bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review on catalysis related research at CanmetENERGY
Authors: Chen Jinwen , De Crisci Antonio G. , Xing Tingyong
Published: October 2015

Canada's oil sands and heavy oil represent a major North American energy source. However, many technological, economic, and environmental challenges must be overcome in order to improve the effectiveness and efficiency required for converting these unconventional oils into clean and high‐quality transportation fuels that meet the ever‐increasing social licence associated with these energy resources. In oil sands bitumen and heavy oil upgrading, and petroleum refining, over 70 % of the processes involve catalysts and catalytic technologies. To advance new catalysts and catalytic technology development for bitumen upgrading and refining, fundamental and applied research has been conducted at CanmetENERGY on hydroprocessing (including catalyst development, reaction mechanism and kinetics, and process/reactor modelling and simulation), fluid catalytic cracking evaluation of bitumen‐derived feedstocks, and other related subjects. In addition, research collaborations have been established and maintained with a number of national and international universities, research organizations, and industrial companies to promote new upgrading and refining technology development. These research efforts have resulted in important impacts on academic R&D and industrial practice for catalytic conversion of Canadian oil sands bitumen and heavy oil. At the same time, reliable technical data and information have been generated to help government agencies in developing and implementing policies and regulations for oil sands development.
CFD simulation of mass transfer intensified by chemical reactions in slug flow microchannels
Authors: Zhang Ying , Zhang Xubin , Xu Bujian , Cai Wangfeng , Wang Fumin
Published: October 2015

Based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the liquid‐liquid mass transfer in a slug flow through circular capillaries was studied. In order to save computational resources and time, the numerical simulations were carried out in a unit cell containing an aqueous slug and an organic one with a moving frame of reference. The flow field within individual slugs and interphase mass transfer with reactions between two consecutive slugs were discussed. Concentration fields were obtained to describe the mass transfer between the liquid phases. In addition, the effects of fluid diffusivity D on mass transfer coefficient kLa and the chemical species distribution were studied in detail. In general, the internal circulations inside individual slugs were displayed by the motion paths of mass transfer components. Furthermore, the mass transport process is enhanced by the alkaline hydrolysis reaction as confirmed by the so‐called enhancement factor E. Finally, the simulation results showed close agreement with published experimental data.
Lead removal from aqueous solutions by 732 cation‐exchange resin
Authors: Qian Jia , Zeng Zuoxiang , Xue Weilan , Guo Qiongge
Published: October 2015

Kinetics and thermodynamics of the removal of Pb2+ from an aqueous solution by 732 cation‐exchange resin in hydrogen type (732‐CR) were studied in the temperature range of 298–328 K and Pb2+ concentration range of 5–50 mol/m3. The effects of ion exchange temperature and initial lead ion concentration on the time evolution of the experimental concentration for the metal ion were investigated. Ion exchange kinetics of Pb2+ onto 732‐CR follow the Nernst‐Planck equation and unreacted‐core model (UCM). The diffusion coefficients of counter ions and the efficient diffusion coefficient of lead ions within the resin were calculated. The results show that the ion exchange process is favoured under the particle diffusion control mechanism. The ion exchange isotherm data agreed closely with the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum monolayer exchange capacity for Pb2+ was found to be 484.0 mg/g at 308 K. Thermodynamic studies show that Pb2+ onto 732‐CR is spontaneous and exothermic in nature. The ion exchange processes were verified by Energy Disperse Spectroscopy (EDS).
Covariate‐adjusted response adaptive designs incorporating covariates with and without treatment interactions
Authors: Zhu Hongjian
Published: October 2015

The covariate‐adjusted response adaptive (CARA) design has been shown to be better than traditional designs in terms of both ethics and efficiency. However, its mechanism for allocating subjects makes certain stochastic processes such as allocated response sequences very complicated. Consequently, the validation of statistical inference is usually challenging, and few theoretical results have been obtained. In this paper we systematically solve some fundamental problems for statistical inference with CARA designs. First, we obtain the conditional independence and distribution of allocated response sequences, which is the basis for further theoretical investigation. Second, we propose a new family of CARA designs, which is extensively applicable. We more importantly provide a framework for new CARA designs with unified asymptotic results for statistical inference. The numerical results demonstrate the advantages of the proposed CARA designs. Our findings are crucial in understanding the CARA design as well as its development and application. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 43: 534–553; 2015 © 2015 Statistical Society of Canada
Ranolazine in Cardiac Arrhythmia
Authors: Saad Marwan , Mahmoud Ahmed , Elgendy Islam Y , Richard Conti C.
Published: October 2015

Ranolazine utilization in the management of refractory angina has been established by multiple randomized clinical studies. However, there is growing evidence showing an evolving role in the field of cardiac arrhythmias. Multiple experimental and clinical studies have evaluated the role of ranolazine in prevention and management of atrial fibrillation, with ongoing studies on its role in ventricular arrhythmias. In this review, we will discuss the pharmacological, experimental, and clinical evidence behind ranolazine use in the management of various cardiac arrhythmias.
Hindered diffusion of MRI contrast agents in rat brain extracellular micro‐environment assessed by acquisition of dynamic T1 and T2 maps
Authors: Marty B. , Djemaï B. , Robic C. , Port M. , Robert P. , Valette J. , Boumezbeur F. , Le Bihan D. , Lethimonnier F. , Mériaux S.
Published: October 2015

The knowledge of brain tissues characteristics (such as extracellular space and tortuosity) represents valuable information for the design of optimal MR probes for specific biomarkers targeting. This work proposes a methodology based on dynamic acquisition of relaxation time maps to quantify in vivo MRI contrast agent concentration after intra‐cerebral injection in rat brain. It was applied to estimate the hindered diffusion in brain tissues of five contrast agents with different hydrodynamic diameters (Dotarem® ≈ 1 nm, P846 ≈ 4 nm, P792 ≈ 7 nm, P904 ≈ 22 nm and Gd‐based emulsion ≈ 170 nm). In vivo apparent diffusion coefficients were compared with those estimated in an obstacle‐free medium to determine brain extracellular space and tortuosity. At a 2 h imaging timescale, all contrast agents except the Gd‐based emulsion exhibited significant diffusion through brain tissues, with characteristic times compatible with MR molecular imaging (<70 min to diffuse between two capillaries). In conclusion, our experiments indicate that MRI contrast agents with sizes up to 22 nm can be used to perform molecular imaging on intra‐cerebral biomarkers. Our quantification methodology allows a precise estimation of apparent diffusion coefficients, which is helpful to calibrate optimal timing between contrast agent injection and MRI observation for molecular imaging studies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contrast enhancement by lipid‐based MRI contrast agents in mouse atherosclerotic plaques; a longitudinal study
Authors: den Adel Brigit , van der Graaf Linda M. , Que Ivo , Strijkers Gustav J. , Löwik Clemens W. , Poelmann Robert E. , van der Weerd Louise
Published: October 2015

The use of contrast‐enhanced MRI to enable in vivo specific characterization of atherosclerotic plaques is increasing. In this study the intrinsic ability of two differently sized gadolinium‐based contrast agents to enhance atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE−/− mice was evaluated with MRI. We obtained a kinetic profile for contrast enhancement, as the literature data on optimal imaging time points is scarce, and assessed the longer‐term kinetics. Signal enhancement in the wall of the aortic arch, following intravenous injection of paramagnetic micelles and liposomes, was followed for 1 week. In vivo T1‐weighted MRI plaque enhancement characteristics were complemented by fluorescence microscopy of NIR664 incorporated in the contrast agents and quantification of tissue and blood Gd–DTPA. Both micelles and liposomes enhanced contrast in T1‐weighted MR images of plaques in the aortic arch. The average contrast‐to‐noise ratio increased after liposome or micelle injection to 260 or 280% respectively, at 24 h after injection, compared with a pre‐scan. A second wave of maximum contrast enhancement was observed around 60–72 h after injection, which only slowly decreased towards the 1 week end‐point. Confocal fluorescence microscopy and whole body fluorescence imaging confirmed MRI‐findings of accumulation of micelles and liposomes. Plaque permeation of contrast agents was not strongly dependent on the contrast agent size in this mouse model. Our results show that intraplaque accumulation over time of both contrast agents leads to good plaque visualization for a long period. This inherent intraplaque accumulation might make it difficult to discriminate passive from targeted accumulation. This implies that, in the development of targeted contrast agents on a lipid‐based backbone, extensive timing studies are required. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of perfluorocarbon nanoparticles for non‐invasive multimodal cell tracking of human pancreatic islets
Authors: Barnett Brad P. , Ruiz‐Cabello Jesus , Hota Partha , Ouwerkerk Ronald , Shamblott Michael J. , Lauzon Cal , Walczak Piotr , Gilson Wesley D. , Chacko Vadappuram P. , Kraitchman Dara L. , Arepally Aravind , Bulte Jeff W.M.
Published: October 2015

In vivo imaging of engraftment and immunorejection of transplanted islets is critical for further clinical development, with 1H MR imaging of superparamagnetic iron oxide‐labeled cells being the current premier modality. Using perfluorocarbon nanoparticles, we present here a strategy for non‐invasive imaging of cells using other modalities. To this end, human cadaveric islets were labeled with rhodamine‐perfluorooctylbromide (PFOB) nanoparticles, rhodamine‐perfluoropolyether (PFPE) nanoparticles or Feridex® as control and tested in vitro for cell viability and c‐peptide secretion for 1 week. 19F MRI, computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound (US) imaging was performed on labeled cell phantoms and on cells following transplantation beneath the kidney capsule of mice and rabbits. PFOB and PFPE‐labeling did not reduce human islet viability or glucose responsiveness as compared with unlabeled cells or SPIO‐labeled cells. PFOB‐ and PFPE‐labeled islets were effectively fluorinated for visualization by 19F MRI. PFOB‐labeled islets were acoustically reflective for detection by US imaging and became sufficiently brominated to become radiopaque allowing visualization with CT. Thus, perfluorocarbon nanoparticles are multimodal cellular contrast agents that may find applications in real‐time targeted delivery and imaging of transplanted human islets or other cells in a clinically applicable manner using MRI, US or CT imaging. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Migration of Bone Marrow‐Derived Cells Into the Central Nervous System in Models of Neurodegeneration
Authors: Lampron Antoine , Pimentel‐Coelho Pedro M. , Rivest Serge
Published: October 2015

Microglia are the brain‐resident macrophages tasked with the defense and maintenance of the central nervous system (CNS). The hematopoietic origin of microglia has warranted a therapeutic potential for the hematopoietic system in treating diseases of the CNS. However, migration of bone marrow‐derived cells (BMDC) into the CNS is a marginal event under normal, healthy conditions. A busulfan‐based chemotherapy regimen was used for bone marrow transplantation in wild‐type mice before subjecting them to a hypoxic–ischemic brain injury or in APP/PS1 mice prior to the formation of amyloid plaques. The cells were tracked and analyzed throughout the development of the pathology. The efficacy of a preventive macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF) treatment was also studied to highlight the effects of circulating monocytes in hypoxic–ischemic brain injury. Such an injury induces a strong migration of BMDC into the CNS, without the need for irradiation. These migrating cells do not replace the entire microglial pool but rather are confined to the sites of injury for several weeks, suggesting that they could perform specific functions. M‐CSF showed neuroprotective effects as a preventive treatment. In APP/PS1 mice, the formation of amyloid plaques was sufficient to induce the entry of cells into the parenchyma, though in low numbers. This study confirms that BMDC infiltrate the CNS in animal models for stroke and Alzheimer's disease and that peripheral cells can be targeted to treat affected regions of the CNS. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:3863–3876, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
User evaluation of a virtual colour laboratory as a tool for demonstrating colour appearance
Authors: Stahre Wästberg Beata , Billger Monica
Published: October 2015

The aim with our research is to contribute to a better understanding of how colour research findings can be conveyed to a broader target audience, using digital media. This article presents a user study focusing on the popular science project the Virtual Colour Laboratory (VCL). The VCL is an interactive webpage for presenting and demonstrating existing research results on spatial colour phenomena. It was initiated and carried out with the intention of spreading knowledge of colour appearance and colour perception to a wider target audience, from the viewpoint of practice based architectural colour research. The VCL enables the user to investigate actively how colours appear in different situations, and provides information on relevant literature and links for further studies. In a questionnaire study, carried out in 2014, two groups of users including architecture students and professionals within architecture, art and design evaluated the usability of the VCL with a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The predominant result showed that the VCL generally was highly appreciated. However, the results also show differences in how the two groups experienced the visual and written content of the stations in the VCL, as well as differences in how they experienced the VCL as a whole. This highlights the importance of adjusting levels of information depending on the target group, as well as presents advantages and difficulties of showing research on spatial colour appearance on the web using digital visualization as a medium for presentation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 611–625, 2016
Predicting Trigger Bonds in Explosive Materials through Wiberg Bond Index Analysis
Authors: Harper Lenora K. , Shoaf Ashley L. , Bayse Craig A.
Published: October 2015

Understanding the explosive decomposition pathways of high‐energy‐density materials (HEDMs) is important for developing compounds with improved properties. Rapid reaction rates make the detonation mechanisms of HEDMs difficult to understand, so computational tools are used to predict trigger bonds—weak bonds that break, leading to detonation. Wiberg bond indices (WBIs) have been used to compare bond densities in HEDMs to reference molecules to provide a relative scale for the bond strength to predict the activated bonds most likely to break to trigger an explosion. This analysis confirms that X−NO2 (X=N,C,O) bonds are trigger linkages in common HEDMs such as TNT, RDX and PETN, consistent with previous experimental and theoretical studies. Calculations on a small test set of substituted tetrazoles show that the assignment of the trigger bond depends upon the functionality of the material and that the relative weakening of the bond correlates with experimental impact sensitivities.
A method for inferring inequalities for probability values applied to complex networks
Authors: Dehmer Matthias , Shi Yongtang
Published: October 2015

In this article, we infer inequalities representing (upper) bounds for real quantities. The obtained bound is parametric and, hence, it might be applicable to special problems. Here, we apply it to probabilities assigned to complex networks. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 113–115, 2016
Big Ideas for Big Problems: Lessons from Conflict Resolution for Public Administration
Authors: Campbell Kevin , O'Leary Rosemary
Published: October 2015

Christina Merchant bridged the worlds of conflict resolution and public administration. Her message to her students in her later years was simple: the field of conflict resolution has a long and deep tradition reflected in literature and practice from which the field of public administration can benefit. In the spirit of her life and work, this article discusses five big ideas from conflict resolution that public administrators should embrace.
A structural approach to synthesizing, analyzing, and modeling quasi‐resonant converters
Authors: Chen Yu‐Kai , Song Chau‐Chung
Published: October 2015

This paper presents a structural approach to synthesizing, analyzing, and modeling quasi‐resonant converters (QRCs) based on the concept of basic converter units (BCUs). Typical QRCs include the well‐known topologies of buck, boost, buck‐boost, Cuk, Zeta, and Sepic. With proper reconfiguration, these QRCs can be synthesized from either buck‐QRC BCU or boost‐QRC BCU plus certain linear networks. Thus, the BCUs and general configurations of the converters can be identified. Analysis of steady state operation and derivation of small‐signal models for the converters then can be conveniently performed from the general configurations, reducing the complexity significantly. Moreover, the proposed structural approach can explore more physical insights into the converters in a family, and can reveal more relationships among converters over conventional approaches. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Return of the lysergamides. Part I: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1‐propionyl‐d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (1P‐LSD)
Authors: Brandt Simon D. , Kavanagh Pierce V. , Westphal Folker , Stratford Alexander , Elliott Simon P. , Hoang Khoa , Wallach Jason , Halberstadt Adam L.
Published: October 2015

1‐Propionyl‐d‐lysergic acid diethylamide hemitartrate (1P‐LSD) has become available as a ‘research chemical’ in the form of blotters and powdered material. This non‐controlled derivative of d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) has previously not been described in the published literature despite being closely related to 1‐acetyl‐LSD (ALD‐52), which was developed in the 1950s. This study describes the characterization of 1P‐LSD in comparison with LSD using various chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods, infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. An important feature common to LSD and other serotonergic hallucinogens is that they produce 5‐HT2A‐receptor activation and induce the head‐twitch response (HTR) in rats and mice. In order to assess whether 1P‐LSD displays LSD‐like properties and activates the 5‐HT2A receptor, male C57BL/6 J mice were injected with vehicle (saline) or 1P‐LSD (0.025–0.8 mg/kg, IP) and HTR assessed for 30 min using magnetometer coil recordings. It was found that 1P‐LSD produced a dose‐dependent increase in HTR counts, and that it had ~38% (ED50 = 349.6 nmol/kg) of the potency of LSD (ED50 = 132.8 nmol/kg). Furthermore, HTR was abolished when 1P‐LSD administration followed pretreatment with the selective 5‐HT2A receptor antagonist M100907 (0.1 mg/kg, SC), which was consistent with the concept that the behavioural response was mediated by activation of the 5‐HT2A receptor. These results indicate that 1P‐LSD produces LSD‐like effects in mice, consistent with its classification as a serotonergic hallucinogen. Nevertheless, the extent to which 1P‐LSD might show psychoactive effects in humans similar to LSD remains to be investigated. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cochrane in context: School‐based programmes for preventing smoking
Authors: Thomas Roger E. , McLennan Julie , Perera Rafael
Published: October 2015

Cochrane Review: School‐based programmes for preventing smoking Thomas RE, McLellan J, Perera R. School‐based programmes for preventing smoking. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD001293. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001293.pub3.

This companion piece to the review, “School/based programmes for preventing smoking,” contains the following pieces:

The abstract of the review

A commentary of one or more of the review authors, explaining why the review team felt the review was an important once to produce

A review of clinical practice guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Canadian Paediatric Society and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), United Kingdom

Some other recently published references on this topic
Priority effects of early successional insects influence late successional fungi in dead wood
Authors: Jacobsen Rannveig Margrete , Birkemoe Tone , Sverdrup‐Thygeson Anne
Published: October 2015

Community assembly is an integral process in all ecosystems, producing patterns of species distributions, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning. Environmental filters and colonization history govern the assembly process, but their relative importance varies depending on the study system. Dead wood decomposition is a slow process, allowing decomposer communities to develop within a slowly changing substrate for decades. Despite this, there are few long‐term studies of priority effects from colonization history in this ecosystem. In this study, we investigate the importance of insects in early succession of dead wood on the fungal community present one decade later. Sixty aspen trees were killed in two study landscapes, each tree producing one aspen high stump and log. Insects were sampled with flight interception traps during the first 4 years after tree death, and fungal fruiting bodies were registered in year twelve. We found positive priority effects of two fungivorous beetles, the sap beetleGlischrochilus quadripunctatusand the round fungus beetleAgathidium nigripenne, on the Artist's bracket (Ganoderma applanatum) and a positive priority effect of wood‐boring beetles on the ascomycete Yellow fairy cup (Bisporella citrina). The Aspen bracket (Phellinus tremulae) did not respond to insects in early succession of the dead wood. Our results suggest that early successional insects can have significant, long‐lasting effects on the late successional fungal community in dead wood. Also, the effect can be specific, with one fungus species depending on one or a few fungivorous beetle species. This has implications for decomposition and biodiversity in dead wood, as loss of early colonizing beetles may also affect the successional pathways they seem to initiate.
Is fog an important water source for woody plants in an Asian tropical karst forest during the dry season?
Authors: Fu Pei‐Li , Liu Wen‐Jie , Fan Ze‐Xin , Cao Kun‐Fang
Published: October 2015

Fog is an important supplemental source of water in regions with heavy fog and little rainfall. In the present study, we used the stable isotope content of xylem water to investigate the dry season water source partition between soil and fog water of two evergreen tree species (Cleistanthus sumatranus and Lasiococca comberi), two deciduous tree species (Mayodendron igneum and Lagerstroemia tomentosa), two liana species (Acacia pennata and Combretum latifolium) and understory seedlings of three tree species (C. sumatranus, L. comberi and Celtis philippensis) in a tropical karst forest in southern Yunnan, China. The soil gravimetric water content (GWC) and volumetric water content (VWC), pre‐dawn leaf water potential (Ψpre‐dawn) and leaf water absorbance were also measured. There were no significant differences in both GWC and VWC among 10 to 100 cm depths in the dry season. In the dry season 2009, Ψpre‐dawn of the two evergreen tree species and the understory seedlings down to −4.5 to −6.3 MPa, and which were significantly lower than those of a normal dry season. The proportion that fog contributed to xylem water ranged from 15.8% (understory seedling of C. sumatranus) to 41.3% (liana species C. latifolium). After immersing in water for 3 h, leaves of all the studied species absorbed a significant volume of water. Our results reveal that the woody plants in the tropical karst forest of Xishuangbanna use fog water as an important supplement in the dry season, with more fog water being used by lianas than by trees. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pulse response measurement for locating water tree degradation in XLPE cables
Authors: Hiei Susumu , Hozumi Naohiro , Kurihara Takashi , Okamoto Tatsuki , Uchida Katsumi , Tsuji Taizo
Published: October 2015

Water treeing is a degradation mode of power cable with polymeric insulation. A water tree is composed of small droplets filled with water. As the conductivity in a water tree is very high, it leads to dielectric breakdown when it grows. Because the inside of the water tree is filled with trap sites, it is polarized with a certain distribution of relaxation time when a DC poling voltage is applied. Although its depolarization process after removing the poling voltage depends on the ambient temperature, applying a “depolarizing voltage” with the opposite polarity can accelerate the process. If a short pulse propagating through the cable is employed as a depolarization voltage, we may locate the water tree by looking at the time‐resolved pulse response. This would lead to a diagnosis method with spatial resolution. In order to retain 100‐m spatial resolution, the response should be as sharp as 1 μs. As a preliminary study, a coaxial communication cable was aged to form water trees. A DC poling voltage was applied followed by a pulse voltage with opposite polarity. The rise time of the pulse was several hundreds of microseconds. A sharp pulse current response 50 μs wide was observed, suggesting that rapid depolarization took place. No such response was seen when the cable specimen was not aged. We concluded that the technique is quite feasible. Because the response was found to be as quick as several microseconds, an experiment using a cable 405 m long with 5 m of degraded length in the middle was performed. It was shown that the degraded point was successfully located. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 180(3): 18–24, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21294
Basic study of aerial flashover characteristics generated from pore of insulating solid
Authors: Murakami Yoshinobu , Kitani Hiroki , Shirai Jotaro , Nagao Masayuki , Naito Norikazu , Hatano Kazuhisa , Kawamura Hirotoshi
Published: October 2015

This paper reports a study on the possibility of an aerial flashover between a coil conductor and a casing in rotating machines under the application of a lower voltage than Paschen's voltage, even when enough insulation distance is secured. The time lag to aerial flashover originating from surface flashover was measured. To understand the aerial flashover influenced by the parameters of the voltage application circuit, the aerial flashover distance was measured using a cable which had a simulated pore to confirm the above issue. The surface flashover characteristic was also measured using a photomultiplier tube (PMT). It became clear that aerial flashover occurred a few milliseconds after surface flashover generation. After showing the peak, the aerial flashover distance decreased with increasing time constant. The surface flashover time estimated by the PMT output exhibited different values with change of capacitance when the time constant is larger. On the other hand, the average surface flashover current was almost the same in spite of the change of capacitance. From these results, it was concluded that the aerial flashover distance was influenced by the time constant of the circuit. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 180(3): 9–17, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21295
Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylation of Aryl Iodides with Sulfinamides
Authors: Belfrage Anna Karin , Wakchaure Prasad , Larhed Mats , Sandström Anja
Published: October 2015

A facile palladium(0)‐catalyzed carbonylative protocol for the generation of new acyl‐sulfinamides in moderate to good yields is described. Aliphatic and aromatic sulfinamides were exploited as hitherto unexplored nucleophiles in carbonylation chemistry, with use of CO gas generated ex situ from Mo(CO)6 in a sealed two‐chamber system. Both electron‐poor and electron‐rich (hetero)aryl iodides were employed as electrophiles. The two‐chamber system and the use of an inorganic base were essential for efficacious synthesis of acyl‐sulfinamide products. Finally, it was demonstrated that a one‐pot (or single‐vial) synthesis of acyl‐sulfinamides was feasible under CO at balloon pressure in the presence of Cs2CO3 as base.
Synthesis of a Trisaccharide Repeating Unit of the O‐Antigen from Burkholderia multivorans and Its Oligomers
Authors: Zhang Xin , Gu Guofeng , Guo Zhongwu
Published: October 2015

Burkholderia multivorans is a Gram‐negative bacterium, and an important opportunistic human pathogen that can cause fatal infections. Its O‐antigens are useful templates for the development of carbohydrate‐based vaccines. A highly convergent and efficient strategy was developed for the synthesis of tri‐, hexa‐, and nonasaccharide fragments of the O‐antigen of B. multivorans species Y. In these syntheses, a trisaccharyl thioglycoside, which was assembled from thiomannoside acceptor and rhamnosyl and mannosyl trichloroacetimidate donors, was used as a key building block. Glycosylation of 3‐azidopropanol with the trisaccharyl donor followed by global deprotection gave the target trisaccharide. The trisaccharyl donor was also used to elongate the carbohydrate chain to obtain the dimer and trimer in a [3 + 3] and [3 + 3 + 3] manner. All of the synthetic targets have a free amino group at their reducing end to facilitate further derivatization, such as conjugation with other functional biomolecules.
Sometimes inclusion breeds suspicion: Self‐uncertainty and belongingness predict belief in conspiracy theories
Authors: van Prooijen Jan‐Willem
Published: October 2015

In the present contribution, the author investigated the idea that messages communicating inclusion by others lead to stronger conspiracy beliefs about impactful societal events than messages communicating exclusion by others. These effects of belongingness, however, were expected only among people who experience high levels of self‐uncertainty. In Study 1, a manipulation of belongingness predicted belief in conspiracy theories only among people with unstable self‐esteem (an individual difference indicator of self‐uncertainty), while controlling for self‐esteem level. In Study 2, a manipulation of belongingness influenced belief in conspiracy theories only among participants who were experimentally induced to feel uncertain about themselves. It is concluded that among self‐uncertain people, inclusion breeds suspicion about the causes of impactful and harmful societal events.
Ferrocene Aryl Derivatives for the Redox Tagging of Graphene Nanoplatelets
Authors: Yang Minjun , Batchelor‐McAuley Christopher , Moreira Gonçalves Luís , Lima Carlos F. R. A. C. , Vyskočil Vlastimil , Tschulik Kristina , Compton Richard G.
Published: October 2015

Aryl derivatives of ferrocene are used for the modification of graphitic surfaces. Stronger adsorption is utilized as a route to enable the electrochemically tagging of new carbon materials. Model experiments are reported on an EPPG electrode where the adsorption of 1‐(biphen‐4‐yl)ferrocene is found to be a factor of ca. 5 times more thermodynamically favorable than the underivatised form. Two further derivatives were also studied and the voltammetric responses of this class of ferrocenes are found to be significantly influenced by ion‐pairing. Finally, the successful use of these new materials for the modification and redox tagging of graphene nanoplatelets is demonstrated.
Shaking table tests of a reinforced concrete waffle–flat plate structure designed following modern codes: seismic performance and damage evaluation
Authors: Benavent‐Climent Amadeo , Donaire‐Avila Jesús , Oliver‐Saiz Elena
Published: October 2015

Shaking table tests were conducted on a scaled reinforced concrete waffle–flat plate structure. It represented a conventional construction design under current building codes in the Mediterranean area. The test structure was subjected to a sequence of four seismic simulations of increasing magnitude. Each simulation was associated with a seismic hazard level characterized by the mean return period PR. The test structure performed well for the simulations associated with PR = 95, 475 and 975 years but collapsed under the maximum considered earthquake of PR = 2475 years. Damage concentrated at column bases, where the maximum chord rotation reached 93% of the ultimate capacity, and at the transverse beams of the exterior plate‐to‐column connection that failed in torsion. It is shown that most (from 85% to 90%) of the energy input by the earthquake that contributes to damage is dissipated by the plate. The capacity curve of the tested structure estimated from the experimental base shear vs. top displacement relationship allowed us to compute the overstrength (1.4). It is close to the maximum established by European code EN 1998‐1 (1.5). Based on a detailed study of the test results, potential updates to current codes and design recommendations are suggested. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of selenium on development, survival, and accumulation in the honeybee (A
pis mellifera L.)
Authors: Hladun Kristen R. , Kaftanoglu Osman , Parker David R. , Tran Khoa D. , Trumble John T.
Published: October 2015

Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) is an important agricultural pollinator in the United States and throughout the world. In areas of selenium (Se) contamination, honeybees may be at risk because of the biotransfer of Se from plant products such as nectar and pollen. Several forms of Se can occur in accumulating plants. In the present study, the toxicity of 4 compounds (selenate, selenite, methylselenocysteine, and selenocystine) to honeybee adult foragers and larvae was assessed using dose–response bioassays. Inorganic forms were more toxic than organic forms for both larvae (lethal concentration [LC50] selenate = 0.72 mg L−1, LC50 selenite = 1.0 mg L−1, LC50 methylselenocysteine = 4.7 mg L−1, LC50 selenocystine = 4.4 mg L−1) and foragers (LC50 selenate = 58 mg L−1, LC50 selenite = 58 mg L−1, LC50 methylselenocysteine = 161 mg L−1, LC50 selenocystine = 148 mg L−1). Inorganic forms of Se caused rapid mortality, and organic forms had sublethal effects on development. Larvae accumulated substantial amounts of Se only at the highest doses, whereas foragers accumulated large quantities at all doses. The present study documented very low larval LC50 values for Se; even modest transfer to brood will likely cause increased development times and mortality. The toxicities of the various forms of Se to honeybee larvae and foragers are discussed in comparison with other insect herbivores and detritivores. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2584–2592. © 2013 SETAC
Dynamic compressive behavior of basalt fiber reinforced concrete after exposure to elevated temperatures
Authors: Ren Weibo , Xu Jinyu , Su Haoyang
Published: October 2015

This paper investigated the dynamic behavior of basalt fiber reinforced concrete (BFRC) after elevated temperatures by using a 100‐mm‐diameter split Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus. Changes in weight and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) were also studied. The results indicate that the weight losses of BFRC before cooling increase with temperature, while a reduction in weight loss value is observed after water cooling. The UPV values of BFRC decrease constantly as temperature increases, and the measured velocities under the same temperature increase with fiber content as temperature exceeds 200 °C. For a given temperature, the strain rate, dynamic strength, critical strain, and impact toughness of BFRC increase with impact velocity. For a given impact velocity, the increasing temperature generally leads to an increase in strain rate and critical strain and results in a decrease in dynamic strength and impact toughness except in the case of 200 °C. At 200 °C, however, a marginal reduction, even an improvement in dynamic strength is observed, and the impact toughness initially decreases, then increases with loading rate when compared with that at room temperature. Basalt fiber is effective in improving the strength performance, deformation capacity, and energy absorption property of concrete after high temperature. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fingerabdrücke aus der Tiefe
Authors: Jahn Sandro
Published: October 2015

Zur Entstehung und Struktur der Erde finden sich in Mineralen und Fluiden grundlegende Informationen. Neuartige Computersimulationen lassen jetzt die Konzentrationen von Haupt‐ und Spurenelementen sowie deren Isotope mit großer Genauigkeit modellieren. So können geologische Prozesse rekonstruiert werden, die vor Milliarden Jahren stattgefunden haben.
Good return on CCS investments?
Authors: Evans Jon
Published: October 2015

Rather ironically, the financial crisis that has decimated the global economy over the past few years could turn out to be the best thing ever to happen to the carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) sector. Jon Evans provides an overview of some of the stimulus packages available for CCS initiatives.
Searching for Narrative and Narrative Ethics in Narrative Bioethics
Authors: Chambers Tod S.
Published: October 2015

A commentary on a special report, titled Narrative Ethics: The Role of Stories in Bioethics, that appeared with the January‐February 2014 issue.
Bridging the Consumer‐Medical Divide: How to Regulate Direct‐to‐Consumer Genetic Testing
Authors: Edwards Kyle T. , Huang Caroline J.
Published: October 2015

While 23andMe aspires to be “the world's trusted source of personal genetic information,” the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) believes that the company's advertising practices have been anything but trustworthy. Last November, a harshly worded FDA “warning letter” demanded that the direct‐to‐consumer genetic testing company immediately discontinue marketing its unapproved “medical device.” The tussle between 23andMe and the FDA has attracted more attention than a typical disagreement between a company and a government agency. Larry Downes and Paul Nunes identify 23andMe as a “Big Bang Disruption”: an invention that revolutionizes the existing market, foiling both industry incumbents and unprepared regulators. The outcome of the FDA's current review to hold the answer to the million‐dollar question: how will DTC genetic testing be regulated in the future? Ideally, the FDA's regulations should not pose undue burdens on consumers seeking personal genetic information but, rather, help consumers make a transition out of the consumer setting and into the medical setting.
Weekly cisplatin and radiotherapy for low risk, locoregionally advanced human papillomavirus–positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Urban Damien , Corry June , Solomon Ben , Lim Annette M. , Fua Tsien , Coleman Andrew , D'Costa Ieta , Tiong Albert , Liu Chen , Peters Lester J. , Rischin Danny
Published: October 2015

Background

There is interest in different treatment strategies, including deintensification in good prognosis human papillomavirus‐positive (HPV(+)) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). We reviewed our experience with weekly cisplatin in low‐risk, locoregionally advanced HPV(+) oropharyngeal SCC since late 2009.

Methods

Data from patients with low‐risk HPV(+) oropharyngeal SCC treated with weekly cisplatin (40 mg/m2) and 70 Gy radiotherapy were collected. Low risk was defined as stage III to IV oropharyngeal SCC excluding T1‐2N1, T4 or N3 disease, or N2b to N2c disease in patients with >10 pack‐year smoking history.

Results

Of 31 patients, the median age was 56 years (range, 41–69 years). All patients completed 70 Gy radiotherapy within 51 days and 84% completed at least 5 cycles of cisplatin. Grade 3 mucositis occurred in 22 patients (71%) and grade 3 febrile neutropenia in 6 patients (19%). No patients required enteral feeding at 12 months. The median follow‐up was 30 months (range, 21–57 months) with no recurrences or deaths.

Conclusion

Concurrent weekly cisplatin is relatively well‐tolerated and associated with excellent disease control in low‐risk, locoregionally advanced HPV(+) oropharyngeal SCC. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1117–E1121, 2016
Sesquiterpenes from Rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus with Cytotoxic Activities on Human Cancer Cells in vitro
Authors: Ryu Byeol , Kim Hye Mi , Lee Jae‐Seung , Cho Yoon Jin , Oh Myung Sook , Choi Jung‐Hye , Jang Dae Sik
Published: October 2015

Two new sesquiterpenes, cyperusol A3 (1) and 3β‐hydroxycyperenoic acid (2), along with three known sesquiterpenes, britanlin E (3), 1β,4α‐dihydroxyeudesm‐11‐ene (4), and 11,12‐dihydroxyeudesm‐4‐en‐3‐one (5), were isolated from the AcOEt‐soluble fraction of rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus L. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by physical and spectroscopic methods (1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, 2D‐NMR, and MS). All of the isolates, 1–5, were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against human ovarian cancer cells (A2780) and endometrial adenocarcinoma cells (Ishikawa) using MTT assays.
Phenylalanine‐Derived Imidazolines Bearing Heteroaromatic Pendants: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in the Asymmetric Henry Reaction
Authors: Tydlitát Jiří , Bureš Filip , Růžičková Zdeňka
Published: October 2015

Starting from L‐phenylalanine, (2S)‐3‐phenylpropane‐1,2‐diamine has been prepared and used as building block for the construction of the imidazoline ring. Four new optically pure NH‐imidazolines bearing different six‐membered heteroaromatic substituents on the C(2) position have been prepared and subsequently N‐modified. N‐Substitution afforded two regioisomers that were separated. Some of them proved to be instable and hydrolyzed to diamides. The molecular structures of NH‐imidazolines, both N‐substituted regioisomers, as well as diamides, were unambiguously confirmed by X‐ray‐analysis and NMR spectra. The successfully prepared imidazolines, as well as diamides, were applied as catalysts in a Cu(II)‐catalyzed Henry reaction achieving 26–98% chemical yields and enantiomeric excesses of 3–42%.
Stilbenoids and Phenols in Acanthopanax brachypus
Authors: Hu Hao‐Bin , Liang Hai‐Peng , Zheng Xu‐Dong , Wu Yun , Zhang Xiao‐Wei
Published: October 2015

Three new stilbenoids, including α‐(3′‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐5′‐methoxyphenyl)‐2‐methoxy‐3‐methylbenzofuran (1), 4‐methyl‐(E)‐resveratrol 3‐(2″‐p‐hydroxybenzoyl)‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (2), and 5‐O‐methyl‐(E)‐resveratrol 3‐(6″‐acetyl)‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (3), together with six known stilbenoids and phenols, acetovanillone 1‐(6′‐vanilloyl)‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside, eugenyl‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside, α‐(3′‐hydroxy‐5′‐methoxy‐2′‐methylphenyl)‐2‐hydroxybenzofuran, α‐(3′‐hydroxy‐5′‐methoxyphenyl)‐2‐hydroxybenzofuran, pinosilvin 3‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside, and (E)‐resveratrol 3‐(6″‐galloyl)‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside were isolated from the EtOH extract of the stem bark of Acanthopanax brachypus. Their structures were determined by spectral analysis including extensive 2D‐NMR spectral analyses. Compounds 2 and 3 exhibited weak cytotoxicity against human tumor A549 cell line (IC50 values of 4.87 and 5.63 μM, resp.).
Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Role Breadth: A Meta‐Analytic and Cross‐Cultural Analysis
Authors: Jiao Changquan , Richards David A. , Hackett Rick D.
Published: October 2015

We provide a meta‐analysis of the empirical literature concerning role breadth, defined as the degree to which employees consider organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) to be an inherent part of their job. Results based on a combined sample size of 9,222 showed: (a) Confucian Asians consider OCB as part of their job to a greater extent than do their Anglo counterparts; (b) affiliative kinds of OCB (e.g., helping, conscientiousness, and courtesy) are more likely to be considered part of one's job than are change‐oriented OCB (e.g., voice, taking charge, and initiative); and (c) OCB‐inclusive role breadth correlates strongly with OCB (rc = .43). The implications of these findings for human resources practice, such as competency modeling, employee selection and training, organizational rewards, and employee‐employer/supervisor relations, are discussed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessing the Effects of Cultural Intelligence on Team Knowledge Sharing From a Socio‐Cognitive Perspective
Authors: Chen Mei‐Liang , Lin Chieh‐Peng
Published: October 2015

Drawing upon social cognitive theory, this research postulates cultural intelligence as a key driver of knowledge sharing among culturally diverse teams. An empirical testing of the proposed model, by investigating team leaders from high‐tech industries, reveals the applicability of social cognitive theory in understanding cultural intelligence, perceived team efficacy, and knowledge sharing. Specifically, the test results herein show that knowledge sharing is directly influenced by metacognitive, cognitive, and motivational cultural intelligence. At the same time, knowledge sharing is indirectly impacted by metacognitive and behavioral cultural intelligence through the mediation of perceived team efficacy. Lastly, this research provides managerial implications and limitations. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
INVESTIGATION AND ASSESSMENT OF SUBMARINE GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE OF PING‐TUNG NEARSHORE AREA IN SOUTHWESTERN TAIWAN
Authors: Kao Ruey‐Chy , Zavialov Peter O. , Ding Chung‐Feng
Published: October 2015

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a potential pathway for nutrients and anthropogenic pollutants that flow from the land into the coastal ocean, and probably influences the aquatic ecosystem in tidal areas. This paper focused on surveying possible groundwater locations around the coastal area. The possible location, pathway and discharge of SGD in the Ping‐Tung Shelf of southwestern Taiwan were described by oceanographic measurements. During the field surveys of the study area, onboard surface to bottom CTD (conductivity, temperature, depth) profiling, ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) measurements, and fluorescence profiling were carried out at 25 different stations. The collected hydrographic data were used to identify a suspected SGD site in the central part of the study area, where a local drop of salinity by up to 0.06 psu has been observed in the lowermost 0.2 ~ 1.5 m of the water column. Thanks to explicit evidence for a possible pathway and locations, seepage meters were deployed on the sea bed to measure the SGD rate at about 6.0 ml h−1 m−2 in the dry season. Based on the surveyed data, the likely locations of the SGD sources in the study area were specified, all of which were restricted to the inner shelf at a depth less than 8 m. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.