bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CINWA (database of terminology for cultivated plants in indigenous languages of northwestern South America): introducing a resource for research in ethnobiology, anthropology, historical linguistics, and interdisciplinary research on the neolithic transition in South America
Authors: Urban Matthias , Panchi Evelyn Michelle Aguilar , Lee Saetbyul , Brodetsky Evgenia
Published: December 2022

This article introduces CINWA, a freely accessible online database of terminology for cultivated plants in indigenous languages of South America based on FAIR principles for scientific data management and stewardship. In the pre-release version we present here, CINWA assembles more than 2700 terms from more than 60 indigenous languages of northwestern South America, and coverage will be continuously expanded. CINWA is primarily designed for use in historical linguistics to explore patterns of lexical borrowing that might be used as a proxy for tracing the pathways by which knowledge of individual cultivated plants and the associated know-how spread from speech community to speech community in pre-Columbian South America. In spite of intensifying research, this is still unclear for most cultivars as the locales of initial cultivation are heterogeneous and spatially diffuse. However, possible uses of the CINWA database are manifold and go beyond this research question. The database can be used as a resource for ethnobiological and comparative anthropological research on South American communities, South American agricultural ecosystems and practices, and for studies in lexical borrowing, language contact, and historical linguistics broadly.
Impact of Mass Timber Compartment Fires on Façade Fire Exposure
Authors: Engel Thomas , Werther Norman
Published: December 2022

This study investigates whether timber surfaces that are initially exposed to fire or partially protected timber components can lead to a more critical fire exposure on the façade. Five full-scale fire tests were carried out. Three tests with a square compartment (4.5 × 4.5 m2) and two with a double-width compartment (4.5 × 9 m2). The tests were conducted with a high fire load density (1085 MJ/m2). While the first test was carried out in a non-combustible compartment, the exposed timber surfaces were subsequently increased in the other tests. The measured compartment gas temperature, heat release rate, temperature on the façade, flame heights along the façade, heat flux and velocities along the façade are presented in this publication. The influence of exposed or only initially protected timber surfaces on the fire impact on the façade is investigated with the help of these results. Finally, these findings are presented and compared with the results of other internationally conducted fire tests from literature. Additional structural fire load leads to an increase in temperatures on the façade. However, there is no significant difference in flame height between the tests. Another result was that an exposed mass timber ceiling leads to higher heat fluxes on the façade than an exposed mass timber wall.

Graphical Abstract
Design of Quick Search Method for Key Feature Images in Mobile Networks
Authors: Zheng Jingya , Woźniak Marcin
Published: December 2022

In order to promote the efficiency of image retrieval in mobile network and realize the fast query of key images, this paper designs a quick search method of key feature images in mobile networks. The key features of retrieved images are extracted by rotation invariant local binary method. According to the extracted key features of the image, the query target image is processed by coarse quantization then the distance of the key features of the image is calculated and retrieved. Finally, non-exhaustive search method is used to achieve quick search of key feature images in mobile network. Experimental results show that this method can effectively extract specific images, The desired image can be quickly searched by reserved key features, and the F-score value of quick search is higher than 0.9.
Landing control method of a lightweight four-legged landing and walking robot
Authors: Yin Ke , Qi Chenkun , Gao Yue , Sun Qiao , Gao Feng
Published: December 2022

The prober with an immovable lander and a movable rover is commonly used to explore the Moon’s surface. The rover can complete the detection on relatively flat terrain of the lunar surface well, but its detection efficiency on deep craters and mountains is relatively low due to the difficulties of reaching such places. A lightweight four-legged landing and walking robot called “FLLWR” is designed in this study. It can take off and land repeatedly between any two sites wherever on deep craters, mountains or other challenging landforms that are difficult to reach by direct ground movement. The robot integrates the functions of a lander and a rover, including folding, deploying, repetitive landing, and walking. A landing control method via compliance control is proposed to solve the critical problem of impact energy dissipation to realize buffer landing. Repetitive landing experiments on a five-degree-of-freedom lunar gravity testing platform are performed. Under the landing conditions with a vertical velocity of 2.1 m/s and a loading weight of 140 kg, the torque safety margin is 10.3% and 16.7%, and the height safety margin is 36.4% and 50.1% for the cases with or without an additional horizontal disturbance velocity of 0.4 m/s, respectively. The study provides a novel insight into the next-generation lunar exploration equipment.
Central Nervous System Prophylaxis and Treatment in Acute Leukemias
Authors: Wu Susan Y. , Short Nicholas J. , Nasr Lewis , Dabaja Bouthaina S. , Fang Penny Q.
Published: December 2022

Opinion statement

Improvements in systemic therapy in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have improved patient outcomes and reduced the incidence of CNS relapse. However, management of patients with CNS disease remains challenging, and relapses in the CNS can be difficult to salvage. In addition to treatment with CNS-penetrant systemic therapy (high-dose methotrexate and cytarabine), intrathecal prophylaxis is indicated in all patients with ALL, however is not uniformly administered in patients with AML without high-risk features. There is a limited role for radiation treatment in CNS prophylaxis; however, radiation should be considered for consolidative treatment in patients with CNS disease, or as an option for palliation of symptoms. Re-examining the role of established treatment paradigms and investigating the role of radiation as bridging therapy in the era of cellular therapy, particularly in chemotherapy refractory patients, is warranted.
States of Uncertainty, Risk–Benefit Assessment and Early Clinical Research: A Conceptual Investigation
Authors: Schnarr Antje , Mertz Marcel
Published: December 2022

It can be argued that there is an ethical requirement to classify correctly what is known and what is unknown in decision situations, especially in the context of biomedicine when risks and benefits have to be assessed. This is because other methods for assessing potential harms and benefits, decision logics and/or ethical principles may apply depending on the kind or degree of uncertainty. However, it is necessary to identify and describe the various epistemic states of uncertainty relevant to such estimates in the first place. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a category system of different epistemic states of uncertainty which, although not exclusively, is primarily intended to be applied to early clinical trials. It is formed on the basis—and various combinations—of three dimensions of uncertainty that represent certain parts of incomplete knowledge: outcome (type of event), probability (of outcome) and evaluation (assessment of outcome). Furthermore, it is argued that uncertainty can arise from three different sources (the structure of the object of research, the state of the evidence, or individual handling of the research and already existing knowledge). The categories developed are applied to actual examples from gene therapy and genome editing to illustrate that they can be helpful for a more precise definition of the respective uncertainties, especially in the context of risk–benefit assessment. The categories allow a differentiated perspective of decision-making situations from the point of view of incomplete knowledge in general, but particularly, for example, in early clinical research, and may thereby support a more acceptable ethical assessment of potential harms and benefits.
Alginate-pectin microparticles loaded with nanoemulsions as nanocomposites for wound healing
Authors: Amante Chiara , Andretto Valentina , Rosso Annalisa , Augusti Geraldine , Marzocco Stefania , Lollo Giovanna , Del Gaudio Pasquale
Published: December 2022

This work combines natural polymers with nanoemulsions (NEs) to formulate nanocomposites as an innovative wound dressing. Spray-drying has been used to produce alginate-pectin in situ gelling powders as carriers for NEs loaded with curcumin (CCM), a model antimicrobial drug. The influence of NEs encapsulation in polymer-based microparticles was studied in terms of particle size distribution, morphology, and stability after spray-drying. NEs loading did not affect the size of microparticles which was around 3.5 µm, while the shape and surface morphology analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) changed from irregular to spherical. Nanocomposites as dried powders were able to form a gel in less than 5 min when in contact with simulated wound fluid (SWF), while the value of moisture transmission of the in situ formed hydrogels allowed to promote good wound transpiration. Moreover, rheologic analyses showed that in situ formed gels loaded with NEs appeared more elastic than blank formulations. The in situ formed gel allowed the prolonged release of CCM-loaded NEs in the wound bed, reaching 100% in 24 h. Finally, powders cytocompatibility was confirmed by incubation with keratinocyte cells (HaCaT), proving that such nanocomposites can be considered a potential candidate for wound dressings.

Graphical Abstract
Double Layer Composite Electrode Strategy for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells with Excellent Reverse-Bias Stability
Authors: Jiang Chaofan , Zhou Junjie , Li Hang , Tan Liguo , Li Minghao , Tress Wolfgang , Ding Liming , Grätzel Michael , Yi Chenyi
Published: December 2022

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become the representatives of next generation of photovoltaics; nevertheless, their stability is insufficient for large scale deployment, particularly the reverse bias stability. Here, we propose a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) and low-cost metal composite electrode to improve the stability of PSCs without sacrificing the efficiency. The TCO can block ion migrations and chemical reactions between the metal and perovskite, while the metal greatly enhances the conductivity of the composite electrode. As a result, composite electrode-PSCs achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.7% (certified 23.2%) and exhibited excellent stability, maintaining 95% of the initial PCE when applying a reverse bias of 4.0 V for 60 s and over 92% of the initial PCE after 1000 h continuous light soaking. This composite electrode strategy can be extended to different combinations of TCOs and metals. It opens a new avenue for improving the stability of PSCs.
An unusual case of trichotillomania and trichophagia associated with authentic hair extension as seen in a young African-American female adult
Authors: Patel Akshar , Kim Alex , Loomis James Grant , Okwara Tracey , Miller Michael
Published: December 2022

Trichotillomania refers to repetitive pulling of hair from the body and may be accompanied by trichophagia, the ingesting of extracted hair. It is frequently comorbid with other psychiatric disorders and resulting hair loss can seriously affect quality of life. Trichophagia can lead to trichobezoars, indigestible aggregations of hair in the gastrointestinal tract that can cause pain and bowel obstruction. Descriptions of trichotillomania and trichophagia have generally assumed European hair texture and styling conventions with little attention to Black hair. Here we report the case of a 23-year-old African-American female patient that presented with a small bowel obstruction from ingestion of hair extracted from a hair weave, a popular styling practice and form of hair extension frequently used with women of African descent and various ethnic groups.
Large number system integration aspects: on orbit data and lessons learnt from launching 144 FEEP propulsion systems
Authors: Krejci David , Reissner Alexander
Published: December 2022

This manuscript discusses the on orbit data availability and system integration aspects of the ENPULSION NANO liquid metal FEEP propulsion systems. We present flight data from thrusters on LEO spacecraft, and present and discuss data availability from 142 NANO propulsion systems that were launched in the previous 4 years on 64 different spacecraft, ranging from 3 U Cubesats to > 100 kg platforms. In parallel, new propulsion systems based on FEEP technology have been developed, expanding the thrust and power range and introducing new features, as well as lessons learnt from the large space heritage of the NANO. Two of these new propulsion systems have been launched to space so far. In this work we present telemetry of NANO operation over several hundred hours as well as aggregated on orbit statistical data of the NANO including the thrusting time over all units in space which accumulated to > 3000 h of thrusting. We then discuss challenges encountered and present lessons learnt during on orbit operations, customer AIT support and ground test campaigns conducted at different facilities.
Philosophical Role-Playing in Cicero's Letters to Paetus, 46bc
Authors: McConnell Sean
Published: December 2022

In his letters to Lucius Papirius Paetus from 46bcCicero provides striking reports on his thoughts and activities as he seeks to accommodate himself to the new political realities following Caesar's decisive victory over the republican forces in Africa. In these letters Cicero also engages in a kind of performative role-playing: he casts himself variously as a teacher of oratory to two of Caesar's close associates (Hirtius and Dolabella), as abon vivantimmersed in the Caesarian social scene, and as a man of moral principle who measures himself against the model of the wise man. Philosophical jokes, allusions, and arguments all figure prominently: Cicero is evidently drawing on a rich range of philosophical material to frame his actions and how he should be judged. This paper brings out the full significance of these underlying philosophical frameworks and makes clear the ways in which Cicero exploits the resources of the Greek philosophical tradition in his self-fashioning in the letters to Paetus.
Running in the Family: Inheritance and Family Resemblance in Suetonius’Lives of the Caesars
Authors: Garrett Phoebe
Published: December 2022

The ancestry sections in Suetonius’Lives of the Caesarsdemonstrate the inheritance of character traits down the family line. The effectiveness of this as a rhetorical technique rests on an expectation of inheritance and resemblance along the family line. This study investigates the mechanism of that resemblance from the evidence available in Suetonius’ text—nature or nurture?—and then proposes that since the mechanism appears to be not quite the same as that evidenced in earlier writers, the biographer's model of inheritance and degeneration is part of a conversation about succession to the principate. Part one sets out the patterns of resemblance/difference that appear from the lists of ancestors, part two the evidence for nature and nurture of character traits in Suetonius’Lives, and part three compares the way resemblance works in Suetonius with the way it works in other authors. As modern views on nature and nurture have changed with social and political changes, the final section proposes that the changes over the first century of the principate have to do with the political and social changes in that period. Suetonius’ model of hereditary vice, not hereditary virtue, arises from a disaffection with the system of hereditary succession.
The Date of Eunapius’Vitae Sophistarumand the Establishment of the Martyr Cult in Menouthis
Authors: Vedeshkin Mikhail A.
Published: December 2022

The paper is a contribution to a discussion on the dating of Eunapius’Vitae Sophistarum. Arguments are put forward that Eunapius’ remark on the necrolatry of the monks of Canopus reflects the establishment of a cult of Saints Cyrus and John. Since this event took place when the Church of Alexandria was headed by Cyril, we may consider the beginning of his archbishopric (October 18, 412 CE) as a reliableterminus post quemfor the publication of this text.
Inter-faith relations and their spatial representation in the Late Medieval Aegean: the double-apsed churches of Kythnos in the Western Cyclades
Authors: Veloudaki Christianna
Published: December 2022

This article discusses the double-apsed churches (single-naved churches with two high altars) of Kythnos in the western Cyclades. The reasons for this uncommon configuration, although much debated, are not entirely clear. According to local tradition, during the period of Latin rule (thirteenth–seventeenth centuries) double-apsed churches were designed to accommodate both Orthodox and Catholic liturgies, or even some combination of the two. Combining information from written sources with architectural surveys at Oria Kastro, the island's ruined medieval capital, an attempt is made here to document Kythnos’ double-apsed churches and identify how these small provincial monuments reflect socio-religious conditions and inter-faith relations in the late medieval Aegean.
“Land Wickedness”: Technological Change, Institutions, and the Making of an Environmental Disaster in the Mining District of Cartagena-La Unión (Spain), 1840–1992
Authors: López-Morell Miguel A. , Rosique Campoy Manuel , Pérez de Perceval Verde Miguel A.
Published: December 2022

This study seeks to analyze the continuity and survival of the mining sector in one of the most long-lived mining districts in the world, and the socioeconomic externalities that arose over a period of 150 years. Its most characteristic element was the development of two diametrically opposed business models in the same space: one based on a system of very small-scale mines, which were highly labor-intensive with a low capitalization, and another that was implemented in the 1950s based on a large-scale model, which was intensive in capital but with lower profit margins. In both cases, the activity had a growing impact on the environment and little spillover effects on other economic activities. The process of environmental degradation culminated in the 1960s–1980s with the pollution of an extensive stretch of the Mediterranean coastline and the complete disappearance of Portmán Bay, in what was possibly the most important environmental disaster in the history of the Mediterranean Sea. The institutional framework in which this activity took place played a key role in all of this.
Local newforms for the general linear groups over a non-archimedean local field
Authors: Atobe Hiraku , Kondo Satoshi , Yasuda Seidai
Published: December 2022

In [14], Jacquet–Piatetskii-Shapiro–Shalika defined a family of compact open subgroups ofp-adic general linear groups indexed by nonnegative integers and established the theory of local newforms for irreducible generic representations. In this paper, we extend their results to all irreducible representations. To do this, we define a new family of compact open subgroups indexed by certain tuples of nonnegative integers. For the proof, we introduce the Rankin–Selberg integrals for Speh representations.
Ideological Determinants of Citations to Supreme Court Precedent Across the Federal Judiciary
Authors: Salam Amna
Published: December 2022

How do ideological factors explain the citation patterns of federal courts? Current literature uses citation data in myriad ways but leaves open the question of how ideological factors may influence citation from each level of the judicial hierarchy differently. Combining original data on citations to Supreme Court opinions by district courts from 1969 to 2005 with existing data on citations by the courts of appeals and Supreme Court, I present a more complete portrait of the scope of a precedent across the federal judiciary. I find that ideological factors are associated with differences in citing behavior on the federal courts. Both the appellate and district courts are responsive to Supreme Court precedent, but district courts are not equally responsive to liberal and conservative updates to doctrine. Further, as the Supreme Court ideology changes from the time of setting precedent, appellate courts are less likely to cite the precedent, but district courts cite it more. These results suggest that the relationship between ideology and precedent adherence is complicated by the distinct institutional features of the Supreme Court, courts of appeals, and district courts.
Diachronic quantitative snow avalanche risk assessment as a function of forest cover changes
Authors: Zgheib Taline , Giacona Florie , Morin Samuel , Granet-Abisset Anne-Marie , Favier Philoméne , Eckert Nicolas
Published: December 2022

This work proposes a holistic quantitative snow avalanche risk assessment that evaluates, at reasonable computational costs and for various types of buildings, the impact of forest cover changes on the probability distribution of runout distances, impact pressures and subsequent risk estimates. A typical case study of the French Alps shows that, from a completely deforested to a completely forested path, avalanche risk for a building located downslope decreases by 53–99%, depending on how forest cover is accounted for in avalanche statistical–dynamical modeling. Local forest cover data inferred from old maps and photographs further demonstrates that a 20–60% risk reduction actually occurred between 1825 and 2017 at the site because of the afforestation dynamics, with significant modulations according to the considered building technology. These results (1) assert the protective role of forests against snow avalanches, (2) highlight the potential of combining nature-based solutions with traditional structural measures to reduce risk to acceptable levels at reasonable costs, (3) suggest a significant decrease in risk to settlements in areas that encountered similar forest cover changes and (4) open the door to the quantification of long-term avalanche risk changes as a function of changes of all its hazard, vulnerability and exposure drivers in various mountain context.
Valence sound symbolism across language families: a comparison between Japanese and German
Authors: Körner Anita , Rummer Ralf
Published: December 2022

Vowels are associated with valence, so that words containing /i/ (as in English meet) compared with /o/ (as in French rose) are typically judged to match positively valenced persons and objects. As yet, valence sound symbolism has been mainly observed for Indo-European languages. The present research extends this to a comparison of Japanese-speaking and German-speaking participants. Participants invented pseudo-words as names for faces with different emotional expressions (happy vs. neutral vs. sad vs. angry). For both Japanese-speaking and German-speaking participants, vowel usage depended on emotional valence. The vowel I was used more for positive (vs. other) expressions, whereas O and U were used less for positive (vs. other) expressions. A was associated with positive emotional valence for Japanese-speaking but not German-speaking participants. In sum, emotional valence associations of I (vs. rounded vowels) were similar in German and Japanese, suggesting that sound symbolism for emotional valence is not language specific.
Captured City: Authoritarianism, Urban Space and Project Skopje 2014
Authors: Staletović Branimir
Published: December 2022

This article looks at different strategies in which authoritarianism operated in relation to the redesign of Skopje during the rule of the conservative party VMRO-DPMNE and its leader Nikola Gruevski. It argues that the promoters of the urban project called “Skopje 2014” relied on a set of nondemocratic mechanisms and involvement and coordination of various individuals and institutions on all levels to implement and legitimize the project and expand its political dominance. These ranged from state-driven mechanisms and urban design strategies to contributions of non-state groups, thus demonstrating a systematic effort behind the makeover of Skopje. Examining the project through the concept of authoritarianism, the article goes beyond (methodological) nationalism to understand the complexity of the revamp of North Macedonia’s capital. It also demonstrates how the party used its ideological principles to leave its enduring mark on Skopje’s urban environment. Additionally, the article points out the need to study urban space politics in the context of hybrid and competitive authoritarian regimes.
The curious case of Cladonia luteoalba: no support for its distinction
Authors: Černajová Ivana , Steinová Jana , Škvorová Zuzana , Škaloud Pavel
Published: December 2022

Cladonia luteoalba shows a specific pattern in chemical variability. Its chemotype coincides with that of the associated Cladonia thalli. This has led to the formation of various hypotheses, but its true nature has never been clarified. We collected C. luteoalba in Central Europe and Norway. The chemotypes were detected by TLC and the mycobionts and photobionts were identified by Sanger sequencing of ITS rDNA. Mycobiont cultures were obtained and Illumina metabarcoding of the fungal ITS1 rDNA region was performed targeting minor mycobionts within the thalli. None of the methods supported C. luteoalba as a distinct Cladonia species. In phylogenetic analyses, it was placed in C. straminea and the C. coccifera agg., following the pattern in chemistry. No minor Cladonia were detected by metabarcoding or cultivation. Thus, C. luteoalba remains enigmatic as our data did not support its distinction as a separate Cladonia species.
Accountability in personalised Supported Employment-based activation services
Authors: Skjold Suzan Mbatudde , Lundberg Kjetil Grimastad
Published: December 2022

This article explores the accountability experiences and orientations of frontline workers implementing personalised activation services in the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration (NAV). The study draws on observations and interviews (2021), with three teams of employment specialists using Supported Employment as an approach to personalised service provision, in a national programme called Extended Follow-up. Adopting the theoretical lens of accountability as behaviours of account giving, three strategies on how to adopt the accountability regime at the frontline are highlighted: (i) reporting, where one team complied with accountability requirements as the perceived best practices for achieving success in work inclusion; (ii) mitigating, where accountability requirements were fulfilled but combined with attention to how to best meet jobseekers’ needs; and (iii) reframing, where accountability requirements were challenged and redefined. The study highlights how accountability requirements may be interpreted variably, promoting personalised service innovation on the one hand or stagnation on the other.
Report on an outbreak of coral-killing sponge Clathria (Microciona) aceratoobtusa in an unprotected reef of the Gulf of Mannar, India
Authors: Raj K. Diraviya , Emmett Jonathan Samuel , Mathews G.
Published: December 2022

Global climate change has aggravated the severity of space competition put up by marine sponges in the tropical coral reef ecosystems. We report here an outbreak of coral-killing sponge Clathria (Microciona) aceratoobtusa (Carter, 1887) over live coral colonies of the genus Turbinaria in an unprotected reef (mainland patch reef) in the Gulf of Mannar in India. An outbreak of this orange-reddish sponge was observed during an explorative dive in April 2020. Live coral cover in the reef was 62.06% (SD±3.36), which was dominated by the genus Turbinaria with 82.31%. Among the total of 549 Turbinaria colonies counted in five transects, 21.86% (n = 120) of colonies were found infested by the sponge. As the mainland patch reef lies outside the boundary of marine protected area, it is exposed to human-induced threats, apart from climate change implications. This report would serve as an evidence to indicate the intensity of the space competition waged by sponges in a disturbed reef ecosystem.
The phonological status of Swedish au and eu: Proposals, evidence, evaluation
Authors: Eliasson Stig
Published: December 2022

Most modern studies of Swedish phonology take the view that the underlying vowel inventory of Central Standard Swedish comprises nine, rather than seventeen or eighteen, mutually contrasting vowel phonemes. A residual problem of a classic phonological type concerns the borrowed entities, rendered in traditional Swedish orthography as au and eu, whose ‘status in the vowel system is unclear’ (Riad 2014:42). The present paper scrutinizes earlier and current phonological interpretations of these entities, adduces evidence for and against each proposal, and concludes that the case for treating them as phonemic diphthongs /V͡V/, as /VC/-sequences, or as monosyllabic /VV̯/-sequences is weak and that they should in the first place be viewed as underlying heterosyllabic vowel sequences /VV/, subject to a special phonological stipulation valid for a borrowed sub-domain of the lexicon. Typologically, Central Standard Swedish should continue to be subsumed under the category of languages that lack phonological diphthongs.
Perfect and Imperfect Duty: Unpacking Kant’s Complex Distinction
Authors: Hope Simon
Published: December 2022

I attempt first to disentangle three aspects of Kant’s distinction between perfect and imperfect duty. There is the central distinction between principles of duty contrary to that which is contradictory in conception/consistent in conception but contradictory in will. There is also a distinction between essential and non-essential duties: those which cannot, or occasionally can, be passed over consistent with the requirements of morality. Finally, there is a distinction between duties that exhibit a scalar aspect – degrees of goodness or virtue – and duties that do not. My aim is to show how these distinct considerations can be reconciled as aspects of a single distinction, and I conclude that the remarkable complexity of Kant’s perfect/imperfect distinction is actually a strength, rather than a weakness.
Social Representations, Social Identity, and Representational Imputation
Authors: Prost Maxime , Piermattéo Anthony , Lo Monaco Grégory
Published: December 2022

Abstract. Social representations can be considered as sets of knowledge, beliefs, or opinions shared by members of a group regarding social objects such as general topics (e.g., vaccination), tangible objects (e.g., electric cars), or even social groups (e.g., migrants). While social representations of different social groups have been explored in several studies, almost none focus on the representations we are likely to attribute to these groups in relation to given social objects. In other words: “how do we represent how others are perceiving something?” The aim of this contribution is then to present and discuss the concepts of representational imputation and divergence, these concepts referring respectively to the fact of attributing a certain representation of a given object to others and to the perceived discrepancy between this representation and our own. As representational imputation and divergence are related to the social identity theory as well as the social representations theory, after a presentation of the literature connecting these two fields, we will present these concepts and the research perspectives opened by this theoretical proposition.
Weather‐Climate Anomalies and Regional Transport Contribute to Air Pollution in Northern China During the COVID‐19 Lockdown
Authors: Zhao Shuyu , Feng Tian , Xiao Wangxing , Zhao Shuyun , Tie Xuexi
Published: December 2022

Two persistent and heavy haze episodes during the COVID‐19 lockdown (from 20 Jan to 22 Feb 2020) still occur in northern China, when anthropogenic emissions, particularly from transportation sources, are greatly reduced. To investigate the underlying cause, this study comprehensively uses in‐situ measurements for ambient surface pollutants, reanalysis meteorological data and the WRF‐Chem model to calculate the contribution of NOx emission change and weather‐climate change to the “unexpectedly heavy” haze. Results show that a substantial NOx reduction has slightly decreased PM2.5 concentration. By contrast, the weakest East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) in the 2019–2020 winter relative to the past decade is particularly important for haze occurrence. A warmer and moister climate is also favorable. Model results suggest that climate anomalies lead to a 25–50 μg m−3 increase of PM2.5 concentration, and atmospheric transport is also an important contributor to two haze episodes. The first haze is closely related to the atmospheric transport of pollutants from NEC to the south, and fireworks emissions in NEC are a possible amplifying factor that warrants future studies. The second one is caused by the convergence of a southerly wind and a mountain wind, resulting in an intra‐regional transport within BTH, with a maximal PM2.5 increment of 50–100 μg m−3. These results suggest that climate change and regional transport are of great importance to haze occurrence in China, even with significant emission reductions of pollutants.
Spatial Heterogeneity and Temporal Stability of Baseflow Stream Chemistry in an Urban Watershed
Authors: Welty Claire , Moore Joel , Bain Daniel J. , Talebpour Mahdad , Kemper John T. , Groffman Peter M. , Duncan Jonathan M.
Published: December 2022

Synoptic sampling of streams is an inexpensive way to gain insight into the spatial distribution of dissolved constituents in the subsurface critical zone. Few spatial synoptics have focused on urban watersheds although this approach is useful in urban areas where monitoring wells are uncommon. Baseflow stream sampling was used to quantify spatial variability of water chemistry in a highly developed Piedmont watershed in suburban Baltimore, MD having no permitted point discharges. Six synoptic surveys were conducted from 2014 to 2016 after an average of 10 days of no rain, when stream discharge was composed of baseflow from groundwater. Samples collected every 50 m over 5 km were analyzed for nitrate, sulfate, chloride, fluoride, and water stable isotopes. Longitudinal spatial patterns differed across constituents for each survey, but the pattern for each constituent varied little across synoptics. Results suggest a spatially heterogeneous, three‐dimensional pattern of localized groundwater contaminant zones steadily contributing solutes to the stream network, where high concentrations result from current and legacy land use practices. By contrast, observations from 35 point piezometers indicate that sparse groundwater measurements are not a good predictor of baseflow stream chemistry in this geologic setting. Cross‐covariance analysis of stream solute concentrations with groundwater model/backward particle tracking results suggest that spatial changes in base‐flow solute concentrations are associated with urban features such as impervious surface area, fill, and leaking potable water and sanitary sewer pipes. Predicted subsurface residence times suggest that legacy solute sources drive baseflow stream chemistry in the urban critical zone.
Formation of Turbidity Maximum in the Modaomen Estuary of the Pearl River, China: The Roles of Mouth Bar
Authors: Li Haiwei , Yang Qingshu , Mo Sihao , Huang Jie , Wang Simin , Xie Rongyao , Luo Xiangxin , Liu Feng
Published: December 2022

An estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) functions as a filter and plays a key role in transporting suspended sediment. The features of ETM and their formation mechanisms vary with different types of estuaries. Their responses to morphological factors require further study. In this study, the Modaomen Estuary of the Pearl River was selected to examine the formation mechanisms of the ETM and roles of the mouth bar. Hydrodynamics, suspended sediment concentration, and sediment size distribution were measured via cruise shipboard in the mouth bar zone during the dry season of 2020, which indicated that the ETM occurred in the central and western bars. Furthermore, numerical modeling of an idealized estuary based on Delft3D was performed to explore the effects of the existence of a mouth bar on the dynamic structures causing the ETM, including saltwater intrusion, residual longitudinal circulation, and bed sediment resuspension. The results indicated that the existence of a mouth bar contributed to the occurrence of double residual circulations and enhanced bed shear stress on the mouth bar, which favor the ETM formation. In general, two different dynamic regimes were responsible for the ETM formation, that is, sediment trapping by saltwater intrusion and sediment resuspension induced by tidal currents. The mouth bar played a key role in these two mechanisms, including altering the estuarine circulation and bed shear stress. The results contribute to a better elucidation of the ETM formation in estuaries and provide scientific guidelines for estuarine management and engineering.
A Multimodel Investigation of Asian Summer Monsoon UTLS Transport Over the Western Pacific
Authors: Pan Laura L. , Kinnison Douglas , Liang Qing , Chin Mian , Santee Michelle L. , Flemming Johannes , Smith Warren P. , Honomichl Shawn B. , Bresch James F. , Lait Leslie R. , Zhu Yunqian , Tilmes Simone , Colarco Peter R. , Warner Juying , Vuvan Adrien , Clerbaux Cathy , Atlas Elliot L. , Newman Paul A. , Thornberry Troy , Randel William J. , Toon Owen B.
Published: December 2022

The Asian summer monsoon (ASM) as a chemical transport system is investigated using a suite of models in preparation for an airborne field campaign over the Western Pacific. Results show that the dynamical process of anticyclone eddy shedding in the upper troposphere rapidly transports convectively uplifted Asian boundary layer air masses to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over the Western Pacific. The models show that the transported air masses contain significantly enhanced aerosol loading and a complex chemical mixture of trace gases that are relevant to ozone chemistry. The chemical forecast models consistently predict the occurrence of the shedding events, but the predicted concentrations of transported trace gases and aerosols often differ between models. The airborne measurements to be obtained in the field campaign are expected to help reduce the model uncertainties. Furthermore, the large‐scale seasonal chemical structure of the monsoon system is obtained from modeled carbon monoxide, a tracer of the convective transport of pollutants, which provides a new perspective of the ASM circulation, complementing the dynamical characterization of the monsoon.
The Sugar‐To‐Flower Shallow Cumulus Transition Under the Influences of Diel Cycle and Free‐Tropospheric Mineral Dust
Authors: Narenpitak Pornampai , Kazil Jan , Yamaguchi Takanobu , Quinn Patricia K. , Feingold Graham
Published: December 2022

A shallow cumulus cloud transition from a sugar to flower type of organization occurred under a layer of mineral dust on 2 February 2020, during the multinational Atlantic Tradewind Ocean‐Atmosphere Mesoscale Interaction Campaign (ATOMIC) and the Elucidating the Role of Clouds‐Circulation Coupling in Climate (EUREC4A) campaigns. Lagrangian large eddy simulations following an airmass trajectory along the tradewinds are used to explore radiative impacts of the diel cycle and mineral dust on the sugar‐to‐flower (S2F) cloud transition. The large‐scale meteorological forcing is derived from the European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis Fifth Generation and based on aerosol measurements from the U.S. Ronald H. Brown Research Vessel and the French ATR‐42 Research Aircraft during the field campaigns. A 12‐hr delay in the diel cycle accelerates the S2F transition at night, leading to more cloud liquid water and precipitation. The aggregated clouds generate more and stronger cold pools, which alter the original mechanism responsible for the organization. Although there is still mesoscale moisture convergence in the cloud layer, the near‐surface divergence associated with cold pools transports the subcloud moisture to the drier surrounding regions. New convection forms along the cold‐pool edges, generating new flower clouds. The modulation of the surface radiative budget by free‐tropospheric mineral dust poses a less dramatic effect on the S2F transition. Mineral dust releases longwave radiation, reducing the cloud amount at night, and absorbs shortwave radiation during the day, cooling the boundary‐layer temperature and increasing the overall cloud amount. Cloud‐top radiative heating because of more clouds strengthens the mesoscale organization, enlarging the aggregate areas, and increasing the cloud amount further.
Upper gut heat shock proteins HSP70 and GRP78 promote insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Angelini Giulia , Castagneto-Gissey Lidia , Salinari Serenella , Bertuzzi Alessandro , Anello Danila , Pradhan Meenakshi , Zschätzsch Marlen , Ritter Paul , Le Roux Carel W. , Rubino Francesco , Basso Nicola , Casella Giovanni , Bornstein Stefan R. , Tremaroli Valentina , Mingrone Geltrude
Published: December 2022

A high-fat diet increases the risk of insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis. Here we identified two heat-shock proteins, Heat-Shock-Protein70 and Glucose-Regulated Protein78, which are increased in the jejunum of rats on a high-fat diet. We demonstrated a causal link between these proteins and hepatic and whole-body insulin-resistance, as well as the metabolic response to bariatric/metabolic surgery. Long-term continuous infusion of Heat-Shock-Protein70 and Glucose-Regulated Protein78 caused insulin-resistance, hyperglycemia, and non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis in rats on a chow diet, while in rats on a high-fat diet continuous infusion of monoclonal antibodies reversed these phenotypes, mimicking metabolic surgery. Infusion of these proteins or their antibodies was also associated with shifts in fecal microbiota composition. Serum levels of Heat-Shock-Protein70 and Glucose-Regulated Protein78were elevated in patients with non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis, but decreased following metabolic surgery. Understanding the intestinal regulation of metabolism may provide options to reverse metabolic diseases.
Tumor fractions deciphered from circulating cell-free DNA methylation for cancer early diagnosis
Authors: Zhou Xiao , Cheng Zhen , Dong Mingyu , Liu Qi , Yang Weiyang , Liu Min , Tian Junzhang , Cheng Weibin
Published: December 2022

Tumor-derived circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) provides critical clues for cancer early diagnosis, yet it often suffers from low sensitivity. Here, we present a cancer early diagnosis approach using tumor fractions deciphered from circulating cfDNA methylation signatures. We show that the estimated fractions of tumor-derived cfDNA from cancer patients increase significantly as cancer progresses in two independent datasets. Employing the predicted tumor fractions, we establish a Bayesian diagnostic model in which training samples are only derived from late-stage patients and healthy individuals. When validated on early-stage patients and healthy individuals, this model exhibits a sensitivity of 86.1% for cancer early detection and an average accuracy of 76.9% for tumor localization at a specificity of 94.7%. By highlighting the potential of tumor fractions on cancer early diagnosis, our approach can be further applied to cancer screening and tumor progression monitoring.
Magma recharge and mush rejuvenation drive paroxysmal activity at Stromboli volcano
Authors: Petrone Chiara Maria , Mollo Silvio , Gertisser Ralf , Buret Yannick , Scarlato Piergiorgio , Del Bello Elisabetta , Andronico Daniele , Ellis Ben , Pontesilli Alessio , De Astis Gianfilippo , Giacomoni Pier Paolo , Coltorti Massimo , Reagan Mark
Published: December 2022

Open-conduit basaltic volcanoes can be characterised by sudden large explosive events (paroxysms) that interrupt normal effusive and mild explosive activity. In June-August 2019, one major explosion and two paroxysms occurred at Stromboli volcano (Italy) within only 64 days. Here, via a multifaceted approach using clinopyroxene, we show arrival of mafic recharges up to a few days before the onset of these events and their effects on the eruption pattern at Stromboli, as a prime example of a persistently active, open-conduit basaltic volcano. Our data indicate a rejuvenated Stromboli plumbing system where the extant crystal mush is efficiently permeated by recharge magmas with minimum remobilisation promoting a direct linkage between the deeper and the shallow reservoirs that sustains the currently observed larger variability of eruptive behaviour. Our approach provides vital insights into magma dynamics and their effects on monitoring signals demonstrating the power of petrological studies in interpreting patterns of surficial activity.
Immunogenicity and efficacy of fourth BNT162b2 and mRNA1273 COVID-19 vaccine doses; three months follow-up
Authors: Canetti Michal , Barda Noam , Gilboa Mayan , Indenbaum Victoria , Mandelboim Michal , Gonen Tal , Asraf Keren , Weiss-Ottolenghi Yael , Amit Sharon , Doolman Ram , Mendelson Ella , Harats Dror , Freedman Laurence S. , Kreiss Yitshak , Lustig Yaniv , Regev-Yochay Gili
Published: December 2022

Booster doses for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic are under consideration in many countries. We report a three-month follow-up of 700 participants in a fourth vaccine dose study, comparing BNT162b2 and mRNA1273, administered four months after a third BNT162b2 dose. The primary outcomes are the levels of IgG, neutralizing antibodies, and microneutralization and the secondary outcomes are the levels of IgA and T cell activation, and clinical outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection and substantial symptomatic disease. Waning of the immune response is evident during follow-up, with an 11% (β = 0.89, 95% CI, 0.88–0.9) and 21% (β = 0.79, 95% CI, 0.76–0.82) multiplicative decay per week of IgG and neutralizing antibodies, respectively, in the mRNA1273 group, and of 14% (β = 0.86, 95% CI, 0.86–0.87) and 26% (β = 0.74, 95% CI, 0.72–0.76), respectively, in the BNT162b2 group. Direct neutralization of Omicron variants is low relative to ancestral strains. Cumulatively over the study period, both vaccines show little efficacy against infection but were highly efficacious against substantial symptomatic disease [89% [(IRR 0.11, 95% CI, 0.02–0.37) and 71% (IRR 0.29, 95% CI, 0.13–0.57) for mRNA1273 and BNT162b2, respectively]. These results are informative for further boosting policy-making. Trial registration numbers (clinicaltrials.gov): NCT05231005 and NCT05230953.