bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prophylactic post-operative high flow nasal oxygen versus conventional oxygen therapy in obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery (OXYBAR study): a pilot randomised controlled trial
Authors: Fulton Rachel , Millar Jonathan E , Merza Megan , Johnston Helen , Corley Amanda , Faulke Daniel , Rapchuk Ivan L , Tarpey Joe , Fanning Jonathon P , Lockie Philip , Lockie Shirley , Fraser John F
Published: February 2021

Obesity has become a global pandemic, as a result surgical intervention for weight loss has increased in popularity. Obese patients undergoing operative intervention pose several challenges in respect of their peri-operative care. A prominent feature is the alteration in respiratory mechanics and physiology evident in the obese. These combine to predispose individuals to a reduction in end expiratory lung volume (EELV) and atelectasis after anaesthesia. Consequently, the incidence of post-operative pulmonary complications (PPC) in this cohort has been reported to be in excess of 35%. High flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) has been suggested as a means of increasing EELV in post-operative patients, reducing the likelihood of PPC. We conducted a single centre, pilot, randomised controlled trial (RCT) of conventional oxygen therapy versus HFNO in patients after bariatric surgery. The aim of the study was to investigate the feasibility of using Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) as a means of assessing respiratory mechanics and to inform the design of larger, definitive RCT. Fifty patients were randomised during a 10-month period (conventional O2 n=25 vs. HFNO n = 25). One patient crossed over from conventional O2 to HFNO. There was no loss to follow-up. and analyses were performed on an intention-to-treat basis. Delta EELI was higher at 1 hour in patients receiving HFNO (mean difference = 831 Au (95% CI -1636 – 3298), p = 0.5). Continuous EIT beyond 1 hour was poorly tolerated. At 6 hours, there were no differences in PaO2/FiO2 ratio or PaCO2. ICU and hospital LOS were comparable. Only one patient developed a PPC (in the HFNO group). In a secondary analysis, delta EELI was positively correlated with increasing BMI. These data suggest that a large-scale randomised controlled trial of HFNO after bariatric surgery in an ‘all-comers’ population is likely infeasible. Furthermore, while EIT is a useful tool for assessing respiratory mechanics in this group it could not be considered a patient-centred outcome in a larger study. Similarly, the infrequency of PPC precludes its use as a primary outcome in a definitive trial. Future studies should focus on identifying patients most at risk for post-operative pulmonary complications and those in whom HFNO is likely to confer greatest benefit.
Machine learning to predict retention and viral suppression in South African HIV treatment cohorts
Authors: Maskew M , Sharpey-Schafer K , Voux L De , Bor J , Rennick M , Crompton T , Majuba P , Sanne I , Pisa PT , Miot J
Published: February 2021

Background

To optimize South Africa’s HIV response and reach PEPFAR’s 95:95:95 targets require same day initiations and patients successfully remaining on antiretroviral therapy, and remaining virally suppressed. Much effort and resources with HIV programmes have centred on tracking and tracing for those lost to follow-up (LTFU), through various back to care strategies to ensure retention of patients. However, programmes have noted the need for targeted, data driven and predictive approaches for identifying most at risk of patients for LTFU and viral unsuppression outcomes using available phenotypic data.

Methods

We applied predictive machine learning algorithms to anonymised, patient-level HIV programmatic data from two districts in South Africa, January 2016 - July 2019. We developed patient risk scores for two outcomes: 1) visit attendance within 28 days of next scheduled clinic visit and 2) suppression of next HIV viral load (VL). Demographic, clinical, behavioural (e.g. visit patterns) and laboratory data were investigated in multiple models as potential predictor variables of attending next scheduled visit and VL result at next visit.

Findings

Longitudinal data was analysed using combinations of predictor features and classification algorithms. 445,636 Patients were included in the retention model and 363,977 in the VL model. Predictive accuracy, summarized by Area Under the Curve (AUC), ranged from 0.69 for attendance at next scheduled visit to 0.76 for VL suppression, suggesting the model correctly classified patients to whether a scheduled visit would be attended in 2 out of 3 patients and whether the VL result at next test would be suppressed in approximately 3 out of 4 patients. Key predictors for both retention & VL suppression include metrics on prior late or LTFU visits, the number of prior VL tests, the time since their last visit, the number of visits on their current regimen, the patients’ age, and their time on treatment. For retention, the number of visits at the current facility and the details of the next appointment date were also predictors. For VL suppression, other predictors included the range of thee previous VL value.

Conclusion

Machine learning can be used to identify HIV patients at risk for defaulting on treatment and not being virally suppressed. Predictive modelling can improve targeting of interventions through differentiated models of care, increasing cost-effectiveness and improving patient outcomes.
The SARS-CoV-2 transcriptome and the dynamics of the S gene furin cleavage site in primary human airway epithelia
Authors: Zou Wei , Xiong Min , Hao Siyuan , Zhang-Chen Elizabeth Yan , Baumlin Nathalie , Kim Michael D. , Salathe Matthias , Yan Ziying , Qiu Jianming
Published: February 2021

The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the devastating ongoing coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic which poses a great threat to global public health. The spike (S) polypeptide of SARS-CoV-2 consists of the S1 and S2 subunits and is processed by cellular proteases at the S1/S2 boundary. The inclusion of the 4 amino acids (PRRA) at the S1/S2 boundary forms a furin cleavage site (FCS),682RRAR↓S686, distinguishing SARS-CoV-2 from its closest relative, the SARS-CoV. Various deletions surrounding the FCS have been identified in patients. When SARS-CoV-2 propagated in Vero cells, the virus acquired various deletions surrounding the FCS. In the present study, we studied the viral transcriptome in SARS-CoV-2 infected primary human airway epithelia (HAE) cultured at an air-liquid interface (ALI) with an emphasis on the viral genome stability at the S1/S2 boundary using RNA-seq. While we found overall the viral transcriptome is similar to that generated from infected Vero cells, we identified a high percentage of mutated viral genome and transcripts in HAE-ALI. Two highly frequent deletions were found at the S1/S2 boundary of the S gene: one is a deletion of 12 amino acids,678TNSPRRAR↓SVAS689, which contains the FCS, another is a deletion of 5 amino acids,675QTQTN679, which is two amino acids upstream of the FCS. Further studies on the dynamics of the FCS deletions in apically released virions revealed that the selective pressure for the FCS maintains the S gene stability in HAE-ALI but with exceptions, in which the FCS deletions are remained at a high rate. Thus, our study presents evidence for the role of unique properties of human airway epithelia in the dynamics of the FCS region during infection of human airways, which is donor-dependent.
Low doses of the organic insecticide spinosad trigger lysosomal defects, ROS driven lipid dysregulation and neurodegeneration in flies
Authors: Martelli Felipe , Zhongyuan Zuo , Wang Julia , Wong Ching-On , Karagas Nicholas E. , Roessner Ute , Rupasinghe Thusitha , Venkatachalam Kartik , Perry Trent , Batterham Philip , Bellen Hugo J.
Published: February 2021

The plight of insect populations around the world and the threats it poses to agriculture and ecosystems has thrown insecticide use into the spotlight. Spinosad is an organic insecticide, considered less harmful to beneficial insects than synthetic insecticides, but its mode of action remains unclear. Using Drosophila, we show that low doses of spinosad reduce cholinergic response in neurons by antagonizing Dα6 nAChRs. Dα6 nAChRs are transported to lysosomes that become enlarged and accumulate upon spinosad treatment. Oxidative stress is initiated in the central nervous system, and spreads to midgut and disturbs lipid storage in metabolic tissues in a Dα6-dependent manner. Spinosad toxicity was ameliorated with the antioxidant N-Acetylcysteine amide (NACA). Chronic exposures lead to mitochondrial defects, severe neurodegeneration and blindness in adult animals. The many deleterious effects of low doses of this insecticide reported here point to an urgent need for rigorous investigation of its impacts on beneficial insects.
Conserved Cdk inhibitors show unique structural responses to tyrosine phosphorylation
Authors: Swadling Jacob B. , Warnecke Tobias , Morris Kyle L. , Barr Alexis R.
Published: February 2021

Balanced proliferation-quiescence decisions are vital during normal development and in tissue homeostasis and their dysregulation underlies tumorigenesis. Entry into proliferative cycles is driven by Cyclin/Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks). Conserved Cdk inhibitors (CKIs), p21Cip1/Waf1, p27Kip1and p57Kip2, bind to Cyclin/Cdks and inhibit Cdk activity. p27 tyrosine phosphorylation, in response to mitogenic signalling, promotes activation of CyclinD/Cdk4 and CyclinA/Cdk2. Tyrosine phosphorylation is conserved in p21 and p57, although the number of sites differs. We use molecular dynamics simulations to compare the structural changes in Cyclin/Cdk/CKI trimers induced by single and multiple tyrosine phosphorylation in CKIs and their impact on CyclinD/Cdk4 and CyclinA/Cdk2 activity. Despite shared structural features, CKI binding induces distinct structural responses in Cyclin/Cdks and the predicted effects of CKI tyrosine phosphorylation on Cdk activity are not conserved across CKIs. Our analyses suggest how CKIs may have evolved to be sensitive to different inputs to give context-dependent control of Cdk activity.
Pharmacological rescue of the brain cortex phenotype ofTbx1mouse mutants: significance for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Favicchia Ilaria , Flore Gemma , Cioffi Sara , Lania Gabriella , Baldini Antonio , Illingworth Elizabeth
Published: February 2021

Objectives

Tbx1mutant mice are a widely used model of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) because they manifest a broad spectrum of physical and behavioral abnormalities that is similar to that found in 22q11.2DS patients. InTbx1mutants, brain abnormalities include changes in cortical cytoarchitecture, hypothesized to be caused by the precocious differentiation of cortical progenitors. The objectives of this research are to identify drugs that have efficacy against the brain phenotype, and through a phenotypic rescue approach, gain insights into the pathogenetic mechanisms underlyingTbx1haploinsufficiency.

Experimental approach

Disease model

Tbx1heterozygous and homozygous embryos. We tested the ability of two FDA-approved drugs, the LSD1 inhibitor Tranylcypromine and Vitamin B12, to rescue theTbx1mutant cortical phenotype. Both drugs have proven efficacy against the cardiovascular phenotype, albeit at a much reduced level compared to the rescue achieved in the brain.

Methods

in situhybridization and immunostaining of histological brain sections using a subset of molecular markers that label specific cortical regions or cell types. Appropriate quantification and statistical analysis of gene and protein expression were applied to identify cortical abnormalities and to determine the level of phenotypic rescue achieved.

Results

Cortical abnormalities observed inTbx1mutant embryos were fully rescued by both drugs. Intriguingly, rescue was obtained with both drugs inTbx1homozygous mutants, indicating that they function through mechanisms that do not depend uponTbx1function. This was particularly surprising for Vitamin B12, which was identified through its ability to increaseTbx1gene expression.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is only the second example of drugs to be identified that ameliorate phenotypes caused by the mutation of a single gene from the 22q11.2 homologous region of the mouse genome. This one drug-one gene approach might be important because there is evidence that the brain phenotype in 22q11.2DS patients is multigenic in origin, unlike the physical phenotypes, which are overwhelmingly attributable toTbx1haploinsufficiency. Therefore, effective treatments will likely involve the use of multiple drugs that are targeted to the function of specific genes within the deleted region.
Increased abundance of nuclear HDAC4 impairs neuronal development and long-term memory
Authors: Main Patrick , Tan Wei Jun , Wheeler David , Fitzsimons Helen L
Published: February 2021

Dysregulation of the histone deacetylase HDAC4 is associated with both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, and a feature common to many of these disorders is impaired cognitive function. HDAC4 shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm in both vertebrates and invertebrates and alterations in the amounts of nuclear and/or cytoplasmic HDAC4 have been implicated in these diseases. InDrosophila, HDAC4 also plays a critical role in the regulation of memory however the mechanisms through which it acts are unknown. Nuclear and cytoplasmically-restricted HDAC4 mutants were expressed in theDrosophilabrain to investigate a mechanistic link between HDAC4 subcellular distribution, transcriptional changes and neuronal dysfunction. Deficits in mushroom body morphogenesis, eye development and long-term memory correlated with increased abundance of nuclear HDAC4 but were associated with minimal transcriptional changes. Although HDAC4 sequesters MEF2 into punctate foci within neuronal nuclei, no alteration in MEF2 activity was observed on overexpression ofHDAC4, and knockdown ofMEF2had no impact on long-term memory, indicating that HDAC4 is likely not acting through MEF2. Similarly, deletion of the MEF2 binding site also had no impact on HDAC4-induced impairments in eye development, however it did significantly reduce the mushroom body deficits, thus nuclear HDAC4 acts through MEF2 to disrupt mushroom body development. These data provide insight into the mechanisms through which dysregulation of HDAC4 subcellular distribution impairs neurological function and provides new avenues for further investigation.
Direct acetylation of the conserved threonine of an immune regulator by bacterial effectors activates RPM1-dependent immunity inArabidopsis
Authors: Choi Sera , Prokchorchik Maxim , Lee Hyeonjung , Gupta Ravi , Lee Yoonyoung , Cho Buhyeon , Kim Min-Sung , Kim Sun Tae , Sohn Kee Hoon
Published: February 2021

Plant pathogenic bacteria deliver effectors into plant cells to suppress immunity and promote pathogen survival (Buttner, 2016; Deslandes and Rivas, 2012); however, these effectors can be recognised by plant disease resistance (R) proteins to activate innate immunity (Jones and Dangl, 2006; Spoel and Dong, 2012). The bacterial acetyltransferase effectors HopZ5 and AvrBsT trigger immunity inArabidopsis thalianagenotypes lackingSUPPRESSOR OF AVRBST-ELICITED RESISTANCE 1(SOBER1) (Choi et al., 2018; Jayaraman et al., 2017),. Using anArabidopsisaccession, Tscha-1, that naturally lacks functionalSOBER1but is unable to recognise HopZ5, we demonstrate thatRESISTANCE TO P. SYRINGAE PV MACULICOLA 1(RPM1) andRPM1-INTERACTING PROTEIN 4(RIN4) are indispensable for HopZ5- or AvrBsT-triggered immunity. Remarkably, T166 of RIN4, the phosphorylation of which is induced by AvrB and AvrRpm1, was directly acetylated by HopZ5 and AvrBsT. Furthermore, we demonstrate that acetylation of RIN4 T166 is required and sufficient for activation of HopZ5- or AvrBsT-triggered defence. Finally, we show that SOBER1 interferes with HopZ5- or AvrBsT-triggered immunity by deacetylating RIN4 T166. Our findings indicate that multiple pathogen effectors with distinct biochemical properties modify a single residue in a guardee protein and activate a plant NLR immune receptor. We have thus elucidated detailed molecular mechanisms underlying the activation and suppression of plant innate immunity triggered by bacterial acetyltransferases.
Fixation of allelic gene expression landscapes and expression bias pattern shape the transcriptome of the clonal Amazon molly
Authors: Lu Yuan , Bierbach David , Ormanns Jenny , Warren Wesley C. , Walter Ronald B. , Schartl Manfred
Published: February 2021

The Amazon molly is a unique clonal fish species that originated from an interspecies hybrid betweenPoeciliaspeciesP. mexicanaandP. latipinna. It reproduces by gynogenesis, which eliminates paternal genomic contribution to offspring. An earlier study showed that Amazon molly shows biallelic expression for a large portion of the genome, leading to two main questions: (1) Are the allelic expression patterns from the initial hybridization event stabilized or changed during establishment of the asexual species and its further evolution? (2) Is allelic expression biased toward one parental allele a stochastic or adaptive process? To answer these questions, the allelic expression ofP. formosasiblings was assessed to investigate intra- and inter-cohort allelic expression variability. For comparison, interspecies hybrids betweenP. mexicanaandP. latipinnawere produced in the laboratory to represent theP. formosaancestor. We have identified inter-cohort and intra-cohort variation in parental allelic expression. The existence of inter-cohort divergence suggests functionalP. formosaallelic expression patterns do not simply reflect the atavistic situation of the first interspecies hybrid but potentially result from long-term selection of transcriptional fitness. In addition, clonal fish show a transcriptional trend representing minimal intra-clonal variability in allelic expression patterns compared to the corresponding hybrids. The intra-clonal similarity in gene expression translates to sophisticated genetic functional regulation at the individuum level. These findings suggest the parental alleles inherited byP. formosaform tightly regulated genetic networks that lead to a stable transcriptomic landscape within clonal individuals.
Crystal structure of a methanol solvate of a macrocycle bearing two flexible side-arms
Authors: Amrhein Felix , Schwarzer Anke , Mazik Monika
Published: February 2021

Di-tert-butyl N,N′-{[13,15,28,30,31,33-hexaethyl-3,10,18,25,32,34-hexaazapentacyclo[25.3.1.15,8.112,16.120,23]tetratriaconta-1(31),3,5,7,9,12(33),13,15,18,20,22,24,27,29-tetradecaene-14,29-diyl]bis(methylene)}dicarbamate methanol disolvate, C52H72N8O4·2CH3OH, was found to crystallize in the space group P21/c with one half of the macrocycle (host) and one molecule of solvent (guest) in the asymmetric unit of the cell, i.e. the host molecule is located on a crystallographic symmetry center. Within the 1:2 host–guest complex, the solvent molecules are accommodated in the host cavity and held in their positions by O—H...N and N—H...O bonds, thus forming ring synthons of graph set R
2
2(7). The connection of the 1:2 host-guest complexes is accomplished by C—H...O, C—H...N and C—H...π interactions, which create a three-dimensional supramolecular network.
Future profitability and stock returns of innovative firms: a pitch
Authors: Bedford Anna , Vojvoda Kristina , Ma Le , Ma Nelson
Published: February 2021

Purpose

This research letter outlines the “AFAANZ shark pitch 2020” research journey and reflects on the application of the pitch template to the authors’ research topic on innovation, future profitability and stock returns.

Design/methodology/approach

This study begins by outlining how the research started, followed by the choice of authors’ replication study. This study then outlines the authors’ interactions with the corresponding author of the original study and the journal editor. The authors also detail their personal journey of using the pitch template.

Findings

The pitch template facilitated the identification of a replication study that has significant impact in informing Australian policy decisions. It allowed the authors to succinctly articulate and refine their research ideas.

Originality/value

This research letter highlights authors’ mistakes in using the pitch template and what they learned from interacting with the original authors and journal editor.
Preserving transferable skills in the accounting curriculum during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Ng Frederick , Harrison Julie
Published: February 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a first-hand, critical reflection on the rapid redesign of a New Zealand university accounting course in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors reflect on their experience of redesigning a course for online delivery, while preserving its focus on transferable skills.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents the authors’ commentary on and self-evaluation of the teaching of a final year accounting paper during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Findings

The authors provide lessons for developing transferable skills when pivoting to digital learning under extreme conditions. The authors found a multi-modal approach to course delivery that helped facilitate the development of transferable skills and self-reflection journals were particularly useful for motivating students in an online teaching environment. The authors also identified the efficacy of designing and evaluating online course delivery using a “transferable skills first” template to identify gaps in learning activities and assessments.

Originality/value

The pressures of rapidly pivoting to digital learning threatened the authors’ ability to maintain a focus on transferable skills. The authors provide a design method for maintaining and developing transferable skills in a digital environment using a “transferable-skills first” teaching philosophy.
Green technology transfer in a developing country: mainstream practitioner views
Authors: Nguyen Hieu Thanh , Hoang Thinh Gia , Nguyen Loan Quynh Thi , Le Hoa Phan , Mai Hoanh Xuan Vu
Published: February 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to explore green technology (GT) transfer through the perceptions of both business managers and technology specialists, who have been identified as the foremost practitioners of this practice.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 22 semi-structured interviews were conducted with business leaders and technology scientists. The interviewees were asked to share their views on the motivations for importing GT; their familiarity with, knowledge of and understanding of GT transfer and the current GT performance in their organization; the key strengths of GT transfer and its limitations; the barriers to the use of GT; and their usefulness. The theoretical framework of actors’ resistance to institutional demands of Oliver (1991) is used as a theoretical lens to investigate the perceptions of the interviewees.

Findings

This study suggests that despite some benefits of the adoption of GT, such as increasing competitive advantage and improving green operations, there are huge concerns over the use and importation of GT. More specifically, almost all the technicians were concerned about the technical risks resulting from the lack of operational tests, the old technologies and the lack of knowledge transfer. Meanwhile, the paucity of specific regulations, guidance and environmental standards has been reported by business managers as one of the primary constraints for this movement.

Research limitations/implications

This research contributes to the emerging literature on GT transfers in the developing world. It proves that the lack of communication and the scarcity of a true champion for GT efforts have reduced the efficiency of GT transfer.

Practical implications

By shedding light on the intricate nature of the relationships arising from GT adoption in organizations, this paper aims to support business leaders and standard setters in making a decision regarding the implementation and promotion of GT transfer, especially in the context of developing countries.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the first studies to explore eco-friendly technology transfers in a developing country from the micro-level perspective of both business and technology practitioners of GT-recipient organizations.
Two different approaches of microbial community structure characterization in riverine epilithic biofilms under multiple stressors conditions: Developing molecular indicators
Authors: Pin Lorenzo , Eiler Alexander , Fazi Stefano , Friberg Nikolai
Published: February 2021

Microbial communities are major players in the biogeochemical processes and ecosystem functioning of river networks. Despite their importance in the ecosystem, biomonitoring tools relying on prokaryotes are still lacking. Only a few studies have employed both metabarcoding and quantitative techniques such as catalysed reported deposition fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD‐FISH) to analyse prokaryotic communities of epilithic biofilms in river ecosystems. We intended to investigate the efficacy of both techniques in detecting changes in microbial community structure associated with environmental drivers. We report a significant correlation between the prokaryotic community composition and pH in rivers from two different geographical areas in Norway. Both CARD‐FISH and metabarcoding data were following the pattern of the environmental variables, but the main feature distinguishing the community composition was the regional difference itself. Beta‐dispersion analyses on both CARD‐FISH abundance and metabarcoding data revealed higher accuracy of metabarcoding to differentiate regions and river systems. The CARD‐FISH results showed high variability, even for samples within the same river, probably due to some unmeasured microscale ecological variability which we could not resolve. We also present a statistical method, which uses variation coefficient and overall prevalence of taxonomic groups, to detect possible biological indicators among prokaryotes using metabarcoding data. The development of new prokaryotic bioindicators would benefit from both techniques used in this study, but metabarcoding seems to be faster and more reliable than CARD‐FISH for large scale bio‐assessment.
The use of minimal invasive extracorporeal circulation for rewarming after accidental hypothermia and circulatory arrest
Authors: Friess Jan O. , Gisler Fabian , Kadner Alexander , Jenni Hansjoerg , Eberle Balthasar , Erdoes Gabor
Published: February 2021

Background

Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation has become a recommended treatment option for patients with severe hypothermia with cardiac arrest. Minimal invasive extracorporeal circulation (MiECC) may offer advantages over the current standard extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

Methods

Retrospective cohort analysis of hospital database for patients with accidental hypothermia and extracorporeal rewarming with MiECC admitted between 2010 and 2019.

Results

Overall, six of 17 patients survived to hospital discharge. Eleven patients suffered accidental hypothermia in an alpine and six in an urban setting. Sixteen patients arrived at the hospital under ongoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). CPR time was 90 minutes (0‐150). Four patients survived from an alpine setting and two from an urban setting with CPR duration of 90 minutes (0‐150) and 85 minutes (25‐100), respectively. Asphyctic patients tended to have lower survival (one of seven patients). Two patients of six with major trauma survived.

Conclusion

MiECC for extracorporeal rewarming from severe accidental hypothermia is a feasible alternative to ECMO, with comparable survival rates.
Prevalence of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in people with mood disorders: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Sandstrom Andrea , Perroud Nader , Alda Martin , Uher Rudolf , Pavlova Barbara
Published: February 2021

Objective

Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in mood disorders is associated with unfavorable outcomes, including more frequent mood episodes, and increased risk of suicide. The reported prevalence of ADHD in individuals with mood disorders varies widely.

Methods

We searched PsycInfo and PubMed for articles published before September 21st, 2020, using search terms for ADHD and mood disorders. We included original data on the prevalence of ADHD in individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) or major depressive disorder (MDD). We estimated the prevalence of ADHD, by developmental period and disorder using random‐effects meta‐analyses. We also compared the rate of ADHD in people with MDD and BD, and with and without mood disorders.

Results

Based on 92 studies including 17089 individuals, prevalence of ADHD in BD is 73% (95% CI 66–79) in childhood, 43% (95% CI 35–50) in adolescence, and 17% (95% CI 14–20) in adulthood. Data from 52 studies with 16897 individuals indicated that prevalence of ADHD in MDD is 28% (95% CI 19–39) in childhood, 17% (95% CI 12–24) in adolescence, and 7% (95% CI 4–11) in adulthood. ADHD was three times more common in people with mood disorders compared to those without and 1.7 times more common in BD compared to MDD.

Conclusion

People with mood disorders are at a significant risk for ADHD. ADHD should be assessed and treated in individuals with BD and MDD. Comprehensive assessment strategies are needed to address challenges of diagnosing ADHD alongside mood disorders.
Dentists’ preferences in implant maintenance and hygiene instruction
Authors: Cheung MC , Hopcraft MS , Darby IB
Published: February 2021

Background

This study investigated the preferences of dentists in Australia in providing professional implant maintenance and implant‐specific oral hygiene instructions (OHI).

Methods

General dentists were surveyed online about their preferences in peri‐implant diagnostics, maintenance provision, armamentarium used, and implant OHI techniques and frequency.

Results

Most of the 303 respondents (96%) provided maintenance services; 87.6% reviewed implants regularly while 10.7% only performed diagnostics after detecting clinical signs/symptoms. Supragingival prosthesis cleaning was performed by 77.9% of respondents, 35.0% performed subgingival debridement, 41.9% treated peri‐implant mucositis and 18.2% treated peri‐implantitis. About 15% did not treat nor refer peri‐implant disease, including significantly more non‐implant providers and dentists without implant training. Maintenance armamentarium commonly included floss (76.3%), prophylaxis (73.9%), plastic curettes (43.3%) and stainless‐steel ultrasonics (38.0%). Brushing (86.5%), flossing (73.9%) and interdental brush use (68.3%) were most commonly recommended. Implant OHI was repeated routinely by 57.4% of dentists who provided it. Dentists with greater implant training and experience were more likely to perform reviews and complex maintenance procedures.

Conclusions

Peri‐implant diagnostics performed, treatments provided and armamentarium varied among dentists. Implant providers and those with higher levels of training had more preventative approaches to implant OHI. Possible shortcomings in disease management and OHI reinforcement were identified.
Enhanced angiogenesis in the 3D dynamic responsive implant for inguinal hernia repair ProFlor
Authors: Amato Giuseppe , Puleio Roberto , Rodolico Vito , Agrusa Antonino , Calò Pietro Giorgio , Di Buono Giuseppe , Romano Giorgio , Goetze Thorsten
Published: February 2021

Biologic response to hernia prostheses represents a continuous source of debate. Conventional hernia meshes, in their typical static, passive configuration have been used for decades to reinforce the herniated abdominal wall. These flat implants, mainly fixated with sutures or tacks, induce poor quality fibrotic ingrowth that shrinks the mesh. In groin hernia repair, flat meshes are applied in the delicate inguinal surrounding where uncontrolled development of a scar plate can impair movement and may incorporate the sensitive nerves crossing this area. Complications deriving from mesh fixation and nerve entrapment are frequent and unpleasant for patients. To remedy these problems, a multilamellar shaped 3D device with a dynamic responsive behavior has recently been developed to repair inguinal hernia. Its inherent dynamic compliance during inguinal movements has shown to induce enhanced biological response with ingrowth of newly formed connective tissue, muscle fibers, and nerves. The function of these highly specialized tissue structures is supported by the contextual development of newly formed arteries and veins. The scope of the study was to assess quantity and quality of vessels, which had ingrown in the 3D hernia device in the short‐term, medium‐term, and long‐term post‐implantation, in biopsy specimens gathered from inguinal hernia patients operated with the 3D device. Starting from an early stage, widespread angiogenesis was evident within the 3D structure. Arteries and veins increased in quantity showing progressive development until full maturation of all specific vascular components throughout the mid‐term, to long‐term, post‐implantation. High quality biologic ingrowth in hernia prosthetics needs an adequate vascular support. The broad network of mature arteries and veins evidenced herewith seems to confirm the enhanced biological features of the dynamic responsive 3D device whose features resemble a regenerative scaffold, an ideal feature for the treatment of the degenerative source of inguinal hernia disease.
Role of implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator in patients awaiting heart transplant in the continuous‐flow left ventricular assist device era
Authors: Trivedi Jaimin R. , Slaughter Mark S. , Pan Queeny , Vijaykrishnan Raj , Gopinathannair Rakesh
Published: February 2021

Implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators (ICDs) have been shown to have survival advantage in advanced heart failure patients. Few studies have evaluated the role of ICDs in patients supported with continuous‐flow left ventricular assist devices (CFVADs). We aimed to evaluate the impact of ICD and CFVAD on heart transplant (HTx) waiting list survival. We queried the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) thoracic transplant database between years 2007 and 2016 for patients aged ≥ 18 years listed for HTx. Patients receiving devices other than CFVAD were excluded. Patients were divided into groups—with and without CFVAD and further subdivided into groups—with and without ICD use. Kaplan‐Meier curves were used to evaluate the survival outcomes. There were 34 860 patients listed for HTx during study period of which 11 481 (32%) had a CFVAD and 26 139 (75%) had an ICD. Within CFVAD group, patients with ICD were older, more likely male, with higher creatinine and listed as UNOS status 1A. In the No‐CFVAD group, 1‐year waitlist survival was significantly better with ICD use (81% vs. 73%, P < .0001); however, in CFVAD patients, 1‐year survival with ICD use was comparable to No‐ICD use (95% vs. 94%, P = .1). Use of ICD is associated with significantly better heart transplant waitlist survival in patients not supported by CFVAD. In patients supported with CFVAD, the ICD does not offer additional survival benefit.
Extracorporeal circulation during on‐pump cardiac surgery: An evaluation of the energy equivalent pressure index based on waveforms decomposition in harmonics
Authors: Drochon Agnès , Fouquet Olivier , Baufreton Christophe
Published: February 2021

The use of pulsatile perfusion instead of nonpulsatile perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass continues to be a source of debate. The disagreements among the conclusions of the published studies may be due to different factors: differences in the type of patients included in the studies, differences in the protocol of the studies, and difficulty to quantify the pulsatility of the flow. In the present paper, we propose a quantitative evaluation of Shepard's energy equivalent pressure index, based on the harmonic decomposition of the physiological aortic pressure and flow rate signal. It is thus demonstrated that the surplus energy provided by pulsatile flow remains moderate (of order 10 mm Hg), but that it can be improved by changing the relative shapes of the pressure and flow waves.
Bayesian spatial homogeneity pursuit for survival data with an application to the SEER respiratory cancer data
Authors: Geng Lijiang , Hu Guanyu
Published: February 2021

In this work, we propose a new Bayesian spatial homogeneity pursuit method for survival data under the proportional hazards model to detect spatially clustered patterns in baseline hazard and regression coefficients. Specially, regression coefficients and baseline hazard are assumed to have spatial homogeneity pattern over space. To capture such homogeneity, we develop a geographically weighted Chinese restaurant process prior to simultaneously estimating coefficients and baseline hazards and their uncertainty measures. An efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm is designed for our proposed methods. Performance is evaluated using simulated data, and further applied to a real data analysis of respiratory cancer in the state of Louisiana.
The role of Popeye domain‐containing protein 1 (POPDC1) in the progression of the malignant phenotype
Authors: Tucker Steven J. , Zorn Alina J.
Published: February 2021

The Popeye domain‐containing protein 1 (POPDC1), a tight junction‐associated transmembrane protein with a unique binding site for cAMP, has been shown to act as a tumour suppressor in cancer cells. Through interaction with many downstream effectors and signalling pathways, POPDC1 promotes cell adhesion and inhibits uncontrolled cell proliferation, epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition and metastasis. However, POPDC1 expression is down‐regulated in many types of cancer, thereby reducing its tumour‐suppressive actions. This review discusses the role of POPDC1 in the progression of the malignant phenotype and highlights the broad range of benefits POPDC1 stabilisation may achieve therapeutically. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a key hallmark of malignancies and commonly promote treatment resistance. This article provides a comprehensive overview of CSC signalling mechanisms, many of which have been shown to be regulated by POPDC1 in other cell types, thus suggesting an additional therapeutic benefit for POPDC1‐stabilising anti‐cancer drugs.

LINKED ARTICLES

This article is part of a themed issue on New avenues in cancer prevention and treatment (BJP 75th Anniversary). To view the other articles in this section visithttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.12/issuetoc
Droplet and bone dust contamination from high‐speed drilling during mastoidectomy
Authors: Markey Anne L. , Leong Samuel C. , Vaughan Casey
Published: February 2021

Objectives

The aim of this study was to examine contamination from otolaryngologic procedures involving high‐speed drilling, specifically mastoid surgery, and to assess the adequacy of PPE in such procedures.

Design and Setting

Mastoid surgery was simulated in a dry laboratory using a plastic temporal bone, microscope and handheld drill with irrigation and suction. Comparisons of distance of droplet and bone dust contamination and surgeon contamination were made under differing conditions. Irrigation speed, use of microscope and drill burr size and type were compared.

Main Outcome Measures

Measurement of the distance of field contamination while performing simulated mastoidectomy and location of surgeon contamination.

Results

There was a greater distance field contamination and surgeon contamination without the use of the microscope. Contamination was reduced by using a smaller drill burr and by using a diamond burr when compared to a cutting burr. The use of goggles and a face mask provided good protection for the surgeon. However, the microscope alone may provide sufficient protection to negate the need for goggles.

Conclusions

While the risks of performing mastoid surgery during the coronavirus pandemic cannot be completely removed, they can be mitigated. Such factors include using the microscope for all drilling, using smaller size drill burrs and creating a safe zone around the operating table.
Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation to reduce ileus after major colorectal surgery: early development study
Authors: Chapman Stephen J. , Helliwell Jack A. , Naylor Maureen , Tassinari Cerys , Corrigan Neil , Jayne David G.
Published: February 2021

Aim

Vagus nerve stimulation has emerged as a plausible intervention to reduce ileus after surgery. An early development study was undertaken with the aim of exploring the feasibility of self‐administered, noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) after major colorectal surgery.

Method

A parallel‐group, randomized controlled trial was undertaken between 1 January 2018 and 31 August 2019. Forty patients undergoing colorectal surgery for malignancy were allocated equally to Sham and Active stimulation groups. Electrical vagus nerve stimulation was self‐administered bilaterally over the cervical surface landmarks for 5 days before and after surgery. Outcomes of interest were postoperative complications and adverse events measured using the Clavien–Dindo scale, treatment compliance, device usability according to the Systems Usability Scale (SUS) and clinical measures of bowel recovery.

Results

Forty patients were randomized and one withdrew, leaving 39 for analysis. Postoperative complications occurred in 9/19 (47.4%) participants receiving Sham and 11/20 (55.0%) receiving Active stimulation and were mostly minor. Compliance with treatment before surgery was 4.7 ± 0.9 days out of 5 days in the Sham group and 4.7 ± 1.1 in the Active group. Compliance with treatment after surgery was 4.1 ± 1.1 and 4.4 ± 1.5, respectively. Participants considered the intervention to be ‘acceptable’ according to the SUS. The most prominent differences in bowel recovery were days to first flatus (2.35 ± 1.32 vs 1.65 ± 0.88) and tolerance of solid diet (2.18 ± 2.21 vs 1.75 ± 0.91) for Sham and Active groups, respectively.

Conclusion

This study supports the safety, treatment compliance and usability of self‐administered nVNS in patients undergoing major colorectal surgery.
The effect of motor development on cognition: an ethological perspective
Authors: Destrebecqz Arnaud
Published: February 2021

This commentary is on the original article by Verheyen et al. on pages 472–479 of this issue.
Growth and convergence in Eastern Partnership and Central Asian countries since the dissolution of the USSR—embarking on different development paths?
Authors: Incaltarau Cristian , Sharipov Ilkhom , Pascariu Gabriela Carmen , Moga Teodor Lucian
Published: February 2021

Background

Since the dissolution of the USSR, the former Soviet countries not included in the enlargement of the European Union (EU) have experienced divergent development. While the so‐called Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries established closer ties with the EU, the Central Asian (CA) states mostly gravitated towards Russia and China. Thus, despite belonging to a similar economic and political system, the two groups of countries pursued transition to a market‐oriented economy and fostering development with varying results, creating a neat contrast to facilitate the study of patterns of growth and disparity.

Purpose

Based on an analysis covering more than two decades, the article explores the growth paths of the EaP and CA countries. Given their bumpy economic performances, the article aims, first, to show how these affected economic disparities among them. Second, it aims to identify the factors which most influenced different development trajectories.

Approach and methods

Through analysis of panel data, the article seeks to explain long‐term economic growth (1992–2015) in terms of endowments of production factors, macroeconomic stabilization and transition reforms, external conditions and institutional development. Sources of growth are identified to reveal how they affected income per capita and shaped convergence in the two groups of countries.

Findings

The EaP and CA countries show different growth patterns since the end of communism. While the EaP economies shrank more during the 1990s compared to the CA group, they bounced back faster during the 2000s. The EaP economies, being more closely connected to the EU, were more affected by the Great Recession of 2007–2009 than those of the CA. Overall, economic disparities between these sets of countries have slightly increased. Physical capital, foreign direct investment, natural resources, openness to trade and the transition reforms significantly explain economic growth, with stronger effects in the EaP compared to CA countries, which suggests the EU’s neighbourhood instruments have been effective in promoting growth.

Policy implications

Our findings suggest that stepping up reforms, preserving macroeconomic stability, enhancing openness to trade and accumulating factors of production spurred growth in both EaP and CA countries. Pursuing closer ties with the EU economies fostered growth by strengthening investment, foreign trade, structural and market reforms, and by better use of natural resources.

Given the large variations seen between countries in both groups, more detailed country diagnoses are needed to tailor interventions according to the specifics of each country.
Can chronopharmacology improve the therapeutic management of neurological diseases?
Authors: Sion Benoit , Bégou Mélina
Published: February 2021

The importance of circadian rhythm dysfunctions in the pathophysiology of neurological diseases has been highlighted recently. Chronopharmacology principles imply that tailoring the timing of treatments to the circadian rhythm of individual patients could optimize therapeutic management. According to these principles, chronopharmacology takes into account the individual differences in patients’ clocks, the rhythmic changes in the organism sensitivity to therapeutic and side effects of drugs, and the predictable time variations of disease. This review examines the current literature on chronopharmacology of neurological diseases focusing its scope on epilepsy, Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, and neuropathic pain, even if other neurological diseases could have been analyzed. While the results of the studies discussed in this review point to a potential therapeutic benefit of chronopharmacology in neurological diseases, the field is still in its infancy. Studies including a sufficiently large number of patients and measuring gold standard markers of the circadian rhythmicity are still needed to evaluate the beneficial effect of administration times over the 24‐hour day but also of clock modulating drugs.