bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Machine learning models identify molecules active against the Ebola virus in vitro
Authors: Ekins Sean , Freundlich Joel S. , Clark Alex M. , Anantpadma Manu , Davey Robert A. , Madrid Peter
Published: January 2017

The search for small molecule inhibitors of Ebola virus (EBOV) has led to several high throughput screens over the past 3 years. These have identified a range of FDA-approved active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with anti-EBOV activity in vitro and several of which are also active in a mouse infection model. There are millions of additional commercially-available molecules that could be screened for potential activities as anti-EBOV compounds. One way to prioritize compounds for testing is to generate computational models based on the high throughput screening data and then virtually screen compound libraries. In the current study, we have generated Bayesian machine learning models with viral pseudotype entry assay and the EBOV replication assay data. We have validated the models internally and externally. We have also used these models to computationally score the MicroSource library of drugs to select those likely to be potential inhibitors. Three of the highest scoring molecules that were not in the model training sets, quinacrine, pyronaridine and tilorone, were tested in vitro and had EC50 values of 350, 420 and 230 nM, respectively. Pyronaridine is a component of a combination therapy for malaria that was recently approved by the European Medicines Agency, which may make it more readily accessible for clinical testing. Like other known antimalarial drugs active against EBOV, it shares the 4-aminoquinoline scaffold. Tilorone, is an investigational antiviral agent that has shown a broad array of biological activities including cell growth inhibition in cancer cells, antifibrotic properties, α7 nicotinic receptor agonist activity, radioprotective activity and activation of hypoxia inducible factor-1. Quinacrine is an antimalarial but also has use as an anthelmintic. Our results suggest data sets with less than 1,000 molecules can produce validated machine learning models that can in turn be utilized to identify novel EBOV inhibitors in vitro.
Prantsuse modaalverbi devoir temporaalse kasutuse tõlkimisest eesti keelde
Authors: Amon Marri
Published: January 2017

Kokkuvõte. Artiklis vaadeldakse prantsuse keeles grammatiseerunud konstruktsiooni (modaalverb devoir imparfait ajavormis + põhiverbi infinitiiv, enamasti koos ajamäärusega) tõlkimise võimalusi eesti keelde, kus võrreldav modaalverbi kasutav konstruktsioon puudub, ehkki vastaval modaalverbil pidama on mõned postmodaalsed kasutused. Analüüsimiseks on valitud Eesti-Prantsuse Leksikograafiaühingu paralleelkorpusest näiteid ilukirjanduslike ja mitteilukirjanduslike tekstide tõlgetest prantsuse keelest eesti keelde. Prantsuse keeles on seda konstruktsiooni nimetatud “ajaloolase” mineviku aleetiliseks tulevikuks (Kronning 1996): seda kirjeldatakse kui fataalset või paratamatut tulevikku, millele viidatakse mingil hetkel mineviku jutustuses hiljem saadud teadmise valguses. Analüüsile tuginedes võib nentida, et tõlge pelgalt indikatiivi verbivormi abil on küll aktsepteeritav (kuivõrd ajamäärus kui tõlgendamise keskne element tõlkimisel üldiselt probleeme ei valmista), kuid leidub ka muid vahendeid, millega paremini edasi anda algse konstruktsiooni fataalset iseloomu. Mõnikord õnnestub tõlkijatel pakkuda välja alternatiivseid lahendusi.Abstract. Marri Amon: About translating temporal uses of the French modal verb devoir into Estonian. This paper aims to explore the possibilities of translating a grammaticalised construction (devoir in imparfait tense + Inf, generally along with a temporal adverb) from French into Estonian where such a construction does not exist, although the corresponding modal verb pidama has also some postmodal uses. In order to address this question, examples of literary and non-literary translations from Estonian-French parallel corpus are analysed. In French, this construction is considered as an alethic future of the “historian’s” past (Kronning 1996), a fatal, inevitable future that emerges in some point of a past story in light of later acquired knowledge. The analysis demonstrates that although a translation by an indicative verb form is acceptable (translating the temporal adverb as the central element that guides the interpretation of the sentence is not problematic), other means are also available to express the fatal character of the original construction, and sometimes translators succeed in proposing an alternative translation.Keywords: modal verb devoir; postmodal; temporal use; translation; Estonian; French
To separate or not to separate: Stanza boundaries and poetic structure
Authors: Scherr Barry P. P.
Published: January 2017

This article examines two related matters that have heretofore received little attention in the scholarly literature. The first is whether the division into stanzas shown on the page always reflects the thematic and formal structure of the poem. For instance, may 8-line stanzas with a repeated rhyme scheme (such as ababcdcd) in fact represent pairs of quatrains arbitrarily joined together? Conversely, are there cases when a poem written in couplets actually consists of 4-line or 6-line stanzas that have been divided? The second issue is whether a poet’s decision to write verse in which stanzas are not demarcated on the page leads to works that differ in their formal features from those where the stanzas are (as is more typically the case) separated by blank lines. The latter portion of the article shows the effects of this decision in the verse of Aleksandr Kushner.
Verse diversification: Frequencies and variations of verse types in Vana kannel and Kalevipoeg
Authors: Grzybek Peter
Published: January 2017

The present study concentrates on specific linguistic aspects in traditional Estonian poetic texts. Focusing on the verse structure of the traditional folk song of Vana kannel and the individually edited and authored epic poem Kalevipoeg, different aspects of the length of verse lines, of the words included in these verses, and of the relation between verse and word length shall be analyzed, aiming to study verse variability in detail. Given there are specific rules of verse and word length organization, as well as of regular relations between them, sequences of words with different length, resulting in different verse types, are focused. Theoretical and empirical evidence is provided that, in addition to existing regularities, verse variability, too, follows specific rules which can be modelled in terms of a diversificational process.
Versification: Metrics in practice, 25th–27th May 2016, Helsinki, Finland
Authors: Grünthal Satu , Laamanen Erika
Published: January 2017

Versification: Metrics in practice, 25th–27th May 2016, Helsinki, Finland
Dialogue in Peirce, Lotman, and Bakhtin: A comparative study
Authors: Laas Oliver
Published: January 2017

Th e notion of dialogue is foundational for both Juri Lotman and Mikhail Bakhtin. It is also central in Charles S. Peirce’s semeiotics and logic. While there are several scholarly comparisons of Bakhtin’s and Lotman’s dialogisms, these have yet to be compared with Peirce’s semeiotic dialogues. Th is article takes tentative steps toward a comparative study of dialogue in Peirce, Lotman, and Bakhtin. Peirce’s understanding of dialogue is explicated, and compared with both Lotman’s as well as Bakhtin’s conceptions. Lotman saw dialogue as the basic meaning-making mechanism in the semio sphere. Th e benefi ts and shortcomings of reconceptualizing the semiosphere on the basis of Peircean and Bakhtinian dialogues are weighed. Th e aim is to explore methodological alternatives in semiotics, not to challenge Lotman’s initial model. It is claimed that the semiosphere qua model operating with Bakhtinian dialogues is narrower in scope than Lotman’s original conception, while the semiosphere qua model operating with Peircean dialogues appears to be broader in scope. It is concluded that the choice between alternative dialogical foundations must be informed by attentiveness to their diff erences, and should be motivated by the researcher’s goals and theoretical commitments.
Homo polyglottus: Semiosphere as a model of human cognition
Authors: Semenenko Aleksei
Published: January 2017

The semiosphere is arguably the most influential concept developed by Juri Lotman, which has been reinterpreted in a variety of ways. This paper returns to Lotman’s original “anthropocentric” understanding of semiosphere as a collective intellect/consciousness and revisits the main arguments of Lotman’s discussion of human vs. nonhuman semiosis in order to position it in the modern context of cognitive semiotics and the question of human uniqueness in particular. In contrast to the majority of works that focus on symbolic consciousness and multimodal communication as specifically human traits, Lotman accentuates polyglottism and dialogicity as the unique features of human culture. Formulated in this manner, the concept of semiosphere is used as a conceptual framework for the study of human cognition as well as human cognitive evolution.
Habits – semioses – habits
Authors: Kull Kalevi
Published: January 2017

Review of Consensus on Peirce’s Concept of Habit: Before and Beyond Consciousness. (Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics 31.) Donna E. West and Myrdene Anderson (eds.). Cham: Springer, 2016, 434 pp.
Temperature conditions in thermoplastic preparation to sawing discs operation
Authors: Карпачев Андрей , Karpachev Andrey
Published: January 2017

Basic principles of a thermoplastic method in preparation of cutter disc operation are stated. Restrictions and fields of the method efficient use connected with the formation of permissible residual stresses in a tool body are shown. The computation results of permissible temperatures in uneven heating are shown. The application efficiency of theoretical methods offered for temperature conditions computation at a thermoplastic preparation of sawing discs with variable thickness is substantiated.
Substantiation of abrasive disc discretization with highly concentrated energy flows
Authors: Морозов Алексей , Morozov Aleksey
Published: January 2017

The results of the investigation of a spindle assembly vibration level during abrasion with discrete discs are shown. It is established that for oscillations swing decrease it is necessary to carry out a discretization of a cutting face with highly concentrated energy flows. Methods for the discretization of a cutting face in abrasive discs with laser emission and a hydro-abrasive high-pressure jet covered by invention patents of the Russian Federation. It is defined that for the further improvement of discrete abrasion processes it is necessary to reduce the scales of cutting face discretization. And at the same time the role of highly concentrated energy flows from the positions providing small lengths of cutting areas and those interrupting a cutting process grow rapidly as the well-known methods of cut or abrasive segments compressing are unable to ensure sufficient mechanical strength of abrasive discs with small scales of cutting face discretization.
Peculiarities in diagnostics of cutting process at composite material drilling
Authors: Ширинкин Виталий , Shirinkin Vitaliy , Абзаев Ринат , Abzaev Rinat , Койнов Игорь , Koynov Igor , Макаров В. , Makarov V. , Мешкас Александр , Meshkas Aleksandr
Published: January 2017

The paper reports the working problems and their consequences for composite materials drilling, milling and turning. A bench for computer diagnostics of cutting process at composite materials drilling is developed. The dependences researches in cutting physical parameters influence upon different cutting modes on the basis of the analysis of scientists’ papers and recommendations and also maximum possibility of equipment and mathematical planning of an experiment are carried out. The procedure of two-factor mathematical planning of an experiment is presented. The diagrams of dependences and description of conclusions and recommendations on the application of the bench for computer diagnostics of a cutting process for the choice of optimum cutting modes at the machining of VCU-39 composite material are obtained.
Assurance of efficient assembly operations carrying out of products of mechanical engineering and instrument making
Authors: Назарьев Александр , Nazarev Aleksandr , Бочкарев Петр , Bochkarev Petr
Published: January 2017

This paper reports the structure and the analysis of possible solutions for the realization of design procedures complex ensuring the efficient fulfillment of assembly operations on the basis of a tie between the technological preparation of production (TPP) for manufacturing activity and assemblage of high-precision products taking into account requirements taken at designing products. The realization of this approach in SADL-TP is urgent as the complex of design procedures will allow taking into account a real production situation and choosing efficient technological processes for parts machining taking into account assemblage requirements. That, in its turn, will allow decreasing labor-intensiveness, production time and cost price and increasing quality and accuracy of high-precision products, and also reducing time and labor-intensiveness at TPP.
Machining accuracy increase on machines through error minimization in cutting-tool systems
Authors: Казакова Ольга , Kazakova Olga , Казаков Андрей , Kazakov Andrey
Published: January 2017

The problems of accuracy increase at machining are considered, in particular: error minimization in a taper part of a tool-holder at automatic tool change, the development of recommendations on cone manufacturing quality.
New solution for neonatal maladjustment syndrome?
Authors: Roberts Colin
Published: January 2017

Dr Colin Roberts, equine veterinary consultant, University of Cambridge, discusses the condition and the extraordinary results from the ‘Madigan foal squeeze procedure’
Comments on and Prospects for China's Current Macroeconomic Development: Ten Measures to Guide the Economic New Normal
Authors: Enfu Cheng  , Jiankun Gao
Published: January 2017

Since 2015, China's economic performance has initially exhibited characteristics with enhancing quality and increasing efficiency in economic new normal. This article, based on economic operation status since 2015 under the logical framework of economic development with “recognizing the new normal, adapting the new normal, guiding the new normal and exploring the new normal,” aims at commenting on and forecasting for China's current and recent macroeconomic development from the following ten perspectives of economic growth, indigenous innovation, industrial structure, ecological environment, regional coordination, people's livelihood improvement, mixed ownership, financial development and coordination between market and government.
A Brief History of the Dissemination and Reception of Karl Marx's Capital in the United States and Britain
Authors: Babak Amini
Published: January 2017

The year 2017, which marks the 150th anniversary of Karl Marx's Capital, presents an occasion to review the history of one of the most influential books ever written. This article gives an overview of the dissemination and reception of Capital in the United States and Britain over the last 150 years. This article, which is part of a larger ongoing project of writing a global history of the dissemination and reception of Capital (Musto and Amini 2017), seeks to illuminate the path forward in interpreting this important book by identifying how and why Marx's most piercing insights into the foundation of the capitalist mode of production have been received, understood, misunderstood, or ignored by his opponents and proponents.
The European Neoliberal Order and the Eurocrisis: Blame it all on Germany?
Authors: José Manuel Pureza  , Mariana Mortágua
Published: January 2017

This article reads the current Eurocrisis going far beyond the classical linear explanations of the dualism between an imperialist core and a victimised periphery. Instead, it mobilises the concepts of social capital and of global imperialist chain to demonstrate the continuum between the agendas of the dominant classes in both the core and the periphery and the use of intergovernmental regional organisations as privileged tools for their strategies of exposing national capitals to international competition. Seen from this point of view, the current Eurocrisis is something far more complex than a mere exercise of domination of a major power (Germany, in this case) over peripheral economies: it is part of a strategy of redesigning the traditional model of welfare state, in which the Euro and the European Monetary Union work as dispositives of an hegemonic approach useful for the national bourgeoisies of the entire European space.
Indicators of ancient forests in nutrient-deficient pine habitats
Authors: Kowalska Anna , Matuszkiewicz Jan , Solon Jerzy , Kozłowska Anna
Published: January 2017

Pine forests are common in many European regions. Nonetheless, there are only a few studies on regeneration of plant species populations in nutrient-deficient pine habitats. Ancient temperate forests are perceived to be particularly important objects of environmental conservation, due to their ability to sustain a considerable number of rare and vulnerable species. In this paper, we present indicator species of ancient pine and mixed oak-pine forests, together with their trait profiles. Phytosociological relevÃ©s were collected from mature stands in the Masuria and Kurpie regions of central Poland. Forest persistence was determined on the basis of historical maps, with the data set divided into three categories. The indicator value of species was evaluated using TichÃ½ and ChytrÃ½âs phi coefficient. Functional response traits of indicator species were identified. Distinct groups of species with a preference for ancient forests can be determined. The dispersal-related traits significantly distinguish ancient forest indicators from other species found in nutrient-poor forest habitats. Since the low potential for long-distance dispersal hinders the establishment of new plant populations in isolated stands, we stress the need to avoid ancient forest clearance and fragmentation of woodland; afforestation should be located in the vicinity of ancient stands. Moreover, as recent forests have turned out to support several rare plant species, to maintain phytodiversity on a landscape level a mixture of ancient and recent forests, both managed and strictly protected, is needed.
Proliferativnaya diabeticheskaya retinopatiya u bol'nykh izsd i effektivnost' primeneniya lazernoy koagulyatsii
Authors: Milen'kaya Tamara Miroslavna
Published: January 2017

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Diabetes mellitus and driving a motor vehicle
Authors: Dunicheva Mariya Nikolaevna , Martyanova Olga Yuryevna , Patrakeeva Evgeniya Mikhailovna , Zalevskaya Alsu Gafurovna
Published: January 2017

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that not only affects the lives of patients but also influences their social interactions, including driving. Driving a motor vehicle is a complex process, requiring good visuospatial function, rapid information processing, vigilance and high decision-making skills. Potential causes of driving impairment associated with diabetes include hypoglycemia and its effects on unawareness, retinopathy, neuropathy and ischemic heart disease. The effects of hypoglycemia can lead to dangerous and life-threatening events for both the driver and others on the road. Research data confirm that impairments from hypoglycemia affect driving performance. Many trials and meta-analyses have revealed that not all drivers follow precautions such as measuring blood glucose levels before driving; therefore, this problem remains quite relevant. In Russian Federation, the process of a person with diabetes obtaining a driver’s license is not uniformly regulated, even though this issue is related to road safety.
Movilidad estudiantil y un acceso a la nacionalidad española diferenciado: el caso de los mexicanos, colombianos y brasileños en Galicia
Authors: Trejo Peña Alma Paola , Rodrigues Soares Jakson Renner
Published: January 2017

El número de estudiantes universitarios en el mundo es cada vez más grande y su movilidad también. Por ello, las universidades se abren al alumnado extranjero, y, concretamente, las españolas trabajan para atraer parte de esa movilidad internacional. Ocurre que, en los últimos años, los países latinoamericanos son los grandes demandantes de permisos de estancia por estudios en España. De entre ellos, Brasil, México y Colombia son las tres grandes presencias internacionales en el sistema educacional español. Por otro lado, el acceso a la nacionalidad española puede estar determinado por muchas razones, de entre las que destacan permanecer un determinado tiempo en territorio español en situación legal. Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar una relación entre la movilidad temporal por motivos de estudios y la consecución de nacionalidad española por parte de los colectivos mexicanos, colombianos y brasileños. Se realizó bajo el enfoque de un estudio documental, ya que esa técnica permite transformar documentos primarios en una representación analítica del fenómeno estudiado (Oliveira, 2007). Los resultados demuestran que en Galicia, en el caso de los brasileños y colombianos, tener un proyecto migratorio puede ser un factor que influya en el acceso a la nacionalidad española, mientras que para los mexicanos, existen otros elementos que limitan esta posibilidad. Además, cabe destacar que la experiencia vivida en el lugar, las vivencias previas y la hospitalidad son variables que interfieren en este proceso.
Caminos de la sociología: de la noción de progreso a la interdisciplinariedad
Authors: Valero Matas Jesús Alberto , Romay Coca Juan , Randazzo Francesca
Published: January 2017

El presente trabajo es un estudio teórico sobre los comienzos de la sociología como ciencia y su naturaleza inicialmente teórica. Partimos de sus inicios en la ilustración y la influencia moderna de ésta. Sin embargo, planteamos que uno de los grandes motores de la transformación epistémica de la sociología ha sido la noción de progreso, opacada por otros conceptos en la actualidad. Posteriormente hacemos un recorrido disciplinar dentro de las ciencias sociales, planteando mutuas influencias y consideraciones desde la teoría política, la economía y la epistemología. El intento de explicar el comportamiento y pensamiento humano desde otros contextos sociales y disciplinares parece destronarla de su propio quehacer autónomo de pensamiento. Sin embargo, la sociología como otras ciencias humanas, es una disciplina pluridimensional.
Investigation of solutions of state-dependent multi-impulsive boundary value problems
Authors: Rontó András , Rachůnková Irena , Rontó Miklós , Rachůnek Lukáš
Published: January 2017

We describe a reduction technique allowing one to combine an
analysis of the existence of solutions with an efficient
construction of approximate solutions for a state-dependent
multi-impulsive boundary value problem which consists of
non-linear system of differential equations

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for a.e.
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∈

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u^{\prime}(t)=f(t,u(t))\quad\text{for a.e. }t\in[a,b],

subject to the state-dependent impulse condition

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u(t+)-u(t-)=\gamma_{t}(u(t-))\quad\text{for }t\in(a,b)\text{ such that }g(t,u(%
t-))=0,

and the non-linear two-point boundary condition

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V(u(a),u(b))=0.
Low Loss and High-Quality Factor Optical Filter Using Photonic Crystal-Based Resonant Cavity
Authors: Vaisi Ahmadreza , Soroosh Mohammad , Mahmoudi Alimorad
Published: January 2017

Transmission efficiency and quality factor are two of the most crucial characteristics in designing optical band pass filters. In this paper, we proposed a novel structure for realizing an optical filter. For the wavelength selecting part of the filter, we employed a V-shaped resonant cavity. The obtained filter has a resonant mode at 1313 nm with transmission efficiency and quality factor as much as 97 % and 3548, respectively.
Besatzungskinder in Polen
Authors: Röger Maren
Published: January 2017

Vorspann

Die Problematik der Kindheiten im Zweiten Weltkrieg hat in den letzten Jahren in Öffentlichkeit und Forschung wachsendes Interesse gefunden. Dabei herrscht allerdings eine Fokussierung auf deutsche Erfahrungen vor. Maren Röger erweitert hier die Perspektive. Sie nimmt die Situation der sogenannten Besatzungskinder in Polen in den Blick, die es aufgrund der rassistischen Umgangsverbote eigentlich gar nicht hätte geben dürfen. Die widersinnige Rassenlogik des NS-Regimes führte dabei zu teilweise paradoxen Umständen. Für die Kinder blieb ihre Herkunft auch im Nachkriegspolen oft eine Belastung.
The Effect of Early Intensive Neurological Treatment on the Prognosis of Patients’ Return to Full Functional Capacity after Stroke
Authors: Lorencowicz Regina , Krasa Anna , Jasik Józef , Turowski Krzysztof
Published: January 2017

Introduction. Recent decades have brought a dramatic change in the approach to the assessment of treatment results and the prognosis regarding future health condition in diseases of neurological background. It is getting an increasingly more common practice in research on chronic neurological diseases effects to depart from the principle of an exclusively biological assessment of human health, instead a more holistic approach has been adopted where particular attention is drawn to patient’s emotional experience, his well-being as well as to the ability to function in everyday life.Aim. The analysis of the effect of early intensive neurological treatment on the prognosis of patients’ return to full functional capacity after stroke.Material and Methods. The research was carried out in the Neurological Department Independent Public Hospital no. 4 (IPH 4) in Lublin on a randomly selected group of one hundred patients, who were characterised by the type of stroke, socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age, place of residence, marital status, education) as well as by coexisting diseases. The level of patients’ functional capacity after completion of intensive neurological treatment was assessed by means of the FIM Scale. Progression of functional capacity during the period of the patients’ stay in a stroke unit was measured based on the Scandinavian Stroke Scale (SSS).Results. The research results indicate the high efficiency of a professional medical approach in the acute period of vascular disease of the brain. Patients leaving the stroke unit were on the right path to return to active life from the period preceding the illness. Less than half of respondents (42%) after the first stage of treatment regained full functional capacity. The least certain prognosis of the first stage of treatment occurs in the case of ischemic stroke. In all patients there was observed a visible increase in functional capacity in the course of treatment.Conclusions.1. After a transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients almost always (91.67%) recover the full functional capability after the first stage of treatment.2. There was a very large improvement in the long term capacity index in the group of patients after hemorrhagic stroke.3. In all patients, the neurological intensive treatment contributed to a clear improvement in the prognosis of the forecast regarding further improvement of functional capacity. (JNNN 2015;4(1):13–18)
Differential Presynaptic ATP Supply for Basal and High-Demand Transmission
Authors: Sobieski Courtney , Fitzpatrick Michael J. , Mennerick Steven J.
Published: January 2017

The relative contributions of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation to neuronal presynaptic energy demands are unclear. In rat hippocampal neurons, ATP production by either glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation alone sustained basal evoked synaptic transmission for up to 20 min. However, combined inhibition of both ATP sources abolished evoked transmission. Neither action potential propagation failure nor depressed Ca2+influx explained loss of evoked synaptic transmission. Rather, inhibition of ATP synthesis caused massive spontaneous vesicle exocytosis, followed by arrested endocytosis, accounting for the disappearance of evoked postsynaptic currents. In contrast to its weak effects on basal transmission, inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation alone depressed recovery from vesicle depletion. Local astrocytic lactate shuttling was not required. Instead, either ambient monocarboxylates or neuronal glycolysis was sufficient to supply requisite substrate. In summary, basal transmission can be sustained by glycolysis, but strong presynaptic demands are met preferentially by oxidative phosphorylation, which can be maintained by bulk but not local monocarboxylates or by neuronal glycolysis.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNeuronal energy levels are critical for proper CNS function, but the relative roles for the two main sources of ATP production, glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, in fueling presynaptic function in unclear. Either glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation can fuel low-frequency synaptic function and inhibiting both underlies loss of synaptic transmission via massive vesicle release and subsequent failure to endocytose lost vesicles. Oxidative phosphorylation, fueled by either glycolysis or endogenously released monocarboxylates, can fuel more metabolically demanding tasks such as vesicle recovery after depletion. Our work demonstrates the flexible nature of fueling presynaptic function to maintain synaptic function.
Long Noncoding RNA Malat1 Regulates Cerebrovascular Pathologies in Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Zhang Xuejing , Tang Xuelian , Liu Kai , Hamblin Milton H. , Yin Ke-Jie
Published: January 2017

The study was designed to determine the role of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (Malat1), in ischemic stroke outcome. Primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) were cultured and treated with Malat1 GapmeR before 16 h oxygen and glucose depravation (OGD). Cell death was assayed by LDH and MTT methods. Malat1 knock-out and wild-type mice were subjected to 1 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and 24–72 h of reperfusion. To explore the underlying mechanism, apoptotic and inflammatory factors were measured by qPCR, ELISA, and Western blotting. The physical interaction between Malat1 and apoptotic or inflammatory factors was measured by RNA immunoprecipitation. Increased Malat1 levels were found in cultured mouse BMECs after OGD as well as in isolated cerebral microvessels in mice after MCAO. Silencing of Malat1 by Malat1 GapmeR significantly increased OGD-induced cell death and Caspase 3 activity in BMECs. Silencing of Malat1 also significantly aggravated OGD-induced expression of the proapoptotic factor Bim and proinflammatory cytokines MCP-1, IL-6, and E-selectin. Moreover, Malat1 KO mice presented larger brain infarct size, worsened neurological scores, and reduced sensorimotor functions. Consistent within vitrofindings, significantly increased expression of proapoptotic and proinflammatory factors was also found in the cerebral cortex of Malat1 KO mice after ischemic stroke compared with WT controls. Finally, we demonstrated that Malat1 binds to Bim and E-selectin bothin vitroandin vivo. Our study suggests that Malat1 plays critical protective roles in ischemic stroke.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAccumulative studies have demonstrated the important regulatory roles of microRNAs in vascular and neural damage after ischemic stroke. However, the functional significance and mechanisms of other classes of noncoding RNAs in cerebrovascular pathophysiology after stroke are less studied. Here we demonstrate a novel role of Malat1, a long noncoding RNA that has been originally identified as a prognostic marker for non-small cell lung cancer, in cerebrovascular pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Our experiments have provided the first evidence that Malat1 plays anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory roles in brain microvasculature to reduce ischemic cerebral vascular and parenchymal damages. Our studies also suggest that lncRNAs can be therapeutically targeted to minimize poststroke brain damage.
Factores asociados a la contaminación con Campylobacter spp. termotolerante en pollos de engorde, en tres niveles de la cadena avícola, para consumo humano en Costa Rica.
Authors: Zumbado Gutiérrez Leana , Romero Zúñiga Juan José
Published: January 2017

Campylobacter spp. es una bacteria destacada por ser causa frecuente de infecciones transmitidas por alimentos, tanto en países desarrollados como en vías de desarrollo. Se realizó un estudio transversal, entre marzo y julio del 2015, con el fin de obtener la prevalencia nacional de Campylobacter spp. en pollo de engorde para consumo humano. Se utilizó un diseño de muestreo simultáneo en tres niveles de la cadena productiva avícola costarricense: 152 muestras en granja (CC), 104 en planta (CA) y 96 en puntos de venta (PV). Se elaboró formularios de variables asociadas al manejo en las plantas (CC y CA) y los PV. Los formularios, en las plantas, incluyeron variables relacionadas con  datos generales como: ubicación y volumen de producción, buenas prácticas higiénicas y de manufactura (BPHM), procesos, y HACCP. En PV se evaluó aspectos relacionados con BPHM, temperatura del producto, y precio por kg de pollo limpio, entre otros. Se determinó como factores de riesgo los siguientes: tiempo de espera de animales vivos en andén > 60 minutos (RP = 2.28, IC 95% 1.23-4.21); velocidad de proceso <120 aves/min (RP=1.51, IC95% 1.09-2.10); temperatura del agua del chiller ≤0.5ºC (RP 1.60, IC95% 1.18-2.17); sin separación física entre matrices de diferente origen animal en PV (RP=1.78, IC95% 1.43-2.20) y precio en PV ≤2000 colones/kg de pollo limpio (RP=1.73, IC95% 1.21-2.46). La prevalencia encontrada de Campylobacter spp. es alta. Representa un peligro para la salud pública en Costa Rica. Por tal motivo, se debe implementar intervenciones bactericidas más eficientes contra este agente y mejorar las BPHM en cada eslabón de la cadena de producción.
Rinitis piogranulomatosa asociada a Conidiobolus coronatus en un caballo: reporte de caso
Authors: Barrantes-Murillo Daniel , Coen-Alfaro Javier , Calderón Alejandra , Rodríguez-González Andrés , Alfaro-Alarcón Alejandro
Published: January 2017

Un equino, sin raza definida, hembra, de 6 años de edad, de San Rafael de Alajuela, presentaba disnea y descarga nasal bilateral de aspecto seroso y turbio, asociado a una masa irregular en el septo nasal que obstruía parcialmente las vías respiratorias superiores. Los hallazgos del cultivo, citología e histopatología determinaron que el agente causal de las lesiones era Conidiobolus coronatus. La conidiobolomicosis es una enfermedad subcutánea, piogranulomatosa, sin diseminación sistémica, que afecta la cavidad nasal en equinos. Posterior al debridamiento quirúrgico de la masa, el animal fue tratado con yoduro de sodio intravenoso, por varias semanas. Tres meses después de este procedimiento, no hubo recidiva de la lesión.
CYBERSECURITY IN CENTRAL EASTERN EUROPE: FROM IDENTIFYING RISKS TO COUNTERING THREATS
Authors: Tumkevič Agnija
Published: January 2017

Today, ensuring security in cyberspace is a top priority of national security policy for most states. States’ approaches to cybersecurity can be divided into two categories: those that regard cybersecurity as a civilian task; and those that involve their militaries in creating or implementing cybersecurity policies. Those states that have incorporated cyberwarfare into their military planning and organization perceive cyberattacks as a threat to their national security, while states that charge their civilian agencies with domestic cybersecurity missions classify cyber intrusions as security risks for only particular sectors. Adopting the framework of securitization theory, this article theorizes both civil and military approaches to cybersecurity and threat perceptions and their sources. The theoretical framework is then applied to a study of the cybersecurity policies of Central European countries and the Baltic States.
OLOF PETERSSON. THE ORDINARIUS: HERBERT TINGSTEN AND JÖRGEN WESTERSTÅHL
Authors: Lane Jan-Erik
Published: January 2017

Swedish political scientist Olof Petersson has recently published two remarkable biographies, of Herbert Tingsten and Jörgen Westerståhl, two professors who dominated political science in Sweden during the twentieth century.[...]
Bayesian Estimation for the Centered Parameterization of the Skew-Normal Distribution
Authors: Pérez-Rodríguez Paulino , Villaseñor José A. , Pérez Sergio , Suárez Javier
Published: January 2017

The skew-normal (SN) distribution is a generalization of the normal distribution, where a shape parameter is added to adopt skewed forms. The SN distribution has some of the properties of a univariate normal distribution, which makes it very attractive from a practical standpoint; however, it presents some inference problems. Specifically, the maximum likelihood estimator for the shape parameter tends to infinity with a positive probability. A new Bayesian approach is proposed in this paper which allows to draw inferences on the parameters of this distribution by using improper prior distributions in the ``centered parametrization'' for the location and scale parameter and a Beta-type for the shape parameter. Samples from posterior distributions are obtained by using the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. A simulation study shows that the mode of the posterior distribution appears to be a good estimator in terms of bias and mean squared error. A comparative study with similar proposals for the SN estimation problem was undertaken. Simulation results provide evidence that the proposed method is easier to implement than previous ones. Some applications and comparisons are also included.
Statistical properties and different methods of estimation of transmuted Rayleigh distribution
Authors: Dey Sanku , Raheem Enayetur , Mukherjee Saikat
Published: January 2017

This article addresses the various properties and different methods of estimation of the unknown parameters of the Transmuted Rayleigh (TR) distribution from the frequentist point of view. Although, our main focus is on estimation from frequentist point of view,  yet, various mathematical and statistical properties of the TR distribution (such as quantiles, moments, moment generating function, conditional moments,  hazard rate, mean residual lifetime, mean past lifetime,  mean deviation about mean and median, the stochastic ordering,  various entropies, stress-strength parameter  and order statistics) are derived.  We briefly describe different frequentist methods of estimation approaches, namely, maximum likelihood estimators, moments estimators, L-moment estimators, percentile based estimators, least squares estimators, method of maximum product of spacings,  method of Cram\'er-von-Mises, methods of Anderson-Darling and right-tail Anderson-Darling and compare them using extensive numerical simulations. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to compare the performances of the proposed methods of estimation for both small and large samples. Finally, the potentiality of the model is analyzed by means of two real data sets which is further illustrated by obtaining bias and standard error of the estimates and the bootstrap percentile confidence intervals using bootstrap resampling.
The genus Gertrudiella Broth. (Pottiaceae, Bryophyta) in Paraguay
Authors: Jimenez Soledad , Suárez Guillermo M.
Published: January 2017

As part of a study of the bryophytes of South America, some samples collected in Paraguay were identified as Gertrudiella uncinicoma, a species of Pottiaceae characterized by the presence of a well-developed central strand and a thick-walled hyalodermis on the stem, lanceolate leaves, laminal cells ventrally mammillose, and several rows of guides cells at the transverse section of the costae. This work represents the first record of the genus from Paraguay. A complete description, ecological comments, illustrations in optical and scanning electron microscopy, and a distribution map are presented.
Interdisciplinary influences on family mediation
Authors: Roberts Marian
Published: January 2017

This article contrasts the interdisciplinary enrichment of mediation as a subject of scholarly study with the often distorting even damaging interdisciplinary influences on mediation, family mediation in the UK in particular, as a practice intervention. The article identifies four historical phases of disciplinary influence over the evolutionary development of family mediation from the early welfare and therapeutic influences to those more recent pressures arising from legal practice and from the legal system itself. The article raises current concerns about the detrimental impact these pressures are having on the integrity of mediation practice in providing a genuinely alternative dispute resolution process with distinctive process and outcome benefits for the public. The article argues that lacking conceptual clarity and coherence provided by the rich interdisciplinary body of twentieth-century mediation theory and scholarship, mediation practice becomes vulnerable, unable not only to resist distorting, damaging and even destructive pressures but even to recognise them.
Beyond the box
Authors: Shimada Lia D. , Stephens Christopher W.B.
Published: January 2017

This research study explores the value of a new methodological approach in data collection for understanding the diverse identities of mediators who constitute the College of Mediators – a national mediation professional body, with members drawn from across the UK. It forms part of a broader project to provide a much-needed critique of the standard ‘tick-box’ approach to demographic monitoring used by most organisations. Questions were designed to elicit open responses to a range of diversity strands, including age, gender identity, ethnic identity, national identity, religious or spiritual orientation, and sexual orientation. The responses gave useful insights into the ways in which mediators identify as diverse individuals, and the language they use to describe themselves. A picture emerges from this study of an organisation with a strong demographic profile. Yet within this profile, the differences expressed and the language used provide a rich source of data for investigating ‘diversity’. The responses to this study affirm the need for a new approach to the collection of demographic data. The paper concludes by drawing out themes which emerge around personal identity and the need for nuanced understanding of human experience. We offer reflections on the data which pose important questions for organisations – such as the College of Mediators – to consider about the relationship between diversity and organisational culture, and we argue for more nuanced understandings of and challenges to the concept of neutrality in mediation.
Divorce and Female Language in a Rural Social Network
Authors: Clements Gaillynn
Published: January 2017

A long-held notion in linguistics is that females desire to change class status; this desire correlates to gender or female language differences. Much of this work demonstrates the power-saturated gender and sexual orientation social categories intersecting with contexts of politically, socially, educationally, and economically subordinated females. Instead of navigating male and female speech differences, first, identifying motivators of female speech is necessary. A cluster of divorced middle-aged and younger females in a rural North Carolina network participates in significantly different patterns than those of the larger network. This study focuses on these females and their negotiation of community power. Through the application of social identity theory, the cluster members’ use of be is investigated in order to identify motivators of female language behaviours. Females in this community create power through language. Differing post-divorce identity and goals motivate some to use more standard be while others increase use of local forms.
Schmerztherapie bei kleinen Heimtieren
Authors: Gollwitzer Andrea , Grammel Lukas , Henke Julia , Tacke Sabine
Published: January 2017

Obwohl gerade in den letzten Jahren viele Fortschritte in der Schmerztherapie beim Tier gemacht wurden, gestaltet sich die Schmerztherapie beim kleinen Heimtier schwieriger als bei Hund und Katze. Es besteht jedoch die ethische Verpflichtung, dass auch diese Tiere eine adäquate Schmerztherapie erhalten. Kaum ein Analgetikum ist zum Einsatz beim kleinen Heimtier zugelassen, oft fehlen pharmakologische Untersuchungen und Dosierungen wurden häufig nur empirisch ermittelt. Aufgrund der kleinen Größe der Tiere ist im Vergleich zu Hund und Katze oft eine höhere Dosis pro Kilogramm Körpergewicht notwendig. Auch die Dosierung selbst lässt sich bei den kleinen Tieren nur schwer korrekt durchführen, denn viele Analgetika müssen vor der Applikation verdünnt werden. Zusätzlich bereitet eine häufige Manipulation der kleinen Heimtiere zur Verabreichung von Analgetika den Patienten Stress und dieser kann den Schmerz verstärken. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden die zum Einsatz beim kleinen Heimtier geeigneten Analgetika beschrieben und die Indikationen für die Anwendung der verschiedenen Analgetikatypen erläutert. Ein spezieller Abschnitt widmet sich der Schmerzerkennung, der Algesimetrie, die sich beim kleinen Heimtier deutlich schwieriger gestaltet. In den letzten Jahren wurden sogenannte „Grimace Scales“ entwickelt, anhand derer der Gesichtsausdruck der Tiere beurteilt wird.
Thermally Induced Deactivation and the Corresponding Strategies for Improving Durability in Automotive Three-Way Catalysts
Authors: He By Jun-Jun , Wang Cheng-Xiong , Zheng Ting-Ting , Zhao Yun-Kun
Published: January 2017

Increasingly demanding exhaust emissions regulations require that automotive three-way catalysts (TWC) must exhibit excellent catalytic activity and durability. Thus, developing TWC based on an accurate understanding of deactivation mechanisms is critical. This work briefly reviews thermally induced deactivation mechanisms, which are the major contributor to deactivation, and provides an overview of the common strategies for improving durability and preventing deactivation. It highlights the interaction of metals with supports and the diffusion inhibition of atoms and crystallites in both washcoats and metal nanoparticles and concludes with some recommendations for future research directions towards ever more challenging catalyst manufacture to meet increasing durability requirements both now and in the future.
Symposium
Authors: Williamson Tracey
Published: January 2017

On 18 May 2016, there was an opportunity to attend the 1 d symposium.