bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Catalytic-Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Reactor For Methane and Carbon Dioxide Conversion
Authors: Istadi Istadi , Amin N. A. S.
Published: October 2012

A catalytic - DBD plasma reactor was designed and developed for co-generation of synthesis gas and C2+ hydrocarbons from methane. A hybrid Artificial Neural Network - Genetic Algorithm (ANN-GA) was developed to model, simulate and optimize the reactor. Effects of CH4/CO2 feed ratio, total feed flow rate, discharge voltage and reactor wall temperature on the performance of catalytic DBD plasma reactor was explored. The Pareto optimal solutions and corresponding optimal operating parameters ranges based on multi-objectives can be suggested for catalytic DBD plasma reactor owing to two cases, i.e. simultaneous maximization of CH4 conversion and C2+ selectivity, and H2 selectivity and H2/CO ratio. It can be concluded that the hybrid catalytic DBD plasma reactor is potential for co-generation of synthesis gas and higher hydrocarbons from methane and carbon dioxide and showed better than the conventional fixed bed reactor with respect to CH4 conversion, C2+ yield and H2 selectivity for CO2 OCM process. © 2007 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Sanders Robert E. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: October 2012

Aluminum is a silver‐white metallic element in group III of the periodic table. Aluminum exhibits a valence of 3+ in all compounds except for a few high temperature gaseous species in which the aluminum may be monovalent or divalent. Aluminum is the most abundant metallic element on the surface of the earth and moon, comprising 8.8% by weight of the earth's crust. It is rarely found free in nature.Because of its many desirable physical, chemical, and metallurgical properties, aluminum is the most widely used ferrous metal. The utility of the metal is enhanced by the formation of a stable adherent oxide surface that resists corrosion. Because of its high electrical conductivity and lightness, aluminum is used extensively on electrical transmission lines. Aluminum is obtained by electrolysis of purified Bauxite. Fluoride transmissions from aluminum smelting cells are a concern. Important binary alloys are Al–Fe, Al–Cu, Al–Mg, and Al–Li. Almost all commercial alloys are ternary or of higher complexity. Aluminum is used in transportation, packaging, building, electrical applications and consumer durables.
Cement
Authors: Kosmatka Steven ,   Updated by Staff
Published: October 2012

The term cement is used to designate many different kinds of substances that are used as binders or adhesives. The cement produced in the greatest volume and most widely used for construction is portland cement. Masonry and oil well cements are produced for special purposes. Calcium aluminate cements are used extensively for refractory concretes. Portland cement is a hydraulic cement, ie, it sets, hardens, and does not disintegrate in water. Hence, it is suitable for construction of underground, marine, and hydraulic structures where as gypsum plasters and lime mortars are not. Organic materials, such as latexes and water‐soluble polymerizable monomers are added to impart special properties. Inorganic hydraulic cements are discussed in this article. The essential feature of these cements is their ability to form on hydration with water relatively insoluble bonded aggregations of considerable strength and dimensional stability.

Environmental issues arise from the production of the intermediate product, clinker. Clinker manufacture produces a significant amount of carbon dioxide. This issue is discussed as is the search for “green cement.”
Noble‐Gas Compounds
Authors: Schrobilgen Gary J. , Brock David S. , Mercier Hélène P.A.
Published: October 2012

Noble‐gas reactivity was discovered on March 23, 1962 when Neil Bartlett (1932–2008) showed that xenon gas was oxidized by PtF6. The product obtained by Bartlett was initially formulated as XePtF6. Pursuant to his discovery, numerous xenon and krypton compounds were synthesized in macroscopic quantities. Among the noble‐gas elements, xenon has the most extensive chemistry, and it can possess formal oxidation states of 0, +2, +4, +6, and +8 in its compounds by forming fluorides, oxides, and oxide fluorides, as well as derivatives in which xenon is bonded to polyatomic groups through oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon. In addition, compounds containing Xe–Au, Xe–Xe, Xe–Cl, and Hg–Xe bonds are known. Other xenon‐element bonds are known in the gas phase or in low‐temperature matrices, which are exemplified by Xe–H, Xe–Si, Xe–S, Xe–X (X=Cl, Br, I), and Xe–U bonds. Krypton chemistry is more limited. Only compounds with krypton in the +2 oxidation state are known, namely, KrF2, salts of the KrF+and Kr2F3+cations, by analogy with xenon, the Kr–O bonded compound, Kr(OTeF5)2, and several species containing Kr–N bonds. Several gas‐phase and matrix‐isolated species in which krypton is bonded to carbon, hydrogen, and halides other than fluorine are also known. Radon is believed to form RnF2and RnF+by analogy with krypton and xenon. The only argon species that are known are the ArF+cation, which has been observed in the gas phase, and HArF, which has been stabilized in a low‐temperature argon matrix. To date, no argon, neon, or helium compounds have been isolated in macroscopic amounts. Noble‐gas compounds have been used as oxidizers and as oxidative fluorinating agents in chemical syntheses.
Titanium Compounds, Inorganic
Authors: Jones Tony , Egerton Terry A.
Published: October 2012

Properties and applications of technologically important inorganic compounds of titanium are surveyed. The most important compound is titanium dioxide which, because of its high refractive index, is manufactured as a white pigment at a scale of ca 5 million tpa. Raw materials and pigment production processes are reviewed. Mixed oxides, eg, barium titanate, are important raw materials for electroceramics.

Titanium hydrides provide a convenient method of hydrogen storage. Titanium boride, titanium carbide, and titanium nitride are used as components of hard materials, eg, for cutting tools. They are electrically conducting.

The chlorides are the most important halides. Titanium trichloride is the basis of widely used polymerization catalysts. Titanium tetrachloride is an intermediate in the production of both titanium metal and (via the chloride process) titanium dioxide pigment. Titanium dioxide pigment is also made (in the sulfate process) by precipitation from solutions of titanium in sulfuric acid. Titanium sulfides may be used as cathodes in high efficiency batteries. The properties of some titanium compounds with silicon and phosphorus are reviewed. Analytical methods and environmental, health and safety aspects are summarized.
Mica
Authors: Tanner James T. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: October 2012

Mica is a generic term that applies to a wide range of hydrous aluminum silicate minerals characterized by sheet or plant‐like structure, and possessing, to varying degrees depending on the composition and weathering, flexibility, elasticity, hardness, and the ability to be split into thin sheets. Mica exists in nature in varying compositions. Muscovite and phlogopite are the only natural micas of commercial importance. Large deposits of mica‐bearing rocks are known to exist in Brazil, India and Madagascar. Flake mica is mined by open‐pit methods; sheet mica is mined both by underground and open‐pit mining. The general equipment used in grinding flake mica or mica concentrate into mica products are various mills for wet grinding. All mills are used in conjunction with sieves. The leading use of ground mica is for joint compound in the building industry. Many of its other uses are discussed. Sheet mica is used for many industrial applications, particularly in electrical and electronic industries, built‐up mica is used primarily as an electrical insulation material.
Zinc and Zinc Alloys
Authors: Goodwin Frank E. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: October 2012

Zinc is a relatively active metal and its compounds are stable. It is found in all natural waters and soils as well as the atmosphere and is an important trace element in plant and animal life. Zinc ores are widely distributed throughout the world: 55 minerals are known. Zinc is a lustrous blue‐white metal and cam be formed into virtually any shape by the common metal‐forming techniques, such as rolling, drawing, and extruding. The most significant chemical property of zinc is its high reduction potential. Zinc, which is above iron in the electromotive series, displaces iron ions from solution and prevents dissolution of the iron. For this reason, zinc is used extensively in coating steel, eg, by galvanizing and in zinc dust paints, and as a sacrificial anode in protecting pipelines, ship hulls. Zinc ores are too low in zinc content for direct reduction and must be concentrated before processing. Details on the concentration, roasting, and reduction processing steps are given.Zinc is an essential element and can exist in both deficient or toxic states in plants. Steps for addressing these states are discussed.Zinc's forms are in metallic coatings,die‐casting alloys, foundry alloys,rolled zinc, dusts, and powders. Zinc's major use is in galvanizing, mainly for the automotive industry. Preparation of alloys and bronzes and brass are other important uses.
Zero Waste City
Authors: Lehmann Steffen
Published: October 2012

This article explores the notion of theZero Waste City, which takes the concept of sustainable cities further to optimize all urban material flows toward 100% resource recovery and reuse of building components and materials. The construction sector uses a huge amount of raw materials and has high inefficiencies, eg, material and energy inefficiencies. Implementing material efficiency in the construction sector requires a change in how materials are approached throughout the supply chain. What is required is transformative change at a systemic level toward sustainable consumption, shifting people from being merely consumers to responsible citizens. Therefore, this article argues that influencing values and behavior is an important, but often neglected, part of a low carbon urban future. This includes starting a transition phase of reduced, decoupled consumption, eg, using products and buildings for longer, producing more durable products that take advantage of prefabrication, modularity, adaptability, and durability. Cities need to be reengineered with material flows in mind to become more sustainable and resilient.
Fault Detection and Just‐in‐Time Maintenance in Adjustable‐Speed Drives
Authors: Krishnamurthy Mahesh , DA Yao
Published: October 2012

With growing electrification in transportation systems and widespread adoption of renewable energy systems, there is a growing need for the development of high‐efficiency motor/generator drives that can perform well under a wide range of operating conditions with a high degree of robustness and fault tolerance. In this article, different components of the drive have been explored and some of the potential causes of failure have been identified. Furthermore, some configurations that can be used for increasing fault tolerance of the drive have been presented and some common approaches used for this purpose have been discussed.
DNA‐Based Sensors
Authors: Evtugyn Gennady A.
Published: October 2012

DNA sensors belong to biosensors using native DNA and oligonucleotides as biorecognition elements. In this article, the design of DNA sensors is considered and illustrated by particular examples of their application in accordance with target analytes and measurement mode. Most attention is paid to electrochemical DNA sensors, but some examples of other techniques including fluorescence probes and quartz crystal microbalances are given.
Crystal Oscillators
Authors: Poddar Ajay K. , Rohde Ulrich L.
Published: October 2012

As a result of highQ‐factor and temperature‐stable properties, quartz crystal oscillators have been important clock sources in consumer, commercial, industrial, and military products for many years. This contribution is devoted to crystal oscillator theory for reference frequency signal source applications. This article discusses the behavior of crystal over temperature and aging, selection of modes, start‐up dynamics, and noise‐minimization techniques for the applications in current and later generation communication systems. Several practical examples are demonstrated and validated with simulated and measured results for the benefit of readers.
Role of Chemical Biology in Understanding and Treating Disease
Authors: Selwood David
Published: October 2012

Current genome wide association studies, pointing to either outright genetic causes for disease or associations, which, when combined with environmental factors, can lead to disease. This knowledge combined with the advent of a new type of therapeutic agent small molecule “correctors” of protein function may yield the biggest gains in the understanding of diseases and the search for new molecularly targeted medicines. Small molecules such as the Vertex treatments for cystic fibrosis offer a precisely tailored genetic medicine, correcting aberrant protein function at the level of the gene product.
Clinical Pastoral Education
Authors: Gillman John
Published: October 2012

Clinical pastoral education (CPE) is a form of professional education for lay people, seminarians, and religious leaders that involves theological reflection on human experience, particularly on the pastoral encounter in the clinical setting. Insights from the behavior sciences are also incorporated into the learning perspective. Through the action‐reflection, learning‐by‐doing model utilized in a supervised peer group, students develop pastoral identity, achieve competence in pastoral functioning, and learn how to collaborate with peers and other professionals. The primary instructors of this “hands on experience” of ministry are “living human documents,” understood both as the persons receiving care and as the care providers (Boisen 1936: 185). Three associations in the United States that offer CPE in accredited programs are the National Association of Catholic Chaplains (NACC), founded in 1965, the Association of Clinical Pastoral Education (ACPE), established in 1967, and the College of Pastoral Supervision and Psychotherapy (CPSP), started in 1990. All three of these associations have developed Standards, objectives and outcomes for the education of chaplains and CPE supervisors. The CPSP also includes programs in Pastoral Psychotherapy and Pastoral Counseling.
Adaptive critic design with graph Laplacian for online learning control of nonlinear systems
Authors: Lian Chuanqiang , Xu Xin , Zuo Lei , Huang Zhenhua
Published: October 2012

In recent years, reinforcement learning (RL) and approximate dynamic programming (ADP) have been widely studied in the community of artificial intelligence and machine learning. As an important class of RL and ADP methods, adaptive critic designs (ACDs) with function approximation have been studied to realize online learning control of nonlinear dynamical systems. However, how to construct efficient feature representations for approximating value functions or policies is still a difficult problem. In this paper, ACDs with graph Laplacian (GL) are proposed by integrating manifold learning methods into feature representations of ACDs. An online learning control algorithm called graph Laplacian dual heuristic programming (GL‐DHP) is presented, and its performance is analyzed both theoretically and empirically. Because of the nonlinear approximation ability of feature representation with GL, the GL‐DHP method has much better performance than previous DHP methods with manually designed neural networks. Simulation results on learning control of a ball and plate system, which is a typical nonlinear dynamical system with continuous state and action spaces, demonstrate the effectiveness of the GL‐DHP method. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of Cell Wall Microstructure and Damage Behavior of Alloyed Aluminum Foam via Synchrotron‐Based Microtomography
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Toda Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Masakazu , Uesugi Kentaro , Suzuki Yoshio
Published: October 2012

The internal microstructure of the high strength Al–Zn–Mg foam was characterized via the synchrotron‐based X‐ray microtomography. Using three‐dimensional (3D) quantitative image analysis of the tomographic dataset, the microstructural features, such as content, size distribution, shape, and spatial distribution of micropores inside the cell wall, were determined. Together with a dual energy imaging technique, the 3D distribution of Zn in the alloyed foam was assessed by the subtraction of two images acquired above and below the Zn K‐absorption edge. The damage behavior of the alloyed foam was also clarified by this element sensitive imaging technique.
High‐Energy X‐Ray Diffraction Study of the Inhomogeneous Zr43Cu43Al7Ag7 Bulk‐Metallic Glasses
Authors: Chuang Chih‐Pin , Liaw Peter K. , Kai Ji‐Jung , Dmowski Wojtek , Huang Jia‐Hong , Yu Ge‐Ping
Published: October 2012

In the present work, the microscopic structure of an as‐cast Zr43Cu43Al7Ag7 bulkmetallic glass (BMG) had been investigated in detail. The structure analyses are performed using the laboratory X‐ray diffraction (XRD), high‐energy synchrotron X‐ray diffraction, and transmission‐electron microscopy (TEM). The results from different techniques are compared and discussed. The specimen shows a typical amorphous hallo using the conventional laboratory XRD. However, tiny crystalline particles, roughly ≈10 nm in size, are found in the sample by the high‐energy XRD as well as the TEM. The standard laboratory XRD measurement is not adequate to differentiate amorphous from a nano‐composite phase. The high‐energy XRD method is an essential technique to determine the glassy nature of a BMG.
ITO‐Free and Flexible Organic Photovoltaic Device Based on High Transparent and Conductive Polyaniline/Carbon Nanotube Thin Films
Authors: Salvatierra Rodrigo V. , Cava Carlos E. , Roman Lucimara S. , Zarbin Aldo J. G.
Published: October 2012

The synthesis and characterization of thin films of polyaniline/carbon nanotubes nanocomposites is reported, as well as their utilization as transparent electrodes in ITO‐free organic photovoltaic devices. These films are generated by interfacial synthesis, which provides them with the unique ability to be deposited onto any substrate as transparent films, thus enabling the production of flexible solar cells using substrates like PET. Very high carbon nanotube loadings can be achieved using these films without significantly affecting their transparency (≈80–90% transmittance at 550 nm). Sheet resistances as low as 300 Ω/□ are obtained using secondary polyaniline doping in the presence of carbon nanotubes. These films present excellent mechanical stability, exhibiting no lack in performance after 100 bend cycles. Flexible and completely ITO‐free organic photovoltaic devices are built using these films as transparent electrodes, and high efficiencies (up to 2.27%) are achieved.
Highly Conductive, Flexible, Polyurethane‐Based Adhesives for Flexible and Printed Electronics
Authors: Li Zhuo , Zhang Rongwei , Moon Kyoung‐Sik , Liu Yan , Hansen Kristen , Le Taoran , Wong C. P.
Published: October 2012

Flexible interconnects are one of the key elements in realizing next‐generation flexible electronics. While wire bonding interconnection materials are being deployed and discussed widely, adhesives to support flip‐chip and surface‐mount interconnections are less commonly used and reported. A polyurethane (PU)‐based electrically conductive adhesive (ECA) is developed to meet all the requirements of flexible interconnects, including an ultralow bulk resistivity of ≈1.0 × 10−5 Ω cm that is maintained during bending, rolling, and compressing, good adhesion to various flexible substrates, and facile processing. The PU‐ECA enables various interconnection techniques in flexible and printed electronics: it can serve as a die‐attach material for flip‐chip, as vertical interconnect access (VIA)‐filling and polymer bump materials for 3D integration, and as a conductive paste for wearable radio‐frequency devices.
Super‐Aligned Carbon Nanotube Films as Current Collectors for Lightweight and Flexible Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Ke , Luo Shu , Wu Yang , He Xingfeng , Zhao Fei , Wang Jiaping , Jiang Kaili , Fan Shoushan
Published: October 2012

Carbon nanotube (CNT) current collectors with excellent flexibility, extremely low density (0.04 mg cm−2), and tunable thickness are fabricated by cross‐stacking continuous CNT films drawn from super‐aligned CNT arrays. Compared with metal current collectors, better wetting, stronger adhesion, greater mechanical durability, and lower contact resistance are demonstrated at the electrode/CNT interface. Electrodes with CNT current collectors show improvements in cycling stability, rate capability, and gravimetric energy density over those with metal current collectors. These results suggest that CNT films can function as a promising type of current collector for lightweight and flexible lithium ion batteries with high energy density.
Experimental Investigation of Stretch Blow Molding, Part 1: Instrumentation in an Industrial Environment
Authors: Salomeia Yannis M. , Menary Gary H. , Armstrong Cecil G.
Published: October 2012

In spite of intensive research, computational modeling of the injection stretch blow molding (ISBM) still cannot match the accuracy of other polymer processes such as injection molding. There is a lack of understanding of the interdependence among the machine parameters set up by the operators, process parameters, material behavior, and the resulting final thickness distribution and performance of the molded product. The work presented in this paper describes a set of instrumentation tools developed for investigation of the ISBM process in an industrial setting. Results are presented showing the pressure and air temperature evolution inside the mold, the stretch rod force and displacement history, and the moment of contact of the polymer with seven discrete locations on the mold. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E771–E783, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21320
A Black Box Method for Gate Location Optimization in Plastic Injection Molding
Authors: Li Zheng , Wang Xicheng
Published: October 2012

Determination of the gate location is an important issue in mold design. In this paper, a black box method is proposed to optimize gate locations. This method is based on the Gaussian process model and the sample guidance function named multiplex generalized expected improvement. The stochastic‐process correlation between different gate locations is calculated based on the flow path. Regardless of a product's geometry, this method can be used on a product with any complex shape. The injection pressure, warpage, residual stress, and weld lines are taken as the optimization objectives. A physical programming method is used to solve the multiobjective problem. Numerical examples with complex shapes are given, and the numerical results show that this method has a high efficiency and practicability. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E793–E808, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21322
Non‐Hydrazine Solutions in Processing CuIn(S,Se)2 Photovoltaic Devices from Hydrazinium Precursors
Authors: Zhou Huanping , Hsu Chia‐Jung , Hsu Wan‐Ching , Duan Hsin‐Sheng , Chung Choong‐Heui , Yang Wenbing , Yang Yang
Published: October 2012

We report an approach for the fabrication of CuIn(S,Se)2‐based photovoltaic devices from hydrazinium precursors in non‐hydrazine solvents, specifically a ethanolamine/dimethyl sulfoxide (EA/DMSO) mixture. For the first time, both Cu hydrazinium precursor and Cu‐In hydrazinium precursor are found with good solubility in non‐hydrazine solvents, producing molecular‐level blending of metal precursors. Sulfur loss in Cu hydrazinium precursor is compensated for by either introduction of excessive S/Se or the formation of S/Se‐bridged Cu‐In compounds. The success of dissolving Cu‐In hydrazinium precursor is ascribed to the coordinated S group and strong intramolecular interaction within non‐hydrazine solvents. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman characterization indicate the formation of the CuIn(S,Se)2 phase after annealing. Through introducing different amounts of excess S/Se, the ratio between CuInS2 and CuInSe2, as well as the morphology of the resulted CuIn(S,Se)2 film can be controlled. Optimized devices exhibit a power conversion efficiency of 3.8% with a CISS absorber layer of only around 300 nm thickness, which is comparable to N2H4‐based devices of similar thickness.
Raising the Decision‐Making Level to Improve the Enterprise‐Wide Production Flexibility
Authors: Manenti Flavio , Bozzano Giulia , D'Isanto Matteo , Lima Nadson Murilo Nascimento , Linan Lamia Zuniga
Published: October 2012

When market demand significantly changes, as in the ongoing worldwide economic crisis, many production plants are forced to operate far from nominal conditions. In this case, the current plant‐wide optimization of production sites is a myopic approach that could lead to plant inefficiencies and unconventional operation issues, thus, resulting in ineffective prevention of economic losses. A way to tackle low‐demand conditions is to raise the decision‐making process from the plant‐wide (or business‐wide) level to the enterprise‐wide (or corporate) level by assigning a Boolean variable to each production site so as to manage their on/off status. By doing so, certain additional (social) constraints may become relevant. The case of operating industrial gases supply chains is considered. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 1588–1598, 2013
Brief communication: The effects of disuse on the mechanical properties of bone: What unloading tells us about the adaptive nature of skeletal tissue
Authors: Schlecht Stephen H. , Pinto Deborrah C. , Agnew Amanda M. , Stout Sam D.
Published: October 2012

The intricate link between load environment and skeletal health is exemplified by the severe osteopenia that accompanies prolonged periods of immobilization, frequently referred to as disuse osteoporosis. Investigating the effects disuse has on the structural properties of bone provides a unique opportunity to better understand how mechanical loads influence the adaptation and maintenance of skeletal tissue. Here, we report results from an examination of multiple indicators of bone metabolism (e.g., mean osteon density, mean osteon size, bone mass, and bone area distribution) within the major long bones of individuals with distinct activity level differences. Results are based on a sample comprising two subjects that suffered from long‐term quadriplegia and 28 individuals of comparable age that had full limb mobility. Although limited in sample size, our findings suggest bones associated with long‐term disuse have lower osteon densities and larger osteon areas compared to individuals of normal mobility, reflecting dramatically lower remodeling rates potentially related to reduced strain levels. Moreover, immobilized skeletal elements demonstrate a reduced percentage of cortical area present resulting from endosteal resorption. Differences between mobility groups in the percentage of cortical area present and bone distribution of all skeletal elements, suggests bone modeling activity is negligible in the unloaded adult skeleton. Additional histomorphometric comparisons reveal potential intraskeletal differences in bone turnover rates suggesting remodeling rates are highest within the humeri and femora. Addition of more immobilized individuals in the future will allow for quantitative statistical analyses and greater consideration of human variation within and between individuals. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optical excitation of acoustic surface plasmons in metallic nanoparticles
Authors: Hrton M. , Poyli M.A. , Silkin V.M. , Aizpurua J.
Published: October 2012

Acoustic surface plasmons are low energy collective excitations occurring at metallic surfaces. These excitations show a linear dispersion which can be described using realistic quantum‐mechanical models. The response function of Ag(111) films is calculated and an effective dielectric function of the films is obtained. With use of this dielectric function the scattering of silver nanoparticles in the infrared range is calculated, with focus on the possibility of excitation of localized acoustic surface plasmons. Our calculations show that it is possible to excite optically localized acoustic surface plasmons in silver spheres, although the efficiency is very low.
18F Labeling of Arenes
Authors: Tredwell Matthew , Gouverneur Véronique
Published: October 2012

Molecular imaging has witnessed an upsurge in growth, with positron emission tomography leading the way. This trend has encouraged numerous synthetic chemists to enter the field of 18F‐radiochemistry and provide generic solutions to address the well‐recognized challenges of late‐stage fluorination. This Minireview focuses on recent developments in the 18F‐labeling of aromatic substrates.
Effect of Al‐alkyl cocatalyst on ethylene polymerization behavior using silyl chromate (SC)/SiO2 catalyst
Authors: Li Liuzhong , Wu Yuxiang , Dong Qi , Hao Aiyou , Cheng Ruihua , Zhong Lei , Liu Boping
Published: October 2012

Cr/SiO2 catalysts are important industrial ethylene polymerization catalysts, mainly including Phillips catalyst (also called oxo chromium/SiO2) and silyl chromate/SiO2 systems (named as SC/SiO2, also called UCC S‐2 catalyst). Compared with Phillips catalyst, SC/SiO2 catalyst is not fully investigated. In this work, SC/SiO2 catalyst was prepared, and triethylaluminum or triisobutylaluminium was used as cocatalyst for ethylene homopolymerization. The effects of cocatalysts on polymerization kinetics and polymer microstructure were investigated. It is found that the kinetic curves using SC/SiO2 catalyst in the presence of triethylaluminum or triisobutylaluminium seem to be a hybrid type composed of two types of basic polymerization kinetics: one is a fast built‐up and fast decay type, and the other is a slow built‐up and slow decay type, which indicates the existence of two types of polymerization active sites. Plausible mechanisms of the formation and transformation of active sites were proposed to rationalize the unique polymerization behavior. © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of borax addition on the structural modification of bentonite in biodegradable alginate‐based biocomposites
Authors: Benli Birgül
Published: October 2012

Functionalized next generation biodegradable polymeric systems (bioplastics) that have better compatibility, enhanced relaxation, and thermal properties were designed using bentonite‐added alginate biocomposite films in the presence of borax. A series of bentonite‐added biocomposite films crosslinked with CaCl2 were characterized by using methods like XRD, FTIR, TGA, DTA/DSC, DMA, and AFM. A plausible structural mechanism with Ca2+ crosslinking gel formation known as egg‐box and borate ion complexes was proposed to elucidate the interactions between borax and bentonite/alginate biocomposites. Enhanced compatibility and hybrid properties of raw fillers were confirmed by mineral processing steps involving hydrocyclone purification for bentonite and recrystallization steps for borax. The structure of bentonite and also bentonite hybrid biocomposites were clearly improved upon small additions of borax into the matrix. The presence of borax was found to provide a more intercalated or exfoliated morphology for a given hybrid biocomposite structure. Borate ions dissociated in aqueous solution provided a better effect on the intercalation of bentonite by imparting new hydrogen bonding sites, diol‐complexes, and didiol‐crosslinking gels. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Self‐segregating hyperbranched polymer/silver nanoparticle hybrids in thermoplastic polyurethane films
Authors: Orlicki Joshua A. , Zander Nicole E. , Martin George R. , Kosik Wendy E. , Derek Demaree J. , Leadore Julia L. , Rawlett Adam M.
Published: October 2012

Self‐segregating hyperbranched polymer (HBP) additives have been utilized to concentrate silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at the air interface of polyurethane films. The limited spontaneous surface migration of the AgNPs was enhanced through the addition of appropriately functionalized HBPs. Both amine and thiol terminated additives were employed to allow interaction of the HBP with the nanoparticles. Both types of additives increased surface concentration of silver modestly, though the thiol‐terminated HBPs demonstrated nearly a seven‐fold enhancement of surface migration. It was also found that wholly‐aliphatic HBPs demonstrated only slightly reduced ability to bias AgNP concentration as compared to HBPs functionalized with perfluorinated chains. In addition, films containing 1% total silver concentration were tested for antimicrobial activity using the ASTM‐E 2180 protocol. Significant reduction of the microorganisms was observed for all samples, 6‐log reduction was achieved for the gram‐negative bacteria P. aeruginosa, the gram‐positive bacteria S. aureus, and the fungi C. albicans. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Thin film of a porphyrin‐end‐functionalized poly(cyclohexane)/fullerene‐end‐functionalized poly(4‐diphenylaminostyrene) blend: Control of microphase separation in a light‐harvesting system for polymer solar cells
Authors: Natori Itaru , Natori Shizue , Kanasashi Anna , Tsuchiya Kosuke , Ogino Kenji
Published: October 2012

Thin films of a tetraphenylporphyrin‐end‐functionalized polycyclohexane zinc complex (ZnTPP‐PCHE)/fullerene‐C60 (C60) end‐functionalized poly(4‐diphenylaminostyrene) (C60‐PDAS) were prepared to investigate their potential as a light‐harvesting system for polymer solar cells (PSCs). The microphase separation in the ZnTPP‐PCHE/C60‐PDAS blends had a significant effect on the optical properties; the absorption band of the microphase separation structure that overlaps the visible‐light region was considerably enhanced with an increase in the C60 concentration in the polymer film, although both pristine ZnTPP‐PCHE and C60‐PDAS thin films had only weak absorption bands in that region. Therefore, this polymer blend is considered to be suitable for use as a light‐harvesting system for PSCs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Sol–gel process of alkoxysilane in emulsifier‐involved aqueous emulsions: A one‐pot synthetic route to emulsions of core‐shell composite particles and their applications
Authors: Niu Lin , Xia Zhengbin , Lei Liang , Zhang Yanhong , Zhong Li
Published: October 2012

In this work, a one‐pot route to prepare emulsions of silica/polymer core‐shell composite particles was developed through the direct sol–gel processing of alkoxysilane on the surface of newly synthesized template polymer particles in emulsifier‐involved aqueous emulsions. It included two continuous steps: first, the polymer emulsions were synthesized through emulsion polymerization, and second, the template particles in the emulsions were directly coated with silica via sol–gel reaction of precursors without adding ethanol or removing emulsifiers. The size and morphology of the composite particles were characterized, and the results showed that the silica/polymer composite particles with core‐shell structure could be prepared only on the basis of cationic template emulsions, and the in situ‐coating reaction of sol–gel precursors carried on easier with the increasing of the positive charge density on the surface of template particles. The films formed from the composite emulsions were found to have superior optical and flame‐retardant properties compared to polymer films, owing to the core‐shell composite microstructure of the particles. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
A Multimethodological Approach for the Investigation of Archaeological Ditches – Exemplified by the Early Bronze Age Settlement of Fidvár Near Vráble (Slovakia)
Authors: Nowaczinski E. , Schukraft G. , Hecht S. , Rassmann K. , Bubenzer O. , Eitel B.
Published: October 2012

Buried or refilled archaeological ditches offer great opportunities in terms of reconstructing past human activities and human–nature interactions. The Early Bronze Age settlement of Fidvár in southwestern Slovakia offers excellent opportunities for this kind of geoarchaeological study. Based on previous magnetic prospection further geophysical, sedimentological and geochemical investigations were carried out focusing on the three existing semi‐elliptical early Bronze Age ditches. Afterwards an appropriate assortment of methods was chosen and successfully applied to two of the ditches in order to reconstruct their lateral and vertical geometries. Alongside interesting archaeological outcomes for the Fidvár site our results highlight the advantageous combination of geophysical and geochemical data. Only this multimethodological approach allowed both a universal and precise reconstruction of the archaeological features. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
General Information to Obtain Spherical Particles with Ordered Mesoporous Structures
Authors: Kimura Tatsuo , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: October 2012

Conditions for the synthesis of aluminum organophosphonate (AOP) and aluminophosphate (AlPO) spheres containing periodic mesopores were optimized and demonstrated to be general morphological controls for the surfactant‐assisted synthesis of mesoporous materials. High‐quality AOP and AlPO spheres with uniform mesopores were obtained at low and high temperatures, respectively. The aerosol‐assisted synthesis of materials with uniform mesopores was categorized by using the difference in relative density of soluble AOP and AlPO oligomers that interact with ethylene oxide (EO) units in EOnPOmEOn triblock copolymer (PO=propylene oxide). Then, ordered mesoporous structures are constructed with the adequate amount of species in resultant frameworks, and the number of interactive points in soluble species determines the resultant density of the frameworks after self‐assembly. Consequently, temperature‐dependent synthesis, which allows controlled infiltration of soluble species to match the density of resultant frameworks, is required for the formation of ordered mesoporous structures under morphological control.
Optimizing α for better statistical decisions: A case study involving the pace‐of‐life syndrome hypothesis
Authors: Mudge Joseph F. , Penny Faith M. , Houlahan Jeff E.
Published: October 2012

Setting optimal significance levels that minimize Type I and Type II errors allows for more transparent and well‐considered statistical decision making compared to the traditional α = 0.05 significance level. We use the optimal α approach to re‐assess conclusions reached by three recently published tests of the pace‐of‐life syndrome hypothesis, which attempts to unify occurrences of different physiological, behavioral, and life history characteristics under one theory, over different scales of biological organization. While some of the conclusions reached using optimal α were consistent to those previously reported using the traditional α = 0.05 threshold, opposing conclusions were also frequently reached. The optimal α approach reduced probabilities of Type I and Type II errors, and ensured statistical significance was associated with biological relevance. Biologists should seriously consider their choice of α when conducting null hypothesis significance tests, as there are serious disadvantages with consistent reliance on the traditional but arbitrary α = 0.05 significance level.
Endotoxin removal and prevention for pre‐clinical biologics production
Authors: Serdakowski London Anne , Kerins Brendan , Tschantz William R. , Mackay Kasey
Published: October 2012

The removal of endotoxin from protein solutions and its prevention are key to the success of recombinant protein production due to the possible pyogenic response in mammals caused by contaminated samples. In the pre‐clinical situation, protein production is often carried out in a non‐good manufacturing practice (GMP) setting, utilizing bacterial DNA for transient transfection and non‐validated cleaning techniques. Here, we present our findings evaluating various options for endotoxin removal, and propose strategies for endotoxin prevention with emphasis on chromatographic separations, endotoxin‐removing membranes and on‐column wash strategies.
Infrared study of synthetic peptide analogues of the calcium‐binding site III of troponin C: The role of helix F of an EF‐hand motif
Authors: Nara Masayuki , Morii Hisayuki , Tanokura Masaru
Published: October 2012

The EF‐hand motif (helix–loop–helix) is a Ca2+‐binding domain that is common among many intracellular Ca2+‐binding proteins. We applied Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy to study the synthetic peptide analogues of site III of rabbit skeletal muscle troponin C (helix E–loop–helix F). The 17‐residue peptides corresponding to loop–helix F (DRDADGYIDAEELAEIF), where one residue is substituted by the D‐type amino acid, were investigated to disturb the α‐helical conformation of helix F systematically. These D‐type‐substituted peptides showed no band at about 1555 cm−1 even in the Ca2+‐loaded state although the native peptide (L‐type only) showed a band at about 1555 cm−1 in the Ca2+‐loaded state, which is assigned to the side‐chain COO− group of Glu at the 12th position, serving as the ligand for Ca2+ in the bidentate coordination mode. Therefore, helix F is vital to the interaction between the Ca2+ and the side‐chain COO− group of Glu at the 12th position. Implications of the COO− antisymmetric stretch and the amide‐I′ of the synthetic peptide analogues of the Ca2+‐binding sites are discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 99: 342–347, 2013.
Reading the Competencies Through a Feminist Lens
Authors: Wilson Kristin Bailey , Cox‐Brand Elizabeth
Published: October 2012

This chapter uses a feminist lens to analyze the AACC's Competencies for Community College Leaders and concludes that the competencies are largely indifferent to gendered ideologies within leadership.
Next Steps—Looking to the Future
Authors: Boggs George R.
Published: October 2012

This chapter describes the influence of emerging challenges on the AACC competencies that successful leaders must draw upon the most and why new competencies may be needed in the future.
Leaders, Leveraging, and Abundance: Competencies for the Future
Authors: Alfred Richard L.
Published: October 2012

This chapter describes competencies that leaders need to develop to leverage improved outcomes for their institutions. Abundance, an organizational state achieved through leveraging, develops against a backdrop of context and ideologies that must be addressed to effect change.
Camptothecin‐7‐yl‐methanthiole: Semisynthesis and Biological Evaluation
Authors: Christodoulou Michael S. , Zunino Franco , Zuco Valentina , Borrelli Stella , Comi Daniela , Fontana Gabriele , Martinelli Marisa , Lorens James B. , Evensen Lasse , Sironi Maurizio , Pieraccini Stefano , Dalla Via Lisa , Gia Ornella Maria , Passarella Daniele
Published: October 2012

The introduction of a methylenthiol group at position 7 of camptothecin was carried out in four steps. This preparation also yielded the corresponding disulfide, which behaves as a prodrug due to its reactivity with glutathione. Assessment of their antiproliferative activities, investigations of their mechanism of action, and molecular modeling analysis indicated that the 7‐modified camptothecin derivatives described herein maintain the biological activity and drug–target interactions of the parent compound.
Low‐Molecular‐Weight CXCR4 Ligands with Variable Spacers
Authors: Narumi Tetsuo , Aikawa Haruo , Tanaka Tomohiro , Hashimoto Chie , Ohashi Nami , Nomura Wataru , Kobayakawa Takuya , Takano Hikaru , Hirota Yuki , Murakami Tsutomu , Yamamoto Naoki , Tamamura Hirokazu
Published: October 2012

Low‐molecular‐weight CXCR4 ligands based on known lead compounds including the 14‐mer peptide T140, the cyclic pentapeptide FC131, peptide mimetics, and dipicolylamine‐containing compounds were designed and synthesized. Three types of aromatic spacers, 1,4‐phenylenedimethanamine, naphthalene‐2,6‐diyldimethanamine, and [1,1′‐biphenyl]‐4,4′‐diyldimethanamine, were used to build four pharmacophore groups. As pharmacophore groups, 2‐pyridylmethyl and 1‐naphthylmethyl are present in all of the compounds, and several aromatic groups and a cationic group from 1‐propylguanidine and 1,1,3,3‐tetramethyl‐2‐propylguanidine were also used. Several compounds showed significant CXCR4 binding affinity, and zinc(II) complexation of bis(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)amine moieties resulted in a remarkable increase in CXCR4 binding affinity.
Numerical investigation of axonal cargo rerouting in a dendrite: A three kinetic state model
Authors: Kuznetsov A. V.
Published: October 2012

The purpose of this paper is to develop a three‐kinetic state model to investigate axonal cargo rerouting in a dendrite. It is assumed that axonal cargos are transported by kinesin motors; they can enter dendrites riding on plus‐end‐out microtubules (MTs). If this happens, cargos are rerouted by dissociating from these MTs and associating with minus‐end‐out MTs. The same kinesin motors then move axonal cargos out of the dendrite. The model predicts how far axonal cargos can penetrate into the dendrite, concentrations of various populations of axonal cargos, and cargo fluxes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MyExperimentalScience, extending the ‘workflow’
Authors: Frey Jeremy G. , Milsted Andrew , Michaelides Danius , Roure David De
Published: October 2012

Science, especially experimental science, has always depended on the careful capture of plans, actions, raw and processed data and conclusions. With scientific research now so inextricably dependent on computers, the use of an electronic laboratory notebook (ELN) is almost essential. The meticulous notebooks of Michael Faraday and other scientists of his era remain as role models for the recording that is necessary, but they cannot provide the essential support for discussion, sharing, collaboration and formal verification. A blog (a contraction of Web log) can form the basis for implementing an electronic notebook but does not suffice to meet all the needs of an ELN. This paper describes the LabTrove ELN, which is blog based but provides numerous additional features, such as version control, security policies and a flexible metadata scheme, and facilities for interchanging objects with other systems. The MyExperimentalScience project links LabTrove with myExperiment, a repository for workflows in a collaborative environment, thereby making LabTrove templates available for discovery and reuse. Collaboration, sharing and reuse are essential for scientific progress, which depends on individual scientists building on the results already produced by others. Open‐source ELNs such as LabTrove are ideal vehicles to support the growth of Open Notebook Science. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.