bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Standardization of Tulsi Taila: An Ayurvedic oil based medicine.
Authors: Shah Shruti , Patil Sonali
Published: September 2024

Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) is cultivated near Hindu houses and temples throughout India. In Ayurvedic medicine, leaves, seeds and root of this plant are being used either alone or in combination with others. The chemical composition of Tulsi is highly complex, containing many nutrients and other biological active compounds.Ayurvedic formulations are safe and effective but adulteration of lower cost material in it reduces the quality of the drug, hence the standardization of herbal drugs is necessary. Present study involves preparation and standardization of Tulsi oil for determination of its standard parameters as per monograph to maintain the safety, uniformity and quality production of the product. Essential oil of Tulsi extracted from holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum) which is then used in combination with coconut oil and fenugreek seeds.The major uses are as bug repellent,deodorizer, for releivijng skin problems, dental problems, in fever,chronic cough and cold, bronchitis etc. The parameters tested for the Tulsi oil include Organoleptic evaluation, physicochemical and Phytochemical evaluation,chromatographic analysis for active constituents and stability studies. All the parameters were tested as per pharmacopeia standards.
Keywords: standardization, tulsi oil, ayurveda., essential oil.
Black Pepper, Aloe-Vera and Turmeric: A Polyherbal Anti-Acne Remedy
Authors: Tajane Monali , Sawant Shubhangi , Londhe Reshma
Published: September 2024

In the present research work ethanolic extracts of Black pepper (Piper nigrum), Turmeric (Curcuma longa) obtained by maceration and Aloevera gel (Aloe barbadensis) are mixed with a base to formulate a homogenized polyherbal cream formulation as a remedy against Acne would follow by the evaluation for its physical parameters like Colour and Odour, Consistancy, Homogeneity Washability, PH, Stability , Irritancy test etc.
Keywords: maceration, antibacterial, antiacne
Medicinal efficacy of Khar-e-Khasak Khurd (Tribulus terrestris Linn)
Authors: Khan Qamar Alam , Khan Asim Ali , Parveen Shagufta
Published: September 2024

Khar-e-Khasak-khurd (Tribulus terrestris Linn.) commonly known as Gokharu, is used for a long time for treatment of various diseases. Considerable literature is available in Unani system of medicine regarding the medicinal properties of Khar-e-khasak-khurd (Tribulus terrestris Linn.). Its various parts contain a variety of chemical constituents which are pharmacologically active, such as Harmine, Chlorogenin, Tribuloside, Trigogenin. Whole plant and seeds are used as traditional herbal medicine and having properties such as diuretic, aphrodisiac, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, absorption enhancing, hypolipidemic, cardiotonic, hepatoprotective, antiurolithic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antispasmodic, and antibacterial. In the present review, an attempt has been made to cover the major pharmacological actions as well therapeutic uses of Khar-e-khasak-khurd (Tribulus terrestris Linn.) mentioned in Unani system of medicine.
Keyword: Tribulus terrestris Linn. Unani Medicine, Khar-e- Khasak Khurd, Pharmacological Actions.
Phyto Physicochemical Profile of Withania somnifera Dunal (Solanaceae)
Authors: Bargale Sushant Sukumar , Tripathy T. B. , Shashirekha H.K.
Published: September 2024

Introduction- The present article deals with study of phytochemical analysis of Withania somnifera Dunal roots. Withania somnifera also known as Ashwagandha or winter cherry. Various preparations of Ashwagandha (WS) are available in the market used in the treatment of many clinical conditions in India. Objective- Evolution of Physico-chemical values and phytochemical analysis of Ashwagandha Churna.  Materials and Methods- The current investigation deals with extraction and detection or screening of active phytochemical compounds from different extracts of Withania somnifera root. Pharmacognostic studies, Physicochemical studies, Preliminary phytochemical studies was carried out. Result and conclusion - The result drown were 2% foreign mater was determined. Loss on drying 1.6%, total ash obtained was 9 %, acid insoluble ash was 1% and water soluble extractive was 12 % and Alcohol soluble extractive was 13 %. The phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of various phytochemical constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrate, Steroids and Saponin Glycoside.
Keywords: Ashwagandha, Withania Somnifera, Phytochemical.
Phytomedicines as potent alternative Anti-microbial naturopathic treatment in Chronic Communicable diseases: A Review
Authors: SHAH ZAHIDA , Shafi Sabeeha , Ali Tabasum
Published: September 2024

Communicable Diseases are caused by various opportunistic pathogenic micro-organisms that pose a serious health threat to the health of human beings. The contagious diseases are spread by various pathogenic micro-organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, bacteria or Protozoa through various mediums like air, blood, feces or through other blood fluids etc. Malaria, Respiratory disorders, fever, Measles, athletes foot, rabies are some common examples of these diseases. Allopathic management of these diseases by synthetic drugs pose serious health threats like multi-drug resistance. Phytomedicines are considered the safest alternative sources of treatment to overcome the multi-drug resistance as the important phytoconstituents present in phytomedicines like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols are known since time immemorial for their alleviation in chronic diseases like Cancer, Diabetes etc.
Callicarpa macrophylla Leaves Extracts Evaluated as Hepatoprotective in Wistar Rats
Authors: Akhtar Mohammad Shabib , Middha Anil Kumar , Kumar Vinay
Published: September 2024

Liver is one of the most important organ, which plays a provital role in regulating various physiological processes in the body. It has great capacity to detoxicate toxic substances and synthesize useful principles. Callicarpa macrophylla has witnessed pivotal role in herbal medicine since several years. The ethanolic & aqueous extracts of Callicarpa macrophylla leaves was tested for its phytochemical constituents and hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in wistar rats. The results revealed that the oral administration of CCl4 (2 mL/kg) to the animals caused statistically significant (p<0.05) increases in the serum activities of SGOT, SGPT, ALP and bilirubin when compared with control group where there was decreased in level of total protein and albumin. The extract at a dose of200 & 400 mg/kg(for both extract) was able to protect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rat as revealed by significant decreases in the serum level of SGOT, SGPT, ALP and bilirubin and whereas an increase in total protein concentration when compared to the CCl4+distilled water treated group. The ethanolic extract at 400mg/kg, p.o. was found most effective among all the extract treatments when compared to CCl4+distilled water treated groups. The further studies are needed to evaluate potential usefulness of ethanolic and aqueous extract in clinical condition associated with liver damage.
Keywords: Callicarpa macrophylla, CCl4, Hepatotoxicity, Liver enzymes and bilirubin
Fabrication and optimization of buccal film comprising rizatriptan benzoate loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for improved ex vivo permeation
Authors: Salve Pramod , Bali Nikhil
Published: September 2024

The objective of the present study was to fabricate and optimize mucoadhesive buccal film encloses rizatriptan benzoate (RBZ) loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for improved ex-vivo permeation. RBZ loaded SLNs were formulated by hot high pressure homogenization method. SLNs were characterized for size, zeta potential and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The RBZ SLNs comprising mucoadhesive buccal film were fabricated using dependent variables in different concentration of Eudragit RS100 and HPMC K4M by using solvent evaporation method. The formulations were experimentally optimized using two factors, three level statistical design approach. The formulated buccal film comprising RBZ SLNs evaluated for mucoadhesive strength, swelling index, drug release and ex vivo permeation. The optimized formulation of RBZ SLNs showed particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency i.e. 228 nm, 0.22±0.02, -14mV, 81.78% respectively. Optimized mucoadhesive buccal film formulation followed Korsmeyer-Peppas drug release kinetic model with non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. Flux, lag time, permeability values in ex vivo permeation of RBZ from SLNs loaded film were found to be 0.071µg/cm2.h, 60 min., 0.014 respectively. The flux and permeability values were increased and lag time for permeation was decreased in ex vivo permeation studies of RBZ SLNs buccal film as compared to RBZ film. The results of the in vitro and ex vivo permeation study advocate the mucoadhesive film comprising RBZ SLNs is encouraging approach for drug delivery to brain targeting diseases.
Keywords: Solid Lipid nanoparticles; Rizatriptan benzoate; Buccal film; Bioavailability.
Assessment of the In-vitro antioxidant activity of the alcoholic extract/fractions of Bombax malabaricum DC.
Authors: Singh Charanjeet , Ahuja Dharmendra , Mehta SC
Published: September 2024

Various parts of Bombax malabaricum are used in traditional Indian medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, diarrhea, fever, acute swelling and diuretic. Current research on Bombax malabaricum DC is aimed at finding of natural plants derived from antioxidants that provide sustenance through additional components or synergistic training as the plant's cellular reinforcements are necessary to prevent the movement of interfaced free radical problems. The antioxidant activity in Bombax malabaricum DC can be detected by alcoholic extract fraction using unique laboratory models. These include free radical activity of 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) assay, ABTS assay, total antioxidant capacity, and o-phenanthroline assay/Iron chelating assay. The plant contains a large number of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The plant shows great antioxidant activity. The thought was taught to investigate the use of the Bombax malabaricum
Keywords: Bombax malabaricum, Antioxidant, DPPH, ABTS, O-phenanthroline.
Assessment of Pathogenicity in Helminthosporium maydis causing Southern Corn Leaf Blight Disease in the Region of Karnataka
Authors: Soumya C , Ramachandra Y L
Published: September 2024

Maize (Zea mays L) is the one of the most beneficial crops, adapted to various ecological and climatic states, it grades third after wheat and rice. Based on the research determinations for the last few years under the leadership of All India Coordinated Maize Improvement Project, 16 out of 61 diseases harmfully affecting this crop. One of the major diseases is Southern corn leaf blight (SCLB). The causative agent of the prevalent was recognized as the fungus Helminthosporium maydis. Research was carried out for pathogenicity assay. Pathogenicity assay was conducted with two methods, by collecting spores (2X105/ml), spraying on one month old maize plant. After 24 – 48 hours, it was found that spores collected from Davanagere (HMS3) and Kodagu (HMS5) region shows more yellow to brown lesion compare to all other regions. Second by extraction of toxin by methanol – chloroform method, purification by adsorption on charcoal and separated by using column chromatography and by thin layer chromatography. The Rf values, FTIR and UV absorption spectrum of purified toxin reveals the production of host specific toxin by H.maydis. Determination minimum toxic concentration required to satisfy the conditions as a host specific toxin.
Keywords: Survey, Pathogenicity, Extraction, Host specific Toxin, Southern Corn Leaf Blight.
Development of Micro-Emulsion Gel Based Topical Delivery of Salicylic Acid and Neem Oil for the Management of Psoriasis
Authors: Bharade Shweta , Gupta Naveen , Jain Shailesh , Kapoor Vishal , Rajpoot Dharmendra Singh
Published: September 2024

Microemulsions (MEs) are clear, thermodynamically stable systems. They were used to solubilise drugs and to improve topical drug availability. Salicylic acid (SA) is a keratolytic agent used in topical products with antimicrobial actions. This study aimed to formulate an optimized SA micro emulsion gel for the slow, variable and incomplete oral drug absorption in patient suffering from psoriasis infection. The dispersion solubility of SA was studied in various oils, surfactants and co-surfactants and by constructing pseudo phase ternary diagram, micro emulsion area was identified. The optimized formulations of micro emulsion were subjected to thermodynamic stability tests. After stability study, stable formulation was characterized for droplet size, pH determination, centrifugation, % drug content in micro emulsion, zeta Potential and vesicle size measurement and then micro emulsion gel were prepared and characterized for spreadability, measurement of viscosity, drug content, In-vitro diffusion, in-vitro release data. Labrasol was selected as surfactant, plurol oleique as co surfactant and neem oil as oil component based on solubility study. The optimized formulation contained SA 0.05 (%w/w), labrasol (24%), plurol oleique (8 %) and neem oil (8%). The in vitro drug release from SA micro emulsion gel was found to be considerably higher in comparison to that of the pure drug. The in-vitro diffusion of micro emulsion gel was significantly good. Based on this study, it can be concluded the solubility and permeability of SA can be increased by formulating into micro emulsion gel.
Keywords: Salicylic Acid, Neem Oil, Micro-emulsion, In-vitro diffusion, Zeta potential, Stability, Labrasol
Extraction, Phytochemical Screening and Quantitative Determination of Phenols and Flavonoids in Extract of Kalanchoe pinnata and Pongamia pinnata
Authors: Mishra Rajshree , Pounikar Yogesh , Gangwar Mayank
Published: September 2024

Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds which are used for curing of various human diseases and also play an important role in healing. Secondary constituents contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenol, saponin, steroids and tannins. Medicinal plants have anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antidiuretic and anti-inflammation activities. The increasing interest in powerful biological activity of secondary metabolites outlined the necessity of determining their contents in medicinal plants. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (P. pinnata, Fabaceae) popularly known as Karanj or Karanja in Hindi, and Indian beech in English, is a medium-sized glabrous tree. Traditionally, different parts of P. pinnata such as bark, leaves, seeds, roots, flowers and stem have been utilized in the native medicine systems of different civilizations. Kalonche pinnata (K. pinnata, Crassulaceae) known as Patharchata in hindi, is a succulent plant.  It has many pharmacological uses like a suitable treatment in sleep problems in cancer patients. Also called as wonder of life K.  pinnata is used to treat diabetic foot infections. The aim of the present study is to examine leaf of K. pinnata and seed of P. pinnata for phytochemical profile. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. Quantitative analysis of phenolic and flavonoids was carried out by Folins Ciocalteau reagent method and aluminium chloride method respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, fixed oil and fats. The total phenolics content of hydroalcoholic extract of K. pinnata was (0.952 mg/100mg), followed by flavonoids (0.640mg/100mg) respectively. The total flavonoids content of hydroalcoholic extract of P. pinnata was (1.398mg/100mg). The present study concluded that the crude extract of K. pinnata and P. pinnata is a rich source of secondary phytoconstituents which impart significant antioxidant potential. The findings of the present study will be helpful to phytochemists, pharmacologists and pharmaceutical industries.
Keywords: Pongamia pinnata, Kalonche pinnata, Phytochemical, Folins ciocalteau reagent
Quality by Thought (QbT) Approaches for Management of Human Health
Authors: Bhusnure O.G. , Sugave B.K. , Giram P.S. , Gholve S.B.
Published: September 2024

Quality by Thought is a unique innovative approach for the management of human Health. The thoughts that run though the mind can be positive or negative, progressive or retrogressive this depends on the kind of information previously stored, and the new ones being added to it. While we may not have total control over every thought that flashes through our mind, each person has the choice to either think more about a particular thought or pay little or no attention to such. Our thought process is responsible for many causes related to health, it also decides our next generations strengths and weakness. Core objective of this research was to find out scientific base and understand our belief system at quantum level and to develop scientific strategies, tools, models, techniques and right approaches to eradicate belief at root level which does not stand scientifically, because it leads many chronic diseases (as per the research data disclosed from epigenetic reference). We have developed and implemented quality by thought approach (As QbD approach) for the establishment of scientific truth related human health. In that, similar to QbD approaches here we have developed first time quality targeted health profile, Critical quality health attributes, design space and control space to maintain quality of health.  Which suggest that dietary intakes and designed life styles by positive mind was responsible for enhancing immunity of body to fight for challenging diseases.
We have created various models such as 3*7 son model, ombhu black body model, uniq ishikwa diagram, flow chart for prevention of diseases rather than cure the diseases. Prevention always from inside out i.e psychological to physical and curative is from physical to psychological approach. For happy ideal health our thought process plays important role, only quality thought can change habits like diet, exercise, sleep, happy idea (DESHI) and habits improve our health, Hence QbT plays important role in management of health.
Nanopharmaceuticals
Authors: Gangapure Shraddha P , Bhusnure Omprakash G.
Published: September 2024

Nano-sized objects can be transformed in many ways to alter their characteristics. Drug molecules sized in nanometer provide some unique features which can lead to improved drug localization, prolonged circulation, 5 and enhanced drug efficacy of the drug. Nanotechnology improves the performance come through a variety of dosage forms. Various pharmaceutical nanotechnology based systems which can be termed as Nanopharmaceuticals like liposomes, carbon Nanotubes, quantum dots, dendrimers, and polymeric nanoparticles. This review summarizes the most important applications of nanotechnology.The purpose of that review paper is to look into the present aspects of “Nanotechnology”. This paper gives a brief description of what Nanotechnology is? And its application in various fields like computing, medicine, food technology, Robotics, Solar cells etc. Nanotechnology also deals with the future perspectives of Nanotechnology, risks in advanced nanotechnology.
Keywords: Nanotechnology, Liposomes, , Dendrimers, Carbon Nanotubes, Quantum Dots, Nanopharmaceuticals
Development and Validation of Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Estimation of Lorcaserin Hydrochloride in Bulk and Tablet Dosage Form
Authors: Bhawar Hemlata S. , Kedari Chetan C. , Magar Sagar D.
Published: September 2024

In the current study a simple, precise, sensitive and accurate reversed phase liquid chromatography method was developed for the analysis and estimation of Lorcaserin HCL in bulk and tablet dosage form. The present study of Lorcaserin HCL was achieved by using Cosmosil C18 (250nm×4.6ID, Particle Size: 5 Micron) Column with mobile phase Methanol:10mM KH2PO4 Buffer (70:30) pH:3 at a flow rate 0.8ml/min with UV detection at 222nm. The retention time for Lorcaserin HCL was found to be 5.108 min. In Linearity the correlation coefficient (R2) for Lorcaserin HCL was found to be 0.9995, slope is 42071 and intercept was found to be 21966 which are well within the acceptance criteria. The mean percent recovery for Lorcaserin HCL at three different levels for 50%, 100%, and 150% was found to be 100.65%, 98.84% and 100.34%. The %RSD (NMT 2%). In precision study interday (RSD is 0.26%) and intraday (RSD is 0.29%) are found.  Forced degradation experiments was carried out by exposing standard form of Lorcaserin HCL for Acid-base hydrolytic, Oxidative, photolytic and thermal stress conditions. The method has been validated by System suitability parameters, Linearity, Accuracy and Percent recovery, Precision, Ruggedness, Robustness, LOD and LOQ.
Keywords: Lorcaserin hydrochloride, RP-HPLC, Validation.
GC-MS Analysis of Ethanolic Extract of Pteridium Aquilinum (L.) Kuhn: An Important Fern
Authors: Amster Regin Lawrence R , John Peter Paul J
Published: September 2024

The aim of the study was to investigate the phytochemical compounds of ethanol extract of Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn using GC-MS analysis. In GC-MS analysis, 19 bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in the ethanolic extract of Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn the components were identified by using Perkin-Elmer Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry, the results of GCMS compounds in the extract was relevant to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. The major constituents were decane (12.1%), 1,3,7-Octatriene, 3,7-dimethyl (26.42%) and Limonene (10.89%).
Keywords: Bioactive compounds, Pteridophytes, GC-MS, Pteridium aquilinum, NIST
Combined Anticonvulsant Effect of Nifedipine and Pentazocine in Experimentally Induced Seizures by Maximal Electro Shock Method in Mice
Authors: Santosh Kumar Banjara , Rajanna Ajumeera , Balakrishna Nagalla
Published: September 2024

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the combined anticonvulsant effect of nifedipine (calcium channel blocker) and pentazocine (opioid analgesic) in experimentally induced seizures by Maximal Electro-Shock (MES) method in mice.
Methodology: The swiss albino mice weighing 20-40g of either sex were obtained from National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad after obtaining ethical approval. The pretreated mice are subjected to MES stimulation by electro convulsometer with alternate current at intensity required to produce tonic hind limb extension response.  The animals showing positive response are divided into four groups (6 animals per group). Group I received distilled water, group II treated with nifidipine (10mg/kg/bw), group III pentazocine (30mg/kg/bw) and group IV combination of nifidipine (10mg/kg/bw) and pentazocine (30mg/kg/bw). Intraperitoneal is the route of administration. The parameters like duration of convulsions, Tonic Hind Limb Extension (THLE) and duration of recovery recorded. P<0.05 was considered as significant and P<0.001 was considered as highly significant.
Results: The duration of convulsions, duration of THLE and duration of recovery has been significantly reduced in combination treatment wih nifedipine 10mg/kg and pentazocine 30mg/kg compared to nifedipine 10mg/kg and pentazocine 30mg/kg individually.
Conclusion: The  results obtained in this study  provide supporting  pharmacological  evidence  of efficacy,  possible potential  benefit of combining  nifedipine with  pentazocine  in the treatment of epilepsy.
Keywords: Seizures, Maximal electroshock, Electroconvulsometer, anticonvulsant, Nifedipine, Pentazocine.
Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Estimation of L-Glutathione and Vitamin-C in Effervescent Tablet by RP-HPLC
Authors: Alhat Babita R. , Kokate Shekhar V.
Published: September 2024

A simple, linear, precise, accurate and sensitive RP-HPLC method has been developed and validated for estimation of L-Glutathione and Vitamin-C in effervescent tablet. Isocratic elution at a flow rate of 1 ml/min tried on C18 column (ODS) 250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5µM on using a mobile phase consisting mixture of Acetonitrile:Methanol (6:4 v/v). The retention time of L-Glutathione was 7.208 minutes and Vitamin-C 3.825 minutes.  The eluent was detected at 255 nm. Linearity was observed in the concentration range of 30-70μg/ml for L-Glutathione and 80-120μg/ml for Vitamin-C. The method is validated as per ICH guidelines. The proposed method can be successfully applied for estimation of L-Glutathione and Vitamin-C in effervescent tablet.
Keywords: L-Glutathione, Vitamin-C, RP-HPLC Method, Mobile phase, validation.
Screening of phytoactives and antioxidant potentiality in Gymnema sylvestre
Authors: Srinivasa Murthy K M , Jyothi R
Published: September 2024

Gymnema sylvestre  is  wellknown as “gurmar” for its discrete function as sugar destroyer. It is an excellent herb in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. The herb exhibits a wide range of healing effects as an effectual natural remedy for diabetes, arthritis, asthma , anemia, cardiopathy, constipation diuretic, , hypercholesterolemia,  indigestion ,microbial infections, osteoporosis etc.Realising its importance, The current study was carried out to reveal the distinct phytoactive potentiality in Gymnema sylvestre. It suggested that the antioxidant activities of   Gymnema sylvestre can be used as a natural antioxidant and might be effective to diminish oxidative stress associated with different pathophysiological conditions.
Keywords: Gymnema sylvestre , Phytochemicals, antioxidant activity.
SYNTHESIS, CHARECTERIZATION AND ANTI-MICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SUBSTITUTED 5-(5-SULFANYL-1,3,4-OXADIAZOL-2-YL)BENZENE- 1,2,3-TRIOL DERIVATIVES
Authors: Nakra Vinod Kumar , Sharma Manoj
Published: September 2024

A solution of propyl gallate(0.01 mol) in ethanol and hydrazine hydrate (0.01 mol) was refluxed for 4 hours. The excess solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. The cooled residual mass was washed with distilled water. It was filtered and dried. The crude product was recrystallised from methanol to yield galloylhydrazide, Carbon disulfide (2 ml) was added drop wise to an ice cooled solution of KOH (2g) in ethanol (20 ml) containing the acid hydrazide 4 (0.02 mole), then the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature 2h . After dilution with ethanol the solid precipitated was washed twice with ether. To the solid obtained (1 g), 10% KOH (20 ml) was added then the reaction mixture was refluxed for 4 hr, cooled, acidified with conc. HCl. The resulting solid was filtered washed with water, dried and crystallized. A mixture of (0.97g, 0.005mol) of 5-(5-sulfanyl- 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)benzene-1,2,3-triol and (0.005mol) of different aryl or alkyl  halides were refluxed in 25ml of pyridine solution for 3.5 hours. The resultant mixture was cooled and poured into crushed ice. The solid mass is thus separated out was dried and recrystallized from ethanol. Synthesized derivatives purity were checked by TLC, Melting point & characterized by FT-IR, Mass, NMR spectroscopic techniques. Synthesized derivatives were evaluated for anti-microbial activity.
Keywords: Oxadiazole, Oxadiazole derivatives, Anti-microbial activity.
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Diacerein Loaded Microsphere by Spray Coating (Wurster Method)
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Soumen , Roy Tathagata , Chatterjee Tapan Kumar
Published: September 2024

Diacerein loaded microspheres were prepared by spray coating(wurster method) using hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and ethyl cellulose as release retarding polymer with a view to manufacture sustained release drug delivery. Drug content in the microspheres was determined by HPLC assay followed by drug entrapment efficiency.  Shape and Surface topography of Diacerein loaded microspheres was determined by scanning electron microscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (.FT-IR), X-ray diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD), and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies were done to establish drug polymer and other excipients compatibility and stability. Sustained release action was established by In-vitro release study. The result shows that Diacerein loaded microsphere using hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose and ethyl cellulose polymer can be a new addition in the field of pain management for the treatment of osteoarthritis.  
Keywords: Microsphere, Diacerein, HPMC, Ethyl cellulose, Spray coating.
Efficacy of Riyazat (Exercise) in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus: A Review
Authors: Hassan Azhar , Perveen Aisha , Bhardwaj Urmila , Sana-Ur-Rehman ,
Published: September 2024

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic ailment categorized by the presence of hyperglycemia due to defective insulin secretion, defective insulin action or both. It is a chronic disease caused by inherited and/or acquired factors. Obesity and sedentary life style are one of the most causative factors of diabetes mellitus or type 2 dm aka (non-insulin dependent diabetes). Unani system of Medicine which is one of the main parts of TCAM (traditional complementary and alternative system of medicine) have a holistic approach for every disease. Ancient Unani scholars have advised a six-essential theory for the wellbeing of human being i.e. Asbab-e-Sitta Zarroriyah which include very good approach for the management of NCDs. Diabetes mellitus is one of NCDs which have increasing drastically from last 2 decades. Among Asbab-e-Sitta Zarroriyah, Harkat-wa-sukoon-e-badni will play a major roll in the management of NCDs. Among all, Riyazat (exercise) is the actual basic and useful way for preservation of health.  Physical activity includes all movement that increases consumption of energy, whereas exercise is planned, structured physical activity. Exercise increase uptake of glucose by skeletal muscle so, improves blood glucose level in type 2 diabetes, reduces cardiovascular risk factors, contributes to weight loss, and improves well-being. Unani physicians in 2nd and 3rd AD century have paved great attention towards this important task in ratiocinative way. Unani physicians provided perceptions about timing, modes, and benefits of Riyazat.  Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks and Mesopotamians all the ancient has tried to suggest the best ways for the human achievements of well beingness from very beginning, human is very curious about health and its prevention.  In this review paper, it will be tried to provide the benefitting knowledge to the humanity about exercise which improves blood glucose levels in type 2 DM patients to save the health and promote the life.
Keywords: Riyazat; Greek physicians; Unani; Humor; Mizaj, Exercise
Evaluation of in vitro anti snake venom activity of Justicia adhatoda leaves extract against Russell’s viper snake venom
Authors: Malathi Ramaswamy , Kaviyarasan Dhandapani , Chandrasekar Solaimuthu
Published: September 2024

Venomous snake bites possess significant amount of mortality as well as morbidity in tropical and subtropical regions of the world including India. The snake Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii) is responsible for thousands of deaths in India.  Although antivenom are the only treatment available and the effects associated with several side effects. As an alternative, plants have been extensively studied in order to obtain an alternative treatment. The uses of plants against the effects of snake bites have been long recognized more scientific attention has been given since last 20 years. Extracts from plants have been used among traditional healers, especially in tropical areas there are plentiful sources, as therapy for snakebite for a long time. The present study aimed to provide a scientific explanation for the use of Justicia adhatoda plant against snakebite. The acetone extract of Justicia adhatoda leaves were tested for in vitro inhibitory activity on toxic venom enzymes like 5' nucleotidase, L-amino acid oxidase, phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase, acetylcholine esterase and hyaluronidase from the Russell’s viper snake venom. The result showed the potential of plant leaves extract against the enzymes present in the snake venom. Justicia adhatoda inhibits most of the snake venom enzymes like L-amino acid oxidase, phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiestarase and acetylcholine esterase.
Keywords: Daboia russelii, Enzyme inhibition, Acetone Extract of Justicia adhatoda (AEJA), etc.
Effect of Kusha Swarasa in the Management of Mootravaha Sroto Dusti Vikara
Authors: Chavhan Nagaraj Naik , Shashirekha H.K. , Bargale Sushant Sukumar
Published: September 2024

Mutravaha Srotas is one among the Abhyantara Srotas, concerned with Utpatti, Visarjana of Mutra and maintaining the Kledata in the body. Causes for kidney function are not specific and might include Obstruction of urination, burning micturition, excessive urination, scanty urination, feeling generally unwell, having a reduced appetite over a period of long duration. Among Trinapanchmula Kusha is the one that promote the urine formation thereby flushing the kidneys and urinary tract while eliminating any excess water retention, and to remove the Mutra from the body. In day today practice it is not up to the mark being Ayurveda Profesionalists as limited utility of Trinapanchamoola in therapeutic usage were common community uses in the form of grass juice in their routine practice for accurate documentation. Here an effort made to understand the utility of drug Kusha Swarasa in clinical practice for the management of Mootravaha sroto vikara. Aims and objectives: To evaluate the effect Kusha of on Mutravaha Srotas. Materials and methods: 30 elderly peoples aged between 60 to 75 years are selected by random sampling method and separated as control and study group. Fresh Leaves of the Kusha grass is taken, juice is extracted and given as per the standard dose of Swarasa. It is given in early morning before having the food for 7 days along with Madhu is used as Anupana and 15 days follow up is done. Observations and result: Kusha Swarasawas effective in elderly old age peoples. Discussion and Conclusion: Kusha Swarasa is significantly effective in treating Mutravaha Sroto Dusti Lakshana of apparently healthy elderly old age peoples.
 Keywords- Jara, Kusha, Mutravaha Srotas, Srotas.
The Development and Validation of Stability Indicating HPLC Method for Estimation of Darunavir
Authors: Chabukswar Anurruddha R. , Gadekar Ayushi S
Published: September 2024

To develop a new simple, precise and accurate HPLC method for estimation of Darunavir in tablet formulation. An isocratic, HPLC method was developed using C-18, 50 x 3 mm, 3.5 µm (X-Terra MS, Waters) column 0.1 % Acetic acid in water: ACN (63:37 v/v) as mobile phase at flow rate of 1.0 ml/min at detection wavelength of 267  nm. The retention time (RT) of drug was 3.123± 0.034 min . The method was validated with respect to linearity, precision, assay, accuracy and robustness. The data of linear regression analysis indicated a good linear relationship over the range of 5-30 μg/ml concentrations with a correlation coefficient(R 2) of 0.9995.The developed method was found to be simple, sensitive, selective, accurate, and precise for analysis of Darunavir  and can be adopted for routine analysis of drug in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form.
Keywords: High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Darunavir, method development, Validation.
Nanotechnology: Emerging Platform for Drug Based Delivery System in Cancer
Authors: Misra Charu , Gaur Manish , Gupta Laxmi Narayan
Published: September 2024

In present scenario cancer has become one of the most difficult global healthcare problems, despite of having library of anti-cancer drugs the problem remains the same due to no specificity, burst release, damaging of normal cells and numerous side effects.  Nanotechnology the emerging field gained attention as it offers site specific treatment in various tumors with lesser side effect. Nano carriers, a transport module provide platform to circumvent the problems related with the delivery of anticancer drug in drug delivery systems. Nano carriers help to improve the bioavailability and therapeutic efficiency of antitumor drugs, while providing preferential accumulation at the target site. Various nanocarriers are clinically approved for the delivery of antitumor drugs for their intended actions at the targeted sites. This review illustrates about the various nanocarriers, their importance in the delivery of anticancer drugs, targeting mechanisms of nanoparticles, various method of preparations of nanoparticles and influence of nanotechnology on herbal drug.
Keywords: Nanocarrier, bioavailability, multi drug resistance,
Mucosal Drug Delivery Systems: An Overview
Authors: Santosh Kumar Rada , Nuvati K.
Published: September 2024

Bioadhesion is an interfacial phenomenon in which two materials are present, at least one of the materials is biological and are held together by methods of interfacial powers. At the point when this associated natural framework is mucus it is known as mucoadhesion. Mucoadhesion is an intricate procedure. In this paper various speculations like theories, advantages, disadvantages and factors are discussed with latest to clarify the mechanisms included. The goal of the investigation is to clarify the diverse components engaged with mucoadhesion and different variables influencing mucoadhesion.
Keywords: Mucoadhesion, Theories of mucoadhesion, Factors, Evaluation
PROTEIN RICH BIOMASS PRODUCTION BY NOVEL YEAST Cyberlindnera jadinii MMS7 USING Chara sp. HYDROLYSATE AND EVALUATION OF ITS ANTI-BACTERIAL ACTIVITY
Authors: Sulatan Mazhar , Murali D , Dhandayuthapani Krishnan
Published: September 2024

A total of seven cultivable purified yeast phenotypes were isolated from soil collected from sugarecane bagasse dumping sites. By the genotypic characterization, new isolate MMS7 was confirmed as most promising yeast strain and it was identified as Cyberlindnera jadinii MMS7. We used this strain to investigate the feasibility of biomass production using hydrolysate of green Chara sp as sole medium. The ultrasonic pretreatment of the Chara sp biomass for hydrolyaste preparation was optimized as 0.35 WmL-1 (ultrasound power density) and 15 min (treatment time) using response surface methodology (RSM). The biomass of 15.05±0.12 g dwL-1 and protein concentration of 59.21±0.12% were obtained in C. jadinii MMS7, when cultivated in hydrolyaste. This study demonstrates the novel yeast C .jadinii MMS7 could be considered a promising single cell protein producing strain using Chara sp hydrolysate and it has high antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus. Further, the exploitation of Chara sp. hydrolysate potential may used to aggregate value for algae cultivation.
Keywords: Biomass, Cyberlindnera jadinii, Hydrolysate, Pretreatment, Chara sp
Effect of L-arginine amino acid on liver regeneration after hepatocyte damage in rats: An experimental study.
Authors: Sharma Vijay , Singh Lalit , Shrivastav Alankar , Verma Navneet
Published: September 2024

The aim of the work was to check the therapeutic effect of L-arginine for liver cell regeneration. L-arginine is a semi-essential amino acid works as a nitric oxide precursor. Sustained released matrix beads of L- arginine were developed and tested for its hepatoprotective effect in rats (paracetamol was used to induce liver toxicity). Various biochemical tests of hepatic damage like SGPT, SGOT, ALP and bilirubin were done in all groups of animals. A toxic dose of paracetamol enhanced the SGPT, SGOT, ALP and bilirubin levels followed by treatment with silymarin as standard and L-arginine as test drugs. Histopathological studies also supported the hepatoprotective effect, containing L-arginine.Animal group treated with L-arginine indicated a significant decrease in the levels of biochemical markers to the near normal levels. The liver section of toxicant animals showed degenerative changes, aggregates of mononuclear inflammatory cells while treatment with formulations containing L-arginine helped in regaining the normal hepatic architecture, hence it can be concluded that significant effect of L-arginine was observed in liver cell regeneration.
Keywords: Hepatoprotective, L-arginine, Silymarin, SGPT, SGOT.
B antimalarial drug toxicity:a review
Authors: Badhe Pallavi Raosaheb
Published: September 2024

Antimalarial drug toxicity is viewed differently dependingupon whether the clinical indication is for malaria treatmentor prophylaxis. In the treatment of Plasmodium falciparummalaria, which has a high mortality if untreated, a greater riskof adverse reactions to antimalarial drugs is inevitable. Aschloroquine resistance has become widespread, alternative agents may be used in treatment regimens, however, the toxicity of these antimalarial agents should be considered.Quinine is the mainstay for treating severe malaria due to itsrare cardiovascular or CNS toxicity, but its hypoglycemic effectmay be problematic. Mefloquine can cause dose-related serious neuropsychiatric toxicity and pyrimethaminedapsoneis associated with agranulocytosis, especially if the recommended dose is exceeded. Pyrimethamine-sulfadoxinand amodiaquine are associated with a relatively highincidence of potentially fatal reactions, and are no longerrecommended for prophylaxis. Atovaquone/proguanil is anantimalarial combination with good efficacy and tolerabilityas prophylaxis and for treatment. The artemisinin derivatives have remarkable efficacy and an excellent safety record. Prescribing in pregnancy is a particular problem for clinicians because the risk-benefit ratio is often very unclear.
A STUDY ON ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTY OF HERBAL-BIOPOLYMER NANOENCAPSULATE TREATED FABRIC
Authors: Banupriya J. , Maheshwari V.
Published: September 2024

The present study deals with the eco friendly antibacterial finish that has been integrated into bamboo/cotton woven treated fabric in the form of nanocapsules using ethanolic terminalia chebula, Rosmarinus officinalis and Opuntia littoralis (2:1:2) ratio and Chitosan biopolymer extracts  by exhaust method in order to reduce the bacterial growth on the fabric. This herbals-biopolymer extract was evaluated for activity against medically challenging bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The in-vitro antibacteria were performed by AATCC 147 for the treated nanoencapsule coated sample. Then the coated sample was analyzed for morphology using FTIR, FESEM and Cytotoxicity test. Thus the study supports the concept of nano encapsulation providing better additional properties to bamboo/cotton fabric and the application of nanotechnology is one of the supreme ways for humanizing the antibacterial activity.
UROLITHIASIS (KIDNEY STONES) CURRENT PHARMACOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT
Authors: GOMASE PRAVIN VASANTRAO , Pawar Sunil P.
Published: September 2024

Kidney stones are a common condition causing significant morbidity and economic burden. The prevalence of Urolithiasis (Kidney stones) is increasing from past 20 years, worldwide 5-15% of the population affected by Urolithiasis. The most common type of kidney stone is calcium oxalate formed in the renal surfaces. The mechanism of stone formation is a complex process which results from several physicochemical events including supersaturation, nucleation, growth, aggregation, and retention of urinary stone constituents within tubular cells. Obese people are known to have a higher risk of stone formation. Metabolic syndrome has resulted in an increasing rate of nephrolithiasis among women. The diagnosis and initial management of urolithiasis have undergone considerable evolution in recent years. This review article provides information about epidemiology, mechanism, diagnosis, and pathophysiology of kidney stone formation, and methods for the evaluation of stone risks for new and follow-up patients.
Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical and Hepatoprotective Activity of the Leaves of Mirabilis jalap
Authors: Singh A. , Kumar V. , Rajendiran A. , Agnihotri N.
Published: September 2024

Recent regular research on medicinal plants is producing remarkable and significant results. Thus, there is lot of scope to find new outcomes from plants like Mirabilis jalapa - a plant which need more investigation in the area of medicine and medical science. The present study deals with the establishment of organoleptic microscopic and phytochemical profiling of Mirabilis jalapa leaves, along with hepatoprotective activity on leaf extract against CCL4. The total phenolic content was found to be 1.36 ± 0. 02 mg/gm of dried leaf extract equivalent to Gallic acid and flavonoids content of the extract was found to be 4.41± 0.02 mg/gm. The successively extracted extract showed the IC50 value against the DPPH free radical. Methanolic extract of leaves shows very significant hepatoprotective activity at 200mg & 400mg when compared with standard. Based on the result, the pharmacognostic profiling of the Mirabilis jalapa leaves was successfully established. Present finding also suggested that it could be a source of potent antioxidant drugs as leves leaves are also hepatoprotective in nature.
Keywords: Mirabilis jalapa, Nyctaginaceae, phenolic content, flavonoids content, Antioxidant.
Analytical Method Development and Validation for Simulataneous Determination of Amoxicillin, Omeprazole and Rifabutin in Bulk and in a Synthetic Mixture by UV Spectroscopy
Authors: Jain Vivek , Jain Neetesh K.
Published: September 2024

Today Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is one of the very common bacterial infections worldwide. Upper gastro intestinal tract is primarily affected with this bacterial infection. H. pylori are primarily responsible for dyspepsia, gastric and duodenal ulcers and gastric carcinogenesis and obliteration of the infection has become an important treatment goal in clinical practice. Analysis of multi component formulations by any single analytical method is a very challenging task. A new, simple, precise, accurate, reproducible, and efficient UV spectrophotometric method is developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of ternary mixture of amoxicillin (AMX), omeprazole (OMP) and rifabutin (RFB) in bulk and in a synthetic mixture which is recently approved by FDA in 2019 to be used for treatment of H. pylori by Vierordt’s method or simultaneous equation method. The solutions of standard and sample were prepared in 0.1 N HCl. The