bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulating Bodies
Authors: Schultz Jaime
Published: June 2024

Regulating Bodies: Elite Sport Policies and Their Unintended Consequences presents the first global history of protective policies in elite sports. It discusses the scientization of the sport and the lasting influence of protective policies on discourses around age, weight, sex, impairment, and enhancement. The classifications are promoted to safeguard the health and well-being of athletes and the spirit of fair play. However, protective policies can be shallow solutions to deep problems. An analysis of the development of protective policies further exposes their unintended consequences, including unethical and unhealthy practices, discrimination, and the loss of autonomy. Regulating Bodies offers alternative strategies for the next generation of high-performance athletes.
Introduction
Authors: Schultz Jaime
Published: June 2024

This introductory chapter covers the significance of protective policies in elite sport. It starts with the doping allegation against fifteen-year-old Russian Olympic figure skater Kamila Valieva and whether she should be held responsible or be protected under the anti-doping code. The chapter then explains four type of protectionism embedded in elite sport policies: to protect the spirit of fair play; create “protected classes” of athletes; protect the health and well-being of athletes; and safeguard the image and interests of sport. The chapter also elaborates on the notion of discrimination in sport, one of several unintended consequences of protective policies.
Regulating Weight
Authors: Schultz Jaime
Published: June 2024

Chapter 1 focuses on the regulation of body weight and the dangers of rapid weight loss regimens in the name of better sport. Rapid weight loss is an unintended consequence of weight-based policies, since administrators typically set weight limits and weight classes to protect the spirit of fair competition. The chapter details the importance of weight in the history of horse racing, boxing, and mixed martial arts. It considers some alternatives for a better weight regulation processes, such as educational initiatives or setting a maximum weight regain allowance.
Vigilant Minds, Thoughtless Brains
Authors: Pettit Michael
Published: June 2024

This chapter focuses on the breakdown of the cool, computational understanding of cognition as the sequential processing of information. It uses the case study of the Applied Psychology Unit (APU) in the United Kingdom to trace the rise of theories of automatic, parallel, unconscious processes localized in the brain. The APU advanced a series of influential models of memory and attention, each of which is grounded in a historically shifting set of different experimental participants: (1) the competent naval recruit of the 1950s; (2) the “unskilled,” female technology worker of the 1960s; and (3) the amnesiac neuropsychological patient of the 1970s. Starting in the late 1980s, psychologists in the English-speaking world began adopting this latter model of “implicit memory” activated by subtle “priming” cues beyond immediate attention, seeing everyone as running on automatic and acting without much conscious thought.
Conclusion
Authors: Pettit Michael
Published: June 2024

The conclusion reviews the general themes of the book. It traces the transformation of American psychology in the years after World War II, with special attention to changes since the 1970s. It identities three overlapping trends driving changes in psychology. The first was a shift in psychology’s identity to that of a health science. Second, psychologists devoted more of their energies to cultivating different publics and intervening in policy. Finally, there was an intellect shift at the level of general theory from cognitive science to affect theory. These three transformations, driven by a new political economy for psychology, fundamentally transformed how members of the discipline understood the person and intervened in daily life.
“Calamities from Abroad”
Authors: Reeder Tyson
Published: June 2024

It is now common to take for granted that white Americans eventually would divide and usurp Indian land. In the 1780s, however, most Americans worried that Europeans and Indians would divide and usurp American land. They feared that foreign agents such as Creek leader Alexander McGillivray or Spanish diplomat Diego de Gardoqui might dissolve their fragile confederacy. Madison worried with the rest. As he plunged into history, he realized that most past confederacies shared the same fate: Foreign powers had exploited their internal divisions to destroy their sovereignty. He began to devise a constitution that he believed would help America avoid the same fate. The Constitution synchronized Madison’s ambitious vision of a politically diverse nation with a strong central government that would protect liberty without succumbing to foreign scheming.
“A Vile Underhand Game”
Authors: Reeder Tyson
Published: June 2024

More than any other issue, the Jay Treaty caused foreign policy disagreements in the United States to devolve into accusations of disloyalty. Before the treaty, Federalists and Republicans viewed each other with suspicion. After the treaty, they began to consider each other an existential threat to the republic, aided by a foreign power that sought America’s ruin. With his blistering attacks on the treaty and Federalists who supported it, Madison helped turn a budding two-party rivalry into full-fledged partisan combat. As they accused each other of corruption, Federalists and Republicans widened the chasm in which foreign agents could operate. British diplomat George Hammond exploited that chasm by cooperating with Federalists to oust Republican-leaning secretary of state Edmund Randolph from George Washington’s cabinet. By doing so, Hammond helped remove a final obstacle to the ratification of the Jay Treaty.
“India and China”
Authors: Guenther Genevieve
Published: June 2024

“India and China” examines the fossil-fuel propaganda that says because emissions are rising in India and China, decarbonizing America would be futile. The chapter argues that this propaganda deflects attention from US obstructionism in international climate negotiations and ignores both the high rates of clean-energy deployment in China and the comprehensiveness of Chinese climate policy. The chapter describes the UNFCCC climate regime. It narrates how under both Democratic and Republican administrations the United States has weakened international climate change agreements. It analyzes the Chinese “1+N” climate policy documents in the context of current Chinese energy policy, the import of political promises in China, and Xi’s ambitions for the twenty-first century. It argues that the United States must lead on climate, whether or not China implements the “1+N” documents, in order to protect American hegemony. It recommends messages and actions that can be used by American citizens to demand such leadership from their elected representatives.
The Indigenous Languages of the Americas
Authors: Campbell Lyle
Published: June 2024

The Indigenous Languages of the Americas: History and Classification is about the American Indian languages, all the Indigenous languages of the Americas. It takes stock of what is known about the history and classification of these languages and language families. It identifies the gaps in knowledge and puts them into perspective, and it assesses differences of opinion. It also resolves some issues and makes new contributions of its own. The book deals incisively with the major themes involving these languages, with the classification and history of the Indigenous languages of North America, Middle America (Mexico and Central America), and South America; with difficulties involving names of the languages; origins of the languages of the New World; unclassified, phantom, fake, and spurious languages in the Americas; recent hypotheses of remote linguistic relationships; the linguistic areas of the Americas; contact languages, including pidgins, lingua francas, and mixed languages; and loanwords and other new words in the native languages of the Americas.
Indigenous Languages of South America
Authors: Campbell Lyle
Published: June 2024

Chapter 4, Indigenous languages of South America, presents what is known of the history and classification of the Indigenous languages of South America. At the same time it discusses the difficult and controversial history of efforts to classify many of these languages. South America is home to 100 language families (including 52 language isolates). While there are circa 326 South American languages still spoken today, there are literally hundreds of unclassified languages in South America; circa 210 that we know something about are dormant. The historical linguistics of South American Indigenous languages has advanced at a remarkably rapid pace in the last couple of decades, aided especially by the vast number of new descriptions of the grammar and vocabulary of many formerly very poorly known languages of this area.
Balancing Military Power in Asia
Authors: Blackwill Robert D. , Fontaine Richard
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the military aspect of the Pivot and America’s broader approach to China. Defense, much more than diplomatic and economic considerations, poses stark trade-offs for policymakers. The United States began the decade enmeshed in wars across the greater Middle East, with a military designed for counterinsurgency and stabilization operations. It ended the period trying to refashion itself for great power conflict with China. Despite these efforts, Washington has faced a slew of setbacks—including severe budget cuts and global crises that demanded dedicating limited defense resources in Europe and the Middle East. As a result, the United States has not yet materially pivoted from any other region to Asia.
Conclusion
Authors: Blackwill Robert D. , Fontaine Richard
Published: June 2024

This chapter concludes the book by summarizing the key reasons why the Pivot to Asia did not succeed. The United States underestimated the China challenge, it was faced with competing global crises, and the policy lacked a clear strategic articulation and sufficient presidential support. The Obama administration attempted a grand strategic shift in the absence of any external crises, an exceedingly difficult undertaking. Across the Obama and Trump administrations, inadequate responses to rising Chinese power, and insufficient focus on Asia, together amounted to a “Lost Decade.” This chapter makes the case for a new Pivot and offers four principles to guide it. The authors then provide nine policy recommendations in a selective “to do list” for the United States to pivot American grand strategy, at long last, to Asia. For the sake of its security, prosperity, and freedom, it must.
Mundane multilingualism
Authors: Jaspers Jürgen
Published: June 2024

This chapter argues that teachers at Dutch-medium schools in Brussels displayed habitual views about language in interviews about their work, but these views were contradictory: multilingualism was as mundane for them as monolingualism was. It will be shown that contrary to the idea that teachers have a unidimensional monolingual habitus, teachers in interviews recruited both monolingualism and multilingualism to defend or criticize the suitability of a monolingual school policy. Teachers thus possessed the ideological ingredients of reproduction as much as those of criticism and change. The chapter reveals, moreover, that these teachers commonly placed multilingualism above monolingualism, in keeping with now widespread discourses about language. The concept of the monolingual habitus is thus partially confirmed by the data discussed in this chapter but also revealed as one-sided. This raises questions about other settings where a monolingual habitus is attributed to teachers.
How Fundamentals Shape Evaluations of Candidates and Campaigns
Authors: Aldrich John H. , Bae Suhyen , Sanders Bailey K.
Published: June 2024

This chapter looks at how respondents say they feel about their party and its candidates and the opposing party and its candidates. Partisans are no more (nor much less) happy about their own party and its candidates than they have been for decades but are much more negative about the opposition. This tendency peaked in the last two presidential elections. It has changed how the public approaches presidential campaigns even in January, as the primary season begins. It also applies to traits of the candidates. While candidates provide the dynamism of national elections and are very strongly related to the vote, they are increasingly related to the fundamentals, and the effect of the fundamentals is increasingly due to how they shape evaluations of the candidates, which in turn shape the vote. But does this mixture of substantive and emotive politics matter beyond understanding how people vote?
From Milton Keynes to Ayodhya
Authors: Anderson Edward T.G.
Published: June 2024

This chapter illustrates that another key political episode in India’s recent history had global dimensions and repercussions. The Ramjanmabhoomi (Ram birthplace) movement was a major Hindu nationalist campaign to build a temple on the site of a 16th century mosque in the north Indian city of Ayodhya. This culminated, in 1992, with the destruction of the Babri Masjid and some of India’s worst communal violence since Partition. The chapter illustrates how this superficially domestic issue was a key moment for the engagement of the diaspora. This coincided with India’s late-20th century “saffron wave,” which ultimately led to the election of the first BJP government. The chapter focuses partly on a watershed moment for Hindu nationalism in Britain, the 1989 Virat Hindu Sammelan--a festival attended by c. 100,000 Hindus in Milton Keynes--the product of the long diasporic development of Hindu nationalism. It engaged a wide range of global Hindutva leaders and gurus, and developed the organizational skills of dedicated local organizers. They would continue to be key figures in UK Hindu nationalism in subsequent years. The chapter also explores the global significance of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad, one of the leading Hindutva organizations which was at the forefront of the Ram temple movement.
Charity, Sewa (Service), and the ‘Model Minority’
Authors: Anderson Edward T.G.
Published: June 2024

The fifth chapter considers the centrality of charity and sewa (service) to the Hindu nationalist movement, in India and beyond. The chapter explains how charitable activities--specifically fundraising by diasporic groups associated with Hindutva--led to controversy in the early 2000s. But rather than focusing on transnational philanthropy, the chapter considers how different forms of charity and sewa in Britain reflect not just connectivities with India--cultural, emotional, political, and financial--but also a desire to perform a version of multicultural citizenship. This is connected to Hindutva’s ecumenism, but also the projection of Hindus as the “model minority”--a core trope of diasporic Hindutva. The chapter focuses on Sewa Day--an annual, multi-location, multi-event day of charitable activities and voluntary projects. Despite appearing aligning with “interfaith” and “cohesion” narratives, these forms of publicly-facing social service can also be inflected with Hindutva. Sewa Day also represents a diversifying of Hindu nationalism beyond the “traditional” spaces of the Sangh Parivar network (“neo-Hindutva”), a blurring of its edges, and an adaptation to local conditions and stimuli that provides a platform for the diasporic vernacularization of Hindutva. The chapter also considers the relationship between British multiculturalism, interfaith relations, and the Hindu nationalist imperative of ecumenism.
‘Neo-Hindutva’
Authors: Anderson Edward T.G.
Published: June 2024

The final chapter explores ways in which Hindu nationalism has outgrown the ideological and institutional boundaries of the Sangh Parivar. This builds upon Anderson’s previous work on “neo-Hindutva.” Existing research on Hindutva has tended to focus on the core organizations of the RSS family. This fails to recognise the innovative, dynamic Hindu nationalism of organizations outside, on the periphery of, or indirectly linked with, the institutional and ideological framework of the Hindu nationalist movement (as it is conventionally understood). Neo-Hindutva is increasingly prevalent in transnational articulations of Hindu identity, and is often successful in negotiating multicultural spaces. Various inflections of Hindutva are to be found within representative, ostensibly “mainstream” Hindu organisations and umbrella groups. This kind of Hindu(tva) representation--and thereby the mainstreaming of Hindu nationalism--operates within a multiculturalism milieu that permits, even incentivizes, the construction of a public ethnic identity. The chapter explores how British Hindu-ness has become increasingly politicized and increasingly conflated with Indian diasporic identity. Hindutva, moreover, has become normalized in the mainstream representation of Hindu identity, and has entered British politics, at various levels, through a range of strategies and channels.
Conclusion
Authors: Anderson Edward T.G.
Published: June 2024

The conclusion brings together various strands of the book’s arguments on Hindu nationalism in the Indian diaspora, and considers a range of further issues. The chapter explores different forms of dissent and resistance to Hindutva outside India. It discusses digital activism of varying kinds, and global campaigning for the BJP. The conclusion also considers ways in which those who have challenged Hindutva have been counteracted and dismissed. The chapter notes that diasporic Hindutva is not simply “long-distance nationalism”--rather, it is a vernacularized form of Hindu nationalism, and serves as an expression of multivalent diasporic identity. As a form of activism, its rhetoric of assertive Hindu pride--often manifested in performative moments of outrage and offence--is both connected to, and distinct from, Indian politics and nationalism. It considers how different modes and levels of interaction with the homeland are continually being developed and renegotiated. The ways in which the diaspora has influenced the homeland, in the context of global Hindu nationalism, is much more profound than simply a one-way flow of nostalgia, funds, and even political support. Indeed, the diaspora has emerged as an increasingly important, but also distinctive, facet of the Hindu nationalist movement itself.
Grounding and Unity
Authors: Fisher Naomi
Published: June 2024

This chapter situates Schelling’s philosophical projects in terms of the characteristic aims of post-Kantian philosophy and presents his manner of fulfilling these aims as inspired by Platonism. It argues that such aims were inadvertently set by Jacobi in his Spinoza-Letters, were later developed and articulated by Reinhold and Fichte, and are as follows. Philosophy ought to (1) possess unity, provided by a single grounding principle, (2) be a discursive system and (3) avoid the repellent conclusions of Spinozism, such as denial of the independent existence of finite things. This chapter further argues that in his conception of these aims, Schelling departs from his contemporaries in various ways. Schelling offers a nondiscursive notion of grounding unity, according to which individual things participate in the absolute, but cannot be derived from the absolute; hand-in-hand with this notion of grounding unity comes altered conceptions of systematicity and derivation. This chapter presents these distinctive features of Schelling’s approach as consonant with his Platonism.
Living Together Across Borders
Authors: Arnold Lynnette
Published: June 2024

Living Together Across Borders: Separated Salvadoran Families and the Power of Everyday Conversation presents a multisited ethnography of communication in extended families living stretched between El Salvador and the United States. The book examines seemingly mundane conversational practices—such as sending greetings, negotiating remittances, and reminiscing together—that are central to family life across borders. It underscores the consequentiality of these linguistic practices by tracing how they are shaped by and reshape gendered and generational norms of family care, as well as how they are tied to Salvadoran histories of migration, violence, and poverty, which are powerfully influenced by US economic and foreign policy. The book demonstrates that these communicative practices bring inequities between Global North and South into family life by continually reproducing distinctions between relatives in El Salvador and those living in the United States. At the same time, however, transnational families use cross-border communication to forge convivencia (living-together) at-a-distance. Although these relational moments of cross-border connection are fleeting, their impacts endure, laying the foundation for the ongoing material and economic provisioning necessary to family survival. Through cross-border conversations, families nurture intergenerational relations that sustain the family over the years despite ongoing separation.
Transnational Care in Multigenerational Households
Authors: Arnold Lynnette
Published: June 2024

Chapter 2 provides an ethnographic account of transnational care-at-a-distance. Against the simplistic model of cross-border care advanced by the state, transnational families themselves envision and enact care as a multidirectional process in which all relatives participate. These engagements are understood as fundamentally differentiated, both by gendered and generational hierarchies as well as by pervasive distinctions between migrants and nonmigrants. This chapter highlights the role of communication in transnational care, suggesting that language is a powerful resource that often reproduces hierarchy even as it can be used to renegotiate the multiple inequalities that shape family care. As communicative care generates social life, it also introduces incremental change. Through communication, families implicitly push back against dominant imaginaries in ways that at least partially recover family care from neoliberal state co-optation.
Communicative Memory
Authors: Arnold Lynnette
Published: June 2024

Chapter 5 explores how transnational families remember together across borders. The chapter situates this communicative practice within the context of memory work in postwar El Salvador, where long-standing institutional silencing makes remembering a deeply political act. Inspired by local theories of memory in struggles for memoria histórica (historical memory) and in the rituals of Día de los Difuntos (Day of the Dead) celebrations, remembering is understood as a collective form of care that stitches together social relations. By remembering together, transnational families forge new ways of living-together at-a-distance by building connections from past to present. They thereby resist dominant discourses that depict migration as inevitably rupturing family ties, refusing the imaginaries imposed upon them, and instead insisting on their continued togetherness despite long-term separation.
Dealing with Steve
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

This chapter describes the manifold benefits and considerable challenges of having the formidable and ubiquitous Stephen Sondheim as a friend and mentor. A widely read 1994 New York magazine article asked provocatively, “Is Stephen Sondheim God?” Maltby tried to imitate Sondheim’s intricate rhyming (the song “I’m a Little Bit Off” is cited), until he realized that he would never be able to “out-Steve Steve” and that what he himself had to offer was enough. Sondheim’s brilliant song “Please Hello” from Pacific Overtures, an extended musical sequence introducing multiple characters from different countries, exerted a lasting musical influence. Shire was hired to write dance music for the “Tick-Tock” sequence from Sondheim’s Company during what was supposed to be his honeymoon with new bride Talia Shire in 1970. That year, Maltby succeeded Sondheim as the creator of cryptic crossword puzzles for New York magazine, and since 1976, he has contributed them to Harper’s magazine.
Lynne
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

This chapter is a profile of Lynne Meadow, longtime artistic director of the multiple-award-winning Manhattan Theatre Club (MTC). Meadow first encountered Maltby and Shire when she was a twelve-year-old local New Haven girl, appearing in the cast of the team’s musical Grand Tour at the Yale Dramat, written and produced during their senior year at Yale. That show was directed by Bill Francisco, whom Meadow cites as an important influence. Meadow later attended the Yale School of Drama, which rarely admitted female directors at the time. Early in her tenure as artistic director at MTC, Meadow had the brainstorm of putting together an evening of Maltby/Shire songs as a revue, which resulted in Starting Here, Starting Now. “She’s the one who brought us back together,” Shire affirms, thus ending the team’s informal “divorce” period.
French Is a Language That Doesn’t Scan
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

After Baby, Maltby is hired by British producer Cameron Mackintosh to adapt Andrew Lloyd Webber’s Song and Dance for an American audience and to direct the Broadway production. This important relationship with Mackintosh leads to Maltby’s being hired to write the English lyrics for Claude-Michel Schönberg and Alain Boublil’s megahit Miss Saigon, an adaptation of the Madame Butterfly story set amid a backdrop of the Vietnam War. Later, Maltby is also called upon to revise the lyrics for the Boublil/Schönberg Broadway flop The Pirate Queen, in a failed attempt to fix the production. In the meantime, Maltby and Shire are collecting fragments, sketches, and ideas for new songs in what they call the “Urban File.” Many of these numbers will end up in their revue Closer Than Ever.
It Should Have Been Called Small
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

This chapter chronicles the rocky path to Broadway of the worthy but ultimately unsuccessful musical Big, adapted from the hit 1988 movie. The idea to adapt the movie as a musical came from Shire’s wife, actress Didi Conn, but a lack of shared vision between the director, Mike Ockrent, and the writers led to conflict over which songs to include. The show was choreographed by the now celebrated director and choreographer Susan Stroman, who was married to Ockrent until his untimely death in 1999. The show’s book was by John Weidman, known then as Stephen Sondheim’s librettist for Pacific Overtures and Assassins. The original intimate concept that attracted the writers got lost amid the spectacle of a big Broadway production and the controversy around the corporate involvement of the FAO Schwarz toy company. The show also had the misfortune of opening the day before the groundbreaking hit musical Rent.
Theorizing on Education Politics
Authors: Schneider Ben Ross
Published: June 2024

Among theories and factors that have little explanatory relevance, democracy, broad social classes, and business stand out. Democracy does seem to lead to increased spending on education but does not engage quality reforms. Social class explains various education outcomes in Europe, but less so in Latin America, except for the middle class, which affects policy by exiting the public system. Business in Latin America does not depend on the educational system to generate the skilled workers they need. Thus, other factors are more important to explaining education politics in Latin America. Predators like unions (machine type) and clientelist politicians seek to use educational resources and personnel policy for their own political ends. On the other side, technocrats, NGOs, civil society, and policy networks, in various constellations can be strong supporters of reforms to teacher careers.
Parties, Coalitions, and Routes to Technical Education
Authors: Schneider Ben Ross
Published: June 2024

Technical education in Latin America is smaller and has more middle-class students than in Europe. Among countries that expanded technical education in secondary schools, their routes were market led in Chile, state-led in Brazil, and coordinated in Turkey. Chile had a radical market model until the center-left government started promoting technical education in 2010s. Left governments in Brazil after 2002 promoted a massive increase in spending and enrollments in technical education. In Turkey, in contrast, it was a right-wing party in alliance with associations of smaller businesses that drove the expansion of technical education. Brazil and Chile fit a diluted power resource theory.
Introduction
Authors: Grieve-Carlson Timothy
Published: June 2024

This introduction lays out the trajectory and argument of American Aurora. After an introductory scene describing some of the forms of environmental knowledge applied to celestial phenomena in southeastern Pennsylvania, it explores the current state of scholarship on Johannes Kelpius, outlining the rationale for a book focusing on his life and legacy. The introduction then introduces a few key contextual themes for the book, including the Little Ice Age, early modern Pietism and esotericism, and some of the political and social implications for the study of climate change in the early modern period. The introduction then describes the basic interpretive and theoretical framework of the text before summarizing each chapter.
“No Wisdom in Nature”
Authors: Grieve-Carlson Timothy
Published: June 2024

In this chapter I read Kelpius alongside his intellectual precedents and contexts, focusing on the influence of alchemical and Hermetic ideas on seventeenth-century German Pietism. I locate these religious and intellectual movements in their context of climate change and global crisis. In doing so, I argue that the Protestant reception of alchemy and Hermetic philosophy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries led to the development of religious practices of intuition and contemplation of the environment, practices that I call Hermetic Protestant environmental knowledge. Seventeenth-century Protestants like Kelpius sought out Hermetic and alchemical literature because it offered an environmental knowledge applicable to a changing climate. These concurrent readings offer a theoretical and historical foundation for understanding the intellectual context and heritage of Johannes Kelpius.
Attunement
Authors: Carnes Natalie
Published: June 2024

What is a feminist theologian to do with Christianity’s patriarchal inheritance? Two time-honored approaches in feminist theology are critiquing the most patriarchal aspects of the theological tradition and avoiding them. Both approaches have merits and yet, by themselves, reaffirm that theological tradition does not belong to women and the gender-marginalized. But within feminist theology are the seeds of another approach, aimed at the transformation of theological discourse. This book identifies and develops a third, generative path for feminist theologians. It elaborates attunement as an aesthetically invested approach to texts and artifacts that self-consciously co-creates as it interprets. The book describes why this approach is significant for feminist theology today, where it has roots both in feminist theology and in the longer history of gender-marginalized individuals claiming authority, how it casts interpretation as both an aesthetic and political event, and how it might provide a way forward for vexed topics in feminist theology, such as the theology of Augustine or the role of Mary.
Qatar’s Perception
Authors: Borck Tobias
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines Qatar’s perception of the strategic environment in the MENA during the 2010s. It argues that Qatar’s optimism and enthusiastic support for sweeping political change in many—though not all—Arab countries gradually gave way to frustration and disappointment, culminating in a view that Qatar itself had become a victim of counter-revolutionary regional powers. Throughout, Qatar saw the unwise or nefarious decision of other governments, both of countries in the region and beyond, as responsible for the deterioration of order and stability in the region. Meanwhile, Qatar regarded itself as a country with a vision for a better future for the MENA that stood steadfastly with the will of the people of the region and therefore, in its view, on the right side of history.
Critique of Halakhic Reason
Authors: Brafman Yonatan Y.
Published: June 2024

Norms and obligations are central components of many religious traditions. Yet they have often been neglected as objects of reflection in the study of religion. Moreover, despite the centrality of mitzvah (commandment) in Judaism, halakhah (Jewish law) has only recently become a central topic in modern Jewish thought. This book rectifies these deficiencies while forging new connections between reflection on religion and modern Jewish thought by offering a critique of halakhic reason. It offers fresh assessments of twentieth-century Jewish thinkers as both deeply engaged in reason-giving about the commandments and yet simultaneously denying the normativity of practical reason. Against them, it contends that, when reasons are understood as generated by the structure of agency and the relations among subjects, they are the source of normativity. This constructivist theory of practical reason provides a basis for conceptions of authority, norms, and obligations that are applicable even to God’s commands. Divine commandments too operate within a “space of reasons” and so are constrained by rationality and morality. Whether commandments are justified and how they are implemented depends on the reasons that can be offered for and against them by human agents. Reasons and practices of reason-giving are thus central to religious thought and life. Critique of Halakhic Reason reveals the ubiquity of reasons within religious practice. It examines the reasoning operative in the justification and jurisprudence of the Jewish commandments and develops its consequences for theology, the study and philosophy of religion, as well as for moral, legal, and political philosophy.
Reasons Rehabilitated
Authors: Brafman Yonatan Y.
Published: June 2024

This section summarizes part I and points forward to part II of Critique of Halakhic Reason. The twentieth-century philosophers of halakhah—Joseph Soloveitchik, Yeshayahu Leibowitz, and Eliezer Berkovits—attempt to find a foundation for the normativity of the commandments. Yet they all claim that reason is motivationally and normatively inert, and so each identifies an alternative, non-rational source of normativity. The section also describes the dialectical relation among their views: they move from the world (Soloveitchik) to the self (Leibowitz) and then on to God (Berkovits) in search of a foundation. There is a development in this dialectic: Berkovits advances beyond Soloveitchik and Leibowitz by realizing the sociality of obligation. Sociality is a key component of subsequent chapters, which develop a constructivist theory of practical reason, examine the concepts of authority, norms, and obligations, apply them to theology, and then offer an analytic of the commandments.
An International Cause
Authors: McQuade Joseph
Published: June 2024

The end of the First World War, a communist revolution in Russia, and the inauguration of a new international society under the auspices of the League of Nations all contributed to a decade in which grand ideas of world order clashed, competed, and cross-pollinated one another. In India, Gandhi’s message of non-violent non-cooperation, combined with his savvy skills as a political mobilizer, transformed Indian anti-colonialism into a nationwide mass movement. In Japan, Rash Behari Bose continued to work towards Indian independence through various attempts to smuggle firearms into India. At the same time, Bose also developed wide networks of new relationships with Asian allies, cultivating an international, Pan-Asian outlook that he saw as diametrically opposed to the Anglo-American system of the League of Nations.
Epilogue
Authors: McQuade Joseph
Published: June 2024

In re-examining the life and thought of less widely known revolutionaries like Rash Behari Bose, it is possible to better appreciate the diverse range of political imaginaries that mingled, competed, and co-existed in the heady intellectual environment of the early twentieth century. The epilogue assesses Bose’s complex and sometimes contradictory impact on India’s freedom struggle, and draws comparisons to other contested historical legacies.
Introduction
Authors: Cheruvallil-Contractor Sariya , Gilham Jamie
Published: June 2024

The history of Islam and Muslims in Britain is a relatively young subject and there is much more to be uncovered, not least in relation to the lives, experiences, and contributions of women. Using archival material, this chapter uncovers the stories of Muslim women who lived in Britain during the century from around 1850 to 1950. In doing so, it recognizes and challenges the impact of societal hierarchies in determining how we know and tell history. The book includes women from the Victorian period to the years immediately after the Second World War, just before immigration profoundly affected the size and composition of Muslim communities in Britain. It reveals a variety of stories, of Muslim women who travelled to Britain or away from it, and many more who converted to Islam within the British Isles. It also describes their differing relationships with their faith, ranging from deep commitment to ambivalence to rejection. Yet much more needs to be uncovered and learnt about the women and their communities discussed in this book, as well as the great many others about whom we know little or, as yet, nothing.
Dynamism and Discontent
Authors: Sharp Matthew A.
Published: June 2024

This chapter addresses the rhetoric, activism, and controversies surrounding British and American female converts to Islam at the Liverpool Muslim Institute (LMI) and the American Islamic Propaganda (AIP). These converts played a critical role in the establishment and operation of their institutions, specifically at the LMI in the late Victorian era. Of particular relevance is Nafeesah M.T. Keep because she functioned as a bridge between the two Muslim institutions. Her story displays examples of internal challenges and protest directed toward male leaders, particularly Mohammed Alexander Russell Webb and Abdullah Quilliam. Ottoman archival documents and Middle Eastern print culture are used to supplement English print materials as they present alternative perspectives and complicate some of the received narratives about Victorian Muslims.
‘Fatma Hanim of the English Converts’
Authors: Winrow Gareth
Published: June 2024

Raised in the slums of London’s East End, Hannah Robinson (born Hannah Rodda) was one of the first women in Britain to convert to Islam. After marrying a supposed Afghan warlord at the mosque in Liverpool, Hannah (renamed Fatma) relocated to Constantinople (Istanbul). The marriage was a disaster, but with the help of the Ottoman court, including the Sultan himself, Hannah secured a divorce, received financial aid, and married a military officer. Before her conversion, Hannah established ties with Abdullah Quilliam of the Liverpool Muslim Institute, and she would exploit this connection to later obtain support from the Ottoman authorities. Hannah used her new status as an Ottoman citizen to maintain close ties with the Ottoman court and with the Quilliam family.
‘No Room at the Inn’
Authors: Bourne Judith
Published: June 2024

Women’s entry to the legal profession in Britain was secured by the work of the women’s movement and the men who supported that movement. Prior to 1919, many women campaigned against the male exclusivity of the legal profession and would-be women lawyers were denied entry by the institutions of the law. Bertha Cave, a servant’s daughter from Kent, challenged Gray’s Inn to admit her in 1903, and was refused. Cave further challenged the establishment and status quo when, in 1905, she converted to Islam and married an Indian Muslim lawyer. They lived together in India before returning to Britain in c. 1912. This chapter argues that Cave’s story is vital to an understanding of both women’s entry into the legal profession and of British attitudes to so-called ‘mixed marriages’ in the early twentieth century.
Fascists, British
Authors: Erlich Haggai
Published: June 2024

Foreign occupation lasted the five years period under the Italian Fascists, 1936–1941, but in practice it lasted a little more. Though Haile Selassie returned to the throne in May 1941, it was globally still during World War II, and his liberators, the British army, remained controlling the whole of the Horn of Africa, including Eritrea. They supported the emperor and helped him rebuild his government in Ethiopia, but not, as yet, in Tigray. It remained pivotal throughout those years as a stage on which much of Ethiopian history was determined. The Italians during their occupation, annexed Tigray to Eritrea. The British officers, those who replaced the Italians in Asmara, wanted to continue this arrangement. They envisioned a “Tigrai State” under their auspices, not under Haile Selassie. The descendants of Yohannes, the traditional leaders of Tigrayan society, proved more than just pawns in this power struggle, which eventually resulted with the return of Tigray from Eritrea to Haile Selassie’s empire.
Haile Selassie’s Imperial Centralism
Authors: Erlich Haggai
Published: June 2024

After liberation, Haile Selassie managed to build a centralizing system around his absolute emperorship. It was applied all over the country and lasted effectively to 1974. It was only in Tigray that he compromised with local, old, traditional leadership. The province remained administered by the descendants of Yohannes, neglected and deserted. In contrast, Eritrean society underwent a quick process of politicization under the British administration. In September 1952 Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia, but combining the absolutism of Haile Selassie with an active society failed. On 15 November 1962, the Eritrean assembly was dissolved, and Eritrea was fully annexed to Ethiopia. The ensuing emergence in Eritrea of liberation fronts inspired by revolutionary movements in the Middle East and Africa, began the countdown to the 1974 fall of the imperial regime.
Tribes and the State in Libya and Iraq
Authors: Pargeter Alison
Published: June 2024

Regime change in Libya (2011) and Iraq (2003) catapulted a host of sub-state actors to the fore, including tribes, which have emerged as influential political, security, and social actors. But despite this increased role and visibility, tribes remain poorly understood. Often mistakenly associated with the “periphery” or with “pre-national” or “pre-modern” forms of political organisation, they are routinely portrayed as the antithesis of the state. Yet tribes--the Middle East’s oldest, most enduring and most controversial social entities--have proved able to adapt and evolve, entering into mutually beneficial relationships with various regimes. Based on interviews with tribal sheikhs, tribal representatives and other stakeholders, Alison Pargeter traces the role of the tribe in Libya and Iraq from the revolutionary nationalist period into the fraught transitions that followed. She reveals how tribes have succeeded in developing a presence in national and local political structures; how they have engaged and bargained with major powerbrokers; and how they have become important security providers in their own right. Contrary to modernist approaches seeking to write the obituary of the tribe, this book shows how tribes have not only survived in Libya and Iraq, but remain a key component of the state in both countries.
Tribes and Qadhafi’s Revolutionary Toolbox
Authors: Pargeter Alison
Published: June 2024

This chapter looks at the relationship between tribes and the state in Libya as Qadhafi’s rule progressed. It shows how during the late 1970s and 1980s, Qadhafi came to rely on tribal alliances in a more direct fashion, including by employing tribal traditions such as khout al-jed to fortify his rule. He also tampered in internal tribal mechanisms, shifting the balance of power within tribes and neutralizing sheikhs by promoting loyal regime elements from inside the tribe. He fostered competition between tribes too, pitting one tribe against another and stirring up old tribal antagonisms. Indeed, as the strains of ruling increased, Qadhafi leaned increasingly into the tribes, amplifying tribal symbols and values and using the tribes as a source of legitimacy and social control. This chapter shows not only how Qadhafi mobilized tribal agency to his advantage, but how the tribes were in large part willing to comply. Many tribes, or elements within tribes, proved amenable to working with and buttressing Qadhafi’s Jamahiriyah in a social contract with some becoming woven into the fabric of the regime.
Processes of Radicalization Onscreen
Authors: Hartney Christopher
Published: June 2024

Scholars have largely strained their studies of radicalization through paradigms of the Western-located—and often Muslim—sub-group and not upon radicalization as a wider construct in mainstream culture. As one path away from these biases, this chapter examines processes of radicalization as they are depicted on screen as narrative speculation. These films often have much to say about the techniques of conversion to violence, however, they are not often included in anti-terrorist discourses because of the non-Muslim cultural background of the anti-heroes they portray. If we wish to grasp the nuances of the radicalization process and its profound political results, we confront in popular fictional cinema a multivocal attitude, one in which radicalization is in fact promoted as socially transformative and generally good. However, as this chapter demonstrates, this equivocal attitude remains strongly divided on racial lines such that only when the radicalizing agent is a white male, is sainthood, rather than universal opprobrium, likely to be the most probable by-product.
Making De-Radicalisation
Authors: Clubb Gordon , Koehler Daniel , O’Connor Ryan , Schewe Jonatan
Published: June 2024

This chapter focuses on how de-radicalization is understood in Nigeria and the UK by identifying the themes associated with the term de-radicalization in mainstream newspapers within these countries, in order to illustrate the differences in framing between programs in democratic and partially democratic countries. This chapter argues that the ideational constitution of de-radicalization—specifically, its bridging of a (conservative) security logic with a (liberal) rehabilitative-community logic—influences the framing process. In analyzing the framing of de-radicalization over a period of ten years, it shows how these two hybrid ideational elements come to the fore in how de-radicalization is initially constructed as an effective policy. As a result, this hybridity allows de-radicalization to be sold as an effective policy regardless of evidence in Nigeria, while in the UK the gradual optimism splits along ideological fault lines which could potentially undermine public support for de-radicalization. Prior to outlining this concept of hybridity, the chapter presents a framework for conceptualising de-radicalization programs, which is important for identifying the different elements in a program.