bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: DMEAD: A New Dialkyl Azodicarboxylate for the Mitsunobu Reaction.
Authors: Hagiya Kazutake , Muramoto Natsuko , Misaki Tomonori , Sugimura Takashi
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselective Chemical and Electrochemical Deprotections of Aromatic Esters.
Authors: Lam Kevin , Marko Istvan E.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of syn,syn‐ and syn,anti‐1,3,5‐Triols via Intramolecular Hydrosilylation of Substituted Pent‐3‐ene‐1,5‐diols.
Authors: Li Fangzheng , Roush William R.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Flexible Radical‐Based Approach to TMS‐Substituted Propargyl Alcohols and to 2,3‐Allenols.
Authors: Li Zhi , Zard Samir Z.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple Cyclohexanediamine‐Derived Primary Amine Thiourea Catalyzed Highly Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Nitroalkanes to Enones.
Authors: Mei Kui , Jin Mei , Zhang Shilei , Li Ping , Liu Wenjing , Chen Xiaobei , Xue Fei , Duan Wenhu , Wang Wei
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Furanoside Phosphite—Phosphoroamidite: New Ligand Class for the Asymmetric Nickel‐Catalyzed Trialkylaluminum Addition to Aldehydes.
Authors: Raluy Eva , Dieguez Montserrat , Pamies Oscar
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Route to Biaryl Ketones via Carbonylative Suzuki Coupling Catalyzed by MCM‐41‐Supported Bidentate Phosphine Palladium(0) Complex.
Authors: Zheng Guomin , Wang Pingping , Cai Mingzhong
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 6‐Formylsalicylates (IV), (VII) Based on Regioselective [3 + 3] Cyclocondensations of 1,3‐Bis(silyloxy)‐1,3‐butadienes with 1,1‐Dichloro‐4‐ethoxy‐3‐buten‐2‐ones.
Authors: Karapetyan Vahuni , Mkrtchyan Satenik , Lubbe Mathias , Villinger Alexander , Langer Peter
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Two Novel Domino Reactions Triggered by Thiyl‐Radical Addition to Vinylcyclopropyl Oxime Ether.
Authors: Rahaman Habibur , Ueda Masafumi , Miyata Okiko , Naito Takeaki
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐3‐fluoropyrroles.
Authors: Surmont Riccardo , Vermiest Guido , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Straightforward Selective Preparation of Nitro‐ and Amino‐Indoles from 2‐Halonitroanilines and Alkynes. First Synthesis of 7‐Amino‐5‐nitroindoles.
Authors: Sanz Roberto , Guilarte Veronica , Perez Antonio
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of Oxindoles with Morita—Baylis—Hillman Carbonates.
Authors: Jiang Kun , Peng Jing , Cui Hai‐Lei , Chen Ying‐Chun
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 5‐Arylthiazoles. Comparative Study Between Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reaction and Direct Arylation.
Authors: Primas Nicolas , Bouillon Alexandre , Lancelot Jean‐Charles , El‐Kashef Hussein , Rault Sylvain
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Organocatalytic Conjugate Reduction of β‐Azole‐Containing α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes.
Authors: Hoffman Thomas J. , Dash Jyotirmayee , Rigby James H. , Arseniyadis Stellios , Cossy Janine
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: α‐Sulfanyl and α‐Selanyl Propadienyl Cations: Regioselective Generations and Cycloadditions with Thioamides and Selemides Controlled by MeNO2—H2O System.
Authors: Yoshimatsu Mitsuhiro , Yamamoto Teruhisa , Sawa Arisa , Kato Tomohiro , Tanabe Genzoh , Muraoka Osamu
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoactivable Bioluminescent Probes for Imaging Luciferase Activity.
Authors: Shao Qing , Jiang Tingting , Ren Gang , Cheng Zhen , Xing Bengang
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Bis(indolyl)methane Derivatized 1,4‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐Bistriazoles as Antiinfective Agents.
Authors: Damodiran M. , Muralidharan D. , Perumal Paramasivan T.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Addition of Organomagnesium Reagents to N‐Silyl Activated Nicotinic Acid Esters — A Convenient Method for the Synthesis of 4,4‐Disubstituted 1,4‐Dihydronicotinates.
Authors: Sperger Christian A. , Wanner Klaus T.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrolled Conjugate Additions to Dihydroindolizinone Systems. Synthesis of Enantiopure Polysubstituted Tetrahydropyrrolo[2,1‐a]isoquinolones.
Authors: Camarero Cristina , Gonzalez‐Temprano Ines , Gomez‐SanJuan Asier , Arrasate Sonia , Lete Esther , Sotomayor Nuria
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Flexible, Convergent Approach to Polycyclic Indole Structures: Formal Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Mersicarpine.
Authors: Biechy Aurelien , Zard Samir Z.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Zinc‐Catalyzed Reactions of Ethenetricarboxylates with 2‐(Trimethylsilylethynyl)anilines Leading to Bridged Quinoline Derivatives.
Authors: Yamazaki Shoko , Morikawa Satoshi , Miyazaki Kazuya , Takebayashi Masachika , Yamamoto Yuko , Morimoto Tsumoru , Kakiuchi Kiyomi , Mikata Yuji
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfanylation of 1,3‐Dithiane Anions by 5‐(Alkylsulfanyl)‐1‐phenyltetrazoles.
Authors: Gudipati Venugopal , Bajpai Reena , Curran Dennis P.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis of the 3,4‐Dihydrofuro[3,2‐d]pyrimidin‐2(1H)‐one Skeleton: A New Class of Compound.
Authors: Koza Gani , Oezcan Sevil , Sahin Ertan , Balci Metin
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a Series of Perfluoroalkyl Containing Sprio Cyclic Barbituric Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Zhang Shunli , Shi Zhijian , Cao Weiguo , Gao Tianyun , Deng Hongmei
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,5‐Benzothiazepine Dipeptide Mimetics via Two CuI‐Catalyzed Cross Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Gan Jiangang , Ma Dawei
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization, and Fluorescence Behavior of Four Novel Macrocyclic Emissive Ligands Containing a Flexible 8‐Hydroxyquinoline Unit
Authors: Nunez Cristina , Bastida Rufina , Macias Alejandro , Bertolo Emilia , Fernandes Luz , Capelo Jose Luis , Lodeiro Carlos
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Method for Preparing Silanols from Silylmethanols.
Authors: Takeda Daisuke , Oyama Ryo , Yamada Shozo
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetic Resolution of Racemic 1‐Alkyl‐2‐methylenecyclopropanes via Palladium‐Catalyzed Silaborative C—C Cleavage.
Authors: Ohmura Toshimichi , Taniguchi Hiroki , Suginome Michinori
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Cyclic α‐Perfluoroalkyl‐α‐aminophosphonates.
Authors: Odinets Irina L. , Artyushin Oleg I. , Lyssenko Konstantin A. , Shevchenko Nikolay E. , Nenajdenko Valentin G. , Roeschenthaler Gerd‐Volker
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Gallium(III) Chloride‐Catalyzed Sakurai Reaction of α‐Amido Sulfones with Allyltrimethylsilane: Access to Synthesis of 2,6‐Disubstituted Piperidine Alkaloid Derivatives.
Authors: Kumar R. Sateesh Chandra , Reddy G. Venkateswar , Babu K. Suresh , Rao J. Madhusudana
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Radical‐Initiated Cyclization as a Key Step for the Synthesis of Oxoprotoberberine Alkaloids.
Authors: Lee Chih‐Shone , Yu Tsung‐Ching , Luo Jian‐Wen , Cheng Yen‐Yao , Chuang Che‐Ping
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structure of New Methylene‐Bridged Hexopyranosyl Nucleoside (BHNA).
Authors: Zhou Chuanzheng , Plashkevych Oleksandr , Liu Yi , Badgujar Naresh , Chattopadhyaya Jyoti
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodophenyl‐Tagged Sphingosine Derivatives: Synthesis and Preliminary Biological Evaluation.
Authors: Qu Wenchao , Ploessl Karl , Truong Hong , Kung Mei‐Ping , Kung Hank F.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of the Major Urinary Metabolite of (‐)‐Prostaglandin E2.
Authors: Taber Douglass F. , Gu Peiming
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Radulanin H and Proposed Structure of Radulanin E.
Authors: Yoshida Masahiro , Nakatani Koji , Shishido Kozo
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Brevetoxin A: Unified Strategy for the B, E, G, and J Subunits.
Authors: Crimmins Michael T. , Ellis J. Michael , Emmitte Kyle A. , Haile Pamela A. , McDougall Patrick J. , Parrish Jonathan D. , Zuccarello J. Lucas
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkylated 2,6‐Bis(dicyanomethylene)‐2,6‐dihydrobenzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophenes: New Soluble n‐Channel Organic Semiconductors for Air‐Stable OFETs.
Authors: Kashiki Tomoya , Miyazaki Eigo , Takimiya Kazuo
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Specific Chemical Reactions within Self‐Assembled Hollow Complexes
Authors: Murase Takashi , Fujita Makoto
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Activity of Gold Nanocluster Catalyst Protected by Poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone)
Authors: Sakurai Hidehiro , Tsukuda Tatsuya
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Biocatalytic Routes to Optically Active Amines
Authors: Hoehne Matthias , Bornscheuer Uwe T.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: DNA Topoisomerase I Inhibitors: Chemistry, Biology, and Interfacial Inhibition
Authors: Pommier Yves
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Protein‐Targeted Gadolinium‐Based Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Contrast Agents: Design and Mechanism of Action
Authors: Caravan Peter
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Cost profile prediction for grid computing
Authors: Seneviratne Sena , Levy David C.
Published: October 2009

The accurate prediction of cost profiles of future job tasks on the nodes of clusters or grids helps users to select the cost performance profile that best suits their budgets. The current software designed to deploy job tasks uses forecasts of the target computers' future load profiles. Once the job task's future load profile is known, converting it to its cost profile needs further analysis as the cost depends on other factors such as its delays and variable background loads. This paper introduces a new charging mechanism for charging future job tasks, called the Cost Profiling Model. The model has been implemented in a Software Framework and evaluated for its prediction accuracy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Living with uncertainty: Equivocal Pap test results and the evolution of ASC terminology
Authors: Howell Lydia Pleotis , Wilton Maaya , Bishop John , Afify Alaa
Published: October 2009

Communication of equivocal findings and their significance has been a significant challenge related to Pap testing throughout its history. Terminology to report these findings has changed considerably to accommodate the changes in understanding of cervical neoplasia, and to accommodate new management strategies, tests, and technologies. This article reviews the evolution of terminology for equivocal Pap test findings from the original Papanicolaou classification to the current the Bethesda System 2001 atypical squamous cells terminology, the implication and use of these terms, and the changing landscape of cervical neoplasia screening, which prompted these terminology changes. Emerging issues related to improving risk stratification through the introduction of additional terms and the impact of human papillomavirus testing may alter terminology of equivocal findings in the future. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Respiratory cytology: Differential diagnosis and pitfalls
Authors: Saad Reda S. , Silverman Jan F.
Published: October 2009

Pulmonary cytology can be challenging and has its share of diagnostic pitfalls. Reactive atypia can occasionally be alarming, leading to diagnostic pitfall for a false‐positive diagnosis of malignancy, even for experienced cytopathologists (Naryshkin and Young, Diagn Cytopathol 1993;9:89–97). In addition, cytologic preparations can show an absence of architectural clues, leading to diagnostic difficulties. Some conditions can cytologically as well as clinically and radiographically mimic malignancies, making these pitfalls even more frequent (Bedrossian et al., Lab Med 1983;14:86–95). A recent report stated that “no laboratory that aims to make definitive diagnoses in pulmonary cytology can be spared from false‐positive results”(Policarpio‐Nicolas and Wick, Diagn Cytopathol 2008;36:13–19). A false‐positive finding could produce unnecessary treatment and morbidity, whereas false‐negative diagnosis could result in delayed diagnosis and treatment. This review analyzes and illustrates cellular changes and benign entities that can mimic malignancy in respiratory cytology as well as neoplasms that could lead to a false‐negative diagnosis. In addition, some specific challenging and difficult aspects in classification of pulmonary malignancies will be discussed. Guidelines and clues are presented to avoid such pitfalls. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct and continuous measurement of dissolved carbon dioxide in freshwater aquatic systems—method and applications
Authors: Johnson Mark S. , Billett Michael F. , Dinsmore Kerry J. , Wallin Marcus , Dyson Kirstie E. , Jassal Rachhpal S.
Published: October 2009

Understanding of the processes that control CO2 concentrations in the aquatic environment has been hampered by the absence of a direct method to make continuous measurements over both short‐ and long‐term time intervals. We describe an in situ method in which a non‐dispersive infrared (NDIR) sensor is enclosed in a water impermeable, gas permeable polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane and deployed in a freshwater environment. This allows measurements of CO2 concentration to be made directly at a specific depth in the water column without the need for pumps or reagents. We demonstrate the potential of the method using examples from different aquatic environments characterized by a range of CO2 concentrations (0·5–8·0 mg CO2‐C l−1, equivalent to ca 40–650 µmol CO2 l−1). These comprise streams and ponds from tropical, temperate and boreal regions. Data derived from the sensor was compared with direct measurements of CO2 concentrations using headspace analysis. Sensor performance following long‐term (>6 months) field deployment conformed to manufacturers' specifications, with no drift detected. We conclude that the sensor‐based method is a robust, accurate and responsive method, with a wide range of potential applications, particularly when combined with other in situ sensor‐based measurements of related variables. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topographic thresholds for plant colonization on semi‐arid eroded slopes
Authors: Bochet E. , García‐Fayos P. , Poesen J.
Published: October 2009

Soil erosion plays an important role in plant colonization of semi‐arid degraded areas. In this study, we aimed at deepening our knowledge of the mechanisms that control plant colonization on semi‐arid eroded slopes in east Spain by (i) determining topographic thresholds for plant colonization, (ii) identifying the soil properties limiting plant establishment and (iii) assessing whether colonizing species have specific plant traits to cope with these limitations.

Slope angle and aspect were surrogates of erosion rate and water availability, respectively. Since soil erosion and water availability can limit plant establishment and both can interact in the landscape, we analysed variations in colonization success (vegetation cover and species number) with slope angle on 156 slopes, as a function of slope aspect. After determining slope angle thresholds for plant colonization, soil was sampled near the threshold values for soil analysis [nitrogen, phosphorous, calcium carbonate (CaCO3), water holding capacity]. Plant traits expressing the plant colonizing capacity were analysed both in the pool of species colonizing the steep slopes just below the threshold and in the pool of species inhabiting gentler slopes and absent from the slopes just below the threshold.

Results show that the slope angle threshold for plant colonization decreased from north to south. For the vegetation cover, threshold values were 63°, 50°, 46°, 41° for the north, east, west and south slope aspect classes, respectively, and 65°, 53°, 49° and 45° for the species richness and the same aspect classes. No differences existed in soil properties at slope angle threshold values among slope aspects and between slope positions (just below and above the threshold) within slope aspect classes. This suggests that variations between slope aspect classes in the slope angle threshold result from differences in the colonizing capacity of plants which is controlled by water availability. Long‐distance dispersal and mucilage production were preferably associated with the pool of colonizing species.

These results are discussed in the perspective of a more efficient ecological restoration of degraded semi‐arid ecosystems where soil erosion acts as an ecological filter for plant establishment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paraglacial gullying of sediment‐mantled slopes: a case study of Colletthøgda, Kongsfjorden area, West Spitsbergen (Svalbard)
Authors: Mercier Denis , Étienne Samuel , Sellier Dominique , André Marie‐Françoise
Published: October 2009

This paper evaluates the paraglacial evolution of a sediment‐mantled slope in a polar maritime environment. The intensity of paraglacial processes is estimated through quantification of erosion and dating of field sectors with the help of photographic archives. Gully erosion has been estimated using morphometric parameters and by surveys of vegetation cover. The rapid melting of dead‐ice cores controls gully formation. This leads to slope form modification: gully profile gradients are reduced from a mean of 35° to a mean ranging between 10° and 15°. Profile evolution results from the collapse of glacier lateral moraine. All data (mean slope angle of individual gullies, frequency distribution of slope angles, fractional distance to the apex, gullying index, volume of debris mobilized, vertical erosion rate) tend to increase with increasing deglaciation age and the duration of paraglacial activity. Vegetation colonization is a response to stabilization of the ground surface and the drying up of the ground surface due to dead‐ice melting. The full sequence of paraglacial slope adjustment (gully incision‐stabilization) may occur rapidly at the study site, i.e. within two decades. Finally, a lateral morphogenic sequence is proposed showing the importance of paraglacial processes at the onset of the deglaciation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cobble cam: grain‐size measurements of sand to boulder from digital photographs and autocorrelation analyses
Authors: Warrick Jonathan A. , Rubin David M. , Ruggiero Peter , Harney Jodi N. , Draut Amy E. , Buscombe Daniel
Published: October 2009

A new application of the autocorrelation grain size analysis technique for mixed to coarse sediment settings has been investigated. Photographs of sand‐ to boulder‐sized sediment along the Elwha River delta beach were taken from approximately 1·2 m above the ground surface, and detailed grain size measurements were made from 32 of these sites for calibration and validation. Digital photographs were found to provide accurate estimates of the long and intermediate axes of the surface sediment (r2 > 0·98), but poor estimates of the short axes (r2 = 0·68), suggesting that these short axes were naturally oriented in the vertical dimension. The autocorrelation method was successfully applied resulting in total irreducible error of 14% over a range of mean grain sizes of 1 to 200 mm. Compared with reported edge and object‐detection results, it is noted that the autocorrelation method presented here has lower error and can be applied to a much broader range of mean grain sizes without altering the physical set‐up of the camera (∼200‐fold versus ∼6‐fold). The approach is considerably less sensitive to lighting conditions than object‐detection methods, although autocorrelation estimates do improve when measures are taken to shade sediments from direct sunlight. The effects of wet and dry conditions are also evaluated and discussed. The technique provides an estimate of grain size sorting from the easily calculated autocorrelation standard error, which is correlated with the graphical standard deviation at an r2 of 0·69. The technique is transferable to other sites when calibrated with linear corrections based on photo‐based measurements, as shown by excellent grain‐size analysis results (r2 = 0·97, irreducible error = 16%) from samples from the mixed grain size beaches of Kachemak Bay, Alaska. Thus, a method has been developed to measure mean grain size and sorting properties of coarse sediments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Traffic analysis in optical burst switching networks: a trace‐based case study
Authors: Rostami Ahmad , Wolisz Adam , Feldmann Anja
Published: October 2009

Optical burst switching (OBS) appears as a promising technology for building dynamic optical transport networks. The main advantage of OBS is that it allows for dynamic allocation of resources at sub‐wavelength granularity. Nevertheless, the burst contention problem, which occurs frequently inside the network, has to be addressed before OBS can be really deployed as the next generation optical transport network. Recently a lot of attention is devoted to different approaches for resolving contentions in OBS networks. Although performance analysis of these approaches is strongly dependent on the traffic characteristics in the network, the majority of the studies is so far based on very hypothetical traffic assumptions. In this study we use traces of real measurements in the Internet to derive realistic data about the traffic that is injected into the OBS network. Specifically, we investigate the marginal distributions of burst size, burst interdeparture time, assembly delay and number of packets per burst as well as the burstiness of the burst traces. We demonstrate that the performance of an OBS core node using the real traces is pretty similar to the results obtained when the traffic arriving to the core node is assumed to be Poisson. In fact, usage of the Poisson as the process of burst arrival to the core node leads in all the investigated cases to an upper bound on the burst drop rate at that node. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liver Stiffness Identifies Two Different Patterns of Fibrosis Progression in Patients With Hepatitis C Virus Recurrence After Liver Transplantation
Authors: Carrión José A. , Torres Ferran , Crespo Gonzalo , Miquel Rosa , García-Valdecasas Juan-Carlos , Navasa Miquel , Forns Xavier
Published: October 2009

Significant liver fibrosis (F ≥ 2) and portal hypertension (hepatic venous pressure gradient [HVPG] ≥ 6 mmHg) at 1 year after liver transplantation (LT) identify patients with severe hepatitis C recurrence. We evaluated whether repeated liver stiffness measurements (LSM) following LT can discriminate between slow and rapid “fibrosers” (fibrosis stage F2-F4 at 1 year after LT). Eighty-four patients who had undergone LT and who were infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and 19 LT controls who were not infected with HCV underwent LSM at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after LT. All HCV-infected patients underwent liver biopsy 12 months after LT (paired HVPG measurements in 74); 31 (37%) were rapid fibrosers. Median LSM (in kilopascal) at months 6, 9, and 12 were significantly higher in rapid fibrosers (9.9, 9.5, 12.1) than in slow fibrosers (6.9, 7.5, 6.6) (

P

< 0.01 all time points). The slope of liver stiffness progression (kPa × month) in rapid fibrosers (0.42) was significantly greater than in slow fibrosers (0.05) (

P

< 0.001), suggesting two different speeds of liver fibrosis progression. Figures were almost identical for patients with HVPG ≥ 6 mmHg or HVPG < 6 mmHg at 1 year after LT. Multivariate analysis identified donor age, bilirubin level, and LSM as independent predictors of fibrosis progression and portal hypertension in the estimation group (n = 50) and were validated in a second group of 34 patients. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve that could identify rapid fibrosers and patients with portal hypertension as early as 6 months after LT were 0.83 and 0.87, respectively, in the estimation group and 0.75 and 0.80, respectively, in the validation group.

Conclusion:

Early and repeated LSM following hepatitis C recurrence in combination with clinical variables discriminates between rapid and slow fibrosers after LT. (Hepatology 2009.)
Adenosine Inhibits Chemotaxis and Induces Hepatocyte-Specific Genes in Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Mohamadnejad Mehdi , Sohail Muhammad A. , Watanabe Azuma , Krause Diane S. , Swenson Scott E. , Mehal Wajahat Z.
Published: October 2009

Bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have therapeutic potential in liver injury, but the signals responsible for MSC localization to sites of injury and initiation of differentiation are not known. Adenosine concentration is increased at sites of cellular injury and inflammation, and adenosine is known to signal a variety of cellular changes. We hypothesized that local elevations in the concentration of adenosine at sites of tissue injury regulate MSC homing and differentiation. Here we demonstrate that adenosine does not induce MSC chemotaxis but dramatically inhibits MSC chemotaxis in response to the chemoattractant hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Inhibition of HGF-induced chemotaxis by adenosine requires the A2a receptor and is mediated via up-regulation of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP)/protein kinase A pathway. This results in inhibition of cytosolic calcium signaling and down-regulation of HGF-induced Rac1. Because of the important role of Rac1 in the formation of actin stress fibers, we examined the effect of adenosine on stress fiber formation and found that adenosine inhibits HGF-induced stress fiber formation. In addition, we found that adenosine induces the expression of some key endodermal and hepatocyte-specific genes in mouse and human MSCs

in vitro

.

Conclusion:

We propose that the inhibition of MSC chemotaxis at sites of high adenosine concentration results in localization of MSCs to areas of cellular injury and death in the liver. We speculate that adenosine might initiate the process of differentiation of MSCs into hepatocyte-like cells. (Hepatology 2010.)
Bicarbonate Secretion of Mouse Cholangiocytes Involves Na+-Hco3 − Cotransport in Addition to Na+-Independent Cl−/Hco3 − Exchange
Authors: Uriarte Iker , Banales Jesús M. , Sáez Elena , Arenas Fabián , Oude Elferink Ronald P. J. , Prieto Jesús , Medina Juan F.
Published: October 2009

Bicarbonate secretion from cholangiocytes is required for appropriate adjustment of primary canalicular bile along the biliary tract. In human and rat cholangiocytes, bicarbonate secretion is mediated by anion exchanger (AE) 2, an electroneutral Na+-independent Cl−/HCO3
− AE also involved in intracellular pH (pHi) regulation. In

Ae2a,b

-deficient mice, pHi is increased in lymphocytes and fibroblasts, whereas it is surprisingly normal in cholangiocytes. Here, we analyze the mechanisms for HCO3
− secretion in cultured

Ae2a,b

+/+ and

Ae2a,b

−/− mouse cholangiocytes by microfluorimetric measurement of pHi changes upon established perfusion maneuvers. Cl− withdrawal by isethionate-based perfusions showed that

Ae2a,b

+/+ but not

Ae2a,b

−/− mouse cholangiocytes can display Cl−/HCO3
− exchange, which is therefore entirely mediated by Ae2. Nevertheless, simultaneous withdrawal of Cl− and Na+ revealed that mouse cholangiocytes possess an additional transport activity for HCO3
− secretion not observed in control rat cholangiocytes. Propionate-based maneuvers indicated that this supplemental Na+-driven HCO3
−-secreting activity is Cl−-independent, consistent with a Na+-HCO3
− cotransport (NBC). NBC activity is greater in

Ae2a,b

−/− than

Ae2a,b

+/+ mouse cholangiocytes, and membrane-depolarization experiments showed that it is electrogenic. Consistent with the potential role of Slc4a4/Nbc1 as the involved transporter,

Ae2a,b

−/− mouse cholangiocytes exhibit up-regulated expression of this electrogenic NBC carrier. Whereas Ae2-mediated Cl−/HCO3
− exchange in

Ae2a,b

+/+ mouse cholangiocytes is stimulated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and acetylcholine, the NBC activity is down-regulated by cAMP and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in

Ae2a,b

−/− mouse cholangiocytes. Polarized

Ae2a,b

−/− mouse cholangiocytes placed in Ussing chambers show decreased (but not abolished) cAMP-dependent Cl− current and increased ATP-dependent/Ca2+-activated Cl− secretion, which run in parallel with decreased cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator messenger RNA expression and increased intracellular Ca2+ levels.

Conclusion

: Bicarbonate secretion in mouse cholangiocytes involves two differentially regulated activities: Ae2-mediated Cl−/HCO3
− exchange and Na+-HCO3
− cotransport. (Hepatology 2009.)
Betapapillomavirus infection profiles in tissue sets from cutaneous squamous cell‐carcinoma patients
Authors: Plasmeijer Elsemieke I. , Neale Rachel E. , Buettner Petra G. , de Koning Maurits N.C. , ter Schegget Jan , Quint Wim G.V. , Green Adele C. , Feltkamp Mariet C.W.
Published: October 2009

Human papillomaviruses from the genus beta (betaPV) are a possible cause of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). We compared the betaPV infections in SCC and in sets of cutaneous tissues collected from a series of individual SCC patients to determine concordance and to assess the adequacy of eyebrow hairs as noninvasive markers of betaPV infection. Biopsies of SCC tumors, perilesional tissue, normal skin from the mirror image of nonfacial SCC and plucked eyebrow hairs were collected from 21 patients with incident SCC living in Queensland, Australia. These were tested for the presence of DNA from 25 different betaPV types. Overall prevalence of betaPV was high in every sample type, ranging from 81% to 95%. The median number of types was significantly higher in the SCC tumour (6), perilesional skin (5) and eyebrow hairs (5) than in normal skin (2). Comparing SCC tissue with other sample types within patients showed 63 overlapping infections with eyebrow hairs (71%; 95% CI: 60–80); 56 with perilesional skin samples (63%; 95% CI: 52–73) and 23 with normal skin samples (26%; 95% CI: 17–36). The sensitivity of eyebrow hair testing for detection of betaPV in the tumor was 82% (95% CI: 57–96) with concordance defined as 50% of betaPV types in common and 29% (95% CI: 10–56) for 100% concordance. These findings support the concept that perilesional skin represents an area of field change involving betaPV preceding SCC development and indicate that eyebrow hairs can serve to some degree as an easily collected marker of tumor betaPV status in epidemiological studies.
Fetal cell microchimerism in papillary thyroid cancer: studies in peripheral blood and tissues
Authors: Cirello Valentina , Perrino Michela , Colombo Carla , Muzza Marina , Filopanti Marcello , Vicentini Leonardo , Beck‐Peccoz Paolo , Fugazzola Laura
Published: October 2009

Fetal cell microchimerism (FCM) is defined as the persistence, for decades after pregnancy, of fetal cells in maternal organs and circulation without any apparent rejection. We recently reported evidence, in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) tissues, supporting a possible role of FCM in tumor damage and repair. To extend those data at the peripheral level, 106 women with a previous male pregnancy, comprising 57 with PTC and 49 healthy controls were enrolled. The presence of circulating male DNA was assessed by the amplification of the Y chromosome‐specific gene SRY, with a sensitivity of 1 male cell per 1 million female cells. Moreover, to compare the microchimeric status in blood and in tumors, the neoplastic tissues of 19 women were studied. At the blood level, a significantly lower frequency of FCM was found in parous women with PTC with respect to controls (49.1% vs. 77.6%; p = 0.002). By PCR, male DNA was identified in the tumor tissues of 6 patients, and FISH analyses confirmed the presence of microchimeric cells (range 2.1–6.9 cells/section). In some patients, FCM was negative in the blood, whereas microchimeric cells were identified in the tumor. In conclusion, the prevalence of FCM in peripheral blood was found to be significantly lower in patients than in healthy controls. The presence of microchimeric cells in the tumors, but not at the peripheral level, supports the hypothesis that fetal cells could reside in maternal niches and could be recruited to diseased areas, where they could differentiate to regenerate damaged tissues.
Synergism from combined immunologic and pharmacologic inhibition of HER2 in vivo
Authors: Morse Michael A. , Wei Junping , Hartman Zachary , Xia Wenle , Ren Xiu‐Rong , Lei Gangjun , Barry William T. , Osada Takuya , Hobeika Amy C. , Peplinski Sharon , Jiang Haixiang , Devi Gayathri R. , Chen Wei , Spector Neil , Amalfitano Andrea , Lyerly H. Kim , Clay Timothy M.
Published: October 2009

The monoclonal antibody trastuzumab and the EGFR/HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib improve the clinical outcome of patients with HER2‐overexpressing breast cancer. However, the majority of metastatic cancers will eventually progress, suggesting the need for other therapies. Because HER2 overexpression persists, we hypothesized that the anti‐HER2 immune response induced by cancer vaccines would be an effective strategy for treating trastuzumab‐ and lapatinib‐refractory tumors. Furthermore, we hypothesized that the antibody response could synergize with lapatinib to enhance tumor inhibition. We developed a recombinant adenoviral vector expressing a kinase‐inactive HER2 (Ad‐HER2‐ki) to use as a cancer vaccine. Vaccine‐induced polyclonal HER2‐specific antiserum was analyzed for receptor internalization and signaling effects alone and in combination with lapatinib. Ad‐HER2‐ki vaccine‐induced potent T cell and antibody responses in mice and the vaccine‐induced polyclonal HER2‐specific antiserum mediated receptor internalization and degradation much more effectively than trastuzumab. Our in vitro studies demonstrated that HER2 vaccine‐induced antibodies effectively caused a decrease in HER2 expression, but when combined with lapatinib caused significant inhibition of HER2 signaling, decreased pERK and pAKT levels and reduced breast tumor cell proliferation. In addition, a known mechanism of resistance to lapatinib, induction of survivin, was inhibited. The combination of Ad‐HER2‐ki plus lapatinib also showed superior antitumor efficacy in vivo. Based on these results, we feel clinical studies using this approach to target HER2‐overexpressing breast cancer, including trastuzumab‐ and lapatinib‐resistant tumors is warranted.