bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Housing for Older Adults: New Lessons from the Past
Authors: Folts W. Edward , Muir Kenneth B.
Published: April 2003

Despite the fact that it has been nearly 40 years since the first residents moved into the first leisure-oriented retirement communities (LORCs), housing issues remain an important component of gerontological discussions. A part of the reason is that, although much progress has been made, we still do not have a coherent housing policy nor do we even agree that one is necessary. LORCs are among many different housing alternatives that could provide direction in the formulation of such a policy. Using data collected in the late 1970s through the early 1990s, this article explores the lessons learned.
Pandora’s Briefcase: Unpacking the Retirement Migration Decision
Authors: Longino Charles F. , Perzynski Adam T. , Stoller Eleanor P.
Published: April 2003

This is an exploratory study of the decision process leading to retirement migration. It uses a unique national study of a sample ( n = 255) of retirees who were aging in place in a city in the upper Midwest, and a sample ( n = 593) of retired migrants to a Southeastern community in Florida. Both sets of respondents were asked an extensive set of questions (1) about their potential move (or the experience of having moved), and how destinations are chosen; (2) about their attachments to people and places in their lives; and (3) their images of the advantages and disadvantages of living in their current and other locations. These data were sorted in a spirit of exploration; serious attempts were made to minimize advanced expectations. Pushes and pulls were found both at the origin and at the destination of retirement moves although satisfaction with current residence was very high in both places.
Life on the Margins of a Florida Retirement Community: The Experience of Snowbirds, Newcomers, and Widowed Persons
Authors: van den Hoonaard Deborah Kestin
Published: April 2003

This article adds to research on retirement communities, which has primarily looked at them at one stage in their development and assumed that a homogeneous population as a background variable contributes to high levels of social integration and a strong sense of community. It presents the situation of three groups who live in a 10-year-old Florida retirement community—snowbirds, newcomers, and widows and widowers. Members of these three groups live on the social margins of the community. The article examines both the structures within the community and the social processes that create an invisible boundary that puts marginal residents on the outside. It concludes that increasing diversity is inevitable and that homogeneity or lack thereof is in the eye of the beholder. Findings are based on participant observation and in-depth interviews.
Conflict in Retirement Communities: Applying an Analytical Framework
Authors: Streib Gordon F. , Metsch Lisa R.
Published: April 2003

This article examines how conflict and change manifest themselves in leisureoriented retirement communities. An analytical framework for studying conflict in the communities is applied to case examples to illustrate the nature and variety of conflict in retirement communities. These case examples are drawn from observations conducted by the authors as well as from previously published reports in related literature. These examples indicate that for some residents, participation in community conflict is viewed as a kind of “recreation.” Most of the residents, however, tend to stay out of community conflicts. Unless their economic interests or style of life are severely threatened or a major change is involved, the residents will generally attempt to avoid situations resulting in conflict.
Who Sustains Whose Development? Sustainable Development and the Reinvention of Nature
Authors: Banerjee Subhabrata Bobby
Published: April 2003

This paper explores the contradictions inherent in one of the more popular buzzwords of today: sustainable development. I argue that, despite claims of a paradigm shift, the sustainable development paradigm is based on an economic, not ecological, rationality. Discourses of sustainable development embody a view of nature specified by modern economic thought. One consequence of this discourse involves the transformation of ‘nature’ into ‘environment’, a transformation that has important implications for notions of how development should proceed. The ‘rational’ management of resources is integral to the Western economy and its imposition on developing countries is problematic. I discuss the implications of this ‘regime of truth’ for the Third World with particular reference to biotechnology, biodiversity and intellectual property rights. I argue that these aspects of sustainable development threaten to colonize spaces and sites in the Third World, spaces that now need to be made ‘efficient’ because of the capitalization of nature.
Systemic Exchange: Responsibility for Angst
Authors: Brooks Ian
Published: April 2003

This paper reports on research that tells the story of nurse managers’ attempts to provide a 24-hour service. Although research was contextualized within the National Health Service in the United Kingdom, the outcomes are not merely about the NHS. It is argued that middle managers, possessing delegated responsibility, are considered to be empowered. Such empowerment is accompanied by widely experienced anxiety. An escalatory and contagious process is observed which exaggerates ‘normal’ stress and challenge among middle managers into a state of selfperceived angst. It is argued that anxiety is, in effect, delegated, a process which serves to partially relieve superiors of anxiety-generating responsibilities. In contrast to arguments that players in bureaucracy ‘conspire’ to ensure that responsibility and consequent anxieties are largely held by the organizational elite, this paper argues that this traditional Weberian notion is worthy of challenge. Findings are based on qualitative data from an ethnographic research project that immersed itself in the minutiae of middle managers’ organizational lives.
Effects of the Social Origins of Alliances on Alliance Performance
Authors: Mitsuhashi Hitoshi
Published: April 2003

This research responds to the charges of two criticisms about the embeddedness approach—(1) that it does not treat embeddedness as a variable and (2) that it does not explain economic performance—by investigating how variations in the social origins of alliances account for alliance performance. The hypotheses of this research state that the strength of ties between individuals who initiate alliance formation processes is positively related to alliance performance, because such ties eliminate the uncertainty that firms face when forming alliances, reduce the likelihood of partners’ malfeasance, and facilitate information exchange for sharing tacit knowledge. However, analysis of the mail survey data on biopharmaceutical R&D alliances indicates that such a simple association does not exist. Rather, one possible interpretation of the findings is that the activation of strong ties in forming alliances seems to be a double-edged sword that not only creates an opportunity for building successful alliances but also restricts the ability of organizations to acquire heterogeneous information and cutting-edge knowledge.
Social Movement Organizations: A Metaphor for Strategic Actors in Institutional Fields
Authors: Hensmans Manuel
Published: April 2003

Faced with increasing real-time dislocation of institutionalized practices in empirical studies, it has become clear that neo-institutional theory is still ill-equipped to elucidate strategies of change in institutional fields. In this article, I endorse the claim that neo-institutional theory can both become more strategic and give a richer meaning to the strategy-formation process by integrating issues of ideology, power and agency in a political-cultural rhetoric of legitimation. Using the social movement metaphor to describe institutional change, I study incumbents and challengers as potentially antagonistic social movement organizations (SMOs) that strive to hegemonize entrepreneurship in fields. After having outlined a model linking institutional change to the strategy-formation process, I identify four archetypes of SMOs and strategic propensities, and illustrate the presented propositions about the incumbent SMO-challenger SMO dynamic using the case of emerging Internet challengers in the music industry.
The complexity of groups
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C.
Published: April 2003

Valadez’ book is an excellent investigation of the question of group rights. Nonetheless, there are some serious objections to group rights that he does not investigate. Groups contain hierarchies of power: thus giving legal privileges to a group is usually tantamount to giving more power to those already in power within the group. Groups have unclear and changing boundaries of membership; group rights often reify the current definition of a group and militate against change. Finally, there are ‘dispersed groups’ that may be very important in people’s identity, but that do not figure in the usual discussions of group ethno-cultural rights; the group of women, groups defined by sexual orientation, profession or the love of something. Such groups are unlikely to win legal privileges but then, giving legal privileges to the ethno-cultural groups makes them more salient by contrast with the ‘dispersed groups’. I investigate these points, using a variety of examples.
At the limits of political theory
Authors: Mendieta Eduardo
Published: April 2003

Jorge Valadez’s important contribution to political theory in general, and multicultural citizenship in particular, is assessed from the standpoint of the duplicitous role ‘culture’ plays in contemporary political theory. After underscoring its virtues, the essay turns to a discussion of three major concerns that the book raises: its negativistic view of the culture of the oppressed; its anachronistic proposal about universal property rights; and the way the author might have to revise its view of the ethnogroups in order to deal appropriately with Latinos in the USA.
Reflexive public deliberation
Authors: Bohman James
Published: April 2003

Deliberative democracy defends an ideal of equality as political efficacy. Jorge Valadez offers a defense of such an ideal given cultural pluralism of ethnopolitical groups. He develops an epistemological account of the fact of pluralism as entailing incommensurable conceptual frameworks. While his account goes a long way towards identifying the problems with neutrality and many other liberal solutions to the problem of pluralism, it is still too liberal in certain ways. First, he draws the limits of deliberation and political inclusion too narrowly, giving little role for the toleration of non-liberal groups and too great a role to autonomy in deliberation. Second, incommensurability overemphasizes the theoretical nature of cultural conflicts and the need for background agreements on certain political values and thus also underappreciates practical solutions that leave disagreements intact. Finally, the contemporary fact of pluralism is not limited to relations among distinct cultures in this way, but is far more multidimensional, given multiple political memberships and the mutual interdependence and intense interaction among widely dispersed groups.
Congruency of Identity Style in Married Couples
Authors: COOK JERRY L. , JONES RANDALL M.
Published: April 2003

According to Erik Erikson, identity is an important precursor to the satisfaction that one gains from intimate relationships during adulthood. Identity styles refer to the processes by which individuals construct and reconstruct their personal identity or sense of self. Berzonsky identified the following three identity styles (orientations): information orientation, characterized by exploration, evaluation, and use of self-relevant information; normative orientation, characterized by conformity to the expectations of significant others; and diffuse orientation, characterized by procrastination and avoidance. This study assessed the degree to which similarity in identity styles contributes to marital satisfaction among recently married couples ( N = 84 couples). Analyses indicate that (a) men report greater marital satisfaction than women, (b) couples with similar identity styles report greater marital satisfaction than couples with dissimilar identity styles, and (c) women's reports of marital satisfaction are more influenced (than men) by similarity of identity style.
First Comes Cohabitation and then Comes Marriage?
Authors: MANNING WENDY D. , SMOCK PAMELA J.
Published: April 2003

Recent evidence indicates an overall retreat from marriage. Cohabitation has contributed to this trend as cohabiting unions are increasingly not resulting in marriage. As an initial step in understanding why some cohabiting couples do not marry, the authors examine factors associated with cohabitors' marriage expectations. The authors focus particularly on the effects of socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity because prior research has suggested that the retreat from marriage in the United States has been more marked among Blacks than among non-Hispanic Whites or Hispanics and also for those of lower socioeconomic status. Using the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth, we find Black cohabiting women have lower odds of expecting marriage. However, for all race and ethnic groups the probability of expecting to marry depends on men's socioeconomic position.
The Impact of Social Background on Gender-role Ideology
Authors: KULIK LIAT
Published: April 2003

The study examines the effects of parental background variables on parent-child differences in sex typing of roles and occupations, using a sample of Israeli fathers and mothers and their adolescent children ( n = 134 in each group). In general, mothers held more liberal attitudes, followed by their children, whereas fathers appeared to be the most conservative. Parents' background variables were found to have some effect on their own attitudes as well as their children's attitudes to gender roles, but no impact on sex typing of occupations was found. Mothers' and fathers' education, as well as the mother's work status, significantly affected the views of both parents and children on the question of gender role. Parents with more education and families with full-time working mothers tended to be more liberal. The mother's place of birth, degree of family's religiosity, and number of children influenced parental attitudes but not those of offspring.
Cohabitation, Marriage, and Remarriage
Authors: SKINNER KEVIN B. , BAHR STEPHEN J. , CRANE D. RUSSELL , CALL VAUGHN R. A.
Published: April 2003

Using longitudinal data from the 1987 to 1988 (Wave I) and 1992 to 1993 (Wave II) National Survey of Family and Households, the authors compared long-term cohabiting, married, and remarried couples in four areas of relationship quality at Wave II (happiness, communication, fairness, and disagreements). Comparisons were made after controlling for presence of a child, relationship duration, educational level, gender, ethnic status, and relationship quality at Wave I. We found that long-term cohabiting couples reported lower relationship happiness and fairness than other types of couples. Couples who cohabited prior to marriage were similar to couples who did not cohabit prior to marriage, whether the couples were in first marriages or remarriages. Differences were small among the types of couples in level of communication or disagreements.
Who am I in Relation to Them?
Authors: OSWALD RAMONA FAITH
Published: April 2003

Nine gay, lesbian, and queer adults who were raised in rural areas but now live in the city returned to their families and communities of origin to attend family weddings. The shift from urban to rural, nonfamily to family, everyday to ritual, was a shift by which they renegotiated their sense of self as different from their families and communities of origin. What it meant to be gay, lesbian, or queer (GLQ) depended upon specific interaction contexts. The negotiation of being different as GLQ occurred within dialectics of visibility/invisibility, closeness/distance, and comfort/discomfort during weddings. Results presented here emerged as significant within a larger study of heterosexism and family ritual. Data were collected in focus group interviews and analyzed inductively using a combination of family discourse and grounded theory methods.
Factors Contributing to Increasing Marital Stability in the United States
Authors: HEATON TIM B.
Published: April 2003

Results from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth indicate that marriages contracted after 1980 are becoming more stable. This article examines several individual characteristics in search of an explanation for increasing stability. A person-year file is created and logistic regression is used to determine which covariates account for the negative effect of year in a model predicting the likelihood of marital dissolution. Increasing experience of premarital sex, premarital birth, cohabitation, and racial and religious heterogamy are detracting from marital stability. However, rising age at marriage and, to a lesser degree, increased education are associated with increasing marital stability. These latter effects more than counterbalance the factors associated with instability leading to an overall decline in the rate of marital dissolution.
Stepparents
Authors: MASON MARY ANN , HARRISON-JAY SYDNEY , SVARE GLORIA MESSICK , WOLFINGER NICHOLAS H.
Published: April 2003

In most states, stepparents have little or no legal decision-making authority. Stepchildren do not receive the legal recognition as dependents that triggers a safety net in the event of death or divorce, nor do former stepparents have the legal right to visitation or custody. However, the lack of legal recognition of the stepparent role may not reflect the reality of contemporary stepfamilies. This article examines stepfamily functioning with the aim of creating a new policy orientation. We draw on both the National Survey of Families and Households and an in-depth study of 27 stepfamilies to investigate the everyday functioning of stepparents with regard to caregiving tasks, discipline, distribution of economic resources, attitudes toward legal status, and perception of parental roles. The findings support a new policy initiative that would legally recognize stepparents as de facto parents for a variety of purposes.
Dispelling the Myths
Authors: CASPER LYNNE M. , SMITH KRISTIN E.
Published: April 2003

We use 1995 data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation to examine how race and class are related to self-care among children 5 to 13 years old. We find that contrary to popular belief, self-care is less common among minority and lower-class children. We also find that factors such as income and neighborhood safety are related to self-care and can attenuate the relationships observed between race, class, and self-care. Our analyses also indicate that variations in self-care by race, class, income level, and neighborhood safety are dependent on the age of the child, with a major transition in self-care occurring between the ages of 8 and 10.
Too Old for Child Care? Too Young for Self-care?
Authors: POLATNICK M. RIVKA
Published: April 2003

The transition to middle school when children are 10 or 11 can be difficult for employed-parent families; often they must fashion new after-school arrangements in a context of limited options and conflicting views about appropriate care. Based on interviews in a California city with 22 preteens and 26 of their working-class through upper-middle-class parents, this article examines how families negotiated those arrangements. The transition to middle school entailed an abrupt drop-off in school-based care resources and school-to-parent communication and emboldened most of the preteens to press for more autonomy. Some families slipped into self-care arrangements, usually despite parents' misgivings; others pieced together complicated plans for after-school coverage. The author analyzes structural and cultural factors that influenced family negotiations and discusses how middle schools and their communities can be more responsive to the needs of employed-parent families.
Caring for Teenage Children
Authors: KURZ DEMIE
Published: April 2003

In this article, the author explores the care involved in parenting teenage children. Parenting at this stage, when teenagers are on the cusp of independence, requires strategies of monitoring and controlling children that are often not thought of as carework. The author focuses her analysis on one particular area of great concern to parents—control over teenagers' freedom of movement. Parents see control over their children's whereabouts as essential for keeping children safe. In presenting her data—interviews with mothers and teenagers—the author highlights the interactive aspect of this work. This kind of carework is above all a series of negotiations between parents and teenage children as teenagers try to gain more independence and parents try to maintain some control over them. Another important part of this analysis is to demonstrate that this type of parenting work is strongly affected by larger social forces of gender, class, and race.
Social Domains and Concepts of Care
Authors: GAREY ANITA ILTA
Published: April 2003

This article analyzes the design and implementation of a state-funded after-school program by focusing on the social domains of family, schooling, and law enforcement as they converge at the site of after-school care. In the contested terrain of after-school programs, these different domains incorporate divergent concepts of care that are forced into juxtaposition and engagement. Care is alternatively defined as nurturing protection, instruction, or containment. The collision between these competing definitions explains some of the confusion and passion in debates about child care.
The Relationship Between Daily Marital Interaction, Work, and Health-Promoting Behaviors in Dual-Earner Couples
Authors: Doumas Diana M. , Margolin Gayla , John Richard S.
Published: April 2003

This article examines the spillover and crossover patterns between an individual’s daily work experiences and health-promoting behaviors and daily marital interaction in 49 dual-earner couples. Husbands and wives separately completed daily diaries that included questions about work experiences, health-promoting behaviors, and marital interactions over 42 consecutive days. Pooled time series regression analyses were performed to examine transmission patterns between daily individual experiences and marital interaction. Spillover patterns were demonstrated from both individual experiences to marital interaction the same day and from marital interaction to individual experiences the next day. In general, spouses reported more positive marital interaction on days when they worked less, felt more energetic, ate more, and relaxed more. Spouses also reported working, eating, and relaxing more on days after husbands’ negative marital interaction was reported. Patterns of spillover also differed for husbands and wives, suggesting that wives may be more reactive to their husbands’ experiences and behaviors than vice versa.
Violent Family Heritage, the Transition to Adulthood, and Later Partner Violence
Authors: Lackey Chad
Published: April 2003

This article applies the age-graded theory of informal social control, an influential theory in the field of criminology, to explain continuity and change in the effect of violent family origins on later partner violence. The theory is tested on a sample of married and/or cohabiting men and women from a nationally representative panel study, in other words, the National Youth Survey. Path analysis indicates that among men, commitment to their partner and work during young adulthood mediates the effect of violent family heritage on later partner violence. Thus, these commitments represent the possibility of change for those on violent pathways. Regarding continuity in intergenerational transmission, the effects of adolescent violence on later partner violence are particularly strong for men. Among women, however, such evidence of behavioral continuity and change is limited. Implications for research and policy are discussed.
The Dimensionality of Family Differentiation and the Prediction of Adolescent Internalized Distress
Authors: Cohen Elan A. , Vasey Michael W. , Gavazzi Stephen M.
Published: April 2003

The construct of family differentiation describes patterns of distance regulation within families. These patterns reflect the relative degree of individuality and intimacy that characterize a family system. Family differentiation levels are linked to a variety of adolescent adjustment variables. Despite being conceptualized theoretically as a bidimensional construct, family differentiation has typically been presented in past research as a unidimensional variable. This study employed the multiple perspectives of mothers, fathers, and adolescents to examine the fit of unidimensional versus bidimensional structure of this family system construct as well as to evaluate its predictive relationship with an adolescent internalized distress latent construct derived from indicators related to anxiety, worry, and depression. Findings supported the bidimensionality of family differentiation and the significant predictive influence of one of the two dimensions (i.e., tolerance for individuality) on the internalized distress of adolescents. These findings and issues related to future research are discussed.
Divorce Among Moslem Arabs Living in Israel
Authors: Savaya Rivka , Cohen Orna
Published: April 2003

This article compares reasons for divorce among two groups of Arab women: regular divorcees, who divorced after living with their husbands, and contract divorcees, who divorced during the waiting period between the signing of the marriage contract and actual cohabitation. The regular divorcees reported more reasons for divorcing than the contract divorcees and were considerably more prone to cite their husband’s physical, sexual, and verbal abuse; lack of commitment to the marriage and family; and alcoholism and mental illness, as well as interference by their in-laws. The contract divorcees were more prone to cite failure to get along, lack of communication, and conflicts over traditional and/or modern lifestyle. These patterns suggest that the regular divorcees divorced for more concrete reasons and only after their marriage had become unbearable, whereas the contract divorcees ended their unions when they realized they would not find compatibiity, communication, and a shared lifestyle.
Conjugal Roles and Social Networks in Japanese Families
Authors: Ishii-Kuntz Masako , Maryanski A. R.
Published: April 2003

In a study on family and social networks, Elizabeth Bott argued that conjugal role performance is primarily a function of the configuration of friends and relatives associated with each spouse. For over three decades, this relationship has been repeatedly tested with unresolved findings due, in part, to different research techniques and the ambiguity in Bott’s theory itself. To cast light on this intriguing issue, we transported Bott’s ideas to Japan and applied them to a sample of 40 husbands and wives. Strong support was found for Bott’s core hypothesis: Japanese couples who are each embedded in a high-density social network have segregated role relations; couples who are embedded in a low-density network have joint role relations. We then offer a causal model of Bott’s theory to help illuminate what we see as a trend in role sharing among Japanese couples.
A Wife’s Separate Financial Arrangement in Contemporary Japan
Authors: Ono Hiromi , Luoh Ming-Ching
Published: April 2003

This article tests the applicability of Treas’s transaction cost economic framework to contexts outside the allocation of bank accounts among married couples in the United States. Using the Japanese Panel Study of Consumer Life, the authors apply logistic regressions among Japanese couples who have joint accounts to predict (a) the chance that the wife has a separate bank account from the joint account and (b) the chance that she has an allowance. The results provide only partial support for the hypotheses based on Treas’s framework. Whereas Treas argues that the potential discontinuity of a marriage has a major influence on a couple’s separate financial arrangement, the study finds no evidence consistent with this argument. Although some of Treas’s hypotheses are well supported when predicting the chance that a Japanese wife has an allowance, the same hypotheses are not supported when predicting the chance that she has a separate bank account.
Examining The Impact Of External Influences On Police Use Of Deadly Force Over Time
Authors: White Michael D.
Published: April 2003

Prior deadly force research has sought to identify appropriate mechanisms that can effectively control police officers’ decisions to use deadly force. However, the relative impact of external discretion control policies on police shooting behavior remains largely unknown. Using data from Philadelphia for a period of more than two decades, this article employs interrupted time-series analysis (ARIMA) to examine the impact of legislation and judicial intervention on use of deadly force by Philadelphia police officers. The article also considers the impact of larger, community-level characteristics on levels of deadly force. Findings produced modest support for the potential effect of external discretion control policies and community-level factors on police shooting behavior but generally suggest that dynamic changes in the internal working environment can outweigh the influence of the external mechanisms.
Handheld Computers
Authors: Fletcher Linda A. , Erickson Darin J. , Toomey Traci L. , Wagenaar Alexander C.
Published: April 2003

Recent advances in handheld computer hardware and software may provide alternatives to paper-based data collection methods. The authors compared data collected with paper forms to data collected with handheld computer-based forms in a field observation study of alcohol purchase attempts at 47 community festivals in a large metropolitan area. Agreement between data collected with paper forms and data collected with handheld computers was greater than 95%. Computer-based forms handled branching patterns better and yielded data that were immediately available for analyses. Paper forms handled written comments better. Handheld computers are a feasible alternative to paper forms for field data collection.
Many A Slip Between Cup And Lip
Authors: Forsetlund Louise , Talseth Kristine Olaisen , Bradley Peter , Nordheim Lena , Bjørndal Arild
Published: April 2003

The main aims of this study are to document whether an intervention for promoting evidence-based public health practice had been delivered as intended and to explore the reasons for its lack of impact. Process data from the implementation of the program and data from interviews with 40 public health physicians are analyzed. Although they expressed satisfaction with the service, the doctors experienced the program as rather irrelevant for their daily work. They did not perceive that they dealt with many issues relevant for the use of research information, and if they did, referring to research would not make any difference to the way others perceived their advice. There is a need to develop more overlying strategies for integrating evidence into decision making than addressing the individual level.
Where and to What Extent is Prevention of Low Birth Weight Possible?
Authors: Newburn-Cook Christine V. , White Debbie , Svenson Lawrence W. , Demianczuk Nestor N. , Bott Nancy , Edwards Joy
Published: April 2003

Low birth weight (LBW), due to shortened gestation and/or inadequate fetal growth, is the major determinant of infant mortality and morbidity. Despite improvements in infant mortality, there has been no reduction in LBW rates. The authors examined the relationship between 33 maternal characteristics and the increased risks of preterm (PT) delivery or small-for-gestational-age (SGA) births in 76,444 Alberta women 1994-1997. PT was associated with preexisting medical conditions, obstetrical history, and pregnancy complications. Modifiable factors such as advanced maternal age contributed only 11% to the overall PT risk. SGA births were associated with several modifiable factors, including low prepregnancy weight, maternal age, smoking, drinking, and drug dependency. These contributed to 29% and 31% of PT and term SGA births. Smoking remains an important target for intervention, having contributed to 8% of PT births and about 24% of SGA births. SGA appears to be more amenable to prevention than PT delivery.
Barriers and Facilitators in Nursing Home Intervention Research
Authors: Mentes Janet C. , Tripp-Reimer Toni
Published: April 2003

Conducting intervention research in nursing home (NH) settings is particularly challenging because of the advanced age and frailty of the participants and the characteristics of the setting itself. The purpose of this project was to better understand the barriers and facilitators to the research process in NHs. Three primary data sources were used: investigator field notes, guided interviews with the research team and NH staff members, and research assistant (RA) e-mail communications. Data were analyzed using qualitative content and matrix analytic techniques. Barriers to the research process were largely congruent with previously identified NH staff characteristics, such as lack of communication between NH staff and the research team, ineffective nursing leadership, decreased staff-to-resident ratios, and high turnover of NH staff. Research facilitators emerged in two overlapping areas, intraresearch team issues such as the flexibility and compatibility of the RAs, effective NH staff-to-research team communication, and the presence of an effective nurse leader in the NH.
Spirituality and Health in Older Thai Persons in the United States
Authors: Pincharoen Sumon , Congdon Joann G.
Published: April 2003

Health and spiritual phenomena are viewed differently depending on the cultural perspective. This study describes spirituality as perceived and experienced by older Thai persons. Specific aims were to describe how spirituality helped older Thai persons maintain their health and to describe what they valued most as they aged. A qualitative, descriptive study informed by ethnographic methods was utilized. The sample included 9 older Thai persons from an urban U.S. community. Data were generated using ethnographic interviews and participant observation. Data analysis incorporated coding, categorizing, and theme development. Rigor was guided by Lincoln and Guba. Five major themes emerged from the data: Connecting with spiritual resources provided comfort and peace, finding harmony through a healthy mind and body, living a valuable life, valuing tranquil relationships with family and friends, and experiencing meaning and confidence in death. For these Thai participants, health and spirituality coexisted and were linked to all of life.
Sunny Days on Sesame Street? Multiculturalism and Resistance Postmodernism
Authors: Kraidy Ute Sartorius
Published: April 2003

Now in its fourth decade, Sesame Street, which has been called one of the most influential children's shows in television history, plays an important role in shaping society's construction of multiculturalism. This article addresses the role of educational children's television as a contributor to the forging of the notion of multiculturalism by analyzing Sesame Street's suitability as a tool for multicultural pedagogy. Using McLaren's theory of resistance postmodernism (1994), this study argues that while Sesame Street does not directly provide a language for educators to critique social and cultural practices, it is a text that allows and invites multifaceted dialogues that critically discern an Other in the construction of identity.
When Computers Say It with Feeling: Communication and Synthetic Emotions in Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey
Authors: Nofz Michael P. , Vendy Phil
Published: April 2003

The late Stanley Kubrick's film 2001: A Space Odyssey portrayed a computer, HAL 9000, that appeared to be a conscious entity, especially given that it seemed capable of some forms of emotional expression. This article examines the film's portrayal of communication between HAL 9000 and the astronauts. Recent developments in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) (and synthetic emotions in particular) as well as social science research on human emotions are reviewed. Interpreting select scenes from 2001 in light of these findings, the authors argue that computer-generated emotions may be so realistic that they suggest inner feelings and consciousness. Refinements in AI technology are now making such realism possible. The need for a less anthropomorphic approach with computers that appear to have feelings is stressed.
Text As Cultural Antagonist: The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana
Authors: Peterson Valerie
Published: April 2003

The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana took part in discourses about sex in the United States in the early 1960s. Initial reactions to it display its political charge and its potential for offering alternatives to traditional sex-related ideologies. A discussion of historical context and close analysis of early commentary and reviews show, in detail, how the Kama Sutra cut against familiar racial, cultural, class, gender, and sexual biases. Chantal Mouffe's political philosophy of radical and plural democracy is used to make sense of these initial responses, laying out the implications of the Kama Sutra as both political antagonist and political enemy. In the process, implications of this analysis for the Kama Sutra's role in U.S. sex discourses, in particular, and the political role that sex literature and other antagonistic discourses play in democratic politics, in general, are discussed.
Janet Cooke in Hindsight: Reconsideration of a Paradigmatic Case in Journalism Ethics
Authors: Borden Sandra L.
Published: April 2003

Discourse produced in 1996 by journalists and journalism educators on the Internet was analyzed using a philosophical method called casuistry to see how they evaluated the Janet Cooke case fifteen years later. This analysis shows that these journalists, in reconsidering the Janet Cooke case, tended to favor scaling back tentative exceptions to the paradigm of journalistic lying that had emerged in response to the New Journalism of the 1960s and the Watergate investigation in the 1970s. This analysis illustrates the gradual refinement of moral concepts in journalism.
Kill the Cat Killers: Moral Panic and Juvenile Crime in Slovenia
Authors: Bulc Gregor
Published: April 2003

Through the concept of moral panic, the author analyzes public reactions to three high school boys from Tržič, Slovenia, who were accused of killing more than forty cats in March 2000. The author uses discourse analysis to interpret newspaper articles and television reports and to examine the nature of quotes offered by state agents and experts. The analysis is based on the constructionist paradigm and focuses on the claim makers rather than the behavior and people defined as deviant. The author emphasizes the considerable role of the mass media, experts, interest groups, and popular myths in the emergence of the moral panic. He argues that moral panics regarding youth function as a symptom of broader ideological struggles between different discourses and regulative practices. He suggests the way the concept should be used in the East European context in the light of economic, sociopolitical, and cultural changes that took place there.
The Politics of Location: Ethnic Identity and Cultural Conflict in the Cinema of the South Asian Diaspora
Authors: Rajgopal Shoba S.
Published: April 2003

In the past two decades of the twentieth century, a new movement began in mass media with the work of South Asian diasporic filmmakers in the West. Asian films no longer lurk outside in the periphery but have entered the mainstream, with the great success of the film by British Asian filmmaker Gurinder Chadha released in 2002, Bend It Like Beckham. Chadha is the first Asian woman to have made inroads into the mainstream public sphere of the West with her films. Her films give priority to class, race, and gender issues and focus on the position of marginalized outsiders, the working classes of the western metropolis, much of which is made up by people of color from Britain’s former colonies in Asia and Africa. This article examines the representation of female subaltern identity in Chadha’s films using the lens of cultural studies and postcolonial theory.
Rooted in Nations, Blossoming in Globalization? A Cultural Perspective on the Content of a “Northern” Mainstream and a “Southern” Alternative News Agency
Authors: Rauch Jennifer
Published: April 2003

This study compares news coverage produced by the mainstream Associated Press (AP) and the alternative Inter Press Service (IPS), an organization that highlights development issues and seeks balanced geographic representation in journalism. A cultural analysis of the two agencies’content provides a concrete example of how AP and IPS articles represent the South differently at the level where audiences actually experience news: the text. The qualitative analysis finds that in reporting on the Group of 77 Summit that convened in Cuba in 2000, IPS discourse emphasizes Southern nations’ cooperation, achievement, and goals, while the AP frames the event in terms of their disunity, neglect, and controversy. It concludes that the dominant agency filters news through U.S. hegemonic interests and assumptions, underscoring the need for more diverse sources of information in order for the public to adequately assess world events.
The 1997 United Parcel Service Strike: Framing the Story for Popular Consumption
Authors: Martin Christopher R.
Published: April 2003

The United Parcel Service (UPS) strike of August 1997 is now commonly cited as labor’s greatest success of the 1990s, when 185,000 Teamster workers brought the nation’s largest parcel delivery service to a standstill and won most of their demands. Despite the fact that millions of consumers in the United States were touched by inconveniences, the majority of citizens supported the striking workers. Also surprising, many mainstream news media dropped their typical consumer-oriented frames for telling stories about labor and instead presented a range of opinions about the status of part-time workers in the American economy, the years of downsizing at U.S. corporations, and the question of fair wages. This critical case study analyzes news frames of national television and print reports and discusses the factors behind such unusual coverage.
The Impact of Power-of-Speech Style, Argument Strength, and Need for Cognition on Impression Formation, Cognitive Responses, and Persuasion
Authors: Hosman Lawrence A. , Huebner Thomas M. , Siltanen Susan A.
Published: April 2003

This study investigated the impact of power-of-speech style, need for cognition, and argument quality on participants’ perceptions of a speaker, cognitive responses, and attitude toward the topic. Based on the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) of persuasion, it was hypothesized that the three independent variables would interact to affect cognitive responses and attitude toward the topic. The results did not support the hypothesis. Path analysis was also used to analyze the data. The path analysis revealed that power-of-speech style had a small, direct effect on attitude and several, indirect effects mediated by cognitive response categories. Argument quality had a direct effect on attitude toward topic. The results are discussed in terms of their importance for the persuasive effects of power-of-speech style, with specific focus on the role of speech style in an ELM framework.
Gender-Linked Differences in the Style and Content of E-Mails to Friends
Authors: Colley Ann , Todd Zazie
Published: April 2003

Previous research has found gender differences in the style of language used in both written communication and face-to-face interaction. Such differences have also been found in electronic interactions with strangers. This study examined the style and content of emails describing a recent holiday written by men and women for male and female friends. In line with traditional gender stereotypes, some gender differences were found in the topics covered, in the form of greater coverage of the social and domestic topics of shopping, night life, and cost by women; and the impersonal, external topics of the location, journey, and local people by men. The e-mails from female participants contained a higher incidence of features associated with the maintenance of rapport and intimacy than those from male participants, and this was more pronounced in the e-mails from female participants to male friends.
Gender Differences in Vocal Accommodation:
Authors: Namy Laura L. , Nygaard Lynne C. , Sauerteig Denise
Published: April 2003

This study examined how perceptual sensitivity contributes to gender differences in vocal accommodation. Male and female shadowers repeated isolated words presented over headphones by male and female speakers, and male and female listeners evaluated whether accommodation occurred. Female shadowers accommodated more than males, and more to males than to female speakers, although some speakers elicited greater accommodation than others. Gender differences in accommodation emerged even when immediate social motives were minimized, suggesting that accommodation may be due, in part, to differences in perceptual sensitivity to vocal characteristics.
Adolescents' Relationships With Parents
Authors: Williams Angie
Published: April 2003

Adolescents' relationships with parents are examined in this article. The perspective taken here is in terms of communication negotiations centering around three main dialectical forces at work in the parent-adolescent relationship. These forces are autonomy versus connection, privacy versus open boundaries, and an interindividual versus intergroup dimension. It is suggested that conceptualizing parent-adolescent communication as dynamic and processual across the short and long term may be more useful than focusing on the parent-as-agent or issuing recipes for successful communication with adolescents.
Adolescent Communication With Adults In Authority
Authors: Drury John
Published: April 2003

Adults in authority (teachers, employers, police officers, doctors, benefits officers, etc.) have been found to view adolescents as lacking in communication skills and even the motivation to communicate with them. Adolescents themselves, on the other hand, highlight issues of power and a lack of respect in causing problems in their communication with these adults. This review suggests that mutually antagonistic representations might feed into the interaction between the two groups; recommends more fine-grained research on such interaction; and argues that initiative to improve young people's "communication skills" may serve as part of an individual-blaming agenda.
Adolescent Risk Behaviors And Communication Research
Authors: McKay Susan
Published: April 2003

Examples of recent research into adolescent risk behaviors from a variety of disciplines and methodologies, denoting the range of researchers interested in this area and whose interest in communication and language articulates and exemplifies the extent of the field, are surveyed in this article.