bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Islamism, Government Regulation, and the Ahmadiyah Controversies in Indonesia
Authors: Ropi Ismatu
Published: October 2013

Over the past three decades, Ahmadiyah has been at the center of one of the most significant controversies within the Indonesian Muslim community, particularly after the issuance of MUI’s (Majelis Ulama Indonesia/The Council of Indonesian Ulama) Fatwas in 1980 and 2005 respectively. This paper undertakes a discussion of Ahmadiyah, reviewing its initial contacts with several Muslim organizations such as Muhammadiyah and Syarikat Islam, its roles in disseminating the idea of progressive and modern Islam among Muslim scholars in 1940s to 1960s. The second part will review internal and external factors contributing to the issuance of MUI Fatwa 1980 in the light of preserving orthodoxy within the Indonesian Muslim community. It will also highlight in brief the government response toward the Ahmadiyah’s case. The last part focuses mainly on the Fatwa 2005 and its impact on the more strained relationships within the Muslim community in Indonesia. It will examine socio-political conditions before and after the Fatwa 2005 in light of the steady rise of a new model of Islamism in Indonesia and the conservative shift within the MUI itself, particularly after the downfall of the New Order’s regime in 1998. The arguments ‘pro and contra’ Fatwa 2005, as well as the ‘awkward position’ of the new government on this issue, will be analysed in detail.
Islamism in Politics: Integration and Persecution in Egypt
Authors: DeGregorio Christina
Published: October 2013

This paper tries to portray the why in which Islamism reacted to political constellation in the Egyptian context from the time of Anwar Sadat to of Hosni Mubarak. It shows that the Egyptian government from time to time often adopts a harsh policy toward any forms of extremism in the name of Islam. However, persecution led to nothing but the increase of radical Islamism. This occurred because the Islamist movement failed to integrate their ideas in the real political domain. Failure in integration to both political and social life fueled further exclusivism.
Between ICMI and NU: The Contested Representation of Muslim Civil Society in Indonesia, 1990-2001
Authors: Salim Arskal
Published: October 2013

This article discusses the concept of Muslim civil society in Indonesia by looking at differences in context between democratic and non-democratic regimes and by considering the diversity of Islamic interpretation of civil society and democracy. By looking at the dynamics within state-society relations and the process of democratisation, this article aims to clarify what kind of political actions correspond to the concept of civil society and help build a strong civil society in Indonesia in 1990s. Limiting its scope to the period from 1990 to 2001, the paper draws on two Muslim organisations (Nahdlatul Ulama and Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim Indonesia) to explain why do Indonesian Muslims use the concept of civil society differently? How should Muslims perceive civil society vis-à-vis the state? Is it cooperation (participation) or opposition? Are both respective views equally legitimate? Given that Islamic doctrine may support the most varied of political outlooks, this study will point out that there is no single interpretation of the relationship between Islam and civil society or democracy. The article thus argues that differences between the two groups represent the diversity of Islamic interpretations of socio-political life.[Artikel ini membahas konsep “civil society” di Indonesia berdasarkan perbedaan konteks antara rejim demokratis dan otoriter serta menganalisis ragam interpretasi Islam mengenai civil society dan demokrasi. Melalui analisis dinamika hubungan rakyat-negara dan proses demokratisasi, artikel ini menjelaskan bentuk sikap politik yang sesuai dengan civil societydan mendorong terciptanya civil society yang kuat pada dekade 1990an di Indonesia. Diskusi dibatasi pada dua organisasi Muslim di Indonesia, Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) dan Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim Indonesia (ICMI), dan hanya pada rentang 1990 hingga 2001. Pembatasan dilakukan guna menjawab mengapa Muslim di Indonesia menggunakan konsep civil society secara berbeda dan bagaimana mereka memandang bentuk relasi ideal antara negara-civil society; apakah kerjasama (partisipasi) ataukah oposisi? dan apakah kedua bentuk relasi tersebut sama-sama dapat dibenarkan?. Menyimak bahwa ajaran Islam dapat digunakan untuk mendukung berbagai pandangan politik, artikel ini menggarisbawahi bahwa interpretasi mengenai relasi Islam dan civil society/demokrasi adalah beragam. Karena itu, perbedaan antara NU dan ICMI dalam menterjemahkan konsep civil society merupakan cerminan perbedaan dan ragam interpretasi Islam terhadap kehidupan sosial-politik.]
Islamic Education in a Pluralistic Society
Authors: Nuryatno M. Agus
Published: October 2013

The focus of this paper concerns how to construct an Islamic education that corresponds to a pluralistic society like Indonesia’s. To answer this question it refers to a theory of religious education that consists of three models: in, at, and beyond the wall. Religious education in the wall is a model of religious education that’s only concern is with its own religion, without connecting it with other religions. The second model is religious teaching at the wall, where students are not only taught about their own religion but is also connected with other religions. The last model is religious education beyond the wall, which means helping students to work together with people of other faiths for peace, justice, and harmony. From these models, the dominant practice of Islamic education is based on the first model, religious teaching in the wall. For this reason, I shall argue that it is necessary to shift the model of Islamic teaching from in to at and beyond the wall, in order for Muslim students to not ignorant of other religions and to make them able to work together with other students of different faiths to combat the common enemy of religions such as violence, poverty, corruption, manipulation, and the like. To make Islamic teachers capable of implementing this model of religious teaching, it is necessary to have types of religiosity that correspond to it, namely inclusive-pluralist religiosity, critical-reflective religiosity, multicultural religiosity, humanist religiosity, and social-active religiosity.[Pertanyaan inti yang hendak dijawab melalui artikel ini adalah bagaimanamengkonstruk pendidikan Islam yang sesuai dengan masyarakat plural seperti Indonesia. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut, penulis merujuk teori pendidikan agama yang terdiri dari tiga model: in, at, dan beyond the wall. Pendidikan agama in the wall adalah model pendidikan agama yang hanya memperhatikan agama sendiri tanpa mendialogkan dengan agama yang lain. Model kedua, pendidikan agama at the wall, tidak hanya mengajar siswa tentang agama mereka sendiri, tapi juga agama yang lain. Model terakhir adalah pendidikan agama beyond the wall, yang membantu siswa untuk bekerjasama dengan siswa lain meski berbeda agama demi tegaknya perdamaian, keadilan, dan harmoni. Dari ketiga model ini, praktek dominan pendidikan Islam didasarkan pada model pertama, yaitu pendidikan agama in the wall. Untuk itu penulis berargumen bahwa sudah saatnya untuk menggeser model pendidikan agama dari in ke at dan beyond the wall, agar siswa Muslim tahu dan kenal akan agama yang lain dan menjadikan mereka mampu bekerjasama dengan siswa lain yang memeluk agama berbeda dengan tujuan memerangi musuh utama agama, yaitu kekerasan, kemiskinan, korupsi, manipulasi, dan sejenisnya. Agar guru-guru agama Islam mampu menerapkan model pendidikan agama seperti ini, maka mereka perlu memiliki model-model keagamaan yang sesusai dengan spirit tersebut, seperti model keagamaan inklusif-pluralis, kritis-reflektif, multikultural, humanis, dan aktif-sosial.]
The Historical Figure of Omar al-Mukhtar and Islamic Martyrdom in Indonesia
Authors: Dhont Frank
Published: October 2013

The story of Omar al-Mukhtar resisting Italian colonisation of Libya had great potential as a rallying point for anti-colonial sentiment in the Indies stirred up by Islamic politicians under a Pan-Islamic banner. The Dutch colonial government was quite aware of the issue’s sensitivity. It forbade newspapers and Islamic leaders from even mentioning the story of Omar al-Mukhtar with the result that the proposed boycotts against Italy could not become widespread. The effectivity of Dutch policy snuffed out the possibility of the figure of Omar al-Mukhtar becoming a rallying point for those politically active in the struggle against colonialism. Those that would become Indonesian National Heroes with Islamic roots were in fact figures re-cast in a national, secular mould. After ndonesian independence it was national, local identity which dominated over that of Islamic martyrdom.[Kisah perjuangan Omar al-Mukhtar dalam melawan kolonialisasi Italia menjadi kisah yang menginspirasi gerakan anti-kolonialisme di Hindia-Belanda yang dimotori oleh kalangan politisi muslim melalui semboyan Pan-Islamisme. Pemerintah kolonial Belanda merespon dengan hati-hati isu sensitif ini dengan melarang koran dan pemimpin Muslim menceritakan kisah perjuangan Omar al-Mukhtar. Namun, pelarangan ini tidak cukup berhasil. Omar al-Mukhtar menjadi inspirator gerakan anti-kolonialisme. Mereka yang disebut sebagai pahlawan nasional dengan latar belakang muslim sebenarnya tokoh-tokoh yang dihadirkan dengan nuansa nasional/sekuler. Setelah Indonesia merdeka, identitas lokal-nasional itulah yang kemudian lebih dominan ketimbang identitas keislaman.]
Radio Fatwa: Islamic Tanya-Jawab Programmes on Radio Dakwah
Authors: Sunarwoto S.
Published: October 2013

The present article is a study of radio fatwa in Indonesia with special reference to the Tanya-Jawab genres in radio dakwah. The concept of fatwa has changed over time. Such Islamic Tanya-Jawab programmes broadcast on radio dakwah are important to understand how fatwa is disseminated by means of media, since Islamic Tanya-Jawab programmes can be considered as part of fatwa. These programmes give not only information about Islam, but also become a forum in which interpretation of Islam takes place. This can be seen in the discussion on the Islamic ruling on eating “dog meat”, in which interpretation of Islamic law is highly contested.[Artikel ini mendiskusikan radio fatwa di Indonesia, utamanya tentang program tanya-jawab yang disiarkan radio dakwah. Konsep fatwa terus berubah dan program tanya-jawab merupakan salah satu cara bagaimana fatwa disebarluaskan melalui berbagai media. Penulis berpendapat bahwa program Tanya-Jawab dapat disebut sebagai salah satu bentuk fatwa. Ini karena program tersebut tidak saja mengetengahkan informasi mengenai Islam, namun juga interpretasi mengenai Islam. Perdebatan mengenai hukum memakan daging anjing merupakan salah satu contoh isu kontroversial yang akan dijelaskan melalui artikel ini.]
Foreign Language Anxiety: Past and Future
Authors: Luo Han
Published: October 2013

This paper gives a comprehensive review of studies on foreign language anxiety. Foreign
language anxiety has been recognized in the past few decades as a situation-specific
emotional reaction that potentially impedes foreign language learning. Research has shown
that foreign language anxiety is not only prevalent among foreign language learners, but
also has various negative effects on foreign language learning. In order to help learners cope
with this problem, researchers have identified a large number of sources of foreign language
anxiety, which generally fall into four major categories, namely, the classroom environment,
learner characteristics, the target language, and the foreign language learning process itself.
Researchers have also investigated quite a number of factors associated with foreign language
anxiety (including categorical background variables and quantitative learner variables) and
have produced mixed results. Based on a thorough review of foreign language anxiety, the
paper concludes with recommendations for future studies on foreign language anxiety.
A Study of the Impacts of Participating in
the “CCTV CUP” English Public Speaking
Contest on the Contestants
Authors: Wang Jieqing
Published: October 2013

Up to now there still lacks relevant study on what role participating in English public speaking
contests plays in cultivating students’ English public speaking ability and the instruction of
this course. The “CCTV CUP” English public speaking contest is one of the most important
contests of this field. Despite a few studies on the “CCTV CUP” in the literature, none of them
has focused on the contestants’ perspective. This paper first attempts to describe the
“CCTV CUP” English public speaking contest from the perspective of sociocultural theory and social
realism. Then it takes 7 final contestants’ “reactions to participating in the contest” for analysis,
focusing on what impacts participating in this contest brought on them. The results show
that participating in the “CCTV CUP” English public speaking contest not only deepened the
contestants’ understandings about English public speaking, but brought significant harvests
at ability training, and the increase of life experience and wisdom. At last, it gives relevant
suggestions on the instruction of English public speaking course.
An ERP Study on Metaphor Comprehension
in the Bilingual Brain
Authors: Chen Hongjun , Peng Xiaoshuang , Zhao Yanli
Published: October 2013

A good number of neurophysiological studies have been conducted to explore the neural
mechanisms of metaphor processing, but few have taken the bilingual phenomenon into
consideration. The current study, by using event related potentials (ERPs), investigated the
neural mechanism employed by Chinese native speakers whose second language is English
in comprehending Chinese and English metaphors. Amplitudes of the N400 ERP component
(350-600 ms) were more negative for English metaphors compared with Chinese literal
sentences, English literal sentences and Chinese metaphors. In addition, both hemispheres
were more activated in processing English metaphors than other conditions. These findings
provide electrophysiological evidence for a different mechanism used by Chinese – English
bilinguals to comprehend Chinese and English metaphors.
Constructing elliptic curve isogenies in quantum subexponential time
Authors: Childs Andrew , Jao David , Soukharev Vladimir
Published: October 2013

Given two ordinary elliptic curves over a finite field
having the same cardinality and endomorphism ring, it is known that
the curves admit a nonzero isogeny between them, but finding such an
isogeny is believed to be computationally difficult. The fastest
known classical algorithm takes exponential time, and prior to our
work no faster quantum algorithm was known. Recently, public-key
cryptosystems based on the presumed hardness of this problem have
been proposed as candidates for post-quantum cryptography. In this
paper, we give a new subexponential-time quantum algorithm for
constructing nonzero isogenies between two such elliptic curves,
assuming the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis (but with no other
assumptions). Our algorithm is based on a reduction to a hidden
shift problem, and represents the first nontrivial application of
Kuperberg's quantum algorithm for finding hidden shifts. This
result suggests that isogeny-based cryptosystems may be
uncompetitive with more mainstream quantum-resistant cryptosystems
such as lattice-based cryptosystems. As part of this work, we also
present the first classical algorithm for evaluating isogenies
having provably subexponential running time in the cardinality
of the base field under GRH.
Ferrous bisglycinate 25 mg iron is as effective as ferrous sulfate 50 mg iron in the prophylaxis of iron deficiency and anemia during pregnancy in a randomized trial
Authors: Milman Nils , Jønsson Lisbeth , Dyre Pernille , Pedersen Palle Lyngsie , Larsen Lise Grupe
Published: October 2013

Objective: To compare the effects of oral ferrous bisglycinate 25 mg iron/day vs. ferrous sulfate 50 mg iron/day in the prevention of iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in pregnant women. Design: Randomized, double-blind, intention-to-treat study. Setting: Antenatal care clinic. Sample: 80 healthy ethnic Danish pregnant women.

Methods: Women were allocated to ferrous bisglycinate 25 mg elemental iron (Aminojern®) (n=40) or ferrous sulfate 50 mg elemental iron (n=40) from 15 to 19 weeks of gestation to delivery. Hematological status (hemoglobin, red blood cell indices) and iron status (plasma iron, plasma transferrin, plasma transferrin saturation, plasma ferritin) were measured at 15–19 weeks (baseline), 27–28 weeks and 36–37 weeks of gestation. Main outcome measures: Occurrence of ID (ferritin <15 μg/L) and IDA (ferritin <12 μg/L and hemoglobin <110 g/L).

Results: At inclusion, there were no significant differences between the bisglycinate and sulfate group concerning hematological status and iron status. The frequencies of ID and IDA were low and not significantly different in the two iron groups. The frequency of gastrointestinal complaints was lower in the bisglycinate than in the sulfate group (P=0.001). Newborns weight was slightly higher in the bisglycinate vs. the sulfate group (3601±517 g vs. 3395±426 g, P=0.09).

Conclusions: In the prevention of ID and IDA, ferrous bisglycinate was not inferior to ferrous sulfate. Ferrous bisglycinate in a low dose of 25 mg iron/day appears to be adequate to prevent IDA in more than 95% of Danish women during pregnancy and postpartum.
The Impact of Dopamine on Aggression: An [18F]-FDOPA PET Study in Healthy Males
Authors: Schlüter Thorben , Winz Oliver , Henkel Karsten , Prinz Susanne , Rademacher Lena , Schmaljohann Jörn , Dautzenberg Kai , Cumming Paul , Kumakura Yoshitaka , Rex Steffen , Mottaghy Felix M. , Gründer Gerhard , Vernaleken Ingo
Published: October 2013

Cerebral dopamine (DA) transmission is thought to be an important modulator for the development and occurrence of aggressive behavior. However, the link between aggression and DA transmission in humans has not been investigated using molecular imaging and standardized behavioral tasks. We investigated aggression as a function of DA transmission in a group of (N= 21) healthy male volunteers undergoing 6-[18F]-fluoro-l-DOPA (FDOPA)-positron emission tomography (PET) and a modified version of the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (PSAP). This task measures aggressive behavior during a monetary reward-related paradigm, where a putative adversary habitually tries to cheat. The participant can react in three ways (i.e., money substraction of the putative opponent [aggressive punishment], pressing a defense button, or continuing his money-making behavior). FDOPA-PET was analyzed using a steady-state model yielding estimates of the DA-synthesis capacity (K), the turnover of tracer DA formed in living brain (kloss), and the tracer distribution volume (Vd), which is an index of DA storage capacity.

Significant negative correlations between PSAP aggressive responses and the DA-synthesis capacity were present in several regions, most prominently in the midbrain (r= −0.640;p= 0.002). Lower degrees of aggressive responses were associated with higher DA storage capacity in the striatum and midbrain. Additionally, there was a significant positive correlation between the investment into monetary incentive responses on the PSAP and DA-synthesis capacity, notably in the midbrain (r= +0.618,p= 0.003). The results suggest that individuals with low DA transmission capacity are more vulnerable to reactive/impulsive aggression in response to provocation.
A Scaffold for Efficiency in the Human Brain
Authors: Burzynska Agnieszka Z. , Garrett Douglas D. , Preuschhof Claudia , Nagel Irene E. , Li Shu-Chen , Bäckman Lars , Heekeren Hauke R. , Lindenberger Ulman
Published: October 2013

The comprehensive relations between healthy adult human brain white matter (WM) microstructure and gray matter (GM) function, and their joint relations to cognitive performance, remain poorly understood. We investigated these associations in 27 younger and 28 older healthy adults by linking diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data collected during an n-back working memory task. We present a novel application of multivariate Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis that permitted the simultaneous modeling of relations between WM integrity values from all major WM tracts and patterns of condition-related BOLD signal across all GM regions. Our results indicate that greater microstructural integrity of the major WM tracts was negatively related to condition-related blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal in task-positive GM regions. This negative relationship suggests that better quality of structural connections allows for more efficient use of task-related GM processing resources. Individuals with more intact WM further showed greater BOLD signal increases in typical “task-negative” regions during fixation, and notably exhibited a balanced magnitude of BOLD response across task-positive and -negative states. Structure—function relations also predicted task performance, including accuracy and speed of responding. Finally, structure–function–behavior relations reflected individual differences over and above chronological age. Our findings provide evidence for the role of WM microstructure as a scaffold for the context-relevant utilization of GM regions.
NMDA Receptor Activation and Calpain Contribute to Disruption of Dendritic Spines by the Stress Neuropeptide CRH
Authors: Andres Adrienne L. , Regev Limor , Phi Lucas , Seese Ronald R. , Chen Yuncai , Gall Christine M. , Baram Tallie Z.
Published: October 2013

The complex effects of stress on learning and memory are mediated, in part, by stress-induced changes in the composition and structure of excitatory synapses. In the hippocampus, the effects of stress involve several factors including glucocorticoids and the stress-released neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which influence the integrity of dendritic spines and the structure and function of the excitatory synapses they carry. CRH, at nanomolar, presumed-stress levels, rapidly abolishes short-term synaptic plasticity and destroys dendritic spines, yet the mechanisms for these effects are not fully understood. Here we tested the hypothesis that glutamate receptor-mediated processes, which shape synaptic structure and function, are engaged by CRH and contribute to spine destabilization. In cultured rat hippocampal neurons, CRH application reduced dendritic spine density in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and this action depended on the CRH receptor type 1. CRH-mediated spine loss required network activity and the activation of NMDA, but not of AMPA receptors; indeed GluR1-containing dendritic spines were resistant to CRH. Downstream of NMDA receptors, the calcium-dependent enzyme, calpain, was recruited, resulting in the breakdown of spine actin-interacting proteins including spectrin. Pharmacological approaches demonstrated that calpain recruitment contributed critically to CRH-induced spine loss. In conclusion, the stress hormone CRH co-opts mechanisms that contribute to the plasticity and integrity of excitatory synapses, leading to selective loss of dendritic spines. This spine loss might function as an adaptive mechanism preventing the consequences of adverse memories associated with severe stress.
Ordinality and the Nature of Symbolic Numbers
Authors: Lyons Ian M. , Beilock Sian L.
Published: October 2013

The view that representations of symbolic and nonsymbolic numbers are closely tied to one another is widespread. However, the link between symbolic and nonsymbolic numbers is almost always inferred from cardinal processing tasks. In the current work, we show that considering ordinality instead points to striking differences between symbolic and nonsymbolic numbers. Human behavioral and neural data show that ordinal processing of symbolic numbers (Are three Indo-Arabic numerals in numerical order?) is distinct from symbolic cardinal processing (Which of two numerals represents the greater quantity?) and nonsymbolic number processing (ordinal and cardinal judgments of dot-arrays). Behaviorally, distance-effects were reversed when assessing ordinality in symbolic numbers, but canonical distance-effects were observed for cardinal judgments of symbolic numbers and all nonsymbolic judgments. At the neural level, symbolic number-ordering was the only numerical task that did not show number-specific activity (greater than control) in the intraparietal sulcus. Only activity in left premotor cortex was specifically associated with symbolic number-ordering. For nonsymbolic numbers, activation in cognitive-control areas during ordinal processing and a high degree of overlap between ordinal and cardinal processing networks indicate that nonsymbolic ordinality is assessed via iterative cardinality judgments. This contrasts with a striking lack of neural overlap between ordinal and cardinal judgments anywhere in the brain for symbolic numbers, suggesting that symbolic number processing varies substantially with computational context. Ordinal processing sheds light on key differences between symbolic and nonsymbolic number processing both behaviorally and in the brain. Ordinality may prove important for understanding the power of representing numbers symbolically.
Mitochondrial Alterations near Amyloid Plaques in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model
Authors: Xie Hong , Guan JiSong , Borrelli Laura A. , Xu Jing , Serrano-Pozo Alberto , Bacskai Brian J.
Published: October 2013

While accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) deposited as senile plaques is a hallmark feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the neurotoxicity of these deposits remains controversial. Recentin vitrostudies suggested a link between elevated Aβ and mitochondrial dysfunction that might contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. However, thein vivoevidence for mitochondria dysfunction caused by Aβ is still missing. Using intravital multiphoton imaging with a range of fluorescent markers, we systematically surveyed mitochondrial structural and functional changes in AD mouse models. We observed severe impairments to be limited to the vicinity of Aβ plaques, which included reduction of both numbers and membrane potential of mitochondria and the emergence of dystrophic and fragmented mitochondria. Both neuronal soma and neurites with oxidative stress show severe alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential in amyloid precursor protein mice. These results providein vivoevidence revealing Aβ plaques as focal sources of toxicity that lead to severe structural and functional abnormalities in mitochondria. These alterations may contribute to neuronal network dysfunction and warrant further investigation as possible targets for therapeutic intervention in AD.
Dopamine D4Receptor Excitation of Lateral Habenula Neurons via Multiple Cellular Mechanisms
Authors: Good Cameron H. , Wang Huikun , Chen Yuan-Hao , Mejias-Aponte Carlos A. , Hoffman Alexander F. , Lupica Carl R.
Published: October 2013

Glutamatergic lateral habenula (LHb) output communicates negative motivational valence to ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons via activation of the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg). However, the LHb also receives a poorly understood DA input from the VTA, which we hypothesized constitutes an important feedback loop regulating DA responses to stimuli. Using whole-cell electrophysiology in rat brain slices, we find that DA initiates a depolarizing inward current (IDAi) and increases spontaneous firing in 32% of LHb neurons.IDAiwas also observed upon application of amphetamine or the DA uptake blockers cocaine or GBR12935, indicating involvement of endogenous DA.IDAiwas blocked by D4receptor (D4R) antagonists (L745,870 or L741,742), and mimicked by a selective D4R agonist (A412997).IDAiwas associated with increased whole-cell conductance and was blocked by Cs+or a selective blocker of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) ion channel, ZD7288.IDAiwas also associated with a depolarizing shift in half-activation voltage for the hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih) mediated by HCN channels. Recordings from LHb neurons containing fluorescent retrograde tracers revealed thatIDAiwas observed only in cells projecting to the RMTg and not the VTA. In parallel with direct depolarization, DA also strongly increased synaptic glutamate release and reduced synaptic GABA release onto LHb cells. These results demonstrate that DA can excite glutamatergic LHb output to RMTg via multiple cellular mechanisms. Since the RMTg strongly inhibits midbrain DA neurons, activation of LHb output to RMTg by DA represents a negative feedback loop that may dampen DA neuron output following activation.
Deletion of CPEB3 Enhances Hippocampus-Dependent Memory via Increasing Expressions of PSD95 and NMDA Receptors
Authors: Chao Hsu-Wen , Tsai Li-Yun , Lu Yi-Ling , Lin Pei-Yi , Huang Wen-Hsuan , Chou Hsin-Jung , Lu Wen-Hsin , Lin Hsiu-Chen , Lee Ping-Tao , Huang Yi-Shuian
Published: October 2013

Long-term memory requires activity-dependent synthesis of plasticity-related proteins (PRPs) to strengthen synaptic efficacy and consequently consolidate memory. Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein (CPEB)3 is a sequence-specific RNA-binding protein that regulates translation of several PRP RNAs in neurons. To understand whether CPEB3 plays a part in learning and memory, we generated CPEB3 knock-out (KO) mice and found that the null mice exhibited enhanced hippocampus-dependent, short-term fear memory in the contextual fear conditioning test and long-term spatial memory in the Morris water maze. The basal synaptic transmission of Schaffer collateral-CA1 neurons was normal but long-term depression evoked by paired-pulse low-frequency stimulation was modestly facilitated in the juvenile KO mice. Molecular and cellular characterizations revealed several molecules in regulating plasticity of glutamatergic synapses are translationally elevated in the CPEB3 KO neurons, including the scaffolding protein PSD95 and the NMDA receptors along with the known CPEB3 target, GluA1. Together, CPEB3 functions as a negative regulator to confine the strength of glutamatergic synapses by downregulating the expression of multiple PRPs and plays a role underlying certain forms of hippocampus-dependent memories.
The Sociability of History in French Grand Opera: A Historical Materialist Perspective
Authors: Mondelli Peter
Published: October 2013

French grand opera relied heavily on historical sources for its stories, settings, and characters. This article reexamines why representations of the past captivated Parisian audiences. For these spectators, history was not just a purely factual discourse about what happened centuries ago, it was also a social phenomenon. As such, grand opera's appropriation of historical subjects depended on new social spaces formed by new patterns in text production and consumption. When these spaces first emerged, historical grand opera became socially feasible, and as they were transformed, the genre began to wane. Focusing on Auber's La Muette de Portici, this article reconsiders the emergence of historical grand opera in terms of such material conditions of possibility. It then outlines how new material conditions in the middle decades of the nineteenth century reshaped attitudes toward operatic history, drawing on the historical materialist philosophy of Walter Benjamin to clarify the effects of these social and technological changes.
Mattress recycling
Authors: Griffiths Tony , Coe Charles , Fiori Fabio , Berry Ian
Published: October 2013

Mattresses, which are classed as bulky items, can enter the waste stream either by kerbside collection or by way of household waste recycling centres. They are of a composite construction, with a material panel over a steel spring assembly. The design is heavily influenced by type and manufacturer. An analysis of a range of mattresses entering a recycling facility was undertaken and key physical parameters were determined to assess type, size, mass and methods of construction. Of the mattresses entering the facility, 58% were classed as double size and the remaining 42% were single. It was found that the panels were attached to the spring assembly by staples and they were either unstitched, stitched together using a range of designs or joined using tufted buttons. Furthermore, 98% of the mattresses examined were of a simple open spring design. The average mass varied from 15 kg for single mattresses to 25 kg for doubles. The steel spring assembly accounted for about 45% of the total mass. Currently, recycling takes place in dedicated centres using manual or automated processes. The type of construction heavily influences the recycling route: stitched panels are sent to energy from waste plants, whereas unstitched material is sent for further processing due to its ease of separation. The calorific value of the panel material ranged from 18·55 to 23·78 MJ/kg, making them ideally suited to energy applications.
Biophysical forcings of land‐use changes from potential forestry activities in North America
Authors: Zhao Kaiguang , Jackson Robert B.
Published: October 2013

Land‐use changes through forestry and other activities alter not just carbon storage, but biophysical properties, including albedo, surface roughness, and canopy conductance, all of which affect temperature. This study assessed the biophysical forcings and climatic impact of vegetation replacement across North America by comparing satellite‐derived albedo, land surface temperature (LST), and evapotranspiration (ET) between adjacent vegetation types. We calculated radiative forcings (RF) for potential local conversions from croplands (CRO) or grasslands (GRA) to evergreen needleleaf (ENF) or deciduous broadleaf (DBF) forests. Forests generally had lower albedo than adjacent grasslands or croplands, particularly in locations with snow. They also had warmer nighttime LST, cooler daily and daytime LST in warm seasons, and smaller daily LST ranges. Darker forest surfaces induced positive RFs, dampening the cooling effect of carbon sequestration. The mean (±SD) albedo‐induced RFs for each land conversion were equivalent to carbon emissions of 2.2 ± 0.7 kg C/m2 (GRA–ENF), 2.0 ± 0.6 kg C/m2 (CRO–ENF), 0.90 ± 0.50 kg C/m2 (CRO–DBF), and 0.73 ± 0.22 kg C/m2 (GRA–DBF), suggesting that, given the same carbon sequestration potential, a larger net cooling (integrated globally) is expected for planting DBF than ENF. Both changes in LST and ET induce longwave RFs that sometimes had values comparable to or even larger than albedo‐induced shortwave RFs. Sensible heat flux, on average, increased when replacing CRO with ENF, but decreased for conversions to DBF, suggesting that DBF tends to cool near‐surface air locally while ENF tends to warm it. This local temperature effect showed some seasonal variation and spatial dependence, but did not differ strongly by latitude. Overall, our results show that a carbon‐centric accounting is, in many cases, insufficient for climate mitigation policies. Where afforestation or reforestation occurs, however, deciduous broadleaf trees are likely to produce stronger cooling benefits than evergreen needleleaf trees provide.
The Effect of Flapless Surgery on Implant Survival and Marginal Bone Level: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Lin Guo‐Hao , Chan Hsun‐Liang , Bashutski Jill D. , Oh Tae‐Ju , Wang Hom‐Lay
Published: October 2013

Background: The clinical outcomes of implants placed using the flapless approach have not yet been systematically investigated. Hence, the present systematic review and meta‐analysis aims to study the effect of the flapless technique on implant survival rates (SRs) and marginal bone levels (MBLs) compared with the conventional flap approach.

Methods: An electronic search of five databases (from 1990 to March 2013), including PubMed, Ovid (MEDLINE), EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central, and a hand search of peer‐reviewed journals for relevant articles were performed. Human clinical trials with data on comparison of SR and changes in MBL between the flapless and conventional flap procedures, with at least five implants in each study group and a follow‐up period of at least 6 months, were included.

Results: Twelve studies, including seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs), one cohort study, one pilot study, and three retrospective case‐controlled trials (CCTs), were included. The SR of each study was recorded, weighted mean difference (WMD) and confidence interval (CI) were calculated, and meta‐analyses were performed for changes in MBL. The average SR is 97.0% (range, 90% to 100%) for the flapless procedure and 98.6% (range, 91.67% to 100%) for the flap procedure. Meta‐analysis for the comparison of SR among selected studies presented a similar outcome (risk ratio = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.97 to 1.01, P = 0.30) for both interventions. Mean differences of MBL were retrieved from five RCTs and two retrospective CCTs and subsequently pooled into meta‐analyses; however, none of the comparisons showed statistical significance. For RCTs, the WMD was 0.07, with a 95% CI of −0.05 to 0.20 (P = 0.26). For retrospective CCTs, the WMD was 0.23, with a 95% CI of −0.58 to 1.05 (P = 0.58). For the combined analysis, the WMD was 0.03, with a 95% CI of −0.11 to 0.18 (P = 0.67). The comparison of SR presented a low to moderate heterogeneity, but MBL presented a considerable heterogeneity among studies.

Conclusion: This systematic review revealed that the SRs and radiographic marginal bone loss of flapless intervention were comparable with the flap surgery approach.
Long Term Water Storage Deteriorates Bonding of Composite Resin to Alumina and Zirconia Short Communication
Authors: Heikkinen T.T. , Matinlinna J.P , Vallittu P.K. , Lassila L.V.J.
Published: October 2013

Objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of long term water storage and ageing on the bond strength of resin composite cement to yttria-stabilized zirconium dioxide (zirconia) and dialuminium trioxide (alumina). Substrate specimens of alumina and zirconia were air particle abraded with dialuminium trioxide before priming and application of composite resin. Priming was made with gamma metharyloxy-trimethoxysilane or acryloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane monomer after which the intermediate dimethacrylate resin was applied and photopolymerized. This was followed by curing particulate composite resin cement (Relyx ARC) to the substrate as a resin stub. The ageing methods of the specimens (n=6) were: (1) they stored four years in 37±1ºC distilled water, (2) thermocycled 8000 times between 55±1ºC and 5±1ºC, (3) stored first in water for four years and then thermocycled. Specimens which were stored dry, were used as controls. Bonding of composite resin was measured by shear-bond strength test set-up. Both thermocycling and long-term water storage decreased significantly shear bond strength values compared to the control group (from the level of 20 MPa to 5 MPa) regardless of the used primer or the type of the substrate. Combination of four years water storage and thermocyling reduced the bond strength even more, to the level of two to three megapascals. In can be concluded that water storage and thermocycling itselves, and especially combination of water storage and thermocycling can cause considerable reduction in the bond strength of composite resin cement to alumina and zirconia.
The Effect of Surface Roughness on Repair Bond Strength of Light-Curing Composite Resin to Polymer Composite Substrate
Authors: Kallio Timo T. , Tezvergil-Mutluay Arzu , Lassila Lippo V.J. , Vallittu Pekka K.
Published: October 2013

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to analyze the shear bond strength of a new composite resin to polymer-based composite substrates using various surface roughnesses and two kinds of polymer matrices.

Materials and methods:

Particulate filler composite resin with cross-linked polymer matrix and fiber-reinforced composite with semi-interpenetrating polymer matrix were used as bonding substrates after being ground to different roughnesses. Substrates were aged in water for one week before bonding to new resin composites. Twelve specimens in the substrate groups were ground with grinding papers of four grits; 320, 800, 1200 and 2400.

Results:

Corresponding values of surface roughness (Ra) varied from 0.09 to 0.40 for the particulate filler composite resin and 0.07 to 0.96 for the fiber-reinforced composite resin. Characteristic shear bond strength between the new resin and particulate filler composite resin was highest (27.8 MPa) with the roughest surface (Weibull modulus: 2.085). Fiber-reinforced composite showed the highest bond strength (20.8 MPa) with the smoothest surface (Weibull modulus: 4.713).

Conclusions:

We concluded that surface roughness did not increase the bonding of new resin to the substrate of IPN based fiber-reinforced composite, whereas the roughness contributed to bonding the new resin to the particulate filler composite resin with a cross-linked polymer matrix.
Clinical Performance of a New Biomimetic Double Network Material
Authors: Dirxen Christine , Blunck Uwe , Preissner Saskia
Published: October 2013

Background:

The development of ceramics during the last years was overwhelming. However, the focus was laid on the hardness and the strength of the restorative materials, resulting in high antagonistic tooth wear. This is critical for patients with bruxism.

Objectives:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of the new double hybrid material for non-invasive treatment approaches.

Material and Methods:

The new approach of the material tested, was to modify ceramics to create a biomimetic material that has similar physical properties like dentin and enamel and is still as strong as conventional ceramics.

Results:

The produced crowns had a thickness ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 mm. To evaluate the clinical performance and durability of the crowns, the patient was examined half a year later. The crowns were still intact and soft tissues appeared healthy and this was achieved without any loss of tooth structure.

Conclusions:

The material can be milled to thin layers, but is still strong enough to prevent cracks which are stopped by the interpenetrating polymer within the network. Depending on the clinical situation, minimally- up to non-invasive restorations can be milled.

Clinical Relevance:

Dentistry aims in preservation of tooth structure. Patients suffering from loss of tooth structure (dental erosion, Amelogenesis imperfecta) or even young patients could benefit from minimally-invasive crowns. Due to a Vickers hardness between dentin and enamel, antagonistic tooth wear is very low. This might be interesting for treating patients with bruxism.
Development and initial validation of a scale to measure attitudes and beliefs of pharmacists toward their work with patients
Authors: Jocic Dragana , Krajnovic Dusanka
Published: October 2013

Background/Aim. Studies on physicians and other health care professionals
indicate that attitudes towards and beliefs in their work with patients, can
affect the quality of health care, and patients' behaviour and compliance,
thus an instrument is needed to survey pharmacists as healthcare providers.
The aim of this study was to describe the development and psychometric
validation of a survey instrument to assess attitudes and beliefs of
pharmacists toward their work with patients (Pharmacists' Attitudes and
Beliefs Scale, PABS). The aim of this research was to determine the
reliability, validity and factor structure of a newly constructed instrument
- PABS. Methods. The statements from the cognitive, affective, and behavioral
areas were identified by literature review and selected to cover the behavior
of pharmacists in providing pharmaceutical care at community settings. The
initial 5- point Likert type scale of 30 items was constructed and after
initial validation its revised form developed. The reliability, construct
validity and factor structure of the scale were established. Results. The
reliability of the scale was determined by the method of internal
consistency, on a convenient sample of 123 community pharmacists. The
Cronbach?s alpha coefficient was 0.67. Factor analysis of principal
components was performed and 7 factors with latent roots greater than 1 were
extracted, explaining 64.92% of total variance, a single 30.84%, 8.20%,
6.55%, 5.63%, 5.01%, 4.68% and 4.01%. Based on the results of factor analysis
in the development of the scale, some items in the scale were excluded
(totally 7), so that the revised form of the PABS contained a total of 23
items. Conclusion. The initial PABS scale did not meet theoretical
statistical criteria for reliability (Cronbach?s alpha coefficient was <
0.7), but the findings indicated its potentially acceptable construct
validity. The results support its use as a research tool to assess the
behavior of pharmacists in daily practice, and provide its use as an
indicator of quality in delivering pharmaceutical care.
Drug interactions with statins
Authors: Causevic-Ramosevac Anida , Semiz Sabina
Published: October 2013

The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) are generally well tolerated as monotherapy. Statins are associated with two important adverse effects, asymptomatic elevation in liver enzymes and myopathy. Myopathy is most likely to occur when statins are administered with other drugs. Statins are substrates of multiple drug transporters (including OAT- -P1B1, BCRP and MDR1) and several cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes (including CYP3A4, CYP2C8, CYP2C19, and CYP2C9). Possible adverse effects of statins can occur due to interactions in concomitant use of drugs that substantially inhibit or induce their methabolic pathway. This review summarizes the most important interactions of statins.
Synthesis of the impurities during the manufacture of bulk drug midazolam and separation of these impurities by HPLC
Authors: Sati Bhawana , Sati Hemlata , Saklani Sarla ,   Ellamma, Bhatt Prakash Chandra , Mishra Ravinesh
Published: October 2013

During the manufacture of bulk drug midazolam various impurities arised that can be the related products or degradation products. Structures of eight impurities that can arise during the manufacture of bulk drug midazolam were proposed. In the present work, synthesis of these impurities and their characterization by different spectroscopic techniques have been done. HPLC method was developed for the separation of impurities from the bulk drug. The developed method separates midazolam from its eight impurities/degradation products within a run time of 45 min.
Methods of amorphization and investigation of the amorphous state
Authors: Einfalt Tomaž , Planinšek Odon , Hrovat Klemen
Published: October 2013

The amorphous form of pharmaceutical materials represents the most energetic solid state of a material. It provides advantages in terms of dissolution rate and bioavailability. This review presents the methods of solid- -state amorphization described in literature (supercooling of liquids, milling, lyophilization, spray drying, dehydration of crystalline hydrates), with the emphasis on milling. Furthermore, we describe how amorphous state of pharmaceuticals differ depending on the method of preparation and how these differences can be screened by a variety of spectroscopic (X-ray powder diffraction, solid state nuclear magnetic resonance, atomic pairwise distribution, infrared spectroscopy, terahertz spectroscopy) and calorimetry methods.