bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prominent bacterial heterotrophy and sources of 13C-depleted fatty acids to the interior Canada Basin
Authors: Shah S. R. , Griffith D. R. , Galy V. , McNichol A. P. , Eglinton T. I.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. In recent decades, the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean has experienced rapidly decreasing summer sea ice coverage and freshening of surface waters. It is unclear how these changes translate to depth, particularly as our baseline understanding of organic carbon cycling in the deep basin is limited. In this study, we describe full-depth profiles of the abundance, distribution and carbon isotopic composition of fatty acids from suspended particulate matter at a seasonally ice-free station and a semi-permanently ice-covered station. Fatty acids, along with suspended particulate organic carbon (POC), are more concentrated under ice cover than in ice-free waters. But this influence, apparent at 50 m depth, does not propagate downward below 150 m depth, likely due to the weak biological pump in the central Canada Basin. Branched fatty acids have δ13C values that are similar to suspended POC at all depths and are 13C-enriched compared to even-numbered saturated fatty acids at depths above 3000 m. These are likely to be produced in situ by heterotrophic bacteria incorporating organic carbon that is isotopically similar to total suspended POC. A source of saturated even-numbered fatty acids is also suggested below surface waters which could represent contributions from laterally advected organic carbon or from chemoautotrophic bacteria. At 3000 m depth and below, a greater relative abundance of long-chain (C20–24), branched and unsaturated fatty acids is consistent with a stronger influence of re-suspended sedimentary organic carbon on benthic particulate matter. At these deep depths, two individual fatty acids (C12 and iso-C17) are significantly depleted in 13C, allowing for the possibility that methane oxidizing bacteria contribute fatty acids, either directly to suspended particulate matter or to shallow sediments that are subsequently mobilized and incorporated into suspended particulate matter within the deep basin.
Quantifying the carbon uptake by vegetation for Europe on a 1 km2 resolution using a remote sensing driven vegetation model
Authors: Wißkirchen K. , Tum M. , Günther K. P. , Niklaus M. , Eisfelder C. , Knorr W.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. In this study we compare monthly gross primary productivity (GPP) time series (2000–2007), computed for Europe with the Biosphere Energy Transfer Hydrology (BETHY/DLR) model with monthly data from the eddy covariance measurements network FLUXNET. BETHY/DLR with a spatial resolution of 1 km2 is designed for regional and continental applications (here Europe) and operated at the German Aerospace Center (DLR). It was adapted from the BETHY scheme to be driven by remote sensing data and meteorology. Time series of Leaf Area Index (LAI) are used to control the development of vegetation. These are taken from the CYCLOPES database. Meteorological time series are used to regulate meteorological seasonality. These comprise daily information on temperature, precipitation, wind-speed and radiation. Additionally, static maps such as land cover, elevation, and soil type are used. To validate our model results we used eddy covariance measurements from the FLUXNET network of 74 towers across Europe. For forest sites we found that our model predicts between 20% and 40% higher annual GPP sums. In contrast, for cropland sites BETHY/DLR results show about 18% less GPP than eddy covariance measurements. For grassland sites, between 10% more and 16% less GPP was calculated with BETHY/DLR. A mean total carbon uptake of 2.5 Pg C yr-1 (±0.17 Pg) was found for Europe. In addition, this study states on risks that arise from the comparison of modeled data to FLUXNET measurements and their interpretation width.
Just two moments! A cautionary note against use of high-order moments in multifractal models in hydrology
Authors: Lombardo F. , Volpi E. , Koutsoyiannis D. , Papalexiou S. M.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. The need of understanding and modelling the space-time variability of natural processes in hydrological sciences produced a large body of literature over the last thirty years. In this context, multifractal framework provides parsimonious models which can be applied to a wide scale range of hydrological processes, and are based on the empirical detection of some patterns in observational data, i.e. a scale invariant mechanism repeating scale after scale. Hence, multifractal analyses heavily rely on available data series and their statistical processing. In such analyses, high order moments are often estimated and used in model identification and fitting as if they were reliable. This paper warns practitioners for blind use in geophysical time series analyses of classical statistics, which is based upon independent samples typically following distributions of exponential type. Indeed, the study of natural processes reveals scaling behaviours in state (departure from exponential distribution tails) and in time (departure from independence), thus implying dramatic increase of bias and uncertainty in statistical estimation. Surprisingly, all these differences are commonly unaccounted for in most multifractal analyses of hydrological processes, which may result in inappropriate modelling, wrong inferences and false claims about the properties of the processes studied. Using theoretical reasoning and Monte Carlo simulations we find that the reliability of multifractal methods that use high order moments (> 3) is questionable. In particular, we suggest to use the first two moments in all problems as they suffice to define the most important characteristics of the distribution.
Introducción a la criminología
Authors: Fernández David Lorenzo Morellas
Published: April 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/derecho.v0i8.978 Revista de Derecho No.8 2004 pp.29-60
Jurisprudencia Civil: Ineficacia de los contratos: Fe pública registral y tercero registral
Authors: García Jairo José Guzmán
Published: April 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/derecho.v0i9.1000 Revista de Derecho No.9 2004 pp.213-228
La antijuricidad, presupuesto de la responsabilidad extracontractual
Authors: Bustos Pueche José Enrique
Published: April 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/derecho.v0i9.991 Revista de Derecho No.9 2004 pp.29-38
Las víctimas del delito en los tiempos del olvido una reflexión desde la victimología en torno a la reforma al sistema penal en Colombia
Authors: Sampdero Arrubla Julio Andrés
Published: April 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/derecho.v0i9.996 Revista de Derecho No.9 2004 pp.105-133
Concepto de derecho al medio ambiente en el ordenamiento español
Authors: Zúñiga Sandra
Published: April 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/derecho.v0i9.998 Revista de Derecho No.9 2004 pp.167-189
Diatoms
Authors: Theriot Edward C
Published: April 2013

Diatoms are single‐celled autotrophic organisms with highly ornate siliceous walls. They account for more than 20% of the world's primary production, are responsible for much of the petroleum humans use, and deposits of their shells are mined for numerous uses. The most taxonomically diverse groups of photosynthetic protists, diatoms are of ecological importance in nearly every freshwater and marine habitat. Their closest relatives are a poorly known group of microflagellates, some silicified and some not. Efforts to reconstruct diatom phylogeny are hampered by the fact that their true diversity and that of their closest relatives remains unknown. Genomic studies are creating tremendous new opportunities for study of this important group. Perhaps as much as a third of the diatom nuclear genome is now thought to be recently laterally transferred from bacteria. Diatom adaptation to such a wide range of environments may be a result of the resulting novel gene combinations.

Key Concepts:

Diatoms are a highly diverse group of protists, with perhaps more than 200 000 species, most of which remain undescribed.

There are four major structural groups, radial centrics, polar centrics, araphid pennates and raphid pennates.

Among the four major structural groups of diatoms, only the raphid pennates are robustly supported as monophyletic.

Diatoms dominate the world's oceans, lakes and streams, conducting more than 20% of the world's photosynthesis.

Diatoms are critical indicators of aquatic ecosystem conditions, past and present.

Fossil diatoms have significant economic importance as stratigraphic indicators for mineral exploration, particularly petroleum and as a source of diatomite, which is used in numerous industrial applications.

Diatoms make a diverse number of nanoscale siliceous structures, an order of magnitude smaller than that presently attainable by human technology.

Understanding how diatoms make their shells may lead to breakthroughs in nanotechnology.

Nearly a third of the diatom nuclear genome appears to be the result of relatively recent horizontal gene transfer from bacteria.

Horizontal gene transfer may play a role in the apparent rapid adaptation and diversification of diatoms.
Mumps Virus
Authors: Duprex W Paul , Rima Bertus K
Published: April 2013

Mumps virus
causes a childhood disease that is characterised by swelling of the salivary glands (parotitis) and the testes (orchitis). Though it causes what is usually a mild disease infection, in adolescents and adults, it can be seriously discomforting and lead to meningitis and other sequelae. It was the main cause of viral meningitis before vaccines controlled the numbers of cases. Some of the clinical signs develop only after the onset of immune responses and may result from immunopathological reactions. Its pathogenesis is not well understood and relatively under researched for a human pathogen.
Mumps virus
is a nonsegmented negative‐stranded ribonucleic acid virus belonging to the family
Paramyxoviridae.
The molecular description of the virus, the understanding of the genome expression and the role of most viral proteins, though far from completely understood, has advanced in recent years and we are now able to introduce mutations into the virus at will and make recombinant viruses that express autofluorescent proteins or other foreign proteins from additional transcription units within the genome and hence the opportunity exists now to study pathogenesis in a number of animal and human tissue models using novel bioimaging modalities.

Key Concepts:

Mumps virus
is a relatively simple enveloped, negative‐sensed RNA virus which contains only seven genes.

Mumps virus
is a highly infectious agent which causes a relatively mild systemic disease in susceptible individuals.

A highly efficacious vaccine has been developed, although the molecular basis of the attenuation remains an enigma.

Inadequate virus attenuation caused aseptic meningitis in vaccinees and resulted in the withdrawal of mumps vaccines, public resistance to vaccination in the 1990s. In some countries, such as Japan this led to the complete cessation of national vaccination programmes.

Recombinant
mumps viruses
have helped to define the molecular determinants of neurotropism.
Filamentous Bacteriophages: Biology and Applications
Authors: Rakonjac Jasna
Published: April 2013

Filamentous bacteriophages contain a circular
single‐stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA)
genome packaged into long filaments. These phages do not reproduce by lysing bacteria; instead, they are secreted into the environment without killing the host. Well‐studied

Escherichia coli

K12‐infecting Ff phages (f1, fd or M13) always replicate episomally; however a growing number of ‘lysogenic’ or chromosomally integrated filamentous phages of Gram‐negative bacteria are being discovered. The ‘lysogens’ can be induced; however phage reproduction does not require genome excision from bacterial chromosome and does not lyse the host cells. Some filamentous phages enhance the virulence of their host organisms, the most striking example being the CTXφ of

Vibrio cholerae

, which encodes cholera toxin.

E. coli

Ff phages are the workhorse of phage display technology, whose most notable ‘products’ are therapeutic recombinant antibodies. Ff are also being used in nanotechnology as templates for assembly of nanostructures, which has already led to their incorporation into a working nanobattery.

Key Concepts:

Filamentous bacteriophages are long filaments (6–7 nm×>500 nm) that contain a single‐stranded circular DNA genome.

Filamentous bacteriophages replicate via a rolling circle mechanism, one strand at a time.

Filamentous bacteriophages do not lyse the cells; they are released by secretion, using a dedicated filamentous phage assembly secretion system.

Filamentous phage secretion‐assembly requires the proton‐motive force and ATP.

Some filamentous phages replicate exclusively as episomes, while others also integrate their genomes into the host chromosome, forming a lysogen. Induction of the lysogen does not result in cell lysis.

Ff filamentous phages of

E. coli

(f1, M13 and fd) have been used interchangeably as vectors and helper phages in DNA sequencing, as a protein display platform in phage display technology and as a template for assembly of nanostructures in nanotechnology.
Hibernation: Endotherms
Authors: Geiser Fritz
Published: April 2013

The main function of hibernation and daily torpor in heterothermic mammals and birds (i.e. species capable of expressing torpor) is to conserve energy and water and thus to survive during adverse environmental conditions or periods of food shortage no matter if they live in the arctic or the tropics. However, the reduced energy requirements also permit survival of bad weather during reproduction to prolong gestation into more favourable periods, conservation of nutrients for growth during development, and overall result in reduced foraging needs and thus exposure to predators, which appear major contributing reasons why heterotherms are often long lived and have lower extinction rates than strictly homeothermic species that cannot use torpor. Known heterothermic mammals and birds are diverse with about 2/3 of mammalian orders and 1/3 of avian orders containing heterothermic species, and their number continues to grow.

Key Concepts:

Hibernation and daily torpor are the most effective means of energy conservation available to mammals and birds and are crucial for survival of adverse conditions of many species.

Use of torpor often is enhanced by low ambient temperatures and limited food.

Because torpor reduces energy requirements, its opportunistic use allows extension of gestation, nutrient sparing during development, and permits survival in modified and degraded habitats and also reduces the need for foraging and thus exposure to predators.

As the rate of extinction in heterothermic mammals is much lower than in homeotherms, thermal energetics are of concern to conservation biologists because mammals and birds that can use and cannot use torpor differ enormously in their energy requirements and thus foraging needs.
Human Behavioural Ecology
Authors: Borgerhoff Mulder Monique , Schacht Ryan
Published: April 2013

Human behavioural ecology emerged in the mid‐1970s as a result of applying the theory of evolution by natural selection to the study of human behaviour. Using explicit models to derive hypotheses that are tested with quantitative data primarily drawn from traditional human communities, it offers a natural science of sociocultural diversity. Recent activity in this field lies in the study of the family, in life history theory and in individual and collective interests, and increasingly the field of enquiry moves from traditional communities to modern industrial societies. Current challenges include incorporating the mechanisms underlying adaptive behaviour, and the developmental and historical causes of human behavioural variability.

Key Concepts:

Human behavioural ecology (HBE) relies on the phenotypic gambit, the claim that how a trait is inherited does not seriously constrain adaptive responses to ecological variation.

HBE derives testable hypotheses from either graphical or mathematically explicit models anchored in basic principles of evolution by natural selection.

An HBE perspective integrates topics that are typically somewhat distinct in conventional anthropology – subsistence, marriage, reciprocity, kinship, demography, politics, ritual and health – into a unified theoretical enquiry.

Initial explorations of HBE were in the field of foraging (hunter‐gatherer) subsistence behaviour, drawing explicitly from optimal foraging theory.

An early and enduring focus in HBE is why human communities exhibit such variable culturally sanctioned mating patterns, formalised as marriage rules and marital payments.

Organisms face two major allocation decisions, the first between growth and reproduction, and the second between the number of offspring produced and the amount to be invested in each.

Distinctive features of human life histories, compared to those of other primates and mammals, include: a very large brain, an exceptionally long lifespan, an extended period of juvenile dependence, support of reproduction by older post‐reproductive individuals and other kin, and men's support of reproduction through the provisioning of women and their offspring.

The individual selectionist perspective of behavioural ecology highlights the conflict of interests among individuals at each level as well as the potential for cooperation within and between groups, as do some schools within economics, political science and sociology.

The focus of behavioural ecology (both human and other) is principally on adaptive function, whereas evolutionary psychology focuses on mechanism, and cultural evolutionary theory on the transmission of cultural traits.

Behavioural ecologists predict matching between behavioural strategy and context irrespective of whether humans reach this adaptive strategy as a consequence of genes, psychological mechanism or the learning of culture.
Triticum AestivumL (Wheat)
Authors: Snape John W , Pánková Katerina
Published: April 2013

Wheat seeds, known as grain, are a primary source of calories for the human race, and for animal feed, with more than 650 million tonnes being produced annually, worldwide. There are two agricultural species, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and durum (pasta) wheat (Triticum durum), both of which belong to the botanical tribe Triticeae in the grass family Poaceae, which also contains the related crop species, rye and barley. The centre of origin of the species is the ‘fertile crescent’ in the Middle East from where they have travelled to all continents of the world, although typically they are major annual crops of the temperate regions. The dried grains are crushed to produce flour, which is mixed by adding water and other ingredients to make dough, which is then cooked to produce a variety of breads and cakes.

Key Concepts:

Wheat belongs to the botanical tribe Triticeae in the grass family Poaceae, which also contains the related crop species, rye and barley.

Because of the relatively close genetic relationships between cultivated wheat and related species, it is possible to artificially hybridise cultivated wheat with many of their wild relatives to create hybrids for gene transfer, and even new cereal species, such as Triticale, the artificial hybrid between wheat and rye.

Triticum turgidumsubspeciesdurum(durum wheat) is atetraploid wheat with 14 pairs of chromosomes (2n=2x=28; AABB genomes) and was domesticated by ancient farmers from a wild species still growing in the Middle East, calledTriticum dicoccoides.

Bread wheat is a hexaploid species (2n=6x=42; AABBDD genomes) with 21 pairs of chromosomes.

Bread wheat is the most widely grown species of the cultivated wheat species and accounts for approximately 30% of all the cereal grain consumed in the world today, 650 million tonnes were produced in 2010, and it ranks alongside rice and maize as the world's most important crops.

Most archaeological evidence suggests that the earliest domestication of wheat occurred around 7500–6500 BCin the ‘Fertile Crescent’ consisting of mountain chains flanking the plains of Mesopotamia and the Syrian Desert.

Evidence suggests that wheat first reached Europe via the south‐east Balkans and spread by two main routes across Europe, one inland and the other coastal.

The major production areas are now in Europe, Russia, North and South America, Australia and China.

As a foodstuff for humans, wheat is distinguished from other cereals by its property of making viscoelastic dough when the ground seeds (flour) are mixed with water.
Gene Evolution and Human Adaptation
Authors: Harris Eugene E
Published: April 2013

Regions of the human genome that have been subject to past positive selection contain patterns of genetic variation that are markedly different in specific ways from regions that have not experienced positive selection. By uncovering these so‐called signatures of positive selection in the genome we can discover the unique ways in which humans have evolved. Genome‐wide scans have revealed signatures of positive selection on the human lineage since we diverged from chimpanzees, as well as signatures of positive selection specific to regional human populations. New research has found that much of human population adaptation may have occurred by positive selection causing modest increases in frequency of beneficial variants at multiple loci that all result in the shift of the expression of a feature (like height) in a particular direction.

Key Concepts:

Hundreds of genes have been found that bear signatures of positive selection on the human lineage with genes mainly falling into categories of chemoreception, immune defence, reproduction and fertilisation as well as apoptosis.

Most studies of positive selection have focused their work on the protein‐coding portion of the genome, yet many sites of positive selection may fall in noncoding regions where new research is detecting many functional elements.

There is much active research trying to identify the extent to which DNA substitutions in regulatory elements underlay our adaptations.

Much needed in future research is experimental work that aims to pinpoint causal variants within genomes and the phenotypic effects of genomic regions showing signatures of positive selection.

The traditional signature of selection, a ‘classic selective sweep’, appears to be rare in large resequencing datasets of diverse world populations leading researchers to begin searching for signatures of ‘soft selective sweeps’ where weak positive selection acts to subtly increase the frequency of DNA variants at multiple loci with all variants contributing to a shift in a phenotype's expression in the same direction.
Imidazolium‐functionalized SBA‐15 type silica: efficient organocatalysts for Henry and cycloaddition reactions
Authors: Motos‐Pérez Blanca , Roeser Jérôme , Thomas Arne , Hesemann Peter
Published: April 2013

We report the synthesis of mesoporous SBA‐15 type silica bearing ionic imidazolium substructures. Surface functionalization was achieved via post‐synthesis grafting reactions using bis‐silylated imidazolium precursors onto a mesoporous SBA‐15 type silica support. The grafting reactions were monitored via solid‐state NMR spectroscopy, nitrogen sorption, transmission electron microscopy and thermogravimetry. Post‐synthesis grafting is the most convenient way to achieve highly stable functionalized solids displaying excellent accessibility of the immobilized functional groups combined with high chemical stability. The solids obtained via post‐synthesis grafting reactions appeared as highly efficient and reusable heterogeneous organocatalysts for Henry reactions and the cycloadditions of CO2 to epichlorohydrin. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalyzing carbonization of organophilic alpha‐zirconium phosphate/acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene copolymer nanocomposites
Authors: Yang Dan‐Dan , Hu Yuan , Xu Hai‐Ping , Zhu Lu‐Ping
Published: April 2013

The catalyzing carbonization function of alpha‐zirconium phosphate (α‐Zr(HPO4)2·H2O, α‐ZrP) based acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene copolymer (ABS) is studied. Structure and morphology of the organophilic alpha‐zirconium phosphate (OZrP)/ABS nanocomposites via melting interaction are characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The results indicate that a nanostructure is formed. The thermal stability of OZrP/ABS nanocomposites is investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It is found that there is a transformation of the char microstructure in the ABS matrix with the OZrP. Morphology and structure (HRTEM and SAED) investigation distinctly show us the presence of graphite sheets and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the chars. Based on this found, a possible and reasonable mechanism of catalyzing carbonization is given in the discussion. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3038–3042, 2013
Thermal and mechanical properties of polyisobutylene‐based thermoplastic polyurethanes
Authors: Kulkarni Pallavi , Ojha Umaprasana , Wei Xinyu , Gurung Niraj , Seethamraju Kasyap , Faust Rudolf
Published: April 2013

We investigated thermal and mechanical properties of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) with the soft segment comprising of both polyisobutylene (PIB) and poly(tetramethylene)oxide (PTMO) diols. Thermal analysis reveals that the hard segment in all the TPUs investigated is completely amorphous. Significant mixing between the hard and soft segments was also observed. By adjusting the ratio between the hard and soft segments, the mechanical properties of these TPUs were tuned over a wide range, which are comparable to conventional polyether‐based TPUs. Constant stress creep and cyclic stress hysteresis analysis suggested a strong dependence of permanent deformation on hard segment content. The melt viscosity correlation with shear rate and shear stress follows a typical non‐Newtonian behavior, showing decrease in shear viscosity with increase in shear rate. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 891‐897, 2013
Partition testing in confirmatory adaptive designs with structured objectives
Authors: Sugitani Toshifumi , Hamasaki Toshimitsu , Hamada Chikuma
Published: April 2013

In this paper, we propose a partition testing for adaptive clinical trials with structured study objectives. The proposed approach is a combination of the graphical approach with partition testing. The proposed approach enables one to handle many types of structured objectives, to tailor a multiple test procedure to given structured objectives, and to draw sensible conclusions in adaptive clinical trials. In addition, the proposed approach reduces to the Bonferroni‐based graphical approaches that can allow adaptations such as treatment selection and sample size reassessment during the course of the trial. Some practical aspects of the proposed approach are investigated via a simulation study.
Toward systems metabolic engineering of Aspergillus and Pichia species for the production of chemicals and biofuels
Authors: Caspeta Luis , Nielsen Jens
Published: April 2013

Recently genome sequence data have become available for Aspergillus and Pichia species of industrial interest. This has stimulated the use of systems biology approaches for large‐scale analysis of the molecular and metabolic responses of Aspergillus and Pichia under defined conditions, which has resulted in much new biological information. Case‐specific contextualization of this information has been performed using comparative and functional genomic tools. Genomics data are also the basis for constructing genome‐scale metabolic models, and these models have helped in the contextualization of knowledge on the fundamental biology of Aspergillus and Pichia species. Furthermore, with the availability of these models, the engineering of Aspergillus and Pichia is moving from traditional approaches, such as random mutagenesis, to a systems metabolic engineering approach. Here we review the recent trends in systems biology of Aspergillus and Pichia species, highlighting the relevance of these developments for systems metabolic engineering of these organisms for the production of hydrolytic enzymes, biofuels and chemicals from biomass.
Monitoring of post‐translational modification dynamics with genetically encoded fluorescent reporters
Authors: Hertel Fabian , Zhang Jin
Published: April 2013

Post‐translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins are essential mechanisms for virtually all dynamic processes within cellular signaling networks. Genetically encoded reporters based on fluorescent proteins (FPs) are powerful tools for spatiotemporal visualization of cellular parameters. Consequently, commonly used modular biosensor designs have been adapted to generate several protein‐based indicators for monitoring various PTMs or the activity of corresponding enzymes in living cells, providing new biological insights into dynamics and regulatory functions of individual PTMs. In this review, we describe the application of general design strategies focusing on PTMs and discuss important considerations for engineering feasible indicators depending on the purpose. Moreover, we present developments and enhancements of PTM biosensors from selected studies and give an outlook on future perspectives of this versatile approach. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 180–187, 2014.
Chemical and biological methods to detect post‐translational modifications of arginine
Authors: Slade Daniel J. , Subramanian Venkataraman , Fuhrmann Jakob , Thompson Paul R.
Published: April 2013

Post‐translational modifications (PTMs) of protein embedded arginines are increasingly being recognized as playing an important role in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic biology, and it is now clear that these PTMs modulate a number of cellular processes including DNA binding, gene transcription, protein–protein interactions, immune system activation, and proteolysis. There are currently four known enzymatic PTMs of arginine (i.e., citrullination, methylation, phosphorylation, and ADP‐ribosylation), and two non‐enzymatic PTMs [i.e., carbonylation, advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs)]. Enzymatic modification of arginine is tightly controlled during normal cellular function, and can be drastically altered in response to various second messengers and in different disease states. Non‐enzymatic arginine modifications are associated with a loss of metabolite regulation during normal human aging. This abnormally large number of modifications to a single amino acid creates a diverse set of structural perturbations that can lead to altered biological responses. While the biological role of methylation has been the most extensively characterized of the arginine PTMs, recent advances have shown that the once obscure modification known as citrullination is involved in the onset and progression of inflammatory diseases and cancer. This review will highlight the reported arginine PTMs and their methods of detection, with a focus on new chemical methods to detect protein citrullination. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 133–143, 2014.
Development of a high‐volume, multiple‐operator program for percutaneous chronic total coronary occlusion revascularization: procedural, clinical, and cost‐utilization outcomes
Authors: Karmpaliotis Dimitri , Lembo Nicholas , Kalynych Anna , Carlson Harold , Lombardi William L. , Anderson Chad N. , Rinehart Sarah , Kirkland Ben , Shemwell Kathie C. , Kandzari David E.
Published: April 2013

Background

Development of a specialized chronic total coronary occlusion (CTO) revascularization program attentive to procedural guidelines, quality oversight, and cost/resource utilization has not been described.

Methods

A single‐center CTO interventional program was initiated with requirements including: extensive didactic training, on‐site proctorship, routine determination of case appropriateness, adherence to procedural safety guidelines, and a 2‐operator/case approach. Clinical and angiographic characteristics, procedural outcomes, in‐hospital clinical events, and cost/resource utilization were examined.

Results

Among 145 patients, 160 consecutive CTO revascularization procedures were attempted between October 2009 and December 2010. Selected procedural and technical characteristics included: bilateral femoral access, 90.0%; planned retrograde guidewire placement, 37.5%; re‐entry catheter, 10.0%; reattempt, 10.6%; fluoroscopic time, 67.4 ± 45.5 min; contrast volume, 403 ± 215 mL. Average stent number and total stent length per CTO vessel were 2.6 ± 1.1 and 64.7 ± 30.7 mm, respectively. Overall CTO success rate was 85.6% (137/160). In‐hospital adverse outcomes included: death 0.6%; emergency bypass surgery, 0.6%; tamponade, 0.6%; myocardial infarction, 1.9%; transient nephropathy, 1.2%. Compared with patients undergoing non‐CTO PCI, procedural and total cost per patient were significantly higher among the CTO cohort despite overall similar contribution margins ($5,173 ± 12,052 versus $5,730 ± 8,958, P = 0.58).

Conclusions

Following initiation of a dedicated program with implementation of quality and performance guidelines, complex CTO revascularization may be safely performed with outcomes comparable with reports from established centers. Despite higher resource utilization, CTO revascularization is associated with a positive contribution margin. Requirement of educational and performance standards, mentorship from experts, consensus review for appropriateness and provision of catheterization laboratory policies may represent a model for program development. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Continuous Micro Liquid‐Liquid Extraction
Authors: Assmann N. , Ładosz A. , Rudolf von Rohr P.
Published: April 2013

Among the different separation processes, liquid‐liquid extraction especially benefits from microfluidics as the short molecular diffusion distance and large specific interfacial area in microchannels are advantageous for effective liquid/liquid contacting. An overview is given on different examples of continuous micro liquid‐liquid extraction. As contacting of the two phases as well as phase separation strongly depend on the flow pattern, one chapter is devoted to each parallel flow, segmented flow, and emulsions. Advantages and disadvantages of the three flow patterns are compared to each other. Additionally, possibilities for scaling up microfluidic concepts for higher‐throughput systems are presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Perovskite‐Like Mn2O3: A Path to New Manganites.
Authors: Ovsyannikov Sergey V. , et al. et al.
Published: April 2013

Two new metastable phases of Mn2O3, ε‐Mn2O3 (I) and ζ‐Mn2O3 (II) are obtained by heating bixbyite‐structured Mn2O3 to 800—2200 K at 10—20 GPa for 2—3 h.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Bismuth Oxophosphate Halides [Bi8O8][BiO2](PO4)2X (X: Cl, Br) Based on Oxocentered 2D Blocks and Their Relationships to the Aurivillius Phases.
Authors: Kozin Michael S. , Aliev Almaz , Colmont Marie , Mentre Olivier , Siidra Oleg I. , Krivovichev Sergey V.
Published: April 2013

Single crystals of the title compounds are prepared by solid state reactions of Bi2O3, CoO, WO3, BiPO4, and CsCl or RbBr in a molar ratio of 7:2:1:4:60 (gold capsule, 850 °C for 6 h; controlled cooling).
ChemInform Abstract: Tetragonal‐Antiprismatic Coordination of Transition Metals in Intermetallic Compounds: ω1‐Mn6Ga29 and Its Structural Relationships.
Authors: Antonyshyn Iryna , Prots Yurii , Margiolaki Irene , Schmidt Marcus Peter , Zhak Olga , Oryshchyn Stepan , Grin Yuri
Published: April 2013

Single crystals of the new title phase are prepared from the elements at 900 °C for 24 h, followed by annealing between 120 and 350 °C for 5 d.
ChemInform Abstract: Ternary Rare‐Earth Zinc Arsenides REZn2As3 (RE: La—Pr) Containing Defect Fluorite‐Type Slabs.
Authors: Lin Xinsong , Stoyko Stanislav S. , Mar Arthur
Published: April 2013

The title compounds are synthesized from the elements (silica tubes, 800 °C, 7 d) and characterized by powder XRD, single crystal XRD, magnetic measurements, and TB‐LMTO band structure calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Reversible Sodiation in Maricite NaMn1/3Co1/3Ni1/3PO4 for Renewable Energy Storage.
Authors: Minakshi Manickam , Meyrick Danielle
Published: April 2013

Single‐phase, high‐purity NaMn1/3Co1/3Ni1/3PO4 of the orthorhombic maricite mineral type is prepared by sol‐gel and combustion routes starting with stoichiometric mixtures of NaOAc, Mn(OAc)2, Co(OAc)2, Ni(OAc)2, NH4H2PO4, and for sol‐gel processing citric acid or PVP as chelating agent, (80°C, pH 3.5, 1.
ChemInform Abstract: Low‐Pressure Synthesis and Characterization of Hydrogen‐Filled Ice Ic.
Authors: Kumar Rajnish , Klug Dennis D. , Ratcliffe Christopher I. , Tulk Christopher A. , Ripmeester John A.
Published: April 2013

An ice Ic framework partially filled with H2 (H2:H2O‐Ic) is obtained by annealing amorphous ice and hydrogen gas (135—160 K, 8—18 MPa H2).
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Homology in New Layered Mixed Li, M (M: Mg, Cu, Cd, Pb, Bi) Bismuth Oxophosphates and Oxoarsenates.
Authors: Kozin M. S. , Colmont M. , Endara D. , Aliev A. , Huve M. , Siidra O. I. , Krivovichev S. V. , Mentre O.
Published: April 2013

The crystal structures of the new compounds (V) and (VIII) are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: A Series of Inorganic Aggregates Composed of [MnV13O38]7‐ Polyoxoanions and Transition Metal Cations.
Authors: Lan Qing , Tan Huaqiao , Liu Ding , Wang Enbo
Published: April 2013

The new compounds (IV), (VI), and (VIII) are characterized by single crystal XRD, UV/VIS spectroscopy, and magnetic and electrochemical measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: V1+xNb1‐xIrB2 (x ≈ 0.1), the First Quaternary Metal‐Rich Boride Adopting the Mo2IrB2‐Type Structure: Synthesis, Crystal and Electronic Structure and Bonding Analysis.
Authors: Goerens Christian , Fokwa Boniface P. T.
Published: April 2013

The polycrystalline title compound and single crystals thereof are prepared by arc‐melting of a stoichiometric pelletized mixture of the elements (Cu crucible under Ar) and characterized by XRD and EDX.
ChemInform Abstract: Aldol Reactions Mediated by a Tetrahedral Boronate.
Authors: Mueller Tobias , Djanashvili Kristina , Arends Isabel W. C. E. , Peter Joop A. , Hanefeld Ulf
Published: April 2013

A novel aryl boronate salt is synthesized and successfully applied as catalyst for the aldol reaction of aldehydes (I) with acetone.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Intermolecular Carbon Electrophile Induced Semipinacol Rearrangement.
Authors: Zhang Qing‐Wei , Zhang Xiao‐Bo , Li Bao‐Sheng , Xiang Kai , Zhang Fu‐Min , Wang Shao‐Hua , Tu Yong‐Qiang
Published: April 2013

The title reaction affords a complex tricyclic system with four continuous stereogenic centers.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Magnetic Chitosan Supported Protonated Peroxotungstate and Its Catalytic Performance for Oxidation.
Authors: Zhu Jie , Wang Peng Cheng , Lu Ming
Published: April 2013

The title catalyst is successfully applied to the oxidation of a wide set of substrates including olefins, sulfides, amines, and alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: 6,6′‐Dihydroxy Terpyridine: A Proton‐Responsive Bifunctional Ligand and Its Application in Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones.
Authors: Moore Cameron M. , Szymczak Nathaniel K.
Published: April 2013

The Ru(III) terpyridine complex shown efficiently catalyzes the chemoselective transfer hydrogenation of a variety of ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Protocol for N‐Alkylation of Azoles Using KOtBu as Base under NBS‐Promoted Conditions.
Authors: Chen Wen‐lin , Li Ji‐hui , Meng Xu , Tang Dong , Guo Shuai‐bo , Chen Bao‐hua
Published: April 2013

Interesting conditions are developed for the alkylation of N‐heterocycles with β‐diketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Reductive Cleavage of Amides to Alcohols and Amines Catalyzed by Well‐Defined Bimetallic Molybdenum Complexes.
Authors: Krackl Sebastian , Someya Chika I. , Enthaler Stephan
Published: April 2013

The molybdenum‐catalyzed C—N bond cleavage of organic amides with hydrosilanes to produce alcohols and amines is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: A User‐Friendly Procedure for the Preparation of Secondary Alkyl Chlorides.
Authors: Cahiez Gerard , Lefevre Nicolas , Poizat Mael , Moyeux Alban
Published: April 2013

Secondary alkyl sulfonates are converted into the corresponding chlorides upon treatment with Bn‐NBu3+Cl‐.
ChemInform Abstract: Tsuji—Trost N‐Allylation with Allylic Acetates by Using a Cellulose—Palladium Catalyst.
Authors: Vaddula Buchi Reddy , Saha Amit , Varma Rajender S. , Leazer John
Published: April 2013

The catalyst can be filtered and reused over three consecutive cycles of the reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Chlorohydrins Using ClCH2MgCl·LiCl.
Authors: Nishimura Rodolfo H. V. , Toledo Fabiano T. , Lopes Joao L. C. , Clososki Giuliano C.
Published: April 2013

The mixed carbenoid, easily generated in situ, reacts with various aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes to produce the synthetically important chlorohydrin structures.
ChemInform Abstract: Azulenopentathiepin: Preparation and Conversion into Azulenes with Sulfur Groups at the 1‐ and 2‐Positions.
Authors: Sato Ohki , Sakai Atsushi , Aoki Masami , Kuramochi Takaaki , Nakayama Juzo
Published: April 2013

Azulenopentathiepin (II) obtained by reaction of azulene (I) with elemental sulfur undergoes reactions with different electrophiles to afford the corresponding azulene derivatives via intermediate bisthiolate.
ChemInform Abstract: The [RPPh3]2[Pd2X6] as a Catalyst Precursor for the Heck Cross‐Coupling Reaction by in situ Formation of Stabilized Pd(0) Nanoparticles.
Authors: Hajipour Abdol Reza , Azizi Ghobad
Published: April 2013

Among 5 highly reducible Pd(II) anionic, square planar complexes tested, the derivative presented in conditions A) is used as the agent of choice.
ChemInform Abstract: [RuH2(PPh3)4]‐Catalyzed Michael Addition Reaction of α‐Fluoronitroalkanes.
Authors: Wang Qi , Chen Qing‐Yun , Yang Xianjin , Guo Yong
Published: April 2013

The reactions with various electron‐deficient olefins proceed under neutral conditions to form the biologically important target compounds bearing a quarternary carbon center.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium Hydride Catalyzed Direct Oxidation of Alcohols to Carboxylic Acids via Transfer Hydrogenation: Styrene Oxide as Oxygen Source.
Authors: Barati Behjat , Moghadam Majid , Rahmati Abbas , Tangestaninejad Shahram , Mirkhani Valiollah , Mohammadpoor‐Baltork Iraj
Published: April 2013

Optimized conditions allow the preparation of various carboxylic acids from benzylic alcohols or the linear analogue (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of α‐Amino Acids from CO2 Using a Bismetal Reagent with Si—B Bond.
Authors: Mita Tsuyoshi , Chen Jianyang , Sugawara Masumi , Sato Yoshihiro
Published: April 2013

A commercially available silylboron is successfully applied to the synthesis of α‐amino acid esters from α‐amidosulfones via carbon dioxide incorporation and subsequent esterification with diazomethane.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Imides via the Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling Reaction of Organoborons with Methyl N‐[Methoxy(methylthio)methylene]carbamate as a One‐Carbon Elongation Reaction.
Authors: Tomizawa Takuhei , Orimoto Kohei , Niwa Takashi , Nakada Masahisa
Published: April 2013

The coupling followed by hydrolysis offers a straightforward synthesis of a variety of unsymmetrical imide structures.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Tandem Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Bisamidines.
Authors: Yavari Issa , Nematpour Manijeh , Sodagar Esmat
Published: April 2013

Novel bisamidine derivatives containing a sulfonyl and trichloromethyl group are synthesized via a copper‐catalyzed four‐component reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Amphiphilic Viologen: Electrochemical Generation of Organic Reductant and Pd‐Catalyzed Reductive Coupling of Aryl Halides in Water.
Authors: Kuroboshi Manabu , Yamamoto Takashi , Tanaka Hideo
Published: April 2013

The amphiphilic organic reductant is electrochemically generated in solution by anodic oxidation of the corresponding 4,4′‐bipyridinium tosylate.
ChemInform Abstract: Imidazole and Imidazoline Derivatives as N‐Donor Ligands for Nickel‐Catalyzed Kumada‐Tamao‐Corriu Coupling.
Authors: Iwamoto Ryo , Hayashi Masahiko
Published: April 2013

The reaction can be applied to the aromatic bromides, iodides and triflates to afford the coupling products (III) along with the homo‐coupling biaryls (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Chalcogenated Schiff Bases: Complexation with Palladium(II) and Suzuki Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Singh Pradhumn , Rao G. K. , Karim Mohd Salman , Singh Ajai K.
Published: April 2013

A series of palladium complexes of chalcogenated Schiff bases are synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic 5‐endo‐trig Cyclization of 3,3‐Difluoroallylic Ketone Enolates: Synthesis of 5‐Fluorinated 2‐Alkylidene‐2,3‐dihydrofurans.
Authors: Fujita Takeshi , Sakoda Kotaro , Ikeda Masahiro , Hattori Masahiro , Ichikawa Junji
Published: April 2013

The title substrates (I) and (III) undergo KH‐mediated intramolecular O‐alkenylation to produce fluorinated dihydrofurans bearing a (Z)‐exo‐alkylidene unit.
ChemInform Abstract: An Expedient Synthesis of 3‐Arylmethylbutenolides from α‐Methylene‐γ‐butyrolactones: A Useful Synthetic Application of Palladium‐Catalyzed Chelation‐Controlled Oxidative Arylation Protocol.
Authors: Kim Se Hee , Kim Ko Hoon , Lee Hyun Ju , Kim Jae Nyoung
Published: April 2013

α‐Methylene‐γ‐butyrolactones bearing a directing group such as an ester or ketone at the γ‐position are used as substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Benzofurans by the Reaction of Ketones and o‐Difluorobenzenes.
Authors: Arisawa Mieko , Nakane Soichiro , Kuwajima Manabu , Yamaguchi Masahiko
Published: April 2013

In the presence of a Rh‐complex and a bidentate ligand, ketones (I) react with o‐difluorobenzene derivatives (II) to give benzofuran derivatives such as (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed β‐Selective Direct C—H Bond Arylation of Thiophenes with Aryltrimethylsilanes.
Authors: Funaki Kenji , Sato Tetsuo , Oi Shuichi
Published: April 2013

Conditions A) are suitable for a series of transformations with predominant formation of C‐3 arylated thiophene structures.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterobimetallic Pd—Sn Catalysis: Highly Selective Intermolecular Hydroarylation of α‐Methyl Substituted Aryl Alkenes.
Authors: Das Debjit , Pratihar Sanjay , Roy Sujit
Published: April 2013

The complex acts an effective catalyst for the regioselective hydroarylation of a broad spectrum of electron‐rich indole derivatives with α‐methylstyrene‐type olefins to yield 2,2‐diarylated propanes.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Regio‐ and Stereoselectivity Synthesis of Tetracyclic Indolenoisoxazolidines via Intramolecular 1,3‐Dipolar Nitrone Cycloadditions.
Authors: Bakthadoss Manickam , Sivakumar Govindan , Sharada Duddu S.
Published: April 2013

Aldehydes of type (I) and (IV), derived from Baylis—Hillman adducts, react with hydroxylamine hydrochlorides to yield nitrones.
ChemInform Abstract: Benzazoles from Aliphatic Amines and o‐Amino/Mercaptan/Hydroxyanilines: Elemental Sulfur as a Highly Efficient and Traceless Oxidizing Agent.
Authors: Nguyen Thanh Binh , Ermolenko Ludmilla , Dean William A. , Al‐Mourabit Ali
Published: April 2013

Different benzazoles are synthesized using sulfur as a convenient alternative oxidant to oxygen under solvent‐free conditions without any catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Chlorosuccinimide/Sodium Hydroxide‐Mediated Synthesis of Benzimidazoles from Amidines under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Nguyen Thanh Binh , Ermolenko Ludmila , Al‐Mourabit Ali
Published: April 2013

The method is applied to the preparation of substituted benzimidazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Combined Pd/C and Montmorillonite Catalysis for One‐Pot Synthesis of Benzimidazoles.
Authors: Weires Nicholas A. , Boster Jared , Magolan Jakob
Published: April 2013

The synthetic value of this protocol is demonstrated by a one‐pot preparation of compound (XI) which exhibits antifungal activity against E.