bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The iron budget in ocean surface waters in the 20th and 21st centuries: projections by the Community Earth System Model version 1
Authors: Misumi K. , Lindsay K. , Moore J. K. , Doney S. C. , Bryan F. O. , Tsumune D. , Yoshida Y.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. We investigated the simulated iron budget in ocean surface waters in the 1990s and 2090s using the Community Earth System Model version 1 and the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 future CO2 emission scenario. We assumed that exogenous iron inputs did not change during the whole simulation period; thus, iron budget changes were attributed solely to changes in ocean circulation and mixing in response to projected global warming. The model simulated the major features of ocean circulation and dissolved iron distribution for the present climate reasonably well. Detailed iron budget analysis revealed that roughly 70% of the iron supplied to surface waters in high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (HNLC) regions is contributed by ocean circulation and mixing processes, but the dominant supply mechanism differed in each HNLC region: vertical mixing in the Southern Ocean, upwelling in the eastern equatorial Pacific, and deposition of iron-bearing dust in the subarctic North Pacific. In the 2090s, our model projected an increased iron supply to HNLC surface waters, even though enhanced stratification was predicted to reduce iron entrainment from deeper waters. This unexpected result could be attributed largely to changes in the meridional overturning and gyre-scale circulations that intensified the advective supply of iron to surface waters, especially in the eastern equatorial Pacific. The simulated primary and export productions in the 2090s decreased globally by 6% and 13%, respectively, whereas in the HNLC regions, they increased by 11% and 6%, respectively. Roughly half of the elevated production could be attributed to the intensified iron supply. The projected ocean circulation and mixing changes are consistent with recent observations of responses to the warming climate and with other Coupled Model Intercomparison Project model projections. We conclude that future ocean circulation and mixing changes will likely elevate the iron supply to HNLC surface waters and will potentially buffer future reductions in ocean productivity. External inputs of iron to the oceans are likely to be modified with climate change. Future work must incorporate robust estimates of these processes affecting the marine iron cycle.
On the quest for a pan-European flood frequency distribution: effect of scale and climate
Authors: Salinas J. L. , Castellarin A. , Kohnová S. , Kjeldsen T. R.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. This study addresses the question of the existence of a parent flood frequency distribution on a European scale and aims to better understand the effect of catchment scale and climate on the statistical properties of regional flood frequency distributions. A new database of L-moment ratios of annual maximum series (AMS) of peak discharges from 4105 catchments was compiled by joining 13 national datasets. Using this database and additional Monte Carlo simulations, the Generalised Extreme Value (GEV) distribution appears as a potential pan-European flood frequency distribution, being the 3-parameter statistical model with the closest resemblance to the estimated average of the sample L-moment ratios, but failing to represent the kurtosis dispersion, especially for high skewness values. A more detailed investigation performed on a subset of the database (Austria, Italy and Slovakia, involving a total of 813 catchments with more than 25 yr of record length) confirms that the GEV distribution provides a better representation of the averaged sample L-moment ratios compared to the other distributions considered, for catchments with medium to high values of mean annual precipitation (MAP) independently of catchment area, while the 3-parameter Lognormal distribution is probably a more appropriate choice for dry (low MAP) intermediate-sized catchments, which presented higher skewness values. Sample L-moment ratios do not follow systematically any of the theoretical 2-parameter distributions. In particular, the averaged values of L-coefficient of skewness (L-Cs) are always larger than Gumbel's fixed L-Cs. The results presented in this paper contribute to progress towards the definition of a set of pan-European flood frequency distributions and to assess possible effects of environmental change on its properties.
Public participation in recovery after earthquakes in Friuli (NE Italy) and the Upper Soča Valley (NW Slovenia) in 1976, 1998, and 2004
Authors: Pipan P. , Zorn M.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. The article deals with public participation in recovery after earthquakes in the border region of Friuli (NE Italy) and the Upper Soča Valley (NW Slovenia) in 1976 (magnitude 6.4, 6 May; magnitude 6.1, 15 September), 1998 (magnitude 6.0, 12 April), and 2004 (magnitude 4.9, 7 July). It highlights the differences in the concepts of the post-earthquake recovery, taking into consideration the different political systems between the two countries (capitalist Italy vs. communist Slovenia in 1976) and changes in recovery after the change of political system in Slovenia (communist Slovenia in 1976 vs. capitalist Slovenia in 1998 and 2004).
Characterization of L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter from floating and grounded lake ice in arctic Alaska
Authors: Engram M. , Anthony K. W. , Meyer F. J. , Grosse G.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter from floating lake ice is high, in contrast to low backscatter values from lake ice that is frozen completely to the lake bed (grounded ice). Knowledge of floating vs. grounded lake ice is useful for determining winter water supply, fish habitat, heat transfer to permafrost, and to observe changes in perennial lake ice status that could correlate with variations in local climate. Here, we compare calibrated L-band (23.6 cm wavelength) single- and L-band quadrature-polarized SAR return to the backscatter intensity of C-band (5.6 cm wavelength) SAR from floating and grounded lake ice over two regions in Alaska. Our primary goal was to determine if C or L-band is more useful to distinguish floating from grounded lake ice. C-band SAR showed far greater contrast between floating and grounded lake ice, making it the preferred wavelength for identifying lake ice regimes. L-band SAR backscatter was much lower from floating ice than C-band and it was different for our two study regions. Furthermore, since L-band is sensitive to ebullition bubbles trapped by lake ice (bubbles increase backscatter), this study helps to elucidate potential confounding factors of bubbles in efforts to detect floating vs. grounded ice using L-band SAR.
Arab Middle Eastern women in Qatar and their perspectives on the barriers to leadership: Incorporating transformative learning theory to improve leadership skills
Authors: Romanowski Michael H. , Saeed Al-Hassan Fatma
Published: May 2013

The development of leaders is a high priority on the national agenda for countries around the world especially in fast-developing regions such as the Middle East. Qatar seeks to support and develop Qatari men and women in the labor force while attracting qualified expatriate workers, many of these individuals serving as leaders in various aspects of society. In particular, the increase in women as leaders in such vital fields as education raises important issues that women face in order to be effective leaders. The central focus of this research project is to explore the perspectives of Middle Eastern Women living in Qatar regarding the barriers they might face and then use Transformative Learning Theory (TLT) to produce strategies that can be integrated into educational leadership programs in order to enable women to develop complex understandings of the circumstances and structures that present barriers to leadership. The sample for this study was drawn from Middle Eastern Women living in Qatar who are in leadership positions. Forty-one participants completed a ten-question, open-ended survey posted on Survey Monkey (it was made available in both English and Arabic) regarding their perspectives on the barriers facing them as women in leadership positions. Upon completion of the data analysis, 10 semi-structured interviews were conducted based on the emergent survey themes. Findings from survey responses and interviews support previous research findings regarding barriers faced by women in the Middle East. Transformative Learning Theory is used to offer ways to prepare women for leadership, because it fosters certain emancipatory knowledge essential to personal and national development.
O Estudo do Gasto Público em Meio Ambiente
Authors: Bueno Wellington , Oliana Fernando , Borinelli Benilson
Published: May 2013

Este texto trata da importânica de se estudar o gasto público ambiental. Inicialmente buscou-se o conceito sobre o gasto público ambiental e como ele se tornou uma função na contabilidade pública. Posteriormente se realizou uma analise de diversos estudos sobre o tema, de forma a proporcionar uma discussão sobre como o gasto público ambiental vem sendo alocado pelos governos. Na sequência, uma discussão sobre a relevância do assunto e da necessidade de mais estudos, uma vez que os investimentos em gestão ambiental ainda precisam ser melhor alocados e devidamente dimensionados. A transparência nos gastos públicos tem possibilitado a realização de mais estudos, permitindo que as questões ambientais sejam melhor observadas pela sociedade, além de revelar que estas questões ainda necessitam de uma maior atenção por parte dos governantes.
A Dimensão Política do Orçamento Público: os Conselhos de Direito como espaço de debate plural e coletivo
Authors: Anhucci Valdir , Suguihiro Vera Lucia Tieko
Published: May 2013

A consolidação da dimensão política dos Conselhos de Direitos está vinculada à sua compreensão como espaços públicos plurais, da divergência e de constante disputa de ideias. A sua dimensão política torna-se determinante, em especial, no processo de definição e gestão do orçamento público tanto para o planejamento quanto para ampliação do debate sobre o destino de recursos financeiros para a implementação de políticas públicas. É nesse espaço que os diferentes interesses se manifestam, tornando-se um campo de disputa política para apropriação dos recursos públicos na garantia dos direitos e proteção social dos segmentos mais vulnerabilizados da sociedade. O orçamento público nos espaços dos conselhos ganha uma dimensão política, superarando a perspectiva de mero instrumento contábil.
Enfoque na política de atendimento à criança e ao adolescente: orçamento público federal e análise dos planos plurianuais
Authors: Freire Vitiello Maria Gorett , Souza Lais de Oliveira , Vidigal Ana Carolina
Published: May 2013

Este artigo analisa o planejamento governamental, expresso no PPA, e busca conhecer o que vem sendo planejado para a Política de Atendimento à Crianças e Adolescentes, partindo do pressuposto da prioridade absoluta contida no Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, possibilitando o controle do que está sendo planejado e a exigência de sua execução. O objetivo analisar os Planos Plurianual (PPA), referentes aos anos de 2004 a 2007 e de 2008 a 2011 do Governo Federal, tendo como escopo identificar como a política de atendimento a criança e ao adolescente vem sendo tratada no planejamento governamental. Para a realização da pesquisa optou-se por uma abordagem que permite articular a pesquisa de base quantitativa e qualitativa, numa perspectiva de integração dos dados. Foi realizada, uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre orçamento público, em seguida foi utilizada também a pesquisa documental, dos documentos públicos referentes ao orçamento federal. Os resultados apresentados por este artigo foi que nos Planos Plurianuais de 2004 a 2007 e 2008 a 2011 constatou-se o enfoque na criança e no adolescente, prioritariamente, nas Políticas de Assistência Social e de Educação, sendo que na Área de Educação o enfoque é maior nos dois Planos, apresentando desta forma as intenções governamentais referentes a este segmento e a forma como será atendida. Não há em ambos os Planos um atendimento diferencial e prioritário à criança e ao adolescente, todavia estes aparecem inclusos por meio de programas direcionados à Educação Básica e Programas de Transferência de Renda vinculados a Assistência Social
Oferta e demanda de água na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Tibagi (BHRT) - Londrina, Paraná, Brasil: Saneamento Básico ou Produção de Energia
Authors: Zapparoli Irene Domenes
Published: May 2013

O objetivo é analisar as demandas para o uso e reuso da água no município de Londrina e a produção de água e energia na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Tibagi (BHT), Paraná, Brasil. Os  procedimentos metodológicos adotados são descritos  a  seguir:   revisão bibliográfica, tendo como marco conceitual os princípios relativos à política pública ambiental e pesquisa documental; coleta de dados e  análise dos resultados, tendo como fonte os documentos  “Termo de Referência para Elaboração da Finalização do Plano da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Tibagi”, Projeto de Lei referente à criação no Município de Londrina do Projeto “Agricultor Protetor das Águas” e o “Programa de Conservação, Uso Racional e Reaproveitamento das Águas no Município de Londrina”. O estudo foca a Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Tibagi, município de Londrina, Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Os resultados evidenciam que a conservação da bacia requer do estado e dos municípios leis e projetos de Gestão de Recursos Hídricos mais rigorosos, que os instrumentos existentes atualmente. O estudo permite concluir que a oferta de água enfrenta os interesses divergentes da produção de energia e do saneamento básico. O presente estudo não esgota o debate sobre o tema e sugere a continuidade das pesquisas de forma identificar e implementar instrumentos de compensação financeira para o atendimento do mercado de serviços ambientais que utiliza a água como matéria prima.
Failure Dependence Analysis of Shear Walls with Different Openings under Fortification Earthquakes
Authors: Zhu Junfeng , Zheng Donghui , Li Yifan
Published: May 2013

It is necessary to study failure dependence problem in order to solve system reliability in the field of Civil Engineering. In this paper, failure dependence of reinforced concrete shear walls with different openings (including the whole shear wall, the shear wall with small opening, the coupled shear wall, the shear wall frame) are studied under fortification earthquakes using Monte Carlo method. The results demonstrate that failure of reinforced concrete shear walls with different openings is neither fully independent nor fully relevant. The number of failure dependent floors is about one-half total floors. The failure dependent floors are concentrated mainly in the upper part.
Numerical Approaches about the Morphological Description Parameters for the Manganese Deposits on the Magnesite Ore Surface
Authors: Bayirli Mehmet , Ozbey Tuba
Published: May 2013

Black deposits usually found at the surface of magnesite ore or limestone as well as red deposits in quartz veins are named as natural manganese dendrites. According to their geometrical structures, they may take variable fractal shapes. The characteristic origins of these morphologies have rarely been studied by means of numerical analyses. Hence, digital images of magnesite ore are taken from its surface with a scanner. These images are then converted to binary images in the form of 8 bits, bitmap format. As a next step, the morphological description parameters of manganese dendrites are computed by the way of scaling methods such as occupied fractions, fractal dimensions, divergent ratios, and critical exponents of scaling. The fractal dimension and the scaling range are made dependent on the fraction of the particles. Morphological description parameters can be determined according to the geometrical evaluation of the natural manganese dendrites which are formed independently from the process. The formation of manganese dendrites may also explain the stochastic selected process in the nature. These results therefore may be useful to understand the deposits in quartz vein parameters in geophysics.
Analytical Solutions of Unsteady Blood Flow of Jeffery Fluid Through Stenosed Arteries with PermeableWalls
Authors: Ellahi Rahmat , Ur-Rahman Shafiq , Nadeem Sohail
Published: May 2013

This problem deals with the theoretical study of unsteady blood flow of a Jeffery fluid. Two types of arteries, namely (i) composite stenosed artery and (ii) anistropically tapered stenosed artery with permeable walls are considered. The highly nonlinear momentum equations of the Jeffery fluid model are simplified by considering the case of mild stenosis, and finally the exact solutions are found. The expressions for velocity, flow impedance, pressure rise, and stream function are computed and discussed through graphs for different physical quantities of interest.
Beauty and the beast: gender differences in food-related behavior
Authors: Missagia Simone Velloso , Oliveira Solange Riveli , Rezende Daniel Carvalho
Published: May 2013

Among the decisions that consumers have to make there are food choices, including the decision to eat healthily. In this way, both motives for food choice and the behavior reported by consumers can describe how people relate to healthy food, particularly males and females, and what distinguishes them. Researching of a sample of 309 people, respondents were randomly selected in order to achieve balanced age and gender. Such individuals were recruited through an offline method that consisted of contact in supermarkets. Total sample size is constituted by 174 female and 135 male respondents. The results of the logistic regression analysis pointed that the main difference between genders is the way they interpret healthiness as a motive for food choice. While men find important that the products they eat keep them healthy, women consider more important the fact that they are nutritious. In addition, other motives and behaviors that distinguish men and women in respect of food choices and healthy eating were observed.DOI:10.5585/remark.v12i1.2441
A Percepção da Inovação no Contexto de Serviços e sua Influência na Satisfação e Lealdade do Cliente
Authors: Amaral Nicoli Wanderley , Mota Marcio De Oliveira , De Freitas Ana Augusta Ferreira , Junior Sergio Botelho
Published: May 2013

A satisfao e lealdade do cliente so benefcios gerenciais almejados por grande parte das organizaes. No contexto de servios, a literatura prev alguns antecedentes para estes benefcios visando melhor atingi-los. Porm, ainda existem algumas lacunas quanto aos antecedentes da satisfao e lealdade nesse setor. Este artigo, portanto, investiga a inovao percebida pelo consumidor no setor de servios como antecedente de tais benefcios. Os resultados alcanados atravs da utilizao de mtodos quantitativos de modelagem em equaes estruturais sugerem fortes relaes entre a inovao percebida em servios e os construtos satisfao e lealdade.DOI:10.5585/remark.v12i1.2482
Modelo Estrutural do Comportamento de Retaliação e Vingança do Consumidor Insatisfeito
Authors: Andrade Daniel Modenesi , Balassiano Moisés , Brandão Marcelo Moll
Published: May 2013

O objetivo principal deste estudo desenvolver e testar um modelo estrutural do comportamento retaliatrio e vingativo como resposta aos fatores cognitivos (percepo de justia e percepo de traio) e emocionais (raiva e desejo por vingana). Podem ser descritos como objetivos especficos que nortearam o estudo: a) avaliar as relaes entre a percepo de justia e a percepo de traio sobre os sentimentos provocados pela ofensa/agravo, quais sejam, raiva e desejo por vingana; b) combinar cognio e emoo como antecedentes das reaes associadas insatisfao. Para atender tais propsitos, um levantamento com 725 e-consumers foi realizado. A anlise do modelo foi realizada por meio de equaes estruturais, e os parmetros gerais do modelo evidenciaram que os dados adequaram-se ao modelo proposto. Sendo assim esta pesquisa contribuiu para a rea de estudo destacando a possibilidade de combinar fatores cognitivos e emocionais na predio das reaes; demonstrando que o desejo do consumidor por vingana pode ser associado a mltiplas respostas; incluindo a retaliao e vingana; e ainda, incorporando o boca-a-boca eletrnico como comportamento de retaliao no contexto dos estudos de comportamento ps-experincia de compra dos consumidores brasileiros. Assim descobriu-se que todos os fatores cognitivos e a raiva atuam de maneira indireta na predio das reaes, e que o desejo por vingana influencia de forma direta tanto os comportamentos retaliatrios quanto os comportamentos vingativos. Para pesquisas futuras um modelo terico, aplicado a consumidores brasileiros, ajudar no entendimento dos motivos que levam a um comportamento mais extremo do consumidor ofendido.DOI:10.5585/remark.v12i1.2505
Impacto da Congruência entre Autoconceito e Personalidade de Marca na Intensidade da Qualidade de Relacionamento e Lealdade do Consumidor
Authors: De Lima Andréa De Albuquerque , Baptista Paulo De Paula
Published: May 2013

O estudo investigou o impacto da congruncia com marca (sendo essa expressa pela similaridade entre o autoconceito e a percepo de personalidade de marca sob o ponto de vista do consumidor) na intensidade da qualidade de relacionamento e lealdade do consumidor marca. Os principais construtos mensurados para posteriormente compor o modelo estrutural foram: autoconceito e personalidade de marca, ambos mensurados pela escala proposta por Muniz (2005) composto por cinco dimenses (credibilidade, diverso, audcia, sofisticao e sensibilidade). J os construtos integrantes da qualidade de relacionamento (comprometimento afetivo, satisfao e confiana) e ps-venda (lealdade) foram mensurados atravs das escalas propostas por Baptista (2005). Realizou-se um e-survey com 626 casos. O objeto de estudo foram consumidores de tnis das marcas Adidas e Nike. Os resultados revelam que a congruncia com marca impacta diretamente na intensidade do comprometimento afetivo, da confiana e da satisfao do consumidor e possui um efeito indireto sobre lealdade, sendo esse intermediado pelos componentes da qualidade de relacionamento.DOI:10.5585/remark.v12i1.2508
Adipose Tissue-Derived Multipotent Stromal Cells Have a Higher Immunomodulatory Capacity Than Their Bone Marrow-Derived Counterparts
Authors: Melief Sara M. , Zwaginga Jaap Jan , Fibbe Willem E. , Roelofs Helene
Published: May 2013

Adipose tissue-derived multipotent stromal cells (AT-MSCs) are studied as an alternative to bone marrow-derived multipotent stromal cells (BM-MSCs) for immunomodulatory treatment. In this study, we systematically compared the immunomodulatory capacities of BM-MSCs and AT-MSCs derived from age-matched donors. We found that BM-MSCs and AT-MSCs share a similar immunophenotype and capacity for in vitro multilineage differentiation. BM-MSCs and AT-MSCs showed comparable immunomodulatory effects as they were both able to suppress proliferation of stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and to inhibit differentiation of monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells. However, at equal cell numbers, the AT-MSCs showed more potent immunomodulatory effects in both assays as compared with BM-MSCs. Moreover, AT-MSCs showed a higher level of secretion of cytokines that have been implicated in the immunomodulatory modes of action of multipotent stromal cells, such as interleukin-6 and transforming growth factor-β1. This is correlated with higher metabolic activity of AT-MSCs compared with BM-MSCs. We conclude that the immunomodulatory capacities of BM-MSCs and AT-MSCs are similar, but that differences in cytokine secretion cause AT-MSCs to have more potent immunomodulatory effects than BM-MSCs. Therefore, lower numbers of AT-MSCs evoke the same level of immunomodulation. These data indicate that AT-MSCs can be considered as a good alternative to BM-MSCs for immunomodulatory therapy.
Evading Frames: D’Antin van Rooten’s Homophonic Mother Goose
Authors: Fraser Ryan
Published: May 2013

In 1967, American dialect actor Luis d’Antin van Rooten published his now-classic Mots d’Heures: Gousses, Rames, a non-organic arrangement of French-language words and phrases designed to approximate the speech sounds of Mother Goose Rhymes. Though much read and imitated, these homophonic translations have largely evaded theoretical focus. Perhaps this is because their unique structuring allows them to evade anchorage in any specific contextual frame, and to send up the researcher’s own efforts toward contextualization, which has been prescribed as the methodological “first step” in Translation Studies since the Cultural Turn. Presented here, first of all, is a search for the potential frames of the Mots d’Heures–biographical, inter-textual, cinematic. These homophonic translations, I will then contend with reference to Jean-Jacques Lecercle (1990), exist to defy these frames by collapsing together, at the phono-articulate level, the target text with its most obvious context: the English-language source. Finally, I would contend, this collapse exemplifies the phenomena of “weaning,” “trans-contextual drift,” and “remainder” argued by Derrida (1988) as the enduring property of the signifying structure. The Mots d’Heures serve, then, as a playful reminder, in an intellectual climate where context reigns, of the signifying form’s structural ascendancy over the frame, of its “iterability.”
Traduction de quelques faits culturels du français vers l’arabe : retour de l’original à son point d’origine
Authors: El Badaoui Manal Ahmed
Published: May 2013

L’article examine la traduction des faits culturels et les transformations opérées lors du passage d’une langue/culture à une autre. Les stratégies préconisées par certains théoriciens pour la traduction des faits culturels seront abordées afin de déterminer la stratégie à privilégier. Pour déterminer le contexte et les circonstances du choix d’une solution traductionnelle au détriment d’une autre, nous examinerons La nuit sacrée de Tahar Ben Jelloun publié en 1987, et ses deux traductions en arabe réalisées en Égypte en 1988 et en 1993.
Working with Words: Research Approaches to Translation-Oriented Lexicographic Practice1
Authors: Tercedor Maribel , López-Rodríguez Clara Inés , Faber Pamela
Published: May 2013

Dictionaries ideally should address the needs of particular types of users. Their micro and macrostructural design should be oriented towards what user groups need to know about words and the uses that will be made of such knowledge. One specific use for dictionaries is the activity of translation. From the perspective of professional translators, dictionaries should allow for creativity and dynamicity in text production, providing solutions for changing communication needs. Dictionary-making for such a purpose can and should benefit from insights into words and meanings from other fields. Interdisciplinarity in Lexicography is just one example of how other fields interact in Translation Studies. In this paper we analyse how working in an interdisciplinary way is crucial to developing useful lexicographic and terminographic tools for translators and how methodologies, such as corpus-based work and experimental methods should be combined to offer converging evidence of different aspects of use and processing. We illustrate such work methods with examples from real lexicographic projects.
Agulhas Current leakage could stabilize Atlantic overturning circulation
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: May 2013

A major focus of concern for the coming century is understanding how the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) will respond to the changing temperatures and wind patterns brought on by global climate change. Because AMOC plays an important role in transporting heat to northern latitudes and modulating storm tracks, temperatures, and precipitation patterns in the surrounding continents, changes in its strength will have far‐reaching consequences.
Global fires after asteroid impact probably caused mass extinction
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: May 2013

About 66 million years ago, a mountain‐sized asteroid hit what is now the Yucatan in Mexico at exactly the time of the Cretaceous‐Paleogene (K‐Pg) mass extinction. Evidence for the asteroid impact comes from sediments in the K‐Pg boundary layer, but the details of the event, including what precisely caused the mass extinction, are still being debated.
Temperature Effects on the Deformation Behavior of High‐Density TRIP Steel and Particle‐Reinforced TRIP Steel/Zirconia Honeycombs Under Quasi‐Static Compressive Loading
Authors: Ehinger David , Krüger Lutz , Martin Ulrich , Weigelt Christian , Aneziris Christos G.
Published: May 2013

The interactions between microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of square‐celled TRIP steel and particle‐reinforced TRIP steel/zirconia honeycombs are investigated over a wide range of test temperatures. Based on a powder metallurgical route of a ceramic extrusion technology, two‐dimensional channeled structures are made of an austenitic AISI 304 CrNi‐steel or a TRIP steel matrix composite with up to 10 vol.% of a MgO partially stabilized zirconia (Mg‐PSZ) ceramic. Honeycomb specimens with a cell frame of 196 cpsi and a relative density of 0.37 (viz. 2.9 g cm−3) are tested under quasi‐static compression in out‐of‐plane loading direction at temperatures between ‐196 °C and 150 °C. During compression, the cellular materials deform in a strain‐dominated buckling mode initiating a plastic hinge formation in the cell walls at higher strain levels. Their crush resistance is intensively controlled by the material design including the plastic yield and strengthening mechanisms of the TRIP steel matrix and the constraint or particle reinforcement effects of the embedded zirconia ceramic. Since the thermodynamic driving force for the α′‐martensite nucleation and the intrinsic stacking fault energy are strongly influenced by temperature, different material strengthening and softening processes and a varied microstructure evolution are detected. A sigmoidal initial stress‐strain response as well as the highest compression stress are measured at test temperatures below room temperature due to a pronounced α′‐martensite volume fraction. However, at higher test temperatures, mechanical twinning and dislocation glide are the dominant deformation mechanisms. In summary, strength, ductility and energy absorption which identify the crashworthiness of the honeycombs, are significantly affected by the temperature‐sensitive macro‐ and microstructure phenomena.
Single‐Molecule Electrical Biosensors Based on Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Guo Xuefeng
Published: May 2013

Interactions between biological molecules are fundamental to biology. Probing the complex behaviors of biological systems at the molecular level provides new opportunities to uncover the wealth of molecular information that is usually hidden in conventional ensemble experiments and address the “unanswerable” questions in the physical, chemical and biological sciences. Nanometer‐scale materials are particularly well matched with biomolecular interactions due to their biocompatibility, size comparability, and remarkable electrical properties, thus setting the basis for biological sensing with ultrahigh sensitivity. This brief review aims to highlight the recent progress of the burgeoning field of single‐molecule electrical biosensors based on nanomaterials, with a particular focus on single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), for better understanding of the molecular structure, interacting dynamics, and molecular functions. The perspectives and key issues that will be critical to the success of next‐generation single‐molecule biosensors toward practical applications are also discussed, such as the device reproducibility, system integration, and theoretical simulation.
Lateral meningocele syndrome: Additional report and further evidence supporting a connective tissue basis
Authors: Alves Daniela , Sampaio Mafalda , Figueiredo Rita , Leão Miguel
Published: May 2013

Lateral meningocele syndrome is a rare disorder of unknown etiology, first described in 1977 and subsequently reported in nine other patients. These patients present distinctive craniofacial features and skeletal abnormalities in addition to multiple lateral meningoceles, suggesting a connective tissue disorder. Autosomal dominant inheritance is clearly suggested in one family and could explain familiar aggregation in another. We describe a simplex case of lateral meningocele syndrome with bicuspid aortic valve, supporting the hypothesis of a connective tissue basis for this disorder and further expanding the phenotype. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Views and preferences for the implementation of non‐invasive prenatal diagnosis for single gene disorders from health professionals in the united kingdom
Authors: Hill Melissa , Karunaratna Madhavi , Lewis Celine , Forya Frida , Chitty Lyn
Published: May 2013

Non‐invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) will offer new options in prenatal diagnosis for carriers of single gene disorders. This will affect carrier couples and health professionals involved in prenatal care. The aim of this study was to determine health professional opinions on NIPD for single gene disorders to guide development of infrastructure required for implementation. A qualitative approach was adopted using focus groups (N = 17) and one‐to‐one interviews (N = 30) with health professionals from a range of backgrounds involved in caring for carriers of single gene disorders. Data were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis. Participants were very positive about the introduction of NIPD, describing benefits arising from no risk of miscarriage, earlier testing and a simple procedure. A number of concerns for implementation were raised. Participants emphasized the need for the new test to be highly accurate and thoroughly validated. There was concern that people may not give as much thought to having a blood test compared to an invasive test or that it may be viewed as routine and as such NIPD may negatively impact on informed consent. In addition there was concern that the simplicity of a blood test may lead to increased pressure to test and terminate. However, participants felt these concerns could be overcome with thorough pre‐ and post‐test counseling. To ensure high quality care, offering NIPD through genetics or other specialist services is essential. Ongoing education and training of health professionals will be important, and guidelines and regulation are needed for effective implementation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
First report of a de novo 18q11.2 microdeletion including GATA6 associated with complex congenital heart disease and renal abnormalities
Authors: Bui Peter H. , Dorrani Naghmeh , Wong Derek , Perens Gregory , Dipple Katrina M. , Quintero‐Rivera Fabiola
Published: May 2013

Deletions of the long arm of chromosome 18 have been previously reported in many patients. Most cases involve the more distal regions of the long arm (18q21.1‐>qter). However, proximal interstitial deletions involving 18q11.2 are extremely rare. Here we report on a 14‐month‐old female with a 4.7 Mb (19,667,062–24,401,876 hg19) de novo interstitial deletion within chromosomal band 18q11.2, which includes GATA6 and 24 other RefSeq genes. The clinical features of our patient include complex congenital heart defects, a double outlet right ventricle, a subaortic ventricular septal defect, D‐malposed great arteries, an atrial septal defect, a dysplastic aortic valve and patent ductus arteriosus. In addition, she had renal anomalies—a duplicated collecting system on the left and mild right hydronephrosis. These heart and renal defects are not reported in other patients with 18q proximal interstitial deletions. Heterozygous point mutations in GATA6, encoding for a zinc finger transcription factor, have been shown to cause congenital heart defects. Given the well‐established biological role of GATA6 in cardiac development, a deletion of GATA6 is very likely responsible for our patient's complex congenital heart defects. This is the smallest and most proximal 18q11.2 deletion involving GATA6 that is associated with complex congenital heart disease and renal anomalies. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Healthcare transition in patients with rare genetic disorders with and without developmental disability: Neurofibromatosis 1 and williams–beuren syndrome
Authors: Van Lierde Andrea , Menni Francesca , Bedeschi Maria Francesca , Natacci Federica , Guez Sophie , Vizziello Paola , Costantino Maria Antonella , Lalatta Faustina , Esposito Susanna
Published: May 2013

There are between 5,000 and 8,000 distinct rare diseases (RDs) affecting 6–8% of the population, most of which are caused by genetic defects. Many are highly complex, childhood‐onset, multi‐system disorders that are often associated with developmental disability, and require lifelong, highly specialized care and support. As larger numbers of children with previously fatal RDs survive into adulthood, they encounter significant challenges in transitioning from family‐centered, developmentally focused, multidisciplinary pediatric care to a less supportive adult healthcare system that is often unfamiliar with these conditions. This paper discusses the challenges of the transition from pediatric to adult health care in two groups of patients with multisystem genetic RDs (neurofibromatosis 1 [NF1] and Williams–Beuren syndrome [WBS]), and analyzes strategies for making the process easier for patients with and without developmental disabilities. Our findings show that there are still no guidelines in national healthcare programs on how to transition RD adolescents with and without developmental disabilities, and only a few pediatric centers have implemented the elements of transition in their general practice. Evidence regarding programs to facilitate transition is inconclusive and the transition from pediatric medicine to adult medicine for RDs remains a major challenge. However, transition requires both time and personnel, which are difficult to find in periods of fiscal austerity. Nevertheless, we should strongly advocate for governments investing more into transition infrastructure or they will face increased long‐term social and economic costs due to poor treatment compliance, disengagement from services, increased genetic risks, and higher rates of disease‐related complications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multifractal analysis on dispersion of immiscible high‐density polyethylene/polystyrene blends processed via polymer vane plasticating extruder
Authors: Wu Zheng‐Huan , Zhao Yong‐Qing , Zhang Gui‐Zhen , Yang Zhi‐Tao , Qu Jin‐Ping
Published: May 2013

A 30 wt % high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/70 wt % polystyrene (PS) blends and 5 wt % HDPE/95 wt % PS blends were prepared via polymer vane plasticating extruder, which can generate elongational force field, in different rotation speeds. The fracture surface of the HDPE/PS blends was observed by a scanning electron microscope, and the dispersion of the HDPE in the PS matrix was evaluated by multifractal programs. The multifractal spectrum width
, and the dimension difference of maximum and minimum probability subset
were defined to discuss the homogeneity and the diameter of the HDPE particles. The results showed that the multifractal method was an effective tool to quantitatively describe the special distribution and diameter of the dispersed particles. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2328–2335, 2013
Emodin Prevents Ethanol‐Induced Developmental Anomalies in Cultured Mouse Fetus through Multiple Activities
Authors: Yon Jung‐Min , Lin Chunmei , Oh Ki‐Wan , Baek Hong‐Seok , Lee Beom Jun , Yun Young Won , Nam Sang‐Yoon
Published: May 2013

BACKGROUND

Maternal alcohol ingestion on pregnant period causes fetal alcohol syndrome including psychological and behavioral problems, and developmental abnormality. In this study, we investigated the effect of emodin, an active anthraquinone component found in the roots and bark of the genus Rhamnus (Buckthorn), on ethanol‐induced teratogenesis during embryonic organogenesis.

METHODS

We cultured mouse embryos on embryonic day 8.5 for 2 days with ethanol (5 μl/3 ml) and/or emodin (1×10−5 and 1×10−4 μg/ml) using a whole embryo culture system and then investigated the developmental evaluation, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and expression patterns of cytoplasmic SOD (SOD1), mitochondrial SOD (SOD2), cytosolic glutathione peroxidase (cGPx), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), caspase 3, and hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α).

RESULTS

Morphological parameters, including growth in yolk sac and fetal head, body length, and development of the central nervous system, circulation system, sensory organs, skeletal system, and limbs in embryos exposed to ethanol were significantly decreased compared to those of the normal control group, but co‐treatment with emodin (1 × 10−5 and 1 × 10−4 μg/ml) significantly improved these parameters. Furthermore, the reduced levels of SOD activity, and SOD1, SOD2, cGPx, and HIF‐1α and the increased gene levels of TNF‐α and caspase‐3 due to ethanol exposure were significantly restored by cotreatment with emodin. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 98:268–275, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

CONCLUSIONS

This study revealed that cotreatment with emodin significantly prevented teratogenesis induced by ethanol, not only by modulating hypoxia and antioxidant enzymes, but also by attenuating the enhanced levels of TNF‐α and caspase 3 in cultured embryos. Therefore, emodin may be an effective preventive agent for ethanol‐induced teratogenesis. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 98:268–275, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical trial of combined radio- and fluorescence-guided sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer
Authors: Schaafsma B E , Verbeek F P R , Rietbergen D D D , Hiel B , Vorst J R , Liefers G J , Frangioni J V , Velde C J H , Leeuwen F W B , Vahrmeijer A L
Published: May 2013

Background

Combining radioactive colloids and a near-infrared (NIR) fluorophore permits preoperative planning and intraoperative localization of deeply located sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) with direct optical guidance by a single lymphatic tracer. The aim of this clinical trial was to evaluate and optimize a hybrid NIR fluorescence and radioactive tracer for SLN detection in patients with breast cancer.

Methods

Patients with breast cancer undergoing SLN biopsy were enrolled. The day before surgery, a periareolar injection of indocyanine green (ICG)–99mTc-radiolabelled nanocolloid was administered and a lymphoscintigram acquired. Blue dye was injected immediately before surgery. Intraoperative SLN localization was performed using a γ probe and the Mini-FLARETM NIR fluorescence imaging system. Patients were divided into two dose groups, with one group receiving twice the particle density of ICG and nanocolloid, but the same dose of radioactive 99mTc.

Results

Thirty-two patients were enrolled in the trial. At least one SLN was identified before and during operation. All 48 axillary SLNs could be detected by γ tracing and NIR fluorescence imaging, but only 42 of them stained blue. NIR fluorescence imaging permitted detection of lymphatic vessels draining to the SLN up to 29 h after injection. Doubling the particle density did not yield a difference in fluorescence intensity (median 255 (range 98–542) versus 284 (90–921) arbitrary units; P = 0.590) or signal-to-background ratio (median 5·4 (range 3·0–15·4) versus 4·9 (3·5–16·3); P = 1·000) of the SLN.

Conclusion

The hybrid NIR fluorescence and radioactive tracer permitted accurate preoperative and intraoperative detection of the SLNs in patients with breast cancer. Registration number: NTR3685 (Netherlands Trial Register;http://www.trialregister.nl).
Following the Evolution of Ru/Activated Carbon Catalysts during the Decomposition–Reduction of the Ru(NO)(NO3)3 Precursor
Authors: García‐García Francisco R. , Fernández‐García Marcos , Newton Mark A. , Rodríguez‐Ramos Inmaculada , Guerrero‐Ruiz Antonio
Published: May 2013

Oxygen surface groups, which are typically present on the surface of activated carbon, have a decisive effect on the achieved dispersion of active phases, which affects the electronic properties of the surface sites and stabilizes the materials against sintering phenomena. Therefore, the desorption of oxygen surface groups during the decomposition–reduction of the metal salt precursors of the fresh carbon‐based catalysts can lead to surface reconstruction of the metal nanoparticles, which can significantly affect their catalytic activity. In this work, the oxidation states of Ru atoms supported on both an activated carbon thermally treated to remove all oxygen groups and the untreated material were studied during the reduction process. The precursor to prepare these catalysts is Ru(NO)(NO3)3. The main results were obtained by using in situ X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure analysis of the Ru K‐edge under conditions comparable to the temperature‐programmed reduction experiments. The different reduction mechanism observed in each of the catalysts, of a multistep nature if oxygen surface groups are present and single‐step in the case of clean graphitic surfaces, can be regarded as a typical metal–support interaction. Moreover, differences in both the final Ru oxidation state and the subsequent interaction of the active phase with the support are the main cause of the five‐times higher catalytic activity observed in the presence of the catalyst without surface oxygen groups for the NH3 decomposition reaction.
Bioinspired Manganese and Iron Complexes with Tetradentate N Ligands for the Asymmetric Epoxidation of Olefins
Authors: Wang Xiaoe , Miao Chengxia , Wang Shoufeng , Xia Chungu , Sun Wei
Published: May 2013

The manganese and iron complexes with the tetradentate N ligand (1R,2R)‐N,N'‐dimethyl‐N,N'‐bis(1‐methyl‐2‐benzimidazolylmethyl)cyclohexane‐1,2‐diamine have been synthesized and characterized. The crystal structure of the manganese complex demonstrates a cis‐α configuration. Both the manganese and iron complexes are active catalysts for the asymmetric epoxidation of olefins with H2O2 as an oxidant and acetic acid as an additive. Up to 96 % ee was observed for the epoxidation of α,β‐unsaturated ketones at −20 °C.
Direct O2 Activation on Gold/Metal Oxide Catalysts through a Unique Double Linear OAuO Structure
Authors: Sun Keju , Kohyama Masanori , Tanaka Shingo , Takeda Seiji
Published: May 2013

Nanogold particles supported on metal oxide surfaces present unusually high catalytic performances in low‐temperature oxidation reactions. Despite numerous studies on that matter, the molecular mechanism concerning O2 activation remains controversial. Aimed to identify the active sites for direct O2 activation on gold, a AuOOAu structure was analyzed by Hückel theory. It was found that an increase of Au–O orbital interaction can significantly promote O2 adsorption and dissociation. Therefore, we constructed a realistic model with a unique double linear OsAuOa structure at the perimeter of the Au/metal oxide interfaces, which was examined subsequently by DFT calculations. The double linear OsAuOa structure exhibited high reactivity, with O2 dissociation barriers as low as 0.12 eV and 0.17 eV for Au/TiO2 and Au/CeO2 systems, respectively. The present work gives new insight into the reaction mechanism of low‐temperature oxidation reactions on gold catalysts.