bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studying of cutting conditions when hard turning and their impact on integrity of shaped-complex surfaces
Authors: Holubjak Jozef , Pilc Jozef , Czanova Tatiana , Martikan Pavol , Mital Dusan , Mrazik Jozef
Published: March 2018

This article deals with impact of cutting conditions when hard turning of shaped-complex surfaces which are concentration origin of cracks especially in the area of notches. These areas significantly reduce the lifetime and functionality of surface by degradation of surface integrity where are the significant number of destruction cracks. Actual experiments are focused on detection of impact of each individual cutting condition on the generation of residual stress and its impact in each surface and subsurface layer of material. Results and evaluations explain what way is necessary to design and apply cutting conditions when hard turning of shaped-complex surfaces.
Material property determination of the lining layers of a versatile helmet
Authors: Kottner Radek , Hynek Richard , Mandys Tomáš , Bartošek Jan
Published: March 2018

This paper deals with material property identification of a helmet lining consisting of an outer layer of an expanded polystyrene (EPS) and inner layer of an open-closed cell foam (OCCF). A combined numerical simulation and experimental testing was used for the material property identification. Compression and drop tests were performed. The ABAQUS finite element commercial code was used for numerical simulations in which the OOCF was modelled as a rate dependent viscoelastic material, while the EPS as a crushable foam. The reaction force time histories coming from the numerical simulation and the experiment have been used as a criterion for material parameter determination. After the identification of the material properties, numerical drop-tests were used to study the behaviour of a plate and a conical composite OOCF and EPS liners to decide which of them suits more for the helmet.
Use of waste materials in rubber matrix
Authors: Pajtášová Mariana , Mičicová Zuzana , Ondrušová Darina , Božeková Slavomíra , Janík Róbert , Pecušová Beáta , Raník Lukáš
Published: March 2018

The presented paper deals with the use of waste materials as ecological fillers into rubber matrix. Waste materials were used as partial replacement of the commercial filler – carbon black, designated as N339. These prepared rubber compounds were characterized on the basis of the rheology and vulcanization characteristics – minimum torque (ML), maximum torque (MH), optimum time of vulcanization (t(c90)), processing safety of compound (ts), rate coefficient of vulcanization (Rv). In the case of the prepared vulcanizates, physical-mechanical properties (tensile strength, tensibility and hardness) and dynamic-mechanical properties (storage modulus, loss modulus, loss angle tan δ) were investigated. Using the dependency of loss angle on temperature, the selected properties for tyre tread vulcanizates were evaluated, including traction on snow and ice, traction on the wet surface and rolling resistance.
Study of clay minerals effect on curing characteristics of polymer blends and physical-mechanical properties of prepared vulcanizates
Authors: Pecušová Beáta , Pajtášová Mariana , Mičicová Zuzana , Ondrušová Darina , Feriancová Andrea , Kohutiar Marcel , Labaj Ivan
Published: March 2018

The given paper deals with the study of the properties of clay minerals, namely montmorillonite and moreover, it is focused on effect of these clay minerals on the curing characteristics of the polymer blends and the physical-mechanical properties of prepared vulcanizates. Montmorillonite is a major clay mineral which has a wide application in many industrial branches. It belongs to the group of dioctahedral smectite minerals with structural type in the ratio of 2:1. Characteristics of prepared modified and organomodified clay minerals are based on sulphur vulcanisation accelerators which are used for the preparation of real polymer blend where they represent a partial replacement of the common carbon black filler and then, the effect on the curing characteristics of polymer blends as well as physical-mechanical properties of the prepared vulcanizates are investigated. The results exhibit that the clay-based filler (modified and organomodified clay minerals) can be used as a partial replacement while the quality of the prepared blends is preserved.
Novel algorithm for tilt measurements using MEMS accelerometers
Authors: Łuczak Sergiusz
Published: March 2018

A novel algorithm for determining pitch and roll under static or quasi-static conditions is presented. It is based on application of a triaxial micromachined accelerometer for the necessary measurements. In order to obtain a possibly high accuracy, a simple data fusion is applied. Depending on the nominal value of pitch/roll, appropriate mathematical formula is selected. Additionally, the algorithm makes it possible to check if the operating conditions are dynamic, as indications of accelerometers are then not reliable. Implementation of the algorithm makes it possible to determine pitch and roll with accuracy of ca. 0.2° over 360° or better.
Numerical modeling of heat flow between three-dimensional regions in contact problems
Authors: Skrzypczak Tomasz , Węgrzyn-Skrzypczak Ewa
Published: March 2018

The method of numerical modeling of heat transfer between three-dimensional objects being in contact is described in the paper. Presented approach is based on the finite element method (FEM) with independent spatial discretization of considered regions. The gap between external surfaces of the interacting objects has variable width and is filled with gas or liquid. The medium in the gap introduces thermal resistance into heat transfer process. The mathematical model of considered problem is based on the equation of heat diffusion supplemented by the appropriate initial and boundary conditions. The deformations of the regions resulting from the thermally dependent changes of their volumes are also included in the model. The results of numerical simulations are presented and discussed.
Numerical solution of Rayleigh-Lamb frequency equation for real, imaginary and complex wavenumbers
Authors: Šofer Michal , Ferfecki Petr , Šofer Pavel
Published: March 2018

Guided waves, especially Lamb waves or shear-horizontal waves, are widely used types of waves for ultrasonic inspection of large structures. Well known property of guided waves is their dispersive character, which means that the propagation velocity of the particular wave mode is not only a function of physical properties of the material, in which the wave propagates or the wave´s frequency, but also depends on the geometry of the structure in itself. Dispersion curves provide us the information related to the dependency between the wavenumber and the frequency of the particular mode and can be obtained by a numerical solution of Rayleigh-Lamb frequency equation. A solution of Rayleigh-Lamb frequency equation forms for a given frequency and plate thickness a set of a finite number of real and pure imaginary wavenumbers and an infinite number of complex wavenumbers. Proposed paper presents a complete procedure of how to obtain all three kinds of wavenumbers for a given geometry and frequency interval. The main emphasis is placed on the effectiveness of the procedures, which are used for finding the roots of dispersion equation for all three kinds of wavenumbers.
Liebe Leserin, lieber Leser
Authors: Petzold E.
Published: March 2018

„Alles geschieht im Aus“. Viele mögen sich an diese vornehmste Spielregel der Funktionellen Entspannung nach Marianne Fuchs erinnern. Diese Spielregel betont die Bedeutung des Ausatmens, der Exspiration. Sie deutet an, dass alles, was bewegt wird durch das Ausatmen bewegt werden soll. Z. B. beim Tragen von Lasten, beim Treppensteigen, bei dem Schrei, der den Diskus- oder Speer bewegt, z. B. bei der Aufforderung der Röntgenassistentin, tief ein- und aus zu atmen. Zum Gelingen einer vollständigen Atemaktion gehört eben auch das Einatmen, die Inspiration. Dies hatte schon J.W. Goethe in dem Westöstlichen Diwan erkannt: „Im Atemholen sind zweierlei Gnaden, die Luft einziehen, sich ihrer entladen. Jenes bedrängt, dieses erfrischt; so wunderbar ist das Leben gemischt. Du danke Gott, wenn er dich presst. Und danke ihm, wenn er dich wieder entlässt“.
Hermann Hesse und Dr. Joseph Lang – Metamorphose einer Arzt-Patienten-Beziehung
Authors: Holzbach Ernst
Published: March 2018

Hermann Hesse unterzog sich einer Psychoanalyse bei dem C. G. Jung-Schüler Joseph Lang, die sich über Jahre hinzog. Nach Schilderung der äußeren Umstände und Entwicklungen wird an Hand des regen Briefwechsels von Dichter und Therapeut nachverfolgt, wie die Arzt-Patienten-Beziehung einer Wandlung unterworfen ist, wie aus gegenseitiger Bewunderung Freundschaft entsteht, aus dem gemeinsamen Leiden an sich und der Welt Seelenverwandtschaft entdeckt wird und wie sich die Beziehung umkehrt, als dann eher Hesse therapeutische Funktion für seinen Arzt übernehmen muss.
Balintarbeit bei den Wartburggespräche
Authors: Petzold E. , Schüffel W.
Published: March 2018

Wartburggespräche, Balintarbeit, Protokolle und Vignetten stehen für Erinnerungsarbeit und Gedächtnisstützen. Die Erinnerungsarbeit dient der Vergegenwärtigung des Vergangenen. Protokolle von Balintgruppenstunden sind auch in der verkürzten Form von Vignetten kleine, aber nicht ganz unwesentliche Gedächtnisstützen.

Pars pro toto werden in diesen Beitrag ein ausführliches Protokoll von den 24. Wartburggesprächen (2016) und Vignetten von den 25. Wartburggesprächen (2017) aufgenommen und diskutiert. Die Erinnerungsarbeit unserer Wartburggespräche reicht weiter zurück. Die ersten Wartburggespräche fanden bald nach der Vereinigung beider Deutschlands unter der Schirmherrschaft des damaligen Außenministers Hans Dietrich Genschers auf der Wartburg statt (1992). An diesen Wartburggesprächen nahmen nur Ärzte, Ärztinnen und ein Patient teil. Später kamen Studierende der Medizin hinzu und Psychologen, Philosophen, Lehrer und Theologen [1,2]. Die Balintgruppen bei den Wartburggesprächen sind in den umfassenderen Themenkomplex des Salutogenese Konzeptes von A. Antonovsky, B. Maoz(1,2)eingebettet. Ein neuer Zugang zu diesem Konzept entwickelte sich mit dem „Bewegenden Seminar“, auf das hier nur in aller Kürze eingegangen werden kann. 1
Benchmarking of Four Near Infrared Spectroscopy Devices for Long Time Use in Neonates
Authors: Schneider Anna , Hofstätter Edda , Brandner Johannes , Moder Angelika , Häusler Silke , Wald Martin
Published: March 2018

Background Using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) mixed tissue saturation can be calculated by measuring the oxygen saturation of oxygenated and deoxygenated erythrocytes in the tissue. Quality of the calculated value is not only dependent on the exposure of the measured values in the calculation, but also on external factors such as artifacts. Main object of this study was to determine whether and how the measurement quality of different devices varies in their long-term use in premature infants.

Patients and Methods In 54 measurements, each lasting 2 hours, 4 NIRS devices were attached in pairs on the forehead of 9 cardio-respiratory stable, spontaneous breathing premature infants. Pooled meta-analysis was used to compare the correlation between regional tissue saturation to the pulse oximetry saturation per device.

Results The pooled random effect of all Pearson’s correlation coefficients was 0.490 (CI95: 0.403-0.568) with the NIRO 200, 0.575 (CI95: 0.463-0.668) with the INVOS 5100c, 0.712 (CI95: 0.640-0.772) with the Fore-Sight and 0.638 (CI95: 0.554-0.709) with the SenSmart X- 100.

Conclusion In this trial, a significant correlation between the tissue saturation and pulsoxymetry saturation was observed. The tremendous variation range among the measurements showed, however, that the measurement quality can be severely affected by unrecognized artifacts, after excluding other possible causes. None of the devices had reliable artifact detection for long-term measurements in very small premature infants. Key words: Near-Infrared-Spectroscopy, premature infants, Benchmark Test, Long-term measurements
Edgar Allan Poe in Transylvania: Poe’s short stories and gothic elements in nineteenth century Romanian literature
Authors: Szabo Lucian-Vasile , Crișan Marius-Mircea
Published: March 2018

This study presents a new integrative image of the reception of Edgar Allan Poe in Romanian literature, especially in the second part of the nineteenth century, and offers new perspectives on translations of his work into Romanian. Although his writings were eventually translated into Romanian, his work had become known earlier through French translations by Charles Baudelaire. Poe’s work, translated from French, was published in various Romanian language publications during the second half of the nineteenth century. At the beginning of the 20th century a great number of direct translations into Romanian became available, many of these being found in Transylvania and the Banat. This paper discusses the re-analysis of these Romanian translations, the plurality of which suggests an on-going interest in Poe’s literature. The paper specifically focuses on the particular conditions of translations published in areas in East-Central Europe that were inhabited by Romanians. The study also approaches the influence of Poe on Romanian literature by highlighting new critical perspectives on Romanian writers’ interests in the American author’s works.
Religion, poverty, and abundance
Authors: Salonen Anna
Published: March 2018

Abstract

In contrast with most social theories, which are inclined to see the world and its problems as a matter of scarcity, this paper discusses poverty and religious organizations as actors in the field of poverty alleviation from the viewpoint of excess and abundance. The analysis draws from two essays that deal with the question of excess and excessiveness from the perspectives of social theory and moral philosophy, and applies their ideas in order to understand and reconsider the social practice of food assistance and the role of religious organizations as food assistance providers. This paper suggests that charitable food assistance is an excess rescaling strategy, which brings together food insecurity and food waste and thus makes food excess more desirable and less disturbing. Via the processes of rescaling and decriminalizing food excess, excess becomes a utility and a resource for helping people who suffer from poverty. Religious organizations, in turn, become middlemen in rescaling and decriminalizing excess and transforming it into a virtue.
Dynamics of an atmospheric pressure planar plume with two naked electrodes excited by an alternating current voltage
Authors: Li Xuechen , Chu Jingdi , Jia Pengying , Yang Linwei , Wang Biao , Wu Kaiyue
Published: March 2018

A large-scale plasma plume has been generated downstream of an argon flow with two naked electrodes excited by an alternating current voltage. Complicated dynamics under various dissipated powers are investigated for the planar plume. Results indicate that, besides the primary oscillations of the applied voltage at 70 kHz, a secondary oscillation is observed for the amplitude envelope of the gas voltage. Furthermore, the secondary oscillation is composed of an increasing amplitude region and a fluctuating amplitude one. With increasing the dissipated power, the duration time of the increasing amplitude region increases, and that of the fluctuating amplitude region decreases until the latter one disappears completely. The secondary oscillation frequency is investigated as a function of the dissipated power and the gas velocity. Detailed waveforms of the gas voltage, the current, and the integrated light emission are investigated for the two regions. Moreover, comprehensive investigations are performed using fast photography over the planar plume, synchronized with simultaneously recorded waveforms. It is found that the secondary oscillation originates from the dynamical movement of a plasma column, which periodically generates in the vicinity of the outlet and disappears at the plume tail.
Analysis of the magnetic properties in hard-magnetic nanofibers composite
Authors: Murillo-Ortíz R. , Mirabal-García M. , Martínez-Huerta J. M. , Cabal Velarde J. G. , Castaneda-Robles I. E. , Lobo-Guerrero A.
Published: March 2018

The magnetic properties of the strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles were studied as they were embedded at different concentrations in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofibers. These nanoparticles were prepared using the Pechini method and a low frequency sonication process obtaining a 3.4 nm average diameter. The composite consisting of hard magnetic nanoparticles homogeneously dispersed in a polymeric matrix was fabricated using a homemade electrospinning with 25 kV DC power supply. The obtained nanofibers had an average diameter of 110 nm, and nanoparticles were arranged and distributed within the nanofibers under the influence of a strong electric field. The configuration of the magnetic nanoparticles in the PVA nanofibers was such that the interparticle exchange interaction became negligible, while the magnetostatic interaction turned out predominant. The results reveal a considerable improvement in the energy product (BHmax) and in the squareness ratio (Mr/Ms) for nanoparticle concentrations between 15 and 30% per gram of PVA. The nanoparticles arrangement occurred at densities below the percolation concentration enhanced the hard-magnetic properties of the nanofibers, which indicates that the organization of the particles along the fibers induces anisotropy from the magnetostatic interaction among the magnetic nanoparticles. Finally, we close the discussion analyzing the observed effect below the percolation threshold, where the induced anisotropy caused the reduction of the full-width at half-maximum of the switching field distribution curves.
Asymmetric line edge roughness of multilayer grating reference materials
Authors: Wang Xingrui , Cheng Xinbin , Zhang Longfei , Deng Xiao , Li Tongbao
Published: March 2018

Line edge roughness (LER) in a one dimensional Si/SiO2 multilayer grating reference material with 20 nm nominal pitch size was investigated. It was shown for the first time that the LER of Si on SiO2 edges was about three times larger than that of SiO2 on Si edges. The asymmetric LERs led to asymmetric uncertainties and it must be considered when using the multilayer grating reference material. Moreover, the origin of asymmetric LER was investigated based on distinguishing contributions of interfacial roughness and interfacial diffusion. The interfacial roughness was determined to be symmetric because the surface roughness of the substrate, the Si single layer, the Si/SiO2 bilayer and the Si/SiO2 multilayer were almost the same with the value about 0.1 nm. Whereas, the interfacial diffusion layer of Si on SiO2 interface was about two times larger than that of SiO2 on Si interface through X-ray reflectivity (XRR) reverse fitting and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image analysis. The asymmetric interfacial diffusion layer was proposed to be the main reason of the observed asymmetric LERs of the Si/SiO2 multilayer grating reference material.
Polarizability tensor invariants of H2, HD, and D2
Authors: Raj Ankit , Hamaguchi Hiro-o , Witek Henryk A.
Published: March 2018

We report an exhaustive compilation of wavelength-dependent matrix elements over the mean polarizability (α¯) and polarizability anisotropy (γ) operators for the rovibrational states of the H2, HD, and D2 molecules together with an accompanying computer program for their evaluation. The matrix elements can be readily evaluated using the provided codes for rovibrational states with J = 0–15 and v = 0–4 and for any laser wavelengths in the interval 182.25–1320.6 nm corresponding to popular, commercially available lasers. The presented results substantially extend the scope of the data available in the literature, both in respect of the rovibrational transitions analyzed and the range of covered laser frequencies. The presented detailed tabulation of accurate polarizability tensor invariants is essential for successful realization of our main long-term goal: developing a universal standard for determining absolute Raman cross sections and absolute Raman intensities in experimental Rayleigh and Raman scattering studies of molecules.
Numerical and experimental investigation on static electric charge model at stable cone-jet region
Authors: Hashemi Ali Reza , Pishevar Ahmad Reza , Valipouri Afsaneh , Părău Emilian I.
Published: March 2018

In a typical electro-spinning process, the steady stretching process of the jet beyond the Taylor cone has a significant effect on the dimensions of resulting nanofibers. Also, it sets up the conditions for the onset of the bending instability. The focus of this work is the modeling and simulation of the initial stable jet phase seen during the electro-spinning process. The perturbation method was applied to solve hydrodynamic equations, and the electrostatic equation was solved by a boundary integral method. These equations were coupled with the stress boundary conditions derived appropriate at the fluid-fluid interface. Perturbation equations were discretized by the second-order finite difference method, and the Newton method was implemented to solve the discretized nonlinear system. Also, the boundary element method was utilized to solve the electrostatic equation. In the theoretical study, the fluid is described as a leaky dielectric with charges only on the jet surface in dielectric air. In this study, electric charges were modeled as static. Comparison of numerical and experimental results shows that at low flow rates and high electric field, good agreement was achieved because of the superior importance of the charge transport by conduction rather than convection and charge concentration. In addition, the effect of unevenness of the electric field around the nozzle tip was experimentally studied through plate-plate geometry as well as point-plate geometry.
The origins and properties of intrinsic nonradiative recombination centers in wide bandgap GaN and AlGaN
Authors: Chichibu S. F. , Uedono A. , Kojima K. , Ikeda H. , Fujito K. , Takashima S. , Edo M. , Ueno K. , Ishibashi S.
Published: March 2018

The nonradiative lifetime (τNR) of the near-band-edge emission in various quality GaN samples is compared with the results of positron annihilation measurement, in order to identify the origin and to determine the capture-cross-section of the major intrinsic nonradiative recombination centers (NRCs). The room-temperature τNR of various n-type GaN samples increased with decreasing the concentration of divacancies composed of a Ga vacancy (VGa) and a N vacancy (VN), namely, VGaVN. The τNR value also increased with increasing the diffusion length of positrons, which is almost proportional to the inverse third root of the gross concentration of all point defects. The results indicate that major intrinsic NRC in n-type GaN is VGaVN. From the relationship between its concentration and τNR, its hole capture-cross-section is estimated to be about 7 × 10−14 cm2. Different from the case of 4H-SiC, the major NRCs in p-type and n-type GaN are different: the major NRCs in Mg-doped p-type GaN epilayers are assigned to multiple vacancies containing a VGa and two (or three) VNs, namely, VGa(VN)n (n = 2 or 3). The ion-implanted Mg-doped GaN films are found to contain larger size vacancy complexes such as (VGa)3(VN)3. In analogy with GaN, major NRCs in Al0.6Ga0.4N alloys are assigned to vacancy complexes containing an Al vacancy or a VGa.
The electrothermal conductance and heat capacity of black phosphorus
Authors: Sengupta Parijat , Das Saptarshi , Shi Junxia
Published: March 2018

We study a thermal gradient induced current Ith flow in potassium-doped two-dimensional anisotropic black phosphorus (BP) with semi-Dirac dispersion. The prototype device is a BP channel clamped between two contacts maintained at unequal temperatures. The choice of BP lies in the predicted efficient thermoelectric behaviour. A temperature-induced difference in the Fermi levels of the two contacts drives the current (typified by the electro-thermal conductance) which we calculate using the Landauer transport equation. The current shows an initial rise when the device is operated at lower temperatures. The rise stalls at progressively higher temperatures and Ith acquires a plateau-like flat profile indicating a competing effect between a larger number of transmission modes and a corresponding drop in the Fermi level difference between the contacts. The current is computed for both n- and p-type BP, and the difference thereof is attributed to the particle-hole asymmetry. The utility of such calculations lie in conversion of the heat produced in a miniaturized chip to useful thermopower via a prototypical Seebeck power generator. Unlike the flow of Ith that purportedly utilizes the additional removable heat in a nanoscale device heat, the ability of a material to maintain a steady temperature is reflected in its heat capacity through effective absorption of thermal energy. The heat capacity is formulated in this work for BP via a Sommerfeld expansion. In the concluding part, we draw a microscopic connection between the two seemingly disparate processes of heat removal and absorption by pinning down their origin to the underlying density of states. Finally, a qualitative analysis of a Carnot-like efficiency of the considered thermoelectric engine is performed drawing upon the previous results on thermal current and heat capacity.
Laser-plasma interactions in magnetized environment
Authors: Shi Yuan , Qin Hong , Fisch Nathaniel J.
Published: March 2018

Propagation and scattering of lasers present new phenomena and applications when the plasma medium becomes strongly magnetized. With mega-Gauss magnetic fields, scattering of optical lasers already becomes manifestly anisotropic. Special angles exist where coherent laser scattering is either enhanced or suppressed, as we demonstrate using a cold-fluid model. Consequently, by aiming laser beams at special angles, one may be able to optimize laser-plasma coupling in magnetized implosion experiments. In addition, magnetized scattering can be exploited to improve the performance of plasma-based laser pulse amplifiers. Using the magnetic field as an extra control variable, it is possible to produce optical pulses of higher intensity, as well as compress UV and soft x-ray pulses beyond the reach of other methods. In even stronger giga-Gauss magnetic fields, laser-plasma interaction enters a relativistic-quantum regime. Using quantum electrodynamics, we compute a modified wave dispersion relation, which enables correct interpretation of Faraday rotation measurements of strong magnetic fields.
Note: Tandem Kirkpatrick–Baez microscope with sixteen channels for high-resolution laser-plasma diagnostics
Authors: Yi Shengzhen , Zhang Zhe , Huang Qiushi , Zhang Zhong , Wang Zhanshan , Wei Lai , Liu Dongxiao , Cao Leifeng , Gu Yuqiu
Published: March 2018

Multi-channel Kirkpatrick–Baez (KB) microscopes, which have better resolution and collection efficiency than pinhole cameras, have been widely used in laser inertial confinement fusion to diagnose time evolution of the target implosion. In this study, a tandem multi-channel KB microscope was developed to have sixteen imaging channels with the precise control of spatial resolution and image intervals. This precise control was created using a coarse assembly of mirror pairs with high-accuracy optical prisms, followed by precise adjustment in real-time x-ray imaging experiments. The multilayers coated on the KB mirrors were designed to have substantially the same reflectivity to obtain a uniform brightness of different images for laser-plasma temperature analysis. The study provides a practicable method to achieve the optimum performance of the microscope for future high-resolution applications in inertial confinement fusion experiments.
Novel high-frequency energy-efficient pulsed-dc generator for capacitively coupled plasma discharge
Authors: Mamun Md Abdullah Al , Furuta Hiroshi , Hatta Akimitsu
Published: March 2018

The circuit design, assembly, and operating tests of a high-frequency and high-voltage (HV) pulsed dc generator (PDG) for capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) discharge inside a vacuum chamber are reported. For capacitive loads, it is challenging to obtain sharp rectangular pulses with fast rising and falling edges, requiring intense current for quick charging and discharging. The requirement of intense current generally limits the pulse operation frequency. In this study, we present a new type of PDG consisting of a pair of half-resonant converters and a constant current-controller circuit connected with HV solid-state power switches that can deliver almost rectangular high voltage pulses with fast rising and falling edges for CCP discharge. A prototype of the PDG is assembled to modulate from a high-voltage direct current (HVdc) input into a pulsed HVdc output, while following an input pulse signal and a set current level. The pulse rise time and fall time are less than 500 ns and 800 ns, respectively, and the minimum pulse width is 1 µs. The maximum voltage for a negative pulse is 1000 V, and the maximum repetition frequency is 500 kHz. During the pulse on time, the plasma discharge current is controlled steadily at the set value. The half-resonant converters in the PDG perform recovery of the remaining energy from the capacitive load at every termination of pulse discharge. The PDG performed with a high energy efficiency of 85% from the HVdc input to the pulsed dc output at a repetition rate of 1 kHz and with stable plasma operation in various discharge conditions. The results suggest that the developed PDG can be considered to be more efficient for plasma processing by CCP.
Determination of specific ion positions of Cr3+ and O2− in Cr2O3 thin films and their relationship to exchange anisotropy at Co/Cr2O3 interfaces
Authors: Shiratsuchi Yu , Nakano Yuuta , Inami Nobuhito , Ueno Tetsuro , Ono Kanta , Kumai Reiji , Sagayama Ryoko , Nakatani Ryoichi
Published: March 2018

The structures of antiferromagnetic Cr2O3(0001) thin films with perpendicular exchange bias were investigated using reflection high-energy electron diffraction, X-ray reflectivity, and synchrotron X-ray diffraction. We mainly investigated the specific ion positions of Cr3+ and O2− in the corundum structure and discussed their relationship to the magnetic anisotropy of Cr2O3. The Cr2O3(0001) thin film grown on a Pt(111) buffer layer exhibited a perpendicular exchange anisotropy density of 0.42 mJ/m2, in which the Cr3+ position is the primary factor in the enhancement of magnetic anisotropy due to dipolar-interaction. In contrast, the single-crystalline Cr2O3(0001) film grown on a α-Al2O3(0001) substrate featured a low exchange magnetic anisotropy of 0.098 mJ/m2. In this film, the Cr3+ position parameter is an insignificant factor, leading to low magnetic anisotropy. The O2− ion position also differs between the two types of films, which can affect both the magnetic anisotropy energy originating from fine structures and the magneto-electric properties of Cr2O3.
Reconfigurable generation and measurement of mutually unbiased bases for time-bin qudits
Authors: Lukens Joseph M. , Islam Nurul T. , Lim Charles Ci Wen , Gauthier Daniel J.
Published: March 2018

We propose a method for implementing mutually unbiased generation and measurement of time-bin qudits using a cascade of electro-optic phase modulator–coded fiber Bragg grating pairs. Our approach requires only a single spatial mode and can switch rapidly between basis choices. We obtain explicit solutions for dimensions d = 2, 3, and 4 that realize all d + 1 possible mutually unbiased bases and analyze the performance of our approach in quantum key distribution. Given its practicality and compatibility with current technology, our approach provides a promising springboard for scalable processing of high-dimensional time-bin states.
‘Complete freedom to choose within limits’ – teachers’ views of curricular autonomy, agency and control in Estonia, Finland and Germany
Authors: Erss Maria
Published: March 2018

To examine different approaches to teacher autonomy in nation‐states, three countries were selected for a comparative study: Estonia, Finland and Germany. The emphasis of the study lies on the subjective perceptions of upper secondary school teachers (n = 33 semi‐structured interviews) regarding their curricular autonomy and experiences of being controlled by the system. The article discusses different concepts of teacher autonomy and agency theoretically and concludes that they are partly overlapping, but not the same. Agency can be understood as the realistic actualization of autonomy within the constraints of the teaching profession, while autonomy is, in theory, more liberating, focusing on self‐directedness, capacity for autonomous action and freedom from control. The data analysis showed that the expectations of teachers as to the amount of desired autonomy varied greatly. While the Finnish teachers in the study perceived control over teachers’ work to be unnecessary, due to their high professionalism, the Estonian and German teachers did not advocate absence of control, instead preferring to ‘have complete freedom to choose within limits.’
On regular 3-wise intersecting families
Authors: Frankston Keith , Kahn Jeff , Narayanan Bhargav
Published: March 2018

Ellis and the third author showed, verifying a conjecture of Frankl, that any

3
3

-wise intersecting family of subsets of

{
1
,
2
,
…
,
n
}

\{1,2,\dots ,n\}

admitting a transitive automorphism group has cardinality

o
(

2
n

)

o(2^n)

, while a construction of Frankl demonstrates that the same conclusion need not hold under the weaker constraint of being regular. Answering a question of Cameron, Frankl, and Kantor from 1989, we show that the restriction of admitting a transitive automorphism group may be relaxed significantly: we prove that any

3
3

-wise intersecting family of subsets of

{
1
,
2
,
…
,
n
}

\{1,2,\dots ,n\}

that is regular and increasing has cardinality

o
(

2
n

)

o(2^n)

.
Tax treaty arbitration
Authors: Mooij Hans
Published: March 2018

Traditionally, tax authorities endeavour to resolve their tax treaty disputes among themselves, by amicable settlement through a mutual agreement procedure (commonly known as ‘MAP’ procedure), without involvement from any third parties—neither arbitrators nor mediators. In past years, due to globalization of countries’ economies and spread of tax treaty networks, the number of disputess, their complexity and revenue interest involved have gone up drastically, exceeding many authorities’ capacities, and resulting in MAP cases taking up increasingly more time, or remaining unresolved at all. It is generally expected that the recent OECD/G20 initiated ‘BEPS’ (short for: Base Erosion and Profit Shifting) measures against international tax avoidance will add further to this. Arbitration so far having been hardly tried in practice, the recent arbitration piece under the BEPS multilateral treaty (MLI) and EU Directive on dispute resolution in international tax matters, however, create new momentum. It is now up to tax authorities if they can accustom themselves to the use of arbitration as an ordinary, and in certain circumstances preferable tool for resolving their disputes.
REStLESS: automated translation of glycan sequences from residue-based notation to SMILES and atomic coordinates
Authors: Chernyshov Ivan Yu , Toukach Philip V
Published: March 2018

Motivation

Glycans and glycoconjugates are usually recorded in dedicated databases in residue-based notations. Only a few of them can be converted into chemical (atom-based) formats highly demanded in conformational and biochemical studies. In this work, we present a tool for translation from a residue-based glycan notation to SMILES.

Results

The REStLESS algorithm for translation from the CSDB Linear notation to SMILES was developed. REStLESS stands for ResiduEs as Smiles and LinkagEs as SmartS, where SMARTS reaction expressions are used to merge pre-encoded residues into a molecule. The implementation supports virtually all structural features reported in natural carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. The translator is equipped with a mechanism for conversion of SMILES strings into optimized atomic coordinates which can be used as starting geometries for various computational tasks.

Availability and implementation

REStLESS is integrated in the Carbohydrate Structure Database (CSDB) and is freely available on the web (http://csdb.glycoscience.ru/csdb2atoms.html).

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Derived Assets
Authors: Raczynska Magda
Published: March 2018

This chapter considers incidents in which a new asset may be derived from the one already subject to the proprietary interest. It begins with an overview of derivation in law in the context of physical matter, the possible categories of new assets and the ways in which they might be derived from original assets. In particular, it describes three categories of derived assets: proceeds, products and fruits. It then examines derived assets from the contractual perspective, along with changes to subject matter of proprietary interests. Changes of subject matter leading or not leading to a new asset are analysed. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the case with rights to payment to show that some assets are so closely linked with the derived assets that having the asset makes little economic sense unless one also has a right to the derived asset.
Taxation of Private Investment Funds
Authors: Spangler Timothy
Published: March 2018

This chapter discusses the taxation of private investment funds, addressing questions such as whether there are any conflicting interests between investors and/or managers and/or others involved in the fund (including joint venture parties) in relation to any aspect of the tax affairs of the fund; whether any investor could be liable (whether on its own, jointly, or jointly and severally) for any taxation liability of the fund or any of its subsidiary vehicles; or the extent to which the tax treatment of the fund or any of its subsidiary vehicles is dependent on the tax status of investors. The chapter compares the taxation of limited partnerships and offshore companies in the UK and in the United States.
The Legal Duties Arising from the Provision of Investment Advisory and Management Services
Authors: Spangler Timothy
Published: March 2018

This chapter discusses the legal duties owed by investment managers to their clients arising from the provision of investment advisory and management services. It first considers the key documents that establish the legal relationship between fund managers and investors before explaining the investment manager’s duty of care and fiduciary duty of loyalty to the client. It then examines the contracts involved in private investment funds between the fund vehicle and the fund manager, along with the fiduciary duties of directors of limited companies. It also analyses the impact of structure of investment management firms on legal duties, taking into account multiple management vehicles, the effect of fund management economics on legal structures, and the dividing line between fund manager and investors.
The Regulatory Duties Arising from the Provision of Investment Advisory and Management Services
Authors: Spangler Timothy
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines the regulatory duties of investment managers arising from the provision of investment advisory and management services. Managers of private investment funds that are authorised or regulated as investment advisers or managers can owe regulatory duties arising under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (FSMA) in the UK and the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 in the United States. The chapter begins with a discussion of the UK Financial Conduct Authority’s (FCA) regulation of the conduct of firms authorised under the FSMA, including collective investment schemes, public investment funds, and fiduciary duty in the financial services regulatory regime. It then considers the FCA’s regulatory response to private investment funds as well as the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s compliance programme for investment advisers and managers primarily under the Advisers Act. It concludes with an analysis of financial services regulation of fiduciary duties.
Investor Protection Concerns in Private Investment Funds
Authors: Spangler Timothy
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines the governance challenge in private investment funds arising from investor protection failures. It begins with a discussion of the Madoff affair, which brought to the fore alleged failures in reporting, oversight and governance mechanisms regarding private investment funds, whether hedge funds, private equity funds, real estate opportunities funds or other more esoteric investment pools. It then considers some issues which the Madoff debacle drew attention to, including the presence of multiple fund vehicles in the same structure or in interconnected structures such as parallel funds, master-feeder, and fund of funds. It also analyses the Financial Conduct Authority’s (FCA) concerns about hedge fund fraud and conflicts of interest that may arise in the business models of any of the participants in the private equity market. Finally, it describes ongoing diligence and oversight regarding private investment funds and the Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC) concerns over due diligence involving private funds.
Board of Directors Composition as a Means to Mitigating the Governance Challenge
Authors: Spangler Timothy
Published: March 2018

This chapter explains how the composition of the board of directors can mitigate the governance challenge in private investment funds. The dependence of a private investment fund on the fund manager is a key factor in the governance challenge. Directors of the fund vehicle must ensure that their fiduciary duties are adequately fulfilled, especially in circumstances that put them in direct conflict with the fund manager. The inclusion of directors who are independent of the fund manager can serve to better address the governance challenge for all participants in a particular investment fund. The chapter first considers the two complementary functions of independent directors—providing specialized advice and expertise to the executive directors and monitoring executive decision-making—before discussing their duties as well as their effectiveness. It also examines the role of directors in general partner vehicles and the limitation on the effectiveness of independent directors.
Listings of Private Investment Funds as a Means of Mitigating the Governance Challenge
Authors: Spangler Timothy
Published: March 2018

This chapter explains how the admission to listing of private investment funds on a recognized exchange can provide a means to address the governance challenge. It first considers the regulatory functions of securities exchanges before turning to the Irish Stock Exchange (ISE), taking into account three areas relevant to the governance challenge faced by private investment funds: general obligations of disclosure, notification of interests and key developments, and communications with unitholders. It then examines how an ISE listing can provide a potential market-oriented solution to the governance challenge. It also discusses listing-related developments at the London Stock Exchange, Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive depositories, and limitations on the effectiveness of exchange listings.
The Global Frontiers of Private Investment Funds
Authors: Spangler Timothy
Published: March 2018

This chapter discusses the global expansion of private investment funds in the twenty-first century, focusing on two regions: Asia and the Middle East. In particular, it examines questions about the balance of power between fund managers and investors, the role of top-down regulation in non-public financial transactions, and the ability of private monitoring solutions to provide a meaningful alternative to such approaches. The chapter first describes the asset management industry in the United Arab Emirates, with emphasis on the roles of the Dubai International Financial Centre and the Dubai Financial Services Authority, before turning to Saudi Arabia and Islamic investment funds. It also considers Hong Kong and Singapore as centres of private investment funds in Asia, along with passporting and recognition that facilitate the cross-border offering of funds in other participating jurisdictions throughout the continent.
Current Trends in Radiologic Malpractice Litigation: Part I
Authors: Berlin Leonard
Published: March 2018

The topic “Current Trends in Radiologic Malpractice Litigation” is presented in two articles: Part I (Volume 41, Number 8, 2018) and Part II (Volume 41, Number 9, 2018).
Harnessing the Power of Big Data to Improve Graduate Medical Education: Big Idea or Bust?
Authors: Arora Vineet M.
Published: March 2018

With the advent of electronic medical records (EMRs) fueling the rise of big data, the use of predictive analytics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence are touted as transformational tools to improve clinical care. While major investments are being made in using big data to transform health care delivery, little effort has been directed toward exploiting big data to improve graduate medical education (GME). Because our current system relies on faculty observations of competence, it is not unreasonable to ask whether big data in the form of clinical EMRs and other novel data sources can answer questions of importance in GME such as when is a resident ready for independent practice.

The timing is ripe for such a transformation. A recent National Academy of Medicine report called for reforms to how GME is delivered and financed. While many agree on the need to ensure that GME meets our nation’s health needs, there is little consensus on how to measure the performance of GME in meeting this goal. During a recent workshop at the National Academy of Medicine on GME outcomes and metrics in October 2017, a key theme emerged: Big data holds great promise to inform GME performance at individual, institutional, and national levels. In this Invited Commentary, several examples are presented, such as using big data to inform clinical experience and provide clinically meaningful data to trainees, and using novel data sources, including ambient data, to better measure the quality of GME training.
Addressing Student Burnout: What Medical Schools Can Learn From Business Schools
Authors: Pathipati Akhilesh S. , Cassel Christine K.
Published: March 2018

Although they enter school with enthusiasm for a career in medicine, medical students in the United States subsequently report high levels of burnout and disillusionment. As medical school leaders consider how to address this problem, they can look to business schools as one source of inspiration. In this Invited Commentary, the authors argue—based on their collective experience in both medical and business education—that medical schools can draw three lessons from business schools that can help reinvigorate students. First, medical schools should offer more opportunities and dedicated time for creative work. Engaging with diverse challenges promotes intellectual curiosity and can help students maintain perspective. Second, schools should provide more explicit training in resiliency and the management of stressful situations. Many business programs include formal training in how to cope with conflict and how to make high-stakes decisions, whereas medical students are typically expected to learn those skills on the job. Finally, medical schools should provide better guidance on practical career considerations like income, lifestyle, and financial skills. Whether in medicine or business, students benefit from open discussions about their personal and professional goals. Medical schools must ensure that students have an outlet for those conversations.