bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Costos de producción de ensilados de pastos tropicales elaborados en lecherías de costa rica
Authors: Villalobos Villalobos Luis , Arce-Cordero Jose , WingChing-Jones Rodolfo
Published: April 2016

Se evaluó el costo de ensilajes elaborados con pastos perennes de piso (kikuyo y estrella africana), de corte (maralfalfa y mombaza) y anuales (avena forrajera, maíz y sorgo) en 31 lecherías de Costa Rica ubicadas en las provincias de Alajuela, Cartago y Guanacaste. La producción de biomasa del forraje utilizado influye directamente sobre el costo final de los ensilajes sin importar el ciclo de cosecha del cultivo, donde los pastos perennes de corte mostraron rendimientos mayores (30-60 tdeMF.ha-1). El costo del kilogramo de ensilado fue mayor en cultivos anuales (9,10-68,11 colones.kg-1 MF) mientras que en pastos perennes de piso (5,89-36,13 colones. kg-1 MF) y de corte (9,82-20,24 colones. kg-1 MF) sus costos fueron similares. Según el tipo de forraje se presentaron diferencias en los rubros de importancia, el establecimiento del forraje mostró tener un mayor peso en los costos de cultivos anuales (43.000-243.000 colones.ha-1; equivalente al 37% de los costos) mientras que el almacenamiento fue el rubro de mayor impacto en pastos perennes de piso (81.000-197.000 colones.ha-1; ~55%) y de corte (31.000-318.000 colones.ha-1; ~57%). Se encontró una gran variabilidad en los precios de los insumos utilizados para ensilar forrajes por lo que los productores deben evaluar su factibilidad en base a las facilidades disponibles en finca y el acceso a los insumos.
MỘT SỐ GIẢI PHÁP PHÁT TRIỂN BỀN VỮNG KINH TẾ ĐẢO VIỆT NAM TRONG BỐI CẢNH BIẾN ĐỔI KHÍ HẬU
Authors: Thoa Le Thi Kim
Published: April 2016

Đảo đóng vai trò hết sức quan trọng trong phát triển kinh tế - xã hội và đảm bảo quốc phòng an ninh. Tuy nhiên, đây cũng là khu vực chịu ảnh hưởng sâu sắc của biến đổi khí hậu, tài nguyên và môi trường biển-đảo đang bị suy thoái và ô nhiễm. Do vậy, trong thời gian qua, nhà nước đã chú trọng xây dựng các chính sách để phát triển kinh tế - xã hội cho các địa phương ven biển và đảo cũng như hoạch định các chính sách quản lý tài nguyên môi trường biển và đảo. Mặc dù vậy, phát triển kinh tế đảo tại Việt Nam vẫn còn nhiều bất cập, hạn chế và thiếu bền vững. Theo quan điểm cá nhân, kinh tế đảo cần được xem xét dựa trên những đặc điểm sinh thái và xã hội của chúng. Bài viết này tập trung nghiên cứu các vấn đề phát triển bền vững kinh tế đảo trong bối cảnh biến đổi khí hậu. Cụ thể bài viết tập trung vào các nội dung sau: (1) Đặc điểm sinh thái và xã hội của đảo; (2) Những thuận lợi, khó khăn trong phát triển kinh tế đảo trong bối cảnh biến đổi khí hậu, (3) Thực trạng phát triển kinh tế đảo ở Việt Nam và (4) Đề xuất các nhóm giải pháp then chốt để phát triển bền vững kinh tế các đảo.
Der katholische Glaubensbegriff und Toleranz. Inspirationen von Paweł Włodkowic
Authors: Zyzak Wojciech
Published: April 2016

Paweł Włodkowic – Latin Paulus Vladimiri (1370-1435): Catholic priest, scholar, jurist, religious and political writer, rector of the Jagiellonian University, defender of Polish interests in disputes with Knights of the Teutonic Order. Paweł Włodkowic was an early teacher of the idea of tolerance, who during the Council of Constance stated that pagan nations have the right to maintain their religious beliefs. Based on the major theological authority of that time, i.e. Saint Thomas Aquinas, Włodkowic could, in the very concept of faith in the Catholic Church, see the most important elements requiring tolerance. The point is, above all, that faith must be an act of human freedom, that it is God’s grace and that it is closely related to reason. These elements have been commented on by authorities such as Edith Stein and Joseph Ratzinger.
Der Tod des Papstes Johannes Paul II. – ein wissenschaftlicher Vergleich von journalistischen Reaktionen auf den Tod des Papstes in Deutschland und in Polen
Authors: Nadskakuła‑Kaczmarczyk Olga
Published: April 2016

The aim of this article is to present the reactions of the Polish and German press to the death of Pope John Paul II, compare and analyze them. This approach allows to understand the differences between Polish and German perception of religion, particularly Christianity and the Catholic Church. Poland and Germany have different religious traditions, a different relationship to the church and to church dogma, rituals and piety. This may be observed as the different ways of looking at the death of Pope John Paul II in Polish and German newspapers.Probably these perceptual differences ensued from the paternal figure of the John Paul II and special emotional Polish attitude to the deceased Polish Pope.
Vi sono ragioni della libertà note al cuore e all’intelletto: il triplo sguardo sulla libertà espresso nei "Ritiri spirituali di Parigi" di Józef Tischner
Authors: Mizdrak Inga
Published: April 2016

In its analysis of human freedom, Józef Tischner’s philosophy poses fundamental questions about the essence of freedom, but also about the sense of preservation of freedom in one’s life. Freedom appears as a primary phenomenon, something that is part and parcel of human nature. Freedom as a structural element of human existence manifests itself perhaps most clearly in the sphere of human relations, which, immersed as they are in the eternal drama of good and evil, are played out in the space between salvation and damnation. The binary character of values, best seen in our use of freedom, keeps us for ever mindful of that unavoidable drama a man has to face, owing to his freedom, need not be helpless.Using such categories as election, space and health of the soul in his Rekolekcje Paryskie, Tischner approaches the definition of freedom through a succession of essential modifications which articulate some fundamental points concerning relations between people and man’s relations with God from an anthropological, axiological, ethical, social and theological perspective. Tischner proposes no definitive interpretation of freedom but, viewing the controversy over freedom as one of the most difficult problems in the philosophy of man, he tries to show what man’s inner freedom consists in and what achievements it makes man capable of.
The Christian Understanding of Happiness
Authors: Zwoliński Andrzej
Published: April 2016

The relationship with God allows man to find the sense of life. Christianity is a humanism – it positions man in the very centre of the world according him the highest place – of the being created after God’s image. The revelation of God’s Love endows man with a new way of enriching himself and others. Thus the desire for happiness gains a new perspective of the divine longing for good.Happiness which Christ promises exceeds the limits of our imagination. It is incon­ceivable and incomprehensible to those living on earth. Heaven is beyond every word, beyond our conception for it bears the meaning which man cannot fully understand. It is the most supreme happiness, absolutely perfect and complete which no one has ever known.A Christian has to achieve in his life something more than the worldly aims. Whoever limits their life to the earth, focuses only on enjoying and using this life to the full; squeezing from it the last drop heedless of the needs of others.
Das christliche Leben als ein Weg – Elemente der Wallfahrtstheologie
Authors: Ostrowski Maciej
Published: April 2016

The Author presents some Biblical texts on symbolic meaning of a way. In theological meaning a way is a symbol of moving forward, developing, growing in the Christian faith, hope, love and wisdom. Progress in the development of sainthood of a person is of a great significance. In this context, the author refers to pilgrimage which is a symbol of the entire Christian life being approaching God. It covers many religious practices, which help to renew the Christian life, develop faith and love.
Proposta de um modelo de identificação da inovação tecnológica para a utilização de incentivos fiscais: um estudo em uma indústria de eletroeletrônicos sul brasileira
Authors: Almeida Dalci Mendes , Junges Ivone
Published: April 2016

As empresas podem se utilizar de incentivos fiscais proporcionados pelo governo para investimentos em pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovação. No entanto, poucas são aquelas que se utilizam de tais benefícios. Um dos motivos é o fato de não saberem identificar a inovação. Nesse sentido, o estudo consiste em elaborar um modelo de identificação da inovação para a utilização de incentivos fiscais. A pesquisa quanto aos objetivos foi classificada como descritiva. No que se refere aos procedimentos de coleta de dados utilizou-se o estudo de caso numa indústria de eletroeletrônicos de grande porte, na região sul brasileira. E, com relação à abordagem do problema, trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa. O modelo foi desenvolvido com base na Lei 11.1196, de 2005, Lei do Bem, no Manual de Oslo e Literatura sobre a Inovação. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam a validade do modelo proposto, uma vez que foi possível identificar a inovação tecnológica (produto, processo, mercado) na empresa estudada para a utilização dos incentivos fiscais da Lei do Bem. Conclui-se que foi possível identificar os diferentes tipos de inovação tecnológica nos projetos de pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovação na empresa estudada.
HOW MUCH MIGHT IS RIGHT? Application of Section 49 of the Criminal Procedure Act
Authors: Maepa Traggy
Published: April 2016

In 1998 the South African parliament voted on the issue of the use of force when effecting an arrest, in order to bring standards of practice in line with the rest of the democratic world. Four years later the law still has not been signed by the state president, largely due to protests by the ministers of Justice and Constitutional Affairs and Safety and Security. The issue has been before the Constitutional Court and in May 2002, this court did what the executive was afraid to do, striking down parts of the Section and clarifying “reasonable force”. But the court ruling still did not go as far as the legislation in protecting citizens.
UNFIT TO OWN A FIREARM? The role of the police in firearm control
Authors: Minnaar Anthony , Mistry Duxita
Published: April 2016

This article draws on a study that examined aspects of the implementation by the South African Police Service (SAPS) of section 11 of the old Arms and Ammunition Act. This section refers to the declaration by the police of a person to be unfit to possess a licensed firearm.Although the police are more vigilant than ever about declaring people unfit, their lack of knowledge about the process needs to be addressed, as does the tendency of police and prosecutors to blame each other for problems that arise. Unless these deficiencies are ironed out soon, they will obstruct the execution of the new Firearms Control Act.
COSTING CRIME: What value is there for policy making?
Authors: Frank Cheryl
Published: April 2016

Studies that purport to count the cost of crime have wide appeal in the private and public sectors, and in the media. Information on the cost of a particular problem and its solution can no doubt assist decision makers. But in the case of crime, assessing the ‘cost’ is so fraught with difficulty that the results hardly seem worth the effort. Some kinds of ‘cost of crime’ studies are more beneficial to the policy process than others, and the findings need to be used with great care.
SECTOR POLICING THAT WORKS: A case study of the West Rand
Authors: Steinberg Jonny
Published: April 2016

In December 1993, the national police commissioner issued a draft National Instruction on sector policing. The West Rand policing area in Johannesburg has interpreted this instruction creatively and ambitiously, and used it to fashion a new style of grassroots policing. This article describes the form of policing taking shape in the West Rand and the challenges facing police officials in the area.
HERE TO STAY: Traditional leaders’ role in justice and crime prevention
Authors: Tshehla Boyane
Published: April 2016

Although legislation exists to govern the incorporation of traditional leaders into the post-1994 democracy, intense debates on the issue continue. Traditional leaders contribute to several spheres of governance, but their role in crime prevention and the administration of justice is more pronounced. The key question should not be whether traditional leaders should perform such functions, but how they can participate in the delivery of local safety.
CROWD CONTROL: Can our public order police still deliver?
Authors: Omar Bilkis
Published: April 2016

From the heavy-handed crowd control under apartheid to the abusive actions of the Internal Stability Division during the early 1990s, public order policing in South Africa has been steeped in controversy. However, things changed after 1994 when this component of the police was radically transformed. With a decline in demand for their specialised services, and a need for more resources, the units have been reorganised into Area Crime Combating Units (ACCUs). While no doubt helping to reduce crime, it is unclear whether the SAPS still has the capacity to manage the increasing number of volatile crowd situations.
GOOD NEWS AND BAD: Public perceptions of crime, corruption and government
Authors: Mattes Robert
Published: April 2016

Idasa and Afrobarometer public opinion surveys conducted since 1994 reveal that levels of reported experiences with crime are unchanged over the past four years, but that public perceptions of overall safety and the performance of the police are actually improving. Of greatest concern is that the January-February 2006 survey found that almost half of all South Africans think that “all” or “most” police officials are involved in corruption. These are the highest rates recorded across ten different types of public servants. In contrast to the improving trends in public perceptions of crime, citizen views of corruption in the police (and other government institutions) are becoming worse.
GOOD COPS? BAD COPS? Assessing the South African Police Service
Authors: Bruce David
Published: April 2016

The South African Police Service is often a target of criticism, more often than not stemming from heightened public emotions regarding the high levels of crime in South Africa. Using the concept of democratic policing as its basis, a recent assessment attempts to evaluate the SAPS against a set of 39 measures. Providing an organisation-wide view of the SAPS, the assessment highlights both positive and negative aspects of the  SAPS, and provides a detailed set of recommendations. The assessment is intended to support democratic oversight of the police by directing attention towards the main issues that should be addressed by oversight bodies.
Can practice make perfect? Security and the 2010 FIFA World Cup
Authors: Burger Johan , Omar Bilkis
Published: April 2016

The security of major events such as the FIFA Confederations Cup (FCC) in 2009 and the FIFA World Cup (FWC) in 2010 is crucial to their success. This article explores South Africa's readiness for the FWC from a security perspective, and considers the security machinery responsible for the planning of the operation and its eventual implementation. It also provides a synopsis of other security operations during 2009, such as the general elections, the Indian Premier League Cricket tournament and the British and Irish Lions rugby tour, and the lessons learnt from these. In addition, policing the wave of service delivery protests and strikes during the first half of 2009 added valuable lessons, especially in relation to crowd management. Finally, the article considers some of the real and potential security threats for the FWC and concludes that, in spite of a few remaining concerns, South Africa has the will and capacity to provide high quality security for one of the world's biggest sporting events.
Oiling the wheels of justice? The RAPCAN Child Witness Project
Authors: Nagia-Luddy Fairouz , Waterhouse Samantha
Published: April 2016

Child court preparation services play a key role in sexual offences courts. These services enhance the ability of child witnesses to testify. This is largely because they support the child, which builds the child's resilience to secondary victimisation and trauma that arise from exposure to the unempathetic systems characteristic of courts. Effective services should, however, draw on a range of disciplines. This article describes the court preparation and support provided by RAPCAN's Child Witness Project and describes the considerations that underpin the services provided.
Discretion, the better part of valour? Empowering traffic officials to make discretionary decisions
Authors: Snyman Rika
Published: April 2016

This article explores discretionary decision-making in a specific traffic police unit. This study was undertaken from a social constructivism perspective, using a single holistic case study design. The research involved presenting scenarios to traffic officials at different stages, first at the end of their training, and then again six months after they started work, to determine how they would deal with situations that required them to use their discretion. The study sought to understand the extent to which exposing newly recruited traffic officials to the realities of traffic road policing influenced their notions of discretionary decision-making. The findings suggest that there are gaps in the training of these traffic officers and it proposes that the existing pedagogical style of training be replaced with an andragogical one, focusing on judgment drills in ethical dilemmas.
"Dip me in chocolate and throw me to the lesbians": Homophobic hate crimes, the state and civil society
Authors: Williams Kerry
Published: April 2016

This article describes some of the shortcomings in the prosecution of a homophobic hate crime as well as a non-governmental organisation’s attempt to influence the sentencing of the perpetrators. The fact that an NGO believed it was necessary to intervene in a criminal case, was allowed to lead evidence, demonstrated the harmful effects of homophobic hate crimes and made arguments that these effects should be used in aggravation of sentence, suggests that NGOs may take on a new proactive roll in the prosecution of crimes involving some forms of prejudice. The NGO was unsuccessful in that the magistrate ultimately passed a lenient sentence, in the form of correctional supervision. The sentence included a condition that the perpetrators participate in ‘awareness programmes of gays and lesbians’, conducted by civil society rather than the state. In so doing, the court missed an opportunity to respect, protect, promote and fulfil the rights of gays and lesbians.
F v MINISTER OF SAFETY AND SECURITY: Vicarious liability and state accountability for the criminal acts of police officers
Authors: Barnes Heidi
Published: April 2016

The Constitutional Court judgement in F v Minister of Safety and Securityis a ground-breaking judgement in two important respects: firstly, it finally does away with the fiction that an employee acts within the course and scope of her employment in the so-called deviation cases in the law of vicarious liability, and secondly it clarifies the normative basis for holding the state vicariously liable for the criminal acts of police officers. In this latter respect it significantly promotes state accountability for the criminal acts of police officers.
Court support workers speak out: Upholding children’s rights in the criminal justice system
Authors: Townsend Loraine , Waterhouse Samantha , Nomdo Christina
Published: April 2016

The prevalence of sexual offences against children in South Africa continues to be among the highest in the world. The quality and accuracy of a child’s testimony is often pivotal to whether cases are prosecuted, and whether justice is done. Child witness programmes assist child victims of sexual abuse to prepare to give consistent, coherent and accurate testimony, and also attempt to ensure that the rights of the child are upheld as enshrined in the various laws, legislative frameworks, directives and instructions that have been introduced since 1994. We draw on information from two studies that sought the perspectives of court support workers to explore whether a child rights-based approach is followed in the criminal justice system (CJS) for child victims of sexual abuse. Findings suggest varying degrees of protection, assistance and support for child victims of sexual abuse during participation in the CJS. The findings revealed that the rights of children to equality, dignity and not to be treated or punished in a cruel, inhuman or degrading way were undermined in many instances. Finally, recommendations are given on ways to mitigate the harsh effects that adversarial court systems have on children’s rights.
Spare the rod and save the child: Assessing the impact of parenting on child behaviour and mental health
Authors: Ward Catherine L , Gould Chandré , Kelly Jane , Mauff Katya
Published: April 2016

Parenting has a considerable impact on children’s behaviour and mental health. Improving child health and behaviour requires an understanding of the relationship between parenting practices; contexual factors such asparental mental health, intimate partner violence, substance abuse and poverty; and children’s behaviour. In this article the authors report the findings of a survey of parenting and child behaviour in a small rural South Africancommunity. The findings show that corporal punishment, the stress of parenting and parental mental health are significantly associated with both children’s internalising (depression and anxiety) and externalising (rulebreakingand aggression) symptoms. Intimate partner violence in the home was also associated with children’s externalising symptoms. These findings imply that parent support and training, and an increase in services to address intimate partner violence and mental health problems, should be prioritised as part of a nationalviolence reduction strategy.
Improving the efficiency of evidence-based interventions: The strengths and limitations of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Tomlinson Mark , Ward Catherine L , Marlow Marguerite
Published: April 2016

Globally, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are increasingly seen as the gold standard of programme evaluation, representing the best way to determine whether new interventions are effective – but they are not without limitations. In this article, we discuss the phases of scientific discovery and the research standards that are necessary before scaling up interventions. We also outline the core characteristics of RCTs, such as randomisation, efficacy and effectiveness, and discuss the benefits of using the RCT as the standard of intervention evaluation. We discuss how ‘realist’ evaluation contributes to what policymakers need to know in order to make a decision about an evaluation and alternatives to the RCT, such as stepped wedge, regression discontinuity, non-randomised cohort, and time series designs.
Sport Discontinuation: An Assessment of Goal Achievement via Empirical Measures
Authors: Marsh John Patrick , Petersen Jeffrey C , Osborne Barbara
Published: April 2016

Collegiate athletic teams are being eliminated at an alarming rate; however, empirical research of athletic spending and participation after these cuts occur is lacking. This study compared whether the proffered rationales for discontinuing teams were consistent with the measurable budgetary and participation outcomes. From a sample of NCAA Division I institutions that discontinued at least one team between the academic years 2000-01 and 2008-09 (N = 125), a total of 49 schools with documented cut rationales were identified. The EADA cutting tool was then used to examine athletic revenues, expenses, and participation numbers from the year prior and the year after the cuts to determine, via descriptive statistics and paired t-tests, if the stated objectives were met. The three reasons primarily cited for the program elimination included: reducing athletic spending (44.9%), reallocating resources (42.9%), and Title IX compliance (18.4%). Statistical analysis revealed that only institutions citing reallocation of athletic resources were able to achieve their stated goals. Institutions citing efforts to reduce athletic spending had significant increases in athletic expenses and none of the institutions citing Title IX compliance achieved substantial proportionality. These results show a troubling disconnection between the elimination rationale and the budgetary and participation outcomes that is worthy of additional investigation.
Not Going Pro: On Seeking Lasting Returns from College Sports
Authors: Horner Matthew , Ternes Neal , McLeod Christopher
Published: April 2016

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) clearly states there are many favorable qualities derived from participation that benefit those “who go pro in something other than sports.” However, the ability of collegiate athletics to deliver on the promise of attributable long-term vocational value is rarely questioned. Instead, student-athletes are encouraged to think of their participation as a personal investment with enduring rewards for the investor. In this study involving former NCAA Division I student-athletes, the authors examined whether participation can be regarded as an investment and how student-athletes perceive the returns thus derived. Extending Becker’s (1962) theory of human capital investment to sport participation, the authors probed participants’ experiences for evidence of investment thinking and lasting benefits in corporeal, economic, social, and cultural varieties. The findings support the notion that participation in collegiate athletics can be broadly defined as an investment, but not in accordance with the long-term utility maximizing rationale described by neoclassical economists. Furthermore, the high cost of participation, inherent uncertainty, and unreliable information confound the athlete’s decision-making and blur the distinction between consumption in the present and investing for the future.
Table of Contents
Authors: Bass Jordan
Published: April 2016

Table of Contents for Special Issue: Political Economy of Amateur Sport
CONFLITOS À MESA: Vegetarianos, consumo e identidade
Authors: Abonizio Juliana
Published: April 2016

Em situações do cotidiano, a experiência de ser vegetariano dá-se em meio a conflitos e inúmeras práticas de negociação que envolvem decisão, recusa, atos de consumo, aproximação e distanciamento entre pessoas com as quais se relaciona. Para entender os percursos de quem opta pelo vegetarianismo, suas motivações e seus conflitos diários em situação de interação social, utilizou-se a autoetnografia (observação sistemática da situação de conflito vivida pela pesquisadora) e entrevistas com vegetarianos de diversas restrições alimentares selecionados por uma metodologia de conveniência.
AUTONOMIA, PREFERÊNCIAS E ASSIMETRIA DE RECURSOS
Authors: Biroli Flávia
Published: April 2016

O artigo discute a noção de autonomia individual com foco na formação das preferências e nos contextos em que as escolhas são realizadas. A definição do problema é orientada pelas críticas feministas contemporâneas aos limites das abordagens liberais assentadas na oposição entre escolhas voluntárias e coerção. Analiso dois casos recentes, e bastante distintos, a ADI 4.424/2010, aprovada pelo STF em 2012, que determina a incondicionalidade da representação nos casos de violência doméstica, e a lei distrital n. 5.146, de 2013, que regula a venda e consumo de alimentos nas escolas. O primeiro permite discutir os limites para a autonomia das mulheres em sociedades que ampliaram significativamente seus direitos; o segundo permite entender a relação entre escolhas individuais, autoridade na família e mercado. Os dois casos mostram as assimetrias no acesso a recursos e nos padrões estruturados das relações de poder que constituem preferências e escolhas.
Oracles of Peace: Topic Modeling, Cultural Opportunity, and the Nobel Peace Prize, 1902–2012*
Authors: Light Ryan , Cunningham Jeanine
Published: April 2016

Social movement frames are dynamic, shifting and embedded within an already existent cultural milieu—a milieu that affects mobilization opportunities. In this article, we invoke the concept of the “cultural clearinghouse” to tackle how broader cultural structures translate to frames or influence frame resonance. Our illustrative case, the Nobel Peace Prize, along with our use of topic modeling, a computational technique that identifies commonalities between texts, offer an important methodological advance for social movement scholars interested in culture, frame formation and resonance, and dynamic approaches to social movement discourse. Our findings show how peace discourse—as represented by Peace Prize acceptance speeches—increasingly has become embedded within broader cultural emphases on globalization and neoliberalism, versus earlier Christian and global institutional schemas. We conclude by discussing the usefulness of our conceptual and methodological advance for movement scholars with special attention to the coupling of new computational techniques and more traditional methods.
Response Problems in the Protest Survey Design: Evidence from Fifty-One Protest Events in Seven Countries*
Authors: Walgrave Stefaan , Wouters Ruud , Ketelaars Pauline
Published: April 2016

Protest surveys are increasingly used to tackle questions related to participation in social movements. However, it is unclear whether they generate useful and valid data. This study puts the protest survey design to the test by relying on data of 51 demonstrations (2009–2011) in seven European countries. We use data on 15,000 protest participants combined with screener questionnaires and extensive debriefing records of the interviewer teams. We account for noncontact (fieldwork problems), immediate and delayed refusal, and refusal bias. Results show that fieldwork problems are frequent, that immediate refusal is low, and that delayed refusal is considerable. Systematic refusal bias is only found for age and education. Differences between countries and protest issues are small but the issue determines the composition of an event which, in turn, leads to higher or lower refusal. Researchers should be cautious when using protest survey data to compare protest events across issues. The paper pleads for standardization and constant monitoring of the data-gathering process.
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor—A Case Report
Authors: Lau Lindfay Laura , Ahmad Syed Shoeb , Farhad Anis , Ghani Shuaibah Abdul ,   Ophthalmology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia,   Ophthalmology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia,   Ophthalmology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia,   Ophthalmology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
Published: April 2016

This case report highlights a 4-year old child with recurrent bilateral proptosis. Investigations revealed the presence of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors in both eyes. These are rarely reported benign tumors. Our case showed unusual features such as orbital involvement, bony erosion and response to corticosteroids.
Enucleation Surgery—Orbital Implants and Surgical Techniques
Authors: Yousef Yacoub A ,   Department of Surgery, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
Published: April 2016

Enucleation consists of surgical removal of the entire eye globe with preservation of the conjunctiva, extraocular muscles, orbital fat, and optic nerve. This surgical procedure is generally accepted treatment for intraocular malignancies, blind painful eye, severely traumatized eye, phthisis bulbi, and to improve cosmetic appearance. Once the eye is removed, orbital volume enhancement typically requires implantation of spherical materials that can be classified into two major groups: non-porous and porous orbital implants. Different surgical techniques have been described in the literature, including muscle imbrication technique and the myoconjunctival enucleation technique (both with a non-integrated implant) and the more recent integrated orbital implants technique that results in less implant-migration and improved prosthesis movement. In this review, we discuss indications, orbital implant choices and the main enucleation surgical techniques reported in the literature.
Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação Aplicadas ao Ensino de Matemática: Desafios e Perspectivas
Authors: Rocha Magno De Souza
Published: April 2016

O presente artigo, sem a pretensão de esgotar o assunto, acolhe algumas vertentes compreendidas por estudiosos que se têm dedicado à pesquisa de novas tecnologias aplicadas ao cotidiano escolar. Objetiva servir como fomento à exploração da interação entre as Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) e o ensino de matemática, como estímulo para a reforma de práticas alinhadas ao processo de ensino-aprendizagem. A escolha deste tema resultou da observação de vieses complexos que, na opinião do pós-graduando, mereceriam maior ênfase em investigação científica com fim ao incremento de práticas educativas. A sondagem, de natureza básica e abordagem qualitativa, compreendeu a realização de levantamento bibliográfico sobre o tema. O exame apontou que, apesar da margem crescente de recursos e ambientes de informação (e de formação) em oferta pós-advento da Internet, persistem sérios desafios para que se possa promover o ensino de matemática em sintonia com o aprendizado esperado.
As noções de gestos e de agir didático para a formação de professores de línguas: interfaces do trabalho docente
Authors: Messias Carla , Dolz Joaquim
Published: April 2016

Neste artigo, discutiremos as noções de gestos fundamentais e de agir didático de professores de língua portuguesa do ensino fundamental. A identificação dos gestos e do agir didático nas atuações dos professores podem servir para uma melhor compreensão do trabalho docente. A focalização que fazemos neste artigo se dá em relação às intervenções do professor em sala de aula, especificamente no que tange ao desenvolvimento de um objeto de ensino relativamente às aprendizagens dos alunos. Para discutir esses dois conceitos, pautamo-nos nos campos teóricos relacionados às ciências do trabalho, à Linguística Aplicada e à Didática das Línguas. Metodologicamente, discutimos os procedimentos realizados em duas pesquisas sobre três objetos de ensino diferentes: subordinada relativa, texto argumentativo e a leitura de textos narrativos.A identificação dos gestos e do agir didático na atuação dos professores sobre esses objetos visaa aprendizagens específicas gramaticais, discursivas e leitoras dos alunos. Nossos resultados mostram que as noções de agir e de gesto didático podem contribuir para uma maior compreensão do trabalho do docente. Elas podem também ser usadas pelos professores a fim de melhorar suas formas de atuação em sala de aula. 
There Is No Cure for Existence: On the Medicalization of Psychological Distress
Authors: Albarracin Dolores , Ducousso-Lacaze Alain , Cohen David , Gonon François , Keller Pascal-Henri , Minard Michel
Published: April 2016

The current model of biological psychiatry assumes that mental suffering results from cerebral/neuronal disturbances yet to be identified. Under this model, the lowering of diagnostic thresholds or the invention of new disorders are surprising given that there have been no major etiological findings for decades. No clinical or epidemiological research demonstrates biological causes for problems defined as mental disorders, no more than research validates the numerous categories that supposedly describe them.

The diagnostic spiral leads to the increasing prescription of drugs, sometimes for life, even if they have not been shown to have any substantial positive effect on any measure of “morbidity” for mental disorders. Today, the lives of children and adults are punctuated by the consumption of psychotropic drugs prescribed by physicians who are pushed to diagnose, treat, and control their symptoms.

We aimed at showing that, despite these inarguable failures, the scientific and media discourse gives the public a warped view of reality where progress in biological psychiatric research is unceasing. Therefore we call for a paradigm shift in mental health: critical thinking, openness of mind, and analysis of the scientific and institutional discourse must be encouraged among all practitioners because their ethical commitment to their patients demands it.
Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Burdens Among Jordanian Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Albikawi Zainab Fatehi , Abuadas Mohammad , Al-Jabery Ahmad
Published: April 2016

Purpose: To assess the levels and prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress and to identify factors associated with these emotions among Jordanian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: This descriptive study recruited 149 participants through a convenience sampling technique. Depression, anxiety, and stress burdens were measured through Arabic short version of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995). Results: There were 28.8%, 49.5%, and 33.5% of participants who had moderate-to-extremely severe levels of depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively. The depression, anxiety, and stress burdens were associated with patients’ gender and educational level, and the highest level of depression, anxiety, and stress burdens levels were associated with the presence of diabetes complications and other chronic illness. Conclusion: The findings from this study can guide the health providers to address psychological status for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in their care plans.
The Roles of Body Mass Index and Jealousy in Women’s Perpetration of Sexual Coercion
Authors: Salwen Jessica K. , O’Leary K. Daniel , Hymowitz Genna F.
Published: April 2016

Although a substantial body of research exists on men’s perpetration of sexual coercion, research on women’s perpetration is limited. The authors evaluated a model of women’s sexual coercion perpetration in 448 couples. Women with greater body mass indexes (BMIs) were more likely to perpetrate sexual coercion against an intimate partner. Couple weight status (women with higher BMIs than their partners) moderated the relationship between partners’ BMI differences and women’s jealousy. Furthermore, women’s jealousy mediated the relationship between partners’ BMI differences and women’s sexual coercion. These findings show that BMIs impact sexual and relationship quality and suggest that the literature on men’s sexual coercion perpetration may also apply to women’s perpetration. Limitations, implications for couple therapy, and future research are discussed.
Motivations for Psychological Aggression Among Dating College Students
Authors: Elmquist JoAnna , Hamel John , Febres Jeniimarie , Zapor Heather , Wolford-Clevenger Caitlin , Brem Meagan , Shorey Ryan C. , Stuart Gregory L.
Published: April 2016

There is a growing impetus within the field of aggression research to further elucidate the risk factors, predictors, and correlates of dating violence (DV), particularly among dating couples. Of particular importance is understanding the proximal motivations, or reasons, for DV and whether these motivations differ for men and women. Research examining the motivations for DV has focused almost entirely on physical violence, and findings regarding gender differences in DV motivations have been mixed (Langhinrichsen-Rohling, McCullars, & Misra, 2012). To our knowledge, limited research has examined the motivations for psychological aggression among dating college students, and no research has directly compared men and women’s motivations for psychological aggression. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the motivations for psychological aggression among dating college students (N = 216), and whether these motivations differed by gender. Results demonstrated that expression of negative emotions, jealousy, and communication difficulties were the most frequently endorsed motive categories for both men and women. Men and women did not differ on any motive category. Despite the preliminary nature of this study, several research and clinical implications are addressed.
“I Need to Hear From Women Who Have ‘Been There’”: Developing a Woman-Focused Intervention for Drug Use and Partner Violence in the Emergency Department
Authors: Choo Esther K. , Guthrie Kate Morrow , Mello Michael J. , Wetle Terrie Fox , Ranney Megan L. , Tapé Chantal , Zlotnick Caron
Published: April 2016

Objective: Addressing violence and linking women to community services in parallel with drug change goals is critical for women with coexisting intimate partner violence (IPV) and substance use disorders (SUD). Our objective was to develop a Web-based intervention to address violence and drug use among women patients in the emergency department (ED). Methods: The intervention was developed in a 5-step process: (1) Initial intervention development based on selected theoretical frameworks; (2) In-depth interviews with the target population; (3) Intervention adaptation, with iterative feedback from further interviews; (4) Beta testing and review by an advisory committee of domestic violence advocates; (5) Acceptability and feasibility testing in a small open trial. Results: Themes supported the selection of motivational interviewing (MI) and empowerment models but also guided major adaptations to the intervention, including the introduction of videos and a more robust booster phone call. Participants in the open trial reported high scores for satisfaction, usability, and consistency with essential elements of MI. Conclusions: This qualitative work with our target population of women in the ED with SUD experiencing IPV underscored the importance of connection to peers and empathetic human contact. We developed an acceptable and feasible intervention distinct from prior ED-based brief interventions for substance-using populations.
Portuguese Consensus on the Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Anaemia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Magro Fernando , Ramos Jaime , Correia Luís , Lago Paula , Peixe Paula , Gonçalves Ana Rita , Rodrigues Ângela , Vieira Catarina , Ferreira Daniela , Silva João Pereira , Túlio Maria Ana , Salgueiro Paulo , Fernandes Samuel
Published: April 2016

Introduction: Anaemia can be considered the most common extra-intestinal manifestation in inflammatory bowel disease. Nevertheless, anaemia is often under-diagnosed and under-treated both in adults and children with inflammatory bowel disease. Herein, we report the consensus statements on the management of anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease developed by the Portuguese Working Group on Inflammatory Bowel Disease (known as Grupo de Estudo da Doença Inflamatória Intestinal - GEDII) to aid clinicians in daily management of inflammatory bowel disease patients.
Material and Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted in order to prepare consensus statements on the following topics: (1) prevalence and diagnosis of anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease, (2) iron supplementation for the prevention of anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease and (3) treatment of anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease. The final statements for each topic were discussed at a consensus meeting and rated according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine 2011 Levels of Evidence.
Consensus: It was concluded that anaemia has a high incidence and prevalence in inflammatory bowel disease, particularly in those with active disease and hospitalised. Patients with anaemia had decreased quality of life and frequently complained of fatigue. Absolute indications for intravenous therapy should be considered: (1) moderate to severe anaemia (haemoglobin < 10.5 g/dL) or clearly symptomatic anaemia; (2) previous intolerance to oral iron supplements; (3) inappropriate response to oral iron; (4) active severe intestinal disease; (5) need for a quick therapeutic response (e.g. surgery in the short term); (6) concomitant therapy with erythropoiesis-stimulating agent; and (7) patient’s preference.

 
Relation between QT Variables and Left Ventricular Geometry in Athletes and Obese Children
Authors: Yıldırım Şule , Binnetoğlu Fatih Köksal , Battal Fatih , Aylanç Hakan , Kaymaz Nazan , Tekin Mustafa , Topaloğlu Naci , Aşık Zuhal
Published: April 2016

Introduction: We aimed to evaluate the relation between QT variables and left ventricular geometry in athletes and obese children.

Material and Methods: This study included 209 children and adolescents. Thirty-eight of them were obese, 140 were athletes and 31 were normal weighted. Children with history of functional and structural cardiovascular diseases (acquired and congenital), chronic systemic diseases, hypertension, sleep apnea, endocrinological disorders were excluded. All subjects underwent detailed electrocardiographic and echocardiographic examination.

Results: QT dispersion was significantly higher in obese children, basketball players, football players and swimmers compared to control group (p < 0.05, p < 0.001, < 0.001 and < 0.01 respectively). Basketball players had the highest QT dispersion. Left ventricular endsystolic diameter (mm/m2) was higher in footballers, swimmers, wrestlers and tennis players compared to obese subjects. Interventricular septal thickness at diastole was highest in swimmers compared to control group (p < 0.001) and left ventricular posterior wall thickness was significantly higher in footballers and swimmers compared to healthy subjects (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively). Left ventricular geometry was normal in 84 patients (47.1%), but 34 patients (19.1%) had concentric remodelling, 20 (22.4%) had concentric hypertrophy and 40 (28.6%) had eccentric hypertrophy. No concentric and eccentric hypertrophy was observed in obese subjects. Left ventricle hypertrophy was prominent in dynamic and combined groups but it was not statistically significant (p = 0.204). QT dispersion was statistically higher in obese, dynamic sports and combined sports compared to control group (p < 0.05, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001 respectively).

Discussion: In this study we determined that QT dispersion is elevated in dynamic and combined sports types and obese children.

Conclusion: QT dispersion is prolonged in obese and athletes who participate dynamic and combined sports.
Encefalomeningocelo: Por Dentro da Imagem
Authors: Pinto Alexandra Pires , Gomes Claúdia Loureiro , Faria Claúdia C. , Miguéns José , Saldanha Joana
Published: April 2016

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Análise do Uso do Facebook como Ferramenta de Marketing pelas Principais Eempresas Brasileiras de Comércio Eletrônico
Authors: Rodrigues Glauco Oliveira , Simonetto Eugênio de Oliveira , Brossard Celso Silva , Del Fabro Neto Alfredo , Löbler Mauri Leodir
Published: April 2016

Com o crescimento e a popularização das redes sociais, as empresas vêm utilizando cada vez mais essa nova mídia para se aproximar de seus clientes. Nesse sentido, este estudo buscou analisar o uso do Facebook como um canal de marketing através da análise da utilização dessa ferramenta por empresas que se utilizam de comércio eletrônico. Para o estudo, foi realizada coleta diária de dados, como quantidade de likes e compartilhamentos das postagens nas páginas em questão, durante sessenta dias. Os dados foram analisados e comparados em uma pesquisa qualitativa e quantitativa. Como resultado dessa análise, observou-se que, apesar de as empresas apresentarem similaridades na utilização de suas páginas no Facebook, o que determina um feedback positivo de seu público é a forma de endereçamento de suas postagens, uma vez que algumas empresas conseguiram um resultado melhor com poucas, mas certeiras mensagens, em comparação com outras que postaram mais, mas endereçaram de maneira menos atraente suas mensagens.