bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early development of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus
Authors: Hunter Ewan , Begbie Jo , Mason Ivor , Graham Anthony
Published: August 2002

The cells of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN) are the proprioceptive sensory neurons that innervate the jaw muscles. Interestingly, their evolution is generally thought to have been concomitant with that of the jaws. They are also the first born neurons of the mesencephalon, and their axons pioneer some of the major tracts within the brain. The cells of the MTN are also paradoxical in being the only group of intramedullary primary sensory neurons in amniotes. However, we know little about the early development of these important neurons, and we have analysed this here. To study the earliest stages of MTN development, we have used a battery of neural crest markers to try and pinpoint the progenitors of the MTN. We find that, contrary to current perceptions, the progenitors of the MTN are not highlighted by these markers, suggesting that they are not neural crest derived. However, the cells of the MTN are marked by means of their expression of Brn‐3a. This gene labels cells that arise either side of the dorsal midline, extending rostrally from the isthmus across the roof of the mesencephalon. We have further demonstrated that the MTN develops under the influence of the Fgf‐8 secreted by the isthmus. Ectopic Fgf‐8 application promotes MTN development, whereas inhibiting Fgf‐8 function in vivo drastically affects MTN development. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in the cytologic distribution of heparin/heparan sulfate interacting protein/ribosomal protein L29 (HIP/RPL29) during in vivo and in vitro mouse mammary epithelial cell expression and differentiation
Authors: Kirn‐Safran Catherine B. , Julian Joanne , Fongemie Jennifer E. , Hoke David E. , Czymmek Kirk J.C. , Carson Daniel D.
Published: August 2002

HIP/RPL29 is a small, highly basic, heparin/heparan sulfate interacting protein identical to ribosomal protein L29 and present in most adult epithelia. In the present study, we show that mouse HIP/RPL29 is ubiquitously present in adult mammary epithelia and is significantly increased during pregnancy and lactation. We observed for the first time that HIP/RPL29 intracellular expression and distribution varies, depending on the growth/differentiation state of the luminal epithelium. HIP/RPL29 was detected at low levels in mammary glands of virgin animals, increased markedly during lactation, and was lost again during involution. HIP/RPL29, preferentially found in the expanded cytoplasm of mature epithelial cells secreting milk, is present also in the nucleus of proliferating and differentiating ductal and alveolar elements. We used COMMA‐D cells as an in vitro model for mammary‐specific differentiation and examined similar intracellular redistribution of HIP/RPL29 associated with functional differentiation. However, no changes in HIP/RPL29 expression levels were detected in response to lactogenic hormones. Finally, the cellular distribution of HIP/RPL29 in both nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments was confirmed by transfecting a normal mammary epithelial cell line, NMuMG, with a fusion protein of HIP/RPL29 and EGFP. Collectively, these data support the idea that HIP/RPL29 plays more than one role during adult mammary gland development. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Eating attitudes in english secondary school students: Influences of ethnicity, gender, mood, and social class
Authors: Thomas Catherine L. , James Anthony C. , Bachmann Max O.
Published: August 2002

Objective

To examine the effects of ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic position, self‐esteem, and emotion on eating attitudes in adolescents.

Method

Questionnaire survey of 722 students in two English schools, using Eating Attitude Test‐26 (EAT), Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale, and Angold vMood and Feeling instruments.

Results

EAT scores were significantly higher for Asians and Muslims and for mixed‐race subjects than for White or African Caribbean subjects (p = .003). Adjusted odds ratios for having a very high EAT score (>20) were 2.4 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0–6.0) in Asians and Muslims and 2.9 (95% CI 1.3–18.6) in mixed‐race subjects, compared with White subjects. Having only one parent employed was also independently associated with a very high EAT score, compared with having both parents employed. Similar associations were found for a moderately high EAT score (>10) and for a combination of low self‐esteem and high EAT score. Low self‐esteem and depressed mood were independently associated with a high EAT score.

Discussion

Ethnicity, socioeconomic position, self‐esteem, and depression, but not gender, were independently associated with eating attitudes. Effects of cultural and socioeconomic stresses on eating disorders may be mediated through depressed mood and low self‐esteem. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 92–96, 2002.
Construction of dynamic fluctuation load model and simulation with AFC control of BTB interconnection
Authors: Michigami Tsutomu , Oishi Takaho
Published: August 2002

AFC control of BTB active power flow, which is in phase with frequency deviations both in the Hokuriku AC power system and in the rest of the power system of central and western Japan, can effectively reduce frequency fluctuations. In the first section of this paper, test measurements of real large‐scale power system fluctuation loads are presented and a dynamic fluctuation load model is derived from a study of the test results. We then analyze the effectiveness of this AFC control in reducing frequency fluctuations in the two AC power systems by static and dynamic computational simulations, using our model in MATLAB. Our simulation analyses reveal that the effectiveness of frequency fluctuation reduction by AFC control on BTB active power depends on the capacity scale of the AC power system interconnected with the BTB system. We performed these computations for different states of the power systems, representing summer peak, winter peak, typical spring peak, and summer night conditions. We confirmed that frequency fluctuations can be significantly reduced in a smaller capacity power system by setting a larger AFC gain. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(4): 15–25, 2001
Stereotypes as justifications for prior intergroup discrimination: Studies of Scottish national stereotyping
Authors: Rutland Adam , Brown Rachel
Published: August 2002

Two studies provide support for the group‐justification approach to stereotyping (Tajfel, 1981; Huici, 1984). This approach contends that stereotypes not only serve cognitive functions for individuals but also provide a means of justifying prior intergroup discrimination. Study 1 investigated whether the content of the Scottish ingroup stereotype changes due to the prior expression of intergroup discrimination. Scottish students were primed with either a ‘differentiation’ or a ‘fairness’ ingroup norm and completed two intergroup judgement tasks. Other Scottish students were primed only with a ‘differentiation’ ingroup norm, while a control group received no prime or judgement tasks. Only participants who experienced the ‘differentiation’ ingroup norm prime and the intergroup judgement tasks changed the content of their ingroup stereotype as an attempt to justify their discriminatory behaviour. Study 2 examined whether Scottish students would use both positive ingroup and negative outgroup stereotypes to rationalize intergroup discrimination. Students who experienced a ‘differentiation’ ingroup norm prime and intergroup judgement tasks showed the highest level of superior recall for positive ingroup and negative outgroup stereotype‐consistent words compared to stereotype‐neutral words. This finding suggests that the expression of intergroup discrimination activates the use of both positive ingroup and negative outgroup stereotypes. Together the findings of these two studies provide empirical support for the notion that stereotypes serve social as well as cognitive functions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mutagens in human breast lipid and milk: the search for environmental agents that initiate breast cancer
Authors: Phillips David H. , Martin Francis L. , Williams J. Andrew , Wheat Luise M.C. , Nolan Lisa , Cole Kathleen J. , Grover Philip L.
Published: August 2002

Epidemiological studies indicate the involvement of environmental factors in the etiology of breast cancer, but have not provided clear indications of the nature of the agents responsible. Several environmental carcinogens are known to induce mammary tumors in rodents, and the abundance of adipose tissue in the human breast suggests that the epithelial cells, from which breast tumors commonly arise, could be exposed to lipid‐soluble carcinogens sequestered by the adipose tissue. In this report we review our studies in which we have examined human mammary lipid, obtained from elective reduction mammoplasties from healthy donors, and human milk from healthy mothers, for the presence of components with genotoxic activity in several in vitro assays. A significant proportion of lipid extracts induced mutations in bacteria and micronuclei in mammalian cells. They also caused DNA damage, detected as single‐strand breaks in the alkaline single‐cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay, in both the MCL‐5 cell line and in primary cultures of human mammary epithelial cells. Genotoxic activity was also found in a significant proportion of extracts of human breast milk. Viable cells recovered from milk samples showed evidence of DNA damage and were susceptible to comet formation by genotoxic agents in vitro. Genotoxic activity was found to be less prevalent in milk samples from countries of lower breast cancer incidence (the Far East) compared with that in samples from the UK. The agents responsible for the activity in milk appear to be moderately polar lipophilic compounds and of low molecular weight. Identification of these agents and their sources may hold clues to the origins of breast cancer. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:143–149, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of mammary carcinogens in rodent bioassays
Authors: Bennett L. Michelle , Davis Barbara J.
Published: August 2002

Results from chemical carcinogenesis studies in rodents are useful to identify substances in our environment that may contribute to cancer development. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) was established in 1978 to coordinate research and testing of potential human carcinogens and to publish the Report on Carcinogens, which lists human carcinogens. The results for over 500 chemicals tested in the NTP 2‐year bioassays have been published in Technical Reports and include data for chemical, agent, or complex mixture exposures. The bioassays have identified 42 chemicals that induce tumors in the rodent mammary gland. The physical and chemical characteristics of the carcinogens vary, but epoxides (including chemicals metabolized to epoxides) and nitro‐containing compounds are well represented. The 9th Report on Carcinogens, issued in 2000, lists 21 of the 42 chemicals as human carcinogens including benzene, ethylene oxide, 1,3‐butadiene, isoprene, chloroprene, C.I. basic red 9, and C.I. acid red 114. Ethylene oxide was associated with increased breast cancer risk in an epidemiologic study, whereas other listed chemicals, for which human data are available, display different target organ specificity. Bioassays other than those conducted by the NTP also provide information about rodent mammary gland carcinogens. Several carcinogen exposures are associated with breast tumor induction in both humans and rodents including radiation, diethylstilbestrol, and estrogens. These studies demonstrate that route, timing and frequency of exposure, and genetic factors contribute to the overall susceptibility to breast cancer development. More information is needed on the effects of chemicals to which humans are exposed and the manner by which they influence breast cancer risks. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:150–157, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Micronuclei and chromatid buds are the result of related genotoxic events
Authors: Serrano‐García Luis , Montero‐Montoya Regina
Published: August 2002

Chromatin buds (CHB), broken eggs, or budding cell nuclei are structures similar to micronuclei (MN) in shape, structure, and size, which are linked to the main nuclei of cells by a thread or stalks of chromatin. They have been observed in numerous cell types and there are reports of their existence relating them with MN or with genotoxic events. However, there is no systematic study reporting their frequency and no experiment has been done to ascertain whether they are really induced by genotoxins. Furthermore, they have been discarded as genotoxic events with the argument that they are not formed in dividing cells. Studies are presented here that indicate that CHB can be considered as genotoxic events and that their origin is comparable to that of MN. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was used to label proliferating lymphocytes, which were later identified by means of an immunohistochemical method, using the H2O2–DAB stain. The results show that CHB are consistently formed where MN are seen. CHB were induced by the clastogen mitomycin C (MMC) as well as by the aneuploidogen colcemid, with frequencies similar to MN in both cases, and to multinucleated cells in the case of colcemid. CHB occur in lymphocytes of smokers with frequencies similar to those of MN, and we found that the infection with Taenia solium metacestodes induced a comparable increase of both MN and CHB frequency in lymphocytes from pigs. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:38–45, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimation of average milk yield using ranked set sampling
Authors: Al‐Saleh Mohammad Fraiwan , Al‐Shrafat Khalaf
Published: August 2002

With the aim of investigating the effectiveness of ranked set sampling (RSS) technique for improving the sampling precision of estimating the average milk yield, a study is conducted on a field of (402) sheep in East Jordan. It appears that the relative saving of sampling units when using RSS with set size (3) is between 32% and 44% compared to simple random sampling (SRS). The precision of the estimator obtained using RSS with respect to that obtained using SRS is calculated for both perfect and visual ranking. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design energy input spectra for moderate‐seismicity regions
Authors: Benavent‐Climent A. , Pujades L. G. , López‐Almansa F.
Published: August 2002

This paper proposes energy input spectra applicable to seismic design of structures located in low‐to‐moderate‐seismicity regions. These spectra represent the load effect, in terms of input energy, of the most severe earthquake that the construction might encounter during its lifetime. The spectra have been derived through dynamic response analyses of over 100 ground motion records obtained from 48 earthquakes that have occurred in Spain. An empirical equation for estimating the energy input contributable to damage from the total input energy is also suggested. This equation takes into account both the damping and the degree of plastification of the structure. Finally, the proposed design energy input spectra are compared with the provisions of the current Spanish Seismic Code and with the response spectra of recent earthquakes that have occurred in Turkey and Taiwan. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of fluids in surface deformation caused by the 1999 Chi‐Chi earthquake in Taiwan
Authors: Jean Jiin‐Shuh , Liu Chuan‐Cheng , Jiang Wei‐Teh , Chow Jinder , Yu Ting‐To , Lin Ching‐Weei , Huang Shih‐Wei
Published: August 2002

The 1999 Chi‐Chi earthquake significantly altered the landscape of central Taiwan. Surface deformation produced by the earthquake along the trace of the Chelungpu thrust can be classified into two styles: (1) uplift without significant surface rupture, and (2) uplift accompanied by surface rupture. Here we examine areas that exhibited the first style of deformation (e.g. Wufeng). Seismic stress at the time of the main shock may have been relieved by high pore‐fluid pressure in a 300‐m‐thick sand and gravel aquifer. Along the thrust fault, frictional heating of these sediments resulted in thermal expansion and an increase in pore‐fluid pressure. High pore‐fluid pressure damped seismic‐wave energy and enhanced intergranular slips of unconsolidated sandy and gravel sediments, which were possibly assisted by sulphuric acid corrosion, leading to a high sulphate content in the groundwater (c. 70 mg L−1). These changes permitted surface folding and terrace‐style uplifting to occur without significant rupture. In contrast, other areas in which the second style of deformation is dominant (e.g. Fengyuen‐Shihkang) have thin (0–10 m) sand and gravel deposits and lower concentrations of sulphate (c. 30 mg L−1) in groundwater. In these areas, sediments were heated but not sufficiently to produce significant thermal expansion and increase in pore‐fluid pressure; accumulation of stress in these locations led to rupture at the ground surface, with the formation of steep fault scarps. The areas exhibiting the first deformation style are characterized by the presence of high pore‐fluid pressure, frictional heat conduction, and possibly chemical corrosion related to sulphuric acid attack and formation of sulphate, in contrast to those involving significant uplift and surface rupture. The areal distribution of these two surface deformation styles suggests that the aforementioned fluid‐related subsurface processes may have altered the characteristics of sediments and caused diverse responses to the quake. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Summary and analysis of the case studies: Themes across the cases
Authors: Baizerman Michael , Compton Donald W. , Hueftle Stockdill Stacey
Published: August 2002

The authors analyze themes across the four case studies and show how each element of their conceptual definition of ECB is illuminated by case study details.
Enantiomeric distribution of some monoterpenes in the essential oils of some Salvia species
Authors: Demirci Betül , Tabanca Nurhayat , Başer K. Hüsnü Can
Published: August 2002

The genus Salvia (Lamiaceae) is represented in Turkey by 89 species, of which 45 are endemic. The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from different Salvia spp. were analysed by GC–MS. Enantiomeric separation of some constituents in these oils were determined by MD‐GC–MS. α‐Pinene, β‐pinene, camphor, limonene, linalool and borneol, mainly contained in Salvia oils, were investigated for their enantiomeric distributions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical solution of incompressible flows by discrete singular convolution
Authors: Wan D. C. , Zhou Y. C. , Wei G. W.
Published: August 2002

A discrete singular convolution (DSC) solver is developed for treating incompressible flows. Three different two‐dimensional benchmark problems, the Taylor problem, the driven cavity flow, and a periodic shear layer flow, are utilized to test the accuracy, to explore the reliability and to demonstrate the efficiency of the present approach. Solution of extremely high accuracy is attained in the analytically solvable Taylor problem. The results of treating the other problems are in excellent agreement with those in the literature. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of c‐space and p‐space particle tracing schemes on high‐performance computers: accuracy and performance
Authors: Schäfer F. , Breuer M.
Published: August 2002

The present paper presents a comparison of four different particle tracing schemes which were integrated into a parallel multiblock flow simulation program within the frame of a co‐visualization approach. One p‐space and three different c‐space particle tracing schemes are described in detail. With respect to application on high‐performance computers, parallelization and vectorization of the particle tracing schemes are discussed. The accuracy and the performance of the particle tracing schemes are analyzed extensively on the basis of several test cases. The accuracy with respect to an analytically prescribed and a numerically calculated velocity field is investigated, the latter in order to take the contribution of the flow solver's error to the overall error of the particle traces into account. Performance measurements on both scalar and vector computers are discussed. With respect to practical CFD applications and the required performance especially on vector computers, a newly developed, improved c‐space scheme is shown to be comparable to or better than the investigated p‐space scheme. According to accuracy the new c‐space scheme is considerably more advantageous than traditional c‐space methods. Finally, an application to a direct numerical simulation of a turbulent channel flow is presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transaction Costs and Market Quality: Open Outcry Versus Electronic Trading
Authors: Tse Yiuman , Zabotina Tatyana V.
Published: August 2002

On May 10, 1999, the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange (LIFFE) transferred trading in the Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE) 100 Index futures contracts from outcry to LIFFE CONNECT, its electronic trading system. We find lower spreads in the electronic market after the transition. However, the open outcry mechanism has higher market quality (or smaller variance of the pricing error) on the basis of Hasbrouck's (1993) model. Furthermore, employing the Hasbrouck (1991) model, we show that trades in the open outcry market have higher information content. Inventory control considerations also affect the electronic market more than the open outcry market. The overall results suggest that electronic trading should complement, but not replace, open outcry in futures markets. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21: 713–735, 2001
Interdependencies between agricultural commodity futures prices on the LIFFE
Authors: Dawson P. J. , White B.
Published: August 2002

Interdependencies between commodity prices can arise from the impact of changing macroeconomic variables, from
complementarities or substitutabilities between commodities, or from common responses by speculators. Malliaris
and Urrutia (1996) found significant linkages between rollover prices of six related agricultural
commodities on the Chicago Board of Trade. This article examines interdependencies between futures prices for soft
commodities traded on the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE), calculated using
Clark indices. Results show that there are no interdependencies between any two prices; price discovery of
one contract provides no information about others. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:
269–280, 2002
Cytogenetic aberrations and their prognostic impact in chondrosarcoma
Authors: Mandahl Nils , Gustafson Pelle , Mertens Fredrik , Åkerman Måns , Baldetorp Bo , Gisselsson David , Knuutila Sakari , Bauer Henrik C. F. , Larsson Olle
Published: August 2002

Chondrosarcoma is the second most common primary malignancy of bone. Cytogenetic data are available from close to 100 cases, including all subtypes of chondrosarcoma. Specific chromosomal rearrangements have been identified only in extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (EMC). Strong prognostic factors are largely missing, although size and, in particular, histologic tumor grade have been implicated. In the present study, we investigated the genomic aberrations in 59 chondrosarcomas (six grade 1, 24 grade 2, and 29 grade 3, including dedifferentiated tumors), excluding EMC, by chromosome banding analysis and DNA flow cytometry and correlated the findings with clinical outcome. Hyperhaploid to near‐diploid karyotypes were found in half of the cases, and there was a good correlation between cytogenetics and flow cytometry data; discrepancies were seen primarily in cases with normal karyotypes and in those with −Y as the sole anomaly. Abnormal karyotypes, excluding those with −Y as the only change, were found in 36 cases. No recurrent structural aberration was found, but a nonrandom pattern of aberrations was seen. Total or partial gains and losses were the dominant karyotypic features. Genomic imbalances found in at least 10 cases included −1p36, −1p13‐p22, −4, −5q13‐q31, −6q22‐qter, +7p13‐pter, −9p22‐pter, −10p, −10q24‐qter, −11p13‐pter, −11q25, +12q15‐qter, −13q21‐qter, −14q24‐qter, −18p, −18q22‐qter, +19, +20pter‐q11, +21q, and −22q13. At the latest follow‐up, 19 patients had experienced distant metastases, and the 5‐year metastasis‐free survival rate was 0.69. By univariate analysis, malignancy grade and loss of material from 6q, 10p, 11p or 11q, 13q, and 22q were associated with impaired metastasis‐free survival. Only −13q was an independent prognostic factor for metastasis, regardless of tumor grade or size. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of chromosome aberrations associated with soft‐tissue leiomyosarcomas by twenty‐four‐color karyotyping and comparative genomic hybridization analysis
Authors: Wang Rubin , Lu Yong‐Jie , Fisher Cyril , Bridge Julia A. , Shipley Janet
Published: August 2002

Data on the chromosome aberrations associated with leiomyosarcomas of soft tissues are limited, complex, and incomplete. The aim of this study was to characterize genetic aberrations associated with this tumor group, to identify consistent regions of involvement and to determine correlations with clinical outcome. Chromosomes were prepared from 10 primary soft‐tissue leiomyosarcoma samples, and preparations from four of them, plus the cell line SK‐LMS‐1, were suitable for analysis using 24‐color karyotyping by multifluor fluorescence in situ hybridization. This method allowed rearranged chromosomes to be characterized, which would not have been possible by banding analysis alone. The remaining six chromosome preparations were analyzed using standard Giemsa banding. The chromosome imbalances associated with all the samples were determined by comparative genomic hybridization analysis. Taken together, the results show both intra‐ and intertumor heterogeneity and considerable complexity. Although no highly consistent rearrangements were found, some regions of the genome frequently were involved, including 1q21, 5p14‐pter, and 20q13, which likely harbor genes that play a role in the pathogenesis of soft‐tissue leiomyosarcomas. There were no obvious correlations between the chromosomal changes identified and available clinical details. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sperm entry position provides a surface marker for the first cleavage plane of the mouse zygote
Authors: Plusa Berenika , Piotrowska Karolina , Zernicka‐Goetz Magdalena
Published: August 2002

Summary: The sperm entry position (SEP) of the mouse egg, labelled by placing a bead at the fertilisation cone, tends to be associated with the first cleavage plane (Piotrowska and Zernicka‐Goetz: Nature 409:517–521, 2001). Nevertheless, in up to one‐fourth of embryos the cleavage furrow did not pass close to the bead, and following the division the bead marked the cleavage plane in only 60% of cases. This raised the question of whether such variability arose from the labelling itself or had a biological basis. The zona pellucida was not responsible for this effect because similar results were obtained in its presence or absence. However, this variability could be attributable to the large size of the fertilisation cone relative to the SEP. Therefore, we have developed a means of fluorescently labelling sperm that can record the exact site of its penetration when the label transfers to the egg surface. This approach indicates that the SEP marks the first cleavage in the great majority (88%) of embryos. In conclusion, direct sperm labelling shows precisely the correlation between the SEP and the first cleavage, although there is natural variability in this process. genesis 32:193–198, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation and differential expression of tau mRNA isoforms as oligodendrocytes mature in vivo: Implications for myelination
Authors: Lopresti Patrizia
Published: August 2002

Oligodendrocytes and neurons derive from the same cell type but develop distinct morphologic and functional properties as they mature in vivo. Both cells express tau protein, a developmentally regulated protein in the central nervous system. The regulation of tau has been investigated extensively in neurons but not in oligodendrocytes, so we studied regulation of tau in oligodendrocytes in vivo. The amino‐derived tau isoforms consist of isoforms with zero (A0), one (A1), or two (A2) inserts. We examined the developmental regulation of tau mRNA isoforms at the amino domain by comparing tau expression in oligodendrocytes (OLGs) isolated from 1‐ and 20‐day‐old rat brain and in age‐matched cortex, which abounds in neurons. In the rat brain, myelination peaks at 20 days. By using semiquantitative RT‐PCR, we found that OLGs and cortex from 1‐day‐old rat brain largely had amino‐derived tau isoforms with no insert, whereas OLGs from 20‐day‐old rat brain had similar levels of amino‐derived tau isoforms with no insert or with one insert. We also found that 20‐day‐old OLGs had twofold more tau mRNA levels than younger OLGs. In contrast to OLGs from 20‐day‐old rat brain, age‐matched cortex had comparable levels of A0, A1, and A2 tau amino‐derived isoforms. Further, younger and older OLGs had a reciprocal pattern of expression of both carboxy‐derived tau mRNA isoforms with either three (3R) or four (4R) repeats. In contrast, younger and older cortex expressed either 3R or 4R tau. This study showed an upregulation of tau mRNA and cell‐specific tau mRNA isoform expression in OLGs forming myelin. GLIA 37:250–257, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glial expression of small heat shock proteins following an excitotoxic lesion in the immature rat brain
Authors: Acarin Laia , Paris Jaume , González Berta , Castellano Bernardo
Published: August 2002

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are chaperones induced under pathological conditions and involved in protein stabilization and cellular protection. In this study, we have evaluated the expression pattern of the glial cell–related HSP27, HSP32, and HSP47 following an excitotoxic lesion in the immature rat brain. Postnatal day 9 rats received an intracortical injection of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate and tissue was processed immunohistochemically for HSPs and double labeling using astroglial and microglial markers. HSP expression was quantified by image analysis. Excitotoxic damage caused primary cortical degeneration and secondary damage in the corresponding thalamus. In the injured cortex, reactive microglia/macrophages expressed HSP32 from 10 h until 14 days postlesion (PL), showing maximal levels at days 3–5. In parallel, most cortical reactive astrocytes showed expression of HSP47 from 10 h until 14 days PL and a population of them also displayed HSP27 labeling from 1 day PL. In addition, some cortical reactive astrocytes showed a temporary expression of HSP32 at day 1. In general, astroglial HSP expression in the cortex achieved maximal levels at days 3–5 PL. In the damaged thalamus, HSP32 was not significantly induced, but reactive astrocytes expressed HSP47 and some of them also HSP27. Thalamic astroglial HSP induction was transient, peaked at 5 days PL and reached basal levels by day 14. The injury‐induced expression of HSP32, HSP27, and HSP47 in glial cells may contribute to glial cell protection and adaptation to damage, therefore playing an important role in the evolution of the glial response and the excitotoxic lesion outcome. HSP32 may provide antioxidant protective mechanisms to microglia/macrophages, whereas HSP47 could contribute to extracellular matrix remodeling and HSP27 may stabilize the astroglial cytoskeleton and participate in astroglial antioxidant mechanisms. GLIA 38:1–14, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proliferation of progenitor cells in the adult rat brain correlates with the presence of vimentin‐expressing astrocytes
Authors: Alonso Gérard
Published: August 2002

It is well established that proliferation of progenitor cells persists within the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle (SVZ) in the adult brain. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the rate of cell proliferation within these germinative zones could be correlated to the occurrence of a particular glial environment. The cell proliferation marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was administrated to rats under different physiological and experimental conditions known to modify the rate of progenitor cell proliferation. Within both germinative zones, BrdU‐labeled nuclei were associated with cell bodies immunostained for the neuronal marker polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule, but not for the glial markers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) or vimentin (VIM). In all the rats examined, however, proliferating (BrdU‐labeled) cells always exhibited close relationships with immature‐like astrocytes that expressed both GFAP and VIM. There was a dramatic decrease of cell proliferation in the DG from both the aged rats and the corticosterone‐treated adult rats that was correlated with a decreased expression of vimentin by the astrocytes present in this region. In contrast, both cell proliferation and vimentin expression were only slightly affected in the SVZ from these two treatment groups. Conversely, after either adrenalectomy or a surgical lesion through the lateral hippocampus, the increase in cell proliferation observed in the DG was correlated to the occurrence of an increased number of GFAP and VIM double immunostained structures in these regions. All together, these data suggest that immature‐like astrocytes present in the germinative zones may provide a microenvironment involved in sustaining the proliferation of progenitor cells. GLIA 34:253–266, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Academic success and the international student: Research and recommendations
Authors: Abel Charles F.
Published: August 2002

International students may not know how the American classroom in higher education functions, so they might be interested in strategies for success in those classrooms.
Health insurance and health services utilization in Ireland
Authors: Harmon Colm , Nolan Brian
Published: August 2002

The numbers buying private health insurance in Ireland have continued to grow, despite a broadening in entitlement to public care. About 40% of the population now have insurance, although everyone has entitlement to public hospital care. In this paper, we examine in detail the growth in insurance coverage and the factors underlying the demand for insurance. Attitudinal responses reveal the importance of perceptions about waiting times for public care, as well as some concerns about the quality of that care. Individual characteristics, such as education, age, gender, marital status, family composition and income all influence the probability of purchasing private insurance. We also examine the relationship between insurance and utilization of hospital in‐patient services. The positive effect of private insurance appears less than that of entitlement to full free health care from the state, although the latter is means‐tested, and may partly represent health status. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The predictive value of perioperative calcium levels after thyroid/parathyroid surgery
Authors: Luu Quang , Andersen Peter E. , Adams Jeffery , Wax Mark K. , Cohen James I.
Published: August 2002

Background

This work was done to determine whether the slope of change between preoperative and early postoperative (2 hr and 8 hr) ionized calcium levels (ciCa) could predict significant postoperative hypocalcemia.

Methods

We did a retrospective chart review of 79 patients undergoing thyroid (n = 56) or parathyroid surgery (n = 23) where overall parathyroid function was felt to be at risk.

Results/Conclusions

A positive slope between the preoperative ciCa and any postoperative ciCa or the first two postoperative ciCa's predicted normocalcemia in 100% of patients. For the thyroid group, the difference in the slope of the change from preoperative ciCa to first (<2 hours) postoperative ciCa (−15.940%/hours vs −9.375%/hours, p = .082) did not differentiate patients who developed hypocalcemia (n = 11) and those who remained normocalcemic (n = 45). By contrast the slope of change from preoperative ciCa to the second postoperative (8 hr) ciCa (−1.671%/ hour vs −0.849%/hours, p = .006) and first to second postoperative ciCa (−1.022%/hour vs −0.473%/hour, p = .001) did. For the parathyroid group, none of the differences in similar comparisons between the normocalcemic (n = 20) and hypocalcemic patients (n = 3) approached statistical significance. The relatively small number of patients who became hypocalcemic in this study precluded definition of an absolute slope of calcium level change above which normocalcemia can be assured © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 24: 63–67, 2002.
Quantitative analysis from CT is prognostic for local control of supraglottic carcinoma
Authors: Kraas Jonathan R. , Underhill Tom E. , D'Agostino Ralph B. , Williams Daniel W. , Cox Janel A. , Greven Kathryn M.
Published: August 2002

Background

The purpose of this study was to determine whether pretreatment imaging with CT was prognostic for control of the primary site in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx.

Methods

Pretreatment CT studies were obtained on 28 patients treated definitively with radiation therapy for supraglottic larynx cancer between 1991 and 1997. Follow‐up ranged from 20–58 months.

Results

Local control was achieved in 61% of patients. Tumor volumes ranged from 0–68.6 cm3, with a median of 3.1 cm3. Local control rates for tumors with volumes greater than or less than 8 cm3 were 20% and 70%, respectively (p = .0077). Mean tumor volumes for patients with and without recurrences were 10 cm3 and 3.4 cm3, respectively.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that quantitative analysis from CT imaging is prognostic for control of the primary site when radiation therapy is given for treatment of supraglottic cancer. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 1031– 1036, 2001.
Concomitant twice‐a‐day radiotherapy and chemotherapy in unresectable head and neck cancer patients: A long‐term quality of life analysis
Authors: Magné Nicolas , Marcy Pierre‐Yves , Chamorey Emmanuel , Guardiola Emmanuel , Pivot Xavier , Schneider Maurice , Demard François , Bensadoun René‐Jean
Published: August 2002

Background

The purpose of this study is to make a comparative analysis between acute toxicity with late toxicity. This study is based upon a French quality of life (QoL) questionnaire in a cohort of advanced head and neck (H&N) cancer patients treated by concomitant twice‐a‐day continuous radiotherapy with no acceleration and chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5‐fluorouracil.

Methods

From September 1992 to November 1997, a prospective data bank of 91 patients was constituted. In November 1999, 31 patients were still alive and followed for more than 3 years. All patients had stage IV strictly unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of oropharynx or hypopharynx. A French specific H&N cancer QoL questionnaire was used at the end of radiotherapy and at the last date of follow‐up of each patient (during 1999). p values reflect comparison of percentages obtained at the end of treatment with percentages at long‐term follow‐up. Statistical analysis was performed using χ2 test (p < .05 considered as significant). Percentages obtained by the QoL questionnaire correspond to moderate‐severe problems only.

Results

Twenty‐nine of 31 (94%) patients participated in the QoL study. Acute treatment toxicities were severe with declines in virtually all QoL and functional domains. Globally, with an average long‐term follow‐up of 4.5 years (range 3–7 years after treatment), there is a statistical improvement in the following symptoms: dry mouth and sticky saliva (97% versus 55%, p < .05); tasting problems (35% versus 21%, not significant); swallowing problems (77% versus 36%, p < .05); and H&N pain (86% versus 9%, p < .05). Financial problems were not improved (21% versus 14%, not significant), and psychological problems (59% versus 5%) were statistically significant. Fourteen of 29 (48%) patients were drinking and 8 of 29 (28%) were smoking at long‐term follow‐up; at the diagnosis they were 86% and 90%, respectively. At long‐term follow‐up 22 of 29 presented good or very good QoL, and 25 of 29 said they had improved their initial QoL.

Conclusion

The interest of twice‐a‐day radiotherapy with concomitant chemotherapy is to increase total radiotherapy equivalent dose without increasing late toxicity and also to improve locoregional control, survival, and long‐term QoL/effectiveness ratio. Best supportive care is recommended to obtain both good QoL and cancer control in a long‐term follow‐up. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 678–682, 2001.
Encoding activity in the medial temporal lobe examined with anatomically constrained fMRI analysis
Authors: Reber Paul J. , Wong Eric C. , Buxton Richard B.
Published: August 2002

Functional neuroimaging studies have produced a sizable number of observations of increased activity in the human medial temporal lobe (MTL) during encoding of novel memories. The studies have suggested possible functional specialization within the anatomical components of the MTL (hippocampus and the entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortical areas). Neuroimaging studies have just begun to link anatomical regions to specific functions. To address functional specialization hypothesis, a method is described for using high‐resolution structural information from magnetic resonance imaging MRI to constrain the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, for independent assessment of functional activity change in each component of the MTL. With this method, increased activity was detected throughout the MTL in a group of participants (n = 5) who encoded novel pictures. A separate group (n = 5) who encoded words exhibited lower‐levels of evoked activity. Laterality effects were found reflecting increased right hemisphere activity during picture encoding (parahippocampal cortex) and increased left hemisphere activity during word encoding (posterior hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex). Neither condition provided evidence for greater activity in the posterior hippocampus than in the anterior hippocampus during encoding, although the greatest increases in activity were observed in the parahippocampal cortex. The anatomically driven methodology is shown to provide detailed comparison of levels of activity change across specific brain areas and to provide increased sensitivity to functional change in each region of the MTL. Hippocampus 2002;12:363–376. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isotype class switching and the pathogenenesis of multiple myeloma
Authors: Fenton J. A. L. , Pratt G. , Rawstron A. C. , Morgan G. J.
Published: August 2002

Translocations at the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (14q32) are now considered the commonest karyotypic change in multiple myeloma. These translocations are thought to be intimately involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. The heavy chain locus is strongly transcriptionally active in B and plasma cells and transfer of a potential oncogene to 14q32 would result in its dysregulation. Molecular characterization suggests that the majority of these breakpoints cluster in switch regions within the heavy chain locus. Switch regions are normally involved in the regulated process of isotype switching so that in myeloma the rearrangements are believed to be a result of so‐called illegitimate (aberrant) switch recombination and are likely to be an early event in myeloma development. A legitimate switch recombination event occurs between two switch regions producing a hybrid switch; this is necessary for class switching to proceed on a productive allele. In this review we describe the process of isotype switching and how illegitimate class switching may be related to the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phytoplankton of the Swan–Canning Estuary: a comparison of nitrogen uptake by different bloom assemblages
Authors: Horner Rosser S. M. J. , Thompson Peter A.
Published: August 2002

Spring chlorophyte‐, summer dinophyte‐ and autumn cryptophyte‐dominated phytoplankton blooms occurring in the upper reaches of the Swan–Canning Estuary have been studied to compare species composition and diurnal distribution and to determine preferential uptake rates for different nitrogen sources. Species distribution patterns over diurnal cycles showed dinophyte and cryptophyte species exhibiting diurnal vertical migration patterns which changed over a three‐week bloom period. The dinophyte and cryptophyte behaviour appeared to be related to measured changes in ambient nitrogen profiles over the course of the bloom. Chlorophyte species were not shown to be strongly migratory over diurnal periods. Absolute uptake rates (ρ, approximating Pmax) for nitrogen, in the form of 15NO3−, 15NH4+ or 15N‐urea, were compared between seasonal bloom assemblages and ranged between 0·02 and 12 µg N l−1 h−1 (NO3 0·02–7; NH4 0·4–9; urea 0·1–12 µg N l−1 h−1). Specific uptake rates (ν) ranged between 2 and 1770 ng N µg Chla−1 h−1 (NO3 2–290; NH4 19–1770; urea 6–1730 ng N µg Chla−1 h−1). Relative preference indices (RPI) for NO3 (new N) vs. NH4 (recycled N) were calculated to determine whether allochthonous or autochthonous nitrogen sources were implicated in supporting these blooms. Results indicated no physiological preference at any depth for NO3 or NH4 during spring and autumn, and for summer surface assemblages. There was a strong preference for NH4 (RPI ∼ 0·95) at mid and bottom depths during summer. Ambient NH4 uptake rates were compared with changes in ambient NH4 profiles to determine the importance of measuring fluxes against absolute parameter measurements in understanding the nitrogen dynamics supporting phytoplankton growth.

From flux measurements it was found that apparent reappearance rates for NH4 ranging between 1% and 1030% of absolute uptake rates occurred during summer, with decreases equivalent to 100% of ambient uptake rate occurring at depth at night. Nutrient profiling alone, in the absence of knowledge of nutrient fluxes, was insufficient in assessing possible nutrient control over phytoplankton growth and biomass maintenance. Within this system there is the potential for phytoplankton growth and bloom maintenance to occur supported solely by recycling of NH4. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recognition of faces of different species: a developmental study between 5 and 8 years of age
Authors: Pascalis Olivier , Demont Elisabeth , de Haan Michelle , Campbell Ruth
Published: August 2002

There is developmental progression in the ability to recognize human faces (HF) during childhood, accompanied by qualitative differences in what children perceive and remember. The best known example is that of sensitivity to vertical orientation: while there is age‐related improvement in recognizing upright faces, upside‐down ones show no recognition improvement. It is believed by some investigators to be a sign of developing face‐expertise over the first 10 years or so of life. If expertise, based on experience with many individuals, is the basis for the development of the inversion‐effect, faces from other species should not induce inversion‐effects. In two experiments, we explored the expertise phenomenon by testing recognition of faces of different animal species with children between 5 and 10 years of age. Our results failed to show any developmental changes in the processing of faces of own‐ and other‐species. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.