bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bandwidth‐ efficient space–time coded cooperation for resource‐constrained networks
Authors: Kim Jee‐Hoon , Vasilakos Athanasios V. , Song Hyoung‐Kyu
Published: January 2010

In cooperative transmission, cooperating nodes must hear the source messages first and forward it to the destination node with decodable composition of symbols. This restriction is one of big questions in cooperative networks since it decreases overall bandwidth‐efficiency. In this paper, we propose a scheme which alleviates it through novel use of dual carrier modulation (DCM) and an adequately designed distributed space–time block code (DSTBC). The proposed scheme achieves comparable error performance to the conventional one while providing 20% higher transmission rate. The performance is always guaranteed by the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) based adaptive cooperation algorithm. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neuronopathic Gaucher disease: demographic and clinical features of 131 patients enrolled in the International Collaborative Gaucher Group Neurological Outcomes Subregistry
Authors: Tylki‐Szymańska Anna , Vellodi Ashok , El‐Beshlawy Amal , Cole J. Alexander , Kolodny Edwin
Published: January 2010

Objective

To describe demographic, genetic, and clinical characteristics of patients with neuronopathic Gaucher disease (NGD).

Methods

All patients enrolled in the Neurological Outcomes Subregistry of the International Collaborative Gaucher Group (ICGG) Gaucher Registry as of June 2007 were identified.

Results

The study cohort comprised 131 patients from 17 countries who were enrolled in the Neurological Outcomes Subregistry. The onset of neurological manifestations had occurred before 2 years of age in 47% (61 out of 131 patients), 2 years of age or older in 41% (54 out of 131), and could not be ascertained in the remaining 12% (16 out of 131). The most common manifestations were inability to look to the extreme up or down (45%, 55 out of 123), abnormally slow object tracking (43%, 53 out of 123), convergent squint (36%, 44 out of 121), and ataxia (15 to 20%, 18–27 out of 117). Seizures were reported in 19 out of 122 patients (16%), and myoclonic seizures were reported in 3 out of 121 patients (2%). The most common genotypes were L444P/L444P (76 out of 108, 70%), L444P/D409H (9 out of 108, 8%), D409H/D409H (8 out of 108, 7%), and L444P/rare allele (6 out of 108, 6%); full sequencing was not performed in all patients.

Conclusions

Neurological manifestations of GD often begin to appear before the age of 2 years. The most common neurological signs and manifestations are brainstem abnormalities and fine motor dysfunction. The most common genotype is L444P/L444P.
Distribution patterns of shrubby N‐fixers and non‐N fixers in an arid valley in Southwest China: implications for ecological restoration
Authors: Song Cheng Jun , Ma Ke Ming , Fu Bo Jie , Qu Lai Ye , Xu Xian Li , Liu Yang , Zhong Jian Fei
Published: January 2010

Shrubs play different key roles in arid regions. Comparisons of shrubs and their site adaptability are essential for correct selection of candidates in developing restoration theory and practice. A survey of topography, soil properties and shrub composition was conducted in fifty‐seven 5‐m × 5‐m plots in an arid valley of the upper Minjiang River, Southwest China. With cluster analysis and critical examinations based on edaphic properties, soil was classified into three groups: dry cinnamon soils (DCS), calcareous cinnamon soils (CCS) and eluvial‐accumulation cinnamon soils (EACS). EACS had the highest fertility level, DCS the next and CCS the lowest level. For non‐N fixers, soil moisture is the primary limiting factor, and nitrogen the next. However, N‐fixers are weakly constrained by soil moisture and nitrogen, the extent of which is species‐specific. N‐fixers had a significantly higher cumulative relative importance value (44.4%) in CCS than in DCS (34.0%) and EACS (17.3%). The results suggest that it would be reasonable to restore non‐N fixers in DCS and EACS and that N‐fixers are appropriate for CCS. Compared with grass, shrubs significantly enhanced the availability of nitrogen and phosphorus and soil electric conductivity, and significantly decreased the soil C/N ratio. The median fertility level of soil dominated by N‐fixers indicates that N‐fixers are suitable driver candidates from grassland to non‐N‐fixing shrub land. Four native shrubby legumes (Indigofera amblyantha, Sorphora viciifolia, Desmodium podocarpum and Bauhinia faberivar) and one soil‐conserving shrub (Ajania potaninii) are the top‐priority pioneers for ecological restoration.
Floral nectar sugar composition and flowering phenology of the food plants used by the western pygmy possum, Cercartetus concinnus, at Innes National Park, South Australia
Authors: Morrant Damian S. , Petit Sophie , Schumann Russell
Published: January 2010

The western pygmy possum (Cercartetus concinnus) is a small nocturnal marsupial that relies primarily on the nectar and pollen of myrtaceous species at Innes National Park and may occasionally also ingest invertebrates. This study confirmed plant utilization by C. concinnus using scat samples and pollen swabs, and investigated the flowering phenology of dietary plants to determine resource availability. We compared nectar composition between day and night and analyzed nectar sugar production for dietary species. Pollen swabs and scats suggested that C. concinnus relied primarily on the nectar and pollen of Kingscote mallee, Eucalyptus rugosa (76.8% of grains counted in combined scat samples) at Innes National Park, when available; only one of 30 scat samples contained numerous moth scales. The nectars of the species investigated showed marked differences in their composition, but only Melaleuca gibbosa and M. halmaturorum sugar composition changed between day and night. The nectar sugar ratio of E. rugosa differed from those of most other species investigated. C. concinnus may select this plant's flowers because its nectar is relatively high in hexose sugars. Although E. diversifolia was abundant, its flowers were mostly ignored by possums, perhaps because the nectar in these flowers was proportionately much richer in sucrose than other species’. E. rugosa's flowering index (calculated from flower load and canopy size) was greatest in December. Six of the seven eucalypt species flowered between November and April; for half of the year pygmy possums must find other resources.
Application of FTIR Spectroscopy for the Determination of Virgin Coconut Oil in Binary Mixtures with Olive Oil and Palm Oil
Authors: Rohman Abdul , Che Man Yaakob B. , Ismail Amin , Hashim Puziah
Published: January 2010

Rapid Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) was applied for quantitative analysis of virgin coconut oil (VCO) in binary mixtures with olive oil (OO) and palm oil (PO). The spectral bands correlated with VCO, OO, PO; blends of VCO and OO; VCO and PO were scanned, interpreted, and identified. Two multivariate calibration methods, partial least square (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR), were used to construct the calibration models that correlate between actual and FTIR‐predicted values of VCO contents in the mixtures at the FTIR spectral frequencies of 1,120–1,105 and 965–960 cm−1. The calibration models obtained were cross validated using the “leave one out” method. PLS at these frequencies showed the best calibration model, in terms of the highest coefficient of determination (R2) and the lowest of root mean standard error of calibration (RMSEC) with R2 = 0.9992 and RMSEC = 0.756, respectively, for VCO in mixture with OO. Meanwhile, the R2 and RMSEC values obtained for VCO in mixture with PO were 0.9996 and 0.494, respectively. In general, FTIR spectroscopy serves as a suitable technique for determination of VCO in mixture with the other oils.
Der veränderte Stellenwert von Wissen in der Planung
Authors: Zimmermann Karsten
Published: January 2010

Knowledge emerged as a relevant category in spatial development but gained less attention in the planning literature. This paper seeks to raise interest for the diverse forms of knowledge that are relevant for spatial planning. It is based on concepts from the social sciences, and a conception of knowledge application in planning processes is developed. These reflections allow for different way of thinking about planning and open new opportunities for theory development in planning.
Electrophysiology clarifies the megariddles of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore
Authors: Zoratti Mario , De Marchi Umberto , Biasutto Lucia , Szabò Ildikò
Published: January 2010

After a brief review of the early history of mitochondrial electrophysiology, the contribution of this approach to the study of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) is recapitulated. It has for example provided evidence for a dimeric nature of the MPT pore, allowed the distinction between two levels of control of its activity, and underscored the relevance of redox events for the phenomenon. Single‐channel recording provides a means to finally solve the riddle of the biochemical entity underlying it by comparing the characteristics of the pore with those of channels formed by candidate molecules or complexes. The possibility that this entity may be the protein import machinery of the inner mitochondrial membrane is emphasized.
Atg8‐family interacting motif crucial for selective autophagy
Authors: Noda Nobuo N. , Ohsumi Yoshinori , Inagaki Fuyuhiko
Published: January 2010

Autophagy is a bulk degradation system conserved among most eukaryotes. Recently, autophagy has been shown to mediate selective degradation of various targets such as aggregated proteins and damaged or superfluous organelles. Structural studies have uncovered the conserved specific interactions between autophagic receptors and Atg8‐family proteins through WXXL‐like sequences, which we term the Atg8‐family interacting motif (AIM). AIM functions in various autophagic receptors such as Atg19 in the cytoplasm‐to‐vacuole targeting pathway, p62 and neighbor of BRCA1 gene 1 (NBR1) in autophagic degradation of protein aggregates, and Atg32 and Nix in mitophagy, and may link the target–receptor complex to autophagic membranes and/or their forming machineries.
Molecular mechanism and physiological role of pexophagy
Authors: Manjithaya Ravi , Nazarko Taras Y. , Farré Jean-Claude , Subramani Suresh
Published: January 2010

Pexophagy is a selective autophagy process wherein damaged and/or superfluous peroxisomes undergo vacuolar degradation. In methylotropic yeasts, where pexophagy has been studied most extensively, this process occurs by either micro‐ or macropexophagy: processes analogous to micro‐ and macroautophagy. Recent studies have identified specific factors and illustrated mechanisms involved in pexophagy. Although mechanistically pexophagy relies heavily on the core autophagic machinery, the latest findings about the role of auxiliary pexophagy factors have highlighted specialized membrane structures required for micropexophagy, and shown how cargo selectivity is achieved and how cargo size dictates the requirement for these factors during pexophagy. These insights and additional observations in the literature provide a framework for an understanding of the physiological role(s) of pexophagy.
New insights into the function of Atg9
Authors: Webber Jemma L. , Tooze Sharon A.
Published: January 2010

Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that is essential for cellular homeostasis. Identification of more than 30 autophagy related proteins including a multi‐spanning membrane protein, Atg9, has increased our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in autophagy. Atg9 is required for autophagy in several eukaryotic organisms although its function is unknown. Recently, we identified a novel interacting partner of mAtg9, p38 MAPK interacting protein, p38IP. We summarise recent data on the role of Atg9 trafficking in yeast and mammalian autophagy and discuss the role of p38IP and p38 MAPK in regulation of mAtg9 trafficking and autophagy.
The Late Pleistocene–Holocene climate history in the western Todzha basin (Eastern Tuva)
Authors: Arzhannikov S.G. , Alekseev S.V. , Glyzin A.V. , Kulagina N.V. , Ignatova N.V. , Orlova L.A.
Published: January 2010

The Late Quaternary history of climate and deposition environments in the western Todzha basin has been reconstructed from the respective lacustrine and fluvial deposits. Data from sedimentary sections have provided clues to the causes and timing of sudden deposition changes, including those associated with Holocene tectonic activity in the Taskyl fault. Especially informative are permafrost, diatom, spore-pollen, and tree-ring data from a section at the Merzly Yar locality where frozen ground has preserved the pristine rhythmic pattern of sediments. The Merzly Yar section stores a record of dramatic consequences of large earthquakes generated by the fault which produced a large damlake. The revealed pattern of discontinuous limnic deposition, with prominent tree markers and syngenetic ice wedges, places exact constraints on the stratigraphy of the section and allows its correlation with Holocene climate events within the intervals of fossil soils and vegetation.
Distribution of hydrocarbon accumulations in a basin: a mathematical model for the West Siberian petroleum province
Authors: Livshits V.R.
Published: January 2010

The distribution of hydrocarbon accumulations in a basin is modeled as a nonstationary Poisson field of points with the average density of accumulations as a function of distance from the basin margin. The model, in which this distance is a unique parameter to define the intensity function, is suitable, in a first approximation, for Monte-Carlo simulation of the real pattern of accumulations. The Poisson random field of points is described with a power function, where the power is a fractal dimension used as an integral numerical parameter of the distribution.
Eclogites of the Late Cambrian–Early Ordovician North Kokchetav tectonic zone (northern Kazakhstan): structural position and petrology
Authors: Zhimulev F.I. , Poltaranina M.A. , Korsakov A.V. , Buslov M.M. , Druzyaka N.V. , Travin A.V.
Published: January 2010

We consider the structural position and petrology of eclogites in the North Kokchetav accretion-collision zone located north of the Kokchetav metamorphic belt formed by high- and ultrahigh-pressure rocks. In the Early Ordovician North Kokchetav tectonic zone, thin sheets of mylonite and diaphthoric gneisses with eclogites are tectonically conjugate with the volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Stepnyak paleoisland-arc zone. Eclogites have been revealed at two sites of the North Kokchetav tectonic zone—Chaikino and Borovoe. The Chaikino eclogites formed at 800–850 °C and 18–20 kbar, and the Borovoe eclogites, at 750–800 °C and 17–18 kbar. Study of pyroxene-plagioclase symplectite replacing omphacite of the eclogites at both sites has recognized three stages of regressive magmatism: (1) formation of coarse-grained clinopyroxene-plagioclase symplectite at 760–790 °C and 11–12 kbar, (2) formation of fine-grained clinopyroxene-plagioclase symplectite at 700–730 °C and 7–8 kbar, and (3) amphibolization of pyroxene at 570–600 °C and 5–6 kbar. The Ar-Ar age of muscovite from the Borovoe mica schists hosting eclogites is 493 ± 5 Ma, which corresponds to the time of cooling of metamorphic rocks to <370 °C. Hence, the peak of high-pressure metamorphism and all recognized stages of retrograde changes are dated to the Cambrian. The geological data evidence that eclogite-schist-gneiss sheets were localized in the accretion-collision zone and became conjugate with sedimentary and volcanic rocks no later than in the Middle Ordovician.
Estimation of heat flow in Tuva from data on helium isotopes in thermal mineral springs
Authors: Duchkov A.D. , Rychkova K.M. , Lebedev V.I. , Kamenskii I.L. , Sokolova L.S.
Published: January 2010

Concentrations of helium isotopes were measured in gas and water samples from 28 thermal mineral springs in Tuva and adjacent regions of Buryatia and Gorny Altai. It is shown that fluids from 16 springs are rich in mantle helium (4–35%). With regard to the air contamination of the samples, the corrected ratios of helium isotopes (Rcor = 3He/4He) in these springs vary from 5.3 × 10–8 to 422 × 10–8. Using these Rcor values, we estimated the heat flow; these estimates were then applied to calculate the deep-level temperatures and thickness of thermal lithosphere. According to these parameters, the Tuva region is divided into two parts. Eastern Tuva (from ~96° E to the boundary with Buryatia) is characterized by abnormal helium isotope ratios and heat flow indicating the intense heating of the Earth’s crust in eastern Tuva: At a depth of 50 km, a temperature reaches 1000–1200 °C, and the thickness of thermal lithosphere is reduced to 70–50 km. This testifies to a rift process west (probably, up to 96° E) of the Baikal Rift Zone. In western Tuva, the average heat flow is much lower, ~45–50 mW/m2, which is commensurate with that in the Altai–Sayan folded area as a whole. The deep-level temperatures here are twice lower, and the lithosphere thickness increases to 150 km.
TEM soundings in magnetic media
Authors: Epov M.I. , Morozova G.M.
Published: January 2010

TEM responses of conducting ferromagnetic materials to a complex current pulse have been modeled for a magnetic cylinder typical of well casing. The behavior of the responses is investigated as a function of different model parameters.
Characterization of immune-active peptides obtained from milk fermented byLactobacillus helveticus
Authors: Tellez Angela , Corredig Milena , Brovko Lubov Y , Griffiths Mansel W
Published: January 2010

The objectives of this research were to confirm the effect of compounds derived from milk fermented byLactobacillus helveticus(LH-2) on the nonspecific host defence system, and isolate and characterize the active peptides that mediate the immune response. The cell-free supernatant obtained from the fermented milk and its fractions were testedin vitrofor immuno-modulating activity using murine macrophages (RAW 264·7 cell line). Cytokine production (Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), and Interleukin-1β (IL1-β)), nitric oxide (NO) production and phagocytosis were used as biomarkers. Macrophages stimulated with cell-free supernatant of fermented milk showed higher production of cytokines and NO compared with macrophages stimulated with LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) and a commercial immunomodulator derived from β-casein (f54-59). Phagocytosis was observed by macrophages stimulated with the supernatant. Two of nine fractions collected from the supernatant using size exclusion chromatography produced the highest response when used to stimulate macrophages. The results of the dose-response study of the effect of the fraction with the highest stimulation effect on the production of TNF-α showed a direct correlation between protein concentration and TNF-α release. The fraction contained four novel peptides, three derived from the hydrolysis of β-casein and one from the hydrolysis of α-lactalbumin. These results confirm that fermentation of milk byLactobacillus helveticus(LH-2) results in the production of specific peptides capable of modulating macrophage activity.
Austria before Austria: The Medieval Past of Polities to Come
Authors: Wolfram Herwig
Published: January 2010

Throughout the world, historians expand the history of their nations and states into periods when these polities did not yet exist. The French speak of their first dynasty and mean the Frankish Merovingians. Until recently French history textbooks even for students in the French overseas territories started with “Nos ancêtres, les Gaulois.” In the German Kaiserreich between 1871 and 1918, let us say, little Jan Kowalski in Poznan had to accept the Germanic peoples as his forefathers, as every textbook on German history dealt with them at length. Needless to say, not only German medievalists speak of Germans long beforetheodiscusorteutonicuscame to meandeutsch. All over the world people search for the roots of their identity. Take, for instance, the present preoccupation with Celtic ancestors. Not only the Irish, Welsh, Scots, and Bretons, but a great many other Europeans also want to be Celts by origin. “Their successors in Brittany, Wales, or Ireland do not threaten anybody withAnschlussor war. The Celtic origins, therefore, fit the Austrian neutrality perfectly well,” as Erich Zöllner ironically put it in 1976 after Chancellor Bruno Kreisky had openly declared that the Celts and not the Germans were our forefathers.
Where Personal Fate Turns to Public Affair: Homosexual Scandal and Social Order in Vienna, 1900–1910
Authors: Spector Scott
Published: January 2010

Beginning in September, 1902, Karl Kraus turned his critical vision and poison pen toward what he saw as a misguided encroachment on private matters by the public organs of the state and the press. He saw it as more of an attack than an encroachment—he decried a campaign, conducted with “sword and fi re,” to battle “immorality,” a charge he saw hailing from diverse if linked quarters from legislature to judiciary to the daily newspaper of record. Th e whole off ensive, Kraus maintained, originated in a “grandiose misunderstanding,” a slip, a logical or even linguistic fallacy: instead of protecting society from the off ense of public indecency, the crusaders inverted their task when they sought to provoke public indignation in response to private morality.
“A Generation of Monsters”: Jews, Prostitution, and Racial Purity in the 1892 L'viv White Slavery Trial
Authors: Stauter-Halsted Keely
Published: January 2010

“How long will the jackals continue to feed upon our live bodies?” So begins a Polish newspaper's depiction of the rapacious activities of twenty-seven alleged international traffickers on trial for transporting girls from Austrian Galicia to brothels and harems in the Middle East, Africa, and the Americas. Aft er years of veiled discussion in the Polish-language press about the mysterious disappearance of poor female workers and peasant daughters, the case erupted in the fall of 1892, with lasting implications for the way trafficking and the domestic sex trade would be understood in the Habsburg lands and the former Polish territories alike. Seventeen men and ten women—all of them Jewish—stood trial for a decades-long conspiracy to scour the Crownland in search of “human goods” and “sell them to … local public houses or transport [them] abroad.” The affair helped define the public's perception of the sex trade in Eastern Europe between the 1880s and 1930, as thousands of young women were smuggled out of the region and into sexual servitude. The trial played out in the Galician administrative capital of L'viv, a city of mixed Polish, Jewish, German, and Ukrainian population. Trial transcripts and newspaper coverage provide a rare glimpse into the secret world of commercial sex at the turn of the twentieth century. More importantly, commentary from the journalists and local citizens attending the proceedings offers a window into the way the Galician public understood the commercial sex trade, a tolerated practice that employed medical doctors, police inspectors, landlords, pimps, and procurers, alongside the prostitutes themselves. The trial attracted attention as far away as Cracow, Warsaw, and Vienna, where the Austrian parliament devoted a fiery session to its outcome and to a discussion of the “shameful outrages of the Jewish people” in the aff air. In the Galician setting, public exposure to the horrors of international prostitution networks contributed to a new and more militant direction in Polish nationalist sentiment, one that inextricably linked sexuality with ethnicity.
Echos of the Riehl Trial in Fin-de-Siècle Cisleithania
Authors: Wingfield Nancy M.
Published: January 2010

The trial of forty-six-year-old Regine Riehl, who was charged with embezzlement, fraud, pandering, and other crimes associated with the operation of her tolerated bordello, opened in Vienna on 2 November 1906. Residents of the imperial capital and in the wider Habsburg monarchy and beyond avidly followed the five-day trial, which incited public debate on the subject of prostitution throughout the monarchy. Indeed, prostitution became a “topic of the day,” a theme that became “salonfähig” (acceptable for good society), due to the extensive newspaper coverage of the trial.
Austrian Intellectual History and Bohemia
Authors: Luft David S.
Published: January 2010

This is an essay about the cultural, political, and geographical location of Austrian intellectual history and the special place of Bohemia and Moravia in that history. A great deal has been written about the multinational and supranational quality of Austrian culture and intellectual life. In practice, however, the Austria referred to in such arguments is usually the Habsburg monarchy of the two generations before World War I. Austrian intellectual history has generally been either strongly centered in Vienna or oriented to a very broad concept of Austria that includes the monarchy as a whole in the late nineteenth century. What is lost between the metropolis and the vast monarchy of many peoples is the centuries-long relationship between Austrian and Bohemia that was the basis for Austrian intellectual life in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. I argue here that we should think of Bohemia in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as part of Austrian intellectual history in a way that other regions and historic lands in the Habsburg monarchy were not.
Austrians into German Soldiers: The Integrative Impact of Wehrmacht Service on Austrian Soldiers during World War II
Authors: Grischany Thomas R.
Published: January 2010

In March 1983, germany annexed the Republic of Austria, incorporating it into the Greater German Reich. Thereafter, about 1.2 million Austrians eligible for military service were draft ed into the German armed forces: the Wehrmacht. Although we know where largely Austrian contingents fought in World War II, little is known about what, if anything, set them apart from their Reich German comrades. Nor do we know much about their attitudes, their “mindset,” or their subjective experience of military service and war.1 Because we know so little about the attitudes of Austrian soldiers in the Wehrmacht, and since army service—in contrast to membership in the SS or NSDAP—was largely mandatory, it is still possible to argue that Austrians were unwilling soldiers, sacrificed in a war that was not theirs, and that discrimination by foreign rulers fostered an Austrian national consciousness.
Working with the Enemy: Labor Politics in the Czech Borderlands, 1945–48
Authors: Gerlach David
Published: January 2010

In the first issue of Settlement (Osidlování), the weekly paper of the Czechoslovak Settlement Office, an article entitled, “So That It Is Not Forgotten,” explained the reasons for the Czech hatred of Germans: “[I]t is hatred as the reaction for the most ruthless attack which was undertaken by Germans against humanity and not least against us.” After invoking the authority of Jan Hus, the fifteenth-century religious reformer and longtime Czech national icon, the author concluded: “It is the spontaneous wish of the entire nation that we completely get rid of the Germans with final certainty, even at the price of clear material loss. It is up to us to prove that all Germans are replaceable, and that we not only have the ability, but especially enough good will and self-sacrifice to prove this in deed.” This column became a regular series that provided different examples of Germans betraying the Czech nation and thereby helped to justify the need to expel them from the country. Coming as it did in the spring of 1946, when the pace of the Allied-sponsored “population transfer” began to accelerate, the column seems somewhat out of place. Hundreds of thousands of Sudeten Germans had previously been expelled in 1945; with current Allied support there was no apparent need to justify the policy further. Yet the attempts to rekindle the atmosphere of hatred spawned by the war came at a time when some Czechs sought to retain Sudeten Germans for labor needs, especially in the borderland regions where the vast majority of these German speakers lived and worked. The “spontaneous wish of the nation” to expel every last German needed some prodding.
An invariant of finitary codes with finite expected square root coding length
Authors: HARVEY NATE , PERES YUVAL
Published: January 2010

Let p and q be probability vectors with the same entropy h. Denote by B(p) the Bernoulli shift indexed by ℤ with marginal distribution p. Suppose that φ is a measure-preserving homomorphism from B(p) to B(q). We prove that if the coding length of φ has a finite 1/2 moment, then σ2p=σ2q, where σ2p=∑ ipi(−log  pi−h)2 is the informational variance of p. In this result, the 1/2 moment cannot be replaced by a lower moment. On the other hand, for any θ<1, we exhibit probability vectors p and q that are not permutations of each other, such that there exists a finitary isomorphism Φ from B(p) to B(q) where the coding lengths of Φ and of its inverse have a finite θ moment. We also present an extension to ergodic Markov chains.
Multifractal analysis of weak Gibbs measures for non-uniformly expanding C1 maps
Authors: JORDAN THOMAS , RAMS MICHAŁ
Published: January 2010

We will consider the local dimension spectrum of a weak Gibbs measure on a C1 non-uniformly hyperbolic system of Manneville–Pomeau type. We will present the spectrum in three ways: using invariant measures, ergodic invariant measures supported on hyperbolic sets and equilibrium states. We are also proving analyticity of the spectrum under additional assumptions. All three presentations are well known for smooth uniformly hyperbolic systems.
Equilibrium states for partially hyperbolic horseshoes
Authors: LEPLAIDEUR R. , OLIVEIRA K. , RIOS I.
Published: January 2010

We study ergodic properties of invariant measures for the partially hyperbolic horseshoes, introduced in Díaz et al [Destroying horseshoes via heterodimensional cycles: generating bifurcations inside homoclinic classes. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys. 29 (2009), 433–474]. These maps have a one-dimensional center direction Ec, and are at the boundary of the (uniformly) hyperbolic diffeomorphisms (they are constructed bifurcating hyperbolic horseshoes via heterodimensional cycles). We prove that every ergodic measure is hyperbolic, but the set of Lyapunov exponents in the central direction has gap: all ergodic invariant measures have negative exponent, with the exception of one ergodic measure with positive exponent. As a consequence, we obtain the existence of equilibrium states for any continuous potential. We also prove that there exists a phase transition for the smooth family of potentials given by ϕt=t log ∣DF∣Ec∣.
Measures with uniform scaling scenery
Authors: GAVISH MATAN
Published: January 2010

We introduce a property of measures on Euclidean space, termed ‘uniform scaling scenery’. For these measures, the empirical distribution of the measure-valued time series, obtained by rescaling around a point, is (almost everywhere) independent of the point. This property is related to existing notions of self-similarity: it is satisfied by the occupation measure of a typical Brownian motion (which is ‘statistically’ self-similar), as well as by the measures associated to attractors of affine iterated function systems (which are ‘exactly’ self-similar). It is possible that different notions of self-similarity are unified under this property. The proofs trace a connection between uniform scaling scenery and Furstenberg’s ‘CP processes’, a class of natural, discrete-time, measure-valued Markov processes, useful in fractal geometry.
Transitivity of codimension-one Anosov actions of ℝk on closed manifolds
Authors: BARBOT THIERRY , MAQUERA CARLOS
Published: January 2010

We consider Anosov actions of ℝk, k≥2, on a closed connected orientable manifold M, of codimension one, i.e. such that the unstable foliation associated to some element of ℝk has dimension one. We prove that if the ambient manifold has dimension greater than k+2, then the action is topologically transitive. This generalizes a result of Verjovsky for codimension-one Anosov flows.
Quasiregular dynamics on the n-sphere
Authors: FLETCHER ALASTAIR N. , NICKS DANIEL A.
Published: January 2010

In this paper, we investigate the boundary of the escaping set I(f) for quasiregular mappings on ℝn, both in the uniformly quasiregular case and in the polynomial type case. The aim is to show that ∂I(f) is the Julia set J(f) when the latter is defined, and shares properties with the Julia set when J(f) is not defined.
A smart hydraulic joint for future implementation in robotic structures
Authors: Berring J. , Kianfar K. , Lira C. , Menon C. , Scarpa F.
Published: January 2010

A hydraulic flexible joint inspired by the actuation system of spiders is investigated in this paper. Its design and characteristics are discussed and a mathematical model is developed to describe its static behaviour. Results of experimental tests are presented to validate its performance. A comparison to other hydraulic actuation systems is performed. The use of the proposed hydraulic flexible joint in adaptive robotic structures is addressed and discussed.
The Mathematical Practitioners
Authors: Price Derek J.
Published: January 2010

On 26 November 1954 The Mathematical Practitioners of Tudor and Stuart England by E. G. R. Taylor was published for the Institute by Cambridge University Press. Dr. Derek Price, of the Whipple Museum of the History of Science at Cambridge, here describes the book for the Journal.

During the last twenty-five years there has been a revolution in writings on the history of science. Now, just as the profits are beginning to materialize, a second great change has occurred.
III—Interplanetary Navigation
Authors: Porter J. G.
Published: January 2010

Most people know something about space ships nowadays, and probably think that navigation in space is quite a simple matter; at any rate, it is a subject that is glossed over very briefly in most books on the subject. In my view, space navigation is not a simple matter, and it has certainly not received the attention it deserves. Navigation on the Earth is easy, because of the one important fact that you are on the surface of the Earth. A couple of sights, measuring the angles from two stars down to the horizon, together with the azimuths of the stars and the distance from the centre of the Earth, will give an exact statement of position. But out in space there is no Earth, no horizon—in fact nothing whatever to use as a basis of measurement. Clearly then, two angles are not enough; a third one is needed, to give a sort of tripod of sights—two of the legs being anchored to two planets (or the Sun and a planet) because their positions in space at any time are known, and the distance between them can be used as a base-line. The solution of all the triangles involved is indeed a difficult problem, but there is also the impossibility of making three simultaneous observations. It might be thought that one could do as at sea and take one sight followed later by others, making allowance for the motion of the ship in the intervals. However, this involves the idea of dead reckoning, which, although a useful concept at sea, is quite impossible to apply in space, as the following example shows.
Speed Trials with the Decca Navigator
Authors: Verstelle J. Th.
Published: January 2010

Recently two ships of the Holland-Amerika Line carried out speed trials, using the Decca system. With the permission of this company, which has shown great interest in this new method, the results of the trials are given in this paper. For comparison, some figures for trials on a measured mile are also given.
Compass Observations on a Cruise through the North-west Passage
Authors: Penton E. M.
Published: January 2010

On 23 July 1954, the new Canadian Icebreaking Patrol Vessel H.M.C.S. Labrador (6000 tons) left Halifax, Nova Scotia, on her maiden voyage in support of the annual ship supply mission to the Canadian Arctic bases. In addition she carried out much hydrographic surveying and other scientific work, and subsequently withdrew to the westward, arriving at Esquimalt, British Columbia, on 27 September, thus becoming the first warship to complete the North-west Passage.
Some Notes on a Voyage Round the World
Authors: Worth T. C.
Published: January 2010

Beyond is a 43-foot auxiliary Bermudian cutter, specially designed and built for a voyage round the world. Between August 1952 and September 1954 she sailed some 30,000 miles, the track being shown on the chart (Fig. 1). From Lisbon to Auckland we were four aboard, but from Auckland back to England there were only my wife and myself. The following notes record the various methods of navigation.
Radar and Collision at Sea
Authors: Halliday C. F.
Published: January 2010

Captain Wylie's note ‘Radar and the Compass Bearing’ (Journal, Vol. VII, p. 200) voices the objection to the ship's-head-up display because it gives bearings relative to the fore-and-aft line instead of to the axis of the compass card. This objection will not appear to be a very real one to anybody accustomed to using a dumb-card pelorus: a glance at the compass, or a word to the man at the wheel, will give the correction to be applied to the bearing in order to make it relative to the course by compass. If the ship is a degree right of her course we add a degree, if two degrees left we subtract two, and so on, before using the bearing. If plotting, the plot is a COURSE-UP plot, not a ship's-head-up plot. It is, in fact, a compass-datum plot with a more convenient orientation than the north-up which is so strongly advocated. It would appear to be mere hair-splitting to regard the corrected bearings as not being compass bearings within the meaning of the Steering and Sailing Rules since the important thing is whether or not the bearing is changing appreciably and not the number of degrees it contains. However, this objection, and that of the angular displacement of the plotted tracks of targets when course is altered, can both be completely negatived by using the course-up, gyro-stabilized display; the heading marker is set to zero when the ship is on her course and the gyro allowed to take care of yaw.
Information from Electric Currents in the Sea
Authors: Deacon G. E. R.
Published: January 2010

Waves, tides and ocean currents might not be expected to produce electric currents, but by moving water, as a conductor, through the Earth's magnetic field they do in fact produce measurable voltages and flows of electricity. Young, Gerrard and Jevons, who made the first detailed study of this phenomenon, thought it conceivable that measurements of electric potential gradient might be used to estimate the drift of a ship at sea, and Von Arx showed how indications from electrodes towed behind the Research Vessel Atlantis were used to keep her on a direct course from Bermuda to Woods Hole, across the Gulf Stream. In recent years the method has been used extensively in studies of ocean currents and more ships might use it if the necessary equipment were readily available.
The S.A.S. Transarctic Flights
Authors: Pedersen E. S.
Published: January 2010

Scandinavian interest in transarctic flying dates back to the successful transarctic flight of the airship Norge under the joint leadership of Amundsen and Ellsworth. The geographical position of Scandinavian countries, of course, makes such interest natural as they have everything to gain from commercial flying across the Arctic. In 1946 when Scandinavian Airlines System was formed, with the primary object of establishing intercontinental routes to the Scandinavian countries, four Stratocruisers were ordered from the Boeing factory in Seattle and plans were made for a non-stop delivery flight from Seattle to Stockholm following the great-circle route across sub-arctic Canada and central Greenland. The object was to gain experience over this route, which might become of strategic importance in the near future. However, the Stratocruisers were sold before S.A.S. took delivery and the plans for the flight were abandoned. The groundwork carried out in connection with navigation was not wasted however.
Early Time and Distance Measurement at Sea
Authors: Waters D. W.
Published: January 2010

The discussion following Captain C. V. Sølver's claim to have discovered an early Norse bearing-dial incidentally raised the question of what was the ‘dyoll’ referred to in English ship inventories of the fifteenth century. There are various practical reasons for doubting the theory that it was a compass-dial, that is to say a sun-dial with an inset compass, which for a particular latitude would, when correctly orientated, indicate the time of day. However, the idea that the ‘dyoll’ indicated time rather than direction seems to fit the evidence, and G. P. B. Naish's note on fifteenth- to seventeenth-century ship inventories leaves little doubt that it was an instrument for measuring equal intervals of time, and probably a sand-glass. This conclusion, which to some extent casts the early history of the compass card once more into the melting-pot, prompts a number of questions. Some are stated here and are answered either wholly or in part. Others remain to be answered.
The Reliability of Sights at Sea
Authors: Sharpey-Schafer J. M.
Published: January 2010

The note in the Forum ‘The Accuracy of Astronomical Observations at Sea’ by G. A. Harding (this Journal, Vol. VII, p. 195) and the paper ‘The Barcoo Observations’ by J. B. Parker and D. H. Sadler (this Journal, Vol. VII, p. 317) were interesting, but although some practical navigators have dabbled with the theory of errors one is apt to feel a little bit blinded by the science of the mathematicians on the subject of ‘errors’, when such things as ‘constant bias’, ‘quasi systematic error’, ‘internal standard deviations’, and a ‘ square root law’ (p. 320, Table I, Col. 7) are bandied about. One hopes one knows what they mean, but there is a lurking doubt, though one might not admit it, and they do not quite seem to click with the sort of phrases taught to navigators.
Methods of Astronomical Navigation
Authors: Bratton J. M.
Published: January 2010

I think the Institute is doing a grand job in this matter of getting to the bottom of what actually happens at sea. I give a personal ‘shabash’ to D. H. Sadler & Co. for the new Abridged Nautical Almanac, and to S. M. Burton for the first-ever really practical manual and tables, but I am now completely ‘sold’ on H.D. 486 [Tables of Computed Altitude and Azimuth] and have very little to look forward to unless it be my dream of ‘a small hopper, into which one throws two or more altitudes, turns a handle, and tears off a neatly printed position’. I can see no loss of caste to seamen in this. All I ever did know about a haversine, for example, was that it contained a conglomeration of figures which when conjoined with others, cosines and suchlike, led by tortuous and unseamanlike stages to a position line on a chart. I never felt the slightest bump when crossing over to H.D. 486, where all those abominable spherical trigonometrical triangles have already been worked out by experts who, I understand, really like 'em. So roll out that hopper.
Radar and Collision at Sea
Authors: Gauw J. A.
Published: January 2010

There is a fast growing realization that the Steering Rules in the Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea should be attuned to the use of radar. The principle underlying the suggested rules which follow is to stick to the idea of Rule 18—that in case of risk of collision both vessels should take avoiding action. In order to make these rules practicable, a universal system has been thought out. Thus, the rules are meant to apply to vessels in sight of one another, as well as to vessels in radar-contact, or to a vessel in radar-contact with another vessel which is unaware of her presence. Secondly, there will be one and the same rule for power-driven vessels and sailing vessels.
The Use of Bisectors in Selecting the Most Probable Position
Authors: Bini M.
Published: January 2010

Although the use of bisectors to select the most probable position determined from astronomical observations is well known, the system seems to have received insufficient recognition in current navigational literature. In what follows an attempt is made to assess the problem practically.
The Petula Transatlantic Expedition, 1953–4
Authors: Evans Frank
Published: January 2010

Powered research ships are the basic vessels from which the science of oceanography is conducted. For the investigation of certain surface water problems, however, a large, powered vessel is not the most suitable platform, for, while affording ample accommodation and working space, she may have fundamental faults. Her deck may be far above sea-level so that in bad weather direct observation of marine life is impossible. More important, her mere presence may alter the very characteristics, both physical and biological, which are being studied. Thus her hull, rolling, pitching and threshing in a seaway may appear to some animals as a fearsome intruder. The throbbing of her propeller sets up low-pitched vibrations powerful enough to alert the fish for miles around. The sea close to the engine room becomes warmed and to it is added hot water from the condenser. There is violent water mixing by the bow wave. These factors in combination effectively alter both the sea temperature and the thermal stratification. The ship's wash, thrown away from the sides, may set up a heavy cross sea which distorts the shape of nearby waves, particularly in regard to their steepness and height.
The Time-Distance Radar Plot
Authors: d'E. Atkinson R.
Published: January 2010

Dr. Atkinson here proposes a type of radar plot which was not actually considered in the Institute working party's recent report. It would be useful to have some comment, particularly from sea, on the effectiveness of this type of plotting.—Ed.

The current discussions on radar plotting at sea appear to have rather overlooked one plot which may have quite important advantages: this is the pure time-distance plot, ignoring bearings almost completely. One would use ordinary squared paper (say quarter-inch squares or some similar coarse mesh), with distance increasing upwards, time increasing to the right, and both scales permanent ones; pre-printed scales would be useful, but not essential of course, and one might suggest an inch to a mile and an inch to four minutes.
London—New York Comet III ‘Paper’ Operation
Authors: Pike E. W.
Published: January 2010

In order to obtain some experience of problems that were likely to be encountered in the operation of the Comet III across the North Atlantic, B.O.A.C. decided early in 1954 to conduct a daily ‘paper’ operation between London and New York. The aircraft was planned to depart from London at 1000 G.M.T. each day. It was felt that the production of operational statistics on the basis of a daily operation in this way would enable the Corporation to compile useful information on such vital subjects as elapsed times, payload capacity, fuel uplift requirements, the frequency with which particular routeings were likely to be used and the adequacy of existing meteorological telecommunications and air traffic control services. In order to obtain the basic meteorological data for planning flights it was necessary to enlist the cooperation of the London Airport Meteorological Forecasting Unit and their most helpful cooperation played an important part in the results achieved.
S-Diagrams for Solving Problems in Astronomical Navigation
Authors: Schütte Karl
Published: January 2010

The purpose of the S-diagrams is to give a rapid and convenient solution of the chief problems in astronomical navigation; they are especially simple for determination of altitude and azimuth. The solution is obtained without logarithms and by referring to no more than two pages of the diagrams. The diagrams are less expensive and more accurate than the Astronomisches Rechengerät (ARG), and are, without any doubt, less difficult to use than the Astronomische Rechenatlas. The method, which was recently mentioned in a paper by H. C. Freiesleben, may, therefore, be discussed here in some detail.