bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of CD34+ cell collection on the CS‐3000+ and Amicus blood cell separators
Authors: Jeanne Michel , Bouzgarrou Ridha , Lafarge Xavier , Fizet Dominique , Dazey Bernard , Vezon Gerard , Ivanovic Zoran
Published: September 2003

BACKGROUND:  Mobilized PBPCs, detectable on the basis of CD34 expression, can be collected on various cell separators. The CD34+ cell collection efficiencies of two cell separators (CS‐3000+ and Amicus, Baxter) were tested on two comparable groups of oncology patients.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Leukapheresis assisted by the standard manufacturer's software and variables settings was performed in 37 (CS‐3000+) and 34 (Amicus) patients (total of 83 and 67 collections, respectively) after chemotherapy plus G‐CSF treatment.

RESULTS:  The total CD34+ cell count per leukapheresis components as well as per kg of patient's body weight were twofold higher by using the Amicus than the CS‐3000+ device. Platelet contamination in Amicus components was twice as low compared to the CS3000+. Mean Amicus CD34+ collection efficiency (CD34+eff) (54.9 ± 27.2%) was significantly higher (p < 0.015) than the CS‐3000+ (46.4 ± 16.7%) one. However, Amicus CD34+eff decreased progressively as the peripheral blood CD34+ concentrations increases over 200 CD34+ cells per µL. A parallel increase in the WBC counts in these cases seems to be the principal cause of decrease in CD34+eff (evident for WBCs >40 × 103/µL and most pronounced for WBCs >60 × 103/µL).

CONCLUSIONS:  Mean CD34+eff and CD34+ cell yields were better on Amicus than on CS‐3000+. CD34+eff of Amicus, however, seems to be related to the initial WBC counts, decreasing progressively when WBC increased over 4 × 103 per µL that coincided with the increase in CD34+ cell concentrations. For these cases, the volume and duration of cycles should be adapted to optimize CD34+ collections by using Amicus separators.
DAK, a new low‐incidence antigen in the Rh blood group system
Authors: Reid Marion E. , Storry Jill R. , Sausais Laima , Tossas Edith , Rios Maria , Hue‐Roye Kim , Gloster Elizabeth S. , Miller Scott T. , Wolf Carl , Lomas‐Francis Christine
Published: September 2003

BACKGROUND:  Some low‐incidence antigens in the Rh blood group system (e.g., VS, Rh32, FPTT) are expressed by more than one Rh complex. We describe a new low‐incidence antigen that is present on RBCs with the partial D phenotypes, DIIIa or DOL, on
N RBCs and on one example of STEM+S RBCs.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Standard hemagglutination testing was performed with two sera that agglutinated DIIIa RBCs on our in‐house antibody identification panel. DNA‐based assays were performed on selected samples.

RESULTS:  RBCs with the DIIIa (n = 31), DOL (n = 5), or

N (n = 10) phenotype were agglutinated by both sera, as were RBCs from one STEM+S person. Reactivity with RBCs of either DIIIa or DOL phenotypes was stronger than with

N RBCs and could not be separated by adsorption and elution.

CONCLUSION:  An antibody, anti‐DAK, which recognizes a novel low‐incidence antigen that is more strongly expressed on DIIIa and DOL RBCs than on

N RBCs is described. The antibody agglutinated RBCs from 4 percent of D+ African American blood donors in New York. The antigen, DAK, has been assigned the ISBT number RH54 (004.054).
Impact of HCV 3.0 EIA relative to HCV 2.0 EIA on blood‐donor screening
Authors: Tobler Leslie H. , Stramer Susan L. , Lee Stephen R. , Masecar Barbara L. , Peterson Jon E. , Davis E. Anne , Andrews William E. , Brodsky Jaye P. , Kleinman Steven H. , Phelps Bruce H. , Busch Michael P.
Published: September 2003

BACKGROUND:  In 1996, the Ortho HCV Version 3.0 ELISA Test System (HCV 3.0 EIA) was licensed in the United States for donor screening but was neither mandated nor universally implemented. Data from two studies comparing the differential performance of HCV 3.0 EIA and HCV 2.0 EIA are presented. The first study evaluated the differential performance in a cross‐section of screened whole‐blood donors after implementation of HCV 3.0 EIA; the second study evaluated the differential performance of HCV 3.0 EIA in plasma donors acutely infected with HCV, identified during routine Abbott HCV 2.0 EIA and HCV NAT (using Roche Ampliscreen plate assay) donor screening.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  The first study evaluated HCV 3.0 EIA repeat‐reactive donations from four US blood centers, identified during the first 5 months of HCV 3.0 EIA implementation. HCV EIA repeat‐reactive donations confirmed by RIBA HCV 3.0 SIA were retested using both Ortho HCV Version 2.0 ELISA Test System and Abbott HCV 2.0 EIA. All EIA‐discordant donations were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the second study, Abbott HCV 2.0 EIA‐nonreactive, HCV PCR‐positive donors were enrolled in a follow‐up study in which the index and follow‐up samples were re‐evaluated by HCV 3.0 EIA.

RESULTS:  In the first study, of 292,459 donations, 501 (0.17%) confirmed HCV 3.0 EIA‐reactive donations were identified; 15 (0.005%) were nonreactive by Ortho HCV 2.0 EIA and were all HCV RNA negative. In the second study, Ortho HCV 3.0 EIA retesting of Abbott HCV 2.0 EIA‐nonreactive, RNA‐positive index donations identified 16 (23%) as 3.0 EIA reactive. In 42 panels with a discordant time of seroconversion, HCV 3.0 EIA sero‐conversion preceded HCV 2.0 EIA in all cases (p < 0.001). Two donors with HCV 3.0 EIA‐reactive index donations never seroconverted by HCV 2.0 EIA during 160 to 180 days of follow‐up.

CONCLUSION:  These studies demonstrate that HCV 3.0 EIA compared to HCV 2.0 EIA can better detect 1) remote nonviremic HCV infections, 2) acute infection, and 3) HCV antibodies in cases of atypical seroconversion.
Seven‐day storage of random donor PLT concentrates
Authors: Rock Gail , Neurath Doris , Cober Nancy , Freedman Marissa , Leduc Michel , Nelson Edward , Lu Ming
Published: September 2003

BACKGROUND:  PLT concentrates are licensed for use up to a maximum of 5 days of storage. Increasing storage to 7 days would improve the logistics of supply and have the potential to reduce wastage.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  PLTs were prepared from CP2D blood with standard procedures (n = 16) and then WBC‐reduced. Sampling was carried out at 3, 5, and 7 days for PLT count, pH, aggregation to ADP and collagen, hypotonic shock response, Kunicki morphology score, thromboelastogram response, pO2, and pCO2, and PLT activation (CD62) was carried out by flow cytometry. Additionally, PLTs stored for 7 days were transfused into thrombocytopenic patients, and the CCI was calculated.

RESULTS:  Some of the in vitro tests such as the aggregation response to single stimuli showed decreased values with time. The hypotonic shock was well maintained for 7 days (77%‐68%); the Kunicki morphology score showed progressive shape change (300 to 164). The CCI of 7‐day PLTs averaged 16,000 (n = 9).

CONCLUSIONS:  The data indicate acceptable in vitro PLT function at 7 days. Transfusion of the 7‐day‐old CP2D PLTs resulted in an appropriate posttransfusion increment in thrombocytopenic patients. Random donor PLTs collected into CP2D can be successfully stored for 7 days before use.
PLTs of Blood Group A1 donors express increased surface A antigen owing to apheresis and prolonged storage
Authors: Julmy Friedgard , Achermann François , Schulzki Thomas , Carrel Thierry , Nydegger Urs
Published: September 2003

BACKGROUND:  In contrast to RBC transfusion, where ABO mismatch is potentially lethal, immunologic ABO matching has been considered less critical for PLTs. Nonetheless, PLTs bear ABO blood group antigens, some of them expressing very high levels.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  The expression of A antigen was investigated by flow cytometry on resting and stimulated human PLTs of 100 A and 10 O group donors, as well as on 17 PLT concentrates (PCs) after apheresis and daily during a 6‐day storage, to determine possible changes in expression of A antigen on PLT surface.

RESULTS:  Considerable variation of A antigen expression on PLT surface of A1 group individuals was observed; A2 group PLTs could not be distinguished from O group PLTs. The variability of A antigen on A group PLTs also became evident on investigating PLT lysates by ELISA. A1 group PCs showed a significant increase of A antigen expression on their surface owing to apheresis (p = 0.001) and to storage (p = 0.0091).

CONCLUSION:  Apheresis and prolonged storage of A1 group PCs independently led to overexpression of A antigen on the PLT surface. This may make such PCs more susceptible to destruction by anti‐A of O or B group recipients.
Effects of blood transfusion on clinical and functional outcomes in patients with hip fracture
Authors: Halm Ethan A. , Wang Jason J. , Boockvar Kenneth , Penrod Joan , Silberzweig Stacey B. , Magaziner Jay , Koval Kenneth J. , Siu Albert L.
Published: September 2003

BACKGROUND:  Anemia and transfusion are common among elderly patients requiring surgery. The effects of transfusion on morbidity and mortality are controversial. The influence of transfusion on risk‐adjusted mortality, readmissions, and functional mobility was examined.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  A consecutive cohort of 551 patients undergoing surgery for hip fracture at four hospitals was prospectively studied. Outcomes were death, readmission, and functional independence measure‐locomotion scores within 60 days of discharge. The trigger Hb level was defined as the lowest value before the first postoperative transfusion. Multivariate analyses adjusted for a validated, hip‐fracture‐specific risk model and predictors of transfusion.

RESULTS:  Overall, 54.4 percent of patients received transfusions after surgery. Seventy‐two percent of patients with a lowest postoperative Hb level of less than 10.0 g per dL received transfusions compared to 19.6 percent of those whose lowest measurement was at least 10.0 g per dL (p < 0.0001). In the 60 days after discharge, 3.8 percent of patients died and 16.9 percent were readmitted. Transfusion was associated with lower risk‐adjusted odds of readmission (OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.30‐0.97), but it did not influence mortality or mobility functioning. In subgroups analyses, the benefit of transfusion on readmission rates appeared to be concentrated among patients with a trigger Hb level of less than 10.0 g per dL. For patients with a trigger Hb level of at least 10.0 g per dL, transfusion did not affect risk‐adjusted rates of death or readmission, but was associated with better risk‐adjusted functional mobility scores (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS:  Postoperative transfusion reduced the risk of readmission but did not decrease mortality or improve mobility. Randomized controlled trials of different transfusion strategies will be needed to clarify the true benefits and risks of transfusion in surgical patients.
Corrigendum to: Phylogeny and biogeography of the ant subfamily Myrmeciinae (Hymenoptera : Formicidae)
Authors: Ward Philip S. , Brady Seán G.
Published: September 2003

We investigated phylogenetic relationships among the 'primitive' Australian ant genera Myrmecia and Nothomyrmecia (stat. rev.) and the Baltic amber fossil genus Prionomyrmex, using a combination of morphological and molecular data. Outgroups for the analysis included representatives from a variety of potential sister-groups, including five extant subfamilies of ants and one extinct group (Sphecomyrminae). Parsimony analysis of the morphological data provides strong support (~95% bootstrap proportions) for the monophyly of (1) genus Myrmecia, (2) genus Prionomyrmex, and (3) a clade containing those two genera plus Nothomyrmecia. A group comprising Nothomyrmecia and Prionomyrmex is also upheld (85% bootstrap support). Molecular sequence data (~2200 base pairs from the 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA genes) corroborate these findings for extant taxa, with Myrmecia and Nothomyrmecia appearing as sister-groups with ~100% bootstrap support under parsimony, neighbour-joining and maximum-likelihood analyses. Neither the molecular nor the morphological data set allows us to identify unambiguously the sister-group of (Myrmecia + (Nothomyrmecia + Prionomyrmex)). Rather, Myrmecia and relatives are part of an unresolved polytomy that encompasses most of the ant subfamilies. Taken as a whole, our results support the contention that many of the major lineages of ants – including a clade that later came to contain Myrmecia, Nothomyrmecia and Prionomyrmex – arose at around the same time during a bout of diversification in the middle or late Cretaceous. On the basis of Bayesian dating analysis, the estimated age of the most recent common ancestor of Myrmecia and Nothomyrmecia is 74 million years (95% confidence limits, 53–101�million years), a result consistent with the origin of the myrmeciine stem lineage in the Cretaceous. The ant subfamily Myrmeciinae is redefined to contain two tribes, Myrmeciini (genus Myrmecia) and Prionomyrmecini (Nothomyrmecia and Prionomyrmex). Phylogenetic analysis of the enigmatic Argentine fossils Ameghinoia and Polanskiella demonstrates that they are also members of the Myrmeciinae, probably more closely related to Prionomyrmecini than to Myrmeciini. Thus, the myrmeciine ants appear to be a formerly widespread group that retained many ancestral formicid characteristics and that became extinct everywhere except in the Australian region.
A review of the genus Ledermuelleriopsis Willmann (Acari : Prostigmata : Stigmaeidae)
Authors: Fan Qing-Hai , Walter David Evans , Proctor Heather C.
Published: September 2003

The mite family Stigmaeidae (Acari : Prostigmata) is of considerable importance in biological control, but its genera are often poorly defined and have never been subjected to cladistic analysis. Herein, we report the stigmaeid genus Ledermuelleriopsis Willmann from Australia for the first time, present a preliminary phylogenetic analysis that demonstrates that Eustigmaeus Berlese and Ledermuelleriopsis Willman are distinct, review the genus at the world level, and provide diagnostic characters of the adult females for each of the 21 known species. We also catalogue habitats, distributions and localities of holotypes. Four new species from Australia are described and illustrated: L. parvilla, sp. nov. from old dune sand, L. barbellata, sp. nov. from wet-sandy heath litter, and L.�pustulosa, sp. nov. and L. claviseta, sp. nov. from dry eucalypt forest litter. A key to adult females of all known Ledermuelleriopsis species is provided. The Australian species and L. incisa Wood from New Zealand can be separated from all other members of the genus by a synapomorphy: the reduction of the number of setae on the aggenital shield to one pair. Results of a preliminary morphological cladistic analysis for those stigmaeid genera in which the larvae and adults of both sexes are known, indicate that Ledermuelleriopsis is basal to a clade containing Cheylostigmaeus Willman and Eustigmaeus.
Kyiv's Troeshchyna: An Emerging International Migrant Neighborhood
Authors: Ruble Blair A.
Published: September 2003

Troeshchyna is a down-at-the-heels late Soviet moonscape that happens to be located on the fringe of Kyiv, though it is indistinguishable from hundreds of other socialist neighborhoods built in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s anywhere between Berlin and Beijing. This Brezhnev-era district has almost no distinguishing features other than the Ukrainian capital's most robust and scraggly markets. Walk by one of Troeshchyna's neighborhood elementary schools, such as School 247, and something looks not quite appropriate for this part of the world. The school's playground will be chock full of kids from countries and cultures not traditionally associated with the central Dniepr, including children from Afghanistan, Angola, Korea, Mongolia and Vietnam.
“Us” or “Them”? Belarusians and Official Russia, 1863–1914
Authors: Weeks Theodore
Published: September 2003

In the final decades of the nineteenth century, nationality as an “ordering principle” became for the first time a significant factor for Russian imperial policy. Among the most thorny issues facing the imperial bureaucracy was the delimitation of the boundaries of the “Russian nation.” As is well known, St Petersburg never accepted either Ukrainians (at the time more often referred to as “Little Russians”) or Belarusians as separate nations. On the other hand, official Russia also did not deny the linguistic and cultural difference of these two groups entirely. Categories used in the 1897 census reflect this: under the category “mother tongue” (not surprisingly, no specific category of “nation” or “ethnicity” was included), those surveyed could respond “Great Russian,” “Little Russian,” or “Belarusian.” All three of these categories were then, however, subsumed into the larger category “Russian.” In a similar way, Russian officials never denied that Belarusians were in certain respects different from their brethren in central Russia. They did, however, indignantly reject the idea that these differences were so great as to exclude Belarusians from membership in the Russian nation.
Sources of Post-communist Democratization: Economic Structure, Political Culture, War, and Political Institutions
Authors: Horowitz Shale
Published: September 2003

The fall of communist regimes and the breakup of the multinational Soviet and Yugoslav states produced a remarkable experiment in regime change. Twenty-eight old, new and revived states emerged. While most adopted democratic institutions, many others evolved new variants of authoritarian rule. Some new democracies maintained much higher standards in upholding formal democratic rules and complementary freedoms of the press and political organization. How is this variation in initial democratization to be explained? Among countries that initially adopted democracy, how is variation in the survival and development of democratic freedoms to be explained?
Islam, Identity and Politics: Kazakhstan, 1990–2000
Authors: Rorlich Azade-Ayse
Published: September 2003

The organizers of the international conference entitled “The Cultural Contexts of Kazakhstan: History and Contemporaneity,” held in Almaty between 7 and 10 September 1997, chose as the logo of their conference one of the stills from Rustam Khalfin's filmLazy Cinema(Lenivoe Kino). It was the still representing a handful of earth. The choice was far from whimsical, for, as the writer Auezkhan Kodar, one of the organizers of the conference noted, the intention was “to underline the amorphous state of contemporary culture which needs to acquire a precise shape, characteristic to Kazakhstan alone.”
Aviel Roshwald, Ethnic Nationalism & the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, Russia & the Middle East, 1914–1923.
New York: Routledge, 2001, xii, 273 pp.
Authors: O'reilly Marc J.
Published: September 2003

In early 2003, President George W. Bush touted the prospects for democratization in Iraq, as well as in adjacent countries of the Middle East, following a U. S.-led invasion. He neglected to explain, however, how a country home to Kurds, Arab Sunnis, and Arab Shi'a—groups that historically have not co-existed harmoniously—would adjust to new and imposed political arrangements. Both the Shi'a, who constitute a majority, and the Kurds seek to escape Sunni oppression, omnipresent since the creation of Iraq in the 1920s. Although democracy may end Sunni privilege, Washington's commitment to the territorial integrity of Iraq will likely dissatisfy some if not many Kurds and Shi'a, who, presumably, not only expect improved representation within an Iraqi parliament but also enhanced political and cultural autonomy. Nearly a century ago, similar yearnings manifested themselves only to remain unfulfilled. This theme of dashed expectations pervades Aviel Roshwald's superb book, Ethnic Nationalism & the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, Russia & the Middle East, 1914–1923.
Ethnic Social Distance in Kyrgyzstan: Evidence from a Nationwide Opinion Survey1
Authors: Faranda Regina , Nolle David B.
Published: September 2003

Unlike in some other former Soviet republics, when Kyrgyzstan achieved independence in 1991 its government granted citizenship to all residents, regardless of ethnicity or language. The government hoped this would help to quell incipient ethnic tensions in the country before they got out of hand. It was argued that, in a constantly changing ethnic landscape, citizens' identification with the country above all other considerations, including ethnicity and religion, would introduce a degree of stability—a common denominator for all residents of Kyrgyzstan, where there is a relatively high level of ethnic diversity (see Table 1).
Governing through Teamwork: Reconstituting Subjectivity in a Call Centre*
Authors: Knights David , McCabe Darren
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACT This article focuses on teamworking as a form of governmentality whereby management seeks to govern by distance. This involves mobilizing the support and commitment of employees to teamworking and organizational goals by appealing to their autonomy, unity, sociability and desire for a more enriched work experience. It is the struggle over subjectivity that is of concern here, for teamworking can be seen as a technology that aims to transform individuals into subjects that secure their sense of meaning and significance through working as a team. We will explore through a case study of a call centre in a large building society how a discourse of teamworking has begun to impinge upon individuals so as to shape not only how they behave but also how they think, derive meaning and understand the world. In turn, we consider some of the tensions and inconsistencies of teamworking in relation to the secrecy of pay differentials, and the return to productivity pressures after a period of relaxation and trust. Ultimately the article examines how individuals respond to, agonize over, resist and baulk against the imposition of ‘team lives’ when this rubs up against what they understand to be their ‘private lives’. This will involve considering gender tensions that have so far been largely neglected in relation to call centres and teamworking. Teamworking, we will argue, reflects a will to govern rather than a mechanism of government.
Explaining Sales Pay Strategy Using Agency, Transaction Cost and Resource Dependence Theories*
Authors: Tremblay Michel , Côté Jérôme , Balkin David B.
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to investigate, using data gathered from 325 French‐Canadian organizations, the influence of key constructs related to agency, transaction cost and resource dependence theories on the proportion of salary in sales compensation. Usefulness analysis showed that performance information (9 per cent), uncertainty (8 per cent) and dependence resource (5 per cent) constructs have a significant incremental contribution to sales compensation. Regarding specific hypothesis tests, results of full model show that the capacity to observe behaviour, team sales and financial resources offered are associated with an increased use of salary pay. In contrast, adaptability of product/service‐related resources, salesforce experience and high marginal salesforce productivity are associated with decreased use of the salary component. However, the results of full model have failed to support the direction or influence of relationships between programmability, span of control, market and selling uncertainty, the predominance of salespeople and TCA measures on proportion of salary. The results support the argument that integration of multiple theoretical perspectives better explains pay policy.
Social Structure and Intermediation: Market‐making Strategies in International Exchange*
Authors: Ellis Paul D.
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACT Information gaps between markets create opportunities for international trade intermediaries to negotiate cross‐border exchanges. Faced with the prospect of eventually being eliminated from these exchanges, intermediaries must continually search for new opportunities to mediate international exchange. In this paper an original explanation is derived from the core principles of structural hole theory to explain how these market‐making firms operate in the tension found between the inevitable decay of existing exchange relationships and the uncertainty of finding replacement sources of income.
Long Term Incentive Plans, Executive Pay and UK Company Performance*
Authors: Buck Trevor , Bruce Alistair , Main Brian G. M. , Udueni Henry
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACT In agency theory, the remuneration packages of executive directors in large companies are seen as an attempt to give them a pattern of rewards that aligns their interests more closely with shareholders as a whole. The sensitivity of total executive rewards to share price performance has become the conventional yardstick for judgements concerning whether reward packages do indeed serve shareholders’ interests or executives themselves.

Long‐term incentive plans (LTIPs) introduced in the UK from 1995 have imposed new, firm‐specific performance conditions on senior managers. While LTIPs are designed to increase performance‐pay sensitivity, however, they also give executives new opportunities to manipulate the terms of LTIPs in their own favour, at the expense of shareholders and stakeholders in general.

This paper presents the first estimates of UK total executive rewards that include detailed LTIP valuations. It finds that, while increasing average total rewards, the presence of LTIPs is actually associated with reductions in the sensitivity of executives’ total rewards to shareholder return. This raises doubts concerning both the effectiveness of the LTIP instrument and the validity of an agency perspective in this context.
Strategic Organizational Change: Exploring the Roles of Environmental Structure, Internal Conscious Awareness and Knowledge*
Authors: Bloodgood James M. , Morrow J. L.
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACT We argue that strategic organizational change is best viewed as a multidimensional phenomenon consisting of various degrees of environmental structure and internal conscious awareness. And, by combining this conceptualization of change with a model of organizational knowledge transfer developed by Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), we gain a better understanding of the types of change strategies that firms will pursue, the processes they should use to implement these strategies and the likely performance outcomes from these strategies. Specifically, we suggest that the levels of tacit and explicit knowledge needed to implement the new strategies are key determinants of firm performance following strategic organizational change.
Planned or Prioritized? Two Options in Managing the Implementation of Strategic Decisions*
Authors: Hickson David J. , Miller Susan J. , Wilson David C.
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACT This paper presents findings from a study of 55 cases of decision implementation. The research identifies a number of features that characterize the way implementation is managed which appear to enhance the chance of success. Analysis reveals patterns in the data indicating that these features fall into two groupings, giving rise to two distinct approaches to implementation management. These are termed the Experience‐based approach and the Readiness‐based approach from the initial conditions which give rise to each. Although following either approach may enhance decision performance, the greatest success is associated with a dual approach. Implementations that follow neither are generally less successful. A theory of implementation management is postulated, comprising a Planned Option and a Prioritized Option.
Sources of Fidelity in Purposive Organizational Change: Lessons from a Re‐engineering Case
Authors: Johnson‐Cramer Michael E. , Cross Robert L. , Yan Aimin
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACT The debate between adaptation and inertia hinges on whether theorists believe that organizations can effect purposive organizational change in which the realized structures match the planned structures. To date, research on organizational change has yielded few insights into the conditions under which such change occurs. This longitudinal case study of a re‐engineering programme at a medium‐sized bank examined the conditions under which elements of the planned structure were faithfully implemented. Elaborating a model of change fidelity, this paper argues that the features of the design elements themselves, attributes of the change process, and general contextual factors affect the likelihood that planned changes will occur.
Complexity, Identity and the Value of Knowledge‐intensive Exchanges
Authors: Karamanos Anastasios G.
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACTResearchers studying the structural embeddedness of firms in networks have focused on its effects on economic behaviour, strategic action and competitive behaviour, but network embeddedness as a source of firm value per se has been largely overlooked. I argue that neglecting the network context in which firms are embedded leads to an incomplete understanding of the value of the firm. I seek to understand how a focal firm's structural embeddedness network characteristics function as mechanisms that elucidate the value of its knowledge‐intensive exchanges. This paper presents a framework that identifies two processes of knowing exchange value, namely knowing through a learning bandwagon and knowing through a fad bandwagon. I argue that knowing value as a learning bandwagon is enabled by the normative and cognitive proximity of exchange partners, and that this is facilitated by the embeddedness of the focal firm in dense network structures. Knowing value as a fad bandwagon is based on a positional construction of the focal firm's status, which is determined by the centrality of the focal firm's network partners in their corresponding networks. This is a ranking system based on positional network data, whose efficacy stems from the inability of firms to manipulate their network positions.
Simulating a class of stationary Gaussian processes using the Davies–Harte algorithm, with application to long memory processes
Authors: CRAIGMILE PETER F.
Published: September 2003

We demonstrate that the fast and exact Davies–Harte algorithm is valid for simulating a certain class of stationary Gaussian processes – those with a negative autocovariance sequence for all non‐zero lags. The result applies to well known classes of long memory processes: Gaussian fractionally differenced (FD) processes, fractional Gaussian noise (fGn) and the nonstationary fractional Brownian Motion (fBm).
Extremes of Some Sub‐Sampled Time Series
Authors: SCOTTO M. G. , TURKMAN K. F. , ANDERSON C. W.
Published: September 2003

Let Xk be a stationary time series and yk=XkM be the sub‐sampled series corresponding to a fixed systematic sampling interval M > 1. In this paper, we use a point process approach to study the effect of the sub sampling on the extremal properties of Yk when Xk is a linear process with heavy‐tailed innovations. We prove complete point process convergence theorems which enable us to give in detail the weak limiting behaviour of maxima of the sub‐sampled process and to compare it with that of the original process. The results both exemplify the findings of a study by Robinson and Tawn (2000) and offer more precise details for the class of linear models. Motivation comes from the comparison of schemes for monitoring financial and environmental processes.
Testing for Linear Trend with Application to Relative Primary Commodity Prices
Authors: Kim Tae‐Hwan , Pfaffenzeller Stephan , Rayner Tony , Newbold Paul
Published: September 2003

Abstract. Much research has been devoted to assessing the evidence for linear trend in a time series. We discuss the statistical implications of some recent developments, with specific application to 24 time series of relative primary commodities prices.
Tests for non‐correlation of two cointegrated ARMA time series
Authors: PHAM DINH TUAN , ROY ROCH , CÉDRAS LYNE
Published: September 2003

In multivariate time series modelling, we are often led to investigate the existence of a relationship between two time series. Here, we generalize the procedure proposed by Haugh (1976) and extended by El Himdi and Roy (1997) for multivariate stationary ARMA time series to the case of cointegrated (or partially nonstationary) ARMA series. The main contribution consists in showing that, in the case of two uncorrelated cointegrated time series, an arbitrary vector of residual cross‐correlation matrices asymptotically follows the same distribution as the corresponding vector of cross‐correlation matrices between the two innovation series. The estimation method from which the residuals are obtained can be the conditional maximum likelihood method as discussed in Yap and Reinsel (1995) or some other which has the same convergence rate. From this result, it follows that the considered test statistics, which are based on residual cross‐correlation matrices, asymptotically follow χ2 distributions. The finite sample properties, under the null hypothesis, of the test statistics are studied by simulation.
Locally Optimal Tests Against Unit Roots in Seasonal Time Series Processes
Authors: TAYLOR A. M. ROBERT
Published: September 2003

This paper builds on the existing literature on tests of the null hypothesis of deterministic seasonality in a univariate time‐series process. Under the assumption of independent Gaussian errors, we derive the class of locally weighted mean most powerful invariant tests against unit roots at the zero and/or seasonal frequencies in a seasonally observed process. Representations for the limiting distributions of the proposed test statistics under sequences of local alternatives are derived, and the relationship with tests for corresponding moving average unit roots is explored. We also propose nonparametric modifications of these test statistics designed to have limit distributions which are free of nuisance parameters under weaker conditions on the errors. Our tests are shown to contain existing stationarity tests as special cases and to extend these tests in a number of useful directions.
Oroonoko in Nineteenth‐Century Germany: Race and Gender in Luise MüHlbach's Aphra Behn
Authors: Martin Judith E.
Published: September 2003

Many critics consider Aphra Behn's novella Oroonoko, or the Royal Slave (1688) the first anti‐slavery narrative. England's first professional woman writer, Behn left a literary legacy divided between recognition of Oroonoko by abolitionists and rejection of her reputation for indecency. In her novel Aphra Behn (1849), the German author Luise Mühlbach joins these disparate strands of Behn reception. She adapts Behn's slave story within the historical context of nineteenth‐century abolitionism, and she reinterprets Behn's biography and controversial literary reputation, transforming Behn into a respectable female literary predecessor. Mühlbach's text asserts a specifically female authorial legitimacy and challenges male dominance in social relations and in literary culture. Drawing on post‐colonial cultural criticism, this essay examines Mühlbach's alterations of Behn's Oroonoko, focusing on the racial and gendered dynamics of power in the white female protagonist's relationship to the black slave couple and to male colonial authority. Although Mühlbach employs a more modern anti‐racist discourse than Behn, Aphra's position remains implicated with the colonial order, and while the black woman Imoinda gains in agency, she lacks the autonomous subjectivity of Aphra and Oroonoko. In her larger project of recuperating Behn's literary reputation, Mühlbach privileges the white European woman's subjectivity against the background of the black woman as ‘other’.
C.G. Jung and ‘Naturmystik’: The Early Poem ‘Gedanken in Einer Frühlingsnacht’
Authors: Bishop Paul
Published: September 2003

This article presents a hitherto unpublished text, found in the C.G. Jung‐Archiv of the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule in Zurich, and discusses its significance. A brief overview of Jung's early religious development highlights aspects of Jung's childhood which his biographers have often noted, but the significant patterns of which they have more frequently chosen to overlook. In particular, Jung's childhood visions of the divine ithyphallus and the divine turd acquire new significance, when compared with the moment in Scripture where Yahweh hides from Moses his kabod (‘glory’, or genitalia); if Moses was only permitted to see the backside of God, Jung's vision of the divine phallus shows he was even more intimately acquainted with the divine. The author comments in detail on the unknown poem, and discusses the cultural intertexts that help us appreciate its significance. Attention is also paid to the formal and ‘literary’ features of the poem. The article concludes that the unknown poem expresses an outlook best described by the term ‘Naturmystik’, and offers a new insight into the fundamentally mystical temperament of Jung's early thinking.
Brecht's Pastiche History Play: Renaissance Drama and Modernist Theatre in Leben Eduards Des Zweiten Von England
Authors: Gaston Bruce
Published: September 2003

This article examines Brecht's Leben Eduards des Zweiten von England from the historical perspective of its first performances in 1924, paying particular attention to the status of Renaissance drama in Germany and the emerging Modernist movement. This approach runs counter to previous critical discussions which have been implicitly or explicitly comparative. The emphasis on Marlowe has led to a neglect of the many parallels in Eduard II. with works by Shakespeare, works that Brecht, like most educated Germans, would have known. An examination of attitudes to English Renaissance drama during the period leads to the conclusion that Eduard II. is not a criticism of its model, since minimal knowledge of Edward II meant that most of the audience were not in a position to compare the two plays. Rather, the play is a pastiche, a spurious Renaissance history play that emphasised the aspects of Renaissance drama that corresponded to the Modernist aesthetic paradigm, and that also reflected Brecht's own interests and preoccupations. In Eduard II. a Modernist reinterpretation of Renaissance theatre was put up in opposition to the orthodox view of Shakespeare, and thus embodied a challenge to the dominant theatrical tradition which had claimed Shakespeare as its own.
Between Identification and Documentation, ‘Autofiction’ and ‘Biopic’: The Lives of the RAF
Authors: Preece Julian
Published: September 2003

Since the mid‐1970s the RAF has generated a variety of different forms of ‘life‐writing’, ranging from memoirs written by ex‐terrorists to autobiographical fiction by contemporaries which explores the interaction between an authorial narrator and a central terrorist character. Film‐makers, echoing novelists, have often focussed on the life of an individual terrorist. While the view that an individual's turning to the RAF or one of its related groupings could be explained through biographical experience has been discredited by the evidence now available, RAF memoirs are of limited value in other respects because their authors are unable to reflect critically on their past. In fiction (by writers such as Timm, Chotjewitz, and Demksi) and films (by von Trotta, Schlöndorff, and Conradt) which depict the first RAF generation it becomes clear that what is made of the life is more challenging than the life itself. The same appears true of the largely non‐fictional treatment of Ulrike Meinhof. Younger writers and playwrights (Dresen, Kuckart, Scholz, Loher) and film‐makers (Veiel), while struggling to make links between the recent past and the present, show much greater distance to the material, sometimes to the point of incorporating the points of view of the RAF 's opponents and victims. In addition to generational affiliation the gender of both author/film‐maker and particular terrorist subject also determines in unexpected ways the depiction of RAF lives.
Reading and Writing the Stasi File: on the Uses and Abuses of The File as (auto)biography
Authors: Lewis Alison
Published: September 2003

The opening of the Stasi files in 1992, made possible by the Stasi Documents Legislation, was an important symbolic act of reconciliation between victims and perpetrators. For victims, reading their file provided a means of re‐appropriating stolen aspects of their lives and rewriting their life histories. This article argues that the Stasi file itself can be viewed as a form of hostile biography, authored by an oppressive state apparatus, that constituted in GDR times an all‐powerful written ‘technology of power’. The analogy of secret police files to literary genres enables us to pose a number of questions about the current uses to which the files are being put by victims and perpetrators. Are victims and perpetrators making similar use of their Stasi file in the writing of their autobiographies? What happens when the secret police file is removed from its original bureaucratic context and ‘regime of truth’ and starts to circulate as literary artefact in new contexts, for instance, as part of victims’ and perpetrators’ autobiographies? How is the value of the Stasi file now being judged? Is the file being used principally in the services of truth and reconciliation, as originally intended in the legislation, or does it now circulate in ‘regimes of value’ that place a higher premium on accounts of perpetrators, as can be witnessed in the publication of the fictitious ‘autobiography’ of the notorious secret police informer, Sascha Anderson?
Is there Nationalism after Ernest Gellner? An exploration of methodological choices*
Authors: Van den Bossche Geert
Published: September 2003

Abstract. This paper explores the advance of the study of nationalism with particular reference to hitherto neglected methodologies. After suggesting what might be the lesson to be learned from Ernest Gellner's critique of Wittgensteinian linguistic philosophy, I set out some of the considerations and questions which guide my own attempt at a definition of nationalism after Gellner. These are essentially concerned with the function of meaning for ‘real people’, that is, with the substantiation of the nation through the study of ideologies and feelings, links between interest and identity, conditions of responsiveness and the differential success of mass mobilisation. In the remainder of the paper, I explore the benefit that may be achieved from adopting the methodologies of the so‐called Cambridge school of the history of political thought and of social representations in social psychology.
The cloak, the cage and the fog of sanctity: the Zionist mission and the role of religion among Arab Jews*
Authors: Shenhav Yehouda
Published: September 2003

Abstract.This paper examines the Zionist national mission to mobilise Jewish ethnic communities in Arab countries, in the period preceding the establishment of the state of Israel. It draws on archival texts to trace a phenomenon known in Jewish historiography as ‘Shadarut’; a voluntary religious practice of fundraising which was widespread in the Jewish world for hundreds of years. The paper shows how this pre‐national religious practice (to be labelled ‘the cloak’) was adopted and incorporated into the Zionist national project (‘the cage’), first generating tension between the Jewish religious establishment and the Zionist ‘secular’ movement, and then blurring the distinction between Judaism as a religion and Judaism as a national identity. The paper shows how secular emissaries of European origin arrived in Arab countries as religious emissaries (‘shadarim’) and aspired to discover a strong religious fervour among members of the Jewish communities there. This is because in the eyes of the Zionist (ostensibly secular) movement, being religious Jews in Islamic countries was a criterion that demarcated them from their Arab neighbours. This analysis entails two main conclusions: (a) that contrary to the experience of the European Zionist national movement in which secularism and the revolt against the Jewish religion played a central role, in Islamic countries it was particularly the Jewish religion, and not secular nationalism that was used to mobilise the Jewish community into the Jewish national movement; (b) that the ‘shadarut’ practice refuses to yield to the epistemological imperatives and the common divisions that arise from the binary distinction between ‘religiousness’ and ‘secularity’, particularly in the Middle East. Some implications for contemporary Israeli society are discussed.
Convict ancestry: a neglected aspect of Australian identity
Authors: Tranter Bruce , Donoghue Jed
Published: September 2003

Abstract Claiming descent from convicts who were sent to Australia during the early period of British settlement is more than just about blood ties, it is also an aspect of national identity for many Australians. Analyses of nationally representative survey data show that younger, left‐leaning, working class Australians are most likely to identify as convict descendants, while older, high income, educated, city dwellers are least likely to identify. Our findings also suggest that the ‘hated stain’ of convict ancestry is senescent, and will diminish with intergenerational replacement. Yet claims to convict descent remain divided along status lines. Interest in convicts and claims of convict heritage may comprise an element of ‘popular taste’, but as a consequence of this popularity, ‘convict chic’ is rejected by educated elites. Embraced by ‘middle Australia’, but shunned by cosmopolitan elites, convict ancestry is a neglected aspect of Australian identity. Whether claims of convict ancestry are ‘real’ or ‘imaginary’, the power of foundation myths to provide shared memories is evident in the salience of convict connections in Australia.
Rehoboth Baster, Namibian or Namibian Baster? An analysis of national discourses in Rehoboth, Namibia*
Authors: Kjæret Kristin , Stokke Kristian
Published: September 2003

Abstract. The point of departure of this article is a conception of nations as discursive constructions of ‘us’/‘here’ in relation to ‘them’/‘there’. The empirical analysis examines three national discourses in Rehoboth, Namibia: (1) a discourse on the ethnic Baster nation; (2) a discourse on the Namibian nation‐state and (3) a discourse on the nation‐state containing a variety of ethnic nations (‘the rainbow nation’). The first discourse is characterised by a primordial belief about Rehoboth Basters, their homeland and their ties to this homeland. This conception is challenged by the discourse on the Namibian nation‐state. Here, it is argued that ‘ethnic nations’ are the creation of colonialism; with Namibia's new independence, it is seen as necessary to tear down previous ‘ethnic nations’ and build up a new, united nation‐state. The rainbow discourse attempts to integrate the other two discourses through ideas about overlapping nations, where the boundaries that separate ‘us’/‘here’ from ‘them’/‘there’ overlap and are inclusive rather than exclusive.
Citizenship policies in interwar Turkey*
Authors: Çağaptay Soner
Published: September 2003

Abstract. This article studies interwar Turkish nationalism from the perspective of Turkish citizenship policies. The interwar era witnessed the rise of a nationalist state in Turkey, as elsewhere in Eastern Europe. Ethnicist Turkish nationalism emerged as a political force in the 1930s. The study scrutinises the impact of this on Turkish nationalism. In doing this, it focuses on the practices of the Turkish state, especially the citizenship policies. Accordingly, the piece examines the role of ethnicity, religion and territory in Ankara's denaturalisation and naturalisation policies. It concludes that, despite the rise of ethnic nationalism, not ethnicity but the legacy of the millet system and ethno‐religious identities shaped Turkey's citizenship policies in the interwar period.
The periphery–dominated center
Authors: Mair Peter , Garvin Tom
Published: September 2003

Nomination: The periphery–dominated centre by Peter Mair, p.63

Reflections: The periphery–dominated centre by Tom Garvin, p.66
The cumulation problem
Authors: Anckar Dag , Sjöblom Gunnar
Published: September 2003

Nomination: A note on the cumulation problem by Dag Anckar, p.73

Reflections: The cumulation problem revisited by Gunnar Sjöblom, p.78