bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tephra in deglacial ocean sediments south of Iceland: Stratigraphy, geochemistry and oceanic reservoir ages
Authors: Thornalley David J. R. , McCave I. Nick , Elderfield Harry
Published: February 2011

Icelandic tephra layers within deglacial ocean sediment cores from south of Iceland have been detected and their timing with respect to the climate shifts of the last deglaciation constrained. Geochemical analysis of the tephra allowed the likely source volcanic systems to be identified. The previously known Saksunarvatn ash and Vedde ash are recognised and described. Several other major tephra layers are examined: basaltic eruption(s) of Katla at ∼8.4 ka; a basaltic eruption of Katla at ∼12.6 ka; a rhyolitic eruption of Katla at ∼13.6 ka producing tephra similar in appearance and composition to the Vedde ash; a basaltic eruption of Katla at ∼14.0 ka; and two basaltic eruptions of Grímsvötn at ∼14.6 ka and ∼15.0 ka. Abundant rhyolitic ash with a similar appearance and chemistry to the Vedde ash is found throughout the deglacial interval, predating the Vedde ash by up to 3000 years, supporting previous suggestions that there were pre‐Vedde ash eruptions of rhyolite that may have contributed to North Atlantic Ash Zone 1.

This study expands the tephro‐stratigraphic framework of the North Atlantic and provides a marine archive in which the timing of tephra layers (useful as isochrons) can be directly compared to major ocean and climate events of the last deglaciation. Furthermore, by correlating tephra layers and abundance changes in the polar foraminifera, Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sinistral), to equivalent tephra events and inferred abrupt cooling/warming in Greenland ice‐cores, contemporaneous 14C‐dated planktonic foraminifera have been used to estimate changes in the surface radiocarbon reservoir age south of Iceland. Consistent with previous studies, larger surface reservoir ages are calculated during late Heinrich Stadial 1 and the Younger Dryas (∼2000 years and ∼800–1900 years respectively). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of in situ derivatization SPME by experimental design for GC‐MS multi‐residue analysis of pharmaceutical drugs in wastewater
Authors: de Lima Gomes Paulo Clairmont Feitosa , Barletta Juliana Yamashita , Nazario Carlos Eduardo Domingues , Santos‐Neto Álvaro José , Von Wolff Marya Anne , Coneglian Cassiana Maria Reganhan , Umbuzeiro Gisela Aragão , Lancas Fernando Mauro
Published: February 2011

This paper presents the development of a procedure, which enables the analysis of nine pharmaceutical drugs in wastewater using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) associated with solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) for the sample preparation. Experimental design was applied to optimize the in situ derivatization and the SPME extraction conditions. Ethyl chloroformate (ECF) was employed as derivatizing agent and polydimethylsiloxane‐divinylbenzene (PDMS‐DVB) as the SPME fiber coating. A fractional factorial design was used to evaluate the main factors for the in situ derivatization and SPME extraction. Thereafter, a Doehlert matrix design was applied to find out the best experimental conditions. The method presented a linear range from 0.5 to 10 μg/L, and the intraday and interday precision were lower than 16%. Applicability of the method was verified from real influent and effluent samples of a wastewater treatment plant, as well as from samples of an industry wastewater and a river.
Dialectical behavior therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood sexual abuse: A pilot study of an intensive residential treatment program
Authors: Steil Regina , Dyer Anne , Priebe Kathlen , Kleindienst Nikolaus , Bohus Martin
Published: February 2011

Dialectical behavior therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (DBT‐PTSD) is tailored for adults with PTSD from childhood sexual abuse (CSA). It uses principles from DBT and trauma‐focused cognitive–behavioral approaches. To evaluate acceptance and safety, the authors treated 29 women with chronic CSA‐related PTSD plus at least one other comorbid diagnosis. The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS), Symptom Checklist 90‐Revised, Beck Depression Inventory, and State Trait Anxiety Inventory were administered prior to, at the end of, and 6 weeks after 3 months of intensive residential treatment. An effect size of 1.22 on the PDS was found between baseline and follow‐up. Effect sizes for secondary outcomes ranged from medium to large. The results suggest that DBT‐PTSD has promise for reducing severe and chronic PTSD after CSA.
Quantification of benign lesion regression as a function of 532‐nm pulsed potassium titanyl phosphate laser parameter selection
Authors: Mallur Pavan S. , Tajudeen Bobby A. , Aaronson Nicole , Branski Ryan C. , Amin Milan R.
Published: February 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Although the potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser is versatile, the variability in laser parameters for laryngeal pathologies and the lack of clinical efficacy data remain problematic. We provide preliminary data regarding these parameters for benign lesion regression. In addition, we describe a novel method for the quantification of the effects of the KTP laser on vocal fold (VF) lesions.

Study Design:

Retrospective chart review.

Methods:

Images were captured from examinations before and after in‐office KTP treatment in patients with a range of benign lesions. Laser settings were noted for each patient. Imaging software was then used to calculate a ratio of lesion area to VF length. Ten percent of images were requantified to determine inter‐rater reliability.

Results:

Thirty‐two patients underwent 47 procedures for lesions including hemorrhagic polyp, nonhemorrhagic polyp, vocal process granuloma, Reinke's edema, cyst/pseudocyst, leukoplakia, and squamous cell carcinoma in situ. No statistically significant differences were observed with regard to the laser parameters used as a function of lesion type. Regardless, by 1 month following treatment, all lesions had significantly decreased in size, except nonhemorrhagic polyps. Similar data were obtained at 2‐month follow‐up. We then compared the pre‐KTP lesion size with the smallest lesion size quantified during the 1‐year follow‐up period. All lesions were significantly smaller, with the exception of Reinke's edema. Inter‐rater reliability was quite good.

Conclusions:

KTP laser effectively reduced VF lesion size, irrespective of the laser parameters used. In addition, our quantification method for lesion size appeared to be both viable and reliable. Laryngoscope, 2011
Sialoendoscopy in the diagnosis and management of obstructive sialadenitis
Authors: Maresh Alison , Kutler David I. , Kacker Ashutosh
Published: February 2011

Objective:

Sialoendoscopy is a new technology being used at a limited number of institutions for the diagnosis and management of obstructive sialadenitis. This technique is promising for its superior diagnostic potential as well as its decreased morbidity compared to traditional more invasive techniques for managing obstruction. Our objective is to review the sialoendoscopy experience at our institution to identify successes, areas of improvement, and to provide guidance to other programs that may be interested in sialoendoscopy.

Study Design:

We did a retrospective review of all diagnostic and interventional sialoendoscopies performed at this institution from 2007 to 2009.

Methods:

Charts were reviewed for epidemiologic and clinical data, as well as procedural techniques, findings, and outcomes.

Results:

We attempted 37 parotid and submandibular sialoendoscopies, with successful endoscopic canalization of the duct in 36 of these cases. Twenty of 25 stones were removed from 18 patients. Stones that were larger than 5 mm were more difficult to dislodge and remove without fragmentation. Other abnormal findings included strictures, scars, and mucoid debris. There were two failures of technique, and two patients had postoperative purulent sialadenitis that resolved after antibiotics.

Conclusions:

As an institution that recently began performing sialoendoscopies, we show similar success rates compared to other programs. Obstacles included the initial cost of acquiring equipment and the associated learning curve of using a new technique. Similar to other programs, successful extraction of sialoliths was limited with larger stones. In the future, we hope to use laser lithotripsy for fragmentation, a technique already being trialed at some institutions. Laryngoscope, 2011
Health‐related and specific olfaction‐related quality of life in patients with chronic functional anosmia or severe hyposmia
Authors: Neuland Claudia , Bitter Thomas , Marschner Heike , Gudziol Hilmar , Guntinas‐Lichius Orlando
Published: February 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To measure health‐related and olfaction‐related quality of life (QoL) in patients with permanent, severe hyposmia or functional anosmia.

Study Design:

A case study in a university ENT department of patients with severe olfactory dysfunction defined by Sniffin' Sticks olfactory test kit with a score for odor threshold, discrimination, and identification (TDI) < 20 and a dysfunction lasting longer than 6 months.

Methods:

Assessment of QoL by using the SF‐36 Health Survey questionnaire and the Questionnaire for Olfactory Dysfunction (QOD).

Results:

A total of 958 patients were tested for smell disturbances from 1999 to 2009. Surveys were mailed to 527 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria; 280 (53%) returned completed surveys. All SF‐36 domains in severely hyposmic and anosmic patients were lower than in the German normal population. Lower SF‐36 QoL was found for some domains in female patients, older patients, and hyposmic patients (P < .05 for all groups). Based on the QOD, women showed more parosmia, and anosmic patients had more olfactory‐related impairment (P < .05 for both); in general, higher olfactory impairment and higher parosmia score measured by QOD correlated with lower TDI values (all P < .05). Multivariate analysis revealed, for SF‐36 domains, the following independent risk factors: female sex was a risk factor for bodily pain; higher age was a risk factor for physical functioning and role, bodily pain, and general health; hyposmia was a risk factor for bodily pain and mental health; QOD QoL was a risk factor for all SF‐36 scales; and QOD parosmia was a risk factor for physical role (all P < .05).

Conclusions:

QoL is severely impaired in patients with chronic severe hyposmia or anosmia. The QOD allows a more olfaction‐specific assessment of QoL than the SF‐36 instrument. Laryngoscope, 2011
The effects of cigarette smoke condensate on vocal fold transepithelial resistance and inflammatory signaling in vocal fold fibroblasts
Authors: Branski Ryan C. , Zhou Hang , Kraus Dennis H. , Sivasankar Mahalakshmi
Published: February 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

In response to chronic cigarette smoke exposure, a subset of patients present with edematous vocal folds, characteristically referred to as Reinke's edema. This phenotype differs from the tissue changes associated with prolonged smoke exposure in the lower airway, and the mechanism underlying Reinke's edema remains poorly described. We hypothesize that the effects of smoke are diffuse and involve both the epithelium and mucosa.

Study Design:

In vitro, ex vivo experiment.

Methods:

Transepithelial resistance (RT) was quantified in an ex vivo, viable, porcine vocal fold model. Excised tissue was exposed to cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and RT was computed at baseline and 1 and 4 hours after exposure. In vitro, human vocal fold fibroblasts were exposed to CSC. Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‐2), microsomal prostaglandin E synthase‐1, and 15‐hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase mRNA expression were assessed at 4 hours. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis was quantified via immunoassay following 24 hours of CSC exposure.

Results:

CSC had no effect on RT. CSC did, however, induce COX‐2 mRNA expression as well as its downstream lipid mediator PGE2. PGE2 metabolism appears to be regulated via both synthetic and degradative enzymes in response to cigarette smoke.

Conclusions:

In vitro, CSC initiates an inflammatory response in vocal fold fibroblasts. However, in isolation, the epithelial resistance is not altered by CSC, at least acutely. These data may suggest a role for the interaction between the inflammatory response in the mucosa and compromised epithelial barrier function, as has been shown in other tissues. Laryngoscope, 2011
Botulinum toxin treatment of adductor spasmodic dysphonia: Longitudinal functional outcomes
Authors: Novakovic Daniel , Waters Heather H. , D'Elia Joanna B. , Blitzer Andrew
Published: February 2011

Objectives:

Laryngeal botulinum toxin (BoNT) injection is a well‐established symptomatic treatment for adductor spasmodic dysphonia (AdSD). Injections may be followed by a period of muscle weakness characterized by breathiness, voice weakness, and dysphagia for liquids. A recent study described some detriment and limited functional improvement with “good voice” for only one‐third of the period between successive injections. Our objective was to examine the longitudinal effect of BoNT treatment for AdSD upon functional outcomes and quality of life when using a patient‐specific dosing regimen.

Study Design:

Prospective cohort study.

Methods:

Patients presenting for BoNT treatment of AdSD were asked to complete evaluation of voice function after each injection using the percentage of normal function (PNF) scale (daily for two weeks, then weekly). Other parameters measured included voice handicap index (VHI), duration of effect, and complications.

Results:

A total of 133 patients treated continuously between January 2006 and January 2009 with an individuated regime (dose, pattern, and schedule) were included. Of 1,457 treatments, 50.9% experienced some breathiness. Mean VHI improvement was 9.6%. Mean PNF improvement was 30.3%. There was correlation between the two scales. Dysphagia to liquids was reported after 14.2% of treatments. We describe two distinct types of functional outcome curve. A total of 28.5% of treatments were followed by initial functional decline. Mean time below baseline function was 5.7%. Mean proportion of time in plateau phase was 42.5%.

Conclusions:

It is important to consider longitudinal functional outcomes in BoNT treatment of AdSD. An individuated dosing regimen helps minimize side effects and maximize functional and quality‐of‐life outcomes. Laryngoscope, 2011
Perioperative lumbar drain placement: An independent predictor of tension pneumocephalus and intracranial complications following anterior skull base surgery
Authors: Pepper Jon‐Paul , Lin Erin M. , Sullivan Stephen E. , Marentette Lawrence J.
Published: February 2011

Objective:

To measure the effect of routine perioperative lumbar drain placement during anterior skull base surgery on the frequency of: 1) tension pneumocephalus and 2) total intracranial complications.

Design:

Retrospective review of a series of patients (n = 161) who underwent the transglabellar/subcranial approach to lesions of the anterior skull base between December 1995 and November 2009. A retrospective cohort (n = 45) underwent routine lumbar drain placement at the time of skull base surgery. The remainder of the series did not undergo routine perioperative lumbar drain placement.

Intervention:

Transglabellar/subcranial surgical approach to the anterior skull base, with or without routine perioperative lumbar drain placement.

Results:

Routine placement of perioperative lumbar drains was an independent predictor of tension pneumocephalus (P =.022, odds ratio = 11.22 [1.218–103.3]). In addition, this practice was also associated with an increased risk of intracranial complications overall (P =.025, odds ratio = 2.623 [1.104–6.233]).

Conclusion:

Routine placement of perioperative lumbar drain may be associated with an increased risk of tension pneumocephalus and intracranial complications during surgery of the anterior cranial base. Laryngoscope, 2011
Open bedside tracheotomy: Impact on patient care and patient safety
Authors: Yoo Donald B. , Schiff Bradley A. , Martz Susanne , Fraioli Rebecca E. , Smith Richard V. , Kvetan Vladimir , Fried Marvin P.
Published: February 2011

Objectives:

Objectives were: 1) to evaluate the impact of open bedside tracheotomy (OBT) on patient care and 2) to determine whether OBT in the intensive care unit (ICU) is a safe, cost‐effective procedure.

Study Design:

Retrospective chart‐based review.

Methods:

A total of 163 consecutive adult patients in the medical or surgical ICU who underwent OBT by the Otorhinolaryngology service from July 2007 to July 2009, in addition to the 163 consecutive adult patients who had undergone open tracheotomy in the operating room immediately prior to July 2007, were included in the study. Data examined included time intervals between initial consultation and performance of tracheotomy, complication rates, ICU length of stay, and cost considerations.

Results:

In the group of patients examined prior to OBT, time to surgery (TTS) averaged 3.24 days in comparison to an average of 1.48 days for patients who received OBT (P < .05). Review of complications revealed no significant difference in the two study groups (odds ratio [OR], 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.44–4.56, P = .56). The length of ICU stay decreased by 0.6 days on average in the OBT group versus the OR group, although not achieving statistical significance (P = .18). Cost analysis suggests a potential savings of $4,575 per case, resulting in approximately $745,700 saved in the OBT group.

Conclusions:

Review of our experience demonstrates comparable safety for tracheotomy performed bedside versus in the operating room, while offering shorter time to surgery, decreased costs, and perhaps a reduction in the length of ICU stay. These findings suggest that open bedside tracheotomy is preferable to tracheotomy performed in the operating room for patients in the ICU setting. Laryngoscope, 2011
Temporal bone abnormalities in children with GJB2 mutations
Authors: Kenna Margaret A. , Rehm Heidi L. , Frangulov Anna , Feldman Henry A. , Robson Caroline D.
Published: February 2011

Objectives:

To determine the incidence of temporal bone abnormalities in children with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and pathogenic biallelic GJB2 mutations.

Study Design:

Retrospective analysis of a large cohort of pediatric patients with biallelic GJB2 mutations and SNHL (observational case series).

Methods:

Blinded review of all available temporal bone computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in this cohort.

Results:

Out of 158 patients with biallelic GJB2 mutations, 113 had CT and/or MRI studies available for review. Definite, although generally subtle, inner ear abnormalities were present in 12/113. There were malformations of the semicircular canals (SCC) in 4/12, of the internal auditory canal in 2/12, of the cochlear nerve canal (CNC) in 6, and unilateral cochlear malformation in 1/12. MRI in 1/5 showed mildly hypoplastic cochlear nerve. There was no correlation between SNHL severity and presence/absence/type of malformations or genotype.

Conclusions:

Our study of 113 biallelic GJB2 patients with SNHL and temporal bone imaging is the largest study to date. We found only 10% had any abnormalities, most subtle, and none had EVA. Additionally, there was no correlation between SNHL severity and presence/absence/type of malformations or genotype. Disparities between our group and previous reports may be due to differences in degree of hearing loss, types of mutations, populations studied, and radiologic factors for both image acquisition and interpretation. Laryngoscope, 2011
A review of clinical practice guidelines for reflux disease: Toward creating a clinical protocol for the otolaryngologist
Authors: Altman Kenneth W. , Prufer Neil , Vaezi Michael F.
Published: February 2011

Objectives

Reflux disease, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), is an extremely common condition that is diagnosed and treated routinely in an otolaryngology practice. There is great variability in the methods of both diagnosis and treatment amongst otolaryngologists. Our aim is to review current clinical practice guidelines on reflux disease, to identify areas of agreement and controversy, and to begin to work toward a clinical protocol for reflux disease for the otolaryngologist.

Study Design

Literature review with discussion.

Methods

A PubMed search was performed looking for clinical practice guidelines on either GERD or LPR. Five hundred seventy articles were identified and the most clinically relevant practice guidelines were selected.

Results

Thirteen key articles were identified. Eleven of these come from the gastroenterology literature, and none of them come from the otolaryngology literature. There appears to be a consensus on empiric medication trial as first‐line therapy for presumed uncomplicated GERD and on prioritizing early identification of patients with severe disease complications. Areas of controversy include the definition of GERD and LPR, which diagnostic algorithm to use in which patient, and the long‐term management of medical therapy.

Conclusions

Although there are many clinical aspects of reflux disease that still remain a mystery, there is enough literature to support a rudimentary clinical protocol at this time. As further data become available from outcomes measurements, such a protocol may result in improved quality and standardization. Laryngoscope, 2011
Diagnosis of the extent of advanced oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers by narrow band imaging with magnifying endoscopy
Authors: Matsuba Hiroki , Katada Chikatoshi , Masaki Takashi , Nakayama Meijin , Okamoto Tabito , Hanaoka Noboru , Tanabe Satoshi , Koizumi Wasaburo , Okamoto Makito , Muto Manabu
Published: February 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Narrow band imaging combined with magnifying endoscopy (NBI‐ME) is useful for the detection of superficial cancer in the oropharynx, hypopharynx, and esophagus. We used NBI‐ME to evaluate the frequency of superficial cancer spread (SCS) contiguous with advanced oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers and esophageal cancers.

Study Design:

Retrospective.

Methods:

We retrospectively studied 45 patients with oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer and 44 with esophageal cancer who underwent NBI‐ME from October 2006 through April 2009. The following variables were evaluated: 1) the frequency of SCS contiguous with advanced oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer and esophageal cancer, and 2) the influence of SCS contiguous with advanced oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer on clinical T category and clinical stage.

Results:

SCS contiguous with the primary tumor was found in 49% (22/45) of the patients with advanced oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer and in 52% (23/44) of those with advanced esophageal cancer. When SCS contiguous with the primary tumor was included in the evaluation of tumor size in advanced oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer, the clinical T category and clinical stage were revised in 20% (9/45) and 4% (2/45) of patients, respectively; SCS was ≤2 cm in 64% of cases (14/22) and between >2 cm and ≤4 cm in 36% (8/22).

Conclusions:

NBI‐ME should be included in the pretreatment diagnostic work‐up to evaluate lesion extent and decide optimal surgical margins and radiation fields in patients with advanced oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer. Laryngoscope, 2011
The Use of Low‐Field Solid‐State NMR Relaxation to Study the Latex Extracted from Brosimum Parinarioides
Authors: Miguez Eduardo , Tavares Maria Inês Bruno , Spinola Camila
Published: February 2011

The stability of the natural latex called Leite de Amapá, extracted from the Brosimum paranarioides tree, which is used as food and in popular medicine in Amazônia, was analyzed during an interval of twelve months. The molecular stability was monitored by proton spin‐lattice (T1H) and spin‐spin (T2H) relaxation times, which were measured with help of low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with 1H frequency at 23 MHz. According to the T2H measurements, the latex degrades continuously and significant differences can be observed after 6 months of storage at ambient conditions, when no sort of chemical of physical treatment is employed.
Optical and Structural Properties of Zein‐Xanthan Gum Biofilms
Authors: de Almeida Crislene Barbosa , Filho José Francisco Lopes
Published: February 2011

Structural and optical characteristics of zein‐based films produced with different xanthan gum concentrations have been studied in this work. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy (OM) were performed to identify if the incorporation of the material into the matrix film, formed a homogeneous structure, as well as to characterize its constituents as the colour and shape. SEM showed a homogeneous matrix for the control (0% xanthan) with good lipid distribution. However, when the samples were investigated by OM, lipids globules in the control biofilm appeared larger and more dispersed in the matrix than the others samples. Transparency/opacity test measurements by UV‐VIS analysis indicated that the addition of xanthan to the film matrix lowered significantly its transparency properties Overall, the addition of xanthan gum favoured lipid dispersion in the matrix, making biomaterials more homogeneous, although with less transparency.
Galactomannan‐Alginate Synergism Applied in Albumin Encapsulation
Authors: Valenga Francine , Lucyszyn Neoli , Ono Lucy , de Souza Clayton F. , Lubambo Adriana F. , Sierakowski Maria Rita
Published: February 2011

In this work, the rheological properties of the partial replacement of sodium alginate (AL) by galactomannan extracted from the seeds of L. leucocephala (GML), with or without the presence of calcium ions, were evaluated. The viscoelastic behaviour of polysaccharide blends at 15 g·L−1 showed an increase in viscosity when AL was 50% (w/w) replaced by GML. The addition of calcium ions (45 mmol) increased the apparent viscosity of the blend more than 17 times, at a shear rate of 4 s−1. Micrographs of [GML/AL/ALB] Ca2+ crosslinked particles obtained by a spraying process were analysed by AFM and revealed spherical forms with diameters in the range of 518 nm, instead of 58.4 nm in the system without albumin. The results of ALB encapsulation (97% w/w) showed that the synergistic mixture GML/AL could be used, in the future, as a new carrier system.
In‐Situ Incorporation of Amoxicillin in PVA/PVAc‐co‐PMMA Particles during Suspension Polymerizations
Authors: Oliveira Marco Antonio M. , Melo Príamo A. , Nele Marcio , Pinto José Carlos
Published: February 2011

Embolization is a radiological technique that consists in occluding a blood vessel intentionally with an embolic agent (particle). A suspension polymerization process was developed to allow for production of embolic particles with core‐shell morphology. This technology was modified to allow for the in‐situ incorporation of antibiotics (amoxicillin) in PVA/PVAc‐co‐PMMA core‐shell particles. The incorporation of amoxicillin led to modification of some of the final polymer properties, including the particle morphology, the molecular weight distribution and the characteristic transition temperatures of the polymer material. The final polymer properties depended on the antibiotic concentration and on how the drug was added into the polymerization medium.
Analysis of Near Infrared Spectra during Methyl methacrylate (MMA) Suspension Polymerizations
Authors: Santos Jorge G.F. , Way Débora V. , Melo Príamo A. , Nele Márcio , Pinto José Carlos
Published: February 2011

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides means for real‐time monitoring of polymerization reactors. Previous experimental studies report successful implementations of NIR‐based monitoring techniques for styrene, vinyl chloride and acrylic acid / vinyl acetate suspension polymerizations; however, no information is available in the literature for methyl methacrylate (MMA) polymerizations. For this reason, the main objective of this paper was analyzing the NIR spectra obtained in‐line and in situ during MMA suspension polymerizations and observing whether NIR spectra may be used for in‐line monitoring and control of the average particle size in these systems. Particularly, NIR spectral responses to changes of the average particle size were analyzed in poly(vinyl chloride), polystyrene and PMMA suspensions, showing that the NIR spectra of distinct reacting systems respond differently to modification of the suspended particle sizes. Finally, it was observed that the control of average particle sizes and particle size distributions in MMA suspension polymerizations requires that control actions be taken at the initial polymerization stages, when monomer conversion is below 30 wt%.
Study of the Mechanical and Biodegradable Properties of Cassava Starch/Chitosan/PVA Blends
Authors: Gomes Anida M.M. , da Silva Paloma L. , e Moura Carolina de L. , da Silva Claudio E.M. , Ricardo Nágila M.P.S.
Published: February 2011

Natural and synthetic polymers have been widely used for preparation of biodegradable materials. In this work, three different blends containing starch/chitosan/PVA were prepared by varying the contents of cassava starch (MS blend), chitosan (CH blend) and PVA (PVA blend). The films were characterized through tensile/strength tests, infrared spectroscopy and biodegradation tests in soil. The PVA blends showed higher values of extension at break and lower loads, leading to more flexible materials when compared to MS and CH blends. The infrared spectra of all blends showed new bands that can be assigned to the carbonyl group (1716–1732 cm−1). Besides, changes in the intensity of other characteristic bands indicate that there are significant physical/chemical interactions among the components of the blends. All samples were shown to be biodegradable, leading to weight losses above 50% after 18 days of biodegradation in soil.
Nxf3 is expressed in Sertoli cells, but is dispensable for spermatogenesis
Authors: Zhou Jian , Pan Jieyan , Eckardt Sigrid , Leu N. Adrian , McLaughlin K. John , Wang P. Jeremy
Published: February 2011

In eukaryotes, mRNA is actively exported to the cytoplasm by a family of nuclear RNA export factors (NXF). Four Nxf genes have been identified in the mouse: Nxf1, Nxf2, Nxf3, and Nxf7. Inactivation of Nxf2, a germ cell‐specific gene, causes defects in spermatogenesis. Here we report that Nxf3 is expressed exclusively in Sertoli cells of the postnatal testis, in a developmentally regulated manner. Expression of Nxf3 coincides with the cessation of Sertoli cell proliferation and the beginning of their differentiation. Continued expression of Nxf3 in mature Sertoli cells of the adult is spermatogenesis stage‐independent. Nxf3 is not essential for spermatogenesis, however, suggesting functional redundancy among Nxf family members. With its unique expression pattern in the testis, the promoter of Nxf3 can be used to drive postnatal Sertoli cell‐specific expression of other proteins such as Cre recombinase. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 78:241–249, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Streit der Gelehrten um das Atomgewicht
Authors: Reschetilowski Wladimir , Hegewald Heiner
Published: February 2011

Um die Atomgewichtsfrage tobte um die Wende des 19. zum 20. Jahrhunderts ein heftiger Disput. Auch der Germanium‐Entdecker Clemens Winkler mischte sich mit deutlichen Worten ein, wie Briefe aus seinem Nachlass belegen.
Unordentliche Proteine
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: February 2011

Vor 15 Jahren galt die Vermutung, dass Proteine ohne geordnete Raumstruktur auskämen, als Ketzerei. Inzwischen hat sich daraus ein Forschungsgebiet entwickelt, das sogar medizinischen Nutzen verspricht.
Neuer EuCheMS‐Präsident
Authors: Leitner Erich
Published: February 2011

Österreich stellt den Präsidenten der Europäischen Chemiker.
A macroscopic damage‐plastic constitutive law for modeling quasi‐brittle fracture and ductile behavior of concrete
Authors: Sánchez P. J. , Huespe A. E. , Oliver J. , Diaz G. , Sonzogni V. E.
Published: February 2011

A new phenomenological macroscopic constitutive model for the numerical simulation of quasi‐brittle fracture and ductile concrete behavior, under general triaxial stress conditions, is presented. The model is particularly addressed to simulate a wide range of confinement stress states, as also, to capture the strong influence of the mean stress value in the concrete failure mechanisms.

The model is based on a two‐surface damage‐plastic formulation. The mechanical behavior in different domains of the stress space is separately described by means of a quasi‐brittle or ductile material response:

(i) For positive values of the mean stress (tensile states), an isotropic continuum damage model with strain softening is considered. In this context, and in order to avoid the Boundary Value Problem ill‐posedness induced by the softening law, a regularization technique based on the Continuum Strong Discontinuity Approach (CSDA) is adopted, which results equivalent to a damage model with embedded cohesive cracks providing anisotropic responses.

(ii) A plastic model governs the material behavior when the mean stress is negative (confinement states). It is based on the classical plastic flow theory. In particular, a yield criterion similar to that of Willam and coauthors, which depends on the three stress invariants, is used. Additional features defining the plastic response are: an isotropic strain hardening law and a non‐associative flow rule.

The paper presents the numerical implementation of the model using an efficient integration algorithm, namely, the Impl‐Ex scheme. Several widely known experimental tests (such as uniaxial, biaxial and triaxial tests) carried out on concrete specimens are used to calibrate and validate the performance of the proposed formulation. Finally, a classical 2D reinforced concrete beam example is analyzed in order to show the predictive capability of the model in structural analysis applications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surgical anatomy of the dorsal nerve of the clitoris
Authors: Ginger Van Anh T. , Cold Christopher J. , Yang Claire C.
Published: February 2011

Aims

The purpose of this study was to describe the distal pathway of the dorsal nerve of the clitoris (DNC) from gross anatomical and histological studies of cadaver specimens.

Methods

We performed dissections on 14 intact adult cadaver vulva specimens using 2× loupe magnification and microscopy. The DNC was identified by gross dissection and confirmed histologically by staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson's trichrome (MT), and S100 antibody. The DNC pathway and its branches were followed from the pubic rami to the glans clitoris.

Results

The DNC travels inferior to the inferior pubic ramus along the superior/posterior edge of the clitoral crus. At the angle of the clitoral body, inferior to the pubic symphysis, the DNC enters the deep component of the suspensory ligament, which attaches to the clitoral body and to the pubic symphysis. The dorsal nerves, at the angle of the clitoral body, travel along the dorsal aspect of the clitoral body at the 11 and 1 o'clock positions. At the base of the clitoral body, the DNC is suspended superiorly away from the tunica. Distally along the clitoral body, the DNC descends and runs along the tunica and enters the glans. Within the glans, the terminal fibers are widely dispersed, and numerous receptors populate the supporting tissue of the glans beneath the epithelium.

Conclusions

The detailed description of the distal course of the nerve presented here has not been previously described in adult humans and is pertinent for surgical procedures involving the clitoris. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:412–416, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The correlation between clinical and urodynamic diagnosis in classifying the type of urinary incontinence in women. A systematic review of the literature
Authors: van Leijsen Sanne A.L. , Evert Janneke S. Hoogstad‐van , Mol Ben Willem J. , Vierhout Mark E. , Milani Alfred L. , Heesakkers John P.F.A. , Kluivers Kirsten B.
Published: February 2011

Aims

To determine the reclassification rate of clinically diagnosed stress, mixed, and urge urinary incontinence after urodynamic investigation.

Methods

A systematic review of the published literature in MEDLINE and EMBASE of clinical trials among women with urinary incontinence. Studies were included in case the diagnosis based on symptoms and/or signs was compared with the diagnosis after urodynamic investigation.

Results

Twenty‐three articles involving 6,282 women with urinary incontinence met the inclusion criteria. A clinical diagnosis of stress urinary incontinence was reclassified into mixed urinary incontinence in 9% of women and into detrusor overactivity (DO) in 7% of cases. The pooled reclassification rate was highest among patients with symptoms of mixed urinary incontinence, where 46% of the patients had stress urinary incontinence and 21% had DO on urodynamic investigation. The available literature does not allow the identification of the additional value of non‐invasive test, such as stress test and voiding diary, accessory to symptoms. None of the studies had therapeutic effects as an outcome measure.

Conclusions

This review of clinical studies shows that the level of agreement between classification based on clinical evaluation and based on urodynamic investigation is poor. Urodynamic observations are regarded as gold standard, but based on the poor correlation, this assumption should be questioned. 30:495–502, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence and predictors of anthracycline cardiotoxicity in children treated for acute myeloid leukaemia: Retrospective cohort study in a single centre in the United Kingdom
Authors: Temming Petra , Qureshi Amrana , Hardt Juliane , Leiper Alison D. , Levitt Gillian , Ancliff Phillip J. , Webb David K.H.
Published: February 2011

Background

Anthracycline cardiomyopathy is of concern in children treated for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), but there are few data on the incidence and natural history of cardiotoxicity after AML treatment in the United Kingdom, where regimens have included high anthracycline exposure.

Procedure

Prevalence and predictors of cardiotoxicity were retrospectively reviewed in 124 children treated on the MRC AML 10 and AML 12 trials in a single, large centre from November 1987 to September 2004. Subclinical cardiotoxicity was defined as a shortening fraction of less than 28% and clinical cardiomyopathy as evidence of heart failure, and both were classified as late cardiotoxicity 1 year after completing first line therapy.

Results

Cumulative survival was 61% at 10 years. The prevalence of early and late cardiotoxicity was 13.7% (95%‐CI: 8.2–22.0%) and 17.4% (95%‐CI: 10.9–26.8%), respectively. Early cardiotoxicity was a strong predictor (OR = 9.18; 95%‐CI: 2.10–40.11; P < 0.005) and children who received salvage therapy following relapse showed a trend towards increased late cardiotoxicity (OR = 3.53; 95%‐CI: 0.86–14.48; P < 0.08). Subclinical cardiotoxicity resolved spontaneously in all but one case, but clinical cardiomyopathy always required continuing therapy. Two children died of cardiomyopathy and six remained on medical therapy.

Conclusions

Anthracycline cardiotoxicity remains a major concern for survivors of childhood AML and correlates with early cardiotoxicity and treatment intensity. Long‐term follow‐up is required to fully determine the outcome for children with subclinical cardiotoxicity. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:625–630. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Local control and outcome in children with localized vaginal rhabdomyosarcoma: A report from the Soft Tissue Sarcoma committee of the Children's Oncology Group
Authors: Walterhouse David O. , Meza Jane L. , Breneman John C. , Donaldson Sarah S. , Hayes‐Jordan Andrea , Pappo Alberto S. , Arndt Carola , Raney R. Beverly , Meyer William H. , Hawkins Douglas S.
Published: February 2011

Background

The local control approach for girls with non‐resected vaginal rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) enrolled onto Intergroup RMS Study Group (IRSG)/Children's Oncology Group (COG) studies has differed from that used at other primary sites by delaying or eliminating radiotherapy (RT) based on response achieved with chemotherapy and delayed primary resection.

Procedures

We reviewed locoregional treatment and outcome for patients with localized RMS of the vagina on the two most recent COG low‐risk RMS studies.

Results

Forty‐one patients with localized vaginal RMS were enrolled: 25 onto D9602 and 16 onto Subset 2 of ARST0331. Only four of the 39 with non‐resected tumors received RT. The 5‐year cumulative incidence of local recurrence was 26% on D9602, and the 2‐year cumulative incidence of local recurrence was 43% on ARST0331. Increased local failure rates appeared to correlate with chemotherapy regimens that incorporated lower cumulative doses of cyclophosphamide. Estimated 5‐year and 2‐year failure free survival rates were 70% (95% CI: 46%, 84%) on D9602 and 42% (95% CI: 11%, 70%) on ARST0331, respectively.

Conclusions

To prevent local recurrence, we recommend a local control approach for patients with non‐resected RMS of the vagina that is similar to that used for other primary sites and includes RT. We recognize that potential long‐term effects of RT are sometimes unacceptable, especially for children less than 24 months of age. However, when making the decision to eliminate RT, the risk of local recurrence must be considered especially when using a chemotherapy regimen with a total cumulative cyclophosphamide dose of ≤4.8 g/m2. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;57:76–83. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Severe H1N1‐associated acute respiratory failure in immunocompromised children
Authors: Elbahlawan Lama , Gaur Aditya H. , Furman Wayne , Jeha Sima , Woods Tina , Norris Angela , Morrison R. Ray
Published: February 2011

Background

Severe pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection can lead to acute respiratory failure (ARF) with associated high mortality. Children with malignancy may be at higher risk of H1N1‐associated ARF because of underlying primary disease or immunosuppression associated with chemotherapy.

Procedure

We describe the clinical course and outcome of critically ill pediatric oncology/hematology patients with H1N1‐associated ARF.

Results

Five patients were admitted to the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (SJCRH) ICU with H1N1 infection during the 2009–2010 influenza season. Underlying diagnoses included 2 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and one each with neuroblastoma, brainstem glioma, and hemolytic anemia secondary to pyruvate kinase deficiency. All patients were mechanically ventilated secondary to ARF following unsuccessful trials of non‐invasive ventilatory support. The majority of patients (4/5) required inotropic support, and none required dialysis. Further measures to support their ARF included high frequency oscillatory ventilation in 2 patients, nitric oxide in 3 patients, and surfactant in 1 patient. Three patients had bronchopleural air leak. All patients received oseltamivir; however, 2 were switched to intravenous zanamivir once resistance to oseltamivir was documented. Mean duration of mechanical ventilation was 24 ± 6.8 days and mean duration of ICU admission was 37 ± 12 days. All patients survived to hospital discharge.

Conclusion

Our series suggests an overall favorable outcome in immunocompromised children with H1N1‐related ARF. Our experience underscores the value of aggressive support during H1N1‐related ARF, and early detection and management of oseltamivir‐resistant H1N1 infection in this high‐risk population. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 625–628. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Red cell exchange does not appear to increase the rate of allo‐ and auto‐immunization in chronically transfused children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Venkateswaran Lakshmi , Teruya Jun , Bustillos Christy , Mahoney Donald , Mueller Brigitta U.
Published: February 2011

Background

Allo‐ and auto‐antibody development is a well recognized complication of chronic red cell transfusion (RCT) in sickle cell disease (SCD). Limited matching of Rh (C, c, D, E, e) and K red cell antigens reduces the incidence of immunization.

Procedure

We reviewed our experience with red cell allo‐ and auto‐immunization in pediatric SCD patients receiving chronic and/or exchange transfusions, to evaluate the rate of immunization after limited red cell antigen matching and specifically during red cell exchange (RCE) transfusion. A retrospective chart review of the patients with SCD followed at our center between 2002 and 2006, who were started on chronic RCT before or during that time period, was conducted.

Results

Of the 93 patients who met study criteria, 23 (24%) developed antibodies during chronic red cell transfusions. Thirty‐four antibodies (15 auto‐antibodies, 18 allo‐antibodies) developed after the institution of limited red cell antigen matching. The rate of allo‐ and auto‐immunization per unit of red cell exposure after limited phenotyping was 1.5%, comparable to other published data. Fifteen patients underwent RCE, utilizing a total of 2,289 packed red cell units. None developed antibodies during RCE.

Conclusion

We conclude that limited red cell antigen matching is an effective strategy for reducing the incidence of allo‐ and auto‐immunization in chronically transfused children with SCD. RCE does not appear to increase the risk of allo‐ or auto‐immunization, despite exposure to more red cell units. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 294–296. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term survival in a pediatric patient with supratentorial primitive neuro‐ectodermal tumor and extraneural metastasis at diagnosis
Authors: Rubens Jeffrey , Gosiengfiao Yasmin , Tomita Tadanori , Jacobsohn David A. , Fangusaro Jason
Published: February 2011

Extraneural metastases of central nervous system (CNS) tumors are rare occurrences most commonly observed in medulloblastomas. Survival outcomes are generally dismal. Supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (stPNET) are rare childhood tumors with few documented cases of extraneural metastases. We present a rare occurrence of a 23‐month‐old patient with long‐term survival after diagnosis of stPNET with metastases to the lungs. This patient was treated with surgical resection, induction chemotherapy, tandem autologous hematopoietic cell rescues, and focal radiotherapy. We report long‐term survival for a patient with a stPNET and extraneural metastases at diagnosis following an intensive approach to treatment. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 341–344. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antiphospholid antibody syndrome and Hb E/Beta thalassemia disease post‐allogeneic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Sirachainan Nongnuch , Pakakasama Samart , Hongeng Suradej , Chuansumrit Ampaiwan , Tuntiyatorn Lojana , Vilaiyuk Soamarat
Published: February 2011

We report a 10‐year‐old male with Hb E/Beta thalassemia disease who developed chronic graft‐versus‐host disease (cGVHD) of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome after successful allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). He exhibited a recurrent ischemic stroke on day 368 post‐SCT while on cyclosporine A, azathioprine, and prednisolone. The immunosuppressive agents were switched to pulse methylprednisolone, tacolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and enoxaparin, but the patient was more confused. An additional plasma exchange which was aimed at the immediate removal of autoantibody was performed with a good response. The symptoms rapidly disappeared except for the complex partial seizure which persisted until seven years post‐SCT. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;57:153–156. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.