bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Danish Cartoon Controversy and the Challenges of Multicultural Politics
Authors: Warner Carolyn M.
Published: September 2011

Jytte Klausen's The Cartoons That Shook the World offers an interesting political science account of the Danish cartoon controversy and of a broader set of tensions between multiculturalism, civility, and freedom of expression. The book is also a fascinating case study of how political science can itself become the object of dispute, due to Yale University Press' decision to publish the book without any reproductions of the controversial cartoons.

We have thus asked a range of political scientists to comment on the Danish cartoon imbroglio, the book's analysis of it, and the controversy over the book itself.—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
Health care and global justice
Authors: Kirby Michael
Published: September 2011

After outlining his experience in the world of bioethics, the author draws on his role in the UNESCO International Bioethics Committee to explain the new Universal Declaration of Bioethics, adopted by UNESCO in 2005. He describes it as the first global attempt to reconcile the differing sources of bioethical principles: health-care practice and experience and universal human rights. Whilst collecting, and accepting, some criticism of the text of the Declaration, the author sees its chief values as lying in the wider ethical issues that it reflected of concern to the community, the world and biosphere as well as in the adjustment of health-care approaches for consistency with the growing impact of universal human rights law. Whilst acknowledging the differing social experiences of people in different regions of the world, he invokes Amartya Sen to cast doubt on the notion of specific ‘Asian values’, whether in bioethics or human rights.
MIS and Illusions of Control: An Analysis of the Risks of Risk Management
Authors: Drummond Helga
Published: September 2011

Dysfunctional MIS is an important topic but one that has received comparatively little attention in the literature. This discussion paper attaches new literature to the subject. The new literature centres upon the epistemological status of certain forms of MIS. More specifically, it is argued that MIS, based upon metonymy (part for whole substitution), can seriously mislead managers because the representation gets mistaken for the reality. The demonstration is based on high level risk registers. Risk registers were selected for analysis because they are ubiquitous and important decision support systems. In theory, diligent use of risk registers should virtually eliminate unpleasant surprises. In practice, the result may be an illusion of control. Analysis draws upon sociology and psychology to explain why this may be so.
Intermolecular transmission of superoxide dismutase 1 misfolding in living cells
Authors: Grad Leslie I. , Guest Will C. , Yanai Anat , Pokrishevsky Edward , O'Neill Megan A. , Gibbs Ebrima , Semenchenko Valentyna , Yousefi Masoud , Wishart David S. , Plotkin Steven S. , Cashman Neil R.
Published: September 2011

Human wild-type superoxide dismutase-1 (wtSOD1) is known to coaggregate with mutant SOD1 in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS), in double transgenic models of FALS, and in cell culture systems, but the structural determinants of this process are unclear. Here we molecularly dissect the effects of intracellular and cell-free obligately misfolded SOD1 mutant proteins on natively structured wild-type SOD1. Expression of the enzymatically inactive, natural familial ALS SOD1 mutations G127X and G85R in human mesenchymal and neural cell lines induces misfolding of wild-type natively structured SOD1, as indicated by: acquisition of immunoreactivity with SOD1 misfolding-specific monoclonal antibodies; markedly enhanced protease sensitivity suggestive of structural loosening; and nonnative disulfide-linked oligomer and multimer formation. Expression of G127X and G85R in mouse cell lines did not induce misfolding of murine wtSOD1, and a species restriction element for human wtSOD1 conversion was mapped to a region of sequence divergence in loop II and β-strand 3 of the SOD1 β-barrel (residues 24–36), then further refined surprisingly to a single tryptophan residue at codon 32 (W32) in human SOD1. Time course experiments enabled by W32 restriction revealed that G127X and misfolded wtSOD1 can induce misfolding of cell-endogenous wtSOD1. Finally, aggregated recombinant G127X is capable of inducing misfolding and protease sensitivity of recombinant human wtSOD1 in a cell-free system containing reducing and chelating agents; cell-free wtSOD1 conversion was also restricted by W32. These observations demonstrate that misfolded SOD1 can induce misfolding of natively structured wtSOD1 in a physiological intracellular milieu, consistent with a direct protein–protein interaction.
Involvement of retinol dehydrogenase 10 in embryonic patterning and rescue of its loss of function by maternal retinaldehyde treatment
Authors: Rhinn Muriel , Schuhbaur Brigitte , Niederreither Karen , Dollé Pascal
Published: September 2011

Retinoic acid (RA), an active vitamin A metabolite, is a key signaling molecule in vertebrate embryos. Morphogenetic RA gradients are thought to be set up by tissue-specific actions of retinaldehyde dehydrogenases (RALDHs) and catabolizing enzymes. According to the species, two enzymatic pathways (β-carotene cleavage and retinol oxidation) generate retinaldehyde, the substrate of RALDHs. Placental species depend on maternal retinol transferred to the embryo. The retinol-to-retinaldehyde conversion was thought to be achieved by several redundant enzymes; however, a random mutagenesis screen identified retinol dehydrogenase 10 [

Rdh10
Trex

allele; Sandell LL, et al. (2007)
Genes Dev
21:1113–1124] as responsible for a homozygous lethal phenotype with features of RA deficiency. We report here the production and characterization of unique murine
Rdh10
loss-of-function alleles generated by gene targeting. We show that although
Rdh10
−/−
mutants die at an earlier stage than

Rdh10
Trex

mutants, their molecular patterning defects do not reflect a complete state of RA deficiency. Furthermore, we were able to correct most developmental abnormalities by administering retinaldehyde to pregnant mothers, thereby obtaining viable
Rdh10
−/−
mutants. This demonstrates the rescue of an embryonic lethal phenotype by simple maternal administration of the missing retinoid compound. These results underscore the importance of maternal retinoids in preventing congenital birth defects, and lead to a revised model of the importance of RDH10 and RALDHs in controlling embryonic RA distribution.
Aberrant AKT activation drives well-differentiated liposarcoma
Authors: Gutierrez Alejandro , Snyder Eric L. , Marino-Enriquez Adrian , Zhang Yi-Xiang , Sioletic Stefano , Kozakewich Elena , Grebliunaite Ruta , Ou Wen-bin , Sicinska Ewa , Raut Chandrajit P. , Demetri George D. , Perez-Atayde Antonio R. , Wagner Andrew J. , Fletcher Jonathan A. , Fletcher Christopher D. M. , Look A. Thomas
Published: September 2011

Well-differentiated liposarcoma (WDLPS), one of the most common human sarcomas, is poorly responsive to radiation and chemotherapy, and the lack of animal models suitable for experimental analysis has seriously impeded functional investigation of its pathobiology and development of effective targeted therapies. Here, we show that zebrafish expressing constitutively active
Akt2
in mesenchymal progenitors develop WDLPS that closely resembles the human disease. Tumor incidence rates were 8% in
p53
wild-type zebrafish, 6% in
p53
heterozygotes, and 29% in
p53
-homozygous mutant zebrafish (
P
= 0.013), indicating that aberrant Akt activation collaborates with
p53
mutation in WDLPS pathogenesis. Analysis of primary clinical specimens of WDLPS, and of the closely related dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS) subtype, revealed immunohistochemical evidence of AKT activation in 27% of cases. Western blot analysis of a panel of cell lines derived from patients with WDLPS or DDLPS revealed robust AKT phosphorylation in all cell lines examined, even when these cells were cultured in serum-free media. Moreover, BEZ235, a small molecule inhibitor of PI3K and mammalian target of rapamycin that effectively inhibits AKT activation in these cells, impaired viability at nanomolar concentrations. Our findings are unique in providing an animal model to decipher the molecular pathogenesis of WDLPS, and implicate AKT as a previously unexplored therapeutic target in this chemoresistant sarcoma.
Habitat Selection and Overlap of Atlantic Salmon and Smallmouth Bass Juveniles in Nursery Streams
Authors: Wathen Gus , Coghlan Stephen M. , Zydlewski Joseph , Trial Joan G.
Published: September 2011

Introduced smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu have invaded much of the historic freshwater habitat of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in North America, yet little is known about the ecological interactions between the two species. We investigated the possibility of competition for habitat between age‐0 Atlantic salmon and age‐0 and age‐1 smallmouth bass by means of in situ observations and a mesocosm experiment. We used snorkel observation to identify the degree and timing of overlap in habitat use in our in situ observations and to describe habitat shifts by Atlantic salmon in the presence of smallmouth bass in our mesocosm experiments. In late July 2008, we observed substantial overlap in the depths and mean water column velocities used by both species in sympatric in situ conditions and an apparent shift by age‐0 Atlantic salmon to shallower water that coincided with the period of high overlap. In the mesocosm experiments, we detected no overlap or habitat shifts by age‐0 Atlantic salmon in the presence age‐1 smallmouth bass and low overlap and no habitat shifts of Atlantic salmon and age‐0 smallmouth bass in fall 2009. In 2009, summer floods with sustained high flows and low temperatures resulted in the nearly complete reproductive failure of the smallmouth bass in our study streams, and we did not observe a midsummer habitat shift by Atlantic salmon similar to that seen in 2008. Although this prevented us from replicating our 2008 experiments under similar conditions, the virtual year‐class failure of smallmouth bass itself is enlightening. We suggest that future studies incorporate the effects of varying temperature and discharge to determine how abiotic factors affect the interactions between these species and thus mediate the outcomes of potential competition.
Relationship of External Fish Condition to Pathogen Prevalence and Out‐Migration Survival in Juvenile Steelhead
Authors: Hostetter Nathan J. , Evans A. F. , Roby D. D. , Collis K. , Hawbecker M. , Sandford B. P. , Thompson D. E. , Loge F. J.
Published: September 2011

Understanding how the external condition of juvenile salmonids is associated with internal measures of health and subsequent out‐migration survival can be valuable for population monitoring programs. This study investigated the use of a rapid, nonlethal, external examination to assess the condition of run‐of‐the‐river juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss migrating from the Snake River to the Pacific Ocean. We compared the external condition (e.g., body injuries, descaling, external signs of disease, fin damage, and ectoparasite infestations) with (1) the internal condition of a steelhead as measured by the presence of selected pathogens detected by histopathology and polymerase chain reaction analysis and (2) out‐migration survival through the Snake and Columbia rivers as determined by passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag technology. The results from steelhead captured and euthanized (n = 222) at Lower Monumental Dam on the lower Snake River in 2008 indicated that external condition was significantly correlated with selected measures of internal condition. The odds of testing positive for a pathogen were 39.2, 24.3, and 5.6 times greater for steelhead with severe or moderate external signs of disease or more than 20% descaling, respectively. Capture–recapture models of 22,451 PIT‐tagged steelhead released at Lower Monumental Dam in 2007–2009 indicated that external condition was significantly correlated with juvenile survival. The odds of out‐migration survival for steelhead with moderate or severe external signs of disease, more than 20% descaling, or severe fin damage were 5.7, 4.9, 1.6, and 1.3 times lower, respectively, than those for steelhead without these external conditions. This study effectively demonstrated that specific measures of external condition were associated with both the internal condition and out‐migration survival of juvenile steelhead.
Progress and Civilization in Nineteenth-Century Japan: The Far Eastern State as a Model for Modernization
Authors: Pistor-Hatam Anja
Published: September 2011

“It is true that the Japanese have copied Europe. There is no Such Obstacle there as in our case, for their religion is not so strong.” So said the famous Persian statesman Mirza Malkom Khan in an article that was published in an English journal in 1891. The first statement seems obvious enough, but what about the second? Is it true that the Japanese encountered no obstacles in their emulation of Europe? Even more fundamentally, why did Japan play so prominent a role in the eyes of Persian and Ottoman observers to begin with? Reform-minded statesmen and intellectuals in both countries looked to this Far Eastern state because it seemed so easily to take over European technologies and to avail itself of the progress led by the West.
Economic Activities of Safavid Women in the Shrine‐City of Ardabil
Authors: Zarinebaf‐Shahr Fariba
Published: September 2011

After more than half of theurdūhas gone by, the Shah's maidens pass on fine horses; and they ride like men and dress like men, except that on their heads they do not wear caps but white kerchiefs. And in the company of those maidens go 10 or 12 old men, who are calledīshīk-āqāsīs,that is masters of the house. And I have seen that there were about 14-15 of those maidens, and they were beautiful, though their faces could not be fully seen. But what could be seen was beautiful and very fair. And sometimes they galloped and performed marvels with their horses, making them jump and do many other skillful tricks. They went thus behind the court, where the Shah's tents were pitched. (Membré, the Venetian envoy in Maraghah, September 1539)

Despite extant, though often indirect references to women in manuscript and archival sources, modern historians of Safavid Iran have paid little attention to the active role of women in the formative period of its history.
The Safavid, Afshar, and Zand Periods
Authors: Matthee Rudi
Published: September 2011

IT is Not so Long Ago That the Period Between 1500 And 1800 Hardly figured in western scholarship on Iran. As recently as 1970 the number of book-length studies on aspects of Safavid Iran was limited to Lucien-Louis Bellan's study of Shah ᶜAbbas I, Walther Hinz's book on the rise of the Safavids in the fifteenth century, Ghulam Sarwar's study of Shah Ismaᶜil I, Vladimir Minorsky's edition of and commentary on the Tadhkirat al-Muluk, Laurence Lockhart's volume on the fall of the dynasty, and Klaus Michael Röhrborn's study of the Safavid administrative system. A number of precocious dissertations, most of them never published as books, completed the list at that time. The period between the fall of Isfahan in 1722 and the rise of the Qajars at the turn of the nineteenth century was even less well served, with the output amounting to little more than studies on Nader Shah by Lockhart, and M. R. Arunova and K. Z. Ashrafyan, respectively, and Mehdi Roschanzamir's thesis on the Zand dynasty.
Temporal Coordination between Performing Musicians
Authors: Loehr Janeen D. , Palmer Caroline
Published: September 2011

Many common behaviours require people to coordinate the timing of their actions with the timing of others' actions. We examined whether representations of musicians' actions are activated in coperformers with whom they must coordinate their actions in time and whether coperformers simulate each other's actions using their own motor systems during temporal coordination. Pianists performed right-hand melodies along with simple or complex left-hand accompaniments produced by themselves or by another pianist. Individual performers' preferred performance rates were measured in solo performance of the right-hand melody. The complexity of the left-hand accompaniment influenced the temporal grouping structure of the right-hand melody in the same way when it was performed by the self or by the duet partner, providing some support for the action corepresentation hypothesis. In contrast, accompaniment complexity had little influence on temporal coordination measures (asynchronies and cross-correlations between parts). Temporal coordination measures were influenced by a priori similarities between partners' preferred rates; partners who had similar preferred rates in solo performance were better synchronized and showed mutual adaptation to each other's timing during duet performances. These findings extend previous findings of action corepresentation and action simulation to a task that requires precise temporal coordination of independent yet simultaneous actions.
Large herbivores limit CO2 uptake and suppress carbon cycle responses to warming in West Greenland
Authors: Cahoon Sean M. P. , Sullivan Patrick F. , Post Eric , Welker Jeffrey M.
Published: September 2011

Changes in the terrestrial carbon cycle may ameliorate or exacerbate future climatic warming. Research on this topic has focused almost exclusively on abiotic drivers, whereas biotic factors, including trophic interactions, have received comparatively little attention. We quantified the singular and interactive effects of herbivore exclusion and simulated warming on ecosystem CO2 exchange over two consecutive growing seasons in West Greenland. Exclusion of caribou and muskoxen over the past 8 years has led to dramatic increases in shrub cover, leaf area, ecosystem photosynthesis, and a nearly threefold increase in net C uptake. These responses were accentuated by warming, but only in the absence of herbivores. Carbon cycle responses to herbivore exclusion alone and combined with warming were driven by changes in gross ecosystem photosynthesis, as limited differences in ecosystem respiration were observed. Our results show that large herbivores can be of critical importance as mediators of arctic ecosystem responses to climate change.
Does repeat biopsy affect the prognosis of patients with prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy? Analysis by the number of cores taken at initial biopsy
Authors: Park Myungchan , You Dalsan , Yoon Jong Hyun , Jeong In Gab , Song Cheryn , Hong Jun Hyuk , Ahn Hanjong , Kim Choung‐Soo
Published: September 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case series)

Level of Evidence 4

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

To date, studies to evaluate clinical significance of prostate cancer detected on repeat biopsy in patients who underwent radical prostatectomy have yielded inconsistent results.

The present study confirms that prostate cancer diagnosed after repeat biopsies is related to better pathological outcomes after radical prostatectomy, but not predictive of biochemical recurrence. Additionally, we find that the number of cores taken at initial biopsy do not affect the association between the number of previous biopsies and the prognosis.

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether repeat prostate biopsies are associated with more favourable prognoses compared with diagnosis at initial biopsy in patients who undergo radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer and to determine if this association is affected by the number of cores taken at initial biopsy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We reviewed 1147 patients with prostate cancer from 1991 to 2008.

Patients were stratified into two groups by the number of biopsies before diagnosis (initial biopsy vs repeat biopsy: at least two biopsies).

The effects of several variables on pathological outcomes and biochemical recurrence‐free and systemic progression‐free survivals were assessed.

RESULTS

Of the 1147 patients, 1064 (92.8%) were diagnosed with cancer at first biopsy and 83 (7.2%) at repeat biopsy.

Compared with patients diagnosed at initial biopsy, those diagnosed at repeat biopsies were more likely to have a lower clinical stage (cT1c: 79.5% vs 55.5%, P < 0.001) and organ‐confined tumours (78.3% vs 61.3%, P= 0.003), but there was no significant difference in initial biopsy core number (8.3 vs 8.7, P= 0.373).

Five‐year biochemical recurrence‐free and progression‐free survival rates did not show significant differences between the two groups (88.8% vs 82.2%, P= 0.078; 100.0% vs 96.5%, P= 0.105, respectively), and these results were not affected by the number of cores taken at initial biopsy.

CONCLUSIONS

Although prostate cancer diagnosed after repeat biopsies was related to better pathological outcomes after radical prostatectomy, the number of previous biopsies did not predict disease recurrence.

Moreover, the number of cores taken at initial biopsy did not affect these associations.
FEATURE TRANSFORMATION: A GENETIC‐BASED FEATURE CONSTRUCTION METHOD FOR DATA SUMMARIZATION
Authors: Alfred Rayner
Published: September 2011

The importance of input representation has been recognized already in machine learning. This article discusses the application of genetic‐based feature construction methods to generate input data for the data summarization method called Dynamic Aggregation of Relational Attributes (DARA). Here, feature construction methods are applied to improve the descriptive accuracy of the DARA algorithm. The DARA algorithm is designed to summarize data stored in the nontarget tables by clustering them into groups, where multiple records stored in nontarget tables correspond to a single record stored in a target table. This article addresses the question whether or not the descriptive accuracy of the DARA algorithm benefits from the feature construction process. This involves solving the problem of constructing a relevant set of features for the DARA algorithm by using a genetic‐based algorithm. This work also evaluates several scoring measures used as fitness functions to find the best set of constructed features.
MINING APPROXIMATE REPEATING PATTERNS FROM SEQUENCE DATA WITH GAP CONSTRAINTS
Authors: He Dan , Zhu Xingquan , Wu Xindong
Published: September 2011

The rapid increase of available DNA, protein, and other biological sequences has made the problem of discovering meaningful patterns from sequences an important task for Bioinformatics research. Among all types of patterns defined in the literature, the most challenging one is to find repeating patterns with gap constraints. In this article, we identify a new research problem for mining approximate repeating patterns (ARPs) with gap constraints, where the appearance of a pattern is subject to an approximate match, which is very common in biological sequences. To solve the problem, we propose an ArpGap (ARP mining with Gap constraints) algorithm with three major components for ARP mining: (1) a data‐driven pattern generation approach to avoid generating unnecessary candidates for validation; (2) a back‐tracking pattern search process to discover approximate occurrences of a pattern under user specified gap constraints; and (3) an Apriori‐like deterministic pruning approach to progressively prune patterns and cease the search process if necessary. Experimental results on synthetic and real‐world protein sequences assert that ArpGap is efficient in terms of memory consumption and computational cost. The results further suggest that the proposed method is practical for discovering approximate patterns for protein sequences where the sequence length is usually several hundreds to one thousand and the pattern length is relatively short.
Social Network Clustering and Visualization using Hierarchical Edge Bundles
Authors: Jia Yuntao , Garland Michael , Hart John C.
Published: September 2011

The hierarchical edge bundle (HEB) method generates useful visualizations of dense graphs, such as social networks, but requires a predefined clustering hierarchy, and does not easily benefit from existing straight‐line visualization improvements. This paper proposes a new clustering approach that extracts the community structure of a network and organizes it into a hierarchy that is flatter than existing community‐based clustering approaches and maps better to HEB visualization. Our method not only discovers communities and generates clusters with better modularization qualities, but also creates a balanced hierarchy that allows HEB visualization of unstructured social networks without predefined hierarchies. Results on several data sets demonstrate that this approach clarifies real‐world communication, collaboration and competition network structure and reveals information missed in previous visualizations. We further implemented our techniques into a social network visualization application on facebook.com and let users explore the visualization and community clustering of their own social networks.
Early granulomatous foreign body reactions to a novel alginate dermal filler: the system’s failure?
Authors: Schuller‐Petrović S. , Pavlović M.D. , Schuller S.S. , Schuller‐Lukić B. , Neuhold N.
Published: September 2011

Background  Cutaneous granulomas after a soft filler injection represent one of the worst scenarios for both patient and injector.

Objectives  To present clinical and histopathological features of granulomatous nodular reactions induced by a new alginate‐based dermal filler (Novabel®), and put it in context of the process of injectable soft tissue fillers approval and promotion in the EU.

Methods  A case series of four patients injected with Novabel® for volume restoration of the face and hands, who developed severe foreign body reactions.

Results  Four patients injected with Novabel® into tear troughs and/or dorsa of hands developed severe granulomatous reactions within months after injections. As we injected with the new filler into a total of 10 patients, a high incidence of 40% of the disfiguring adverse effect was observed. The inadequate response of manufacturer to our reporting the side‐effects along with the available data on registration process of dermal fillers confirmed that the area is not well‐regulated.

Conclusions  The status of dermal fillers as class III medical devices, and the process of their approval and marketing in the EU need to be seriously reconsidered to avoid unnecessary and serious adverse reactions.
CaMKII is involved in cadmium activation of MAPK and mTOR pathways leading to neuronal cell death
Authors: Chen Sujuan , Xu Yijiao , Xu Baoshan , Guo Min , Zhang Zhen , Liu Lei , Ma Hongwei , Chen Zi , Luo Yan , Huang Shile , Chen Long
Published: September 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 119, 1108–1118.

Cadmium (Cd), a toxic environmental contaminant, induces neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, we have shown that Cd elevates intracellular free calcium ion ([Ca2+]i) level, leading to neuronal apoptosis partly by activating mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this study, we show that the effects of Cd‐elevated [Ca2+]i on MAPK and mTOR network as well as neuronal cell death are through stimulating phosphorylation of calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). This is supported by the findings that chelating intracellular Ca2+ with 1,2‐bis(o‐aminophenoxy) ethane‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetraacetic acid tetra(acetoxymethyl) ester or preventing Cd‐induced [Ca2+]i elevation using 2‐aminoethoxydiphenyl borate blocked Cd activation of CaMKII. Inhibiting CaMKII with KN93 or silencing CaMKII attenuated Cd activation of MAPK/mTOR pathways and cell death. Furthermore, inhibitors of mTOR (rapamycin), c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (SP600125) and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (U0126), but not of p38 (PD169316), prevented Cd‐induced neuronal cell death in part through inhibition of [Ca2+]i elevation and CaMKII phosphorylation. The results indicate that Cd activates MAPK/mTOR network triggering neuronal cell death, by stimulating CaMKII. Our findings underscore a central role of CaMKII in the neurotoxicology of Cd, and suggest that manipulation of intracellular Ca2+ level or CaMKII activity may be exploited for prevention of Cd‐induced neurodegenerative disorders.
Multiple Giant Coronary Aneurysms: A Role for Multimodality Imaging
Authors: Cavarretta Elena , Peruzzi Mariangela , Rose David , Ricci Massimo , Maceroni Marco Maria , Frati Giacomo
Published: September 2011

(Echocardiography 2011;28:E219‐E222)
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SUBGROSS ANATOMY, COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, AND HISTOLOGIC FINDINGS IN DOGS WITH DISEASE LOCALIZED TO THE PULMONARY ACINI
Authors: Scrivani Peter V. , Thompson Margret S. , Dykes Nathan L. , Holmes Nedra L. , Southard Teresa L. , Gerdin Jodie A. , Bezuidenhout Abraham J.
Published: September 2011

During computed tomography (CT), the appearance of disease involving the pulmonary acinus may be described using terms such as atelectasis, ground‐glass opacity, or consolidation. These CT signs, however, have not been correlated with histologic findings in canine pulmonary disease. To facilitate interpretation of lung diseases by CT signs, our goals were to review the morphologic organization of the lung and evaluate the medical records of four dogs with different types of pulmonary acinar disease. Anatomic review focused on understanding the pulmonary acinus and the secondary pulmonary lobule; the secondary pulmonary lobule is a fundamental unit for interpretation in people. All dogs had similar CT findings of fully expanded lungs with increased attenuation and partial‐to‐complete obscuring of the pulmonary blood vessels. Histologic findings varied between dogs and included partial‐to‐complete filling of airspaces with cells or fluid, interstitial thickening, increased capillary blood volume, or a combination of these findings. Final diagnoses were hemorrhagic pneumonia, bronchiolar carcinoma, metastatic mammary adenocarcinoma, and pulmonary edema. In summary, the morphologic organization of the lungs is complex and has implications for diagnostic interpretation needing further evaluation in dogs. In this study, increased lung attenuation during CT due to disease localized to the pulmonary acini was due to the displacement of air from the lungs and not to the microscopic distribution of lesions within the pulmonary acinus. Imaging descriptors that classify diseases according to structures larger than the pulmonary acini, for example, regions of the secondary pulmonary lobule or larger, may be appropriate for dogs.
THE EPISTEMOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF MORAL EDUCATION: THE NOTIONS OF RATIONALITY AND OBJECTIVITY REVISITED
Authors: Holma Katariina
Published: September 2011

The crucial epistemological question for formulating the principles that underlie moral education concerns the status of rationality and objectivity in ethics and education. In this essay Katariina Holma argues that the intertwined understanding of the concepts of education, ethics, rationality, and objectivity is built into our language and our thinking. She begins by delineating epistemologically adequate interpretations for the notions of rationality and objectivity. In light of these interpretations, Holma contends that the two main contemporary philosophical arguments against the possibility of ethical objectivity — the argument that derives from cultural relativism and the argument that derives from the scientific worldview — fail to refute this possibility. The epistemological notions of rationality and objectivity, as Holma interprets them in this essay, prepare the way for a moral education that combines the appreciation of personal and cultural plurality with the possibility for critical thinking and the pursuit of better understanding in the ethical realm.
EARLY TOARCIAN SOURCE‐ROCK POTENTIAL IN THE CENTRAL HIGH ATLAS BASIN (CENTRAL MOROCCO): REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION AND DEPOSITIONAL MODEL
Authors: Bodin S. , Fröhlich S. , Boutib L. , Lahsini S. , Redfern J.
Published: September 2011

The early Toarcian is characterized by the occurrence of widespread black shale deposits, recorded extensively across Europe and interpreted to be related to an Oceanic Anoxic Event. In order to investigate the source‐rock potential of lower Toarcian deposits in Morocco, detailed sedimentary logging accompanied by outcrop spectral gamma‐ray measurements were carried out on four sections representative of different palaeo‐depositional settings in the Central High Atlas. Authigenic uranium enrichment is used as a proxy for oxygen‐depleted depositional conditions, and may thus indicate potential organic‐rich lithologies. Of the four measured sections, only one (the Amellago section, which represents the deepest marine setting) shows relative authigenic uranium enrichment. Complementary TOC analyses (with maximum values of 3.24%) over this interval confirm an associated enrichment trend in organic matter. The organic matter recovered from the outcrop samples is however highly oxidised, and thus the absolute value is not regarded as being a true record of the rocks' organic content. It is concluded from this study that early Toarcian potential source rocks were deposited within restricted sub‐basins in the Central High Atlas. It is therefore possible that organic‐rich deposits of Toarcian age are present in similar palaeogeographic settings in other areas of Morocco. This increases the exploration potential of Moroccan basins in which Jurassic deposits are potential source rocks.
Variables Associated With Utilization of a Centralized Medical Post in the Andean Community of Pampas Grande, Peru
Authors: Merry Stephen P. , Rohrer James E. , Thacher Thomas D. , Summers Matthew R. , Alpern Jonathan D. , Contino Robert W.
Published: September 2011

Context: Integral to the location of health resources is the distance decay of utilization observed in a population. In rural Peru, a nongovernmental organization planning to increase the availability of health services needed this information.

Purpose: To determine variables associated with utilization of a central medical clinic and determine whether, because of the mountainous topography, travel time (TT) would be a better predictor of utilization than distance.

Methods: A door‐to‐door survey of all available households (81% of total), using a Spanish translation of questions excerpted from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey, was conducted in the summer of 2008 to determine variables associated with self‐reported history of clinic utilization.

Results: Utilization was inversely related to TT and distance. Of those living within 5 minutes of the clinic, 61% had been to the clinic whereas only 25% of those living 30 or more minutes away had sought care. Female gender and fever predicted increased odds of clinic utilization. Having a disability reduced one's odds (OR 0.55) of visiting the clinic, after adjusting for gender, TT, and fever. The inverse correlation of utilization with travel distance and TT was not significantly different, thus failing to demonstrate that TT is a better predictor of utilization than distance.

Conclusion: In health service planning, care for common conditions should be available within 5 minutes’ TT or a few kilometers’ distance from each person's home in order to improve health care access and reduce health care disparities worsened by disability.
Gender as a Moderator Between Having an Anxiety Disorder Diagnosis and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery (CABG) Outcomes in Rural Patients
Authors: Dao Tam K. , Voelkel Emily , Presley Sherine , Doss Brendel , Huddleston Cashuna , Gopaldas Raja
Published: September 2011

Purpose: This paper examines gender as a moderating variable between having an anxiety disorder diagnosis and coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG) outcomes in rural patients.

Methods: Using the 2008 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, 17,885 discharge records of patients who underwent a primary CABG surgery were identified. Independent variables included age, gender, race, median household income based on patient's ZIP code, primary expected payer, the Deyo, Cherkin, and Ciol Comorbidity Index, and an anxiety comorbidity diagnosis. Outcome variables included in‐hospital length of stay and patient disposition (routine and nonroutine discharge). A 2 × 2 analysis of variance and logistic regression analyses were used to assess the interaction between gender and an anxiety disorder diagnosis on in‐hospital length of stay and patient disposition.

Findings: Twenty‐seven percent of rural patients undergoing a CABG operation had a comorbid anxiety diagnosis. Rural patients who had nonroutine discharge were more likely to have comorbid anxiety diagnosis compared to rural patients who had a routine discharge. There was a significant interaction effect between having an anxiety diagnosis and gender on length of hospital stay but not for patient disposition.

Conclusions: Three findings were noteworthy. First, anxiety disorder is prevalent in rural patients who are undergoing a CABG operation. Second, anxiety was a significant independent predictor of both length of hospital stay and nonroutine discharge for patients receiving CABG surgery. Last, having an anxiety disorder diagnosis increased hospital stay for both males and females; however, females seemed to be impacted more than males.
Use of Taiwanese Ropy Fermented Milk (TRFM) and Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris Isolated from TRFM in Manufacturing of Functional Low‐Fat Cheeses
Authors: Chiang Ming‐Lun , Chen Hsi‐Chia , Wang Sheng‐Yao , Hsieh Yueh‐Ling , Chen Ming‐Ju
Published: September 2011

Abstract:  The purpose of this study was to manufacture new functional low‐fat cheeses using Taiwanese ropy fermented milk (TRFM) and Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris strains isolated from TRFM. After 28 d of ripening and storage, the viable populations of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the low‐fat cheeses made with L. lactis subsp. cremoris TL1 (TL1), L. lactis subsp. cremoris TL4 (TL4), and TRFM still maintained above 108 CFU/g. The low‐fat cheeses made with TL1 and TRFM showed higher moisture contents than the cheeses made with TL4, full‐fat, and low‐fat cheese controls. The low‐fat cheeses made with TL1 and TL4 had higher customer preferential scores similar to full‐fat cheese control in the sensory evaluation. Additionally, the low‐fat cheeses fermented with TL1, TL4, and TRFM for 4 h had higher 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical‐scavenging and ferrous ion‐chelating abilities than the cheeses fermented with the starters for 8 h, full‐fat, and low‐fat cheese controls. A better angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition activity was also observed in the low‐fat cheeses made with TL1, TL4, and TRFM than that in the full‐fat and low‐fat cheese controls during ripening and storage period.

Practical Application:  As health‐conscious consumers continue to seek low‐fat alternatives in their diets, there remain strong interests for the dairy industry to develop low‐fat cheeses to meet the demands. This study clearly demonstrated that the low‐fat cheeses fermented with TL1 for 4 h showed a better overall acceptability and possessed antioxidative abilities and ACE inhibitory activities than other cheeses tested in this study. By improving its flavor and investigating the possible mechanisms of its functionalities in the future, this low‐fat cheese might possibly be commercialized and give a positive impact on cheese consumption in the future.
Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Within a Single Horizontal Fracture in an Enhanced Geothermal System
Authors: Mohais Rosemarie , Xu Chaoshui , Dowd Peter
Published: September 2011

We present an analysis of fluid flow and heat transfer through a single horizontal channel with permeable walls which are at different temperatures. The problem is set in the context of hot dry rock geothermal energy extraction where water, introduced through an injection well, passes through a horizontal fracture by which transfer of heat is facilitated through advection of the fluid flowing toward the recovery well. We consider the walls of the fracture to have properties of a permeable medium and we study the effect of slip boundary conditions on velocity and temperature profiles for low Reynolds number (< 7) based on a similarity solution and perturbation expansion. We show that the velocity and heat transfer profiles are altered with the channel width, the permeability and a slip coefficient α, which is a dimensionless constant related to the inherent properties of the channel.
Constrained Optimization of Surface Roughness in Longitudinal Turning via Novel Modified Harmony Search
Authors: Zinati Reza Farshbaf , Razfar Mohammad Reza
Published: September 2011

The present research deals with a modified optimization algorithm of harmony search coupled with artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict the optimal cutting condition. To this end, several experiments were carried out on AISI 1045 steel to attain required data for training of ANNs. Feed forward artificial neural network was utilized to create predictive models of surface roughness and cutting forces exploiting experimental data, and Modified Harmony Search algorithm (MHS) was used to find the constrained optimum of the surface roughness. Furthermore, Simple Harmony Search algorithm (SHS) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) were used for solving the same optimization problem to illustrate the capabilities of MHS algorithm. The obtained results demonstrate that MHS algorithm is more effective and authoritative in approaching the global solution than the SHS algorithm and GA.
Environmental and Cost Assessment of Several Injection Molded Powder Electronics Packaging Materials
Authors: Sahakian Misha V. , Brown Malcolm O. , Atre Sundar V. , Haapala Karl R.
Published: September 2011

Electronics manufacturing technology has been advancing at an increasing rate for the past few decades and has forced related industries to do the same. One related industry involves the packaging technology used to enclose chips for power electronics. As demands of electronics manufacturers continue to increase in terms of cost, performance, and environmental impacts, so do demands on the packaging technologies involved. A variety of packaging materials have been used and proposed. The performance of each material varies in terms of ease of manufacturing, as well as its heat transfer properties. This study addresses performance, cost, and environmental impact measures to assist in selecting the most appropriate electronics packaging material. A performance study identified epoxy, aluminum nitride (AlN), and silicon carbide (SiC) to be the most viable options. Further analysis then found that epoxy outperforms the other options in terms of cost and environmental impact on a per-part basis, with AlN shown to be slightly better than SiC according to both metrics. Since it is known that AlN and SiC have superior material performance to epoxy packaging, further investigation is warranted to elucidate these relative differences, which will result in a more representative functional unit for comparative analysis.
Algorithms and Data Structures for Fast Surface Quality Estimation in Milling
Authors: Yalcin Cuneyt , Fussell Barry K. , Jerard Robert B.
Published: September 2011

New approaches for fast surface quality estimation in Milling are presented. Dimensional Error, Surface Roughness, and the 3D topological plots of the surfaces are generated. Calculation speed is improved by methods of structural organization and numerical optimizations. Structural organization enables program division into initialization and program-run segments for faster runs. Numerical optimizations are used to help further reduce the run time by reducing variable volume and avoiding unnecessary estimations. Experimental evaluation of the methods for Dimensional Error, Surface roughness and profiles are performed using three different cutting tool types (flat-end, ball-end and insert mills) in order to reveal strengths and weaknesses of the proposed approaches. Comparison of experimental and estimated surface profiles show good correlation. Typical surface profile estimation for one tool rotation takes between 0.04–4.1 seconds depending on the cut and whether or not the tool deflection is included in the algorithm. Surface quality estimation is done quickly enough to be promising for use in feedrate scheduling. Further improvement in the tool deflection model is expected to increase accuracy and further reduce the computational time.
Standardization of CMM Fitting Algorithms and Development of Inspection Maps for Use in Statistical Process Control
Authors: Mani Neelakantan , Shah Jami J. , Davidson Joseph K.
Published: September 2011

The choice of fitting algorithm in CMM metrology has often been based on mathematical convenience rather than the fundamental GD&T principles dictated by the ASME Y14.5 standard. Algorithms based on the least squares technique are mostly used for GD&T inspection and this wrong choice of fitting algorithm results in errors that are often overlooked and leads to deficiency in the inspection process. The efforts by organizations such as NIST and NPL and many other researchers to evaluate commercial CMM software were concerned with the mathematical correctness of the algorithms and developing efficient and intelligent methods to overcome the inherent difficulties associated with the mathematics of these algorithms. None of these works evaluate the ramifications of the choice of a particular fitting algorithm for a particular tolerance type. To illustrate the errors that can arise out of a wrong choice of fitting algorithm, a case study was done on a simple prismatic part with intentional variations and the algorithms that were employed in the software were reverse engineered. Based on the results of the experiments, a standardization of fitting algorithms is proposed in light of the definition provided in the standard and an interpretation of manual inspection methods. The standardized fitting algorithms developed for substitute feature fitting are then used to develop Inspection maps (i-Maps) for size, orientation and form tolerances that apply to planar feature types. A methodology for Statistical Process Control (SPC) using these i-Maps is developed by fitting the i-Maps for a batch of parts into the parent Tolerance Maps (T-Maps). Different methods of computing the i-Maps for a batch are explored such as the mean, standard deviations, computing the convex hull and doing a principal component analysis of the distribution of the individual parts. The control limits for the process and the SPC and process capability metrics are computed from inspection samples and the resulting i-Maps. Thus, a framework for statistical control of the manufacturing process is developed.
Thermosensitive/Photocrosslinkable Hydrogel for Soft Tissue Scaffold Printing
Authors: Geisler Chris G. , Li Ho-Lung , Zhang Qingwei , Zhou Jack G. , Wootton David M. , Lelkes Peter I.
Published: September 2011

A new type of hydrogel for solid free-form fabrication (SFF) and rapid prototyping (RP) that obtains the qualities of a photocrosslinkable and thermosensitive hydrogel would benefit the tissue engineering field. For a material to best suit SFF and RP, it must: 1) be a low-viscous solution before being printed, 2) involve easily joined on-substrate mixing to form a homogenous gel, 3) have a short solution to gel transition time, 4) be a mechanically strong gel, and 5) have an irreversible gelation processes. A biodegradable, biocompatable thermosensitive triblock copolymer, poly(ethylene glycol-b-(DLlactic acid-co-glycolic acid)-b-ethylene glycol) (PEG-PLGA-PEG), crosslinked with photocrosslinkable Irgacure 2959 allows for quick irreversible transition from solution to gel with a post-processing step utilizing UV light. A material that gels instantaneously from a non-viscous solution to a 3-dimensional building gel could be used in multiple different types of SFF methods already developed. Since the material is also biocompatible, it can be used to replicate many different types of tissues. In this paper, the mechanism of gelation is proposed and the material relationship to the initial viscosity is investigated.