bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Female Representation in the Academic Finance Profession
Authors: SHERMAN MILA GETMANSKY , TOOKES HEATHER E.
Published: November 2021

We present new data on female representation in the academic finance profession. In our sample of finance faculty at top‐100 U.S. business schools during 2009 to 2017, only 16.0% are women. The gender imbalance manifests in several ways. First, after controlling for research productivity, women hold positions at lower ranked institutions and are less likely to be full professors. Results also suggest that they are paid less. Second, women publish fewer papers. This gender gap exists in research quantity, not quality. Third, women have more female coauthors, suggesting smaller publication networks. Time‐series data suggest shrinking gender gaps in recent years.
Feeling to Learn: Ideologies of Race, Aurality, and Manouche Music Pedagogy in France
Authors: Lie Siv B.
Published: November 2021

This article explores how music professionals promote interdiscursive oppositions between musical aurality and musical literacy to unsettle the terms of their racialization. For many French Manouches (a subgroup of Romanies/“Gypsies”), music is a source of pride, profit, and public recognition. Manouche musicians often valorize their own sensorially centered pedagogical approaches in distinction to music literacy as espoused by French schools and conservatories. In doing so, they link notions of expressivity, naturalness, and ethical behavior to their Manouche identity in contrast to White French society. They construct parallel contrasts between Black and White musicalities in the jazz world to convey their value as racialized musicians, pointing to transnational formations of race and White supremacy. Because French color‐blind policy constrains speech about race and racism, advocacy for an aurally centered approach to music pedagogy becomes a way for speakers to denounce the discrimination Manouches face as racialized subjects. For these musicians, self‐exoticization is a multifaceted tactic to develop a market niche, to prove themselves as good neoliberal subjects, and to disrupt the racial logics that render such alterity both an asset and a burden. Their discourse remains powerful even if, in practice, some make use of the very music‐theoretical frameworks they critique.
A Randomized controlled clinical trial on dose optimization of thalidomide in maintenance treatment for recurrent aphthous stomatitis
Authors: Deng Yiwen , Wei Wei , Wang Yufeng , Pan Lei , Du Guanhuan , Yao Hui , Tang Guoyao
Published: November 2021

Background

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common oral mucosal disease, and ulcer‐free periods are a major concern for patients. Thalidomide has been shown to be an effective systemic drug in the treatment of RAS, but the value of undertaking a trial to evaluate various maintenance doses was warranted.

Methods

We performed this randomized controlled clinical trial with a two‐stage design. Firstly, all the 125 cases of RAS received prednisone at a starting dose of 15 mg/d for one week as an initial therapeutic drug. Secondly, the 100 cases of RAS in the experimental group received thalidomide (50 mg/d vs. 25 mg/d) as a maintenance drug to observe its efficacy and safety.

Results

During maintenance medication at the fourth and eighth weekend, the two doses (50 and 25 mg/d) of thalidomide were equivalent in reducing the incidence of ulcers, ulcer number, and ulcer pain, respectively (all p > 0.05). Notably, the ulcer‐free period in the group using 25 mg/d thalidomide for eight weeks was longer (mean, >3 months) than those in the other groups (all p < 0.05). Importantly, the total adverse events in the group using 25 mg/d thalidomide were significantly less than those in the group using 50 mg/d (p < 0.001). Moreover, the effect of 50 mg/d thalidomide on the levels of various salivary cytokines was not superior to 25 mg/d medication (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

This dose optimization study concluded that 25 mg/d thalidomide had a long‐term effect on extending the recurrence interval of RAS with better safety.
Optimism, pessimism and support in older couples: A longitudinal study
Authors: Segel‐Karpas Dikla , Arbel Reout
Published: November 2021

Objectives

Optimism is linked to varied advantageous outcomes, ranging from improved health to better relationships, while pessimism is linked to reduced well‐being. Relatively little is known about how optimism and pessimism may work together to shape the perception of support within marital relationships, and whether perceived support can affect couple‐members' optimism and pessimism.

Method

We used three waves of a nationally representative sample of older couples (N = 1681 couples), spanning a period of eight years. Partners reported perceived support, optimism, and pessimism in each wave. We used a random‐intercept cross‐lagged panel model (RI‐CLPM) to test within‐ and between‐person effects.

Results

At the within‐person level, husbands', but not wife's, future expectations were associated with partners' perceived marital support; increases in husbands' pessimism on a given wave were related to decreases in husbands' perceived marital support at the next wave, and vice versa (i.e., actor effect). Within the same wave, increases in husbands' pessimism were associated with wives' decreased perceived marital support. At the between‐person level, both partners' optimism and pessimism were associated with marital support.

Discussion

Findings suggest that changes in husbands' levels of pessimism propel marital support experiences of both partners. At the methodological level, results highlight the importance of examining interpersonal processes at both the within‐ and between‐levels of analyses, as they may yield divergent patterns.
Daily moral identity: Linkages with integrity and compassion
Authors: Krettenauer Tobias , Lefebvre Jean Paul , Hardy Sam A. , Zhang Zhiyong , Cazzell Amber R.
Published: November 2021

Objective

The present study investigated how much variability in moral identity scores is attributable to individual differences that are stable over time and how much variability reflects daily fluctuations.

Method

Participants (N = 138, M age = 25.11 years, SD = 10.77; 82% female) were asked to report the self‐importance of three moral attributes (being honest, fair, and caring) once a day for 50 consecutive days. Ratings were decomposed into between‐ and within‐person variability and analyzed in relation to individuals' self‐reported feelings of integrity and compassion using hierarchical linear modelling.

Results

Daily measures of moral identity exhibited more between‐ than within‐person variability (64% vs. 36%). Furthermore, feelings of integrity and compassion were more strongly positively correlated with moral identity on the inter‐individual level than the intra‐individual level.

Conclusion

Overall, findings suggest that moral identity has both trait‐ and state‐like characteristics and might be best conceptualized as a characteristic adaptation evidencing both stability and change.
Parental Trust in School‐Based Health Care: A Systematic Review
Authors: Nahum Andrea S. , Vongsachang Hursuong , Friedman David S. , Collins Megan E.
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND

Health care delivery in schools is a frequently adopted approach to reduce health care inequalities. Lack of parental trust has been identified as impacting participation in school‐based health care programs (SBHPs). The aim of our systematic review is to outline themes related to parental trust in SBHPs.

METHODS

We searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINHAL, ERIC, PsycInfo, and Web of Science for articles published between 1969 and 2019. Eligible studies (1) were peer‐reviewed primary research articles; (2) were school‐based health interventions or screening programs; (3) included parental trust data; and (4) were carried out on schoolchildren from pre‐K to grade 12. Study location, data collection date, number of participants, demographics, intervention type, study aim and methodology, and all trust themes mentioned, were extracted. Studies were critically appraised using the CASP checklist for qualitative research.

RESULTS

We identified 9 themes related to parental trust in SBHPs: (1) safety; (2) effectiveness; (3) health professionals' training and credentials; (4) communication; (5) confidentiality; (6) providers; (7) government, authorities, and health service; (8) the pharmaceutical industry; and (9) research and data sharing.

CONCLUSIONS

The themes identified provide a framework for examining trust in SBHPs, and may guide the development of interventions to increase trust and engagement in SBHPs.
Isolated autism is not an indication for Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome biochemical testing
Authors: Kaub Peter A , Sharp Peter C , Ranieri Enzo , Fletcher Janice M
Published: November 2021

Several studies have demonstrated a high incidence of autistic spectrum features in individuals with Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS). However, do these findings imply a converse relationship that has diagnostic utility? Is SLOS testing implicated when autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the only clinical indication?

Aim

To determine if there is any correlation with a clinical indication of ASD and a biochemical diagnosis of SLOS, based on historical test request and assay data.

Methods

Six years (2008–2013) of clinical test requests for 7‐dehydrocholesterol (7‐DHC) level were classified and summarised according to indication and final test result.

Results

From the audit period, 988 valid test results from post‐natal samples were identified. In plasma/serum, mean 7‐DHC level was 264.7 μmol/L (normal range < 2.0) for confirmed SLOS cases. No tests performed due to an isolated clinical indication of ASD or where no clinical information was supplied were associated with 7‐DHC levels diagnostic for SLOS.

Conclusions

Historical test data analysis supports the recommendation that autism/ASD as a single clinical feature is not an appropriate indication for SLOS (7‐DHC) biochemical testing.
Phosphorus equivalency of phytase with various evaluation indicators of duck in starter
Authors: Zhang Dingran , Xu Shujing , Xu Hongyang , Wang Xinghui , Liu Peiyao , Xu Hongrun , Qi Zhili
Published: November 2021

This study was conducted to evaluate phosphorus (P) equivalency of phytase with various evaluation indicators of ducks in starter (0–14 days). Three hundred and twenty 1‐day‐old Cherry Valley ducks were randomly assigned to eight groups. The dietary treatments were four levels of available phosphorus (aP) with 0.25%, 0.32%, 0.39%, and 0.46% (treatments I–IV) and four levels of phytase added to low‐aP basal diet (treatment I) with 300, 600, 900, and 1200 units (U) per kg (treatments V–VIII). The results were that compared to treatment I, increasing aP and supplementary phytase significantly (p < 0.05) improved body weight (BW), BW gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), live BW, carcass weight, semieviscerated weight, eviscerated weight, leg muscle weight, and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR). Treatments V and VI did not significantly increase tibia ash, tibia calcium, and tibia P of 14‐day‐old ducks (p > 0.05). Following the increase of aP level (treatments I–IV), apparent utilization of Ca and P of ducks increased with varying degrees. With the increase of dietary phytase level (treatments V–VIII), the apparent utilization of Ca and P showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) but an increasing trend. Serum P reached the highest level when adding 600 U/kg phytase (treatment VI). Serum Ca and serum alkaline phosphatase activity showed no significant difference among treatments V–VIII (p > 0.05). Based on corn–soybean–rapeseed meal diet, with the evaluation indexes of FI, BWG, tibia ash, tibia Ca, tibia P, and apparent utilization of Ca and P, the addition of 500 U/kg phytase could release aP of 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.02%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.08%, and 0.07%, respectively. On the same way, the addition of 1000 U/kg phytase could release aP of 0.07%, 0.09%, 0.06%, 0.02%, 0.07%, 0.09%, and 0.09%, respectively.
Aureococcus anophagefferens (Pelagophyceae) genomes improve evaluation of nutrient acquisition strategies involved in brown tide dynamics
Authors: Gann Eric R. , Truchon Alexander R. , Papoulis Spiridon E. , Dyhrman Sonya T. , Gobler Christopher J. , Wilhelm Steven W.
Published: November 2021

The pelagophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens causes harmful brown tide blooms in marine embayments on three continents. Aureococcus anophagefferens was the first harmful algal bloom species to have its genome sequenced, an advance that evidenced genes important for adaptation to environmental conditions that prevail during brown tides. To expand the genomic tools available for this species, genomes for four strains were assembled, including three newly sequenced strains and one assembled from publicly available data. These genomes ranged from 57.11 to 73.62 Mb, encoding 13,191–17,404 potential proteins. All strains shared ~90% of their encoded proteins as determined by homology searches and shared most functional orthologs as determined by KEGG, although each strain also possessed coding sequences with unique functions. Like the original reference genome, the genomes assembled in this study possessed genes hypothesized to be important in bloom proliferation, including genes involved in organic compound metabolism and growth at low light. Cross‐strain informatics and culture experiments suggest that the utilization of purines is a potentially important source of organic nitrogen for brown tides. Analyses of metatranscriptomes from a brown tide event demonstrated that use of a single genome yielded a lower read mapping percentage (~30% of library reads) as compared to a database generated from all available genomes (~43%), suggesting novel information about bloom ecology can be gained from expanding genomic space. This work demonstrates the continued need to sequence ecologically relevant algae to understand the genomic potential and their ecology in the environment.
The emerging role of small extracellular vesicles in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid as diagnostics for periodontitis
Authors: Han Pingping , Bartold Peter Mark , Ivanovski Sašo
Published: November 2021

Periodontitis is a highly prevalent multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease associated with a destructive host immune‐inflammatory response to microbial dysbiosis. Current clinical diagnosis is reliant on measuring past periodontal tissue loss, with a lack of molecular biomarkers to accurately diagnose periodontitis activity in ‘real‐time’. Thus, discovery of new classes of diagnostic biomarkers is of critical importance in periodontology. Small extracellular vesicles (<200 nm in diameter; sEVs) from oral biofluids (saliva and gingival crevicular fluid—GCF) are lipid‐encapsulated bilayered vesicles and have recently emerged as a potential source of biomarkers for periodontal disease (gingivitis and periodontitis), due to the cargo of protein, genetic material and lipids derived from their parent cells. There is limited information on the isolation and characterisation methods of saliva/GCF‐sEVs or the characterisation of sEVs cargo as biomarkers for periodontitis. In this review, we detail the composition of sEVs and summarise their isolation and characterisation from saliva and GCF. The potential role of saliva and GCF‐derived sEVs in periodontitis diagnosis is also explored. It is proposed that sEVs cargo, including protein, microRNA, message RNA and DNA methylation, are potential biomarkers for periodontitis with good diagnostic power (area under the curve—AUC > 0.9).
Activation of GATA‐binding protein 4 regulates monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 and chemotaxis in periodontal ligament cells
Authors: Zhu Ningjing , Zheng Xueqing , Qiao Weiwei , Huang Wushuang , Li Ruiqi , Song Yaling
Published: November 2021

Background and Objectives

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of periodontal supporting tissues. The persistent inflammatory reaction depends on the release of chemokines to continuously recruit inflammation cells. GATA‐binding protein 4 (GATA4) exerts effects on senescence and inflammation, while its role in periodontitis is far from clear. The present study aims to address the effect of GATA4 on regulating chemokines and the chemotaxis in periodontitis.

Material and Methods

Periodontitis rat models were constructed to detect the expression of GATA4 and the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) by immunohistochemistry. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells and GATA4‐knockdown by siRNA transient transfection PDL cells were used to explore the correlation between GATA4 and chemokines. Transwell assay was performed to detect the role of GATA4 for the recruitment effect of chemokines on macrophages. Mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors were scheduled to intervene in LPS‐stimulated PDL cells to examine the association between MAPK signaling pathways and GATA4. The expression of GATA4, chemokines, or MAPK signaling molecules was determined by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, or cell immunofluorescence.

Results

The expression of GATA4 and MCP‐1 was significantly increased in periodontitis rat models and in LPS‐stimulated PDL cells. Knockdown GATA4 inhibited the expression of GATA4 and MCP‐1 as well as suppressed the recruitment of macrophage in LPS‐stimulated PDL cells. Inhibitors of p38 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways significantly downregulated the increased expression of GATA4 and MCP‐1 induced by LPS in PDL cells.

Conclusions

GATA‐binding protein 4 could act as an upstream regulator of MCP‐1 and as a downstream regulator of p38 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways to initiate inflammation response and regulate chemotaxis during the progression of periodontitis.
Is unemployment associated with inefficient sleep habits? A cohort study using objective sleep measurements
Authors: Greissl Stephanie , Mergl Roland , Sander Christian , Hensch Tilman , Engel Christoph , Hegerl Ulrich
Published: November 2021

Unemployed people could be at risk of developing inefficient sleep habits by spending excessive time in bed, as they lack a structuring activity. This could impact their mental health and reintegration into labour. This study aims to analyse possible associations between employment status and sleep parameters using actigraphy. Subjects (148 employed and 50 unemployed) were drawn from a German population‐based cohort. Sleep parameters were measured with the SenseWear Bodymedia Pro 3 armband. Comparison of means concerning sleep duration, sleep efficiency, time of sleep and sleep fragmentation was performed separately for week days and weekends. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to analyse group differences controlling for covariates. Finally, we defined cut‐off scores for each sleep variable, and analysed the distribution of subjects above and below these values. Unemployed people did not sleep significantly longer than employed people. However, on week days, they displayed night sleep efficiency reduced by on average > 5% points, they lay down for 28 min longer, had later mid sleep time (38 min) and sleep offset (55 min), as well as more frequent awakenings after sleep onset accounting for being awake 28 min longer (all p ≤ 0.005). Sleep in unemployed subjects compared with employed subjects aged 41–64 years was less efficient, more fragmented and shifted to a later point of the night. Results support prior findings that unemployment has a negative influence on sleep quality. Unemployed individuals could benefit from intervention programmes aiming at the adoption of healthier sleep habits.
EEG power spectral responses to wind farm compared with road traffic noise during sleep: A laboratory study
Authors: Dunbar Claire , Catcheside Peter , Lechat Bastien , Hansen Kristy , Zajamsek Branko , Liebich Tessa , Nguyen Duc Phuc , Scott Hannah , Lack Leon , Decup Felix , Vakulin Andrew , Micic Gorica
Published: November 2021

Wind turbine noise is dominated by low frequencies for which effects on sleep relative to more common environmental noise sources such as road traffic noise remain unknown. This study examined the effect of wind turbine noise compared with road traffic noise on sleep using quantitative electroencephalogram power spectral analysis. Twenty‐three participants were exposed to 3‐min samples of wind turbine noise and road traffic noise at three sound pressure levels (33, 38 and 43 dBA) in randomised order during established sleep. Acute (0–30 s) and more sustained (30–180 s) effects of noise presentations during N2 and N3 sleep were examined using spectral analysis of changes in electroencephalogram power frequency ranges across time in 5‐s intervals. Both noise types produced time‐ and sound pressure level‐dependent increases in electroencephalogram power, but with significant noise type by sound pressure level interactions in beta, alpha, theta and delta frequency bands (allp < 0.05). Wind turbine noise showed significantly lower delta, theta and beta activity immediately following noise onset compared with road traffic noise (allp < 0.05). However, alpha activity was higher for wind turbine noise played at lower sound pressure levels (33 dBA [p = 0.001] and 38 dBA [p = 0.003]) compared with traffic noise during N2 sleep. These findings support that spectral analyses show subtle effects of noise on sleep and that electroencephalogram changes following wind turbine noise and road traffic noise onset differ depending on sound pressure levels; however, these effects were mostly transient and had little impact on conventionally scored sleep. Further studies are needed to establish if electroencephalogram changes associated with modest environmental noise exposures have significant impacts on sleep quality and next‐day functioning.
Electronic nose versus quadrupole mass spectrometry for identifying viral hepatitis C patients
Authors: Mohamed Ehab I. , El‐Ghnam Sameh M. , Bayoumi Amani M. , Abdel‐Mageed Samir M. , Ghareeb Doaa A. , Ross Brian
Published: November 2021

Hepatitis C is a leading cause of liver disease and transplantation and is a significant burden on public health worldwide. This study aimed to apply the Electronic Nose (E‐Nose) and quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) technologies for screening blood samples from hepatitis C patients and healthy controls. We analysed volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the headspace over blood samples to identify those VOCs characteristic for diagnosing hepatitis C patients. The study comprised 150 acute hepatitis C patients with age range: 24–59 years, and mean age ±SD: 41.5 ± 12.8 years and 150 age‐matched healthy controls (age range: 24–51 and mean age: 40.11 ± 4.89 years) from the Hospital of the Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. Collected blood samples were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively using the E‐Nose and MS/MS techniques, respectively. Principal component analysis of the E‐Nose 10‐sensor responses accurately classified blood samples from hepatitis C patients and healthy controls. The first two principal components explained over 98.35% of the variance in signals with no false‐positive (healthy controls) or false‐negative (hepatitis C patients) results. MS/MS showed two fragmentation ions at m/z of 104 and 151 Da with the positive electrospray ionization mode (ESI+) in blood samples for hepatitis C patients, but not for healthy controls or background water samples. We identified the two specific fragmentation ions at m/z 104 and m/z 151 Da as malonic acid (MF: C3H4O4; MW: 104.06 g/mol) and monosaccharide pentose (MF: C5H10O5; MW: 150.13 g/mol) in VOCs of the headspace over blood samples for hepatitis C patients. This provides a rationale for developing diagnostic tests for hepatitis C virus based on altered trace VOCs concentrations using the relatively inexpensive, easy‐to‐use, portable and non‐invasive E‐Nose technology.
Serial point‐prevalence surveys to estimate antibiotic use in a small animal veterinary teaching hospital, November 2018 to October 2019
Authors: Hsieh Emmelyn S. , Bollig Emma R. , Beaudoin Amanda L. , Morrow Anna , Granick Jennifer L.
Published: November 2021

Background

There is no standardized methodology to measure antibiotic drug use (AU) in small animal veterinary hospitals.

Objectives

To estimate AU prevalence in a small animal veterinary teaching hospital and characterize usage by indication and evidence of infection. To establish an AU measurement methodology for veterinary settings.

Animals

Electronic medical records of cats and dogs seen by primary care, urgent care, emergency and critical care, internal medicine, and surgery services during November 2018 to October 2019.

Methods

On 1 day each month, data (signalment, visit reason, diagnostics, and antibiotic details, including indication) were collected for all animals seen on study services.

Results

Of 168 inpatient dogs and 452 outpatient dogs, 98 (58.3%) and 107 (23.7%,) were receiving at least 1 antibiotic on the day of data collection, respectively. For cats 15/49 (30.6%) inpatients and 29/187 (15.5%) outpatients were receiving at least 1 antibiotic. Common drug classes prescribed for dogs were potentiated penicillins (28.7%), first‐generation cephalosporins (22.1%), and nitroimidazoles (14.7%), and for cats, common drug classes administered were potentiated penicillins (26.9%), fluoroquinolones (13.5%), and penicillins (11.5%). Common indications for antibiotics included skin, respiratory, gastrointestinal, perioperative, aural, and urinary conditions.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Serial point‐prevalence surveys (PPS) can estimate AU in a large specialty hospital setting and identify targets for antimicrobial stewardship. The methodology developed during this study can be adapted for use in private practice, including large animal practice. Mirroring methods used in human healthcare, the data collection tool can also be used to describe AU nationally through completion of national PPS.
Occurrence of Australian woody species is driven by soil moisture and available phosphorus across a climatic gradient
Authors: Ding Jingyi , Travers Samantha Kay , Eldridge David John
Published: November 2021

Questions

Woody species are crucial biotic components in many of Earth’s terrestrial ecosystems because they support multiple ecosystem functions. The occurrence of woody species (i.e. their likelihood of being present at a single position) is driven by both climate and soil properties. However, empirical evidence is lacking on how multiple environmental factors regulate woody species occurrence across various climate regimes, limiting our ability to predict woody species distribution under different climate change scenarios.

Location

Woody plant species in eastern Australia; 1,500 km gradient.

Methods

We surveyed 6,353 mature (height >4 m) woody plants from 62 woody species at 150 sites along a 1,500 km climatic (i.e. aridity) gradient in eastern Australia, and used a generalized linear mixed model to explore the impact of summer rainfall, available soil phosphorus in the surface layer (0–10 cm), subsurface (100–200 cm) soil moisture and clay content, and interactions between aridity and the three soil variables on woody species occurrence (presence/absence).

Results

The overall occurrence of Australian woody species declined as the concentration of available soil phosphorus in the surface layer increased, with the impacts varying with increasing aridity. Subsurface soil moisture had strong positive effects on woody species occurrence in mesic areas, but the effect was attenuated with increasing aridity. Subsurface soil clay regulated the distribution of woody species, with finer soils promoting the likelihood of species occurrence in the dry subhumid zone, whereas coarser soils supported more woody species in the arid zone.

Conclusions

Our study provides empirical evidence that the distribution of Australian woody species is regulated by large‐scale shifts in soil moisture and available soil phosphorus, and local‐scale heterogeneity in soil texture. Our results suggest that forecasted climate change may restrict the distribution of woody species preferring particular soils, but expand the range of woody species that occur on dry or infertile soils.
Exploring how feedback reflects entrustment decisions using artificial intelligence
Authors: Gin Brian C. , ten Cate Olle , O'Sullivan Patricia S. , Hauer Karen E. , Boscardin Christy
Published: November 2021

Context

Clinical supervisors make judgements about how much to trust learners with critical activities in patient care. Such decisions mediate trainees' opportunities for learning and competency development and thus are a critical component of education. As educators apply entrustment frameworks to assessment, it is important to determine how narrative feedback reflecting entrustment may also address learners' educational needs.

Methods

In this study, we used artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP) to identify characteristics of feedback tied to supervisors' entrustment decisions during direct observation encounters of clerkship medical students (3328 unique observations). Supervisors conducted observations of students and collaborated with them to complete an entrustment‐based assessment in which they documented narrative feedback and assigned an entrustment rating. We trained a deep neural network (DNN) to predict entrustment levels from the narrative data and developed an explainable AI protocol to uncover the latent thematic features the DNN used to make its prediction.

Results

We found that entrustment levels were associated with level of detail (specific steps for performing clinical tasks), feedback type (constructive versus reinforcing) and task type (procedural versus cognitive). In justifying both high and low levels of entrustment, supervisors detailed concrete steps that trainees performed (or did not yet perform) competently.

Conclusions

Framing our results in the factors previously identified as influencing entrustment, we find a focus on performance details related to trainees' clinical competency as opposed to nonspecific feedback on trainee qualities. The entrustment framework reflected in feedback appeared to guide specific goal‐setting, combined with details necessary to reach those goals. Our NLP methodology can also serve as a starting point for future work on entrustment and feedback as similar assessment datasets accumulate.
St John Henry Newman and the Liturgy: A re-examination
Authors: Bellew Alex
Published: November 2021

This article offers a critical discussion of Ian Ker's book Newman on Vatican II (2014).
Evaluating the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients via L3 skeletal muscle index
Authors: Lu Xinyan , Tian Ying , Huang Jiaxin , Li Fei , Shao Tingru , Huang Guangzhao , Lv Xiaozhi
Published: November 2021

Objectives

This study aimed to construct a formula to predict L3 skeletal muscle cross‐sectional area (CSA) from C3 CSA and to select the cutoff values to evaluate the nutritional status in OSCC.

Materials and Methods

A total of 220 OSCC patients in Nanfang Hospital were divided into two groups: the training set (n = 100) and the validation set (n = 120). Patients in the training set were performed the preoperative whole‐body positron emission tomography‐computed tomography (PET/CT) scans, and patients in the validation set received preoperative head‐and‐neck computed tomography (CT) scans. C3 CSA and L3 CSA were delineated. The predictive formula was established, and the gender‐specific thresholds of malnutrition were obtained by X‐tile software in training set. Finally, the formula and cutoff values were validated.

Results

The predictive formula was successfully established. The gender‐specific cutoff values for L3 SMI were 55.0 cm2/m2 for men and 36.6 cm2/m2 for women. There were no differences between the overall survival (OS) of patients diagnosed with malnutrition and that of patients who are not malnutrition.

Conclusions

Our studies reveal that the L3 CSA could be calculated by C3 CSA conveniently with our formula in OSCC, which allowed us to assess malnutrition with head‐and‐neck CT image. However, there is no direct connection found between malnutrition and OS in OSCC. Hence, further studies with a larger sample size may be required.
ACTN3 genotype influences masseter muscle characteristics and self‐reported bruxism
Authors: Nicot Romain , Raoul Gwénaël , Vieira Alexandre R. , Ferri Joël , Sciote James J.
Published: November 2021

Objectives

Main aim of the study was to explore the association between genetic polymorphisms in ACTN3 and bruxism. Secondary objectives included masseter muscle phenotypes assessment between bruxers and non‐bruxers and according to genetic polymorphisms in ACTN3.

Materials and Methods

Fifty‐four patients undergoing orthognathic surgery for correction of their malocclusion were enrolled. Self‐reported bruxism and temporomandibular disorders status were preoperatively recorded. Saliva samples were used for ACTN3 genotyping. Masseter muscle samples were collected bilaterally at the time of orthognathic surgery to explore the muscle fiber characteristics.

Results

There were significant differences in genotypes for rs1815739 (R577X nonsense) (p = 0.001), rs1671064 (Q523R missense) (p = 0.005), and rs678397 (intronic variant) (p = 0.001) between bruxers and non‐bruxers. Patients with self‐reported bruxism presented a larger mean fiber area for types IIA (p = 0.035). The mean fiber areas in individuals with the wild‐type CC genotype for rs1815739 (R577X) were significantly larger for type IIA fibers (1394.33 μm2 [572.77 μm2]) than in those with the TC and TT genotypes (832.61 μm2 [602.43 μm2] and 526.58 μm2 [432.21 μm2] [p = 0.014]). Similar results for Q523R missense and intronic variants.

Conclusions

ACTN3 genotypes influence self‐reported bruxism in patients with dentofacial deformity through specific masseter muscle fiber characteristics.
The oral manifestations of Huntington's disease: A systematic review of prevalence
Authors: Munhoz Luciana , Jabbar Ashjan Qasim , Silva Filho William José e , Nagai Aline Yukari , Arita Emiko Saito
Published: November 2021

Objectives

The objective of this systematic literature review was to provide a complete panorama of the oral manifestations of Huntington's disease (HD).

Materials and Methods

Databases were searched, and original research studies or case report manuscripts up to May 2021 were included using keywords that describe HD combined with words related to oral health; MeSH terms were used exclusively. No time or language restrictions were applied.

Results

Twenty‐two investigations (12 original articles and 10 case reports) regarding oral manifestations of HD were included. The subjects examined in the selected research articles were dental health, coordination of oral structures, speech, dysphagia, and swallowing alterations. The case reports described dental treatment procedures, oromandibular dyskinesia, dysphagia, and speech alterations.

Conclusions

The oral manifestations of HD were found to be associated with the advance of the disease in that the more severe the HD, the worse the alterations affecting the oral cavity. Dysphagia, dysarthria, masticatory problems, oral health impairment, and choreiform movements involving the tongue and other orofacial muscles were the main manifestations of HD in the oral cavity. The PROSPERO systematic review registration number of this study is CRD42021238934.
Ferroptosis promotes anti‐tumor immune response by inducing immunogenic exposure in HNSCC
Authors: Zhao Yu‐Yue , Lian Jun‐Xiang , Lan Zhou , Zou Ke‐Long , Wang Wei‐Ming , Yu Guang‐Tao
Published: November 2021

Accumulated evidence indicates that immune cell populations play pivotal roles in the process of tumor initiation, progression, recurrence, metastasis, and immune escape. Ferroptosis is a form of regulating cell death in the nexus between metabolism, redox biology, and human health. Ferroptosis is considered as a vital important event in HNSCC, but the underling mechanism of regulating immune cell populations remains poorly understood. Our tissue microarray study showed that patients with high expression of GPX4 were related to poor survival. Moreover, the expression of GPX4 has been negatively associated with immunogenic cell death‐related protein calreticulin in HNSCC tissue cohort. Further, RSL3 was used to induce ferroptosis in HNSCC xenograft of C3H/He mouse. We found that the occurrence of ferroptosis had significantly reduced the number of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumor‐associated M2‐like macrophages (M2 TAMs) in tumor microenvironment. Meanwhile, the tumor‐infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were increased. And the calreticulin and HMGB1 may be potential candidate proteins improving the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Taken together, our project suggests that ferroptosis can promote anti‐tumor immune response by reversing immunosuppressive microenvironment, indicating that ferroptosis inducer is a promising therapeutic strategy in HNSCC.
Assessment of the observation management of sialocele after partial superficial parotidectomy
Authors: Yang Xiaochen , Ge Shengyou , Tao Yueqin , Li Jieying , Shang Wei , Song Kai
Published: November 2021

Purpose

This study aimed to investigate the usefulness of management of sialocele formation and to evaluate the quality of life of patients under elective management post‐parotidectomy.

Materials and Methods

A prospective study was performed including patients who underwent postoperative management with either compression therapy or observation. The self‐filled questionnaire method was used to assess the quality of life of participants who changed from compression therapy to observation. Demographic and operative data, variables regarding wound complications and scores for quality of life were documented and analysed.

Results

A total of 86 patients met the eligibility criteria. The respective rates of sialocele formation within 1 month were 5.3% in the compression therapy group (2/38) and 16.0% in the observation group (4/25), but no significant difference was observed (p = 0.204). Meanwhile, both groups displayed comparable times of needle aspiration and time for sialocele resolution (p > 0.05). Based on 23 valid paired questionnaires, scores for physical and social‐emotional function before changing from compression therapy to observation were significantly lower than scores after the change (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The application of observation after partial superficial parotidectomy appears to have acceptable clinical outcomes and considerable improvements in quality of life.
Imaging identification of primary mammary analogue secretory carcinoma and acinic cell carcinoma in major salivary glands
Authors: Ding AngAng , Zuo Jiaxin , Lv Huan , Zhou Lu , Ding Shiwen , Yu Qian , Xiong Ping
Published: November 2021

Objective

The present study aimed to characterize and differentiate the ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT) features of mammary analogue secretory carcinoma (MASC) and acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC).

Methods and patients

A total of 83 patients with clinically proven MASC and AciCC were analyzed. The following characteristics were assessed on US, CT, and magnetic resonance imaging: lesion size, shape, margin, echogenicity, echotexture, cystic components, posterior echo, vascularity, density, degree of enhancement, enhancement pattern, signal intensity (SI) on T1‐ and T2‐weighted images (WI), hemorrhages, and lymph node enlargement.

Results

Similarities were observed between the imaging performance of MASC and AciCC. Differences between the two characteristics of shape on US and cystic components on CT were statistically significant. The proportion of MASC to regular shape on US (p = 0.006) and cystic components on CT (p = 0.027) was significantly higher than that of AciCC. Regular shape on US had the highest sensitivity in the identification of MASC and AciCC, while regular shape on US + cystic component on CT had the highest specificity.

Conclusions

The shape on US and cystic components on CT are key characteristics for distinguishing MASC and AciCC.
Defence‐related pathways, phytohormones and primary metabolism are key players in kiwifruit plant tolerance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae
Authors: Nunes da Silva Marta , Carvalho Susana M. P. , Rodrigues Ana M. , Gómez‐Cadenas ‪Aurelio , António Carla , Vasconcelos Marta W.
Published: November 2021

The reasons underlying the differential tolerance of Actinidia spp. to the pandemic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) have not yet been elucidated. We hypothesized that differential plant‐defence strategies linked to transcriptome regulation, phytohormones and primary metabolism might be key and that Actinidia chinensis susceptibility results from an inefficient activation of defensive mechanisms and metabolic impairments shortly following infection. Here, 48 h postinoculation bacterial density was 10‐fold higher in A. chinensis var. deliciosa than in Actinidia arguta, accompanied by significant increases in glutamine, ornithine, jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) (up to 3.2‐fold). Actinidia arguta showed decreased abscisic acid (ABA) (0.7‐fold), no changes in primary metabolites, and 20 defence‐related genes that were only differentially expressed in this species. These include GLOX1, FOX1, SN2 and RBOHA, which may contribute to its higher tolerance. Results suggest that A. chinensis' higher susceptibility to Psa is due to an inefficient activation of plant defences, with the involvement of ABA, JA and SA, leading to impairments in primary metabolism, particularly the ammonia assimilation cycle. A schematic overview on the interaction between Psa and genotypes with distinct tolerance is provided, highlighting the key transcriptomic and metabolomic aspects contributing to the different plant phenotypes after infection.
Coordination of stomata and vein patterns with leaf width underpins water‐use efficiency in a C4 crop
Authors: Pan Ling , George‐Jaeggli Barbara , Borrell Andrew , Jordan David , Koller Fiona , Al‐Salman Yazen , Ghannoum Oula , Cano Francisco J.
Published: November 2021

Despite its importance for crop water use and productivity, especially in drought‐affected environments, the underlying mechanisms of variation in intrinsic water‐use efficiency (iWUE = net photosynthesis/stomatal conductance for water vapour, gsw) are not well understood, especially in C4 plants. Recently, we discovered that leaf width (LW) correlated negatively with iWUE and positively with gsw across several C4 grasses. Here, we confirmed these relationships within 48 field‐grown genotypes differing in LW in Sorghum bicolor, a C4 crop adapted to dry and hot conditions. We measured leaf gas exchange and modelled leaf energy balance three times a day, alongside anatomical traits as potential predictors of iWUE. LW correlated negatively with iWUE and stomatal density, but positively with gsw, interveinal distance of longitudinal veins, and the percentage of stomatal aperture relative to maximum. Energy balance modelling showed that wider leaves needed to open their stomata more to generate a more negative leaf‐to‐air temperature difference, especially at midday when air temperatures exceeded 40°C. These results highlight the important role that LW plays in shaping iWUE through coordination of vein and stomatal traits and by affecting stomatal aperture. Therefore, LW could be used as a predictor of higher iWUE among sorghum genotypes.
The impact of HTR1A and HTR1B methylation combined with stress/genotype on early antidepressant efficacy
Authors: Xu Zhi , Chen Zimu , Shen Tian , Chen Lei , Tan Tingting , Gao Chenjie , Chen Bingwei , Yuan Yonggui , Zhang Zhijun
Published: November 2021

Aims

Antidepressants are effective in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), while many patients fail to respond to antidepressants. Both 5‐HT1A (HTR1A) and 5‐HT1B (HTR1B) receptors play an important role in antidepressant activity. Meanwhile, DNA methylation is associated with MDD and antidepressant efficacy. In this study we investigate the influence of HTR1A and HTR1B methylation combined with stress/genotype on antidepressant efficacy.

Methods

A total of 291 MDD patients and 100 healthy controls received the Life Events Scale (LES) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) as stress assessment. Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of HTR1A and HTR1B involved in antidepressant mechanisms were tested. Methylation status in 181 cytosine‐phosphate‐guanine (CpG) sites of HTR1A and HTR1B were assessed. All MDD patients were divided into response (RES) and non‐response (NRES) after 2 weeks of antidepressant treatment. Logistic regression was conducted for interactions between methylation, NLES/CTQ score and genotype.

Results

Low HTR1A‐2‐143 methylation is connected with better antidepressant efficacy in subgroup. Low HTR1A‐2‐143 methylation combined with low CTQ score is related to better antidepressant efficacy. The interaction between high HTR1B methylation with the rs6298 AA/AG genotype affects better antidepressant efficacy.

Conclusions

HTR1A and HTR1B methylation combined with stress/genotype is associated with antidepressant efficacy.
Urban greenspace use among adolescents and young adults: An integrative review
Authors: Lyons Rachel , Colbert Alison , Browning Matthew , Jakub Karen
Published: November 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this integrative review was to explore how adolescents and young adults used the social determinant of the built environment, specifically greenspace, as a potential point of intervention to address overall well‐being, specifically mental health symptoms.

Method

The approach used strategies described by Whittemore and Knafl. Peer‐reviewed, published research articles in English were identified using electronic databases CINAHL, PubMed, and EMBASE. Seventeen research reports using qualitative or quantitative methods with adolescents and young adults. Each article was evaluated for quality using a critical appraisal tool by Hawker et al. Data were analyzed and then synthesized using the Matrix Method.

Findings

Three themes related to the purpose and aims were extracted: elements of greenspace, activity variation, and amenities. All themes shared a common element of quality, which influenced the perception of safety and greenspace use.

Discussion

The science of urban greenspace and adolescent‐young adult well‐being is still relatively new. Public health nurses can incorporate social determinants of health, such as the built environment in research, to understand how greenspace is to be used as an alternative health strategy to possibly reduce mental health symptoms and improve well‐being.
Distinguishing Active and Passive Outgroup Tolerance: Understanding Its Prevalence and the Role of Moral Concern
Authors: Adelman Levi , Verkuyten Maykel , Yogeeswaran Kumar
Published: November 2021

Tolerance, the acceptance of disapproved conduct of others, is considered an indispensable feature of diverse societies. Yet tolerance can be expressed in one of two distinct ways, which is not reflected in the literature. In one way, tolerance is passive and involves suppressing the inclination to interfere with the disapproved conduct of others. In the other way, tolerance is active and involves endorsing the ability of others to engage in a disapproved practice. Using two nationally representative samples of Dutch majority members and eight scenarios involving real‐world debates about the accommodation of Muslim minority practices, we find that while a significant minority of people engage in passive tolerance toward disapproved outgroup practices, very few people are willing to engage in active tolerance by proactively supporting disapproved practices. Furthermore, we also find that people who have stronger moral concerns about particular minority practices are less willing to engage in either active or passive tolerance. These results emerged both in contexts where Muslim minority practices had a direct impact on one's personal life as well as those that impacted on society as a whole. Collectively, these results illustrate two different forms of tolerance and the influence of moral concern in tolerance.