bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
stable isotope setting of Australopithecus sediba at Malapa, South Africa
Authors: Holt Emily , Dirks Paul , Placzek Christa , Berger Lee
Published: July 2016

We report δ13C and δ18O results from carbonate-cemented cave sediments at Malapa in South Africa. The sediments were deposited during a short-period magnetic reversal at 1.977±0.003 Ma, immediately preceding deposition of Facies D sediments that contain the type fossils of Australopithecus sediba. Values of δ13C range between -5.65 and -2.09 with an average of -4.58±0.54‰ (Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite, VPDB) and values of δ18O range between -6.14 and -3.84 with an average of -4.93±0.44‰ (VPDB). Despite signs of diagenetic alteration from metastable aragonite to calcite, the Malapa isotope values are similar to those obtained in two previous studies in South Africa for the same relative time period. Broadly, the Malapa δ13C values provide constraints on the palaeovegetation at Malapa. Because of the complex nature of the carbonate cements and mixed mineralogy in the samples, our estimates of vegetation type (C4-dominant) must be regarded as preliminary only. However, the indication of a mainly C4 landscape is in contrast to the reported diet of A. sediba, and suggests a diverse environment involving both grassland and riparian woodland.
Diverse diets of the Mio-Pliocene carnivorans of Langebaanweg, South Africa
Authors: Hartstone-Rose Adam , Brown Katheryne N. , Leischner Carissa L. , Drayton Ka’la D.
Published: July 2016

The Mio-Pliocene guild of carnivorans of Langebaanweg (LBW), South Africa, is phylogenetically and ecologically diverse. Unlike modern African fauna, this fossil sample contains a large ursid; although there are mustelids, herpestids and viverrids in Africa today, some of the LBW members of those families were much larger than their modern confamilials. There were also numerous felid species, including some that possess a more sabretoothed dental morphology, as well as several species of hyaenids that were very different from their modern confamilials. Questions remain about the dietary morphospace occupied by these fossils. Which taxa were predominately durophagous and which were the most hypercarnivorous? Did the level of durophagy and hypercarnivory in the LBW taxa reach the level of specialisation found in modern carnivores? In the current study, we evaluate the dietary specialisations of all the large terrestrial LBW carnivorans through analysis of the radii-of-curvature and intercuspid notches present in the mandibular dentition. We found that the LBW carnivorans had less sharp premolars than do their modern confamilials – an indication of greater durophagy. However, some families contain individuals with more extreme intercuspid notch patterns, indicating greater hypercarnivory. The ursid also possessed a suite of morphology unlike any modern carnivoran, exhibiting some morphology conducive to durophagy and some that places it functionally among the most hypercarnivorous of modern carnivorans. Thus it was likely capable of consuming high levels of both flesh and bone.
Artificial Intelligence Technology Trends and IBM Watson References in the Medical Field
Authors: Lee Kang Yoon , Kim Junhewk
Published: July 2016

This literature review explores artificial intelligence (AI) technology trends and IBM Watson health and medical references. This study explains how healthcare will be changed by the evolution of AI technology, and also summarizes key technologies in AI, specifically the technology of IBM Watson. We look at this issue from the perspective of ‘information overload,’ in that medical literature doubles every three years, with approximately 700,000 new scientific articles being published every year, in addition to the explosion of patient data. Estimates are also forecasting a shortage of oncologists, with the demand expected to grow by 42%. Due to this projected shortage, physicians won’t likely be able to explore the best treatment options for patients in clinical trials. This issue can be addressed by the AI Watson motivation to solve healthcare industry issues. In addition, the Watson Oncology solution is reviewed from the end user interface point of view. This study also investigates global company platform business to explain how AI and machine learning technology are expanding in the market with use cases. It emphasizes ecosystem partner business models that can support startup and venture businesses including healthcare models. Finally, we identify a need for healthcare company partnerships to be reviewed from the aspect of solution transformation. AI and Watson will change a lot in the healthcare business. This study addresses what we need to prepare for AI, Cognitive Era those are understanding of AI innovation, Cloud Platform business, the importance of data sets, and needs for further enhancement in our knowledge base
Turismo e Inclusão de Comunidades Locais, com Lluís Mundet
Authors: Coutinho Mauro Knupfer
Published: July 2016

Graduado em Filosofia e Letras (curso de Geografia e Historia) pela Universidade Autônoma de Barcelona, sendo o quinto ano cursado na Universidade Inglesa de Durham, com bolsa ERASMUS. Mestre em estudos de Lazer e Turismo pela Universidade de Gante (Flandres, Bélgica). Doutor em Geografia pela Universidade de Girona (titulo reconhecido pela Universidade de São Paulo). Atualmente é professor Titular na Universidade de Girona e membro do Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Turismo (LMRT). Ministrou aulas na Universidade de Habana (Cuba), Universidade Nacional da Costa Rica, Universidade Matej Bel (Eslováquia), Universidade de Addis Abeba (Etiópia), Universidade de Sichuan (Chengdu, China), Universidade Sun Yat-Sen (Guangzhou, China) e em universidades brasileiras (UNIMEP, UNESP, USP-EACH, PUC-MINAS, UFAL, UFPA e UFVJM). Desde 1998 ministra aulas na Faculdade de Turismo da Universidade de Girona e desde 2002 leciona e orienta no Mestrado em Gestão de Turismo e Planejamento, onde também foi coordenador por dois anos. Atualmente é o Coordenador do Mestrado em Turismo Cultural (único estudo oficial desta temática na Espanha). Foi diretor da Faculdade de Turismo (primeira criada na Espanha) da Universidade de Girona em duas gestões, de 2004 até 2012. Tem artigos publicados nas revistas indexadas com os mais altos índices de impacto da área de turismo, situadas no primeiro quartil do Journal Citation Report (JCR: Annals of Tourism Research, Tourism Management e Journal of Sustainable Tourism). Coordenou projetos de pesquisa inseridos no Programa de Cooperação Inter-universitaria PCI, da Agencia Espanhola de Cooperação Internacional para o Desenvolvimento (AECID) com universidades e órgãos de pesquisa na África, Europa, Ásia e Brasil. É coeditor da revista Ibero-americana de Turismo (RITUR), iniciativa da AECID e da UFAL. Exerceu várias atividades de cultura e extensão universitárias, ressaltando a atuação como Membro do Conselho de Administração do Patronato de Turismo Costa Brava Girona, 2004-2012. Em seu currículo Lattes as palavras-chave mais freqüentes no conjunto de atividades que desenvolve são: turismo rural, ecoturismo, turismo e arqueologia e turismo como elemento de desenvolvimento econômico sustentável.
Spinning Process of Chitosan Fiber with Low Concentration of Formic Acid Solution and its Characteristics
Authors: Han Thazin , Nwe Nitar , Win Phyu Phyu , Tamura Hiroshi
Published: July 2016

The wet spinning of chitosan fiber was carried out using 7% chitosan concentration, 4% aqueous formic acid as a solvent for chitosan and 6M of aqueous CaCl2.2H2O as a coagulation system. A better method for preparation of chitosan spinning solution was investigated by studying the effect of reaction time on incubation of spinning solution in open air. The shear viscosity of chitosan solution (22.63 ~ 23.09 Pa.s) was found to be stabilize the spinning of chitosan fiber in this study. The characteristics of different chitosan fibers were determined by FT-IR and 1HNMR spectroscopies, XRD diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and mechanical properties. All the fibers were observed with high tenacity (dTex). The strength of fiber and water retention of chitosan fiber (%) was significantly increased with increasing the incubation time of spinning solution in open air.
Welfare values of sustained urban water flows for recreational and cultural amenities under climate change
Authors: Nikouei Alireza , Brouwer Roy
Published: July 2016

The main objective of this study is to estimate the welfare values related to sustained water flows in the Zayandeh-Rud River for recreational and cultural amenities in the urban park of Isfahan City in Iran. As is elsewhere the case in arid regions, the drying up of the river due to growing water demand and the increasingly constrained water supply as a result of climate change and more frequent droughts is expected to result in a substantial welfare loss. A double-bounded discrete choice elicitation format is applied in a stated choice survey conducted among local residents and non-residential visitors, focusing on distance-decay and the relationship between income and demand for sustained water flows in publicly provided urban space under climate change. We reject the general finding in the literature that visitors living further away are willing to pay more for unique sites. We show that the recreational services provided by the park can be characterized as a normal economic good for which those living closer by are willing to pay more than those living further away. These results provide an important benchmark for future stated preference research related to welfare valuation of water in urban open space under climate change.
A COMPLEXIDADE DISCURSIVA NA INTERNET
Authors: De Barros Diana Luz Pessoa
Published: July 2016

Neste artigo, o objetivo é apontar, na perspectiva da semiótica discursiva, algumas particularidades dos discursos na internet em geral, principalmente em relação a quatro questões principais: a definição desses discursos quanto às modalidades falada e escrita; a organização enunciativa e veridictória dos discursos na internet, de que decorrem as especificidades da “autoria” e do “anonimato” e o caráter público e privado desses discursos. Com o exame proposto, pudemos indicar algumas das principais características dos discursos na internet: exacerbação da intensidade na interação e da extensão na duração e alcance desses discursos, devido à sua complexidade, entre a fala e a escrita; negação da oposição entre público e privado, em decorrência da formação do complexo público/privado; instalação do sujeito discursivo como homem público, embora anônimo, do ponto de vista da “autoria” do ator da enunciação; e também como sujeito confiável, pois apresenta a verdade e o saber, mas sem responsabilidade sobre o que diz, e como sujeito do poder. Complexidade, no sentido semiótico do termo, parece ser o elemento definidor dos discursos da internet.
Migrânea com Aura, Qualidade de Vida e Tratamento: um relato de caso
Authors: Martins Letícia N. , Oliveira Oscar W. B. , Dutra Luan Q. , Rezende Achiles Q. M. de , Dantas Eliene F. , Pereira Ana B. C.N.G.
Published: July 2016

A migrânea é uma cefaleia primária de etiologia multifatorial que acomete cerca de 15% da população. Afeta mais as mulheres do que os homens e gera um impacto significativo na qualidade de vida. A crise de cefaléia migranosa apresenta quatro fases: prodrômica, de aura, cefaléia e fase de recuperação. Um plano terapêutico para migrânea inclui tratamento agudo da crise para melhora da dor e do prejuízo funcional, e a terapia profilática de longo prazo para diminuir a frequência, a intensidade e a duração das crises. No presente trabalho, os autores correlacionaram o relato de caso de uma paciente do Hospital Universitário Sul Fluminense com a literatura atual.
Observação Preliminares sobre a Populacão de Endoparasitas de Ovinos Tratados com Farelo de Azadirachta Indica a 1% na Ração
Authors: Nogueira Marcos A. A. , Bottecchia Ricardo J.
Published: July 2016

Um grupo de 10 ovinos suplementados com farelo de nim a 1% na ração diária, tiveram suas fezes monitoradas nos dias 0, 7 e 27, através da contagem da OPG. No dia 27 dois animais do grupo de 10 foram abatidos para consumo.O material gastrointestinal foi recolhido e analisado para identificação e quantificação dos parasitos encontrados. Os resultados da contagem de OPG indicaram a presença de ovos da família Strongiloydea em quatro indivíduos. Os outros seis animais apresentaram OPG negativo. O resultado encontrado no conteúdo grastrintestinal dos dois animais (3 e 4 ) abatidos revelaram a presença dos seguintes parasitas respectivamente: Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus sp., Oesophagostomum columbianum e Moniezia sp; a quantidade dos parasitas se apresentavam em níveis toleráveis aos animais, infestados. Esta observação preliminar, além de indicar uma possível ação da planta sobre parasitas gastrintestinais de ovinos serve para consolidar a formação de um grupo de pesquisa em agroecologia animal com estudantes e pesquisadores de instituições parceiras.
Dor Definitivamente Anginosa e suas Principais Características
Authors: Lopes Tiago De Souza , Gentile Paola Coabianco , Torres Ana Gabriela Menezes de Jesus Torres Menezes de Jesus , De Souza Luana Sara , Silva Everton Pimenta da , Vilagra Marlon Mohamud
Published: July 2016

A dor torácica pode ser classificada como de origem cardíaca ou não. Dentre as de origem cardíaca, podemos dividi-las ainda em isquêmica ou não-isquêmica. Das dores isquêmicas, a dor definitivamente anginosa apresenta clínica característica de uma síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA). Esse trabalho tem como objetivo, descrever as principais características da dor torácica apresentada pelos pacientes previamente diagnosticados com dor definitivamente anginosa e traçar o perfil clínico da dor apresentada pelo mesmo. Foram analisadas anamneses de 120 pacientes com dor definitivamente anginosa e avaliadas as principais características da dor apresentada, como: localização, irradiação, qualidade da dor, intensidade, duração, fatores desencadeantes e atenuantes. O perfil da dor torácica apresentado pelo paciente se caracteriza predominantemente como uma dor retroesternal, do tipo compressiva, sem irradiação, de intensidade 9-10, em uma escala de zero a dez, com duração maior que 20 minutos, precedida pelo repouso e atenuada com o uso de nitrato.
A Importância do Ginecologista na Prevenção do Câncer de Mama
Authors: Dias Lívia Zancanella , Neves Lucas Vinícius Silva , Dias Daniel De Araújo , Erthal Henrique , Paulino Carlos Eduardo Cimatti , Moura Carla Vanúzia Braga Miranda
Published: July 2016

O câncer de mama é a principal neoplasia maligna que acomete o sexo feminino no Brasil. O Profissional ginecologista é aquele que mais comumente está em contato com pacientes que possam vir a apresentar fatores de risco para o câncer de mama, e sua participação é imprescindível tanto na orientação quanto na prevenção dessa patologia. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estudar a frequência do conhecimento e da realização do AEM, bem como ressaltar a importância da consulta ginecológica para e redução da incidência do câncer de mama.
Doenças falciformes: do diagnóstico ao tratamento
Authors: Vieira Ana Paula Rodrigues , Almeida Larissa Negrão Rebelo de
Published: July 2016

A doença falciforme é a enfermidade hereditária mais frequente no Brasil e no mundo, atingindo principalmente pessoas da raça negra. A doença se caracteriza por uma alteração na estrutura da molécula de hemoglobina. Dessa alteração surge a hemoglobina S, que é responsável pelo aparecimento das manifestações clínicas, que podem ser representadas por Acidente Vascular Cerebral, Ulceras de pernas, Infecções, entre outras. O diagnóstico é realizado através de uma triagem que envolve uma série de técnicas sendo que todo resultado positivo deve ser repetido na mesma amostra para fins de confirmação. A partir dai o paciente inicia o acompanhamento ambulatorial visando evitar que ocorram manifestações agravantes da patologia.
Análise de Imagens Médicas através de Sistemas Computacionais Inteligentes para Apoio ao Diagnóstico Clínico
Authors: De Moura Meneses Anderson Alvarenga , Pinheiro Christiano Jorge Gomes , Valente Onair José Laudelino , Cardoso Tarcísio Nunes , Alves João Victor Barbosa , Schirru Roberto , Barroso Regina Cely , Braz Delson , Oliveira Luiz Fernando
Published: July 2016

Histomorfometria óssea é uma importante análise na prevenção e tratamento de câncer e osteoporose,fornecendo informação quantitativa para diagnóstico clínico. A MicrotomografiaComputadorizada por Raios X é uma técnica de imagens não-destrutiva e não-invasiva comuma alta resolução que permite imagens ampliadas. Na análise histomorfométrica de tais imagens,é possível usar técnicas de tratamento tais como filtros morfológicos e binarização. Taistécnicas, no entanto, podem causar perda de informação relevante para a quantificação damassa óssea. Neste trabalho é descrita a aplicação de Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNA) parareconhecimento de tecido ósseo como parte de uma pesquisa sobre análise histomorfométricaem imagens cuja aquisição foi feita no Laboratório ELETTRA, em Trieste, Itália, na linha depesquisa SYRMEP (Synchrotron Radiation for Medical Physics – Radiação Síncrotron paraFísica Médica). Nestes testes iniciais, uma RNA Perceptron Multi-Camadas (PMC) Feed-Forward (FF) com algoritmo de aprendizagem de Retro-Propagação de Erro foi utilizada natarefa de reconhecimento. A qualidade dos resultados na tarefa da classificação de subimagensfoi verificada através de Curvas ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic). Para este tipo deRNA obtivemos uma area sob a curva de 1,000, o que significa que a arquitetura e o treinamentoda RNA se mostraram adequados para a tarefa de reconhecimento de tecido ósseo. As imagensobtidas também são mostradas neste trabalho. Os resultados dos testes demonstraram aviabilidade de aplicação metodológica de Redes Neurais Artificiais e sua adequação às característicasdas imagens obtidas por Microtomografia Computadorizada por Raios X, para evitar perdas ocasionadas por outras técnicas de manipulação e tratamento de imagens. Tambémapresentamos uma breve descrição das principais tecnologias de implementação do projeto.
Matemática Financeira no Ensino Fundamental
Authors: Lima Cristiane Bahia , De Sá Ilydio Pereira
Published: July 2016

O presente artigo foi elaborado a partir de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, tendo como objetivo discutir o estudo da Matemática Financeira no Ensino Fundamental. Partiu-se da importância da matemática financeira na formação do cidadão. Em seguida observou-se as aplicações dos recursos tecnológicos em sala de aula dando uma atenção especial para a calculadora. Num outro momento, relacionamos a Matemática Financeira com alguns conteúdos Matemáticos do Ensino Fundamental. Comentamos também sobre a importância do uso de propagandas e noticias de jornal como ferramentas de contextualização e de auxilio para as aulas de matemática.
Análise do Teor de Fluoretos na Água de Abastecimento Público do Município de Vassouras, Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Queiroz João Pedro Lavinas , Lima Flávia Roméro Gil de Sousa , Da Silva Marcos Alex Mendes , Cardoso Carlos Eduardo
Published: July 2016

A cárie dentária é uma doença multifatorial que aflige várias populações e vem sendo investigada quantitativamente, com a finalidade de minimizar seus efeitos incapacitantes. Como medida preventiva ao aparecimento dessa doença, o uso intensivo do flúor tem demonstrado resultados positivos na redução de sua prevalência, sobretudo quando associado a veículos de acesso coletivo, como a água de abastecimento público. Desse modo, este trabalho investigou o teor de fluoretos na água de abastecimento de Vassouras- RJ, uma vez que a fluoretação não é realizada na estação de tratamento de águas do município. As medições forneceram valores médios de 0,13 mg L-1 ± 0,02 mg L-1. Estes resultados demonstraram a distribuição desigual do íon na água de abastecimento que, apesar de situar-se nos padrões aceitáveis para o consumo, está abaixo do recomendado para a estabilização da cárie dentária (0,7 a 1,2 mg L-1). Os resultados apontam, inicialmente, para a necessidade de complementação controlada pelo sistema de abastecimento público, além da efetiva formulação de uma política local de saúde bucal.
Influência de Íons de Potássio e Cálcio nos Géis de Carragenas Kappa e Iota
Authors: Andrade Valeriana Silveira , De Araújo Imar Oliveira , Agibert Silvia Ainara Cardoso , Fernandes Paulo Henrique Simões
Published: July 2016

No presente estudo avaliou-se a influência da concentração de diferentes sais (KCl, CaCl2.2H2O, K2SO4, e CaSO4.2H2O) sobre as carragenas Kappa e Iota (polissacarídeos sulfatados utilizados principalmente na indústria alimentícia, de cosméticos e têxteis, como géis, estabilizantes, espessantes e emulsificantes) em dispersões aquosas deionizadas, suas propriedades gelificantes, sinérese e pH. Para análise de textura foi utilizado o analisador de textura TAXT/2i Stable Micro Sytems. O método de penetração mostrou que em todas as provas, acima de certo limite, ocasionou-se impacto negativo sobre o sistema investigado. As parcelas de força de compressão para a k-carragena variaram consideravelmente, com resultados satisfatórios em relação à interação dos ions Ca2+ para os dois sais utilizados. Os melhores resultados de força de compressão em concentrações maiores foram obtidos com KCl. já utilizando-se o sal K2SO4 não houve significativas variações. Quanto a i-carragena, a pequena variação obtida, provalvelmente é decorrente de impurezas de k-carragena.
Gerenciamento de embalagens de lubrificantes pós-consumo - Uma análise crítica
Authors: Martins Harley M. , Nascentes Alexandre Lioi , Guimarães Maria José De O. C. , Campos Juacyara Carbonelli
Published: July 2016

Este trabalho apresenta uma avaliação das sistemáticas atualmente praticadas no município do Rio de Janeiro para tratamento e disposição de embalagens pós-consumo de lubrificantes automotivos. O diagnóstico foi realizado através de pesquisa de campo com entrevista estruturada e visita às instalações de pontos de geração, centrais de triagem e recicladoras desse tipo de resíduo. Os resultados obtidos tornam evidente que os programas de logística reversa implantados no município em estudo apresentam deficiências significativas no que tange, principalmente, às sistemáticas para separação da fração oleosa do resíduo plástico e armazenamento temporário, com consequências diretas associadas ao transporte seguro e a viabilidade do processo de reciclagem. Os dados demonstram lapso entre as práticas vigentes e os preceitos preconizados pela Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, especificamente no que tange ao inciso IV, artigo 33, Lei 12.305/10.
Nyugdíjreform-dilemmák – jövedelemelosztási arányok és makropénzügyi egyensúly
Authors: Antal Laszlo
Published: July 2016

Az írás célja nem egy átfogó reformjavaslat felvázolása, hanem csupán olyan összefüggések, feszültségforrások felvázolása, amelyek a nyugdíjrendszer szabályainak újragondolását és belátható időn belül reformját elkerülhetetlenné teszik. Az alapvető ok demográfiai természetű: a fejlett és közepesen fejlett országokban gyorsan növekszik az átlagéletkor és lecsökkent a születések száma. Eltolódik az utóbbi javára az aktív és inaktív életszakaszok aránya, nőnek a nyugdíjkiadások és csökkennek az ennek fedezetéül szolgáló járulékbevételek. Nőnek az egészségügyi kiadások is, részben a gyógyítás technikájának fejlődése, de részben az időskor meghosszabbodása következtében is. Ezzel a nagy elosztó rendszerek fenntarthatatlanná válnak, hacsak nem követi az aktív életszakasz arányos meghosszabbodása, vagyis a nyugdíjba menetel időpontjának kitolódása. Ezzel szemben Magyarországon az átlagéletkor növekedése még csak a következő 20-30 évben következik majd be. A nagy elosztó rendszereket ma jellemző feszültségek tehát még nem demográfiai okokra vezethetők vissza, hanem mindenekelőtt a rendszerváltás sajátos jellemzőire. Drámaian lecsökkent a foglalkoztatás szintje és kiszélesedett az adóarbitrázs lehetősége. A rendszer fenntarthatóságához el kellene érni, hogy a rendszer ösztönzzön a munkaerőpiacon maradásra és a munkavállalók 90 %-a ne igyekezzen már a törvényi korhatár előtt másfél-két évvel nyugdíjba menni. Mindezek mellett a következő néhány évtizedben az időskori függőségi ráta nagyjából megduplázódik. Az adott körülmények között a társadalmi és pénzügyi szempontból egyaránt fenntartható nagy elosztórendszerekről folyó viták kapcsán annyi bizonyos, hogy a nagy elosztórendszerek kiadási dinamikájának megfékezése és az öngondoskodás szerepének növelése elkerülhetetlen. A nyugdíjrendszer biztosan nem tud egyszerre eleget tenni a keresők jövedelmeivel való lépéstartás (bérkövetés), a biztosítási elv érvényesíthetősége, az időskori tömeges nyomort kizáró minimális jövedelem garantálása és a hosszú távú finanszírozhatóság követelményének. Különösen nem tud eleget tenni ezeknek az életkori struktúra gyors változásának szakaszában.

Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: I38, J11, J26
Kelet-európai oktatás és gazdaság
Authors: Timar Janos
Published: July 2016

A kelet-európai régió általános és tartós gazdasági elmaradásának fő okát, a 20. század nagy változásai alapján sokan abban látják, hogy az államszocializmus e korszak meghatározó szakaszában megfosztotta a régiót a magántulajdon ösztönző erejétől. Ennek káros hatását súlyosbította a korszakot kísérő erőltetett fegyverkezés. Ezzel szemben a cikk azt állítja és mutatja be, hogy a fő ok a népesség tudásának elmaradása. Ennek közvetlen tényezője, a hibás oktatáspolitika, amely az iskolázás hajszolt mennyiségi fejlesztése miatt – amitől a gyors gazdasági növekedést várta - átlagosan alacsony színvonalú, gyenge tudásban részesítette a felnövő nemzedékeket. A szerző leszögezi, hogy átfogó és gyökeres oktatási reform nélkül a kelet-európai régió és abban Magyarország is, végleg lemarad a nemzetközi versenyben.

Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: I21, I28, O15
Tudásexport a felsőoktatásban: egy hierarchikus megközelítés
Authors: Berács József
Published: July 2016

A tudásipar növekedésével párhuzamosan egyre nő a felsőoktatás szerepe a gazdasági növekedésben. Egyes becslések szerint a diákmobilitásból származó exportbevétel világméretekben meghaladja a 40 milliárd dollárt. A tanulmányban e jelenségcsoport két oldalát vizsgáljuk. Először leszögezzük, hogy a felsőoktatás mint iparág sokkal összetettebb annál, minthogy csak a diákmobilitásról szóljon. Ez annak ellenére igaz, hogy az exporttevékenységnek ez a legvonzóbb és a leglátványosabb területe. Az egyetemek azonban rendelkeznek kutatási eredményekkel és más szolgáltatásokkal mint exporttevékenységekkel, amelyeket piaci alapon értékesítenek. Másodszor, az egyéni tanárok mint egyetemi munkavállalók vagy szabadúszó tudásmunkások, továbbá a tanszékek, karok, egyetemek, országok, régiók stb. egyaránt szolgálhatnak a tevékenységek statisztikai számbavételi egységeiként. Az egyetemek által ellátott összes tevékenység mérhető különböző hierarchikus szinteken.

Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: F14, M31
Üzleti intelligencia stratégiai nézőpontból
Authors: Bőgel György , Papp Attila
Published: July 2016

Az üzleti intelligencia a vállalati informatika egyik leglátványosabban és leggyorsabban fejlődő területe. A cikk összefoglalja a tárgykörhöz kapcsolódó szemléletmódok, modellek és alkalmazások több évtizedes történetét, bemutatja az átlagon felüli növekedés mozgatórugóit, megvilágítva az üzleti intelligencia szerepét a vállalatok stratégiájában. Átfogó képet ad az idetartozó informatikai alkalmazások és szolgáltatások piacának keresleti és kínálati oldaláról, kiemelve a fontosabb jelenségeket és tendenciákat. Külön foglalkozik a közelmúlt fontos vállalatfelvásárlási lépéseinek magyarázatával, elemezve az integráció iránti igény stratégiai következményeit, modellezve a fejlődés logikáját. A tanulmány a változó alkalmazási körülmények és feltételek lehetséges hatásainak felvázolásával zárul.

Journal of Economic Litearture (JEL) kód: M10, M15, M40
The Consistency of Charitable Behaviour and Its Fund Raising Implications
Authors: Kuti Éva
Published: July 2016

This paper tries to take an initial step toward a deeper understanding of the differences and similarities between corporate, individual and 1% philanthropy. Though both corporate and individual giving havea huge international literature (e.g. Adam 2004; Archambault & Boumendi 1998; Burlingame 1997, 2001; Halfpenny 1999; Schervish & Haven, 1997; Wang & Graddy 2008; Zamagni,1995) and 1% philanthropy is also discussed by several, mainly Eastern European authors (e.g. Bódi 2001; Chano 2008; Gerencsér & Oprics 2007; Török & Moss 2004; Vajda & Kuti 2002), the connections between these different kinds of philanthropic activities have not yet been scrutinized. Correspondingly, very little attention has been paid to the issues of how third sector organizations could develop an efficient ‘fund raising mix’; how they should combine their efforts to solicit contributions from different kinds of donors. In order to answer these questions, the author takes an interdisciplinary approach; she uses several different types of analytical and statistical methods. The statistical analysis of the donors’ motivation is based on the results of three empirical surveys of individual giving, 1% philanthropy and corporate donations which were carried out in Hungary over the last couple of years. The third sector organizations’ fund raising behaviour is analyzed using both official statistical data (KSH 1998–2008) and information gathered through interviews (Laki & Szalai 2004; T. Puskás 2006) and case studies (Kotler & Lee 2007; Török 2005b).

Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) code: D64, M14, L31
A magyar agrárexport kereskedelmi előnyei és versenyképessége az EU piacán
Authors: Fertő Imre
Published: July 2016

A relatív kereskedelmi előnyök és a kereskedelmi versenyképesség mérőszámait elemezzük az Európai Unióval folytatott magyar agrárkereskedelemben. A külkereskedelmi mérőszámok stabilitását tartósságtúlélő elemzéssel vizsgáljuk nem paraméteres Kaplan – Meier függvény segítségével, míg a mérőszámok közötti konzisztenciát Cox-féle arányos hazárd modellel. Eredményeink szerint Magyarországnak sok termékből van relatív kereskedelmi hátránya, és az egyirányú import aránya is jelentős, ugyanakkor relatív kereskedelmi előnyei vannak a mezőgazdasági nyersanyagokból, feldolgozott félkész termékekből és kertészeti termékekből, továbbá a sikeres minőségi verseny és az egyirányú export szerepe szignifikáns, míg a sikertelen ár és minőségi versenyképesség jelentősége kisebb. A relatív kereskedelmi előnyök tartóssága hosszabb, mint a sikeres kereskedelmi versenyképességi kategóriáké. Eredményeink egyrészt megerősítik, hogy a relatív kereskedelmi előnyök és a sikeres ár- és minőségi verseny, valamint az egyirányú export konzisztensek egymással. Másrészt hasonló konzisztenciát figyelhetünk meg a relatív kereskedelmi hátrányok, a sikertelen ár- és minőségi verseny és az egyirányú import között.

Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: Q12
A globalizáció hatása a monetáris politika transzmissziójára
Authors: Herczeg Bálint
Published: July 2016

Jelen cikk célja, hogy megvizsgálja, a gazdasági globalizáció és a hajtóérőként mögötte álló technológiai fejlődés miként változtatja meg a monetáris transzmissziót. Az irodalom áttekintése után arra az eredményre jutunk, hogy ezt az egyébként is összetett kapcsolatot még a korábbiaknál is kiszámíthatatlanabbá teszi az integráció fokozódása, erősítve a kamatláb- és vagyonhatásokat, gyengítve a hitelcsatornát és árfolyamcsatornát, különösen ha a devizahitelek vagy a carry trade szerepe jelentős.

Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: E44, E52, F42
A „washingtoni konszenzus” jelentősége a posztszocialista országok számára
Authors: Mihalyi Peter
Published: July 2016

Kereken 20 éves a washingtoni konszenzus (WK), melynek a mából visszatekintve az a legfőbb jelentősége, hogy deklarálta: nincs kétféle normatív közgazdaságtan – egy az OECD-országokra, egy meg Latin-Amerikára, illetve a fejlődő országokra általában. Véletlen időbeli egybeesés, hogy éppen ekkor omlottak össze a kelet-európai tervgazdaságok is. Az elmúlt 20 év válságait sokan a WK számlájára írják. Ez tévedés. Kétszáz évnyi tapasztalat igazolja, hogy a kapitalizmus elkerülhetetlen sajátossága az üzleti ciklusok hullámzása, a túltermelési válságok 5–12 évenkénti előfordulása, és hozzá tartoznak a rendszerhez a váratlanul kirobbanó pénzügyi válságok is. A mostani is.

Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: F02, F23, F41, P11, P36
Political Economy of Fiscal Reform in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Kopits George
Published: July 2016

The reform of public finances has been at the centre of the post-socialist transition of Central and Eastern Europe since the early 1990s. At various stages of the transition, the reform process encompassed the entire gamut of public finances: the national budget, sub-national finances, extrabudgetary operations, and state-owned financial and non-financial enterprises. For the most part, fiscal reform was a non-linear stop-and-go process – often characterised by backtracking as well – and was uneven across countries. Moreover, unlike most reform experience in the rest of the world, fiscal reform in this region took place against the backdrop of a radical break, as sovereign countries emerged from a colonial past following the collapse of the Soviet Union. An important milestone was reached in 2004–2007, when all ten countries covered in this article became members of the European Union. The purpose of this article is to discuss fiscal reform in Central and Eastern Europe from the perspective of political economy. Following an overview of basic reform trends, the article focuses on the principal drivers and impediments to reform in the region. To conclude, the ingredients of successful reform are examined. The article does not provide an exhaustive inventory of reform measures, nor does it offer a survey of broad political economy issues prior to or during the transition period. Country references are intended to serve as stylised illustrations of main points, rather than as a comprehensive documentation of reform episodes.

Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) classifications: H1, H3, P2, P52.
The financial toll of career-ending concussions in professional hockey
Authors: Hiploylee Carmen , Wennberg Richard , Tator Charles H
Published: July 2016

Aim: Several high-profile professional hockey players have retired due to career-ending concussions sustained in the National Hockey League (NHL). We sought to determine the salary cost of career-ending concussions in the NHL. Methods: Concussion-induced retirements from 1995 to 2015 were identified using public media sources. The number of missed games due to a player’s final concussion was multiplied by per game salary to determine cost. Results: In total, 35 players were identified: the total cost to teams and insurers of career-ending concussions was US$135,476,777. Half of the total consisted of salaries owing three players with contracts still active in 2015. Conclusion: The financial impact of concussion-induced retirements provides another reason for professional leagues to take measures to better protect their players from concussion.
Detection of carbapenemase genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates
Authors: Mihajlovic-Ukropina Mira , Trudic Anika , Jelesic Zora , Medic Deana , Milosavljevic Biljana , Zivlak Branka
Published: July 2016

Introduction. Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the leading causes of serious
hospital-acquired infections worldwide among Enterobacteriaceae species. It
is the most common producer of carbapenemases in many parts of the world.
Objective. The aim of the study was to determine which enzymes were
responsible for resistance to carbapenems in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains
isolated at the Centre of Microbiology of Public Health Institute of
Vojvodina. Methods. A total of 29 Klebsiella pneumoniae non-duplicated
strains resistant to at least one carbapenem isolated from clinical samples
of hospitalized patients between November 1st 2013 and April 30th 2014 were
studied. The species identification and susceptibility were done using VITEK
2 (bioM?rieux, Marcy-l??toile, France) system. Phenotypic conformation of
carbapenemase production was done by double-disc synergy test. PCR technique
was performed for detection of genes encoding production of carbapenemases
(blsKPC, blaVIM, bla NDM, blaOXA-48). Results. Isolates of Klebsiella
pneumoniae resistant to at least one carbapenem showed positive on double-
disc synergy test between meropenem and dipicolinic acid. All strains
positive in phenotypic test contained blaNDM gene. In isolates resistant only
to ertapenem, neither production of carbapenemases nor presence of genes
encoding these enzymes were detected. Among these isolates, nine produced
extended-spectrum ?-lactamase. Conclusion. The presence of NDM
metallo-?-lactamase was determined in all Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates
resistant to at least one carbapenem.
Effects of conventional and slanted ventral slot procedures on the biomechanical behavior of the C5-C6 vertebral motion unit in dogs
Authors: Yang Haisheng , Lambrechts Nicolaas E. , Lehner Michael , Adam Gremah M. , Packer Rebecca A. , Moore Trevor W. , Main Russell P.
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of conventional and slanted ventral slot procedures on the biomechanical behavior of the C5-C6 vertebral motion unit (VMU) in dogs.

SAMPLE 14 vertebral columns (C4 through C7) from canine cadavers.

PROCEDURES Specimens were assigned to a conventional or slanted ventral slot group (n = 7/group). For each specimen, the C5-C6 VMU was tested in ventral and dorsal bending and positive and negative axial torsion before and after surgery. Range of motion (ROM), stiffness, and energy absorption were compared between the 2 groups.

RESULTS Both procedures significantly increased the ROM and stiffness and significantly decreased the energy absorption of the C5-C6 VMU in ventral and dorsal bending. Both procedures also increased the ROM in positive and negative axial torsion. In negative torsion, total stiffness and stiffness over the maximum ROM tested decreased less for the slanted slot procedure than for the conventional slot procedure. There were no significant differences between procedures for any of the other biomechanical outcomes examined.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that the biomechanical response of the C5-C6 VMU to the conventional and slanted ventral slot procedures was not significantly different, especially when considering postsurgical instability induced by both procedures. This was most likely due to disruption of the nucleus pulposus and dorsal annulus fibrosus of the disk with both procedures. On the basis of these findings, neither procedure appeared biomechanically superior. Comparative clinical studies are warranted to further evaluate the 2 procedures.
Effects of size and location of regions of interest examined by use of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography on renal perfusion variables of dogs
Authors: Macrì Francesco , Di Pietro Simona , Liotta Luigi , Piccionello Angela Palumbo , Pugliese Michela , De Majo Massimo
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVE To determine effects of the size and location of regions of interest (ROIs) in the renal cortex of unsedated dogs on renal perfusion variables determined by use of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS).

ANIMALS 12 client-owned adult (1.5 to 2 years old) Labrador Retrievers (8 males and 4 females; mean ± SD body weight, 27 ± 1.6 kg).

PROCEDURES Each dog received 2 bolus injections of sulfur hexafluoride during CEUS. Three small oval ROIs (area of each ROI, 0.11 cm2) located in a row with a distance of 1 mm between adjacent ROIs and 1 large oval ROI (area, 1 cm2) that encompassed the 3 smaller ROIs were manually drawn in the renal cortex. The ROIs were located at a depth of 1.5 to 2.0 cm in the near field of the renal cortex. Software analysis of time-intensity curves within each ROI was used to identify peak enhancement, time to peak enhancement, regional blood flow, and mean transit time.

RESULTS The location and size of the ROIs of unsedated dogs did not cause significant differences in the mean values of the renal perfusion variables.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The development of CEUS has provided a unique means for visually examining and quantifying tissue perfusion. Results of this study indicated that it was possible to use small or large ROIs during renal CEUS to evaluate renal perfusion in dogs.
Equity in Sharing the Potential Benefits of REDD+ in
Authors: Sherpa Doma Tshering , Brower Ann
Published: July 2016

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) is an incentive based climate change mitigation measure that focuses on reducing carbon emissions by rewarding communities’ efforts in the conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of carbon stocks. Assuming REDD+ revenues are generated, there is a question about how the benefits should be distributed. This paper uses the 3Es (Effectiveness, Efficiency and Equity) criteria in sharing the benefits of REDD+ to examine a case study in one of Nepal’s REDD+ pilot projects implemented in community forests. While concerns about equity in REDD+ are getting attention worldwide, the literature is not clear on which principle of 3Es should be given priority to achieve overall effectiveness in reducing the carbon emissions. Our research finds that equity should be prioritised to achieve efficiency and effectiveness of REDD+. Further, we find distributive equity to be the most important. Distributive equity is understood in three different ways in Nepal: rights, needs, and performance. But there is a debate on which equity should be given priority. The issues of needs vs. performance in determining what is equitable should be solved by the formulation of guidelines for how benefits should be shared at two levels in Nepal. First, the vertical distribution of benefits should be based on the ownership of carbon benefits and performance criteria. Second, at the community level, the community itself should determine the form of horizontal benefit-distribution, based on its definition of needs.Journal of Forest and Livelihood 13(1) May, 2015, Page : 20-29
Carbon Measurement: An Overview of Forest Carbon Estimation Methods and the Role of Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing Techniques for REDD+ Implementation
Authors: Bhattarai Thakur , Skutsch Margaret , Midmore David , Shrestha Him Lal
Published: July 2016

Many scientists and policy makers consider payment for environmental services, particularly carbon payment for forest management, a cost-effective and practical solution to climate change and unsustainable development. In recent years an attractive policy has been discussed under the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+), sustainable management of forest, and conservation and enhancement of carbon in developing countries. This could potentially reward forest-managing communities in developing countries. One of the challenging tasks for the successful implementation of this policy is setting up reliable baseline emissions scenarios based on the historical emissions as input for business as usual projections. Forest biomass measurements, the quantification of carbon stocks, their monitoring, and the observation of these stocks over time, are very important for the development of reference scenario and estimation of carbon stock. This paper reviews a numbers of methods available for estimating forest carbon stocks and growth rates of different forest carbon pools. It also explores the limitations and challenges of these methods for use in different geographical locations, and suggests ways of improving accuracy and precision that reduce uncertainty for the successful implementation of REDD+. Furthermore, the paper assesses the role of remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) techniques in the establishment of a long-term carbon inventory.Journal of Forest and Livelihood 13(1) May, 2015, Page:69-86
Liver function test as a marker for acute appendicitis
Authors: Yadav S , Chandra K
Published: July 2016

Background and Objectives: Acute appendicitis is one of the commonest surgical emergencies of the abdomen worldwide. Even with the availability of current imaging investigation like USG , CT scan and MRI, the diagnosis is still a problem. Delay in diagnosis increases mortality and morbidity. Liver function test is one of the biochemical parameters being assessed as a marker of acute appendicitis and may also predict the severity of the inflammation. However the available literature is limited and views are conflicting. In this study, it is proposed to access the validity of using liver function test to predict the appendicitis and its severity.Material and Methods: This is a prospective study of 80 cases of operated patients of acute appendicitis in Universal College Of Medical Sciences, Bhairahawa, Nepal during the period from 6th May 2013 to 6th July 2014. Data were collected from the patient by their clinical history, examination and investigations, Liver function test and ultrasound. Post operative follow up was done to note for complications and histopathology findings. Data collection was compiled in a systemic way in preformed proforma and analyzed.Results: Out of 80 patients, 44(55%) were male and 36(45%) were female. Total serum bilirubin was elevated in 29 (36.25%) of the patients. Rise in serum bilirubin was mixed type with direct bilirubin Predominance. In Liver enzymes ALT, AST, ALP were raised in 32.5%, 28.75% and 82.5% respectively. Hyperbilirubinemia has the specificity (80 %) sensitivity (37.33%) with good positive predictive value of 96.55%. Similarly sensitivity and specificity of direct bilirubin (90.67%, 20.00%), Indirect bilirubin (16.00%, 80%), AST/SGOT (30.67%, 100%), ALT/SGPT (34.67%, 100%) ALP (84.00%, 40%) respectively. The positive predictive value for direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, AST/SGOT, ALT/SGPT and ALP are 94.44%,92.31%,100%,100% and 95.45% respectively.Conclusion: Liver function test is a marker for acute appendicitis and its complication with a good positive predictive value. Liver function test should be used together with clinical examination and other laboratory investigations in the assessment of patients with suspected acute Appendicitis.Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Sciences (2015) Vol. 3 (1):31-36
Multi-Drug Resistance of Bacterial Isolates among Dental Caries Patients
Authors: Yadav K , Prakash S , Yadav NP , Sah RS
Published: July 2016

Background and Objectives: Dental caries is a well known major oral health problem in most developing countries which has multifactorial etiology caused by many facultatively anaerobes. S. mutans is the main pathogen associated with this disease. Recently Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) species of S. mutans were identified from the dental caries patients against many commercial antibiotics. MDR is a natural phenomenon, posing a serious worldwide threat to public health. Several therapeutic agents are available to treat or prevent tooth decay, but still global burden of the disease with MDR are emerging. Therefore, the present study was designed for assessing the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of commercially available antibiotics.Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out by following Standard protocols of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology to isolate and identify the organism and further followed by antibiotic susceptibility test of bacterial isolates by disc diffusion method.Results: Streptococcus mutans (40%) was the most predominant to cause dental caries followed by S. aureus with 28.92. Gram positive isolates were found to be frequently resistant towards penicillin and tetracycline whereas Gram negative isolates were found to be Cotrimoxazole resistant.Conclusion: A high frequency of penicillin resistance in oral isolates and its co-resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline, gentamycin and amipicillin among the pateints was observed. The various awareness programmes should be facilitating the appropriate use of antibiotic to re-establish dominance over diseases must be implemented.Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Sciences (2015) Vol. 3 (1):37-44