bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TINJAUAN ATAS PELAKSANAAN PEMUNGUTAN PAJAK HOTEL PADA DINAS PENDAPATAN DAERAH KOTA BOGOR
Authors: SUSANTI DEBY SEBA , Edison  , Nurjanah Yayuk
Published: September 2019

Pajak daerah merupakan suatu bentuk peran serta masyarakat dalam penyelenggaraan otonomi daerah. Pajak daerah yaitu sumber pendapatan yang dikelola pemerintah daerah yang hasilnya dipergunakan untuk membiayai pengeluaran rutin dan pembangunan daerah. Berdasarkan Undang-undang No. 28 Tahun 2009 tentang perubahan atas UU No. 34 tahun 2004 tentang pajak daerah, dikatakan bahwa pajak daerah yang dapat dipungut oleh daerah berupa Pajak Hotel; Pajak Restoran; Pajak Hiburan; Pajak Reklame; Pajak Penerangan Jalan; Pajak Parkir; Pajak Air Tanah.Tujuan dari praktek kerja ini adalah untuk mengetahui dasar pengenaan pokok pajak, mengetahui bagaimana pelaksanaan pemungutan, pembayaran, perhitungan pajak hotel serta untuk mengetahui seberapa besar kesadaran masyarakat dalam melaksanakan pembayaran pajak demi meningkatkan pendapatan daerah dan untuk kesejahteraan bersama pada Dinas Pendapatan Daerah Kota Bogor.Hasil evaluasi dalam praktek kerja lapangan ini, menunjukan bahwa pada Dinas Pendapatan Daerah merupakan suatu unsur pelaksana pemerintah daerah yang mempunyai tugas membantu bupati atau walikota untuk melaksanakan kewenangan pemerintah daerah dibidang pendapatan daerah dalam rangka pelaksanaan tugas desentralisasi dan pembantuan. Dari semua penjelasan yg ada penulis menyimpulkan bahwa pada Dinas Pendapatan Daerah Kota Bogor dalam melakukan pekerjaanya berjalan dengan baik, dilihat dari segi tata kerja terutama dalam proses pelaksanaan pajak daerah yaitu pajak hotel semuanya berjalan sesuai dengan peraturan daerah yang berlaku, dari proses pengenaan pajak, besarnya pokok pajak, proses dalam melaksanakan pemungutan, pembayaran, penghitungan sampai penagihan pajak semua sesuai dengan peraturan daerah yang berlaku.Kata Kunci : Pajak, Pajak Daerah, Pendapatan Daerah.v
Profile of Teaching Materials Environment Biology and Ability Pre-service Biology Teacher to Communicate Laboratory Report
Authors: Yani Ahmad , Amin Mohammad , Rohman Fatchur , Suarsini Endang , Sahriah
Published: September 2019

This research is a descriptive study to determine the profile of teaching materials and the ability of pre-service teacher to convey the results of the placement at the University of Puangrimaggalatung (UNIPRIMA) Sengkang in environmental biology subjects. The study's population consisted of undergraduate pre-service teacher in the third semester of the 2016/2017 academic year and lecturer of environmental biology subjects. The sampling technique was carried out by targeted sampling so that 37 subjects were used. Techniques for collecting interviews and observations. The tool, which was used in the form of interview guidelines to find out the profile of the teaching materials used, reported the practice assessment of practice-related reports to determine the ability to communicate the results of laboratory report. The data were analyzed descriptively. Based on the results of the study of teaching materials used in the matter, it needs to be developed/produced again and still needs to be done through the development of research and context teaching materials. The ability of pre-service teacher to communicate the results of the work placement in lab reports is still considered sufficient and needs to be improved again, especially with regard to the accuracy of the analysis of data findings and the relevance of the theory in the analysis of experimental data.
PENERAPAN SISTEM AKUNTANSI PENGGAJIAN DALAM KAITANNYA DENGAN SISTEM MANAJEMEN MUTU (ISO 9001:2008) (STUDI KASUS PADA PT. RAHAYU SANTOSA)
Authors: Iriyadi  , Nurdini Saras Ayu Adistya
Published: September 2019

The accounting system is a very complex system in a company, it is necessary to ensure the system processes the company is running consistently and efficiently to produce a good performance. One way that can be applied to achieve the goal or objective is to be a synergy with the accounting system of quality management systems (ISO 9001: 2008) which is usually referred to by the International Standard Organization (ISO). Quality management system standards (ISO 9001: 2008) is a system that has standards or quality is good, which is already international. Quality management system standards (ISO 9001: 2008) is an international standard that is no stranger to manufacturing and service industries. Standards become mandatory for many manufacturers or companies to be able to compete in the international market, by demonstrating the consistency of the product quality. The purpose of this paper is: the first is knowing the payroll accounting system implementation at PT. Rahayu Santosa, second is knowing the implementation of quality management system (ISO 9001: 2008) at PT. Rahayu Santosa, and last is knowing payroll accounting system implementation in relation to the quality management system (ISO 9001: 2008) at PT. Rahayu Santosa. The methodology used in this study is the descriptive research method that studies carried out by means of a variable to describe and explain research on the author, as well as action research methods to obtain the necessary data.Payroll accounting system at PT. Rahayu Santosa still use the manual payroll accounting system or not computerized. Payroll accounting systems applied by PT. Rahayu Santosa is in conformity with the existing SOP PT. Rahayu Santosa and not found during the major findings of internal audit. Payroll system part of the ISO 9001 on the HR department.ISO 9001: 2008 is a quality management system standards issued by international organizations, which means that the product is not certified, but how to set up the system. The quality management system (ISO 9001: 2008) is a system implemented by PT. Rahayu Santosa in order to improve the quality of a product (goods or services). PT. Rahayu Santosa is one of the manufacturing companies that implement ISO 9001: 2008 since 2008.4Application of payroll accounting system does not have a direct relation with the quality management system (ISO 9001: 2008), but the quality management system (ISO 9001: 2008) ensure the procedure is good payroll system.Keywords : ISO 9001:2008 and Accounting System
Variasi Temporal Hidrogeokimia Sungai Bawah Tanah (SBT) Anjani, Karst Jonggrangan, Java Island, Indonesia
Authors: Adji Tjahyo Nugroho
Published: September 2019

Gua Anjani merupakan salah satu bagian dari kawasan karst Jonggrangan yang memiliki peran penting bagi masyarakat. Underground river yang mengalir melewati gua ini dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat sekitar untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sehari-hari. Karakterisasi akuifer perlu dilakukan untuk menunjang pengelolaan sumberdaya air yang berkelanjutan di SBT Gua Anjani. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan variasi temporal kondisi hidrogeokimia yang selanjutkan diharapkan dapat membantu mendefinisikan secara lebih detail terkait kondisi akuifer yang me-recharge Anjani underground river. Pengambilan sampel di underground river dilakukan selama satu tahunmencakup musim kemarau dan penghujan, serta saat flood-events. Analisis hidrokimiadilakukan berdasarkan data konsentrasi ion mayor yang terlarut dalam air dan sifat fisik kimia air. Selain itu, SI kalsit dan log PCO2 dihitung untuk melihat variasi temporalagresivitas terhadap mineral kalsit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua sampel air memiliki tipe HCO3-Ca. Chemical constituent in water bervariasi secara temporal, yang menunjukkan konsentrasi tinggi ketika musim kemarau dan menurun ketika musimpenghujan. Tingginya kandungan kimia ketika musim kemarau disebabkan underground river didominasi oleh slow-flow (diffuse), sehingga air memiliki waktu tinggal yang lama dalam akuifer. Hal ini memungkinkan water-rock interaction terjadi lebih intensif. Sementara itu, kandungan kimia yang rendah ketika musim penghujan disebabkan karena masukan dari quick-flow yang merubah water-rock interaction menuju proses dilution by precipitation. Secara umum, air di underground river bersifat saturated sepanjang tahun, sedangkan sample saat flood-events menunjukkan sifat agresif untuk melarutkan batugamping. Hal ini salah satunya dipengaruhi oleh suplai CO2 dari sungai alogenik yang merecharge Anjani underground river, sehingga memungkinkan terjadinya proses pelarutan lebih intensif.
Study of complex systems III—macro-scopic approach on the thermal expansion of deep-fried tofu
Authors: KANAMORI JIRO
Published: September 2019

Food processing is a complex system involving a multitude of factors. A new methodology is required to achieve extensive outcomes in such complex systems. In this study, I investigated one such outcome of the expanding properties of deep-fried tofu. Deep-fried tofu samples were made from soy protein isolates (SPI) by mixing, molding, and deep-frying. Expansion of the deep-fried tofu made from different SPIs was correlated to the gel strength of the dough. The sufficient mixing time of each SPI was evaluated, and insufficient mixing resulted in less expansion. The peak height obtained from the electric current curve of the mixer was correlated to the expansion of deep-fried tofu when the mixing was sufficient. A logic tree method could effectively represent the expanding mechanism. This method can be widely applied for analyzing other complex systems.
Arbitrary Fairness in Rewards and Punishments
Authors: Evers Ellen Riemke Katrien , O'Donnell Michael , Inbar Yoel
Published: September 2019

People have a strong preference for fairness. For many, fairness means equal rewards and punishments for equal efforts and offences. However, this belief does not specify the units in which equality should be expressed. We show that people generally fail to take the interchangeability of units into account when judging and assigning fair punishments and rewards. As a consequence, judgments about and distributions of resources are strongly influenced by arbitrary decisions about which unit to express them in. For example, if points represent different monetary values for different recipients, people attempt to distribute money equally if money is salient, but attempt to distribute points equally if points are salient. Because beliefs about fairness are a fundamental principle in many domains, the implications of these findings are broad. Essentially any distribution of outcomes can be made to appear more or less fair by changing the units these outcomes are expressed in.
Individual differences in the production of referential expressions: The effect of language proficiency, language exposure and executive function in bilingual and monolingual children
Authors: Serratrice Ludovica , De Cat Cecile
Published: September 2019

One hundred and seventy-two English-speaking 5- to 7-year-olds participated in a referential communication task where we manipulated the linguistic mention and the visual presence of a competitor alongside a target referent. Eighty-seven of the children were additionally exposed to a language other than English (bilinguals). We measured children’s language proficiency, verbal working memory (WM), cognitivecontrol skills, family SES, and relative amount of cumulative exposure and use of the home language for the bilinguals. Children’s use of full Noun Phrases (NPs) to identify a target referent was predicted by the visual presence of a competitor more than by its linguistic mention. Verbal WM and proficiency predicted NP use, while cognitive control skills predicted both the ability to use expressions signallingdiscourse integration and sensitivity to the presence of a discourse competitor, but not of a visual competitor. Bilingual children were as informative as monolingual children once proficiency was controlled for.
Naturalness, Personality, and Mindfulness Predict EcoWellness: Implications for Counseling Practice
Authors: Holden Christopher James , Reese Ryan F. , Seitz Christopher M.
Published: September 2019

Wellness is a holistic process comprised of a number of components, one of which is connection with nature. The concept of EcoWellness is designed to encapsulate this connection with nature. Previous humanistic counseling research has established connections between EcoWellness and a number of outcomes. However, just as people vary in terms of their overall wellness, people vary in EcoWellness. Thus, we sought to explore the role of various individual differences in overall EcoWellness. Data were collected online through self-report measures of mindfulness, personality, EcoWellness, and other individual differences. In particular, the observe and describe components of mindfulness, greater perceived naturalness, along with eXtraversion, agreeableness, and openness were found to predict EcoWellness. Thus, individuals who score higher on these traits may be more likely to be EcoWell. Implications for humanistic counseling and research are discussed.
Not so Responsive after all: European Parties do not Respond to Public Opinion Shifts across Multiple Issue Dimensions
Authors: O'Grady Tom , Abou-Chadi Tarik
Published: September 2019

Many studies have found that European parties change their policy positions in response to changes in public opinion. This is both theoretically and normatively appealing, suggesting that European party politics operates in a way that is consistent with spatial models. Nonetheless, virtually all previous studies are based on a single, uni-dimensional measure of public opinion: left-right self-placement from the Eurobarometer surveys. This measure has a number of flaws, including the fact that political conflict in Europe now occurs across multiple issue dimensions beyond the classic divide on state involvement in the economy. We use new measures of Europeans' ideological positions across four different issue dimensions and twenty-six countries from 1981-2016, together with data on parties' policy positions from their manifestos, to re-evaluate findings on responsiveness. Across many different model specifications, samples and outcome measures, we find virtually no evidence that European political parties respond to public opinion on any issue dimension. Our findings suggest that scholars may require better measures of party positions, more nuanced theories of responsiveness (for example to sub-groups, or across longer time horizons), or may need to re-focus their attention towards responsiveness via policy outcomes rather than parties' policy commitments.
How one feels during resistance exercises: A repetition by repetition analysis across exercises and loads
Authors: Emanuel Aviv , Rozen Smukas Itzhak , Halperin Israel
Published: September 2019

Purpose: The feeling scale (FS) is a unique and underexplored scale in sport sciences that measures affective valence. FS has the potential to be used in athletic environments as a monitoring and prescription tool. We sought to examine whether FS ratings, as measured on a repetition-by-repetition basis, can predict proximity to task-failure and bar velocity across different exercises and loads. Methods: On the first day, 20 trained subjects (10 females) completed 1RM tests in the barbell bench and squat exercises and were introduced to the FS. On the following three sessions, subjects completed three sets to task-failure with either 1) 70%1RM bench-press, 2) 70%1RM squat (squat-70%), or 3) 80%1RM squat (squat-80%). Sessions were completed in a randomized, counter-balanced order. After every completed repetition, subjects verbally reported their FS ratings. Bar velocity was measured via linear position transducer. Results: FS ratings predicted failure-proximity and bar velocity in all three conditions (p<0.001, R2 range: 0.66-0.85). Specifically, a reduction of one unit in the FS corresponded to approaching task-failure by 14%, 11% and 11%, and to a reduction in bar velocity of 10%, 4% and 3%, in the bench, squat-70% and squat-80%, respectively. Conclusion: This is the first study to investigate if the FS can be used in RT environments among trained subjects, on a repetition-by-repetition basis. The results show strong predictive abilities of the FS, indicating that the scale can be used to monitor and prescribe resistance training, and that its benefits should be further explored.
Operation on a wrong person: Lets Make it “NEVER EVENT”
Authors: Lamichhane Nirmal
Published: September 2019

No abstract available
Surgical strategy for locally advanced gastric cancer
Authors: Binay Thakur , Mukti Devkota , Sapkota Bishal
Published: September 2019

Gastric cancer is endemic in China, Japan, Korea, Brazil and Former Soviet Union. Patients are diagnosed usually in locally advanced stage. Endoscopy, PET-CT, Endoscopic ultrasound and staging laparoscopy are the tools for proper evaluation of such patients. Locally advanced gastric cancer (T2-4N0 or T any N+) requires multimodality treatment including surgery. Surgical strategy requires gastrectomy with D2 nodal dissection.
Burden of GB Carcinoma among people from Terai, and Hill/ Himalayan regions of Nepal
Authors: Sapkota Ganga , Mallik Dipendra Kumar , Sapkota Ashok , Dhakal Sunil , Mishra Roshan
Published: September 2019

Background: GB carcinoma is rare cancer worldwide, but is sixth most common cancer among females in Nepal. Burden of GB carcinoma has geographical and ethnic variation. This study mainly focuses on geographical distribution of GB carcinoma, among Nepalese patients visiting BPKMCH.

Methods and materials: We conducted a retrospective study approved by Department of GI Surgery, BP Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal. Datas were collected from Jan 1,2107 to 31st Dec 2017 from medical record sections. Analysis was completed using SPSS.

Results: A total number of 340 patients were recorded, comprising 220 patients with malignancy and 115 patients with benign lesions, and remaining 5 patients files could not be traced. Among malignant patients 158 were female, and 62 were male, with male to female ratio (M: F) of 1:2.5. In malignant group, patients from terai were 70%, hilly and Himalayan region were 30%.

Conclusion: The data provides clue on burden of GB carcinoma being relatively high in female, and terai region of Nepal.
Pre-Emptive Analgesic Effect of Intravenous Paracetamol in Modified radical mastectomy
Authors: Wagle Bhawana , Regmi Yogesh , Shrestha Sudhir , Thapa Pradeep , VishowKarma Suraj , Mandal Meg Raj , Kandel Sujan , Singh Sumit , Mauni Deepak , Khanal Durga
Published: September 2019

Background: Modified radical mastectomy (MRM) is associated with significant post-operative pain. Intravenous (iv) paracetamol provides pain relief in most patients who have undergone MRM. It has been observed from previous studies conducted on patients undergoing other surgeries like abdominal surgeries that the analgesic efficacy of iv paracetamol improves when used Pre-emptively. There are no studies done previously on use of iv paracetamol Pre-emptively in MRM.

Objective: The purpose of the study was to determine the post-operative analgesic effects of Pre-emptive intravenous (iv) paracetamol in MRM.

Materials and Methods: Following institutional ethics committee approval, fourty American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) physical status I-II patients were assigned in a randomized manner into two groups: Group I received iv paracetamol 1g, in 100mL, 15 minutes before induction and Group II received iv paracetamol 1g, in 100 mL, at the end of the surgery. The time to first analgesic use and the total analgesic consumed in 24 hours was recorded. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain scores were obtained from all patients at 0, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 6, 12 and 24 hours after the end of the Surgery.

Results: Time to first analgesic requirement was significantly longer in Group I compared to Group II (p = 0.0329). Rescue analgesic consumption and post-operative VAS pain scores recorded were significantly lower in Group I compared to Group II (p < 0.05) until 24 after surgery.

Conclusion: Pre-emptive iv paracetamol in comparison to intra- operative paracetamol, provided effective and reliable post- operative analgesia after modified radical mastectomy.
Diagnostic value of Breast Specific Gamma Imaging with semiquantitative index (T/N) in Breast Cancer Diagnosis
Authors: Mallik Dipendra Kumar , Hong Wei Zhang , Zhu Wei , Wei Ge Yang , Shen Lei , Guang Fu Hu , Sapkota Ganga
Published: September 2019

Objective: The study in this part was to evaluate the diagnostic value of Breast Specific Gamma Imaging (BSGI) by semi-quantitative method for detection of breast cancer.

Methods: 400 patients with indeterminate breast tumors that underwent BSGI were enrolled in this study. All included lesions were confirmed by postoperative pathology. BSGI evaluation was based on the visual interpretation and semi-quantitative parameters of the higher tumor to non-lesion (T/N) value of CC and MLO. Compared with pathological results, the optimal visual analysis and the value of T/N were calculated through ROC curve analysis. Independent t-test and Pearson linear correlation were applied for statistical analysis.

Results: Tumor to non-lesion (T/N) ratio was available for 279 out of 400 patients. This population comprised 203 patients with malignant and 74 patients with benign lesion. ROC analysis showed critical value of T/N= 1.91, AUC is 0.83 (standard error=0.014, 95% confidence interval); BSGI sensitivity is 83.71% and specificity is 76%. T/N ratio for invasive and non-invasive cancers are 2.70± 0.88, and 2.09±0.44 respectively; the difference between two have statistical significance (t=3.32, P=0.001). Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) grade I, grade II, and grade III have T/N ratio of 2.33±0.94, 2.38±0.80, 2.89±0.89 respectively. The T/N differences between grade I and grade II have no statistical significance (t=0.12, P=0.89). The T/N differences between grade I and grade III have no statistical significance (t=1.56, P=0.12). The T/N differences between grade II and grade III have statistical significance (t=3.69, P<0.001). T/N value for tumor size <1cm and >1cm were 1.97±0.79 and 2.46±0.88 respectively; the difference between two have statistical significance (t=3.27, P=0.001).

Conclusion: The semi-quantitative index of T/N correlates with clinico-pathological characteristics of tumor like: size, grade, and invasiveness of breast cancer, and at certain level can be helpful to determine patient’s prognosis.
Comparative analysis between Liquid Based Cytology and Conventional Pap Smears at B P Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital in Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
Authors: Pun CB , Shrestha S , Bhatta RR , Pandey G , Uprety S , Bastakoti S , Bhattarai I , Zhigang Miao , Chenpeng Wu
Published: September 2019

Background and Objective: Liquid based cytology was introduced at B P Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital in Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal, on 29th November 2017. The objective of this study was to compare the results of conventional pap smears over six (6) months periods from 29th May 2017 to 28th November 2017 with the results of liquid based cytology smears over six (6) months periods from 29th November 2017 to 28th May 2018.

Methods: This is retrospective study. The results of conventional pap smears over 6 months and the results of liquid based cytology smears over 6 months periods were retrieved and analysed to give overall reporting profiles and compared between the two methods.

Results: The percentage of unsatisfactory smears fell 3.9% by conventional pap smears methods where as the percentage of unsatisfactory smears fell 1.2% by liquid based cytology smears. There was an increase in the number of smears reported as dyskaryosis of any grade by liquid based cytology methods.

Conclusion: The introduction of liquid based cytology led to improvements in unsatisfactory smear rates and also with significant pick up rates of dyskaryosis were maintained and improved.
Spore viability of microsporidian species isolated from gipsy moth larvae (Lymantria dispar) after long-term storage in liquid nitrogen
Authors: Pilarska Daniela , Linde Andreas , Hoch Gernot , Kereselidze Manana
Published: September 2019

U radu se prikazuju rezultati preživljenja mikrosporidija izoliranih iz gubara (Lymantria dispar) nakon dugotrajne pohrane u tekućem dušiku. Infektivnost osam mikrosporidijskih L. dispar izolata testirano je na ličinkama gubara: Vairimorpha disparis, Nosema lymantriae, Nosema portugal, Nosema sp. (Poljska), Nosema sp. (Ebergassing), Nosema sp. (Njemačka), Nosema sp. (Schweinfurt) and Nosema sp. (Veslec). Preživljenje spora u tekućem dušiku detaljno je praćeno kod N. portugal i Nosema sp. (Ebergassing) koje su tako čuvane skoro 19 godina i aplicirane oralnom infekcijom i ponaosob na svaku pojedinu ličinku gubara. Ostalih 6 izolata aplicirano je površinskom kontaminacijom hranjivog supstrata, također oralnim infekcijskim putem. Od 8 mikrosporidijskih izolata apliciranih površinskom kontaminacijom samo kod 4 izolata, Vairimorpha disparis, Nosema lymantriae, Nosema sp. (Ebergassing) i Nosema sp. (Poljska), došlo je do uspješne infekcije ličinki gubara. Dok je kod svih testiranih ličinki (100%) uspješno realizirana infekcija sporama prve tri mikrosporidije, tek 21,1% tretiranih ličinki uspješno je inficirano sporama Nosema sp. (Poljska). Na kraju inkubacijskog razdoblja, kod svih ličinki inficiranih sa sva 4 izolata disekcijom je utvrđen visok stupanj zaraze; tkiva su bila ispunjena sporama. Mikroskopska pretraga ličinki L. dispar individualno tretiranih sporama Nosema portugal uz tri različite doze (100, 1000 i 10000 spora) pokazala je da su spore N. portugal izgubile infektivnost nakon 19 godina pohrane u tekućem dušiku; niti jedna od testiranih ličinka nije bila zaražena. Naprotiv, spore Nosema sp. (Ebergassing) zadržale su infektivnost nakon istog razdoblja pohrane u tekućem dušiku od 18,75 godina. Niti jedna od testiranih ličinki nije zaražena nakon oralnog unosa od 100
spora. Oralna aplikacija od 1000 spora po ličniki rezultirala je ukupnom uspješnom infekcijom 4,1% ličinki, a aplikacija od 10000 spora s 68,8% inficiranih ličinki. U svim uspješnim slučajevima uspješno zaraženih ličinki, na kraju inkubacijskog razdoblja infekcija je bila dobro razvijena, a masno tijelo prepuno spora. Istraživanje je potvrdilo da je pohrana mikrosporidija Nosema i Vairimorpha vrsta i domaćina iz reda leptira prikladna opcija za dugotrajno čuvanje izolata. Spore su preživjele i do 18 i pola godina, iako je tijekom eksperimenta zamijećen i značajan pad njihove infektivnosti. U pojedinim slučajevima spore su odumrle već nakon 7 godina pohrane u tekućem dušiku. Preporuka je da prilikom skladištenja i pohrane mikrosporidijskih izolata u tekućem dušiku svakih 5 godina repozitorij obnavlja svježim izolatima. Materijal koji se dulje vrijeme skladišti u tekućem dušiku nije prikladan i ne bi se smio koristiti u infektološkim testovima.
Evaluation of forest road network planning in landslide sensitive areas by GIS-based multi-criteria decision making approaches in Ihsangazi watershed, Northern Turkey
Authors: Bugday Ender , Akay Abdullah Emin
Published: September 2019

Šumske ceste jedna su od temeljnih infrastruktura u obavljanju šumarskih djelatnosti i usluga. Budući da su šume općenito smještene u planinskim područjima sa strmim nagibom u Turskoj, teškoće koje se događaju u ovim planinskim uvjetima povećavaju troškove. Cilj ove studije je procijeniti alternative planiranja šumskih cesta koje će se razvijati u planinskim područjima koja se nalaze na osjetljivim klizištima, na temelju mapiranja mapa osjetljivosti na terenu (LSM). U tu svrhu generirano je ukupno 12 modela s različitim pristupima višestrukog odlučivanja (MCDM), uključujući Modificirani analitički hijerarhijski proces (M-AHP), Fuzz sustav (FIS) i logističku regresiju (LR). Kao rezultat studije, najbolji model bio je Model 3 dobiven uz LR pristup (područje ispod krivulje (AUC) = 76,6%), a zatim LR-Model 4 (AUC = 75,7%) i FIS-Model 4 (AUC = 73.4%). Model 3 (AUC = 71%) bio je najuspješniji M-AHP pristup. Slijedom toga, primjena ovih metoda pružit će prednost u donošenju točnijih i racionalnih odluka tijekom planiranja cestovne mreže u osjetljivim šumskim područjima.
Standards Practical Tools in Dealing with Climate Change
Authors: Dulbert T Biatna
Published: September 2019

Drastic climate change is becoming an increasingly serious threat to the survival of living beings on this planet. Various effects have been caused by climate change such as rising temperatures, floods, rising sea level, the uncertain season and other radical changes. Other than forest destruction, as well as industry and transportation use fossil fuels contributed in exacerbating climate change. Indonesia, have adopted identical to the four Green House Gases (GHG) into the SNI via reprints. As a developing country and the condition of Indonesia's forests and peatland in the tropics, it is more easy going deforestation and degradation. Indonesia is concentrated to develop standards in deforestation field based decreased functions of tropical rain forests as carbon sinks are big enough, not to mention the peatland carbon stocks that have high potential around 36 Gton CO2 from 22 million hectares only. The development of ISO standards in measurements and calculations the Greenhouse Effect, Product Recycling, Promoting Environmental good, Energy Efficiency, Consumer Aware Environmental, very useful and contribute to tackle climate change significantly with the implementation of international standards. The most important thing now is how far the destruction of nature caused by human habits that are not environmentally friendly. Increasing understanding about the scale of change needed to tackle global warming, government, business and civil society should be able to perform the necessary steps and face the need to work in partnership to address such a change. In the long term the benefits of addressing climate change will far outweigh the impact costs . But in the short term, governments, business, and civil society will be more willing to bear those costs if they know their counterparts and competitors use standards, as a practical tool in dealing with climate change.
Ekstraksi Sederhana Antosianon dari Kulit Buah Naga (Hylocereus polyrhizus) sebagai Pewarna Alami
Authors: Sudarmi Sri , Subagyo Purwo , Susanti Anna , Wahyuningsih Anggun Sri
Published: September 2019

Natural dyes can be obtained from the pigments that contained from leaves, fruit, and rind of the plants. Dragon fruit peel is one of the potential  natural pigment source. Almost 30-35% of the peel fruit is often simply thrown away as trash. Dragon fruit peel  provides natural red color produced by pigment called anthocyanin which can be used as a subtituent from synthetic dyes to natural dyes. This research was objected to find the optimum conditions for anthocyanin extraction of dragon fruit peel. Simple extraction was carried out by using 80% ethanol solvent with  variable ratio of the amount of material and solvent (1: 9 to 1:13), temperature (50◦ to 80◦ C) and time (1 to 5 hours). Optimum result was obtained from a ratio F: S 1:11, temperature 50◦C, for 3 hours.
Biosurfactant
Authors: Reningtyas Renung , Mahreni M
Published: September 2019

Surfactant is an amphipilic chemical structure which contains the hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups. Surfactant has ability to lower surface tension between two liquids. Surfactant has been used in many industries, such as cosmetics, food, textile, petroleum, and pharmacy industry. Nowdays, most of surfactant used in industries are still based on petroleum resources. The applicationsof this nonbiodegradable surfactant in industry promote environmental problem. Biosurfactant is a biodegradable surfactant that produced from microorganism or natural resources. Biosurfactant produced from microorganism contains Rhamnolipid and Lipopeptide. Surfactin and Dactomicin made from microorganism with antibacterial activity are the examples. Bottle necks of the production of biosurfactant form microorganism are their slow process, high purification cost, and high product price. Biosurfactant from natural resources are potentially produced in large scale due to their fast process and relatively cheap raw material. Metil Ester Sulphonate (MES) is one of biosurfactant produced from natural resources (from palm oil). The other example is biosurfactant from esterification of carbohydrate and carboxylic acid. This paper reviews the literatures dealing with biodegradable surfactant development which can be used as a reference of a research path way and an industrial scale production of biodegradable surfactant.
The Effect of Ratio of Formaldehyde/Urea (F/U) using Catalyst of NaOH and NH4OH against Production of Urea-Formaldehyde Resin in Laboratory-Scale
Authors: Syaichurrozi Iqbal
Published: September 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the ratio of formaldehyde/urea (F/U) and catalysts against the formation of urea-formaldehyde resin. The F/U was varied in 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3. The catalysts used were NaOH and NH4OH. The results showed that density of urea-formaldehyde resin at F/U of 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 was 1360, 1370, 1360, 1330 kg/m3 in using catalyst of NaOH and1370, 1370, 1350, 1350 kg/m3 in using catalyst of NH4OH. Meanwhile, the absolute viscosity of urea-formaldehyde resin at F/U of 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 was 0.007347672; 0.007723512; 0.007347672; 0.006873174kg/m.s in using catalyst of NaOH dan 0.00879; 0.00827; 0.00813; 0.00643 kg/m.s in using catalyst of menggunakan NH4OH. Resin formed (%)at F/U of 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 was 25.92; 30.19; 28.85; 25 % in using catayst of NH4OH dan 10.71; 11.6; 9.45; 14.28  % in using catalyst of NaOH.
Association of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphism with Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Sample of Egyptian Patients
Authors: Amany Ragab Youssef  , Mohamed El-Dosoky  , Mohamed El-Shafey  , Sally Abed
Published: September 2019

Background. There are insufficient data on the association of vitamin D receptor (VDR) genes polymorphism and type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM), and various components of metabolic syndrome among Egyptian patients. The aim of the present study was to study the association of different SNPs of VDR genes  BsmI, ApaI, TaqI and FokI and components of metabolic syndrome and type 2 DM among cohort of Egyptian patients. Methods. The study is a case-control study. Patients included in the study were divided into three groups. Group 1 included 78 patients with type 2 DM; group 2 included 72 patients with metabolic syndrome and one hundred age-matched healthy subjects were served as control group. Full biochemical study and serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) were done. Purified DNA was subjected to study with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for genotyping of SNPs of VDR gene. Data were presented as mean and standard deviation, and were analysed as appropriate by using the one-way ANOVA or paired t-test. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to correlate between variables. Results. Study of VDR genetic polymorphism had shown significant increase in the prevalence of Ff genotypes among diabetic patients and patients with manifestations of metabolic syndrome. There was significant negative correlation between 25(OH)D and total cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting and post-prandial blood glucose levels, waist circumference and diastolic blood pressure. Conclusion. The genetic polymorphism of VDR might play a role in the pathophysiology of type 2 DM and metabolic syndrome., however, more longitudinal studies are still required to support these finding.
New Paradigm in Mapping: A Critique on Cartography and GIS
Authors: Jiang Bin
Published: September 2019

As noted in the epigraph, a map was long ago seen as the map of the map, the map of the map, of the map, and so on endlessly. This recursive perspective on maps, however, has received little attention in cartography. Cartography, as a scientific discipline, is essentially founded on Euclidean geometry and Gaussian statistics, which deal respectively with regular shapes and more or less similar things. It is commonly accepted that geographic features are not regular and that the Earth’s surface is full of fractal or scaling or living phenomena: far more small things than large ones are found at different scales. This article argues for a new paradigm in mapping, based on fractal or living geometry and Paretian statistics, and – more critically – on the new conception of space, conceived and developed by Christopher Alexander, as neither lifeless nor neutral, but a living structure capable of being more living or less living. The fractal geometry is not limited to Benoit Mandelbrot’s framework, but tends towards Christopher Alexander’s living geometry and is based upon the third definition of fractal: A set or pattern is fractal if the scaling of far more small things than large ones recurs multiple times. Paretian statistics deals with far more small things than large ones, so it differs fundamentally from Gaussian statistics, which deals with more or less similar things. Under the new paradigm, I make several claims about maps and mapping: (1) the topology of geometrically coherent things – in addition to that of geometric primitives – enables us to see a scaling or fractal or living structure; (2) under the third definition, all geographic features are fractal or living, given the right perspective and scope; (3) exactitude is not truth – to paraphrase Henri Matisse – but the living structure is; and (4) Töpfer’s law is not universal, but the scaling law is. All these assertions are supported by evidence, drawn from a series of previous studies. This article demands a monumental shift in perspective and thinking from what we are used to in the legacy of cartography and GIS.
Examination of the effects of impulsivity and risk-taking propensity on alcohol use in OEF/OIF/OND Veterans
Authors: Hawn Sage E. , Chowdhury Nadia , Kevorkian Salpi , Sheth Diti , Brown Ruth C. , Berenz Erin , McDonald Scott , Pickett Treven , Danielson Carla Kmett , Thomas Suzanne , Amstadter Ananda B.
Published: September 2019

Introduction: A strong association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and problematic alcohol use has been demonstrated among Veteran populations exposed to combat trauma. Several traits, such as higher levels of risk-taking propensity (RTP) and impulsivity (e.g., negative urgency [NU]), are associated with both increased PTSD symptomatology and greater alcohol use problems. Methods: The present study examined the effects of NU and RTP on alcohol use (measured by average weekly alcohol consumption and number of binge drinking days in 1 month), as well as their potential moderating effects on the association between PTSD symptom severity and alcohol use in a sample of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) US Veterans. We hypothesized that NU and RTP would both significantly predict alcohol use and moderate the relation between PTSD symptom severity and alcohol use, such that the association between PTSD symptoms and alcohol use would be greater among individuals high compared to low in NU and RTP. Results: As hypothesized, the main effects of RTP and NU were significantly positively associated with average weekly alcohol consumption and the number of binge drinking days in the past month. However, neither NU nor RTP moderated the relation between PTSD and either alcohol variable. Discussion: NU and RTP may represent transdiagnostic risk markers for PTSD and alcohol use problems; however, the current study did not support an exploratory role of NU or RTP in the association between PTSD and alcohol use phenotypes.
A knowledge translation implementation strategy to promote evidence-based practices in the management of lateral ankle sprains by Canadian Armed Forces physiotherapists
Authors: Robitaille Eric , MacRae Marsha , Rowe Peter , Aiken Alice B.
Published: September 2019

Introduction: Lateral ankle sprains (LAS) are the third most common musculoskeletal injury among military members, resulting in considerable time loss and a substantial rehabilitation workload. The operational relevance of these consequences to the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) should be minimized using evidence-based practices. The purpose of this research project was to use a comprehensive knowledge translation (KT) implementation strategy tailored for CAF physiotherapists to improve their knowledge and use of the rehabilitation interventions and outcome measures recommended in the management of LAS. Methods: All CAF physiotherapists were sent an email invitation to complete an online questionnaire investigating their knowledge and use of rehabilitation interventions and outcome measures recommended in the management of LAS. We then used a distance learning platform to facilitate a 3-hour active, multi-component KT intervention that included summarized research, practice tools, and guided interaction. The primary outcome was the median change reported on the online questionnaire prior to, and 3 months following the intervention. Results: Response rate to the online questionnaire was 75% ( n = 67/89). Respondents reported a change from very good to excellent knowledge and use of rehabilitation interventions recommended in LAS management between baseline and 3 months. Respondents reported a change from poor to good/excellent knowledge and use of outcome measures recommended in LAS management between baseline and 3 months. Respondents reported a KT intervention preference for summarized research. Discussion: Our findings suggest that a KT implementation strategy tailored for CAF physiotherapists can improve their self-reported knowledge and use of outcome measures recommended in LAS management.
Access to Internet-based mental health resources in a nationally representative sample of Canadian active duty military personnel
Authors: Duranceau Sophie , Zamorski Mark A. , Carleton R. Nicholas
Published: September 2019

Introduction: The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) have made access to mental health care a priority. Access to care is typically conceptualized as in-person interactions with health care providers; however, it can also include virtual health care services. Virtual health care is health services delivered through an Internet platform. Internet-based interventions are promising for increasing mental health care access among CAF personnel; however, increased reliance on Internet technology for service provision may create disparate access. Accordingly, a recent nationally representative sample of CAF Regular Forces personnel was examined with the following aims: (1) provide estimates of different types of Internet use for mental health-related problems and contrast such estimates with usage rates for other forms of professional and paraprofessional care; (2) examine the relationship between Internet use for mental health-related problems, professional mental health service use, and perceived need for care; and (3) identify individual predictors of Internet use for mental health-related problems. Methods: Prevalence estimates were computed for all variables of interest and multivariate logistic regression analyses served to identify predictors of Internet use. Results: The results indicate that the Internet is more readily accessed for mental health care than other forms of paraprofessional services but remains less commonly accessed than in-person mental health care providers. Results also indicate that the Internet is primarily used to obtain information about symptoms or where to get help. Discussion: Findings suggest few individual barriers exist for accessing the Internet and Internet-based technologies may be a viable alternative for increasing access to mental health resources among CAF personnel and their families.
Examining physical health conditions and associations of pain, obesity, and function of UK Veterans diagnosed with PTSD and other mental health conditions
Authors: Sharp Marie-Louise , Busuttil Walter , Murphy Dominic
Published: September 2019

Introduction: Little is known about the physical health conditions experienced by United Kingdom (UK) military Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or other mental health diagnoses. We aimed to explore the prevalence of self-reported physical health complaints and health behaviours in a patient sample of UK Veterans who had engaged with mental health services. Methods: This study used questionnaire data from a cross-sectional study that sampled Veterans engaged in a UK national Veteran’s mental health charity ( N = 403). Prevalence rates of reported physical health complaints were ranked, and health behaviours were described. Adjusted multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to examine associations between the top five physical health complaints and socio-demographic factors, mental health outcomes, and health-related behaviours. Results: We observed that chronic pain (41.2%, n = 166) and poor mobility (34.2%, n = 138) were the most prevalent conditions reported. Participants with PTSD were more than twice as likely to report chronic pain (AOR = 2.25, 95% CI, 1.16–4.37, P ≤ 0.05). Of 384 Veterans in the sample, the majority had a calculated body mass index (BMI) deemed overweight or obese (76.5%, n = 294). Obese participants were 2–4 times more likely to report prevalent physical health complaints. Discussion: Veterans with complex mental health problems experience a high burden of physical health complaints. Of most concern are the associations between PTSD, obesity, pain, impairment, and the potential difficulties in recovery and treatment. These findings are important for the way health services assess and treat individuals presenting with complex mental health problems.
Study of Photoneutron Production for the 18 MV Photon Beam of the Siemens Medical linac by Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Dowlatabadi H , Mowlavi A A , Ghorbani M , Mohammadi S , Knaup C
Published: September 2019

Introduction: Considering the importance of photoneutron production in linear accelerators, it is necessary to describe and measure the photoneutrons produced around modern linear accelerators.Material and Methods: The main components of the head of Siemens Primus Plus linac were simulated using MCNPX 2.7.0 code. The contribution of different components of the linac in photoneutron production, neutron source strength, neutron source strength and photon and electron spectra were calculated for the flattening filter and flattening filter free cases for the 18 MV photon beam, and was scored for three fields of 5 × 5 cm2, 10 × 10 cm2 and 20 × 20 cm2 in size.Results: The results show that the primary collimator has the largest contribution to production of neutrons. Moreover, the photon fluence for the flattening filter free case is 8.62, 6.51 and 4.62 times higher than the flattening filter case for the three fields, respectively. The electron fluences for the flattening filter free case are 4.62, 2.93 and 2.79 times higher than with flattening filter case for the three fields under study, respectively. In addition to these cases, by increasing the field size, the contribution of neutron production related to the jaws is reduced, so that when the field size increases from 5 × 5 cm2 to 20 × 20 cm2, a 17.93% decrease in photoneutron production was observed.Conclusion: In all of the accelerators, the neutron strength also increases with increasing energy. The calculated neutron strength was equal to 0.83×1012 neutron Gy −1 at the isocenter.