bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frequency Response Simulation Analysis of Waveguide Photodetectors
Authors: Torres Joao Paulo N. , Pereira Jorge
Published: July 2017

In waveguide photodetectors the bandwidth and the quantum efficiency may be specified almost independently because the absorption of light is in the longitudinal direction whereas the current flows in the transversal direction. Then, these devices may combine high bandwidth with high quantum efficiency. In this paper a detailed numerical analysis of the frequency response of waveguide photodetectors is presented. The calculations show that the capacitive effects limit the bandwidth but that by an appropriate choice of a series inductance the maximum bandwidth almost doubles.
Quotation as a Text-Forming Element
Authors: Ramiyyadin Abdullayeva Khayala
Published: July 2017

Text (either literary or scientific) is one of the greatest units which is formed through the relationship of formal and semantic factors. It also denotes completeness of texts which forms systems of semantics, logic, pragmatic aspects. Each of the factors which is used to form the completeness of the texts has a very crucial role as well as the quotation. Quotations are considered to be main means which provide the formal-structural and logical-semantic completeness of the texts. The textforming functions of the quotations as well as its functionalism have been investigated in the article.
Bescherming van de consument-koper door de wettelijke garantie van artikel 7:17 BW
Authors: Klik P.
Published: July 2017

Bescherming van de consument-koper door de wettelijke garantie van artikel 7:17 BW. Zin en onzin van een servicecontract bij koop

De wettelijke bepalingen van de kooptitel, Titel 7.1 BW, beschermen de consument-koper vergaand. Winkeliers in Curaçao doen hieraan afbreuk door onder meer zeer korte garantietermijnen te hanteren en zelfs onnodig en tegen betaling ‘bijkoopgaranties’ of servicecontracten aan te bieden. Nagegaan wordt wat, gelet op de bij consumentenkoop geldende dwingendrechtelijke bepalingen, de voor- en nadelen van servicecontracten zijn en in hoeverre een servicecontract meer bescherming biedt dan de bescherming die de consument-koper al geniet door de garanties die in de wet verankerd zijn.

Besproken worden de remedies die de wet biedt (de verkoper moet overgaan tot herstel of vervanging binnen een redelijke termijn en zonder ernstige overlast van de koper), de wettelijke garantie van artikel 7:17 BW waarbij geschiktheid voor normaal gebruik het uitgangspunt is (waaronder ook een normale levensduur valt), de regel van artikel 7:6a BW dat de verkoper verplicht is te vermelden dat een ‘commerciële garantie’ geen afbreuk doet aan de ‘wettelijke garantie’, en de omkering van de bewijslast in artikel 7:18 lid 2 BW op grond waarvan de zaak vermoed wordt bij aflevering ondeugdelijk geweest te zijn wanneer de non-conformiteit zich binnen zes maanden heeft geopenbaard.

In deze bijdrage wordt voor Curaçao voorgesteld om in een overleg tussen bijvoorbeeld consumentenorganisatie FpK en vertegenwoordiging van branches tot gedragscodes te komen waarin – rekening houdend met specifieke lokale omstandigheden – een concrete nadere invulling wordt gegeven aan de wettelijke rechten van de consument-koper. Een geschillencommissie zou een logisch sluitstuk daarvan zijn.
The NEBIE plot network: Background and experimental design
Authors: Bell F. Wayne , Shaw Margo , Dacosta Jennifer , Newmaster Steven G.
Published: July 2017

The Intensive Management Science Partnership: NEBIE Plot Network is a stand-scale, multi-agency research project designed to compare the ecological effects of a range of silvicultural treatments in northern temperate and boreal forest regions of Ontario. The NEBIE plot network was established in 2001 with randomized complete block experiments installed at eight sites. The NEBIE acronym stands for Natural disturbance, and Extensive, Basic, Intensive, and Elite silviculture. Each NEBIE treatment was replicated at least three times at each site, using large experimental units (2-ha plots).

The NEBIE plot network provides researchers with an opportunity to conduct long-term scientific studies at multiple scales and disciplines. The operational-scale treatment plots allow assessment of a variety of forest values in a context directly relevant to informing forest planning and management. In this paper, we document the experimental design and describe the sites and silviculture treatments. Information about sampling designs is provided, along with preliminary results, in a companion paper published in this edition of The Forestry Chronicle.
China’s Natural Forest Protection Program: Progress and impacts
Authors: Yang Hua
Published: July 2017

This is a brief review on the progress and impacts of China’s Natural Forest Protection Program that was initiated in response to massive flooding in 1998 of the major river basins of China. The program was heavily financed by the central government and was a success in terms of three program goals: timber harvest control in the natural forests; increase in the total area of forest protection; and, the successful resettlement of forest workers who were affected by reduced harvests. The ecological, social, and economic impacts of the program are discussed.
The potential of agroforestry to reduce atmospheric greenhouse gases in Canada: Insight from pairwise comparisons with traditional agriculture, data gaps and future research
Authors: Baah-Acheamfour Mark , Chang Scott X. , Bork Edward W. , Carlyle Cameron N.
Published: July 2017

Canadian agriculture is a source of greenhouse gases (GHG) and agroforestry has the potential to sequester carbon (C), and mitigate agricultural GHG emissions. Agroforestry systems are common features in Canada’s agricultural landscape; however, there are limited empirical data to support implementation of agroforestry practices for GHG mitigation. This shortfall of data may be a contributing factor to the lack of policy that supports the use of agroforestry for GHG mitigation in the Canadian agricultural landscape. We reviewed published studies that compared C stocks in vegetation and soils, and/or GHG emissions in agroforestry systems to traditional agriculture across Canada, with the aims of assessing the benefit of adopting agroforestry for GHG reduction. We then identified data gaps and obstacles that could direct future research. We found that most studies reported increases in vegetation and soil organic C storage in areas with woody species compared to herbaceous crops. Agroforestry systems also reduced the emission of CH4and N2O, and increased CO2respiration from soil, but few studies have examined these gases. The small set of studies we reviewed demonstrated the potential of agroforestry to store terrestrial C and mitigate GHG emissions. However, additional research is required to verify this pattern across geographic regions, determine the regional potential for development of agroforestry systems, and assess the potential atmospheric GHG reduction at regional and national scales.
A (DES)NECESSIDADE DE REGULAMENTAÇÃO DA DISPENSA COLETIVA NO BRASIL: UMA ANÁLISE SOB A ÓTICA DO VALOR SOCIAL DO TRABALHO E DA DIGNIDADE DA PESSOA HUMANA
Authors: Fukuoka Nelma Karla Waideman , Almeida Victor Hugo
Published: July 2017

No cenário brasileiro atual, não é raro se noticiar a ocorrência de dispensas coletivas envolvendo um grande número de trabalhadores. As justificativas têm se baseado em fatores vinculados à situação econômica do país. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo examinar a dispensa coletiva arbitrária, sob o viés dos ditames da preservação de empregos insculpido na Constituição Federal de 1988 e dos princípios do valor social do trabalho e da dignidade humana. Como método de procedimento, adotou-se o levantamento de dados por meio da técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica. E, como método de abordagem, adotou-se o método dedutivo. Destaca-se, na atualidade, a imperativa necessidade de modernizar e atualizar o Direito do Trabalho face à realidade econômica, no sentido de enfrentar os grandes desafios próprios desse ramo do direito, dentre os quais a crise do emprego se afigura o mais complexo.
VISÕES DA CONQUISTA E LEGITIMIDADE DA GUERRA: MAQUIAVEL E FRANCISCO DE VITÓRIA
Authors: Aparicio Adriana Biller , Colaço Thais Luzia
Published: July 2017

O artigo apresenta uma reflexão sobre a legitimidade das guerras de conquista a partir de dois clássicos do pensamento jurídico e político do século XVI: Francisco de Vitória, da Escolástica Espanhola, e Nicolau Maquiavel, italiano do Humanismo Renascentista. Valendo-se da metodologia dialética, pergunta-se sobre as diferentes visões das guerras de conquista. Para tanto, em primeiro lugar, apresenta a vida e obra dos autores estudados. Em seguida, aborda as relações internacionais na Idade Média e a formação do Estado Moderno. Posteriormente, trata de relacionar o Humanismo Renascentista e a Escolástica Espanhola. Ao final, retoma o pensamento dos autores e suas escolas para concluir que o pensador do século XVI é o homem que procura legitimar as guerras de conquista, seja com base na ordem natural ou remontando à ordem divina.
AUTONOMÍA PERSONAL Y REFLEXIÓN: UN ANÁLISIS DE LAS IDEAS DE HARRY FRANKFURT Y GERALD DWORKIN
Authors: Francisco Iosa Juan
Published: July 2017

Argumento en contra de una concepción de la autonomía personal centrada en la identificación entre deseos de primer y segundo orden -aquí denominada concepción empírica de las metapreferencias - y a favor de una concepción  con eje en la idea de reflexión - la concepción normativa de las metapreferencias. Ambas, sostengo, son lecturas posibles de las tesis que respecto de la autonomía personal sostienen  Harry Frankfurt y Gerald Dworkin. Por su vinculación con la concepción empírica rechazo un liberalismo radical tal que implique la obligación del estado de respetar cualquier plan de vida con que el agente se identifique. En virtud de su conexión con la concepción normativa sugiero, en cambio, la viabilidad de un perfeccionismo liberal donde el valor de la autonomía personal justifique la intervención estatal en los planes de vida que la amenazan.
La conciliation des intérêts et enjeux entre chercheurs et professionnels lors de la phase initiale de recherches participatives en éducation
Authors: LAPOINTE Pierre , MORRISSETTE Joëlle
Published: July 2017

Au Canada, la recherche participative constitue désormais un mode privilégié par les organismes gouvernementaux pour inciter les chercheurs à travailler avec les professionnels en vue de résoudre des problématiques en éducation. Ce texte examine le travail de médiation de chercheurs engagés dans deux recherches participatives, à la phase de la définition du problème, dans la collaboration avec des professionnels. Il montre comment les conditions initiales de ces projets et les dispositifs médiateurs mis en oeuvre à cette étape concourent au rapprochement entre les deux communautés, malgré la difficulté à concilier les finalités scientifiques et pratiques dans le cadre imposé par les organismes.
La lesson study, une démarche de recherche collaborative en formation des enseignants ?
Authors: MARTIN Daniel , CLERC-GEORGY Anne
Published: July 2017

Dans la démarche
lesson study, des chercheurs et des enseignants travaillent ensemble à la résolution de problèmes d’enseignement-apprentissage identifiés par les praticiens. Cette contribution présente trois exemples de lesson study menées auprès de différents publics (primaire et secondaire) en mathématique et en physique. Les auteurs analysent les différentes postures construites et adoptées par les chercheurs dans chacune de ces situations et tentent d’identifier quelques conditions et contraintes plus ou moins favorables à la construction d’un partenariat entre chercheurs et praticiens. Les démarches lesson study semblent pouvoir relever de la recherche collaborative, mais à certaines conditions, notamment liées aux postures des chercheurs qui accompagnent ces groupes de recherche. Ces conditions rejoignent l’id
ée de double vraisemblance qui
caractérise la recherche collaborative.
Le rôle du chercheur dans l’accompagnement des enseignants en pédagogie Freinet : questionnement autour de l’entretien d’auto-confrontation
Authors: BOYER Catherine , PAGONI Maria
Published: July 2017

Les auteures interrogent dans cet article un moment précis d’une recherche collaborative qui vise à analyser les pratiques de trois enseignants d’une école primaire se réclamant de la pédagogie Freinet. Ces pratiques concernent le dispositif de recherche documentaire (RD) expérimenté pour la première fois par les enseignants. L’analyse est centrée sur le moment d’entretien d’auto-confrontation collectif et propose deux axes de réflexion : une réflexion sur le questionnement des chercheurs et leurs effets sur la construction des savoirs disciplinaires des enseignants ; une réflexion sur les controverses qui font leur apparition pendant le moment de l’entretien. Les auteures montrent dans cet article que ces controverses constituent à la fois l’objet de recherche de ce collectif et l’enjeu professionnel de ce dispositif innovant.
Construction de bénéfices mutuels en contexte collaboratif : pistes théoriques et méthodologiques
Authors: NIZET Isabelle , MONOD ANSALDI Réjane
Published: July 2017

Nous référant aux résultats produits dans le cadre de deux projets collaboratifs axés l’un sur la formation continue d’enseignants (Chantier 7) et l’autre sur la recherche orientée par la conception (LéA), nous souhaitons montrer comment les cadres méthodologiques et théoriques choisis ont permis de repérer comment se construisent les bénéfices mutuels dans chacun des deux projets. Le métissage des praxéologies dans le LéA s’appuie sur l’émergence d’objets frontières et sur des phénomènes de brokering mis à jour dans l’analyse de réponses à des questionnaires soumis aux participants. La co construction de savoirs en évaluation dans le cadre du chantier 7 se fait à travers des démarches de valuation appuyées par le recours à différents critères de validité et de viabilité des savoirs deformation en circulation. Suite à l’analyse séparée de deux corpus, nous avons souhaité mettre à l’épreuve ces trois concepts (objet frontière, brokering et valuation de savoirs) dans un atelier offert à des enseignants, des conseillers pédagogiques et des chercheurs ayant participé au réseau des LéA. Les résultats exploratoires de cet atelier permettent de faire l’hypothèse qu’ils ont une certaine pertinence auprès de participants impliqués dans le pilotage de projet de recherche collaborative. En effet, la compréhension des fonctions de brokering, le repérage des objets frontières et des mécanismes de valuation de savoirs semble offrir des pistes utiles pour le pilotage de tels projets et soutenir le contrat collaboratif.
L’organisation collective pour l’obtention d’une voix au chapitre
Authors: GAGNON Mélanie , BEAUDRY Catherine , CARETTE Ann-Gabrielle
Published: July 2017

Cet article propose de jeter un regard sur les raisons ayant mené à la création d’une association non syndicale dans l’industrie du camionnage. L’objectif est d’analysera posteriorila mise sur pied de cette association de routiers en vue de l’obtention d’une voix au chapitre à la Table de concertation gouvernement-industrie sur la sécurité des véhicules lourds. À cette fin, la construction théorique prend appui sur les notions de projet et de représentation non syndicale. Le regroupement est né en ayant pour dessein de faire reconnaître le métier. Il fonctionne en s’assurant de représenter collectivement les routiers, tout en conférant des avantages individuels aux membres. Cette association s’écarte ainsi de la sphère des relations du travail et ne vise pas à se substituer au syndicalisme, mais à opérer en parallèle avec des objectifs différents en matière de représentation dès lors qu’elle regroupe des routiers, peu importe leur statut d’emploi : salariés, travailleurs autonomes, voire employeurs.
Modeling the effect of blunt impact on mitochondrial function in cartilage: implications for development of osteoarthritis
Authors: Kapitanov Georgi I. , Ayati Bruce P. , Martin James A.
Published: July 2017

Objective

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease characterized by degeneration of joint cartilage. It is associated with pain and disability and is the result of either age and activity related joint wear or an injury. Non-invasive treatment options are scarce and prevention and early intervention methods are practically non-existent. The modeling effort presented in this article is constructed based on an emerging biological hypothesis—post-impact oxidative stress leads to cartilage cell apoptosis and hence the degeneration observed with the disease. The objective is to quantitatively describe the loss of cell viability and function in cartilage after an injurious impact and identify the key parameters and variables that contribute to this phenomenon.

Methods

We constructed a system of differential equations that tracks cell viability, mitochondrial function, and concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and glycosaminoglycans (GAG). The system was solved using MATLAB and the equations’ parameters were fit to existing data using a particle swarm algorithm.

Results

The model fits well the available data for cell viability, ATP production, and GAG content. Local sensitivity analysis shows that the initial amount of ROS is the most important parameter.

Discussion

The model we constructed is a viable method for producing in silico studies and with a few modifications, and data calibration and validation, may be a powerful predictive tool in the search for a non-invasive treatment for post-traumatic osteoarthritis.
Leveraging H2O2 Levels for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Wang Jinqiang , Zhang Yuqi , Archibong Edikan , Ligler Frances S. , Gu Zhen
Published: July 2017

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‐responsive materials have been employed as drug delivery or diagnostic systems to treat or detect diseases with abnormal oxidative stress. A number of H2O2‐responsive systems have been developed, and they have achieved great progress in controlled drug delivery for disease treatment. However, pathological sites with elevated H2O2 level, such as cancer and inflammation, have their own characteristics; therefore the material structures and the subsequent formulations should be reasonably designed to acquire maximized therapeutic effects. In this progress report, we overview the development of H2O2‐responsive functional groups for constructing H2O2‐responsive formulations, as well as the guidance for designing suitable formulations to treat each specific pathological condition. The challenges and perspectives in this field are also discussed.
Direct Liquid Injection − Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition of Silica Thin Films from Di‐t‐butoxydiacetoxysilane
Authors: Vervaele Mattias , De Roo Bert , Debehets Jolien , Sousa Marilyne , Zhang Luman , Van Bilzen Bart , Seré Stephanie , Guillon Herve , Rajala Markku , Won Seo Jin , Locquet Jean‐Pierre
Published: July 2017

In this work, an unusual silicon chemical vapor deposition precursor is used, which allows the safe deposition of thin silica films in a controlled and reproducible manner at a lower thermal budget with a newly developed direct liquid injection − low pressure chemical vapor deposition system. The deposition is controlled by parameters such as deposition temperature, partial pressure of the gases, and flow rate of the precursor solution. X‐ray reflectivity and spectroscopic ellipsometry of the deposited samples show that the thickness of the layers is well controlled by deposition temperature, time, and oxygen flow. A growth rate of 4.5 Å min−1 is obtained without the addition of oxygen, which can be increased to 10.2 Å min−1 by the addition of oxygen. Atomic force microscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and drop shape analysis are used to measure roughness, composition, and hydrophobicity. Thin films of silicon dioxide are successfully grown. In addition, this newly developed system can be used for a wide range of films by varying the precursors or by co‐injecting nanoparticles suspension mixed with the chemical vapor deposition precursor in the direct liquid injection vaporizer.
Highly Elastic, Transparent, and Conductive 3D‐Printed Ionic Composite Hydrogels
Authors: Odent Jérémy , Wallin Thomas J. , Pan Wenyang , Kruemplestaedter Kevin , Shepherd Robert F. , Giannelis Emmanuel P.
Published: July 2017

Despite extensive progress to engineer hydrogels for a broad range of technologies, practical applications have remained elusive due to their (until recently) poor mechanical properties and lack of fabrication approaches, which constrain active structures to simple geometries. This study demonstrates a family of ionic composite hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties that can be rapidly 3D‐printed at high resolution using commercial stereolithography technology. The new material design leverages the dynamic and reversible nature of ionic interactions present in the system with the reinforcement ability of nanoparticles. The composite hydrogels combine within a single platform tunable stiffness, toughness, extensibility, and resiliency behavior not reported previously in other engineered hydrogels. In addition to their excellent mechanical performance, the ionic composites exhibit fast gelling under near‐UV exposure, remarkable conductivity, and fast osmotically driven actuation. The design of such ionic composites, which combine a range of tunable properties and can be readily 3D‐printed into complex architectures, provides opportunities for a variety of practical applications such as artificial tissue, soft actuators, compliant conductors, and sensors for soft robotics.
Surface Patterning of Hydrogels for Programmable and Complex Shape Deformations by Ion Inkjet Printing
Authors: Peng Xin , Liu Tianqi , Zhang Qin , Shang Cong , Bai Qing‐Wen , Wang Huiliang
Published: July 2017

Convenient patterning and precisely programmable shape deformations are crucial for the practical applications of shape deformable hydrogels. Here, a facile and versatile computer‐assisted ion inkjet printing technique is described that enables the direct printing of batched, very complicated patterns, especially those with well‐defined, programmable variation in cross‐linking densities, on one or both surfaces of a large‐sized hydrogel sample. A mechanically strong hydrogel containing poly(sodium acrylate) is first prepared, and then digital patterns are printed onto the hydrogel surfaces by using a commercial inkjet printer and an aqueous ferric solution. The complexation between the polyelectrolyte and ferric ions increases the cross‐linking density of the printed regions, and hence the gel sample can undergo shape deformation upon swelling/deswelling. The deformation rates and degrees of the hydrogels can be conveniently adjusted by changing the printing times or the different/gradient grayscale distribution of designed patterns. By printing appropriate patterns on one or both surfaces of the hydrogel sheets, many complex 3D shapes are obtained from shape deformations upon swelling/deswelling, such as cylindrical shell and forsythia flower (patterns on one surface), ding (patterns on both surfaces), blooming flower (different/gradient grayscale distributive patterns on one surface), and non‐Euclidean plates (different/gradient grayscale distributive patterns on both surfaces).
Conjugated Small Molecule for Efficient Hole Transport in High‐Performance p‐i‐n Type Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Yang Liyan , Cai Feilong , Yan Yu , Li Jinghai , Liu Dan , Pearson Andrew J. , Wang Tao
Published: July 2017

The π‐conjugated organic small molecule 4,4′‐cyclohexylidenebis[N,N‐bis(4‐methylphenyl) benzenamine] (TAPC) has been explored as an efficient hole transport material to replace poly(3,4‐ethylenedio‐xythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) in the preparation of p‐i‐n type CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells. Smooth, uniform, and hydrophobic TAPC hole transport layers can be facilely deposited through solution casting without the need for any dopants. The power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells shows very weak TAPC layer thickness dependence across the range from 5 to 90 nm. Thermal annealing enables improved hole conductivity and efficient charge transport through an increase in TAPC crystallinity. The perovskite photoactive layer cast onto thermally annealed TAPC displays large grains and low residual PbI2, leading to a high charge recombination resistance. After optimization, a stabilized power conversion efficiency of 18.80% is achieved with marginal hysteresis, much higher than the value of 12.90% achieved using PEDOT:PSS. The TAPC‐based devices also demonstrate superior stability compared with the PEDOT:PSS‐based devices when stored in ambient circumstances, with a relatively high humidity ranging from 50 to 85%.
Humidity‐Responsive Single‐Nanoparticle‐Layer Plasmonic Films
Authors: Shen Jianlei , Luan Binquan , Pei Hao , Yang Zaixing , Zuo Xiaolei , Liu Gang , Shi Jiye , Wang Lihua , Zhou Ruhong , Cheng Wenlong , Fan Chunhai
Published: July 2017

2D materials possess many interesting properties, and have shown great application potentials. In this work, the development of humidity‐responsive, 2D plasmonic nanostructures with switchable chromogenic properties upon wetting–dewetting transitions is reported. By exploiting DNA hybridization‐directed anchoring of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on substrates, a series of single‐nanoparticle‐layer (SNL) plasmonic films is fabricated. Due to the collective plasmonic responses in SNL, these ultrathin 2D films display rapid and reversible red‐blue color change upon the wetting–dewetting transition, suggesting that hydration‐induced microscopic plasmonic coupling between AuNPs is replicated in the macroscopic, centimeter‐scale films. It is also found that hydration finely tunes the electric field distribution between AuNPs in the SNL film, based on which responsive surface‐enhanced Raman scattering substrates with spatially homogeneous hot spots are developed. Thus it is expected that DNA‐mediated 2D SNL structures open new avenues for designing miniaturized plasmonic nanodevices with various applications.
Selective High‐Frequency Mechanical Actuation Driven by the VO2 Electronic Instability
Authors: Manca Nicola , Pellegrino Luca , Kanki Teruo , Venstra Warner J. , Mattoni Giordano , Higuchi Yoshiyuki , Tanaka Hidekazu , Caviglia Andrea D. , Marré Daniele
Published: July 2017

Relaxation oscillators consist of periodic variations of a physical quantity triggered by a static excitation. They are a typical consequence of nonlinear dynamics and can be observed in a variety of systems. VO2 is a correlated oxide with a solid‐state phase transition above room temperature, where both electrical resistance and lattice parameters undergo a drastic change in a narrow temperature range. This strong nonlinear response allows to realize spontaneous electrical oscillations in the megahertz range under a DC voltage bias. These electrical oscillations are employed to set into mechanical resonance a microstructure without the need of any active electronics, with small power consumption and with the possibility to selectively excite specific flexural modes by tuning the value of the DC electrical bias in a range of few hundreds of millivolts. This actuation method is robust and flexible and can be implemented in a variety of autonomous DC‐powered devices.
Bifunctional Transition Metal Hydroxysulfides: Room‐Temperature Sulfurization and Their Applications in Zn–Air Batteries
Authors: Wang Hao‐Fan , Tang Cheng , Wang Bin , Li Bo‐Quan , Zhang Qiang
Published: July 2017

Bifunctional electrocatalysis for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) constitutes the bottleneck of various sustainable energy devices and systems like rechargeable metal–air batteries. Emerging catalyst materials are strongly requested toward superior electrocatalytic activities and practical applications. In this study, transition metal hydroxysulfides are presented as bifunctional OER/ORR electrocatalysts for Zn–air batteries. By simply immersing Co‐based hydroxide precursor into solution with high‐concentration S2−, transition metal hydroxides convert to hydroxysulfides with excellent morphology preservation at room temperature. The as‐obtained Co‐based metal hydroxysulfides are with high intrinsic reactivity and electrical conductivity. The electron structure of the active sites is adjusted by anion modulation. The potential for 10 mA cm−2 OER current density is 1.588 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), and the ORR half‐wave potential is 0.721 V versus RHE, with a potential gap of 0.867 V for bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis. The Co3FeS1.5(OH)6 hydroxysulfides are employed in the air electrode for a rechargeable Zn–air battery with a small overpotential of 0.86 V at 20.0 mA cm−2, a high specific capacity of 898 mAh g−1, and a long cycling life, which is much better than Pt and Ir‐based electrocatalyst in Zn–air batteries.
Stretchable Lithium‐Ion Batteries Enabled by Device‐Scaled Wavy Structure and Elastic‐Sticky Separator
Authors: Liu Wei , Chen Jun , Chen Zheng , Liu Kai , Zhou Guangmin , Sun Yongming , Song Min‐Sang , Bao Zhenan , Cui Yi
Published: July 2017

Fast developments and substantial achievements have been shaping the field of wearable electronic devices, resulting in the persistent requirement for stretchable lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Despite recent progress in stretchable electrodes, stretching full batteries, including electrodes, separator, and sealing material, remains a great challenge. Here, a simple design concept for stretchable LIBs via a wavy structure at the full battery device scale is reported. All components including the package are capable of being reversibly stretched by folding the entire pouch cell into a wavy shape with polydimethylsiloxane filled in each valley region. In addition, the stretchable, sticky, and porous polyurethane/poly(vinylidene fluoride) membrane is adopted as a separator for the first time, which can maintain intimate contact between electrodes and separator to continuously secure ion pathway under dynamic state. Commercial cathode, anode, and package can be utilized in this rationally designed wavy battery to enable stretchability. The results indicate good electrochemical performances and long‐term stability at repeatable release–stretch cycles. A high areal capacity of 3.6 mA h cm−2 and energy density of up to 172 W h L−1 can be achieved for the wavy battery. The promising results of the cost‐effective wavy battery with high stretchability shed light on the development of stretchable energy storages.
Circumventing UV Light Induced Nanomorphology Disorder to Achieve Long Lifetime PTB7‐Th:PCBM Based Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Quan , Toudert Johann , Liu Feng , Mantilla‐Perez Paola , Bajo Miguel Montes , Russell Thomas P. , Martorell Jordi
Published: July 2017

Large area flexible electronics rely on organic or hybrid materials prone to degradation limiting the device lifetime. For many years, photo‐oxidation has been thought to be one of the major degradation pathways. However, intense illumination may lead to a burn‐in or a rapid decrease in performance for devices completely isolated from corrosive elements as oxygen or moisture. The experimental studies which are presented in here indicate that a plausible triggering for the burn‐in is a spin flip after a UV photon absorption leading to the accumulation of electrostatic potential energy that initiates a rapid destruction of the nanomorpholgy in the fullerene phase of a polymer cell. To circumvent this and achieve highly stable and efficient devices, a robust nanocrystalline ordering is induced in the PCBM phase prior to UV illumination. In that event, PTB7‐Th:PC71BM cells are shown to exhibit T80 lifetimes larger than 1.6 years under a continuous UV‐filtered 1‐sun illumination, equivalent to 7 years for sunlight harvesting at optimal orientation and 10 years for vertical applications.
Mechanistic Insights on a Metal‐Free Borylative Cyclization of Alkynes Using BCl3: A Theoretical Investigation
Authors: Wei Yu , Liu Dongwei , Qing Xinlin , Xu Liang
Published: July 2017

The metal‐free reactions between alkynes and BCl3 were investigated by means of DFT calculations, focusing on elucidating the detailed cyclization mechanism and the different chemoselectivity between internal and terminal alkynes. The results showed that borylative cyclization of internal alkynes proceeded via kinetically favorable stepwise complexation, electrophilic dearomatization, hydrogen migration and rearomatization. In contrast, for terminal alkynes, the competitive chloroboration step, which followed the complexation step, was more feasible than electrophilic dearomatization, affording the thermodynamically stable addition products irreversibly.
All‐Optical Photonic Band Control in a Quantum Metamaterial
Authors: Felbacq D. , Rousseau E.
Published: July 2017

Metamaterials made of periodic collections of dielectric nanorods are considered theoretically. When quantum resonators are embedded within the nanorods, one obtains a quantum metamaterial, whose electromagnetic properties depend upon the state of the quantum resonators. The theoretical model predicts that when the resonators are pumped and reach the inversion regime, the quantum metamaterial exhibits an all‐optical switchable conduction band. The phenomenon can be described by considering the pole stucture of the scattering matrix of the metamaterial.
Carrier Dynamics in Graphene: Ultrafast Many‐Particle Phenomena
Authors: Malic E. , Winzer T. , Wendler F. , Brem S. , Jago R. , Knorr A. , Mittendorff M. , König‐Otto J. C. , Plötzing T. , Neumaier D. , Schneider H. , Helm M. , Winnerl S.
Published: July 2017

Graphene is an ideal material to study fundamental Coulomb‐ and phonon‐induced carrier scattering processes. Its remarkable gapless and linear band structure opens up new carrier relaxation channels. In particular, Auger scattering bridging the valence and the conduction band changes the number of charge carriers and gives rise to a significant carrier multiplication ‐ an ultrafast many‐particle phenomenon that is promising for the design of highly efficient photodetectors. Furthermore, the vanishing density of states at the Dirac point combined with ultrafast phonon‐induced intraband scattering results in an accumulation of carriers and a population inversion suggesting the design of graphene‐based terahertz lasers. Here, we review our work on the ultrafast carrier dynamics in graphene and Landau‐quantized graphene is presented providing a microscopic view on the appearance of carrier multiplication and population inversion.
Eine sich selbst opfernde N‐Methyltransferase ist die Vorstufe des pilzlichen Sekundärmetaboliten Omphalotin
Authors: Ramm Sascha , Krawczyk Bartlomiej , Mühlenweg Agnes , Poch Annette , Mösker Eva , Süssmuth Roderich D.
Published: July 2017

Die Forschung an ribosomal synthetisierten und posttranslational modifizierten Peptiden (RiPPs) hat das Verständnis von Biosynthesemechanismen zum Aufbau dieser Peptide weit vorangetrieben. Während die meisten Beispiele für RiPPs von Bakterien stammen, gibt es außer den Amanitinen und Phalloidinen nur wenig bekannte Vertreter, die von Pilzen produziert werden. Das pilzliche Cyclopeptid Omphalotin A trägt mehrere N‐Methylierungen des Peptidrückgrats, eine Modifikation die so bisher nur für nicht‐ribosomal synthetisierte Peptide beschrieben wurde. Bei Untersuchungen des Genoms eines Omphalotin‐produzierenden Pilzes konnten zwei Gene identifiziert werden, die an der Biosynthese beteiligt sind. Ein Gen kodiert für die Methyltransferase OphMA, die eine Selbstmethylierung am eigenen C‐Terminus durchführt und anschließend durch eine von einem zweiten Gen kodierte Prolyl‐Oligopeptidase (OphP) erkannt, abgespalten und cyclisiert wird. Diese Arbeit zeigt einen neuen Biosynthesemechanismus für RiPPs auf, bei dem das Vorstufenpeptid Bestandteil des posttranslational modifizierenden Enzyms ist.
Fish feeding behaviour and fish capture: the case for variation in Lapita fishing strategies
Authors: BUTLER VIRGINIA L.
Published: July 2017

Relationships between fish feeding behavior and human predation strategies are examined in order to identify Lapita fishing strategies. Inherent properties of herbivores/omnivores versus carnivores suggest the kinds of fishing strategies best able to catch fishes representing these feeding groups. Comparison of fish faunal assemblages from nine Lapita sites distributed from the Mussau Islands, Papua New Guinea to Western Polynesia reveals some striking contrasts in fish representation. Most western Melanesian assemblages are comprised of similar frequencies of carnivores and herbivores/omnivores while eastern Lapita site assemblages are dominated by herbivores/omnivores. Differences in analytic and archaeological recovery practices do not account for these differences; rather, variation in fishing strategies better explains the faunal variation. Apparently, angling and netting were commonly practiced at some sites, while netting techniques were more widely used at others. Contrasts in habitat structure, labour organization, or technological costs presumably account for such variation in procurement strategies.
Socialising landscapes: the long‐term implications of signs, symbols and marks on the land
Authors: TACON PAUL S.C.
Published: July 2017

The long‐term implications of marking landscapes with rock paintings, engravings and stone arrangements are explored. In the process many of the ways in which humans socialise landscapes are outlined. It is argued that the development of rock art throughout the world is a reflection of an increased sense of ’ethnic’ identity among human groups as well as a concern for communicating knowledge visually. It is also contended that the ’dawn of art’, or more precisely, the beginnings of the symbolic marking of the landscape is reflective of the concept of time having acquired increased importance among anatomically modern humans about 40,000 years ago. In other words, the marking of landscapes with stone is illustrative of a group of people being concerned not only about a ’present’ but also a ’past’ and a ’future’. The nature of time is not static, however, and changes in marking behaviour can be correlated to changes in the notion of time within particular societies. Regional examples are drawn from a diverse range of societies but particular emphasis is placed on the Northern Territory of Australia.
Using interactive “Nutrition labels” for financial products to assist decision making under uncertainty
Authors: Gunaratne Junius , Nov Oded
Published: July 2017

Product information labels can help users understand complex information, leading them to make better decisions. One area where consumers are particularly prone to make costly decision‐making errors is long‐term saving, which requires understanding of complex concepts such as uncertainty and trade‐offs. Although most people are poorly equipped to deal with such concepts, interactive design can potentially help users make better decisions. We developed an interactive information label to assist consumers with retirement saving decision‐making. To evaluate it, we exposed 450 users to one of four user interface conditions in a retirement saving simulator where they made 35 yearly decisions under changing circumstances. We found a significantly better ability of users to reach their goals with the information label. Furthermore, users who interacted with the label made better decisions than those who were presented with a static information label. Lastly, we found the label particularly effective in helping novice savers.
Phase II monitoring of changes in mean from high‐dimensional data
Authors: Lim Johan , Lee Sungim
Published: July 2017

The generalized T2 chart (GT‐chart), which is composed of the T2 statistic based on a small number of principal components and the remaining components, is a popular alternative to the traditional Hotelling's T2 control chart. However, the application of the GT‐chart to high‐dimensional data, which are now ubiquitous, encounters difficulties from high dimensionality similar to other multivariate procedures. The sample principal components and their eigenvalues do not consistently estimate the population values, and the GT‐chart relying on them is also inconsistent in estimating the control limits. In this paper, we investigate the effects of high dimensionality on the GT‐chart and then propose a corrected GT‐chart using the recent results of random matrix theory for the spiked covariance model. We numerically show that the corrected GT‐chart exhibits superior performance compared to the existing methods, including the GT‐chart and Hotelling's T2 control chart, under various high‐dimensional cases. Finally, we apply the proposed corrected GT‐chart to monitor chemical processes introduced in the literature.
Treating Depression during Pregnancy: Are We Asking the Right Questions?
Authors: Angelotta Cara , Wisner Katherine L.
Published: July 2017

Background

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common complication of pregnancy. Once the diagnosis of MDD is made, the physician must assist the pregnant woman in developing a treatment plan.

Methods

In considering antidepressants, the benefit of medication treatment for maternal disease control must be balanced against the risk of the drug to the developing embryo‐fetus. This is an individualized decision depending on the disease characteristics, likelihood of maternal depression response, probability of adverse fetal effects, and patient characteristics and values.

Results

There is no “zero risk” solution in caring for the pregnant woman with MDD; both the disorder and the medication present risks to the mother and the embryo‐fetus. If the decision to use antidepressant medication during pregnancy is made, the justification is that the disease is associated with greater risk than the treatment. The goal should be remission of symptoms to maximally reduce disease risk to the mother and developing fetus.

Conclusion

Optimization of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor dosing during pregnancy dictates several treatment goals: (1) the drug must be at the optimal dose for the woman; that is, the dose that produces the best response with tolerable side effects; (2) a continuous measure of symptoms must be repeated and adjustments to maintain optimal antidepressant efficacy may be required, due to pharmacokinetic changes during pregnancy; and (3) the resolution of pregnancy at birth also requires dose adjustment in accord with the woman's transition to the nonpregnant, breastfeeding state. Birth Defects Research 109:879–887, 2017.© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A rhodamine‐triazole fluorescent chemodosimeter for Cu2+ detection and its application in bioimaging
Authors: Wechakorn Kanokorn , Prabpai Samran , Suksen Kanoknetr , Kanjanasirirat Phongthon , Pewkliang Yongyut , Borwornpinyo Suparerk , Kongsaeree Palangpon
Published: July 2017

A rhodamine‐based fluorescent chemodosimeter rhodamine hydrazide‐triazole (RHT) tethered with a triazole moiety was developed for Cu2+ detection. In aqueous medium, the RHT probe exhibited high selectivity and sensitivity toward Cu2+ among other metal ions. The addition of Cu2+ triggered a fluorescence emission of RHT by 384‐fold (Φ = 0.33) based on a ring‐opening process and a subsequent hydrolysis reaction. Moreover, RHT also showed a selective colorimetric response toward Cu2+ from colorless solution to pink, readily observed with the naked eye. The limit of detection of RHT for Cu2+ was calculated to be 1 nM (0.06 ppb). RHT was successfully demonstrated to detect Cu2+ in Chang liver cells by confocal fluorescence microscopy.
Isotope Studies in Oxidation of Propane over Vanadium Oxide
Authors: Kube Pierre , Frank Benjamin , Schlögl Robert , Trunschke Annette
Published: July 2017

The oxidation of propane has been studied over silica‐supported vanadium oxide and polycrystalline, bulk MoVTeNb oxide with M1 structure. Temperature‐programmed reaction experiments were performed, and the reactivity of propane molecules labeled with deuterium and 13C, respectively, was analyzed under steady‐state conditions. The measurement of kinetic isotope effects reveals fundamental differences in the activation of propane over the two catalysts. The reaction network of consecutive and parallel reactions of the formed propylene is comparable. However, oxygen insertion into the CHO group of acrolein under formation of acrylic acid is faster over M1 than oxidation at the CH2 group and decarbonylation to acetaldehyde. In contrast, the latter process is preferred over silica‐supported vanadium oxide resulting in lower selectivity to unsaturated oxygenates.
Ligand‐Assisted Heteroaryl C(sp2)−H Bond Activation by a Cationic Ruthenium(II) Complex for Alkenylation of Heteroarenes with Alkynes Directed by Biorelevant Heterocycles
Authors: Pipaliya Bhavin V. , Chakraborti Asit K.
Published: July 2017

Alkenylation of heteroarenes with alkynes has been achieved through ligand‐assisted heteroaryl C(sp2)−H bond activation by an in situ generated cationic RuII complex directed by the biorelevant heterocyclic scaffolds benzothiazole and benzoxazole, giving broad scope with respect to the heteroarenes (thiophene, furan, N‐methyl pyrrole, and 3‐indole) and the alkynes (diaryl, dialkyl, and aryl alkyl) in high yields and with high stereo‐ and regioselectivities.
Two Enabling Strategies for the Stereoselective Conversion of Internal Alkynes into Trisubstituted Alkenes
Authors: Huwyler Nikolas , Radkowski Karin , Rummelt Stephan M. , Fürstner Alois
Published: July 2017

An expedient method for the C‐methylation of alkenylstannanes with formation of trisubstituted alkenes is described, which relies on the use of MeI in combination with copper thiophene‐2‐carboxylate (CuTC) as promotor and tetra‐n‐butylammonium diphenylphosphinate as an effective tin scavenger; in some cases, it proved beneficial to further supplement the mixture with catalytic amounts of Pd(PPh3)4. Under these conditions, the reaction is robust, high yielding, and compatible with many functional groups that might not subsist under more traditional conditions used to C‐alkylate organotin derivatives. A qualitative analysis of the reaction profile suggested that the in situ formation of a reactive organocopper intermediate and its interception by MeI is only barely faster than O‐methylation of the phosphinate additive by the same alkylating agent. To guarantee high yields and prevent net protodestannation from occurring, the reaction protocol had to be optimized such that these competing processes are properly decoupled. The new method is particularly well suited for the stereoselective preparation of the (E)‐2‐methylbut‐2‐en‐1‐ol motif that is present in numerous natural products. Alternatively, this particular target structure can be accessed starting from α‐hydroxy alkenylsiloxane precursors, which get C‐methylated upon exposure to CuI/LiOtBu and MeI by what is thought to be a Brook rearrangement/ alkylation sequence. The required substrates are best prepared by ruthenium‐catalyzedtrans‐hydrosilylation ortrans‐hydrostannation of propargyl alcohols.
Controlled Gelation of Graphene Towards Unprecedented Superstructures
Authors: Petersen Søren Vermehren , Qiu Ling , Li Dan
Published: July 2017

Graphene exhibits a range of exceptional physical properties and holds great promise for development of novel bulk materials for widespread applications. Properly engineering of assembled structures of graphene at multiple length scales is essential to realize its full potential in bulk forms. In this Concept article, we highlight the unique colloidal and gelation behavior of a commonly used precursor for graphene, graphene oxide (GO), and discuss how the colloidal chemistry of GO and reduced GO can enable new scalable and cost‐effective approaches to construct graphene‐based soft superstructures with excellent properties.