bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automatic safety model synthesis for aircraft conceptual design
Authors: Gradel Simon , Stumpf Eike
Published: December 2024

Unconventional aircraft systems using novel technologies can be an important contribution to reduce aviation’s impact on climate. To assess different architectures in conceptual design studies, system safety becomes an important issue. Model-based safety assessment (MBSA) has the capability to reduce the workload for analyzing safety, but still safety model construction remains difficult and time-consuming. Reducing this effort is therefore crucial for the application of MBSA in conceptual aircraft design. A novel approach for the synthesis of simple safety models from a limited set of predefined safety model elements is presented, reducing workload for safety model generation. The method is integrated within the safety analysis tool of the systems modeling framework SystemXF and it uses AltaRica 3.0 as safety modeling language. An example application to the Wheel Brake System from ARP 4761 is presented. The example shows that very different components can correctly be modeled with the presented methodology. The chosen example is even more detailed than typically required for conceptual aircraft design studies. The approach is therefore a step towards a broader application of Model-based safety assessment in conceptual design studies by users who not necessarily are safety experts.
Prevalence and incidence of prediabetes in Latin America. A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Vera-Ponce Víctor Juan , Loayza-Castro Joan A. , Zuzunaga-Montoya Fiorella E. , Sanchez-Tamay Nataly Mayely , Bustamante-Rodríguez Juan Carlos , Valladolid-Sandoval Lupita Ana Maria , Vásquez-Romero Luisa Erika Milagros , Gutiérrez de Carrillo Carmen Inés
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Prediabetes represents a significant public health challenge in Latin America. Its prevalence varies considerably depending on the diagnostic criteria used, which hinders a precise understanding of its magnitude in the region.

Objective

To estimate the prevalence and incidence of prediabetes in Latin America through a systematic review (SR).

Methods

A SR and meta-analysis was conducted searching through October 25, 2024 in SCOPUS, EMBASE, Web of Science, and PubMed. Studies were included if they: (1) used probabilistic sampling methods, (2) included adult participants (≥ 18 years), (3) assessed prediabetes using WHO criteria, fasting glucose, postprandial glucose, or HbA1c, and (4) were published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese. Studies using non-probabilistic sampling, focusing on specific medical conditions, or lacking sufficient data to calculate prevalence or incidence were excluded. Random-effect models were used to estimate pooled prevalence, with heterogeneity assessed using I² statistics and publication bias through funnel plots.

Results

Twenty-five studies from 9 countries published between 1992 and 2023 were analyzed. The pooled prevalence of prediabetes was 24% (95% CI: 18–30%). According to specific criteria, the prevalences were: WHO 11% (95% CI: 5–18%), FG 18% (95% CI: 10–27%), PPG 20% (95% CI: 3–46%), and HbA1c 32% (95% CI: 21–52%). High heterogeneity was observed among studies (I² = 99–100%, p < 0.001). Only one study analyzed the incidence, which was 12.8%.

Conclusions

Prediabetes prevalence in Latin America is high, with significant variations by diagnostic criteria. The limited number of incidence studies and high heterogeneity highlight the need for standardized approaches in future research. Implementation of preventive strategies and strengthening of epidemiological surveillance systems are crucial for addressing this public health challenge.
The Broken Mirror Principle of quantum mechanics: the case of quantum hydrodynamics
Authors: Shushi Tomer
Published: December 2024

We propose the Broken Mirror Principle of quantum mechanics, stating that the different interpretations of quantum mechanics can be exploited to detect quantum effects that are independent of the given interpretation. We illustrate it by focusing on the hydrodynamical formulation of quantum mechanics, which describes quantum particles as fluids, with a focus on simple quantum systems containing non-relativistic single or a pair of quantum particles. Using quantum hydrodynamics, we show how quantum particles can be described as classical fluids for a suitable shape of their wavefunction, how a suitable shape can obtain an effective mass for the particle, and how a suitable shape of the wavefunction of coupled particles generates a classical flow velocity of decoupled particles.
Effects of static stretching and specific warm-up on the repetition performance in upper- and lower-limb exercises in resistance-trained older women
Authors: Lisboa Felipe , Kassiano Witalo , Stavinski Natã , Costa Bruna , Kunevaliki Gabriel , Francsuel Jarlisson , Tricoli Ian , Prado Aline , Cyrino Leticia T. , A. S. Carneiro Marcelo , Lima Luis , Castro-e-Souza Pâmela , Cavalcante Edilaine F. , Achour Abdallah , Cyrino Edilson S.
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Preparation methods are often used to improve performance (e.g., number of repetitions) within the resistance training session. However, there is still no consensus in the scientific literature on whether there is a superior preparation method for improving performance, particularly in older adults.

Methods

We compared the effects of preparation by specific warm-up (SW), static stretching (SS), and control condition (CC) on the total number of repetitions in four exercises: leg extension, triceps pushdown, seated leg curl, and preacher curl. Fifty-seven older women (≥ 60 years) performed the experimental protocols (SW and SS) and the CC in a cross-over and counterbalanced design. Following the preparation protocol, the main exercises were performed in two sets until volitional concentric failure, with a two-minute rest interval between sets and 2–3 min between exercises. The main outcome was the total number of repetitions.

Results

The SS improved performance compared to the SW and the CC in the leg extension and seated leg curl resistance exercises. In contrast, the SW impaired performance compared to the SS and CC in the triceps pushdown and preacher curl exercises.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that SS may improve performance in lower-limb exercises, while the SW appears to negatively affect performance in upper-limb exercises in resistance-trained older women.
Impacts of osteosarcopenia on musculoskeletal health, risks of falls and fractures, and activities of daily living among population aged 50 and above: an age- and sex-matched cross-sectional analysis
Authors: Nguyen Bao Tu Thai , Lin Ashleigh Peng , Yang Wan-Wan , Cheng Shun-Jen , Kuo Yi-Jie , Nguyen Tan Thanh , Chen Yu-Pin
Published: December 2024

Aims

We conducted this study to investigate the impact of muscle loss on musculoskeletal health, fall and fracture risks, and activities of daily living (ADL) in elderly patients with osteoporosis.

Materials and methods

This age- and sex-matched cross-sectional study analyzed data from a medical center involving patients aged ≥ 50 from 2020 to 2022. The included participants were formed into three groups: 100 with osteoporosis only, 100 with osteosarcopenia, and 50 control individuals without osteoporosis and sarcopenia. We compared groups based on their baseline characteristics, bone and muscle health measurements, and the risks of falls and fractures using the STRATIFY scale and FRAX, respectively. Additionally, ADL was assessed using the Barthel Index. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify factors associated with declined ADL in osteosarcopenic patients.

Results

The mean age was 76.17 years, and 82% were female. The osteosarcopenic group demonstrated poorer bone and muscle quality and quantity, with greater risks of major osteoporotic-related fractures, hip fractures, and falls, as well as significantly decreased ADL than other groups. When comparing sexes, females exhibited worse performance than males across groups. Slow gait speed and high STRATIFY score are independent predictors of declined ADL in osteosarcopenic patients.

Conclusion

Sarcopenia exacerbates osteoporotic patients, particularly women, worsening bone deterioration, increasing fall and fracture risks, and significantly impairing daily activities. Enhancing walking speed and reducing fall risk can boost independence in individuals with osteosarcopenia. Early detection, proper management, and preventive measures are essential for mitigating these adverse outcomes in high-risk individuals.
Plasma biomarkers in patients with age-related sarcopenia: a proteomic exploration and experimental validation
Authors: Lin Qinqing , Li Kangyong , Li Liwei , Guan Lichang , Zeng Yingtong , Cai Dake , Zhou Jing , Xu Lishu
Published: December 2024

Background

Various biomarkers associated with sarcopenia have been identified. However, there is a scarcity of studies exploring and validating biomarkers in individuals with age-related sarcopenia.

Aims

This study aimed to investigate the proteome and identify potential biomarkers for age-related sarcopenia.

Methods

Proteomic analysis and experimental validation were conducted using plasma from hospitalized older adults. Sarcopenia diagnosis was based on the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 criteria. Data-independent acquisition-based proteomics was performed on plasma from 60 participants, with 30 diagnosed with sarcopenia and 30 without sarcopenia. Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were selected and evaluated by Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. Biomarker candidates were further quantitatively validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) utilizing plasma from 6 participants with sarcopenia and 6 without sarcopenia.

Results

A total of 39 DEPs were identified and 12 DEPs were selected for ROC analysis. 8 DEPs were included for ELISA validation based on their predictive performance. Paraoxonase-3 (PON3) consistently showed down-regulation in the sarcopenic group across both methodologies. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 (IGFBP2) showed inconsistency in the sarcopenic group, with up-regulation observed in proteomic analysis but down-regulation in ELISA.

Discussion

Decline in PON3 may result in an overload of oxidative stress in skeletal muscles and contribute to sarcopenia. Protein modifications of IGFBP2 might exhibit during sarcopenia pathogenesis.

Conclusions

Plasma proteins are implicated in sarcopenia pathogenesis. PON3 is highlighted as a potential biomarker for patients with age-related sarcopenia. Further studies are imperative to gain an in-depth understanding of PON3 and IGFBP2.
Visualization of CuFeS2 Particle Ignition and Combustion Under Simulated Flash Smelting Conditions
Authors: Nishioka Nobuyasu , Kawasaki Mihiro , Takebe Hiromichi
Published: December 2024

Flash smelting involves complex reactions between copper sulfide ores, silica sand, impurities, and oxygen gas while dropping. In situ observations of particle oxidation (ignition and combustion) under simulated flash smelting conditions can promote an understanding of this phenomenon. However, previous studies were limited by technical difficulties. In this study, in situ observations, two-color temperature measurements, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), and thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were used to characterize the oxidation of CuFeS2 particles under simulated flash smelting conditions. CuFeS2 particles changed in four phases in oxidation within 300 ms. The first process was ignition (≈ 25 ms) with an average temperature of 2100 °C. This was triggered by fine particles (several μm in diameter) on coarse particles (approximately 50 μm in diameter) and formed sphere particles consisting of two phases (sulfide and oxysulfide, Phase I) or three phases (sulfide, oxysulfide, and iron oxide, Phase II). The second process was combustion (< 300 ms) with an average temperature of 1900‒2000 °C. In addition to the spherical particles, particles surrounded by a flame consisting of two phases (oxysulfide crust and oxide core, Phase III) were observed during combustion. The flame may be generated by the continuous sulfur vapor emitted from the oxysulfide crust, which vanishes after the consumption of the sulfur vapor. Finally, oxide particles (Phase IV), similar to those in the thermodynamic equilibrium phase, were formed.

Graphical Abstract
Robustness Assessment in the Optimization of Low-Pressure Die Casting Subject to Variations in Secondary Alloy Composition
Authors: Vergnano Alberto , Rezvanpour Hamed , Spessotto Marvin , Leali Francesco
Published: December 2024

Porosity is a significant factor affecting the final mechanical properties in aluminum casting. Therefore, minimizing porosity by optimizing the casting parameters is of great importance. However, during normal production, some variability must be considered for these parameters, especially when using secondary alloys. Variations in alloy composition can greatly influence the solidification process, microstructure, and the product’s mechanical properties. Accordingly, achieving a robust design that accounts for secondary alloy composition variations is crucial to ensure the consistent quality and performance of the cast parts. This research uses a car wheel as a case study for a low-pressure die casting process. An optimization process is then conducted using a genetic algorithm (GA) to refine casting parameters such as heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and initial pouring temperature. Finally, the results are analyzed using the signal-to-noise ratio and the Taguchi quality loss function method to measure the robustness of the design sets. These results indicated that by conducting an optimization process and introducing noise factors as parameters, a robust design that withstand alloy variations can be achieved, and a design of simulation experiment can be established.
Prefix tuning with prompt augmentation for efficient financial news summarization
Authors: Mou Shangyang , Xue Qiang , Chen Xunquan , Chen Jinhui , Takashima Ryoichi , Takiguchi Tetsuya , Ariki Yasuo
Published: December 2024

In financial markets, the sentiment expressed in news articles plays a pivotal role in interpreting and forecasting market trends, which also holds true for the task of financial news summarization (FNS). Leveraging AI models to analyze social science data, this paper employs financial sentiment to improve FNS effectiveness by introducing a novel method that combines the sentiment polarity extracted from financial news with prompt augmentation techniques to ensure that the generated summaries are emotionally consistent with the source articles. Specifically, the detected sentiments are embedded into prompts and provide directive instructions to the model to generate summaries. Furthermore, to address the problem of limited large-scale datasets for FNS and ensure more tailored results, we employed prefix tuning as a fine-tuning strategy. Preliminary results indicate that our combined methodology outperforms approaches that use only prefix tuning. The experimental findings further validate the significance of sentiment analysis in FNS, which enhances the accuracy of capturing and reflecting market sentiment, thereby yielding valuable insights into financial markets. This method not only improves the accuracy and relevance of summaries but also ensures that their content is emotionally consistent with the source news, offering a new perspective on financial news summarization.
New orthogonality relations based on the norm derivative
Authors: Popa Dumitru
Published: December 2024

In the paper we introduce new norm derivative mappings and the corresponding orthogonality relations induced by it. We show that this notion is useful in the characterization of inner product spaces, characterization of smooth Banach spaces, Birkhoff orthogonality. We prove also some useful computational formulations.
Distributed strategies for pursuit-evasion of high-order integrators
Authors: Zhou Panpan , Xu Yueyue , Wahlberg Bo , Hu Xiaoming
Published: December 2024

This paper presents decentralized solutions for pursuit-evasion problems involving high-order integrators with intracoalition cooperation and intercoalition confrontation. Distinct error variables and hyper-variables are introduced to ensure the control strategies to be independent of the relative velocities, accelerations and higher order information of neighbors. Consequently, our approach only requires agents to exchange position information or to measure the relative positions of the neighbors. The distributed strategies take into consideration the goals of intracoalition cooperation or intercoalition confrontation of the players. Furthermore, after establishing a sufficient and necessary condition for a class of high-order integrators, we present conditions for capture and formation control with exponential convergence for three scenarios: one-pursuer-one-evader, multiple-pursuer-one-evader, and multiple-pursuer-multiple-evader. It is shown that the conditions depend on the structure of the communication graph, the weights in the control law, and the expected formation configuration. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation results.
A biodiesel power plant, location, production and electricity demand of Jazan Municipalities, Saudi Arabia using GIS
Authors: Abdelgiom Mahmoud Abdelrahim , Hassan Mohamed , Ali Salih Eltahir Elmarud
Published: December 2024

This study aims to determine the optimal location for a biodiesel power plant in the municipality of Jazan based on selection criteria by estimating energy consumption and using spatial analysis within the framework of GIS and Structured Query Language (SQL). Additionally, the study will calculate how much electricity each town needs. After Vision 2030, the user can combine the information from remote sensing (RS) and GIS mapping with electricity demand estimation to determine an appropriate location and evaluate the power plant's efficiency. A range of sources, including the Jazan city base map, satellite images, aerial photographs, landuse map, and demographic data, were used to collect descriptive and geographic data as part of the paper's methodology. This data was first entered into the digital model using the ArcGIS 10.4 program, and it was subsequently categorized according to the model's accuracy. Additionally, the data underwent a number of procedures, including scanning printed maps, georeferencing, and on-screen digitizing, to complete the logical design of the digital model. Additionally, the model was spatially assessed in compliance with the requirements for selecting the optimal location for the biodiesel power plant. The criteria and analysis were arranged using Structured Query Language (SQL) and spatial analysis, which determined the best location for a biodiesel power plant station with the greatest ability to model population increase. Mathematical model equations were used to estimate population size, growth rate, and electrical demands (Brauer and Castillo-Chavez in Mathematical models in population biology and epidemiology: Texts in Applied Mathematics, Springer-Verlag, New York USA., 2012). With a total electricity production capacity of 250,167,600 Kilowatt-hour (KWh), the study and investigation efforts concluded that the optimal site for the biodiesel power plant would be in the Dammed municipality. This study is interesting since it is the first to use GIS to determine the ideal location for a power plant station and produce electricity from biodiesel in Jazan Municipalities, KSA.
Expression and correlation of Surfeit 4 gene in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Liu Jun-xing , Lu Ting , Xia Yin , Yang Jun , Jiang Ying-feng , Zhao Yan , Yu Hong
Published: December 2024

Backgroud

In the previous era of functional genomics, it was widely believed that the expression levels of housekeeping genes (HKGs) remained relatively constant and were unaffected by variations in tissue type, cell development stage, cell cycle state, as well as internal and external cellular environments. With the improvement of gene microarray technology and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technology for expression analysis of high-throughput differential genes, changes in the expression levels of HKGs have been found in certain human cancers. The present study aimed to experimentally validate the expression of Surfeit 4 gene (SURF4), a member of HKGs, in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

Methods

The experimental techniques employed in this study encompassed real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), Western blot (WB), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to assess the mRNA and protein expression of SURF4 in ESCC, and their clinicopathological significance was statistically analyzed.

Results

All three tests showed significant differences between the three groups (Kruskal–Wallis test, P < 0.05). The results of the three methods indicated a significantly higher expression of SURF4 in the tumor group compared to both the adjacent paracancerous tissue group and the normal esophageal mucosal tissue group distant from the tumor. There was no significant difference between the latter two groups. Chi-square and Rank-sum test revealed the expression of SURF4 was significant statistical correlation with tumor cell differentiation, tumor progression and Ki-67 index, as well as the survival prognosis of patients (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The expression of SURF4 was up-regulated in ESCC and was associated with differentiation, proliferation, progression, and clinical prognosis of ESCC. This portended epigenetically that SURF4 may play a role in tumor progression in ESCC and could potentially serve as a novel therapeutic target.
Impact of teaching style on perceived mathematics achievement of elementary education preservice teachers: the mediating roles of attitude and math self-concept
Authors: Awado Teresa Mae , Abalos Tom Jefferson , Pelago Honey Rose , Morales Vincent , Torres Jean Gindy , Milano Masza Lyn , Hallarte Danica Kaye , Gonzales Roselyn , Gonzales Gamaliel
Published: December 2024

Teaching style has long been recognized as a factor influencing students’ achievement, particularly in subjects like mathematics. However, its impact on aspiring elementary mathematics teachers, often considered generalists, remains relatively underexplored. Based on the theoretical underpinning of self-determination theory, the paper examines how teaching style (autonomy support and structured), attitude towards mathematics, and math self-concept form part of the overall variations of perceived mathematics achievement of 444 preservice elementary teachers in the central Philippines. In this paper, autonomy support and structure form a second-order construct of teaching style, while attitude and math self-concept serve as mediating variables toward perceived mathematics achievement. Partial least squares-structural equation modeling demonstrated the statistical significance of all five hypothesized paths and identified two partial mediation effects within the examined relationships. This study sheds light on the importance of teaching style in promoting positive attitudes, math self-concepts, and perceived mathematics achievement among preservice elementary teachers, which has implications for the quality of mathematics education in elementary schools. Implications for teacher training programs for elementary education are discussed, and future research directions are suggested.
Mitigating interfacial carrier crowding by an ultrathin LiF interlayer towards efficient and stable perovskite light-emitting diodes
Authors: Zhang Xiaofei , Wang Lin , Kong Lingmei , Wang Sheng , Dai Jun , Jia Guohua , Yang Xuyong
Published: December 2024

Quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) perovskite-based light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have attracted intensive attention due to their high quantum yields, tunable emission wavelengths, and solution-processing capability, showing great potential in next-generation display and lighting applications. However, further performance enhancement in PeLEDs is severely limited by the uncontrolled transfer of charge carriers under bias, leading to crowding of interfacial carriers and severe efficiency roll-off. Herein, we insert an ultra-thin dielectric buffer layer of lithium fluoride (LiF) into the electron transport layer (ETL) to regulate the transfer dynamics of electrons and passivate the interfacial defects simultaneously. The dielectric LiF interlayer can effectively reduce the efficiency roll-off in PeLEDs by improving the charge balance through preventing the overwhelming injection of electrons. Moreover, the fluoride anions from LiF can passivate the surface defects of the perovskite film, enhancing the radiative recombination. As a result, the LiF interlayer-assisted quasi-2D PeLED presents an outstanding external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 24.03% and a maximum brightness of 30 845 cd m−2. The operational stability of the device is also extended, with a half-lifetime (T50) of 71.28 min (at an initial luminance of 1 000 cd m−2), which is 7.4-fold longer than that for the control device.

Graphical Abstract
Containment and hedging: the U.S. strategic perspective on China’s Polar Silk Road Initiative
Authors: Zhang Jiajia , Lyu Haiyang
Published: December 2024

The U.S. strategic community views China’s Polar Silk Road Initiative as a geopolitical maneuver, linking China’s Arctic activities with goals of geopolitical control, resource plundering, security threats, and potential debt traps. In response, the U.S. strategic community emphasizes containment and hedging, using diplomatic, military, and economic measures to limit China’s presence while selectively cooperating in areas such as climate research and environmental protection. However, China’s activities focus on multilateral governance, sustainable economic cooperation, and scientific research, challenging the prevailing perceptions held by the U.S. strategic community. The U.S. strategic community’s negative perceptions of the Polar Silk Road Initiative have constrained China’s diplomatic discourse power, security stance, and economic activities in the Arctic, complicating its regional partnerships. To address these challenges, China could reinforce its contributions to Arctic governance through multilateral cooperation, particularly in climate monitoring, environmental protection, and clean energy initiatives. By engaging in joint research, academic exchanges, and corporate collaboration, China could foster greater understanding and mitigate skepticism from the U.S. and other Arctic countries, thereby strengthening the basis of cooperation and stability in Arctic governance.
Betaine increases intramuscular fat deposition by promoting the cell cycle via a manner involving NADPH/FTO/m6A signaling
Authors: Liu Jiaqi , Yang Tongyudan , Liu Yuxi , Liu Youhua , Zhu Yidan , Huang Chaoqun , Wang Xinxia
Published: December 2024

Intramuscular fat (IMF) content is a critical indicator of meat quality in livestock production and possesses significant medical relevance for human health. Betaine, a naturally occurring alkaloid compound, holds considerable potential as a nutritional approach for regulating intramuscular adipogenesis, while its exact efficacy and underlying mechanisms still remain subjects of ongoing debate and investigation. Here, we clarified the enhancing effect of betaine on IMF deposition using porcine, murine, and cellular models. Mechanistically, betaine supplementation leads to a significant increase in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) concentration in the liver, serum, and skeletal muscle. Elevated levels of NADPH upregulate the expression of fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO), a well-established N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase, to diminish m6A modification in skeletal muscle and IMF deposition. This process effectively promotes the mitotic clonal expansion and subsequently intramuscular adipogenesis. In summary, our findings expand current understanding of the regulatory role of betaine in IMF deposition and sheds light on the molecular mechanisms underlying its modulation, which is conducive to producing high-quality and healthful pork.
Students Participating as Ambassadors for Research in Kentucky (SPARK): A health equity undergraduate research training program
Authors: Arthur Ariel A. , deLacerda Allen Rebecca L. , Sesenu Fidelis Y. , Groznik Maxwell A. , Oser Carrie B. , Moore Justin X. , Thompson Jessica R. , James Alexis N. , Dunfee Madeline N. , Kern Philip A. , Schoenberg Nancy E.
Published: December 2024

The Students Participating as Ambassadors for Research in Kentucky (SPARK) program provides novel health equity research training and targeted mentorship for undergraduates, particularly those from groups underrepresented in the biomedical and behavioral research and workforce. SPARK aims to address inadequate diversity in the medical and scientific research fields by providing comprehensive research mentorship and skill-building. Unlike most existing research training programs that are brief, focus on laboratory research, or are limited to graduate students and junior faculty, SPARK delivers a 16-month intensive behavioral and population health science training, equipping students with needed tools to conceptualize, plan, execute, and analyze their own health equity research study. Trainees complete didactic coursework on health equity, study design and proposal development, data analysis, and ethics. Students receive a stipend and research expenses, and multiple mentors guide them in creating original research projects for which they serve as Principal Investigator. Students disseminate their findings annually at an academic research conference as a capstone. Evaluation data from the first three cohorts suggest SPARK has been pivotal in preparing students for graduate studies and research careers in health equity and behavioral and population health sciences, providing strong support for further investments in similar undergraduate research training models.
Organizational readiness and implementation of colorectal cancer screening evidence-based interventions in federally qualified health centers: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Dias Emanuelle M. , Walker Timothy J. , Balasubramanian Bijal A. , Cuccaro Paula M. , Workman Lauren , Wandersman Abraham , Fernandez Maria E.
Published: December 2024

Introduction:

Evidence-based interventions (EBIs) exist to increase colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, but implementation remains slow in federally qualified health centers (FQHCs). Assessing organizational readiness can improve EBI implementation outcomes, but no studies have quantitatively examined the relation between organizational readiness subcomponents and implementation outcomes. This study examines associations between readiness subcomponents and CRC screening EBI implementation outcomes in FQHCs.

Methods:

We used data from an ongoing parent study to develop an organizational readiness measure using the R = MC2 heuristic. We conducted descriptive and cross-sectional analyses using FQHC clinic (n = 57) data across three states. A clinic contact completed a survey about clinic characteristics and then distributed an EBI-specific survey to clinic staff containing readiness and implementation questions about Community Guide EBIs (e.g., patient reminders). Pearson correlations assessed bivariate associations between readiness variables and implementation outcomes. We then computed multivariable linear associations between readiness variables and implementation outcomes while controlling for clinic-level variables. One-way analysis of variance tested group differences in readiness subcomponent mean scores using EBI implementation responses.

Results:

Respondents’ most common job type was medical assistant, and the most frequently implemented EBIs were provider or patient reminders. Organizational structure was associated with implementing patient reminders. Clinics reporting inconsistent implementation had lower organizational structure scores than clinics planning or fully implementing patient reminders.

Conclusion:

This study guides researchers in prioritizing organizational structure and selecting specific implementation strategies to improve this construct to implement CRC screening-related EBIs. Future research should examine these associations using a larger sample size to explore additional relations between organizational readiness and implementation outcomes.
Assessing and upgrading the cleanliness of the emergency department
Authors: Levine Elisheva , Abo-Gush Samar , Ezagui Bath Sheva , David Ruth , Kopuit Puah , Bagrish Naama , Zalut Todd , Assous Marc V. , Freier-Dror Yossi , Yinnon Amos M. , Benenson Shmuel
Published: December 2024

Objective:

To upgrade cleaning and disinfection of patient rooms in a crowded emergency department (ED).

Setting:

Tertiary referral hospital.

Design:

Prospective, 3-component, before-and-after intervention study.

Methods:

Phase 1 consisted of a 4-week baseline determination of ED patient-room cleanliness, using two means: (1) the fluorescence spray, applied before cleaning and assessed subsequently with an ultraviolet lamp. Results are expressed as % of removed spots/all spots (≥7/10 cleaned spots/room was considered clean; (2) ATP swabs obtained after cleaning, which test for presence of residual organic material; readings <45 were considered clean. Phase 2 consisted of revision and reorganization of established cleaning practices. Phase 3 consisted of adding one cleaning person in afternoon/evening shifts, for 4-weeks, during which room cleanliness was assessed as previously described.

Results:

Cleanliness of the 79 patient rooms, for which fluorescence tests were available from before and after cleaning for all three phases of the study, increased from a baseline of 50% ± 35 removed spots/all spots, to 61% ± 36 after the first intervention (CI95 -0.6 – 21, P = 0.54) and to 68% ± 35 after the second intervention (CI95 5 - 31, P = 0.004, as compared to the baseline). Subanalysis showed that evening shifts improved most remarkably, from 47% ± 32 (n = 45), to 60% ± 33 (n = 49) to 76%±29 (n = 29), respectively, from baseline through the second and third phase (P = 0.001). ATP testing appeared less sensitive for assessment of cleanliness but confirmed the assessment by fluorescence for overall cleanliness (CI95 1 - 14, P = 0.018).

Conclusions:

Our data demonstrate that a two-step intervention significantly improves cleaning in a busy ED.
Risk and protective factors for cannabis use in adolescence: a population-based survey in schools
Authors: O’Dowd Teresa M. , Fleury Ronan , Power Emmet , Dooley Niamh , Quinn Laura , Petropoulos Stephen , Healy Colm , Smyth Bobby , Cannon Mary
Published: December 2024

Background:

Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit substance in Ireland and globally. It is most likely to be used in adolescence, a period of biopsychosocial vulnerability to maladaptive behaviours. This study aims to investigate the risk and protective factors for cannabis use among adolescents.

Methods:

This study is a secondary analysis of the cross-sectional Planet Youth survey (2021). The sample comprised 4,404 adolescents aged 15–16 from one urban and two rural areas in Ireland. The outcome of interest was current cannabis use, defined as cannabis use within the last 30 days. Independent variables i.e., risk and protective factors, were selected a priori following a literature review. Associations between cannabis use and the independent variables were explored using mixed-effects logistic regressions.

Results:

The prevalence of current cannabis use was 7.3% and did not differ significantly between males and females. In fully-adjusted models, significant risk factors for cannabis use were: Having peers that used cannabis (Adjusted Odds Ration (aOR) 10.17, 95% CI: 5.96–17.35); Parental ambivalence towards cannabis use (aOR 3.69, 95% CI: 2.41–5.66); Perception of cannabis as non-harmful (aOR 2.32,95% CI 1.56–£.45): Other substance use (aORs ranging from 2-67–3.15); Peer pressure to use cannabis (aOR 1.85,95% CI 1.05–3.26), and Low parental supervision (aOR 1.11, 95% CI: 1.01–1.22).

Conclusions:

This study identified key individual, peer-to-peer and parental risk factors associated with adolescent cannabis use, several of which have the potential to be modified through drug prevention strategies.
Asymptotic matching modal model on Richtmyer–Meshkov instability
Authors: Li Jiaxuan , Chen Chenren , Zhai Zhigang , Luo Xisheng
Published: December 2024

An asymptotic matching modal model is established based on the singular perturbation method for predicting mode evolution in single- and dual-mode interfaces accelerated by a shock wave. The startup process is incorporated into the model to provide a complete description of the mode evolution after the shock impact. Through considering the feedback from high-order harmonic to the third-order harmonic, the model accuracy is improved and the model divergence is prevented. In addition, the model can evaluate the mutual-coupling effect on the amplitude variations of high-order harmonics besides the ‘beat modes’. To validate the model, experiments on both light–heavy and heavy–light interfaces subject to a shock wave are conducted, and both single- and dual-mode interfaces formed by the soap-film technique are involved. The interface profiles extracted from mode decomposition and predicted by the model show high consistency with the experimental counterparts. Good agreement of the mode amplitude growths between the experiments and theoretical predictions shows the superiority of the model, especially for the heavy–light interface.
Heating reduction with shock control for a V-shaped blunt leading edge
Authors: Zhang Tao , Rao Luoyu , Zhang Xuhui , Shi Chongguang , Zhu Chengxiang , You Yancheng
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the heating issue associated with a V-shaped blunt leading edge (VBLE) in a hypersonic flow. The heat flux generation on the VBLE is highly correlated with the shock interaction configurations in the crotch region, determined by the relative position of the triple point T and the curved shock (CS). The primary Mach reflection (MR), accompanied by a series of secondary shock–shock interactions and shock wave–boundary layer interactions, can produce extremely high heating peaks on the crotch. To configure the shock wave structures and reduce the heat flux, a shock-controllable design approach is developed based on the simplified continuity method. The strategy involves the inverse design of the crotch sweep path, according to the location of the triple point and the contour of the CS. The comparisons between the pre-designed shock configurations and the numerical results demonstrate the reliability of the design approach across various free stream Mach numbers ranging from 6 to 10. A VBLE model designed with the shock configuration of regular reflection from the same family (sRR) at a free stream Mach number of 8 is examined. Under the design conditions, the outermost heat flux peak is reduced by 80 % compared with the baseline case. The heating reduction capabilities of the model under varying free stream Mach numbers and sideslip angles are also evaluated, confirming its robustness under undesigned operating scenarios.
Fragmentation from inertial detachment of a sessile droplet: implications for pathogen transport
Authors: Shen N. , Kulkarni Y. , Jamin T. , Popinet S. , Zaleski S. , Bourouiba L.
Published: December 2024

Fragmentation of a fluid body into droplets underlies many contamination and disease transmission processes where pathogens are transported in a liquid phase. An important class of such processes involves formation of a fluid ligament and its destabilization into droplets. Inertial detachment (Gilet & Bourouiba, J. R. Soc. Interface, vol. 12, 2015, 20141092) is one of these modes: upon impact on a sufficiently compliant substrate, the substrate's motion can transfer its impulse to a contaminated sessile drop residing on it. The fragmentation of the sessile drop is efficient at producing contaminated ejected droplets with little dilution. Inertial detachment, particularly from substrates of intermediate wetting, is also interesting as a fundamental fragmentation process on its own merit, involving the asymmetric stretching of the sessile drop under impulsive axial forcing with one-sided pinning due to the substrate's intermediate wetting. Our experiments show that the radius,

$R_{tip}$

, of the tip drop ejected become insensitive to the Bond number value for

$Bo>1$

. Here,

$Bo$

quantifies the inertial effects via the relative axial impulsive acceleration compared with capillarity. The time,

$t_{tip}$

, of tip-drop breakup is also insensitive to

$Bo$

. Combining experiments, theory and validated numerics, we decipher the selection of

$R_{tip}$

and its sensitivity to the surface-wetting and substrate foot dynamics. Using asymptotic theory in the large

$Bo$

limit for which the thin-film/slender-jet approximations hold, we derive a reduced physical model that predicts

$R_{tip}$

consistent with our experiments. Finally, we discuss how pathogen physical properties (e.g. wetting and buoyancy) within the sessile drop determine their distribution in the tip and secondary fragmentation droplets.
Enhanced detection and identification of satellites using an all-sky multi-frequency survey with prototype SKA-Low stations
Authors: Grigg Dylan , Tingay Steven , Prabu Steve , Sokolowski Marcin , Indermuehle Balthasar
Published: December 2024

With the low Earth orbit environment becoming increasingly populated with artificial satellites, rockets, and debris, it is important to understand the effects they have on radio astronomy. In this work, we undertake a multi-frequency, multi-epoch survey with two SKA-Low station prototypes located at the SKA-Low site, to identify and characterise radio frequency emission from orbiting objects and consider their impact on radio astronomy observations. We identified 152 unique satellites across multiple passes in low and medium Earth orbits from 1.6 million full-sky images across 13 selected

${\approx}1$

MHz frequency bands in the SKA-Low frequency range, acquired over almost 20 days of data collection. Our algorithms significantly reduce the rate of satellite misidentification, compared to previous work, validated through simulations to be

$ \lt 1\%$

. Notably, multiple satellites were detected transmitting unintended electromagnetic radiation, as well as several decommissioned satellites likely transmitting when the Sun illuminates their solar panels. We test alternative methods of processing data, which will be deployed for a larger, more systematic survey at SKA-Low frequencies in the near future. The current work establishes a baseline for monitoring satellite transmissions, which will be repeated in future years to assess their evolving impact on radio astronomy observations.
U-Pb ages and Hf isotope data from detrital zircons in the metasedimentary rocks of the Mongolian Altai Group, Mongolian part of the Altai-Mongolian Terrane: implications on the provenance and tectonic setting
Authors: Batkhuyag Enkhdalai , Tserendash Narantsetseg , Tumen-Ulzii Oyunchimeg , Tong Ying , Lei Guo , Khurelbaatar Udaanjargal , Garvaa Batzorig
Published: December 2024

In this paper, we present the new results of the U–Pb age dating and Lu-Hf isotopic analysis of detrital zircons of the four representative metasedimentary rock samples from the Mongol Altai Group, Mongolian part of the Altai-Mongolian terrane. Our new results indicate that the metasedimentary rocks of the Mongol Altai Group were formed after ∼497 Ma, Late Cambrian and deposited during the Early-Middle Ordovician. The detrital zircons of four samples yield a two major age peaks at 503–517 Ma, and 775–843 Ma, respectively, with minor involvement of older zircons. The nearby Lake Zone of Ikh-Mongol Arc most likely provided plenty of Early Paleozoic materials, the subdominant Neoproterozoic detrital zircons could be supplied by the felsic intrusions along the western margin of the Tuva-Mongol microcontinent, and the sparse older zircons may be derived from its basement. With combination of previous studies in the Chinese Altai, Russian Altai and Hovd terrane, our data suggest that the Altai–Mongolian terrane possibly represents a coherent continental arc-accretionary prism system built upon the active margin of the western Mongolia during the Cambrian to Ordovician. Moreover, the dominant Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic detrital zircons from the Mongol Altai sequence yield largely varied εHf(t) values from −17.4 to +12.0, indicating that input juvenile material and reworking of crustal components are both important in the accretionary orogenesis. A compilation of U–Pb and Hf isotope data of detrital zircons shows that the source area underwent two most extensive magmatic activities at ca. 470–574 Ma and 687–967 Ma, respectively.
Working Life, Industrial Loyalty, and Environmental Degradation in Small-Town Finland, 1950s–1980s
Authors: Sahrakorpi Tiia
Published: December 2024

This article analyses industrial working-class life narratives of the 1950s to 1980s, during a time of increasing air and water pollution in Imatra, a Finnish industrial pulp and paper mill town. Many residents worked for either Enso-Gutzeit, not only the largest local employer but also Europe’s largest pulp and paper mill, or the hydropower plant, in a variety of maintenance and production roles. Using oral histories concerning working life, the article considers the sensory experiences of pollution that individuals and communities witnessed and committed. In order to protect their community, silence was used as a form of nonverbal communication for much of the post-war period to convey tolerance of environmental degradation and ecological collapse. The impacts of pollution are invisible today, which creates a unique oral history that blends past and present environmental knowledge. Informants use silences, sentences lacking subjects, laughter to communicate nonverbal embarrassment, and repetitions to share thoughts they find uncomfortable or those they consider shameful. As a microhistory of an industrial community, this study reveals how and why residents performed an acceptance of pollution by examining the at times contradictory relationship between sensory experiences of air and water pollution.
Adoption, Inheritance, and Wealth Inequality in Pre-industrial Japan and Western Europe
Authors: Kumon Yuzuru
Published: December 2024

This paper uses Japanese village censuses, 1637–1872, to measure inequality in landownership. Surprisingly, inequality was low and stable, unlike in Europe, where it was high and increasing. To explain this, I study inter-generational land transmissions. I find that Japanese households without sons adopted male heirs, thereby keeping lands in the family. In contrast, elite English male lines failed 20–30 percent of the time as adoptions were uncommon, leading to a highly unequal redistribution of their lands. Finally, the institutional differences in adoption had roots in fourth-century church policy, and this may partially explain why Europe was more unequal by 1800.
Coconstruire autrement avec des personnes aînées grâce à la science-fiction: nouveaux regards sur la recherche en robotique d’assistance sociale
Authors: Lacroix Isabelle , Levasseur Mélanie , Michaud François , Lussier-Therrien Marika
Published: December 2024

Cette note de recherche vise à présenter comment la science-fiction fut utilisée dans un projet de recherche pour coconstruire une vision commune de la robotique sociale favorisant la participation sociale des personnes aînées. Une recherche-action a été réalisée à l’aide de deux forums d’informateurs-clés regroupant des personnes aînées animés à partir d’extraits d’œuvres cinématographiques de science-fiction dans le but de stimuler leur réflexion. Une analyse de contenu thématique de ces forums a permis de mettre en évidence la contribution de l’usage de la science-fiction dans le cadre de cette démarche de recherche. Trois contributions complémentaires de la science-fiction ont été identifiées, soit 1) les illustrations; 2) les comparaisons et 3) le déclenchement de réflexions.