bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reasons and Their Absences
Authors: Sartorio Carolina
Published: July 2023

This chapter discusses the extension of causalism about action to causalism about free action, with reasons-sensitivity serving as the bridge concept. The chapter starts by discussing the role played by reasons and reasons-sensitivity in acting, and it then discusses a form of reasons-sensitivity that is arguably essential to free action: one where absences of reasons play a central role. Quasi-causalism becomes relevant here too (as in chapter 3), as a fallback view, if absences turned out not to be causally efficacious. The chapter also draws on lessons from previous chapters to distinguish the resulting view from the main competing views of free will (those put forth by Fischer and Ravizza, Haji, and McKenna). It is argued that the view fares better than those other views, mostly because (unlike them) it’s a genuine form of causalism.
Causalism under Indeterminism
Authors: Sartorio Carolina
Published: July 2023

This chapter considers the possibility that our world may be indeterministic. It argues that the assumption of indeterminism gives rise to interesting new questions for causalists. This is due to the intriguing nature of indeterministic causation, which results in some important puzzles—especially for causalism about free agency. The chapter argues that this isn’t a problem for causalism but a reflection of the fact that control is a causal notion. Moreover, causalism is well equipped to address those puzzles in a way that no other theory can.
Conclusion
Authors: Sartorio Carolina
Published: July 2023

This concluding chapter summarizes the main points argued for in previous chapters. It also identifies some recurrent themes throughout the book. The main conclusion is that big-picture causalism is an attractive, cohesive, “package-deal” view about the nature of action and free action—and thus of our practical agency.
Introduction
Authors: Barrett Graham
Published: July 2023

This chapter argues that the study of literacy should be the study of textuality. What did text do, how and why, and with what implications? Collectively its functions represent what was made possible by the ability to use the written word, but that ability in turn shaped the structures of society. We must ascertain what constituted access to literacy, then who had access and how they gained and exercised it, to complement an image of the functions of the written word with an idea of its functioning. And we must map mental landscapes, the degree to which users of texts were conversant with and framed by other texts and textual norms. In a departure from the historiography, and as a case study in this methodology, this chapter proposes to treat the corpus of Latin charters from early medieval Iberia as a text, asking of it the basic historical questions of author, audience, composition, and sources: the reporter’s mantra of how, who, where, when, what, and why. Diagnosing the interface between the written and the world, how texts lived in their environs, shaped and were shaped by their context, offers a point of departure into what lies behind and beyond the text.
Biographies (傳)
Authors: Ivanhoe Philip J. , Wang Hwa Yeong
Published: July 2023

This section contains two biographies written by Im Yunjidang; both concern women who distinguished themselves as morally outstanding, though in different and distinctive ways.
Short Biographies (行狀)
Authors: Ivanhoe Philip J. , Wang Hwa Yeong
Published: July 2023

This section contains three short biographies Jeongildang wrote on behalf of her husband. Confucian scholars often were asked to compose such works by relatives of a family member who were keen to commemorate their lives. The third biography begins by describing an example of how such requests could be made.
Perspectives on Emotion in the Digital Age
Authors: Skurka Chris , Nabi Robin L.
Published: July 2023

Emotions are central to the human experience. As people’s daily lives are increasingly infused with digital activities, it has become all the more important to understand how online experiences impact emotional experiences and vice versa. In this chapter, the authors first define emotion and provide overviews of four major traditions of emotion research that have, to varying degrees, been incorporated into media-based research. Second, they discuss the extent to which digital media may have altered the intensity and consequences of emotional experiences. Finally, they reflect on key theories at the intersection of emotion and digital media and how future research and theory might evolve to better reflect the digital media environment. Throughout this chapter, the authors consider each emotion tradition as a lens through which scholars can approach the study of emotion in the digital media landscape, offering suggestions on how to more fully integrate each tradition into related research.
Emotions and Technological Affordances
Authors: Cohen Elizabeth , Myrick Jessica Gall
Published: July 2023

Research on the ties between technological affordances or functions and users’ emotion is nascent. This chapter reviews the current work on this topic with a specific focus on the roles that digital affordances play in processes of both emotion regulation and emotion sharing and expression. Technological affordance refers to any capacity or feature of technology that shapes how users use it. Special attention is given to the implications of the affordances of interactivity, personalization, accessibility, visibility, and social cues for these affective processes. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research on how the affordances that media and technology offer to users affect their emotional lives.
Psychophysiological Responses to Using Digital Media
Authors: Clayton Russell B.
Published: July 2023

This chapter provides an overview of perspectives on how the “old brain” affectively and physiologically responds to “new” digital media. A summary of the dominant theories of emotion involved in studying psychophysiological responses to media is presented, including the dimensional perspective of emotion followed by the notion of biological motivation as put forth by the evaluative space model. Next, a conceptual and operational review of psychophysiological measures of arousal and emotional valence is provided. This chapter also includes a summary of studies examining psychophysiological responses to using digital media technologies, platforms, and affordances. Finally, it concludes with a discussion of the advantages and limitations that come with the measurement of emotion via psychophysiological measures as applied to the study of digital media, as well as considerations for future research.
Social Media Self-Presentation and Emotion
Authors: Toma Catalina L.
Published: July 2023

This chapter considers how social media self-presentations are implicated in users’ emotional lives. How are emotions presented on social media profiles? And to what extent do social media profiles affect users’ emotions? Three theoretical frameworks are offered to address these questions. First, the selective self-presentation framework provides insight into the valence of social media self-presentations, delineating why positive emotions are likely to be much more prominently displayed than negative emotions. Second, self-affirmation theory explicates the effect of social media self-presentations on self-directed emotions, showing why feelings of self-worth and self-esteem, as well as self-directed positive affect, are likely to be enhanced by one’s own social media self-presentations. Finally, the social sharing of emotions framework focuses on significant emotional events, explaining why and to what extent such events are presented on social media, and why social media amplifies the emotional resonance of these events. Directions for future research are discussed.
Emotion, Digital Media, and Misinformation
Authors: Weeks Brian E.
Published: July 2023

This chapter argues that emotions play a pivotal role in whether people are exposed to, engage with, and believe scientific, health, and political misinformation online. It advances an emotion-centered approach to understanding misinformation by examining how different conceptualizations of emotions, such as core affect and dimensional approaches, discrete emotions (e.g., anger, anxiety, fear), feelings-as-information, and intuition, are applied to investigate the spread and belief of false information online. The chapter also discusses how emotions impact the effectiveness of corrections to falsehoods. It concludes with a call to place more emphasis on emotions in misinformation research, offering a series of unanswered questions about emotion and misinformation to be addressed in future work. Together, the chapter offers a comprehensive overview for why and how emotions can promote public misinformation about key social issues.
Exile and Education
Authors: Snow Jennifer C.
Published: July 2023

In the violent territorial expansion of white settlement in the western United States, the Episcopal Church worked among Native Americans both before and after forcible resettlement in reservations, often in conditions of war and abuse. The missional strategy developed by the Episcopalian “friends of the Indian” focused on education and assimilation, in the hope of ensuring the survival of native peoples by making them culturally as much like white settlers as possible. This chapter traces Episcopalian missionary interactions and ideas about Native Americans from the 1840s through the late nineteenth century, with a special focus on Bishop Henry Whipple, Enmegabowh, the Ojibwa, and Oceti Sakowin (Sioux) Episcopalians before and after the Dakota Uprising.
Mission to the World
Authors: Snow Jennifer C.
Published: July 2023

This chapter explores the Episcopalian missional approach of establishmentarianism, the idea that the church is a “national church” and conscience and spiritual guide to the nation, as the Protestant missionary movement reached its highest global apogee around 1910, soon to collapse after World War I. In the United States, this took the form of intense racial and cultural assimilationism as well as an idealized ecumenical unity where all Protestants could join in a broadened Episcopal Church. In the foreign mission field, China provides an outstanding example of how Episcopalian establishmentarianism was contextualized within a different cultural and political arena. At the same time, a missional consensus that had sustained the nineteenth-century movement began to fray against fundamentalism and internal critiques of mission, including challenges to Christian finality, racism, and cultural imperialism.
Missio Dei
Authors: Snow Jennifer C.
Published: July 2023

On the global stage, shifts in missional theology and practice following World War II were ever more profound and challenging. These shifts involved leadership within the Episcopal Church and the Anglican Communion and were reflected in the Episcopalian responses to the specifically American cultural and social context of the civil rights movement, as well as postcolonial critiques of racial supremacy and cultural imperialism. This chapter traces the global theological developments around mission towards missio dei, the idea that God’s mission is primarily active in the world as a whole, rather than primarily in and through the church. After examining the global theological developments, the chapter turns to the American connections and contexts, with particular attention to the civil rights movement and the General Convention Special Program as an arena in which the new missional shifts played out in the Episcopal Church.
Orwell on Free Will and Moral Responsibility
Authors: Barry Peter Brian
Published: July 2023

Orwell was interested in free will from his earliest days, and a surprisingly nuanced position concerning free will and moral responsibility emerges from his corpus. Orwell appears sympathetic to compatibilism about moral responsibility, given that he repeatedly offered vignettes in which an agent, usually himself, is held morally responsible but described as being unable to have done otherwise. Orwell also hints at a deeply skeptical view about free will or at least repeatedly offered reasons for thinking that no one is an ultimately responsible self-creator, a condition for free will that at least many incompatibilists have thought necessary for it. The work of Harry Frankfurt helps to clarify Orwell’s remarks about moral responsibility, while Nietzsche helps to clarify Orwell’s skepticism about free will.
Orwell’s Egalitarianism
Authors: Barry Peter Brian
Published: July 2023

Equality is perhaps the most important of the moral concepts that interested Orwell, yet while his egalitarianism has often been noted, few attempts have been made to articulate just what Orwell’s egalitarianism is. Two interpretations of Orwell are available: the luck interpretation and the relational interpretation. On the first interpretation, Orwell is best understood as a luck egalitarian. On the second interpretation, he is best understood as a relational egalitarian. There is textual evidence in Orwell’s corpus to support both. Notably, he objected to the treatment of tramps and to England’s public schools on the grounds that persons were not properly compensated for inequalities that befell them through brute bad luck. But Orwell often anticipates or at least illustrates objections to luck egalitarianism. The overall balance of his work strongly supports the relational interpretation.
The Haystack
Authors: Dorsey Bruce
Published: July 2023

In December 1832, a farmer discovers a young woman’s body hanging from a stake at his haystack in Tiverton, Rhode Island. Local residents scramble to explain the death of Sarah Maria Cornell, who recently moved to the fast-growing textile manufacturing town of Fall River, Massachusetts, to labor in its factories, a short walk across the state line from the scene of her death. As a coroner’s jury attempts to pass judgment, following her burial the farmer finds a handwritten note among her possessions that points toward Rev. Ephraim K. Avery, a married Methodist minister from nearby Bristol, Rhode Island. Over the next year and beyond, that note would incite endless stories from countless storytellers, rippling outward from Fall River and New England to enter the national consciousness. From the moment Maria’s body was discovered, people turned to an assortment of labels to describe her. She was a Methodist, a prostitute, a crazy woman, a pious female, a wayward daughter. But most of all she was a “factory girl,” a label that carried its own array of preconceptions.
Native Sons
Authors: Dorsey Bruce
Published: July 2023

Ephraim Avery’s childhood was spent in a hardscrabble Connecticut farming village whose residents witnessed a traditional farming economy vanish. Rural villages throughout southern New England ceased to be places where most white men could rely on landownership and agricultural self-sufficiency to support their families. Boys of Ephraim’s generation raised on New England farms found that their fathers’ and grandfathers’ ideals of manhood were rapidly becoming a phantasm. By the time he reaches adulthood, Ephraim Avery is peering into a future that threatens landlessness, wage labor, and all-too-certain migration. He has no chance of becoming a person of importance, a man of respect and honor like his great-uncle and namesake—that is, unless he can discover a different way to succeed as a man, unless he can find a people who not only overlook his poverty but exalt it as evidence of God’s favor.
Moving Planet
Authors: Dorsey Bruce
Published: July 2023

Cornell finds success and camaraderie among women weavers in the cotton mills. Among the “girls” in the weaving room, Maria experiences a new kind of friendship. Whether because they share dangerous work and perform the same repetitive tasks on identical machines or just because they are in high demand, weavers forge a special community in cotton factories. Yet Cornell also faces the discipline of Methodists for illicit sexual behavior. Accused of “lewdness” and “keeping company” with men, she is forced by the church to leave Slatersville. She moves to the Boston area, where she begins to labor in the Waltham-Lowell system of textile mills, eventually settling in Lowell, Massachusetts.
Moral Police
Authors: Dorsey Bruce
Published: July 2023

Cornell joins the legions of women workers in Lowell, Massachusetts, America’s largest and fastest-growing industrial city. These workers are beginning to prize their female independence, both economic and personal. Their new ability to buy consumer goods leads to a steady increase in brightly lit and well-furnished shops that attract women workers with surplus cash. Yet for all the anxieties New Englanders express about shopping or labor protests, it is the morals of “factory girls” that primarily obsess them. Questions of morality never center on women’s consumerism; the real worries are about the sexual activity of unmarried women. These concerns lead to the blacklisting of undesirable workers. Even so, Cornell hopes to protect her reputation and retain her bonds with her Methodist family.
Clove Hitch
Authors: Dorsey Bruce
Published: July 2023

Prosecutors begin to make their case that Cornell died by homicide, and the witnesses’ testimony focuses on the type of knot (a clove hitch) with which she was hanged, making suicide nearly impossible. Testimony also focuses on whether the letters in Cornell’s possession could be traced to Avery. Courtroom crowds and reporters observe the strategies for cross-examination and overhear the back-and-forth disputes between opposing attorneys during sidebar conversations with the justices. Both sides become frustrated as the trial shows no signs of concluding soon. As the days go on, witnesses multiply, attorneys raise objections, and courtroom observers understand that this is no ordinary criminal trial.
Doctors, Women, and Bodies
Authors: Dorsey Bruce
Published: July 2023

As the women who prepared Cornell’s corpse for burial take the witness stand, the trial pivots toward questions of whether there was visible evidence of violence on the deceased’s body. The women report having seen very bad bruises on Cornell’s back, abdomen, and genitals. They also consistently agree that some of the bruises on her body resembled handprints that must have been “done by some person’s hands besides her own.” Conflicts arise over the witnesses’ conclusions regarding the possibility of rape or abortion. Fall River’s doctors testify about their examination of the corpse in two autopsies. Lines of combat emerge over what Cornell’s dead body reveals and who is qualified to be a competent interpreter of that body.
Bad Stories
Authors: Dorsey Bruce
Published: July 2023

The gossip networks of Cornell’s Methodist “sisters” expose how sex talk can overlap with everyday religious occasions for storytelling. Numerous Methodist women testify, with an exceptional degree of recall, about every detail of the sexual behavior of Maria Cornell, their co-worker and Methodist sister. They listened with keen interest to the “bad stories” that Cornell confessed to them, then repeated those stories with passionate interest to other women and to Methodist ministers. This was gossip at work, to be sure, but it also overlapped with everyday religious occasions for storytelling. The affinity between gossip and confession reveals the uncomfortable intertwining of sex and religion in Methodist practice.
Passion and Self-Murder
Authors: Dorsey Bruce
Published: July 2023

The defense strategy of demeaning the moral character of Maria Cornell aligns with efforts to prove that her death was a suicide rather than a murder. Across the landscape of New England’s factory towns, Cornell’s co-workers are summoned to recount her confessions as to how she was tempted to commit suicide, thus revealing changing attitudes toward mental illness; associations of madness with female emotions, sexuality, and deviance; and fears that a changing society is making Americans more susceptible to insanity and suicide. Suicide stories, including those told about Maria Cornell, captivate Americans in this era because they are convinced that they live in a society that fosters insanity and suicide.
Epilogue
Authors: Dorsey Bruce
Published: July 2023

Whether it is moral outrage, insatiable curiosity, or conspiratorial dreaming, the public frenzy over the factory girl and the Methodist preacher lasts far longer than anyone at the time expects. Still, the social drama that erupts around the tragic encounter between Avery and Cornell, and the question of whether or not he murdered her, eventually plays itself out. The nation’s first “trial of the century” does not resolve the expansive societal questions it has provoked nor ease people’s anxieties about the revolutions they were living through. The reading public, instead, is soon pulled toward a growing national preoccupation with slavery, antislavery, and the nation’s deepening divisions that would culminate in civil war.
Utilitarian Nature
Authors: Ragan Mark A.
Published: July 2023

By the end of the Classical era, words meaning animal, vegetable, and mineral were in everyday use beyond the philosophical schools, and meant more-or-less what they mean today. Opinions differed on whether sponges and corals are plants or animals, but they were not considered to be members of a third or intermediate group. Books of agriculture, animal husbandry, and medicine appeared, as did herbals, pharmacopœias, and bestiaries. The Physiologus introduced a thick layer of Christian allegory. This chapter examines the high-level classification of organisms implicit in the works of Cicero, Lucretius, Seneca, Pliny the Elder, Dioscorides, Hippocrates, Galen, Aelian, and other practically minded authors from the Third century bce through the Second century ce.
Christian Nature
Authors: Ragan Mark A.
Published: July 2023

This chapter focuses on the delineation of plants and animals (as high-level groups) in early Christianity. Some, but not all, Church Fathers considered philosophy a useful handmaiden to theology. Hexæmeral works (that is, on the Six Days of Creation) embedded the Aristotelian concept of superadditive vegetative, sensible, and rational souls into an unimpeachably Christian tradition. Augustine and others accepted these three major genera, while Nemesius drew attention to zoophytes, and John of Damascus divided the animate into animal, zoophyte, and plant. These distinctions were put to use in theology, apologetics, allegory, or logic, not as natural history in its own right.
Islamic and Jewish Nature
Authors: Ragan Mark A.
Published: July 2023

This chapter considers the delineation of plants and animals (as high-level groups) in Islam and Judaism. Islamic scholars rendered wide swathes of the Hellenic philosophical corpus into Arabic, including several works that mention zoophytes. With the Book of treasures, the concept zoophyte (but not the term itself) reached Islamic natural philosophy beyond the translations. The hierarchy minerals, plants, animals passed into kalām, falsafah, ṣufiyya, and other strains of the religious and cultural tradition, without recognition of zoophyta. The Jewish religious and mystical traditions likewise ignored zoophyta. In the Twelfth century, works by Themistius, Simplicius, Philoponus, Nemesius, and John of Damascus were brought into Latin, although in most cases directly from Greek rather than via Arabic versions.
The return of the zoophytes
Authors: Ragan Mark A.
Published: July 2023

This chapter traces the diffusion of the term zoophyta into Europe following its appearance in Italy, first in Greek (1439) and later in Latin (1489). The printing-press was introduced to Italy in 1465, and extant classical texts mentioning zoophytes were printed in the decades after 1480. Dictionaries and grammars soon appeared, some in the developing European vernacular languages; zoophyta appears in the Dictionarium of Antonio de Nebrija (1516), followed by the Lexicon Graecolatinvm of Gerard Morrhius (1530). Ten case studies illustrate the diffusion of zoophyta into different languages, countries, and fields of enquiry in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth centuries.
The most wretched creatures
Authors: Ragan Mark A.
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines how microscopic beings were integrated into high-level biological classification in the century following their discovery by Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1674). The existence of tiny beings was not entirely unanticipated, but nonetheless evinced disbelief, wonder, and debate on whether they are animals or plants. John Turberville Needham and the Comte du Buffon developed a theory in which plant and animal bodies are composed of microscopic beings, and release them again upon death. Needham later identified zoophytes as one of four “ideas” in the natural world. As optical technology improved and microscopes became more accessible, Henry Baker, August Rösel von Rosenhof, Martin Ledermüller, and Heinrich Wrisberg described many more little beings, calling them insects or worms.
Continuity in the living world
Authors: Ragan Mark A.
Published: July 2023

From Boëthius onward, nearly everyone who took a philosophic approach to the natural world acknowledged animals, vegetables, and minerals as the main (or only) genera of earthly things, and arranged them as had Aristotle, with animals closest to man and minerals the most distant. This Great Chain of Being had come under attack before, but in the mid-1700s naturalists struggled to accommodate two new discoveries: that the flower-like polyps of corals are animals (or zoophytes), and the regenerative powers of the freshwater hydra. The Great Chain reached the apex of its development in the work of Charles Bonnet, who however allowed that some individual genera may not fit neatly into a linear scale, or indeed may deviate away, like branches from the trunk of a tree. This chapter concludes with the early, nuanced view of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck on continuity in nature (1778).
Beyond three kingdoms
Authors: Ragan Mark A.
Published: July 2023

High-level classifications of the living world proliferated during the Twentieth century. Consensus grew that bacteria and blue-green algae lack organized nuclei, although the primary data remained controversial until the advent of electron microscopy. From 1925, bacteria and blue-green algae were segregated into a kingdom or superkingdom of precellular or anucleate beings. The most successful of these arrangements, the prokaryote-eukaryote distinction of Chatton, was integrated into classifications based on genealogy, form, or functional role in ecosystems. Resemblances between bacteria and mitochondria, and between blue-green algae and chloroplasts, gave rise to hypotheses that the eukaryotic cell had arisen by serial endosymbiosis. Evidence from genetics and ultrastructure supported a symbiotic origin, and the inferred symbiotic events were used to define kingdoms. Proposals for a “mesokaryotic” taxon or grade did not withstand scrutiny.
Deconstructive Meditation and the Search for the Buddha Within
Authors: McMahan David L.
Published: July 2023

Augmenting the constructivist model of meditation, in which practitioners cultivate characteristics conducive to morality and awakening, deconstructive approaches like those found in Perfection of Wisdom literature aim at achieving one insight: the lack of a fixed, permanent, independent nature in everything, that is, the emptiness of all phenomena. Another Mahāyāna development is the idea that meditation reveals an innate buddha-nature. This approach also disrupts the constructivist approach by claiming that one need not cultivate virtues or qualities of awakening since everyone is already awakened, though they may not realize it. Meditation becomes a way of uncovering or embodying one’s inherent buddha-nature. This “innateist” approach emphasizes cutting off all imaginings, yet still inevitably entails imagining the world as one or imagining oneself as the buddha. Thus there is a tension between the constructive and deconstructive aspects of meditation even in innateist forms.
The Constitutive Enigma
Authors: Landy Francis
Published: July 2023

This is the central and longest chapter of the book. The constitutive enigma is Isaiah’s commission, in his call vision in ch. 6, to command the people to listen carefully but not to understand, and, concomitantly, to speak in such a way that they are incapable of comprehending. If they understand, they have not understood, and the prophet has failed. The chapter discusses the ethical and mystical implications, using the philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas. From a reading of ch. 6 it proceeds to two of its reworkings in the book. One is a parable in ch. 29 in which the vision of everything is like a book which cannot be read, and the other is the prediction of the birth of Immanuel in ch.7, whose miraculous food is a sign of the new age. This introduces the topic of kingship, which will recur throughout the second half of the book.
Mirror-Texts and Liturgies
Authors: Landy Francis
Published: July 2023

Ch. 33 is central to the book of Isaiah. Some scholars see it as a mirror-text, a mise-en-abyme of the entire book, others that it is a prophetic liturgy. The author sees the two interpretations as related; each contributes to the tension, manifest in two beginnings, between violence and hope. The chapter oscillates between hope and despair, its perfect symmetry concealing abrupt changes of mood and imagery. At its centre there is a beautiful king who is impervious to the world’s evils. Corresponding to the king there is the celebration of Jerusalem as the world city, through a dazzling series of metaphors, with the divine king in its midst. All poetry is apotropaic, warding off death and meaninglessness; in the mirror, the chapter argues, one sees an inverted world, the chasm between Proto- and Deutero-Isaiah.
Recent Developments
Authors: Passie Torsten
Published: July 2023

This chapter gives an overview on the international distribution of MDMA over the last 10 years. It appears that since the early 1990s, MDMA has become a major drug of abuse on a global scale. The period of 2008–12 saw some shortages in supply of the drug due to unavailability of precursor chemicals. However, it is clear that the distribution of MDMA, which peaked around the turn of the century, has stabilized at a high level in industrialized western countries and is now spreading to developing countries, including Africa. Another part of this chapter deals with the history of recent research into MDMA in humans, the potential of MDMA and similar substances as an anti-cancer or anti-Parkinson drug, and the most recent developments in respect of the development of MDMA as a prescription medicine.
Pain and Dysfunction Reported After Gender-Affirming Surgery: A Scoping Review
Authors: Bishop Mark D , Morgan-Daniel Jane , Alappattu Meryl J
Published: July 2023

Objective

The goal of this scoping review was to determine the types and rates of pain and dysfunction outcomes reported after gender-affirming surgical procedures. In addition, a summary of the involvement of conservative care reported in the literature was produced.

Methods

A research librarian conducted searches through multiple databases from inception to 2021. Abstracts and full texts were reviewed by a team of at least 2 reviewers. Data were extracted from a custom survey and exported for summary.

Results

Thirty-one papers discussed masculinizing interventions, and 87 papers discussed feminizing procedures. Most of the studies emphasized surgical outcomes. Of the studies reporting pain or dysfunction, few standardized outcomes were used to collect information from patients. The pain was experienced across body regions after surgery for both feminizing and masculinizing procedures. Vaginal stenosis and incontinence were the most common complications reported. Patients were most often managed by physical therapists for vaginal stenosis or dyspareunia.

Conclusion

Many published studies do not systematically collect specific or standardized information about pain and dysfunction after gender-affirming surgery. Of those studies that do report these outcomes, few detail the involvement of physical therapists in the recovery after surgery.

Impact

Pain and urogenital dysfunction, often managed by physical therapists, occur after gender-affirming surgery, suggesting that physical therapists could have a larger role in the recovery of this patient population after surgery. The extent to which interventions used to manage these conditions in cisgender people will be equally effective in transgender people is unknown at this time. Future studies should use recognized measures to characterize patients’ experiences with pain and dysfunction after surgery.
The Human Factor in Acquisitions: Cross-industry Labor Mobility and Corporate Diversification
Authors: Tate Geoffrey , Yang Liu
Published: July 2023

The benefits of internal labor markets are largest when they include industries that utilize similar worker skills, thereby facilitating cross-industry worker reallocation and collaboration. We show that diversifying acquisitions occur more frequently among industry pairs with higher human capital transferability. Such acquisitions result in larger labor productivity gains and are less often undone in subsequent divestitures. Moreover, acquirers retain more high-skill workers and more often transfer workers to jobs in other industries inside the merged firm. Overall, our results link human capital reallocation with the value created by corporate diversification and provide an explanation for seemingly unrelated acquisitions.

Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Caring for Patients With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Throughout the Lifespan
Authors: Zwayne Noor , Chawla Reeti , van Leeuwen Kathleen
Published: July 2023

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an autosomal recessive disorder affecting cortisol and aldosterone biosynthesis, which can lead to virilization in fetuses with a 46,XX karyotype. 21-hydroxylase deficiency is the most common cause of CAH, accounting for 90–99% of all patients with the condition. The management of patients with CAH should be done with a multidisciplinary team, which would address all of the complex components of their care throughout their lifespans. Many multidisciplinary teams have adopted shared decision-making approaches to genital surgery in which parents and patients can be part of the decision-making process. Continued research is needed to best serve these patients throughout their lifespans.
Long-Term Efficacy of Orthokeratology to Control Myopia Progression
Authors: Lv Huibin , Liu Ziyuan , Li Jiaxi , Wang Yuexin , Tseng Yulin , Li Xuemin
Published: July 2023

Objectives:

To assess the efficacy of orthokeratology in controlling the rate of myopia progression in children and investigate the factors associated with axial length (AL) growth rate with an average of 48 months of orthokeratology lens wear.

Methods:

As a retrospective study, 84 subjects underwent relatively complete ophthalmologic examinations. After initial lens wear, AL was measured on average every 12 months. The linear mixed-effects model (LMM) was used to compare the differences in AL growth rates at each time interval. The contribution of the independent variables to AL change was assessed using multiple linear regression.

Results:

In the LMM, there was a significant difference in the AL growth rate (P<0.001) at each follow-up. The growth rate of AL was associated with initial AL, spherical equivalent refractive errors (SERs) and diameter of lens (P=0.045, 0.003 and 0.037, respectively). When the baseline age was included as a factor, the influence of initial AL and SER became insignificant in the analysis, whereas age and diameter of lens were significantly correlated with the growth rate of AL (P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively). There were significant differences in growth rates among different age groups.

Conclusions:

Results of the study demonstrated that the factors associated with lower growth rate in AL were older age and longer diameter of lens.
Effect of prasugrel versus ticagrelor on coronary microcirculation in patients undergoing pharmacoinvasive strategy – acute and short-term results
Authors: Agrawal Rupesh Santosh , Yusuf Jamal , Mahajan Bhawna , Mehta Vimal , Mandal Sunil , Mukhopadhyay Saibal
Published: July 2023

Introduction

Both ticagrelor and prasugrel are class I recommendations for treatment of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) [1]. But clinical outcomes with the two drugs are conflicting which might be due to differential effects on coronary microcirculation. No study to date had compared the effects of prasugrel or ticagrelor on coronary microcirculation in patients undergoing pharmacoinvasive PCI (pPCI).

Aim and objective

To compare the effects of prasugrel and ticagrelor on coronary microcirculation in STEMI patients undergoing pPCI as assessed by Myocardial Blush Grade (MBG). The secondary aim was to assess flow in the infarct-related artery by corrected thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) frame count (cTFC) and whether a differential effect if detected on coronary microcirculation translated in improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction assessed at 6 months.

Material and methods

A total of 240 patients with STEMI were evaluated in this open-label randomized control trial who initially underwent thrombolysis and later PCI (from 24 to 48 h) post-successful thrombolysis. The study subjects were randomized to receive either ticagrelor (n = 120) or prasugrel (n = 120) in 1 : 1 ratio 2 h prior to elective PCI. Patients underwent PCI according to standard protocol and post-procedure cTFC and MBG were compared. Patients were also followed up for 6 months to compare ejection fractions in both groups. We also assessed the effect of the two drugs on bleeding complications during hospitalization and over 6-month follow-up period.

Results

There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to baseline characteristics. Prasugrel administration resulted in higher MBG Grade 3 (50.86% vs 33.89%, P = 0.012) and lower cTFC (17.14 ± 4.08 vs 19.3 ± 4.06, P < 0.01). Improvement in ejection fraction was significantly higher with prasugrel compared to ticagrelor (10.29% ± 15.2 vs 4.66% ± 13.5, P = 0.003). Bleeding events at 6 months follow-up according to TIMI classification were similar in both the groups (11.86% vs 6.9%, P = 0.39).

Conclusion

Prasugrel produces greater improvement in coronary microcirculation than Ticagrelor resulting in improved myocardial salvage in patients of STEMI undergoing pPCI.
Is Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Established as an Imaging Biomarker for Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Assessment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma?
Authors: Cao Yue , Cuneo Kyle C. , Evans Joseph , Ten Haken Randall K. , Chang Daniel T. , Lawrence Theodore S.
Published: July 2023

In this article, as part of this special issue on biomarkers of early response, we review currently available reports regarding magnetic resonance imaging apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) changes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in response to stereotactic body radiation therapy. We compare diffusion image acquisition, ADC analysis, methods for HCC response assessment, and statistical methods for prediction of local tumor progression by ADC metrics. We discuss the pros and cons of these studies. Following detailed analyses of existing investigations, we cannot conclude that ADC is established as an imaging biomarker for stereotactic body radiation therapy assessment in HCC.
How Does the Sequence of the American Board of Surgery Examinations Impact Pass/Fail Outcomes?
Authors: Jones Andrew T. , Brethauer Stacy A. , Dent Daniel L. , Desai Dev M. , Jeyarajah Rohan , Barry Carol L. , Ibáñez Beatriz , Buyske Jo
Published: July 2023

Objective:

Historically, the American Board of Surgery required surgeons to pass the qualifying exam (QE) prior to taking the certifying exam (CE). However, in the 2020-2021 academic year, with mitigating circumstances related to COVID-19, the ABS removed this sequencing requirement to facilitate the certification process for those candidates who were negatively impacted by a QE exam delivery failure. This decoupling of the traditional order of exam delivery has provided a natural comparator to the traditional route and an analysis of the impact of exam sequencing on candidate performance.

Methods:

All candidates who applied for the canceled July 2020 QE were allowed to take the CE prior to passing the QE. The sample was then reduced to include only first time candidates to ensure comparable groups for performance outcomes. Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between the order of taking the QE and the CE, controlling for other exam performance, IMG status, and gender.

Results:

Only first-time candidates who took both exams were compared (n=947). Exam sequence was not a significant predictor of QE pass/fail outcomes, OR=0.54; 95% CI, 0.19-1.61, P=0.26. However, exam sequence was a significant predictor of CE pass/fail outcomes, OR=2.54; 95% CI, 1.46-4.68, P=0.002.

Conclusion:

This important study suggests that preparation for the QE increases the probability of passing the CE and provides evidence that knowledge may be foundational for clinical judgment. The ABS will consider these findings for exam sequencing moving forward.
Radial shaft seal with different relative velocities and on a 3D printed counter surface
Authors: Lin Yongzhen , Nepp Ringo , Gerschler Jim , Kröger Matthias
Published: July 2023

Purpose

The purpose of this study is asking for a methodologically representable relation between different relative velocity approaches, counter surfaces and the tribological behavior of the radial shaft seal (RSS).

Design/methodology/approach

The tribological behavior between the seal and the counterpart is examined experimentally to submit significant measured values. The correlations among seal elements, relative velocity approaches and counter surfaces with more aspects are searched.

Findings

A basis for future research regarding optimization options for service life extension of the RSS under different operation environments has been set. New insights for the performance of 3D-printed counter surface are gained as well as the application possibility of that is searched.

Originality/value

The applied measuring procedure in investigation part especially the usage of different approaches in relative velocity approaches is designed with originality. In particularly, the usage of a 3D-printed counter surface comes for the first time in a scientific work.

Peer review

The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-11-2022-0325/
Knowledge management and technological innovation in family SMEs context
Authors: Scuotto Veronica , Alfiero Simona , Cuomo Maria Teresa , Monge Filippo
Published: July 2023

Purpose

This paper conceptually aims to discuss the dual role of knowledge management (KM) and technological innovation, which brings about innovations, although it can be limited by psychological and emotional ownership.

Design/methodology/approach

This study examines the real impact of the paper on KM and technological innovation in family small to medium enterprises (FSMEs). This is a unique context affected by psychological and emotional ownership. However, COVID-19 has forced FSMEs to consider new strategies and practices to preserve their competitive advantage.

Findings

In this scenario, knowledge exchange, knowledge absorption and technology adoption appear relevant to the innovation process. This study offers a framework for how the duality of KM and technological innovation affects innovation.

Originality/value

Although extant research has explored technological innovation outcomes, a literature review reveals that accumulated studies on the drivers of technological innovation and KM in the context of FSMEs require further inquiry. Family members’ emotional ownership may foster KM because identification with organizational goals enhances individuals’ willingness to access and share information and stimulates new products and technological development.
Exploring the significant factors of reconfigurable manufacturing system adoption in manufacturing industries
Authors: Pansare Rajesh B. , Nagare Madhukar R. , Narwane Vaibhav S.
Published: July 2023

Purpose

A reconfigurable manufacturing system (RMS) can provide manufacturing flexibility, meet changing market demands and deliver high performance, among other benefits. However, adoption and performance improvement are critical activities in it. The current study aims to identify the important factors influencing RMS adoption and validate a conceptual model as well as develop a structural model for the identified factors.

Design/methodology/approach

An extensive review of RMS articles was conducted to identify the eight factors and 47 sub-factors that are relevant to RMS adoption and performance improvement. For these factors, a conceptual framework was developed as well as research hypotheses were framed. A questionnaire was developed, and 117 responses from national and international domain experts were collected. To validate the developed framework and test the research hypothesis, structural equation modeling was used, with software tools SPSS and AMOS.

Findings

The findings support six hypotheses: “advanced technologies,” “quality and safety practice,” “strategy and policy practice,” “organizational practices,” “process management practices,” and “soft computing practices.” All of the supported hypotheses have a positive impact on RMS adoption. However, the two more positive hypotheses, namely, “sustainability practices” and “human resource policies,” were not supported in the analysis, highlighting the need for greater awareness of them in the manufacturing community.

Research limitations/implications

The current study is limited to the 47 identified factors; however, these factors can be further explored and more sub-factors identified, which are not taken into account in this study.

Practical implications

Managers and practitioners can use the current work’s findings to develop effective RMS implementation strategies. The results can also be used to improve the manufacturing system’s performance and identify the source of poor performance.

Originality/value

This paper identifies critical RMS adoption factors and demonstrates an effective structural-based modeling method. This can be used in a variety of fields to assist policymakers and practitioners in selecting and implementing the best manufacturing system.

Graphical abstract