bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of trisodium O-monoalkyl and O-monoaryl diphosphates
Authors: Gregáň Fridrich , Melicherčík Milan , Gregáň Juraj , Remko Milan
Published: March 2008

Trisodium O-methyl, O-butyl, O-phenyl, and O-(4-nitrophenyl) diphosphates were synthesized from sodium dimethylamido-O-(2-cyanoethyl) phosphate and O-alkyl-and O-aryl phosphoric acids. While in the previously described method, sodium hydroxide was used for the preparation of O-phenyl diphosphate, in our current work, we present an improved protocol, where sodium methoxide is used to increase the yields of O-alkyl and O-aryl diphosphates. The structures of final compounds were determined by 1H NMR, 31P NMR, and IR spectroscopy. The sodium O-alkyl- and O-aryl diphosphate salts prepared by this method may be used for the study of biological activity of diphosphate analogues.
Can Liberal Education Make a Comeback? The Case of “Relational Touch” at Summerhill School
Authors: Stronach Ian , Piper Heather
Published: March 2008

This article draws on data from a single element of a larger project 1 which focused on the issue of “touching” between education and child care professionals and children in a number of settings. This case study looks at a school once internationally renowned as the exemplar of “free” schooling. The authors consider how the school works as a community, how it impacts on its students, and how it copes with the strictures of the audit culture in relation to “risk” and “safety.” The authors’ experiences led them to the realization that physical “touch” was an irrelevant focus in this school, and they developed the notion of “relational touch.” Summerhill works in ways that approximate an inversion of the audit culture. The authors argue that progressive and critical conceptions of education continue to have much to learn from concrete examples like Summerhill and conclude that a revival of such values in education is long overdue.
Advancing Educational Policy by Advancing Research on Instruction
Authors: Raudenbush Stephen W.
Published: March 2008

Understanding the impact of “instructional regimes” on student learning is central to advancing educational policy. Research on instructional regimes has parallels with clinical trials in medicine yet poses unique challenges because of the social nature of instruction: A child’s potential outcome under a given regime depends on peers and teachers, requiring the need for multilevel methods of causal inference. The author considers studies of the impact of intended versus experienced instructional regimes. Both are important; however, intended regimes are well measured and accessible to randomized trials, whereas experienced instruction is measured with error and not amenable to randomization. Multiyear sequences of experienced instruction are of central interest but pose special methodological challenges. A 2-year study of intensive mathematics instruction illustrates these ideas.
Back to the Future: Directions for Research in Teaching and Teacher Education
Authors: Grossman Pam , McDonald Morva
Published: March 2008

In this article, the authors examine two distinct but closely related fields, research on teaching and research on teacher education. Despite its roots in research on teaching, research in teacher education has developed in isolation both from mainstream research on teaching and from research on higher education and professional education. A stronger connection to research on teaching could inform the content of teacher education, while a stronger relationship to research on organizations and policy implementation could focus attention on the organizational contexts in which the work takes shape. The authors argue that for research in teacher education to move forward, it must reconnect with these fields to address the complexity of both teaching as a practice and the preparation of teachers.
Investigating Self-Regulation and Motivation: Historical Background, Methodological Developments, and Future Prospects
Authors: Zimmerman Barry J.
Published: March 2008

The topic of how students become self-regulated as learners has attracted researchers for decades. Initial attempts to measure self-regulated learning (SRL) using questionnaires and interviews were successful in demonstrating significant predictions of students’ academic outcomes. The present article describes the second wave of research, which has involved the development of online measures of self-regulatory processes and motivational feelings or beliefs regarding learning in authentic contexts. These innovative methods include computer traces, think-aloud protocols, diaries of studying, direct observation, and microanalyses. Although still in the formative stage of development, these online measures are providing valuable new information regarding the causal impact of SRL processes as well as raising new questions for future study.
Significance of Leydig Cell Neoplasia in Rats Fed Lactitol or Lactose
Authors: Bär Albert
Published: March 2008

Lactitol is a disaccharide sugar alcohol (polyol) which is derived from lactose by catalytic hydrogenation and which may be used as a noncariogenic, reduced calorie sugar substitute in different foods. In the context of the safety evaluation of lactitol, a chronic carcinogenicity/toxicity study was conducted in a Wistar-derived strain of rats. In addition to effects that occur commonly in rats fed high doses of polyols, an increased incidence of Leydig cell tumors was observed in rats fed a diet with 10% lactitol for their lifetime. A comparison group receiving a diet with 20% lactose exhibited the same effect. At the 5% dose level of lactitol, no testicular changes were seen. Although lactitol is not genotoxic in standard in vitro tests and was also not associated with tumor formation in female rats and mice of either sex, it was necessary to assess the relevance of the testicular neoplastic growth for human safety. A comparative evaluation of the spontaneous and chemically induced formation of Leydig cell tumors in rats and humans demonstrates that the spontaneous occurrence is extremely low in humans but rather high in rats. Chemical agents or experimental conditions that in rats are associated with interstitial cell hyperplasia or neoplasia have not been associated with similar effects in humans. This is also true for lactose which, in Western countries, is consumed regularly and in substantial amounts with dairy products. Since lactitol is essentially not hydrolyzed in the small intestine, it gains access to the metabolism only after fermentation by the intestinal flora. It is therefore reasonable to assume that the testicular effects of lactitol and lactose were mediated by changes in the digestive tract such as by the known increase of calcium absorption which occurs in lactitol- and lactose-fed rats but not in humans or by effects of these compounds on the enterohepatic cycling of steroid hormones. Although these mechanisms are not yet elucidated, the available data on Leydig cell tumors indicate that the effects seen in male rats are not relevant to humans. The major lines of evidence supporting the human safety of lactitol and lactose are: (1) the lack of genotoxicity of lactitol, (2) the rat specificity of the testicular effects of lactose and lactitol, (3) the long history of safe consumption of lactose in humans, (4) the insensitivity of the human Leydig cells to agents and conditions that are known to cause neoplastic growth of Leydig cells in rats, (5) the generally very low spontaneous incidence of Leydig cell tumors in the human population, and (6) the absence of any epidemiological evidence establishing a link between nutritional factors and the occurrence of Leydig cell tumors in humans.
Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Study of Lactitol in Mice
Authors: Til H.P. , Hollanders V.M.H. , Woutersen R.A. , Bär A.
Published: March 2008

Lactitol is a sweet-tasting disaccharide sugar alcohol with potential applications as a reduced calorie sugar substitute. In a chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study, groups of 50 male and 50 female Cpb:Swiss random (SPF) mice received diets containing 0, 2, 5, and 10% lactitol for 104 weeks. The test compound was added to the diet at the expense of sucrose. The treatment started after a 5-day period during which the weanling mice were adapted to the basal diet. In the highest dosage group, the mean daily intake of lactitol was about 11 g/kg b.w. and 7.5 g/kg b.w. for adult male and female mice, respectively. Lactitol was generally well tolerated. Mean body weights and mortality were not affected by the treatment. Semiquantitative urine analysis and examination of urinary sediment revealed no abnormalities. With the exception of the filled or empty cecum which exhibited a significantly higher weight in the 10% lactitol group and, to a lesser extent, also in the 5% lactitol group, the weight of all other organs was not affected by the treatment. Nonneoplastic and preneoplastic changes were about equally distributed amongst the controls and top-dose group. Neoplastic lesions were in no instance related to the feeding of lactitol. Contrary to observations made with other polyols, nephrocalcinosis did not occur more frequently in lactitol-fed mice. It is concluded that the feeding of lactitol at dietary levels of up to 10% to mice throughout their lifetime failed to show carcinogenic effects or any other sign of toxicity. The only observed treatment-related effect was an enlargement of the cecum which lacks toxicological relevance for humans and which is a well-known consequence of the feeding of slowly digestible compounds in mice and rats.
Subchronic Toxicity Study of Lactitol in Dogs
Authors: Til H.P. , Bosland M.C. , Hollanders V.M.H. , Bär A.
Published: March 2008

The subchronic oral toxicity of lactitol was examined by feeding the test substance at dietary levels of 0, 5, 10, and 15% to groups of 6 male and 6 female dogs for 26 weeks. A comparison group received a diet containing 15% lactose. Although the dogs gradually were adapted to the high doses of the test compounds, diarrhea was observed in the dogs fed 10 and 15% lactitol, and 15% lactose. The diarrhea in the lactose group was less severe than in the 10% lactitol group. Body weight did not show treatment-related differences between the groups. Food intake was slightly higher in the lactitol groups than in the controls. Hemoglobin content (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), and red blood cell counts (RBC) were slightly lower in dogs of the 15% lactitol group and the 15% lactose group. No other hematological parameters exhibited differences between the various treatment groups. Plasma glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), protein, albumin, glucose, and urea showed no treatment-related differences. However, plasma alkaline phosphatase (AP) tended to be lower in the females of all lactitol groups from day 0 to the end of the study. Transient decreases in plasma calcium and potassium levels were seen in lactitol- and lactose-fed female dogs. Semiquantitative urine analysis did not reveal any abnormalities. There was no impairment of the function of the liver or kidneys in any of the groups. The absolute and relative weights of the cecum, filled as well as empty, were relatively high in males of all lactitol groups and in females of the 10 and 15% dose groups. The weight of the colon and the small intestines, which were determined in males only, were increased in the 5 and 15% lactitol groups. Gross and microscopic examination did not reveal any pathological change that could be attributed to the feeding of lactitol or lactose. It is concluded that under the conditions of the study, daily doses of up to 4.2–6.8 g/kg b.w. are tolerated without obvious signs of toxicity.
Multigeneration Reproduction Study of Lactitol in Rats
Authors: Sinkeldam E.J. , Hollanders V.M.H. , Woutersen R.A. , Koëter H.B.W.M. , Bär A.
Published: March 2008

Lactitol is a disaccharide sugar alcohol (polyol) which holds promise as a reduced calorie, noncariogenic sugar substitute. In a multigeneration reproduction study, lactitol was fed to Wistar-derived Cpb:WU rats of both sexes throughout three successive generations at dietary concentrations of 0, 2, 5, and 10%. A comparison group receiving a diet with 20% lactose was included during the F., generation. The initial mating comprised 20 male and 40 female rats per group. For subsequent matings, 10 males and 20 females were used. In each generation, two litters were reared until they were at least 3 weeks old. Fertility was uniformly high in all treatment groups throughout the study and the feeding of lactitol was not associated with any adverse effects on fertility and reproductive performance. However, growth rates and survival were slightly decreased in pups of the 10% lactitol group, except in F3 litters where no effect of lactitol on survival was seen. In the 20% lactose group of the F, generation, a similar growth retardation and decreased survival was seen. The second litter of third-generation rats (F3b) was subjected to gross and histopathological examination 4 weeks after weaning. F3b rats fed 5 or 10% lactitol showed cecal enlargement which was not associated with any morphological alterations and which is commonly seen in rodents fed polyols or slowly digestible carbohydrates. In some F3b males of all dosage groups, an opaque appearance of the liver cell cytoplasm was noted. However, this effect was not dose related and was not accompanied by any other hepatic changes in the lactitol groups. Since this phenomenon was not seen in older rats or after chronic administration of lactitol, it was considered to be a transient manifestation of an altered metabolism in young rats. All other histopathological findings were equally distributed between control and test animals, or occurred in one or a few rats only. It is concluded that lactitol administered in the diet to three successive generations of rats at levels up to 10%, has no adverse effects on reproductive performance in either sex. The slight developmental delay which occurred in some generations, has been observed earlier with other polyols and may be attributed to the poor digestibility of these compounds.
Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicity Studies with Lactitol in Rats
Authors: Koëter H.B.W.M. , Bär A.
Published: March 2008

The embryotoxicity/teratogenicity of lactitol, a polyol sugar substitute, was examined in Wistar-derived Cpb:WU rats. Lactitol was fed at dietary concentrations of 0, 2, 5, and 10% to groups of 25 female rats which were pretreated in utero and subsequently received lactitol after birth, for 15 weeks prior to mating and from day 0 to 21 of pregnancy. The treatment was generally well tolerated; however, body weights of the 10% lactitol group were lower during the premating period and subsequently during pregnancy. Weight gain during gestation, food consumption, and food efficiency was similar in all groups. Reproductive performance was not affected by the treatment and examination of the fetuses for visceral and skeletal alterations did not reveal any embryotoxic or teratogenic effects. A slight yet significant increase in the number of supernumerary lumbar ribs in the 10% lactitol group was associated with an incomplete ossification of thoracic vertebral bodies. These changes, as well as the lower maternal body weights in this treatment group, were interpreted as trivial manifestations of an impaired nutritional status of the dams due to the feeding of high doses of a low digestible test substance.
Complex Brick Assemblies
Authors: Sunguroglu Defne
Published: March 2008

Are bricks passé? Or is the contemporary world just failing to realise the innate possibilities of this ancient material? Eladio Dieste once ardently stated that brick is ‘a material with unlimited possibilities, almost completely ignored by modern technology.’1 Dieste's careful inclusion of the word ‘almost’ here seems to suggest that he suspected some exceptions to the rule – that there may have been some previously untold modern technological dabblings with brick. With this in mind, Defne Sunguroglu acknowledges the innovative uses of brick in the past, and introduces her current research project: Complex Brick Assemblies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Engineering Ecologies
Authors: Trummer Peter
Published: March 2008

Engineering disciplines have, historically, been strongly dominated by physics. Structural and civil engineering are still based on the notion of controlling the forces of physics within our material world. However, a shift from physics to biology as the underlying paradigm of engineering is on the horizon, and with it a fundamental change in the way we conceive and practise architecture. Peter Trummer speculates on the possibilities and potential repercussions of ‘engineering ecologies’, which will be inherent to such a paradigm shift, by investigating a broad palette of contemporary design disciplines aimed at the careful modulation of environments and ecologies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
m3architecture
Authors: Taylor Mark
Published: March 2008

The m3architecture practice in Brisbane combines experience with youth: in practice now for a decade, all four partners remain under forty. Mark Taylor describes how in its work the office has developed a ‘social and cultural agenda and site‐driven approach’ that eschews the oversimplification of a house style while motivating the architects to continue questioning every project on a first‐principles basis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recharging your Bio‐Batteries with a Can of Coke
Authors: Yeang Ken
Published: March 2008

A quiet revolution has taken place in the way we make and use batteries. Ken Yeang highlights the new ground that is being broken in the production of eco‐friendly batteries. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Making Waves at East Beach Café
Authors: Watson Howard
Published: March 2008

Howard Watson describes how Littlehampton on the Sussex coast has become the unlikely home to a cutting‐edge structure. The ‘rippling, ribbed, brown steel mollusc’ form of this year‐round café‐restaurant, realised by Heatherwick Studio and Adams Kara Taylor, celebrates its fresh seafood menu and beachside site. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Work injuries among drivers in the goods‐transport branch in denmark
Authors: Shibuya Hitomi , Cleal Bryan , Mikkelsen Kim Lyngby
Published: March 2008

Background

Goods‐transport drivers in Denmark had an elevated rate of hospital contact due to injury compared with the skilled/semiskilled workforce in general in recent years. There is a need to elucidate the causes of their work injuries.

Methods

We analyzed the Danish National Work Injury Register for the 10‐year period 1993–2002.

Results

The vast majority (92.6%) of the work injuries among goods‐transport were sustained under non‐traffic activities, that is, collecting, loading, unloading, and delivering goods. They fell from height (22.3%), suffered from overexertion (14.2%), got caught between/under objects (12.6%), collided with objects (12.0%), slipped/tripped (10.6%), or got struck by falling objects (9.0%).

Conclusions

There is a clear need for efforts to prevent work injuries under non‐traffic activities among goods‐transport drivers in Denmark. For this end, it is necessary to involve not only the drivers' employers for reinforcement of safety procedures, but also the employers' customers for improvement of the physical environment, in which drivers collect, load, unload, and deliver goods. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:364–371, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sclerocornea associated with the chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Binenbaum Gil , McDonald‐McGinn Donna M. , Zackai Elaine H. , Walker B. Michael , Coleman Karlene , Mach Amy M. , Adam Margaret , Manning Melanie , Alcorn Deborah M. , Zabel Carrie , Anderson Dennis R. , Forbes Brian J.
Published: March 2008

Reported ocular findings in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (which encompasses the phenotypes of DiGeorge, velocardiofacial, and Takao (conotruncal‐anomaly‐face) syndromes) have included posterior embryotoxon (prominent, anteriorly displaced Schwalbe's line at the corneal limbus or edge), retinal vascular tortuosity, eyelid hooding, strabismus, and astigmatism. We present seven 22q11.2 patients from multiple centers with sclerocornea, an eye finding previously unreported in the literature. Four boys and three girls were identified with sclerocornea, systemic DGS/VCFS findings, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)‐confirmed microdeletion at chromosome 22q11.2. FISH diagnosis was perinatal in six patients but at 2 years of age in one child. Sclerocornea was bilateral in five patients. Findings included descemetocele (five eyes), microophthalmos (one eye), iridocorneal adhesions (one bilateral case), and severe anterior segment dysgenesis (one eye). Two patients underwent bilateral corneal transplantation; another two were scheduled for possible unilateral transplant. Sclerocornea is a static congenital condition in which the cornea is opaque and vascularized and resembles the sclera. The novel finding of sclerocornea suggests that a genetic locus at 22q11.2 may be involved in anterior segment embryogenesis. In most of our patients, the diagnostic process was underway, but in one patient 22q11.2 deletion was not suspected until after the child had already been undergoing treatment for sclerocornea for 2 years. Sclerocornea should be added to the clinical manifestations of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Ophthalmologists diagnosing sclerocornea in children with systemic findings suggestive of 22q11.2 deletion should ensure appropriate genetic referral. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interstitial deletion of 13q associated with polymicrogyria
Authors: Kogan Jillene M. , Egelhoff John C. , Saal Howard M.
Published: March 2008

Interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 13 is a rare condition characterized by multiple clinical findings. We report a male dizygotic twin with an interstitial deletion of 13q and failure to thrive, hypotonia, polymicrogyria, bilateral foci of retinoblastoma, hearing loss, bilateral inguinal hernias, submucous cleft palate, and dysmorphic features including a triangular shaped face, broad forehead, small chin, prominent eyes, downslanting palpebral fissures, and a downturned mouth. Chromosome analysis showed an interstitial deletion of chromosome 13 which was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis to include the Rb locus, but spare the 13q subtelomeric region. The karyotype was 46,XY,del(13)(q14.1q31.2).ish del(13)(RB1−,D13S327+) de novo. Breakpoints were further characterized by SNP‐based microarray. Retinoblastoma tumors are a well‐known complication of deletion of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene, located at chromosome 13q14.2. Growth retardation is another common feature that has been described in other patients with a deletion of 13q. Additionally, this patient had brain findings on MRI consistent with bilateral polymicrogyria with predominance of the frontal lobes, as well as prominent infratentorial and supratentorial vasculature. There are a variety of polymicrogyria syndromes that are distinguished by the cortical location of the abnormal folding. Several of the subtypes have known genetic loci associated with them. To our knowledge, this is the only report of polymicrogyria in association with a deletion of chromosome 13. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sexing skulls using discriminant function analysis of visually assessed traits
Authors: Walker Phillip L.
Published: March 2008

The accuracy of sex determinations based on visual assessments of the mental eminence, orbital margin, glabellar area, nuchal area, and mastoid process was tested on a series of 304 skulls of known age and sex from people of European American, African American, and English ancestry as well as on an ancient Native American sample of 156 individuals whose sex could be reliably determined based on pelvic morphology. Ordinal scores of these sexually dimorphic traits were used to compute sex determination discriminant functions. Linear, kth‐nearest‐neighbor, logistic, and quadratic discriminant analysis models were evaluated based on their capacity to minimize both misclassifications and sex biases in classification errors. Logistic regression discriminant analysis produced the best results: a logistic model containing all five cranial trait scores correctly classified 88% of the modern skulls with a negligible sex bias of 0.1%. Adding age at death, birth year, and population affinity to the model did not appreciably improve its performance. For the ancient Native American sample, the best logistic regression model assigned the correct pelvic sex to 78% of the individuals with a sex bias of only 0.2%. Similar cranial trait frequency distributions were found in same‐sex comparisons of the modern African American, European American, and English samples. The sexual dimorphism of these modern people contrasts markedly with that of the ancient Native Americans. Because of such population differences, discriminant functions like those presented in this paper should be used with caution on populations other than those for which they were developed. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth and malnutrition of rural Zimbabwean children (6–17 years of age)
Authors: Olivieri F. , Semproli S. , Pettener D. , Toselli S.
Published: March 2008

The rural environment is an important factor in delayed growth in developing countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of poor rural living conditions on the growth of a Shona sample in Zimbabwe. In total, 982 subjects aged 6–17 years were analyzed. Mean values of height, weight, skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, biceps, medial calf), cormic index, body mass index (BMI), arm composition (total upper arm area, upper arm muscle area, arm fat area, and arm fat index), fat percentage (%F), centripetal fat ratio (CFR), and the contribution of each skinfold to the adiposity of the trunk and upper limbs are presented. Weight, height, BMI, cormic index, SSCP, TRCP, arm circumference, and arm composition are compared with NHANES percentiles. Boys and girls showed stunting and underweight at ages 11–15 and 8–15, respectively; boys presented particularly severe malnutrition and their means of height and weight were below the 10th percentile. The means of arm circumference, UMA, UFA, and TRCP were below the 15th percentile in both sexes. The contribution of the skinfolds generally showed an overall prevalence of TRCP in both sexes; the contribution of SSCP was prevalent only for the 16‐ to 17‐year‐old boys. Males presented a higher CFR than girls after 14 years while females showed an irregular pattern. There was a high incidence of brachycormia and mesocormia in females and males, respectively. Height, weight, and BMI were similar to the values observed in other sub‐Saharan countries, although body size was slightly larger than in South Africa and smaller than in Tanzania. The results provide a useful database for future comparisons. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anthropometric changes in children and adolescents from 1965 to 2005 in Korea
Authors: Kim Ji‐Yeong , Oh In‐Hwan , Lee Eun‐Young , Choi Kyung‐Sik , Choe Bong‐Keun , Yoon Tai‐Young , Lee Chong‐Guk , Moon Jin‐Soo , Shin Sung‐Hee , Choi Joong‐Myung
Published: March 2008

The aim of this study was to assess the secular growth changes in Korean children and adolescents during the last four decades. In 2005, 68,790 boys and 62,557 girls were recruited for this study across the nation in 2005. Anthropometric data (weight, height, etc.) were measured. We compared the results of previous nationwide growth studies with this study. The results of this survey indicate that the growth and developmental status of Korean children and adolescents has been changed substantially compared with those in 1965, 1975, 1984, and 1997. The data presented in this study show a distinct secular increase in growth in body height and weight of Korean children and adolescents spanning this period. A nationwide survey every 5 years would be beneficial to establish a reference standard for the growth of children and adolescents according to the socioeconomic, environmental, and nutritional changes. Am J Phys
Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dismembering bodies for display: A bioarchaeological study of trophy heads from the Wari site of Conchopata, Peru
Authors: Tung Tiffiny A.
Published: March 2008

Human trophy heads from the Wari site of Conchopata (AD 600–1000) are examined to evaluate if recently deceased persons or old corpses were used to make trophy heads and determine if the modifications are standardized. Similarly styled trophy heads may suggest state oversight that ensured uniform modifications, while different styles may suggest that various factions or kin groups prepared them to their own specifications. Other studies often interpret trophy heads as either enemies or ancestors; so, this study addresses that debate by documenting aspects of their identity as revealed through demographic, paleopathological, and trauma data. Results show that “fresh” bodies, not old corpses, were used to make trophies, as evidenced by cutmarks indicating intentional removal of soft tissues. Trophy heads are remarkably standardized; 89% display a hole on the superior of the cranium, apparently a design feature that displays the trophy head upright and facing forward when suspended by a cord. Of the 31 trophy heads, 24 are adolescents/adults and 7 are children, and of the 17 sexed adults, 15 are male and 2 are female. This suggests that adult men and children were favored as trophies. Among 19 observable adult trophy heads, 42% exhibit cranial trauma, suggesting that violence was common among this group. Complementary data on Wari iconography shows warriors wearing trophy heads and Wari deities holding captives and trophy heads. Thus, it is likely that captives (or just their heads) were taken in battles and raids—either secular or ritual—and eventually transformed into trophy heads. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Iron Age breastfeeding practices in Britain: Isotopic evidence from Wetwang Slack, East Yorkshire
Authors: Jay Mandy , Fuller B.T. , Richards Michael P. , Knüsel Christopher J. , King Sarah S.
Published: March 2008

We present here the results of carbon and nitrogen isotopic analysis of bone collagen undertaken on all skeletal remains of infants and young children below the age of 6 years (n = 34) from the internationally important British cemetery site at Wetwang Slack in East Yorkshire (middle Iron Age, ca. 4th to 2nd centuries BC). The aim of the study is to investigate infant diet, with particular reference to breastfeeding and weaning practices, and to compare the data with previously published studies of archaeological populations, particularly in the context of the variation in data patterns to be seen between sites. The skeletal remains from Wetwang Slack form the only prehistoric collection in the UK, prior to the Romano‐British period, with sufficient individuals in this age group to make such an isotopic study viable alongside associated adults and older children. The data are compared in detail with published data from two other sites, one from 19th century Canada and the other from Medieval Britain. The results suggest an unusual situation at Wetwang Slack, with neither the nitrogen nor the carbon isotope ratios conforming to expectations when compared with the putative mothers. We discuss how these data compare with the expectation for breastfed infants and we interpret the divergence in this case to be due to restricted breastfeeding and the early introduction of supplementary foods. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brief Communication: Physiological stress in the Florida Archaic—Enamel hypoplasia and patterns of developmental insult in early North American hunter‐gatherers
Authors: Berbesque J.C. , Doran G.H.
Published: March 2008

We examined the prevalence and developmental timing of linear enamel hypoplasias (LEHs) in an early Archaic Floridian population from Windover (8,120–6,980 14C years B.P. uncorrected). Using digital images, mandibular and maxillary canines were analyzed for defect prevalence and timing of insults. Although overall prevalence was very weakly correlated with earlier defect timing, there were significant differences in defect prevalence that varied by sex and tooth type. The mean LEH count in male mandibular canines was far higher than in male maxillary canines or in female mandibular or maxillary canines. We examined defect timing as a possible predictor of the sex differences in LEH prevalence. There were no significant sex differences in the developmental timing of the earliest defects in either tooth class. Developmental timing is not responsible for the sex differences seen in defect prevalence in mandibular canines. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of the addition of the surfactant Tetronic 1307 on poly(ether sulfone) porous hollow‐fiber membrane formation
Authors: Rahman Nasrul A. , Sotani Tomohiro , Matsuyama Hideto
Published: March 2008

Poly(ether sulfone) (PES) hollow‐fiber membrane was prepared via a nonsolvent‐induced phase‐separation method, and the effect of the addition of the surfactant Tetronic 1307 on the membrane performance and characteristics was investigated. The phase diagram of the PES/N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP)/water system was clarified. When the polymer solution involved Tetronic 1307, the amount of water required to induce the phase separation decreased, which indicated that Tetronic 1307 was one kind of nonsolvent. The kinetics of phase separation for the PES/NMP/Tetronic 1307 system were studied by light‐scattering measurements. With the addition of Tetronic 1307, delayed phase separation was observed, and the structure growth rate decreased. Scanning electron microscopy images for all of the membranes showed the formation of fingerlike macrovoids through the cross section. Membrane surface morphologies were measured by atomic force microscopy. The obtained results indicated that membrane with 7 wt % Tetronic 1307 had higher roughness parameters than original membrane without the addition of surfactant. Ultrafiltration experiment results showed that the addition of Tetronic 1307 brought about an increase in water permeability and decreased the rejection of dextran with a molecular weight of about 10,000. The contact angles of water on the membrane outer surface decreased with the addition of Tetronic 1307. This mean the membrane surface became more hydrophilic. Thus, the addition of Tetronic 1307 was useful for improving the water permeability and for obtaining a hydrophilic membrane surface. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Biocidal acyclic halamine polymers: Conversion of acrylamide‐grafted‐cotton to acyclic halamine
Authors: Liu Song , Sun Gang
Published: March 2008

Biocidal acyclic halamine materials can be prepared by chlorination of amide structures grafted onto polymers such as cellulose. This approach extended available halamine structures and potential applications in medical textiles and polymers. However, the conversion yield of the amide bonds to acyclic halamine was quite low (∼ 6%) according to the grafted amide bonds. By using instrumental analyses of FTIR, NMR, and LC‐MS, imidization reaction on amide bonds during the graft polymerization was identified as one of the major side reactions that could lead to the low conversion yield. Potassium persulfate was found accountable for the imidization reaction of amide structures. Potential solutions to this side reaction were proposed and evaluated as well in this study. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effect of SEPS as a novel compatibilizer on the properties and morphology of PP/PC/POE blends
Authors: Dai Shanshan , Ye Lin
Published: March 2008

A novel macromolecular compatibilizer, styrene‐ethylene‐propylene‐styrene (SEPS) with high content of styrene, was investigated for the purpose of improving the compatibility of PP (polypropylene)/PC (polycarbonate)/POE (ethylene‐octene copolymer) blends. SEPS shows a remarkable compatibilizing effect since it has a particular structure with the EP‐compatible aliphatic segments, which is well miscible with the nonpolar PP and olefinic elastomer POE domains, and S‐chain segments which exhibit strong affinity with PC because of the similar molecular structure. Its compatibilizing effect was examined in terms of the mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties. The compatibilized PP‐based blends represent remarkable improvement in impact strength and balanced tensile strength. When 5 wt % SEPS was added to PP/PC/POE blends (20 wt % POE), the impact strength of the blends was enhanced from 24 to 43 kJ/m2 without obvious drop in the tensile strength. Their morphologies show a decreasing and much more homogeneous size of dispersed PC and POE particles through addition of SEPS, and the fracture surface morphologies change from irregular mosaic to the mix of mosaic and striation, and finally the regularly distant striation. The special morphology structure that resulted from the effect of the compatibilizer could be a key for enhancement of toughness and balanced rigidity of the blends. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Poly(lactic acid)‐based biocomposites reinforced with kenaf fibers
Authors: Avella Maurizio , Bogoeva‐Gaceva Gordana , Bužarovska Aleksandra , Errico Maria Emanuela , Gentile Gennaro , Grozdanov Anita
Published: March 2008

Biodegradable thermoplastic‐based composites reinforced with kenaf fibers were prepared and characterized. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was selected as polymeric matrix. To improve PLA/fibers adhesion, low amount of a proper reactive coupling agent, obtained by grafting maleic anhydride onto PLA, was added during matrix/fibers melt mixing. Compared with uncompatibilized composites, this compatibilization strategy induces a strong interfacial adhesion and a pronounced improvement of the mechanical properties. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Dynamic mechanical and thermal properties of PE‐EPDM based jute fiber composites
Authors: Sarkhel Gautam , Choudhury Arup
Published: March 2008

The present investigation deals with the mechanical, thermal and viscoelastic properties of ternary composites based on low density polyethylene (LDPE)‐ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer (EPDM) blend and high density polyethylene (HDPE)‐EPDM blend reinforced with short jute fibers. For all the untreated and compatibilizer treated composites, the variation of mechanical and viscoelastic properties as a function of fiber loading (10, 20 and 30 wt %) and compatibilizer concentration (1, 2, and 3%) were evaluated. The flexural strength, flexural modulus, impact strength, and hardness increased with increasing both the fiber loading and the compatibilizer dose. The storage modulus (E′) and loss modulus (E″) of the HDPE‐EPDM/jute fiber composites were recorded higher compared to those of the LDPE‐EPDM/jute fiber composites at all level of fiber loading and compatibilizer doses. The tanδ (damping efficiency) spectra showed a strong influence of the fiber loading and compatibilizer dose on the α relaxation process of polymer matrix in the composite. The thermo‐oxidative stability was significantly enhanced for treated composites compared to untreated composites. Scanning electron microscopy investigation confirmed that the higher values of mechanical and viscoelastic properties of the treated composites compared to untreated composites is caused by improvement of fiber‐matrix adhesion as result of compatibilizer treatment. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Integrating VOEvents with AstroGrid through STAP services
Authors: Auden E. , Allan A. , Benson K. , Dalla S. , Winstanley N.
Published: March 2008

VOEvent packets describe transient space events, so the Simple Time Access Protocol (STAP) specification provides a useful time‐based query mechanism. Once event metadata has been extracted from VOEvent packets to a relational database, an AstroGrid STAP client web service can be configured to query the events. The resulting STAP service is registered with an IVOA compliant registry, and users can then query VOEvent archives through virtual observatory data searching applications such as the AstroGrid VOScope application. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
RTS2: Lessons learned from a widely distributed telescope network
Authors: Kubánek P.
Published: March 2008

RTS2 (Remote Telescope System 2) is a highly modular open source telescope and observatory management software package. It evolved fromRTS, which was developed in Python to control a telescope aimed at observing optical transients of γ ray burts. The development of a network system capable of operating robotic telescopes is both difficult and complicated. Along with continued software development one must be concerned with maintaining operations and obtaining results. This is a review of experiences gained building a network of robotic telescopes. It focuses on describing which issues are important during development of the robotic observatory software and requirements for future development of the RTS2 package. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A machine learning classification broker for the LSST transient database
Authors: Borne K.D.
Published: March 2008

We describe the largest data‐producing astronomy project in the coming decade – the LSST (Large Synoptic Survey Telescope). The enormous data output, database contents, knowledge discovery, and community science expected from this project will impose massive data challenges on the astronomical research community. One of these challenge areas is the rapid machine learning, data mining, and classification of all novel astronomical events from each 3‐gigapixel (6‐GB) image obtained every 20 seconds throughout every night for the project duration of 10 years.We describe these challenges and a particular implementation of a classification broker for this data fire hose. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope: A homogeneous telescope network
Authors: Hidas M.G. , Hawkins E. , Walker Z. , Brown T.M. , Rosing W.E.
Published: March 2008

Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope is a research organisation in the process of designing and building a network of robotic telescopes to be used for research in time‐domain astrophysics and education. The network will have complete latitude coverage in both hemispheres to allow continuous observations of any target. In other words, we will keep you in the dark. We describe the current status of our facilities and our vision for the full network. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
New observing modes of a future HTN‐based distributed detection network for high time resolution and quantum optical astrophysics experiments
Authors: Solomos N.
Published: March 2008

This contribution aims to introduce the idea that a well‐evolved HTN of the far future, with the anticipated addition of very large apertures, could also be made to incorporate the ability to carry out photonic astronomy observations, particularly Optical VLBI in a revived Hanbury‐Brown and Twiss Intensity Interferometry (HBTII) configuration. Such an HTN could exploit its inherent rapid reconfigurational ability to become a multi‐aperture distributed photon‐counting network able to study higher‐order spatiotemporal photon correlations and provide a unique tool for direct diagnostics of astrophysical emission processes. We very briefly review various considerations associated with the switching of the HTN to a special mode in which single‐photon detection events are continuously captured fora posterioriintercorrelation. In this context, photon arrival times should be determined to the highest time resolution possible and extremely demanding absolute time keeping and absolute time distribution schemes should be devised and implemented in the HTN nodes involved. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
GCN and VOEvent: A status report
Authors: Barthelmy S.
Published: March 2008

The GRB Coordinates Network (GCN) has filled an important niche in the conduct and progress of research on GRB for more than 14 years. The methods used to collect and distribute the positions, lightcurves, spectra, and images on GRB in real time (a few seconds) will be reviewed. For the research on GRBs to continue to move forward and for other fields of transient astronomy to move forward, enhancements are needed to the GCN. VOEvents is one of those changes, and that addition will be described here. The enhanced system will be called VO‐GCN. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Towards a real‐time transient classification engine
Authors: Bloom J.S. , Starr D.L. , Butler N.R. , Nugent P. , Rischard M. , Eads D. , Poznanski D.
Published: March 2008

Temporal sampling does more than add another axis to the vector of observables. Instead, under the recognition that how objects change (and move) in time speaks directly to the physics underlying astronomical phenomena, next‐generation wide‐field synoptic surveys are poised to revolutionize our understanding of just about anything that goes bump in the night (which is just about everything at some level). Still, even the most ambitious surveys will require targeted spectroscopic follow‐up to fill in the physical details of newly discovered transients. We are now building a new system intended to ingest and classify transient phenomena in near real‐time from high‐throughput imaging data streams. Described herein, theTransient Classification Projectat Berkeley will be making use of classification techniques operating on “features” extracted from time series and contextual (static) information. We also highlight the need for a community adoption of a standard representation of astronomical time series data (ie. “VOTimeseries”). (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An overview of the heterogeneous telescope network system: Concept, scalability and operation
Authors: White R.R. , Allan A.
Published: March 2008

In the coming decade there will be an avalanche of data streams devoted to astronomical exploration opening new windows of scientific discovery. The shear volume of data and the diversity of event types (Kantor 2006; Kaiser 2004; Vestrand & Theiler & Wozniak 2004) will necessitate; the move to a common language for the communication of event data, and enabling telescope systems with the ability to not just simply respond, but to act independently in order to take full advantage of available resources in a timely manner. Developed over the past three years, the Virtual Observatory Event (VOEvent) provides the best format for carrying these diverse event messages (White et al. 2006a; Seaman & Warner 2006). However, in order for the telescopes to be able to act independently, a system of interoperable network nodes must be in place, that will allow the astronomical assets to not only issue event notifications, but to coordinate and request specific observations. The Heterogeneous Telescope Network (HTN) is a network architecture that can achieve the goals set forth and provide a scalable design to match both fully autonomous and manual telescope system needs (Allan et al. 2006a;White et al. 2006b; Hessman 2006b). In this paper we will show the design concept of this meta‐network and nodes, their scalable architecture and complexity, and how this concept can meet the needs of institutions in the near future. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)