bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entrepreneurial advice sources and their antecedents
Authors: Bastian Bettina Lynda , Tucci Christopher L.
Published: March 2017

Purpose

Entrepreneurs interact with others and, through this, benefit from access to knowledge, resources and skills that enhance their own entrepreneurial and organizational capabilities. This paper aims to contribute to the literature interested in identifying and analyzing important antecedents of entrepreneurs’ choices regarding social relations. The study shows how the venture stage, innovativeness and internationalization of the firm potentially influence entrepreneurial choices regarding their social sources of advice.

Design/methodology/approach

The analysis is based on cross-sectional survey data for the years 2009 and 2010, involving 13 Middle East and North African (MENA) countries. Respondents include future prospective entrepreneurs, start-ups and owner-managers of operating businesses, a total of 13,251 respondents across all countries for the entire period.

Findings

Entrepreneurs with innovative ventures draw more on advice sources that are able to give information useful for the commercialization of innovative products, and entrepreneurs of internationally exposed ventures rely on a broad base of advice sources that can connect them with a foreign market. However, the outcomes regarding the impact of “different venture stages” point to social interaction patterns that are strongly influenced by local culture and that do not support the assumption of universal entrepreneurship behavior. This study shows that social interactions decline in quantity the more as the venture progresses in age. However, the type of social interaction (e.g. private or professional sources) that entrepreneurs engage throughout the different venture stages remains essentially the same and does not change across different entrepreneurial phases. In the MENA sample, private relations remain the most important source of advice throughout all phases, and they are not replaced by other contacts.

Research limitations/implications

Limitations of this paper refer to the use of a large-scale database that cannot address certain issues without more direct observation, such as the quality of different social relations. Future research could address this issue by offering more fine-grained items for the different advice sources.

Originality/value

The paper contributes to the debate on whether entrepreneurship is universal in nature. It focuses on data from emerging and developing countries in the Arab world, which is has not been studied very much in the entrepreneurship literature.
The relationship between individualism and entrepreneurial intention – a Finnish perspective
Authors: Rantanen Teemu , Toikko Timo
Published: March 2017

Purpose

This study aims to analyze the relationship between individualist values and entrepreneurial intentions. Previous surveys have shown that major national differences in entrepreneurial intentions can be observed within Europe and that part of this variation can be explained by cultural values, especially the individualism–collectivism dimension. However, previous findings about the relationship between individualism and entrepreneurship remain contradictory.

Design/methodology/approach

This study is a micro-level analysis of the influence of individualistic values. The theoretical framework of the study is based on the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991, 2001) and theories of individualism advanced by Hofstede (1980) and Triandis and Gelfand (1998). The research data were gathered from a survey of Finnish students (N= 725).

Findings

The results show that the relationship between cultural values and entrepreneurial intention is very complex. In contrast to Hofstede (1980), the study assumes individualism and collectivism to be two separate and independent dimensions of cultural values, both of which have a positive, indirect effect on entrepreneurial intention by way of subjective norms and perceived control.

Practical implications

Both individualist and collectivist values promote entrepreneurial intentions. From this point of view, general citizenship education, which supports the development of young people’s cultural values, can be seen as a significant element in entrepreneurship education. This suggests an instance of holistic education, the aim of which is for individuals’ autonomy and contestability to be combined with community and collective responsibility.

Originality/value

The analysis of Triandis and Gelfand (1998) has not been systematically utilized in the previous studies on entrepreneurial intentions. The findings of this study address not only the influence of psychological factors over entrepreneurial intentions but also the impact of individualist and collectivist values. The results complement the results of previous studies.
Opioid agonist treatment in the Veterans Health Administration: is health care local?
Authors: Peglow Stephanie Lee , Petrakis Ismene , Rosenheck Robert
Published: March 2017

Purpose

Opioid use disorder (OUD) poses a national public health challenge including for the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). However, the responsiveness of VHA, as a centralized national health care system, to local conditions has not been studied. The purpose of this paper is to examine the correlation of measures of population-based OUD case identification and provision of opioid agonist treatment (OAT) in VHA and in local systems at the state level thus evaluating the responsiveness of VA as centralized health system to local conditions.

Design/methodology/approach

Correlation of VHA administrative data and local survey data reflecting OUD and OAT rates were evaluated with Pearson correlations. Further analyses examined the correlation of VHA and non-VHA OUD and OAT measures with state rates of opioid-related deaths, median income, health insurance coverage and education levels.

Findings

VHA rates of OUD and OAT at the state level were both significantly correlated with corresponding state data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (r=0.28, p=0.048 and r=0.71, p=0.002, respectively). Both OUD and OAT in VHA were positively and significantly correlated with state rates of opioid-related deaths, while indicators of OAT were significantly associated with higher state-level median income, health insurance coverage and levels of education.

Practical implications

Although centrally managed from Washington, D.C., VHA case identification and OAT service delivery appear to be correlated with relevant local measures.

Social implications

Significant associations with general population indicators point to underlying conditions that may shape both VHA and local health system performance.

Originality/value

Public health systems would benefit from performance evaluation data to examine responsiveness to local conditions.
BGA substrate outgassing negative impact study on Cu wire bonding
Authors: Zhang Hanmin , Hu Ming , Wang Zhijie , He Qingchun , Ye Denghong
Published: March 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to attempt to study the failure mechanism of BGA (ball grid array) Cu wire bond ball lift and specifically focused on substrate outgassing’s impact on Cu wire bonding quality and reliability.

Design/methodology/approach

The Galvanic corrosion theory has been widely adopted in explaining the failure mechanism of Cu ball bond lift issue during reliability test or field application in the presence of moisture. In this study, ion chromatography was performed on BGA substrate halogen analysis. EDX (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) was also used to detect the contaminant’s element at the bottom surface of a window clamp. Further FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) analysis verified that the contamination is from substrate outgassing during wire bonding. A new window clamp design proved effective in reducing the negative impact from substrate outgassing during wire bonding.

Findings

The solder mask in a fresh substrate contains a chlorine element. The chlorine can be detected in the BGA substrate outgassing during wire bonding by FTIR and EDX analyses, which have a negative impact on the Cu wire bonding. The window clamp with a larger opening can reduce the negative impact of the Cu wire bonding from the BGA substrate outgassing.

Research limitations/implications

Because of the limitation of time and resources, bonding pad surface contamination from substrate outgassing and its correlation with Cu bonding ball lift failure after reliability test will be studied in depth later.

Originality/value

The BGA substrate outgassing has negative impacts on Cu wire bondability. A window clamp with a larger opening can reduce the negative impact from substrate outgassing.
How federalism influences welfare spending: Belgium federalism reform through the perspective of the synthetic control method
Authors: ARNOLD TOBIAS , STADELMANN‐STEFFEN ISABELLE
Published: March 2017

The question of whether and how federalism influences a country's welfare state has been a longstanding concern of political scientists. However, no agreement exists on exactly how, and under what conditions, federal structures impact the welfare state. This article examines this controversy. It concludes theoretically that the specific constellation of federal structures and distribution of powers need to be considered when theorising the effects of federalism on the welfare state. Using the case of Belgium and applying the synthetic control method, it is shown in the article that without the federalism reform of 1993, the country would have had further decreases in social spending rather than a consolidation of this spending in the years after 1993. In the case of Belgium, the combination of increased subnational spending autonomy in a still national financing system provided ideal conditions for a positive federalism effect on social spending to occur.
Efficacy and safety of mifepristone–buccal misoprostol for early medical abortion in an Australian clinical setting
Authors: Goldstone Philip , Walker Clara , Hawtin Katherine
Published: March 2017

Background

In 2014, a composite pack containing mifepristone‐buccal misoprostol, indicated for use to 63 days gestation replaced the existing regimen for early medical abortion (EMA) in Australia.

Aims

To provide updated efficacy and safety information for the use of mifepristone–buccal misoprostol for EMA in Australia, and assess the effect of patient age and gestational age on efficacy.

Materials and methods

Observational cohort study of 15 008 women attending one of 16 Marie Stopes International clinics in Australia for an EMA (gestational age ≤ 63 days) between 1 March 2013 and 30 September 2015. Administration of 200 mg oral mifepristone in‐clinic was followed 24–48 h later by 800 μg buccal misoprostol self‐administered at home. Method success was defined as complete abortion not requiring surgical intervention.

Results

Follow‐up information was available for 87.14% (13 078/15 008) of women. Likelihood of follow‐up was significantly lower for women from rural or remote locations (adjusted odds ratio, 0.47; P < 0.001). Medical abortion was successful in 95.16% (12 445/13 078) of women with follow‐up. Higher patient and gestational ages were associated (P < 0.001) with a slight increase in method failure. There were 674 serious adverse events (5.15%), mainly due to method failure. Infection (15; 0.11%) and haemorrhage (17; 0.13%) were rare. One death was recorded (<0.01%); however, an association between EMA and cause of death, necrotising pneumonia, was not established.

Conclusion

Mifepristone–buccal misoprostol is an effective and safe alternative to surgical termination of pregnancy up to 63 days gestation.
CDF‐quantile distributions for modelling random variables on the unit interval
Authors: Smithson Michael , Shou Yiyun
Published: March 2017

This paper introduces a two‐parameter family of distributions for modelling random variables on the (0,1) interval by applying the cumulative distribution function of one ‘parent’ distribution to the quantile function of another. Family members have explicit probability density functions, cumulative distribution functions and quantiles in a location parameter and a dispersion parameter. They capture a wide variety of shapes that the beta and Kumaraswamy distributions cannot. They are amenable to likelihood inference, and enable a wide variety of quantile regression models, with predictors for both the location and dispersion parameters. We demonstrate their applicability to psychological research problems and their utility in modelling real data.
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) structure‐based bioactive pharmacophore models for identifying next‐generation inhibitors against clinically relevant EGFR mutations
Authors: Panicker Pooja S. , Melge Anu R. , Biswas Lalitha , Keechilat Pavithran , Mohan Chethampadi G.
Published: March 2017

Present work elucidates identification of next generation inhibitors for clinically relevant mutations of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) using structure‐based bioactive pharmacophore modeling followed by virtual screening (VS) techniques. Three‐dimensional (3D) pharmacophore models of EGFR and its different mutants were generated. This includes seven 3D pharmacophoric points with three different chemical features (descriptors), that is, one hydrogen bond donor, three hydrogen bond acceptors and three aromatic rings. Pharmacophore models were validated using decoy dataset, Receiver operating characteristic plot, and external dataset compounds. The robust, bioactive 3D e‐pharmacophore models were then used for VS of four different small compound databases: FDA approved, investigational, anticancer, and bioactive compounds collections of Selleck Chemicals. CUDC101 a multitargeted kinase inhibitor showed highest binding free energy and 3D pharmacophore fit value than the well known EGFR inhibitors, Gefitinib and Erlotinib. Further, we obtained ML167 as the second best hit on VS from bioactive database showing high binding energy and pharmacophore fit value with respect to EGFR receptor and its mutants. Optimistically, presented drug discovery based on the computational study serves as a foundation in identifying and designing of more potent EGFR next‐generation kinase inhibitors and warrants further experimental studies to fight against lung cancer.
Carbon and Biodiversity Impacts of Intensive Versus Extensive Tropical Forestry
Authors: Griscom Bronson W. , Goodman Rosa C. , Burivalova Zuzana , Putz Francis E.
Published: March 2017

How should we meet the demand for wood while minimizing climate and biodiversity impacts? We address this question for tropical forest landscapes designated for timber production. We model carbon and biodiversity outcomes for four archetypal timber production systems that all deliver the same volume of timber but vary in their spatial extent and harvest intensity. We include impacts of variable deforestation risk (secure land tenure or not) and alternative harvesting practices (certified reduced‐impact logging methods or not).

We find that low‐intensity selective logging offers both the best and the worst overall outcomes per unit wood produced, depending on whether certified reduced‐impact logging methods are used and whether land tenure is secure. Medium‐to‐high‐intensity natural forest harvests and conversion to high‐yield plantations generate intermediate outcomes. Deforestation risk had the strongest influence on overall outcomes. In the absence of deforestation, logging impacts were lowest at intermediate and high management intensities.
Habitat variation, mutualism and predation shape the spatio‐temporal dynamics of tansy aphids
Authors: SENFT MATTHIAS , WEISSER WOLFGANG W. , ZYTYNSKA SHARON E.
Published: March 2017

1. Spatially distributed resources can lead to the formation of metapopulations, where individual subpopulations are often small and can experience frequent local extinction events followed by recolonisation. An example of terrestrial metapopulations are specialised phytophagous insects on their patchily distributed host plants.

2. The present study investigated the population dynamics of a specialised aphid (Metopeurum fuscoviride) on its patchily distributed host plant (Tanacetum vulgare) and associated community of mutualistic ants and predators in a small‐scale field site. Furthermore, aphid habitat differences (plant size, C/N ratio, location and surrounding vegetation) were quantified, and seasonal timing and precipitation were considered.

3. Seasonal timing and precipitation both had effects on aphid colonisation, extinction events and aphid colony persistence. Towards the end of the season, and after higher precipitation, aphid colonisation events decreased and extinction events increased. Plant size and location as well as aphid within‐field dispersal determined the spatio‐temporal distribution of aphid colonies.

4. Mutualistic ants (Lasius niger and Myrmica rubra) increased the chance of establishment of aphid colonies. However, when M. rubra was tending, aphid colony persistence was reduced. Aphid persistence and extinction were dependent on aphid abundance, as a higher colony size reduced the probability of extinction by predation.

5. The results emphasise the importance of dispersal limitation, population growth and the presence of mutualists when studying the spatio‐temporal dynamics of tansy aphids, particularly in a small‐scale field site.
Biomechanical markers and theoretical concepts related to haemophilic ankle and subtalar joint arthropathy: introducing the term ‘haemophilic tarsal pan‐arthropathy’
Authors: Lobet S. , McCarthy A. , Hermans C. , Peerlinck K. , Matricali G. A. , Staes F. , Deschamps K.
Published: March 2017

Background

Although regular factor replacement can reduce the incidence of joint bleeds and slow down the development of haemophilic arthropathy, the ankle joint remains particularly vulnerable even in children with haemophilia on primary or secondary prophylaxis and is now the primary joint affected. The heterogeneity in the pathoaetiology of haemophilic ankle arthropathy means that the functional consequences of early stage of ankle arthropathy are difficult to define as early morphological and structural changes can be observed in clinically asymptomatic ankles. In this context, understanding biomechanics of the normal and arthritic foot is complex and difficult to quantify unless considering the foot as multiple functional segments using more sophisticated assessment tools such as multisegment foot models. However, this understanding can undoubtedly aid in the analysis of an underlying clinical problem and provide a strategic basis for a more optimal management.

Aims

The purpose of this narrative review was firstly to revise information on the anatomy and biomechanics of the foot and ankle. Finally, related biomechanical markers of human motor performance, which are potentially implicated in the development of haemophilic ankle arthropathy, will be discussed based on published literature and expert opinion.

Materials and methods

Searches in published literature were limited to the year 2000 onwards.

Results

Although the ankle (tibiotalar joint) is the most commonly affected joint, associated subtalar joint (SJT) involvement is often seen. This would therefore imply that an alternative phraseology might be better.

Discussion and conclusion

In this context, the authors propose the use of ‘haemophilic tarsal pan‐arthropathy’ (HTPA) which encompasses both tibiotalar and subtalar joints.
SIPPET: methodology, analysis and generalizability
Authors: Peyvandi F. , Mannucci P. M. , Palla R. , Rosendaal F. R.
Published: March 2017

The development of anti‐FVIII neutralizing alloantibodies (inhibitors), occurring in about one‐third of previously untreated patients (PUPs) with severe haemophilia A, depends on various genetic and environmental risk factors. Several previous studies have reported on the immunogenicity of FVIII concentrates, and due to differences in study design, study period, inhibitor testing frequency and follow‐up duration the results were inconclusive. The first randomized trial on this unresolved question (SIPPET) included 251 previously untreated or minimally treated patients with severe haemophilia A treated with either a single plasma‐derived FVIII (pdFVIII) containing VWF or a recombinant FVIII (rFVIII). The results showed an 87% higher rate of inhibitor development for rFVIII than pdFVIII during the first 50 exposure days of treatment. These results generated interest by patient organizations, physicians and regulatory agencies. This manuscript summarizes answers to the main questions that arose after the full publication of SIPPET.
Beliefs about medicines among Hong Kong hospital outpatients†
Authors: Wan Bosco K F , Cheung Walter H K , Ball Patrick A , Jackson David M , Maynard Gregg J
Published: March 2017

Objectives

(1) To identify demographic characteristics associated with different patients' belief attitudes among older Hong Kong hospital outpatients. (2) To identify important implementation criteria for developing a more effective adherence-improving intervention.

Methods

Six hundred and ninety-eight patients completed a questionnaire consisting of demographic information and Belief about Medicines Questionnaire. Findings were statistically analysed.

Key findings

Among respondents, 56.9% were either in the hesitant (Mixed-feelings and Indifferent) or negative (Distrustful) medication belief constructs. The majority of these patients were younger females, with better education, taking fewer regular medications and for shorter duration. Rheumatoid and gout accounted for 46.1% of cases in the Distrustful construct, while cardiovascular and diabetic conditions accounted for 63.8% of cases in the positive (In-favour) construct. Patients' concerns about medications were reaffirmed to be a predominant factor affecting medication beliefs. The mean Necessity–Concern Differential scores in the two hesitant constructs illustrated that patients within these two constructs were more pliant towards medicines and, therefore, were predicted to be more subject to modification.

Conclusions

Our results identified the demographic characteristics of patients with negative or hesitant belief attitudes about medicines. In order to effectively achieve improvement in long-term beliefs about medications, the design of interventions should target positively modifying belief attitudes in these two patient groups. Furthermore, addressing patients' concern about their medicines was reaffirmed to be an important criterion for researchers to focus on when designing effective interventions in the future.
Incidence and risks for surgical site infection after adult tibial plateau fractures treated by ORIF: a prospective multicentre study
Authors: Zhu Yanbin , Liu Song , Zhang Xiaolin , Chen Wei , Zhang Yingze
Published: March 2017

Tibial plateau fractures are difficult to treat and more likely complicated by subsequent surgical site infection (SSI). There is limited information about its characteristics and related risk factors for SSI. This study was designed as a prospective and multicentre one to address this issue. From July to 15 November in 2014, 235 patients with tibial plateau fractures were treated by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and followed up with complete data. Twelve patients (5·1%, 12/235) developed SSI, with 2·1% for deep SSI and 3·0% for superficial SSI. Most of them (10/12) occurred during the hospital stays. The median occurrence time was 6 days after operation (range, 2–26 days). We use univariate and multivariate logistic regression models to investigate the potential risk factors. In the univariate analysis, open fracture, prolonged preoperative stay, smoking habitus and preoperative abnormal neutrophil (NEUT) count were significant risk factors for SSI occurrence. However, in multivariate analysis, only open fracture (OR, 3·31; 95%, 1·06–1·84) and current smoking status (OR, 5·68; 95% CI, 1·56–20·66) remained significant. We recommend that smoking cessation programme is introduced at the time of admission to the hospital and elaborative evaluation of fracture severity and soft‐tissue damage is performed with an aim of reducing the risk of post‐operative SSI.
Acquired Hemolytic Anemia Associated with IgA Anti‐e
Authors: Stratton F. , Rawlinson V. I. , Chapman S. A. , Pengelly C. D. R. , Jennings R. C.
Published: March 2017

Acquired hemolytic anemia in a Caucasian female patient with direct antiglobulin test positive only with anti‐IgA is described. The patient's serum contained 7S IgA anti‐e antibody. The significance of this, from the point of view of broad spectrum antiglobulin sera, is discussed.

The patient's serum contained 7S IgA anti‐e antibody. The significance of this, from the point of view of broad spectrum antiglobulin sera, is discussed.
Filtration of the Microaggregates in Stored Blood
Authors: Solis R. T. , Gibbs M. B.
Published: March 2017

Previous work suggests that pulmonary insufficiency after massive transfusion may be due to embolization of the microaggregates of platelets, leukocytes and amorphous material in stored blood. A Model T Coulter Counter® was used to measure the number and size of particles in stored blood from 10 to 164 μ Filtration of the stored blood through a standard infusion filter (170 μ pore) did not lower the particle counts. A 40 μ pore filter removed large (P < 0.001) but not medium or small particles. A Dacron wool filter significantly lowered particles in all size ranges. Simultaneous screen filtration pressure data showed that only Dacron wool effectively filtered the blood. When blood was centrifuged before being filtered, the weight of material removed by the 170 μ filter was more than doubled (P < 0.05) but that removed by Dacron wool was unchanged. The present studies stress the inefficiency of currently used blood filters and suggests that Dacron wool effectively filters stored blood.
Long‐term results of periodontal regenerative therapy: A retrospective practice‐based cohort study
Authors: Bröseler Frank , Tietmann Christina , Hinz Ann‐Katrin , Jepsen Søren
Published: March 2017

Aim

Evaluation of the long‐term effectiveness of regenerative treatment of intra‐bony defects in periodontal practice.

Material and Methods

A total of 1,008 intra‐bony defects in 176 patients were analysed after using collagen‐added deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBMc) with or without collagen membrane (CM) or enamel matrix derivative (EMD). Defects were classified as one‐ and two‐wall and as shallow (≤6 mm), moderate (>6 and <11 mm) and deep (≥11 mm). Radiographic bone level changes were evaluated after 1 year, 2 to 4 years and 5 to 10 years.

Results

Mean radiographic defect fill was 3.8 mm after 1 year and remained stable up to 10 years. Deep and moderate defects showed a higher degree of fill than shallow defects (53.3%, 49.2%, 42.9%). Tooth loss amounted to 2.6%, was dependent on initial defect size (1.2% shallow, 1.4% moderate, 5.7% deep defects) and occurred mainly due to endodontic reasons.

Conclusions

Within the limits of the retrospective study design, the findings indicate that periodontal treatment using DBBMc with or without CM or EMD can lead to long‐term defect reduction and tooth survival for up to 10 years in the setting of a periodontal practice.
Mutant eIF2B leads to impaired mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in vanishing white matter disease
Authors: Raini Gali , Sharet Reut , Herrero Melisa , Atzmon Andrea , Shenoy Anjana , Geiger Tamar , Elroy‐Stein Orna
Published: March 2017

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B (eIF2B) is a master regulator of protein synthesis under normal and stress conditions. Mutations in any of the five genes encoding its subunits lead to vanishing white matter (VWM) disease, a recessive genetic deadly illness caused by progressive loss of white matter in the brain. In this study we used fibroblasts, which are not involved in the disease, to demonstrate the involvement of eIF2B in mitochondrial function and abundance. Mass spectrometry of total proteome of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from Eif2b5R132H/R132H mice revealed unbalanced stoichiometry of proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation and of mitochondrial translation machinery components, among others. Mutant MEFs exhibit 55% decrease in oxygen consumption rate per mtDNA content and 47% increase in mitochondrial abundance (p < 0.005), reflecting adaptation to energy requirements. A more robust eIF2B‐associated oxidative respiration deficiency was found in mutant primary astrocytes, which exhibit > 3‐fold lower ATP‐linked respiration per cell despite a 2‐fold increase in mtDNA content (p < 0.03). The 2‐fold increase in basal and stimulated glycolysis in mutant astrocytes (p ≤ 0.03), but not in MEFs, demonstrates their higher energetic needs and further explicates their involvement in the disease. The data demonstrate the critical role of eIF2B in tight coordination of expression from nuclear and mitochondrial genomes and illuminates the importance of mitochondrial function in VWM pathology. Further dissection of the signaling network associated with eIF2B function will help generating therapeutic strategies for VWM disease and possibly other neurodegenerative disorders.

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Social Class and Ideologies of Inequality: How They Uphold Unequal Societies
Authors: Rodriguez‐Bailon Rosa , Bratanova Boyka , Willis Guillermo B. , Lopez‐Rodriguez Lucia , Sturrock Ashley , Loughnan Steve
Published: March 2017

Many societies are becoming increasingly unequal, especially after the Great Recession. This is occurring despite the evidence showing that economic inequality undermines personal and social wellbeing, and that inequality impairs the safe functioning of our societies. Although the main known causes of economic inequality are macro‐economic, some psychosocial factors can contribute to maintain it; these factors are the focus of this paper. Study 1 shows that feeling higher class and justifying the economic system increase the perception that the actual resource distribution is fair, and this in turn reduces the extent to which people see their society as unequal; effectively, social class and system justification blind people to inequality. Study 2 goes beyond blinded inequality to examine beliefs that oppose wealth redistribution. Both economic system justification (ESJ) and social dominance orientation (SDO) beliefs deepen inequality: People with strong ESJ or SDO tend not to endorse governmental and nongovernmental activities that reduce inequality. Further, these effects were mediated by a belief in dispositional poverty (i.e., internal causes for being poor). Combined, these studies highlight the importance of beliefs about social standing (subjective SES) and, especially, of ideology regarding the organization of society (ESJ, SDO) in maintaining and deepening levels of inequality.
Warmth‐Competence Tradeoffs in Impression Management across Race and Social‐Class Divides
Authors: Swencionis Jillian K. , Dupree Cydney H. , Fiske Susan T.
Published: March 2017

The Great Recession widened social‐class divides, so social interactions across gaps in workplace status and in race generally may be more salient and more fraught. Different statuses and races both carry stereotypes that targets know (meta‐perceptions, how they expect to be viewed by the outgroup). In both cross‐status and cross‐race interactions, targets may aim to manage the impressions they create. Reviewing literature and our own recent work invokes (a) the role of the Stereotype Content Model's two dimensions of social perception, namely warmth and competence; (b) the compensation effect, a tendency to tradeoff between them, especially downplaying one to convey the other; and (c) diverging warmth and competence concerns of people with lower and higher status and racial‐group positions. Higher‐status people and Whites, both stereotyped as competent but cold, seek to warm up their image. Lower‐status people and Blacks, both stereotyped as warm but incompetent, seek respect for their competence. Overviews of two previously separate research programs and the background literature converge on shared findings that higher‐status people, comparing down, display a competence downshift, consistent with communicating apparent warmth. Meanwhile, lower‐status people, comparing up, often display less warmth, to communicate competence. Previous research and our diverse samples—online workplace scenarios, online cross‐race interactions, and presidential candidates’ speeches—suggest a novel, robust interpersonal mechanism that perpetuates race, status, and social‐class divides.
Assessment of antioxidative and selenium status by seleno‐dependent glutathione peroxidase activity in different blood fractions using a pig model: issues for clinical nutrition and research
Authors: Dalto D. B. , Lapointe J. , Matte J.‐J.
Published: March 2017

Blood seleno‐dependent glutathione peroxidase (SeGPX) activity is widely used as a metabolic indicator of systemic antioxidative status despite inconsistent responses in the literature. This study aimed to compare SeGPX activity profiles in different blood fractions, expressed with different reference units, and assess their impact on interpretation of results. Two studies on selenium (Se) metabolism in gilts, including long‐term and peri‐oestrus SeGPX activity profiles, were submitted to analysis of variance with double repeated measures, after data set standardization. Differences between studies were experimental period (three post‐pubertal oestrus or five post‐pubertal oestrus +30 days of gestation) and sample type (whole blood or blood plasma). No difference was observed between whole‐blood long‐term profiles (three oestrus) for SeGPX activity/mg haemoglobin (SeGPXhb) vs. SeGPX activity/ml whole blood (SeGPXwb; p = 0.29). No long‐term difference was observed in whole blood between profiles according to dietary Se provision (basal and dietary Se‐supplemented groups; p ≥ 0.12). Blood plasma long‐term profiles (five oestrus + 30 days gestation) for SeGPX/mg blood plasma protein (SeGPXpro) were different from SeGPX/ml blood plasma (SeGPXpla) according or not to Se provision (p ≤ 0.007 and p < 0.001 respectively). However, regardless of Se provision (p ≥ 0.80), when excluding gestation from the model, blood plasma profiles were similar. During the peri‐oestrus period (day −4 to +3), regardless of Se provision, SeGPX activity profiles differed according to reference units in both studies (p < 0.001). However, considering Se provision, similar profiles were observed in whole blood and blood plasma (p ≥ 0.27) for basal Se groups, whereas in Se‐supplemented groups they differed for both sample types (p ≤ 0.02). In conclusion, reference units influence interpretation of SeGPX activity according to physiological state. During oxidative stress periods, this effect depends upon dietary Se provision.
Using exclusion rate to unify niche and neutral perspectives on coexistence
Authors: Carmel Yohay , Suprunenko Yevhen F. , Kunin William E. , Kent Rafi , Belmaker Jonathan , Bar‐Massada Avi , Cornell Stephen J.
Published: March 2017

The competitive exclusion principle is one of the most influential concepts in ecology. The classical formulation suggests a correlation between competitor species similarity and competition severity, leading to rapid competitive exclusion where species are very similar; yet neutral models show that identical species can persist in competition for long periods. Here, we resolve the conflict by examining two components of similarity – niche overlap and competitive similarity – and modeling the effects of each on exclusion rate (defined as the inverse of time to exclusion). Studying exclusion rate, rather than the traditional focus on binary outcomes (coexistence versus exclusion), allows us to examine classical niche and neutral perspectives using the same currency. High niche overlap speeds exclusion, but high similarity in competitive ability slows it. These predictions are confirmed by a well‐known model of two species competing for two resources. Under ecologically plausible scenarios of correlation between these two factors, the strongest exclusion rates may be among moderately similar species, while very similar and highly dissimilar competitors have very low exclusion rates. Adding even small amounts of demographic stochasticity to the model blurs the line between deterministic and probabilistic coexistence still further. Thus, focusing on exclusion rate, instead of on the binary outcome of coexistence versus exclusion, allows a variety of outcomes to result from competitive interactions. This approach may help explain species coexistence in diverse competitive communities and raises novel issues for future work.
Pediatric upper airway dimensions using three‐dimensional computed tomography imaging
Authors: Wani Tariq M. , Rafiq Mahmood , Talpur Salman , Soualmi Lahbib , Tobias Joseph D.
Published: March 2017

Introduction

Computed tomography‐ (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐based measurements have recently suggested that the narrowest dimension of the pediatric airway is the subglottic region. These data are contrary to the previously held tenets of a funnel‐ or conical‐shaped airway. The current study evaluates airway volumes and shapes using three‐dimensional CT images of the air way column in spontaneously breathing children.

Methods

The study included CT‐based radiological images of the neck in children who required imaging unrelated to airway symptomatology. The children were evaluated during spontaneous ventilation during natural sleep or with sedation without airway devices in place. The three‐dimensional images of the airway column were evaluated, volumes calculated, and comparisons made between the subglottic, cricoid, and tracheal volumes and shapes.

Results

The study cohort included 54 children, ranging in age from 2 months to 8 years. An increase in the airway volumes was observed from the subglottic (0.17 ± 0.06 mm3) to the cricoid (0.19 ± 0.06 mm3) to the tracheal regions (0.22 ± 0.07 mm3). The volumes of the subglottic, cricoid, and tracheal regions demonstrated a linear relationship with age.

Conclusion

This study confirms recent studies demonstrating that the subglottic region not the cricoid is the narrowest part of the airway.
A review of the methods for storing floral nectars in the field
Authors: Amato B. , Petit S.
Published: March 2017

The knowledge of floral nectar sugar characteristics, such as concentration, ratio and mass, is essential to understand the complex nature of nectar production and pollination systems. Although nectar is commonly stored in ecology, storage reliability and effectiveness have rarely been quantified. Inappropriate nectar storage between sampling and analysis can alter nectar chemistry as a result of enzyme or microbial action. Our review of the literature indicates that measures to preserve nectar sugars before analysis include refrigeration, freezing, the addition of an antimicrobial agent, spotting and drying on filter paper, the addition of a desiccant or a combination of these storage treatments. Nectar stored on filter paper is removed by washing with a solvent before analysis. Elution methods are often complex, not standardised and poorly reported in published work. Existing storage methods have generally been used without an evaluation of their impact on results, but evidence suggests a potentially large impact on result accuracy. Future studies should report storage treatments and elution methods to legitimise comparison among independent studies and provide unbiased evaluation of the results. In view of the wide range of storage methods used and lack of verification of their appropriateness, is imperative that standardised and effective methods be developed to ensure that results are reliable. We recommend the prompt analysis of nectar, detailed description of methods, including size of filter paper and method of elution, and use of sterile techniques.
Variation in seed packaging of a fleshy‐fruited conifer provides insights into the ecology and evolution of multi‐seeded fruits
Authors: DeSoto L. , Torices R. , Rodríguez‐Echeverría S. , Nabais C.
Published: March 2017

The study of intraspecific seed packaging (i.e. seed size/number strategy) variation across different populations may allow better understanding of the ecological forces that drive seed evolution in plants. Juniperus thurifera (Cupressaceae) provides a good model to study this due to the existence of two subspecies differentiated by phenotypic traits, such as seed size and cone seediness (number of seeds inside a cone), across its range.

The aim of this study was to analyse seed packaging (seed mass and cone seediness) variation at different scales (subspecies, populations and individuals) and the relationship between cone and seed traits in European and African J. thurifera populations.

After opening more than 5300 cones and measuring 3600 seeds, we found that seed packaging traits followed different patterns of variation. Large‐scale effects (region and population) significantly contributed to cone seediness variance, while most of the seed mass variance occurred within individuals. Seed packaging differed between the two sides of the Mediterranean Sea, with African cones bearing fewer but larger seeds than the European ones. However, no differences in seed mass were found between populations when taking into account cone seediness. Larger cones contained more pulp and seeds and displayed a larger variation in individual seed mass.

We validated previous reports on the intraspecific differences in J. thurifera seed packaging, although both subspecies followed the same seed size/number trade‐off. The higher seediness and variation in seed mass found in larger cones reveals that the positive relationship between seed and cone sizes may not be straightforward.We hypothesise that the large variation of seed size found within cones and individuals in J. thurifera, but also in other fleshy‐fruited species, could represent a bet‐hedging strategy for dispersal.
Differences in respiratory arousal threshold in Caucasian and Chinese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Lee Richard W.W. , Sutherland Kate , Sands Scott A. , Edwards Bradley A. , Chan Tat on , S.S. NG Susanna , Hui David S. , Cistulli Peter A.
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT

Background and objective

Ethnic differences in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) phenotype may not be limited to obesity and craniofacial factors. The aims of the study were to (i) compare the proportion of Caucasians and Chinese patients with a low respiratory arousal threshold (ArTH) and (ii) explore the influence of anatomical compromise on ArTH.

Methods

Interethnic comparison was conducted between cohorts of Caucasian and Chinese patients from specialist sleep disorder clinics. Polysomnography and craniofacial photography were performed. A low respiratory ArTH was determined by an ArTH score of 2 or above (one point for each: apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHI) < 30/h, nadir oxygen saturation (SaO2
) > 82.5%, fractions of hypopnoeas > 58.3%). Anatomical compromise was stratified according to the photographic face width measurement.

Results

A total of 348 subjects (163 Caucasians and 185 Chinese) were analysed. There was a significantly lower proportion of Chinese patients with moderate‐severe OSA (AHI ≥ 15) who had a low ArTH (28.4% vs 48.8%, P = 0.004). This difference remained significant among those with severe OSA (AHI ≥ 30) (2.6% vs 17.1%, P = 0.02). The proportion of moderate‐severe OSA Caucasians with a low ArTH was significantly less in those with severe anatomical compromise (36.6% vs 61.0%, P = 0.03), whereas there was no difference in Chinese patients (25.5% vs 31.5%, P = 0.49).

Conclusion

Compared to Caucasians with severe OSA, a low respiratory ArTh appears to be a less common pathophysiological mechanism in Chinese patients. Caucasians with less severe anatomical compromise exhibit evidence of a lower ArTh, an association which is absent in Chinese patients. Our data suggest that OSA mechanisms may vary across racial groups.
Flavivirus cross‐reactivity in serological tests and Guillain‐Barré syndrome in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant patient: A case report
Authors: Raboni Sonia M. , Bonfim Carmem , Almeida Bernardo M. , Zanluca Camila , Koishi Andrea C. , Rodrigues Paula R.V.P. , Kay Claudia K. , Ribeiro Lisandro L. , Scola Rosana H. , Duarte dos Santos Claudia N.
Published: March 2017

Serological diagnosis of flavivirus infection is a challenge, particularly in the context of a disease associated with immune response enhancement in a transplant patient, where aspects such as previous flavivirus infections may be involved with the outcome. We report a case of a pediatric patient who developed Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) after matched‐unrelated hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The patient lives in a Brazilian region that is experiencing an epidemic of Zika virus (ZIKV) and dengue virus (DENV). Because an increasing number of cases of GBS, likely triggered by ZIKV infection, are being reported in Brazil, samples from the patient were tested for both ZIKV and DENV infection. Serological assays strongly suggested a recent ZIKV infection, although infection by DENV or co‐infection with both viruses cannot be ruled out. The presence of anti‐DENV immunoglobulin‐G in donor serum led to the hypothesis that antibodies from the donor could have enhanced the severity of the ZIKV infection. This hypothesis is in agreement with the recent findings that DENV sero‐cross‐reactivity drives antibody‐dependent enhancement of ZIKV infection. These findings highlight the need for discussion of the indication to perform previous flavivirus tests in HSCT donors, especially in areas where ZIKV and other flaviviruses co‐circulate.
Design of a Wireless Medical Capsule for Measuring the Contact Pressure Between a Capsule and the Small Intestine
Authors: Li Pengbo , Kreikemeier-Bower Craig , Xie Wanchuan , Kothari Vishal , Terry Benjamin S.
Published: March 2017

A wireless medical capsule for measuring the contact pressure between a mobile capsule and the small intestine lumen was developed. Two pressure sensors were used to measure and differentiate the contact pressure and the small intestine intraluminal pressure. After in vitro tests of the capsule, it was surgically placed and tested in the proximal small intestine of a pig model. The capsule successfully gathered and transmitted the pressure data to a receiver outside the body. The measured pressure signals in the animal test were analyzed in the time and frequency domains, and a mathematic model was presented to describe the different factors influencing the contact pressure. A novel signal processing method was applied to isolate the contraction information from the contact pressure. The result shows that the measured contact pressure was 1.08 ± 0.08 kPa, and the small intestine contraction pressure's amplitude and rate were 0.29 ± 0.046 kPa and 12 min−1. Moreover, the amplitudes and rates of pressure from respiration and heartbeat were also estimated. The successful preliminary evaluation of this capsule implies that it could be used in further systematic investigation of small intestine contact pressure on a mobile capsule-shaped bolus.