bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Professional standards and the accreditation process
Authors: Jacoby Barbara , Thomas William L.
Published: October 2006

Professional standards are an important component of the process for accreditation of institutions and programs.
Operationalizing CAS standards for program evaluation and planning
Authors: Bryan William A. , Mullendore Richard H.
Published: October 2006

Various approaches can be used to put standards into practice for program evaluation and planning within a division of student affairs.
Sexual health promotion for men who have sex with other men
Authors: Keeling Richard P. , Engstrom Eric L.
Published: October 2006

The challenge in developing effective campus health‐promotion strategies for men who have sex with other men is to provide clear information, opportunities for skill building, enhancement of self‐esteem, and community support to a fragmented, diverse, largely invisible audience of stigmatized men who may not identify themselves as needing the interventions, who are frequently targets of prejudice and violence, and about whose concepts of intimacy and sexual behavior relatively little is known.
The role of the college union and the future
Authors: Milani Terrence E. , Eakin J. Thomas , Brattain William E.
Published: October 2006

An outgrowth of the evolutionary forces that shaped the purpose, programs, and institutions of higher learning in America, the college union has become part of the fabric of higher education.
Reaffirming the role of the arts in the college union
Authors: Milani Terrence E.
Published: October 2006

College union administrators should realize that the arts represent an opportunity for the college union to affirm its educational role and relevance.
Funding college unions in the year 2000
Authors: Bookman Mark
Published: October 2006

By understanding and managing external and internal factors that affect the college union, a business mission can be implemented that will provide a secure financial base for a successful service mission.
The college union facility of the future
Authors: Yates Mary C.
Published: October 2006

The college union facility, the backbone of the tripartite union concept of building, organization, and program, must sustain the best of tradition while changing to meet challenges of the future.
Equality, human dignity, and altruism: The caring concerns
Authors: Clement Linda M.
Published: October 2006

In a community in which an ethic of care is operationalized, the values of equality, altruism, and human dignity assume their appropriate importance. These values modify and enrich the traditional values of higher education.
Community: The value of social synergy
Authors: Roberts Dennis C.
Published: October 2006

Community is one of the most essential values of our profession and should be developed campuswide among faculty, students, and student affairs colleagues.
Involvement of student affairs administrators in grant‐writing activities
Authors: Davis Joe L. , Davis Sharon K.
Published: October 2006

Funds awarded for grant and contract activities provide additional resources and enhancements for student affairs units. This chapter presents an overview of student affairs involvement in grant and contract activity.
Student perspectives on facilitating rape prevention programs
Authors: Simon Adam K. , Paris Jack , Ramsay Charles A.
Published: October 2006

The experiences of three student facilitators for Hobart College's Rape Prevention Program offer additional insights into the workshop's methodology and effect on participants.
Facts and myths
Authors: Presley Cheryl A. , Meilman Philip W. , Padgett Julie F.
Published: October 2006

In order to better understand the magnitude and consequences of alcohol abuse and other drug use, myths must be confronted with facts. Student affairs administrators are well positioned to expose the fantasy surrounding these myths.
Programs, Services, and Activities: A Survey of the Community College Landscape
Authors: Becherer Jack J. , Becherer Janna Hoekstra
Published: October 2006

Six core elements that underlie successful student development programs are identified and examined using examples from community colleges across the country.
Good questions for sound decision making
Authors: Boyle Thomas P.
Published: October 2006

Good budgets flow from good planning, and good planning requires a careful process that asks the right questions.
Criteria for setting allocation priorities
Authors: Gold James A.
Published: October 2006

Defining student services in educationally sound terms will ensure its future as a foremost institutional priority.
Doctoral education and student career needs
Authors: Lapidus Jules B.
Published: October 2006

This chapter provides an overview of the role of graduate education in meeting the career needs of doctoral students.
Processes for resolving student disciplinary matters
Authors: Wilson Jeanne M.
Published: October 2006

Campuses across the country have adopted an amazing variety of processes for resolving student discipline cases. This chapter compares and contrasts some of those processes and highlights strengths and weaknesses of different approaches.
Judicial affairs and the future
Authors: Pavela Gary
Published: October 2006

American colleges and universities will play an increasingly important role in revitalizing a national sense of identity and community. Judicial affairs offices can contribute to that process by helping students define and protect values essential to community life.
Synthesis and additional resources
Authors: Mercer Wanda L.
Published: October 2006

This synthesis discusses the role of judicial administrators as educators: providing processes and modeling behavior that is both fair and ethical Included are select recommended resources for administrators.
Access and retention: Support programs for graduate and professional students
Authors: Johnson Irene Harris
Published: October 2006

The majority have been advantaged for so many years that if and when the playing field is leveled they will think they are playing with a handicap. This chapter explores successful program strategies to encourage greater minority participation in graduate and professional education.
Concluding remarks
Authors: Caple Richard B. , Ender Steven C. , Newton Fred B.
Published: October 2006

Fundamental shifts in student affairs practices are occurring with student affairs devoting even more time and energy to students' acquisition of knowledge.
Using assessment to achieve quality in student affairs
Authors: Scott Richard M.
Published: October 2006

Through assessment, educators gain valuable information that will enable them both to answer questions asked by leaders outside higher education and to determine from within whether their educational efforts are making a difference.
How administrators facilitate quality teaching
Authors: Guskin Alan E.
Published: October 2006

Administrators have considerable impact on the quality of teaching if they are able to develop organizational environments in which faculty members feel creative and vital.
Teaching, learning, and academic program planning
Authors: Hegarty Thomas J. , Young James H.
Published: October 2006

SUNY College at Potsdam, participating in a national project with nine other institutions, is strengthening critical student skills through sound academic planning.
The library's role in facilitating quality teaching
Authors: Stoffle Carla J.
Published: October 2006

By increasing students' library skills and collaborating with faculty on student assignments, librarians at two universities play an important role in facilitating quality teaching.
Concluding comments
Authors: Guskin Alan E.
Published: October 2006

Presidents and academic vice‐presidents symbolize and are concerned with university‐wide academic interests. Thus they are vital to developing the consensus and climate through which teaching goals are realized.
Exploring the link between college education and work
Authors: Solmon Lewis C.
Published: October 2006

Longitudinal studies of two cohorts of entering freshmen refute the belief by some that there is presently “too much” higher education in this country.
The coming of age of black studies: Beyond “relevance”
Authors: Gordon Vivian V.
Published: October 2006

Black studies has had as difficult a time defining its boundaries and establishing its legitimacy, as have other disciplines descendant from philosophy. A new curriculum is designed to fulfill the promise of black studies.
A liberal education and occupational development
Authors: Parins James W.
Published: October 2006

A public liberal arts college has devised a multifaceted, occupational‐development program to demonstrate the value of liberal learning to both students and potential employers.
What is the life of virtue?
Authors: Edwards James C.
Published: October 2006

The student fires a hard question, and the teacher finds out that in answering that question he is teaching himself.
You've got to tell me what's right
Authors: Sutton Sharon E.
Published: October 2006

Sometimes it is a demand from a student, not a request or a question, that forces the teacher to think about her most fundamental purposes and make controverisal decisions that she hopes will benefit that student.
Striving for balance concerning an unbalanced ideology
Authors: Kelly Patrick J.
Published: October 2006

A faculty member becomes reflective and concerned about the way he dealt with an odious political ideology.
When determined “muddling through” paid off
Authors: Manchester Peter
Published: October 2006

Extraneous pressures break down a teacher's “professional” presentation of complex ideas and allow his personal enthusiasm to break through.
He was furious
Authors: Morrison Kristin
Published: October 2006

Is it a teacher's business to try to develop a student's sense of responsibility as well as to get across the materials of the course?
Discipline about deadlines
Authors: Taylor John B.
Published: October 2006

One of a teacher's most difficult tasks is passing judgment on other people in ways that may seriously affect their lives.
A dramatic experience
Authors: O'Gara Margaret
Published: October 2006

Drama comes into a classroom in a teacher's' spontaneous return to her student acting days.
Teaching and the quality of time
Authors: Herbert James
Published: October 2006

There is a tide in the affairs of students that taken at its crest leads on to learning.
Fieldwork as a learning experience
Authors: Osterud Mary Grey
Published: October 2006

Field study experience raises the question of the limitations classroom courses place upon students.
Diversity in the classroom: Pro and con
Authors: Rearick Charles
Published: October 2006

Diversity in the classroom may be rewarding to the teacher, but it may reveal that students are reluctant to learn from each other.
Plagiarism
Authors: Gleason Maud
Published: October 2006

Plagiarism or suspected plagiarism poses as many dilemmas for the teacher as for the student.
„will you help me?”︁
Authors: Guerrero Andre
Published: October 2006

There are times when the teacher can help students transcend the damage cause by acts of plagiarism.
Margy the “outlaw” goes straight
Authors: Breland Bruce
Published: October 2006

Students can experience transformations that defy a teacher's early and often pessimistic expectations.
A teacher's commentary: The desire to be whole again
Authors: Sheridan Harriet W.
Published: October 2006

A good teacher must be a good scholar.
Have you ever taught before?
Authors: Stamps Miriam
Published: October 2006

A teacher risks serious misunderstanding by refusing to accept racial stereotyping as an excuse for poor academic performance.
A second chance
Authors: Zsoldos Silvia T.
Published: October 2006

A student's excuses for not getting work done can be justifiable ones, and a teacher may experience great reward in permitting a student a second chance.
A third chance
Authors: Stitzel Judith
Published: October 2006

A teacher ponders what is “enough” in the way of trying to help a student get over a difficult hurdle.
A member of the dance
Authors: Carpenter Mary Wilson
Published: October 2006

The joy of genuine learning is too often lost in the competitive atmosphere of university work.
Teacher, scholar, politician
Authors: Williams Delores
Published: October 2006

In suspecting a student of trying to con her, a teacher gets a first lesson in academic politics.
A teacher's commentary: The political drama of teaching
Authors: Macaloon John J.
Published: October 2006

Teachers themselves must take political power in order to empower their students so as to prepare them in turn to be politically responsible citizens.
Conclusions
Authors: Martin Warren Bryan
Published: October 2006

Becoming a good teacher involves combining technical skills with human sensibilities so that both science and art contribute to success.
The future of general systems
Authors: Boulding Kenneth E.
Published: October 2006

The twenty‐fifth anniversary of the founding of the Society for General Systems Research is the occasion of some reflections on the difficulty of establishing interdisciplinary studies as illustrated by the present ambiguous position and possible future of the general systems enterprise.
Sketch for a theory of order
Authors: Layzer David
Published: October 2006

Whereas physical order reflects underlying physical laws, biological and esthetic order result from a cyclic process of variation and selection.
Gown and town: Planning our lives
Authors: Churchman C. West
Published: October 2006

What is the basis for ethics, and what is the relation between ethics and planning? How has this relation been expressed in higher education?
Burgundy: The rise and fall of the middle realm
Authors: Loeb Arthur L.
Published: October 2006

The Harvard house system provided the means for developing a cross‐disciplinary course dealing with political, art, music, dance, and literary history in late medieval Burgundy.
Reflections on the past; Hopes for the future
Authors: White Alvin M.
Published: October 2006

Personal observations on the natural history of some interdisciplinary programs are presented with reference to sources about others.
Values and the teaching of literature
Authors: FitzGerald Mary M.
Published: October 2006

The study of literature moves students through stages of growth in intellectual appreciation and in analytical ability, each stage bringing with it values that enhance those already assimilated.
Who should teach ethics?
Authors: Rizzuti Carol J.
Published: October 2006

Should the teaching of ethics to undergraduates be left solely to specialists in ethics, or does the very nature of the task require a cross‐disciplinary effort?
The role of student affairs in values education
Authors: Stott William R.
Published: October 2006

Since the student affairs office deals with students in the complexity of their lives outside the classroom, it is and should be actively and centrally involved in values education.
Developing professional competence
Authors: Michaelsen Larry K. , Obenshain Scott
Published: October 2006

Professional school education involves much more than the teaching of facts; students must learn how to use their knowledge in the performance of a professional role.
Learning beyond the classroom
Authors: Osborne Karen Quallo
Published: October 2006

Study circles differ in almost every way from typical college classes, but they seem to work.
Teachers and learning groups: Dissolution of the atlas complex
Authors: Finkel Donald L. , Monk G. Stephen
Published: October 2006

The several functions that comprise teaching can be differentiated and shared in various ways with students to enhance learning.
White faculty struggling with the effects of racism
Authors: Katz Joseph
Published: October 2006

The behavior of racism at the white institution can be gleaned from the thoughtful reports of white faculty struggling with the effects of racism.
Laying a foundation for learning: Student peer workshop groups
Authors: Rivera Alvin D.
Published: October 2006

Hispanic college students within the university create an academic support structure through student organization.
More information: Bibliographic instruction resources
Authors: Phillips Linda L.
Published: October 2006

A guide to the literature of bibliographic instruction combines the listing of specific sources with recommendations for subject access, personal contact, and current awareness.
Improving the working relationship between professor and TA
Authors: Wilson Tom , Stearns Jeanie
Published: October 2006

Teaching by graduate assistants is often affected by a confusing interplay of autonomy and authority in the TA‐professor relationship.
Combining high school and college: Laguardia's middle college high school
Authors: Lieberman Janet E.
Published: October 2006

The Middle College High School demonstrates what can be done even for high risk students by a full integration of high school, college, and the world of work.
Minorities and women and honors education
Authors: Harvey Maria Luisa Alvarez
Published: October 2006

Higher education, once a forbidden fruit for women
and minorities, is now more than ever the key to their
liberation, and this is particularly true of an honors
education. Yet these groufis remain underrepresented
in honors firograms. Why?.
Independent study, fieldwork, and peer teaching
Authors: Friedman Paul G.
Published: October 2006

A mark of academic excellence is the ability to learn
on one's own, using formats such as independent
study, fieldwork, and peer teaching. Unique design
considerations apply to each.
Communication apprehension in the college classroom
Authors: Daly John A.
Published: October 2006

Communication is critical to success in academic,
occupational and social settings. Communication
apprehension adversely affects this success.
Humor and the enjoyment of college teaching
Authors: Civikly Jean M.
Published: October 2006

Unless a relational base is developed, the teacher's
effort to incorporate humor into instruction
may go unrewarded.
Public school and teacher education reform: A proposal for shared action
Authors: Schlechty Phillip C. , Whitford Betty Lou
Published: October 2006

A new type of teacher education organimtion is needed that
is outside the public schools, outside the university, and
outside the teachers' urganizations. Such an organimtion
might be called the Academy for Excellence in
Teaching and Educational Leadership.
Can evaluating instruction improve teaching?
Authors: McKeachie W. J.
Published: October 2006

An experienced consultant can foster trust, offer encouragement, and provide guided practice in order to help faculty improve their teaching techniques.
Students' perceptions of large classes
Authors: Wulff Donald H. , Nyquist Jody D. , Abbott Robert D.
Published: October 2006

The crucial variable seems to be not so much the size as the effectiveness of the instructor in the class.
Acquiring student feedback that improves instruction
Authors: Murray Harry G.
Published: October 2006

There are good reasons for expecting informative feedback to have beneficial effects on teaching performance in large classes.
Faculty development and the future of college teaching
Authors: Lacey Paul A.
Published: October 2006

The faculty development movement of the 1970s and 1980s now turns its attention to the recruitment and preparation of the next generation of college teachers.
Student learning and college teaching
Authors: Pintrich Paul R.
Published: October 2006

The most recent research on college‐level learning may offer new ways to conceive of college teaching.
Basic issues and principles in classroom assessment
Authors: Wergin Jon F.
Published: October 2006

Attention to certain basic principles that are frequently overlooked in classroom tests can significantly enhance student learning.
Faculty as a force to improve instruction through assessment
Authors: Loacker Georgine
Published: October 2006

Assessment acquires meaning when it enhances the learning of the individual student. It can do so to the degree that faculty take responsibility for forging the components of assessment into a process that connects expected learning outcomes with assessment and feedback.
Assessing experiential learning
Authors: Simosko Susan
Published: October 2006

Assessing adults' experiential learning for college credit is gaining academic credibility as more systematic ways of setting standards and measuring learning are demonstrated.
Liberal learning in engineering education: The WPI experience
Authors: Grogan William R. , Schachterle Lance E. , Lutz Francis C.
Published: October 2006

Engineering colleges have not been known for their national leadership in liberal education. An experiment, which started in 1972 and affected the entire curriculum of a college, may change all that.
Writing across the curriculum at community colleges
Authors: Stout Barbara R. , Magnotto Joyce N.
Published: October 2006

Survey responses from 401 community colleges show that many of these two‐year, open‐admissions institutions have developed writing across the curriculum programs that address the special needs of their faculty and students.
The future of writing across the curriculum
Authors: Thaiss Christopher
Published: October 2006

Continuing problems, troubling trends, and many opportunities face WAC planners as we look to the future. How can we deal with these in order to sustain the success of the movement?
Motivating faculty to improve the quality of teaching
Authors: Lucas Ann F.
Published: October 2006

A department chairperson who is a transformational leader creates a shared commitment to the quality of college teaching.
Helping faculty to help their students learn
Authors: Katz Joseph
Published: October 2006

Some simple devices can give professors surprising knowledge about how their students learn and about how to further their learning.
Views of nature: The environment, values, and literature
Authors: Lutts Ralph
Published: October 2006

Early twentieth‐century literature on natural history raises issues of the proper relationship between people and nature in ways that are especially useful for encouraging students to think seriously about current environmental debates and their own beliefs about nature.
Turning them loose in the library
Authors: Selin Helaine
Published: October 2006

Teaching research skills is a necessary step, but only the first one in a bibliographical instruction program.
Teaching in a diverse environment: Knowledge and skills needed by tas
Authors: Chism Nancy Van Note , Cano Jamie , Pruitt Anne S.
Published: October 2006

Faculty members in the future need to develop special sensitivities and alternative teaching strategies to be responsive to an increasingly diverse student body.
Designing programs to prepare TAs to teach
Authors: Weimer Maryellen , Svinicki Marilla D. , Bauer Gabriele
Published: October 2006

Many different formats for TA training programs exist at institutions across the country, but all program formats need to respond to the same basic questions.
Issues in ITA training programs
Authors: Sequeira Debra‐L , Costantino Magdalena
Published: October 2006

Many issues must be considered as ITA training programs evolve.
Classroom research for teaching assistants
Authors: Angelo Thomas A. , Cross K. Patricia
Published: October 2006

By focusing attention on assessing, understanding, and improving learning, classroom research can empower teaching assistants and their students to improve the effectiveness of higher education.
Exploring common ground in liberal and professional education
Authors: Stark Joan S. , Lowther Malcolm A.
Published: October 2006

Professional program faculty value educational outcomes that go beyond technical competence. New educational approaches are needed that will integrate professional and liberal study to achieve commonly valued outcomes.
The evaluation of postsecondary classroom teaching: A wicked problem?
Authors: McKnight Philip
Published: October 2006

Student ratings have been called many names, good and bad, but they do pose problems that have no easy solutions.
Communicating student ratings to decision makers: Design for good practice
Authors: Franklin Jennifer , Theall Michael
Published: October 2006

Ratings do their work when they are used. Whether they work for or against the user is affected by how well the ratings system has been designed, as well as by the skills of its operators and users.
A coaching model for the teaching of writing
Authors: Walsh Anthony J.
Published: October 2006

The coaching model applied to a first‐year community college writing class elucidates the role of the coach, the players, the team, the process, and finally the “big games”—formal graded research papers.
The politics of the classroom: Toward an oppositional pedagogy
Authors: Marcroft Minette
Published: October 2006

In its construction of the neutral and “free” classroom, dominant pedagogy produces positions from which the existing political and economic arrangements of late capital are viewed as natural and inevitable. Oppositional pedagogy resists this inevitability.
The bush foundation's faculty development projects
Authors: Doermann Humphrey
Published: October 2006

Guidelines for creating faculty development programs need to be devised in order to encourage teamwork in curricular design, to assist in faculty evaluations, and to prepare faculty for changing demographic patterns.
Practical proposals for motivating students
Authors: Forsyth Donelson R. , McMillan James H.
Published: October 2006

Three prescriptions offered by theories of motivation—reshape students' overall achievement orientation, create an expectation for success, and increase the specificity and value of academic outcomes—offer practical suggestions for enhancing learning.
Effective social arrangements for teaching and learning
Authors: Billson Janet Mancini , Tiberius Richard G.
Published: October 2006

Myriad social arrangements can be created that work toward rather than against cooperation, effective communication, and security in teaching and learning.
Ten easy pieces: Assessing higher learning in four dimensions
Authors: Angelo Thomas A.
Published: October 2006

This chapter provides capsule summaries of simple, representative Classroom Assessment Techniques used in a variety of disciplines to assess four dimensions of learning–the “what,” the “how,” the “when and where,” and the “why”.
Implementing classroom research in a state university: A developmental process
Authors: Berry Elizabeth , Filbeck Marilyn , Rothstein‐Fisch Carrie , Saltman Helen
Published: October 2006

By building on the successes of existing faculty development efforts, one administrator and a handful of faculty were able to quickly establish a vital, interdisciplinary Classroom Research program.
Making the best use of the seven principles and the faculty and institutional inventories
Authors: Poulsen Susan J.
Published: October 2006

Reports of applications vary for institutions using the Seven Principles and the Faculty and Institutional Inventories; overall, in the survey reported here, respondents indicated a need for clearer information about potential and actual uses.
Using student ratings for teaching improvement
Authors: Theall Michael , Franklin Jennifer
Published: October 2006

In a student rating report, a mean may have little meaning in the absence of reliable, valid data and appropriate bases for comparing it to some standard. To use ratings results effectively and accurately, guidelines for understanding data are critical. Why, then, are they so often absent?
Incorporating job satisfaction into a model of instructional effectiveness
Authors: Cranton Patricia , Knoop Robert
Published: October 2006

Studies of teaching effectiveness have concentrated on the measurable direct outcomes of instruction: students' satisfaction (as measured by ratings) and learning (as measured by tests and grades). These studies have omitted an important part of the teaching effectiveness picture: the relationship between teaching and job satisfaction of the instructor.
Mentoring faculty for midcareer issues
Authors: Wheeler Daniel W. , Wheeler B. J.
Published: October 2006

The needfor mentoring does not end with new faculty orientation,
but continues throughout the careers ofjacufty members.
Developing collaborative skills in college students
Authors: Bosworth Kris
Published: October 2006

This chapter identijies the social skills needed for eflective
collaborative learning and describes strategies that can enhance
students' collaborative skill.
Critical thinking and collaborative learning
Authors: Nelson Craig E.
Published: October 2006

This chapter considers the relation between collaborative learning
and some major theoretical and empirical approaches to the
fostering of critical thinking.
Supplemental instruction for college chemistry courses
Authors: Lockie Nancy M. , Van Lanen Robert J.
Published: October 2006

Collaboration, mentoring, and an emphasis on problem solving are
hey components of a successfil Supplemental Instruction program in
college chemistry courses.
Advising special populations of students
Authors: Strommer Diane W.
Published: October 2006

To be rewarding for both faculty and students, advising special populations of students requires understanding their needs and identifying strategies to facilitate their learning.
Self‐monitoring during collegiate studying: An invaluable tool for academic self‐regulation
Authors: Zimmerman Barry J. , Paulsen Andrew S.
Published: October 2006

Self‐monitoring is an important component of self‐regulated learning. Students need to be able to engage in self‐monitoring in order to regulate their own learning, and faculty can help students learn how to self‐monitor.
Expanding the Volitional Resources of Urban Community College Students
Authors: Trawick Lavergne , Corno Lyn
Published: October 2006

Urban community college students have many needs. A program that teaches them how to regulate and control their behavior, cognition, and affect can be a particularly important resource for them.
Progress in practice: Using concepts from motivational and self‐regulated learning research to improve chemistry instruction
Authors: Coppola Brian P.
Published: October 2006

The instructor of an organic chemistry course describes in detail how he has used ideas about student motivation and self‐regulated learning to change chemistry instruction at his university.
The “certification” paradigm
Authors: Smith Hoke , Walvoord Barbara
Published: October 2006

Can higher education benefit by honoring excellent teachers through certification? The positives and negatives are explored.
Honoring exemplary teaching in research universities
Authors: Sorcinelli Mary Deane , Davis Barbara Gross
Published: October 2006

Faculty surveys and interviews suggest that such elements as input from faculty, administrators, and students and the provision of varied awards for good teaching are important to the success of recognition programs at research universities.
The ethics of knowledge
Authors: Kerr Clark
Published: October 2006

Academic ethics are “academic” in the pejorative sense if not applied in all the activities that make up academic life.
Providing structure: The critical element
Authors: Miller Judith E. , Groccia James E. , Wilkes John M.
Published: October 2006

This chapter describes the various ways that the level and type of structure can be varied in an active learning course and discusses how to use the manipulation of course structure to meet the challenges presented by a diverse student body.
Problem‐based learning in medicine and beyond: A brief overview
Authors: Barrows Howard S.
Published: October 2006

This chapter reviews the motivation for the change to problem‐based learning, its definition, and the educational objectives it can serve. It discusses changing an established curriculum to problem‐based learning and asks whether problem‐based learning is worth the trouble.
Concluding comments
Authors: Wilkerson Luann , Gijselaers Wim H.
Published: October 2006

Although adapted for each particular course, problem‐based learning is described in a remarkably consistent way by the authors in this issue.
‘Virtual conceptual necessity’, feature-dissociation and the Saussurian legacy in generative grammar
Authors: BURTON-ROBERTS NOEL , POOLE GEOFFREY
Published: October 2006

This paper is a critique of two foundational assumptions of generative work culminating in the Minimalist Program: the assumption that, as a matter of conceptual necessity, language has a ‘double-interface property’ and the related assumption that phonology has a realizational function with respect to syntax-semantics. The issues are broached through a critique of Holmberg's (2000) analysis of Stylistic Fronting in Icelandic. We show that, although empirically motivated, and although based on the double-interface assumption, this analysis is incompatible with that assumption and with the notion of (phonological) realization. Independently of Stylistic Fronting, we argue that the double-interface assumption is a problematic legacy of Saussure's conception of the linguistic sign and that, conceptually, it is neither explanatory nor necessary. The Representational Hypothesis (e.g. Burton-Roberts 2000) develops a Peircian conception of the relation between sound and meaning that breaks with the Saussurian tradition, though in a way consistent with minimalist goals. Other superficially similar approaches (Lexeme–Morpheme Base Morphology, Distributed Morphology, Jackendoff's Parallel Architecture) are discussed; it is argued that they, too, perpetuate aspects of Saussurian thought.
Response to David Adger's ‘Remarks on Minimalist feature theory and Move’
Authors: ASUDEH ASH , TOIVONEN IDA
Published: October 2006

David Adger raises some interesting issues and makes several valuable points in his ‘Remarks on Minimalist feature theory and Move’ (henceforth MFTM), a response to our review article ‘Symptomatic imperfections’ (henceforth SI) in this journal (Asudeh & Toivonen 2006), which was in part a review of his Core syntax (Adger 2003). In this response, we address some of the points in MFTM. We would also like to set the record straight about some points in SI which we feel have been misrepresented. In several instances, MFTM argues against claims that were not made in SI. Whatever the independent merit of these arguments, we do not wish to defend viewpoints we did not propose in the first place.
The determinants of policy for population health
Authors: FOX DANIEL M.
Published: October 2006

Many advocates of policy to implement the findings of research on the multiple determinants of health accord scant attention to the determinants of health policy in democratic countries. The principle determinants of the allocation of scarce resources to improving health include: the priorities of voters; the diffusion of responsibility for improving health; the absence of evidence about matters of consequence to policy makers; the arraying of some evidence in ways that frustrate policy making; resistance to addressing determinants other than clinical services and traditional public health practices among many professionals in these fields, as well as by industries that supply the health sector; and the special political influence of persons who suffer serious chronic disease and of members of their families.
DNA damage induces Cdt1 proteolysis in fission yeast through a pathway dependent on Cdt2 and Ddb1
Authors: Ralph Emma , Boye Erik , Kearsey Stephen E
Published: October 2006

Cdt1 is an essential protein required for licensing of replication origins. Here, we show that in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Cdt1 is proteolysed in M and G1 phases in response to DNA damage and that this mechanism seems to be conserved from yeast to Metazoa. This degradation does not require Rad3 and Cds1, indicating that it is independent of classic DNA damage and replication checkpoint pathways. Damage‐induced degradation of Cdt1 is dependent on Cdt2 and Ddb1, which are components of a Cul4 ubiquitin ligase. We also show that Cdt2 and Ddb1 are needed for cell‐cycle changes in Cdt1 levels in the absence of DNA damage. Cdt2 and Ddb1 have been shown to be involved in the degradation of the Spd1 inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase after DNA damage, and we speculate that Cdt1 downregulation might contribute to genome stability by reducing demand on dNTP pools during DNA repair.
Do large rock lobsters inhibit smaller ones from entering traps? A field experiment
Authors: Ihde Thomas F. , Frusher Stewart D. , Hoenig John M.
Published: October 2006

Indices of recruitment are often derived from trap surveys. If legal-sized lobsters inhibit smaller ones from entering traps, the overall catch-rate may depend on population composition and not just on overall abundance, and recruitment strength can be overestimated as average length decreases in a population. A controlled field experiment was used to examine whether trapping inhibition of Jasus edwardsii occurred during spring (November) or summer (February) in south-eastern Tasmania. Four treatments were applied. Baited traps were seeded with either: one large female, one large male or two sublegal-sized female lobsters. Baited traps with no seed were used as a control. Seeded traps always caught fewer sublegal-sized lobsters than control traps. When catches in both seasons were examined by sex of entrants, seeded traps caught fewer small lobsters than control traps in 11 of 12 comparisons. However, a strong inhibitory effect was observed only for female-seeded traps during summer. The data obtained in the present study suggest that sublegal-sized indices of recruitment are likely to be influenced in summer by the number of large females present. Spring trials suggest that corrections to a sublegal-catch index may be unnecessary during this season, but more work is required in order to better understand the complex, sex-specific and seasonal patterns of interactions of this species.
Germination characteristics of Melaleuca ericifolia Sm. (swamp paperbark) and their implications for the rehabilitation of coastal wetlands
Authors: Robinson Randall W. , Boon Paul I. , Bailey Paul
Published: October 2006

Swamp paperbark, Melaleuca ericifolia Sm., is a small, clonal tree that occupies fresh- and brackish-water wetlands across south-eastern Australia. Seeds collected from Dowd Morass, a secondary-salinised Ramsar-listed wetland of the Gippsland Lakes region in eastern Victoria, showed very low viability (< 6%), with less than 50% of the seeds germinating even under ideal laboratory conditions. Greatest germination occurred with surface-sown seeds, germinated in darkness at a mean temperature of 20°C and salinity < 2 g L–1. At 20°C, maximum germination occurred at a salinity of 1 g L–1; germination fell rapidly at a near constant rate with increasing salinity. Lower temperatures, while moderating the inhibitory effects of salinity, markedly reduced germination; higher temperatures increased the inhibitory effects of salinity and light and reduced overall germination rates. Seeds subjected to brief inundation with saline water germinated rapidly if flushed by, and subsequently grown under, freshwater conditions. Specific timing of management interventions, particularly manipulations of water regime to control salinity regimes, are required if germination of M. ericifolia on the landscape scale is to be successful. Even so, the low overall viability of the seeds would present difficulties to large-scale, seed-based rehabilitation efforts.
Characterization of the nanoscale properties of individual amyloid fibrils
Authors: Smith Jeffrey F. , Knowles Tuomas P. J. , Dobson Christopher M. , MacPhee Cait E. , Welland Mark E.
Published: October 2006

We report the detailed mechanical characterization of individual amyloid fibrils by atomic force microscopy and spectroscopy. These self-assembling materials, formed here from the protein insulin, were shown to have a strength of 0.6 ± 0.4 GPa, comparable to that of steel (0.6–1.8 GPa), and a mechanical stiffness, as measured by Young's modulus, of 3.3 ± 0.4 GPa, comparable to that of silk (1–10 GPa). The values of these parameters reveal that the fibrils possess properties that make these structures highly attractive for future technological applications. In addition, analysis of the solution-state growth kinetics indicated a breakage rate constant of 1.7 ± 1.3 × 10
−8
s
−1
, which reveals that a fibril 10 μm in length breaks spontaneously on average every 47 min, suggesting that internal fracturing is likely to be of fundamental importance in the proliferation of amyloid fibrils and therefore for understanding the progression of their associated pathogenic disorders.
A supervised hidden markov model framework for efficiently segmenting tiling array data in transcriptional and chIP-chip experiments: systematically incorporating validated biological knowledge
Authors: Du Jiang , Rozowsky Joel S. , Korbel Jan O. , Zhang Zhengdong D. , Royce Thomas E. , Schultz Martin H. , Snyder Michael , Gerstein Mark
Published: October 2006

Motivation: Large-scale tiling array experiments are becoming increasingly common in genomics. In particular, the ENCODE project requires the consistent segmentation of many different tiling array datasets into ‘active regions’ (e.g. finding transfrags from transcriptional data and putative binding sites from ChIP-chip experiments). Previously, such segmentation was done in an unsupervised fashion mainly based on characteristics of the signal distribution in the tiling array data itself. Here we propose a supervised framework for doing this. It has the advantage of explicitly incorporating validated biological knowledge into the model and allowing for formal training and testing.

Methodology: In particular, we use a hidden Markov model (HMM) framework, which is capable of explicitly modeling the dependency between neighboring probes and whose extended version (the generalized HMM) also allows explicit description of state duration density. We introduce a formal definition of the tiling-array analysis problem, and explain how we can use this to describe sampling small genomic regions for experimental validation to build up a gold-standard set for training and testing. We then describe various ideal and practical sampling strategies (e.g. maximizing signal entropy within a selected region versus using gene annotation or known promoters as positives for transcription or ChIP-chip data, respectively).

Results: For the practical sampling and training strategies, we show how the size and noise in the validated training data affects the performance of an HMM applied to the ENCODE transcriptional and ChIP-chip experiments. In particular, we show that the HMM framework is able to efficiently process tiling array data as well as or better than previous approaches. For the idealized sampling strategies, we show how we can assess their performance in a simulation framework and how a maximum entropy approach, which samples sub-regions with very different signal intensities, gives the maximally performing gold-standard. This latter result has strong implications for the optimum way medium-scale validation experiments should be carried out to verify the results of the genome-scale tiling array experiments.

Supplementary information: The supplementary data are available at

Contact:  mark.gerstein@yale.edu
Review of methods to predict solder joint reliability under thermo‐mechanical cycling
Authors: RIDOUT S. , BAILEY C.
Published: October 2006

Solder joints are often the cause of failure in electronic devices, failing due to cyclic creep induced ductile fatigue. This paper will review the modelling methods available to predict the lifetime of SnPb and SnAgCu solder joints under thermo‐mechanical cycling conditions such as power cycling, accelerated thermal cycling and isothermal testing, the methods do not apply to other damage mechanisms such as vibration or drop‐testing. Analytical methods such as recommended by the IPC are covered, which are simple to use but limited in capability. Finite element modelling methods are reviewed, along with the necessary constitutive laws and fatigue laws for solder, these offer the most accurate predictions at the current time. Research on state‐of‐the‐art damage mechanics methods is also presented, although these have not undergone enough experimental validation to be recommended at present.
A Parametric Lifetime Model for the Prediction of High‐Cycle Fatigue Based on Stress Level and Amplitude
Authors: CASTILLO ENRIQUE , FERNÁNDEZ‐CANTELI ALFONSO
Published: October 2006

The goal of this paper is to present a general parametric lifetime model for predicting fatigue behaviour at any stress level and amplitude (for example, at any combination of σmax and σmin pair) in the high‐cycle fatigue regime. The problem of the design of the experimental laboratory test required for such a prediction is dealt with. The surprising and relevant result is that running two groups of tests for two different constant stress levels of σmax or σmin is sufficient to predict the whole collection of Wöhler fields for any possible stress level. However, some combinations of tests, such as one for a fixed value of σmax and one for a fixed value of σmin, are shown to be insufficient. Closed formulas for obtaining any Wöhler field from the results of the experiments corresponding to the two different fixed values of σmax or σmin are given. Together the proposed model and lab tests allow any fatigue analysis to be performed in the current investigation. One example of application illustrates the proposed method.
Feasibility of Automated Detection of Advanced Sleep Disordered Breathing Utilizing an Implantable Pacemaker Ventilation Sensor
Authors: SHALABY ALAA , ATWOOD CHARLES , HANSEN CLAUDIUS , KONERMANN MARTIN , JAMNADAS PRADIP , LEE KENT , WILLEMS ROGER , HARTLEY JESSE , STAHMANN JEFFREY , KWOK JONATHAN , NI QUAN , NEUZNER JOERG
Published: October 2006

Objectives: This study tested the feasibility of automatically detecting advanced sleep disordered breathing (SDB) from a pacemaker trans‐thoracic impedance sensor.

Background: SDB is prevalent yet under‐diagnosed in patients with cardiovascular disease. The potential for automated detection of SDB in patients receiving pacemakers with respiration sensors has not been fully explored. We hypothesized that the trans‐thoracic impedance sensor could be utilized for automatic detection of advanced SDB.

Methods: Patients underwent overnight polysomnography (PSG). The pacemaker trans‐thoracic impedance signal was simultaneously recorded and time synchronized with the polysomnograph. Cardiovascular health variables were abstracted from medical records. Apnea was defined as cessation of inspiratory airflow lasting 10 seconds or longer. Hypopnea was defined as a reduction of tidal volume of at least 30% from baseline tidal volume, lasting 10 seconds or more. A computer algorithm (PM‐A) was developed to automatically detect SDB from the pacemaker impedance sensor data. The performance of automated SDB detection was compared against PSG.

Results: Sixty patients (aged 69 ± 12 years, 45 males) were studied. Advanced SDB (moderate or severe) was diagnosed in 40 patients. Severe SDB (apnea‐hypopnea index [AHI]≥ 30) was diagnosed in 32 patients (53%), but only 5 patients had prior diagnosis of the disease. Moderate SDB (30 > AHI > 15) was diagnosed in 8 patients of whom only two were previously diagnosed. Cardiovascular health variables did not predict the presence of advanced SDB. PM‐A derived AHI correlated with that of the PSG (r = 0.80, P < 0.01). The algorithm identified patients with advanced SDB with 82% sensitivity and 88% specificity.

Conclusions: It is feasible to automatically measure SDB severity using a pacemaker trans‐thoracic impedance sensor. Advanced SDB was frequently undiagnosed in this cohort of pacemaker patients.