bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Double Diffusive Convective Flow Study of a Hybrid Nanofluid in an Inverted T-Shaped Porous Enclosure Under the Influence of Soret and Dufour Prameters
Authors: Kumar Sumant , Kumar B. V. Rathish , Krishna Murthy S. V. S. S. N. V. G.
Published: June 2023

This study presents a numerical investigation to examine the influence of Soret and Dufour parameters on the double-diffusive convective flow of a hybrid nanofluid within an inverted T-shaped porous enclosure. The thermophysical properties and numerical values of the hybrid nanofluid are adopted from experimentally published data. The mathematical model is formulated based on the generalized Darcy–Brinkmann–Forchheimer equation and subsequently simulated using the penalty finite element method. A parametric study is conducted, encompassing a wide range of parameters for Rayleigh number, Darcy number, porosity value, buoyancy ratio, Lewis number, Soret parameter, and Dufour parameter. The resulting flow patterns, temperature distribution (isotherms), and concentration distribution (isoconcentration plots) provide insights into the fluid flow, heat transfer, and mass transfer phenomena within the physical domain. Furthermore, the heat and mass transfer rates at the heated (concentrated) wall are quantitatively evaluated by the mean Nusselt number and mean Sherwood number, respectively, considering various combinations of flow parameters. As a key finding, it is observed that the smaller value of the Rayleigh number remains insignificant at convective flow of thermal and solute phenomena. Moreover, the higher value of Ra reinforces the convective strength of hybrid nanofluid, and it helps to identify the real impact of each parameter. Thus, at a higher Rayleigh number, it is observed that the increasing value of Darcy number, porosity value, Lewis number, and buoyancy ratio significantly influence the convective flow of heat and solute transport activity, whereas the impact of Soret and Dufour parameters shows a relatively less influence on the heat and mass transfer phenomena.
Foldable electrochromic NiO films
Authors: Su Xi , Tu Zexin , Ji Liwei , Wu Hao , Xu Hongxing , Liu Chang
Published: June 2023

Foldable electrochromic NiO films were achieved through plasma enhanced e-beam evaporation on indium-doped tin oxide coated polyethylene naphthalate two formic acid glycol ester substrates. These films displayed fast coloration and bleaching times of 3.3 and 0.5 s, respectively, and were highly transparent in the visible region. The electrochromic properties of the films were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and spectrophotometry in an aqueous alkaline electrolyte of 0.1 M KOH. The films exhibited a coloration efficiency of 23.1 cm2/C at 550 nm. The films maintained their functionality even after being folded 1000 times under concave conditions.
A three-dimensional active cloaking strategy for the Helmholtz equation that exploits the symmetry of the platonic solids
Authors: Yeung Cheuk-Him , Parnell William J. , Shearer Tom
Published: June 2023

An active cloaking strategy for the scalar Helmholtz equation in three dimensions is developed by placing active sources at the vertices of Platonic solids. In each case, a “silent zone” is created interior to the Platonic solid and only the incident field remains in a defined region exterior to this zone. This distribution of sources ensures that implementation of the cloaking strategy is efficient: once the multipole source amplitudes at a single source location are determined, the other amplitudes are calculated by multiplying the multipole source vector by a rotation matrix. The technique is relevant to any scalar wave field.
Spatially resolved single-cell translatomics at molecular resolution
Authors: Zeng Hu , Huang Jiahao , Ren Jingyi , Wang Connie Kangni , Tang Zefang , Zhou Haowen , Zhou Yiming , Shi Hailing , Aditham Abhishek , Sui Xin , Chen Hongyu , Lo Jennifer A. , Wang Xiao
Published: June 2023

The precise control of messenger RNA (mRNA) translation is a crucial step in posttranscriptional gene regulation of cellular physiology. However, it remains a challenge to systematically study mRNA translation at the transcriptomic scale with spatial and single-cell resolution. Here, we report the development of ribosome-bound mRNA mapping (RIBOmap), a highly multiplexed three-dimensional in situ profiling method to detect cellular translatome. RIBOmap profiling of 981 genes in HeLa cells revealed cell cycle–dependent translational control and colocalized translation of functional gene modules. We mapped 5413 genes in mouse brain tissues, yielding spatially resolved single-cell translatomic profiles for 119,173 cells and revealing cell type–specific and brain region–specific translational regulation, including translation remodeling during oligodendrocyte maturation. Our method detected widespread patterns of localized translation in neuronal and glial cells in intact brain tissue networks.
Response to Comment on “The lower Cambrian lobopodian
Cardiodictyon
resolves the origin of euarthropod brains”
Authors: Strausfeld Nicholas J. , Hou Xianguang , Sayre Marcel E. , Hirth Frank
Published: June 2023

Budd
et al
. challenge the identity of neural traces reported for the Cambrian lobopodian
Cardiodictyon catenulum.
Their argumentation is unsupported, as are objections with reference to living Onychophora that misinterpret established genomic, genetic, developmental, and neuroanatomical evidence. Instead, phylogenetic data corroborate the finding that the ancestral panarthropod head and brain is unsegmented, as in
C. catenulum
.
Water, now and then
The Three Ages of Water: Prehistoric Past, Imperiled Present, and a Hope for the Future
Peter Gleick
PublicAffairs, 2023. 368 pp.
Authors: Aczel Miriam
Published: June 2023

Reflecting on humanity’s intertwined history with water, a scientist offers actionable advice for meeting future needs
Cyanotriazoles are selective topoisomerase II poisons that rapidly cure trypanosome infections
Authors: Rao Srinivasa P. S. , Gould Matthew K. , Noeske Jonas , Saldivia Manuel , Jumani Rajiv S. , Ng Pearly S. , René Olivier , Chen Yen-Liang , Kaiser Marcel , Ritchie Ryan , Francisco Amanda Fortes , Johnson Nila , Patra Debjani , Cheung Harry , Deniston Colin , Schenk Andreas D. , Cortopassi Wilian A. , Schmidt Remo S. , Wiedemar Natalie , Thomas Bryanna , Palkar Rima , Ghafar Nahdiyah A. , Manoharan Vanessa , Luu Catherine , Gable Jonathan E. , Wan Kah Fei , Myburgh Elmarie , Mottram Jeremy C. , Barnes Whitney , Walker John , Wartchow Charles , Aziz Natasha , Osborne Colin , Wagner Juergen , Sarko Christopher , Kelly John M. , Manjunatha Ujjini H. , Mäser Pascal , Jiricek Jan , Lakshminarayana Suresh B. , Barrett Michael P. , Diagana Thierry T.
Published: June 2023

Millions who live in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa are at risk of trypanosomatid infections, which cause Chagas disease and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). Improved HAT treatments are available, but Chagas disease therapies rely on two nitroheterocycles, which suffer from lengthy drug regimens and safety concerns that cause frequent treatment discontinuation. We performed phenotypic screening against trypanosomes and identified a class of cyanotriazoles (CTs) with potent trypanocidal activity both in vitro and in mouse models of Chagas disease and HAT. Cryo–electron microscopy approaches confirmed that CT compounds acted through selective, irreversible inhibition of trypanosomal topoisomerase II by stabilizing double-stranded DNA:enzyme cleavage complexes. These findings suggest a potential approach toward successful therapeutics for the treatment of Chagas disease.
Observation of Rydberg moiré excitons
Authors: Hu Qianying , Zhan Zhen , Cui Huiying , Zhang Yalei , Jin Feng , Zhao Xuan , Zhang Mingjie , Wang Zhichuan , Zhang Qingming , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Cao Xuewei , Liu Wu-Ming , Wu Fengcheng , Yuan Shengjun , Xu Yang
Published: June 2023

Rydberg excitons, the solid-state counterparts of Rydberg atoms, have sparked considerable interest with regard to the harnessing of their quantum application potentials, but realizing their spatial confinement and manipulation poses a major challenge. Lately, the rise of two-dimensional moiré superlattices with highly tunable periodic potentials provides a possible pathway. Here, we experimentally demonstrate this capability through the spectroscopic evidence of Rydberg moiré excitons (X
RM
), which are moiré-trapped Rydberg excitons in monolayer semiconductor tungsten diselenide adjacent to twisted bilayer graphene. In the strong coupling regime, the X
RM
manifest as multiple energy splittings, pronounced red shift, and narrowed linewidth in the reflectance spectra, highlighting their charge-transfer character wherein electron–hole separation is enforced by strongly asymmetric interlayer Coulomb interactions. Our findings establish the excitonic Rydberg states as candidates for exploitation in quantum technologies.
mSphere of Influence: Systemic decoding gene function in
Toxoplasma gondii
pathogenesis—CRISPR screens and beyond
Authors: Wang Yifan
Published: June 2023

Yifan Wang works in the field of molecular parasitology with a focus on host-pathogen interactions. In this mSphere of Influence article, he reflects on how papers entitled “A genome-wide CRISPR screen in
Toxoplasma
identifies essential apicomplexan genes” by S. M. Sidik, D. Huet, S. M. Ganesan, M.-H. Huynh, et al. (Cell 166:1423.e12–1435.e12, 2016,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.019
) and “Mapping host-microbe transcriptional interactions by dual Perturb-seq” by S. Butterworth, K. Kordova, S. Chandrasekaran, K. K. Thomas, et al. (bioRxiv,
https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.04.21.537779
) made an impact on his research and changed the way he thinks how functional genomics and high-throughput screens provide novel insights into pathogen pathogenesis.
RNA-Protein Interactome at the Hepatitis E Virus Internal Ribosome Entry Site
Authors: Kumar Shiv , Verma Rohit , Saha Sandhini , Agrahari Ashish Kumar , Shukla Shivangi , Singh Oinam Ningthemmani , Berry Umang , Anurag  , Maiti Tushar Kanti , Asthana Shailendra , Ranjith-Kumar C. T. , Surjit Milan
Published: June 2023

Protein synthesis is a fundamental process for survival and proliferation of all living organisms. The majority of cellular proteins are produced through cap-dependent translation.
Supplemental Material: Timing of carbon uptake by oceanic crust determined by rock reactivity
Authors: Albers Elmar , al. et
Published: June 2023

Original data and supporting figures.  
Supplemental Material: Development of a back-arc basin from initial rifting to seafloor spreading: Constraints from Paleozoic basic rocks in the North Qinling accretionary orogen, central China
Authors: Chang Huan , Wu Yuan-Bao , al. et
Published: June 2023

Figures S1–S6. Table S1: Zircon U-Pb isotopic data obtained by SIMS for samples 16QL87 and 16QL89 from the mafic dikes of the Qinling orogen. Table S2: Major (in wt%) and trace element (in ppm) contents of the mafic dike samples and international and Chinese standards. Table S3: Whole-rock Sr-Nd-Hf isotope compositions of the mafic dike samples (t = 453 Ma). Table S4: Zircon Hf and O isotopic data obtained by LA-MC-ICPMS and SIMS for samples 16QL87 and 16QL89, respectively. 
Supplemental Material: East Asian summer monsoon variations across the Miocene–Pliocene boundary recorded by sediments from the Guide Basin, northeastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liu Xingwan , Nie Junsheng , et al.
Published: June 2023

Supplementary text and illustrations.
Effect of Small Angles of Attack on Turbulence Generation in Supersonic Boundary Layers on Swept Wings
Authors: Kosinov A. D. , Kocharin V. L. , Liverko A. V. , Semenov A. N. , Semionov N. V. , Smorodsky B. V. , Tolkachev S. N. , Yatskikh A. A.
Published: June 2023

We present the new (for Mach numbers М = 3 and 3.5) and generalizing (for Mach numbers from 2 to 4) results of experimental investigations on the effect of small angles of attack on laminar-turbulent transition in the supersonic boundary layer on a swept wing with the leading-edge slip angle of 72°. The angle-of-attack variation has a strong effect on the transition Reynolds number. The transition Reynolds number decreases with increase in the Mach number. The measurements were carried out by means of a constant-temperature hot-wire anemometer using the proven procedure of determining the transition location. The eN method is used for the first time for numerically estimating the transition Reynolds numbers in the supersonic boundary layer on a swept wing with the leading-edge slip angle of 72°. The growth of the amplitudes of the steady and unsteady modes of the boundary layer crossflow are calculated in accordance with the linear stability theory, within the framework of the Lees–Lin system of equations. The numerical results indicate that, in accordance with the experimental results, laminar-turbulent transition in the boundary layer on the model swept wing is governed by the growth of stationary modes of the crossflow instability.
Social determinants of visceral leishmaniasis elimination in Eastern Africa
Authors: Alvar Jorge , Beca-Martínez Maria Teresa , Argaw Daniel , Jain Saurabh , Aagaard-Hansen Jens
Published: June 2023

Visceral leishmaniasis is a vector-borne, protozoan disease with severe public health implications. Following the successful implementation of an elimination programme in South Asia, there is now a concerted endeavour to replicate these efforts in Eastern Africa based on the five essential elimination pillars of case management, integrated vector management, effective surveillance, social mobilisation and operational research. This article highlights how key social determinants (SD) of health (poverty, sociocultural factors and gender, housing and clustering, migration and the healthcare system) operate at five different levels (socioeconomic context and position, differential exposure, differential vulnerability, differential outcomes and differential consequences). These SD should be considered within the context of increasing the success of the five-pillar elimination programme and reducing inequity in health.
Senior trainee as endoscopy teacher: impact on trainee learning and attending experience
Authors: Feuille Colin , Sewell Justin L
Published: June 2023

Objective

Training in how to effectively teach endoscopy is not included in most gastroenterology (GI) training programme curricula, yet many gastroenterologists are expected to teach endoscopy in their careers. Near-peer teaching could help senior GI trainees learn how to teach endoscopy and have benefits for junior trainees. We performed a qualitative study of a peer teaching initiative where senior trainees taught endoscopy to junior trainees under attending supervision.

Design

We observed endoscopy sessions where the senior trainee taught a junior trainee under attending supervision, and then conducted individual interviews with the senior trainee teacher, junior trainee learner and attending to characterise affordances and barriers to learning. We performed thematic analysis on anonymised interview transcripts.

Results

10 observations and 30 interviews were completed. Junior trainees reported senior trainees more approachable than attendings and explained concepts in more understandable ways. Senior trainees reported the teaching role improved skill at both teaching and performing endoscopy. Attendings reported positive impressions of the experience for senior trainees, and generally positive impressions with some reservations of the experience for junior trainees. A few barriers to learning were reported, but they were generally perceived as being outweighed by affordances. An area for improvement was setting clear expectations for senior trainee and attending roles before the session.

Conclusion

Near-peer endoscopy teaching was feasible and provided perceived affordances for junior and senior trainees alike, with few barriers. Incorporating formal training in teaching endoscopy into GI training programme curricula may produce both better endoscopists and better endoscopy teachers.
Recurrent myocardial infarction and emergency department visits: a retrospective study on the Stockholm Area Chest Pain Cohort
Authors: Holzmann Martin J , Andersson Tomas , Doemland Martha L , Roux Sébastien
Published: June 2023

Background

Patients who experience acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are at risk of recurrent AMI. Contemporary data on recurrent AMI and its association with return emergency department (ED) visits for chest pain are needed.

Methods

This Swedish retrospective cohort study linked patient-level data from six participating hospitals to four national registers to construct the Stockholm Area Chest Pain Cohort (SACPC). The AMI cohort included SACPC participants visiting the ED for chest pain diagnosed with AMI and discharged alive (first primary diagnosis of AMI during the study period not necessarily the patient’s first AMI). The rate and timing of recurrent AMI events, return ED visits for chest pain and all-cause mortality were determined during the year following index AMI discharge.

Results

Among 1 37 706 patients presenting to the ED with chest pain as principal complaint from 2011 to 2016, 5.5% (7579/137 706) were hospitalised with AMI. In total, 98.5% (7467/7579) of patients were discharged alive. In the year following index AMI discharge, 5.8% (432/7467) of AMI patients experienced ≥1 recurrent AMI event. Return ED visits for chest pain occurred in 27.0% (2017/7467) of index AMI survivors. During a return ED visit, recurrent AMI was diagnosed in 13.6% (274/2017) of patients. One-year all-cause mortality was 3.1% in the AMI cohort and 11.6% in the recurrent AMI cohort.

Conclusions

In this AMI population, 3 in 10 AMI survivors returned to the ED for chest pain in the year following AMI discharge. Furthermore, over 10% of patients with return ED visits were diagnosed with recurrent AMI during that visit. This study confirms the high residual ischaemic risk and associated mortality among AMI survivors.
Digitally enabled acute care for atrial fibrillation: conception, feasibility and early outcomes of an AF virtual ward
Authors: Kotb Ahmed , Armstrong Susanne , Koev Ivelin , Antoun Ibrahim , Vali Zakariyya , Panchal Gaurav , Barker Joseph , Mavilakandy Akash , Chin Shui Hao , Lazdam Merzaka , Ibrahim Mokhtar , Sandilands Alastair , Somani Riyaz , Ng G Andre
Published: June 2023

Background

Atrial fibrillation (AF) represents a growing healthcare challenge, mainly driven by acute hospitalisations. Virtual wards could be the way forward to manage acute AF patients through remote monitoring, especially with the rise in global access to digital telecommunication and the growing acceptance of telemedicine post-COVID-19.

Methods

An AF virtual ward was implemented as a proof-of-concept care model. Patients presenting acutely with AF or atrial flutter and rapid ventricular response to the hospital were onboarded to the virtual ward and managed at home through remote ECG-monitoring and ‘virtual’ ward rounds, after being given access to a single-lead ECG device, a blood pressure monitor and pulse oximeter with instructions to record daily ECGs, blood pressure, oxygen saturations and to complete an online AF symptom questionnaire. Data were uploaded to a digital platform for daily review by the clinical team. Primary outcomes included admission avoidance, readmission avoidance and patient satisfaction. Safety outcomes included unplanned discharge from the virtual ward, cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality.

Results

There were 50 admissions to the virtual ward between January and August 2022. Twenty-four of them avoided initial hospital admission as patients were directly enrolled to the virtual ward from outpatient settings. A further 25 readmissions were appropriately prevented during virtual surveillance. Patient satisfaction questionnaires yielded 100% positive responses among participants. There were three unplanned discharges from the virtual ward requiring hospitalisation. Mean heart rate on admission to the virtual ward and discharge was 122±26 and 82±27 bpm respectively. A rhythm control strategy was pursued in 82% (n=41) and 20% (n=10) required 3 or more remote pharmacological interventions.

Conclusion

This is a first real-world experience of an AF virtual ward that heralds a potential means for reducing AF hospitalisations and the associated financial burden, without compromising on patients’ care or safety.
Growth Strategies and Poverty Reduction
Authors: Osmani Siddiqur Rahman
Published: June 2023

Recent evidence confirms the existence of a positive growth-poverty nexus—sustained growth almost invariably leads to sustained reduction of poverty. The mere existence of this nexus, however, does not suggest what kind of growth strategy is best suited for poverty reduction. This paper shows that there can exist important trade-offs between growth and poverty reduction so that the policies that maximize the rate of growth need not always maximize the rate of poverty reduction. Evaluation of alternative growth strategies shows that the so-called win-win policies that maximize growth and poverty reduction at the same time are not plentiful. However, experience shows that the combination of policies that promote agriculture at the early stages of development and redistribute assets, especially human capital, toward the poor within a relatively open trade regime can go a long way toward combining rapid growth with rapid reduction of poverty.
Poverty Reduction Issues: Village Economy Perspective
Authors: Otsuka Keijiro
Published: June 2023

Since land and human capital are the two most important resources in rural areas, it is essential to increase the amount of land and human capital owned by the poor and to increase wage rates for them by increasing labor demand, in order to reduce rural poverty. The major policy means to achieve such goals are land reform, investment in agricultural research, investment in human capital, and promotion of rural industrialization. Polices intended to reduce rural poverty, however, are often ineffective and sometimes result in adverse consequences. The major purposes of this paper are to identify major flaws of the existing policies and to derive policy implications for more effective poverty reduction, through a survey of the literature on land reform and land tenancy, agricultural research, human capital investment, and rural industrialization.
How Does Spousal Education Matter? Some Evidence from Cambodia
Authors: Fujii Tomoki , Ear Sophal
Published: June 2023

An econometric analysis of the World Food Programme Civil Insecurity Baseline Survey (1998) and Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (1999) data is undertaken to examine the role of education and literacy in explaining household expenditure, as hypothesized in human capital theory where education is an investment with returns in the form of income. Explanatory variables were selected from a large set of observed variables by a systematic procedure to avoid the bias arising from arbitrary model selection. Spousal education and literacy are found to be significant explanatory variables in the determination of household expenditure, exceeding even the coefficients attached to the head of household. This suggests that educated and literate spouses may have a significant unobserved role in household consumption decisions and income determination in Cambodia. This finding builds on existing international literature on the importance of maternal and girls’ education in economic development and offers a number of important policy implications.
Monetary Cooperation in East Asia: A Survey
Authors: Fabella Raul
Published: June 2023

This paper surveys the growing literature on monetary cooperation in East Asia that goes beyond the Chiang Mai Initiative. It compares and contrasts the various proposals for cooperation such as the Williamson basket peg, the Asian monetary system, and the yen block as to their crisis prevention impact and their feasibility, both economic and political. The paper also reviews the evidence on the readiness of East Asia and some of its proper subsets for a currency union in the light of experiences elsewhere, especially of European monetary cooperation. On pure optimum currency area calculus alone, a case can be made for an East Asian currency union. But the great historical, developmental, political, and cultural diversity here highlighted stands as a formidable obstacle. Nonetheless, as the experience of Euroland shows, the very pursuit of even such a distant vision already brings benefits to participants.
Foreign Direct Investment by the Republic of Korea in the People’s Republic of China
Authors: Shin Mannsoo , Mirza Hafiz , Kim Kyu-Nam
Published: June 2023

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the patterns and performance of outward foreign direct investment from the Republic of Korea to the People’s Republic of China using five performance measures of the subsidiaries and four explanatory variables. The explanatory variables have close correlations with the export to sales ratio, the local management ratio, and the local procurement ratio (three performance measures selected to reflect subsidiaries’ contribution to the host country). However, no clear relationship was found between explanatory variables and financial performance measures such as operating profit on sales and net profit on sales. In terms of strength of the relationship, the number of years a subsidiary has been in operation was found to have a consistently positive and significant relationship with the export to sales ratios in the three manufacturing industries examined. In light of the major findings, an important aspect is that since the characteristics of subsidiaries may affect performance in different (sometimes opposite) ways, policymakers should establish and implement foreign direct investment policies in a differentiated and targeted manner.
Creating Good Employment Opportunities for the Rural Sector
Authors: Foster Andrew
Published: June 2023

This paper examines the potential for sector-specific productivity growth, human capital, credit markets, and infrastructure to contribute to the development of stable, well-paid employment in rural areas of low-income countries. Particular emphasis is placed on the way that different sectors of the rural economy interact with each other and with local and regional product markets. A simple theoretical framework and descriptive analysis of panel data from India suggests that more emphasis should be placed on increasing the production of goods that incorporate local agricultural products as inputs.
Asian Development Strategies in a Changing World Economy
Authors: Naya Seiji , Samuel M. K.
Published: June 2023

During the 1960s and 1970s, most developing countries, including those in Asia, increased their economic growth rates in an expanding and favorable world economy. By the end of the 1970s, however, the effects of deep recession in the industrialized countries began to be felt throughout the developing world. The early years of the 1980s have been marked by sharply reduced rates of real economic growth, no expansion in international trade, and stagnating official financial flows to developing countries. There are now promising signs of economic recovery in some major industrialized countries, but the uncertainties about the strength and durability of the recovery, together with the proliferation of protectionist measures in the industrialized countries, make the economic prospects of developing countries far from clear…
The External Debt-Servicing Capacity of Asian Developing Countries
Authors: Lee Jungsoo
Published: June 2023

During the past ten years, the external debts of the developing countries have increased at an unprecedented rate. According to estimates of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the total long-term debt (disbursed) of 158 developing countries increased at an annual rate of 19.3 per cent between 1972 and 1982, reaching $626 billion at the end of 1982. The World Bank has estimated that the external debt of 98 developing countries increased at about the same rate over the period, totalling $529 billion at the end of 1982. A notable feature of the change in the external debt situation of the developing countries is that their debt-service payments have increased at a much faster rate than their debt outstanding. This is because of the rapid growth in their borrowings from foreign commercial banks and rising international interest rates…
Industrialization and Technological Progress in Japan
Authors: Minami Ryoshin
Published: June 2023

In what are now “developed” countries, industrialization has been the core of their modern economic growth. The increase in output of their industrial sectors, particularly of the manufacturing subsector, both in absolute terms and as a proportion of gross domestic product (GDP), has provided the basis for self-sustaining economic growth…
Industrialization Strategies in Labor-Abundant Countries
Authors: Papanek Gustav F.
Published: June 2023

To an economist, the most sensible industrialization strategy for a labor-abundant country would be based on the adoption of labor-intensive methods of production within each industry and a labor-intensive pattern of output. According to this prescription, investment in industries that are labor-intensive should be maximized and in those that use scarce resources, minimized. In fact, the industrialization strategies of most labor-abundant countries have emphasized the development of industries which involve the use of scarce skills, capital and foreign exchange. One might well ask why this has been the case? How did it come about? Can this approach be justified? If not, what type of policy should be pursued?…
Trade and Protection in the Asian Developing Region
Authors: DeRosa Dean A.
Published: June 2023

Every period poses new challenges to the world economy. The last decade has been marked by a series of problems that have contributed to reduced growth rates or declines in global economic activity. These problems emerged from a sequence of related events, starting with oligopoly pricing of crude petroleum exports, followed by rapid world inflation, disinflation, and, most recently, high real interest rates and external debt repayment problems of an increasing number of developing countries. These economic developments have given rise to international concern about a new era of protectionism that could well have similar deleterious effects on the world economy as those that contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s…
Development Experience in South Asia
Authors: Chakravarty Sukhamoy
Published: June 2023

In recent years, there has been a great deal of discussion on the future role of development planning. In the late 1960s and 1970s, a number of eminent economists extended their support to the cause of development planning on the ground of “market failure”. State intervention was justified on the basis of the superior coordinating ability of the state. Of late, however, the interventionist policies have come under strong criticism. The critics of state intervention would seem to suggest, with varying degrees of emphasis, that the “market” left to itself would bring about a higher rate of development without any noticeable deterioration in the realm of equity. Their arguments are mostly based on the rapid growth recorded by the so-called Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs), particularly the East Asian NICs which have been often cited as examples of market-directed economies. It has been argued that these countries could bring about major structural transformation in a fairly short period by “keeping prices right”. But we are also aware of the role that state initiatives played in the development process of these countries. Apart from the cultural factors and the various conjunctural factors in both the domestic and external sectors of these economies, there were state interventions at strategic points encompassing monetary, fiscal, trade and industrialization policies with a view to formulating and implementing a coherent development strategy…
The Development of Small and Medium-Scale Industries in Thailand
Authors: Krongkaew Medhi
Published: June 2023

There is no dearth of arguments in favor of promoting small and medium-scale industries in the process of national economic development. In a classic textbook on small and medium industries in developing countries up to ten areas were listed in which these industries could contribute positively to national economic development. These areas included, for example, the development of entrepreneurs and managers, the formation of capital assets, the saving of capital, the creation of employment and the geographical spread of industrial development. Another study asserted that the promotion of small and medium industries was justified because they served two major development objectives: the social objectives of stimulation of indigenous entrepreneurship, transformation of traditional industry, and creation of employment; and the economic objectives of dispersal of industry, diversification of industrial structure and increased utilization of resources…
Policy Relevance of Development Economics Revisited
Authors: Kitamura Hiroshi
Published: June 2023

The state of development economics has recently been the subject of a great deal of discussion. This debate has been initiated by Albert Hirschman’s illuminating paper which traced the extraordinarily productive tensions surrounding the birth of a new subdiscipline of economics, called “development economics”, up to several factors leading to its inevitable decline. Since the decline could not “be fully reversed”, the end result had to be the demise of a separate branch of economics. This was welcomed by an ideological stream of the time, the anti-Keynesian counter-revolution, as “conducive to the health of both the economics and the economies of developing countries”, because the subject was wrong and dogmatic and a hindrance rather than a help to our understanding of the development problems, let alone policymaking for economic development…
Rural Poverty in Indonesia: Trends, Issues and Policies
Authors: Tjondronegoro Sediono M. P. , Soejono Irlan , Hardjono Joan
Published: June 2023

The political upheaval that brought about a change in government in 1965 was a major landmark in Indonesia’s history. Economic decline, combined with high inflation rates, had put the pre-1965 government on the threshold of bankruptcy, and poverty was prevalent throughout the country. The country’s gross national product (GNP) per capita of $50 in 1967 was one half that of India and Bangladesh and one fourth that of Malaysia…
Lessons from Tax Reforms in the Asia-Pacific Region
Authors: Asher Mukul G.
Published: June 2023

The period since the late 1970s has been characterized by a series of economic reforms, including tax reforms, in countries with a wide variety of economic systems and income levels. There now appears to be a general consensus, particularly among the countries in the Asia-Pacific region, concerning broad economic policies to bring about sustained economic growth with low to moderate levels of inflation. It centers around the need for conservative macroeconomic policies; the importance of building external economic linkages through trade, investments and other devices; the importance of infrastructure and human resource development; enhancing the capacity of the government and the public sector to effectively design and implement policies but in a narrower range of activities than earlier; and the concomitant increase in the use of the market as an instrument to tackle economic problems…
Comments on “Government and Market in Economic Development” by Cho Soon
Authors: Ito Takatoshi
Published: June 2023

The role of government in economic development has been a focus of intensive study lately. One example is the World Bank’s recent report, The East Asian Miracle, on the experiences of the East Asian countries (World Bank 1993). Cho’s paper (1994) presents a nice summary of his views on the role of government in economic development. My comments consist of three parts: first, an endorsement of Cho’s view on the changing role of government as the economy develops from a primitive stage of development to an industrialized state; second, a discussion of outstanding points with questions and comments; and third, directions for future research…
Tax Evasion: The Developing Country Perspective
Authors: Ahsan Syed M.
Published: June 2023

The paper analyzes the concepts of tax evasion and tax avoidance, and their interaction with the underground economy from the perspective of policy reforms aimed at curbing these activities. It describes how the structure of the economy and that of the tax system influence the nature and scope of evasion and avoidance activities. Analytical modelling of tax evasion point out the significant role of the penalty structure and the detection technology in reducing evasion. More elaborate treatments reveal that the audit strategy may yield better results if they are targeted on the source of income and on the tax instrument in question. Measures such as the devolution of fiscal authority, augmenting the role of presumptive taxation, enforcement of the civil and penal provisions of the tax statutes, as well as further reform of the tax base and its structure would each occupy a central role in the attempt to rein in the evasion-avoidance practices.
Emerging Global Trading Environment: Challenges for Pakistan
Authors: Khan Ashfaque H. , Mahmood Zafar
Published: June 2023

This paper attempts to identify the opportunities opened up by the Uruguay Agreement, costs imposed by it, and the manner in which growing regionalism and interface of trade with labor and environmental standards are expected to influence Pakistan’s trade prospects. This paper also suggests response strategies so that Pakistan can maximize gains or minimize the damage from the changes contemplated in the Agreement. Pakistan’s exports are likely to receive significant tariff and nontariff reduction in their destination. However, market access will only materialize if domestic producers observe standardization and quality control. The GATS provides an opportunity to increase economic efficiency of its services sector. Liberalization of investment regime under TRIMS Agreement is expected to attract foreign direct investment. To satisfy the requirements of the TRIPS Accord, Pakistan will have to make significant changes in its legislation on intellectual property rights. In the midst of growing regionalism, Pakistan’s policy response should be to strengthen regional blocs in its neighborhood (SAARC and ECO). Finally, to satisfy controversial labor and environmental requirements, Pakistan needs a strict compliance to ILO Conventions and international environmental standards.
The Costs of Environmental Regulation in Asia: Command and Control versus Market-based Instruments
Authors: Markandya A.
Published: June 2023

Environmental regulation has been widely applied in Asia, with many governments introducing command and control (CAC) policies to control the levels of industry emissions. This paper first examines the effectiveness of different environmental regulations in Asia. It then examines the cost effectiveness of CAC regulations compared to market-based instruments (MBIs) by evaluating the cost differences between regulation strategies currently employed and the least-cost solution for air and water pollution regulation in the People’s Republic of China, India, Pakistan, and Philippines. The paper concludes that MBIs have a clear cost advantage over CAC regulations and that there are considerable gains to be made from moving to a least-cost solution. Finally, the institutional reforms needed to facilitate the implementation of market-based instruments are discussed.
Nutrition Information Systems for Implementing Child Nutrition Programs
Authors: Mock Nancy , Mason John
Published: June 2023

Nutrition information systems (NIS) provide the information needed for planning and implementing nutrition investment programs. This paper develops a framework to analyze NIS in the study countries. Existing NIS elements in the study countries are reviewed, making recommendations for improvements. Key findings include the need for national household probability surveys that are synchronized among countries and repetitive over time, including information related to both general and micronutrient malnutrition; simplified, routine program information systems that include information use from the household level up, and that take advantage of emerging information technologies; operations research and training for effective growth monitoring and promotion programs; and evaluation research, especially within the first five years, to guide the development of cost-effective country programs. Advocacy and substantial investments in capacity building will be required to ensure that staff from the community level up are able to function effectively in an information culture.
Thermal performance of stretching/shrinking fully wet porous cylindrical and conical pin fin structures by differential transformation approach
Authors: Gireesha B. J. , Keerthi M. L.
Published: June 2023

In this paper, the thermal behavior of cylindrical and conical pin fin structures operating in a convective–radiative environment has been examined. The fully wet porous fin structures are assumed to be mounted with a stretching/shrinking mechanism similar to a conveyer belt. The conical pin fin has been comparatively analyzed with the cylindrical one for three distinct cases of stretching, stagnant, and shrinking. Further, the Darcy model has been employed to analyze the fluid–solid interactions. The differential transformation method (DTM) has been used to solve the resulting second-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations. On the thermal performance of conical and cylindrical pin fin structures, the effects of the stretching/shrinking parameter, Peclet number, wet porous parameter, convective parameter, and radiative parameter have been established graphically. The conical pin fin is found to aid the heat transmission process better than the cylindrical one. The work is also helpful in the realm of microelectronics, particularly in the development of micro-pin-fin structures.
Finite Abelian groups with positive genus subgroup intersection graphs
Authors: Zhu Ling , Su Huadong
Published: June 2023

The intersection graph of subgroups of a finite group [Formula: see text] is a graph whose vertices are all nontrivial subgroups of [Formula: see text] and in which two distinct vertices [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are adjacent if and only if [Formula: see text]. The non-orientable genus of a graph [Formula: see text] is the smallest positive integer [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text] can be embedded on [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]), where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are the surface obtained from the sphere by attaching [Formula: see text] handles and the sphere with [Formula: see text] added crosscaps, respectively. In this paper, we classify all finite abelian groups whose non-oritentable genus of intersection graphs of subgroups are 1–3, respectively.
Perylenemonoimide-subphthalocyanine derivatives: Synthesis, characterization and photovoltaic performance as non-fullerene acceptors in bulk heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Labella Jorge , García-Calvo José , Ramírez-Como Magaly , Pallares Josep , Marsal Lluis F. , Torres Tomás
Published: June 2023

Imide-based Subphthalocyanines (SubPcs) is gaining momentum as non-fullerene acceptors in organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein we report the synthesis, characterization, and photovoltaic performance of Perylenemonoimide (PMI)-SubPc conjugates in which the PMI is linked to the SubPc core by either alkynes or direct C-C bond. These derivatives are prepared via palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. The introduction of PMI units results in a red-shifted absorption, which can be described as the combination of the absorption properties of both SubPc and PMIs fragments. The absorption spectra are thus mainly composed of two transitions, one derived from the SubPc Q-band and the other from transitions within the PMI moieties. These PMI-SubPc systems exhibit moderate acceptor properties and therefore their use as non-fullerene acceptors in bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells is briefly explored.
Redox-responsive 1D-assembly built from cucurbit[8]uril and a water-soluble metalloporphyrin-based tecton
Authors: Chowdhury Shagor , Hennequin Paul , Cala Olivier , Denis-Quanquin Sandrine , Saint-Aman Éric , Frath Denis , Chevallier Floris , Bucher Christophe
Published: June 2023

A linear porphyrin-based tecton bearing two 4,4[Formula: see text]bipyridinium units (viologens) and two monomethyl-ether triethylene glycol-substituted phenyl substituents at the meso positions was synthesized and characterized. The latter was involved in the redox-triggered formation of linear supramolecular assemblies with cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) cavitands in aqueous media. The CB[8]-promoted intermolecular [Formula: see text]-dimerization of the viologen cation radicals introduced at the meso positions of the porphyrin platform has been brought to light through the diagnostic signatures of the 1:2 host-guest ternary caviplexes formed between viologen and CB[8] and by spectroscopic data collected after electrochemical reduction of the viologen-based tectons.
Electrochemistry of tri-N-methylpyridyl porphyrins
Authors: Osterloh W. Ryan , Chilingaryan Tatevik , Habermeyer Benoit , Frochot Céline , Arnoux Philippe , Guilard Roger , Kadish Karl M.
Published: June 2023

Trisubstituted porphyrin derivatives [(TriMPyP)M][Formula: see text]([Formula: see text])3 [Formula: see text][Formula: see text] containing three [Formula: see text]-methyl-4-pyridyl ([Formula: see text][Formula: see text] groups were synthesized and characterized electrochemically and spectroscopically in DMSO containing 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium salts. The effect of specific counter-anions, type of metal ion and number of meso-[Formula: see text][Formula: see text] groups on the redox behavior and spectroscopic properties of the neutral and reduced species are examined before and after controlled potential reduction in a thin-layer cell. Each tri-cationic derivative initially undergoes a global two-electron reduction to give a two-banded absorption spectrum with a broad near-IR band ranging from 750–807 nm depending on the type of metal ion. The position of the near-IR band for the doubly reduced porphyrin was also found to correlate with the number of meso-[Formula: see text][Formula: see text] groups on the macrocycle which varied from 1 to 4 while the first reduction potential remained essentially unchanged upon going from macrocycles with two to three to four meso-[Formula: see text][Formula: see text] groups.