bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of Thermal and Hygrothermal Behaviors of Glass/Vinyl Ester Composites
Authors: Zhong Yang , Zhou Jianren
Published: July 2017

Accelerated thermal and hygrothermal exposures were performed on S2-glass/vinyl ester composites. Effects of temperature, moisture, and exposure duration on some mechanical properties and microstructures of the composites were investigated, and thermal and hygrothermal degradation mechanisms were analyzed. It was found that the indentation resistance and compression strength of the composites showed an increase during a certain stage of the thermal exposure, which was attributed to the combined effects of thermal decission and an increase in crosslinking degree under elevated temperatures. Moisture, together with elevated temperature, had conspicuous deteriorating effects on some mechanical properties of the composites, and the property changes were more significant during the early stages of the hygrothermal exposure process. The influence of physical degradation induced by water was found to be less significant than that by chemical degradation resulting from resin decomposition. Microscopic observation showed that the matrix resin became fragmented and lost adhesion with fibers in the hygrothermally exposed composites.
How Newspaper Readership Affects Political Participation
Authors: Lee Tien-Tsung , Wei Lu
Published: July 2017

This analysis reveals that a decrease in newspaper readership among 17- to 24- year olds is associated with their decreasing political participation but not with a decrease in their political knowledge.
U.S., Chinese Newspapers Frame Iraq War Differently
Authors: Yang Jin
Published: July 2017

This comparison finds that the U.S. papers adopted episodic frames while Chinese papers adopted thematic frames by focusing on the larger context such as pre-war motivation and post-war impact.
Headlines and Libel: Is the ‘Unit’ Approach the Most Effective?
Authors: Pasternack Steve
Published: July 2017

Courts trying newspaper headline libel cases have relied on a “unit approach” in which headline and accompanying story are evaluated as a unit. This experimental study suggests such an approach may not be highly effective. Subjects who saw a defamatory headline accompanied by a non-defamatory article were more likely to perceive the unit as defamatory than were those reading a non-defamatory headline and defamatory story. This result, in conjunction with reader habits of scanning headlines only, suggests courts might consider potentially libelous headlines separate from the accompanying article.
What Metropolitan Dailies Foreign Desk Editors Think about News on South Africa
Authors: Husni Samir A. , Lee Peter R.
Published: July 2017

A survey of 66 foreign desk editors of metropolitan dailies revealed the majority of editors believe their audience is interested in reading about South Africa, and more so than reading about other African nations. Both readers and policy makers have been influenced by what they have read on South Africa, the editors said. News about South Africa is adequate in volume but lacking in analysis, according to the editors.
‘We'll Train Them Here’
Authors: Crothers Carl
Published: July 2017

Since 1986, The Tampa Tribune has recruited and hired the 10 best J-school grads it can find every year. Once they're in the newsroom, the Tribune trains them in-house: law, writing, editing, reporting. “They are ours, trained by our best writers and editors and grateful for the chance to work at a major metro right out of college.”
Gulf War Coverage: Censorship Begins at Home
Authors: Lee Martin A. , Devitt Tiffany
Published: July 2017

Diverse and antagonistic news sources are fundamental to good journalism, but most U.S. coverage of the Gulf crisis lacked these essential ingredients. The government didn't have to try to censor coverage of the Iraq war — the press censored itself when it bought the Bush administration's party line.
Reporters' Use of Defamatory Source Material in Qualified Privilege Contexts
Authors: Fico Frederick , Simon Todd , Lacy Stephen
Published: July 2017

Some people may have such badreputations that stories about them cannot tarnish them further, according to an emerging legal doctrine. This may mean a new line of defense for press defendants in libel cases, who may argue that those bringing suits are “libel proof.”
Computers in Newsrooms of Michigan's Newspapers
Authors: Davenport Lucinda , Fico Frederick , Weinstock David
Published: July 2017

A state-wide survey of daily newspapers finds 80 percent are using electronic information sources, with all using electronic morgues and most using two or more electronic sources.
Real-Time Journalism: Implications for News Writing
Authors: Aronson Karla , Sylvie George , Todd Russell
Published: July 2017

Wall Street Journal articles are longer than realtime articles on the Dow Jones Business Wire, but readability levels are nearly the same.
The Winston-Salem Journal and the Identification of Sexual Assault Victims
Authors: Haws Dick , Ramsey Melody
Published: July 2017

Survey of rape victims zvhose names had been in paper found most objected strongly to this practice.
In Vitro Calcification Model—Part 1: Apatite Formation on Segmented Polyurethane Containing Silicone Using an Alternate Soaking Process
Authors: Karita Tatsuro , Imachi Kou , Taguchi Tetsushi , Kishida Akio , Akashi Mitsuru
Published: July 2017

The effect of silicone on calcification on polyetherpolyurethane (PU) surfaces was studied using an alternate soaking process in vitro. The process is based on a wet process of hydroxyapatite formation that involves alternately soaking in CaCl2/Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) and Na2HPO4 solutions (pH 7.4) at 37°C. We used K-III and Pellethane® 2363 as samples. K-III is a complex of PU containing dimethyldiacetoxysilane and methyltriacetoxysilane. Pellethane® 2363 series contain less Si. Si content was assessed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The gravimetric measurements and scanning electron microscopic observations with energy dispersed X-ray analyzer (EDX) were performed after specific reaction cycles. Calcified deposits formed on the surface of K-III were 20 μg/cm2 after 10 reaction cycles. EDX results showed remarkable Ca (Kα, Kb), P (Kα), and Si (Kα) peaks by the deposits formed on the surface of K-III. On the other hand, no peaks for Ca of P were observed on the surface of Pellethane® after ten reaction cycles. The reason for calcified deposit formation on PU is not clear. However, it was suggested that Si on the surface of PU is one of the key factors for calcified deposit formation. These results suggest that an alternate soaking process could be a useful evaluation method for an accelerated evaluation of fatigue induced by calcification on polymer substrates.
Macromolecular-Drug Conjugates—Nalidixic Acid and Oxacillin-Dextran
Authors: Mihai Doina , Mocanu Georgeta , Carpov Adrian
Published: July 2017

Dextran conjugates with nalidixic acid and oxacillin, were prepared in two ways: (a) by the reaction of the drugs with chloroacetylated crosslinked dextran microparticles and (b) by the reaction of the drugs with crosslinked polysaccharide microparticles in the presence of a coupling agent. The in vitro behavior of these conjugates was studied and the mechanism of drug release was determined.
Poly(Ethylene Glycol)-Bovine Serum Albumin Hydrogel as a Matrix for Enzyme Immobilization. In Vitro Biochemical Characterization
Authors: Belgoudi Jaafar , Fortier Guy
Published: July 2017

Arginase, isolated from beef liver, apyrase and glutaminase, isolated from Escherichia coli, were immobilized during the synthesis of a hydrogel matrix made from poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). After synthesis, a one- to three-fold increase in the K m values was observed for the enzymes. The apparent K m were 30 mM of arginine, 6.5 mM of glutamine, and 52 μM of ATP for immobilized arginase, glutaminase, and apyrase, respectively. In general, immobilization allowed the enzymes to retain most of their initial activity; after incubating for 1 month at 37°C in the presence of the respective substrates, more than 95% of the initial activity was found. The optimal temperatures varied from 40 to 60°C for all enzyme preparations. The immobilized arginase, glutaminase, and apyrase had optimal activity over a larger pH range which was due to the matrix effect. Surface modification of arginase with 5,000 Mw methoxy-PEG increased the stability for up to 24 days (incubated at 37°C) compared to eight days for the native enzyme tested under the same conditions. However, this modification did not affect the stability of glutaminase.
The Demise of State Prisoners' Access to Federal Habeas Corpus
Authors: Alexander Rudolph
Published: July 2017

The Writ of Habeas Corpus has been called the Great Writ because its purpose is to prevent the State from incarcerating an individual illegally. Spurred by the U. S. Supreme Court under the direction of former Chief Justice Earl Warren, the use of federal habeas corpus by state prisoners was expanded during the 1960s. This change led to the charge that the Court had deviated from the historical purpose of the writ of habeas corpus. However, the Court under the direction of former Chief Justice Warren Burger and current Chief Justice William Rehnquist has severely curtailed state prisoners' access to federal habeas corpus. This paper reviews the history of the writ of habeas corpus, examines the charge that the Warren Court deviated from the writ's historical purpose, and concludes that a state prisoner's access to federal habeas corpus is a rapidly fading right.
Illegal Convictions and Sentences to Capital Punishment
Authors: Holmes William M.
Published: July 2017

The paper examines the prevalence of illegal capital convictions and sentences to death in the United States, from 1976 to 1992. Data are analyzed from all capital convictions and sentences to death row during this period, using information from the death row imprisonment file in the National Archive of Criminal Justice Data, collected by the U.S. Bureau of Prisons and used by the Bureau of Justice Statistics in their annual capital punishment research notes. Data are available on over 6,000 offenders sentenced to death row during this period.

The findings show that more than 40 percent of all original capital convictions or sentences are overturned as illegal—either in the conviction for the crime, the capital sentence, or for illegal elements in the capital statutes. Considerable variation exists between states in the proportion of illegal convictions and sentences. In some states, all of the capital cases were overturned during this period as illegal convictions or sentences. In 18 states more than half of all capital cases are legally defective. The discussion raises questions regarding the problematic results of capital convictions and sentences.
Plant Closings and Advance-Notice Laws: Putting the Pieces Together
Authors: Portz John
Published: July 2017

In 1988, the federal government passed the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act. Previous to this action, several states approved their own laws requiring advance notice of plant closings and mass layoffs. Implementation and enforcement of advance-notice laws have been weak and limited, due primarily to a policy design that includes numerous criteria for legal exclusion, as well as reliance on adjudication as the primary means of such implementation and enforcement. Advance-notice laws have had limited impact in averting plant closings and mass layoffs, but appear more successful in assisting displaced workers find new employment. For employers, advance notice entails some costs, although they do not appear excessive; less is known about costs in the larger economy.
The Role of Mentoring Support and Self-Management Strategies on Reported Career Outcomes
Authors: Murphy Susan E. , Ensher Ellen A.
Published: July 2017

This study examined the contribution of self-management strategies to job outcomes for employees involved in mentoring relationships. Participants (n = 158) reported their use of three types of self-management strategies, the level of support functions provided by their mentors, and their job satisfaction and perceived career success. Results showed that individuals who used self set career goals reported greater job satisfaction and perceived career success; those who engaged in positive cognitions also had higher job satisfaction; and those who used behavioral self-management strategies reported greater perceived career success. Mentoring and self-management strategies each contributed uniquely to satisfaction and perceived career satisfaction. After controlling for amount of instrumental support provided by the mentors, positive cognitions remained predictive of perceived career success, and participation in self-set career goals were related to higher levels of job satisfaction. Moderator analysis showed that the self-management strategies appeared to be useful in the absence of certain types of mentor support.
Career Development Programs in Corrections
Authors: Vernick Stacie H. , Reardon Robert C.
Published: July 2017

Currently there is a need for more concerted attention to career development in corrections settings. Limited research has demonstrated that comprehensive programming focusing on career development issues is a method by which recidivism rates may be reduced. The current literature review explains and clarifies the need for such programming in prison settings and provides practical programming considerations for professionals interested in this area. Current programs targeting career issues are described in addition to an explanation of the limited history of career programming in corrections. Also included are potential resources and recommendations for practitioners.
Educational opportunities for industry
Authors: England Richard
Published: July 2017

This article discusses how the use of telecommunications systems can be beneficial, when used as an alternative to traditional higher education structures, in delivering distance education to industry. The author stresses the need for mechanisms that facilitate the delivery of information, in the form of professional education or access to current research findings, in order to make industry competitive in a global society. Through the use of alternative delivery systems the geographic location of the industry or university is no longer a boundary to accessing essential professional training.
Management of education in industry
Authors: Charlent Jean
Published: July 2017

There is growing recognition that education and training is a key component in the maintenance of Europe's competitivity in world markets. Knowledge becomes out of date with increasing rapidity and the need for training courses to be able to survive fast-changing requirements is leading to a new examination of post-school level education. The advent of new delivery systems means that education is becoming a worldwide resource available on demand.
Applied sciences continuing education at Simon Fraser
Authors: George Donald A. , Landsburg June R.
Published: July 2017

At Simon Fraser University, continuing education activities are developed and administered by the division of Continuing Studies working in association with the university's academic departments. The Applied Sciences Program, a Continuing Studies unit, was formed in early 1986 to parallel the new Faculty of Applied Sciences established in 1985 in a major reorganization of the University. This faculty is composed of the Schools of Computing Science, Kinesiology and Engineering Science plus the Department of Communication and the Natural Resources Management Program. The article focuses on the School of Engineering Science and their collaborative work with industry in continuing education.
Managing intellectual property
Authors: Duff E.J.
Published: July 2017

The exploitation of technology, whether by in-house manufacture, by joint venture or through assignment or licensing to a third party, has many common features relating to the management of intellectual property which apply equally to industry and to academic institutions. Some basic features of a typical management strategy for intellectual property are described which may lead to the optimisation of the exploitation process.
Continuing professional development
Authors: Robb William Mccall
Published: July 2017

The exploitation of technology, whether by in-house manufacture, by joint venture or through assignment or licensing to a third party, has many common features relating to the management of intellectual property which apply equally to industry and to academic institutions. Some basic features of a typical management strategy for intellectual property are described which may lead to the optimisation of the exploitation process.
A trade union case for partnership
Authors: Laird Gavin H.
Published: July 2017

It is a long time since the UK was known as the ‘workshop of the world’ and one of the major constraints we now face is that of skill shortages. Training and retraining have never been more important for the UK than they are today. The Amalgamated Engineering Union welcomes all positive training initiatives and is set to seize the opportunities that the 1990s will present.
MIT's Industrial Liaison Program
Authors: Lampe David R. , Johnson Eric C.
Published: July 2017

This article traces the evolution of the concept of industrial liaison at MIT, outlines some of the concerns that have arisen from its implementation, and highlights the value accrued to all involved in the relationships.
Effective HE–Industry Linkages in Portugal
Authors: Sellar F. Keith , Fernandes Antonio S.C.
Published: July 2017

This article presents an overview of some of the most identifiable structures for effective HE–industry linkages in Portugal, and considers possible future developments in the collaboration and transfer process. In discussing the case of Portugal in particular, the authors also make comparisons with the state of developments in the EC as a whole.
UK Biotechnology
Authors: Senker Jacqueline
Published: July 2017

This article contains edited extracts from a report for the UK Biotechnology Directorate. One of the main findings of the report was the extreme volatility of the whole sector; firms were producing interesting and path-breaking research, yet the governmental support apparatus was having some difficulty in providing clear, relevant and widely publicized schemes to help small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) maximize the potential of their research.
Continuing HE and Industry in Europe
Authors: von Harnier Louis
Published: July 2017

This article reports on research into the status of continuing higher education in a highly centralized country (France) and decentralized country (Switzerland). Relationships between universities and employment are examined and the distinctive features of the higher education culture in each country are analysed. The article concludes that, perhaps surprisingly, continuing higher education has developed in a fairly decentralized way in France and in a centralized fashion in Switzerland.
Management of Technology
Authors: Gillis Amanda J. , Macrosson W.D. Keith , Miller Alison M.
Published: July 2017

A survey of the literature on the management of technology and an investigation of the curricula of several taught masters degree programmes in the management of technology are described. The findings are discussed with reference to the emergence of the management of technology as a substantive new discipline. The paper concludes that the claim that the management of technology has emerged as a new discipline cannot be upheld although some progress is being made towards that goal.
Establishing a University—Industry Programme
Authors: Kelly John
Published: July 2017

The transfer of experience of university–industry cooperation from those countries where it has become established to countries at earlier stages of the learning curve is a matter of increasing importance. In this article, John Kelly distils the experience of cooperation in northern Europe and, to a lesser extent, in the USA, into a framework for establishing a successful university–industry programme. He identifies the principal elements of cooperation between industry and higher education as cooperative teaching, enterprise development, contract research, and campus companies, and then sets out a suggested organizational and management structure. The article exemplifies one way in which experience may be transferred across countries and economies and provides an overview of lessons learned in the structure and establishment of collaborative programmes.
US Telecommunications Partnerships
Authors: King Elton
Published: July 2017

The need for properly trained personnel will affect all major telecommunications companies in the ‘Information Age’. South Central Bell is the major supplier of telecommunications in south-east USA and therefore has a significant interest in helping to produce a workforce trained to meet the challenges posed by technological progress.
Potentials for Universities, Industry and National Laboratories in India
Authors: Swaminadhan D.
Published: July 2017

Higher education institutions, business and industry, and national R&D organizations have vital roles to play in economic development. In India the time is right for strong interaction between them, given the ‘resources crunch’ in the country and the new initiatives taken by the central government in restructuring the economy. Higher education institutions should move towards less dependence on government funding. Indian industry, now being exposed to global competition, needs to modernize and to upgrade the skills of its workforce. The national R&D laboratories also need now to generate funds and to share their equipment and people. The author discusses how these issues may be addressed in India and offers a model for interaction between these three sectors.
Academic—Industrial Collaboration
Authors: Gering Thomas
Published: July 2017

The first article of this special focus takes issue with some of the recommendations raised by Sharron Thompson Burgmeier (such as her comment that academic collaborators should adjust their economic expectations to those of the industrial partner), while agreeing with many other conclusions in her article.
Can ‘Business Redesign’ Work for the University?
Authors: Mahoney Richard J.
Published: July 2017

While fully acknowledging that a university cannot be simplistically treated as a business enterprise, Richard J. Mahoney, Chairman and Chief Executive of Monsanto, considers that many valuable lessons from corporate business can be transferred to the management and development of academic institutions. In this article he sets out his viewpoint in the context of parallels between the dilemma of US corporate business in the early 1980s and that of US universities in the 1990s. His argument is for the adoption by universities of ‘business redesign’ techniques, whereby an organization effectively ‘reinvents' itself through a fundamental reappraisal of its systems, practices and strategies. Along the way, he describes a nightmare and proposes a new Chair of the Department of Junkyard Dog.
UNESCO's University—Industry—Science Partnership Programme (UNISPAR)
Authors: Aoshima Yasuyuki
Published: July 2017

Technology-led industrialization has become a main issue in Third World countries and in Eastern and Central Europe. Professors of engineering universities, researchers of public and private institutes, engineers and managers in industry and government officials are becoming deeply involved in technological and socio-economic issues for sustainable industrial development with environmental protection. UNESCO sees cooperation among universities, industry and government as a key strategy in the process of industrialization. This article describes UNESCO's various projects and initiatives designed to establish and encourage such cooperation.
Strategies for Professional Development in Engineering
Authors: Senior Chris
Published: July 2017

Continuing professional development (CPD) has a central role to play in helping engineers and their employers to respond positively to technical and commercial change. Many recent reports have highlighted the importance of CPD and the need for action to ensure its widespread implementation. Against this background, the author analyses the strategies through which this can be achieved – these strategies should include the promotion of CPD, increased demands by individuals through structured management of their CPD, and joint understanding and action by all the partners. Furthermore, commitment and motivation require an agreed framework of standards and credible approaches to measurement and recognition.
Cooperation and Competition
Authors: Formica Piero , Mitra Jay
Published: July 2017

The authors assess policies and strategies aimed at fostering the various types of innovation (organizational, infrastructural, technological) that are essential today for competitive success and local/regional economic prosperity. Central to the processes of innovation, and the consequent establishment of business ecosystems, is the encouragement of cooperation and competition between research and development activities in universities and companies. This paper examines some of the methods by which this maybe achieved, highlighting the need to distinguish between the functions of ‘research’ and ‘development’ and the increasingly significant role of university—industry companies.
The Cooperative Research Centres Programme
Authors: Tegart Greg
Published: July 2017

The Cooperative Research Centres programme was initiated in Australia in 1990 to strengthen the linkages between producers and users of research and thus ensure that research results were commercialized where appropriate. In this article, the author discusses the development of centres of expertise in Australian universities against the background of paradigm shifts in innovation, competitiveness and university-government-industry relationships. The Cooperative Research Centres programme represents the most ambitious of the various developments in recent years and he describes the selection, organization and linkages of these Centres. He analyses their impact on universities and on the research culture in Australia. Significant changes are occurring in the attitudes of researchers and traditional systems will need to be adapted to accommodate these changes. The Centres also offer opportunities for a new approach to international cooperation.
Rewards for Inventors
Authors: Handscombe R.D.
Published: July 2017

Licensing and technology transfer are more in evidence now in the UK than they were in the mid — 1980s. (The phrase ‘technology transfer’ indicates a recognition that it is more than the mere grant of a legal right that enables new products to be developed and new markets opened up.) Has the government's action in 1985, authorizing universities to exploit the inventions arising from their Research Council funded grants, played a part in this — and, if so, has a new breed of wealthy academic emerged in the process? This paper presents the author's personal view and is based on a questionnaire survey and conversations with staff at the ‘old’ UK universities who are charged with the task of technology transfer.
The Role of University Research Institutes in Technology Transfer
Authors: Martino Joseph P.
Published: July 2017

University research institutes play a unique role in transferring technology from basic research to application. This article examines the role of such institutes and examines the numerous challenges which may hinder the effectiveness of technology transfer. Suggestions are made for improving the effectiveness of technology transfer via university research institutes, and for enabling potential industry and university partners to collaborate more effectively.
Lining up for Innovation at Siemens
Authors: Theis Dietmar
Published: July 2017

An analysis of the architecture of the innovation process and the role of innovation for the electronics and electrical engineering industry is given. As an example of the implementation of a structured innovation process, the organization of Siemens' Corporate Research and Development Technology, its position in the company-wide innovation campaign and the nature of this campaign are described.
Innovative University—Industry—Government Collaboration
Authors: Dryden R.D. , Erzurumlu H.C.M.
Published: July 2017

University–industry–government partnerships have become extremely significant and important technology transfer instruments in the USA. These partnerships have also created challenges and opportunities that necessitate a new ‘culture’ or ‘mindset’ for the collaborating partners. The early identification and awareness of barriers that may jeopardize an effective collaboration has presented itself as one of the major challenges. The paper begins with a discussion of major technology transfer issues and views collaboration from the perspective of industry, government and universities. Questions such as ‘What are the primary concerns facing all partners?’ and ‘What can be done to effect change in the mindset of partners?’ are addressed in the light of case studies. The paper also describes six innovative university–industry–government collaboration models initiated in the USA that include both domestic and international ventures under implementation.
Higher Education and Economic Reforms
Authors: Ansari M.M.
Published: July 2017

The author argues that opportunities to upgrade the skills of the working population in India should be increased to enable people to adapt to a knowledge- and technology-intensive economy. The lack of such opportunities has been adversely affecting economic growth and well-being. Investments in high-quality and relevant educational programmes at all levels should be increased, with an emphasis on self-sustaining means of funding which are possible in the liberalized fiscal and financial regimes. To the extent that higher education activities are economic in nature and reward the beneficiaries, the costs of services should accordingly be recovered. The implementation of self-financing measures would, however, require the creation of a conducive policy environment through consensus building among the stakeholders to improve the responsiveness of educational systems to the manpower requirements of the emerging Indian economy, and thus to make it efficient and competitive and able to exploit new opportunities to its advantage.
Teaching Technology and Business
Authors: Gerrard Bill , Macrosson Keith
Published: July 2017

Research conducted 25 years ago in the UK established at that time that businesses required able, enthusiastic and broadly educated people who were willing to master quickly a firm's techniques and procedures and to advance to a position of responsibility and leadership. The BSc Honours degree in Technology and Business Studies (TBS) at the University of Strathclyde was designed to meet that requirement by providing students with an understanding of the language of technology and the language of business, and to link these two to provide a fluency in the communication skills used by managers on a daily basis. In an earlier paper Macrosson described the TBS degree, established in October 1974, as a new approach to the education of students wishing to enter industry, commerce or public service. Now, 23 years on from the first intake, this paper briefly outlines the current structure of the course, reviews its overall performance, and extracts the five principal lessons which the authors believe will be of help to those either establishing or reviewing a similar degree. The factual parts of the paper are based on a recently completed survey of the 190 TBS students currently on the course.
Attitudes of Entrepreneurs in SMEs towards Training in Malaysia
Authors: Abdullah Moha Asri
Published: July 2017

The significant contribution of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to national economic development is widely recognized in Malaysia. Various training programmes for SMEs have been provided by different agencies and institutions (both governmental and private-sector). The aim has been to accelerate systematic training programmes for the development of SMEs. However, it is difficult to ascertain the attitudes and perceptions of entrepreneurs in SMEs concerning these programmes, and consequently the extent to which they have made good use of them. This paper attempts to evaluate the attitudes of entrepreneurs in SMEs towards training programmes for their employees, and to examine the extent of their efforts to provide training facilities in their firms. To this end, a survey was carried out of 185 entrepreneurs in SMEs in Penang, Malaysia. The study reveals that a majority of them realize the need for training; a large percentage realize that the existing training programmes are useful and relevant to their requirements; and a majority of them provide training programmes using ‘on-the-job’ training. However, only a small percentage provide and use a specific annual budget for training. The results of the survey suggest that training efforts among the entrepreneurs remain limited despite the fact that there is a widespread realization of the importance of training.
Managing to Avoid Innovation
Authors: Vaux J. H. , Gomes M. P. S. F. , Grieve R. J. , Woolgar S. W.
Published: July 2017

This paper addresses differences in the way that the problems of small UK firms are construed by policy makers on the one hand, and by the executives of small companies on the other. The authors employ a discursively-based analysis of interviews carried out with managers of small manufacturing companies in the West London area. They suggest that SME executives construe their attitudes to advanced technology and innovation within the terms of some clear, but implicit management values which tend to lead to the perception of innovation as a risk to be managed, rather than an opportunity to be exploited. It is suggested this has significant implications for attempts to change small company culture.
Graduate Professional Education of Engineers in Industry for Innovation and Technology Leadership
Authors: Keating D. A. , Stanford T. G. , Self A. , Monniot J.
Published: July 2017

Innovation and the development of technology are recognized worldwide as the driving force for competitiveness and economic prosperity. Without diminishing the importance of scientific research, it is now evident that innovation and the development of technology constitute primarily a needs-driven creative professional practice which requires engineering leadership. Experience shows that developing technology and engineers simultaneously is a very effective way of increasing industry's capacity to innovate effectively. In order to contribute most effectively to industrial innovation and the creation of wealth, graduate engineers need to develop their practical and leadership skills as well as their technical knowledge and theoretical understanding throughout their careers. This requires an educational approach driven by the satisfaction of real industrial needs which is commensurate with the professional dimensions of engineering leadership.
Engineering Centres as Targets for Industrial Innovation
Authors: Burvill C. R. , Samuel A. E.
Published: July 2017

The Engineering Design Group (EDG) at the University of Melbourne has forged an ongoing teaching, research, design and development liaison programme with industrial partners, in particular with small and medium-sized enterprises. A government-sponsored centre, the Advanced Engineering Centre for Manufacturing has provided the necessary financial and human resources to facilitate this collaborative work. The EDG collaborative programme incorporates a staged liaison model: short-horizon senior undergraduate industrial projects and medium-horizon product design and development opportunities that can include training for industry clients, leading to long-horizon collaborative projects that attempt to enhance the technologies used in Australian industry.
Climate Protection Policy from the Point of View of Energy Policy
Authors: Boge D.
Published: July 2017

Noticeable success in reducing CO2 emissions can only be reached if the government provides the necessary framework and if a strategy of climate protection is developed with - and not against - the economy.

A policy of deliberate energy price increase, geared towards the producers with possibilities of compensation, mixed with a system of direct government incentives and limited legal measures as well as self-obligation, can best achieve reductions in emissions of 25-30%.

Even if this target is reached in Germany - as CO2 emissions would only temporarily fall by 1% - the global greenhouse problem would not be changed drastically.

A strategy for keeping in check the anthropogenic greenhouse effect has to be designed globally. At the very least, action in the whole EC is required. The suggestion of the EC-commission to introduce an EC CO2/energy tax is to be applauded.
Biofuel Demand Estimation in The Rural Domestic Energy Sector of India
Authors: Sinha Chandra Sekhar , Joshi Veena
Published: July 2017

The major efforts and their limitations to formulate rural domestic energy requirements in India are discussed. Results of some of the recent efforts for quantifying biofuel consumption in rural areas are presented thereafter. Emphasis in this paper is on the recent efforts to collate and analyze results of energy consumption survey of 638 villages covering over 39,000 households. These are used to estimate biofuel use for different agro-climatic regions in India by estimating consumption at the district level in the rural domestic sector. The results are aggregated at the state level and they are compared with other estimates for India. The range of consumption aggregated at the national level is found to vary widely (93-252 million tonnes/yr of firewood, 54-107 million tonnes/yr of animal waste and 36-99 million tonnes/yr of agricultural residues). Reasons for the wide disparity in the results is briefly discussed.
Predicting the Effects of Changes in Thermal Envelope Characteristics on Energy Consumption: Application and Verification of a Simple Model for Australian and Canadian Climates
Authors: Cornick S. M. , Thomas P.C. , Prasad D.K.
Published: July 2017

A simple energy model was used for determining thermal envelope characteristics and building envelope trade-off procedures for the new Canadian and Australian energy efficiency codes for new buildings. The model relates heating and cooling system loads to envelope thermal characteristics. It was developed from thousands of DOE2.1E simulation runs. Two separate databases, one containing 25 Canadian locations and the other containing 9 Australian locations were created. The heating and cooling models were developed from these databases. The model is shown to give consistent results although there are significant differences in climate, construction of the building envelope, building operational schedules and HVAC system configurations. This paper briefly describes the DOE2.1E models used for the study in each country, highlighting similarities and differences. The consistency of results predicted by the model is discussed for typical climatic locations in both countries. The methods for predicting heating and cooling system loads are shown to produce good results over a wide range of climates and for different system configurations. The paper also discusses the development of climate correlations to extend the range of the models to include locations not in the original databases.
Long-Term Variations in Solar Activity and Their Apparent Effect on the Earth's Climate
Authors: Lassen K.
Published: July 2017

The varying length of the 11-year cycle has been found to be strongly correlated with longterm variations of the northern hemisphere land surface air temperature since the beginning of systematic temperature variations from a global network, i.e. during the past 130 years. Although direct temperature observations before this interval are scarce, it has been possible to extend the correlation back to the 16th century due to the existence of a series of proxy temperature data published by Groveman and Landsberg in 1979. Reliable sunspot data do not exist before 1750, but we have been able to derive epochs of minimum sunspot activity from auroral observations back to 1500 and combine them with the direct observations to a homogeneous series. Comparison of the extended solar activity record with the temperature series confirms the high correlation between solar activity and northern hemisphere land surface air temperature and shows that the relationship has existed through the whole 500-year interval for which reliable data exist. A corresponding influence of solar activity has been demonstrated in other climatic parameters. Thus, both the date of arrival of spring in the Yangtze River Valley as deduced from phenological data and the extent of the sea-ice in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic Sea have been shown to be correlated with the length of the sunspot cycle during the last 450 years.
Components of variance: a miscellany
Authors: Cox D R
Published: July 2017

Some general issues connected with components of variance are reviewed. These include matters of definition, of formal inference in a normal-theory context, of goodness of fit, and of simple methods for unbalanced data.
Increasing efficiency from censored survival data by using random effects to model longitudinal covariates
Authors: Hogan Joseph W , Laird Nan M
Published: July 2017

When estimating a survival time distribution, the loss of information due to right censoring results in a loss of efficiency in the estimator. In many circumstances, however, repeated measurements on a longitudinal process which is associated with survival time are made throughout the observation time, and these measurements may be used to recover information lost to censoring. For example, patients in an AIDS clinical trial may be measured at regular intervals on CD4 count and viral load.

We describe a model for the joint distribution of a survival time and a repeated measures process. The joint distribution is specified by linking the survival time to subject-specific random effects characterizing the repeated measures, and is similar in form to the pattern mixture model for multivariate data with nonignorable nonresponse. We also describe an estimator of survival derived from this model.

We apply the methods to a long-term AIDS clinical trial, and study properties of the survival estimator. Monte Carlo simulation is used to estimate gains in efficiency when the survival time is related to the location and scale of the random effects distribution. Under relatively light censoring (20%), the methods yield a modest gain in efficiency for estimating three-year survival in the AIDS clinical trial. Our simulation study, which mimics characteristics of the clinical trial, indicates that much larger gains in efficiency can be realized under heavier censoring or with studies designed for long term follow up on survival.
Calculating reference intervals for laboratory measurements
Authors: Wright Eileen M , Royston Patrick
Published: July 2017

Reference intervals are used in laboratory medicine to detect measurements which are extreme, possibly abnormal. Methods of estimating reference intervals and age-specific reference intervals (where the measurement is dependent on a covariate, typically age) are reviewed. The issues of calculating confidence bands, determining appropriate sample sizes and assessing goodness-of-fit are discussed.
Training in Behavioral Social Work: A Pilot Study
Authors: Dillenburger Karola , Godina Lidija , Burton Maxine
Published: July 2017

Social work practice has recently become much criticized. Misapplication of procedures and ill-defined theoretical approaches have led to a view of social work as a semiprofession. A thorough theoretical and procedural revision is necessary. In this article, we will argue that a natural science approach to human behavior, such as that offered by behavior analysis, constitutes a fundamental basis for effective and accountable social work practice. A program that was designed as part of a postgraduate social work course is introduced and evaluated. The aim of this program was to establish students' professional social work competence using well-established knowledge of the principles of behavior. Contingency arrangements for students included tests, project work, and oral presentations. Program design and student progress are reported. A number of examples of student projects are given.
What Newspaper Publishers should Know about Professors of Journalism
Authors: Macdougall Curtis D.
Published: July 2017

The following was the presidential address at the convention of the American Association of Teachers of Journalism in Lexington, Ky., January 11. Dr. MacDougall is professor of journalism at the Medill School of Journalism, Northwestern University.
A Managing Editor Discusses Need for Higher Standards
Authors: Pope James S.
Published: July 2017

The managing editor of the Louisville Courier-Journal laments the poor preparation and training of newspapermen, but sees evidences of a trend toward professional improvement, particularly in innovations such as the American Press Institute.
Communication's Role in an Orderly Society
Authors: Elfenbein Julien
Published: July 2017

This analysis is a condensation of a talk given before the Third Annual Institute and Seminar for Industrial Editors on the Chicago campus of Northwestern's Medill School of Journalism. The author is an editorial director for the Haire Publishing Company, New York.
News Notes
Authors: Miller Douglass W.
Published: July 2017

News for inclusion in this section … activities of schools and departments of journalism, staff appointments and changes, curricular developments and the like … must reach Professor Miller, Division of Journalism, Stanford University, California, by the first of the month preceding publication. News for the September issue must reach him by August 1.
Photo-Journalism: An Annotated Bibliography
Authors: Wolseley Roland E.
Published: July 2017

The brevity of this bibliography can be blamed, not on its compiler's unwillingness to search the photography and journalism publications or the book shelves of numerous libraries and supply shops, but upon the editor's explicit instructions and the scarcity of material.

Professor Arpan's specific orders were: “The bibliography should contain references to photo-journalism only and should skip photography in general.” Precisely that was done, although “photo-journalism” was interpreted broadly. It meant that a few general books of special help should be included; it meant, also, a little attention to television and the news reel.

Having prepared a bibliography in the field of general journalism, the compiler knew that little had been written on photo-journalism. He was not prepared, however, for the realization that most writing on the subject is either badly out-of-date or superficial. Articles in such journals as Camera, American Photographer, Editor and Publisher, and Popular Photography usually are topical and timely but therefore highly perishable. So many technological changes have occurred in the past few years that whole books have become mere curiosities. Popular taste has affected photo-journalism also, stimulated by the growth of the picture magazine.

Photo-journalism, like newspaper circulation, radio news writing, and country journalism, is wide open for up-to-date and thorough treatment by textbook authors. At this writing there is no single book, dated later than 1939, which is intended as a basic text in a photo-journalism course or at least suitable for such use.

The compiler wishes to thank James Fosdick, assistant professor of photography, Kent State University, and C. Wesley Brewster, instructor in graphic arts, Syracuse University, for their suggestions.