bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DÜNYADAN VE TÜRKİYE’DEN ÖRNEKLERLE CAM TAVAN SENDROMU
Authors: DERİN Neslihan
Published: December 2020

Birçok kadın, çalışma hayatında veya yer aldığı çeşitli organizasyonlarda niteliklerinin ve mesleki yeterliliklerinin, erkeklere göre yeterince görülmediğinden, bir çifte standarda tabi tutulduğundan şikayet ederler. Çok sayıda kadın mesleki alanda erkek egemenliğinden dolayı engellenme duygusu yaşar. Bazı kadınlar, kurum çalışanları arasındaki terfi yarışına katılmazlar çünkü en tepeye kadar ulaşamayacaklarını hissederler. Bu durum, kadınlar için, erkekler ve toplum tarafından inşa edilmiş görünmez bir engel “camdan bir tavan” olarak ifade edilir. Bu kavram, toplumsal, örgütsel, kişisel önyargılar ve kalıplar tarafından yaratılan, kadınların üst düzey yönetim pozisyonlarına gelmelerini engelleyen görünmez, yapay engeller olarak tanımlanır. Cam tavan, sadece yükselme ya da hiyerarşik olarak ilerlemeyi içermemektedir. Bu terim, hiyerarşik olarak ilerleme engelinin yanında gelir dağılımındaki adaletsizliği, uygulama, denetim ve üstünlük kullanımındaki eşitsizlikleri de içermektedir.

Bu çalışmanın amacı dünya genelinde konuyla ilgili yapılan araştırmaları inceleyerek “cam tavan” hakkında bir durum analizi yapmaktır. Bu amacı gerçekleştirmek için literatürde konuyla ilgili farklı ülkelerde gerçekleştirilmiş çok sayıda araştırmaya ulaşılmış ve incelenmiştir. Bu incelemelerle, cam tavan sendromunun, kıta, ülke, sektör, kurum gözetmeksizin her yerde var olduğu ve genel olarak benzer nedenlere bağlı olarak ortaya çıktığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Relation of Driving Under the Influence Laws to Access to Firearms Across US States
Authors: Bowen Andrew G. , Tessler Robert A. , Bowen Deirdre , Haviland Miriam J. , Rowhani-Rahbar Ali , Rivara Frederick P.
Published: December 2020

Objectives. To determine differences among US states in how driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) laws activate federal firearm possession and purchase prohibitions.

Methods. We performed primary legislative research to characterize DUI laws in each state. The primary outcome was the number of DUI convictions an individual must be convicted of in each state to activate the federal firearm possession and purchase prohibition. We also determined the time interval in which previous DUI convictions count for future proceedings.

Results. Forty-seven states had DUI laws that activated the federal prohibition of firearm possession and purchase for a threshold number of repeated DUIs. Variation exists among states in the number of convictions (1–4) and length of liability period (5 years–lifetime) required to prohibit firearm possession and purchase.

Conclusions. Variation in state laws on DUI results in differences in determining who is federally prohibited from possessing and purchasing firearms. Future research should explore whether these federal prohibitions arising from DUI convictions are enforced and whether an association exists between stricter DUI policies and reduction in firearm crimes, injuries, and deaths.
Prediction of Survival after Eribulin Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer by Absolute Lymphocyte Counts and Progression Types
Authors: Morisaki Tamami , Kashiwagi Shinichiro , Asano Yuka , Goto Wataru , Takada Koji , Kouhashi Rika , Yabumoto Akimichi , Ishihara Sae , Shibutani Masatsune , Tanaka Hiroaki , Hirakawa Kosei , Ohira Masaichi
Published: December 2020

Background: In the RECIST diagnostic criteria, the concepts of progression by pre-existing disease (PPL) and progression by new metastases (PNM) have been proposed to distinguish between the progression types of cancer refractory to treatment. According to the tumor biology of cancer progression forms, the "PPL" form indicates invasion and the "PNM" form indicates metastasis. On the other hand, recent studies have focused on the clinical importance of inflammatory markers as indicators of the systemic tumor immune response. In particular, absolute lymphocyte counts (ALC) is an indicator of the host’s immune response. Thus, we developed a new measure that combined progression form with ALC. In this study, we clinically validated the combined assessment of progression form and ALC in eribulin chemotherapy.Methods: From August 2011 to April 2019, a total of 486 patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer (MBC) underwent treatment. In this study, only 88 patients who underwent chemotherapy using eribulin were included. The antitumor effect was evaluated based on the RECIST criteria, version 1.1. To measure ALC, peripheral blood samples collected before eribulin treatment were used. The cut-off value for ALC in this study was 1,500 /μL, based on previous studies.Results: The PPL group (71 patients, 80.7%) had significantly longer PFS (p=0.022, log-rank) and OS (p<0.001, log-rank) than the PNM group (17 patients,19.3%). In the 51 patients with ALC <1500/μl, the PPL group had a significantly better prognosis than the PNM group (PFS: p=0.035, OS: p<0.001, log-rank, respectively). On the other hand, in the 37 patients with ALC≥1500/μl, the PPL group had a better OS compared to the PNM group (p=0.055, log-rank), but there was no significant difference in PFS between the two groups (p=0.541, log-rank). Furthermore, multivariate analysis that validated the effect of OS showed that high ORR and “high-ALC and PPL” were factors for a good prognosis (p<0.001, HR=0.321) (p=0.036, HR=0.290).Conclusions: In breast cancer patients with eribulin chemotherapy, good systemic immune status, such as ALC≥1500/μl, was associated with less progression, particularly metastasis, and better prognosis. Furthermore, the biomarker "high-ALC and PPL" was particularly useful as a prognostic marker following eribulin chemotherapy.
Risk Factors for Mortality Among Patients Diagnosed With Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis In Uganda- A Case-Control Study
Authors: Kizito Enock , Musaazi Joseph , Mutesasira Kenneth , Twinomugisha Fred , Namwanje Helen , Kiyemba Timothy , Lopez Debora B. Freitas , Nicholas Nicholas Sebuliba , Nkolo Abel , Birabwa Estella , Dejene Seyoum , Muyanja Stella Zawedde
Published: December 2020

Background:The World Health Organization (WHO) End TB strategy aims to reduce mortality due to tuberculosis (TB) to less than 5% by 2035. However, mortality due to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is particularly high and stood at 15% globally in 2018. In Uganda, MDR-TB associated mortality was 19% in the same year. We set out to examine the risk factors for mortality among a cohort of patients diagnosed with MDR-TB in Uganda.Methods:We conducted a case-control study nested within the national MDR-TB cohort. We defined cases as patient who died from any cause during the two years following treatment initiation. We selected two controls for each case from patients alive and on MDR-TB treatment at the time that the death occurred (incidence-density sampling) and matched the cases and controls on health facility at which they were receiving care. We performed conditional logistic regression to identify the risk factors for mortality. Results:Data from 198 patients (66 cases and 132 controls) started on TB from January 1 to December 31, 2016, was analyzed for this study. Majority of patients (60.6%) were male and were HIV positive (59.6%). About half (46.0%) were aged 19-34 years. On multiple regression analysis, co-infection with HIV (aOR 1.9, 95% CI [1.1-4.92]p=0.05); non-adherence to TB treatment (aOR 1.92, 95% CI [1.02-4.83] p=0.04); age over 50 years (aOR 3.04, 95% CI [1.13-8.20] p=0.03); and not having any education (aOR 3.61, 95% CI [1.1-10.4] p=0.03) were associated with MDR TB mortality. Conclusion: To improve MDR-TB treatment outcomes, to attention must be paid to provision of social support particularly for older persons on MDR TB treatment. Interventions that support treatment adherence and promote early detection of HIV infection should also be emphasized for all persons diagnosed with TB.
Fatigue Life Prediction of Rolling Bearings Based on Modified SWT Mean Stress Correction
Authors: Yu Aodi , Huang Hong-Zhong , Li Yan-Feng , Li He , Zeng Ying
Published: December 2020

Mean stress has a great influence on fatigue life, commonly used stress-based life prediction models can only fit the test results of fatigue life under specific stress ratio or mean stress but cannot describe the effect of stress ratio or mean stress on fatigue life. Smith, Watson and Topper (SWT) proposed a simple mean stress correction criterion. However, the SWT model regards the sensitivity coefficient of all materials to mean stress as 0.5, which will lead to inaccurate predictions for materials with a sensitivity coefficient not equal to 0.5. In this paper, considering the sensitivity of different materials to mean stresses, compensation factor is introduced to modify the SWT model, and several sets of experimental data are used for model verification. Then, the proposed model is applied to fatigue life predictions of rolling bearings, and the results of proposed method are compared with test results to verify its accuracy.
Differences in Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (CIMT) In Patients With Newly Diagnosed Hypertension, and Chronic Hypertensive Patients Treated by Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB) or Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)-Inhibitors
Authors: Tantri Ni Luh , Rudijanto Achmad , Samsu Nur , Wursito Wursito
Published: December 2020

Â Hypertension is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. It closely related to the inflammatory process and resulting in chronic inflammation, which had a critical role in the progression of atherosclerosis. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (CIMT) was known as a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis. Anti-hypertensive drugs are expected to affect CIMT. Aim: to examine the difference CIMT between newly diagnosed hypertension and chronic hypertensive treated by ACE-I or CCB. Method: this cross-sectional study was conducted on 12 newly diagnosed hypertensive patients (control or group 1), 9 hypertensive patients treated by CCB (group 2), and 9 hypertensive patients treated by ACE-I (group 3). Their hypertensive condition was controlled at least for 6 months. We compared CIMT of patients and Tumour Necrosis Factor Alfa (TNF-Î±) also Interleukin-6 (IL-6) among the groups. Result: there was a significant difference in CIMT between the group 1 and 2 (0.86 vs 0.70; p = 0.027), group 1 and 3 (0.86 vs 0.69; p = 0.018). There was no significant difference between group 2 and 3 (0.70 vs 0.69; p = 0.88). There was no association between CIMT and TNF-Î±, IL-6, Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TGs) levels, and body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure. Conclusion: we found that the CIMT of the control group was thicker than those of the treatment groups. Moreover, differences in the thickness of CIMT of the three groups were not associsted with level of TNF-Î±, IL-6, TG, and LDL, also BMI, and systolic blood pressure.
Effect of Chemotherapy and Hormonal Therapy on Bone Mineral Density in Patients with Breast Cancer in Saiful Anwar Hospital Malang
Authors: Nurshanty Ade , Wardhani Shinta Oktya , Suryana Bagus Putu Putra
Published: December 2020

Osteoporosis is an important health problem, and the number of patients who suffered from it is increasing. Breast cancer is a condition that has aÂ  high risk of osteoporosis. Cancer induced bone disease results from the primary disease, metastatic process, or from therapies against the prime condition, causing bone fragility. Therefore, there are still different opinions regarding the therapeutic effect of breast cancer on bone mineral density. Aim: to determine the effect of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy on bone mineral density in patients with breast cancer in Saiful Anwar Hospital Malang. Method: this is a case-control study conducted in 30 patients with breast cancer who had undergone chemotherapy and hormonal therapy are compared to 30 patients without breast cancer as controls.Â  Bone Mineral Density (BMD) was measured by DEXA. Result: there are 53% of breast carcinoma patients having osteopenia and 13% having osteoporosis, with one patient has osteoporosis located in the femoral neck and three patients in lumbar (L1-L4). We obtain a significant T-score (p=0.02) in the great trochanter. Odds Ratio (OR) 0.233 with p = 0.008 showed a protective effect of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for breast cancer to the bone density. Conclusion: the incidence of osteoporosis in the study was 13%, with the most location in the lumbar spine. Chemotherapy and hormonal therapy had a protective effect on BMD in patients with breast cancer in Saiful Anwar Hospital Malang.
The Influence of a Diet Supplemented with 20% Rye and Xylanase in Different Housing Systems on the Occurrence of Pathogenic Bacteria in Broiler Chickens
Authors: Pyzik Ewelina , Urban-Chmiel Renata , Chałabis-Mazurek Agnieszka , Świątkiewicz Sylwester , Arczewska-Włosek Anna , Schwarz Tomasz , Valverde Piedra Jose L.
Published: December 2020

Sanitary conditions and diet are important elements determining the occurrence of pathogens in animals. The aim of the research was to assess the effect of an experimental diet with rye and xylanase for broiler chickens in cages and in a free-range system on the intestinal microbiome. The study was carried out in two experimental stages, the first on 224 1-d-old male Ross 308 chickens with an initial weight of 41 g, and the second on 2000 1-d-old male chickens with an initial weight of 42 g. All birds were reared to 42 d of age and fed crumbled starter (1 to 21 d) and pelleted grower–finisher (22 to 42 d) isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets, supplemented with 20% rye and/or 200 mg/kg xylanase. Directly after slaughter, bacteria were isolated from the cloaca of birds and identified using classical microbiological methods and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The antibiotic susceptibility of the bacteria was assessed by the disc diffusion method. The study showed the presence of abundant bacteria in the gut microbiome of chickens kept in both housing systems. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Proteus spp., Campylobacter spp., and Staphylococcus spp. Antibiotic resistance was significantly higher in E. coli, Proteus spp., and Campylobacter spp. obtained from chickens from the free-range farm, but in the case of Enterococcus and Staphylococcus, resistance was higher in bacteria from caged birds. The high antibiotic resistance among pathogens of the gastrointestinal tract necessitates the search for means to control the microbiome in favour of beneficial bacteria. The significant influence of rye and xylanase on the bacterial content may be the basis for the introduction of this method to support the control of pathogens.
Distribution, protection and restoration of Taxus baccata L. in Ukraine
Authors: Hnatiuk Oleh , Mohytych Vasyl , Sułkowska Małgorzata
Published: December 2020

English yew is one of the most endangered species in Europe. Due to the specificity of this species, its natural regeneration is quite difficult. The aim of the study was to present the current situation of distribution, protection and restoration of the species in Ukraine. The study presents some characteristics of largest natural and artificial yew populations in the country and their protection. In situ and ex situ yew populations are quite different, in terms of bioclimatic conditions what does not affect to the growth characteristics of the populations. In addition, the activities related to the natural and artificial renaturalisation of the yew were analysed. Thus, tending of tree stands, where the natural regeneration of yew was inventoried can be recommended but it should be planned very individually regarding requirements of the site. The introduction of yew seedlings in the conditions of the managed forest is very difficult. Despite the complication of obtaining planting material and high cost, it is important measure to preserve the species. In Ukraine are successful examples of the seed transfer of yew populations by about 450 km in North-East direction (Carpathian yew population) and 700 km in North direction (Crimean yew population). It is an evidence of high ecological plasticity of the species. Moreover, some recommendations that could be useful for increasing the popularization of this species throughout the country were given in conclusions. The wider use of yew in public areas across the country due to unique value of species and more convenient protection of young seedlings. It is worth to continue the inventory of yew locations at the national level and study the possibilities to use as local sources to conservation of this species throughout the country.
Territorial Defence, Comprehensive Defence and Total Defence: Meanings and Differences in the Estonian Defence Force
Authors: Veebel Viljar , Ploom Illimar , Vihmand Liia , Zaleski Krzystof
Published: December 2020

Defence policy and related activities, such as territorial defence and comprehensive defence, are considered a matter of national priority and consensus in Estonia since its restoration of independence in 1991. The actual meaning and its content have depended on numerous linguistic and cultural factors. Educational traditions and alliance relations have played an important role as well. In some cases, changes in actual defence policy content first required an ability to change military terminology and outlook. The current study analyses the meaning of territorial defence, comprehensive defence and total defence in official documents and based on focus group interviews among officers of BDCOL and EMA.
The Five Tasks of Public Value Management: Public Value as a Programme of Administrative and Societal Democratisation
Authors: Sedlačko Michal
Published: December 2020

The aim of this essay is threefold: (1) to identify the tasks of public managers in public value management (PVM), (2) to start a debate on the relationships between autonomy, entrepreneurship and PVM from the perspective of institutional roles and management levels, and (3) to initiate a discussion about the transferability of PVM to diverse administrative systems and cultures. The public value discourse emerged in the 1990s, justifying the need for the concept through a deficit in democratic legitimacy, the delivery paradox, as well as market failure and the critique of New Public Management. Public value focuses on the ultimate purpose of the use of public resources and can thus serve to strengthen outcome legitimacy and downward accountability. Arguably, the most productive interpretation of the public value concept rests along the lines of a normative, conceptual orientation for managerial action, accompanied by a (so far somewhat sparse) set of practical tools and reasoning for public managers. Five tasks of PVM were identified: (1) conducting political management to secure legitimacy for particular value propositions; (2) leveraging public value opportunities through networks and a range of delivery mechanisms; (3) ensuring continuing democratisation through helping the realisation of politically empowered citizenship; (4) ensuring learning across multiple levels and audiences; and (5) cultivating a wider view of sustainable wellbeing for all. Regarding the applicability of PVM across various dimensions of administrative traditions and cultures, it would seem that the tasks are more compatible with some cultures and traditions than others. For instance, these roles seem more compatible with non-politicised public administrations that grant high societal status and discretion to civil servants, and provide them with generalist training and career options. One of the key open questions is under what conditions can a public value approach contribute to changes in the given public administration culture, in particular towards the development of downward accountability mechanisms in the context of democratic backsliding and constraints to bureaucratic autonomy.
Artificial Organs 2000 ESAO
Authors: Polenakovic Momir H.
Published: December 2020

Artificial Organs 2000 Satellite Symposium of European Society for Artificial Organs (ESAO) was organized by the Macedonian Society for Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation and Artificial Organs (MSNDTAO) and the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts (MASA) on November 25-26, 2000 on the occasion of the 25th Anniversary of the Department of Nephrology of the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, R. Macedonia.

The main topics of this symposium were: Blood-purification techniques, Artificial Kidney, Metabolic- and Cardiac-Assist Systems as well as Biomaterials to be used for Artificial Organs.

H. Klinkmann (Glasgow, United Kingdom), D. Falkenhagen (Krems, Austria), U. Baurmeister (Wuppertal, Germany), V. Bonomini, S. Stefoni (Bologna, Italy), R. Vanholder (Ghent, Belgium), S. Stiller (Aachen, Germany), H. Mann, H. Melzer (Aachen, Germany), J. Pop-Jordanov, N. Pop-Jordanova (Skopje, R. Macedonia), B. Stegmayr (Umea, Sweden), M. Mydlik, K. Derzisova, O. Racz, A. Sipulova, J. Boldizsar, E. Lovasova, M. Hribikova (Kosice, Slovak Republic), A. Jörres (Berlin, Germany), M. Polenakovic (Skopje, R. Macedonia), J. Vienken (Bad Homburg, Germany), S. Bowry (Bad Homburg, Germany), E. Piskin (Ankara, Turkey), J. Klinkmann, W. Schimmelpfennig, H. Lantow, W. Rigger. (Teterow, Germany), A. Sikole (Skopje, R. Macedonia), A. Oncevski, P. Dejanov, V. Gerasimovska, M. Polenakovic (Skopje, R. Macedonia), J. Wojcicki (Warsaw, Poland), K. Affeld (Berlin, Germany), G. Rakhorst et al. (Groningen, The Netherlands), Z. Mitrev (Skopje, R. Macedonia), S. Kedev, G. Guagliumi, O. Valsecchi, M. Tespili (Skopje, R. Macedonia, Bergamo, Italy) have presented their papers at the Symposium. The presentations provoked a fruitful discussion and it was concluded that they should be published.

The papers were published in the International Journal of Artificial Organs of the European Society for Artificial Organs (ESAO) as a special issue on “Artificial Organs 2000 ESAO Satellite Symposium -Skopje, R. Macedonia”, Guest Editors: M. H. Polenakovic, Skopje and J. Vienken, Bad Homburg; Vol. 25, No. 5, 2002.
Using the Role Play Method in Military Pedagogy
Authors: Bumbuc Ştefania
Published: December 2020

This paper aims to identify and discuss relevant issues, in terms of military pedagogy, regarding the using of role play in the training of future officers, given the characteristics of the military organization and the psycho-behavioral traits required of commanding officers. A secondary analysis of quantitative and qualitative data (collected through an opinion questionnaire) was conducted. The results show that role play is perceived as an effective method of training, especially for the psycho-behavioral and attitudinal component, and less for the intellectual component of personality. The data show that, although role play is a collective method, which can only take place with the participation of the military team, the process of developing leadership skills is an individual one. Every student, whether actor or observer during the role play, evolves on their own, regardless of their relationship with colleagues or their position in the military team. The timely and proper intervention of instructor-facilitator in the role play could increase the success rate of this pedagogical method.
The Effect of the Carbon Tax Value on the Optimal Parameters and Characteristics of Coal Power Plants
Authors: Kler Alexander , Zharkov Pavel , Potanina Yulia , Marinchenko Andrey , Epishkin Nikolai
Published: December 2020

The paper investigates the effect of the carbon tax on the optimal parameters and indicators of two coal power plants: a steam turbine power unit with coal dust burning in a steam boiler and an internal gasification combined cycle power plant. Sufficiently detailed mathematical models have been developed for the considered plants that are focused on calculating the flow rates of working fluids and coolants and thermodynamic parameters at all points of the flowcharts, as well as the structural characteristics of the plant elements. The problems of optimizing the parameters of these plants related to the problems of nonlinear mathematical programming are formulated. As an efficiency criterion, the price of electricity is used at given value of the internal rate of return on investment. Optimization calculations were carried out with a carbon tax in the range from 0 $/t to 140 $/t in increments of 20 $/t. It is shown that with an increase in the charge for emissions, the optimal efficiency of the plants increases, as well as the specific investment. Specific CO2 emissions are reduced. Throughout the entire range of carbon tax values, IGCC power plant has the best economic and environmental indicators.
Methanolic Extract of Teucrium Polium Exerts Immunomodulatory Properties in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Matic Sanja , Popovic Suzana , Baskic Dejan , Todorovic Danijela , Vukovic Nenad , Stankovic Milan , Djurdjevic Predrag , Zdravkovic Nemanja , Mijailovic Zeljko
Published: December 2020

Teucrium polium has been used in traditional medicine around the world for centuries in treatment of various conditions and diseases. Many studies have confirmed pharmacological effects of its extracts, although the immunomodulatory effect has not been investigated. Therefore, the aim of our study was to examine the immunomodulatory effect of methanolic extract of T. polium (TPE) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from healthy donors and patients with hepatitis C virus HCV infection. We analyzed the effect of the extract on PBMCs viability using the MTT test. The cell death type was determined using Annexin V-FITC/7-AAD staining. Immunophenotyping using anti-CD8 FITC, anti-CD4 PE, anti-CD3 ECD, anti-CD20 PC5, anti-CD14 FITC and anti-CD25 PC7 was performed by flow cytometry. Results of the MTT test indicate that TPE stimulates proliferation of healthy PBMCs, while the HCV PBMCs viability was slightly reduced. The percentage of apoptotic HCV PBMCs was higher after TPE treatment compared to the control. The proportion of CD25-expressing cells was higher among the untreated HCV PBMCs than in the untreated healthy PBMCs. TPE treatment significantly and gradually increased CD25 expression in healthy PBMCs, whereas CD25 expression on HCV PBMCs increased only at the highest TPE concentration. The upregulation of double-positive CD3+CD25+, CD20+CD25+ and CD14+CD25+ cells was significant in TPE treated healthy PBMCs, while only the highest concentration was effective on HCV PBMCs. In summary, TPE exerts a strong immunomodulatory effect on healthy PBMCs and, only at the highest concentration, on HCV PBMNCs.
Association Between Short-Term Annoyance and Several Physiological Parameters During Different Amounts of Nocturnal Aircraft Noise Exposure
Authors: Barbara Ohlenforst , Seth Ligthart , Roalt Aalmoes , Schreckenberg Dirk , Van Miltenburg Maykel
Published: December 2020

Annoyance is the most prevalent community response to environmental noise. Observational and experimental lab studies have shown that exposure to environmental noise leads to annoyance, sleep disturbance, daytime sleepiness, increased heart rate and increased blood pressure. However, previous literature is preliminary based on controlled settings or experimental design, raising the question of the generalizability and applicability in daily life scenarios. This study aimed to investigate two main research questions. First, what is the relationship between short-term annoyance and different amounts of nocturnal aircraft noise exposure in daily life? Second, what is the relationship between physiological parameters, including heart rate, number of awakenings, sleep efficiency, sleep duration and different amounts of nocturnal aircraft noise exposure in daily life? This study also aimed to explore the suitability of non-invasive commercially available activity trackers to measure physiological metrics in a scientific way. During this field study, participants were wearing Fitbit Charge 3 activity trackers recording heart rate and different sleep-derived metrics (e.g. deep sleep duration, sleep efficiency and awakenings). The used activity trackers were readily available, non-intrusive, relatively cheap and easy to use by the participants. Simultaneously, a logbook was used by the participants to track the subjective perception and situational context of air traffic noise exposure. The noise levels corresponding to the exposure of air traffic of each participant were calculated based on the location of the participant and the corresponding radar track using an aircraft noise monitoring system.

We hypothesize that a higher amount of exposure to aircraft noise in real life will be associated with increased annoyance, increased rest heartrate, higher number of awakenings, decreased sleep efficiency and decreased deep sleep duration.

Preliminary results on the interactions between aircraft noise exposure, perceived annoyance and physiological metrics suggest increased nocturnal aircraft noise exposure seems to negatively affect sleep efficiency and deep sleep duration.
Analisis Pengaruh pH dan Suhu pada Desinfeksi Air Menggunakan Microbubbble dan Karbondioksida Bertekanan
Authors: KURNIATI Evi , Anugroho Fajri , Sulianto Akhmad Adi
Published: December 2020

Mengatasi persoalan kualitas air permukaan yang disebabkan oleh bakteri patogen Eschericia coli (E. coli). Untuk mencegah terjadinya berbagai penyakit yang timbul akibat air yang tercemar oleh E. coli, maka perlu dilakukan proses desinfeksi. Desinfeksi menggunakan microbubble karbondioksida (CO2) bertekanan mulai dikembangkan sebagai metode desinfeksi alternatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh pH dan suhu terhadap efektifitas desinfeksi E. coli. Penelitian dilakukan dalam dua tahap yaitu operasonal dengan variasi pH awal (4,7 dan 9) dilanjutkan dengan variasi suhu (20, 25, 30, 35, dan 40⁰C), selama 25 menit dengan tiga kali ulangan. Tekanan pada reaktor menggunakan tekanan 0.2 MPa. Perhitungan koloni E. coli menggunakan metode Total Plate Count (TPC). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rerata suhu cenderung mengalami peningkatan, sementara rerata pH serta jumlah E. coli mengalami penurunan. efek mikrobisidal paling efektif terjadi pada pH awal 4 dengan penurunan jumlah E. coli sebesar 73%. Suhu yang paling efektif untuk mendesinfeksi E. coli sebesar 86.7% adalah 40⁰C dengan suhu dan pH akhir sebesar 55⁰C dan 5.0 dimana jumlah E. coli yang semula 1.5 x 106 CFU/ml, tereduksi menjadi 0.2 x 106 CFU/ml.
Exercises to Form Linguistic Competence of Students-Musicians from China
Authors: Zabuga Antonina Aleksandrovna
Published: December 2020

The research objective includes developing a set of exercises for students-musicians from China at preparation faculties of the Russian higher musical schools. The article discusses one of the key problems in methodology of teaching Russian as a foreign language - the problem of teaching professionally oriented vocabulary. Scientific originality of the study involves developing a set of exercises exclusively for the Chinese audience, taking into account mentality, cultural and psychological peculiarities of this ethnic group. The proposed exercises are focused on forming students’ language skills and on enhancing acquisition of professional musical vocabulary at the initial stage of teaching Russian as a foreign language. The research findings are as follows: the author has developed and introduced into educational process a set of exercises aimed to promote the Chinese students’ Russian-language professional lexical skills and to form future specialists’ linguistic competence.
Competence-Based Approach to Organizing Pedagogical Students’ Autonomous Work on Foreign Language (by the Example of Home Reading)
Authors: Milbert Geniya Efimovna
Published: December 2020

The paper aims to justify relevance of the competence-based approach to organizing students’ autonomous work on a foreign language. The author defines the notions “competence”, “competency” and “autonomous work”, justifies the important role of students’ autonomous work on a foreign language in the process of competences formation. Scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that students’ autonomous work on a foreign language is looked upon through the lens of the competence-based approach and is considered a more efficient form of educational process organization. The research findings are as follows: the author proposes a way of organizing pedagogical students’ autonomous work on a foreign language taking into account formation of their professional and personal competences.
Chylothorax, a rare complication after anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Case report.
Authors: Pereira Duarte Matias , Camino Willhuber Gaston , Estefan Martin , Kido Gonzalo , Bassani Julio , Gruenberg Marcelo , Sola Carlos , Petracchi Matias
Published: December 2020

Introduction

Chylous leakage into the retroperitoneum is a rare complication after spinal surgery using an anterior retroperitoneal approach. Chylothorax is the presence of lymphatic fluid in the pleural cavity and it is even less frequent during these surgeries.

The aim of this work is to report the first case of isolated left chylothorax after a retroperitoneal Left Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion in supine position in an adult female patient.

 

Case

A female 30-years-old patient underwent L4-L5 anterior interbody fusion. Four days after the intervention she was diagnosed with isolated left chylothorax that was drained and treated conservatively with good outcomes.

 

Conclusion

Chylothorax is an extremely rare complication after anterior lumbar spine procedures, and it is usually secondary to a chyloretroperitoneum. We present a unique case of isolated chylothorax after anterior retroperitoneal lumbar approach successfully treated in a conservative manner.

 

Key Words

chylothorax; spine; lumbosacral region; arthrodesis.
The Ramifications of the Treasury Single Account, the Ifmis Platform, and Government Cash Management in Developing Economies in the Wake of the Covid-19 Pandemic: Ghana’s Empirical Example
Authors: Quarm Richmond Sam , Chepngenoh Florence , Sam-Quarm Richmond
Published: December 2020

In recent years, the combined effects of inflation, recession, high-interest rates, new investment media and technological advances in information processing have made “Cash Management” an increasingly important and complex subject (IMF, 2001; Ter-Minassian and Parente, 1995). At times, the desire and effort to squeeze out the most from every dollar and to minimise idle cash balances has become an obsession with many organisations and countries. Therefore, effective and efficient Cash Management has become a “sine qua non” for the success of any business organisation (Horcher, 2006a; White, 2006). And Countries, “as Corporate Entities”, are no exceptions to this basic fundamental business principle (Wood & Sangster, 2012). The Theoretical Framework of this study was underpinned by the Stakeholder Theory (Freeman, 1984), the Financial Management Theory (Hayes and Nolan, 1974; Kingston, 1973), and the Modern Money Theory (Friedman, 1964; Keynes, 1930; Mitchell-Innes, 1914). We conducted a cross-sectional research through non-probability and purposive sampling with 200 respondents. Our face-to-face interviews, structured closed-ended and open-ended Questionnaires which were administered online through email application via Google Forms (as a result of the novel, dreaded, and disruptive Covid-19 pandemic), coupled with PETS (Khan and Pessoa, 2010; Reinikka and Svennson, 2006) resulted in startling revelations. Our major finding was that a government lacking an efficient and effective control over its cash resources will definitely pay for its institutional deficiencies in multiple ways (Ahmed, 2016).
Die Dunkle Triade in einer deutschen repräsentativen Stichprobe
Authors: Krasko Julia , Kaiser Till
Published: December 2020

The so-called "Naughty Nine" is a psychometrically optimized German version of the "Dirty Dozen," a scale designed to assess the Dark Triad. This article examines different psychometric features of the Naughty Nine using a representative German sample. We compared several factor structures discussed in the literature and investigated measurement invariance across sex and age, using confirmatory factor analyses and locally weighted structural equation models. Further, we provide reference values for the Naughty Nine to rank individual raw values relative to a German reference population. The results show that bifactor models with Machiavellianism as the reference construct that defines the content of the general factor (the “Dark Core”) best represent the Naughty Nine. We found limitations of metric invariance across sex, which can mainly be attributed to indicators of psychopathy. Partial metric invariance was supported. Across age, we found evidence for metric invariance but also found limitations of scalar and strict invariance. Finally, we discuss the implications of investigating the Dark Triad using the Naughty Nine or the Dirty Dozen.
Centering the Margins: Knowledge Production in the Introductory Archaeology Course
Authors: Quave Kylie , Fie Shannon , Greiff AmySue Qing Qing , Agnew Drew Alis
Published: December 2020

Teaching introductory archaeology courses in US higher education typically falls short in two important ways: the courses do not represent the full picture of who contributes to reconstructing the past and do not portray the contemporary and future relevance of the archaeological past. In this paper, we use anti-colonial and decolonial theories to explain the urgency of revising the introductory archaeology curriculum for promoting equity in the discipline and beyond. We detail the pedagogical theories we employed in revising an introductory archaeology course at a small liberal arts college in the US and the specific changes we made to course structure, content, and teaching strategies. To examine the impacts on enrolled students and on who chose to enroll in the revised archaeology curriculum, we analyze student reflection essays and enrollment demographics. We find that students developed more complex understandings of the benefits and harms of archaeological knowledge production and could articulate how to address archaeology’s inequities. We also found that enrollment in archaeology courses at the college shifted to include greater proportions of students of color. These results support the notion that introductory archaeology courses should be substantially and continually revised.
A model-based method for detecting persistent cultural change using panel data
Authors: Vaisey Stephen , Kiley Kevin
Published: December 2020

Kiley and Vaisey (2020) recently published a method for assessing whether survey respondents appear to be changing their beliefs between waves or whether they instead appear to be repeating fixed responses with temporary local influences. This question is important because these processes reflect very different theoretical models of the evolution of “personal culture.” That is, if cultural beliefs are primarily public and responsive to external discourse, we should observe more updating as people respond to changes in their local environment. On the other hand, if cultural beliefs are primarily something learned early, then “settled dispositions” should be relatively resilient to change. In this paper, we build on Kiley and Vaisey (2020) and introduce an alternative method for distinguishing between cases where respondents appear be actively updating their responses and situations where respondents’ responses appear to be settled. This method, based on structural equation modeling, provides a close fit to the theoretical models outlined in Kiley and Vaisey (2020) and provides even stronger support for their claim that most survey responses reflect settled dispositions developed prior to adulthood.
A Study of the Radiation Damage at the Opened/Un-Opened Contact of a Deep Trench Capacitor DRAM
Authors: Lue Jen-Lang , Hsieh Michael , Kao Danny
Published: December 2020

This paper studies the effects of an electron beam and an ion beam in sample preparation at the borderless bit-line contact (CB) between a transistor and a bit line in a deep trench capacitor DRAM [1] using the Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and the Electron Energy Loss Spectroscope (EELS). An abnormal region in the Si substrate was observed using cross-sectional TEM (XTEM) analysis at both the opened and un-opened CB contacts when normal sample preparation procedures were applied. CBED (Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction) in the TEM verifies this region is a structure of amorphous Si. The EELS spectrum shows the relative thickness (t/λ) of the TEM sample at this amorphous region is similar to that of the single crystal Si substrate. Experimental results demonstrated that this region was the result of radiation damage caused by either the ion-beam scan or the ion-beam Pt metal deposition required for sample preparation in the Focused Ion Beam (FIB) system. This radiation damage was not caused by inline wafer processing. However, the radiation damage zone for an un-opened contact is smaller than that for an opened contact. The size of the radiation damage zone increases relative to the time of the ion beam exposure. Using electron-beam scan and electron-beam Pt metal deposition can prevent this radiation damage from occurring.
Sub-Zeptofarad Sensitivity Scanning Capacitance Microscopy Sensor
Authors: Dongmo H. , Hammond P. , Weaver J.
Published: December 2020

Scanning Capacitance Microscopy (SCM) is an Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) based technique that simultaneously records topography and local capacitance with high spatial resolution. This tool is based on the high frequency MOS capacitor theory, and is routinely used in failure analysis to discern the 2D carrier profiles and/or defects in insulator layers of semiconductor devices. An ac voltage induces a dynamic change in capacitance formed by the SCM tip and oxidized semiconductor sample surface. Because of the small contact area, sensitivity of the capacitance measurements must be lower than 10-18 F in a 1 kHz bandwidth. SCM sensors capable of such sensitivity are commonly based on the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) capacitance sensor, and rely on the detection of the frequency shift of a resonator. High operating frequency for the resonator significantly improves the measurement sensitivity. In this article, we describe a sensor for SCM with sub-zeptofarad (< 10-21 F) sensitivity based on the designs of Tran et. al., but realized using a phase – sensitive detection system. This results in improved low frequency noise in the capacitance measurement. This design has an operating frequency of 3 GHz when unloaded and a resonator Q around 110, resulting in an improvement of the system sensitivity over the conventional RCA CED sensor, and may be used in a commercial AFM system. The performance of this sensor is discussed and two-dimensional dopant profile from a semiconductor structure is presented. The limitations of bulk resonator SCM systems are discussed and the prospects for monolithic sensors are described in the context of a 0.35 µm SiGe BiCMOS process.
Highly Resistive AlN Formation in TiN / AlCu / TiN Stack Evidenced by EELS TEM and XPS
Authors: Delahaye B. , Fray H. , Brun J.P. , Guilbaud N. , Tabary P. , Lariviere S. , Basso D. , Modi M. , Idir M.
Published: December 2020

Electrical resistance of M1/M3 stack for Aluminium based technology showed anomalous values when no Ti is inserted between AlCu and cap TiN. Process investigations lead to suspect formation of AlN layer at this interface. Blanket wafers were processed at different temperatures to reproduce the layer formation and characterize the film by numerous techniques including XPS and EELS-TEM profiling. Full use of the different results shows the formation of a very thin (a few nms) and highly resistive AlN layer at the cap TiN / AlCu interface as well as a thicker but less resistive AlN layer at the bottom TiN / AlCu interface. PVD process changes were attempted to reduce the M1/M3 button stack resistance. Modification of the N2/Ar flow ratio for TiN sputtering shows slightly more stoechiometric TiN with reduced stack resistance by 35%.
State of the Art Substrate Manipulation as a Tool for Enhancing Product Performance
Authors: Gonzales Michael A. , Cabanillas Jose
Published: December 2020

Substrate modifications on the Integrated Circuit (IC) package provide opportunities for the Failure Analyst (FA) to troubleshoot a routing failure or allow a design engineer to create new routing possibilities for a prototype device. The results can mean the difference in finding the root cause of the problem and being early or late to market. This paper describes a variety of methods to open sections of the package circuit board to access and cut I/O traces interwoven throughout the package substrate. It also describes the use of conductive epoxies for connecting traces, vias and solders bumps. Restoring the solder mask with an ultraviolet (UV) light curing conformal coating is also discussed. This method was used to characterize ground sensitivities and simulate inductance effects on the package. The flexibility and fast turnaround time this method enables has already enhanced product performance.
Silicon and Package Preparation Options for Focused Ion Beam (FIB) Circuit Editing and General Packaging Failure Analysis
Authors: Herschbein Steven B. , Scrudato Carmelo F. , Worth George K. , Hermann Edward S.
Published: December 2020

The Focused Ion Beam (FIB) technique of internal modification for chip repair, layout verification, and internal signal probe access has become an integral part of the process for bringing advanced products to market. The pervasive switch from wire bond connections to single component flipchip solder bump mounting on high value products has greatly aided the task of FIB editing by placing the bare backside silicon of the die within easy reach. FIB chip circuit access begins with task-specific sample preparation. The package opening and silicon prep process is well defined and quite robust when full thickness chips are mounted to simple ceramic carriers. Unfortunately, the introduction of flexible organic laminate substrates and the development of stacked die packaging has further complicated the process. Multi-chip packages containing combinations of full thickness and thinned chips may be present. They could be wire-bond connected, or use Through-Silicon Vias (TSV) for double sided attachment. Multiple heat treatment cycles joining together materials with vastly different coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) may result in severe package warpage and stress. All of these conditions and possible combinations have served to invalidate key elements of the established sample preparation process, and made each presented case unique. As the FIB team works to develop new precision techniques for internal circuitry access, the greater semiconductor packaging development and failure analysis community has benefited from the introduction of new tooling and methodologies.
Analysis of Power MOSFET Active Temperature Cycling Failures
Authors: Kearney Ian
Published: December 2020

Performance degradation due to fatigue accumulation from the repetitive switching of high load current is critical to understanding robust power MOSFET product design. In this paper, we present a novel high-current-temperature (HCT) characterization system used to investigate real world powercycling failure mechanisms. The effects of electric current Joule heating, non-uniform temperature distribution and performance deterioration of discrete power devices are discussed. Thermal fatigue of solder joints and thick aluminum wire bonding are common weak spots with regard to power-cycling capability. We report performance failure mechanisms and discuss the superposition of contributing factors in defining root cause. Results discuss various package influences as part of a robust power MOSFET development process.