bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
METODE PERMAINAN DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA DI MADRASAH IBTIDAIYAH
Authors: Mardiah Mardiah
Published: July 2020

Pembelajaran merupakan kegiatan bertujuan yang melibatkan aktivitas siswa dan guru. Untuk mencapai tujuan pembelajaran, diperlukan pemilihan dan penggunaan metode yang tepat karena metode pembelajaran berfungsi sentral sebagai alat atau cara untuk mencapai tujuan pembelajaran. Berkaitan dengan hal ini, tujuan pembelajaran sudah seharusnya dikembangkan berdasarkan tiga ranah, yaitu tujuan kognitif, afektif dan psikomotor. Selain itu, pemilihan metode pembelajaran seharusnya juga mempertimbangkan pengembangan kemampuan siswa dan didasarkan pada hasil kajian antara perilaku yang diharapkan dengan cara yang akan ditempuh dalam proses pembelajaran. Oleh karena itu, pengalaman belajar yang diperoleh siswa diupayakan sesuai dengan minat dan kemampuan siswa.

Guru yang kreatif senantiasa mencari pendekatan baru dalam memecahkan masalah, tidak terpaku pada cara tertentu yang monoton, melainkan memilih variasi lain yang sesuai. Model bermain dalam pembelajaran  merupakan salah satu alternative yang dapat ditempuh. Hasil penelitian dan percobaan yang dilakukan oleh para ahli menunjukkan bahwa model bermain dalam pembelajaran  merupakan salah satu model yang dapat digunakan secara efektif dalam pembelajaran. Dalam hal ini, metode bermain diarahkan pada pemecahan masalah yang menyangkut hubungan antar manusia, terutama yang menyangkut kehidupan peserta didik.

Kata Kunci: Permainan, Model Bermain, Ibtidaiyah
PANDANGAN AL-QABISI TERHADAP PENDIDIKAN ANAK
Authors: Nasrullah Nasrullah
Published: July 2020

Al-Qabisi adalah salah seorang tokoh Muslim yang memiliki concern dalam pendidikan dan pembelajaran. Kuartal pertama abad ke empat hijrah, adalah masa kemajuan fiqh, maka merambah teori pendidikan sebagai sebuah konsentrasi merupakan sebuah loncatan pemikiran yang luar biasa, yang menjadikan al-Qabisi dianggap pionir dalam pemikiran pendidikan Islam.

Secara khusus al-Qabisi membicarakan tentang pendidikan dan pembelajaran terhadap anak-anak, dengan orientasi lembaga. Artinya, ia telah membicarakan manajemen operasional pendidikan untuk segmen tertentu secara khusus yaitu anak-anak. Sebagai konsekuensinya ia harus membicarakan tentang objek kajian tersebut (anak-anak) secara khusus agar ia bisa meletakkan tujuan pokok dan sekunder bagi pendidikan anak-anak, dan pada gilirannya membawnya melakukan kajian mendalam tentang bagaimana melaksanakan pendidikan untuk anak-anak. Dalam hal ini setidaknya ia berjibaku mengajukan penawaran tentang kurikulum, orang-orang yang melaksanakan, dan hal-hal lain yang terkait dengan operasional pendidikan dan pembelajaran terhadap anak-anak.

Kata Kunci: pandangan al-Qabisi, pendidikan anak
Berpikir Kritis Melalui Pendekatan Saintifik
Authors: Liana Dina
Published: July 2020

Pendekatan saintifik adalah proses pembelajaran yang dirancang sedemikian rupa agar siswa secara aktif mengkonstruksi konsep, hukum atau prinsip melalaui tahapan-tahapan mengamati (mengidentifikasi/menemukan masalah), merumuskan masalah, mengajukan atau merumuskan hipotesis, mengumpulkan data dengan teknik, menganalisis data, menarik kesimpulan dan mengkomunikasikan. Jenis penelitian yang dilakukan adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif. Data yang diolah menggunakan teknik kualitatif didapat dari hasil wawancara, rekaman video dan catatan lapangan, analisis kualitatif terdiri dari 3 alur kegiatan yang terjadi bersamaan yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data serta penarikan kesimpulan dan verifikasi. Dapat disimpulkan bahawa tahapan-tahapan pendekatan saintifik dapat melatih dan mengembangkan berbagai skill se­perti keterampilan berpikir kritis (critical thinking skill), keterampilan berkomunikasi (communica­tion skill), keterampilan melakukan kerja sama dan penyelidikan (research and collaboration skill) dan perilaku berkarakter, sehingga pembelajaran dengan menggunakan pendekatan saintifik dapat melatih siswa dalam mengembangkan dan meningkatkan pengetahuan, keterampilan dan sikap, sehingga pendekatan saintifik dapat menunjang ketercapaian tujuan kurikulum yaitu membentuk generasi yang berpendidikan karakter.
Effects of Cold-Work Degree on Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Alloy 600 in Simulated Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) Water Environments
Authors: Lu Wen-Feng , Huang Jiunn-Yuan , Chen Tai-Cheng , Tsai Kun-Chao
Published: July 2020

The growth behavior of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of Alloy 600 with different cold-work levels was investigated in simulated boiling water reactors water environments. In addition, a correlation of cold-work levels, grain boundary characteristic, and the SCC growth behavior of Alloy 600 were studied. The results show that grains with high residual strain caused by cold work provide transgranular crack growth paths. The SCC growth rates of the specimens also increase with an increase in the degree of cold work and decrease remarkably after switching to the hydrogen water chemistry environment. Grain boundary character proves to be a factor more important than the localized strain concentration at the grain boundary in terms of its role in the intergranular crack growth rate of the Alloy 600 with a cold-work degree from 20% to 30%.
Wind inflow observation from load harmonics: initial steps towards a field validation
Authors: Bertelè Marta , Bottasso Carlo L. , Schreiber Johannes
Published: July 2020

Abstract. A previously published wind sensing method is applied to an experimental dataset obtained on a 3.5 MW turbine and a nearby hub-tall met-mast. The method uses blade load harmonics to estimate rotor-equivalent shears and wind directions at the rotor disk. A second independent method is used to extend the met-mast-measured shear above hub height to cover the entire rotor disk. Although the experimental setup falls short of providing a real validation of the method, it still allows for a realistic practical demonstration of some of its main features. The method appears to be robust to turbulent fluctuations and air density changes. Results indicate a good quality of the estimated shear, both in terms of 10-min averages and of resolved time histories, and a reasonable accuracy in the estimation of the yaw misalignment.
Inovação nos museus: o uso de Mídias digitais como recurso expográfico
Authors: De Jesus Priscila Maria , Rocha Prado Joana Angélica
Published: July 2020

A pesquisa objetiva levantar e analisar os recursos midiáticos em utilização nos museus de Aracaju/Sergipe/Brasil, enquanto vetor de informação e interatividade entre o público e o acervo exposto. Tendo por métodos a pesquisa bibliográfica e de levantamento, contou revisão de literatura, conceitos e sua aplicabilidade no contexto museológico, bem como a prospecção na base de dados do Museusbr e a aplicação de roteiros de avaliação em três instituições museais sergipanas a saber: Centro Cultural Cidade de Aracaju, Palácio Museu Olímpio Campos e Museu da Gente Sergipana. Entendendo que os processos expográficos e de inovação nos museus devem priorizar a afirmação da identidade da instituição, os processos de geração e manutenção de receitas e a busca de parcerias com instituições de pesquisa para a realização e implantação de recursos expográficos digitais e não digitais de baixo custo acessíveis à realidade econômica dos museus.
Maturidade em Gerenciamento de Projetos Estratégicos: fatores de impacto em uma instituição pública de educação
Authors: Guimarães Roger Campo Dall'Orto , Bastos Sérgio Augusto Pereira
Published: July 2020

O presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar os fatores que influenciam a percepção de maturidade sobre o gerenciamento de projetos estratégicos. Para tal, foi realizado um estudo de caso, de natureza exploratória, de corte transversal, com uma amostra de 142 gerentes e membros de equipes de projetos estratégicos do Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo (IFES). Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionários semiestruturados, complementados por análise factual e documental. Os dados foram tratados de forma quantitativa e qualitativa. Os resultados mostraram que as variáveis que influenciam a percepção de maturidade em gerenciamento de projetos no Instituto foram o gerenciamento do tempo, custos, comunicações, partes interessadas e aquisições, assim como o grau de instrução do profissional e a estrutura organizacional com um gerente de projeto mais dedicado e com o apoio da alta administração. Os resultados, embora não possam ser generalizados, indicam caminhos para o direcionamento de políticas e incentivos para aumentar o desempenho de projetos estratégicos em instituições públicas de educação.
Adequação de protocolos de exportação de um sistema de gestão de experimentos neurocientíficos às especificações de dados sem atrito
Authors: Peschanski João Alexandre , Dos Santos Cassiano Reinert Novais , Ribas Carlos Eduardo
Published: July 2020

O Neuroscience Experiments System (NES) é um sistema desenvolvido para gerenciar informações de experimentos de neurociência. O módulo de exportação do NES permite que o pesquisador obtenha os dados e metadados de seus experimentos em formatos interoperáveis, porém a compreensão desses dados nem sempre é simples. Seguindo os conceitos da metodologia ágil, adotamos a filosofia e as especificações técnicas do Frictionless Data com o intuito de reduzir o atrito frequentemente encontrado ao trabalhar com dados. A adoção do Frictionless Data proporcionou uma melhor compreensão dos dados pelos pesquisadores, além de permitir a criação de scripts e programas para realizar a análise dos dados coletados.
Implementação do sistema de gerenciamento de processos: estudo na área de aeródromos
Authors: Araújo Francisco Henrique Figueiredo , Vils Leonardo
Published: July 2020

O presente relato tem como objetivo apresentar o projeto como ferramenta para realizar as adaptações normativas necessárias à implementação de tecnologia de informação e comunicação (TIC), no setor público, e demonstrar o aumento da eficiência na prestação de serviço aos cidadãos, após a melhoria dos processos e utilização de TIC, na área de aeródromos. Este relato possui uma abordagem exploratória-descritiva, utilizando a metodologia de estudo de caso. Os dados foram obtidos mediante análise documental e levantamento dos registros existentes no sistema implementado. A principal contribuição é a relevância de projetos para implementação de inovação na administração pública e consequente aumento na eficiência, percebida como benefício pelo cidadão.
Lord Acton’s “Organic” Liberalism and His Best Practical Regime
Authors: Lazarski Chris ,   Society of Catholic Social Scientists
Published: July 2020

This article focuses on a forgotten evolutionary trend of liberalism clearly visible in Lord Acton’s writing. According to him, liberalism has roots not only in the theories of early modern thinkers but also in political practice, as seen in English and American political regimes of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The first—doctrinaire liberalism—aims at changing the political order by appealing to higher principles and resorts to social engineering and coercion. The second rests on the organic growth of existing political institutions, laws and customs. Acton claims that only the latter is truly liberal, while the former is in fact illiberal.
Humanae Vitae
Authors: Batule Robert J. ,   Society of Catholic Social Scientists
Published: July 2020

Two years ago (2018) was the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of Humanae Vitae. It was also the year Pope Paul VI was canonized a saint of the Catholic Church. The Pope who was once vilified for writing the encyclical has now become the Pope raised to the altar. We know what has become of the Pope, but what is to become of his encyclical? This article examines what was occurring at the time of the encyclical’s release and what it has been like to live with half a century of the encyclical’s rejection. The prospects are not very good for anything like a cultural conversion any time soon—maybe not for the foreseeable future. But we are encouraged now at this moment in history by what the prophet Habakkuk says in his Old Testament book. “The vision still has its time, presses on to fulfillment and will not disappoint.”
Global Problem, Individual Solutions?
Authors: Nolan Cynthia ,   Society of Catholic Social Scientists
Published: July 2020

Our Holy Father Pope Francis has encouraged the entire world to care for the earth by protecting its beauty and gifts. Laudato Si was written in 2015, and we are perhaps even more challenged five years later with global environmental problems mostly because the solutions have gotten harder. China refuses to import foreign recyclables, and many developed nations do not have anywhere else to turn. So, what is the obligation of the individual to solve the global problems of pollution, waste, and degraded climate? Is the effort just as virtuous as the result?
NCCN Task Force Report: Management of Patients with Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)—Update of the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines
Authors: Demetri George D. , Benjamin Robert S. , Blanke Charles D. , Blay Jean-Yves , Casali Paolo , Choi Haesun , Corless Christopher L. , Debiec-Rychter Maria , DeMatteo Ronald P. , Ettinger David S. , Fisher George A. , Fletcher Christopher D. M. , Gronchi Alessandro , Hohenberger Peter , Hughes Miranda , Joensuu Heikki , Judson Ian , Le Cesne Axel , Maki Robert G. , Morse Michael , Pappo Alberto S. , Pisters Peter W. T. , Raut Chandrajit P. , Reichardt Peter , Tyler Douglas S. , Van den Abbeele Annick D. , von Mehren Margaret , Wayne Jeffrey D. , Zalcberg John
Published: July 2020

The NCCN Soft Tissue Sarcoma Guidelines include a subsection about treatment recommendations for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). The standard of practice rapidly changed after the introduction of effective molecularly targeted therapy (such as imatinib and sunitinib) for GIST. Because of these changes, NCCN organized a multidisciplinary panel composed of experts in the fields of medical oncology, molecular diagnostics, pathology, radiation oncology, and surgery to discuss the optimal approach for the care of patients with GIST at all stages of the disease. The GIST Task Force is composed of NCCN faculty and other key experts from the United States, Europe, and Australia. The Task Force met for the first time in October 2003 and again in December 2006 with the purpose of expanding on the existing NCCN guidelines for gastrointestinal sarcomas and identifying areas of future research to optimize our understanding and treatment of GIST. (JNCCN 2007;5[Suppl 2]:S1–S29)
NCCN Task Force Report: Prevention and Management of Mucositis in Cancer Care
Authors: Bensinger William , Schubert Mark , Ang Kie-Kian , Brizel David , Brown Elizabeth , Eilers June G. , Elting Linda , Mittal Bharat B. , Schattner Mark A. , Spielberger Ricardo , Treister Nathaniel S. , Trotti Andy M.
Published: July 2020

Oral mucositis (OM) has emerged as a common cause of dose delays and interruptions of cancer therapies such as multicycle chemotherapy, myeloablative chemotherapy, and radiotherapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy of head and neck cancer. Research into both preventive and management strategies has lagged behind research into the common cancer treatment–related morbidities of nausea, vomiting, and cytopenias. This disparity is related to the complex risk assessment of multifactorial patient and treatment factors and different techniques of rating mucositis. In addition, relatively few clinical trials have focused on mucositis as a specific outcome. Currently, the only effective preventive strategies include the use of palifermin to prevent OM in the setting of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and oral cryotherapy used in conjunction with bolus 5-FU, melphalan, or edatrexate. For the most part, managing OM relies on supportive care and symptom palliation. However, OM is a common problem associated with significant patient morbidity and increased resource use. The magnitude of the problem demands innovative approaches based on expert judgment as evidence accumulates to support specific recommendations. To improve this situation, the NCCN convened a multidisciplinary task force to address key issues. This report integrates expert judgment with a review of key literature on risk assessment, prevention, and treatment strategies, and provides recommendations for the overall management of OM. (JNCCN 2008;6[Suppl 1]:S1–S21)
NCCN Task Force Report: Oral Chemotherapy
Authors: Weingart Saul N. , Brown Elizabeth , Bach Peter B. , Eng Kirby , Johnson Shirley A. , Kuzel Timothy M. , Langbaum Terry S. , Leedy R. Donald , Muller Raymond J. , Newcomer Lee N. , O’Brien Susan , Reinke Denise , Rubino Mark , Saltz Leonard , Walters Ronald S.
Published: July 2020

Oral chemotherapy is emerging as a new option for well-selected patients who can manage potentially complex oral regimens and self-monitor for potential complications. If a choice between oral and parenteral therapy is available, patients may opt for oral chemotherapy because it is more convenient to administer, allows them to avoid multiple office visits, and gives them a sense of control over their own cancer care. Whether these potential advantages are maintained in regimens that combine oral and parenteral drugs is less clear. The use of oral chemotherapeutic agents profoundly affects all aspects of oncology, including creating significant safety and adherence issues, shifting some traditional roles and responsibilities of oncologists, nurses, and pharmacists to patients and caregivers. The financing of chemotherapy is also affected. To address these issues, the NCCN convened a multidisciplinary task force consisting of oncologists, nurses, pharmacists, and payor representatives to discuss the impact of the increasing use of oral chemotherapy. (JNCCN 2008;6[Suppl 3]:S1–S14)
Identifying hub genes of papillary thyroid carcinoma in the TCGA and GEO database using bioinformatics analysis
Authors: Wan Ying , Zhang Xiaolian , Leng Huilin , Yin Weihua , Zeng Wenxing , Zhang Congling
Published: July 2020

Background

Thyroid carcinoma (THCA) is a common endocrine malignant tumor. Papillary carcinoma with low degree of malignancy and good prognosis is the most common. It can occur at any age, but it is more common in young adults. Although the mortality rate is decreased due to early diagnosis, the survival rate varies depending on the type of tumor. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify hub biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets for THCA.

Methods

The GSE3467, GSE3678, GSE33630 and GSE53157 were obtained from the GEO database, including 100 thyroid tumors and 64 normal tissues to obtain the intersection of differentially expressed genes, and a protein-protein interaction network was constructed to obtain the HUB gene. The corresponding overall survival information from The Cancer Genome Atlas Project-THCA was then included in this research. The signature mechanism was studied by analyzing the gene ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome database.

Results

In this research, we identified eight candidate genes (FN1, CCND1, CDH2, CXCL12, MET, IRS1, DCN and FMOD) from the network. Also, expression verification and survival analysis of these candidate genes based on the TCGA database indicate the robustness of the above results. Finally, our hospital samples validated the expression levels of these genes.

Conclusion

The research identified eight mRNA (four up–regulated and four down–regulated) which serve as signatures and could be a potential prognostic marker of THCA.
El Derecho constitucional, el nuevo indio y el Estado: nueva agenda para la investigación
Authors: Valer Bellota Paver Humberto
Published: July 2020

El descubrimiento del indígena fue el mayor hallazgo de las Ciencias Sociales peruanas del siglo xx. Para el campo jurídico, sin embargo, este descubrimiento es reciente y, se podría decir casi ausente. La Antropología jurídica y de los modelos políticos pueden y deben revertir la ausencia del hecho y del sujeto indígena en las ciencias del Estado, del poder, del Derecho Constitucional. Por ello, es necesario diseñar una nueva agenda de investigación que junte aportes de estas disciplinas. Se debe explicar –desde un punto de vista interdisciplinario jurídico, sociológico, antropológico cultural, y tomando en cuenta los aportes de la ciencia política– las causas y consecuencias del Derecho Constitucional.En este artículo se bosqueja dicha agenda para dar respuesta a la pregunta metodológica general de ¿cómo ha sido y es el Derecho Constitucional respecto a la diferencia cultural de los ciudadanos? y, de manera específica intenta responder a interrogantes como: ¿cuáles han sido las bases culturales e ideológicas que han fundamentado su elaboración y desarrollo? ¿a favor de qué grupo cultural se ha construido el Derecho Político? Asimismo, se plantean las respuestas, a manera de hipótesis, para describir el discurso del Derecho Constitucional peruano respecto a la multiculturalidad de su sociedad.
La consulta previa como herramienta de la multiculturalidad en contextos migratorios: Evidencia desde Nuevo León, México
Authors: Wright Claire , Aguirre Sotelo Víctor
Published: July 2020

En los Estados latinoamericanos, las migraciones de los indígenas del campo a la ciudad tienen ya tintes históricos, no obstante, en los últimos años dichos flujos se han acelerado, debido a conflictos extractivos en sus territorios ancestrales y la búsqueda de empleo. En este contexto, los gobiernos locales de ciudades que no cuentan con una población indígena autóctona se encuentran en una situación inesperada de diversidad étnica que demanda una respuesta multicultural. Así es el caso de Nuevo León, un Estado industrial en el noreste de México, que ha recibido intensos flujos de migrantes indígenasdesde la década de 1990, de forma que en 2015 más de cuatrocientas mil personas ahí residentes se autoadscribían como indígenas. A partir de trabajo de campo realizado entre 2015 y 2017, se analiza la consulta previa –que se suele asociar con conflictos territoriales– como herramienta de multiculturalidad frente a flujos de migración indígena a contextos urbanos. Se sugiere que, aun cuando las consultas realizadas no cumplan ni con los estándares del Derecho Internacional ni con los preceptos básicos de la participación ciuda- dana, pueden ofrecer un espacio simbólico que acerca a las partes para conocerse y entablar un incipiente diálogo intercultural
El desafío del multiculturalismo:una visión desde las políticas de integración cultural y la experiencia del Sello Migrante en la comuna de Quilicura
Authors: Mella Guzmán María Jesús
Published: July 2020

La migración es hoy un fenómeno que se ha convertido en una cues- tión pública, que preocupa a gobiernos, instituciones y a la ciudadanía. El creciente escenario migratorio que se vive hoy en el ámbito internacional y, en particular en Chile, presenta el desafío cultural de la integración de múltiples y diversas culturas, formas de vida, costumbres y modos de relacionarse en las sociedades receptoras. En el presente artículo, se realiza una revisión teórica del estado en que se encuentra el estudio de las políticas públicas de integración cultural y se analiza el caso del Sello Migrante en la comuna de Quilicura. Dicha comuna se ha convertido en uno de los principales destinos de acogida para inmigrantes en la Región Metropolitana, dinamizando el panorama cultural y social diario de la población. Bajo esta pers- pectiva, resulta pertinente ahondar sobre las medidas que se están adoptando en el ámbito local para hacer frente al reto del multiculturalismo.
La política migratoria común de la unión Europea: efectos políticos de su ausencia
Authors: Guerra Sesma Daniel
Published: July 2020

La política migratoria se ha convertido en el mayor problema político actual de la Unión, junto con la superación deﬁnitiva de la crisis del euro y el Brexit. La falta de un acuerdo deﬁnitivo en el reparto de los refugiados sirios que llegaron a las costas griegas en 2015 y 2016, así como la de los procedentes de Libia a Italia desde 2013, ha acentuado la percepción de una Unión Europea incapaz de dar respuesta a crisis de esta magnitud. Sin embargo, son los Esta-dos miembros los que no han alcanzado un acuerdo deﬁnitivo, toda vez que las competencias sobre inmigración y asilo son básicamente estatales, por más que la Unión puede establecer unas normas básicas de regulación. Esta situación y esta percepción contribuyen al crecimiento de partidos nacional-populistas que quieren frenar una supuesta “invasión” de migrantes y refugiados y, por otra parte, recuperar competencias económicas de los Es-tados volviendo al modelo confederal, es el paradigma intergubernamental el que está poniendo en riesgo una política migratoria común. En el presente trabajo se estudia la relación entre las tres variables y sus inﬂuencias mutuas: organización institucional europea, diﬁcultad en concretar una política migratoria común efectiva y crecimiento de los partidos nacional-populistas como expresión de una parte de la ciudadanía europea.
Childbirth care in a Rio de Janeiro coastal lowlands hospital: challenges for respectful birth
Authors: Sales Julianne de Lima , Quitete Jane Baptista , Knupp Virginia Maria de Azevedo Oliveira , Martins Marcilene Andrade Ribeiro
Published: July 2020

Objetivo: Analisar a assistência ao parto das mulheres assistidas em um hospital público da baixada litorânea do Rio de Janeiro. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, de natureza quantitativa, de delineamento transversal, que utilizou a técnica documental retrospectiva. Os dados da pesquisa são relativos aos partos que ocorrem na instituição durante o período de janeiro a junho de 2015. Resultados: Dos 796 partos, 352 (44,22%) ocorreram por via vaginal e 444 (55,77%) por via abdominal. Constatou-se que as primíparas e as mulheres com mais de 35 anos foram submetidas com maior frequência a cesárea. Das 352 parturientes que tiveram parto vaginal, 164 (46,59%) tiveram a episiotomia realizada. Conclusão: A instituição apresenta alto índice de partos cirúrgicos e realização de intervenções obstétricas, tais como a episiotomia, sendo realizada de forma rotineira e sem indicação adequada. A assistência encontra-se desumanizada e em desacordo com as atuais recomendações e evidências cientificas.
An introduction to hybrid computers and their application to optimization problems
Authors: Girling Brian
Published: July 2002

The author, who is Secretary of the Analog Section of the British Computer Society, describes the way in which some of the logic components of a parallel logic analog computer function, and goes on to discuss the use of such a computer in optimization problems, as for instance in finding the best estimates of the parameters on compartmentation analysis of isotopic tracer experiments. The increased power which is gained when an analog computer is coupled to (hybridized with) a general purpose digital computer is then discussed, as shown for example in the increased speed of random‐search optimization techniques when an analog computer is used to integrate the differential equations, or the improvement in steepest ascent methods when the parallel logic can be used to keep the hill‐climb path continuously on the line of steepest ascent. Finally, the use of a hybrid computer in solving partial differential equations is briefly outlined.
Action de l'insuline sur la synthese des acides gras dans les differentes fractions cellulaires de tissu adipeux blanc de rat in vivo
Authors: Rous Simonne , Bonini Françoise , Aubry Lydia
Published: July 2002

The synthesis of fatty acids in mitochondria, microsomes and supernatant of rat adipose tissue was studied after administration of U‐14C− glucose. The major site of fatty acids synthesis was the supernatant in controls and the microsomes in insulin‐treated animals. The action of insulin cannot be explained only by an increase of the intra‐cellular penetration of glucose. An action on enzyme synthesis is probable.
Aggregationsformen der Rinderleberkatalase
Authors: Diezel W. , Liebe St. , Kopperschläger G. , Hofmann E.
Published: July 2002

Bovine liver catalase is separated into several distinct bands by electrophoresis in a linear concentration gradient of polyacrylamide. Apparently, disc electrophoresis under these conditions leads to a series of enzymatic active forms of catalase. Their molecular weights are: 248,000; 295,000; 368,000; 486,000; 705,000 respectively. Density gradient centrifugation separates catalase into two components with molecular weights of 252,000 and 316,000. The observed differences in molecular weight distribution between gel‐electrophoresis and density gradient centrifugation are discussed.
Inhibition of RNA polymerase and formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase activity by 6‐chloro‐8‐aza‐9‐cyclopentylpurine. Structure‐activity relationships
Authors: Ruddon Raymond W. , Rainey Cynthia H. , Zedeck Morris S.
Published: July 2002

The structural requirements for inhibition of bacterial RNA polymerase and rabbit liver formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase activity by a series of purine nucleoside analogs related to 6‐chloro‐8‐aza‐9‐cyclopentylpurine (689) were investigated. To achieve an inhibitory effect, preincubation of the enzyme preparations with the purine analogs, prior to assay of enzyme activity, was required. The greatest inhibition was produced by analogs containing all three alterations of the purine nucleoside structure: the 6‐halo, 8‐aza, and 9‐cyclopentyl groups. It is suggested that 689 inhibits the activity of enzymes involved in nucleic acid synthesis by a site‐directed alkylation.
Reduction of oxaloacetate by pig liver isocitrate dehydrogenase
Authors: Illingworth J.A. , Tipton K.F.
Published: July 2002

Pure isocitrate dehydrogenase from pig liver cytoplasm catalyses the reduction of oxaloacetate by NADPH at a rate comparable with that observed for the usual substrates. The products are NADP and D‐malate, the ‘unatural’ isomer. High concentrations of magnesium (25 mM) are necessary for maximal activity, and the reaction is not appreciably reversible. These results are discussed in connection with the inhibition of the enzyme by mixtures of glyoxylate and oxaloacetate. The reduction is not thought to be of physiological importance.
Transfer of apiose from UDP‐apiose to 7‐O‐(β‐D‐glucosyl)‐apigenin and 7‐O‐(β‐D‐glucosyl)‐chrysoeriol with an enzyme preparation from parsley
Authors: Ortmann R. , Sandermann H. , Grisebach H.
Published: July 2002

An enzyme preparation from parsley (Petroselinum hortense Hoffm.) catalyses the formation of apiin (7‐O‐[β‐D‐apio‐furanosyl(1→2)β‐D‐glycosyl]‐5,7,4′‐trihydroxyflavone) from 7‐O‐(β‐D‐glycosyl)‐apigenin and UDP‐apiose and of the corresponding chrysoeriol‐7‐apiosyl‐glucoside from 7‐O(β‐D‐glucosyl)‐chrysoeriol and UDP‐apiose. Neither free apiose nor cyclic apiose‐1,2‐phosphate can function as a substrate for the transfer reaction.
Le fucosterol‐24,28 epoxyde, intermediaire dans la biodegradation oxydative du fucosterol en cholesterol par le criquet Locusta migratoria (R. ET F.)
Authors: Allais Jean-Pierre , Barbier Michel
Published: July 2002

β‐Sitosterol 1 is metabolised to cholesterol 5 by phytophagous insects. It has been previously shown that fucosterol‐24,28 epoxide 3 is transformed into 5 in Locusta migratoria, desmosterol 4 being an intermediate. It is now established that locusts transform [3‐3H] fucosterol propionate into the corresponding labelled epoxide 3, recovered as such or as an oxazoline derivative 11.
The reconstitution of histone H3H4 tetramer from acid extracted histones in the absence of urea
Authors: Lindsey George G. , Thompson Patricia , Purves Langley R. , von Holt Claus
Published: July 2002

Simple mixing of acid purified histones H3 and H4 in equimolar quantities at low ionic strength near pH 7 does not yield the tetramer but rather a high M
r aggregate. Dialysis of acid extracted total or core histones into 2 M NaCl 150 mM phosphate (pH 7.4) followed by fractionation of the histone complexes at lower ionic strength (150 mM NaCl) results in an H3H4 tetramer of a structure identical to that derived from salt‐extracted histones. Dialysis of acid extracted total or core histones directly into the lower ionic strength buffer with subsequent fractionation, results in H3H4 tetramer of closely similar structure.
The photoaffinity probe 8‐N3[α‐32P]ATP labels the ATP‐binding sites of rabbit neutrophil and skeletal muscle actin
Authors: Huang Chi-Kuang , Hill John M. , Bormann Barbara-Jean , Mackin William M. , Becker Elmer L.
Published: July 2002

8‐Azido‐[α‐32P]ATP (8‐N3‐ATP) was used as a photoaffinity label for ATP binding sites in the subcellular fractions of rabbit peritoneal neutrophils. The radioactive 8‐N3‐ATP was specifically incorporated into one major protein of 43 kDa. The isoelectric point, molecular mass and subcellular distribution of this labeled protein closely resemble those of the actin. 8‐N3‐[α‐32P]ATP was further tested as a photoaffinity label for the ATP binding site in the purified rabbit skeletal muscle G‐actin. The radioactive 8‐N3‐ATP was specifically incorporated into the actin band in SDS—polyacrylamide gel. The results indicate that 8‐N3‐ATP can be used as a photoaffinity label for actin.
Analysis of phosphorylation sites on fibronectin
Authors: Ali Iqbal Unnisa
Published: July 2002

Fibronectin Phosphorylation site
Direct cross‐linking of heptauridilate to E. coli ribosomes by water‐soluble carbodiimide in the complex stabilized by codon‐anticodon interaction at both A‐ and P‐sites
Authors: Gimautdinova O.I. , Karpova G.G. , Knorre D.G. , Frolova S.B.
Published: July 2002

Affinity labelling of E. coli ribosomes is performed by treatment with water‐soluble carbodiimide of the complex of ribosomes with (pU)7, tRNAPhe at the P‐site and with Phe‐tRNAPhe (complex I) and without Phe‐tRNAPhe (complex II) at the A‐site. The extent of modification is, respectively, 0.06 and 0.026 mol (pU)7 per mol ribosomes. Protein S3 is found as a single labelled protein in complex I, whereas S7, S8, L25 are modified in complex II. Thus, in the absence of a large spacer group within the complex stabilized by codonanticodon interactions at both A‐ and P‐sites, a highly selective modification occurs.
Monoclonal antibodies against GA13‐imide recognize the endogenous plant growth regulator, GA4, and related gibberellins
Authors: Eberle J. , Yamaguchi I. , Nakagawa R. , Takahashi N. , Weiler E.W.
Published: July 2002

Monoclonal antibody(MAB)‐secreting hybridomas were selected from fusions of spleen cells derived from Balb/c mice immunized with the BSA conjugate of GA13‐19,20‐imide‐β‐alanine 7‐methyl ester with the myeloma line X63.Ag8.653. Selection based on [1,2‐3H]GA4 methyl ester binding capacity yielded two stable hybridoma clones that secreted antibodies of the IgGl subclass. These MAB exhibited high affinities for GA4 methyl ester (3.2 × 108 and 1.0 × 109 M−1) which allowed quantitation by HPLC‐RIA of nanogram or sub‐nanogram amounts of the gibberellins A2, A3, A4 A7 and A9 as the methyl esters, in biological fluids.
Isolation of partial cDNAs for rat liver and muscle glycogen phosphorylase isozymes
Authors: Osawa Shoji , Chiu Robert H. , McDonough Alicia , Miller Thomas B. , Johnson Gary L.
Published: July 2002

cDNA clones for the rat liver and muscle glycogen phosphorylase isozymes have been isolated using isozyme‐selective antibodies and libraries prepared in the expression vector, λgt11. A 1.2 kb cDNA coding for the carboxy‐terminal domain of rat liver phosphorylase was found to have 82% homology with the amino acid sequence of rabbit muscle phosphorylase. Limited sequencing of rat muscle phosphorylase cDNA indicated a 95% homology with the rabbit muscle enzyme. The rat liver clone has eight additional amino acid residues at the COOH‐terminus compared to the rat muscle clone. Furthermore, 17 of 26 (65%) residues between amino acids 815–840 differ between liver and muscle isozymes. The similarity in enzymatic properties and conservation of structure except at the COOH‐terminus suggest that the liver and muscle phosphorylase isozymes do not exist in order to have significant differences in the regulation of glycogen breakdown in the two tissues. Rather, the phosphorylase isozymes probably evolved for tissue‐specific transcriptional regulation of the genes in liver and muscle.
Phorbol ester‐induced protein phosphorylation and contraction in sphincter smooth muscle of rabbit iris
Authors: Howe Philip H. , Abdel-Latif Ata A.
Published: July 2002

Phorbol 12,13‐dibutyrate (PDBu) was employed in studies designed to determine the role of C‐kinase in muscle contraction in the iris sphincter. PDBu induced MLC phosphorylation and contraction in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Maximum responses exerted by PDBu were about 50–60% of that obtained with CCh, and were totally dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+. PDBu had no effect on basal IP3 levels, however it blocked the CCh‐stimulated accumulation of IP3. PDBu‐induced effects were potentiated by ionomycin, and inhibited by the C‐kinase antagonist H‐7. These results provide further evidence for the involvement of C‐kinase in mediating the sustained phase of the contractile response in the iris sphincter.
Conjugation‐dependent recovery of the Na+ pump in a mutant of Vibrio alginolyticus lacking three subunits of the Na+ pump
Authors: Tokuda Hajime , Udagawa Toshiaki , Asano Makoto , Yamamoto Tomoko , Unemoto Tsutomu
Published: July 2002

The Na+ pump‐deficient mutant, Napl, of Vibrio alginolyticus was found to lack three subunits of Na+‐dependent NADH:quinone oxidoreductase complex. Although a spontaneous Na+ pump positive revertant did not appear from Napl, transconjugants that recovered both the Na+ pump activity and the subunits were isolated from Napl conjugated with the wild type. Moreover, the wild type was found to contain two different sizes of plasmids. These results suggest the possibility that the Na+ pump is encoded by a plasmid.
Protein‐bound polyamines in the plasma of mice grafted with the Lewis lung carcinoma
Authors: Delcros J.G. , Roch A.M. , Thomas V. , El Alaoui S. , Moulinoux J.P. , Quash G.
Published: July 2002

Protein‐bound polyamines were isolated from the plasma of mice using antipolyamine antibodies covalently linked to magnetic latex spheres. Their subsequent separation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) showed that in plasma from normal mice, 3 proteins (27, 55 and 82 kDa) carrying polyamines could be visualized, whereas in mice bearing the Lewis lung carcinoma at least 8 other proteins of higher molecular mass (5 of 94, 110, 130, 145 and 160 kDa, and 3 of ⪢ 170 kDa) had bound polyamines. These protein‐bound polyamines could be detected from the first week after tumour graft; they increased during the second and third week but decreased thereafter. These proteins were not bound by immunolatex spheres preincubated with spermine bound to a protein‐carrier insulin. Moreover, the appearance of these protein‐bound polyamines was not a consequence of the inflammatory process since in mice infected with heat‐inactivated Brucella abortus, with the exception of a 65 kDa protein, polyamines were bound to the same proteins found in normal mice. In mice grafted with the Lewis lung carcinoma the concomitant decrease in transglutaminase‐mediated polyamine (e.g. putrescine) binding capacity of plasma proteins provides additional evidence for the presence in vivo of polyamines already bound to plasma proteins.
Light induced calcium binding to mangrove PS II particles
Authors: Preston Christopher , Altin Joseph G. , Bygrave Fyfe L. , Critchley Christa
Published: July 2002

A combination calcium selective and oxygen electrode system was used to measure the Ca2+ and O2 concentrations of a solution surrounding mangrove PS II particles. Concomitant uptake of Ca2+ and oxygen evolution in the light were observed. The Ca2+ bound during the light was released in a subsequent dark period. The Ca2+ binding was dependent on both chlorophyll and Ca2+ concentrations. Up to 3000 Ca2+ were calculated to be bound per reaction centre.
Stimulation of transcription from accurate initiation sites by purified S‐II
Authors: Hirai Hiroshi , Sekimizu Kazuhisa , Horikoshi Masami , Nakanishi Yoshinobu , Natori Shunji
Published: July 2002

The effects of transcription factors S‐II and S‐II′, a phosphorylated form of S‐II, on accurate transcription were compared in a reconstituted transcription system greatly depleted of S‐II. S‐II, but not S‐II′, stimulated the syntheses of run‐off products of various truncated class II genes in this system, suggesting that the activity of this factor is regulated by its phosphorylation and dephosphorylation.
Posttranscriptional regulation of the expression of CAD gene during differentiation of F9 teratocarcinoma cells by induction with retinoic acid and dibutyryl cyclic AMP
Authors: Rao Gadiparthi N. , Church Robert L. , Davidson Jeffrey N.
Published: July 2002

We have studied the regulation of expression of the carbamoyl‐phosphate synthetase II‐aspartate transcarbamylase‐dihydroorotase gene in F9 teratocarcinoma cells during their differentiation into parietal endoderm cells by induction with a combination of retinoic acid and dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Steady‐state levels of CAD mRNA decreased by 7‐fold in F9 cells following 120 h of retinoic acid and dibutyryl cyclic AMP induction as compared to levels in uninduced cells. Conversely, no apparent changes were found in the steady‐state levels of β‐actin mRNA between induced and uninduced cells. Despite a 7‐fold decrease in the steady‐state levels of CAD mRNA, its rate of transcription remained the same between induced and uninduced cells, indicating a role for posttranscriptional mechanisms for its down regulation during retinoic acid‐ and dibutyryl cyclic AMP‐induced differentiation of F9 cells. The cellular growth rate of F9 cells as determined by [3H]thymidine uptake and parallel cell counting decreased markedly during their induction with retinoic acid and dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Taken together, it is apparent that the expression of the CAD gene is cell‐growth‐dependent and its regulation in this system is at the posttranscriptional level.
The conversion of phosphoserine residues to selenocysteine residues on an opal suppressor tRNA and casein
Authors: Mizutani Takaharu , Hitaka Teruaki
Published: July 2002

This study has been undertaken in order to elucidate the mechanisms of incorporation of Se into glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), in which selenocysteine corresponds to the opal termination codon UGA on the mRNA. We studied the above mechanisms using an opal suppressor tRNA, prepared from bovine liver, and casein as a model protein for the GSHPx apo‐enzyme which might contain phosphoserine. The results showed that opal suppressor tRNA did not accept selenocysteine (lower than 0.1 mmol/mol) under the standard conditions. A trace amount of phosphoseryl‐tRNA was converted to selenocysteyl‐tRNA by incubation with H2Se and some enzymes. Meanwhile, a number of phosphoserine residues in casein were converted to selenocysteine residues by incubation with H2Se and enzymes. These results suggest that opal suppressor tRNA plays a role in synthesizing GSHPx via co‐ and/or post‐translational mechanisms.
Degradation of a non‐phenolic arylglycerol β‐aryl ether by Streptomyces cyaneus
Authors: Zimmerman W. , Umezawa T. , Broda Paul , Higuchi T.
Published: July 2002

A non‐phenolic β‐O‐4 lignin substructure model compound, 1,3‐dihydroxy‐2‐(2‐methoxyphenoxy)‐1‐(4‐ethoxy‐3‐methoxyphenyl)propane, was degraded by streptomyces cyaneus in liquid shaken cultures. 4‐Ethoxy‐3‐methoxybenzoic acid could be identified by TLC and GC/MS as the main product, indicating the cleavage of the CαCβ bond of the aryl glycerol‐β‐aryl ether. In addition, 4‐ethoxy‐3‐methoxybenzaldehyde and guaiacol were identified in culture extracts as further degradation products.
A centrifugation method for separation of plant viral genomic and subgenomic RNAs
Authors: Joshi Sadhna , Wosnick Michael A.
Published: July 2002

Using alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) as a model, a simple method for separating plant viral genomic RNAs from their subgenomic counterparts was established. The method relies on sucrose gradient fractionation under carefully selected conditions of centrifugation and fraction collection. The RNA components are recovered in nearly quantitative yield and have full biological activity as measured by infectivity of the reconstituted RNAs in suitable protoplasts and plant hosts. The individual RNAs, on the other hand, show no such infectivity, indicating that the separation is indeed complete.
Dihydropyridine‐sensitive Ca2+ channel in aneurally cultured human muscles Relationship between high‐affinity binding site and inhibition of calcium uptake
Authors: Desnuelle Claude , Askanas Valerie , Engel W.King
Published: July 2002

Dihydropyridine‐sensitive Ca2+ channels and the relationship between binding of dihydropyridine derivatives and depolarization‐induced Ca2+ uptake have been studied in aneurally cultured human muscle. Analysis of the equilibrium binding of the 1,4‐dihydropyridine derivative (+)‐PN200‐110 revealed a single high‐affinity binding site with a K
d of 0.15±0.05 nM and a B
max of 87±12 fmol/mg protein. Inhibition of (+)‐[3H]PN200‐110 binding by nitrendipine revealed a K
i of 0.8 nM for the nitrendipine‐receptor complex. Depolarization of cultured human muscle achieved by elevating the K+ concentration increased the uptake 45Ca2+ which was inhibited by nitrendipine with an IC50 of 1.1 nM. This study demonstrates that aneurally cultured human muscle has dihydropyridine‐sensitive voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels which are functional when the fibers are depolarized.
Electro‐stimulated transformation of E.coli cells pretreated by EDTA solution
Authors: Cymbalyuk E.S. , Chernomordik L.V. , Broude N.E. , Chizmadzhev Yu.A.
Published: July 2002

The phenomenon of transformation of E.coli cells under electric treatment has been studied. The cells of strains MH 1, HB 101 and DH 1 after EDTA treatment in an isotonic medium were transformed with DNA pBR322 by applying a single exponential pulse (E = 10 kV/cm, T = 1.5 ms) to the suspension. The maximum transformation efficiency obtained was 4 × 106 colonies/μg DNA. The maximum transformation frequency was 0.4% at a DNA concentration of 15 μg/ml.
C‐fos gene activation in murine thymocytes by a mechanism independent of protein kinase C or a Ca2+ signal
Authors: Moore John P. , Menzel Garry E. , Hesketh T.Robin , Metcalfe James C.
Published: July 2002

The accumulation of c‐fos mRNA in mouse thymocytes was compared when the cells were stimulated by concanavalin A (Con A), the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 or the phorbol ester, TPA, either separately or by combinations of these mitogens. The c‐fos response to mitogenic concentrations of Con A could not be attributed either to the rise in [Ca2+]i it induces or to activation of protein kinase C. Thus, although Con A causes the breakdown of phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate in these cells, neither of the signals which can be generated by this response was responsible for the activation of the c‐fos gene by Con A. This implies that some other unidentified signal generated by Con A activates the c‐fos gene.
Sequence similarity between protein B and human apolipoprotein A‐IV
Authors: Rühlmann Jörg , Kruft Volker , Wittmann-Liebold Brigitte , Fehrenbach Franz-J.
Published: July 2002

Sequence comparison of protein B (CAMP‐factor) with human apolipoprotein A‐IV (apo A‐IV) revealed 32% similarity between the N‐terminal part of protein B and a part of the putative lipid‐binding domain of apo A‐IV. The significance of this similarity is discussed with respect to the structure/function relationship of protein B.