bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Intellectual Capital Diclosure Practises: Empirical Study on Services Companies Listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange
Authors: Soebyakto Bambang Bemby , Agustina Mira , Mukhtaruddin
Published: September 2015

Integrated Reporting provides a report that fully integrates financial and non-financial information company. One category of integrated reporting is intellectual capital. It is a voluntary disclosure contained in the company's annual report. The purpose of this study is to analyze the practice of Intellectual Capital Disclosure (ICD) in service companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange and empirically examine the effect of corporate governance is proxied by the concentration of ownership, firm size proxied by total assets, the level of profitability is proxied by Return on Assets, leverage, and company listing age on the Stock Exchange on ICD.

Samples companies in this study are a service company listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange period 2009-2013. The sampling technique is using purposive sampling method. Based on the established criteria, the company sampled 131 companies. This study uses panel data analysis.

The results of this study indicate that the level of ICD in Services Company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange is still low. The results of empirical testing in this study indicate that corporate governance, firm size, profitability, leverage, and a listing of companies on the Stock Exchange simultaneously have significant affect to ICD. Partially firm size, profitability, and company listing age on the Stock Exchange have significant effect on ICD, while good corporate governance and leverage levels have no significant effect on ICD.
Mapping RNA‐seq Reads with STAR
Authors: Dobin Alexander , Gingeras Thomas R.
Published: September 2015

Mapping of large sets of high‐throughput sequencing reads to a reference genome is one of the foundational steps in RNA‐seq data analysis. The STAR software package performs this task with high levels of accuracy and speed. In addition to detecting annotated and novel splice junctions, STAR is capable of discovering more complex RNA sequence arrangements, such as chimeric and circular RNA. STAR can align spliced sequences of any length with moderate error rates, providing scalability for emerging sequencing technologies. STAR generates output files that can be used for many downstream analyses such as transcript/gene expression quantification, differential gene expression, novel isoform reconstruction, and signal visualization. In this unit, we describe computational protocols that produce various output files, use different RNA‐seq datatypes, and utilize different mapping strategies. STAR is open source software that can be run on Unix, Linux, or Mac OS X systems. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using PepExplorer to Filter and Organize De Novo Peptide Sequencing Results
Authors: da Veiga Leprevost Felipe , Barbosa Valmir C. , Carvalho Paulo Costa
Published: September 2015

PepExplorer aids in the biological interpretation of de novo sequencing results; this is accomplished by assembling a list of homolog proteins obtained by aligning results from widely adopted de novo sequencing tools against a target‐decoy sequence database. Our tool relies on pattern recognition to ensure that the results satisfy a user‐given false‐discovery rate (FDR). For this, it employs a radial basis function neural network that considers the precursor charge states, de novo sequencing scores, the peptide lengths, and alignment scores. PepExplorer is recommended for studies addressing organisms with no genomic sequence available. PepExplorer is integrated into the PatternLab for proteomics environment, which makes available various tools for downstream data analysis, including the resources for quantitative and differential proteomics. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Combined convective and diffusive simulations: VERB‐4D comparison with 17 March 2013 Van Allen Probes observations
Authors: Shprits Yuri Y. , Kellerman Adam C. , Drozdov Alexander Y. , Spence Harlan E. , Reeves Geoffrey D. , Baker Daniel N.
Published: September 2015

This study is focused on understanding the coupling between different electron populations in the inner magnetosphere and the various physical processes that determine evolution of electron fluxes at different energies. Observations during the 17 March 2013 storm and simulations with a newly developed Versatile Electron Radiation Belt‐4D (VERB‐4D) are presented. Analysis of the drift trajectories of the energetic and relativistic electrons shows that electron trajectories at transitional energies with a first invariant on the scale of ~100 MeV/G may resemble ring current or relativistic electron trajectories depending on the level of geomagnetic activity. Simulations with the VERB‐4D code including convection, radial diffusion, and energy diffusion are presented. Sensitivity simulations including various physical processes show how different acceleration mechanisms contribute to the energization of energetic electrons at transitional energies. In particular, the range of energies where inward transport is strongly influenced by both convection and radial diffusion are studied. The results of the 4‐D simulations are compared to Van Allen Probes observations at a range of energies including source, seed, and core populations of the energetic and relativistic electrons in the inner magnetosphere.
Theoretical basis for operational ensemble forecasting of coronal mass ejections
Authors: Pizzo V. J. , de Koning C. , Cash M. , Millward G. , Biesecker D. A. , Puga L. , Codrescu M. , Odstrcil D.
Published: September 2015

We lay out the theoretical underpinnings for the application of the Wang‐Sheeley‐Arge‐Enlil modeling system to ensemble forecasting of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) in an operational environment. In such models, there is no magnetic cloud component, so our results pertain only to CME front properties, such as transit time to Earth. Within this framework, we find no evidence that the propagation is chaotic, and therefore, CME forecasting calls for different tactics than employed for terrestrial weather or hurricane forecasting. We explore a broad range of CME cone inputs and ambient states to flesh out differing CME evolutionary behavior in the various dynamical domains (e.g., large, fast CMEs launched into a slow ambient, and the converse; plus numerous permutations in between). CME propagation in both uniform and highly structured ambient flows is considered to assess how much the solar wind background affects the CME front properties at 1 AU. Graphical and analytic tools pertinent to an ensemble approach are developed to enable uncertainties in forecasting CME impact at Earth to be realistically estimated. We discuss how uncertainties in CME pointing relative to the Sun‐Earth line affects the reliability of a forecast and how glancing blows become an issue for CME off‐points greater than about the half width of the estimated input CME. While the basic results appear consistent with established impressions of CME behavior, the next step is to use existing records of well‐observed CMEs at both Sun and Earth to verify that real events appear to follow the systematic tendencies presented in this study.
Katalytische decarboxylierende Kreuzkupplung von Arylchloriden mit Benzoaten ohne aktivierende ortho‐Substituenten
Authors: Tang Jie , Biafora Agostino , Gooßen Lukas J.
Published: September 2015

Die Einschränkung decarboxylierender Kreuzkupplungen auf ortho‐substituierte oder heterocyclische Carboxylate wurde mittels holistischer Optimierung eines dimetallischen Cu/Pd‐Katalysatorsystems überwunden. Die Kombination von CuI/Me4phen als Decarboxylierungs‐ und [(MeCN)4Pd](OTf)2/XPhos als Kreuzkupplungskatalysator ermöglicht die Synthese von Biarylen aus kostengünstigen Arylchloriden und Kaliumbenzoaten, unabhängig von ihren Substitutionsmustern.
Das Redox‐ und Koordinationsverhalten des Hexaphosphabenzol‐Liganden in [(Cp*Mo)2(μ,η6:η6‐P6)] gegenüber den “nackten” Kationen Cu+, Ag+ und Tl+
Authors: Fleischmann Martin , Dielmann Fabian , Gregoriades Laurence J. , Peresypkina Eugenia V. , Virovets Alexander V. , Huber Sebastian , Timoshkin Alexey Y. , Balázs Gábor , Scheer Manfred
Published: September 2015

Obwohl der cyclo‐P6‐Komplex [(Cp*Mo)2(μ,η6:η6‐P6)] (1) vor 30 Jahren beschrieben wurde, ist nur sehr wenig über seine Chemie bekannt. Hier berichten wir über die Synthese von Komplex 1 in hohen Ausbeuten, eines weiteren Komplexes 2, der einen beispiellosen cyclo‐P10‐Liganden besitzt, und die Reaktivität von 1 gegenüber den “nackten” Kationen Cu+, Ag+ und Tl+. Neben der Bildung der einfachen Oxidationsprodukte 3 a,b, die eine bis‐allylische Verzerrung des cyclo‐P6‐Mitteldecks zeigen, werden [M(1)2]+‐Komplexe beschrieben, die verzerrt quadratisch‐planar (M=Cu (4 a), Ag (4 b)) oder verzerrt tetraedrisch koordinierte (M=Cu (5)) M+‐Kationen aufweisen. Die verwendeten Lösungsmittel ermöglichen die Kontrolle der Reaktionsprodukte, was für Cu+ mittels Pulver‐XRD belegt wurde und durch DFT‐Rechnungen bestätigt wird. Die Reaktion mit Tl+ ergibt ein schichtartiges zweidimensionales Koordinationsnetzwerk im Festkörper.
Photoinduced Copper‐Catalyzed Regioselective Synthesis of Indoles: Three‐Component Coupling of Arylamines, Terminal Alkynes, and Quinones
Authors: Sagadevan Arunachalam , Ragupathi Ayyakkannu , Hwang Kuo Chu
Published: September 2015

The first successful example of a visible‐light‐induced copper‐catalyzed process for CH annulation of arylamines with terminal alkynes and benzoquinone is described. This three‐component reaction allows use of a variety of commercial terminal alkynes as coupling partners for the one‐step regioselective synthesis of functionalized indoles. Moreover, the current process represents a sustainable and atom‐economical approach for the preparation of complex indoles from easily accessible starting materials under visible‐light irradiation, without the need for expensive metals and harsh reaction conditions.
Squaramide‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Enantioenriched Spirocyclic Oxindoles via Ketimine Intermediates with Multiple Active Sites
Authors: Sun Qiang‐Sheng , Zhu Hua , Chen Yong‐Jian , Yang Xiao‐Di , Sun Xing‐Wen , Lin Guo‐Qiang
Published: September 2015

A new method for the construction of five‐membered spirocyclic oxindoles is based on a Michael–Mannich cascade reaction of a ketimine intermediated catalyzed by a bifunctional quinine‐derived squaramide. The desired products were obtained in excellent yields (up to 94 %) and stereoselectivities (up to >20:1 d.r., >99 % ee). A scaled‐up variant also proceeded smoothly showing that the one‐pot reaction might find application in the synthesis of bioactive‐compound libraries.
Everyday artefacts: subsistence and quality of life at the Prisoner Barracks, Port Arthur, Tasmania
Authors: D'Gluyas Caitlin , Gibbs Martin , Hamilton Chloe , Roe David
Published: September 2015

This study focuses on the archaeology of the c.1835–1877 Prisoner Barracks constructed at Port Arthur, the domestic quarters for civilian, military and incarcerated occupants spanning almost the entire convict period. Faunal and artefact analyses of the assemblage uncovered at this site were used to provide a more complex understanding of institutional life. The quality of life of the occupants, and how they chose to improve it, is identified through a range of documentary and archaeological sources. It is shown that the barracks complex was a place of domestic life within the confines of an institution. It is evident in the material culture that everyday activities of occupants included the preparation of food, presentation of the home and self, manual tasks such as the production of domestic items, and recreational activities including tobacco smoking and hunting. By assessing indicators of quality of life within an institutional framework, namely the supply of local and imported goods and the material culture of recreation, this work is able to explore potential activities of the occupants that are often hidden from official records. This is examined through a number of scalar units, considering global, local and individual perspectives of the Prisoner Barracks’ landscape.
T‐shaped trichome‐specific expression of monoterpene synthase ADH2 using promoter–β‐GUS fusion in transgenic Artemisia annua L.
Authors: Fu Xueqing , Shi Pu , Shen Qian , Jiang Weimin , Tang Yueli , Lv Zongyou , Yan Tingxiang , Li Ling , Wang Guofeng , Sun Xiaofen , Tang Kexuan
Published: September 2015

Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Artemisia annua L. (sweet wormwood), is extensively used in the treatment of malaria. In order to better understand the metabolism of terpenes in A. annua and the influence of terpene synthases on artemisinin yield, the expression pattern of a monoterpene alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH2) has been studied using transgenic plants expressing promoter–β‐glucuronidase (GUS) fusion. ADH2 played a major role in monoterpenoid biosynthesis including carveol, borneol, and artemisia ketone through in vitro biochemical analysis. In this study, the ADH2 promoter was cloned by the genome walking method. A number of putative cis‐acting elements were predicted in promoter region, suggesting that the ADH2 is driven by a complex regulation mechanism. ADH2 gene was highly expressed in old leaves, whereas the artemisinin biosynthetic genes were mainly expressed in bud and young leaves. The expression of ADH2 gene increased quickly during leaf development, revealed by qRT‐PCR. GUS expression analysis in different tissues of transgenic A. annua demonstrates that ADH2 expression is exclusively located to T‐shaped trichome, not glandular secretory trichome.
Improved expression and immobilization of Geobacillus thermoleovorans CCR11 thermostable recombinant lipase
Authors: Badillo‐Zeferino Giselle‐Lilian , Ruiz‐López Irving‐Israel , Oliart‐Ros Rosamaŕıa , Sánchez‐Otero María‐Guadalupe
Published: September 2015

Production of recombinant thermo‐alkali‐stable lipase LipMatCCR11, expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), was investigated via response surface methodology by using a face‐centered design with three levels of each factor. Additionally, improvement of the catalytic performance of expressed lipase was assessed by immobilization on microporous polypropylene. Results showed that inducer (isopropyl β‐d‐1‐thiogalactopyranoside [IPTG]) concentration and temperature were found to be the significant factors (P < 0.05). The maximum lipase expression was obtained at IPTG 0.6 mM, 16 °C, and 18 H, with a specific lipase activity of 7.29 × 106 U/mg, which was 36.4 times higher (over 1,300‐fold increase) than lipase activity measured under nonoptimized conditions. On the other hand, immobilized lipase showed a high biocatalytic activity, particularly in the synthesis of aroma esters.
Associations among ancestry, geography and breast cancer incidence, mortality, and survival in Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Warner Wayne A. , Morrison Robert L. , Lee Tammy Y. , Williams Tanisha M. , Ramnarine Shelina , Roach Veronica , Slovacek Simeon , Maharaj Ravi , Bascombe Nigel , Bondy Melissa L. , Ellis Matthew J. , Toriola Adetunji T. , Roach Allana , Llanos Adana A. M.
Published: September 2015

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common newly diagnosed cancer among women in Trinidad and Tobago (TT) and BC mortality rates are among the highest in the world. Globally, racial/ethnic trends in BC incidence, mortality and survival have been reported. However, such investigations have not been conducted in TT, which has been noted for its rich diversity. In this study, we investigated associations among ancestry, geography and BC incidence, mortality and survival in TT. Data on 3767 incident BC cases, reported to the National Cancer Registry of TT, from 1995 to 2007, were analyzed in this study. Women of African ancestry had significantly higher BC incidence and mortality rates (Incidence: 66.96; Mortality: 30.82 per 100,000) compared to women of East Indian (Incidence: 41.04, Mortality: 14.19 per 100,000) or mixed ancestry (Incidence: 36.72, Mortality: 13.80 per 100,000). Geographically, women residing in the North West Regional Health Authority (RHA) catchment area followed by the North Central RHA exhibited the highest incidence and mortality rates. Notable ancestral differences in survival were also observed. Women of East Indian and mixed ancestry experienced significantly longer survival than those of African ancestry. Differences in survival by geography were not observed. In TT, ancestry and geographical residence seem to be strong predictors of BC incidence and mortality rates. Additionally, disparities in survival by ancestry were found. These data should be considered in the design and implementation of strategies to reduce BC incidence and mortality rates in TT.
TEM1 expression in cancer‐associated fibroblasts is correlated with a poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer
Authors: Fujii Satoshi , Fujihara Ayano , Natori Kei , Abe Anna , Kuboki Yasutoshi , Higuchi Youichi , Aizawa Masaki , Kuwata Takeshi , Kinoshita Takahiro , Yasui Wataru , Ochiai Atsushi
Published: September 2015

The cancer stroma, including cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs), is known to contribute to cancer cell progression and metastasis, suggesting that functional proteins expressed specifically in CAFs might be candidate molecular targets for cancer treatment. The purpose of the present study was to explore the possibility of using TEM1 (tumor endothelial marker 1), which is known to be expressed in several types of mesenchymal cells, as a molecular target by examining the impact of TEM1 expression on clinicopathological factors in gastric cancer patients. A total of 945 consecutive patients with gastric cancer who underwent surgery at the National Cancer Center Hospital East between January 2003 and July 2007 were examined using a tissue microarray approach. TEM1 expression in CAFs or vessel‐associated cells was determined using immunohistochemical staining. Three items (CAF‐TEM1‐positivity, CAF‐TEM1‐intensity, and vessel‐TEM1‐intensity) were then examined to determine the correlations between the TEM1 expression status and the recurrence‐free survival (RFS), overall survival (OS), cancer‐related survival (COS), and other clinicopathological factors. Significant correlations between CAF‐TEM1‐positivity or CAF‐TEM1‐intensity and RFS, OS, or COS were observed (P < 0.001, Kaplan–Meier curves); however, no significant correlation between vessel‐TEM1‐intensity and RFS, OS, or COS was observed. A univariate analysis showed that CAF‐TEM1‐positivity and CAF‐TEM1‐intensity were each correlated with a scirrhous subtype, tumor depth, nodal status, distant metastasis, serosal invasion, lymphatic or venous vessel infiltrations, and pTMN stage. This study suggests that the inhibition of TEM1 expression specifically in the CAFs of gastric carcinoma might represent a new strategy for the treatment of gastric cancer.
cis‐Peptide Bonds: A Key for Intestinal Permeability of Peptides?
Authors: Marelli Udaya Kiran , Ovadia Oded , Frank Andreas Oliver , Chatterjee Jayanta , Gilon Chaim , Hoffman Amnon , Kessler Horst
Published: September 2015

Recent structural studies on libraries of cyclic hexapeptides led to the identification of common backbone conformations that may be instrumental to the oral availability of peptides. Furthermore, the observation of differential Caco‐2 permeabilities of enantiomeric pairs of some of these peptides strongly supports the concept of conformational specificity driven uptake and also suggests a pivotal role of carrier‐mediated pathways for peptide transport, especially for scaffolds of polar nature. This work presents investigations on the Caco‐2 and PAMPA permeability profiles of 13 selected N‐methylated cyclic pentaalanine peptides derived from the basic cyclo(‐D‐Ala‐Ala4‐) template. These molecules generally showed moderate to low transport in intestinal epithelia with a few of them exhibiting a Caco‐2 permeability equal to or slightly higher than that of mannitol, a marker for paracellular permeability. We identified that the majority of the permeable cyclic penta‐ and hexapeptides possess an N‐methylated cis‐peptide bond, a structural feature that is also present in the orally available peptides cyclosporine A and the tri‐N‐methylated analogue of the Veber–Hirschmann peptide. Based on these observations it appears that the presence of N‐methylated cis‐peptide bonds at certain locations may promote the intestinal permeability of peptides through a suitable conformational preorganization.
Classical Keggin Intercalated into Layered Double Hydroxides: Facile Preparation and Catalytic Efficiency in Knoevenagel Condensation Reactions
Authors: Jia Yueqing , Fang Yanjun , Zhang Yingkui , Miras Haralampos N. , Song Yu‐Fei
Published: September 2015

The family of polyoxometalate (POM) intercalated layered double hydroxide (LDH) composite materials has shown great promise for the design of functional materials with numerous applications. It is known that intercalation of the classical Keggin polyoxometalate (POM) of [PW12O40]3− (PW12) into layered double hydroxides (LDHs) is very unlikely to take place by conventional ion exchange methods due to spatial and geometrical restrictions. In this paper, such an intercalated compound of Mg0.73Al0.22(OH)2 [PW12O40]0.04⋅0.98 H2O (Mg3Al‐PW12) has been successfully obtained by applying a spontaneous flocculation method. The Mg3Al‐PW12 has been fully characterized by using a wide range of methods (XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, EDX, XPS, FT‐IR, NMR, BET). XRD patterns of Mg3Al‐PW12 exhibit no impurity phase usually observed next to the (003) diffraction peak. Subsequent application of the Mg3Al‐PW12 as catalyst in Knoevenagel condensation reactions of various aldehydes and ketones with Z‐CH2‐Z′ type substrates (ethyl cyanoacetate and malononitrile) at 60 °C in mixed solvents (V2‐propanol:Vwater=2:1) demonstrated highly efficient catalytic activity. The synergistic effect between the acidic and basic sites of the Mg3Al‐PW12 composite proved to be crucial for the efficiency of the condensation reactions. Additionally, the Mg3Al‐PW12‐catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation of benzaldehyde with ethyl cyanoacetate demonstrated the highest turnover number (TON) of 47 980 reported so far for this reaction.
A Porphyrin Coordination Cage Assembled from Four Silver(I) Triazolyl‐Pyridine Complexes
Authors: Ballester Pablo , Claudel Mickaël , Durot Stéphanie , Kocher Lucas , Schoepff Laetitia , Heitz Valérie
Published: September 2015

The synthesis of a zinc(II) porphyrin 1 with four appended triazolyl–pyridine chelates is reported. Complexation of the porphyrin peripheral ligands with AgI ions in a 1:2 binding stoichiometry afforded quantitatively the coordination cage [Ag4(1)2]4+. The assembly and disassembly processes of the cage were investigated in solution using UV/Vis spectroscopy. The mathematical analysis of the data obtained in the UV/Vis titration of 1 with AgI confirmed the assembly in CH2Cl2/MeOH (90:10) solution of a species having a 1:2 porphyrin/silver stoichiometry and assigned to it an overall stability constant of 5.0×1026 M−5. The use of a model system allowed an independent assessment of a microscopic binding constant value (Km) for the interaction between the triazolyl‐pyridine ligand and AgI. The coincidence that existed between the Km values extracted from the model system and the titration of 1 provided an indication of the quality and fit of the data analysis. It also allowed the calculation of the average effective molarity (EM) value for the three intramolecular processes that led to the cage assembly as 2.6 mM. Simulated speciation profiles supported the conclusion that at millimolar concentration and working under strict stoichiometric control of the silver/porphyrin ratio, the cage [Ag4(1)2]4+ was the species exclusively assembled in solution. On the other hand, when the concentration of added AgI was approximately 2.6 mM, 50 % of the coordination cage disassembled into open aggregates.
Azobenzene‐Bridged Porphyrin Nanorings: Syntheses, Structures, and Photophysical Properties
Authors: Huang Weiming , Lee Seung‐Kyu , Sung Young Mo , Peng Fulei , Yin Bangshao , Ma Ming , Chen Bo , Liu Shubin , Kirk Steven Robert , Kim Dongho , Song Jianxin
Published: September 2015

Azobenzene‐bridged β‐to‐β and meso‐to‐meso porphyrin nanorings were successfully synthesized by a palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction in a logical synthesis. The dimeric structure was confirmed by XRD analysis. The azo linkages in di‐ and tetramers are in the all‐trans conformation, whereas in the trimers one azo linkage can be interconverted between cis and trans under external stimulation. When trimeric isomers are heated to 333 K or higher, the azo linkages will be in the all‐trans configurations: the pure all‐trans trimer can be kept in the dark for several months. Fluorescence anisotropy and pump‐power‐dependent decay results revealed excitation energy transfer for azobenzene‐bridged zinc–porphyrin nanorings. The distances between porphyrin units of these azobenzene‐bridged porphyrin arrays are almost the same, but the exciton energy hopping (EEH) times for each wheel are markedly different. The dimer and meso‐to‐meso tetramer possess relatively short excitation energy transfer (EET) times (1.28 and 2.48 ps, respectively) due to their good planarity and rigidity. In contrast, the EET time for the trimeric zinc(II)–porphyrin array (6.9 ps) is relatively long due to its nonradiative decay pathway (i.e., cis/trans isomerization of azobenzene). Both di‐ and tetramers exhibit relatively high fluorescence quantum yields, whereas the trimers show weak emission because of structural differences.
Phase‐Transfer Activation of Transition Metal Catalysts
Authors: Tuba Robert , Xi Zhenxing , Bazzi Hassan S. , Gladysz John A.
Published: September 2015

With metal‐based catalysts, it is quite common that a ligand (L) must first dissociate from a catalyst precursor (L′nML) to activate the catalyst. The resulting coordinatively unsaturated active species (L′nM) can either back react with the ligand in a k−1 step, or combine with the substrate in a k2 step. When dissociation is not rate determining and k−1[L] is greater than or comparable to k2[substrate], this slows the rate of reaction. By introducing a phase label onto the ligand L and providing a suitable orthogonal liquid or solid phase, dramatic rate accelerations can be achieved. This phenomenon is termed “phase‐transfer activation”. In this Concept, some historical antecedents are reviewed, followed by successful applications involving fluorous/organic and aqueous/organic liquid/liquid biphasic catalysis, and liquid/solid biphasic catalysis. Variants that include a chemical trap for the phase‐labeled ligands are also described.
A Dual‐Response Fluorescent Probe Reveals the H2O2‐Induced H2S Biogenesis through a Cystathionine β‐Synthase Pathway
Authors: Yi Long , Wei Lv , Wang Runyu , Zhang Changyu , Zhang Jie , Tan Tianwei , Xi Zhen
Published: September 2015

The two signaling molecules H2S and H2O2 play key roles in maintaining intracellular redox homeostasis. The biological relationship between H2O2 and H2S remains largely unknown in redox biology. In this study, we rationally designed and synthesized single‐ and dual‐response fluorescent probes for detecting both H2O2 and H2S in living cells. The dual‐response probe was shown to be capable of mono‐ and dual‐detection of H2O2 and H2S selectively and sensitively. Detailed bioimaging studies based on the probes revealed that both exogenous and endogenous H2O2 could induce H2S biogenesis in living cells. By using gene‐knockdown techniques with bioimaging, the H2S biogenesis was found to be majorly cystathionine β‐synthase (CBS)‐dependent. Our finding shows the first direct evidence on the biological communication between H2O2 (ROS) and H2S (RSS) in vivo.
Probing the Properties of Polynuclear Superhalogens without Halogen Ligand via ab Initio Calculations: A Case Study on Double‐Bridged [Mg2(CN)5]−1 Anions
Authors: Li Jin‐Feng , Li Miao‐Miao , Bai Hongcun , Sun Yin‐Yin , Li Jian‐Li , Yin Bing
Published: September 2015

An ab initio study of the superhalogen properties of eighteen binuclear double‐bridged [Mg2(CN)5]−1 clusters is reported herein by using various theoretical methods. High‐level CCSD(T) results indicate that all the clusters possess strong superhalogen properties owing to their high vertical electron detachment energies (VDEs), which exceed 6.8 eV (highest: 8.15 eV). The outer valence Green's function method provides inaccurate relative VDE values; hence, this method is not suitable for this kind of polynuclear superhalogens. Both the HF and MP2 results are generally consistent with the CCSD(T) level regarding the relative VDE values and—especially interesting—the average values of the HF and MP2 VDEs are extremely close to the CCSD(T) results. The distributions of the extra electrons of the anions are mainly aggregated into the terminal CN units. These distributions are apparently different from those of previously reported triple‐bridged isomers and may be the reason for the decreased VDE values of the clusters. In addition, comparisons of the VDEs of binuclear and mononuclear superhalogens as well as studies of the thermodynamic stabilities with respect to the detachment of various CN−1 ligands are also performed. These results confirm that polynuclear structures with pseudohalogen ligands can be considered as probable new superhalogens with enhanced properties.
Anchoring Mechanism of ZnO Nanoparticles on Graphitic Carbon Nanofiber Surfaces through a Modified Co‐Precipitation Method to Improve Interfacial Contact and Photocatalytic Performance
Authors: Dillip Gowra Raghupathy , Banerjee Arghya Narayan , Anitha Veettikunnu Chandran , Joo Sang Woo , Min Bong Ki , Sawant Sandesh Y. , Cho Moo Hwan
Published: September 2015

A facile three‐step co‐precipitation method is developed to synthesize graphitic carbon nanofibers (CNFs) decorated with ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). By interchanging intermediate steps of the reaction processes, two kinds of nanohybrids are fabricated with stark morphological and physicochemical differences. The morphologies differ because of the different chemical environments of the NP/nanocluster formation. The hybrid with larger and non‐uniform ZnO nanocluster size is formed in liquid phase and resulted in considerable interfacial defects that deteriorate the charge‐transfer properties. The hybrid with smaller and uniform ZnO NPs was formed in a dry solid phase and produced near‐defect‐free interfaces, leading to efficient charge transfer for superior photocatalytic performance. The results broaden the understanding of the anchoring/bonding mechanism in ZnO/CNF hybrid formation and may facilitate further development of more effective exfoliation strategies for the preparation of high‐performance composites/hybrids.
A Fluorescence‐Based Screening Protocol for the Identification of Water Oxidation Catalysts
Authors: Detz Remko J. , Abiri Zohar , Kluwer Alexander M. , Reek Joost N. H.
Published: September 2015

Efficient catalysts are crucial for the sustainable generation of fuel by splitting water. A versatile screening protocol would simplify the identification of novel and better catalysts by using high throughput experimentation. Herein, such a screening approach for the identification of molecular catalysts for chemical oxidation of water is reported, which is based on oxygen‐sensitive fluorescence quenching using an OxoDish. More than 200 reactions were performed revealing several catalysts, for example, a dinuclear Fe complex that produced oxygen under the used reaction conditions. Clark electrode measurements confirmed a similar rate in oxygen evolution, making the developed parallel screening approach a robust and versatile tool to screen for molecular water oxidation catalysts using chemical oxidants under acidic and neutral conditions.
Prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) increases aggression and modulates maternal behavior in offspring mice
Authors: Svirsky Natali , Levy Sigal , Avitsur Ronit
Published: September 2015

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are commonly prescribed antidepressant drugs in pregnant women. SSRIs cross the placental barrier and affect serotonergic neurotransmission in the fetus. Although no gross SSRI‐related teratogenic effects were reported, infants born following prenatal exposure to SSRIs are at higher risk for various developmental abnormalities. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of prenatal SSRI on social and maternal behavior in mice. To this end, pregnant female dams were exposed to saline or fluoxetine (FLX) throughout pregnancy, and the behavior of the offspring was examined. The results indicate that in utero FLX increased aggression in adult males and delayed emergence of maternal behavior in adult females. Social exploration and recognition memory were not affected by prenatal FLX exposure. These findings support the notion that alterations in the development of serotonergic pathways following prenatal exposure to SSRIs are associated with changes in social and maternal behavior throughout life. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58:71–82, 2016.
Pay Attention!: Sluggish Multisensory Attentional Shifting as a Core Deficit in Developmental Dyslexia
Authors: Krause Margaret B.
Published: September 2015

The aim of this review is to provide a background on the neurocognitive aspects of the reading process and review neuroscientific studies of individuals with developmental dyslexia, which provide evidence for amodal processing deficits. Hari, Renvall, and Tanskanen (2001) propose amodal sluggish attentional shifting (SAS) as a causal factor for temporal processing deficits in dyslexia. Undergirding this theory is the notion that when dyslexics are faced with rapid sequences of stimuli, their automatic attentional systems fail to disengage efficiently, which leads to difficulty when moving from one item to the next (Lallieret al.,). This results in atypical perception of rapid stimulus sequences. Until recently, the SAS theory, particularly the examination of amodal attentional deficits, was studied solely through the use of behavioural measures (Facoettiet al.,; Facoetti, Lorusso, Cattaneo, Galli, & Molteni,). This paper examines evidence within the literature that provides a basis for further exploration of amodal SAS as an underlying deficit in developmental dyslexia. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of treating gender dysphoria and anorexia nervosa in a transgender adolescent: Lessons learned
Authors: Strandjord Sarah E. , Ng Henry , Rome Ellen S.
Published: September 2015

Patients with gender dysphoria and patients with eating disorders often experience discontent with their bodies. Several reports have recognized the co‐occurrence of these two conditions, typically in adults who identify as transgender females and desire a more feminine physique. This case report, in contrast, describes a 16‐year‐old patient with a female sex assigned at birth who first presented with features consistent with anorexia nervosa and later revealed underlying gender dysphoria with a drive for a less feminine body shape. We discuss both the path to recognizing gender dysphoria in this patient as well as the impact of treatment on his eating disorder and overall well‐being. This case is one of only a few reports describing a female‐to‐male transgender patient with an eating disorder and is the first to explore the effects of hormone and surgical intervention in an adolescent patient. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:942–945).
Occurrence of an herbicide‐resistant plant trait in agricultural field margins
Authors: Gage Karla L. , Gibson David J. , Young Bryan G. , Young Julie M. , Matthews Joseph L. , Weller Stephen C. , Wilson Robert G.
Published: September 2015

Agricultural environments allow study of evolutionary change in plants. An example of evolution within agroecological systems is the selection for resistance to the herbicide glyphosate within the weed, Conyza canadensis. Changes in survivorship and reproduction associated with the development of glyphosate resistance (GR) may impact fitness and influence the frequency of occurrence of the GR trait. We hypothesized that site characteristics and history would affect the occurrence of GR C. canadensis in field margins. We surveyed GR occurrence in field margins and asked whether there were correlations between GR occurrence and location, crop rotation, GR crop trait rotation, crop type, use of tillage, and the diversity of herbicides used. In a field experiment, we hypothesized that there would be no difference in fitness between GR and glyphosate‐susceptible (GS) plants. We asked whether there were differences in survivorship, phenology, reproduction, and herbivory between 2 GR and 2 GS populations of C. canadensis in agrestal and ruderal habitats. We found that geographic location was an important factor in the occurrence of GR C. canadensis in field margins. Although not consistently associated with either glyphosate resistance or glyphosate susceptibility, there were differences in phenology, survivorship, and herbivory among biotypes of C. canadensis. We found equal or greater fitness in GR biotypes, compared to GS biotypes, and GR plants were present in field margins. Field margins or ruderal habitats may provide refugia for GR C. canadensis, allowing reproduction and further selection to occur as seeds recolonize the agrestal habitat. Agricultural practices may select for ecological changes that feed back into the evolution of plants in ruderal habitats.
Diatom percolation through soils: a proof of concept laboratory experiment
Authors: Tauro Flavia , Martínez‐Carreras Núria , Barnich François , Juilleret Jérôme , Wetzel Carlos E. , Ector Luc , Hissler Christophe , Pfister Laurent
Published: September 2015

Diatoms are unicellular eukaryotic algae that are widely distributed in aquatic environments. In particular, their presence is abundant in stream flows, whereas the instance and transport of cells through subsurface flow is controversial. In this work, we study the transport of diatoms through soils by designing laboratory percolation experiments on undisturbed loamy and sandy soil cores. To label diatom tracers and enhance their detectability, we develop protocols to functionalize frustules of purified diatomite and Conticribra weissflogii cultures with rhodamine 123 and 2‐(4‐pyridyl)‐5[4‐dimethylaminoethyl‐aminocarbamoyl)‐methoxy]phenyloxazole, respectively. Labelled diatoms demonstrate good detectability and resilience under weathering agents. We execute percolation experiments for maximum time domains of approximately 600 min where volumes of water up to 3600 ml are deployed on the soil core surface. Under such experimental conditions, fluorescent diatoms are not recovered in samples of percolated material as per microscopy and spectrofluorometry. While further field studies are needed to fully investigate diatom transport, our findings shed new light on the potential of using biotic tracers for surface hydrological processes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perspectives on fetal derived CD5+ B1 B cells
Authors: Hardy Richard R. , Hayakawa Kyoko
Published: September 2015

CD5+ B‐cell origins and their predisposition to lymphoma are long‐standing issues. Transfer of fetal and adult liver BM Pro‐B cells generates B cells with distinct phenotypes: fetal cells generate IgMhighIgDlowCD5+, whereas adult cells IgMlowIgDhighCD5–. This suggests a developmental switch in B lymphopoiesis, similar to the switch in erythropoiesis. Comparison of mRNA and miRNA expression in fetal and adult Pro‐B cells revealed differential expression of Lin28b mRNA and Let‐7 miRNA, providing evidence that this regulatory axis functions in the switch. Recent work has shown that Arid3a is a key transcription factor mediating fetal‐type B‐cell development. Lin28b‐promoted fetal development generates CD5+ B cells as a consequence of positively selected self‐reactivity. CD5+ B cells play important roles in clearance of apoptotic cells and in protective immune responses, but also pose a risk of progression to leukemia/lymphoma. Differential Lin28b expression in fetal and adult human B‐cell precursors showed that human B‐cell development may resemble mouse, with self‐reactive “innate‐like” B cells generated early in life. It remains to be determined whether such human B cells have a higher propensity to leukemic progression. This review describes our recent research with CD5+ B cells and presents our perspective on their role in disease.
Influence of the nonlinear behavior of viscous dampers on the seismic demand hazard of building frames
Authors: Dall′Asta Andrea , Tubaldi Enrico , Ragni Laura
Published: September 2015

This paper analyzes the influence of damper properties on the probabilistic seismic performance of building frames equipped with viscous dampers. In particular, a probabilistic methodology is employed to evaluate the influence of the damper nonlinearity, measured by the damper exponent, on the performance of structural and nonstructural components of building frames, as described by the response hazard curves of the relevant engineering demand parameters.

The performance variations due to changes in the damper nonlinearity level are evaluated and highlighted by considering two realistic design scenarios and by comparing the results of a set of cases involving dampers with different exponents designed to provide the same deterministic performance. By this way, it is possible to evaluate the influence of the nonlinear response and of its dispersion on the demand hazard. It is shown that the damper nonlinearity level strongly affects the seismic performance and different trends are observed for the demand parameters of interest. A comparison with code provisions shows that further investigation is necessary to provide more reliable design formulas accounting for the damping nonlinearity level. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mentoring Outside the Line: The Importance of Authenticity, Transparency, and Vulnerability in Effective Mentoring Relationships
Authors: Fries‐Britt Sharon , Snider Jeanette
Published: September 2015

Informed by the literature and professional practice, this chapter examines the unique mentoring challenges facing women and underrepresented minorities in higher education. Findings indicate that traditional mentoring approaches fall short in fully supporting the needs of underrepresented populations in higher education.
Transforming the Undergraduate Research Experience Through Sustained Mentoring: Creating a Strong Support Network and a Collaborative Learning Environment
Authors: Camacho Erika T. , Holmes Raquell M. , Wirkus Stephen A.
Published: September 2015

This chapter describes how sustained mentoring together with rigorous collaborative learning and community building contributed to successful mathematical research and individual growth in the Applied Mathematical Sciences Summer Institute (AMSSI), a program that focused on women, underrepresented minorities, and individuals from small teaching institutions who might not have had the opportunity to do research otherwise. The collective learning and developmental experiences of AMSSI's cofounders as students, teaching assistants, and faculty in other research programs, together with their humble upbringings and cultural histories, are what define the unique structure and mentoring blueprint of AMSSI.
Investigation of ectopic recurrent skull base and cervical chordomas: The Institut Curie's proton therapy center experience
Authors: Vogin Guillaume , Calugaru Valentin , Bolle Stéphanie , George Bernard , Oldrini Guillaume , Habrand Jean‐Louis , Mammar Hamid , Dendale Rémi , Salleron Julia , Noël Georges , Feuvret Loïc
Published: September 2015

Background

Cervical and skull base chordomas may relapse locally, marginally, or in ectopic sites (ie, surgical pathway, lymph nodes, prevertebral space, subdural space, or distant organs).

Methods

Among 371 patients treated between 1995 and 2010, we matched the initial dosimetry with the 3D imaging of recurrence and selected the patients with isolated ectopic recurrence.

Results

During our follow‐up, we identified 13 patients who developed ectopic relapses (n = 18) in the form of lung metastasis (n = 2), axial dissemination (n = 6), nodal recurrence (n = 2), subcutaneous metastasis (n = 3), and/or seeding along the surgical pathway (n = 5). Despite treatment of these 13 patients with radiation, surgical interventions, and/or chemotherapy, we could only salvage 5 patients with recurrence in surgical pathway, whereas the remaining 8 patients succumbed to a poor prognosis.

Conclusion

Our study emphasizes an urgent need for prediction and early diagnosis of ectopic relapses in patients with cervical and skull base chordoma to improve accuracy of their aggressive treatments. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1238–E1246, 2016
Human immunodeficiency virus and liver disease: An update
Authors: Sherman Kenneth E. , Rockstroh Juergen , Thomas David
Published: September 2015

Human immunodeficiency viral (HIV) infection affects approximately 1.2 million persons in the United States and 35 million worldwide. Progression to advanced liver disease remains a leading cause of death among HIV‐infected persons in the United States and elsewhere. Though mortality from HIV complications has been dramatically reduced wherever effective combination antiretroviral therapy is used, there has been little impact on liver‐related mortality. Causes of liver disease in the setting of HIV infection include viral hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, drug‐associated toxicities, and other metabolic/genetic disorders which interact in an environment modulated by persistent immune activation and altered cytokine display. Conclusion: Despite significant advances in treatment of hepatitis C virus and suppression of hepatitis B virus, treatment and management principles for liver disease in HIV‐infected patients remain challenging; limited resources, fragmented health care, and high levels of injection drug use, alcohol use, and depression remain relevant issues in the HIV‐infected patient.(Hepatology 2015;62:1871–1882)
Prognosis of acute variceal bleeding: Is being on beta‐blockers an aggravating factor? A short‐term survival analysis
Authors: de Souza Andrea Ribeiro , La Mura Vincenzo , Berzigotti Annalisa , García‐Pagán Juan Carlos , Abraldes Juan G. , Bosch Jaime
Published: September 2015

Nonselective beta‐blockers (NSBB) are widely used because they have been proved effective in the prophylaxis of acute variceal bleeding (AVB). However, a significant proportion of patients still experience AVB while on treatment with NSBB, and its impact on prognosis of AVB is unknown. The present study was aimed at assessing the effect of being on prophylactic therapy with NSBB on 5‐day failure and 6‐week mortality of patients with cirrhosis admitted with AVB. Included were 142 patients: 49 were receiving prophylactic therapy with NSBB (NSBB group) and 93 were not (control group). There were some differences in the baseline characteristics between the groups: higher proportion of alcoholic etiology and active alcoholism (37% versus 10%), higher platelet count, and lower hematocrit at admission in the control group. However, the severity of AVB and initial treatment were similar. Five‐day failure occurred in 20% of patients (14% in NSBB versus 24% in controls, P = 0.27). The adjusted odds ratio for 5‐day failure under NSBB was 2.46 (95% confidence interval 0.53‐11.37, P = 0.25). Nineteen patients (13%) died, and two had liver transplantation within 6 weeks. The probability of survival at 6 weeks was 96% in the NSBB group and 82% in the control group (P = 0.02). After adjusting by propensity score and Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease score, the NSBB adjusted odds ratio for 6‐week mortality was 0.38 (95% confidence interval 0.05‐2.63, P = 0.32). The estimated association between NSBB with both 5‐day failure and 6‐week mortality was homogenous across all Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease spectrums. Conclusion: Prophylactic NSBB treatment is not a negative prognostic indicator for the short‐term survival of patients with cirrhosis admitted with AVB.(Hepatology 2015;62:1840–1846)