bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interrelationship between thermal imaging data and dairy traits in red-and-white cows
Authors: Kwaśnicki R. , Dobicki A. , Zachwieja A. , Nowakowski P.
Published: September 2009

The aim of the research was the thermal imaging comparative analysis of milk production traits such as: CFU (number of micro-organism forming colonies ?1 cm-3 of milk), somatic cells count - SCC, content (%) of fat, protein, lactose, DM, no fat dry matter - NFDM and urea (mg?100 cm-3) and the skin temperature at the selected sites on a cow?s body. The research was conducted on 32 cows of Red-and-White breed, with an average milk yield 6797 kg per cow. On two sides of the body (left and right) two fixed temperature measurement sites on the joints (ankle joint, carpal joint) and 3 sites on the mammary glands (fore quarter teat cistern, hind quarter teat cistern and central ligament) were chosen as well as isotherm was drawn for the temperature distribution along the oblique body axis to record the minimal and maximal skin temperatures. Two sessions of thermal imaging photography 4 to 5 hours after morning milking were completed. An analysis demonstrated that the minimum temperatures along oblique body axis of clinically healthy cows measured on left body side relate with SCC (r = - .788; P? 0.05) and milk fat and DM contents (r = +.428 and r = +.450; P? 0.05). Temperature of the skin covering udder central ligament was related negatively with % content of milk fat and protein (r = -.438 and r = -.442; P?0.05 - for the left body side).
Comparison between using starter culture, Gdl, and a combination of both in the production of salami
Authors: Andersen L. , Cislaghi S.
Published: September 2009

In the production of fermented, dry sausages (salami) it is important to oppress the acidification to ensure a safe and controlled processing. The acidification may be achieved by applying a starter culture containing lactic acid bacteria (LAB), chemically by e.g. glucono-deltalacton (GdL, E 575) or relying on the indigenous LAB flora. In salami meat model the acidification and LAB development with GdL in two levels, 0.4% and 0.8%, with and without starter culture were compared. The starter culture was Lyocarni RBL-73 with Lactobacillus curvatus as the acidifier. In parallel a control without any acidifier added was followed. An initial pH decline to pH below 5.3 at 25?C was obtained with both GdL applications. In comparison it took approx. 17 hours for the starter culture to achieve the same pH. Furthermore it was demonstrated that GdL did not control the indigenous flora which the starter culture was capable of. Consequently, if the application of GdL is required it is recommendable to combine low amounts of GdL with a starter culture to control the processing.
Gonadotropic action of medication administered in various doses to synchronise the oestrus of anoestral sheep
Authors: Ralchev I. , Maslev T. , Todorov M. , Hristova T.
Published: September 2009

The experiment included 20 ewes of the Tsigai breed, allocated in two groups of 10 animals each. Inducing of oestrus synchronisation was performed during anoestral season (April - May) through vaginal sponges containing gestagens, and administration of Gravohormon (Vetbiopharm, Bulgaria) - 500 UI in group 1 ewes and 1000 UI in group 2 ewes. Macromorphological study of the ovaries was carried out by means of laparoscopy after the adopted methods - on the 56th hour, 72nd hour and 5th day following sponge withdrawal and injection of gonadotropin. The levels of the steroid hormones progesteron and 17?-oestradiol were recorded in three ewes per each group at different times according to the experiment scheme. The histological structure of the ovaries was determined in seven animals subjected to ovariectomy.
Chemical composition and biological protein value of milk from local Srednostaroplaninska sheep breed
Authors: Gerchev G. , Mihaylova G. , Genkovski D.
Published: September 2009

The study was carried out during the grazing period (April-July) with a group of 5 local sheep of the Srednostaroplaninska breed in 3rd lactation. The following system of animal raising was used: grazing on a mountain pasture (April and May), supplementation in April and alpine grazing on high-mountain pastures (June and July). Samples were taken every month during milking period (April-July). Chemical composition of milk and amino acid composition of protein were studied by ion exchange column chromatography. The objective of the study was to determine the chemical composition and biological protein value of milk from Srednostaroplaninska sheep breed. The amino acid content in milk protein, namely glutamic acid, proline, lysine, alanine, valine and serine, increased with advance of lactation period, whereas that of the limiting amino acid methionine decreased and subsequently increased till the end of the period. The protein of milk from the Srednostaroplaninska breed had an index of 35.35 % and a biological value of 90.8 %. The sward type and vegetation stage exerted an influence on the content of essential amino acids, biological value and chemical index of protein of sheep?s milk.
Evidence of single point mutation inducing BLAD disease in Romanian Holstein-derived cattle breed
Authors: Vătăşescu-Balcan R.A. , Manea M.A. , Georgescu S.E. , Dinischiotu A. , Tesio C.D. , Costache M.
Published: September 2009

Bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD) is a genetic disease that affects the haematopoietic system via greatly reduced expression of the heterodimeric ?2 integrin, causing many defects in leukocyte function. It is known that BLAD is an autosomal recessive defect, caused by a point mutation in the gene encoding subunit CD18 for ?2 integrin adhesion molecule, which is lethal in the homozygous form. In this study, 80 cattle of the Romanian Black Spotted breed have been screened via the DNA test. We performed the PCR-RFLP test followed by sequencing to investigate the incidence of this genetic disease. A single point mutation was identified within the gene encoding bovine CD18 in two Romanian Black Spotted cattle affected with BLAD. The aim of our work was to optimize PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) and sequencing analysis as a diagnostic test to identify BLAD carrier cattle.
Infectious abortion in sheep
Authors: Vidic B. , Savic-Jevdjenic S. , Grgic Z. , Bugarski D. , Maljkovic M.
Published: September 2009

The abortions in sheep are important at various aspects, i.e. economical, animal healthcare or zoonotic. Abortions in sheep may occur sporadically or as enzootic outbreaks. The causative agent of the abortion is investigated if more than 2% of abortions in pregnant animals are registered within the herd. The amount of suspect material to be delivered for examination ranges from 12% to 21% of all registered abortions. Our research was carried out at the territory of AP of Vojvodina. Over a three-year-period we investigated 367 serum samples obtained from sheep that have aborted. Serum samples were examined for brucellosis, leptospirosis, listeriosis, toxoplasmosis, enzootic abortion (chlamydiosis), Qfever, salmonellosis. All examined sera were negative to brucellosis. Leptospirosis was diagnosed in 3.2% cases. Specific antibodies were detected for L.hardjo and L. grippotyphosa . Serotype L.hardjo was first identified in cattle at the territory of Vojvodina, and in the recent years it has been also registered in sheep. T.gondii was detected in 7.1% abortions in sheep. Presence of specific antibodies against C.burnetii was established in 19.6% of investigated serum samples. Vojvodina is considered endemic region for Q-fever, and sheep are the primary reservoir of C.burnetii that was confirmed in this research.
Exploring possibilities of diagnosing, control and eradication of porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome (PRRS)
Authors: Lazic S. , Petrovic T.
Published: September 2009

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome is a pervasive disease that often seriously affects the health status of the animals and may lead to severe economic losses. Substantial efforts have been made to promptly diagnose this disease, and this paper presents an overview of clinical and laboratory investigation of PRRS in all animal categories within an industrial pig herd. Suspect disease was identified by clinical observation, and virus identification and detection of specific antibodies in suspect material were confirmed by laboratory examination. Isolation and identification of the virus from samples obtained from dead and sacrificed piglets was carried out on cell cultures (MARK-145) using fluorescence antibody technique, and molecular-biology techniques (RT-PCR and nested PCR) were applied for detecting viral genome in native sperm samples. Presence of PRRS-specific antibodies was investigated in blood serum samples of boars by the use of ELISA. The virus was isolated from the suspect material of sacrificed piglet, and in two more sacrificed animals the virus was detected by the fluorescent antibody technique. The PRRS viral genome could not be detected in the native sperm of 10 boars even after triple sampling. Specific antibodies against PRRS were detected in 37 out of 42 examined boars.
Presence of Campylobacter coli in slaughtered pigs and its resistance to antibiotics
Authors: Ivanovic S. , Lilic S.
Published: September 2009

Campylobacter coli is zoonotic bacterium. As saprophyte it persists in pigs and they are its common reservoir. It transmits to human by meat and meat products. Campylobacter coli is sensitive to antibiotics but in one moment could become resistant. According to literature data, the aim of our investigations was to affirm the sensitivity of Campylobacter coli, isolated from the samples collected from clinically healthy pigs, on slaughter line, to following antibiotics: Erythromycin, Ampycillin and Tetracycline. From all of identified isolates it was selected 18 strains and they are examined to antibiotic sensitivity by both of dilution and diffusion methods. Obtained results were interpreted according to proposition of European Working Group for investigation of antibiotic resistance of bacteria (1996). Using both methods it was found out: all strains were sensitive to erythromycin; all strains were resistant to tetracycline, 16 strains were resistant to ampycillin, two strains were intermediate to ampycillin (strain 4 and 13). Usage of antibiotics in prophylactic purposes is common practice in intensive animal husbandry. This usage change microbial flora in treated animals and its inadequate application often cause bacterial resistance to them.
The effect of nutrition with corn silage and additional forage mixtures on certain quality parameters of pig meat
Authors: Jakic-Dimic D. , Pavlovic I. , Vukovic V. , Stojanovic Z. , Gruic B.
Published: September 2009

Objective of this paper was to investigate the effect of nutrition consisting of corn silage and added forage mixtures or wheat or soy bean grain, livestock yeast and fish meal on major physical-chemical traits of pig meat. In the trial, in control and trial group there were 50 pigs in each group with equal presence of male and female pigs of average body weight of 60 kg fattened to final live body mass of 100 kg. Meat from pigs of control group (M. longisimus dorsi) contained: 73,28 % water, 1,40% ashes, 22,54% protein, 2,79 % fat, glycogen 18,08 %, with pH 5,85, cooking loss of 44,05 %, with characteristic meat color and purity of 19,8% and lightness of color of 19,13%. Meat from pigs of trial group (M. longisimus dorsi) contained: 74,14% of water, 1,17 % ashes, protein 22,34%, fat 2,52%, glycogen 17,17%, with pH 5,83, cooking loss 41,98 %, with characteristic meat color and purity of 8,6% and lightness of color of 13,60%. Average values of all investigated parameters in pigs of control and trial group were within limits which characterize good pig meat.
The effect of diet and sex on lipids composition of dried pork neck
Authors: Furman M. , Polak T. , Vidakovic S. , Gasperlin L. , Zlender B.
Published: September 2009

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of diet and sex on fat content, fatty acid composition and cholesterol content of dried pork neck. There were 12 barrows and 12 gilts separated in 4 groups regarding different nutritive supplement. The first group was fed basic ratio with supplement of linseed, the second with canola, the third with canola and vitamin E and the forth group without nutritive supplement (control group). All 24 samples of dried neck were analyzed in laboratory. There was no effect of nutritive supplement on fat and cholesterol content. Diet with linseed resulted in higher ?-linolenic fatty acid content in dried neck. Canola diet resulted in higher oleic and linoleic acid contents. Barrows dried necks were fattier than gilts, but there were no difference in cholesterol content. Gilts had more polyunsaturated fatty acids and less saturated fatty acids than barrows.
Table eggs of known origin and guaranteed quality: Brand egg
Authors: Pavlovski Z. , Skrbic Z. , Lukic M.
Published: September 2009

The fact that most of consumers according to polls and questionnaires in our country, value the most freshness of eggs, and that at the same time they are not satisfied with it, there is necessity to provide guaranteed fresh eggs of high quality. Similar situation in other countries and cities in Serbia has induced some of producers of table eggs to develop production programs and marketing of eggs of known origin and guaranteed quality. Table eggs are produced and sold according to demands of consumers with integrated control system based on two EU Directives (No 1907/90 and No 1274/91). Program contains several components (defining of brand, production, quality control, commercial advertising) and each of the components is of conceptual importance, integral part and as such cannot be left out or neglected. In general, product of such Program cannot be only brand egg but result of entire integrated system of production, sale, quality control, marketing, and represent links in the chain - from producer of eggs to consumer.
Results of egg production in different housing systems
Authors: Peric L. , Milosevic N. , Tolimir N. , Zikic D.
Published: September 2009

The aim of this work was to present the production results of laying hens kept in different housing systems - conventional cages with different stocking densities, enriched cages or in houses with a range. The used hybrid was Shaver 579 (564 birds). The main production parameters were monitored: No. of laid eggs, laying percentage, mortality rate, feed intake, egg weight and number of culled eggs. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by t-test. Main production parameters in production of table eggs were significantly different depending on the housing system. The best results were realized in cage system with lower housing density, and the worst results in hens housed in floor system on free range.
New feed additives based on phytogenics and acidifiers in animal nutrition
Authors: Levic J. , Sredanovic S. , Djuragic O. , Jakic D. , Levic Lj. , Pavkov S.
Published: September 2009

Low regulations for feed additives use, has been changed in EU as well as in our country, especially in use of antibiotics as growth promotors. Along years it has investigated an alternative for antibiotics as growth promotors. Essential oilsand organic acids are one of alternative feed, which acting in a few of the most important directions: as antioxidants, metabolic upgraders, growth promotors and development of pathogenic microorganizms controllers, including moulds and bacterias and as environmental protecting through control of amonia and nitrogen excretion. The objective of this paper was to determine the composition of essential oils in a commercial product which, in combination with the blend of organic acids may be used in poultry nutrition as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters and establish impacts on performance parameters in broilers and microbiological properties of feces. Obtained results showed that the product contained an essential oil in which over 75% of total mass account for 2-phenol-carvacrol and eugenol. Tested product has been found to have positive effects in reduced mortality (from 4,45% to 1,5%), higher body weight by 5,55% and decreased feed conversion by 9.9%. Significant positive effect has been shown in reduction of abdominal fat content, by 70%, and it can be concluded that product in question may be successfully used in poultry nutrition.
Perennial legumes and grasses stable source of quality livestock fodder feed
Authors: Tomic Z. , Lugic Z. , Radovic J. , Sokolovic D. , Nesic Z. , Krnjaja V.
Published: September 2009

Perennial legumes, alfalfa, red clover, bird's foot trefoil, white clover, sainfoin and grasses, cock's foot, meadow fescue, tall fescue, Italian ryegrass, English ryegrass, French ryegrass, red fescue and Timothy grass can be grown successfully in pure crops and in legume-grass mixtures, on different soil types. Their importance in livestock development is based primarily on the great potential for yield of dry matter of over 20 t ha-1 if adequate agro-technical measures have been applied. Also, perennial legumes are characterized with high content of nutritive substances, especially protein and represent the most important protein source in livestock nutrition. Depending on the species and pheno stage of utilization, the content of crude proteins in grasses varies from 100 to 174,6 g kg-1 of DM, and in perennial legumes from 190,0 to 228,8 g kg-1 of DM. Livestock feed obtained from these plant species can be used in several ways, from grazing as most efficient and economical way, to preparation of hay and high quality silages and haylages. Stated forage species are very important in sustainable agriculture and organic production, considering that they carry out the process of biological fixation of nitrogen, but also from the ecological aspect. By using diverse selection/breeding material numerous domestic cultivars of perennial legumes and grasses have been created which are characterized with high potential for main agronomical traits.
Potential of annual legumes for utilization in animal feeding
Authors: Mihailovic V. , Mikic A. , Cupina B.
Published: September 2009

Pea and common vetch have been successfully grown for green forage and forage dry matter production, with yields higher than 30 t ha-1 of green forage and 7 t ha-1 of forage dry matter. Pea and faba bean have the greatest potential as feed annual legumes, with more than 5,000 kg ha-1 and harvest indexes of nearly 0.50. When cut in the stages of full flowering and first pods forming, the average crude protein content of forage dry matter in most annual legumes ranges about 200 g kg-1. Although most modern cultivars of pea contain between 250 and 270 g kg-1 of crude proteins of grain dry matter, they are characterized by a rather low content of antinutritive factors. Forage dry matter of annual legumes may be regarded as rich in lysine, with 13.9 g kg-1 in hairy vetch and 12.7 g kg-1 in common vetch. It is notable that Narbonne vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.) is rather rich in lysine, with average values of more than 20 g kg--1, closely followed by grass pea, with average values of nearly 20 g kg--1. Common vetch, Narbonne vetch and pea have higher content of methionine in comparison to other annual legumes such as grass pea and lentil.
The effect of deoxynivalenol on hepatic cell line HepG2
Authors: Dragomir G. , Huculeci R. , Munteanu C. , Ceapa C. , Bodea L. , Dinischiotu A.
Published: September 2009

The biochemical effect of deoxynivalenol on HepG2 hepatocarcinom cells was examined at a concentration of 2.5 ?M and 24h of exposure. The antioxidant enzyme specific activities increased. Our results revealed that HepG2 cells exposed to this mycotoxin developed specific adaptative responses neutralizing oxidative stress.
The effect of paragenetic factors on reproductive traits of simmental cows
Authors: Petrovic M.D. , Skalicki Z. , Bogdanovic V. , Petrovic M.M.
Published: September 2009

The examination was made on the effect of systematic factors (parturition group, calving season, birth type, calf gender, and birth type-calf gender interaction) and age at first conception on the expression of reproductive traits (gestation length, service period, fertility intensity and calf birth weight) in 143 Simmental cows. The overall mean (?) for gestation length, service period, intercalving period and calf birth weight was 284.14 days, 153.82 days, 416.92 days and 35.40 kg, respectively. The parturition group effect on all fertility traits was highly significant (P<0.01). The calving season statistically significantly (P<0.05) affected the intercalving period and calf birth weight. Birth type induced very significantly longer gestation (P<0.01) and higher calf birth weight in singles (P<0.01) and significantly longer service period in twins (P<0.05). Calf gender had a very significant effect (P<0.01) only on calf birth weight, and the interaction between birth type and calf gender significantly affected gestation duration only (P<0.05). The regression effect of age at first conception on all fertility traits was not significant (P>0.05).
Impact on the zeolite usage in diary cows nutrition to their health characteristics
Authors: Ilic Z. , Pesev S. , Milenkovic M. , Milosevic B.
Published: September 2009

The aim of this research is to examine how zeolite as nutrition additive will impact on health characteristics of the diary cows and calves. Examined health characteristics are inner diseases, udder injuries and delivery. Examined inner diseases are pneumonia, indigestion multiplex, gastroenteritis, rachitis, osteomalatia, hypomagnesaemia, and omphalitis. Examined cow udder diseases are mastitis, udder edema, udder hyperemia, injuries and sores. As for the researches which lasted for 15 months, diary cows of domestic spotted breed. Experimental animals have been divided into three groups. Control group consisted of the cows which did not get zeolite while the first experimental group got nutrition with 3 % addition, and the second experimental group with 2 % zeolite addition within the meals. Achieved results imply to the fact that zeolite usage in diary cows? nutrition did not have any impact on the changes in mammas. There was no statistical dependence between control group and the groups which got tufozel either in 2% or 3% quantity. Based on the performed statistical analysis it can be concluded that changes on the mammas appeared because of the environment. As for the inner diseases appearances, in comparison to the control group, the group which got 2% of tufozel in diary cows feeding had seldom appearance of the inner diseases of the experimental animals vs. the group with 3% of tufozel. This is supported by stronger correlative dependence (0,65), determined for the group which got 2% of tufozel, in comparison to (0,59), which was determined for the experimental group, which got 3% of tufozel.
The effect of protein source in diet on production performances of fattening lambs
Authors: Ruzic-Muslic Dragana , Grubic G. , Petrovic Milan , Zujovic M. , Muslic H. , Nesic Zorica , Marinkov G. , Stojanovic Lj.
Published: September 2009

Research was carried out on experimental sheep farm of the Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade-Zemun. Trial included 60 lambs - crosses of F1 generation of Pirot Pramenka x W?rttemberg x Ile de France weaned at the age of 60 days. Nutrition treatment included study of three concentrated mixtures which were different in protein source (sunflower, soy bean and fish meal), i.e. share of proteins non-degradable at the level of reticulo-rumen: 43 (I) : 51 (II) : 58%(III). The effect of stated treatment in intensive fattening of lambs was monitored through production parameters. Obtained data was processed using standard statistical analysis. Average body mass of lambs at the beginning of trial, in treatments I: II: III was: 18,08: 18,12: 18,17 kg. After fattening of 75 days, final body mass of lambs in analogous treatments was: 30,78 (I) 33,52 (II) 35,17 kg (III) and average daily gain: 0,169: 0,205 : 0,227 kg. Per kilogram of realized gain of lambs, in analogous treatments, the following was consumed: 4,54 : 3,71 : 3,30 kg of dry matter of diet; energy: 33,77: 29,37 : 26,25 MJ; total proteins: 732 : 596 : 549 g. Research demonstrated that protein source in concentrate mixtures used in nutrition of fattening lambs (i.e. share of nondegradable protein in total proteins)had significant effect on production parameters, and the best performance was registered in lambs on treatment with fish meal (share of NP was 58%).
The effect of time of maturation and CaCl2 on quality of young beef
Authors: Miscevic B. , Aleksic S. , Sretenovic Lj. , Pantelic V. , Trivunovic S. , Ostojic-Andric D.
Published: September 2009

Investigations were carried out on four muscles (M. longissimus dorsi, M. semimembranosus, M. semitendinosus, M. biceps femoris) taken from five young cattle (crosses Domestic Spotted x Limousine) of average body mass prior to slaughtering of 587 kg. On all muscles, 24 h after slaughtering, sensory evaluation was carried out and the following parameters determined: pH value, colour, water binding ability, cooking loss and tenderness (initial values). The remaining part of each muscle was divided into 6 parts, 3 were packaged in plastic foil (control samples), and other 3 were soaked in solution containing 0,4% CaCl2 and 0,4% NaCl and packaged in plastic foil. Pieces of meat prepared in this way were left on temperature of + 40C 7, 14 and 21 days to mature. After this period, all mentioned analyses were carried out on meat samples. It was established that pH value during maturation increased, that meat packaged in plastic foil after 14 days of maturation becomes unusable, whereas the increase of pH values of meat whose maturation occurred in solution CaCl2 and NaCl was slower and therefore meat was still usable after 21 days. Color of meat in control samples was slightly lighter compared to initial condition, whereas the color of meat whose maturation occurred in solutions of salt was statistically considerably lighter (P<0,05 after 7 days, a P<0,001 after 14 and 21 days). Water binding ability in control samples was slightly better (P>0,05) after 7 days and after 14 days it was statistically significantly better (P<0,05) compared to initial state, whereas in meat whose maturation occurred in salt solution this ability was at initial level even after 21 days. Cooking loss in control samples was lower compared to initial values whereas in meat soaked in salt solution cooking loss was higher. Meat tenderness in control samples was statistically considerably better after 14 days of maturation (when meat was not fit for use) and in meat soaked in salt solution it was statistically highly significantly better after 14 and 21 days. According to sensory evaluation, control samples of meat, after 14 days of maturation are not fit for use, whereas meat whose maturation occurred in solution of CaCl2 and NaCl even after 21 days is acceptable from the sensory aspect.
Effect of different fat supplements used during dry period of cows on colostrum physicochemical properties
Authors: Zachwieja A. , Szulc T. , Potkański A. , Mikuła R. , Kruszyński W. , Dobicki A.
Published: September 2009

The results of certain studies indicate that a relation exists between the quality of colostrum and milk and the correct balancing of energy and protein in the diet for cows in particular during the last three weeks before parturition. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of fat additives offered to cows during the dry period on the composition and physico-chemical properties of colostrum and the pre-colostrum secretion. 24 cows were assigned to one of three groups. Group I - control, received no feed additives; II - received feed supplemented by a mixture of fish and rapeseed oil in a 1:1 ratio, III - received feed supplemented by protected fat (Brgafat). In both cases the addition of fat amounted to 360g, i.e. 2% DM. All animals received a PMR concentrate in quantities calculated according to the INRA system. From all the cows samples were taken about 48 hours before parturition of the pre-colostrum secretion and directly after calving of colostrum from the first, complete milking. The samples taken were analyzed for basic composition, for the overall number of microorganisms (ONM), somatic cell count (SSC), content of urea, coagulation time after adding rennet, thermo stability as well as potential (oSH) and active (pH) acidity. The results of the studies conducted indicate that the composition and physico-chemical properties of colostrum and pre-colostrum is differentiated. Offering protected fat as a feed additive for cows during the last three weeks of the dry period had a significant effect on the share of dry matter and crude protein in the colostrum produced. The addition of a mixture of fish and rapeseed oil did not have a similar effect.
Effect of different fixed factors on pig carcass quality traits
Authors: Radovic Cedomir , Petrovic Milica , Zivkovic B. , Kosovac Olga , Radojkovic D. , Mijatovic M. , Stojanovic Lj.
Published: September 2009

The effect of sire breed (Swedish landrace and large White), sires within the breed, genotype, sex and season of birth of offspring on age at slaughtering, back fat thickness measured on three points (withers, center of the back and rump), length of carcass side Os pubis-atlas and Os pubis-first rib, yield and share of meat in warm carcass sides of average mass of 81,39 kg, using Yugoslav standards, was investigated. Results obtained show that investigated traits of offspring varied between sire breeds, genotype and sex (P<0,01). Sires within Swedish Landrace influenced (P<0,01) variation of back fat thickness (center of the back, rump, back+rump), age at slaughtering, length of carcass side Os pubis-atlas and Os pubis-first rib, but no effect was established on yield and share of meat (P>0,05). Sires within Large White breed had no effect on age at slaughtering and length of carcass side (P>0,05), whereas on other traits influence was demonstrated (P<0,01 and P<0,05). Season of birth had influence in the second model (P<0,05) on age at slaughtering and in both models on length of carcass side Os pubis-atlas and Os pubis-first rib (P<0,01 and P<0,05), whereas on other investigated traits no effect was established (P>0,05). Age, back fat thickness, length of carcass side and yield of meat were dependent on the mass of warm carcass sides.
Residues of penicillin in the milk after intrauterine treatment of lactating cows
Authors: Vukovic Vujadin , Kasalica Anka
Published: September 2009

The penicillin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, active against a large number of Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. A total of 14 cows (East Friesian sort) were divided into two equal experimental groups, and one group was administered a dose of 400.000 IJ/ i.u./cow, and the order group 800.000 IJ/ i.u./cow penicillin. The penicillin residues in milk was determined using of Delvo test SP method with B. stearothermophilus var. calidolactis, as the test microorganism. In the first group, the average duration of the presence of its residue in milk of treated cows was 37,7 (0-60) hours. After the intrauterine dose of 800.000 I.U./cow, this time period was an average of 53,8 (36-72) hours. The concentrations of penicillin residues at the intrauterine treatment dairy cows were determinined an average of 0,003-0,143 I.U./ml milk for dose of 400.000 I.U./cow, and an average of 0,008-0,325 I.U./ml milk for dose of 800.000 I.U./cow. Total excretion of penicillin residues per cow were an average of 1.288,2 (0-2.538) I.U./cow for dose of 400.000 I.U./cow, and an average of 6.149,1 (1.452-15.330) I.U./cow for dose of 800.000 I.U./cow.
Effect of addition of starches of different botanical origin on the yogurt gel properties
Authors: Najgebauer-Lejko D. , Grega T. , Sady M. , Faber B. , Domagała J. , Machaczka B.
Published: September 2009

The aim of the present study was to estimate an effect of addition of different starches (potato, maize, waxy maize and tapioca) on the sensoric properties as well as selected physicochemical properties of set-style yogurts. Sensoric evaluation comprised: color, taste, smell, consistency and general appearance. pH value, titration acidity, degree of syneresis by centrifuge and FIL/IDF methods, content of acetaldehyde and diacetyl were also estimated. All analyses were done on fresh yogurts and after 1 week and 3 weeks of storage at 4?C. It was stated that natural (not supplemented with any starch) yogurt and that fortified with waxy maize starch were characterized with the best sensoric properties. Moreover the latter one was found to maintain the highest acetaldehyde level after 3 weeks of storage. Also maize starch influenced higher level of this aromatic compound. Generally starch additives resulted also in lower acidity of yogurts during the first period of cold storage. Products with maize and tapioca starches demonstrated the highest resistance to whey separation.
The presence of potential toxigenic fungi in animal feed with particular rewiev on species of genera Aspergillus and Fusarium
Authors: Krnjaja Vesna , Levic J. , Tomic Zorica , Stojanovic Lj. , Trenkovski S. , Nesic Zorica , Marinkov G.
Published: September 2009

The presence of potential toxigenic fungi genera was investigated in 72 samples of different kinds of animal feed. A total five genera of fungi were isolated and identified with followed degree of frequency: Aspergillus (79,17%), Rhizopus (70,83%), Penicillium (68,06%), Fusarium (51,39%) i Mucor (30,56%). The most frequent of the species of fungi from genera Aspergillus and Fusarium were isolated: A. flavus (73,61%), A. fumigatus (31,94%), A. ohraceus (23,16%), A. niger (4,17%), F. verticillioides (36,11%), F. proliferatum (15,28%) i F. subglutinans (2,78%).
Anatomical-physiological basis of reproduction of domestic animals
Authors: Smiljakovic Tatjana , Petrovic M.M. , Poleksic V. , Alm H. , Petrovic Milan , Radovic Cedomir , Pejcic S.
Published: September 2009

Knowledge about forming of sex cells, fertilization and pregnancy is basis for biotechnological effect on reproduction. Beside artificial insemination which is regularly used in practice in Serbia, embryo transfer is method which will probably have wide application, since it enables good performances of male heads and improvement with genetic material of selected female heads. Method is especially useful in selection and breeding of cattle and horses, since in previous agricultural practice, number of offspring from single female head was relatively small. At the beginning it is important to study traits of ovaries in all stages of sex cycle and isolate egg cells which could mature in vitro conditions, in adequate medium until in vitro fertilization and transfer into recipient mother.
Inbreeding
Authors: Telalbasic R. , Baban M. , Rahmanovic A.
Published: September 2009

The objective of this paper is to present to scientific and professional public the most common forms of inbreeding appearing or carried out with different kinds of domestic animals aimed to enhancement of the population production capabilities. In this way, by following the change of certain productive, reproductive and other characteristics, the kind of the inbreeding that gives the most favorable effects will be established. Thus such characteristics would be additionally enhanced at given domestic animals population. Herewith are described modern methods determining direct relationships, collateral relationships and inbreeding coefficient.
The characteristic of control day milk and its properties in ewes from different breeds in Bulgaria
Authors: Raicheva E. , Ivanova Т. , Kipriotis E. , Kistanova E.
Published: September 2009

The aim was the investigation the milk and its composition for control day in local sheep breeds. The experiment was carried out with 19 Karakachan ewes and 21 West Balkan Mountain ewes from the flock of IAS-Kostinbrod and 15 Local Sofia ewes from a private flock from village Klisura. The study is a part of Bulgarian-Greece project for research of F1- crosses of Chios breed. The experimental ewes were mothers of F1 Chios? crosses. The milk for day was recorded on first control during milking period. The content of milk - fats, proteins, non fat solid, dry matter and density were estimated by individual milk samples by analyzer "Ekomilk". The average milk yield for control day of ewes from Karakachan, West Balkan Mountain and Local Sofia breeds was 0,344 l, 0,421 l and 0,633 l respectively. The content of fat, protein and total solids in milk of Karakachan ewes was - 5,91%, 5,19% and 16,42% respectively, of West Balkan Mountain ewes - 6,41%, 5,10% and 16,67% and of Sofia local ewes - 6,35%, 5,94% and 17,57%.
Impact of crossing of Svrljig pramenka with East Friesian sheep on change in milk protein content
Authors: Miocinovic D. , Kasalica Anka , Miocinovic-Djerovski J.
Published: September 2009

This research paper presents the results obtained based on a study on the impact of crossing the Svrljig pramenika and East Friesian sheep breed on the milk protein content and yield in the F1 generation of crossbreeds in the course of lactation. In all the three sheep breeds, while the difference between the first and last lactation months was of exceptionally high significance. The average protein content in the milk yielded by the East Friesian sheep and crossbreeds is very similar and amounts to 5.32% and 5.37%, while in the Svrljig Pramenka it was 5.53%. Based on the statistical significance appraisal of the differences in mean values of protein content in each stated breeds for the whole lactation period a highly significant difference between the Svrljig Pramenka and East Friesian sheep (p<0.01) can be observed, as well as a significant difference between the Svrljig Pramenka and crossbreeds (p<0.05), and an insignificant difference between the East Friesian breed and crossbreeds(p>0.05). The crossing of the stated breeds had an impact on the increase in the total yield of milk protein in the half-breeds (5948.72g), which is an increase of 1755.36g compared with that in the Svrljig Pramenka, and a decrease of only 237.36g in relation to that in the East Friesian sheep breed.
The influence of texture improver type and its addition level on rheological properties of goat’s milk yogurt
Authors: Domagała J. , Sady M. , Grega T. , Najgebauer-Lejko D.
Published: September 2009

Set yogurt from goat?s milk with addition of two texture improvers DSE 6693 and DSE 6694 from NZMP New Zealand, added in the amount of 1, 2and 3% and control yogurt without addition of texture improvers were produced. In yogurt determined sensory quality, pH, apparent viscosity and rheological properties. Flow curves obtained for produced yogurts were described by three rheological models: Ostwald de Waele, Herschel-Bulkley (H-B) and Casson. Addition of texture improver caused an increase in total solids and total protein content of milk for yogurt. Yogurt with texture improvers gave better sensory quality than control yogurt. The yogurt with 1% addition of DSE 6693 and with 2% addition of DSE 6694 had the best sensory quality. The increase in addition level of texture improvers caused an increase in apparent viscosity, consistency coefficient K, yield stress (except H-B model) and deviation from Newtonian flow (decrease of flow index n). Effect of type of improver was rather negligible, whereas its level addition considerably influenced the evaluated rheological parameters.
Changes in texture of yogurt from goat’s milk modified by transglu-taminase depending on pH of the milk
Authors: Domagała J. , Sady M. , Grega T. , Najgebauer-Lejko D.
Published: September 2009

Set yogurt from goat?s milk with adjusted pH to 6,4, 6,3, 6,2 and 6,1 and than modified by microbial transglutaminase (TGase) were produced. Control yogurt was produced from goat?s milk of pH 6,4 but without modification by TGase. In yogurt determined sensory quality, pH, texture parameters and syneresis. Modification of goat?s milk by TGase caused an increase in apparent viscosity, hardness and adhesiveness of the yogurt. The pH of the milk incubated with TGase in the range 6.4- 6.1 has no influence on such texture parameters like viscosity, hardness, adhesiveness, extrusion force and syneresis. The pH and extrusion force of the stored yogurts was significantly lower than the values of these parameters in fresh yogurts.
Effects of time of shearing on growth rate and some physiological responses in fine wool of two tooth sheep
Authors: Aleksiev Y.
Published: September 2009

Rectal temperature, pulse and respiratory rate dynamics and body weight changes were studied in two tooth fine wool sheep kept in barn and shorn at different time of the year. The sheep from the experimental group were shorn in February and the control ones - in May. A considerable decrease (P<0,01) in the daily gain was observed during the first weeks after winter shearing compared to pre shearing period and to unshorn controls but later on the growth rate was higher in the shorn sheep. The remarkable fall (P<0,01) in rectal temperature following the winter shearing persisted for two more months and recovered to pre shearing level in May. Similar decrease in rectal temperature after fleece removal was found in sheep shorn in May. Pulse rate increased after winter shearing (P<0,001) and recovered to pre shearing level by the third month after shearing. Shearing was found to reduce respiratory rate (P<0,01) in winter and spring shorn sheep but a significant increase (P<0,01) was registered in both group in May. The results suggest that energy expenditure shortly after shearing predominated over the energy intake independently of the level of feed intake, which resulted in reduced growth rate and activation of the compensatory mechanisms for saving the body heat.
Study of the skin histological structure in ewes from Staroplaninska and Thoroughbred Tsigai
Authors: Genkovski D. , Gerchev G.
Published: September 2009

Study of the skin histological structure in ewes from Staroplaninski and Thoroughbred Tsigai (Introduced Tsigai - Priazovski type) was conducted. The origin of the ewes from Staroplaninski Tsigai was from reproductive breed herds for Northern Bulgaria - Goliama Zheliazna, Vranilovtsi, Mramoren, Malinovo and Borovtsi. The Thoroughbred Tsigai was imported from sovkhoz ?Roza Lyuksemburg? and was reared in the Experimental base of RIMSA-Troyan. The animals from Staroplaninski Tsigai were bought as lambs at 3-months age and were reared till 5.5-years age in one herd together with Thoroughbred Tsigai.The results of the study showed that the ewes from the farms in RIMSA-Troyan and Malinovo had the largest total skin thickness and its layers, respectively 2994.7 ?m and 2862.3 ?m, and the thinnest was from Mramoren - 2703.5 ?m. In similar way were the groups regarding to depth and width of primary and secondary bulb fibres.The width of fibre roots and follicles of the in animals from the farms in RIMSA-Troyan and Malinovo was the largest and in those from Mramoren the smallest.The density of fibre roots was the largest in animals from the farm in Mramoren - 4.15 ??/?m2 and the smallest in those from Goliama Zheliazna - 3.64 ??/?m2.
Haemolytic activity of rhisome and root extract of Helleborus odorus Waldst. et Kit. applied on Wistar rats
Authors: Davidovic V. , Joksimovic-Todorovic M. , Hristov S. , Stankovic B.
Published: September 2009

In the health care of animals phytoteraphy is being applied very intensively, mostly for the prophylactic purpose and with the aim of treating weaker forms of diseases and chronic course of a disease. It is well known from a traditional folk medicine that Helleborus L. can induce the functions of defensive cell effectors and increase the activity of rapid, unspecific mechanisms of immune response. The plants of the genus Helleborus L. contain saponosides which increase the permeability of the erythrocytes membrane and that leads to the haemolysis and loss of haemoglobin. In this research paper we have studied the influence which the rhisome and root extract of H. odorus Waldst. et Kit., may have on the value of the erythrocytes count, concentration of haemoglobin and haematocrit value. In the rats in the trial group the extract of underground plant organs of Helleborus odorus Walds. et Kit. was applied intramuscularly in the concentration of 0,5, 5 or 20mg/100g TM. In the rats in a control group a sterile physiological solution in the quantity of 0,25ml/100g TM was applied in the same way.
Interdigital skin test for evaluation of delayed hypersensitivity and monitoring cell-mediated immune responses in chickens
Authors: Miljkovic B. , Peric L. , Velhner M.
Published: September 2009

A skin test to assess cell mediated delayed hypersensitivity (DH) used to evaluated immune response of chickens. Results of many study indicated, that skin testing is especially useful as a simple in vivo screening to evaluate normal and suppressed T-cell mediated DH. Chickens were sensitized with using mitogens, B and T-cell dependent antigen by intradermal injection. The most feathered skin of chickens is too thin for adequate intradermal injections, so the wattle is the standard site for skin testing, however, in younger than 2 or 3 weeks old chickens, the wattle is undeveloped and intradermal injection and measurement of response are difficult. A simple interdigital skin used by many of the authors. Skin swelling response and DH reaction were measured in mm before injections and after. The skin test and DH in vivo results edemas-initiating characteristics of sensitizing agents, which increase in skin thickness detectable after 4- 6 hours of application. Many of investigation results suggests that healthy chickens are able to have strong immune response and support the concept that some changes in the cell-mediated immune response and other pathogens may potentially affect immune response.
Prevalence of cryptosporidial infection in piglets with clinical signs of enterophaty
Authors: Pavlovic I. , Zutic M. , Ivetic V. , Savic B. , Radanovic O. , Djukic B.
Published: September 2009

In our examination cryptosporidial infections were detected in the 12,84% (69/537) of examined pigs. Organisms were found in the microvillus brush in the ileum, jejunum rarely in colon. The fact that 78% of those infected were 11-12 weeks old would suggest that there was a strong possibility of sub clinical infection in the weaned pig. All of cryptosporidia infected pigs had diarrhea but 32% of these had other primary diarrheagenic agents which also suggested that diarrhea in farm breeding pigs is a multifactor problem and cryptosporidia may act in concert with other agents to induce of exacerbate the clinical disease.
The effects of different housing technologies on welfare of piglets in rearing
Authors: Zivkovic B. , Radovic C. , Okanovic Dj. , Zekic V.
Published: September 2009

During two consecutive years the effects of introduction of new technology i.e. boxes of new dimensions in rearing of piglets compared to conventional type of boxes, on animal welfare through production results were investigated and economical parameters relating to introduction of investigated technology in rearing piglets. Research was carried out on experimental pig farm of the Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia. Obtained results demonstrated that introduction of new box, with 14 instead of 6 heads per box, influenced increase in gain by 7,9%, higher feed consumption by 6,7% and better feed conversion by 0,9% compared to production results in control group housed in conventional cages. In the structure of expenses, due to higher share of cost of material in total costs, also relative equal reduction of share of labour and depreciation costs for buildings and equipment, but also regardless of that, since cost of material is directly correlated to the production value, mentioned change can be characterized as positive, therefore by application of the new technology of piglet housing the amount of total cost decreased by over 7%, and in general total positive financial effect of 10,6% can be considered as very satisfactory. In general, obtained results showed that by application of new technology of piglet housing positive effects are achieved in regard to production and financial results, and also to welfare of this category of pigs.