bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of Oral Anticoagulation With Stroke in Atrial Fibrillation or Heart Failure
Authors: Reddin Catriona , Judge Conor , Loughlin Elaine , Murphy Robert , Costello Maria , Alvarez Alberto , Ferguson John , Smyth Andrew , Canavan Michelle , O’Donnell Martin J.
Published: July 2021

Background and Purpose:

Atrial fibrillation and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) are common sources of cardioembolism. While oral anticoagulation is strongly recommended for atrial fibrillation, there are marked variations in guideline recommendations for HFrEF due to uncertainty about net clinical benefit. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the comparative association of oral anticoagulation with stroke and other cardiovascular risk in populations with atrial fibrillation or HFrEF in sinus rhythm and identify factors mediating different estimates of net clinical benefit.

Methods:

PubMed and Embase were searched from database inception to November 20, 2019 for randomized clinical trials comparing oral anticoagulation to control. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate a pooled treatment-effect overall and within atrial fibrillation and HFrEF trials. Differences in treatment effect were assessed by estimating I
2
among all trials and testing the between-trial-population
P
-interaction. The primary outcome measure was all stroke. Secondary outcome measures were ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, mortality, myocardial infarction, and major hemorrhage.

Results:

Twenty-one trials were eligible for inclusion, 15 (n=19 332) in atrial fibrillation (mean follow-up: 23.1 months), and 6 (n=9866) in HFrEF (mean follow-up: 23.9 months). There were differences in primary outcomes between trial populations, with all-cause mortality included for 95.2% of HFrEF trial population versus 0.38% for atrial fibrillation. Mortality was higher in controls groups of HFrEF populations (19.0% versus 9.6%) but rates of stroke lower (3.1% versus 7.0%) compared with atrial fibrillation. The association of oral anticoagulation with all stroke was consistent for atrial fibrillation (odds ratio, 0.51 [95% CI, 0.42–0.63]) and HFrEF (odds ratio, 0.61 [95% CI, 0.47–0.79]; I
2
=12.4%;
P
interaction=0.31). There were no statistically significant differences in the association of oral anticoagulation with cardiovascular events, mortality or bleeding between populations.

Conclusions:

The relative association of oral anticoagulation with stroke risk, and other cardiovascular outcomes, is similar for patients with atrial fibrillation and HFrEF. Differences in the primary outcomes employed by trials in HFrEF, compared with atrial fibrillation, may have contributed to differing conclusions of the relative efficacy of oral anticoagulation.
Systematic relationships of the Taeniapterini (Diptera: Micropezidae, Taeniapterinae)
Authors: FERRO GUSTAVO BORGES , SKEVINGTON JEFFREY H. , MARSHALL STEPHEN A. , KELSO SCOTT
Published: July 2021

A molecular phylogeny for the Taeniapterinae is presented based on mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, COI), ribosomal (16S rRNA and 28S rRNA) and nuclear (EF-1α and CAD) genes of 48 specimens including 40 species. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference were used to analyze the total concatenated dataset of 8769 bp. The results confirm that tribal classifications in Taeniapterinae are artificial and support the separation of Paragrallomyia Hendel and Taeniaptera sensu Ferro & Marshall (2020).
Influence of Heavy Metals on the Growth of Chlorella vulgaris
Authors: Pang Bingbing , Zeng Mingzhou , Zhang Wenjia , Ye Fengcai , Shang Changhua
Published: July 2021

Growth inhibition of chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) to fresh water microalga Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) FACHB-8 was examined. These results demonstrated that the concentration level (EC50 value) of three heavy metals (Cr, Cd and Pb) could be utilized
as an indicator for evaluating the toxicities of Cr, Cd and Pb for microalga growth. The EC50 values of Cr for C. vulgaris were 0.22, 0.07 and 0.04 mg/L at 24, 48 and 72 h based on Algorithm 2 (%Ir, percent inhibition in average specific growth rate), respectively. The EC50
values of Cd for C. vulgaris were 2.76, 1.08 and 0.93 mg/L at 24, 48 and 72 h based on Algorithm 2, respectively. The EC50 values of Pb for C. vulgaris were 73.21, 65.02 and 48.38 mg/L at 24, 48 and 72 h based on Algorithm 2, respectively. The results laid a good foundation
for the application of C. vulgaris in the water quality monitoring.
Evaluating the Effect of Residual Lignin Contents and Fermentation Systems on Bioethanol Production
Authors: You Yanzhi , Ding Changhe , Li Jinlong , Meng Jun , Zhang Xiankun , Jiang Jianxin
Published: July 2021

Peroxide-acetic acid (Peroxide-HAc) pretreatment is a simplified and cost-effective technology due to its mild conditions without the catalysis of strong acids, which was introduced to treat sugarcane bagasse (SCB) in this paper. Then pretreated SCB was used to produce bioethanol using
thermophilic Saccharomyces cerevisiae in deionized water (DW) and sodium citrate buffer solution (SCS) fermentation systems, respectively. Results: showed that peroxide-HAc pretreatment can selectively remove lignin and change morphological structures, thus positively increasing
saccharification and fermentation efficiency downstream. SCB pretreated at 100 °C obtained the lowest residual lignin content of 2.88% and achieved the highest ethanol yield of 92.10% (0.45 g/g-biomass) in DW system. In particular, SCS can decrease the residual sugars content of pretreated
SCB during simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) process. The addition of Tween 80 improved SSCF of SCB pretreated at 80 °C likely because Tween 80 can block residual lignin adsorption with enzymes. The concentration of acetic acid and glycerol byproducts from SCB pretreated
at 80 °C can be decreased by SCS and DW systems, respectively, comparing to SCS and DW systems with additing Tween 80. This study provided a systematic process route for the bioethanol production by mild pretreatment method.
Effects of Biochar on Infiltration and Evaporation of Soil Water with Sand Mulching
Authors: Zhao Wenju , Liu Yuhang , Li Zongli , Bao Zhiwei
Published: July 2021

Water shortages and soil salinization in arid regions of northwestern China have become an important factor limiting agricultural production and affecting the living conditions of farmers. Using existing water resources and salinized land scientifically and efficiently is important
for improving agricultural production. We studied the characteristics of the infiltration and evaporation of soil water under the application of different amounts of biochar in indoor soil-column simulations with sand mulching to determine the effect of biochar on the infiltration and evaporation
of soil water. We tested five treatments: sand mulching with no biochar (CK) and sand mulching with 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 4.5% biochar. Cumulative infiltration and the rate of migration of the wetting front were higher with 0.5 and 1.5% biochar and lower with 2.5 and 4.5% biochar than CK, respectively.
The distance and duration of migration of the wetting front followed the power function F = a·tb, a relationship consistent with the Kostiakov model of infiltration. The cumulative evaporation of soil water was higher with 0.5 and 1.5% biochar and lower with 2.5 and
4.5% biochar than CK. The variation of cumulative evaporation was represented well by both the Black and Rose models of evaporation. The results of this study have important implications for the application of biochar in arid regions of northwestern China for improving the hydrological characteristics
of soil in agricultural practices.
Antioxidant Mechanism of Yam Saponin, Hesperidin, Ginger Extract on Oxidative Chicken Myofibrillar Protein
Authors: Cao Yingying , Zhao Ping , Fan Wenguang , Liu Yuhui
Published: July 2021

The antioxidant mechanism of three plant extracts on the oxidative myofibrillar proteins oxidized by Fe3+/H2O2 at 0 °C for 12 h was analyzed. These plant extracts were added to myofibrillar proteins with the concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mg/mL Besides,
the group without added extracts was adopted as controls. Total sulfhydryl content, carbonyls, surface hydrophobicity, and protein cross-linking, protein gel properties were analyzed. In the meantime, the oxidized suspensions were processed as protein gels. Then, the water-holding capacity
and the hardness of gels were analyzed. The resulted showed that the suspensions of three plant extracts and the oxidized myofibrillar proteins led to a significant decrease in surface hydrophobicity, carbonyls and gel hardness of the sulfhydryl group, while three plant extracts promoted aggregation
of the myofibrillar proteins and increased water-holding capacity of gels compared with that of the control. The scanning electron microscope showed that the gels structure of the three extracts were obviously better than that of the control group, and the ginger group was the best.Yam saponin
exhibited the best antioxidant effect, followed by ginger extract and hesperidin.
Study on the Chemical Structures and Free Radical Scavenging Ability of Anthraquinones and Its c-Glycosides from Rumexjaponicus Houtt.
Authors: Wang Juntong , Gu Le , Xiao Dandan , Wang Xueyu , Zhen Xiaowen , Li Yong
Published: July 2021

Rumex japonicus Houtt. (RJH) is a kind of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) widely used in the treatment of serious skin diseases such as psoriasis. To further explore its bioactive components, the five-year root of RJH was used, the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique
was employed with DMSO-d6 solvent for chemical structures, the scavenging capacity of the free radicals (DPPH, alkyl, –OH, and ˙O−2) was evaluated by electron spin resonance (ESR) method. In the results, seven compounds that were wholly
characterized as anthraquinones (1 and 2), its c-glycosides (4–7), and flavonoid glycoside (3) especially for the hydrogen atoms from –OH groups located at phenol rings and glucose moieties. The compound 4 and 5 showed the
significant bioac-tivity with the IC50 values (DPPH: 23.34 and 23.25 μM; alkyl: 20.27 and 20.15 μM; –OH: 26.03 and 25.50 μM; and ˙O−2: 14.69 and 14.68 μM, respectively). In conclusion, the DMSO-d6
solvent could make active protons be expressed clearly for accurate assignments. The compounds 4 and 5 could be suggested to be applied for potential candidates for related drugs.
Sulfated Modification of Polysaccharides from Sweet Corncob and Its Antiglycation Activity in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Wang Xin , Han Ye , Xiao Enlai , Zhang Kai , Ma Yongqiang
Published: July 2021

Polysaccharides extracted from sweet corncob (SCP) were modified by sulfuric acid to sulfated sweet corncob (SSCP) with a molecular weight of 13.412 kDa, and their antiglycation activity was studied. SSCP had high inhibitory effects on glycation and showed antiglycation activity stronger than that of SCPin vitro.The maximum inhibition rates of the Amadori products, dicarbonyl compounds, caboxymethyl-lysine (CML), and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) were 76.35, 73.78, 52.79, and 76.36%, respectively. SSCP effectively increased body weight, reduced blood glucose, and increased oral glucose tolerance in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic ratsin vivo.Furthermore, SSCP inhibited AGE formation in liver tissue and repaired pancreatic injury. The resultsin vivoandin vitroreflect that SSCP has antiglycation effects, which may be closely related to its antidiabetic effects.
Study on the Antipyretic Mechanism of Baihu Decoction: Network Pharmacology Prediction and Experimental Verification
Authors: Zuo Jiahang , Ye Hongbo , Lin He , Lv Guangfu , Wang Yuchen , Huang Xiaowei , Lin Zhe
Published: July 2021

To better understand the antipyretic mechanism of Baihu decoction, the network pharmacology was used to predict its antipyretic components, targets, functions and pathways, and the prediction results were experimentally verified. BATMAN-TCM was used to obtain the components of Baihu
decoction, GeneCards was used to screen fever related targets, STRING was used to analyze the protein interaction network of the selected targets. Bioconductor software was used to analyze the gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway, and one of the KEGG
pathway analyses was performed by cell inflammation model, and was verified by experiments. In the results, total 263 compounds were screened out, 54 potential antipyretic targets were identified, 84 items were obtained by GO function analysis, and 29 pathways were obtained by KEGG analysis,
including hypoxia inducible factor-1, Forkhead box O (FOXO) Ras related protein 1 (Rap1), nuclear factor-κ (NF-κB) and other signalling pathways. In the verification experiment of NF-κB signalling pathway, the expression of NF-κB, Inhibitory
kappa B kinase beta (IκKβ) and IκBα protein were significantly difference between the Baihu decoction group (P < 0.01) and the model group (P < 0.05), suggesting that Baihu decoction plays the antipyretic effect by affecting
IκKβ, Inhibitory kappa B alpha (IκBα) and NF-κB. In conclusion, the interaction of multiple targets in the antipyretic effect of Baihu Decoction and its biological function and pathways were preliminarily demonstrated.
Utilization of Waste Clam Shell as Cost-Effective Catalyst for Heterogeneous Biodiesel Production
Authors: Wang Jin , Tao Shuang , Zhao Yifei , Shen Bo , Zhang Zhifang , Tang Ying
Published: July 2021

In this work, a cost-effective and environmental catalyst derived from waste clam shell was prepared and investigated in transesterification for biodiesel production. Waste clam shell was treated by acid soaking and then muffles calcinating. The reaction process was conduct in presence
of rapeseed oil and methanol using clam shell as catalyst at 65 °C. Using control variable method to investigate the effects of reaction factors including calcination temperature, molar ration of methanol to rapeseed oil, catalyst amounts, reaction time. The result shows that the as-prepared
CaO had great performance in the solid base catalytic production of biodiesel. The physical features of the as-prepared CaO derived from clam shell were characterized by using FT-IR, CO2-TPD, XRD, SEM and BET techniques.
Anti-Alzheimer’s disease performance of triptolide nanoliposomes modified with lactoferrin
Authors: Wang Lin , Li Yinghong , Jiang Qianqian , Chen Manyin , Wu Zhengzhi
Published: July 2021

According to the immune inflammation theory of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), triptolide (TP) is a potential drug for the treatment of AD, but it distributed widely in vivo resulting in the multi-organ toxicity. In order to improve the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of TP, stealth
brain-targeting TP nanoliposomes (Lf-TP-PL) were prepared with polyethyleneglycol (PEG)-modified and lactoferrin (Lf) as the brain-targeting head group. Compared with TP solution (TP-S), common TP nanoliposomes (TP-CL) and PEG-modified TP nanoliposomes (TP-PL), the effect of Lf-TP-PL on the
growth of PC12 cells inductively damaged by Aβ1-42, as the model in vitro AD cells, was studied. The effects of Lf-TP-PL on the behavioral ability of AD model mice were evaluated by Morris water maze test. The results showed that compared with TP-S, TP-CL, and TP-PL, Lf-TP-PL
had stronger abilities to repair the PC12 cells inductively damaged by Aβ1-42, and could mitigate spatial memory deficit of AD model mice in a better way. Lf-TP-PL is a potential nanomedicine for AD treatment.
Study on the therapeutic and nursing effect of thrombus targeted thrombolysis mediated by recombinant plasminogen activator modified nanoparticles on stroke patients
Authors: Zhang Li , Xu Miao , Zhu Min , Liu Andong , Zhao Fenghua
Published: July 2021

Tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is a thrombolytic drug used for the treatment of stroke. However, it has a short half-life and a high risk of complications of cerebral hemorrhage, which complicates its use in clinical applications. In this study, polyethylene glycol and polycaprolactone
were used as nano-carriers in the development of new nano-drug-recombinant plasminogen activator modified nanoparticles (PEG-PCL@rt-PA) loaded with rt-PA. Following treatment, the patients received with either conventional nursing or continuous nursing. Compared with traditional treatment
and nursing, the nanoparticles had stronger thrombolytic and therapeutic effects, significantly improved the self-care recovery rate of patients, and reduced the occurrence of complications. This new mode of PEG-PCL@rt-PA drug therapy combined with continuous nursing is expected to improve
the recovery and survival rates of stroke patients.
The preventive effect of dexmedetomidine combined with nalbuphine on fentany-linduced hyperalgesia after nanocarbon laparoscopic hysterectomy
Authors: Yu Min , Zhang Shuangyin , Xu Xu , Liu Jie , Liu Yang , Wang Yingbin
Published: July 2021

This study aimed to explore the preventive effect of dexmedetomidine combined with nalbuphine on fentany-linduced hyperalgesia after nanocarbon laparoscopic hysterectomy. A total of 172 patients diagnosed with cervical cancer and undergoing nanocarbon laparoscopic hysterectomy at Second
Hospital of Lanzhou University from February 2017 to October 2019 were selected and divided into a control group (Group C), patients treated with dexmedetomidine (DEX) combined with nalbuphine as the combined group (Group M), the dexmedetomidine group (Group D), and the nalbuphine group (Group
N). The imaging and detection rate of sentinel lymph nodes traced by carbon nanoparticles (CNP) was observed and counted, the sedation score and visual analog score (VAS), mechanical pain threshold 24 h before and after the operation, mean arterial pressure (MBP) at each time, heart rate (HR),
and adverse reactions were all recorded. The results showed that the total detection rate, sensitivity, and accuracy of CNP tracer sentinel lymph nodes were 97.67%, 90.47%, 95.34%, and 97.67%, respectively. The sentinel and black-stained lymph nodes removed after surgery did not fade. The
time of recovery, the HR after intubation, pneumoperitoneum, and extubation in group D were significantly different from the other three groups (P < 0.05). The pain threshold, MBP P < after intubation, and VAS scores at T0–T3 were significantly
different from those in other groups (P < 0.05); the Ramsay sedation score was higher in group D than T0–T2 (P < 0.05); the time of first analgesia, the amount of sufentanil, and the number of analgesic pump compressions in group C were significantly
different from those in other groups (P < 0.05). The incidence rate of bradycardia in group D was 48.83%, and that of postoperative chills in group C was 30.23%, which was significantly different from other groups (P < 0.05). Therefore, DEX combined with nalbuphine based
on nano-carbon laparoscopic hysterectomy could reduce remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia and postoperative side effects, which provided a reference for the prevention of hyperalgesia.
Multifunctional double network hydrogel film for skin wound healing
Authors: Liang Ning , Wu Lei , Yang Yao
Published: July 2021

Skin wound management is an important issue in the medical community. Herein, we report a multifunctional film with many advanced features as a dressing for the healing of wounds. The dressing was made using chitosan and poly(acrylamide) (pAAm) hydrogel in order to form a double network
(DN) hydrogel film. Compared to the pure chitosan hydrogel, which is fragile, the added pAAm network conferred excellent mechanical capability to the composite film, making it flexible and easy to treat. By further doping the hydrogel with carbon nanotubes and drugs, the film could promote
wound healing. Animal experiments demonstrated that the DN hydrogel film could reduce inflammation and promote tissue regeneration. Thus, this film is promising as a treatment for wound healing.
Effect of deep tempering on microstructure and mechanical properties of G13Cr4Mo4Ni4V steel
Authors: Yu Xingfu , Gao Yue , Wang Shijie , Wang Huimin , Xia Yunzhi , Yang Shuxin , Su Yong
Published: July 2021

By means of the post heat treatment of deep tempering on the aviation bearing steel G13Cr4Mo4Ni4V after quenching and high-temperature tempering, the effect of the treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of the steel was studied. Results show that, the deep tempering promotes the precipitation of carbides along the boundaries and on the bodies of martensite blocks. In this process, the block martensite structure is decomposed and refined. After three or more times of deep tempering treatments, the hardness of the steel is slightly improved due to the carbide precipitation on the boundaries and bodies of the martensite blocks and the growth of carbides. After 5 times of deep tempering treatments, the impact toughness and the elongation of the samples are slightly reduced, while the tensile strength is increased. The area of the crack propagation zone on the rotating-bending fatigue fracture increases, while that of the transient fracture zone decreases. The ultimate strength of the rotating-bending fatigue is increased from 560 MPa to 660 MPa, with the increased extent of 17.8%, which results from the decomposition and refinement of martensite blocks.
Application of nano-metric synthetic materials in medical imaging diagnosis
Authors: Yang Hang
Published: July 2021

This paper investigates the application of nanometer synthetic materials in medical imaging diagnosis. The main synthesis methods of nanomaterials are described, and nanomaterials are applied to X-ray CT imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, PAT imaging, fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic
imaging and PET imaging. The diagnostic results can be obtained by applying spatial filtering to filter operation, medical imaging and the filtering processing of image segmentation. By extracting the medical image texture feature using gray level cooccurrence matrix, studying shallow network
features and combining the characteristics of the learning result, a more comprehensive medical imaging diagnosis can be obtained. The experimental results show that the method can reduce the error rate of medical imaging diagnosis and accelerate the efficiency of medical imaging diagnosis.
Decellularized human amniotic particles reinforced with GelMA assist wound healing of the oral mucosa in vivo
Authors: Liu Mingyan , Lin Ling , Shao Miaomiao , Guo Jun , Zhang Qiang , Chang Caiwang
Published: July 2021

Defects within the oral mucosa can result from a variety of causes, including tumors and trauma. Adults have limited ability to regenerate after tissue loss or injury, meaning autografts to reconstruct defects are often required. Due to shortcomings associated to tissue transplantation,
the use of tissue engineering technology to reconstruct and regenerate oral tissues has gained attention. In this regard, HAM (human amniotic membrane) was utilized as a biological material for tissue engineering applications. However, its unfavorable properties have limited its use, and hybrid
scaffolds based on HAM have been investigated. Thus, in this study, a biomimetic hybrid scaffold composed of gelatin methacryloyl and decellularized human amniotic particles (GelMA-dHAP) was prepared and used as a tissue substitute to promote wound healing of the oral mucosa in rabbits. First,
the degradation and swelling characteristics of the scaffold were evaluated and found to be more desirable than those of GelMA alone. Then, the effects of the GelMA-dHAP stent on the proliferation and differentiation of human foreskin fibroblasts were studied in vitro using a cell counting
kit-8 (CCK8) and immunofluorescence, respectively. This showed that the hybrid scaffold could significantly promote fibroblast proliferation and differentiation in comparison to controls. Following these initial assessments and to better understand the underlying mechanism of wound healing,
in vivo histological and immunohistochemical studies were undertaken using a rabbit oral mucosa defect model. The results showed that GelMA-dHAP can promote angiogenesis and collagen expression within the oral mucosa. Importantly, the GelMA-dHAP scaffold was shown to assist wound healing
better than GelMA alone, demonstrating the potential of the hybrid scaffold in tissue engineering.
Synthesis and characterization of methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride esterified corn starch by wet method
Authors: Luo Ting , Yang Chengdong , Zhang Kang , Lin Yi , Cheng Fei , Zhou Mi , Zhu Puxin
Published: July 2021

The main purpose of this paper is to synthesize a novel esterified starch with an alicyclic structure. Herein, methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MeTHPA), an alicyclic anhydride, was used to synthesize esterified corn starch (CS) with different degrees of substitution (DS) by a wet
method. Compared with CS, the crystallinity and thermal degradation temperature of MeTHPA esterified CS (MeCS) decreased, while the hydrophobicity and light transmittance of MeCS films increased. The esterification modification significantly improved the toughness of the starch film. Between
CS and MeCS films, the 15% Me/CS film shows a maximum elongation at break of 24.2% and a tensile strength of 8.0 MPa. Furthermore, 15% Me/CS was blended with CS as a sizing agent for polyester/cotton blended yarns and showed significantly increased adhesion to the blended yarns. Hence, the
CS blended MeCS has a potential application in wrap sizing.
Comparative study on crystallinity of laser-annealed polysilicon thin films for various laser sources
Authors: Pyo Jeongsang , Ryu Han-You
Published: July 2021

In this study, we compared the crystallinities of polycrystalline silicon thin films annealed using green laser annealing (GLA) with a 532-nm pulsed laser, near-ultraviolet laser annealing (NULA) with a 355-nm pulsed laser, and blue laser diode annealing (BLDA) with 450-nm continuous-wave
(CW) lasers. Three-dimensional heat transfer simulations were performed to obtain the temperature distributions in a 100 nm-thick amorphous silicon layer, and optimum laser conditions were determined for each laser annealing. GLA, NULA, and BLDA experiments were conducted based on the thermal
simulation results, and the crystallinity of the annealed samples was quantitatively analyzed via spectroscopic ellipsometry. The analysis results indicated that GLA and BLDA resulted in good crystallinity that was comparable to the result of furnace annealing, whereas NULA resulted in a relatively
poor crystal quality. The difference in the crystallinities produced by the annealing lasers could be explained using the thermal simulation results. This study provides an insight into the optimum laser annealing conditions for realizing high-quality poly-silicon thin films.
Factors Responsible for the Increase of Winter Low Temperature Extremes from the Mid-1990s to the Early 2010s in Northern China
Authors: Wang Zunya , Liu Yanju , Wang Guofu , Zhang Qiang
Published: July 2021

It is argued that the occurrence of cold events decreases under the background of global warming. However, from the mid-1990s to the early 2010s, northern China experienced a period of increasing occurrence of low temperature extremes (LTE). Factors responsible for this increase of LTE are investigated in this analysis. The results show that the interdecadal variation of the winter mean temperature over mid- and high-latitude Eurasia acts as an important thermal background. It is characterized by two dominant modes, the “consistent cooling” pattern and the “warm high-latitude Eurasia and cold midlatitude Eurasia” pattern, from the mid-1990s to the early 2010s. The two patterns jointly provide a cooling background for the increase of LTE in northern China. Meanwhile, though the interdecadal variation of the Arctic Oscillation (AO), Ural blocking (UB), and Siberian high (SH) are all highly correlated with the occurrence of LTE in northern China, the AO is found to play a dominant role. On one hand, the AO directly affects the occurrence of LTE because of its dynamic structure; on the other hand, it takes an indirect effect by affecting the intensity of UB and SH. Further analyses show that the winter temperature in mid- and high-latitude Eurasia and the AO are independent factors that influence the increase of LTE in northern China from the mid-1990s to the early 2010s.
Projections of South Asian Summer Monsoon Under Global Warming from 1.5° to 5°C
Authors: Li Zhibo , Sun Ying , Li Tim , Chen Wen , Ding Yihui
Published: July 2021

The South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) is one of the most crucial climate components in boreal summer. The future potential changes in the SASM have great importance for climate change adaption and policy setting in this populous region. To understand the SASM changes and its link with the global warming of 1.5°C to 5°C above the preindustrial level, we investigate the changes in the SASM circulation and precipitation based on a large-ensemble simulation conducted with Canadian Earth System Model version 2 (CanESM2). With the global mean surface temperature (GMST) increase, the large-ensemble mean of SASM circulation is projected to weaken almost linearly while the precipitation and precipitable water to enhance quasi-linearly. A double anticyclone along the tropical Indian Ocean is a major anomalous circulation pattern for each additional degree of warming and is responsible for the weakening of the lower-level westerlies. The decreased upper-level land-sea thermal contrast (TCupper) is the main thermal driver for the weakening of the SASM circulation while the lower-level thermal contrast contributes little. The non-linearly decreased TCupper is mainly related to the temperature response to the increased CO2 forcing and convection induced latent heat release in the tropics. The increase in the SASM precipitation is mainly due to the quasi-linearly increased positive contribution of the thermodynamic component, while the dynamic component has a negative impact. Both horizontal moisture advection and moisture convergence contribute to the precipitation increase, and moisture convergence plays a dominant role. These results provide new insight that the SASM changes can be roughly scaled by the GMST changes.
The annual cycle of terrestrial water storage anomalies in CMIP6 models evaluated against GRACE data
Authors: Wu Ren-Jie , Lo Min-Hui , Scanlon Bridget R.
Published: July 2021

Terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA) is a critical component of the global water cycle where improved spatiotemporal dynamics would enhance exploration of weather and climate-linked processes. Thus, correctly simulating TWSA is essential not only for water-resource management but also for assessing feedbacks to climate through land-atmosphere interactions. Here we evaluate simulated TWSA from 25 climate models (from the Climate Model Intercomparison Project 6) through comparison with TWSA from GRACE satellite data (2003 – 2014) in 14 river basins globally and assess causes of discrepancies by examining precipitation (P), evapotranspiration (ET), and runoff (Roff) fluxes during recharge (increasing TWS) and discharge (decreasing TWS) cycles. Most models show consistent biases in seasonal amplitudes of TWS anomalies relative to GRACE output: higher modeled amplitudes in river basins in high northern latitudes, Parana, and Congo, and lower amplitudes in most mid-latitude basins and other tropical basins. This TWSA systematic bias also exists in the previous CMIP5 simulations. Models overestimate P compared to observed P datasets in 7 out of 14 basins, which increases (decreases) seasonal storage amplitude relative to GRACE in the recharge (discharge) cycle. Overestimation (underestimation) of runoff is another common contributing factor in the discharge phase that increases (decreases) TWSA amplitudes relative to GRACE in 5 river basins. The results provide a comprehensive assessment of the reliability of the simulated annual range in TWSA through comparison with GRACE data that can be used to guide future model development.
Retrieval of Snow Water Equivalent by the Precipitation Imaging Package (PIP) in the Northern Great Lakes
Authors: Tokay Ali , Lerber Annakaisa von , Pettersen Claire , Kulie Mark S. , Moisseev Dmitri N. , Wolff David B.
Published: July 2021

Performance of the Precipitation Imaging Package (PIP) for estimating the snow water equivalent (SWE) is evaluated through a comparative study with the collocated National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service snow stake field measurements. The PIP together with a vertically pointing radar, a weighing bucket gauge, and a laser-optical disdrometer was deployed at the NWS Marquette, Michigan, office building for a long-term field study supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Global Precipitation Measurement mission Ground Validation program. The site was also equipped with a weather station. During the 2017/18 winter, the PIP functioned nearly uninterrupted at frigid temperatures accumulating 2345.8 mm of geometric snow depth over a total of 499 h. This long record consists of 30 events, and the PIP-retrieved and snow stake field measured SWE differed less than 15% in every event. Two of the major events with the longest duration and the highest accumulation are examined in detail. The particle mass with a given diameter was much lower during a shallow, colder, uniform lake-effect event than in the deep, less cold, and variable synoptic event. This study demonstrated that the PIP is a robust instrument for operational use, and is reliable for deriving the bulk properties of falling snow.
Characteristics and treatment outcome of suicidal depression: Two large naturalistic cohorts of depressed outpatients
Authors: Nobile Bénédicte , Olié Emilie , Dubois Jonathan , Guillaume Sebastien , Gorwood Philip , Courtet Philippe
Published: July 2021

Objective:

The emergence of new drugs for managing suicidal ideation (e.g. ketamine) raises the question of whether suicidal depression (i.e. moderate to severe depression with concomitant suicidal ideation) is a specific depression phenotype. Therefore, this study characterized patients with suicidal depression (baseline clinical characteristics, suicidal ideation and depression evolutions, suicide risk) in two large cohorts of outpatients with depression.

Methods:

LUEUR and GENESE are two large, prospective, naturalistic cohorts of French adult outpatients with depression (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, criteria), treated and followed up for 6 weeks. Depression severity was assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and suicidal ideation with the suicidal item of the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale. Patients with moderate or severe depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale–Depression subscale score >11) were selected and classified as without suicidal ideation (suicidal item of the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale <2), with moderate suicidal ideation (suicidal item of the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale [2; 3]) and with severe suicidal ideation (suicidal item of the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale ⩾4).

Results:

Baseline clinical features were more severe (e.g. higher anxiety and depression scores) in depressed patients with moderate/severe suicidal ideation. Depression remission after treatment was less frequent among patients with severe suicidal ideation. The risk of suicide attempt during the follow-up was threefold higher in patients with suicidal ideation among those 10% had persistent suicidal ideation.

Conclusion:

Suicidal depression could be a specific depression phenotype with more severe clinical characteristics, less frequent depression remission, suicidal ideation persistence and higher suicide attempt risk, despite antidepressant treatment. It seems that novel therapeutic strategies could be needed.
Mouthwashes with CPC Reduce the Infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 Variants In Vitro
Authors: Muñoz-Basagoiti J. , Perez-Zsolt D. , León R. , Blanc V. , Raïch-Regué D. , Cano-Sarabia M. , Trinité B. , Pradenas E. , Blanco J. , Gispert J. , Clotet B. , Izquierdo-Useros N.
Published: July 2021

Oral mouthwashes decrease the infectivity of several respiratory viruses including SARS-CoV-2. However, the precise agents with antiviral activity in these oral rinses and their exact mechanism of action remain unknown. Here we show that cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), a quaternary ammonium compound in many oral mouthwashes, reduces SARS-CoV-2 infectivity by inhibiting the viral fusion step with target cells after disrupting the integrity of the viral envelope. We also found that CPC-containing mouth rinses decreased more than a thousand times the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, while the corresponding vehicles had no effect. This activity was effective for different SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the B.1.1.7 or Alpha variant originally identified in United Kingdom, and in the presence of sterilized saliva. CPC-containing mouth rinses could therefore represent a cost-effective measure to reduce SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in saliva, aiding to reduce viral transmission from infected individuals regardless of the variants they are infected with.
Student Engagement Within Adolescent Reading Comprehension Interventions: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Anderson Leah L. , Meline McKenzie , Harn Beth
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study was to complete a systematic review of the adolescent comprehension intervention research published between 2000 and 2020 to examine the presence of instructional practices to promote student engagement. Ninety-five studies were coded and indicated that 93% of the studies included at least one instructional practice and only 15% of studies actually measured engagement. Few studies (6%) examined the relationship between engagement and outcomes; studies that incorporated instructional practices to promote engagement demonstrated a statistically significant relation to engagement. Although student engagement is accepted as important in reading, it is rarely assessed within intervention efforts.
Mourning During Corona: A Phenomenological Study of Grief Experience Among Close Relatives During COVID-19 Pandemics
Authors: Mortazavi Seyede Salehe , Shahbazi Nazanin , Taban Mozhgan , Alimohammadi Amirali , Shati Mohsen
Published: July 2021

Considering the need for observing health protocols, the experience of the loss and the grieving process has changed in nature during this disease. Therefore, this study aims to gain a deep understanding of the experience of mourning during COVID-19 pandemic by exploring the experiences of survivors of the death of their loved. During COVID-19 pandemic, the inability to hold the usual ceremonies for mourning and receive the social support needed in this period, the relatives of the deceased encounter various conditions that disrupt the grieving process and may lead to the spread of unresolved grief in future.
Loneliness Among US Adults Aged ≥55 Early in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: O’Shea Brendan Q. , Finlay Jessica M. , Kler Jasdeep , Joseph Carly A. , Kobayashi Lindsay C.
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Loneliness is associated with increased risks of adverse health outcomes among middle-aged and older adults. We estimated the prevalence of loneliness and identified key sociodemographic, employment, living, and health-related risk factors for loneliness among adults aged ≥55 during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, when much of the country was under shelter-in-place orders.

Methods

We collected data from online questionnaires in the COVID-19 Coping Study, a national study of 6938 US adults aged ≥55 from April 2 through May 31, 2020. We estimated the population-weighted prevalence of loneliness (scores ≥6 of 9 on the 3-item UCLA Loneliness Scale), overall and by sociodemographic, employment, living, and health-related factors. We used population-weighted modified Poisson regression models to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% CIs for the associations between these factors and loneliness, adjusting for age, sex, race, ethnicity, and education level.

Results

Overall, we estimated that 29.5% (95% CI, 27.9%31.3%) of US adults aged ≥55 were considered high in loneliness in April and May 2020. In population-weighted adjusted models, loneliness was the most prevalent among those who reported depression, who were not married or in a relationship, who lived alone, and who were unemployed at the onset of the pandemic.

Conclusions

We identified subpopulations of middle-aged and older adults who were vulnerable to loneliness during a period when COVID-19 shelter-in-place orders were in place across most of the country. These insights may inform the allocation of resources to mitigate an unintended health consequence during times of restricted activity.
Exploring different types of school refusers through latent profile analysis and school-related stress associations
Authors: Gonzálvez Carolina , Sanmartín Ricardo , Vicent María , García-Fernández José Manuel
Published: July 2021

Children experience significant number of stressful situations at school during their academic years. The aims of this study were to identify school refusers groups of children through latent profile analysis and to test their associations with school-related sources and manifestation of stress. Data were obtained from 755 schoolchildren (8–11 years) from public and private schools of Alicante and Murcia (Spain), using the School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised (SRAS-R) and the School Situation Survey (SSS). In general, positive and statistically significant correlations were identified between school refusal behavior and school-related sources and manifestations of stress. School refusers groups were derived from the combination of high and low scores in the four functional conditions assessed by the SRAS-R. “Low School Refusal Behavior Profile,”“School Refusal Behavior by Positive Reinforcement Profile” and “Mixed School Refusal Behavior Profile” were identified. The percentages of children within these profiles were 47.7%, 46.6%, and 5.7%, respectively. The Mixed School Refusal Behavior Profile was the group with the highest average scores in the school-related stress factors. In contrast, the group with the lowest mean scores was the Low School Refusal Behavior Profile. By comparing the Low School Refusal Behavior Profile with the Mixed School Refusal Behavior Profile, the largest effect sizes were found. Findings are discussed from a socio-ecological perspective considering the school context conditions as key elements in the development of school refusal behaviors.
Development of aldehyde and similar-to-aldehyde tanning agents
Authors: Chen Wenlong , Chen Zhijun , Long Zhongzhen , Shan Zhihua
Published: July 2021

Aldehyde and similar-to-aldehyde tanning agents were used in oil tanning and smoke tanning in ancient times. The aldehyde group reacts with the protein amino group in electrophilic form to obtain the preservation stability and practical function of fur and leather. The results showed that aldehyde-tanned leather can promote the hydrothermal stability of skin collagen and has better water and sweat resistance properties than chrome tanning. However, aldehyde tanning agents always lack sufficient coulombic attraction to penetrate well into skin collagen, and some aldehydes have biotoxicity and color, are not easy to dissolve and have high manufacturing costs. In this paper, the structure and application characteristics of some aldehydes are reviewed. According to prior theory and practice, the development of new aldehyde tanning agents and additives has good prospects and significance for providing substitutes for chrome tanning agents.
The Importance of Female Mentors and Safety in the Workplace to Female Otolaryngology Applicants When Creating Rank Lists
Authors: Goosmann Madeline , Williams Amy M. , Grewal Jeewanjot , Patel Jena , Jones Lamont , Yaremchuk Kathleen L.
Published: July 2021

Objectives:

The aim of this research is to understand the importance of female career mentors, research mentors, co-residents, and program directors/chairs to current female otolaryngology residents when applying to residency. The importance of safety in the workplace was also investigated.

Methods:

Surveys were sent via electronic mail to 119 programs, and program directors were asked to distribute them to female residents. Using the Likert scale, participants ranked the importance of various factors when creating a rank list, in particular, importance of safety in the workplace and importance of female mentors in various leadership positions. Demographic information, geographic location, LGBTQ identification, and fellowship plans were also collected.

Results:

There were 62 participants nationally. Eighty-seven percent (n = 54) of participants stated that having at least 1 female attending and having female co-residents was “very important” or “important” when ranking programs. A number of respondents replied that having a female career development mentor (38.7% [n = 24] and 43.5% [n = 27]), female program director or chair (4.8% [n = 3] and 16.1% [n = 10]), and female research mentor (12.9% [n = 8] and 29% [n = 18]) was “very important” or “important,” respectively. Ninety-three percent (n = 58) replied that feeling safe in their training environment was “very important” or “important.”

Conclusion:

Having female mentors as well as safety in the workplace in residency is important to a vast majority of residents and applicants when creating a rank list. Programs with women in these roles may gain a disproportionate number of female residents because they may be more desirable places than those without women in these roles.
Multidisciplinary Therapy Management for Locally Advanced Minor Salivary Gland Cancer in Oral Cavity: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Van Dang Nguyen , Van Linh Phan , Tien Hung Nguyen , Van Nghia Duong , Le Van Quang
Published: July 2021

Minor salivary gland cancer is a relatively uncommon disease of head and neck, arising across the upper aerodigestive tract. This is a malignant neoplasm with diverse clinical behaviors and histological types which are prognostically significant. Although complete surgical resection, with adequate free margin, is currently the treatment of choice for locoregional diseases, the optimal treatment is still not standardized. We presented here a case of locally advanced minor salivary gland cancer that was treated by radical resection, reconstruction, and adjuvant radiation therapy at Vietnam National Cancer Hospital and had promising outcomes.
Chornobyl exclusion zone: current status and challenges
Authors: Pareniuk Olena , Yasuda Nakahiro
Published: July 2021

Comparisons of the large nuclear accidents that occurred at the nuclear power plants in Chornobyl and Fukushima usually focus on the emission of radionuclides, the contamination area, doses to the public and liquidation workers, etc. However, little attention has been paid to various factors that affect decisions regarding the future development of these territories, such as the sociopolitical and economic situation in the countries during the accident and at the present time, the density and structure of the population, climate change, media coverage, and accessibility of information to the public. This article attempts to discuss the above factors, speculates about the paths for future development of both exclusion zones, and suggests the most promising areas for joint research in the future.