bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender, Households and Informal Entrepreneurship in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Espinal Rosario , Grasmuck Sherri
Published: October 2019

This paper presents findings from a study on gender and the informal economy, specifically, male and female microentrepreneurs in the Dominican Republic. A representative survey of 201 men and women as well as in-depth interviews with a sub-sample of the same producers are employed to analyze the impact of these family businesses on household relations and the relation of this sector to the broader economy and consumer markets. There are many assertions in the women and development literature regarding the relatively more efficient utilization of income by women for the welfare and nutrition of their children.

Rarely, however, do such studies compare men and women in the same sector of the economy. Here we compare male and female owners of small microenterprises who have received credit for such business. Male and female entrepreneurs are compared in terms of their differential utilization of income in their households and in their businesses, differences in power relations and decisionmaking within households, the extent of familial and network support fqr the businesses in terms oflabor, child-care and psychological support. Finally, the absence of direct linkages between these businesses and larger capitalist firms in contrast to other research among informal producers is explored.
The Emergence of the Democratic Brazilian Middle-Class Family: A Mosaic of Contrasts with the American Family (1960-1994)
Authors: Westfried Alex Huxley
Published: October 2019

The American and Brazilian democratic families are largely a product of several trends in each country: the emergence (especially since the 1960’s) for educated women of opportunities for a professional life, the existence of a feminist movement demanding sexual and economic equality between men and women, a sexual revolution that has changed traditional attitudes towards marriage, and demands of women to fulfill new roles beyond mothers and traditional wives. In addition the right to divorce has been very actively pursued in the USA, and to a lesser degree in Brazil. In both countries the right of women to share in decision making in marriage has become a very important trait in dual career marriages. Brazilian married and unmarried women with children are fortunate in having a kin system, domestic servants, and public day care centers that permit women to work and take care of their families without stress; this has yet to be realized in America.

Economic independence has been realized by women in both countries, women need not depend on a male for their identity, and women have new life styles that were not as common previously; they can be single parents, live with a lover--male or female- or live alone without children. Marriage may no longer be the supreme achievement of a woman’s life--becoming competent as a professional is an alternate objective. The kinship system in Brazil plays a significant role; it may help to support divorced women with children; it provides economic and emotional support for all its members for a lifetime; it offers a refuge for men and women in times of difficulty. Children owe allegiance to their families by birth in Brazil, and are expected to help support their elderly parents in the twilight of their lives. The American family may be seen as more democratic in that young people leave home earlier than in Brazil, and the new families’ they create by marriage are more important than families they are born into. Apparently in the USA total freedom of each individual is highly prized--he or she depends on his/her own resourcefulness, where as in Brazil being interdependent with the family of origin is highly valued.
Patrilocal Co-Residential Units (PCUs) In Al-Barha: Dual Household Structure In A Provincial Town In Jordan
Authors: McCann Lisa M.
Published: October 2019

The dominant household form in al-Barha, a lower-middle-class neighborhood in the Jordanian city oflrbid, is a cluster of nuclear families whose senior men are patrilineally related. Residents in such multi-family households - which typically include an old married couple, their unmarried children, and their married sons, sons’ wives, and sons’ children - describe their households as the products of an ideal norm ofpatrilocal residence after marriage. Hence we refer to them here as Patrilocal Co-residential Units (PCUs). But we argue that this household form is a response to socio-economic factors, not just an expression of patrilocal norms. Largely home-owners rather than renters, the residents of each house in this neighborhood try to keep their sons together, with the male household head providing a separate dwelling within the confines of his home for each of his married sons and their wives and children. This amounts to a housing subsidy for each married son, since he pays no regular rent. By pooling their resources, the separate nuclear families can maintain a higher standard of living than they could if they tried to live in completely independent dwellings. The desirability of this higher living standard reflects the emerging class formations in Jordan. Thus the norm of patrilocality is not so much an explanation of the persistance of PCUs as it is a rationalization or after-the-fact justification of it.
Migration, Urbanization, and Women’s Kin Networks in Tunis
Authors: Holmes-Eber Paula
Published: October 2019

The perception that Tunisia’s pro-Western development and policies are inevitably linked to a shift toward a Euro-American model of the isolated nuclear family continues to dominate most contemporary research on women and the family in Tunisia. Using ethnographic data collected during a one year field study and survey ( 1986-7) and a follow-up field study (summer 1993) of migrant and non-migrant Muslim women and their families in the capital city of Tunis, the author proposes that rather than adopting Euro-American ideals of conjugal isolation and withdrawal from the extended family, women in Tunis continue to live in a world dominated by visits and daily interaction with near and extended kin.
Well Being of Youngsters of Divorce Without Contact With Nonresident Parents In The Netherlands
Authors: Spruijt Ed , Iedema Jurjen
Published: October 2019

Most studies implicitly assume that contact with a nonresident parent has a positive effect on the well-being of youngsters after parental divorce. However, some recent studies have revealed no differences in the well-being of children who do or do not have contact with their nonresident parent. A methodological problem is that in a large number of studies the custodial parent rather than the youngster is the informant. We used youngsters’ self-reports to test the hypothesis that the physical, psychological and relational wellbeing of youngsters between 12 and 25 years of age, without contact with their nonresident parent (father or mother), is less than the wellbeing of youngsters maintaining that contact. Data were analyzed from 353 youngsters from single-parent families and stepfamilies of the Utrecht Study of Adolescent Development (a panel study among 3393 youngsters). The hypothesis was rejected among both single-parent children and stepchildren.
The Social Construction Of Family Life In The Sunday Comics: Race As a Consideration
Authors: Brabant Sarah , Mooney Linda A.
Published: October 2019

Using the Sunday comics as cultural artifacts, this research examines three cartoon families, “Dennis the Menace,” “Calvin and Hobbes,” and “Curtis.” All of the families are nuclear; the fatheris a white-collar worker; the mother remains at home. Each family has a male child who is the central character. A major difference is that the first two cartoons depict white families whereas the third describes an African American family. Using content analysis, the location of characters, activities, relationships between characters, and central themes are examined. Evidence of both family unity and social engagement is greater in the African American family than in either of the two white families. The portrayal of the two white families suggests a traditional pattern of neighbourhood containment in the older comic and isolation both within the family and between the family and community in the more contemporary one.
Household Structure, Satisfaction And Distress In India And The United States: A Comparative Cultural Examination
Authors: sastry Jaya
Published: October 2019

In this research, we examine the different relationships between household structure, household satisfaction and distress in samples from the United States and India. Results show that while marriage is consistently the strongest predictor of well-being in the United States, marriage is less important for Indian well-being in comparison to socio-economic variables such as education and income. Children have the effect of decreasing home satisfaction for United States women, while increasing home satisfaction for Indian women. Finally, while work is a significant positive predictor for home satisfaction in India for men, it does not predict Indian men’s distress. Alternatively, while work does not affect Indian women’s household satisfaction, it does significantly decrease their levels of distress. These results are interpreted in light of the cultural and social differences between countries in the cultural construction of the meaning of love and intimacy, along with the differing nature of gender roles within the family
Intermittent Employment Among Married Women: A Comparative Study of Buenos Aires and Mexico City
Authors: Cerrutii Marcela
Published: October 2019

This study examines comparatively individual, household and labor market determinants of married women’s intermittent employment in Buenos Aires (Argentina) and Mexico City (Mexico). Using panel data from employment surveys and retrospective life histories, I found that intermittent employment (frequent entries into and exits out of the labor force) is very common among married women in the two cities and is not necessarily determined by changes in the life cycle. It is strongly associated with women’s level of education (and consequently their socioeconomic status), the employment stability of husbands, the types of jobs women have access to and with having young children at home. Although the incidence of intermittent employment is considerable high in both cities, it is higher in Mexico City. In Buenos Aires, it is mainly a consequence of the lack of affordable childcare and restricted labor demand, while in Mexico City it is more related to informal labor conditions and to traditional gender relations.
Intermarriage Among Italians: Some Regional Variations in Australia
Authors: Roy Parimal , Th. Ian Hamilton M.
Published: October 2019

Using data from the 1986 Census this paper examines the patterns of intermarriage of the Italian-born, who constitute one of the largest non-English speaking groups in Australia. We also examine regional variations in the rate of intermarriage between the Italian-born and people born in Australia and other birthplace groupings. The ethnic composition of the Australian population has been changed by post-war migration and this has led to increased social interaction between diverse groups. It has been found that direct and continuing contact between groups with different cultural heritages results in an increased rate of intermarriage. However, this rate varies, and we found that the Italian-born and other southern European groups have significantly higher rates of in-marriage than British and north and east Europeans. The findings show that Italians in urban areas have higher rates of in-marriage than those in rural areas, due to age and gender differences in migration streams, which lead to a shortage of potential partners of similar ethnic background in non-metropolitan areas.
Family Policy in a Changing Vietnam
Authors: Wisensale Steven K.
Published: October 2019

Discussed is the history of family policy in Vietnam during the 20th century. Particular emphasis is placed on the impact of the 1986 economic reforms that resulted in a shift from a socialist society to a free-market capitalistic system. Explored in more detail is the evolution of Vietnamese family law, family planning policy, the role of women and the issue of gender-equity as it relates to families, and the future of family policy in Vietnam. Comparisons are made with other similar developing nations.
Step Family as Dyads - Direct and Indirect Relationships
Authors: Levin Irene , Trost Jan
Published: October 2019

With the background in the confusions about the meaning of the term family, step-family as a concept and idea is studied. Traditionally, the nuclear family acts as a model and an ideological code in everyday life as well as in scholarly work. Here is shown, with step-families as examples, that a person’s family has members from various households. The step-family household is not the same as step-fami ly. Dyadic analysis shows how some members are in direct relationships while others are in indirect or in transitory relationships. This means that members of a person’s family are there for the sake of consanguinity and conjugality as well as for other reasons. Such are inclusion of members in ones family because they are important for the person itself, direct relationships, but included not because of the relationship to the person itself but because they are important for someone else in the person’s family, indirect relationships.
From Bastardy to Equality: The Rights of Nonmartial Children and their Fathers in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Miño Wolfgang P. Hirczy De
Published: October 2019

This paper examines nonmarital childbearing, which has become more prevalent in many industrialized nations, as a problem of state regulatory policy. Illegitimacy is here treated as a legal construct that has outlived its justification because discrimination on the basis of birth cannot be reconciled with modern notions of fairness and individual rights. Policies adopted in the U.S. and in Europe are reviewed and evaluated based on the criterion of nondiscrimination. Universal and mandatory paternity establishment, combined with a guarantee of equality in parent-child relationships irrespective of marriage, best protect the interests of non-marital children and their fathers. It is also good social policy in that it affirms procreation and childrearing as joint parental endeavors, protects the child’s right to a relationship with both parents, and furthers some of the state’s interests in marriage by making out-of-wedlock birth similar in its legal and actual consequences to a decision to marry, which the State cannot compel.
Effects of Migration, Ethnicity, and Religiosity on Cohabitation
Authors: Katz Ruth
Published: October 2019

Home as a concept has several dimensions and aspects of theoretical importance. From a family and individual perspective “being at home” can mean a variety of different statuses and experiences. In the global society the question arises as to how families and their members are able to negotiate establishing a home and having a place as well as group identity.

Understanding of mobility includes decision making as both an individual and a family activity that moves one from being a potential migrant or immigrant into an actual one, and from a temporary worker to a long term resident. Clashes of interest and different perceptions of opportunity are important at different points in the process. The globalization of the economic system and the growth of world political and non-governmental agencies and movements have challenged the way macro-systems are understood. These macroprocesses are mediated and interpreted at the micro level by individuals and their families.

Two aspects at this micro level are newly developed in this model for family mobility and migration decisions in this model:

-The relative attachment of families to place and culture and how their worldviews influence their negotiation skills and their understanding of mobility or stability options.

-The many inputs from family and social networks at different points in the mobility decision making process and its implementation.

Home and family are altered in the dynamic process of decision-making and the resulting new situation may be evaluated by families and society around the critical social values. In this context assimilation, integration, or continued multiple loyalties are not simple policy and program plans, but familial choices in their search for a secure and satisfactory survival of family and home.
Effects of Ethnicity on the Onset of Parenthood in a Developing Country: Some Evidence from the Early 1990s
Authors: Takyi Baffour K. , Addai Isaac
Published: October 2019

Ethnicity has profound implications for the study of demographic processes in subSaharan Africa. Consequently, researchers have investigated the links between ethnic identity and a host of demographic characteristics in this part of the world. Missing in this discussion is the association between ethnicity and age at first birth. In many African countries characterized by low age at first marriage and low contraceptive use, the age at which women start their childbearing has significant policy implications. Focusing on the role of ethnicity, this paper -uses data from the Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys to investigate the influence of ethnicity and other characteristics of the respondents on the onset of parenthood during the early 1 990s. Our findings indicate that ethnicity per se may be less important than socioeconomic variables in predicting early family formation in Ghana. The policy implications of our findings are reported.
Dual Legal System, Basotho Culture and Marital Stability
Authors: Modo I.V.O.
Published: October 2019

The typical Basotho community in Lesotho believes in customary marriages. However, through proclamation 74 of 1871, Christian marriage was recognized as marriage at par with the Basotho Customary marriage. Today Lesotho has a dual legal system: the British or received Roman Dutch Law from the Cape Colony and the Basotho Customary Law. Theoretically the two legal systems have produced two different sets of cultural groups. Those who adhere to customary laws are traditional, mainly rural in outlook, ‘governable’ and enjoy more marriage stability. Here, women are muted group (Ardener, 1988). In marriage the man and his people enjoy uxorial and the genetricial rights of the women (Mitchell, 1957). Marriage problems are mainly settled amicably out of court, and property is inherited with ease through primogeniture. ‘.The adherents of the civil law on the other hand are mainly urban and educated men and women; who ideally are divorced from the traditions and customs of Basotho. Marriages are fragile and one out of every three marriages ends in divorce. This cultural group liyes a permissive life; cohabit and their women champion ‘Beijing’ malefemale equality more than other Southern African women. The writer observes the excesses of the modem Basotho, and also the timidity of the traditional group; and hopes for a blend of culture which will lead to a more humane socio-cultural development of Lesotho in this new millennium.
Cultural Viability and Gender Egalitarianism: An Elusive Balance Yet To Be Struck
Authors: Mackey Wade C. , Immerman Ronald S.
Published: October 2019

A sine qua non of a, or any, culture’s continuity across generations is the existence of citizens within that culture. With a systematic replenishment of very mortal citizens, the culture can enjoy extended longevity or perpetuity. Without citizens, a culture becomes, at best, an historical footnote. With the advent of inexpensive, effective reproductive technology, a paradox has been created in the 21st century. To wit: when effective reproductive technology is incorporated by a culture which stresses gender egalitarianism, the culture’s reproductive strategy tends to fall below replacement value. If the strategy is maintained over generations, then that culture melts away or evaporates and would be supplanted by or replaced by a culture with an alternative social formula. Cross-cultural/cross-national data are presented which supports the existence and potency of this dynamic.$$cultural evolution, gender roles, education, birth rates, natural increase
The Relationship Between Parental Involvement and Children’s Educational Achievement in the Korean Immigrant Family
Authors: Kim Eunjung
Published: October 2019

This study investigates the relationship between parental involvement and children’s educational achievement in the Korean American family. The primary purposes are to examine the extent and characteristics of parental involvement and the consequences of children’s educational achievement. Various dimensions of parental involvement are measured as separate variables. Data from a sample of children aged 12 through 14 (n = 209) and their parents (n = 209) are used to test the research hypothesis.***Parental involvement in the Korean American family is characterized by an extremely high level of home based parental involvement and a comparatively much lower level of school based parental involvement. Parents’ education level and English proficiency substantially influence the extent of parental involvement and children’s educational achievement. Thus, we could conclude that reflecting both traditional cultural norms and the levels of parents’ adaptation to their new world, the parental involvement of the Korean American family revealed its own distinctive characteristics and impact on children’s educational achievement.
Elder Care Giving in South Asian Families: Implications for Social Service
Authors: Gupta Rashmi , Pillai Vijayan K.
Published: October 2019

The objective of this study is to examine the effect of cultural beliefs about elder care giving on the amount of burden experienced by those who provide primary care to an elderly person within a family setting. These care givers belong to first generation South Asian immigrant households in the Dallas - Fort Worth Metropolitan area. The sample consists of 118 respondents who are primary care givers. The independent effects of cultural beliefs with respect to care giving on the amount of perceived care giver burden is examined. It is found that care givers who have high levels of belief in South Asian cultural norms about elder care giving report low levels of perceived care giver burden. The implications of this finding for provision of services to South Asian elder care givers is presented.
Perceptions of Acceptable Mate Attributes in Ecuador
Authors: Ingoldsby Bron , Schvaneveldt Paul , Uribe Claudia
Published: October 2019

Building on similar research previously conducted in North America, 121 adults from Guayaquil, Ecuador were surveyed. Subjects responded to forty-six items identified in the social exchange literature as traits important to mate selection. The large majority marry for love and within their social class. Religion, height and race are not important considerations in choosing a mate. Sexual, health and drug problems are very damaging to one’s status in the marriage market. Differences by gender, age, religion, and marital status are explained. Overall, mate selection preferences in Latin America appear to be very similar to those in the United States. Important differences in reference to age and cohabitation are discussed.
Moments of Truth: The Experiences of Wives in HIV/AIDS Affected Nuclear Households in Mumbai
Authors: D’Cruz Premilla
Published: October 2019

A study examining the impact of HIV/AlDS on nuclear households was undertaken in Mumbai, India. Data were collected through in-depth, individual interviews with both spouses in 7 households, the households being selected through purposive sampling. Qualitative analysis was done, through which core themes, major themes, and sub-themes and their linkages were identified. The experiences of wives, some of whom were seropositive, emerged as a significant component of the findings. Moments of truth emerged as the organizing/core theme around which these experiences could be understood. The major themes included hearing the seropositive diagnosis, redefining the marital relationship, being in charge, becoming a caregiver, facing the extended family, planning the future and discovering hidden strengths. Besides bringing out the complexity of the womens’ experiences, the findings stressed the need and urgency for gender-sensitive intervention programmes.
Public or Private Responsibility? Early Childhood Education and Care, Inequality, and the Welfare State
Authors: Meyers Marcia K. , Gornick Janet C.
Published: October 2019

Although early childhood education and care provision (ECEC) is increasing in all the industrialized welfare states, institutional arrangements for providing and financing services still vary substantially across countries at similar levels of economic development. These policies have potentially important implications for the reduction of income and labor market inequalities. In this paper we document variation in the institutional arrangements for ECEC in fourteen industrialized countries. Institutional variation is associated with equally varied levels of public responsibility for the care of young children - across countries, and between age groups within some countries. The extent to which care is socialized has implications for the reduction of several forms of social inequality.
Inequalities in Mexican Children’s Schooling
Authors: Rocha Marta Mier y Terán , Romero Cecilia Rabell
Published: October 2019

In this article we measure the evolution of inequalities in basic school attendance and educational attainment of Mexican children from 1960 to 2000. During this time, the Mexican government made great efforts to extend education to the most disadvantaged sectors of society, particularly rural communities. Nevertheless, differences in educational attainment persist. We focus on three types of inequality in education: urban/rural, gender, and ethnic inequality as indicated by speaking an indigenous language. The structure and economic resources of families also mediate the amount of education that children receive. To this end, we examine the determinants of primary completion and secondary school enrollment in rural communities in ten of the poorest states in Mexico, paying particular attention to differences between boys and girls and indigenous language and Spanish-language speakers.
Income Distribution and Social Exclusion of Children: Evidence from Italy and Spain in the 1990s
Authors: D’Ambrosio Conchita , Gradín Carlos
Published: October 2019

Income poverty rates are often used as indicators of the level of deprivation of populations and as measures of the relative position of sub-groups within populations. In this paper, we examine the links between monetary and non-monetary indicators of deprivation and social exclusion. We focus on children since they constitute one of the most vulnerable demographic groups in many countries. Understanding the poverty level and social exclusion of children is important not only in its own right but also because there is concem that the deprivation condition is transmitted from one generation to the next. Italy and Spain are two European countries that stand out for the high social risks faced by households with children. The welfare states of these two countries have put minimal effort in protecting these population groups. Our results strongly confirm the view that the use of non-monetary indicators enriches the analysis of well-being. It is indeed the case that the two countries, which perform very similarly in many aspects, show very diverse levels of deprivation and social exclusion once non-monetary indicators are used. In particular, Italy and Spain are characterized by substantial disparities in all the domains analyzed except for the domain of income poverty.
Role Models and Farm Development Options: A Comparison of Seven Swiss Farm Families
Authors: Rossier Ruth
Published: October 2019

The present study aims to investigate the decision patterns and action orientations of seven farm families regarding the development of their farm. The results led to the hypothesis that the development strategies in farm-family businesses strongly depend on the lived role model. Farm families with a role model in which the roles within the family are rigidly allocated concentrate on traditional agricultural production, as it used to be, and show distance from innovations. Farm families with a flexible role model (the roles within the family are negotiated according to interests and abilities and the potentials of women are integrated and honoured) behave future-oriented. These farm families either constantly develop themselves, tackling the challenges of technical, economic, and ecological developments in the agrarian sector, or come to a successive withdrawal from agriculture.
Presentation of Personal Control in the Rhetoric of Farm Families Engaged in Business Diversification in Finland
Authors: Vesala Karimikko , Peura Juuso
Published: October 2019

There is increasing pressure on farmers to become entrepreneurial. Business diversification on farms is a literal step towards this direction. However, even the diversified businesses on farms are often in an underdog position within vertical networks. The business may be dependent on only one big client. Achieving personal control in the market arena, which is essential for entrepreneurial identity, is problematic in these kinds of situations. The article is based on interviews with 40 farm families engaged in business diversification in Finland. The analysis focuses on the presentation of personal control in the market arena. In one end, there were cases in which the farmer could take advantage of a wide set of marketing and customer related means of control. In the other end, there were cases in which these means of control were practically nonexistent to the farmer. The variation of personal control in the market arena was—to a great extent—contingent on the farmer’s relation to vertical networks.
Beyond Resources and Patriarchy: Marital Construction of Family Decision-Making Power in Post-Mao Urban China
Authors: Zuo Jiping , Bian Yanjie
Published: October 2019

This paper takes as its starting point recent claims by Beck-Gernsheim (2002) that we are living in an era of “post-familial families.” Beck-Gemsheim (2002) argues that our lives are no longer structured as they once were by tradition, class, religion and kin. Instead the family has become a transitional phase as individuals strive for fulfillment of personal goals and personal life projects. The demographic evidence to support these claims is clearly evident in relation to changing patterns of family formation and dissolution, as well as the movement of married women into paid employment. But what is less evident is a decline in traditional patterns of gender stratification within families. This paper uses recent national data from Australia to examine the relationship between post-familial status, as indicated by marital status and employment, and time spent on housework. The results show that gender is still a clear predictor of time spent on housework, but that within gender there is evidence that gender inequality may be declining in non-traditional households.
The Impact of Recohabitation on Fertility: Evidence from Life History Data in the Netherlands
Authors: Kalmijn Matthijs , Gelissen John
Published: October 2019

Several studies have examined the impact of earlier children on fertility decisions in second unions. These studies are guided by two hypotheses: the parenthood hypothesis, which argues that people want to have children to become a parent, and the commitment hypothesis, which argues that people want to have children to confirm the union. Because people often enter a second union while already having a prior child, recohabitation— which refers here to both unmarried and married new unions—is an ideal case for testing these hypotheses. Using data from the survey Divorce in The Netherlands, we test the validity of these two hypotheses. In addition, we extend comparisons from second unions to first marriages and we develop hypotheses about the effect of divorce on subsequent fertility. The findings support the argument that attaining parenthood in recohabitation is more important than having a child to cement the new union. Women who are recohabiting with a prior child are less likely of having a first birth in the new union than women who are recohabiting without a prior child. This applies less clearly to men and effects differ depending on the number, age, and residence status of the children. We also find evidence for our hypothesis about the effect of divorce. More specifically, recohabiting women without a child are more likely to have a child than first married women. For men, no such effect could be found. Our interpretation is that recohabiting women are catching up missed fertility opportunities in their first marriage, even though their total fertility remains lower as a result of age restrictions.
Intergenerational Solidarity and Ambivalence: Types of Relationships in German Families
Authors: Steinbach Anja
Published: October 2019

For at least two decades the research regarding generations in family sociology has been dominated by the multidimensional concept of intergenerational solidarity. Recently, the concept of intergenerational ambivalence, emphasizing the simultaneity of positive and negative aspects in family relations, has become a popular counterpart to the solidarity model. The aim of this paper is to integrate empirically both positive and negative aspects in families. Thus, firstly, four types of intergenerational relations (amicable, civil, ambivalent, and disharmonious) are generated by cross-classifying both scales on intimacy (positive) and conflict (negative) in the family. Secondly, differences in the four types of relations regarding the dimensions of intergenerational solidarity are empirically investigated. The analysis is based on the German data taken from the cross-cultural study “Value of Children and Intergenerational Relations” (VOC) which was carried out in 2002. A binary logistic regression analysis shows that the likelihood for the daughter-mother-relation to be ambivalent increases if daughters receive financial, instrumental, and emotional support from their mothers (functional solidarity). For the daughter-father-dyad, the likelihood to be ambivalent is slightly higher if the daughters indicate a higher agreement on familial norms (normative solidarity). Solidarity dimensions are better suited to explain the association with a certain type of relationship in the case of amicable, disharmonious, and civil relations (for both mother and father relations), where frequency of contact (associational solidarity) and emotional closeness (effectual solidarity) are also relevant.
Financial and Practical Kin Support in Sweden: Normative Guidelines and Practice
Authors: Björnberg Ulla , Ekbrand Hans
Published: October 2019

In Sweden de-familialization is since several decades an established policy in the sense that the state has acquired a significant responsibility for the welfare of individuals, independent of the family he/she belongs to. In debates concerning the relations between support from the welfare state and the family one recurring statement is that in taking over the family responsibility, the state has contributed to the weakening of support between family generations in Swedish families. Results from a survey covering 2666 randomly chosen individuals from 18 years regarding intergenerational support partly supports this assumption. What then about practical support? To which extent is there a flow of practical support between kin and which are the determinants behind such support?

The focus of the article will be on giving and reception of practical support to and by members of the family belonging to different generations. The questions asked are the role of needs, emotional closeness and family of origin for giving and receiving practical support. Financial support will also be discussed based on results from the same study. Indicators of closeness will be used in the analysis as well as experiences of disruption in families. Further, which motives are regarded as legitimate for giving and receiving support between kin members of different family types.

We draw on theory of moral economy, reciprocity and gift giving in the analysis. Following the arguments within the framework of ‘moral economy’ we distinguish different motives behind material and practical support exchanged between family members. Transfers of material and practical support can be linked to needs of such support. It can also be linked to a normative obligation - a family member feels obliged to help. Further it can be linked to desires to keep the family together, which basically can be regarded as an aspect of obligation. Finally it can be linked to motives to sustain personal relationships through strengthening emotional ties.
Determinants of Birth Interval Dynamics in Kohgylooye and Bovairahmad Province, Iran
Authors: Mansoorian Mohammad Karim
Published: October 2019

In this paper problems of model specification in birth interval analysis are discussed. Using Bongaart’s conceptual framework on the proximate determinants of fertility, this hypothesis tests that all important variations in fertility are located in differences in marriage, breastfeeding, contraception and induced abortion. A proportional hazard model is applied to study the early birth intervals using data from Bovairahmad Township-Iran-Fertility Survey of 1998. The results not only suggest that the hypothesis is largely confirmed, but also that socio-economic variables do have something to add to the explanatory power of a model over and above the contribution made by the proximate determinants.
The Importance of Social Context in the Formation of the Value of Children for Adolescents: Social Class and Rural Urban Differences in Taiwan
Authors: Yi Chin-Chun , Kung Hsiang-Ming , Chen Yu-Hua , Chu Joujuo
Published: October 2019

This paper examines how adolescents’ values may be shaped by the immediate social context with special reference to social class and rural urban background. The locus of study is Taiwan, a society with drastically declining birth rates in recent years. It is hypothesized that the value adolescents place on having children (or the positive value) and not having children (or the negative value) are accounted for by individual, familial and social contextual factors. Data are taken from an island-wide sample of first-year senior high students. A field survey was administered from winter of 2005 to spring of 2006. The analysis shows that three dimensions can be extracted from both positive and negative values toward having children: with emotional value rated the most important, followed by physical and social value. Results indicate that expected effects from different social class and rural-urban background vary and are salient for explaining physical and social value. In addition, social contextual factors and individual factors are shown to contribute to the formation of positive value of children among Taiwanese adolescents. The importance of social context in adolescents’ value formation with regard to the value of children is thus supported.
Family, Health and Illness: A Selected Bibliography
Authors: Larson Lyle E. , Larsen Donald E.
Published: October 2019

This 278-item bibliography emphasizes reports of research written in English largely since 1963 on the family and its relationship to health and illness. Relatively few clinically-oriented articles and books are included. Previously published bibliographies are cited.
Early Sexual Experiences and Pregnancy Wastage in Two Cultures
Authors: Michielutte Robert , Haney C. Allen , Vincent Clark E. , Cochrane Carl M.
Published: October 2019

This study has examined the relationship between pregnancy wastage and four early sexual experience variables. Data from two countries were utilized for the analysis; a sample of southern, black, low-income women in the United States, and a sample of primarily lowincome women in Costa Rica.

The analysis indicated that age at first marriage, age at first intercourse, and age first learned of contraception have little relationship to pregnancy wastage. Age at first conception was found to be weakly related to pregnancy wastage after controlling for age and marital status. Women who had their first conception at an early age experienced slightly greater pregnancy wastage.

It is possible that response and/or measurement error as well as the effect of variables not considered in the analysis may be responsible for the absence of clear relationships between age at early; sexual events and pregnancy wastage. However, it is also possible that pregnancy wastage does not vary appreciably for different subgroups of women and that most women are subject to a uniformly low risk of pregnancy wastage.
Family Structure and Entrepreneurship: An Indian Case
Authors: Ramu G.N.
Published: October 2019

The relationship between entrepreneurship and family structure has been one of the central interests to family sociologists. The assumption that the extended family organization restricts economic development has been questioned here. Using case study method it has been shown that among the Jains of India, the family partnerships and the value of family solidarity are positively related to entrepreneurship. Further, the function of the compartmentalization between family and business domains has been elaborated. Finally, the contribution of the “significant kin” as a reference group to the fledgling Jain entrepreneurs has been discussed.
Socializing Children Under Fire: Western Women and Palestinian Men
Authors: Ezra Dina Ben , Roer-Strier Dorit
Published: October 2019

This paper is based on a study of Palestinian intermarried families (Palestinian men married to American and European women) residing in Palestinian cities of the West Bank. Specifically, it addresses the interface of cultural adaptation and the socialization of children ("children socialization") in the midst of political conflict. Cultural adaptation strategies were typified by the extent to which each spouse embraces the partner’s culture, while children socialization patterns were typified according to dominant cultural setting chosen by the family. The findings show that parental choices of cultural adaptation were reflected in the ways they chose to socialize their children. Conflicts over children socialization occurred only when the parents opted for opposing cultural adaptation styles. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict was found to influence parents’ cultural adaptation and children socialization, deepening existing conflicts and cultural differences within the family.
The Impact of Child and Maternal Health Indicators on Female Labor Force Participation after Childbirth: Evidence for Germany
Authors: Spiess C. Katharina , Dunkelberg Annalena
Published: October 2019

This paper analyzes the influence of child health and maternal physical and mental health on female labor force participation after childbirth in Germany. Our analysis is based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) study, which enables us to measure child health based on the occurrence of severe health problems including mental and physical disabilities, hospitalizations, and preterm births. Since child health is measured in SOEP at a very young age, we can rule out the reverse effects of maternal employment on child health that appeared in US studies. We investigate the influence of these indicators on various aspects of female labor force participation after childbirth within a two-year time period, including continuous labor force participation in the year of childbirth and the transition to employment in the year following childbirth. Since the majority of women in Germany do not go back to work within the first two years after childbirth, we also investigate their intention to return to work and their preferred number of working hours. We find that severe child health problems have a significant negative effect on maternal labor force participation and a significant positive effect on mothers’ preferred number of working hours, while hospitalizations and preterm births have no significant effect. For maternal health, we find a significant negative effect of poor maternal mental and physical health on female labor force participation within a year of childbirth. To our knowledge, this is the first empirical study of this kind using data from outside the US.
Do Sub-Cultural Norms Survive Immigration?—Cantonese and Mandarin Fertility in the United States
Authors: Ren Ping
Published: October 2019

This paper analyzes Public-Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data from the 2000 US Census to ascertain whether evidence exists that subcultural norms survive immigration transitions to affect the fertility of the two largest Chinese immigrant subgroups, Cantonese and Mandarins, in the United States. The results indicate that the Cantonese, who are believed to be more pronatalistic and have higher fertility than the Mandarins in China, continue to exhibit these tendencies in the United States. A significant portion of the fertility disparity between the two groups can be explained by differences in migration experiences, demographic characteristics and socioeconomic status. Higher Cantonese fertility, however, persists even when all these factors are controlled, suggesting a lingering effect of pronatal subcultural norms. Furthermore, levels of education and the degree of assimilation, which play important roles in depressing fertility and also in explaining some of the groups’ difference in fertility, are also associated with these groups’ cultures as both cause and effect. Some possible causes of Cantonese pronatal norms and their persistence in the United States are explored as well.
Grandparents Across the Ocean: Eastern European Immigrants’ Struggle to Maintain Intergenerational Relationships
Authors: Nesteruk Olena , Marks Loren
Published: October 2019

Many contemporary immigrants belong to transnational families-families that maintain significant contact with two or more countries. These families identify with multiple environments and deal with life-cycle changes over extensive geographical space. This paper has two major aims: 1) to better understand how today’s immigrant families facilitate intergenerational relationships across significant distances; and 2) to learn more about the understudied population of recent immigrant professionals from Eastern Europe in the United States. To accomplish these aims, in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 24 immigrant mothers and fathers from Eastern European countries residing in the United States. Based on grounded theory methodology, we identified four themes: (1) The definition of “family” and the importance of extended family ties: “The relationships are tighter knit than those in the U.S.”; (2) The role of grandparents in childrearing: “Who else do you think is more appropriate?”; (3) The strategies of maintaining intergenerational relationships: “I want my son to know his predecessors’ language”; and (4) The stress of being torn between two worlds: “I don’t want to be happy at the expense of my extended family.” Our findings suggest that, in spite of advances in communication and travel, and a strong desire for continuation of intergenerational relations in immigrant families, emotional transnationalism is not easily achieved.