bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Cross-Level Exploratory Analysis of “Neighborhood Effects” on Urban Behavior: An Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Weaver Russell
Published: November 2015

It is now generally accepted that spatially-based neighborhood or contextual attributes influence individual behaviors. However, studies of contextual effects often operationalize “neighborhoods” as static, single-level administrative units that are chosen for data availability rather than theoretical reasons. This practice has led to new calls for sound conceptual models that guide data collection efforts and statistical analyses related to these phenomena. While many such models are in use or being proposed in the social sciences, this article argues that research in the field of evolutionary studies offers alternative and interesting ways of investigating neighborhood effects. Accordingly, the article pursues two objectives. First, it makes connections between neighborhood effects research in the social sciences and relevant literature in evolutionary game theory and evolutionary urban geography. Second, these interdisciplinary interactions guide the development of a cross-level conceptual model of neighborhood effects on urban social behavior. The conceptual model is then translated into an empirical model that tests whether and how property maintenance behavior in a selected U.S. study area changes as a function of neighborhood context. The findings reveal that neighborhood effects operate at multiple, interacting spatial levels in the study area, which suggests that conventional single-level administrative boundaries are not equipped to capture these effects. While they are proffered as exploratory, the results nonetheless imply that insights from evolutionary research can add depth and theoretical grounding to contextual effects studies in the social sciences.
Decision-Making under Uncertainty for Water Sustainability and Urban Climate Change Adaptation
Authors: Larson Kelli , White Dave , Gober Patricia , Wutich Amber
Published: November 2015

Complexities and uncertainties surrounding urbanization and climate change complicate water resource sustainability. Although research has examined various aspects of complex water systems, including uncertainties, relatively few attempts have been made to synthesize research findings in particular contexts. We fill this gap by examining the complexities, uncertainties, and decision processes for water sustainability and urban adaptation to climate change in the case study region of Phoenix, Arizona. In doing so, we integrate over a decade of research conducted by Arizona State University’s Decision Center for a Desert City (DCDC). DCDC is a boundary organization that conducts research in collaboration with policy makers, with the goal of informing decision-making under uncertainty. Our results highlight: the counterintuitive, non-linear, and competing relationships in human–environment dynamics; the myriad uncertainties in climatic, scientific, political, and other domains of knowledge and practice; and, the social learning that has occurred across science and policy spheres. Finally, we reflect on how our interdisciplinary research and boundary organization has evolved over time to enhance adaptive and sustainable governance in the face of complex system dynamics.
Current Status and Future Directions of Botulinum Neurotoxins for Targeting Pain Processing
Authors: Pellett Sabine , Yaksh Tony , Ramachandran Roshni
Published: November 2015

Current evidence suggests that botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) A1 and B1, given locally into peripheral tissues such as skin, muscles, and joints, alter nociceptive processing otherwise initiated by inflammation or nerve injury in animal models and humans. Recent data indicate that such locally delivered BoNTs exert not only local action on sensory afferent terminals but undergo transport to central afferent cell bodies (dorsal root ganglia) and spinal dorsal horn terminals, where they cleave SNAREs and block transmitter release. Increasing evidence supports the possibility of a trans-synaptic movement to alter postsynaptic function in neuronal and possibly non-neuronal (glial) cells. The vast majority of these studies have been conducted on BoNT/A1 and BoNT/B1, the only two pharmaceutically developed variants. However, now over 40 different subtypes of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) have been identified. By combining our existing and rapidly growing understanding of BoNT/A1 and /B1 in altering nociceptive processing with explorations of the specific characteristics of the various toxins from this family, we may be able to discover or design novel, effective, and long-lasting pain therapeutics. This review will focus on our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms whereby BoNTs alter pain processing, and future directions in the development of these agents as pain therapeutics.
A Rapid and Sensitive Method to Measure the Functional Activity of Shiga Toxins in Human Serum
Authors: Arfilli Valentina , Carnicelli Domenica , Ardissino Gianluigi , Torresani Erminio , Scavia Gaia , Brigotti Maurizio
Published: November 2015

Shiga toxins (Stx) have a definite role in the development of hemolytic uremic syndrome in children with hemorrhagic colitis caused by pathogenic Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains. The dramatic effects of these toxins on the microvasculature of different organs, particularly of the kidney, are well known, whereas there is no consensus on the mechanism by which Stx reach the endothelia of target organs and/or indirectly injure these body sites. We hereby describe a quick (4 h), radioactive, Raji cell-based method designed for the detection of Stx in human sera. The assay monitors the translation impairment induced by these powerful inhibitors of protein synthesis, which are identified properly by neutralizing their activity with specific monoclonal antibodies. By this method, we detected for the first time the functional activity of Stx in sera of STEC-infected patients during hemorrhagic colitis. Recent research has pointed to a dynamic process of Stx-induced renal intoxication in which concurrent and interactive steps are involved. Our rapid and specific method could be useful for studying the kinetics of Stx during the natural course of STEC infection and the interplay between Stx activity in serum and Stx presence in different blood fractions (neutrophils, monocytes, platelets, leukocyte-platelet aggregates, microvesicles, lipoproteins).
Analysis of Sources and Sinks of Mercury in the Urban Water Cycle of Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Authors: Fricke Imke , Götz Rolf , Schleyer Ruprecht , Püttmann Wilhelm
Published: November 2015

Mercury (Hg) is still a focus of environmental research, since its levels in fish frequently exceed the Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) of 20 µg/kg for biota defined by the European Water Framework Directive (Directive 2008/105/EC). Current Hg levels in Abramis brama from German rivers are in the range of 73–346 µg/kg wet weight (2009) and exceed the EQS by a factor of 3.7–17.3. Therefore, it is important to identify the sources of Hg pollution in the aquatic environment and to develop effective strategies for reducing the input into associated river systems. The aim of the present study was to analyze Hg in the urban water cycle of the city of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Samples were taken from the river Main crosscutting the city and its tributaries. In addition, precipitation, stormwater runoff, effluents of two municipal WWTPs, and stormwater management structures such as combined sewer overflows and stormwater retention basins have been analyzed. Loads of Hg have been determined based on the measured concentrations and a Hg mass balance for the aquatic system was created. A total of 160 water samples were analyzed by cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (CVAFS) according to US EPA Method 1631. Results from the mass balance have shown that approximately 5 kg Hg/a enter and 15 kg Hg/a leave the study area of Frankfurt am Main via the river Main. The largest amount of Hg (24.58 kg/a) throughout the urban water cycle of Frankfurt am Main is transported via wastewater. However, municipal WWTPs in Frankfurt am Main have been identified as the largest Hg sink, since 99.7% (24.5 kg/a) of the Hg is shifted from the sewage water and stormwater during treatment into the sewage sludge. Thus, the increase of the Hg load in the river Main from 5 to 15 kg/a has to be attributed to other sources such as 3 industrial WWTPs, groundwater and non-treated stormwater runoff during heavy rain events.
Resident Perceptions of Community Tourism in Cape Verde
Authors: Canalejo Ana María Castillo , Tabales Julia Nuñez , López José María Cerezo , Fuentes-García Fernando J.
Published: November 2015

Community tourism appears to be an alternative that mitigates the negative effects of mass tourism in less developed countries. In this kind of tourism, the attitudes and perceptions of residents play an important role in tourism planning and development. In this article, we analyze
the perceptions and attitudes of residents in community tourism in the Island of Santo Antão (Cape Verde), an emerging tourist destination that is currently experiencing a considerable increase of tourists—which is altering the way of life of its communities. The fieldwork was
carried out based on a survey of residents. The questionnaire was filled out by a random sample of respondents, with a total of 319 questionnaires obtained. The main results reveal that residents are in favor of tourism development, due to the positive benefits that it can bring, such as the
recovery of traditional handicrafts, more investment in infrastructures, and higher quality hospitality and retail establishments. However, in order for tourism on the island to be sustainable and for the residents' perceived benefits to materialize, tourism initiatives need more participation
by local residents, public administrators, universities, and nongovernmental organizations.
Selective porous gates made from colloidal silica nanoparticles
Authors: Nisticò Roberto , Avetta Paola , Calza Paola , Fabbri Debora , Magnacca Giuliana , Scalarone Dominique
Published: November 2015

Highly selective porous films were prepared by spin-coating deposition of colloidal silica nanoparticles on an appropriate macroporous substrate. Silica nanoparticles very homogenous in size were obtained by sol–gel reaction of a metal oxide silica precursor, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), and using polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) copolymers as soft-templating agents. Nanoparticles synthesis was carried out in a mixed solvent system. After spin-coating onto a macroporous silicon nitride support, silica nanoparticles were calcined under controlled conditions. An organized nanoporous layer was obtained characterized by a depth filter-like structure with internal porosity due to interparticle voids. Permeability and size-selectivity were studied by monitoring the diffusion of probe molecules under standard conditions and under the application of an external stimulus (i.e., electric field). Promising results were obtained, suggesting possible applications of these nanoporous films as selective gates for controlled transport of chemical species in solution.
HESITANT FUZZY MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION MAKING METHODS BASED ON HERONIAN MEAN
Authors: YU Dejian
Published: November 2015

Among several extensions of fuzzy set theory, the concept introduced by Torra and Narukawa (2009) in defining hesitant fuzzy set is interesting and practical. In this paper we introduce and study new methods for dealing with MCDM (multi-criteria decision making) problems under the hesitant fuzzy environment. First, we propose and discuss the notion of hesitant fuzzy Heronian mean operators. By using these operators, we can portray the relationship of the criteria effectively. Then, the numerical examples are provided and comparative analyses with other aggregation operators are not neglected. Furthermore, the weighted forms of the hesitant fuzzy Heronian mean operators are defined for MCDM problem, based on which, new MCDM methods are proposed. The MCDM methods presented in this paper can provide an effective manner to assist the decision maker in making his/her decision. An example about dormitory construction projection selection is given to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Buitinių atliekų naudojimo energijai gaminti galimybių analizė
Authors: Kriptavičius Dalius , Urbonas Petras , Rynkun Genrika
Published: November 2015

Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti buitinių atliekų naudojimo perspektyvas Lietuvoje, prognozuojant buitinių atliekų susidarymo tempus, surinkimą ir analizuojant jų deginimo galimybes energijai gaminti, vadovaujantis ekonominiais, ekologiniais ir socialiniais kriterijais. Ekonominis vertinimas atliekamas pagal 3 kriterijus: 1) šiukšlių deginimo stoties technologinė kaina, Lt/kW; 2) investicijos, generuojamos energijos vienetui, Lt/MWh; 3) išlaidos dujoms tokiam pačiam kiekiui energijos pagaminti, Lt. Ekologinis įvertinimas atliekamas pagal sudeginto kuro kiekio ir išsiskyrusių teršalų santykį. Socialinis vertinimas atliekamas gyventojų apklausos būdu. Įdiegus Lietuvoje šiukšlių deginimo stotis per 25 metus būtų galima sudeginti 20,63 mln. tonų šiukšlių ir pagaminti 4756 GWh elektros ir 16223 GWh šilumos energijos.
Realiai veikiančio šilumos siurblio efektyvumo tyrimas
Authors: Žėkas Vygantas , Martinaitis Vytautas
Published: November 2015

Nagrinėjamas tipinis šilumos siurblys, sumontuotas renovuotame name, esančiame Vilniaus priemiestyje (175 m2 gyvenamojo ploto). Pastate įrengta grindinė šildymo sistema, įdiegta vėdinimo sistema su šilumogrąžos įrenginiu. Pagrindinis šilumos generatorius yra šilumos siurblys, o jo generuojama šiluma paskirstoma trimis atšakomis – grindinio šildymo, vėdinimo kameros ir karšto vandens ruošimo. Šilumos siurblio šilumos energijos gamybos efektyvumą galima apibūdinti naudingumo koeficientu (COP – coefficient of performance) ir sezoniniu naudingumo faktoriumi (SPF – season performance factor). Preliminariais skaičiavimais, turint galvoje sistemos ribas ir skaičiavimų prielaidas, šilumos siurblio vidutinis naudingumo koeficientas kinta nuo 3,7 iki 3,9.
Socialisation économique et hiérarchies monétaires dans un contexte de crise : Argentine, 2001-2003
Authors: Luzzi Mariana , García Castro Antonia
Published: November 2015

Entre 2001 et 2003, plus de la moitié des provinces argentines ont émis leurs propres monnaies, lesquelles ont coexisté avec la monnaie nationale (le peso) sur leurs territoires respectifs. Fondée sur une étude de cas, l’analyse proposée ici aborde les effets de cette multiplication des monnaies sur les usages quotidiens et les représentations sociales de l’argent en Argentine. À partir de l’examen détaillé des pratiques monétaires, il s’agit de considérer les modalités pratiques de la coexistence de diverses monnaies, tout en offrant des éléments nécessaires à une réflexion empirique fondée sur les processus de socialisation économique qui, dans chaque contexte historique et géographique, donnent forme à des pratiques socialement diffusées de compte et de paiement. Nous décrivons d’abord les pratiques monétaires quotidiennes de la population pendant la période où les monnaies provinciales ont circulé, puis analysons les relations entre les diverses monnaies en circulation et, en même temps, les liens sociaux qui les ont produites tout en étant transformés par elles, et enfin, rendons compte des processus de socialisation économique qui constituent à la fois la cause et le résultat de la manière dont se met en place la pluralité monétaire.
La richesse en jonglant : Saraswathi et Carola
Authors: Villarreal Magdalena , Guérin Isabelle , Santosh Kumar K. S. , Bouyssou Rachel
Published: November 2015

Fondée sur un travail d’ethnographie en Inde et au Mexique, cette étude s’interroge sur la nature de la richesse dans les opérations financières quotidiennes de deux femmes. La richesse n’est pas seulement affaire de revenus monétaires réels ou de ressources quantifiables possédées par une personne ou une famille, elle est également liée à la façon dont certaines ressources matérielles et symboliques sont déployées et dotées de sens dans un contexte culturel donné. Au-delà de ce qu’on qualifie habituellement de « capital », ce qui compte dans l’acquisition de la richesse, c’est le processus par lequel les gens font travailler ce capital à leur profit (la « capitalisation »). Or ce résultat exige de « jongler » en permanence, c’est-à-dire de mettre en œuvre des mécanismes d’accession à la richesse comportant une succession ininterrompue d’opérations risquées où sont combinées, articulées et parfois remplacées l’une par l’autre différentes formes de capital, qui n’acquièrent de valeur que par leur circulation continue et leur entrelacement avec d’autres formes.
Perceptions chinoises d’une Europe en crise
Authors: Heng-Lim Yves
Published: November 2015

S’il est vrai que c’est dans l’adversité qu’on reconnaît ses vrais amis, alors on ne peut imaginer meilleure situation que la succession de crises qui secouent l’Union européenne depuis le début des années 2000 pour apprécier la solidité, voire la sincérité du partenariat sino-européen. L’examen d’une série d’articles parus dans deux revues très proches du pouvoir central permet ici d’analyser la variété des perceptions chinoises de l’UE entre 2007 et 2013, et met notamment en lumière l’ambiguïté de la Chine vis-à-vis de son partenaire européen. Si, à la veille des crises, les analystes chinois s’inquiétaient encore de l’émergence d’une « Europe-puissance » capable de faire primer ses intérêts dans sa relation bilatérale avec la Chine, le vacillement de l’eurozone, largement attribué aux erreurs commises par les dirigeants européens, a été accueilli avec une relative sérénité. De fait, la fragilisation du modèle européen est vue avant tout dans la perspective d’une évolution des rapports de force qui profite politiquement et économiquement à la Chine.
Quelle architecture de sécurité pour la Méditerranée ?
Authors: Benantar Abdennour
Published: November 2015

Cette étude porte sur l’architecture de sécurité en Méditerranée, zone caractérisée par une grande hétérogénéité : stabilité au Nord, instabilité au Sud, et suggère l’idée d’un régime de sécurité coopérative qui tiendrait compte de la diversité sous-régionale. Il s’agit, à partir d’approches néoréaliste, néolibérale et surtout constructiviste, d’analyser la pertinence de la sécurité coopérative pour l’espace méditerranéen, en faisant aussi appel à des concepts connexes tels que régime de sécurité et communauté de sécurité. Compte tenu d’une configuration hétérogène et d’une tension dans les préférences européennes entre impératifs stratégiques et considérations éthiques, comment s’opère le transfert de normes vers la rive méridionale ? La primauté des impératifs stratégiques, y compris dans le contexte des soulèvements arabes, fausse le processus de transfert de normes et d’externalisation. Toutefois, une sécurité coopérative est bel et bien en train de se mettre en place à travers des initiatives régionales et ce malgré la persistance de certains foyers de tensions dans la région.
Former des élites non communistes pour le tiers-monde : l’Institut universitaire de hautes études internationales (IUHEI), les États-Unis et la Guerre froide
Authors: Van Dongen Luc
Published: November 2015

R ésumé . – Au cours de la Guerre froide, les puissances occidentales furent parfois tentées d’utiliser la Suisse, pays neutre et sans passé colonialiste, comme relais de l’Occident vers le tiers-monde. Leur volonté d’y défendre le « monde libre », la démocratie et l’économie de marché coïncidait avec celle des milieux dirigeants helvétiques, qui infléchirent la politique d’aide au développement dans ce sens à la fin des années 1950. L’IUHEI, créé à Genève dans l’entre-deux-guerres avec l’appui décisif de la Fondation Rockefeller, participa pleinement de ce mouvement, contribuant même à le faire émerger. En plein « moment Bandung », Jacques Freymond, tout nouveau directeur de l’IUHEI, décida de revitaliser l’institut en l’engageant notamment vers la formation des cadres des pays en voie de décolonisation. Sa bataille multifacettes relative au tiers-monde donne à voir une subtile combinaison helvéto-américaine, entre privé et public, science et politique, au cœur des enjeux de la Guerre froide.
D’une «neutralité abstentionniste » à une solidarité instrumentalisée : l’établissement de relations diplomatiques entre la Suisse et le Mozambique
Authors: Widmer Sabina
Published: November 2015

R ésumé . – Cet article analyse la mise en place des relations diplomatiques entre la Suisse et le Mozambique au milieu des années 1970. La Suisse se heurte aux réticences du Front de libération du Mozambique (Frelimo) marxiste, qui critique sa politique de neutralité. Utilisée par le gouvernement helvétique pour justifier sa position abstentionniste durant la guerre de libération, cette politique lui sert ensuite d’argument pour chercher à établir des relations diplomatiques avec le Mozambique après son indépendance en 1975. Dans ce contexte, la Suisse instrumentalise l’aide humanitaire pour parvenir à surmonter l’incompréhension du Frelimo et à améliorer l’image de la neutralité suisse en Afrique australe.
Management and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder on College Campuses
Authors: Amyx Megan Lee , Hastings Kylie Brooke , Reynolds Elizabeth J. , Weakley Julie Ann , Dinkel Shirley , Patzel Brenda
Published: November 2015

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on college campuses is a serious and often underdiagnosed condition. The current investigation analyzed current best practice guidelines for the management of ADHD in a mid-sized university in the Midwestern United States. Best practices were identified through a review of current evidence-based literature on ADHD management. A data collection tool was developed and used to organize data and determine adherence with best practice guidelines. Investigators revealed that policy and procedures followed best practice guidelines. Development and implementation of ADHD protocols on college campuses allows nurse practitioners to confidently provide safe, quality care to patients diagnosed with ADHD. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services
,
53
(11), 46–51.]
Buspirone: Back to the Future
Authors: Howland Robert H.
Published: November 2015

Buspirone, first synthesized in 1968 and marketed in 1986, is a pharmacologically unique azapirone drug. It is effective for treating generalized anxiety, but not other anxiety disorders. Buspirone also is efficacious for depression, either alone or together with an antidepressant drug, and for treating adverse sexual effects. Studies of buspirone for substance use disorders have had disappointing outcomes, although it may be useful for treating coexisting anxiety and one controlled study suggested efficacy for heroin detoxification. Buspirone may be considered a treatment option for managing irritability, agitation, and aggression in older adult patients with dementia as well as in pediatric patients, although additional effectiveness studies are warranted. Buspirone and melatonin may synergistically promote neurogenesis, supporting the potential use of this combination for treating depression and cognitive impairment. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 53
(11), 21–24.]
SEGMENTATION OF ABDOMEN DISEASES USING ACTIVE CONTOUR MODELS IN CT IMAGES
Authors: Sethi Gaurav , Saini B. S.
Published: November 2015

Precise segmentation of abdomen diseases like tumor, cyst and stone are crucial in the design of a computer aided diagnostic system. The complexity of shapes and similarity of texture of disease with the surrounding tissues makes the segmentation of abdomen related diseases much more challenging. Thus, this paper is devoted to the segmentation of abdomen diseases using active contour models. The active contour models are formulated using the level-set method. Edge-based Distance Regularized Level Set Evolution (DRLSE) and region based Selective Binary and Gaussian Filtering Regularized Level Set (SBGFRLS) are used for segmentation of various abdomen diseases. These segmentation methods are applied on 60 CT images (20 images each of tumor, cyst and stone). Comparative analysis shows that edge-based active contour models are able to segment abdomen disease more accurately than region-based level set active contour model.
The influence of trait-emotional intelligence on authentic leadership
Authors: Kotzé Martina , Nel Petrus
Published: November 2015

Orientation: Authentic leadership is a relatively new construct that has recently gained increasing attention resulting from challenges faced by organisations relating to ethical meltdowns, corruption and fraud.Research purpose: This study seeks to explore the relationship between components of emotional intelligence and authentic leadership.Motivation for the study: Several authors called for more empirical investigations into the antecedents of authentic leadership. Despite the important role that emotions play in leadership, empirical studies were lacking about the influence of different components of emotional intelligence to authentic leadership.Research design, approach and method: Data were collected, using questionnaires obtained from 341 full-time employed applicants to MBA and leadership programmes in a South African Business School. Relationships between variables were analysed, using Pearson product-moment correlations and stepwise multiple regression.Main findings: The results indicated that emotional intelligence has positive statistically significant associations with authentic leadership. Specifically, those who scored high on all the emotional intelligence components also scored high on authentic leadership. In addition, the emotional intelligence component of empathy was a statistically significant predictor of authentic leadership.Practical/managerial implications: Initial findings suggest the potential value of recognising and developing the emotional intelligence of leaders to enable them to lead their organisations authentically to desired, successful outcomes. As empathy has been shown to be the most important emotional intelligence predictor of authentic leadership, leaders need to understand when subordinates perceive a leader as displaying empathic emotion.Contribution: This study contributes to the literature and empirical research on the antecedents of authentic leadership.
Adult Astrogenesis and the Etiology of Cortical Neurodegeneration
Authors: Mohn Tal C. , Koob Andrew O.
Published: November 2015

As more evidence points to a clear role for astrocytes in synaptic processing, synaptogenesis and cognition, continuing research on astrocytic function could lead to strategies for neurodegenerative disease prevention. Reactive astrogliosis results in astrocyte proliferation early in injury and disease states and is considered neuroprotective, indicating a role for astrocytes in disease etiology. This review describes the different types of human cortical astrocytes and the current evidence regarding adult cortical astrogenesis in injury and degenerative disease. A role for disrupted astrogenesis as a cause of cortical degeneration, with a focus on the tauopathies and synucleinopathies, will also be considered.
Mieux vaut prévenir que guérir : comment sécuriser la relation Homme-Chien ?
Authors: Gilbert Caroline
Published: November 2015

Même si le chien partage l’environnement de l’homme depuis au moins 15000 ans, ses morsures n’en restent pas moins fréquentes et parfois graves. Notre objectif est de fournir quelques réflexions, en cohérence avec les dernières données scientifiques publiées, afin de prévenir ces morsures. Connaître et détecter les signaux de peur, de stress et d’agression qu’un chien peut émettre au cours des interactions avec l’humain est particulièrement important afin que ce dernier puisse ajuster son comportement et éviter une escalade de l’agression. Prendre en compte le tempérament (témérité, agressivité notamment) de l’individu avec lequel on interagit est également nécessaire. Afin d’expliquer la relation homme-chien, le concept de dominance-subordination, se focalisant sur les interactions négatives semble devoir être abandonné. En revanche, les théories du leadership ou de la balance des interactions (positives, neutres et négatives) permettant de favoriser les interactions positives afin d’éviter les conflits et donc de réduire les agressions, doivent être développées. Enfin, respecter les besoins comportementaux, afin d’assurer le bien-être comportemental du chien au sein du foyer, permet de réduire ses frustrations et favorise une relation de meilleure qualité.
Chiens mordeurs : le point sur la loi sur les chiens dangereux
Authors: Mège Catherine
Published: November 2015

Biting dogs : an update on the law relative to dangerous dogs.

Laws relative to dangerous dogs have appeared since 1999 and evolved as a result of media events and legislative measures that too often were taken in urgency. As early as 2008, veterinarians found themselves in the heart of the plan and were major actors of the law. We will take stock of the law and discuss its assessments in daily practice.
Zoonoses bactériennes canines, antibiothérapie et antibiorésistance en médecine canine
Authors: Madec Jean-Yves , Rousselot Jean-François
Published: November 2015

La résistance aux antibiotiques a désormais obtenu le statut de zoonose. Homme et Chien échangent non seulement des bactéries avec, lorsque ces bactéries sont pathogènes, un risque infectieux, mais aussi des facteurs de résistance qui sont susceptibles de compromettre l’efficacité d’un traitement antibiotique. Praticiens vétérinaires, scientifiques, et autorités sanitaires se sont associés pour lutter contre le fléau qu’est l’antibiorésistance avec des mesures fortes : surveillance méticuleuse des germes et de leur résistance chez le chien par le réseau RESAPATH (Anses), élaboration et mise en fonctionnement du plan Ecoantio 2017 qui vise à réduire en 5 ans la consommation d’antibiotiques de plus de 25 %, création dans chaque région d’un poste référent en antibiotiques… Cette problématique «antibiorésistance» qui réunit Homme et Animal illustre parfaitement l’importance du «One Health» .
Changement climatique et écologie vectorielle
Authors: Duvallet Gérard
Published: November 2015

Le réchauffement climatique joue un rôle, encore insuffisamment analysé, sur les populations de vecteurs. Pourtant, les maladies à transmission vectorielle sont toujours un lourd fardeau pour le développement des régions tropicales, même si des progrès considérables ont été réalisés. Ces maladies étaient présentes également dans certains foyers des régions tempérées, mais on observe ces dernières années une extension de ces foyers et l’apparition de nouvelles maladies. Des facteurs anthropiques, en plus du réchauffement climatique, jouent un rôle considérable pour expliquer l’émergence ou la ré-émergence des maladies à transmission vectorielle. Les recherches à développer sont nécessairement pluridisciplinaires pour trouver des solutions durables.
Le suicide dans la profession vétérinaire : étude, gestion et prévention
Authors: Malvoso Virginie
Published: November 2015

Suicide in the veterinary profession : study, management and prevention.

The veterinary profession has a dismal track record, with a suicide rate three to four times higher than the general population in some countries, a rate higher than that measured in the majority of other occupational groups. In particular are mentioned overwork and arduous schedules imposed by the business that limit social development and generate the same anxiety and depressive disorders demonstrated in a large number of practitioners. The thus created social isolation is accentuated by a veterinary fraternity perceived as failing, even though it represents potential protective factor against suicide risk. Euthanasia of animals also appears as a major factor, with its obvious emotional impact and impaired perception of death that can be generated from the practitioner. This article is based on a 2013 thesis by the author.
Estimation de la période d’introduction du virus Schmallenberg dans deux départements français
Authors: Raballand Charlotte , Bréard Emmanuel , Sailleau Corinne , Zientara Stéphan , Zanella Gina
Published: November 2015

Likely introduction date of schmallenberg virus in two french departments using serological studies in cattle.

Monthly serological surveys between August 2011 and April 2012 were performed among cattle population from Manche and Meurthe-et-Moselle departments. First positive results were observed in October 2011 for both departments, with respectively 12,7 and 55,6% SBV serological prevalences. Those rates increased quickly to reach very high levels from the end of 2011. Likely introduction date of SBV in France may be situated in the second half of September or during the first days of October 2011.
Qualitévet : Une association au service de la profession vétérinaire
Authors: Rousselot Jean-François , Guaguère Eric , Brard Christophe
Published: November 2015

Qualitévet est une association à but non lucratif qui a pour mission statutaire d’organiser et coordonner les démarches «qualité» pouvant se mettre en place au sein de la profession vétérinaire et d’assurer la communication institutionnelle à propos de ces démarches qualité appliquées à l’exercice vétérinaire. Son conseil d’administration réunit la plupart des organismes vétérinaires libéraux ou universitaires qui délèguent les aspects techniques de la qualité à un groupe d’experts indépendants, le comité technique d’expertise. Depuis sa création, en 2003, plusieurs réalisations majeures sont à l’actif de Qualitévet : contribution à la radioprotection, au dépistage des tares oculaires, au guide de bonnes pratiques du médicament vétérinaire, aux conseils pour l’euthanasie (guide Phénix)… L’ambition de Qualitévet est de promouvoir les processus d’amélioration continue pour notre profession en respectant une charte «qualité». Qualitévet se veut être un outil au service de la profession vétérinaire.
Public versus Private in Municipal Services Management
Authors: Benito Bernardino , Guillamón María-Dolores , Bastida Francisco
Published: November 2015

Recent years have seen Spain and many other developed countries move more and more into outsourcing public service management on the grounds that production costs are higher in the public sector than in the private. However, there is often no empirical support that this is always the case. This paper shows that the private sector is not always more economical or better managed than the public one and, to the best of our knowledge, such a study had never been made in Spain. It draws on a survey by the Spanish Court of Auditors for a sample of municipalities, which analyzes public services like drinking water supply, street lighting, street cleaning and urban solid waste collection. Only in the case of lighting is private management cheaper and more efficient, although in larger municipal populations the opposite is true.
A synthesis of cloud condensation nuclei counter (CCNC) measurements within the EUCAARI network
Authors: Paramonov M. , Kerminen V.-M. , Gysel M. , Aalto P. P. , Andreae M. O. , Asmi E. , Baltensperger U. , Bougiatioti A. , Brus D. , Frank G. P. , Good N. , Gunthe S. S. , Hao L. , Irwin M. , Jaatinen A. , Jurányi Z. , King S. M. , Kortelainen A. , Kristensson A. , Lihavainen H. , Kulmala M. , Lohmann U. , Martin S. T. , McFiggans G. , Mihalopoulos N. , Nenes A. , O'Dowd C. D. , Ovadnevaite J. , Petäjä T. , Pöschl U. , Roberts G. C. , Rose D. , Svenningsson B. , Swietlicki E. , Weingartner E. , Whitehead J. , Wiedensohler A. , Wittbom C. , Sierau B.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Cloud condensation nuclei counter (CCNC) measurements performed at 14 locations around the world within the European Integrated project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality interactions (EUCAARI) framework have been analysed and discussed with respect to the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activation and hygroscopic properties of the atmospheric aerosol. The annual mean ratio of activated cloud condensation nuclei (NCCN) to the total number concentration of particles (NCN), known as the activated fraction A, shows a similar functional dependence on supersaturation S at many locations – exceptions to this being certain marine locations, a free troposphere site and background sites in south-west Germany and northern Finland. The use of total number concentration of particles above 50 and 100 nm diameter when calculating the activated fractions (A50 and A100, respectively) renders a much more stable dependence of A on S; A50 and A100 also reveal the effect of the size distribution on CCN activation. With respect to chemical composition, it was found that the hygroscopicity of aerosol particles as a function of size differs among locations. The hygroscopicity parameter κ decreased with an increasing size at a continental site in south-west Germany and fluctuated without any particular size dependence across the observed size range in the remote tropical North Atlantic and rural central Hungary. At all other locations κ increased with size. In fact, in Hyytiälä, Vavihill, Jungfraujoch and Pallas the difference in hygroscopicity between Aitken and accumulation mode aerosol was statistically significant at the 5 % significance level. In a boreal environment the assumption of a size-independent κ can lead to a potentially substantial overestimation of NCCN at S levels above 0.6 %. The same is true for other locations where κ was found to increase with size. While detailed information about aerosol hygroscopicity can significantly improve the prediction of NCCN, total aerosol number concentration and aerosol size distribution remain more important parameters. The seasonal and diurnal patterns of CCN activation and hygroscopic properties vary among three long-term locations, highlighting the spatial and temporal variability of potential aerosol–cloud interactions in various environments.
Cloud chamber experiments on the origin of ice crystal complexity in cirrus clouds
Authors: Schnaiter M. , Järvinen E. , Vochezer P. , Abdelmonem A. , Wagner R. , Jourdan O. , Mioche G. , Shcherbakov V. N. , Schmitt C. G. , Tricoli U. , Ulanowski Z. , Heymsfield A. J.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. This study reports on the origin of ice crystal complexity and its influence on the angular light scattering properties of cirrus clouds. Cloud simulation experiments were conducted at the AIDA (Aerosol Interactions and Dynamics in the Atmosphere) cloud chamber of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). A new experimental procedure was applied to grow and sublimate ice particles at defined super- and subsaturated ice conditions and for temperatures in the −40 to −60 °C range. The experiments were performed for ice clouds generated via homogeneous and heterogeneous initial nucleation. Ice crystal complexity was deduced from measurements of spatially resolved single particle light scattering patterns by the latest version of the Small Ice Detector (SID-3). It was found that a high ice crystal complexity is dominating the microphysics of the simulated clouds and the degree of this complexity is dependent on the available water vapour during the crystal growth. Indications were found that the crystal complexity is influenced by unfrozen H2SO4/H2O residuals in the case of homogeneous initial ice nucleation. Angular light scattering functions of the simulated ice clouds were measured by the two currently available airborne polar nephelometers; the Polar Nephelometer (PN) probe of LaMP and the Particle Habit Imaging and Polar Scattering (PHIPS-HALO) probe of KIT. The measured scattering functions are featureless and flat in the side- and backward scattering directions resulting in low asymmetry parameters g around 0.78. It was found that these functions have a rather low sensitivity to the crystal complexity for ice clouds that were grown under typical atmospheric conditions. These results have implications for the microphysical properties of cirrus clouds and for the radiative transfer through these clouds.
The location of the thermodynamic atmosphere–ice interface in fully-coupled models
Authors: West A. E. , McLaren A. J. , Hewitt H. T. , Best M. J.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. In fully-coupled climate models, it is now normal to include a sea ice component with multiple layers, each having their own temperature. When coupling this component to an atmosphere model, it is more common for surface variables to be calculated in the sea ice component of the model, the equivalent of placing an interface immediately above the surface. This study uses a one-dimensional (1-D) version of the Los Alamos sea ice model (CICE) thermodynamic solver and the Met Office atmospheric surface exchange solver (JULES) to compare this method with that of allowing the surface variables to be calculated instead in the atmosphere, the equivalent of placing an interface immediately below the surface. The model is forced with a sensible heat flux derived from a sinusoidally varying near-surface air temperature. The two coupling methods are tested first with a 1-h coupling frequency, and then a 3-h coupling frequency, both commonly-used. With an above-surface interface, the resulting surface temperature and flux cycles contain large phase and amplitude errors, as well as having a very "blocky" shape. The simulation of both quantities is greatly improved when the interface is instead placed within the top ice layer, allowing surface variables to be calculated on the shorter timescale of the atmosphere. There is also an unexpected slight improvement in the simulation of the top-layer ice temperature by the ice model. The study concludes with a discussion of the implications of these results to three-dimensional modelling. An appendix examines the stability of the alternative method of coupling under various physically realistic scenarios.
Determining the stable isotope composition of pore water from saturated and unsaturated zone core: improvements to the direct vapour equilibration laser spectrometry method
Authors: Hendry M. J. , Schmeling E. , Wassenaar L. I. , Barbour S. L. , Pratt D.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. A method to measure the δ2H and δ18O composition of pore waters in saturated and unsaturated geologic core samples using direct vapour equilibration and laser spectrometry (DVE–LS) was first described in 2008, and has since been rapidly adopted. Here, we describe a number of important methodological improvements and limitations encountered in routine application of DVE–LS over several years. Generally, good comparative agreement, as well as accuracy, is obtained between core pore water isotopic data obtained using DVE–LS and that measured on water squeezed from the same core. In complex hydrogeologic settings, high-resolution DVE–LS depth profiles provide greater spatial resolution of isotopic profiles compared to long-screened or nested piezometers. When fluid is used during drilling and coring (e.g. water rotary or wet sonic drill methods), spiking the drill fluid with 2H can be conducted to identify core contamination. DVE–LS analyses yield accurate formational isotopic data for fine-textured core (e.g. clay, shale) samples, but are less effective for cores obtained from saturated permeable (e.g. sand, gravels) geologic media or on chip samples that are easily contaminated by wet rotary drilling fluid. Data obtained from DVE–LS analyses of core samples collected using wet (contamination by drill water) and dry sonic (water loss by heating) methods were also problematic. Accurate DVE–LS results can be obtained on core samples with gravimetric water contents > 5 % by increasing the sample size tested. Inexpensive Ziploc™ gas-sampling bags were determined to be as good as, if not better than, other, more expensive specialty bags. Sample storage in sample bags provides acceptable results for up to 10 days of storage; however, measurable water loss, as well as evaporitic isotopic enrichment, occurs for samples stored for up to 6 months. With appropriate care taken during sample collection and storage, the DVE–LS approach for obtaining high-resolution pore water isotopic data is a promising alternative to study the hydrogeology of saturated and unsaturated sediments. Eliminating analytical interferences from volatile organics remains a challenge.
Lightning characteristics over the eastern coast of the Mediterranean during different synoptic systems
Authors: Ben Ami Y. , Altaratz O. , Yair Y. , Koren I.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Thunderstorm activity takes place in the eastern Mediterranean mainly through the boreal fall and winter seasons during synoptic systems of Red Sea Trough (RST), Red Sea Trough that closed a low over the sea (RST-CL), and Cyprus Low (during fall – FCL and winter – WCL). In this work we used the Israeli Lightning Location System ground strokes data set, between October 2004 and December 2010, for studying the properties of lightning strokes and their link to the thermodynamic conditions in each synoptic system. It is shown that lightning activity dominates over sea during WCL and FCL systems (with maximum values of 1.5 in WCL, and 2.2 km−2 day−1 in FCL) and have a dominant component over land during the RST and RST-CL days. The stronger instability (high Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) values of 762 ± 457 J kg−1) during RST-CL days together with the higher altitude of the clouds' mixed-phase region (3.6 ± 0.3 km), result in a slightly higher density of ground strokes during this system but a lower fraction of positive ground strokes (3 ± 0.5 %). In general the fraction of positive strokes was found to be inversely correlated with the sea surface temperature: it increases from 1.2 % in early fall to 17.7 % in late winter, during FCL and WCL days. This change could be linked to the variation in the charge center's vertical location during those months. The diurnal cycle in the lightning activity was examined for each synoptic system. During WCL conditions, no preferred times were found through the day, as it relates to the random passage timing of the frontal systems over the study region. During the fall systems (FCL and RST-CL) there is a peak in lightning activity during the morning hours, probably related to the enhanced convection driven by the convergence between the eastern land breeze and the western synoptic winds. The distributions of peak currents in FCL and WCL systems also change from fall to winter and include more strong negative and positive strokes toward the end of the winter.
El papel de los museos en la sociedad actual: discurso institucional o museo participativo
Authors: García Fernández Isabel Mª
Published: November 2015

Desde hace ya varias décadas se ha extendido un lema convertido en habitual año tras año: que los museos necesitan cambios y que, éstos, deben seguir produciéndose en el futuro para que estas instituciones sigan siendo significativas en la sociedad, es decir, para los ciudadanos a quienes representan y sirven. La cuestión de cómo afrontan los cambios es lo que verdaderamente ha dado lugar a reflexiones interesantes en el campo de la museología. No existe un enfoque único para una cuestión tan compleja, ya que está compuesta de múltiples capas que, en muchas ocasiones, son difícilmente acoplables. Sin embargo, en términos generales, podemos apuntar que va a ser en la exposición donde los nuevos planteamientos tendrán su desarrollo.