bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel O-palmitolylated beta-E1 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase is phosphorylated during ischemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Folmes Clifford DL , Sawicki Grzegorz , Cadete Virgilio JJ , Masson Grant , Barr Amy J , Lopaschuk Gary D
Published: July 2010

Background

During and following myocardial ischemia, glucose oxidation rates are low and fatty acids dominate as a source of oxidative metabolism. This metabolic phenotype is associated with contractile dysfunction during reperfusion. To determine the mechanism of this reliance on fatty acid oxidation as a source of ATP generation, a functional proteomics approach was utilized.

Results

2-D gel electrophoresis of mitochondria from working rat hearts subjected to 25 minutes of global no flow ischemia followed by 40 minutes of aerobic reperfusion identified 32 changes in protein abundance compared to aerobic controls. Of the five proteins with the greatest change in abundance, two were increased (long chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (48 ± 1 versus 39 ± 3 arbitrary units, n = 3, P < 0.05) and α subunit of ATP synthase (189 ± 15 versus 113 ± 23 arbitrary units, n = 3, P < 0.05)), while two were decreased (24 kDa subunit of NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (94 ± 7 versus 127 ± 9 arbitrary units, n = 3, P < 0.05) and D subunit of ATP synthase (230 ± 11 versus 368 ± 47 arbitrary units, n = 3, P < 05)). Two forms of pyruvate dehydrogenase βE1 subunit, the rate-limiting enzyme for glucose oxidation, were also identified. The protein level of the more acidic form of pyruvate dehydrogenase was reduced during reperfusion (37 ± 4 versus 56 ± 7 arbitrary units, n = 3, P < 05), while the more basic form remained unchanged. The more acidic isoform was found to be O-palmitoylated, while both isoforms exhibited ischemia/reperfusion-induced phosphorylation. In silico analysis identified the putative kinases as the insulin receptor kinase for the more basic form and protein kinase Cζ or protein kinase A for the more acidic form. These modifications of pyruvate dehydrogenase are associated with a 35% decrease in glucose oxidation during reperfusion.

Conclusions

Cardiac ischemia/reperfusion induces significant changes to a number of metabolic proteins of the mitochondrial proteome. In particular, ischemia/reperfusion induced the post-translational modification of pyruvate dehydrogenase, the rate-limiting step of glucose oxidation, which is associated with a 35% decrease in glucose oxidation during reperfusion. Therefore these post-translational modifications may have important implications in the regulation of myocardial energy metabolism.
Circumvention of multi-drug resistance of cancer cells by Chinese herbal medicines
Authors: Chai Stella , To Kenneth KW , Lin Ge
Published: July 2010

Multi-drug resistance (MDR) of cancer cells severely limits therapeutic outcomes. A proposed mechanism for MDR involves the efflux of anti-cancer drugs from cancer cells, primarily mediated by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) membrane transporters including P-glycoprotein. This article reviews the recent progress of using active ingredients, extracts and formulae from Chinese medicine (CM) in circumventing ABC transporters-mediated MDR. Among the ABC transporters, Pgp is the most extensively studied for its role in MDR reversal effects. While other MDR reversal mechanisms remain unclear, Pgp inhibition is a criterion for further mechanistic study. More mechanistic studies are needed to fully establish the pharmacological effects of potential MDR reversing agents.
Post-coital intra-cerebral venous hemorrhage in a 78-year-old man with jugular valve incompetence: a case report
Authors: Albano Beatrice , Gandolfo Carlo , Del Sette Massimo
Published: July 2010

Introduction

Spontaneous intra-cerebral hemorrhage can occur in patients with venous disease due to obstructed venous outflow.

Case presentation

We report the case of a 78-year-old Caucasian man with jugular valve incompetence who experienced an intra-cerebral temporo-occipital hemorrhage following sexual intercourse. He had no other risk factors for an intra-cerebral hemorrhage.

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of intra-cerebral hemorrhage due to jugular valve incompetence in association with the physical exertion associated with sexual intercourse.
Community music during the New Deal: the contributions of Willem Van de Wall and Max Kaplan
Authors: Krikun Andrew
Published: July 2010

Willem Van de Wall (18871953) and Max Kaplan (191198) built careers spanning music performance, music education, adult education, sociology, social work, music therapy and community music. Willem Van de Wall was a seminal influence on the development of the fields of music therapy and
adult education researching the role of music in institutional settings, including prisons, psychiatric hospitals and general hospitals. Throughout his illustrious career, Max Kaplan was dedicated to community music and is lauded for his sociological research on music and music education,
most notably, his study of leisure. By giving us a glimpse into their community music activities during the New Deal, these two scholars offer important lessons for today's community music scholars, practitioners and policy makers.
Passing on a culture: West Virginia traditional musical heritage and the Allegheny Echoes programme
Authors: Swain Leila Ryland
Published: July 2010

Allegheny Echoes is a summer programme of instruction and performance of music and poetry held in Marlinton, WV. The Bing Brothers learned their traditional music from the Hammons family of Pocahontas County, WV, in an informal setting of friendship and collaboration. The Hammons family
was recorded in the 1970s by Alan Jabbour and others; the Library of Congress produced a two-CD set in 1998 on the Rounder Label. The Bings and other West Virginia musicians and poets pass this music on to students from all over the world in the manner that they learned it. Live performances
of spoken poetry accompanied by appropriate music are highlights of the week-long programme, and guest artists present their talents and work.
First do no harm: Informed consent principles for trust and understanding in applied theatre practice
Authors: Fisher Teresa A , Smith Leslie L
Published: July 2010

In this article, we propose new structural approaches to facilitating applied theatre practice, specifically in theatre forms developed to address oppression. The intention of these activities is to highlight the power of choice in a given oppressive situation to help participants find
practical ways of addressing such issues. One way the practice can do this is by inviting participants to reveal their personal oppressions. Without careful preparation, participants can find themselves participating in emotionally-charged situations. We argue that applied theatre practitioners
can adapt the concept of informed consent to ensure participants have a clear understanding of the work. Informed consent is the practice of clearly stating and agreeing upon the work of therapy before entering into it. In this article, we present a practical model for theatre practitioners
to add informed consent to their practice so as to enhance the process for both participants and practitioners.
Reviews
Authors: Willis Penny , Estrella Karen , Kossak Mitchell , Bushell Matthew
Published: July 2010

Trauma, Tragedy, Therapy: The Arts and Human Suffering, Stephen K. Levine 2009 First Edition London Jessica Kingsley Publishing, 208pp. ISBN: 978-1843105121, Paperback, 18.99

Expressive Arts in Social Action: Peace-Ing Our World Together, August 1215, 2009 Hosted by
Lesley University

Inspiring Transformations: Applied Arts and Health Conference, The University of Northampton, 810 September 2009
Development and description of GETT: a Genetic testing Evidence Tracking Tool
Authors: Rousseau François , Lindsay Carmen , Charland Marc , Labelle Yves , Bergeron Jean , Blancquaert Ingeborg , Delage Robert , Gilfix Brian , Miron Michel , Mitchell Grant A. , Oligny Luc , Pazzagli Mario , Mamotte Cyril , Payne Deborah
Published: July 2010

Background: The completion of the Human Genome Project has increased the pace of discovery of genetic markers for disease. Despite tremendous efforts in fundamental research, clinical applications still lag behind expectations, partly due to the lack of effective tools to systematically search for and summarize published data relative to the clinical assessment of new diagnostic molecular tests.

Methods: Through a collaborative process using published tools and an expert panel, we developed a detailed checklist of the evidence that needs to be collected or produced to evaluate the potential usefulness of a new molecular diagnostic test. This tool is called GETT, for Genetic testing Evidence Tracking Tool.

Results: GETT allows 1) researchers to summarize the current evidence and to identify knowledge gaps for further research and; 2) stakeholders to collect data related to a given molecular test and improve their decision-making process. GETT comprises 72 clearly defined items/questions, grouped into 10 categories and 26 sub-themes, including an overview of disease epidemiology and genetics, the available diagnostic tools, and their analytical and clinical performances, availability of quality control programs, laboratory and clinical best practice guidelines, clinical utility, and impact on health care and psycho-social, ethical and legal implications. It also includes a summary of the evidence available and attempts to prioritise knowledge gaps related to the testing. We also compare GETT to other existing frameworks.

Conclusions: This systematic evidence-based tracking tool, which is more detailed than existing frameworks and provides clear definition for each item, will help streamline collection of the available evidence to appraise the potential for clinical application of new molecular diagnostic tests and prioritize research to produce the evidence-base relative to the clinical implementation of molecular diagnostic tests.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:1397–407.
The Effect of Forest Litter Removal Upon the Structure of the Mineral Soil
Authors: Lunt Herbert A.
Published: July 2010

The beneficial effect of forest litter, and the detrimental effect of its removal upon soil structure has been observed by the writer on several occasions. Measurements of the structure by aggregate analysis of soils in lysimeter tanks under red pine where naturally an excellent mull structure exists, have shown that where the soil has been kept bare of litter for a period of three and one‐half years, the amount of aggregates in the first inch has decreased about 40% in comparison with soil retaining its natural litter cover. Between the one and three‐inch depths, the decrease was between eleven and twenty‐four per cent.

In the pan lysimeters in which the soils were not disturbed in any way, removal of the litter over a two and one‐half year period reduced the aggregate structure of the first inch by 36% to 58% depending upon the method used, and in 1 to 3‐inch depth by 5% to 23%.

In cases where the natural soil structure is less favorable, removal of the litter may or may not be detrimental to soil structure, depending upon the effect of such treatment upon ground cover and lesser vegetation.
Importance of Soil Organic and Inorganic Phosphorus to Plant Growth at Low and High Soil Temperatures
Authors: Eid M. T. , Black C. A. , Kempthorne O.
Published: July 2010

The plant‐available P in a group of soils was estimated at soil temperatures of 20° and 35° C on the assumption that the response to P obtained in a green‐house experiment followed the Mitscherlich law. By multiple linear regression the dependence of the plant‐available P on the following soil P fractions was calculated: (1) inorganic P soluble in a solution 0.03 N to NH4F and 0.025 N to HCl; (2) organic P soluble in hot 1% K2CO3 and hydrolyzed by KOBr; (3) organic P soluble in hot 1% K2CO3 and not hydrolyzed by KOBr; and (4) organic P not soluble in hot 1% K2CO3. At 20° C the plant‐available soil P was determined by inorganic fraction 1. Organic fraction 2 had no appreciable effect. At 35° C the plant‐available soil P was determined by both inorganic fraction 1 and organic fraction 2. Organic fractions 3 and 4 were of no importance at either temperature. A probable cause of the observed results is that at 20° C the rate of organic P mineralization was low and the plant was dependent on inorganic fraction 1 originally present. At 30° C the plant was supplied with inorganic fraction 1 plus additional inorganic P from the mineralization of organic fraction 2.
Soil Hardness Measurements in Relation to Soil Moisture Content and Porosity
Authors: Jamison V. C. , Weaver H. A.
Published: July 2010

A method of adjusting penetrometer measurements so as to express soil porosity conditions is presented. The best simple function giving high correlations with macroporosity in the Decatur clay and the sandy clay subsoil of Greenville fine sandy loam was log (ϑH1/2) where ϑ was field moisture percentage and H the hammer blows required to cut a soil core. The hardness function can be used to estimate macroporosity and compares favorably with the latter in relationship to depth of rooting, growth, and height of cotton plants.
Weight and Nitrogen and Calcium Content of the Annual Litter Fall of Forests in the South Carolina Piedmont
Authors: Metz Louis J.
Published: July 2010

The annual fall of litter was measured in stands of pine, mixed pine‐hardwood, and hardwood in the South Carolina Piedmont. The total amount of litter (including twigs, bark, and fruit) dropped annually ranged from 4,059 to 5,619 pounds per acre on an oven‐dry basis. Considering leaf fall alone, the annual drop ranged from 2,938 pounds in a 30‐ to 40‐year old stand of shortleaf pine to 4,476 in a 25‐year old loblolly pine stand.

The content of nitrogen, calcium, and magnesium in freshly fallen leaves was determined for 14 tree species. The foliage of both loblolly and shortleaf pines was found to contain less of these elements than any of the hardwood species. Based on these chemical determinations and the annual leaf fall, estimates are given of the total amount of these nutrients returned to the forest floor by the annual leaf fall in the nine stands studied. The hardwood stands were found to return about twice as much nitrogen, three times as much magnesium, and five times as much calcium in their leaf fall as did the pine stands. Information given as to the nutrient content of the common forest species and in the litter fall of representative stands can be used by the forester to evaluate the effect of his management practices upon soil conditions.
Lime Requirement Determination of Soils
Authors: Patel D. K. , Truog E.
Published: July 2010

A method is proposed for determining the amount of lime needed under field conditions to bring acid soils to the neutral point. In this method a sample of soil is treated with a measured amount (always an excess) of standard calcium bicarbonate solution. After evaporation followed by wetting with water and a second evaporation, the excess of calcium bicarbonate which was added, now in the form of CaCO3, is determined by means of the Collins' Calcimeter. This instrument measures the CO2 evolved when the sample is treated with dilute HCl. From the volume of CO2 evolved, the excess of carbonate added and by difference the amount that reacted with the soil, the lime requirement, are calculated. The results obtained with several soils check closely with those obtained in field plot tests where varying amounts of lime were added.
Effect of Management on Soil Permeability
Authors: Van Doren C. A. , Klingebiel A. A.
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine some changes that have taken place in the surface of cultivated soils. Permeability, volume weight, and percent of pores drained were determined on virgin soils, fertilized and unfertilized soils, soil farmed to a good rotation in contrast to a poor rotation, and eroded soils as compared to slightly eroded soils. Some studies were also made on the effect of cultivation on percent aggregation. Six different soils were studied in the state.

Undisturbed core samples were taken at random with a steel cylindrical sampler and analyzed for permeability, volume weight, and pores drained. Most samples were taken from corn fields in the fall of the year.

Infiltration values for soil with various mulch covers were secured in the field with a type F infiltrometer.

The surface of most soils was originally moderate to moderately rapid in permeability. The addition of limestone and fertilizers has increased the permeability rate of the soil as compared to the untreated plots. This response may be attributed to increased growth of plants. The percentage of large aggregates (1.0 mm) in the surface soil of cultivated areas was reduced from 4 to 20 times as compared to virgin areas. Surface samples taken from plots farmed to a corn, oats, clover, wheat (clover) rotation were 16 times more permeable and held 17% more available water than samples taken from plots farmed to a corn, corn, corn, soybean rotation. Severely eroded soils were less permeable than moderately eroded soils. Wheat straw and crop residues increased infiltration rates approximately three times as compared to bare ground, no mulch.
Ion Activities in Sodium‐Clay Suspensions
Authors: Whitney Robert S. , Peech Michael
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of dissociation and hydrolysis of Na‐clay as a function of the degree of Na+ saturation of the clay and the concentration of NaCl in the clay suspension. The activities of Na+, H+, HCO3‐, and Cl‐ in the clay suspension were measured by the Donnan equilibrium method. From the Donnan distribution of ions between the two phases, it has been possible to apportion the observed Na+ activity in the clay suspension to Na+ dissociated from the clay and to diffusible sodium salts present in the clay suspension. The activity of Na+ dissociated from the clay and the activity of Na+ due to the presence of diffusible sodium salts in the clay suspension were both found to increase with the increasing degree of Na+ saturation of the clay and increasing concentration of NaCl or Na‐clay in the clay suspension. The anomalous increase in the activity of Na+ dissociated from the clay with the increasing concentration of NaCl or Na‐clay in the suspension may be attributed to the decrease in the thickness of the ionic atmosphere around the clay particle, resulting in greater concentration of osmotically active Na+ ions in the outer part of the diffuse double layer.
Gray Wooded Soils in Parts of Alberta and Montana
Authors: Williams B. H. , Bowser W. Earl
Published: July 2010

Recent field correlations, laboratory study, and a review of the literature on forested soils of the Northern Great Plains and contiguous mountainous areas and areas east of the plains indicate a need for pointing up the relationships among the several groups of podzolic soils of this region. To attain this objective the attention of the authors was focused on the analyses of field observations, field notes, and laboratory data pertaining to selected samples of Gray Wooded soils and some associated soils in Alberta and Montana. Differences and similarities among Gray Wooded soils and how they differ from the associated soils and from Podzol soils in eastern United States and Canada are brought out graphically and in discussion. Particular stress is placed on the climatic environment, natural vegetation, and parent materials that seem to account for the unique properties of these soils. Representative profiles of three Gray Wooded soils are described in detail.
The Effect of Sulfur Oxidation on the Availability of Manganese
Authors: Vavra Joseph P. , Frederick Lloyd R.
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of bacterial oxidation of sulfur upon the release of soluble manganese from manganese dioxide. Using the soil perfusion technique it was found that the oxidation of elemental sulfur or sodium thiosulfate applied to soil resulted in a release of soluble manganese accompanied by a lowering of pH. Addition of calcium carbonate caused a decrease in the amount of soluble manganese released, although the amount of sulfate formed was not changed significantly. In pure culture studies on synthetic media, 10 times more soluble manganese was found when sulfur was oxidized by Thiobacillus thiooxidans than when the same acidity was produced by the addition of sulfuric acid. Separation of the MnO2 from the sulfur and the bacteria by a collodion membrane did not prevent the reduction of manganese.
A Theory on the Soil Atmosphere in and around a Hemisphere in Which Soil Gases Are Used or Released
Authors: van Bavel C. H. M.
Published: July 2010

If the root system of a plant is taken as approximately hemispherical it is of interest to compute the distribution of partial pressures of soil gases. This can be done by assuming that these gases are taken up, or released, at a constant rate throughout the hemisphere and also that the physical condition of the soil with regard to diffusion is uniform.

Inside the hemisphere the solution is a simple algebraic expression and outside it is an infinite series containing Legendre's polynomials. In addition to the exact formulas the solution is given in the form of a computed graph, which may be used to calculate actual values of partial pressure at any point in the soil, if the necessary constants are known. It appears that the extreme values of partial pressure are closely centered around the apex of the hemisphere.
Yield and Quality of Peas for Processing as Affected by Lime and Fertilizers
Authors: Terman G. L. , Murphy H. J.
Published: July 2010

In order to obtain information which might improve yields, lime and fertilizer tests on peas for canning and freezing were conducted in Aroostook County and central Maine over a 4‐year period, 1947–1950.

Applying 300–400 pounds of finely ground dolomitic limestone down the drill spout with the pea seed increased the yield of shelled peas on the average by 645 pounds per acre on acid potato soils. With properly inoculated seed lime applications prevented premature yellowing of the vines and resulted in norinal dark green growth of vines without nitrogen fertilization of the crop.

Where lime was applied with inoculated seed, application of N or NPK fertilizers resulted in increases in yields of shelled peas of low tenderometer ratings and high quality in only 4 out of 16 experiments. Yields of vines, however, were increased consistently by N fertilization; in most experiments yields of shelled peas of high tenderometer ratings and low quality were also increased. With peas harvested on the same day both lime and nitrogen tended to delay maturity, as shown by lower tenderometer ratings.

Since lime and nitrogen have similar effects on yields of peas grown on acid soils, it may be concluded from this study that application of lower costing lime with inoculated pea seed is more profitable than higher costing nitrogen fertilization. Application of nitrogen can usually be justified only to delay maturity of part or all of the crop to facilitate harvesting a high quality pack. Application of P and K fertilizers is recommended only as insurance on soils testing low in these nutrients.
The Potassium Supplying Power of Representative Arkansas Soils
Authors: Legg J. O. , Beacher R. L.
Published: July 2010

An evaluation of the potassium supplying power of soils, including both exchangeable and moderately available potassium, is of particular importance in predicting potash fertilizer needs for permanent pastures.

Greenhouse tests were conducted with 12 soils to measure the response of Ladino clover and common ryegrass mixtures to potash fertilization (100 pounds K2O per acre), other nutrients being supplied as needed. Laboratory data are presented to compare the plant growth response to potash fertilization with the general chemical nature of the soil exchange complex and the amounts of potassium extracted by normal nitric acid, sodium acetate, neutral ammonium acetate, and successive leachings with saturated carbonic acid.

All soils were considered low to moderately low in available potassium, ranging from 43 to 125 ppm exchangeable K and from 1.0% to 5.5% exchangeable potassium saturation. The amounts of potassium solubilized by boiling the soil in normal nitric acid were above 250 ppm in soils which did not respond to potash fertilization, and below 250 ppm in five soils in which plant growth was significantly increased by potash treatments. Two very sandy soils with less than 80 ppm of nitric acid‐extractable K and approximately 5.0% exchangeable potassium saturation did not respond to potash fertilization. Lespedeza did not respond significantly to a field potash application on a sandy soil low in exchangeable potassium.

Results suggest that favorable response to potash fertilization may be expected on soils with exchange capacities above 5 me/100 gm. and nitric acid‐extractable potassium levels below 250 ppm K, providing other nutrients are adequate. The amounts of potassium extracted by carbonic acid, neutral ammonium acetate, or sodium acetate (pH 4.8) were not sufficiently indicative of the potassium supplying power of these soils to be solely used as a sound basis in predicting the need of potash fertilization.
The Effect of Inoculation upon Yields of Soybeans on Treated and Untreated Soils
Authors: Lynch D. L. , Sears O. H.
Published: July 2010

This experiment was designed to evaluate the importance of inoculation of soybeans when grown on land where well‐nodulated soybeans had been grown previously. The effect of soil conditions, and of time interval following previous inoculation, upon response of soybeans to inoculation was observed.

Neither soil treatment or interval of time since the host plant had been grown had any influence upon crop response to inoculation. Even on plots which had not grown soybeans since 1939, inoculation did not increase soybean yields. Although inoculated soybeans gave smaller yields than did the uninoculated in many cases, no significance was attached to this observation. Fields having a total nitrogen content of less than 3,000 pounds per acre gave a higher proportion of gains to losses than those containing more than this amount. Yields of both inoculated and uninoculated crops were greater on soils which had been treated with limestone, phosphate, and potash than on untreated check plots. It is concluded that inoculation should be practiced as an inexpensive insurance policy.
Correlation of Plant Tissue Tests of Corn, Deficiency Symptoms, and Soil Analyses on the Jordan Fertility Plots
Authors: Driskell B. N. , Richer A. C.
Published: July 2010

Although soil tests, tissue tests, and visual deficiency symptoms have been used rather extensively by many agronomists for the diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies existing in soils and plants, no comprehensive comparison of the interrelationship of those methods of diagnosis is available. Therefore, it was the purpose of this investigation to determine the correlation and relationship of these diagnostic methods to each other for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium with corn as a test crop. The Jordan fertility plots served admirably as a source of material for such an investigation since they were established in 1881 and have attained stable fertility levels, depending upon the fertilizer treatment of each plot. Two corn hybrids (Ohio K‐24 and Ohio M‐15) were grown on each of the 36 plots on tier 1 in 1948 and again on tier 2 in 1949.

The soils were analyzed for available nutrients according to standard accepted methods. Potassium and nitrogen tissue tests were made according to the descriptions of Richer2 and Kohnke3, respectively. The tissue test for phosphorus, as described by Kohnke3, was modified and a tissue test for magnesium was developed. Visual deficiency symptoms for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium were evaluated on each plot for each of the two corn hybrids. The deficiency symptoms described by previous workers were found to be a reliable guide for distinguishing the plant nutrient deficiencies of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium.

When soil tests, tissue tests, and deficiency symptoms were compared on tiers 1 (unlimed) and 2 (limed) of the Jordan fertility plots with two corn hybrids (Ohio K‐24 and Ohio M‐15), the following conclusions appeared justified.

Nitrogen. — An excellent correlation at the 0.1% level of significance was found between tissue tests and visual deficiency symptoms on tiers 1 and 2; however, no correlation was found between the tissue tests and potential nitrification of the soil or visual deficiency symptoms and potential nitrification of the soil.

Phosphorus. — Highly significant correlations were found in all instances, namely, between (1) soil tests and tissue tests, (2) soil tests and deficiency symptoms, and (3) tissue tests and deficiency symptoms.

Potassium. — All correlation coefficients were significant at the 0.1% level between exchangeable soil potassium and tissue tests, exchangeable soil potassium and deficiency symptoms, and tissue tests and deficiency symptoms.

Magnesium. — The correlation coefficients between exchangeable magnesium and tissue tests on the limed tier were not significant at the 5% level but were significant on the acid tier. Significance at either the 1% or the 0.1% level was found between exchangeable soil magnesium versus deficiency symptoms and tissue tests versus deficiency symptoms.

Good correlations were obtained in most instances between soil tests, tissue tests, and deficiency symptoms, but no one test is always conclusive.
Use of Soil Survey Information for Tax Assessment in Taylor County, Iowa
Authors: Scholtes W. H. , Riecken F. F.
Published: July 2010

A detailed soil survey was utilized by the county assessor in Taylor County, Iowa for reassessment of rural land in 1949. Detailed information was provided on the soils and their relative productivity ratings according to their suitability for the production of corn. Dollar values were established by the assessor for the different corn suitability ratings. The values of the tracts for assessment were then simply obtained by adding the measured acreage of each soil in the tract times its dollar valuation, minus certain deductions for such factors as waste.
Further Trials with Intercropping of Corn in Established Sods
Authors: Kurtz Touby , Melsted S. W. , Bray R. H. , Breland H. L.
Published: July 2010

This paper reports a continuation of trials in which corn is grown in cultivated slits in previously established sods of several single grasses and legumes. An attempt was made to estimate the nitrogen needs of the corn under different intercrops and to determine which intercrops were most adaptable and desirable in this system. Some data on soil moisture under the different systems are reported.

With adequate nitrogen, yields of corn in intercrops varied from around 80% of, to approximately the same as, the yields obtained under conventional systems. Among the legumes, Ladino clover and birdsfoot trefoil survived longest as intercrops. While all intercrops competed strongly with the corn for nitrogen, competition by the grasses was most severe and little difference was shown among the grasses with respect to survival and adaptability. Changes in soil moisture were more rapid under intercrop systems because of deeper and more rapid penetration of rainfall and because of utilization of moisture by the intercrop.
Boron Retention by Clay and Humus Systems Saturated with Various Cations
Authors: Parks W. L. , White J. L.
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors which influence boron retention by clay and humus systems.

Fine clay fractions of Wyoming bentonite and kaolinite were saturated with H, Ca, Mg, K, and NH4 ions and the effect of time and wetting and drying cycles studied. Boron retention by various humus systems was determined using an equilibrium membrane cell technique.

Under moist conditions base‐saturated kaolinite and bentonite clays retained more boron than hydrogen‐saturated clays, except in the case of NH4 bentonite. Drying the clays resulted in more retention in the hydrogen‐saturated clays than in the basic systems, except for magnesium‐bentonite.

In view of the magnitude of boron retention by the humus systems and the chemical reactions between boron and di‐hydroxy organic compounds it is suggested that boron unites with “favorable” diols of the organic matter or those which are gradually released as intermediates of the microbiological breakdown of organic matter in a soil.
A Soil Productivity Score Card
Authors: Berger K. C. , Hole F. D. , Beardsley J. M.
Published: July 2010

A soil productivity score card has been designed so that any careful agricultural worker can obtain reasonably reliable ratings for individual fields and farms in Wisconsin. The only tools required are a soil sampling tool, leveling device to approximate slopes in percent, sampling bags, and the Soil Productivity Score Card.

The ratings indicate relative current capacities of fields to produce crops, and are adjusted to a possible high score of 100, the sum of 11 optimum figures which include 10 ratings for soil and land characteristics and one for length of frost‐free season. The score card offers a choice of four ratings — low to high — for each characteristic. The user of the card is not asked to recognize and map soil types. Rather, he rates soils by fields. Soil samples are taken from each field for pH, and available phosphorus and potassium quick tests. A total farm score may be derived from the field ratings. The score card has been tested on a variety of soils in Wisconsin and the results have been compared with the U. S. Soil Conservation Service land use capability classification of the same fields, and with soil survey productivity ratings. The comparison shows substantial agreement between the three methods of evaluation. On farms which are without any soil map, the score card helps to provide essential information for the guidance of workers in farm planning and rental programs. Admittedly, there are certain inherent defects in a rating scheme of this kind, such as interdependence of soil factors and differential productivity of a given soil for different crops.
Quenched Calcium Silicate Slag and Limestone Incorporations in Two Tennessee Soils — A 10‐Year Lysimeter Study
Authors: MacIntire W. H. , Sterges A. J.
Published: July 2010

Incorporations of glassy quenched Ca‐silicate slag from rock phosphate‐reduction furnaces and limestone were compared by means of a 10‐year lysimeter experiment on acidic fallow Hart‐sells fine sandy loam and Baxter silt loam. Annual composites of periodic collections of rainwater drainages were analyzed for contents of Ca, Mg, K, P, S, N, and fluorine. Variables were particle size, rates for single and repetitive inputs, and depth of incorporation.

After 10 years, all eight 2‐ton slagged and limestoned soil systems had lost half of the calcium input, there were no carbonate residues, and soil pH was 6.3.

The four repetitive 2‐ton inputs caused increases of 3 to 4 times in calcium outgo, and every outgo from the slag was decidedly larger than the corresponding outgo from the limestone.

Calcium outgo from full‐depth incorporations of slag was about twice the outgo from half‐depth incorporations.

Ca‐bicarbonate outgo from the slag always exceeded that from the limestone, although the requirements of CO2 for the production of the bicarbonate from the slag were twice the requirements for the dissolving of the limestone.

Residues of carbonate engendered from 8‐ton incorporations of slag were small, although enhancements of 4 ½ tons in outgo of CaCO3, as bicarbonate, had occurred. Residues of CaCO3, engendered from 20‐ton inputs of the silicate of the slag, were 9 tons and 10 tons from Hartsells and Baxter soils, respectively.

Because of its porosity and its speedy hydrolytic transition and the sequential carbonatation of any fraction of the Ca(OH)2 that was engendered but not sorbed directly by the soil, the heavy‐rate inputs of slag induced Ca‐outgo increases far beyond the increases from limestone. The heavily slagged soils acquired substantial accumulations of engendered CaCO3, and pot cultures demonstrated that such accumulations induced fertility.

Magnesium outgo and potassium outgo were lessened by the slag and by the limestone in both soils.

Nitrate and sulfate leachings were increased by all incorporations of slag and of limestone.

The lightly‐slagged soils yielded relatively small increases in fluorine outgo, but the 796‐pound maximal recovery represented 52% of the fluorine carried by the heavy‐rate incorporations of slag. Outgo of fluorine, along with calcium, from full‐depth incorporation of slag was substantially greater than such outgo from half‐depth incorporation.

Phosphorus content of the slag was leached to significant extent.

The detailed findings and the accelerative effect that the slag‐derived solvated silica exerts upon leachings of Ca, PO4, and fluorine will be reported elsewhere.

It is believed that rational‐rate incorporations of the fluoride‐bearing quenched slag would not cause a harmful occurrence of fluorides in the waters of nearby wells and streams.
Selective Erosion of Soil Fertility Constituents
Authors: Massey H. F. , Jackson M. L.
Published: July 2010

Runoff samples from experimental plots at four locations in Wisconsin were analyzed for total soil material, organic and ammonia nitrogen, available phosphorus, and exchangeable potassium. Correlation studies were carried out in an attempt to relate the selectiveness of the erosive process for a given fertility constituent to the quantity of eroded soil and concentration of suspended solids in the runoff. The relationship was found to be highly significant with multiple correlation coefficients of 0.63 for available phosphorus, 0.79 for nitrogen and for organic matter, and 0.87 for exchangeable potassium. The selectiveness of the erosive process for the four fertility constituents determined increases in the order: organic matter, organic and ammonia nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium. At the average values of erosiveness encountered in this study, the eroded soil material contained 2.1 times as much organic matter, 2.7 times as much nitrogen, 3.4 times as much available phosphorus and 19.3 times as much exchangeable potassium as the soil proper. The selectiveness of the erosive process for given runoff conditions appears to be greater on Fayette silt loam, 20% slope, than on Almena silt loam, 3% slope, or on Miami silt loam, 9% slope.
Host Specificity Among Certain Plants in the Cowpea Cross‐inoculation Group
Authors: Burton Joe C.
Published: July 2010

The objectives of this study were (a) to determine the extent of host‐plant specificity among various agriculturally important members of the cowpea cross‐inoculation group and if possible (b) to select rhizobial strains adapted to a wide variety of hosts in this group.

In greenhouse tests 15 strains of rhizobia which were effective on their parent hosts were used as inocula for the cowpea, asparagus bean, peanut, indigo (4 species) crotalaria (3 species), velvet bean, partridge pea, jack bean and lima bean. Nodules were present on all inoculated plants. Growth of the cowpea and asparagus bean was improved with each of the rhizobial strains tested, whereas the other test plants showed a greater degree of selectivity. Growth of the lima bean, jackbean, peanut and velvet bean was improved by only two rhizobial strains. Only 7 of the 15 plant species tested gave effective response to 50% or more of the rhizobial strains used. None of the rhizobial strains were effective on all of the test plants.
The Significance of Air Adsorption by Soil Colloids in Picnometric Measurements
Authors: Jamison Vernon C.
Published: July 2010

Pressure deficits from calculated values in picnometric measurements on dry soils have been observed by the author and others. The explanation given is gas adsorption by dry soil colloids. The magnitude of this source of error in picnometric soil porosity measurements and its relationship to soil moisture was studied. A dual chamber picnometer adapted to measuring gas adsorption over a wide range of pressures was used. For the soils used the results were essentially the same for air and oxygen. At room temperatures (23° C) and atmospheric pressure, oven‐dried Hurricane clay adsorbed approximately 15.3 cc (one atm., 0° C) per 100 gm, while oven dried Lloyd clay adsorbed only 3.7 cc per 100 gm. However, adsorption fell to near zero at about 10% moisture (100 atm. moisture tension) for the Hurricane clay but did not approach zero for the Lloyd clay until at about 20% (15 atm. moisture tension). Quartz sand, Lakeland sand, and the organic colloid separated from Lakeland sand showed no measurable adsorptive capacity for oxygen or air. The adsorption found at ordinary temperatures does not approach the surface saturation values measured at very low temperatures by Emmett, Brunauer, and Love (2) but are consistent with their measurements at 0° C. The air picnometer cannot be used to estimate porosity or moisture content of soils near or below air dryness unless a method based on direct calibration of fixed fresh soil weights is used.
Yield and Vegetative and Chemical Composition of Forage Crops as Affected by Soil Treatment
Authors: Parsons John L. , Drake Mack , Colby Wm. G.
Published: July 2010

Field studies were conducted on Ladino clover, orchardgrass, smooth bromegrass, and timothy. Each species was planted in a pure stand to determine its requirements with respect to P and K.

Increases of 30% to 80% in hay production were obtained when adequate K was applied. Split applications of K fertilizer were used instead of single large applications. Although the percentage P in the plant material increased with added increments of P, there was no appreciable yield response to P on most species above the lowest P rate. Phosphate needs of the crop for 3 to 4 years can be met by banding 50 to 100 pounds P2O5 per acre at seeding time.

Although liberal amounts of fertilizer potash were applied to the grasses studied there was nearly complete removal of applied K (79 to 94%). This points up the fact that it is not possible to increase the reserves of soil K when producing large yields of the forage grasses, smooth brome, orchard, or timothy on this and similar soils.

Competition for K between desirable forage species and undesirable weedy species has a pronounced influence on the longevity of the stand. By the spring of the third crop year, Ladino clover comprised less than 5% of the vegetation on low K plots. The remaining vegetation was predominantly the weedy grasses, Kentucky bluegrass, and bentgrass.
The Availability of Phosphorus to Alfalfa in the Horizons of Four Eastern Nebraska Soils
Authors: Dennis E. J. , Chesnin Leon
Published: July 2010

Thurman, Carrington, Crete, and Crofton soils of eastern Nebraska were sampled by horizons to determine their availability of phosphorus to alfalfa. In a greenhouse study, alfalfa was grown on part of each sample which was treated with phosphate fertilizer, and part which was left untreated. The growth and composition of the alfalfa made on the untreated soil provided a measure of the availability of phosphorus in the soil horizon. The growth and composition of the alfalfa on the phosphate‐treated soil provided a measure of the growth alfalfa could make on a given horizon if phosphorus were not limiting. The treatments were replicated three times, and three cuttings were obtained. The replicate samples were composited and analyzed for nitrogen, phosphorus, and cation contents.

In general, phosphate treatment increased the yield and influenced the composition of alfalfa. The total nitrogen, phosphorus, and magnesium uptake by the alfalfa was increased with the phosphate application. Phosphate tended to reduce the total calcium uptake of the alfalfa tops. The total cation content of the alfalfa tops was quite constant. In addition, phosphate appears to have played an important role in the fixation of nitrogen by alfalfa in these phosphorus‐deficient soils. A variation was found in the phosphorus‐supplying capacity of the different soil horizons, as indicated by a range in total phosphorus removed in the tops from 0.01 to 0.17 gms, with a range in yields of tops from 3.2 to 19.4 gms. The increases in phosphorus removed by the tops due to the application of phosphate were from 0.08 to 0.69 gms. The increases in yields due to the phosphate treatment were from 1.8 to 19.3 gms.
Oxidation‐reduction Potential and Specific Conductance of Ground Water: Their Influence on Natural Forest Distribution
Authors: Pierce R. S.
Published: July 2010

The mineral content of ground water and its degree of stagnation are closely correlated with specific conductance and oxidation‐reduction potential. To eliminate several handicaps involved in sampling and transportation of uncontaminated water samples, a method of direct electrometric analysis of ground water in situ was devised. The assembled portable equipment included a Beckman Model N‐2 potentiometer, a modified Wheatstone bridge, and a specially designed well point, accommodating glass and platinum electrodes, calomel half‐cell, and specific conductance cell. Electrometric analyses were supplemented by determinations of the content of dissolved oxygen and total hardness.

Analyses of ground water in lowland and peat soils of Wisconsin and Ontario have shown definite relationships between the properties of ground water and the natural distribution of forest stands.
Compaction as a Factor in Soil Conservation
Authors: Free George R.
Published: July 2010

The results of recent studies in New York of soil compaction as related to infiltration and percolation of water are presented and discussed.

By using treatments affecting the amount of surface compaction occurring under natural rainfall, the ratio of infiltration to runoff for one soil was varied over a range of 300 to 600%. Compaction and permeability of another soil within and below plow depth was shown to be related to traffic and other factors of soil and crop management. Some of the broad aspects of the soil compaction problem are discussed.
Vegetational Approach to Soil Surveys in Wild‐land Areas
Authors: Wieslander A. E. , Storie R. Earl
Published: July 2010

This paper describes methods employed in the concurrent mapping of vegetation and soil on more than 3 million acres of mountainous land in California. The land is classified according to vegetational types, age and density of timber stands, timber site quality, and series and depth of soil. Important features are (1) office delineation on aerial photographs of most boundaries of vegetational and soil units in advance of field work, and (2) the large amount of basic information on native vegetation that is gathered and related to soil. Examples of vegetation‐soil relationships that aid soil mapping are pointed out. Charts illustrate some of the kinds of vegetation‐soil information that is obtained in the mapping and which can be put to use in managing the soil for timber and range purposes.