bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Penyuluhan dan Pembuatan Settling Pond dalam Upaya Pengurangan Pencemaran Limbah Tambang
Authors: Safitri Baiq Rina Amalia , Ahzan Sukainil , Pahriah Pahriah , Yuliana Mina , Martina Husnul Heni , Satpiri Reni
Published: April 2021

Berdasarkan hasil pengujian di laboratorium penguji Balai Pengkajin Teknologi Pertanian (BPTP) NTB bahwa batuan tambang yang ada di daerah Sekotong tidak hanya mengandung emas tetapi terdapat beberapa kandungan mineral lainnya seperti P, Zn, Fe, Cu, Al, dan S, metode yang digunakan dengan AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry). Logam berat Fe merupakan logam berat essensial yang keberadaannya dalam jumlah tertentu sangat dibutuhkan oleh organisme hidup, namun dalam jumlah yang berlebih dapat menimbulkan efek racun. Untuk mengatasi masalah maka melakukan dua kegiatan yakni: a) penyuluhan tentang pentingnya kebersihan terhadap lingkungan. b) pembuatan saluran limbah agar tidak mencemari lingkungan yakni pembuatan kolam pengendapan (settling pond). Selain itu dari kolam pengendapan (settling pond) didapat lumpur dari sisa pengolahan atau penggelondongan emas, lumpur tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi barang bernilai ekonomi dan memiliki harga jual seperti bata tanpa bakar. Hasil dari kegiatan yang dilakukan yaitu pengetahuan masyarakat penambang tentang pentingnya lingkungan yang bersih dan kolam pengendapan (settling pond) dan kemampuan masyarakat tambang dalam mengolah limbah menjadi barang bernilai jual yaitu dengan membuat bata tanpa bakar. Keberhasilan dari kegiatan ini terlihat dari banyaknya masyarakat yang hadir dan antusiasnya mereka dalam mendukung kegiatan ini yakni dengan terjun langung membantu.Counseling and Making Settling Pond in an Effort to Reduce Mine Waste PollutionAbstractBased on the test results at the NTB Agricultural Technology Center (BPTP) examiner laboratory that mining rocks in the Sekotong area not only contain gold but there are several other mineral contents such as P, Zn, Fe, Cu, Al, and S, the method used with AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry). Heavy metal Fe is an essential heavy metal whose existence in a certain amount is needed by living organisms, but in excessive amounts can cause toxic effects. To overcome the problem, two activities are carried out, namely: a) counseling about the importance of cleanliness to the environment. b) making sewage lines so as not to pollute the environment, namely the creation of settling ponds. Besides that, from settling ponds, sludge is obtained from the processing waste or gold rolling, the sludge can be utilized as economic value goods and has a selling price such as brick without burning. The results of the activities carried out are the knowledge of the mining community about the importance of a clean environment and settling ponds and the ability of the mining community to process waste into valuable goods, by making bricks without burning. The success of this activity can be seen from the large number of people present and their enthusiasm in supporting this activity by jumping in to help.
Design of Smart Fuel Station and Management System Based on Arduino and Internet of Things
Authors: Prijo Sembodo Budi , Atmajaya Haris
Published: April 2021

Patrol that is distributed to the public must meet the requirement for the quality, quantity and continuity. Pertamina as one of the companies that is responsible for the distribution of patrol to the public through gas stations and must have competent management and services. However, problems arise in the community and even companies in controlling fuel consumption and queues for sales services at gas stations. One solution is to use a station that is connected to  smartphone wirelessly and a cashless.

Through the "Smart Fuel Station and Management System Based on Arduino and Internet Of Things", that will be able to help the community and companies in controlling their fuel consumtion and making savings. This monitoring tool uses the Arduino ESP8266 which is combined with Internet of Things (IoT) Technology which is displayed on the LCD and the Internet Web. Customers can purchase the patrol at gas stations independently, by connecting the smartphone application with the gas station wireless and purchase and make payments through the application. By having top up the balance on the application to be able to make purchases as needed and the balance will continue to decrease according to usage. The fuel filling station will issue it according to the nominal or the number of liters we choose in the application. Customers can view detailed fuel purchase for place, date, time, amount and total balance.
DEPRESSED REGIONS OF GEORGIA HAVE GOOD OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH TOURISM
Authors: Meskhishvili Lela
Published: April 2021

The article - "Depressed regions of Georgia have good opportunities for inclusive development through tourism" - consists of the following parts:
 Introduction.
 Definitions of terms.
 The need for inclusive growth in the world and in Georgia.
 Priorities of inclusive growth in the depressed regions of Georgia.
 Potential for tourism development in the depressed regions of Georgia.
 Summarizing conclusion.
The article brings to the forward the issue of priority development of the economically backward (depressed) regions and different parts of Georgia - Racha-Lechkhumi, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Pshav-Khevsureti, Tusheti and others, through the development of tourism. This opinion of the author is based on the resources needed for the development of tourism in these regions, about what the other Georgian scientists - I. Khelashvili, K. Arabuli, d. Gabunia and others - write a lot.
Keywords: Tourism; Inclusive; Inclusive tourism; Inclusive growth; Region; Poverty and inequality.
PROSPEK PENGEMBANGAN USAHA TANAMAN BUNGA HIDUP
Authors: Marbun Jhonson , Nasution Elviani
Published: April 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui besar tingkat keuntungan usaha tanaman bunga hidup di Kota Pematangsiantar dan untuk mengetahui prospek pengembangan tanaman bunga hidup di Kota Pematangsiantar. Populasi penelitian adalah seluruh pengusaha yang melakukan usaha tanaman bunga hidup di Kota Pematangsiantar yang berjumlah 20 orang dengan menggunakan metode sensus. Metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah R/C dan analisis SWOT yang berguna untuk menentukan strategi guna mendukung prospek yang ada.Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut : 1. Usaha tanaman bunga hidup di Kota Pematangsiantar menguntungkan dan layak untuk dikembangkan dengan nilai R/C 5,27. 2. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa usaha tanaman bunga hidup di Kota Pematangsiantar berada pada kuadran I pada matriks posisi SWOT. Oleh karena itu strategi yang cocok digunakan adalah staretgi S-O (Strength-Opportunity), yaitu strategi yang menggunakan kekuatan dan memanfaatkan peluang yang ada (strategi pengembangan/strategi agresif) yaitu : a. Penetrasi pasar, pengusaha dapat meningkatkan pangsa pasarnya melalui penetrasi pasar dengan menerapkan konsep pemasaran yang lebih berkembang terhadap produk atau pelayanan pada pasar yang sudah ada.
KEHILANGAN HASIL DAN PENDAPATAN USAHATANI JERUK MANIS AKIBAT SERANGAN LALAT BUAH
Authors: Siadari Martua , Sinaga Rode Eryanti
Published: April 2021

Hasil penelitian yang di dapat adalah sebagai berikut : Produksi jeruk manis tanpa serangan lalat buah mencapai 3.431.706 kg/ha/tahun. Sedangkan  dengan serangan lalat buah mencapai 2.657.349 kg/ha/tahun. Berdasarkan uji beda rata-rata untuk membandingkan produksi dari usahatani jeruk manis tanpa serangan lalat buah dan dengan serangan lalat buah diperoleh nilai sig. (2-tailed) = 0,001 < 0,05 maka terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara produksi jeruk manis tanpa serangan lalat buah dan dengan serangan lalat buah pada tingkat kepercayaan 95%. Pendapatan jeruk manis tanpa serangan lalat buah mencapai Rp. 12.010.969.950 /ha/tahun. Sedangkan pendapatan jeruk manis dengan serangan  lalat buah mencapai Rp. 9.300.719.750/ha/tahun. Berdasarkan  uji beda rata-rata untuk membandingkan pendapatan dari usahatani jeruk manis tanpa serangan lalat buah dan dengan serangan lalat buah diperoleh nilai sig. (2-tailed) = 0,001 < 0,05 maka terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara pendapatan jeruk manis tanpa serangan  lalat buah dan dengan serangan lalat buah pada tingkat kepercayaan 95%.
PERBANDINGAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL SNOWBALL THROWING PADA MATERI SALING KETERGANTUNGAN DALAM EKOSISTEM DI KELAS VII SMP GKPS PEMATANGSIANTAR TAHUN AJARAN 2016/2017
Authors: Sitopu Joni Wilson
Published: April 2021

Penelitian ini dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan hasil belajar siswa dengan menggunakan model snowball throwing pada materi saling ketergantungan dalam ekosistem di kelas VII SMP GKPS Pematangsiantar Tahun Ajaran 2016/2017. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas VII MTS Darul Muttaqin Kandangan sebanyak 80 orang yang terdiri dari 2 kelas. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh populasi karena jumlah populasi < 100 (sampel total) yaitu berjumlah 80 orang (2 kelas). Analisis data dilakukan dengan menentukan skor rata-rata (X), standar deviasi (S) dan hipotesis dibuktikan dengan uji t pada taraf signifikan α = 0,05. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh nilai rata-rata pre-test kelas kontrol 40,80 dan post-test 79,13 sedangkan nilai rata-rata pre-test kelas eksperimen 45,10 dan post-test 82,78. Nilai rata-rata post-test kelas kontrol 79,13sedangkan nilai rata-rata post-test untuk kelas eksperimen 82,78. Hal ini menunjukan perbedaan hasil belajar siswa sebesar 3,65. Dari hasil uji hipotesis diperoleh thitung (3,21) > ttabel(2,00) pada taraf signifikan α = 0,05 dengan dk = 78, maka Ha diterima dan Ho ditolak artinya ada perbedaan hasil belajar siswa dengan menggunakan model snowball throwing pada materi saling ketergantungan dalam ekosistem di kelas VII SMP GKPS Pematangsiantar Tahun Ajaran 2016/2017. Disimpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan hasil belajar siswa dengan menggunakan model snowball throwing pada materi saling ketergantungan dalam ekosistem di kelas VII SMP GKPS Pematangsiantar Tahun Ajaran 2016/2017
PERBANDINGAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN SNOWBALL THROWING DAN JIGSAW PADA MATERI SISTEM PENCERNAAN MANUSIA DI KELAS VIII SMP NEGERI 7 PEMATANG SIANTAR TAHUN PELAJARAN 2018/2019
Authors: Purba Sumarny Tridelpina
Published: April 2021

Penelitian ini tentang perbandingan hasil belajar siswa dengan menggunakan Model Pembelajaran Snowball Trowing dan Jigsaw pada Materi Sistem Pencernaan Manusia di Kelas VIII SMP. Negeri 7 Pematangsiantar Tahun Pelajaran 2018/2019. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan hasil belajar siswa dengan menggunakan Model Pembelajaran Snowball Trowing dan Jigsaw pada Materi Sistem Pencernaan Manusia di Kelas VIII Pematangsiantar Tahun Pelajaran 2018/2019. Populasi yang menjadi sampel sebanyak 64 siswa dibagi menjadi 2 kelas yang diambil secara cluster random, satu kelas eksperimen I 32 siswa dan satu kelas eksperimen II 32 siswa. Analisis data dengan menghitung harga Mean (M), Standart Deviasi (S) dan Uji Hipotesis menggunakan Uji t.Nilai rata-rata pre test (3,87) dan post test (8,81) pada kelas eksperimen I. Nilai rata-rata pre test (3,59) dan post test (7,78) pada kelas eksperimen II. Jika t hitung > t tabel pada taraf signifikan =0,05 dan derajat kebebasan (62), maka H0 ditolak Ha diterima. Dari pengujian hipotesis pre test diperoleh t hitung (4,86) > t tabel (2,00) artinya, ada perbedaan hasil belajar siswa dengan menggunakan Model Pembelajaran Snowball Trowing dan Jigsaw pada Materi Sistem Pencernaan Manusia di Kelas VIII SMP. Negeri 7 Pematangsiantar Tahun Pelajaran 2018/2019.Kata Kunci : Hasil belajar, Jigsaw, Snowball Throwing, Ekosistem
PERBANDINGAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL SNOWBALL THROWING
Authors: Piliang Fenny Mustika
Published: April 2021

Penelitian ini dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan hasil belajar siswa dengan menggunakan model snowball throwing pada materi saling ketergantungan dalam ekosistem di kelas VII MTS Darul Muttaqin Kandangan Tahun Ajaran 2019/2020. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas VII MTS Darul Muttaqin Kandangan sebanyak 80 orang yang terdiri dari 2 kelas. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh populasi karena jumlah populasi < 100 (sampel total) yaitu berjumlah 80 orang (2 kelas). Analisis data dilakukan dengan menentukan skor rata-rata (X), standar deviasi (S) dan hipotesis dibuktikan dengan uji t pada taraf signifikan α = 0,05. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh nilai rata-rata pre-test kelas kontrol 46,50 dan post-test 72,88 sedangkan nilai rata-rata pre-test kelas eksperimen 47,00 dan post-test 80,13. Nilai rata-rata post-test kelas kontrol 72,88 sedangkan nilai rata-rata post-test untuk kelas eksperimen 80,13. Hal ini menunjukan perbedaan hasil belajar siswa sebesar 5,00. Dari hasil uji hipotesis diperoleh thitung (3,64) > ttabel(2,00) pada taraf signifikan α = 0,05 dengan dk = 78, maka Ha diterima dan Ho ditolak artinya ada perbedaan hasil belajar siswa dengan menggunakan model snowball throwing pada materi saling ketergantungan dalam ekosistem di kelas VII MTS Darul Muttaqin Kandangan Tahun Ajaran 2019/2020. Disimpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan hasil belajar siswa dengan menggunakan model snowball throwing pada materi saling ketergantungan dalam ekosistem di kelas VII MTS Darul Muttaqin Kandangan Tahun Ajaran 2019/2020.
Land Use/Land Cover Changes in the Czech Republic 1845 - 1995
Authors: Bičík Ivan , Götz Antonín , Jančák Vít , Jeleček Leoš , Mejsnarová Lucie , Štěpánek Vít
Published: April 2021

The article presents basic information on the long-time research programme dealing with long-termed land-use changes. This research programme is based on the land-use data of 1845, 1948, 1990, and 1995. It deals with issues marked by the International Geographic Union in 1995 as important part of the interdisciplinary research. Apart from the methodological process the article also outlines the evaluation of land-use structural changes at the district level by the index of change. This is an overall index reflecting all changes in the respective region. The case-study of Semily District verifies the methodology used at the cadastral level and shows possible applications in detailed studies of the nature/society relations.
Czech Agriculture in Transition
Authors: Ptáček Jan
Published: April 2021

The article deals with the transition and transformation of Czech agriculture. The character of post-1990 systemic changes is defined. Chief goals of the state agricultural policy are described as well as the impacts of radical economic reform on the agricultural production. The following processes are analysed: 1) Restitution - return of property to the original owners or to their heirs; 2) Transformation - property transfer from the cooperatives to private subjects (individuals and companies); 3) Privatization - denationalization and privatization of the former state farms. The last chapter focuses on the privatization of Žihle State Farm (West Bohemia) as a detailed case study.
Residential Environment and Territorially Functional Structure of the Brno City in the Period of Transformation
Authors: Mikulík Oldřich , Vaishar Antonín
Published: April 2021

The article evaluates the residential environment of Brno according to the individual town wards. A more detailed analysis is done for the centre of the town. Parametres of housing resources, environment hostile functional clashes, extent of green areas and state of social environment have been taken into consideration. The results show a bad residential environment in the industrialized town wards in flat relief and a good one in the town wards situated in articulated relief.
World Literature and the Problem of Postcolonialism
Authors: Burns Lorna
Published: April 2021

This essay identifies in the materialist strand of world literature theory, especially Pascale Casanova and the Warwick Research Collective, a reliance upon a priori structures (the world-system) and prioritisation of the literary registration of inequality. By contrast, I contend, world-literary critics who wish to maintain the dissident spirit of postcolonialism ought to demonstrate a shared equality. By reference to the philosophies of Bruno Latour, Gilles Deleuze and Jacques Rancière, this essay sets out the case for an alternative to world-systems critique: one that maintains literature’s potential for creating new forms of resistance, dissent, and, crucially, equality.
The World after Fiction
Authors: Robinson Benjamin Lewis
Published: April 2021

Opponents of World Literature fear that its advent marks the end of the ‘work of literature’. J. M. Coetzee’s The Childhood of Jesus (2013) presents a world in which the work of literature has indeed been forgotten. Migrants arrive in a new life ‘washed clean’ of the burden of the European tradition. Simón, who dimly recalls the old life, feels that something is missing in the new. He longs for something altogether ‘other’. Might Simón learn from the exceptional child David to perceive the ‘likeness’ in this world? Are we to read Coetzee’s novel like Simón or like David — and with what consequence for our understanding of the work of literature in a time of World Literature?
Penerapan Layanan Penguasaan Konten Untuk Mengembangkan Kreativitas Belajar Anak Berbakat
Authors: Lestari Ita
Published: April 2021

Siswa kelas VIII di SMP Muhammadiyah 07 Medan memiliki kekurangan untuk mengembangkan kreativitas belajarnya dan juga sulit untuk membuat  suatu konsep dari pembelajaran.  Mereka susah untuk membuat ide kreativitasnya dengan berbagai bidang studi yang ada disekolah tersebut. Mereka bingung untuk membuat ide kreativitasnya agar terlihat catatan menjadi menarik. Permasalahan dari penelitian ini adalah tentang penerapan layanan penguasaan konten untuk mengembangkan kreativitas anak berbakat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini: Untuk  mengetahui adanya penerapan layanan penguasaan konten untuk mengembangkan kreativitas belajar anak berbakat siswa kelas VIII SMP Muhammadiyah 07 Medan T.A 2019/2020. Adapun dalam penelitian ini ada enam siswa yaitu 3 siswa laki-laki dan 3 siswa perempuan kelas VIII. Jenis penelitian ini yaitu penelitian kualitatif Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan observasi dan wawancara siswa-siswa yang bersangkutan. Dari hasil penelitian yang dapat diketahui bahwa penerapan layanan penguasaan konten untuk mengembangkan kreativitas belajar anak berbakat siswa kelas VIII SMP Muhammadiyah 07Tahun Ajaran 2019/2020. Sudah berjalan dengan baik dan sesuai rencana. Pada pelaksanaan layanan penguasaan konten 6 siswa yang mengalami kekurangan megembangkan kreativitas belajarnya dan setelah melakukan layanan sudah memiliki perubahan yang diharapkan dan pada pelaksanaan layanan penguasaan konten terjadi peningkatan sangat meningkat
Unintentional Consequences: Facing the Risks of Being a Youth Activist
Authors: Lund Darren , Van Beers Rae Ann
Published: April 2021

Students involved in social justice activist groups and activities encounter several potentially negative consequences in advocating for issues that are important to them. Through duoethnographic interviews with scholar-activists, former youth activists describe the barriers they experienced as socially engaged young people, including dealing with pushback from their cultural, school, and even activist communities. Without adult allies to help mentor them through these processes, the negative emotions associated with these encounters can lead youth to burn out and leave activism altogether. The findings of this study remind educators that they have an important role to play in providing meaningful activist training, apprenticeship opportunities, and supports for youth who are passionately engaged in progressive social and political action.

Keywords: social justice activism; youth; duoethnography; student movements
Система мотивації вступу до шлюбу сучасної молоді
Authors: Dubravska N. , Machushnyk E.
Published: April 2021

Розвиток мотивації до створення сім’ї напряму залежить від багатьох соціальних, економічних, політичних факторів. Актуальність дослідження мотиваційної спрямованості сучасної молоді до вступу у шлюб пов’язана з тим, що сім’я є певним осередком впливу на особистість. Для створення гармонійної сім’ї необхідним і цілком виправданим є врахування системи чинників, які допомагають будувати взаємини подружжю на взаємній повазі один до одного. Зрозуміло, що чим конкретнішим і чіткішим є образ сім’ї у свідомості осіб, що вступають у шлюб, тим гармонічнішими є стосунки у самій сім’ї. У статті наведені дані емпіричного дослідження, які визначають основні фактори, якими керуються молоді люди при вступі до шлюбу. Встановлено, що в цілому досліджувані розуміють власну відповідальність перед шлюбом та прагнуть встановити гармонійні стосунки із партнером у майбутньому. За результатами проведеного емпіричного дослідження нами виявлено, що  молодь при укладанні шлюбу керується, насамперед, духовними мотивами. Саме це свідчить про готовність до створення сім’ї, яка базується на взаємній любові та прийнятті всіх слабких і сильних  сторін партнера.  Водночас,  дослідження виявило достатню зрілість суджень значної кількості молодих людей, які стоять на шляху вибору шлюбного партнера. Важливою складовою щасливого шлюбу, на їх думку, є задоволення шлюбним партнером значимих  потреб іншого. Зрозуміло, що при взаємодії один з одним слід орієнтуватися не лише на свої власні потреби, а й на потреби свого партнера. Саме це, на думку респондентів, є основною детермінантою гармонійного шлюбу. Під час дослідження було проаналізовано рівень сформованості життєвих цінностей молодих людей. Пріоритетними виявились цінності «розвиток себе», «духовне задоволення», «власний престиж» та «матеріальний стан». Цінності «збереження індивідуальності» і «креативність» у переважаючої кількості молодих людей відповідають низькому рівню сформованості. Проведення кореляційного аналізу дозволило виявити позитивний кореляційний зв'язок між  «духовними потребами» і «любов’ю», «економічними мотивами» і цінністю «матеріальний стан» у досліджуваної категорії осіб.
Теоретичні аспекти обігу криптовалют в контексті функцій грошей
Authors: Kushnir O. , Iakovlev V. , Chimyshenko S.
Published: April 2021

В статті наведено переваги та недоліки використання криптовалют умовах невизначеності перспектив їх застосування, коли домогосподарства та суб’єкти господарювання, як правило, уникають заощадження грошових ресурсів у національній валюті, віддаючи перевагу іншим, менш ліквідним активам. Актуальність теми обумовлюється широким застосуванням криптовалют як в якості засобу накопичення та заощадження, так і в якості засобу платежу великою частиною населення та бізнесу. Розглянуто історичні передумови розвитку платіжних систем, що стало поштовхом до появи криптовалюти. Проаналізовані дослідження зарубіжних та вітчизняних вчених щодо розвитку платіжних систем і використання криптовалют. Розглянуто світовий досвід правового та ринкового регулювання процесу обігу криптовалют. Зазначені основні переваги криптовалют: конфіденційність, а отже, безпека даних власників; незалежність від держави; відсутність територіальних і часових обмежень у трансакціях; низька вартість обслуговування тощо. Як результат, криптовалюти набирають все більшої популярності серед населення, формується інфраструктура їх продажу через термінали та електронні майданчики, криптовалюти широко представлені на фондовому ринку, розширюється мережа комерційних та виробничих структур, які надають можливість розрахунку криптовалютами. Зазначено перспективи подальшого функціонування криптовалют у сучасних економічних системах. Зазначені недоліки функціонування криптовалют, такі як відсутність їх інституалізації: по-перше, це правової – обіг криптовалют не регулюється жодними законами в багатьох країнах, а по-друге – ринкової – відсутні правила функціонування криптовалюти. Крім цього суттєвим недоліком криптовалюти є ризиковість її накопичення з огляду на мінливість її ліквідності. Обґрунтовані положення щодо раціональності визнання криптовалюти фінансовим активом.
What Makes Vietnam a Preferred Tourism Destination? An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Selvanathan Eliyathamby A. , Selvanathan Saroja
Published: April 2021

Following the end of the 20-year war against the US and its allies in 1975, Vietnam gradually opened its doors in terms of market-oriented trade reforms in the late 1980s. The Vietnamese tourism sector simultaneously started to grow and, during the last decade, has shown rapid expansion
with major contributors being countries who fought against Vietnam. However, very little scientific research has been published in relation to inbound tourism in Vietnam. This study aims to fill this gap by identifying the factors that attract tourists to Vietnam and analyzing to what extent
the improved relationship with the West has impacted on its tourism sector. Our results indicate that the level of income of the travelers, the exchange rate of the country of origin, word of mouth from travelers, the relative price differential between the country of origin and Vietnam, and
the normalization of relationship between Vietnam and the country of origin are the major determinants of demand for tourism. One of the policy recommendations from this study is that, to increase inbound tourism, the Vietnamese government should introduce policies that would reduce the local
cost of tourism in Vietnam.
Radiological Pharmacology Drugs: Therapeutic Potential of Melatonin
Authors: Kolotilov N.
Published: April 2021

The purpose of the article is to draw attention to Melatonin as a means of radiological pharmacology within the framework of drugs’ reprofiling [13] and the “off-label” strategy (application for medical purposes does not correspond to the instructions for the basic medical use of the drug).
Melatonin has, to varying degrees, a dose-dependent antistressor, sedative, hypnogenic, neuroprotective, geroprotective (a general consistent pattern for all geroprotectors – earlier initiation of drug use provides a greater effect), antidepressant, antioxidant, antitumor, antiapoptotic (in normal cells), proapoptotic (in cancer cells), oncostatic, antimetastatic, immunomodulatory, radioprotective, radiosensitizing, anti-infectious, analgesic, hepatoprotective geroprotective, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, moderate contraceptive (for women) action. Melatonin regulates neuroendocrine functions, respiratory rate, reproductive function, osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, formation and protection of bones; modulates the activity of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts; reduces pain sensitivity; affects the intracellular calcium content.
The antioxidant properties of Melatonin are closely related to its antitumor effect. Studies have demonstrated that melatonin has a self-sufficient oncostatic effect in cancer of the breast, ovaries, endometrium, pancreas, prostate, lungs; melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, and leiomyosarcoma.
Key words: pineal gland, melatonin, radioprotector, radiological pharmacology.
Rückblick auf die Entwicklung des Betonbaus/Review of the development of structural concrete
Authors: Zilch Konrad
Published: April 2021

In diesem Beitrag wird auf die Entwicklungen und die Praxis im Betonbau im Spiegel der Zeitschrift „Bauingenieur“ zurückgeblickt. Dabei werden schwerpunktmäßig die 15 Jahre seit dem Jubiläum zum 75. Jahrgang betrachtet. Der Blick auf die aktuellen Entwicklungen zeigt, dass der Betonbau auch heute interessant bleibt, sich stetig fortentwickelt und die von der Gesellschaft an ihn gestellten Aufgaben löst.
90 Jahre Geotechnik – Von der Revolution zur Evolution/90th Years of Geotechnical Engineering – From Revolution to Evolution
Authors: Brandl Heinz
Published: April 2021

Fünf Jahre nach Erscheinen des ersten Bandes der Fachzeitschrift Bauingenieur im Jahre 1920 wurde das fundamentale Buch „Erdbaumechanik“ von K. Terzaghi veröffentlicht. Letzteres wird weltweit als Geburt der modernen „Bodenmechanik“ angesehen, die als wesentlichste Grundlage der heutigen „Geotechnik“ gilt. In diesen Jahrzehnten hat sich die Geotechnik zu einem Hauptpfeiler des Bauingenieurwesens entwickelt. Dabei wandelte sich die zunächst revolutionäre Phase allmählich in eine evolutionäre, und zwar sowohl in der Theorie als auch in der Praxis. Der Artikel geht auf diese Entwicklung an Hand einiger Beispiele ein und hebt auch die vergleichsweise hohen Risiken in der Geotechnik sowie das geotechnische Risikomanagement hervor.
Aktuelle Entwicklungen und Herausforderungen der Bauinformatik/Advances and Challenges of Computing in Civil Engineering
Authors: König Markus , Rank Ernst , Bletzinger Kai-Uwe , Bormann André , Smarsly Kay , Huhnt Wolfgang
Published: April 2021

Die Bauinformatik ist sehr eng mit der Entwicklung und Verbreitung von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien verbunden. Komplexe numerische Analysen lassen sich quasi in Echtzeit unter Verwendung von neuartigen Computersystemen und Methoden durchführen. Auch die Modellierung von Gebäuden, Prozessen und Maschinen wird durch innovative Ansätze signifikant vereinfacht. Heutzutage erfassen Sensoren vielfältige und sehr detaillierte Daten, die zum Beispiel zur Bewertung der Lebensdauer von Bauwerken verwendet werden können. In den letzten fünf Jahren haben insbesondere Methoden und Techniken des Building Information Modeling zur Stärkung der Bauinformatik beigetragen. Im Rahmen des Beitrags werden einige wichtige Schwerpunkte der letzten 15 Jahre und die aktuellen Herausforderungen der Bauinformatik in Forschung und Lehre dargestellt.
Zukünftige Herausforderungen und Entwicklungen in der Geotechnik/Future challenges and developments in geotechnics
Authors: Katzenbach Rolf , Waberseck Thomas
Published: April 2021

Aufbauend auf den Grundlagen einer jeden bau-, verkehrs- und umwelttechnischen Planung, nämlich der Baugrunderkundung und der darauf aufbauenden Modellbildung, werden im vorliegenden Beitrag beispielhaft die Baugrundnumerik, die bautechnische Beherrschung hydraulischer Kräfte im Boden mit den Versagensmechanismen hydraulischer Grundbruch, innere Erosion, Piping und Verflüssigung, die Herausforderungen des innerstädtischen Bauens, die Beherrschung von Naturgefahren, der Ausbau erneuerbare Energien, wie der Geothermie und die Fortschreibung des europäisch harmonisierten Normenwerks behandelt. Angesichts der zukünftigen Herausforderungen, denen wir uns als Bauingenieure stellen müssen, und der besonderen Bedeutung der Geotechnik als eine der wesentlichen Kerndisziplinen des Bauingenieurwesens ist eine verstärkte Forschungsförderung zur Intensivierung der Forschungsaktivitäten in der Geotechnik für die Zukunfts- und Existenzsicherung dringend geboten.
Digitaler Zwilling im Shopfloor
Authors: Geßner André
Published: April 2021

Der Werkzeugbau des weltweit tätigen Zulieferers Miba beweist mit der Einführung einer innovativen, durchgängigen Software-Prozess-Lösung vom ERP (Enterprise-Resource-Planning) bis zum Bearbeitungszentrum, dass Einsparungen von 10 % bis 25 % für die Serienfertigung realistisch sind. An speziellen Maschinen ließen sich sogar 300 % Effizienzsteigerung erzielen.
Sind Roboter wie Maschinen zu betrachten?
Authors: Langstrof Alexandra
Published: April 2021

Der zunehmende Einsatz von Industrierobotern wirft häufig Fragen auf: Sind Roboter auch nur Maschinen? Müssen die Anforderungen an die Maschinenrichtlinie erfüllt werden? Welche Schutzmaßnahmen sind bei der Zusammenarbeit von Mensch und Roboter wirklich notwendig? Beispiele aus dem Alltag zeigen, worauf beim Einsatz von Robotern zu achten ist.
Environmental Governance Pt. Surya Saga Utama Post Mining in North Kabaena, Mapila Village, Bombana Regency in Towards Sustainable Development
Authors: Haris AL Muhajir
Published: April 2021

Environmental Governance is an integrated effort in the utilization, arrangement, maintenance, supervision, restoration and development of the environment. The goal in Environmental Governance is to achieve the sustainability of human relations with the environment as the goal of complete human development. This paper describes how environmental governance is in sustainable mining management in Kabaena Utara. This study uses a qualitative descriptive study, this research focuses on post-mining environmental management and as many as 15 informants between the government and the community. The results of this study generally describe the Control of Environmental Damage and Pollution regarding environmental management in Bombana Regency in terms of not being well-managed and not yet maximizing the protection of conservation areas from damage due to uncontrolled and exploitative use of natural resources.
Development of a Dextransucrase Based Hybrid System Using Superparamagnetic Nanocomposite of Iron Oxide
Authors: Saleem Hiba
Published: April 2021

.
TD 2628 - Agências de Promoção de Investimento: papel, funções, atividades e definição de estratégias
Authors: Inácio Junior Edmundo , Garcia Ribeiro Cássio
Published: April 2021

Tem ganhado força na agenda dos governos nacionais as políticas que visam a favorecer a atração de ambiente de desenvolvimento integrado (em inglês, integrated development environment – IDE), em grande medida apoiadas nas chamadas agências de promoção de investimentos (APIs). O objetivo deste Texto para discussão (TD) é analisar o rol de instrumentos adotados por tais agências. A metodologia empregada nesta pesquisa se apoia em pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental e análise de dados secundários. Com base neste estudo, é possível afirmar que o leque de mecanismos adotados pelas APIs não se restringe aos serviços que ocorrem no decorrer dos estágios de definição e estabelecimento dos projetos de IDE, tais como a promoção de visitas ao local onde se dará o investimento e a promoção de reuniões de trabalho com stakeholders locais. Esse leque também abarca a prestação de assistência adicional, já após a implementação das empresas multinacionais (EMNs) nesse local, de modo a favorecer as decisões de expansões e reinvestimentos realizados por tais empresas, como a disponibilização de banco de dados de fornecedores locais e serviços de ombudsman. Este estudo indica também a importância de que as APIs se engajem na criação e revisão permanente de um planejamento estratégico. Tal documento assume a função de subsidiar a elaboração dos instrumentos de atração e retenção de IDE a serem adotadas pelas agências. Ademais, este TD indica a importância do processo de avaliação das políticas praticadas pelas APIs, com vistas a averiguar a efetividade dessas políticas, além de indicar a necessidade de eventuais ajustes, alteração nas prioridades, bem como no leque de instrumentos utilizados.
CONCOMITANT OF INSIDE-SHAREHOLDING, GROUP AFFILIATION AND FIRM VALUE: EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN
Authors: Waseemullah  , Tahir Safdar Husain , Kaleem Muhammad Shafiq , Kanwal Tahirah , Quddoos Muhammad Umer
Published: April 2021

The present study inspects the comparative effects of inside shareholding on firm value for group-affiliated firms and non-group-affiliated firms in Pakistan. The research uses the excess-value as a performance measure by employing a chop-shop approach in treatment effects regression model (TERM). The results reveal that lower level and higher level inside shareholding negatively associated with firms’ value. However, it positively relates at a moderate level. Also, inside shareholding-value relationship differs significantly for group-affiliated firms and non-group-affiliated firms. Firms with inside shareholding at lower level appear to more visible in business groups, and these firms show adverse firms’ value consistent with divergence of interest effect. Nevertheless, inside ownership firms at a higher level, namely standalone firms, negatively affect firm value with entrenchment effect. The findings also confirm non-linearity in inside shareholding-firm value relationships.
Relic Gravitational Waves from the Chiral Magnetic Effect
Authors: Brandenburg Axel , He Yutong , Kahniashvili Tina , Rheinhardt Matthias , Schober Jennifer
Published: April 2021

Relic gravitational waves (GWs) can be produced by primordial magnetic fields. However, not much is known about the resulting GW amplitudes and their dependence on the details of the generation mechanism. Here we treat magnetic field generation through the chiral magnetic effect (CME) as a generic mechanism and explore its dependence on the speed of generation (the product of magnetic diffusivity and characteristic wavenumber) and the speed characterizing the maximum magnetic field strength expected from the CME. When the latter exceeds the former (regime I), which is the regime applicable to the early universe, we obtain an inverse cascade with moderate GW energy that scales with the third power of the magnetic energy. When the generation speed exceeds the CME limit (regime II), the GW energy continues to increase without a corresponding increase of magnetic energy. In the early kinematic phase, the GW energy spectrum (per linear wavenumber interval) has opposite slopes in both regimes and is characterized by an inertial range spectrum in regime I and a white noise spectrum in regime II. The occurrence of these two slopes is shown to be a generic consequence of a nearly monochromatic exponential growth of the magnetic field. The resulting GW energy is found to be proportional to the fifth power of the limiting CME speed and the first power of the generation speed.
The Stars of the HETDEX Survey. I. Radial Velocities and Metal-poor Stars from Low-resolution Stellar Spectra
Authors: Hawkins Keith , Zeimann Greg , Sneden Chris , Cooper Erin Mentuch , Gebhardt Karl , Bond Howard E. , Carrillo Andreia , Casey Caitlin M. , Castanheira Barbara G. , Ciardullo Robin , Davis Dustin , Farrow Daniel J. , Finkelstein Steven L. , Hill Gary J. , Kelz Andreas , Liu Chenxu , Shetrone Matthew , Schneider Donald P. , Starkenburg Else , Steinmetz Matthias , Wheeler J. Craig ,   (The HETDEX Collaboration)
Published: April 2021

The Hobby–Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment (HETDEX) is an unbiased, massively multiplexed spectroscopic survey, designed to measure the expansion history of the universe through low-resolution (R ∼ 750) spectra of Lyα emitters. In its search for these galaxies, HETDEX will also observe a few times 105 stars. In this paper, we present the first stellar value-added catalog within the internal second data release of the HETDEX Survey (HDR2). The new catalog contains 120,571 low-resolution spectra for 98,736 unique stars between 10 < G < 22 spread across the HETDEX footprint at relatively high (b ∼ 60°) Galactic latitudes. With these spectra, we measure radial velocities (RVs) for ∼42,000 unique FGK-type stars in the catalog and show that the HETDEX spectra are sufficient to constrain these RVs with a 1σ precision of 28.0 km s−1 and bias of 3.5 km s−1 with respect to the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fibre Spectroscopic Telescope surveys and 1σ precision of 27.5 km s−1 and bias of 14.0 km s−1 compared to the Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration survey. Since these RVs are for faint (G ≥ 16) stars, they will be complementary to Gaia. Using t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (tSNE), we also demonstrate that the HETDEX spectra can be used to determine a star’s T
eff, and log g and its [Fe/H]. With the tSNE projection of the FGK-type stars with HETDEX spectra we also identify 416 new candidate metal-poor ([Fe/H] < −1 dex) stars for future study. These encouraging results illustrate the utility of future low-resolution stellar spectroscopic surveys.
Vertical Phase Mixing across the Galactic Disk
Authors: Li Zhao-Yu
Published: April 2021

By combining the Large Sky Area Multi-object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope and Gaia data, we investigate the vertical phase mixing across the Galactic disk. Our results confirm the existence of phase space snail shells (or phase spirals) from 6–12 kpc. We find that grouping stars by the guiding radius (R

g
), instead of the present radius (R), further enhances the snail shell signal in the following aspects: (1) clarity of the snail shell shape is increased; (2) more wraps of the snail shell can be seen; (3) the phase spaces are less affected by the lack of stars closer to the disk midplane due to extinction; and (4) the phase space snail shell is amplified in greater radial ranges. Compared to the R-based snail shell, the quantitatively measured shapes are similar, except that the R

g
-based snail shells show more wraps with a better contrast. These lines of evidence lead to the conclusion that the guiding radius (angular momentum) is a fundamental parameter tracing the phase space snail shell across the Galactic disk. Results of our test particle simulations with impulse approximation verify that particles grouped according to R

g
reveal well-defined and sharper snail shell features. By comparing the radial profiles of the snail shell pitch angle between the observation and simulation, the external perturbation can be constrained to ∼500−700 Myr ago. For future vertical phase mixing study, it is recommended to use the guiding radius with additional constraints on orbital hotness (ellipticity) to improve the clarity of the phase snail.
Magnetohydrostatic Equilibrium Structure and Mass of Polytropic Filamentary Cloud Threaded by Lateral Magnetic Field
Authors: Kashiwagi Raiga , Tomisaka Kohji
Published: April 2021

Filamentary structures are recognized as a fundamental component of interstellar molecular clouds in observations made by the Herschel satellite. These filaments, especially massive filaments, often extend in a direction perpendicular to the interstellar magnetic field. Furthermore, the filaments sometimes have an apparently negative temperature gradient—that is, their temperatures decrease toward their centers. In this paper, we study the magnetohydrostatic equilibrium state of negative-indexed polytropic gas with the magnetic field running perpendicular to the axis of the filament. The model is controlled by four parameters: center-to-surface density ratio (ρ

c
/ρ

s
), plasma β of the surrounding gas, radius of the parent cloud

R

0

′

normalized by the scale height, and the polytropic index N. The steepness of the temperature gradient is represented by N. We found that the envelope of the column density profile becomes shallow when the temperature gradient is large. This reconciles the inconsistency between the observed profiles and those expected from the isothermal models. We compared the maximum line mass (mass per unit length), above which there is no equilibrium, with that of the isothermal nonmagnetized filament. We obtained an empirical formula to express the maximum line mass of a magnetized polytropic filament as

λ

m

a

x

≃

λ

0
,

m

a

x

(
N
)

/

M
⊙

p

c

−
1

2

+

5.9

1.0
+
1.2

/

N

1

/

2

Φ

c

l

/

1

μ

G

p

c

2

1

/

2

M
⊙ pc−1, where

λ

0
,
max

(
N
)

represents the maximum line mass of the nonmagnetized filament and Φcl indicates one-half of the magnetic flux threading the filament per unit length. Although the negative-indexed polytrope makes the maximum line mass decrease, compared with that of the isothermal model, a magnetic field threading the filament increases the line mass.
Compact Groups of Galaxies in Sloan Digital Sky Survey and LAMOST Spectral Survey. II. Dynamical Properties of Isolated and Embedded Groups
Authors: Zheng 郑 Yun-Liang 云亮 , Shen 沈 Shi-Yin 世 银
Published: April 2021

Compact groups (CGs) of galaxies appear to be the densest galaxy systems containing a few luminous galaxies in close proximity to each other, which have a typical size of a few tens of kiloparsec in observation. On the other hand, in the modern hierarchical structure formation paradigm, galaxies are assembled and grouped in dark matter halos, which have a typical size of a few hundreds of kiloparsec. Few studies have explored the physical connection between the observation-based CGs and halo model-based galaxy groups to date. In this study, by matching the largest local CG catalog of Zheng & Shen to the halo-based group catalog of Yang et al., we find that CGs are physically heterogeneous systems and can be mainly separated into two categories, the isolated systems and those embedded in rich groups or clusters. By examining the dynamical features of CGs, we find that isolated CGs have systematically lower dynamical masses than noncompact ones at the same group luminosity, indicating a more evolved stage of isolated CGs. On the other hand, the embedded CGs are mixtures of chance alignments in poor clusters and recent infalling groups (substructures) of rich clusters.
Direct Multipoint Observations Capturing the Reformation of a Supercritical Fast Magnetosonic Shock
Authors: Turner D. L. , Wilson L. B. , Goodrich K. A. , Madanian H. , Schwartz S. J. , Liu T. Z. , Johlander A. , Caprioli D. , Cohen I. J. , Gershman D. , Hietala H. , Westlake J. H. , Lavraud B. , Le Contel O. , Burch J. L.
Published: April 2021

Using multipoint Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) observations in an unusual string-of-pearls configuration, we examine in detail observations of the reformation of a fast magnetosonic shock observed on the upstream edge of a foreshock transient structure upstream of Earth's bow shock. The four MMS spacecraft were separated by several hundred kilometers, comparable to suprathermal ion gyroradius scales or several ion inertial lengths. At least half of the shock reformation cycle was observed, with a new shock ramp rising up out of the “foot” region of the original shock ramp. Using the multipoint observations, we convert the observed time-series data into distance along the shock normal in the shock's rest frame. That conversion allows for a unique study of the relative spatial scales of the shock's various features, including the shock's growth rate, and how they evolve during the reformation cycle. Analysis indicates that the growth rate increases during reformation, electron-scale physics play an important role in the shock reformation, and energy conversion processes also undergo the same cyclical periodicity as reformation. Strong, thin electron-kinetic-scale current sheets and large-amplitude electrostatic and electromagnetic waves are reported. Results highlight the critical cross-scale coupling between electron-kinetic- and ion-kinetic-scale processes and details of the nature of nonstationarity, shock-front reformation at collisionless, fast magnetosonic shocks.
Water Ice Cloud Variability and Multi-epoch Transmission Spectra of TRAPPIST-1e
Authors: May E. M. , Taylor J. , Komacek T. D. , Line M. R. , Parmentier V.
Published: April 2021

The precise characterization of terrestrial atmospheres with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is one of the utmost goals of exoplanet astronomy in the next decade. With JWST’s impending launch, it is crucial that we are well prepared to understand the subtleties of terrestrial atmospheres—particularly ones that we may have not needed to consider before due to instrumentation limitations. In this work we show that patchy ice cloud variability is present in the upper atmospheres of M-dwarf terrestrial planets, particularly along the limbs. Here we test whether these variable clouds will introduce unexpected biases in the multi-epoch observations necessary to constrain atmospheric abundances. Using 3D ExoCAM general circulation models of TRAPPIST-1e, we simulate five different climates with varying pCO2 to explore the strength of this variability. These models are post-processed using NASA Goddard’s Planetary Spectrum Generator and PandExo to generate simulated observations with JWST’s NIRSpec PRISM mode at 365 different temporal outputs from each climate. Assuming the need for 10 transits of TRAPPIST-1e to detect molecular features at great confidence, we then use CHIMERA to retrieve on several randomly selected weighted averages of our simulated observations to explore the effect of multi-epoch observations with variable cloud cover along the limb on retrieved abundances. We find that the variable spectra do not affect retrieved abundances at detectable levels for our sample of TRAPPIST-1e models.