bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Staging and grading of periodontitis: Framework and proposal of a new classification and case definition
Authors: Tonetti Maurizio S. , Greenwell Henry , Kornman Kenneth S.
Published: June 2018

Background

Authors were assigned the task to develop case definitions for periodontitis in the context of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri‐Implant Diseases and Conditions. The aim of this manuscript is to review evidence and rationale for a revision of the current classification, to provide a framework for case definition that fully implicates state‐of‐the‐art knowledge and can be adapted as new evidence emerges, and to suggest a case definition system that can be implemented in clinical practice, research and epidemiologic surveillance.

Methods

Evidence gathered in four commissioned reviews was analyzed and interpreted with special emphasis to changes with regards to the understanding available prior to the 1999 classification. Authors analyzed case definition systems employed for a variety of chronic diseases and identified key criteria for a classification/case definition of periodontitis.

Results

The manuscript discusses the merits of a periodontitis case definition system based on Staging and Grading and proposes a case definition framework. Stage I to IV of periodontitis is defined based on severity (primarily periodontal breakdown with reference to root length and periodontitis‐associated tooth loss), complexity of management (pocket depth, infrabony defects, furcation involvement, tooth hypermobility, masticatory dysfunction) and additionally described as extent (localized or generalized). Grade of periodontitis is estimated with direct or indirect evidence of progression rate in three categories: slow, moderate and rapid progression (Grade A‐C). Risk factor analysis is used as grade modifier.

Conclusions

The paper describes a simple matrix based on stage and grade to appropriately define periodontitis in an individual patient. The proposed case definition extends beyond description based on severity to include characterization of biological features of the disease and represents a first step towards adoption of precision medicine concepts to the management of periodontitis. It also provides the necessary framework for introduction of biomarkers in diagnosis and prognosis.
Extent of adaptation is not limited by unpredictability of the environment in laboratory populations of Escherichia coli
Authors: Karve Shraddha M. , Bhave Devika , Dey Sutirth
Published: June 2018

Environmental variability is on the rise in different parts of the earth, and the survival of many species depends on how well they cope with these fluctuations. Our current understanding of how organisms adapt to unpredictably fluctuating environments is almost entirely based on studies that investigate fluctuations among different values of a single environmental stressor such as temperature or pH. How would unpredictability affect adaptation when the environment fluctuates between qualitatively very different kinds of stresses? To answer this question, we subjected laboratory populations of Escherichia coli to selection over ~ 260 generations. The populations faced predictable and unpredictable environmental fluctuations across qualitatively different selection environments, namely, salt and acidic pH. We show that predictability of environmental fluctuations does not play a role in determining the extent of adaptation, although the extent of ancestral adaptation to the chosen selection environments is of key importance.
Mechanisms in practice: A methodological approach
Authors: Ioannidis Stavros , Psillos Stathis
Published: June 2018

In this paper, we offer a minimal characterization of the concept of mechanism in biomedicine, according to which a mechanism is a theoretically described causal pathway. We argue that this conception can be drawn from scientific practice, as illustrated by how a central biological and biomedical mechanism, the mechanism of apoptosis, was first identified and characterized. We will use the example of cytological and biochemical theoretical descriptions of the mechanism of apoptosis to draw lessons about the meaning of the concept of mechanism in biomedical contexts and to contrast our preferred account of mechanism with some prominent accounts within the philosophical literature. The main outcome of our discussion will be that commitment to mechanism is first and foremost a methodological stance.
Do the contemporary dietary patterns of children align with national food and nutrient recommendations?
Authors: Holmes K.‐L. , Rollo M. E. , Collins C. E.
Published: June 2018

Background

Childhood nutrition is important in optimising growth, development and future health. The present study compared dietary intakes of Australian children aged 4–8 years with (i) Australian Guide to Healthy Eating (AGHE) food group recommendations and (ii) age‐specific Nutrient Reference Values (NRVs), in addition to (iii) describing food group intakes of children meeting key NRVs.

Methods

Data were obtained from a representative sample of children (n = 789) from the National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey between May 2011 and June 2012. Parent‐reported 24‐h recall dietary data were disaggregated into five core food groups, along with energy‐dense, nutrient‐poor (EDNP) foods, with intakes being compared with AGHE recommendations. Food group intakes were compared for children meeting the NRVs for 10 nutrients used for the development of AGHE food groups. Chi‐squared and t‐tests were performed to determine differences in food group intakes with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results

Only one child met the recommended daily servings for all AGHE core food groups and none met both core and energy‐dense, nutrient‐poor (EDNP) food group recommendations. The lowest level of alignment (percentage meeting recommendations) was for vegetables (4.6%) and the highest was for fruit (47.7%). Mean (SD) daily intake of EDNP foods [4.7 (3.2) serves day−1] accounted for 38.4% of total energy intakes. Children meeting key NRVs (n = 395) consumed greater daily servings of fruit [2.2 (1.7)], dairy [2.2 (1.2)] and EDNP foods [5.0 (3.4)] compared to the total sample (n = 789).

Conclusions

Significant discrepancies exist between contemporary dietary patterns of Australian children and national recommendations. Future AGHE revisions should incorporate greater diversity of consumption patterns, including sub‐categories of EDNP foods.
‘For me it's about not feeling like I'm on a diet’: a thematic analysis of women's experiences of an intermittent energy restricted diet to reduce breast cancer risk
Authors: Donnelly L. S. , Shaw R. L. , Pegington M. , Armitage C. J. , Evans D. G. , Howell A. , Harvie M. N.
Published: June 2018

Background

Weight‐loss programmes requiring intermittent energy restriction offer an alternative to continuous energy restriction programmes that typically have low adherence. We reported greater weight loss, better adherence and spontaneous reduced energy intake on healthy eating days with intermittent as opposed to continuous energy restriction. The present study aims to explore why intermittent energy restriction diets exert these positive effects.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were carried out with 13 women aged 39–62 years, who followed a 4‐month intermittent energy restriction (2 days of low energy/low carbohydrate, 5 days of healthy eating). Nine of the 13 women successfully lost >5% of their total body weight. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.

Results

The intermittent regimen redefined the meaning of dieting and normal eating. Women reconceptualised dieting as only two low energy days per week, even though this often differed from their pre‐diet eating patterns. Women reported that they could adhere more closely to the rules of the intermittent diet compared to previously attempted continuous diets. They found that the intermittent diet was less cognitively demanding because the restrictive and clear rules of the intermittent diet were easier to understand and easier to follow than with continuous dieting.

Conclusions

Many participants found intermittent dieting preferable to previous experiences of continuous dieting. The findings provide some insight into the ways in which intermittent dieting is successful, and why it could be considered a viable alternative to continuous energy restriction for weight loss.
Lactobacillus reuteri reduces bone loss in older women with low bone mineral density: a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, clinical trial
Authors: Nilsson A. G. , Sundh D. , Bäckhed F. , Lorentzon M.
Published: June 2018

Background

The importance of the gut microbiome for bone metabolism in mice has recently been demonstrated, but no studies are available in humans. Lactobacillus reuteri ATCCPTA 6475 (L. reuteri 6475) has been reported to increase bone mineral density (BMD) in mice but its effect on the human skeleton is unknown. The objective of this trial was to investigate if L. reuteri 6475 affects bone loss in older women with low BMD.

Methods

In this double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study, women from the population who were 75 to 80 years old and had low BMD were randomized to orally receive 1010 colony‐forming units of L. reuteri 6475 daily or placebo. The predefined primary end‐point was relative change after 12 months in tibia total volumetric BMD (vBMD).

Results

Ninety women were included and 70 completed the study. L. reuteri 6475 reduced loss of total vBMD compared to placebo both in the intention‐to‐treat (ITT) analysis [−0.83% (95% confidence interval [CI], −1.47 to −0.19%) vs. −1.85% (95% CI, −2.64 to −1.07%); mean difference 1.02% (95% CI, 0.02–2.03)] and per protocol analysis [−0.93% (95% CI, −1.45 to −0.40) vs. −1.86% (95% CI, −2.35 to −1.36); mean difference 0.93% (95% CI, 0.21–1.65)]. In general, similar but smaller effects were observed in the secondary bone variable outcomes, but these differences did not reach statistical significance in the ITT population. Adverse events did not differ between groups.

Conclusions

Supplementation with L. reuteri 6475 should be further explored as a novel approach to prevent age‐associated bone loss and osteoporosis.
International consensus on the assessment of bruxism: Report of a work in progress
Authors: Lobbezoo F. , Ahlberg J. , Raphael K. G. , Wetselaar P. , Glaros A. G. , Kato T. , Santiago V. , Winocur E. , De Laat A. , De Leeuw R. , Koyano K. , Lavigne G. J. , Svensson P. , Manfredini D.
Published: June 2018

In 2013, consensus was obtained on a definition of bruxism as repetitive masticatory muscle activity characterised by clenching or grinding of the teeth and/or by bracing or thrusting of the mandible and specified as either sleep bruxism or awake bruxism. In addition, a grading system was proposed to determine the likelihood that a certain assessment of bruxism actually yields a valid outcome. This study discusses the need for an updated consensus and has the following aims: (i) to further clarify the 2013 definition and to develop separate definitions for sleep and awake bruxism; (ii) to determine whether bruxism is a disorder rather than a behaviour that can be a risk factor for certain clinical conditions; (iii) to re‐examine the 2013 grading system; and (iv) to develop a research agenda. It was concluded that: (i) sleep and awake bruxism are masticatory muscle activities that occur during sleep (characterised as rhythmic or non‐rhythmic) and wakefulness (characterised by repetitive or sustained tooth contact and/or by bracing or thrusting of the mandible), respectively; (ii) in otherwise healthy individuals, bruxism should not be considered as a disorder, but rather as a behaviour that can be a risk (and/or protective) factor for certain clinical consequences; (iii) both non‐instrumental approaches (notably self‐report) and instrumental approaches (notably electromyography) can be employed to assess bruxism; and (iv) standard cut‐off points for establishing the presence or absence of bruxism should not be used in otherwise healthy individuals; rather, bruxism‐related masticatory muscle activities should be assessed in the behaviour's continuum.
Aligning the Mindset and Capabilities within a Business Network for Successful Adoption of Smart Services
Authors: Töytäri Pekka , Turunen Taija , Klein Maximilian , Eloranta Ville , Biehl Sebastian , Rajala Risto
Published: June 2018

This paper explores the synchronized change of mindset and capability within a business network that is driven by the adoption and provision of smart services. The research is implemented as an empirical multi‐case study, and the primary data include interviews and observations in seven globally operating firms. The findings identify two categories of barriers and three categories of alignment needs to successful adoption of smart services. The study combines the institutional theory and dynamic capability perspectives to make three main contributions to the research of service innovation for an improved understanding of the determinants of successful field‐level adoption of smart services. The results show that firms need to align the change of logic and capabilities within the organization and the business network to succeed in the adoption of smart services.
Long‐term outcome in patients with acute liver failure
Authors: Putignano Antonella , Figorilli Francesco , Alabsawy Eman , Agarwal Banwari , Jalan Rajiv
Published: June 2018

Background & Aims

Acute liver failure patients who meet poor prognostic criteria have high early mortality without emergency liver transplantation. A recent study however, reported that patients that survive spontaneously have a poorer outcome compared with patients undergoing transplantation. In this single centre study, we aimed to confirm or refute this observation.

Methods

Early survivors (acute liver failure patients who survived 90 days after the ICU admission) were assessed for long‐term outcomes in four distinctive cohorts, incorporating aetiology (Acetaminophen overdose or non‐Acetaminophen overdose), and management strategy (conservative or liver transplantation). Chi Squared or Fisher test were used to compare outcomes among the four cohorts (P < 0.05) and Kaplan–Meier curve (Log Rank test) to represent cumulative survival.

Results

Two hundred consecutive acute liver failure patients between 1990 and 2014 were included; mean age 38.3, ±12.8, male 70, 35%. 124/200 (62%) early survivors were identified; 13/124 (10.5%) acetaminophen patients underwent transplantation and 48/124 (38.7%) survived spontaneously; 36/124 (29.0%) non‐acetaminophen underwent transplantation and 27/124 (21.8%) survived spontaneously. A total of 11/124 (8.9%) died subsequently (median survival 5.3± IQR 9.1), three spontaneous survivors and eight transplanted patients (P = 0.025); of the eight transplanted patients, six died of transplant related complications and two of suicide.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that although liver transplantation is a life‐saving procedure for acute liver failure patients, they have a worse long‐term outcome compared with spontaneous survivors. Novel therapies to increase the percentage of spontaneous survivors are urgently needed.
Distribution of the plankton assemblages during the winter and summer along the southern coast of the Kerkennah Islands (Tunisia, Eastern Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Rekik Amira , Ayadi Habib , Elloumi Jannet
Published: June 2018

We studied the distribution of microphytoplankton, ciliates and mesozooplankton in relation to environmental factors in the coastal waters around the Kerkennah Islands. Diatom species were more abundant in winter, representing 74% of the total microphytoplankton abundance, whereas dinoflagellate abundance was higher in summer (58%). Naked ciliates dominated during the winter (73%) and loricate ciliates dominated during the summer (67%). Copepods were the most abundant mesozooplankton group present during the entire period of study, comprising 93%–98% of the total mesozooplankton community. The results indicate that (i) species distribution differed significantly between winter and summer, (ii) environmental factors such as temperature, salinity and nutrients influenced plankton assemblages; and (iii) the highest abundance of several pollution indicator species was due to direct exposure to the polluted coast of Sfax and the effect of tidal asymmetries generating nutrient‐rich inputs from the city.
Health‐related quality of life and health utility of Chinese patients undergoing nocturnal home haemodialysis in comparison with other modes of dialysis
Authors: Wong Carlos K H , Chen Julie Y , Fung Samuel K S , Lo Wai Kei , Lui Sing Leung , Chan Tak Mao , Cheng Yuk Lun , Kong Irene , Wan Eric Y F , Lam Cindy L K
Published: June 2018

Background

To compare the health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) and health utility of Chinese patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing nocturnal home haemodialysis (Home HD) against those patients undergoing other modes of dialysis.

Methods

Chinese ESRD patients undergoing Home HD were recruited in renal specialist outpatient clinics at three public hospitals in Hong Kong. SF‐12 Health Survey (SF‐12) was used to measure HRQOL and generate the SF‐6D heath utility score. Mean scores of SF‐12 domains, physical and mental component summary and SF‐6D health utility of 41 patients undergoing Home HD were compared with available scores of patients receiving other forms of dialysis, namely, peritoneal dialysis (PD) (n = 103), hospital in‐centre HD (n = 135) or community in‐centre HD (n = 118). Adjusted linear regression models were used to examine the impact of mode of dialysis on the HRQOL and health utility scores, accounting for the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.

Results

ESRD patients undergoing PD and community in‐centre HD had better health utility, physical and mental component summary scores than the hospital in‐centre HD. Adjusted analysis showed that hospital in‐centre HD reported worse physical component summary and health utility scores when compared with PD and community in‐centre HD.

Conclusion

HRQOL and health utility scores of patients undergoing Home HD were similar to those undergoing PD and community in‐centre HD. Better physical aspects of HRQOL and health utility was observed in PD and community‐based HD than hospital in‐centre HD, providing evidence for the increase in capacity of non‐hospital‐based HD, which provided flexibility as well as patient centredness and empowerment in Hong Kong.
3D facial soft tissue changes after rapid maxillary expansion on primary teeth: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Fastuca R. , Campobasso A. , Zecca P. A. , Caprioglio A.
Published: June 2018

Structured Abstract

Objectives

The aim of the present randomized controlled trial (RCT) was therefore the tridimensional evaluation of soft tissue changes after rapid maxillary expansion in growing patients.

Setting and Sample Population

Treated group comprised 17 patients (10 males and 7 females) with a mean age of 9.8 ± 1.2 years, and control group comprised 17 patients (13 males and 4 females) with a mean age of 9.1 ± 2.1 years.

Material & Methods

All patients of the treated group underwent maxillary expansion with Haas‐type expander while patients of the control group underwent no treatment. 3D facial scans were acquired at T1, at the beginning of treatment or observation period, and at T2, 18 months apart. The mean interval between the timepoints was 18.2 ± 0.4 months.

Results

The main differences between groups were reported in the nasal area. Nasal width (Alr‐All) significantly increased in the treated group compared with the control. The increase in intereye and mouth width in the study group did not show differences with the control group. No significant differences were reported for lips’ protrusion, angular measurements and facial heights between groups. The total nose volume difference was significantly higher in the treated group compared with control, and this result was related mainly to the significant increase in the nasal dorsum volume.

Conclusion

Maxillary expansion produced significant increase in the nasal base and nasal volumes, but its clinical relevance is still questionable.
Fecal pancreatic elastase‐1 in the evaluation of pancreatic function after pediatric intestinal transplantation
Authors: Kaufman Stuart S. , Zhong Xiaogang Simon , Elsabbagh Ahmed M. , Bailey Dominique , Yazigi Nada A. , Khan Khalid M. , Matsumoto Cal S.
Published: June 2018

Fat malabsorption is common after SBT. To identify whether anatomic variant transplants differ in occurrence of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency that could contribute to fat malabsorption, we measured FPE repeatedly in 54 recipients of a SBT, ages 6.2 to 320 months. FPE determination most distant from SBT was 6.1 years. Of the 54, 39% received an isolated intestinal graft (native pancreas only), 48% received an en bloc liver‐intestinal‐pancreas graft (native and graft pancreas), and 13% received a multivisceral graft (graft pancreas only). Initial FPE was normal (>200 μg/g) in 15 of the 54 at a median of 22 (11‐61) days after SBT. Recipients of a liver‐intestine‐pancreas transplant were more likely to have normal FPE within 30 days after SBT than were isolated intestinal or multivisceral transplant recipients (47%, 19%, and 0%, respectively, P = .049). Of the remaining 39 patients, 34 eventually demonstrated a normal FPE at a median of 168 (31‐943) days after SBT. Type of SBT did not influence the likelihood of achieving a normal FPE level or time when it occurred. Five (9%) patients failed to achieve normal FPE, including 3 who died within 2 years after SBT. In conclusion, possessing both graft and native pancreas as in transplantation of an en bloc liver‐intestinal‐pancreas graft facilitates early normalization of FPE that eventually occurs in most patients irrespective of transplant type. Failure to recover normal pancreatic function may be associated with severe post‐transplant complications.
Differences in the gene transcription state of Botrytis cinerea between necrotic and symptomless infections of lettuce and Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Emmanuel C. J. , van Kan J. A. L. , Shaw M. W.
Published: June 2018

Botrytis cinerea can establish long‐lived, symptomless, systemic infections in plant species. It is unclear how the fungus colonizes plant tissues without causing tissue damage and necrosis. Three hypotheses are: (i) the fungus state is similar in the two forms of infection, but the plant defences are more effective, leading to multiple small quiescent centres; (ii) excreted molecules that would trigger plant defences are suppressed; (iii) signal exchanges occur avoiding both extensive host cell death and complete spatial restriction of the pathogen. These hypotheses were tested by comparing transcript levels of a set of B. cinerea genes between symptomless and necrotizing infections. Four genes were analysed that participate in signalling pathways required for virulence, as well as five genes that directly participate in causing host cell death or degrading plant cell wall polysaccharides. In lettuce, necrotic infections on detached leaves (12–48 h after inoculation) had similar gene expression patterns to necrotic infections on leaves 44 days after inoculation of the seedlings. Symptomless infections on leaves that expanded after inoculation of young seedlings had similar fungal gene expression patterns at 14, 24 and 34 days after inoculation, which clearly differed from those in necrotizing infections. In Arabidopsis thaliana, there were differences in gene expression patterns between droplet inoculations on leaves, resulting in necrotic lesions, and symptomless infections in stems and leaves. The fungal gene expression patterns differed in detail between lettuce and A. thaliana. The observations suggest that the physiological state of B. cinerea during symptomless infection is distinct from necrotizing infections.
The impact of natural disasters on children's education: Comparative evidence from Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Cuong Viet , Minh Pham Nguyet
Published: June 2018

The study finds a differential impact of different types of natural disasters on education and cognitive ability of children aged 12 to 15 years in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam using a Young Lives data set and child fixed‐effects regression. Floods tend to cause more harmful effects on children's education than droughts, frosts, and hailstorms. Exposure to floods reduces the number of completed grades of children in Ethiopia, India, and Vietnam. For the case of Vietnam, exposure to floods also decreases school enrollment, and cognitive ability scores of children. Although floods do not have a significant effect on children in India, droughts, frosts, and hailstorms have a significantly negative effect on cognitive ability test scores of children. In Peru, the effect of disasters on children's education is small and not statistically significant.
Return to play, performance, and career duration after anterior cruciate ligament rupture: A case–control study in the five biggest football nations in Europe
Authors: Niederer Daniel , Engeroff Tobias , Wilke Jan , Vogt Lutz , Banzer Winfried
Published: June 2018

A media‐based collection and further analysis of relative return to play (RTP) rates and the corresponding quality of play after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture in top‐level football was the aim of our study. In the 5‐year case–control study, male players from the first two leagues of the five top leagues in Europe, who sustained a total ACL rupture during the season 2010/11 and/or 2011/12, were included. For them and a matched control sample (ratio 1:2), data were retrieved from the publicly available and validated media‐based platforms (transfermarkt.de & whoscored.com) until the end of season 2016/17. Injury and return to play‐specific data were calculated as rate ratios (RR) to compare the injured and matched control athletes rates and as a survival analysis (log‐rank test; career duration). Overall, 132 ACL‐injuries in 125 players occurred. The RTP rate was 98.2%, and the RTP to the same level was 59.4%. Five years post‐RTP, 69.9% of the ACL group were still engaged in football (RR = 87%), 40.9% at the same level (RR = 72%). Survival analysis revealed a systematic group difference in career duration compared to controls (Cox‐Mantel's χ2 = 5.8; P = 0.016). Game performance (scoring points, P < 0.001; rates/number of completed passes, P = 0.048; and minutes played, P < 0.001) was lower in the ACL athletes than in the matching group in the RTP and post‐RTP seasons. Although absolute and relative RTP rates after ACL reconstruction are high in professional football, career duration and game performance are lower than in the reference group.
Parfit's Fission Dilemma: Why Relation R Doesn't Matter
Authors: Pollock Henry
Published: June 2018

In his work on personal identity, Derek Parfit makes two revolutionary claims: firstly, that personal identity is not what matters in survival; and secondly, that what does matter is relation R. In this article I demonstrate his position here to be inconsistent, with the former claim being defensible only in case the latter is false. Parfit intends his famous fission argument to establish the unimportance of identity – a conclusion disputed by, among others, Mark Johnston. My approach is to critically assess their debate, focusing on Johnston'sreductioof Parfit's position. I contend that although Parfit's own response fails, there are other ways to save the fission argument. The unimportance of identity then comes at a cost, however, because thereductiocan only be avoided by accepting either that nothing matters in survival, or else that facts about particles and forces do. Either way, relation R cannot be what matters.
Periphery syndrome - a reinterpretation of regional development theory in a resource periphery
Authors: Tykkyläinen Markku
Published: June 2018

A study is made of industrialization and the transition in economic structure as it has affected a remote peripheral region of Finland with a predominantly resource‑based economy over the last twenty years or so. The empirical resultsare used to interpret and develop theory of regional development adequate for describing the transition of this peripheral region from an area dominated by primary‑sector production to one characterized by industry and the service sec­tor. The resource‑based peripheral region concerned is the province of Northern Karelia. A region‑level core‑periphery system is outlined in which the organization of the economy, the division of labour, performance potential and environmental relations are examined by regional and spatial analysis and resource analysis. A model is developed for evaluating the performance potential of an economy and proposing alternative paths of development. Development in a periphery is regulated by external impulses (demand, regional policy, etc.) together with the distinctive features imposed on the economy by its past history. This development can be explained by reference to rationaliza­tion in resource processing sectors, profitability difficulties, poor growth propen­sity and special characteristics of the division of labour and the adoption of new technology. The combined effect of these factors, termed here the periphery syn­drome, leads to differences in affluence and in general to regional differentia­tion in the economy. The syndrome is dynamic in nature. The principal problems following the economic transition are shifting away from rationalization in agricul­ture and towards the structure of industry itself. The resource periphery is be­coming an industrial periphery. The conclusions comprise a set of eight conceptual systems of factors which should be taken into account when studying economic transition and industriali­zation in peripheral regions. These concern development with respect to popula­tion, rationalization, regional policy, the spatial division of labour, spatial cost structures, demand, entrepreneurship and resource and environment factors and the influence of these on regional development in the periphery in question. The differences in development between the sectors of industry are of sig­nificance for regional development as a whole, and allowance should be made for these in the theory. Where theories of development in resource peripheries tend to represent outcomes of a number of external and internal factors and ones applying to individual sectors, the explanatory model evolved here comprises theo­retical concepts of a number of different types.
Implicit and Explicit Affective Evaluations of Athlete Brands: The Associative Evaluation–Emotional Appraisal–Intention Model of Athlete Endorsements
Authors: Chang Yonghwan , Ko Yong Jae , Carlson Brad D.
Published: June 2018

The researchers explore consumers’ emotional responses toward athlete brands by developing the associative evaluation–emotional appraisal–intention (AEI) model. The AEI postulates that unconscious (implicit attitudes) and conscious (explicit affective attitudes) levels of emotional responses systematically flow following assessments of perceived fit in athlete endorsements. Implicit attitudes were measured through the implicit association test, whereas pleasure, arousal, and pride captured explicit affective attitudes. Contrary to dominant beliefs about successful athlete endorsements, findings from a lab experiment indicate that low perceived fit affected implicit attitudes, which in turn affected arousal for consumers with high involvement. Pleasure, arousal, and pride were interrelated and systematically determined behavioral intentions of viewership and online friendship with athletes. Studies investigating athlete brands and endorsement success should consider the influence of both implicit and explicit attitudes on fan behavior. Managers should strategically utilize both low and high fit endorsements to facilitate emotional experiences and optimize desired consumption behavior.
Neanderthal brain organoids come to life
Authors: Cohen Jon
Published: June 2018

Human "minibrains" with gene from our extinct relative have intriguing differences.
Chinese grave reveals vanished gibbon genus
Authors: Vogel Gretchen
Published: June 2018

Humans and climate change drove once-revered ape extinct in the past 2000 years.
Feeding the gods
Authors: Wade Lizzie
Published: June 2018

Hundreds of skulls testify to the monumental scale of human sacrifice in the Aztec capital.
New genus of extinct Holocene gibbon associated with humans in Imperial China
Authors: Turvey Samuel T. , Bruun Kristoffer , Ortiz Alejandra , Hansford James , Hu Songmei , Ding Yan , Zhang Tianen , Chatterjee Helen J.
Published: June 2018

The noblewoman's ape

Human activities are causing extinctions across a wide array of taxa. Yet there has been no evidence of humans directly causing extinction among our relatives, the apes. Turvey
et al.
describe a species of gibbon found in a 2200- to 2300-year-old tomb ascribed to a Chinese noblewoman. This previously unknown species was likely widespread, may have persisted until the 18th century, and may be the first ape species to have perished as a direct result of human activities. This discovery may also indicate the existence of unrecognized primate diversity across Asia.

Science
, this issue p.
1346
Assessment of methane emissions from the U.S. oil and gas supply chain
Authors: Alvarez Ramón A. , Zavala-Araiza Daniel , Lyon David R. , Allen David T. , Barkley Zachary R. , Brandt Adam R. , Davis Kenneth J. , Herndon Scott C. , Jacob Daniel J. , Karion Anna , Kort Eric A. , Lamb Brian K. , Lauvaux Thomas , Maasakkers Joannes D. , Marchese Anthony J. , Omara Mark , Pacala Stephen W. , Peischl Jeff , Robinson Allen L. , Shepson Paul B. , Sweeney Colm , Townsend-Small Amy , Wofsy Steven C. , Hamburg Steven P.
Published: June 2018

A leaky endeavor

Considerable amounts of the greenhouse gas methane leak from the U.S. oil and natural gas supply chain. Alvarez
et al.
reassessed the magnitude of this leakage and found that in 2015, supply chain emissions were ∼60% higher than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency inventory estimate. They suggest that this discrepancy exists because current inventory methods miss emissions that occur during abnormal operating conditions. These data, and the methodology used to obtain them, could improve and verify international inventories of greenhouse gases and provide a better understanding of mitigation efforts outlined by the Paris Agreement.

Science
, this issue p.
186
How did
Homo sapiens
evolve?
Authors: Galway-Witham Julia , Stringer Chris
Published: June 2018

Genetic and fossil evidence challenges current models of modern human evolution
Role of MxB in Alpha Interferon-Mediated Inhibition of HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Xu Bin , Pan Qinghua , Liang Chen
Published: June 2018

The results of this study reconcile the controversial reports regarding the anti-HIV-1 function of alpha interferon-induced MxB protein. In addition to the different cell types that may have contributed to the different observations, our data also suggest that VSV G protein-pseudotyped HIV-1 is much less inhibited by alpha interferon-induced MxB than HIV-1 itself is. Our results clearly demonstrate an important contribution of MxB to alpha interferon-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 in CD4
+
T cells, which calls for using HIV-1 target cells and wild-type virus to test the relevance of the anti-HIV-1 activity of endogenous MxB and other restriction factors.
Multiple Posttranscriptional Strategies To Regulate the Herpes Simplex Virus 1 vhs Endoribonuclease
Authors: Elliott Gillian , Pheasant Kathleen , Ebert-Keel Katja , Stylianou Julianna , Franklyn Ashley , Jones Juliet
Published: June 2018

A myriad of gene expression strategies has been discovered through studies carried out on viruses. This report concerns the regulation of the HSV-1 vhs endoribonuclease, a virus factor that is important for counteracting host antiviral responses by degrading their mRNAs but that must be regulated during infection to ensure that it does not act against and inhibit the virus itself. We show that regulation of vhs involves multifaceted posttranscriptional cellular and viral processes, including aberrant mRNA localization and a novel, autoregulated negative feedback loop to target its own and coexpressed mRNAs for nuclear retention, an activity that is relieved by coexpression of two other virus proteins, VP22 and VP16. These studies reveal the interplay of strategies by which multiple virus-encoded factors coordinate gene expression at the time that they are needed. These findings are broadly relevant to both virus and cellular gene expression.
Prolonged Evolution of Virus-Specific Memory T Cell Immunity after Severe Avian Influenza A (H7N9) Virus Infection
Authors: Zhao Min , Chen Junbo , Tan Shuguang , Dong Tao , Jiang Hui , Zheng Jiandong , Quan Chuansong , Liao Qiaohong , Zhang Hangjie , Wang Xiling , Wang Qianli , Bi Yuhai , Liu Fengfeng , Feng Luzhao , Horby Peter W. , Klenerman Paul , Gao George F. , Liu William J. , Yu Hongjie
Published: June 2018

Avian influenza A H7N9 virus remains a major threat to public health. However, no previous studies have determined the characteristics and dynamics of virus-specific T cell immune memory in patients who have recovered from H7N9 infection. Our findings showed that establishment of H7N9-specific T cell memory after H7N9 infection was prolonged in older and severely affected patients. Severely ill patients mounted lower T cell responses in the first 4 months after infection, while T cell responses tended to increase over time in older and severely ill patients. Higher levels of antigen-specific CD8
+
T cells expressing the lung-homing marker CD49a were detected at 6 to 8 months after infection. Our results indicated a long-term impact of H7N9 infection on virus-specific memory T cells. These findings advance our understanding of the dynamics of virus-specific memory T cell immunity after H7N9 infection, which is relevant to the development of T cell-based universal influenza vaccines.
Safe and effective glycaemic control in premature infants: observational clinical results from the computerised STAR-GRYPHON protocol
Authors: Knopp (nee Dickson) Jennifer L , Lynn Adrienne M , Shaw Geoffrey M , Chase J Geoffrey
Published: June 2018

Objective

Previous studies examine clinical outcomes of insulin therapy in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), without first developing safe and effective control protocols. This research quantifies the safety and performance of a computerised model-based control algorithmSTAR-GRYPHON (Stochastic TARgeted Glucose Regulation sYstem to Prevent Hyper- and hypO-glycaemia in Neonates).

Design

Retrospective observational study of glycaemic control in very/extremely low birthweight infants treated with insulin from Christchurch Women’s Hospital NICU between January 2013 and June 2017. Blood glucose (BG) outcomes and control performance is compared with retrospective data (n=22) and literature.

Interventions

Insulin infusion doses were calculated from 3 to 4 hourly BG measurements using a computerised model-based control algorithm, STAR-GRYPHON.

Main outcome measures

Mean BG, time in targeted range and incidence of hypoglycaemia.

Results

STAR-GRYPHON (n=35) had lower mean BG concentration (7.0mmol/L vs 7.9 mmol/L), higher %BG within the 4.0–8.0 mmol/L target range (71.1% vs 50.9%) and lower %BG <4.0 mmol/L (0.6% vs 2.1%). There were only 2 BG <2.6 mmol/L (over n=2, 5.5% of patients, 0.03% of all BG outcomes), one of which may be attributed to clinical error. These results show better control to target and lower incidence of hypoglycaemia than most literature results from intensive insulin therapy protocols or study groups in children and infants.

Conclusions

Model-based protocols can safely and effectively control BG in very premature infants and should be used in future studies to determine the effect of insulin therapy on clinical outcomes.
Hereditary lobular breast cancer with an emphasis on E-cadherin genetic defect
Authors: Corso Giovanni , Figueiredo Joana , La Vecchia Carlo , Veronesi Paolo , Pravettoni Gabriella , Macis Debora , Karam Rachid , Lo Gullo Roberto , Provenzano Elena , Toesca Antonio , Mazzocco Ketti , Carneiro Fátima , Seruca Raquel , Melo Soraia , Schmitt Fernando , Roviello Franco , De Scalzi Alessandra Margherita , Intra Mattia , Feroce Irene , De Camilli Elisa , Villardita Maria Grazia , Trentin Chiara , De Lorenzi Francesca , Bonanni Bernardo , Galimberti Viviana
Published: June 2018

Recent studies have reported germline CDH1 mutations in cases of lobular breast cancer (LBC) not associated with the classical hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome. A multidisciplinary workgroup discussed genetic susceptibility, pathophysiology and clinical management of hereditary LBC (HLBC). The team has established the clinical criteria for CDH1 screening and results’ interpretation, and created consensus guidelines regarding genetic counselling, breast surveillance and imaging techniques, clinicopathological findings, psychological and decisional support, as well as prophylactic surgery and plastic reconstruction. Based on a review of current evidence for the identification of HLBC cases/families, CDH1 genetic testing is recommended in patients fulfilling the following criteria: (A) bilateral LBC with or without family history of LBC, with age at onset <50 years, and (B) unilateral LBC with family history of LBC, with age at onset <45 years. In CDH1 asymptomatic mutant carriers, breast surveillance with clinical examination, yearly mammography, contrast-enhanced breast MRI and breast ultrasonography (US) with 6-month interval between the US and the MRI should be implemented as a first approach. In selected cases with personal history, family history of LBC and CDH1 mutations, prophylactic mastectomy could be discussed with an integrative group of clinical experts. Psychodecisional support also plays a pivotal role in the management of individuals with or without CDH1 germline alterations. Ultimately, the definition of a specific protocol for CDH1 genetic screening and ongoing coordinated management of patients with HLBC is crucial for the effective surveillance and early detection of LBC.
SU(1,1) solution for the Dunkl–Coulomb problem in two dimensions and its coherent states
Authors: Salazar-Ramírez M. , Ojeda-Guillén D. , Mota R. D. , Granados V. D.
Published: June 2018

We study the radial part of the Dunkl–Coulomb problem in two dimensions and show that this problem possesses the SU(1,[Formula: see text]1) symmetry. We introduce two different realizations of the su(1,[Formula: see text]1) Lie algebra and use the theory of irreducible representations to obtain the energy spectrum and eigenfunctions. For the first algebra realization, we apply the Schrödinger factorization to the radial part of the Dunkl–Coulomb problem to construct the algebra generators. In the second realization, we introduce three operators, one of them proportional to the Hamiltonian of the radial Schrödinger equation. Finally, we use the SU(1,[Formula: see text]1) Sturmian basis to construct the radial coherent states in a closed form.
Bifurcations in tri-stable Duffing–Van der Pol oscillator with recycling noise
Authors: Zhang Xiangyun , Wu Zhiqiang
Published: June 2018

Recycling noise is a kind of more common noise. The nonlinear dynamic system can be controlled by adjusting its parameters. However, so far, the effect of recycling noise on tri-stable dynamic system has not been reported. In this paper, stochastic P-bifurcations in tri-stable Duffing–Van der Pol oscillator induced by additive recycling noise are investigated. Firstly, the stationary probability density function is derived using stochastic averaging method. Then, the general expression of the critical parameter conditions of stochastic P-bifurcation is given by the singularity theory. The stationary probability density of response amplitude in different parameter areas are also shown, which is verified by Monte Carlo numerical simulation. Based on these results, the influence of related parameters of recycling noise and damping coefficient on the stochastic P-bifurcation is studied. The result shows that the critical parameter of bifurcation can be changed by adjusting the delay time and fraction coefficient of the recycling noise. It has also been found that the stationary probability density and stochastic bifurcation show a periodic dependence on the delay time.
New soliton solutions of the CH–DP equation using Lie symmetry method
Authors: Abdel Kader A. H. , Abdel Latif M. S.
Published: June 2018

In this paper, using Lie symmetry method, we obtain some new exact traveling wave solutions of the Camassa–Holm–Degasperis–Procesi (CH–DP) equation. Some new bright and dark soliton solutions are obtained. Also, some new doubly periodic solutions in the form of Jacobi elliptic functions and Weierstrass elliptic functions are obtained.
A New RSA Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Singular Value Decomposition
Authors: Zhu Kai , Lin Zizhi , Ding Yun
Published: June 2018

There have been many ways to construct an algorithm to encrypt image. Most often the algorithms are based on DNA sequence or other methods. In this paper, we proposed a new method which is based on singular value decomposition. In this approach, we can encrypt a small portion of the data through RSA encryption algorithm. The strength of the proposed method is insured through various statistical and security analysis. It shows that the algorithm has good encryption effect and higher encryption efficiency, which can be applied to the storage and network transmission of military, medical and other digital images.
Simulation and Analysis of Novel Extendable Multilevel Inverter Topology
Authors: Thiyagarajan V. , Somasundaram P. , Ramash Kumar K.
Published: June 2018

Multilevel inverter (MLI) has become more popular in high power, high voltage industries owing to its high quality output voltage waveform. This paper proposes a novel single phase extendable type MLI topology. The term ‘extendable’ is included since the presented topology can be extended with maximum number of dc voltage sources to synthesize larger output levels. This topology can be operated in both symmetrical and asymmetrical conditions. The major advantages of the proposed inverter topology include minimum switching components, reduced gate driver circuits, less harmonic distortion and reduced switching losses. The comparative analysis based on the number of switches, dc voltage sources and conduction switches between the proposed topology and other existing topologies is presented in this paper. The comparison results show that the proposed inverter topology requires fewer components. The performance of the proposed MLI topology has been analyzed in both symmetrical and asymmetrical conditions. The simulation model is developed using MATLAB/SIMULINK software to verify the performance of the proposed inverter topology and also the feasibility of the presented topology during the symmetrical condition has been validated experimentally.