bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teaching Human Rights Through Service Learning
Authors: Krain Matthew , Nurse Anne
Published: January 2007

This article describes an innovative service learning project designed
for undergraduate courses examining human rights. The project vividly
illustrated the role of dehumanization in affecting human rights. Within
the broader context of discussions about human rights issues writ
large, it forced students to reconsider questions about rights not
accorded to those on the fringes of society. We discuss the project in
detail, including its planning, implementation, and pedagogical value. The
article begins with an overview of human rights education, followed by
thoughts on the benefits and challenges of a service learning approach. It
concludes with an assessment of the effectiveness of our activity.
The Problem of Secularism in Human Rights Theory
Authors: Freeman Michael
Published: January 2007

Theorists and practitioners commonly assume that the concept of human rights is secular and that it normally takes priority over other values. These assumptions are controversial for those who approach human rights from the perspective of religious beliefs. This article examines the arguments both of those who claim that religious beliefs must interpret human rights in their own terms and those who claim priority for the international (secular) legal understanding of the concept. It compares Western and Islamic approaches to religion, secularism, and human rights, and reaches two conclusions: 1) at the philosophical level, there may be no decisive argument for according priority to secularism or religion; 2) the politics of this debate may be more important in practice than questions of religious philosophy.
Human Rights and Terrorism
Authors: Hoffman Paul
Published: January 2007

In this article, Paul Hoffman, the Chair of the International Executive Committee of Amnesty International, presents Amnesty's view that the way in which the "war on terrorism" has been waged threatens to undermine the international human rights framework so painstakingly built since World War II. Written before the Abu Ghraib revelations became public, the paper argues that abandoning human rights in times of crisis is shortsighted and self-defeating. A "war on terrorism" waged without respect for the rule of law undermines the very values that it presumes to protect. We must restore the balance between liberty and security by reasserting the human rights framework, which provides for legitimate and effective efforts to respond to terrorist attacks.
How International Human Rights Organizations Can Advance Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Response to Kenneth Roth
Authors: Rubenstein Leonard S
Published: January 2007

International human rights organizations can play a productive role in advancing economic, social, and cultural rights. They can (1) collaborate with partner organizations in the developing world in lobbying for systems of services that meet needs in a manner consistent with human rights requirements; (2) advocate for resources to fulfill economic, social, and cultural rights, especially by lobbying for funds from wealthy countries; and (3) monitor compliance by states with the increasingly explicit obligations, including core obligations, to protect, respect and fulfill these rights. To engage in these activities, international human rights organizations can build on the analytical capacity and other strengths they have developed in advancing civil and political rights but need to develop additional methods and competencies. At the same time, they will need to deepen partnerships with national and community-based organizations.
The Mandatory Reporting of Torture by Detention Center Officials: An Original Proposal
Authors: Smith Henry Forbes , Freeman Mark
Published: January 2007

The purpose of this article is to propose an original mechanism to encourage officials in detention centers to report torture. Although public officials in many countries are already required or expected to report acts of torture that they observe or have reason to suspect, formal procedures to facilitate the making of reports, and to ensure the confidentiality and legal protection of reporters, are generally not in place. This article outlines model provisions for a reporting law that would introduce such procedures, drawing on the experience of the United States and other countries with mandatory reporting laws in respect of child abuse.
Organizational Citizenship of Faculty and Achievement of High School Students
Authors: DiPaola Michael F. , Hoy Wayne K
Published: January 2007

All successful organizations, including successful high schools, have employees who go beyond their formal job responsibilities and freely give of their time and energy to succeed. Organ was the first to use the phrase "organizational citizenship behavior" (OCB) to denote organizationally beneficial behavior of workers that was not prescribed but occurred freely to help others achieve the task at hand (Bateman & Organ, 1983). The willingness of participants to exert effort beyond the formal obligations of their positions has long been recognized as an essential component of effective organizational performance.
Research on organizational citizenship behavior has produced some intriguing insights in a variety of organizational settings (Organ, 1988; Organ & Ryan, 1995), but it has been neglected in the study of schools. In an earlier paper (DiPaola & Tschannen-Moran, 2001), Organ's concept of organizational citizenship (Organ, 1988; Organ & Ryan, 1995) was developed and applied to public schools. This analysis builds on that earlier work.
In this analysis, the concept of organizational citizenship behavior is reviewed and then applied to schools. A set of hypotheses linking organizational citizenship behavior with student achievement in high schools is developed and tested. A significant relationship was found between student achievement on standardized tests and the level of organizational citizenship behaviors of the faculty in the high school sample studied. The relationship remained significant even after controlling for socioeconomic status (SES). Finally, a set of suggestions for further research and a series of practical suggestions for high school administrators are provided.
Save the Last Chance for Me: Quality Education in High Schools for the Young People Who Need It the Most
Authors: Raynor Alethea Frazier
Published: January 2007

This article addresses the over-reliance on numerical data primarily in the form of test scores and argues that they are inadequate as sole sources of information about high schools. While the numbers may help to identify standards of excellence, they do little to raise awareness about the serious and constraining inequities that exist within and across high schools. Defining data more broadly and including varied sources and multiple voices in the conversation about high schools is offered as an alternative and used as a strategy in this article. Four high school students from New Orleans that attend Houston high schools were interviewed to capture their perspectives about the high schools in both New Orleans and in Houston.
To Be or Not to Be South Asian: Contemporary Indian American Politics
Authors: Kurien Prema A.
Published: January 2007

There are two major types of coalitional alliances that ethnic groups have developed in the U.S.: coalitions based on continent of origin and coalitions based on religious affiliation. What are the similarities and differences between the two types of mobilizations and how does each affect the ethnic community and the wider society? My article examines these debates by looking at two ways in which Indian Americans are entering the public sphere in the U.S.: around a "South Asian" platform and around a pan-Hindu or "Indic" identity.
Autoexoticizing: Asian American Youth and the Import Car Scene
Authors: Kwon Soo Ah
Published: January 2007

Drawing on ethnographic research of an import car crew, this article examines the origins of the import scene as an Asian American phenomenon. Young Asian American males and females use the unique youth car subculture, the "import scene," as a cultural space in which to articulate what it means to be an Asian American youth today that is in opposition to the model minority. Through the autoexoticization of the scene, Asian American youth affirm a sense of pan-Asian ethnic identity and it offers a reworking of Asian American males masculinities. It suggests youth subcultures as racialized and gendered terrain.
"Dictated by Christ": Joseph Smith and the Politics of Revelation
Authors: Harper Steven Craig
Published: January 2007

A few months after Alexis de Tocqueville was born in Paris in July 1805, Joseph Smith was born in the Vermont hills. Twenty-five years later Tocqueville toured America while Joseph Smith published the Book of Mormon and received direct revelations that steadily attracted thousands of followers. Harper examines the location of authority in the culture Tocqueville observed compared with the authority assumed by Smith's revelations, emphasizing the controversial political potential of revelation in a culture that locates authority in the people. Harper argues that democratization fostered hostility against Smith's uniquely "dialogic" revelations. Americans who were concerned with the impotence of democratized authority regarding ultimate questions accepted Smith's revelations. Rejecting socioeconomic explanations, Harper draws instead on close, contextual reading of Smith's revelations and a profound recent study of the Book of Mormon by Terryl Givens. Harper asserts that American democracy necessarily distanced itself from direct revelation and that Joseph Smith emerged in that context and offered an alternative authority grounded in an accessible but undemocratic God. At the height of his political power, Joseph Smith was lynched in 1844. The potential of his prophetic authority could not be countenanced by the democratizing culture Tocqueville observed in America.
Constitutional Design for Divided Societies
Authors: Lijphart Arend
Published: January 2007

Scholarly experts can be more helpful to democratic constitution-writers in ethnically divided countries by formulating specific recommendations than by overwhelming them with a barrage of options. Especially the following deserve the highest priority and should be the points of departure in constitutional negotiations: elections by proportional representation (specifically, closed-list proportional representation in not overly large districts), a parliamentary form of government, a cabinet in which power-sharing is prescribed in ethnic or partisan terms, a constructive vote of no confidence, a head of state elected by parliament or whose office is combined with the prime minister's, federalism and decentralization, a federal chamber that is less powerful than the lower house and in which the smaller states are only slightly over-represented, publicly funded autonomous schools for religious groups, and little or no use of the referendum.
Change in Uganda: Museveniâs Machinations
Authors: Mugisha Anne
Published: January 2007

Abstract: Uganda enjoys the reputation of a fairly stable nation amidst the chaos of the Great Lakes Region. President Museveni has been hailed as leader among a ânew breedâ of African leaders who will transform the continent to shed its image of poverty, disease and war. Between 1986 and 1994 Ugandaâs human rights record and economic recovery were remarkable. From 1994, government started a web of constitutional provisions, laws and regulations that entrenched one-man rule. In 2004, government proposes to amend the Constitution to enable Museveni to rule for life, which will add him to a long list of African sittight dictators.
Christianity and Democracy: The Catholic Wave
Authors: Philpott Daniel
Published: January 2007

Abstract: Catholicism played an important role in bringing about the third wave of democratization. This was due to a long historical rapprochement through which both church and the democratic state came to tolerate the other. The Church then exercised a direct influence upon democratization in many countriesâstrongly in Poland, Lithuania, Spain, the Philippines, and Brazil, but weakly in other places, like Argentina. The Church was most likely to exercise a strong influence when it was differentiated from the stateâin its governance, in its transnational links, in its domestic alliances, and in its identification with national identity.
East Timor: Elections in the World's Newest Nation
Authors: Smith Anthony L
Published: January 2007

East Timor has emerged as the world's newest nation-state after belatedly achieving its full independence on 20 May 2002. Transition to statehood has also been accompanied by a transition to democracy. Since the 1999 Referendum in East Timor, in which the vast majority of East Timorese opted to leave the Indonesian state, East Timor has experienced elections for a Constituent Assembly and for a President. East Timor has adopted a semi-presidential model of government similar to that of Portugal or Mozambique. A much commented on political rivalry between East Timor's President, Xanana Gusmão, and the ruling party, Fretilin, need not be threatening to democratic practice within East Timor if it remains in the realm of policy debate—which it has so far. Despite the paucity of free and fair elections in East Timor in the past, the general public, still largely without formal education, appear to have embraced democratic practice. As with any newly democratizing country, especially one that faces the myriad of development obstacles that East Timor does, this fledging democracy will continue to face challenges in its development.
The Quality of Democracy: Addressing Inequality
Authors: Rueschemeyer Dietrich
Published: January 2007

Abstract: As part of the project to examine the quality of existing democracies, this paper examines political in/equality. Political equality must be analyzed in relation to the main dimensions of social inequality — class, status and power. The paper considers the normative merits as well as the chances of advancing political equality, focusing first on measures within the political sphere and then on policies that tackle social and economic inequality. It reviews the power resources in economy and society that are most important for increases or decreases of political inequality. And it considers how the levels of political inequality can be assessed in cross-national comparisons.
The IMF and Democratic Governance
Authors: Kapur Devesh , Naím Moisés
Published: January 2007

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and its fellow Bretton Woods financial institution, the World Bank, not only play many roles in the global economy but also affect democratic prospects in many corners of the world. Through structural-adjustment and austerity programs, the Fund and the Bank influence key policies of many nations, especially the poorer developing ones. The story of the Bank and the Fund shows why technocratic, expert-run institutions of global governance are necessarily limited and nondemocratic. Useful as they may be, such institutions can never become the basis for a governance that is at once globe-girdling, objective, and democratic.
The Referendum in Venezuela: One Act in an Unfinished Drama
Authors: McCoy Jennifer
Published: January 2007

Abstract: Venezuelans voted on August 15, 2004 to keep President Hugo Chávez in office. Coming two years after the short-lived coup, the recall took place in an extremely divided society. Although endorsed by international observers, the opposition charged fraud. The government swept subsequent elections for governor and mayors. The government now controls all of the major institutions in the country, while facing a weakened opposition. It can therefore govern without the distraction (or excuse) of continued challenges, but also must avoid the temptation to abuse its dominant position. The opposition has the opportunity to move to a longer-term effort to mobilize and organize its supporters and its message.
Azerbaijan's Frustrating Elections
Authors: Alieva Leila
Published: January 2007

The 2005 parliamentary elections were a step back for Azerbaijan compared not only with the beginning of the post-Soviet era, but even with the parliament of the first "oil-boom" era a century ago. Yet as frustrating as the fraudulent elections were, they also furnished grounds for hope. For civil society, the democratic opposition, and the Azerbaijani people showed themselves capable of carrying on a tradition of peaceful dissent whose roots go back to pre-Soviet days. Opening up political space for that democracy-friendly dynamism—and not turning out sharper technocrats to serve authoritarian rulers—is the key to a better future for Azerbaijan.
The "Mystery" of the Soviet Collapse
Authors: Aron Leon Rabinovich
Published: January 2007

As we approach the fifteenth anniversary of the demise of the Soviet Union, its sudden collapse remains mysterious. At the time, virtually no Western experts, Soviet or foreign officials, or even Soviet reformers foresaw the impending collapse of the system of one-party dictatorship, state ownership of the economy, and Kremlin control over its domestic and East European empires. Structuralism alone does not provide a satisfactory account of the chain of events. One must also consider the central role of intentionalismâthat is, individuals inspired by ideas, which they impart to othersâin the inception and course of the change. One such individual was the "godfather of glasnost" Aleksandr Yakovlev.
Identity, Immigration, and Liberal Democracy
Authors: Fukuyama Francis
Published: January 2007

The dilemma of immigration and identity ultimately converges with the larger problem of the valuelessness of postmodernity. That is, the rise of relativism has made it impossible for postmodern people to assert positive values for which they stand, and therefore the kinds of shared beliefs they demand as a condition for citizenship. If postmodern societies are to move toward a more serious discussion of identity, they will need to uncover those positive virtues that define what it means to be a member of the larger community. If they do not, they will indeed by overwhelmed by people who are more sure about who they are.
New Threats to Freedom: The Assault on Democracy Assistance
Authors: Gershman Carl , Allen Michael
Published: January 2007

Abstract: The backlash against democracy promotion is largely a by-product of the proliferation of so-called hybrid regimes in the aftermath of democracyâs third wave. The legal and extralegal measures adopted by regimes determined to stymie democracy assistance range from constraints to cooptation, from coercion to closure. The overall response must come at three distinct levelsâthe tactical, the political, and the normative.
Exchange: Different Times, Different Demands
Authors: Lehoucq Fabrice
Published: January 2007

Abstract: In recent decades, Costa Rican society has evolved and become less deferential. Thus, political arrangements that worked well in the past no longer meet the countryâs needs.
What Really Happened in Kyrgyzstan?
Authors: Radnitz Scott
Published: January 2007

This article is an analysis of the causes of Kyrgyzstan's "Tulip Revolution" of March 2005, and its implications for post-revolutionary politics. The mass mobilization was the result of community support for local elites after disputed parliamentary elections. The government was overthrown when an improvised alliance of opposition leaders and business elites unified uncoordinated protests around the country. Unlike Georgia and Ukraine's revolutions, civil society networks, students, and urban residents played a minimal role. Localism and informal ties were decisive, and have persisted in shaping politics since the revolution. The advent of "hyper-democracy" has endangered the government's efforts to ensure stability, reduce corruption, and grow the economy.
"Too Much of Distasteful Masculinity": Historicizing Sexual Harassment in the Garment Sweatshop and Factory
Authors: Bender Daniel E
Published: January 2007

Sexual harassment is often described only as a "common experience" to
women's labors. An examination of the turn-of-the-century garment industry
demonstrates how harassment did more than render work uncomfortable
for women—it was central to how men constructed and protected
definitions of skill and the naturalness of sexual segregation at
work. Initial resistance to harassment by immigrant Jewish and Italian
female workers was difficult. By the 1910s, however, working women in
collaboration with elite reformers turned to strategies of unionization
and languages of ladyhood. Yet their efforts tended to focus on the
experience of harassment, rather than on its relationship to hierarchies
of skill and pay. In addition, unionization focused attention on the
harassment by bosses alone. Sexual harassment should be understood as
a historically specific, unequal form of interaction and as a tool for
the policing and naturalization of sexual difference at work.
Women's Labor At Display: Feminist Claims to Dutch Citizenship and Colonial Politics around 1900
Authors: Grever Maria , Waaldijk Berteke
Published: January 2007

Inspired by their American and Danish counterparts, some five hundred
Dutch women organized a national exhibition devoted to "Women's Labor"
in 1898. The event took place near The Hague, lasted three months, and
attracted over 90,000 visitors. The conscious and political focus on
women's labor intended to show the ways in which women contributed to the
Dutch nation and advocated decent employment for women as a prerequisite
for citizenship. Many forms of women's labor were depicted, such as
factory girls working behind machines and women from the East Indies
demonstrating arts and crafts. At the exhibition conferences, teachers,
social workers, and nurses spoke about their professions. This article
tells the story of how the women's movement in a small, Western nation
with a large colonial empire used an exhibition to put women's social
position on the political agenda. In doing so, Dutch women transformed
the public sphere.
Authenticity on the Line: Women Workers, Native "Scabs," and the Multi-ethnic Politics of Identity in a Left-Led Strike in Cold War Canada
Authors: Guard Julie
Published: January 2007

A 1964 strike by women workers in Dunnville, Ontario provides an
exceptional perspective on the complex ways in which class, gender,
and ethnicity unite in the construction of identity. The women strikers
drew on left-wing traditions of feisty femininity to claim an identity as
real workers and authentic unionists while also embracing multi-ethnic
identities that distinguished them from the Anglo-Celtic middle
class. Their claims to authenticity challenged pervasive assumptions,
including those of their union brothers, who defined labor militancy as
implicitly male and distorted memories of the strike. Yet the limits on
the women's own constructions of these identities are evident in their
inability to perceive the Native women who scabbed during the strike
as workers. By contrasting the ways in which identity was claimed,
assigned, and contested by different groups of workers, this story
problematizes categories of identity that are often used uncritically
in labor history.
Performing Work: Gender, Class, and the Printing Trade in Victorian Britain
Authors: Tusan Michelle Elizabeth
Published: January 2007

Women's employment in industrial trades was a highly contested issue
in Britain during the second half of the nineteenth century. Nowhere
was this more evident than in women's attempts to gain a foothold in
printing. This article explores the campaign that Victorian feminists
waged to enable women to enter the industrial workforce in the face of
increasing opposition by male workers and labor organizations. Trade
unions cast woman printers as a threat to the family wage; in response,
women founded their own printing organizations. Started in 1876,
the Women's Printing Society employed both working- and middle-class
women as printers. Unable to join male-run printing houses because
of the restrictions that the London Compositor Unions imposed, the
Society created a place for women in the industry by basing their
business on a system of shared profits that benefited both employees and
investors. These businesses issued one of the first sustainable challenges
to gendered hierarchies of work by reforming capitalist business practices
in order to provide new opportunities for women workers.
Three Worlds of Cleaning: Women's Experiences of Precarious Labor in the Public Sector, Cleaning Companies and Private Households of West Germany, 1973-1998
Authors: Mayer-Ahuja Nicole
Published: January 2007

Should the low-pay and low-skill sector of the labor market be expanded through political intervention? This question is hotly debated in present-day Germany. In the cleaning trade, precarious employment is especially widespread, with precariousness defined as the undermining of material and legal standards as well as the exclusion from the solidarity of colleagues and from institutional forms of articulating interest in works council and trade union. This article discusses the transfer of cleaners' jobs from the public sector to cleaning companies and private households since 1973. Drawing upon rare and scattered evidence contained in official statistics as well as upon journals of employers' associations and of trade unions, the author argues that cleaners experienced increasing precariousness in each of these organizational arrangements, but especially when affected by the process of "double privatization." For those who discuss future labor market strategies, the history of professional cleaning is of interest because it is paradigmatic for the whole low-skill service sector in many respects.
"Unruly" Factory Women in Lebanon: Contesting French Colonialism and the National State, 1940-1946
Authors: Abisaab Malek Hassan
Published: January 2007

Historical studies of Middle Eastern Arab women have largely ignored experiences of women's labor and working-class activism in theorizing about gender and nation. This article examines working women's militancy in the context of French colonialism and the national state in Lebanon from 1940 to 1946. The dominant narratives on labor and national struggles, whether in daily newspapers, in schoolbooks, or in academic studies, have offered little space for women, revealing the gender imbalance in the writing, or rather the unwriting, of their activism. By reinscribing gender into this history, the narrative of "nation construction" becomes less cohesive, challenged and undermined by class and gendered formations. Working women tied anticolonial struggle to labor demands, casting their roles not in terms of domesticity or pre-industrial images of motherhood, but rather in terms of waged work. Meanwhile, gender-specific realities, rather than membership in a union or the Communist party, shaped women's consciousness and collective organization in improving their conditions and experiences at the workplace.
Cosmetic Surgery in Paris in 1926: The Case of the Amputated Leg
Authors: Comiskey Carolyn
Published: January 2007

In 1926, a young fashion designer went to a well-known surgeon and asked him to make her calves thinner. This operation did not work; one of her legs was amputated, and she sued her doctor. The judge in the trial ruled for the designer, stating that a surgeon could not perform a dangerous operation on a healthy body in the name of beauty. This trial serves as an excellent site for examining the cultural shaping of the female body through fashion and plastic surgery during France in the 1920s. Changes in French fashion and cultural ideals of beauty, as well as the increased influence of the mass media, provide the necessary context to understand the designer's desire to transform her body through cosmetic surgery. This case hastened the professionalization of the young field of cosmetic surgery as surgeons fought to establish the value of this medical practice. Their primary defense of the field of cosmetic surgery was that it provided a necessary service because of the social importance of beauty in the brutal struggle for existence, particularly for women. The cosmetic surgeons prevailed in the appeal two years later and were able, as one commentator noted, to continue their "glorious march against sickness and ugliness."
God, Authority, and the Home: Gender, Race, and U.S. Pentecostals, 1900-1926
Authors: Deno Vivian
Published: January 2007

This article re-problematizes analyses of the relationship between conservative religious traditions and U.S. women through an examination of the Janus-faced rhetoric of feminine empowerment and male redemption that suffused U.S. Pentecostalism from 1906 to 1926. As spiritual founder and leader of Portland, Oregon's (Pentecostal) Apostolic Faith Mission, Florence Crawford (1870-1936) and her mission empowered women to demand that their husbands, fathers, and sons returned to the home to resume their kinship roles in order to fulfill the promises of patriarchy. It was a feat to be accomplished through women's glad submission to the "natural order of the home": male leadership. Yet, hers was a double-voiced discourse that critiqued and challenged male authority inside the home, in the pulpit, and in society even as it urged the return of men to familial and societal leadership roles. An examination of Crawford's rich and complex ministry elucidates the complexity of gender consciousness among conservative Protestant women during the first half of the twentieth century.
Women, Sexual Morality, and Economic Dependency in Early U.S. Deportation Policy
Authors: Moloney Deirdre M
Published: January 2007

This article examines how U.S. federal immigration policy in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century regulated female immigrants who bore children outside of marriage, had sexual relations outside of marriage, or were suspected of prostitution. The author examines the ways in which immigration officials racialized the application of the moral turpitude clause in immigration law, and how this racialization reflected deeper social concerns about women's shifting economic and political roles and the definitions and expectations of marriage. Although few women were actually deported on moral turpitude grounds, patrolling women's sexuality and economic status at the borders reduced migration opportunities for women in general, subjected them to intense scrutiny by the state, constricted the contours of their personal relationships, and in some cases permanently separated them from their infant children.
Dying for the Dead: Sati in Universal Context
Authors: Fisch Jörg
Published: January 2007

Sati, the custom of burning widows alive with the bodies of their husbands, is not a phenomenon unique to India, if its function (and not merely its appearance) is taken into account. All over the world, in many societies where there is widespread belief in the continuation of an individual's position in the hereafter, the social and political order has been confirmed and strengthened by the provision of attendants for deceased persons: at their funerals, the deceased were followed, either voluntarily or involuntarily, by their subordinates, who either were killed or killed themselves in public rituals.
Globalization and the Great Convergence: Rethinking World History in the Long Term
Authors: Northrup David
Published: January 2007

About a thousand years ago, the forces drawing people closer together became more powerful than those fostering ever-increasing cultural diversity. From that beginning, this "great convergence" has proceeded unsteadily to the globalization of the present day. Proceeding from this premise, this immodest essay explores the value of long-term thinking for understanding world history. Topics discussed include the spread and decline of languages, the virtues and faults of empires, the periodization of history, and the emergence of world history as a discipline.
Formation of the Miraflores Hacienda: Lands, Indians, and Livestock in Eastern New Spain at the End of the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Aguilar Robledo Miguel
Published: January 2007

Although the literature on Mexican haciendas is abundant, those properties formed in the tropical lowlands are poorly known. Based on late 16th century archival information, this case study examines the origin and growth of large estates in the tropical piedmont of the Mexico's Gulf Coastal Plain, in the Huasteca. The paper outlines the context for estate formation; next, it describes the details of the Miraflores Hacienda formation (land grants, sales, transfers, auctions, 'squatting' and usurpation), including four sketch maps; finally, the case material is applied to propose an explanatory model for the productive, agrarian, environmental and semantic transformations of the large estates.

Aunque la literatura sobre las haciendas mexicanas es abundante, aqu�llas formadas en el tr�pico son poco conocidas. Basado en informaci�n de archivo, este estudio de caso examina el origen y consolidaci�n de las haciendas en la Huasteca. El art�culo esboza el contexto que permiti� la formaci�n de haciendas; enseguida, describe los detalles de la formaci�n de la Hacienda de Miraflores en el siglo XVI (dotaciones de tierras, ventas, transferencias, remates, paracaidismo y usurpaci�n), incluyendo cuatro mapas de croquis; finalmente, el material de caso es utilizado para proponer un modelo para explicar las transformaciones productivas, agrarias, ambientales y sem�nticas que sufrieron las haciendas.
The Territorial Turn: Making Black Territories in Pacific Colombia
Authors: Offen Karl H
Published: January 2007

Over the last decade, a wide range of global forces have combined to promote the territorial titling of collective lands to indigenous and black communities in the lowland tropics of Latin America. This marks an unprecedented turn in land titling and reform in the hemisphere. In this paper, I describe the territorial turn in collective land titling in the Pacific region of Colombia. In particular, I describe the World Bank-funded Natural Resource Management Program's effort to demarcate and title some 5 million hectares of national lands to black community councils in Pacific Colombia since 1996. In so doing, I examine how environmental, human rights, and multilateral lending interests have come together over the last few decades to strengthen ethnic rights to collective lands throughout the Latin American lowlands. Although it is too early to make definitive assessments, I argue that the machinations of the World Bank-funded project interacted in very complex and significant ways with how black social movements instituted a novel ethnic-territorial relationship. The project has widespread implications for black and indigenous territorial aspirations throughout the lowland tropics and for better understanding how identity and territory constitute one another.
Syntax of Natural and Accidental Coordination: Evidence from Agreement
Authors: Dalrymple Mary , Nikolaeva Irina
Published: January 2007

Adjective agreement with coordinated nouns in Finnish presents a puzzling pattern: in some cases, a plural adjective is required with coordinated singular nouns, while in other cases that seemto be syntactically identical, a plural adjective is disallowed. The key to this puzzle lies at the syntax-semantics interface: plural adjectives are required in cases of NATURAL COORDINATION, where a salient close relation holds between the conjuncts, but disallowed in cases of ACCIDENTAL COORDINATION. The semantic distinction between natural and accidental coordination has a syntactic reflex in Finnish, where only the features of the natural-coordination structure are compatible with the agreement requirements of plural adjectives. We show that the distinction between natural and accidental coordination is syntactically reflected not only in Finnish, but in other languages as well, including Tundra Nenets, Russian, and Kurdish.
Globalization and "Asian Values": Teaching and Theorizing Asian American Literature
Authors: Shu Yuan
Published: January 2007

This essay investigates the question of "Asian values" posed by students in Asian American literature classes. In interrogating "Asian values" in both the Asian and American contexts, it argues that they reflect the impact of American capitalism upon Asian America and, as critic Nguyen suggests, the interests of Asian Americans in participating in American capitalism. This understanding of "Asian values" enables us to have a glimpse of the changing reality of Asian America and the heterogeneity and multiplicity of Asian American cultural production. This situating of "Asian values" also convinces students that "Asian values" are not politically neutral but culturally loaded in the interests of the nation-state, dominant culture, and individuals. This examination of "Asian values" finally leads us to reconsider what critic Palumbo-Liu calls "progressive humanism" and understand racial and cultural differences in non-essentialist and historical materialist terms.
Memory and the City: Urban Renewal and Literary Memoirs in Contemporary Dublin
Authors: Kincaid Andrew
Published: January 2007

Changing cities lend themselves to reflections on memory, on what is lost and what is gained. Many of the major theorists of modernity lived in cities that were undergoing rapid development. The history of modernity in Ireland is no exception to this combination of urbanism and modernism. Each phase of the modernization project in Ireland's capital has produced debates about architecture and planning alongside literary and historical reflections. We see these debates in the 1960s, during which reforms geared toward internationalizing the economy and society were enacted, and we see them in the 1990s, when a new wave of globalization transformed the urban center of Dublin into a tourist destination and financial hub. Into this mix of gentrification and renewal came a literary upsurge, the updated urban memoir. This paper theorizes the relationship between memory, memoir and urban renewal.
Art and Suffering in Two Late Poems by William Carlos Williams
Authors: Clark Miriam Marty
Published: January 2007

This essay considers two poems written in the aftermath of William Carlos Williams's devastating strokes of 1951 and 1952. Reading the poems-"To a Dog Injured in the Street" and "The Yellow Flower"-as late entries in Williams's long negotiation of human suffering, ethical responsibility, and poetic will, I look at how they struggle under the burdens of illness and old age to make sense of suffering and to reconcile it with the aims and measures of art. Drawing on Kenneth Burke's understanding of Williams's writing and on the theory of language as symbolic action that Burke develops during their formative friendship, I consider both the aptness of Burke's reasoning and its limitations in addressing bodily suffering. I then turn to Elaine Scarry's reading of the body in pain as a way of understanding the dynamic of illness and imagination these late poems.
Reading, Listening, and Other Beleaguered Practices in General Psychiatry
Authors: Scheurich Neil
Published: January 2007

Both literature and psychotherapy share-in addition to narrative structure and all that it entails-something less fortunate: an appeal that is often lost upon contemporary audiences and that is forever under pressure from general, medical, and psychiatric cultures that valorize standardization and efficiency. This paper considers a number of aesthetic, moral, and cultural justifications that may be applied to both literature and psychotherapy. The two practices, while obviously distinct in many ways, share a number of core values-autonomy, complexity, curiosity, and patience-that are increasingly fragile and deserving of respect in medical and psychiatric education and practice.
The Patient's Voice: A Cry in Solitude or a Call for Community
Authors: Stanley Patricia Haas
Published: January 2007

Many patients and caregivers navigate illness alone. Their isolation can stem from the intrinsic experience of illness or arise in relation to the wider society's lack of support. Reading illness memoirs is one way to explore how individuals deal with isolation. My goal is to present the compelling voices of particular patients and caregivers with the hope that readers might listen, connect and be moved to build communities of caring.
Mrs. Thatcher and Mrs. Woolf
Authors: Hussey Mark
Published: January 2007

This essay addresses the implications of Margaret Thatcher's explicit criticism of Bloomsbury in her memoir, The Path to Power. Thatcher and Woolf circulate as icons of opposing cultural politics in a struggle that has persisted from the 1920s until now. Woolf's attitudes to middlebrow culture, exemplified by the representation of London suburbs in her writings, are antagonistic to Thatcherite thinking, a worldview that holds sway not only in critical attitudes to Woolf and Bloomsbury but also in the public posture of American politicians. Woolf's attitudes to class form a resistance to such postures.
Faulkner's Return to the Freudian Father: Sanctuary Reconsidered
Authors: Fowler Doreen
Published: January 2007

Faulkner's Sanctuary compulsively revisits and refashions a centerpiece of Freudian thought, the primal scene, an image out of the unconscious mind for the origin of identity and the cultural order. As construed by Freud, the primal scene becomes a dramatization of his theory of male identity-formation in castration anxiety; that is, the primal scene poses the castration threat that causes the boy to turn away from his mother and subordinate himself to his father. Faulkner's inscriptions of the primal scene dismantle Freud's image of the invincible father and reveal that a model of identity-formation based in repression is its own undoing.
Catherian Friendship; or, How Not To Do the History of Homosexuality
Authors: Herring Scott
Published: January 2007

While critics often regard Cather's male friendships as the closeted voicing of lesbian desire, this essay suggests that these intimate same-sex relations are rather uninterested in modern U.S. sexual identity. To do so, it charts how Cather's men refuse the movement from friendship to homosexuality in order to wreck the designs of a legible sexual history, and to fracture the historical march from passionate same-sex friendship to urban gay subculture. Focusing on The Professor's House, it views these deliberate failures of sexual expression as beneficial outcomes of her regional male bonds.
The Politics of Writing: Greek Historiographic Metafiction and Maro Douka's A Cap of Purple
Authors: Roilos Panagiotis
Published: January 2007

By focusing on a close textual and intertextual analysis of Maro Douka's [Greek for A Cap of Purple] (A Cap of Purple), this article explores the broader cultural and literary conditions of the re-appearance of the historical novel in the form of "historiographic metafiction" in Greece in the 1980s and 1990s. The article argues that, far from contributing to a "disinterested literary escapism," the narrative strategies employed in Greek examples of historiographic metafiction articulate a critical commentary both on traditional modes of historiography and literary composition, and on contemporary political debates.
"Toutes passions mises en arriere. .." The Emotions in Legal Perspective: Montaigne and the Palace Academy at Blois
Authors: Farquhar Sue W
Published: January 2007

Although profound distrust of the passions underpinned MontaigneÕs philosophy of disengagement, it was precisely his interest in the emotion of anger that engaged the Essais (1580) most provocatively in the contemporary debate on sovereignty. Similarly, a subtext on royal power informed the Palace Academy (1576Ð79) lectures on anger. Whereas the Academy institutionalized a discourse on kingship, Montaigne opened the way for an emergent grammar of rights defining a subject citizen.
The Paths from and to Abstraction in Stockhausen's Gesang der Junglinge
Authors: Metzer David Joel
Published: January 2007

Karlheinz Stockhausen's Gesang der Jünglinge (1956) is a seminal work in the history of electronic music. With the piece, Stockhausen sought to mollify the dense abstraction of earlier electronic idioms by drawing upon familiar sounds. To that end, Gesang places a recording of a boy's voice within a sphere of electronic timbres. The work is part of a larger modernist effort to bring together the apparently antithetical realms of the familiar and the abstract. There were no clear means or rules for handling these unions. Each work arrives at a unique, and not always successful, solution. Gesang takes familiar elements (the boy's voice and a sung Biblical text) and pushes them into the realm of the abstract (electronic sound and serial constructions). That push is hard to trace as the relationship between the familiar and the abstract takes on three different guises in the work: pure/impure, speech/sound, and childhood/machine. Each of these pairs follows a different course and each goes a separate distance into the abstract. The merger of the abstract and the familiar, as these differences reveal, vexed modernism with uncertainties and strain. In this light, Gesang offers a contrasting view of the high modernist idioms of 1950s Darmstadt, showing them to be full of not only aggression and confidence but also doubts and needs.
Realism, Late Modernist Abstraction, and Sylvia Townsend Warner's Fictions of Impersonality
Authors: James David
Published: January 2007

"As the photographer does," asserted Storm Jameson in 1937, "so the writer must keep himself out of the picture while working ceaselessly to present the fact." It was this same subversion of authorial subjectivity which assumed a radically new guise for late modernist women writers of the 1930s and 1940s such as Sylvia Townsend Warner, when they redressed novelistic experiment to find pragmatic and uncompromising ways of effecting an urgently needed historicizing critique of developing Fascism in Europe. Expanding the creative and critical efficacy of "realist" fiction itself as another world war loomed, it was Warner who actively engaged with the stylization of documentary and externalism by re-envisioning narrative impersonality.
Psychosocial and Contextual Determinants of Past and Intended Condom Use among Ethiopian Secondary School Students
Authors: Mulatu Mesfin Samuel , Adamu Rahel , Haile Sara Ingidashet
Published: January 2007

Objective: To explore the psychosocial, sexual context, and sociodemographic determinants of past and intended condom use among secondary school students in Ethiopia.
Methods: Survey data were collected from 367 sexually active high school students in five major towns using questionnaires. Structural equation modeling techniques were used to examine the role of psychosocial, sexual context, and sociodemographic factors in influencing past and intended condom use.
Results: Higher levels of positive attitudes toward and self-efficacy for condom use were associated with higher levels of both past and intended condom use. Knowledge of individuals who live with or have died of HIV/AIDS was also directly related to higher levels of intended condom use. In contrast, involvement in risky sexual behaviors and use of other contraceptive methods predicted higher levels of past condom use. Effects of reproductive health understanding and family socioeconomic status on past and intended condom use were indirect through their positive influence on psychosocial factors, particularly self-efficacy and attitudes. Overall, our psychosocial and contextual model accounted for 40 and 62 percent of the variance in past and intended use, respectively.
Conclusion: Findings show that theory-based social psychological and contextual factors are causally linked to patterns of past and intended condom use among Ethiopian secondary school youth. Furthermore, the results provide evidence for the applicability of Western health behavior theories to explain and predict safer sexual behaviors among secondary school students in non-Western settings.