bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A single‐stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP)‐derived quantitative variable to monitor the virulence of a Barley yellow dwarf virus‐PAV (BYDV‐PAV) isolate during adaptation to the TC14 resistant wheat line
Authors: DELAUNAY AGNES , LACROIX CHRISTELLE , MORLIERE STEPHANIE , RIAULT GERARD , CHAIN FLORIAN , TROTTET MAXIME , JACQUOT EMMANUEL
Published: June 2010

A standardized single‐stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) procedure is proposed as an alternative to the time‐consuming biological characterization of Barley yellow dwarf virus‐PAV (BYDV‐PAV) isolates. Using this procedure, six of 21 overlapping regions used to scan the viral genome gave patterns specific to ‘4E’ (avirulent) or ‘4T’ (‘4E’‐derived virulent) isolates. The calibration of samples and integration of SSCP patterns corresponding to the nucleotide region 1482–2023 allowed the estimation of PT values that reflect the proportions of a ‘4T’‐specific band. Analysis of the biological (area under the pathogen progress curve) and molecular (PT) data suggested a positive linear relation between these variables. Moreover, sequence analysis of the nucleotide region 1482–2023 highlighted the presence of a nucleotide polymorphism (C/A1835) which can be considered as a candidate for virus–host interactions linked to the monitored virulence. According to these parameters, PT values associated with ‘4E’‐ and ‘4T’‐derived populations show that: (i) long‐term infection of a BYDV‐PAV isolate on the ‘TC14’ resistant host leads to the fixation of virulent individuals in viral populations; and (ii) the introduction of susceptible hosts in successive ‘TC14’ infections results in the maintenance of low virulence of the populations. Thus, the presented study demonstrates that SSCP is a useful tool for monitoring viral populations during the host adaptation process. The described impact of host alternation provides new opportunities for the use of the ‘TC14’ resistance source in BYDV‐resistant breeding programmes. This study is part of the global effort made by the scientific community to propose sustainable alternatives to the chemical control of this viral disease.
Terrestrial small mammal diversity and abundance in central Benin: comparison between habitats, with conservation implications
Authors: Nicolas Violaine , Natta Armand , Barrieré Patrick , Delapre Arnaud , Colyn Marc
Published: June 2010

We performed a terrestrial small mammal species inventory in the Agoua and Wari‐Maro forest reserves (Benin). Four localities were sampled, and in each locality, three habitats were surveyed: dense forest, open forest or woodland savannah and shrub savannah. This is the first comprehensive inventory for small mammals in central Benin. We captured 794 small mammals representing twenty species (six shrew species, fourteen rodent species). Three new species that need to be described were recorded. We observed a mixture of both true forest species and of species adapted to a wider range of habitats ranging from savannah to forest clearings. Species with either Sudanian or Guinea–Congolian affinities were recorded, as well as a new species endemic to Togo and Benin. This rich biodiversity underlines the urgent need for an effective protection of these forests. The Sudanian species Crocidura cf. foxi was more abundant in Wari‐Maro than in Agoua forest, while the Guineo–Congolian species Praomys misonnei and Hylomyscus sp were only captured in Agoua forest. These results are in agreement with the fact that these two forests belong to two distinct chorological zones.
The pathophysiology of peri‐operative myocardial infarction
Authors: Biccard B. M. , Rodseth R. N.
Published: June 2010

It is generally believed that plaque rupture and myocardial oxygen supply‐demand imbalance contribute approximately equally to the burden of peri‐operative myocardial infarction. This review critically analyses data of post‐mortem, pre‐operative coronary angiography, troponin surveillance, other pre‐operative non‐invasive investigations, and peri‐operative haemodynamic predictors of myocardial ischaemia and/or myocardial infarction. The current evidence suggests that myocardial oxygen supply‐demand imbalance predominates in the early postoperative period. It is likely that flow stagnation and thrombus formation is an important pathway in the development of a peri‐operative myocardial infarction, in addition to the more commonly recognised role of peri‐operative tachycardia. Research and therapeutic interventions should be focused on the prediction and therapy of flow stagnation and thrombus formation. Plaque rupture appears to be a more random event, distributed over the entire peri‐operative admission.
Impact of a novel nutritional formula on asthma control and biomarkers of allergic airway inflammation in children
Authors: Covar R. , Gleason M. , Macomber B. , Stewart L. , Szefler P. , Engelhardt K. , Murphy J. , Liu A. , Wood S. , DeMichele S. , Gelfand E. W. , Szefler S. J.
Published: June 2010

Background
A novel nutritional formula (NNF) enriched in eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and γ‐linolenic fatty acids and antioxidants reduces airway inflammation and improves clinical outcomes in critically ill patients, but NNF has not been evaluated in chronic inflammatory diseases such as persistent asthma.

Objective
To evaluate the efficacy, compliance, and safety of NNF in asthmatic children.

Methods
Children, 6–14 years of age, with mild to moderate persistent asthma, on as needed albuterol alone, were randomized to receive daily NNF (n=23) or control formula (n=20) for 12 weeks, with multiple assessments of asthma control, spirometry, measures of airway inflammation, formula tolerance, and adverse events.

Results
Daily consumption of either NNF or a control formula showed improvement in asthma‐free days over time (P=0.04) but there was no difference between groups. However, the NNF group had lower exhaled nitric oxide levels compared with the control group at weeks 4, 8, and 12 (P<0.05). An overall group difference in log FEV1 PC20 (P=0.05) was found in favour of the NNF group as well. Significantly higher levels of EPA in plasma (P<0.01) and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) (P<0.01) phospholipids in the NNF group compared with control group within 2 weeks indicated good adherence with daily NNF intake. There were no differences in adverse events for NNF vs. control after 12 weeks.

Conclusions
Both NNF and control groups demonstrated improvement in asthma‐free days. NNF‐treated group had reduced biomarkers of disease activity. Rapid PBMC fatty acid composition changes reflected an anti‐inflammatory profile. Dietary supplementation with NNF was safe and well tolerated (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT01087710).

Cite this as: R. Covar, M. Gleason, B. Macomber, L. Stewart, P. Szefler, K. Engelhardt, J. Murphy, A. Liu, S. Wood, S. DeMichele, E. W. Gelfand and S. J. Szefler, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 1163–1174.
Cross‐reactive carbohydrate determinants strongly affect the results of the basophil activation test in hymenoptera‐venom allergy
Authors: Mertens M. , Amler S. , Moerschbacher B. M. , Brehler R.
Published: June 2010

Background
In hymenoptera‐venom allergy, sera of up to 60% of patients show in vitro reactivity to honeybee venom (HBV) and yellow jacket venom (YJV). This phenomenon is mainly caused by specific IgE (sIgE) against cross‐reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCD). Whether or not these antibodies can induce clinical symptoms is a longstanding debate.

Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate the biological activity of CCD‐sIgE and the suitability of the basophil activation test (BAT) in hymenoptera venom‐allergic patients having CCD‐sIgE.

Methods
The biological activity of CCD‐sIgE was analysed by application of native and CCD‐depleted YJV and HBV in BAT with the blood of 62 hymenoptera venom‐allergic patients and 16 non‐allergic controls. According to results of intracutaneous skin tests (IC) with YJV and HBV and the existence of CCD‐sIgE, patients were classified into six subgroups.

Results
In patients with mono‐positive IC and CCD‐sIgE, and thus double‐positive sIgE, BAT with native venoms was also double positive in up to 67% of the patients. In contrast, BAT with CCD‐depleted venoms was positive only with the IC‐positive venom. However, activation of basophils with the IC‐negative venom was significantly lower compared with the IC‐positive one. In IC mono‐positive patients without CCD‐sIgE, BAT was mono‐positive with the IC‐positive venom in the native and in the CCD‐depleted form. CCD‐positive patients with double‐positive IC were a heterogeneous group, with the majority of CCD‐positive patients also being double positive with the native forms of both venoms but mono‐positive with the CCD‐depleted ones.

Conclusions
In vitro BAT clearly demonstrates biological activity of CCD‐sIgE. However, because most of the patients showed a mono‐positive IC and activation of basophils with the IC‐negative venom was significantly lower compared with the IC‐positive one, the present data suggest that CCD‐sIgE is clinically irrelevant in these patients.

Cite this as: M. Mertens, S. Amler, B. M. Moerschbacher and R. Brehler, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 1333–1345.
Pre‐ and post‐natal exposure to antibiotics and the development of eczema, recurrent wheezing and atopic sensitization in children up to the age of 4 years
Authors: Dom S. , Droste J. H. J. , Sariachvili M. A. , Hagendorens M. M. , Oostveen E. , Bridts C. H. , Stevens W. J. , Wieringa M. H. , Weyler J. J.
Published: June 2010

Background
Little data are available on the relationship between indirect antibiotic exposure of the child in utero or during lactation and allergic diseases. On the other hand, several studies have been conducted on the association with direct post‐natal antibiotic exposure, but the results are conflicting.

Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate pre‐ and post‐natal antibiotic exposure and the subsequent development of eczema, recurrent wheeze and atopic sensitization in children up to the age of 4 years.

Methods
We conducted an aetiologic study in 773 children based on a prospective birth cohort project in which environmental and health information were collected using questionnaires. Antibiotic exposure was assessed as maternal antibiotic intake during pregnancy and during lactation and as medication intake of the child. The chronology of exposures and outcomes was taken into account during the data processing. At the age of 1 and 4 years, a blood sample was taken for the quantification of specific IgE.

Results
Prenatal antibiotic exposure was significantly positively associated with eczema, whereas no association was found with recurrent wheeze and atopic sensitization. We found a positive, although statistically not significant, association between antibiotic exposure through breastfeeding and recurrent wheeze. Neither eczema nor atopic sensitization was significantly associated with antibiotic exposure through breastfeeding. Finally, we observed a negative association between the use of antibiotics in the first year of life and eczema and atopic sensitization, and also between antibiotic use after the first year of life and recurrent wheeze, eczema and atopic sensitization.

Conclusion
Indirect exposure to antibiotics (in utero and during lactation) increases the risk for allergic symptoms in children, while direct exposure to antibiotics appears to be protective. The biological mechanisms underlying these findings still need to be elucidated.

Cite this as: S. Dom, J. H. J. Droste, M. A. Sariachvili, M. M. Hagendorens, E. Oostveen, C. H. Bridts, W. J. Stevens, M. H. Wieringa and J. J. Weyler, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 1378–1387.
Allergen challenge of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis increases IL‐17RB, which regulates basophil apoptosis and degranulation
Authors: Wang H. , Mobini R. , Fang Y. , Barrenäs F. , Zhang H. , Xiang Z. , Benson M.
Published: June 2010

Background
Previously, expression profiling has been used to analyse allergen‐challenged T‐helper type 2 cells, nasal biopsies and nasal fluid cells from patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR). Allergen‐challenged peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) provide a human in vitro model of how antigen‐presenting cells, CD4+ T cells and effector cells such as basophils interact in allergic inflammation.

Objective
To identify novel genes and pathways in allergen‐challenged PBMCs from patients with SAR using gene expression profiling and functional studies.

Methods
PBMCs from 11 patients with SAR and 23 healthy controls were analysed with gene expression profiling. mRNA expression of IL17RB in basophils was evaluated using quantitative real‐time PCR. Membrane protein expression and apoptosis of basophils were examined by flow cytometry. Degranulation of basophils was assessed by measuring β‐hexosaminidase release. Cytokine release was measured using ELISA.

Results
Gene expression microarray analysis of allergen‐challenged PBMCs showed that 209 out of 44 000 genes were differentially expressed in patients compared with controls. IL17RB was the gene whose expression increased most in patients (P<0.0001). FACS analysis of PBMCs showed, for the first time, that basophils express IL‐17RB. Following allergen challenge, IL‐17RB protein increased significantly on basophils from patients compared with controls (P<0.05). IL‐3 significantly increased both mRNA and protein expressions of IL17RB. Activation of IL‐17RB by its ligand, IL‐25, inhibited apoptosis of basophils. Moreover, IgE‐mediated degranulation was enhanced by IL‐25.

Conclusion
Increased expression of IL‐17RB on allergen‐challenged basophil is regulated by IL‐3, inhibits apoptosis and promotes IgE‐mediated degranulation of basophils.

Cite this as: H. Wang, R. Mobini, Y. Fang, F. Barrenäs, H. Zhang, Z. Xiang and M. Benson, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 1194–1202.
Human monocytic cells direct the robust release of CXCL10 by bronchial epithelial cells during rhinovirus infection
Authors: Korpi‐Steiner N. L. , Valkenaar S. M. , Bates M. E. , Evans M. D. , Gern J. E. , Bertics P. J.
Published: June 2010

Background
Human rhinovirus (HRV) infections are a major cause of exacerbations in chronic respiratory conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but HRV‐induced immune responses of the lower airway are poorly understood. Earlier work examining cytokine release following HRV infection has focused on epithelial cells because they serve as the principal site of viral replication, and internalization and replication of viral RNA appear necessary for epithelial cell mediator release. However, during HRV infection, only a small proportion of epithelial cells become infected. As HRV‐induced cytokine levels in vivo are markedly elevated, this observation suggests that other mechanisms independent of direct viral infection may induce epithelial cell cytokine release.

Objective
Our aim was to test for the importance of interactions between human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) and monocytic cells in the control of mediator release during HRV exposure.

Methods
In vitro models of HRV serotype‐16 (HRV16) infection of primary HBECs and human monocytic cells, in mono or co‐culture, were used. We assessed HRV16‐induced CXCL10 and CCL2 protein release via ELISA.

Results
Co‐culture of human monocytic and bronchial epithelial cells promoted a synergistic augmentation of CXCL10 and CCL2 protein release following HRV16 challenge. Transfer of conditioned media from HRV16‐treated monocytic cells to epithelial cultures induced a robust release of CXCL10 by the epithelial cells. This effect was greatly attenuated by type I IFN receptor blocking antibodies, and could be recapitulated by IFN‐α addition.

Conclusions
Our data indicate that epithelial CXCL10 release during HRV infection is augmented by a monocytic cell‐dependent mechanism involving type I IFN(s). Our findings support a key role for monocytic cells in the amplification of epithelial cell chemokine production during HRV infection, and help to explain how an inflammatory milieu is created in the lower airways even in the absence of extensive viral replication and epithelial infection.

Cite this as: N. L. Korpi‐Steiner, S. M. Valkenaar, M. E. Bates, M. D. Evans, J. E. Gern and P. J. Bertics, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 1203–1213.
Cutaneous sporotrichoid leishmaniasis resistant to pentavalent antimonial therapy: complete resolution with itraconazole
Authors: Cozzani E. , Satta R. , Fausti V. , Cottoni F. , Parodi A.
Published: June 2010

Sporotrichoid leishmaniasis is a sporadic form of cutaneous leishmaniasis, a protozoal infection, reported particularly in the Middle East. Clinically it occurs as nontender, subcutaneous, slightly erythematous nodules, often associated with lymphangitis, usually on exposed areas of the skin. Sometimes it occurs after treatment with a single dose of antimonials, and in older lesions, the biopsy can be negative for amastigotes. We report a case of cutaneous sporotrichoid leishmaniasis unresponsive to intralesional pentavalent antimonial therapy, which completely resolved after treatment with oral itraconazole. To our knowledge, this is only the third such case reported. We discuss the causes of dissemination of the nodular lesions and the negative results for amastigotes on re-biopsed lesions.
Homocysteine status and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with psoriasis: a case–control study
Authors: Tobin A.-M. , Hughes R. , Hand E. B. , Leong T. , Graham I. M. , Kirby B.
Published: June 2010

Background. Psoriasis is a hyperproliferative, cutaneous disorder with the potential to lower levels of folate. This may result in raised levels of homocysteine, an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease.

Objective. A study was conducted to compare levels of red-cell folate (RCF) and homocysteine in patients with psoriasis and in healthy controls. Levels of homocysteine were also examined in the context of other major cardiovascular risk factors.

Methods. In total, 20 patients with psoriasis and 20 controls had their RCF, homo-cysteine and other conventional cardiovascular risk factors assessed.

Results. Patients with psoriasis had a trend towards lower levels of RCF. Significantly raised levels of homocysteine were found in patients with psoriasis compared with controls (P = 0.007). There was no correlation between homocysteine levels, RCF levels or disease activity as measured by the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index. Patients with psoriasis had higher body mass index (P < 0.004) and higher systolic blood pressure (P < 0.001) than controls. This may contribute to the excess cardiovascular mortality observed in patients with psoriasis.
Estimation of nitrate removal by riparian wetlands and streams in agricultural catchments: effect of discharge and stream order
Authors: MONTREUIL OLIVIER , MEROT PHILIPPE , MARMONIER PIERRE
Published: June 2010

1. Assessment of the role of landscape structures such as buffers is a necessary prerequisite for the sustainable management of water resources in an agricultural setting.

2. We monitored nitrate concentrations during interstorm periods at the outlet of 16 subcatchments of different orders within a catchment of 378 km2. We characterised stream network, wetlands, agricultural practices and land cover and identified their relationships with nitrate fluxes and concentrations.

3. Two main factors controlled annual nitrate fluxes: the agricultural nitrogen surplus and the nature of the system comprising the wetland zone and adjoining watercourses. In the latter case, nitrate fluxes were reduced in proportion to the surface area of the riparian wetland and the flowpath distance of fluxes in the stream network. At the scale of the order‐6 stream, 53% of annual nitrate flux during interstorm periods was removed during transfer via the wetland and the river, corresponding to 21.1 kg N ha−1 per year.

4. The influence of the riparian wetland zone/watercourse system increased during periods of low water level, explaining up to 64% of nitrate concentration variation among locations within the river network, but only 9% during periods of high water level.

5. The buffering role was stronger at higher stream orders, and the dependence on stream order was more apparent at low water level, when we observed mean nitrate concentrations in the order‐6 stream that were 47% lower than observed in order‐2 or order‐3 streams.
Climate effects on inter‐annual variation in growth of the freshwater mussel (Anodonta beringiana) in an Alaskan lake
Authors: KENDALL NEALA W. , RICH HARRY B. , JENSEN LESLIE R. , QUINN THOMAS P.
Published: June 2010

1. Warming trends are evident in many parts of the globe but are especially marked at higher latitudes, with complex effects on the biota that include direct effects on growth potential and indirect effects through food webs.

2. Air temperatures have been increasing over the past 50 years in southwestern Alaska, affecting the growth and population dynamics of many organisms, including a variety of aquatic species such as the freshwater mussel Anodonta beringiana.

3. We collected freshwater mussels from Iliamna Lake, in the Bristol Bay region of Alaska, and measured their shells to examine climatic effects on growth patterns.

4. Linear mixed effects models and ordinary least square linear regressions revealed strong positive correlations between local air temperatures (especially in May, October and the summer months) and inter‐annual variation in mussel growth. Slower mussel growth was also significantly correlated with later date of ice break‐up, which was linked to air temperatures in late spring.
Extracellular domain dependence of PTPα transforming activity
Authors: Tremper‐Wells Barbara , Resnick Ross J. , Zheng Xinmin , Holsinger Leslie J. , Shalloway David
Published: June 2010

Two isoforms of the transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPα, which differ by nine amino acids in their extracellular regions, are expressed in a tissue‐specific manner. Over‐expression of the shorter isoform transforms rodent cells, and it has previously been reasonable to assume that this was a direct consequence of its dephosphorylation and activation of Src. Transformation by the longer wild‐type isoform has not previously been studied. We tested the activities of both isoforms in NIH3T3 cells and found that, while both dephosphorylated and activated Src similarly, only the shorter isoform induced focus formation or anchorage‐independent growth. Differences in phosphorylation of PTPα at its known regulatory sites, Grb2 binding to PTPα, phosphorylation level of focal adhesion kinase by PTPα, or overall localization were excluded as possible explanations for the differences in transforming activities. The results suggest that transformation by PTPα involves at least one function other than, or in addition to, its activation of Src and that this depends on PTPα’s extracellular domain. Previous studies have suggested that PTPα might be a useful target in breast and colon cancer therapy, and the results presented here suggest that it may be advantageous to develop isoform‐specific therapeutic reagents.
Strand‐specific mutational bias influences codon usage of weakly expressed genes in Escherichia coli
Authors: Powdel Bhesh Raj , Borah Munindra , Ray Suvendra K.
Published: June 2010

According to the selection‐mutation‐drift theory of molecular evolution, mutation predominates in determining codon usage bias (CUB) in weakly expressed genes (WEG) whereas selection predominates in determining CUB in highly expressed genes (HEG). Strand‐specific mutational bias causes compositional asymmetry of the nucleotides between leading and lagging strands (LaS) in bacterial chromosomes. Keeping in view the aforementioned points, CUB between the strands were compared in Escherichia coli chromosome. In comparison with HEG, codon usage of WEG was observed to be more biased toward strands: G ending codons were significantly more in leading strands than in LaS and the reverse was true for the C ending codons. In case of WEG, the GC3 skews were found to be significantly different between the strands. This suggests that strand‐specific mutational bias influences codon usage of WEG to a greater extent than that of HEG. The differential effect of strand‐specific mutational bias in E. coli might be attributed to stronger purifying selection in the HEG than the WEG. The observation here in E. coli supports the SMD theory of molecular evolution.
Phenological changes in intertidal con‐specific gastropods in response to climate warming
Authors: MOORE PIPPA J. , THOMPSON RICHARD C. , HAWKINS STEPHEN J.
Published: June 2010

There is substantial evidence from terrestrial and freshwater systems of species responding to climate change through changes in their phenology. In the marine environment, however, there is less evidence. Using historic (1946–1949) and contemporary (2003–2007) data, collected from rocky shores of south‐west Britain, we investigated the affect of recent climate warming on the reproductive phenology of two con‐specific intertidal limpet grazers, with cool/boreal and warm/lusitanian centres of distribution. Reproductive development in the southern limpet, Patella depressa, has advanced, on average, 10.2 days per decade since the 1940s, with a longer reproductive season and more of the population reproductively active. The peak in the proportion of the population in advanced stages of gonad development was positively correlated with sea surface temperature (SST) in late spring/early summer, which has increased between the 1940s and 2000s. The advance in peak reproductive development of this species is double the average observed for terrestrial and freshwater systems and indicates, along with other studies, that marine species may be responding faster to climate warming. In contrast, the northern limpet, Patella vulgata, has experienced a delay in the timing of its reproductive development (on average 3.3 days per decade), as well as an increase in reproductive failure years and a reduction in the proportion of the population reaching advanced gonad stages. These results are the first to demonstrate a delay in the reproductive development of a cool‐temperate, winter spawner, towards cooler more favourable environmental conditions in response to climate warming. Such a delay in spawning will potentially lead to trophic miss‐matches, resulting in a rapid nonlinear decline of this species.
Distinguishing medullary carcinoma of the breast from high‐grade hormone receptor‐negative invasive ductal carcinoma: an immunohistochemical approach
Authors: Flucke Uta , Flucke Maria Theresia , Hoy Ludwig , Breuer Elisabeth , Goebbels Rolf , Rhiem Kerstin , Schmutzler Rita , Winzenried Helene , Braun Michael , Steiner Susanne , Buettner Reinhard , Gevensleben Heidrun
Published: June 2010

Flucke U, Flucke M T, Hoy L, Breuer E, Goebbels R, Rhiem K, Schmutzler R, Winzenried H, Braun M, Steiner S, Buettner R & Gevensleben H (2010) Histopathology 56, 852–859 Distinguishing medullary carcinoma of the breast from high‐grade hormone receptor‐negative invasive ductal carcinoma: an immunohistochemical approach

Aims:  Medullary carcinomas (MCs) represent a rare breast cancer subtype associated with a rather favourable prognosis compared with invasive ductal carcinomas (IDCs). Due to histopathological overlap, MCs are frequently misclassified as high‐grade IDCs, potentially leading to overtreatment of MCs. Our aim was to establish novel diagnostic markers distinguishing MCs from hormone receptor‐negative high‐grade IDCs.

Methods and results:  Sixty‐one MCs and 133 hormone receptor‐negative IDCs were analysed in a comparative immunohistochemical study. Applied markers included a comprehensive panel of cytokeratins (CKs), vimentin, smooth muscle actin (SMA), p63, p53, cell adhesion molecules [N‐CAM (CD56), syndecan‐1 (CD138), E‐cadherin and P‐cadherin] and development associated transcription factors (AP‐2α, AP‐2γ). A significantly higher proportion of IDCs displayed increased expression of CK7, AP‐2α and HER2 in contrast to MCs (CK7: 91% of IDCs versus 77% of MCs; AP‐2α: 77% versus 57%; and HER2: 26% versus 7%, each P < 0.01). Vice versa, MCs were slightly more frequently positive for SMA and vimentin (P > 0.05).

Conclusions:  Hormone receptor‐negative high‐grade IDCs are significantly associated with luminal differentiation, Her2 and AP‐2α overexpression, whereas MCs tend to display myoepithelial features. Markers analysed in this study are of diagnostic value regarding the differential diagnosis of MCs.
Tumour budding and a low host inflammatory response are associated with a poor prognosis in oesophageal and gastro‐oesophageal junction cancers
Authors: Brown Matthew , Sillah Karim , Griffiths Ewen A , Swindell Ric , West Catherine M , Page Richard D , Welch Ian M , Pritchard Susan A
Published: June 2010

Brown M, Sillah K, Griffiths E A, Swindell R, West C M, Page R D, Welch I M & Pritchard S A (2010) Histopathology 56, 893–899 Tumour budding and a low host inflammatory response are associated with a poor prognosis in oesophageal and gastro‐oesophageal junction cancers

Aims:  Tumour budding and host inflammatory response are parameters easily assessed histologically that have prognostic significance in many cancers. There have been few studies examining these parameters in oesophageal or gastro‐oesophageal cancers. This study aims to address that deficiency.

Methods and results:  A two‐centre, retrospective study was carried out on 356 patients. Tumour budding and host inflammatory response at the invasive front were assessed histologically. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the prognostic significance of these factors. The median number of tumour buds was four (range 0–50) with 172 of 356 cases having five or more buds at the invasive front. The presence of five or more buds was associated with a poor prognosis on univariate analysis (P = 0.0001), as was a sparse or moderate host inflammatory response (P = 0.001). Tumour budding retained prognostic significance when tumours were separated into adenocarcinomas (n = 287) and squamous cell carcinomas (n = 69), but host inflammatory response was a significant prognostic factor only for adenocarcinomas. On multivariate analysis the presence of five or more buds retained significance (P = 0.002).

Conclusions:  Tumour budding and host inflammatory response are important prognostic factors in patients with oesophageal/gastro‐oesophageal cancer and can be used to identify high‐risk patients who would benefit from closer follow‐up and adjuvant therapies.
Monocarboxylate transporter 1 is up‐regulated in basal‐like breast carcinoma
Authors: Pinheiro Céline , Albergaria André , Paredes Joana , Sousa Bárbara , Dufloth Rozany , Vieira Daniella , Schmitt Fernando , Baltazar Fátima
Published: June 2010

Pinheiro C, Albergaria A, Paredes J, Sousa B, Dufloth R, Vieira D, Schmitt F & Baltazar F (2010) Histopathology 56, 860–867 Monocarboxylate transporter 1 is up‐regulated in basal‐like breast carcinoma

Aims:  Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) have been considered promising targets for cancer therapy, since they facilitate lactate efflux in glycolytic tumours. However, their role in solid tumours is still poorly understood. Thus, the present work aimed to contribute to understanding the involvement of MCT1 and MCT4 in breast cancer progression as well as MCT regulation by CD147.

Methods and results:  The expression of the membrane transporters MCT1 and MCT4 was analysed in a series of breast carcinomas (249 cases) and their clinicopathological significance investigated. Additionally, we analysed the significance of CD147 co‐expression, as an important regulator of MCT expression and activity. MCT1 was significantly increased in breast carcinomas when compared with normal breast tissue and, importantly, both MCT1 and CD147 were associated with poor prognostic variables such as basal‐like subtype and high grade tumours.

Conclusions:  These results provide evidence for a prognostic value of MCT1 in breast carcinoma and support the exploitation of the complex MCT1/CD147 as a promising target for cancer therapy, especially in basal‐like breast carcinoma.
Immunohistochemical study of PTEN and phosphorylated mTOR proteins in familial and sporadic invasive breast carcinomas
Authors: Bakarakos Panagiotis , Theohari Irene , Nomikos Alexandros , Mylona Eleni , Papadimitriou Christos , Dimopoulos Athanasios‐Meletios , Nakopoulou Lydia
Published: June 2010

Bakarakos P, Theohari I, Nomikos A, Mylona E, Papadimitriou C, Dimopoulos A‐M & Nakopoulou L (2010) Histopathology 56, 876–882 Immunohistochemical study of PTEN and phosphorylated mTOR proteins in familial and sporadic invasive breast carcinomas

Aims:  Loss of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) leads to activation of several kinases, including mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which promotes cell cycle progression. The aim was to study the expression of PTEN and phosphorylated (p)‐mTOR in familial and sporadic invasive breast carcinomas and their relation to clinicopathological features, molecular indices (Wnt1) and patients’ survival.

Methods and results:  PTEN and p‐mTOR were detected immunohistochemically in 215 sections of invasive breast carcinomas (112 with a familial history of breast cancer). Image analysis was used and univariate and multivariate analyses employed for statistical evaluation of results. PTEN was detecte5d in the nucleus (73.5%) and p‐mTOR in the cytoplasm (44.2%) of cancer cells. Loss of PTEN protein was more frequently detected in women with a familial history of breast cancer (72%) (P < 0.0001), while its expression was negatively correlated with Wnt1, in total (P = 0.049). p‐mTOR showed a positive association with lymph node status (P = 0.010) and was found to have a negative impact on patients’ overall survival (P = 0.016).

Conclusions:  Loss of PTEN protein expression appears to occur more frequently in women with a family history of breast cancer, whereas activation of mTOR protein seems to be related to a more aggressive phenotype.
Evolutionary variation in gene expression is associated with dimorphism in eusocial vespid wasps
Authors: Hunt B. G. , Goodisman M. A. D.
Published: June 2010

Phenotypic diversity is frequently generated by differences in gene expression. In this study, we addressed the relationship between homology in gene expression and phenotype among four species of eusocial wasps. Specifically, we investigated the evolution of caste‐specific and sex‐specific gene expression patterns associated with caste polyphenisms and sexual dimorphisms. We also identified several genes with functions relevant to their phenotype‐specific roles. Our results suggest that gene expression profiles associated with caste polyphenisms may evolve rapidly relative to those associated with sexes. Thus, caste‐biased genes may undergo less regulatory constraint or be subject to greater neutral variation in expression than sex‐biased genes.
Proteome profile and lentiviral transduction of cultured honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) cells
Authors: Chan M. M. Y. , Choi S. Y. C. , Chan Q. W. T. , Li P. , Guarna M. M. , Foster L. J.
Published: June 2010

Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) play a vital role in agriculture as pollinators, and serve as model organisms of social behaviour and immunity. The lack of both immortalized cell lines and methods to introduce recombinant DNA reliably into primary cells hinders cellular and molecular studies in this organism. We hereby demonstrate the expression of a GFP gene delivered by lentivirus transduction to cultured embryonic cells. The success of this approach indicates that viral transduction could be used to deliver constitutively active oncogenes in order to immortalize honey bee cells. We were able to revive cells successfully after several months of cryogenic storage and we show how the proteome varies between freshly collected and cultured embryonic cells.
Red in tooth and claw: how top predators shape terrestrial ecosystems
Authors: Johnson Christopher N.
Published: June 2010

image

Elmhagen, B., Ludwig, G., Rushton, S.P., Helle, P. & Linden, H. (2010) Top predators, mesopredators and their prey: interference ecosystems along bioclimatic productivity gradients. Journal of Animal Ecology79, 785–794.

Top predators are increasingly recognized as important regulators of ecosystem structure. Elmhagen et al. in this issue show how a recolonizing population of lynx in Finland is in the process of imposing control of the abundance of a mesopredator, the red fox and relaxing predation pressure on a prey species. Their study shows how ecological restoration programs could use the power of top predators to limit mesopredator populations and control total predation pressure on prey species.
Influence of vegetation clutter on the capacity of ground foraging bats to capture prey
Authors: Rainho Ana , Augusto Ana M. , Palmeirim Jorge M.
Published: June 2010

1. The management of the habitat of insectivorous species often targets increasing the availability of arthropod prey. However, this may be hindered by lack of knowledge of the mechanisms that determine food availability for insectivores. Prey abundance is often used as a surrogate for availability, but this may be incorrect wherever habitat factors limit access to prey. Ground vegetation clutter is likely to be such a limiting factor for ground foraging insectivorous bats, and we investigated this possibility usingMyotis myotisas a model.

2. We performed captivity experiments to determine how ground vegetation density affects foraging. Bats were provided with crickets hidden in sparse, medium and dense grass cover. In addition, we used bat radio tracking data, prey abundance measurements, and geographic information system (GIS) modelling to determine if clutter influences how bats select foraging areas in a Mediterranean region.

3. The experiments demonstrated that ground vegetation clutter greatly reduces access to prey, affecting both capture success and time to capture. Bats detected prey in the dense vegetation, but did not attempt to capture them or did so only after a prolonged delay. Their attempts often failed, because the bats landed over prey with open wings, presumably to increase the catching surface, and the dense vegetation prevented them from reaching the ground.

4. In the study area, cover types with the densest ground vegetation harboured the most prey, but clutter made access to prey byM. myotisdifficult. Corroborating this, the GIS models showed that bats avoided foraging in habitats with high prey abundance but in which availability was decreased by dense ground vegetation.

5. Ungrazed grasslands reach vegetation densities that limit access to prey by ground foraging bats, as observed in the study area. However, grazing by cattle reduced clutter to levels equivalent to the sparse treatment in our captive experiments, in which bats captured prey easily.

6. Synthesis and applications. Conservation of ground foraging bats may require the management of their feeding grounds, to increase or maintain prey availability, particularly near important colonies. While dense ground vegetation may promote prey density, it dramatically reduces access to prey and usage by bats; hence, this should be considered by managers. Moderate grazing can be used to reduce ground vegetation cover to levels that permit foraging by bats.
Combining time trends in multiple metrics for identifying persistent changes in population processes or environmental stressors
Authors: Trenkel Verena M. , Rochet Marie‐Joëlle
Published: June 2010

1. Metrics have become a standard way for summarizing environmental monitoring results. Different metrics react differently to natural variations and human‐induced stressors. We suggest that combined analysis of time trends in selected biological metrics allows identification of biological processes (e.g. individual growth, mortality or recruitment) that have changed (increased or decreased) persistently. Alternatively, time trends in the abundance of sensitive species could indicate changes in environmental stressors.

2. We calculate the joint likelihood of time trends in three metrics and use it to evaluate the evidence in the data for different combinations of metric time trends. A simulation study provides guidelines for interpreting log‐likelihood differences.

3. We illustrate the approach for identifying biological process changes for three North Sea fish stocks (codGadus morhua, lesser‐spotted dogfishScyliorhinus caniculaand whitingMerlangius merlangius) using metrics derived from international bottom‐trawl survey data for the period 1997–2008. Over the period, a decrease in recruitment and several simultaneous process changes were most likely for cod, while a recruitment increase, mortality decrease and several process changes were most likely for lesser‐spotted dogfish. No significant persistent process changes were found for whiting.

4. Synthesis and applications. The likelihood approach offers a way of combining monotonic time trends in multiple metrics for identifying persistent changes in exploited populations or environmental stressors, given suitable metric time series and tables for interpreting joint time trends. For data rich fish populations, the proposed method can supplement analytical stock assessments. For many other populations with no fisheries‐dependent data, it offers a way to identify population changes, which will be crucial for implementing the ecosystem approach to fisheries management and the European marine strategy framework directive.
Improving the design and management of forest strips in human‐dominated tropical landscapes: a field test on Amazonian dung beetles
Authors: Barlow Jos , Louzada Julio , Parry Luke , Hernández Malva I.M. , Hawes Joseph , Peres Carlos A. , Vaz‐de‐Mello Fernando Z. , Gardner Toby A.
Published: June 2010

1. The future of tropical forest species depends in part on their ability to survive in human‐modified landscapes. Forest strips present a priority area for biodiversity research because they are a common feature of many managed landscapes, are often afforded a high level of legal protection, and can provide a cost‐effective and politically acceptable conservation strategy.

2. Despite the potential conservation benefits that could be provided by forest strips, ecologists currently lack sufficient evidence to inform policy and guide their design and management.

3. We used a quasi‐experimental landscape in the Brazilian Amazon to test the importance of four management‐relevant variables (forest type, isolation distance, forest structure, and large mammal activity) on the potential biodiversity conservation value of narrow forest strips for dung beetles.

4. Information‐theoretic model selection based on AICc revealed strong support for the influence of large mammal activity and forest type on dung beetle abundance; isolation distance on species richness; and forest structure on the relative abundance of matrix‐tolerant species. Multi‐dimensional scaling showed a strong influence of forest type and isolation on community composition and structure, with riparian and dry‐land strips having complementary sets of species.

5. Synthesis and applications. To enhance the conservation value and ecological integrity of forest strips in human‐modified landscapes we recommend that strip design considers both isolation distance and whether or not the strips encompass perennial streams. In addition, we identify the maintenance of forest structure and the protection of large mammal populations as being crucially important for conserving forest dung beetle communities.
Predicting spatio‐temporal recolonization of large carnivore populations and livestock depredation risk: wolves in the Italian Alps
Authors: Marucco F. , McIntire E. J. B.
Published: June 2010

1. Wolves Canis lupus recently recolonized the Western Alps through dispersal from the Italian Apennines, representing one of several worldwide examples of large carnivores increasing in highly human‐dominated landscapes. Understanding and predicting expansion of this population is important for conservation because of its direct impact on livestock and its high level of societal opposition.

2. We built a predictive, spatially explicit, individual‐based model to examine wolf population expansion in this fragmented landscape, and livestock depredation risk. We developed the model based on known demographic processes, social structure, behaviour and habitat selection of wolves collected during a 10‐year intensive field study of this wolf population.

3. During model validation, our model accurately described the recolonization process within the Italian Alps, correctly predicting wolf pack locations, pack numbers and wolf population size, between 1999 and 2008.

4. We then projected packs and dispersers over the entire Italian Alps for 2013, 2018 and 2023. We predicted 25 packs (95% CI: 19–32) in 2013, 36 (23–47) in 2018 and 49 (29–68) in 2023. The South‐Western Alps were the main source for wolves repopulating the Alps from 1999 to 2008. The source area for further successful dispersers will probably shift to the North‐Western Alps after 2008, but the large lakes in the Central Alps will probably act as a spatial barrier slowing the wolf expansion.

5. Using the pack presence forecasts, we estimated spatially explicit wolf depredation risk on livestock, allowing tailored local and regional management actions.

6. Synthesis and applications. Our predictive model is novel because we follow the spatio‐temporal dynamics of packs, not just population size, which have substantially different requirements and impacts on wolf–human conflicts than wandering dispersers. Our approach enables prioritization of management efforts, including minimizing livestock depredations, identifying important corridors and barriers, and locating future source populations for successful wolf recolonization of the Alps.