bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementation and Evaluation of a Communication Strategy to Control Ragweed Pollen
Authors: Plante Celine , Smargiassi Audrey , Hubert Francine , Goudreau Sophie
Published: April 2016

The common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) is widespread in southwestern areas of Quebec, Canada. It is known to release large quantities of pollen from July through September, triggering allergic reactions such as rhinitis and generating significant costs for public health. The objective of this study was to implement and evaluate a communication intervention aimed at decreasing ragweed pollen. Selected lands with potential ragweed presence were visited twice, before and after the intervention, on three seasons in the East of the Montreal Island, Quebec. At the first visit done in 2010, 2011, and 2012, ragweed plots were located and measured; at the second visit in 2012, the measures were redone. Various numbers of communications were sent to owners of ragweed-infested lands that included explanations of health impacts of ragweed pollen and the importance of mowing. Mixed logistic regressions were used to test the effect of the number of communications on the mow. In the group that received four notices, a statistically significant three-fold increase in the proportion of land owners that had cut ragweed plots (OR = 3.20; 95 %CI: 1.16-8.84) was noted, compared to the group that received only one notice. For owners of vacant lands, the effect was somewhat more pronounced (OR = 3.82; 95%CI: 1.23-11.67). Nonetheless, the change from one to three communications showed no increase of mowing. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that communications and reminders of the importance of ragweed cut to landowners could be an effective measure to limit ragweed pollen.
Effect of Foot Reflexology and Olive Oil Foot Massageon Asthma Control
Authors: Dashti Seemin , Shahmari Mehraban , Mirzaaghazadeh Ahmad , Mirzaaghazadeh Mohammad
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND: There are some non-invasive and affordable treatments for asthma with fewer side effects, such as reflexology and olive oil foot massage in complementary and alternative medicine. There is a lack of studies regarding the efficacy of olive oil foot massage and reflexology for asthma control. This study was done to investigate the effect of foot reflexology and olive oil foot massage on asthma control.

METHODS: This randomized controlled clinical trial study was performed in 2013 on 45 adult patients suffered from asthma. Participants were divided into three groups (15 in each group): foot reflexology (R), olive oil foot massage (O) and control(C). The reflexology and olive oil foot massage were done by a massage therapist for ten sessions, three times a week for 15 minutes. Asthma control questionnaire (ACQ) was used to determine the adequacy of asthma control. Data were analyzed by SPSS 18. P-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS: Significant difference was seen in Asthma Control mean scores for both of reflexology and foot massage groups at the baseline and after the intervention (p<0.01). There was no significant difference between R and O groups in their asthma control mean scores at the end of the intervention.

CONCLUSION: The results showed that foot reflexology and olive oil foot massage could improve the asthma control. Further study is needed on the interaction of these two interventions, to compare them with the use of specific drug treatments, and to investigate the effect of olive oil absorption on asthma.
Information Demand Pattern for Teams
Authors: Stamer Dirk , Sandkuhl Kurt , Zeiner Veronika
Published: April 2016

Modern organizations face the challenge of having to manage an increasing amount of information. The resulting information overload leads more and more to problems in decision making with potentially negative economic consequences. Decision-makers and knowledge intensive workers are especially affected. To address this problem, information demand patterns were proposed which capture organizational knowledge about the information demand of single roles. This work extends the concept of information demand patterns from single roles to teams. Using the knowledge intensive field of project management, the paper shows how to apply the concept of information demand patterns for a whole team. The contributions of this work are (1) the methodical approach to develop information demand patterns for teams, (2) an actual information demand pattern for a steering committee in the context of project management, (3) reflections on the differences between role patterns and team patterns.
“AND THAT’S MAGIC!”—MAKING PUBLIC BODIES LIABLE FOR FAILURE TO CONFER BENEFITS
Authors: Hickman Tom
Published: July 2002

THE facts of Kent v. Giffiths [2000] W.L.R. 1158 were that the claimant had suffered an asthma attack and was attended by a doctor at her home. At 4.25 p.m. the doctor called an ambulance, gave the patient’s name, address, age and condition, and requested that she be transferred immediately to casualty where she was expected. Ambulance control replied “Okay doctor”. At 4.35 p.m. the claimant’s husband was assured, on making a second call, that the ambulance was on its way. He was told to hang on for another seven or eight minutes. A similar response was given to a third call made sixteen minutes later. The ambulance finally arrived forty minutes after the initial call was made. The claimant suffered respiratory arrest resulting in brain damage and a miscarriage. At trial Turner J. held that the London Ambulance Service (LAS) was liable for breach of a duty of care. He found not only that there was no reasonable explanation for the delay, but also that the ambulance crew had falsified their records ([1999] Lloyds Rep. Med. 424). Had the ambulance arrived when it should, there was a high probability that the respiratory arrest would have been averted.
Lower Cambrian halkieriids from Oxfordshire, UK
Authors: CONWAY MORRIS S. , McILROY D. , RUSHTON A. W. A.
Published: July 2002

Lower Cambrian sediments from the Withycombe Farm borehole (Oxfordshire)
yield isolated
halkieriid sclerites. All bear prominent ridges, and most appear to
be either cultrates or palmates,
although distinction between the two in the available material is
generally difficult. Two other sclerites are
more elongate: one may represent a spinose sclerite, while the other
is possibly derived from the siculate
zone of the original scleritome. Adjacent horizons of the Withycombe
Formation yield disc-like fossils,
superficially similar to hyolith opercula or monoplacophorans. These
are tentatively identified as deriving
from the same halkieriid scleritome. Two main types are identified,
and these may correspond to the
anterior and posterior shells of Halkieria evangelista from
the lower Cambrian Sirius Passet fauna of
North Greenland. The age of the Withycombe Formation within the Cambrian

is not entirely resolved,
but faunal evidence suggests an equivalence to the Cuslett Formation of
southeast Newfoundland,
which corresponds to either the upper Tommotian or lower Atdabanian
of the standard Siberian section.
ROSCOE CONKLING SIMMONS AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF AFRICAN AMERICAN ORATORY
Authors: KAYE ANDREW
Published: July 2002

The black journalist and politician, Roscoe Simmons, was best known for his ability as an orator. Simmons's lecturing activities reveal the networks underlying a black public sphere upon which ambitious black leaders relied to publicize their political agendas. Those networks expanded in the first half of the twentieth century as blacks exploited the press, radio, and other technologies, and as blacks migrated in numbers from the Southern states. Meetings of African Americans served several functions: as opportunities to debate the race's prospects; to voice political concerns; and as sources of entertainment. Simmons incorporated all these principles in his platform performances, as he worked to secure valuable connections with organizations ranging from churches and fraternal bodies to Republican clubs and urban machines. Beginning with his family connection to Booker T. Washington, Simmons cultivated friendships with influential blacks and whites over a period of fifty years. His conservative ideology, however, did not suit all tastes.
MARY TUDOR AS ‘SOLE QUENE’?: GENDERING TUDOR MONARCHY
Authors: RICHARDS JUDITH M.
Published: July 2002

Although Mary Tudor had reigned for five years before her,

Elizabeth Tudor's reign

has often been treated as if it raised issues of English female monarchy

de novo. The argument of

this paper is that the study of Mary's reign is important in its own

right, as well as a necessary

introduction for any wider study of English female monarchy. It was during

Mary's reign that the

accommodations consequent upon the occupation of the traditionally male

monarchy by the first female

occupant were devised. Those strategies subsequently defined central

symbolic forms of Elizabeth's

reign and shaped their readings. Moreover, the shifts in ritual and

representations during the first

queen's reign made to accommodate that other novelty, a king as consort,

throw considerable light on

the underlying political assumptions of the times, as well as the more

gendered aspects of constitutional theory.
ISLAM AND ARABS THROUGH THE EYES OF THE ENCYCLOPÉDIE: THE “OTHER” AS A CASE OF FRENCH CULTURAL SELF-CRITICISM
Authors: Joubin Rebecca
Published: July 2002

The 18th-century European Enlightenment championed rational philosophy and scientific methodology, rather than any form of traditional theology, as the way to understand the objective truth.1 In their quest for the fundamental truth, France's philosophes, the rational and anticlerical intellectuals of the Age of Reason, were forced to brave official censorship, persecution, and imprisonment as they disentangled themselves from their Christian heritage. Thus, the French Enlightenment was informed by a dualistic view of history—an ongoing contest between reason and faith. Although faith had gained ascendancy with Christianity's triumph over classical antiquity in the late 3rd and 4th centuries, according to the philosophes, many of whom served as key contributors to the Encyclopédie, religion and science had once again joined battle in the 18th century, this time with science and reason poised to overcome religious irrationality.2 In this context, the renowned philosophe Voltaire, in his highly controversial Dictionnaire Philosophique (1764), attacks Christian dogma, refutes the tenet of Christ's divine nature, and rejects the possibility of miracles as running contrary to all scientific evidence.3 Similarly, in Système de la Nature (1770), another philosophe, d'Holbach, deplores man's pursuit of the chimeras of religious revelation and refusal to engage in rational methods of inquiry.4 The arguments of Voltaire and d'Holbach are just two examples of the French Enlightenment tenet that knowledge can be based only on science and reason.
Bioavailability assessments of granular calcined
magnesites derived from magnesite rocks and of
magnesium hydroxide powder in sheep
Authors: HEMINGWAY R. G. , PARKER E. R. , PARKINS J. J. , FISHWICK G. , RITCHIE N. S.
Published: July 2002

Granular calcined magnesites originating from Spain, China and

Greece and magnesium hydroxide
powder were evaluated in a series of balance experiments conducted
with wether sheep (c. 42 kg
liveweight) given a basal ration of dried grass at Glasgow University
Veterinary School between 1989
and 1994. Four Spanish ‘Agma’ products and three
Spanish ‘Navarras’ products contained less
material (0–104 g/kg)>1000 μm diameter than
four Chinese and four Greek materials
178–483 g/kg). The Spanish products had lower
(18–45 g/kg) losses on ignition compared with the
Chinese and Greek materials (53–112 g/kg). A fifth
Greek product contained only 4 g/kg>1000 μm
diameter. In three experiments comparing supplementation of
the basal diet with 2·0 g Mg as either
magnesium hydroxide or as one of the three separate purchases
of the commercial calcined magnesite
sources, the powdered magnesium hydroxide had the highest
mean apparent availability coefficient
(0·30) (faecal increase method). The corresponding
values were 0·24 (Agma and Navarras), 0·20
(Chinese) and 0·15 (Greek) (pooled s.e. 0·014,
d.f. 10). Powdered magnesium hydroxide also had the
highest (0·18) mean availability coefficient (urinary
increase method) compared with 0·12 (Agma),
0·13 (Navarras), 0·14 (Chinese), 0·10 (Greek)
(pooled s.e. 0·005, d.f. 10). In two subsequent

experiments, Agma had a superior apparent availability coefficient
(0·26) (faecal method) than either
the Chinese (0·14) or the Greek materials (0·19).
A finer grade of Greek calcined magnesite (0·25) was
equivalent to Agma. For the 12 calcined magnesites evaluated
in the three main experiments,
significant (P<0·05) correlations (r)
were found between the magnesium availability coefficient
(faecal method) and loss on ignition (−0·65); particle
size proportions (<250 μm, 0·59; and
>1000 μm, −0·65) and tended towards significance
for rumen solubility in 24 μm nylon bags in hay-fed cows over two days

(r=0·54, P=0·07) and rate
of reaction with citric acid (0·57, P=0·055). No

correlations were found with magnesium availability coefficients
(urinary increase method). This
confirms the limitations of both in vitro predictions and
in vivo (faecal) estimates of magnesium
availability for different calcined magnesites. The mean magnesium
availability coefficient (faeces) of
the 17 calcined magnesites was 0·21 (s.d. 0·05).

If this were to be confirmed by other observations, it
would have implications for the amounts of dietary calcined magnesite
required to meet recommended
dietary magnesium allowances for ruminants.
ESTIMATES OF COUSIN MARRIAGE AND MEAN INBREEDING IN THE UNITED KINGDOM FROM ‘BIRTH BRIEFS’
Authors: SMITH MALCOLM T.
Published: July 2002

From 626 ascendant genealogies, known as ‘birth briefs’, deposited by members of the Society of Genealogists in their London library, rates of consanguineous marriage and coefficients of mean inbreeding (α) of offspring were estimated for cohorts of marriages contracted in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The rate of first cousin marriage in the generation estimated to have married during the 1920s was 0·32%, with no marriages between second cousins. The mean inbreeding coefficient for the offspring of these marriages was estimated as 0·0002. In the previous generation 1·12% of the marriages were between first cousins, and the estimate of mean inbreeding was 0·0007. Comparison with data taken from the published literature suggests that the levels of cousin marriage observed are consistent with a secular decline during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
CHANGING PATTERNS OF EXTRAMARITAL CONCEPTIONS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC, 1960-93
Authors: STLOUKAL LIBOR
Published: July 2002

Patterns of reproduction associated with extramarital conception are examined using data on non-marital births, marital births occurring during less than 8 months after marriage, and spontaneous and induced abortions experienced by unmarried women. Trends in the incidence and demographic outcomes of conceptions resulting from extramarital coitus are analysed by means of age-specific probabilities of becoming pregnant outside marriage; and of terminating such a pregnancy by abortion, by legitimating it through marriage before confinement, or by having a baby while remaining unmarried. Substantial increases in the proportion of extramaritally conceived pregnancies leading to non-marital births are detected for the period since the late 1980s, and ascribed mainly to rising levels of unmarried cohabitation. The demographic effects of the post-1989 transition from state to market economy are discussed.
Instability of a plane conducting free surface
submitted to an alternating magnetic field
Authors: FAUTRELLE Y. , SNEYD A. D.
Published: July 2002

This paper considers the stability of a horizontal liquid-metal
free surface in the
presence of a horizontal alternating magnetic field. A weak formulation
is used to
derive a generalized Mathieu–Hill equation for the evolution of surface
perturbations.
Previous studies which rely on time-averaging the electromagnetic force
over one field
cycle have predicted a generally weak instability, but we find much larger
growth rates
near the resonances, where the surface wave frequency is an integral multiple
of the
field frequency. The method can be extended to include viscous and ohmic
damping;
the former has little effect, while the latter damps all waves except those
whose
frequency is close to the field frequency. Growth rates can be closely
approximated
by simple algebraic formulae, as can the critical magnetic field strength
for the onset
of instability.
The process of nation-building in
post-war Eritrea: created from
below or directed from above?
Authors: Tronvoll Kjetil
Published: July 2002

The journey of nation-building is long and complicated. Even though
the
bases of Eritrean nationalism have been firmly established through our
long
liberation struggle, it has yet to be concluded. It is known that to build
[a]
peaceful and rich country is the hardest, and more complicated than to
get
success in war. The National Charter of Eritrea, EPLF (1994)
Building democracy: an examination of religious
associations in South Africa and Zimbabwe
Authors: Kuperus Tracy
Published: July 2002

This paper explores the dynamics of regime change in South Africa and
Zimbabwe through an examination of civil society's role, but more particularly
mainline Christian religious associations, in democratising and consolidating
democracy. After surveying state–civil society debates, an analysis of
the nature and purpose of civil society in these two countries is undertaken.
In both countries, a vibrant, diverse civil society exists that builds or
strengthens democratic possibilities; however, Zimbabwean civil society is
weaker for reasons that include regime type, the particularities of the liberation
struggle, and constitutional limitations. The paper concludes with
prescriptions for strengthening civil society in South Africa based on lessons
learned from Zimbabwe.
Power thresholds of the L–H transition
described by a global bifurcation of tokamak equilibrium
Authors: MINARDI E.
Published: July 2002

The magnetic configuration in the confinement zone of a tokamak
admits a
magnetic flux-bifurcation for critical values of the edge parameters and
given
injected power when the initial L-state is so defined as to be associated
with a
stationary magnetic entropy. Assuming the ITER89-P scaling of the energy
confinement time in the L state, it is shown that the power is changing
along
the bifurcation threshold, for fixed values of the edge parameters, according
to
the law P=Cn0.77B0.97
(where n is the average density and B is the toroidal
magnetic field), where the numerical value of the constant C follows
from
ITER89-P and is consistent with observations of the L–H transition.
It is also
shown that the observed independence of the threshold with respect to the
current is a consequence of the fact that, at the threshold point, the
ratio
between the auxiliary power and the Ohmic power PΩ
in the confinement region
is constant when the current is changing and that the value of
PΩ at the
threshold is a very slow function of the current.
Spectrum and stability of a rigidly rotating compressible plasma
Authors: NIJBOER R. J. , LIFSCHITZ A. E. , GOEDBLOED J. P.
Published: July 2002

We consider the spectrum and stability of a compressible,
rigidly rotating plasma
column with constant magnetic pitch. It is found that when the pressure
on axis is
zero, a continuous spectrum arises, which may become unstable. When the
pressure
on axis is finite or a conducting core is included, the spectrum is discrete,
but
may still be unstable. The instability is due to the poloidal magnetic
field and/or
the rotation of the cylinder in combination with the density profile. It
is found
numerically that the pressure stabilizes both types of instabilities.
Parallel weak envelope solitons in multi-ion
plasmas
Authors: HACKENBERG PETER , MANN GOTTFRIED
Published: July 2002

Heavy ions frequently appear as minor components in space plasmas, for example as
charged helium in the solar wind and heavy ions in the vicinity of comets. Both the
different components of ions and the associated plasma waves are observed by
extraterrestrial in situ measurements. These plasma waves appear as large-amplitude
magnetic field fluctuations in space plasmas. They must be described appropriately
by means of multifluid equations. Because of the nonlinear nature of these waves,
we here investigate nonlinear waves in multi-ion plasmas. Solitary waves that can
only exist in a magnetized bi-ion plasma are presented. We employ a perturbation
theory at the linear solution of a left-hand circularly polarized, low-frequency
(below the proton gyrofrequency) plasma wave and take only the first nonlinear terms
into account. Thus the multifluid equations are reduced to a single equation of the
type of a nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The derived soliton solution is valid for
magnetic field amplitudes lower than 10% of the ambient unperturbed magnetic
field. The solutions are discussed for plasma parameters that are typical of the solar
wind. A density enhancement can be observed within the soliton, where the helium
ion density is more enhanced than the proton density.
Between Venice and Surat: The Trade in Gold in Late Safavid Iran
Authors: Matthee Rudi
Published: July 2002

The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal states each in its own way reconstituted a common legacy of combined Perso-Islamic and Turco-Mongolian religious and political elements into sociopolitical structures that exhibit remarkable similarities alongside significant differences. This, as well as the myriad ways in which they interacted, culturally, politically, as well as economically, renders these three states more than simply a series of discreet and self-contained political entities. Premodern and early modern west and south Asia is most productively approached and analyzed as an interactive continuum.
‘IN THE BEGINNING’: A CHRISTOLOGICAL TRANSPARENCY
Authors: MILLER ED. L.
Published: July 2002

In an earlier article, ‘The Johannine Origins of the Johannine Logos’, I proposed that the prevailing explanations of the background and origin of the celebrated Logos concept/title of the Gospel of John are misguided in their attempts to trace the title to some extraneous source. I argued, rather, that the development of the christological title Logos had a beginning, middle, and end, and that this may be demonstrated from the Gospel and First Epistle themselves. Crucial to my argument was the chronological ordering of the three documents: the Gospel of John ‘proper’ (John 1.19–20.31), the First Epistle, and then the substance of the Prologue (John 1.1–18). The thesis itself, more specifically, was that (1) λóγoς and ρημα were employed in the Gospel ‘proper’ with a demonstrably ‘christological transparency’, (2) λóγoς was employed with a quasi-titular force in the first verses of 1 John, and (3) λóγoς reflects a full-fledged christological title in the Prologue material, which was composed still later. At the end of that article I suggested that a similar development could be traced in the case of the Johannine term αρχη´ – immediately related to λóγoς in the very first line of the Gospel – and that, if so, this would surely enhance my argument concerning λóγoς. Here I attempt to make the argument for a similar christological development of the Johannine αρχη´. Even aside from its relevance for my thesis about λóγoς, the prominent and recurring αρχη´ justifies the attention. And it does confront us, after all, with the majestic phrase with which the Gospel opens: ‘In the beginning’.
In vivo development of Theileria annulata: major
changes
in efferent lymph following infection with sporozoites or
allogeneic schizont-infected mononuclear cells
Authors: NICHANI A. K. , THORP B. H. , BROWN C. G. D. , CAMPBELL J. D. M. , BROWN D. J. , RITCHIE M. , SPOONER R. L.
Published: July 2002

The object of these experiments was to study the pathogenesis and
kinetics of Theileria annulata infection in the efferent
lymph of the draining lymph nodes of calves. Efferent lymphatics of calves
were cannulated prior to infection with T.
annulata sporozoite or an allogeneic schizont cell line. Potentially
lethal sporozoite challenge induced cell shut-down from
days 4–6 and then a massive increase in output of blasting cells
(both infected and non-infected) in the efferent lymph.
The rate of lymph flow and total cell output increased to 5 to 10-fold
from day 6 onwards. Sporozoites were never isolated
from the efferent lymph. However, large numbers of parasite-infected cells
were seen in efferent lymph from the sixth day
of infection. The animals inoculated with an allogeneic T. annulata-infected
cell line exhibited only a small increase in flow
rate and cell output. Parasite-infected cells of recipient origin were
seen in efferent lymph from day 11 onwards. However,
cells of donor origin were never isolated either from efferent lymph or
peripheral blood. Thus the parasite transferred from
the inoculated donor cell line to the cells of the recipient before schizonts
appeared in efferent lymph.
Workday communication and ambulatory blood pressure: Implications for the reactivity hypothesis
Authors: Brondolo Elizabeth , Karlin William , Alexander Kwame , Bobrow Amy , Schwartz Joseph
Published: July 2002

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was used to investigate the cardiovascular correlates of naturally occurring interpersonal interactions. Participants were New York City traffic agents, who routinely engage in conflict‐prone communication with the public under relatively fixed conditions. Talking with the public, supervisors, or coworkers was associated with levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate that exceeded a resting baseline. Blood pressure was higher when agents were talking to the public than when they were talking to coworkers or engaged in a noncommunicative work task. Systolic blood pressure response during communication was associated with the agent's mood. Blood pressure effects associated with communication appear to persist after the communication has ceased. Implications of these data for the reactivity hypothesis of the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease are discussed.
Where does fast and frugal cognition stop? The boundary between complex cognition and simple heuristics
Authors: Baguley Thom , Robertson S. Ian
Published: July 2002

Simple heuristics that make us smart presents a valuable and valid interpretation of how we make fast decisions particularly in situations of ignorance and uncertainty. What is missing is how this intersects with thinking under even greater uncertainty or ignorance, such as novice problem solving, and with the development of expert cognition.
Why not model spoken word recognition instead of phoneme monitoring?
Authors: Vroomen Jean , de Gelder Beatrice
Published: July 2002

Norris, McQueen & Cutler present a detailed account of the decision stage of the phoneme monitoring task. However, we question whether this contributes to our understanding of the speech recognition process itself, and we fail to see why phonotactic knowledge is playing a role in phoneme recognition.
The nature of forgetting from short-term memory
Authors: Muter Paul
Published: July 2002

Memory and forgetting are inextricably intertwined. Any account of short-term memory (STM) should address the following question: If three, four, or five chunks are being held in STM, what happens after attention is diverted?
The requirements of a major biological hypothesis
Authors: Malliani Alberto
Published: July 2002

Abundant pathophysiological and clinical evidence suggests
that the algogenic code responsible for cardiac pain is not based on
“specific” mechanisms (mcmahon). Recent
evidence, however, has led various authors to postulate that some
degree of specificity might be involved in visceral pain arising from
other sources, but a “spatio-temporal” intensity pattern
is still the most plausible hypothesis for the genesis of visceral
pain.
Stimulus configuration, long-term potentiation, and the hippocampus
Authors: Schmajuk Nestor A.
Published: July 2002

Shors & Matzel propose that hippocampal LTP increases
the effective salience of discrete external stimuli and thereby
facilitates the induction of memories at distant places. In line with
this suggestion, a neural network model of associative learning and
hippocampal function assumes that LTP increases hippocampal error
signals to the cortex, thereby facilitating stimulus configuration in
association cortex. Computer simulations show that under these
assumptions the model correctly describes the effect of LTP induction
and blockade in classical discriminations and place
learning.
Universal Grammar and the critical age
Authors: Herschensohn Julia
Published: July 2002

Differences of opinion between Epstein, Flynn &
Martohardjono (1996) and some commentators can be traced
to different interpretations of Universal Grammar (UG) form
or strategy. Potential full access to the form of linguistic
universals in second language acquisition may be distinguished from
access to UG strategy, but Epstein et al.'s dismissal of the
Critical Age Hypothesis clouds their central argument.
The null-hypothesis significance-test procedure: Can't live with it, can't live without it
Authors: Blaich Charles F.
Published: July 2002

If the NHSTP procedure is essential for controlling for
chance, why is there little, if any, discussion of the nature of
chance by Chow and other advocates of the procedure. Also,
many criticisms that Chow takes to be aimed against the NHSTP
(null-hypothesis significance-test) procedure are actually directed
against the kind of theory that is tested by the procedure.
Superiority on the Embedded Figures Test in autism and in normal males: Evidence of an “innate talent”?
Authors: Baron-Cohen Simon
Published: July 2002

Howe et al. suggest that most talents can be explained
in terms of practice and other environmental effects, and only
exceptionally by innate factors. This commentary provides an
illustration of one such exception: performance on the Embedded
Figures Test by people with autism and their relatives.
Natural talents: An argument for the extremes
Authors: Feldman David Henry , Katzir Tamar
Published: July 2002

The existence of natural talent becomes easier to see at
extremes in performance. Practice alone could not account for the
differences in performance that exist at the highest levels. Practice
and other factors are no doubt important contributors to outstanding
performance, but not enough to explain great creative works. Talent is
essential.
Shape representation by Second-order Isomorphism and the Chorus model: SIC
Authors: Edelman Shimon
Published: July 2002

Proximal mirroring of distal similarities is, at present,
the only solution to the problem of representation that is both
theoretically sound (for reasons discussed in the target article)
and practically feasible (as attested by the performance of the
Chorus model). Augmenting the latter by a capability to refer
selectively to retinotopically defined object fragments should
lead to a comprehensive theory of shape processing.
Modality and abstract concepts
Authors: Adams Fred , Campbell Kenneth
Published: July 2002

Our concerns fall into three areas: (1) Barsalou fails to make
clear what simulators are (vs. what they do); (2) activation of
perceptual areas of the brain during thought does not distinguish
between the activation's being constitutive of concepts or a mere
causal consequence (Barsalou needs the former); and (3) Barsalou's
attempt to explain how modal symbols handle abstraction fails.
Conceptual multiplicity and structure
Authors: Gall Norman R.
Published: July 2002

Dienes & Perner make three mistakes in their account of the
“natural language meaning” of implicit-explicit knowledge:
They fail to take the multiplicity of use of a concept seriously enough,
they arbitrarily separate use of a concept and its conceptual structure,
and they tend to tailor their analysis for use by the Representational
Theory of Knowledge.
Some reflections on sex differences in aggression and violence
Authors: Maxson Stephen C.
Published: July 2002

Four issues relevant to sex differences in human aggression
and violence are considered. (1) The motivation for play and
serious aggression in children and juvenile animals is different.
Consequently, the evolutionary explanations for each may be
different. (2) Sex differences in intrasexual aggression may be
due to effects of the attacker or the target. There is evidence that
both males and females are more physically aggressive against
males and less physically aggressive against females. The evolutionary
explanation for each component of the sex difference in intrasexual
aggression may be different. (3) Aggression and violence are defined.
The former is the attack, and the latter is the consequent injury or
death. The evolutionary explanation for each may not be the same.
(4) Most men and women are neither physically aggressive nor
criminally violent. The evolutionary explanations of sex differences
in aggression and violence should take this polymorphism into
account.
Whatever seems right to me is right
Authors: van Brakel J.
Published: July 2002

It is argued that given the task Palmer sets himself, there are no constraints on his colour experiences whatsoever.
Dissociation between regular and irregular in connectionist architectures: Two processes, but still no special linguistic rules
Authors: Zorzi Marco , Vigliocco Gabriella
Published: July 2002

Dual-mechanism models of language maintain a distinction between a lexicon and a computational system of linguistic rules. In his target article, Clahsen provides support for such a distinction, presenting evidence from German inflections. He argues for a structured lexicon, going beyond the strict lexicon versus rules dichotomy. We agree with the author in assuming a dual mechanism; however, we argue that a next step must be taken, going beyond the notion of the computational system as specific rules applying to a linguistic domain. By assuming a richer lexicon, the computational system can be conceived as a more general binding process that applies to different linguistic levels: syntax, morphology, reading, and spelling.
Piecewise smooth interval maps with non-vanishing derivative
Authors: HOMBURG ALE JAN
Published: July 2002

We consider the dynamics of piecewise smooth interval maps $f$ with a nowhere vanishing derivative. We show that if $f$ is not infinitely renormalizable, then all its periodic orbits of sufficiently high period are hyperbolic repelling. If, in addition all periodic orbits of $f$ are hyperbolic, then $f$ has at most finitely many periodic attractors and there is a hyperbolic expansion outside the basins of these periodic attractors. In particular, if $f$ is not infinitely renormalizable and all its periodic orbits are hyperbolic repelling, then some iterate of $f$ is expanding. In this case, $f$ admits an absolutely continuous invariant probability measure.
Qualitative theory and expansion growth of transversely piecewise-smooth
foliated ${S}^{1}$-bundles
Authors: EGASHIRA SHINJI
Published: July 2002

We study a qualitative theory of compact, transversely piecewise-smooth
foliated $S^1$-bundles.
We show that it has the same qualitative properties as that of smooth
codimension-one foliations on a compact manifold.
By the obtained qualitative properties, we can deduce that the expansion
growth of this foliation is classified and that the entropy of this foliation
is positive if and only if there exists a resilient leaf.
The Relationship between the Delivery of
Day Care Services for Older People and
the Design of Day Unit Premises
Authors: BACON VALERIE , LAMBKIN CHRISTOPHER
Published: July 2002

In response to recent community care policies in Britain,
co-ordinated, needs-led models of care have been introduced into
day care services for older people.
Whilst their introduction has prompted detailed consideration of the changes
required in the organisation and management of these services, less attention
has been paid to their implications for the design of day care premises. Yet
design factors impinge on all aspects of service delivery and any shortcomings
in design may undermine the effective delivery of new models of care. This
article uses findings from recent research to explore how design factors may
facilitate or constrain service delivery, focusing on two aspects of the new
models of care – that services should meet the needs
of individual users and be locally-based.
Private Sector Policies for Caregiving
Employees: A Survey of Scottish Companies
Authors: GILHOOLY MARY L. M. , REDPATH CALUM
Published: July 2002

The aim of the study was to examine Scottish private sector
employers' policies
with regard to flexible working arrangements for carers of physically and
mentally impaired older people. The questions addressed by this study were
as follows : (1) Are employers aware of the needs of carers? (2) To what extent
do they view carers' needs or responsibilities as problematic? (3) What
proportion of companies have specific policies regarding flexible working
arrangements to accommodate carers' responsibilities? (4) What is the
‘nature’ of these policies? (5) Are flexible policies with
regard to caregiving
responsibilities viewed by companies as part of ‘health promotion’
in the workplace? (6) In what ways do company characteristics influence policy on
carers' responsibilities?, and (7) What, if any, initiatives
have been adopted to
help employees plan for caregiving responsibilities? One thousand questionnaires
were sent to companies drawn from the Scottish Chamber of Commerce
National Directory 1993; 32 per cent were returned completed and in time for
analysis. The majority (92 per cent) of companies had never previously
considered the issue of employees' elder care responsibilities. Although
expressing considerable sympathy, as well as some responsiveness and
flexibility with regard to working arrangements for caregiving employees, the
results of the survey indicate that Scottish companies in the private sector are
providing little in the way of direct or indirect support to the UK community
care reforms. However, informal contacts during the project indicated that the
public and voluntary sectors may be more flexible and have begun to develop
specific policies with regard to the needs of caregiving employees.
Social revolution: the elusive emergence of an agenda in International Relations
Authors: PANAH MARYAM H.
Published: July 2002

This article addresses the inadequate analysis of modern social revolutions within orthodox International Relations due both to the historical context and the trajectory of the discipline. A critical review of the literature that has more recently come to acknowledge the relevance of revolutions and revolutionary states to IR reveals a number of enduring shortcomings. The present article suggests an alternative framework for the study of revolutions by conceiving them as rooted in the dynamics of the globally dominant socio-economic system, capitalism. It is argued that the uneven global expansion of this system and its peculiarity contribute to the explanation of revolutionary upheavals in the modern world. This is illustrated in the final section of the article by a case study of the Iranian Revolution of 1979, which also challenges recent explanations of the revolution in terms of ‘Islam’ or ‘Islamic culture’.
Reports and Surveys
Authors: Rudall B.H.
Published: July 2002

AUTONOMOUS LEGGED ROBOT

1. Developing the RS-01 RoboDog

What is claimed to be the world's most advanced, autonomous legged robot to be developed and marketed is called the RS-01 RoboDog. Produced with the aid of collaborative design software it is being marketed after less than a year's development and was available from April 2001 after its launch by its British developers, RoboScience.
ESTIMATION OF EXCESS RETURNS FROM DERIVATIVE PRICES
AND TESTING FOR RISK NEUTRAL PRICING
Authors: Pandher Gurupdesh S.
Published: July 2002

This paper develops an econometric framework for (i)
estimating excess returns of the security process from
high frequency derivative prices, (ii) testing for risk
neutral pricing, and (iii) measuring premiums outside the
no-arbitrage pricing model. The estimator is constructed
by applying quasi-likelihood and Feynman–Kac theory
to the risk neutral contingent claims pricing model to
generate the optimal orthogonality restriction. The strong
consistency and asymptotic normality of the estimator are
established in the context of a nonstationary underlying
state process. These results further imply that the estimator
is robust to distributional assumptions on the underlying
asset process. The proposed approach is applicable to any
arbitrary derivative security, does not require estimation
of the risk neutral probability measure, and has application
to spot rate bond pricing models. A controlled diagnostic
study based on generating the S&P500 index and calls
verifies the ability of the estimators to correctly estimate
security excess returns and test for risk neutral pricing.
The estimator is invariant to call strikes, and larger
samples constructed by cycling over shorter maturity options
can be used to reduce its variance.
ON THE STABILITY OF A BANDWIDTH PACKING ALGORITHM
Authors: Dantzer Jean-François , Haddani Mostafa , Robert Philippe
Published: July 2002

The stability properties of the bandwidth allocation
algorithm First Fit are analyzed for some distributions
on the sizes of the requests. Fluid limits are used to
get the ergodicity results. When there are two possible
sizes, the description of the transient behavior involves
a finite Markov chain on the exit states of a transient
Markov chain on a countable state space. The explicit
expression of this exit matrix is given.
ON THE ESTIMATION OF σ AND THE PROCESS CAPABILITY INDICES
Cp AND Cpm
Authors: Khattree Ravindra
Published: July 2002

We consider the problem of estimation of the standard
deviation σ and the process capability indices
Cp and Cpm
for a normally distributed process. The problem is addressed
with the objective of obtaining optimal estimators under
the classic criterion of minimum variance unbiased estimation,
as well as under the Pitman measure of closeness.
NON-NATIVE EDUCATORS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING.
George Braine (Ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1999. Pp. xxi + 233. $49.95 cloth,
$24.50
paper.
Authors: Takahashi Tomoko
Published: July 2002

There exists a general belief that the ideal English teacher is a native speaker (NS). Because
of this native speaker fallacy, it is undeniable that nonnative speaker (NNS) teachers have been
marginalized in the English language teaching (ELT) profession. Until recently, however, the
voices of NNS English teachers expressing their own concerns have rarely been heard.
Non-Native Educators in English Language Teachingis the first and most
comprehensive work done in the field to fill this gap. It focuses solely on the theme of NNS
educators in ELT and provides a forum for language professionals to discuss the issues
surrounding the NS-NNS dichotomy from linguistic, psychological, pedagogical, and
sociopolitical perspectives. This anthology is unique and powerful. All of the contributors are
NNS professionals from diverse linguistic and ethnic backgrounds. Because of the unique nature
of its contributors, purpose, and contents, this volume makes a great impact on, and a valuable
contribution to, the fields of TESOL and applied linguistics. It is powerful because the messages
are coming from authorities on the theme—NNSs themselves.
Complete systems of surfaces in 3-manifolds
Authors: LEI FENGCHUN
Published: July 2002

A complete system (CS)
[Jscr ]={J1, ..., Jn}
on a connected closed surface F is a
collection of pairwise disjoint simple closed curves on F
such that the surface
obtained by cutting F open along [Jscr ] is a 2-sphere with
2n-holes. Two CSs on F are
equivalent if each can be obtained from the other via finite number of
slides (defined
in Section 1) and isotopies. Let M be a 3-manifold and F
a boundary component of
M of genus n. A CS of surfaces for M is a CS
on
F which bounds n pairwise disjoint
incompressible orientable surfaces in M. When [Jscr ] is a CS
of discs on the boundary of
a handlebody V, it is well known that any CS on F
which is equivalent to [Jscr ] is also
a CS of discs for V. Our first result says that the same
thing happens for a CS of
surfaces for M, that is, if [Jscr ] is a CS of surfaces for M,
then any CS equivalent to [Jscr ]
is also a CS of surfaces for M. The following theorem is our main
result on CS of surfaces in 3-manifolds:
Practical Implementation of Satellite Navigation Safety Assessment
Authors: Magny Jean Pierre
Published: July 2002

This, and the following three papers, were first presented at GNSS 2000, the Third European
Symposium on Global Navigation Satellite Systems held in Edinburgh, Scotland from 1st to
4th May 2000.

This paper presents the methodology and a practical implementation approach to perform
GNSS Safety Assessment and Certification with due consideration of the satellite navigation
system users. It places Galileo GNSS in a total system that includes vehicles, on-board
equipment, crews and traffic controllers and defines the necessary organisation for
implementing safety analyses right from the early design phases of navigation systems. Civil
aviation has very demanding requirements based on objectives for air navigation safety. It
is much better organised on a worldwide basis than other GNSS users and is considered in
this paper as the leading study case. Some methods are then proposed to build a bridge
between all user organisations and to set up a common approach to certification.
The Law Relating to Satellite Navigation and Air Traffic
Management Systems – A View From The South Pacific
Authors: Murray Kim
Published: July 2002

This is an updated and revised version of a paper originally presented to a CNS/ATM
Forum of representatives from the States, airlines and air traffic service provider
organisations of the Pacific region meeting in Sydney, Australia on 16 April 1998. The
Forum was organised under the auspices of the Australian and New Zealand Divisions
of the Royal Aeronautical Society.

There are many legal issues involved in the provision and use of new technology based on
satellite navigation and communications in Air Traffic Management Systems. These include
aspects of international space law, international air law and domestic state law. Spanning
these aspects are regional provisions and the role of ICAO. This paper considers these issues
with particular reference to the Pacific region, which is in the lead in adopting the new
technology, and concludes that much of the existing law applies, but that new law is
also required if the legal framework is to keep pace with introduction of the new
technology.
Modified Automatic Dependent Surveillance System (M-ADS)
For North
Sea Helicopters
Authors: Lande K.
Published: July 2002

The helicopter traffic over the North Sea is performed in uncontrolled
airspace over
international waters. The lack of radar coverage makes the establishment
of controlled airspace
difficult. The development of Automatic Dependent Surveillance
(ADS) and use of satellite
technology for Navigation, Communication and Surveillance
(NCS) have made it possible to
evaluate Modified Automatic Dependent Surveillance (M-ADS) as
a basis for establishing
controlled airspace over remote areas without radar coverage.