bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rod pathway and cone pathway retinal dysfunction in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: McAnany J. Jason , Matei Nathanael , Chen Yi-Fan , Liu Karen , Park Jason C. , Shahidi Mahnaz
Published: March 2021

To characterize rod- and cone-pathway function in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) using the full-field electroretinogram (ERG). Dark-adapted (DA; rod-pathway) and light-adapted (LA; cone-pathway) ERGs were recorded from three-month-old 5xFAD and wild type (WT) mice. ERGs were elicited by achromatic flashes (0.01–25 cd-s-m−2). Amplitude and implicit time (IT) of the a-wave, b-wave, and oscillatory potentials (OPs) were calculated according to convention. In addition, the amplitude and IT of the photopic negative response (PhNR) were measured from the LA recordings. Amplitude and IT differences between the 5xFAD and WT groups were evaluated using quantile regression models. Under DA conditions, there were significant differences between the 5xFAD and WT groups in post-receptor function, whereas photoreceptor function did not differ significantly. Specifically, the DA a-wave amplitude did not differ between groups (p = 0.87), whereas the b-wave amplitude was reduced in the 5xFAD mice (p = 0.003). There were significant OP (p < 0.001) and a-wave (p = 0.04) delays, but the a-wave delay may be attributable to a post-receptor abnormality. Under LA conditions, the only 5xFAD abnormalities were in the PhNR, which was reduced (p = 0.009) and delayed (p = 0.04). The full-field ERG can be abnormal in the 5xFAD model of AD, with the greatest effects on post-receptor rod pathway function. These results indicate that retinal electrophysiology may be a useful tool for evaluating neural dysfunction in AD.
The same growth pattern from puberty suggests that modern human diversity results from changes during pre-pubertal development
Authors: Pineau Jean-Claude , Ramirez Rozzi Fernando V.
Published: March 2021

Patterns of human growth established for one population have rarely been tested in other populations. In a previous study, three growth curves from puberty were modelled for each sex in a longitudinal study of a Caucasian population based on stature, age at peak of growth and biological maturation. Each curve represents the canalisation of growth associated with the type of puberty. The high precision (± 3 cm) of individual adult stature predictions shows that growth kinetics are already set up at puberty and are canalised depending on biological maturity. Our aim is to assess whether this model can be extrapolated to other populations to test whether growth canalisation is a population-dependent phenomenon or if the model reflects a canalisation pattern specific to our species. The modelled curves predicted adult stature with the same high degree of precision in basketball players and the Baka pygmies. Therefore, (1) the relationship between growth kinetics and age at maturity is similar in all populations and (2) growth according to pubertal stages follows the same canalisation patterns in the populations despite the wide differences in their average adult statures. It suggests that morphological diversity in modern humans results from processes taking place in early development.
On the through-process texture evolution assessment in grain oriented Fe-3 wt% Si steel produced by a novel directional inoculation technique
Authors: Tripathy Snehashish , Ghosh Chowdhury Sandip
Published: March 2021

A novel directional inoculation technique has been designed to cast thin slab ingots containing Goss (or near Goss) oriented components in the as cast microstructure under the combined effect of oriented nucleation and oriented growth. The same has been targeted so as to retain Goss orientations and simultaneously develop γ fiber components (ranging from {111}<$$1\overline{1}0$$

1

1
¯

0

> to {111}<112>) during hot rolling. The designed scheme of directional inoculation achieved oriented nucleation by the effect of exogenously added soft magnetic inoculants under magnetic field and oriented growth by the effect of fast cooling rates prevailing in the mould. The choice of 65Fe–35Co (wt%) system as soft magnetic inoculants was made taking into account the similarity in crystal structure and lattice parameter. The chemically synthesized inoculants under the effect of external magnetic field during solidification were able to exhibit directional inoculation. Variation in the cast microstructure and microtexture by varying the extent of inoculant addition was studied by EBSD technique. The ingots cast under different conditions were subjected to a designed hot rolling schedule and the through process microstructural and microtextural evolution was assessed. It was observed that fine equiaxed grains with initial cube orientations in the as cast structure could lead to the most desirable microstructural as well as microtextural gradient in the hot band.
Response of altitudinal vegetation belts of the Tianshan Mountains in northwestern China to climate change during 1989–2015
Authors: Zhang Yong , Liu Lu-yu , Liu Yi , Zhang Man , An Cheng-bang
Published: March 2021

Within the mountain altitudinal vegetation belts, the shift of forest tree lines and subalpine steppe belts to high altitudes constitutes an obvious response to global climate change. However, whether or not similar changes occur in steppe belts (low altitude) and nival belts in different areas within mountain systems remain undetermined. It is also unknown if these, responses to climate change are consistent. Here, using Landsat remote sensing images from 1989 to 2015, we obtained the spatial distribution of altitudinal vegetation belts in different periods of the Tianshan Mountains in Northwestern China. We suggest that the responses from different altitudinal vegetation belts to global climate change are different. The changes in the vegetation belts at low altitudes are spatially different. In high-altitude regions (higher than the forest belts), however, the trend of different altitudinal belts is consistent. Specifically, we focused on analyses of the impact of changes in temperature and precipitation on the nival belts, desert steppe belts, and montane steppe belts. The results demonstrated that the temperature in the study area exhibited an increasing trend, and is the main factor of altitudinal vegetation belts change in the Tianshan Mountains. In the context of a significant increase in temperature, the upper limit of the montane steppe in the eastern and central parts will shift to lower altitudes, which may limit the development of local animal husbandry. The montane steppe in the west, however, exhibits the opposite trend, which may augment the carrying capacity of pastures and promote the development of local animal husbandry. The lower limit of the nival belt will further increase in all studied areas, which may lead to an increase in surface runoff in the central and western regions.
Rapid and simple SNP genotyping for Bordetella pertussis epidemic strain MT27 based on a multiplexed single-base extension assay
Authors: Kamachi Kazunari , Yao Shu-Man , Chiang Chuen-Sheue , Koide Kentaro , Otsuka Nao , Shibayama Keigo
Published: March 2021

Multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) is widely used for genotyping of Bordetella pertussis, the causative bacteria for pertussis. However, MLVA genotyping is losing its discriminate power because prevalence of the epidemic MT27 strain (MLVA-27) is increasing worldwide. To address this, we developed a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping method for MT27 based on multiplexed single-base extension (SBE) assay. A total of 237 MT27 isolates collected in Japan during 1999–2018 were genotyped and classified into ten SNP genotypes (SG1 to SG10) with a Simpson’s diversity index (DI) of 0.79 (95% CI 0.76–0.82). Temporal trends showed a marked increase in the genotypic diversity in the 2010s: Simpson’s DI was zero in 1999–2004, 0.16 in 2005–2009, 0.83 in 2010–2014, and 0.76 in 2015–2018. This indicates that the SNP genotyping is applicable to the recently circulating MT27 strain. Additionally, almost all outbreak-associated MT27 isolates were classified into the same SNP genotypes for each outbreak. Multiplexed SBE assay allows for rapid and simple genotyping, indicating that the SNP genotyping can potentially be a useful tool for subtyping the B. pertussis MT27 strain in routine surveillance and outbreak investigations.
An emerging consensus in palaeoanthropology: demography was the main factor responsible for the disappearance of Neanderthals
Authors: Vaesen Krist , Dusseldorp Gerrit L. , Brandt Mark J.
Published: March 2021

The causes of Neanderthal disappearance about 40,000 years ago remain highly contested. Over a dozen serious hypotheses are currently endorsed to explain this enigmatic event. Given the relatively large number of contending explanations and the relatively large number of participants in the debate, it is unclear how strongly each contender is supported by the research community. What does the community actually believe about the demise of Neanderthals? To address this question, we conducted a survey among practicing palaeo-anthropologists (total number of respondents = 216). It appears that received wisdom is that demography was the principal cause of the demise of Neanderthals. In contrast, there is no received wisdom about the role that environmental factors and competition with modern humans played in the extinction process; the research community is deeply divided about these issues. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that palaeo-anthropologists’ stand in the debate co-varies with their socio-political views and attitudes. We found no evidence for such a correlation.
Spatial patterns of lower respiratory tract infections and their association with fine particulate matter
Authors: Asri Aji Kusumaning , Pan Wen-Chi , Lee Hsiao-Yun , Su Huey-Jen , Wu Chih-Da , Spengler John D.
Published: March 2021

This study aimed to identify the spatial patterns of lower respiratory tract infections (LRIs) and their association with fine particulate matter (PM2.5). The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) database was used to represent the burden each country experiences as a result of LRIs. PM2.5data obtained from the Atmosphere Composition Analysis Group was assessed as the source for main exposure. Global Moran’s I and Getis-Ord Gi* were applied to identify the spatial patterns and for hotspots analysis of LRIs. A generalized linear mixed model was coupled with a sensitivity test after controlling for covariates to estimate the association between LRIs and PM2.5. Subgroup analyses were performed to determine whether LRIs and PM2.5are correlated for various ages and geographic regions. A significant spatial auto-correlated pattern was identified for global LRIs with Moran’s Index 0.79, and the hotspots of LRIs were clustered in 35 African and 4 Eastern Mediterranean countries. A consistent significant positive association between LRIs and PM2.5with a coefficient of 0.21 (95% CI 0.06–0.36) was identified. Furthermore, subgroup analysis revealed a significant effect of PM2.5on LRI for children (0–14 years) and the elderly (≥ 70 years), and this effect was confirmed to be significant in all regions except for those comprised of Eastern Mediterranean countries.
White matter microstructure relates to motor outcomes in myotonic dystrophy type 1 independently of disease duration and genetic burden
Authors: Koscik Timothy R. , van der Plas Ellen , Gutmann Laurie , Cumming Sarah A. , Monckton Darren G. , Magnotta Vincent , Shields Richard K. , Nopoulos Peggy C.
Published: March 2021

Deficits in white matter (WM) integrity and motor symptoms are among the most robust and reproducible features of myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). In the present study, we investigate whether WM integrity, obtained from diffusion-weighted MRI, corresponds to quantifiable motor outcomes (e.g., fine motor skills and grip strength) and patient-reported, subjective motor deficits. Critically, we explore these relationships in the context of other potentially causative variables, including: disease duration, elapsed time since motor symptom onset; and genetic burden, the number of excessive CTG repeats causing DM1. We found that fractional anisotropy (a measure of WM integrity) throughout the cerebrum was the strongest predictor of grip strength independently of disease duration and genetic burden, while radial diffusivity predicted fine motor skill (peg board performance). Axial diffusivity did not predict motor outcomes. Our results are consistent with the notion that systemic degradation of WM in DM1 mediates the relationship between DM1 progression and genetic burden with motor outcomes of the disease. Our results suggest that tracking changes in WM integrity over time may be a valuable biomarker for tracking therapeutic interventions, such as future gene therapies, for DM1.
A deep learning approach to identify unhealthy advertisements in street view images
Authors: Palmer Gregory , Green Mark , Boyland Emma , Vasconcelos Yales Stefano Rios , Savani Rahul , Singleton Alex
Published: March 2021

While outdoor advertisements are common features within towns and cities, they may reinforce social inequalities in health. Vulnerable populations in deprived areas may have greater exposure to fast food, gambling and alcohol advertisements, which may encourage their consumption. Understanding who is exposed and evaluating potential policy restrictions requires a substantial manual data collection effort. To address this problem we develop a deep learning workflow to automatically extract and classify unhealthy advertisements from street-level images. We introduce the Liverpool $${360}^{\circ }$$

360

∘

Street View (LIV360SV) dataset for evaluating our workflow. The dataset contains 25,349, 360 degree, street-level images collected via cycling with a GoPro Fusion camera, recorded Jan 14th–18th 2020. 10,106 advertisements were identified and classified as food (1335), alcohol (217), gambling (149) and other (8405). We find evidence of social inequalities with a larger proportion of food advertisements located within deprived areas and those frequented by students. Our project presents a novel implementation for the incidental classification of street view images for identifying unhealthy advertisements, providing a means through which to identify areas that can benefit from tougher advertisement restriction policies for tackling social inequalities.
Camera-based localization microscopy optimized with calibrated structured illumination
Authors: Schmidt Martin , Hundahl Adam C. , Flyvbjerg Henrik , Marie Rodolphe , Mortensen Kim I.
Published: March 2021

Until very recently, super-resolution localization and tracking of fluorescent particles used camera-based wide-field imaging with uniform illumination. Then it was demonstrated that structured illuminations encode additional localization information in images. The first demonstration of this uses scanning and hence suffers from limited throughput. This limitation was mitigated by fusing camera-based localization with wide-field structured illumination. Current implementations, however, use effectively only half the localization information that they encode in images. Here we demonstrate how all of this information may be exploited by careful calibration of the structured illumination. Our approach achieves maximal resolution for given structured illumination, has a simple data analysis, and applies to any structured illumination in principle. We demonstrate this with an only slightly modified wide-field microscope. Our protocol should boost the emerging field of high-precision localization with structured illumination.
A combined flow injection/reversed-phase chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry workflow for accurate absolute lipid quantification with13C internal standards
Authors: Schoeny Harald , Rampler Evelyn , El Abiead Yasin , Hildebrand Felina , Zach Olivia , Hermann Gerrit , Koellensperger Gunda
Published: March 2021

A fully automated novel workflow for lipidomics based on flow injection, followed by reversed phase liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry in combination with LILY as internal standard, enabling accurate quantificationviaRP-LC.
Simple chemical detection based on a surface-modified electroosmotic pump via interval immobilization
Authors: Naito Toyohiro , Inoue Hiroki , Kubo Takuya , Otsuka Koji
Published: March 2021

Environmental water quality monitoring plays an important role in human health risk assessments for pharmaceuticals in water and pollutant source control.
Tracing the anticancer compound [RuII(η6-p-cymene)(8-oxyquinolinato)Cl] in a biological environment by mass spectrometric methods
Authors: Yano Ena , Riisom Mie , Tong Kelvin K. H. , Hanif Muhammad , Leung Euphemia , Hartinger Christian G.
Published: March 2021

ICP-MS and LC-ESI-MS methods were developed to investigate the fate of a ruthenium-based anticancer agent in HCT116 human colorectal cancer cells.
Metal-phenolic networks for cancer theranostics
Authors: Liu Peng , Shi Xinyi , Zhong Shenghui , Peng Ying , Qi Yan , Ding Jinsong , Zhou Wenhu
Published: March 2021

Schematic showing the properties and theranostics applications of MPNs-based nanoplatforms.
Comparative density functional studies of pristine and doped bismuth ferrite polymorphs by GGA+U and meta-GGA SCAN+U
Authors: Kaczkowski Jakub , Pugaczowa-Michalska Maria , Płowaś-Korus Iwona
Published: March 2021

The presented DFT+U calculations revealed that the doping of BiFeO3 with Al and Ga reduced the energy barrier between R3c-G and Cm-C phases whereas for Sc and In the energy difference between both phases increased.
Reinforcement learning to boost molecular docking upon protein conformational ensemble
Authors: Chong Bin , Yang Yingguang , Wang Zi-Le , Xing Han , Liu Zhirong
Published: March 2021

A reinforcement learning algorithm is proposed to solve the bottleneck of the ensemble-based virtual screening of intrinsically disordered proteins.
Metabolomic profiling and biological properties of six Limonium species: novel perspectives for nutraceutical purposes
Authors: Senizza Biancamaria , Zhang Leilei , Rocchetti Gabriele , Zengin Gokhan , Ak Gunes , Yıldıztugay Evren , Elbasan Fevzi , Jugreet Sharmeen , Mahomoodally Mohamad Fawzi , Lucini Luigi
Published: March 2021

The presented results regarding Limonium species could provide valuable information for a large field of industrial applications, including pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical formulations.
A DNA-binding, albumin-targeting fusion protein promotes the cellular uptake and bioavailability of framework DNA nanostructures
Authors: Li Xue , Xu Fan , Yang Donglei , Wang Pengfei
Published: March 2021

A fusion protein is designed to tether onto framework DNA nanocarriers to aid the recruitment of serum albumins for enhanced biological performances.
From metastability to equilibrium during the sequential growth of Co–Ag supported clusters: a real-time investigation
Authors: Andreazza P. , Lemoine A. , Coati A. , Nelli D. , Ferrando R. , Garreau Y. , Creuze J. , Andreazza-Vignolle C.
Published: March 2021

Real time analysis of Co atom incorporation in Ag nanoparticles, followed almost atom-by-atom by combined X-ray scattering and molecular-dynamics methods: from the sub-surface position to quasi-Janus then core–shell structures.
Emergent electrochemical functions and future opportunities of hierarchically constructed metal–organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks
Authors: Hara Yosuke , Sakaushi Ken
Published: March 2021

Hierarchically constructed metal–organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks toward emergent electrochemical applications.
Combination of DNA with polymers
Authors: Min Zeqi , Xu Biyi , Li Wen , Zhang Afang
Published: March 2021

The preparation and applications of DNA containing polymers are comprehensively reviewed, and they are in the form of DNA−polymer covalent conjugators, supramolecular assemblies and hydrogels for advanced materials with promising features.
Photooxidation of thiosaccharides mediated by sensitizers in aerobic and environmentally friendly conditions
Authors: Traverssi Miqueas G. , Peñéñory Alicia B. , Varela Oscar , Colomer Juan P.
Published: March 2021

An environmentally friendly and simple sensitized photooxidation methodology to obtain glycosyl sulfoxides with outstanding chemoselectivity in aerobic conditions is described.
MXene potassium titanate nanowire/sulfonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK) hybrid composite proton exchange membrane for photocatalytic water splitting
Authors: Waribam Preeti , Jaiyen Kanticha , Samart Chanatip , Ogawa Makoto , Guan Guoqing , Kongparakul Suwadee
Published: March 2021

A cross-linked sulfonated polyether ether ketone (C-SPEEK) was incorporated with MXene/potassium titanate nanowire (MKT-NW) as a filler and applied as a proton exchange membrane for photocatalytic water splitting.
Rapid and sensitive determination of doxorubicin in human whole blood by vertically-ordered mesoporous silica film modified electrochemically pretreated glassy carbon electrodes
Authors: Wang Meifang , Lin Jing , Gong Jiawei , Ma Mingchen , Tang Hongliang , Liu Jiyang , Yan Fei
Published: March 2021

Direct and accurate detection of doxorubicin (DOX) in unprocessed human whole blood is of vital importance in medical diagnosis and monitoring.
Phase separation affects the rheological properties of starch dough fortified with fish actomyosin
Authors: Mi Geng , Wang Tian , Li Jianrong , Li Xuepeng , Xie Jing
Published: March 2021

During the heating process, actomyosin and starch had different phase structures and exhibited two kinds of different viscoelasticity with different mixing ratios. During the cooling period, all the doughs showed similar viscoelasticity tendency.
Elemental sulphur in the synthesis of sulphur-containing polymers: reaction mechanisms and green prospects
Authors: Tarasova Natalia P. , Zanin Alexey A. , Krivoborodov Efrem G. , Mezhuev Yaroslav O.
Published: March 2021

The synthesis of polymers using elemental sulphur as a reagent has been studied in relation to the worldwide overproduction of cyclo-octasulphur.
A high-power seawater battery working in a wide temperature range enabled by an ultra-stable Prussian blue analogue cathode
Authors: Le Zhikai , Li Wenwu , Dang Qi , Jing Chengbin , Zhang Wei , Chu Junhao , Tang Liang , Hu Ming
Published: March 2021

A seawater battery assembled with a metal anode and nickel hexacyanoferrate cathode presents a high power density of over 160 mW cm−2 and works stably in seawater in a wide temperature range (0–40 °C).
Recent advances in poly(ionic liquid)s for electrochromic devices
Authors: Yang Baige , Yang Guojian , Zhang Yu-Mo , Zhang Sean Xiao-An
Published: March 2021

PILs have the advantages of both polymers and ILs including high ionic conductivity, high chemical/electrochemical and thermal stabilities, etc. They have been regarded as promising candidate materials in the industrialization of ECDs.
Observation of pressure-induced electron transfer in SnC2O4
Authors: Pravica Michael , Chernikov Roman , Ayala-Pineda Kevin , Zhao Jianbao , Cifligu Petrika , McGlothen Cheyenne
Published: March 2021

Stannous oxalate undergoes irreversible pressure-induced electron transfer from oxalate anion to Sn cation causing tin oxidation state change.
Roles of highly ordered mesoporous structures of Fe–Ni bimetal oxides for an enhanced high-temperature water-gas shift reaction activity
Authors: Park Yong Min , Cho Jae Min , Han Gui Young , Bae Jong Wook
Published: March 2021

Highly ordered mesoporous Fe–Ni bimetal oxide (m-FeNi) catalysts synthesized using KIT-6 as a hard-template by a nanocasting method were investigated for an alternative high-temperature water-gas shift (HT-WGS) reaction.
Guest-boosted phosphorescence efficiency of a supramolecular cage
Authors: Zhang Zhi-Yin , Ye Dong-Qin , Gao Qi-Qi , Shi Zhi-Chun , Xie Mo , Zhan Shun-Ze , Huang Yong-Liang , Ning Guo-Hong , Li Dan
Published: March 2021

The quantum yield and emission lifetime of the inclusion complexes can be fine-tuned via the variation of halobenzene guests.
Terephthalate and trimesate metal–organic frameworks of Mn, Co, and Ni: exploring photostability by spectroscopy
Authors: Gupta Nishesh Kumar , Bae Jiyeol , Kim Suho , Kim Kwang Soo
Published: March 2021

Photolytic cleaving of terephthalate and trimesate linkers of transition metal–organic frameworks.
Constructing helical nanowires via polymerization-induced self-assembly
Authors: Chen Qiumeng , Li Yahui , Liu Ming , Wu Xuan , Shen Jianliang , Shen Liangliang
Published: March 2021

Helical nanowires were successfully synthesized through polymerization-induced self-assembly and subsequent aging. The achiral BCP nano-objects underwent a morphology transition from spheres to helical nanowires during aging.
Cobalt-catalyzed, directed arylation of C–H bonds in N-aryl pyrazoles
Authors: Nguyen Tung T. , Le Lam V. , Pham Hai H. , Nguyen Dung H. , Phan Nam T. S. , Le Ha V. , Phan Anh N. Q.
Published: March 2021

Directed arylation of ortho C–H bonds in N-aryl pyrazoles using a cobalt catalyst is reported. Excellent tolerance of functional groups was observed.
Survey of Audiology Graduate Programs: Training Students in Tinnitus Management
Authors: Henry James A. , Sonstroem Anneka , Smith Brandon , Grush Leslie
Published: March 2021

Purpose

Although tinnitus is highly prevalent among patients receiving audiology services, the extent to which most audiologists are trained in tinnitus management is not well documented. The extent and type of instruction in tinnitus clinical care provided by audiology graduate (AuD) programs is not clear, nor is it known whether training programs are consistent in their recommendations. It is certainly true that widely accepted standards do not exist to ensure that all tinnitus clinical services are supported by adequate scientific evidence, which may result in unsatisfactory outcomes and unnecessary expense for patients. The purpose of this clinical focus article is to describe the results of an informal survey of AuD programs to determine their level of training for tinnitus management.

Method

A short survey was sent to all 75 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association–accredited AuD programs to assess the extent and type of tinnitus training their students receive.

Conclusions

The 32 AuD programs that responded to our survey provide tinnitus training using a variety of settings and methods. Further research could explore in more detail the extent of training in specific methods provided by these programs, and aim to elicit responses from a greater number of programs and from the students themselves.
Speech Rate Varies With Sentence Length in Typically Developing Children
Authors: Darling-White Meghan , Banks Symone Whitney
Published: March 2021

Purpose

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effect of sentence length on speech rate and its characteristics, articulation rate and pauses, in typically developing children.

Method

Sixty-two typically developing children between the ages of 10 and 14 years repeated sentences varying in length from two to seven words. Dependent variables included speech rate (syllables per second), articulation rate (syllables per second), and proportion of time spent pausing.

Results

Speech rate and articulation rate significantly increased with increases in sentence length, but proportion of time spent pausing did not increase with sentence length. There were no significant main effects of age.

Conclusions

This is the first study to suggest that sentence length differentially impacts the component parts of speech rate, articulation rate and pause time. Increases in sentence length led to increases in speech rate, primarily due to increases in articulation rate and not increases in pause time. Articulation rate appears to be highly sensitive to the impact of sentence length, while a higher cognitive–linguistic load may be required to see sentence length effects on pause time.
Potential asteroid discoveries by the ESA Gaia mission
Authors: Carry B. , Thuillot W. , Spoto F. , David P. , Berthier J. , Tanga P. , Mignard F. , Bouquillon S. , Mendez R. A. , Rivet J.-P. , Le Van Suu A. , Dell’Oro A. , Fedorets G. , Frezouls B. , Granvik M. , Guiraud J. , Muinonen K. , Panem C. , Pauwels T. , Roux W. , Walmsley G. , Petit J.-M. , Abe L. , Ayvazian V. , Baillié K. , Baransky A. , Bendjoya P. , Dennefeld M. , Desmars J. , Eggl S. , Godunova V. , Hestroffer D. , Inasaridze R. , Kashuba V. , Krugly Y. N. , Molotov I. E. , Robert V. , Simon A. , Sokolov I. , Souami D. , Tarady V. , Taris F. , Troianskyi V. , Vasylenko V. , Vernet D.
Published: March 2021

Context. Since July 2014, the Gaia mission of the European Space Agency has been surveying the entire sky down to magnitude 20.7 in the visible. In addition to the millions of daily observations of stars, thousands of Solar System objects (SSOs) are observed. By comparing their positions, as measured by Gaia, to those of known objects, a daily processing pipeline filters known objects from potential discoveries. However, owing to Gaia’s specific observing mode, which follows a predetermined scanning law designed for stars as “fixed” objects on the celestial sphere, potential newly discovered moving objects are characterized by very few observations, which are acquired over a limited time. Furthermore, these objects cannot be specifically targeted by Gaia itself after their first detection. This aspect was recognized early on in the design of the Gaia data processing.

Aims. A daily processing pipeline dedicated to these candidate discoveries was set up to release calls for observations to a network of ground-based telescopes. Their aim is to acquire follow-up astrometry and to characterize these objects.

Methods. From the astrometry measured by Gaia, preliminary orbital solutions are determined, allowing us to predict the position of these potentially newly discovered objects in the sky while accounting for the large parallax between Gaia and the Earth (separated by 0.01 au). A specific task within the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium has been responsible for the distribution of requests for follow-up observations of potential Gaia SSO discoveries. Since late 2016, these calls for observations (nicknamed “alerts”) have been published via a Web interface with a quasi-daily frequency, together with observing guides, which is freely available to anyone worldwide.

Results. Between November 2016 and the end of the first year of the extended mission (July 2020), over 1700 alerts were published, leading to the successful recovery of more than 200 objects. Among them, six have a provisional designation assigned with the Gaia observations; the others were previously known objects with poorly characterized orbits, precluding identification at the time of Gaia observations. There is a clear trend for objects with a high inclination to be unidentified, revealing a clear bias in the current census of SSOs against high-inclination populations.
Riemann problem with delta initial data for the two-dimensional steady pressureless isentropic relativistic Euler equations
Authors: Zhang Yu , Zhang Yanyan
Published: March 2021

The Riemann problem for the two-dimensional steady pressureless isentropic relativistic Euler equations with delta initial data is studied. First, the perturbed Riemann problem with three pieces constant initial data is solved. Then, via discussing the limits of solutions to the perturbed Riemann problem, the global solutions of Riemann problem with delta initial data are completely constructed under the stability theory of weak solutions. Interestingly, the delta contact discontinuity is found in the Riemann solutions of the two-dimensional steady pressureless isentropic relativistic Euler equations with delta initial data.
Zur Rolle des sozioökonomischen Status bei der Inanspruchnahme fachspezifischer Versorgung von psychisch auffälligen Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland: Ergebnisse der BELLA-Studie
Authors: Reiß Franziska , Schlack Robert , Otto Christiane , Meyrose Ann-Katrin , Ravens-Sieberer Ulrike
Published: March 2021

Ziel der Studie Kinder und Jugendliche mit einem niedrigen sozioökonomischen Status (SES) sind signifikant häufiger von psychischen Auffälligkeiten betroffen als Gleichaltrige mit einem hohen SES. Unklar bleibt die Bedeutung des familiären SES in Hinblick auf die Inanspruchnahme fachärztlicher Versorgung. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Inanspruchnahme psychiatrisch-psychotherapeutischer Versorgung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit psychischen Auffälligkeiten in Abhängigkeit von deren SES. Berücksichtigt werden sowohl Symptome psychischer Störungen als auch die damit einhergehende Beeinträchtigung.

Methodik Datengrundlage ist die bevölkerungsbezogene BELLA-Studie mit dem Themenschwerpunkt psychische Gesundheit, eine bundesweit repräsentative Unterstichprobe der Studie zur Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland (KiGGS). Von 2014 bis 2017 wurden 1580 Teilnehmende im Alter von 7 bis 17 Jahren befragt. Der SES umfasst die Indikatoren Haushaltseinkommen, elterliche Bildung und berufliche Stellung der Eltern. Psychische Auffälligkeiten und Beeinträchtigungen wurden mittels des Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaires (SDQ und SDQ-Impact) erhoben. Die Inanspruchnahme fachspezifischer Versorgung umfasst die Behandlung durch Kinder- und Jugendpsychiater, ärztliche und psychologische Psychotherapeuten sowie Psychologen (PPT-Versorgung). Ein hierarchisches binär-logistisches Regressionsmodell wurde zur Vorhersage der Inanspruchnahme berechnet. Ein weiteres Modell diente der Untersuchung von Effekten der SES-Indikatoren auf die Assoziation zwischen psychischen Symptomen und Beeinträchtigungen und der Inanspruchnahme von PPT-Versorgung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen (Moderatoranalysen).

Ergebnisse Kinder und Jugendlichen aus Familien mit einem niedrigen SES nehmen häufiger PPT-Versorgung in Anspruch als Gleichaltrige aus Familien mit einem hohen SES. Die Inanspruchnahme von PPT-Versorgung steigt signifikant mit dem Vorliegen von Symptomen psychischer Auffälligkeiten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen (OR=1,15, p≤0,001) sowie mit der Beeinträchtigung aufgrund psychischer Probleme (OR=1,68, p≤0,001). Moderatoreneffekte für das Haushaltseinkommen, die Bildung oder die berufliche Stellung der Eltern wurden nicht entdeckt.

Schlussfolgerung Die Inanspruchnahme von PPT-Versorgung hängt signifikant mit der Symptomlast und den Beeinträchtigungen aufgrund psychischer Auffälligkeiten zusammen, nicht jedoch von dem Einkommen, der Bildung und der beruflichen Stellung der Eltern.
Kognition bei Down-Syndrom: Entwicklung über die Lebensspanne und neuropsychologische Diagnostik im Erwachsenenalter
Authors: Loosli Sandra V. , Schmidt Luisa , Nübling Georg , Wlasich Elisabeth , Prix Catharina , Danek Adrian , Levin Johannes
Published: March 2021

Das Down-Syndrom ist die häufigste genetische Ursache einer Intelligenzminderung. Da Menschen mit einem Down-Syndrom ein erhöhtes Risiko aufweisen, an einer Alzheimer-Demenz zu erkranken, ist eine umfassende Untersuchung der kognitiven Funktionen indiziert, sowohl im jungen Erwachsenenalter (zur Erhebung des kognitiven Ausgangsniveaus) als auch im Verlauf zur Demenzdiagnostik. Das weite Spektrum an kognitiver Leistungsfähigkeit bei Menschen mit einem Down-Syndrom stellt eine diagnostische Herausforderung dar. Wir möchten daher einen Überblick geben (1) über die kognitive Entwicklung über die Lebensspanne, (2) über verschiedene mögliche Ursachen kognitiver Veränderungen bei erwachsenen Menschen mit einem Down-Syndrom und (3) über neuropsychologische Diagnostik und entsprechende Verfahren für den Erwachsenenbereich. Schließlich geben wir, auf der Grundlage unserer Erfahrungen, (4) allgemeine Empfehlungen zur Untersuchung und Befundinterpretation bei Menschen mit Intelligenzminderung.
Die Substitutionstherapie Opioidabhängiger in Deutschland: Auswirkungen der 3. BtMVVÄndV aus der Sicht substituierender Ärztinnen und Ärzte
Authors: Lehmann Kirsten , Kuhn Silke , Schulte Bernd , Meyer-Thompson Hans-Günter , Verthein Uwe
Published: March 2021

Ziel der Studie Die weltweit effektivste Behandlungsform der Opioidabhängigkeit ist die Substitutionsbehandlung mit Opioiden (Opioidsubstitutionstherapie – OST). Diese Therapieform ist auch in Deutschland etabliert. Jedoch bestehen Versorgungslücken, v. a. in ländlichen Gebieten und einzelnen Bundesländern, was auf eine abnehmende Anzahl substituierender ÄrztInnen zurückzuführen ist. Mit der 3. Verordnung zur Änderung der Betäubungsmittel-Verschreibungsverordnung (3. BtMVVÄndV) in 2017 wurden ärztlich-therapeutische Aufgaben der OST in die Richtlinienkompetenz der Bundesärztekammer überführt. Die umfassende Reform der Rahmenbedingungen der OST führt zu einer stärkeren Rechtssicherheit dieser Behandlungsform. Die vorliegende Studie zielt darauf ab, die Auswirkungen der 3. BtMVVÄndV aus der Behandelndenperspektive zu analysieren.

Methode Ein Fragebogen zu individuellen Erfahrungen mit den Veränderungen durch die 3. BtMVVÄndV wurde zwischen August und Dezember 2019 an 2503 substituierende ÄrztInnen in Deutschland sowie an 563 nicht oder länger nicht mehr substituierende ÄrztInnen in Hamburg, Bayern, Nordrhein-Westfalen sowie Sachsen verschickt. Die Versendung erfolgte über die Bundesopiumstelle sowie die Kassenärztlichen Vereinigungen der ausgewählten Bundesländer. Die Auswertung differenziert zwischen substituierenden ÄrztInnen mit und ohne suchtmedizinische Weiterbildung sowie zwischen städtischen und ländlichen Kreisen.

Ergebnisse Die Rücklaufquote substituierender ÄrztInnen lag bei 34,1%. Das Durchschnittsalter betrug 57,9 (± 8,7) Jahre und 64,5% waren männlich. Aus substitutionsärztlicher Sicht waren die relevantesten Änderungen der 3. BtMVVÄndV keine zeitliche Vorgabe für das Erreichen einer Opioidabstinenz (85,3%), die neue Bewertung und Behandlung des Konsums weiterer psychotroper Substanzen (71,0%), die Möglichkeit, die Take-Home-Verordnung auf 30 Tage auszudehnen (70,0%) sowie die größere Rechtssicherheit (66,2%). Die Ausweitung der Konsiliarbehandlung auf 10 PatientInnen erfuhr mit 14,8% wenig Zustimmung. 36,7% sah die Versorgung substituierter PatientInnen weder aktuell noch zukünftig gesichert.

Schlussfolgerung Die Neuerungen durch die 3. BtMVVÄndV wurden positiv aufgenommen und hinsichtlich der erhöhten Rechtssicherheit und therapeutischen Freiheiten als relevant eingestuft. Informationsbedarf besteht in ländlichen Gebieten, bei substituierenden ÄrztInnen ohne suchtmedizinische Weiterbildung sowie bei ÄrztInnen, die in der Vergangenheit substituierten, es aktuell jedoch nicht mehr tun.
Orbital Surgery: Evolution and Revolution
Authors: Newman Steven A.
Published: March 2021

This article traces the development of orbital surgery and its subsequent modifications. It also points out the importance of defining one’s goal before embarking on orbital surgery. Although generally considered part of ophthalmology, surgery on the orbit has been relatively neglected and not routinely practiced. This article reviews the history of development of orbital surgery, both the revolutionary ideas and the evolutionary changes. There are multiple orbital lesions that do not need to be treated with surgery at all. These days chemotherapy, radation therapy, or even immunotherapy may be more appropriate. The most common orbital pathology, that is thyroid orbitopathy, the physician needs to decide whether or not the orbit needs to be decompressed or whether there are problems related to motility that can be dealt with by eye muscle surgery.
The Impact of Prior Abdominal Surgery on Complications of Abdominally Based Autologous Breast Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Bond Evalina S. , Soteropulos Carol E. , Yang Qiuyu , Poore Samuel O.
Published: March 2021

Background Approximately half of all patients presenting for autologous breast reconstruction have abdominal scars from prior surgery, the presence of which is considered by some a relative contraindication for abdominally based reconstruction. This meta-analysis examines the impact of prior abdominal surgery on the complication profile of breast reconstruction with abdominally based free tissue transfer.

Methods Literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Included studies examined patients with a history of prior abdominal surgery who then underwent abdominally based free flap breast reconstruction. Prior liposuction patients and those with atypical flap designs were excluded. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess study quality. Flap complications included total and partial flap loss, fat necrosis, infection, and reoperation. Donor-site complications included delayed wound healing, infection, seroma, hematoma, and abdominal wall morbidity (hernia, bulge, laxity). Relative risk and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between groups were calculated. Forest plots, I
2 statistic heterogeneity assessments, and publication bias funnel plots were produced. Publication bias was corrected with a trim-and-fill protocol. Overall effects were assessed by fixed-effects and random-effects models.

Results After inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, 16 articles were included for final review. These included 14 cohort and 2 case–control studies, with 1,656 (46.3%) patients and 2,236 (48.5%) flaps having undergone prior surgery. Meta-analysis showed patients with prior abdominal surgery were significantly more likely to experience donor-site delayed wound healing with a risk ratio of 1.27 (random 95% CI [1.00; 1.61]; I
2= 4) after adjustment for publication bias. No other complications were statistically different between groups.

Conclusion In patients with a history of prior abdominal surgery, abdominally based free tissue transfer is a safe and reliable option. Abdominal scars may slightly increase the risk of delayed donor-site wound healing, which can aid the surgeon in preoperative counseling.
Avoiding Aesthetic Drawbacks and Stigmata in Dorsal Line Preservation Rhinoplasty
Authors: Neves José Carlos , Arancibia-Tagle Diego
Published: March 2021

For over a century, discussion on the management of nasal dorsum has been a struggle between the techniques of resection and preservation. This is because, each technique has its advantages and disadvantages, with the Joseph technique dominating over the past 30 years despite its surgical stigmas. The dorsum preservation techniques offers a good option for the treatment of nasal hump but like resective techniques it has its drawbacks. This may be the reason why preservation techniques withered but are now making a resurgence. The aim of this article is to describe how to avoid the aesthetic drawbacks of this technique depending on the selected approach.
Management of Acute Facial Nerve and Parotid Injuries
Authors: McElwee Tyler J. , Poche John N. , Sowder Justin C. , Hetzler Laura T.
Published: March 2021

Acute soft tissue trauma to the head and neck is a common reason for emergency department presentation and should be appropriately evaluated by a facial plastic surgeon. The evaluation of a patient who has suffered facial trauma should always include a comprehensive facial nerve exam and carry a low threshold of suspicion for parotid duct injury when involving the cheek. Injuries to the facial nerve and parotid duct can result in significant long-term functional, cosmetic, and emotional morbidity, particularly when diagnosis is delayed. In the repair of facial nerve transection, neurorrhaphy technique is primarily based on the ability to obtain tension-free anastomosis and outcomes are in large part related to timing of repair. Parotid duct injuries are generally repaired based on the site of ductal injury. In this article, we present a guide to the relevant anatomy of the facial nerve branches and the parotid duct, the important factors guiding treatment decisions alongside their related risks and benefits, as well as the management of complications of facial nerve neurorrhaphy and parotid duct injuries and repair.
Diagnosis and Management of Articular Cartilage and Meniscus Pathology in the Posterior Cruciate Ligament-Injured Knee
Authors: Ewing Michael A. , Stannard James P. , Cook James L.
Published: March 2021

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries commonly occur in association with participation in sporting or recreational activities or due to a direct trauma. Cartilage and meniscal lesions are prevalent in PCL-injured knees with increasing likelihood and severity based on extent and duration of trauma to the knee. As such, comprehensive diagnostics should be performed to ascertain all related pathology, and patients should be thoroughly educated regarding treatment options, likely sequelae including posttraumatic osteoarthritis, and associated outcomes. Treatments should address the joint as an organ, ensuring stability, alignment, and functional tissue restoration are optimized by the most efficient and effective means possible. Compliance with patient- and procedure-specific postoperative management protocols is critical for optimizing successful outcomes for these complex cases. The objectives of this review article are to highlight the likelihood and importance of osteochondral and meniscal pathology in the PCL-injured knee, and to provide the best current evidence regarding comprehensive evaluation and management for PCL-injured knees with cartilage and/or meniscal comorbidities.
The role of social capital in the institutionalization of regional place marketing activity
Authors: Halme Juha
Published: March 2021

This paper aims to study the outcomes of the regional level place marketing projects, which contribute towards the fruition of long-term place marketing or branding goals. It applies a theoretical framework based on institutional and social capital theories. Hence, it highlights the role of networks, norms of behavior and values, and trust regarding the institutionalization of regional place marketing activity. Two ERDF (European Structural Development Funding)-funded regional place marketing projects carried out in eastern Finland are explored. The empirical material consists of 23 semi-structured interviews of steering group members of the projects and documentary data on the later developments of the place marketing activity in the regions. The findings show that social capital generated during the projects contributed to the institutionalization of place marketing activity by reinforcing the will to do place marketing together, forming information-sharing practices, and expanding and strengthening stakeholder networks. Results indicate that social relations and structures that are formed during the place marketing collaborations can extend the lifespan of regional place marketing activity beyond short-lived projects, while there remains a need to develop this perspective into a measurable variable.