bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Civilized Homosexual: Travel Talk and the Project of Gay Identity
Authors: Murray David A.B.
Published: January 2007

Gay tourism has been identified as an area in which new intersections of identity, transnationalism, politics and economics are occurring. By marketing travel/holiday choices based on a sexual identity, we are witnessing in some sense a ‘postmodern’ turn in tourism as it responds to a multiplicity of interests and subject positions. But, at the same time, some argue that as an industry and an event, gay tourism is very similar to its mainstream counterpart as it sustains social, political and economic inequalities with very deep roots in the socio-historical firmament we refer to as colonialism. In this article, I explore the situated production of difference/distance primarily through the comments of a member of the gay tourism industry located in Barbados and the perspectives of some local ‘gay-identified’ Barbadian men in order to highlight how the former's constructions are inflected with modernist hierarchies of race, class, nation, and colony and how the latter's views simultaneously reproduce and transform these hierarchical relations.
Experiences of Transwomen with Hormone Therapy
Authors: Wassersug Richard , Gray Ross E. , Barbara Angela , Trosztmer Christine , Raj Rupert , Sinding Christina
Published: January 2007

This article describes the experiences of 12 transwomen on hormone treatment, ranging in age from 30 to 63. Findings from interviews revealed seven prominent themes: transitioning before hormone treatment, starting on hormones, matching expectations with reality, tracking changes, relationships with health professionals, reflections on gender identity, and impact of hormones. Participants tended to be highly curious about the impact of hormone therapy, and most tracked bodily and psychological changes closely. Despite problematic side effects experienced by most (including periods of depression), an overall mental health benefit was evident, with transwomen feeling relieved about reducing the impact of testosterone and the stress of presenting as men, while being able to openly explore dimensions of being female. While some transwomen expressed awareness of how social influences and ideas about gender played a part in their reactions to hormone treatment, most thought and acted in accordance with the biomedical premise that bodies and identities can be created and recreated through technical physiological manipulation. Hormone therapy was seen as the critical step in committing to, and consolidating gender transition.
Contractualism, reciprocity, and egalitarian justice
Authors: Quong Jonathan
Published: January 2007

Can contractualism yield a suitably egalitarian conception of social justice? G.A. Cohen has forcefully argued that it cannot - that one cannot be both a contractualist and an egalitarian. Cohen presents a number of arguments to this effect, the particular target of which is John Rawls’s version of contractualism. In this article, I show that, contra Cohen, the Rawlsian model of contractualism, and the ideal of reciprocity on which it relies, can coherently yield egalitarian principles of distributive justice such as the difference principle. I also defend Rawls from the further claim, pressed by Cohen and others, that relying on the idea of mutual or reciprocal advantage will leave the infirm or severely handicapped outside the scope of egalitarian justice. I argue that Rawlsians can account for the claims that the infirm or severely handicapped have on others in terms of a natural duty to aid.
Putting wrongs to right
Authors: Savage Stephen P. , Grieve John , Poyser Sam
Published: January 2007

Campaigns against miscarriages of justice have played a role not just in exposing individual cases of injustice but also in helping to shape criminal justice policy itself. The means by which such campaigns manage to achieve degrees of ‘success’ are therefore of criminological significance. Using the term ‘miscarriages of justice’ to embrace both ‘wrongful convictions’ and the failure of agencies to act appropriately (‘not doing enough’), the article proceeds to define the various ways in which such campaigns might be said to have ‘successful’ outcomes. Using documentary analysis and a programme of interviews with key players, the article then examines the ‘critical success factors’ behind campaigns against miscarriages of justice. It concludes that two factors have been the key to successful campaigns against miscarriages of justice: on the one hand the ability of campaigns to access the social resources and social capital associated with campaigning networks; on the other hand the ability of victims and families associated with injustices to provide the resilience and cohesion which campaigns typically need to achieve goals.
Pathways and genes differentially expressed in the motor cortex of patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Lederer Carsten W , Torrisi Antonietta , Pantelidou Maria , Santama Niovi , Cavallaro Sebastiano
Published: January 2007

Background

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disorder caused by the progressive degeneration of motoneurons in brain and spinal cord. Despite identification of disease-linked mutations, the diversity of processes involved and the ambiguity of their relative importance in ALS pathogenesis still represent a major impediment to disease models as a basis for effective therapies. Moreover, the human motor cortex, although critical to ALS pathology and physiologically altered in most forms of the disease, has not been screened systematically for therapeutic targets.

Results

By whole-genome expression profiling and stringent significance tests we identify genes and gene groups de-regulated in the motor cortex of patients with sporadic ALS, and interpret the role of individual candidate genes in a framework of differentially expressed pathways. Our findings emphasize the importance of defense responses and cytoskeletal, mitochondrial and proteasomal dysfunction, reflect reduced neuronal maintenance and vesicle trafficking, and implicate impaired ion homeostasis and glycolysis in ALS pathogenesis. Additionally, we compared our dataset with publicly available data for the SALS spinal cord, and show a high correlation of changes linked to the diseased state in the SALS motor cortex. In an analogous comparison with data for the Alzheimer's disease hippocampus we demonstrate a low correlation of global changes and a moderate correlation for changes specifically linked to the SALS diseased state.

Conclusion

Gene and sample numbers investigated allow pathway- and gene-based analyses by established error-correction methods, drawing a molecular portrait of the ALS motor cortex that faithfully represents many known disease features and uncovers several novel aspects of ALS pathology. Contrary to expectations for a tissue under oxidative stress, nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes are uniformly down-regulated. Moreover, the down-regulation of mitochondrial and glycolytic genes implies a combined reduction of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic energy supply, with a possible role in the death of ALS motoneurons. Identifying candidate genes exclusively expressed in non-neuronal cells, we also highlight the importance of these cells in disease development in the motor cortex. Notably, some pathways and candidate genes identified by this study are direct or indirect targets of medication already applied to unrelated illnesses and point the way towards the rapid development of effective symptomatic ALS therapies.
Insight into transcription factor gene duplication from Caenorhabditis elegans Promoterome-driven expression patterns
Authors: Reece-Hoyes John S , Shingles Jane , Dupuy Denis , Grove Christian A , Walhout Albertha JM , Vidal Marc , Hope Ian A
Published: January 2007

Background

The C. elegans Promoterome is a powerful resource for revealing the regulatory mechanisms by which transcription is controlled pan-genomically. Transcription factors will form the core of any systems biology model of genome control and therefore the promoter activity of Promoterome inserts for C. elegans transcription factor genes was examined, in vivo, with a reporter gene approach.

Results

Transgenic C. elegans strains were generated for 366 transcription factor promoter/gfp reporter gene fusions. GFP distributions were determined, and then summarized with reference to developmental stage and cell type. Reliability of these data was demonstrated by comparison to previously described gene product distributions. A detailed consideration of the results for one C. elegans transcription factor gene family, the Six family, comprising ceh-32, ceh-33, ceh-34 and unc-39 illustrates the value of these analyses. The high proportion of Promoterome reporter fusions that drove GFP expression, compared to previous studies, led to the hypothesis that transcription factor genes might be involved in local gene duplication events less frequently than other genes. Comparison of transcription factor genes of C. elegans and Caenorhabditis briggsae was therefore carried out and revealed very few examples of functional gene duplication since the divergence of these species for most, but not all, transcription factor gene families.

Conclusion

Examining reporter expression patterns for hundreds of promoters informs, and thereby improves, interpretation of this data type. Genes encoding transcription factors involved in intrinsic developmental control processes appear acutely sensitive to changes in gene dosage through local gene duplication, on an evolutionary time scale.
The sensitivity of murine spermiogenesis to miglustat is a quantitative trait: a pharmacogenetic study
Authors: Bone Wilhelm , Walden Charlotte M , Fritsch Martin , Voigtmann Ulrike , Leifke Eckhard , Gottwald Ulrich , Boomkamp Stephanie , Platt Frances M , van der Spoel Aarnoud C
Published: January 2007

Background

A major event in the post-meiotic development of male germ cells is the formation of the acrosome. This process can be perturbed in C57BL/6 mice by administration of the small molecule miglustat (N-butyldeoxynojirimycin, NB-DNJ). The miglustat-treated mice produce morphologically abnormal spermatozoa that lack acrosomes and are poorly motile. In C57BL/6 mice, miglustat can be used to maintain long-term reversible infertility. In contrast, when miglustat was evaluated in normal men, it did not affect spermatogenesis. To gain more insight into this species difference we have now evaluated the reproductive effects of miglustat in rabbits, in multiple mouse strains and in interstrain hybrid mice.

Methods

Male mice of 18 inbred strains were administered miglustat orally or via miniosmotic pumps. Rabbits were given the compound in their food. Fourth-generation interstrain hybrid mice, bred from C57BL/6 and FVB/N mice (which differ in their response to miglustat), also received the drug. Data on fertility (natural mating), sperm motility and morphology, acrosome status, and serum drug levels were collected.

Results

In rabbits the drug did not induce aberrations of sperm shape or motility, although the serum level of miglustat in rabbits far exceeded the level in C57BL/6 mice (8.4 μM and 0.5 μM, respectively). In some strains of the Swiss and Castle lineages of inbred mice miglustat did not cause infertility, severe morphological sperm aberrations or reduced sperm motility. In these strains miglustat only had milder effects. However, miglustat strongly disturbed acrosome and sperm nucleus development in AKR/J and BALB/c mice and in a number of C57BL/6-related strains. The consequences of drug administration in the interstrain hybrid mice were highly variable. Judging by the number of grossly abnormal spermatozoa, these genetically heterogeneous mice displayed a continuous range of intermediate responses, distinct from either of their parental strains.

Conclusion

The effects of miglustat on spermatogenesis in mice are strain-dependent, while in rabbits the drug is ineffective. Evaluation of interstrain hybrid mice indicated that the sensitivity of spermatogenesis to miglustat is a quantitative trait. These studies pave the way for identifying the genetic factors underlying the strain/species differences in the effect of miglustat.
Crystal structure of AFV3-109, a highly conserved protein from crenarchaeal viruses
Authors: Keller Jenny , Leulliot Nicolas , Cambillau Christian , Campanacci Valérie , Porciero Stéphanie , Prangishvili David , Forterre Patrick , Cortez Diego , Quevillon-Cheruel Sophie , van Tilbeurgh Herman
Published: January 2007

The extraordinary morphologies of viruses infecting hyperthermophilic archaea clearly distinguish them from bacterial and eukaryotic viruses. Moreover, their genomes code for proteins that to a large extend have no related sequences in the extent databases. However, a small pool of genes is shared by overlapping subsets of these viruses, and the most conserved gene, exemplified by the ORF109 of the Acidianus Filamentous Virus 3, AFV3, is present on genomes of members of three viral familes, the Lipothrixviridae, Rudiviridae, and "Bicaudaviridae", as well as of the unclassified Sulfolobus Turreted Icosahedral Virus, STIV. We present here the crystal structure of the protein (Mr = 13.1 kD, 109 residues) encoded by the AFV3 ORF 109 in two different crystal forms at 1.5 and 1.3 Å resolution. The structure of AFV3-109 is a five stranded β-sheet with loops on one side and three helices on the other. It forms a dimer adopting the shape of a cradle that encompasses the best conserved regions of the sequence. No protein with a related fold could be identified except for the ortholog from STIV1, whose structure was deposited at the Protein Data Bank. We could clearly identify a well bound glycerol inside the cradle, contacting exclusively totally conserved residues. This interaction was confirmed in solution by fluorescence titration. Although the function of AFV3-109 cannot be deduced directly from its structure, structural homology with the STIV1 protein, and the size and charge distribution of the cavity suggested it could interact with nucleic acids. Fluorescence quenching titrations also showed that AFV3-109 interacts with dsDNA. Genomic sequence analysis revealed bacterial homologs of AFV3-109 as a part of a putative previously unidentified prophage sequences in some Firmicutes.
Glycosylation-dependent interaction of Jacalin with CD45 induces T lymphocyte activation and Th1/Th2 cytokine secretion
Authors: Baba Makoto , Yong Ma Bruce , Nonaka Motohiro , Matsuishi Yukari , Hirano Makoto , Nakamura Natsuko , Kawasaki Nana , Kawasaki Nobuko , Kawasaki Toshisuke
Published: January 2007

Jacalin, an α-O-glycoside of the disaccharide Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (galactose β1-3 N-acetylgalactosamine, T-antigen)-specific lectin from jackfruit seeds, has been shown to induce mitogenic responses and to block infection by HIV-1 in CD4+ T lymphocytes. The molecular mechanism underlying Jacalin-induced T cell activation has not been elucidated completely yet. In the present study, protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) CD45 was isolated from a Jurkat T cell membrane fraction as a major receptor for Jacalin through affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry. CD45, which is highly glycosylated and expressed exclusively on the surface of lymphocytes, is a key regulator of lymphocyte signaling, playing a pivotal role in activation and development. We found that the lectin induced significant IL-2 production by a CD45-positive Jurkat T cell line (JE6.1) and primary T cells. However, this effect did not occur in a CD45-negative Jurkat T cell line (J45.01) and was blocked completely by a specific CD45 PTPase inhibitor in Jurkat T (JE6.1) and primary T cells. Furthermore, we also observed that Jacalin caused a marked increase in IL-2 secretion in response to TCR ligation and CD28 costimulation and contributed to Th1/Th2 cytokine production by activating CD45. Jacalin increased CD45 tyrosine phosphatase activity, which resulted in activation of the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK cascades. Based on these findings, we propose a new, immunoregulatory model for Jacalin, wherein glycosylation-dependent interactions of Jacalin with CD45 on T cells elevate TCR-mediated signaling, which thereby up-regulate T cell activation thresholds and Th1/Th2 cytokine secretion.
Use of Positron Emission Tomography for Response Assessment of Lymphoma: Consensus of the Imaging Subcommittee of International Harmonization Project in Lymphoma
Authors: Juweid Malik E. , Stroobants Sigrid , Hoekstra Otto S. , Mottaghy Felix M. , Dietlein Markus , Guermazi Ali , Wiseman Gregory A. , Kostakoglu Lale , Scheidhauer Klemens , Buck Andreas , Naumann Ralph , Spaepen Karoline , Hicks Rodney J. , Weber Wolfgang A. , Reske Sven N. , Schwaiger Markus , Schwartz Lawrence H. , Zijlstra Josee M. , Siegel Barry A. , Cheson Bruce D.
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To develop guidelines for performing and interpreting positron emission tomography (PET) imaging for treatment assessment in patients with lymphoma both in clinical practice and in clinical trials.

Methods

An International Harmonization Project (IHP) was convened to discuss standardization of clinical trial parameters in lymphoma. An imaging subcommittee developed consensus recommendations based on published PET literature and the collective expertise of its members in the use of PET in lymphoma. Only recommendations subsequently endorsed by all IHP subcommittees were adopted.

Recommendations

PET after completion of therapy should be performed at least 3 weeks, and preferably at 6 to 8 weeks, after chemotherapy or chemoimmunotherapy, and 8 to 12 weeks after radiation or chemoradiotherapy. Visual assessment alone is adequate for interpreting PET findings as positive or negative when assessing response after completion of therapy. Mediastinal blood pool activity is recommended as the reference background activity to define PET positivity for a residual mass ≥ 2 cm in greatest transverse diameter, regardless of its location. A smaller residual mass or a normal sized lymph node (ie, ≤ 1 × 1 cm in diameter) should be considered positive if its activity is above that of the surrounding background. Specific criteria for defining PET positivity in the liver, spleen, lung, and bone marrow are also proposed. Use of attenuation-corrected PET is strongly encouraged. Use of PET for treatment monitoring during a course of therapy should only be done in a clinical trial or as part of a prospective registry.
Combined Effects of Exercise and Propranolol on Bone Tissue in Ovariectomized Rats
Authors: Bonnet Nicolas , Beaupied Helene , Vico Laurence , Dolleans Eric , Laroche Norbert , Courteix Daniel , Benhamou Claude-Laurent
Published: January 2007

The bone response to physical exercise may be under control of the SNS. Using a running session in rats, we confirmed that exercise improved trabecular and cortical properties. SNS blockade by propranolol did not affect this response on cortical bone but surprisingly inhibited the trabecular response. This suggests that the SNS is involved in the trabecular response to exercise but not in the cortical response.

Introduction: Animal studies have suggested that bone remodeling is under β−adrenergic control through the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). However, the SNS contribution to bone response under mechanical loading remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the preventive effect of exercise coupled with propranolol on cancellous and cortical bone compartments in ovariectomized rats.

Materials and Methods: Six-month-old female Wistar rats were ovariectomized (OVX, n = 44) or sham-operated (n = 24). OVX rats received subcutaneous injections of propranolol 0.1 mg/kg/day or vehicle and were submitted or not submitted to treadmill exercise (13 m/minute, 60 minutes/day, 5 days/week) for 10 weeks. Tibial and femoral BMD was analyzed longitudinally by DXA. At death, the left tibial metaphysis and L4 vertebrae were removed, and μCT was performed to study trabecular and cortical bone structure. Histomorphometric analysis was performed on the right proximal tibia.

Results: After 10 weeks, BMD and trabecular strength decreased in OVX rats, whereas bone turnover rate and cortical porosity increased compared with the Sham group (p < 0.001). Either propranolol or exercise allowed preservation of bone architecture by increasing trabecular number (+50.35% versus OVX; p < 0.001) and thickness (+16.8% versus OVX; p < 0.001). An additive effect of propranolol and exercise was observed on cortical porosity but not on trabecular microarchitecture or cortical width. Biomechanical properties indicated a higher ultimate force in the OVX-propranolol-exercise group compared with the OVX group (+9.9%; p < 0.05), whereas propranolol and exercise alone did not have any significant effect on bone strength.

Conclusions: Our data confirm a contribution of the SNS to the determinants of bone mass and quality and show a antagonistic effect of exercise and a β-antagonist on trabecular bone structure.
Subcellular Localization of the Spindle Proteins Aurora A, Mad2, and BUBR1 Assessed by Immunohistochemistry
Authors: Burum-Auensen Espen , Angelis Paula M. De , Schjølberg Aasa R. , Kravik Katherine L. , Aure Marit , Clausen Ole Petter F.
Published: January 2007

The spindle checkpoint, the primary mechanism to ensure that two daughter cells receive the same amount of DNA, is compromised in many malignant tumors and has been implicated as a contributor to aneuploidy and carcinogenesis. The extent of expression and subcellular localization of the spindle proteins Aurora A, Mad2, and BUBR1 varies considerably in different immunohistochemical (IHC) reports from archival tumor tissues. Given the conflicting reports in the literature about the localization of these proteins, we examined the subcellular localization of Aurora kinase A, Mad2, and BUBR1 in normal and cancerous human tissues by IHC. In normal tissues, Aurora A was mainly localized to the nucleus when monoclonal or purified polyclonal antibodies were used, and Mad2 was localized to the nucleus, whereas BUBR1 was localized to the cytoplasm. In malignant tissues, Aurora A showed additional staining in the cytoplasm in the majority of tumors analyzed. Furthermore, BUBR1 was also localized to both the nucleus and cytoplasm in a significant fraction of tumors. Subcellular localization of Mad2 was similar in normal and malignant tissues. Thus, the validity of some earlier IHC studies of Aurora A, Mad2, and BUBR1 should be reconsidered, indicating that high-quality antibodies and a high-alkaline antigen-retrieval technique are required to achieve optimal results. We conclude that the subcellular localizations of these spindle proteins are different, although they have overlapping biological functions, and that Aurora A and BUBR1 undergo a shift in the subcellular localization during malignant transformation.
Nitric Oxide-dependent Cilia Regulatory Enzyme Localization in Bovine Bronchial Epithelial Cells
Authors: Stout Sarah L. , Wyatt Todd A. , Adams Jennifer J. , Sisson Joseph H.
Published: January 2007

Airway epithelial-derived nitric oxide (NO), through the activation of nucleotide cyclases and downstream kinases, stimulates ciliary beating, yet the precise locations of these enzymes are unknown. We hypothesized that these NO-activated enzymes are located within, or adjacent to, the ciliary axoneme. Immunohistochemistry of intact ciliated cells revealed that endothelial-type nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), the RII isoform of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA-RII), the type I isoform of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG-I), and guanylate cyclase β (GC-β) all colocalized with pericentrin to the basal body. In contrast, the PKA-RI isoform and the PKG-II isoform localized to ciliary axonemes. Western blot analysis of isolated demembranated ciliary preparations detected eNOS, GC-β, and both isoforms of PKA and PKG. An A-kinase-anchoring protein was also detected. Our findings suggest that these enzymes are sequestered close to their points of action into a discrete ciliary metabolon, enabling targeted phosphorylation and efficient upregulation of ciliary beating.
Tissue Localization of Human Trefoil Factors 1, 2, and 3
Authors: Madsen Jens , Nielsen Ole , Tornøe Ida , Thim Lars , Holmskov Uffe
Published: January 2007

Trefoil factors (TTFs) are small, compact proteins coexpressed with mucins in the gastrointestinal tract. Three trefoil factors are known in mammals: TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3. They are implicated to play diverse roles in maintenance and repair of the gastrointestinal channel. We compared the expression pattern of the three trefoil factors analyzing mRNA from a panel of 20 human tissues by conventional reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR and, in addition, by real-time PCR. These findings were supported by immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human tissues using rabbit polyclonal antibodies raised against these factors. TFF1 showed highest expression in the stomach and colon, whereas TFF2 and TFF3 showed highest expression in stomach and colon, respectively. All three TFFs were found in the ducts of pancreas. Whereas TFF2 was found to be restricted to these two tissues, the structurally more closely related TFF1 and TFF3 showed a more general tissue distribution and were found to colocalize on an array of mucosal surfaces. This is the first thorough parallel description of the tissue distribution of TFFs in normal tissues, and it provides a baseline for similar analysis in diseased tissues.
Granulogenesis in Non-neuroendocrine COS-7 Cells Induced by EGFP-tagged Chromogranin A Gene Transfection: Identical and Distinct Distribution of CgA and EGFP
Authors: Inomoto Chie , Umemura Shinobu , Egashira Noboru , Minematsu Takeo , Takekoshi Susumu , Itoh Yoshiko , Itoh Johbu , Taupenot Laurent , O'Connor Daniel T. , Osamura R. Yoshiyuki
Published: January 2007

We examined whether an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tagged chromogranin A (CgA) gene construct could serve as a marker protein to follow the synthesis of CgA and the process of granulogenesis in non-neuroendocrine (NE) cells. We transfected a CgA-EGFP expression vector into non-NE COS-7 cells and investigated the localization of a chimeric CgA-EGFP protein using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The fluorescent signal of CgA-EGFP was distributed granularly in the cytoplasm. An immunocytochemical study using anti-CgA antibody with a quantum dot (Qd)525 shows colocalization of fluorescent signal of chimeric CgA-EGFP and CgA-Qd525 signals in granular structures, particularly at the periphery of the cytoplasm. We interpreted granules that were immunoreactive to CgA in electron micrographs as secretory. Spectral analysis of EGFP fluorescence revealed distinct EGFP signals without CgA colocalization. This is the first report to show that a granular structure can be induced by transfecting the EGFP-tagged human CgA gene into non-NE cells. The EGFP-tagged CgA gene could be a useful tool to investigate processes of the regulatory pathway. A more precise analysis of the fluorescence signal of EGFP by combination with the Qd system or by spectral analysis with CLSM can provide insight into biological phenomena.
Messverfahren zur experimentellen Bestimmung dynamischer Koeffizienten von Gleitlagern (Method for the Experimental Determination of Dynamic Coefficients of Journal Bearings)
Authors: Kühl Stefan , Schüler Dietrich , Schüler Eckhard
Published: January 2007

Zur Ermittlung der Feder- und Dämpfungszahlen von Großgleitlagern, die z. B. zur rotordynamischen Auslegung von Turbinenläufern benötigt werden, wird ein Verfahren vorgestellt, das erstens einen sehr geringen experimentellen Zeitaufwand erfordert und zweitens eine hohe Genauigkeit für die ermittelten Koeffizienten gewährleistet. Eine Besonderheit dieses Verfahrens ist, dass das Prüflager gleichzeitig mit dynamischen Kräften von zwei Schwingungserregern belastet wird und dass die Schmierfilmkräfte direkt und nicht über die Größe der Erregerkräfte ermittelt werden.
Pregnancy and interferon tau regulate RSAD2 and IFIH1 expression in the ovine uterus
Authors: Song Gwonhwa , Bazer Fuller W , Spencer Thomas E
Published: January 2007

Radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2 (RSAD2) encodes a cytoplasmic antiviral protein induced by interferons (IFN). Interferon-induced with helicase C domain 1 (IFIH1) is a RNA helicase involved in innate immune defense against viruses, growth suppression, and apoptosis. Interferon tau (IFNT), a Type I IFN produced by the peri-implantation ruminant conceptus, acts on the uterine endometrium to signal pregnancy recognition and promote receptivity to implantation. Transcriptional profiling identified RSAD2 and IFIH1 as IFNT regulated genes in the ovine uterine endometrium. This study tested the hypothesis that RSAD2 and IFIH1 were induced in the endometrium in a cell type-specific manner by IFNT from the conceptus during early pregnancy. Endometrial RSAD2 and IFIH1 mRNA increased between days 12 and 16 of pregnancy, but not of the estrous cycle. In pregnant ewes, RSAD2 and IFIH1 mRNAs increased in endometrial glands, and stroma and immune cells, but not in the luminal epithelium. Neither gene was expressed in the trophectoderm of day 18 or 20 conceptuses. Progesterone (P4) treatment of ovariectomized ewes did not induce expression RSAD2 or IFIH1 mRNA in the endometrium; however, intrauterine injections of IFNT induced expression of RSAD2 and IFIH1 mRNA in endometria of ewes treated with P4, as well as in ewes treated with P4 and the progesterone receptor antagonist, ZK 136,317. These results indicate that conceptus IFNT induces both RSAD2 and IFIH1 in a P4-independent manner in the ovine uterine endometrium. These two IFNT-stimulated genes are proposed to have biological roles in the establishment of uterine receptivity to the conceptus during implantation through induction of an antiviral state and modulation of local immune cells in the endometrium.
Endothelial progenitor cells in pregnancy
Authors: Robb Amy O , Mills Nicholas L , Newby David E , Denison Fiona C
Published: January 2007

The discovery of endothelial progenitor cells has generated considerable interest in the field of vascular biology. These cells arise from a population of circulating mononuclear cells and have the capacity to form new blood vessels and contribute to vascular repair. Circulating endothelial progenitor cell numbers are reduced in patients with cardiovascular risk factors and in the presence of endothelial dysfunction, but are increased in response to ischaemia, oestrogens and drug therapy. They have been studied in pathologies from cardiovascular and renal disease to rheumatoid arthritis and pre-eclampsia. Pregnancy is a challenge to the maternal vascular system, requiring systemic adaptation and pronounced local changes in the uterus. Diseases of pregnancy such as pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes increase the risk of pregnancy complications and are associated with endothelial dysfunction. We propose that endothelial progenitor cells have an important role in the regulation and maintenance of the vasculature during pregnancy. This review summarises our current understanding of endothelial progenitor cells, with specific reference to their role in angiogenesis and human pregnancy.
Colchicine Use in Children and Adolescents With Familial Mediterranean Fever: Literature Review and Consensus Statement
Authors: Kallinich Tilmann , Haffner Dieter , Niehues Tim , Huss Kristina , Lainka Elke , Neudorf Ulrich , Schaefer Christof , Stojanov Silvia , Timmann Christian , Keitzer Rolf , Ozdogan Huri , Ozen Seza
Published: January 2007

The daily application of colchicine is the standard therapy for prophylaxis of attacks and amyloid deposition in familial Mediterranean fever. However, because of many issues (eg, dosage, time of introduction, etc), no standardized treatment recommendations have been established. In this work we review the available literature on colchicine use with respect to its indication, efficacy, mode of application, and safety in children and adolescents with familial Mediterranean fever. On the basis of this analysis, a consensus statement on the application of colchicine in children and adolescents with familial Mediterranean fever was developed by caregivers from Germany, Austria, and Turkey.
Planting Date and Nitrogen Effects on Grain Yield and Protein Content of Spring Wheat
Authors: Subedi K. D. , Ma B. L. , Xue A. G.
Published: January 2007

High grain yield with adequate protein concentration is an important goal for spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. A field experiment conducted at two sites representing sandy loam and clay loam soils in Ottawa during 2003 and 2004 examined the effects of planting date and nitrogen (N) management on grain yield and grain protein concentration (GPC) in spring wheat. Cultivar AC Brio was planted at three dates at about 10 d intervals starting from the last week of April. Five N treatments were 0, 60, and 100 kg N ha−1 applied as preplant, 60+40 (preplant + topdress at boot stage), and 60 + 40 kg N ha−1 (preplant + foliar spray at boot stage). Both planting date and N had significant effects on grain yield and GPC. When planting was delayed beyond mid‐May, grain yield was reduced by 15 to 45% in three out of four site‐years. However, GPC increased by 6 to 17% in all late planting dates than the early plantings. Grain yields were increased with N application, but there was no benefit due to split N application as topdress or foliar spray than a single application at 100 kg N ha−1 Regardless of application method, GPC was greater with 100 kg N ha−1 than with 0 or 60 kg ha−1, and GPC was more responsive to applied N in a sandy loam soil than in the clay loam soil. Results of this study suggest that it is likely to achieve the target GPC in spring wheat without a significant reduction in grain yield if wheat is planted before the middle of May, especially in clay loam soil.
Nutrient and Chemical Characterization of Aging Golf Course Putting Greens: Establishment and Rootzone Mixture Treatment Effects
Authors: McClellan Ty A. , Shearman Robert C. , Gaussoin Roch E. , Mamo Martha , Wortmann Charles S. , Horst Garald L. , Marx David B.
Published: January 2007

Nutrient retention and dynamics with time in turfgrass sand‐based rootzone mixtures (RZMs) are not well documented. This study was conducted to determine chemical properties of putting greens as impacted by (i) RZM, (ii) establishment (EST), and (iii) putting green age. United States Golf Association (USGA) specification greens were constructed and established with creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stoloniferaL.) sequentially from 1997 to 2000. Treatments included two RZMs [i.e., 80:20 (v–v) sand and sphagnum peat mixture and an 80:15:5 (v–v–v) sand, sphagnum peat, and soil] and two EST procedures (i.e., accelerated vs. controlled). The accelerated treatment received 2.6‐, 3.0‐, and 2.6‐fold N, P, and K, respectively, when compared with the controlled treatment during the EST year. Soil samples were taken and analyzed annually. The RZM generally had no effect on soil chemical properties during the EST year or beyond. All but five of the chemical properties investigated were significantly greater for the accelerated treatment compared with the controlled during the EST year. Soil pH in the accelerated treatment was lower than the controlled treatment, pH 6.7 vs. 7.4. Establishment treatments did not have an effect on chemical properties beyond the EST year, except for Bray1‐P. All soil chemical properties investigated, excluding pH and available K, decreased after the EST year, but began to increase several years later.
Effects of a Biostimulant on the Heat Tolerance Associated with Photosynthetic Capacity, Membrane Thermostability, and Polyphenol Production of Perennial Ryegrass
Authors: Kauffman Gordon L. , Kneivel Daniel P. , Watschke Thomas L.
Published: January 2007

Limited research has been published to determine the impact of amino acid based biostimulants on turfgrass stress physiology and metabolism. Physiological responses of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) treated with or without Macro‐Sorb Foliar (FOLIAR) and subjected to optimal growing conditions or high air temperature stress (20, 28, and 36°C) were investigated in vivo using three separate growth chamber experiments. Turfgrass photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm ratio), leaf membrane thermostability, and leaf antioxidant (polyphenol) concentration were measured. Perennial ryegrass treated with 0.64 mL m−2 FOLIAR and exposed to prolonged high air temperature stress (36°C) exhibited 95% better mean photochemical efficiency and 65% better membrane thermostability than control plants. Leaf polyphenol concentrations were largely unaffected by individual treatments or temperature. No treatment differences were detected for plants maintained in the optimal temperature regime (20°C), and only photochemical efficiency treatment difference were found for plants maintained at 28°C. The results show that exogenous and sequential applications of FOLIAR improved perennial ryegrass metabolic responses in a highly controlled growth chamber environment. It remains difficult to extrapolate data obtained from growth chamber experiments to the field; therefore, caution must be taken when making turfgrass management recommendations.
Validating the Fhb1 QTL for Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in Near‐Isogenic Wheat Lines Developed from Breeding Populations
Authors: Pumphrey Michael O. , Bernardo Rex , Anderson James A.
Published: January 2007

Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been identified for numerous species since the 1990s using populations developed from biparental crosses. The most common methods of validating QTLs are to quantify their effects in additional mapping populations or test near‐isogenic lines (NILs) developed from the original mapping population. These approaches to QTL validation fail to adequately examine the effectiveness of a QTL in breeders' populations. We have developed an alternative QTL validation method in which NILs are developed from existing breeding populations segregating for the QTL. Our objective was to validate this method using Fhb1, a major Fusarium head blight [FHB; causal agent Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe)] resistance QTL in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Microsatellite markers flanking the QTL region were used to develop 19 QTL‐NIL pairs by sampling F3:4 families from 13 different populations. Each pair was tested in a greenhouse point‐inoculation experiment and four field FHB resistance screening nurseries. Near‐isogenic lines with the Fhb1 resistance allele had significant (P < 0.001) average reductions of 23% for disease severity ratings and 27% for infected kernels in harvested grain. Disease spread for 9 out of 19 total pairs was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in greenhouse point‐inoculation experiments when the Fhb1 resistance allele was present. The QTL validation methodology employed in this study should be broadly applicable to other quantitative traits and plant species.
On Unrhymed Lyrics in Irregular Rhythms
Authors: Brecht Bertolt
Published: January 2007

I have been asked from time to time, whenever I published unrhymed lyrics, how I came to designate such verse as lyric. The last time this happened was in connection with my Deutsche Satiren (German Satires). The question is justified, because even when lyrics abandon rhyme they generally have at least a fixed rhythm. Many of my recent lyric pieces show neither rhyme nor regularly fixed rhythm. The reason I call them lyric is that, although they do not have a regular rhythm, they do have rhythm—shifting, syncopated, gestural.

My first book of poems contained for the most part only songs and ballads, and the verse forms are comparatively regular. Most of them were supposed to be sung, and in the simplest fashion — I myself was the composer. Only one poem was unrhymed, and its rhythm was regular. On the other hand, nearly all the rhymed poems had irregular rhythms.
The Theatre of the Absurd
Authors: Esslin Martin
Published: January 2007

The plays of Samuel Beckett, Arthur Adamov, and Eugène Ionesco have been performed with astonishing success in France, Germany, Scandinavia, and the English-speaking countries. This reception is all the more puzzling when one considers that the audiences concerned were amused by and applauded these plays fully aware that they could not understand what they meant or what their authors were driving at.

At first sight these plays do, indeed, confront their public with a bewildering experience, a veritable barrage of wildly irrational, often nonsensical goings-on that seem to go counter to all accepted standards of stage convention. In these plays, some of which are labeled “anti-plays,” neither the time nor the place of the action are ever clearly stated. (At the beginning of Ionesco's The Bald Soprano the clock strikes seventeen.) The characters hardly have any individuality and often even lack a name; moreover, halfway through the action they tend to change their nature completely.
Exeunt to the Cave: Notes on the Staging of Marlowe's Plays
Authors: Wickham Glynne
Published: January 2007

Engaged as I am, at the moment of writing this article, in preparing to stage Edward II for the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School, my thoughts are more immediately concerned with the problems that the texts of Marlowe's plays present to the actor than with those that they pose for the historian or the critic.

An actor wants to know from where and how he makes his entrance; where and how he is to make his exit. Confronted with the stage direction “Exeunt to the cave” or “Enter from the cave, Aeneas and Dido,” what the actor and actress want to know is where this cave is located on the stage, what sort of a cave it is, how wide the opening and how much head-room, whether it is equipped with a door or sliding panel, and so on.
The Becks’ Living Theatre
Authors: Mee Charles L.
Published: January 2007

In the opening scene of Jack Gelber's The Apple an action painter is flicking large globs of pigment at a piece of celluloid, commenting as he works, “No design is a grand design,” and, “Art is precision.” He takes a rolling pin and smears the paint over the celluloid, creating an arresting pastiche of brilliant colors, chaotic patterns, intriguing textures, and—if you look at it in just the right way—some sort of artistic expression. Then Julian Beck enters and asks, “Whose wet dream is that?” This jarring punch-line sets the tone of the Living Theatre's preoccupation with illusion and reality, a theatrical pair of dice that are constantly tumbled about and spilled into the audience. And the audience pays for it: the night I was there, the painting was auctioned off for $6.50.
How e is to be Introduced into Our Teaching
Authors: Miller W.
Published: January 2007

The following solution is suggested of Mr. J. Katz’s problem, “How is e to be introduced into our teaching?” published in the December number of the Gazette.
Differentials as the Basis for teaching the Calculus
Authors: Lodge Alfred
Published: January 2007

My desire is to emphasize the importance and simplicity of the notion of “differentials” in introducing a student to the calculus. I find that pupils have but little difficulty in realizing the ideas connected with them, and that the notion of a differential coefficient as the ultimate value of the ratio of two connected differentials comes automatically.
Mathematics for Astronomy and Navigation
Authors: Wilson T.
Published: January 2007

I was led to the present subject by observing that every one, almost without exception, is interested in astronomy, yet from lack of learning spherical trigonometry very few of those who have passed through an ordinary school and college course of mathematics can understand a book of physical astronomy, or at least any other than a very elementary and popular exposition of this royal science. The ordinary well-educated man cannot only not predict an eclipse, but he has no idea of the method followed in the prediction. His astronomy is all taken on faith or on authority; he knows only results, nothing of processes. The work of Kepler is as much a mystery to him as a theological dogma. If he possess a telescope, he can use it little better than a toy; he has no power of adding anything to the sum of astronomical knowledge. Now this seems a pity: I think it is not necessary, for my experience tells me that spherical trigonometry is not much harder than plane trigonometry.
Accuracy in Arithmetic
Authors: Palmer G.W.
Published: January 2007

During the past two years the Public Schools Special Committee has been considering a report on the teaching of Arithmetic. One of the chief principles underlying the report may be put shortly as follows. The Arithmetic course in the past has contained a good deal that a very large nurnber of teachers regard as unprofitable, or at any rate as less profitable than other subjects that might be substituted for it. It is proposed that such parts of the Arithmetic course should not be set in the compulsory Arithmetic paper in Pass Examinations, so that those people who do not wish to teach them are not compelled to do so.
Mathematical Logic
Authors: Ramsey F. P.
Published: January 2007

I have been asked to speak about developments in Mathematical Logic since the publication of Principia Mathematica, and I think it would be most interesting if, instead of describing various definite improvements of detail, I were to discuss in outline the work which has been done on entirely different lines, and claims to supersede altogether the position taken up by Whitehead and Russell, as to the nature of mathematics and its logical foundations.
To Reach the Calculus as Early as Possible
Authors: Bryan G. H.
Published: January 2007

In these days the student of applied science finds that he can make little progress till he has acquired a knowledge of the Calculus. If he cannot acquire this knowledge sufficiently soon in the mathematical class-room, his science teacher will have to do the work which ought to fall to the duty of the mathematician, and will at the same time be thereby debarred from devoting the time to other teaching which he would like to give.
Motion on the Springs of a carriage body
Authors: Greenhill G.
Published: January 2007

In continuation of the Mathematical Gazette, p. 389, September 1914, on Linear Dynamics, the investigation is resumed here of the rolling and pitching of the body of a carriage on the springs, such as experienced in a railway carriage, tram, or motor car, and the effect can be studied as realised ; but most instructively in the motibus, where the action is felt on a more violent scale, vibrating with dynamical interest and poetry.

1. Begin by supposing the carriage body lowered down and deposited on four springs at the corners of a rectangle, sinking down vertically on the springs an equal distance c suppose, the permanent average set of the springs.

A vertical oscillation of the body will then synchronize, as on p. 393, with a simple equivalent pendulum of length c, assuming the Law of the Spring (Hooke's, the Linear Law).
On a Certain Group of Circles
Authors: Sawayama Y.
Published: January 2007

Describe a circle ABC (Figs. 1 and 2). Draw two chords AB, BC intersecting within it. Describe eight circles (a, a′ b, b′, etc.), each of which touches ABC and the chords AD, BC; construct a triangle by joining any three of the points of intersections of ABC and the two chords; then the chords of contact and the line of centres of two circles taken in suitable pairs out of the eight circles are concurrent, the point of concurrence being equidistant from the three sides of the triangle.
A Theorem of Isoperimetric Loops
Authors: McVicker C. E.
Published: January 2007

The following note is intended to draw attention to a curious relation which I arrived at, some years ago, between the lengths of the common tangents of two intersecting ellipses, and the lengths of the arcs between their points of contact.

The property proved may be regarded as an extension of Graves’ Theorem [SALMON; Art. 399] and is deduced from that theorem in conjunction with a lemma proved in this note.