bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Building an E‐Book Library
Authors: Zipke Marcy
Published: November 2013

There is a wide range in the educational qualities and overall quality of interactive storybook apps for tablet computers (ebooks). Minimally, ebooks for young children present illustrations on a screen, accompanied by an oral reading of the text. Today's ebooks can also include animation, zooming in and out, musical scores, sound effects, text highlighting, built‐in dictionaries, hotspots where the reader clicks to interact with a character or object, foreign language translations, and more. While some ebooks do represent quality children's literature presented in a format that optimizes the affordances of the technology, others more closely resemble cartoons. Therefore, teachers, school librarians, and other school officials need to become educated consumers who carefully consider which ebooks they are buying for young elementary students. This article gives guidelines for evaluating the educational potential of ebooks, and makes specific suggestions for resources on how to find high‐quality apps for beginning readers.
From Potential to Reality
Authors: Wright Tanya S.
Published: November 2013

Content vocabulary is essential for children's comprehension of informational text. Teachers will need to support children in developing the technical or specialized words they need for informational text and in linking these words to key concepts in content area instruction. This article describes the vocabulary instruction that was observed during informational text read alouds in 55 kindergarten classrooms, and then provides ideas for supporting content‐rich vocabulary instruction in primary classrooms.
Quantifying the variability of wind energy
Authors: Watson Simon
Published: November 2013

Wind by its very nature is a variable element. Its variation is different on different timescales and spatially its magnitude can change dramatically depending on local climatology and terrain. This has implications in a variety of sectors, not least in the wind energy sector. The accuracy of weather forecasting models has increased significantly in the last few decades and these models are able to give an insight into variability on the hourly and daily timescales. On shorter timescales, predicting chaotic turbulent fluctuations is far more challenging. Similarly, the ability to make seasonal forecasts is extremely limited. General circulation models (GCMs) can give insights into possible future decadal fluctuations, but there are still large uncertainties. Observational data can give useful information concerning variation on a variety of timescales, but data quality and spatial coverage can be variable. An understanding of local scale spatial variations in wind is extremely important in wind farm siting. In the last 40 years, there have been significant advances in predicting these variations using computer models, although there remain significant challenges in understanding the behavior of the wind in certain environments. Both the spatial and temporal variations of wind are important considerations when wind power is integrated into electricity networks, and this will become an ever more important consideration as wind generation makes an increasing contribution to our global energy needs. WIREs Energy Environ 2014, 3:330–342. doi: 10.1002/wene.95

This article is categorized under:

Wind Power > Climate and Environment

Energy Infrastructure > Economics and Policy
Winter habitat use and survival of lesser prairie‐chickens in West Texas
Authors: Pirius Nicholas E. , Boal Clint W. , Haukos David A. , Wallace Mark C.
Published: November 2013

The lesser prairie‐chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) has experienced declines in population and occupied range since the late 1800s and is currently proposed for Federal protection under the Endangered Species Act. Populations and the distribution of lesser prairie‐chickens in Texas, USA, are thought to be at or near all‐time lows. Currently, there is a paucity of data on the wintering ecology of the species. We measured home range, habitat use, and survival of lesser prairie‐chickens during the non‐breeding seasons (1 Sep–28 Feb) of 2008–2009, 2009–2010, and 2010–2011 in sand shinnery oak (Quercus havardii) landscapes in the West Texas panhandle region. Home range size did not differ among years or between females (503 ha) and males (489 ha). Over 97% of locations of both male and female prairie‐chickens were within 3.2 km of the lek of capture, and 99.9% were within 3.2 km of an available water source (i.e., livestock water tank). Habitat cover types were not used proportional to occurrence within the home ranges; grassland‐dominated areas with co‐occurring sand shinnery oak were used more than available, but sand sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia)‐dominated areas with grassland and sand sagebrush‐dominated areas with bare ground were both used less than available. Survival rates during the first 2 non‐breeding seasons (>80%) were among the highest reported for the species. However, survival during the third non‐breeding season was only 57%, resulting in a 3‐year average of 72%. It does not appear that non‐breeding season mortality is a strong limiting factor in lesser prairie‐chicken persistence in the study area. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Dirac sigma models from gauging
Authors: Salnikov Vladimir , Strobl Thomas
Published: November 2013

Abstract

The G/G WZW model results from the WZW-model by a standard procedure of gauging. G/G WZW models are members of Dirac sigma models, which also contain twisted Poisson sigma models as other examples. We show how the general class of Dirac sigma models can be obtained from a gauging procedure adapted to Lie algebroids in the form of an equivariantly closed extension. The rigid gauge groups are generically infinite dimensional and a standard gauging procedure would give a likewise infinite number of 1-form gauge fields; the proposed construction yields the requested finite number of them.

Although physics terminology is used, the presentation is kept accessible also for a mathematical audience.
Endurance Training Increases Leptin Expression in the Retroperitoneal Adipose Tissue of Rats Fed with a High‐Sugar Diet
Authors: de Queiroz Karina Barbosa , Guimarães Juliana Bohnen , Coimbra Cândido Celso , Rodovalho Gisele Vieira , Carneiro Cláudia Martins , Evangelista Elísio Alberto , Guerra‐Sá Renata
Published: November 2013

The presence of leptin receptors in white adipose tissue (WAT) suggests a type of peripheral control during the development of obesity and other metabolic disorders. Both diet composition and exercise influence serum leptin; however, the effect of their combination on long‐term WAT leptin metabolism is unknown. In this study, rats fed with standard or high‐sugar diets (HSD) were simultaneously subjected to running training for 4‐ and 8‐week periods, and the retroperitoneal WAT (rWAT) was evaluated for adipocyte cell size, lipid and catecholamine content, Lep, OB‐Rb and Ucp2 mRNA transcription levels, and circulating leptin and non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA). The HSD groups displayed a higher adiposity index and rWAT weight, Lep mRNA and protein upregulation, and a period‐dependent effect on OB‐Rb mRNA expression. Exercise decreased serum leptin and upregulated the OB‐Rb mRNA levels. However, in rats fed with an HSD, the increase in OB‐Rb mRNA and reduction in catecholamine levels resulted in a high level of adiposity and hyperleptinemia. The combination of training and an HSD decreases the NEFA levels and upregulating the Ucp2 mRNA expression in the 4‐week period, while downregulating the Ucp2 mRNA expression in the 8‐week period without changing the NEFA levels. Our results suggest that an HSD induces an increase in leptin expression in rWAT, while reducing adipocytes via leptin‐mediated lipolysis after an 8‐week period. In exercised rats fed an HSD, TAG synthesis and storage overlaps with lipolysis, promoting fat store development and Lep mRNA and plasma protein upregulation in adult rats.
Lifespan Variation by Occupational Class: Compression or Stagnation Over Time?
Authors: van Raalte Alyson A. , Martikainen Pekka , Myrskylä Mikko
Published: November 2013

Cross-sectional analyses of adult lifespan variation have found an inverse association between socioeconomic position and lifespan variation, but the trends by social class are unknown. We investigated trends in lifespan variation over four decades (1971–2010) by occupational social class (manual, lower nonmanual, upper nonmanual, other) using Finnish register data. We performed age and cause-of-death decompositions of lifespan variation for each sex (a) by occupational class over time and (b) between occupational classes at a shared level of life expectancy. Although life expectancy increased in all classes, lifespan variation was stable among manual workers and decreased only among nonmanual classes. These differences were caused by early-adult mortality: older-age lifespan variation declined for all the classes, but variation in early-adult mortality increased for all classes except the highest. The manual class’s high and stagnant lifespan variation was driven by declines in circulatory diseases that were equally spread over early mortality-compressing and older mortality-expanding ages, as well as by high early-adult mortality from external causes. Results were similar for men and women. The results of this study, which is the first to document trends in lifespan variation by social class, suggest that mortality compression is compatible with increasing life expectancy but currently achieved only by higher occupational classes.
Scratch formation and its mechanism in chemical mechanical planarization (CMP)
Authors: Kwon Tae-Young , Ramachandran Manivannan , Park Jin-Goo
Published: November 2013

Chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) has become one of the most critical processes in semiconductor device fabrication to achieve global planarization. To achieve an efficient global planarization for device node dimensions of less than 32 nm, a comprehensive understanding of the physical, chemical, and tribo-mechanical/chemical action at the interface between the pad and wafer in the presence of a slurry medium is essential. During the CMP process, some issues such as film delamination, scratching, dishing, erosion, and corrosion can generate defects which can adversely affect the yield and reliability. In this article, an overview of material removal mechanism of CMP process, investigation of the scratch formation behavior based on polishing process conditions and consumables, scratch formation mechanism and the scratch inspection tools were extensively reviewed. The advantages of adopting the filtration unit and the jet spraying of water to reduce the scratch formation have been reviewed. The current research trends in the scratch formation, based on modeling perspective were also discussed.
On the radius of analyticity of solutions to the cubic Szegő equation
Authors: Gérard Patrick , Guo Yanqiu , Titi Edriss S.
Published: November 2013

This paper is concerned with the cubic Szegő equation

i\partial _{t}u = \Pi \left(|u|^{2}u\right),

defined on the

L^{2}

Hardy space on the one-dimensional torus

\mathbb{T}

, where

\Pi :L^{2}(\mathbb{T})\rightarrow L_{ + }^{2}(\mathbb{T})

is the Szegő projector onto the non-negative frequencies. For analytic initial data, it is shown that the solution remains spatial analytic for all time

t \in (−\infty ,\infty )

. In addition, we find a lower bound for the radius of analyticity of the solution. Our method involves energy-like estimates of the special Gevrey class of analytic functions based on the

ℓ^{1}

norm of Fourier transforms (the Wiener algebra).
The incidence rate of prostate cancer in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alghamidi Ibrahim G , Hussain Issam I , Alghamdi Mohamed S , El-Sheemy Mohammed A
Published: November 2013

BACKGROUND:

This study presents descriptive epidemiological data related to prostate cancer cases diagnosed from 2001 to 2008 among Saudi men, including the frequency and percentage of cases, the crude incidence rate (CIR) and the age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR) adjusted by region and year of diagnosis.

METHODS:

This is a retrospective descriptive epidemiological analysis of all Saudi prostate cancer cases recorded in the Saudi Cancer Registry (SCR) between January 2001 and December 2008. Statistical analyses were conducted using descriptive statistics, the Poisson regression model, a simple linear regression model and analysis of variance with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20.0 (SPSS).

RESULTS:

A total of 1739 cases were registered in the SCR between January 2001 and December 2008. The eastern region of Saudi Arabia had the highest overall ASIR at 10.1 per 100,000 men, followed by Riyadh at 7.1 and Makkah at 5.2, while Jizan and Najran had the lowest average ASIRs at 1.4 and at 2.0, respectively. The Poisson regression model for the region of Jizan shows that the incidence rate ratio (IRR) was significantly higher (p < 0.001); for the regions of Riyadh at 3.43 times (95% CI, 3.13-3.73), followed by Makkah at 2.56 (95% CI, 2.38-2.74) and the eastern province at 1.93 (95% CI, 1.64-2.23). The annual prediction of the CIR of prostate cancer in Saudi Arabia could be defined by the equation 1.53 + (0.094 × Years), and the prediction of the ASIR could be defined by the equation 2.98 + (0.182 × Years).

CONCLUSION:

There was a steady increase in the CIRs and ASIRs for prostate cancer between 2001 and 2008. The eastern region, Riyadh and Makkah had the highest overall ASIR in Saudi Arabia. Further effective screening programmes and active treatment measures are needed to control prostate cancer disease among Saudi men.
Topological entropy of transitive dendrite maps
Authors: ŠPITALSKÝ VLADIMÍR
Published: November 2013

We show that every dendrite$X$satisfying the condition that no subtree of$X$contains all free arcs admits a transitive, even exactly Devaney chaotic map with arbitrarily small entropy. This gives a partial answer to a question of Baldwin from 2001.
Effects of potassium chloride and potassium bicarbonate in the diet on urinary pH and mineral excretion of adult cats
Authors: Paßlack Nadine , Brenten Thomas , Neumann Konrad , Zentek Jürgen
Published: November 2013

Low dietary K levels have been associated with increasing renal Ca excretion in humans, indicating a higher risk of calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolith formation. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate whether dietary K also affects the urine composition of cats. A total of eight adult cats were fed diets containing 0·31 % native K and 0·50, 0·75 and 1·00 % K from KCl or KHCO3and were evaluated for the effects of dietary K. High dietary K levels were found to elevate urinary K concentrations (P< 0·001). Renal Ca excretion was higher in cats fed the KCl diets than in those fed the KHCO3diets (P= 0·026), while urinary oxalate concentrations were generally lower in cats fed the KCl diets and only dependent on dietary K levels in cats fed the KHCO3diets (P< 0·05). Fasting urine pH increased with higher dietary K levels (P= 0·022), reaching values of 6·38 (1·00 % KCl) and 7·65 (1·00 % KHCO3). K retention was markedly negative after feeding the cats with the basal diet ( − 197 mg/d) and the 0·50 % KCl diet ( − 131 mg/d), while the cats tended to maintain their balance on being fed the highest-KCl diet ( − 23·3 mg/d). In contrast, K from KHCO3was more efficiently retained (P= 0·018), with K retention being between − 82·5 and 52·5 mg/d. In conclusion, the dietary inclusion of KHCO3instead of KCl as K source could be beneficial for the prevention of CaOx urolith formation in cats, since there is an association between a lower renal Ca excretion and a generally higher urine pH. The utilisation of K is distinctly influenced by the K salt, which may be especially practically relevant when using diets with low K levels.
Beyond Presidentialism and Parliamentarism
Authors: Cheibub José Antonio , Elkins Zachary , Ginsburg Tom
Published: November 2013

The presidential-parliamentary distinction is foundational to comparative politics and at the center of a large theoretical and empirical literature. However, an examination of constitutional texts suggests a fair degree of heterogeneity within these categories with respect to important institutional attributes. These observations indicate that the classic presidential-parliamentary distinction, and the semi-presidential category, may not be systemic. This article investigates whether the defining attributes that separate presidential and parliamentary constitutions predict other attributes that are stereotypically associated with these institutional models. The results suggest the need for considerable skepticism of the ‘systemic’ nature of the classification. Indeed, the results imply that in order to predict the powers of a country's executive and legislature, it is more useful to know where and when the constitution was written than whether the country has a presidential or parliamentary system.
Georges Florovsky's Monograph “Herzen's Philosophy of History”: The New Archival Material and the Reconstruction of the Full Text
Authors: Gavrilyuk Paul L.
Published: November 2013

Georges Florovsky (1893–1979) was a prominent Russian émigré historian, philosopher, Orthodox theologian, and ecumenist. He was also the first Orthodox theologian to teach at Harvard Divinity School (1957–1964). In the 1920s, Florovsky wrote and defended his dissertation on the leading nineteenth-century Russian public intellectual, Alexander Herzen (1812–1870). Until now, the full text of Florovsky's work had been considered lost. I recently found five documents containing a substantial portion of the dissertation in the Georges Florovsky Papers archive of the St Vladimir's Seminary Library (GFP SVS). This newly discovered material amounts to about one-half of the dissertation and contains some important clues for reconstructing the remaining half of the work. My article discusses: 1) the plan of the dissertation and the history of its composition; 2) Florovsky's defense of the dissertation in Prague in 1923, as summarized in Alexander Izgoev's report, preserved in the Georges Florovsky Papers at the Princeton University Library (GFP PUL); 3) Florovsky's preparation of the dissertation for publication; 4) the description of the newly discovered archival material; and 5) the reconstruction of the dissertation, as preserved in the redactions of 1928–1930. The dissertation is the only monographic study that Florovsky ever finished, his other book-length studies being surveys rather than monographs. The dissertation is also important for understanding the methodological presuppositions of Florovsky's magnum opus,The Ways of Russian Theology(1937).
Financing Japan's World War II Occupation of Southeast Asia
Authors: Huff Gregg , Majima Shinobu
Published: November 2013

This article analyzes how Japan financed its World War II occupation of Southeast Asia, the market-purchased transfer of resources to Japan, and the monetary and inflation consequences of Japanese policies. Occupation was financed principally by printing large quantities of money. While some Southeast Asian countries had high inflation, hyperinflation hardly occurred because of a sustained transactions demand for money and because of Japan's strong enforcement of monetary monopoly. Highly specialized Southeast Asian economies and loss of Japanese merchant shipping limited resource extraction.
High levels of genetic diversity inNosema ceranaewithinApis melliferacolonies
Authors: GÓMEZ-MORACHO TAMARA , MASIDE XULIO , MARTÍN-HERNÁNDEZ RAQUEL , HIGES MARIANO , BARTOLOMÉ CAROLINA
Published: November 2013

Nosema ceranaeis a widespread honeybee parasite, considered to be one of the pathogens involved in the colony losses phenomenon. To date, little is known about its intraspecific genetic variability. The few studies onN. ceranaevariation have focused on the subunits of ribosomal DNA, which are not ideal for this purpose and have limited resolution. Here we characterized three single copy loci (Actin, Hsp70andRPB1) in threeN. ceranaeisolates from Hungary and Hawaii. Our results provide evidence of unexpectedly high levels of intraspecific polymorphism, the coexistence of a wide variety of haplotypes within each bee colony, and the occurrence of genetic recombination inRPB1. Most haplotypes are not shared across isolates and derive from a few frequent haplotypes by a reduced number of singletons (mutations that appear usually just once in the sample), which suggest that they have a fairly recent origin. Overall, our data indicate that this pathogen has experienced a recent population expansion. The presence of multiple haplotypes within individual isolates could be explained by the existence of different strains ofN. ceranaeinfecting honeybee colonies in the field which complicates, and must not be overlooked, further analysis of host–parasite interactions.
An arithmetic transference proof of a relative Szemerédi theorem
Authors: ZHAO YUFEI
Published: November 2013

Recently, Conlon, Fox and the author gave a new proof of a relative Szemerédi theorem, which was the main novel ingredient in the proof of the celebrated Green–Tao theorem that the primes contain arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions. Roughly speaking, a relative Szemerédi theorem says that if S is a set of integers satisfying certain conditions, and A is a subset of S with positive relative density, then A contains long arithmetic progressions, and our recent results show that S only needs to satisfy a so-called linear forms condition.

This paper contains an alternative proof of the new relative Szemerédi theorem, where we directly transfer Szemerédi's theorem, instead of going through the hypergraph removal lemma. This approach provides a somewhat more direct route to establishing the result, and it gives better quantitative bounds.

The proof has three main ingredients: (1) a transference principle/dense model theorem of Green–Tao and Tao–Ziegler (with simplified proofs given later by Gowers, and independently, Reingold–Trevisan–Tulsiani–Vadhan) applied with a discrepancy/cut-type norm (instead of a Gowers uniformity norm as it was applied in earlier works); (2) a counting lemma established by Conlon, Fox and the author; and (3) Szemerédi's theorem as a black box.
Agenda-setting and power in collaborative natural resource management
Authors: DANDY NORMAN , FIORINI STEFANO , DAVIES ALTHEA LYNN
Published: November 2013

Collaborative management is a widely accepted means of resolving conflict amongst natural resource stakeholders. Power sharing is central to most conceptualizations of collaboration, but theoretical insights about power are only rarely used to interrogate collaborative processes. Agenda-setting theory was used to analyse cases of collaborative deer management in England, Scotland and Indiana (USA). Collaborative management agendas across scales and social contexts were found to be primarily set by contextual factors, particularly stakeholders drawing on specific cultures and policies, and pre-defining issues. These findings highlight significant gaps between the theory and practice of collaboration. If, in practice, substantial power has been wielded in advance, the capacity of subsequent collaborative processes to share power amongst stakeholders may be severely limited. To provide opportunities for differing cultural perspectives to be expressed and challenged, convenors of collaborative processes therefore need to be aware of and reflexive upon existing power relationships and structures.
Anomaly in structural noncentrosymmetry around TN n bulk and nanoscale BiFeO3
Authors: Goswami Sudipta , Bhattacharya Dipten , Iles Gail N. , Ghosh Barnali , Prytuliak Anastasiia A. , Malard Benoit , Das Gopes C. , Ouladdiaf B. , Chatterji T.
Published: November 2013

Using high resolution powder neutron diffraction data, we show that there is a distinct anomaly in the structural noncentrosymmetry around the magnetic transition point TN for bulk and nanoscale BiFeO3. It appears that the structural noncentrosymmetry - which gives rise to the ferroelectric polarization - is suppressed anomalously by ~1% (of the average noncentrosymmetry at above the magnetic transition) in the bulk sample and by ~12% in the nanoscale sample as the magnetic transition is approached from higher temperature. This observation shows that the multiferroic coupling improves in the nanoscale sample which is expected to brighten the application prospects of nanoscale BiFeO3 in nanospintronics-based sensor devices.

PACS Nos. 75.70.Cn, 75.75.-c
Heterogeneity in development of adolescent anxiety disorder symptoms in an 8-year longitudinal community study
Authors: Nelemans Stefanie A. , Hale William W. , Branje Susan J. T. , Raaijmakers Quinten A. W. , Frijns Tom , van Lier Pol A. C. , Meeus Wim H. J.
Published: November 2013

In this study, we prospectively examined developmental trajectories of five anxiety disorder symptom dimensions (generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, school anxiety, separation anxiety disorder, and social anxiety disorder) from early to late adolescence in a community sample of 239 adolescents, assessed annually over 8 years. Latent growth modeling indicated different developmental trajectories from early into late adolescence for the different anxiety disorder symptoms, with some symptoms decreasing and other symptoms increasing over time. Sex differences in developmental trajectories were found for some symptoms, but not all. Furthermore, latent class growth analysis identified anormaldevelopmental profile (including a majority of adolescents reporting persistent low anxiety disorder symptoms over 8 years) and anat-riskdevelopmental profile (including a minority of adolescents reporting persistent high anxiety disorder symptoms over 8 years) for all of the anxiety disorder symptom dimensions except panic disorder. Additional analyses longitudinally supported the validity of these normal and at-risk developmental profiles and suggested differential associations between different anxiety disorder symptom dimensions and developmental trajectories of substance use, parenting, and identity development. Taken together, our results emphasize the importance of examining separate dimensions of anxiety disorder symptoms in contrast to a using a global, one-dimensional approach to anxiety.
Left atrial extension of hepatoblastoma via left superior pulmonary vein
Authors: Atalay Atakan , Gocen Uğur , Yaliniz Hafize
Published: November 2013

Hepatoblastoma is the most common malignant liver tumour in early childhood. The metastatic extension of hepatoblastoma into the left atrium via the pulmonary vein is rare. Reported lesions almost always involve a right-sided approach. Here we report the case of a 3-year-old girl with a recurrent hepatoblastoma at multiple sites, including the left atrium, brain, and lung. The patient was treated surgically for the prevention of further embolic complications and cardiac failure.
Consolidation, Historiography and the Challenge of Populism in Finland
Authors: Welker Árpád
Published: November 2013

Finnish political culture is known for its peacefulness and is characterized widely as consensual. This does not, however, mean that Finnish history and Finnish historiography are less burdened with conflicts and controversies than the general European pattern. At the same time, the rising populist discourse questions the fundaments of the consensus, and its nationalism poses a challenge to the mainstream political language. The analysis of the electoral programme of the populist True Finn party shows that this populist nationalism relies on the terminology of the mainstream political discourse to a remarkable extent, while it does not lay a heavy emphasis on memory politics.
Onset and temporal sequencing of lifetime anxiety, mood and substance use disorders in the general population
Authors: Slade T. , McEvoy P. M. , Chapman C. , Grove R. , Teesson M.
Published: November 2013

Aims.

To date, very few studies have examined the bi-directional associations between mood disorders (MDs), anxiety disorders (ADs) and substance use disorders (SUDs), simultaneously. The aims of the current study were to determine the rates and patterns of comorbidity of the common MDs, ADs and SUDs and describe the onset and temporal sequencing of these classes of disorder, by sex.

Methods.

Data came from the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, a nationally representative household survey with 8841 (60% response rate) community residents aged 16–85.

Results.

Pre-existing mental disorders increase the risk of subsequent mental disorders in males and females regardless of the class of disorder. Pre-existing SUDs increase the risk of subsequent MDs and ADs differentially for males and females. Pre-existing MDs increase the risk of subsequent ADs differentially for males and females.

Conclusions.

Comorbidity remains a significant public health issue and current findings point to the potential need for sex-specific prevention and treatment responses.
Think Manager – Think Male in Adolescents and its Relation to Sexism and Emotions in Leadership
Authors: García-Ael Cristina , Cuadrado Isabel , Molero Fernando
Published: November 2013

From the perspective of the Think manager – Think male, this study was conducted to examine the type of leadership role depending on gender in a sample of 158 Spanish adolescents –according to three types of leaders: “male middle leader”, “female middle leader” and “middle leader in general”. The kind of emotional expression (positive and negative) evoked by their leadership behaviors (task– and relationship– oriented) was also analyzed. Lastly, whether adolescents’ sexist beliefs affected the attribution of traits and the emotional expression towards these leaders was examined. Results showed that task-oriented traits were more characteristic of the leadership role than relationship-oriented traits. Adolescents expressed more positive emotions towards a task-oriented leader and towards a leader behaving in ways associated with both task– and relationship– oriented styles, but only for men. Finally, hostile sexism predicted fewer task-oriented traits to female leaders, more negative affect towards task-oriented male leaders and towards counter-stereotypic leaders. These results were moderated by the sex of adolescents.
Postural Threat Increases Corticospinal Excitability in the Trunk Flexor Muscles in the Upright Stance
Authors: Tanaka Takahiro , Matsugi Akiyoshi , Kamata Noriyuki , Hiraoka Koichi
Published: November 2013

It has been well established that fear increases corticospinal excitability in the hand muscles. Postural threat, a kind of fear, may have a unique effect on corticospinal excitability in the trunk flexor muscles during the upright stance on high ground. We investigated whether postural threat modulates corticospinal excitability in the trunk flexor muscle in the upright stance. Seven healthy humans maintained an upright stance on a 60-cm-high platform under two support surface conditions; one was a support surface with a support base that had a large margin, and the other was a support surface with a support base that had a small margin. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered to the right motor cortex, and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from the internal oblique muscles. The perceived fear when maintaining the upright stance on the platform with a small margin of support base was significantly higher than that when maintaining the upright stance on the platform with a large margin of support base. The MEP area when maintaining the upright stance on the platform with the small base support margin was significantly larger than that when maintaining the upright stance on the platform with the large support base margin. The background electromyographic activity and the distribution of weight loading between the forefoot and the hindfoot, reflecting postural sway along the anteroposterior axis, were not significantly different between the support surface conditions. These findings indicate that postural threat increases the excitability of the crossed and uncrossed corticospinal pathways innervating the trunk flexor muscles in the upright stance. The effect is not necessarily mediated by postural sway or stiffness strategy, but it may be mediated by cognitive processes.
An optimised gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the chemical characterisation of benzylpiperazine and 1-arylpiperazine based drugs
Authors: Kuleya Chipo , Hall Sarah , Gautam Lata , Cole Michael D.
Published: November 2013

A novel method for the separation of benzylpiperazine and phenylpiperazine drugs and congeners is described and applied to street samples.
Pyridine N-oxide: a hyperdentate argentophile
Authors: Puttreddy Rakesh , Steel Peter J.
Published: November 2013

Pyridine N-oxide reacts with silver(i) perchlorate monohydrate in three different stoichiometric ratios to produce three very different 1-D coordination polymers.
First- and second-sphere contributions to Fe(ii) site activation by cosubstrate binding in non-heme Fe enzymes
Authors: Light Kenneth M. , Hangasky John A. , Knapp Michael J. , Solomon Edward I.
Published: November 2013

Factors that lead to coordinative unsaturation in non-heme-Fe(ii) enzymes include sterics, facial triad carboxylate H-bonding, and strong cosubstrate donor ligation.
Insights into the evolution of divergent nucleotide-binding mechanisms among pseudokinases revealed by crystal structures of human and mouse MLKL
Authors: Murphy James M. , Lucet Isabelle S. , Hildebrand Joanne M. , Tanzer Maria C. , Young Samuel N. , Sharma Pooja , Lessene Guillaume , Alexander Warren S. , Babon Jeffrey J. , Silke John , Czabotar Peter E.
Published: November 2013

The pseudokinase MLKL (mixed lineage kinase domain-like) was identified recently as an essential checkpoint in the programmed necrosis or ‘necroptosis’ cell death pathway. In the present study, we report the crystal structure of the human MLKL pseudokinase domain at 1.7 Å (1 Å=0.1 nm) resolution and probe its nucleotide-binding mechanism by performing structure-based mutagenesis. By comparing the structures and nucleotide-binding determinants of human and mouse MLKL orthologues, the present study provides insights into the evolution of nucleotide-binding mechanisms among pseudokinases and their mechanistic divergence from conventional catalytically active protein kinases.
Surface-induced liquid-gas transition in salt-free solutions of model charged colloids
Authors: Budkov Yu. A. , Frolov A. I. , Kiselev M. G. , Brilliantov N. V.
Published: November 2013

We report a novel phenomenon of a surface-induced phase transition in salt-free solutions of charged colloids. We develop a theory of this effect and confirm it by Molecular Dynamics simulations. To describe the colloidal solution we apply a primitive model of electrolyte with a strong asymmetry of charge and size of the constituent particles – macroions and counterions. To quantify interactions of the colloidal particles with the neutral substrate we use a short-range potential which models dispersion van der Waals forces. These forces cause the attraction of colloids to the surface. We show that for high temperatures and weak attraction, only gradual increase of the macroion concentration in the near-surface layer is observed with increase of interaction strength. If however temperature drops below some threshold value, a new dense (liquid) phase is formed in the near-surface layer. It can be interpreted as a surface-induced first-order phase transition with a critical point. Using an appropriately adopted Maxwell construction, we find the binodal. Interestingly, the observed near-surface phase transition can occur at the absence of the bulk phase transition and may be seemingly classified as prewetting transition. The reported effect could be important for various technological applications where formation of colloidal particle layers with the desired properties is needed.
Super-resolving quantum radar: Coherent-state sources with homodyne detection suffice to beat the diffraction limit
Authors: Jiang Kebei , Lee Hwang , Gerry Christopher C. , Dowling Jonathan P.
Published: November 2013

There has been much recent interest in quantum metrology for applications to sub-Raleigh ranging and remote sensing such as in quantum radar. For quantum radar, atmospheric absorption and diffraction rapidly degrades any actively transmitted quantum states of light, such as N00N states, so that for this high-loss regime the optimal strategy is to transmit coherent states of light, which suffer no worse loss than the linear Beer's law for classical radar attenuation, and which provide sensitivity at the shot-noise limit in the returned power. We show that coherent radar radiation sources, coupled with a quantum homodyne detection scheme, provide both longitudinal and angular super-resolution much below the Rayleigh diffraction limit, with sensitivity at shot-noise in terms of the detected photon power. Our approach provides a template for the development of a complete super-resolving quantum radar system with currently available technology.
Spectrally resolved motional Stark effect measurements on ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Reimer R. , Dinklage A. , Fischer R. , Hobirk J. , Löbhard T. , Mlynek A. , Reich M. , Sawyer L. , Wolf R. ,   ASDEX Upgrade
Published: November 2013

A spectrally resolved Motional Stark Effect (MSE) diagnostic has been installed at ASDEX Upgrade. The MSE data have been fitted by a forward model providing access to information about the magnetic field in the plasma interior [R. Reimer, A. Dinklage, J. Geiger et al., Contrib. Plasma Phys. 50, 731–735 (2010)]. The forward model for the beam emission spectra comprises also the fast ion Dα signal [W. W. Heidbrink and G. J. Sadler, Nucl. Fusion 34, 535–615 (1994)] and the smearing on the CCD-chip. The calculated magnetic field data as well as the revealed (dia)magnetic effects are consistent with the results from equilibrium reconstruction solver. Measurements of the direction of the magnetic field are affected by unknown and varying polarization effects in the observation.
A multi purpose source chamber at the PLEIADES beamline at SOLEIL for spectroscopic studies of isolated species: Cold molecules, clusters, and nanoparticles
Authors: Lindblad Andreas , Söderström Johan , Nicolas Christophe , Robert Emmanuel , Miron Catalin
Published: November 2013

This paper describes the philosophy and design goals regarding the construction of a versatile sample environment: a source capable of producing beams of atoms, molecules, clusters, and nanoparticles in view of studying their interaction with short wavelength (vacuum ultraviolet and x-ray) synchrotron radiation. In the design, specific care has been taken of (a) the use standard components, (b) ensuring modularity, i.e., that swiftly switching between different experimental configurations was possible. To demonstrate the efficiency of the design, proof-of-principle experiments have been conducted by recording x-ray absorption and photoelectron spectra from isolated nanoparticles (SiO2) and free mixed clusters (Ar/Xe). The results from those experiments are showcased and briefly discussed.
Non-destructive thermal wave method applied to study thermal properties of fast setting time endodontic cement
Authors: Picolloto A. M. , Mariucci V. V. G. , Szpak W. , Medina A. N. , Baesso M. L. , Astrath N. G. C. , Astrath F. B. G. , Santos A. D. , Moraes J. C. S. , Bento A. C.
Published: November 2013

The thermal wave method is applied for thermal properties measurement in fast endodontic cement (CER). This new formula is developed upon using Portland cement in gel and it was successfully tested in mice with good biocompatibility and stimulated mineralization. Recently, thermal expansion and setting time were measured, conferring to this material twice faster hardening than the well known Angelus Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) the feature of fast hardening (∼7 min) and with similar thermal expansion (∼12 μstrain/ °C). Therefore, it is important the knowledge of thermal properties like thermal diffusivity, conductivity, effusivity in order to match thermally the tissue environment upon its application in filling cavities of teeth. Photothermal radiometry technique based on Xe illumination was applied in CER disks 600 μm thick for heating, with prepared in four particle sizes (25, 38, 45, and 53) μm, which were added microemulsion gel with variation volumes (140, 150, 160, and 170) μl. The behavior of the thermal diffusivity CER disks shows linear decay for increase emulsion volume, and in contrast, thermal diffusivity increases with particles sizes. Aiming to compare to MTA, thermal properties of CER were averaged to get the figure of merit for thermal diffusivity as (44.2 ± 3.6) × 10−3 cm2/s, for thermal conductivity (228 ± 32) mW/cm K, the thermal effusivity (1.09 ± 0.06) W s0.5/cm2 K and volume heat capacity (5.2 ± 0.7) J/cm3 K, which are in excellent agreement with results of a disk prepared from commercial MTA-Angelus (grain size < 10 μm using 57 μl of distilled water).
First principle study of elastic and thermodynamic properties of FeB4 under high pressure
Authors: Zhang Xinyu , Qin Jiaqian , Ning Jinliang , Sun Xiaowei , Li Xinting , Ma Mingzhen , Liu Riping
Published: November 2013

The elastic properties, elastic anisotropy, and thermodynamic properties of the lately synthesized orthorhombic FeB4 at high pressures are investigated using first-principles density functional calculations. The calculated equilibrium parameters are in good agreement with the available experimental and theoretical data. The obtained normalized volume dependence of high pressure is consistent with the previous experimental data investigated using high-pressure synchrotron x-ray diffraction. The complete elastic tensors and crystal anisotropies of the FeB4 are also determined in the pressure range of 0–100 GPa. By the elastic stability criteria and vibrational frequencies, it is predicted that the orthorhombic FeB4 is stable up to 100 GPa. In addition, the calculated B/G ratio reveals that FeB4 possesses brittle nature in the range of pressure from 0 to 100 GPa. The calculated elastic anisotropic factors suggest that FeB4 is elastically anisotropic. By using quasi-harmonic Debye model, the compressibility, bulk modulus, the coefficient of thermal expansion, the heat capacity, and the Grüneisen parameter of FeB4 are successfully obtained in the present work.
Influence of core size on the upconversion luminescence properties of spherical Gd2O3:Yb3+/Er3+@SiO2 particles with core-shell structures
Authors: Zheng Kezhi , Liu Zhenyu , Liu Ye , Song Weiye , Qin Weiping
Published: November 2013

Spherical SiO2 particles with different sizes (30, 80, 120, and 180 nm) have been coated with Gd2O3:Yb3+/Er3+ layers by a heterogeneous precipitation method, leading to the formation of core-shell structural Gd2O3:Yb3+/Er3+@SiO2 particles. The samples were characterized by using X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, upconversion (UC) emission spectra, and fluorescent dynamical analysis. The obtained core-shell particles have perfect spherical shape with narrow size distribution. Under the excitation of 980 nm diode laser, the core-shell samples showed size-dependent upconversion luminescence (UCL) properties. The inner SiO2 cores in core-shell samples were proved to have limited effect on the total UCL intensities of Er3+ ions. The UCL intensities of core-shell particles were demonstrated much higher than the values obtained in pure Gd2O3:Yb3+/Er3+ with the same phosphor volume. The dependence of the specific area of a UCL shell on the size of its inner SiO2 particle was calculated and analyzed for the first time. It was confirmed that the surface effect came from the outer surfaces of emitting shells is dominant in influencing the UCL property in the core-shell samples. Three-photon UC processes for the green emissions were observed in the samples with small sizes of SiO2 cores. The results of dynamical analysis illustrated that more nonradiative relaxation occurred in the core-shell samples with smaller SiO2 core sizes.
Compressive fracture morphology and mechanism of metallic glass
Authors: Qu R. T. , Zhang Z. F.
Published: November 2013

We quantitatively investigated the fracture morphologies of Zr52.5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10Ti5 and Pd78Cu6Si16 metallic glasses (MGs) under compression. The characteristic features of the compressive fracture morphology were captured, and the shear vein patterns were found to be not a one-to-one correspondence between two opposing fracture surfaces in an identical sample. This finding experimentally confirms that the compressive failure behaves in a fracture mode of pure shear (mode II). Quantitative measurements show that a ∼1 μm thickness layer with materials not only inside but also adjacent to the major shear band contributes to the formation of shear vein patterns. The critical shear strain to break a shear band was found to be more than 105% and higher in more ductile MGs under compression than tension. Estimation on the temperature rise at the fracture moment indicates that only ∼5% of the total elastic energy stored in the sample converts into the heat required for melting the layer to form the vein patterns. The mode II fracture toughness was also estimated based on the quantitative measurements of shear vein pattern and found larger than the mode I fracture toughness. Finally, the deformation and fracture mechanisms of MGs under tension and compression were compared and discussed. These results may improve the understanding on the fracture behaviors and mechanisms of MGs and may provide instructions on future design for ductile MGs with high resistance for fracture.
Shock formation processes due to interactions of two plasmas in a magnetic field and modified two-stream instabilities
Authors: Toida Mieko , Uragami Tatsunori
Published: November 2013

The study of interactions of exploding and surrounding plasmas in an external magnetic field [K. Yamauchi and Y. Ohsawa, Phys. Plasmas 14, 053110 (2007)] is verified with two-dimensional (2D) electromagnetic particle simulations, for a case in which the initial velocity of the exploding plasma is perpendicular to the external magnetic field. The 2D simulations show essentially the same shock-formation processes as those in the previous one-dimensional simulation, including penetration of exploding ions into surrounding plasma, formation of a strong magnetic-field pulse due to deceleration of the exploding ions, ion reflection by the pulse, and subsequent splitting of the pulse into two magnetosonic pulses which then develop into forward and reverse shock waves. Furthermore, the 2D structure of electromagnetic fields in the region, where the exploding and surrounding ions overlap, is investigated with particular attention to the linear and nonlinear evolution of modified two-stream instabilities in the magnetic field that is being gradually compressed. The effects of these instabilities on ion reflection and on 2D magnetic fluctuations in the two generated pulses are also discussed.
High-mobility, air stable bottom-contact n-channel thin film transistors based on N,N′-ditridecyl perylene diimide
Authors: Ma Lanchao , Guo Yunlong , Wen Yugeng , Liu Yunqi , Zhan Xiaowei
Published: November 2013

Bottom-gate bottom-contact (BGBC) organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) based on N,N′-ditridecyl perylene diimide exhibit electron mobility as high as 3.54 cm2 V−1 s−1 in nitrogen, higher than that (1 cm2 V−1 s−1) of bottom-gate top-contact devices. The better performance of BGBC configuration in N2 is attributed to lower contact resistance, which is further reduced by thermal annealing. After thermally annealing the BGBC OTFTs at 180 °C, electron mobility as high as 3.5 cm2 V−1 s−1, current on/off ratio of 106 and threshold voltage of 9 V are achieved in air, and the mobility retains above 1 cm2 V−1 s−1 after storage for two months in air. Thermal treatment enhanced crystalline grains, reduced grain boundaries, and suppressed the adsorption of H2O and O2, leading to excellent performance in air.