bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Anatomy of a Crowd
Authors: Humphrey Thomas
Published: April 2015

Over the past thirty years, historians of colonial British North America have turned their attention to crowd violence. Most crowds inflicted horrifying, ritualized violence on people and property. Crowds assaulted men and women who committed adultery or bigamy, or who beat their spouses too severely. And crowds attacked anyone who jeopardized people’s health with disease or who used their political and economic power to get rich at the expense of their neighbors. What becomes clear is that colonists adapted the rituals of rough music to various social, political, and economic grievances. Readers usually meet these people as they chased their targets, giving the impression that people formed crowds spontaneously. But some crowds acted more deliberately. In some cases, colonists resorted to violence only after determining what behavior upset them and then how best to address it. The question becomes, then, simply put, how did colonists learn the mobbing time had come?
"Tattooed Collage" - A Perspective of Youth Culture
Authors: Alexander Ellen
Published: April 2015

In this article, Ellen Alexander seeks to reassess the nature of Youth Culture, with specific reference to youth in India. This paper was originally given at the IASYM Pune Conference, November 2004.
Expanding Youth Professionals' Opportunities: The contribution that not-for-profit youth professionals can make in the corporate world
Authors: Codrington Graeme
Published: April 2015

This paper aims to expose youth professionals to a number of opportunities within the corporate business world. This will enable youth professionals to self-fund their ministries, as well as gain credibility and experience in their area of expertise. The paper will outline the need that the corporate world has with regards to an understanding of today's youth culture, as well as provide specific guidelines for youth professionals who wish to pursue part-time (or full-time) consulting work in the corporate world. The paper specifically ignores theological and ethical issues such work may provoke.
A Parameterization of Convective Dust Storms for Models with Mass-Flux Convection Schemes
Authors: Pantillon Florian , Knippertz Peter , Marsham John H. , Birch Cathryn E.
Published: April 2015

Cold pool outflows, generated by downdrafts from moist convection, can generate strong winds and therefore uplift of mineral dust. These so-called haboob convective dust storms occur over all major dust source areas worldwide and contribute substantially to emissions in northern Africa, the world’s largest source. Most large-scale models lack convective dust storms because they do not resolve moist convection, relying instead on convection schemes. The authors suggest a parameterization of convective dust storms to account for their contribution in such large-scale models. The parameterization is based on a simple conceptual model, in which the downdraft mass flux from the convection scheme spreads out radially in a cylindrical cold pool. The parameterization is tested with a set of Met Office Unified Model runs for June and July 2006 over West Africa. It is calibrated with a convection-permitting run and applied to a convection-parameterized run. The parameterization successfully produces the extensive area of dust-generating winds from cold pool outflows over the southern Sahara. However, this area extends farther to the east and dust-generating winds occur earlier in the day than in the convection-permitting run. These biases are caused by biases in the convection scheme. It is found that the location and timing of dust-generating winds are weakly sensitive to the parameters of the conceptual model. The results demonstrate that a simple parameterization has the potential to correct a major and long-standing limitation in global dust models.
Evaluation of Near-Surface Variables and the Vertical Structure of the Boundary Layer in CMIP5 Models
Authors: Svensson Gunilla , Lindvall Jenny
Published: April 2015

The diurnal cycles of near-surface variables and turbulent heat fluxes are evaluated in 16 models from phase 5 of CMIP (CMIP5) and compared with observations from 26 flux tower sites. The diurnal cycle of 2-m temperature agrees well in general with what is observed. The amplitude of the diurnal cycle of wind speed shows a large intermodel spread and is often overestimated at midlatitude grassland sites and underestimated at midlatitude forest sites. There is a substantial systematic negative bias in the nighttime net surface radiative flux, which is partly compensated for by the turbulent heat fluxes. Four models (CESM1, BCC_CSM1.1, HadGEM2-A, and IPSL-CM5A) are evaluated in more detail, including the vertical structure of the atmospheric boundary layer, at the ARM Southern Great Plains site in Oklahoma. At that site, all models tend to frequently overestimate the boundary layer depth and the wind turning in the boundary layer reveals large intermodel differences. In summer, these models exhibit a substantial warm bias with particularly high daytime temperatures. These high temperatures are associated with very small latent heat fluxes, indicating that the soil is too dry, which is likely to impact climate change scenarios.
Correlates of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Completion Among Adolescent Girl Initiators
Authors: Rahman Mahbubur , Laz Tabassum H. , McGrath Christine J. , Berenson Abbey B.
Published: April 2015

Objective. To examine correlates of vaccine series completion among young adolescent US girls who initiated the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. Methods. We analyzed National Immunization Survey–Teens 2012 provider-verified data to examine correlates of HPV vaccine completion among 13- to 17-year-old girls who initiated HPV vaccine in 2012 (N = 4548). Results. The weighted vaccine series completion rate among 13- to 17-year-old girl initiators was 66.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 64.0-69.3). Adolescent girls who were older, residents of the Northeast (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR], 1.36; 95% CI, 1.07-1.73), and had provider-verified seasonal influenza vaccination in the past year (aPR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.32-2.11) and provider recommendation (aPR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.10-1.77) were more likely to complete the 3-dose vaccine series. Conclusions. Parents of younger adolescent girls need to be educated about the importance of completing the 3-dose HPV vaccine series. Provider recommendation for the vaccine would also facilitate series completion.
Critical Analysis of The Alfonsine Tables in the Fourteenth Century: The Parisian Expositio Tabularum Alfonsii of 1347
Authors: Nothaft C. Philipp E.
Published: April 2015

An important text to shed light on the reception of the Alfonsine Tables during the early-to-mid-fourteenth century is the Expositio tabularum Alfonsii, a trenchant critique of their parameters written in Paris in 1347 and variously attributed to Henri Bate, John of Murs, or Geoffrey of Meaux. The article provides the first in-depth analysis of this hitherto neglected text, showing how it can offer new insights into late medieval thought about the role and foundations of computational astronomy and the transmission of Alfonsine astronomy from Spain to France. It also addresses the question of authorship.
The Book Everybody Read: Vernacular Translations of Sacrobosco’s Sphere in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Crowther Kathleen , McCray Ashley Nicole , McNeill Leila , Rodgers Amy , Stein Blair
Published: April 2015

This article presents four detailed case studies of sixteenth-century vernacular translations of Sacrobosco’s De sphaera. Previous scholarship has highlighted the important role of Sacrobosco’s Sphere in medieval and early modern universities, where it served as an introductory astronomy text. We argue that the Sphere was more than a university teaching text. It was translated many times and was accessible to a wide range of people. The popularity of the Sphere suggests widespread interest in cosmological questions. We suggest that the text was a profitable one for early modern printers, who strove to identify books that would be reliable sellers. We also argue that the Sphere was not a static text. Rather, translators and editors added commentaries and other supplemental material that corrected and updated Sacrobosco’s original text and demonstrated the practical utility of this information. We contend that the Sphere was actually an important vehicle for disseminating new information about the cosmos.
Return-to-Work Outcome Rates of African American Versus White Veterans Served by State Vocational Rehabilitation Agencies
Authors: Moore Corey L. , Wang Ningning , Johnson Jean , Manyibe Edward O. , Washington Andre L. , Muhammad Atashia
Published: April 2015

The purpose of this study was to identify disparities in successful return-to-work outcome rates based on race, gender, and level of educational attainment at closure among veterans with a signed Individualized Plan for Employment (IPE). A randomized split-half cross-model validation research design was used to develop and test a series of logistic regression models for goodness of fit across two samples (i.e., screening and calibration) of case records ( N = 11,337) obtained from the national Fiscal Year (FY) 2013 Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA)-911 database. The final predictive multinomial logistic regression model indicated that (a) the odds of White veterans successfully returning to work were nearly 1½ times the odds of African American veterans returning to work and (b) African American female veterans had the lowest probability for successfully returning to work. Moreover, findings indicated that African American veterans’ successful return-to-work rates in 5 of the 10 RSA regions were below the national benchmark. Recommendations for policy development and future research directions are presented.
Gender Profiling
Authors: Hall Erika V. , Galinsky Adam D. , Phillips Katherine W.
Published: April 2015

The current research integrates perspectives on gendered race and person–position fit to introduce the concept of a gender profile. We propose that both the “gender” of a person’s biological sex and the “gender” of a person’s race (Asians are perceived as feminine and Blacks as masculine) help comprise an individual’s gender profile—the overall femininity or masculinity associated with their demographic characteristics. We also propose that occupational positions have gender profiles. Finally, we argue that the overall gender profile of one’s demographics, rather than just one’s biological sex, determines one’s fit and hirability for feminine or masculine occupational roles. The current five studies establish the gender profiles of different races and sexes, and then demonstrate that individuals with feminine-typed and masculine-typed gender profiles are selected for feminine and masculine positions, respectively. These studies provide new insights on who gets ahead in different environments.
Implications of Political Patronage and Political Costs for Corporate Disclosure
Authors: Chen Jean J. , Cheng Xinsheng , Gong Stephen X. , Tan Youchao
Published: April 2015

We take advantage of China’s relationship-based institutional setting to investigate whether and how firms’ disclosure decision is affected by political patronage and associated political costs considerations. Using a sample of 65 firms involved in the Shanghai Pension corruption scandal of 2006, we find that relative to benchmark firms, the connected firms are associated with lower levels of disclosure prior to the scandal. However, they significantly increased their disclosures in the year immediately following the public exposure of the scandal. A content analysis indicates that the increased disclosures are value-relevant, and are not merely used as a public relations effort to subdue public outcry in the immediate aftermath of the scandal. Cross-sectional analyses further reveal that the increase in disclosure is positively associated with the extent of firm’s guanxi dependence and type/severity of involvement in the scandal. We conclude that the increased disclosures are in response to the heightened risk and potential costs of regulatory and public scrutiny in the wake of a major event involving high political and public sensitivity. The evidence is supportive of the political costs hypothesis, and has important managerial and policy implications.
Seven‐Point Subjective Global Assessment Is More Time Sensitive Than Conventional Subjective Global Assessment in Detecting Nutrition Changes
Authors: Lim Su Lin , Lin Xiang Hui , Daniels Lynne
Published: April 2015

Background: It is important for nutrition intervention in malnourished patients to be guided by accurate evaluation and detection of small changes in the patient's nutrition status over time. However, the current Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) is not able to detect changes in a short period. The aim of the study was to determine whether the 7‐point SGA is more time sensitive to nutrition changes than the conventional SGA. Methods: In this prospective study, 67 adult inpatients assessed as malnourished using both the 7‐point SGA and conventional SGA were recruited. Each patient received nutrition intervention and was followed up after discharge. Patients were reassessed using both tools at 1, 3, and 5 months from baseline assessment. Results: It took significantly shorter time to see a 1‐point change using the 7‐point SGA compared with the conventional SGA (median: 1 month vs 3 months, P = .002). The likelihood of at least a 1‐point change is 6.74 times greater in the 7‐point SGA compared with the conventional SGA after controlling for age, sex, and medical specialties (odds ratio, 6.74; 95% confidence interval, 2.88–15.80; P < .001). Fifty‐six percent of patients who had no change in SGA score had changes detected using the 7‐point SGA. The level of agreement was 100% (κ = 1, P < .001) between the 7‐point SGA and 3‐point SGA and 83% (κ = 0.726, P < .001) between 2 blinded assessors for the 7‐point SGA. Conclusion: The 7‐point SGA is more time sensitive in its response to nutrition changes than the conventional SGA. It can be used to guide nutrition intervention for patients.
Solidarity, Media, and the Limits of Postcapitalist Theory
Authors: Popp Richard K.
Published: April 2015

This essay critically examines the postcapitalist characteristics of civil sphere theory (CST) and their implications for locating media in large-scale processes of social change. Providing a case study of U.S. media between the 1930s and 1980s, the essay argues that because CST treats media as free-floating images, rather than cultural industries and consumer practices, it is unable to account for a wide range of episodes in the making and unmaking of solidarity, including the Depression era’s specter of social unraveling, the suburban dismantling of the industrial city’s public amusement culture, and the emergence of a post-1960s New Right lens on media. The essay suggests that CST’s approach to solidarity should be modified to account for media’s deep embeddedness in the culture of capitalism. This would include recognizing that popular visions of community take shape within, and in response to, an economic culture uniquely prone to change. It would also include recognizing that messages and moments of solidarity are always experienced within built environments shaped by capital flows.
Being in the Know
Authors: Hanish Laura D. , Andrews Naomi C. Z. , Kornienko Olga , Santos Carlos E. , Rodkin Philip C. , Granger Kristen L.
Published: April 2015

We tested the hypothesis that early adolescents’ ( N = 951) knowledge of who bullies whom is differentially distributed across peers. Knowledge of bullying was assessed by asking middle school students to nominate grademates who bullied or were bullied using physical or relational means. We hypothesized that peers who were closer to bullies and victims in the grade-level friendship network, such as bullies, victims, their friends, and socially central youth, would be more knowledgeable than would peers who were socially distant. Findings revealed that approximately half of the adolescents were able to identify bullies and victims, and those who were most able to do so were socially closer, particularly victims and their friends. Bullies and their friends were less likely to name peers as bullies or victims.
A Review of Questionnaire Measures for Assessing the Social Climate in Prisons and Forensic Psychiatric Hospitals
Authors: Tonkin Matthew
Published: April 2015

Significant time and resources are devoted to the monitoring of social climate in secure settings. However, if these efforts are to help (rather than hinder) attempts to improve the functioning of such units, the monitoring of social climate must be based on sound psychometric methods. The aim of this review was to determine what questionnaires exist to measure the social climate in secure settings and what evidence exists regarding their psychometric properties. Twelve questionnaire-based measures of social climate were identified. The Essen Climate Evaluation Schema has received the most consistent empirical support, but this questionnaire does not provide as much of an in-depth, detailed insight into social climate as that provided by other social climate questionnaires. Although more extensive measures of climate exist, they have not yet received sufficient validation to justify their routine use in practice. Nevertheless, there is growing evidence that some questionnaire-based measures can provide a reliable and valid assessment of the social climate in secure settings, which has important clinical and theoretical implications.
Academic Performance of Only Children Who Monopolize Parental Resources
Authors: Chen Wan-Chi
Published: April 2015

Resource dilution theory suggests that many parental resources are dilutable and thus are responsible for the negative effect of sibship size on educational outcomes. However, the special case of only children has rarely been investigated. Analyzing Taiwan Education Panel Survey (TEPS), this study finds that only children do not quite fit this pattern. Birth order also complicates the picture. Controlling for family socioeconomic status (SES), the majority of firstborns outperform only children in academic performance; other peers from small-sized families fare just as well as only children in spite of their disadvantage in obtaining parental resources. Several related factors have been controlled (including parents’ old age, poor health, marital discords, marital dissolution, and the child’s developmental problems). As these alternative accounts have been ruled out, lacking sibling interaction is very likely to be the major cause why only children do not fit the pattern of negative sibship size effect, an association predicted by resource dilution theory.
Housing Satisfaction of Older (55+) Single-Person Householders in U.S. Rural Communities
Authors: Ahn Mira , Lee Sung-Jin
Published: April 2015

This study aims to understand the housing satisfaction of older (55+) single-person householders in U.S. rural communities using the available variables from a secondary data set, the 2011 American Housing Survey (AHS). In this study, housing satisfaction was considered to be an indicator of quality of life. Based on previous studies, we developed a model to test a hypothesized relationship between older (55+) single-person householders’ ( N = 1,017) housing satisfaction and their personal, physical, financial, and environmental characteristics. Multiple regression results showed that the model was supported, indicating that significant variables in housing satisfaction include age, gender, health status, age of house, structure type, and unit location. Among the significant variables, health status was revealed to be the strongest factor in housing satisfaction. Housing satisfaction was discussed as potential indicators of quality of life.
Common Core Preparation in Special Education Teacher Education Programs
Authors: Murphy Michelle R. , Marshall Kathleen J.
Published: April 2015

The Common Core State Standards (CCSS) were developed to encourage a common focus of instruction and evaluation in the areas of mathematics, reading/language arts, writing, speaking, and listening. As of 2011, all but five states have adopted CCSS for math and English Language Arts (ELA), with another adopting only the standards for ELA. With these adoptions comes a new emphasis in teacher training; the field is calling for a collective effort, on the part of Institutions of Higher Education (IHEs), to work collaboratively to prepare future teachers. This study is a preliminary exploration of current CCSS preparation in IHEs. Focus groups were conducted with pre-service teachers and professors in general and special education programs at five colleges across two southeastern states. Findings address the perceptions of both groups related to knowledge, ability, contributions, and barriers to application of CCSS. In addition, implications for future research are discussed.
A parameter identification method based on time–frequency analysis for time-varying vehicle dynamics
Authors: Zhang Ning , Xiao Hong , Winner Hermann
Published: April 2015

This paper proposes a novel time–frequency analysis-based parameter identification method for time-varying vehicle dynamics under harmonic conditions. The motivation is to identify the potential time-varying system parameters from experimental data corresponding to a linear single-track model, which has the aim of model identification in order to build simulation models. Based on the single-track model and time–frequency analysis, many vehicle dynamics parameters, such as the (normalized) cornering stiffness of the axle and the instantaneous friction coefficient, are available with the assistance of this method. The method has the prominent advantage that it is capable of identifying the time-varying system parameters within the range of linear lateral dynamics. The coupling between the vertical dynamics and the horizontal dynamics is also considered with an effective axle load evaluation algorithm, by which the influence of a specific dynamic axle load on the cornering stiffness of the axle can be described. It is also integrated into the parameter identification method. Finally the method is applied to validate a complicated simulation model of a car–trailer combination obtained with IPG CarMaker® software using the experimental data.
Method for the cost-efficient and weight-efficient material diversity and partitioning of a carbon fibre composite body structure
Authors: Mårtensson Per , Zenkert Dan , Åkermo Malin
Published: April 2015

A method for the early concept phase is proposed, which is aimed at limiting the financial and performance-related risks when designing a carbon fibre composite automotive body structure. The method manages the structural requirements imposed on the complete body structure and analyses the suitability of different carbon fibre material systems and processes. It also studies whether a high level of material diversity is desirable and the way in which to identify the optimal partition of the body structure from a material system and manufacturing process selection point of view. Furthermore, since composite materials include both laminated materials and quasi-isotropic materials, an approach is presented that enables the comparison of these materials variants during conceptual material selection. A case study exemplifies the method and the results show that, in spite of the cost-sensitive nature of the automotive industry, utilization of the maximum performance of these expensive composite materials is more important than efforts to achieve a rapid manufacturing process.
Performance comparison between a conventional helicopter and compound helicopter configurations
Authors: Ferguson Kevin , Thomson Douglas
Published: April 2015

The compound helicopter is a high-speed design concept that is once again being explored due to emerging requirements for rotorcraft to obtain speeds that significantly surpass the conventional helicopter. This increase in speed, provided efficient hover capability is maintained, would make the compound helicopter suitable for various roles and missions in both military and civil markets. The aim of this paper is to investigate the compounding of the conventional helicopter and how the addition of thrust and wing compounding influences the performance of this aircraft class. The paper features two compound helicopters. The first configuration features a coaxial rotor with a pusher propeller providing additional axial thrust, and is referred to as the coaxial compound helicopter. The second configuration, known as the hybrid compound helicopter, features a wing and two propellers providing thrust compounding. In this study, the performance of these two compound helicopter configurations are assessed and compared with a conventional configuration. The paper presents the standard performance parameters of each configuration which include the power required in steady level flight, the maximum range, the maximum endurance and the hover ceiling of each of the aircraft configurations. Furthermore, a performance analysis of each configuration flying standard helicopter missions is conducted. The results of the hybrid configuration show that the addition of the wing to the design successfully offloads the main rotor at high speeds; however, significant propulsive power is required by the propellers to overcome the airframe drag. Concerning the coaxial configuration, the power required by the coaxial compound and baseline configurations are comparable at low speeds. However, in high-speed flight a significant amount of power is required by the propeller to divorce the coaxial rotor of its propulsive duties. The results also reinforce the importance of reducing airframe drag in a potential compound helicopter design.
Failing to Forget
Authors: Catarino Ana , Küpper Charlotte S. , Werner-Seidler Aliza , Dalgleish Tim , Anderson Michael C.
Published: April 2015

Most people have experienced distressing events that they would rather forget. Although memories of such events become less intrusive with time for the majority of people, those with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are afflicted by vivid, recurrent memories of their trauma. Often triggered by reminders in the daily environment, these memories can cause severe distress and impairment. We propose that difficulties with intrusive memories in PTSD arise in part from a deficit in engaging inhibitory control to suppress episodic retrieval. We tested this hypothesis by adapting the think/no-think paradigm to investigate voluntary memory suppression of aversive scenes cued by naturalistic reminders. Retrieval suppression was compromised significantly in PTSD patients, compared with trauma-exposed control participants. Furthermore, patients with the largest deficits in suppression-induced forgetting were also those with the most severe PTSD symptoms. These results raise the possibility that prefrontal mechanisms supporting inhibitory control over memory are impaired in PTSD.
Attitudes towards student support: How positive feedback-effects prevent change in the Four Worlds of Student Finance
Authors: Garritzmann Julian L
Published: April 2015

This article provides a detailed analysis of individual preferences towards public financial aid to students from low-income families. Who favours/opposes such aid? What are the determinants of the respective preferences? I argue that three sets of factors jointly shape these preferences: materialistic self-interests, political attitudes, and the status quo of the higher education subsidy systems by generating positive feedback-effects. Results of multilevel ordered logit models utilizing the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) data for up to 22 countries over two decades indicate that self-interest matters: students strongly favour subsidies as do their parents, while those paying for the spending and those not expecting to benefit oppose such aid. Moreover, political attitudes are important: Supporters of redistribution and of increased public education spending in general, as well as leftwing voters, are much more likely to support students. On the macro-level, the findings suggest that positive feedback-effects exist: in countries with generous subsidy systems, public support for subsidies is higher. This article is the first to systematically analyse preferences towards higher education subsidies across countries and time and demonstrates how positive feedback-effects increasingly lock-in countries’ tuition-subsidy paths, making the systems resistant to (radical) change. As such, it speaks to the literature on the political economy of skill formation, the welfare state, public opinion and the public opinion–policy link.
Some comments on “The analysis of multivariate longitudinal data: A review”
Authors: Gebregziabher Mulugeta
Published: April 2015

We provide a commentary on “The analysis of multivariate longitudinal data: a review” by Verbeke et al. The authors provide a comprehensive review of the issues in the analysis of multivariate longitudinal data and use examples to demonstrate the pros and cons of several approaches. In this commentary, we indicate some important omissions in their review paper.
An Observation Tool for Monitoring Social Skill Implementation in Contextually Relevant Environments
Authors: Morgan Joseph John , Hsiao Yun-Ju , Dobbins Nicole , Brown Nancy B. , Lyons Catherine
Published: April 2015

Skills related to social-emotional learning (SEL) are essential for college and career readiness. Failure to use appropriate skills for SEL in school is often linked to several negative academic outcomes, including rejection by school community members, academic deficits, and higher rates of problematic behavior. Social skills interventions are commonly used to address deficits in SEL. To be most effective, these interventions must be culturally and contextually relevant to the student. The Social Skills Observation Tool (SSOT) was developed to (a) identify the social skills commonly used within natural school environments and (b) determine specific student deficits in the appropriate use of these skills. Implications for practice are discussed.
Evaluating iPad Technology for Enhancing Communication Skills of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Boyd Tara K. , Hart Barnett Juliet E. , More Cori M.
Published: April 2015

Mobile technology has introduced a new communication opportunity for students with autism spectrum disorder. Tablets, like the iPad, allow users to customize applications for their needs. Users also have found iPads to be less stigmatizing because so many people own them and use them for various purposes. In the fast-paced world of technology, however, research cannot always keep up. It is becoming more important for teachers and caregivers to evaluate the iPad and its applications for their efficacy in helping improve a child’s communication skills. A review of current research indicates that there are five important considerations for evaluation: (a) the ability to customize the application, (b) the motor skills the student needs to operate the system, (c) the resources and time needed for the intervention, (d) the research or evidence-based practices behind the application, and (e) the cost of using the specific device and application. A rubric delineating these considerations that can effectively guide teachers and parents in their evaluation process is provided.
Are Entrepreneurship, Communities, and Social Transformation Related?
Authors: Daskalaki Maria , Hjorth Daniel , Mair Johanna
Published: April 2015

This article explores new forms of organizing (and organization creation) in relation to entrepreneurship and social transformation. In particular, in the dialogue that follows in this issue, we initiate a discussion regarding the ways through which social transformation is or can be related to community action and public and/or social entrepreneurship. By focusing on socioeconomic environments in flux, we suggest that emerging alternative initiatives are not simply oppositional, resistance forces, but new organizing assemblages that co-constitute new social realities that urgently need to be actualized. We conclude the article with a number of theoretical propositions, which as we suggest, instigate the study of embedded and socially transformative organizing.
First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Arthrodesis Technique With Interposition Allograft Bone Block
Authors: Luk Pamela C. , Johnson Jeffrey E. , McCormick Jeremy J. , Klein Sandra E.
Published: April 2015

Background:

We present a technique of first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis utilizing an interposition allograft bone block with a bipolar reaming technique that creates congruent fusion surfaces on both ends of the graft-host bone interface. In addition, we examined the union rates, fusion position, patient satisfaction, and functional outcome of this technique.

Methods:

Fifteen patients underwent first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis with an interposition allograft bone block between September 2004 and October 2013. Charts and radiographs were reviewed. Six measures were compared on preoperative and postoperative radiographs. Clinical outcomes were measured using a telephone questionnaire, pre- and postoperative visual analog scale pain scale, and Foot and Ankle Ability Measure. Average follow-up was 46 weeks (range, 19 to 97).

Results:

Thirteen of 15 (87%) patients achieved bony union at an average of 21 weeks. One patient underwent revision arthrodesis for their nonunion. Symptomatic hardware was removed in 3 cases. Improvement was noted in visual analog scale pain scores (6 to 2) and functional scores as measured by the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure. There were no postoperative wound complications or infections. Average length of the first ray on anteroposterior radiograph increased from 10.7 to 11.3 cm and from 10.0 to 10.7 cm on the lateral radiograph. Thirteen of 14 patients were very satisfied or satisfied. One patient expressed dissatisfaction with the procedure. One patient was not available for clinical follow-up.

Conclusion:

First metatarsophalangeal joint allograft bone block arthrodesis using the bipolar reaming technique achieved high bony union rates and satisfactory radiographic and clinical outcomes. This procedure was an effective salvage option for managing bone loss on 1 or both sides of the joint.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, retrospective case series.
A Prorating Method for Estimating MMPI-2-RF Scores From MMPI Responses
Authors: Tarescavage Anthony M. , Corey David M. , Ben-Porath Yossef S.
Published: April 2015

The purpose of the current study was to identify Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2–Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) correlates of police officer integrity violations and other problem behaviors in an archival database with original MMPI item responses and collateral information regarding integrity violations obtained for 417 male officers. In Study 1, we estimated MMPI-2-RF scores from the MMPI item pool (which includes approximately 80% of the MMPI-2-RF items) in a normative sample, a psychiatric inpatient sample, and a police officer sample, and conducted analyses that demonstrated the comparability of estimated and full scale scores for 41 of the 51 MMPI-2-RF scales. In Study 2, we correlated estimated MMPI-2-RF scores with information about subsequent integrity violations and problem behaviors from the integrity violation data set. Several meaningful associations were obtained, predominately with scales from the emotional, thought, and behavioral dysfunction domains of the MMPI-2-RF. Application of a correction for range restriction yielded substantially improved validity estimates. Finally, we calculated relative risk ratios for the statistically significant findings using cutoffs lower than 65 T, which is traditionally used to identify clinically significant elevations, and found several meaningful relative risk ratios.
The Struggle to Address Woman Battering in Slovakia
Authors: Miller Susan L. , Wasileski Gabriela
Published: April 2015

Following the fall of communism, Slovakia found itself in a challenging position: to openly acknowledge the existence of intimate partner violence (IPV) and its disproportionate effect on women and children without an infrastructure to address victim safety, and provide resources and legal help. With collaboration with non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the government responded by developing shelters and introducing legislation that criminalized IPV and created social services for victims. To assess implementation efforts, we conducted in-depth interviews with governmental officials and NGO personnel who provide services for battered women. We focus on the operation and efficacy of shelters to discover what services are most needed for battered women, the criminal justice system’s response to IPV, and what long-range goals will facilitate more permanent solutions to the social problem of violence against women in Slovakia.
Leveraging Public Land Development Initiatives for Private Gain
Authors: Stanley Benjamin W.
Published: April 2015

Land speculation has been an integral component of the political economy of land development in American urban history. In the American Sunbelt, land speculation occurs amid progrowth governance regimes that engage in intermunicipal competition for capital investment. This article presents a mixed-methods case study of vacant land speculation in downtown Phoenix, Arizona, before, during, and after the mid-2000s property boom. Results indicate that land speculation represented a significant barrier to both public and private infill development efforts, and that some municipal development initiatives actually facilitated private speculative profits. Speculative strategies are enabled when weaknesses in the coordination and bargaining power of urban growth regimes, derived from conflict within and between governmental scales, can be exploited by individual market actors. The self-propulsive nature of speculative property market cycles, unconstrained by local regimes increasingly dependent on nonlocal capital investment, represents an autonomous force actively orienting entries into property markets and influencing the ability to enact sustainable infill development.
Combined influence of geometric irregularities of journal and turbulence on the performance of four-lobe hybrid journal bearing
Authors: Jain Dharmendra , Sharma Satish C
Published: April 2015

The present study deals with the influence of geometric irregularities of journal (barrel type, bellmouth type and undulation type) on the performance of capillary compensated four-lobe multirecess hybrid journal bearing system operating in the turbulent regime. The Reynolds equation governing turbulent flow of lubricant has been modified by using the turbulent lubrication theory of Constantinecscu and has been solved by using the finite element method. It has been observed that turbulence deteriorates the bearing stability threshold speed margin. Further, the computed results demonstrate that the four-lobe bearing [Formula: see text] provides higher value of fluid film stiffness and stability threshold speed margin than the circular bearing operating in turbulent regime.
Existential challenges experienced by lymphoma survivors: Results from the 2010 LIVESTRONG Survey
Authors: Posluszny Donna M , Dew Mary Amanda , Beckjord Ellen , Bovbjerg Dana H , Schmidt John E , Low Carissa A , Lowery Amy , Nutt Stephanie A , Arvey Sarah R , Rechis Ruth
Published: April 2015

We sought to examine the existential challenges that cancer survivors may experience as they strive to make meaning, regain their self-identity, cope with fear of recurrence, and experience feelings of grief and guilt. Lymphoma survivors ( n = 429) completed the 2010 LIVESTRONG survey and provided responses about meaning, cancer worry, security, identity, grief, guilt, and perceived functional impairment due to these concerns. Most survivors (73%−86%) endorsed existential concerns, with 30–39 percent reporting related perceived functional impairment. Concerns were associated with being female, younger, unmarried, and having undergone stem cell transplantation. Lymphoma survivors experience existential challenges that impact their life even years after diagnosis.
Multipath ultrasonic guided wave imaging in complex structures
Authors: Hall James S , Michaels Jennifer E
Published: April 2015

Ultrasonic guided wave imaging can potentially detect and localize damage over a large area with a sparse, or spatially distributed, array. However, conventional delay-and-sum imaging methods require knowledge of the propagation velocity and rely on direct-path propagation from the transmitting transducer, to a damage location, and finally to the receiving transducer, limiting the applicability of these techniques to relatively simple structures. A multipath guided wave imaging algorithm is presented here that leverages the large number of echoes and reverberations present in recorded ultrasonic waveforms to successfully detect and locate damage in geometrically complex structures. Multipath guided wave imaging not only allows imaging to be performed on structures with complex features (e.g. stiffeners, lap joints, and rivets) and inhomogeneous and anisotropic materials but also significantly improves image quality with far fewer sensors compared to conventional elliptical imaging. Experimental results from an aluminum plate and a carbon fiber–reinforced plastic composite panel are provided to illustrate imaging efficacy.
Physically Disabled Adults’ Perceptions of Personal Autonomy
Authors: Collins Bethan , O’Mahony Paul
Published: April 2015

Despite the prominence of the concept of autonomy in the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities and within disability theory, the relevance of autonomy to occupational engagement is unclear. Using a qualitative, narrative approach, eight adults with significant physical disabilities engaged in iterative interviews exploring their life history and perception of autonomy in daily life. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and themed. Key themes that emerged were that participants valued autonomy differently; their perception of their own personal autonomy influenced both occupational choices and the meaning derived from occupational engagement. While some participants actively sought occupations in which they could make decisions, others preferred more supportive environments, yet all participants avoided situations in which their autonomy was undermined. Awareness of an individual’s values regarding autonomy could assist occupational therapists to both select appropriate occupations for intervention and discuss the meaning derived from occupations, thereby enhancing client-centered practice.
Adaptation of a Couple-Based HIV/STI Prevention Intervention for Latino Men Who Have Sex With Men in New York City
Authors: Martinez Omar , Wu Elwin , Frasca Timothy , Shultz Andrew Zach , Fernandez M. Isabel , López Rios Javier , Ovejero Hugo , Moya Eva , Chavez Baray Silvia , Capote Jonathan , Manusov Justin , Anyamele Chukwuemeka O. , López Matos Jonathan , Page John Satchel Horatio , Carballo-Diéguez Alex , Sandfort Theo G. M.
Published: April 2015

Predominantly Spanish-speaking Latino men who have sex with men (MSM) and their same-sex partners continue to be at high risk for HIV and STIs. Behavioral research has identified how relationship dynamics for male couples are associated with sexual risk behavior. Connect ‘n Unite (CNU), an evidence-based HIV/STI prevention intervention originally created for Black MSM and their same-sex partners, was adapted for predominantly Spanish-speaking Latino MSM and their same-sex partners on the assumption that its key elements would be translatable while its efficacy would be retained. A systematic adaptation process utilizing qualitative methods was used, including intervention adaptation sessions with 20 predominantly Spanish-speaking Latino gay couples and 10 health service providers. The process included five steps: (1) engaging community stakeholders, (2) capturing the lived experiences of Latino gay couples, (3) identifying intervention priorities, (4) integrating the original intervention’s social cognitive theory into a relationship-oriented, ecological framework for Latino gay couples, and (5) adapting intervention activities and materials. The adapted intervention, which we called Latinos en Pareja or Latinos in a Relationship, incorporates elements that effective HIV prevention interventions share, including: a solid theoretical foundation; emphasis on increasing risk reduction norms, sexual communication skills and social support for protection; and guidance on how to utilize available, culturally and linguistically appropriate services. The systematic adaptation approach used for a couples-based HIV prevention intervention also can be employed by other researchers and community stakeholders to adapt evidence-based interventions that promote wellness, linkage to care, and disease prevention for populations not originally targeted.
A Thousand Words Are Worth More Than a Picture? The Effects of Stimulus Modality on the Implicit Association Test
Authors: Meissner Franziska , Rothermund Klaus
Published: April 2015

Implicit Association Tests (IATs) employing pictures as target stimuli usually yield smaller scores than those with verbal target stimuli, suggesting weaker attitudes in the former compared to the latter case. As the attribute dimension of attitude IATs is typically represented by words, we hypothesized the target modality effect to be actually due to a modality match between targets and attributes. We manipulated stimulus modality independently for targets and attributes and confirmed our assumption in two attitude IATs (Experiment 1: flower/insect, Experiment 2: old/young): Employing verbal attributes, IAT scores were smaller for pictorial compared to verbal targets. However, the target modality effect disappeared or was even reversed if pictures were employed as attributes. Applying the ReAL model revealed that this modality match effect is mediated by recoding processes. Importantly, evaluative associations remained unaffected by modality match and reflected equal or even stronger preferences for pictorial compared to verbal targets.
The diagnosis and treatment of chronic migraine
Authors: Weatherall Mark W.
Published: April 2015

Migraine is the most common disabling brain disorder. Chronic migraine, a condition characterized by the experience of migrainous headache on at least 15 days per month, is highly disabling. Patients with chronic migraine present to primary care, are often referred for management to secondary care, and make up a large proportion of patients in specialist headache clinics. Many patients with chronic migraine also have medication overuse, defined as using a compound analgesic, opioid, triptan or ergot derivative on at least 10 days per month. All doctors will encounter patients with chronic headaches. A basic working knowledge of the common primary headaches, and a rational manner of approaching the patient with these conditions, allows a specific diagnosis of chronic migraine to be made quickly and safely, and by making this diagnosis one opens up a substantial number of acute and preventive treatment options. This article discusses the current state of management of chronic migraine.