bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Constitutes a Good Working Alliance in Therapy with Children That May Have Been Sexually Abused?
Authors: Jensen Tine K. , Haavind Hanne , Gulbrandsen Wenke , Mossige Svein , Reichelt Sissel , Tjersland Odd Arne
Published: October 2010

The use of qualitative methods in a case by case study of fifteen psychotherapies with children allowed for inquiries into how the working alliance can be established when children are involved. Therapy hours were recorded, and the children’s, their caregivers’ and the therapists’ views about what happened during therapy were collected at the end of therapy and at one year follow-up. The referral to psychotherapy was a suspicion of sexual abuse. The results show how the working alliance is related to not only the child’s, but also the caregiver’s understanding of the therapeutic process. This includes sharing an understanding of the therapeutic goals and tasks, the emotional bond, and how the caregivers become involved and support their children’s participation in therapy. An expanded understanding of Bordin’s concept of the working alliance along two dimensions is suggested: the first one is from an adult to a child deduced understanding of the therapeutic process that bears in mind the child’s capacity for understanding complex change processes, and the second is from a dyadic to a systemic understanding of the alliance.
Does parental income matter for onset of offending?
Authors: Galloway Taryn Ann , Skardhamar Torbjørn
Published: October 2010

Although several established theories of crime often suggest an association between socioeconomic background and youth criminal involvement, the empirical evidence for such claims diverges considerably. The aim of this paper is to re-investigate the relationship between family income and criminal charges using Norwegian register data. The longitudinal data sources used in the study encompass the entire resident population from five birth cohorts, and allow us to identify youths charged with crime from 1992 to 2005. We link information on these youths with information on family earnings for several years. We find that family academic resources are more important than family income for onset of offending. This applies to all kinds of offences, except for serious theft.
Reassessing the need for primary tumor surgery in unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer: overview and perspective
Authors: Poultsides George A. , Paty Phillip B.
Published: October 2010

In the absence of symptoms, primary tumor resection in patients who present with unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer is of uncertain benefit. Prophylactic surgery has been traditionally considered in this setting in order to prevent subsequent complications of perforation, obstruction, or bleeding later during the treatment course, which may require urgent surgery associated with higher mortality. However, recent data have called into question the efficacy of this upfront surgical strategy. We provide a brief overview of how current combinations of systemic chemotherapy including fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, and targeted biologic agents have allowed improved local (in addition to distant) tumor control, significantly decreasing the incidence of late primary-related complications requiring surgery from roughly 20% in the era of single-agent fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy to almost 7% in the era of modern triple-drug chemotherapy. In addition, we attempt to highlight those factors most associated with subsequent primary tumor-related complications in an effort to identify the subset of patients with synchronous metastatic colorectal cancer who might benefit from a surgery-first approach. Finally, we discuss modern nonsurgical options available for palliation of the primary colorectal tumor and review the outcome of patients for which emergent surgery is eventually required to address primary-related symptoms.
Factors Associated With Successful Chopart Amputation in Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Schade Valerie L. , Roukis Thomas S. , Yan Joyce L.
Published: October 2010

Chopart amputations were first performed for treatment of a non-salvageable distal foot but became unfavorable because of the development of equinovarus contractures and ulcerations. The majority of below-knee amputations today occur in ambulatory patients with diabetes in which a Chopart amputation may be a viable option; however, the durability of the residual limb is questionable. The authors undertook a systematic review of electronic databases and other relevant sources to identify material relating to the factors associated with a successful Chopart amputation in ambulatory patients with diabetes. Studies were eligible for inclusion only if they consecutively enrolled ambulatory patients with diabetes who underwent a Chopart amputation, regardless of etiology, with or without any tendinous or osseous balancing performed and had a mean follow-up of ≥ 12 months duration. Four studies involving 74 patients/feet were identified that met the inclusion criteria with a weighted mean follow-up of 21.1 months. The efficacy of tendinous and/or osseous balancing could not be assessed because of the lack of comparable techniques. However, review of the included studies supports that a residual functional limb can be maintained for ≥ 12 months with the use of a properly fitting high-profile prosthetic device for lifelong ambulation.
A feeder-free culture using autogeneic conditioned medium for undifferentiated growth of human embryonic stem cells: Comparative expression profiles of mRNAs, microRNAs and proteins among different feeders and conditioned media
Authors: Tsai Zong-Yun , Singh Sher , Yu Sung-Liang , Chou Chi-Hsien , Li Steven Shoei-Lung
Published: October 2010

Background

Human embryonic stem (hES) cell lines were derived from the inner cell mass of human blastocysts, and were cultured on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeder to maintain undifferentiated growth, extensive renewal capacity, and pluripotency. The hES-T3 cell line with normal female karyotype was previously used to differentiate into autogeneic fibroblast-like cells (T3HDF) as feeder to support the undifferentiated growth of hES-T3 cells (T3/HDF) for 14 passages.

Results

A feeder-free culture on Matrigel in hES medium conditioned by the autogeneic feeder cells (T3HDF) was established to maintain the undifferentiated growth of hES-T3 cells (T3/CMHDF) for 8 passages in this investigation. The gene expression profiles of mRNAs, microRNAs and proteins between the undifferentiated T3/HDF and T3/CMHDF cells were shown to be very similar, and their expression profiles were also found to be similar to those of T3/MEF and T3/CMMEF cells grown on MEF feeder and feeder-free Matrigel in MEF-conditioned medium, respectively. The undifferentiated state of T3/HDF and T3/CMHDF as well as T3/MEF andT3/CMMEF cells was evidenced by the very high expression levels of "stemness" genes and low expression levels of differentiation markers of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm in addition to the strong staining of OCT4 and NANOG.

Conclusion

The T3HDF feeder and T3HDF-conditioned medium were able to support the undifferentiated growth of hES cells, and they would be useful for drug development and toxicity testing in addition to the reduced risks of xenogeneic pathogens when used for medical applications such as cell therapies.
A randomized two arm phase III study in patients post radical resection of liver metastases of colorectal cancer to investigate bevacizumab in combination with capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (CAPOX) vs CAPOX alone as adjuvant treatment
Authors: Snoeren Nikol , Voest Emile E , Bergman Andre M , Dalesio Otilia , Verheul Henk M , Tollenaar Rob AEM , van der Sijp Joost RM , Schouten Sander B , Rinkes Inne HM Borel , van Hillegersberg R
Published: October 2010

Background

About 50% of patients with colorectal cancer are destined to develop hepatic metastases. Radical resection is the most effective treatment for patients with colorectal liver metastases offering five year survival rates between 36-60%. Unfortunately only 20% of patients are resectable at time of presentation. Radiofrequency ablation is an alternative treatment option for irresectable colorectal liver metastases with reported 5 year survival rates of 18-30%. Most patients will develop local or distant recurrences after surgery, possibly due to the outgrowth of micrometastases present at the time of liver surgery. This study aims to achieve an improved disease free survival for patients after resection or resection combined with RFA of colorectal liver metastases by adding the angiogenesis inhibitor bevacizumab to an adjuvant regimen of CAPOX.

Methods/design

The Hepatica study is a two-arm, multicenter, randomized, comparative efficacy and safety study. Patients are assessed no more than 8 weeks before surgery with CEA measurement and CT scanning of the chest and abdomen. Patients will be randomized after resection or resection combined with RFA to receive CAPOX and Bevacizumab or CAPOX alone. Adjuvant treatment will be initiated between 4 and 8 weeks after metastasectomy or resection in combination with RFA. In both arms patients will be assessed for recurrence/new occurrence of colorectal cancer by chest CT, abdominal CT and CEA measurement. Patients will be assessed after surgery but before randomization, thereafter every three months after surgery in the first two years and every 6 months until 5 years after surgery. In case of a confirmed recurrence/appearance of new colorectal cancer, patients can be treated with surgery or any subsequent line of chemotherapy and will be followed for survival until the end of study follow up period as well. The primary endpoint is disease free survival. Secondary endpoints are overall survival, safety and quality of life.

Conclusion

The HEPATICA study is designed to demonstrate a disease free survival benefit by adding bevacizumab to an adjuvant regime of CAPOX in patients with colorectal liver metastases undergoing a radical resection or resection in combination with RFA.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00394992
Study of house-level risk factors associated in the transmission of Indian Kala-azar
Authors: Kesari Shreekant , Bhunia Gouri Sankar , Kumar Vijay , Jeyaram Algarswamy , Ranjan Alok , Das Pradeep
Published: October 2010

Background

In visceral leishmaniasis (VL), phlebotomine vectors are the main target to reduce for control measures. An attempt has been taken to delineate the association between Phlebotomous argentipes and housing characteristics between two districts e.g. endemic and non-endemic.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 240 households for both the endemic (Vaishali district) and non-endemic (Lohardaga district) site. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors related to housing characteristics influencing suitable habitats for P. argentipes. Vector density estimated using a CDC light trap.

Results

The proportion of P. argentipes in both endemic and non-endemic areas was significantly much higher (P < 0.001) when compared with the proportion of Sergentomiya and P. papatasi. The results of multilevel logistic regression analysis showed that mud plastered wall (P value = 0.001), mixed dwelling (P value = 0.002) and area (P value = 0.001) were strongly associated with the presence of vectors.

Conclusion

Result of the studied household characteristics provides an accurate, rapid assessment of house-level variation in risk. The results also have implications for maximizing surveillance efficacy of sandflies, which is likely to become increasingly important while formulating any control strategy.
Function of a Transcription Factor CDX2 Beyond Its Trophectoderm Lineage Specification
Authors: Sakurai Toshihiro , Bai Hanako , Konno Toshihiro , Ideta Atsushi , Aoyagi Yoshito , Godkin James D. , Imakawa Kazuhiko
Published: October 2010

The transcription factor caudal-related homeobox 2 (CDX2) regulates trophectoderm differentiation, but its function beyond trophectoderm differentiation is not well characterized. CDX2 was shown to regulate a trophoblast-specific gene, interferon τ (IFNT), in the ruminants. However, its regulatory mechanism has not been determined. Here, we report a new role of CDX2 in histone modifications of the IFNT gene. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays using ovine conceptuses obtained from d 14, 16, 16.5, or 20 of pregnancy (d 0, day of mating) revealed that H3K18 acetylation was highly detectable at the upstream and open reading frame regions of the IFNT gene on d 14 and 16, when CDX2 reached its peak expression. From d 16.5, when the conceptus initiates attachment to uterine epithelial cells, histone acetylation along with CDX2 expression declines. Two candidate CDX2 binding sites (−300 to −294 bp and −293 to −287 bp) of the bovine IFNT gene promoter region were detected from chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase assay. When Cdx2 constructs were transfected into bovine ear-derived fibroblast cells, histone acetylation was increased, concurrent with the recruitment of cAMP response element binding protein-binding protein, which has histone acetyltransferase activity. H3K18 acetylation was seen in the proximity of the CDX2 binding region located at the IFNT gene’s upstream region in CT-1 cells, but when these cells were treated with specific CDX2 small interfering RNA, H3K18 acetylation was decreased. These findings suggest that CDX2 regulates its targeted gene through cAMP response element binding protein-binding protein recruitment, which correlates with greater histone acetylation.
Darden's Luckiest Student: Lessons from a High-Stakes Risk Experiment
Authors: Bodily Samuel E. , Pfeifer Phillip E.
Published: October 2010

This paper reports on two high-stakes events in which a randomly selected “luckiest” student received the opportunity to participate in a lottery consisting of equally likely outcomes of zero and the cash equivalent to one semester of tuition. The major purpose of the events was to provide students and the larger community an opportunity to experience an event that was both significant in magnitude and undeniably random. A second purpose was to study the choice behavior of individuals facing lotteries involving stakes that, to our knowledge, were higher than any used in prior laboratory experiments. Prior to the selection of the luckiest student, all students were asked to declare the price at which they would choose the fixed dollar offer over the lottery. We studied how these reported prices changed when payoffs were hypothetical versus real and how students came up with their prices. With the second event, we conducted a full-factorial experiment that measured the effects of three factors identified during the first event (e.g., whether they were a buyer or seller). Our descriptions here of the formal and informal lessons from these events will be of interest to those involved in educational programs and in behavioral research related to decision analysis.
Harmonic mappings of an annulus, Nitsche conjecture and its generalizations
Authors: Iwaniec Tadeusz , Kovalev Leonid V. , Onninen Jani
Published: October 2010

\def\xxlong{\mathop{{\rm onto}\atop \longrightarrow}\nolimits}
As long ago as 1962 Nitsche conjectured that a harmonic homeomorphism $h
\colon \ A(r,R) \xxlong A(r_\ast, R_\ast)$ between planar annuli exists
if and only if $ \frac{R_\ast}{r_\ast} \ge \frac{1}{2} \left(\frac{R} {r} +
\frac{r}{R}\right)$. We prove this conjecture when the domain annulus is not
too wide; explicitly, when $R \le e^{3/2} r$. We also treat the general
annuli $A(r,R)$, $ 0 0$r$R\infty$, and obtain the sharp Nitsche bound under
additional assumption that either $h$ or its normal derivative have
vanishing average along the inner circle of $A(r,R)$. We consider the family
of Jordan curves in $A(r_*,R_*)$ obtained as images under $h$ of concentric
circles in $A(r,R)$. We refer to such family of Jordan curves as harmonic
evolution of the inner boundary of $A(r,R) $. In the borderline case $
\frac{R_\ast}{r_\ast} = \frac{1}{2} \left(\frac{R}{r} + \frac{r}{R}\right)$
the evolution begins with zero speed. It will be shown, as a generalization
of the Nitsche Conjecture, that harmonic evolution with positive initial
speed results in greater ratio $\frac{R_\ast}{r_\ast}$ in the deformed
(target) annulus. To every initial speed there corresponds an underlying
differential operator which yields sharp lower bounds of
$\frac{R_\ast}{r_\ast}$ in our generalization of the Nitsche Conjecture.
Minimal surfaces and harmonic diffeomorphisms from the complex plane onto certain Hadamard surfaces
Authors: Gálvez José A. , Rosenberg Harold
Published: October 2010

We construct harmonic diffeomorphisms from the complex plane ${\bf C}$
onto any Hadamard surface $\mathbb{M}$ whose curvature is bounded above by
a negative constant. For that, we prove a Jenkins-Serrin type theorem for
minimal graphs in $\mathbb{M} \times \mathbb{R}$ over domains of
$\mathbb{M}$ bounded by ideal geodesic polygons and show the existence of
a sequence of minimal graphs over polygonal domains converging to an
entire minimal graph in $\mathbb{M} \times \mathbb{R}$ with the conformal
structure of ${\bf C}$.
An arithmetic intersection formula on Hilbert modular surfaces
Authors: Yang Tonghai
Published: October 2010

In this paper, we obtain an explicit arithmetic intersection formula on a
Hilbert modular surface between the diagonal embedding of the modular
curve and a CM cycle associated to a non-biquadratic CM quartic field.
This confirms a special case of the author's conjecture with Bruinier,
and is a generalization of the beautiful factorization formula of Gross
and Zagier on singular moduli. As an application, we proved the first
nontrivial non-abelian Chowla-Selberg formula, a special case of Colmez
conjecture.
On the connected components of moduli spaces of finite flat models
Authors: Imai Naoki
Published: October 2010

We prove that the nonordinary component is connected in the moduli spaces
of finite flat models of two-dimensional local Galois representations
over finite fields. This was conjectured by Kisin. As an application to
global Galois representations, we prove a theorem on the modularity
comparing a deformation ring and a Hecke ring.
A vanishing theorem for log canonical pairs
Authors: de Fernex Tommaso , Ein Lawrence
Published: October 2010

Using inversion of adjunction, we deduce from Nadel's theorem a vanishing
property for ideals sheaves on projective varieties, a special case of
which recovers a result due to Bertram--Ein--Lazarsfeld. This enables us
to generalize to a large class of projective schemes certain bounds on
Castelnuovo--Mumford regularity previously obtained by
Bertram--Ein--Lazarsfeld in the smooth case and by Chardin--Ulrich for
locally complete intersection varieties with rational singularities. Our
results are tested on several examples.
Sur le dual unitaire de GL r ( D )
Authors: Badulescu A. I. , Henniart G. , Lemaire B. , Sécherre V.
Published: October 2010

Soit $F$ un corps commutatif localement compact non archim\'edien,
et soit $G$ une forme int\'erieure de ${\rm GL}_n(F)$.
Nous prouvons la conjecture U1 de Tadi\'{c} dans le cas o\`u
$F$ est de caract\'eristique non nulle.
Ce r\'esultat implique que la description du dual unitaire de $G$ et le
transfert de Jacquet-Langlands des repr\'esentations unitaires de $G$,
tous deux connus pour $F$ de caract\'eristique nulle, sont vrais en
caract\'eristique quelconque.
Pet Vocatives in Southwestern Amazonia
Authors: Dienst Stefan , Fleck David W.
Published: October 2010

Languages of several families of southwestern Amazonia have a set of vocative terms for calling tamed animals kept as pets. These vocatives are mostly unrelated to the referential nouns for the species and more likely than other words to be borrowed between unrelated languages.
Lexical Discontinuities between Generations: Recent Inuit Cases from North Baffin Island
Authors: Bordin Guy
Published: October 2010

During recent fieldwork in North Baffin Island, I came across several Inuit terms well known by elders but fading into oblivion among young people. In an apparent paradox, these more or less forgotten words among young Inuit generations designate objective situations that in most cases still belong to the contemporary world, at least as possibilities. It is argued that the loss of these words is the result of the obsolescence of the social practices and cultural understandings that the words reference.
From Utility to Perceptual Salience: Cultural, Lexical, and Conceptual Change in the Southern Kalahari Landscape
Authors: Boden Gertrud
Published: October 2010

This article presents a model of the southern Kalahari landscape that in the past gave clues for orientation and usability to Taa-speaking hunter-gatherers. Lexical and conceptual changes are detected with respect to what was formerly the most important landform for survival: pans as water sources and sites suitable for camping and foraging. A part-to-whole-change in lexical semantics is paralleled by a conceptual change from a predominance of notions of utility to a predominance of perceptual salience. These changes reflect changes in land-use patterns and were discovered by comparing statements from people of different ages.
Metaphor, Mythology, and a Navajo Verb: The Role of Cultural Constructs in the Lexicography of Endangered Languages
Authors: Field Margaret C.
Published: October 2010

This article focuses on multiple lexical entries for one Navajo classificatory verb, arguing that many of its subentries are polysemous, rather than unrelated homophones. It is suggested that the connection between them is based on metaphor and conventionalized cultural knowledge (mythology and cosmology). The documentation of such metaphorical connections is crucial not only for making sense of the uses of this verb stem but also for what it tells us about Navajo culture.
Locative and Existential Constructions in Ulwa
Authors: Koontz-Garboden Andrew
Published: October 2010

This article lays out the morphosyntactic and semantic facts of existential and locative constructions in Ulwa (Misumalpan; Nicaragua). Locative constructions come in two types—those that take one of a small set of posture predicates, and those that are completely bare, having only a figure and locative (postpositional phrase) nonverbal predicate. The posture predicates constitute a distinct syntactic category. Among the posture predicates, ‘sit’ is special in being polysemous, having both a locative and more semantically bleached existential meaning. Bare locative constructions do not have the existential meaning of the bleached ‘sit’ construction; rather, they have a pure locative meaning.
British Models of Colonial Governance: Adam Smith and John Bruce on the Cape Colony
Authors: Johnson David
Published: October 2010

The Scottish Enlightenment models of colonial governance produced for the Cape Colony by Adam Smith (1723-1790) and John Bruce (1744-1826) are examined. The article ranges between Smith and Bruce's views on Britain's colonial policy in general terms, and the specifics of their ideas on the Cape Colony. The comparison focuses on three aspects: one, how in political terms the relation between nation and colony should be constituted; two, how the economics of colonial trade should be regulated; and three, how the indigenes of new colonies should be integrated into Britain's political economy. The differences between Smith, the theorist of free trade, and Bruce, the apologist for the East India Company, are highlighted, but so too are the similarities, most notably their common silences about the colonial violence accompanying European expansion.
The "Oldest Profession" Made Modern
Authors: Freeman Lisa A.
Published: October 2010

In an important new study, Laura Rosenthal takes up the question of why prostitutes and prostitution figure so prominently in so many restoration and eighteenth-century narratives. Drawing on a wide body of varied materials, Rosenthal traces how prostitutes shifted over time from being considered exclusively as figures of sexual pleasure and moral degradation to being represented more liberally as figures of commerce. She demonstrates that for writers who were concerned or anxious about the growth of a social and economic system which demanded self-division and the alienation of labor in the public marketplace, prostitution provided an exemplary point of entry for exploring both the limits of commodification and the threat posed by self-commodification to the integrity of the individual. The proliferation of prostitute figures in eighteenth-century narratives can thus be understood as a function of the extent to which they served as figures for exploring the contradictory conditions of modern identity. To deny the prostitute her market, as Rosenthal demonstrates, would be to nullify something fundamental not only about modern capitalist conditions but also about the necessary and sustaining fictions of modern subjectivities and modern identities
The Impossibility of Sympathy
Authors: Gaston Sean
Published: October 2010

This article questions the status of sympathy in eighteenth century studies. It argues that sympathy can be seen as an economy of two persistent idealizations: the untouchable—that touches everything. Tracing the genealogy of fellow feeling as a militant Puritan concept of exclusion that is still marked by its theological and political past, the sympathy advocated by Hutcheson, Hume and Smith appears as an idealization confronted by its own impossibility. The eighteenth century is a century in search of an absent and insufficient sympathy, a sympathy that is already preoccupied with its own limitations and excesses: a meta-discourse on sympathy still eludes us.
A Hungarian Revolution in Restoration England: Henry Stubbe, Radical Islam, and the Rye House Plot
Authors: Garcia Humberto
Published: October 2010

This essay argues that the rise of Islamic-Ottoman power in Hungary took center stage in English national debates about monarchical succession and religious authority, mostly as a reaction to two analogous events that took place in the summer of 1683: the discovery of the Rye House plot to assassinate King Charles II and the Duke of York during the aftermath of the Exclusion Crisis, and the Austrian-Polish defeat of the Ottoman Turks and their Hungarian allies during the siege of Vienna. After Charles II dissolved parliament, opposition leaders grew desperate to pass the Exclusion Bill preventing a Catholic succession; meanwhile, Catholic Austria defeated Imre Thököly, the rebellious Hungarian leader who sought to protect his country's Protestant constitution by forming an alliance with the Ottoman Porte. As a strategy for containing the threat of revolution in the wake of the Rye House Plot, Tory burlesques cast Whig Exclusionists as Hungarian rebels, regicidal Muslims in disguise. This form of polemical satire was a coded response to a vibrant strain of English radical Protestantism as emblematized in Henry Stubbe's pro-Islamic manuscript: The Rise and Progress of Mahometanism (circa 1671), which circulated privately among radical freethinking circles. Building on the work of Nabil Matar and Matthew Birchwood, this essay treats Tory satires as a crucial site for investigating how radical Islam lent ideological coherence to a series of national crises that culminated in the redefinition of British constitutional liberty in 1688-91.
Fictional Mechanics: Haywood, Reading, and the Passions
Authors: Tierney-Hynes Rebecca
Published: October 2010

This essay argues that Eliza Haywood, in consciously using philosophies of the passions in her later fiction, develops a narrative theory that privileges the role of the reader. Haywood claims that reading and feeling passion are analogous, in that they both depend on passive sensation, and that each gives rise to the other. Haywood thus develops a sophisticated theory of fiction oriented around the productive possibilities of "absorptive" or passive reading, a kind of reading closely associated with female readers of romance and the novel. These claims allow her, in turn, to defend her career-long interest in the passions as essential to the project of fiction itself, and further, to suggest that philosophical theories of the passions are simply participants in a field long defined by fiction.
Buying and Selling Luxury in Seventeenth-Century England
Authors: Ramsey Rachel
Published: October 2010

Review essay of Linda Levy Peck's "Consuming Splendor: Society and Culture in Seventeenth-Century England"
The Temporality of the Public in The Tatler and The Spectator
Authors: Witherbee Amy
Published: October 2010

This article argues that newly developed financial instruments borrowed and adapted a distinctly different concept of time from the field of mathematics at the end of the seventeenth-century. Almost magical in its promises of wealth and productivity, the counter-intuitive nature of mathematical time posed a unique set of challenges to those who supported its use in Britain's marketplaces and by its government. The political-economic thought that assumed mathematical time identified the public as the driving force behind the nation's wealth but had no way to account for the durational present of human consciousness. As a result, the bodies that buy, sell, and trade in Britain's marketplaces could never be represented directly. This essay examines how Joseph Addison and Richard Steele addressed this failure by drawing on an older binding of sign and material world through which the character of the Spectator could turn London's human bodies into metonymic signs of the public even as his commentary became a sign to be commented on by others. The article thus serves as a critique of both Habermas' definition of the public sphere and an alternative to more recent theories that posit the public as purely conceptual or as a limited collection of individuals
"Profess as Much as I": Dignity as Authority in the Poetry of Sarah Fyge Egerton
Authors: Genovese Michael
Published: October 2010

Seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century women's poetry is often critically assessed for its engagement with public life. While this approach recovers early women poets' contributions to their world at large, it has turned attention away from innovations in poetry derived from a writer's personal experience. In contrast to other women authors of her time, Sarah Fyge Egerton constructs her authority as a poet not from associations with political groups, classical traditions, or religious values but from the dignity of ordinary life. Writing about herself in her Poems on Several Occasions (1703), Egerton takes command of her private and public experiences by subsuming them within the personal, a category that develops as she claims ownership over both spheres of her life. Asserting that her life is worth as much respect as that given to property, she builds literary authority by dignifying in poetry the very experiences that commonly led women to be censured or condemned by their male and female contemporaries
Finding Room for Things
Authors: Benedict Barbara M.
Published: October 2010

This review of Cynthia Sundberg Wall's "The Prose of Things: Transformations of Description in the Eighteenth Century" (Chicago, 2006) notes that Walls' book traces changes in the description of objects in a wide range of works, including maps, diaries, catalogues, poems and especially novels. She argues that the description of things in their particularity demarcates changes in the representation of context and thus of significance itself. Yet questions about the historical representation of things challenge Wall's contention that description of things is a uniquely eighteenth-century phenomenon.
Mentoring and Mimicry in Boswell's Life of Johnson
Authors: Lee Anthony W.
Published: October 2010

"Mimicry and Mentoring in Boswell's Life of Johnson," seeks to consider the Johnson-Boswell mentoring relationship beyond the interpersonal, psychologically-grounded perspective most often associated with mentoring by interrogating the textual traces of their exchange. Noting that Boswell falls into the eighteenth-century tradition of gestural and physical mimicking, practiced by actors such as Garrick, Foote, and Murphy, this paper examines instances of textual mimicry in Boswell's Life of Johnson, arguing that this practice simultaneously endeavors to biographically preserve Johnson's presence for posterity as well as appropriate Johnson's voice in a bid for mastery over Johnson as part of the dynamic of the protégé's attempt to challenge, and ultimately usurp, the authority of the mentor
Cottage Industry: The Ladies of Llangollen and the Symbolic Capital of the Cottage Ornée
Authors: Reynolds Nicole
Published: October 2010

In 1778 Eleanor Butler and Sarah Ponsonby eloped from their families in Ireland to begin a life together, eventually settling on the outskirts of Llangollen, Wales, in a small cottage they christened Plas Newydd. Butler and Ponsonby undertook a number of elaborate architectural projects at Plas Newydd over the course of roughly thirty-five years, turning what had been an undistinguished example of the local architectural vernacular into a heavily ornamented, artfully contrived spectacle, a cottage ornée. This essay explores the relationship between Butler and Ponsonby's manifold cottage industries and the fictions of gender and sex that attended an emerging notion of bourgeois domesticity. Plas Newydd made possible a complex performance of bourgeois domestic life, one that both mirrored and inverted the imperatives of the heterosexual family unit. In the example of their cottage, and through their strategic deployment of cottage discourse, the "Ladies of Llangollen," as Butler and Ponsonby came to be called, presented to women a viable alternative to the impositions of patriarchal domestic arrangements; concurrent with Plas Newydd's fame, the design, commission, and marketing of cottages ornées, though always catering to the increasingly codified requisites of the bourgeois family, begin to reflect the needs and desires of independent female householders. In this way the Ladies' example of female romantic friendship, invested as it was in the material arrangements of their cottage home, effected real change for women, from the smaller group who shared their social status (and might themselves build a cottage) to the broader circle inescapably familiar with the popular craze for cottages and conversant in cottage ideology
"Un Sopha rose brodé d'argent": Crébillon fils and the Rococo
Authors: Bloom Rori
Published: October 2010

While the application of terms from the visual arts to literature has been much debated, this essay nevertheless argues for the identification of Crébillon fils' Le Sopha as a Rococo novel. After establishing Crébillon's interest in luxurious Rococo interiors and the lascivious activities that these decors encourage, I will examine the novel's paradoxical position as a critique of Rococo lifestyles at the same time as I show that Crebillon's complex prose style may be viewed as a form of literary Rococo. In exploring Crébillon's ambivalent attitude toward the Rococo, I will pay particular attention to his problematic presentation of female characters both as corrupt consumers of luxury and as admirably refined tastemakers, for in Le Sopha woman is the agent of the effeminization and moral degradation of society but also, as the sensitive civilizer of men, the ideal reader of Crébillon's complicated and sophisticated novel.
Breaking the Frame
Authors: Bohls Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2010

Marshall's book considers cases of aesthetic experience embedded in, rather than detached from, everyday life: texts that blur the boundaries between art and nature, life, or reality, including novels by Rousseau, Henry Mackenzie, Charlotte Lennox and Jane Austen. Other chapters treat theoretical work on aesthetics, including theories of the picturesque and ut pictura poesis and Hume's standard of taste. This collection of case studies offers a rewarding approach to the problem of aesthetic experience in eighteenth-century fiction
Admiral Coligny, Jean Ribault, and the East Coast of North America
Authors: McGrath John T.
Published: October 2010

Les historiens qui ont écrit sur l'initiative des Français entre 1562 et 1565 à la côte sud-est des États-Unis d'aujourd'hui ont négligé souvent l'exploration comme facteur motivant. Quand l'on considère le manque de confiance des Européens dans leur connaissance de cette partie du monde à cette époquelà, il devient clair que l'Amiral Gaspard de Coligny et Jean Ribault, les deux premiers initiateurs de cet effort de colonisation, s'intéressaient beaucoup à apprendre plus de la géographie de la région. Les vastes connaissances de Ribault, comme théoricien de géographie au service de l'Angleterre, suggère aussi que la recherche d'une route de navigation à l'Asie était aussi son intention majeur. Finalement, le temps et l'effort que les Français dépensaient à l'exploration de la côte, des rivières, et de la terre corroborent l'interprétation que ces expéditions étaient simultanément motivées par un désir à déterminer la nature physique de cette région avant de la prendre formellement.
The "Others" Who Never Were: Eastern Woodlands Amerindians and Europeans in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Moogk Peter
Published: October 2010

La notion de l'"autre" qu'Edward Saïd développait pour comprendre la représentation que se faisaient les européens des peuples et des cultures du Levant était appliquée aussi mais à tort à l'idée que construisaient les européens du dix-septième siècle des amérindiens du Canada. Plus pertinent que l'"autre" est la vieille idée européenne de l'"homme sauvage," homme hirsute qui, sans religion, ni gouvernement, ni société, habitait des bois et vivait, libre et innocent, plus proche à la nature que les européens du dix-septième siècle. De plus, en contraste avec la conception sa¿dienne de l'"autre," les européens trouvaient beaucoup de traits à admirer dans les indigènes des bois de l'est, la beauté de leurs corps, leur générosité, leur intelligence. De leur côté, les peuples aboriginaux du Canada méprisaient souvent des européens. Par exemple, ils ne comprennaient la difficulté qu'éprouvaient les européens à vivre convenablement dans la forêt. De plus, les natifs des bois de l'est de l'Amérique septentrionale préféraient leur religion au christianisme. Leurs propres croyances les servaient déjà très bien, et le paradis des catholiques ne les attiraient guère. Par contre, les natifs du Canada admiraient des objets en métaux emportés par les européens. Mais ils ne croyaient pas que le pays d'oùvenaient ces hommes, qu'ils pensaient resemblaient aux chiens avec leurs yeux clairs et leurs visages barbus, étaient aussi bien que le leur, autrement les européens auraient resté chez eux. Des exemples des relations entre les jesuites et les hurons montrent que l'attitude des français du dix-septième siècle à l'égard des indigènes du Canada était beaucoup plus ambigu et complexe que ne le permette la notion de l'"autre" de Saïd. Cet attitude était caractérisé par l'ethnocentrisme, la xenophobie, des préjugés religieux, et l'arrogance culturelle plutôt que de simple altérité. Les européens regardaient les indigènes comme leur sembables, leurs égaux en tant que hommes, bien que différents en certains aspects de leurs moeurs, de leur comportement, et de leur organisation sociale.
' Bons soldats ' and ' sales nègres ': Changing French Perceptions of West African Soldiers during the First World War
Authors: Lunn Joe H.
Published: October 2010

Pendant la première guerre mondiale plus que 140,000 Africains de l'ouest étaient recruités à l'armée française et servaient de combattants à la frontière est de la France. La quantité, la fréquence, et les types de contacts entre Français metropolitains et Africains du sud du Sahara étaient sans précédent, et cette migration temporaire mais forcée d'un continent à l'autre n'a jamais été dépassée depuis dans une période si courte. Cet essai examine un aspect crucial de ce contact unique: le changement de perceptions des Français des Africains engendré par ces contacts plus intenses pendant la guerre. Trois thèmes principales y sont traitées: (1) les considérations qui gouvernaient la politique française à propos du déploiement des troupes africaines dans le metropole; (2) les paramètres des interactions entre les soldats sénégalais et la population française aussi bien que les facteurs qui influencaient le caractère de leurs contacts; et (3) le dégré auquel les images français des Africains de l'ouest étaient altérés grâce à ces rencontres de la période de la guerre.
Ransoming New England Captives in New France
Authors: Haefeli Evan
Published: October 2010

La coutume de rancônner les captifs anglais aux mains des amérindiens alliés à la Nouvelle-France est un des aspects le plus infâme de l'histoire de la frontière canadienne, surtout dans les histoires anglophones. Ces histoires, qui se penchent principalement sur les récits écrits par les captifs libérés, attribuent aux français et aux amérindiens une mentalité mercenaire. Ce papier situe les racines de cette coutume dans l'histoire de la diplomatie franco-amérindienne. Cette diplomatie était un processus de négociation entre la culture politique des amérindiens, dans lequel la prise des prisonniers de guerre, soit guerriers, soit femmes et enfants, était un élément essentiel de la vie communautaire aussi bien que la diplomatie des tribus bien avant qu'arrivent les français; et la culture politique des européens, où les prisonniers de guerre sont des soldats pris au profit personnel ou pour faire des échanges. En relisant les récits des captifs, on peut voir que leurs rançons sont un compromis entre les traditions amérindiennes et européennes qui ne plaît pas tellement ni à l'un ni à l'autre. Le gain financier est la manifestation, et non pas la motivation, de leur alliance.
Missionaries, Masonry, and Male Initiation Societies: The Legacy of French Colonial Interpretations of Gabonese Religious Practice
Authors: Gray Christopher
Published: October 2010

Les missionnaires catholiques français se faisaient une idée des sociétés d'initiation mâles au Gabon aux années 1890 en prenant comme point de référence la franc-maçonnerie. Par conséquence les missionnaires ont introduit la construction d'un structure analytique uniquement francophone qui était reproduit dans les premières études ethnograpiques de la réligion gabonaise. Tracer le developpement de ce structure dans les oeuvres des missionnaires et les ethnologues est le but de la première partie de cet essai. La deuxième partie cherche à démontrer comment les éléments de ce discours produit par les Français —qui poussait du sol fertile du conflit entre les intérêts catholiques et laïques en France pendant les premières décennies de la Troisième République —ont été appropriées par les élites gabonnaises quand ils participaient aux sociétés et en formulaient des types nouveaux.
The Affaire des Sixas and Catholic Education of Women in French Colonial Cameroon, 1915-1939
Authors: Orosz Kenneth J.
Published: October 2010

Les missionnaires catholiques jouaient un rôle central dans les efforts à éduquer les peuples indigènes de Cameroun, partie de la "mission civilisatrice" que les français s'attribuaient. Empressés à avancer la propagation du christianisme, les Catholiques cherchaient à éduquer les femmes et les mères chrétiennes en établissant des écoles de filles dont la mise au point des cours d'études était presque exclusivement sur la religion et les sciences ménagères. A côté des écoles de filles proprement dites, les missionnaires tenaient aussi une institution spéciale appelée sixas, partie de la campagne de l'église contre la polygamie et la cohabitation pré-maritale. Conçue à l'origine comme des écoles internates du catéchisme pour les fiancées des convertis natifs, les sixas devenaient les refuges des femmes qui s'échappaient des mariages polygames et servaient du tremplin de l'intervention de l'église dans la culture native. La prolifération des sixas partout dans lé territoire du mandat français du Cameroun causait de mécontentement intense parmi les hommes natifs et des fonctionnaires coloniaux; tous les deux prennaient la position que les sixas produisaient du désordre et minaient à la société traditionnelle des tribus. La tension dans les relations entre l'église et l'état éclatait finalement en 1930 dans "l'Affaire des Sixas," au cours de laquelle l'administration coloniale menacait à fermer les sixas sous le prétexe qu'elles étaient illégales et menacaient l'ordre public. A fin de réduire les soucis gouvernementaux l'église élargissait les programmes des cours d'études des sixas, les transformantes en institutions académiques régulières.
Was There a Consumer Revolution in Eighteenth-Century New France?
Authors: DuPlessis Robert S.
Published: October 2010

Récemment, des historiens ont proposé une "révolution de consommation" au XVIIIe siécle qui aurait eu de grandes conséquences économiques, sociales, culturelles, et politiques. L'examen des tissus et des vêtements catalogués dans un échantillon d'inventaires après décès des colons de Montréal et de sa région dans la deuxième moitié du XVIIe siècle et encore en 1770-74, nous permet à vérifier cette thèse. Au début, l'habillement de toile et de drap importé prédominait de beaucoup, indépendamment d'âge, sexe, richesse, ou profession. Mais aux années 1770, les cotonnades remplacaient de plus en plus la toile dans les armoires des colons de toute condition. Au même temps (bien qu'au moindre degré), les droguets et les toiles du pays, presqu'absents au XVIIe siècle, commencaient à déplacer les tissus européens. Les continuités pendant le siècle rendent discutable l'idée d'une révolution de consommation en ce qui concerne le textile. Pourtant, une "révolution cotonnière" s'est produit. Celle-çi pourrait avoir eventuellement contribuée à l'industrialisation de Grande-Bretagne, quoique son influence fut diminuée par la croissance du textile local et par la demande durable pour les draps chers tissés à la main. Et si la consommation des cotonnades aurait encourager la standardisation culturelle, d'autres pratiques textiles différencaient les sexes, les rangs, et les généations.
To Mark and To Celebrate: Commemoration Efforts at Eighteenth-Century Louisbourg
Authors: Johnston A. J. B.
Published: October 2010

L'occupation de Louisbourg par les Français dura moins d'un demi-siècle, et pourtant, entre leur arrivée en 1713 et leur départ définitif en 1758 les autorités royales qui administraient la colonie essayèrent à maintes reprises d'affirmer leur présence et de célébrer des réalisations de toutes sortes. Parmi les différentes formes d'affirmation officielles et symboliques, qui allaient des plus simples aux plus élaborées, mentionons les médailles commémoratives, les armoiries sculptées, les plaques aux inscriptions en latin, la fleur de lys omniprésente, et les fêtes publiques. Le but était de bien faire comprendre que Louisbourg était d'abord et avant tout une initiative royale. Les activités destinées à marquer et à célébrer certains faits entretenaient un climat favorable à la monarchie et aux valeurs hiérarchiques qu'elle représentait.
Turning French Convicts into Colonists: The Second Empire's Political Prisoners in Algeria, 1852-1858
Authors: Davis Stacey Renee
Published: October 2010

En 1852, le gouvernement français établit une colonie pénitentiaire pour ses prisonniers politiques en Algérie dans l'esprit du système Australien. Face aux politiques coloniales contradictoires et à l'opposition des prisonniers eux-mêmes, cette tentative de colonisation forcée prit fin en 1858. Tandis que l'administration française en Algérie avait pour directive de traiter les transportés comme des colons libres potentiels, Paris continuait d'insister sur une politique dure d'isolation des prisonniers, ce qui coûtait cher à la colonie. Simultanément, Napoléon III commençait à grâcier les transportés comme preuve de sa générosité, mettant ainsi sa popularité avant les necessités de la politique coloniale et les considérations de sécurité nationale. Une telle confusion ne fit que renforcer le desire des prisonniers de quitter l'Afrique.