bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement of vibrating modes for a shell resonator by using dual-interferometers
Authors: Yu Hoon , Kwon Tae Yoon
Published: March 2023

A shell resonator shaped as a half-toroidal has several vibration modes including wine-glass mode. Coriolis force induces the precession of certain vibrating modes, such as wine-glass vibration under a rotation. Therefore, shell resonators can be used to measure the rotations or rotation rates. The quality factor of the vibrating mode is a key parameter for reducing noise as a rotation sensor or gyroscope. This paper demonstrates how to measure the vibrating mode, resonance frequency, and quality factor of a shell resonator by using dual Michelson interferometers. Interferometers simultaneously measure the x and y motions of the resonator when a vibration mode is excited. A buzzer attached to one of the mounting walls excites vibrations via transferring energy. The n = 2 wine-glass mode is measured when two interferometric phases are in out-of-phase condition. The tilting mode is also measured for the case of in-phase conditions, and one of the interferometers has a smaller amplitude than another. The shell resonator manufactured by the blow-torching method here has 13.4 s (Q = 2.7 × 105) and 2.2 s (Q = 2.2 × 104) in life-time (Quality factor) for n = 2 wine-glass and tilting modes, respectively, at 9.7 mTorr. The resonant frequencies are also measured at 6.53 and 3.12 kHz. We can distinguish the resonator’s vibrating mode with a single detection rather than the whole scanning of the resonator’s deformation by using this method.
Channel migration of dual channel a-InGaZnO TFTs under negative bias illumination stress
Authors: Chang Han-Yu , Chang Ting-Chang , Tai Mao-Chou , Huang Bo-Shen , Zhou Kuan-Ju , Wang Yu-Bo , Kuo Hung-Ming , Huang Jen-Wei
Published: March 2023

In this work, the time-dependent behaviors of dual-channel amorphous InGaZnO (a-IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) under negative bias illumination stress (NBIS) are systematically discussed. The dual-channel comprised two different IGZO layers fabricated by tuning the oxygen flow during deposition. The presence of heterojunctions enhanced field-effect mobility by 1.5× owing to the confinement of carriers in buried channels because of an energy barrier. However, after long periods of NBIS stress, the degradation of a-IGZO TFTs resulted in the entrapment of photo-generated electron–hole pairs at interface defects. The conduction path migrated to the surface channel. Results from extracting the hysteresis window and utilizing capacitance–voltage measurements have indicated a channel migration phenomenon due to the entrapment of electrons and holes at the surface and buried channel interfaces.
Vertical GaN-on-GaN pn power diodes with Baliga figure of merit of 27 GW/cm2
Authors: Talesara Vishank , Zhang Yuxuan , Vangipuram Vijay Gopal Thirupakuzi , Zhao Hongping , Lu Wu
Published: March 2023

High power vertical GaN devices are in great demand recently due to their potential on extremely high-power conversion efficiency. Here, we show vertical GaN p–n power diodes fabricated on bulk GaN substrates with an optimized guard ring structure for electrical field management and high breakdown voltage. By using a low doped (∼1015 cm−3) 28 μm thick drift layer in combination with optimized ohmic contacts, a breakdown voltage (VB) of 4.9 kV and a low specific on-resistance (RON) of 0.9 mΩ cm2 were achieved. In combination with the high breakdown voltage and low specific on-resistance, the device demonstrated a Baliga figure of merit (V2B/RON) of 27 GW/cm2.
Recursive traffic percolation on urban transportation systems
Authors: Chen Zhuoran , Yang Chao , Qian Jiang-Hai , Han Dingding , Ma Yu-Gang
Published: March 2023

This paper proposes a recursive traffic percolation framework to capture the dynamics of cascading failures and analyze potential overloaded bottlenecks. In particular, compared to current work, the influence of external flow is considered, providing a new perspective for the study of regional commuting. Finally, we present an empirical study to verify the accuracy and effectiveness of our framework. Further analysis indicates that external flows from different regions affect the network. Our work requires only primary data and verifies the improvement of the functional network.
SchNetPack 2.0: A neural network toolbox for atomistic machine learning
Authors: Schütt Kristof T. , Hessmann Stefaan S. P. , Gebauer Niklas W. A. , Lederer Jonas , Gastegger Michael
Published: March 2023

SchNetPack is a versatile neural network toolbox that addresses both the requirements of method development and the application of atomistic machine learning. Version 2.0 comes with an improved data pipeline, modules for equivariant neural networks, and a PyTorch implementation of molecular dynamics. An optional integration with PyTorch Lightning and the Hydra configuration framework powers a flexible command-line interface. This makes SchNetPack 2.0 easily extendable with a custom code and ready for complex training tasks, such as the generation of 3D molecular structures.
A geomagnetic vector compensation method compatible with nonlinear interferences based on back propagation network and 3D Helmholtz coil
Authors: Xu Yujing , Liu Zhongyan , Zhang Qi , Guan Feng , Yan Zixin , Huang Bo , Pan Mengchun , Hu Jiafei , Chen Zhuo , Ding Qiaochu , Qiu Xiaotian , Tang Ying
Published: March 2023

Magnetic interferential compensation plays a vital role in geomagnetic vector measurement applications. Traditional compensation accounts for only the permanent interferences, induced field interferences, and eddy-current interferences. However, nonlinear magnetic interferences are found, which also have a great impact on measurement, and it cannot be fully characterized by a linear compensation model. This paper proposes a new compensation method based on a back propagation neural network, which can reduce the influence of the linear model on compensation accuracy due to its good nonlinear mapping capabilities. The high-quality network training requires representative datasets, yet it is a common problem in the engineering field. To provide adequate data, this paper adopts a 3D Helmholtz coil to restore the magnetic signal of a geomagnetic vector measurement system. A 3D Helmholtz coil is more flexible and practical than the geomagnetic vector measurement system itself when generating abundant data under different postures and applications. Simulations and experiments are both conducted to prove the superiority of the proposed method. According to the experiment, the proposed method can reduce the root mean square errors of north, east, and vertical components and the total intensity from 73.25, 68.54, 70.45, and 101.77 nT to 23.35, 23.58, 27.42, and 29.72 nT, respectively, compared with the traditional method.
A highly stable and fully tunable open microcavity platform at cryogenic temperatures
Authors: Pallmann Maximilian , Eichhorn Timon , Benedikter Julia , Casabone Bernardo , Hümmer Thomas , Hunger David
Published: March 2023

Open-access microcavities are a powerful tool to enhance light–matter interactions for solid-state quantum and nanosystems and are key to advance applications in quantum technologies. For this purpose, the cavities should simultaneously meet two conflicting requirements—full tunability to cope with spatial and spectral inhomogeneities of a material and highest stability under operation in a cryogenic environment to maintain resonance conditions. To tackle this challenge, we have developed a fully tunable, open-access, fiber-based Fabry–Pérot microcavity platform that can be operated under increased noise levels in a closed-cycle cryostat. It comprises custom-designed monolithic micro- and nanopositioning elements with up to mm-scale travel range that achieve a passive cavity length stability at low temperature of only 15 pm rms in a closed-cycle cryostat and 5 pm in a more quiet flow cryostat. This can be further improved by active stabilization, and even higher stability is obtained under direct mechanical contact between the cavity mirrors, yielding 0.8 pm rms during the quiet phase of the closed-cycle cryocooler. The platform provides the operation of cryogenic cavities with high finesse and small mode volume for strong enhancement of light–matter interactions, opening up novel possibilities for experiments with a great variety of quantum and nanomaterials.
Diagnosis of ultrafast ultraintense laser pulse characteristics by machine-learning-assisted electron spin
Authors: Lu Zhi-Wei , Hou Xin-Di , Wan Feng , Salamin Yousef I. , Lv Chong , Zhang Bo , Wang Fei , Xu Zhong-Feng , Li Jian-Xing
Published: March 2023

The rapid development of ultrafast ultraintense laser technology continues to create opportunities for studying strong-field physics under extreme conditions. However, accurate determination of the spatial and temporal characteristics of a laser pulse is still a great challenge, especially when laser powers higher than hundreds of terawatts are involved. In this paper, by utilizing the radiative spin-flip effect, we find that the spin depolarization of an electron beam can be employed to diagnose characteristics of ultrafast ultraintense lasers with peak intensities around 1020–1022 W/cm2. With three shots, our machine-learning-assisted model can predict, simultaneously, the pulse duration, peak intensity, and focal radius of a focused Gaussian ultrafast ultraintense laser (in principle, the profile can be arbitrary) with relative errors of 0.1%–10%. The underlying physics and an alternative diagnosis method (without the assistance of machine learning) are revealed by the asymptotic approximation of the final spin degree of polarization. Our proposed scheme exhibits robustness and detection accuracy with respect to fluctuations in the electron beam parameters. Accurate measurements of ultrafast ultraintense laser parameters will lead to much higher precision in, for example, laser nuclear physics investigations and laboratory astrophysics studies. Robust machine learning techniques may also find applications in more general strong-field physics scenarios.
A two-layer viscous Boussinesq-type model for surface waves: Derivation, analysis, numerical implementation, and verification
Authors: Sun Hao , Zhao Yang , Liu Zhongbo , Liu Yong
Published: March 2023

A two-layer viscous Boussinesq-type model is developed to simulate the wave energy dissipation during wave propagation in deep water. The viscous terms are incorporated into both the dynamic and kinematic boundary conditions at the free surface, and the corresponding analytical solution of the second-order amplitude has been derived for the first time. The linear and nonlinear properties of the model are analyzed with different viscosity coefficients. When the viscosity coefficient is 1 × 10−4 m2/s, the linear phase velocity, decay rate, second-order amplitude, and velocity profiles of the viscous model are accurate for up to h/L0 (h is water depth, L0 is characteristic wavelength) ≈ 8.66, 5.86, 3.60, 3.60, and 7.51 within 1% error, respectively. The finite difference method is adopted for the numerical implementation of the model. To verify the linear and nonlinear properties of the model, computed results for linear waves and focused wave group in deep water are compared with linear analytical solutions and experimental data, respectively.
Battery-powered FPGA-based embedded system for ultrasonic pipe inspection and gauging systems
Authors: Kumar N. Pavan , Patankar V. H.
Published: March 2023

A water-immersible battery-powered field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based embedded system is a most suitable tool required to check the health of the pipe operating under harsh conditions. A novel, water-immersible, battery-powered, compact, stand-alone and FPGA-based embedded system has been designed and developed, which is suitable for ultrasonic pipe inspection and gauging systems useful for major applications in the petrochemical and nuclear industries. The developed FPGA-based embedded system is operated with lithium-ion batteries for more than five hours, and the IP67-grade system modules are capable of floating inside the pipe along with the flow of oil or water. Such applications require a system that is capable of acquiring large data under water-immersed conditions of battery-operated instrumentation. The onboard Double Data Rate (DDR) RAM of the FPGA module has been utilized for the storage of the 256 MBytes streams of A-scan data during evaluation for more than five hours. The experimentation of the battery-powered embedded system was carried out inside two samples of SS and MS pipes with the help of the in-house developed nylon inspection-head installed with two sets of spring-loaded eight Teflon balls and two 5 MHz focused immersion transducers placed along the circumference at 180° apart. This paper provides brief details of the design, development, and evaluation phases of the battery-powered water-immersible embedded system suitable for ultrasonic pipe inspection and gauging, which can be expanded to 256 channels for demanding applications.
Numerical investigation of the high-speed vertical water entry of a cylindrical shell
Authors: Xia Shengsheng , Wei Yingjie , Wang Cong , Cao Wei , Hu Xinyu
Published: March 2023

A semi-sealed cylindrical shell is a hollow cylinder in which one end is open and the other end is sealed. In order to systematically study the cavity evolution, the hydrodynamic characteristics, and corresponding structural response of the semi-sealed cylindrical shell during high-speed vertical water entry, a numerical simulation is carried out based on a Star-CCM+ and ABAQUS collaborative simulation method. The results show that a nested cavity is formed that presents three different morphologies as the semi-sealed cylindrical shell penetrates the water. Moreover, a jet is formed under the shell, which profoundly influences the hydrodynamic and structural characteristics. Compared with the completely sealed case, the velocity and displacement of the semi-sealed cylindrical shell are significantly changed upon water entry, and the deformation at the top wall is more prominent.
Effect of transmission characteristics of femtosecond laser focusing on micro-/nanostructure morphology of titanium alloy
Authors: Song Lin , He Yaowen , Wu Xianfu , Tao Haiyan , Lin Jingquan
Published: March 2023

Various types of micro-/nanostructures can be fabricated by femtosecond laser irradiation on metal surfaces. It has received extensive attention and research because of its potential application value. In this paper, the effect of laser focusing position on the micro-/nanostructure formation on the surface of a titanium alloy (TC4) was systematically researched. The experimental results show that, in the process of femtosecond laser focusing, a spatial distribution of laser energy with a narrower beam center and a ring around the beam is formed in front of the geometric focus and the distribution of laser energy changes along the laser transmission direction. This property can affect the morphology of the micro-/nanostructure on the surface of irradiated materials. It is believed that the new spatial distribution of laser fluence caused by focusing is due to the nonlinear process of plasma defocus and laser self-focusing caused by multi-photon or tunnel ionization in front of the target by focusing the femtosecond laser. The discovery of the nonlinear characteristics of the focused femtosecond laser and the application of the unique energy spatial distribution to the surface morphology of the fabricated surface put forward a new idea for the direct fabrication of micro-/nanostructures via femtosecond laser, which has certain significance for the development of micro-/nanofabrication technology of femtosecond lasers.
New method for determining time constant of resistors
Authors: Wang Yicheng , Jarrett Dean , Koffman Andrew , Schlamminger Stephan
Published: March 2023

We report a new method for determining the time constant of ac resistors with values around 10 kΩ using a digital impedance bridge for the comparison of two nominally equal resistors. This method involves adding a probing capacitor in parallel to one of the resistors to induce a quadratic frequency dependence in the real component of the admittance ratio between the two resistors. The magnitude of this quadratic effect is proportional to the self-capacitance of the unperturbed resistor, enabling us to determine its value and the associated time constant with an estimated standard uncertainty (k = 1) of 0.02 pF and 0.2 ns, respectively.
Hot carrier-based near-field thermophotovoltaics with energy selective contacts
Authors: Wang Junyi , Wang Youlin , Chen Xiaohang , Chen Jincan , Su Shanhe
Published: March 2023

A model of the thermophotovoltaic device combining a near-field thermal emitter and a hot-carrier solar cell is established. The fluctuating electromagnetic near-field theory for the radiative thermal transport and Landauer's formula for the carrier extraction are introduced. Expressions for the efficiency and the power output of the device are derived. How the voltage and the extraction energy of the energy selective contacts affect the performance of the device is revealed. The results show that the efficiency of the proposed device can be greatly enhanced by exploiting the radiation between the emitter and the cell and extracting carriers through electron tunneling effects.
Large barrier behavior of the rate constant from the diffusion equation
Authors: Pravatto Pierpaolo , Fresch Barbara , Moro Giorgio J.
Published: March 2023

Many processes in chemistry, physics, and biology depend on thermally activated events in which the system changes its state by surmounting an activation barrier. Examples range from chemical reactions to protein folding and nucleation events. Parameterized forms of the mean field potential are often employed in the stochastic modeling of activated processes. In this contribution, we explore the alternative of employing parameterized forms of the equilibrium distribution by means of symmetric linear combination of two Gaussian functions. Such a procedure leads to flexible and convenient models for the landscape and the energy barrier whose features are controlled by the second moments of these Gaussian functions. The rate constants are examined through the solution of the corresponding diffusion problem, that is, the Fokker–Planck–Smoluchowski equation specified according to the parameterized equilibrium distribution. Numerical calculations clearly show that the asymptotic limit of large barriers does not agree with the results of the Kramers theory. The underlying reason is that the linear scaling of the potential, the procedure justifying the Kramers theory, cannot be applied when dealing with parameterized forms of the equilibrium distribution. A different kind of asymptotic analysis is then required and we introduce the appropriate theory when the equilibrium distribution is represented as a symmetric linear combination of two Gaussian functions: first in the one-dimensional case and afterward in the multidimensional diffusion model.
Stacking- and strain-dependent magnetism in Janus CrSTe bilayer
Authors: Li Qiu-Qiu , Liu Wen-Wen , Ding Zhong-Ke , Pan Hui , Cao Xuan-Hao , Xiao Wei-Hua , Luo Nan-Nan , Zeng Jiang , Tang Li-Ming , Li Bo , Chen Ke-Qiu , Duan Xi-Dong
Published: March 2023

Stacking order and strain are the key component in tuning magnetic property of two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals magnetic materials. In this work, we investigated the crystal structure stability of a 2D ferromagnetic Janus chromium dichalcogenide CrSTe bilayer in AB- and AC-stacking orders and found that AB-stacking CrSTe bilayers, which have a smaller layer spacing and a Curie temperature near room temperature, are more stable than AC-stacking one. The magnetic ground states, exchange coupling constant, and Curie temperature of the AB-stacking CrSTe bilayer can be tuned by strain. It is found that the magnetic ground states of the AB- and AC-stacking CrSTe bilayers are ferromagnetic and interlayer antiferromagnetic within a certain strain range, respectively, indicating that the CrSTe bilayers are expected to be used in the double spin filter. Our results demonstrated that the 2D Janus CrSTe bilayer has the potential in the application of spintronic devices with stable performance and low-power consumption at room temperature.
Sound and Waves
Authors: Faletič Sergej
Published: March 2023

Oscillations, sound and waves are integral parts of undergraduate physics courses and even high school curricula in many countries. However, they are not always given a lot of attention. It is not uncommon for topics such as kinematics, forces, thermodynamics and electricity to use up most of the curriculum. Yet, understanding of oscillatory and wave phenomena is crucial for understanding resonance and propagation of disturbances in continuous media such as tsunamis and earthquakes. These concepts can then be extended to electromagnetic waves, like 5G networks, microwaves and Bluetooth, and further into quantum mechanics. One of the reasons for the relatively low attention given to oscillations and waves is their perceived difficulty for students. So in this overview, we analyze the research literature on students' reasoning about oscillations, sound and waves to try and find the reasons why the topics results difficult and what can be done about it.
Learning in Interaction: Interacting Scales of Research
Authors: Suárez Enrique , Quan Gina , Hammer David , Atkins Leslie
Published: March 2023

Research on learning has progressed toward accounts of dynamics at a wide range of scales. For most of its history, PER has focused on the scale of individuals, with researchers working to model what takes place in students' minds as they make sense of phenomena or solve problems. At another scale, and for some time, many in PER have treated groups or classes of students with their teachers as the units of analysis, working to understand what the group is doing as it engages in learning. Most recently, connected with education research more broadly, PER has started to consider how larger scales of dynamics, of culture and society, shape learning. Our charge in this chapter is to investigate and characterize different perspectives on “learning in interaction,” and we do so in two ways. First, we reflect on how researchers within PER have conceptualized learning and interactions and propose three scales for organizing the scholarship: (1) models of minds as complex systems with many parts in interaction; (2) models of groups of people in interaction with each other; and (3) models that include cultures and systems in interaction, including communities of physics. We reflect on interactions among these scales and highlight the importance of considering all three for a more complete account of learning, particularly for PER scholars going forward.
Instructional Strategies that Foster Effective Problem-Solving
Authors: Singh Chandralekha , Maries Alexandru , Heller Kenneth , Heller Patricia
Published: March 2023

Helping students become proficient problem solvers is a major goal of many physics courses from introductory to advanced levels. In fact, physics has often been used by cognitive scientists to investigate the differences between the problem-solving strategies of expert and novice problem solvers because it is a domain in which there is reasonably good agreement about what constitutes good problem-solving. Since the laws of physics are encapsulated in compact mathematical form, becoming an expert physics problem solver entails learning to unpack and interpret those physical laws as well as being able to apply them in diverse situations while solving problems. A physics expert must have a well-organized knowledge structure of relevant physics and math concepts and be able to manage cognitive load and do metacognition while solving complex problems. In this chapter, we review foundational research on expertise in physics problem-solving and then discuss research on instructional strategies that promote effective problem-solving as well as challenges in changing the instructional practices of physics instructors and teaching assistants via professional development to promote and support effective problem-solving approaches.
Index
Authors: Taşar Mehmet Fatih , Heron Paula R. L.
Published: March 2023

The International Handbook of Physics Education Research: Learning Physics covers the subject matter and cognitive aspects of physics learning. As the field of physics education research grows, it is increasingly difficult for newcomers to gain an appreciation of the major findings across all sub-domains, discern global themes, and recognize gaps in the literature. The International Handbook of Physics Education Research: Learning Physics incorporates the understanding of both physics and education concepts and provides an extensive review of the literature in a wide range of important topics.

The International Handbook of Physics Education Research: Learning Physics includes:Subject matter instruction and problem solving with specific topics including factors in student achievement in physics.Cognitive aspects to learning physics, including collaborative learning, higher order learning, and fostering critical thinking skills.Information about student interest, attitudes, motivation, values, beliefs, and opinions toward learning physics.

Readers will find this comprehensive treatment of the literature useful in understanding physics education research and extending to all the physical sciences including chemistry, mathematics, astronomy, and other related disciplines.
Introduction
Authors: Taşar Mehmet Fatih , Heron Paula R. L.
Published: March 2023

The International Handbook of Physics Education Research: Learning Physics covers the subject matter and cognitive aspects of physics learning. As the field of physics education research grows, it is increasingly difficult for newcomers to gain an appreciation of the major findings across all sub-domains, discern global themes, and recognize gaps in the literature. The International Handbook of Physics Education Research: Learning Physics incorporates the understanding of both physics and education concepts and provides an extensive review of the literature in a wide range of important topics.

The International Handbook of Physics Education Research: Learning Physics includes:Subject matter instruction and problem solving with specific topics including factors in student achievement in physics.Cognitive aspects to learning physics, including collaborative learning, higher order learning, and fostering critical thinking skills.Information about student interest, attitudes, motivation, values, beliefs, and opinions toward learning physics.

Readers will find this comprehensive treatment of the literature useful in understanding physics education research and extending to all the physical sciences including chemistry, mathematics, astronomy, and other related disciplines.
Role of Mathematics in Physics from Multiple Perspectives
Authors: Pospiech Gesche , Sotomaior Karam Ricardo Avelar
Published: March 2023

In this chapter the theoretical foundations for teaching the interplay of mathematics and physics are described from the stance of physics as a science. The role of mathematics in and for physics and vice versa has been exhaustively discussed mostly from the viewpoint of physicists and philosophers. However, in the light of the overwhelming significance of mathematics in its broadest sense for physics it is important to analyse which insights and knowledge about the role of mathematics for physics, students should acquire during their educational career. This is strongly connected to insight into the nature of physics. It will be elucidated, which different roles mathematics can take on in physics, how physicists use different mathematical elements, structures or algorithms, which of them are important as well for physics as a science as in physics education, how the meanings and conventions relate between mathematics and physics and which frameworks are used for understanding teaching and learning mathematics in physics. The relevance of mathematics for physics education and the epistemological aspects in the interplay are described giving valuable insight into the manner in which physicists shape and use the interplay and how the interplay shapes physics.
Visualization and Mathematization: How Digital Tools Provide Access to Formal Physics Ideas
Authors: Euler Elias , Solvang Lorena , Gregorcic Bor , Haglund Jesper
Published: March 2023

This chapter synthesizes the physics education research work related to the interplay of visualization and mathematization in physics teaching and learning, specifically as mediated by dynamic, interactive digital visualization tools. In structuring our synthesis, we build on existing theories of visualization and mathematization to propose two “functions” that visualizations tools exhibit in facilitating mathematization: (1) bridging between physical phenomena and formalisms, and (2) bridging between idealized models of physical phenomena and formalisms. We populate these two broad categories with illustrative examples of visualization tools and conclude with a summary of the developmental history of those tools in physics education research.
Qualitative Methods in Physics Education Research
Authors: Otero Valerie K. , Harlow Danielle Boyd , Meltzer David E.
Published: March 2023

We provide an overview of qualitative methods used in physics education research, along with numerous illustrative examples from the literature. We outline the connection between broad research ideas and more specific research questions, and discuss how they both guide the study design. We describe various forms of interviews used in PER, along with detailed illustrations of each type drawn from both older and newer research literature. We examine other data sources such as surveys, artifacts, electronic sources, and observations, and briefly discuss the initial processing of the research data. We describe in considerable detail various approaches to coding and analyzing qualitative data, with another set of illustrative examples from the PER literature. We provide a brief overview of theoretical perspectives in PER, along with a summary discussion of validity and reliability in qualitative research.
Research-Based Teaching-Learning Sequences in Physics Education: A Rising Line of Research
Authors: Guisasola Jenaro , Zuza Kristina , Sarriugarte Paulo , Ametller Jaume
Published: March 2023

In recent decades, research on physics teaching has contributed to improving the design and evaluation of instructional materials in physics courses. In this chapter, we first present a brief review of research on the design and implementation of Teaching/Learning Sequences, the achievements and problems that persist. A common weakness of many research-based curriculum development projects and articles published in PER is that they often lack a detailed explanation of the implicit and explicit decisions made in relation to design and implementation. This common weakness probably limits the impact of published work in this area of PER, and perhaps also limits the ability of individual researchers to build on each other's work. In the following, we present design-based research (DBR) as a methodology to make the development of research-based TLS more transparent. DBR provides a “bridge” between empirical and theoretical research findings on students' understanding of specific physics content, and the design and evaluation of classroom instruction aimed at improving students' learning of that content. We describe the elements that make up DBR and propose several “design tools” that could support physics teachers and physics education researchers in the development of TLS. We conclude by discussing the contributions of design-based research and new perspectives.
Epilogue
Authors: Zollman Dean A.
Published: March 2023

Education at all levels and in all parts of the world is facing exceptional challenges as we move through the 21st century. Some of these challenges have come about as a result of changing views on the value of education, others because of the environmental and political issues facing all of us, and still others because of the vast changes that technology is making in our lives. STEM, and particularly physics, education will change significantly to meet these challenges and to assure students and other interested parties that physics is relevant to this changing world. Physics education research can be a driving force in providing evidence-based information to help both the research community and physics instructors address the challenges. Thus, PER will be critical for facilitating the preparation of our students and faculty at all levels prepare for the skills needed during the remainder of the 21st century.
Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) in Physics Education
Authors: Taşar Mehmet Fatih , Yılmaz Ergül Duygu
Published: March 2023

In this review of the literature, we first delineated what technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) is and then laid out its origins and development in physics education. By providing detailed information on what teachers/instructors need to know and what they can do to incorporate technology into their teaching experiences, we summarized the main issues in the TPACK framework literature and technology integration in teaching. We delineated the rationale of the TPACK theoretical framework and its main assumptions; explained existing different TPACK models developed through its short history and the impact of this framework on teacher development and initial teacher training; explained the place of TPACK in mandates and standards and its impact on student achievement. Lastly, we reviewed the research that dealt with TPACK in physics education and provided an analysis of the gaps in the literature and implications for further research.
Using Sensors and Digital Data Collection/Analysis Technologies in K–12 Physics Education Under the STEM Perspective
Authors: Xenakis Apostolos , Kalovrektis Konstantinos , Theodoropoulou Kalliopi , Karampelas Antonios , Giannakas Georgios , Sotiropoulos Dimitrios J. , Vavougios Dionysios (Denis)
Published: March 2023

The present chapter focuses on providing an extensive literature review study on the use of physical computing equipment, sensors, smart app software and real experimental data and processing techniques for physics teaching scenarios, under STEM epistemology framework. Along with sensors and actuators, physical computing platforms, smart devices and smart phones, physics experimental teaching, triggers students' interest and engagement. The use of sensors and real-time data processing is related to the STEM scientific and engineering practices, in alignment with Inquiry-based learning (IBL) and engineering design (ED) teaching approaches for Physics education. Following, related literature is thoroughly examined, analyzed and categorized, under various metrics, including physics topics, expected learning outcomes and software and hardware tools. In this work, we highlight the process to collect and analyze real experimental data, during physics teaching scenarios and the pedagogical effectiveness of using smart sensors to confirm Physics laws, throughout IBL scenarios and physical computing platforms. Finally, through our review, we make suggestions for further research directions of how to integrate the use of sensors and the conduction of data analysis into physics-based STEM instructional design to increase students' engagement and enhance their expected learning outcomes.
Visual and Argumentative Aspects in Greek School Textbooks and in Teachers' Practices: Glances at the Concept of Periodicity
Authors: Triantafillou Chrissavgi , Spiliotopoulou-Papantoniou Vasiliki , Potari Despina
Published: March 2023

This chapter focuses on practices that school textbooks and teachers use in handling texts and visual representations (VRs) when presenting scientific concepts to students. It is mainly based on the concept of “periodicity” as appears in physics and other STEM disciplines. Through an extensive literature review on textbooks' analysis and teachers' approaches, perspectives of how the reasoning in textbooks has been explored and studied, are identified. Particularly, evidence from different approaches in the research analysis of the arguments developed in the school science texts and the function of visual elements is investigated. Finally, research findings obtained during a three-year research project on how the concept of periodicity, appears through texts' inherit logic and teachers' actions.
Instruments for Diagnosing Students’ Conceptions of Optical Phenomena
Authors: Treagust David F. , Zadnik Marjan G.
Published: March 2023

Students’ understanding of optical phenomena was an early topic of research interest and continues to be an important focus for physics education researchers world-wide. In this chapter, we review a wide range of studies with an emphasis on the different types of diagnostic instruments used to generate qualitative and quantitative data about understanding of age-appropriate optical phenomena at elementary, secondary, university levels of schooling, including teacher education. Several studies implemented different teaching approaches and appraised them, often comparing findings of experimental and control groups. Researched topics include light propagation, shadow formation, reflection from mirrors, refraction of light by lenses, image formation, polarization, and photoelectric effect. Most of the reviewed studies identified students’ conceptual difficulties and provided recommendations for future teaching and learning; fewer studies presented a radical change of curriculum based on research findings and evaluated student learning. We recommend that progress in learning optics can be made by curriculum designers considering the findings from optics research.
Introduction
Authors: Taşar Mehmet Fatih , Heron Paula R. L.
Published: March 2023

The International Handbook of Physics Education Research: Teaching Physics covers the topics of educational technologies, learning environments, teacher education, and assessment in relation to physics education. As the field of physics education research grows, it is increasingly difficult for newcomers to gain an appreciation of the major findings across all sub-domains, discern global themes, and recognize gaps in the literature. The current volume incorporates the understanding of both physics and education concepts and provides an extensive review the literature in a wide range of important topics.

The International Handbook of Physics Education Research: Teaching Physics includes:Various teaching perspectives including active learning, the modeling method, and teaching environments.Distance/online education, formative and summative assessment, and assessment in online education.Gender, race, and ethnicity equity.

Readers will find this comprehensive treatment of the literature useful in understanding physics education research and extending to all the physical sciences including chemistry, mathematics, astronomy, and other related disciplines.
Impacts of ENSO on Australian rainfall: what not to expect
Authors: Tozer Carly R. , Risbey James S. , Monselesan Didier P. , Pook Mike J. , Irving Damien , Ramesh Nandini , Reddy Jyoteeshkumar , Squire Dougal T.
Published: March 2023

In eastern Australia we expect to experience wet conditions during La Niña and dry during El Niño events. We explore how well these expectations match historical outcomes by assessing, for spring, how much rain fell during past La Niña and El Niño events. We use a tercile framing and find that for rainfall averaged across eastern Australia, La Niña approximately doubles the chance of spring rainfall being in the wet tercile whereas El Niño approximately doubles the chance of a dry spring. Also of note is that during La Niña, the dry tercile is mostly vacant and during El Niño, the wet tercile is mostly vacant, indicating that one should not expect dry conditions in La Niña or wet in El Niño for eastern Australia as a whole. At individual locations across Australia, the results vary, and in some cases, including the eastern seaboard, La Niña or El Niño events do not change the odds of wet and dry springs significantly beyond chance expectations. For example, in the Sydney region, the normal chance of experiencing a wet tercile spring is 33% and this increases only slightly in a La Niña to 38%, suggesting that La Niña is not a strong indicator for wet conditions in this region. These outcomes may help to manage our expectations for the likely rainfall outcomes during future El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events.
Influence of glycan structure on the colonization of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
on human respiratory epithelial cells
Authors: Chun Ye-Yu , Tan Kai Sen , Yu Lisa , Pang Michelle , Wong Ming Hui Millie , Nakamoto Rei , Chua Wan-Zhen , Huee-Ping Wong Amanda , Lew Zhe Zhang Ryan , Ong Hsiao Hui , Chow Vincent T. , Tran Thai , Yun Wang De , Sham Lok-To
Published: March 2023

Virtually all living cells are encased in glycans. They perform key cellular functions such as immunomodulation and cell–cell recognition. Yet, how their composition and configuration affect their functions remains enigmatic. Here, we constructed isogenic capsule-switch mutants harboring 84 types of capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) in
Streptococcus pneumoniae
. This collection enables us to systematically measure the affinity of structurally related CPSs to primary human nasal and bronchial epithelial cells. Contrary to the paradigm, the surface charge does not appreciably affect epithelial cell binding. Factors that affect adhesion to respiratory cells include the number of rhamnose residues and the presence of human-like glycomotifs in CPS. Besides, pneumococcal colonization stimulated the production of interleukin 6 (IL-6), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and monocyte chemoattractantprotein-1 (MCP-1) in nasal epithelial cells, which also appears to be dependent on the serotype. Together, our results reveal glycomotifs of surface polysaccharides that are likely to be important for colonization and survival in the human airway.
Atmospheric circulation compounds anthropogenic warming and impacts of climate extremes in Europe
Authors: Faranda Davide , Messori Gabriele , Jezequel Aglae , Vrac Mathieu , Yiou Pascal
Published: March 2023

Diagnosing dynamical changes in the climate system, such as those in atmospheric circulation patterns, remains challenging. Here, we study 1950 to 2021 trends in the frequency of occurrence of atmospheric circulation patterns over the North Atlantic. Roughly 7% of atmospheric circulation patterns display significant occurrence trends, yet they have major impacts on surface climate. Increasingly frequent patterns drive heatwaves across Europe and enhanced wintertime storminess in the northern part of the continent. Over 91% of recent heatwave-related deaths and 33% of high-impact windstorms in Europe were concurrent with increasingly frequent atmospheric circulation patterns. While the trends identified are statistically significant, they are not necessarily anthropogenic. Atmospheric patterns which are becoming rarer correspond instead to wet, cool summer conditions over northern Europe and wet winter conditions over continental Europe. The combined effect of these circulation changes is that of a strong, dynamically driven year-round warming over most of the continent and large regional and seasonal changes in precipitation and surface wind.
Field interventions for climate change mitigation behaviors: A second-order meta-analysis
Authors: Bergquist Magnus , Thiel Maximilian , Goldberg Matthew H. , van der Linden Sander
Published: March 2023

Behavioral change is essential to mitigate climate change. To advance current knowledge, we synthesize research on interventions aiming to promote climate change mitigation behaviors in field settings. In a preregistered second-order meta-analysis, we assess the overall effect of 10 meta-analyses, incorporating a total of 430 primary studies. In addition, we assess subgroup analyses for six types of interventions, five behaviors, and three publication bias adjustments. Results showed that climate change mitigation interventions were generally effective (

d
unadjusted

= 0.31, 95% CI [0.30, 0.32]). A follow-up analysis using only unique primary studies, adjusted for publication bias, provides a more conservative overall estimate (
d
= 0.18, 95% CI [0.13, 0.24]). This translates into a mean treatment effect of 7 percentage points. Furthermore, in a subsample of adequately powered large-scale interventions (
n
> 9,000,
k
= 32), the effect was adjusted downward to approximately 2 percentage points. This discrepancy might be because large-scale interventions often target nonvoluntary participants by less direct techniques (e.g., “home energy reports”) while small-scale interventions often target voluntary participants by more direct techniques (e.g., face-to-face interactions). Subgroup analyses showed that interventions based on social comparisons or financial incentives were the most effective, while education or feedback was the least effective. These results provide a comprehensive state-of-the-art summary of climate change mitigation interventions, guiding both future research and practice.
NHA1 is a cation/proton antiporter essential for the water-conserving functions of the rectal complex in
Tribolium castaneum
Authors: Naseem Muhammad T. , Beaven Robin , Koyama Takashi , Naz Sehrish , Su Sheng-yuan , Leader David P. , A. Klaerke Dan , Calloe Kirstine , Denholm Barry , Halberg Kenneth V.
Published: March 2023

More than half of all extant metazoan species on earth are insects. The evolutionary success of insects is linked with their ability to osmoregulate, suggesting that they have evolved unique physiological mechanisms to maintain water balance. In beetles (Coleoptera)—the largest group of insects—a specialized rectal (“cryptonephridial”) complex has evolved that recovers water from the rectum destined for excretion and recycles it back to the body. However, the molecular mechanisms underpinning the remarkable water-conserving functions of this system are unknown. Here, we introduce a transcriptomic resource, BeetleAtlas.org, for the exceptionally desiccation-tolerant red flour beetle 
Tribolium castaneum,
 and demonstrate its utility by identifying a cation/H
+
 antiporter (NHA1) that is enriched and functionally significant in the 
Tribolium
 rectal complex. NHA1 localizes exclusively to a specialized cell type, the leptophragmata, in the distal region of the Malpighian tubules associated with the rectal complex. Computational modeling and electrophysiological characterization in 
Xenopus oocytes
 show that NHA1 acts as an electroneutral K
+
/H
+
 antiporter. Furthermore, genetic silencing of 
Nha1
 dramatically increases excretory water loss and reduces organismal survival during desiccation stress, implying that NHA1 activity is essential for maintaining systemic water balance. Finally, we show that Tiptop, a conserved transcription factor, regulates NHA1 expression in leptophragmata and controls leptophragmata maturation, illuminating the developmental mechanism that establishes the functions of this cell. Together, our work provides insights into the molecular architecture underpinning the function of one of the most powerful water-conserving mechanisms in nature, the beetle rectal complex.