bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1.2.3 Towards a semantic‐based representation and computation of quantitative indexes for quality management of requirements
Authors: Alvarez‐Rodríguez Jose María , Llorens Juan , Alejandres Manuela , Fuentes Jose Miguel
Published: October 2015

Quality management of requirements has seen a dramatic increase of the amount of applications, management platforms, data, etc. gaining momentum in the Systems Engineering area and more specifically in the deployment of the next wave of critical system. In this context, one of the next big things lies in the creation of quality functions that can automatically detect and make decisions according to natural‐language based requirements specifications and models. In this sense quality indicator of requirements seeks for providing an intelligent environment for detecting values of such as correctness, consistency and completeness based on domain knowledge in which both functional and nonfunctional properties of system components can be validated and verified easing the transition to a smart system environment. Thus the testing of critical systems based on requirements quality can be seen as a special kind of policy‐making strategy that must compile several key indicators to summarize data and information and obtain an objective quantitative measure. Nevertheless the quantitative analysis of several quality indicators is becoming a challenging task due to natural language ambiguities and a tangled/heterogeneous environment of data, providers, etc. Existing tools and techniques based on traditional processes of quality assessment are preventing a proper use of the new dynamic and data environment avoiding more timely, adaptable and flexible (on‐demand) quantitative index creation and, as a consequence, more accurate decisions. On the other hand, semantic‐based technologies emerge to provide the adequate building blocks to represent domain‐knowledge and process data in a flexible fashion using a common and shared data model. That is why the present paper introduces a Resource Description Framework (RDF) vocabulary to semantically represent and compute quantitative indexes as part of the implementation of the Open Services for Lifecycle Collaboration initiative (OSLC) Quality Management specification. Finally some discussion, conclusions and future work are also outlined.
1.3.1 Information Flow, Team Coordination, and Shared Knowledge in Integrated Concurrent Engineering
Authors: Avnet Mark S.
Published: October 2015

Large‐scale systems engineering efforts involve complex interactions that must be managed throughout the entire life cycle. Prior research has analyzed the relationship between expected and actual communication in engineering design teams. This study builds on that previous research by incorporating the cognitive aspects of design into the analysis. Based on 10 design sessions of an Integrated Concurrent Engineering (ICE) environment, Design Structure Matrix (DSM) representations of expected and reported interactions are constructed and used to calculate a metric of team coordination called socio‐technical congruence (STC). By computing the correlation between STC and a previously developed metric of shared cognition in teams, a relationship is found between team coordination and change in shared knowledge. Based on these results, it is concluded that design team members learn the most when expected and reported interactions are aligned – that is, when the team follows a well‐defined process based on information flow in the technical design.
1.3.3 Extending eFFBD formalism to task model
Authors: Prun Daniel
Published: October 2015

In this paper, we study how eFFBD formalism can be modified to encompass task modeling. eFFBD is a formalism widely used by System Engineering community to model complex systems through a functional point of view. Task models are used by Human Factor community to express and analyze human activities. Although they appear to be complementary, functional modeling and task modeling are rarely used jointly. This separation contributes to reinforce barriers between disciplines and leads to inefficient system engineering processes. In order to improve this situation, we decided to extend eFFBD formalism to encompass task model expressivity. Based on eFFBD and task models comparison, we identify the need to add 3 new operators to eFFBD: suspend, resume and disable. Then we propose definition of a syntax and a formal semantic for these new operators. Our proposal is illustrated through the presentation of LEXE: an experimental tool supporting modeling and simulation of eFFBD, and its application on a concrete case.
1.4.3 System of Systems Pain Points
Authors: Dahmann Judith
Published: October 2015

The INCOSE SoS Working Group (SoSWG) identified the need to understand the SoS issues of importance to the systems engineering community as an initial SoSWG activity at their meeting in January 2012 in Jacksonville, Florida. The results of the survey and follow‐up interaction with SoSWG members, identified seven areas of challenge or SoS Pain Points. This paper summarizes the survey and working group feedback and describes the pain points along with the questions they pose for the systems engineering community. The work described in this paper is the product of the INCOSE Systems of Systems Working Group, and acknowledges the contributions of working group members, including Alan Harding, Scott Workinger, Kelly Griendling, Eric Honour, Claire Ingram, Michael Henshaw, Bryan Herdlick, and others who responded to the survey and participated in the formulation and discussions of these SoS pain points.
3.3.1 A Generalized Systems Engineering Reuse Framework and Its Cost Estimating Relationship
Authors: Wang Gan , Roedler Garry J. , Pena Mauricio , Valerdi Ricardo
Published: October 2015

This paper describes a Generalized Reuse Framework for systems development that consists of two interrelated and interacting processes – Development with Reuse (DWR) and Development for Reuse (DFR) – and a parametric cost estimating relationship defined for the framework in an extended form of COSYSMO, a systems engineering cost estimating model. It also discusses the Delphi process undertook to derive the model coefficients or the quantitative weights for the defined reuse categories. The framework, along with the quantitative estimating model, can be directly applied, in more ways than one, to planning, evaluating and managing reuse for system development efforts.
4.3.3 Integrated Toolset and Workflow for Tradespace Analytics in Systems Engineering
Authors: Sitterle Valerie B. , Curry Michael D. , Freeman Dane F. , Ender Tommer R.
Published: October 2015

Complex system development, especially in the context of large‐scale military acquisition programs, requires integrated systems engineering tools to enable effective exploration of the design alternative tradespace. The prototype development described herein offers a capability framework through which tradespace analyses of materiel solutions may be extended and new analytical methods or formalisms may be matured. This effort leveraged expertise and lessons learned from previous, customer‐specific toolsets to design a flexible, open, and integrated architecture supported by a structured but also flexible workflow. The result is a design space environment built on open source technologies where new analytical methods may be explored, refined, and linked together while conducting rational comparison of design alternatives. This effort also builds upon prior research to operationalize analytical dimensions that will enable designers to evaluate the resiliency of designs across competing stakeholder needs and/ or changing performance requirements.
6.4.1 All for the Want of a Horseshoe Nail: An Examination of Causality in DoDAF/MODAF
Authors: Hause Matthew , Kihlström Lars‐Olof
Published: October 2015

The title of the paper refers to the proverb of the death of Richard III of England at the Battle of Bosworth Field. “For want of a battle the kingdom was lost, … and all for the want of a horseshoe nail.” The pattern described is called a chain of causality or causal sequence. DoDAF 2.0 contains many concepts that can document these sequences as well as the dynamic elements, feedback loops and influences. This paper will examine a telecommunications scenario and show how DoDAF is used to document and analyze the sequence. System Dynamics, Business Motivational Modeling (BMM), and simulation are also examined. System dynamics is an approach to understanding the behavior of complex systems over time. The Business Motivation Model (BMM) published by the OMG looks at ends, means, goals, and assessments. This will provide decision makers a more effective set of tools to evaluate operational scenarios as a means of improving outcomes. The method for how to attack a problem where causality needs to be revealed is also discussed.
7.3.1 Managing complexity: The Nine‐System Model
Authors: Kasser Joseph , Zhao Yang‐Yang
Published: October 2015

Systems engineering has been defined as “the science of designing complex systems in their totality to ensure that the component subsystems making up the system are designed, fitted together, checked and operated in the most efficient way” (Jenkins, 1969). This paper documents research that reviewed three existing models for managing the complexity of the system development process in the INCOSE literature and found that while these models drew different systems of interest (SOI) from different perspectives they were unable to manage complexity in any practical manner. This paper then presents a Nine‐System Model that can be used to manage complexity. This Nine‐System Model builds in best practices and, being self‐similar, can be applied in any level of the systems hierarchy. The nine systems in the model comprise situations, processes and socio‐technical systems in a clearly defined interdependent manner. The application of the Nine‐System Model is illustrated in two examples. The paper then compares the four different models, and uses the Nine‐System Model as a framework to relate the MIL‐STD‐499 (MIL‐STD‐499A, 1974), EIA 632 (EIA 632, 1994), IEEE 1220 (IEEE 1220, 1998) and the ISO/IEC 15288 (Arnold, 2002) Standards, the SIMILAR process (Bahill and Gissing, 1998), Hitchins' version of systems engineering (Hitchins, 2007) and the problem‐solving process and shows that each is a subset of the Nine‐System Model. The paper concludes with a summary of the key benefits of the Nine‐System Model.
8.1.1 Strategic Water Reserve's effect on the water supply system in Abu Dhabi: A System Dynamics Approach
Authors: Almaeeni Wail , Dawoud Mohamed , Tsai I‐Tsung
Published: October 2015

The Emirate of Abu Dhabi relies heavily on desalinated water as a water resource as it is the main source of municipal water. However, desalination is vulnerable to seawater pollution or emergency breakdowns. Therefore, reservoirs of a substantial capacity are needed for water supply under contingency, since existing water in storage and the water network can sustain maximum of two days of water demand in Abu Dhabi. The government has introduced Artificial Storage and Recovery (ASR) as part of Strategic Water Reserve program. This paper studies the effect of ASR on the current water supply system using system dynamics approach. As a result of the simulation, ASR can delay the appearance of the first water shortfall by 2 years and 9 months. Under uncertainties of red tide incidents and demand seasonality variation, Monte Carlo simulation analysis shows that the first water shortfall will be delayed by two and a half years at 97.5% confidence level than if no ASR is in place.
8.2.1 To V or not to V – that MUST be the Question Knowing When to Apply the Right Approach
Authors: Cowper Doug , Elphick Jon , Kemp Duncan , Evans Rhianne
Published: October 2015

The last 20 years have shown a dramatic expansion in Systems Engineering theory, knowledge, knowhow and practical application. Despite this increase, there is evidence within organisations that there has been a growing gap between the SE required and the SE delivered. The authors of this paper describe the results of a study into the reasons for this gap, based on an on‐line survey which received 85 valid responses.

The authors conclude that:

Project professionals are using approaches that are not appropriate to the problems being tackled;

Behaviour is being driven by narrow views of what organisations believe is right, rather than the broader range of practice that they allow;

Project professionals adopt preferred approaches which they apply across more than one type of problem.

The authors demonstrate that there is truth in the assertion that Systems Engineers apply the same approach, irrespective of the situation. Whilst standard Systems Engineering approaches, for example the V lifecycle, are the right approach in the complicated space, it is less appropriate in simple, complex or chaotic spaces. All too often, projects start with the assumption that we should use standard Systems Engineering approaches that we have used before, rather than ask: ‘To V or not to V?’
9.3.1 Can Systems Engineering Support An Owner Operator Organisation When Faced With The Challenge Of Being A Design Authority?
Authors: Cowper Doug , Gallagher Ian , Krolikowski Andrew , McGrogan Nick
Published: October 2015

Over the years acquisition methodologies, e.g. BVP, have resulted in a shift in engineering procurement where large organisations have been increasingly asking their supply chain to take on the responsibility for part of, or overall system design. However, just handing over a set of requirements to a supplier and then waiting for them to deliver is a high risk strategy especially with novel/complex programmes. To reduce the risk of problems and to comply with some regulatory environments, the intelligent customer needs to take design responsibility by focusing on technically assuring that the system will be ‘fit for purpose‘. This paper explores the issues facing an owner operator who needs to be the Design Authority, identifies aspects of SE that require further work to support an Owner DA, and shows how SE can support a DA on a complex systems programme in such a shared design management arrangement and regulated environment.
Benzoquinone toxicity is not prevented by sulforaphane in CD‐1 mouse fetal liver cells
Authors: Philbrook Nicola A. , Winn Louise M.
Published: October 2015

Benzene is an environmental pollutant known to cause leukemia in adults, and may be associated with childhood leukemia. While the mechanisms of benzene‐mediated carcinogenicity have not been fully elucidated, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage are implicated. Sulforaphane (SFN) induces nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2), which contributes to SFN‐mediated protection against carcinogenesis. We exposed cultured CD‐1 mouse fetal liver cells to the benzene metabolite, benzoquinone, to determine its potential to cause DNA damage and alter DNA repair. Cells were also exposed to SFN to determine potential protective effects. Initially, cells were exposed to benzoquinone to confirm increased ROS and SFN to confirm Nrf2 induction. Subsequently, cells were treated with benzoquinone (with or without SFN) and levels of ROS, 8‐hydroxy‐2‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG; marker of oxidative DNA damage), gamma histone 2A variant X (γH2AX; marker of DNA double‐stranded breaks; DSBs) and transcript levels of genes involved in DNA repair were measured. Benzoquinone exposure led to a significant increase in ROS, which was not prevented by pretreatment with SFN or the antioxidative enzyme, catalase. DNA damage was increased after benzoquinone exposure, which was not prevented by SFN. Benzoquinone exposure significantly decreased the transcript levels of the critical base excision repair gene, 8‐oxoguanine glycosylase (Ogg1), which was not prevented by SFN. The findings of this study demonstrate for the first time that DNA damage and altered DNA repair are a consequence of benzoquinone exposure in CD‐1 mouse fetal liver cells and that SFN conferred little protection in this model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calcaneal Quantitative Ultrasound Indicates Reduced Bone Status Among Physically Active Adult Forager-Horticulturalists
Authors: Stieglitz Jonathan , Madimenos Felicia , Kaplan Hillard , Gurven Michael
Published: October 2015

Sedentary lifestyle contributes to osteoporosis and fragility fracture risks among modern humans, but whether such risks are prevalent in physically active preindustrial societies with lower life expectancies is unclear. Osteoporosis should be readily observable in preindustrial societies if it was regularly experienced over human history. In this study of 142 older adult Tsimane forager-horticulturalists (mean age ± SD, 62.1 ± 8.6 years; range, 50 to 85 years; 51% female) we used calcaneal quantitative ultrasonography (qUS) to assess bone status, document prevalence of adults with reduced bone status, and identify factors (demographic, anthropometric, immunological, kinesthetic) associated with reduced bone status. Men (23%) are as likely as women (25%) to have reduced bone status, although age-related decline in qUS parameters is attenuated for men. Adiposity and fat-free mass positively co-vary with qUS parameters for women but not men. Leukocyte count is inversely associated with qUS parameters controlling for potential confounders; leukocyte count is positively correlated within adults over time, and adults with persistently low counts have higher adjusted qUS parameters (6% to 8%) than adults with a high count. Reduced bone status characteristic of osteoporosis is common among active Tsimane with minimal exposure to osteoporosis risk factors found in industrialized societies, but with energetic constraints and high pathogen burden. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
International mergers: How to detect corruption
Authors: Sherman Andrew J. , Cook R. Christopher
Published: October 2015

Virtually every corporate merger and acquisition (M&A) or joint venture today involves some international component. That means an increasing number of US businesses operate through third parties in distant lands—where the notions of ethical practices may differ from our own. Even worse, they could be illegal under the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), the UK Bribery Act, and other applicable laws. As the media reports, such investigations and prosecutions have become epidemic in corporate America. So how do you avoid these problems? The authors of this article detail how to conduct effective anticorruption due diligence on acquisitions and foreign business partners. © 2011 by Andrew J. Sherman and R. Christopher Cook
White‐collar crime in Japan
Authors: Byington J. Ralph , McGee Jo Ann
Published: October 2015

Following the devastating earthquake, tsunami, and reactor meltdown in Japan in March 2011, there will be many opportunities for US corporations to invest in Japanese entities. But these investments will not be without risk. Indeed, in 2009 Japan was labeled the foremost hotbed of fraud in Asia. So the authors wrote this article to make corporate management aware that white‐collar crime (WCC) is one of the risks they will encounter—and that there is a need to exercise caution while conducting due diligence during investment pursuits in Japan. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Five costly mistakes that cause smaller enterprises to fail: Solutions for success
Authors: Warfield Tonia , Glover Hubert
Published: October 2015

Small and medium‐sized enterprises play an important role in the US economy, yet they're often beset by financial woes. Financial professionals can help their executives and managers convert the vision, mission, and strategic goals of their enterprises to provide timely information; assist with pricing and cost analysis for bids or orders; and assist these enterprises with meeting regulatory requirements. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Strategic Use of Short‐Term Loans to Access Offshore Cash
Authors: Schultz Thomas D. , Tang Roger Y. W.
Published: October 2015

In times of uncertainty, maintaining a strong cash position generally enhances a corporation's financial flexibility; however, holding significant cash balances offshore to avoid tax consequences associated with repatriations can make the amounts unavailable for use in the United States. A viable, tax‐effective strategy for U.S. multinational corporations seeking to access offshore cash is to structure short‐term, intercompany loans from their subsidiaries operating as foreign controlled corporations. By coordinating the treasury and tax functions in this area, corporations can successfully address the applicable IRS rules while providing liquidity to support domestic operations. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The SEC and International Cash Management
Authors: Walker Donald A.
Published: October 2015

This article describes the impact of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) disclosure rules as they apply to U.S. corporations about transactions with companies in nations that were designated as state supporters of terrorism. The rules require broader and more detailed disclosures about executive compensation and the methods for valuing complex financial instruments. Various stakeholders want a deeper knowledge of management activities in these regions of the world. Cash balances held outside the United States by U.S. corporations are seen as being withheld from investing in growth and taxation in the United States. A most recent cause in the concern for increasing employment and economic growth is the focus on corporate cash balances held outside the United States by U.S. corporations, which are seen both as being withheld from investing in growth and providing jobs in the United States and not being taxed by the United States. This article describes the impact of the SEC disclosure rules as they apply to U.S. corporations, but does not address the validity of these concerns or the morality of corporate behavior. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Learning Like Lightning: Lessons From JSF F‐35 Sustainment Activities
Authors: Thomas Charles R.
Published: October 2015

The U.S. Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps launched a trillion‐dollar program in 2001. This program has since been restructured several times. A recent study by the U.S. Government Accountability Office detailed critical needs for this program to succeed. This article derives lessons learned from the F‐35 program. The author highlights five key financial management lessons about business cases and projects that are applicable to small organizations and large. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conflict Mineral Disclosure Requirements
Authors: Muriel Leah
Published: October 2015

Under the Dodd‐Frank Act, U.S. publicly traded companies are now required to provide disclosures related to conflict minerals. These are specifically the minerals of tin, tantalum, tungsten, and gold that are obtained from the Democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries. Although a portion of the requirements were struck down and ruled as unconstitutional, certain inquiry and other due diligence measures are still required to be filed annually with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). In addition, if a company voluntarily chooses to provide certain additional information, it will trigger a requirement for an independent audit of the Conflict Minerals Report filed with the SEC. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A CASSCF/CASPT2 insight into excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer of four imidazole derivatives
Authors: Li Yuanyuan , Wang Li , Guo Xugeng , Zhang Jinglai
Published: October 2015

Excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) of four imidazole derivatives, 2‐(2′‐hydroxyphenyl)imidazole (HPI), 2‐(2′‐hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazole (HPBI), 2‐(2′‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1H‐phenanthro[9,10‐d]imidazole (HPPI) and 2‐(2′‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐phenanthro[9,10‐d]imidazole (HPPPI), were studied by the sophisticated CASSCF/CASPT2 methodology. The state‐averaged SA‐CASSCF method was used to optimize their geometry structures of S0 and S1 electronic states, and the CASPT2 calculations were used for the calibration of all the single‐point energies, including the absorption and emission spectra. A reasonable agreement is found between the theoretical predictions and the available experimental spectral data. The forward ESIPT barriers of four target compounds gradually decrease with the increase of molecular size. On the basis of the present calculations, it is a plausible speculation that the larger the size, the faster is the ESIPT rate, and eventually, HPPPI molecule can undergo a completely barrierless ESIPT to the more stable S1 keto form. Additionally, taking HPI as a representative example, the radiationless decays connecting the S0 and S1/S0 conical intersection structures were also studied by constructing a linearly interpolated internal coordinate (LIIC) reaction path. The qualitative analysis shows that the LIIC barrier of HPI in the keto form is remarkably lower than that of its enol‐form, indicating that the former has a big advantage over the latter in the nonradiative process. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Preliminary Test of the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicidal Behavior in Young People With a First Episode of Psychosis
Authors: Heelis Rebecca , Graham Hermine , Jackson Chris
Published: October 2015

Objectives

The interpersonal‐psychological theory (IPT) of suicidal behavior suggests that an individual who does not feel they belong and believes they are a burden combined with the capability to attempt suicide is more likely to attempt suicide. The study aimed to investigate this hypothesis in the context of psychosis.

Method

Young people with a first episode of psychosis (N = 45) who considered suicide, attempted suicide, and had no history of suicide or attempt were compared on self‐report measures of suicidal desire, capability for suicide, and substance use.

Results

No significant differences were found between groups in terms of suicidal desire or capability. All participants perceived they were a burden, did not feel they belonged, and had the capability for suicide. Poisoning (n = 22) was the most frequently reported method of a suicide attempt. Of those who had attempted suicide, 50% (n = 7) reported that it had been related to a psychotic episode. Of the participants, 30 reported previous suicidal ideation mainly to completely end or stop the distress they were experiencing. Levels of depression were significantly different between groups; moderate levels of depression were reported in the suicidal ideation and attempt groups.

Conclusion

The concepts of IPT appear to resonate with the experience of psychosis, regardless of suicidality. Specific features of psychosis and their influence on suicidality are worth further exploration.
MATERNAL CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH CHILD BEHAVIOR REPORTS IN HEAD START SETTINGS
Authors: Lyn Aleya , Turner‐Musa Jocelyn , Morgan Isabel , Belcher Harolyn M.E.
Published: October 2015

The objective of this study was to examine the association between maternal characteristics and mother‐rated child behavior reports for 435 predominately African American children enrolled in urban Head Start programs. Mothers who were adolescents at the time of their child's birth reported more favorable child behaviors compared with those who were not adolescents at childbirth. Less favorable ratings of child behavior scores were observed for mothers with a history of family substance abuse, depression, and welfare receipt. These findings should assist in policy decisions for the allocation of targeted family and child interventions.
INITIATING TRANSFORMATIVE PROCESS THROUGH COMMUNITY EDUCATION PROGRAM: TWO CASES FROM ASIA
Authors: Ng Eddie C. W. , Madyaningrum Monica E.
Published: October 2015

Community education as an intervention strategy has been criticized because it mainly focuses on fixing the individuals without addressing the structural causes behind the problems. Nevertheless, addressing the structural cause of a problem may not be desirable or feasible in some cultural or sociopolitical contexts. Presenting 2 cases from Asia (Indonesia and Hong Kong), this article argues that the community education approach, which is commonly considered to be incapable of bringing systemic change, can also facilitate small wins and develop community capacity or competence ready for some larger scale change with longer term effects.
Identification strategies for flame retardants employing time‐of‐flight mass spectrometric detectors along with spectral and spectra‐less databases
Authors: Ionas Alin C. , Ballesteros Gómez Ana , Leonards Pim E. G. , Covaci Adrian
Published: October 2015

In the past, the preferred strategy for the identification of unknown compounds was to search in an appropriate mass spectral database for spectra obtained using either electron ionisation (GC‐MS analyses) or collision‐induced dissociation (LC‐MS/MS analyses). Recently, an increase has been seen in the use of accurate mass instruments and spectra‐less databases, based on monoisotopic accurate mass alone. In this article, we describe a systematic workflow for the screening and identification of new flame retardants. This approach utilises LC‐quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight MS and spectra‐less databases based only on monoisotopic accurate mass for the identification of ‘unknowns’. An in‐house database was built, and the input parameters used in the data analysis process were optimised for flame retardant chemicals, so that it can be easily transferred to other laboratories. The procedure was successfully applied to dust, foam and textiles from car interiors and indoor consumer products. The developed method was demonstrated for the main new flame retardant present in Antiblaze V6 and for the three unreported reaction by‐products/impurities present in the same technical mixture. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Additional nitrogen in arctic‐alpine soils and plants—a pilot study with 15NO$ _3^ - $ and 15NH$ _4^+ $ fertilization along an elevation gradient
Authors: Ackermann Simone , Amelung Wulf , Löffler Jörg
Published: October 2015

Nitrogen (N) deposition has been increasing in alpine ecosystems, but its fate in soils and plants remains unclear. We assumed that the increased N load will be efficiently retained in alpine ecosystems but that the degree of N use efficiency changes with elevation. Thus, we performed a 3‐year 15N tracer experiment, in which we added 1 g m−2 of either NH415NO3 or 15NH4NO3 fertilizer to a plot of 1 m2 in size at three elevations. Composite soil samples and aboveground plant material from lichens, dwarf shrubs, and graminoids were collected annually for three years and analyzed for their 15N accrual. We found a cumulative and plateauing rise in 15N concentration in soils and plants at all sites. However, overall recovery of the tracer decreased with time, amounting to 71% of fertilizer recovered in the soils in the first year, 69% recovered in soils and plants in the second year, and 37% in soils and plants in the third year. Moreover, the fertilizer use efficiency varied among fertilizer types and plant functional types. This utilization pattern appears to be modulated by elevation.
Investigation of transgenic soybean components in soybean from an area of China
Authors: Wang Cunfang , Zhu Yuying
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND

To evaluate the large quantities of genetically modified soybeans that are imported into China, we evaluated the presence of transgenes in soybean samples from an area, which are major soybean‐producing areas. We evaluated the presence of exogenous genes in a total of 254 soybean samples from farms and 35 commercially available soybean samples using polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequence analysis.

RESULTS

The farm soybean samples contained a total of 67 CaMV35S‐positive samples, 46 NOS‐positive samples, 16 CP4‐EPEPS‐positive samples, and 66 BT‐positive samples. The commercially available soybean samples contained a total of 12 CaMV35S‐positive samples, 19 NOS‐positive samples, 13 CP4‐EPEPS‐positive samples, and 15 BT‐positive samples.

CONCLUSION

Several exogenous genes were detected in the farmed and commercially available soybeans. We should use caution in the management of genetically modified soybeans. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Communities of Practice Purposefully Designed for Improving Business Performance
Authors: Yamklin Sophon , Igel Barbara
Published: October 2015

The recent economic crisis, budget cutbacks, and lack of measurable benefits have resulted in many organizations reducing their budgets for knowledge management (KM) and discontinuing related communities of practice (CoPs). This paper aims to explore management approaches to purposefully creating and sustaining strategically designed CoPs as a tool to deliver tangible organizational performance improvements. This research identifies management approaches to intentionally creating CoPs by conducting a comprehensive exploratory case study research based on in‐depth interviews with executives, middle managers, and employees in three field sites located in Thailand's manufacturing sector.

One of the cases included in this study discontinued its corporate KM efforts during the last economic crisis, in 2009, and such efforts have yet to be reinstated. The three case studies demonstrate how these companies purposefully designed and established CoPs to target tangible organizational objectives and how they refocused the agenda of their CoPs in order to support productivity improvements in addition to other more traditional KM goals. This study also identifies the structures of a CoP created with the intention of achieving tangible organizational performance goals. Organizations that create CoPs with the purpose of improving tangible organizational performance dimensions can gain insights from our findings with respect to designing and managing such CoPs. This paper is one of the first to empirically explore and describe approaches to creating and managing CoPs in order to improve explicit business performance goals. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recreational motor vehicle use and facial trauma
Authors: Shaigany Kevin , Abrol Anish , Svider Peter F. , Eloy Jean Anderson , Carron Michael A. , Lin Ho‐Sheng , Folbe Adam J.
Published: October 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

The use of recreational motorized vehicles (RMVs), including all‐terrain vehicles (ATVs), snowmobiles, and go‐carts, has increased in recent decades. Because RMVs are lightly regulated, there are numerous safety concerns. This analysis examines a nationally representative resource to estimate the incidence of craniofacial trauma secondary to RMV accidents, evaluating injury and demographic patterns.

Methods

The Consumer Product Safety Commission's National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was examined for facial trauma resulting in emergency department (ED) visits stemming from the use of ATVs, motorbikes/scooters, snowmobiles, and utility vehicles. Characteristics including demographics, anatomic sites, mechanism, and location of injury were evaluated, as well as details regarding helmet and alcohol use.

Results

There were 1,464 entries extrapolating to an estimated 61,312 ED visits over a 5‐year period for facial trauma from RMV use. From 2009 to 2013, there was a 28% reduction in ED visits. The majority of patients were male, and the median age was 17 years. Lacerations (45.1%), contusions/abrasions (26.7%), and fractures (24%) were the most frequent injuries. Among fractures, the most common types were nasal (29%), followed by mandible (20%) and orbital (8%) fractures. All‐terrain vehicles (62%) were the most common vehicles. Alcohol consumption resulted in a higher rate of facial fractures (48.5% vs. 22.8%).

Conclusion

As there is a significant potential for injury, familiarity with injury patterns associated with RMVs is useful in the management of facial trauma. Recreational motorized vehicles facial trauma results in tens of thousands of ED visits annually. This data reinforces the importance of pursuing further efforts to raise public awareness and improve safety measures.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 126:67–72, 2016
Development of a rapid method of analysing whole blood omega‐3 levels using a fingertip blood sample and measuring breast milk omega‐3 levels using automated methods
Authors: Bell Gordon , Gilhooly Tom , Mackinlay Elizabeth , Younger Irene , McLellan Ramsay , Dick James
Published: October 2015

It is widely accepted that intake of n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) can have positive benefits for human health, particularly for CVD, although recent evidence suggests similar benefits may exist over a wider range of inflammatory and lifestyle disorders. This study describes the development of a rapid whole blood finger tip analysis to measure n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in human subjects.
Identification of oil mixtures in extracted and refined vegetable oils
Authors: Koidis Anastasios , Osorio Argüello Maria Teresa
Published: October 2015

Identification of adulteration in mechanically extracted oils or the botanical origin of refined vegetable oil blends can be effectively achieved through the combination of spectroscopic methods and chemometric techniques. Chromatographic methods remain highly relevant but suffer from various limitations which derive from natural compositional variation. Modern multivariate techniques have demonstrated that it is possible to identify patterns and effectively classify unknown samples in both cases. Development of robust analytical methodologies requires however vigorous validation. Spectroscopic methods combined with chemometric techniques lack established validation protocols and this might hinder their use by law enforcement authorities.
Regiospecific analysis of triacylglycerols
Authors: Kalo Paavo
Published: October 2015

Isobaric triacylglycerols which differ in the sn‐1(3) and sn‐2 positions of acyl chains are regioisomers. The objective of this review is to describe the resolution of regioisomers by silver‐ion chromatography, RP–HPLC, and by GLC. Furthermore, the aim of this review is to discuss the determination of regioisomers solely by mass spectrometry and by chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GLC and electron ionization MS, silver‐ion chromatography and APCI–MS or ESI–MS, RP–HPLC and APCI–MS, and NP–HPLC and ESI–MS).
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Garrett Chris
Published: October 2015

VLASENKO, VASILIY, NATALIYA STASCHUK, and KOLUMBAN HUTTER. 2005. Baroclinic Tides: Theoretical Modeling and Observational Evidence. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978–0–521–84395–9 (hardcover). xix + 351 p. US $120; also available as ISBN 978–0–511–12409–9 (digital) US $96.
PLANKTON IDENTIFICATION: MORPHOLOGY OR MOLECULES OR BOTH?
Authors: McManus George B. , Katz Laura A.
Published: October 2015

This article is an adaptation for the L&O Bulletin of a “Horizons” article that appeared recently in the Journal of Plankton Research in which a more technical discussion and complete bibliography can be found: McManus, G.B, Katz, L.A. 2009. Molecular and morphological methods for identifying plankton: what makes a successful marriage?
Use of continuous, real‐time observations and model simulations to achieve autonomous, adaptive sampling of microbial processes with a robotic sampler
Authors: Herfort Lydie , Seaton Charles , Wilkin Michael , Roman Brent , Preston Christina M. , Marin Roman , Seitz Kiley , Smith Maria W. , Haynes Vena , Scholin Christopher A. , Baptista António M. , Simon Holly M.
Published: October 2015

The Columbia River has a dynamic and fast flushing estuary impacted by strong advection and mixing of riverine and oceanic waters, and high but variable loads of suspended particulate matter. Transient, but recurring water and nutrient fluxes from end‐members impart strong spatial and temporal gradients, contributing to microbiological hotspots that play important ecological roles in the estuary. Investigations of corresponding microbiota require precisely timed samples that are contextualized by physical and biogeochemical data. To accomplish this, we embedded a robotic microbial sampler (Environmental Sample Processor, ESP) within the operations of an interdisciplinary observation and prediction system (Science and Technology University Research Network, SATURN; www.stccmop.org/saturn). Autonomous, adaptively sampled water collection by the ESP was implemented based on environmental conditions assessed from SATURN physical and biogeochemical sensors. Water was pumped from multiple depths to sensors and the ESP on dry land. If water met user‐defined parameters, ESP sampling was automatically initiated. This strategy was tested during three deployments in summer 2013, during which operational tools for analysis and visualization were used to formulate well‐constrained mission plans by providing estimates of the intensity and timing of oxygen‐depleted ocean water intrusion and estuarine turbidity maxima. This allowed the effective characterization of the impact of these events on selected estuarine microbiota.
The corrosion characteristics and solderability of immersion tin coatings on copper
Authors: Arazna A. , Krolikowski A. , Koziol G. , Bielinski J.
Published: October 2015

Immersion tin is widely used as a lead free surface finish in the printed circuit board technology. Tin prevents the underlying copper from corrosion and preserves its solderability during a long storage and lead‐free assembly processes. Investigated immersion tin coatings were deposited on copper foil from thiourea‐type baths with hydrochloric acid addition (SnHCl coatings) or methanesulfonic acid addition (SnMSA coatings). Obtained coatings were investigated in the as deposited state and after aging (4 h at 155 °C, in air). The scanning electron microscopy studies revealed differences in structure of tin samples deposited from different baths. Results of polarization and impedance investigations indicated that as deposited SnHCl coatings had better corrosion resistance in 0.5 M NaCl solution than SnMSA coatings. The aging resulted in the improvement of the corrosion resistance of thinner coatings (0.2 and 0.5 µm thick SnHCl and 0.3 µm thick SnMSA), which were thoroughly converted into Sn–Cu intermetallic (IMC) phases. In contrary, thicker coatings exhibited some worsening of the corrosion resistance upon aging. The solderability of all as‐deposited tin coatings was acceptable, but decreased after aging, especially for thinner coatings, showing the through conversion into Sn–Cu IMC phases.
Electrochemical and SEM characterization of NiTi alloy coated with chitosan by PLD technique
Authors: Mareci D. , Cimpoesu N. , Popa M. I.
Published: October 2015

The production of a wide variety of biocompatible thin films by laser ablation deposed on the biomaterial substrates does not induce inflammatory response and repulsion by the immunization human body. Anodic potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were used for the study of the electrochemical behavior of coated NiTi with chitosan through pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. Experiments were carried out using two different electrolytes: physiological 0.9 wt% NaCl solution (PS) and PS + hydrochloric acid (APS) at 37 ± 1 °C. In addition, scanning electron microscopy was employed to observe the surface morphology after maintaining in both electrolytes. The corrosion resistance was evaluated by means of the corrosion and passive corrosion currents. The electrochemical properties of the coated NiTi sample at the open circuit potential at different immersion time in PS and APS were studied by EIS. Equivalent circuits were used to model EIS data, in order to characterize samples' surface.
Corrosion behaviour of Ti–Ta–Sn alloy systems in 0.9% NaCl solution
Authors: Khan W. Q. , Deen K. M. , Ghauri K. M. , Ahmad R. , Tabish T. , Atiq S. , Zaigham H. , Ali L.
Published: October 2015

Two alloys of varying contents of tantalum (Ta) and tin (Sn) were prepared and homogenized to evaluate their microstructural and electrochemical characteristics. The microstructural features were revealed through optical microscopy and X‐ray diffraction methods. The formation and stability of passive film was studied by open circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical scratch tests. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results simulated with equivalent electrical circuit suggested bilayer structure of outer porous and inner barrier oxide films. The quantitative data showed thick inner barrier oxide film retarded electrochemical reactions at low ‘Ta’ and ‘Sn’ concentration. The increased percentage of ‘Ta’ and ‘Sn’ deteriorated barrier properties by agglomeration of Ta2Sn3 and Ta0.15Ti0.85 precipitates within grains and at the grain boundaries.
Interdiffusion behavior of Al‐rich oxidation resistant coatings on ferritic–martensitic alloys
Authors: Velraj S. , Zhang Y. , Hawkins E. W. , Pint B. A.
Published: October 2015

Interdiffusion of thin Al‐rich coatings synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and pack cementation on 9Cr ferritic–martensitic alloys was investigated in the temperature range of 650–700 °C. The compositional changes after long‐term exposures in laboratory air and air + 10 vol% H2O were examined experimentally. Interdiffusion was modeled by a modified coating oxidation and substrate interdiffusion model (COSIM) program. The modification enabled the program to directly input the concentration profiles of the as‐deposited coating determined by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Reasonable agreement was achieved between the simulated and experimental Al profiles after exposures. The model was also applied to predict coating lifetime at 650–700 °C based on a minimum Al content (Cb) required at the coating surface to re‐form protective oxide scale. In addition to a Cb value established from the failure of a thin CVD coating at 700 °C, values reported for slurry aluminide coatings were also included in lifetime predictions.
On the role of inspections and interventions in infrastructure management
Authors: Adey B. T. , Jamali A.
Published: October 2015

In this article, a view of the role of inspections and interventions in the management of infrastructure is presented. The paper is to serve as a reminder, in a time when there is ever increasing discussion over the durability/sustainability of structures, that infrastructure exists to provide an adequate level of service over a specified time period and that the goal of management is to ensure that this level of service is provided while incurring the least total negative impacts; impacts that can be incurred through normal use, and the execution of inspections and interventions. The significance of this view in determining the inspections and interventions to be included in optimal management strategies is demonstrated through an example where the optimal management strategies for a reinforced concrete bridge deck are determined under different assumptions of the value of negative impacts. It is shown that it is impossible to determine the inspections and interventions to be included in an optimal management strategy without first developing all management strategies to be investigated and determining the one that results in the least negative impacts. It is also shown that many rules of thumb used to select inspections and interventions, such as inspections which provide more accurate information are better than those that provide less accurate information, are not always true.