bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Leptin Level in Development of Knee Osteoarthritis Disease
Authors:   AL–Rasheed University College, Baghdad, Iraq., Saleam Khalaf Dr. Mustafa
Published: June 2021

Subject: Knee Osteoarthritis (HOA) is known as degenerative cartilage cell disease in joint association with generation various inflammatory responses. This disease is more common in geriatrics and affected by many factors such as obesity. Leptin is hormones secreted by fatty tissue involve as a mediator in many pathophysiology processes, and supports inflammation at the cartilage of the knee joint. The objective of the Study: Role of the leptin concentration level in the progression of knee Osteoarthritis. Materials and Methods: This study was done on 60 patients with KOA disease and 60 healthy persons (control ), the all subject’s age within this study was more than 60 years of both genders. After obtained serum, immediately used quantity method (immunoassay) for the measured level of leptin concentration. Results: This study shows elevation of serum leptin concentration level in the KOA group compared with the healthy control group. Conclusion: This study confirms that serum leptin concentration level can act as support KOA disease progression.
Recent Advances on Water Pollution Research in Africa: A Critical Review
Authors: Bruce Mugisha , Limin Ma
Published: June 2021

Africa is favored with characteristic and natural water resources, but misuse of these asserts has been driven to extraordinary contamination of the environment. Populace development and urbanization due to improvements have moreover contributed gigantically to the present water contamination in Africa. The principal causes of contamination for surface waterways are untreated effluents released into the environment by humans and machines. Several African countries have set targets for emissions released into surface waters, but it’s unclear whether they’re being followed. Despite the fact that groundwater sources such as wells and boreholes are important sources of drinking water for Africans, the natural water quality of these groundwater sources is, for the most part, moo within the vicinity due to close proximity to sterile areas. Distinguished sources of water contaminations in Africa incorporate agrarian activities, mining, roadside outflows, wastes from industries and workshops, dumps and e-wastes. Oil leaks are a major problem in oil-rich African countries like Nigeria and Angola. Agrarian practices had the least impact on soil in Africa, whereas e-waste reuse has the highest quantities of Pb, Cu, and Zn (>1%). In Africa, there is a need for effective natural toxin control. This paper analyzes and summarizes the recent scholarship on water pollution on the African continent. It gives the past and current overview of the research breakthrough among the African scholars and scholars from the diaspora working on water pollution.
Antología de teatro bufo cubano
Authors:   Facultad de Artes y Humanidades, Universidad de los Andes, Bajini Irina
Published: June 2021

Antología de teatro bufo cubano es la reedición del volumen equivalente que fuera parte, en el 2009, de la Colección Soglie Americane, e incluye las obras Petra o Una mulata de rumbo (s. f.)de Francisco Valdés Ramírez, La mulata de rango (1885) de José María de Quintana, Por la Mostaza o La mulata Rosa (1890) de José G. Nuza y Francisco V. Ramírez, Margarito o El traviato (1892) de José Barberá y La gran rumba (1890) de José R. Barreiro. Todas son obras de finales del siglo XIX y constituyen una apreciable muestra del teatro bufo cubano. En todas ellas, además, pueden apreciarse las transformaciones que sufrió en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX la representación teatral y cómo el teatro bufo era un espacio privilegiado para la representación del sujeto social.
Epifanía del Hombre Natural
Authors:   Facultad de Artes y Humanidades, Universidad de los Andes, Gómez Eduardo
Published: June 2021

Los poemas que componen Epifanía del Hombre Natural presentan una coherencia relevante en el sentido de que conservan unidad temática, estilística y de tono. Por una parte, se observa una regularidad en el sistema versal de ritmo amplio, sostenido y con un léxico poético. Igualmente, se revela una voz poética suficientemente madura, sólida y de gran equilibrio entre los elementos verbales, las imágenes líricas logradas y la visión del mundo que expresa. El lenguaje que emplea el autor se rige por un sistema metafórico rico en imágenes sensoriales acerca del tiempo, la noche, los modos de metamorfosis del pasado al presente, el yo y el otro, el ser ante la multitud y en su soledad creadora.
Voces en off. Traducción y literatura latinoamericana
Authors:   Facultad de Artes y Humanidades, Universidad de los Andes, Balderston Daniel , Schwartz Marcy E.
Published: June 2021

Voces en off sitúa la traducción y sus políticas en el centro de los debates literarios e intelectuales de América Latina en el contexto poscolonial y subraya el papel integral que la traducción ha desempeñado en la evolución de las letras latinoamericanas. Por medio de ensayos, anécdotas personales, memorias y análisis críticos de figuras clave en las letras latinoamericanas de hoy —escritores, traductores y académicos—, este libro ofrece retratos espontáneos de la relación entre individuos, textos y lenguas dentro del desafío dual de creación y recreación que representa la traducción. Así, Voces en off es una invitación a reflexionar sobre los múltiples circuitos que se comunican en la producción cultural y propone que la traducción es fundamental en la distribución y la circulación de la literatura impresa, así como en la constitución de la cultura contemporánea en las Américas y en la literatura global.
Öğretmenlerin Mesleki İmajlarının İş Doyumlarına Etkisi
Authors: CANSIZ Hüseyin Onur , ÖZGENEL Mustafa
Published: June 2021

Bu araştırmanın amacı, öğretmenlerin mesleki imaj algılarının iş doyumları üzerindeki etkisini belirlemektir. Araştırma ilişkisel tarama modeline göre gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmaya 2018-2019 eğitim yılında İstanbul ili Başakşehir ilçesinde kamu okullarında görev 345 öğretmen katılmıştır. Veriler; “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, “Mesleki İmaj Ölçeği” ve “Minnesota İş Doyum Ölçeği” ile toplanmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda öğretmenlerin mesleki imaj algılarının orta düzeyde; iş doyumlarının yüksek düzeyde olduğu saptanmıştır. Öğretmenlerin mesleki imajı algıları ve alt boyutları ile içsel iş doyumları, dışsal iş doyumlar ve genel iş doyumları arasında pozitif yönde ve farklı düzeylerde anlamlı ilişki belirlenmiştir. Öğretmenlerin içsel iş doyumlarının mesleki imaj algıları tarafından açıklanmadığı; dışsal iş doyumlarındaki toplam varyansın yaklaşık %10’unu ve genel iş doyumlarındaki toplam varyansın yaklaşık %13’ünü mesleki imaj iletişim becerileri, kişisel imaj ve sosyal algıları tarafından açıklandığı saptanmıştır. Başka bir ifadeyle, mesleki imaj, öğretmenlerin dışsal iş doyumlarını ve genel iş doyumlarını olumlu yönde ve önemli ölçüde etkilemektedir.
Okul Öncesi Öğretmenlerinin Müzik Eğitimi Dersi Hedeflerini Gerçekleştirme ve Öz-Yeterlik İnanç Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi
Authors: BARBOROS Ece , AKBULUT Efe
Published: June 2021

Araştırmanın amacı okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin lisans eğitiminde aldıkları müzik eğitimi dersi hedeflerini gerçekleştirme ve öz-yeterlik inanç düzeylerini ortaya koymaktır. Yapılan araştırma ilişkisel tarama modelindedir. Araştırmaya İzmir il merkezinde devlet okullarında çalışan 100 okul öncesi öğretmeni katılmıştır. Araştırmada öğretmenlerin müzik eğitimi dersi hedeflerini gerçekleştirme düzeylerini belirleyebilmek amacıyla Akbulut (2013) tarafından geliştirilen “Eğitim Fakültesi Okul Öncesi Anabilim Dalı Programında Yer Alan Müzik Eğitimi Dersi Hedeflerinin Gerçekleşme Düzeyleri Ölçeği” ve öğretmenlerin öz-yeterlik inanç düzeylerini saptayabilmek için Tepe (2012) tarafından geliştirilen “Okul Öncesi Öğretmenlerinin Öz-Yeterlik İnançlarını Belirleme Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda öğretmenlerin yüksek öz-yeterlik inanç düzeyine sahip oldukları saptanırken, müzik eğitimi dersi hedeflerini gerçekleştirme düzeylerinin düşük düzeyde olduğu saptanmıştır. Öğretmenlerin müzik eğitimi dersi hedeflerini gerçekleştirme düzeylerinin öz-yeterlik inanç düzeylerine göre istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir fark göstermediği görülmüştür (p<.01). Elde edilen bulgulara dayanılarak önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
Okul Öncesi Öğretmenlerinin Okul Menüleri Hakkındaki Görüşleri: Gaziantep Örneği
Authors: İNAN Emine Hilal , ÖZGEN Leyla
Published: June 2021

Araştırmanın amacı okul öncesi eğitim kurumlarında çocuklara sunulan yemek menüsü hakkında öğretmen görüşlerinin belirlenmesidir. Çalışma grubuna 2019-2020 eğitim-öğretim yılında Gaziantep ili Milli Eğitim Müdürlüğüne bağlı anaokulları ve anasınıflarında görev yapan 66 öğretmen katılmıştır. Çalışmada yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılarak ve ses kaydı alınarak veriler toplanmıştır. Bulgular, öğretmenlerin okuldaki beslenme menülerinin içeriğine, okul öncesi eğitim kurumlarında beslenme menüsü hazırlanırken çocuk ve ebeveyn açısından dikkat edilen noktalara, çocukların beslenme menüsüne gösterdikleri tepkilere ve çözümlere ilişkin, öğretmenlerin okul öncesi eğitim kurumlarındaki beslenme menülerini hazırlama önerilerine yönelik görüşleri şeklinde temalandırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, okul öncesi eğitim kurumunda görev yapan eğitimcilerin çoğunluğunun menü hazırlama konusunda yeterli bilgi sahibi olmadığı, menü hazırlamada diyetisyen ve beslenme uzmanından destek alınması gerektiği tespit edilmiştir.
FROM THE HISTORY OF THE UNION OF ARTISTS OF KAZAKHSTAN
Authors:   master  of  2course, Chairs  of  the  history  of  Kazakhstan  named  after  academician  T.S.SadykovaKazakh Abai state pedagogical university, Almaty, Kazakhstan Almaty, Kazakhstan, Ashimjan N.
Published: June 2021

The Union of Soviet Artists of Kazakhstan was created in 1933. He is one of the first allies in the republic as a public organization uniting the Union of Artists of Kazakhstan, artists and artists. The Union promotes the creation of works of high artistic level of its members and the constant development of professional skills. The management body and Executive body of the Board held 12 congresses. The artists justified the national style and style, embodying the spirit of the time. The theme of the socialist realist system is shown in his works. The art school continued its work with many difficulties in 1937 and 1938, gradually becoming the basis of the first special art school.The article will describe the first stage of the creation of the Union of Artists of Kazakhstan. Downloads pdf (Русский) How to Cite Ашимжан , Н. 2021. FROM THE HISTORY OF THE UNION OF ARTISTS OF KAZAKHSTAN. BULLETIN Series «Historical and socio-political sciences». 1, 64 (May 2021). More Citation Formats Issue Vol. 1 No. 64 (2020): Series «Historical and socio-political sciences» Section RESEARCH OF YOUNG SCIENTISTS Language
DEMOGRAPHICS OF KAZAKHSTAN: THE END OF ACTIVE GROWTH CYCLE
Authors:   PhD, Scientific Researcher,  Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Amirbek А.А. , Anuarbekuly А. ,   PhD Student, Departmentof Public Administration, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Makhanov K. ,   MA, Research Fellow, Eurasian Research Institute, Anlamassova M. ,   PhD,Acting  Associate  Professor,Khoja  Akhmet  Yassawi  International  Kazakh-Turkish University
Published: June 2021

The demographics of Kazakhstan is characterized by waves of increase and decline that occur periodically every 25-30 years. Since 2010, the share of deaths among working age population (from 15 to 60 years) dropped from 35.9 to 29.4. It is important to note that the number of emigrants keeps increasing every year since 2014. We can expect a rather significant decline of the current population growth rates, which are likely to drop below 1% per year in 3-5 years from now. The social and economic shape of the country changed radically. Conditions when economic signals work that allows to draw very essential conclusion were created: the mechanism of the market is started. In the market there was a situation when the prices regulate supply and demand, define movement of commodity streams, the competition nature, investment streams that already characterizes development of the modern period.
ATIVIDADES DE LEITURA NOS MODOS DE SUBJETIVAÇÃO ESCOLAR DO POVO AKWÉN-XERENTE (JÊ)
Authors: Sousa Filho Sinval Martins de
Published: June 2021

Analiso atividades de leitura no âmbito da educação escolar Akwén-Xerente e estabeleço como essas atividades são usadas nos modos de subjetivação dos professores e alunos Xerente. Para tanto,  discuto como se dão os processos linguístico-discursivos de subjetivação dos sujeitos escolares e como tais imperativos são expressos nas práticas realizadas em sala de aula, em documentos, parâmetros, políticas educacionais e outros que dizem respeito à educação escolar indígena, particularmente os documentos que dizem respeito aos Xerente (Braggio e Sousa Filho, 2006 e Sousa Filho, 2011). A fundamentação teórica parte das concepções de sujeito elaboradas por Foucault (1995) e Bakhtin (2000). Trata-se de um estudo de natureza qualitativo-descritiva cuja proposta metodológica converge à análise dos documentos oficiais que regulamentam as propostas de educação escolar indígena no país e às observações etnográficas das práticas pedagógicas dos Xerente. Os resultados apontam para a construção de elementos de subjetivação elaborados nas práticas discursivas de leitura, as quais fornecem bases para a apreensão de novos regimes de verdade sobre o sujeito e seus modos de agir socialmente.
COOPERAÇÃO FEDERATIVA E METAS PARA A EDUCAÇÃO SUPERIOR NOS PLANOS ESTADUAIS DE EDUCAÇÃO:
Authors: Carvalho Renata Ramos da Silva , Anderi Eliane Gonçalves Costa
Published: June 2021

Este texto apresenta o resultado de uma análise realizada nos Planos Estaduais de Educação (PEEs) com o objetivo de verificar como os conteúdos das metas e estratégias para a educação superior do PNE (2014-2024) estão previstos (ou não) nesses planos estaduais. Buscou-se também, observar se há menção/intenção de algum comprometimento objetivo do estado com a expansão da educação superior pública estadual. Trata-se de um estudo documental que analisou os 20 PEEs aprovados até o momento da realização da pesquisa. O texto está estruturado em quatro seções: Introdução; Metas para a educação superior nos Planos Estaduais de Educação:  desafios de articulação com o PNE (2014-2024); O papel das universidades estaduais nas estratégias das metas para a educação superior dos Planos Estaduais de Educação; e, as considerações finais. O estudo identificou que foram poucos os estados que expressaram, em seus PEEs, algum compromisso de expansão da educação superior por meio de suas UEs.
Seasonal and diurnal variations of biogenic volatile organic compounds in highland and lowland ecosystems in southern Kenya
Authors: Liu Yang , Schallhart Simon , Taipale Ditte , Tykkä Toni , Räsänen Matti , Merbold Lutz , Hellén Heidi , Pellikka Petri
Published: June 2021

Abstract. The East African lowland and highland areas consist of water-limited and humid ecosystems. The magnitude and seasonality of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emissions from these functionally contrasting ecosystems are limited due to a scarcity of direct observations. We measured mixing ratios of BVOCs from two contrasting ecosystems, humid highlands with agroforestry and dry lowlands with bushland, grassland, and agriculture mosaics, during both the rainy and dry seasons of 2019 in southern Kenya. We present the diurnal and seasonal characteristics of BVOC mixing ratios and their reactivity, and estimated emission factors (EFs) for certain BVOCs from the African lowland ecosystem based on field measurements. The most abundant BVOCs were isoprene and monoterpenoids (MTs), with isoprene contributing > 70 % of the total BVOC mixing ratio during daytime, while MTs accounted for > 50 % of the total BVOC mixing ratio during nighttime at both sites. The contributions of BVOCs to the local atmospheric chemistry were estimated by calculating the reactivity towards the hydroxyl radical (OH), ozone (O3), and the nitrate radical (NO3). Isoprene and MTs contributed the most to the reactivity of OH and NO3, while sesquiterpenes dominated the contribution of organic compounds to the reactivity of O3. The mixing ratio of isoprene measured in this study was lower to that measured in the relevant ecosystems in west and south Africa, while that of monoterpenoids was similar. Isoprene mixing ratios peaked daily between 16:00 and 20:00 with a maximum mixing ratio of 809 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) and 156 pptv in the highlands, and 115 pptv and 25 pptv in the lowlands, during the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. MT mixing ratios reached their daily maximum between midnight and early morning (usually 04:00 to 08:00) with mixing ratios of 254 pptv and 56 pptv in the highlands, and 89 pptv and 7 pptv in the lowlands, in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. The dominant species within the MT group were limonene, α-pinene, and β-pinene. EFs for isoprene, MTs, and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO) were estimated using an inverse modeling approach. The estimated EFs for isoprene and β-pinene agreed very well with what is currently assumed in the world’s most extensively used biogenic emissions model, the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN), for warm C4 grass, but the estimated EFs for MBO, α-pinene, and especially limonene, were significantly higher than that assumed in MEGAN for the relevant plant functional type. Additionally, our results indicate that the EF for limonene might be seasonally dependent in savanna ecosystems.
Eastward-propagating planetary wave in the polar middle atmosphere
Authors: Tang Liang , Gu Sheng-Yang , Dou Xian-Kang
Published: June 2021

Abstract. We presented the global variations of the eastward propagating wavenumber 1 (E1), 2 (E2), 3 (E3), and 4 (E4) planetary waves (PWs) and their diagnostic results in the polar middle atmosphere, using MERRA-2 temperature and wind datasets in 2019. It is clearly shown that the eastward wave modes exist during winter periods with westward background wind in both hemispheres. The maximum wave amplitudes in the southern hemisphere (SH) are slightly larger and lie lower than those in the northern hemisphere (NH). It is also found that the wave perturbations peak at lower latitudes with smaller amplitude as the wavenumber increases. The period of the E1 mode varies from 3 to 5 days in both hemispheres, while the period of E2 mode is slightly longer in the NH (48 h) than in the SH (40 h). The periods of the E3 are ~30 h in both SH and NH, and the period of E4 is ~24 h. Though the wave periods become shorter as the wavenumber increases, their mean phase speeds are relatively stable, which are ~53, ~58, ~55, and ~52 m/s at 70° latitudes for W1, W2, W3, and W4, respectively. The eastward PWs occur earlier with increasing zonal wavenumber, which agrees well with the seasonal variations of the background zonal wind through the generation of critical layers. Diagnostic analysis also shows that the mean flow instability in the upper stratosphere and upper mesosphere may both contribute to the amplification of the eastward PWs.
Non-linear response of PM2.5 to changes in NOx and NH3 emissions in the Po basin (Italy): consequences for air quality plans
Authors: Thunis Philippe , Clappier Alain , Beekmann Matthias , Putaud Jean Philippe , Cuvelier Cornelis , Madrazo Jessie , de Meij Alexander
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Air pollution is one of the main causes of damages to
human health in Europe, with an estimate of about 380 000 premature deaths
per year in the EU28, as the result of exposure to fine particulate matter
(PM2.5) only. In this work, we focus on one specific region in Europe,
the Po basin, a region where chemical regimes are the most complex, showing
important non-linear processes, especially those related to interactions
between NOx and NH3. We analyse the sensitivity of PM2.5
concentration to NOx and NH3 emissions by means of a set of EMEP
model simulations performed with different levels of emission reductions,
from 25 % up to a total switch-off of those emissions. Both single and
combined precursor reduction scenarios are applied to determine the most
efficient emission reduction strategies and quantify the interactions
between NOx and NH3 emission reductions. The results confirmed the
peculiarity of secondary PM2.5 formation in the Po basin, characterised
by contrasting chemical regimes within distances of a few (hundred)
kilometres, as well as non-linear responses to emission reductions during
wintertime. One of the striking results is the slight increase in the
PM2.5 concentration levels when NOx emission reductions are
applied in NOx-rich areas, such as the surroundings of Bergamo. The
increased oxidative capacity of the atmosphere is the cause of the increase
in PM2.5 induced by a reduction in NOx emission. This process could
have contributed to the absence of a significant PM2.5 concentration
decrease during the COVID-19 lockdowns in many European cities. It is
important to account for this process when designing air quality plans,
since it could well lead to transitionary increases in PM2.5 at some
locations in winter as NOx emission reduction measures are gradually
implemented. While PM2.5 chemical regimes, determined by the relative
importance of the NOx vs. NH3 responses to emission reductions,
show large variations seasonally and spatially, they are not very sensitive
to moderate (up to 50 %–60 %) emission reductions. Beyond 25 % emission
reduction strength, responses of PM2.5 concentrations to NOx emission
reductions become non-linear in certain areas of the Po basin mainly during
wintertime.
High-resolution 14C bomb peak dating and climate response analyses of subseasonal stable isotope signals in wood of the African baobab – a case study from Oman
Authors: Slotta Franziska , Wacker Lukas , Riedel Frank , Heußner Karl-Uwe , Hartmann Kai , Helle Gerhard
Published: June 2021

Abstract. The African baobab, Adansonia digitata L., has great paleoclimatological
potential because of its wide distributional range and millennial length
life span. However, dendroclimatological approaches are hampered by dating
uncertainties due to its unique, parenchyma-dominated stem anatomy. Here,
securely dated time series of annual wood increment growth and intra-ring
stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen of cellulose for a baobab tree from
Oman covering 1941 to 2005 were established and tested for relationships to
hydroclimate variability. Precise dating with the atomic bomb peak (ABP)
using highly resolved 14C measurements confirmed the annual character
of the baobab's growth rings. F14C values of tree-ring cellulose were
found up to 8.8 % lower than in the corresponding atmospheric CO2
for the period around the ABP, which in conjunction with a considerable
autocorrelation of the δ13C series points to the incorporation
of previous year's carbon contributing to the average age of intra-ring wood
samples. F14C of terminal parenchyma bands, marking the tree-ring
boundaries, were found to be considerably younger than their corresponding
tree ring, indicating that parenchyma tissue is alive for many years, probably
undergoing cell division and structural reorganization and contributing to
secondary growth. In contrast to the δ13C time series, no
significant autocorrelation was found in the δ18O series of
tree-ring cellulose despite the enormous water storage potential of this
stem-succulent tree species. Year-to-year variability in tree-ring width and
stable isotope ratios revealed radial stem growth and the geochemistry of
wood cellulose are influenced by fluctuations in the hydroclimate. In
particular, δ18O was found to be a good climate proxy, followed
by tree-ring width and δ13C. Tree-ring width and intra-ring
δ18Omin correlated well with each other and with
precipitation amount for the period from pre-monsoon May to the end of the
monsoon season in September/October. Intra-annual stable isotope courses
were found to be rather similar for both δ13C and δ18O.
Years with particularly low monsoon rain were reflected by increased stable
isotope values in the mid-section of intra-annual courses. Distinct patterns
with low subseasonal isotope values seem indicative for years with heavy
rainfall events from pre-monsoonal cyclones. Rain events from post-monsoonal
cyclones may also be recorded; however, only 2 years of observation
prevented a more conclusive evaluation.
Resolving temperature limitation on spring productivity in an evergreen conifer forest using a model-data fusion framework
Authors: Stettz Stephanie G. , Parazoo Nicholas C. , Bloom A. Anthony , Blanken Peter D. , Bowling David R. , Burns Sean P. , Bacour Cédric , Maignan Fabienne , Raczka Brett , Norton Alexander J. , Baker Ian , Williams Mathew , Shi Mingjie , Zhang Yongguang , Qiu Bo
Published: June 2021

Abstract. The flow of carbon through terrestrial ecosystems and the response to climate is a critical but highly uncertain process in the global carbon cycle. However, with a rapidly expanding array of in situ and satellite data, there is an opportunity to improve our mechanistic understanding of the carbon (C) cycle’s response to land use and climate change. Uncertainty in temperature limitation on productivity pose a significant challenge to predicting the response of ecosystem carbon fluxes to a changing climate. Here we diagnose and quantitatively resolve environmental limitations on growing season onset of gross primary production (GPP) using nearly two decades of meteorological and C flux data (2000–2018) at a subalpine evergreen forest in Colorado USA. We implement the CARDAMOM model-data fusion network to resolve the temperature sensitivity of spring GPP. To capture a GPP temperature limitation – a critical component of integrated sensitivity of GPP to temperature – we introduced a cold temperature scaling function in CARDAMOM to regulate photosynthetic productivity. We found that GPP was gradually inhibited at temperature below 6.0 °C (±2.6 °C) and completely inhibited below −7.1 °C (±1.1 °C). The addition of this scaling factor improved the model’s ability to replicate spring GPP at interannual and decadal time scales (r = 0.88), relative to the nominal CARDAMOM configuration (r = 0.47), and improved spring GPP model predictability outside of the data assimilation training period (r = 0.88) . While cold temperature limitation has an important influence on spring GPP, it does not have a significant impact on integrated growing season GPP, revealing that other environmental controls, such as precipitation, play a more important role in annual productivity. This study highlights growing season onset temperature as a key limiting factor for spring growth in winter-dormant evergreen forests, which is critical in understanding future responses to climate change.
Enhanced terrestrial runoff during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 on the North Carolina Coastal Plain, USA
Authors: Lowery Christopher M. , Self-Trail Jean M. , Barrie Craig D.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. A global increase in the strength of the hydrologic cycle drove an increase
in the flux of terrigenous sediments into the ocean during the
Cenomanian–Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2) and was an important
mechanism driving nutrient enrichment and thus organic carbon burial. This
global change is primarily known from isotopic records, but global average
data do not tell us anything about changes at any particular location.
Reconstructions of local terrigenous flux can help us understand the role of
regional shifts in precipitation in driving these global trends. The
proto-North Atlantic basin was one of the epicenters of enhanced organic
carbon burial during OAE2, so constraining terrigenous flux is
particularly important in this region; however, few local records exist.
Here, we present two new OAE2 records from the Atlantic Coastal Plain of
North Carolina, USA, recognized with calcareous nannoplankton
biostratigraphy and organic carbon isotopes. We use carbon / nitrogen ratios
to constrain the relative contribution of marine and terrestrial organic
matter; in both cores we find an elevated contribution from vascular plants
beginning just before OAE2 and continuing through the event, indicating a
locally strengthened hydrologic cycle. Terrigenous flux decreased during the
brief change in carbon isotope values known as the Plenus carbon isotope
excursion; it then increased and remained elevated through the latter part of
OAE2. Total organic carbon (TOC) values reveal relatively low organic carbon burial in the inner
shelf, in contrast to black shales known from the open ocean. Organic carbon
content on the shelf appears to increase in the offshore direction,
highlighting the need for cores from the middle and outer shelf.
Bayesian estimation of Earth's climate sensitivity and transient climate response from observational warming and heat content datasets
Authors: Goodwin Philip , Cael B. B.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Future climate change projections, impacts, and mitigation targets are directly affected by how sensitive Earth's global mean surface temperature is
to anthropogenic forcing, expressed via the climate sensitivity (S) and transient climate response (TCR). However, the S and TCR are poorly
constrained, in part because historic observations and future climate projections consider the climate system under different response timescales
with potentially different climate feedback strengths. Here, we evaluate S and TCR by using historic observations of surface warming, available since the
mid-19th century, and ocean heat uptake, available since the mid-20th century, to constrain a model with independent climate feedback components acting
over multiple response timescales. Adopting a Bayesian approach, our prior uses a constrained distribution for the instantaneous Planck feedback
combined with wide-ranging uniform distributions of the strengths of the fast feedbacks (acting over several days) and multi-decadal feedbacks. We
extract posterior distributions by applying likelihood functions derived from different combinations of observational datasets. The resulting TCR
distributions when using two preferred combinations of historic datasets both find a TCR of 1.5 (1.3 to 1.8 at 5–95 %
range) ∘C. We find the posterior probability distribution for S for our preferred dataset combination evolves from S of 2.0 (1.6
to 2.5) ∘C on a 20-year response timescale to S of 2.3 (1.4 to 6.4) ∘C on a 140-year response
timescale, due to the impact of multi-decadal feedbacks. Our results demonstrate how multi-decadal feedbacks allow a significantly higher upper bound
on S than historic observations are otherwise consistent with.
Weather-induced crop failure events under climate change: a storyline approach
Authors: Goulart Henrique M. D. , van der Wiel Karin , Folberth Christian , Balkovic Juraj , van den Hurk Bart
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Unfavourable weather is a common cause for crop failures all over the world. Whilst extreme weather conditions may cause extreme impacts, crop failure commonly is induced by the occurrence of multiple and combined anomalous meteorological drivers. For these cases, the explanation of conditions leading to crop failure is complex, as the links connecting weather and crop yield can be multiple and non-linear. Furthermore, climate change is likely to perturb the meteorological conditions, possibly altering the occurrences of crop failures or leading to unprecedented drivers of extreme impacts. The goal of this study is to identify important meteorological drivers that cause crop failures and to explore changes in crop failures due to global warming. For that, we focus on a historical failure event, the extreme low soybean production during the 2012 season in the Midwest US. We first train a random forest model to identify the most relevant meteorological drivers of historical crop failures and to predict crop failure probabilities. Second, we explore the influence of global warming on crop failures and on the structure of compound drivers. We use large ensembles from the EC-Earth global climate model, corresponding to present day, pre-industrial +2 °C and 3 °C warming respectively, to isolate the global warming component. Finally, we explore the meteorological conditions inductive for the 2012 crop failure, and construct analogues of these failure conditions in future climate settings. Unlike present-day conditions, future warming may increase the probability of crop failures resulting from univariate meteorological features, reducing the importance of compound failure drivers. Impact-analogues show a significant increase under global warming, with changes in the corresponding drivers. This has implications for risk assessment, as changing drivers of extreme impact events are highly relevant.
The µDose-system: determination of environmental dose rates by combined alpha and beta counting – performance tests and practical experiences
Authors: Kolb Thomas , Tudyka Konrad , Kadereit Annette , Lomax Johanna , Poręba Grzegorz , Zander Anja , Zipf Lars , Fuchs Markus
Published: June 2021

Abstract. The µDose-system is a recently developed analytical instrument applying a combined α- and β-sensitive scintillation technique for determining the radioactivity arising from the decay chains of 235U, 238U and 232Th as well as from the decay of 40K. The device was designed to meet the particular requirements of trapped charge dating methods and allows the assessment of environmental (i.e. low) levels of natural radionuclides. The µDose-system was developed as a low-cost laboratory equipment, but a systematic test of its performance is still pending. For the first time, we present results from a comprehensive performance test based on an inter-laboratory comparison. We compare the results gained with µDose-measurements with those from thick source alpha counting (TSAC), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and low-level high-resolution gamma spectrometry (HRGS) applied in ﬁve participating laboratories. In addition, the reproducibility and accuracy of µDose-measurements were tested on certified reference materials distributed by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA; RGU-1, RGTh-1 and RGK-1) and on two loess standards (Nussy and Volkegem) frequently used in trapped charge dating studies. We compare µDose-based results for a total of 47 sediment samples with results previously obtained for these materials by well-established methods of dose rate determination. The investigated natural samples cover a great variety of environments, including ﬂuvial, aeolian, littoral, colluvial and (geo-)archaeological sites originating from high- and low-mountain regions as well as from lowlands in tropical areas, drylands and mid-latitude zones of Europe, Africa, Australia, Central Asia and the Americas. Our results suggest the µDose-system’s capability of assessing low-level radionuclide contents with very good accuracy and precision comparable to well-established dosimetry methods. Based on the results of our comparative study and with respect to the practical experiences gained so far, the µDose-system appears to be a promising tool for trapped charge dating studies.
A model for urban biogenic CO2 fluxes: Solar-Induced Fluorescence for Modeling Urban biogenic Fluxes (SMUrF v1)
Authors: Wu Dien , Lin John C. , Duarte Henrique F. , Yadav Vineet , Parazoo Nicholas C. , Oda Tomohiro , Kort Eric A.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. When estimating fossil fuel carbon dioxide (FFCO2)
emissions from observed CO2 concentrations, the accuracy can be
hampered by biogenic carbon exchanges during the growing season, even for
urban areas where strong fossil fuel emissions are found. While biogenic
carbon fluxes have been studied extensively across natural vegetation types,
biogenic carbon fluxes within an urban area have been challenging to
quantify due to limited observations and differences between urban and
rural regions. Here we developed a simple model representation, i.e.,
Solar-Induced Fluorescence (SIF) for Modeling Urban biogenic Fluxes
(“SMUrF”), that estimates the gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem
respiration (Reco) over cities around the globe. Specifically, we
leveraged space-based SIF, machine learning, eddy-covariance (EC) flux data,
and ancillary remote-sensing-based products, and we developed algorithms to gap-fill fluxes for urban areas. Grid-level hourly mean net ecosystem exchange
(NEE) fluxes are extracted from SMUrF and evaluated against (1) non-gap-filled
measurements at 67 EC sites from FLUXNET during 2010–2014 (r>0.7 for most data-rich biomes), (2) independent observations at two urban
vegetation and two crop EC sites over Indianapolis from August 2017 to December 2018
(r=0.75), and (3) an urban biospheric model based on fine-grained land
cover classification in Los Angeles (r=0.83). Moreover, we compared
SMUrF-based NEE with inventory-based FFCO2 emissions over 40 cities and
addressed the urban–rural contrast in both the magnitude and timing of
CO2 fluxes. To illustrate the application of SMUrF, we used it to
interpret a few summertime satellite tracks over four cities and compared
the urban–rural gradient in column CO2 (XCO2) anomalies due to NEE
against XCO2 enhancements due to FFCO2 emissions. With rapid
advances in space-based measurements and increased sampling of SIF and
CO2 measurements over urban areas, SMUrF can be useful to inform
the biogenic CO2 fluxes over highly vegetated regions during the
growing season.
Future changes in annual, seasonal and monthly runoff signatures in contrasting Alpine catchments in Austria
Authors: Hanus Sarah , Hrachowitz Markus , Zekollari Harry , Schoups Gerrit , Vizcaino Miren , Kaitna Roland
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Hydrological regimes of alpine catchments are expected to be strongly affected by climate change, mostly due to their dependence on snow and ice dynamics. While seasonal changes have been studied extensively, studies on changes in the timing and magnitude of annual extremes remain rare. This study investigates the effects of climate change on runoff patterns in six contrasting Alpine catchments in Austria using a process-based, semi-distributed hydrological model and projections from 14 regional and global climate model combinations for two representative concentration pathways, namely RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The study catchments represent a spectrum of different hydrological regimes, from pluvial–nival to nivo-glacial, as well as distinct topographies and land forms, characterizing different elevation zones across the eastern Alps to provide a comprehensive picture of future runoff changes. The climate projections are used to model river runoff in 2071–2100, which are then compared to the 1981–2010 reference period for all study catchments. Changes in the timing and magnitude of annual maximum and minimum flows, as well as in monthly runoff and snowmelt, are quantified and analyzed. Our results indicate a substantial shift to earlier occurrences in annual maximum flows by 9 to 31 d and an extension of the potential flood season by 1 to 3 months for high-elevation catchments. For low-elevation catchments, changes in the timing of annual maximum flows are less pronounced. Magnitudes of annual maximum flows are likely to increase by 2 %–18 % under RCP4.5, while no clear changes are projected for four catchments under RCP8.5. The latter is caused by a pronounced increase in evaporation and decrease in snowmelt contributions, which offset increases in precipitation. In the future, minimum annual runoff will occur 13–31 d earlier in the winter months for high-elevation catchments, whereas for low-elevation catchments a shift from winter to autumn by about 15–100 d is projected, with generally larger changes for RCP8.5. While all catchments show an increase in mean magnitude of minimum flows by 7–30% under RCP4.5, this is only the case for four catchments under RCP8.5. Our results suggest a relationship between the elevation of catchments and changes in the timing of annual maximum and minimum flows. For the magnitude of the extreme flows, a relationship is found between catchment elevation and annual minimum flows, whereas this relationship is lacking between elevation and annual maximum flow.
EXTRACTION OF CLOUD HEIGHTS FROM SENTINEL-2 MULTISPECTRAL IMAGES
Authors: Krauß T.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Investigation of the focal plane assembly of the Sentinel-2 satellites show slight delays in the acquisition time of different bands on different CCD lines of about 0.5 to 1 second. This effect was already exploited in the detection of moving objects in very high resolution imagery as from WorldView-2 or -3 and also already for Sentinel-2 imagery. In our study we use the four 10-m-bands 2, 3, 4 and 8 (blue, green, red and near infrared) of Sentinel-2. In the level 1C processing each spectral band gets orthorectified separately on the same digital elevation model. So on the one hand moving objects on the ground experience a shift between the spectral bands. On the other hand objects not on the ground also show a slight shift between the spectral bands depending on the height of the object above ground. In this work we use this second effect. Analysis of cloudy Sentinel-2 scenes show small shifts of only one to two pixels depending on the height of the clouds above ground. So a new method based on algorithms for deriving dense digital elevation models from stereo imagery was developed to derive the cloud heights in Sentinel-2 images from the parallax from the 10-m-bands. After detailed description of the developed method it is applied to different cloudy Sentinel-2 images and the results are cross-checked using the shadows of the clouds together with the position of the sun at acquisition time.
SENTINEL-2 SURFACE REFLECTANCE PRODUCTS GENERATED BY CNES AND DLR: METHODS, VALIDATION AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: Hagolle O. , Colin J. , Coustance S. , Kettig P. , D’Angelo P. , Auer S. , Doxani G. , Desjardins C.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. To allow for a robust and automatic exploitation of Sentinel-2 data, Analysis Ready Data (ARD) products are requested by most users. The processors of ARD products take care of the common burdens necessary for most applications, that include precise orthorectification, cloud detection and atmospheric correction steps, as well as the generation of periodic syntheses of cloud free surface reflectances. The French Theia land data center, and the German Earth Observation Center (EOC) started delivering Sentinel-2 surface reflectance products to users in 2016 in France and 2019 in Germany respectively. Both centers produce and distribute these data sets in near real time, over large regions requested by French users such as Western Europe, Maghreb, Sahel, Madagascar… Theia’s and EOC products include an instantaneous surface reflectance product (Level-2A), and a monthly cloud free synthesis of surface reflectance (Level-3A). This article shortly describes the methods used to generate the Level-2A products with the MAJA processor, and the Level-3A products with theWASP processor. The MAJA processor is based on multi-temporal methods, that use the slow variation of surface reflectance to detect clouds and estimate aerosol depth, while WASP, thanks to the quality of MAJA cloud mask, calculates a weighted average of all the cloud free observations over 45 days, every month. The article also provides validation results for Level-2A and Level-3A products, resulting from comparison with in-situ data and with other methods. A last section gives first insights from the monitoring of user uptake of the distributed products.
MOUNTING CALIBRATION OF A MULTI-VIEW CAMERA SYSTEM ON A UAV PLATFORM
Authors: Mohammadi M. , Khami A. , Rottensteiner F. , Neumann I. , Heipke C.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Multi-view camera systems are used more and more frequently for applications in close-range photogrammetry, engineering geodesy and autonomous navigation, since they can cover a large portion of the environment and are considerably cheaper than alternative sensors such as laser scanners. In many cases, the cameras do not have overlapping fields of view. In this paper, we report on the development of such a system mounted on a rigid aluminium platform, and focus on its geometric system calibration. We present an approach for estimating the exterior orientation of such a multi-camera system based on bundle adjustment. We use a static environment with ground control points, which are related to the platform via a laser tracker. In the experimental part, the precision and partly accuracy that can be achieved in different scenarios is investigated. While we show that the accuracy potential of the platform is very high, the mounting calibration parameters are not necessarily precise enough to be used as constant values after calibration. However, this disadvantage can be mitigated by using those parameters as observations and refining them on-the-job.
REAL-TIME DEPTH MAP ESTIMATION FROM INFRARED STEREO IMAGES OF RGB-D CAMERAS
Authors: Zhong J. , Li M. , Liao X. , Qin J. , Zhang H. , Guo Q.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. RGB-D cameras are novel sensing systems that can rapidly provide accurate depth information for 3D perception, among which the type based on active stereo vision has been widely used. However, there are some problems exiting in use, such as the short measurement range and incomplete depth maps. This paper presents a robust and efficient matching algorithm based on semi-global matching to obtain more complete and accurate depth maps in real time. Considering characteristics of captured infrared speckle images, the Gaussian filter is performed firstly to restrain noise and enhance the relativity. It also adopts the idea of block matching for reliability, and a dynamic threshold selection of the block size is used to adapt to various situation. Moreover, several optimizations are applied to improve precision and reduce error. Through experiments on the Intel Realsense R200, the excellent capability of our proposed method is verified.
SEGMENTATION OF TRAFFIC SIGNS FROM POLES WITH MATHEMATICAL MORPHOLOGY APPLIED TO POINT CLOUDS
Authors: Balado J. , Soilán M. , Díaz-Vilariño L. , van Oosterom P.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Traffic signs are one of the most relevant road assets for driving, as the safety of drivers depends to a great extent on their correct location. In this paper two methods are compared for the segmentation of the sign and the pole supporting it. Both methods are based on the morphological opening to identify the sign points, the first one directly employs the mathematical morphology directly applied to point clouds and the second one through point cloud rasterization into images. The comparison was conducted on twenty real traffic signs acquired with Mobile Laser Scanning obtaining point clouds from environments with signposts, traffic lights and lampposts. The results showed a correct segmentation of the signs, obtaining a F-score of 0.81 by the point-based method and a 0.75 by 2D image method. In particular, the point-based mathematical morphology proved to be more accurate in the segmentation of traffic sings installed on traffic lights and lampposts, avoiding over detection shown by the 2D image method.