bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concession minière et asymétrie d'information
Authors: Poudou Jean-Christophe , Thomas Lionel
Published: September 2011

Mining Concessions and Asymmetric Information by Jean-Christophe Poudou and Lionel Thomas

We study a concession contract for exploiting an exhaustible resource when a mining firm has private information about its costs. We show that the "traditional" balance between revenue and efficiency, which results in a lower level of production than with symmetric information, is not systematic in this contract. This is due to the specific depletion cost of non-renewable resources.
Redevances et prélèvements optimaux dans les aquifères côtiers menacés d'intrusion saline : les principes de base
Authors: Caussade Bernard , Moreaux Michel , Reynaud Arnaud
Published: September 2011

Optimum Charging and Pumping for Coastal Aquifers in Danger of Saline Intrusion: Basic

Principles by Bernard Caussade, Michel Moreaux and Arnaud Reynaud

The intrusion of salt water into coastal aquifers is now one of the main causes of deterioration in their water quality. Sea water, which is denser than fresh water, invades these aquifers as soon as pumping is heavy enough to change the hydrostatic equilibrium. The object of this paper is to identify the specific problems posed by optimum management of this type of resource. We show that the effect of heavier pumping is to move further from the coast the boundary beyond which sustainable abstraction is possible inland. This relationship between volumes pumped and the siting of boreholes generates a specific externality, whose effects on optimum use of resources we analyse.
Un modèle bioéconomique d'évalution du coût social des rejets au sein d'une pêcherie complexe
Authors: Boncœur Jean , Fifas Spyros , Le Gallic Bertrand
Published: September 2011

A Bioeconomic Model for Valuation of the Social Cost of Discards in a Complex Fishery by Jean Boncoeur, Spyros Fifas and Bertrand Le Gallic

Exploitation offish stocks is associated with externalities (affecting the fishermen) which are a source of inefficiency and dispute. Analysis of the gulf between individual and collective rationality, together with a consideration of how it may be bridged, is at the heart of economic theory relating to fishing. The practical scope of the bioeconomic models advanced by this theory is nonetheless limited by a number of factors. Failure to take into account the complexity of fisheries - nevertheless the cause of the "inter-industry" externalities which compound the intra-branch externalities generally characteristic of fishing - is one of them. This paper presents a bioeconomic model simulating one aspect of the operation of a complex fishery: the phenomenon of discards. The model, by describing this particular form of fishery interaction, can be used to calculate the social cost of engaging in an activity which produces negative externalities and to draw up an overall economic assessment of interaction. This assessment is immediately applicable in any discussion of fishery management.
Agriculture et environnement : une évaluation de la performance technique et environnementale d'exploitations laitières
Authors: Piot-Lepetit Isabelle , Le Moing Monique
Published: September 2011

Agriculture and Environment: An Assessment of Dairy Farms' Technical and Environmental

Performance by Isabelle Piot-Lepetit and Monique Le Moing

Inefficient use of inputs remains one of main causes of pollution. Data envelopment analysis, which sets a best-practice frontier and evaluates the distance between each observation and this empirical benchmark, is used to measure the potential for reducing variable inputs, in particular the quantity of fertiliser and the volume of animal manure, on a set of dairy farms in Brittany and the Loire valley in 1997. A non-parametric statistical study is then used to identify the farms which are most efficient in technical and environmental terms.
L'inefficacité d'une chaîne de monopoles : une étude expérimentale en situation de négociation répétée
Authors: Garapin Alexis , Hollard Michel , Robin Stéphane , Ruffieux Bernard
Published: September 2011

L'inefficacité d'une chaîne de monopoles : une étude expérimentale en situation de négociation

répétée par Alexis Garapin, Michel Hollard, Stéphane Robin et Bernard Ruffieux

La théorie (monopole bilatéral, double marginalisation) affirme que l'efficacité d'une chaîne de monopoles est inférieure à celle d'un monopole intégré. Ce résultat est valable tant du point de vue des monopoleurs bilatéraux que du point de vue du surplus collectif. Cet article teste la validité de ces résultats théoriques en situation expérimentale. Les résultats de l'expérience ne valident que partiellement les résultats théoriques. La fusion du monopole bilatéral dans un monopole simple conduit bien à un accroissement de l'efficacité en termes de surplus collectif, mais n'entraîne pas toujours une augmentation du profit joint des deux monopoleurs.
La régulation macro-économique et sectorielle de la démographie d'entreprises
Authors: Bonnet Jean , Renou-Maissant Patricia
Published: September 2011

Macroeconomic and sectoral regulation of the demography of firms by Jean Bonnet and Patricia Renou-Maissant

The purpose of this article is to study the renewal of the productive system in France along two dimensions: a macroeconomic dimension supplemented by a branch analysis. The determinants of the demography of firms at macroeconomic level, captured with a vector autoregressive model, show mat, in the long run, an increase in the unemployment rate and an increase in industrial consumption have a positive effect on the formation of new firms whereas an increase in the volume of allocated credits has a negative effect on the formation of new firms and a positive effect on the number of failures. Regulation at branch level of firms' and plants' entries and exits, analysed with a pooling data model, shows a distinction between concentrated sectors and competitive sectors for which activity and profit are determining variables.
Un ré-examen de la relation entre variété et échelle de production à partir de l'industrie automobile
Authors: Jetin Bruno , Lung Yannick
Published: September 2011

A re-examination, based on the automobile industry, of the relationship between variety and scale

of production by Bruno Jetin and Yannick Lung

Based on specific statistical time-series of product variety and production volume of passenger cars for the main car makers during the period 1950-73 (Europe, USA, Japan), the paper discusses the relationships between and scale of production. It demonstrates that there is no incompatibility between the search for scale economies - associated with mass production - and growth in variety of supply. These results are deduced from an econometric analysis (panel data). A dynamic model of the relation between scale and variety - based on a learning process - is then proposed.
Contrat avec aversion pour le risque et partage des risques : une application à l'industrie spatiale
Authors: Bastié Françoise
Published: September 2011

Contrat avec aversion pour le risque et partage des risques : une application à l'industrie spatiale

par Françoise Bastié

Dans l'industrie spatiale française, les avenants aux contrats initiaux permettent de répartir le risque entre l'agence spatiale française et les industriels. Cet article étudie le partage du risque dans ce type de contrats. Dans le modèle, le principal (l'agence spatiale), neutre envers le risque, offre un contrat constitué de deux prix à un agent (l'industriel), averse au risque. Selon le prix choisi par ce dernier, le principal contrôle ou non le coût de l'industriel. Par conséquent, l'audit est sous le contrôle de l'agent. Sous cette hypothèse, le risque peut être entièrement supporté par l'une des deux parties au contrat ou bien partagé entre elles. Le résultat dépend du degré d'aversion pour le risque de l'agent et du coût de l'effort. Cette analyse théorique est suivie d'une étude économétrique dont l'objectif est d'estimer le paramètre de partage du risque dans les contrats agence spatiale-industriels.
Information et économie publique
Authors: Laffont Jean-Jacques
Published: September 2011

Information and public economics by Jean- Jacques Laffont

Taking into account operators' strategic behaviour in response to their private information and the inefficiencies in public decision-making due to the operations of interest groups leads to a more realistic vision of State intervention. Taking four examples - the regulation of natural monopolies, public purchasing policies, the production of public goods and the economics of the environment, the author illustrates the main stages of this new methodology in the field of public economics.
Pacte de stabilité et efficacité de la politique budgétaire
Authors: Martinot Bertrand
Published: September 2011

Pacte de stabilité et efficacité de la politique budgétaire par Bertrand Martinot

Cet article présente les effets du pacte de stabilité sur la consommation dans un petit modèle calibré où une partie des ménages a un horizon de vie fini à la Blanchard, l'autre partie adoptant un comportement contraint par la liquidité. Ce modèle permet de simuler les effets non keynésiens de la politique budgétaire que le pacte de stabilité pourrait générer en régime de croisière. On mesure à l'aide de simulations l'impact de la limite de 3% de déficit imposée par le pacte sur la variance de la consommation pour différentes cibles de déficit structurel et pour différentes valeurs des paramètres du modèle. Les résultats suggèrent que, dans ce cadre et pour la France, une cible de déficit proche de la limite autorisée par le pacte pourrait se traduire par une variance très élevée de la consommation. À l'inverse, pour un déficit structurel de l'ordre de 1 %, la variance de la consommation ne serait quasiment pas affectée par le pacte.
Lymphocyte function following radioiodine therapy in patients with thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Barsegian V. , Müller S. P. , Horn P. A. , Bockisch A. , Lindemann M.
Published: September 2011

Aim: Since the nuclear disaster in Fukushima has raised great concern about the danger of radioactivity, we here addressed the question if the therapeutic use of iodine 131, the most frequently applied radionuclide, was harmful to immune function in patients. It was our aim to define for the first time in a clinical setting how radioiodine therapy alters anti-microbial immune responses. Patients, methods: In 21 patients with thyroid carcinoma anti-microbial lymphocyte responses were assessed by lymphocyte transformation test and ELISpot – measuring lymphocyte proliferation and on a single cell level production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ and interleukin- 10) – prior to therapy, at day 1 and day 7 post therapy. Results: Proliferative lymphocyte responses and interferon-γ production after in vitro stimulation with microbial antigens were significantly (p < 0.05) increased at day 1 vs. pre therapy, and returned to pre therapy levels at day 7. On the contrary, at day 1 interleukin-10 production was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced. Thus, we observed a short-term increase in pro-inflammatory immune responses. However, T lymphocyte responses were in the range of healthy controls at all three time points. Conclusion: Thyroid carcinoma patients receiving radioiodine therapy do not display any sign of immunosuppression.
NMR studies of anion-induced conformational changes in diindolylureas and diindolylthioureas
Authors: Makuc Damjan , Hiscock Jennifer R , Light Mark E , Gale Philip A , Plavec Janez
Published: September 2011

The conformational properties of 1,3-diindolylureas and thioureas were studied by a combination of heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy and quantum mechanics calculations. NOE experiments showed that theanti–anticonformer along the C7–N7α bonds was predominant in DMSO-d6solution in the absence of anions. Anion-induced changes in the1H and15N chemical shifts confirm the weak binding of chloride anions with negligible conformational changes. Strong deshielding of ureido protons and moderate deshielding of indole NH was observed upon the addition of acetate, benzoate, bicarbonate and dihydrogen phosphate, which indicated that the predominant hydrogen bond interactions occurred at the urea donor groups. Binding of oxo-anions caused conformational changes along the C7–N7α bonds and thesyn–synconformer was preferred for anion–receptor complexes. The conformational changes upon anion binding are in good agreement with energetic preferences established by ab initio calculations.
Association Analysis of Polymorphisms in Lumican Gene and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in a Taiwan Chinese Han Population
Authors: CHANG PEI-CHUN , CHEN YI , LAI MING-TSONG , CHANG HENG-YUAN , HUANG CHUNG-MING , LIU HSIN-PING , LIN WEI-YONG , LAI CHIH-HO , SHEU JIM JINN-CHYUAN , TSAI FUU-JEN
Published: September 2011

Objective.

Lumican (LUM) is predominantly localized in areas of pathological fibrosis. To determine whether polymorphisms in LUM gene are associated with development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we analyzed 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of LUM in a Taiwan Chinese Han population.

Methods.

Participants included 168 patients with SLE and 192 age-matched controls in whom examinations had excluded SLE. Genotyping of –628 A/–(rs17018757) and c.1567 T/C polymorphisms in LUM were carried out in each patient and control using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment-length polymorphism method, and validated by Taqman SNP genotyping assay. Data were correlated with the development of SLE and various clinical symptoms by chi-square analysis.

Results.

Frequencies of C/C genotype and the C allele at c.1567 T/C were significantly higher in patients than controls. Polymorphism at c.1567 C/T was found to be associated with arthritis and photosensitivity in patients with SLE, which are both connective tissue-related symptoms.

Conclusion.

The c.1567 T/C polymorphism of LUM is related to the development and clinical symptoms of SLE.
Decoy Receptor 3 Attenuates Collagen-induced Arthritis by Modulating T Cell Activation and B Cell Expansion
Authors: CHENG CHIA-PI , SYTWU HUEY-KANG , CHANG DEH-MING
Published: September 2011

Objective.

To investigate the immune-modulated effects of decoy receptor 3 (DCR3) in an experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods.

We delivered DCR3 plasmid into collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice using the hydrodynamic method and evaluated the serum level of DCR3 protein by ELISA. After immunization, we assessed disease severity of arthritis incidence, arthritis scores, paw thickness, and means of arthritic limbs, and used hematoxylin and eosin staining to observe synovial hyperplasia. We analyzed numbers of murine splenocytes and inguinal lymphocyte cells, cell populations, and serum proinflammatory cytokines by flow cytometry. We investigated B cell proliferation by carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester assay. We evaluated serum levels of total IgG2a and type II collagen-specific IgG and IgG2a using ELISA.

Results.

DCR3 expression in sera significantly attenuated disease severity in CIA mice. We found that DCR3 inhibited the volume of inguinal lymph nodes, numbers of CD19+ B cells, and populations of interferon-γ, interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-17A, and Foxp3-producing CD4+ T cellin vivo. We found that DCR3 inhibited Pam3CSK4 (Toll-like receptor 1/2 ligand)-induced B220+ B cell proliferationin vitro. DCR3 treatment reduced the serum level of IL-6, total IgG2a, and CII-specific IgG2a antibody.

Conclusion.

We postulated that the protective effects of DCR3 in CIA resulted from modulation of the immune system by maintaining the B/T cell balance and decreasing lymphocyte expansion. We suggest DCR3 as a prophylactic and potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of RA.
High Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease in Patients with Lupus Nephritis
Authors: FAURSCHOU MIKKEL , MELLEMKJAER LENE , STARKLINT HENRIK , KAMPER ANNE-LISE , TARP ULRIK , VOSS ANNE , JACOBSEN SØREN
Published: September 2011

Objective.

To investigate the occurrence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) in a cohort of 104 Danish patients with biopsy-proven lupus nephritis (LN).

Methods.

Information on all hospitalizations in Denmark for IHD between 1977 and 2006 was obtained from the Danish National Hospital Register. Occurrence of IHD after date of first renal biopsy in the LN cohort was compared to the occurrence of IHD in the general population by calculation of standardized ratios of observed to expected events (O:E ratios) for different manifestations of IHD registered during inpatient and outpatient hospital visits.

Results.

The median duration of followup was 14.7 (range 0.1–30.0) years. Thirty-one first-time hospitalizations for IHD occurred in the cohort, yielding an overall O:E ratio for IHD of 6.8 (95% CI 4.6–9.7). Increased risks were found for angina pectoris (O:E ratio 6.0, 95% CI 3.0–11), myocardial infarction (O:E ratio 7.9, 95% CI 3.8–15), and other IHD-related diagnoses combined (O:E ratio 6.9, 95% CI 3.3–13). A high IHD risk was observed for patients aged < 31 years at time of first renal biopsy (O:E ratio 17.1, 95% CI 9.1–29) and for patients aged 30–39 years during followup (O:E ratio 42.3, 95% CI 21–76). Patients undergoing chronic renal replacement therapy also had a pronounced risk of IHD (O:E ratio 19.4, 95% CI 7.8–40).

Conclusion.

LN is associated with markedly increased morbidity from IHD. Our findings indicate that patients with early-onset LN have a disturbingly high risk of IHD compared to the general population.
Effect of Bosentan on Systemic Sclerosis-associated Interstitial Lung Disease Ineligible for Cyclophosphamide Therapy: A Prospective Open-label Study
Authors: FURUYA YOSHIAKI , KUWANA MASATAKA
Published: September 2011

Objective.

To evaluate the clinical benefits of the endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan on interstitial lung disease (ILD) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) who are ineligible for cyclophosphamide (CYC) therapy.

Methods.

In this prospective open-label study, 9 patients with SSc and ILD received bosentan for 24 months. The main reasons for avoiding CYC included severely impaired lung function, long disease duration, and relapse after CYC treatment. Pulmonary function tests and Doppler echocardiograms were evaluated every 6 months, and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) was performed every 12 months. For an extended survival analysis, 17 historical controls who met the inclusion criteria at referral and had not used any immunosuppressive or antifibrotic agents thereafter were selected from the SSc database.

Results.

Two patients did not finish the study; one developed vasculitis requiring high-dose corticosteroids and another died of bacterial pneumonia. The remaining 7 patients tolerated bosentan and completed the study period. There were trends toward mildly reduced forced vital capacity, total lung capacity, and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide over time. Two patients developed pulmonary hypertension during the 24-month period. HRCT scores for ground-glass opacity, pulmonary fibrosis, and honeycomb cysts gradually increased. In the extended study, there was no difference in cumulative survival rate between the bosentan-treated and historical control groups.

Conclusion.

The gradual worsening of pulmonary function and HRCT findings in patients treated with bosentan was consistent with the natural course of SSc-associated ILD. This study does not support the use of bosentan for SSc-associated ILD even when CYC treatment is inadvisable.
Undertreatment of Disease Activity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients with Endstage Renal Failure Is Associated with Increased All-cause Mortality
Authors: BRODER ANNA , KHATTRI SAAKSHI , PATEL RUCHIKA , PUTTERMAN CHAIM
Published: September 2011

Objective.

In a cohort of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with endstage renal failure, to evaluate whether continuing rheumatology followup visits and immunosuppressive therapy after starting renal replacement were associated with increased survival.

Methods.

We identified all SLE patients over 21 years old who started renal replacement therapy between 2005 and 2011 at an urban tertiary care center. Mortality data were obtained using in-hospital records and the US Social Security Death Index database.

Results.

We identified 80 SLE patients undergoing renal replacement therapy. Twenty-two patients (28%) were followed in rheumatology clinics frequently (2 or more visits per year) after starting renal replacement therapy, and 58 patients (72%) were followed infrequently (fewer than 2 visits per year). Survival rates were significantly higher in transplant patients compared with dialysis patients. Patients with SLE followed frequently after starting dialysis had significantly higher 4-year survival rates compared with patients followed infrequently after starting dialysis (log-rank p = 0.03). In the Cox proportional hazards model, treatment with prednisone alone or with no medication was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of death = 6.1 (95% CI 1.1, 34; p = 0.04) and HR = 13 (95% CI 1.5, 106; p = 0.02), respectively, compared with patients treated with a combination of immunosuppressive therapy with or without prednisone, adjusted for age at SLE diagnosis, sex, transplant status, and the frequency of rheumatology visits after the development of endstage renal failure.

Conclusion.

Active disease in patients with SLE undergoing renal replacement therapy may be underrecognized and undertreated, leading to increased mortality.
De Vichy à la Résistance : les vichysto-résistants 1940-1944
Authors: Barasz Johanna
Published: September 2011

Les vichysto-résistants peuvent être définis comme des hommes dont l’expérience vichyste marque, d’un point de vue idéologique, organisationnel, stratégique et/ou relationnel, les formes de leur résistance. Nous étudions ici la spécificité de la résistance issue de Vichy, les voies de leur « métamorphose », les modalités de l’inscription des vichysto-résistants dans la Résistance en voie d’unification et la manière dont ils influencèrent les processus de construction identitaire de la Résistance dans son ensemble.
Les premiers pas du CH2GM en histoire de la Déportation
Authors: Fontaine Thomas
Published: September 2011

Le Comité d’histoire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale est le premier organisme d’histoire à s’engager sur le long terme dans l’étude de la déportation des résistants et des « Politiques ». Si son bilan est jugé peu important et peu intéressant, il est pourtant méconnu. Cet article entend donc l’éclairer en précisant ses premiers pas sur ce sujet au début des années 1950. Il s’agit de revenir sur la création et les premières réflexions de sa Commission d’histoire de la Déportation ; avant d’observer les chantiers ouverts et la manière dont elle prit en compte leurs enjeux.
Gendarmerie et maquis sous l'Occupation en France (1943-1944). Force est faiblesse
Authors: Chevet Emmanuel
Published: September 2011

Il s’agit d’analyser un schéma complexe qui ne peut pas être la relation de deux univers diamétralement antithétique, déjà dans les faits, mais aussi dans les idées, entre une gendarmerie vouée à l’État, la collaboration, l’ordre ou la loi et des maquis prolongement d’une Nation, de résistances, du désordre, de hors-la-loi. Ce doctorat veut comprendre comment les mondes de l’ordre conventionnel et du désordre coexistent, à l’intérieur d’un même milieu, voire d’un même lieu. Les interactions avec la population rurale sont alors au cœur de notre réflexion.
Résistance(s) et société corse : cas singulier ou variante régionale ? juillet 1940-septembre 1943
Authors: Gregori Sylvain
Published: September 2011

Longtemps limitée à ses aspects politiques, l’étude du phénomène résistant mérite une relecture que les monographies régionales permettent de façon pertinente. Le cas de la Corse en illustre un exemple. En effet, phénomène social, culturel et anthropologique, la Résistance peut être analysée à travers ses liens avec la société afin de comprendre la variété de ses processus d’apparition, la pluralité de ses formes et la polysémie de ses sens. La Résistance apparaît ici comme le reflet d’une société marquée par des traits traditionnels et des muta-tions novatrices. Cette approche permet de souligner ses spécificités et ses points communs avec d’autres régions tout en dégageant des pistes de recherche comparatives.
La diffusion des biens à l'époque moderne
Authors: Coquery Natacha
Published: September 2011

De multiples travaux ont récemment démontré l’importance du commerce mondial et des produits importés dans la dynamique du capitalisme européen des XVII e et XVIII e siècles. Pourtant, malgré le renouvellement historiographique, l’oubli des lieux persiste : les transformations architecturales et urbanistiques liées à la circulation des hommes et des biens, l’ancrage urbain des activités entrepreneuriales sont moins connus que les acteurs et les produits. Ainsi s’explique l’origine de ce dossier, conçu comme une manière de croiser histoires socio-économique, culturelle et urbaine à partir d’un pan de l’historiographie économique – une histoire connectée de la consommation – profondément renouvelé. Avant la présentation des articles qui le composent, un détour historiographique en deux temps permet de contextualiser les problématiques : le débat sur la « révolution » des consommations à l’époque moderne, la diffusion sociale croissante des biens, entre luxe, demi-luxe et nécessité.
« Le goût pour l'Orient »
Authors: Stabel Peter
Published: September 2011

Bruges fut le premier centre commercial de l’Europe occidentale au XV e siècle. La présence de nombreux marchands venus de partout en Europe et la capacité industrielle (textile et produits de luxe) des villes des Pays-Bas créent un environnement créateur et dynamique pour le commerce en objets de luxe, destinés aux élites régionales et urbaines. Cet environnement des villes flamandes ressemble beaucoup aux structures de la demande dans cet autre pôle urbain de l’Europe médiévale, l’Italie du nord. Dans les villes italiennes, la consommation cosmopolitaine d’objets venus d’Orient (de Byzance et du monde islamique) a déjà été reconnue comme une stratégie de distinction parmi les élites urbaines et nobiliaires. L’analyse des peintures et d’autres sources iconographiques de Flandre semble révéler un semblable attrait pour ces objets. Cependant, l’analyse de la culture matérielle pointe une différence entre la consommation de luxe, qui se limite aux objets venus des industries de luxe surtout flamandes et italiennes, et l’omniprésence de la représentation des objets orientaux. L’article montre que la créativité et la présence de réseaux commerciaux suffisaient pour satisfaire la demande d’objets de luxe et répondre aux stratégies de distinction des élites princières et urbaines. Ce n’est qu’au XVI e siècle, après la première vague des découvertes, que le goût de l’exotisme fut introduit avec succès : à partir de ce moment-là, les tapis du monde islamique et les objets du nouveau monde apparaissent en plus grand nombre dans les villes du nord.
Vendre l'exotique au quotidien
Authors: Van Aert Laura
Published: September 2011

Anvers est un cas intéressant pour une étude urbaine des modes d’implantation commerciale au XVIII e siècle. Si la cité n’est plus la métropole commerciale d’antan, passant de 73 000 à 55 000 habitants entre 1700 et 1788, la ville et son arrière-pays restent des endroits fortement peuplés, urbanisés et commerçants. En nous concentrant sur l’implantation urbaine des vendeurs, nous tâcherons d’élucider les liens entre les nouveaux produits coloniaux (tabac, thé, café, chocolat, coton) et l’évolution du modèle commercial urbain. D’une part, ces produits ne sont pas socialement identiques et, d’autre part, leur statut évolue dans le temps. Le tabac est rapidement devenu un produit prolétarisé, vendu par des marchands spécialisés de plus en plus nombreux et de tous niveaux sociaux, relativement dispersés dans la ville entière. À l’opposé, les cafés et surtout les chocolatiers sont situés dans le centre-ville, dans des quartiers aisés. Les maisons de thé connaissent, comme le tabac, une sensible démocratisation au cours du siècle et visent, dès leur apparition, un accès généralisé. Plus que les autres textiles, le coton s’affiche comme un produit de demi-luxe populaire, à la portée d’une grande partie du marché urbain.
Les circuits parallèles des toiles de l'océan Indien
Authors: Margoline-Plot Eugénie
Published: September 2011

Dans le florissant XVIII e siècle, Lorient, ville neuve, ville de la Compagnie des Indes, s’est affirmée comme la porte française des Indes. L’intrusion de l’Asie est à l’origine de l’innovation en matière de goût, avec le développement de l’exotisme à travers la mode des boissons chaudes sucrées (thé, café) et surtout des cotonnades. Nous les rencontrons dans les hardes des gens de mer qui reviennent de l’Océan indien, sur les étals des boutiquiers, dans les stocks des négociants, et jusque dans l’intimité des foyers, même en pleine prohibition. L’étude des inventaires après décès, des faillites de marchands et des hardes des gens de mer permet de dégager un certain nombre d’indicateurs de diffusion sociale et socio-géographique, surtout elle met à jour des circuits de distribution parallèles à ceux du monopole de la Compagnie. La pacotille des gens de mer, voie d’entrée privilégiée des étoffes asiatiques, alimente un circuit de distribution familiale et périphérique, mais aussi commerçant, où de véritables stratégies commerciales se mettent en place, impliquant des acteurs et des réseaux jusqu’ici méconnus : tels les crieurs, les priseuses revendeuses et le marché de l’occasion, mais encore les tailleurs et les petits boutiquiers.
« Philosopher au Japon aujourd'hui » : enjeux et contexte philosophique
Authors: Saitô Takako
Published: September 2011

Résumé Présentation des quatre auteurs dans le contexte philosophique japonais et mondial actuel.
En deçà et au-delà de la liberté ou l'impossibilité de l'amour
Authors: Saitô Yoshimichi
Published: September 2011

Résumé Pour que la liberté s’établisse à un autre niveau que celui des choses régies par la nécessité causale, il faut le niveau de l’âme. Mais la liberté n’est possible qu’accompagnée de multiples illusions. Or, l’amour est l’acte du sujet de l’âme : il s’offre totalement à l’autre en renversant radicalement son principe de fondation qui est l’autocentration (la phénoménalisation de toute chose sur le soi). Par conséquent, l’amour se situe aux confins imprenables de la possibilité d’illusions qui accompagnent la liberté. De plus, l’amour est toujours menacé par la possibilité masquée de l’autosatisfaction (« pour l’autre » afin de se satisfaire soi-même). Cependant, cette double suspicion d’illusion n’anéantit pas la possibilité de l’amour. L’amour, qui est encore plus difficile que la liberté, reste possible comme ce qui est caché et à condition d’être caché.
L'Interconnector : un réseau de transmission de gaz européen. Approche lexicologique comparative du français et de l'anglais des réseaux et contrats gaziers
Authors: Percebois Jacqueline
Published: September 2011

En économie de l'énergie, l'actualité récente a mis en lumière l'Interconnector Trans-Manche, réseau de transmission de gaz européen. Nous nous attacherons à faire une approche lexicologique comparative du français et de l'anglais des réseaux et contrats gaziers. À travers l’analyse du corpus, nous étudierons les unités lexicales considérées comme mots clés en contexte dans les deux langues, les emprunts et divers procédés d’économie linguistique.
L’acte de mentir
Authors: Lenclud Gérard
Published: September 2011

L’homme ment comme il respire, c’est-à-dire comme il parle. Faudrait-il donc parler pour mentir ? Non, on peut mentir par omission, bouche cousue. Toutefois, la créature menteuse doit disposer des capacités mentales inséparables de la faculté de langage. Les animaux trompent, les hommes mentent. Le mensonge est un exploit cognitif, à l’échelle de l’évolution. Tous les mensonges sont-ils équivalents et, à ce titre, également condamnables ? Non, il convient de faire la différence entre mensonge et bobard. On laissera à Milan Kundera le soin d’illustrer ce point de vue, contraire au diktat kantien.
Persistances et mutation des dernières Sociétés rurales
Authors: Rasse Paul , Ghinéa Laura
Published: September 2011

Les villages du pays Maramures en Roumanie rassemblent sans doute les dernières communautés quasi autarciques d’Europe. Nous avons plus particulièrement cherché à comprendre pourquoi ce territoire était jusque-là resté à l’écart des transformations touchant les autres régions roumaines, comment il avait survécu à la collectivisation, à l’industrialisation, et comment il entrait dans la modernité. Nous nous sommes efforcés d’en dresser un rapide tableau, puis de repérer et de suivre les lignes de fracture qui s’insinuent profondément jusqu’au cœur du système, bouleversant les mentalités, le paysage, l’équilibre économique et social de ces communautés, et ce faisant, annonçant la fin de l’exception culturelle qu’il constituait. Nous nous sommes notamment attachés à cerner l’impact des nouveaux moyens de communication, la manière dont ils subvertissent rapidement l’univers mental et l’ancien monde de ces communautés, en attaquant les fondements de la famille autarcique qui s’organisait pour perdurer dans un environnement donné.
Paysages urbains rationalisés
Authors: Juan Salvador
Published: September 2011

Cet article propose une courte socio-histoire de l’orthogonalité urbaine et de la spécialisation fonctionnelle des espaces, que condense le terme de zonage, à la source, selon l’auteur, du modèle de la ville « circulante » et des « non-lieux ». Pour mieux montrer l’inertie des plans en damier, il propose de remonter loin dans le temps, sur le mode du détour anthropologique, avant de montrer que certains peuples l’ont réduite mais aussi comment des pratiques et des discours la perpétuent en valorisant la mobilité ou l’orthogonalité. Il évoque ensuite les enjeux environnementaux de cette morphologie urbaine et constate la faible prise en compte de cette dimension dans les écoquartiers existant déjà ou en cours de construction.
South-to-North, Cross-Disciplinary Training in Global Health Practice: Ten Years of Lessons Learned from an Infectious Disease Field Course in Jamaica
Authors: Scarlett Henroy P. , Nisbett Richard A. , Stoler Justin , Bain Brendan C. , Bhatta Madhav P. , Castle Trevor , Harbertson Judith , Brodine Stephanie K. , Vermund Sten H.
Published: September 2011

Global commerce, travel, and emerging and resurging infectious diseases have increased awareness of global health threats and opportunities for collaborative and service learning. We review course materials, knowledge archives, data management archives, and student evaluations for the first 10 years of an intensive summer field course in infectious disease epidemiology and surveillance offered in Jamaica. We have trained 300 students from 28 countries through collaboration between the University of the West Indies and U.S. partner universities. Participants were primarily graduate students in public health, but also included health professionals with terminal degrees, and public health nurses and inspectors. Strong institutional synergies, committed faculty, an emphasis on scientific and cultural competencies, and use of team-based field research projects culminate in a unique training environment that provides participants with career-developing experiences. We share lessons learned over the past decade, and conclude that South-to-North leadership is critical in shaping transdisciplinary, cross-cultural, global health practice.
Economic Consequences of Post–Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis in a Rural Bangladeshi Community
Authors: Ozaki Masayo , Islam Shamim , Rahman Kazi Mizanur , Rahman Anisur , Luby Stephen P. , Bern Caryn
Published: September 2011

Post–kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a complication of visceral leishmaniasis. Bangladesh national treatment guidelines during the study period called for 120 intramuscular injections of sodium antimony gluconate (SAG). We assessed care-seeking behavior, diagnosis and treatment costs, and coping strategies among 134 PKDL patients; 56 (42%) patients had been treated with SAG, and 78 (58%) remained untreated. The median direct cost per patient treated was US$367 (interquartile range [IQR] = 90–284), more than two times the estimated per capita annual income for the study population. The most common coping strategy was to take a loan; the median amount borrowed was US$98 (IQR = 71–150), with a median interest of US$32 (IQR = 16–95). Households lost a median of 123 work-days per patient treated. The current regimen for PKDL imposes a significant financial burden, reinforcing the link between poverty and visceral leishmaniasis. More practical shorter-course regimens for PKDL are urgently needed to achieve national and regional visceral leishmaniasis elimination goals.
Efficacy and Effectiveness of Mefloquine and Artesunate Combination Therapy for Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in the Peruvian Amazon
Authors: de Oliveira Alexandre Macedo , Chavez Jorge , de Leon Gabriel Ponce , Durand Salomon , Arrospide Nancy , Roberts Jacquelin , Cabezas Cesar , Marquiño Wilmer
Published: September 2011

We evaluated the efficacy and effectiveness of mefloquine (MQ) plus artesunate (AS) to treat patients with uncomplicated malaria in the Peruvian Amazon Basin in April 2005–March 2006. Patients ≥ 1 year of age with fever (axillary temperature ≥ 37.5°C) or history of fever and Plasmodium falciparum monoinfection were included. Patients received antimalarial treatment with MQ (12.5 mg/kg/day for two days) and AS (4.0 mg/kg/day for three days) either by directly observed therapy or without directly observed therapy. After a 28-day follow-up, treatment efficacy and effectiveness were assessed on the basis of clinical and parasitologic outcomes. Ninety-six patients were enrolled in each study group; nine patients were lost to follow-up. All patients, except for one in the observed group, demonstrated adequate clinical and parasitologic response; none had detectable parasitemia on day 3. The efficacy of MQ + AS efficacy was 98.9% (95% confidence interval = 94.1–100.0%) and the effectiveness was 100.0% (95% confidence interval = 95.9–100.0%). Our study shows that MQ + AS is highly efficacious in the Peruvian Amazon.
Mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon and water-soluble organic carbon in Beijing, China
Authors: Cheng Y. , He K.-B. , Zheng M. , Duan F.-K. , Ma Y.-L. , Du Z.-Y. , Tan J.-H. , Yang F.-M. , Liu J.-M. , Zhang X.-L. , Weber R. J. , Bergin M. H. , Russell A. G.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. The mass absorption efficiency (MAE) of elemental carbon (EC) in Beijing was quantified using a thermal-optical carbon analyzer. The MAE measured at 632 nm was 8.45 ± 1.71 and 9.41 ± 1.92 m2 g−1 during winter and summer, respectively. The daily variation of MAE was found to coincide with the OC (organic carbon) abundance, especially the OC to EC ratio, perhaps due to the enhancement by coating with organic aerosol (especially secondary organic aerosol, SOA) or the artifacts resulting from the redistribution of liquid-like organic particles during the filter-based absorption measurements. Using a converting approach that accounts for the discrepancy caused by measurements methods of both light absorption and EC concentration, previously published MAE values were converted to the equivalent MAE, which is the estimated value if using the same measurement methods as used in this study. The equivalent MAE was found to be much lower in the regions heavily impacted by biomass burning (e.g., India), probably due to the influence of brown carbon. Optical properties of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in Beijing were also presented. Light absorption by WSOC exhibited strong wavelength (λ) dependence such that absorption varied approximately as λ−7, which was characteristic of the brown carbon spectra. The MAE of WSOC (measured at 365 nm) was 1.83 and 0.70 m2 g−1 during winter and summer, respectively. WSOC in Beijing has been demonstrated to be strongly linked to SOA; and the seasonal pattern of its MAE was attributed to the difference in the precursors of SOA such that anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (AVOCs) should be more important as the precursors of SOA in winter. Moreover, the MAE of WSOC in Beijing was much higher than results from the southeastern United States which were obtained using the same method as used in this study, perhaps due to the influence of biomass burning.
Estratégias e Geração de Vantagem Competitiva no Mercado de Veículos Off Road: Análise Fenomenológica do Lançamento do Modelo Ford Ecosport no Brasil
Authors: Bazanini Roberto , Berton Renato
Published: September 2011

No universo da administrao existem poucas pesquisas que fazem uso do mtodo fenomenolgico. O objetivo central da pesquisa est em identificar as inovaes e o empreendedorismo decorrentes das principais estratgias empregadas pela Ford do Brasil, no projeto e lanamento do veculo EcoSport, em 2003, tendo como referencial terico os pressupostos da teoria da RBV (Resource Based View) complementada pelas vertentes estratgicas propostas pela Escola empreendedora, Escola do posicionamento e Escola ambiental. Por meio do emprego do mtodo fenomenolgico na pesquisa qualitativa, anlise ps-factum, instrumentalizada atravs de entrevistas com especialista do mercado Off-Road, executivos da Ford, vendedores de concessionrias de automveis prprias e concorrentes, buscou-se identificar os recursos geradores de vantagens competitivas. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam para a pertinncia da anlise fenomenolgica ao detectar os recursos empregados pela Ford na perspectiva das estratgias de negcios: a presena do lder empreendedor; posicionamento do produto e capacidade produtiva em consonncia com as exigncias do ambiente. DOI: 10.5585/remark.v10i1.2203
O Papel da Subjetividade na Construção da Identidade Metrossexual
Authors: Oliveira Michele Araujo da Costa , Leão André Luiz Maranhão de Souza
Published: September 2011

Cada vez mais a questo da identidade tem sido debatida. As identidades que eram vistas como slidas e fixas, hoje, com o sujeito ps-moderno, comeam a se fragmentarem. Fala-se, assim, em identidade cultural, ou seja, o sujeito construdo a partir do cultural e do ambiente que ocupa. A questo do gnero uma dessas construes. Se antes se pensava a identidade de gnero como algo biolgico, hoje observado como construo cultural. Neste aspecto, algumas abordagens sobre gnero focam essa construo da identidade e a sua relao com o consumo, assim, o consumo passa a desempenhar papel central na construo das identidades. Tendo em vista esse novo panorama em relao identidade observamos que, dentre dessas novas possibilidades de identidade de gnero, surge a identidade metrossexual. O presente estudo teve por objetivo compreender a construo da identidade metrossexual por meio do consumo. Para tal, realizamos entrevistas em profundidade com sujeitos identificados pelo seu comportamento de consumo metrossexual. Uma das concluses a que chegamos foi a de que esta identidade tem na subjetividade um de seus elementos constituintes. O artigo apresenta e discute como a subjetividade se demonstra como elemento constituinte desta identidade ps-moderna. DOI: 10.5585/remark.v10i1.2210
Quantitative Colocalization Analysis of Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy Images
Authors: Zinchuk Vadim , Grossenbacher‐Zinchuk Olga
Published: September 2011

Colocalization is an important finding in many cell biological studies. This unit describes a protocol for quantitative evaluation of images with colocalization based on the calculation of a number of specialized coefficients. First, images of double‐stained sections are subjected to background correction. Then, various coefficients are calculated. Meanings of the coefficients and a guide to interpretation of their results indicating either presence or absence of colocalization are given. Success in colocalization studies depends on the quality of analyzed images, proper preparation of the images for coefficients calculations, and correct interpretation of obtained results. This protocol helps to ensure reliability of colocalization coefficients calculations. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 52:4.16.1‐4.16.16. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Dual‐Chamber Model of the Female Genital Tract to Evaluate Epithelial Toxicity of Candidate Anti‐HIV Microbicides
Authors: Ariën Kevin K. , Vanham Guido , Gali Youssef
Published: September 2011

Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the predominant mode of infection worldwide. The early steps of transepithelial infection are crucial, but how exactly infection is established in the female genital tract (FGT) is still under debate. Using epithelial cells originating from the FGT and primary cells as subepithelial HIV target cells, an in vitro dual‐chamber model of the FGT was developed. Here we describe how this in vitro model can be used to assess the cellular toxicity and anti‐HIV activity of antiretrovirals and formulations thereof that are intended to be used as microbicides. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 52:26.13.1‐26.13.17. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Physical punishment and childhood aggression: the role of gender and gene–environment interplay
Authors: Boutwell Brian B. , Franklin Cortney A. , Barnes J.C. , Beaver Kevin M.
Published: September 2011

A large body of research has linked spanking with a range of adverse outcomes in children, including aggression, psychopathology, and criminal involvement. Despite evidence concerning the association of spanking with antisocial behavior, not all children who are spanked develop antisocial traits. Given the heterogeneous effects of spanking on behavior, it is possible that a third variable may condition the influence of corporal punishment on child development. We test this possibility using data drawn from a nationally representative dataset of twin siblings. Our findings suggest that genetic risk factors condition the effects of spanking on antisocial behavior. Moreover, our results provide evidence that the interaction between genetic risk factors and corporal punishment may be particularly salient for males. Aggr Behav 37:559–568, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hematopoietic recovery kinetics predicts for poor CD34+ cell mobilization after cyclophosphamide chemotherapy in multiple myeloma
Authors: Ozsan Guner Hayri , Micallef Ivana N. , Dispenzieri Angela , Kumar Shaji , Lacy Martha Q. , Dingli David , Hayman Suzanne R. , Buadi Francis K. , Wolf Robert C. , Gastineau Dennis A. , Hogan William J. , Gertz Morie A.
Published: September 2011

Autologous stem cell transplantation is an important part of therapy in patients with multiple myeloma. Some patients fail to collect the desired number of stem cells while others require multiple apheresis to reach the desired apheresis target. The aim of this study was to determine the predictive factors and if the hematopoietic kinetics of recovery were predictive for outcome of stem cell mobilization in cyclophosphamide + growth factor (CY‐GF) mobilized patients. Three hundred and ninety six consecutive CY‐GF mobilization attempts between January 2000 and December 2009 at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN were analyzed. Patients were divided into three groups: optimal (>5 × 106 CD34/kg), suboptimal (2–5 × 106 CD34/kg) and poor (<2 × 106/kg CD34+ cells) mobilization groups. About 86% of patients had optimal stem cell collection, whereas 8% had suboptimal collection and 6% had poor (or failed) collections. Age, Hb, WBC, and platelet levels had an impact on mobilization results. Time to peripheral blood (PB) CD34+cells >10/μL predicted for efficiency of collection and the interval between recovery of WBC>1 post‐CY to PB CD34+ cells>10 was shorter in the optimal collection groups. These findings suggest that for patients with a PB CD34+ cell count below 10/μL on Day 13 following CY or 1 day after the WBC>1 × 109/L, addition of plerixafor may be helpful to salvage the mobilization attempt. Am. J. Hematol., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.