bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spin Degrees of Freedom
Authors: Boffi Sigfrido , Franco Davide Pacati Carlotta Giusti , Radici Marco
Published: November 2023

Polarization experiments are a rich and unique source of information on the nuclear response (Wolfenstein 1956; Davydov 1958; Simonius 1974; Pal 1983). Indeed, only measurements of polarization observables allow a complete determination of transition amplitudes and therefore give all the information on the response of the system. In general these measurements depend on a larger number of observables, which are hidden in the unpolarized case, where sums and/or averages over spin states are performed. Some of the polarization observables are expected to be sensitive to small components of the transition amplitude which cannot be extracted without ambiguity from the unpolarized cross section. Therefore, their determination would impose severe constraints on theoretical models and so are of great interest. Unfortunately, experiments with polarized targets have to face the difficulty of maintaining polarization in external cryogenic targets or of constructing polarized jet targets with sufficiently high density, while the measurements of recoil polarization are performed with polarimeters which need a double scattering. Therefore only few results are at present available and a complete determination of the transition amplitudes represents an ambitious programme. However, a large number of polarization measurements will be carried out in the future when new facilities and improved experimental techniques are available.
Polarization Experiments
Authors: Boffi Sigfrido , Franco Davide Pacati Carlotta Giusti , Radici Marco
Published: November 2023

In the past, spin degrees of freedom were seldom considered in studies of electromagnetic interactions with hadrons. The inclusion of the spin physics in experiments with electromagnetic probes was hampered by several technical difficulties which are now partly overcome. Two major advances have been made concerning polarized beams. On the one hand, monochromatic beams of linearly and circularly polarized real photons are obtained by backward scattering of high-energy electrons on a laser beam. This technique was developed by the LADON collaboration in Frascati and is now also used at Brookhaven by the LEGS collaboration with photon energies up to about 350 MeV. With the GRAAL facility in Grenoble investigation at higher photon energies will be possible. On the other hand, reliable high-current polarized electron sources are now available as a result of hard work over more than 20 years. The first polarized electron beams for intermediate-energy physics are operating at MIT-Bates and Mainz. Other beams will soon be ready at NIKHEF and CEBAF.
Electrons at Crystal Surfaces
Authors: Davison Sydney G , Stęślicka Maria
Published: November 2023

Since crystals in their natural state are finite, i.e., limited by surfaces, the question arises as to how the energy spectrum of an electron propagating in a finite crystal differs from that in an infinite one. The partial answer is provided by using the Born-von K árm án (1912, 1913) boundary condition (2.138), which shows that, if a finite crystal of N atoms is cut from an infinite one, then the previous continuous allowed band becomes a sequence of N discrete levels (2.141). Clearly, this is not a big difference, if the crystal (i.e., N) is very large. However, there is another important consequence of taking the crystal size into account, namely, that the presence of the surface produces discrete energy levels, which lie in the FEG regions that are inaccessible to electrons in infinite crystals. Tamm (1932) was the first to demonstrate the existence of these surface states by terminating the KP potential as a means of representing the surface. Because of the importance of Tamm’s work in establishing the new idea of surface states, we shall now briefly discuss his findings.
Tight-Binding Approximation
Authors: Davison Sydney G , Stęślicka Maria
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, surface states were analysed by means of a potential approach, which is a method that has been developed mainly by physicists. However, the tight-binding approximation (TBA) is based on the electron¬ orbital concept (§2.3), which, while commonly used in solid-state theory, has its origins in quantum chemistry.
Charge Exchange and the Theory of Ion-Atom Collisions
Authors: Bransden B H , McDowell M R C
Published: November 2023

During the last two decades the theory of ion-atom collisons, and particularly of charge-exchange reactions has advanced rapidly to the point where existing texts are no longer suitable as an introduction to the subject. This book aims to remedy the situation by providing an account of modern theoretical methods used to study the interaction of positive ions with atoms (or ions), concentrating particularly on charge exchange reactions. These reactions cannot be studied in isolation, and it is necessary to consider, to some extent, the whole range of ion-atom collisions leading to elastic scattering, excitation, and ionization. The material is presented at a level suitable for beginning research students and is self-contained, but assumes a knowledge of undergraduate quantum mechanics and atomic physics. It should also be useful for experimentalists who wish to assess the status of theoretical treatments of those collision processes in which they are interested.
Cognitive–Behavior Therapy With Couples
Authors: Dattilio Frank M
Published: November 2023

Cognitive–behavioral therapy with couples (CBTC) clearly emerged in the past decade as a powerful and effective approach, whether as a mode of integration with other forms of therapy (Dattilio, 1998; Dattilio and Epstein, 2003) or as an independent modality.
Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Leahy Robert L , McGinn Lata K , Busch Fredric N , Milrod Barbara L
Published: November 2023

Anxiety disorders are one of the most common psychological disorders found in national surveys of the prevalence of psychiatric problems. Many anxiety disorders are persistent rather than episodic, with a large percentage of patients with generalized anxiety, social anxiety disorder (SAD), or obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) reporting difficultiess lasting years.
Psychotherapy For Avoidant Personality Disorder
Authors: Newman Cory F , Fingerhut Randy
Published: November 2023

The diagnostic category of avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) is among those Axis II disorders classified informally as the ‘anxious and fearful’ subgroup (DSM–IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994, see Box 26.1 for standardized criteria), and is one of the more prevalent forms of personality pathology (Ekselius et al., 2001; Alden et al., 2002).
Psychotherapy of Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorder
Authors: Gabbard Glen O , Newman Cory F
Published: November 2023

The symptoms of obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) are well described in the DSM–IV (Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders, 4th edn) classification (see Table 28.1). Most of the symptoms can be regarded as lifelong adaptations that frequently do not create a great deal of distress for the patient. Certain aspects of the condition are even adaptive, such as an emphasis on detail, work, and achievement.
Clinical–Legal Issues in Psychotherapy
Authors: Simon Robert I
Published: November 2023

There are over 450 schools of psychotherapy currently in existence (Simon, 2001, p. 90). New schools continue to emerge. Amidst this diversity, basic clinical–legal principles generally apply to most, if not all, forms of psychotherapy.
Psychotherapy Supervision
Authors: Lomax James W , Andrews Linda B , Burruss John W , Moorey Stirling
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores individual supervision as a unique educational structure for psychotherapy education. Such supervision is of paramount importance in the professional formation of the psychotherapist in particular, but it is also important for all mental health practitioners regardless of whether psychotherapy plays a significant role on their professional lives or not (Mohl et al., 1990).
Perturbation theory and Feynman diagrams
Authors: Maggiore Michele
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 4 we studied the quantization of free fields. We now introduce the interaction. In the canonical quantization, perturbation theory is developed more easily using the Hamiltonian formalism (the Lagrangian formalism is instead more useful in the path integral quantization that will be discussed in Chapter 9). We therefore consider a general field theory with a Hamiltonian where Ho is the free Hamiltonian and Hint is the interaction term. The interaction term will be considered small. For instance in QED as discussed in Section 3.5.4. (Note that the identity Hint = -Lint holds only when the interaction Lagrangian does not contain derivatives of the fields.) The smallness of the interaction follows from the fact that the parameter which turns out to be relevant for the perturbative expansion is a= (e /41r) 1/137.
Path integral quantization
Authors: Maggiore Michele
Published: November 2023

Until now we have used canonical quantization, that is, we have promoted the classical fields to quantum operators. In this chapter we present an alternative formulation of quantum mechanics and of QFT, due to Feynman (who elaborated on work of Dirac) and known as path integral quantization, in which the coordinates in quantum mechanics (QM), and the fields in QFT, remain ordinary functions rather than operators.
Spontaneous symmetry breaking
Authors: Maggiore Michele
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we present the phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB). This is a mechanism of great importance both in particle physics and in condensed matter physics. Its generality and importance stem from the fact that it deals with how a symmetry of the action in QFT (or of the Hamiltonian in a statistical system) is reflected on the ground state of the system. As we will see in Section 11.1, SSB strictly speaking can only take place in a system with an infinite number of degrees of freedom. It is therefore a genuinely field-theoretical phenomenon, which does not appear in quantum mechanical systems with a finite number of variables.
Notes
Authors: Coolen A C C
Published: November 2023

Let us accept the rough but not unreasonable distinction of the development of most new mathematics-based research fields into the following three stages: a first stage where a simple but original new model is being proposed with which to explain a phenomenon that is not yet understood (or perhaps a range of phenomena), a second stage where the most appropriate mathematical techniques are being selected, adapted, or developed from scratch (as the case may be) with which to tackle this new model, and a third stage where there is general agreement on the mathematical tools to be used and where the emphasis consequently has shifted to the application of these accepted tools to increasingly refined and realistic versions of the initial model. It would seem that in the field of MGs we are now approaching the third stage. The question is no longer how to solve MG type models, but rather which version or generalization of the MG to solve, from the infinte set of possibilities.
Introduction
Authors: Diggle Peter J
Published: November 2023

Most statistical methods encountered in elementary textbooks assume that the individual observations which make up a set of data are realizations of mutually independent random variables. Typically, the assumption of mutual independence is justified by careful attention to various aspects of the experimental procedure, including the random selection of a sample of experimental units from some larger population, the random allocation of experimental units to experimental treatments, and, most pertinently from our point of view, the taking of a single observation from each experimental unit.
Graphical Models
Authors: Lauritzen Steffen L
Published: November 2023

The idea of modelling systems using graph theory has its origin in several scientific areas: in statistical physics (the study of large particle systems), in genetics (studying inheritable properties of natural species), and in interactions in contingency tables. The use of graphical models in statistics has increased considerably over recent years and the theory has been greatly developed and extended. This book provides the first comprehensive and authoritative account of the theory of graphical models and is written by a leading expert in the field. It contains the fundamental graph theory required and a thorough study of Markov properties associated with various type of graphs. The statistical theory of log-linear and graphical models for contingency tables, covariance selection models, and graphical models with mixed discrete-continous variables in developed detail. Special topics, such as the application of graphical models to probabilistic expert systems, are described briefly, and appendices give details of the multivarate normal distribution and of the theory of regular exponential families. The author has recently been awarded the RSS Guy Medal in Silver 1996 for his innovative contributions to statistical theory and practice, and especially for his work on graphical models.
Generalized score tests for composite hypotheses
Authors: Basawa I V
Published: November 2023

Three large sample tests, namely, Rao’s likelihood score test, Neyman’s C(α) test and a generalized score test are reviewed in a unified general setting involving possibly dependent, and not necessarily identically distributed observations. An application to a first-order autoregressive-moving average model is discussed. The test statistics considered in this paper are based on certain estimating functions. The Rao statistic is based on the likelihood estimating function and the Neyman statistic requires partly a general score function and partly the likelihood estimating function. The general score test is based on an arbitrary estimating function. It is shown in the application that the choice of an optimal estimating function according to the Godambe criterion also leads to asymptotical optimal tests for composite hypotheses.
Confidence intervals for quantiles
Authors: Godambe V P
Published: November 2023

In an early paper Woodruff (1952) described a method for computing confidence intervals for quantiles for a survey population. The paper is very remarkable for its clarity and lucidity. The method described in the paper is indeed applicable for many sampling designs. Usually the confidence intervals for large sample are constructed by inverting asymptotic normal distributions of some ‘optimal’ estimate. Here the variance of the estimate plays a central role. On the other hand, Woodruff obtains confidence intervals by inverting asymptotic distribution of an estimating function. For this, he is required to use the variance of the estimating function itself, not of the resulting estimate.
Norm violation as a precipitating factor of negative intergroup relations 1
Authors: DeRidder Richard , Schruijer Sandra G L , Tripathi Rama C
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is twofold: first, to give a critical overview of current social psychological theories and notions about intergroup relations; second, to present our approach, called norm violation theory, to the study of intergroup relations. Within psychology several theories have been developed to understand the nature of relationships between groups. The frustration—aggression hypothesis (Dollard et al.1939) suggests that negative intergroup behaviour, e.g. a riot, occurs as a result of explosive tensions built up between groups over years. Adorno et al.(1950), with their concept of the authoritarian personality, locate the origin of racial prejudice in the personality structure of individuals. Other theories state that the cause of negative behaviour can be traced back to the groups’ desire to achieve a positive group identity (social identity theory; Tajfel and Turner 1979), or to competition over scarce resources between the two groups involved (realistic conflict theory; Sherif 1967). Cognitive approaches, which have recently gained popularity, try to explain intergroup relations in terms of information processing models. (For overviews of existing approaches see Tajfel 1982; Brewer and Kramer 1985; Stephan 1985; Taylor and Moghaddam 1987; Messick and Mackie 1989).
On what happens when Dutchmen and Turks violate each other’s norms: a perfect match of mutual expectations?
Authors: Schruijer Sandra G L
Published: November 2023

The Netherlands is inhabited by many ethnic minorities (Schumacher 1987). The biggest group of non-Dutch allochthones is the Turks: their number is about 160 000 (CBS 1986), which is slightly more than 1 per cent of the Dutch population. The present chapter reports a study investigating the relationship between these Turks and autochthonous Dutch. Before reporting the actual study, which is conducted within the framework presented in Chapter 1, the historical and sociological context of the relationship between Turks and Dutch in The Netherlands is presented. The Turks, like many others from the Mediterranean countries, came to The Netherlands in the sixties mostly for economic reasons. The Dutch economy needed unskilled labourers, whereas unemployment existed in the Mediterranean countries. Moreover, the education level of the Dutch had risen making them unwilling to do unskilled, unpleasant work. In 1964 a contract was signed by Turkey and The Netherlands, which resulted in the recruitment of Turkish men between the age of 25 and 30, mainly coming from rural areas (66 per cent compared with 33 per cent from urbanized areas, according to Wentholt (1982)). The intention of the Turkish men was to work for a few years, earn money, and subsequently return to their families in Turkey. It became clear, however, that the presence of the migrants was permanent. They had no money to return and settle in their country. This was due to large-scale unemployment and less than expected savings, caused by the economic recession. Recruitment of the Turks stopped in 1975. The population of migrants, however, still grew, because of family reunion in The Netherlands and also because of a relatively high birth rate. The growth in population has now more or less stabilized.
Is our View of Bayesian Statistics too Narrow?*
Authors: Lindley Dennis V
Published: November 2023

The paper considers the scope of the Bayesian paradigm and whether our present use of it is too restricted. After a brief account of the paradigm, the role of probability, and in particular its use by frequentists, is discussed; followed by a similar consideration of utility. It is suggested that the paradigm provides a reasonable account of scientific method. The role of a statistician in providing advice is discussed. The measurements of probability and utility are considered. Suggestions are made as to how the method can be used outside science, and the roles of coherence and comparison emphasized.
A “BAD” View of Weighted Distributions and Selection Models*
Authors: Bayarri M J , Degroot M H
Published: November 2023

Weighted distributions and selection models arise when a random sample from lhe entire population of interest cannot be obtained or it is not desired. They model situations in which the probability or density of a potential observation gets distorted so that it is multiplied by some (non-negative) weight function. Selection models are the important particular case in which the weight function is the indicator function of some selection set. Bayarri and DeGroot (BAD) have studied, in a number of papers, many statistical issues that arise with these models. This paper will be a brief, unifying review of their work in the subject.
Prequential Analysis, Stochastic Complexity and Bayesian Inference
Authors: Dawid A P
Published: November 2023

Prequential Analysis addresses the empirical assessment of statistical models, and of their associated forecasting techniques, using techniques borrowed from the methodology of Probability Forecasting. In the theory of Stochastic Complexity, the empirical assessment of a model is based on the minimal length of a coded message needed to transmit the data. It turns out that this is essentially the same as prequential assessment based on the logarithmic scoring rule. These approaches are particularly well suited to model selection, where they provide further justification for the use of Bayes factors, or the asymptotically equivalent Jeffreys-Schwarz-BIC penalized log-likelihood criterion.
Model Determination using Predictive Distributions with Implementation via Sampling-Based Methods
Authors: Gelfand A E , Dey D K , Chang H
Published: November 2023

Model determination is divided into the issues of model adequacy and model selection. Predictive distributions are used to address both issues. This seems natural since, typically, prediction is a primary purpose for the chosen model. A cross-validation viewpoint is argued for. In particular, for a given model, it is proposed to validate conditional predictive distributions arising from single point deletion against observed responses. Sampling based methods are used to carry out required calculations. An example investigates the adequacy of and rather subtle choice between two sigmoidal growth models of the same dimension.
Evaluating the Accuracy of Sampling-Based Approaches to the Calculation of Posterior Moments
Authors: Geweke John
Published: November 2023

Data augmentation and Gibbs sampling are two closely related, sampling-based approaches to the calculation of posterior moments. The fact that each produces a sample whose constituents are neither independent nor identically distributed complicates the assessment of convergence and numerical accuracy of the approximations to the expected value of functions of interest under the posterior. In this paper methods from spectral analysis are used to evaluate numerical accuracy formally and construct diagnostics for convergence. These methods are illustrated in the normal linear model with informative priors, and in the Tobit censored regression model.
Reparameterization and Diagnostics of Posterior Non-Normality
Authors: Kass Robert E , Slate Elizabeib H
Published: November 2023

We define and discuss diagnostics that indicate departure from marginal and joint posterior normality. We emphasize versions of these non-normality measures that are easily computed via second-order asymptotic expansions and illustrate their use. We discuss the goals of reparameterization and the benefits of approximate posterior Normality. We also mention “curvature” measures that are motivated by non-Bayesian considerations and indicate their relevance to Bayesian inference.
Bayesian Models for Quality Assurance
Authors: Irony Telba Z , Pereira Carlos A De B , Barlow Richard E
Published: November 2023

Two models for analyzing discrete time series of quality data are suggested. They enable analysts to extract information from data and from experts in a very effective way. The Additive model should be used for processes that degrade as time goes by (processes that age, for instance). The Multiplicative model fits processes that improve with time (processes that depend on learning). In the case that the process varies, sometimes getting better and sometimes getting worse, both models should be alternated according to the process behavior. Simulation is used to validate the proposed models and to evaluate their performances.
An Evaluation of Robustness in Binomial Empirical Bayes Testing
Authors: Sivaganesan S
Published: November 2023

This inability to fully determine the distribution G (even after infinitely many stages have passed by) leads to a certain amount of uncertainty in the value(s) of the empirical Bayes procedure(s) to be used. It is therefore of interest from a robustness standpoint to determine how much uncertainty there remains in the value of an empirical Bayes procedure.
The influence of consanguineous marriage on reproductive behaviour in India and Pakistan
Authors: Bittles A H
Published: November 2023

Although consanguineous marriages are widely contracted in many major human populations, there still is a remarkable lack of reliable information in the scientific literature with respect to their prevalence and associated biological outcomes. The inter-relationship between inbreeding and reproductive behaviour is a particular problem area, with the widespread belief that marriage between close biological relatives leads to reduced fertility. To permit a more critical assessment of this topic, at least with respect to India and Pakistan, extensive studies conducted into reproductive behaviour during the last two decades have been collated and analysed. By using these data it has been possible to determine the underlying factors, both biological and non-biological, which significantly contribute to the fertility of the populations investigated, with specific attention focused on the influence of consanguinity. As will become apparent, many past generalizations derived from the assumption that fewer children were born to close kin unions appear to lack foundation.
International Aid To Health Systems in the Developing Countries: The Problem of Recurrent Costs
Authors: Seaman John
Published: November 2023

International development aid is generally assumed to be ‘pump priming’. Aid provides capital-which may be physical capital in the form of buildings or equipment, human capital through training or the provision of new technologies and techniques. In the classic aid ‘model’ it has been generally assumed that the additional costs which must arise from the investment of aid will be found by the country or people concerned. If for example a donor pays for the construction of a hospital, the ‘recurrent costs’ as they are often called-salaries, drugs and maintenance-will be found from the resources of the country concerned.
Criminal justice and offenders
Authors: Ker Monica Wal
Published: November 2023

There are a series of processes by which a suspect may become an offender, or alternatively may be released from the criminal justice system. In summary, the suspect may be arrested or summonsed by the police, after which he may be released with ‘no further action’, he may be given a caution, or charged and prosecuted. If he is prosecuted, the case may be discontinued, without trial. Otherwise he will be either tried in the magistrates’ courts, or committed for trial to the Crown Court. Ifhe is to be tried in the magistrates’ courts the case may be withdrawn or the case dismissed (and the defendant acquitted); or the defendant will be either sentenced, or committed to the Crown Court for sentence. If he is committed for trial in the Crown Court he will be either acquitted, or convicted and sentenced (unless the case is discontinued for some reason). He may later appeal against conviction and/or sentence. At each stage he will be remanded either on bail or in custody. Barclay (1993) and Bottomley and Pease (1986) give good detailed accounts of the processes involved (see also Figure 10.1 below).
Gender, crime, and the criminal justice system
Authors: Hedderman Carol
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses gender differences in overall offending rates and criminal careers, in types of offending, in cautions and convictions, in the proportions going to the magistrates’ courts and the Crown Court for trial and in the sentences handed out at either venue. Detailed consideration is then given to two forms of gender-related offences: rape and domestic homicide. The discussion is based primarily on a consideration of the information contained in Criminal Statistics and Prison Statistics which are published annually by the Home Office. However, some research material is also referred to where this helps to explain the statistical picture.
Genstat™ 5 Release 3 Reference Manual
Authors: Payne R W , Lane P W , Digby P G N , Harding S A , Leech P K , Morgan G W , Todd AD , Thompson R , Wilson G Tunnicliffe , Welham S J , White R P
Published: November 2023

Genstat 5 Release 3 is the latest version of the well-known statistical system developed by practising statisticians at Rothamsted Experimental Station. It provides statistical summary, analysis, data-handling, and graphics for interactive or batch users, and includes a customizable menu-based interface. Genstat is used worldwide on personal computers, workstations, and mainframe computers by statisticians, research workers, and students in all fields of application of statistics. Release 3 contains many new facilities: the analysis of ordered categorical data: generalized additive models; combination of information in mulgti-stratum experimental designs; extensions to the REML (residual maximum-likelihood) algorithm for testing fixed effects and to cater for correlation strucgures between random effects; estimation of paramenters of statistical distributions; further probability functions; simplified data input; and many more extensions, in high-resolution graphics, for calculations, and for manipulation. The Manual has been rewirtten for this release, including new chapters on Basic Statistics and REML, with extensive examples and illustrations.
Data structures
Authors: Payne R W , Lane P W , Digby P G N , Harding S A , Leech P K , Morgan G W , Todd AD , Thompson R , Wilson G Tunnicliffe , Welham S J , White R P
Published: November 2023

Data structures store the information on which a Genstat program operates. Examples include data for statistical analyses, coordinates for graphs, text for annotation, and so on. You can also store almost anything that can be printed in an analysis. This enables you to extend the range of facilities that Genstat offers, by taking information from one directive and using it as input for another. To allow you to do this, Genstat has a comprehensive set of different structures. However, there are many similarities across the directives that are used to define them, and the more complicated structures are required only for the more advanced uses of Genstat.
Customizing and extending Genstat
Authors: Payne R W , Lane P W , Digby P G N , Harding S A , Leech P K , Morgan G W , Todd AD , Thompson R , Wilson G Tunnicliffe , Welham S J , White R P
Published: November 2023

Genstat is designed so that you can give simple commands to perform standard tasks. The defaults of options and parameters are set to correspond to what are believed to be the commonest needs - as judged by the authors of Genstat. But Genstat can be used in many different applications, and so it is inevitable that our choice of defaults will not correspond with the preferences of every individual user. Section 13.1 describes ways in which you can customize the Genstat command language, making it more convenient for the way in which you work. Section 13.2 describes how to customize the Menu System.
Cranial morphology of the Siberians and east Asians
Authors: Ishida Hajime , Dodo Yukio
Published: November 2023

Mongoloid populations today inhabit the Asian continent, the Pacific islands, and North and South America. It is generally accepted that peoples who originated in Asia were distributed throughout vast areas of Siberia and the Far East, and then some of their descendants dispersed into the Americas via the now submerged Bering land bridge (Beringia). The time, method, and routes of migra tion to Siberia have long evoked the interest of Russian, Asian, and American anthropologists who are concerned with the peopling of the Americas. Hrdlicka (1942) stated that human skeletal remains from Siberia would constitute key evidence of Asian-American connections.
Dental characteristics of the Japanese population
Authors: Matsumura Hirofumi , Shigehara Nobuo , Kanazawa Eisaku
Published: November 2023

There can be no doubt that immigrants from the Asian continent entered Japan during the Aeneolithic Yayoi period (300 BC to AD 300) and the protohistoric Kofun period (AD 300 to 700). In particular, the Yayoi people of the northern Kyushu and Yamaguchi districts of western Japan are considered to be immi grants from the Asian continent. Regarding the origin of modern Japanese, a problem arises when considering the scale of the influx of immigrants into Japan. According to the transformation theory, the genetic influence of the immigrants was negligible, and thus present-day Japanese are direct descendants of the Neolithic Jamon natives (Suzuki 1969, 1981). On the other hand, the immigration theory (Kanaseki 1976) emphasizes that modern Japanese are descended from hybrids formed between the natives and immigrants, or from the immigrants themselves. Numerous recent studies of cranial measurements have supported the immigration theory (Howells 1966; Yamaguchi 1982; Hanihara 1985; Mizoguchi 1988). In the last few years, non-metric cranial studies (Dodo and Ishida 1990; Kozintsev 1990) have produced evidence which supports the immigration theory more strongly than have the previous cranial metric studies.
Normative terminology: ‘normal’ in statistics and elsewhere
Authors: Kruskal William H , Stigler Stephen M
Published: November 2023

The word ‘normal’ is ubiquitous in modern science, as it is in modern journalism, education, psychology, sports, law, indeed in all arenas where description must encompass a range, and where judgments are given verbal expression. It is a remarkably useful word; it conveys a sense of the usual, the average, while at the same time expressing the idea of a norm, or optimum goal. This ambivalence is frequently acknowledged by placing ‘normal’ in quotation marks, as in the following examples of headlines:
Efficient Parametrizations for Generalized Linear Mixed Models
Authors: Gelfand* A E , Sahu** S K , Carlin*** B P
Published: November 2023

Currently there is considerable interest in fitting what have been called structured random effects models. Here we focus on generalized mixed models as in Breslow and Clayton (1993). The associated posterior surface can be very poorly behaved due to high correlation between or weak identifiability of certain model parameters. Sampling based fitting techniques can be excruciatingly slow to converge. We propose simple hierarchical centering reparametrizations which often improve convergence, and demonstrate their effectiveness both analytically and empirically. We also discuss an alternative reparametrization scheme due to Vines, Gilks and Wild (1993) for models involving qualitative effects, and compare it to our approach.
On Bayes Factors for Nonparametric Alternatives
Authors: Carota C , Parmigiani G
Published: November 2023

In this paper we derive global Bayes factors for the comparison of a parametric model with a nonparametric alternative. The alternative is constructed by embedding the parametric model in a mixture of Dirichlet processes. Results include a general explicit form for partially exchangeable sequences as well as closed form expressions in the context one-way analysis of variance.
Iterative Rescaling for Bayesian Quadrature
Authors: Kennedy M C , O’Hagan A
Published: November 2023

Numerical techniques for calculating integration based summaries of posterior distributions typically make use of a more tractable distribution G as a rough approximation. A problem that arises when using these techniques is the need to specify the parameters of G before any evaluations of the density function are made. There are several possible solutions to this problem, but the chosen strategy should give parameter values for G that produce accurate numerical results as well as being efficient.
Robust Bayesian Analysis: An Interactive Approach
Authors: Liseo* B , Petrella** L , Salinetti* G
Published: November 2023

In a robust Bayesian analysis with a quantile class r1 one measure of the sensitivity of the answer is 6(f 1), the posterior range of the expectation of a given parametric function. A large value of 6(fi) prescribes a further elicitation effort to produce a smaller class r2 which, hopefully, will provide a smaller range. In this paper we propose a simple algorithm which can help the statistician to implement these ideas. Starting from r1, the algorithm helps to choose a new quantile at each iteration until the range on the updated class is adequately smaller. The goal of the algorithm is to guide the statistician in deciding where to refine the partition in order to obtain considerable reductions of the range.
Adaptive Bayesian Replacement Strategies
Authors: Mazzuchi T A , Soyer R
Published: November 2023

In this paper, we present a Bayesian decision-theoretic approach for determining optimal replacement strategies under a variety of replacement and repair scenarios. This approach enables us to formally incorporate, express, and update our uncertainty when determining optimal replacement strategies. As such, the policies developed are adaptive in nature taking into account information from each replacement interval. We develop relevant expressions for the block replacement protocols with both “good as new” and “minimal repair” assumptions and illustrate the use of our approach with real data.
Hierarchical Image Reconstruction Using Markov Random Fields
Authors: Mcmillan N J , Berliner L M
Published: November 2023

At least since the seminal work of Geman and Geman (1984), Markov random fields have served as Bayesian models for images in computational reconstruction from degraded, observational data. We consider fully Bayesian hierarchical models, in which one stage of the hierarchy is a Markov random field. This field is parameterized by a scalar .>. which in principle controls the degree of smoothness of random images generated by the model. We then develop a class of conjugate priors for .>-. Based on data, posterior inferences are developed employing familiar versions of Gibbs’ sampling. The basic hierarchical model is extended to an exchangeable model in which several “similar” images are to be reconstructed. Artificial examples, motivated by imaging problems arising in materials science and stereology, are presented.
A Bayesian Algorithm for Image Reconstruction with Variable Hyperparameter
Authors: Núñez* J , Llacer** J
Published: November 2023

In this paper we present a Bayesian image reconstruction algorithm with entropy prior (FMAPE) that uses a space-variant hyperparameter. The spatial variation of the hyperparameter allows different degrees of resolution in areas of different signal-to-noise ratio, thus avoiding the large residuals resulting from algorithms that use a constant hyperparameter. The space variant hyperparameter determines the relative weight between the prior information and the likelihood and it determines the degree of smoothness of the solution in a particular region of the image.
The invention of Infinity
Authors: Field J V
Published: November 2023

Renaissance craftsmen, such as painters, were educated in `practical mathematics'. This book tells us the fascintating story of how the artisan tradition made important contributions not only to art but also to `proper' mathematics. Beautiful works of art and famous theorems are linked together in a way that leads to a clearer understanding and greater enjoyment of both. Covering roughly the period from 1300 to 1650, the author shows how, during this time, a new form of geometry - projective geometry - emerged in the context of the artists' mathematics of perspective. Stories of taking measurements while balanced on scaffolding are interspersed with delightful scholarly analyses of the mathematics of great works of art. The text is beautifully illustrated throughout with both photographs and drawings.
Traffic characterisation and effective bandwidths for broadband network traces
Authors: Gibbens R J
Published: November 2023

The trend of current developments in telecommunication networks is towards systems which will allow a number of widely disparate traffic streams to share common resources through statistical sharing. How efficiently this can be managed depends critically upon the statistical characteristics of the traffic. Our aim in this paper is to investigate the application of a simple and robust graphical descriptor of a given traffic stream, designed to emphasise those aspects of the data that are important for the statistical sharing of common resources. Two examples considered in detail are an MPEG-1 video encoding of the Star Wars movie and traces of ethernet traffic taken at Bellcore.
Approximate solutions for open networks with breakdowns and repairs
Authors: Chakka Ram , Mitrani Isi
Published: November 2023

Network models whose nodes are subject to interruptions of service are notoriously difficult to solve. There are no exact results for systems with more than two nodes, and even the approximations that have been proposed turn out to be rather unsatisfactory. We assess the existing approaches and develop new approximation methods. The latter’s accuracy is evaluated by comparisons with simulations and is shown to be acceptable over a large range of parameter values.
The Poisson-independence hypothesis for infinitely-growing fully-connected packet-switching networks
Authors: Suhov Yu. M , Rose D M
Published: November 2023

We analyse a packet-switching network modelled by a complete graph with nodes 0, 1, ... , N. For each pair of nodes, (i,j), there is a rate- λ Poisson flow αi,j of messages generated at i and destined for j. The numbers of packets in the message (the message lengths) are IID variables with distribution μ. With probability p, a packet is directly transmitted from i to j on link (i,j), and with probability qN = (1 - p)/(N - 1), on any of the two-link paths joining i and j. The queueing discipline at each node is FCFS, and the end-to-end delay is the time of delivery of the last packet of a message. Under certain conditions on λ, μ and p, we prove that as N → ∞, the probability distribution of the end-to-end delay is deduced from the so-called Poisson-independence hypothesis, which is shown to be valid. The main requirement is that most packets should be routed directly to their destinations, i.e., the network is a small perturbation of the ‘ideal’ one in which the links act as independent entities.
Statistical modelling and inference
Authors: Aitkin Murray , Francis Brain , Hinde John
Published: November 2023

In this book we will be concerned with the statistical analysis of data from experimental and observational studies. In experimental studies, randomization or random assignment of individual experimental units (e.g. human or animal subjects, agricultural plots) to the experimental treatments plays a fundamentally important role.
The parallels in beauty’s brow: time-accuracy functions and their implications for cognitive aging theories
Authors: Verhaeghen Paul
Published: November 2023

Cognitive aging is not a field lacking in theoretical efforts. On the contrary, we may be suffering from too many theories. In his 1992 review of the field, Salthouse concluded, in what perhaps was a slight overstatement, that ‘there appear to be nearly as many explanations or interpretations of [age-related] deficits as there are published articles’ (p. 323). Most of these theories operate on a micro-level, that is, they pertain to only a small range of phenomena. It seems that what we need is not more theories, but a more integrated theory, that is, a set of propositions that explains more than a narrow collection of data through a limited set of mechanisms. Some such grand theories of aging have been proposed in the past (e.g. Cerella et al. 1980; Hasher and Zacks 1988; Myerson et al. 1990; Salthouse 1996), but these remain largely controversial (see, for instance, recent controversies in the Journals of Gerontology regarding generalized-slowing theories of aging; Cerella 1994; Fisk and Fisher 1994; Myerson et al. 1994; Perfect 1994; or regarding the inhibition account of aging; Burke 1997; McDowd 1997; Zacks and Hasher 1997).
Measurement indices, functional characteristics and psychometric constructs in cognitive aging
Authors: Rabbitt Patrick M A
Published: November 2023

This chapter addresses confusions about the nature of the performance indices that we measure in simple laboratory tasks and by means of which we test functional models for individual differences in performance. Measurements such as decision times, obtained from simple tasks, have been taken as irreducible ‘primitives’ which must correspond to objective, and primitive characteristics of the central nervous system (CNS). In fact while the process of measurement is objective, the indices derived from these measurements are not, since they are determined by the functional models that we use as frameworks to analyse our data.
Dual-process theories of memory in old age
Authors: Light Leah L , Prull Matthew W , Lavoie Donna J , Healy Michael R
Published: November 2023

Contemporary theories of memory often posit two processes, recollection and familiarity, that subserve recall and recognition (Atkinson and Juola 1974; Hintzman 1986; Humphreys et al. 1989; Jacoby and Dallas 1981; Mandler 1980; Raaijmakers and Shiffrin 1992). Recollection (or in some models, recall) is typically characterized as conscious or intentional and as attention demanding, whereas familiarity is thought to be unconscious and to have relatively low attentional requirements. In most two-process models, recol1ective processes involve conscious remembering of particular aspects of a prior episode, such as perceptual details, spatial or temporal information, the source of information, or thoughts and feelings that accompanied the episode. Even single-process theories of recognition (e.g. Hintzman 1988; Ratcliff.et al. 1995) acknowledge the crucial role played by contextual information in determining the similarity between current experiences and memories of earlier events. Moreover, reality monitoring, separating, fact from fantasy, requires memory for contextual details as wen as thoughts and feelings accompanying particular experiences (Johnson et al. 1993).
Introduction: between revolution and conservatism
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo
Published: November 2023

What a fantastic sight! On a yellow, completely transparent background, there appear sparsely scattered black fibres, smooth and small or thick and prickly, as well as black, triangular, star- or rod-shaped bodies! Just like fine India ink drawings on transparent Japanese paper. The scientist gazes upon it in astonishment. He is more accustomed to the chaotic images produced by carminic acid and haematoxylin, which yield one dubious interpretation after another. Here, on the other hand, everything is absolutely clear, without any possibility of confusion. There is nothing more to interpret; one need only observe and note these cells, with their different, ramified extensions, like plants in the morning frost, covering an astonishingly large space in wavy lines; these smooth and uniform extensions which, springing from the cell, cover great distances, before suddenly splitting up into a bunch of innumerable fibres. . . The delighted and astonished gaze cannot tear itself away from this fantastic sight. Methodic wishful thinking has become reality. Metal impregnation has produced a magnificent and unexpected slide.’
The morphological choice
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo
Published: November 2023

At the beginning of 1860 the idea of national unification permeated Italian intellectual circles. It was as if history, long compressed, was expanding under irresistible pressure and all watched in astonishment the precipitous unfolding of events. In March, plebiscites in Parma, Modena, and Tuscany approved annexation to the Kingdom of Sardinia, which until then consisted of Piedmont, Liguria, and Sardinia. In May, Garibaldi’s ‘Thousand’ sailed toward Sicily, and in September they entered Naples. At the end of the year the parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia was dissolved to allow for the election of a national parliament.
The structure of the central nervous system
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo
Published: November 2023

From 1877 to 1880 Golgi’s prodigious scientific activity achieved remarkable results in widely disparate areas. Nevertheless, as in Abbiategrasso, the central nervous system remained at the centre of his research interests.