bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Groundwater budget forecasting, using hybrid wavelet-ANN-GP modelling: a case study of Azarshahr Plain, East Azerbaijan, Iran
Authors: Gorgij Alireza Docheshmeh , Kisi Ozgur , Moghaddam Asghar Asghari
Published: May 2016

Meticulous prediction of hydrological processes, especially water budget, has an individual importance in environmental management plans. On the other hand, conservation of groundwater, a fundamental resource in arid and semi-arid areas, needs to be considered as a great priority in development plans. Prediction of a groundwater budget utilizing artificial intelligence was the scope of this study. For this aim, the Azarshahr Plain aquifer, East Azerbaijan, Iran, was selected because of its great dependence on groundwater and the necessity of cognizance of its budget in future programs. The long-term fluctuations of the water table in 13 piezometers were simulated by a wavelet-based artificial neural network (WANN) hybrid model, and their statistical gaps were covered. Then, the modelled water table was predicted for the next 12 months using genetic programming. The results of simulation and prediction were assessed by performance evaluation criteria such as R2, root mean squared error, mean absolute error and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency. Thiessen polygons were then utilized, plotting the predicted unit hydrograph of the study area. The predicted water table from September 2012 to August 2013 revealed about 0.12 m depletion. Regarding the area of the Azarshahr Plain aquifer and its average storage coefficient, the aquifer budget will be reduced by about 0.3557 million cubic metres during this period.
Comparing of hot water and acid extraction of polysaccharides from proso millet
Authors: Zhu Aishi , Liu Shanshan , Wu Kanfeng , Ren Chuan , Xu Maoqian
Published: May 2016

The extraction of polysaccharides from proso millet was investigated experimentally using hot water and acid aqueous solution. Response surface methodology, based on a three-level, three- or four-variable Box-Behnken design for hot water extraction or acid extraction, respectively, was employed to obtain the best possible combination of acid concentration, liquid-solid ratio, extraction time, and extraction temperature for maximum polysaccharides yield. The obtained experimental data were fitted to a second-order polynomial equation and analyzed by appropriate statistical methods. The corresponding optimum extraction conditions of each method were obtained. Under the optimum conditions, the experimental yield was well in close agreement with the predicted value by the model. The results showed that the polysaccharides yield of acid extraction was 42.13 mg g-1, significantly higher than 20.07 mg g-1 of the yield of hot water extraction, the obtained equation could be used to predict the extraction experimental results.
Numerical study of natural turbulent convection of nanofluids in a tall cavity heated from below
Authors: Mebrouk Ridha , Kadja Mahfoud , Lachi Mohamed , Fohanno Stéphane
Published: May 2016

In the present paper a numerical study of natural turbulent convection in a
tall cavity filled with nanofluids. The cavity has a heat source embedded on
its bottom wall, while the left, right and top walls of the cavity are
maintained at a relatively low temperature. The working fluid is a water
based nanofluid having three nanoparticle types: alumina, copper and copper
oxid. The influence of pertinent parameters such as Rayleigh number, the type
of nanofluid and solid volume fraction of nanoparticles on the cooling
performance is studied. Steady forms of twodimensional
Reynolds-Averaged-Navier-Stokes equations and conservation equations of mass
and energy, coupled with the Boussinesq approximation, are solved by the
control volume based discretisation method employing the SIMPLE algorithm for
pressure-velocity coupling. Turbulence is modeled using the standard k-?
model. The Rayleigh number, Ra, is varied from 2.491009 to 2.491011. The
volume fractions of nanoparticles were varied in the interval 0??? 6% .
Stream lines, isotherms, velocity profiles and Temperature profiles are
presented for various combinations of Ra, the type of nanofluid and solid
volume fraction of nanoparticles. The results are reported in the form of
average Nusselt number on the heated wall. It is shown that for all values of
Ra, the average heat transfer rate from the heat source increases almost
linearly and monotonically as the solid volume fraction increases. Finally
the average heat transfer rate takes on values that decrease according to the
ordering Cu, CuO and Al2O3.
An approximate estimation of velocity profiles and turbulence factor models for air-flows along the exterior of TEFC induction motors
Authors: Klimenta Dardan , Hannukainen Antti
Published: May 2016

Compared to a number of other existing correlations for heat transfer, the empirical correlations for forced convection from a short horizontal cylinder in axial air-flows usually do not involve the effects of changes in air-flow velocity and/or air-flow turbulence. Therefore, a common analysis of the heat transfer by using only one energy balance equation for entire outer surface of a solid is considered insufficient for induction motor applications because it fails to include aforementioned effects. This paper presents a novel, empirically-based methodology to estimate approximately the values of air-flow velocities and turbulence factors, that is, velocity profiles and turbulence factor models for stationary horizontal cylinders with and without fins (frame and two end-shields) in axial air-flows. These velocity profiles and turbulence factor models can then be used in analytical modelling of steady-state heat transfer from the exterior of totally enclosed fan-cooled induction motors.
High-resolution air temperature mapping in urban areas: A review on different modelling techniques
Authors: Taheri-Shahraiyni Hamid , Sodoudi Sahar
Published: May 2016

In this study, the importance of air temperature from different aspects (e. g., human and plant health, ecological and environmental processes, urban planning, and modelling) is presented in detail, and the major factors affecting air temperature in urban areas are introduced. Given the importance of air temperature, and the necessity of developing high-resolution spatio-temporal air-temperature maps, this paper categorizes the existing approaches for air temperature estimation into three categories (interpolation, regression, and simulation approaches) and reviews them. This paper focuses on high-resolution air temperature mapping in urban areas, which is difficult due to strong spatio-temporal variations. Different air temperature mapping approaches have been applied to an urban area (Berlin, Germany) and the results are presented and discussed. This review paper presents the advantages, limitations, and shortcomings of each approach in its original form. In addition, the feasibility of utilizing each approach for air temperature modelling in urban areas was investigated. Studies into the elimination of the limitations and shortcomings of each approach are presented, and the potential of developed techniques to address each limitation is discussed. Based upon previous studies and developments, the interpolation, regression and coupled simulation techniques show potential for spatio-temporal modelling of air temperature in urban areas. However, some of the shortcomings and limitations for development of high-resolution spatio-temporal maps in urban areas have not been properly addressed yet. Hence, some further studies into the elimination of remaining limitations, and improvement of current approaches to high-resolution spatio-temporal mapping of air temperature, are introduced as future research opportunities.
Influence of geological variations on lignite drying kinetics in superheated steam atmosphere for Belchatow deposit located in the central Poland
Authors: Sciazko Anna , Komatsu Yosuke , Zakrzewski Marcin , Akiyama Taro , Hashimoto Akira , Shikazono Naoki , Kaneko Shozo , Kimijima Shinji , Szmyd Janusz , Kobayashi Yoshinori
Published: May 2016

Lignite-fired coal power plants suffer from a significant heat loss due to
the high moisture content in this energy carrier. Water removal from fuel is
an indispensable treatment for improving the combustion process, which will
foster the efficient utilization of lignite. Superheated steam fluidized bed
drying is expected for this purpose in a power generation sector.
Understanding drying kinetics of lignite will greatly reinforce design
process of a dryer. Physical features as well as the drying behaviour may be
divergent among the lignite originated from different depths and positions in
a certain mine. To reveal and clarify the influence of the geological
features, the drying characteristics of several grades of lignite from the
Belchatow mine in Poland were investigated. The attempts to clarify the
influence of the divergent properties of the investigated samples on the
drying kinetics in superheated steam were presented in this paper.
Non parabolic interface motion for the 1-D Stefan problem: Dirichlet boundary conditions
Authors: Hernandez Ernesto , Otero José , Santiago Rubén , Martinez Raúl , Castillo Francisco , Oseguera Joaquín
Published: May 2016

Over a finite 1-D specimen containing two phases of a pure substance, it has been shown that the liquid-solid interface motion exhibits parabolic behavior at small time intervals. We study the interface behavior over a finite domain with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions for large time intervals, where the interface motion is not parabolic due to finite size effects. Given the physical nature of the boundary conditions, we are able to predict exactly the interface position at large time values. These predictions, which to the best of our knowledge, are not found in the literature, were confirmed by using the heat balance integral method of Goodman and a non-classical finite difference scheme. Using heat transport theory, it is shown as well, that the temperature profile within the specimen is exactly linear and independent of the initial profile in the asymptotic time limit. The physics of heat transport provides a powerful tool that is used to fine tune the numerical methods. We also found that in order to capture the physical behavior of the interface, it was necessary to develop a new non-classical finite difference scheme that approaches asymptotically to the predicted interface position. We offer some numerical examples where the predicted effects are illustrated, and finally we test our predictions with the heat balance integral method and the non-classical finite difference scheme by studying the liquid-solid phase transition in aluminum.
Improved Performance of Dynamic Measures of Insulin Response Over Surrogate Indices to Identify Genetic Contributors of Type 2 Diabetes: The GUARDIAN Consortium
Authors: Palmer Nicholette D. , Wagenknecht Lynne E. , Langefeld Carl D. , Wang Nan , Buchanan Thomas A. , Xiang Anny H. , Allayee Hooman , Bergman Richard N. , Raffel Leslie J. , Chen Yii-Der Ida , Haritunians Talin , Fingerlin Tasha , Goodarzi Mark O. , Taylor Kent D. , Rotter Jerome I. , Watanabe Richard M. , Bowden Donald W.
Published: May 2016

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a heterogeneous disorder with contributions from peripheral insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. For minimization of phenotypic heterogeneity, quantitative intermediate phenotypes characterizing basal glucose homeostasis (insulin resistance and HOMA of insulin resistance [HOMAIR] and of β-cell function [HOMAB]) have shown promise in relatively large samples. We investigated the utility of dynamic measures of glucose homeostasis (insulin sensitivity [SI] and acute insulin response [AIRg]) evaluating T2D-susceptibility variants (n = 57) in Hispanic Americans from the GUARDIAN Consortium (n = 2,560). Basal and dynamic measures were genetically correlated (HOMAB-AIRg: ρG = 0.28–0.73; HOMAIR-SI: ρG = −0.73 to −0.83) with increased heritability for the dynamic measure AIRg. Significant association of variants with dynamic measures (P < 8.77 × 10−4) was observed. A pattern of superior performance of AIRg was observed for well-established loci including MTNR1B (P = 9.46 × 10−12), KCNQ1 (P = 1.35 × 10−4), and TCF7L2 (P = 5.10 × 10−4) with study-wise statistical significance. Notably, significant association of MTNR1B with AIRg (P < 1.38 × 10−9) was observed in a population one-fourteenth the size of the initial discovery cohort. These observations suggest that basal and dynamic measures provide different views and levels of sensitivity to discrete elements of glucose homeostasis. Although more costly to obtain, dynamic measures yield significant results that could be considered physiologically “closer” to causal pathways and provide insight into the discrete mechanisms of action.
A Novel Function of Hepatic FOG2 in Insulin Sensitivity and Lipid Metabolism Through PPARα
Authors: Guo Yajie , Yu Junjie , Deng Jiali , Liu Bin , Xiao Yuzhong , Li Kai , Xiao Fei , Yuan Feixiang , Liu Yong , Chen Shanghai , Guo Feifan
Published: May 2016

Friend of GATA 2 (FOG2) is a transcriptional cofactor involved mostly in cardiac function. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of hepatic FOG2 in insulin sensitivity and lipid accumulation. FOG2 overexpression by adenovirus-expressing FOG2 (Ad-FOG2) significantly attenuates insulin signaling in hepatocytes in vitro. Opposite effects were observed when FOG2 was knocked down through adenovirus-expressing small hairpin RNA for FOG2 (Ad-shFOG2). Furthermore, FOG2 knockdown by Ad-shFOG2 ameliorated insulin resistance in leptin receptor–mutated (db/db) mice, and FOG2 overexpression by Ad-FOG2 attenuated insulin sensitivity in C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, Ad-FOG2 reduced, whereas Ad-shFOG2 promoted, hepatic triglyceride (TG) accumulation in WT mice under fed or fasted conditions, which was associated with increased or decreased hepatic peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor α (PPARα) expression, respectively. Moreover, the improved insulin sensitivity and increased hepatic TG accumulation by Ad-shFOG2 were largely reversed by adenovirus-expressing PPARα (Ad-PPARα) in WT mice. Finally, we generated FOG2 liver-specific knockout mice and found that they exhibit enhanced insulin sensitivity and elevated hepatic TG accumulation, which were also reversed by Ad-PPARα. Taken together, the results demonstrate a novel function of hepatic FOG2 in insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism through PPARα.
Adrenomedullin 2 Improves Early Obesity-Induced Adipose Insulin Resistance by Inhibiting the Class II MHC in Adipocytes
Authors: Zhang Song-Yang , Lv Ying , Zhang Heng , Gao Song , Wang Ting , Feng Juan , Wang Yuhui , Liu George , Xu Ming-Jiang , Wang Xian , Jiang Changtao
Published: May 2016

MHC class II (MHCII) antigen presentation in adipocytes was reported to trigger early adipose inflammation and insulin resistance. However, the benefits of MHCII inhibition in adipocytes remain largely unknown. Here, we showed that human plasma polypeptide adrenomedullin 2 (ADM2) levels were negatively correlated with HOMA of insulin resistance in obese human. Adipose-specific human ADM2 transgenic (aADM2-tg) mice were generated. The aADM2-tg mice displayed improvements in high-fat diet–induced early adipose insulin resistance. This was associated with increased insulin signaling and decreased systemic inflammation. ADM2 dose-dependently inhibited CIITA-induced MHCII expression by increasing Blimp1 expression in a CRLR/RAMP1-cAMP–dependent manner in cultured adipocytes. Furthermore, ADM2 treatment restored the high-fat diet–induced early insulin resistance in adipose tissue, mainly via inhibition of adipocyte MHCII antigen presentation and CD4+ T-cell activation. This study demonstrates that ADM2 is a promising candidate for the treatment of early obesity-induced insulin resistance.
Moving Closer to Real-Time Field Management With Self Organizing Wireless Technology
Authors: Schwarz Philip , Baker Wally
Published: May 2016

This reference is for an abstract only. A full paper was not submitted for this conference.

The upstream production segment of the oil & gas industry is currently experiencing many pains ranging from significant decreases in production, increases in operating & maintenance costs, and increasing human, asset, and environmental safety risks. The impact of these challenges is reducing the profitability for the producer and is also being transferred all the way down to end consumer in high natural gas and oil prices.

Automation in the upstream segment has typically lagged versus the rest of the industrial plant market. They have lagged because of magnified challenges that are not normally found in a plant environment, such as remote locations, power limitations, widespread equipment and operations, and immediate access to human and physical capital, to name a few. The long-term automation vision for production fields is similar to a plant, and someday the oilfield will transform into an 'oilfield factory.' An oilfield factory is one that provides a digital architecture which enables increases in field production, decreases in operation & maintenance costs, and increases the safety of its production operations. Equally important, it addresses core values and missions of companies such as operational excellence, safety, accountability, and a motivated work force.

This paper will address new measurement best practices which power the digital architecture for oilfield factories using wireless instrumentation.

Applications:

Wellhead/Production measurement - Onshore & Offshore

Results: –Real time access to previously unobtainable oil & gas production data–Reduced CAPEX through elimination of engineering, conduit, and wiring–Increased safety and efficiency of field operations–Facilitates Real Time Management programs with centralized support centers

Technical Contributions:

SPE-90897 - Wireless Measurement Systems for Efficiency Improvements and Desired

Management Data

SPE-99849 - Wireless Condition Monitoring

SPE-62865 - Marginal Expense Oil Well Wireless Monitoring
Paleozoic Limestone of the Kinta Valley: Paleogeography and Implications to the Regional and Petroleum Geology of Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Kadir Askury A. , Pierson Bernard J. , Harith Zuhar Zahir Tuan , Sum Chow Weng
Published: May 2016

This reference is for an abstract only. A full paper was not submitted for this conference.

A number of isolated limestone hills, distributed over a 1,200 km2 area in the Kinta Valley, display a striking tower-like morphology. The limestone hills are the remnants of thick Paleozoic limestone deposits, mainly Carboniferous to Permian in age, that have been severely eroded and karstified. Layers of shale and siltstone, several hundreds of meters thick, are interbedded with or underlie the limestone. The hills overlie extensive younger granite bodies, which have affected the limestone through contact metamorphism. The degree of metamorphism increases eastwards, towards the granite of the Main Range but appears to be, in places, somewhat anomalous with some intact sedimentary outcrops resting directly on top of granite. Sequence stratigraphic analyses, sedimentological and petrographic observations indicate that most of the Paleozoic formations outcropping in the Kinta Valley were deposited in a relatively deep marine environment, most likely on a slope. The limestone mainly consists of thinly laminated mudstone to wackestone with occasional breccia blocks. Slumping is common throughout the section and is locally enhanced by beds of chert. Slump measurements indicate a slope dipping to the west with an approximately N-S strike direction, suggesting the presence of a platform paleomargin, probably with grainy deposits, to the east of the Kinta Valley. The regional structural style, investigated through field studies, remote sensing analyses and geophysical methods (gravity and magnetic surveys), may be dominated by thrusting, with elements of strike-slip faulting. Paleogeographic reconstruction, analysis of the structural history and regional correlations suggest the potential presence of a deep Paleozoic carbonate play east of Peninsular Malaysia. Onshore regional data indicate that shallow marine Paleozoic sequences cover most of the Sunda Shelf area in Western Malaysia, Thailand and Indochina. Although speculative, this deep Paleozoic play may have been tested in the past, although possibly inconclusively.
Environmental Vulnerability of the Coastal Environments of Western Perak to Oil Spills
Authors: Sum Chow Weng , Pierson Bernard J. , Kadir Askury A. , Harith Zuhar Zahir Tuan
Published: May 2016

This reference is for an abstract only. A full paper was not submitted for this conference.

The risk of oil spills is high in the Straits of Melaka. Oil spills caused by collisions of ships and illegal dumping or discharge of oil in the Straits have resulted in massive environmental pollution and degradation along extensive stretches of the West Coast. To mitigate the effects of oil spills, a contingency plan based on assessment of effects of such incidents should be formulated. As a start, an investigation of the vulnerability to oil spills of the coastal environments in Perak was carried out in 2000.

A preliminary classification of the vulnerability of a number of coastal facies was generated based on the Vulnerability Index of Gundlach & Hayes - which uses a scale of 1 to 10. Tidal flats and mangrove swamps were given an index of 9 to 10, as any oil spill would destroy most of the flora and fauna. Sandy beaches are placed 4 in the Index, as an oil spill would result in the oil sinking rapidly into the coarse sand. The rocky headlands, which are mostly exposed to the open seas are not vulnerable and have a scale of 1.

Re-mapping of these coastal environments by remote sensing methods is currently underway. Ground-truthing is complemented by detailed assessment studies of the impact of oil spill on the sediments. Field tests are carried out on selected representative stretches of the beaches, tidal flats and mangrove swamps to characterize their physical properties and to study the infiltration rate of oil into such lithologies. The new maps generated in this study should provide the Perak State Government with the best tools to formulate an updated contingency action plan in the event of an oil spill.
Geosteering in Thin Reservoirs for Maximum Reservoir Contact
Authors: Al-Alqum Wael , Butt Parvez Jamil , Javalagi Mohan , Al-Zahrani Tareq , Khan Umer , Laota Abdalla , Jain Aklesh
Published: May 2016

This reference is for an abstract only. A full paper was not submitted for this conference.

In the past, thin reservoirs (less than 30 ft.) were considered economically unattractive due to typical low production rates. The development of modern drilling and real time logging technologies have made it possible place horizontal wells by geosteering within good porosity sections of very thin reservoirs. This have been a game changer for development of thin reservoirs as it is now feasible to drill wells with sufficient reservoir contact to yield commercial oil production rates.

In 2003, Saudi Aramco drilled the first Maximum Reservoir Contact (MRC) multi-lateral well for exploitation of thin reservoir sections. At this point in time, MRC wells completed with smart inflow control valve (ICV) completions have become the standard Saudi Armco well type for thin reservoir developments.

The introduction of advanced technology has helped to reduce well placement uncertainty and increase reservoir contact by utilization of directional and deep resistivity tools for boundary detection combined with close to bit measurements from high resolution resistivity borehole imaging tools to monitor variation in formation dip.

This poster would demonstrate successful placement by deep resistivity boundary detection geosteering of a very challenging multi-lateral MRC well drilled in an onshore carbonate field in Saudi Arabia. This well presented unique geological challenges in terms of formation dip, reservoir thickness and carbonate facies variability by virtue of its location on the flanks of a dipping anticlinal structure.
Providing "Mega Project" Topsides Facilities in Deepwater Malaysia
Authors: Langley Christopher James
Published: May 2016

This reference is for an abstract only. A full paper was not submitted for this conference.

Description

This paper describes the project management processes used to design and procure the topsides facilities for the Gumusut-Kakap project.

Gumusut-Kakap is a "mega-project" to be installed in Malaysian deepwater to produce up to 150,000 bpd sales quality oil whilst injecting up to 220,000 bpd seawater and up to 300 MMscfd gas to the reservoir. The topsides facilities are thus world-class in scale. They will be supported on a new-build, moored semi-submersible, receiving production from subsea wells. Interfaces between the topsides and the hull, the subsea systems and the export pipeline are complex and are described in the paper.

The topsides execution strategy is aligned to the project's drivers: Safety, Technical Integrity, Capability Development, Schedule and Cost. These drivers were enforced throughout the FEED phase which was executed in Shell's US design centre and the Detailed Design phase which was transitioned to a Malaysian EPC contractor to facilitate Capability Development, Schedule and Cost. The challenges, plans and learnings from this transition are described in the paper.

The project management processes developed in Shell's deepwater projects group were adapted for the Gumusut-Kakap project and used to support the EPC contractor. Key processes implemented include: Design Verification, Weight Management, Interface Management and Flawless Start-Up, enabled through key Information Technology (IT) tools. These processes and their customisation are described in this paper.

The results presented in the paper will be applicable to mega-projects, especially those in areas developing local capabilities.

The conclusions are:Alignment of stakeholders on the project drivers is vitalContractor capability is a key areas to address in transition planning and capability developmentProject management processes need to be customised for the particular project

The technical contribution of this paper is through:Base plan for transitioning a design from a company center to the host countryImproved techniques for developing capability of key contractorsEnhanced tools for managing complex project interfaces

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank the management of Sabah Shell Petroleum Company and their Gumusut-Kakap joint-venturers: Petronas-Carigali, Conoco-Phillips and Murphy Oil for their permission to publish this abstract.
Integrated Interpretation Identifies Unconventional Basement Reservoirs in the Sabatayn Basin, Yemen
Authors: Choi Byeonggoo , Choi Jongweon , Kim Byungjin , Park Eunjoo
Published: May 2016

This reference is for an abstract only. A full paper was not submitted for this conference.

Basements rarely form hydrocarbon reservoirs; and consequently are rarely considered as hydrocarbon exploration targets. The few basement reservoirs are classified as unconventional reservoirs.

In addition to the usual uncertainties in hydrocarbon exploration, three additional components are necessary for the success in basement reservoir exploration; Time lag between the peak time of hydrocarbon generation and tectonic movement that create fracture systems in the basement,contact area between source rocks and basement surface andlimited migration paths.

In the Sabatayn basin, Yemen, the Jurassic Kimmeridgian Madbi shale is the source rock and regional evaporites seal the entrapped hydrocarbons. The shale expelled the hydrocarbons during early Cretaceous into previously fractured Pre-Cambrian basement.

Integrated interpretation of gravity and 2D seismic data defined the poorly imaged basement highs in the basin. This work provided a cost-effective evaluation method for identifying basement highs forming the hydrocarbon reservoirs.
Prediction of Reservoir Distribution and Quality in Tectonically Active NW Borneo Slope
Authors: Grecula Martin , Kattah Senira , Akinsanmi Olumide , Uy Homerson , Hedeir Kuswadi , Osterloff Peter , Maguire Kelly , Shiner Peter , Ashaari Ani Aiza , Turner Nick
Published: May 2016

This reference is for an abstract only. A full paper was not submitted for this conference.

Reservoir distribution and quality in an active slope setting are controlled by the evolution of slope accommodation and patterns of sediment input onto the slope. This presentation outlines the workflows and key findings of a regional study attempting to reconstruct the slope depositional history and improve reservoir prediction in an area of 8,000km2 offshore Sabah, Malaysia.

To identify depositional systems and map their evolution through time, a high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework needs to be defined. Deepwater stratigraphy in the NW Borneo relies on the interpretation of gross seismic architecture supported by bio-stratigraphic analysis. The loop-scale seismic architecture calibrated t over 35 wells is a basis for the interpretation of depositional environments within each sequence. On a smaller scale, core-based sedimentary facies combined with wireline log motifs is used to elucidate sub-seismic reservoir heterogeneity.

Clear definition of the architectural elements of different scales is key to ensure consistency of the interpretations. It also creates a basis for the statistical analysis of reservoir properties and depositional body geometries. The focus is on distinguishing between different depositional system elements, such as the high net:gross amalgamated distributary channels occurring in the slope aprons and the more heterolithic meandering type of submarine valleys. Equally important is the correct placement of sheet-like layered deposits in a levee or lobe fringe environment.

Depositional system elements (DSE) define basic semi-regional reservoir characterization units, which differ from each other in geometry and the degree of internal sand body connectivity. At a higher level, DSEs merge into distinctive depositional environments with specific sand distribution patterns and the chances of reservoir-seal occurrence.

Hierarchical reservoir classification workflow allows the comparison of various data types from different parts of the basin and increases the chance of correctly predicting reservoir presence and quality in un-explored deepwater acreage.
Trapped Annular Pressure Data and Analysis
Authors: Kaarstad Eirik , Aadnoy Bernt Sigve , Simonsen Jan
Published: May 2016

This reference is for an abstract only. A full paper was not submitted for this conference.

About 20% of the wells on the Norwegian Continental Shelf suffer from integrity problems. Often these are leaks in tubing or casing. Subsea wells have in general no access to closed annuli, so thermally induced pressure buildup cannot be relieved. On platform wells WAG wells are in particular thermally loaded because of the cold water injection followed by periods of hot gas injection. Because industry lacks data an experimental program has been carried out at the University of Stavanger. Drilling fluids, completion fluids and packer fluids have been tested to derive compressibilities and thermal expansion coefficients from ambient temperature to 150B: C. For some fluids these deviates significantly from the textbook values used in the oil industry today. The paper will present these data in form of tables. Several field cases will be presented using the new data. The first case shows the B-annulus pressure buildup in a HPHT well. A second case analyse the loading on a WAG injection well, where the cyclic thermal loading led to connection leaks. The third case compares the solutions with the new data with the textbook values showing the error. The thermal loading aspect has significant impact on well construction and well operations. The compressibility and thermal expansion data provided are not published before, and are significant new technical contributions.
Complex Seismic Morphology on the Slope of NW Australia: Successive Episodes of Fossil Pockmarks in the Lower Tertiary
Authors: Imbert Patrice
Published: May 2016

This reference is for an abstract only. A full paper was not submitted for this conference.

The Tertiary slope deposits of the Australian NW shelf show a complex imbrications of apparently erosional surfaces. Observed in 3D, these surfaces appear as essentially made up of coalescent craters. This morphology indicates that they do not correspond to canyons or channels as could be suggested by cross-sectional views only. Detail seismic correlation between the infill of the craters and the surrounding areas shows that the craters actually formed below sedimentary cover, in other terms correspond to sediment dissolution at depth and not erosion at the seafloor. Individual craters typically measure about 1 to 2 km in diameter and are 100 to 300 m deep. They can also be strongly elongated and at some levels coalesce to make very irregular surfaces over several hundreds of km2. Craters affect most of the Palaeocene and Eocene of the studied area, i.e. a thickness of about 1 km. The lithology of the interval is dominated by carbonates and claystones. The stratigraphic relationships with the adjacent shelf indicates that the area was already in the deep domain at the time of deposition. This rules out a formation process by continental karst for the craters. At the same time, the conical geometry is more reminiscent of pockmarks or conical injections than of collapsed karsts. Recently published work in the Gulf of Guinea has evidenced seafloor craters associated with the progressive dissolution of gas hydrates, with sizes comparable to what is observed in the NW shelf area. The complex seismic morphology observed in the Tertiary of the studied area is therefore tentatively interpreted to reflect successive episodes of growth and dissolution / dissociation of km-scale hydrate bodies in shallow subsurface. The episodes of dissolution may be related to the pressure fluctuations associated with relative sea-level changes. Whatever the exact dissolution mechanism, this represents a significant departure from classical "erosional" models in deep water, and should be considered in presence of highly irregular reflectors to avoid erroneous conclusions about the reservoir potential of affected series for instance.
Implementing a New Single Trip Multi Zone Frac Packing System with Integral Zone Isolation and Selective Production Capabilities
Authors: Walker David Joseph , Delattre Eric , Landry Jed Mark , Hansen Cody , Li Chunming
Published: May 2016

This reference is for an abstract only. A full paper was not submitted for this conference.

The Frac Pack completion of multiple zones in a single wellbore can be a complex and expensive operation. Effectively performing Frac Pack treatments while still providing 100% zone selectivity can be critical to the mechanical and commercial success of the well. Conventional techniques involve completing each zone separately requiring a minimum of 2 trips per zone to perforate and install the Frac pack equipment.. Depending on the number of zones and well depth, the multiple trips required to run the completion equipment in and out of the well can account for 25 to over 60% of the time required to complete the well. Presented are the results of utilizing a new completion tool system designed to allow Frac packing of multiple zones in a single trip while providing complete zone isolation prior to and immediately after treating operations. Use of this system allows selective treatment tailored to each reservoir's individual characteristics along with the capability to selectively open or close zones as needed to optimize well production. Economic benefits of this system realized include reduced rig time, ancillary costs such as equipment mobilization, demobilization charges and standby time, rental and service charges, etc.. Depending on the number of zones being treated, well depth and rig considerations, cost savings were estimated to be between 25 C_- 50 % over conventional multi-trip completion methods. Well productivity and production capabilities are enhanced by reducing formation exposure time during the completion and providing the ability to selectively produce zones as needed. The economic advantages also allowed the completion of smaller marginal zones which may not have been economically viable with conventional completion techniques. This paper will outline the system and its operations and review results from field applications. Lessons learned as well as process improvement opportunities are also addressed.
Improvement of the Hearing Conservation Program
Authors: Hadad Ashif , Cahyono Dwi , Putra I.B. Ardhana , Susanto J. , Rianto Bambang Udji Djoko , Tjahjono E.W.
Published: May 2016

This reference is for an abstract only. A full paper was not submitted for this conference.

High noise level caused by various sources perceived by oil and gas company workers has been identified as one of the hazard. Consequently, a Hearing Conservation Program (HCP) consist of workplace noise measurement, noise dose calculation perceived by individual worker has to be properly planned and determined, Employees awareness of Noise, Audiometri testing for early detection of Noise Induce Hearing Loss (NIHL) had been performing routinely by The Health Department of TOTAL E&P INDONESIE.

Management commitment stimulated into NDD (Note De Direction) and SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) of Hearing Conservation program and the program should be equipped with accurate and comprehensive information. This information focuses on concerning overall noise level at each working position from which the noise effects on individual worker can be analyzed to support the hearing diagnostic purposes and traced back to suggest appropriate engineering modifications.

The INASyst® software (the Integrated Noise Assessment System) is used to assist The Health Department for carrying out analysis of existing as well as predicted noise conditions at each working places. It also provides some essentialal noise features such as, Noise Mapping, Noise Source Analysis, Noise Dose Calculation, HPD (Hearing Protection Device) Selection and Noise Criteria Calculation. The noise propagation model applied in the software is derived from theoretical foundations whereas the accuracy of the noise mapping is examined using the ISO 9613 part 2.

The Noise Dose calculation procedure and criteria are based on both international (i.e. OSHA and NIOSH) and national (KEPMENAKER 51/1999) standards to allow comprehensive analysis.

The noise simulation program, on the other hand, is developed to allow prior analysis to the planned alteration on noise source hence noise levels at the working places. Therefore early precaution and action plan concerning the HCP can be appropriately prepared by The Health Department.

In monitoring activity, Audiometry test is performed regularly and the result is evaluated by staff together with ENT Specialist for early detection of NIHL. In general all of the Audiometri test result were entered into database, beside to improve employees awareness related with Noise, Similar Exposure Group health talk is performed using variety tools (Playing games/ animation) by ENT Specialist with the topic Noise effect, Noise control and how to use ear protector. The program evaluation was performed by elements program inspection and also presented to the management for continues improvement.
A Critical Review of Epidemiologic Evidence for Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders of Low Back
Authors: Kuspradiyanto Eko Susetyo , Bida Putu , Mansyur M. , Effendi F. , Herespatiagni R.
Published: May 2016

This reference is for an abstract only. A full paper was not submitted for this conference.

Musculoskeletal disorders in particular low back pain, is one of the most common occupational health problems in Total E&P Indonesie. Multiple factors including mechanical and psychosocial are among possible determinants of interest.

In order to prevent MSD, the risk factors in the workplace that contribute to the development of low back pain had been studied. Resulted 5 categories; working environment, psychosocial, bio - mechanic, occupational and socio-demographic.

This research had been conducted in eight months (June 2007- February 2008) with the permanent employee as the subject. Research conducted into two group, MSD surveillance from mechanical aspects and from psychological aspect.

Epidemiological analysis consists of three stages:Conclusion of risk factors and determinantsQuantity of risk factorEpidemiogic analysis.

The objective of the critical review is to deeply explore the risk factors, and sharing idea to manage them. MSD surveillance, prevalence studies, mechanical and psychogenic back pain, and other risk factors and predictors model, had been studied in order for problem mitigation.

RESEARCH RESULT

LBP Risk to Gender: man has better protection than woman. (OR 0,276) Working on site, has higher risk to LBP than office. (OR 7.586) Comfort working place and spatial provide better protection to LBP. (OR 0,466) Bending over midline body have significants relation to LBP's prevalens (OR 1,586) Lifting over shoulder have significant relation to LBP's prevalence (OR 1.571) Sitting position group, has higher risk to LBP. (OR 3.184)

Comparing LBP prevalence found in this rsearch with data aboved, LBP prevalence in TI are far below. This lower prevalence it may come from existing 'recovery time' betwen tasks among Total Indonesie workers.

CONCLUSIONS

The researches found that there are some existing working condition, posture, gesture, and psychological aspects as risk factor of LBP.

LBP prevalence in Total E&P Indonesie is lower (4.7%) compare to LBP prevalence in petroleum industry (22%) may come from existing 'recovery time' betwen tasks among Total Indonesie workers.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Socialization and training of proper work practices is required. 2 IPTC 12762

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

Great thanks to IPTC Committee as well to the opportunity to present this research. Honour respect and thanks also to Total Indonesie Management, HSE Manager and Head of Medical Department, which has allowed this research conducted.

Thanks also to all research team member for the good relationship and coordination, last but not least, thanks to DR. M. Mansyur for guiding team in performing this research.
Geodynamic Evolution of the NW Borneo Wedge: New Structural Guidelines for Exploration
Authors: Spain Francois , Rives Thierry , Pubellier Manuel , Ringenbach Jean-Claude
Published: May 2016

This reference is for an abstract only. A full paper was not submitted for this conference.

The hydrocarbon rich NW Borneo Margin is a complex structural domain where deformation style is a mix of compression and extension features associated with transverse structures. Regional work results in a new geodynamic model integrating structure interactions giving geometrical and kinematics coherency.

Review of outcrops, geomorphologic and magmatism studies show two imbricate wedges in Sabah/Brunei:–The Rajang-Crocker Wedge, mainly onshore, is oriented N-S in Sabah, curving to E-W in Sarawak. It is characterized by short wavelength thrusted folds. The age of deformation is Paleogene with sequence of thrusting propagating westward. This wedge has been lately refolded by large wavelength anticlines generating well-known geomorphologic domains such as the Crocker Ranges, the Trusmadi Ranges and the Mulu Mountains.–The offshore NW Borneo Wedge is oriented NE-SW from North Sarawak to Palawan Island. This wedge can be divided into four structurally different domains, two compressive and two extensive basins rooted on the Mid-Miocene Unconformity (MMU). The formation of this second wedge is contemporaneous with Mid-Miocene uplifts in the Rajang-Crocker Wedge.

The timing of deformations and relationships between the different morpho-tectonic domains leads to reconsider the evolution of the entire Borneo Wedge.

The offshore NW Borneo Wedge is characterized by the coeval NW Borneo Thrust Belt (offshore Northern Sabah) and the Outer Thrust Zone (offshore Brunei and Southern Sabah) of contrasted structural styles (difference of folds wavelength, occurrence of out-of-sequence thrusting, passive-roofing…). The Outer Thrust Zone is associated both in time and space, to the large Champion-Baram deltaic province. This recent (Mid-Miocene) deltaic province results of a drastic change of sediment source during the Early/Mid-Miocene (~16Myr) from the SW (Schwanner Mountains) to the SE (Central Rajang-Crocker Wedge).

It is proposed that the emplacement of the Champion-Baram deltaic province results from the "sinking" of the Mulu Block into the NW Borneo Subduction.

The entry of a crustal asperity into a subduction zone generates both large uplifts of the accretionary wedge and greater subsidence of the subducting plate. At crustal scale, the asperity may have caused:–Tremendous uplifts (South of Mulu Area and Central Rajang-Crocker Wedge), modifying the zone of sediment source,–Associated deep recipient basin capturing the sediments evolving into a deltaic province (The Champion-Baram Basin).

This new geodynamic model implies new guideline for NW Borneo deformations and timings that impact petroleum system.
Assessment of Cretaceous Palaeogeography and Palaeo-Earth Systems Model Results: Climate Proxies, Model/Data Comparisons and Sensitivity Tests
Authors: Harris James Peter , Crossley Robert , Stronach Nick
Published: May 2016

This reference is for an abstract only. A full paper was not submitted for this conference.

Global palaeotectonics and palaeoenvironments maps for late Palaeozoic - Cenozoic time slices were prepared and a new method relating topography and bathymetry to plate tectonic environments was used as the basis for palaeo digital elevation models (DEMs). These were gridded in GIS and used to provide the topographic and bathymetric boundary conditions for coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models (GCMs), and a barotropic model to simulate palaeotides. The compilation of the base maps is based on a global database of palaeoenvironmental, lithofacies and climate proxy data, the legacy of over 25 years of petroleum geological studies and an equally extensive source rocks database. Here this approach is used to provide some unique insights on the Mesozoic hot-house World for two Cretaceous time slices. Climate proxy data were used to test the veracity of the modelling results and a series of sensitivity tests were designed. Together these justified the modeling approach, provide a measure of uncertainty and reveal the range of Cretaceous climates and environments that are responsible for the source rocks and reservoirs deposited at the chosen time-slices.