bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SGLT2 Inhibitors: A Systematic Review of Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Related Risk Factors in the Primary Literature
Authors: Burke Kelly R. , Schumacher Christine A. , Harpe Spencer E.
Published: December 2016

Study Objective

Currently only minimal information is available regarding risk factors for the development of sodium glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitor (SGLT2i)‐related diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). We aim to identify individual patient characteristics associated with cases of SGLT2i‐related DKA to better describe potential risk factors.

Design

Systematic review of primary literature.

Patients

Thirty‐four case reports of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus who developed DKA while receiving an SGLT2i.

Methods and Main Results

This systematic review investigated the relationship between SGLT2i and DKA in patients with diabetes. The existing literature was reviewed with a primary outcome to identify patient‐specific factors contributing to the incidence of ketoacidosis in patients with diabetes who were treated with a SGLT2i. Numerous databases were searched to identify appropriate primary literature. Search terms included canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, SGLT2, sodium glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitor, diabetic ketoacidosis, ketoacidosis, metabolic acidosis, and acidosis. Primary literature was analyzed via descriptive statistics. Thirty‐four individual case reports were identified via the primary literature search. Two‐thirds (25 cases) involved patients with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The average blood glucose on presentation for SGLT2i‐induced DKA was 265.6 ± 140.7 mg/dl (14.7 ± 7.8 mmol/L), with common symptoms including nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Common precipitating factors included patients who were diagnosed with T2DM and were subsequently found to have latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood, patients who had recently undergone major surgery, or patients who had decreased or discontinued insulin. No cases were fatal.

Conclusion

In this review, episodes of DKA with SGLT2i use were characterized by lower blood glucose levels and were often caused by a precipitating factor. Understanding precipitating factors for SGLT2i‐related DKA may help providers better identify patients at risk for development of DKA.
Chemical seeding via propanol plasma pretreatment for improving adhesion and properties of PECVD siloxane coatings on polymers
Authors: Markanday Jonathon F. S. , Charrault Eric , Evans Drew , Zuber Kamil , Hall Colin
Published: December 2016

Siloxane coatings, in particular those deposited by plasma processes, find use as mechanical and environmental barriers for plastic substrates. This study highlights that a propanol‐based plasma pretreatment is not limited to only promoting greater adhesion of the siloxane to plastic. The optical and mechanical properties of graded siloxane coatings deposited onto plasma pretreated substrates are noticeably different to those deposited onto a pristine substrate, with the property change dependent on treatment time. Nanomechanical experiments have shown two distinct regions within the coating for the pretreated samples implying the pretreatment alters the seeding of the coating. It is proposed that the propanol plasma yields a substrate/chamber that is rich in hydroxyl groups which are subsequently incorporated into the growing siloxane coating.
ITO/nano‐Ag plasmonic window applied for efficiency improvement of near‐ultraviolet light emitting diodes
Authors: Tien Ching‐Ho , Chuang Shih‐Hao , Lo Huan‐Min , Tasi Stone , Wu Chang‐Lu , Ou Sin‐Liang , Wuu Dong‐Sing
Published: December 2016

In this study, to enhance the emission efficiency of GaN‐based near‐ultraviolet light‐emitting diodes (NUV‐LEDs), the ITO/nano‐Ag plasmonic window which possessed localized surface plasmon (LSP) coupling effect was prepared on the roughened p‐GaN layer. The LSP coupling was generated on the grating nanostructure, resulting from the spin‐coated Ag nanoparticles onto the p‐GaN layer. To obtain an obvious LSP coupling, the Ag nanoparticles should be distributed on the p‐GaN uniformly. Thus, the p‐GaN layer was treated via the Ar‐plasma treatment, and it confirmed an uniform distribution of Ag nanoparticles can be prepared on the p‐GaN. The light output power (@350 mA) of the surface‐plasmon‐enhanced NUV‐LED (SPE‐NUV‐LED) with the Ar‐plasma treated p‐GaN possessed 73.7% improvement compared with that of the conventional NUV‐LED (C‐NUV‐LED). This improvement can be attributed to the formation of LSP effect in Ag nanoparticles embedded in the roughened p‐GaN, resulting from the coupling between the excitons in MQWs and the LSP in Ag nanoparticles.
Tri‐orthogonal polarization diversity reception for non‐geosynchronous satellite orbit ionospheric channels
Authors: Lawrence Nicholas P. , Hansen Hedley J. , Abbott Derek
Published: December 2016

Electromagnetic signals propagating through the ionosphere are subject to path delay and the depolarizing effect of Faraday rotation. These are both dependent on global position and link geometry, which constantly vary for satellites in non‐geosynchronous orbits. These effects introduce performance error and reduce range resolution of remote sensing polarimetric measurements. Communication with ground receivers may be severely degraded by these effects. In this paper, a tri‐orthogonal approach at the receiver is introduced to enhance performance of conventional polarization diverse receive schemes. Performance is measured through a capacity metric. The work presented forms part of a large‐field‐of‐view, non‐geosynchronous satellite model exploiting tri‐orthogonal receive polarimetry as a means to enhancing link performance in a field‐of‐view. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient certificate‐based encryption schemes without pairing
Authors: Le Minh‐Ha , Kim Intae , Hwang Seong Oun
Published: December 2016

Recently, a lot of researches focused on identity‐based encryption (IBE). The advantage of this scheme is that it can reduce the cost of the public key infrastructure by simplifying certificate management. Although IBE has its own innovations, one of its weaknesses is the key escrow problem. That is, the private key generator in IBE knows decryption keys for all identities and consequently can decrypt any ciphertexts. The certificate‐based encryption (CBE) scheme proposed in EUROCRYPT 2003 provides a solution for the key escrow problem by allowing the certification authority to possess a partial decryption key that comprises the full decryption key together with the user‐generated private key. In this paper, we propose new CBE schemes without pairing and prove them to be Indistinguishability under Chosen Ciphertext Attack secure in the random oracle model based on the hardness of the computational Diffie–Hellman problem. When compared with other CBE schemes, our schemes are significantly efficient in terms of performance, which makes our schemes suitable for computation‐limited node (e.g., sensor, wearable device) networks. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Remote Ischaemic Preconditioning on Liver Injury in Patients Undergoing Major Hepatectomy for Colorectal Liver Metastasis: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Feasibility Trial
Authors: Kanoria Sanjeev , Robertson Francis P. , Mehta Naimish N. , Fusai Giuseppe , Sharma Dinesh , Davidson Brian R.
Published: December 2016

Background

Liver resection produces excellent long‐term survival for patients with colorectal liver metastases but is associated with significant morbidity and mortality from ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI). Remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) can reduce the effect of IRI. This pilot randomised controlled trial evaluated RIPC in patients undergoing major hepatectomy at the Royal Free Hospital, London.

Methods

Sixteen patients were randomised to RIPC or sham control. RIPC was induced through three 10‐min cycles of alternate ischaemia and reperfusion to the leg. At baseline and immediately post‐resection, transaminases and indocyanine green (ICG) clearance were measured.

Findings

The RIPC group had lower ALT and AST levels immediately post‐resection (ALT: 43% lower 497 ± 165 vs 889 ± 170 IU/L; p = 0.019 AST: 54% lower 408 ± 166 vs 836 ± 167 IU/L; p = 0.001) and at 24 h (ALT: 41% lower 412 ± 144 vs 698 ± 137 IU/L; p = 0.026 AST: 50% lower 316 ± 116 vs 668 ± 115 IU/L; p = 0.02). ICG clearance was reduced in controls versus RIPC immediately after resection (ICG‐PDR: 11.1 ± 1.1 vs 16.5 ± 1.4%/min; p = 0.035).

Conclusions

This pilot study shows that RIPC has potential to reduce liver injury following hepatectomy justifying a prospective RCT powered to demonstrate clinical benefits.
La Alianza del Pacífico: ¿apuesta estratégica de la política exterior colombiana?
Authors: Coutin Ricardo , Terán José Miguel
Published: December 2016

En el presente artículo se desarrolla un estudio comparado de los tratados bilaterales de los países de la Alianza del Pacífico con China, Corea del Sur y Japón, desde 1990. Como este campo de estudio ha sido poco explorado, se busca brindar una primera aproximación con énfasis en las relaciones comerciales. En el documento se presenta una comparación de los principales indicadores de comercio exterior y los tratados bilaterales con las contrapartes asiáticas. Partiendo de esto, se enfoca en el aprovechamiento que pueden tener las normas de origen en el marco de la Alianza. A partir de lo anterior, se concluye que Colombia, por su posición entre sus socios de la Alianza, puede hacer uso de la acumulación como una estrategia de corto y mediano plazo para promover y diversificar el comercio internacional.
On intense proton beam generation and transport in hollow cones
Authors: Honrubia J.J. , Morace A. , Murakami M.
Published: December 2016

Proton generation, transport and interaction with hollow cone targets are investigated by means of two-dimensional PIC simulations. A scaled-down hollow cone with gold walls, a carbon tip and a curved hydrogen foil inside the cone has been considered. Proton acceleration is driven by a 1020 W·cm−2 and 1 ps laser pulse focused on the hydrogen foil. Simulations show an important surface current at the cone walls which generates a magnetic field. This magnetic field is dragged by the quasi-neutral plasma formed by fast protons and co-moving electrons when they propagate towards the cone tip. As a result, a tens of kT Bz field is set up at the cone tip, which is strong enough to deflect the protons and increase the beam divergence substantially. We propose using heavy materials at the cone tip and increasing the laser intensity in order to mitigate magnetic field generation and proton beam divergence.
A case of tetanus secondary to an odontogenic infection
Authors: Darraj Majid , Stone James , Keynan Yoav , Thompson Kristjan , Snider Carolyn
Published: December 2016

Tetanus is a life-threatening clinical syndrome that commonly presents with
muscular spasms, rigidity, and autonomic instability. It is considered rare in
industrialized countries, and tetanus occurring secondary to dental abscesses,
procedures, or infections has been infrequently reported. We describe the case of
a patient inadequately immunized for tetanus, who presented to the emergency
department with muscular spasms, rigidity, and autonomic instability in the
setting of an odontogenic infection. A clinical diagnosis of tetanus was made and
subsequently managed successfully.
Factors influencing the intentions of nurses and respiratory therapists to use automated external defibrillators during in-hospital cardiac arrest: a qualitative interview study
Authors: Andrews Jessica , Vaillancourt Christian , Jensen Jan , Kasaboski Ann , Charette Manya , Clement Catherine M. , Brehaut Jamie C. , Osmond Martin H. , Wells George A. , Stiell Ian G. , Grimshaw Jeremy
Published: December 2016

Objectives

Nurses and respiratory therapists are seldom allowed to use automated external defibrillators (AED) during in-hospital cardiac arrest. This can result in significant time delays before defibrillation occurs and lower survival for cardiac arrest victims. We sought to identify barriers and facilitators to AED use by nurses and respiratory therapists.

Methods

We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with a purposeful sample of nurses and respiratory therapists. We developed the interview guide based on the constructs of the theory of planned behaviour, which elicits salient attitudes, social influences, and control beliefs potentially influencing the intent to use an AED. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed until achieving data saturation. Two independent reviewers performed inductive analyses to identify emerging categories and themes, and ranked them by frequency of the number of participants stating the topic.

Results

Demographics for the 24 interviewees include mean age 40.5, 79.2% female, 87.5% performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), 29.2% defibrillated a patient. Identified attitudes pertained to the timeliness of defibrillation, patient survival, simplicity of AED use, accuracy of rhythm recognition, and harm to self or others. Social influences consisted of physician and hospital administration support of AED use. Control beliefs included training on AED use, policy allowing AED use, familiarity with AED, and task burden during resuscitation.

Conclusions

Most nurses and respiratory therapists intended to use an AED if permitted to do so by a medical directive. Successful implementation would require educational initiatives focusing on safety and efficacy of AEDs, support from physicians and hospital administrators, and additional training on AED use.
First Successful Pre-Distribution of Stable Iodine Tablets Under Japan’s New Policy After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident
Authors: Ojino Mayo , Yoshida Sumito , Nagata Takashi , Ishii Masami , Akashi Makoto
Published: December 2016

Stable iodine tablets are effective in reducing internal exposure to radioactive iodine, which poses a risk for thyroid cancer and other conditions. After the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident, the Japanese government shifted its policy on stable iodine tablet distribution from “after-the-fact” to “before-the-fact” and instructed local governments to pre-distribute stable iodine tablets to residents living within a 5-km radius of nuclear facilities. The nation’s first pre-distribution of stable iodine tablets was carried out in June and July of 2014 in Kagoshima Prefecture. Health surveys were conducted so that the medication would not be handed out to people with the possibility of side effects. Of the 4715 inhabitants in the area, 132 were found to require a physician’s judgment, mostly to exclude risks of side effects. This was considered important to prevent the misuse of the tablets in the event of a disaster. The importance of collective and individualized risk communication between physicians and inhabitants at the community health level was apparent through this study. Involvement of physicians through the regional Sendai City Medical Association was an important component of the pre-distribution. Physicians of the Sendai City Medical Association were successfully educated by using the Guidebook on Distributing and Administering Stable Iodine Tablets prepared by the Japan Medical Association and Japan Medical Association Research Institute with the collaboration of the National Institute of Radiological Sciences and the Japanese government. Thus, the physicians managed to make decisions on the dispensing of stable iodine tablets according to the health conditions of the inhabitants. All physicians nationwide should be provided continuing medical education on stable iodine tablets. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:365–369)
A DESCENT THEOREM FOR FORMAL SMOOTHNESS
Authors: MAJADAS JAVIER
Published: December 2016

We give a descent result for formal smoothness having interesting applications: we deduce that quasiexcellence descends along flat local homomorphisms of finite type, we greatly improve Kunz’s characterization of regular local rings by means of the Frobenius homomorphisms as well as André and Radu relativization of this result, etc. In the second part of the paper, we study a similar question for the complete intersection property instead of formal smoothness, giving also some applications.
Moral Nativism: Some Controversies
Authors: REX ROGER V.V. , ABRANTES PAULO C.
Published: December 2016

This paper scrutinizes two research programs that advocate respectively for the existence of a universal moral grammar and a predisposition to moralize behaviours with certain contents. It focuses on how the arguments commonly used to ground each program fare at relevant contemporary research in cognitive science and how well they meet constructivist arguments proposed by Jesse Prinz and Kim Sterelny, among others. We argue that there is little evidence that our moral judgements follow the model of principles and parameters. At the same time, ‘ease of learning’ suggests that the human brain is somehow prepared to learn moral rules.
Oxidative stress in major depressive and anxiety disorders, and the association with antidepressant use; results from a large adult cohort
Authors: Black C. N. , Bot M. , Scheffer P. G. , Penninx B. W. J. H.
Published: December 2016

Background

Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders and may be influenced by antidepressant use. This study investigated the association of oxidative stress, measured by plasma levels of F2-isoprostanes and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) reflecting oxidative lipid and DNA damage respectively, with MDD, anxiety disorders and antidepressant use in a large cohort.

Method

Data was derived from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety including patients with current (N = 1619) or remitted (N = 610) MDD and/or anxiety disorder(s) (of which N = 704 antidepressant users) and 612 controls. Diagnoses were established with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Plasma 8-OHdG and F2-isoprostanes were measured using LC-MS/MS. ANCOVA was performed adjusted for sampling, sociodemographic, health and lifestyle variables.

Results

F2-isoprostanes did not differ between controls and patients, or by antidepressant use. Patients with current disorders had lower 8-OHdG (mean 42.1 pmol/l, 95% CI 40.4–43.8) compared to controls (45.0 pmol/l, 95% CI 42.9–47.2; p < 0.001) after adjustment for sampling, sociodemographics and lifestyle, but these differences disappeared after further adjustment for antidepressant use (p = 0.562). Antidepressant users had lower 8-OHdG levels (38.2 pmol/l, 95% CI 36.5–39.9) compared to controls (44.9 pmol/l, 95% CI 43.2–46.6; Cohen's d = 0.21, p < 0.001). Results for 8-OHdG were comparable across disorders (MDD and/or anxiety disorders), and all antidepressant types (SSRIs, TCAs, other antidepressants).

Conclusion

Contrary to previous findings this large-scale study found no increased oxidative stress in MDD and anxiety disorders. Antidepressant use was associated with lower oxidative DNA damage, suggesting antidepressants may have antioxidant effects.
A meta-analysis of acute use of alcohol and the risk of suicide attempt
Authors: Borges G. , Bagge C. L. , Cherpitel C. J. , Conner K. R. , Orozco R. , Rossow I.
Published: December 2016

Background

No review has used a meta-analytic approach to estimate common odds ratios (ORs) for the effect of acute use of alcohol (AUA) on suicide attempts. We aim to report the results of the first meta-analysis of controlled epidemiological studies on AUA and suicide attempt.

Method

The English-language literature on Medline, PsycINFO and Google Scholar was searched for original articles and critical review on AUA and suicide attempt (period 1996–2015). Studies had to report an OR estimate for this association. Common ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from random effects in meta-analyses for any AUA and two levels of alcohol use on suicide attempt were calculated.

Results

In all, seven studies provided OR estimates for the likelihood of suicide attempt by AUA, compared with those who did not drink alcohol. Studies used case–control (n3) and case–crossover designs (n4). Meta-analysis revealed a common OR of 6.97 (95% CI 4.77–10.17) for any AUA. Using four studies, ‘low levels of acute drinking’ resulted in an OR of 2.71 (95% CI 1.56–4.71) and ‘high levels’ had an OR of 37.18 (95% CI 17.38–79.53).

Conclusions

AUA is associated with increased likelihood of a suicide attempt, particularly at high doses. Such data should be incorporated into estimates of the burden of disease associated with alcohol use, which are currently limited by a consideration of only alcohol's chronic effects. Future research should focus on the mechanisms through which AUA confers risk for attempt.
The Breakdown of Industrial Opposition to Trade
Authors: Osgood Iain
Published: December 2016

This article documents systematic deviations from standard models of trade politics, each of which has the effect of undermining sustained efforts at coherent industrial opposition to trade. Industries have internal disagreements about liberalization, support for trade liberalization extends bilaterally across borders in the same industry, and comparative disadvantage industries feature convincing expressions of public support for liberalization. These surprising outcomes are explained by a model of trade politics that emphasizes three factors: firm heterogeneity in export performance, product differentiation, and reciprocal liberalization. The author uses a new data set of industry attitudes about fifteen US trade agreements to show that product differentiation is strongly correlated with these outcomes, even conditional on plausible alternatives. The author concludes that public position-taking and lobbying on trade politics have been fundamentally altered by the rise of product variety; trade's opponents and indifferents have been overwhelmed by pro-globalization firms breaking out to support trade on their own.
The fourth face of legitimacy: Constituent power and the constitutional legitimacy of international institutions
Authors: Oates John G.
Published: December 2016

Scholars of international organisation commonly differentiate among three dimensions when studying the legitimacy of international institutions: input, throughput, and output legitimacy. I argue that the study of global governance needs to consider a fourth ‘face’ of legitimacy: constitutional legitimacy. This dimension addresses the normative and practical questions related to the constitutive justification for an institutional order – such as in whose name it is founded, whose interests it should serve, and how authority should be distributed within that institutional order. These questions are distinct from the procedural features of institutions emphasised by other dimensions and concern the constituent power that should ground the authority of governance institutions. In this article, I develop this fourth dimension of legitimacy, explore its varied expressions in world politics, and show how it has implications for the constitutional structure of global governance arrangements. I argue that different representations of constituent power shape the legitimacy of different authority relations within international institutions and illustrate these claims with an analysis of the politics of legitimacy in three cases: the ongoing effort to reform the UN Security Council, the negotiations over the founding of the International Criminal Court, and the debates over the Responsibility to Protect at the UN.
Trials as Messages of Justice: What Should Be Expected of International Criminal Courts?
Authors: Meijers Tim , Glasius Marlies
Published: December 2016

This article addresses the question what—if anything—we can and should expect from the practice of international criminal justice. It argues that neither retributive nor purely consequentialist, deterrence-based justifications give sufficient guidance as to what international criminal courts should aim to achieve. Instead, the legal theory of expressivism provides a more viable (but not unproblematic) guide. Contrary to other expressivist views, this article argues for the importance of the trial, not just the punishment, as a form of expressivist messaging. Specifically, we emphasize the communicative aspect of the judicial process. The final section, acknowledging the limited success of international criminal justice so far in terms of fulfilling its expressivist potential, diagnoses the main obstacles to, and opportunities for, expressivist messaging in the contemporary practice of international criminal justice.
Feed restriction and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) affect the oocyte maturation in matrinxãBrycon amazonicus
Authors: Montrezor Luís Henrique , Urbinati Elisabeth Criscuolo
Published: December 2016

The feeding and nutrition of breeders are crucial aspects in the reproductive process. During the maturation period, metabolic changes occur aiming at mobilizing energy for growth and follicular development. The involvement of IGF-1 in metabolic and reproductive events is important. The aim of this work was to evaluate if alternate feed restriction and re-feeding have permissive effects onin vitroactions of IGF-1 on oocytes development of matrinxã.In vivoexperiments were performed during vitellogenesis period. Females (n= 60) were fed with a commercial feed (2% of biomass) and they were divided into two treatments: fish receiving food daily (control – fed), and fish submitted to cycles of 3 days of feed restriction and 2 days of re-feeding (no-fed group). For thein vitroexperiments, oocytes (n= 20) were obtained from the ovaries removed at the end of thein vivoexperiment and were divided into four groups: fed –IGF-1; fed +IGF-1; no-fed –IGF-1 and no-fed +IGF-1. Fish under restriction had lower body weights, decreased plasma glucose, increased triglycerides levels, and their final maturation and mature oocyte were reduced and the atresic ones were in higher number. Moreover, IGF-1,in vitro, increased the percentage of mature oocytes in fed females and decreased the atresic ones. In no-fed females, IGF-1 increased the final maturation and mature oocytes and reduced the atresic ones. This study demonstrates the importance of the feeding management of female breeders of matrinxã during the vitellogenesis period.
A New Solution of Non-integrated Correlative Light and Electron Microscopy Based on High-vacuum Optical Platform
Authors: Li Shuoguo , Ji Gang , Huang Xiaojun , Sun Lei , Zhang Jianguo , Xu Wei , Sun Fei
Published: December 2016

Correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) offers a means of guiding the search for the unique or rare events by fluorescence microscopy (FM) and allows electron microscopy (EM) to zoom in on them for subsequent EM examination in three-dimensions (3D) and with nanometer-scale resolution. FM visualizes the localization of specific antigens by using fluorescent tags or proteins in a large field-of-view to study their cellular function, whereas EM provides the high level of resolution for complex structures. And cryo CLEM combines the advantages of maintaining structural preservation in a near-native state throughout the entire imaging process and by avoiding potentially harmful pre-treatments, such as chemical fixation, dehydration and staining with heavy metals. Besides for frozen-hydrated biological samples, CLEM combines the advantages of a close-to-life preservation of biological materials by keeping them embedded in vitreous ice throughout the entire imaging process and the frozen-hydrated condition is very suitable to maintain fluorescent signals. In recent years, many new instruments and software which intended to optimize the workflow and to obtain better experimental results of CLEM have been presented or even commoditized. While, the specimen damage during transfer from FM to EM and the resolution of CLEM were still need to be improved.

Here we set up a High-vacuum Optical Platform to develop CLEM imaging technology (HOPE), which was designed to realize high-vacuum optical ( fluorescent) imaging for cryo-sample on EM cryo-holder (e.g. Gatan 626). A non-integrated high-vacuum cryo-optical stage, which adapted to the EM cryo holder, was fixed on epi-fluorescence microscope (or super-resolution microscope) to obtain fluorescent images. And then the EM cryo holder would be transferred to EM for collection of EM data. This protocol was aimed to minimize the specimen damage during transfer from FM to EM and it was versatile to expend to different types of light microscopy or electron microscopy. Our HOPE had already passed correlative imaging test, and the results showed that it was convenient and effective.
The long-term mental health risk associated with non-heterosexual orientation
Authors: Burns R. A. , Butterworth P. , Jorm A. F.
Published: December 2016

Aims.

Findings that describe the mental health risk associated with non-heterosexual orientation in young and middle-aged adults are from cross-sectional designs or fail to discriminate homosexual and bisexual orientations. This study examines the mental health risk of homosexual and bisexual orientation over an 8-year period.

Methods.

Participants were from the age-cohort study, the Personality and Total Health Through Life Project, were observed twice every 4 years, and aged 20–24 (n = 2353) and 40–44 (n = 2499) at baseline.

Results.

Homosexual orientation was unrelated to long-term depression risk. Risk for anxiety and depression associated with homosexual and bisexual orientations, respectively, were attenuated in fully-adjusted models. Bisexual orientation risk associated with anxiety was partially attenuated in fully-adjusted models.

Conclusions.

Non-heterosexual orientation was not a major risk factor for long-term mental health outcomes. Instead, those with a non-heterosexual orientation were more likely to experience other mental health risk factors, which explain most of the risk observed amongst those with a non-heterosexual orientation.
Association between recognition and help-seeking preferences and stigma towards people with mental illness
Authors: Picco L. , Abdin E. , Pang S. , Vaingankar J. A. , Jeyagurunathan A. , Chong S. A. , Subramaniam M.
Published: December 2016

Aims.

The ability to recognise a mental illness has important implications as it can aid in timely and appropriate help-seeking, and ultimately improve outcomes for people with mental illness. This study aims to explore the association between recognition and help-seeking preferences and stigmatising attitudes, for alcohol abuse, dementia, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia, using a vignette-based approach.

Methods.

This was a population-based, cross-sectional survey conducted among Singapore Residents (n = 3006) aged 18–65 years. All respondents were asked what they think is wrong with the person in the vignette and who they should seek help from. Respondents were also administered the Personal and Perceived sub scales of the Depression Stigma Scale and the Social Distance Scale. Weighted frequencies and percentages were calculated for categorical variables. A series of multiple logistic and linear regression models were performed separately by vignette to generate odd ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the relationship between help-seeking preference, and recognition and beta coefficients and 95% confidence intervals for the relationship between stigma and recognition.

Results.

Correct recognition was associated with less preference to seek help from family and friends for depression and schizophrenia. Recognition was also associated with increased odds of endorsing seeking help from a psychiatric hospital for dementia, depression and schizophrenia, while there was also an increased preference to seek help from a psychologist and psychiatrist for depression. Recognition was associated with less personal and perceived stigma for OCD and less personal stigma for schizophrenia, however, increased odds of social distancing for dementia.

Conclusion.

The ability to correctly recognise a mental illness was associated with less preference to seek help from informal sources, whilst increased preference to seek help from mental health professionals and services and less personal and perceived stigma. These findings re-emphasise the need to improve mental health literacy and reinforce the potential benefits recognition can have to individuals and the wider community in Singapore.
Long term follow-up of endo-vascular recanalization of chronic inferior vena cava occlusion secondary to inferior vena cava filters
Authors: Partovi Sasan , Kalva Sanjeeva P. , Walker T. Gregory , Taj Sabir M. , Ganguli Suvranu
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Background: The long term efficacy of endovascular recanalization for chronic iliocaval occlusion secondary to inferior vena cava (IVC) filters is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of endovascular recanalization and stent placement across the filter in patients with filter-associated chronic iliocaval occlusion. Patients and Methods: Seven patients (mean age 56 ± 15 yrs; seven males) with symptomatic chronic iliocaval occlusion and occluded IVC filter were included. Immediate technical success rate, long term clinical effectiveness of endovascular recanalization and patency rate of the stents were assessed. Results: In all patients, the endovascular treatment consisted of percutaneous venous access, recanalization of the occluded iliac veins and the IVC, transluminal angioplasty and stenting of the infrarenal inferior vena cava and iliac veins with self-expanding stents. The IVC filter was not removed, but rather the stents were extended across the filter. In four of seven patients (57 %), adjunctive pharmaco-mechanical thrombolysis was performed. All patients received anticoagulation post procedure. The mean clinical follow-up was 51.1 ± 27 months. Technical success rate was 100 %. Clinical success rate with symptomatic improvement was 85.7 %; one patient developed post-thrombotic syndrome on long term follow-up despite initial symptomatic improvement. Poststenting, the primary patency rate was 85.7 % (six of seven patients) and the secondary patency rate was 100 % (seven of seven patients). Conclusions: Endovascular recanalization with balloon angioplasty and placement of a self-expanding stent across a chronically occluded IVC filer can be performed safely and effectively for patients with symptomatic iliocaval thrombosis. An adjunctive pharmacologic-mechanical thrombolysis may be considered for selected patients.
Society of Pediatric Psychology Award for Outstanding Mentorship: Tips and Resources for Graduate Students
Authors: Walker Lynn S.
Published: December 2016

One of the most rewarding aspects of a career in academia is the experience of being a mentor. In this article I draw on my experience as a mentor at Vanderbilt University to offer tips and resources that may be useful to graduate students in pediatric psychology.
Carolyn S. Schroeder Award for Outstanding Clinical Practice: Expanding the Frontiers of the Practice of Pediatric Psychology
Authors: Lassen Stephen
Published: December 2016

Two emerging areas of clinical practice for pediatric psychologists include services to children who have a chronically or terminally ill parent and families with infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). In this article, I discuss the development of my interest and involvement in these areas, highlighting key contributions, barriers encountered, and future directions for practice. I also describe some of the principles that have guided my professional and personal development.
Promoting Psychological Flexibility in Parents of Adolescents With Chronic Pain: Pilot Study of an 8-Week Group Intervention
Authors: Wallace Dustin P. , Woodford Beth , Connelly Mark
Published: December 2016

Parent responses to child pain affect children’s symptoms and functioning including school attendance, social functioning, and depression. In cross-sectional studies, parents’ pain-related psychological flexibility is associated with responses to child pain, but no intervention has yet specifically targeted psychological flexibility in parents of teens with chronic pain. Drawing on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), we created and piloted an 8-week group-based intervention for parents of teens with pain. Eight parents of teens with chronic pain enrolled, and 6 completed the study. Parents completed the Parent Psychological Flexibility Questionnaire, Adult Response to Child Symptoms, and PROMIS Pain Interference Proxy Questionnaire multiple times during the 8-week study and follow-up period (2-week, 3-month, and 6-month); teens also completed the PROMIS Pain Interference Questionnaire at these same time points. Questionnaire responses were evaluated with hierarchical linear modeling; separate slopes were calculated for intervention and follow-up. Results indicated that parent pain-related psychological flexibility increased during the intervention and through follow-up. Protective parenting responses decreased significantly during follow-up only, as did adolescent-rated pain interference. Parents indicated high satisfaction with the intervention. Results of this pilot study suggest that a group-based parent intervention is feasible and can lead to positive changes in parent psychological flexibility. The later improvement in parent responses to pain suggests psychological flexibility may be a mediator of these responses.
Dual targeting of glutaminase 1 and thymidylate synthase elicits death synergistically in NSCLC
Authors: Lee Jae-Seon , Kang Joon H , Lee Seon-Hyeong , Hong Dongwan , Son Jaekyoung , Hong Kyeong M , Song Jaewhan , Kim Soo-Youl
Published: December 2016

Glutaminase 1 (GLS1) expression is increased in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). GLS1 knockdown using siRNA or inhibition using bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)ethyl sulfide (BPTES) induced cell cycle arrest with significant reduction of ATP level while levels of reactive oxygen species or glutathione were not affected in NSCLC cell lines. Recently we found that NSCLC significantly depends on cytosol NADH for ATP production. GLS1 remarkably contributes to ATP production through transferring cytosolic NADH into mitochondria via malate-aspartate shuttle by supply of glutamate in NSCLC. Regulation of malate-aspartate shuttle by knockdown or inhibition of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2 or malate dehydrogenase 2 mimicked GLS1 knockdown, which induced cell death with ATP reduction in NSCLC. Therefore, GLS1 inhibition induced cell cycle arrest with ATP depletion by glutamate reduction. Dual inhibition with BPTES and thymidylate synthase inhibitor, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), elicits cell death synergistically through cell cycle arrest in NSCLC. A preclinical xenograft model of NSCLC showed remarkable anti-tumour effect synergistically in the BPTES and 5-FU dual therapy group.
Extracellular histones, cell-free DNA, or nucleosomes: differences in immunostimulation
Authors: Marsman Gerben , Zeerleder Sacha , Luken Brenda M
Published: December 2016

In inflammation, extensive cell death may occur, which results in the release of chromatin components into the extracellular environment. Individually, the purified chromatin components double stranded (ds)DNA and histones have been demonstrated, both in vitro and in vivo, to display various immunostimulatory effects, for example, histones induce cytotoxicity and proinflammatory signaling through toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and 4, while DNA induces signaling through TLR9 and intracellular nucleic acid sensing mechanisms. However, DNA and histones are organized in nucleosomes in the nucleus, and evidence suggests that nucleosomes are released as such in inflammation. The cytotoxicity and proinflammatory signaling induced by nucleosomes have not been studied as extensively as the separate effects brought about by histones and dsDNA, and there appear to be some marked differences. Remarkably, little distinction between the different forms in which histones circulate has been made throughout literature. This is partly due to the limitations of existing techniques to differentiate between histones in their free or DNA-bound form. Here we review the current understanding of immunostimulation induced by extracellular histones, dsDNA and nucleosomes, and discuss the importance of techniques that in their detection differentiate between these different chromatin components.
Upregulation of MiR-205 under hypoxia promotes epithelial–mesenchymal transition by targeting ASPP2
Authors: Wang Xingwen , Yu Miao , Zhao Kunming , He Mengmeng , Ge Wenjie , Sun Yuhui , Wang Yihua , Sun Haizhu , Hu Ying
Published: December 2016

The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is one of the crucial procedures for cancer invasion and distal metastasis. Despite undergoing intensive studies, the mechanisms underlying EMT remain to be completely elucidated. Here, we identified that apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53-2 (ASPP2) is a novel target of MiR-205 in various cancers. Interestingly, the binding site of MiR-205 at the 3′-untranslated region of ASPP2 was highly conserved among different species. An inverse correlation between MiR-205 and ASPP2 was further observed in vivo in cervical cancers, suggesting MiR-205 may be an important physiological inhibitor of ASPP2. Hypoxia is a hallmark of solid tumor microenvironment and one of such conditions to induce EMT. Notably, MiR-205 was remarkably induced by hypoxia in cervical and lung cancer cells. A marked suppression of ASPP2 was observed simultaneously. Further studies confirmed that hypoxia-induced ASPP2 suppression was mainly attributed to the elevated MiR-205. Interestingly, the alteration of MiR-205/ASPP2 under hypoxia was accompanied with the decreased epithelial marker E-cadherin and increased mesenchymal marker Vimentin, as well as a morphological transition from the typical cobblestone-like appearance to the mesenchymal-like structure. More importantly, MiR-205 mimics or ASPP2 silencing similarly promoted EMT process. By contrast, ASPP2 recovery or MiR-205 inhibitor reversed MiR-205-dependent EMT. Further studies demonstrated that the newly revealed MiR-205/ASPP2 axis promoted cell migration and also increased cell proliferation both in vivo and in vitro. These data together implicated a critical impact of MiR-205/ASPP2 on promoting EMT. MiR-205/ASPP2 may be potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in cervical and lung cancers.
Autophagy and epithelial–mesenchymal transition: an intricate interplay in cancer
Authors: Gugnoni Mila , Sancisi Valentina , Manzotti Gloria , Gandolfi Greta , Ciarrocchi Alessia
Published: December 2016

Autophagy and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) are major biological processes in cancer. Autophagy is a catabolic pathway that aids cancer cells to overcome intracellular or environmental stress, including nutrient deprivation, hypoxia and drugs effect. EMT is a complex transdifferentiation through which cancer cells acquire mesenchymal features, including motility and metastatic potential. Recent observations indicate that these two processes are linked in a complex relationship. On the one side, cells that underwent EMT require autophagy activation to survive during the metastatic spreading. On the other side, autophagy, acting as oncosuppressive signal, tends to inhibit the early phases of metastasization, contrasting the activation of the EMT mainly by selectively destabilizing crucial mediators of this process. Currently, still limited information is available regarding the molecular hubs at the interplay between autophagy and EMT. However, a growing number of evidence points to the functional interaction between cytoskeleton and mitochondria as one of the crucial regulatory center at the crossroad between these two biological processes. Cytoskeleton and mitochondria are linked in a tight functional relationship. Controlling mitochondria dynamics, the cytoskeleton cooperates to dictate mitochondria availability for the cell. Vice versa, the number and structure of mitochondria, which are primarily affected by autophagy-related processes, define the energy supply that cancer cells use to reorganize the cytoskeleton and to sustain cell movement during EMT. In this review, we aim to revise the evidence on the functional crosstalk between autophagy and EMT in cancer and to summarize the data supporting a parallel regulation of these two processes through shared signaling pathways. Furthermore, we intend to highlight the relevance of cytoskeleton and mitochondria in mediating the interaction between autophagy and EMT in cancer.
Interrogation of bimetallic particle oxidation in three dimensions at the nanoscale
Authors: Han Lili , Meng Qingping , Wang Deli , Zhu Yimei , Wang Jie , Du Xiwen , Stach Eric A. , Xin Huolin L.
Published: December 2016

An understanding of bimetallic alloy oxidation is key to the design of hollow-structured binary oxides and the optimization of their catalytic performance. However, one roadblock encountered in studying these binary oxide systems is the difficulty in describing the heterogeneities that occur in both structure and chemistry as a function of reaction coordinate. This is due to the complexity of the three-dimensional mosaic patterns that occur in these heterogeneous binary systems. By combining real-time imaging and chemical-sensitive electron tomography, we show that it is possible to characterize these systems with simultaneous nanoscale and chemical detail. We find that there is oxidation-induced chemical segregation occurring on both external and internal surfaces. Additionally, there is another layer of complexity that occurs during the oxidation, namely that the morphology of the initial oxide surface can change the oxidation modality. This work characterizes the pathways that can control the morphology in binary oxide materials.
A room-temperature magnetic semiconductor from a ferromagnetic metallic glass
Authors: Liu Wenjian , Zhang Hongxia , Shi Jin-an , Wang Zhongchang , Song Cheng , Wang Xiangrong , Lu Siyuan , Zhou Xiangjun , Gu Lin , Louzguine-Luzgin Dmitri V. , Chen Mingwei , Yao Kefu , Chen Na
Published: December 2016

Emerging for future spintronic/electronic applications, magnetic semiconductors have stimulated intense interest due to their promises for new functionalities and device concepts. So far, the so-called diluted magnetic semiconductors attract many attentions, yet it remains challenging to increase their Curie temperatures above room temperature, particularly those based on III–V semiconductors. In contrast to the concept of doping magnetic elements into conventional semiconductors to make diluted magnetic semiconductors, here we propose to oxidize originally ferromagnetic metals/alloys to form new species of magnetic semiconductors. We introduce oxygen into a ferromagnetic metallic glass to form a Co28.6Fe12.4Ta4.3B8.7O46 magnetic semiconductor with a Curie temperature above 600 K. The demonstration of p–n heterojunctions and electric field control of the room-temperature ferromagnetism in this material reflects its p-type semiconducting character, with a mobility of 0.1 cm2 V−1 s−1. Our findings may pave a new way to realize high Curie temperature magnetic semiconductors with unusual multifunctionalities.