bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advances in MRI‐guided precision radiotherapy
Authors: Liu Chenyang , Li Mao , Xiao Haonan , Li Tian , Li Wen , Zhang Jiang , Teng Xinzhi , Cai Jing
Published: January 2022

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is becoming increasingly important in precision radiotherapy owing to its excellent soft‐tissue contrast and versatile scan options. Many recent advances in MRI have been shown to be promising for MRI‐guided radiotherapy and for improved treatment outcomes. This paper summarizes these advances into six sections: MRI simulators, MRI‐linear accelerator hybrid machines, MRI‐only workflow, four‐dimensional MRI, MRI‐based radiomics, and magnetic resonance fingerprinting. These techniques can be implemented before, during, or after radiotherapy for various precision radiotherapy applications, such as tumor delineation, tumor motion management, treatment adaptation, and clinical decision making. For each of these techniques, this paper describes its technical details and discusses its clinical benefits and challenges.
Side effects of insecticides applied to cotton on adult Trichogramma pretiosum by three exposure routes
Authors: Costa Mariana Abreu , Farias Elizeu Sá , Passos Luis Clepf , Carvalho Vinicius Castro , Carvalho Geraldo Andrade
Published: January 2022

BACKGROUND

Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is released in extensive areas cultivated with cotton worldwide, but the use of synthetic insecticides threatens the establishment of augmented populations. Thus, an assessment of insecticides’ effects on T. pretiosum is required to establish their compatibility with mass releases of the parasitoid. We studied in the laboratory the impact of insecticides administered through different exposure routes (direct‐spraying, ingestion and residue contact) on T. pretiosum. Based on their toxicity, the insecticides were rated into four categories (harmless, slightly harmful, moderately harmful and harmful) as per the International Organization for Biological Control.

RESULTS

The survival, parasitism ability and emergence of the treated adults and offspring (F1 and F2), in addition to the persistence of the toxic effects in semi‐field conditions, were assessed. Teflubenzuron did not reduce female survival and caused a lesser impact on T. pretiosum on both direct‐spraying and ingestion bioassays. In the residue contact bioassay, teflubenzuron and flupyradifurone were rated as harmless and slightly harmful, respectively. The other active substances (chlorfenapyr, thiodicarb and methomyl) were harmful to the parasitoid by all exposure routes and were persistent (with toxicity duration surpassing 30 days).

CONCLUSION

From these findings, teflubenzuron is the insecticide most compatible with T. pretiosum releases and should be preferred over the other active substances. Further studies with the harmful insecticides (thiodicarb, chlorfenapyr and methomyl) are required to determine their toxicity under field conditions and confirm their incompatibility with T. pretiosum releases.
Magnetic Ground State and Tunable Néel Temperature in the Spin ½ Linear Chain Antiferromagnet Co(OH)(2−x)Fx
Authors: Zhang Yuqi , Xu Huidong , Liu Haobo , Seehra Mohindar S. , Wang Zhengjun , Li Ying , Li Wenxian
Published: January 2022

The ground state of Co2+ in the octahedral CoO6 crystal field has often been assumed to be in high spin state with S = 3/2. As a result, the effective magnetic moments of Co2+ are overestimated in Co(OH)(2−x)F
x
. Herein, it is argued that the ground state of Co2+ in Co(OH)(2−x)F
x
has effective spin  1/2 but not S = 3/2, due to spin–orbit coupling in distorted octahedral crystal field. Analysis of the published magnetic susceptibility (χ) data on three samples of Co(OH)(2−x)F
x
is reported here with the new result that the Néel temperature T
N decreases with an increase in χ as T
N = 36.5, 30.5, and 26.5 K are determined for x = 1.09, 1.14, and 1.26, respectively. The employment of modified Curie–Weiss (CW) law along with S = 1/2 ground state eliminates the reported disagreement between the magnetic moment μ(Co2+) obtained from CW law above and neutron powder diffraction (NPD) below The fits of the data to the predictions of the linear chain model yield the exchange constant J/k
B = −30.5, −28.1, and −24.7 K for x = 1.09, 1.14, and 1.26, respectively, supporting the chain‐like antiferromagnetic ordering observed using NPD.
Engineering of the Topological Surface States and Topological Dangling Bond States in the (0001) Surface of Bi2Se3 via Structural Distortion
Authors: Das Soumendra Kumar , Padhan Prahallad
Published: January 2022

The (0001) surface band structure evolution of Bi2Se3 is studied for different broken symmetries in the top quintuple layer (QL) of 8QLs slab. Each surface electronic structure shows dangling bond states (DBS) irrespective of broken symmetries introduced by the surface termination or layer vacancy. The DBS become topological (TDBS) in the presence of spin–orbit coupling (SOC) effect, which form multiple Dirac cones (DC) at the Γ and M points in the conduction band due to Bi1 termination in top QL. For Bi1 and Se2 terminations, the contribution of p‐orbital of Bi2 atom to DBS in the gap is negligible. The DBS eliminates the topological state of Bi2Se3 for all broken symmetries except Se2 layer vacancy. The band structure with only Se2 and Se3 layer vacancies shows a narrow‐bandgap semiconducting nature with a small bandgap value of 0.18 eV and 0.08 eV, respectively. The DC feature is observed in vacant atomic layer configurations with SOC. The layer vacancies created by Bi atoms form a metallic state, whereas those produced by Se atoms form a narrow‐bandgap semiconducting state. The introduction of broken symmetries in Bi2Se3 can be utilized in the tuning of surface states and TDBS for possible technological applications.
Unveiling the shades of partnerships for the energy transition and sustainable development: Connecting public–private partnerships and emerging hybrid schemes
Authors: Pinilla‐De La Cruz Giovanna Andrea , Rabetino Rodrigo , Kantola Jussi
Published: January 2022

The transition to cleaner energy technologies and sustainable development requires the commitment and collaboration of the public and private sectors. Among such collaborations, public–private partnership (PPP) refers to the convergence and complementarity between public and private actors and represents an organizational arrangement for addressing strategic sustainability challenges such as reducing carbon emissions and plays a relevant role in transforming the sector after energy reforms. The rigidity of PPP schemes introduces certain limitations in adapting to the energy transition and sustainability needs. As a result, several hybrid schemes have emerged from PPPs, which are focal points in this paper. This article aims to contrast PPPs with emerging hybrid PPPs to facilitate their understanding. It contributes to the academic dialog on recognizing the relevance of emerging forms of collaboration in tackling contemporary issues. The review's primary outcome is a framework of PPPs and hybrid PPPs and the critical challenges for advancing the energy transition and sustainable development. The contributions from this study may help policymakers to design suitable tools for incorporating hybrid PPPs in climate change policies and institutional frameworks. The findings suggest developing mechanisms through which PPPs and hybrid PPPs foster cleaner technologies, thus improving energy efficiency and access and strengthening energy security strategies. Further work is needed to address key research issues related to (i) mechanisms for the institutional alignment of hybrid PPPs, (ii) assuring reciprocity and commitment, (iii) knowledge management, and (iv) capacity‐building.
Study on the nanoscale current of ZnO film by photoassisted peak force tunnel atomic force: A novel technique for UV detection
Authors: Zhang Yidong , Dong Zhenwei , Zhao Lei , Guan Huijuan
Published: January 2022

ZnO film‐based ultraviolet (UV) detector was fabricated by photoassisted peak force tunnel atomic force (PFTUNA) on fluorine tin oxide (FTO) substrate. The PFTUNA current in dark and in UV light was ~0.1 and 2.0 nA, respectively. The UV sensitivity (photocurrent/dark current) is more than 20. The response time and the recovery time are ~0.12 and 0.32 s, respectively. The UV sensing mechanism is that the holes will transport to the ZnO surface to capture the adsorbed oxygen ions to weaken the depletion layer under UV illumination. The PFTUNA current between the tip and the ZnO film is consistent with the Richardson–Schottky (RS) thermionic emission model.
In search of competitive givers
Authors: Fielding David , Knowles Stephen , Peeters Ronald
Published: January 2022

Much of the theoretical and experimental research on charitable giving allows for three main types of donor: pure altruists, impure altruists, and pure warm‐glow givers. For none of these types should donations be increasing in the amount donated by others: there is no room for “competitive giving”. We design an experiment in which a participant chooses how much to donate to an individual recipient of charitable funds, conditional on the donation of another participant, and therefore controls the total donation to the recipient. We find evidence for the existence of competitive givers in addition to the other three types, suggesting a great deal of heterogeneity in individual utility functions. However, the frequency of different types depends on whether participants are told about the average donation in a previous experiment. Revealing this information reduces the frequency of competitive givers, suggesting that some competitive giving is motivated by a desire to conform to a social norm inferred from other participants' behavior.
Interface Engineering of Pb–Sn Low‐Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells for Improved Efficiency and Stability
Authors: Ghimire Nabin , Gurung Ashim , Bobba Raja Sekhar , Reza Khan Mamun , Lamsal Buddhi Sagar , Laskar Md Ashiqur Rahman , Pokharel Jyotshna , He Wei , Baniya Abiral , Zhou Yue , Qiao Quinn
Published: January 2022

Because of their inferior film quality, Pb–Sn‐mixed low‐bandgap (LBG) perovskites suffer from poor charge transportation, compromising photovoltaic parameters of final solar cells. Herein, an approach to improve the quality of the charge interface layer is proposed, in which a thin layer of hydrophobic [bis (4‐phenyl) (2, 4, 6‐trimethylphenyl) amine] (PTAA) is inserted between the hole‐selective layer of hydrophilic poly (3, 4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) ‐polystyrenesulfonicacid (PEDOT:PSS) and LBG perovskite layer. The introduction of a tiny layer of the hydrophobic PTAA acts as a shield layer to protect the underlying acidic PEDOT:PSS layer from moisture‐related degradation and works as an intermediary layer to facilitate the growth of significantly larger perovskite grains; these enlarged grains are indicative of enhanced crystallinity and fewer grain boundaries in the perovskite layer. The fewer grain boundaries lead to suppression of interfacial defects and result in enhanced charge collection at the hole transport layer/perovskite interface, thus improving the open‐circuit voltage up to 0.85 V and fill factor up to ≈78%, eventually boosting the power conversion efficiency of the champion cell up to 19.08%. Herein, a simple interface engineering route to fabricate efficient and stable Pb–Sn‐mixed LBG perovskite solar cells is offered.
Vacancies in Metal−Organic Frameworks: Formation, Arrangement, and Functions
Authors: Pang Qingqing , Yang Lingyi , Li Qiaowei
Published: January 2022

Vacancies in crystalline materials are missing single atoms and missing clusters of atoms in the ordered lattice. In reticular structures such as metal−organic frameworks (MOFs), vacancy can exist in the form of organic linker vacancy, inorganic cluster vacancy, and macroscopic vacancy. In last decade, extensive researches have been developed in exploring the formation, arrangement, and functions of vacancies in MOFs. In this review, an overview of progress in introducing structural vacancies into MOFs either by de novo synthesis or by postsynthetic modification is provided. Different spatial arrangements of vacancies (random, site‐selective, and correlated/ordered) are also highlighted, with an emphasis on new synthetic strategies and mechanisms, and advanced characterization methods needed to control vacancies in a sophisticated manner. Furthermore, enhanced gas adsorption, precise framework grafting, and efficient molecular conversion empowered by vacancies in MOFs are summarized. Future opportunities in this field are envisioned by considering vacancies as a new kind of constituents to reshape the MOF backbone and pores for higher structural complexities and tailored functions.
Recent Advances in 2D Heterostructures as Advanced Electrode Materials for Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Dong Yulian , Yan Chengzhan , Zhao Huaping , Lei Yong
Published: January 2022

Owing to the cost‐effectiveness, Earth abundance, and suitable redox potential, potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) stand out as one of the best candidates for large‐scale energy storage systems. However, the large radius of K+ and the unsatisfied specific capacity are the main challenges for their commercial applications. To address these challenges, constructing heterostructures by selecting and integrating 2D materials as host and other materials as guest are proposed as an emerging strategy to obtain electrode materials with high capacity and long lifespan, thus improving the energy storage capability of PIBs. Recently, numerous studies are devoted to developing 2D‐based heterostructures as electrode materials for PIBs, and significant progress is achieved. However, there is a lack of a review article for systematically summarizing the recent advances and profoundly understanding the relationship between heterostructure electrodes and their performance. In this sense, it is essential to outline the promising advanced features, to summarize the electrochemical properties and performances, and to discuss future research focuses about 2D‐based heterostructures in PIBs.
If “Rhodes‐” must fall, who shall fall next?
Authors: Mosyakin Sergei L.
Published: January 2022

Smith and Figueiredo, in their recent articles, raised important issues of getting rid of colonial legacy in botanical nomenclature. Some other politically motivated claims and proposals to amend theInternational Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants(ICN) have also been published or discussed by some other authors. In particular, Smith and Figueiredo expressed their opinion that “a proposal to amend to theCode, replacing epithets with the root ‘rhodes‐’, where Cecil John Rhodes, or any landmark named for him is commemorated, should be considered”. However, Rhodes is not the only controversial person whose name is currently associated with names of taxa. Here I consider several other cases of people of the past who were or are also sometimes treated, at least by some, as racists, colonialists, imperialists, war criminals, etc. Also, I discuss, in the context of Art. 51 of theICN, a more general issue of names and epithets that are or may be considered offensive, inappropriate, or unacceptable by some people or groups of people. The nomenclature of organisms governed by nomenclatural codes is the crucially important tool in taxonomy and all sciences and fields of activity relying on or referring to it. Nomenclature also reflects the rich and fascinating history of scientific exploration of the living world. That history contains some unpleasant or even tragic events, episodes and periods, and not all people commemorated in names of organisms were free of sins by our modern standards. Science cannot and should not, however, employ politically motivated censorship and totalitarian cleansing of scientific history, and of the biological nomenclature that reflects that history. Nomenclature of plants, algae, and fungi shall not be transformed into a battleground for politically motivated campaigns. Only some exceptions are possible, but they should be dealt with the proper respect to theCodeand to the centuries of taxonomic and nomenclatural traditions.
Conformal S-dualities from O-planes
Authors: Amariti Antonio , Fazzi Marco , Rota Simone , Segati Alessia
Published: January 2022

Abstract

We study 4d SCFTs obtained by orientifold projections on necklace quivers with fractional branes. The models obtained by this procedure are 𝒩 = 1 linear quivers with unitary, symplectic and orthogonal gauge groups, bifundamental and tensorial matter. Remarkably, models that are not dual in the unoriented case can have the same central charges and superconformal index after the projection. The reason for this behavior rests upon the ubiquitous presence of adjoint fields with R-charge one. We claim that the presence of such fields is at the origin of the notion of inherited S-duality on the models’ conformal manifold.
Islands and Uhlmann phase: explicit recovery of classical information from evaporating black holes
Authors: Kirklin Josh
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Recent work has established a route towards the semiclassical validity of the Page curve, and so provided evidence that information escapes an evaporating black hole. However, a protocol to explicitly recover and make practical use of that information in the classical limit has not yet been given. In this paper, we describe such a protocol, showing that an observer may reconstruct the phase space of the black hole interior by measuring the Uhlmann phase of the Hawking radiation. The process of black hole formation and evaporation provides an invertible map between this phase space and the space of initial matter configurations. Thus, all classical information is explicitly recovered. We assume in this paper that replica wormholes contribute to the gravitational path integral.
A sum rule for boundary contributions to the trace anomaly
Authors: Herzog Christopher P. , Schaub Vladimir
Published: January 2022

Abstract

In the context of boundary conformal field theory, we derive a sum rule that relates two and three point functions of the displacement operator. For four dimensional conformal field theory with a three dimensional boundary, this sum rule in turn relates the two boundary contributions to the anomaly in the trace of the stress tensor. We check our sum rule for a variety of free theories and also for a weakly interacting theory, where a free scalar in the bulk couples marginally to a generalized free field on the boundary.
Prophage-encoded gene VpaChn25_0734 amplifies ecological persistence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus CHN25
Authors: Xu Yingwei , Yang Lianzhi , Wang Yaping , Zhu Zhuoying , Yan Jizhou , Qin Si , Chen Lanming
Published: January 2022

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a waterborne pathogen that can cause acute gastroenteritis, wound infection, and septicemia in humans. The molecular basis of its pathogenicity is not yet fully understood. Phages are found most abundantly in aquatic environments and play a critical role in horizontal gene transfer. Nevertheless, current literature on biological roles of prophage-encoded genes remaining in V. parahaemolyticus is rare. In this study, we characterized one such gene VpaChn25_0734 (543-bp) in V. parahaemolyticus CHN25 genome. A deletion mutant ΔVpaChn25_0734 (543-bp) was obtained by homologous recombination, and a revertant ΔVpaChn25_0734-com (543-bp) was also constructed. The ΔVpaChn25_0734 (543-bp) mutant was defective in growth and swimming mobility particularly at lower temperatures and/or pH 7.0–8.5. Cell surface hydrophobicity and biofilm formation were significantly decreased in the ΔVpaChn25_0734 (543-bp) mutant (p < 0.05). Based on the in vitro Caco-2 cell model, the deletion of VpaChn25_0734 (543-bp) gene significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of V. parahaemolyticus CHN25 to human intestinal epithelial cells (p < 0.05). Comparative secretomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed a slightly increased extracellular proteins, and thirteen significantly changed metabolic pathways in the ΔVpaChn25_0734 (543-bp) mutant, showing down-regulated carbon source transport and utilization, biofilm formation, and type II secretion system (p < 0.05), consistent with the observed defective phenotypes. Taken, the prophage-encoded gene VpaChn25_0734 (543-bp) enhanced V. parahaemolyticus CHN25 fitness for survival in the environment and the host. The results in this study facilitate better understanding of pathogenesis and genome evolution of V. parahaemolyticus, the leading sea foodborne pathogen worldwide.
Large infrequent rain events dominate the hydroclimate of Rapa Nui (Easter Island)
Authors: Steiger Nathan J. , D’Andrea William J. , Smerdon Jason E. , Bradley Raymond S.
Published: January 2022

The history of the Polynesian civilization on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) over the Common Era has come to exemplify the fragile relationship humans have with their environment. Social dynamics, deforestation, land degradation, and climatic shifts have all been proposed as important parts of the settlement history and societal transformations on Rapa Nui. Furthermore, climate dynamics of the Southeast Pacific have major global implications. While the wetlands of Rapa Nui contain critical sedimentological archives for reconstructing past hydrological change on the island, connections between the island’s hydroclimate and fundamental aspects of regional climatology are poorly understood. Here we present a hydroclimatology of Rapa Nui showing that there is a clear seasonal cycle of precipitation, with wet months receiving almost twice as much precipitation as dry months. This seasonal cycle can be explained by the seasonal shifts in the location and strength of the climatological south Pacific subtropical anticyclone. For interannual precipitation variability, we find that the occurrence of infrequent, large rain events explains 92% of the variance of the observed annual mean precipitation time series. Approximately one third (33%) of these events are associated with atmospheric rivers, 21% are associated with classic cold-front synoptic systems, and the remainder are characterized by cut-off lows and other synoptic-scale storm systems. As a group, these large rain events are most strongly controlled by the longitudinal position of the south Pacific subtropical anticyclone. The longitudinal location of this anticyclone explains 21% of the variance in the frequency of large rain events, while the remaining variance is left unexplained by any other major atmosphere-ocean dynamics. We find that over the observational era there appears to be no linear relationship between the number of large rain events and any other major climate phenomena. With the south Pacific subtropical anticyclone projected to strengthen and expand westward under global warming, our results imply that Rapa Nui will experience an increase in the number of dry years in the future.
Long-acting granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in primary prophylaxis of early infection in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma
Authors: Ding Xinjing , Ding Jianghua , Gu Hong , Zhong Chuanxiang
Published: January 2022

Purpose

This study sought to compare the efficacy of prophylactic long-acting and standard granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on febrile neutropenia, early infections, and treatment delay in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) receiving the therapeutic regimen of bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (VRd).

Methods

A prospective study with 68 consecutive patients with MM was conducted in three regional hospitals. Participants were randomly treated with the VRd regimen in combination with prophylactic long-acting G-CSF (treatment group) or prophylactic standard G-CSF (control group). The primary endpoints were the incidence rates of febrile neutropenia, early infection, and treatment delays. The secondary endpoint was clinical outcomes.

Results

Thirty-three patients were assigned to the treatment group, and thirty-five patients were assigned to the control group. The incidence of febrile neutropenia was 6.1% and 17.1% in the treatment and control groups, respectively (p = 0.297). However, the rates of early infection and treatment delay were markedly lower in the treatment group than in the control group (6.1% vs. 25.7% and 9.1% vs. 31.4%; p < 0.05). Notably, all early infections occurred during the first four cycles of VRd therapy, and the most common type of infection was pneumonia. No significant difference in clinical efficacy was found between the two groups. All participants achieved at least partial remission.

Conclusions

Prophylactic administration of domestic long-acting G-CSF markedly reduced the rates of early infection and treatment delay as compared with standard G-CSF in patients newly diagnosed with MM. Notably, all early infections occurred during the first four cycles of VRd therapy. As such, it seems appropriate to administer long-acting G-CSF with the aim of primary prophylaxis of early infection in the setting of newly diagnosed MM.
Evolution of sea-level trends along the Norwegian coast from 1960 to 2100
Authors: Breili Kristian
Published: January 2022

A first national analysis of the evolution of sea-level rates along the Norwegian coast for the period 1960–2100 has been accomplished by exploring tide-gauge records, relative sea-level projections, and detection techniques for acceleration. Firstly, sea-level rates for the two study periods 1960–2020 and 1991–2020 were estimated. Along the Norwegian coast, relative sea-level rates show significant spatial variation due to glacial isostatic adjustment. Moreover, the coastal average sea-level rate for the period 1991–2020 is significantly higher than for the period 1960–2020. Accelerations were then estimated for all combinations of start years and study periods longer than 30 years by including quadratic coefficients in regression models. It was found that the estimates strongly depend on the study period and do not provide confident estimates of climate change driven variation in the sea level along the Norwegian coast. Secondly, non-linear trends in relative sea level were reconstructed from Singular-Spectrum Analysis, which at several tide gauges revealed low rates in the 1970s, maximum rates around 1990, and declining rates thereafter. From the reconstructed trends, significant positive acceleration in the relative sea level was estimated for the period 1960–2020, while accelerations less than zero were detected for the period 1991–2020. However, the estimates for the recent period appear not robust due to the influence of decadal and multidecadal variation characterizing Norwegian tide-gauge records. Finally, by artificially extending the tide-gauge records by projections, the time when unprecedented high sea-level rates emerge was identified. With projections calculated for the intensive emission scenario RCP8.5, the climate signal of the relative sea level emerges at earliest in the late 2030s. The time of emergence is typically 5 to 10 years later if reanalysis of sea-level pressure and wind speed are used to reduce decadal variation in the tide-gauge records. This is because the meteorological regressors, as a side effect, introduce serial correlations that lead to rate estimates with enlarged standard errors. An important implication of the findings is that a possible absence of record high sea-level rates in the 2020s and 2030s does not falsify that relative sea level along the Norwegian coast is consistent with projections of RCP8.5.
Combinatorial and rotational quantum abstract detecting systems
Authors: Hernández Cáceres J. M. , Combarro E. F. , Rúa I. F.
Published: January 2022

Quantum abstract detecting systems (QADS) were introduced as a common framework for the study and design of detecting algorithms in a quantum computing setting. In this paper, we introduce new families of such QADS, known as combinatorial and rotational, which, respectively, generalize detecting systems based on single qubit controlled gates and on Grover’s algorithm. We study the algorithmic closure of each family and prove that some of these QADS are equivalent (in the sense of having the same detection rate) to others constructed from tensor product of controlled operators and their square roots. We also apply the combinatorial QADS construction to a problem of eigenvalue decision, and to a problem of phase estimation.
Advances in the Pathogenesis of Auto-antibody-Induced Cerebellar Synaptopathies
Authors: Mitoma Hiroshi , Manto Mario
Published: January 2022

The presence of auto-antibodies that target synaptic machinery proteins was documented recently in immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias. The autoantigens include glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65), voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (VGCC), metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 (mGluR1), and glutamate receptor delta (GluRdelta). GAD65 is involved in the synthesis, packaging, and release of GABA, whereas the other three play important roles in the induction of long-term depression (LTD). Thus, the auto-antibodies toward these synaptic molecules likely impair fundamental synaptic machineries involved in unique functions of the cerebellum, potentially leading to the development of cerebellar ataxias (CAs). This concept has been substantiated recently by a series of physiological studies. Anti-GAD65 antibody (Ab) acts on the terminals of inhibitory neurons that suppress GABA release, whereas anti-VGCC, anti-mGluR1, and anti-GluR Abs impair LTD induction. Notably, the mechanisms that link synaptic dysfunction with the manifestations of CAs can be explained by disruption of the “internal models.” The latter can be divided into three levels. First, since chained inhibitory neurons shape the output signals through the mechanism of disinhibition/inhibition, impairments of GABA release and LTD distort the conversion process from the “internal model” to the output signals. Second, these antibodies impair the induction of synaptic plasticity, rebound potentiation, and LTD, on Purkinje cells, resulting in loss of restoration and compensation of the distorted “internal models.” Finally, the cross-talk between glutamate and microglia/astrocytes could involve a positive feedback loop that accelerates excitotoxicity. This mini-review summarizes the pathophysiological mechanisms and aims to establish the basis of “auto-antibody-induced cerebellar synaptopathies.”
Slug and Vimentin downregulation at the metastatic site is associated with Skip-N2 metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Saygideger Yasemin , Avci Alper , Bagir Emine , Saygıdeğer Demir Burcu , Sezan Aycan , Ekici Mucahit , Baydar Oya , Erkin Özgür Cem
Published: January 2022

Objective

Lung cancer displays heterogeneity both in the tumor itself and in its metastatic regions. One interesting behavior of the tumor is known as Skip N2 metastasis, which N2 lymph nodes contain tumor cells while N1 are clean. In this study, mRNA levels of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) related genes in skip N2 and normal N2 involvements of non-small cell lung cancer tissues were investigated to evaluate the possible molecular background that may contribute to the pathogenesis of Skip N2 metastasis.

Materials and methods

Eighty-three surgically resected and paraffin embedded lymph node samples of lung cancer patients were analyzed in this study, which 40 of them were Skip N2. N2 tissues were sampled from 50% tumor containing areas and total RNA was extracted. mRNA levels for 18S, E-cadherin, Vimentin, ZEB1 and SLUG were analyzed via qPCR and E-cadherin and vimentin protein levels via immunohistochemistry (IHC). Bioinformatic analysis were adopted using online datasets to evaluate significantly co-expressed genes with SLUG in lung cancer tissue samples.

Results

Skip-N2 patients who had adenocarcinoma subtype had better survival rates. Comparative analysis of PCR results indicated that Skip N2 tumor tissues had increased E-Cadherin/Vimentin ratio and ZEB1 mRNA expression, and significantly decreased levels of SLUG. E-cadherin IHC staining were higher in Skip N2 and Vimentin were in Non-Skip N2. TP63 had a strong correlation with SLUG expression in the bioinformatics analyses.

Conclusion

The results indicate that, at molecular level, Skip N2 pathogenesis has different molecular background and regulation of SLUG expression may orchestrate the process.
Design of Flexible Films Based on Kinked Carbon Nanofibers for High Rate and Stable Potassium-Ion Storage
Authors: Xiong Qiaotian , He Hongcheng , Zhang Ming
Published: January 2022

With the emergence of wearable electronics, flexible energy storage materials have been extensively studied in recent years. However, most studies focus on improving the electrochemical properties, ignoring the flexible mechanism and structure design for flexible electrode materials with high rate capacities and long-time stability. In this study, porous, kinked, and entangled network structures are designed for highly flexible fiber films. Based on theoretical analysis and finite element simulation, the bending degree of the porous structure (30% porosity) increased by 192% at the micro-level. An appropriate increase in kinking degree at the meso-level and contact points in entanglement network at the macro-level are beneficial for the flexibility of fiber films. Therefore, a porous and entangled network of sulfur-/nitrogen-co-doped kinked carbon nanofibers (S/N-KCNFs) is synthesized. The nanofiber films synthesized from melamine as nitrogen sources and segmented vulcanization exhibited a porous, kinked, and entangled network structure, and the stretching degree increased several times. The flexible S/N-KCNFs anode delivered a higher rate performance of 270 mAh g−1 at a current density of 2000 mA g−1 and a higher capacity retention rate of 93.3% after 2000 cycles. Moreover, the foldable pouch cell assembled by potassium-ion hybrid supercapacitor operated safely at large-angle bending and showed long-time stability of 88% capacity retention after 4000 cycles. This study provides a new idea and strategy for the flexible structure design of high-performance potassium-ion storage materials.
Personalized multi-faceted trust modeling to determine trust links in social media and its potential for misinformation management
Authors: Parmentier Alexandre , Cohen Robin , Ma Xueguang , Sahu Gaurav , Chen Queenie
Published: January 2022

In this paper, we present an approach for predicting trust links between peers in social media, one that is grounded in the artificial intelligence area of multiagent trust modeling. In particular, we propose a data-driven multi-faceted trust modeling which incorporates many distinct features for a comprehensive analysis. We focus on demonstrating how clustering of similar users enables a critical new functionality: supporting more personalized, and thus more accurate predictions for users. Illustrated in a trust-aware item recommendation task, we evaluate the proposed framework in the context of a large Yelp data set. We then discuss how improving the detection of trusted relationships in social media can assist in supporting online users in their battle against the spread of misinformation and rumors, within a social networking environment which has recently exploded in popularity. We conclude with a reflection on a particularly vulnerable user base, older adults, in order to illustrate the value of reasoning about groups of users, looking to some future directions for integrating known preferences with insights gained through data analysis.
Amazonian Moisture Recycling Revisited Using WRF With Water Vapor Tracers
Authors: Dominguez F. , Eiras‐Barca J. , Yang Z. , Bock D. , Nieto R. , Gimeno L.
Published: January 2022

Previous studies have estimated that 25%–35% of Amazonian precipitation comes from evapotranspiration (ET) within the basin. However, due to simplifying assumptions of traditional models, these studies primarily focus on large spatial and temporal scales. This study is the first to analyze the moisture of Amazonian origin at the annual to daily timescale in four different subregions of the Amazon. We analyze the sources, sinks and stores of moisture that originates as Amazonian ET. To do this, we use the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) regional meteorological model with the added capability of water vapor tracers to track this moisture. Moisture of Amazonian origin shows strong annual and semi‐annual signals, with contrasting behavior between the northern and southern parts of the basin. The tracers reveal a strong diurnal cycle of Amazonian water vapor which had not been previously reported. This signal is related to the diurnal cycle of ET, convective precipitation and advected moisture. ET's contribution to atmospheric moisture increases from early morning into the afternoon. Some of this moisture is rained out through convective storms in the early evening. Later in the night and following morning, strong winds associated with the South American Low Level Jet advect moisture downwind. The beating pattern becomes apparent when visualizing the Amazonian water vapor as an animation.
Sub‐Seasonal Prediction of Drought and Streamflow Anomalies for Water Management in India
Authors: Tiwari Amar Deep , Mishra Vimal
Published: January 2022

Meteorological and hydrologic prediction at short to sub‐seasonal scales is essential for reservoir operations to mitigate droughts. We examine the skills in the meteorological forecast from the Subseasonal Experiment (SubX) and Extended Range Forecast System (ERFS) for precipitation, maximum and minimum temperatures at 1, 7, 15, and 30 days lead. We bias‐corrected meteorological forecasts using the multivariate bias correction method for hydrologic prediction. The Variable Infiltration Capacity model was used to simulate total runoff and root‐zone soil moisture for India. We also developed a streamflow forecast for the five major river basins that have large reservoirs. Bias correction of meteorological forecast (precipitation, maximum and minimum temperatures) resulted in a considerable improvement in hydrologic and meteorological forecast skills. The Environmental Modeling Center (EMC) model from the SubX provides either better or equal forecast skills for the raw meteorological forecast compared to ERFS, which is an operational product in India. We examined the forecast skills of the meteorological and hydrological products for the two major droughts that occurred recently. We find that most forecast models effectively captured the onset, peak, and termination of the North Indian drought in 2015–2016 and the South Indian drought in 2016–2017 at a 30‐day lead. Bias correction of the meteorological forecast improved the streamflow forecast for the selected drought event upstream of the major reservoirs. The EMC model showed better forecast skills for the two major droughts than other forecast products. Overall, the SubX products show potential for short‐to‐sub‐seasonal scale hydrologic prediction that can assist water management in India.
Coexistence of 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 inclusion complexes of indigo carmine
Authors: Yanshyna Oksana , Avram Liat , Shimon Linda J. W. , Klajn Rafal
Published: January 2022

We show that the optical properties of indigo carmine can be modulated by encapsulation within a coordination cage.
Metallosupramolecular polymers formed with silver(i) ions in aqueous solution
Authors: Li Chenxing , Ok Mirae , Choi Heekyoung , Jung Jong Hwa
Published: January 2022

Supramolecular polymers of a terpyridine-based ligand (L) at three different concentrations of AgNO3 (0, 0.5, and 1.0 equiv.).
‘Awaken’ aryl sulfonyl fluoride: a new partner in the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction
Authors: Zhang Guofu , Guan Chenfei , Zhao Yiyong , Miao Huihui , Ding Chengrong
Published: January 2022

An example of the activation of the –SO2F group, which is traditionally considered a stable group even in the presence of a transition metal, is described using a novel partner in the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction catalyzed by Pd(OAc)2 and Ruphos as ligands.
Structure, morphology and photocatalytic performance of europium-doped bismuth vanadate
Authors: Zhang Wen , Zhang Han , Huang Wei , Lu Xiaoyu , Gao Shengnan , Wang Jun , Zhang Dongliang , Zhang Xiaowei , Wang Mitang
Published: January 2022

The effect of Eu doping on the crystal phase and photogenerated carrier separation of the bismuth vanadate photocatalyst.
An intelligent nanomesh-reinforced graphene pressure sensor with an ultra large linear range
Authors: Qiao Yancong , Jian Jinming , Tang Hao , Ji Shourui , Liu Ying , Liu Haidong , Li Yuanfang , Li Xiaoshi , Han Fei , Liu Zhiyuan , Cui Tianrui , Gou Guangyang , Jiang Lelun , Yang Yi , Zhou Bingpu , Ren Tian-Ling , Zhou Jianhua
Published: January 2022

Inspired by the reinforced concrete structure, the nanomesh-reinforced graphene pressure sensor (NRGPS) has been realized with ultra large linearity (1 MPa), high sensitivity (4.19 kPa−1), and excellent stability (more than 10 000 cycles).
Recent advances on fiber-reinforced multifunctional composites for structural supercapacitors
Authors: Lingappan Niranjanmurthi , Lim Sungmook , Lee Guk-Hwan , Tung Huynh Thanh , Luan Van Hoang , Lee Wonoh
Published: January 2022

Engineering the conventional electrode designs as well as exploring prospective materials and prominent electrolytes, all of which are critically required to tackle the fundamental limitations associated with the current sustainable energy technologies. Structural supercapacitors (SSCs) have recently emerged as next-generation energy storage and conversion devices by virtue of their abilities to store the electrochemical energy whilst sustain high mechanical loads simultaneously. Composite materials as well as electrolytes with multifunctional characteristics, especially outstanding electrical/ionic conductivities and high mechanical robustness represent the key requirements to realize such exemplary multifunctional devices. In this review, we provide an overview, structural design, and the recent progress of the SSCs devices enabled by various carbon fiber-reinforced composites electrodes. Special emphases are given to the assessment on the significance of solid polymer electrolytes and their composites in SSCs. Finally, we conclude with feasible applications of the SSCs and outline the challenges that still need to be addressed for deploying high-performance SSCs for practical applications.
EQUIVALENT ADVERSE OUTCOMES FOR HOME AND HOSPITAL-BASED INFUSIONS OF INFLIXIMAB IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
Authors: Gupta Shivani , Bricker Josh , Boyle Brendan , Maltz Ross , Michel Hilary , Dotson Jennifer
Published: January 2022

INTRODUCTION

Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is commonly treated with infliximab in a hospital setting or clinic where infusions are safely and effectively administered. In recent years, utilization of home infusions (HI) has increased due to reduced costs (insurance mandates) and patient factors (e.g., travel time savings, convenience). While 1 study of adult IBD patients found a higher likelihood for adverse outcomes among HI compared to those hospital-infused, the safety and efficacy of HI in children is understudied. We evaluated the adverse effects and outcomes of infliximab in children with IBD receiving HI compared to a matched cohort of children receiving infusions at a hospital-based infusion center. The frequency of clinic visits and lab monitoring, and durability of infliximab between cohorts were evaluated.

METHODS

Retrospectively, children who received HI of infliximab between September 2016-September 2018 were matched 1:1 based on age, race, ethnicity, sex, and disease type to a cohort receiving infliximab at a hospital-based infusion center. Patients completed induction at a hospital-based infusion center. A survival analysis (Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox Proportional Hazard (CPH) model) evaluated the hazard ratio for adverse outcomes in HI relative to hospital-infused children over 2 years. Adverse outcomes included stopping therapy for clinically relevant reasons, IBD-related hospitalizations, and emergency visits. Additional analyses included Chi-squared or Fisher exact tests and paired sample t-tests.

RESULTS

This study included 102 (51 pairs) children (63% male, 91% white, 92% Crohn’s disease). At baseline, there were no differences between cohorts by disease location, behavior, growth status, or disease severity. The portion of children with quiescent disease increased from 3% to 87% at year 1 and 93% at year 2 without cohort differences. At baseline, 94% of HI patients and 88% of controls were receiving 5 mg/kg q8weeks as standard maintenance therapy. After 1 year, 23% of all children remained on this dose, with a larger proportion of controls (33%) than children receiving HI ((14%), p=0.03). After 2 years, 19% of all children remained on this maintenance dose (no group differences. Over both years, the HI cohort had fewer labs drawn (p<0.001) as expected per site protocols, but there were no differences in lab results for calprotectin, CRP, ESR, albumin, and hemoglobin or the number of clinic visits at each time point. The risk for adverse outcomes was similar in both groups (CPH odds ratio=0.89 [0.32, 2.46]).

CONCLUSION

When comparing outcomes of children receiving HI vs. controls, there were no differences in drug durability, adverse effects, or laboratory markers of disease activity, suggesting HI may be as effective and safe as hospital-based infusions, provided a standardized care approach is utilized.