bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Timur Novikov and the New Artists
Authors: Andreeva Ekaterina
Published: February 2022

The chapter focuses on a circle of nonconfomrist artists that formed around Timur Novikov in the early 1980s. The circle’s multimedia practices absorbed multiple influences, but, most importantly, ludic aesthetics of Russian Futurists and OBERIU. Their interest in avant-garde non-art was not tantamount to a rejection of such traditional techniques as painting and drawing. Their painterly practice was “wild”: they immersed themselves in an unbounded expressionism, a style that had been vigorously vilified and persecuted by the normative Soviet aesthetic. Through the analysis of the New Artists’ multimedial works, actions, and innovative genres the article traces the group’s evolution and establishes the connection of its shared aesthetic with such global trends as the new wave, Тransavantgarde and environmental art of the early 1980s. By turning the most unexpected, ordinary things into art, the New Artists environmentally revitalized life and culture.
A Relational Approach to Law and Its Core Concepts
Authors: Nedelsky Jennifer
Published: February 2022

This introduction to relational feminism builds on Nedelsky’s approach in which relationships are central to all human beings, not just to women. A relational approach to law provides both a clearer analysis of what is at stake in disputes over law and policy and a framework for assessing proposals for change. The basic claims are that relationships make possible the lived reality of values like security or autonomy, and law is one of the primary means of shaping relationships. Relational feminism reconceptualizes core concepts, like autonomy; links them to underlying conceptions of the self; and explains their role in law. The examples show the benefit of a relational approach to self, autonomy, and rights (and law more broadly). From questions of hierarchy and racism to environmental harm to mental health and a reconceptualization of property, the chapter works through the application of a relational approach.
Gender Disruption, Amelioration, and Transformation
Authors: Dixon Rosalind , Loughland Amelia
Published: February 2022

American legal feminism has many different variants, each offering important insights. The danger, however, is that this complexity to feminist legal thought may cause some lawyers and scholars to “tune out” to feminist insights. We provide a way of understanding these various insights, which acknowledges their complexity but seeks to make them more accessible. To do so, we propose the idea of feminist “disruption,” “amelioration,” and “transformation” as organizing principles that underpin feminist thought, in different ways and to different degrees, but which provide a common language for understanding new and older feminisms. We illustrate this approach, and its potential benefits, through the lens of a feminist analysis of COVID-19 and its impact.
Imperialism from the Eleventh Century to the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Bagchi Amiya Kumar
Published: February 2022

From the eleventh century onward, a number of city states arose in Italybased on communes, free of feudalism, and controlled by the city’s merchants and financiers. The city states went into a rapid decline with the rise of nation states in northern Europe. Following the logic of capitalist accumulation, the new nation states acquired colonies from the beginning. England already had its oldest colony in Ireland, conquered by Henry II in the late twelfth century. From the seventeenth century, it acquired colonies in North America and the Caribbean, and in the eighteenth century it conquered most of India, which became its most valuable prize. After defeating France in 1815, it became the sole superpower until it was challenged by imperial Germany in World War I. After the interregnum of the interwar years, the United Statesemerged as the most powerful nation economically and militarily, its paramountcy being challenged by the Soviet Union until it went into terminal decline from the late seventies. By 2020its superpower status is wasbeing challenged by China and Russia. In the meantime most other European countries had acquired colonies. Most of these colonies became formally independent after World War II, some not until the late seventies.
Global Value Chains and Global Value Transfer
Authors: Newman Susan
Published: February 2022

This chapter discusses the restructuring of production that has taken place over the last thirty years, namely the rise of global value chains/global production networks, and how this has shaped the transfer of value from the Global South to the Global North via direct channels of appropriation along these chains and the tendency towards impoverishment of workers engaged in primary production associated with this. In addition, this chapter discusses new financial avenues for the appropriation of value created in the Global South that have opened up as global value chains intersect with chains of finance such as in the financialization of commodity chains, and the rise of global wealth chains as routes via which multinational corporations channel value created along global value chains in order to avoid fiscal claims, legal obligations, or regulatory oversight. Finally, the chapter considers the future of global value chains under the ongoing crisis of capital.
Tertiarization, Financialization, and Economic Imperialism
Authors: Blomberg Kalle
Published: February 2022

This chapter sets out to explain the increasing share of value associated with services in the core of the global economy. In mainstream accounts this value is synonymous with the productivity of these activities themselves and assumed to derive from their human capital content. Yet the concept of value creation underlying the latter theory can be shown to rely on what Marx called fictitious capital. It is in fact the proliferation of this form of capital that has characterized neoliberal development in the financialized core of the global economy. This phenomenon effectively obscures the difference between productive and non-productive activity in capitalist terms, and that both the expansion of finance and the growth of services in these countries are underpinned by an ever larger surplus value extracted in the dual exploitation of labour and nature in low-wage countries.
The Capitalist World System and Economic Imperialism in East Asia
Authors: Li Minqi
Published: February 2022

Historically, East Asia accounted for about two-fifths of the world population and economic output. It was incorporated into the capitalist world-system in the mid-nineteenth century. As the East Asian countries responded to the challenges imposed by the British-led Western capitalism, their economic and geopolitical fortunes diverged. While China, Korea, and Taiwan were peripheralized, Japan became a member of the imperialist club by the early twentieth century. After World War II the US-led geopolitical restructuring created favourable political conditions for economic take-off in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and eventually China. As China becomes the world’s largest economy measured by purchasing power parity and makes investments throughout the world, a growing number of scholars now call China a new imperialist power. This chapter evaluates the value flows (represented by labour time embodied in export commodities) between China, Japan, South Korea, and the rest of the world. It is expected that the results should show that China continues to transfer more surplus value to the rest of the world than it receives from the rest of the world. China would be best characterized as a non-imperialist semi-peripheral country. As China’s demand for energy commodities and raw materials grows, it intensifies global ecological and geopolitical contradictions. These contradictions are unlikely to produce a world war fought between China and the United States. But it does contribute to the acceleration of global environmental crisis and sets limits to China’s long-term economic growth.
Beyond the “Abyssal Line”
Authors: Cormack Donna , Toko King Paula
Published: February 2022

Colonization fundamentally disrupted Indigenous knowledge systems, establishing epistemic hierarchies that privilege Eurocentric colonial epistemologies and methodologies. In this chapter, the authors explore how epistemic hierarchies are (re)produced in the current context of “big data” and datafication, in particular for mokopuna Māori in the nation-state known as New Zealand (NZ). (We use the concept of “mokopuna Māori” to refer to and position Māori babies, children, and young people within the Māori world as the sacred reflection of our ancestors and a blueprint for future generations.) The chapter then considers the possibilities for Indigenous epistemic justice in the “zone of nonbeing” or beyond the “abyssal line.”
Nora Douglas Holt’s Teachings of a Black Classical Canon
Authors: Ege Samantha
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores Nora Douglas Holt’s work as a critic, composer-performer, lecturer, and radio host. It examines her curation of an early twentieth-century Black classical canon across these roles and considers how she used her access to public and influential fora to deepen her audiences’ musical appreciation and understanding. Holt’s early career activity in the Pacific Northwest and Chicago and mid- to late career activity in New York City are contextualized in the multifaceted tradition of Black women’s intellectual work. Attention is given to the ways in which her teachings of a Black classical canon interacted with the United States’ changing sociocultural composition.
Radical Music Theory
Authors: Stover Chris
Published: February 2022

This chapter draws upon radical pedagogy, anarchafeminist theory, decolonial theory, and more to begin to rethink what music theory teaching and learning is capable of as community-facing, creative, transformative practice. It orbits around three interrelated fields of activity through which music theory becomes essentially “public.” First is a refusal of the theory–practice divide in favor of a prolonged commitment to the irreducible, productive entanglement of the two: all theory is practice, and all practitioners produce theory in some important way. Second is a reimagining of music theory as a space for dialogue across and within diverse communities of practice. And third is positioning music theory as transformative: not just descriptive of existing or historical practices, but as opening onto ever new modes of creativity.
Cross-Cultural Empirical Aesthetics
Authors: Sun Xiaolei , Che Jiajia
Published: February 2022

People across cultures appreciate objects for their aesthetic qualities everywhere. It is the core issue of cross-cultural empirical aesthetics to explore whether the underlying psychological processes of aesthetic preference are universal. Here the authors review the empirical evidence on both visual aesthetic and music appreciation in different cultures and give an overview of universal psychological and cognitive processes underlying aesthetic appreciation. The authors conclude that people share a common physiological basis and cognitive processes in most cultures in spite of diverse influential patterns varying across cultures. Further research should provide deeper causal understanding of both cross-cultural universality and differences in aesthetic appreciation.
Design and Aesthetics
Authors: Hekkert Paul
Published: February 2022

Although design objects have been and still are created to serve a function and perform well, they also have to look or feel nice. Aesthetic pleasure in the context of designed artifacts is a reflection of how well the designer did his or her job. This chapter argues that designers should aim at resolving conflicts in order to arrive at a beautiful design. These conflicts can be of different kinds, but always entail a tension between—metaphorically speaking—needs for safety and accomplishment. Various aesthetic principles, such as unity-in-variety, Most Advanced Yet Acceptable, and Maximum Effect for Minimal Means, are proposed that all follow this logic of striking a careful balance between opposing forces. The chapter concludes with some speculative suggestions on how this safety-accomplishment framework could also be used to predict the aesthetic pleasantness of design ideas, concepts, and consequences.
Early Logic and Language
Authors: Crain Stephen
Published: February 2022

The present chapter charts the course of the acquisition of logical expressions in child language. The focus is on the meanings that child language learners initially assign to logical expressions, how children’s meanings compare with the meanings assigned by adults, and how the meanings of the logical expressions of natural language correspond to the meanings that are assigned to the corresponding vocabulary of classical logic. We review the findings of several cross-linguistic experimental studies investigating children’s interpretation of sentences that contain different combinations of logical expressions. In general, the findings of research indicate a strong overlap in the meanings that children assign to logical expressions and the meanings assigned to the corresponding expressions in classical logic.
Lexical representation and access in sign languages
Authors: Mayberry Rachel I. , Wille Beatrijs
Published: February 2022

The focus of this chapter is on how signed words are processed in relation to spoken ones, and whether the profound differences in how the two word types are articulated and perceived affect these processes. The form of words in sign languages, signs, is characterized by an architecture identical to that of spoken words, namely coordinated patterning between two language levels, meaning and articulatory patterning. The lexical architecture of sign differentiates it from that of gesture, which lacks this coordinated, bi-level linguistic structure. The patterning of sign phonology arises from the fine motor patterns of the fingers with the larger ones of the arms, torso, and head. Children’s lexical acquisition reveals how their analytic skills in phonological and morphological acquisition are tied to their early control of the visual field for inter-personal communication. Adult sign access and processing are governed by lexical structure and significantly modulated by prior linguistic experience.
Disorders of Lexical Access And Production
Authors: Mirman Daniel , Middleton Erica L.
Published: February 2022

Disorders of lexical access are characterized by inconsistent lexical access such that individuals successfully comprehend or produce a word in some contexts but fail on other occasions. Therefore, the lexical representations are thought to be intact, but their retrieval or activation is impaired and/or competing representations are not effectively managed. Lexical access deficits are most well-studied in individuals with aphasia, though some degree of lexical access difficulty can occur in a wide variety of neurogenic and developmental disorders, as well as in typical aging. This chapter focuses on the intersections of language, cognitive control, and memory: (1) how inhibition of lexical competitors and selection among competitors may explain some lexical access deficit phenomena, and (2) learning and retrieval processes in lexical access deficits from both basic research and translational application perspectives.
Lexical Semantics
Authors: Jackendoff Ray
Published: February 2022

Lexical semantics is to be treated as a mental phenomenon, deeply connected to and supported by the human conceptualization of the world. In this light, the unlimited number of possible word meanings must be accounted for in terms of a generative system that constructs word meanings from a finite set of primitives and principles of combination. This chapter sets out some basic elements of this system: the contribution of spatial cognition; nonperceivable features such as modality and the type-token distinction; semantic decomposition into other than necessary and sufficient conditions, such as prototypical conditions; a rich ontology including objects, events, locations, trajectories, amounts, and manners; polysemy that straddles ontological categories; “dot-objects” and the notion of person; argument structure and thematic roles; and the relation of lexical meaning to world knowledge.
Learning words amidst speech sound variability
Authors: Creel Sarah S.
Published: February 2022

How do learners, particularly children, recognize and learn a word when its sound form is variable? For example, some American English speakers pronounce pen as ‘pen’ and others pronounce it as ‘pin.’ The chapter briefly outlines some language contexts that feature sound variability. Next, it discusses natural and experimental situations where perceivers recognize and adapt to new sound variants. Following that, the chapter considers how learners learn words when their forms are variable from the outset. It is argued that construing variability as gradient rather than discrete, as on exemplar models of word learning, provides a better account of recognition of, adaptation to, and learning of variable forms. The chapter concludes with a discussion of areas ripe for future inquiry.
Should We Automate Democracy?
Authors: Himmelreich Johannes
Published: February 2022

This chapter reviews and evaluates different ways in which digital technologies may affect democracy. Specifically, the chapter develops a framework to evaluate democratic practices that is rooted in the tradition of deliberative democracy. The chapter then applies this framework to evaluate proposals of how technology may improve democracy. The chapter distinguishes three families of proposals, depending on the depth of the change that they affect. Mere changes, such as automatic fact-checking on social media, augment existing practices. Moderate reforms, such as apps that enable and reward participation in local government, facilitate new practices. Radical revisions, such as using artificial intelligence to replace parliaments, are constitutive of new practices often replacing existing ones. The chapter then concentrates on three radical revisions—Wiki democracy, avatar democracy, and data democracy—and identifies meaningful benefits in the first and deep problems in the latter two proposals.
The Prehistory of the Philippines
Authors: Dizon Eusebio
Published: February 2022

This chapter is an overview of the Philippine prehistory and archaeology. It provides the different chronology and periodization in the reconstruction of Philippine prehistory from the very beginning of the archaeological awareness in the Philippine archipelago, and until the most recent one. New archaeological data found in the Philippines are included in this chapter and the significance of these archaeological finds in the role of the Philippine archipelago to the archaeological setting of Island Southeast Asian prehistory. A better understanding of the terms “Palaeolithic”, “Neolithic”, “Metal Age”, and the “Age of Contact”in the Philippine archipelago has now becomes clear. There are more examples of archaeological sites representing these various periods in the Philippines.The connection of the Philippine archipelago with the rest of both Mainland and Island Southeast Asia is now demonstrated with the artifacts and archaeological features that were made available in the past two decades.
The Neolithic of Vietnam
Authors: Piper Philip J. , Dung Lâm Thị Mỹ , Kiên Nguyễn Khánh Trung , Thi Thuy Nguyễn , Higham Charles F. W. , Petchey Fiona , Grono Elle , Bellwood Peter
Published: February 2022

The Neolithic in Mainland Southeast Asia is considered to be the period of human prehistory that commenced with the transition from hunting and gathering into mixed economies of foraging and farming. It lasted until the appearance of copper and bronze metallurgy and thus dates between circa 2500 and 1200 BC. In Vietnam, Neolithic sites and cultures are recorded especially around the edges of the Red River delta, along the northern and central coasts, and in the southern river basins between the Đông Nai and lower Mekong. This period of Vietnamese prehistory was characterized by the southward movements of East Asian Neolithic populations from southern China across Mainland Southeast Asia, the introduction of cereal cultivation (rice and foxtail millet), and the management of domesticated pigs and dogs. The Neolithic of Vietnam also reveals material culture relationships extending from southern China to central Thailand. Recent research is also starting to highlight social and cultural diversity during this period, together with the development of significant exchange networks.
Stone Industries of Mainland and Island Southeast Asia
Authors: Bulbeck David , Marwick Ben
Published: February 2022

Archaeological sites with concentrations of flaked stone dating to the last 5 years, associated with anatomically modern Homo sapiens, have been recorded widely across Southeast Asia. Two main types of industries have been documented: those based on knapping the raw stone to produce distinct cores, used for detaching flakes; and those based on flaking the surface of cobbles. Quality of locally available stone underpinned the distinction between the core-based industries, which used fine materials such as chert and obsidian, and the coarser-grained cobble-based industries. This explains the dominance of core-based industries in Island Southeast Asia and cobble-based industries in Mainland Southeast Asia, and the exceptions such as cobble-based industries in northern Sumatra, Niah Caves (Sarawak), and the North Moluccas. Across Southeast Asia, with certain notable exceptions, stone was rarely used for manufacturing distinctive implement types but instead involved the production of impromptu tools for working animal and vegetable material.
The Origins of the Bronze Age in Mainland Southeast Asia
Authors: Ciarla Roberto
Published: February 2022

It is argued that the long-wave of the southward dispersal of a copper-base metallurgical package and/or of the actual miners/founders from the copper-rich regions of the mid-Yangtze valley and its sophisticated, metallurgical tradition of the mid-to-late second millennium BC, known as the Wucheng/Xin’gan culture, in the long run sparked the onset of the Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) Bronze Age in the late second millennium BC. Archaeological evidence from Lingnan and MSEA indicates that emerging elites, unable to sustain the complex production of sophisticated bronze artifacts, might have “acquired” metal items of a lower technological profile, for example, the socketed tools cast in bivalve stone molds (BVMs). The geographic scope of this general, but definitely jeopardized phenomenon imbued of complex cultural and technological implications, invested low-ranked societies that, interacting since the late Neolithic within similar cultural environments, were experimenting different paths of cultural complexity growth. However, arguably the spread of the bronze technology and media among low-ranked societies only marginally affected the ongoing multilinear and multidimensional processes of sociocultural evolution.
The Archaeogenetics of Southeast Asia
Authors: Soares Pedro , Mormina Maru , Rito Teresa , Richards Martin B.
Published: February 2022

The settlement of Southeast Asia has traditionally been discussed by scholars in terms of the spread of rice agriculture and the Austronesian and Austro-Asiatic language families. While this framework has also been adopted by some geneticists, many have moved toward a new paradigm. This stresses the importance of climate change over the past 50,000 years in the peopling of the region, and in particular the impact of global warming and sea-level rises after the Last Glacial Maximum, around 20,000 years ago. This chapter summarizes some current thinking in the archaeogenetics of the region, with a discussion of the broad phylogeographic patterns and time depth of the maternal lineages, as estimated from variation in the mitochondrial DNA. It places this discussion in the context of what is known about the paternal line of descent and genome-wide patterns.
Early States of Insular Southeast Asia
Authors: Manguin Pierre-Yves
Published: February 2022

During the mid-first millennium AD period considered in this chapter, a variety of polities along the coasts of the western façade of Insular Southeast Asia, all of them with long-standing relationships with polities across the Bay of Bengal, started adapting to their own needs a South Asian cultural package comprising writing, the usage of Sanskrit, text-based religions, and associated literature, iconography, and architecture. Recent work on these polities has reassigned such developments to a manifold process, with a variety of incentives and outcomes, showing that local rulers and their people, far from being passive recipients of imported cultural traits, were not cut off from transformations and developments in world economy taking place elsewhere in Asia at the turn of the first millennium and played an active part in such sociopolitical transformations. This chapter first concentrates on the state of Srivijaya and on those polities of the Thai-Malay Peninsula that were associated with the latter, for which both archaeological and textual evidence is available to document the state-formation process. Only then does this chapter try to recognize comparable processes for other areas—Java, Bali, Borneo—for which archaeological data remains scattered.
Srivijaya
Authors: Manguin Pierre-Yves
Published: February 2022

Epigraphic reassessments and archaeological fieldwork in southeast Sumatra during the past four decades have brought ample confirmation that this is where the maritime-oriented polity known as Srivijaya was founded in the late seventh century in Palembang, and where its political center remained until its demise some seven centuries later, notwithstanding a complex and still badly understood relationship with Java, with outlying polities on the Thai-Malay Peninsula, and with western Borneo. Recent finds of protohistoric and early historic sites embedded in long-distance religious and economic networks, downriver from Palembang and in the Jambi area, now document the formation process of the new state. A number of archaeological sites within the city of Palembang confirm the existence of a harbor-city acting as the central place of the Buddhist, trade-oriented polity until it was moved to Jambi in the eleventh century. Both the Musi and the Batang Hari river basins have now also yielded a profusion of remains of brick temples attesting to the control of a vast hinterland from which resins and gold would be fed into trade networks. Radical shifts of the power balance in Southeast Asia, and the growing competition of Cola and Song maritime networks resulted in the final demise of Srivijaya in the late thirteenth century.
The Early Settlement of Island Southeast Asia
Authors: Barker Graeme
Published: February 2022

This chapter discusses the evidence for the initial phases of settlement of Island Southeast sia by people, beginning with “archaic” humans (or “hominins”) with recognizably human characteristics but not identical to ourselves and ending with people who were fully modern in their anatomy and, it is thought, in their cognitive capacities (“modern humans”). Significant themes include the increasing complexity of the hominin landscape in the last 100,000 years, with modern humans at times sharing it with at least three other hominin species, the timing of their dispersals across the region and the complexity of the behaviours that underpinned this process. A range of subsistence technologies and practices were developed that enabled them to forage successfully in interior rainforest and colonize maritime environments, outcompeting other species. Plant and animal translocations are further evidence of their resourcefulness to meet ecological challenges encountered in their dispersals, as may be the increasing evidence for the richness of their conceptual or imaginative lives.
Chloroplast translational regulation uncovers nonessential photosynthesis genes as key players in plant cold acclimation
Authors: Gao Yang , Thiele Wolfram , Saleh Omar , Scossa Federico , Arabi Fayezeh , Zhang Hongmou , Sampathkumar Arun , Kühn Kristina , Fernie Alisdair , Bock Ralph , Schöttler Mark A , Zoschke Reimo
Published: February 2022

Plants evolved efficient multifaceted acclimation strategies to cope with low temperatures. Chloroplasts respond to temperature stimuli and participate in temperature sensing and acclimation. However, very little is known about the involvement of chloroplast genes and their expression in plant chilling tolerance. Here we systematically investigated cold acclimation in tobacco seedlings over 2 days of exposure to low temperatures by examining responses in chloroplast genome copy number, transcript accumulation and translation, photosynthesis, cell physiology, and metabolism. Our time-resolved genome-wide investigation of chloroplast gene expression revealed substantial cold-induced translational regulation at both the initiation and elongation levels, in the virtual absence of changes at the transcript level. These cold-triggered dynamics in chloroplast translation are widely distinct from previously described high light-induced effects. Analysis of the gene set responding significantly to the cold stimulus suggested nonessential plastid-encoded subunits of photosynthetic protein complexes as novel players in plant cold acclimation. Functional characterization of one of these cold-responsive chloroplast genes by reverse genetics demonstrated that the encoded protein, the small cytochrome b6f complex subunit PetL, crucially contributes to photosynthetic cold acclimation. Together, our results uncover an important, previously underappreciated role of chloroplast translational regulation in plant cold acclimation.
Natural variation in WHITE-CORE RATE 1 regulates redox homeostasis in rice endosperm to affect grain quality
Authors: Wu Bian , Yun Peng , Zhou Hao , Xia Duo , Gu Yuan , Li Pingbo , Yao Jialing , Zhou Zhuqing , Chen Jianxian , Liu Rongjia , Cheng Shiyuan , Zhang Hao , Zheng Yuanyuan , Lou Guangming , Chen Pingli , Wan Shanshan , Zhou Mingsong , Li Yanhua , Gao Guanjun , Zhang Qinglu , Li Xianghua , Lian Xingming , He Yuqing
Published: February 2022

Grain chalkiness reduces the quality of rice (Oryza sativa) and is a highly undesirable trait for breeding and marketing. However, the underlying molecular cause of chalkiness remains largely unknown. Here, we cloned the F-box gene WHITE-CORE RATE 1 (WCR1), which negatively regulates grain chalkiness and improves grain quality in rice. A functional A/G variation in the promoter region of WCR1 generates the alleles WCR1A and WCR1G, which originated from tropical japonica and wild rice Oryza ruﬁpogon, respectively. OsDOF17 is a transcriptional activator that binds to the AAAAG cis-element in the WCR1A promoter. WCR1 positively affects the transcription of the metallothionein gene MT2b and interacts with MT2b to inhibit its 26S proteasome-mediated degradation, leading to decreased reactive oxygen species production and delayed programmed cell death in rice endosperm. This, in turn, leads to reduced chalkiness. Our findings uncover a molecular mechanism underlying rice chalkiness and identify the promising natural variant WCR1A, with application potential for rice breeding.
Predicting funded research project performance based on machine learning
Authors: Jang Hoon
Published: February 2022

Increasing investment and interest in research and development (R&D) requires an efficient management system for achieving better research project outputs. In tandem with this trend, there is a growing need to develop a method for predicting research project outputs. Motivated by this, using information gathered in the early stage of projects, this study addresses the problem of predicting research projects’ output, which is binary coded as either successful or not. To build the prediction model, we apply six machine learning algorithms: five are well-known supervised learning algorithms and the other is autoML, characterized by its ability to produce a learning model appropriate to the data characteristics on its own, with minimal user intervention. Our empirical analysis with real R&D data provided by the South Korean government over 5 years (2014–8) confirms that the autoML-based model performs better than models based on other machine learning algorithms for this task. We also find that project duration and research funding are important factors in predicting R&D project outputs. Based on the results, our study provides insightful implications leading to a paradigm shift for data-based R&D project management.
Suture Augmentation Neutralizes Deforming Muscular Forces in a Simulated 2-Part Osteoporotic Proximal Humeral Fracture Model
Authors: Scolaro John A. , Chalmers Christen E. , Wright David J. , Patel Nilay , McGarry Michelle , Lee Thay Q.
Published: February 2022

Objectives:

To evaluate the contribution that tension-relieving sutures, placed between a proximal humeral locking plate and the rotator cuff muscles, had on preventing varus malalignment in an osteoporotic 2-part proximal humerus fracture model.

Methods:

A 2-part fracture model was created in 8 cadaveric specimens and then fixed with a lateral locking plate. A custom shoulder testing system was used to increase loading through the supraspinatus (SS) tendon to drive varus deformity. Trials were performed with no suture placement; SS only; SS and subscapularis (SB); and SS, SB, and infraspinatus. The primary outcome was contribution of each point of suture fixation to prevention of varus collapse.

Results:

Suture augmentation to the SS, SB, and infraspinatus significantly decreased humeral head varus collapse when compared with the plate alone at nearly all loads (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in humeral head varus collapse between the 3 suture constructs.

Conclusions:

In our biomechanical evaluation of a simulated osteoporotic 2-part proximal humerus fracture with incompetent medial calcar, tension-relieving sutures placed between a lateral locked plate and the rotator cuff tendons prevented varus malalignment.
Comparing estrogen-based hormonal contraceptives and hormone therapy on bone mineral density in women with premature ovarian insufficiency: a systematic review
Authors: Fine Alexa , Busza Alicja , Allen Lisa M. , Kelly Catherine , Wolfman Wendy , Jacobson Michelle , Lega Iliana C.
Published: February 2022

Importance:

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a condition associated with estrogen deficiency which leads to decreased bone mineral density and an increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures. Estrogen-based hormone therapy is an integral component of treatment; however, to date the ideal hormone formulation for optimizing bone health has not been established.

Objective:

To assess the effects of estrogen-based oral contraceptives (OCP) versus hormone therapy (HT) on bone mineral density (BMD) in women with POI.

Evidence Review:

A systematic review of Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases was conducted from conception until December 2020. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies that met inclusion criteria were included in the analysis. Risk of bias was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale for cohort studies and the Cochrane Risk of Bias for RCTs. The study protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews and adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis.

Findings:

Our search yielded 1,227 studies; 3 RCTs and 2 observational cohort studies met inclusion criteria and were included in our study. The largest subpopulation was Turner Syndrome (n = 625), followed by idiopathic POI (n = 146). Of the four studies that assessed changes in BMD, two studies reported a significant increase in lumbar spine BMD with HT compared with OCP (+0.050 g/cm2, P < 0.025; +0.019 g/cm2, P < 0.01), one study found similar improvement in lumbar spine BMD across treatments (HT −0.003 g/cm2, P = 0.824), and one study did not directly compare treatments. Effects on bone turnover markers were inconsistent across three studies that evaluated this outcome.

Conclusions and Relevance:

This is the first systematic review to include studies that directly compared OCP and HT on bone outcomes in POI. While two studies reported increased lumbar spine BMD with HT, this result was not consistently found across studies. There were important differences in POI etiology, treatment regimens and formulations, and risk of bias was high in many of the studies. These results indicate future, larger-scale trials are needed to further understand the optimal hormone therapy for bone density in POI.
Impact of Timing of Mental Health Interventions for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Patients
Authors: Nanwa Natasha , Wong Vincent , Thompson Aaron M.S.
Published: February 2022

Objective

To examine the impact of timing of mental health interventions in workers’ compensation claims for mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI).

Methods

A 10-year matched retrospective cohort study of MTBI claims. Cases who started treatment within 3 months of the date of injury were hard matched to cases who started treatment more than 3 months after the date of injury. Outcomes were incremental cost difference and loss of earnings benefit duration 1 year after first intervention.

Results

Seventeen percent (17%) of patients received mental health interventions. The early mental health intervention group had lower mean costs (incremental difference$1580 [95% CI: $5718 to $2085]) and shorter durations of disability (off loss of earnings) (59.2% versus 46.6%, NS). Sensitivity and stratified analyses demonstrated the same trend.

Conclusions

Early mental health interventions for MTBI patients may lead to reduced health care costs and shorter durations of disability.
Impact of a Thought Process Coaching Offering on Habitual Patterns of Thinking and Behavior
Authors: Weaver Gracie Lee , Bibeau Daniel L. , Sherman Bruce W.
Published: February 2022

Objective:

Individual's thought processes shape reactions to life circumstances, impacting motivation, well-being, and work performance. We examined the ability of a novel assessment and short-term coaching tool (Px-12) to favorably change thought processes.

Methods:

We used a convenience sample from 2013 to 2015 of 119 employees who completed the Px-12 before and after receiving personalized coaching to assess the effects of coaching on changes in thought process scores.

Results:

Significant favorable changes were observed in all 10 thought process scores. coaching produced significantly greater favorable changes than the thought processes for which coaching was not provided. There was no significant effect of time between coaching and follow-up assessment on attenuation of the observed improvements.

Conclusions:

While preliminary, these findings indicate that improving intrinsic thought processes may be a useful addition to health promotion and well-being offerings.
Distraction Lengthening of the Apert Thumb
Authors: Upton Joseph , McNamara Catherine T. , Ali Barkat , Nuzzi Laura C. , Taghinia Amir H. , Labow Brian I.
Published: February 2022

Background:

The thumbs of patients with Apert syndrome are characteristically short and radially deviated, contributing to functional hand impairment. The authors report a two-staged technique for distraction lengthening of the Apert thumb using a robust cohort of pediatric patients.

Methods:

The authors retrospectively reviewed medical records of pediatric patients with Apert syndrome who underwent thumb distraction lengthening between 1999 and 2019. The technique was two-staged: (1) application of uniplanar distractor and phalangeal osteotomy, followed by (2) distractor removal, bone grafting, and fixation. Clinical records, preoperative and postoperative radiographs, and photographs were reviewed.

Results:

Twenty-two patients (41 thumbs) with Apert syndrome were identified and treated (mean age at initial distraction, 11.5 years). A mean distraction gap of 31.3 mm was achieved over a median time of 40.0 days. The mean healing index was 26.3 days per centimeter. The thumbnail complex was lengthened a median length of 3.0 mm. The median follow-up time was 5.0 years, with complications occurring in 36.4 percent (eight out of 22) of patients. A delayed bone union occurred in one patient, and rotational malunion occurred in one patient.

Conclusion:

Although long-term outcomes data are needed, thumb distraction lengthening following syndactyly release in patients with Apert syndrome is safe and should be considered to augment the overall appearance and functionality of the hand.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Therapeutic, IV.
Treatment and Outcomes of Congenital Ovarian Cysts A Study by the Canadian Consortium for Research in Pediatric Surgery (CanCORPS)
Authors: Safa Nadia , Yanchar Natalie , Puligandla Pramod , Sewitch Maida , Baird Robert , Beaunoyer Mona , Campbell Niamh , Chadha Rati , Griffiths Christopher , Jones Sarah , Kaur Manvinder , Le-Nguyen Annie , Nasr Ahmed , Piché Nelson , Piper Hannah , Prasil Pascale , Romao Rodrigo L.P. , VanHouwelingen Lisa , Wales Paul , Guadagno Elena , Emil Sherif ,   for the Canadian Consortium for Research in Pediatric Surgery (CanCORPS)
Published: February 2022

Objective:

We conducted a multicenter study to assess treatments and outcomes in a national cohort of infants with congenital ovarian cysts.

Summary Background Data:

Wide variability exists in the treatment of congenital ovarian cysts. The effects of various treatment strategies on outcomes, specifically ovarian preservation, are not known.

Methods:

Female infants diagnosed with congenital intra-abdominal cysts between 2013 and 2017 at 10 Canadian pediatric surgical centers were retrospectively evaluated. Sonographic characteristics, median time to cyst resolution, incidence of ovarian preservation, and predictors of surgery were evaluated. Subgroup analyses were performed in patients with complex cysts and cysts ≥40 mm in diameter.

Results:

The study population included 189 neonates. Median gestational age at diagnosis and median maximal prenatal cyst diameter were 33 weeks and 40 mm, respectively. Cysts resolved spontaneously in 117 patients (62%), 14 (7%) prenatally, and the remainder at a median age of 124 days. Intervention occurred in 61 patients (32%), including prenatal aspiration (2, 3%), ovary sparing resection (14, 23%), or oophorectomy (45, 74%). Surgery occurred at a median age of 7.4weeks. Independent predictors of surgery included postnatal cyst diameter ≥40 mm [odds ratio (OR) 6.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.66–35.9] and sonographic complex cyst character (OR 63.6, 95% CI 10.9–1232). There was no significant difference in the odds of ovarian preservation (OR 3.06, 95% CI 0.86 –13.2) between patients who underwent early surgery (n = 22) and those initially observed for at least 3 months (n = 131).

Conclusions:

Most congenital ovarian cysts are asymptomatic and spontaneously resolve. Early surgical intervention does not increase ovarian preservation.
Validation of the IASLC Residual Tumor Classification in Patients With Stage III-N2 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Undergoing Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy Followed By Surgery
Authors: Lee Junghee , Lee Jin , Hong Yun Soo , Lee Genehee , Kang Danbee , Yun Jeonghee , Jeon Yeong Jeong , Shin Sumin , Cho Jong Ho , Choi Yong Soo , Kim Jhingook , Zo Jae Ill , Shim Young Mog , Guallar Eliseo , Cho Juhee , Kim Hong Kwan
Published: February 2022

Objective:

The aim of this study was to validate the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) residual tumor classification in patients with stage III-N2 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) undergoing neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy (nCCRT) followed by surgery.

Background:

As adequate nodal assessment is crucial for determining prognosis in patients with clinical N2 NSCLC undergoing nCCRT followed by surgery, the new classification may have better prognostic implications.

Methods:

Using a registry for thoracic cancer surgery at a tertiary hospital in Seoul, Korea, between 2003 and 2019, we analyzed 910 patients with stage III-N2 NSCLC who underwent nCCRT followed by surgery. We classified resections using IASLC criteria: complete (R0), uncertain (R[un]), and incomplete resection (R1/R2). Recurrence and mortality were compared using adjusted subdistribution hazard model and Cox-proportional hazards model, respectively.

Results:

Of the 96.3% (n = 876) patients who were R0 by Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) criteria, 34.5% (n = 3O2) remained R0 by IASLC criteria and 37.6% (n = 329) and 28% (n = 245) migrated to R(un) and R1, respectively. Most of the migration from UICC-R0 to lASLC-R(un) and IASLC-R1/R2 occurred due to inadequate nodal assessment (85.5%) and extracapsular nodal extension (77.6%), respectively. Compared to R0, the adjusted hazard ratios in R(un) and R1/R2 were 1.20 (95% confidence interval, 0.94–1.52), 1.50 (1.17–1.52) (P fortrend = .001) for recurrence and 1.18 (0.93–1.51) and 1.51 (1.17–1.96) for death (P for trend = .002).

Conclusions:

The IASLC R classification has prognostic relevance in patients with stage III-N2 NSCLC undergoing nCCRT followed by surgery. The IASLC classification will improve the thoroughness of intraoperative nodal assessment and the completeness of resection.
Lessons learned and functional outcomes following multifaceted team training in a cognitive strategy-based approach to stroke rehabilitation
Authors: Rios Jorge , Linkewich Elizabeth , Allen Kay-Ann , Egan Mary , Dawson Deirdre R. , Godleski Matthew , Hunt Anne , Jutzi Katelyn , Quant Sylvia , McEwen Sara E.
Published: February 2022

Aim:

To estimate the impact of a multifaceted knowledge translation intervention on patient rehabilitation outcomes in an inpatient stroke setting.

Methods:

Interprofessional stroke rehabilitation teams were trained in Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance as part of the larger knowledge translation study. This study describes a two group (historical control vs. post knowledge translation intervention) nonrandomized study. Patient participants with stroke and cognitive impairment were recruited from five rehabilitation hospitals and completed an assessment battery upon admission to and discharge from rehabilitation and at three follow-up times. Data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA.

Results:

Seventeen historical controls and eight postintervention participants were recruited. The effect for time was significant (P ≤ 0.05) for the majority of outcomes, but there were no significant group × time effects. Small effect sizes for the group × time interaction were noted on several indicators.

Conclusion:

Few studies report on patient outcomes following a knowledge translation intervention. Small effect sizes were detected on several patient outcomes, despite study limitations. Lessons learned for future patient-level studies within knowledge translation interventions include the importance of monitoring therapist adherence to implementation protocols and ensuring research designs consider the impact on patient recruitment and retention.