bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of the most appropriate bus rapid transit system for the eThekwini Municipal Area
Authors:   , Adewumi Emmanuel Olusegun
Published: September 2021

Invariably, a high percentage of the population of South Africa depends on public transport. In order to continue to satisfy commuters in terms of comfort, travel time, reliability of service and traffic congestion, there is a need to improve the efficiency of moving passengers to reduce travel time, delay time and number of stops. In the quest for advancement and improvement in public transport, many countries now embark on Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems based on the successful implementation of the system by cities like Curitiba (Brazil) and Bogota (Columbia). Government departments/transport authorities are often faced with the challenge of selecting the most suitable BRT system relative to the unique features of its transport demands and urban layout. Hence, this study proposes the determination of the most appropriate BRT system for the eThekwini Municipal Area (EMA). An in-depth literature review was conducted in order to determine the most adoptable BRT system amongst median, kerb side and segregated BRT systems, taking into consideration cost implications, safety of the passengers, pedestrian crossing, physically challenged commuters, vehicle option and manoeuvres. Physical assessment and critical review of the current operating BRT systems in Johannesburg, Cape Town and Port Elizabeth in South Africa was employed in this study as well as a critical comparison among these systems. The pros and cons of the three functional BRT systems in South Africa were stated and a way forward for EMA was recommended. Lastly, an assessment of the proposed BRT system in EMA was conducted on the existing Phase 1 and the remaining three phases. The review conducted was based on route inspection, access to property, factors considered in the selection of a BRT system, demand analyses of the routes and the evaluation of Johannesburg, Cape Town and Port Elizabeth BRT systems. Guidelines were also provided for the remaining proposed BRT routes which could be adopted by the eThekwini Transport Authority (ETA) in order to enhance a better performance in EMA over the three functional BRT systems in South Africa using the aforementioned criteria.
Treatment and reuse of reactive dye effluent from textile industry using membrane technology
Authors:   , Chollom Martha Noro
Published: September 2021

The textile industry consumes large volumes of water and in turn produces substantial quantities of polluted effluents. Approximately 30% of reactive dyes used during the textile processing remain unfixed on fibres and are responsible for the colouration in effluents. Various conventional methods are being used to treat textile effluent. However, the disadvantage of these methods is that total colour removal is not achieved and chemical by-products are introduced from the use of chemicals. The water quality produced therefore does not meet the requirement for textile reuse. Membrane based processes provide interesting possibilities of separating hydrolysed dye stuff and dyeing auxiliaries, thereby reducing colouration and COD content. They can be employed to treat reactive dye bath effluent to recover the salts and water for the purpose of reuse. This study aimed at integrating membrane processes into the reactive dye bath of a textile industry. The objectives were to determine the quality of permeate produced in terms of removal of organics, ascertain its reusability for dyeing, investigate the production rate in terms of permeate fluxes and finally to investigate the cleanability and flux recovery of the membranes. Three effluent samples were chosen for this study based on the dyeing recipe; Light shade, Medium shade and Dark shade. Ultrafiltration (UF) and Nanofiltration (NF) membrane processes were employed to treat the reactive dye bath effluents to recover the salts and water. Investigations were conducted firstly with UF as a pre-treatment to NF. Secondly, evaluations were carried out on the performance of two types of NF membranes (SR90 and NF90) in terms of permeate quality and fluxes for the investigated samples. The effect of cleaning on membrane performance was done. A reusability test was carried out on the permeate samples for dyeing. It was found that the use of UF as a pre-treatment yielded an increase in permeate of 5–25% of the NF fluxes and 90% in organics reduction for all treated samples, hence increasing the water recovery. High rejection of ˃90% by NF90 for COD, TOC and colour were obtained for all the treated samples. SR90 rejection was 80–90% for colour and ˃90% for COD and TOC. Salt recovery for NF90 was 60–90% and for SR90 was 40–50%. The reusability tests carried out showed that permeate recycled from NF90 can be used for any section in the textile industry including the most critical such as dyeing on light shades, while that from SR90 can be used for dyeing dark shades only. It was then concluded that membrane based processes can be integrated into the dye bath of the textile process for the purpose of reuse, thereby saving on the cost of chemicals (salts), reducing fresh water usage and reducing the extent of final effluent treatment.
Digital Piracy
Authors: Sadiku Matthew N. O. , Ashaolu Tolulope J. , Ajayi-Majebi Abayomi , Musa Sarhan M.
Published: September 2021

Digital refers to the practice of downloading and distributing copyrighted contents such as music, video, software, and e-book without permission. It is a fact of life for book publishing industry, entertainment industry, movie industry, television sector, film industry, etc. Piracy is regarded as a crime. Not only does piracy hurts and cause economic loss to these companies, it also inhibits incentive to keep creating. Unfortunately, there is no “silver bullet” solution to the problem of digital piracy. This paper provides an introduction to digital piracy.
Vascular Endothelial Damage: The Role of Syndecan-1 and Hyaluronan as Severity Indicators in COVID-19
Authors: Anas Azwar , Utariani Arie , Semedi Bambang Pujo
Published: September 2021

SARS-CoV-2 was firstly found in bronchoalveloar lavage (BAL) of three suspected COVID-19 patients at Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The cases are still raisingwith2,12% global mortality rate. Hypoxic respiratory failure due to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the main cause of COVID-19 death. Endothelial cell damage has an important role in the pathogenesis of ARDS and multi-organ dysfuntion of COVID-19 patients. The endothelium is protected by mural cells, which keep vascular integrity. Inflammation is prevented by these cells by inhibiting the interaction of immune cells and platelets with endothelial cells. These cells also prevent coagulation by producing glycocalyx, coagulation inhibitors, and blood-clotting enzyme. Vascular glycocalyx has an important role to maintain endothelial function and is disrupted systemically in elderly and patients with various comorbidities, which can be a probable mechanism for the serious complications of COVID-19. Glycocalyx disruption in severe and critical COVID-19 patients causes increased levels of its components such assyndecan-1 and hyaluronan in the serum. Previous studies showed the significant increase ofsyndecan-1 and hyaluronan levels in septic, and severe Kawasaki and dengue patients. These biomarkers are also markers of organ damage. Therefore, hyaluronan and syndecan-1can be significant prognostic factors for morbidity and survival in patients with COVID-19.
Design of Lighting System for Substation Area 13 LPG Arun With Lumen Calculation Method
Authors: Sinuraya Enda Wista , Winardi Bambang , Nugroho Agung , Santoso Imam , Denis
Published: September 2021

Lighting is one of the important factors in designing space to support user comfort and safety. To carry out all activities that are in a room, an adequate lighting intensity is needed, namely in accordance with predetermined lighting standards, so in designing the lighting of a room it must be carried out with full accuracy, among others in terms of lamp selection, calculation of the number of lamps needed and setting the condition of the lights in illuminating the room. LPG Arun is one of the projects being worked on by PT. Engineering. One of the stages of the process is to design the intensity level of artificial lighting in the Electrical room building. In designing artificial lighting, DIALux 4.10 software is used. In this simulation, a more accurate design result is obtained because it can simulate in 3D. Also obtained the value of the intensity of light and the number of lights needed in the lighting. In this design the results are obtained where the artificial lighting design in each room is in accordance with the owner’s request standards.
CREDIT ACCESSING AND FAMILY FARMING: AN EVIDENCE FROM BURKINA FASO
Authors: Nanéma Mahamadi , Nassè Dr. Théophile Bindeouè , Ouédraogo Pr. Alidou
Published: September 2021

This research focuses on the issue of financing family farms in Burkina Faso. To this end, a survey of 275 family farms was carried out in 2020. The research results revealed that the needs of family farms are not completely satisfied. The credits granted mainly concern small amounts. Productive investments which constitute medium and long-term investments capable of inducing significant improvements in agricultural production are almost unsatisfactory. Moreover, analyzes have shown that income determines access to credit. This factor reflects at a certain level the capacity of family farmers to provide the financial guarantees required by microfinance institutions.
The current conditions of banks do not favor the development of the agricultural sector and the improvement of the living conditions of the populations in rural areas. It is, therefore, necessary to rethink the financing of agricultural activities and to define a long-lasting and sustainable financing mechanism.
Keywords: Credit Accessing, Family Farming, Financing, Burkina Faso.
THE OPERATIONS OF SAVINGS AND LOANS AND THE PERFORMANCES OF BUSINESSES IN ACCRA
Authors: Mantey Isaac , Aryee Christopher Lartei , Ampofo Justice Agyei
Published: September 2021

Savings and Loans operations in Ghana represent significant development and performance of most businesses and therefore maintaining these Savings and Loans operations is important. However, there seems to be paucity of studies on the operations of savings and loans companies’ effects on the performances of businesses in general and Greater Accra in particular. This research seeks to bridge this knowledge gap by analyzing the operations of savings and loans companies’ effects on the performances of businesses in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. The study will be guided by three research objectives. Study methods include the use of questionnaire for data analysis. A total of 40 respondents (20 staff of Savings and Loans companies and twenty (20) small business operators (men and women) who took part in this study were randomly purposively selected. The results indicate that small businesses in Accra township sourced start-up capital from savings and loans companies, personal savings and support from friends and families. It also emerged from the study that the business operators that were unable to receive entire amount requested from the financial institutions attributed it to failure to meet the credit requirements, failure to provide the required collateral security and the absence of active account with the financial institutions. Again the study found that credit received by the business operators in Accra township was utilized for the expansion of business. The study further found that business operators in Accra township are confronted with several challenges in accessing credit facilities from Savings and Loans Companies. These challenges include bureaucracy, lack of opportunity to take second loan, high risk and uncertainty, high level of interest rate on credit, low level of knowledge about credit sourcing and shorter repayment period. It is recommended that to enhance small and medium business operators in Accra township access and acquisition of credit facilities from Savings and Loans companies should be efficiently utilized.
Keywords: Operations, Savings and Loans, Performance, Businesses, Accra.
Financial and economic evaluation of agricultural insurance market in Ukraine
Authors: Ivashkiv Iryna , Korol Svitlana , Lyashenko Oksana , Sadovska Iryna , Nadvynychnyy Sergiy
Published: September 2021

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to diagnose the financial and economic conditions of the agricultural insurance market in the context of transformational changes, which allows identifying the dependences of variables among the indicators of insurance in Ukraine.

Methodology / approach. The final goal of diagnosis is to build models that describe the variables and allow assessing the impact of some insurance indicators on the number of insurance contracts, which allows conducting regression of projected and observed values among insurance indicators during 2005–2019. The direct selection was also applied, which allowed starting without variables in this model by checking the addition of each variable with the use of the selected criterion of conformity of the model; as well as the repeatedness of this process until the best state of the model.

Results. The modelling results allowed us to determine that among the insurance indicators in the agricultural insurance market, the dependent variable is the indicator of the number of insurance contracts. As a result of the regression, it was stated that for the dependent variable the USD / UAH exchange rate and the subsidy, mln UAH, have a significant impact on the number of insurance contracts. Less importance had the area, thousand hectares, and the remaining variables did not determine such an impact. The obtained regression value of the predicted and observed value stated an adequate model, as the slope of the regression line is 45°.

Originality / scientific novelty. The novelty is improvement of the diagnostic algorithm for assessing trends in the agricultural insurance market in terms of transformational changes, taking into account the regression which made it possible to establish the dependences of variables among insurance indicators; validity of the use of direct selection with repeatedness of which the best possible state of the model is achieved.

Practical value / implications. The comparison of the studied insurance indicators in the agricultural insurance market allowed determining the relationship between variables with the separation of their weight, which affect insurance contracts, which confirms the adequacy of the application of diagnostics which will be used during the evaluation of insurance contracts at enterprises of the agricultural insurance market.
Engaging stakeholders to co-design rigorous and relevant research and evaluation
Authors:   EPPI-Centre, UCL Department of Social Science, Oliver Sandy ,   and Africa Centre for Evidence, University of Johannesburg, Conroy Kate ,   Independent consultant in development and humanitarian aid, Umayam Hayley ,   Independent consultant in development and humanitarian aid, Maugham Charlotte ,   IMC Worldwide, Roche Chris ,   La Trobe University, Melbourne, Langer Laurenz ,   Africa Centre for Evidence, University of Johannesburg, Nduku Promise ,   Africa Centre for Evidence, University of Johannesburg, Bradley Tasmin ,   University of Portsmouth, Bangpan Mukdarut ,   EPPI-Centre, UCL Department of Social Science, Kneale Dylan ,   EPPI-Centre, UCL Department of Social Science
Published: September 2021

The CEDIL Methods Brief, ‘Engaging stakeholders to co-design rigorous and relevant research and evaluation’, helps researchers consider the options for working with stakeholders and engaging them with the research process and each other when planning or conducting research, or interpreting research findings in order to make actionable recommendations. The brief is based on a CEDIL Methods Working Paper which developed a framework for selecting appropriate methods of engagement by synthesising literature and interviewing a range of stakeholders.
MIGRAÇÃO DE ALUNOS ADOLESCENTES "REPETENTES", REPROVADOS OU MODERADAMENTE DEFASADOS PARA O EJA
Authors: Matos Josenice Sena Rocchigiani
Published: September 2021

O presente artigo é fruto de um projeto de pesquisa para tese de doutorado, apresentado na forma de dissertação com o propósito de fazer uma reflexão acerca da presença de adolescentes na Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA), Nesse sentido destacamos a diferença de perfil e objetivo dos alunos da EJA em escolas públicas e nos Cursos Supletivos particulares, pois trata-se de dois universos bastante distintos; fazendo uma distinção meramente didática entre Supletivo (que aqui será usado para a modalidade ensino particular) e EJA (que usaremos especificamente para o ensino público gratuito), para distinguir o perfil do público dessa modalidade de ensino no âmbito empresarial e governamental. A metodologia adotada no estudo foi a de revisão literária, utilizando como fontes artigos, monografias, dissertações e bases de dados na Internet, como Scielo, Google Acadêmico, etc., utilizando as palavras- chave: "Adolescente + EJA", tendo como critério de busca os textos publicados no idioma Português Brasileiro, preferencialmente no período de 2010 a 2020; também recorremos a entrevistas, palestras e matérias em vídeo na plataforma Youtube (www.Youtube.com), em especial de instituições de ensino/pesquisa, jornalísticas ou governamentais. Os dados obtidos foram avaliados por meio da análise do conteúdo, com o intuito de se levantar elementos de reflexão acerca da problemática estudada nesta pesquisa. Os resultados desta investigação indicam, como fatores que levam à presença do público adolescente na EJA: 1) indicação da administração da escola devido à atraso na faixa etária, indisciplina, frequência irregular etc.; 2) Inexistência do ensino regular noturno para alunos que trabalham (aluno que trabalha de dia e estuda à noite); 3) gravidez precoce. E para a presença do público adolescente no Supletivo: 1) Dificuldade de aprendizagem dos conteúdos (especialmente nos anos finais do ensino médio), levando a repetência; 2) Evitar o bullying dos colegas mais adiantados; 3) Acelerar a obtenção da graduação por necessidades trabalhistas, prestar concurso, ENEM, Vestibular etc. É do interesse dessa pesquisa também apontar alternativas para evitar a migração desse aluno adolescente do ensino regular com leve defasagem para a modalidade EJA, levantando questões acerca da dinâmica na qual o problema ocorre.
A IGREJA UNIVERSAL DO REINO DE DEUS EM CONTRASTE COM A IGREJA MUNDIAL DO PODER DE DEUS: O DISCURSO E O ETHOS DE SEUS LÍDERES
Authors: Pinto Isabella Lopes de Souza , Khalil Lucas Martins Gama
Published: September 2021

Este artigo visa analisar a constituição discursiva de Edir Macedo, na Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus (IURD), em comparação com o discurso de Valdemiro Santiago, na Igreja Mundial do Poder de Deus (IMPD). O trabalho se desenvolve com base nos pressupostos teóricos da Análise de Discurso (AD), ancorada especificamente em Dominique Maingueneau, em diálogo com a Argumentação no Discurso, teorizada por Ruth Amossy; visa identificar se as formações discursivas (FDs) que constituem esses discursos se distanciam, a partir da análise do interdiscurso, da intertextualidade, do modo de enunciação (que engendra um ethos para o enunciador), da doxa, da adaptação do enunciador ao seu auditório, da cenografia. Para isso, analisa dois vídeos divulgados nos canais oficiais das duas Igrejas no YouTube e transcreve o momento específico em que os líderes solicitam dízimos e ofertas. A IURD, através de Edir Macedo, representa-se como uma Igreja mais ligada a uma origem bíblica, desenvolvendo uma possível fé “racional”; por outro lado, a IMPD, através de Valdemiro Santiago, entende-se como constituída a partir de uma relação mais estreita com elementos do sobrenatural e com uma fé “emocional”.
INTERFERÊNCIA DA FAMÍLIA NA OBESIDADE INFANTIL
Authors: Faria Eliane Cristina de
Published: September 2021

A obesidade infantil tem aumentado de forma significativa nos últimos anos e apesar das estratégias em saúde pública, não foi possível controla-la. Com tratamento longo, alta prevalência e incidência, enche as agendas dos profissionais de saúde, e aumenta a demanda nas Unidades Básicas de Saúdes (UBSs). A obesidade infantil é um precursor da adulta e das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT). O Objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar como hábitos e comportamentos dos familiares podem elevar o índice da obesidade; levantar dados sobre a percepção dos pais e em relação ao sobre peso de seus filhos. O trabalho foi uma revisão bibliográfica para obtenção de conhecimento sobre a relação de hábitos, comportamentos familiares e obesidade infantil. Os maus hábitos alimentares e a falta de atividade física são os que mais que mais influenciam o aumento da obesidade infantil. Observou-se que a família exerce um papel muito importante no contexto da obesidade infantil, por ser a responsáveis pelos hábitos alimentares e de estilo de vida das crianças. Elas comem o que o adulto oferecer, comprar, preparar e distribuir para os filhos. A percepção da obesidade dos filhos é percebida pelos pais, más a mãe muitas vezes minimiza o problema e causa uma dificuldade no processo de reeducação alimentar e comportamental. Estudo sobre a percepção dos pais sobre o tipo de alimento que é fornecido aos filhos obesos e o nível de atividade física que estão praticando poderia enriquecer e ampliar o conhecimento do contexto familiar em que a criança está inserida.
A LUTA PELOS DIREITOS CIVIS NOS ESTADOS UNIDOS
Authors: Silva Wilton Bruno Cardoso da
Published: September 2021

O presente artigo tem como objetivo elaborar uma análise a respeito dos principais eventos que marcaram a luta pelos direitos civis nos Estados Unidos durante a segunda metade do século XX, propondo uma reflexão sobre a importância do tema de estudo nos dias atuais e apontando as principais mudanças na legislação norte-americana visando o combate à desigualdade e discriminação racial no país. Com relação à atuação do Movimento dos Direitos Civis entre décadas de 1950 e 1960, destacar as principais dificuldades enfrentadas por seus líderes civis durante as campanhas no sul do país; enfatizando suas principais motivações e sua relevância, mesmo após décadas, no atual cenário político dos Estados Unidos e na sociedade internacional. Através de pesquisas feitas com embasamento em artigos científicos, livros e jornais, ressaltar a influência exercida mais de meio século após os eventos em destaque no artigo na formação e atuação de diversos movimentos sociais ao redor do mundo.
ACOMPANHAMENTO FARMACÊUTICO DE PACIENTES COM DISTÚRBIO NA GLÂNDULA DA TIREOIDE
Authors: Reis Jurandir Ricardo Silva dos
Published: September 2021

A glândula da tireoide situa-se no pescoço e é responsável pela produção de três importantes hormônios, a tri-iodotironina (T3), a tetraiodotironina ou tiroxina (T4) e a calcitonina, que possuem efeitos bastante relevantes no metabolismo. De uma forma geral os principais hormônios produzidos pela tireoide (T3e T4) são estimuladoras metabólicas. A produção e secreção dos hormônios T3 e T4 são reguladas por um mecanismo de feedback negativo. Quando ocorre uma anomalia nesta regulação criam-se distúrbios como o hipotireoidismo, o hipertireoidismo, a doença de Graves, a tireoidite de Hashimoto, o bócio, entre outras situações clínicas.
O ESPORTE CONTEMPORÂNEO E SEUS IMPACTOS NA SAÚDE, NA SOCIEDADE E NO MEIO AMBIENTE: UMA ANÁLISE DOCUMENTAL RETROSPECTIVA
Authors: Barros Rafael Castro Mendanha , Menezes Junior Antônio da Silva , Araújo Matheus Karia , Castro Gabriel Santos de , Zago Daniel Oliveira , Pires Mariana Cândida
Published: September 2021

Objetivo: Analisar o impacto do esporte na saúde, na sociedade e no meio ambiente. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo a partir de uma análise documental sobre as cinco últimas edições do evento “Caminhada Ecológica”, realizadas entre os anos de 2015 e 2019 no estado de Goiás. Nesta pesquisa documental, caracterizada pela busca de informações em fontes primárias, foram incluídos materiais disponíveis na internet ou impressos, como notícias, reportagens, entrevistas, propagandas, campanhas publicitárias e quaisquer outros materiais disponíveis que remetam à Caminhada Ecológica. Resultados: Foram encontradas diversas publicações sobre as cinco últimas edições da Caminhada Ecológica, sendo que dezesseis delas se enquadraram nos critérios de inclusão deste estudo. As várias publicações foram analisadas de acordo com os seguintes temas abordados: impactos na saúde individual, na saúde da comunidade, impactos socioeconômicos e, por fim, impactos ambientais. Conclusão: As cinco últimas edições da Caminhada Ecológica foram efetivas na difusão de seus valores fundamentais (saúde e preservação ambiental). Além disso, impactaram positivamente na saúde dos participantes, na saúde da comunidade, na economia da região e no Cerrado, bioma que compõe o percurso da caminhada.
ATENÇÃO FARMACÊUTICA NO TRATAMENTO DE CRIANÇAS INFECTADAS PELO VÍRUS HIV/AIDS
Authors: Silva Ana Paula Nogueira da , Senna Júnior Vicente
Published: September 2021

Por volta da década de 80 surgiu um vírus que matou milhares de pessoas, o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (HIV), responsável pela Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS), tendo como único tratamento para cessar a replicação do vírus o uso de antirretrovirais. A atenção farmacêutica é uma estratégia que tem como princípio ações focadas no bem-estar do paciente. Objetiva-se nessa pesquisa apresentar por meio das ações da atenção farmacêutica os benefícios para o tratamento de crianças portadores do vírus HIV/AIDS. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio da metodologia de revisão de literatura, onde os dados foram apurados por meio de artigos, manuais governamentais e sites relevantes. A revisão disserta sobre a importância da atenção farmacêutica na farmacoterapia com antirretrovirais em crianças com HIV/AIDS.
(دراسة موضوعية) المزنةُ المعطاء في مواساة النبي للنساء
Authors:   جامعة  المثنــــــــــــى /          كلية التربية للعلوم الإنسانية/           قسم علوم القرآن /, عبد الزهرة الأسدي الأستاذ المساعد الدكتور صلاح ناجي
Published: September 2021

يتناولُ بحثي هذا المواقف التي وآسى بها النبي)) المرأة في محنتها وشدتها ، ومنها مواساتُه لمن فقدت الأهل والوطن والزوج وأصبحت في دار ضياع وهوان، ومواساتُهُ لِمن أثقلتها أعباءُ الحياة وكثرة العيال، ومواساتُه لمن ابتليت بالمرض ، ومواساتُهُ لمن ابتليت بفقد الابن وفلذة كبدها ، ومواساتُهُ لمن فقدت أباها وغيرها من المشاكل والمصائب التي تعترض حياة المرأة ، وقد انبرى لها سيد الرجال، وحسِن الخصال، ليضربَ لأمتهِ أروع الأمثال في كفالة الضائع والضال من النساء والأطفال، لتتجلى لنا الإنسانيةُ في أروعِ صورِها، وأبهى حُللِها ، وأرجو من الله العون والسداد ، والهدى والرشاد. الكلمات المفتاحية/ المزنة المعطاء، مواساة النبي، عمته صفية، حوصلة الصبرِ في صدريهما
الرؤى الفلسفية في شعر ابي الفتح البستي
Authors:   جامعة بغداد / كلية التربية للبنات / قسم اللغة العربية, نجم عبد الله الاستاذ المساعد الدكتورة شيماء
Published: September 2021

إن ما نجده من رؤى فلسفية وأقوال وحكــــــــــم لم توجد من فراغ ، وإنما هي نتاج ما أكتسبه الانسان من أفكار ،ومشاعر، وتجارب ،ومواقف تسربت اليه من وجوده ،وواقعه المعاش ، فكانت حصيلتها أن تكونت لديه رؤى خاصة للعالم من حوله ،وكونت لديه موقف فكـــــــــــــــــري يعبر عن رؤى فلسفية حول الحيـــــــــاة من جهة ،وطبائع البشر ونوازعهم ومواقفهم من جهة ثانيـــــــــة ، فجاء التعبيـــــــــــــر عنها على وفق حكم ومواعظ ثّرة عرضت مقدار التراكم ،والزخم المعرفي الذي وجد لدى الشاعر والتي عبر فيه عن رأيه برؤية فلسفية بناءة وملحوظات دقيقة قائمة على التحليل والتفكير والخبرة المتراكمة عارضا إياه في أشعار تبين موقفه ،وآرائه في الحياة والناس عن طريق النظر في العلاقات القائمة بين الانسان والوجود من جهة ،وبين الانسان وأخيه الانسان من جهة أُخرى ، فجاءت رؤاه الفلسفية معبرة عن صوت الانسان الذي يطمح ويأمل الى التغيير ما هو موجود الى ماهو افضل عبر أشعار تترك بصمتها في الفكر والوجدان . الكلمات المفتاحية : الرؤى الفلسفية ، حياة البستي ، تحليل الرؤى في شعره
نظرية المعرفة عند القديس أوغسطين
Authors:   كلية العلوم الاسلامية/جامعة بغداد, صاحب مياح الباحث علي , باسم صالح د.عمار ,   كلية العلوم الاسلامية/جامعة بغداد
Published: September 2021

تعد مسألة نظرية المعرفة من المسائل اللاهوتية التي كانت ولا تزال سعيا دؤوبا وراء المعرفة, معرفة الحقيقية معرفة يقينية , لذلك شكلت محوراً رئيسيا لما لها من أهمية بالغة تعبر عن الرغبة العميقة للنفس الانسانية لاستكشاف ذاتا والواقع والاجابة على كل التساؤلات التي قد تثيرها فالمعرفة هي أسمى وظيفة للانسان في الوجود . ولذلك كان تأسيس نظرية المعرفة عامة في المعرفة , خاصية امتازت , فهي موضوع قديم بقدم المعرفة ومتجدد لايزال يثار ويطرح , وإن تعددت طرق معالجته والحلول المقدسة له ،حيث تطرق البحث إلى مسألة إمكانية بلوغ اليقين، وسعيه إلى دحض كل الحجج الشكية ضد إمكان المعرفة اليقينية، ليصل في الأخير إلى إثبات إمكانيتها. أثبت البحث ان القديس أوغسطين على تأسيس وتحديد المنهج الواجب إتباعه لقصد بلوغ المعرفة، وتفسير كيفية حدوثها، فكانت البداية لإثبات الحقيقة الأولى أو الكوجيتو، التي تقف ثابتة لا تزعزعها كل حجج الشكاك، ووصل أوغسطين إلى معرفة الله من تحليل معطيات الحيا الداخلية، وأسس بذلك المعرفة الصحيحة على الإشراق الإلهي على العقل الإنساني، حيث رأى أن النفس العاقلة ترى الحقائق المتعلقة بالعالم المعقول في نور غير مادي كما ترى العين الأشياء المحيطة ﺑﻬا في النور المادي. اكد البحث أن عالم المثل هو موضوع العلم اليقيني في راي أفلاطون ، بينما عالم الحس هو عالم التغير حيث يتأرجح بين الوجود واللاوجود، لذا فهو لا يصلح إلا كأساس للظن، معتمدا بعناصر فلسفته كالقول بالمثل والتدرج في الكمال و الموجودات. الكلمات المفتاحية: معرفة/ قديس/ اوغسطين
Meteorological effects on PM2.5 change over a receptor region in regional transport of air pollutants: observational study of recent year emission reduction in central China
Authors: Sun Xiaoyun , Zhao Tianliang , Bai Yongqing , Kong Shaofei , Zheng Huang , Hu Weiyang , Ma Xiaodan , Xiong Jie
Published: September 2021

Abstract. As an important issue in atmospheric environment, the contributions of anthropogenic emissions and meteorological conditions to air pollution have been few assessed over the receptor region in regional transport of air pollutants. In this study on observations of environment and meteorology over 2015–2019, the Kolmogorov–Zurbenko (KZ) filter was performed to decompose the PM2.5 variations into multi-time scale components over the Twain-Hu Basin (THB), a receptor region in regional transport of air pollutants in central China, where the short-term, seasonal and long-term components accounted for respectively 47.5 %, 41.4 % and 3.7 % to daily PM2.5 changes. The short-term and seasonal components dominated the day-to-day PM2.5 variations with long-term component determining the change trend of PM2.5 concentrations over recent years. The emission- and meteorology-related long-term PM2.5 components over the THB were identified. The meteorological contribution to PM2.5 declining trend presented the distinct spatial pattern over the THB with northern positive rates up to 61.92 % and southern negative rates down to −24.93 %. The opposite effects of meteorology on PM2.5 pollution could accelerate and offset the effects of emission reductions in the northern and southern THB, which is attributed to the upwind diffusion and downward accumulation of air pollutants over the receptor region in regional PM2.5 transport. It is noteworthy that the increasing conversion efficiencies of SO2 and NO2 to sulfate and nitrate for secondary PM2.5 could offset the effects of PM2.5 emission reduction on air pollution in the THB during recent years, revealing the enhancing contribution of gaseous precursor emissions to PM2.5 concentrations with controlling anthropogenic emissions of PM2.5 and the gaseous precursors over the receptor region in regional transport of air pollutants.
Temporal trends in methane emissions from a small eutrophic reservoir: the key role of a spring burst
Authors: Waldo Sarah , Beaulieu Jake J. , Barnett William , Balz D. Adam , Vanni Michael J. , Williamson Tanner , Walker John T.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Waters impounded behind dams (i.e., reservoirs) are
important sources of greenhouses gases (GHGs), especially methane (CH4), but
emission estimates are not well constrained due to high spatial and temporal
variability, limitations in monitoring methods to characterize hot spot and
hot moment emissions, and the limited number of studies that investigate
diurnal, seasonal, and interannual patterns in emissions. In this study, we
investigate the temporal patterns and biophysical drivers of CH4
emissions from Acton Lake, a small eutrophic reservoir, using a combination
of methods: eddy covariance monitoring, continuous warm-season ebullition
measurements, spatial emission surveys, and measurements of key drivers of
CH4 production and emission. We used an artificial neural network to
gap fill the eddy covariance time series and to explore the relative
importance of biophysical drivers on the interannual timescale. We combined
spatial and temporal monitoring information to estimate annual
whole-reservoir emissions. Acton Lake had cumulative areal emission rates of
45.6 ± 8.3 and 51.4 ± 4.3 g CH4 m−2 in 2017 and 2018,
respectively, or 109 ± 14 and 123 ± 10 Mg CH4 in 2017 and
2018 across the whole 2.4 km2 area of the lake. The main difference
between years was a period of elevated emissions lasting less than 2 weeks
in the spring of 2018, which contributed 17 % of the annual emissions in
the shallow region of the reservoir. The spring burst coincided with a
phytoplankton bloom, which was likely driven by favorable precipitation and
temperature conditions in 2018 compared to 2017. Combining spatially
extensive measurements with temporally continuous monitoring enabled us to
quantify aspects of the spatial and temporal variability in CH4
emission. We found that the relationships between CH4 emissions and
sediment temperature depended on location within the reservoir, and we observed a clear
spatiotemporal offset in maximum CH4 emissions as a function of
reservoir depth. These findings suggest a strong spatial pattern in CH4
biogeochemistry within this relatively small (2.4 km2) reservoir. In
addressing the need for a better understanding of GHG emissions from
reservoirs, there is a trade-off in intensive measurements of one water body
vs. short-term and/or spatially limited measurements in many water
bodies. The insights from multi-year, continuous, spatially extensive
studies like this one can be used to inform both the study design and
emission upscaling from spatially or temporally limited results,
specifically the importance of trophic status and intra-reservoir
variability in assumptions about upscaling CH4 emissions.
Daily to annual net primary production in the North Sea determined using autonomous underwater gliders and satellite Earth observation
Authors: Loveday Benjamin , Smyth Timothy , Akpinar Anıl , Hull Tom , Inall Mark , Kaiser Jan , Queste Bastien , Tobermann Matt , Williams Charlotte , Palmer Matthew
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Shelf-seas play a key role in both the global carbon cycle and coastal marine ecosystems through the drawn-down and fixing of carbon, as measured through phytoplankton net primary production (NPP). Measuring NPP in situ, and extrapolating this to the local, regional and global scale presents challenges however because of limitations with the techniques utilised (e.g. radiocarbon isotopes), data sparsity and the inherent biogeochemical heterogeneity of coastal and open-shelf waters. Here, we introduce a powerful new technique based on the synergistic use of in situ glider profiles and satellite Earth Observation measurements which can be implemented in a real-time or delayed mode system. We apply this system to a fleet of gliders successively deployed over a 19-month time-frame in the North Sea, generating an unprecedented fine scale time-series of NPP in the region (Loveday and Smyth, 2020). At the large-scale, this time-series gives close agreement with existing satellite-based estimates of NPP for the region and previous in situ estimates. What has not been elucidated before is the high-frequency, small-scale, depth-resolved variability associated with bloom phenology, mesoscale phenomena and mixed layer dynamics.
A derivative-free optimisation method for global ocean biogeochemical models
Authors: Oliver Sophy Elizabeth , Cartis Coralia , Kriest Iris , Tett Simon F. B. , Khatiwala Samar
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The performance of global ocean biogeochemical models, and the Earth System Models in which they are embedded, can be improved by systematic calibration of the parameter values against observations. However, such tuning is seldom undertaken as these models are computationally very expensive. Here we investigate the performance of DFO-LS, a local, derivative-free optimisation algorithm which has been designed for computationally expensive models with irregular model-data misfit landscapes typical of biogeochemical models. We use DFO-LS to calibrate six parameters of a relatively complex global ocean biogeochemical model (MOPS) against synthetic dissolved oxygen, inorganic phosphate and inorganic nitrate observations from a reference run of the same model with a known parameter configuration. The performance of DFO-LS is compared with that of CMA-ES, another derivative-free algorithm that was applied in a previous study to the same model in one of the first successful attempts at calibrating a global model of this complexity. We find that DFO-LS successfully recovers 5 of the 6 parameters in approximately 40 evaluations of the misfit function (each one requiring a 3000 year run of MOPS to equilibrium), while CMA-ES needs over 1200 evaluations. Moreover, DFO-LS reached a baseline misfit, defined by observational noise, in just 11–14 evaluations, whereas CMA-ES required approximately 340 evaluations. We also find that the performance of DFO-LS is not significantly affected by observational sparsity, however fewer parameters were successfully optimised in the presence of observational uncertainty. The results presented here suggest that DFO-LS is sufficiently inexpensive and robust to apply to the calibration of complex, global ocean biogeochemical models.
History of EISCAT – Part 5: Operation and development of the system during the first two decades
Authors: Wannberg Gudmund
Published: September 2021

Abstract. This paper gives an inside view of the first 20 years of operation of the Kiruna-Sodankylä-Tromsø (KST) part of EISCAT as experienced and remembered by myself. The paper is subdivided into an Introduction and 13 sections. Sections 1 to 6 describe the organization, staffing and responsibilites of the Sites, with particular emphasis on the transmitter-related work at Tromsø and the commuting of staff and equipment between the Sites. The Headquarters operation is treated in Section 7. The UHF radar system is treated in Section 8. Section 9 is a review of the VHF system, including a summary of transmitter and antenna problems not available elsewhere in easily accessed media. Section 10 treats the computer system and the proprietary control languages EROS, TARLAN and CORLAN. Section 11 describes the signal processing hardware, with special emphasis on the Alker correlator, its idiosyncrasies and the gradual unlocking of its capabilities through UNIPROG, the GEN-system and the G2-system, culminating in the ability to run alternating codes experiments routinely. Section 12 presents the time- and frequency keeping, a non-trivial task in the early 1980s. Finally, Section 13 discusses the UHF spectrum problem and relates how the UHF system had to be constantly upgraded in order to be able to co-exist with the emerging cellphone networks until the final closure of UHF reception at Kiruna and Sodankylä in 2012. The paper ends with some personal reflections.
Investigating spatial heterogeneity within fracture networks using hierarchical clustering and graph distance metrics
Authors: Prabhakaran Rahul , Bertotti Giovanni , Urai Janos , Smeulders David
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Rock fractures organize as networks, exhibiting natural variation in their
spatial arrangements. Therefore, identifying, quantifying, and comparing
variations in spatial arrangements within network geometries are of interest
when explicit fracture representations or discrete fracture network models are
chosen to capture the influence of fractures on bulk rock behaviour. Treating
fracture networks as spatial graphs, we introduce a novel approach to quantify
spatial variation. The method combines graph similarity measures with
hierarchical clustering and is applied to investigate the spatial variation
within large-scale 2-D fracture networks digitized from the well-known Lilstock
limestone pavements, Bristol Channel, UK. We consider three large, fractured
regions, comprising nearly 300 000 fractures spread over
14 200 m2 from the Lilstock pavements.
Using a moving-window sampling approach, we first subsample the large networks
into subgraphs. Four graph similarity measures – fingerprint distance, D-measure,
Network Laplacian spectral descriptor (NetLSD), and portrait
divergence – that encapsulate topological relationships and geometry of fracture
networks are then used to compute pair-wise subgraph distances serving as input
for the statistical hierarchical clustering technique. In the form of hierarchical
dendrograms and derived spatial variation maps, the results indicate spatial
autocorrelation with localized spatial clusters that gradually vary over
distances of tens of metres with visually discernable and quantifiable boundaries.
Fractures within the identified clusters exhibit differences in fracture
orientations and topology. The comparison of graph similarity-derived
clusters with fracture persistence measures indicates an intra-network
spatial variation that is not immediately obvious from the ubiquitous fracture
intensity and density maps. The proposed method provides a quantitative way to
identify spatial variations in fracture networks, guiding stochastic and
geostatistical approaches to fracture network modelling.
Transition to conservation agriculture: how tillage intensity and covering affect soil physical parameters
Authors: Sartori Felice , Piccoli Ilaria , Polese Riccardo , Berti Antonio
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Conservation agriculture (CA) relies on two key practices to improve agricultural sustainability—reduced tillage and cover crop usage. Despite known soil physics benefits (reduced soil compaction and strength, enhanced soil porosity and permeability), inconsistent reports on short-term CA results have limited its adoption in European agroecosystems. To elucidate the short-term effects, a three-year experiment in the low-lying Venetian plain (Northern Italy) was undertaken. Bulk density, penetration resistance, and soil hydraulic measures were used to evaluate results obtained by combining three tillage intensities (conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), no tillage (NT)) with three winter soil coverages (bare soil (BS), tillage radish cover crop (TR), winter wheat cover crop (WW)). Among the tillage methods and soil layers, CT, on average, reduced BD (1.42 g cm−3) and PR (1.64 MPa) better in the 0–30 cm tilled layer. Other treatments yielded higher values (+4 % BD and +3.1 % PR) in the same layer. Across the soil profile, reduced tillage coupled with WW improved soil physics even below the tilled layer, as evidenced by root growth-limiting threshold declines (−11 % in BD values > 1.55 g cm−3 and −7 % in PR values > 2.5 MPa). Soil hydraulic measures confirmed this positive behaviour; NT combined with either BS or WW produced a soil saturated conductivity of 2.12 × 10−4 m s−1 (four-fold that of all other treatments). Likewise, sorptivity increased in NT combined with BS versus other treatments (3.64 × 10−4 m s−1 vs an all-treatment average of 7.98 × 10−5 m s−1). Our results suggest that despite some measure declines due to reduced tillage, the strategy enhances soil physics. In the short term, cover crop WW moderately increased physical soil parameters, whereas TR had negligible effects. This study demonstrates that CA effects require monitoring several soil physical parameters.
Sudden stratospheric warmings during El Niño and La Niña: sensitivity to model biases
Authors: Tyrrell Nicholas L. , Koskentausta Juho M. , Karpechko Alexey Yu.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The number of sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) per year is affected by the phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), yet there are discrepancies between the observed and modeled relationship. We investigate how systematic model biases may affect the ENSO-SSW connection. A two-step bias-correction process is applied to the troposphere, stratosphere or full atmosphere of an atmospheric general circulation model. ENSO type sensitivity experiments are then performed to reveal the impact of differing climatologies on the ENSO–SSW teleconnection. The number of SSWs per year is overestimated in the control run, and this statistic is improved when stratospheric biases are reduced. The seasonal cycle of SSWs is also improved by the bias corrections. The composite SSW responses in the stratospheric zonal wind, geopotential height and surface response are well represented in both the control and bias corrected runs. The model response of SSWs to ENSO phase is more linear than in observations, in line with previous modelling studies, and this is not changed by the reduced biases. However, the trend of more wave-1 events during El Niño years than La Niña years is improved in the bias corrected runs.
PENGARUH SUHU DAN LAMA FERMENTASI KOPI TERHADAP KADAR KAFEIN
Authors: Poerwanty Henny
Published: September 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh suhu dan lama Proses fermentasi biji kopi Perlakuan yang digunakan pada fermentasi yaitu suhu ( 35°C dan 45°C) dan lama fermentasi (6, 12, dan 18 jam). Parameter pengamatan meliputi pH dan kandungan kafein. . Penelitian ini dirancang dalam percobaan faktorial menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan tiga kali pengulangan dengan metode analisis varians menggunakan Statistic Package for Social Sciene (SPSS). Bila hasil dari analisis sidik ragam memperlihatkan pengaruh nyata (α=0,05) maka dilakukan uji beda nyata dengan menggunakan uji beda jarak berganda Duncan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa pada fermentasi biji kopi dengan teknologi ohmic pada suhu 35°C dan lama fermentasi 12 jam mendapatkan kadar kafein (1,6% ) menjadi (0.047% ) dan pada suhu 35°C dan lama fermentasi 12 jam didapatkan nilai pH (4.81). Sedangkan pada suhu 45°C dengan lama fermentasi 6 jam mendapatkan nilai kafein yang tinggi yaitu (0.147%) dan pada suhu 45°C dengan lama fermentasi 18 jam didapatkan nilai pH (5,83).
Editorial and Front Matter
Authors: DELMAS ROBERT , PETOCZ PETER
Published: September 2021

First published May 2010 at Statistics Education Research Journal: Archives
ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS’ COMPREHENSION OF DATA DISPLAYS
Authors: JACOBBE TIMOTHY , HORTON ROBERT M.
Published: September 2021

This study investigated elementary school teachers’ comprehension of data displays. Assessment, interview, and observation data were analyzed to determine their level of comprehension. Results revealed that the teachers were proficient at “reading the data” and computation types of “reading between the data” questions, but were unsuccessful with questions that assessed higher levels of graphical comprehension. Many of the difficulties exhibited by the teachers appear to be attributable to a lack of exposure to the content. Implications for teacher preparation, professional development, and curricula development are discussed.
First published May 2010 at Statistics Education Research Journal: Archives
FORTHCOMING IASE CONFERENCES
Authors: DELMAS ROBERT , PETOCZ PETER
Published: September 2021

Forthcoming IASE Conferences
First published May 2010 at Statistics Education Research Journal: Archives