bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Empirically Investigating the Disclosure of Nonfinancial Information: A Content Study on Corporations Listed in the Saudi Capital Market
Authors: Alshiban Reem Fraih , Al-Adeem Khalid Rasheed
Published: June 2022

This study empirically assesses the disclosure of nonfinancial information in corporate reporting. In examining the contents of annual and board reports for 50 listed corporations, a coding sheet was developed by combining the two coding sheets of Boshnak and the European Directive 2014/95/EU. All corporations in three sectors—energy, utilities, and materials, which collectively represents 85.51% of the Saudi market capitalization—encompass the sample. Results reveal that employees, community, and products and services information have a moderate disclosure level. In contrast, environmental, customers, and fighting corruption have a low level. The findings also show that nonfinancial disclosure of the selected sectors on average range between 28.85% for the corporations in the material sector to 39.22% for the corporations in utilities sector. The corporations in the energy sector scored, on average, 37.65%. The mean for the entire sample of the ratios of disclosed nonfinancial items is 30.35%. However, the average disclosure level is without substantial improvement since 2012 and 2013, as previously reported The Capital Market Authority (CMA) is recommended to mandate nonfinancial information disclosure. It is a step toward realization aspects of Saudi Vision 2030 concerning with, for instance, protecting environment and other related matters.
Budgetary Allocations and Government Response to COVID-19 Pandemic in South Africa and Nigeria
Authors: Chukwudi Agunyai Samuel , Victor Ojakorotu
Published: June 2022

The eruption of the novel virus brought to the global scene the prediction that Africa would be worse hit by the pandemic. This prediction was partly built on the widely recognized fact that Africa is the continent with the weakest public health care system and the lowest budgetary allocations to health. However, contrary to this prediction, the COVID-19 death rate in Africa has been low compared to in other continents. Debates on Africa’s low COVID-19 death rate have generated mixed reactions, the majority of which have centred on beliefs and superstition about hot weather and Africa’s youth-dominated society. Little or none of these reactions have attributed the low COVID-19 death rate to swift and prudent budgetary adjustment, which partly aided a swift response from some African governments. Indeed, not many studies have examined the swiftness in the response of some African governments and prudent budgetary adjustment in tackling the spread of COVID-19. This paper, through secondary data, advances knowledge on how budget revision aided government response to the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa and Nigeria. It found that both countries adjusted their budgetary allocations in response to COVID-19. It further indicates that South Africa, through budgetary revision, allocated more funds to government agencies in charge of COVID-19 and various relief packages than Nigeria. Moreover, it indicates that the swift budgetary adjustment by both countries partly aided a quick government response that progressively flattened the curve and, in the long run, partly contributed to fiscal impulse and deferrals.
The Development of Land Readjustment Models in Serbia and South-East Europe
Authors: Šoškić Mladen , Višnjevac Nenad , Mihajlović Rajica , Mihajlović Dragan , Marošan Stevan
Published: June 2022

Land readjustment (LR) is increasingly applied as a tool of urban policy implementation in many countries of the world. In Serbia, LR is a new tool that is being introduced into the legal system and into planning practice, from which a significant contribution to the urban development of the country is expected. Countries have different models of LR, which are adjusted to the particular conditions specific for that society. This is to be expected, having in mind the specificity of each country. This paper presents the development of land readjustment models which are adjusted to Serbia, but could also be used in the countries of South-East Europe, considering that the predominant conditions are similar. The most important item in this process is defining the key elements which determine the nature of the model: the existence and appropriateness of the urban plan and the distribution of benefits from increased land value. The paper also presents a case study of LR implementation on the basis of defined models, after which an analysis of the outcomes is presented. It is concluded that by applying the LR models presented, numerous significant issues that occurred in the past can be solved.
Changing Climate; Changing Life—Climate Change and Indigenous Intangible Cultural Heritage
Authors: Higgins Noelle
Published: June 2022

Climate change has already had a significant impact on both tangible and intangible cultural heritage globally. Climate change-induced impacts on tangible cultural heritage include historic buildings being damaged by increasing sea levels, and harm caused to coral reefs as a result of increased water temperatures to give just two examples. In the sphere of intangible cultural heritage, climate change can lead communities to abandon their environment and related customs and practices, influencing how they live, eat, work, socialize and worship. Given the spiritual connection between Indigenous Peoples and their land and nature they are disproportionately affected by climate change. This loss is inter-generational, as Indigenous practices and customs disappear when communities are forced to leave their traditional homes and lifestyles. This article seeks to assess how the international legal framework can potentially address the impact of climate change on Indigenous intangible heritage. It also review recent efforts by UNESCO to address climate change and its impacts on cultural heritage.
Precision Medicine in Cholangiocarcinoma: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Cheng Chi-Yuan , Chen Chiao-Ping , Wu Chiao-En
Published: June 2022

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), or biliary tract cancer, has a poor prognosis. The median survival time among patients with CCA is under 2 years from diagnosis, and the global 5-year survival rate is only 10%. First-line therapy with chemotherapeutic agents, gemcitabine plus cisplatin, has traditionally been used to treat unresectable advanced CCA. In recent years, precision medicine has become a mainstream cancer treatment due to innovative next-generation sequencing technology. Several genetic alterations, including mutations, gene fusions, and copy number variations, have been found in CCA. In this review, we summarized the current understanding of genetic profiling in CCA and targeted therapy in CCA. Owing to the high heterogeneity of CCA, tumor microenvironmental factors, and the complexity of tumor biology, only pemigatinib, infigratinib, ivosidenib, larotrbctinib, and entrectinib are currently approved for the treatment of CCA patients with fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene (FGFR2) fusion, isocitrate dehydrogenase gene (IDH1) mutation, and neurotrophin receptor tyrosine kinase gene (NRTK) fusion, respectively. Additional targeted therapies, including other FGFR2 inhibitors, PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors, and BRAF-directed targeted therapy, have been discussed for the management of CCA, and immune checkpoint inhibitors, particularly pembrolizumab, can be administered to patients with high microsatellite instability tumors. There is a further need for improvement in precision medicine therapies in the treatment of CCA and discuss the approved and potential targeted therapies for CCA.
Sputum Microbiota in Coal Workers Diagnosed with Pneumoconiosis as Revealed by 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
Authors: Druzhinin Vladimir G. , Baranova Elizaveta D. , Matskova Ludmila V. , Demenkov Pavel S. , Volobaev Valentin P. , Minina Varvara I. , Larionov Alexey V. , Paradnikova Snezana A.
Published: June 2022

Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis (CWP) is an occupationally induced progressive fibrotic lung disease. This irreversible but preventable disease currently affects millions across the world, mainly in countries with developed coal mining industries. Here, we report a pilot study that explores the sputum microbiome as a potential non-invasive bacterial biomarker of CWP status. Sputum samples were collected from 35 former and active coal miners diagnosed with CWP and 35 healthy controls. Sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes was used to study the taxonomic composition of the respiratory microbiome. There was no difference in alpha diversity between CWP and controls. The structure of bacterial communities in sputum samples (β diversity) differed significantly between cases and controls (pseudo-F = 3.61; p = 0.004). A significant increase in the abundance of Streptococcus (25.12 ± 11.37 vs. 16.85 ± 11.35%; p = 0.0003) was detected in samples from CWP subjects as compared to controls. The increased representation of Streptococcus in sputum from CWP patients was associated only with the presence of occupational pulmonary fibrosis, but did not depend on age, and did not differ between former and current miners. The study shows, for the first time, that the sputum microbiota of CWP subjects differs from that of controls. The results of our present exploratory study warrant further investigations on a larger cohort.
Effects of an Electrical Double Layer and Tribo-Induced Electric Field on the Penetration and Lubrication of Water-Based Lubricants
Authors: Luan Zhiqiang , Liu Wenshuai , Xia Yu , Zhang Ruochong , Feng Bohua , Hu Xiaodong , Huang Shuiquan , Xu Xuefeng
Published: June 2022

Understanding the effects of electrical double layers (EDL) and tribo-induced electric fields on the electroosmotic behaviors of lubricants is important for developing high-performance water-based lubricants. In this study, EDL conductivities of aqueous lubricants containing a surfactant of 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS) or cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) were analyzed. The interfacial zeta potentials of the synthesized lubricants and Al2O3 ceramic-alloy steel contacts were measured, and frictional potentials of ceramic and steel surfaces were determined using a modified ball-on-disc configuration. The distribution characteristics of the tribo-induced electric field of the ceramic-steel sliding contact were numerically analyzed. The electroosmotic behaviors of the lubricants were investigated using a four-ball configuration. It was found that an EDL and tribo-induced electric field was a crucial enabler in stimulating the electroosmosis of lubricants. Through altering EDL structures, CHAPS enhanced the electroosmosis and penetration of the water-based lubricant, thus resulting in improved lubrication.
Carbon Structures and Tribological Properties of Fe-C-SiC Self-Lubricating Metal Matrix Composites Prepared with α/β-SiC Polytypes
Authors: Neves Guilherme Oliveira , Salvaro Diego Berti , Bendo Tatiana , Consoni Deise Rebelo , de Mello José Daniel Biasoli , Binder Cristiano , Klein Aloisio Nelmo
Published: June 2022

Sintered iron-based self-lubricant composites in which graphite reservoirs are generated by the dissociation of silicon carbide (SiC) particles feature low friction coefficients and scuffing resistance combined with high mechanical stress. This work evaluated the influence of the sintering temperature and the SiC polytype on the graphite reservoirs morphology, structure, and friction behaviour. The reservoirs were studied by field emission gun-scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), micro-Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The friction behaviour was evaluated by cylinder on plane tests (friction coefficient and scuffing resistance). The results showed that the SiC polytype and the sintering temperature modified the graphite structures. The SiC dissociation promoted the formation of different nano graphites, presenting different turbostratic 2D and 3D arrays. The results showed that the presence of the turbostratic graphite was beneficial to the friction behaviour of these composites, which offered better tribological performance than the composite with 3D graphite.
Effect of Curing Temperature on High-Strength Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer Composite (HMGC) with Quartz Powder and Steel Fibers
Authors: Li Qiang , Chen Shikun , Zhang Yajun , Hu Yunjin , Wang Quanlin , Zhou Quan , Yan Yongmao , Liu Yi , Yan Dongming
Published: June 2022

Geopolymer is a new type of synthesized aluminosilicate material. Compared with ordinary Portland cement, it has better fire resistance and durability, and is more environmentally friendly. In this paper, a high-strength metakaolin-based geopolymer composite (HMGC) has been developed by utilizing quartz powder and steel fibers. The optimization compositions and effect of curing temperatures (from ambient temperature to 90 °C) on the strength performance of the HMGC is studied. The optimized 1-day compressive strength of the HMGC can reach 80 MPa, and the 3-day compressive strength is close to 100 MPa (97.49 MPa). Combined with XRD, FTIR, SEM and MIP characterization, the mechanisms behind the strength development under different curing temperatures are analyzed. The results show that heat curing can significantly speed up the process of geopolymerization and increase the early strength of the HMGC. However, long-term heat curing under high temperature (such as 90 °C, 7 days) would reduce the mechanical strength of the HMGC. Prolonged high-temperature curing increases the pores and micro-defects in the gel phase of the HMGC, which may be attributed to chemical shrinkage. Thus, the curing temperature should be carefully controlled to make a HMGC with better performance.
Controlling the Morphology of Barrel-Shaped Nanostructures Grown via CuZn Electro-Oxidation
Authors: Giziński Damian , Mojsilović Kristina , Brudzisz Anna , Tiringer Urša , Vasilić Rastko , Taheri Peyman , Stępniowski Wojciech J.
Published: June 2022

Herein, we report a feasible method for forming barrel-like hybrid Cu(OH)2-ZnO structures on α-brass substrate via low-potential electro-oxidation in 1 M NaOH solution. The presented study was conducted to investigate the electrochemical behavior of CuZn in a passive range (−0.2 V–0.5 V) and its morphological changes that occur under these conditions. As found, morphology and phase composition of the grown layer strongly depend on the applied potential, and those material characteristics can be tuned by varying the operating conditions. To the best of our knowledge, the yielded morphology of barrel-like structure has not been previously observed for brass anodizing. Additionally, photoactivity under both UV and daylight irradiation-induced degradation of organic dye (methyl orange) using Cu(OH)2-ZnO composite was explored. Obtained results proved photocatalytic activity of the material that led to degradation of 43% and 36% of the compound in UV and visible light, respectively. The role of Cu(OH)2 in improving ZnO photoactivity was recognized and discussed. As implied by both the undertaken research and the literature on the subject, cupric hydroxide can act as a trap for photoexcited electrons, and thus contributes to stabilizing electron-hole recombination. This resulted in improved light-absorbing properties of the photoactive component, ZnO.
Study on the Mechanical Properties, Wear Resistance and Microstructure of Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Mortar Containing High Volume of Industrial Solid Waste Mineral Admixture
Authors: Wu Hao , Jia Yanmin , Yuan Zhu , Li Zhijia , Sun Tao , Zhang Jiahao
Published: June 2022

The use of a high volume of industrial solid waste mineral admixture and hybrid fiber can greatly reduce the amount of cement in mortar or concrete, improve its performance, ensure the service properties of mortar or concrete, and reuse industrial solid waste to reduce the environmental burden, which has significant research significance. In this paper, the mechanical properties, wear resistance and microstructure of hybrid fiber-reinforced mortar (HFRM) with a high content of industrial solid waste mineral admixture were systematically studied under different water/binder ratios. Mineral admixtures include fly ash, silica fume and granulated blast furnace slag (slag). The total content of hybrid glass fiber (GF) and polypropylene fiber (PPF) was 2% by volume fractions, and six different water/binder ratios ranging from 0.27 to 0.62 were used. The following conclusions were drawn: fibers have a significant negative effect on the properties of mortars with a low water/binder ratio (w/b = 0.27) and high content of mineral admixtures. In general, the effect of adding hybrid fiber on improving the wear resistance of mortar is more obvious. The average residual weight of hybrid fiber-reinforced mortar is the highest after the wear resistance test. Comprehensively considering the compressive strength, flexural strength, wear resistance and microstructure of the mortar samples, G8PP2-0.40 is the optimal mix ratio. At this time, the replacement rates of fly ash, silica fume and slag are: 20%, 5% and 30%, the water/binder ratio is 0.40, and the content of GF and PPF is 1.6% and 0.4%, respectively.
Multimethod Assessment of Design, Metallurgical, and Mechanical Characteristics of Original and Counterfeit ProGlider Instruments
Authors: Martins Jorge N. R. , Silva Emmanuel J. N. L. , Marques Duarte , Arantes-Oliveira Sofia , Ginjeira António , Caramês João , Braz Fernandes Francisco M. , Versiani Marco A.
Published: June 2022

A multimethod study was conducted to assess the differences between original (PG-OR) and counterfeit (PG-CF) ProGlider instruments regarding design, metallurgical features, and mechanical performance. Seventy PG-OR and PG-CF instruments (n = 35 per group) were evaluated regarding the number of spirals, helical angles, and measuring line position by stereomicroscopy, while blade symmetry, cross-section geometry, tip design, and surface were assessed by scanning electron microscopy. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry were used to identify element ratio and phase transformation temperatures, while cyclic fatigue, torsional, and bending testing were employed to assess their mechanical performance. An unpaired t-test and nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test were used to compare instruments at a significance level of 5%. Similarities were observed in the number of spirals, helical angles, blade symmetry, cross-sectional geometries, and nickel–titanium ratios. Measuring lines were more reliable in the original instrument, while differences were noted in the geometry of the tips (sharper tip for the original and rounded for the counterfeit) and surface finishing with PG-CF presenting more surface irregularities. PG-OR showed significantly more time to fracture (118 s), a higher angle of rotation (440°), and a lower maximum bending load (146.3 gf) (p < 0.05) than PG-CF (p < 0.05); however, maximum torque was similar for both instruments (0.4 N.cm) (p > 0.05). Although the tested instruments had a similar design, the original ProGlider showed superior mechanical behavior. The results of counterfeit ProGlider instruments were unreliable and can be considered unsafe for glide path procedures.
Extraction of Metals from Polluted Soils by Bioleaching in Relation to Environmental Risk Assessment
Authors: Sur Ioana Monica , Micle Valer , Hegyi Andreea , Lăzărescu Adrian-Victor
Published: June 2022

Environmental pollution has particular implications for the whole geosystem and increases the global risk to human and ecological health. In this regard, investigations were carried out on soil samples to perform the quality status assessment by determining: pH, texture, structure and metal concentration, as well as carrying out an assessment of anthropogenic activity by determining pollution indices: Cf (contamination factor), Cd (degree of contamination), PLI (pollution load index), Er (ecological risk index) and PERI (potential ecological risk index). Analyses on soil samples showed high concentrations of metals (Cu: 113–2996 mg kg−1; Pb: 665–5466 mg kg−1; Cr: 40–187 mg kg−1; Ni: 221–1708 mg kg−1). The metal extraction experiments were carried out by bioleaching using Thiobacillusferrooxidans, microorganisms at different amounts of bioleaching solution (20 mL and 40 mL 9K medium) and a stirring time of up to 12 h. The results on the degree of contamination, pollution loading index PLI (2.03–57.23) and potential ecological risk index PERI (165–2298) indicate that the soils in the studied area have a very high degree of pollution. The decontamination procedure by bioleaching showed a decrease, but at the end of the test (12 h), the followed indices indicate high values, suggesting that bioleaching should continue. The depollution yield after 12 h of treatment is, however, encouraging: Cu 29–76%, Pb: 10–32%, Cr: 39–72% and Ni 44–68%. The use of yield–time correlation equations allows the identification of the optimal exposure time on the bioleaching extraction process to obtain optimal results. The aim of the research is to determine the soil quality, soil environmental risk, extraction of metals from polluted soils by bioleaching and to identify influencing factors in achieving high remediation yields.
Numerical Analysis of Degradation and Capacity Loss in Graphite Active Particles of Li-Ion Battery Anodes
Authors: Marin-Montin Jorge , Zurita-Gotor Mauricio , Montero-Chacón Francisco
Published: June 2022

It is well known that the performance and durability of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) can be severely impaired by fracture events that originate in stresses due to Li ion diffusion in fast charge–discharge cycles. Existing models of battery damage overlook either the role of particle shape in stress concentration, the effect of material disorder and preexisting defects in crack initiation and propagation, or both. In this work we present a novel, three-dimensional, and coupled diffusive-mechanical numerical model that simultaneously accounts for all these phenomena by means of (i) a random particle generator and (ii) a stochastic description of material properties implemented within the lattice method framework. Our model displays the same complex fracture patterns that are found experimentally, including crack nucleation, growth, and branching. Interestingly, we show that irregularly shaped active particles can suffer mechanical damage up to 60% higher than that of otherwise equivalent spherical particles, while material defects can lead to damage increments of up to 110%. An evaluation of fracture effects in local Li-ion diffusivity shows that effective diffusion can be reduced up to 25% at the particle core due to lithiation, while it remains at ca. 5% below the undamaged value at the particle surface during delithiation. Using a simple estimate of capacity loss, we also show that the C-rate has a nonlinear effect on battery degradation, and the estimated capacity loss can surpass 10% at a 2C charging rate.
Comparison of Physicochemical and Structural Properties of Acid-Soluble and Pepsin-Soluble Collagens from Blacktip Reef Shark Skin
Authors: Ge Baolin , Hou Chunyu , Bao Bin , Pan Zhilin , de Val José Eduardo Maté Sánchez , Elango Jeevithan , Wu Wenhui
Published: June 2022

Fish collagen has been widely used in tissue engineering (TE) applications as an implant, which is generally transplanted into target tissue with stem cells for better regeneration ability. In this case, the success rate of this research depends on the fundamental components of fish collagen such as amino acid composition, structural and rheological properties. Therefore, researchers have been trying to find an innovative raw material from marine origins for tissue engineering applications. Based on this concept, collagens such as acid-soluble (ASC) and pepsin-soluble (PSC) were extracted from a new type of cartilaginous fish, the blacktip reef shark, for the first time, and were further investigated for physicochemical, protein pattern, microstructural and peptide mapping. The study results confirmed that the extracted collagens resemble the protein pattern of type-I collagen comprising the α1, α2, β and γ chains. The hydrophobic amino acids were dominant in both collagens with glycine and hydroxyproline as major amino acids. From the FTIR spectra, α helix (27.72 and 26.32%), β-sheet (22.24 and 23.35%), β-turn (21.34 and 22.08%), triple helix (14.11 and 14.13%) and random coil (14.59 and 14.12%) structures of ASC and PSC were confirmed, respectively. Collagens retained their triple helical and secondary structure well. Both collagens had maximum solubility at 3% NaCl and pH 4, and had absorbance maxima at 234 nm, respectively. The peptide mapping was almost similar for ASC and PSC at pH 2, generating peptides ranging from 15 to 200 kDa, with 23 kDa as a major peptide fragment. The microstructural analysis confirmed the homogenous fibrillar nature of collagens with more interconnected networks. Overall, the preset study concluded that collagen can be extracted more efficiently without disturbing the secondary structure by pepsin treatment. Therefore, the blacktip reef shark skin could serve as a potential source for collagen extraction for the pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.
Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients with Implanted Cardiac Devices at High Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Khan Akram , Clay Ryan D. , Singh Asha , Lal Chitra , Tereshchenko Larisa G.
Published: June 2022

Background and Objectives: Patients with pre-existing cardiac disease have a higher prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). OSA has been associated with an increased risk of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmia. We screened subjects with implanted pacemakers and automated implantable cardioverter defibrillators (AICD) for OSA with the Berlin Questionnaire and compared the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias and automated implantable cardioverter defibrillator (AICD) firing between high and low OSA risk groups. Materials and Methods: We contacted 648 consecutive patients from our arrhythmia clinic to participate in the study and performed final analyses on 171 subjects who consented and had follow-up data. Data were abstracted from the electronic health record for the incidence of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT), ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF) and AICD firing and then compared between those at high versus low risk of OSA using the Berlin Questionnaire and multivariate negative binomial regression. Results: The average follow-up period was 24.2 ± 4.4 months. After adjusting for age, gender and history of heart failure, those subjects at high risk of OSA had a higher burden of NSVT vs. those with a low risk of OSA (33.4 ± 96.2 vs. 5.82 ± 17.1 episodes, p = 0.003). A predetermined subgroup analysis of AICD recipients also demonstrated a significantly higher burden of NSVT in the high vs. low OSA risk groups (66.2 ± 128.6 vs. 18.9 ± 36.7 episodes, p = 0.033). There were significant differences in the rates of VT, VF or AICD shock burden between the high and low OSA risk groups and in the AICD subgroup analysis. Conclusions: There was increased ventricular ectopy among pacemaker and AICD recipients at high risk of OSA, but the prevalence of VT, VF or AICD shocks was similar to those with low risk of OSA.
Corrosion Behavior and Microstructure of Cu-Based Composite Coatings Deposited by Cold Spraying
Authors: Chen Hao , Liu Chengxin , Chu Xingrong , Zhang Tao , Zheng Jianjun
Published: June 2022

This study aimed to prepare Cu-based coatings with excellent corrosion resistance by cold spraying. Cu, Zn, and Al particles with different mass ratios were mechanically blended as the feedstock materials. The microstructure, element content, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of the coatings were investigated. Results showed that all the prepared coatings presented a dense microstructure. In addition, the thickness of the coatings exceeded 290 μm, and the existence of the “hammer effect” made the thickness and hardness of the coatings present an obvious negative correlation. Electrochemical test results indicated that changes in the element content could significantly affect the corrosion behavior of coatings. During the immersion period, the coatings containing Al exhibited better corrosion resistance.
Biomethanation of Crop Residues to Combat Stubble Burning in India: Design and Simulation Using ADM1 Mathematical Model
Authors: Satpathy Preseela , Pradhan Chinmay
Published: June 2022

Stubble burning in India continues despite the severe consequences on the environment and the massive health crisis in the country. Farmers resort to such practices as a cheap and hasty solution post-harvest, which helps them prepare for their next crops. This study employs a mathematical model, the ADM1 (Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1), to design a virtual biogas plant in the SIMBA simulation platform. The plant was designed keeping the small-scale farmers in mind, hence, cost-effectiveness, simplicity in design and operation remained a priority. Simulations were performed with different crop leftovers that are widely subjected to on-farm burning in the country such as from rice, wheat, sugarcane, cotton and maize. Simulation trials were performed for each crop residue for nearly two years, to observe the digester performance and possible disruptions over prolonged periods. The optimal feeding ratio and operating conditions for process stability were determined. Simulations revealed generation of nearly 9–10 m3 methane per day, equivalent to 90–100 kWh electricity. Co-fermentation with animal manures was strongly recommended by the model for process stability and to avoid pH disruptions due to organic acid accumulations. Policy makers and farmers are, thus, encouraged to explore a sustainable alternative to generate energy from stubble.
The Rhizosphere Microbiome of Ginseng
Authors: Goodwin Paul H.
Published: June 2022

The rhizosphere of ginseng contains a wide range of microorganisms that can have beneficial or harmful effects on the plant. Root exudates of ginseng, particularly ginsenosides and phenolic acids, appear to select for particular microbial populations through their stimulatory and inhibitory activities, which may account for the similarities between the rhizosphere microbiomes of different cultivated species of Panax. Many practices of cultivation attempt to mimic the natural conditions of ginseng as an understory plant in hilly forested areas. However, these practices are often disruptive to soil, and thus the soil microbiome differs between wild and cultivated ginseng. Changes in the microbiome during cultivation can be harmful as they have been associated with negative changes of the soil physiochemistry as well as the promotion of plant diseases. However, isolation of a number of beneficial microbes from the ginseng rhizosphere indicates that many have the potential to improve ginseng production. The application of high-throughput sequencing to study the rhizosphere microbiome of ginseng grown under a variety of conditions continues to greatly expand our knowledge of the diversity and abundance of those organisms as well as their impacts of cultivation. While there is much more to be learnt, many aspects of the ginseng rhizosphere microbiome have already been revealed.
Longitudinal Investigation of the Native Grass Hay from Storage to Market Reveals Mycotoxin-Associated Fungi
Authors: Du Shuai , You Sihan , Jiang Xiaowei , Li Yuyu , Jia Yushan
Published: June 2022

This study aimed to characterize the fungal diversity and mycotoxin concentrations of native grass hay in various storage periods. In the present study, the native grass hay samples were collected when stored for 0 d (D0 group), 30 d (D30 group), and 150 d (D150 group), respectively. Here, mycotoxin analyses combined with ITS gene sequence were performed to reveal the changes in response to the storage period. There were notable differences in deoxynivalenol and aflatoxin B1 concentrations among the three groups. Compared to the D150 group, the diversity of the fungal community was higher in the D0 and D30 groups, which indicating the diversity was significantly influenced by the storage period. No significant (p > 0.05) difference was observed among the three groups on the dominant phyla. Interestingly, a significant (p < 0.05) difference was also observed in Chactomella and Aspergillus among the three groups, the abundance of the Chactomella was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased and the abundance of Aspergillus was statistically (p < 0.05) increased in the D150 group. Correlation analysis of the association of fungi with mycotoxin could provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure and function of the fungal community. These results indicated that the good practices of storage are essential for the prevention of mycotoxin. The information contained in the present study is vital for the further development of strategies for hay storage with high quality in the harsh Mongolian Plateau ecosystem.
One-Pot and Catalyst-Free Transformation of N-Protected 1-Amino-1-Ethoxyalkylphosphonates into Bisphosphonic Analogs of Protein and Non-Protein α-Amino Acids
Authors: Kuźnik Anna , Kozicka Dominika , Hawranek Wioleta , Socha Karolina , Erfurt Karol
Published: June 2022

Herein, we describe the development of one-pot transformation of α-ethoxy derivatives of phosphorus analogs of protein and non-protein α-amino acids into biologically important N-protected 1-aminobisphosphonates. The proposed strategy, based on the three-component reaction of 1-(N-acylamino)-1-ethoxyphosphonates with triphenylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate and triethyl phosphite, facilitates good to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. The course of the reaction was monitored by 31P NMR spectroscopy, allowing the identification of probable intermediate species, thus making it possible to propose a reaction mechanism. In most cases, there is no need to use a catalyst to provide transformation efficiency, which increases its attractiveness both in economic and ecological terms. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the one-pot procedure can be successfully applied for the synthesis of structurally diverse N-protected bisphosphonic analogs of α-amino acids. As shown, the indirect formation of the corresponding phosphonium salt as a reactive intermediate during the conversion of 1-(N-acylamino)-1-ethoxyphosphonate into a 1-aminobisphosphonate derivative is a crucial component of the developed methodology.
Chemical Constituents from the Flowers of Carthamus tinctorius L. and Their Lung Protective Activity
Authors: Liu Yanling , Wang Mengna , Cao Yangang , Zeng Mengnan , Zhang Qinqin , Ren Yingjie , Chen Xu , He Chen , Fan Xiling , Zheng Xiaoke , Feng Weisheng
Published: June 2022

A new flavonoid, saffloflavanside (1), a new sesquiterpene, safflomegastigside (2), and a new amide, saffloamide (3), together with twenty-two known compounds (4–25), were isolated from the flowers of Carthamus tinctorius L. Their structures were determined based on interpretation of their spectroscopic data and comparison with those reported in the literature. The protective effects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated damage on human normal lung epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells of the compounds were evaluated using MTT assay and cellular immunofluorescence assay. The results showed that compounds 2–3, 8–11, and 15–19 exhibited protective effects against LPS-induced damage to BEAS-2B cells. Moreover, compounds 2–3, 8–11, and 15–19 can significantly downregulate the level of nuclear translocation of NF-κB p-p65. In summary, this study revealed chemical constituents with lung protective activity from C. tinctorius, which may be developed as a drug for the treatment of lung injury.
Development and Validation of a Method of Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Quantification of ST-246 (Tecovirimat) in Human Plasma
Authors: Oleinik Galina A. , Koval Vladimir V. , Usova Svetlana V. , Shishkina Larisa N. , Chernonosov Alexander A.
Published: June 2022

The aim of this work was to develop and validate a sensitive and robust method of liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry to quantitate ST-246 (tecovirimat) in plasma using an internal standard (2-hydroxy-N-{3,5-dioxo-4-azatetracyclo [5.3.2.02.6.08.10]dodec-11-en-4-yl}-5-methylbenzamide). The method was validated in negative multiple reaction monitoring mode following recommendations of the European Medicines Agency for the validation of bioanalytical methods. The calibration curve for the analyte was linear in the 10–2500 ng/mL range with determination coefficient R2 > 0.99. Intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision for three concentrations of quality control were <15%. Testing of long-term stability of ST-246 (tecovirimat) in plasma showed no degradation at −20 °C for at least 3 months. The method was applied to a clinical assay of a new antipoxvirus compound, NIOCH-14. Thus, the proposed method is suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring of ST-246 (tecovirimat) itself and of NIOCH-14 as its metabolic precursor.
Perilla frutescens: A Rich Source of Pharmacological Active Compounds
Authors: Hou Tianyu , Netala Vasudeva Reddy , Zhang Hongjiao , Xing Yun , Li Huizhen , Zhang Zhijun
Published: June 2022

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton, an important pharmaceutical and nutraceutical crop, is widely cultivated in East Asian countries. In this review, we present the latest research findings on the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of P. frutescens. Different databases, including PubMed, Scopus, CNKI, Agricola, Scifinder, Embase, ScienceDirect, DOAJ, and Web of Science, were searched to present the best review. In this review, we clearly represent the active constituents responsible for each and every pharmacological activity, plausible mechanism of action, and maximum inhibitory concentrations, as well as IC50 values. Approximately 400 different bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, terpenoids, quinines, phenylpropanoids, polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, coumarins, anthocyanins, carotenoids, neolignans, fatty acids, polycosanols, tocopherols, and sitosterols, have been reported in the leaves, seeds, roots, and aerial parts of P. frutescens. The bioactive constituents of P. frutescens exhibited different enzyme-inhibition properties, including antihyaluronidase effects and aldose reductase inhibitory, α-glucosidase inhibitory, xanthine oxidase inhibitory, and tyrosinase inhibitory properties. P. frutescens showed strong anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, anti-spasmodic, anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, insecticidal, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective effects. Hence, the active constituents of P. frutescens used in the treatment of diabetes and diabetic complications (retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy), prevention of hyperuricemia in gout patients, hyper pigmentation, allergic conditions, skin inflammation, skin allergy, atopic dermatitis, periodontosis, androgenic alopecia, gastric inflammation, oesophagitis, carcinogenesis, cardiovascular, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and cerebral ischemic disorders. Furthermore, we revealed the most active constituents and possible mechanisms of the pharmacological properties of P. frutescens.
Visible-Light-Driven Ag-Doped BiOBr Nanoplates with an Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance for the Degradation of Bisphenol A
Authors: Wang Chu-Ya , Zeng Qi , Wang Li-Xia , Fang Xin , Zhu Guangcan
Published: June 2022

Based on the low utilization rate of visible light and the high-charge carriers-recombination efficiency of bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr), in this work, noble metal Ag was used to modify BiOBr, and Ag-doped BiOBr nanoplates (Ag-BiOBr) were obtained through a one-step hydrothermal method. Compared with BiOBr, the absorption edge of Ag-BiOBr showed a redshift from 453 nm to 510 nm, and the absorption efficiency of visible light was, obviously, improved. Bisphenol A (BPA) was chosen as the target pollutant, to evaluate the photocatalytic performance of the samples. Ag0.1-BiOBr showed the highest degradation efficiency. The intrinsic photocatalytic activity of Ag0.1-BiOBr, under visible light, was approximately twice as high as that of BiOBr. In this way, a new visible-light-driven photocatalyst was proposed, to fight against organic pollution, which provides a promising strategy for water and wastewater treatment.
The Mediating Effect of Inflammation between the Dietary and Health-Related Behaviors and Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescence
Authors: Kim Ui-Jeong , Choi Eun-Jeong , Park Hyunjin , Lee Hye-Ah , Park Bomi , Kim Haesoon , Hong Youngsun , Jung Seungyoun , Park Hyesook
Published: June 2022

Chronic diseases develop via complex pathways, depending on the degree of exposure to risk factors from early in life and childhood onward. Metabolic syndrome has multiple risk factors, including genetic factors, inappropriate diet, and insufficient physical activity. This study classified health-related behavior classes in childhood and adolescents and analyzed the direct and indirect effects of each class on the metabolic risk in inflammation-mediated pathways. We identified the health-related lifestyle classes based on health-related behavior indicators in subjects aged 3–15 years who participated in the Ewha Birth and Growth Cohort Study by using a latent class analysis. A mediation analysis was performed to access the direct and indirect effects of each class on the continuous metabolic syndrome score (cMetS), with the inflammatory index used as a mediating factor. Subjects were classified into inactive and positive lifestyle classes according to their characteristics. In the inactive lifestyle class, interleukin (IL)-6 and cMetS had a significant association. The study confirmed that IL-6 exerts a significant indirect effect between inactive lifestyle and cMetS. This result supports previous studies. Since the health behaviors of children and adolescents can affect the likelihood of subsequent metabolic syndrome, appropriate health behavior interventions for this period are needed.
In Vitro Anticancer Activity Screening of Novel Fused Thiophene Derivatives as VEGFR-2/AKT Dual Inhibitors and Apoptosis Inducers
Authors: Abdelnaby Rana M. , El-Malah Afaf A. , FakhrEldeen Rasha R. , Saeed Marwa M. , Nadeem Rania I. , Younis Nancy S. , Abdel-Rahman Hanaa M. , El-Dydamony Nehad M.
Published: June 2022

Protein kinases are seen as promising targets in controlling cell proliferation and survival in treating cancer where fused thiophene synthon was utilized in many kinase inhibitors approved by the FDA. Accordingly, this work focused on adopting fused thienopyrrole and pyrrolothienopyrimidine scaffolds in preparing new inhibitors, which were evaluated as antiproliferative agents in the HepG2 and PC-3 cell lines. The compounds 3b (IC50 = 3.105 and 2.15 μM) and 4c (IC50 = 3.023 and 3.12 μM) were the most promising candidates on both cells with good selective toxicity-sparing normal cells. A further mechanistic evaluation revealed promising kinase inhibitory activity, where 4c inhibited VEGFR-2 and AKT at IC50 = 0.075 and 4.60 μM, respectively, while 3b showed IC50 = 0.126 and 6.96 μM, respectively. Moreover, they resulted in S phase cell cycle arrest with subsequent caspase-3-induced apoptosis. Lastly, docking studies evaluated the binding patterns of these active derivatives and demonstrated a similar fitting pattern to the reference ligands inside the active sites of both VEGFR-2 and AKT (allosteric pocket) crystal structures. To conclude, these thiophene derivatives represent promising antiproliferative leads inhibiting both VEGFR-2 and AKT and inducing apoptosis in liver cell carcinoma.
Biodegradable Nonwoven Agrotextile and Films—A Review
Authors: Kopitar Dragana , Marasovic Paula , Jugov Nikola , Schwarz Ivana
Published: June 2022

As society becomes more aware of environmental pollution, global warming, and environmental disasters, people are increasingly turning to sustainable materials and products. This includes agrotextiles in a wide range of products, including nonwoven agrotextiles for mulching. This review provides insight into relevant available data and information on the condition, possibilities, and trends of nonwoven mulches from natural fibres, biopolymers, and recycled sources. The basic definitions and differences between biodegradation and composting processes are explained, and the current standards related to biodegradation are presented. In addition, an insight into the biodegradation of various nonwoven mulches and films, including their advantages and disadvantages, is provided, to predict the future directions of nonwoven mulches development.
Tuning Polymer/TiO2 Nanocomposites Morphology by In Situ Non-Hydrolytic Sol-Gel Syntheses in Viscous Polymer Medium: Influence of the Polymer Nature and Oxygen Donor
Authors: Besançon Manon , Wang Yanhui , Alauzun Johan G. , Mutin Hubert , Espuche Eliane , Bounor-Legaré Véronique
Published: June 2022

Herein, we reported the synthesis of TiO2 through different non-hydrolytic sol-gel (NHSG) routes in viscous polymer media. For the first time, the influence of the polymer nature (Polystyrene (PS) or Polypropylene (PP)) on the morphology of synthesized inorganic domains was investigated. The non-hydrolytic sol-gel reactions between titanium isopropoxide Ti(OiPr)4 and acetic anhydride in molten polypropylene lead to the formation of microfillers with a mean diameter of about 1 μm, while the same synthesis carried out in viscous polystyrene lead to the formation of nanofillers with diameter lower than 10 nm forming aggregates of approximately 200 nm. We have also investigated the influence of the oxygen donor nature on the morphology of synthesized fillers using aromatic oxygen donors in a polystyrene matrix. The use of benzoic anhydride or acetophenone as oxygen donors with Ti(OiPr)4 in viscous polystyrene lead to respectively platelet-like morphology or aggregated nanofillers. We demonstrated that the affinity between polymer, reactants, and/or by-products had an influence on the morphology and the size of in situ synthesized TiO2 fillers. These results evidenced for the first time the possibility to control and to tune the morphology of in situ grown inorganic objects through the NHSG process by the appropriate choice of solvent, here a viscous polymer medium, and reactants.