bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Monodisperse Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 Metastable Solid Solution Nanocrystals
Authors: Taniguchi Takaaki , Watanabe Tomoaki , Matsushita Nobuhiro , Yoshimura Masahiro
Published: April 2009

An environmentally friendly and economically efficient method has been developed to synthesize monodisperse CeO2‐ZrO2 solid solution nanocrystals. In this process, the formation of oleate‐stabilized Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 nanocrystals was designed to proceed through hydrolytic sol–gel condensation of metal–oleate precursors in an aqueous solution and subsequent hydrothermal growth at 200 °C for 6 h. The results showed that the 3.0‐nm‐sized nanocrystals possess a metastable CeO2‐ZrO2 tetragonal phase with well‐designed chemical composition and are nearly monodisperse. Owing to the uniform textural and elemental properties, the products exhibit relatively high thermal stability of the metastable phase and well‐defined reduction properties.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Betaine Adducts of N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes: Synthesis, Properties, and Reactivity
Authors: Delaude Lionel
Published: April 2009

N‐Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) form stable zwitterionicadducts with a range of heteroallenes, ketenes, and allenes. Although the first representatives of this class of inner salts were first investigated as far back as the 1960s, they have enjoyed a sustained interest from the chemical community over the years. Depending on the nature of their anionic moiety, NHC betaines display a very broad palette of reactivities and have found applications in various fields of organic synthesis and catalysis. In this Microreview, the synthesis, properties, and reactivity of NHC betaines are surveyed. The NHCs under consideration include ylidenes derived from imidazole, benzimidazole, imidazoline, thiazole, or triazole, and the heteroallenes investigated so far are carbon dioxide, carbon disulfide, isocyanates, isothiocyanates, and their selenium analogues. A historical background is provided for each type of adduct under consideration, but emphasis is placed mainly on developments that have appeared in the literature within the past few years. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Deracemisation of α‐Chiral Primary Amines by a One‐Pot, Two‐Step Cascade Reaction Catalysed by ω‐Transaminases
Authors: Koszelewski Dominik , Clay Dorina , Rozzell David , Kroutil Wolfgang
Published: April 2009

Racemic α‐chiral primary amines were deracemised to optically pure amines in up to >99 % conversion and >99 % ee within 48 h. The deracemisation was a result of a stereoinversion of one amine enantiomer; the formal stereoinversion was achieved by a one‐pot, two‐step procedure: in the first step, kinetic resolution of the chiral racemic amine was performed by employing a ω‐transaminase to yield an intermediate ketone and the remaining optically pure amine; in the second step, the ketone intermediate was stereoselectively transformed into the amine by employing alanine as the amine donor and a ω‐transaminase displaying opposite stereopreference than the ω‐transaminase in the first step. In the second step, lactate dehydrogenase was used to remove the side product pyruvate to shift the unfavourable reaction equilibrium to the product side. Depending on the order of the enantiocomplementary enzymes employed in the cascade, the (R), as well as the (S), enantiomer was accessible.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Predictive index for carcinoma of thyroid nodules and its integration with fine‐needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Kuru Bekir , Gulcelik Nese Ersoz , Gulcelik Mehmet Ali , Dincer Halil
Published: April 2009

Background

The objective of this study was to select patients for resection of thyroid malignity among patients with thyroid nodules by integration of predictive indices with fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC).

Methods

Characteristics of 571 euthyroid patients with thyroid nodules who underwent surgery in our institution were prospectively recorded. Predictive factors for malignancy were identified and categorized as predictive indices that were integrated with FNAC to select patients for surgery.

Results

Eighty‐three (14.5%) of the 571 patients had thyroid carcinoma. Size ≥4 cm, age ≥65, cervical lymph nodes, solid structure, hypoechogenicity, microcalcification, and elevated serum thyroglobulin levels were independent predictive factors associated with thyroid malignancy. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of FNAC were 88%, 80%, and 81%, respectively, and were 100% for index 3.

Conclusions

Patients with malignant and suspicious FNAC findings and, among patients with follicular neoplasm and nondiagnostic FNAC findings, those with ≥2 risk factors should undergo surgery. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Growth inhibition of head and neck carcinomas by D‐allose
Authors: Mitani Tomoo , Hoshikawa Hiroshi , Mori Terushige , Hosokawa Tomohiro , Tsukamoto Ikuko , Yamaguchi Fuminori , Kamitori Kazuyo , Tokuda Masaaki , Mori Nozomu
Published: April 2009

Background

An inhibitory effect of D‐allose, a rare sugar, on several cancer cell lines has been reported. This study aimed to investigate the growth inhibition of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells by D‐allose.

Methods

We treated 3 head and neck carcinoma cell lines with D‐allose, D‐fructose, D‐psicose, and D‐glucose. Cell growth assays as well as analyses of messenger RNA (mRNA) expression, cell cycle, apoptosis, and uptake of 14C‐glucose were performed.

Results

D‐allose had inhibitory effects on all 3 cell lines and tended to upregulate mRNA expression of glucose transporters, p21 and p53, and downregulate mRNA expression of cyclin A2, cyclin B1, and CDC2. We observed that D‐allose tended to interfere with the intracellular uptake of D‐glucose and induced apoptosis.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that D‐allose inhibits the growth of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. D‐allose has a considerable potential as a new anticancer agent in those patients. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Impact of treating facilities' volume on survival for early‐stage laryngeal cancer
Authors: Chen Amy Y. , Pavluck Alex , Halpern Michael , Ward Elizabeth
Published: April 2009

Background

Treatment at a high‐volume facility has been associated with better outcomes in a variety of conditions. The relationship between volume and survival from laryngeal cancer has not been examined previously.

Methods

A total of 11,446 early‐stage laryngeal cancer patients (1996–1998) who reported to the National Cancer Database (NCDB) were analyzed. Proportional hazards regression was used to assess the relationship between survival and treatment volume controlling for other factors associated with survival.

Results

Treatment at low‐volume facilities was associated with a significantly increased likelihood of death (hazard ratio 1.20, 95% CI 1.04–1.38). Surgical resection, as compared with radiation treatment, was associated with lower mortality (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.69–0.80).

Conclusion

This study is the first to assess the relationship between survival and treatment volume in laryngeal cancer. Treatment at a high‐volume facility is associated with better survival. Surgical treatment rather than radiation was also associated with better survival, although we could not control for confounders that may bias treatment selection. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Warthin tumor presenting as a fungal abscess in an immunocompetent host: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Leibowitz Jason M. , Montone Kathleen T. , Basu Devraj
Published: April 2009

Background

Fungal abscesses of the parotid gland are rare, and cases arising within parotid neoplasms have not been described previously. This report conveys our experience managing such an entity, which is further distinguished by its occurrence in an immunocompetent host.

Methods and Results

A 59‐year‐old man experienced multiple recurrences of a parotid fungal abscess requiring repeated drainage procedures. Definitive excision ultimately demonstrated Candida glabrata infecting a Warthin tumor.

Conclusions

This case is the first report of a parotid neoplasm presenting as a fungal abscess. It contributes to the scant literature on fungal abscesses of the parotid, which previously has only been described in debilitated hosts and without an associated neoplasm. The case also expands the spectrum of disease associated with C. glabrata. Warthin tumor may be an occult etiology for a parotid fungal abscess, and definitive diagnosis and therapy may require parotidectomy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Intensity‐modulated radiation therapy with simultaneous integrated boost technique following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Kim Kyubo , Wu Hong‐Gyun , Kim Hak Jae , Sung Myung‐Whun , Kim Kwang Hyun , Lee Se‐Hoon , Heo Dae Seog , Kim Hee Jung , Park Charn
Published: April 2009

Background

Our aim was to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) technique following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC).

Methods

Between April 2004 and December 2006, 25 patients with stage IIB to IVB NPC underwent 3 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by IMRT using SIB technique. Neoadjuvant chemotherapeutic regimens were 5‐fluorouracil and cisplatin in 11 patients; docetaxel, 5‐fluorouracil, and cisplatin in 8; and paclitaxel and cisplatin in 6. Dose prescription of IMRT was as follows: 67.5 Gy at 2.25 Gy/fraction to postchemotherapy gross tumor, 54 to 60 Gy at 1.8 to 2 Gy/fraction to subclinical disease, and 48 Gy at 1.6 Gy/fraction to elective neck. Seventeen patients received weekly cisplatin during the course of radiation therapy as well.

Results

With a median follow‐up of 29 months for survivors (range, 14–39), the 3‐year local progression–free, regional progression–free, and distant metastasis–free survival rates were 89.6%, 87.2%, and 80.4%, respectively. Treatment was well tolerated despite the grade 3 mucositis (16%) and/or pharyngitis (16%). With follow‐up, the frequency of xerostomia decreased. At 3 months after IMRT, the proportions of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group grades 0, 1, and 2 xerostomia were 13%, 38%, and 50%, respectively. At 24 months, the corresponding figures were 36%, 46%, and 18%, respectively.

Conclusion

IMRT with SIB technique for locoregionally advanced NPC was feasible and effective regarding locoregional control and development of xerostomia, even after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Definition of gross tumor volume by postchemotherapy extent of disease was also feasible. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Discharge and suspended sediment transport in the Ayeyarwady River, Myanmar: centennial and decadal changes
Authors: Furuichi T. , Win Z. , Wasson R. J.
Published: April 2009

Among the large rivers rising on the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent high mountains, the discharge and suspended sediment load of the Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) River are the least well known. Data collected between 1969 and 1996 at Pyay (Prome) are analysed to provide the best available modern estimate of discharge (379 ± 47 × 109 m3/year) and suspended sediment load (325 ± 57 × 106 t/year) for the river upstream of the delta head. A statistical comparison with data collected in the nineteenth century (1871 to 1879) shows discharge has significantly decreased in the last ∼100 years. Regression and correlation analyses between discharge in the modern period and indices of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) show a relationship. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Redefining the American quilt: definitions and experiences of community among ethnically diverse lesbian and bisexual women
Authors: Lehavot Keren , Balsam Kimberly F. , Ibrahim‐Wells Gemma D.
Published: April 2009

Lesbian and bisexual women from diverse backgrounds possess unique viewpoints regarding the meanings and functions of “community.” Despite this, few studies have explored sexual minority women's understanding of and relationship to their communities. The present study employed qualitative research methods to investigate the meanings and functions of community among a sample of ethnically diverse lesbian and bisexual women (N=49). From the participants' responses in semistructured focus groups and key informant interviews, three core constructs emerged: community concepts (relevance, meaning), community‐based strain (racism, homophobia, biphobia, classism), and community‐based action (fluidity, exclusivity). Implications of these findings for future research and practice with this population of women will be discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Isolation and culture of primary bovine embryonic stem cell colonies by a novel method
Authors: Cao Shanbo , Wang Fang , Chen Zhisheng , Liu Zhong , Mei Cheng , Wu Haojia , Huang Junjiu , Li Chao , Zhou Lingjun , Liu Lin
Published: April 2009

Authentic bovine embryonic stem (ES) cell lines have not been established despite progress made for more than two decades. Isolation and culture of primary ES cell colonies are the first critical step towards establishment of stable ES cell lines. Here we report a novel method designated as “Separate and Seed” that contributes remarkably to efficient derivation of bovine primary ES‐like cell colonies from blastocysts. These primary cultured bovine ES‐like cells exhibit morphology typical of ES cells and express pluripotent molecular markers including Oct4, Nanog and alkaline phosphatase. Interestingly, bovine primary ES‐like cell colonies distinctively express both stage‐specific embryonic antigens 1 and 4 (SSEA1 and SSEA4), unlike mouse and human ES cells. These pluripotent markers may be used for characterization of authentic bovine ES cell lines in later studies. In contrast, whole embryos or inner cell mass (ICM) used for primary culture by conventional methods fails to produce primary bovine ES cell colonies that express all pluripotent stem cell markers shown above. Furthermore, bFGF improves growth and maintained undifferentiated state of bovine ES‐like cells for several passages, whereas LIF and ERK inhibitor PD98059 known to promote pluripotency of mouse ES cells are unable to sustain bovine ES‐like cells. Although continued efforts are required for improving long‐term culture of bovine ES cells, this novel “Separate and Seed” method provides an initial effective step that may eventually lead to derivation of authentic bovine ES cell lines. J. Exp. Zool. 311A:368–376, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histological and molecular analysis of the biceps tendon long head post‐tenotomy
Authors: Joseph Michael , Maresh Carl M. , McCarthy Mary Beth , Kraemer William J. , Ledgard Felicia , Arciero Cristina L. , Anderson Jeffrey M. , Nindl Bradley C. , Mazzocca Augustus D.
Published: April 2009

Tendinopathy is a vexing clinical problem as its onset and development is often asymptomatic and unrecognized until tendon rupture. While extensively studied in the rotator cuff, Achilles, and patellar tendons, no study to date has examined the histological and molecular characteristics of the tendinopathic biceps long‐head (LHB). The anatomy of the LHB is unique in that it comprises intra‐ and extra‐articular portions, each exposed to differing loading patterns. Eleven LHBs post‐tenotomy were sectioned, fixed in formalin, and stained (H&E; Alcian Blue), and gross structural organization of collagen measured using polarized light microscopy. Protein expression of intra‐ and extra‐articular portions of the tenotomized biceps for IGF‐I, collagen III, and MMP‐1, ‐2, ‐3, and ‐13 was determined with Western blot analyses. The intra‐articular LHB exhibited significantly greater histological evidence of tendinopathy inclusive of increased proteoglycan (p < 0.05) and decreased organization as measured by polarized light microscopy (p < 0.01). The intra‐articular LHB also had significantly increased expression of collagen type III (p < 0.01) and of MMP‐1 and 3 (p < 0.01, p < 0.05 respectively). No significant differences were found for IGF‐I or for MMP‐2 and ‐13. The intra‐articular LHB exhibited histological characteristics of tendinopathy. Protein expression of the intra‐articular LHB did not universally display signs of tendinopathy in comparison to the extra‐articular portion of the tendon. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:1379–1385, 2009
Finite element simulation of cement‐bone interface micromechanics: A comparison to experimental results
Authors: Janssen Dennis , Mann Kenneth A. , Verdonschot Nico
Published: April 2009

Recently, experiments were performed to determine the micromechanical behavior of the cement‐bone interface under tension‐compression loading conditions. These experiments were simulated using finite element analysis (FEA) to test whether the micromechanical response of the interface could be captured in micromodels. Models were created of experimental specimens based upon microcomputed tomography data, including the complex interdigitated bone‐cement morphology and simulated frictional contact at the interface. The models were subjected to a fully reversed tension‐compression load, mimicking the experimental protocol. Similar to what was found experimentally, the simulated interface was stiffer in compression than in tension, and the majority of displacement was localized to the cement‐bone interface. A weak correlation was found between the FEA‐predicted stiffness and the stiffness found experimentally, with average errors of 8 and 30% in tension and compression, respectively. The hysteresis behavior found experimentally was partially reproduced in the simulation by including friction at the cement‐bone interface. Furthermore, stress analysis suggested that cement was more at risk of fatigue failure than bone, concurring with the experimental observation that more cracks were formed in the cement than in the bone. The current study provides information that may help explain the load transfer mechanisms taking place at the cement‐bone interface. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:1312–1318, 2009
Vibrational studies of hexagonal bronze systems: phonon calculation and high pressure induced phase transformation
Authors: Coelho J. Santos , Paraguassu W. , Maczka M. , Souza Filho A. G. , Freire P.T.C. , Mendes Filho J. , Hanuza J.
Published: April 2009

Hexagonal bronzes and valence‐balanced hexatungstates (VBHT) have attracted great attention for presenting rich polymorphism and displaying superconductor or ferroelectric properties. In the present work, structural and vibrational properties of RbBi1/3W8/3O9 (RBW) crystal (VBHT type) were investigated by high‐pressure Raman scattering experiments. The results suggest the existence of a reversible pressure‐induced structural phase transition at about 4 GPa. This transformation is most likely related to rotations of octahedral units along the c‐axis with no abrupt changes of apical OWO bonds length. In order to get further understanding of RBW vibrational properties, we performed phonon calculations, by using classical lattice dynamics, in the related hexagonal structure of the K0.26WO6 system. These calculations revealed that most of vibrational properties of K0.26WO6 are governed by tubular ‘like’ vibrations of the hexagonal cavity, which resemble similar vibrations of tubular nanostructures. The pressure dependence of Raman modes is understood in terms of calculated phonon eigenvectors at ambient pressure. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A weak solution approach to a reaction–diffusion system modeling pattern formation on seashells
Authors: Kelkel Jan , Surulescu Christina
Published: April 2009

We investigate a reaction–diffusion system proposed by H. Meinhardt as a model for pattern formation on seashells. We give a new proof for the existence of a local weak solution for general initial conditions and parameters upon using an iterative approach. Furthermore, the solution is shown to exist globally for suitable initial data. The behavior of the solution in time and space is illustrated through numerical simulations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biochemie und Molekularbiologie 2008
Authors: Marienhagen Jan , Schwaneberg Ulrich
Published: April 2009

Um Enzyme als effiziente Katalysatoren in chemischen Synthesen einzusetzen, sind häufig ihre Eigenschaften wie Lösungsmittelstabilitäten zu verbessern. Fortschritte in der Molekularbiologie insbesondere der gelenkten Enzymevolution und dem rationalen Enzymdesign helfen, das Synthesepotenzial von Enzymen auszuschöpfen. Die RNA‐Biochemie bleibt ein Treffpunkt interdisziplinärer Forschung. Mit Einzelmolekültechniken lassen sich die vielfältigen Funktionen der RNA untersuchen.
Chemiedidaktik 2008
Authors: Becker Hans‐Jürgen , Stäudel Lutz , Hildebrandt Henry
Published: April 2009

Die Forschungsperspektive Diagnose ist in vierfacher Hinsicht zu präzisieren: Schülerverhalten, Lehrerverhalten, Lehrerausbildung, Schul‐ und Unterrichtsstruktur. Diese Bereiche sind als Ganzes zu sehen. Schließlich sind Konsequenzen im Sinne therapeutischer Maßnahmen abzuleiten und umzusetzen.
Dynamic mechanical properties of aluminum nitride/cyanate ester composites for high performance electronic packaging
Authors: Ling Wei , Gu Aijuan , Liang Guozheng , Yuan Li , Liu Jie
Published: April 2009

Viscoelastic ature is one of the key features of polymeric composites. A series of cyanate ester (CE)‐based composites with different aluminum nitride (AlN) contents for high performance electronic packaging, coded as AlN/CE, were developed; the viscoelastic nature of AlN/CE composites was intensively investigated by employing dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Results show that the AlN content has a great effect on dynamic mechanical properties of AlN/CE composites. The storage modulus in the glassy region increases linearly with the addition of AlN as well as the increase of AlN content. Meanwhile, all composites also exhibit notably higher loss modulus than cured CE resin due to the appearance of new energy dissipation forms. In addition, the incorporation of AlN has a significant effect on damping factor peak. All reasons leading to these phenomena are analyzed from the view of structure–property relationship. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro evaluation of the ability of platelet‐rich plasma to seal an iatrogenic fetal membrane defect
Authors: Lewi L. , Liekens D. , Heyns L. , Poliard E. , Beutels E. , Deprest J. , Hoylaerts M. F.
Published: April 2009

Objectives

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the ability of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) to seal an iatrogenic fetal membrane defect.

Methods

First, we evaluated the stability of a PRP plug in an amniotic fluid environment. Further, we evaluated the sealing capability of PRP plugs in an in vitro model that mimics a fetoscopic membrane defect. Finally, we examined its influence on membrane repair and cell proliferation in monolayer cell cultures and amnion‐chorion tissue explants.

Results

PRP plugs persisted in an amniotic fluid for a median time of 7 weeks. PRP plugs also provided waterproof sealing of a fetoscopic membrane defect. Finally, PRP stimulated cell proliferation in a monolayer cell culture and provided a good matrix for cell proliferation and migration in amnion–chorion tissue explants.

Conclusion

Our in vitro experiments suggest that PRP plugs may provide a long‐lasting, waterproof sealing of fetal membrane defects and stimulate fetal membrane repair. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introduction of Carboxyl Functional Groups onto Platinum by RF Plasma Deposition
Authors: Leber Elizabeth R. , Ratner Buddy D.
Published: April 2009

Radio frequency (RF) plasma deposition of acrylic acid was used to generate carboxyl functional groups on a platinum surface serving as a model of a platinum electrode. The groups were retained at around 11% of the carbon content of the surface as measured using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) following challenges of water soaks and acidic and basic conditions. Angle‐dependent ESCA showed the percentage of carboxyl groups decreased with depth and supported our hypothesis that the plasma deposited acrylic acid bonds to the platinum by penetrating into the uppermost layer of the platinum. The carboxyl groups were generated on the platinum surface in sufficient number to be used for further modification of the surface.

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Thin Film Deposition in Capacitively Coupled Plasmas Fed with Bis(dimethylamino)dimethylsilane and Oxygen: An FTIR study
Authors: Di Mundo Rosa , Palumbo Fabio , Fracassi Francesco , d'Agostino Riccardo
Published: April 2009

This paper deals with the deposition of thin films in capacitively coupled RF plasmas fed with bis(dimethylamino)dimethylsilane in mixture with argon. The effect of input power and of O2 addition has been studied by means of a detailed FTIR investigation of the plasma phase and FTIR and XPS analyses of the deposits. High carbon content films with inorganic character are deposited in monomer‐Ar discharges at high power. Input power rise results in higher monomer depletion but fragmentation appears not complete since SiMe, SiN, NMe absorptions are still evident. When the oxygen addition is high, a SiO2‐like film is formed and the oxidation of the organic fraction appears directly correlated with CO2 density in gas phase.

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The Rheumatoid Arthritis Drug Development Model: a case study in Bayesian clinical trial simulation
Authors: Nixon Richard M. , O'Hagan Anthony , Oakley Jeremy , Madan Jason , Stevens John W. , Bansback Nick , Brennan Alan
Published: April 2009

The development of a new drug is a major undertaking and it is important to consider carefully the key decisions in the development process. Decisions are made in the presence of uncertainty and outcomes such as the probability of successful drug registration depend on the clinical development programmme.

The Rheumatoid Arthritis Drug Development Model was developed to support key decisions for drugs in development for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It is configured to simulate Phase 2b and 3 trials based on the efficacy of new drugs at the end of Phase 2a, evidence about the efficacy of existing treatments, and expert opinion regarding key safety criteria.

The model evaluates the performance of different development programmes with respect to the duration of disease of the target population, Phase 2b and 3 sample sizes, the dose(s) of the experimental treatment, the choice of comparator, the duration of the Phase 2b clinical trial, the primary efficacy outcome and decision criteria for successfully passing Phases 2b and 3. It uses Bayesian clinical trial simulation to calculate the probability of successful drug registration based on the uncertainty about parameters of interest, thereby providing a more realistic assessment of the likely outcomes of individual trials and sequences of trials for the purpose of decision making.

In this case study, the results show that, depending on the trial design, the new treatment has assurances of successful drug registration in the range 0.044–0.142 for an ACR20 outcome and 0.057–0.213 for an ACR50 outcome. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoelectron spectroscopic studies of the interfacial reaction between glass and commercial adhesive
Authors: Wang Y. Q. , Chen J. , Gao F. , Sherwood Peter M.A.
Published: April 2009

The valence band and core‐level photoelectron spectroscopy [using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS)] were used to probe the interfacial reaction between glass and a commercial adhesive (Loctite). The interaction was investigated by comparing experimental valence band spectra with spectra calculated for various possible interaction schemes. The valence band spectrum for the interfacial region between the glass and the adhesive was obtained using difference spectra on a thin film of adhesive on glass. This film was sufficiently thin that the adhesion interphase could be directly probed. Chemical interaction occurs at the interface as evidenced by the fact that the spectrum for the interfacial region could not be represented by the addition of the spectrum of the glass alone and the adhesive alone. The XPS valence band spectrum and the UPS spectrum showed that the shallow top surface layer is very much enriched in acrylic acid, which is a minor component in the adhesive. When the Loctite adhesive was coated on glass, the C1s and O1s regions of the adhesion interface region showed evidences of new chemistry at the adhesive–glass interface. The possible reactions were evaluated by comparison of the experimental spectra with calculated ones based on different models using ab initio molecular orbital calculations. The experimental spectra are well represented by models where the acrylic acid of the surface region of the adhesive reacts with the glass, suggesting chemical interaction occurred at the adhesion interphase. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interventions for critical incident stress in emergency medical services: a qualitative study
Authors: Halpern Janice , Gurevich Maria , Schwartz Brian , Brazeau Paulette
Published: April 2009

Controversy over the use of Critical Incident Stress Debriefing leaves Emergency Medical Services (EMS) organizations with little direction in preventing sequelae of Critical Incident Stress (CIS) in their employees. Objectives of the study were to explore and describe Emergency Medical Technicians' (EMTs) experiences of critical incidents and views about potential interventions, in order to facilitate development of interventions that take into account EMS culture. We interviewed 60 EMT practitioners and supervisors, and examined interview transcripts using ethnographic content analysis. EMT practitioners want emotional support in their workplace soon after a critical incident, and welcome interventions that would enhance this. They also experience a brief timeout as important in preventing sequelae of CIS. Exchanges with supervisors and peers that are experienced as supportive are illustrated. Barriers to support are described, as well as ways to address them. Educating supervisors and front‐line practitioners to recognize and respond supportively to critical incidents is acceptable to them. However, an organizational culture that stigmatizes vulnerability is the most insidious and challenging barrier to accessing support after a critical incident. Addressing the issue of stigma is critical to developing appropriate interventions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The mechanism of the cholesterol-lowering effect of water-insoluble fish protein in ovariectomised rats
Authors: Kato Masaki , Ogawa Hiroshi , Kishida Taro , Ebihara Kiyoshi
Published: April 2009

The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether water-insoluble fish protein (IFP) from Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) prevents hypercholesterolaemia induced by ovarian hormone deficiency. Wistar female rats, aged 6 months, were subjected to sham-operation or ovariectomy, and fed a cholesterol-free diet containing casein or IPF as a protein source for 28 d. Body-weight gain and food intake increased in the ovariectomised rats as compared with the sham-operated rats. Plasma total cholesterol concentration was decreased and faecal bile acid excretion was increased by IFP in the ovariectomised rats, but not in the sham-operated rats. Plasma homocysteine concentration was decreased by IFP in the ovariectomised rats, but not in the sham-operated rats. Liver lipids and liver cholesterol concentrations were increased and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) activity was decreased by ovariectomy, but not by diet. Bile acid content and the ratio of cholic acid groups to chenodeoxycholic acid groups in bile were increased by ovariectomy, but decreased by IFP. Bile acid content in the small intestine was increased by IFP in the ovariectomised rats, but not in the sham-operated rats. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and microsomal TAG transfer protein mRNA levels were decreased by ovariectomy and IFP, whereas LDL-receptor mRNA level was decreased by ovariectomy but unaffected by diet. Thus, the preventive effect of IFP on the ovarian hormone deficiency-associated increase in plasma cholesterol concentration seems to be mediated by accelerated faecal excretion of bile acids, coupled with an increase in the intestinal pool of bile acids.
Vitamin A status is associated with T-cell responses in Bangladeshi men
Authors: Ahmad Shaikh M. , Haskell Marjorie J. , Raqib Rubhana , Stephensen Charles B.
Published: April 2009

Recommendations for vitamin A intake are based on maintaining liver stores of ≥ 0·070 μmol/g, which is sufficient to maintain normal vision. We propose that higher levels may be required to maintain normal immune function. To test this hypothesis, we conducted an 8-week residential study among thirty-six healthy Bangladeshi men with low vitamin A stores. Subjects were randomised to receive vitamin A (240 mg in four doses) or placebo during study weeks 2 and 3. Vitamin A stores were estimated by isotopic dilution at week 8. Total T-cells, the naive T-cells:memory T-cells ratio and mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation were positively and significantly correlated with vitamin A stores (P < 0·05). Mitogen-stimulated IL-2, IL-4 and TNFα increased significantly (P < 0·05) in the vitamin A but not placebo group after supplementation, while IL-10 production was significantly and negatively correlated with vitamin A stores (P < 0·05). Segmented linear regression analysis revealed that naive T-cell counts and T-cell blastogenesis were positively associated with vitamin A stores above but not below 0·070 μmol/g liver. These data show that increasing vitamin A stores above the level that maintains normal vision enhances some measures of T-cell-mediated immunity, suggesting a difference in requirements for maintaining vision and immune function.
The effect of exposure to sea water on germination and vegetative growth of an epiphytic bromeliad
Authors: Zotz Gerhard , Reuter Norman
Published: April 2009

Vascular epiphytes can be quite abundant in vegetation close to the ocean surf, where they are exposed to a more or less continuous input of salt spray. The ecophysiological basis of their occurrence, i.e. salt tolerance or avoidance, is unresolved, because all previous studies were observational and conclusions thus circumstantial. Here, the effect of varying concentrations of salt water on germination, and growth and survival of seedlings and established plants was investigated in a growth cabinet study under controlled conditions. Seeds (1500), seedlings (750) and small tank plants (336) were from four populations of Werauhia sanguinolenta that were growing either close to the sea or inland in Panama. Changes of Na+ and K+ concentrations in plant tissue were also determined. No differences in the sensitivity to salt were found among populations, nor among life stages. External concentrations (Cext) of up to 15% sea water (c. 0.5% Na+) allowed complete germination as well as positive growth and survival in both seedlings and established plants over short periods (8–10 wk). After longer exposure (12 wk) of established plants visible damage and increased mortality were observed at lower Cext, but critical tissue Na+ levels were similar: c. 50 mg gDW−1. It is concluded that this common epiphyte does not meet the definition of a halophyte, but still possesses a rather high tolerance to sodium.
Loneliness as a partial mediator of the relation between low social preference in childhood and anxious/depressed symptoms in adolescence
Authors: Fontaine Reid Griffith , Yang Chongming , Burks Virginia Salzer , Dodge Kenneth A. , Price Joseph M. , Pettit Gregory S. , Bates John E.
Published: April 2009

This study examined the mediating role of loneliness (assessed by self-report at Time 2; Grade 6) in the relation between early social preference (assessed by peer report at Time 1; kindergarten through Grade 3) and adolescent anxious/depressed symptoms (assessed by mother, teacher, and self-reports at Time 3; Grades 7–9). Five hundred eighty-five boys and girls (48% female; 16% African American) from three geographic sites of the Child Development Project were followed from kindergarten through Grade 9. Loneliness partially mediated and uniquely incremented the significant effect of low social preference in childhood on anxious/depressed symptoms in adolescence, controlling for early anxious/depressed symptoms at Time 1. Findings are critical to understanding the psychological functioning through which early social experiences affect youths' maladjusted development. Directions for basic and intervention research are discussed, and implications for treatment are addressed.
The longitudinal effects of stressful life events on adolescent depression are buffered by parent–child closeness
Authors: Ge Xiaojia , Natsuaki Misaki N. , Neiderhiser Jenae M. , Reiss David
Published: April 2009

This study investigated the prospective links of negative life events and parent–child closeness with depressive symptoms among siblings using a multilevel modeling approach with a genetically informative design. The sample consisted of 756 adolescents (378 sibling pairs) who participated in two waves of the Nonshared Environment in Adolescent Development Project. Sibling pairs with varying degree of genetic relatedness (i.e., monozygotic, dizygotic, full siblings, half siblings, and genetically unrelated siblings) were included. The results showed that negative life events, both personal and family life events, and parent–child closeness at Time 1 were significantly associated with depressive symptoms at Time 2 after accounting for the intrapair correlations between siblings. The effects remained significant after controlling for the levels of preexisting depressive symptoms. More importantly, closeness with mothers, but not with fathers, moderated the effects of both personal and family negative life events on subsequent depressive symptoms.
The impact of parenthood on alcohol consumption trajectories: Variations as a function of timing of parenthood, familial alcoholism, and gender
Authors: Little Michelle , Handley Elizabeth , Leuthe Eileen , Chassin Laurie
Published: April 2009

The current study tested the impact of the transition to parenthood on growth in alcohol consumption from early adolescence through emerging adulthood. We measured age-related discontinuity in trajectories of alcohol consumption associated with timing of the parenthood transition, above and beyond the effects of accrued educational status, gender, and time-varying marital status. We also examined the impact of a familial selection factor for the transmission of alcohol use problems, family history density of alcoholism (FHD), on both risk for adolescent parenthood and risk for adolescent parents' continuity in alcohol consumption after the parent transition within a mediation structural equation model. Premature timing of parenthood had a distinct effect on emerging adult alcohol trajectories. Although participants who became parents as emerging adults showed role-relateddeclinein alcohol consumption, those who became parents during adolescence showed a role-relatedrisein emerging adult alcohol consumption. Gender moderated adolescent parents' role-related growth in emerging adult alcohol consumption. Adolescent fathers showed an adverse rise in alcohol consumption after becoming parents, whereas adolescent mothers' alcohol consumption did not change significantly. FHD was related to high adolescent alcohol consumption, which mediated risk for the incidence of early parenthood. Finally, the adverse effect of FHD on trajectories of emerging adult alcohol use was mediated by a dual pathway: (a) developmental continuity of conduct problems and (b) early transition to parenthood.
Prenatal maternal stress from a natural disaster predicts dermatoglyphic asymmetry in humans
Authors: King Suzanne , Mancini-Marïe Adham , Brunet Alain , Walker Elaine , Meaney Michael J. , Laplante David P.
Published: April 2009

Dermatoglyphic asymmetry of fingertip ridge counts is more frequent in schizophrenia patients than normal controls, and may reflect disruptions in fetal development during Weeks 14–22 when fingerprints develop. However, there are no data in humans linking specific adverse events at specific times to dermatoglyphic asymmetries. Our objective was to determine whether prenatal exposure to a natural disaster (1998 Quebec ice storm) during Weeks 14–22 would result in increased dermatoglyphic asymmetry in children, and to determine the roles of maternal objective stress exposure, subjective stress reaction, and postdisaster cortisol. Ridge counts for homologous fingers were scored for 77 children (20 target exposed [Weeks 14–22] and 57 nontarget exposed [exposed during other gestation weeks]). Children in the target group had more than 0.50SDgreater asymmetry than the nontarget group. Within the target group, children whose mothers had high subjective ice storm stress had significantly greater asymmetry than those with lower stress mothers, and maternal postdisaster cortisol had a significant negative correlation with the children's dermatoglyphic asymmetry (r= −.56). Prenatal maternal stress during the period of fingerprint development results in greater dermatoglyphic asymmetry in their children, especially in the face of greater maternal distress.
ELEMENTARY INVARIANTS FOR CENTRALIZERS OF NILPOTENT MATRICES
Authors: BROWN JONATHAN , BRUNDAN JONATHAN
Published: April 2009

We construct an explicit set of algebraically independent generators for the center of the universal enveloping algebra of the centralizer of a nilpotent matrix in the general linear Lie algebra over a field of characteristic zero. In particular, this gives a new proof of the freeness of the center, a result first proved by Panyushev, Premet and Yakimova.
CONSTRUCTING HERMAN RINGS BY TWISTING ANNULUS HOMEOMORPHISMS
Authors: WANG XIUMEI , ZHANG GAOFEI
Published: April 2009

Let F(z) be a rational map with degree at least three. Suppose that there exists an annulus $H \subset \widehat {\mathbb {C}}$ such that (1) H separates two critical points of F, and (2) F:H→F(H) is a homeomorphism. Our goal in this paper is to show how to construct a rational map G by twisting F on H such that G has the same degree as F and, moreover, G has a Herman ring with any given Diophantine type rotation number.
Der überempfindliche Magendarmtrakt – Nahrungsmittel mit negativen Effekten im Darm
Authors: Meier
Published: April 2009

Bei Beschwerden wie Bauchschmerzen, Blähungen und Durchfällen muss an Störungen gedacht werden, welche durch die Einnahme von Milchzucker, Fruktose oder glutenhaltige Nahrungsmittel entstehen. Die Laktoseintoleranz, die Fruktosemalabsorption und die Zöliakie sind keine seltenen Erkrankungen. Wenn man an sie denkt, sind sie einfach zu diagnostizieren und zu behandeln. Bei der Laktoseintoleranz und der Fruktosemalabsorption führt die Einnahme von Milch- oder Fruchtzucker lediglich zu lästigen Beschwerden. Bei der Zöliakie kommt es durch glutenhaltige Nahrungsmitteln zu einer chronischen Schädigung der Schleimhaut und zu Symptomen infolge von Absorptionsstörungen der Makro- und Mikronährstoffe. Bei der Laktoseintoleranz und der Fruktosemalabsorption können die Beschwerden beim Weglassen der laktose- und fruktosehaltigen Nahrungsmittel verhindert und die Zöliakie mit einer glutenfreien Ernährung meistens geheilt werden.
Remote sensing space weather events: Antarctic‐Arctic Radiation‐belt (Dynamic) Deposition‐VLF Atmospheric Research Konsortium network
Authors: Clilverd Mark A. , Rodger Craig J. , Thomson Neil R. , Brundell James B. , Ulich Thomas , Lichtenberger János , Cobbett Neil , Collier Andrew B. , Menk Frederick W. , Seppälä Annika , Verronen Pekka T. , Turunen Esa
Published: April 2009

The Antarctic‐Arctic Radiation‐belt (Dynamic) Deposition‐VLF Atmospheric Research Konsortium (AARDDVARK) provides a network of continuous long‐range observations of the lower ionosphere in the polar regions. Our ultimate aim is to develop the network of sensors to detect changes in ionization levels from ∼30–90 km altitude, globally, continuously, and with high time resolution, with the goal of increasing the understanding of energy coupling between the Earth's atmosphere, the Sun, and space. This science area impacts our knowledge of space weather processes, global atmospheric change, communications, and navigation. The joint New Zealand‐United Kingdom AARDDVARK is a new extension of a well‐established experimental technique, allowing long‐range probing of ionization changes at comparatively low altitudes. Most other instruments which can probe the same altitudes are limited to essentially overhead measurements. At this stage AARDDVARK is essentially unique, as similar systems are only deployed at a regional level. The AARDDVARK network has contributed to the scientific understanding of a growing list of space weather science topics including solar proton events, the descent of NOx into the middle atmosphere, substorms, precipitation of energetic electrons by plasmaspheric hiss and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves, the impact of coronal mass ejections upon the radiation belts, and relativistic electron microbursts. Future additions to the receiver network will increase the science potential and provide global coverage of space weather event signatures.
Blood Lactate is an Important Energy Source for the Human Brain
Authors: van Hall Gerrit , Stømstad Morten , Rasmussen Peter , Jans Øle , Zaar Morten , Gam Christian , Quistorff Bjørn , Secher Niels H , Nielsen Henning B
Published: April 2009

Lactate is a potential energy source for the brain. The aim of this study was to establish whether systemic lactate is a brain energy source. We measured in vivo cerebral lactate kinetics and oxidation rates in 6 healthy individuals at rest with and without 90 mins of intravenous lactate infusion (36 μmol per kg bw per min), and during 30mins of cycling exercise at 75% of maximal oxygen uptake while the lactate infusion continued to establish arterial lactate concentrations of 0.89 ± 0.08, 3.9 ± 0.3, and 6.9 ± 1.3 mmol/L, respectively. At rest, cerebral lactate utilization changed from a net lactate release of 0.06 ± 0.01 to an uptake of 0.16 ± 0.07 mmol/min during lactate infusion, with a concomitant decrease in the net glucose uptake. During exercise, the net cerebral lactate uptake was further increased to 0.28 ± 0.16 mmol/min. Most 13C-label from cerebral [1-13C]lactate uptake was released as 13CO2 with 100% ± 24%, 86% ± 15%, and 87% ± 30% at rest with and without lactate infusion and during exercise, respectively. The contribution of systemic lactate to cerebral energy expenditure was 8% ± 2%, 19% ± 4%, and 27% ± 4% for the respective conditions. In conclusion, systemic lactate is taken up and oxidized by the human brain and is an important substrate for the brain both under basal and hyperlactatemic conditions.