bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial Support for Trauma-Affected Students After School Shootings in Finland
Authors: Turunen Tuija , Punamäki Raija-Leena
Published: May 2014

In Finland, as many as 20 people have lost their lives in two school shootings within one year. This article describes trauma-theoretical rationale, planning, and implementation of acute and long-term psychosocial aftercare that was organized in Kauhajoki where one of the school shootings happened. The aftercare was embedded in the school community’s everyday life to enhance easy access. The aftercare proceeded in 6 phases, involving the immediate support phase at the first 24 hr, the acute phase for the first 2 weeks, followed by a 5-month period of empowerment, normalization, and creating “a safe place.” The habituation phase coincided with the completion of the renovation of the damaged school building and students returning to the scene. The first anniversary was marked by shared rituals and remembrance, and the follow-up phase lasted until the end of the aftercare in 2 years. The aftercare contained, for example, psychoeducation, screening, and services at community, group, and individual levels.
Adolescents Who Assault Their Parents: A Different Family Profile of Young Offenders?
Authors: Contreras Lourdes , Cano Carmen
Published: May 2014

Some authors have proposed that the mechanisms underlying adolescent-to-parent abuse seem to be different from other forms of juvenile delinquency. Given that this aggression is exerted within the family setting, our study was aimed to explore if there was a differential family profile for those adolescents who commit a parent abuse offense compared to those who commit other types of offenses. Judicial files of 1,046 young offenders from the Juvenile Justice Service of Jaén (Spain) were examined. The final sample (654 young offenders) was divided into 2 groups: those who had committed offenses against a parent (parent abuse group) and those who had committed other types of offenses (other offenses group). Results showed that families with parent abuse have differential characteristics, especially regarding the family size, type of household, parenting styles, and the patterns of interactions between the family members.
Associations Between Intimate Partner Violence and Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Severity in a Multiethnic Sample of Men With Histories of Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: Loeb Tamra Burns , Holloway Ian W. , Galvan Frank H. , Wyatt Gail E. , Myers Hector F. , Glover Dorie A. , Zhang Muyu , Liu Honghu
Published: May 2014

Objective: Little research exists identifying risk factors for posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) among men with histories of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) who have been exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV). Methods: One hundred and fifty African American, Latino and non-Latino White men with histories of CSA participated in this study. Results: An ordinary least squares regression model with race/ethnicity, HIV serostatus, and CSA severity treated as cofounders and with IPV as the predictor was fitted to predict level of PTSS. Higher levels of IPV were significantly associated with higher PTSS, as were higher levels of chronic stress, and being African American. Conclusions: Mental health service providers should routinely screen for IPV in men who report histories of CSA and PTSS.
Impact of operating conditions on performance of capacitive deionisation for reverse osmosis brine recovery
Authors: Yu Jing , Qin Jianjun , Kekre Kiran A. , Viswanath Balakrishnan , Tao Guihe , Seah Harry
Published: May 2014

The study aimed at further developing an integrated capacitive deionisation (CDI)-based process to treat reverse osmosis (RO) brine from a water reclamation facility to increase the overall water recovery to more than 90% and to achieve a sustainable operation of the process with optimised conditions. The normalised treatment capacity of CDI membranes and voltage was optimised at 24.8 L/m2/h and 1.1–1.5 V, respectively. The operation time of CDI cell with membrane area of 0.8 m2 was able to be extended to more than 1,000 h from the initial 72 h. Cleaning with both HCl at low pH and salt solution was good in removing foulants but cleaning with citric acid was not effective, as expected. The initiative cleaning strategy was found to be more effective in CDI fouling control and is recommended for long-term CDI operation. CDI cell efficiency for removal of ions reduced with operation time due to cleaning with surfactants at pH 10.5 which should be avoided in a future study.
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Correlates with Established Histological Scores in a Miniature Pig Model of Cartilage Regeneration
Authors: Guenther Daniel , Liu Chaoxu , Horstmann Hauke , Krettek Christian , Jagodzinski Michael , Haasper Carl
Published: May 2014

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) could be of clinical relevance in modern cartilage regeneration.In a miniature pig model correlation of measurements and histologic scores have never been used before. The data analysis was part of an animal project that investigated the effects of seeding a chondrogenic and osteogenic scaffold with a bone-marrow-derived cell concentrate and reports the histological and mechanical properties. We created 20 osteochondral defects in the femoral condyles of 10 miniature pigs.The defects were left empty (E), filled with the grafted cylinder upside down (U), or with a combined scaffold (S) containing a spongy bone cylinder covered with a collagen membrane. In the fourth group, the same scaffolds were implanted but seeded with a stem cell concentrate (S+BMCC). The animals were euthanized after 3 months, and histologic and spectrometric analyses were performed. NIRS measurements were significantly higher in the central area of the defects of group S+BMCC compared to the central area of the defects of group U. In all groups, a correlation between NIRS and the histologic scores could be demonstrated though on different levels. In the central area, a good NIRS measurement correlates with low (good) histologic scores. In group E and group S, this negative correlation was significant (p=0.01). For the first time, NIRS was successfully used to evaluate osteochondral constructs in a miniature pig model.
The Construct Validity and Responsiveness of Sensory Tests in Patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Authors: Cheung Derek K.M , MacDermid JoyC , Walton Dave , Grewal Ruby
Published: May 2014

Background and Purpose :

Sensory evaluation is fundamental to evaluation of patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS). The purpose of this study was to determine the construct validity and responsiveness for sensory threshold tests in patients with CTS.

Methods :

Sixty-three patients diagnosed with CTS were evaluated prior to orthotic intervention and again at follow up at 6 and 12 weeks. Sensory tests included touch threshold PSSD (Pressure Specified Sensory Device) and vibration threshold (Vibrometer). Construct validity was assessed by comparing sensory tests to hand function, and dexterity testing using Spearman rho (rs). Patients were classified as either responders or non-responders to orthotic intervention based on the change score of the Symptom Severity Scale (SSS) of 0.5. Responsiveness of the sensory tools was measured using ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves, SRM (Standardized Response Mean), and ES (Effect Sizes).

Results :

The PSSD had low to moderate correlations (rs≤ 0.32) while Vibrometer scores had moderate correlations (rs= 0.36 - 0.41) with dexterity scores. The Clinically Important Difference (CID) for the PSSD was estimated at 0.15 g/mm2but was not discriminative. The Vibrometer demonstrated moderate responsiveness, with a SRM = 0.61 and an ES = 0.46 among responders. The PSSD had a SRM = 0.09 and an ES = 0.08 and showed low responsiveness for patients with a clinically important improvement in symptoms.

Conclusion :

Measurement properties suggest that the Vibrometer was preferable to the PSSD because it was more correlated to hand function, and was more responsive. Clinicians may choose use the Vibrometer opposed to the PSSD for determining important change in sensation after orthotic intervention.
The Impact of Blood Management on Length of Stay After Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Monsef Jad B , Della Valle Alejandro G , Mayman David J , Marx Robert G , Ranawat Amar S , Boettner Friedrich
Published: May 2014

The current study investigates the impact of patient factors, surgical factors, and blood management on postoperative length of stay (LOS) in 516 patients who underwent primary total knee arthroplasty. Age, gender, type of anticoagulation, but not body mass index (BMI) were found to be highly significant predictors of an increased LOS. Allogeneic transfusion and the number of allogeneic units significantly increased LOS, whereas donation and/or transfusion of autologous blood did not. Hemoglobin levels preoperatively until 48 hours postoperatively were negatively correlated with LOS. After adjusting for confounding factors through Poisson regression, age (p = 0.001) and allogeneic blood transfusion (p = 0.002) were the most significant determinants of LOS. Avoiding allogeneic blood plays an essential role in reducing the overall length of stay after primary total knee arthroplasty.
Noninvasive Quantification of Hepatic Steatosis: Relationship Between
Obesity Status and Liver Fat Content
Authors: McLeay S. C. , Morrish G. A. , Ponnuswamy T. K. , Devanand B. , Ramanathan M. , Venkatakrishnan L. , Ramalingam S. , Green B.
Published: May 2014

The aim of this study was to assess and compare fat content within the liver for normal (body mass index
(BMI) < 25 kg/m2), overweight (25-30 kg/m2) and obese (≥ 30 kg/m2) subjects using a noninvasive, non-contrast
computed tomography (CT) quantification method. Adult subjects aged 18-60 yrs scheduled to undergo CT examination
of the abdominal region were recruited for this study, stratified across BMI categories. Liver volume, fat content, and lean
liver volume were determined using CT methods. A total of 100 subjects were recruited, including 30 normal weight, 31
overweight, and 39 obese. Total liver volume increased with BMI, with mean values of 1138 ± 277, 1374 ± 331, and 1766
± 389 cm3 for the normal, overweight, and obese, respectively (P < 0.001), which was due to an increase in both liver fat
content and lean liver volume with BMI. Some obese subjects had no or minimal hepatic fat content. The prevalence of
mild fatty liver in this study of 100 subjects was overestimated for all BMI categories using a range of qualitative
diagnostic measures, with predicted prevalence of fatty liver in obese subjects ranging from 76.9% for liver-to-spleen
ratio ≤ 1.1 to 89.7% for liver attenuation index (liver HU - spleen HU) ≤ 40, compared to 66.7% by quantification of fat
content. Results show that total liver volume increases with BMI, however, not all obese subjects display fatty infiltration
of the liver. CT quantification of liver fat content may be suitable for accurate diagnosis of hepatic steatosis in clinical
practice and assessment of donor livers for transplantation.
The Transnational Child
Authors: Mok Man Yee Angel , Saltmarsh David
Published: May 2014

Research on migration frequently emphasises the cultural backgrounds of migrants, the numbers migrating, and the impact migrants are likely to have on social cohesion, on wealth and assets, and on vocational skills. Rarely, though, do these studies mention children. This article considers the children of Chinese families who have migrated to Sydney, Australia and the development of their transnational identities. Specifically, the article focuses on three families and is drawn from a larger study on cultural identity and family expectations for school performance. The research is ethnographic in character and finds that the children in the study effectively negotiated both their Chinese and their Australian identities, often to a degree that surprised their parents.
Subjectivity, Agency and Political Pedagogy in the Primary School
Authors: Teague Laura
Published: May 2014

This article explores power, resistance and agency in relation to pedagogic politics aiming to disrupt schooling inequalities. It theorises the concept of agency in enacting politics in the classroom and attempts to demonstrate the precariousness of the position of the teaching subject engaging in radical politics. Focusing on a detailed data excerpt depicting resistance towards classroom testing regimes, the article explores the way in which the agency to resist this practice (as momentary as it may be) is developed collectively by the students and the teacher. Yet it also argues that the teacher can never risk relinquishing authority altogether and that this shoring up of normative power relations in the classroom occurs simultaneously with more radical moves to resist such practices. Thus the article engages more broadly with the complexity and ambivalence of engaging with radical politics in the classroom, arguing that political enactments aimed at disrupting educational inequalities are often fraught with contradictions and undercut by the need remain recognisable enough (as a proper teacher or student).
In vitro evaluation of three intravenous fluid line warmers
Authors: Lee Rebecca A. , Towle Millard Heather A. , Weil Ann B. , Lantz Gary , Constable Peter , Lescun Timothy B. , Weng Hsin-Yi
Published: May 2014

Objective—To determine in vitro output temperature differences of 3 IV fluid warmers.

Design—Prospective, randomized study.

Sample—3 IV fluid warmers.

Procedures—Warming capabilities of a distance-dependent blood and fluid warmer marketed for human and veterinary use (product A) and a veterinary-specific distance-dependent fluid warmer (product B) were compared at 0, 4, 8, and 12 cm from the device to the test vein and at flow rates of 20, 60, 100, 140, 180, 220, 260, and 300 mL/h with room temperature (approx 22°C) fluids (phase 1). The superior warming device was compared against a distance-independent IV fluid warmer (product C) with room temperature fluids at the same flow rates (phase 2). The effect of prewarmed fluids (38°C) versus room temperature fluids was evaluated with the superior warming device from phase 2 (phase 3).

Results—In phase 1, product B produced significantly warmer fluids than product A for all flow rates and distances. Both distance-dependent devices produced warmer fluid at 0 cm, compared with 4, 8, and 12 cm. In phase 2, product B produced warmer fluid than product C at 60, 100, 140, and 180 mL/h. In phase 3, there was no significant benefit to use of prewarmed fluids versus room temperature fluids. Output temperatures ≥ 36.4°C were achieved for all rates ≥ 60 mL/h.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Product B had superior warming capabilities. Placing the fluid warmer close to the patient is recommended. Use of prewarmed fluids had no benefit. Lower IV fluid flow rates resulted in lower output fluid temperatures.
Endoscopic mucosal resection and snare polypectomy for treatment of a colorectal polypoid adenoma in a dog
Authors: Coleman Kristin A. , Berent Allyson C. , Weisse Chick W.
Published: May 2014

Case Description—An 11-year-old castrated male mixed-breed dog was examined for a 3-month history of hematochezia and tenesmus. Abdominal ultrasonography and rectal examination prior to referral had revealed a colorectal polyp, diagnosed as a benign colorectal polypoid adenoma after histologic examination of tissue samples. The patient was referred for treatment.

Clinical Findings—A 2-cm-diameter sessile polypoid mass was located approximately 6 cm orad to the anus in the right dorsolateral region of the descending colon just caudal to the pubis. There was no evidence of metastasis on thoracic radiography or abdominal ultrasonography. Results of a CBC and serum biochemical analysis were within reference limits.

Treatment and Outcome—Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and snare electrocautery were used to resect the mass and a definitive histopathologic diagnosis of a sessile colorectal polypoid adenoma was made. A 9.9-mm gastroduodenoscope was used during colonoscopy to inspect the mass. To aid in EMR, a 25-gauge endoscopic injection needle was used to infuse sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution under the base of the polyp, into the submucosa to elevate the mucosa from the muscularis layer beneath the polyp prior to polypectomy. This was necessary because of the sessile, rather than pedunculated, base of the mass. The entire polyp was successfully removed with endoscopic guidance. The clinical signs of hematochezia and tenesmus resolved immediately, and serial rectal examinations were performed over the following 36 months with no palpable evidence of recurrence.

Clinical Relevance—The patient described in the present report underwent successful colonic EMR and snare polypectomy with no known evidence of mass recurrence during the following 36 months, suggesting that this minimally invasive procedure may be a valuable treatment option for sessile polyps. The advantage of this technique was that elevation of the mucosa via injection of saline solution improved visibility of the polyp and helped to separate the polyp base from the deeper submucosal colorectal tissue, making complete resection possible.
Racing performance of Thoroughbreds with superficial digital flexor tendonitis treated with desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon: 332 cases (1989–2003)
Authors: Hu Alaine J. , Bramlage Larry R.
Published: May 2014

Objective—To assess postoperative probability of racing, career longevity, and convalescent time in Thoroughbred racehorses with moderate to severe superficial digital flexor tendonitis (SDFT) in the forelimbs treated by desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon (ie, superior check ligament desmotomy [SCLD]).

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—332 Thoroughbred racehorses with SDFT consecutively treated by means of SCLD.

Procedures—Medical records and racing records were reviewed to assess return to racing, number of races completed, time to first race, and lifetime performance. The horses were categorized as raced or unraced prior to and after surgery. Descriptive statistics including age and treated limb were also recorded.

Results—Of 332 horses, 228 (69%) returned to racing following injury and treatment. Seventy-eight of 118 (66%) horses that had not raced prior to injury and 150 of 214 (70%) horses that had raced prior to injury raced after treatment. Seventeen of 39 (44%) horses ≥ 5 years old raced following injury and treatment and 211 of 293 (72%) horses ≤ 4 years old returned to racing. There was no difference in the percentages of horses returning to racing for 2-, 3-, or 4-year olds. Postoperative infections occurred in 6 of the 332 (2%) horses. Median time to first race for horses that raced after surgery was 302 days (range, 48 to 1,120 days; mean ± SD, 341 ± 153 days), with a median of 8 starts/horse after surgery (range, 1 to 109 starts; mean ± SD, 14 ± 15.8 starts). Of 228 horses that returned to racing, 159 (70%) raced ≥ 5 times after surgery. Sex and treated limb did not have a significant effect on return to racing. However, horses ≥ 5 years old were significantly less likely to return to racing, compared with younger horses. In horses with unilateral SDFT and < 5 starts, the affected and contralateral limbs were both treated, but return to racing was not significantly different between horses treated bilaterally versus unilaterally.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—228 of 332 (69%) horses with SDFT of the forelimb treated with SCLD successfully returned to racing. Convalescent times were shorter, compared with previous recommendations, and treated horses had a longer racing career after surgery than has been described for other treatment modalities. The results of the present study support consideration of SCLD as part of a treatment plan for SDFT in Thoroughbred racehorses.
Associations of health status and conformation with longevity and lifetime competition performance in young Swedish Warmblood riding horses: 8,238 cases (1983–2005)
Authors: Jönsson Lina , Egenvall Agneta , Roepstorff Lars , Näsholm Anna , Dalin Göran , Philipsson Jan
Published: May 2014

Objective—To determine associations of health status and conformation with competition longevity and lifetime performance in young Swedish Warmblood riding horses.

Design—Cohort study and genetic analysis.

Animals—8,238 horses.

Procedures—Horses were examined for health, conformation, and performance from 1983 to 2005, when they were 4 to 5 years old, and competition results from 1983 to 2012 were evaluated. Associations between conformation, health, and talent scores of young horses and longevity (years in competition) and lifetime performance were analyzed. Odds ratios of competing later in life among horses with joint flexion test reactions were determined. Genetic correlations between young horse health, conformation, and talent scores and longevity and lifetime performance were determined.

Results—Good overall 4- to 5-year-old health, conformation, and talent scores for performance were phenotypically and genetically associated with greater longevity and lifetime performance. Good health was genetically correlated (rg = 0.3) to longevity and lifetime performance. Among conformation traits, body type and movements in the trot were most strongly associated with future longevity; these were genetically correlated (rg = 0.2 to 0.3) to longevity and lifetime performance. Intermediate-sized horses were associated with highest longevity and lifetime performance. Positive flexion test results were associated with lower ORs (OR, 0.59 for moderate to severe and 0.76 for minor reactions) of competing later in life, compared with no reaction, and were associated with lower longevity (0.4 years).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Horses with good health and conformation at a young age had better longevity in competitions than the mean. Positive correlations suggested that improvement of health and conformation of young horses will enhance their future athletic talent and performance.
An integrated GIS-based method for wind-power estimation: application to western Cyprus
Authors: Kastanas Ioannis , Georgiou Andreas , Zavros Panagiotis , Akylas Evangelos
Published: May 2014

This study presents an integrated method for the estimation and analysis of potential wind-energy resources in Cyprus, which is applied at selected sites on the western side of the island. Firstly, a statistical analysis of wind speed and direction data was conducted at six meteorological stations in western Cyprus, establishing daily, monthly and annual variations of wind speed. Also examined were the Weibull distributions of the wind at each site. These wind statistics serve as the basis for estimating corrected statistical distributions over the extended study areas, which were calculated using the Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WAsP) that modifies wind flow estimates based on local topographic effects. As a result, a geographic and wind-resource database was formulated around each station. Aggregation of this data using statistical weighting methods allows the extrapolation of observed results and the visualization for selected hours of the day over the western part of Cyprus. The results indicate the strong influence of the sea-breeze on the island’s wind potential, and identify a number of areas of higher wind-energy potential suitable for wind-resource exploitation. It is hoped that both the methodology applied and results obtained can be further used by potential investors and wind-energy developers.
Very long Detection Times after High and repeated intake of Heroin and Methadone, measured in Oral Fluid
Authors: Vindenes V. , Enger A. , Nordal K. , Johansen U. , Christophersen A.S. , Øiestad E.L.
Published: May 2014

When detection times for psychoactive drugs in oral fluid are reported, they are most often based on therapeutic doses administered in clinical studies. Repeated ingestions of high doses, as seen after drug abuse, are however likely to cause positive samples for extended time periods. Findings of drugs of abuse in oral fluid might lead to negative sanctions, and the knowledge of detection times of these drugs are important to ensure correct interpretation. The aim of this study was to investigate the detection times of opioids in oral fluid. 25 patients with a history of heavy drug abuse admitted to a detoxification ward were included. Oral fluid and urine were collected daily and, if the patient gave consent, a blood sample was drawn during the first five days after admission. Morphine, codeine and/or 6-monoacetyl morphine (6-MAM) were found in oral fluid and/or urine from 20 patients. The maximum detection times in oral fluid for codeine, morphine and 6-MAM were 1, 3 and 8 days, respectively. Positive oral fluid samples were interspersed with negative samples, mainly for concentrations around cut off. Elimination curves for methadone in oral fluid were found for two subjects, and the detection times were 5 and 8 days. Oral fluid is likely to become a good method for detection of drug abuse in the future
Biomimetic Models of Radical Stress and Related Biomarkers
Authors: Chatgilialoglu Chryssostomos , Ferreri Carla , Masi Annalisa , Melchiorre Michele , Sansone Anna , Terzidis Michael A. , Torreggiani Armida
Published: May 2014

The biological consequences of free radical production is the central subject of a very lively scientific debate, focusing on the estimation of the type and extent of damage, as well as the efficiency of the protective and repair systems. When studying free radical based chemical mechanisms,
it is very important to establish biomimetic models, which allow the experiments to be performed in a simplified environment, but suitably designed to be in strict connection with cellular conditions. The biomimetic modeling approach has been coupled with physical organic chemistry methodologies
and knowledge of free radical reactivity. Molecular basis of important processes have been identified, building up molecular libraries of products concerning unsaturated lipids, sulfur-containing proteins and nucleic acids, to be developed as biomarkers. Ongoing projects in our group deal
with lipidomics, genomics and proteomics of free radical stress and some examples will be described.
Mn(iii)-Catalyzed Radical Reactions of 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds and Cyclopropanols with Vinyl Azides for Divergent Synthesis of Azaheterocycles
Authors: Chiba Shunsuke
Published: May 2014

Mn(iii)-catalyzed formal [3+2]- and [3+3]-annulations have been developed using readily available vinyl azides with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and cyclopropanols. Vinyl azides were successfully applied as a three-atom unit including one nitrogen to prepare various azaheterocycles via
Mn(iii)-catalyzed radical reactions.
Ruthenium-catalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Addition Reactions
Authors: Severin Kay
Published: May 2014

Certain ruthenium complexes are potent catalysts for atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) and cyclization (ATRC) reactions, in particular if they are used in conjunction with reducing agents such as magnesium. This short overview summarizes recent developments in this area with special
focus on contributions from our laboratory.
Some Aspects of the Radical Chemistry of Xanthates
Authors: Quiclet-Sire Béatrice , Zard Samir Z.
Published: May 2014

Xanthates and related thiocarbonylthio derivatives have proved to be exceedingly useful substrates for both inter- and intra- molecular radical additions. The intermolecular addition to unactivated alkenes, in particular, provides tremendous opportunities for synthesis: various functional
groups can be brought together under mild, neutral conditions. Since the adduct is also a xanthate, iteration allows the formation of block polymers through a controlled radical polymerisation (the RAFT/MADIX technology). Also of some importance is the access to highly substituted aromatic
and heteroaromatic derivatives.
Transition-metal-free Oxidative Coupling Reactions for the Formation of C–C and C–N Bonds Mediated by TEMPO and its Derivatives
Authors: Murarka Sandip , Wertz Sebastian , Studer Armido
Published: May 2014

The application of nitroxides for the development of new synthetic methods and their implementation in polymer chemistry, material science and beyond is one of the major research topics in our laboratory in the institute of organic chemistry at the WWU Münster. This short review
focuses on our recent progress towards nitroxide-based transition-metal-free oxidative coupling reactions. The demand for organic surrogates for transition metals in such transformations is in our eyes unquestionable, since environmental and economic issues have become progressively more important
in recent years. For this purpose, the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl radical (TEMPO) is shown to be a highly efficient oxidant for the homo- and cross-coupling of Grignard reagents. This powerful C–C bond forming strategy allows the generation of conjugated polymers
from bifunctional Grignard reagents. Moreover, cross-coupling of alkynyl Grignard compounds and nitrones can be accomplished under aerobic atmosphere with catalytic amounts of TEMPO. It is also shown that TEMPO-derived N-oxoammonium salts can act as suitable oxidants for
formation of C–N bonds between non-preactivated benzoxazoles and secondary amines under metal-free conditions.
The Development of Organic Super Electron Donors
Authors: Zhou Shengze , Farwaha Hardeep , Murphy John A.
Published: May 2014

In the past decade, a host of exceptionally strong organic electron donors has been designed and prepared; their redox potentials are more negative than any previous neutral organic donors and extend beyond E1/2 = ?1 V vs. the saturated calomel electrode (SCE).
Their ability to reduce a wide range of organic functional groups has been demonstrated and this article provides an overview of the main advances in the area and the guiding principles for the design of these reagents.
Homolytic Reduction of Onium Salts
Authors: Fensterbank Louis , Goddard Jean-Philippe , Malacria Max , Ollivier Cyril
Published: May 2014

Onium salts have proved to be efficient sources of carbon-centered radicals. They can undergo homolytic reduction by single electron transfer (SET) and participate in subsequent synthetic transformations. This review aims to provide an overview on the behavior of onium salts including
diazonium, sulfonium, selenonium, telluronium, phosphonium and iodonium cations toward various reductive methods such as radiolysis, electrolysis, photolysis or the use of SET reagents. Mechanistic and synthetic aspects are presented. Applications in polymers and materials science are not
covered.
Enzyme-triggered Radical Reactions: Another Approach For Tin-free Radical Chemistry
Authors: Cissokho Ibrahima , Farnet Anne-Marie , Ferré Elisée , Bertrand Michèle P. , Gil Gérard , Gastaldi Stéphane
Published: May 2014

The system laccase/mediator/dioxygen is able to trigger radical reactions with radical precursors which are not natural substrates of this enzyme. The radical generation has been accomplished by single electron transfer oxidation of a 1,3-dicarbonyl precursor. The process is exemplified
with a radical cascade.
Attitudes toward Master's and Clinical Doctorate Degrees in Physical Therapy
Authors: Mistry Yamini , Francis Christian , Haldane Jessica , Symonds Scott , Uguccioni Erika , Brooks Dina , Berg Katherine
Published: May 2014

Purpose: To examine the attitudes of a self-selected sample of Canadian physical therapists toward the transition from bachelor's to master's degrees and the implementation of clinical doctorate degrees in physical therapy (PT). Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a modified Dillman tailored approach. All eligible members of the Canadian Physiotherapy Association (CPA) were invited to participate. Results: Of 1,397 Canadian physical therapists who responded to the survey, 45% favoured the transition from bachelor's to master's degrees, 21% did not, and 34% were neutral; 27% favoured a transition from a master's to a doctoral degree for entry into practice in PT, 53% did not favour this transition, and 20% were neutral. Finally, 56% favoured the implementation of a post-professional clinical doctorate (PPCD) in PT, 23% did not, and 21% were neutral. Conclusions: Overall, a self-selected sample of Canadian physical therapists supported the future implementation of a post-professional clinical doctorate degree in PT but did not support an entry-to-practice doctoral degree. However, these results must be interpreted with caution because of the study's small sample size.
Low-frequency radar sounding of ice in East Antarctica and southern Greenland
Authors: Mouginot J. , Rignot E. , Gim Y. , Kirchner D. , Meur E. Le
Published: May 2014

We discuss a decameter-wavelength airborne radar sounder, the Warm Ice Sounding Explorer (WISE), that provides ice thickness in areas where radar signal penetration at higher frequencies is expected to be limited. Here we report results for three campaigns conducted in Greenland (2008, 2009, 2010) and two in Antarctica (2009, 2010). Comparisons with higher-frequency radar data indicate an accuracy of ±55 m for ice-thickness measurements in Greenland and ±25 m in Antarctica. We also estimate ice thickness of the Qassimiut lobe in southwest Greenland, where few ice-thickness measurements have been made, demonstrating that WISE penetrates in strongly scattering environments.
Basal conditions and ice dynamics inferred from radar-derived internal stratigraphy of the northeast Greenland ice stream
Authors: Keisling Benjamin A. , Christianson Knut , Alley Richard B. , Peters Leo E. , Christian John E.M. , Anandakrishnan Sridhar , Riverman Kiya L. , Muto Atsuhiro , Jacobel Robert W.
Published: May 2014

We analyze the internal stratigraphy in radio-echo sounding data of the northeast Greenland ice stream to infer past and present ice dynamics. In the upper reaches of the ice stream, we propose that shear-margin steady-state folds in internal reflecting horizons (IRHs) form due to the influence of ice flow over spatially varying basal lubrication. IRHs are generally lower in the ice stream than outside, likely because of greater basal melting in the ice stream from enhanced geothermal flux and heat of sliding. Strain-rate modeling of IRHs deposited during the Holocene indicates no recent major changes in ice-stream vigor or extent in this region. Downstream of our survey, IRHs are disrupted as the ice flows into a prominent overdeepening. When combined with additional data from other studies, these data suggest that upstream portions of the ice stream are controlled by variations in basal lubrication whereas downstream portions are confined by basal topography.
Endoscopic evaluation of dyspeptic patients
Authors: Ghosh DK , Barua UK , Saha SK , Ghosh CK , Rahman M , Alam MR
Published: May 2014

It was observed that most of the dyspeptic patients are showing normal endoscopic findings. In this study our aims were to obtain the endoscopic findings in patient having dyspeptic symptoms and to improve the management of patient in the light of the findings that are more common. This cross sectional descriptive hospital based study was carried out in the gastroenterology department of the Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Hospital, Dhaka. A total 72 cases were included in this study based on the selection criteria. Among them 46 were male and 26 were female patients. Most of the dyspeptic patients had normal endoscopic findings (55.6%). Gastric erosion was found in 22.2%, reflux oesophagitis in 8.3% cases and rest were duodenal ulcer, duodenal erosions and gastric ulcer. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v42i3.19001 Bangladesh Med J. 2013 Sept; 42 (3): 82-84
Obesity in children  A review
Authors: Hamid F , Islam R , Ray PC
Published: May 2014

Childhood obesity is now among the most widespread medical problems affecting children and adolescents living in both developed and developing countries. Approximately 21-24% of children and adolescents are overweight, and another 16-18% is obese. The prevalence of obesity is increasing in all pediatric age groups, in both sexes, and in various ethnic and racial groups. Many factors, including genetics, environment, metabolism, lifestyle, and eating habits, are believed to play a role in the development of obesity. However, more than 90% of cases are idiopathic; less than 10% are associated with hormonal or genetic causes. Obesity has a profound effect on a patient's life. Childhood obesity predisposes to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, liver and renal disease, and reproductive dysfunction. This condition also increases the risk of adult-onset obesity, cardiovascular disease and can create emotional and social problems. Therefore, the prevention and treatment of obesity have emerged as a challenge to the pediatric practitioner. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v42i3.19004 Bangladesh Med J. 2013 Sept; 42 (3): 92-96
Spirituality must be given its due
Authors: Adhikary M
Published: May 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v42i3.19005 Bangladesh Med J. 2013 Sept; 42 (3): 97
Mercury Plumes in the Global Upper Troposphere Observed during Flights with the CARIBIC Observatory from May 2005 until June 2013
Authors: Slemr Franz , Weigelt Andreas , Ebinghaus Ralf , Brenninkmeijer Carl , Baker Angela , Schuck Tanja , Rauthe-Schöch Armin , Riede Hella , Leedham Emma , Hermann Markus , Van Velthoven Peter , Oram David , O'Sullivan Debbie , Dyroff Christoph , Zahn Andreas , Ziereis Helmut
Published: May 2014

Tropospheric sections of flights with the CARIBIC (Civil Aircraft for Regular Investigation of the Atmosphere Based on an Instrumented Container) observatory from May 2005 until June 2013, are investigated for the occurrence of plumes with elevated Hg concentrations. Additional information on CO, CO2, CH4, NOy, O3, hydrocarbons, halocarbons, acetone and acetonitrile enable us to attribute the plumes to biomass burning, urban/industrial sources or a mixture of both. Altogether, 98 pollution plumes with elevated Hg concentrations and CO mixing ratios were encountered, and the Hg/CO emission ratios for 49 of them could be calculated. Most of the plumes were found over East Asia, in the African equatorial region, over South America and over Pakistan and India. The plumes encountered over equatorial Africa and over South America originate predominantly from biomass burning, as evidenced by the low Hg/CO emission ratios and elevated mixing ratios of acetonitrile, CH3Cl and particle concentrations. The backward trajectories point to the regions around the Rift Valley and the Amazon Basin, with its outskirts, as the source areas. The plumes encountered over East Asia and over Pakistan and India are predominantly of urban/industrial origin, sometimes mixed with products of biomass/biofuel burning. Backward trajectories point mostly to source areas in China and northern India. The Hg/CO2 and Hg/CH4 emission ratios for several plumes are also presented and discussed.
Lifting Wing in Constructing Tall Buildings —Aerodynamic Testing
Authors: Skelton Ian , Demian Peter , Glass Jacqui , Bouchlaghem Dino , Anumba Chimay
Published: May 2014

This paper builds on previous research by the authors which determined the global state-of-the-art of constructing tall buildings by surveying the most active specialist tall building professionals around the globe. That research identified the effect of wind on tower cranes as a highly ranked, common critical issue in tall building construction. The research reported here presents a design for a “Lifting Wing,” a uniquely designed shroud which potentially allows the lifting of building materials by a tower crane in higher and more unstable wind conditions, thereby reducing delay on the programmed critical path of a tall building. Wind tunnel tests were undertaken to compare the aerodynamic performance of a scale model of a typical “brick-shaped” construction load (replicating a load profile most commonly lifted via a tower crane) against the aerodynamic performance of the scale model of the Lifting Wing in a range of wind conditions. The data indicate that the Lifting Wing improves the aerodynamic performance by a factor of up to 50%.
Artificial Sweetened Beverages and Pediatric Obesity: The Controversy Continues
Authors: Freswick Peter
Published: May 2014

The pediatric obesity epidemic has gathered public and political interest recently. People often choose “diet” or artificial sweetened beverages (ASB) to combat this epidemic, but the obesity incidence continues to rise. First, I review the pediatric studies on the effect of ASB consumption with subsequent food intake. Next, I present pediatric studies of chronic ASB consumption and weight change. Some epidemiologic pediatric studies have supported an association between artificial sweetener use and increased BMI but cannot prove causation. Randomized control trials have provided some evidence of weight loss with ASB ingestion among children, but study limitations may minimize these conclusions. Finally, I summarize the possible mechanisms that may drive potential effects of artificial sweeteners.
Discovery of Walnut Twig Beetle, Pityophthorus juglandis, Associated with Forested Black Walnut, Juglans nigra, in the Eastern U.S.
Authors: Wiggins Gregory , Grant Jerome , Lambdin Paris , Merten Paul , Nix Katheryne , Hadziabdic Denita , Windham Mark
Published: May 2014

Thousand cankers disease (TCD) is an insect-mediated disease of walnut trees (Juglans spp.) involving walnut twig beetle (Pityophthorus juglandis) and a fungal pathogen (Geosmithia morbida). Although first documented on walnut species in the western U.S., TCD is now found on black walnut (J. nigra) in five states in the eastern U.S. Most collections of P. juglandis or G. morbida are from trees in agriculturally- or residentially-developed landscapes. In 2013, 16 pheromone-baited funnel traps were deployed in or near black walnuts in forested conditions to assess the risk of infestation of forested trees by P. juglandis. Four of the 16 funnel traps collected adult P. juglandis from three forested areas (one in North Carolina and two in Tennessee). These collections, while in forested settings, may still be strongly influenced by human activities. The greatest number of P. juglandis (n = 338) was collected from a forested location in an urbanized area near a known TCD-positive tree. The other two forested locations where P. juglandis (n = 3) was collected were in areas where camping is common, and infested firewood may have introduced P. juglandis unintentionally into the area. Future studies to assess P. juglandis on more isolated forested walnuts are planned.
Changing Histopathological Diagnostics by Genome-Based Tumor Classification
Authors: Kloth Michael , Buettner Reinhard
Published: May 2014

Traditionally, tumors are classified by histopathological criteria, i.e., based on their specific morphological appearances. Consequently, current therapeutic decisions in oncology are strongly influenced by histology rather than underlying molecular or genomic aberrations. The increase of information on molecular changes however, enabled by the Human Genome Project and the International Cancer Genome Consortium as well as the manifold advances in molecular biology and high-throughput sequencing techniques, inaugurated the integration of genomic information into disease classification. Furthermore, in some cases it became evident that former classifications needed major revision and adaption. Such adaptations are often required by understanding the pathogenesis of a disease from a specific molecular alteration, using this molecular driver for targeted and highly effective therapies. Altogether, reclassifications should lead to higher information content of the underlying diagnoses, reflecting their molecular pathogenesis and resulting in optimized and individual therapeutic decisions. The objective of this article is to summarize some particularly important examples of genome-based classification approaches and associated therapeutic concepts. In addition to reviewing disease specific markers, we focus on potentially therapeutic or predictive markers and the relevance of molecular diagnostics in disease monitoring.
Evaluation of the Relationship between the Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Bioluminescence Assay and the Presence of Bacillus anthracis Spores and Vegetative Cells
Authors: Gibbs Shawn , Sayles Harlan , Colbert Erica , Hewlett Angela , Chaika Oleg , Smith Philip
Published: May 2014

Background: The Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence assay was utilized in laboratory evaluations to determine the presence and concentration of vegetative and spore forms of Bacillus anthracis Sterne 34F2. Methods: Seventeen surfaces from the healthcare environment were selected for evaluation. Surfaces were inoculated with 50 µL of organism suspensions at three concentrations of 104, 106, 108 colony forming units per surface (CFU/surface) of B. anthracis. Culture-based methods and ATP based methods were utilized to determine concentrations. Results: When all concentrations were evaluated together, a positive correlation between log-adjusted CFU and Relative Light Units (RLU) for endospores and vegetative cells was established. When concentrations were evaluated separately, a significant correlation was not demonstrated. Conclusions: This study demonstrated a positive correlation for ATP and culture-based methods for the vegetative cells of B. anthracis. When evaluating the endospores and combining both metabolic states, the ATP measurements and CFU recovered did not correspond to the initial concentrations on the evaluated surfaces. The results of our study show that the low ATP signal which does not correlate well to the CFU results would not make the ATP measuring devises effective in confirming contamination residual from a bioterrorist event.
Engineered Nanomaterials in Food: Implications for Food Safety and Consumer Health
Authors: Martirosyan Alina , Schneider Yves-Jacques
Published: May 2014

From the current state-of-the-art, it is clear that nanotechnology applications are expected to bring a range of benefits to the food sector aiming at providing better quality and conservation. In the meantime, a growing number of studies indicate that the exposure to certain engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) has a potential to lead to health complications and that there is a need for further investigations in order to unravel the biological outcomes of nanofood consumption. In the current review, we summarize the existing data on the (potential) use of ENMs in the food industry, information on the toxicity profiles of the commonly applied ENMs, such as metal (oxide) nanoparticles (NPs), address the potential food safety implications and health hazards connected with the consumption of nanofood. A number of health complications connected with the human exposure to ENMs are discussed, demonstrating that there is a real basis for the arisen concern not only connected with the gut health, but also with the potency to lead to systemic toxicity. The toxicological nature of hazard, exposure levels and risk to consumers from nanotechnology-derived food are on the earliest stage of investigation and this review also highlights the major gaps that need further research and regulation.