bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Juansilvaite, Na5Al3[AsO3(OH)]4[AsO2(OH)2]2(SO4)2·4H2O, a new arsenate-sulfate from the Torrecillas mine, Iquique Province, Chile
Authors: Kampf Anthony R. , Nash Barbara P. , Dini Maurizio , Molina Donoso Arturo A.
Published: May 2017

The new mineral juansilvaite (IMA2015-080), Na5Al3[AsO3(OH)]4[AsO2(OH)2]2(SO4)2·4H2O, was foOptically, juansilvaiteund at the Torrecillas mine, Iquique Province, Chile, where it occurs as asecondary alteration phase in association with anhydrite, canutite, halite, sulfur and a mahnertite-like phase. Juansilvaite occurs as bright pink blades up to ∼0.5 mm long grouped in tightly intergrown radial aggregates and also as opaque dull pale pink rounded aggregates. Blades areflattened on {001}, elongated on [100] and exhibit the forms {001}, {111} and {201}. Crystals are transparent, with vitreous lustre and white streak. The Mohs hardness is ∼2½, tenacity is brittle and fracture is irregular. Cleavage is very good on {001}. The measured density is3.01(2) g cm–3 and the calculated density is 3.005 g cm–3. Optically, juansilvaite is biaxial (+) with α= 1.575(1), β = 1.597(1), γ= 1.623(1) and 2V = 86(1)° (measured in white light). Dispersion is r < v, slight, andthe orientation is X = b; Z ^ c = 27° in the obtuse angle β. The pleochroism is X > Y ≈ Z in shades of pale pink. The mineral is slowly soluble in dilute HCl at room temperature. The empirical formula, determined from electron-microprobeanalyses, is Na4.95Al2.28Fe0.503+Mn0.213+Cu0.04As5.92S1.83O36H17.37. Juansilvaite is monoclinic, C2/c, a = 18.1775(13), b = 8.6285(5), c= 18.5138(13) Å, β = 90.389(6)°, V = 2903.7(3) Å3 and Z = 4. The eight strongest powder X-ray diffraction lines are [dobs Å(I)(hkl)]: 9.25(100)(002), 7.20(34)(111), 4.545(34)(400), 3.988(39)(114), 3.363(42)(314), 3.145(66)(512,420), 2.960(68)(422,422) and 2,804(33)(131,423). The structure of juansilvaite (R1 = 3.82% for 2040 Fo > 4σF reflections) contains layers made up of alternating corner-linked Al–O octahedra and acid-arsenate tetrahedra. Sodium cations occur both peripheral to the layers and within cavities in the layers. An SO4 tetrahedron and an H2O group also are in the interlayer region.
Novel approach to genetic analysis and results in 3000 hemophilia patients enrolled in the My Life, Our Future initiative
Authors: Johnsen Jill M. , Fletcher Shelley N. , Huston Haley , Roberge Sarah , Martin Beth K. , Kircher Martin , Josephson Neil C. , Shendure Jay , Ruuska Sarah , Koerper Marion A. , Morales Jaime , Pierce Glenn F. , Aschman Diane J. , Konkle Barbara A.
Published: May 2017

Key Points

MLOF used an innovative approach to genotype 3000 hemophilia patients identifying likely causative variants in 98.4% of patients. Hemophilia genotyping should include structural variation, F8 inversions (for hemophilia A), and consideration of gene-wide approaches.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Poly(γ-glutamic acid)-coated lipoplexes loaded with Doxorubicin for enhancing the antitumor activity against liver tumors
Authors: Qi Na , Tang Bo , Liu Guang , Liang Xingsi
Published: May 2017

The study was to develop poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA)-coated Doxorubicin (Dox) lipoplexes that enhance the antitumor activity against liver tumors. γ-PGA-coated lipoplexes were performed by electrostatistically attracting to the surface of cationic charge liposomes with anionic γ-PGA. With the increasing of γ-PGA concentration, the particle size of γ-PGA-coated Dox lipoplexes slightly increased, the zeta potential from positive shifted to negative, and the entrapment efficiency (EE) were no significant change. The release rate of γ-PGA-coated Dox lipoplexes slightly increased at acidic pH, the accelerated Dox release might be attributed to greater drug delivery to tumor cells, resulting in a higher antitumor activity. Especially, γ-PGA-coated Dox lipoplexes exhibited higher cellular uptake, significant in vitro cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells, and improved in vivo antitumor efficacy toward HepG2 hepatoma-xenografted nude models in comparison with Dox liposomes and free Dox solution. In addition, the analysis results via flow cytometry showed that γ-PGA-coated Dox lipoplexes induce S phase cell cycle arrest and significantly increased apoptosis rate of HepG2 cells. In conclusion, the presence of γ-PGA on the surface of Dox lipoplexes enhanced antitumor effects of liver tumors.
Effects of exenatide on cardiac function, perfusion, and energetics in type 2 diabetic patients with cardiomyopathy: a randomized controlled trial against insulin glargine
Authors: Chen Weena J. Y. , Diamant Michaela , de Boer Karin , Harms Hendrik J. , Robbers Lourens F. H. J. , van Rossum Albert C. , Kramer Mark H. H. , Lammertsma Adriaan A. , Knaapen Paul
Published: May 2017

Background

Multiple bloodglucose-lowering agents have been linked to cardiovascular events. Preliminary studies showed improvement in left ventricular (LV) function during glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist administration. Underlying mechanisms, however, are unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate myocardial perfusion and oxidative metabolism in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients with LV systolic dysfunction as compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, effects of 26-weeks of exenatide versus insulin glargine administration on cardiac function, perfusion and oxidative metabolism in T2DM patients with LV dysfunction were explored.

Methods and results

Twenty-six T2DM patients with LV systolic dysfunction (cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) derived LV ejection fraction (LVEF) of 47 ± 13%) and 10 controls (LVEF of 59 ± 4%, P < 0.01 as compared to patients) were analyzed. Both myocardial perfusion during adenosine-induced hyperemia (P < 0.01), and coronary flow reserve (P < 0.01), measured by [15O]H2O positron emission tomography (PET), were impaired in T2DM patients as compared to healthy controls. Myocardial oxygen consumption and myocardial efficiency, measured using [11C]acetate PET and CMR derived stroke volume, were not different between the groups. Eleven patients in the exenatide group and 12 patients in the insulin glargine group completed the trial. Systemic metabolic control was improved after both treatments, although, no changes in cardiac function, perfusion and metabolism were seen after exenatide or insulin glargine.

Conclusions

T2DM patients with LV systolic dysfunction did not have altered myocardial efficiency as compared to healthy controls. Exenatide or insulin glargine had no effects on cardiac function, perfusion or oxidative metabolism.

Trial registration NCT00766857
Fixed point theorems for F-expanding mappings
Authors: Górnicki Jarosław
Published: May 2017

Recently, Wardowski (Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2012:94, 2012) introduced a new concept of F-contraction and proved a fixed point theorem which generalizes the Banach contraction principle. Following this direction of research, in this paper, we present some new fixed point results for F-expanding mappings, especially on a complete G-metric space.
Frontline Science: Nasal epithelial GM-CSF contributes to TLR5-mediated modulation of airway dendritic cells and subsequent IgA response
Authors: Cao Yuan , Zhang Ejuan , Yang Jingyi , Yang Yi , Yu Jie , Xiao Yang , Li Wei , Zhou Dihan , Li Yaoming , Zhao Bali , Yan Hu , Lu Mengji , Zhong Maohua , Yan Huimin
Published: May 2017

Flagellin, as a TLR5 agonist, is an established mucosal adjuvant for enhancing mucosal IgA responses by i.n. immunization. Nasal epithelial cells (NECs) are the first sentinel cells to be exposed to antigen and adjuvant in i.n. immunization, and it is suggested that they play an important role in the mucosal adjuvant activity of flagellin. However, the molecular mechanism leading to modulation and the response by flagellin-activated NECs remain unknown. We aimed to identify the soluble mediator(s) from flagellin-activated NECs that modulate the functions of airway dendritic cells (DCs) and enhance subsequent IgA response. In vitro studies showed that compared with the TLR4 agonist LPS, flagellin directly triggered slight up-regulation of CD80 on airway DCs but was insufficient to affect CD86 expression and DC-mediated IgA response. With the use of an in vitro system for culturing mouse primary NECs (mNECs), we demonstrated that flagellin-activated mNECs could functionally modulate airway DCs, which manifested as significant up-regulation of CD80/CD86 and enhancement of IgA production. The functional modulation of airway DCs was dependent on TLR5 activation of mNECs rather than direct TLR5 activation of airway DCs. With the use of cytokine array and antibody-blocking assays, we further identified that GM-CSF, a cytokine secreted from TLR5-activated mNECs, contributes to the activation of mNECs to airway DCs and subsequent IgA enhancement. In vivo blocking experiments confirmed that GM-CSF is an important factor in recombinant flagellin derived from Salmonella typhi (FliC)-induced airway DC activation and antigen-specific IgA enhancement. Our data directly demonstrate that nasal epithelial GM-CSF contributes to TLR5-mediated modulation of airway DCs and a subsequent IgA response.
Immunotherapeutic approaches of IL-1 neutralization in the tumor microenvironment
Authors: Apte Ron N , Voronov Elena
Published: May 2017

IL-1 is a pleiotropic cytokine that controls inflammation, immunity, and hemopoiesis. The major IL-1 agonistic molecules are IL-1α and IL-1β, which bind to IL-1R type I (IL-1R1) and induce similar biologic functions. The IL-1R antagonist (IL-1Ra) is a physiologic inhibitor of IL-1R1 signaling. In the tumor microenvironment, IL-1 is expressed by malignant, stromal, and infiltrating cells and supports tumor invasiveness and progression. We have shown that in the tumor microenvironment, the IL-1 agonistic molecules act different as a result of their local amounts and their compartmentalization within the producing cells. IL-1β is produced mainly by myeloid cells upon inflammatory stimulation and is active as a mature, secreted molecule. The precursor of IL-1α (ProIL-1α) is biologically active; it is constitutively expressed in diverse tissue cells in basal levels, and its expression increases during stress or inflammation. ProIL-1α is mainly located in the cytosol or it is membrane associated. ProIL-1α also translocates into the nucleus and binds to chromatin. ProIL-1α is rarely actively secreted but is released from necrotizing tissues and serves as “alarmin” for initiation of inflammation. In the tumor microenvironment, IL-1β promotes tumorigenesis, tumor invasiveness, and immunosuppression. On the other hand, membrane-associated forms of IL-1α support the development of anti-tumor immunity. In cancer patients, both IL-1 agonistic molecules coexist and interact with each other. Here, we discuss the role of IL-1 agonistic molecules in tumor progression and their potential to serve as targets in anti-tumor immunotherapeutic approaches. Our notion on the optimal conditions for IL-1 manipulation is also discussed.
Elastic full-waveform inversion for VTI media: A synthetic parameterization study
Authors: Kamath Nishant , Tsvankin Ilya , Díaz Esteban
Published: May 2017

One of the main challenges for full-waveform inversion (FWI) is taking into account both anisotropy and elasticity. Here, we perform elastic FWI for a synthetic 2D VTI (transversely isotropic with a vertical symmetry axis) model based on the geologic section at Valhall field in the North Sea. Multicomponent surface data are generated by a finite-difference code. We apply FWI in the time domain using a multiscale approach with three frequency bands. An approximate inverse Hessian matrix, computed using the L-BFGS-B algorithm, is employed to scale the gradients of the objective function and improve the convergence. In the absence of significant diving-wave energy in the deeper part of the section, the model is updated primarily with reflection data. An oblique displacement source, which excites sufficiently intensive shear waves in the conventional offset range, helps provide more accurate updates in the Shear-wave vertical velocity, especially in the shallow layers. We test three model parameterizations, which exhibit different radiation patterns and, therefore, create different parameter trade-offs. Whereas most examples are for a constant-density model, we also generate a density field using Gardner’s relationship and invert for the density along with the velocity parameters. The parameterizations that combine velocities and anisotropy coefficients generally yield superior results to the one that includes only velocities, provided that a reasonably accurate initial model is available.
The seismic signature of rain
Authors: Dean Timothy
Published: May 2017

Rain has long been a problem for land seismic surveys, in terms of its effect on the condition of the surface and near surface, and also due to the seismic noise it creates when raindrops hit the ground. I measured the seismic signature of rainfall using water dripped from height using a pipette and natural rain in Winchester, England, over a three-month period. My results indicated that rain noise is concentrated at frequencies of greater than 80 Hz with a detectable range of less than 1 m. Drops of water landing directly on a geophone result in events with amplitudes nearly 30 times larger than those landing next to the geophone. Items placed on the surface of the ground, such as cables, absorb the energy of the impact and reduce the level of the resulting seismic noise. Burying geophones results in attenuation of rain noise by between 7.7 and [Formula: see text]. But, given the effort required to bury geophones, it is likely that data processing algorithms, or the placement of vibration-absorbent matting, are likely to be the preferred strategies for dealing with the noise.
Temporal high-order staggered-grid finite-difference schemes for elastic wave propagation
Authors: Ren Zhiming , Li Zhen Chun
Published: May 2017

The traditional high-order finite-difference (FD) methods approximate the spatial derivatives to arbitrary even-order accuracy, whereas the time discretization is still of second-order accuracy. Temporal high-order FD methods can improve the accuracy in time greatly. However, the present methods are designed mainly based on the acoustic wave equation instead of elastic approximation. We have developed two temporal high-order staggered-grid FD (SFD) schemes for modeling elastic wave propagation. A new stencil containing the points on the axis and a few off-axial points is introduced to approximate the spatial derivatives. We derive the dispersion relations of the elastic wave equation based on the new stencil, and we estimate FD coefficients by the Taylor series expansion (TE). The TE-based scheme can achieve ([Formula: see text])th-order spatial and ([Formula: see text])th-order temporal accuracy ([Formula: see text]). We further optimize the coefficients of FD operators using a combination of TE and least squares (LS). The FD coefficients at the off-axial and axial points are computed by TE and LS, respectively. To obtain accurate P-, S-, and converted waves, we extend the wavefield decomposition into the temporal high-order SFD schemes. In our modeling, P- and S-wave separation is implemented and P- and S-wavefields are propagated by P- and S-wave dispersion-relation-based FD operators, respectively. We compare our schemes with the conventional SFD method. Numerical examples demonstrate that our TE-based and TE + LS-based schemes have greater accuracy in time and better stability than the conventional method. Moreover, the TE + LS-based scheme is superior to the TE-based scheme in suppressing the spatial dispersion. Owing to the high accuracy in the time and space domains, our new SFD schemes allow for larger time steps and shorter operator lengths, which can improve the computational efficiency.
Conjectures on the Sexual World-System
Authors: Kahan Benjamin
Published: May 2017

This article brings together world-systems analysis, which explores how the world's capitalist markets became globally integrated, and sexuality studies for the first time in order to examine how the homo/hetero binary came to integrate and govern sexual organization throughout much of the world. Zooming out from the metropolitan and national frames that have dominated sexual historiography, this article operates at a different scale and order of magnification to explore forms of sexuality shared in whole and in part across the world. My theorization of the sexual world-system aims to understand the encounter between object choice as the organizing dimension of sexuality and its collision with other sexual knowledges and organizations: intimacy, bodily practice, positionality, sexual acts, behaviors, desires, and so forth. Reading across literary, sexological, legal, and religious archives, I examine the relationship between these varieties of sexual knowledge in order to contribute to a comparative study of sexuality and to write sexuality into what Immanuel Wallerstein calls “geoculture.”
Sex Wishes and Virgin Dreams
Authors: Strub Whitney
Published: May 2017

As a gay man directing straight hardcore pornographic films in the 1970s, Zebedy Colt smuggled a certain queer eros into the visual culture of heterosexuality. Indeed, he belonged to a queer cohort of hetero-pornographers whose subversive flourishes have gone largely unrecognized by porn studies and queer studies scholars, in part because of the incomplete archives generally used to narrate and analyze pornography. Yet Colt's work, in such films as The Devil Inside Her (1976), Sex Wish (1976), Virgin Dreams (1977), and others, was a reactionary queer cinema, in which he leveraged a particularly misogynistic white masculinity to achieve his queer interventions. This article attends to both his implantation of queer desire into the heart of normative heterosexuality and the gender and racial politics that allowed heteromasculinity to absorb those seeming challenges without any threat of veering toward a queer utopian horizon.
Imagining tomorrow's university in an era of open science
Authors: Howe Adina , Howe Michael , Kaleita Amy L. , Raman D. Raj
Published: May 2017

As part of a recent workshop entitled "Imagining Tomorrow's University”, we were asked to visualize the future of universities as research becomes increasingly data- and computation-driven, and identify a set of principles characterizing pertinent opportunities and obstacles presented by this shift. In order to establish a holistic view, we take a multilevel approach and examine the impact of open science on individual scholars and how this impacts as well as on the university as a whole. At the university level, open science presents a double-edged sword: when well executed, open science can accelerate the rate of scientific inquiry across the institution and beyond; however, haphazard or half-hearted efforts are likely to squander valuable resources, diminish university productivity and prestige, and potentially do more harm than good. We present our perspective on the role of open science at the university.
INTERNAL CONTROL OF EDUCATIONAL PROCESS IN BRANCHES OF CONSTRUCTION HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION
Authors: Ткаченко  , Tkachenko Yuliya , Вяткина  , Vyatkina Ekaterina
Published: May 2017

The construction academy organizing and realizing in practice educational process, as a rule, have branches which recruit in the structure and will organize training of students directly in the region where there is a branch, i.e. on places. In this regard, in our opinion, process of training in branches has to undergo also the procedure of internal control of educational process since is a key link in the organization of training and the intermediary between the student and the curator of a course. In article authors have proved need of carrying out internal control of educational process for branches of a higher educational institution. Have allocated the main stages and forms of control, considering specifics of the specified educational process and remoteness of branches from a higher educational institution.
REVISITING THE CONCEPT OF “COMPARATIVE LAW”
Authors: Егоров Алексей , Egorov Aleksey
Published: May 2017

The article analyzes one of the main categories of comparative jurisprudence — “comparative law”. The alternative to the general legal theoretical science approach to consider comparative law as the doctrinal part of comparative law has been offered. The article analyzes Western and Russian approaches to the definition of the terms “comparative law” and “comparative jurisprudence”. The term “comparative law” is analyzed from the point of general legal methodology. The concept “comparative jurisprudence” has a broader content and together with methodological part of comparative legal science includes the components of both scientific and educational character. The author pays attention to the absence of normative content in the understanding of the term “comparative law” indicating exceptionally doctrinal legal nature of this phenomenon. The inner structure of comparative law depends on the system of formation and interaction of the objects of comparative jurisprudence. It is mentioned that this approach does not contradict in principle to the true opinion concerning the division of the whole comparative jurisprudence into general and special parts. The author emphasizes the necessity of the complex use of the terms “comparative law” and “comparative jurisprudence”. The necessity of formation of new category of comparative legal science – the “universal theory of law”, which has a supranational character has been proved. The scientific and educational approaches for distinguishing the concepts “comparative law” and “comparative jurisprudence” have been analyzed.
AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN CODES OF LAWS AND REGULATIONS: A COMPARATIVE REVIEW
Authors: Ваньков Александр , Vankov Aleksandr
Published: May 2017

The article observes various points of view related to the United States Code (U.S.C.) and the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). The U.S.C. consists of statutory law and the CFR — regulations issued by the US executive government agencies. The legal nature of these codes is often unclear for European lawyers and legal scientists. For instance, French legal doctrine (René David, Rémy Cabrillac) deems these American codes as not the codes in European sense at all. They see these codes as elegant compilations, alphabetically organized in order to classify and arrange American sources in the framework of some wide areas. This point of view, which undoubtedly has its rational roots, oversimplifies the nature of the U.S.C. and the CFR. Professor Arthur Taylor von Mehren has a partly different opinion. He estimates some parts of the U.S.C. (like the Internal Revenue Code) as provisions that have more coherent structure and principal significance in the respective areas. Analysis of the U.S.C. and the CFR themselves gives more plain understanding of differences and similarities between American and European codes. American codes, definitely, are not equal to European ones, since they generally do not have completeness of European codes and does not serve as the primary source of law. However, the article argues that by analyzing American codes we can see that they have not only alphabetically organized content. The U.S.C., for example, has general provisions, many parts and chapters of the code contains their own general provisions and lists of definitions, the text of many parts or chapters often has coherence that we expect from usual European codes (e.g. in accordance with description of a procedure). Moreover, half of the titles of the U.S.C. are enacted as codified laws. This codification is technically identical to what we call as codification in European sense, because the procedure of that codification involves rearranging the legislation, removing obsolete provisions, rewriting texts, etc. Only the other half of the code can be characterized as a compilation made by non-legislative body. The CFR has, to some extent, different structure, but it is also can be viewed mostly as a codification.
The Development of the Legislative Process in the Context of the Parliamentarism Formation in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Russia: a Historical and Legal Essay
Authors: Кордик Дмитрий , Kordik Dmitriy
Published: May 2017

The article explores the historical and legal aspects of the legislative process origin in a number of European federal states. In particular the features of the formation and development of parliamentarism and the legislative process in Russia, Germany, Austria and Switzerland are analyzed. It is noted that the legislative process in a democratic state is impossible without the existence of a higher representative legislative body. The emergence and development of the actual legislative process is connected with the beginning of the formation and functioning of the elected parliaments. The article considers the causes and prerequisites for the emergence of the parliamentarism in the abovementioned states and the main historical milestones of its development; it is shown how under the influence of public and political changes the procedures of the legislative process were transformed alongside with the subjects involved and their rights and duties. It is concluded that serious internal and external shocks forced to carry out radical changes in the state and political structures of these states, which affected the evolution of the legislative process. It is summarized that the majority of the currently existing institutions of the legislative process originated in the past and were conditioned by the historical development of each particular country.
Foreign Experience of the System of Protection of Public Order and Prevention of Offenses in Localities
Authors: Зиядуллаев Музаффар , Ziyadullaev Muzaffar
Published: May 2017

Each state proceeding from the administrative territory (locality) strives to ensure peace and tranquility, the rights and interests of citizens, public order and the prevention of violations. For this purposes different units were established in which the activities of police officers closely interact with the public. The article examines the foreign experience of the system of protection of public order and the prevention of violations in localities, in particular, public security stations and commissioners of police of the Russian Federation, German security services, sheriff units and sheriffs of the United States, police stations and points of Japan, as well as legal, organizational and personnel bases of activity of these divisions and their officials. The role of public organizations, in particular, the people’s volunteers, Cossack societies of the Russian Federation, associations of “older brothers and sisters”, “parents and teachers”, self-government committees (quarter committees), “points of contact with the police” of Japan in the protection of public order and prevention of offenses in these states and their interaction with the police are revealed in the article. Based on the study of foreign experience of the system of protection of public order and prevention of offenses in localities relevant suggestions are formulated for further improvement of the activity of law enforcement bodies.
Islamic Financial Instruments and Law: Application of the Sharia Islamic Laws by the Courts of England the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Федчук Валерий , Fedchuk Valeriy
Published: May 2017

The total amounts of Islamic financial assets has grown exponentially lately and it is important that it has happened in conditions of the global financial crisis. An increasing number of Islamic finance instruments were adopted in the new IF centers of London and Dubai, including its financial “free zone”, the Dubai International Finance Centre (DIFC), while many of them contain choice-of-law clause (English and DIFC) and jurisdiction clause. Due to the fact that the proper law of a contract can be only the law of a country or a jurisdiction, neither the English nor the DIFC courts can apply Islamic Law norms directly but both can apply them indirectly when it is recognized as relevant. They have already on several occasions demonstrated their willingness to apply principles of Sharia Law especially in determining whether an instrument, concluded with excess of power by one of its parties because it is ribawi or it does not comply with Sharia Laws. Accordingly, the present article is mainly devoted to the analysis of the problem of indirect application of Sharia norms by English and DIFC courts which is particularly relevant in the areas of foreign trade contracts and groups of companies.
Comparative-Legal Analysis of Alternative Tax Dispute Resolution: the Practice of the Russian Federation, the United States, the Netherlands and Germany
Authors: Цветкова Елена , Tsvetkova Elena
Published: May 2017

The main trend of recent years is the complication of tax administration. In order to improve it states develop forms of work with taxpayers, including alternative tax dispute resolution. The author analyses alternative tax dispute resolution that have already developed in Russia and compares them with similar procedures in the United States, the Netherlands and Germany. To the alternative methods that are applied in Russia the author refers tax monitoring and agreement on the settlement of a tax dispute. Tax monitoring is not seen as a form of tax control, but as a mean of resolving and preventing the occurrence of a tax dispute. The conclusion of an agreement between a tax authority and a taxpayer on the settlement of a dispute in court is possible by reaching a compromise on the qualification of relations, on actual circumstances, on the interpretation of the tax rate. The article contains examples of programs that exist in the US and Germany in the sphere of tax dispute resolution. Also issues related to the implementation of the mediation procedure existing in the United States, the Netherlands and Germany and the possibility of their application in Russia are considered. The author emphasizes the impossibility of applying the procedure of mediation in tax disputes in Russia at the moment due to the lack of legislative regulation.
Incoterms 2010: Changes and Features of Application in International Trade
Authors: Логинова Анастасия , Loginova Anastasiya , Синицына Мария , Sinicyna Mariya
Published: May 2017

Currently foreign trade transactions are instrumental in global economic cooperation. The proper formation and successful implementation of foreign trade contracts are certainly beneficial to the economic situation in the world. However, this process might pose certain difficulties to the participants of international trade which can be avoided if Incoterms 2010 are observed. The provisions of Incoterms 2010 are relevant and meet the requirements of foreign trade. While the Incoterms rules are characterized by amenity and usefulness, there are a number of problems in the practice of their application. The purpose of the research is to analyze the relevant issues of Incoterms application, which significantly influence foreign trade and the economic situation in certain countries. In the research the general methods of scientific investigation are used, i.e. the systematic and dialectic methods; the general scientific methods – induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, proceeding from abstract to specific, etc.; a legally specific method — the formal-economic and the comparative-economic methods. The article examines Incoterms 2010 and their differences from and similarities to their predecessor — Incoterms 2000. Furthermore, the authors formulate the key problems arising in relation to Incoterms 2010 application and assess their impact on international trade in general. They concluded that the Incoterms rules are a very efficacious regulator of the foreign trade transactions. The issues caused by their application need to be solved urgently, as they lead to letdown of foreign trade.
Postponement of Expiry of the Limitation Period in Case of the Incapacity of the Creditor Without a Representative
Authors: Савин Константин , Savin Konstantin
Published: May 2017

The article considers such a poorly studied ground for changing the usual order for calculating the limitation period as the absence of a representative of the incapable creditor. An increased attention to the problem of the influence of the creditor’s incapacity on the running of the limitation period confirms the relevance of the topic. The article contains a brief overview of the problem in the domestic and foreign law. The author supports the idea that the absence of the representative of incapable creditor should lead to a change in the usual order of the limitation period. In support of the given idea the article comprises and evaluates the basic political and legal arguments on the both sides. Based on the results of the study of the issue recommendations are given on the appropriate content and place of the relevant norm in the institute of limitation period in the context of current reform of the civil legislation in the sphere of limitation period. Thus, in a case of the total or partial incapacity of a natural person without legal representative, the limitation period in favor of or against the said person will expire no earlier than six months after the cessation of the incapacity or the appointment of his representative, whichever comes first. The limitation period for claims between fully or partially incapable person and his legal representative will expire no earlier than six months after the cessation of the incapacity of the authorized person or the appointment of a new representative of him.
Comparative Legal Analysis of the Criminal Law Liability for Improper Performance of the Professional Duties
Authors: Хайдаров Шухратжон , Haydarov Shuhratzhon
Published: May 2017

On the basis of the provisions of the criminal legislation of several foreign countries (Russia, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Venezuela, United Kingdom, Germany, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, United States, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, France, Estonia, South Korea) the comparative-legal analysis of criminal liability for the improper performance of professional duties is given. The specific features of social relations – object of criminal law protection in the studied countries are determined. Public danger of these crimes is analyzed in the context of the constitutional right to life, health and integrity. The legal essence of concepts such as “failure to fulfill professional duties” and “improper performance of professional duties” is defined. The important constituent elements of criminal liability for the improper performance of professional duties in the studied countries are specified. The priority directions of improving norms of the criminal legislation are offered. The conclusion is made that the positive legislative experience of the countries under investigation can be applied in the criminal legislation of Uzbekistan.
Topical Legal Issues of Competition Development in the Energy Sector of the European Union
Authors: Гудков Иван , Gudkov Ivan
Published: May 2017

This article is devoted to analysis of some topical legal issues of competition development in the EU energy sector. It addressed the sources of competitive legal regulation of energy relations in the EU, the trends of the realization of general and specific competition rules in the context of energy relations, the issues of some exceptions in the context of the competition law regime of the EU and features of application of EU competition rules to import and export energy relations. Present work proves the following theses: 1) liberalization of the EU energy market through the progressive strengthening and expansion of the regulation concerned; 2) development of special secondary EU energy law has an impact on the practice of application of the general antitrust provisions of primary EU law; 3) the regime established by the special EU secondary energy law makes more harder the process of invest in a new energy infrastructure, and this fact demonstrates the need for exceptions in respect of new major infrastructure projects, but such rules of exceptions leave too much space for the subjective discretion of law enforcement agencies and consequently pose a risk of uneven and inconsistent practices; 4) the necessary investments in a new EU infrastructure require not only some exceptions at the level of EU Member States but also introduce compulsory network planning and EU-level support for projects of “general interest”; 5) in the framework of the Energy Union Strategy it can be seen the EU’s desire to disseminate internal rules on import-export relations, but in relations with third countries not intending to join the EU, this desire has an objective political and legal constraints limits which are leading, inter alia, from the doctrine of “international comity”, “state actions” and “state coercion”.
Interpol Role in the International Anty-Corruption
Authors: Тохтарбаева Светлана , Tohtarbaeva Svetlana
Published: May 2017

The research subject of the present article is a structural analysis of international experience in the field of transnational anticorruption by Interpol in relation to the role of National Central Bureau of Interpol of the MIA of the Russian Federation as a participant of the mentioned law enforcement agency. The purpose of the study is to define the roles, values, prospects of development and use of the potential opportunities in the field of anti-corruption relations of the state authorities and administrations, in the activities of the police community with the participation of Interpol as a leading international law enforcement organization. The research methodology is based on the basic principles of convergent cognitive processes, defined by the exact strategy of using pre-learned algorithms of solving through analysis, synthesis, induction of systematization of the studied scientific problem. The summarized constant of the study includes conclusions on the necessity of the further improvement of the main legal international instruments in the sphere of anti-corruption mentioned in scientific work, on expanding areas and ways of NCB Interpol of the MIA of the Russian Federation involvement in the development and implementation of these instruments, on global operational synchronization of the daily activities of the National Central Bureaus offices in Interpol Member States in the sphere of international, transnational and national anti-corruption. Novelty of the study is to identify the need to develop another one different level of interaction between Interpol Member States in the context of the corruption crimes globalization and coordination of joint activities of law enforcement agencies. Congruent conclusion of the study is the necessity to fix a clear mutual dependence of the effectiveness of international cooperation in combating transnational organized crime and anti-corruption by increasing the level of cooperation between Interpol Member States.
Comparative Legal Analysis of the Legislative Bases of Environmental Management in the CIS Countries
Authors: Ходжаев Азим , Hodzhaev Azim
Published: May 2017

On the basis of the provisions of environmental legislation of countries of Commonwealth of Independent States the comparative legal analysis of legal bases of natural resources rational usage is given. The specific features of ecological-legal mechanism of provision of natural resources rational usage in the studied countries are determined. Relations between rational, steady, complex, effective and economical natural resources usage are analyzed. The legal essence of natural resources rational usage as a principle, condition, an element and requirement in the system of ecological-legal mechanism is defined. The major systematic elements of the legal mechanism of natural resources rational usage such as principles of environmental legislation, governance, economic mechanism, state programs, environmental requirements, standards, limits, environmental monitoring, environmental assessment, monitoring, research, system of compensation for environmental damage, environmental education, legal liability, and others are specified. It is concluded that foreign countries legislation defines it as a principle of environmental legislation, conditions for sustainable economic and social development, element of environmental education, type of environmental responsibilities of citizens, problem of environmental control, conditions for the use of economic incentives, object of government programs, requirements of special use of nature. The priority directions of improving norms of the ecological legislation, directed on providing natural resources rational usage are offered. The conclusion about possibility of using of the rules laid down in the legislation of studied states in the legislation of Uzbekistan is made.
Evolutionary Interpretation of International Financial Mechanisms’ Norms in the Practice of International Tribunals
Authors: Ибрагимова Юлия , Ibragimova Yuliya , Мехтиев Мехти Галиб , Mekhtiev Mekhti Galib
Published: May 2017

The article is devoted to the features of evolutionary interpretation and discusses its advantages and disadvantages. Special attention is paid to the principle of “contemporaneity” revealed in the practice of international courts that considers financial disputes. Due to the dynamism of international financial and monetary relations and technological development, the existing terms are not able to cover these novels. To avoid changes in the treaties, which sometimes are universal, international courts have addressed these problems through interpretation of existing definitions in the light of changed circumstances, while preserving goals and objectives of the treaties. This approach makes treaties of international financial and monetary law to be “alive”, efficient and flexible on the one hand and durable, requiring no changes on the other hand. Moreover evolutionary interpretation of international monetary law contributes to the development of financial institutions, development of international financial mechanisms and stabilization of the world monetary and financial systems. As an example, the authors analyzed the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the case of European tax legislation’s application to cryptocurrency — Bitcoin. The Court assimilated cryptocurrencies to conventional currencies and thus the term has evolved to include the new kind of electronic money into the existing definition — legal tender.
Increasing the Responsiveness of Firefighter Services by Relocating Base Stations in Amsterdam
Authors: van den Berg Pieter L. , Legemaate Guido A. G. , van der Mei Rob D.
Published: May 2017

In life-threatening situations where every second counts, the timely presence of firefighter services can make the difference between survival and death. Motivated by this, in collaboration with Fire Department Amsterdam-Amstelland in the Netherlands, we developed a mathematical programming model for determining the optimal locations of the vehicle base stations, and for optimally distributing firefighter vehicle types over the base stations. The model is driven by practical considerations. It (1) allows for fixing any subset of existing base locations that cannot be relocated (e.g., for historical reasons); (2) includes multiple vehicle types, each of which may have a type-dependent response-time target; and (3) includes crews that consist of arbitrary mixtures of professional (i.e., career) and volunteer firefighters. Extensive analysis of a large data set obtained from the Fire Department Amsterdam-Amstelland demonstrates: (1) that a reduction of over 50 percent in the fraction of firefighter late arrivals can be realized by relocating only three of the current 19 base locations; and (2) that adding new base locations to improve performance is unnecessary: optimization of the locations of the current base stations is as effective, and saves money. The results show an enormous potential for substantially reducing the fraction of late arrivals of firefighter services, with little investment in relocating a small number of stations.
The Same-Day Delivery Problem for Online Purchases
Authors: Voccia Stacy A. , Campbell Ann Melissa , Thomas Barrett W.
Published: May 2017

Same-day delivery for online purchases is a recent trend in online retail. We introduce a multi-vehicle dynamic pickup and delivery problem with time constraints that incorporates key features associated with same-day delivery logistics. To make better informed decisions, our solution approach incorporates information about future requests into routing decisions. We also introduce an analytical result that identifies when it is beneficial for vehicles to wait at the depot. We present a wide range of computational experiments that demonstrate the value of our approach. The results show that more requests can be filled when time windows are evenly spread throughout the day compared to when many requests' time windows occur late in the day. However, the anticipation of future requests is most valuable when many requests' time windows occur late in the day. As a result of increased flexibility, experiments also demonstrate that the value of anticipating the future decreases when the number of vehicles or the arrival rate of requests increases.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2016.0732 .
The family: saviour or ‘inequaliser’?
Authors: Antonucci Lorenza
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the role of the family, which is a source that is present, with a different weight, in all three countries. This chapter discusses the role of inter-generational transfers: the conditioning role of family sources and the implications of its use (e.g. sense of guilt and family expectations). It also shows how and in what ways the reliance on the family represents an ‘inequaliser’ of the experience of young people, offering or limiting the opportunities of young students. The chapter discusses the use of family resources for each profile, and analyses how the reliance on family resources extends the semi-dependence of young people while in university.
State: generous, conditional or absent?
Authors: Antonucci Lorenza
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the role of the state, described as ‘absent’ in Italy, where the needs of students are not covered by the state; ‘conditional’ in England, where state provisions for students in university are means-tested and complemented by family resources; and ‘generous’ in Sweden, where the state plays a central role in protecting the transitions to adulthood. Secondly, this chapter discusses the use of grants and loans by young people, and the different implications associated with them. Finally, the chapter proposes a model to understand how the different forms of semi-dependence experienced by young people in university are linked to the existing systems of student support. The chapter shows that higher forms of dependence on family resources are the direct consequence of less generous forms of state support.
Conclusion: Addressing growing inequality among young people in university
Authors: Antonucci Lorenza
Published: May 2017

This chapter begins by summarising the ways in which each of the three countries researched, Italy, England and Sweden, supports their young people in university. The chapter emphasises once more that student support is the key to tackling inequality among students at university, rather than widening access to or participation in higher education. The author then summarises the findings of the book, including the diverse experiences of students at university and the factors that cause these differences. The chapter concludes by looking to the future of young people in Europe and possible paths to change in the experience of students at university.