bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3D Nanoprinting of All-Metal Nanoprobes for Electric AFM Modes
Authors: Seewald Lukas Matthias , Sattelkow Jürgen , Brugger-Hatzl Michele , Kothleitner Gerald , Frerichs Hajo , Schwalb Christian , Hummel Stefan , Plank Harald
Published: December 2022

3D nanoprinting via focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is applied for fabrication of all-metal nanoprobes for atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based electrical operation modes. The 3D tip concept is based on a hollow-cone (HC) design, with all-metal material properties and apex radii in the sub-10 nm regime to allow for high-resolution imaging during morphological imaging, conductive AFM (CAFM) and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM). The study starts with design aspects to motivate the proposed HC architecture, followed by detailed fabrication characterization to identify and optimize FEBID process parameters. To arrive at desired material properties, e-beam assisted purification in low-pressure water atmospheres was applied at room temperature, which enabled the removal of carbon impurities from as-deposited structures. The microstructure of final HCs was analyzed via scanning transmission electron microscopy—high-angle annular dark field (STEM-HAADF), whereas electrical and mechanical properties were investigated in situ using micromanipulators. Finally, AFM/EFM/CAFM measurements were performed in comparison to non-functional, high-resolution tips and commercially available electric probes. In essence, we demonstrate that the proposed all-metal HCs provide the resolution capabilities of the former, with the electric conductivity of the latter onboard, combining both assets in one design.
Biocompatibility, Bioactivity, and Antibacterial Behaviour of Cerium-Containing Bioglass®
Authors: Gavinho Sílvia R. , Pádua Ana Sofia , Sá-Nogueira Isabel , Silva Jorge C. , Borges João P. , Costa Luis C. , Graça Manuel Pedro F.
Published: December 2022

The main reason for the increased use of dental implants in clinical practice is associated with aesthetic parameters. Implants are also presented as the only technique that conserves and stimulates natural bone. However, there are several problems associated with infections, such as peri-implantitis. This disease reveals a progressive inflammatory action that affects the hard and soft tissues surrounding the implant, leading to implant loss. To prevent the onset of this disease, coating the implant with bioactive glasses has been suggested. In addition to its intrinsic function of promoting bone regeneration, it is also possible to insert therapeutic ions, such as cerium. Cerium has several advantages when the aim is to improve osseointegration and prevent infectious problems with dental implant placement. It promotes increased growth and the differentiation of osteoblasts, improves the mechanical properties of bone, and prevents bacterial adhesion and proliferation that may occur on the implant surface. This antibacterial effect is due to its ability to disrupt the cell wall and membrane of bacteria, thus interfering with vital metabolic functions such as respiration. In addition, its antioxidant effect reverses oxidative stress after implantation in bone. In this work, Bioglass 45S5 with CeO2 with different percentages (0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 mol%) was developed by the melt-quenching method. The materials were analyzed in terms of morphological, structural, and biological (cytotoxicity, bioactivity, and antibacterial activity) properties. The addition of cerium did not promote structural changes to the bioactive glass, which shows no cytotoxicity for the Saos-2 cell line up to 25 mg/mL of extract concentration for all cerium contents. For the maximum cerium concentration (2 mol%) the bioactive glass shows an evident inhibitory effect for Escherichia coli and Streptococcus mutans bacteria. Furthermore, all samples showed the beginning of the deposition of a CaP-rich layer on the surface of the material after 24 h.
Influence of Clinical Decontamination Techniques on the Surface Characteristics of SLA Titanium Implant
Authors: Bayrak Meltem , Kocak-Oztug Necla Asli , Gulati Karan , Cintan Serdar , Cifcibasi Emine
Published: December 2022

The study aims: 1. To perform diode laser, titanium (Ti) brush, and Ti curette treatment on sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) Ti surfaces, with/without H2O2 and CHX, 2. To investigate the influence of decontamination techniques on implant surface topography and hydrophilicity. Diode laser, Ti brush, and Ti curette treatments were performed on the Grade 4 Ti discs, with/without treatment with 3% H2O2 solution or 0.2% CHX. Surface characteristics were investigated via SEM, optical profilometry, and water contact angle meter. SEM findings revealed flat and scratched areas when treated with Ti curette and Ti brush. For diode laser, SEM showed melting in specific areas. Ra and Rt values were lower in all test groups than in the control group (p < 0.05). The adjunctive chemical treatment showed negligible effects in SEM images and surface roughness measurements compared to laser and mechanical treatment-only groups. H2O2 treatment resulted in enhanced hydrophilicity in either treatment modalities with a significant difference compared to the negative control group (p < 0.05). In all test groups, the hydrophilicity was enhanced compared to the negative control group (p < 0.05). Diode laser treatment had the least disruptive effect on the Ti surface characteristics. The use of other mechanical methods caused significant alterations in the surface roughness.
One-Step Synthesized Iron-Carbon Core-Shell Nanoparticles to Activate Persulfate for Effective Degradation of Tetrabromobisphenol A: Performance and Activation Mechanism
Authors: Yu Yunjiang , Liu Chang , Yang Chenyu , Yu Yang , Lu Lun , Ma Ruixue , Li Liangzhong
Published: December 2022

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), as an emerging endocrine disrupter, has been considered one of the persistent organic contaminants in water. It is urgently necessary to develop an efficient technique for the effective removal of TBBPA from water. Herein, a one-step hydrothermal synthesis route was employed to prepare a novel iron-carbon core-shell nanoparticle (Fe@MC) for effectively activating persulfate (PS) to degrade TBBPA. Morphological and structural characterization indicated that the prepared Fe@MC had a typical core-shell structure composed of a 5 nm thick graphene-like carbon shell and a multi-valence iron core. It can be seen that 94.9% of TBBPA (10 mg/L) could be degraded within 30 min at pH = 7. This excellent catalytic activity was attributed to the synergistic effect of the porous carbon shell and a multi-valence iron core. The porous carbon shell could effectively prevent the leaching of metal ions and facilitate PS activation due to its electron transfer capability. Furthermore, numerous micro-reaction zones could be formed on the surface of Fe@MC during the rapid TBBPA removal process. Radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technology indicated that reactive oxygen species (ROS), including OH, SO4−, O2−, and 1O2, were involved in the TBBPA degradation process. Based on density functional theory (DFT) calculation, the carbon atoms linked by phenolic hydroxyl groups would be more vulnerable to attack by electron-rich groups; the central carbon was cracked and hydroxylated to generate short-chain aliphatic acids. The toxicity evaluation provides clear evidence for the promising application potential of our prepared material for the efficient removal of TBBPA from water.
Insights into the Stability of Graphene Oxide Aqueous Dispersions
Authors: Costinas Codrut , Salagean Catalin Alexandru , Cotet Liviu Cosmin , Baia Monica , Todea Milica , Magyari Klara , Baia Lucian
Published: December 2022

Understanding graphene oxide’s stability (or lack thereof) in liquid solvents is critical for fine-tuning the material’s characteristics and its potential involvement in future applications. In this work, through the use of structural and surface investigations, the alteration of the structural and edge-surface properties of 2D graphene oxide nanosheets was monitored over a period of eight weeks by involving DLS, zeta potential, XRD, XPS, Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy techniques. The samples were synthesized as an aqueous suspension by an original modified Marcano-Tour method centred on the sono-chemical exfoliation of graphite. Based on the acquired experimental results and the available literature, a phenomenological explanation of the two underlying mechanisms responsible for the meta-stability of graphene oxide aqueous dispersions is proposed. It is based on the cleavage of the carbon bonds in the first 3–4 weeks, while the bonding of oxygen functional groups on the carbon lattice occurs, and the transformation of epoxide and hydroxyl groups into adsorbed water molecules in a process driven by the availability of hydrogen in graphene oxide nanosheets.
Graphene Nanoflake- and Carbon Nanotube-Supported Iron–Potassium 3D-Catalysts for Hydrocarbon Synthesis from Syngas
Authors: Chernyak Sergei A. , Stolbov Dmitrii N. , Maslakov Konstantin I. , Kazantsev Ruslan V. , Eliseev Oleg L. , Moskovskikh Dmitry O. , Savilov Serguei V.
Published: December 2022

Transformation of carbon oxides into valuable feedstocks is an important challenge nowadays. Carbon oxide hydrogenation to hydrocarbons over iron-based catalysts is one of the possible ways for this transformation to occur. Carbon supports effectively increase the dispersion of such catalysts but possess a very low bulk density, and their powders can be toxic. In this study, spark plasma sintering was used to synthesize new bulk and dense potassium promoted iron-based catalysts, supported on N-doped carbon nanomaterials, for hydrocarbon synthesis from syngas. The sintered catalysts showed high activity of up to 223 μmolCO/gFe/s at 300–340 °C and a selectivity to C5+ fraction of ~70% with a high portion of olefins. The promising catalyst performance was ascribed to the high dispersity of iron carbide particles, potassium promotion of iron carbide formation and stabilization of the active sites with nitrogen-based functionalities. As a result, a bulk N-doped carbon-supported iron catalyst with 3D structure was prepared, for the first time, by a fast method, and demonstrated high activity and selectivity in hydrocarbon synthesis. The proposed technique can be used to produce well-shaped carbon-supported catalysts for syngas conversion.
The Rectifying Contact of Hydrated Different Size YSZ Nanoparticles for Advanced Electronics
Authors: Doroshkevich Alexander S. , Zakharova Anna S. , Oksengendler Boris L. , Lyubchyk Andriy I. , Lyubchyk Sergiy I. , Lyubchyk Svitlana B. , Tatarinova Alisa A. , Kirillov Andriy K. , Vasilenko Tatyana A. , Gorban Oksana O. , Bodnarchuk Viktor I. , Nikiforova Nadejda N. , Zakharova Elena A. , Balasoiu Maria , Mardare Diana M. , Mita Carmen , Stanculescu Anca , Mirzayev Matlab N. , Nabiyev Asif A. , Popov Evgeni P. , Khiem Le Hong , Donkov Alexander A. , Teofilović Vesna , Jasinska Bozena , Chicea Dan , Konstantinova Tatyana Ye.
Published: December 2022

The paper considers the new effects of the nanoscale state of matter, which open up prospects for the development of electronic devices using new physical principles. The contacts of chemically homogeneous nanoparticles of yttrium-stabilized zirconium oxide (ZrO2—x mol% Y2O3, x = 0, 3, 4, 8; YSZ) with different sizes of 7.5 nm and 9 nm; 7.5 nm and 11 nm; and 7.5 nm and 14 nm, respectively, was studied on direct current using nanostructured objects in the form of compacts obtained by high-hydrostatic pressure (HP-compacts of 300MPa). A unique size effect of the nonlinear (rectifying-type contact) dependence of the electrical properties (in the region U < 2.5 V, I ≤ 2.7 mA) of the contact of different-sized YSZ nanoparticles of the same chemical composition is revealed, which indicates the possibility of creating semiconductor structures of a new type (homogeneous electronics). The electronic structure of the near-surface regions of nanoparticles of studied oxide materials and the possibility of obtaining specifically rectifying properties of the contacts were studied theoretically. Models of surface states of the Tamm-type are constructed considering the Coulomb long-range action. The discovered energy variance and its dependence on the curvature of the surface of nanoparticles made it possible to study the conditions for the formation of a contact potential difference in cases of nanoparticles of the same radius (synergistic effect), different radii (doped and undoped variants), as well as to discover the possibility of describing a group of powder particles within the Anderson model. The determined effect makes it possible to solve the problem of diffusion instability of semiconductor heterojunctions and opens up prospects for creating electronic devices with a fundamentally new level of properties for use in various fields of the economy and breakthrough critical technologies.
Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery: From History to Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Afzal Obaid , Altamimi Abdulmalik S. A. , Nadeem Muhammad Shahid , Alzarea Sami I. , Almalki Waleed Hassan , Tariq Aqsa , Mubeen Bismillah , Murtaza Bibi Nazia , Iftikhar Saima , Riaz Naeem , Kazmi Imran
Published: December 2022

Current research into the role of engineered nanoparticles in drug delivery systems (DDSs) for medical purposes has developed numerous fascinating nanocarriers. This paper reviews the various conventionally used and current used carriage system to deliver drugs. Due to numerous drawbacks of conventional DDSs, nanocarriers have gained immense interest. Nanocarriers like polymeric nanoparticles, mesoporous nanoparticles, nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, liposomes, metallic nanoparticles, nanomedicine, and engineered nanomaterials are used as carriage systems for targeted delivery at specific sites of affected areas in the body. Nanomedicine has rapidly grown to treat certain diseases like brain cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and many others. These nanomedicines can improve drug bioavailability and drug absorption time, reduce release time, eliminate drug aggregation, and enhance drug solubility in the blood. Nanomedicine has introduced a new era for drug carriage by refining the therapeutic directories of the energetic pharmaceutical elements engineered within nanoparticles. In this context, the vital information on engineered nanoparticles was reviewed and conferred towards the role in drug carriage systems to treat many ailments. All these nanocarriers were tested in vitro and in vivo. In the coming years, nanomedicines can improve human health more effectively by adding more advanced techniques into the drug delivery system.
Synthesis and Applications of Dimensional SnS2 and SnS2/Carbon Nanomaterials
Authors: Diko Catherine Sekyerebea , Abitonze Maurice , Liu Yining , Zhu Yimin , Yang Yan
Published: December 2022

Dimensional nanomaterials can offer enhanced application properties benefiting from their sizes and morphological orientations. Tin disulfide (SnS2) and carbon are typical sources of dimensional nanomaterials. SnS2 is a semiconductor with visible light adsorption properties and has shown high energy density and long cycle life in energy storage processes. The integration of SnS2 and carbon materials has shown enhanced visible light absorption and electron transmission efficiency. This helps to alleviate the volume expansion of SnS2 which is a limitation during energy storage processes and provides a favorable bandgap in photocatalytic degradation. Several innovative approaches have been geared toward controlling the size, shape, and hybridization of SnS2/Carbon composite nanostructures. However, dimensional nanomaterials of SnS2 and SnS2/Carbon have rarely been discussed. This review summarizes the synthesis methods of zero-, one-, two-, and three-dimensional SnS2 and SnS2/Carbon composite nanomaterials through wet and solid-state synthesis strategies. Moreover, the unique properties that promote their advances in photocatalysis and energy conversion and storage are discussed. Finally, some remarks and perspectives on the challenges and opportunities for exploring advanced SnS2/Carbon nanomaterials are presented.
Hypomyelinating Leukodystrophy 10 (HLD10)-Associated Mutations of PYCR2 Form Large Size Mitochondria, Inhibiting Oligodendroglial Cell Morphological Differentiation
Authors: Torii Tomohiro , Shirai Remina , Kiminami Risa , Nishino Satoshi , Sato Takanari , Sawaguchi Sui , Fukushima Nana , Seki Yoichi , Miyamoto Yuki , Yamauchi Junji
Published: December 2022

Hypomyelinating leukodystrophy 10 (HLD10) is an autosomal recessive disease related to myelin sheaths in the central nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, myelin sheaths are derived from differentiated plasma membranes of oligodendrocytes (oligodendroglial cells) and surround neuronal axons to achieve neuronal functions. Nucleotide mutations of the pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 2 (PYCR2) gene are associated with HLD10, likely due to PYCR2’s loss-of-function. PYCR2 is a mitochondrial residential protein and catalyzes pyrroline-5-carboxylate to an amino acid proline. Here, we describe how each of the HLD10-associated missense mutations, Arg119-to-Cys [R119C] and Arg251-to-Cys [R251C], lead to forming large size mitochondria in the FBD-102b cell line, which is used as an oligodendroglial cell differentiation model. In contrast, the wild type proteins did not participate in the formation of large size mitochondria. Expression of each of the mutated R119C and R251C proteins in cells increased the fusion abilities in mitochondria and decreased their fission abilities relatively. The respective mutant proteins, but not wild type proteins also decreased the activities of mitochondria. While cells expressing the wild type proteins exhibited differentiated phenotypes with widespread membranes and increased expression levels of differentiation marker proteins following the induction of differentiation, cells harboring each of the mutant proteins did not. Taken together, these results indicate that an HLD10-associated PYCR2 mutation leads to the formation of large mitochondria with decreased activities, inhibiting oligodendroglial cell morphological differentiation. These results may reveal some of the pathological mechanisms in oligodendroglial cells underlying HLD10 at the molecular and cellular levels.
Assessment of Vitamin D Status in Slovenian Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women, Using Total, Free, and Bioavailable 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D)
Authors: Vičič Vid , Kukec Andreja , Kugler Saša , Geršak Ksenija , Osredkar Joško , Pandel Mikuš Ruža
Published: December 2022

The objective of our study was to evaluate vitamin D status and its predictors in Slovenian premenopausal and postmenopausal women. A cross-sectional study was carried out between 1 March 2021 and 31 May 2021. A total of 319 healthy women from the Central Slovenian region aged between 44 and 65 were recruited; 176 were included in the final analysis. The vitamin D status was determined by measuring the total 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D) concentration, vitamin D binding protein (DBP), and albumin and calculating the bioavailable 25(OH)D and free 25(OH)D. For the calculation of bioavailable and free 25(OH)D, we developed a new online calculator. The Endocrine Society’s thresholds for vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were used; 29.0% of premenopausal and 24.4% of postmenopausal subjects were found to be vitamin D deficient (total 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L); 76.8% of the premenopausal and 61.7% of postmenopausal subjects were found to have insufficient levels (total 25(OH)D < 75 nmol/L). Premenopausal women had 11.8% lower total 25(OH)D, 32.2% lower bioavailable 25(OH)D, and 25.2% higher DBP than postmenopausal women. The most important predictors of vitamin D status were vitamin D supplementation and time spent in the sun. Contrary to similar studies, the vitamin D status in Slovenian postmenopausal women was significantly better than in premenopausal women. In postmenopausal women, the measurement of free or bioavailable 25(OH)D instead of the total 25(OH)D could be advantageous.
Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Medication Errors among Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study in Major Jeddah Hospitals
Authors: Alandajani Alham , Khalid Bahariah , Ng Yee Guan , Banakhar Maram
Published: December 2022

Medication error is a multifactorial problem that mainly involves missing or bypassing the administration, which may have life-threatening impacts on the patient. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of information on medication errors among nurses in Saudi Arabia. This study investigates the knowledge and attitudes toward medication errors and their associated factors among nurses in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in four major public hospitals by recruiting a total of 408 nurses using cluster random sampling and proportional stratified sampling techniques. Data were gathered using an online self-administered questionnaire from January to March 2022. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression models were performed to analyze the data. The prevalence of medication error among the nurses was 72.1%, only 41.2% were reported, while wrong doses (46.9%) were the most common type of medication error. Approximately 55% and 50% of the respondents demonstrated good knowledge and a positive attitude toward medication errors, respectively. The prevalence of medication error was associated with age groups of less than 25, and 25–35 years old, King Fahad and King Abdulaziz hospitals, no history of attending an MER training course, poor knowledge, and negative attitude. These findings reflect a high prevalence of medication error among nurses in Saudi Arabia, and the factors identified could be considered in mitigating this important health problem.
‘Pera’ Orange and ‘Moro’ Blood Orange Juice Improves Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response Biomarkers and Modulates the Gut Microbiota of Individuals with Insulin Resistance and Different Obesity Classes
Authors: de Santana Aline Alves , de Castro Tobaruela Eric , dos Santos Karina Gama , Sparvoli Luiz Gustavo , do Amaral Cristiane Kovacs , Magnoni Carlos Daniel , Taddei Carla R. , dos Santos Ronaldo Vagner Thomatieli , Hassimotto Neuza Mariko Aymoto , Lajolo Franco Maria
Published: December 2022

Orange juice contains flavanones, which are associated with reducing the risk of obesity-associated diseases. We evaluated the effects of two varieties of orange juices on the oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and gut microbiota of individuals with insulin resistance and different obesity classes. In a randomized crossover study, obese patients consumed ‘Pera’ (POJ—source of flavanones) and ‘Moro’ (MOJ—source of flavanones and anthocyanins) orange juices for 15 days. Blood, urine, and fecal samples were collected before and after the intervention. Daily orange juice intake significantly reduced HDL and total cholesterol, in addition to urinary 8-OHdG and plasmatic MCP-1 levels. Multivariate analyses highlighted the beneficial effects of orange juice intake, mainly the modulation of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers. Patients in different obesity classes presented a gut microbiota with obesity-associated alterations (dysbiosis), and the consumption of Pera and Moro orange juices improved this profile by modulating their gut microbiota in different ways. Although the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio changed after both interventions, MOJ provided more accentuated changes than POJ. Blautia, Bifidobacterium, and other genera had their relative abundance altered by juice consumption, which correlated with patient parameters (such as HDL-cholesterol and diastolic blood pressure) and biomarkers (such as TNF-α and 8-OHdG). In conclusion, regular orange juice intake can be associated with a reduction in oxidative stress and inflammatory response, in addition to modulating gut microbiota.
Neighboring Nitrogen Atom-Induced Reactions of Azidoacetyl Hydrazides, including Unexpected Nitrogen-Nitrogen Bond Cleavage of the Hydrazide
Authors: Tanimoto Hiroki , Adachi Ryo , Otsuki Aoi , Tomohiro Takenori
Published: December 2022

We studied the hydrazide compounds of the α-azidoacetyl group, which showed specific click reactivity by the intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the azido group and the N-H of the hydrazide moiety. In the competitive click reactions with a general alkyl azide, both traceless and non-traceless Staudinger-Bertozzi ligation occurred azide-site-selectively by the acceleration effect of the hydrogen bonding. However, the product obtained from the traceless reaction was further transformed into heterocyclic compounds. In addition, in an attempt at a synthesis of naphthalimide-possessing azidoacetyl hydrazide, nitrogen-nitrogen bond cleavage of the azidoacetyl hydrazides occurred to give the reduced amine product. These unexpected results could help design molecules for the successful Staudinger-Bertozzi ligation of the hydrazide compounds and develop a new nitrogen-nitrogen bond cleavage method.
Pros and Cons of Two Methods of Anaerobic Alactic Energy Assessment in a High-Intensity CrossFit® Workout
Authors: Rios Manoel , Reis Victor Machado , Soares Susana , Moreira-Gonçalves Daniel , Fernandes Ricardo J.
Published: December 2022

The current study aimed to evidence the strengths and weaknesses of two indirect methods for assessing the anaerobic alactic contribution to a specific CrossFit® workout. Thirty experienced crossfitters performed the Fran workout at maximal intensity, and ventilatory data were collected during the recovery period using a telemetric portable gas analyser to assess the oxygen uptake (VO2) of the off-kinetics fast component (Anarecovery). The kinetics of maximal phosphocreatine splitting (AnaPCr) were determined based on the literature. No differences between the two methods were observed (31.4 ± 4.0 vs. 30.4 ± 4.1 kJ for Anarecovery and AnaPCr, respectively). Despite the existence of some caveats (e.g., errors derived from a delay at the onset of VO2 recovery and the assumption of given values in the concentration of phosphocreatine per kilogram of wet muscle, respectively) in both methods, the data indicate that they yield similar results and allow for estimations of alactic energy contribution from a short-duration and high intensity CrossFit® routine. The current data contributes to CrossFit® workout evaluations and training strategies, helping researchers to evaluate crossfitters more accurately. The advantage of the two methods used in the current study is that they are non-invasive, which differs greatly from muscle biopsies.
Landscape of TB Infection and Prevention among People Living with HIV
Authors: Vasiliu Anca , Abelman Rebecca , Kherabi Yousra , Iswari Saktiawati Antonia Morita , Kay Alexander
Published: December 2022

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of mortality in people living with HIV (PLHIV) and contributes to up to a third of deaths in this population. The World Health Organization guidelines aim to target early detection and treatment of TB among PLHIV, particularly in high-prevalence and low-resource settings. Prevention plays a key role in the fight against TB among PLHIV. This review explores TB screening tools available for PLHIV, including symptom-based screening, chest radiography, tuberculin skin tests, interferon gamma release assays, and serum biomarkers. We then review TB Preventive Treatment (TPT), shown to reduce the progression to active TB and mortality among PLHIV, and available TPT regimens. Last, we highlight policy-practice gaps and barriers to implementation as well as ongoing research needs to lower the burden of TB and HIV coinfection through preventive activities, innovative diagnostic tests, and cost-effectiveness studies.
Assessment of Risk of Exposure to Leishmania Parasites among Renal Disease Patients from a Renal Unit in a Sri Lankan Endemic Leishmaniasis Focus
Authors: Menike Chandrani , Dassanayake Rajeewa , Wickremasinghe Renu , Seneviwickrama Maheeka , De Alwis Indika , Abd El Wahed Ahmed , Ranasinghe Shalindra
Published: December 2022

Leishmania donovani causes both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis (CL and VL) in Sri Lanka, where chronic kidney disease (CKD) and kidney transplant recipients’ (KTR) geographical areas overlap. This study aimed to determine the risk of exposure to Leishmania infection among renal patients. This cross-sectional study in a renal unit assessed clinical symptoms and signs of CL and VL in recipients of blood/kidney or immunosuppressives. Sera were tested with Leishmania-specific DAT and rK-39 ELISA. There were 170 participants. A total of 84.1% (n = 143) were males (CKD: 101, KTR; 42, mean age 45) and 27 were females (females: CKD: 23, KTR: 4, mean age 39 years). Recipients of blood transfusion/s within last 2 years: 75.9% (CKD: 115, KTR: 14), on immunosuppressive therapy: 34.1% (CKD: 13, KTR: 45). Two CKD patients repeatedly showed clear positive titres (1: 12,800 and 1: 3200) with Leishmania-DAT and another two (CKD) became marginally positive with rK39-ELISA. Prevalence of anti-Leishmania antibodies: 2.4% (4/170). All four patients were clinically asymptomatic and were recipients of recent blood transfusions. Attributable risk of exposure to Leishmania infection through blood transfusions was 0.032, OR 2.99 (95% CI = 0.16 to 56.45, p = 0.47). Therefore, routine screening of kidney/blood donors and CKD and KTR patients in Sri Lanka may not be necessary.
A Systemic Study of Subcellular Localization of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Proteins
Authors: Zhu Huixin , Li Zitong , Bai Juan , Jiang Ping , Wang Xianwei , Liu Xing
Published: December 2022

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a highly pathogenic enteric coronavirus, is regarded as one of the most severe porcine pathogens. To date, there are still no commercial vaccines or drugs that can provide full protection against the epidemic strains. A better understanding of the subcellular location of individual proteins could benefit from studying the protein functions and mechanisms of how the virus regulates key cellular processes, finally leading to the development of antiviral agents. In this study, we characterized the subcellular localization of PEDV proteins using multi-labeled fluorescent immunocytochemistry. As a result, 11 proteins showed cytoplasmic distribution and 10 proteins showed both cytoplasmic and nuclear distribution. Furthermore, we demonstrated that four proteins (Nsp3, Nsp4, Nsp6, and S1) were co-localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), while four proteins (Nsp2, S2, N, and ORF3) were partially observed in the ER, two proteins (E and M) were co-localized in the Golgi apparatus, and two proteins (Nsp2 and E) were partially co-localized with the mitochondria. These viral proteins may perform specific functions at specific cellular locations. Together, these results describe a subcellular localization map of PEDV proteins, which will help to characterize the functions of these proteins in the future.
Detection and Molecular Characterization of Canine Distemper Virus in Wildlife from Northern Italy
Authors: Trogu Tiziana , Castelli Anna , Canziani Sabrina , Tolini Clara , Carrera Maya , Sozzi Enrica , Lelli Davide , Tosi Giovanni , Fiorentini Laura , Di Donato Alessandra , Rugna Gianluca , Lanci Danilo , Lavazza Antonio , Moreno Ana
Published: December 2022

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a fatal, highly contagious disease found in wild and domestic carnivores. Several outbreaks have occurred in wildlife in Italy in recent years. This study aims to detect CDV in wildlife following the increasing mortality of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the Emilia-Romagna region (northern Italy) observed in 2021. Sixty-seven foxes and one badger (Meles meles) were subjected to necropsy followed by histological examination and were analyzed with molecular techniques to detect the presence of CDV. Of the tested animals, 16% (nine foxes and one badger) were positive for CDV. Phylogenetic analysis showed two different lineages based on complete H gene sequences. The Europe/South America-1 lineage was detected in one fox from Modena, which resembled the CDV variant associated with a previous outbreak in northern Italy in 2018, while the European Wildlife lineage was detected in animals from the Rimini province. Amino acid analysis highlighted a Y549H mutation in all sequences collected, which is commonly associated with increased virulence.
An Insight into the Genome of Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Acanthamoeba
Authors: Sharma Chayan , Khurana Sumeeta , Arora Amit , Bhatia Alka , Gupta Amit
Published: December 2022

Background: Acanthamoeba are amphizoic amoeba majorly responsible for causing Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) and Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE). Despite its ubiquitous nature, the frequency of infections is not high, probably due to the existence of non-pathogenic isolates. The whole-genome sequencing and an annotated genome assembly can unravel the biological functions and help in identifying probable genes related to pathogenicity. Methods: Illumina and Nanopore sequencing were performed for keratitis, encephalitis, and non-pathogenic environmental isolates. Hybrid assembly was prepared for the AK and GAE isolates, while only the Illumina reads were utilized for a non-pathogenic environmental isolate. Protein coding genes were identified using the GeneMark-ES program and BLASTx module of Diamond used for gene prediction. Additionally, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes annotation and cluster of orthologous group’s annotation using RPS-blast against the CDD database was performed. The subsequent data analysis and validation will help identify probable pathogenic genes. Results: The genome assemblies of 9.67, 8.34, and 8.89 GBs were reported for GAE, AK, and non-pathogenic isolate, respectively. KEGG reported 22,946 in GAE, 24,231 in keratitis, and 9367 genes in the environmental isolate. The COG annotation revealed 3232 in GAE, 3403 in keratitis, and 1314 genes in the non-pathogenic isolate. Conclusion: The present study has attempted to generate de novo hybrid genome assemblies of Acanthamoeba that would help decode the genome of free-living amoeba and will provide genomic data for a better understanding of virulence-related factors.
Hexameric Aggregation Nucleation Core Sequences and Diversity of Pathogenic Tau Strains
Authors: Wu Ling , Madhavan Sidharth S. , Tan Christopher , Xu Bin
Published: December 2022

Tau aggregation associates with multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease and rare tauopathies such as Pick’s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration. The molecular and structural basis of tau aggregation and related diverse misfolded tau strains are not fully understood. To further understand tau-protein aggregation mechanisms, we performed systematic truncation mutagenesis and mapped key segments of tau proteins that contribute to tau aggregation, where it was determined that microtubule binding domains R2 and R3 play critical roles. We validated that R2- or R3-related hexameric PHF6 and PHF6* peptide sequences are necessary sequences that render tau amyloidogenicity. We also determined that the consensus VQI peptide sequence is not sufficient for amyloidogenicity. We further proposed single- and dual-nucleation core-based strain classifications based on recent cryo-EM structures. We analyzed the structural environment of the hexameric peptide sequences in diverse tau strains in tauopathies that, in part, explains why the VQI consensus core sequence is not sufficient to induce tau aggregation. Our experimental work and complementary structural analysis highlighted the indispensible roles of the hexameric core sequences, and shed light on how the interaction environment of these core sequences contributes to diverse pathogenic tau-strains formation in various tauopathy brains.
Solubility Characteristics of Acetaminophen and Phenacetin in Binary Mixtures of Aqueous Organic Solvents: Experimental and Deep Machine Learning Screening of Green Dissolution Media
Authors: Cysewski Piotr , Jeliński Tomasz , Przybyłek Maciej , Nowak Wiktor , Olczak Michał
Published: December 2022

The solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients is a mandatory physicochemical characteristic in pharmaceutical practice. However, the number of potential solvents and their mixtures prevents direct measurements of all possible combinations for finding environmentally friendly, operational and cost-effective solubilizers. That is why support from theoretical screening seems to be valuable. Here, a collection of acetaminophen and phenacetin solubility data in neat and binary solvent mixtures was used for the development of a nonlinear deep machine learning model using new intuitive molecular descriptors derived from COSMO-RS computations. The literature dataset was augmented with results of new measurements in aqueous binary mixtures of 4-formylmorpholine, DMSO and DMF. The solubility values back-computed with the developed ensemble of neural networks are in perfect agreement with the experimental data, which enables the extensive screening of many combinations of solvents not studied experimentally within the applicability domain of the trained model. The final predictions were presented not only in the form of the set of optimal hyperparameters but also in a more intuitive way by the set of parameters of the Jouyban–Acree equation often used in the co-solvency domain. This new and effective approach is easily extendible to other systems, enabling the fast and reliable selection of candidates for new solvents and directing the experimental solubility screening of active pharmaceutical ingredients.
Biomedicine Innovations and Its Nanohydrogel Classifications
Authors: Makhathini Sifiso S. , Mdanda Sipho , Kondiah Pariksha J. , Kharodia Moosa E. , Rumbold Karl , Alagidede Imhotep , Pathak Yashwant , Bulbulia Zain , Rants’o Thankhoe A. , Kondiah Pierre P. D.
Published: December 2022

As one of the most cutting-edge and promising polymer crosslinked network nanoparticle systems. Polymer nano-sized hydrogels (nanogels) have been a hot topic in the biomedical field over the last few decades. Due to their unique characteristics, which include their relatively high drug encapsulation efficiency, ease of preparation, high tunability, low toxicity, high stability in serum and responsive behavior to a range of stimuli to facilitate drug release. Nanogels are thought to be the next generation of drug delivery systems that can completely change the way that drug delivery systems have an impact on patients’ lives. Nanogels have demonstrated significant potential in a variety of fields, including chemotherapy, diagnosis, organ targeting, and delivery of bioactive molecules of different dimensions. However, the lack of substantial clinical data from nanogels becomes one of the major barriers to translating the nanogel concept into a practical therapeutic application for many disease conditions. In addition, nanogel safety profiles have been the major concern that hinders it advancement to the clinical trial phase. This review aims to emphasize the unique properties of nanogels as delivery systems for a variety of bioactive molecules over other nano-delivery systems. Also, this review attempts to give insight into the recent progress in nanogels as a carrier in the field of nanomedicine to overcome complex biological barriers. Relevant scientific data and clinical rationale for the development and the potential use of nanogel as a carrier for targeted therapeutic interventions are discussed. Finally, the concluding points of this review highlight the importance of understanding the long-term toxicity profile of nanogel within the biological system to fully understand their biocompatibility.
Influence of the Alcohols on the ZnO Synthesis and Its Properties: The Photocatalytic and Antimicrobial Activities
Authors: Motelica Ludmila , Vasile Bogdan-Stefan , Ficai Anton , Surdu Adrian-Vasile , Ficai Denisa , Oprea Ovidiu-Cristian , Andronescu Ecaterina , Jinga Dan Corneliu , Holban Alina Maria
Published: December 2022

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials are used in various health-related applications, from antimicrobial textiles to wound dressing composites and from sunscreens to antimicrobial packaging. Purity, surface defects, size, and morphology of the nanoparticles are the main factors that influence the antimicrobial properties. In this study, we are comparing the properties of the ZnO nanoparticles obtained by solvolysis using a series of alcohols: primary from methanol to 1-hexanol, secondary (2-propanol and 2-butanol), and tertiary (tert-butanol). While the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles is successfully accomplished in all primary alcohols, the use of secondary or tertiary alcohols does not lead to ZnO as final product, underlining the importance of the used solvent. The shape of the obtained nanoparticles depends on the alcohol used, from quasi-spherical to rods, and consequently, different properties are reported, including photocatalytic and antimicrobial activities. In the photocatalytic study, the ZnO obtained in 1-butanol exhibited the best performance against methylene blue (MB) dye solution, attaining a degradation efficiency of 98.24%. The comparative study among a series of usual model dyes revealed that triarylmethane dyes are less susceptible to photo-degradation. The obtained ZnO nanoparticles present a strong antimicrobial activity on a broad range of microorganisms (bacterial and fungal strains), the size and shape being the important factors. This permits further tailoring for use in medical applications.
Comparison of Students’ Self-Assessment and Simulated Patient Assessment in a Patient Counseling Evaluation and Perceived Importance of Communication Skills
Authors: Wettergreen Sara A. , Pearson Maria J. , Scoular Sarah K.
Published: December 2022

The primary objective of this study was to compare students’ self-assessment ratings with simulated patient (SP) assessment ratings of communication skills in a patient counseling Objective Structured Clinical Exam (OSCE). The secondary objective was to evaluate student perceptions of the importance of communication skills in the practice of pharmacy as well as the impact of a virtual OSCE format. First-year pharmacy students completed an OSCE focused on self-care product counseling. The evaluation was graded using a rubric covering both verbal and non-verbal communication. Students who completed the course were provided a 15-question, post-evaluation survey with questions related to self-assessment of communication skills and perceptions of the importance of communication skills. Of the 138 students in the course, 68 completed the optional post-assessment survey (49% response rate). There were no statistically significant differences between the ratings by students and SPs for the four communication elements included in the self-assessment. Most of the students recognized the importance of communication skills, including developing rapport and trust. Recognition of the importance of communication skills to future practice as a pharmacist positively correlated with performance on the evaluation (r2 = 0.5409, p-value = 0.0007). Student self-assessment is an effective and cost-effective mode of feedback for practice experiences as an alternative to the use of SPs.
In Vivo and In Silico Study of Photodynamic Necrosis Volume in Rat Liver
Authors: Garcia Marlon Rodrigues , Sánchez Víctor , Fortunato Thereza Cury , Requena Michelle Barreto , Grecco Clóvis , Vollet-Filho José Dirceu , Pires Layla , Moriyama Lilian Tan , Pratavieira Sebastião
Published: December 2022

Photodynamic therapy is a treatment modality that can be used to treat various types of lesions. To produce cell death, reaching a certain threshold dose of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is required. The estimation of ROS production is of paramount importance to predict the depth of necrosis and to ensure that the volume to be treated receives doses higher than the threshold. In this study, we compared a theoretical model for PDT based on Monte Carlo simulations of light irradiance and rate equations with a rat liver model. At the end of the simulation, necrosis depths and volumes were estimated, as well as the photosensitizer (PS), oxygen, and ROS concentrations at each position of the treated area. From the in vivo study, we obtained the ROS concentration threshold of about 1 mM for Photogem in rat liver. This proposed method can be used for any PS or tissue, including tissues with multiple layers. The proposed method can be used to estimate parameters for any PS or tissue, including layered tissues, as long as their parameters are known. In addition, other protocols can be tested, or compared with the standard ones, providing the bases for analyzing a diverse range of photodynamic treatment scenarios.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer and Aggregation-Induced Emission in 1,8-Naphthalimide Probes as a Platform for Detection of Acid/Base Vapors
Authors: Georgiev Nikolai I. , Bakov Ventsislav V. , Bojinov Vladimir B.
Published: December 2022

In the last few decades, photoinduced electron transfer (PET) based on “fluorophore-spacer-receptor” format became the most popular approach in the design of fluorescent sensing probes. As a result, a variety of architectures for detection of different chemical species has been synthesized, and PET has been well-studied in liquid solutions. The extension of the principles of molecular sensors from liquid solution onto solid support is currently a major task, which opens up new directions for practical applications. An approach for the design of solid state fluorescence-sensing materials could be based on aggregation-induced emission (AIE). That is why, herein, we focused our attention on the investigation of some 1,8-naphthalimides designed on classical “fluorophore-spacer-receptor” to serve as fluorescence-sensing materials in solid state via simultaneous PET and AIE. The effects of different substituents were investigated, and it was found that the examined compounds with well-pronounced AIE could be used as an efficient platform for rapid detection of pH and acid/base vapors in solid state.
Convolution Error Reduction for a Fabry–Pérot-Based Linewidth Measurement: A Theoretical and Experimental Study
Authors: Hun Xuanning , Bai Zhenxu , Wang Jianping , Chen Bin , Cui Can , Wang Yulei , Lu Zhiwei
Published: December 2022

Linewidth measurement of a short pulse single-longitudinal mode laser with a low repetition rate has been a big challenge. Although the Fabry–Pérot (FP) etalon in combination with a beam profiler is an effective approach to measure the linewidth, the convolution error introduced by the inherent transmission spectrum width of an FP restricts the measurement accuracy. Here, the source of convolutional errors of the FP etalon-based linewidth measurement is analyzed, and the convolutional fitting method is proposed to reduce the errors. The results show that the linewidth measurement using the FP cavity with low reflectance (95%) can achieve the same resolution as that with high reflectance (99.5%) based on this convolution error reduction method. The study provides a simple approach to accurately measuring the linewidth of pulsed lasers, even with low energy.