bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Rapid Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Mothers Admitted with Diarrhoea Suffering Children in West Urban Region of Unguja-Zanzibar
Authors: Kheir Kheir M. , Mbwele Bernard , Omary Khadija , Damas Modester , Nmakinga Lucy
Published: December 2021

BackgroundThe knowledge, attitude and health practices of the mothers directly reflect on the health and vitality of the child in most of diarrhoea affected communities. The aim of the study was to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of mothers and caregivers (house girls) towards diarrhoeal disease among children under-five in Unguja, Zanzibar Tanzania. MethodsA quantitative cross-sectional study using a rapid appraisal technique to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practice of mothers and caregivers admitted with children with diarrhoeal diseases was conducted in 23 hospitals of west urban region of Unguja, Zanzibar. ResultsA total of 102 mothers and caregivers were studied. From the respondents 97 (95%) had satisfactory level of knowledge on diarrhoea while 5 (5%) had unsatisfactory knowledge. A total of 52 (51%) rejected the use of Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) at home due to taste and smell and 50 (49%) agreed its use. A total of 55 (54%) children were served by caregivers. Collectively mothers and caregivers were asked for their practice of drinking treated or boiling water where 47 (46%) reported not to practice. A total of 48 (47%) respondents reported hand washing after helping children with defecation while only 19 (19%) respondents reported washing hands before preparing food. ConclusionLimited use of water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices was observed among mothers and caregivers in the prevention and management of under-five children with diarrhoeal disease.
Mantle wedge oxidation due to sediment-infiltrated deserpentinisation
Authors: Padrón-navarta José Alberto , Sánchez-Vizcaíno Vicente López , Menzel Manuel , Gómez-Pugnaire María Teresa , Garrido Carlos
Published: December 2021

The Earth's mantle is oxygen-breathing through the ¬sink of oxidised tectonic plates at convergent margins. Ocean floor serpentinisation increases the bulk oxidation state of iron relative to dry oceanic mantle and results in a variable intake of other redox-sensitive elements such as sulphur. The reversibility of seafloor oxidation in subduction zones during high-pressure dehydration of serpentinite (“deserpentinisation”) at subarc depths and the capacity of the resulting fluids to oxidise the mantle source of arc basalts are highly contested. Thermodynamic modelling, experiments, and metaperidotite study in exhumed high-pressure terrains result in differing estimates of the redox state of deserpentinisation fluids, ranging from low to highly oxidant. Here we show that although intrinsic deserpentinisation fluids are highly oxidant, the infiltration of small fractions of external fluids equilibrated with metasedimentary rocks strongly modulates their redox state and oxidation-reduction capacity explaining the observed discrepancies in their redox state. Infiltration of fluids equilibrated with graphite-bearing sediments reduces the oxidant, intrinsic deserpentinisation fluids to oxygen fugacities similar to those observed in most graphite-furnace experiments and natural metaperidotites. However, infiltration of CO2-bearing fluids equilibrated with modern GLOSS generates sulphate-rich, highly oxidising deserpentinisation fluids. We show that such GLOSS-infiltrated deserpentinisation fluids can effectively oxidise the mantle wedge of cold to hot subduction zones potentially accounting for the presumed oxidised nature of the source of arc basalts.
Optical cavity-referenced terahertz synthesizer with 15-digit short-term stability
Authors: Shin Dong-Chel , Kim Byung Soo , Jang Heesuk , Kim Young-Jin , Kim Seung-Woo
Published: December 2021

Stable terahertz sources are required to advance high precision terahertz applications such as molecular spectroscopy, terahertz radars, and wireless communications. Here, we demonstrate a photonic scheme of terahertz synthesis using an optical comb in stabilization to an ultra-low expansion optical cavity offering a 15-digit accuracy. By heterodyne photomixing of comb lines, terahertz frequencies of 0.10 – 1.10 THz are synthesized with a 2-mHz linewidth and a fractional instability of 3.26×10-15 at 1.3-s integration. Compared to other state-of-the-art counterparts, our terahertz synthesizer offers a fine frequency tuning capability in steps of 100 MHz and an extremely low level of phase noise below -70 dBc/Hz even at 1 Hz offset. Such unprecedented performance is expected to drastically improve the signal-to-noise ratio of terahertz radars, the resolving power of terahertz molecular spectroscopy, and the transmission capacity of wireless communications.
Effects of Interleukin-1β on Long Noncoding RNA and mRNA Expression Profiles of Human Synovial Fluid-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Sun Yang-peng , Lu Yun-yang , Chen Jianyu , Bao Jia-hao , Zhang Hong , Sun Jia-dong , Liao Wen-ting
Published: December 2021

Synovial fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells (SFMSCs) play important regulatory roles in the physiological balance of the temporomandibular joint. Interleukin (IL)-1β regulates the biological behavior of SFMSCs; however, the effects of IL-1β on long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and mRNA expression in SFMSCs in the temporomandibular joint are unclear. Here, we evaluated the lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles of IL-1β-stimulated SFMSCs. Using microarrays, we identified 286 lncRNAs (222 upregulated, 64 downregulated) and 304 mRNAs (242 upregulated, 62 downregulated) that were differentially expressed after treatment with IL-1β (fold change ≥ 2, P < 0.05). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis found that one of the most significantly enriched pathways was the NF-κB pathway. Five paired antisense lncRNAs and mRNAs, eight paired enhancer lncRNAs and mRNAs, and nine paired long intergenic noncoding RNAs and mRNAs were predicted to be co-expressed. A network constructed by the top 30 k-score genes was visualized and evaluated. We found a co-expression relationship between ENST00000427824 and ENST00000307407 and between LOC541472 and IL6, which are related to NF-κB pathway activation. Overall, our results provide important insights into changes in lncRNA and mRNA expression in IL-1β-stimulated SFMSCs, which can facilitate the identification of potential therapeutic targets.
Multi-year El Niño events tied to the North Pacific Oscillation
Authors: Ding Ruiqiang , TSENG YU-HENG , Lorenzo Emanuele Di , Shi Liang , Li Jianping , Yu Jin-Yi , Wang Chunzai , Sun Cheng , Luo Jing-Jia , Ha Kyung-Ja , Hu Zeng-Zhen , Li Feifei
Published: December 2021

Multi-year El Niño events induce severe and persistent floods and droughts worldwide, with significant socioeconomic impacts, but the causes of their long-lasting behaviors are still not fully understood. Here we present a two-way feedback mechanism between the tropics and extratropics to argue that extratropical atmospheric variability associated with the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) is a key source of multi-year El Niño events. The NPO during boreal winter can trigger a Central Pacific (CP) El Niño during the subsequent winter, which excites atmospheric teleconnections to the extratropics that project onto the NPO variability, then re-triggers another El Niño event in the following winter, finally resulting in persistent El Niño-like states. Model experiments, with the NPO forcing assimilated to constrain atmospheric circulation, replicate the observed connection between NPO forcing and the occurrence of multi-year El Niño events. Future projections of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phases 5 and 6 (CMIP5 and CMIP6) models demonstrate that if the projected NPO variability becomes enhanced under future anthropogenic forcing, then more frequent multi-year El Niño events should be expected. We conclude that properly accounting for the effects of the NPO on the evolution of El Niño events may improve multi-year El Niño prediction and projection.
High-Hydrophilic and Antifouling Poly (Vinylidene Fluoride) Composite Membranes via in Situ Mosaic- Assembled Nanocrystalline Cellulose and g-C3N4
Authors: Li Hongbin , liu chao , Guo Yongqiang , Gao Shuzhen
Published: December 2021

Developing an antifouling and stable separation poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane for water treatment is of great significance but challenging due to the limitations of its low surface properties and strong hydrophobicity. In this study, a novel multi-block composite ultrafiltration membrane was developed using the mosaic-assembled doping of pineapple leaf nanocrystalline cellulose and g-C3N4. The effects of adding different components on the PVDF composite membrane properties have been analyzed. The surface chemical composition, surface morphology, crystallinity and thermal stability of the composite membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Both of the tensile strength and elongation length of the PVDF composite membranes were enhanced due to the addition of pineapple leaf nanocellulose and g-C3N4, and the tensile strength and elongation length of PVDF/PEG/g-C3N4/Pineapple leaf nanocellulose composite membrane can reach 10.61 MPa and 8.85 mm. The porosity of the PVDF composite membranes was 46.6%, respectively. The water flux and flux recovery ratio of PVDF/PEG/g-C3N4/Pineapple leaf nanocellulose also can reach 256.75 L/(m2 ⋅h) and up to 82.1%. All the above experimental data showed that the addition of pineapple leaf nanocellulose and g-C3N4 can greatly improve the performance of the PVDF composite membrane. The prepared modified membrane has potential application value in the field of wastewater separation and treatment.
A Prospective Comparison of 3 Hamstring ACL Fixation Devices - Rigidfix, BioScrew and Intrafix - Randomized Into 4 Groups with a Minimum Follow-Up of 5 Years.
Authors: Metso Leena , Bister Ville , Harilainen Arsi , Sandelin Jerker
Published: December 2021

Background: This is a five years follow-up report of some of the new devices for graft fixation. A two years follow-up data was published previously. As there were no statistically or clinically relevant differences in the results two years postoperatively, we hypothesize that after five years of follow-up there is no difference in the outcome after either cross-pin or absorbable interference screw fixation in ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) reconstruction with hamstring tendon autografts.Methods: 120 patients were randomized into four different groups (30 each) for ACL reconstruction with hamstring tendons: group I femoral Rigidfix cross-pin and Intrafix tibial extension sheath with a tapered expansion screw; group II Rigidfix femoral and BioScrew interference screw tibial fixation; group III BioScrew femoral and Intrafix tibial fixation; group IV BioScrew fixation into both tunnels. The evaluation methods were clinical examination, knee scores, and instrumented laxity measurements. Results: In this 5 years follow-up there were 102/120 (85%) patients available, but only 77 (64,2%) attended the clinical examinations. No significant difference between the groups in the clinical results was detected. There was a significant difference in additional procedures between the 2 and 5 years follow-up, group I had six additional procedures between the 2 and 5 years follow-up (P=.041). Conclusion: There was a statistically significant difference in the additional procedures, most in group I (six). None of these procedures found problems with the ACL graft. Other statistically or clinically significant differences in the 5 years follow-up results were not found. Study design: Randomized controlled clinical trial; Level of evidence, 1.Trial registration: ISRCTN registry with study ID ISRCTN34011837. Retrospectively registered 17.4.2020.
Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibodies After the Second BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine in Japanese Kidney Transplant Recipients
Authors: Hamaya Tomoko , Hatakeyama Shingo , Yoneyama Tohru , Tobisawa Yuki , Kodama Hirotake , Fujita Takeshi , Murakami Reiichi , Fujita Naoki , Okamoto Teppei , Yamamoto Hayato , Yoneyama Takahiro , Hashimoto Yasuhiro , Saitoh Hisao , Narumi Shunji , Tomita Hirofumi , Ohyama Chikara
Published: December 2021

We aimed to evaluate the rate of anti–SARS-CoV-2 IgG seropositivity and investigated factors associated with seropositivity after the second SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in kidney transplant (KT) recipients. This retrospective study conducted between June 2021 and November 2021 included 106 KT recipients and 127 healthy controls who received the second dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine at least seven days before the measurement of antibody titers. The titers of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein were determined. Seropositivity was defined as an anti–SARS-CoV-2 IgG level of ≥15 units/mL, which was considered as the presence of sufficient neutralizing antibodies. The median ages and the seroprevalence rates of the healthy controls and KT recipients were 68 and 56 years and 98% and 22%, respectively. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age >53 years, rituximab use, mycophenolate mofetil use, and KT vintage <7 years were negatively associated with anti–SARS-CoV-2 IgG seropositivity in KT recipients. Humoral response after the second BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine was greatly hindered by immunosuppression therapy in KT recipients. Older age, rituximab use, mycophenolate mofetil use, and KT vintage may play key roles in seroconversion.
Superconductivity above 200K Observed in Superhydrides of Calcium
Authors: Li Zhiwen , He Xin , Zhang Changling , Zhang Sijia , Jia Yating , Feng Shaomin , Lu Ke , WANG Xiancheng , Zhao Jianfa , Long Youwen , Yu Richeng , Wang Luhong , Ye Meiyan , Zhang Zhanshuo , Prakapenka Vitali , Chariton Stella , Liu Haozhe , Jin Changqing
Published: December 2021

Searching for superconductivity with Tc near room temperature is of great interest both for fundamental science & potential applications. Here we report the experimental discovery of superconductivity with maximum critical temperature(Tc) above 210 K in calcium superhydrides, the third type hydride experimentally showing superconductivity above 200K in addition to sulfur hydride & rare earth hydride system. The materials are synthesized at the synergetic conditions of 160~190 GPa and ~2000K using diamond anvil cell combined with in-situ laser heating technique. The superconductivity was studied through in situ high pressure resistance measurements in applied magnetic field for the sample quenched from high temperature while maintained at the synthesized pressure. The upper critical field was estimated to be ~268T while the GL coherent length is ~11 Å. The in situ x ray diffractions with synchrotron suggest that the synthesized calcium hydrides are primarily composed of CaH6 while there also exist other calcium hydrids with different hydrogen.
Impact of Commercial Decision Making in the Cost at the Pre-Tendering Stage
Authors: Ganesh Ramya , Anjum Taqdees
Published: December 2021

The Indian construction industry has the cognitive frame of operating in the cost-based approach rather than the value-based approach, and the project process and strategies are framed in such a manner to increase the profitability of the project by the organization. Nevertheless, the profitability margin of the construction project is very comparatively low compared to the other Industrial sectors. There is much reason for not attaining a higher profitability margin in the construction sector. Some of the reasons are the low innovative business plan, ineffective data-driven decision-making, ineffective management of the transaction, and construction risks.The responsibilities of increasing profitability and managing the transactional flow in the project are given to the commercial manager. The roles and responsibilities of the commercial manager vary globally. The quantity surveyor's job role further enhanced the commercial manager, where the latter can take the commercial decisions about the project.This research paper's primary outcome is the framework model for making effective decisions by the commercial manager, which increases the project's profitability. The systematic decisions, which are made in the projects by the commercial manager are studied. Considering the external factors like the COVID-19 outbreak, market condition, and existing factors affecting the decision-making process, the tools and techniques for making efficient decisions in the construction project are suggested. The synergies between these tools and techniques are studied, and a decision-making model is framed to reduce the cost and time overrun, and the benefits associated with implementing the model in the project are detailed.
Ultrasensitive and rapid identification of ESRI developer- and piperacillin/tazobactam-resistant Escherichia coli by the MALDIpiptaz test
Authors: Rodríguez-Villodres Ángel , Benítez Lydia Gálvez , Arroyo Manuel , Méndez Gema , Mancera Luis , Domínguez Andrea Vila , Lepe José , Smani Younes
Published: December 2021

The excessive use of piperacillin/tazobactam (P/T) has promoted the emergence of P/T-resistant Enterobacterales. We reported that in Escherichia coli, P/T contributes to the development of extended-spectrum resistance to β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor (BL/BLI) (ESRI) in isolates that are P/T susceptible but have low-level resistance to BL/BLI. Currently, the detection of P/T resistance relying on conventional methods is time-consuming. To overcome this issue, we developed a cost-effective test based on MALDI-MS technology, called MALDIpiptaz, which aims to detect P/T resistance and ESRI developers in E. coli. We used automated Clover MS Data Analysis software to analyse the protein profile spectra obtained by MALDI-MS from a collection of 248 E. coli isolates (91 P/T-resistant, 81 ESRI developers and 76 P/T-susceptible). This software allowed to preprocess all the spectra to build different peak matrices that were analysed by machine learning algorithms. We demonstrated that MALDIpiptaz can efficiently and rapidly (15 min) discriminate between P/T-resistant, ESRI developer and P/T-susceptible isolates and allowed the correct classification between ESRI developers from their isogenic resistance to P/T. The combination of excellent performance and cost-effectiveness are all desirable attributes, allowing the MALDIpiptaz test to be a useful tool for the rapid determination of P/T resistance in clinically relevant gram-negative bacteria.
Fetal Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery: Associated Anomalies, Genetic Etiology, and Postnatal Outcomes in a Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Cai Meiying , Fan Xiangqun , Chen Xuemei , Xu Shiyi , Fu Xiangguo , Xu Liangpu , Huang Hailong , Lin Na
Published: December 2021

Aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) is becoming more common in fetuses. However, there are relatively few studies on the genetic etiology of ARSA. We performed genetic analysis on fetuses with ARSA and followed up the pregnancy outcome to evaluate the prognosis of the fetuses, providing information for prenatal and eugenics consultations. A retrospective study was conducted on 112 pregnant women with fetuses diagnosed with ARSA from December 2016 to February 2021. Karyotype analysis and single-nucleotide polymorphism array (SNP-array) were performed in 112 fetuses. The 112 fetuses were divided into two groups: ARSA group, 48 (42.9%) and ARSA with other ultrasound abnormalities group, 64 (57.1%) cases. The total rate of pathogenic copy number variation (CNV) was 7.1% (8/112) using karyotype analysis (3/8) and SNP-array (5/8). The rate of pathogenic CNV in isolated ARSA and ARSA combined with other ultrasound abnormalities were 4.2% (2/48) and 9.4% (6/64), respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups (P=0.463). The results of genetic analysis influence parents' decision to terminate the pregnancy. During follow-up, fetuses with ARSA without pathogenic CNV were found to have normal growth and development after birth. Therefore, prenatal genetic counseling and SNP-array should be recommended to better assess fetal prognosis.
ENPP1 is correlated with insulin resistance and lipid metabolism disorders in the rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Xia Jing , Yang Yiqing , Yang Zhe , Wu Gengxiang , Yang Jing
Published: December 2021

Purpose

Previous studies have shown that ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) may be an inhibitor of the insulin signalling pathway, and insulin resistance (IR) is believed to be the core mechanism in the pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study was aimed to investigate the expression of ENPP1 in different tissues of PCOS rats and to analyse its potential role in the pathophysiology of PCOS.
Methods

Eighteen 23-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into PCOS and control groups (n= 9/group). Samples were collected after 20 days. Pathological examination and immunofluorescence were performed. Western blotting results of ENPP1 in the ovaries were analysed. Serum levels of ENPP1, hormones, fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum lipids were measured.
Results

Levels of ENPP1, testosterone (T), FBG, fasting insulin (FINS), homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR), free fatty acids (FFAs), leptin, cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly higher in PCOS group, while adiponectin (ADP) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were significantly lower. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis showed that ENPP1 was correlated with T, HOMA-IR, FFAs, leptin, serum lipids and ADP. MRNA levels of ENPP1, BAX, and IRS1 were higher in the ovaries, skeletal muscle, subcutaneous fat, and visceral fat of PCOS rats, and the protein expression of ENPP1 was significantly higher in the ovaries.
Conclusions

Our results revealed that ENPP1 is highly associated with IR and lipid metabolism-related molecules, which may have play important roles in PCOS pathophysiological changes.
Indoor PM2.5 Mortality in China when Outdoor Air Meets 2021 WHO AQG
Authors: Hu Ying , Ji John , Zhao Bin
Published: December 2021

The World Health Organization (WHO) Air Quality Guidelines (AQG) 2021 for PM2.5 is tightened to be 5 μg/m3. We firstly estimated deaths attributable to human exposure to PM2.5 (DAHP) to be 455 thousand (372-527) in urban China in 2019, of which indoor sources contributed 253 thousand (207-294) deaths. The economic losses related to PM2.5 from indoor sources were 0.98 trillion (0.80-1.14) RMB, accounting for 56% of the total economic losses. We then further projected the DAHP at 328 thousand (260-392) when the outdoor PM2.5 concentration is 5 μg/m3, while PM2.5 from indoor sources still causes 297 thousand (235-355) deaths and 1.27 trillion (1.00, 1.51) in economic losses each year. There are significant health hazards and economic losses caused by indoor PM2.5, even the outdoor air is clean enough. The formulation and implementation of more air pollution policies are therefore in urgent need to control indoor sources of PM2.5.
Speed Management Across Road Environments of Varying Complexities and Self-Regulation Behaviors in Drivers with Cataract
Authors: Ortiz-Peregrina Sonia , Ortiz Carolina , Martino Francesco , Casares-López Miriam , Castro-Torres José J , Anera Rosario G
Published: December 2021

Evidence suggests that drivers with cataract self-regulate their driving, but there is a lack of objective information. This study compared speed behavior in older drivers with and without cataract and how the parameter is influenced by road traffic complexity and driver characteristics. The study included 15 drivers with cataract and a control group of 20 drivers. Visual status was assessed using visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and intraocular straylight. Speed management was studied using a driving simulator. Driving difficulty and self-regulation patterns were evaluated by means of the Driver Habits Questionnaire (DHQ). The cataract group showed a significant decrease in visual function in all the parameters evaluated (p<0.05). These drivers tended to drive at lower speeds than the control group. Road characteristics, gender, and intraocular straylight in the better eye were identified as significant predictors of speed management. Drivers with cataract experience greater driving difficulty, particularly when driving at night (p<0.05). Drivers with cataract reduce their driving speed more than older drivers without visual impairment. The straylight parameter may be a good indicator of each driver’s subjective perception of their own visual ability to drive. This work helps shed light on the mechanisms through which age-related visual impairment influences driving behavior.
A Combinatorial Optimization Model for Emergency Resource Allocation after Disasters
Authors: Jain Sehej , Bharti Kusum Kumari
Published: December 2021

Disasters occur over a short or long period of time and cause large-scale harm to humans, infrastructure, as well as the ecosystem every year. Immediate response after a disaster helps minimize its impact on life and property. Therefore, it is crucial to have an emergency response system ready to handle any emergency that may come up after a disaster. In this paper, a model is proposed to optimize the distribution of emergency services at disaster-struck points. Due to the NP-hardness of the problem, two metaheuristic algorithms, Particle Swarm Optimization and Cuckoo Search Optimization have been used to dynamically allocate the available resources based on the given situation. The proposed model uses the distance between the emergency location and the emergency service provider, and the severity of the emergency as the main metrics for scoring any considered solution. The conducted experiments demonstrate that the model provides effective, efficient, and dynamic allocation service at emergency locations in simulated disaster situations.
Effects of Apolipoprotein E Gene and Sex On Serum Lipid Profiles in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Fu Jiajia , Huang Yan , Bao Ting , Ou Ruwei , Wei Qianqian , Chen Yongping , Yang Jing , Chen Xueping , Shang Huifang
Published: December 2021

Background: The ε2, ε3 and ε4 alleles of apolipoprotein (APO) E gene constitute a common polymorphism in most populations, among which the APOEε4 allele is known to increase both the susceptibility and severity of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and it is also associated with lipid profiles. High serum total cholesterol (TC) level in middle age has been proven to be a risk factor for AD and its related pathology. In addition, sex may alter the risk associated with the APOEε4 allele, and gender-specific APOE gene interactions can alter the response to anticholinesterase therapy. Therefore, sex is an important factor in studying the relationship between the APOE gene, lipid profiles and AD, and the underlying mechanism. However, there are few studies on whether there are differences in the effects of APOEε2 and APOEε4 on AD patients and healthy people of different genders, respectively.Material and methods: A total of 549 participants, including 298 AD patients and 251 body mass index (BMI)-matched health controls (HCs), were enrolled. Lipid profiles and APOE genes in both AD patients and matched controls were determined. The cognitive functions of the AD patients were evaluated using the Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA).Results: (1) The levels of TC and LDL in the AD group were higher than those in HCs. Subgroup analysis found that the AD patients with the APOEε4 allele had higher levels of TC and LDL than HCs carrying the APOEε4 allele, while in individuals without the APOEε4 allele. There was no significant difference in TG and HDL levels between the AD group and HCs. (2) The levels of TC and LDL in the APOEε4 carriers were higher than those in non-APOEε4 carriers. Subgroup analysis found that the increase of TC and LDL in the APOEε4 carriers was found in the AD and female populations, but not in HCs and male populations. (3) The levels of TC and LDL in the APOEε2 carriers were lower than those in non-APOEε2 carriers. Subgroup analysis found that the TC of APOEε2 carriers was lower than that of non-carriers in the male AD population, but not in the female AD population, female HCs, and male HCs. (4) The levels of TC, HDL and LDL in the female population were higher than the male population. (5) The increased LDL level may increase the risk of AD in female people carrying APOEε4.Conclusion: AD patients had higher TC and LDL levels than HCs, especially in the population with the APOEε4 allele. The levels of TC and LDL in the APOEε4 carriers were higher than those in non-APOEε4 carriers, especially in the female AD populations. The TC of APOEε2 carriers was lower than that of non-carriers, especially in male AD populations.
Epidemiological Features of Neonates With COVID-19 Infection in Iran
Authors: Mohagheghi Parisa , Moshfegh Fereshteh , Zafaranloo Nazanin , Khalili Narjes , Heidarzadeh Mohammad , Habibelahi Abbas , Ghafoury Roya , Afrashteh Fatemeh
Published: December 2021

Objective: Although, the COVID-19 Pandemic has drawn the attention of physicians and researchers from all corners of the globe since it has been out broken in different countries, we have also started to invest more about the epidemiological features of neonates that had been affected by COVID-19 in Iran till now.Method: This is a cross-sectional retrospective study including all neonates from a National Registry supported by Iranian Maternal and Neonatal Network (IMaN). Since February 2020 till February 2021, data of neonates under 28 days who were diagnosed with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 has been registered in this network were collected. General data including epidemiological, clinical outcomes and infection-related information were collected. Results: In our retrospective study, data of 4015 neonates admitted to hospital all over the country and reported in IMAN is included. Totally 3725 PCR tests were performed (92.8% of admitted neonates) and from these neonates 825 (20.5%) showed positive PCR test. There were no differences between gender, weight and gestational age in neonates with positive and negative PCR test. Neonatal clinical findings were dependent to the type of admission. Respiratory distress was the most common sign in neonates, who were admitted immediately after birth (63.9%), and who were transferred from another hospital (17%); however in those who were admitted after one to several days after discharge (19.1%), the most common sign were sepsis like syndrome (31.8%) and fever (27.4%). Almost 50% of admitted neonate`s mothers had positive PCR test (25% during pregnancy and 24.3% after delivery). The most important factor of neonatal death was need for respiratory support (aOR=18.17, 95% CI; 9.24– 35.69). Gestational age of <32 weeks (aOR=2.35, 95% CI; 1.35-4.10) and birth weight of <1500 grams (aOR= 3.47, 95% CI; 1.96-6.17) were the other two factors that correlated to death. Conclusion: This is the largest study of neonatal COVID-19 diseases in Iran published to date. The most common signs of COVID-19 diseases found in neonates are respiratory distress and sepsis-like syndrome.
High latitude vegetation changes will determine future plant volatile impacts on atmospheric organic aerosols
Authors: Tang Jing , Zhou Putian , Miller Paul , Schurgers Guy , Gustafson Adrian , Makkonen Risto , Fu Yongshuo , Rinnan Riikka
Published: December 2021

Strong, ongoing high latitude-warming is causing changes to vegetation composition and plant productivity, modifying plant emissions of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOCs). In the sparsely populated high latitudes, climatic feedbacks resulting from BVOCs as precursors of atmospheric aerosols could be more important than elsewhere on the globe. Here, we quantitatively assess the linkages between vegetation changes, BVOC emissions and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) under different climate scenarios and show that warming-induced vegetation changes determine the spatial patterns of BVOC impacts on SOA. The northward advances of boreal needle-leaved trees and shrubs result in an increase of up to 45% in regional SOA optical depth, causing a cooling feedback. In contrast, areas dominated by temperate broad-leaved trees show a large decline in monoterpene emissions and SOA formation, causing a warming feedback. We highlight the necessity of considering vegetation shifts when assessing radiative feedbacks on climate following the BVOC-SOA pathway.
Beclometasone but not fluticasone modulates PDGFD expression in the H295R adrenal cell line.
Authors: Parry Christopher M , Chan Li F , Carr Daniel F , Hawcutt Daniel B
Published: December 2021

BackgroundAdrenal suppression is a clinically concerning side effect of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) treatment in patients with asthma. Increased susceptibility to ICS-induced adrenal suppression has previously been identified in those with the rs591118 polymorphism in Platelet Derived Growth Factor D (PDGFD). The mechanism underpinning this relationship is not known.MethodsH295R cells were genotyped for rs591118 using a validated Taqman PCR allelic discrimination assay. H295R cell viability was determined after treatment with beclometasone and fluticasone (range 0-330 μM). Cortisol was measured in cell culture medium using competitive enzyme immunoassay.ResultsPDGFD protein expression in H295R cells was confirmed using Western blotting. When ACTH and forskolin were added to H295R cells, a reduction in PDGFD expression was seen which was then restored by incubation with prochloraz, a known inhibitor of steroidogenesis.A dose-dependent, decrease in PDGFD expression was observed with beclometasone (over a 24 h incubation period) but not with beclometasone incubations beyond 24 hour nor with fluticasone (at 24 or 48 hours).ConclusionsH295R cells express PDGFD protein which can be modulated by incubation with steroidogenesis agonists and antagonists and additionally with exogenous beclometasone.
Origin of Probability in Quantum Mechanics and the Physical Interpretation of the Wave Function
Authors: Wen Shuming
Published: December 2021

The theoretical results of quantum mechanics (QM) have been verified by experiments, but the probabilistic Copenhagen interpretation is still controversial, and many counterintuitive phenomena are still difficult to understand. To trace the origin of probability in QM, we construct the state function of a multiparticle quantum objective system and find that the probability in QM originates from the particle number distribution rate in a unit volume near position r at time t in the multiparticle quantum objective system. Based on the origin of probability, We find that the state function of the particle has precise physical meaning; that is, the particle periodically and alternately exhibits the particle state and wave state in time and space, obtain the localized and nonlocalized spatiotemporal range of the particle, the apparent trajectory of the particle motion. Based on this, through rigorous mathematical derivation and analysis, we propose new physical interpretations of the quantum superposition state, wave-particle duality, the double-slit experiment, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and the quantum tunnelling effect, and these interpretations are physically logical and not counterintuitive.
Multi view registration of C.elegans embryo
Authors:   , Bagheri Fatemeh
Published: December 2021

Multi-view microscopy techniques are used to increase the resolution along the optical axis for 3D imaging. Without this, the resolution is insufficient to resolve subcellular events. In addition, parts of the images of opaque specimens are often highly degraded or masked. Both problems motivate scientists to record the same specimen from multiple directions. The images, then have to be digitally fused into a single high-quality image. Selective-plane illumination microscopy has proven to be a powerful imaging technique due to its unsurpassed acquisition speed and gentle optical sectioning. However, even in the case of multi view imaging techniques that illuminate and image the sample from multiple directions, light scattering inside tissues often severely impairs image contrast. Here we show that for c-elegans embryos multi view registration can be achieved based on segmented nuclei. However, segmentation of nuclei in high density distribution like c-elegans embryo is challenging. We propose a method which uses 3D Mexican hat filter for preprocessing and 3D Gaussian curvature for the post-processing step to separate nuclei. We used this method successfully on 3 data sets of c-elegans embryos in 3 different views. The result of segmentation outperforms previous methods. Moreover, we provide a simple GUI for manual correction and adjusting the parameters for different data. We then proposed a method that combines point and voxel registration for an accurate multi view reg- istration of c-elegans embryo, which does not need any special experimental preparation. We demonstrate the performance of our approach on data acquired from fixed embryos of c-elegans worms. This multi step approach is successfully evaluated by comparison to different methods and also by using synthetic data. The proposed method could overcome the typically low resolution along the optical axis and enable stitching to- gether the different parts of the embryo available through the different views. A tool for running the code and analyzing the results is developed.
syntax and semantics of left-node raising in Japanese
Authors: Yatabe Shûichi
Published: December 2021

In this paper, I argue (i) that Japanese has constructions that are almost the exact mirror images of the right-node raising constructions in English, and (ii) that the properties of those constructions, which I refer to as left-node raising constructions, can be captured straightforwardly if and only if the CONTENT values of domain objects, not those of signs, are assumed to be the principal locus of meaning assembly. In the theory proposed, it is claimed that semantic composition (including "quantifier retrieval") takes place not when some signs are syntactically combined to produce a new, larger sign but when some domain objects (which are essentially prosodic constituents) are merged (by the total or partial compaction operation) to produce a new domain object (i.e. a new, larger prosodic constituent).
compositional semantics for complex tenses
Authors: Yoshimoto Kei , Mori Yoshiki
Published: December 2021

We propose a formulation of 'relative tense theory' as applied to the complex tenses in Japanese using an HPSG grammar with its semantics represented based on Discourse Representation Theory. Specifically, a mechanism of tense interpretation which consecutively combines Discourse Representation Structures in parallel with an otherwise motivated hierarchical syntactic structure is presented. The framework provides a concise and comprehensive account of the Japanese simplex and complex tenses; it is made possible by the use of a hypothetical temporal point temporal axis, which relates the location time of the relevant clause to an outer temporal point, and a modal semantic operator woll.
Adjunct valents, cumulative scopings and impossible descriptions
Authors: Levine Robert D.
Published: December 2021

My focus in this talk is on the consequences of different approaches to extraction phenomena for hypotheses about the syntactic status of adjuncts. So we need to start by looking at the two leading approaches to extraction currently on offer in the HPSG theoretical marketplace.
More heads and less categories: A new look at noun phrase structure
Authors: Beavers John
Published: December 2021

Much literature in syntax has assumed that all noun phrases are
categorically headed by the determiner or the noun, with well-formedness
categorial in nature. In this paper I develop a theory of noun phrase
structure in which both categories project noun phrases, arguing that this
better fits the indeterminacy of the criteria often cited for determining
headedness (Zwicky, 1985, inter alia). The only categorial differences
between determiners and nouns are their semantics and selectional
restrictions, and the conditions that determine well-formedness are
semantic in nature. Specifically, a well-formed noun phrase must have
some restrictive semantics associated with nouns coupled with some
operational semantics associated with determiners (e.g. as a generalized
quantifier), and from this I show how we can derive structural
well-formedness. Thus the need for categorial well-formedness is
nullified, providing an analysis with greater cross-linguistic import,
being compatible with languages without determiners.
Coordinate ellipsis and apparent non-constituent coordination
Authors: Beavers John , Sag Ivan A.
Published: December 2021

Within the tradition of Categorial Grammar, so-called
ˋnon-constituent' coordination (ˋargument cluster' coordination and
ˋright node raising') has been analyzed in terms of the coordination
of nonstandard constituents produced by the operations of type
raising and composition. This highly successful research has
expanded the domain of data that modern analyses of coordination
must take into account. Recent HPSG work by Yatabe (2002) and
Crysmann (2003) provides an interesting alternative approach to
this problem in terms of the coordination of familiar, but
ˋelliptical' constituents. We argue that this approach is
empirically superior to the Categorial Grammar analysis, both in
terms of empirical coverage and cross-linguistic predictions. We
reassess the relevant English data in small but important ways, and
develop our own ellipsis analysis, building on Yatabe's and
Crysmann's insights.
Binding conditions: How are they derived?
Authors: Reuland Eric
Published: December 2021

In this article I discuss binding conditions A and B. I show that important
properties of binding need not be stipulated, but can be explained as
consequences of general properties of the computational system underlying
human language.
The Tswana infinitive as a mixed category
Authors: Creissels Denis , Godard Danièle
Published: December 2021

After studying the morphological and syntactic properties of Tswana
infinitives in some detail, we argue that a mixed category approach is
more adequate than a phrasal approach to account for the combination of
their common properties with the two different uses they are found in.
A phrase structure approach to argument cluster coordination
Authors: Mouret François
Published: December 2021

It has often been argued that Non-Constituent Coordinations involve
ellipsis. Focussing in this paper on so-called 'Argument Cluster Coordination',
we provide empirical evidence drawn from French against such elliptical
analyses. We then sketch an alternative approach within HPSG, allowing
non-standard constituents to be conjoined in the scope of some shared
predicate. While such non-standard constituents are generally obtained by
relaxing phrase structure, we propose analyzing them as non-headed
constructions, deriving their unusual properties from the interplay of two
different sets of constraints: those imposed by coordination and those imposed
by predicates that select such clusters as arguments.
Type hierarchies for passive forms in Korean
Authors: Song Sanghoun , Choe Jae-Woong
Published: December 2021

This paper aims to provide type hierarchies for Korean passive constructions on the basis of their
forms within the HPSG framework. The type hierarchies proposed in this paper are based on the
classification of Korean passives; suffixal passives, auxiliary passives, inherent passives, and
passive light verb constructions. Verbs are divided into five subtypes in accordance with the
possibility of passivization. We also provide type hierarchies for verbal nouns and passive light
verbs.
Remarks on locality
Authors: Sag Ivan A.
Published: December 2021

This paper proposes a modification of HPSG theory—Sign-Based Construction Grammar—that
incorporates a strong theory of both selectional and constructional locality. A number of
empirical phenomena that give the appearance of requiring nonlocal constraints are given a
principled, localist analysis consistent with this general approach, which incorporates certain
insights from work in the tradition of Berkeley Construction Grammar, as exemplified by Fillmore
et al. (1988), Kay and Fillmore (1999), and related work.
On the syntax of direct quotation in French
Authors: Bonami Olivier , Godard Danièle
Published: December 2021

Direct quotation raises three major problems for grammatical modelling: (i) the variety of quoted
material (which can be a non linguistic behavior, or a sign in a different language), (ii) the
embedding of an utterance inside another one, (iii) a special denotation, the content of the
quotation being the utterance itself. We propose a unary rule, which turns the quoted material into
a linguistic sign whose content is itself a behavior, which entertains a resemblance relation to the
behavior demonstrated by the speaker. Syntactically, direct quotation comes in two varieties: it can
be the complement of a quotative verb, or constitutes a head sentence, modified by an adjunct
containing a quotative verb whose complement is extracted and identified with its local features.
Analysing speech and co-speech gesture in constraint-based grammars
Authors: Alahverdzhieva Katya , Lascarides Alex
Published: December 2021

This paper addresses the form-meaning relation of multimodal communicative actions by means of a
grammar that combines verbal input with hand gestures. Unlike speech, gesture signals are
interpretable only through their semantic relation to the synchronous speech content. This relation
serves to resolve the incomplete meaning that is revealed by gestural form alone. We demonstrate
that by using standard linguistic methods, speech and gesture can be integrated in a constrained way
into a single derivation tree which maps to a uniform meaning representation.
The English binominal NP construction: A construction-based perspective
Authors: Kim Jong-Bok , Sells Peter
Published: December 2021

English Binominal NPs (BNP) (e.g., a hell of a problem) are of empirical and
theoretical interest due to their complex syntactic and semantic properties. In
this paper, we review some basic properties of the BNP construction, focusing
on its headedness, semantic relations, and the role of the preposition of.
We argue that these properties suggest an account in the spirit of construction
grammar. In particular, we show that English BNP is a nominal juxtaposition
construction whose special syntactic constraints are linked to semantic
relations like a subject-predicate relation.
Simpler Syntax and explanation
Authors: Culicover Peter W.
Published: December 2021

Simpler Syntax is an approach to grammar that calls for very restrictive limits on the notion of
'grammatical competence'. Specifically, it does not account for unacceptability judgments for
sentences that are well-formed if they are fully licensed by the constructions of the language. SS
leads us to seek accounts for such judgments in terms other than grammar per se, e.g., processing
complexity, semantic or pragmatic well-formedness, discourse coherence, etc. I review several
examples that suggest that the line that SS draws between competence on the one hand and performance
and other mechanisms on the other is on the right track. Specifically, it does not account for
unacceptability judgments for sentences that are well-formed if they are fully licensed by the
constructions of the language. SS leads us to seek accounts for such judgments in terms other than
grammar per se, e.g., processing complexity, semantic or pragmatic well-formedness, discourse
coherence, etc. I review several examples that suggest that the line that SS draws between
competence on the one hand and performance and other mechanisms on the other is on the right track.