bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFEKTI SPECIFICNE FIZICKE PRIPREME NA RAZVOJ FUNKCIONALNIH SPOSOBNOSTI, EKSPLOZIVNE I REPETITIVNE SNAGE KOD MLADIH SMUCARA
Authors: Miletić Marija , Stanković Jurica
Published: December 2016

Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se utvrde efekti treninga specificne fizicke pripreme natransformaciju motorickih i funkcionalnih sposbnosti kod mladih smucara. Uzorak ispitanikacinilo je 28 ispitanika, ucenika osnovnih škola (clanovi skijaškog centra "Stara planina" uKnjaževcu), uzrasta 13 i 14 godina. Motoricke sposobnosti bile su definisane dimenzijamarepetitivne snage: dizanje trupa na švedskoj klupi (MDTK9, cucnjevi (MCUC) i sklekovi(MSKL) i eksplozivne snage: skok udalj iz mesta (MSDM), troskok iz mesta (MTRS) i bacanjeloptice udalj (MBLP). Funkcionalne sposobnosti procenjene su testovima: vitalni kapacitetpluca, Margarija test i frekvencija pulsa posle opterecenja. Izracunata je analiza varijansena multivarijantnom (MANOVA) i univarijantnom (ANOVA) nivou. Utvrdeno je da je nakraju eksperimentalnog perioda pod uticajem specificne fizicke pripreme došlo na multivarijantnomnivou do statisticki znacajnog povecanja motorickih i funkcionalnih sposobnostikod mladih smucara.
ULOGA PORODICE U ŠKOLSKOM SPORTU
Authors: Soković Goran
Published: December 2016

Roditelji imaju prava i dužnosti da se staraju o licnosti, pravima i interesima svojemaloletne dece. Ova prava, odnosno bolje receno dužnosti, nazvane jednim imenom roditeljskopravo, pripadaju roditeljima, ocu i majci istovremeno i zajednicki. Empirijska istraživanjaroditeljskog uticaja na ponašanje dece u sportu potvrdila su da je taj uticaj znacajan iznatan. Roditelji su presudni u donošenju prvobitne odluke o zapocinjanju sportske aktivnosti.Odredenije, ovim istraživanjem želelo se utvrditi: osnovne karakteristike socio-ekonomskogstatusa mladih sportista i njihov uticaj na ukljucivanje u sport i ocekivanja od sporta.
UTICAJ MOTORIČKIH SPOSOBNOSTI NA USPJEŠNOST FUDBALERA
Authors: Pržulj Radomir
Published: December 2016

Istraživanje je obuhvatilo dvanaest naučnih radova i preko 850 ispitanika. Svi radovi su zadovoljili problematiku i mogli su da daju odgovor na postavljeni problem. Cilj rada je bio da se utvrdi uticaj motoričkih sposobnosti na uspešnost u fudbalu. Kao metoda uzeta je selekcija radova od 2006. do 2015. godine. Zaključujemo da specifične motoričke sposobnosti i osnovne motoričke sposobnosti kao faktor opšte efikasnosti imaju najveći uticaj na kvalitet igrača, odnosno na uspešnost fudbalera. Te da razvoj specifičnih motoričkih sposobnosti u mladjim kategorijama ima pozitivan uticaj na bolje rezultate u specifičnim testovima u fudbalu.
ISPLATIVOST SPORTOVA NA VODI U SPORTSKOJ REKREACIJI I TURIZMU REPUBLIKE SRPSKE
Authors: Trivun Milomir , Cicović Borislav , Kovačević Bojan
Published: December 2016

Na prvom mjestu isplativost sportova na vodi je zdravstvena isplativost, jer zdravlje nema cijenu, ono je najveće bogastvo koji čovjek posjeduje. Ekonomska isplativost je višestruka, manji odlasci na bolovanju, veća produktivnost radnog osoblja. Ekonomska vrijednost sportske rekreacije u turizmu Republike Srpske moguće je sagledati sa dva aspekta: kroz direktne ekonomske efekte, kroz indirektne ekonomske efekte. Osim direktnih ekonomskih efekata (povećan broj gostiju), broj noćenja, prihodi u ugostiteljskim objektima, još je veći indirektni efekat ekonomske isplativosti kroz: kupovinu novih i popravku dotrajalih plovila i rekvizita. U ovom slučaju se radi o čamcima za kanu i kajak, kao i za rafting. Održavanjem u Banja Luci od. 1. do 5. juna 2016. Svjetskog prvenstva u kajaku sam grad će profitirat, jedino će klub da dobro potroši na organizaciji, ali će imati veliki rejting zbog organizacije značajne sportske manifestacije. Iz grafdskog budžeta za sufinansiranje se izdvaja 120.000 KM.Teritoriju Republike Srpske presjeca relativno gusta mreža riječnih tokova. Osnovu te mreže čine Sava i njene desne pritoke: Una, Sana, Vrbas, Ukrina, Bosna i Drina. U prostoru istočne Hercegovine, izrazito karsternih hidrogeoloških odlika, riječnu mrežu čini sistem Trebišnjice, jedne od najvećih ponornica na svijetu i izvorište Neretve. Sva mjesta su pogodna za razvoj sportova na vodi, gdje je isplativost: zdravstvena i ekonomska opravdana, jer su to veliki potencijali za razvoj rekreacije u turizmu na području ne samo Republike Srpske.
Idosos, Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis e aids: conhecimentos e percepção de risco
Authors: Brito Nívea Maria Izidro de , Andrade Smalyanna Sgren da Costa , Silva Fernanda Maria Chianca da , Fernandes Marta Regina Chaves Camilo , Brito Karen Krystine Gonçalves , Oliveira Simone Helena Dos Santos
Published: December 2016

Introdução: No contexto das doenças crônicas transmissíveis, a pandemia da aids vem gerando discussões em âmbito internacional sobre as formas de controlar seu avanço, inclusive na população idosa, a qual apresenta incidência considerável de casos. Objetivo: Investigar o conhecimento e verificar a percepção de risco de idosos quanto à contaminação por Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis (IST) e HIV. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo descritivo de natureza quantitativa realizado com 55 idosos participantes de grupos em duas unidades de saúde da família interligadas à rede-escola. Resultados: A maioria dos idosos era entre 60–70 anos, sexo masculino, casados, católicos, com o nível fundamental incompleto. Além disso, 40% dos idosos citaram o uso do preservativo como principal método de prevenção às infecções sexuais, 21,9% responderam que o HIV é transmitido de uma pessoa para outra por meio do contato sexual e 38,2% citaram que a doença não tem cura. Sobre a percepção de risco, 76,4% referiram que não tinham nenhuma possibilidade de adquirir Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis ou HIV. Tal fator pode contribuir para que essa população se considere pouco vulnerável à contaminação ou não se perceba em risco, o que os torna susceptíveis ao perigo da infecção, favorecendo o aumento do índice de idosos infectados no cenário nacional. Conclusão: Cabe aos organismos governamentais e não governamentais investir em práticas educativas, onde idosos possam ser inseridos em um ambiente que aborde a sexualidade, proporcionando maior segurança e qualidade de vida aos nossos cidadãos.
Qualidade de vida e independência funcional de idosos frequentadores do clube do idoso do município de Sorocaba
Authors: Lima Bruna Malavazzi , Araújo Franciele Andrade , Scattolin Fátima Ayres de Araújo
Published: December 2016

Introdução: Nos últimos anos a expectativa de vida vem aumentando em todo o mundo. A manutenção da capacidade funcional e da qualidade de vida (QV) dessa população é um dos desafios da atualidade. Objetivo: Avaliar a QV e a independência funcional de idosos frequentadores do Clube do Idoso do município de Sorocaba e investigar a correlação entre essas medidas. Métodos: Participaram idosos de ambos os sexos com idade ≥60 anos. Foram utilizados: Instrwumento de Caracterização Sociodemográfica; World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment-Old (WHOQOL-OLD) e Medida de Independência Funcional (MIF). Análises estatísticas realizadas: teste de Mann-Whitney e teste de Kruskal-Wallis para comparação entre os escores e o coeficiente de correlação de postos de Spearman para verificar a correlação entre os instrumentos. Resultados: Participaram 71 idosos, 69,01% mulheres, 56,34% com idade entre 60 e 69 anos, 33,80% casados e 83,10% aposentados. Não houve diferenças significativas quanto ao sexo para os dois instrumentos e quanto à idade nos escores do WHOQOL-OLD. Os idosos ≥80 anos apresentaram queda da independência funcional (p<0,001) e aqueles com mais anos de estudo apresentaram maior independência funcional e avaliaram melhor a QV global. Houve correlação diretamente proporcional entre escores da MIF e QV. Conclusão: Este estudo apontou que a funcionalidade está diretamente ligada à QV. Daí a importância dos grupos de terceira idade como forma de favorecer a prática de atividade física e aumentar a interação social, fatores essenciais na proteção e promoção da saúde e da QV dessa população.
Stereotyped responses of Drosophila peptidergic neuronal ensemble depend on downstream neuromodulators
Authors: Mena Wilson , Diegelmann Sören , Wegener Christian , Ewer John
Published: December 2016

Neuropeptides play a key role in the regulation of behaviors and physiological responses including alertness, social recognition, and hunger, yet, their mechanism of action is poorly understood. Here, we focus on the endocrine control ecdysis behavior, which is used by arthropods to shed their cuticle at the end of every molt. Ecdysis is triggered by ETH (Ecdysis triggering hormone), and we show that the response of peptidergic neurons that produce CCAP (crustacean cardioactive peptide), which are key targets of ETH and control the onset of ecdysis behavior, depends fundamentally on the actions of neuropeptides produced by other direct targets of ETH and released in a broad paracrine manner within the CNS; by autocrine influences from the CCAP neurons themselves; and by inhibitory actions mediated by GABA. Our findings provide insights into how this critical insect behavior is controlled and general principles for understanding how neuropeptides organize neuronal activity and behaviors.
Application of atmospheric solution precursor plasma spray to photocatalytic devices for small and medium industries in developing countries
Authors: Kindole Dickson , Ando Yasutaka
Published: December 2016

For development of a functional film deposition process with high deposition rate, as a basic study, TiO2 films were deposited by atmospheric solution precursor plasma spray (ASPPS) process. Ethanol-diluted titanium tetraisobutoxide [TTIB: Ti(OC4H9)4] was used as a feedstock. To achieve a high plasma thermal energy at a low discharge power, N2-dominant Ar/N2 as the plasma working gas was used, for film deposition at various deposition distances. Consequently, photocatalytic TiO2 with a rutile/anatase mixture film structure was deposited evenly in this case. By conducting methylene blue decomposition and wettability tests, photocatalytic properties of the film were confirmed. When a TiO2 film was applied to photocatalytic dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), the cells generated an electromotive force of 0.143V
oc, which is close to those of commercial DSSCs. From these results, the ASPPS process was found to have high potential for high rate functional film deposition and was cost effective, making it suitable for developing countries.
Anti-Corruption Policy and Firms’ Three Public Consumptions
Authors: Xue Shuang , Wang Qian , Zhao Zepeng
Published: December 2016

Fighting against corruption is an important policy of the new Chinese government. A series of anti-corruption policies has been promulgated since the end of 2012. In this paper, we study the impact of these policies on firms’ three public consumptions (TPCs): car expenses, banquet expenses, and overseas visit expenses. The empirical results show that the TPCs decrease sharply after the promulgation of the anti-corruption policies. The decline in the TPCs in state-owned enterprises (SOEs) is larger than that in private firms (non-SOEs). Further, the decline in the TPCs in firms with top managers with a political background (such as government work experience, army experience, or being party members) is larger than that in firms with top managers with a non-political background. The decrease in the TPCs in high-marketisation (high legal development) regions is not as sharp as that in low-marketisation (low legal development) regions since the TPCs in these economically well-developed (legally well-developed) regions were lower before the anti-corruption campaign. What is more, the effect of the anti-corruption policies also depends on the strength of their enforcement: that is, the higher the strength of the enforcement of the anti-corruption policies, the larger the decrease in the growth rate of the TPCs. All these results evidence a significant effect of the anti-corruption policies.
RNA interference as a gene silencing tool to controlTuta absolutain tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
Authors: Camargo Roberto A. , Barbosa Guilherme O. , Possignolo Isabella Presotto , Peres Lazaro E. P. , Lam Eric , Lima Joni E. , Figueira Antonio , Marques-Souza Henrique
Published: December 2016

RNA interference (RNAi), a gene-silencing mechanism that involves providing double-stranded RNA molecules that match a specific target gene sequence, is now widely used in functional genetic studies. The potential application of RNAi-mediated control of agricultural insect pests has rapidly become evident. The production of transgenic plants expressing dsRNA molecules that target essential insect genes could provide a means of specific gene silencing in larvae that feed on these plants, resulting in larval phenotypes that range from loss of appetite to death. In this report, we show that the tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta), a major threat to commercial tomato production, can be targeted by RNAi. We selected two target genes (Vacuolar ATPase-AandArginine kinase) based on the RNAi response reported for these genes in other pest species. In view of the lack of an artificial diet forT. absoluta, we used two approaches to deliver dsRNA into tomato leaflets. The first approach was based on the uptake of dsRNA by leaflets and the second was based on “in planta-induced transient gene silencing” (PITGS), a well-established method for silencing plant genes, used here for the first time to deliverin planta-transcribed dsRNA to target insect genes.Tuta absolutalarvae that fed on leaves containing dsRNA of the target genes showed an ∼60% reduction in target gene transcript accumulation, an increase in larval mortality and less leaf damage. We then generated transgenic ‘Micro-Tom’ tomato plants that expressed hairpin sequences for both genes and observed a reduction in foliar damage byT. absolutain these plants. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of RNAi as an alternative method for controlling this critical tomato pest.
Harvest year effects on Apulian EVOOs evaluated by1H NMR based metabolomics
Authors: Girelli Chiara R. , Del Coco Laura , Papadia Paride , De Pascali Sandra A. , Fanizzi Francesco P.
Published: December 2016

Nine hundred extra virgin olive oils (EVOO) were extracted from individual olive trees of four olive cultivars (Coratina, Cima di Mola, Ogliarola, Peranzana), originating from the provinces of Bari and Foggia (Apulia region, Southern Italy) and collected during two consecutive harvesting seasons (2013/14 and 2014/15). Following genetic identification of individual olive trees, a detailed Apulian EVOO NMR database was built using 900 oils samples obtained from 900 cultivar certified single trees. A study on the olive oil lipid profile was carried out by statistical multivariate analysis (Principal Component Analysis, PCA, Partial Least-Squares Discriminant Analysis, PLS-DA, Orthogonal Partial Least-Squares Discriminant Analysis, OPLS-DA). Influence of cultivar and weather conditions, such as the summer rainfall, on the oil metabolic profile have been evaluated. Mahalanobis distances andJ2criterion have been measured to assess the quality of resulting scores clusters for each cultivar in the two harvesting campaigns. The four studied cultivars showed non homogeneous behavior. Notwithstanding the geographical spread and the wide number of samples, Coratina showed a consistent behavior of its metabolic profile in the two considered harvests. Among the other three Peranzana showed the second more consistent behavior, while Cima di Mola and Ogliarola having the biggest change over the two years.
Preventative and therapeutic effects of a GABA transporter 1 inhibitor administered systemically in a mouse model of paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain
Authors: Masocha Willias , Parvathy Subramanian S.
Published: December 2016

Background

There is a dearth of drugs to manage a dose-limiting painful peripheral neuropathy induced by paclitaxel in some patients during the treatment of cancer. Gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter-1 (GAT-1) whose expression is increased in the brain and spinal cord during paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain (PINP) might be a potential therapeutic target for managing PINP. Thus, our aim was to evaluate if systemic administration of a GAT-1 inhibitor ameliorates PINP.

Methods

The reaction latency to thermal stimuli (hot plate test; at 55 °C) and cold stimuli (cold plate test; at 4 °C) of female BALB/c mice was recorded before and after intraperitoneal treatment with paclitaxel, its vehicle, and/or a selective GAT-1 inhibitor NO-711. The effects of NO-711 on motor coordination were evaluated using the rotarod test at a constant speed of 4 rpm or accelerating mode from 4 rpm to 40 rpm over 5 min.

Results

The coadministration of paclitaxel with NO-711 3 mg/kg prevented the development of paclitaxel-induced thermal hyperalgesia and cold allodynia at day 7 after drug treatment. NO-711 at 3 mg/kg produced antihyperalgesic activity up to 1 h and antiallodynic activity up to 2 h in mice with established paclitaxel-induced thermal hyperalgesia and cold allodynia. No motor deficits were observed with NO-711 at a dose of 3 mg/kg, whereas a higher dose 5 mg/kg caused motor impairment and reduced mean time spent on the rotarod at a constant speed of 4 rpm. However, at a rotarod accelerating mode from 4 rpm to 40 rpm over 5 min, NO-711 3 mg/kg caused motor impairment up to 1 h, but had recovered by 2 h.

Conclusions

These results show that systemic administration of the GAT-1 inhibitor NO-711 has preventative and therapeutic activity against paclitaxel-induced thermal hyperalgesia and cold allodynia. NO-711’s antiallodynic effects, but not antihyperalgesic effects, were independent of its motor impairment/sedation properties. Thus, low doses of GAT-1 inhibitors could be useful for the prevention and treatment of PINP with proper dose titration to reduce motor impairment/sedation side effects.
Diagnóstico pelas técnicas histopatológicas e de Ziehl-Neelsen da tuberculose bovina de carcaça condenada em um frigorífico no Estado da Bahia
Authors: França Leonardo Rosa da , Sousa Dante Lima , Carvalho Filipe Ramon Bacelar de , Pinto Mariana Sampaio , Castro Paulo Natan Moreno Pereira , Santos Évelin Santiago Vasconcelos dos , Cerqueira Robson Bahia
Published: December 2016

Objetivo: descrever os achados sugestivos da presença do Mycobacterium bovis em bovinos abatidos num matadouro-frigorífico situado região sudoeste da Bahia, além de demonstrar a eficácia dos métodos tintoriais usados como presuntivos no diagnóstico da tuberculose bovina. Metodologia: no Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária (LPV) da Universidade Federal do Recôncavo Baiano (UFRB), foram analisadas 28 amostras de fragmentos de linfonodos bovinos fixados em formol a 10%. Estas amostras foram processadas e coradas pelas técnicas de hematoxilina-eosina (H&E) pela e a técnica de Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN). Resultados: o diagnóstico para tuberculose bovina foi feito após leitura das lâminas utilizando microscopia óptica. Das amostras histologicamente coradas por H&E, em 78,6% foi possível observar a presença de único ou múltiplos granulomas, sugestivos da doença. Destas amostras, 13,6% demonstraram
a presença de bacilos álcool ácidos resistentes (BAAR) após coloração com ZN. Conclusão: neste trabalho, evidenciou-se que a consorciação das técnicas histopatológicas H&E e ZN torna o diagnóstico da tuberculose bovina mais eficiente do que quando as técnicas são processadas isoladamente.
Processo de territorialização da residência multiprofissional na cidade de Quixadá/CE: relato de experiência
Authors: Costa Thainá Cardoso , De Vasconcelos Thiago Brasileiro
Published: December 2016

Introdução: A territorialização é uma ferramenta útil no serviço da atenção básica à saúde, pois viabiliza a elaboração de um diagnóstico situacional, podendo ser utilizada como um instrumento de organização do processo de trabalho e das práticas de saúde, criando possibilidades de estratégias de intervenção. Objetivo: Relatar o processo de territorialização na residência multiprofissional no município de Quixadá. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo observacional, descritivo, transversal, por meio de visita presencial à área de abrangência de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS)-Combate no município de Quixadá e de análise de dados do sistema de informação da atenção básica, dengue online e Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Resultados: A UBS- Combate destacou-se por ter uma demanda sanitária e social expressiva, pela situação de vulnerabilidade social e precárias condições de infraestrutura que evidencia a falta de investimento do poder público. Conclusão: Durante a territorialização foi possível conhecer de perto a realidade do território, fortalecer o vínculo profissional- usuário, levantar as necessidades da comunidade, e planejar de forma participativa ações estratégicas que atendessem às principais demandas, como: grupos que incentivassem e contribuíssem para a produção do lazer; capacitação para todos os funcionários da unidade de saúde, seguindo a recomendação da Política Nacional de Humanização; e práticas de incentivo à prevenção e à promoção da saúde no que se refere ao grande número dos casos suspeitos de dengue.
Vocational training of dentistry students regarding knowledge of oral rinses with antiseptic
Authors: Araújo Danilo Barral de , Campos Elisângela De Jesus , Martins Gabriela Botelho , Rosa Fabiana Paim , Lima Max José Pimenta , Araújo Maria Thereza Barral
Published: December 2016

Objetivo: o uso indiscriminado dos enxaguatórios bucais com antissépticos por parte da população pode trazer riscos à saúde, uma vez que os princípios ativos e os demais componentes dessas formulações não são inócuos. Nessa perspectiva é essencial que se tenha o controle da formação profissional desde o ingresso dos estudantes nas universidades até a diplomação. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o grau de conhecimento adquirido pelos acadêmicos de Odontologia formandos em 2014 sobre os enxaguatórios bucais com antissépticos, ao longo da formação universitária em 3 instituições públicas e 3 privadas. Metodologia: aplicação de um instrumento investigativo destinado à coleta de informações prestadas por estudantes concluintes em 2014 de seis cursos de Odontologia no estado da Bahia. Resultados: 56% dos acadêmicos procedentes de instituições privadas declaram ter estudado os enxaguatórios durante a graduação, enquanto que 67% com origem em instituições públicas se manifestaram contrariamente. Os entrevistados fizeram referência a um elenco variado de disciplinas que tratam deste tema. 53,1% dos concluintes das instituições públicas e 46,9% das privadas declararam fazer uso de enxaguatórios, sendo similares os percentuais de uso diário e o registro da preferência pelo Colgate (50,7%), Oral B (26,4%) e Listerine (16,4%). Com relação ao conhecimento sobre os princípios ativos, destaca-se 81% de respostas em branco, apesar do relativo conhecimento sobre os diluentes. Conclusão: muito embora o ensino do tema enxaguatório tenha sido considerado, o grau de conhecimento dos acadêmicos não é satisfatório, haja vista o elevado percentual de respostas em branco a respeito dos princípios ativos e suas indicações clínicas.
Associações entre o uso de cannabis e esquizofrenia: uma revisão da literatura
Authors: Britto Lucas Rocha de , Araújo Arão Nogueira de , Araújo Roberto Paulo Correia de , Sena Eduardo Pondé de
Published: December 2016

Objetivo: revisar a literatura sobre a associação entre uso de cannabis e o desenvolvimento de esquizofrenia. Metodologia: revisão sistemática da literatura realizada em bases de dados eletrônicas (PubMed e SciELO), que inclui revisões e estudos observacionais (estudos de coorte e cortes transversais) publicados no período de janeiro de 2000 a novembro de 2015, além de estudos encontrados mediante busca manual. Resultados: ao final do processo de busca e pré-seleção dos artigos pela leitura do título e do resumo, foram selecionados 13 artigos. Após a leitura na íntegra, foram selecionados 11 artigos para compor a revisão sistemática. Conclusões: há uma sugestiva associação entre uso de cannabis e risco de esquizofrenia, com um aumento do risco verificado especialmente nas situações de predisposição a psicoses e uso precoce de cannabis. Não é possível definir uma relação causal entre uso de cannabis e esquizofrenia, porém, caso exista, a direção da associação parece ser do uso de cannabis como causa de esquizofrenia, e não o inverso.  
Industrial Waste
Authors: Gürses Ahmet , Güneş Kübra , Korucu Mehtap Ejder , Açikyildiz Metİn
Published: December 2016

Industry plays an important role in the global economic development. While industrial and technological developments have improved the standard of living in recent years, they have also caused pollution and other severe environmental problems.Industrial waste, the hazardous and nonhazardous by‐products resulting from industrial activities, has been a challenge since the industrial revolution. Waste disposal and treatment technologies attempt to minimize the amount of waste and its impact.In this article, industrial waste classification and waste management approaches, including treatment and recycling, are reviewed. Health effects and impacts of industrial wastes on the environment are also discussed.
Methods in Flavor and Fragrance Analysis
Authors: Costa Rosaria , Mondello Luigi
Published: December 2016

The chemical constituents of flavors and fragrances are represented by low concentrated volatiles, usually in matrices of various complexities. If in the past their analysis was directed toward the identification of constituents, today their analysis has become necessary in compliance with international regulations.The strict regulation of flavor and fragrance manipulation and production poses a challenge to the analytical chemist, who requires suitable analytical techniques. Advanced analytical methods and instrumentation include gas chromatography, GC–MS, and other hyphenated and multidimensional techniques. Modern techniques are more sensitive and selective, can be automated, and are often more environment‐friendly, representing current trends in flavor and fragrance analysis.This article provides an overview of the most common analytical methodologies and sample preparation techniques used for the analysis of flavors and fragrances. Theoretical principles as well as selected applications are also discussed.
Electrosorption
Authors: Su Xiao , Hatton T. Alan
Published: December 2016

The topic of electrosorption is introduced, especially as it applies to electroseparations. Through the application of electrochemical potential, the interaction of target compounds with an electrode interface can be modulated, thus resulting in efficient and environmentally friendly applications.The major classes of separations utilizing electrosorption are discussed, and an overview of the most common materials chemistry is given. Capacitive deionization is an upcoming method for removing salt by using porous electrodes and the double layer, and in parallel, redox‐mediated separations based on Faradaic processes have been gaining intense attention for specialized separation processes.The various mechanisms for electrosorption as well as application fields are discussed, including water treatment, water purification, and chromatographic separations.
Inclusion Compounds Containing Polymers
Authors: Zhong Zhi , Gao Yang , Guo Baohua , Xu Jun
Published: December 2016

Inclusion compounds formed between host and guest molecules via noncovalent interaction exhibit novel properties and functions compared to the constituting species. The focus in this encyclopedia article is on the inclusion compounds containing polymers, as either hosts or guests. Among the hosts, the small molecular hosts can be divided into two categories: the small molecular hosts with intramolecular cavity, such as cyclodextrins (CDs) and cucurbiturils (CBs); the others with intermolecular cavity, such as urea, thiourea, choleic acids, deoxycholic acids, perhydrotriphenylene, tris(o‐phenylenedioxy)cyclotriphosphazene, some small molecular drugs, etc. Depending on the size of the cavity and the intermolecular interactions, chains of polyolefins, polyethers, polyesters, conjugated polymers, and ionic polymers can be accommodated in the cavities to form inclusion compounds. Besides the small molecular host, there are also many inclusion compounds with polymer chains as hosts, among them amylose, poly(
l
‐lactic acid), stereoregular polystyrene, linear
d,l
‐peptides, oligophenylacetylenes, and poly(ethylene oxide) are reviewed. Finally, applications of inclusion compounds containing polymers in the fields of separation, stereocontrolled polymerization, sensors, drug and gene delivery, nucleating agents, gels, self healing materials, molecular rotor, and molecular wires, are introduced.
Supramolecular Chemistry
Authors: Cragg Peter J.
Published: December 2016

Supramolecular chemistry has its origins in the supermolecule, a term used by Nobel Laureate Jean‐Marie Lehn from the early 1970s when referring to a well‐defined chemical species comprised of several components. The realization that supermolecules could in turn form larger molecular assemblies led to the shift in emphasis from super‐ to supramolecular in the literature to more accurately describe the complexity of systems involved. Supramolecular chemistry has since advanced to include complexes between molecules with complementary binding sites (molecular recognition), multicomponent complexes (supramolecular assemblies), the programmed interactions between large molecular assemblies (molecular tectonics), and even the directed assembly of three‐dimensional solids (crystal engineering and metal–organic frameworks).This article sets out the concepts and aims of supramolecular chemistry, illustrates some of the early development in the field, considers the synthesis and structures of individual supramolecular synthons as well as supramolecular assemblies, and concludes with an assessment of current and anticipated applications in materials science, medicine, the interface with biology, molecular computing, nanomaterials, and nanomachines.
Noah‐MP‐Crop: Introducing dynamic crop growth in the Noah‐MP land surface model
Authors: Liu Xing , Chen Fei , Barlage Michael , Zhou Guangsheng , Niyogi Dev
Published: December 2016

Croplands are important in land‐atmosphere interactions and in the modification of local and regional weather and climate; however, they are poorly represented in the current version of the coupled Weather Research and Forecasting/Noah with multiparameterization (Noah‐MP) land surface modeling system. This study introduced dynamic corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) growth simulations and field management (e.g., planting date) into Noah‐MP and evaluated the enhanced model (Noah‐MP‐Crop) at field scales using crop biomass data sets, surface heat fluxes, and soil moisture observations. Compared to the generic dynamic vegetation and prescribed‐leaf area index (LAI)‐driven methods in Noah‐MP, the Noah‐MP‐Crop showed improved performance in simulating leaf area index (LAI) and crop biomass. This model is able to capture the seasonal and annual variability of LAI and to differentiate corn and soybean in peak values of LAI as well as the length of growing seasons. Improved simulations of crop phenology in Noah‐MP‐Crop led to better surface heat flux simulations, especially in the early period of growing season where current Noah‐MP significantly overestimated LAI. The addition of crop yields as model outputs expand the application of Noah‐MP‐Crop to regional agriculture studies. There are limitations in the use of current growing degree days (GDD) criteria to predict growth stages, and it is necessary to develop a new method that combines GDD with other environmental factors, to more accurately define crop growth stages. The capability introduced in Noah‐MP allows further crop‐related studies and development.
MiR‐409‐3p regulates cell proliferation and tumor growth by targeting E74‐like factor 2 in osteosarcoma
Authors: Zhang Jun , Hou Wengen , Jia Jinling , Zhao Yilei , Zhao Bin
Published: December 2016

Recent evidence has shown that miR‐409‐3p was down‐regulated in several types of cancer, including osteosarcoma. However, the potential role of miR‐409‐3p in osteosarcoma remains largely unknown. In the present study, we showed that overexpression of miR‐409‐3p in osteosarcoma cells inhibited cell proliferation in vitro and suppressed tumor growth in vivo, and the restoration of miR‐409‐3p promoted G1/S cell cycle arrest and induced cell apoptosis. Additionally, E74‐like factor 2 (ELF2) was recognized as a new target of miR‐409‐3p by dual‐luciferase reporter assay. Restoration of ELF2 rescued the inhibitory effect of miR‐409‐3p on cell proliferation in osteosarcoma cells. Moreover, ELF2 was up‐regulated in osteosarcoma tissues and negatively associated with miR‐409‐3p levels. Taken together, our findings collectively indicate that miR‐409‐3p may be a tumor suppressor in osteosarcoma and may serve as a promising therapeutic target for osteosarcoma.
Plant Macro‐ and Micronutrient Minerals
Authors: Grusak Michael A , Broadley Martin R , White Philip J
Published: December 2016

All plants must obtain a number of inorganic mineral elements from their environment to ensure successful growth and development of both vegetative and reproductive tissues. A total of 14 mineral nutrients are considered to be essential. Several other elements have been shown to have beneficial functions. A plant's ability to obtain adequate amounts of essential minerals depends critically on the availability of these minerals in the soil. Mineral deficiencies impact plant growth by affecting key components of photosynthesis and/or metabolism. The occurrence of deficiency symptoms throughout the plant can differ from older to younger leaves, depending on whether the mineral can be mobilised in the phloem from older senescing tissues to young growing regions of the plant. Mineral fertilisers are used widely in agricultural systems to support crop yields. In addition, fertilisers can be used to ensure that crops are of sufficient quality in terms of their mineral composition.

Key Concepts

Plants require 14 essential mineral elements to grow and complete their life cycle.

Some mineral elements are required in greater quantities (macronutrients) than others (micronutrients).

Other mineral elements have been identified as having beneficial or even essential roles for some plants.

Mineral nutrients have many functions, including structural, metabolic, osmotic and signalling roles.

Mineral nutrients are taken up in ionic form by plant roots from the soil solution.

When a plant has insufficient mineral nutrients, deficiency symptoms occur in different tissues, depending on whether the mineral can be mobilised in the phloem from older senescing tissues to young growing regions of the plant.

Mineral and organic forms of nutrients are applied as fertilisers in agricultural systems to sustain crop yields and quality.
5′‐
UTRs
and Regulation
Authors: Mignone Flavio , Pesole Graziano
Published: December 2016

The 5′‐untranslated region (UTR) consists of the leading part of a cellular messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) from the 5′ end to the translation start codon AUG. Precursor mRNA is posttranscriptionally modified by the removal of introns and by the addition at the 5′ end of a 7‐methyl‐guanylate cap structure, which has a crucial role in translation initiation and regulating transcript stability. 5′‐UTRs and 3′‐UTRs are deeply involved in posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression through specific motifs or RNA base modifications that can affect mRNA stability, subcellular localisation, nuclear export, tissue specificity and efficiency of translation.

5‐UTR regulation of translation is modulated by several cis‐acting elements that may also interact with trans acting factors such as proteins or microRNAs. The best studied elements are secondary structures that affect ribosome scanning efficiency (i.e. iron‐responsive element), internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) and upstream open reading frames (uORFs).

Key Concepts

5′‐UTRs are involved in posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression.

Elements located in 5′‐UTRs interfere with ribosome scanning and modulate translation of main AUG.

Secondary structures can interfere with ribosome scanning and can be stabilised or destabilised by protein or RNA interaction.

Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) may modulate translation efficiency regulating ribosome leaky scanning and translation reinitiation.

Alternative spliced mRNAs or usage of alternative TSSs (transcription start sites) may produce transcripts with different 5′‐UTRs modulating translation efficiency.
Autophagy Signalling
Authors: Simon Hans‐Uwe , Friis Robert
Published: December 2016

Autophagy comprises several evolutionarily conserved mechanisms for transport and uptake of proteins and even cytoplasmic organelles into the lysosome. Macroautophagy sequesters cytoplasmic elements, sometimes with elegant selectivity and sometimes just in bulk, into double membrane vacuoles which are subsequently fused with lysosomes for degradation. In mammals, such recycling of protein aggregates and malfunctioning organelles allows macroautophagy to facilitate recovery of constituents for new protein synthesis or ATP (adenosine triphosphate) production, but provides also for selective removal of signalling proteins (e.g. signalphagy) and serves as an effective mechanism for quality control on whole organelles (e.g. mitophagy). Autophagy signalling includes both numerous options for its regulation by posttranslational modifications, for example phosphorylation/dephosphorylation and acetylation/deacetylation, as well as by transcriptional upregulation with many transcription factors. Autophagy shares functional components with other pathways and stands always balanced between different cell fates: quiescence, that is a temporary cell cycle arrest, senescence or cell death by apoptotic or nonapoptotic mechanisms.

Key Concepts

Basal autophagy is always present in most cell types, but can be intensified or diminished by posttranslational mechanisms affecting levels of ‘free’ autophagy‐related proteins and transcriptional regulation of their genes.

Autophagy is used as a process for compensation of nutritional imbalances and thus is responsible for adjustments to anabolic/catabolic metabolism as well as ox/redox balance and mitochondrial function.

Autophagic flux means that the receptor/adaptor proteins, for example p62/SQSTM1, which are responsible for bridging of polyubiquitinated cargo proteins or organelles to LC3, are thus themselves subject to continuous degradation.

A close integration with physiological needs regulates autophagy initiation and the expression of the required autophagy‐related and lysosomal proteins.

Autophagy is involved with the determination of cell fate, quiescence, senescence and/or cell death and can play a part in oncogenic cell selection and tumour progression.
Use of
DNA
Identification in Human Rights Work to Reunite Families in
L
atin
A
merica
Authors: Penchaszadeh Victor B
Published: December 2016

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) identification serves many purposes, including the preservation and defence of human rights. In Argentina, a military dictatorship disappeared 30 000 dissidents, including 500 babies born in captivity and, after their mothers' assassination, were appropriated by families associated with the repression. After return to democracy, search, localisation, DNA identification and family reunification were state policies and so far 120 individuals had their identity restituted and families reunited. When after a gruesome civil war in El Salvador caused 75 000 deaths and hundreds of missing children, a DNA database of families with disappeared children was developed and DNA testing of hundreds of people with unknown identity lead to identification and reunification of 265 youngsters with their families. In Brazil, DNA identification of hundreds of individuals who were stranded from their relatives during compulsory isolation of patients with leprosy in Brazil, identified 158 pairs of individuals who did not have know they were siblings. In conclusion, the use of DNA identification as a tool to redress and repair human rights violations is a novel and valuable application of human genetics.

Key Concepts

DNA technology by itself is not good or bad; its ethics depends on the objectives for which it is used and the voluntary consent on those to whom it is applied.

Forced disappearance and abduction of children with suppression of their identity are crimes against humanity.

International law of human rights obligates states to solve crimes against humanity, find and prosecute perpetrators and provide reparations to victims.

While in general genetic tests should be voluntary, according to international law of human rights, they could be imposed to a nonconsenting individual if needed to solve a crime against humanity.

The right to know the truth about one's own identity should guide DNA identification.

The use of DNA identification for the defence of human rights should be protected by the state.
Hsp110
Chaperones
Authors: Sousa Rui
Published: December 2016

Hsp70s are a diverse family of chaperones that execute a variety of proteostatic and protein processing reactions. They include the eukaryotic Hsp110s, which function as nucleotide exchange factors for other Hsp70s and thereby regulate association of Hsp70s with their protein substrates. Hsp110s also display protein substrate‐binding domains that shield misfolded proteins from aggregation. Through these activities, Hsp110s contribute to a range of protein processing reactions including recovery from stresses such as heat or ischemic shocks, protein aggregation inhibition and aggregate solubilisation, prion propagation and assembly/disassembly of polymeric protein complexes. These functions result in Hsp110s, contributing both positively and negatively to multiple disease etiologies. Positively, because they inhibit degenerative diseases associated with protein aggregation and negatively because these same activities stimulate cancer proliferation and allow cancer cells to survive the stress of radiologic and chemotherapies. Consequently, Hsp110s are targets of therapeutic approaches that aim to both stimulate and inhibit their activities.

Key Concepts

Hsp70s are proteins that bind other, often misfolded, proteins so as to either inhibit interactions made by those proteins, break up protein:protein associations or move proteins between cellular compartments.

ATP binding causes Hsp70s to release their bound protein substrates, while ADP causes them to hold tightly to those substrates.

Hsp110s cause Hsp70s to release ADP so that they can then bind ATP, which then causes the Hsp70 to release its bound protein substrate. In this way, Hsp110s regulate Hsp70:substrate associations.

The crystal structure of an Hsp110:Hsp70 complex reveals how Hsp110 induces nucleotide exchange and why it is so effective at doing so.

Hsp110s are also able to bind directly to misfolded proteins to block their aggregation, but cannot unfold and refold these proteins as canonical Hsp70s can.

Hsp110s strongly stimulate the ability of canonical Hsp70s to solubilise protein aggregates
in vitro
.

Hsp110s are induced by stresses such as heat or ischaemic shocks and assist cellular recovery from such traumas.

Hsp110s inhibit protein aggregation and help solubilise protein aggregates
in vivo
.

Hsp110 roles in aggregate solubilisation and aggregation inhibition makes stimulation of their activities a goal for treatment of degenerative diseases associated with protein aggregation.

Hsp110 activities support cancer cell growth and therapeutic resistance and make Hsp110 inhibition a goal in cancer treatment.
S
alegentibacter
Authors: Bowman John P.
Published: December 2016

Sal.e.gen.ti.bac'ter. L. n.
sal, salis
salt; L. pres. part.
egens
needy; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Salegentibacter
salt‐needy rod.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae/ Salegentibacter

Cells are
rod‐shaped
, 0.4–0.8 × 0.7–11.5 µm. Cells may occur singly, in pairs, or in short chains. Spores and resting cells are not present. Gas vesicles and helical or ring‐shaped cells are not formed.
Nonmotile or motile by gliding
. Gram‐stain‐negative.
Strictly aerobic
,
having an oxidative type of metabolism
. Catalase‐positive. Most species are oxidase‐positive.
Chemoheterotrophic
.
Colonies are bright‐yellow‐pigmented
due to production of carotenoids.
Flexirubin pigments are not produced
. Most strains form alkaline phosphatase, amylase, and esterases (Tweens 20, 40, and 80) but do not form lipases, cellulases, and chitinases, produce indole from
l
‐tryptophan, or form acetoin (Voges–Proskauer test).
Preferred substrates are carbohydrates.
Most strains grow at 5°C. Optimal parameters for growth range from 25 to 35°C, pH 6.5–8.0, and 3–8% (w/v) NaCl.
Require Na
+
ions for growth
.
Slightly to moderately halophilic
. All strains tolerate 8% or more NaCl. The major fatty acids are C
15:0
, C
15:1
iso, C
15:0
iso, C
15:0
anteiso, C
16:1
ω7
c
or summed feature 3 (C
16:1
ω7
c
/C
15:0
2‐OH iso), C
16:0
3‐OH iso, C
17:0
3‐OH iso, and C
17:0
2‐OH. The major respiratory quinone is
menaquinone‐6
. The major polyamine is homospermidine. Habitats include the surfaces of marine fauna including holothurians, sea urchins and sponges, hypersaline lake surface waters, and marine sediment.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 37–41 (
T
m
, HPLC).

Type species
:
Salegentibacter salegens
(Dobson, Colwell, McMeekin and Franzmann 1993) McCammon and Bowman 2000, 1062
VP
(
Flavobacterium salegens
Dobson, Colwell, McMeekin and Franzmann 1993, 81).
Inorganic Radiopharmaceuticals for Imaging and Therapy: Current Trends and Future Directions
Authors: Bhattacharyya Sibaprasad
Published: December 2016

Currently, there is great interest in the field of biomedical research for developing target‐specific radiopharmaceuticals using metallic radionuclides for noninvasive diagnosis of disease and radiotherapy of cancers. It is a multidisciplinary field of science, involving radiometal production, chelate design, bioconjugation, specific targeting, imaging, and therapeutic applications. This article briefly reviews the chemical aspects and clinical applications of inorganic radiopharmaceuticals from a historical perspective to future directions.
Luca
Authors: Nice Alex
Published: December 2016

Luca (mod. Lucca) was a town located in Ligurian or Etruscan territory on the Auser River (mod. Serchio) about 20 km inland from the Tyrrhenian Sea. In 56
bce
the so‐called ”Conference of Luca” defined the First Triumvirate's subsequent commands.
Iconoclasm
Authors: Brubaker Leslie
Published: December 2016

Between ca. 720 and 843 the role of religious images in the liturgy and private devotions was reassessed in Byzantium: the debates and conflicts of this period are known today as “iconoclasm.” The resolution reached in 843 remains valid in Orthodox practice to the present.
Hebrew language and script
Authors: Morgenstern Matthew
Published: December 2016

Hebrew was the language spoken and written in the ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judah, and subsequently in the Second Commonwealth, and the national language of the Jewish people. It was initially written in the Phoenician script, but this later developed into a distinct national script. This old Hebrew script, however, is not the direct ancestor of the familiar square script in which Hebrew is now written.
Obnuntiatio
Authors: Erker Darja Šterbenc
Published: December 2016

Obnuntiatio
was an announcement of unfavorable signs of the gods by which ancient Roman magistrates and priests obstructed proceedings of the popular assemblies. The announcement of dire omens (
omina
: e.g., lightning, thunder) had to be made in person to the presiding magistrate before the assembly took place. The procedure was a religious counterpart to the veto of the magistrates. It was a religious device by which controversial laws or decisions were averted. The absence of an
obnuntiatio
during legislative or elective assemblies expressed approval by the gods and citizens of the laws passed and persons elected.