bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Songs for the Great Leader
Authors: Howard Keith
Published: March 2020

Chapter 1 explores key songs to establish the formative issues and political ideologies of North Korea, from the beginnings of the creation of official history, through the notion of “popular,” to the 1960s, by which time cultural production was being brought into line with the juche ideology of “self-reliance” and the Ch’ŏllima unitary system of work under the cult of the paramount leader, Kim Il Sung. It looks at Soviet and Chinese influence on song production, and at the legacy of Japanese colonialism, as well as the factionalism that was rife among artists in Pyongyang. The chapter explores how a national identity was established in which folk songs were the foundation, though folk songs were remodeled, removing local particularity but accommodating the lyrical style of professional renditions to create a characteristic vocal style known as the juche voice, and censoring or adjusting lyrics to comply with ideology. Key song composers are introduced, distinguishing “songs of the people” from “songs for the people,” and discussing “revolutionary songs” and “immortal songs.”
Pulling at Harp Strings
Authors: Howard Keith
Published: March 2020

Chapter 3 is the second of two chapters that outline and analyze the development of North Korea’s kaeryang akki—updated “improved” or “reformed” versions of traditional musical instruments. It extends the discussion of Chapter 2, critiquing the underlying ideology, which holds that Korean instruments should match Western counterparts, but that Western instruments must be subservient to the Korean soundworld, and introducing key musicians and institutions, and music pedagogy. Data from published resources is matched to the author’s detailed work with key performers in Pyongyang, interviews with musicologists, and evidence gleaned from notations and recordings. It notes how some instruments have disappeared from public view, and asks why this is so. The core of the chapter considers stringed instruments. Some instruments have been developed in multiple versions to match Western orchestral equivalents or to serve specific functions, while new instruments have also been created. The chapter also considers “reformed” percussion instruments.
Contextualizing Revolutionary Operas
Authors: Howard Keith
Published: March 2020

Chapter 5 is the second of three chapters on “revolutionary operas.” It explores how revolutionary operas reflect and are distinct from parallel genres in the Soviet Union, as well as how they may have been influenced by Chinese model works. It shows how ideology, including Soviet socialist realism and North Korean nationalism, and also collective creation and “seed theory,” is embedded in operas. It discusses the involvement of the North Korean leadership, and in particular Kim Jong Il, in opera creation, and explores the impact of comments made by the leadership after the premieres of the first three operas. The chapter asks what was known about opera in Korea before 1945, offering a discussion of the traditional genre of p’ansori, its twentieth-century ch’anggŭk staged equivalent, and how these two genres—and specific musicians associated with them who moved from Seoul to Pyongyang and continued their careers there into the 1960s—fared. These older forms were effectively stopped dead when Kim Il Sung remarked that they were reminiscent of a time when people traveled by donkey and wore horsehair hats, and, after the five revolutionary operas, they were replaced by “people’s operas” in the new, revolutionary opera mold.
What Revolutionary Operas Do
Authors: Howard Keith
Published: March 2020

Chapter 6 is the third of three chapters on “revolutionary operas.” It uses musical analysis to establish a theoretical approach. The chapter returns to song, now as the core of revolutionary operas and people’s operas, and shows how key opera songs are designed to be portable. In this sense, songs can be lifted from operas and rearranged for concert use, either as songs in new styles or in instrumental or orchestral versions. The chapter argues that the message, contained in the “seed” (according to “seed theory”), is retained even when lyrics are no longer present, because of familiarity. Operas are shown to move beyond film and cinema (as Lenin’s/Stalin’s favored cultural production) as they make audiences part of the spectacle: the argument links Benjamin’s “panoramas” to Foucault’s “panopticon,” zooming in on musical content to identify topoi forms and themes and Wagnerian melodic leitmotifs, which allow “seeds” to be retained in new works and new arrangements.
Synchronized Minds
Authors: Passy Florence , Monsch Gian-Andrea
Published: March 2020

The first of the book’s four empirical chapters use the survey data to examine three issues empirically: first, we show that activists rely on a specific understanding of common good and politics that departs from that held by the general population. Second, we consider how their inclusion in a specific commitment community provides them with a particular understanding of common good and politics. Activists of a specific commitment community hence see both common good and politics through particular cognitive lenses. Third, we show that activists who evolve in the same commitment site but are members of different organizations, as well as active and passive members involved in the same organization, rely on similar views about common good and politics. From these primary analyses, we demonstrate that activists rely on socially shared meanings that are distinct from one commitment community to another. Their minds are synchronized with that of their peers and enable them to perform and sustain joint action.
Politics and Intentionality
Authors: Passy Florence , Monsch Gian-Andrea
Published: March 2020

Whereas Chapter 4 focused on understandings of common good, Chapter 5 concentrates on activists’ understandings of politics. Based on activists’ narratives, we offer a thorough analysis of how activists apprehend state and civil society actors that goes beyond the general sketch provided by survey data in Chapter 3. We then proceed to assess how activists’ views on politics allow the construction of cognitive components that set their intentionality and orient them toward particular forms of action. Finally, the in-depth analysis of activists’ understanding of common good and politics in both chapters enables us to grasp the types of political citizenship activists adhere to. We thereby show that notions of democratic cultures vary across commitment communities.
Rural Inventions
Authors: Farmer Sarah
Published: March 2020

In post–World War II France, commitment to cutting-edge technological modernization and explosive economic growth uprooted rural populations and eroded the village traditions of a largely peasant nation. And yet, this book argues, rural France did not vanish in the sweeping transformations of the 1950s and 1960s. The attachment of the French to rural ways and the agricultural past became a widely shared preoccupation in the 1970s; this, in turn, became an engine of change in its own right. Though the French countryside is often imagined as stable and enduring, this book presents it as a site not just of decline and loss, but also of change and adaptation. Rural Inventions explores the rise of restored peasant houses as second residences; utopian experiments in rural communes and in going back to the land; environmentalism; the literary success of peasant autobiographies; photography; and other representations through which the French revalorized rural life and landscapes. The peasantry as a social class may have died out, but the countryside persisted, valued as a site not only for agriculture but increasingly for sport and leisure, tourism, and social and political engagement; a place to dwell part-time as well as full-time; and a natural environment worth protecting. The postwar French state and the nation’s rural and urban inhabitants remade the French countryside in relation to the city and to the world at large, invoking not only traditional France but also creating a vibrant and evolving part of the France yet to come.
Back to the Land
Authors: Farmer Sarah
Published: March 2020

In the wake of May 1968, thousands of young people, mostly from urban areas, turned to regions blighted by the rural exodus in order to implement revolutionary change in their own lives. They planned to survive by undertaking subsistence farming of the kind that had sustained peasants in the past. Their utopian aim was to build a self-sufficient existence for the future, outside and beyond bourgeois conventions, capitalist society, and the state. This wave of urban migration to the countryside came to be commonly referred to as le retour à la terre (“the return to the land”). The first wave of countercultural youth created rural communes, most of which did not last more than a few years. Some stayed on to farm and were joined by others who shared their aim of making a living in agriculture. Former commune members and other newcomers who settled for the long term became known as néo-ruraux.
Introduction
Authors: Goldfield Michael
Published: March 2020

The introduction sets the framework for exploring why the South has been so central to the history of the United States, and why it continues to be critical to understanding virtually everything about the country today, from its culture to its politics. It also suggests, in light of some paradigmatic facts about Alabama during the 1930s and 1940s, that possibilities for transforming the South and the rest of the country existed to a strong degree during that period.
Class Struggle in Steel
Authors: Goldfield Michael
Published: March 2020

Chapter 4 focuses on the successful organization of the steel industry by the CIO, showing how John L. Lewis and Philip Murray utilized the talents and connections of Communists, who were well rooted in steel mills and communities, as well as in civil rights, ethnic, and immigrant organizations. The chapter argues for the special militancy of steelworkers, contrary to what is described in much of the extant literature, looking at the special difficulties that steelworkers faced in the “takeoff” of their struggles. The chapter shows how a movement with much democratic and racial egalitarian promise ended up as a racially backward, undemocratic organization.
Textile—Where the Fabric Meets the Road
Authors: Goldfield Michael
Published: March 2020

Chapter 6 looks at the textile industry, the largest industry in the United States during the 1930s to 1950s, which failed to be organized in the South. The chapter takes aim at the highly popular cultural analysis that argues for the impact of southern culture as the reason for this failure. It emphasizes the economics of the industry, the historic militancy of southern textile workers, like that of their counterparts the world over, and the similarities of their struggles to those of other textile workers throughout the world with decidedly different cultures. For many analysts of U.S. labor, the question of why unions have been less successful in the South than in other regions revolves almost completely around the textile industry.
Conclusion
Authors: Goldfield Michael
Published: March 2020

The conclusion looks at the implications of the failure to organize southern workers for the United States today and asks how successful southern organizing might have led to different outcomes. Foremost is the possibility that the civil rights movement of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s would have been much more powerful if more white working-class support had been enlisted. This possibility, which the book asserts was real, had the potential to make the contemporary social and political landscape of the United States vastly different.
Introduction
Authors: Kroenig Matthew
Published: March 2020

This chapter introduces the subject of the book and summarizes its basic argument and structure. It explains that the United States of America has been the world’s leading state for the past seven decades, but that great power rivalry has returned in recent years with Russia and China becoming more assertive on the international stage. Indeed, many believe the days of U.S. global leadership are coming to an end in the face of challenges from its leading autocratic rivals. In contrast, this chapter argues that democracies have systematic advantages in international politics and that there is good reason to believe that the American era of international preeminence will endure.
The Roman Republic, Carthage, and Macedon
Authors: Kroenig Matthew
Published: March 2020

This chapter considers Rome’s rise from a small kingdom on the Tiber River in Central Italy to dominating the entire Mediterranean and becoming one of the most powerful geopolitical forces in world history. Following scholars as diverse as Polybius, Machiavelli, and Montesquieu, it argues that the institutions of the Roman Republic were the key to its success. After its transition to republican governance in 509 bc, Rome succeeded in defeating neighboring tribes to control the entire Italian Peninsula and setting it up for rivalry with the other great republican powerhouse of the western Mediterranean: Carthage. Rome destroyed Carthage in a series of three Punic Wars. Finally, it dispensed with several autocratic kingdoms of the Hellenic world in the eastern Mediterranean, including Macedon. In just a few short centuries, Rome found itself transformed from a small city-state into a global superpower standing astride the entire civilized world.
Great Britain and France
Authors: Kroenig Matthew
Published: March 2020

This chapter examines Great Britain’s rise to global ascendancy and its world-spanning rivalry with France. Following the Glorious Revolution of 1688, Britain adopted a more democratic form of government and this contributed to economic growth, including the industrial revolution, and diplomatic and military success. Its path to the top was not easy, however, as Britain confronted the challenge from autocratic France on the European continent. It fought major wars against Louis XIV and Napoleon, but emerged victorious in the end, setting the stage for Britain’s global empire and the Pax Britannica of the 19th century.
The United States and the Soviet Union
Authors: Kroenig Matthew
Published: March 2020

Otto von Bismarck famously said that “God has special providence for fools, drunks, and the United States of America.” Divine providence may not have hurt, but it was America’s domestic political institutions that transformed a smattering of British colonies in North America into, first, an independent nation and, then, a global superpower with a network of allies and partners spanning six continents. The United States faced off against the Soviet Union for a half century during the Cold War. But Washington possessed the better institutions, and the stress of the competition caused Moscow’s political system to collapse altogether. In the post–Cold War period that followed, Washington deepened and expanded the Pax Americana, and spread unprecedented levels of global peace, prosperity, and freedom. For the first time since Ancient Rome, a single superpower so overawed any potential competitors that great power rivalry itself came to a temporary halt.
The United States of America
Authors: Kroenig Matthew
Published: March 2020

This chapter examines the future of American global leadership through the lens of its domestic political institutions. It finds that the United States faces growing troubles at home. At the same time, its vibrant economy, strong alliances relationships, and its unmatched military, all reflections of the U.S. domestic political system, will continue to provide a significant source of strategic advantage for the United States over its autocratic competitors in the years to come. The international security environment is becoming more competitive, and the United States does not exercise the unchallenged primacy it enjoyed in the 1990s. We have returned to an era of great power rivalry. But, there is no doubt that the United States remains the world’s leading power.
Implications for American Leadership
Authors: Kroenig Matthew
Published: March 2020

This chapter reviews the central arguments of the book and its findings about a democratic advantage in international politics. It then discusses the implications for international relations theory and for U.S. foreign policy. This book advances international relations theory by providing a novel theoretical explanation that traces the origins of power in world politics to domestic political institutions. It makes a “hard power” case for democracy. The chapter then lays out a competitive strategy for the United States in this new era of great power rivalry. It urges the United States to strengthen its democratic form of governance domestically. Washington should also ensure it maintains an innovative economy, a robust financial sector, strong alliances, and a favorable military balance of power in Europe and Asia. Internationally, the chapter urges the United States to revitalize, adapt, and defend the rules-based international system. The chapter concludes with a challenge to Russia and China. If these countries wish to be true leading global powers, then they must adopt democratic forms of government.
Inhaling Spirit
Authors: Foxen Anya P.
Published: March 2020

This book follows up on recent findings that modern postural yoga is the outcome of a complex process of transcultural exchange and syncretism and digs even deeper, looking to uncover the disparate but entangled roots of contemporary yoga practice. In doing so, it proposes that some of what we call yoga, especially when it comes to North America and Europe, is only slightly genealogically related to premodern Indian yoga traditions. Rather, they are equally if not more grounded in Hellenistic theories of the subtle body, Western esotericism and magic, premodern European medicine, and late nineteenth-century women’s wellness programs. Marshalling these under the umbrella category of “harmonialism,” the book argues that they constitute a history of analogous practices that were gradually subsumed into the language of yoga. This allows us to fundamentally recontextualize the peculiarities of Western and especially certain mainstream American forms of yoga—their focus on aesthetic representation, their privileging of bodily posture and unsystematic incorporation of breathwork, and above all their overwhelmingly privileged female demographics. The initial chapters lay out the basic shape and history of these concepts and practices, and the later chapters explore their development into a spiritualized form of women’s physical culture over the course of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, including the ways in which they became increasingly associated with yoga.
Hot Souls, Pneumatic Bodies, and Interplanetary Journeys
Authors: Foxen Anya P.
Published: March 2020

Chapter 1 establishes the origins of harmonial ideas in antiquity, focusing primarily on the Greek and later more broadly Hellenic world, and especially on thought of the Pythagorean, Platonic, Aritotelian, and Stoic traditions, ranging approximately from 500 bce to 500 ce. It starts by exploring the evolution of cosmological ideas of harmony (harmonia) and sympathy (sympatheia) on the one hand, and spirit (pneuma) and its relationship to notions of the soul (psyche) on the other. It then proceeds to focus on the idea of a subtle body and the two spheres in which its utility has been explored: religious soteriology (or theurgy) and medical theory and practice.
Hackathons and the Spirit of the New Capitalism
Authors: Zukin Sharon
Published: March 2020

This chapter dives deeply into the subculture of hackathons as a paradigmatic event of the new economy. Using ethnographic observations and interviews with participants at seven public hackathons sponsored by companies in New York, the account shows how the weekend-long competition to write computer code socializes highly skilled, young tech workers to produce “innovation” on demand. Corporate sponsors appeal to participants’ love of coding and “building things” as well as their desire to build their résumés, promising jobs, networking, and glory to winners who can produce marketable products and ideas. Participants willingly engage in both self-exploitation and self-promotion, aware that corporate sponsors have the upper hand but enjoying the sense of play, mutual learning, and collaboration-with-competition that hackathons foster. The combination of self-exploitation and self-promotion, amid both emotional and rational appeals, represents the culture of the new economy and sets a new, permeable boundary between personal life, workspace, and worktime.
The VC Office and the Concentration of Capital
Authors: Zukin Sharon
Published: March 2020

Profiling New York–based venture capitalists and VC firms that have been established in the city since the early 2000s, the chapter examines their risky but privileged perch between Wall Street and Silicon Valley. Interviews with VCs are juxtaposed with the post–World War II history of venture capital as a distinctive form of investment and management. The VCs’ equally distinctive commitment to New York is then contrasted with the increasing geographical dispersal of their investment funds to other regions of the world. Meanwhile, the integration of some corporate and VC members of the tech “community” into New York’s business establishment suggests the formation of a local tech-financial elite, updating C. Wright Mills’s critique of the institutional bases of power.
Pipelines
Authors: Zukin Sharon
Published: March 2020

The innovation complex depends on parallel “pipelines” to train and recruit highly skilled tech “talent” for jobs in digital industries and other organizations that use digital technology. The most elite pipelines are Ivy League and expensive, private universities—Cornell Tech, Columbia, and NYU—which offer bachelor’s and master’s degrees in information sciences and merge engineering and business skills. Less prestigious and initially less connected to the tech ecosystem is the city’s public university, CUNY, which offers degrees in computer sciences and new tech training programs begun by Mayor Bill de Blasio’s administration. A third, alternative pipeline has been established by privately owned, for-profit bootcamps that offer intensive, in-person, and online courses, including both tuition-paying students and those whose fees are subsidized by the New York City Economic Development Corporation. The chapter uses interviews and institutional narratives to document the development of these pipelines.
Locke’s Experiential Persons
Authors: Waldow Anik
Published: March 2020

The second chapter examines Locke’s account of self-formation as it is presented in Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693). It will be argued that, for Locke, the evaluative perspective that arises when confronted with other people’s expressions of praise and blame crucially underpins the human capacity to think of themselves as persons. The second half of this chapter applies the results of this discussion to Locke’s account of personhood, as developed in the second edition of An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1694). The aim of this is to demonstrate that even here it holds that the contents of what figures in our self-conception as persons are determined by the actions we perform in the publicly accessible domain.
Moral Reflection as Perception
Authors: Waldow Anik
Published: March 2020

This chapter argues that Hume’s account of moral reflection enables us to understand that, for him, even sophisticated cognitive capacities arise and evolve as a result of complex experiential patterns. The experiential patterns that matter to Hume’s discussion on moral reflection are established through the mind’s sympathetic connectedness with other persons’ feelings and thoughts, as well as through the capacity to sympathetically connect with historically and culturally diverse settings. The analysis of these complex sympathetic dynamics will demonstrate that, for Hume, the artifices of human life “naturally” impact on our moral development, so that the traditional contrast between nature and artifice, which shapes much of the debate of eighteenth-century sentimentalism, needs to be rethought.
Diversifying Method
Authors: Waldow Anik
Published: March 2020

By investigating Kant’s anthropology, this chapter presents him as a thinker who was firmly committed to a conception of the human being as shaped by its situatedness in the empirical world of history and culture. However, due to Kant’s own methodological constraints, he could recognize this situatedness only if approached through a deterministic framework that traces the causes and effects of the laws of nature. Human freedom here becomes almost unrecognizable, which makes it necessary for us to acknowledge the systematic nature of Kant’s general “scientific” enterprise. This enterprise employs different methodological strategies and disciplines that all in their own way clarify what it means to be human: a creature that is able to know and understand, but also able to act freely. Kant’s anthropology appeals to us in our capacity to act, thereby performing a function his theoretical sciences fail to cover.
The Evolution of Autonomy
Authors: Swaine Lucas
Published: March 2020

This chapter examines the origins of autonomy and outlines the development of autonomy as a value in democratic societies. It is commonly believed that the idea of autonomy was originally restricted to the discourse of interstate relations in ancient Greece. However, early understandings of autonomia were applied to a wide variety of entities, including those of a nonpolitical nature. Individual-level discussion of autonomy emerged prior to the work of Immanuel Kant, furthermore, foreshadowing contemporary theories of personal autonomy and casting new light on the proliferation of autonomy in democracy. Autonomy has burgeoned into a widely endorsed value in free societies, and pejorative connotations of individual autonomy have vanished.
Critique of Personal Autonomy
Authors: Swaine Lucas
Published: March 2020

This chapter provides a detailed critique of personal autonomy. It distinguishes several hazards affecting agents who are personally autonomous, moving beyond received understandings and critiques. The chapter explains how personal autonomy offers normatively inadequate boundaries with respect to deliberation, volition, capabilities, and the generation of options, respectively. Included in this chapter is discussion of extreme actions, and of evil, to serve to establish the central points of argumentation. The critique presented here is robust even granting that theories of personal autonomy do not countenance immoral action, much less egregious law-breaking or terrible rights violations, on the part of personally autonomous agents.
Ethical Autonomy
Authors: Swaine Lucas
Published: March 2020

This chapter expounds the idea of ethical autonomy. Ethical autonomy is personal autonomy modulated by moral character. It is different in kind from personal autonomy. Fusing personal autonomy with moral character alters the autonomous individual’s utilization of her rational and imaginative faculties, her will, her capabilities, and her options. Ethical autonomy is supportive of various kinds of social, political, and religious forms of difference. It is not a comprehensive doctrine. It is suitable for inclusion in educational spheres and it supports citizenship in free societies. Ethical autonomy strengthens reasonable pluralism and the cardinal principles of a liberalism of conscience. It holds special promise for liberalism and democratic life.
Science, Scientism, and Evolution
Authors: Peterson Michael L.
Published: March 2020

This chapter discusses some themes to which Lewis returned often because they reflect philosophical errors that are still influential in culture—science and scientism, evolution and evolutionism. Under the facade of science, even the science of evolution, philosophical naturalism, materialism, and reductionism serve as the paragons of knowledge and often guide social policy. Thus, “scientism” and “evolutionism” are labels for the combination of naturalism and science in general and evolutionary science in particular. Lewis defines science as seeking natural causes for natural effects, which, when successful, formulates laws of the physical operation of nature. Such an intellectual enterprise is neutral with respect to religious and theological positions and is hardly strong evidence for naturalism and empiricism. Lewis identifies the conflict as occurring, not between science and religion (or theism), but between naturalism and theism as philosophical worldviews. As a case in point, Lewis sees no conflict between the scientific theory of evolution and its increasing confirmation by empirical evidence, but he does see a conflict between evolution as interpreted by philosophical naturalism—with ideas that humanity is not of special worth, that there is no God who is ultimately responsible for the existence of the world, and so on. An item of particular interest is the Lewis–Van Osdall correspondence (recently discovered, never before published) regarding what advice Lewis would offer on Van Osdall’s contemplated book aimed at presenting science to a general audience, especially a Christian audience.
Two Projects
Authors: Arundale Robert B.
Published: March 2020

Communicating and relating are the two principal concerns of the book, and examining three episodes of everyday interacting makes apparent that one cannot examine the processes of relating apart from examining the processes of communicating. Developing the Conjoint Co-constituting Model of Communicating and grounding it in empirical research is the first project, and occupies Part 1: Communicating. Developing Face Constituting Theory; grounding it in the evidence of everyday talk and conduct is the second project and the focus of Part 2: Relating. Communicating & Relating offers an account of how participants themselves go about communicating with one another, and how in doing so they go about relating with one another.
What Is Social in Communicating
Authors: Arundale Robert B.
Published: March 2020

The Conjoint Co-constituting Model and Face Constituting Theory rest on nine assumptive commitments, three of which are central to Communicating & Relating’s departures from other accounts of communication and relationships. First, what is social and what is individual in human life are linked in a yin/yang dialectic. Neither can be privileged over the other in an account of human communicating. Second, human social systems are non-additive, emergent, and interactively organized as persons communicate with one another. Social systems are not additive aggregates of what is individual. Third, communicating is sequential interaction that generates non-additive systemic interdependence among persons, as evidenced in examining an episode of everyday interacting. The assumptive commitments are basic to Communicating & Relating’s departures from commonly held positions.
The Conjoint Co-constituting Model of Communicating
Authors: Arundale Robert B.
Published: March 2020

Chapter 3 introduces a fourth commitment regarding temporal sequence, and a number of essential concepts, including Communicating & Relating’s key distinction between provisional and operative interpretings. The Conjoint Co-constituting Model is framed from the perspective of the participants, as an account of how human communicating generates the non-additive properties that characterize social systems. The conjoint co-constituting conceptualization of communication departs from the closely related interactional achievement conceptualization because the latter does not account for non-additivity. Conjointly co-constituting operative interpretings of action and meaning of everyday talk and conduct does not create “intersubjectivity.” The basic triadic or three-position organization of conjoint co-constituting finds empirical support in a range of studies of everyday interacting, and is key to distinguishing between “communicating” and “communication.”
Conjointly Co-constituting the Social and the Individual in Communicating
Authors: Arundale Robert B.
Published: March 2020

Chapter 5 extends the focus on what is individual in communicating by examining how conjointly co-constituting operative interpretings is essential in generating commonality and difference in an individual’s resources for interacting, as is apparent in examining an episode of everyday interacting. The chapter also extends the focus on what is social in communicating by examining how, in recurrently engaging their system-specific resources for interacting, participants interactively organize large, stable social systems like organizations and cultures. Two new assumptive commitments capture how conjoint co-constituting is linked reflexively with what is social, and with what is individual. Conjoint co-constituting is essential to human sociality, but it is also essential to human individuality, as in the final commitment that the embodied individual systems that are human beings also emerge in conjoint co-constituting.
Conjoint Co-constituting’s Implications
Authors: Arundale Robert B.
Published: March 2020

Communicating & Relating’s account of social systems defines “non-reductive interactionism” (versus “interactional reductionism”) because it rejects not only the common assumption that what is social is separate from what is individual, but also the assumptions that what is social and what is individual can be reduced to interaction. Non-reductive interactionism has implications for conceptualizing and for grounding accounts of human sociality, and for employing key concepts like communities of practice, accountability, choice, the moral order, artifacts, agency, and scripts. Conjoint co-constituting also has implications in choosing conversation analysis as a key conceptual framework, and in focusing on the participant’s perspective in accounting for human communicating. Chapter 6 offers an ethical basis for comparing conceptual frameworks, and employs it in select comparisons with prior accounts of communication.
Conjointly Co-constituting Relating
Authors: Arundale Robert B.
Published: March 2020

Following Baxter and Montgomery’s (1996) Relational Dialectics Theory, relationships and relating are productively characterized as two or more participants engaged in both connecting with and separating from one another in everyday interacting, where connecting and separating form a yin/yang dialectic. Relating is endogenous to human communicating because conjointly co-constituting turns, actions, and meanings always involves two or more persons, who are perforce situated in relationship to one another in some way. Communicating & Relating offers a distinct account of human relating as the participant’s conjoint co-constituting of operative interpretings of connection with and separation from one another in everyday sequential interaction, as is apparent in comparing Communicating & Relating’s account with alternative accounts of relationships.
Face Constituting Theory
Authors: Arundale Robert B.
Published: March 2020

Connection with and separation from one another is a productive alternative conceptualization of what is known cross-culturally and in the social sciences as “face.” It follows that conceptualizing relating as conjointly co-constituting operative interpretings of both connection and separation is equivalent to conceptualizing relating as conjointly co-constituting face. Constituting connection with and separation from one another is a viable culture-general conceptualization of face, as apparent in considering the culture-specific construals of the dialectic in several cultural groups. Chapter 8 provides a formal statement of Face Constituting Theory, and against that background examines how researchers go about “finding face” in social practices in everyday interacting, compares the theory with six prior accounts of face, and considers participants’ evaluations of their interpretings of relating and face, of threat, and of im/politeness.
Researching Relating and Face in Everyday Interacting
Authors: Arundale Robert B.
Published: March 2020

One’s conceptual framework enables and constrains the procedures of observing, generating data, producing evidence, and interpreting results in empirical inquiry. Chapter 10 examines how the Conjoint Co-constituting Model of Communicating and Face Constituting Theory enable and constrain one’s methodological choices in inquiry, such choices having important entailments for ethical conduct in research that employs these conceptual frameworks. The chapter develops requirements for current and possible new methods that are both compatible with the underlying assumptive commitments, and capable of producing the evidence needed to warrant interpretations regarding communicating, relating, and face. An overview of types of data in the social sciences leads to a formal description of the data required to warrant interpretations in terms of conjoint co-constituting.
Conjoint Co-constituting, Constituting Face, and Future Research
Authors: Arundale Robert B.
Published: March 2020

Communicating & Relating’s account departs from other accounts: it offers a new, empirically grounded model of human communicating in everyday talk and conduct, as the emergent processes that generate non-additive social systems, in which what is individual is enmeshed dialectically with what is social. These three departures provide the bases for a fourth departure: a new theory of human relating as persons constituting face as they engage social practices in connecting with and separating from one another in everyday interacting. Chapter 11 examines what is entirely new in Communicating & Relating, with no counterpart, what has been reframed, what has been avoided or eliminated, and what can be done and needs to be done in future research.
The Mediterranean Diaspora in Late Antiquity
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard
Published: March 2020

The alliance of the Roman Empire with the emerging orthodox Christian church in the early fourth century had profound consequences for the large population of Greek- (and Latin-)speaking Jews living across the Mediterranean diaspora. No known writings survive from diaspora Jews. Their experiences must be gleaned from unreliable accounts of Christian bishops and historiographers, surviving laws, and limited material evidence—synagogue sites, inscriptions, a few papyrus documents. Long neglected by historians, the diaspora population, together with its distinctive cultural forms, appears in decline by the early seventh century. This book explores why. In part, diaspora Jews suffered from disasters that affected the whole late antique Mediterranean population—continuing warfare, earthquakes, and plague. But, like all other non-orthodox Christians, Jews were subject to extensive pressures to become orthodox Christian, which increased over time. Late Roman laws, sometimes drafted by Christian lobbyists, imposed legal disabilities on Jews that were relieved if they became Christians. Fueled by malicious sermons of Christian bishops, Christian mobs attacked synagogues and sometimes Jews themselves. Significantly, Jews retained many of their earlier legal rights while other non-orthodox Christians lost theirs. In response, some Jews became Christians, voluntarily or under duress. Some probably emigrated to escape orthodox Christian pressures. Some leveraged political and social networks to their advantage. Some violently resisted their Christian antagonists. Jews may occasionally have entertained the possibility of divine messianic intervention or embraced forms of Jewish practice that constructed tighter social boundaries around them—an increased use of Hebrew, and heightened interest, perhaps, in rabbinic practices.
The Absence of Evidence as the Evidence of Absence
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard
Published: March 2020

Evidence for Jews in the late antique Mediterranean diaspora declines precipitously from the fourth to the seventh centuries CE. No identifiable writings in Greek or Latin survive from late antique Jews, forcing reliance on late Roman laws, accounts in non-Jewish authors, and limited archaeological remains. This increasing absence of evidence ultimately seems to be actual evidence of increasing absence. The category “diaspora”—in opposition to the homeland of Israel—has practical and theoretical limitations and is implicated in debates about contemporary Jewish identifications. Still, a study devoted almost exclusively to Jews of the late ancient Mediterranean is warranted by virtue of prior neglect, a history of privileging rabbinic sources, and a related tendency to assimilate the history of all Jews in late antiquity into that of the rabbis. The study tries to avoid the derogatory terms “pagan” and “heretics,” preferring the admittedly more cumbersome “dissident Christians” and “practitioners of (other) traditional Mediterranean religions.”
“Five hundred and forty souls were added to the church”
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard
Published: March 2020

In the Letter of Severus of Minorca on the Conversion of the Jews, it is said that 540 Jews became Christians during one week in February 418. The Letter cunningly positions Christians as actors motivated by pious zeal and love for the Jews, refraining from violence and violating no laws regarding Jews and their synagogues. The underlying reality, if any, was likely quite different. Regardless, the Letter exemplifies and encapsulates many of the issues presented in this book: the reliability and rhetorical purposes of Christian accounts of Jewish conversions; social relations between Jews and Christians in late antique towns; the diverse tactics Christian bishops employed (scriptural debates, threats of violence and social misfortune, and actual mob violence, including burning synagogues and confiscating Jewish books); Roman laws pertaining to attacks on Jews and their synagogues; and the numerous consequences for Jews who became Christians.
“The sect of the Jews is prohibited by no law”
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard
Published: March 2020

After the death of Julian, bans on traditionalist practices resumed and conflicts between Nicene and Arian Christians continued, while pressures on Jews gradually increased. The fervently Nicene bishop of Milan, Ambrose, seems to have played an outsized role in the policies of Gratian’s administration and then in those of Theodosios I, who assumed de facto control of the entire empire in 389. He suppressed non-Nicene Christian churches, criminalized traditional worship, and incentivized conversion. Some of his laws protected Jews against violence and imperial interference in internal Jewish affairs, and he resisted Ambrose’s pleas for leniency for Christians who attacked a synagogue in Callinicum (modern Raqqa). It is difficult to assess the frequency of such attacks, or of Jewish conversions to Christianity, such as that of Joseph of Tiberias, as told by Epiphanios. It’s unlikely but not impossible that the Jewish patriarch in Palestine influenced some of Theodosios’s actions.
“No synagogue shall be constructed from now on”
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard
Published: March 2020

In the early fifth century, anti-Jewish legislation and other pressures on Jews increased. Stories of attacks on Jewish synagogues—and other interreligious violence—proliferated in the suspect Lives of Christian saints, like Salsa, Marciana, Sergius, and especially Barsauma. In Alexandria, a Christian mob murdered the philosopher Hypatia. The city’s Nicene bishop, Cyril, expelled Jews after an alleged attack on Christians. A few inscriptions and a Jewish marriage contract from Antinoopolis may allude to these events. Theodosios’s wife, Eudokia, a convert to Nicene Christianity, seems to have been sympathetic to Jews. His sister, Pulcheria, may have orchestrated a law banning construction of new synagogues and helped demote the Jewish patriarch, Gamaliel VI. Accused of illicit synagogue construction, owning Christian slaves, and other crimes, his downfall may relate to events on Minorca only two years later. Not long after, Honorius expelled Jewish men from all branches of the state service. An ominous new law protected “innocent” Jews from arson and vandalism, but cautioned them against anti-Christian acts.
“We do not grant that their synagogues shall stand, but want them to be converted in form to churches”
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard
Published: March 2020

Evidence for Jews in the Mediterranean diaspora wanes by the fifth century. Few laws pertain to Jews between Theodosios II’s death and the ascension of Justinian seventy-five years later. Material evidence for Jews is sparse. Only non-Jewish writers offer possible evidence. John Malalas recounts synagogue attacks by the “Greens” charioteers’ association. Justinian’s harsh critic, Prokopios of Caesarea, notes Justinian’s various anti-Jewish acts. Justinian’s famed legal Code confirms his intensification of his predecessors’ programs against all non-Nicene persons, including Jews and Samaritans. His famous Novella 146 authorized use of the Septuagint, but banned the Deuterosis—sometimes thought, perhaps wrongly, to be the Mishnah. John of Ephesos claims that (after a devastating outbreak of plague) Justinian sent him to convert the remaining dissidents and traditionalists of Asia Minor, where he also transformed a few synagogues into churches. John Malalas chronicles Samaritan revolts also recounted by Prokopios, as well as Jewish victims of earthquakes.
Vulci 3000
Authors: Forte Maurizio , Danelon Nevio , Johnston David , McCusker Katherine , Newton Everett , Morelli Gianfranco , Catanzariti Gianluca
Published: March 2020

Vulci 3000 is a multidisciplinary archaeological research project that applies cutting-edge technologies to produce a diachronic reconstruction of the Etruscan and Roman site of Vulci (tenth century BCE–fifth century CE). Located in the province of Viterbo, Italy, Vulci was one of the largest and most important cities of the Etruscan Dodecapolis—the federation of the most important cities of ancient Etruria, and one of the biggest cities in the first millennium BCE on the Italian peninsula. This project is aimed at the integration of different digital technologies of data capturing, simulation, and visualization for the interpretation and reconstruction of the ancient city.
“I dreamt I dwelt in marble halls”
Authors: Beacham Richard
Published: March 2020

This chapter discusses the houses of the Roman elite as a locus for theatricality within a deliberated “staged environment.” Domestic architecture and decor drew upon complex visual strategies to evoke in visitors a wide range of powerful sensual and emotional and reactions. The mise en scène of such dwellings was calculated and coordinated to create constructed identities that signaled such things as a sense of the power and prestige of the domestic patron; an imaginative access to fantasy realms of mythology or exotic landscapes; and a distortion of space through the painted suggestion of grandiose, often impossible architecture. Computer visualization and representation of such spaces has the potential, particularly when configured in a virtual-world format, to evoke in users a sense not just of the physical structure of such spaces but of their sensory qualities as well. This chapter surveys both the challenges addressed by such applications and their scope and limitations; it is illustrated by a discussion of two major projects undertaken by the King’s College Visualisation Lab.