bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Motor output matters: Evidence of a continuous relationship between Stop/No‐go P300 amplitude and peak force on failed inhibitions at the trial‐level
Authors: Nguyen An T. , Albrecht Matthew A. , Lipp Ottmar V. , Marinovic Welber
Published: March 2020

Motor actions can be suppressed with varying degrees of success, but this variability is not often captured as responses are typically represented as binary (response vs. no‐response). Although the Stop/No‐go P300 has been implicated as an index of inhibitory‐control, it is unclear how the range of motor outputs relates to the P300. We examined the nature of this association in two experiments using an Anticipatory Timing and a Go/No‐go Task, while measuring peak force, movement onset time, and P300. In both experiments, our results showed that trial‐by‐trial P300 amplitude on Failed Inhibitions were continuously related to peak force, where higher force (reflecting a greater degree of error) was associated with smaller P300 amplitude. Compared to Successful Inhibitions, P300 amplitude and onset latency on Failed Inhibitions were significantly reduced and delayed. Although the binary categorization of inhibition‐success (Successful vs. Failed) accounts for significant variance in the P300, it misses a reliable linear relationship that can be captured by continuous measures of motor output. Overall, the results provide evidence that P300 may reflect the continuously varying engagement of inhibitory‐control. We present an activation model to visualize the P300‐force association and to illustrate how motor output might be modeled in the context of inhibitory‐control. Our results highlight the relevance of P300 amplitude and the importance of studying the spectrum of motor output and the need for future models to account for motor output.
Multidimensional Publicness and Collaboration for Community Benefits: The Case of U.S. Hospitals
Authors: Min Naon , Lee Keon‐Hyung , Yang Kaifeng
Published: March 2020

Recent research on publicness has called for nuanced attention to various aspects of publicness and their effects; in the meantime, public value research has remained largely theoretical and qualitative, calling for more empirical testing. Integrating these two different but related areas in the literature, this article examines how three publicness dimensions (regulative, normative, and cultural publicness) affect organizations’ collaborative activities for community benefits. Using data from the 2009 American Hospital Association survey, this article shows that all three dimensions are positively associated with hospitals’ collaboration for community benefits. Implications for future research on publicness, public value, and collaboration are discussed.
Crossing the finish line? A review of college completion inequality in the United States by race and class
Authors: Jeffrey Wesley
Published: March 2020

Although most students graduate from high school and enroll in college the following fall, rates of entry into higher education and completion of a bachelor's degree continue to be stratified by race and class. Because of the potential returns that accrue to individuals and society overall when students complete their 4‐year degree, these disparate trends should motivate more policy‐relevant research in this area. In this review, I show how a longitudinal perspective of the path to a BA degree helps to reconcile competing theories of college completion by race and class across disciplinary boundaries. Both human capital theory and status attainment theory largely examine college completion as the long‐term process of BA attainment, although they differ in their focal stages and mechanisms. In contrast, the theory of categorical inequality, as applied in this review, focuses on the years in higher education and describes the ways in which colleges and universities as organizations create, legitimate, and reinforce categorical distinctions in postsecondary schooling and how these processes independently shape college completion inequality. As public interest grows in holding colleges accountable for their graduation rates, more research is needed on how the formal and informal organizational policies and practices of colleges produce inequality.
Transnational regimes of labor and statelessness: Intersections of citizenship regimes and local norms in East and Southeast Asia
Authors: Ishii Sari K.
Published: March 2020

This article offers a review of the literature on transnational labor regimes and statelessness to pursue further theorization from East and Southeast Asian contexts. The main focus is on how local norms (local sense of belonging, local moral code, and local hierarchies) are entangled with national‐level citizenship regimes to legitimate the discrimination of certain people to be statelessness and secure low‐wage migrant workers for thenew global labor regime. First, traditional literature on citizenship and statelessness was reviewed; binary theoretical frameworks (including citizens/excluding non‐citizens) based on political recognition were indicated as the main limitations. Second, recent theories arguing for an intersection between national citizenship regimes and anew global labor regimewere reviewed. Third, recent theories that illuminate the importance of local contexts in determining citizens' rights were reviewed based on formal exclusion and informal inclusion as well as formal inclusion and informal exclusion. Finally, it was concluded that further theorization is needed on how citizenship regimes and local norms intersect to produce statelessness, securing low‐wage migrant workers for the global labor regime through theglobal assemblages approach. Through the paper, East and Southeast Asia were illuminated as potentially fruitful research sites for further theorization on the topic.
Developing teacher content understanding by integrating pH and logarithms concepts
Authors: Glassmeyer David , Smith Andrew , Gardner Kimberly
Published: March 2020

Logarithms are notorious for being a difficult concept to understand and teach. Research suggests that learners can be supported in understanding logarithms by making connections between mathematics and science concepts such as pH. This study investigated how an integrated chemistry and mathematics lesson impacted 29 teachers’ understanding of the logarithmic relationship and pH. Pre‐ and post‐test data indicated 23 teachers improved their understanding of logarithms and 28 improved their understanding of pH, suggesting that teacher educators in both science and mathematics context can use this approach to foster better understanding with their teachers and ultimately school students. Our analysis also identified professional development components and teacher characteristics associated with gains in understanding of pH and logarithms, which mathematics and science teacher educators can use to strategically adapt and implement the lesson within other teacher education settings.
“Racial Classification Is Meaningless”: Why Racial Classification in South Africa Is Unintelligible for Some Eritrean Refugees
Authors: Tewolde Amanuel Isak
Published: March 2020

Objective

The article's objective is to explore how Eritrean refugees self‐identified in the face of racial classification in South Africa.

Methods

A qualitative approach and one‐on‐one interviews were conducted with participants.

Results

As part of a larger study that resulted in diverse themes, this article discusses Eritrean refugees who interpreted the South African racial classification system as meaningless.

Conclusion

The rejection of the host country's racial classification scheme emerged among some first‐generation Eritrean refugees who did not have racial self‐awareness in Eritrea and who were strongly embedded in their ethnic communities and enclaves in urban South Africa, isolated from the host community. Furthermore, some refugees' rejection of the racial system in South Africa reinforces some South African nationals' call for the dismantling of the apartheid‐inherited classification.
ZEITLUPE facilitates the rhythmic movements of Nicotiana attenuata flowers
Authors: Cortés Llorca Lucas , Li Ran , Yon Felipe , Schäfer Martin , Halitschke Rayko , Robert Christelle A.M. , Kim Sang‐Gyu , Baldwin Ian T.
Published: March 2020

Circadian organ movements are ubiquitous in plants. These rhythmic outputs are thought to be regulated by the circadian clock and auxin signalling, but the underlying mechanisms have not been clarified. Flowers of Nicotiana attenuata change their orientation during the daytime through a 140° arc to balance the need for pollinators and the protection of their reproductive organs. This rhythmic trait is under the control of the circadian clock and results from bending and re‐straightening movements of the pedicel, stems that connect flowers to the inflorescence. Using an explant system that allowed pedicel growth and curvature responses to be characterized with high spatial and temporal resolution, we demonstrated that this movement is organ autonomous and mediated by auxin. Changes in the growth curvature of the pedicel are accompanied by an auxin gradient and dorsiventral asymmetry in auxin‐dependent transcriptional responses; application of auxin transport inhibitors influenced the normal movements of this organ. Silencing the expression of the circadian clock component ZEITLUPE (ZTL) arrested changes in the growth curvature of the pedicel and altered auxin signalling and responses. IAA19‐like, an Aux/IAA transcriptional repressor that is circadian regulated and differentially expressed between opposite tissues of the pedicel, and therefore possibly involved in the regulation of changes in organ curvature, physically interacted with ZTL. Together, these results are consistent with a direct link between the circadian clock and the auxin signalling pathway in the regulation of this rhythmic floral movement.
Inactivation of Plasmodium falciparum in whole blood using the amustaline and glutathione pathogen reduction technology
Authors: Sow Cissé , Laughhunn Andrew , Girard Yvette A. , Lanteri Marion C. , Amar El Dusouqui Soraya , Stassinopoulos Adonis , Grellier Philippe
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND

Risk of transfusion‐transmitted (TT) malaria is mainly associated with whole blood (WB) or red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. Risk mitigation relies mostly on donor deferral while a limited number of countries perform blood testing, both negatively impacting blood availability. This study investigated the efficacy of the pathogen reduction system using amustaline and glutathione (GSH) to inactivate Plasmodium falciparum in WB.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

WB units were spiked with ring stage P. falciparum infected RBCs. Parasite loads were measured in samples at time of infection, after 24 hours at room temperature (RT), and after a 24‐hour incubation at RT post‐treatment with 0.2 mM amustaline and 2 mM GSH. Serial 10‐fold dilutions of the samples were inoculated to RBC cultures and maintained up to 4 weeks. Parasitemia was quantified by cytometry.

RESULTS

The P. falciparum viability assay has a limit of detection of a single live parasite per sample. Input parasite titer was >5.7 log10 TCID50 per mL. A 24‐hour incubation at RT paused parasite development in controls, but they retained viability and infectivity when tested in culture. In contrast, no infectious parasites were detected in the amustaline/GSH‐treated sample after 4 weeks of culture.

CONCLUSION

A robust level of P. falciparum inactivation was achieved in WB using amustaline/GSH treatment. Parasite log reduction was >5.7 log10 TCID50 per mL. Development of such a pathogen reduction system may provide an opportunity to reduce the risk of TT malaria and improve blood availability.
Frequency of CD36 deficiency in Thais analyzed by quantification of CD36 on cell surfaces and in plasma
Authors: Phuangtham Roongaroon , Santoso Sentot , Leelayuwat Chanvit , Komvilaisak Patcharee , Ding Haoqiang , Romphruk Amornrat V.
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND

Anti‐CD36s, developing after transfusion or during pregnancy, play an important role in immune‐mediated bleeding disorders among Asian populations. Currently, little is known about the clinical relevance of anti‐CD36. Here, we aimed to determine the frequency of CD36 deficiency in Thais by analyzing CD36 expression on cell surfaces and in plasma.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

The expression and deficiency of CD36 on platelets and monocytes were determined by flow cytometry. Mutations in the CD36 gene were analyzed by nucleotide sequencing. Soluble CD36 (sCD36) in plasma was quantified with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

Fifteen of 700 blood donors (2.14%) were identified as CD36 deficient. The frequencies of Type I and II CD36 deficiency were 0.43% and 1.71%, respectively. Type I individuals exhibited c.1163A > T, c.429 + 4insG, and c.1156C > T. Type II individuals exhibited c.879 T > C, c.329‐330delAC, c.818 + 108delAACT, c.1125 + 13C > A, and c.1163A > T. CD36 on donor platelets (n = 685) showed a wide distribution of expression levels (mean fluorescence intensity, 16.71 ± 8.68). In the normal phenotype (n = 14), sCD36 concentration was 58.84 ± 11.68 ng/mL, which was significantly correlated with platelet CD36 expression (r2= 0.8551). In Type II–deficient individuals (n = 6), a similar sCD36 concentration was detected (53.67 ± 8.17 ng/mL). However, sCD36 could not be detected in Type I individuals (n = 3).

CONCLUSION

CD36 Type I deficiency was found, indicating the potential for immune‐mediated platelet disorders in Thais. However, the underlying mutations differed from those reported in Japan and China. Interestingly, sCD36 could not be detected in plasma of Type I–deficient individuals. This finding may lead to the use of plasma to identify individuals at risk and to allow screening of large cohorts.
The effects of sex, body length, and different habitats on the serum protein electrophoresis of the broad‐snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris)
Authors: Fonseca Leandro A. , Dornelas Lorraine R. S. M. , Orozco Andres M. O. , Souto Pollyanna C. , Bento Lucas D. , Nóbrega Yhuri C. , Santos Marcelo R. D. , Carvalho Filho Wilson P. , Ermita Pedro A. N. , Girardi Fabricia M.
Published: March 2020

Background

Knowledge of mammalian inflammatory responses is vast; however, many aspects of the inflammatory response in non‐mammalian vertebrates, such as reptiles, remain unclear, including those regarding acute‐phase proteins (APPs). Recent studies have focused on the use of serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) to assess inflammatory responses in the broad‐snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) and other reptiles.

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of sex, body length, and different habitats on SPE patterns in C latirostris using sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE).

Methods

A total of 40 animals of both sexes and varying body lengths were collected; of these, 23 were free‐living in an industrial complex (site 1), and 17 were captive on a rural property (site 2). Sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed to fractionate different serum protein constituents.

Results

Sex affected protein levels, with females showing higher serum levels of total protein, as well as the 90‐, 66‐, and 58‐kDa proteins compared with males. Similarly, body length affected protein levels, with male adults >1.70 m in length showing the lowest serum levels of 152‐, 58‐, 54‐, and 27‐kDa proteins of all other animals. Finally, habitat affected protein levels, with animals at site 1 showing higher serum levels of 152‐ and 41‐kDa proteins compared with those at site 2.

Conclusions

This preliminary study was the first to evaluate the SPE of C latirostris using SDS‐PAGE. Further studies to identify the proteins in each band with more specific and sensitive techniques (eg, mass spectrometry) should be conducted to elucidate the standard of APPs in reptiles better.
Impact of wind on copper footprints in a large river‐connected lake
Authors: Yuan Weihao , Wang Hua , Fan Lili , Deng Yanqing , Zeng Yichuan
Published: March 2020

In this study, a particle‐tracking model was used to simulate the Cu footprints in Poyang Lake under the dual action of complex wind field and lake flow patterns. When ignoring the wind field, the results showed that the gravity flow and top‐lifted flow both drove Cu particles to move from south to north, and the backward flow slowed down the velocity of Cu particles, but did not affect the final trend. When considering the wind field, wind‐driven currents had an effect on the horizontal lake flow patterns. Under the influence of wind‐driven current, the top‐lifted flow was the most vulnerable, the backward flow ranks the second and the gravity flow ranks the third. The results demonstrated the importance of the effect of wind on lake circulation and mixing. Better knowledge on heavy metal footprints in large river‐connected lake was provided to guide the future water management.
An Extension to Late Rentierism, using a Comparative Compound Diversification Index, to Show the Movement Towards Mixed Mode Economic Diversification and Development, in the GCC States
Authors: Lang John W , Aldori N.
Published: March 2020

This study draws together several strands of research, including late rentierism, economic diversification in the GCC states of the UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and Bahrain, in an attempt to measure the direction of the trend towards a mixed mode economy. A comparative compound diversification index (CCDI) is developed to measure the movement along the late rentier continuum of development. The research is based on data from various Global Innovation Index (GII) reports and databases, which provide the attributes used to measure the overall trends. It creates a foundation for the ongoing measurement of this trend over the coming decade, and provides a correlation with the oil price fluctuations, thereby measuring how much the GCC states dependence may be changing, however incrementally, and however marginally that may be. The study does confirm a move towards a mixed mode economy, with knowledge-based, technology and innovation led activities at the heart of that incremental and marginal change.
Estrategias de regulación emocional materna con bebés en situaciones de estrés: el uso del canto materno
Authors: Carbonell Blanco Olga Alicia , García Rodríguez Laura Estefanía , Bermúdez-Jaimes Milton Eduardo
Published: March 2020

El propósito de este estudio fue caracterizar las estrategias regulatorias empleadas por madres en la interacción con sus bebés durante el primer año de vida en las situaciones de estrés que ocurrían en el contexto natural (hogar) de cuidado diario. Así mismo, determinar si el canto materno cumplía una función regulatoria de los estados fisiológicos y emocionales del bebé. Se utilizó un diseño de investigación no experimental de tipo transversal, con una muestra no probabilística por conveniencia de 32 díadas madre-bebé, que pertenecían a estratos socioeconómicos bajos. Los hallazgos de este estudio permitieron establecer dos patrones de cuidado materno: Patrón Regulatorio Contingente y Patrón Regulatorio Poco/No Contingente. También, se pudo identificar que el canto materno cumple, entre otras, una función regulatoria en situaciones de estrés en las rutinas de cuidado cotidiano.
La experiencia de significado en la vida como variable mediadora de la relación entre religiosidad y ajuste psicológico
Authors: Crego Antonio , Yela José Ramón , Gómez-Martínez María Ángeles , Sánchez-Zaballos Elena
Published: March 2020

Este estudio tiene como objetivo someter a prueba la hipótesis de que la relación entre religiosidad y bienestar psicológico puede estar mediada por el grado en que alguien experimenta sentido o propósito en su vida. Se realizó una encuesta en la que participó una muestra de 1553 personas de América Latina (87.6 % mujeres), con un rango de edad entre 18 y 70 años (M = 40.16, DE = 16.02), que respondieron a un cuestionario que incluía medidas de significado en la vida (Purpose in Life Test) y ajuste psicológico (Satisfaction with Life Scale, Subjective Happiness Scale, GHQ-12 y PANAS). Los resultados indicaron que aquellos que se definían como creyentes practicantes presentaban, en general, mayor bienestar, menos síntomas psicológicos y menor afecto negativo que los creyentes no-practicantes, que a su vez reportaron un mejor ajuste en comparación con los no-creyentes. Estas relaciones se encontraban, además, parcial o totalmente mediadas por las puntuaciones en variables referidas a la percepción de significado en la vida, en las que también las personas definidas como creyentes practicantes obtenían los valores más elevados. Como conclusión, la experiencia de sentido y propósito en la vida se revela como un aspecto clave para entender la conexión entre religión y bienestar psicológico.
Direct Numerical Simulations of Horizontally Oblique Flows Past Three-Dimensional Circular Cylinder Near a Plane Boundary
Authors: Ji Chunning , Zhang Zhimeng , Xu Dong , Srinil Narakorn
Published: March 2020

Understanding hydrodynamics of a free-spanning pipeline subjected to omni-directional flows is important to engineering design. In this study, horizontally oblique flows past a three-dimensional circular cylinder in the vicinity of a plane boundary are numerically investigated using direct numerical simulations. Parametric studies are carried out at the normal Reynolds number of 500, a fixed gap-to-diameter ratio of 0.8 and five flow inclination angles (α) ranging from 0 deg to 60 deg with an increment of 15 deg. Two distinct vortex-shedding modes are observed: parallel (α ≤ 15 deg) and oblique (α ≥ 30 deg) vortex shedding. The wake evolution is further divided into two or three stages depending on α. The occurrence of the oblique vortex shedding is accompanied by the base pressure gradient along the cylinder span and the resultant axial flows near the cylinder base. The total hydrodynamic drag and lift force coefficients decrease from being the parallel mode to the oblique mode, owing to the intensified three-dimensionality of wake flows and the phase differences in the spanwise vortex shedding. The independence principle (IP) is found to be valid in predicting hydrodynamic forces and wake patterns when α ≤ 15 deg. This IP might produce unacceptable errors when α > 15 deg. In comparison with the mean drag force, the fluctuating lift force is more sensitive to the inclination angle. The IP validity range is substantially smaller than that in the case of flow past a wall-free cylinder. Such finding would be practically useful for vortex-induced vibration prediction.
Transmission and Reflection Characteristics of Perforated Submerged Single and Multiple Artificial Reef Units
Authors: Lokesha  , Vallam Sundar , Annamalaisamy Sannasiraj Sannasi
Published: March 2020

Submerged breakwaters formed by natural rocks dissipate the incident wave energy. Continuous quarrying of rocks has resulted in its depletion, leading researchers to look for alternate materials for the formation of such barriers. Thus, the concept of artificial reef units has evolved which has been gaining importance owing to the flexibility in molding to any desired shapes and sizes, workability and also due to the fact that it creates a habitable environment to marine flora and fauna. From the hydrodynamic performance perspective, artificial reef units are proven to be more efficient in reducing wave transmission on the lee side (e.g., Southern Caribbean shore of Dominican Republic and Vaan Island, Tuticorin, India). A comprehensive experimental investigation to examine the effect of trench width on hydrodynamic characteristics of the submerged reef system was carried out. The trench width was varied by incorporating single, double, and multiple perforated submerged trapezoidal artificial reef units. The focus of the present study is mainly on the influence of the number of reef units, relative crest width, and relative trench width of the submerged reef system on its transmission and reflection characteristics. The relative trench width was found to be an influential factor on wave transmission past the structure, and the least wave transmission was achieved for the reef configuration with eight units. The details of the experimental investigation, results and discussion are reported in this paper.
Investigation on Friction, Anti-wear, and Extreme Pressure Properties of Different Grades of Polyalphaolefins With Functionalized Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes as an Additive
Authors: Kumar Homender , Harsha A. P.
Published: March 2020

In the present investigation, the COOH-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) having an outer diameter of 20–30 nm and length 1−2 μm were dispersed in four different grades of polyalphaolefins (PAOs; i.e., PAO 4, PAO 6, PAO 40, and PAO 100) at various concentrations (0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.10, and 0.15 wt%) to evaluate friction, anti-wear, and extreme pressure properties. The tribological test was conducted as per ASTM standard using four-ball tester. The test results showed that with the addition of MWCNTs, the friction and wear properties of PAOs had been improved significantly as compared to the base oils. It was also observed that MWCNTs exhibited excellent anti-wear properties than friction properties. The possible reasons for the improvement in friction and wear properties are discussed with the aid of various analytical tools.
Compressive Sensing-Based Reconstruction of Lissajous-Like Nodding Lidar Data
Authors: Benson Michael T. , Sathishchandra Harish , Clayton Garrett M. , Andersson Sean B.
Published: March 2020

In this article, a compressive sensing-based reconstruction algorithm is applied to data acquired from a nodding multibeam Lidar system following a Lissajous-like trajectory. Multibeam Lidar systems provide 3D depth information of the environment, but the vertical resolution of these devices may be insufficient in many applications. To mitigate this issue, the Lidar can be nodded to obtain higher vertical resolution at the cost of increased scan time. Using Lissajous-like nodding trajectories allows for the trade-off between scan time and horizontal and vertical resolutions through the choice of scan parameters. These patterns also naturally subsample the imaged area. In this article, a compressive sensing-based reconstruction algorithm is applied to the data collected during a relatively fast and therefore low-resolution Lissajous-like scan. Experiments and simulations show the feasibility of this method and compare the reconstructions to those made using simple nearest-neighbor interpolation.
Human Driver Modeling Based on Analytical Optimal Solutions: Stopping Behaviors at the Intersections
Authors: Han Jihun , Karbowski Dominik , Kim Namdoo , Rousseau Aymeric
Published: March 2020

Safe and energy-efficient driving of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) must be influenced by human-driven vehicles. Thus, to properly evaluate the energy impacts of CAVs in a simulation framework, a human driver model must capture a wide range of real-world driving behaviors corresponding to the surrounding environment. This paper formulates longitudinal human driving as an optimal control problem with a state constraint imposed by the vehicle in front. Deriving analytically optimal solutions by employing optimal control theory can capture longitudinal human driving behaviors with low computational burden, and adding the state constraint can assist with describing car-following features while anticipating behaviors of the vehicle in front. We also use on-road testing data collected by an instrumented vehicle to validate the proposed human driver model for stop scenarios at intersections. Results show that vehicle stopping trajectories of the proposed model are well matched with those of experimental data.
Spatial Iterative Learning Control for Multi-material Three-Dimensional Structures
Authors: Afkhami Zahra , Pannier Christopher , Aarnoudse Leontine , Hoelzle David , Barton Kira
Published: March 2020

Iterative learning control (ILC) is a powerful technique to regulate repetitive systems. Additive manufacturing falls into this category by nature of its repetitive action in building three-dimensional structures in a layer-by-layer manner. In literature, spatial ILC (SILC) has been used in conjunction with additive processes to regulate single-layer structures with only one class of material. However, SILC has the unexplored potential to regulate additive manufacturing structures with multiple build materials in a three-dimensional fashion. Estimating the appropriate feedforward signal in these structures can be challenging due to iteration varying initial conditions, system parameters, and surface interaction dynamics in different layers of multi-material structures. In this paper, SILC is used as a recursive control strategy to iteratively construct the feedforward signal to improve part quality of 3D structures that consist of at least two materials in a layer-by-layer manner. The system dynamics are approximated by discrete 2D spatial convolution using kernels that incorporate in-layer and layer-to-layer variations. We leverage the existing SILC models in literature and extend them to account for the iteration varying uncertainties in the plant model to capture a more reliable representation of the multi-material additive process. The feasibility of the proposed diagonal framework was demonstrated using simulation results of an electrohydrodynamic jet printing (e-jet) printing process.
Magnetically Actuated Artificial Microswimmers as Mobile Microparticle Manipulators
Authors: Buzhardt Jake , Tallapragada Phanindra
Published: March 2020

Microscale swimming robots have been envisaged for many biomedical applications such as targeted drug delivery, where the microrobot will be expected to navigate in a fluid environment while carrying a payload. We show that such a payload does not have to be physically bound to the swimmer, but may be instead manipulated by the microrobot through hydrodynamic interaction. We consider a magnetically actuated artificial microswimmer, whose locomotion induces a disturbance velocity field in the fluid, which moves a cargo particle in its vicinity. The problem investigated in this paper is therefore one of coupled locomotion-manipulation of two bodies in a fluid. The swimmer is actuated by a uniform, rotating magnetic field of constant strength leading to net motion in the direction perpendicular to the plane of rotation if the frequency associated with the periodic magnetic field is above a critical frequency. Below this critical frequency, the swimmer tumbles in place without net locomotion. Controlled motion of the particle and swimmer is achieved by switching the planes of rotation of the magnetic field and the frequency of the magnetic field above and below the critical frequency. The results of this paper show that microswimmers can be utilized as mobile manipulators of microparticles in a fluid.
Obstacles Facing U.S. Companies Marketing Waste-to-Energy Overseas
Authors: Ristau Jack A.
Published: March 2020

Many countries overseas, for the first time, are beginning to explore the use of waste-to-energy plants as part of their integrated solid waste management plans. They are doing this for a number of reasons, which include geopolitical and economic pressures, as well as environmental. Overseas markets are actively seeking out, and wanting to apply the advancements made by U.S. waste-to-energy companies in the last three decades. U.S. companies have made U.S. waste-to-energy plants the least costly and most efficient plants in the world. U.S. waste-to-energy companies may be poised for new business opportunity for their systems in overseas markets. However, there are many obstacles to overcome in marketing technology and waste disposal services overseas. Where are those markets of opportunity? There are three criteria which can be used to screen for potential waste-to-energy markets: 1. Living standards; 2. Limitation on land use; and, 3. Rule of law. What are the cultural, geographic and competitive obstacles in marketing overseas? Can obstacles such as language, development costs, time zone differences, institutional experience with privatization, local and foreign competitive advantages be managed or medicated? An understanding of how a global economy impacts the marketing of U.S. waste-to-energy services is essential to formulating an overseas marketing plan.
International Developments in Measuring Dioxin and Related Chemicals in a More Cost Effective and Biologically Relevant Manner
Authors: Hasselriis Floyd , Campbell T. Colin , Wheelock Geoffrey
Published: March 2020

Dioxin and dioxin-like substances represent a collection of a large number of widely dispersed environmental organic chlorinated chemicals, many of which are unusually toxic. These substances and many related non-chlorinated substances primarily arise from the high temperature burning of organic material such as that produced by waste incineration.

Although these substances have been experimentally shown to be able to produce cancer and other serious toxicities, the evidence on their public health significance is still not clear, in considerable measure because the tests required for producing the data needed for public health assessment are so costly. With such inadequate information, the views of the scientific, regulatory, industry, and environmental citizens’ communities are often at odds. More cost-effective methods need to be developed so that this perceived public health problem can be given a proper assessment.

The theoretical principles of relatively new methods, which are based on the biological activity of these chemicals, are presented. It will be shown that one such method, which is designed to screen samples which makes use of the central event of toxicity and which is much more cost-effective, possesses the theoretical capability of providing the type of information needed for better public health assessment.
Replacement of Outlet Monitors for the Continuous Emission Monitoring System at the York County Resource Recovery Center
Authors: McCurdy John
Published: March 2020

As titled this paper is a description of our experiences with our original “time shared” outlet continuous emissions monitoring system and the replacement of it. I will detail some of the inherent problems we faced through the years with the time shared monitors. I will describe what the catalyst was which required us to replace our monitors. And the preparation for and replacing of the monitors with the benefits of having done so.
Shuttling-based trapped-ion quantum information processing
Authors: Kaushal V. , Lekitsch B. , Stahl A. , Hilder J. , Pijn D. , Schmiegelow C. , Bermudez A. , Müller M. , Schmidt-Kaler F. , Poschinger U.
Published: March 2020

Moving trapped-ion qubits in a microstructured array of radiofrequency traps offers a route toward realizing scalable quantum processing nodes. Establishing such nodes, providing sufficient functionality to represent a building block for emerging quantum technologies, e.g., a quantum computer or quantum repeater, remains a formidable technological challenge. In this review, the authors present a holistic view on such an architecture, including the relevant components, their characterization, and their impact on the overall system performance. The authors present a hardware architecture based on a uniform linear segmented multilayer trap, controlled by a custom-made fast multichannel arbitrary waveform generator. The latter allows for conducting a set of different ion shuttling operations at sufficient speed and quality. The authors describe the relevant parameters and performance specifications for microstructured ion traps, waveform generators, and additional circuitry, along with suitable measurement schemes to verify the system performance. Furthermore, a set of different basic shuttling operations for a dynamic qubit register reconfiguration is described and characterized in detail.
Indoor sound level spectra of public entertainment premises for rating airborne sound insulation
Authors: Dimitrijević Stefan M. , Mijić Miomir M. , Šumarac Pavlović Dragana S.
Published: March 2020

Public entertainment premises are significant sources of urban noise pollution. In this paper, indoor sound level spectra for different types of entertainment premises have been analyzed. While most of the spectra lie between two standardized curves proposed by the ISO 717-1:2013 (The International Organization for Standardization) standard, spectra recorded in discotheques show a pronounced spectral level below 160 Hz as a result of an intensive use of subwoofers. This indicates potentially inappropriate rating of sound insulation against such specific low-frequency noise by standardized spectrum adaptation terms. A modified spectrum adaptation term for a single-number rating of sound insulation under such circumstances has been proposed.
Effects of sampling rate and type of anti-aliasing filter on linear-predictive estimates of formant frequencies in men, women, and children
Authors: Milenkovic Paul H. , Wagner Madison , Kent Raymond D. , Story Brad H. , Vorperian Houri K.
Published: March 2020

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of downsampling the acoustic signal on the accuracy of linear-predictive (LPC) formant estimation. Based on speech produced by men, women, and children, the first four formant frequencies were estimated at sampling rates of 48, 16, and 10 kHz using different anti-alias filtering. With proper selection of number of LPC coefficients, anti-alias filter and between-frame averaging, results suggest that accuracy is not improved by rates substantially below 48 kHz. Any downsampling should not go below 16 kHz with a filter cut-off centered at 8 kHz.
Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of LHB Score
Authors: Najafov Elshan , Özal Şeyda , Kaptan Ahmet Yiğit , Ulucaköy Coşkun , Kanatlı Ulunay , Ataoğlu Baybars , Başar Selda
Published: March 2020

Introduction:Long head of biceps (LHB) pathologies are an important cause of pain and dysfunction. As LHB pathologies have specific components from other underlying or related pathologies, the LHB score is designed for an accurate assessment. The aim of this study was to adapt the LHB score into Turkish and to assess its validity and reliability.Materials and Methods:LHB score was translated and culturally adapted from English to Turkish, and then it was applied to 62 patients with biceps long head pathology. The reliability of the scale was checked through internal consistency and test–retest methods. Internal consistency was computed with Cronbach alpha value. Test–retest reliability was assessed using an intraclass correlation coefficient. American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standard Shoulder Assessment Form and modified Constant–Murley score were used to analyze concurrent validity.Results:The Cronbach alpha value of the scale was found as .640. When the subsections of LHB score were computed separately, Cronbach alpha levels of pain/cramps and cosmesis sections were found as .753 and .774, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient value of the scale was found to be excellent (.940;P < .001). The total LHB score was determined to have a good positive correlation with the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standard Shoulder Assessment Form (.527) and Constant–Murley score (.516). But an excellent correlation was revealed between the pain/cramps section of LHB score and other pain sections in American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standard Shoulder Assessment Form (.811) and Constant–Murley score (.816) (P < .001). There was an excellent correlation (.916) between cosmesis section and Popeye sign (P < .001). There was a moderate correlation (.469) between elbow-flexion strength section of LHB score and the digital handheld dynamometer outcomes (P < .001).Conclusion: The Turkish version of the LHB is a valid and reliable tool, especially for biceps pathologies.
Effect of Meniscal Repair on Joint Loading in Athletes With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction at 3 Months Following Surgery
Authors: Hannon Joseph , Garrison J. Craig , Wang-Price Sharon , Goto Shiho , Grondin Angellyn , Bothwell James , Bush Curtis
Published: March 2020

Context: Joint loading following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R) is thought to influence long-term outcomes. However, our understanding of the role of meniscus repair at the time of ACL-R on early joint loading is limited. Objective: To assess if differences in total energy absorption and energy absorption contribution of the hip, knee, and ankle exist in the early stages of rehabilitation between patients who received an isolated ACL-R and those with concomitant meniscal repairs. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Clinical laboratory. Patients: Fifty-nine human subjects, including 27 who underwent ACL-R and 32 who underwent ACL-R with concomitant meniscal repairs. Main Outcome Measure: The total energy absorption and the energy absorption contribution of each joint of both the involved and uninvolved limbs during a double-limb squat task. Results: There were significant differences in energy absorption contribution between groups at the knee joint (P = .01) and the hip joint (P = .04), but not at the ankle joint (P = .48) of the involved limb. Post hoc analysis indicates that preoperative hip and knee loading differences exist and when you control for preoperative loading (analysis of covariance), the postsurgery difference was not significant. Conclusions: The results of the study suggest that the additional surgical procedure of MR may not have had negative effects on joint loading during squatting at 12 weeks.
Near Point of Convergence Deficits and Treatment Following Concussion: A Systematic Review
Authors: Santo Ashley L. , Race Melissa L. , Teel Elizabeth F.
Published: March 2020

Context:Convergence dysfunction following concussion is common. Near point of convergence (NPC) is a quick and easy assessment that may detect oculomotor dysfunction such as convergence insufficiency (CI), but NPC measurements are rarely reported. Convergence dysfunction is treatable in otherwise healthy patients; the effectiveness of oculomotor therapy following concussion is unclear.Objectives:The purpose of this article was to systematically review the literature and answer the following clinical questions: (1) Is performance on NPC negatively affected in patients diagnosed with a concussion compared with pre-injury levels or healthy controls? (2) In patients diagnosed with concussion, what is the effect of oculomotor/vision therapy on NPC break measurements?Evidence Acquisition:The search was conducted in CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, and PubMed using terms related to concussion, mild traumatic brain injury, convergence, vision, and rehabilitation. Literature considered for review included original research publications that collected measures of NPC break in concussion patients, with a pretest–posttest comparison or comparison with a healthy control group. A literature review was completed; 242 relevant articles were reviewed, with 18 articles meeting criteria for inclusion in the review.Evidence Synthesis:Articles were categorized according to the clinical question they addressed. The patient or participant sample (number, sex, age, and health status), study design, instrumentation, or intervention used, and main results were extracted from each article.Conclusions:The authors' main findings suggest that there is a moderate level of evidence that patients have impaired NPC up to several months postconcussion, and a low level of evidence that impairments can be successfully treated with oculomotor therapy. These findings should be cautiously evaluated; the studies are limited by weak/moderate quality, small sample sizes, varied methodology, and nonrandomized treatment groups. Future research should explore factors affecting convergence postconcussion and include randomized, controlled studies to determine if performing vision therapy improves visual measures and promotes recovery.
Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2
Authors: Yan Renhong , Zhang Yuanyuan , Li Yaning , Xia Lu , Guo Yingying , Zhou Qiang
Published: March 2020

How SARS-CoV-2 binds to human cells

Scientists are racing to learn the secrets of severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is the cause of the pandemic disease COVID-19. The first step in viral entry is the binding of the viral trimeric spike protein to the human receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Yan
et al.
present the structure of human ACE2 in complex with a membrane protein that it chaperones, B
0
AT1. In the context of this complex, ACE2 is a dimer. A further structure shows how the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 interacts with ACE2 and suggests that it is possible that two trimeric spike proteins bind to an ACE2 dimer. The structures provide a basis for the development of therapeutics targeting this crucial interaction.

Science
, this issue p.
1444
Antiviral Activity of a Llama-Derived Single-Domain Antibody against Enterovirus A71
Authors: Huang Peng-Nien , Wang Hsiang-Ching , Hung Hui-Chen , Tseng Sung-Nien , Chang Teng-Yuan , Chou Min-Yuan , Chen Yu-Jen , Wang Yun-Ming , Shih Shin-Ru , Hsu John Tsu-An
Published: March 2020

In the past few decades, enterovirus A71 (EVA71) has caused devastating outbreaks in the Asia-Pacific region, resulting in serious sequelae in infected young children. No preventive or therapeutic interventions are currently available for curing EVA71 infection, highlighting a great unmet medical need for this disease. Here, we showed that one novel single-domain antibody (sdAb), F1, isolated from an immunized llama, could alleviate EVA71 infection both
in vitro
and
in vivo
.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Novel Zinc-Itraconazole Complexes in Protozoan Parasites and
Sporothrix
spp
Authors: Azevedo-França Jose Aleixo de , Granado Renato , de Macedo Silva Sara Teixeira , Santos-Silva Gabrielle dos , Scapin Sandra , Borba-Santos Luana P. , Rozental Sonia , de Souza Wanderley , Martins-Duarte Érica S. , Barrias Emile , Rodrigues Juliany Cola Fernandes , Navarro Maribel
Published: March 2020

The new complexes Zn(ITZ)
2
Cl
2
(1) and Zn(ITZ)
2
(OH)
2
(2) were synthetized by a reaction of itraconazole with their respective zinc salts under reflux. These Zn-ITZ complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductivity, mass spectrometry,
1
H and
13
C{
1
H} nuclear magnetic resonance, and UV-vis and infrared spectroscopies. The antiparasitic and antifungal activity of Zn-ITZ complexes was evaluated against three protozoans of medical importance, namely,
Leishmania amazonensis
,
Trypanosoma cruzi
, and
Toxoplasma gondii
, and two fungi, namely,
Sporothrix brasiliensis
and
Sporothrix schenckii
.
Induction of Protective Antiplague Immune Responses by Self-Adjuvanting Bionanoparticles Derived from Engineered Yersinia pestis
Authors: Wang Xiuran , Singh Amit K. , Zhang Xiangmin , Sun Wei
Published: March 2020

A
Yersinia pestis
mutant synthesizing an adjuvant form of lipid A (monophosphoryl lipid A, MPLA) displayed increased biogenesis of bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). To enhance the immunogenicity of the OMVs, we constructed an Asd-based balanced-lethal host-vector system that oversynthesized the LcrV antigen of
Y. pestis
, raised the amounts of LcrV enclosed in OMVs by the type II secretion system, and eliminated harmful factors like plasminogen activator (Pla) and murine toxin from the OMVs.
Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli BL21-AI
Authors: Bhawsinghka Niketa , Glenn Katie F. , Schaaper Roel M.
Published: March 2020

Escherichia coli
BL21-AI is a commercially available strain possessing a phage T7-based protein-expression system. A combination of tight regulation and high yield makes it widely used for high-level expression of toxic recombinant proteins. Here, we present the complete genome sequence of BL21-AI and provide insights on its genome.