bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three-terminal field effect devices utilizing thin film vanadium oxide as the channel layer
Authors: Ruzmetov Dmitry , Gopalakrishnan Gokul , Ko Changhyun , Narayanamurti Venkatesh , Ramanathan Shriram
Published: June 2010

Electrostatic control of the metal-insulator transition (MIT) in an oxide semiconductor could potentially impact the emerging field of oxide electronics. Vanadium dioxide (VO2) is of particular interest due to the fact that the MIT happens in the vicinity of room temperature and it is considered to exhibit the Mott transition. We present a detailed account of our experimental investigation into three-terminal field effect transistor-like devices using thin film VO2 as the channel layer. The gate is separated from the channel through an insulating gate oxide layer, enabling true probing of the field effect with minimal or no interference from large leakage currents flowing directly from the electrode. The influence of the fabrication of multiple components of the device, including the gate oxide deposition, on the VO2 film characteristics is discussed. Further, we discuss the effect of the gate voltage on the device response, point out some of the unusual characteristics including temporal dependence. A reversible unipolar modulation of the channel resistance upon the gate voltage is demonstrated for the first time in optimally engineered devices. The results presented in this work are of relevance toward interpreting gate voltage response in such oxides as well as addressing challenges in advancing gate stack processing for oxide semiconductors.
Constructal dendritic configuration for the radiation heating of a solid stream
Authors: Kang Deok-Hong , Lorente Sylvie , Bejan Adrian
Published: June 2010

Here we show that the configuration of a slender enclosure can be optimized such that the radiation heating of a stream of solid is performed with minimal fuel consumption at the global level. The solid moves longitudinally at constant rate through the enclosure. The enclosure is heated by gas burners distributed arbitrarily, in a manner that is to be determined. The total contact area for heat transfer between the hot enclosure and the cold solid is fixed. We find that minimal global fuel consumption is achieved when the longitudinal distribution of heaters is nonuniform, with more heaters near the exit than the entrance. The reduction in fuel consumption relative to when the heaters are distributed uniformly is of order 10%. Tapering the plan view (the floor) of the heating area yields an additional reduction in overall fuel consumption. The best shape is when the floor area is a slender triangle on which the cold solid enters by crossing the base. These architectural features recommend the proposal to organize the flow of the solid as a dendritic design, which enters as several branches, and exits as a single hot stream of prescribed temperature. The thermodynamics of heating is presented in modern terms in the Sec. VII (exergy destruction, entropy generation). The contribution is that to optimize “thermodynamically” is the same as reducing the consumption of fuel.
Formulas for joint probabilities for the asymmetric simple exclusion process
Authors: Tracy Craig A. , Widom Harold
Published: June 2010

In earlier work, the authors [Tracy, C. A. and Widom, H., “Integral formulas for the asymmetric simple exclusion process,” Commun. Math. Phys. 279, 815 (2008)] obtained integral formulas for probabilities for a single particle in the asymmetric simple exclusion process. Here, formulas are obtained for joint probabilities for several particles. In the case of a single particle, the derivation here is simpler than the one in the earlier work for one of its main results.
Slow evaporation and condensation on a spherical droplet in the presence of a noncondensable gas
Authors: Kosuge Shingo , Aoki Kazuo , Hatano Masatake
Published: June 2010

A spherical droplet is placed in a binary mixture composed of the vapor of the droplet and another gas which neither evaporates nor condenses (a noncondensable gas). The mixture is in an equilibrium state at rest at infinity. A slow steady flow of the vapor caused by weak evaporation or condensation, under the influence of the noncondensable gas, is investigated on the basis of a linearized model Boltzmann equation. Numerical analyses by means of a finite-difference method are carried out for a wide range of the Knudsen number (i.e., from a large to small droplet compared to the molecular mean free path). The numerical results, together with analytical solutions for small and large Knudsen numbers, clarify the behavior the mixture, i.e., the mass- and heat-flow rates from or onto the droplet as well as spatial distributions of the macroscopic quantities, in the entire range of gas rarefaction. The solution for the steady heat transfer problem between a solid sphere and a binary gas mixture is also obtained as a byproduct.
Influence of nanostructuring and heterogeneous nucleation on the thermoelectric figure of merit in AgSbTe2
Authors: Sharma P. A. , Sugar J. D. , Medlin D. L.
Published: June 2010

In some cases, nanoscale microstructures improve thermoelectric efficiency, but this phenomenon has rarely been studied systematically for precipitates in bulk materials. We quantified the influence of nanostructuring on the thermoelectric figure of merit (zT) by embedding Sb2Te3 inclusions, from nanometer to micron sizes, in an Sb-rich AgSbTe2 matrix through solid-state precipitation. Nucleation/growth and coarsening regimes of precipitate formation had a clear effect on transport properties, which could be understood using the effective medium theory of a two-phase composite. The majority of precipitates nucleated heterogeneously at grain boundaries and at planar defects found in the matrix phase, forming a complex interconnected network. This heterogeneous nucleation causes the precipitate/matrix system to follow effective medium theory even at small precipitate sizes, thus lowering the figure of merit. Therefore, heterogeneous nucleation is a major obstacle to efficiency improvement using nanoscale precipitates in bulk thermoelectrics.
Spin wave assisted current induced magnetic domain wall motion
Authors: Jamali Mahdi , Yang Hyunsoo , Lee Kyung-Jin
Published: June 2010

The interaction between the propagating spin waves and the current driven motion of a transverse domain wall in magnetic nanowires is studied by micromagnetic simulations. If the speed of domain walls due to current induced spin transfer torque is comparable to the velocity driven by spin waves, the speed of domain wall is improved by applying spin waves. The domain wall velocity can be manipulated by the frequency and amplitude of spin waves. The effect of spin waves is suppressed in the high current density regime in which the domain wall is mostly driven by current induced spin transfer torque.
Effects of atmospheric nonthermal plasma on invasion of colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Kim Chul-Ho , Kwon Seyeoul , Bahn Jae Hoon , Lee Keunho , Jun Seung Ik , Rack Philip D. , Baek Seung Joon
Published: June 2010

The effect that the gas content and plasma power of atmospheric, nonthermal plasma has on the invasion activity in colorectal cancer cells has been studied. Helium and helium plus oxygen plasmas were induced through a nozzle and operated with an ac power of less than 10 kV which exhibited a length of 2.5 cm and a diameter of 3–4 mm in ambient air. Treatment of cancer cells with the plasma jet resulted in a decrease in cell migration/invasion with higher plasma intensity and the addition of oxygen to the He flow gas.
Optically pumped ultraviolet lasing from nitride nanopillars at room temperature
Authors: Chen Rui , Sun H. D. , Wang T. , Hui K. N. , Choi H. W.
Published: June 2010

A vertical cavity structure composing of an in situ grown bottom AlxGa1−xN/AlyGa1−yN distributed Bragg reflector and a top SiO2/HfO2 dielectric mirror for ultraviolet (UV) emission has been demonstrated. Close-packed nanopillars with diameters of around 500 nm have been achieved by the route of nanosphere lithography combined with inductively-coupled plasma etching. Optically-pumped UV lasing at a wavelength of 343.7 nm (3.608 eV) was observed at room temperature, with a threshold excitation density of 0.52 MW/cm2. The mechanism of the lasing action is discussed in detail. Our investigation indicates promising possibilities in nitride-based resonant cavity devices, particularly toward realizing the UV nitride-based vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser.
Optical detection of plasmonic and interband excitations in 1-nm-wide indium atomic wires
Authors: Chung H. V. , Kubber C. J. , Han G. , Rigamonti S. , Sanchez-Portal D. , Enders D. , Pucci A. , Nagao T.
Published: June 2010

Infrared spectroscopy is demonstrated to sensitively detect electronic excitations in 1-nm-wide wires made of indium. The polarization-dependent spectra measured at room temperature show a strong broadband plasmonic absorption feature in the direction parallel to the wires, while in the perpendicular direction the wires stay nearly transparent in the same spectral range. At 88 K the wires do not show this broadband absorption anymore, but instead, several interband-transition features arise for both polarizations, in agreement to the gap opening of the metal-to-insulator transition as known for this one-dimensional structure.
Ferromagnetism of double-walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Yan Der-Chung , Chen Shih-Yun , Wu Maw-Kuen , Chi C. C. , Chao J. H. , Green Malcolm L. H.
Published: June 2010

The pure double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) and two endohedral DWNTs (DWNTs with materials filled inside) are produced. The filling materials are CoI2 and KI, respectively. The ferromagnetism (FM) is observed in pure DWNTs. The content of residual catalyst Fe is too small to be responsible for the observed FM. On the other hand, after filling KI or CoI2 into the tubes, over 87% of FM is suppressed. This suggests that the origin of FM in nanotubes is mainly from the hydrogen chemisorptions induced in the process of acid purification. With the knowledge of FM origin, it is then possible to enhance FM of carbon nanotubes or graphene for applications relying on magnetism.
Solution-processed zinc–tin oxide thin-film transistors with low interfacial trap density and improved performance
Authors: Lee Chen-Guan , Dodabalapur Ananth
Published: June 2010

Solution-processed amorphous oxide semiconductors are attractive channel materials in thin-film transistors (TFTs) for low-cost electronics. We demonstrate improved performance and uniformity of solution-processed zinc–tin oxide (ZTO) TFTs by optimizing the prebake process for the ZTO precursor film. ZTO prebake process prearranges the dielectric/semiconductor interface and minimizes the performance variation caused by the uneven thermal distribution during annealing process. Prearranging the interface also reduces interfacial trap density and results in improved performance. A mobility of 27.3 cm2/V s, an on/off ratio of ∼107, and a subthreshold swing of 122 mV/decade have been obtained. Significant improvement in operational stability has also been observed.
Electrical instability of polymer thin-film transistors using contact film transfer methods
Authors: Wei Qingshuo , Tajima Keisuke , Hashimoto Kazuhito
Published: June 2010

The effects of molecular packing on electrical instability in poly(3-hexylthiophene) thin-film transistors were investigated by comparing two devices prepared using the same polymer solution and dielectric layer but by different processes. One device, which was prepared by a contact film transfer method by Wei et al. [ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 1, 2660 (2009)], utilized the structure formed at the air/solution interface and exhibited high performance, the absence of hysteresis and excellent electrical stability under prolonged continuous bias stress, in contrast to the other device prepared by conventional spin coating, which utilized structures formed at the solution/dielectric interface. Neither thermal nor solvent annealing was applied to control the molecular packing, and thus these results indicate that the highly ordered molecular packing formed at the air/solution interface can simultaneously contribute to enhanced electrical stability.
Cross-Modal Influences on Representational Momentum and Representational Gravity
Authors: Hubbard Timothy L , Courtney Jon R
Published: June 2010

Effects of cross-modal information on representational momentum and on representational gravity (ie on displacement of remembered location in the direction of target motion or in the direction of gravitational attraction, respectively) were examined. In experiment 1, ascending or descending visual motion (in the picture plane) was paired with ascending or descending auditory motion (in frequency space); motion was congruent (both ascending, both descending) or incongruent (one ascending, one descending). Memory for visual location or auditory pitch was probed. Congruence resulted in larger forward displacement for auditory pitch, but did not influence forward displacement for visual location. In experiment 2, horizontal visual motion was paired with ascending, descending, or no auditory motion. Memory for visual location was displaced downward with descending or no auditory motion, and downward displacement was larger for visual motion paired with descending auditory motion than for visual motion paired with ascending auditory motion. Effects of cross-modal information on displacement suggest representational momentum and representational gravity reflect high-level processing.
Vertebrate kinetochore protein architecture: protein copy number
Authors: Johnston Katherine , Joglekar Ajit , Hori Tetsuya , Suzuki Aussie , Fukagawa Tatsuo , Salmon E.D.
Published: June 2010

To define the molecular architecture of the kinetochore in vertebrate cells, we measured the copy number of eight kinetochore proteins that link kinetochore microtubules (MTs [kMTs]) to centromeric DNA. We used a fluorescence ratio method and chicken DT40 cell lines in which endogenous loci encoding the analyzed proteins were deleted and complemented using integrated green fluorescent protein fusion transgenes. For a mean of 4.3 kMTs at metaphase, the protein copy number per kMT is between seven and nine for members of the MT-binding KNL-1/Mis12 complex/Ndc80 complex network. It was between six and nine for four members of the constitutive centromere-associated network: centromere protein C (CENP-C), CENP-H, CENP-I, and CENP-T. The similarity in copy number per kMT for all of these proteins suggests that each MT end is linked to DNA by six to nine fibrous unit attachment modules in vertebrate cells, a conclusion that indicates architectural conservation between multiple MT-binding vertebrate and single MT-binding budding yeast kinetochores.
Differences in δ13C and δ15N stable isotopes in the pearly razorfish Xyrichtys novacula related to the sex, location and spawning period
Authors: Box A. , Deudero S. , Blanco A. , Grau A. M. , Riera F.
Published: June 2010

In the present study, Xyrichtys novacula (Labridae) were sampled at five locations around the islands of Ibiza and Formentera (western Mediterranean Sea). Isotopic signatures of δ13C, δ15N and the C:N ratio were analysed in relation to locality, sex and size differences. δ13C and δ15N partitioning was also studied in the reproductive spawning period. There were significant differences in the δ13C signature between localities for both sexes, but not for δ15N. Sex differences were also found with a mean ±s.e. value of −17·38 ± 0·06‰δ13C and 8·36 ± 0·05‰δ15N for females and −17·17 ± 0·07‰δ13C and 8·80 ± 0·06‰δ15N for males. Increasing total length in both sexes was positively correlated with δ15N enrichment and a significant positive linear regression was established for both variables. During the reproductive spawning period, there were changes in δ13C fractioning with enrichment in postspawning females and males (with respect to prespawning and spawning periods) and δ15N impoverishment in postspawning females (with respect to prespawning and spawning periods). Xyrichtys novacula uses local food sources, as confirmed by δ13C and δ15N, and females and males use different food sources, thus avoiding intraspecific competition. This was confirmed by δ15N enrichment as size increased. Spawning leads to special requirements for gonad maturation, which is reflected in the isotopic signatures for both sexes.
Influence of hydrographic features on larval fish distribution during the south‐westerly monsoon in the waters of Taiwan, western North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Hsieh H. Y. , Lo W. T. , Liu D. C. , Su W. C.
Published: June 2010

The spatial distribution patterns of fish larvae and the relationships with hydrographic conditions in the waters surrounding Taiwan were studied in August 2004 when the south‐westerly monsoon prevailed. A total of 6566 fish larvae were identified, belonging to 80 families, 129 genera and 230 species. Cluster analysis revealed two station groups, one associated with the South China Sea Surface Current (SCSSC) and the other with the Kuroshio Current (KC). The SCSSC group was characterized by mostly coastal and neritic species, and the KC group was predominated by oceanic species. Larger fish larvae were generally more abundant in the neritic waters west of Taiwan where the SCSSC prevails than in the waters east of Taiwan where the KC prevails. The combination of chlorophyll a, zooplankton and nitrite best explained the relationship of larval fish distribution and environmental variables, implying that the distribution of fish larvae in summer was closely linked to the food source. The changing of monsoons potentially affects the succession of water masses and the transport and assemblage of fish larvae in this study area.
Multiple paternity and variance in male fertilization success within Atlantic salmon Salmo salar redds in a naturally spawning population
Authors: Weir L. K. , Breau C. , Hutchings J. A. , Cunjak R. A.
Published: June 2010

The incidence and magnitude of multiple paternity were estimated for a natural, unmanipulated spawning population of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Egg nests were surveyed in the autumn and sub‐samples were excavated the following spring. Parentage data derived from microsatellite DNA revealed an unexpectedly high level of multiple paternity. Within a single redd, females may mate with as many as 16 different males, including small mature male parr and large anadromous males. Multiple paternity was most pronounced in areas of highest redd density, corresponding with increased abundances of mature male parr. In addition, there was considerable variation in success among males, although this variability did not depend upon the number of males participating in spawning. This work underscores the value of undertaking genetic studies on the mating systems of fishes in unmanipulated, natural environments.
Population genetic structure and larval dispersal potential of spottedtail goby Synechogobius ommaturus in the north‐west Pacific
Authors: Song N. , Zhang X. M. , Sun X. F. , Yanagimoto T. , Gao T. X.
Published: June 2010

Larval dispersal may have an important effect on genetic structure of benthic fishes. To examine the population genetic structure of spottedtail goby Synechogobius ommaturus, a 478 base pair (bp) fragment of the hypervariable portion of the mtDNA control region was sequenced and used to interpret life‐history characteristics and larval dispersal strategy. Individuals (n = 186) from 10 locations on the coasts of China and Korea were analysed and 44 haplotypes were obtained. The levels of haplotype and nucleotide diversity were higher in East China Sea populations than in other populations. Both the phylogenetic tree and the minimum spanning tree showed that no significant genealogical structures corresponding to sampling locations existed. AMOVA and pair‐wise FST revealed significant genetic differentiation between populations from Korea and China. A significant isolation by distance pattern was observed in this species (r = 0·53, P < 0·001). Both mismatch distribution analysis and neutrality tests showed S. ommaturus to have experienced a recent population expansion. These results suggest that the Pleistocene ice ages had a major effect on the phylogeographic pattern of S. ommaturus, that larvae might avoid offshore dispersal and that dispersal of larvae may maintain a migration–drift equilibrium.
Pigmented contact dermatitis due to therapeutic sensitizer as complication of contact immunotherapy in alopecia areata
Authors: INUI Shigeki , NAKAJIMA Takeshi , TODA Naoyuki , ITAMI Satoshi
Published: June 2010

Pigmentary complication by contact immunotherapy (CI) for alopecia areata (AA) has been reported but its pathophysiology remains unknown. To characterize pigmentary complication by CI and its pathophysiology, we examined the incidence of hyperpigmentation in 186 consecutive patients treated with CI using diphenylcyclopropenone. From clinical data of AA totalis (AAT) or universalis (AAU) patients (n = 78), we studied the correlations between this complication and age, sex, atopic background, duration and treatment responsiveness, duration of CI, final concentration of diphenylcyclopropenone and administration of anti‐histamines by χ2‐test or Mann–Whitney U‐test. Additionally, the histopathology of pigmentation was studied. As a result, 11 (5.91%) of the 186 patients had hyperpigmentation in this series. All of them had AAT or AAU, suggesting that the pigmentation is apt to occur in severe AA. When the AAT or AAU patients with (n = 11) and without hyperpigmentation (n = 67) were compared, those with pigmentation showed poorer responsiveness to CI (P < 0.05) but no significant tendency for other factors. Histopathologically, skin specimens showed lichenoid or vacuolar interface dermatitis with necrotic keratinocytes and dermal melanophages, consistent with pigmented contact dermatitis (PCD). Together, pigmentary complication by CI corresponds to PCD from therapeutic sensitizer, representing clinical indicator of poor responsiveness.
Conversion of viable but nonculturable Vibrio cholerae to the culturable state by co‐culture with eukaryotic cells
Authors: Senoh Mitsutoshi , Ghosh‐Banerjee Jayeeta , Ramamurthy Thandavarayan , Hamabata Takashi , Kurakawa Takashi , Takeda Makoto , Colwell Rita R. , Nair G. Balakrish , Takeda Yoshifumi
Published: June 2010

VBNC Vibrio cholerae O139 VC‐280 obtained by incubation in 1% solution of artificial sea water IO at 4°C for 74 days converted to the culturable state when co‐cultured with CHO cells. Other eukaryotic cell lines, including HT‐29, Caco‐2, T84, HeLa, and Intestine 407, also supported conversion of VBNC cells to the culturable state. Conversion of VBNC V. cholerae O1 N16961 and V. cholerae O139 VC‐280/pG13 to the culturable state, under the same conditions, was also confirmed. When VBNC V. cholerae O139 VC‐280 was incubated in 1% IO at 4°C for up to 91 days, the number of cells converted by co‐culture with CHO cells declined with each additional day of incubation and after 91 days conversion was not observed.
Relationship between cyclooxygenase‐2 and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 in vascular endothelial growth factor C up‐regulation and lymphangiogenesis in human breast cancer
Authors: Bhattacharjee Rabindra N. , Timoshenko Alexander V. , Cai Jing , Lala Peeyush K.
Published: June 2010

Both cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)‐2 promote breast cancer progression; however, the relationship between the two molecules remains unclear. We utilized human breast cancer tissues and cell lines to examine whether COX‐2 and HER‐2 played independent or interdependent roles in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐C up‐regulation and lymphangiogenesis. A paired correlation of immunodetectable levels of COX‐2, VEGF‐C, and HER‐2 proteins and lymphovascular density (LVD; D2‐40‐immunolabeled) in 55 breast cancer specimens revealed a positive correlation between COX‐2 and HER‐2 irrespective of clinicopathological status. However COX‐2 alone positively correlated with LVD. In 10 independent specimens, mRNA levels showed a positive correlation between HER‐2 and COX‐2 or VEGF‐C but not LYVE‐1 (lymphovascular endothelial marker). These findings implicate COX‐2, but not HER‐2, in breast cancer–associated lymphangiogenesis. Manipulation of the COX‐2 or HER‐2 genes in breast cancer cell lines varying widely in COX‐2 and HER‐2 expression revealed a direct role of COX‐2 and an indirect COX‐2 dependent role of HER‐2 in VEGF‐C up‐regulation: (i) high VEGF‐C expression in high COX‐2/low HER‐2 expressing MDA‐MB‐231 cells was reduced by siRNA‐mediated down‐regulation of COX‐2, but not HER‐2; (ii) integration of HER‐2 in these cells simultaneously up‐regulated COX‐2 protein as well as VEGF‐C secretion; and (iii) low VEGF‐C secretion by high HER‐2/low COX‐2 expressing SK‐BR‐3 cells was stimulated by COX‐2 overexpression. These findings of the primary role of COX‐2 and the COX‐2‐dependent role of HER‐2, if any, in VEGF‐C up‐regulation and lymphangiogenesis suggest that COX‐2 inhibitors may abrogate lymphatic metastasis in breast cancer irrespective of HER‐2 status. (Cancer Sci 2010)
Bone morphogenetic protein‐10 (BMP‐10) inhibits aggressiveness of breast cancer cells and correlates with poor prognosis in breast cancer
Authors: Ye Lin , Bokobza Sivan , Li Jin , Moazzam Muhammad , Chen Jinfeng , Mansel Robert E. , Jiang Wen G.
Published: June 2010

Our recent study showed that a novel member of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family, BMP‐10, was decreased in prostate cancer. In the present study, we investigated the implication of BMP‐10 in breast cancer, particularly the relation of its expression with clinical aspects. The expression of BMP‐10 was examined in a cohort of human breast cancer specimens (normal, n = 23; cancer, n = 97), using both quantitative real‐time PCR and immunohistochemical staining. The full‐length human BMP‐10 was cloned into a mammalian expression plasmid vector and then transfected into breast cancer cells. The effect on growth, cell matrix adhesion, motility, and invasion of MDA‐MB‐231 cells by BMP‐10 was then investigated using in vitro growth assays. Immunohistochemical staining and quantitative real‐time PCR revealed a decreased expression of BMP‐10 in breast cancer. Further analysis of BMP‐10 transcript level against the clinical aspect demonstrated that the decreased BMP‐10 expression correlated with disease progression, bone metastasis, and poor prognosis. The disease‐free survival of the patients with a higher level of BMP‐10 was 132.8 (95% CI, 122.0–143.5) months, significantly longer compared to 93.7 (95% CI, 60.3–127.2) months for patients with a lower level of BMP‐10 expression (P = 0.043). The overexpression of BMP‐10 has broad inhibitory effects on the in vitro growth, invasion, and motility of breast cancer cells. Taken together, BMP‐10 can inhibit the cell growth of breast cancer cells, and decreased BMP‐10 expression correlates to poor prognosis and disease progression, particularly the lymphatic and bone metastasis. Bone morphogenetic protein‐10 (BMP‐10) may function as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer. (Cancer Sci 2010)
The genome‐wide expression profile of Curcuma longa‐treated cisplatin‐stimulated HEK293 cells
Authors: Sohn Sung‐Hwa , Ko Eunjung , Chung Hwan‐Suck , Lee Eun‐Young , Kim Sung‐Hoon , Shin Minkyu , Hong Moochang , Bae Hyunsu
Published: June 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT

• High doses of cisplatin more effectively suppress cancer, but high dose therapy is limited by nephrotoxic side effects, Nephrotoxicity is of critical concern during the early stages of drug development when selecting new drug candidates. Curcuma longa (CL) has been widely used for its anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumour activities and has been taken orally to treat dyspepsia, flatulence and liver and urinary tract disease.

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS

• New information indicated that the mechanism responsible for the effects of CL on HEK 293 cells was closely associated with regulation of the NFκB pathway.

• This study confirmed the association of CL with the NFκB pathway.

• CL may be an effective therapeutic approach to the alleviation of the progression of renal disease through cell anti‐apoptosis and proliferation that occurs via inhibition of the inflammatory cytokines and the NFκB signaling pathway.

AIM

The rhizome of turmeric, Curcuma longa (CL), is a herbal medicine used in many traditional prescriptions. It has previously been shown that CL treatment showed greater than 47% recovery from cisplatin‐induced cell damage in human kidney HEK 293 cells. This study was conducted to evaluate the recovery mechanisms of CL that occur during cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity by examining the genome wide mRNA expression profiles of HEK 293 ‐cells.

METHOD

Recovery mechanisms of CL that occur during cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity were determined by microarray, real‐time PCR, immunofluorescent confocal microscopy and Western blot analysis.

RESULTS

The results of microarray analysis and real‐time PCR revealed that NFκB pathway‐related genes and apoptosis‐related genes were down‐regulated in CL‐treated HEK 293 cells. In addition, immunofluorescent confocal microscopy and Western blot analysis revealed that NFκB p65 nuclear translocation was inhibited in CL‐treated HEK 293 cells. Therefore, the mechanism responsible for the effects of CL on HEK 293 cells is closely associated with regulation of the NFκB pathway.

CONCLUSION

CL possesses novel therapeutic agents that can be used for the prevention or treatment of cisplatin‐induced renal disorders.
Exploitation of walleye in a Great Plains reservoir: harvest patterns and management scenarios
Authors: QUIST M. C. , STEPHEN J. L. , LYNOTT S. T. , GOECKLER J. M. , SCHULTZ R. D.
Published: June 2010

Abstract  This study assessed exploitation and evaluated management options for walleye, Sander vitreus (Mitchill), in Glen Elder Reservoir, Kansas. A total of 2429 walleye varying from 240 to 687 mm was tagged with Carlin dangler tags during 2000–2003. After correcting for tag loss and non‐reporting, exploitation of walleye was estimated as 68.3%. More than 85% of the tagged walleye were harvested during April to June and 75% were harvested within 6 months after tagging. A Beverton‐Holt yield‐per‐recruit model was used to evaluate six minimum length limits varying from 250 to 610 mm. Given current exploitation rates, population demographics and harvest regulations (381‐mm minimum length limit), the walleye population is probably experiencing recruitment overfishing. Model results suggested that a 610‐mm minimum length limit would be required to prevent growth overfishing and a 533‐mm or longer minimum length limit would prevent recruitment overfishing.
How well can the fatty acid content of lake seston be predicted from its taxonomic composition?
Authors: BEC A. , PERGA M.‐E. , DESVILETTES C. , BOURDIER G.
Published: June 2010

1. Results from the few field studies that have tried to relate seston taxonomic and fatty acid (FA) composition suggest that phytoplankton composition only partially explains seston FA composition. However, in these studies, the heterotrophic components of seston (i.e. bacteria and heterotrophic protists) have not been accounted for.

2. The general premise of this article was that including the contribution of heterotrophs to seston biomass can improve understanding of the variability in seston FA composition. This was tested for an oligotrophic clearwater lake, in which the taxonomic and FA compositions of seston, fractionated into three size classes, were monitored every 2 weeks over a growth season. The relationship between seston taxonomic and FA composition was studied using canonical correlation analyses.

3. Because of their relative richness in branched FA and lack of highly unsaturated FAs (HUFA) compared to autotrophs and other protists, the contribution of bacteria to seston biomass was shown to explain an important part of the differences in FA composition between the different seston size classes. Phytoplankton seasonal succession also affected the FA composition of seston but only for size classes that were dominated by autotrophs.

4. The results also indicated that heterotrophic protists such as ciliates and heterotrophic nanoflagellates might substantially influence the seston FA, and especially, HUFA, composition.

5. The per cent of variability in seston FA composition that was explained by its taxonomic composition was still relatively low, even when taking account of heterotrophs. Hence, other possible influences, such as phytoplankton species composition, physiological state and the contribution of terrestrial detritus, need investigation.
Ecological responses to nutrients in streams and rivers of the Colorado mountains and foothills
Authors: LEWIS, JR WILLIAM M. , MCCUTCHAN, JR JAMES H.
Published: June 2010

1. Abundance and composition of periphyton and benthic macroinvertebrates were treated as potential nutrient response variables for 74 streams in montane Colorado. The streams ranged from unenriched to mildly enriched with nutrients (N, P).

2. The study showed no meaningful relationship between periphyton biomass accumulation and concentrations of total or dissolved forms of nitrogen or phosphorus. Nutrient concentrations were also unrelated to periphyton and macroinvertebrate richness, diversity and community composition. Macroinvertebrate communities did, however, show a strong positive relationship to periphyton abundance.

3. A positive response of periphyton biomass to increasing nutrient concentrations has been well documented over large ranges of nutrient concentrations. Our study suggests that the nutrient response is suppressed by other controlling factors on the lower limb of the nutrient response curve (i.e. at low nutrient concentrations); a quantitatively significant response occurs only in excess of a threshold beyond which nutrients become dominant over other controlling factors. This interpretation of the results is consistent with published meta‐analyses showing lack of nutrient response for a high proportion of experimentally enriched periphyton communities, and division of responses between N and P for communities that do show growth in response to enrichment.

4. Grazing probably is not the key controlling variable for periphyton in Colorado mountain streams, given that the highest chlorophyll concentrations are associated with the highest abundances of macroinvertebrates. Modelling indicates that the initial amount of periphyton biomass at the start of the growing season, in conjunction with elevation‐related length of the growing season and water temperature, explains most of the variation in periphyton accumulation among these streams, but there is a yet unexplained suppression of periphyton growth rates across all elevations.
Perception of risk factors and DXA T score among at‐risk females of osteoporosis
Authors: Chang Shu F , Yang Rong S , Chung Ue L , Chen Chia M , Cheng Mei H
Published: June 2010

Aim. This paper reports a study to investigate the relationships among bone mineral density, demographics, knowledge of osteoporosis, beliefs concerning osteoporosis and preventive behaviours of at‐risk females with family histories of osteoporosis.

Background. Strong evidence demonstrates that genetics is a significant determinant of peak bone mass, with a heritability of 50–90%. However, few studies have examined the bone mineral density of at‐risk females with family histories of osteoporosis, particularly in an Asian population.

Design. Telephone survey.

Methods. The study population (n = 2890) was recruited from a radiology department at a national university medical centre in northern Taiwan during 2005–2006. In total, 886 females completed a questionnaire via the telephone; the participation rate was 30·7%.

Results. The bone mineral density of at‐risk females was close to osteopenia status (T score of −1 to −2·49). Most subjects were aware of osteoporosis‐related information; however, few clearly understood osteoporosis. Furthermore, subjects reported difficult implementing strategies to improve bone mineral density. Variation in bone mineral density was correlated with self‐rated health (r = 0·56,p < 0·05), knowledge of osteoporosis (r = 0·66,p < 0·05) and preventive behaviours (r = 0·68,p < 0·05).

Conclusions. This study is to examine risk factors associated with bone mineral density of females with family histories of osteoporosis. Early identification of risk factors for osteoporosis and development of prevention programmes are required to halt the increasing in the incidence of osteoporosis and improve the bone mineral density of at‐risk females.

Relevance to clinical practice. Nursing care professionals, who emphasise primary, secondary and tertiary prevention with individuals and families, should develop effective prevention strategies for women with family the history of osteoporosis to protect the health of these vulnerable populations at‐risk for osteoporosis.
Perceived aggression towards nurses: study in two Italian health institutions
Authors: Zampieron Alessandra , Galeazzo Marilena , Turra Susanna , Buja Alessandra
Published: June 2010

Aims.  The goal of the present study was to quantify the perceived aggression towards nurses working in two Italian health care institutions and to verify the hypothesis of an association between the characteristics of aggressors and the type of aggression.

Background.  Violence and aggressiveness, particularly aimed at nurses, are a common, but inadequately investigated phenomenon in Italian health care institutions.

Design.  A cross‐sectional study.

Methods.  The study was performed, studying a sample of 700 nurses (37% of the personnel in 94 units) in two health care institutions in northeast Italy using an anonymous multiple‐choice questionnaire.

Results.  Forty‐nine percent of the nurses responded that they had experienced aggression in the previous year, 82% of that was only verbal. This happened more often to female nurses working in the emergency department and in geriatric and psychiatric units. A statistically significant association (p < 0·001) was found between the perception of fatigue, stress and work dissatisfaction and the frequency of aggression. Aggressors were usually patients or their relatives (57%) and were mainly men (66%). Fifty‐three percent of assaulted nurses did not ask for help after the event.

Conclusions.  This study confirms the high incidence of perceived, mainly verbal aggression towards nurses.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Action to prevent aggressive episodes may include concentrating on job motivation, encouraging participatory leadership and promoting the best possible working conditions. The absence of any systematic event reporting and documentation makes the assaulted workers feel defenceless.
Transitional experiences of women with breast cancer within the first year following diagnosis
Authors: McCann Lisa , Illingworth Nicola , Wengström Yvonne , Hubbard Gill , Kearney Nora
Published: June 2010

Aims and objectives.  To explore the experiences of 12 women with breast cancer, involved in a large longitudinal qualitative study designed to explore the experiences of people with cancer within the first year following diagnosis.

Background.  To understand experiences of breast cancer further as a chronic illness, this study draws on biographically informed and embodied perspectives of chronic illness.

Design.  Qualitative, longitudinal study.

Method.  Interviews were conducted at three time‐points within the first year following diagnosis with 12 women with breast cancer. Drawing on the constant comparative method, a descriptive and thematic approach to data analysis was adopted. To move beyond the descriptive level, we drew on the concepts of biographical disruption and embodiment to further explore and explain the disruption that was evident in these women’s lives as a result of their diagnosis.

Results.  Two key concepts emerged from the data: ‘Identity Transition: moving between health and illness’ and ‘Making the Transition to the Future? Living with breast cancer and moving on’. Identity transition emerged as a result of the changes and adaptations participants were required to make as a result of their diagnosis. Making the transition to the future emerged as a result of the challenges these women faced living with cancer.

Conclusions.  This study showed that the longitudinal exploration of the experiences of cancer within the first year following diagnosis provides a vital understanding of the impact cancer can have on one’s identity from the moment of diagnosis onwards.

Relevance to clinical practice.  This study has implications for cancer services because it highlights the need for interventions that support people to both successfully manage the experience of cancer diagnosis and treatment and equip themselves with the necessary techniques to negotiate transitions towards the future and living with cancer.
Patient perceptions of helpful communication in the context of advanced cancer
Authors: Stajduhar Kelli I , Thorne Sally E , McGuinness Liza , Kim‐Sing Charmaine
Published: June 2010

Aims and objectives. Based on a secondary analysis of data from a large qualitative study on cancer care communication, we address the question: what do patients with advanced cancer identify as helpful in their communication encounters with health care providers?

Background. Communication is of critical importance to the care of patients with advanced cancer. A better understanding of what such patients identify as helpful in their communication encounters with nurses and other health care providers seems critical to creating evidence‐informed recommendations for best practices.

Design. Secondary analysis of qualitative interview data.

Methods. Data from 18 participants interviewed individually and 16 focus group participants, with advanced cancer in the palliative phase of care. Interpretive description methodology informed data collection and analysis.

Results. Findings suggest four key elements are critically important to consider in communications with patients in an advanced or palliative phase – respecting the importance of time, demonstrating caring, acknowledging fear and balancing hope and honesty in the provision of information.

Conclusions. Communication is an important element in the provision of advanced cancer care.

Relevance to clinical practice. Findings emphasise the complex meanings inherent in cancer care communication and identify central themes that are fundamental to effective cancer care communication.
Implementation of a guideline for pressure ulcer prevention in home care: pretest–post‐test study
Authors: Paquay Louis , Verstraete Sabine , Wouters Renild , Buntinx Frank , Vanderwee Katrien , Defloor Tom , Van Gansbeke Hendrik
Published: June 2010

Aims and objectives.  To investigate the effect of the implementation of a patient and family education programme for pressure ulcer prevention in an organisation for home care nursing on guideline adherence and on prevalence and severity of pressure ulcers and to examine the determining factors for the application of measures for pressure ulcer prevention.

Background.  Quality improvement programmes in pressure ulcer prevention are not always successful.

Design.  Implementation study using a pretest–post‐test design. Data were collected in three probability samples. The first post‐test data collection was held after six months, the second after 18 months.

Method.  Statistical analysis was used, comparing the pretest sample and the second post‐test sample.

Results.  After 18 months, the proportion of subjects with adherent measures had increased from 10·4–13·9%, the proportion of subjects with non‐adherent measures decreased from 45·7–36·0%, the proportion of subjects without pressure ulcer prevention increased from 43·9–50·1% (p < 0·0001, Chi‐square test). Sub‐analysis revealed that a positive change in guideline adherence was observed principally in the group at risk. Better process‐of‐care indicators were associated by lower pressure ulcer prevalence and less severe skin lesions. The nurses’ judgement of a patient risk status was the most important factor for applying preventive measures. Furthermore, application of pressure ulcer prevention was determined by higher age (from the age category of 70–79 years), higher dependency for the activities of daily living, higher than baseline mobility score and the presence of a pressure ulcer.

Conclusions.  Guideline adherence in pressure ulcer prevention changed significantly after implementation of the education programme. There might have been inconsistencies in the nurses’ risk judgement.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Quality of pressure ulcer prevention improved, but several items for improvement remain. Adaptation of risk assessment procedures is needed.
Starting a care improvement journey: focusing on the essentials of bedside nursing care in an Australian teaching hospital
Authors: Clarke Tracy , Kelleher Michaela , Fairbrother Greg
Published: June 2010

Aims and objectives.  To evaluate and improve patient assessment practices, care practices, recognition of patient deterioration and communication in the acute ward environment.

Background.  A growing recognition of patient safety‐related concerns in acute hospitals, a nursing shortage and a reduction in availability of skill and experience levels at the bedside led a group of clinicians to explore the issues that impacted on patient care at a ward level within their organisation.

Design.  Multimethod practice development study. This paper reports phase one of concept development.

Method.  A practice review was conducted using clinical audit processes that examined practice and documentation in relation to patient assessment parameters and care planning, specifically identifying whether changes in clinical parameters were identified and acted on.

Results.  Results highlighted a clear discrepancy between the care that was identified on the nursing care plan and the care the patient was receiving. Actions as a result of the disappointing audit results included changes to education programmes, strategies to improve critical discussion regarding clinical practices and the development of assessable domains of nursing care that were relevant and realistic to ward‐based nurses.

Conclusion.  The results enabled the identification of eight domains of care and associated care outcomes that target strategies for care improvement. Emancipatory practice development methodology will be used to further progress this work and ensure successful implementation into clinical units.

Relevance to clinical practice.  This paper examines the critical discussions, audit processes and actions that took place, leading to the development of care outcomes for nurses.