bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
"Wheelchair Movement through Eyeball Recognition using Raspberry Pi "
Authors: Akhila P. , Sahithi K. , kasim saida S. , Rajasekhar B. , Manohar Y.S. , Surya Prakash Y.
Published: April 2022

We all consider how we might help people who are in needy, whether economically or substantially. As a graduate, on the other hand, allows us to create a new instrument or machine that benefits the less fortunate. This project is an example of how we can make a difference in society. Many people have become paralyzed in recent years. Paralysis is nothing but a complete loss of power in muscle group. In the bad scenario, the disable could only operate his eyes. To assist these disabled people, we are implementing the project eyeball movement-based wheelchair would benefit them the most. In comparison to previous automated wheelchairs, this would be more accurate because noise from the outside environment causes inaccuracy in voice-controlled wheelchairs, and human effort is necessary for a head movement-based wheelchair. Here we are putting in place a device that allows people sitting in wheelchairs and look straight into the camera to direct the wheelchair in the desired path easily by looking in that specific path. We designed this system using Raspberry Pi (with image processing, camera, OpenCV python). It involves certain set of algorithms that allows you to run the wheelchair. To control the wheelchair movement a method is proposed that is called Eyeball Localization. To reduce the cost and computational complexity, there is an algorithm designed with efficient system and different executional steps. An Open CV application monitors the camera signals and directs the motor connected to the Raspberry Pi microprocessor via the serial interface to move in a specific path. Because the system is economically handy, it can be used by patients from a wide range of socioeconomic backgrounds. When compared to other automated wheelchairs, this would be more accurate.
“金课”视域下离散数学混合式课程教学体系实践与探索
Authors:   中国石油大学（华东）青岛软件学院, 张 红霞 , 李 华昱 ,   中国石油大学（华东）青岛软件学院, 肖 军弼 ,   中国石油大学（华东）青岛软件学院, 罗 琳 ,   中国石油大学（华东）档案馆
Published: April 2022

基于“金课”、“两性一度”的新要求，重构离散数学课程体系具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。分析离散数学课程教学现状，探索并实践“学融创”递进的混合式课程教学体系是一条重要途径。从“知识、能力、素质”三个层次建构课程目标,重构教学内容，采用线上线下深度融合的教学形式，注重过程化考核，突出课程的高阶性、创新性和挑战度。实践证明，“学融创”递进的混合式课程教学体系能够使学生在深入理解知识的同时，培养逻辑思维能力、动手实践能力及创新素质。
The Design of Goods Data Storage Application based on Android using Barcode Scanner
Authors: Ipnuwati Sri , Maseleno Andino , Prayoga Bastyan Dimas
Published: April 2022

Currently, technology and information system undergoes developing process rapidly. The meeting of information need is also very important, especially since the information produced contains useful, fast, and accurate value. Therefore, anyone who uses this information can deal with various occurring problems. An application is a very important thing to support various issues, one of which is in terms of goods data information systems. The use of data information system application is not only an automation process for accessing information, but also provides speed, accuracy, and completeness of an application system. The reality in the real life, especially for the middle to lower class entrepreneurs, shows that there are lacks of efficient and accurate data information system application. A store that still doesn't have the application is Toko Irawan. Toko Irawan is a department store that sells various kinds of home needs. This shop is still doing a manual recording, namely by recording the name of the item and its price in a notebook. Moreover, when the large number of items was being sold, they sometimes forgot the price of certain items. Therefore, an Android-based goods data storage application was designed using a Barcode Scanner to simplify checking names and prices of goods process easily and quickly. This application is designed based on Android using the App Inventor, so that the shop owner can input goods data and prices easily via a smartphone.
Efficient Data Access Control Scheme Using Splitting Technique In Clouds
Authors: Patrick R. Arun , Gowrishanka R. , Cinetha K. , Raja T. Palani
Published: April 2022

Data access control is one of the main problem in data transferring over the network. Cloud storage is a model of data storage in which the digital data is stored in logical pools. These cloud storage providers are responsible for keeping the data available and accessible. There are various existing methods are used in cloud storage and they are providing security. Proxy encryption method, Cryptographic methods, third party auditor methods are the some of the existing methods. In these methods uploaded files are not stored in virtualized format. Hence the other users can also view the data. Some hackers may hack the data through back end. This may leak privacy and confidentiality of the files. In this project proposes Splitting Technique will split the uploaded files intosub parts and they are stored in the cloud. Proxy server will create a onetime virtual data storage. Cloud will send a copy of the original data to this virtual storage. One time only data viewer can view the data. Data viewer can not able to edit, update or delete the original data. So, the original data are safe. The files are in randomly occurring in the cloud storage, that arealso in encrypted format. Hence the data hackers cannot able to hack the files. The proposed system shows that it provides more confidentiality and privacy than the existing methods.
Blocking Of Spam Mail Using K-Means Clustering Algorithm
Authors: Jebakumari Mrs.M. , Palaniraja Mr T. , Patrick Mr.K.Arun , . Ashwini
Published: April 2022

Email is a method of exchanging digital messages between people using digital devices such as computers, tablets and mobile phones. Email spam also known as junk email is unsolicited bulk messages send through email. The use of spam has been growing in popularity since 1990s and is a problem faced by most email users. Recipients of spam often have had their email addresses obtained by spambots which are automated programs that crawl the internet looking for email addresses. Origin blacklisting is used to detect and filter these kinds of emails. The sources of emails are provided by origin detection. In this origin identity, the spam blocking system finds the source and if any source matches with the user identity, the spammer is blocked to send email. But the system cannot check the contents of spam. The Propose system verifies the mail contents. If the spam content matches with the spam database cluster, then it blocked while sending to receiver. In this system blocks the mail and prevents the flow of data in a network. The porter stemmer and k-means clustering algorithms are using in this propose system.
School Plant Management in Public Universities in Nigeria: Challenges and the Way Forward
Authors: Musa Abubakar , Vincent Veronica Nkeiru
Published: April 2022

Quality education cannot be guaranteed in the absence of adequate and well-managed educational facilities. However, Nigerian public universities face numerous challenges in terms of school plant management. This paper examines school plant management in public universities in Nigeria: challenges and way forward. Secondary data were sourced online to buttress points raised in this paper. The paper identified the following as some of the challenges facing school plant management in public universities in Nigeria: poor attitude of staff and students toward maintenance of school facilities, pressure on school facilities due to over-enrolment of students, inadequate funding of public universities, among others. Strategic policies to foster positive attitudes among staff and students in order to instil the habit of ownership mentality among staff and students in all educational institutions with regard to school plant management, expansion of school facilities, increased educational funding, and so on were among the suggestions made as to the way forward.
“A Combine Model for Email Classification in Hindi Language using Supervised Learning (NB, K-NN, DT, SVM)”
Authors: Tamhankar Dr. Ishaan
Published: April 2022

Email communication is necessary in today's environment, yet unwanted emails create issue in such communication. The current study focuses on developing an Email classification model for the use of classifiers approaches. The goal of this research is to classification of emails based on features. For classification especially in Hindi language of the email dataset Different machine learning classifiers such as Naïve Bayes, Decision Tree, K-Nearest Neighbor and Support Vector Machine used in research work as well as we used combined model also for optimum accuracy.
Impact Of Event Tourism On Lagos Residents Image
Authors: Echeta Dr , Onuchukwu Sydney
Published: April 2022

This research work is on the impact of Event Tourism on Lagos Residents image.Event Tourism is a process of traveling to witness an event being celebrated at a specific geographical area's. Residents image are how people look at a group of people based on their lifestyle. Problem of study was identified by many author's who suggested that Event Tourism can lead to people leaving there place of residence to another residence thereby observing how they behave rather than hearsay.The general objective investigated the Impact of Event Tourism on residence.The data was gathered through the use of questionnaire and findings revealed that Event Tourism have a significant relationship with residence behaviors and that leads to positive image created.The researchers concludes that no community could create higher image without Event Tourism attraction. Thereby recommend that other communities should adopt Event celebration methods as a way of creating higher image about them.
A Model for Gujarati News Search Engine by Link Builder and Web Crawler Algorithms
Authors: Desai Hemang , Patel Birajkumar V.
Published: April 2022

The web serves a paradoxical role in language learning. Providing a fertile ground for neologisms and redefinitions, the web incubates a growing translation gap between one’s
native tongue and his or her target foreign language. However, the web can also be used to bridge languages even as they change, because it contains a vast and ever-expanding set of human-translated web pages. Search engines that mine high-quality human translations can unlock the web’s pedagogical potential, and form the basis for next-generation language learning tools. So, it has become essential to develop crawlers in such a way that it can help in local language optimization with topic-search. Based on study of many research papers motivated to do research in Gujarati Search Engine. Moreover, proposed a new model for it.
Proposed Method for Face Image Recognition Using Spectral Eigenvector Algorithms
Authors: Hadi Raghad
Published: April 2022

Facial recognition systems are computer-based security systems that are able to automatically detect and identify human faces. Biometric systems Though Iris Scan, Finger Print and Hand Geometry biometric system have proven to be effective, it requires cooperation from the person being scanned, the last are critical in a wide range of applications such as banking system, E-commerce, smart cards, and access control to secure system, face recognition system is one of the most reliable biometric systems, which is used for identifying persons. The proposed system describes a method for human recognition based on eigenface, correlation distance, training set of images, and a threshold which it used to classify the images and accept the detection of images that have a minimum value below the threshold. And noise removal used to enhance the performance of the original PCA algorithm in the recognition process; it gives more accurate results in recognition. This study aim is to design a face image recognition system, which is capable of identifying a face with high level of accuracy. Therefore, this system can be applied to a wide range of many applications.
THE INFLUENCE OF TOTAL MEMBERS, OWN CAPITAL AND BUSINESS VOLUME SAVED AND LOAN ON THE REMAINING OF BUSINESS RESULTS (Empirical Study on Indonesian Employee Cooperatives In Bangkinang and Kuok 2010-2019 years)
Authors: Amalia Fegi , Bahri Syamsul , Tanjung Irfan
Published: April 2022

This research was conducted with the aim of examining the effect of the number of members, own capital and the volume of savings and loan businesses on the remaining business results of the employee cooperatives of the Republic of Indonesia in Bangkinang Kota and Kuok districts in 2010-2019. The population in this study were all employee cooperatives of the republic of Indonesia in Bangkinang sub-district and Kuok sub-district in 2010-2019, as many as 24 cooperatives. The technique used in sampling is purposive sampling method, the sample in this study was selected as many as 4 cooperatives. Hypothesis testing uses multiple linear regression analysis with the help of SPSS 23.00 for windows. The results showed that simultaneously the number of members, own capital and the volume of savings and loan businesses had a joint effect on the residual income. Partially the variables of own capital and business volume had an effect on the residual income while the variable number of members had no effect on the residual results of the business. The closeness of the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable is classified as strong. The contribution of the independent variable to the dependent variation is 55.8%.
THE EFFECT OF DIGITAL PROMOTION ON INCREASED SALES (Case Study At The Emyu Bookstore in Bangkinang City)
Authors: Yansen L. , Putri Librina Tria , Salis Muhammad
Published: April 2022

This research aims to determine the effect of digital promotion on increased sales at the Emyu Bookstrore in Bangkinang City. This research was conducted at Emyu Bookstore in Bangkinang City for 2 months, from July to August 2020. The types of data used are quantitative data and qualitative data, while the data sources in this study are primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques used in this study were questionnaires, file research, observation and interviews. The population in this study were all consumers at the Emyu Bookstore in Bangkinang City in 2019, amounting to 2.844 consumers and based on the Slovin formula with 10% inaccuracy level, the number of samples in this study is 100 consumers. Data analysis carried out by simple linear regression model and hypothesis testing carried out by the t test at the rate of 5%. Based on the result of the research it can be concluded that digital promostion has a significant effect on increased sales at the Emyu Bookstrore in Bangkinang City. The closeness of the relationship between digital promotion varable on increased sales at the Emyu Bookstoore in Bangkinang City is very strong because the correlation coefficient (r) value is obtained 92,2%.
THE EFFECT OF THE MARKETING MIX ON THE SALES VOLUME AT THE AIRTIRIS BRANCH OF THE AYAH BAKERY BUSINESS
Authors: Yudanto Dimas Aryo , Putri Librina Tria , Kamal Mustafa
Published: April 2022

Research to determine the effect of the product, price, promotion and place on the sales volume with simulthan and partial at the Airtiris Branch of the Ayah Bakery Business. Types and sources of data used in this study are primary data and secondary data, while data collection techniques used in this study were questionnaires, file research, observation and interviews. The population in this research were all consumers at the Airtiris Branch of the Ayah Bakery Business in 2019 totaled 1.244 consumers and based on the Slovin formula, it is known that the number of samples in this research was 100 consumers at the Airtiris Branch of the Ayah Bakery Business. Data analysis was performed using multiple linear regression models. Based on the simulthan test results, the variable of the product, price, promotion and place have a significant with together effect on the sales volume at the Airtiris Branch of the Ayah Bakery Business.While based on the partial test results, the variable of the product, price, promotion and place have a significant with individual effect on the sales volume at the Airtiris Branch of the Ayah Bakery Business, with place the dominant variable affecting sales volume. The closeness of the relationship that occurs between the atractiveness of the product, price, promotion and place have a significant with individual effect on the sales volume is very strong with a correlation coefficient R of 86,9%. While contribution of the product, price, promotion and place have a significant with individual effect on the sales volume is equual to 72.9% while the remaining 27,1% is influenced by other variables not examined in this study.
ANALYSIS OF AFFECTING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE FACTORS IN PT. PROPERTINDO WIJAYA PERKASA (survey on perumahan lukman indah pesona salo)
Authors: Ilham Reza , Yusril Muhammad , Kamal Mustafa
Published: April 2022

This research aims to analyze the Factors that Affecting Competitive Advantage at PT. Propertindo Wijaya Perkasa (Survey on perumahan Lukman Indah Pesona Salo Consumen). This research was carried out by distributing questionnaires to 35 consumens who bought the Perumahan Lukman Indah Pesona Salo. There are two kinds of data which is primary and secondary. The data is collected using a questionnaire and research file. From the validity test of the results, all items of statements submitted to respondents were declared valid with a value greater than the value (0.3338). The reliability test results also showed that each item had a increased level of reliability with Cronbach's alpha values above 0.6. From the results of the study concluded that the independent variables partially affect competitive advantage at PT. Propertindo Wijaya Perkasa. The analytical tool used to measure the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable is simple linear regression. The value of the correlation coefficient (R) of 0.782 with a coefficient of determination (R^2) of 56.00%. The results of this research is indicate that quality product, price, promotion and service quality variables affect to competitive advantage at PT. Propertindo Wijaya Perkasa
THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND THE WORK ENVIRONMENT ON EMPLOYEE WORK SPIRIT IN THE COMMUNICATION DEPARTMENT, INFORMATION AND CODE OF KAMPAR DISTRICT
Authors: Meldo Yogi Andrean , Zulher Zulher , Setiawan Adi
Published: April 2022

This study aims to determine the influence of organizational culture and work environment on employee morale at the Department of Communication, Information and Encoding, Kampar Regency. The population in this study were all employees at the Kampar Regency Communication, Information and Encryption Service using census techniques in determining the sample to be 33 employees. The data collection techniques used were questionnaires and research files. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis with a significant level (α) of 0.05. The results of this study concluded that the work environment has a significant partial effect on employee morale, with a significant value greater than 0.05. The results of the analysis of this study indicate that organizational culture and work environment influence the morale of employees at the Department of Communication, Information and Encryption, Kampar Regency. There is a very strong relationship between the variables of organizational culture and work environment on employee morale at the Communication, Information and Encryption Office of Kampar Regency.
Realidad y desafíos de la investigación cualitativa en la educación
Authors: Coello Yovanny
Published: April 2022

La educación es una realidad compleja y cambiante con interacciones y retroacciones, esto hace que la investigación educativa se convierta en un proceso humano de acuerdos y desacuerdos. Esta situación conduce a emergencias problémicas entretejidas que llevan a la construcción de nuevas imágenes de la praxis educativa. Este planteamiento permite afirmar la existencia de una diversidad de encuadres de investigación, aniquilando el mito de métodos únicos y definitivos. En razón a esto recobra significado la investigación cualitativa. Precisamente este estudio tiene como propósito fundamental comprender la dinámica investigativa cualitativa desarrollada en los trabajos de ascenso de los profesores del Programa de Educación de la Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda desde 2015 al 2019. Se desarrolló con un enfoque cualitativo, con el empleó del método teoría fundamentada y las técnicas de análisis de documentos y entrevista a profundidad. Fue asumido como referente observable 125 trabajos de ascenso y 21 profesores. Entre los hallazgos destacan la existencia de una política académica de formación en el área investigativa; timidez en el abordaje de investigaciones cualitativas presentándose con mayor énfasis la zona comprensiva–hermenéutica con las tradiciones: teoría fundamentada, la fenomenología, la etnografía, investigación acción y el análisis del discurso; emergieron diez (10) áreas investigativas con preponderancia de la didáctica. Entre las conclusiones se tiene que la investigación cualitativa en educación es una posibilidad con diferentes perspectivas epistemológicas y metodológicas, sin pretender ser hegemónica. Así permite el abordaje de escenarios educativos no tradicionales con procesos de interacción y dialogo, emergiendo regiones investigativas diferentes.
El empoderamiento como experiencia de envejecimiento activo de un adulto mayor periodista
Authors: Quintero Romero Sandra Beatriz
Published: April 2022

El empoderamiento constituye una oportunidad para la apropiación del entorno en términos de productividad, para eso, es necesario interrelacionar en este artículo la experiencia de un adulto mayor en un medio de comunicación social como es la radio para un envejecimiento activo. El propósito es valorar el empoderamiento como experiencia de envejecimiento activo de un adulto mayor periodista, siendo referencia para experiencias de esta misma naturaleza, por eso se asume el paradigma naturalista-interpretativo y método estudio de caso, como técnicas de recolección de información se usó la observación y entrevista apoyado en guía de observación y entrevista respectivamente, mientras que para interpretar la información se asumió el análisis del discurso, la categorización y contrastación. Los resultados demuestran que, el adulto mayor maneja en su hacer diario conocimientos relacionados al uso de la radio, empoderamiento, aprendizaje, envejecimiento, motivación para caracterizar su experiencia de envejecimiento activo siendo adulto mayor. Se recomienda socializar la experiencia expuesta en este artículo como oportunidad para otros adultos mayores que deseen incursionar en este tipo de escenario.
Ciudades inteligentes y su importancia ante el Covid-19
Authors: Lagos Reinoso Gladys Gioconda , Benavides Sellan Luis , Marín Lavayen Dennis Gustavo
Published: April 2022

Una ciudad inteligente o Smart City se constituye como la gran obra maestra del ser humano, una expresión interconectada que aplica las nuevas tecnologías para crear soluciones que permitan el funcionamiento inteligente de las áreas estratégicas del país que confluya en una mejor calidad de vida. La crisis sanitaria provocada por la pandemia de COVID-19 ha demostrado que se requiere acelerar el desarrollo de las ciudades inteligentes en todo el mundo, por lo que este tipo de urbes presentan un modelo urbanístico, basado en el cuidado de la salud, la generación de espacios verdes, la ecotecnología, movilidad integrada, energías amigables lo que permite la transparencia en los procesos que se aparten de los actos de corrupción en las bases gubernamentales. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo, analizar la importancia de las ciudades inteligentes en tiempos de COVID-19. Se Se realizó un estudio no experimental descriptivo mediante la caracterización a través del análisis de informes expertos, organizaciones, gobiernos internacionales sobre la importancia de las Smart Cities. Como conclusión se encontró que se requiere la generación de políticas de estado permanentes que permitan el desarrollo e implantación de las ciudades inteligentes como fuente de reactivación económica, el crecimiento y desarrollo sostenible a favor de la ciudad, el país y el mundo en tiempos de COVID-19.
POLICY IMPERATIVES FOR MULTIPLYING ENERGY OPTIONS
Authors: Jain Nirupa , Jain Trilok Kumar
Published: April 2022

This is a conceptual discussion on possible challenges and options to prepare for the impending energy crisis. India has to prepare itself for the rising energy requirements and prepare for the future. The paper explores different possibilities and recommends the use of agriculture waste in bio-fuel production.
On the Value of Life
Authors: Arandjelović Ognjen ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: April 2022

That life has value is a tenet eliciting all but universal agreement, be it amongst philosophers, policy-makers, or the general public. Yet, when it comes to its employment in practice, especially in the context of policies which require the balancing of different moral choices—for example in health care, foreign aid, or animal rights related decisions—it takes little for cracks to appear and for disagreement to arise as to what the value of life actually means and how it should guide our actions in the real world. I argue that in no small part this state of affairs is a consequence of the infirmity of the foundations that the claim respecting the value of life supervenes upon once its theological foundations are abandoned. Hence, I depart radically from the contemporary thought and argue that life has no inherent value. Far from lowering the portcullis to Pandemonium, the abandonment of the quasi-Platonistic claim that life has intrinsic value, when understood and applied correctly, leads to a comprehensive, consistent, and compassionate ethical framework for understanding the related problems. I illustrate this using several hotly debated topics, including speciesism and show how the ideas I introduce help us to interpret people’s choices and to resolve outstanding challenges which present an insurmountable obstacle to the existing ethical theories.
Vessels for Subsea Intervention in the Arctic – from Field Development to Inspection, Maintenance and Repair
Authors: Hovland Erlend , Gudmestad Ove Tobias
Published: April 2022

This paper focuses on marine assets for subsea intervention operations in regions with harsh environmental conditions, from field development to inspection, maintenance and repair (IMR) during the production stage of the field. Topics treated are typical environmental conditions, remoteness and distances of transportation, desired vessel functional requirements and characteristics, as well as examples of operations and discussions about vessels.
Typical Grounded Ice Rubble Features in the North Caspian Sea
Authors: Yergaliyev Abzal , Brown Tom
Published: April 2022

The North part of the Caspian Sea is seasonally ice covered with ice usually extending from the end of November until beginning of April. There are many types of ice ridges and grounded ice rubble features or “stamukhi” (called in plural by former Soviet Scientists) that may be formed in the North Caspian Sea with large variations in geometrical and mechanical properties. The scope of paper is to present a basic conception on formation of grounded ice rubble features in the North part of the Caspian Sea. Observations and on ice field measurements of grounded ice rubble features were carried out in past five years during the winter ice environment research programs sponsored by Agip Kazakhstan North Caspian Operating Company, N.V. (AgipKCO). The research will be applicable to define the hazards to offshore installations during the design process. Morphological and mechanical parameters, correlations, calculation of force on seabed, sliding resistance will be shown in coming papers.
Ice Monitoring Program in Support of Sakhalin Energy’s Offshore Oil Production
Authors: Pilkington G. Roger , Keinonen Arno , Tambovsky Viktor , Ryabov Sergey , Pishchalnik Vladimir , Sheikin Igor , Brovin Alex
Published: April 2022

Since the summer of 1999, Sakhalin Energy Investment Company (SEIC) has been producing oil at the Molikpaq platform in 30m of water 15km off the east coast of Sakhalin Island. The paper in this conference by Reed (2006) covers the project description, the paper by Keinonen et al (2006b) covers the operations in ice and risk management, and Tambovsky et al (2006) covers the environmental conditions, in more detail. The monitoring program described in this paper has been specifically designed to provide extensive ice and environmental data to support the risk management and allow the planning of safe oil production operations using a Single Anchor Leg Mooring (SALM), Floating Storage and Offloading System (FSO), and export tankers in ice. The paper covers two major aspects of the in-ice operations: Ice management to protect the offshore loading operation on a minute by minute basis in moving ice, and also ice forecasting, to determine when any unmanageable ice might approach the tanker loading site and cause the shut down of operations in the fall and during the startup of operations in the spring. The forecasting of ice drift, ice formation and growth in the fall and ice decay in the spring are discussed. Also discussed is the forecasting of episodic events that are unique to the NE coast of Sakhalin Island.
Climate Change Impact on Northern Shipping Regulations
Authors: Kubat Ivana , Gorman Robert , Collins Anne , Timco Garry W.
Published: April 2022

The objective of this study was to find what effect climate change would have on the Zone Date System (ZDS). The paper presents an analysis of ice conditions in the Northwest Passage (NWP) shipping lanes and the access routes to the Port of Churchill in Hudson Strait. The analysis examines the existing and potential changes to ice regimes in the NWP shipping lanes due to the impact of climate change. The length of the shipping season in the NWP is analyzed for each Zone by both the ZDS and the Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System, and both systems are then compared. This paper discusses the results of the analysis.
Evolution of an Inertial Measurement System called MOTAN: Summary of Installations on Five Ice-Strengthened Ships
Authors: Johnston M. E.
Published: April 2022

This paper provides a description of MOTAN, an inertial motion a measurement system that has been used to measure ice-induced global impact forces on ships since the year 2000. Measurements from three ships are used to show that MOTAN measures whole-ship motions reliably, and that those motions can be used to determine global impact forces on ships with reasonable accuracy. Data from the CCGS Terry Fox are used to show that MOTAN and two other, independent instrumentation systems measured impact forces that were in good agreement. Having demonstrated that MOTAN is a viable means of measuring global impact forces on ships, the discussion focuses upon more recent efforts to develop an autonomous MOTAN, i.e. a system that operates unattended during a ship’s entire operating season. To date, the autonomous MOTAN has been installed on two ships: CCGS Henry Larsen and the M/T Véga Desgagnés, with the objective of using the data to determine statistical information about the magnitude and frequency of global loads that a ship experiences during its operating season.
Reliability of Arctic Offshore Installations
Authors: Bercha Frank G. , Gudmestad Ove T. , Nevel Don , Foschi Ricardo , Sliggers Frank , Nikitina Nina
Published: April 2022

In this paper, following an illustration of known failure modes of offshore installations with catastrophic consequences, the concept of integrated reliability is presented. Integrated reliability is the probability that a structure will continue to function in spite of all possible threats of catastrophic failure under all operational and environmental conditions for a designated period of time. Next, a protocol for defining integrated reliability is introduced, risk thresholds in the form of safety classes and consequence categories are presented, and quantitative reliability targets based on the protocol introduced are given. Methods of practical design approaches are also summarized. Finally, conclusions and recommendations for further work are presented.
Development of Canadian Arctic and Open Water EER Standards
Authors: Bercha Frank G. , Radloff Ernst
Published: April 2022

In 2000, Transport Canada’s Transportation Development Centre (TDC) initiated an escape, evacuation, and rescue (EER) program to develop performance-based standards for offshore installations in Canadian waters. Performance-based standards (PBS) set expected activity, task, and process achievement levels and goals, rather than prescribing equipment quantities, types, dimensions, and other specifications. This paper describes the development of the standards, and the associated research projects needed to fill relevant data gaps.
Prediction of Oil Spill Occurrence Probabilities in the Alaskan OCS
Authors: Bercha Frank G. , Prentki Richard , Smith Caryn , Cerovsek Milan
Published: April 2022

Probabilistic estimates of oil spill occurrences are required for the development of environment impact assessments for possible future developments in the US Beaufort Sea. Due to the embryonic state of offshore oil development in this region, it was not possible to base these oil spill probability estimates on empirical data. Rather, statistically significant non-Arctic empirical data, together with their variance, was used as a starting point. Next, both the frequency distributions and spill causal distributions were modified to reflect specific effects of the Arctic setting and the resultant fault tree model was evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation to adequately characterize the combinations of probability distribution inputs to the fault tree. This paper summarizes the methodology and gives results of its application to the prediction of oil spill probabilities and their characteristics for the Beaufort Sea region for typical future offshore development scenarios.
Hull Form Designs For Icebreaking Tankers
Authors: Kim Hyun-Soo , Ha Mun-Keun , Ahn Dang , Molyneux David
Published: April 2022

This paper discusses four designs for icebreaking tankers that have been developed by Samsung Heavy Industries and tested at NRC’s Institute for Ocean Technology (IOT). Three of the designs developed were twin-screw ships (with twin rudders). The first two bow shapes were similar to existing Canadian icebreakers. The third ship had a spoon shaped bow designed for heavy ice conditions. The fourth ship was designed for light to moderate ice conditions. The propulsion system for this ship was a single screw, single rudder stern with an innovative bulbous bow. This unique bow design showed considerable improvement in icebreaking performance compared to a conventional open-water bulbous bow but with almost no penalty to open water resistance. The paper presents predictions of speed and power for each icebreaking tanker design, in level ice, pack ice and open water. The important features of each hull form and propulsion system combination are discussed and the most appropriate voyage profile for each design is presented.
Ship Collision with Iceberg Database
Authors: Hill Brian T.
Published: April 2022

The Iceberg ship collision database, previously available as a text document, has been augmented and enlarged and is now available in Microsoft Access. It now lists some 670 collisions in the northern hemisphere most of which occurred on the Grand Banks. The format and design of the database is briefly described and some results from analyses of the database are presented showing various trends of collisions, scope of damage and environmental factors involved. A probability of collision was derived from the number of cargo ship collisions over the past several years based on an estimate of the number of voyages over the Grand Banks.
Mathematical Modeling of Ice-Hull Interaction for Ship Maneuvering in Ice Simulations
Authors: Liu Jiancheng , Lau Michael , Williams F. Mary
Published: April 2022

A new ice-hull interaction model using the analytical approach with numerical implementation for simulating various ship maneuvers in level ice is presented. Its simple physical detail and short computation time make it very suitable for real-time simulations. In the model, the icebreaking process was numerically simulated in the time domain. Three independent ice force components, the breaking, buoyancy and clearing forces, representing individual processes identified during a typical ice-hull interaction, are calculated separately and summed as the total ice force. The model is benchmarked against measurements from PMM model tests. A preliminary parametric analysis on the channel width and yaw moment due to the ship motions is carried out using the model. The simulation results demonstrate the capability of the model for the real-time simulations.
Wellhead Protection Concepts for Subsea Marginal Developments – Grand Banks of Newfoundland
Authors: Fowlow D. Chad
Published: April 2022

A study has been undertaken to enable evaluation of wellhead protection concepts for subsea marginal developments located on the Grand Banks (Newfoundland, Canada). The study has focused mainly on concepts that maintain the probability of well blowout as a result of freely floating and scouring icebergs below accepted levels of risk. The investigation provides a framework from which intelligent decisions can be made regarding the relative benefits and costs of different protection concepts.
The Siberian Arctic Ocean Highway – Redefining the World’s Trading Patterns
Authors: Femenia Jose
Published: April 2022

Over the centuries, the world’s trading patterns have changed due to population migration and growth, climate changes, politics and technological advances. Some trading patterns and routes have declined and others have emerged. This paper will investigate the technical, environmental and economic potential of using an Arctic Ocean route as a substitute for present day northern hemisphere, long-haul, container shipping routes. Issues such as the impact of climate changes on the potential for using the Arctic as an ocean highway will be noted. Proposed routes and ports of call as well as various model containerships movements will be investigated. Issues such as basic ship and terminal design, transit times, and ship induced emissions will also be addressed. The use of nuclear power for ship propulsion will be considered.

The paper will concentrate on discussing the shipment of containers to and from the East and West Coasts of the United States, Western Europe, and the Far East with large containerships in liner service using the Arctic Ocean highway and smaller feeder ships moving the containers from four, specifically selected, ports to final destination ports. Winter shipping conditions as well as summer shipping conditions will be considered. Problems, advantages and limitations of the proposed system will be discussed.
Rational Approach to Integrate the Design of Propulsion Power and Propeller Strength for Ice Ships
Authors: Lee Sing-Kwan
Published: April 2022

The current tendency shows that ship designers prefer to apply advanced methodologies, such as direct calculation and model test, to rationalize the propulsion system and propeller design. In this paper, two critical design issues for ice ship propulsion, namely engine powering and propeller strength, are discussed. Comparison of designs based on Finnish-Swedish Ice Class Rules (FSICR) formulae and a direct calculation method is presented. This paper documents detailed direct calculation procedures to estimate the engine power based on propeller performance in ice operation. Finite element analysis results of propeller blade are presented for strength assessment based on the ice loads and failure criteria in the proposed new FSICR. In addition, propeller cavitation and its induced surface force due to thicker blades used in ice class ships are also studied.
Experience of Azipod Vessels in Ice
Authors: Wilkman Göran , Arpiainen Matti , Niini Mikko , Mattsson Tom
Published: April 2022

In late 1980’s, ABB and Masa-Yards (former Wärtsilä Marine) started the development of azimuth thrusters where the electric drive motor would be in the hub of the thruster. Finally in 1990, ABB and Masa- Yards carried out the pilot installation on buoy tender Seili. The mechanical CPP arrangement was replaced by an Azipod thruster unit and also the main engines were renewed. Since then some 15 icebreaking ships of different kinds have been retrofitted or built with the new revolutionary device. During the further development it was found that the vessels equipped with azimuthing thrusters were able to operate running astern better than before, even better than running ahead. This patented innovation was later developed further for various applications. One of these is the idea of Double Acting Ship (DAS). The principle idea of a DAS is to optimize the vessel into different conditions. For instance MT Tempera (106,000 DWT) is designed to operate in ice running astern and the bow has been optimized for open water. This way the inefficiency (20-40% less efficient in open water) of a typical icebreaking vessel with an icebreaking bow is removed and the vessel can be cost effective in all conditions. This paper describes the development phases of the Azipod device and discusses the full-scale experience of the vessels built. In winter 2006 the two latest installations, Fesco Sakhalin and Norilskiy Nickel, have been tested by Aker Arctic Technology in real operational conditions. Also the experience from these two is discussed. The most recent vessels have onboard a long-term monitoring system for loads on the pod.
USCG Polar Class Aft Sterntube Bearing Design Modifications
Authors: Cowper D. N. , Kolomojcev Alexander , Danahy Kevin , Happe Jim
Published: April 2022

The U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) operates two Polar Class Icebreakers, the POLAR SEA and POLAR STAR. They have a length of 399 feet and a displacement of 13,500 tons, and are also the most powerful nonnuclear icebreakers in the world, with a maximum rating of 3 x 20,000 shaft horsepower. Each propeller shaft is supported by two water lubricated sterntube bearings. The bearings are a dove-tail slot stave design. Both the aft and forward bearing materials are Thordon XL (Polymer Alloy). The bearing housings are supported by five lands that are integral with the stern bossing. The severe operating environment has caused erosion to the lands due to fretting and corrosion resulting in insufficient support of the bearing housing. Because of concerns about welding on the large HY-80 casting previous efforts to restore fit of the bearing housings has relied on build up of the lands with Belzona Super Metal (a machinable grade metallic polymer). For this application the lands have been repeatedly undercut and boring undertaken to restore fit. Using this method of repair has proven to be short lived and expensive to maintain. A project was undertaken to develop a permanent repair and/or redesign that would effectively address the loss of fit as well as provide for a reliable bearing. The bearing design arrangement was examined, with particular attention to considerations for ice-class service. The properties of potential chocking and bearing materials were assessed. Modifications to the bossing and bearing length were also examined. This paper presents the results of the study.
Iceberg Shape Representation and Generation
Authors: McKenna Richard
Published: April 2022

At present, there are less than 100 icebergs for which comprehensive underwater measurements have been made. For iceberg load and risk analyses, there would be considerable benefit to generating large numbers of representative iceberg shapes that would have a smooth transition through the waterline and would not suffer from degradation in accuracy at the base of the keel. In a previous paper, a statistical characterization was developed for complete three-dimensional iceberg shapes, in which shape was represented in terms of spatially correlated deviations from an average iceberg radius. The present paper builds on this work through the analysis of additional data and through improvements to the iceberg generation scheme. Focus is on data from the 1982 and 1984 Hibernia Development Studies, Terra Nova 2003 Operations, and the DIGS 1985 experiment.
Estimating Probabilistic Iceberg Design Loads on Ships Navigating in Ice Covered Waters
Authors: Ralph Freeman , Jordaan Ian , Clark Phil , Stuckey Paul
Published: April 2022

Marine operations in winter and early spring, on the East Coast of Canada, offshore Newfoundland and Labrador, are affected by the presence of sea ice and icebergs. Groups such as the Canadian Ice Service (CIS), International Ice Patrol (IIP) and PAL Environmental Services monitor and track ice movement to advise operators in the region of the risk of ice encounters. As an example, ice bulletins are produced to alert mariners of the number of icebergs one may expect to encounter while navigating in a particular region. Because of the risk of encounter with ice features, the design of vessels navigating in these waters must include an appropriate level of reinforcement, particularly in the bow, to withstand impact loads. Local and global loads may be estimated using probabilistic methods based on the encounter frequency and probability of a load given an impact. Further to this approach a methodology has been developed for estimating iceberg design loads along vessel routes in ice prone regions off the East Coast of Canada. Design loads are estimated for shuttle tankers navigating along example routes from the Grand Banks to market. Loads consider encounter rates along the route and detection and avoidance strategies. Results illustrate a significant reduction in risk and resultant loads if tactical avoidance strategies are incorporated into the design. This design methodology can be applied to other arctic regions where ice types include multi-year and ridged ice and where detection and avoidance can be used to reduce the encounter frequency and hence design loads.
Investigation on Interaction between Arch Dams and Frozen Water of Reservoir
Authors: Sadat Barikani Ali Reza , Hashemiravan Mahnaz
Published: April 2022

“Amir Kabir” concrete arch dam is one of the most important of arch dams which has been built on Karaj River in Iran. In this research, “Amir Kabir” arch dam and water of the reservoir has been modeled with 3d finite elements. Interaction between arch dam and reservoir has been studied with static analysis of the 3d finite element modeling of the dam and reservoir. The results have been shown by displacement of dam crest because of the pressure of ice. The amount of ice pressure which affects on unit length of the dam crest has been obtained from Creager researches and it has been explained in the paper. In this research static and temperature analysis was done on dam and reservoir Static loads consist on weight of the dam, hydrostatic pressure of water and ice pressure as a uniform load affects on dam crest. Also contour of maximum tensile stresses and maximum pressure stresses on upstream and downstream face of the dam was shown.