operationalization of a Nursing Model for Psychiatric Nursing Research
Authors: Zauszniewski Jaclene A.
Published: March 2007

Theoretical substruction provides aframeworkforderiving and operationalizing study variables related to abstract constructs identified in nursing theories. Moreover, substruction demonstrates the suitability of nursing models for empirical investigation and clinical application. In this paper theoretical substruction is used to illustrate the significance of Schlotfeldt's health-seeking model for nursing research and practice. From Schlotfeldt's model, study variables are derived and the theoretical-empirical consistency of an exemplary research design examining hypothesized relationships among study variables is described. The research design, grounded in explicit nursing theory, illustrates the investigation of phenomena of concern to the nursing discipline and promises results that will contribute to nursing knowledge development.
Hopefulness and its Characteristics in Adolescents with Cancer
Authors: Hinds Pamela S. , Quargnenti Alice , Fairclough Diane , Bush Andrew J. , Betcher Donna , Rissmiller Ginny , Pratt Charles B. , Gilchrist Gerald S. , McCown Darlene E.
Published: March 2007

Hopefulness in adolescents with cancer serves critical functions related to the adolescents’ sense of well-being and commitment to treatment. Given these critical functions, it is important to determine the essential characteristics of hopefulness, which include the degree and dynamism of hopefulness and the nature and attributes of hoped-for objects. The purposes of this two-site study were to describe the degree and dynamism of hopefulness at four time points during the first 6 months of adolescents’ treatment for newly diagnosed cancer, to identify and describe the adolescents’hoped-for objects, and to evaluate potential relationships between the characteristics of hopefulness and patient gender, age, diagnosis, and time point in treatment. Seventy-eight adolescents completed the Hopefulness Scale for Adolescents, the Hopelessness Scale, and the Hopefulness Interview Question at each time point. Hopefulness scores were higher and hopelessness scores substantially lower than reported in other tested samples. Adolescents identified a total of 57 different hopes. Differences by age, gender, and diagnosis were found.
Betty Crocker's Picture Cookbook:
Authors: Horner Jennifer R.
Published: March 2007

The first edition of Betty Crocker's Picture Cookbook was an immediate best-seller in 1950, and remains the second culinary best-seller of all time. This article discusses the historical significance of the ideological discourse embedded within Betty Crocker. Using a framework derived from ritual studies, the author argues that the text reflects the cultural preoccupation with women's roles after the end of World War II. Through word and image, Betty Crocker's Picture Cookbook symbolically connects the domestic practice of modern women's cookery to the birth of the United States and, in turn, to the postwar renewal of the nation. The postwar reversal of women's wartime gains in the workplace and in the public sphere can be contextualized as a ritual response to wartime destruction. The author argues that the cultural phenomenon later identified as the feminine mystique by Friedan can be seen as a ritual response to perceived crises of returning servicemen and postwar social upheavals. Through examination of popular texts such as Betty Crocker, the ritual mechanisms for social change can be imagined and discussed.
“Smile While I Cut Your Throat”: Mass Media, Myth, and the Contested “Harmonization” of the Working Class
Authors: Tracy James F.
Published: March 2007

This article uses the present political economy of communication as a vantage point from which to examine the issue of alternative media, dominant power relations, and the ideological constructs arising from and perpetuated by such relations. An exercise in antilabor public relations, or “scientific strikebreaking,” is examined and juxtaposed with how such messages were received by a working-class community during the 1930s as evidenced in the editorial commentary and reportage of its labor newspaper. A theoretical approach that provides for the consideration of psychic and material domination through myth and discursive resistance to such domination provides a framework within which to examine the dialectical exchange. The contested meaning of “harmony” and similar contradictory themes of the advertising suggests the emergence of a working-class consciousness at a specific historical juncture and points to the importance of alternative media locally and nationally. Furthermore, previous studies of business-sponsored propaganda campaigns in the 1930s and 1940s have not considered to any significant degree how working-class people and their media interpreted and resisted these and similar messages on an immediate level.
Criminal Investigations and Spiritual Quests: The X-Files as an Example of Hegemonic Concordance in a Mass-Mediated Society
Authors: Westerfelhaus Robert , Combs Teresa A.
Published: March 2007

Disillusioned by science's betrayal of its promise of unlimited progress and dissatisfied with the world it helped create, many Westerners have spurned science and turned to nonscientific ways of knowing. The X-Files, a television series broadcast on the Fox network, is a site where the tension between Western science and nonscientific ways of knowing is dramatically depicted. The present study explores this tension using Condit's model of hegemony in a mass-mediated society. Although the X-Files appears to challenge science's privileged position within Western culture as the sanctioned means of developing an understanding of and control over natural phenomena, this study suggests that the series actually reaffirms the dominance of science while acknowledging the presence of alternative ways of knowing, thus serving as an example of the kind of accommodation that Condit says makes hegemonic concordance possible.