bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
­Postcranial skeletal anatomy of the holotype and referred specimens of Buitreraptor gonzalezorum Makovicky, Apesteguía and Agnolín 2005 (Theropoda, Dromaeosauridae), from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia
Authors: Gianechini Federico A , Makovicky Peter J , Apesteguía Sebastián , Cerda Ignacio
Published: January 2018

Here we provide a detailed description of the postcranial skeleton of the holotype and referred specimens of Buitreraptor gonzalezorum. This taxon was recovered as a unenlagiine dromaeosaurid in several recent phylogenetic studies and is the best represented Gondwanan dromaeosaurid discovered to date. It was preliminarily described in a brief article, but a detailed account of its osteology is becoming known for recent work. Hitherto, the holotype is the most complete specimen found, so its exhaustive description provides much valuable anatomical information. The holotype and referred specimens preserve the axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic girdles, and both fore- and hindlimbs. Diagnostic postcranial characters of this taxon include: anterior cervical centra exceeding the posterior limit of neural arch; antepenultimate and penultimate cervical vertebral centra with lateroventral tubercles; pneumatic foramina only in anteriormost dorsals; medial and distal caudal centra with a complex of ridges on lateral surfaces; pneumatic furcula with two pneumatic foramina on the ventral surface; scapular blade transversely expanded at mid-length; well-projected flexor process on distal humerus; dorsal rim of the ilium laterally everted; and concave dorsal rim of the postacetabular iliac blade. A paleohistological study of limb bones shows that the holotype represents a younger ontogenetic stage than one of the referred specimens (MPCA 238), which correlates with the fusion of the last sacral vertebra to the rest of the sacrum in MPCA 238. A revised phylogenetic analysis recovered Buitreraptor as a unenlagiine dromaeosaurid, in agreement with previous works. The phylogenetic implications of the unenlagiine synapomorphies and other characters, such as the specialized pedal digit II and the distal ginglymus on metatarsal II, are discussed within the evolutionary framework of Paraves.
Odor-dependent temporal dynamics in C. elegans odor memory
Authors: Choi Jae Im , Lee Hee Kyung , Kim Hae Su , Park So Young , Yoon Kyoung-hye , Lee Jin I
Published: January 2018

Animals sense an enormous number of cues in their environments, and, over time, can form memories and associations to some of these. The nervous system remarkably maintains the specificity of memory to each of the cues. Here we asked whether the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans adjusts the temporal dynamics of odor memory formation depending on the specific odor sensed. C. elegans senses a multitude of odors, and memory formation to some of these odors requires activity of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase EGL-4 in the AWC sensory neuron. We identified a panel of 17 attractive odors, some of which have not been tested before, and determined that the majority of these odors require the AWC primary sensory neuron for sensation. We then devised a novel assay to assess odor behavior over time for a single population of animals. We used this assay to evaluate the temporal dynamics of memory formation to 13 odors and find that memory formation occurs early in some odors and later in others. We then examined EGL-4 localization in early-trending and late-trending odors over time and found that the timing of memory formation correlated with the timing of nuclear accumulation of EGL-4 in the AWC neuron. We demonstrate that odor memory formation in C. elegans can be used as a model to study the timing of memory formation to different sensory cues.
Shedding light on spawning in jellyfish
Authors: Jaffe Laurinda A
Published: January 2018

An opsin receptor has a central role in the production and release of eggs by female jellyfish.
Invention
Authors: Watt David Harrington
Published: January 2018

This chapter studies three classic expressions of early antifundamentalism: Harry Emerson Fosdick's “Shall the Fundamentalists Win?” (a 1922 sermon), Kirsopp Lake's The Religion of Yesterday and To-morrow (1925), and Frederick Lewis Allen's Only Yesterday (1931). Fosdick, Lake, and Allen were all Protestants who held progressive views on the religious controversies of their day. Although they sometimes professed a certain amount of respect for fundamentalists, Fosdick, Lake, and Allen were not completely sure that fundamentalists were their intellectual equals; they tended to view them with a certain degree of condescension. Fosdick, Lake, and Allen were certain that the doctrines to which the fundamentalists subscribed were outdated and in the process of being replaced by more sophisticated ideas that better accorded with the modern world.
The Dustbin of History
Authors: Watt David Harrington
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores three different attempts to write a fitting obituary for Protestant fundamentalism. The first, Stanley Kramer's 1960 film Inherit the Wind, portrays fundamentalism as a reactionary movement whose intellectual bankruptcy was dramatically revealed in a famous trial about the teaching of evolution. The other two obituaries—Norman F. Furniss' The Fundamentalist Controversy, (1954) and Richard Hofstadter's Anti-Intellectualism in American Life (1963)—were both written by professional historians. Both books present fundamentalism as a form of Christianity that in the past blocked Americans' search for knowledge; both assert that religious fundamentalism's influence peaked in the 1920s and then went into steep decline.
“To Spread Throughout the Land, an Army of Practical Men”
Authors: Dorn Charles
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the emergence of a social ethos of practicality in higher education by the end of the nineteenth century. Throughout the antebellum era, the expansion of scientific and technical knowledge joined with the rise of political populism to lead existing institutions to add practical studies to their curricula. Many advocates of practical studies, however, were not satisfied with simply incorporating courses or appending schools to already-established colleges and universities. They sought to break with tradition by establishing a new kind of higher-education institution, one that would teach students scientific and investigative principles while also requiring the application of those principles outside of the classroom, both on the farm and in the field. This new institutional type would contribute to the common good by being unprecedentedly accessible and affordable to agrarian and laboring youth. The chapter then looks at the establishment of the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan.
“The Instruction Necessary to the Practical Duties of the Profession”
Authors: Dorn Charles
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores California State Normal School, California's first publicly supported higher-education institution. Dedicated to teacher education, normal schools were initially established in the United States during the antebellum period and flourished in the decades following the Civil War. Providing women, especially, access to higher education at a time when most colleges and universities refused to admit them, normal schools manifested a commitment to the public good by welcoming poor students and offering them training to become public-school teachers. Over time, these institutions became a crucial segment of American higher education. They also underwent dramatic transformation. Unbeknownst to many of their current students, hundreds of well-known colleges and universities began as normal schools, with scores having been the first centers of higher learning in their states to receive public support.
“The Burden of his Ambition is to Achieve a Distinguished Career”
Authors: Dorn Charles
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on African American higher education. In 1930, the Howard University Board of Trustees bestowed an honorary degree on acclaimed African American scholar W.E.B. DuBois. In delivering that year's commencement address, DuBois criticized the black students' zeal to use higher education to benefit themselves by entering “into a few well-paid professions.” Similarly, Howard University alumnus, faculty member, and dean Kelly Miller scolded students for adopting what he called “the mercenary motive” in seeking higher education solely for the purpose of achieving personal success. In contrast with alumni who fulfilled their obligations to serve others in the decades following the Civil War, according to Miller, black college graduates in the early twentieth century were seduced by commercialism. Scholars have attributed the perceived shift in African American college student aspirations partly to changes resulting from the influence of Northern philanthropists on black higher-education institutions.
“A Wedding Ceremony Between Industry and the University”
Authors: Dorn Charles
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the rising ethos of affluence in higher education, which had profound implications for colleges and universities. Whereas earlier in the century, commercialism had led a growing number of Americans to value higher education as a means by which to achieve professional success, many people now concluded that a university degree was a ticket to the good life. In addition to demonstrating the effects of a social ethos of affluence on students' approaches to higher education, the history of the University of South Florida illustrates how colleges and universities similarly prioritized acquiring wealth during the second half of the twentieth century. Although established as a low-cost institution dedicated to undergraduate instruction, the University of South Florida eventually sought to become an affluent “multiversity” by pursuing lucrative research contracts, establishing technology transfer and patent and licensing offices, and raising revenue by increasing the cost of undergraduate education, all in an effort to generate financial resources and elevate institutional prestige.
The Art of Camping
Authors: Young Terence
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the era of camping before the automobile came onto the scene. Camping persisted as a largely upper-middle-class and white activity during this time, but its popularity grew rapidly as magazine accounts, how-to manuals, and guidebooks taught more urban people how and where to camp. The chapter features a few camping advocates, including Horace Kephart, a tortured soul who became America's best-known camping author during the twentieth century's first decades. It also follows two camping parties—historian Frederick Jackson Turner out with his family on a month-long canoe trip to Ontario's Lake Nipigon and the writer Mary Bradshaw Richards, who with her husband traveled from Massachusetts to the young but distant Yellowstone National Park.
“Cosmopolitan Guerrillas”
Authors: Malloy Sean L.
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyzes how the most dramatic blow to the international section came not from Eldridge Cleaver's rivals in the Black Panther Party (BPP), whom he derisively referred to as the “Peralta Street Gang,” but rather from one of his putative Asian allies. Initially hopeful of moving his base of operations to the People's Republic of the Congo, Cleaver ultimately embraced a strategy for transnational anticolonial violence that was in many ways the mirror image of Newton's intercommunalism. Fueled by new technology and the tireless efforts of Kathleen Cleaver, the Revolutionary People's Communications Network (RPCN) served as the aboveground apparatus connecting the exiles in Algiers with former Panthers and allies around the world. The ultimate goal, however, remained not simply communications but revolution.
Sicily at the Center of the Mediterranean
Authors: Davis-Secord Sarah
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the discontinuities behind the apparent continuities in Norman Sicily during the twelfth century. It looks at the Muslim population of the island, as viewed from both inside and outside of Sicily, and Muslims' reactions to living for the first time on the “wrong” side of the new boundary between religio-political cultures. The chapter discusses Sicily's political, military, and diplomatic connections with the wider Mediterranean world, the connections between Sicily's Muslim community and the dār al-Islām, Sicily's intellectual and religious connections to the dār al-Islām and Latin Christendom, and economic connections in the Latin and Muslim Mediterranean.
The Transmission of "Beowulf"
Authors: Neidorf Leonard
Published: January 2018

Beowulf is a foundational work of Western literature that originated in mysterious circumstances. This book addresses philological questions that are fundamental to the study of the poem. Is Beowulf the product of unitary or composite authorship? How substantially did scribes alter the text during its transmission, and how much time elapsed between composition and preservation? The book answers these questions by distinguishing linguistic and metrical regularities, which originate with the Beowulf poet, from patterns of textual corruption, which descend from copyists involved in the poem’s transmission. It argues, on the basis of archaic features that pervade Beowulf and set it apart from other Old English poems, that the text preserved in the sole extant manuscript (ca. 1000) is essentially the work of one poet who composed it ca. 700. Of course, during the poem’s written transmission, several hundred scribal errors crept into its text. These errors are interpreted in the central chapters of the book as valuable evidence for language history, cultural change, and scribal practice. The book reveals that the scribes earnestly attempted to standardize and modernize the text’s orthography, but their unfamiliarity with obsolete words and ancient heroes resulted in frequent errors. The Beowulf manuscript thus emerges from his study as an indispensible witness to processes of linguistic and cultural change that took place in England between the eighth and eleventh centuries.
Cultural Change
Authors: Neidorf Leonard
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines a process of cultural change that took place during the Anglo-Saxon period as evidenced in the Beowulf manuscript. Scribal unfamiliarity with the traditions informing Beowulf led to the obliteration of dozens of proper names and the obfuscation of many others. Moreover, several names in the Beowulf manuscript are spaced in aberrant ways. Similar to erroneous spacing, cases of scribal self-correction constitute another category of paleographical evidence capable of registering some of the difficulties that the scribes experienced while transmitting the poem’s proper names. The chapter argues that the frequent obliteration and obfuscation of heroic-legendary names in the transmitted text of Beowulf is no mere accident. Carelessness might account for a few errors, but many of the errors also reflect a systematic problem that affected both of the final scribes, and perhaps antecedent copyists as well.
Introduction
Authors: Russ Alex , Krasny Marianne E.
Published: January 2018

This book explains how urban environmental education can promote urban sustainability, and more specifically how environmental educators can achieve educational, youth and community development as well as environmental quality goals in cities. Building on research and practice, it outlines novel approaches to educating about the urban environment and to participatory urban planning, stewardship, and governance. The book features contributions from an international community of eighty-two scholars from environmental education and related fields who share their insights about a variety of topics ranging from urbanization and the characteristics of sustainable cities to environmental justice, sense of place, climate change education, intergenerational education, inclusive education, and educator professional development. The book also explores methods and tools used in urban environmental education such as cities as classrooms, environmental arts, adventure education, urban agriculture, ecological restoration, green infrastructure, urban digital storytelling, and participatory urban planning.
Cities as Opportunities
Authors: de Andrade Daniel Fonseca , Shava Soul , Menon Sanskriti
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the notion of “cities as opportunities,” drawing on urban experiences lived in the broader geopolitical context of the Global South. It shows that different countries and cities present different conditions and opportunities to address multidimensional social and environmental problems. In the Global South, cities integrate into environmental narratives aspects of their colonial histories and decolonizing viewpoints, which are reflected in educational practices. Environmental education in these cities reflects the ways that people construct perspectives and narratives to frame and address social and environmental issues, while also providing models for other countries seeking to simultaneously address environmental and social justice. The chapter looks at examples of urban environmental education from three countries: South Africa, Brazil, and India. It demonstrates how the intensity of colonial legacies and environmental problems in cities in the Global South makes them “cities as opportunities” for environmental education and urban sustainability.
Sense of Place
Authors: Adams Jennifer D. , Greenwood David A. , Thomashow Mitchell , Russ Alex
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers the concept of sense of place, focusing on how urban environmental education can help residents to strengthen their attachment to urban communities or entire cities and to view urban places as ecologically valuable. Sense of place—the way we perceive places such as streets, communities, cities, or ecoregions—influences our well-being, how we describe and interact with a place, what we value in a place, our respect for ecosystems and other species, how we perceive the affordances of a place, our desire to build more sustainable and just urban communities, and how we choose to improve cities. Our sense of place also reflects our historical and experiential knowledge of a place and helps us imagine its more sustainable future. The chapter offers examples of activities to help readers construct field explorations that evoke, leverage, or influence sense of place, including social construction of place meanings and developing an ecological identity.
School Partnerships
Authors: Knowlton Cockett Polly L. , Dyment Janet E. , Espinet Mariona , Huang Yu
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how schools that establish rich and sustaining partnerships with local communities enhance opportunities for urban environmental education. It considers “socioecological refrains” that incorporate stewardship, pedagogy, interrelationships, and heritage and highlight the role played by schools in shaping sustainable cities through urban environmental education. These refrains promote a connectedness to place through the use of the local environment to stimulate learning, the development of curricula and pedagogies that embrace the development of sustainable cities, and the establishment of links with the community to foster relationships, stewardship, and resiliency. Case studies from Canada, Australia, China, and Spain are presented to illustrate these refrains and to show initiatives at work such as green schools. The chapter demonstrates that urban schools can use local environments to serve as stimulus, context, and content for teaching and learning about sustainability.
Positive Youth Development
Authors: Schusler Tania M. , Davis-Manigaulte Jacqueline , Cutter-Mackenzie Amy
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the relationship between urban environmental education and positive youth development. It first defines positive youth development and applies it to environmental education before discussing three programs from Australia and the United States that illustrate different pedagogies for integrating positive youth development in environmental education aimed at fostering urban sustainability. The first program involves young people in participatory action research through a child-framed approach, the second develops young people's leadership capacities as peer educators, and the third facilitates youth civic engagement through local environmental action. The chapter shows that participatory action research, peer education, and youth civic engagement can lead to positive change for both urban environments and youths living within them.
Inclusive Education
Authors: Aguilar Olivia M. , McCann Elizabeth P. , Liddicoat Kendra
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the dynamics of exclusion and marginalization in environmental education, the opportunities for inclusivity and accessibility in the urban context, and a reflective process necessary for equitable and just environmental education. It considers how urban environmental education can address issues of inclusivity and access and shows that recognizing the complexity of cultural diversity and the systemic nature of power and privilege serves as the foundation for cultural competency in urban environmental education. It also explains the importance of inclusivity in terms of dealing with issues of equity and allowing sharing of multiple perspectives, which can lead to innovation in addressing sustainability issues. The chapter also looks at three cases that illustrate how some urban environmental education programs are incorporating inclusive practices: an urban water-quality monitoring program in Austin, Texas; an urban nature center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and studies of neighborhoods in Cuba, Spain, and the United States.
Participatory Urban Planning
Authors: Rudd Andrew , Malone Karen , Bartlett M’Lis
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how integrated, participatory design and urban environmental education can enhance learning, ownership, agency, and long-term sustainability of place. Drawing on recent efforts to articulate a global urban sustainability agenda, it considers the ways that urban environmental education can help integrate the participation of underrepresented groups—such as children, youth, and low-income and minority residents—in urban planning while also improving urban planning outcomes. The chapter presents a case study that illustrates outcomes of engaging young people in urban planning: the Child Friendly Bolivia project in La Paz, Bolivia. It shows that engaging youth and underrepresented groups in urban planning offers a unique opportunity to address concerns about equity and to engage multiple innovative perspectives. It suggests that the tools of participatory urban planning and environmental education may help create more sustainable cities for all.
Introduction
Authors: MacDonald Ian Thomas
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the urbanization of labor union strategies. Labor unions are organizations formed by workers to accomplish a common purpose. They were formed in the workplace where workers' power is at its greatest potential extent. However, the recognition that organized labor can no longer be successful when action is confined to the workplace encourages unions to pursue strategies that link workplace organization to extra-workplace relations where they may find additional sources of power and greater liberty of action. In linking other spheres of social life to the workplace, unions transgress the boundaries that defined the postwar employment relations system and begin charting an arena of labor struggle and strategy that is specifically urban. In pursuing urban labor strategies, unions are extending their representative function both to nonunionized workers and to the many ways in which their members are not just workers but social actors with a plurality of needs and identities.
Building a Green New York
Authors: Figueroa Maria
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses two energy retrofit initiatives: the city- and real estate-led PlaNYC policy for retrofitting Manhattan's commercial office space, and the Laborers (LIUNA)-sponsored Green Jobs/Green New York weatherization initiative covering residential property in the city and the state. In the highly competitive and mostly nonunion residential property sector, a familiar tension between affordability for working-class consumers and union concerns with labor standards emerged as the federal stimulus funds used to finance retrofitting work were scaled back. Despite the enormous potential of a green jobs strategy to address employment disparities, revive neighborhoods without gentrification, and launch economic recovery while mitigating ecological damage, labor's vision of a sustainable city seemingly cannot prevail when it confronts the entrenched power of real estate and finance in the global city.
Introduction
Authors: Sorace Christian P.
Published: January 2018

This book investigates the political mechanisms at work in the shadow of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake and the broader ideological energies that drove these mechanisms. It proposes an interpretive approach that takes Chinese Communist Party ideas and discourse as being central to how the party formulates policies, defines legitimacy, and wields its power. The basis for this claim is that Party discourse permeates, conditions, and filters each aspect of Chinese politics. China's economic reform has been viewed as the product of naturalized historical forces with no ideological dimension, resulting in a tendency to treat Communist Party ideology as a mere formality and window dressing. The book argues that China's economic reform is a profoundly ideological undertaking that builds on and transforms the legacy of Mao Zedong. This introduction explains the research methods used for the book and provides an overview of the chapters that follow.
From Chronicle to Romance
Authors: Watkins John
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on interdynastic marriage during the High Middle Ages. In particular, it examines the new emphasis on peacemaking in marriage diplomacy and its competition with other, generally negative attitudes toward marriage diplomacy. The chapter first considers how theological and devotional developments in the eleventh and twelfth centuries attributed a new sanctity to marriages between former belligerents by honoring brides as types of the Virgin Mary. It then discusses Dudo of Saint-Quentin's chronicle De moribus et actis primorum Normanniæ ducum, along with another Christian encounter with non-Christian representations of marriage and desire, the courtly love tradition, with its roots in Arabic and Ovidian accounts of erotic despair. The chapter shows that, by the High Middle Ages, the ideals that would support the great marriage treaties of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries were in place.
Becoming a Priest
Authors: Armstrong-Partida Michelle
Published: January 2018

This chapter demonstrates that clerics learned early on in their clerical training that violence, conflict, dominance, and sexual unions were not only accepted social norms for clergy but needed to be publicly exercised in front of other men. The most convincing evidence of how clerical masculinity became instilled in clerics from an early age comes from the lives of priests and their sons. The sons of priests witnessed a model of clerical masculinity in which their fathers engaged in concubinous unions, carried weapons, fought, and socialized with their male peers; they too followed this pattern of behavior. Ultimately, the clerical education and training of priests' sons and the influence of senior clergy as role models all coalesced to produce a unique clerical identity, very different from that of ecclesiastical elites—one in which the violent acts of parish clergy can be connected to their professional identity as clerics and to their personal identity as men.
Gregory the Great
Authors: Bernstein Alan E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines Gregory the Great’s doctrine of hell. Gregory’s account of postmortem punishment reveals how as pope he declares dogma, as a scholar he expounds theology, and as a preacher he tells exemplary tales. His flair for paradox allowed him to pursue difficult analyses by combining opposed pairs to explain, for example, how the pains of hell could confound the damned and gratify the saints. If “things are images through which we consider the nature of their causes,” then Gregory’s statement articulates a cosmos in which a just Judge corrects all wrongs and rewards all righteousness. The balance he asserts between continuity and contrast in his punishments links the lives of sinners to their pains after death, still haunted by their old obsessions. The disorder in the desires of the damned distorts their perceptions of reality, but the confusion they suffer in hell can be understood outside. Through paradox, chaos becomes order.
Inner Death
Authors: Bernstein Alan E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on inner death. Inner death occurs when the suffering associated with hell occupies a living person. If not corrected, this torment becomes eternal. The locus of this perturbation is the conscience. These infernal attacks in the conscience constitute, for monks and nuns, an early warning system. Indeed, fear of hell is an aspect of inner death that practitioners cultivated as a deliberate, self-imposed discipline precisely to keep them from hell. Inner death, with its concomitant fear, accepts one’s liability to hell and acts on the belief that engaging one’s offenses and their postmortem consequences in this world would forestall them in the next, absent pride. Humility, the proper strategy, requires focusing on one’s shortcomings in order to spring from the intimation of one’s damnation to the culmination of Jerusalem.
The Punishments
Authors: Bernstein Alan E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores how the discipline of slaves framed the conception of hell. The torments of slaves, the punishments of some criminals, and the fate of the damned resemble one another. The liability of slaves to physical punishment corresponds to their otherness in religion. Just as wrong belief determined one’s liability to torture in the afterlife, it also determined one’s liability to slavery here and now. The torture of slaves largely focused on ethnic and religious others because Judaism, Christianity, and Islam forbade the enslavement of their fellow believers. Thus, religious differences came to provide a rationale for damnation, the ultimate othering. In addition, lifetime suffering, including torture, imposed on slaves strongly influenced images of postmortem retribution. Therefore, wrong religion made one liable to both enslavement here on earth and damnation in the otherworld.
Rabbinic Judaism: One Fire, Two Fates
Authors: Bernstein Alan E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues that although many Jews today deny that Judaism embraces any afterlife at all, postmortem sanctions attracted Jews for centuries. In biblical times, postmortem punishment was a minority opinion, but hints of segregation in Sheol and postmortem shame for the wicked can be traced from the writings of Jeremiah on. However reluctant Jewish writers may have been to see Gehinnom as the permanent prison of Jews, it remained exactly that for two categories of people: unrepentant Jews and worshippers of false gods. Ultimately, one cannot speak of a unified “Jewish tradition” that transmits a single doctrine on any given point concerning Gehinnom. Though they found repentance to be the most potent arm against damnation, they registered many differences suggesting other ethical paths, such as forgiveness. Still, there clearly is a hell in rabbinic Judaism, from which some will never exit.
Islam
Authors: Bernstein Alan E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines hell in Islam. For the damned, intimations of the truths taught by Islam emerge as one enters the grave. Hell suddenly appears in the distance, and unbelievers begin to realize that the teachings of the Qur’ān are true. These dead will wish to return to life to amend their ways and affirm the new faith, but they will be prevented by a barrier called the Barzakh. Here, those who denied resurrection nevertheless find themselves resurrected and facing divine scrutiny. The character of hell will then be apparent. Those who scoffed at reports of hell’s existence will run in desperation, but in vain, to locate intercessors. That sense of late recognition of the truth, which now penetrates the sinners’ innards, is crucial to the Qur’ān’s account of damnation. So, too, are the taunts of the saved and even those of the divine judge.
U.S.-China Relations
Authors: Tunsjø Øystein
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the impact of the rise of China on the great power structure and the gradual transformation of the international system from post-Cold War U.S. unipolarity to U.S.–China bipolarity. It develops a hedging framework for analysis and argues that whereas hedging had characterized regional diplomacy under U.S.-led unipolarity, under emerging bipolarity balancing is becoming the dominant security policy for the United States, China, and the smaller regional powers. Since 2009, this tendency toward balancing behaviour has been reflected in China's “assertive diplomacy,” in the U.S. “pivot” to East Asia, and in the security policies of the smaller regional powers. The chapter examines the traditional sources of great power capabilities to observe China's emergence as the world's second great power.
An Account of a general Council of the Five Nations at Onondaga, to consider the Count De Frontenac’s Message.
Authors: Colden Cadwallader
Published: January 2018

On the 27th of December 1689, two Indians came to Albany, sent by the Onondaga and Oneydo Sachems, to inform their brethren in New York and New-England that three of their old friends who had been prisoners of France, had arrived with proposals from Canada; that there was a council of the Sachems appointed to meet at Onondaga, and that they desired the Mayor of Albany, Peter Scheyler, and some others of their brethren to attend and to advise on an affair of great consequence. This chapter describes the general council opened at Onondaga on the 22nd of January, consisting of eighty Sachems.
The Five Nations continue the War with the French; the Mohawks incline to Peace; their Conferences with the Governor of New-York.
Authors: Colden Cadwallader
Published: January 2018

This chapter first describes the Five Nations' continuing war with the French. The Five Nations had sent a party to the Island of Montreal that attacked a party of regular troops, killing the commanding Officer and twelve of his Men. Another party carried off fifteen or sixteen Prisoners from Riviere Puante, over Trois Rivieres. These incursions kept the entire river, from Montreal to Quebeck, in a constant state of alarm, and resulted in the Governor of Canada sending all the soldiers to guard the south side of the river. The remainder of the chapter covers the Mohawks's growing distrust of the English, thus prompting them to consider making peace with the French; and the meeting between Colonel Slaughter, the Governor of New York, and the Five Nations, at the end of May 1691.
The Treaties and Negotiations the Five Nations had with the English and French, in the Years 1693 and 1694.
Authors: Colden Cadwallader
Published: January 2018

This chapter details the negotiations and treaties of the Five Nations with the English and the French. It first considers the Indian genius in the art of negotiation, marveling at how a barbarous people, without any of the arts and sciences in which civilized people valued in themselves, managed their interest with the most learned, polite, and artificial nation in Europe. The Five Nations had been informed that the Governor of Canada had received from Europe a considerable recruit of soldiers and ammunition. This, along with the recent great loss suffered by the Mohawks, prompted the Oneydoes to yield to requests of the Jesuit Milet to send a message to the French for peace. Upon being informed that the Oneydoes had sent a messenger to Canada, Coll. Fletcher sent for the Five Nations to Albany and spoke to them on the 3rd of July 1693.
Antifibrotic effect of xanthohumol in combination with praziquantel is associated with altered redox status and reduced iron accumulation during liver fluke-associated cholangiocarcinogenesis
Authors: Jamnongkan Wassana , Thanee Malinee , Yongvanit Puangrat , Loilome Watcharin , Thanan Raynoo , Kimawaha Phongsaran , Boonmars Tidarat , Silakit Runglawan , Namwat Nisana , Techasen Anchalee
Published: January 2018

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) caused by infection of the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini, (Ov) is the major public health problem in northeast Thailand. Following Ov infection the subsequent molecular changes can be associated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced chronic inflammation, advanced periductal fibrosis, and cholangiocarcinogenesis. Notably, resistance to an activation of cell death in prolonged oxidative stress conditions can occur but some damaged/mutated cells could survive and enable clonal expansion. Our study used a natural product, xanthohumol (XN), which is an anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory compound, to examine whether it could prevent Ov-associated CCA carcinogenesis. We measured the effect of XN with or without praziquantel (PZ), an anti-helminthic treatment, on DNA damage, redox status change including iron accumulation and periductal fibrosis during CCA genesis induced by administration of Ov and N-dinitrosomethylamine (NDMA) in hamsters. Animals were randomly divided into four groups: group I, Ov infection and NDMA administration (ON); group II, Ov infection and NDMA administration and PZ treatment (ONP); the latter 2 groups were similar to group I and II, but group III received additional XN (XON) and group IV received XN plus PZ (XONP). The results showed that high 8-oxodG (a marker of DNA damage) was observed throughout cholangiocarcinogenesis. Moreover, increased expression of CD44v8-10 (a cell surface in regulation of the ROS defense system), whereas decreased expression of phospho-p38MAPK (a major ROS target), was found during the progression of the bile duct cell transformation. In addition, high accumulation of iron and expression of transferrin receptor-1 (TfR-1) in both malignant bile ducts and inflammatory cells were detected. Furthermore, fibrosis also increased with the highest level being on day 180. On the other hand, the groups of XN with or without PZ supplementations showed an effective reduction in all the markers examined, including fibrosis when compared with the ON group. In particular, the XONP group, in which a significant reduction DNA damage occurred, was also found to have iron accumulation and fibrosis compared to the other groups. Our results show that XN administered in combination with PZ could efficiently prevent CCA development and hence provide potential chemopreventive benefits in Ov-induced cholangiocarcinogenesis.
A new class of genic nuclear RNA species in Arabidopsis
Authors: van Wonterghem Miranda , Thieffry Axel , Boyd Mette , Bornholdt Jette , Brodersen Peter
Published: January 2018

Targeting of ArabidopsisPHABULOSA (PHB) mRNA by miR166 has been implicated in gene body methylation at the PHB locus. We report that the PHB locus produces an array of stable nuclear RNA species that are neither polyadenylated nor capped. Their biogenesis requires neither RNA polymerases IV/V nor miR166‐guided cleavage. The PHB RNAs are insensitive to mutation of nuclear RNA decay pathways and are conserved in several Brassicaceae species, suggesting functional relevance. Similar RNA species are also produced by another body‐methylated locus encoding the miR414 target eIF2. Our data reveal the existence of a new class of genic nuclear RNA species.
Estimation of Systematic Errors in the GFS Using Analysis Increments
Authors: Bhargava Kriti , Kalnay Eugenia , Carton James A. , Yang Fanglin
Published: January 2018

We estimate the effect of model deficiencies in the Global Forecast System that lead to systematic forecast errors, as a first step toward correcting them online (i.e., within the model) as in Danforth & Kalnay (2008a, 2008b). Since the analysis increments represent the corrections that new observations make on the 6 h forecast in the analysis cycle, we estimate the model bias corrections from the time average of the analysis increments divided by 6 h, assuming that initial model errors grow linearly and first ignoring the impact of observation bias. During 2012–2016, seasonal means of the 6 h model bias are generally robust despite changes in model resolution and data assimilation systems, and their broad continental scales explain their insensitivity to model resolution. The daily bias dominates the submonthly analysis increments and consists primarily of diurnal and semidiurnal components, also requiring a low dimensional correction. Analysis increments in 2015 and 2016 are reduced over oceans, which we attribute to improvements in the specification of the sea surface temperatures. These results provide support for future efforts to make online correction of the mean, seasonal, and diurnal and semidiurnal model biases of Global Forecast System to reduce both systematic and random errors, as suggested by Danforth & Kalnay (2008a, 2008b). It also raises the possibility that analysis increments could be used to provide guidance in testing new physical parameterizations.
To What Extent is the Day 1 GPM IMERG Satellite Precipitation Estimate Improved as Compared to TRMM TMPA‐RT?
Authors: Gebregiorgis Abebe S. , Kirstetter Pierre‐Emmanuel , Hong Yang E. , Gourley Jonathan J. , Huffman George J. , Petersen Walter A. , Xue Xianwu , Schwaller Mathew R.
Published: January 2018

Integrated Multi‐Satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) is the last generation precipitation data source for a wide array of research, operational, and societal applications. The Global Precipitation Measurement mission provides these global and high‐resolution precipitation estimates through advanced satellite‐based radar and radiometers. The degree of improvement of the new IMERG products needs to be investigated to further advance the algorithm's development and application. This study focuses on systematically and extensively evaluating the uncalibrated Version 3 Late Run IMERG product, which has both backward and forward morphing, and highlights the level of improvement in comparison to its predecessor Version 7 Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM)‐based Multi‐satellite Precipitation Analysis real‐time product. Retrievals from different passive microwave (PMW) and infrared (IR) sensors contributing to IMERG are evaluated over the conterminous United States using ground‐based sensor precipitation estimates derived from the Multi‐Radar Multi‐Sensor system as reference. An error decomposition scheme is implemented to separate the total error into three independent components, hit, miss‐rain, and false‐rain biases, to trace the degree of improvement of the new algorithm. IMERG exhibits definite improvement related to miss‐rain and false‐rain bias reduction and hit rate. The improvement relative to the TRMM ‐IR component is more substantial than relative to the PMW retrieval as a result of the new Kalman smoother and the PMW morphing reducing the use of IR relative to the TRMM‐based Multi‐satellite Precipitation Analysis. Findings of this study confirm the advances of the new generation of multisatellite precipitation relative to its predecessor and highlight areas requiring additional investigation.
Physical Conditions of Fast Glacier Flow: 1. Measurements From Boreholes Drilled to the Bed of Store Glacier, West Greenland
Authors: Doyle S. H. , Hubbard B. , Christoffersen P. , Young T. J. , Hofstede C. , Bougamont M. , Box J. E. , Hubbard A.
Published: January 2018

Marine‐terminating outlet glaciers of the Greenland Ice Sheet make significant contributions to global sea level rise, yet the conditions that facilitate their fast flow remain poorly constrained owing to a paucity of data. We drilled and instrumented seven boreholes on Store Glacier, Greenland, to monitor subglacial water pressure, temperature, electrical conductivity, and turbidity along with englacial ice temperature and deformation. These observations were supplemented by surface velocity and meteorological measurements to gain insight into the conditions and mechanisms of fast glacier flow. Located 30 km from the calving front, each borehole drained rapidly on attaining ∼600 m depth indicating a direct connection with an active subglacial hydrological system. Persistently high subglacial water pressures indicate low effective pressure (180–280 kPa), with small‐amplitude variations correlated with notable peaks in surface velocity driven by the diurnal melt cycle and longer periods of melt and rainfall. The englacial deformation profile determined from borehole tilt measurements indicates that 63–71% of total ice motion occurred at the bed, with the remaining 29–37% predominantly attributed to enhanced deformation in the lowermost 50–100 m of the ice column. We interpret this lowermost 100 m to be formed of warmer, pre‐Holocene ice overlying a thin (0–8 m) layer of temperate basal ice. Our observations are consistent with a spatially extensive and persistently inefficient subglacial drainage system that we hypothesize comprises drainage both at the ice‐sediment interface and through subglacial sediments. This configuration has similarities to that interpreted beneath dynamically analogous Antarctic ice streams, Alaskan tidewater glaciers, and glaciers in surge.
A Diagnostic PDF Cloud Scheme to Improve Subtropical Low Clouds in NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5)
Authors: Qin Yi , Lin Yanluan , Xu Shiming , Ma Hsi‐Yen , Xie Shaocheng
Published: January 2018

Low clouds strongly impact the radiation budget of the climate system, but their simulation in most GCMs has remained a challenge, especially over the subtropical stratocumulus region. Assuming a Gaussian distribution for the subgrid‐scale total water and liquid water potential temperature, a new statistical cloud scheme is proposed and tested in NCAR Community Atmospheric Model version 5 (CAM5). The subgrid‐scale variance is diagnosed from the turbulent and shallow convective processes in CAM5. The approach is able to maintain the consistency between cloud fraction and cloud condensate and thus alleviates the adjustment needed in the default relative humidity‐based cloud fraction scheme. Short‐term forecast simulations indicate that low cloud fraction and liquid water content, including their diurnal cycle, are improved due to a proper consideration of subgrid‐scale variance over the southeastern Pacific Ocean region. Compared with the default cloud scheme, the new approach produced the mean climate reasonably well with improved shortwave cloud forcing (SWCF) due to more reasonable low cloud fraction and liquid water path over regions with predominant low clouds. Meanwhile, the SWCF bias over the tropical land regions is also alleviated. Furthermore, the simulated marine boundary layer clouds with the new approach extend further offshore and agree better with observations. The new approach is able to obtain the top of atmosphere (TOA) radiation balance with a slightly alleviated double ITCZ problem in preliminary coupled simulations. This study implies that a close coupling of cloud processes with other subgrid‐scale physical processes is a promising approach to improve cloud simulations.