bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Computational Mechanics to Tire Design—Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
Authors: Nakajima Y.
Published: January 2012

The tire technology related with the computational mechanics is reviewed from the standpoint of yesterday, today, and tomorrow.

Yesterday: A finite element method was developed in the 1950s as a tool of computational mechanics. In the tire manufacturers, finite element analysis (FEA) was started applying to a tire analysis in the beginning of 1970s and this was much earlier than the vehicle industry, electric industry, and others. The main reason was that construction and configurations of a tire were so complicated that analytical approach could not solve many problems related with tire mechanics. Since commercial software was not so popular in 1970s, in-house axisymmetric codes were developed for three kinds of application such as stress/strain, heat conduction, and modal analysis. Since FEA could make the stress/strain visible in a tire, the application area was mainly tire durability.

Today: combining FEA with optimization techniques, the tire design procedure is drastically changed in side wall shape, tire crown shape, pitch variation, tire pattern, etc. So the computational mechanics becomes an indispensable tool for tire industry. Furthermore, an insight to improve tire performance is obtained from the optimized solution and the new technologies were created from the insight. Then, FEA is applied to various areas such as hydroplaning and snow traction based on the formulation of fluid–tire interaction. Since the computational mechanics enables us to see what we could not see, new tire patterns were developed by seeing the streamline in tire contact area and shear stress in snow in traction.Tomorrow: The computational mechanics will be applied in multidisciplinary areas and nano-scale areas to create new technologies. The environmental subjects will be more important such as rolling resistance, noise and wear.
The Influence of Self-rated Health on the Development of Change in the Level of Physical Activity for Participants in Prescribed Exercise
Authors: Bredahl Thomas , Singhammer John
Published: January 2012

The Influence of Self-rated Health on the Development of Change in the Level of Physical Activity for Participants in Prescribed Exercise

Background: Knowledge is needed concerning whether intense prescribed exercise interventions are effective in regards to long term effects on physical activity levels. A successful and lasting outcome of a behaviour-change intervention is believed to be contingent on the inclusion of psychological issues such as self-rated quality of life and self-rated health. This study extends previous research conducted on the long-term influence of prescribed exercise on psychosocial issues. Specifically, it was hypothesized that participants' level of self-rated health (good or poor) at baseline was decisive for level of physical activity in the long term. Methods: This study is based on a secondary analysis of a quasi-experimental study of the impact of counseling on level of physical activity. The study included a baseline analysis of participants in a treatment group (TG) and follow-up after 4, 10 and 16 months. The TG included individuals with lifestyle diseases who followed supervised group-based training and received motivational counselling. The TG was divided into "good" and "poor" self-rated health at baseline. Linear growth curve analyses (multilevel linear regression) were used to examine the data. Results: The results yielded a statistical significant difference of 1.71 metabolic equivalents (MET) between participants with good versus poor health at baseline. Also, a difference of MET was observed at 10 months. MET increased by 0.85 units for participants with good self-rated health (SE = 0.094) from baseline to 16 months, though the increase between subsequent points in time was small and non-significant. In contrast, considerably more variation in the development of MET over time was observed among participants with poor self-rated health. Overall, MET increased by 2.53 units across the whole time span. Results were influenced by the overall proportion of drop-out for participants with good and poor self-rated health with values of 28% and 79%, respectively. Conclusions: Exercise on Prescription (EoP) improves levels of physical activity (MET) of participants with good and poor self-rated health in the long term enough to accommodate national guidelines of levels of physical activity. Participants with poor self-rated health will improve their level of physical activity to a clinical relevant level in the long term, if they manage to stay compliant during the observation period. An assessment of good and poor self-rated health supplemented by a discussion of psychical and physical domains of self-rated health as barriers by the general practitioner (GP), could possibly enhance compliance and thereby long-term adherence to physical activity.
Fans' Reactions to their Team Victories: An Exploratory Look at the COFFING Process in Elite Sport Fandom
Authors: Bernache-Assollant Iouri , Chantal Yves
Published: January 2012

Fans' Reactions to their Team Victories: An Exploratory Look at the COFFING Process in Elite Sport Fandom

The goal of this study was to provide preliminary data pertaining to the identity management process of COFFing (i.e, Cutting of Future Failure; Wann, Hamlet, Wilson, & Hodges, 1995) within the realm of sport fandom. When COFFing, fans who support a low or middle status team (i.e., relatively poorly ranked) tend to hold out enthusiasm about their team victories as a self-protective strategy against the likely advent of future failures. The present mixed sample was comprised of 93 highly involved rugby fans showing allegiance to either a middle status or a high status team. Results first revealed that, compared to fans of high status team, fans of middle status team were less likely to BIRG and were less optimistic about their local team future performances when controlling for team identification level. Secondly, with respect to the role of team identification in the COFFing process for fans of middle status team, a positive correlation was found between team identification, BIRGing and prediction of future performances.
Pratiques résidentielles dans le parc de logements publics d'une grande métropole indienne : l'exemple des DDA flats de Delhi
Authors: Dupont Véronique
Published: January 2012

Résumé Les politiques urbaines mises en œuvre à Delhi offrent l’exemple d’un engagement direct des pouvoirs publics dans la production immobilière, avec en particulier la construction d’immeubles collectifs par la Delhi Development Authority (DDA). L’analyse de la constitution de ce segment du parc de logements publics et des pratiques résidentielles de ses habitants permet d’aborder plusieurs questions relatives aux dynamiques résidentielles: les stratégies d’accession à la propriété sous contraintes particulières en termes de choix de localisation; les stratégies d’investissement immobilier visant des propriétés rentières et spéculatives; le rapport propriété/location dans les trajectoires résidentielles; les réponses des ménages face aux projets initiaux des planificateurs et à leurs défaillances. Afin de mieux appréhender les pratiques résidentielles des ménages et leurs interactions avec les politiques urbaines, cette étude est conduite principalement à l’échelle du quartier, dans deux zones périphériques où la DDA a construit de très nombreux immeubles.
Hébergé : un statut d'occupation entre contraintes et arbitrages. Les allegados de Santiago du Chili
Authors: Paquette Catherine
Published: January 2012

Résumé Bien que les pratiques d’hébergement à titre gratuit, majoritairement familiales, soient attestées à peu près dans tous les quartiers populaires des métropoles du Sud, elles constituent un véritable angle mort de la recherche sur le logement et les dynamiques résidentielles. Les nombreux hébergés des quartiers populaires de Santiago du Chili, ceux que l’on appelle les allegados , échappent toutefois à cette méconnaissance. Dans ce pays où le droit à la propriété du logement n’a eu de cesse d’être affirmé, l’hébergement est considéré comme un drame social, résultat des fortes contraintes imposées par la politique du logement de la dictature militaire. Cette interprétation résolument univoque doit être nuancée: ce mode d’habiter ne peut être perçu seulement comme un ajustement entre offre et demande de logement, dans un contexte de pénurie et de crise. Il semble relever aussi d’arbitrages effectués par les ménages, notamment dans le cadre de leurs projets d’accession à la propriété.
La persistance du logement locatif informel dans les villes d'Afrique du Sud
Authors: Morange Marianne
Published: January 2012

Résumé En Afrique du Sud, les restrictions résidentielles liées à l’apartheid ont donné naissance, dans les townships, à un secteur locatif informel qui joue le rôle de parc social de fait. Les Noirs en situation irrégulière étaient souvent contraints de louer illégalement des baraques de tôle ondulée, dissimulées à l’arrière des maisons municipales. La libéralisation de l’accès au sol qui s’est traduite, dans les années quatre-vingt, par le développement des occupations illégales de terrains publics par des squatters, puis la politique du logement post-apartheid, fondée sur la promotion de la propriété privée, ont limité l’attrait de ce secteur. Il résiste cependant grâce à sa souplesse, sa légitimité aux yeux des habitants, et son étonnante capacité d’autorégulation; il permet également aux locataires d’accéder aux services urbains et de se loger à proximité des lieux d’emploi. Son maintien dans un contexte aussi défavorable indique que centralité et accessibilité restent des éléments essentiels pour l’insertion urbaine des ménages.
Des individus dans la ville : les transitions résidentielles à Bogota
Authors: Delaunay Daniel , Dureau Françoise
Published: January 2012

Résumé Le choix du logement, de sa localisation dans la ville, de son statut d’occupation, ainsi que la décision de l’autonomie résidentielle sont les quatre composantes de la mobilité résidentielle intra-urbaine que ce travail examine à Bogota (Colombie). Chacun de ces choix a une logique propre, analysée au niveau individuel dans les trajectoires biographiques relevées en 1993. Les différenciations sociales varient d’une composante à l’autre, s’ajoutent ou se compensent, pour infléchir la mobilité résidentielle résultante. Dans une ville en vigoureuse expansion, à la ségrégation résidentielle marquée, une de ces composantes – la localisation – revêt un intérêt heuristique inhabituel dans la littérature traitant ce thème. Le choix des lieux dans la ville par les individus dépasse la seule considération des ressources du quartier. Il dénote également la convergence des histoires familiales et de celle de la ville.
Presentación
Authors: Esteban Castro José
Published: January 2012

No disponible
Curiosidades vivas. Los animales de América y Filipinas en la Ménagerie real durante el siglo XVIIII
Authors: Gómez-Centurión Jiménez Carlos
Published: January 2012

El artículo analiza el importante papel desempeñado por los animales procedentes de la América española y de Filipinas en las colecciones zoológicas reales durante el siglo XVIII. Además de las especies que con mayor frecuencia estuvieron presentes en dichas colecciones y sus criterios de selección, se estudian los mecanismos clientelares y políticos que propiciaban su envío hasta la corte madrileña, así como los numerosos obstáculos que era necesario sortear para que los animales lograran sobrevivir a la travesía trans - oceánica.
La Independencia de Venezuela, una historia mitificada y un paradigma heroico
Authors: Langue Frédérique
Published: January 2012

Desde la perspectiva de la historia de las ideas y de la historia de las representaciones, este trabajo intenta analizar el uso del mito bolivariano en la historia de Venezuela, ubicándolo en el tiempo largo, hasta llegar al imaginario político de la “República Bolivariana”. Muestra cómo, más allá de la consagrada cronología independentista y de la historiografía patria, asoman temas y pasiones muy a menudo olvidados de la historia académica, aunque si rescatados por une nueva historia oficial. De ahí la necesidad de llegar a un boceto “oportuno” del héroe, dejando de lado hechos petrificados y hasta santificados.
Quantification of rice bran oil in oil blends
Authors: Mishra R. , Sharma H. K. , Sengar G.
Published: January 2012

Blends consisting of physically refined rice bran oil (PRBO): sunflower oil (SnF) and PRBO: safflower oil (SAF) in different proportions were analyzed for various physicochemical parameters. The quantification of pure rice bran oil in the blended oils was carried out using different methods including gas chromatographic, HPLC, ultrasonic velocity and methods based on physico-chemical parameters. The physicochemical parameters such as ultrasonic velocity, relative association and acoustic impedance at 2 MHz, iodine value, palmitic acid content and oryzanol content reflected significant changes with increased proportions of PRBO in the blended oils. These parameters were selected as dependent parameters and % PRBO proportion was selected as independent parameters. The study revealed that regression equations based on the oryzanol content, palmitic acid composition, ultrasonic velocity, relative association, acoustic impedance, and iodine value can be used for the quantification of rice bran oil in blended oils. The rice bran oil can easily be quantified in the blended oils based on the oryzanol content by HPLC even at a 1% level. The palmitic acid content in blended oils can also be used as an indicator to quantify rice bran oil at or above the 20% level in blended oils whereas the method based on ultrasonic velocity, acoustic impedance and relative association showed initial promise in the quantification of rice bran oil.
Sensory and chemical stability in coated peanuts with the addition of essential oils and synthetic antioxidants
Authors: Olmedo R. H. , Nepote V. , Grosso N. R.
Published: January 2012

The objective of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant effect of essential oils on the oxidative stability of coated peanuts. Untreated coated peanuts (CP) and treated coated peanuts with the addition of rosemary (CP-R), oregano (CP-O) and laurel (CP-L) essential oils and BHT (CPBHT) were prepared. Peroxide values (PV) and p-anisidine values (AV) and the intensity ratings of sensory attributes by descriptive analysis were measured during 112 days of storage at room temperature (23°C). CP-BHT exhibited the lowest PV and AV increase. CP-R, CP-O and CP-L showed lower rates of increase in PV and AV than CP. The oxidized and cardboard flavor intensity ratings increased much more in CP during storage than the other studied products. CPBHT also showed the lowest increase in the intensity ratings of these sensory attributes. Three essential oils, namely, laurel, oregano and rosemary showed antioxidant activity and increased the shelf life of coated peanuts.
Maintenance of T Cell Function in the Face of Chronic Antigen Stimulation and Repeated Reactivation for a Latent Virus Infection
Authors: Mackay Laura K. , Wakim Linda , van Vliet Catherine J. , Jones Claerwen M. , Mueller Scott N. , Bannard Oliver , Fearon Douglas T. , Heath William R. , Carbone Francis R.
Published: January 2012

Persisting infections are often associated with chronic T cell activation. For certain pathogens, this can lead to T cell exhaustion and survival of what is otherwise a cleared infection. In contrast, for herpesviruses, T cells never eliminate infection once it is established. Instead, effective immunity appears to maintain these pathogens in a state of latency. We used infection with HSV to examine whether effector-type T cells undergoing chronic stimulation retained functional and proliferative capacity during latency and subsequent reactivation. We found that latency-associated T cells exhibited a polyfunctional phenotype and could secrete a range of effector cytokines. These T cells were also capable of mounting a recall proliferative response on HSV reactivation and could do so repeatedly. Thus, for this latent infection, T cells subjected to chronic Ag stimulation and periodic reactivation retain the ability to respond to local virus challenge.
Seminal Fluid Induces Leukocyte Recruitment and Cytokine and Chemokine mRNA Expression in the Human Cervix after Coitus
Authors: Sharkey David J. , Tremellen Kelton P. , Jasper Melinda J. , Gemzell-Danielsson Kristina , Robertson Sarah A.
Published: January 2012

In mice, seminal fluid elicits an inflammation-like response in the female genital tract that activates immune adaptations to advance the likelihood of conception and pregnancy. In this study, we examined whether similar changes in leukocyte and cytokine parameters occur in the human cervix in response to the male partner’s seminal fluid. After a period of abstinence in proven-fertile women, duplicate sets of biopsies were taken from the ectocervix in the periovulatory period and again 48 h later, 12 h after unprotected vaginal coitus, vaginal coitus with use of a condom, or no coitus. A substantial influx of CD45+ cells mainly comprising CD14+ macrophages and CD1a+ dendritic cells expressing CD11a and MHC class II was evident in both the stratified epithelium and deeper stromal tissue after coitus. CD3+CD8+CD45RO+ T cells were also abundant and increased after coitus. Leukocyte recruitment did not occur without coitus or with condom-protected coitus. An accompanying increase in CSF2, IL6, IL8, and IL1A expression was detected by quantitative RT-PCR, and microarray analysis showed genes linked with inflammation, immune response, and related pathways are induced by seminal fluid in cervical tissues. We conclude that seminal fluid introduced at intercourse elicits expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and a robust recruitment of macrophages, dendritic cells, and memory T cells. The leukocyte and cytokine environment induced in the cervix by seminal fluid appears competent to initiate adaptations in the female immune response that promote fertility. This response is also relevant to transmission of sexually transmitted pathogens and potentially, susceptibility to cervical metaplasia.
Oil-based mud and its impact on geochemistry, microfossils and organic material
Authors: Morrell G R , McAlpine K D
Published: January 2012

The influence of oil-based mud (OBM) on the geochemical analysis of borehole samples was investigated using experimental techniques. Samples of shale and limestone source rocks and oil-stained sandstone were contaminated with two base-oils at elevated
temperatures and pressures simulating bottom hole conditions. Fluorescence, thermal alteration index (TAI), vitrinite reflectance (%Ro), total organic carbon (TOC), Rock
Köppen versus the computer: comparing Köppen-Geiger and multivariate regression tree climate classifications in terms of climate homogeneity
Authors: Cannon A. J.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. A global climate classification is defined using a multivariate regression tree (MRT). The MRT algorithm is automated, hierarchical, and rule-based, thus allowing a system of climate classes to be quickly defined and easily interpreted. Climate variables used in the MRT are restricted to those from the Köppen-Geiger classification system. The result is a set of classes that can be directly compared against those from the traditional system. The two climate classifications are compared at their 5, 13, and 30 class hierarchical levels in terms of climate homogeneity. Results indicate that both perform well in terms of identifying regions of homogeneous temperature variability, although the MRT still generally outperforms the Köppen-Geiger system. In terms of precipitation discrimination, the Köppen-Geiger classification performs poorly relative to the MRT. The data and algorithm implementation used in this study are freely available. Thus, the MRT climate classification offers instructors and students in the geosciences a simple instrument for exploring modern, computer-based climatological methods.
Results of the Marine Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project, MISMIP
Authors: Pattyn F. , Schoof C. , Perichon L. , Hindmarsh R. C. A. , Bueler E. , de Fleurian B. , Durand G. , Gagliardini O. , Gladstone R. , Goldberg D. , Gudmundsson G. H. , Lee V. , Nick F. M. , Payne A. J. , Pollard D. , Rybak O. , Saito F. , Vieli A.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Predictions of marine ice-sheet behaviour require models that are able to robustly simulate grounding line migration. We present results of an intercomparison exercise for marine ice-sheet models. Verification is effected by comparison with approximate analytical solutions for flux across the grounding line using simplified geometrical configurations (no lateral variations, no effects of lateral buttressing). Unique steady-state grounding line positions exist for ice sheets on a downward sloping bed, while hysteresis occurs across an overdeepened bed, and stable steady state grounding line positions only occur on the downward-sloping sections. Models based on the shallow ice approximation, which does not resolve extensional stresses, do not reproduce the approximate analytical results unless appropriate parameterizations for ice flux are imposed at the grounding line. For extensional-stress resolving "shelfy stream" models, differences between model results were mainly due to the choice of spatial discretization. Moving grid methods were found to be the most accurate at capturing grounding line evolution, since they track the grounding line explicitly. Adaptive mesh refinement can further improve accuracy, including in fixed-grid models that generally perform poorly at coarse resolution. Fixed grid models with nested grid representations of the grounding line are able to generate accurate steady-state positions, but can be inaccurate over transients. Only one full Stokes model was included in the intercomparison, and consequently the accuracy of shelfy stream models as approximations of full Stokes models remains to be determined in detail, especially during transients.
Unsteady Rotational Motion of a Slip Spherical Particle in a Viscous Fluid
Authors: Ashmawy E. A.
Published: January 2012

The unsteady rotational motion of a slip spherical particle with a nonuniform angular velocity in an incompressible viscous fluid flow is discussed. The technique of Laplace transform is used. The slip boundary condition is applied at the surface of the sphere. A general formula for the resultant torque acting on the surface of the sphere is deduced. Special fluid flows are considered and their results are represented graphically.
Clinical Implementation of KRAS Testing in Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma: The Pathologist's Perspective
Authors: Ross Jeffrey S.
Published: January 2012

Context.—Mutation status of the KRAS gene identifies a distinct disease subtype of metastatic colorectal carcinoma that does not respond to antibody therapeutics targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor. This is currently the only validated marker in metastatic colorectal carcinoma with a clear implication in treatment selection. KRAS testing is widely accepted in clinical practice to guide metastatic colorectal carcinoma therapeutic decisions, and there are many commercially available platforms to perform the test.

Objective.—To evaluate the critical role of pathologists in the full implementation of KRAS testing by optimizing tumor tissue collection and fixation procedures and by choosing testing technologies and reliable Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988–certified laboratories to perform the tests.

Data Sources.—Prospective clinical trials, retrospective studies, and quality assessment and survey reports were identified in the following databases: PubMed, American Society of Clinical Oncology Proceedings (American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting and Gastrointestinal Cancer Symposium) and European Society for Medical Oncology Proceedings (Annals of Oncology European Society for Medical Oncology Congress and Annals of Oncology World Congress on Gastrointestinal Cancers).

Conclusions.—More bona fide standards are needed to address the variety of available test methods, which have different performance characteristics including speed, sensitivity to detect rare mutations, and technical requirements. Refined standards addressing timing of KRAS testing, laboratory performance and accuracy, quality assurance and control, proper tissue collection, and appropriate result reporting would also be greatly beneficial. Pathologists should be aware that the amount of information they need to manage will increase, because future trends and technological advances will enhance the predictive power of diagnostic tests or the scope of the biomarker panels tested routinely across tumor types.
Sugar Alcohols
Authors: Schiweck Hubert , Bär Albert , Vogel Roland , Schwarz Eugen , Kunz Markwart , Dusautois Cécile , Clement Alexandre , Lefranc Caterine , Lüssem Bernd , Moser Matthias , Peters Siegfried
Published: January 2012

The article contains sections titled:1.Polyols, General1.1.Definition1.2.Physical, Chemical, and Organoleptic Properties1.3.Metabolism and Nutrition1.3.1.Uptake, Digestion, and Tolerance1.3.2.Nutritional Aspects1.3.3.Oral Health and Hygiene1.3.4.Oxidative Stress1.3.5.Conclusion1.4.Regulatory Aspects2.Xylitol2.1.Physical, Chemical, and Organoleptic Properties2.2.Production2.3.Specifications, Analysis, and Legal Aspects2.4.Uses2.5.Metabolism, Tolerance, and Safety3.Sorbitol3.1.Physical, Chemical, and Organoleptic Properties3.2.Production3.3.Regulatory and Quality Aspects3.3.1.Purity Requirements3.3.2.Analysis3.4.Uses3.5.Physiology, Tolerance, Toxicology3.6.Economic Aspects4.Mannitol4.1.Physical, Chemical, and Organoleptic Properties4.2.Production4.3.Quality Aspects4.4.Uses4.5.Physiology, Tolerance, Toxicology5.Isomaltulose and Trehalulose, Isomalt5.1.Isomaltulose and Trehalulose5.1.2.Physical and Chemical Properties5.1.3.Production5.1.4.Uses5.1.5.Economic Aspects5.2.Isomalt5.2.1.Physical and Chemical Properties5.2.2.Production5.2.3.Uses5.2.4.Economic Aspects6.Lactitol6.1.Physical, Chemical, and Physiological Properties6.2.Production6.3.Analysis and Regulatory Status6.4.Uses6.5.Economic Aspects7.Maltitol and Maltitol‐Containing Syrups7.1.Physical, Chemical, and Organoleptic Properties7.2.Uses7.3.Economic Aspects8.Erythritol8.1.Physical, Chemical, and Physiological Properties8.2.Production8.3.Analysis and Regulatory Status8.4.Uses8.5.Economic Aspects
Basic Principles of Chromatography
Authors: Guiochon Georges , Trapp Oliver
Published: January 2012

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Historical Development3.Chromatographic Systems3.1.Phase Systems Used in Chromatography3.2.Methods of Implementing Chromatography4.Theory of Linear Chromatography4.1.Plate Models4.1.1.The Craig Model4.1.2.The Martin ‐ Synge Model4.2.Statistical Models4.3.Mass‐Balance Models4.3.1.The Equilibrium ‐ Dispersive Model4.3.2.Lumped Kinetic Models4.3.3.The Golay Equation4.4.The General Rate Model4.5.Moment Analysis4.6.Sources of Band Asymmetry and Tailing in Linear Chromatography5.Flow Rate of the Mobile Phase5.1.Permeability and Porosity of the Packing5.1.1.Column Porosity5.1.2.Column Permeability5.2.Viscosity of the Mobile Phase5.2.1.Viscosity of Gases5.2.2.Viscosity of Liquids6.The Thermodynamics of Phase Equilibria and Retention6.1.Retention Data6.1.1.Absolute Data6.1.2.Relative Data6.2.Partition Coefficients and Isotherms6.3.Gas ‐ Solid Adsorption Equilibria6.4.Liquid ‐ Solid Adsorption Equilibria6.4.1.Normal‐Phase Chromatography6.4.2.Reversed‐Phase Chromatography7.Band Broadening7.1.Sources of Band Broadening7.2.The Plate‐Height Equation7.3.Resolution Between Peaks7.4.Optimization of Experimental Conditions7.5.Instrumental Requirements7.5.1.Injection Systems7.5.2.Connecting Tubes7.5.3.Detectors7.5.4.Instrument Specifications8.Qualitative Analysis8.1.Comparisons of Retention Data8.2.Precision and Accuracy in the Measurement of Retention Data8.3.Retention and Chemical Properties8.4.Selective Detectors8.4.1.Simple Selective Detectors8.4.2.Chromatography ‐ Mass Spectrometry ()8.4.3.Chromatography ‐ IR Spectrometry9.Quantitative Analysis9.1.Sampling Problems in Chromatography9.2.Measurement of Peak Area9.3.Calibration Techniques9.4.Sources of Error in Chromatography10.Theory of Nonlinear Chromatography10.1.The Ideal Model of Chromatography10.2.The Equilibrium ‐ Dispersive Model10.3.Moderate Column Overloading10.4.Preparative Chromatography11.Reference Material11.1.Journals11.2.Books
Fibers, 10. Polytetrafluoroethylene Fibers
Authors: Frankenburg Peter E. , Schweizer Michael
Published: January 2012

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Physical and Chemical Properties

2.

Production

3.

Uses
Paper and Board, 6. Manufacturing
Authors: Holik Herbert , Gamsjäger Norbert , Westerkamp Arved H. , Schmitt Matthias , Stetter Andrea , Tietz Martin , Feldmann Rüdiger , Wohlfahrt Matthias , Mirsberger Peter
Published: January 2012

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Overview of Paper and Board Machines

2.

Rolls in Paper and Board Machines

2.1.

General Aspects

2.2.

Perforated Rolls

2.3.

Deflection Control Rolls

2.3.1.

One‐Zone Rolls

2.3.2.

Multi‐Zone Rolls

2.4.

Roll Covers/Coatings

2.4.1.

Objectives and Basic Design Criteria

2.4.2.

Application and Function

2.4.3.

Materials

2.4.3.1.

Rubber Roll Covers

2.4.3.2.

Polyurethane Roll Covers

2.4.3.3.

Composite Roll Covers

2.4.3.4.

Thermal Coatings

2.4.3.5.

Further Coatings

2.4.3.6.

Granite Rolls and Calender Paper Shafts

3.

Fabrics for Paper and Board Production

3.1.

Forming Fabrics

3.2.

Press Felts

3.3.

Dryer Fabrics

4.

Forming Section

4.1.

Approach Flow System

4.1.1.

Metering/Proportioning and Mixing

4.1.2.

Final Cleaning and Screening

4.1.3.

Deaeration

4.1.4.

Engineering

4.1.5.

Automation

4.2.

Headbox

4.3.

Wire Section

4.3.1.

The Fourdrinier Wire Section

4.3.2.

Cylinder Former

4.3.3.

Inclined Wire

4.3.4.

Hybrid Former

4.3.5.

Gap Former

5.

Press Section

6.

Dryer Section

6.1.

Overview

6.2.

Drying Principles

6.2.1.

Contact Drying by Steam Heated Cylinders

6.2.2.

Air Impingement Drying

6.2.3.

Through Air Drying

6.2.4.

Infrared Drying

6.2.5.

Press Drying

6.2.6.

Impulse Drying

6.3.

Dryer Sections

6.3.1.

Multicylinder Dryer Section

6.3.1.1.

Types of Multicylinder Dryer Section

6.3.1.2.

Web Handling

6.3.1.3.

Dryer Hood

6.3.1.4.

Paper during Drying

6.3.2.

Tissue Dryer Section

6.3.2.1.

Tissue Cylinder

6.3.2.2.

Tissue Dryer Hood

6.3.2.3.

Through Air Dryer

7.

Surface Sizing

8.

On‐line Coating

8.1.

Board

8.2.

Graphic Papers

9.

Calendering

9.1.

Objective and General Description of the Calendering Process

9.2.

History of Calendering

9.3.

The Different Calender Types

9.4.

The Main Calendering Methods for Various Paper and Board Grades

9.4.1.

Wood‐Containing Paper Grades

9.4.2.

Woodfree Paper Grades

9.4.3.

Specialty Papers

9.4.4.

Board

10.

Reeling

10.1.

Objectives and Basics

10.2.

History

10.3.

New Generation reels

10.3.1.

Center Drive

10.3.2.

Nip Load System

10.4.

Reel Drum Design

10.5.

Turn‐Up Systems

10.5.1.

General

10.5.2.

Nordic Turn‐Up

10.5.3.

Web‐Wide Cutting Knife

10.5.4.

Air‐Supported Turn‐Up Systems (Gooseneck, Cobra)

10.5.5.

Tape Turn‐Up System

10.5.6.

Turn‐Up with High‐Pressure Water Jet

11.

Paper and Board Machines

11.1.

Graphic Paper Machines

11.2.

Packaging Paper Machines

11.3.

Cartonboard Machines

11.4.

Tissue Machines

11.5.

Specialty Paper Machines
Paper and Board, 9. Control Systems for Paper Machines
Authors: Münch Rudolf
Published: January 2012

The article contains sections titled:1.Objective of Paper Machines Control Systems2.General Terms of Paper Machines Control Systems3.Quality Control System (QCS)3.1.Quality Measurements3.2.Quality Control3.2.1.Machine Direction Control3.2.2.Cross Direction Control3.2.2.1.CD Basis Weight Control3.2.2.2.CD Moisture Control3.2.2.3.CD Caliper Control3.2.2.4.CD Gloss Control4.Information Systems4.1.Importance of Information Systems4.2.Process Analysis using Information Systems
Paper and Board, 11. Grades and Their Properties
Authors: Tillmann Otmar
Published: January 2012

The article contains sections titled:

1.

The Material Paper: A Survey

1.1.

Introduction

1.2.

Material Properties

2.

Types of Paper, Board, and Cardboard

2.1.

Graphic Papers

2.1.1.

Printing and Press Papers

2.1.2.

Office and Administration Papers

2.2.

Packaging Paper and Board Grades

2.2.1.

Overview

2.2.2.

Packaging Papers

2.2.3.

Board and Cardboard

2.3.

Hygienic Papers

2.3.1.

Cellulose Wadding

2.3.2.

Tissue

2.3.3.

Crepe Paper

2.4.

Paper and Board for Technical and Specialty Uses
Listen Out! Behavioural and Subjective Responses to Verbal Warnings
Authors: Ljungberg Jessica K. , Parmentier Fabrice B. R. , Hughes Robert W. , Macken William J. , Jones Dylan M.
Published: January 2012

Both the behavioural and subjective impacts of single‐word spoken warnings were examined. Behaviourally, the effect of infrequently occurring warnings was studied through their disruptive impact on a visually presented serial recall task. In separate experiments, ratings of the same words were elicited. Experiment 1 showed a localized effect of the warnings (on the item immediately following the warning), with the urgently intoned warning having a greater disruptive effect than its valence (emotional content). Valence and intonation (urgency) did not interact. The performance changes were mirrored in the ratings of the words. Experiment 2 showed no systematic effect on performance of either the action‐relatedness of the word or its lexicality. There was, however, a systematic effect of lexicality but not action‐relatedness on ratings. The study demonstrates the feasibility of using objective performance methods to establish the likely effects of verbal warnings and the utility of using such methods for the design of alarm systems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly Crystalline Soluble Acene Crystal Arrays for Organic Transistors: Mechanism of Crystal Growth During Dip‐Coating
Authors: Jang Jaeyoung , Nam Sooji , Im Kyuhyun , Hur Jaehyun , Cha Seung Nam , Kim Jineun , Son Hyung Bin , Suh Hwansoo , Loth Marsha A. , Anthony John E. , Park Jong‐Jin , Park Chan Eon , Kim Jong Min , Kim Kinam
Published: January 2012

The preparation of uniform large‐area highly crystalline organic semiconductor thin films that show outstanding carrier mobilities remains a challenge in the field of organic electronics, including organic field‐effect transistors. Quantitative control over the drying speed during dip‐coating permits optimization of the organic semiconductor film formation, although the kinetics of crystallization at the air–solution–substrate contact line are still not well understood. Here, we report the facile one‐step growth of self‐aligning, highly crystalline soluble acene crystal arrays that exhibit excellent field‐effect mobilities (up to 1.5 cm V−1 s−1) via an optimized dip‐coating process. We discover that optimized acene crystals grew at a particular substrate lifting‐rate in the presence of low boiling point solvents, such as dichloromethane (b.p. of 40.0 °C) or chloroform (b.p. of 60.4 °C). Variable‐temperature dip‐coating experiments using various solvents and lift rates are performed to elucidate the crystallization behavior. This bottom‐up study of soluble acene crystal growth during dip‐coating provides conditions under which one may obtain uniform organic semiconductor crystal arrays with high crystallinity and mobilities over large substrate areas, regardless of the substrate geometry (wafer substrates or cylinder‐shaped substrates).
A second‐order moment method applied to gas–solid risers
Authors: Chen Juhui , Wang Shuyan , Sun Dan , Lu Huilin , Gidaspow Dimitri , Yu Hongbin
Published: January 2012

Second‐order moment method of particles is proposed on the basis of the kinetic theory of granular flow. Closure equations for the third‐order velocity moments are presented to account for the increase of the probability of collisions of particles on the basis of the elementary kinetic theory and order of magnitude analysis. The boundary conditions for the set of equations describing flow of particles are proposed with the consideration of the momentum exchange by collisions between the wall and the particles. The distributions of velocity, concentration and moments of particles are predicted. Simulated results are compared with experimental data measured by Tartan and Gidaspow and Bhusarapu et al. in risers, and Tsuji et al. in a vertical pipe. The effects of the closure equations for the third‐order velocity moments and the fluid‐particle velocity correlation tensor on flow behavior of particles are analyzed. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Interface sensor based on computer vision: Fine tuning using a fluidized bed
Authors: Guardiola Jesus , Aragón Jose M. , Ramos Guadalupe , Elvira Rosario , Martín Daniel
Published: January 2012

The fine tuning of a sensor designed to locate interfaces using a two‐dimensional gas–solid fluidized bed (FB) as reference is described. The sensor works through computer vision and consists of a charge coupled device camera that is placed alongside the bed and, as the human eye would do, first establishes a straight segment of the bed's top surface to define the phase boundary and then through pattern recognition continuously scans the interface in search of a similar pattern. The field of view is 582 × 752 pixels2. The experimentally measured Pixel size is 216 × 208 μm2. The device allows for experimentally obtaining the position of the probe with a resolution of ± 0.01 pixels at 25 Hz. We also describe its use to measure the height of the FB and observe a linear relationship with fluidization velocity. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Buoyancy effect on the ultrafiltration of PEG 10,000. Visualization by digital holographic interferometry
Authors: Fernández‐Sempere Julio , Ruiz‐Beviá Francisco , Salcedo‐Díaz Raquel , García‐Algado Pedro , García‐Rodríguez Miriam
Published: January 2012

Digital holographic interferometry has been used to visualize the buoyancy effects on dead‐end ultrafiltration of PEG 10,000. Sets of experiments have been carried out with the membrane in different orientations (90°, 180°), using a feed concentration of PEG 10,000 ranging 5–12.5 kg/m3. These results were compared with those obtained in previous research with the cell placed in its natural position (0°). The interferometric fringe patterns obtained in this research were very different from those obtained previously. Whereas at the 0° position, an increasing number of interferometric fringes appeared parallel to the membrane surface at 90 and 180° positions, the number of interference fringes was much lesser and, with the 180° orientation, slightly curved protuberances appeared after a short period of time that, like big drops, fell downward from the membrane surface. The consequence is a decrease of the polarization layer and an enhancement of the membrane performance. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
A general dynamic model for multiphase electrolytic systems
Authors: Coussine C. , Serin J. ‐P. , Cézac P. , Contamine F. , Reneaume J.‐M. , Coussine C. , Dubourg K. , Knorst A. , Cambar J.
Published: January 2012

The study and characterization of aqueous solutions are becoming an important research topic because of their central role in many processes. The modeling of these solutions is complicated by different factors: the important number of ionic and nonionic species, the nonideality of aqueous solutions, the appearance and disappearance of thermodynamic phases (solid, vapor) depending on operating conditions. This article presents a general model in dynamic state of aqueous electrolytic system involving liquid, vapor, and solid phases. The mathematical formulation includes: physical and chemical equilibria, mass and energy balances, electroneutrality equation and evaporation equation. The set of equations is solved by the Gear's method. The model is validated by the comparison between modeled results (activity coefficients, solubility, evaporite sequence) and experimental data. One of the purposes of the model will be the simulation of a production process of salt crystals and waters concentrated in minerals of interest. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Polyzwitterion‐to‐polyampholyte transition using pH‐responsive cycloterpolymers of diallyldimethylammonium chloride, (N,N‐diallylammonio)methanecarboxylate and sulfur dioxide
Authors: Al‐Muallem Hasan A.
Published: January 2012

The cycloterpolymerizations of varying proportions of diallyldimethylammonium chloride (I) and N,N‐Diallyl‐N‐carboethoxymethylammonium chloride (II) in the presence of sulfur dioxide afforded a series of cationic (+) polyelectrolytes (CPEs) (III) in excellent yields. CPEs, upon acidic hydrolysis of the ester functionalities of the repeating units of II, resulted in the formation of cationic/zwitterionic (+/±) polymers (IV). pH‐responsive zwitterionic units of ammonioethanoate (NH+CH2CO) (having unquenched valency of nitrogen) in IV was converted to its anionic counterparts (NCH2CO) by treating with equivalent amount of NaOH to give cationic/anionic i.e., ampholytic (+/−) polymers (V) with a charge symmetry or asymmetry arising out of either excess of cationic or anionic centers. The transformations of III to IV to V have thus provided an opportunity to study the effects of the polyelectrolyte‐to‐polyzwitterion‐to‐polyampholyte transitions on the solution properties of these polymers. Basicity constants of the carboxylate group (NH+CH2CO) in IV as well as the amine group (NCH2CO) in V were found to be “apparent” and as such follow the modified Henderson–Hasselbalch equation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Graft copolymerization of poly(methyl methacrylate) with some alkyl methacrylates by atom transfer radical polymerization method and thermal properties
Authors: Kurt Adnan , Demirelli Kadir
Published: January 2012

The preparation of graft copolymers of poly(methyl methacrylate) with some alkyl methacrylates were carried out via atom transfer radical polymerization method catalyzed by CuCl/2,2′‐bipyridine and using a macroinitiator, poly[(methyl methacrylate)‐co‐(3,5‐bis(chloroacetoxy)phenyl methacrylate)], including an amount of 1 mol % having α‐halogeno carbonyl group in the side groups. Although the number‐average molecular weights of a graft copolymer series of n‐butyl methacrylate (n‐ButMA) ended at different times increased from 55,700 to 99,500, the polydispersities decreased from 1.85 to 1.39 with time. The thermal degradation kinetics of macroinitiator and a two‐armed graft copolymer of n‐ButMA with this macroinitiator, PMMA‐g‐PnButMA: 4% (by mol), were carried out at different heating rates by thermogravimetric analysis and the results were compared. Using both the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa and Kissinger methods, the decomposition activation energies for macroinitiator were determined as 168 and 162 kJ/mol, respectively; they were also calculated as 233 and 239 kJ/mol for PMMA‐g‐PnButMA: 4%. The solid state thermodegradation mechanisms of both macroinitiator and PMMA‐g‐PnButMA: 4% are R1‐type mechanism, a phase boundary‐controlled reaction, and F1‐type mechanism, a random nucleation with one nucleus on the individual particle, respectively. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Slit–Robo GTPase‐Activating Proteins are Differentially Expressed in Murine Dorsal Root Ganglia: Modulation by Peripheral Nerve Injury
Authors: Chen Zhi‐Bing , Zhang Hai‐Ying , Zhao Jiu‐Hong , Zhao Wei , Zhao Dan , Zheng Lin‐Feng , Zhang Xian‐Fang , Liao Xiao‐Ping , Yi Xi‐Nan
Published: January 2012

The Slit–Robo GTPase‐activating proteins (srGAPs) play an important role in neurite outgrowth and axon guidance; however, little is known about its role in nerve regeneration after injury. Here, we studied the expression of srGAPs in mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG) following sciatic nerve transection (SNT) using morphometric and immunohistochemical techniques. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis indicated that srGAP1 and srGAP3, but not srGAP2, were expressed in normal adult DRG. Following unilateral SNT, elevated mRNA and protein levels of srGAP1 and srGAP3 were detected in the ipsilateral relative to contralateral L3–4 DRGs from day 3 to day 14. Immunohistochemical results showed that srGAP1 and srGAP3 were largely expressed in subpopulations of DRG neurons in naïve DRGs. However, after SNT, srGAP3 in neurons was significantly increased in the ipsilateral relative to contralateral DRGs, which peaked at day 7 to day 14. Interestingly, DRG neurons with strong srGAP3 labeling also coexpressed Robo2 after peripheral nerve injury. These results suggest that srGAPs are differentially expressed in murine DRG and srGAP3 are the predominant form. Moreover, srGAP3 may participate in Slit–Robo signaling in response to peripheral nerve injury or the course of nerve regeneration. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Belimumab reduces autoantibodies, normalizes low complement levels, and reduces select B cell populations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Stohl William , Hiepe Falk , Latinis Kevin M. , Thomas Mathew , Scheinberg Morton A. , Clarke Ann , Aranow Cynthia , Wellborne Frank R. , Abud‐Mendoza Carlos , Hough Douglas R. , Pineda Lilia , Migone Thi‐Sau , Zhong Z. John , Freimuth William W. , Chatham W. Winn ,   on behalf of the BLISS‐52 and BLISS‐76 Study Groups
Published: January 2012

Objective

To assess the effects of the B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS)–specific inhibitor belimumab on immunologic biomarkers, including B cell and T cell populations, and maintenance of antibody titers to prior vaccines in autoantibody‐positive systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients.

Methods

Pooled data from 2 phase III trials, the Study of Belimumab in Subjects with SLE 52‐week (BLISS‐52) and 76‐week (BLISS‐76) trials, comparing belimumab 1 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg versus placebo (plus standard SLE therapy for each group) were analyzed for changes in autoantibody, immunoglobulin, and complement levels. BLISS‐76 patients were also analyzed for changes in B cell and T cell populations and effects on prior vaccine‐induced antibody levels.

Results

Belimumab‐treated patients experienced significant sustained reductions in IgG and autoantibodies and improvement in C3/C4 levels, resulting in greater positive‐to‐negative conversion rates for IgG anti–double‐stranded DNA (anti‐dsDNA), anti‐Sm, anticardiolipin, and anti–ribosomal P autoantibodies and normalization of hypergammaglobulinemia and low C3/C4 levels. Belimumab‐treated patients experienced significant decreases in the numbers of naive and activated B cells, as well as plasma cells, whereas memory B cells and T cell populations did not decrease. Belimumab did not substantially affect preexisting antipneumococcal or anti–tetanus toxoid antibody levels. Post hoc analysis showed greater reductions in SLE disease activity and the risk of severe flares in patients treated with belimumab 10 mg/kg (P ≤ 0.01) who were anti‐dsDNA positive and had low C3/C4 levels at baseline. Normalization of the C3 or anti‐dsDNA level by 8 weeks, irrespective of therapy, was predictive of a reduced risk of severe flare over 52 weeks.

Conclusion

Belimumab appears to promote normalization of serologic activity and reduce BLyS‐dependent B cell subsets in serologically and clinically active SLE. Greater serologic activity may predict a better treatment response to belimumab.