bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Valence electronic states of p-type β-FeSi2 single crystal studied by high-resolution and resonant photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Ogawa Koji , Sasaki Minoru , Ohnishi Akimasa , Kitaura Mamoru , Fujimoto Hitoshi , Azuma Junpei , Takahashi Kazutoshi , Kamada Masao
Published: July 2011

The valence electronic structure of p-type β-FeSi2 single crystal has been investigated by high-resolution and resonant photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation. In the photoelectron spectrum at hν = 130 eV, the valence band has a prominent peak at the binding energy (EBin) of 0.5 eV and the valence band maximum almost touches the Fermi level, reflecting the p-type nature. Upon the excitation of Fe2p3/2 core level, the valence-band top at EBin = 0.5 eV exhibits an interference-like resonant behavior clearly shown by a constant-initial-state spectrum. These results are the direct experimental evidences that the valence-band top consists mainly of Fe3d orbitals.
Variants of the protein PRDM9 differentially regulate a set of human meiotic recombination hotspots highly active in African populations
Authors: Berg Ingrid L. , Neumann Rita , Sarbajna Shriparna , Odenthal-Hesse Linda , Butler Nicola J. , Jeffreys Alec J.
Published: July 2011

PRDM9 is a major specifier of human meiotic recombination hotspots, probably via binding of its zinc-finger repeat array to a DNA sequence motif associated with hotspots. However, our view of PRDM9 regulation, in terms of motifs defined and hotspots studied, has a strong bias toward the PRDM9 A variant particularly common in Europeans. We show that population diversity can reveal a second class of hotspots specifically activated by PRDM9 variants common in Africans but rare in Europeans. These African-enhanced hotspots nevertheless share very similar properties with their counterparts activated by the A variant. The specificity of hotspot activation is such that individuals with differing
PRDM9
genotypes, even within the same population, can use substantially if not completely different sets of hotspots. Each African-enhanced hotspot is activated by a distinct spectrum of PRDM9 variants, despite the fact that all are predicted to bind the same sequence motif. This differential activation points to complex interactions between the zinc-finger array and hotspots and identifies features of the array that might be important in controlling hotspot activity.
The AMPD1 C34T mutation is not associated with the status of Israeli athletes
Authors: Meckel Yoav , Nemet Dan , Alves Alberto J. , Eliakim Alon , Eynon Nir
Published: July 2011

The adenosine monophosphate deaminase (AMPD1) gene seems to be an important regulator of skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise. A nonsense C34T mutation in the AMPD1 gene results in a premature stop codon, thus stopping protein synthesis. The aim of this study was to determine the AMPD1 C34T mutation frequency distribution among 155 Israeli athletes (endurance athletes, n=74; sprinters, n=81) and 142 healthy controls. Genotyping of the AMPD1 C34T (rs5810761) mutation was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results showed that the genotype subtype did not differ by gender in the athletes (P=0.18) or the controls (P=0.79). The AMPD1 C34T genotype distribution was in line with Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium within all groups (P>0.05). The genotype distribution and allele frequencies were similar in the groups of endurance athletes, sprinters, and controls (P=0.455). Similarly, no significant differences were observed between the subgroups of elite endurance athletes and national endurance athletes (P=0.78), or between elite and national sprinters (P=0.46). In conclusion, the AMPD1 C34T mutation is not associated with endurance athletes’ status, at least in the present group of Israeli athletes. This suggests that elite athletic status can be achieved despite a partial deficiency in AMPD1, as marked by the AMPD1 CT genotype.
A fusion development facility on the critical path to fusion energy
Authors: Chan V.S. , Stambaugh R.D. , Garofalo A.M. , Canik J. , Kinsey J.E. , Park J.M. , Peng M.Y.K. , Petrie T.W. , Porkolab M. , Prater R. , Sawan M. , Smith J.P. , Snyder P.B. , Stangeby P.C. , Wong C.P.C.
Published: July 2011

A fusion development facility (FDF) based on the tokamak approach with normal conducting magnetic field coils is presented. FDF is envisioned as a facility with the dual objective of carrying forward advanced tokamak (AT) physics and enabling the development of fusion energy applications. AT physics enables the design of a compact steady-state machine of moderate gain that can provide the neutron fluence required for FDF's nuclear science development objective. A compact device offers a uniquely viable path for research and development in closing the fusion fuel cycle because of the demand to consume only a moderate quantity of the limited supply of tritium fuel before the technology is in hand for breeding tritium.
Urchin-like Co3O4 Nanostructure and Their Electrochemical Behavior in Rechargeable Lithium Ion Battery
Authors: Li Hui , Tao Fei Guang , Cui Ping , Jin Yi , Feng Xu-yong , Chen Chun-hua
Published: July 2011

3D urchin-like Co3O4 have been successfully prepared by calcination of the urchin-like precursors, which were synthesized through a facile hydrothermal route. The morphology and structure of the 3D urchin-like Co3O4 have been characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction. The as-synthesized Co3O4 products are of urchin-like structures with approximated 5–7 μm in diameter, and are composed of numerous nanoparticles chains with the particles diameter of about 15 nm. This kind of urchin-like Co3O4 exhibits superior energy storage properties with the high capacity of 1.369 Ah/g and its good cyclic stability shows great potential in the rechargeable Li-ion battery.
On the Lagrangian formulation of multidimensionally consistent systems
Authors: Xenitidis Pavlos , Nijhoff Frank , Lobb Sarah
Published: July 2011

Multidimensional consistency has emerged as a key integrability property for partial difference equations (PΔEs) defined on the ‘space–time’ lattice. It has led, among other major insights, to a classification of scalar affine-linear quadrilateral PΔEs possessing this property, leading to the so-called Adler–Bobenko–Suris (ABS) list. Recently, a new variational principle has been proposed that describes the multidimensional consistency in terms of discrete Lagrangian multi-forms. This description is based on a fundamental and highly non-trivial property of Lagrangians for those integrable lattice equations, namely the fact that on the solutions of the corresponding PΔE the Lagrange forms are closed, i.e. they obey a
closure relation
. Here, we extend those results to the continuous case: it is known that associated with the integrable PΔEs there exist systems of partial differential equations (PDEs), in fact differential equations with regard to the parameters of the lattice as independent variables, which equally possess the property of multidimensional consistency. In this paper, we establish a universal Lagrange structure for affine-linear quad-lattices alongside a universal Lagrange multi-form structure for the corresponding continuous PDEs, and we show that the Lagrange forms possess the closure property.
Egg size-dependent expression of growth hormone receptor accompanies compensatory growth in fish
Authors: Segers F. H. I. D. , Berishvili G. , Taborsky B.
Published: July 2011

Large egg size usually boosts offspring survival, but mothers have to trade off egg size against egg number. Therefore, females often produce smaller eggs when environmental conditions for offspring are favourable, which is subsequently compensated for by accelerated juvenile growth. How this rapid growth is modulated on a molecular level is still unclear. As the somatotropic axis is a key regulator of early growth in vertebrates, we investigated the effect of egg size on three key genes belonging to this axis, at different ontogenetic stages in a mouthbrooding cichlid (Simochromis pleurospilus). The expression levels of one of them, the growth hormone receptor (GHR), were significantly higher in large than in small eggs, but remarkably, this pattern was reversed after hatching: young originating from small eggs had significantly higherGHRexpression levels as yolk sac larvae and as juveniles.GHRexpression in yolk sac larvae was positively correlated with juvenile growth rate and correspondingly fish originating from small eggs grew faster. This enabled them to catch up fully in size within eight weeks with conspecifics from larger eggs. This is the first evidence for a potential link between egg size, an important maternal effect, and offspring gene expression, which mediates an adaptive adjustment in a relevant hormonal axis.
Squamous cell components in a thyroid follicular adenoma: Significant evidence of follicular cell origin by histomorphological, immunohistochemical and molecular analyses
Authors: Bai Yanhua , Mori Ichiro , Liu Zhiyan , Li Yaqiong , Ozaki Takashi , Taniguchi Emiko , Asai Masami , Naito Akihiro , Kakudo Kennichi
Published: July 2011

Squamous cells in the thyroid appear in a variety of conditions, including adenomatous goiters, malignant neoplasms, inflammatory diseases, and embryonic remnants. However the origin of the squamous cells is still under dispute. Here we report a case of an encapsulated follicular cell tumor consisting of follicular cells, basaloid squamous cells, and morphologically intermediate cells. The patient was a 66‐year‐old man presenting with a progressively enlarged painless lump in the right side of his neck. A solid tumor with encapsulation in the right lobe was confirmed by simple right lobe thyroid lobectomy. This tumor demonstrated heterogeneous immunoreactions for Ki‐67, thyroglobulin, thyroid transcription factor‐1, and pan‐cytokeratin (AE1/AE3), in that the intermediate cells had intermediate immunoreactivity between follicular and basaloid squamous cells. p63 was positive in the periphery layer of tumor cell nests of the intermediate and squamous cells. A completely negative immunoreaction was noted for high molecular weight cytokeratin (34βE12), calcitonin, CEA, p53, CD5, and rearranged in transformation (RET). Mutational analysis of BRAF and RAS were negative. These results strongly suggest that this tumor is a follicular adenoma, and that the squamous component originated from follicular cells undergoing squamous metaplasia. The patient has been disease free more than 40 months after surgery.
‘Still Entitled to Our Say’: Prisoners' Perspectives on Politics
Authors: BEHAN CORMAC
Published: July 2011

Abstract: In May 2007, Irish prisoners voted for the first time as a result of legislation which allowed them to cast their franchise. This article outlines the first experience of voting for Irish prisoners and sets out their views on voting, politics, politicians and civic engagement. Despite optimism that enfranchisement would encourage prisoners to vote, the low turnout suggests a population for whom special measures are needed if they are to embrace the franchise. As the Conservative‐Liberal Democrat government considers its response to the Hirst judgment on the enfranchisement of prisoners, the experience of Ireland might help inform UK policy makers in their deliberations.
Improved Neuronal Survival of Focal Ischemia After Delipid Extracorporeal Lipoprotein Treatment in Hyperlipidemic Rabbits
Authors: Liu Guojing , Wang Weichao , Xie Hui , Che Yongzhe , Xue Jun , Wu Youzhen , Zhou Qingwen , Kong Deling
Published: July 2011

A delipid extracorporeal lipoprotein filter (DELP) system has been used to treat patients with stroke and has shown favorable prognosis. However, the mechanism for the neuronal functional recovery remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the neuronal histological assessment, and the levels of C‐reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), and oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (oxLDL) after ischemic stroke following DELP treatment. Hyperlipidemic rabbits underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion. After 30 min, the animals received an extracorporeal apheresis treatment with a DELP filter. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride, and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) of the plasma were measured. The levels of CRP, TNF‐α, and oxLDL in brain tissue were also measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, cresyl violet staining, neuron‐specific enolase (NSE) and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay were performed. DELP apheresis reduced TC and LDL by >30%. The number of neurons at day 7 (P < 0.01) and the integrated optical density of NSE at day 1 (P <  0.05) and day 7 (P < 0.01) were significantly increased in the DELP group. TUNEL‐positive cells were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Astrocytes were moderately activated, and this activation persisted up to 7 days. Gliosis was not found in the DELP group. After treatment, the level of CRP declined at day 1 (P < 0.05); TNF‐α and oxLDL declined at day 7 (P < 0.05). DELP apheresis decreased neuronal apoptosis, reduced inflammatory markers and oxidative stress in cerebral ischemia, and improved neuronal survival.
Fine mapping the number of corpora lutea quantitative trait loci on SSC3: Analysis of the porcine follicle‐stimulating hormone receptor gene
Authors: SATO Shuji , HAYASHI Takeshi , KOBAYASHI Eiji
Published: July 2011

In females, follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) targets a FSH receptor (FSHR) expressed only on granulose cells, inducing maturation of the ovarian follicles. We hypothesized that genetic variants in the FSHR gene influence litter size by affecting the number of corpora lutea. We fine‐mapped a region of Sus Scrofa chromosome 3 that contains quantitative trait loci for corpora lutea. Polymorphisms were detected in the exons and 5′ flanking region of the porcine FSHR gene, a positional candidate for the statistically most significant of the quantitative trait loci. Finally, 248 F2 animals from a Duroc and Meishan cross were genotyped for three FSHR SNPs at positions 74, 532 and 1166, and these were correlated with the phenotypes of litter size and corpus luteum number. Three haplotypes were identified: M1 (G/G/C), M2 (C/A/T) and D (C/A/C). In the F2 population, the M1 haplotype was associated with a greater number of corpora lutea (P < 0.01) and also seemed to be associated with increased litter size, although the association was not significant (P = 0.2571). Some polymorphisms resulting in amino acid substitutions in these genes were excluded from the polymorphisms possibly responsible for the number of corpora lutea.
A Review of Refrigeration Methods in the Temperature Range 4–300 K
Authors: Chakravarthy Vijayaraghavan S. , Shah Ramesh K. , Venkatarathnam G.
Published: July 2011

In this paper, a comprehensive review of the principles of different refrigeration methods covering the temperature range from 4 K to 300 K is presented. The methods covered are based on steady state systems, such as the Carnot cycle, the vapor compression cycles: basic, cascade, and mixed gas refrigeration cycles, and the recuperative type cryocooler cycles: Joule–Thomson cycle, Brayton cycle, and Claude cycle, and periodic systems such as the regenerative type cryocooler cycles: Stirling cycle, pulse tube cycle, and Gifford–McMahon cycle. The current state of technology and challenges for further improvements are briefly summarized. Some comparisons and assessments are provided for these methods. It is seen that among other things, the selection of a proper refrigeration method is dependent on the following principal factors: (i) the refrigeration capacity required, (ii) the temperature level, and (iii) the application environment. Even though more than one refrigeration method may be suitable for a given application, the selection is further guided by considerations such as cost, reliability, size/compactness, and unit power. An attempt has been made in this paper to (1) present in-depth relevant details to understand the current state of engineering and technology, (2) provide a handy document for refrigeration designers in the industry, and (3) present the guiding principles in the selection of refrigeration methods.
It’s in Your Gene Pathways
Authors: Nielson Carrie M.
Published: July 2011

Pathway-based analysis of genome-wide data helps the search for genetic causes of complex diseases.
Connecting the Dots for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Tridandapani Srini
Published: July 2011

Magnetic resonance imaging shows structural changes in the brain that correlate with obsessive-compulsive disorder.
FOURTH GENERATION LEPTONS SEARCH IN γγ → ℓ-ℓ+ PROCESS AT THE CERN-LHC
Authors: İNAN S. C.
Published: July 2011

The pp → pXp production is known to be one of the cleanest channels at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In this work, we investigate the potential of the exclusive pp → pℓ-ℓ+p process to probe fourth family leptons via anomalous interactions at the LHC by considering three forward detector acceptances: 0.0015 < ξ < 0.5, 0.0015 < ξ <0 .15, and 0.1 < ξ < 0.5. The sensitivity of the model parameters have been obtained at the 95% confidence level.
WIGNER TOMOGRAPHIC QKD IN DIMENSION STRICTLY LARGER THAN 2
Authors: BERGHE FREDERIK VANDEN , DURT THOMAS
Published: July 2011

Traditionally, quantum information is formulated and implemented in terms of elementary quantum systems e.g. qubits. Now, it has been shown that certain appealing properties of entangled systems, like for instance nonlocality, are more robust against noise when they are realized at the level of higher dimensional systems, like qutrits (or more generally qudits with d strictly larger than 2). It has also been shown, in the case of the generalized Ekert protocol, (a so-called entanglement-based protocol) that confidentiality is enhanced when Quantum Key Distribution is realized with carriers of information of dimensionality strictly higher than 2 (this is because optimal cloning is less effective when the dimension d increases). This brought us to consider the possible generalization of the so-called Singapore protocol, a full tomographic qubit protocol, to dimensions strictly higher than 2. As we shall show, dimension 3 is, like dimension 2, privileged regarding the connections of the protocol with Wigner tomography. We also show that, although the qutrit version of the Singapore protocol is, just like Ekert's protocol, more robust against noise than its qubit counterpart, it is less appealing for what concerns the effective information rate (e.g. the number of qudits to be sent in average in order to exchange one classical bit of the key).
Venom of the Endoparasitoid WaspPteromalus puparum: An Overview
Authors: Zhu Jia-Ying , Ye Gong-Yin , Hu Cui
Published: July 2011

Parasitoid venom is a focal research point in the biological control area, which aims to explore its physiological functions and nature.Pteromalus puparumis a gregarious pupal endoparasitoid wasp which has evolved unique means to adopt the host's immune system, as no other parasitoid-associated factors other than venom are injected into its hosts during oviposition. It represents an excellent model for research of parasitoid venom. In this paper, information was gathered on outcomes ofP. puparumvenom. We first began this paper by examining its functional properties. Next, we reviewed the nature of this parasitoid's venom components. Even great achievements have been made, further research is required to uncover the sophisticated bioactivity of the venom and isolate more novel toxic peptides/proteins.
Synergic Effect of Genistein and Daidzein on UVB‐Induced DNA Damage: An Effective Photoprotective Combination
Authors: Iovine Barbara , Iannella Maria Luigia , Gasparri Franco , Monfrecola Giuseppe , Bevilacqua Maria Assunta
Published: July 2011

The anti‐inflammatory effects and antioxidant activities of individual isoflavones are well established although little is known about the photoprotective effect of their combination. The aim of this study was to investigate the photoprotective effects of different concentrations of genistein and daidzein individually or combined. We measured the expression levels of the cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and growth arrest and DNA‐damage inducible (Gadd45) genes, which are involved in inflammation and DNA repair, respectively, in BJ‐5ta human skin fibroblasts irradiated with 60 mJ/cm2 UVB. We also determined the cellular response to UVB‐induced DNA damage by Comet assay. We report that genistein and daidzein when administered combined, and at a specific concentration and ratio, exerted a synergistic photoprotective effect that was greater than the effect obtained with each isoflavone alone. The results reported herein suggest that low concentrations of genistein and daidzein combined may be good candidate ingredients for protective agents against UV‐induced photodamage.
A New Hybrid Algorithm for a Pair of Quasi‐ϕ‐Asymptotically Nonexpansive Mappings and Generalized Mixed Equilibrium Problems in Banach Spaces
Authors: Zhu Jinhua , Chang Shih-Sen
Published: July 2011

The purpose of this paper is, by using a new hybrid method, to prove a strong
convergence theorem for finding a common element of the set of solutions for a generalized
mixed equilibrium problem, the set of solutions for a variational inequality problem, and
the set of common fixed points for a pair of quasi‐ϕ‐asymptotically nonexpansive mappings.
Under suitable conditions some strong convergence theorems are established in a uniformly
smooth and strictly convex Banach space with Kadec‐Klee property. The results presented
in the paper improve and extend some recent results.
Recognizing and Preventing Overexposure to Methylmercury from Fish and Seafood Consumption: Information for Physicians
Authors: Silbernagel Susan M. , Carpenter David O. , Gilbert Steven G. , Gochfeld Michael , Groth Edward , Hightower Jane M. , Schiavone Frederick M.
Published: July 2011

Fish is a valuable source of nutrition, and many people would benefit from eating fish regularly. But some people eat a lot of fish, every day or several meals per week, and thus can run a significant risk of overexposure to methylmercury. Current advice regarding methylmercury from fish consumption is targeted to protect the developing brain and nervous system but adverse health effects are increasingly associated with adult chronic low-level methylmercury exposure. Manifestations of methylmercury poisoning are variable and may be difficult to detect unless one considers this specific diagnosis and does an appropriate test (blood or hair analysis). We provide information to physicians to recognize and prevent overexposure to methylmercury from fish and seafood consumption. Physicians are urged to ask patients if they eat fish: how often, how much, and what kinds. People who eat fish frequently (once a week or more often) and pregnant women are advised to choose low mercury fish.
Cinnamomi ramulusEthanol Extract Exerts Vasorelaxation through Inhibition ofCa2+Influx andCa2+Release in Rat Aorta
Authors: Kang Yun Hwan , Shin Heung Mook
Published: July 2011

Contraction of vascular smooth muscle cells depends on the induction of cytosolic calcium ion (Ca2+) due to either Ca2+influx through voltage-gated Ca2+channels or to receptor-mediated Ca2+release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The present study investigated the vasorelaxation effect ofCinnamomi ramulusethanol extract (CRE) and the possible mechanisms in rat aorta. CRE (0.1 mg/mL) relaxed vasoconstriction induced by phenylephrine (PE; 1 μM) and angiotensin II (5 μM). Preincubation with CRE significantly reduced the rat aortic contraction by addition of CaCl2in Ca2+-free Krebs solution and FPL64176 (10 μM). Pretreatment with nifedipine (100 μM) or verapamil (1 μM) significantly reduced the CRE-mediated vasorelaxation of PE-induced vascular contraction. In addition, CRE also relaxed the vascular contraction caused by m-3M3FBS (5 μg/mL), but U73122 (10 μM) significantly inhibited the vasorelaxation of PE precontracted aortic rings. Furthermore, CRE significantly reduced the magnitude of PE- and caffeine (30 mM)-induced transient contraction. In vascular strips, CRE downregulated the expression levels of phosphorylated PLC and phosphoinositide 3-kinase elevated by PE or m-3M3FBS. These results suggest that CRE relaxes vascular smooth muscle through the inhibition of both Ca2+influx via L-type Ca2+channel and inositol triphosphate-induced Ca2+release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Test Performance of Immunologic Fecal Occult Blood Testing and Sigmoidoscopy Compared with Primary Colonoscopy Screening for Colorectal Advanced Adenomas
Authors: Khalid-de Bakker Carolina A.J. , Jonkers Daisy M.A.E. , Sanduleanu Silvia , de Bruïne Adriaan P. , Meijer Gerrit A. , Janssen Jan B.M.J. , van Engeland Manon , Stockbrügger Reinhold W. , Masclee Ad A.M.
Published: July 2011

Given the current increase in colorectal cancer screening, information on performance of screening tests is needed, especially in groups with a presumed lower test performance. We compared test performance of immunologic fecal occult blood testing (FIT) and pseudosigmoidoscopy with colonoscopy for detection of advanced adenomas in an average risk screening population. In addition, we explored the influence of gender, age, and location on test performance. FIT was collected prior to colonoscopy with a 50 ng/mL cutoff point. FIT results and complete colonoscopy findings were available from 329 subjects (mean age: 54.6 ± 3.7 years, 58.4% women). Advanced adenomas were detected in 38 (11.6%) of 329 subjects. Sensitivity for advanced adenomas of FIT and sigmoidoscopy were 15.8% (95% CI: 6.0–31.3) and 73.7% (95% CI: 56.9–86.6), respectively. No sensitivity improvement was obtained using the combination of sigmoidoscopy and FIT. Mean fecal hemoglobin in FIT positives was significantly lower for participants with only proximal adenomas versus those with distal ones (P = 0.008), for women versus men (P = 0.023), and for younger (<55 years) versus older (≥55 years) subjects (P = 0.029). Sensitivities of FIT were 0.0% (95% CI: 0.0–30.9) in subjects with only proximal versus 21.4% (95% CI: 8.3–41.0) in those with distal nonadvanced adenomas; 5.3% (95% CI: 0.0–26.0) in women versus 26.3% (95% CI: 9.2–51.2) in men; 9.5% (95% CI: 1.2–30.4) in younger versus 23.5% (95% CI: 6.8–49.9) in older subjects. Sigmoidoscopy had a significantly higher sensitivity for advanced adenomas than FIT. A single FIT showed very low sensitivity, especially in subjects with only proximal nonadvanced adenomas, in women, and in younger subjects. This points to the existence of “low” FIT performance in subgroups and the need for more tailored screening strategies. Cancer Prev Res; 4(10); 1563–71. ©2011 AACR.
Geostationary Doppler Radar and Tropical Cyclone Surveillance
Authors: Lewis William E. , Im Eastwood , Tanelli Simone , Haddad Ziad , Tripoli Gregory J. , Smith Eric A.
Published: July 2011

The potential usefulness of spaceborne Doppler radar as a tropical cyclone observing tool is assessed by conducting a high-resolution simulation of an intense hurricane and generating synthetic observations of reflectivity and radial velocity. The ground-based velocity track display (GBVTD) technique is used to process the radial velocity observations and generate retrievals of meteorologically relevant metrics such as the maximum wind (MW), radius of maximum wind (RMW), and radius of 64-kt wind (R64). Results indicate that the performance of the retrieved metrics compares favorably with the current state-of-the-art satellite methods for intensity estimation and somewhat better than current methods for structure (i.e., wind radii).
The ASA’s Missed Opportunity to Promote Sound Science in Court
Authors: Mitchell Gregory , Monahan John , Walker Laurens
Published: July 2011

The American Sociological Association (ASA) filed an amicus brief in Wal-Mart v. Dukes in which the ASA defended the testimony of the plaintiffs’ sociological expert. Unfortunately, the ASA’s portrayal and defense of the method and opinions of this expert do not match the actual method used, and opinions offered, by the expert in the Wal-Mart case. The authors demonstrate that none of the ASA’s defenses of the expert’s method has merit and that the expert violated basic methodological rules set out by the ASA’s own sources. The opinions to which the expert testified, therefore, lacked a scientific foundation.
Does Horizontal Accountability Work?
Authors: Schillemans Thomas
Published: July 2011

This article addresses the accountability deficit of executive agencies. It argues that the acclaimed deficit consists of two elements: the inability of democratic principals to hold autonomous agencies accountable and the insufficiency of hierarchical accountability mechanisms on their own. Horizontal mechanisms for accountability have been developed in which agencies account for their behavior toward stakeholders, boards of commissioners, and professional visitations. This article addresses the question whether and to what extent horizontal accountability mechanisms in practice serve as remedies for the deficit. An evaluative grading system is designed with which 15 horizontal accountability mechanisms of Dutch agencies are assessed. The analysis shows that horizontal accountability is a partial solution for the accountability deficit. It scarcely contributes to democratic control but has promising effects for organizational learning.
Characterization and antibacterial efficacy of silver-coated Ca–Na–Zn–Si/Ti glasses
Authors: Wren Anthony , Akgun Betul , Adams Brian , Coughlan Aisling , Mellott Nathan , Towler Mark
Published: July 2011

A glass series [ xSiO2[ −y]·0.36ZnO·0.17Na2O·0.05CaO (starting at x = 0.50, y = 0.08 TiO2)] was formulated with TiO2 substituting SiO2. Each glass/silver-coated glass was characterized using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy. Surface area analysis revealed significant changes after silver coating, 0.43–0.95 m2/g (control), to 0.53–1.85 m2/g (AU-1), and 0.20–1.11 m2/g (AU-2). Ion release from uncoated glasses included sodium (0.08 mg/L), calcium (0.07 mg/L), and zinc (0.008 mg/L), where silver-coated glasses presented 0.42 mg/L (silver), 0.33 mg/L (sodium), 0.02 mg/L (calcium), and 0.01 mg/L (zinc). Ag-coated glasses presented inhibition zones of 7.75 mm (control) compared to 1.04 mm (AU-2).
The functions of music for affect regulation
Authors: van Goethem Annelies , Sloboda John
Published: July 2011

Musical experiences are often reported to influence emotions ( Juslin & Västfjäll, 2008 ; Sloboda, O’Neill, & Ivaldi, 2001 ): people consciously and unconsciously use music to change, create, maintain or enhance their emotions and moods (affect) on a daily basis for their personal benefit ( DeNora, 1999 ; Schramm, 2005 ). This is known as affect regulation. However, existing research has not yet answered questions of how music regulates affect, especially beyond the expressive properties of music ( Meyer, 1956 ). The aims of the studies presented here were to investigate (a) how music functions to regulate affect, (b) which affects it regulates, and (c) whether music listening can be considered a successful affect regulation device. A one-week diary study with interviews and a three-week diary study were conducted. The main findings were: (1) music helps through broader affect regulation strategies like distraction, introspection, and active coping; music can for example distract someone from the affect or situation, or help to think about the affect or situation in a rational way; (2) music plays a major role in creating happiness and relaxation; (3) music overall is a successful regulation device with a range of underlying mechanisms helping different strategies. The current paper is a valuable addition to the existing literature and provides several new insights into the function of music for affect regulation in everyday life. The insight gained into which strategies and underlying mechanisms are involved when music is used for affect regulation might be used for the benefit of people’s emotional wellbeing.
Genetic Influences on Adolescent Eating Habits
Authors: Beaver Kevin M. , Flores Tori , Boutwell Brian B. , Gibson Chris L.
Published: July 2011

Behavioral genetic research shows that variation in eating habits and food consumption is due to genetic and environmental factors. The current study extends this line of research by examining the genetic contribution to adolescent eating habits. Analysis of sibling pairs drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) revealed significant genetic influences on variance in an unhealthy eating habits scale ( h2 = .42), a healthy eating habits scale ( h2 = .51), the number of meals eaten at a fast-food restaurant ( h2 = .33), and the total number of meals eaten per week ( h2 = .26). Most of the remaining variance was due to nonshared environmental factors. Additional analyses conducted separately for males and females revealed a similar pattern of findings. The authors note the limitations of the study and offer suggestions for future research.
A simplified analysis of deflections in shear-deformable composite sandwich beams
Authors: Gibson Ronald F
Published: July 2011

Simplified mechanics of materials equations for predicting both flexural and shear components of transverse deflections in composite sandwich beams are developed and validated by comparison with experimental measurements and finite element numerical predictions. Results are presented and compared for loading point deflections of two types of sandwich beams loaded in four-point bending; one having unidirectional carbon/ epoxy face sheets and a polymethacrylimide (PMI) foam core, and another having woven E-glass/epoxy face sheets and a PMI foam core. In both cases, shear deflections are greater than flexural deflections. The fraction of total deflection due to shear is greater for the beam with unidirectional carbon/epoxy face sheet than for the beam with woven E-glass/epoxy face sheets. Agreement between the current model predictions, experimental results, and finite element results is very good for the beams with unidirectional carbon/epoxy face sheets, and reasonably good for the beams with woven E-glass/epoxy face sheets.
Analysis and verification of the performance of sandwich panels with textile reinforced concrete faces
Authors: Cuypers Heidi , Wastiels Jan
Published: July 2011

Textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) is a composite material that recently gained renewed interest. Due to an improved durability, the usage of this composite in lightweight constructions becomes possible. In this article, the behavior of sandwich panels with TRC faces is studied. In the first part, several models are used in a finite element analysis and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. In the second part, the calculated nonlinear behavior of the panels is compared to experimental observations.
Polyculturalism and openness about criticizing one’s culture: Implications for sexual prejudice
Authors: Rosenthal Lisa , Levy Sheri R. , Moss Ian
Published: July 2011

Abundant research on the relationship between ideologies and sexual prejudice has not focused on intergroup ideologies such as colorblindness, multiculturalism, and polyculturalism. In three studies with racially and ethnically diverse college and community samples, endorsement of polyculturalism—an ideology focusing on the interactions, influences, and connections among racial and ethnic groups—was associated with lower sexual prejudice (as measured by affective prejudice toward gay men and lesbians, traditional heterosexism, denial of discrimination against homosexuals, and attitudes toward gay men and lesbians). Polyculturalism’s relationship with lower sexual prejudice was mediated by greater openness to criticizing elements of one’s culture that marginalize some groups. Polyculturalism accounted for unique variance in sexual prejudice even when controlling for colorblindness, multiculturalism, social dominance orientation, ethnic identity, conservatism, as well as race and gender. Colorblindness and multiculturalism were not consistently related to lower sexual prejudice. Future work on intergroup ideologies and sexual prejudice is discussed.
Modelling warranty extensions: a case study in the automotive industry
Authors: Scarf P A , Majid H A
Published: July 2011

Warranty extensions are considered for automotive vehicles. In particular, the expected cost to a manufacturer of an extension to a base warranty is determined, while taking account of the effect of services during the warranty period. To model the effect of services, an inspection maintenance model is used that is based on the delay time concept. Therein, failures are preceded by defects, and the inspection of a vehicle while in the defective state facilitates the correction of such defects. Thus the typical circumstances in which a warranty places certain requirements on the customer to carry out a standard level of servicing is modelled. A vehicle is regarded as a complex system, with defects arising according to a counting process. Other defects that are present are allowed to be corrected when a vehicle fails. A case study carried out for Malaysian Truck Berhad is used to illustrate these concepts.
Obstructive sleep apnoea in children
Authors: Verhulst S. , Kaditis A.
Published: July 2011

Educational aims

To understand the aetiology and pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnoea in childhood.

To recognise sleep apnoea-related morbidity from the cardiovascular and central nervous systems.

To get familiar with treatment indications and available therapeutic modalities for obstructive sleep apnoea in childhood.

Adenotonsillar hypertrophy, obesity, craniofacial anomalies and abnormal neuromotor tone are the main conditions predisposing to obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in childhood. Overnight polysomnography is the gold standard for diagnosis of the disorder. Sleep apnoeic children experience increased prevalence of enuresis, elevated blood pressure, excessive daytime sleepiness, hyperactivity, learning problems and neurocognitive dysfunction. Successful treatment of paediatric OSA requires a multifaceted approach which will address all the different conditions related to dysfunctional upper airway during sleep.
Sleep apnoea in older people
Authors: Glasser M. , Bailey N. , McMillan A. , Goff E. , Morrell M.J.
Published: July 2011

Educational Aims

To provide a comprehensive, up-to-date review of the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea in older people

To describe the mechanisms of central and obstructive sleep apnoea in older people

To outline the symptoms of sleep apnoea in older people

To discuss the evidence base for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in older people.

Obstructive sleep apnoea is a common disorder in older people, with between 13 and 32% of people over 65 yrs old having some sleep apnoea. The variation in the estimated prevalence is likely to reflect the different health status of the older populations studied and the definitions of the disease. This review will address the prevalence and aetiology of sleep apnoea in older people; outlining the possible consequences and treatment options. Age-related changes in chemosensitivity, and sleep architecture may promote central sleep apnoea in older people; while obstructive sleep apnoea is likely to be the result of increased collapsibility of the upper airway; possibly due to changes in upper airway anatomy and muscle function. The consequences of sleep apnoea in older people are unclear, since both sleep apnoea and aging reduce sleep quality and cognitive function. Moreover, there may be a survival advantage of mild sleep apnoea on the cardiovascular system in older people. Therefore the therapeutic advantages of continuous positive airway pressure in older people require further investigation. If future studies demonstrate that continuous positive airway pressure therapy produces a therapeutic benefit in older people this could result improvements in care.
Characterization of Kupffer cells in livers of developing mice
Authors: Lopez Bryan G , Tsai Monica S , Baratta Janie L , Longmuir Kenneth J , Robertson Richard T
Published: July 2011

Background

Kupffer cells are well known macrophages of the liver, however, the developmental characteristics of Kupffer cells in mice are not well understood. To clarify this matter, the characteristics of Kupffer macrophages in normal developing mouse liver were studied using light microscopy and immunocytochemistry.

Methods

Sections of liver tissue from early postnatal mice were prepared using immunocytochemical techniques. The Kupffer cells were identified by their immunoreactivity to the F4/80 antibody, whereas endothelial cells were labelled with the CD-34 antibody. In addition, Kupffer cells and endothelial cells were labelled by systemically injected fluorescently labelled latex microspheres. Tissue slices were examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Results

Intravenous or intraperitonal injections of microspheres yielded similar patterns of liver cell labelling. The F4/80 positive Kupffer cells were labelled with both large (0.2 μm) and small (0.02 μm) diameter microspheres, while endothelial cells were labelled only with the smaller diameter microspheres. Microsphere labelling of Kupffer cells appeared stable for at least 6 weeks. Cells immunoreactive for F4/80 were identified as early as postnatal day 0, and these cells also displayed uptake of microspheres. Numbers of F4/80 Kupffer cells, relative to numbers of albumin positive hepatocytes, did not show a significant trend over the first 2 postnatal weeks.

Conclusions

Kupffer cells of the developing mouse liver appear quite similar to those of other mammalian species, confirming that the mouse presents a useful animal model for studies of liver macrophage developmental structure and function.
Effect of substrate (ZnO) morphology on enzyme immobilization and its catalytic activity
Authors: Zhang Yan , Wu Haixia , Huang Xuelei , Zhang Jingyan , Guo Shouwu
Published: July 2011

In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocrystals with different morphologies were synthesized and used as substrates for enzyme immobilization. The effects of morphology of ZnO nanocrystals on enzyme immobilization and their catalytic activities were investigated. The ZnO nanocrystals were prepared through a hydrothermal procedure using tetramethylammonium hydroxide as a mineralizing agent. The control on the morphology of ZnO nanocrystals was achieved by varying the ratio of CH3OH to H2O, which were used as solvents in the hydrothermal reaction system. The surface of as-prepared ZnO nanoparticles was functionalized with amino groups using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and tetraethyl orthosilicate, and the amino groups on the surface were identified and calculated by FT-IR and the Kaiser assay. Horseradish peroxidase was immobilized on as-modified ZnO nanostructures with glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker. The results showed that three-dimensional nanomultipod is more appropriate for the immobilization of enzyme used further in catalytic reaction.
Characterization of a novel and spontaneous mouse model of inflammatory arthritis
Authors: Adipue Iris A , Wilcox Joel T , King Cody , Rice Carolyn AY , Shaum Katherine M , Suard Cory M , Brink Elri ten , Miller Stephen D , McMahon Eileen J
Published: July 2011

Introduction

Mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have proven critical for identifying genetic and cellular mechanisms of the disease. Upon discovering mice in our breeding colony that had spontaneously developed inflamed joints reminiscent of RA, we established the novel IIJ (inherited inflamed joints) strain. The purpose of this study was to characterize the histopathological, clinical, genetic and immunological properties of the disease.

Methods

To begin the IIJ strain, an arthritic male mouse was crossed with SJL/J females. Inheritance of the phenotype was then tracked by intercrossing, backcrossing and outcrossing to other inbred strains. The histopathology of the joints and extraarticular organ systems was examined. Serum cytokines and immunoglobulins (Igs) were measured by ELISA and cytometric bead array. Transfer experiments tested whether disease could be mediated by serum alone. Finally, the cellular joint infiltrate and the composition of secondary lymphoid organs were examined by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry.

Results

After nine generations of intercrossing, the total incidence of arthritis was 33% (304 of 932 mice), with females being affected more than males (38% vs. 28%; P < 0.001). Swelling, most notably in the large distal joints, typically became evident at an early age (mean age of 52 days). In addition to the joint pathology, which included bone and cartilage erosion, synovial hyperproliferation and a robust cellular infiltration of mostly Gr-1+ neutrophils, there was also evidence of systemic inflammation. IL-6 was elevated in the sera of recently arthritic mice, and extraarticular inflammation was observed histologically in multiple organs. Total serum Ig and IgG1 levels were significantly elevated in arthritic mice, and autoantibodies such as rheumatoid factor and Ig reactive to joint components (collagen type II and joint homogenate) were also detected. Nevertheless, serum failed to transfer disease. A high percentage of double-negative (CD4-CD8-) CD3+ TCRα/β+ T cells in the lymphoid organs of arthritic IIJ mice suggested significant disruption in the T-cell compartment.

Conclusions

Overall, these data identify the IIJ strain as a new murine model of inflammatory, possibly autoimmune, arthritis. The IIJ strain is similar, both histologically and serologically, to RA and other murine models of autoimmune arthritis. It may prove particularly useful for understanding the female bias in autoimmune diseases.
Regulation of angiostatic chemokines driven by IL-12 and IL-27 in human tumors
Authors: Airoldi Irma , Ribatti Domenico
Published: July 2011

Chemokines have pleiotropic effects in regulating immunity, angiogenesis, and tumor growth. CXC and CC chemokine families members and their receptors are able to exert a proangiogenic or an antiangiogenic effect in experimental models and in human tumors. In this review article, we have summarized literature data and our studies concerning the angiostatic activity of chemokines. Their angiostatic activity may be a result of a direct effect on the biological functions of endothelial cells and/or an effect on tumor cells inhibiting their capability to stimulate new blood vessel formation. Moreover, chemokines have a pro- and antitumor effect within the tumor microenvironment by regulating immune cell infiltration and its antitumor activities. We have focused our interest on the role of IL-12 and IL-27 in solid and hematological tumors, and we have suggested and discussed their potential use as antiangiogenic agents in the treatment of such tumors.