bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rhizobacter bergeniae sp. nov., isolated from the root of Bergenia scopulosa
Authors: Wei Linfang , Si Meiru , Long Mingxiu , Zhu Lingfang , Li Changfu , Shen Xihui , Wang Yao , Zhao Liang , Zhang Lei
Published: November 2014

A yellowish-pigmented bacterium, designated strain PLGR-1T, was isolated from the root of Bergenia scopulosa collected from Taibai Mountain in Shaanxi Province, north-west China, and was subjected to a taxonomic study by using a polyphasic approach. Cells of strain PLGR-1T were Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming and motile with a single polar flagellum. Growth occurred at 7–33 °C (optimum, 25–28 °C), at pH 5.0–10.0 (optimum, pH 6.0–7.0) and with 0–0.5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0 %). The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) and the major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and summed feature 8 (comprising C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c). The major polyamines were putrescine and 2-hydroxyputrescine and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G+C content was 69.8 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain PLGR-1T belonged to the class

Betaproteobacteria

and formed a tight phyletic lineage with members of the genus

Rhizobacter

. Strain PLGR-1T was most closely related to

Rhizobacter dauci

DSM 11587T and

Rhizobacter fulvus

DSM 19916T, with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 98.5 and 98.0 %, respectively. The DNA–DNA relatedness values between strain PLGR-1T and the type strains of

Rhizobacter dauci

and
Rhizobacter fulvus
were 46.3 and 14.7 %, respectively. Based on the phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic data, strain PLGR-1T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus

Rhizobacter

, for which the name Rhizobacter bergeniae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PLGR-1T ( = CCTCC AB 2013018T = KCTC 32299T = LMG 27607T).
Neisseria weaveri Andersen et al. 1993 is a later heterotypic synonym of Neisseria weaveri Holmes et al. 1993
Authors: Yi Hana , Chun Jongsik
Published: November 2014

Two species of the genus

Neisseria

, namely

Neisseria weaveri

Andersen et al. 1993 and

Neisseria weaveri

Holmes et al. 1993, were simultaneously proposed and described in the same volume of International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, and have been maintained as heterotypic homonyms. However, the identical 16S rRNA gene sequence and high (99.1 %) average nucleotide identity (ANI) between the genome sequences of the two type strains implied that these two taxa should be united as a single genomic species. To clarify their taxonomic status, phenotypic properties including enzymic activities and substrate-utilization profiles were investigated. The results demonstrated that the two taxa have no pronounced differences and should constitute a single species. Therefore, the reclassification of

N. weaveri

Andersen et al. 1993 as a later heterotypic synonym of

N. weaveri

Holmes et al. 1993 is proposed.
Mapping a viral phylogeny onto outbreak trees to improve host transmission inference
Authors: Allen Jonathan E , Velsko Stephan P
Published: November 2014

Background

Developing methods to reconstruct transmission histories for viral outbreaks could provide critical information to support locating sources of disease transmission. Phylogenetic methods used to measure the degree of relatedness among sequenced viral samples have proven useful in identifying potential outbreak sources. The complex nature of infectious disease, however, makes it difficult to assign a rigorously defined quantitative confidence value assessing the likelihood of a true direct transmission event using genetic data alone.

Results

A new method is presented to calculate a confidence value assessing the likelihood of a transmission event using both phylogenetic inference and limited knowledge of incubation and infectious duration times. The method is applied to simulations of a foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreak to demonstrate how the combination of both phylogenetic and epidemiology data can be used to strengthen the assessment of the likelihood of direct transmission over methods using just phylogenetic data or infection timing data alone. The method is applied to a previous FMD outbreak to identify areas where over confidence in previously inferred direct transmission may exist.

Conclusion

Combining knowledge from viral evolution and epidemiology within a single integrated transmission inference framework is an important approach to assess the potential likelihood of transmission events and makes clear how specific features of a virus’ spread through the course of an outbreak will directly determine the potential for confidence in inferred host transmission links.
RISAP Is a TGN-Associated RAC5 Effector Regulating Membrane Traffic during Polar Cell Growth in Tobacco
Authors: Stephan Octavian , Cottier Stephanie , Fahlén Sara , Montes-Rodriguez Adriana , Sun Jia , Eklund D. Magnus , Klahre Ulrich , Kost Benedikt
Published: November 2014

RAC/ROP GTPases coordinate actin dynamics and membrane traffic during polar plant cell expansion. In tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), pollen tube tip growth is controlled by the RAC/ROP GTPase RAC5, which specifically accumulates at the apical plasma membrane. Here, we describe the functional characterization of RISAP, a RAC5 effector identified by yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid screening. RISAP belongs to a family of putative myosin receptors containing a domain of unknown function 593 (DUF593) and binds via its DUF593 to the globular tail domain of a tobacco pollen tube myosin XI. It also interacts with F-actin and is associated with a subapical trans-Golgi network (TGN) compartment, whose cytoplasmic position at the pollen tube tip is maintained by the actin cytoskeleton. In this TGN compartment, apical secretion and endocytic membrane recycling pathways required for tip growth appear to converge. RISAP overexpression interferes with apical membrane traffic and blocks tip growth. RAC5 constitutively binds to the N terminus of RISAP and interacts in an activation-dependent manner with the C-terminal half of this protein. In pollen tubes, interaction between RAC5 and RISAP is detectable at the subapical TGN compartment. We present a model of RISAP regulation and function that integrates all these findings.
What should community services provide for adults with psychosis and learning disabilities? A comparison of the views of service users, carers and professionals
Authors: Hemmings Colin , Underwood Lisa , Bouras Nick
Published: November 2014

Three separate focus groups were conducted to compare the views of service users, carers and specialist health professionals on community services for adults with psychosis and learning disabilities. Participants were asked which staff, treatments or interventions and methods of working or style of service organisation make a significant contribution to helping people with psychosis and learning disabilities. Although there were few direct contradictions or conflicts between the three groups, the priorities of service users, carers and professionals often differed. Development of community services for adults with psychosis and learning disabilities should incorporate the views of service users and their carers as well as clinicians.
Strategic Benefits from a Mature Innovation
Authors: Young Dale , Carr Houston H. , Kelly Rainer R.
Published: November 2014

In this study, senior executives with electronic data interchange (EDI) experience explained the factors their firms considered when deciding to use EDI. The majority of their comments focused on the operational (i.e., internal) benefits they are receiving from EDI. Most of the firms that participated in the study have moved from an operational mindset regarding EDI and noted external/competitive benefits as they electronically link to customers and suppliers. The executives acknowledged power inequities between their large firms and the trading partners with whom they use EDI. Although EDI is a mature technology, when classified by innovation adoption and diffusion theory, it provides adopting firms significant benefits.
Sourcing Strategies of Manufacturing Firms: Transaction Cost Implications
Authors: Park Hong Y. , Surender Reddy C. , Jurn Iksu
Published: November 2014

Developing the right sourcing strategy in managing the firm’s supplies is critical for today’s managers. They realize the long‐term impact of their sourcing strategies (make or buy, supply‐base structure, and nature of customer‐supplier relationship) on the profits and the efficient functioning of the organization. The study examines and evaluates changes in these strategic choices. The study revealed the following: small and lower labor productivity firms rate their internal suppliers better than external suppliers; obtaining supplies nationwide from a limited number of suppliers is the prevalent supply‐base structure; and customer‐supplier relationship is deepening.
Impacts of climate change on net crop revenue in North and South China
Authors: Wang Jinxia , Huang Jikun , Zhang Lijuan , Li Yumin
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore the impacts of climate change on crop net revenue by region. Particularly, the authors focus on the impact differences between north and south regions.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors applied the Ricardian approach which assumes that each farmer wishes to maximize revenue subject to the exogenous conditions of their farm. The climate data are based on actual measurements in 753 national meteorological stations and the socio-economic data covers 8,405 farms across 28 provinces in China.

Findings

– On average, the rise of annual temperature will hurt farms both in the north or south. The impacts of climate change on both precipitation and temperatures have different seasonal impacts on producers in the north and the south of China. As a consequence, the impact on net farm revenues varies with farms in the north and the south being adversely affected (to different degrees) by a rise in the temperature, but both benefiting from an anticipated increase in rainfall. The results also reveal that irrigation is one key adaption measure to dealing with climate change. Whether in the north or south of China, increasing temperature is beneficial to irrigated farms, while for rainfed farms, higher temperature will result in a reduction in net revenues. The results also reveal that farms in the north are more vulnerable to temperature and precipitation variation than that in the south. Irrigated farms in the south are more vulnerable to precipitation variation than that in the north; but rainfed farms in the north are more vulnerable to precipitation variation than that in the south.

Originality/value

– Applying empirical analysis to identify the differences of climate change impacts between north and south regions will help policy makers to design reasonable adaptation policies for various regions.
Variation analysis applied to assembly simulation
Authors: Mills Bob
Published: November 2014

Dimensional inaccuracies can hamper assembly: simulation can analyse tolerances and their effects.
Epoxy Resins
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

Introduction Epoxy resins continue to captivate the imagination of the paint chemist. Indeed, more articles are published on epoxy resins than on any other polymer of importance in paint chemistry. In 1951, approximately 3.7 million pounds of epoxy resins were produced. This had increased to an estimated 157 million pounds in 1968—roughly a compounded annual growth rate of twenty‐five per cent per year over a seventeen year period.
Oxidation resistance of high‐alloy steels: Part I
Authors: Smith C.A.
Published: November 2014

Introduction The basic importance of chromium in relation to passivity in the resistance of steels to aqueous corrosion is paralleled by its role as the most important alloying element in practice in securing the high‐temperature oxidation resistance of heat‐resisting steels. It is not surprising, therefore, that these two aspects of corrosion resistance developed together, and that early investigators of the chromium‐iron alloys showed interest in the potential usefulness of these materials for high‐temperature oxidation resistance.
Answer to a power station problem
Authors: Holy H.W.
Published: November 2014

THE MOST reliable measure of any anti‐corrosion treatment in a fluid carrier is to monitor continuously for the products of corrosion; the failure of the system or treatment then becomes evident long before serious damage results—axiomatic perhaps, but difficult. In fact, so difficult has such analysis proved to be in practice that the majority of corrosion measurements have been made on second‐order parameters, e.g. in water, the dissolved oxygen content, the hydrazine content, pH, conductivity and even electro‐potentials. From this accumulation of data one assumes that any change in the water background will show up as a change in one or more of these parameters.
English for Craft Students — 4
Authors: Lynn John
Published: November 2014

ENTERTAINMENT THROUGH words is relished by all students. They will write, talk — anything that is desired of them, provided they can see that the teacher is at home with their own limited knowledge, and provided the teacher will make this his starting‐point. The material is inexhaustible, and, drawn on skilfully, there is a constant fund of student energy to sustain interest.
An on‐line electroplating thickness monitor
Authors: Moore C.G.
Published: November 2014

The corrosion resistance of a product is frequently related to the thickness of the electroplated deposit. Plated thickness is also critical to performance parameters such as durability, conductivity, hardness and lubricity, to name a few. Now, more than ever, the metallurgical properties and the thickness of electro‐deposited coatings are integral parts of the engineered design of the product and, as a result, thickness maxima and minima are frequently specified. Likewise, the cost effectiveness of a plated part and productivity of a plating process are a function of the plated thickness.
Aircraft Design Tendencies
Authors: Mayo Major R.H.
Published: November 2014

IN setting out to study the exhibits at a great international exhibition such as that recently held at Olympia, one is naturally inclined in the first place to walk round the exhibition as a whole, so as to form some general impressions before examining the individual stands in detail. In the same way it is proposed in this article to make a general review of the exhibition as a whole before embarking on detailed comments on particular items of interest which were to be found at the various stands. It is by no means an easy matter to analyse the general tendencies of design as demonstrated at the Exhibition for the principal reason that there is so little to go upon in the way of existing standards. No less than nine years have passed since the previous International Aero Exhibition at Olympia, and during that long period there has been no general exposition of British aircraft design. It is true that there has been a succession of International Aero Exhibitions in Paris and that last year, for the first time since the war, there was an International Aero Exhibition at Berlin, but British design has been very poorly represented at any of these or the several other exhibitions held on the Continent.
A Course for Ground Engineers
Authors: Young S.G.
Published: November 2014

A CHECK will then be made of alignment and truth. The method of carrying this out has already been described in Article II of this series, and therefore need not be repeated here.
The Lubrication of Engines
Authors: Thornycroft O. , Barton C.H.
Published: November 2014

THE function and behaviour of a lubricant on certain parts of an internal‐combustion engine is so complex that the knowledge on this subject is still very incomplete. After several years of experimentation both with specially designed apparatus and with actual engines, the authors of these notes have reached certain conclusions which they will here endeavour to record. Some of the conclusions must, nevertheless, be regarded as opinions only, since lubrication in all its forms is not yet an exact science. For instance, the exact means by which oil lubricates a piston‐ring reciprocating within a cylinder remains very obscure. The action of the lubricant at the rings and in some bearings, such as at the gudgeon‐pin, does not lend itself to mathematical treatment because the conditions are not constant. The alternate sliding and stopping is not a strictly continuous process, and neither the “fluid” nor the “boundary” theories of lubrication can be satisfactorily applied.
The Measurement of Accelerations
Authors: Wimperis H.E.
Published: November 2014

IN order to study the relationship of load factors to the stresses which arise in the normal manoeuvring of aircraft, it is customary to employ recording accelerometers. These instruments have been found quite satisfactory for this purpose, and almost as many models have been devised as the countries that use them. The instruments built in this country have been the very best of the type: the record is usually, though not invariably, made on a moving photographic film. For certain purposes, however, a simpler form suffices; one in which an easily‐visible pointer moving in front of an easily‐visible scale gives the maximum acceleration during any sustained manoeuvre, such as turning, rolling, looping, pulling out of a steep dive, etc. The inertia of the mechanical parts, though, of course, exceeding that of the mirror and spring of the usual recording type, can be made low enough to keep pace with the ordinary motions of an ordinary aircraft. Such a device needs to be light in weight, slight in bulk, and simple to use and maintain.
Tank Tests with Seaplane Models
Authors: Mitchell R.J.
Published: November 2014

AIRCRAFT construction, like shipbuilding and most other branches of engineering, is to a large extent an experimental science. That is to say, our knowledge is so limited in certain respects that we proceed chiefly by trial and error methods. To experiment full scale with ships or aircraft is both costly and dangerous. It has long been the custom, therefore, to make and test models with a view to ascertaining the probable behaviour of the full‐size machine before it is built. Aircraft engineers in particular have been compelled to rely extensively upon model tests in the wind tunnel for their information as to the aerodynamic forces upon the various parts of aircraft. In the same way the seaplane owes a great deal to the valuable information derived from tank tests of models.
The Theory of Air Flow
Authors: Piercy N.A.V.
Published: November 2014

IT is a common experience, and by no means confined to engineers, to fail to understand the general theory of non‐rectilinear flow of air. An investigation culminates, of course, in the well ‐ known equations of viscous motion. But, as Dr. Prescott remarked recently when introducing his new proof, many derivations of these are cither unsatisfying or else difficult to follow. Indeed, the equations are usually taken for granted. Yet the disadvantage is obvious: even the mathematician can do very little with them in the end, and fundamental ideas on which the proof rests, though likely to be of general service to engineers, lie buried. An example is perhaps worth while. Consider the problem of determining the viscosity of an oil from measurement of the torque required slowly to revolve a circular cylinder in a tank or pot of it. The equations of motion can be solved in this case, but it is not necessary to go so far; there is a well‐known treatment much more to the heart of an engineer. On the other hand, the usual theory of rectilinear viscous flow is without avail, and if the engineer can solve this simple problem without the equations then he understands the bulk of the proof of them.
Aero‐Engine Installation
Authors: Pettitt‐Herriot J.
Published: November 2014

THE first essential in the design of an efficient exhaust system is that the exhaust gases should be carried away from the engine and clear of the aircraft without undue increase in exhaust back pressure. A further consideration of equal importance is the elimination of noise.
The Langley Field Conference
Authors: Klemin Alexander
Published: November 2014

THE Eleventh Annual Aircraft Engineering Research Conference of the American National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, held at the Langley Field laboratories of the Committee, was as usual attended by a large and representative group of manufacturers, engineers, government officials and university instructors. These conferences are particularly valuable because they give to the industry a review of research conducted by the Committee during the year, and to the Committee suggestions for further investigations from the constructors. It is hardly necessary to emphasize the benefit derived from such an exchange.
Tapered Beams
Authors: Atkin E.H.
Published: November 2014

THE tapered beam is of frequent occurrence in various branches ofengineering.
Simultaneous Equations
Authors: Collar A.R.
Published: November 2014

IN the May issue of AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING Captain J. Morris describes a method for the solution of linear algebraic equations by iteration. The main objects of the present note are to show how the statement of the method and the proof of its convergence may be greatly condensed by the use of matrices, and to indicate an alternative computational scheme which involves far less recording of numbers, and therefore less risk of error, than that proposed by Morris.
Harmonic Torque Exciters
Authors: Carter B.C.
Published: November 2014

IN a paper on airscrew‐blade vibration, published in the Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society lor September, 1937, the author gave brief descriptions of different designs of the same general typo of mechanism for exciting harmonic torques in airscrew drives for experimental purposes. 1n these exciters, harmonic inertia torque is produced by rotating a set of identical unbalanced pinions mounted in a Gage and arranged symmetrically about a shaft axis. The pinion axes are parallel to the shaft axis and the pinions are driven either by a sun gear or by an annulus gear. The gear meshing is such that the direction of unbalance for all the pinions of the set is radially outwards at the same instant: when the unbalance is radially outwards or inwards there is momentarily no torque effect.
Aerofoils with Many Parameters
Authors: Duncan W.J.
Published: November 2014

THE object of this paper is to put forward a family of aerofoil profiles which is sufficiently comprehensive to meet all practical requirements and which has the merit that the ordinates of the profiles can be very easily calculated. The profiles are not of the kind for which the irrotational flow patterns can be derived with special ease, but this is not considered to be a real disadvantage.
‘Failure’: A New Definition Needed
Authors: Pribram E.
Published: November 2014

ENGINEERING structures are built for use, but stressed for failure. The underlying assumption is obviously that a structure is fit to be used until it is loaded by a failing load or loads, when it collapses and becomes unable to fulfil its original functions.
A New Law for Calculating Drag
Authors: Falkner V.M.
Published: November 2014

IN this paper an examination is made of some of the evidence on which the resistance law of a smooth flat plate with turbulent boundary layer is based. It is shown that a power index law for the resistance agrees with experiment quite as well as formula; involving logarithms. The suggested new value for the coefficient of
Photo‐elasticity and Design Problems
Authors: Heywood R.B.
Published: November 2014

IN Part I, some aspects of the technique of stress determination by photo‐elastic analysis were recommended which, it was considered, would overcome certain difficulties. Let us now have a look at the other side, and consider a few applications of the method, and so to examine its usefulness or otherwise to the designer.
High‐Lift Devices and Tailless Aeroplanes
Authors: Weyl A.R.
Published: November 2014

Assisted high‐lift devices which are based on the removal or the addition of air jets from the flow over the wings may be classified as follows, in accordance with their method of operation:
Jet‐Propulsion Gas Turbines
Authors: Mordell D.L.
Published: November 2014

THE engines used for the jet propulsion of aircraft have been described in detail on many occasions in the last year or so. Most of these descriptions, however, have been purely factual, and little has been written about the theoretical aspects. In view of the unconventionality of these power units, it is hoped that the following notes, in which a simple analysis of the theory is given, may be of interest.
The Reaction of Metals to Force
Authors: Giles P.C.
Published: November 2014

This paper deals with a few of the properties of metals under uniform stress distribution. Consideration is then given to non‐uniform stress conditions, and the importance of the ductility of alloys after the limit of proportionality is passed. Particular reference is made to the light alloys used for primary aircraft structures and, finally, a tentative explanation is put forward to explain the manner in which the basic atomic structure, the metal lattice, reacts to stress conditions.
Energy Theorems and Structural Analysis
Authors: Argyris J.H.
Published: November 2014

HAVING discussed in the standard longhand notation the main ideas and methods for the calculation of redundant structures on the basis of forces as unknowns we now turn our attention to the matrix formulation of the analysis. Consider a system consisting of s structural elements with a total number n of redundancies which may be forces (stresses), moments or any generalized forces. We select a basic system by ‘cutting’ a number r of redundancies where r<n. Thus, the simple idea of a statically determinate basic system (r=n) is but a particular case of our investigations.
A Large‐Deflexion Theory for Thin Plates
Authors: Mansfield E.H. , Kleeman P.W.
Published: November 2014

This report presents a simplified large‐deflexion theory for thin flat plates subjected to normal loading. The theory is applicable to plates in which the loading is resisted primarily by the flexural rigidity of the plate. The middle surface of the plate is assumed to be inextensional so that the mode of deformation is a developable surface. There is good agreement with experiment.
The Design of Wing Sections
Authors: Nonweiler T.
Published: November 2014

IS there anything magic about the shape of a wing section? Asked to sketch the profile of a wing on the back of an envelope, one would have no difficulty in representing a shape which would probably, for most purposes, be adequate. Assuming this generalization to be true—perhaps it is a rather rash one—one might equally well question the need for an article on aerofoil design, or indeed the need for the long and painstaking research which, over the years, has been conducted on this particular subject. But it is this same research which, in the long run, has resulted in the recognition of certain general rules relating to aerofoil geometry, which are now taken so much for granted that they would probably be embodied in one's preconceived notion of what a wing section should look like. Recently, also, rather complicated theoretical techniques have made possible the design of profiles which, if manufactured faithfully and carefully in each detail, can provide a performance which is considerably better than any more arbitrary shaping to general rules would produce. Finally, of course, one must recognize that there are exceptional conditions where the application of conventional ideas is inadvisable, and where theoretical and experimental research is needed to suggest what is more appropriate. This article will be concerned for the most part with amplifying these remarks; but, by and large, it must be admitted at the outset that we cannot point to any revolutionary discontinuities in the progress of aerofoil design such as have characterized advances in the means of aircraft propulsion, or structural design.
Establishment of Lift on an Aerofoil with a Jet Flap
Authors: Hirsch R.
Published: November 2014

IN the two‐dimensional case the configuration shows a wake which forms a discontinuity in the flow, being bounded by contact vortices δγi1 and δγi2 which have as resultant a vortex δγi (FIG. 12). For there to be lift: δγi2<0, δγi1>0, δγi<0. There corresponds to each vortex δγi a vortex on the aerofoil δΓi of the same sign, and in addition a vortex Γ corresponding to the free stream potential, without jet.
Some Developments and Applications of Brittle Lacquers
Authors: Linge J.R.
Published: November 2014

NOTWITHSTANDING the fact that there exists a considerable amount of literature published in various forms on the subject of brittle lacquers and their applications to a multitude of diverse problems a brief resume of some of the general principles involved would seem not to be out of place.
Some Developments and Applications of Brittle Lacquers
Authors: Linge J.R.
Published: November 2014

A PHOTOGRAPH of the fully developed crack pattern adjacent to the end bolts in a Perspex model of the rear spar root joint of the same blade is given in FIG. 35. Fatigue tests are to be undertaken on the metal prototypes of the front and rear spar joints in which modifications arrived at by the model tests will be incorporated.
The Estimation of Tail Loading Due to Elevator‐Induced Pitching Manoeuvres
Authors: Richards P.F.
Published: November 2014

The general reasons for considering a fresh approach to the calculation of air‐worthiness design tail loads and associated torques due to elevator‐induced pitching manoeuvres are discussed. Then follows a description of the manoeuvre itself, elevator actions to be assumed, and the proposed method of calculating the various response quantities. The analytical treatment of Czaykowski given to the unchecked manoeuvre is extended to cover the checked case in Appendix I, Part III and a comparison is made of the two types of manoeuvre. The application of the work to auto‐pilot feed‐back failure causing hunting of the elevator control is also dealt with. The effect of aircraft size, weight, e.g. position, forward speed and altitude on the various response quantities are discussed, with particular emphasis on the importance of the manoeuvre margin. To avoid possible confusion of terms the two types of elevator‐induced manoeuvre mentioned above and discussed in this paper are defined as follows:
Effects of Repeated structures Thermal Loading
Authors: Parkes E.W.
Published: November 2014

A very simple redundant structure is subjected to temperature cycling, primarily to determine the influence of the yield stress/temperature relation on its behaviour: the range and periodic time of the temperature cycle are included as subsidiary variables. It is found that improving the strength of the material at elevated temperatures may have the undesirable effect of hastening incremental collapse of the structure, and that the most rapid incremental collapse is not necessarily associated with maximum values for the range and periodic time of the temperature cycle. It is also found that the common assumption that the strength of the material is independent of temperature may in some circumstances be ambiguous, since there may be a sudden discontinuity in behaviour between a structure made from a material having a slight negative strength/temperature gradient and one made from a material having a slight positive gradient.
Programme Load Fatigue Tests
Authors: Ryman R.J.
Published: November 2014

This preliminary investigation has shown that the programme load method of testing provides more useful information than single load level tests enabling a more reliable estimate of a structural joint fatigue life to be obtained.
Thermal Stresses in I‐section Beams
Authors: Ayers K.B.
Published: November 2014

Thermal stresses due to arbitrary temperature distributions are calculated for beams of I‐section or of multicell sections which can be considered to be built up from I‐section units. Stress distributions are presented graphically for a wide range of the parameters involved. It is shown that for a high‐speed aircraft the thermal stresses alone could produce plasticity in a homogeneous structure.
Engineering Problems Associated with Supersonic Transport Aircraft
Authors: Taunton M.A.
Published: November 2014

MANY papers have been written in recent years on various technical aspects of the supersonic transportaircraft—aerodynamics, propulsion, structures and systems. In attempting to give yet another paper on this topic, it was felt the subject should be reviewed in a more general way, by considering a variety of engineering problems which arise in the design and development of such an aircraft.
The Prediction of Aerodynamic Loads
Authors: Webber G.W.
Published: November 2014

A Discussion concerning the Use of Wind Tunnel Results and Flight Test Measurements in the Prediction of Aerodynamic Loads for Stressing Purposes in the Aerodynamics Department of the Weybridge Division of British Aircraft Corporation. The responsibility for the prediction and issue of aerodynamic loads for stressing purposes at the Weybridge Division of British Aircraft Corporation is carried by the Aerodynamics Department. The arguments for and against this arrangement are briefly examined. One of the main arguments in favour is the facility with which wind tunnel tests can be instigated and controlled. The use of wind tunnel tests specifically designed to give aerodynamic loading data and their relation to estimation using theoretical and semi‐empirical methods is fully discussed and illustrated. The confirmation of design estimates by full scale in‐flight load measurement is described and the usefulness of in‐flight measurements as a design tool on subsequent aircraft of a similar type is discussed.
A Theoretical Method for Calculating Flexure and Stresses in Helicopter Rotor Blades
Authors: Wilde E. , Price H.L.
Published: November 2014

A variational procedure is developed, in the form of an extension of the Rayleigh‐Ritz method, leading to a rapid estimation of the flapwise vibration modes and frequencies of a helicopter rotor blade. The initial data required are the blade mass and stiffness distribution and the angular velocity of the rotor blade. The normal modes and frequencies are subsequently used to determine blade shapes in flight. The aerodynamic forces only enter at a late stage of the analysis, and the effect of differing flight conditions is readily assessed. The method makes extensive use of matrix formulation and particularly lends itself to electronic computation techniques. A numerical example is given for the special case of constant spanwise blade mass distribution, although the method may readily be extended to cover this restriction. The bending moment distribution is also worked out, and flexible and rigid blades are compared.
The Propulsive Duct
Authors: Tharratt C.E.
Published: November 2014

A Theoretical Approach to Assessing the Thermodynamic Process Within the Combustion Chamber of the Propulsive Duct, an Examination of the Potential of the Duct with Special Reference to the Application of Feedback and Spark Discharge Techniques. The type of valve of greatest importance to successful duct design is one which is synchronized to the pressure fluctuations within the combustion zone. Although there have been a number of proposals for mechanically linked valves (indeed the normal internal combustion engine works on this principle) and rotary valves, these have severe limitations at the higher frequencies and are generally impracticable for the application under review. This section will therefore concentrate on the mechanical reed‐type valve which, theoretically, need have only one moving part, i.e. the dynamic metal reed, and the aerodynamic valve which relies upon the interaction of two gas dynamical vibrations and has no moving mechanical parts.
A Brief History of Barometric Instrument Development
Authors: Harris N. , Berry B.
Published: November 2014

THROUGHOUT a long history in the field of aviation instrumentation, a great variety of problems in development has been encountered by the Aviation Division of Smiths Industries. In the early days, these tended to be of a rudimentary nature and sometimes had a humorous aspect, whereas in later years, more complex and obscure phenomena arose which often required extensive investigation.
The Future of the Pilot's Head‐up Display
Authors: Quarrington C.A.
Published: November 2014

THE concept of using a cathode ray tube for displaying integrated flight information dates back to the Sperry Flight Ray of 1936, but the idea of projecting such information into the forward head‐up view of the pilot has been developed from a concept proposed by the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough and serious work on the basic project commenced early in the 1950s.
Effective Report Writing
Authors: Wainright Gordon
Published: November 2014

Many engineers and executives in the aerospace industry experience difficulty when it comes to the writing of reports. The reasons for this are discussed and it is suggested that a methodical approach to the problem provides a solution. The PAPER Report Writing Method is described.
Variable Frequency Electrical Generating Systems for Aircraft
Authors: Burns D.O.
Published: November 2014

THE term ‘mixed frequency generation’ is of American origin and refers to an electrical generating system for an aircraft where the main generators are directly coupled to the engines and deliver a variable frequency over the engine speed range. A part of the generator output is used directly for such loads as de‐icing and galley loads which are not at all frequency sensitive. Other loads which require a constant frequency of supply (generally 400 Hz.) are supplied by rotary or solid state inverters (called ‘converters’ in the U.S.A.). Direct current loads (generally 28 V.) are obtained from transformer rectifier units.
Stress Analysis of the McDonnell Douglas DC‐10 Nose Landing Gear Unit
Authors: Gullick D.S. , Birch B.D.
Published: November 2014

IN 1968, Dowry Rotol Ltd., Staverton, Gloucester, were awarded a contract by McDonnell Douglas Corporation to implement a surface stress survey on the DC‐10 Nose Undercarriage Assembly.
Some aspects of the design of aircraft steering systems
Authors: CAMERON‐JOHNSON A.
Published: November 2014

THE FUNDAMENTAL principles governing the behaviour of aircraft during steering manoeuvres on the ground are now well known and documented, but one particular aspect of the problem has not, to the writer's knowledge, been dealt with in the literature. This article examines this feature and describes methods for evaluating its effect on the overall steering power requirements and system behaviour. The influence of tyre characteristics is also examined.
Strength and stiffness of sandwich panels under transverse loading
Authors: LANGLEY MARCUS
Published: November 2014

THIS paper describes work done to translate the theory of Structural Sandwich Panel Design into a form in which it could be used for rapid estimation in a design office.
“Engineering Our Future”
Authors: ANDERSON K.J.
Published: November 2014

The title of the Finniston Report acknowledges the national importance of engineering, it is therefore incumbent upon those engineering Institutions who have contributed to the work of the Committee also to comment upon its investigation, findings and conclusions. As a corporate member of both “Aviation” institutions I am moved to express my personal views on certain fundamental aspects of the Inquiry, with particular reference to our Industry.
High Strength Materials for Aircraft Landing Gear
Authors: Best K.F.
Published: November 2014

This article is written from the viewpoint of a structures engineer who has to make the best use of the materials available, rather than that of the metallurgist who aids their production or development.
747 Improvements
Authors: Ford CEng Terry
Published: November 2014

THE first of 60 Rolls‐Royce RB 211– 524 C2 turbofans to incorporate modifications bringing it up to—524 D4 upgrade standard was recently completed and tested by British Airways at Heathrow. These engines (including some spares) power 12 of the airline's Boeing 747–236 aircraft and it is hoped tht enough of the power‐plants will have been completed by the end of the year. The contract which was negotiated in 1985, envisages the completion of all 12 aircraft in two years from the commencement of improvements.
Composite Materials in Propellers
Authors: Rotol Limited Dowty
Published: November 2014

THE introduction of the pure jet gas turbine propelled aeroplane appeared to herald the demise of the propeller as a means of propulsion for other than small or specialised machines.
Trimming and Balance Tabs
Authors: Serby J.E.
Published: November 2014

DURING the past year or so there has been a growing tendency towards the use of small servo flaps on elevators and rudders either for trimming or for balancing. The object of this article is to review broadly the aerodynamic principles which govern their design, their advantages and disadvantages.
A schedule for the cost‐evaluation of the brittle book programme at Cornell University
Authors: Green BSc Paul R.
Published: November 2014

This paper examines in detail the various stages involved in the brittle book programme at Cornell University to produce a schedule for determining the costs of operating the programme. An estimate of present costs has been made by timing as many routines as possible and by interviewing library staff to determine costs such as for acquisition and cataloguing.
INDEX OF ACCOUNTING RESEARCH ON ASIAN/PACIFIC COUNTRIES: 1965–1990
Authors: Needles Belverd E.
Published: November 2014

This paper provides, first, a historical perspective of accounting research relating to Asian/Pacific countries as seen from the vantage of the leading international journal in the United States and, second, a bibliographical data base and index of twenty‐six years of articles on this region of the world. It accomplishes the first objective by presenting a tabular profile of research in international accounting as it pertains to countries in the Asian/Pacific Rim region as shown in articles published in the International Journal of Accounting (formerly, the International Journal of Accounting, Education and Research) and related publications which appeared from 1965 to 1990. The articles are classified according to country, research methodology, subject, and five‐year time periods. The paper accomplishes the second objective by providing an annotated bibliography of 125 articles on Asian/Pacific Rim countries and indices by country and methodology, and subject.
Demographic and clinical features of autoimmune thyroid disorder in Japanese patients with systemic sclerosis
Authors: Toki Sayaka , Motegi Sei‐ichiro , Yamada Kazuya , Uchiyama Akihiko , Ishikawa Osamu
Published: November 2014

Autoimmune thyroid disorders (AITD) are characterized by the impairment of the thyroid gland as a result of systemic or organ‐specific autoimmune disorders, and the presence of antithyroid autoantibodies, such as antithyroglobulin antibody (AbTg) and antithyroid peroxidase antibody (AbTPO). Several studies have reported the association of AITD with systemic sclerosis (SSc). However, none of those studies analyzed the association between AITD and skin sclerosis in SSc patients. The aim of this study was to examine the demographic and clinical features of SSc patients with AITD treated in our department. Of a total of 210 SSc patients, we identified 30 with AITD (14.3%), including 29 with Hashimoto's disease (13.8%) and one patient with Graves' disease (0.5%), indicating that hypothyroidism was more common among SSc patients with AITD. All patients with AITD were female, and anticentromere antibody positivity, the complication of Sjögren's syndrome, severe facial skin sclerosis and atrophy of the thyroid gland were significantly prevalent in SSc patients with AITD. SSc patients with such clinical features may be at high risk of AITD and require regular follow up of thyroid function including ultrasonography and the examination of serum hormone levels to start an early treatment.
Heavily hunted wolves have higher stress and reproductive steroids than wolves with lower hunting pressure
Authors: Bryan Heather M. , Smits Judit E. G. , Koren Lee , Paquet Paul C. , Wynne‐Edwards Katherine E. , Musiani Marco
Published: November 2014

Human‐caused harassment and mortality (e.g. hunting) affects many aspects of wildlife population dynamics and social structure. Little is known, however, about the social and physiological effects of hunting, which might provide valuable insights into the mechanisms by which wildlife respond to human‐caused mortality.

To investigate physiological consequences of hunting, we measured stress and reproductive hormones in hair, which reflect endocrine activity during hair growth. Applying this novel approach, we compared steroid hormone levels in hair of wolves (Canis lupus) living in Canada's tundra–taiga (n = 103) that experience heavy rates of hunting with those in the northern boreal forest (n = 45) where hunting pressure is substantially lower.

The hair samples revealed that progesterone was higher in tundra–taiga wolves, possibly reflecting increased reproductive effort and social disruption in response to human‐related mortality. Tundra–taiga wolves also had higher testosterone and cortisol levels, which may reflect social instability.

To control for habitat differences, we also measured cortisol in an out‐group of boreal forest wolves (n = 30) that were killed as part of a control programme. Cortisol was higher in the boreal out‐group than in our study population from the northern boreal forest.

Overall, our findings support the social and physiological consequences of human‐caused mortality. Long‐term implications of altered physiological responses should be considered in management and conservations strategies.