bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Residual Comparison of Chlorpyrifos Against Adult Cat Fleas and Adult Flea Emergence, 1987
Authors: Cilek J. E. , Silapanuntakul S. , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

Nylon shag pile carpet discs (5 inches diam) were treated with either 11.7% Dursban ME, 41.5% Dursban LO or Pennwalt 23.5% TD 2247. Each formulation was mixed with water and applied at the rate of 1 gal/1000 ft2. Each carpet disc was treated by the use of a 1 gal Hudson pressurized hand sprayer calibrated to deliver 0.23 oz/s at 20 psi. Control carpet discs were sprayed with water only. On the day of treatment, 7, 14, and 28 days posttreatment, a treated carpet disc was placed in the bottom of a 1 gal jar and ca. 25 adult cat fleas were added. All treatments were replicated 3 times at each time interval and the experiment was replicated twice. At 24 h posttreatment, dead and live fleas were recovered by brushing each carpet disc vigorously for ca. 1 min with a hair brush within a 5 gal plastic bucket. The discs were then submerged in water to recover any additional live fleas. Nylon shag pile carpet discs (3.5 inches diam) were treated as described above and all formulations were tested for their effects on adult cat flea emergence. On the day of treatment, 7, 14, and 28 days! posttreatment, ca. 0.25 g of dried blood, ground cat chow mixture (3:20), and 25 cat flea eggs were placed within the fibers of each treated carpet disc. \ Infested discs were then placed into 1 pt fonda containers, covered with a fine cloth screen to contain emerging adult fleas and stored at 25°C at 80% RH. - All treatments at each time interval were replicated 3 times and controls replicated 6 times. When >50% of the adult fleas had emerged in the control containers, treatments were evaluated for % adult emergence by recovering adult fleas as described above. In both tests carpet discs were used only once for each test interval. All carpet discs were stored at ca. 25°C between infestation periods.
Sheep Ked Control with Amitraz Collars, Taktic® Spray, and Pour-On Applications of Taktic and Expar®, 1987
Authors: Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sheep were mature ewes and rams of mixed breeds, both black and white face, naturally infested with sheep keds. Pretreatment ked density was determined by a whole body count of adult keds on all animals. Sheep were ranked according to ked density, then groups of similarly infested animals were randomly assigned to treatments. Prior to treatment all animals were weighed, and fleece length was recorded. Animals were housed in separate 4.8 × 19.2 m pens of 7 or 8 animals each. Ked density was determined on all animals immediately before the single insecticide treatment and thereafter at 7, 14, 28, 42 days. Amitraz collars were 2.5 cm wide plastic bands, containing 9% amitraz, that averaged 57 cm long but varied according to the size of individual animal. Taktic®, amitraz sprays, 0.0125% and 0.025%, were applied at 946 ml (1 qt) per animal and 80 psi. Expar® 1% pour-on was applied from head to base of tail along the topline at 14.5 ml per 45 kg body weight. Ectrin® 0.2% pour-on, the standard treatment, was applied along the topline at 120 ml (4 oz) per animal. Each treatment was applied to 2 groups of sheep on 10 or 11 Jun.
White Apple Leafhopper, Second-Generation Adult Control, 1987
Authors: Beers E. H. , Eisner E. A.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was performed in a 50-acre block of mature ‘Oregon Spur Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees with over-tree irrigation. The experimental design consisted of unreplicated blocks of 8 acres each. Materials were applied on 17 Sep by helicopter at a rate of 7 gal/acre. Adult WALH populations were assessed by placing 6 unbaited Pherocon AM traps in each block and counting the adults/trap. Savit and Savit + Pyrenone (2 oz [AI]/acre) did not provide effective knockdown. Pyrenone (12 oz [AI]/acre) reduced the adult population by 50% at 1 DAT.
Control of CL and DBM, 1988:
Authors: Powell R. L. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

Field evaluation of insecticides and combinations of insecticides to control lepidopteran pests was conducted at the Oklahoma State University Wes Watkins Agricultural Research and Extension Center in Lane, Okla. Plots were 20 ft long with 3-ft row spacing. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. ‘Express’ cabbage was transplanted on 28 Mar. Spray treatments were applied on 24 May and 1 Jim using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 29 gal/acre. Efficacy was evaluated by examining 15 plants/plot for eggs, larvae, and pupae of CL and larvae of DBM on 23, 27, and 31 May and on 6 and 13 Jun. Heads were harvested and examined for insect damage on 22 Jun.
Control of Cabbage Pests, 1988:
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. , Eigenbrode S. D.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted on 29 Jim at the Robbins Entomology Farm near Geneva, N.Y. Plots consisted of two 10-ft rows on 36-inch centers with 16-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. A 2-row tractor-mounted boom, with 3 flat fan nozzles/row and 8004 tips, delivering 31 gal/acre at 50 psi and 2.5 mph, was used to apply a single application of each treatment. Treatments were applied on 3 Oct and evaluated 10 Oct. Evaluations were made by randomly selecting 2 plants/plot, removing all leaves, and counting larvae.
Control of Fire Ant, 1988:
Authors: Yalemar Juliana , Muniappan R. , Marutani M.
Published: March 2022

‘C-O Cross’ variety cabbage was seeded in flats on 20 Jun and transplanted on 1 Aug in a clayey, gibbsitic, nonacid, isohyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents soil in Barrigada, Guam. Plots measured 3.6 m by 2 rows. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. A drip system was used to irrigate the experiment. Insecticide treatments were applied on 3, 8, and 12 Aug with the use of a Solo backpack hand-operated sprayer. Efficacy was evaluated by counting the number of ant-infested plants and plants dead due to ant attack on 5, 8, 10, 12, and 15 Aug.
Insecticide Tests for Control of Lepidopterous Insects, 1988:
Authors: Powell R. L. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

‘Vates’ collards were direct seeded into double-row beds on 9 Sep and later thinned to 4 inches apart within rows. Each plot was 17 ft long and consisted of 3 36-inch beds with 2 empty beds between plots. The treatments were arranged in a complete randomized block design with 4 replicates. Spray treatments were applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with a 20-inch boom and 2 Teejet size 18 nozzles angled inward. Eight sprays were applied on weekly starting 4 Oct. Efficacy was determined 6 or 7 d after each application by counting the larvae and pupae of CL and the larvae of SCW on 15 plants/plot.
Foliar Sprays on Late-Planted Sweet Corn, 1988:
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

‘Silver Queen’ sweet corn was planted 11 Jul to a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were 4 rows wide on 30-inch centers and 25-ft long. Whorl sprays were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with one nozzle centered over each of the middle 2 rows calibrated to deliver 51 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Foliar sprays at silking were applied with 4 nozzles/row, directed at the ear zone, using 88 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. The center 2 rows of each plot were treated and the outer 2 rows were untreated guard rows. Sprays were applied on 23 Aug and 13, 16, 18, 22, and 26 Sep. At harvest (30 Sep), 20 ears from the center 2 rows of each plot were husked and evaluated for damage as “fresh-market” (clean ears, no damage evident), “processing” (evidence of tip feeding, but less than 3.6 cm tip damage) and “culls” (tip damage beyond 3.6 cm to the side or bottom). All worms found within the husk or ear were identified, counted and recorded; all ears were then weighed and total weights recorded. On 31 Oct, 20 stalks from the center 2 rows of each plot were split from 3 nodes above the ear to 3 nodes below the ear and each 2.5 cm of ECB damage recorded as one cavity.
Corn Earworm Control, 1988:
Authors: McLeod Paul
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted 11 May at the University of Arkansas Experiment Station, Fayetteville. Plots were 2 30-ft rows (36-ineh spacing) with 4-ft alleys separating plots on the same row. One row separated plots. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 8 treatments and 4 replications. Six sprays (13, 15, 17, 19, 21, and 23 Jul) were applied during silking with a hand-held CO2 sprayer equipped with 2 HB 10 nozzles. Final volume was 18.8 gal/acre. Plots were harvested 27 Jul and ears were categorized as follows: cull, earworm damage beyond the apical inch; acceptable damage, earworm damage confined to the apical inch; and nondamaged. Treatment effectiveness was compared on the percentage of nondamaged ears, the percentage of culled ears, and the damage index, calculated as 3, cull; 2, acceptable; 1, nondamaged.
Fall Armyworm Control, 1988:
Authors: McLeod Paul
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted 14 Aug at the University of Arkansas Experiment Station, Fayetteville. Plots were two 30-ft rows (40-inch spacing) with 4-ft alleys separating plots on the same row. One row separated plots. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 9 treatments and 4 replications. Four sprays (3, 14, 21, and 28 Sep) were applied with a hand-held CO2 sprayer equipped with 1 HB 10 nozzle. Final volume was 28.3 gal/acre. Fall armyworm damage was assessed on 30 Sep with a damage index of foliage feeding and by measuring corn height to the top of the tassel. The damage index (1, no damage; 2, slight damage; 3, moderate damage; 4, extensive damage) was obtained by taking the mean of the assessments made by 3 observers.
Control on Sweet Corn, 1988:
Authors: Weber Donald C. , Ferro David N. , Parker Rolf B.
Published: March 2022

Corn was planted 7 Jun in South Deerfield, Mass., in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Rows were 3 ft apart, 25 ft long, and plants were spaced 9 inches apart in the row with 4 rows/plot. Insecticides were applied using a tractor-drawn boom sprayer equipped with hollow-cone-type drop nozzles (5 nozzles/row), at 90 psi and in 90 gal water/acre. Scouting of 200 green tassels on 1 Aug showed no damage by Lepidoptera. The first treatment was applied 2 d after full silk. Treatments were applied on 5, 10, and 15 Aug. Pheromone trap captures showed peak ECB flights during silk, but very low corn earworm and fall armyworm populations in the area. On 19 Aug, 50 ears were harvested from each plot, and the number of ears infested with larvae of each pest was recorded. Only ears with damage to kernels were scored as damaged.
Control on Salad Crops, 1988:
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Koch Timothy A. , Vaughn Ty T. , Hassel Richard L.
Published: March 2022

The first crop of lettuce was direct-seeded at the Muck Crops Branch, Willard, Ohio, on 17 May. Cultivars planted were ‘Summer Bibb’ (Boston bibb), ‘Valmain’ (romaine), ‘Slobolt’ (green leaf), ‘Salad king’ (endive), and ‘Florida Deep Heart’ (escarole). Plots were 3 rows wide on 16-inch centers, 18 ft long, and separated by 4-ft alleys. Each treatment on each cultivar was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. All plots were treated on 24 Jun with Sevin 80 S, 0.4 lb (AI)/acre, to encourage aphid infestation. Treatments were applied 8-9 Jul with a boom sprayer delivering 50 psi and 50 gal/acre. Weather immediately following treatment was very hot, with daytime highs near 100°F. On 12-14 Jul aphids were counted on 3 plants in each plot by visual inspection of one-half (escarole and bibb) or one-quarter (endive, romaine, and green leaf) of the leaves on each plant. Red lettuce, ‘Red sails,’ was direct seeded at the Muck Crops Branch on 7 Sep. Plot arrangement and experimental design were identical to the earlier planting, but no initial application of Sevin was made. Treatments were applied on 26 Sep, and weather immediately following treatment was cool. On 30 Sep, aphids were counted on 5 plants in each plot by visual inspection of all leaves on the plant.
Onion Maggot Control, 1988:
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

The plot was planted 2 May in muck soil near Oswego, N.Y., on Ferlito Farms. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Germination and damage data were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All seeds were sown and seed furrow treatments were applied with a hand-pushed cone seeder planting 9 seeds/ft and delivering 75 gal/acre through a gravity-fed system. The onion cultivar used in this test was ‘Buccaneer’ except for the treated seeds. That variety was Copra F1, supplied to us already treated by Seedway, Hall, N.Y. Insecticide band treatments were based on a 15-inch row width. Dithane M-45 (80 W) was applied in the furrow at 2.4 lb (AI)/acre for control of onion smut (Urocystis cepulae) with each treatment. Stand counts were taken 2 Jun. Maggot damage was assessed by checking each row for wilted plants twice each week from the time of stand counts until 18 Jul.
Control of Leafminers, 1985:
Authors: Chandler Laurence D. , Larew Hiram G.
Published: March 2022

Field experiments were conducted during the summer and fall on peppers grown on USDA facilities in Weslaco, Tex. Field plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Each plot was 4 rows wide (102 cm) by 7.6 m long. Pepper plants were fruiting at the time of applications. Foliar sprays were applied with a compressed CO2 sprayer calibrated to deliver 337 liter/ha. Neem soil drenches were applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer at the rate of 3.6 liter/m2 soil surface area. The neem solutions were prepared by diluting neem seed extract concentrate on a wt/vol basis with water to the desired concentration. The concentrate contained 2300 ppm azadirachtin, an insecticidal constituent of neem seed extract. Twenty-five mature leaves/plot were randomly selected on each sample date for evaluation of pesticides against leafminers. All first-instar mines were counted. Leaves were then placed in cardboard rearing containers containing moist paper towels and all pupae were removed after 48 h. This eliminated older larvae from survivorship counts. The percentage of first instars surviving to adulthood was then calculated.
Potato Insect Control, 1986:
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted 11 Apr 1985, at the Arkansas Valley Research Center, Rocky Ford, Colo. Plots were 2 rows, 10 ft long, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied 17 Jul with a CO2 compressed-air sprayer delivering 115 gal/acre at 30 psi. Evaluations were made 5 and 12 DAT by examining 35 leaves/plot.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1988:
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Flessel John K. , Koch Timothy A. , Vaughn Ty T.
Published: March 2022

‘Katahdin’ potato seed pieces were planted on 6 May at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster. Plots were 3 rows wide on 36-inch centers, 30 ft long, with a 4-ft alley at each end. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used. Temik (2 lb [AI]/acre) was used at planting, and plots were treated weekly starting 1 Aug with Dithane-M45 80 W fungicide at 2 lb form/acre, but not on the same day insecticide treatments were applied. A selected subset of the insecticide treatments was also applied to plots treated weekly with Champion 77 W (cupric hydroxide) fungicide at 3 lb form/acre. Insecticide treatments were applied on 2, 9, 16, and 23 Aug with a hand-held CO2 single-nozzle sprayer delivering 80 psi and 20 gal/acre, with the exception of three M-One treatments as noted in the table. CPB eggs, small (first and second instars) and large (third and fourth instars) larvae and adults were counted 3 DAT on 10 plants or main stems/plot. In addition, the percentage of defoliation was visually estimated for each of the 10 plants or main stems. At harvest, on 13-14 Oct, all potatoes were dug from the center 30-ft row of each plot, and the weight of grade A, B, and deformed potatoes was measured.
Foliar Sprays for Control on Potatoes, 1988:
Authors: Zehnder Geoffrey , Speese John
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted on 17 Mar at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, Va. Each plot consisted of a single 25-ft-long row bordered on one side by 2 untreated rows and on the other side by bare ground. Potatoes were planted with 10-inch plant spacing and 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed-gas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow-cone nozzles/row and delivering 70 gal/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made weekly from 20 May through 21 Jun. Evaluation criteria consisted of visual counts of small larvae (first and second instars), large larvae (third and fourth instars), and adults on 10 randomly chosen stems/treatment plot. The percentage of defoliation for each treatment was estimated on 10 and 17 Jun, and harvest data were taken from the entire treated row in each treatment plot on 5 Jul.
Alfalfa weevil Control, 1988
Authors: Arne C. N. , Bailey W. C.
Published: March 2022

This trial began on 5 Apr on a 2-yr-old stand of alfalfa in Crawford County, Mo. Plots measuring 20 by 40 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. The alfalfa was 12 inches tall at time of treatment with temperature near 80°F and 1-3-mph winds. Sprays were applied at a rate of 16.5 gal/acre using 8002 flat-fan nozzles, 50-mesh screens, at 20 psi on a 20-ft tractor-mounted boom sprayer. The only measurable precipitation fell 24 DAT and measured 0.6 inches. AW population densities were measured by taking 20 (180°) sweeps with a 15-inch sweep net at 3, 10, 14, 21, and 28 DAT.
Mid-Season Control on Alfalfa Seed, 1988
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Babcock J.
Published: March 2022

This test was undertaken in a commercial stand of ‘Vernema’ alfalfa seed that had been in production for 3 yr near Gardena, Walla Walla County, Wash. Treatment plots (0.1 acre) were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 19 Jun using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 27 gal/acre at 30 psi from a 4-ft boom with 4 8003 flat-fan nozzles on 19-inch spacings. Samples of 5 180° sweeps with a 15-inch-diam sweep net were collected 22 Jun, 27 Jun, and 11 Jul.
Prebloom Control in Alfalfa Seed, 1988
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Babcock J. M.
Published: March 2022

Trials were conducted in a 3-yr-old stand of‘Vernema’ seed alfalfa near Gardena, Walla Walla County, Wash. Treatments of Counter 15 G were applied 18 Apr to 0.01-acre plots with a hand-held Whirlybird seeder in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Plots were scheduled for an irrigation interval within 24 h of application. A standard commercial combination of Furadan + Cygon was applied 20 May with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with a 4-ft boom calibrated to deliver 27 gal/acre at 30 psi. Each sample consisted of 5 sweeps/plot with a 15-inch-diam sweep net.
Control of Cutworms, 1988
Authors: Bullington Stephen W. , Roberts James E.
Published: March 2022

Five insecticidal treatments were evaluated at 1 site in Montgomery County, Va., for control of various cutworm larvae in no-till field corn. Corn was planted in rows 38 inches wide on 13 May to corn stubble without cover, and a tank mix of recommended herbicides (Bicep, Princep, 2,4-D, and Paraquat) containing 30% liquid nitrogen was applied the same day. Plots were established 23 May in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Each plot was 4 rows wide and 50 ft long. Three of the insecticides were formulated as liquid; the others were granular CONTROL OF CUTWORMS, 1988: Five insecticidal treatments were evaluated at 1 site in Montgomery County, Va., for control of various cutworm larvae in no-till field corn. Corn was planted in rows 38 inches wide on 13 May to corn stubble without cover, and a tank mix of recommended herbicides (Bicep, Princep, 2,4-D, and Paraquat) containing 30% liquid nitrogen was applied the same day. Plots were established 23 May in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Each plot was 4 rows wide and 50 ft long. Three of the insecticides were formulated as liquid; the others were granular formulations. The liquids were applied with a compressed-air sprayer with 2 fan nozzles (Teejet 80034) delivering 16 gal/acre at 30 psi. To ensure uniform coverage by the spray, 4 adjacent swaths were applied over each plot. Each swath was approximately 3 ft wide. The granular formulations were applied with a hand-pushed spreader, which applied the treatments in a 6-inch-wide band directly over the furrow. The corn plants were counted 31 May and those damaged by cutworms were counted 17 Jun. Ensilage yields were determined 20-21 Sep by cutting the stalks and weighing them using a sling swung from milk scales attached to a portable tripod. All counts or samples were taken from the center 30 ft of the 2 center rows of each plot. All data were subjected to ANOVA.
Corn Rootworm Control, 1987
Authors: Journey A. M. , Ostlie K. R.
Published: March 2022

Performance of granular insecticides against corn rootworm larvae was evaluated on a Waukegan silt loam soil at Rosemount, Minn. This study was conducted in single-row, 15-m-long plots in a continuous corn field (since 1985). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Insecticides were applied at planting on 18 May using a modified Noble applicator. Stand counts were taken to test for chemical phytotoxicity. On 3-4 Aug 5 roots were dug from each plot, washed, and rated for root injury using the Iowa 1-6 rating scale (subdivided into half increments for higher sensitivity). Corn was harvested 26 Oct, and yield was measured for each plot. Data were subjected to ANOVA.
Evaluation of Application Methods, 1987
Authors: Reed J. P. , McCartney D. A.
Published: March 2022

Planting-time, cultivation-layby, and slot injection treatment trials were conducted at Wooster and Bluffton, Ohio. The specific soil types for the respective sites were Wooster silt loam and a Pewamo silty clay. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was employed, plots were 40 ft long and 2 rows wide. Corn was planted respectively at Bluffton 1 Jun and at Wooster 12 May in 30-inch rows. Each insecticide was applied at planting and cultivation at a rate of 1.0 lb (AI)/acre. Planting-time treatments were applied with Gandy metering units driven by 12 V electric motors mounted on an adapted Allis Chalmers no-till planter that applied granules ahead of the press wheel in 7-inch bands. Cultivation treatments were applied with 12 V electric Gandy metering units mounted on an International 150 tractor with spreaders spaced 24 inches ahead of cultivator shoes (both sides of row) at Wooster on 21 Jun and at Bluffton on 30 Jun. Slot injection treatments were applied at a rate of 1.0 lb (AI)/acre and 0.33 lb (AI)/acre at 500 psi, delivery rate was 20 gal/acre of finished spray. Nozzles were spaced 5 inches off center on both sides of the row (2 rows) and injected into a 3-inch-deep slot made by a fluted coulter. Injection treatments were applied 23 Jun at Wooster and 30 Jun at Bluffton. Root rating according to the Iowa 1-6 rating scale was done 12 Jul and 30 Jul for Bluffton and Wooster. Five root masses/replicate were dug and rated.
Chinch Bug Control, 1988
Authors: Treacy Mike
Published: March 2022

Two small-plot field studies were conducted on commercial farms located near Wharton, Tex., to evaluate Counter for control of early-season CB infestations on corn. Methods and materials were identical for both studies, unless otherwise noted. Counter and an untreated control were compared in 4-row by 300-ft plots of corn planted 1 Mar on 38-in rows. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. At planting time, Counter was applied in a 6-inch band over a partially open seed furrow (each row bander was located between the seed drop and press wheel). Counter was applied with a John Deere Max-Emerge planter equipped with Kinze applicator boxes. Texture of the soil at Site 1 was heavy, texture of the soil at Site 2 was medium. Soil moisture at planting time was excellent at both test sites. About 0.7 inches of rain fell at each test site within the first 3 wk after planting. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by inspecting 30 randomly chosen plants in each plot for adult CB. Plant stand was estimated for each treatment by counting plants/20 row-ft at 2 sites in each plot. Plant height was estimated for each treatment by measuring 20 randomly chosen plants in each plot.
Control of Secondary Pests, 1988
Authors: Edelson J. V.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted 15 Apr at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station annex farm in Mercedes. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 replicates. Plots were 2 beds wide and 40 ft long with 2 beds of sorghum between plots and 20-ft alleys between plots in rows. Applications were made with a tractor-mounted CO2-powered sprayer that delivered 20 gal/acre. Three nozzles were used for each bed, 1 over the top of plants and 1 on a drop on each side of the plants. All plots were treated with cypermethrin (0.01 lb [AI]/acre) at 7-d intervals to induce secondary pest population increases. Surveys were conducted at 7-d intervals by collecting the third fully expanded leaf down from the terminal of each of 3 plants/plot. Leaves were returned to the laboratory and mites and aphids were counted. Plots were treated with Capture 2 EC on 22 and 28 Jul.
Control of Heliothis Spp. Eggs and Neonate Larvae, 1988
Authors: Leonard B. Roger , Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Burris Gene
Published: March 2022

Insecticide treatments were applied 21 Jul in a small-plot study conducted on the Northeast Research Station near St. Joseph, La., to evaluate the efficacy of selected pyrethroids on Heliothis spp. eggs and their residual toxicity on newly hatched larvae. This test was carried out in a field of cotton planted 24 May in a silt loam soil. The field had not been treated with insecticides prior to the test. All treatments were applied using a Kubota utility tractor equipped with a compressed-air system calibrated to deliver 5 gal total spray/acre through Teejet X-6 hollow-cone nozzles (2/row) at 35 psi. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40-inch spacing) by 50 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Freshly laid white Heliothis spp. eggs (10/plot) were randomly collected from each plot 4 h after treatment. The eggs were placed on artificial rearing media, transported to the laboratory, and held at room temperature (80°F). Mortality to eggs and larvae was determined 96 h after removal from the field. The survivors of the egg cohort in the untreated control were reared to adults and identified to be 93% tobacco budworm. Eggs were considered dead if they did not hatch. Larval mortality was recorded if the insect was unable to move after being prodded. For the duration of the study there was no rainfall recorded and the relative humidity was low. The cotton plants were approximately 40 inches tall and averaged 10-15 squares/plant.
Ovo-Larvicidal Activity of Selected Insecticides, 1988
Authors: Micinski Stephen , Nguyen K. T. , Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B.
Published: March 2022

A field evaluation was conducted at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, La., to determine ovicidal activity and residual toxicity of selected insecticides and insecticide combinations against tobacco budworm on cotton. Plots were 4 rows by 30.5 m arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Cotton was planted 25 Apr on 1.02-m centers. No insecticides were applied to the test area prior to this study. Insecticides were applied 16 Jun with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Materials were applied in 11.4 liters water/acre at 60 psi with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart. Eggs were collected 2, 24, 48, and 96 h after treatment. Egg samples consisted predominantly of newly laid white eggs (<1 d old) collected from the upper leaves and terminal area of cotton plants. The number of eggs collected for each treatment was 40, 40, 20, and 20 for the 2-, 24-, 48-, and 96-h samples, respectively. Eggs were brought into the laboratory where they were removed with a small section of foliage and placed individually in 1-oz plastic cups half filled with an artificial diet. Mortality to eggs and newly hatched larvae was determined 96 h after each sample collection. Eggs collected and reared to adults from the untreated control were identified as 93% tobacco budworms.
Laboratory Evaluation, 1988
Authors: Wright James E. , Chandler Laurence D.
Published: March 2022

The fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin was obtained from Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, 111. The technical powder contained 1 x 1010 conidia/g (ABG 6178, lot 76-015-BR). A wetting agent, Tween-100 (0.05% concentration) was used to prepare suspensions of B. bassiana. A laboratory strain of boll weevils was used in these evaluations. The bioassay procedures used to evaluate the pathogenicity of this entomopathogen consisted of topical treatment of pupae and adults. Pupae (12 mg each) in the white-eyed stage were removed from the larval rearing diet, surface rinsed with 0.1% sodium hypochlorite, and air dried. The pupae were dipped in aqueous suspensions of B. bassiana and placed in 30-ml paper cups that contained moist filter paper and then held at a temperature of 78°F. Controls were dipped in water only and similarly handled. Adults (4-6 d old) were dipped in the suspensions, air dried, and held in Petri dishes at 78°F. A 5% sucrose solution was provided to the adults and changed daily. Ten concentrations of B. bassiana, ranging from 101 to 1010 conidia/ml, were evaluated. Microscopic examinations were made. Dissections were performed on pupae and adults to determine internal growth of mycelium. The percent ± SEM mortality inflicted by B. bassiana was then calculated.
Control of Spider Mites, 1988
Authors: Wynholds Paul F. , Leigh Thomas F.
Published: March 2022

Acaricides were applied to cotton planted 31 Mar in individual plots 8 (40 inch) rows wide by 150 ft long and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Application was by high-clearance ground sprayer equipped with drop booms using 3 or 5 hollow-cone TX-6 nozzles/row, depending on plant size, delivering 15 or 25 gal/acre at 40 psi. Test 1 was applied 28 Jun (5 nozzles/row; and 25 gal/acre); Test 2 was applied 23 and 24 Jun (3 nozzles/row; 15 gal/acre). An overall application of Orthene 75 S at 0.3 lb (AI)/acre was applied to both tests by ground on 28 Jun to suppress predatory insects. Main stem leaves (25/plot, eighth unfolded leaf below mainstem terminal) were sampled 4 times after treatment and processed through a sodium hypochlorite wash system.
Control of Insect Pests, 1987
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: March 2022

Plots were located at the Colorado State University San Luis Valley Research Center near Center. Quinoa planted in 22-inch double beds were used in the trial. Plots were 15 row-ft, bordered by untreated beds, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied 12 Aug, when the plants were actively flowering. Applications used a CO2 compressed-air sprayer delivering 104 gal water/acre. Evaluations were made Aug 15 by shaking 5 heads/plot over a tray and counting all dislodged insects.
Broad Spectrum Control with Insecticides, All-Season Test, 1988
Authors: Johnson James W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 12-yr-old trees in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Dilute sprays were applied to the point of drip with an FMC DP-20 handgun sprayer at 375 psi, using approximately 5 gal finished spray/tree. Applications were made on 28 Apr (PF, petal fall), 10 May (1C, first cover), 20 May (2C, second cover), 1 Jim (3C, third cover), 15 Jun (4C, fourth cover), 4 Jul (5C, fifth cover), 16 Jul (6C, sixth cover), 1 Aug (7C, seventh cover), 15 Aug (8C, eighth cover), and 1 Sep (9C, ninth cover). Cover sprays of dormant oil, mancozeb. Funginex, Omite, and Kelthane were applied separately to all trees. The apples were harvested on 30 Sep. Samples consisted of 50 apples/replicate collected randomly from around the trees at chest height. Samples were inspected visually, and the number of clean and damaged fruit was recorded.
Control of Sugarcane Borer And Effects on Nontarget Arthropods, 1987
Authors: Bessin R. T. , Fuller B. W. , Showier A. T. , Reagan T. E. , Rester D. C.
Published: March 2022

Foliar spray concentrates were applied from an airplane to a field of plant cane (2 replicates) and first-stubble (2 replicates) sugarcane at Lannaux Plantation near Kilona, La., for evaluation of season-long control of borers in plots of a randomized block design with 4 replicates. Each spray concentrate was made in water at 25 psi (nozzles down and 45° back) to the crop canopy on 60-ft swath widths (10 rows) at a rate of 2 gal finished formulation/acre. A combination of 2 nozzle sizes was used, 22 of the D6-45 and D8-45, with an average density (drops/cm2) of 49.5 drops/cm2. The first application was initiated after internodes were visible aboveground and the SCB infestation exceeded the Louisiana State University recommended threshold of 5% of the stalks with live larvae in the leaf sheaths (13 Jul). The second application (17 Aug) was made when that level of infestation was again exceeded in Guthion-treated plots. Season-long control was evaluated 30 Nov (just prior to harvest) by examining 3 samples of 15 stalks randomly selected from the center of each plot for sugarcane borer entrance and adult exit holes. Relative survival inside the stalk was calculated as the ratio of exit holes to bored internodes. Nontarget ground-associated arthropods were continuously sampled with 2 pitfall traps centrally situated (50 ft apart) in each plot, changed monthly. Traps consisting of 1-pt jars filled with 2 inches 70% ethanol and 0.25 inches mineral oil were embedded on top of the row and covered by a 7-inch square plastic disk supported on a tripod 1 inch above the jar.
Control of Myzus Nicotianae, 1988
Authors: Barnes Martha L. , Semtner Paul J.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots were established in a field near Blackstone, Va. The flue-cured tobacco cultivar ‘Coker 319’ was transplanted into the field 9 May. Experimental plots consisted of 2 40-ft rows of tobacco on 4-ft centers. Adjacent plots were separated by single untreated border rows. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer operated at 60 psi and delivering 20 gal/acre through 3 TX-8 tips/row on 24 Jun and 24 gal/acre through 3 TX-10 tips/row on 12 Jul and 3 Aug. M. nicotianae were counted between the fourth and sixth veins on the right half of the underside of the 4 upper leaves on 10 plants/plot before treatment and at 3-d to 2-wk intervals after transplanting. At the time of application, temperatures were 75, 78, and 90°F on 24 Jun, 12 Jul, and 3 Aug, respectively. There was 0.35 inches of rainfall 2 d after the 24 Jun application, 0.5 inches on 14 Jul, and 0.3 inches on 6 Aug. Data were transformed to log10(x + 1). Untransformed means are presented.
Control of Darksided Cutworm, 1987
Authors: Cheng H. H. , Hanlon J. J.
Published: March 2022

Experiments, including soil surface (preplanting) and tobacco seedling (postplanting) treatments, were conducted in the laboratory and fields at the Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Delhi, Ont. Plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design in each experiment. The individual plot was 76 x 14 ft, and consisted of 4 rows of tobacco transplanted on 28 May with 38 plants in each row, the outside 2 rows in each plot being guard rows. Furthermore, 2 subplots (12 by 12 inches each), containing 3 tobacco seedlings in the postplanting experiments, were established in each plot. Test insects were fifth and sixth instars. Ripcord was included in the tests as a standard insecticide. The insecticides were broadcast evenly on the soil surface on 13 May for the preplanting treatments. Treatments to tobacco seedlings on 2 Jun for the posttransplanting treatments were made with a power sprayer equipped with 80-04 Teejet nozzles applying 25 gal/acre at 25 psi and 2.5 mph. In plots receiving soil surface applications, 10 larvae were placed on the soil surface in separate subplots at 0, 3, 6, and 9 DAT. The larvae were retained in the subplots by aluminum barrier strips 8 inches high with 3 inches embedded in the ground.
Acaricides Test, 1987
Authors: Beers E. H. , Eisner E. A.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted in a block of mature trees near Rock Island, Wash. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 single-tree replicates. Treatments were applied to the point of drip on 31 Jul with a handgun sprayer operating at 400-500 psi. Rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. Mite populations were assessed weekly by collecting 25 randomly selected leaves from each tree, brushing them onto glass plates with a mite-brushing machine, and counting mites.
Control Of Myzus Nicotianae, 1988
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Reed T. David , Barnes Martha L.
Published: March 2022

Experiments were conducted at the Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, Va. Treatment plots were single 40-ft rows of ‘Coker 319’ tobacco planted on 4-ft centers. Eight treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Plots were separated by single untreated border rows, and blocks were separated by 5-ft vacant alleys. On 9 Aug, treatments were applied as foliar sprays with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 24 gal/acre at 60 psi through 3 TX-10 spray nozzles/row. X-77 spreader (8 fl oz/100 gal) was added to one Orthene treatment and to the RH-7988 treatments. Ten infested plants in each plot were marked with red spray paint. M. nicotianae counts were made between the fourth and sixth lateral veins on the abaxial right side of 4 upper leaves on the marked plants on 9 Aug and 12 Aug. On 12 Aug M. nicotianae injury and the presence of sooty mold were rated on a scale of 0 to 7 (0, no signs of aphid or aphid damage; 7, severe damage). Count data were transformed to log10(x + 1) for ANOVA.
Control of Western Flower Thrips and Green Peach Aphid, 1988
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy trials were conducted from 7 Jul through 24 Aug in potted chrysanthemums. Chrysanthemum cuttings were planted in 5-inch-diam pots containing 3 parts peat, 1 part perlite, and 1 part vermiculite. Chry-santhemums were fertilized and maintained by standard commercial growing practices. Each treatment consisted of 2 replicates of 4 pots (3 plants/pot). Application of insecticides started after disbudding on 7 Jul and continued weekly until full bloom on 18 Aug. A total of 7 applications of selected insecticides were applied with a compressed-air sprayer with a 2503 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. Samples were taken (one bud/pot) soon after breaking and continued at weekly intervals until full bloom. Aphids and thrips were extracted with Berlese funnels and counted under a dissecting microscope. During the test period the average maximum temperature was 93.9°F and the average minimum temperature was 67.5°F. Most of the thrips were first and second instars.
Insecticide Residues for Control of Adult Leafminers, 1988
Authors: Warkentin Dennis
Published: March 2022

Test 1 was conducted in September 1987. Vegetative plants grown in Metro Mix 500 media in 6-inch pots were sprayed to wetness with hand-held mist bottles, then placed on greenhouse benches at 85°F. At each of 3 posttreatment intervals plants were clipped at soil level and placed in individual cages within the laboratory with stems in water. There were 4 replicate plants/treatment. Ten adult L. trifolii from a laboratory-greenhouse colony were introduced into each replicate cage and held for 24 h before survival-mortality was recorded. The ratio of female to male flies was not recorded. Test 2 was conducted in January 1988. A protocol identical to that of Test 1 was followed, with the exception of placing the treated pots outdoors under 30% shade cloth throughout the posttreatment holding period. Average high and low temperatures during the holding period were 74.5°F and 55.0°F, respectively; 0.04 inches of rainfall was recorded soon after chemical applications.
Control of Hawthorn Lace Bug, 1988
Authors: Price Richard , Pinkston Ken
Published: March 2022

Hawthorn lace bug control was evaluated on approximately 120 ft of hedge around a track field on the Oklahoma State University campus on 28 Jul. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment consisted of a 10-ft section, 4 ft high. Spray applications were made with a Hardi RY 15 backpack sprayer at 45 psi. Temperature and wind velocity were 85°F and 0-5 mph, respectively. Infestations were determined by counting adults and nymphs on 6 inches of terminal branch at 6 locations in each replication at 3, 7, and 14 DAT.
All-Season Insecticide Test, 1988
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Herman Elizabeth J.
Published: March 2022

The test was carried out in an 18-yr-old block of ‘Red Delicious’ apples. Treatments were applied with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 300 psi. Application dates were 27 Apr, pink (P); 23 May, late petal fall to early first cover (IC); 10-11 Jun, second cover (2C); 27-29 Jun, third cover (3C); 28-29 Jul, fourth cover (4C); and 25 Aug, fifth cover (5C). The single-tree plots, replicated 4 times, were arranged in a randomized complete block design. For disease control the entire orchard was sprayed with Polyram as needed. Data were transformed to log(x + 1) or x + 1 or arcsine x prior to ANOVA and comparison of means using DMRT. Sampling methods were as follows: ERM, motile stages/leaf as determined from a pooled sample of 15 leaves/tree; S. punctum, average number larvae, pupae, and adults/3-min count/tree; AA, average AA/terminal based on 10 most infested terminals/tree; RAA, average RAA colonies/tree; STLM average mines/5-min count/tree; WALH, average percentage of leaves showing leafhopper damage (based on 500 leaves/tree); OFM, CM (new, very recent entries), LR (mainly redbanded leafroller), SJS, EASF, and PC, average number damaged fruit/100 fruit/tree; yield, average lb fruit/tree; russet, average percentage of surface russetted (based on 100 fruit/tree); soluble solids (SS), average percentage soluble solids (based on 100 fruit/tree); pressure, average fruit firmness (psi) (based on 100 fruit/tree); diameter, average inches (based on 100 fruit/tree).
Control of Green Peach Aphid, 1987
Authors: Halfhill J. E.
Published: March 2022

Greenhouse-grown zinnias naturally infested with green peach aphid were sprayed 4 times during bloom with cyromazine primarily to detect phytotoxic effects. The foliage and bloom of each of the 4 replicates were sprayed to run-off (153 liters/ha) with a CO2-pressurized hand sprayer through a D2-25 Teejet nozzle operating at 415 kilopascals. The plants were potted in a 1:1 peat moss-sand mixture and were subirrigated as needed to maintain 75% soil moisture. Relative humidity in the greenhouse varied from 40 to 50%. The temperature mode was 20°C (range, 18-30°C). The 16-h photoperiod was supplemented with fluorescent lighting to provide a minimum of 5400 Lux at the plant level. Efficacy was determined by counting the aphids on samples of 10 leaves taken randomly from the uppermost 10% of the foliage 2 d after the final treatment. Phytotoxicity was determined by assessing injury to the bloom and foliage 5 d after the final treatment. Data were subjected to ANOVA.
Control of Honeylocust Spider Mite, FT. Collins, 1986
Authors: Zimmerman Rick J. , Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: March 2022

A nursery planting of 15-20-ft honeylocust trees located at the Colorado State University Bay Farm was used in the studies. Individual plots consisted of single trees arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. On 8 Jul and 4 Aug, trees were sprayed with a compressed air sprayer to run-off. Plots were sampled by randomly selecting 1 leaf from each cardinal point of treated trees and counting all mites on the leaflet pairs 3-5. Eriophyid mites were counted on the first evaluation date only. A severe hailstorm 3 Aug caused approximately 50% defoliation.
Control of Pine Needle Scale with Spray Oils, Ft. Collins, 1988
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Bergey Liz , Patrick Darryl
Published: March 2022

Plots were located at the City of Ft. Collins Timberline Road nursery. Trees were 12-15 ft high and had an advanced infestation of pine needle scale. Plots were single branches and plot design was a randomized complete block with 5 replications. Applications of oil were made using a hand-operated mister applied to individual branches to run-off. Applications against the first generation of the pine needle scale were made 25 May, shortly after settled scales were noted on older needles. Evaluations of mortality were made by examining 10 older needles 1 inch and 3 inches back from the new growth on 13 Jul, at the end of the first generation. A second application was made 4 Aug on 6 previously untreated terminals of the trees. Plot design was a randomized complete block with 6 replications. Recently settled scales from the second generation were observed on current season growth. Evaluations were made 28 Sep by counting all scales on 3 terminals of each treated branch.
Spring Control of Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid on Colorado Blue Spruce in Berks County, 1988
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

Fourteen treatments were applied to evaluate Cooley spruce gall adelgid on heavily infested 5-6-ft Colorado blue spruce Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied on 6 Apr to 4-tree replicates. Foliar treatments were completed by using a Solo Master 412 mistblower. Treatments were applied at 2 rates as follows: 74.3 gal/acre (225 ml/tree) and 148.6 gal/acre (450 ml/tree). At treatment time the following conditions existed; air temperature, 65°F; 68% RH; water pH 5.0; skies were clear and sunny. Posttreatment counts were made 21 Sep. Each replicate was evaluated by counting and recording the number of new (1988) galls formed on each replicate.