bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flame‐Synthesized Ceria‐Supported Copper Dimers for Preferential Oxidation of CO
Authors: Kydd Richard , Teoh Wey Yang , Wong Kenneth , Wang Yong , Scott Jason , Zeng Qing‐Hua , Yu Ai‐Bing , Zou Jin , Amal Rose
Published: December 2008

Rapid synthesis of CuCeO2 catalysts by flame spray pyrolysis produces highly active Cu dimer morphologies without the need for additional catalyst pretreatment. The active Cu component is enriched onto the CeO2 surface at concentrations higher than the nominal loading with no evidence of amorphous or crystalline CuO phase. Increasing the Cu content results in a morphological transition from isolated Cu monomers to oxygen‐bridged dimers and an associated increase in oxygen vacancy concentration. Dimer‐containing CuCeO2 catalysts display high levels of activity and selectivity in the low‐temperature preferential oxidation of CO. Experimental measurements and simulations suggest that the geometry of the dimer presents a comparatively ionic CuO bond at the catalyst surface. Further studies indicate that these ionic dimer species promote preferential CO oxidation at lower temperatures than observed for monomeric Cu species. This is the first report to explicitly propose and demonstrate that the structural distortion associated with the formation of Cu dimers directly induces increased bond ionicity at the catalyst surface and that these changes are responsible for improved catalytic activity.
The relationship between chronic rhinosinusitis and occupation: The 1998, 2001, and 2005 Korea National health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES)
Authors: Koh Dong‐Hee , Kim Hyoung‐Ryoul , Han Soon‐Sil
Published: December 2008

Objectives

We examined the relationship between chronic rhinosinusitis and occupation.

Methods

We analyzed data from the 1998, 2001, and 2005 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Men and women aged 20–59 who participated in the three KNHANES were included to analyze the relationship between chronic rhinosinusitis and occupation. Trained interviewers visited subjects' homes and administered a standardized questionnaire on diagnosed diseases. Subjects were asked if they had experienced chronic rhinosinusitis during the previous year or had had rhinosinusitis for three or more consecutive months. Occupational classification followed the major groups of the Korean Standard Classification of Occupations (KSCO). We calculated the prevalence ratios (PRs) of chronic rhinosinusitis by major groups compared with clerical workers in the three KNHANES. Poisson regression with robust standard error was conducted, adjusting for age in 10‐year strata.

Results

There were significantly increased PRs of chronic rhinosinusitis in plant and machinery operators and assemblers, elementary occupations, crafts and related trade workers, and the unemployed.

Conclusions

These results support the relationship between chronic rhinosinusitis and occupational exposure at the macro level. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:179–184, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coat condition of ringtailed lemurs,Lemur cattaat Berenty Reserve, Madagascar: I. differences by age, sex, density and tourism, 1996–2006
Authors: Jolly Alison
Published: December 2008

An index of coat condition can be a non‐invasive tool for tracking health and stress at population level. Coat condition in ringtailed lemurs,Lemur catta,was recorded during September–November birth seasons of 1996, 1997, 1999, and 2001–2006 at Berenty Reserve, Madagascar. Condition was scored on a scale from 0: full, fluffy coat with guard hairs present, to 5: half or more of body hairless. Adult males did not differ overall from adult females. Coats were worse in adults than in 2‐year‐old subadults; 1‐year‐old juveniles were intermediate. Mothers and adult males lost coat condition as the season progressed: non‐mother females maintained condition. Years 1999–2002 scored better coats than either 1996–1997 or 2003–2006. Lemurs in high population density areas had worse coats than in natural forest, but tourist presence had less effect than density. Monitoring coat condition in an apparently healthy population reveals differences between population segments, and in a forest fragment with limited immigration or emigration it can track progressive changes, correcting impressions of progressive improvement or degradation over time. Above all it gives a baseline for response to climate changes or eventual pathology. Am. J. Primatol. 71:191–198, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High assimilation of the sacrum in a sample of American skeletons: Prevalence, pelvic size, and obstetrical and evolutionary implications
Authors: Tague Robert G.
Published: December 2008

High assimilation sacrum is fusion of the caudal‐most lumbar vertebra to the first sacral vertebra. Previous studies have shown that high assimilation is associated with clinical problems, including obstetrical difficulty. This study used adult American males (n = 1,048) and females (n = 1,038) of the Hamann–Todd and Terry skeletal collections to determine the prevalence of high assimilation and its effect on pelvic size, and to consider the obstetrical and evolutionary implications of high assimilation. The prevalence of high assimilation in this sample is 6.3%, with males and females not differing significantly from one another in their prevalence. This prevalence is near the median for that reported in 41 other samples. In both males and females, individuals with high assimilation have significantly longer anteroposterior and posterior sagittal diameters of the inlet, and shorter sacrum compared to those with a nonassimilated sacrum. Females with high assimilation have a significantly narrower sacral angulation (i.e., reduced inclination of ventral axis of sacrum), and shorter posterior sagittal diameter of the outlet compared to those with a nonassimilated sacrum. A short posterior sagittal diameter of the outlet is associated with childbirth difficulty. As high assimilation is partial homeotic transformation of a lumbar vertebra, this study supports previous research that homeotic transformation of vertebrae is selectively disadvantageous. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigating cultural heterogeneity in San Pedro de Atacama, northern Chile, through biogeochemistry and bioarchaeology
Authors: Knudson Kelly J. , Torres‐Rouff Christina
Published: December 2008

Individuals living in the San Pedro de Atacama oases and the neighboring upper Loa River Valley of northern Chile experienced the collapse of an influential foreign polity, environmental decline, and the appearance of a culturally distinct group during the Late Intermediate Period (ca. AD 1,100–1,400). We investigate cultural heterogeneity at the Loa site of Caspana through analyses of strontium and oxygen isotopes, cranial modification styles, and mortuary behavior, integrating biological aspects of identity, particularly geographic origins, with cultural aspects of identity manifested in body modification and mortuary behavior. We test the hypothesis that the Caspana population (n = 66) represents a migrant group, as supported by archeological and ethnographic evidence, rather than a culturally distinct local group. For Caspana archeological human tooth enamel, mean 87Sr/86Sr = 0.70771 ± 0.00038 (1σ, n = 30) and mean δ18Oc(V‐PDB) = −3.9 ± 0.6‰ (1σ, n = 16); these isotopic data suggest that only one individual lived outside the region. Material culture suggests that the individuals buried at Caspana shared some cultural affinity with the San Pedro oases while maintaining distinct cultural traditions. Finally, cranial modification data show high frequencies of head shaping [92.4% (n = 61/65)] and an overwhelming preference for annular modification [75.4% (n = 46/61)], contrasting sharply with practices in the San Pedro area. Based on multiple lines of evidence, we argue that, rather than representing a group of altiplano migrants, the Caspana population existed in the region for some time. However, cranial modification styles and mortuary behavior that are markedly distinct from patterns in surrounding areas raise the possibility of cultural heterogeneity and cultural fissioning. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Masticatory loading and bone adaptation in the supraorbital torus of developing macaques
Authors: Kupczik K. , Dobson C.A. , Crompton R.H. , Phillips R. , Oxnard C.E. , Fagan M.J. , O'Higgins P.
Published: December 2008

Research on the evolution and adaptive significance of primate craniofacial morphologies has focused on adult, fully developed individuals. Here, we investigate the possible relationship between the local stress environment arising from masticatory loadings and the emergence of the supraorbital torus in the developing face of the crab‐eating macaque Macaca fascicularis. By using finite element analysis (FEA), we are able to evaluate the hypothesis that strain energy density (SED) magnitudes are high in subadult individuals with resulting bone growth in the supraorbital torus. We developed three micro‐CT‐based FEA models of M. fascicularis skulls ranging in dental age from deciduous to permanent dentitions and validated them against published experimental data. Applied masticatory muscle forces were estimated from physiological cross‐sectional areas of macaque cadaveric specimens. The models were sequentially constrained at each working side tooth to simulate the variation of the bite point applied during masticatory function. Custom FEA software was used to solve the voxel‐based models and SED and principal strains were computed. A physiological superposition SED map throughout the face was created by allocating to each element the maximum SED value from each of the load cases. SED values were found to be low in the supraorbital torus region throughout ontogeny, while they were consistently high in the zygomatic arch and infraorbital region. Thus, if the supraorbital torus arises to resist masticatory loads, it is either already adapted in each of our subadult models so that we do not observe high SED or a lower site‐specific bone deposition threshold must apply. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Formkontrolle bei der Synthese von Metallnanokristallen: einfache Chemie, komplexe Physik?
Authors: Xia Younan , Xiong Yujie , Lim Byungkwon , Skrabalak Sara E.
Published: December 2008

Nanokristalle sind von grundlegender Bedeutung in der modernen Wissenschaft und Technologie. Die Eigenschaften eines Nanokristalls lassen sich über seine Form beeinflussen und auf eine bestimmte Anwendung hin zuschneiden. Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist es, einen umfassenden Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der Forschung auf dem Gebiet der formkontrollierten Synthese von Metallnanokristallen zu geben. Nach einer kurzen Einleitung über die Prinzipien von Kristallkeimbildung und ‐wachstum diskutieren wir einzelne Arten von Nanokristallformen und betrachten verschiedene experimentelle Parameter, über die die Keimbildung und das Wachstum von Metallnanokristallen in der Lösungssynthese gezielt manipuliert werden kann. Wir erläutern diese Methoden anhand von Beispielen, wo zumindest ein Grundverständnis für die beobachtete Formkontrolle vorhanden ist. Schließlich stellen wir Anwendungen vor, bei denen die Formkontrolle von Metallnanokristallen ein entscheidender Faktor ist, und beenden den Aufsatz mit einem persönlichen Ausblick auf künftig zu erwartende Entwicklungen auf diesem Gebiet.
Shape‐Controlled Synthesis of Metal Nanocrystals: Simple Chemistry Meets Complex Physics?
Authors: Xia Younan , Xiong Yujie , Lim Byungkwon , Skrabalak Sara E.
Published: December 2008

Nanocrystals are fundamental to modern science and technology. Mastery over the shape of a nanocrystal enables control of its properties and enhancement of its usefulness for a given application. Our aim is to present a comprehensive review of current research activities that center on the shape‐controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals. We begin with a brief introduction to nucleation and growth within the context of metal nanocrystal synthesis, followed by a discussion of the possible shapes that a metal nanocrystal might take under different conditions. We then focus on a variety of experimental parameters that have been explored to manipulate the nucleation and growth of metal nanocrystals in solution‐phase syntheses in an effort to generate specific shapes. We then elaborate on these approaches by selecting examples in which there is already reasonable understanding for the observed shape control or at least the protocols have proven to be reproducible and controllable. Finally, we highlight a number of applications that have been enabled and/or enhanced by the shape‐controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals. We conclude this article with personal perspectives on the directions toward which future research in this field might take.
Prediction and experimental verification of bubble and processing characteristics in blown‐film extrusion
Authors: Majumder Khokan Kanti , Ding Yan , Hobbs Graham , Bhattacharya Sati N
Published: December 2008

Blown‐film modeling is useful to the flexible packaging industry for predicting process and bubble characteristics, such as freeze line height (FLH), bubble diameter, and film thickness. The use of a suitable rheological equation to describe material properties is critical in simulating the blown‐film process. In this article, we present an improved rheological constitutive equation, which incorporates more realistic parameters of stress and deformation properties of the materials by combining the Hookean model with the Phan‐Thien Tanner (PTT) model. The proposed PTT–Hookean model is aimed at enhancing the viscoelastic behavior of the melt during biaxial stretching in the blown‐film extrusion. Predictions of the blown‐film bubble characteristics and FLH obtained with the PTT–Hookean model agreed well with the experimental data of this study and previous studies with different materials and different die geometries. The justification for combining the Hookean model with the PTT model in the blown‐film process is also reported here. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Influence of impact load‐temperature conformity on toughening of poly(vinyl chloride) by core‐shell rubber particles
Authors: Javadi A. , Mohammadi N. , Garmabi H. , Pourrahimi A. M. , Mashayekhi J.
Published: December 2008

The work focused on the elucidation of several key parameters in toughening poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) by the methyl methacrylate–butadiene–styrene (MBS) core‐shell particles. Accordingly, blends containing various weight percent of the MBS particles were prepared and characterized by dilute solution viscometry, dynamic light scattering, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and temperature variable impact test. The results showed PVC/MBS solution miscibility in almost all compositions with their maximum thermodynamic affinities at about 17 and 67 wt % of MBS in tetrahydrofurane (THF). In addition, MBS weight percent increase in its blend with the PVC above 10 led to severe impact energy raise with eventual leveling at about 17 wt %. Furthermore, blend toughness and its components miscibility in solution increased in parallel up to 20 wt % of MBS particles. On the other hand, blend toughness declined with test temperature decrease toward impact modifier core Tg at about −30°C even for the sample with 20 wt % of the MBS particles. Finally, the brittle‐ductile transition of the blend containing 20 wt % of the MBS particles comparison with its matrix tan δ‐temperature correlation implied 2500 J/m impact energy equivalence with 90°C sample temperature rise in secondary relaxation activation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation, characterization, and salicylic acid release behavior of chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend microspheres
Authors: Şanlı Oya , Karaca İlker , Işıklan Nuran
Published: December 2008

Blend microspheres of chitosan (CS) with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were prepared as candidates for oral delivery system. CS/PVA microspheres containing salicylic acid (SA), as a model drug, were obtained using the coacervation‐phase separation method, induced by addition of a nonsolvent (sodium hydroxide solution) and then crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GA) as a crosslinking agent. The microspheres were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy. Percentage entrapment efficiency, particle size, and equilibrium swelling degree of the microsphere formulations were determined. The results indicated that these parameters were changed by preparation conditions of the microspheres. Effects of variables such as CS/PVA ratio, pH, crosslinker concentration, and drug/polymer (d/p) ratio on the release of SA were studied at three different pH values (1.2, 6.8, and 7.4) at 37°C. It was observed that SA release from the microspheres increased with decreasing CS/PVA ratio and d/p ratio whereas it decreased with the increase in the extent of crosslinking. It may also be noted that drug release was much higher at pH 1.2 than that of at pH 6.8 and 7.4. The highest SA release percentage was obtained as 100% for the microspheres prepared with PVA/CS ratio of 1/2, d/p ratio of 1/2, exposure time to GA of 5 min, and concentration of GA 1.5% at the end of 6 h. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Functionalization of polymethylhydrosiloxane gels with an allyl ureido benzocrown ether derivative: Complexation properties
Authors: Nasr Gihane , Bestal Hanan , Barboiu Mihail , Bresson Bruno , Thami Thierry
Published: December 2008

Crosslinked polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) thin films prepared by sol–gel polycondensation have been functionalized by Pt‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of SiH groups with an allyl ureido crown ether precursor. To this purpose, both 4′‐allylurea‐benzo‐15‐crown‐5 (1) and 1‐allyl‐3‐propyl‐urea (2) were synthesized and characterized. We have shown that competitive side‐reactions occurred following hydrosilylation due to the hydrolysis of part of the SiH groups resulting in the formation of new crosslinks Si(CH3)O3/2 as shown by solid‐state 29Si‐NMR. This is explained by the deactivation of the Pt catalyst toward hydrosilylation by amide groups. For thin films (∼ 1 μm) prepared on silicon wafers, a quantitative method based on FT‐IR transmission spectroscopy was used to measure the crosslinking density of the network, and the percentage of functionalization (SiC %) following hydrosilylation. The results are discussed in relation to the mesh size of the network, and the diffusion of alkenes and water molecules within lightly crosslinked PMHS gels obtained by varying the amount of triethoxysilane crosslinker (mol %) from 15 to 1%. The self‐organization properties of ureido groups by H‐bonding were studied by FT‐IR for the functionalized thin films. The complexation properties of the crown ether 1‐functionalized thin films were evidenced by using FT‐IR following diffusion‐reactions of NaSCN and KSCN salts in CHCl3 : MeOH solvent mixtures within thin films. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Separation of gold(III) ions from copper(II) and zinc(II) ions using thiourea–formaldehyde or urea–formaldehyde chelating resins
Authors: Ertan Elif , Gülfen Mustafa
Published: December 2008

Thiourea–formaldehyde (TF) and urea–formaldehyde (UF) chelating resins were synthesized and these resins were used in the separation of gold(III) ions from copper(II) and zinc(II) base metal ions. In the experimental studies, the effect of acidity on gold(III) uptake and gold(III) adsorption capacities by batch method, and loading and elution profiles of gold(III) ions, gold(III), copper(II), and zinc(II), dynamic adsorption capacities and the stability tests of TF and UF resins by column method were examined. By batch method, the optimum acidities were found as pH 2 and 0.5M HCl, and gold(III) adsorption capacities in the solutions including copper(II) and zinc(II) ions were obtained as 0.088 and 0.151 meq Au(III)/g for UF and TF resins, respectively. On the other hand, by column method, the dynamic adsorption capacities were calculated as 0.109 meq Au(III)/g with TF, 0.023 meq Au(III)/g with UF, 0.015 meq Cu(II)/g with TF, 0.0057 meq Cu(II)/g with UF, and under 6.1 × 10−5 meq Zn(II)/g with TF or UF. TF resin was more effective in the separation and the concentration of gold(III) ions from copper(II) and zinc(II) ions than UF resin. It was seen that sulfur atoms contributed the gold(III) adsorption comparing with oxygen atoms. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and physical properties of wood/polypropylene/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Lee Hongkwan , Kim Dae Su
Published: December 2008

Wood plastic composites (WPCs) are attracting a lot of interests because they are economic, environmentally friendly, and show fairly good performance. To improve the performance of a wood/polypropylene (PP) composite, an organoclay was incorporated as a nanosize filler in this work. WPCs were prepared by melt blending followed by compression molding, and their performance was investigated by universal testing machine, izod impact tester, dynamic mechanical analyzer, thermal mechanical analyzer, differential scanning calorimetry, and TGA. Maleic anhydride polypropylene copolymer (MAPP) was used to increase compatibility between the PP matrix and wood particles and also improve the dispersion and exfoliation of the organoclay in the PP matrix. XRD analysis showed that the matrix of the WPCs with organoclay had intercalated structure. The SEM images of the WPCs with MAPP showed improved interfacial adhesion between the matrix and wood particles. The degree of water absorption increased with immersion time, but it could be restrained by incorporating MAPP. The performance of the WPCs was improved by the incorporation of the organoclay. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Piezoresistive behavior of epoxy matrix‐carbon fiber composites with different reinforcement arrangements
Authors: Boschetti‐de‐Fierro A. , Pardey R. , Savino V. , Müller A. J.
Published: December 2008

In this work, the self‐monitoring capability of epoxy matrix‐carbon fiber composites has been studied. Different concentrations and arrangements of reinforcements were used, including random chopped, unidirectional and bi‐directional continuous carbon fibers, weaved and nonweaved. Mechanical properties were determined by uniaxial tensile tests. The composite electric to mechanical behavior was established by determining its electrical resistivity variation as a function of the stress‐strain curve. It was observed that the composites electrical resistance increased during tensile tests, a trend that indicates piezoresistive behavior. The increase was linear for the chopped reinforced composites, while it exhibits different slopes in the continuous reinforced composites. The initial smaller slope corresponds mainly to separation of the 90° oriented fibers and/or transversal cracking of the matrix, whereas the latter higher slope is caused by fiber fracture. The results demonstrated how each reinforcement configuration exhibited a unique and typical electrical response depending on the specific reinforcement, which might be appropriate either for strain‐monitoring or damage‐monitoring. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Water vapor absorption and permeability of films based on chitosan and sodium caseinate
Authors: Pereda Mariana , Aranguren Mirta I. , Marcovich Norma E.
Published: December 2008

The objective of this work was to characterize the moisture sorption and water vapor permeation behavior of edible films made from sodium caseinate and chitosan for future applications as protective layers on foods. Glycerol was used as a plasticizer, and the films were obtained by a casting/solvent‐evaporation method. The moisture sorption kinetics and water vapor permeability (WVP) were investigated. The effect of the addition of glycerol on the WVP characteristics of the films was determined at 25°C with a relative humidity (RH) gradient of 0–64.5% (internal to external). Experimental data were fitted with an exponential function with two fitting parameters. WVP increased with increasing glycerol content in both films, chitosan samples being much more permeable than caseinate ones at any glycerol content. WVPs of sodium caseinate, chitosan, and chitosan/caseinate films with 28 wt % glycerol were also determined for two RH gradients, 0 to 64.5% and 100 to 64.5%, higher WVPs being measured at higher RHs. The moisture sorption kinetics of caseinate films prepared with various glycerol contents were determined by the placement of the films in environments conditioned at 20°C and 75% RH. Peleg's equation and Fick's second law were used to predict the moisture sorption behavior over the entire time period. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis of N‐β‐aminoethyl‐γ‐aminopropyl polydimethyl‐co‐polydiphenylsiloxane and its film morphology and orientation
Authors: Li Mingtao , An Qiufeng , Huang Liangxian , Yang Gang , Wang Qianjin
Published: December 2008

A fabric softener, N‐β‐aminoethyl‐γ‐aminopropyl polydimethyl‐co‐polydiphenylsiloxane (PASO), was synthesized by the polymerization of octamethyl cyclotetrasiloxane with an amino‐functional silane and dimethyldiphenylsilane. The chemical structure of the synthesized polysiloxane was characterized by Fourier transform infrared and 1H‐NMR spectra. The morphology, composition, and hydrophobic properties of the PASO film were investigated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, contact angle measurement, and other measurements. The experimental results indicate that on the silicon wafer surface, PASO formed a hydrophobic, nonhomogeneous structural film. In addition, the atomic force microscopy results show that the PASO film deposited on the silicon wafer seemed to be slightly rougher than the film of the control, the N‐β‐aminoethyl‐γ‐aminopropyl polydimethylsiloxane. As a result, an orientation model of PASO is proposed on the basis of the characterization of the PASO film properties. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Comparison of Dentoalveolar Morphology in WT and P2X7R KO Mice for the Development of Biomechanical Orthodontic Models
Authors: Viecilli Rodrigo , Katona Thomas , Chen Jie , Roberts Eugene , Hartsfield James
Published: December 2008

It has been suggested that the absence of the P2X7 receptor affects long bone morphology, and that one of the cytokines dependent on its activation may also affect tooth morphology. P2X7R KO (knockout) were compared with C57B/6 WT mice (background strain) to identify differences in a maxillary molar and surrounding bone. Nineteen WT and 12 KO mouse maxillae were scanned and 3D‐reconstructed using microCT. Tooth dimensions were measured and 3D bone morphometry was conducted. A finite element model was constructed based on the results. No statistically significant differences were found in dentoalveolar characteristics between the two mouse types. A single finite element model of the tooth can be used to mechanically represent both strains. P2X7R does not have a major effect on alveolar bone or tooth morphology. The P2X7R effects are site‐specific. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimal designs for parameter estimation of the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process
Authors: Zagoraiou Maroussa , Baldi Antognini Alessandro
Published: December 2008

This paper deals with optimal designs for Gaussian random fields with constant trend and exponential correlation structure, widely known as the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process. Assuming the maximum likelihood approach, we study the optimal design problem for the estimation of the trend µ and the correlation parameter θ using a criterion based on the Fisher information matrix. For the problem of trend estimation, we give a new proof of the optimality of the equispaced design for any sample size (see Statist. Probab. Lett. 2008; 78:1388–1396). We also show that for the estimation of the correlation parameter, an optimal design does not exist. Furthermore, we show that the optimal strategy for µ conflicts with the one for θ, since the equispaced design is the worst solution for estimating the correlation. Hence, when the inferential purpose concerns both the unknown parameters we propose the geometric progression design, namely a flexible class of procedures that allow the experimenter to choose a suitable compromise regarding the estimation's precision of the two unknown parameters guaranteeing, at the same time, high efficiency for both. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temporal aggregation of Markov‐switching financial return models
Authors: Chan Wai‐Sum , Zhang Li‐Xin , Cheung Siu Hung
Published: December 2008

In this paper we investigate the effects of temporal aggregation of a class of Markov‐switching models known as Markov‐switching normal (MSN) models. The growing popularity of the MSN processes in modelling financial returns can be attributed to their inherited flexibility characteristics, allowing for heteroscedasticity, asymmetry and excess kurtosis. The distributions of the process described by the basic MSN model and the model of the corresponding temporal aggregate data are derived. They belong to a general class of mixture normal distributions. The limiting behaviour of the aggregated MSN model, as the order of aggregation tends to infinity, is studied. We provide explicit formulae for the volatility, autocovariance, skewness and kurtosis of the aggregated processes. An application of measuring solvency risk with MSN models for horizons larger than 1 year and up to 10 years from the baseline U.S. S&P 500 stock market total return time series spanning about 50 years is given. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vom Hofbräuhaus zum Deutschen Museum – Münchner Bauten aus Eisenbeton 1890 bis 1914 (2)
Authors: Schmidt Hartwig
Published: December 2008

In diesem Jahr (2008) feiert München sein 850‐jähriges Stadtjubiläum, und in den dazu erscheinenden Publikationen bemühen sich die Autoren, das speziell Münchnerische herauszuarbeiten. Wenig Beachtung findet dabei ein besonderes Kapitel der Münchner Baugeschichte – der Beginn des Bauens mit Eisenbeton um 1900. München kann für sich in Anspruch nehmen, diejenige Stadt gewesen zu sein, in der die neue Bautechnik erprobt wurde und schon früh bedeutende Bauten in Eisenbeton entstanden. Leider ist diese außergewöhnliche architektonische und bautechnische Entwicklung heute weitgehend in Vergessenheit geraten.
Plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of [6]‐gingerol in rats
Authors: Jiang Su‐zhen , Wang Ning‐sheng , Mi Sui‐qing
Published: December 2008

[6]‐Gingerol is one of the pungent components in ginger which has been found to possess various pharmacological effects. However, there is insufficient information on the properties of [6]‐gingerol based on controlled pharmacokinetic studies. The aim of this study was to clarify distribution profiles of [6]‐gingerol in blood and biological tissues of experimental rats. Rats were administered a 240 mg/kg dose of Gs (a ginger extract, containing 53% [6]‐gingerol) by oral ingestion. Plasma samples were collected at 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45 min, and 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4 h after dosing (eight samples per time point), and brain, heart, lung, spleen, liver, kidney, stomach and small intestine tissues were collected at 5, 15, 30 min and 1, 2, 4 h after dosing (five animals per time point). Samples were prepared by a liquid‐liquid extraction procedure and the extracts were assayed by HPLC‐UV. After per oral application, [6]‐gingerol was absorbed rapidly into the plasma, and the maximal concentration (4.23 µg/ml) was reached after 10 min post dosing. [6]‐Gingerol plasma concentrations declined with time in a biexponential pattern. The elimination half‐time at the terminal phase was 1.77 h and the apparent total body clearance was 40.8 l/h. When administered orally, [6]‐gingerol was well distributed to the tissues examined, with the highest concentrations found in the gastrointestinal tract. Maximal concentrations of [6]‐gingerol were reached in most tissues at 0.5 h post‐dosing. The concentrations of [6]‐gingerol in tissues all were higher than in plasma with corresponding tissue to plasma ratios greater than 1 after 0.25 h post‐dose, showing high tissue partitioning and extensive distribution. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X‐ray‐induced apoptosis of BEL‐7402 cell line enhanced by extremely low frequency electromagnetic field in vitro
Authors: Jian Wen , Wei Zhao , Zhiqiang Cheng , Zheng Fang
Published: December 2008

This study was designed to test whether extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF‐EMF) could enhance the apoptosis‐induction effect of X‐ray radiotherapy on liver cancer cell line BEL‐7402 in vitro. EMF exposure was performed inside an energized solenoid coil. X‐ray irradiation was performed using a linear accelerator. Apoptosis rates of BEL‐7402 cells were analyzed using Annexin V‐Fit Apoptosis Detection kit. Apoptosis rates of EMF group and sham EMF group were compared when combined with X‐ray irradiation. Our results suggested that the apoptosis rate of BEL‐7402 cells exposed to low doses of X‐ray irradiation could be significantly increased by EMF. More EMF exposures obtain significantly higher apoptosis rates than fewer EMF exposures when combined with 2 Gy X‐ray irradiation. These findings suggested that ELF‐EMF could augment the cell apoptosis effects of low doses of X‐ray irradiation on BEL‐7402 cells in a synergistic and cumulative way. Bioelectromagnetics 30:163–165, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of 100 GHz radiation on alkaline phosphatase activity and antigen–antibody interaction
Authors: Homenko A. , Kapilevich B. , Kornstein R. , Firer M.A.
Published: December 2008

Equipment that generates microwave radiation (MWR) spanning the frequency range of 300 MHz–100 GHz is becoming more common. While MWR lacks sufficient energy to break chemical bonds, the disagreement as to whether MWR exposure is detrimental to cellular dysfunction may be difficult to clarify using complex systems such as whole animals, cells, or cell extracts. Recently, the high frequency range of terahertz (THz) radiation has been explored and sources of radiation and its detectors have been developed. THz radiation is associated with the frequency interval from 100 GHz to 20 THz and constitutes the next frontier in imaging science and technology. In the present study, we investigated the effect of radiation in the low frequency THz range (100 GHz) on two defined molecular interactions. First, the interaction of soluble or immobilized calf alkaline phosphatase with the substrate p‐nitrophenylphosphate and second, the interaction between an antibody (mouse monoclonal anti‐DNP) and its antigen (DNP). Irradiation of enzyme either prior to addition of substrate or during the enzymatic reaction resulted in small but significant reductions in enzyme activity. These differences were not observed if the enzyme had previously been immobilized onto plastic microwells. Exposure of immobilized antigen to radiation did not influence the ability of the antigen to interact with antibody. However, irradiation appeared to decrease the stability of previously formed antigen–antibody complexes. Our data suggest that 100 GHz radiation can induce small but statistically significant alterations in the characteristics of these two types of biomolecular interactions. Bioelectromagnetics 30:167–175, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Teaching students with ASD: Does teacher enthusiasm make a difference?
Authors: Natof Tammy Hammond , Romanczyk Raymond G.
Published: December 2008

There is a general belief that students perform better in an environment in which teachers exude enthusiasm. In elementary, secondary, and college settings, the display of teacher enthusiasm is associated with positive attitudes toward teachers, recall of information, and improved classroom behavior. Although the assumption that students perform better when teachers are enthusiastic is frequently extended to individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), there is currently no published research on the topic. Research on social avoidance suggests that individuals with ASD may have no reaction or even respond negatively to teacher enthusiasm and thus perform better in conditions of low teacher attention. The current study was conducted to examine the effects of teacher enthusiasm on task performance for 12 students diagnosed with ASD. For each participant, performance on a matching task was measured during a high attention condition and during a low attention condition. Inspection of performance data indicated that out of 12 participants, only one demonstrated better performance under high teacher attention and one demonstrated better performance under low teacher attention. Interestingly, when experimenters who served as teachers in the study were asked to judge student performance, they stated that all students performed better with high teacher attention. Based on the findings of the current study, educators and parents of children with ASD are cautioned against attributing differences or changes in student performance to type and intensity of social attention provided during task instruction in the absence of conducting a functional analysis. Implications from the current study serve as a reminder to avoid oversimplifying the complex learning challenges of children with autism and reiterate the importance of obtaining continuous objective performance data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neutral Nickel(II) and Copper(II) Tetraazamacrocyclic Complexes as Molecular Rods Attached to Gold Electrodes
Authors: Wawrzyniak Urszula E. , Woźny Mateusz , Kowalski Jarosław , Domagała Sławomir , Maicka Elwira , Bilewicz Renata , Woźniak Krzysztof , Korybut‐Daszkiewicz Bohdan
Published: December 2008

New dithiolated derivatives of neutral CuIIand NiIItetraazamacrocyclic complexes have been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic and diffractional methods. These rod‐shaped molecules were assembled in monocomponent and mixed monolayers on gold electrodes. In the mixed monolayers, the active molecules were embedded in a hexanethiol matrix. The dithiolated complexes are oriented perpendicularly to the electrode, and reveal faster kinetics of electron transfer than those assembled in a single‐component monolayer. They appear as protrusions, which are easily addressed by using the STM method. In the presence of a suitable electron acceptor in the solution, the donor properties of the anchored Cu complex were weakened, which revealed donor–acceptor interactions with the monolayer. The peak position in the voltammogram indicates a stronger interaction of the solution‐based acceptor with the reduced CuIIform than with the CuIIIcomplex. This suggests the possibility of switching the association on or off by applying an appropriate potential.
Highly Productive CNN Pincer Ruthenium Catalysts for the Asymmetric Reduction of Alkyl Aryl Ketones
Authors: Baratta Walter , Chelucci Giorgio , Magnolia Santo , Siega Katia , Rigo Pierluigi
Published: December 2008

Chiral pincer ruthenium complexes of formula [RuCl(CNN)(Josiphos)] (2–7; Josiphos=1‐[1‐(dicyclohexylphosphano)ethyl]‐2‐(diarylphosphano)ferrocene) have been prepared by treating [RuCl2(PPh3)3] with (S,R)‐Josiphos diphosphanes and 1‐substituted‐1‐(6‐arylpyridin‐2‐yl)methanamines (HCNN; substituent=H (1 a), Me (1 b), and tBu (1 c)) with NEt3. By using 1 b and 1 c as a racemic mixture, complexes 4–7 were obtained through a diastereoselective synthesis promoted by acetic acid. These pincer complexes, which display correctly matched chiral PP and CNN ligands, are remarkably active catalysts for the asymmetric reduction of alkyl aryl ketones in basic alcohol media by both transfer hydrogenation (TH) and hydrogenation (HY), achieving enantioselectivities of up to 99 %. In 2‐propanol, the enantioselective TH of ketones was accomplished by using a catalyst loading as low as 0.002 mol % and afforded a turnover frequency (TOF) of 105–106 h−1 (60 and 82 °C). In methanol/ethanol mixtures, the CNN pincer complexes catalyzed the asymmetric HY of ketones with H2 (5 atm) at 0.01 mol % relative to the complex with a TOF of ≈104 h−1 at 40 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structures and Polymorphism in Compounds Bi6+xT1‐xP2O15+y T = First Row Transition Metals and Pb.
Authors: Arumugam Nachiappan , Lynch Vincent , Steinfink Hugo
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Synthesis of Antimony Oxychloride and Oxide Nanocrystals: Sb4O5Cl2, Sb8O11Cl2, and Sb2O3.
Authors: Chen Xiang Ying , Huh Hyun Sue , Lee Soon W.
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkynyl Halides in Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed [2 + 2] Cycloadditions of Bicyclic Alkenes.
Authors: Allen Anna , Villeneuve Karine , Cockburn Neil , Fatila Elisabeth , Riddell Nicole , Tam William
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Sterically Biased 3,3‐Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Chiral Allylic Azides: Application to the Total Syntheses of Alkaloids.
Authors: Lauzon Sophie , Tremblay Francois , Gagnon David , Godbout Cedrickx , Chabot Christine , Mercier‐Shanks Catherine , Perreault Stephane , DeSeve Helene , Spino Claude
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Aromatization of Chlorohydroazulenones with Triflic Anhydride: Access to Chloroazulenyl Triflates.
Authors: Carret Sebastien , Depres Jean‐Pierre
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine‐Free Cp*Ru(Diamine) Catalysts in the Hydrogenation of Imines.
Authors: Cheruku Pradeep , Church Tamara L. , Andersson Pher G.
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A General Synthesis of 2‐Alkoxy‐2‐phenylpropanoic Acids.
Authors: Monk Keith A. , Duncan Nathan C. , Bauch Eric A. , Garner Charles M.
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Concise Synthesis of Spirocyclic, Bridged γ‐Butyrolactones via Stereospecific, Dyotropic Rearrangements of β‐Lactones Involving 1,2‐Acyl and δ‐Lactone Migrations.
Authors: Purohit Vikram C. , Matla Andrea S. , Romo Daniel
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Pyridinyl Aryl Methanol Derivatives by Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Ketones Using Chiral Ru(diphosphine)(diamine) Complexes. Attribution of Their Absolute Configuration by 1H NMR Spectroscopy Using Mosher′s Reagent.
Authors: Maerten Eddy , Agbossou‐Niedercorn Francine , Castanet Yves , Mortreux Andre
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Potential Rho‐kinase Inhibitors Based on the Chemistry of an Original Heterocycle: 4,4‐Dimethyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐1H‐quinolin‐2‐one.
Authors: Letellier Marie‐Anne , Guillard Jerome , Caignard Daniel‐Henri , Ferry Gilles , Boutin Jean A. , Viaud‐Massuard Marie‐Claude
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Versatile Cyclodehydration Reaction for the Synthesis of Isoquinoline and β‐Carboline Derivatives.
Authors: Movassaghi Mohammad , Hill Matthew D.
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New and Efficient Palladium(0)‐Mediated Microwave‐Assisted Direct C3 Alkenylation of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines.
Authors: Koubachi Jamal , El Kazzouli Said , Berteina‐Raboin Sabine , Mouaddib Abderrahim , Guillaumet Gerald
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric Hydrophosphination of α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes: Development, Mechanism and DFT Calculations.
Authors: Ibrahem Ismail , Hammar Peter , Vesely Jan , Rios Ramon , Eriksson Lars , Cordova Armando
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile and Efficient Synthesis of Isolongifolenone (II)
Authors: Wang Shifa , Zhang Aijun
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.