bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Álcool e gravidez: influência na morfologia fetal - Alcohol and pregnancy: Influence on fetal morphology
Authors: Sardinha de Abreu Tacon Fernanda , Cristina Borges Tacon Kelly , Naves do Amaral Waldemar
Published: December 2017

ResumoObjetivo: Conhecer os fatores de risco poderá ajudar a elaboração de programas de orientação para as gestantes e melhor conduta para os profissionais da saúde, principalmente pelo fato de que muitas vezes seu uso é ocultado, dificultando na conduta a ser seguida. Fonte de dados: este estudo de revisão sistemática pesquisou nas bases de dados Bireme, Scielo, PubMed, Lilacs e Site Up to Date. A seleção levou em conta seus títulos e resumos relacionados ao assunto, no período de 2010 a 2017, utilizando os descritores álcool/ethanol, gravidez/pregnancy e desenvolvimento fetal/fetal morphology. Foram encontrados 70 artigos, desses foram selecionados 35, os mais recentes e de alto teor teórico necessário para a construção do texto. Síntese de dados: por meio desta análise observou-se a necessidade de identificação precoce do consumo de álcool na gravidez, não somente o relato materno. Conclusões: portanto, novas pesquisas na área se tornam necessárias para melhor prevenção e adaptação do paciente após um diagnóstico de Desordens do Espectro Alcoólico Fetal e adotar medidas profiláticas com o intuito de proteger o feto e a gestante, contribuindo para melhoria da saúde pública.Palavras-chave:Álcool. Gravidez. Desenvolvimento fetal.AbstractObjective: knowing the risk factors may help in the elaboration of counseling programs for pregnant women and better conduct for health professionals, mainly due to the fact that their use is often concealed, making it difficult to follow. Data sourse: this systematic review study searched the Bireme, Scielo, PubMed, Lilacs and Site Up to Date databases. The selection took into account the titles and abstracts related to the subject, from 2010 to 2017, using the descriptors alcohol / ethanol, pregnancy / pregnancy and fetal development / fetal morphology. We found 70 articles, of these were selected 35, the most recent and high theoretical content required for the construction of the text. Data synthesis: through this analysis, we observed the need for early identification of alcohol consumption in pregnancy, not only the maternal report. Conclusions: therefore, new research in the area is necessary for better prevention and adaptation of the patient after a diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and to adopt prophylactic measures in order to protect the fetus and pregnant women, contributing to the improvement of public health.Keyword:Ethanol. Pregnancy. Fetal development.
mPGES1-Dependent Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) Controls Antigen-Specific Th17 and Th1 Responses by Regulating T Autocrine and Paracrine PGE2 Production
Authors: Maseda Damian , Johnson Elizabeth M. , Nyhoff Lindsay E. , Baron Bridgette , Kojima Fumiaki , Wilhelm Ashley J. , Ward Martin R. , Woodward Jerold G. , Brand David D. , Crofford Leslie J.
Published: December 2017

The integration of inflammatory signals is paramount in controlling the intensity and duration of immune responses. Eicosanoids, particularly PGE2, are critical molecules in the initiation and resolution of inflammation and in the transition from innate to acquired immune responses. Microsomal PGE synthase 1 (mPGES1) is an integral membrane enzyme whose regulated expression controls PGE2 levels and is highly expressed at sites of inflammation. PGE2 is also associated with modulation of autoimmunity through altering the IL-23/IL-17 axis and regulatory T cell (Treg) development. During a type II collagen–CFA immunization response, lack of mPGES1 impaired the numbers of CD4+ regulatory (Treg) and Th17 cells in the draining lymph nodes. Ag-experienced mPGES1−/− CD4+ cells showed impaired IL-17A, IFN-γ, and IL-6 production when rechallenged ex vivo with their cognate Ag compared with their wild-type counterparts. Additionally, production of PGE2 by cocultured APCs synergized with that of Ag-experienced CD4+ T cells, with mPGES1 competence in the APC compartment enhancing CD4+ IL-17A and IFN-γ responses. However, in contrast with CD4+ cells that were Ag primed in vivo, exogenous PGE2 inhibited proliferation and skewed IL-17A to IFN-γ production under Th17 polarization of naive T cells in vitro. We conclude that mPGES1 is necessary in vivo to mount optimal Treg and Th17 responses during an Ag-driven primary immune response. Furthermore, we uncover a coordination of autocrine and paracrine mPGES1-driven PGE2 production that impacts effector T cell IL-17A and IFN-γ responses.
Early Inhibition of Fatty Acid Synthesis Reduces Generation of Memory Precursor Effector T Cells in Chronic Infection
Authors: Ibitokou Samad A. , Dillon Brian E. , Sinha Mala , Szczesny Bartosz , Delgadillo Añahi , Reda Abdelrahman Doaa , Szabo Csaba , Abu-Elheiga Lutfi , Porter Craig , Tuvdendorj Demidmaa , Stephens Robin
Published: December 2017

Understanding the mechanisms of CD4 memory T cell (Tmem) differentiation in malaria is critical for vaccine development. However, the metabolic regulation of CD4 Tmem differentiation is not clear, particularly in persistent infections. In this study, we investigated the role of fatty acid synthesis (FAS) in Tmem development in Plasmodium chabaudi chronic mouse malaria infection. We show that T cell–specific deletion and early pharmaceutical inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase 1, the rate limiting step of FAS, inhibit generation of early memory precursor effector T cells (MPEC). To compare the role of FAS during early differentiation or survival of Tmem in chronic infection, a specific inhibitor of acetyl CoA carboxylase 1, 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid, was administered at different times postinfection. Strikingly, the number of Tmem was only reduced when FAS was inhibited during T cell priming and not during the Tmem survival phase. FAS inhibition during priming increased effector T cell (Teff) proliferation and strongly decreased peak parasitemia, which is consistent with improved Teff function. Conversely, MPEC were decreased, in a T cell–intrinsic manner, upon early FAS inhibition in chronic, but not acute, infection. Early cure of infection also increased mitochondrial volume in Tmem compared with Teff, supporting previous reports in acute infection. We demonstrate that the MPEC-specific effect was due to the higher fatty acid content and synthesis in MPEC compared with terminally differentiated Teff. In conclusion, FAS in CD4 T cells regulates the early divergence of Tmem from Teff in chronic infection.
CCL28-Deficient Mice Have Reduced IgA Antibody–Secreting Cells and an Altered Microbiota in the Colon
Authors: Matsuo Kazuhiko , Nagakubo Daisuke , Yamamoto Shinya , Shigeta Akiko , Tomida Shuta , Fujita Mitsugu , Hirata Takako , Tsunoda Ikuo , Nakayama Takashi , Yoshie Osamu
Published: December 2017

CCL28 induces the migration of IgA Ab-secreting cells (ASCs) via CCR10 and also displays a potent antimicrobial activity in vitro. To explore the role of CCL28 in vivo, we generated CCL28-deficient mice. The mice exhibited a significant reduction and abnormal distribution of IgA ASCs in the lamina propria of the colon. The concentrations of total and Ag-specific IgA in the fecal extracts of CCL28-deficient mice were also drastically reduced. The average amount of IgA secreted by a single IgA ASC derived from the colon was also substantially reduced in CCL28-deficient mice. Furthermore, CCL28 was found to significantly increase the average amount of IgA secreted by a single IgA ASC derived from the colon in vitro. In contrast, the generation of IgA ASCs in Peyer’s and cecal patches was not significantly impaired in CCL28-deficient mice. We also found a relative increase in the Class Bacilli in the fecal extracts of CCL28-deficient mice and demonstrated a potent antimicrobial activity of CCL28 against Bacillus cereus and Enterococcus faecalis, both of which belong to Class Bacilli. Thus, CCL28 may also suppress the outgrowth of some bacterial species by its direct antimicrobial activity. Finally, CCL28-deficient mice exhibited a highly aggravated dextran sodium sulfate–induced colitis that was ameliorated by pretreatment with antibiotics. Collectively, CCL28 plays a pivotal role in the homing, distribution, and function of IgA ASCs in the colon and may also affect the intestinal microbiota through its direct antimicrobial activity.
Second-generation antipsychotic and diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents
Authors: Ripoli Carlo , Pinna Anna Paola , Podda Faustina , Zanni Roberta , Tronci Maria Giada , Nurchi Anna Maria
Published: December 2017

Second generation antipsychotics (SGA) are used in children for the treatment of various psychiatric diseases, including pervasive developmental disorders. These drugs can cause metabolic effects as hyperglycemia and diabetes. A 16-year-old young-boy, diagnosed with autism, developed diabetes mellitus type 1 whilst he was on treatment with olanzapine (started 4 months before), clomipramine, valproic acid and lithium. The hypothesis of druginduced diabetes imposed olanzapine interruption and clozapine initiation. Insulin therapy was practiced, with progressive dosage reduction, until complete cessation of treatment after 13 months. Blood sugar and HbA1c levels remained stable for about a year and then increased again, requiring the introduction of metformin that improved glycemia. In children and adolescents assuming SGA serum glucose and lipid profile should always be assessed before therapy and then frequently monitored. Drug selection must consider family history and the individual risk. Molecule final choice remains equilibrium between efficacy and safety.
Les anciennes méthodes de surveillance et de contrôle de la rage animale
Authors: Blancou Jean
Published: December 2017

Early methods of surveillance and control for rabies in animals.

From the many existing documents on the history of rabies in animals it is possible to describe with precision the practical measures adopted for rabies surveillance and control between antiquity and the 18th Century.

Surveillance was based on clinical diagnosis, post mortem examination and animal inoculation, also on knowledge of the conditions under which infection occurred : aetiology, pathogenesis, susceptible species, virulent material, mode of infection, incubation period, etc. The historical facts are assembled and compared, with comments on each of these points.

Control was based upon the application of general disease control measures and attempts at vaccination and treatment. A study of these procedures makes it possible to compare their efficacy and to describe the major steps which led to, or delayed, the work of Louis Pasteur.
L’âme et le transfert des âmes chez les humains et les animaux
Authors: Catsaras Marc
Published: December 2017

La question de l’âme est traitée par l’auteur d’une façon approfondie, en s’appuyant sur sa propre réflexion et sur celle d’auteurs récents : Moody, Eccles et Albertini.

Le transfert des âmes est également considéré.

Dans ce domaine, comme dans les autres, les animaux sont à considérer de la même façon que les humains.
L'expérimentation animale : évolution des concepts et des pratiques
Authors: Combrisson Hélène , Maurin-Blanchet Henri
Published: December 2017

Animal experimentation : evolution in conceptions and practices.

Use of animal experimentation for biomedical research is rapidly advancing since a few years. General public’s sensitivity for animals was largely increasing especially about experimental uses. European Commu¬ nities and then member states had made rules for define lawful domains and conditions of animal’s uses. Minister of Research had stated its politic about animal experimentation in scientific and technical public establishments. More than actual rules, scientific progress and investigator’s sensitivity about animal’s welfare are making a change in using animal research. Number of animals used is reduced, alternative models are increasing and ethics committees are created in many research institutions.
Propriétés biologiques du virus de l’immunodéficience féline (V.I.F.). Réplication et persistance
Authors: Fevereiro Miguel , Roneker Carole , De Noronha Fernando
Published: December 2017

Les propriétés biologiques et antigéniques du virus de l’immunodéficience féline (V.I.F.) sont déterminées dans des isolats obtenus à des intervalles différents, de six chats du même âge, après infection avec le VIF PETALUMA.

En général, le temps nécessaire à une première détection de réplication virale dans les cellules mononucléaires du sang périphérique (C.M.S.P.) ne diffère pas de façon significative dans les isolats (> 12 jours).

Trois isolats de V.I.F. sont obtenus dans des cultures de macrophages à long terme (M Ø) à partir de deux chats différents. Les M Ø des chats infectés par le VIF peuvent donc héberger le virus pendant une longue période et sont capables de transmettre le virus à des CMSP par coculture. Le VIF a été aussi détecté dans les M Ø de la moelle osseuse chez un chat après sept semaines de culture. Les résultats de ces études confirment l’importance des macrophages pour la persistance de l’infection VIF chez le chat.
La chirurgie du canal artériel chez le chien aujourd’hui
Authors: Viguier Eric
Published: December 2017

Après rappel de l’embryologie du canal artériel chez le chien, l’auteur décrit la malformation existante après la naissance, le diagnostic et l’indication opératoire.

Les variantes de la technique opératoire sont envisagées et les résultats obtenus sont discutés.

Chez le chien, la persistance du canal artériel représente 30% des cardiopathies congénitales qui sont elles-mêmes les affections congénitales les plus fréquentes. Certains auteurs estiment la prévalence de l’affection à 0,1% (4). On le rencontre essentiellement chez les berger allemand, caniche, colley, loulou de Poméranie, berger belge (2 fois plus fréquent chez les femelles).
Modeling the potential impacts of climate change on the water table level of selected forested wetlands in the southeastern United States
Authors: Zhu Jie , Sun Ge , Li Wenhong , Zhang Yu , Miao Guofang , Noormets Asko , McNulty Steve G. , King John S. , Kumar Mukesh , Wang Xuan
Published: December 2017

Abstract. The southeastern United States hosts extensive forested wetlands, providing ecosystem services including carbon sequestration, water quality improvement, groundwater recharge, and wildlife habitat. However, these wetland ecosystems are dependent on local climate and hydrology, and are therefore at risk due to climate and land use change. This study develops site-specific empirical hydrologic models for five forested wetlands with different characteristics by analyzing long-term observed meteorological and hydrological data. These wetlands represent typical cypress ponds/swamps, Carolina bays, pine flatwoods, drained pocosins, and natural bottomland hardwood ecosystems. The validated empirical models are then applied at each wetland to predict future water table changes using climate projections from 20 general circulation models (GCMs) participating in Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project 5 (CMIP5) under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. We show that combined future changes in precipitation and potential evapotranspiration would significantly alter wetland hydrology including groundwater dynamics by the end of the 21st century. Compared to the historical period, all five wetlands are predicted to become drier over time. The mean water table depth is predicted to drop by 4 to 22 cm in response to the decrease in water availability (i.e., precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration) by the year 2100. Among the five examined wetlands, the depressional wetland in hot and humid Florida appears to be most vulnerable to future climate change. This study provides quantitative information on the potential magnitude of wetland hydrological response to future climate change in typical forested wetlands in the southeastern US.
The 2010–2015 megadrought in central Chile: impacts on regional hydroclimate and vegetation
Authors: Garreaud René D. , Alvarez-Garreton Camila , Barichivich Jonathan , Boisier Juan Pablo , Christie Duncan , Galleguillos Mauricio , LeQuesne Carlos , McPhee James , Zambrano-Bigiarini Mauricio
Published: December 2017

Abstract. Since 2010 an uninterrupted sequence of dry years, with annual rainfall deficits ranging from 25 to 45 %, has prevailed in central Chile (western South America, 30–38° S). Although intense 1- or 2-year droughts are recurrent in this Mediterranean-like region, the ongoing event stands out because of its longevity and large extent. The extraordinary character of the so-called central Chile megadrought (MD) was established against century long historical records and a millennial tree-ring reconstruction of regional precipitation. The largest MD-averaged rainfall relative anomalies occurred in the northern, semi-arid sector of central Chile, but the event was unprecedented to the south of 35° S. ENSO-neutral conditions have prevailed since 2011 (except for the strong El Niño in 2015), contrasting with La Niña conditions that often accompanied past droughts. The precipitation deficit diminished the Andean snowpack and resulted in amplified declines (up to 90 %) of river flow, reservoir volumes and groundwater levels along central Chile and westernmost Argentina. In some semi-arid basins we found a decrease in the runoff-to-rainfall coefficient. A substantial decrease in vegetation productivity occurred in the shrubland-dominated, northern sector, but a mix of greening and browning patches occurred farther south, where irrigated croplands and exotic forest plantations dominate. The ongoing warming in central Chile, making the MD one of the warmest 6-year periods on record, may have also contributed to such complex vegetation changes by increasing potential evapotranspiration. We also report some of the measures taken by the central government to relieve the MD effects and the public perception of this event. The understanding of the nature and biophysical impacts of the MD helps as a foundation for preparedness efforts to confront a dry, warm future regional climate scenario.
Alcalá de Henares en fiesta: los espectáculos caballerescos de 1548
Authors: Pascual Molina Jesús F.
Published: December 2017

Alcalá de Henares sirvió, a comienzos de 1548, de marco para la celebración de diversos espectáculos caballerescos en honor del príncipe Felipe. De estas fiestas apenas nada se sabía hasta hoy, cuando cierta documentación localizada en el Archivo de Simancas permite aportar numerosos e interesantes datos acerca de estos festejos, y ponerlos así en relación con otros de los que tuvieron lugar en los años de juventud del príncipe heredero.
La imagen de España para unos curiosos impertinentes en el siglo XX: "Vaya país", John Hooper y William Chislett
Authors: Cano Jiménez Gema
Published: December 2017

El artículo que presentamos realiza un recorrido analítico por tres obras que periodistas extranjeros dedicaron a España en tres momentos de nuestra historia actual. Así comenzamos con el estudio Vaya país,: la visión sobre distintos aspectos de la vida española de diez corresponsales extranjeros. Continuamos con el análisis de William Chislett; una referencia obligada en la visión de la Transición. Y, por último, el estudio de The New Spaniards, una guía que excede lo turístico para ofrecer un análisis político y social de EspañaPretendemos demostrar que junto a reflexiones fundamentadas, también perviven otras sembradas de estereotipos, sorprendentes por la fecha de su publicación.
External Drivers and Internal Control Factors that Determine the Vulnerability and Response Capacity to Drought of Cattle Producers in the Sierras Del Este Region of Uruguay
Authors: Díaz Ismael , Achkar Marcel , Mazzeo Nestor
Published: December 2017

Increased response and adaptation capacity are key elements for coping with climate threats. Cattle producers in the Sierras del Este region are one of several groups that are the most vulnerable to climate variability in Uruguay. Despite this commonality, it is a heterogeneous system, which suggests that strategies to respond to these events are divergent. The objective of this work is to identify and evaluate the vulnerability of cattle producers to drought and determine drought response strategies. A new approach is proposed and focuses on the identification of differential capacities to address the vulnerabilities. In addition, this approach seeks to define groups of similar producers of vulnerability since the design of public policies cannot be developed in isolation. For evaluation, we provided consultations with livestock producers and specialists from which we collected our data. Data was analysed using multivariate statistical analyses. Our results indicated that 69% of the system’s vulnerability variance can be explained by 4 components: the capacity for cattle management, the socio-economic capacity to handle drought, the capacity to generate alternatives to cattle feeding, and the commercial and financial flexibility of the producers. These findings also yielded response groups that, in turn, identified 7 producer groups with significant differences in the available and necessary capacities to respond to drought. This methodological strategy allowed the operationalization of the vulnerability and responsiveness concepts, and the identification of strategies for these events. Additionally, this strategy creates an understanding of the complexity of the system and the variables that contribute to it.
Educação física na educação infantil - um estudo a partir de periódicos da área
Authors: Silva Alessandra Cacenot da , Günther Maria Cecilia Camargo
Published: December 2017

O presente artigo resulta de uma pesquisa bibliográfica que teve por objetivo analisar as produções acadêmicas sobre educação física na educação infantil presente nas publicações de cinco periódicos científicos da área, no período de 2010 a 2014. Buscou-se, desse modo, elaborar uma síntese sobre como vem sendo tratada a temática da educação física na educação infantil nas produções científicas do campo da Educação Física. O total de dezenove artigos encontrados representa um número ainda pouco expressivo de publicações e com oscilações ao longo do período investigado. A distribuição nos diferentes periódicos também pode ser indicativa de prioridades das editoras.
POLITIKA USLOVLJAVANJA EVROPSKE UNIJE KAO STRATEGIJA TRANSFORMACIJE ZAPADNOG BALKANA- POSLJEDICE I IZAZOVI ZA BOSNU I HERCEGOVINU
Authors: Aulić Ljiljana
Published: December 2017

Autor se bavi razmatranjem strategijepolitike uslovljavanja, kao i davanjem kritickih ocjena njenih ciljeva i rezultata. U sredistu analize je politika uslo- vljavnja na slucaju Bosne i Hercegovine. Autor ukazuje na strategiju Evropske unije usmjeranu na transformaciju postkomunistickih zemalja smjestenih u naziv Zapadni Balkan, kao politicki projekat radi rjesavanja vodecih pitanja i problema proizaslih nakon zavrsetka Hladnog rata. Cilj rada je da se anali- zira rezultatpolitike uslovljavanja uzpomoc mrkve i stapa koristene za napre- dak Bosne i Hercegovine. Rad ce biti podijeljen u dva dijela. U prvom ce se razmatrati izazovi demokratizacije drustva i politicki kriterij koji se dotice nacionalno osjetljivih pitanja. Drugi dio ce se baviti posljedicom izostanka napretka u procesu evropskih integracija uz postojanje zakonomjernosti i pri- lagodavanja. U cilju sagledavanja politike uslovljavanja Evropske unije, zasno- vanoj na asimetricnom odnosu autor daje odgovor da lipolitika uslovljavanja na slucaju Bosne i Hercegovine priblizava clanstvu ili proces zavisi od drugih faktora.
PRIKAZ CASOPISA AGON
Authors: Čekić Ljiljana
Published: December 2017

Једини часопис на босанско-херцеговачком, па самим тим и на простору Републике Српске, који се бави анализом и опсервацијом позоришног живота, али и визуелних комуникација, „Агон“, у континуитету излази из штампе већ пет година у издању Народног позоришта Републике Српске и Академике уміетности Универзитета у Бањој Луци.
Semantic Classification of the Proverbs of the Tatar Language with Numeral-Component "Бер" (One)
Authors: Valieva Julia Ju. , Nigmatullina Alsu M.
Published: December 2017

This paper considers the proverbs of the Tatar language with a numeral component «бер» / “ber” (one). Reasoning from the meaning of the numerals used in the introduced phraseological units, conditional semantic groups have been formed. In the course of the analysis, we have identified two large semantic groups: “Greed” and “Character traits”, and the subgroups within these two large groups. As a result of the analysis, it has been found that the combination with the noun «бертиен» (one kopeck) is used together with the words having a negative connotation. In most of the examples given, the character traits are rendered in combination of the numerals with the noun («бертиен» (one penny), «беркашыксу» (a spoonful of water), and the negative connotation of the proverbs is conveyed by means of the words with negative meanings such as «сусалмас» (someone will not give water); «каратиргә төшеп сатулашу» (bargain to all of a sweat), etc. The results of this work can be used in further studies of the semantics of numerals used in proverbial sayings; in formulating a classification of phraseological units with a numeral component; for comparative-contrastive analysis of the translations of set expressions from one language to another.
A 60 Year Record of Atmospheric Aerosol Depositions Preserved in a High‐Accumulation Dome Ice Core, Southeast Greenland
Authors: Iizuka Yoshinori , Uemura Ryu , Fujita Koji , Hattori Shohei , Seki Osamu , Miyamoto Chihiro , Suzuki Toshitaka , Yoshida Naohiro , Motoyama Hideaki , Matoba Sumito
Published: December 2017

The Southeastern Greenland Dome (SE‐Dome) has both a high elevation and a high accumulation rate (1.01 m we yr−1), which are suitable properties for reconstructing past environmental changes with a high time resolution. For this study, we measured the major ion fluxes in a 90 m ice core drilled from the SE‐Dome region in 2015 and present the records of annual ion fluxes from 1957 to 2014. From 1970 to 2010, the trend of nonsea‐salt (nss) SO42− flux decreases, whereas that for NH4+ increases, tracking well with the anthropogenic SOx and NH3 emissions mainly from North America. The result suggests that these fluxes reflect histories of the anthropogenic SOx and NH3 emissions. In contrast, the decadal trend of NO3− flux differs from the decreasing trend of anthropogenic NOx emissions. Although the cause of this discrepancy remains unclear, it may be related to changes in particle formation processes and chemical scavenging rates caused by an increase in sea salt and dust and/or a decrease in nssSO42−. We also find a high average NO3− flux (1.13 mmol m−2 yr−1) in the ice core, which suggests a negligible effect from postdepositional NO3− loss. Thus, the SE‐Dome region is an excellent location for reconstructing nitrate fluxes. Over a decadal time scale, our NO3− flux record is similar to those from other ice cores in Greenland high‐elevation sites, suggesting that NO3− concentration records from these ice cores are reliable.
Impacts of SST Patterns on Rapid Intensification of Typhoon Megi (2010)
Authors: Kanada Sachie , Tsujino Satoki , Aiki Hidenori , Yoshioka Mayumi K. , Miyazawa Yasumasa , Tsuboki Kazuhisa , Takayabu Izuru
Published: December 2017

Typhoon Megi (2010), a very intense tropical cyclone with a minimum central pressure of 885 hPa, was characterized by especially rapid intensification. We investigated this intensification process by a simulation experiment using a high‐resolution (0.02° × 0.02°) three‐dimensional atmosphere‐ocean coupled regional model. We also performed a sensitivity experiment with a time‐fixed sea surface temperature (SST). The coupled model successfully simulated the minimum central pressure of Typhoon Megi, whereas the fixed SST experiment simulated an excessively low minimum central pressure of 839 hPa. The simulation results also showed a close relationship between the radial SST profiles and the rapid intensification process. Because the warm sea increased near‐surface water vapor and hence the convective available potential energy, the high SST in the eye region facilitated tall and intense updrafts inside the radius of maximum wind speed and led to the start of rapid intensification. In contrast, high SST outside this radius induced local secondary updrafts that inhibited rapid intensification even if the mean SST in the core region exceeded 29.0°C. These secondary updrafts moved inward and eventually merged with the primary eyewall updrafts. Then the storm intensified rapidly when the high SST appeared in the eye region. Thus, the changes in the local SST pattern around the storm center strongly affected the rapid intensification process by modulating the radial structure of core convection. Our results also show that the use of a high‐resolution three‐dimensional atmosphere‐ocean coupled model offers promise for improving intensity forecasts of tropical cyclones.
A Top‐Down Pathway to Secondary Eyewall Formation in Simulated Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Tyner Bryce , Zhu Ping , Zhang Jun A. , Gopalakrishnan Sundararaman , Marks Frank , Tallapragada Vijay
Published: December 2017

Idealized and real‐case simulations conducted using the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) model demonstrate a “top‐down” pathway to secondary eyewall formation (SEF) for tropical cyclones (TCs). For the real‐case simulations of Hurricane Rita (2005) and Hurricane Edouard (2014), a comparison to observations reveals the timing and overall characteristics of the simulated SEF appear realistic. An important control of the top‐down pathway to SEF is the amount and radial‐height distribution of hydrometeors at outer radii. Examination into the simulated hydrometeor particle fall speed distribution reveals that the HWRF operational microphysics scheme is not producing the lightest hydrometeors, which are likely present in observed TCs and are most conducive to being advected from the primary eyewall to the outer rainband region of the TC. Triggering of SEF begins with the fallout of hydrometeors at the outer radii from the TC primary eyewall, where penetrative downdrafts resulting from evaporative cooling of precipitation promote the development of local convection. As the convection‐induced radial convergence that is initially located in the midtroposphere extends downward into the boundary layer, it results in the eruption of high entropy air out of the boundary layer. This leads to the rapid development of rainband convection and subsequent SEF via a positive feedback among precipitation, convection, and boundary layer processes.
A Review of Global Precipitation Data Sets: Data Sources, Estimation, and Intercomparisons
Authors: Sun Qiaohong , Miao Chiyuan , Duan Qingyun , Ashouri Hamed , Sorooshian Soroosh , Hsu Kuo‐Lin
Published: December 2017

In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the data sources and estimation methods of 30 currently available global precipitation data sets, including gauge‐based, satellite‐related, and reanalysis data sets. We analyzed the discrepancies between the data sets from daily to annual timescales and found large differences in both the magnitude and the variability of precipitation estimates. The magnitude of annual precipitation estimates over global land deviated by as much as 300 mm/yr among the products. Reanalysis data sets had a larger degree of variability than the other types of data sets. The degree of variability in precipitation estimates also varied by region. Large differences in annual and seasonal estimates were found in tropical oceans, complex mountain areas, northern Africa, and some high‐latitude regions. Overall, the variability associated with extreme precipitation estimates was slightly greater at lower latitudes than at higher latitudes. The reliability of precipitation data sets is mainly limited by the number and spatial coverage of surface stations, the satellite algorithms, and the data assimilation models. The inconsistencies described limit the capability of the products for climate monitoring, attribution, and model validation.
Acculturation Strategies
Authors: Pitts Margaret Jane
Published: December 2017

Acculturation
is the process of cultural and behavioral change resulting from contact between groups and individuals from different cultural backgrounds.
Acculturation strategies
refer to the varying pathways people take when adapting to a new or unfamiliar culture. Canadian psychologist John Berry identified four primary acculturation strategies that emerge depending upon the extent to which the acculturating groups/individuals maintain their heritage culture (i.e., high or low heritage culture maintenance) and the extent to which they have contact and participate meaningfully with the host society (i.e., high or low contact participation): assimilation (low–high), integration (high–high), separation (high–low), and marginalization (low–low). Different paths toward acculturation result in different sociopsychological outcomes. This entry provides an overview of acculturation and acculturation strategies, addresses two relevant models of acculturation (Berry's acculturation model and Richard Bourhis and colleagues' interactive acculturation model), considers the role of communication in acculturation, and offers future directions in research.
Cultural Relativism and Cultural Universalism
Authors: Arnett Ronald C.
Published: December 2017

Universalism and relativism in intercultural communication announce a dispute over first principles that yield differentethical assumptions. First principles matter; they shape action and perception. Intercultural communication theory and practice articulates these opposing coordinates. Arguments about ethical beginnings of universalism and relativism find no ultimate end; the contending of originative background positions invites the pragmatic necessity of dialogue. Relativism and universalism, understood as ethical positions, offer different starting points. Relativism begins with descriptions of the particular; universalism assumes an undisputed a priori standard of judgment.
Culture Shock and Reentry Shock
Authors: Neuliep James W.
Published: December 2017

This entry profiles the concept of culture shock; the disorientation, confusion, conflict, stress, and anxiety that results from a clash of cultures experienced by persons who move from their native culture to a new host culture. Most models of culture shock describe the process as a series of stages. The degree to which one experiences culture shock varies considerably and is affected by a number of factors. When sojourners return to their native culture they often experience reentry culture shock. This is the idea that people returning home after a lengthy stay in a host culture will experience a second round of culture shock that many argue is more difficult than the initial culture shock experienced while abroad. Given the age of information technology, some scholars are now arguing that the concept of culture shock, as it has been discussed and described in the literature, may be an outdated concept.
Global Leadership
Authors: Osland Joyce S.
Published: December 2017

Global leadership is a relatively young field of research that is currently growing rapidly in a multidisciplinary fashion. In this entry the roots and historical evolution of the field are described. Multidimensional competency frameworks are introduced. The principal research streams and key findings are summarized. Finally, descriptions of global leadership development methods are compiled along with key developmental lessons.
Interactive Theory of Acculturation
Authors: Bourhis Richard Y.
Published: December 2017

The interactive theory of acculturation provides the public policy framework which frames the endorsement of acculturation orientation between high vitality majority and low vitality minorities in multilingual and multicultural settings. Concordant and discordant acculturation orientations yield harmonious, problematic, and conflictual intercultural relations between members of contrasting linguistic and cultural backgrounds.
Intercultural Ethics
Authors: MacDonald Malcolm N. , O'Regan John
Published: December 2017

Interest in intercultural ethics has arisen not just because people from different cultures think and behave in different ways but also because the ways in which one orients oneself towards the attitudes, beliefs, and values of a person from another culture also demand an ethically informed position. Two current approaches towards intercultural ethics are identified. One views ethics as a set of principles of conduct, and the other sees the relationship with a person from another culture as being in itself an ethical relationship. Four contexts for intercultural ethics are set out in relation to relevant principles of conduct for the intercultural speaker, the intercultural sojourner, the intercultural trainee, and the transcultural refugee. However, intercultural communication can also be regarded as being underwritten by an ethical relationship that exists between human beings, which has given rise to a focus on the precepts of tolerance, hospitality, and responsibility.
Intercultural Peacebuilding
Authors: Broome Benjamin J.
Published: December 2017

The study of peacebuilding developed as individuals and organizations sought to help communities and nations overcome the effects of violent conflict and create a social order that can respond to disagreements and disputes through nonviolent means. Peacebuilding is not aimed at eliminating conflict; its goal is to stop all forms of violence and promote transformative ways to deal with conflict. Peacebuilding has many definitions, but it generally refers to interventions that help establish sustainable peace by addressing the root causes of the conflict, making necessary adjustments in political and social processes, and creating institutions that will implement the changes. Emphasis is placed on transformation at multiple levels, including individual attitudes, intergroup relations, and societal structures and institutions. Challenges to peacebuilding include loss of trust, polarization of views, psychological effects of violence, and the constantly changing dynamics of the conflict.
Intercultural Pragmatics
Authors: Haugh Michael
Published: December 2017

Intercultural pragmatics examines the role of language in intercultural encounters. While it encompasses a wide range of different theoretical and methodological perspectives, what unites such work is the way in which analysts pay close attention to the details of how language is being used by participants. Studies have traditionally focused on how differences in speech practices, or expectations about those practices, can give rise to misunderstanding or offense. More recent work has examined how culture is manifested through the use of language in interaction. Such studies have examined the ways in which participants themselves can invoke culture, and what they are accomplishing through invoking culture in this way in such encounters. Future studies are likely to increasingly focus on intercultural encounters in a range of languages beyond English, and to examine the pragmatics of such encounters not only in face‐to‐face interactions, but in other, digitally mediated forms of communication as well.
Social Ecological Perspective on Intercultural Communication
Authors: Hinner Michael B.
Published: December 2017

The social ecological perspective is a holistic approach designed to study the interrelation of humans and their physical and social environments. It is based on the ecological models of urban sociology and general systems theory. Bronfenbrenner, McLeroy, and Stokols are credited with having created social ecological models that have found wide application in education, health sciences, politics, psychology, and sociology. The social ecological models identify and analyze the interplay of interpersonal, community, organizational, and cultural factors associated with the social and physical environments over a period of time. The influence of these factors can be top‐down, bottom‐up, or multidirectional. Analysis of the interaction at the various levels and between the levels provides a deeper understanding of how and why multiple factors influence human behavior and communication. That is why the social ecological perspective provides a deeper and richer understanding of intercultural communication contexts.
Sociolinguistic Approach to Intercultural Communication
Authors: Jackson Jane
Published: December 2017

This entry introduces sociolinguistics, a subfield of the scientific study of human language that is concerned with the relationship between language and society. The work of sociolinguists may center on one or more strands or branches, including anthropological linguistics, secular or variational linguistics, ethnography of speaking (communication), interaction studies, discourse analysis, critical discourse analysis (CDA), the sociology of language, the social psychology of language, and critical sociolinguistics, among others. Sociolinguistic research has raised awareness of the central role of language and power in interactions between individuals and groups who have a different cultural, and perhaps linguistic, background. Studies of language use in various social, cultural, historical, and political contexts have enriched the field of intercultural communication in numerous ways.
Sojourner Communication
Authors: Jackson Jane
Published: December 2017

After defining what is meant by asojourner, this entry describes the characteristics of some of the most common categories (e.g., tourists, education abroad students, expatriates, military personnel). In the host environment, a range of complex individual attributes and behaviors (e.g., motivation, intercultural attitudes, willingness to communicate) can lead to variations in opportunities for host–sojourner interactions and also impact the quality of the communication. External (environmental) factors (e.g., the degree of host receptivity, access to local communities, length of sojourn, cultural distance) also influence sojourner communication. Recent research raises questions about the quality and frequency of host–sojourner communication and points to the need for more in‐depth studies that explore what actually happens on stays abroad. There is also growing recognition of the merits of investigating the impact of intercultural contact and sojourner communication on hosts and the host community.
Strangers, Theories of
Authors: Marotta Vince
Published: December 2017

The stranger is a multilayered and multidimensional idea that crosses various disciplines such as psychoanalysis, sociology, phenomenology, existentialism, and postcolonialism. It has been associated with the cultural, racial, and religious other, with our relationship to an internal other, and to a general existential condition. The experience of the stranger also exposes the misunderstanding that occurs across cultures, but also to a state of objectivity. More recently the emergence of the “cyborg stranger” has seen a shift away from classical accounts of strangeness that were premised on face‐to‐face encounters.
Stress–Adaptation–Growth Dynamic
Authors: Kim Young Yun
Published: December 2017

Strangers in a new and unfamiliar cultural environment often find themselves in stressful situations. Such experiences of stress are explained in the integrative communication theory of cross‐cultural adaptation as an essential part of the stress–adaptation–growth dynamic, in which stress serves as the necessary impetus for new cultural learning necessary to make adjustments in their original cultural habits and cultivate an increased adaptive capacity with which to meet subsequent new challenges in the environment at a higher level of self‐integration. The theory further explains that, through continuous and prolonged interplay of stress, adaptation, and growth, the initially intense fluctuations of the stress–adaptation–growth dynamic subside, as individuals achieve greater psychological and functional efficacy in interacting with the host environment, along with a gradual and often unconscious identity transformation from a largely monocultural to an increasingly intercultural identity that is no longer rigidly defined by the parameters of any single culture.
Volunteering and Intercultural Communication
Authors: Kramer Michael W.
Published: December 2017

Volunteering and intercultural communication interact when individuals from one cultural community or country serve people from another culture or community either within their country or by traveling to another country. This volunteering takes many different forms. It is very common throughout the world and provides many valuable services to people. Common problems in these settings include different understandings of the meaning of volunteering, language differences, and cultural differences. Too often the effectiveness of these volunteer efforts is also hindered by communicating a sense of superiority of the volunteers' culture rather than treating the cultures as equal.
Worldview in Intercultural Communication
Authors: Dodd Carley H.
Published: December 2017

Intercultural worldview traces its scholarly trajectory from anthropology and linguistics to more recently becoming a meaningful topic in the field of intercultural communication. The concept originates from the German word
Weltanschauung
(“world perception” or “world view”). As a fundamental cognitive construct, intercultural worldview shapes how a culture interprets events and influences intercultural communication and cultural behaviors, a point illustrated throughout this entry. Assumptions collectively construed as worldview beliefs are associated with several factors, some of the most frequent being laws of nature, culture concept of reality, fatalism, beliefs in God and the supernatural, general outlooks toward meaning of life, and the concept of being. This entry addresses specific intercultural communication. Implications and future research appeal to the need to include worldview in higher education and training and integrate intercultural worldview into more comprehensive definitions and theories of intercultural communication.
Intercultural Communication Study in Australia
Authors: Liu Shuang , Reeves Laura Simpson
Published: December 2017

This entry reviews theories and research that have significantly contributed to the development of intercultural communication study in Australia. Fundamental to this interdisciplinary field are social psychology and language communication. Key research areas are intergroup and interethnic relations, intercultural competence, communication between immigrants and host nationals, media representation, and communication between indigenous and nonindigenous Australians. Within each research stream, there are subareas of study. Methodologically, quantitative and qualitative approaches are used, as reflected in the work by Australian researchers and projects hosted by research centers in Australian universities.
Intercultural Communication Study in Canada
Authors: Noels Kimberly A.
Published: December 2017

Canadian intercultural communication research is grounded in the dynamics of an officially bilingual and linguistically regionalized, immigrant‐receiving nation grounded in the ongoing dynamics of indigenous–settler relations. Current research addresses issues in intercultural communication across diverse domains (e.g., education, healthcare), including the role of group status and power in intercultural interactions; the development of linguistic, communicative and (inter)cultural competence; the reciprocal relation between identity and communication; and the challenges of establishing common ground. Emergent themes include greater attention to the context, particularly the dynamics of social networks; bi‐ and multicultural identities in everyday social situations; the interplay between language and culture acquisition; as well as positive and negative aspects of the communication process and its outcomes.