bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Farming and adiposity in Samoan adults
Authors: Keighley Ember D. , McGarvey Stephen T. , Turituri Pasa , Viali Satupaitea
Published: December 2005

Samoans are experiencing some of the highest prevalences of obesity and associated health conditions in the world. Sustainable interventions are needed to prevent further increases in obesity. This study describes the cross‐sectional association between farm work and adiposity among 754 adults residing in American Samoa in 2002 and 957 adults residing in Samoa in 2003. Adiposity was measured by body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat (% BF), based on bioelectrical impedance. Regression models adjusted for the effects of age, education, occupation (in women), and material lifestyle (MLS), and the clustering within households due to the family design of the parent study. After controlling for these variables, participation in farm work was associated with a significantly lower BMI and % BF in men of all ages residing in American Samoa, women ≥45 years residing in American Samoa, and women 18–44 years residing in Samoa, and a significantly lower BMI in men 18–44 years residing in Samoa. These results suggest that farm work plays an important role in regulating body size and fatness of adult Samoans and may be ideal for interventions in the Samoan archipelago. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:112–122, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental coordination disorder and aerobic fitness: is it all in their heads or is measurement still the problem?
Authors: Cairney John , Hay John A. , Wade Terrance J. , Faught Brent E. , Flouris Andreas
Published: December 2005

Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is characterized by motor inproficiency, resulting in significant impairments in social and/or academic functioning. About 5–9% of all school‐age children are affected. Previous research has shown that children with DCD have lower aerobic fitness levels than children without the disorder, although the reasons for this have not been tested in the literature. A potential explanation may lie in perceived adequacy regarding performance in physical activity. Although negative perceptions of adequacy in children with DCD likely reflect an accurate appraisal of actual physical abilities, aerobic fitness tests typically require minimal coordination skills. Children who perceive themselves to be less adequate are unlikely to persist at a task and may give up sooner on these tests of endurance. Using a large community based sample of children ages 9 through 14 (n = 586), we examine whether differences in aerobic fitness (assessed by performance on a 20‐m shuttle run test) between children who meet the criteria for DCD (n = 44) and those who do not (n = 542) is due to differences in perceived adequacy toward physical activity. Our results show that one‐third of the effect of DCD on VO2 can be attributed to differences in perceived adequacy. These results suggest that at least part of the reason children perform less well on tests of aerobic endurance is because they do not believe themselves to be as adequate as other children at physically active pursuits. The implications of this for further research are discussed. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:66–70, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predictors of South African male testosterone levels: the THUSA study
Authors: Gray P.B. , Kruger A. , Huisman H.W. , Wissing M.P. , Vorster H.H.
Published: December 2005

The process of urbanization occurring in many developing countries may have consequences for reproductive endocrine function. Here, we test predictions concerning variation in South African male testosterone levels among subgroups across an urbanization gradient representing differences in both geography and socioeconomic status. Subjects included 364 males aged between 20 and 82 comprising a cross‐sectional study conducted between 1996 and 1998. Testosterone levels were measured from serum samples obtained between 08:00 and 11:00. In ANCOVA analysis, male testosterone levels differed significantly along this rural‐to‐urban gradient, with members of the most urban group having higher testosterone levels than groups of farmers and inhabitants of informal housing areas adjacent to towns. Testosterone levels declined with age and were negatively related to body mass index (BMI). Testosterone levels did not differ according to HIV status. Further exploratory ANCOVA analyses revealed that physical activity levels, depression, affect, and hostility were not significantly associated with variation in testosterone levels. These data help document causes of variation in male testosterone levels in a context of urbanization and may have implications for clinical outcomes such as the development of a male hormonal contraceptive or prostate cancer. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:123–132, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Geographical differences in physiques of male youth of age 18–20 years in China
Authors: Lei Shang , Yong‐Yong Xu , Xun Jiang , Xiao‐Han Du
Published: December 2005

Three national surveys on the physical status of 18‐, 19‐, and 20‐year‐old male candidates for military service were carried out in six geographic regions of China in 1955, 1974, and 2001. Data from these surveys for 72,000 individuals were compared by region, by time, and by age, and estimates of incremental changes by decade were made. Overall, at all time points, males in the north and northeast areas were larger and heavier than males in the southwest. Similarly, the proportion of males in the north and northeast who were overweight was greater than in the other areas. The proportion classified as “thin” was highest in the south, southwest, and northwest, reaching 42.6% in the northwest. When urban and rural areas were compared, the mean value of every measure in every region was higher for urban youth, with all but two comparisons reaching significance (P<0.05). Differences of chest circumference among age groups were significant, as were differences in height, weight, and body mass index for 18‐year‐olds compared to 20‐year‐olds. Overall, height increments per decade were greatest for males in the southwest (average of age groups 1.79 cm, 1974 to 2001) and least in the northeast (1.08), indicating some tendency toward convergence over time. Weight increments per decade over the same time were greatest in north China (1.37 kg) and least in the northwest region (0.58 kg). Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:141–148, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Islands Inside an Island: Reproductive Isolates on Jerba Island
Authors: Loueslati Besma Yacoubi , Cherni Lotfi , Khodjet‐Elkhil Houssein , Ennafaa Hajer , Pereira Luísa , Amorim António , Ben Ayed Farhat , Ben Ammar Elgaaied Amel
Published: December 2005

Jerba Island, located in South Eastern Tunisia, is inhabited by four ethnic groups: Berbers, Arabs, sub‐Saharans, and Jews. All live in distinct areas, although the Arabs are also distributed all over the island. The first Arab settlement was founded in the 7th century A.D., so co‐existence with Berbers has lasted for more than a millennium. Religious and cultural differences have represented an obstacle to the intermixing of these groups, and among both Arabs and Berbers marriages usually occur between members from the same extended family. Using new mtDNA data and previously described Y‐chromosome STR‐defined haplotypes, we tested whether this reported inbreeding would be reflected in the differentiation between Berber and Arab communities. Concerning mtDNA, the Berber group presented a greater Eurasian contribution (87%), and, surprisingly, no U6 haplotypes were found; in contrast, the Arabs showed a larger contribution of sub‐Saharan lineages (24%) and the U6 haplogroup amounted to 10%. Another source of evidence for the reproductive isolation of the two groups was revealed through the analysis of haplotype matching (both mtDNA and Y‐chromosome), showing that matching probabilities between them is of the same order of magnitude of that observed when contrasting samples from different European countries. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:149–153, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New reconstruction of Krapina 5, a male Neandertal cranial vault from Krapina, Croatia
Authors: Caspari Rachel , Radovčić Jakov
Published: January 2006

The Neandertals from Krapina, Croatia represent some of the geologically oldest Neandertals known, and they comprise the largest Neandertal collection from a single site in the world. However, comparisons of the Krapina material with other, later Neandertals have been limited both because of their fragmentary condition and because the sample has a disproportionate number of females and/or young individuals. This paper presents a preliminary description of our new reconstruction of Krapina 5, an adult male, and provides comparisons with females from Krapina and with later Neandertal males from Western Europe. Like other hominid sites with large samples, there is considerable cranial variation at Krapina; we believe that some, but clearly not all of it is due to sexual dimorphism. Although Krapina 5 differs from the later males in a number of features, such as cranial thickness, cranial height, and sagittal curvature, it fits well within the male Neandertal range for most other metric variables, including cranial capacity. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic diversity within a caste population of India as measured by Y‐chromosome haplogroups and haplotypes: Subcastes of the Golla of Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Mitchell R. John , Reddy B. Mohan , Campo David , Infantino Tania , Kaps Maria , Crawford Michael H.
Published: January 2006

The extent of population subdivision based on 15 Y‐chromosome polymorphisms was studied in seven subcastes of the Golla (Karnam, Pokanati, Erra, Doddi, Punugu, Puja, and Kurava), who inhabit the Chittoor district of southern Andhra Pradesh, India. These Golla subcastes are traditionally pastoralists, culturally homogeneous and endogamous. DNA samples from 146 Golla males were scored for seven unique event polymorphisms (UEPs) and eight microsatellites, permitting allocation of each into haplogroups and haplotypes, respectively. Genetic diversity (D) was high (range, 0.9048–0.9921), and most of the genetic variance (>91%) was explained by intrapopulation differences. Median‐joining network analysis of microsatellite haplotypes demonstrated an absence of any structure according to subcaste affiliation. Superimposition of UEPs on this phylogeny, however, did create some distinct clusters, indicating congruence between haplotype and haplogroup phylogenies. Our results suggest many male ancestors for the Golla as well as for each of the subcastes. Genetic distances among the seven subcastes, based on autosomal markers (short tandem repeats and human leukocyte antigens) as well as those on the chromosome Y, indicate that the Kurava may not be a true subcaste of the Golla. Although this finding is based on a very small Kurava sample, it is in accordance with ethnohistorical accounts related by community elders. The Punugu was the first to hive off the main Golla group, and the most recently separated subcastes (Karnam, Erra, Doddi, and Pokanati) fissioned from the Puja. This phylogeny receives support from the analysis of autosomal microsatellites as well as HLA loci in the same samples. In particular, there is a significant correlation (r = 0.8569; P = 0.0097) between Y‐chromosome‐ and autosomal STR‐based distances. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Belastungsversuche an “Siegwartdecken”
Authors: Quade Jochen , Wojan Immanuel , Dehn Frank
Published: December 2005

Zwei Gebäude des Österreichviertels in Dessau werden zur Zeit modernisiert und saniert. In den Mauerwerksbauten von 1939/1940 kamen als Decken montierbare Hohlbalken nach “Siegwart” zum Einsatz. Trennrisse in fast allen Räumen beeinträchtigten die Zusammenwirkung der benachbarten Balken, so daß zuverlässige rechnerische Nachweise der Tragsicherheit und Gebrauchstauglichkeit nicht zu führen waren. Sie konnten mit Hilfe von Belastungsversuchen und Vergleichsberechnungen erbracht werden.
Bewehrte Elastomerlager – Erkenntnisstand und Defizite
Authors: Eggert Helmut
Published: December 2005

Bewehrte Elastomerlager werden seit etwa 50 Jahren im Brükkenbau verwendet. Sie wurden in der Vergangenheit mit einfachen, in DIN 4141 Teil 14 formulierten Regeln bemessen.

In der künftigen Europäischen Norm EN 1337 Teil 3, die die deutsche Norm ablösen wird, sind die Regeln deutlich komplizierter, ohne daß neue Erkenntnisse vorliegen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird der vorhandene Kenntnisstand skizziert und auf noch vorhandene offene Fragen als Anregung für künftige Forschungen hingewiesen.
Accuracy of Safety Valve Two‐Phase Mass Flow Capacity Sizing
Authors: Derlien H. , Friedel L.
Published: January 2006

The method specified in ISO/CD 4126–10 exhibits the highest accuracy compared to other models used in industry and academia. At the same time it allows for an oversizing of the necessary relief area under all test conditions. The average or statistical reproductive accuracy is characterized by an unacceptable logarithmic scatter of about 80 %.
Computer Aided Molecular Design of Solvents for Separation Processes
Authors: Yang X. , Song H.
Published: January 2006

A new algorithm, the classified enumeration, is proposed to solve computer aided molecular design of solvents for separation processes. In this method, all groups are sorted into two parts, skeleton groups and function groups. The former can constitute alkane, arene (aromatic hydrocarbon) or cycloalkane, the latter are the remainder. The skeleton groups are combined to form molecules of alkane, arene or cycloalkane as the base by enumeration. The function groups replace the corresponding skeleton groups in the molecule of the base to build other molecules. The properties of all acquired molecules are calculated using group contribution methods to find the proper solvents for the separation process. When considering industrial practicability, the number of kinds of function groups are limited so that combinatorial explosion is avoided. Finally, several examples are presented to illustrate the availability of the method.
Rotor‐Stator and Disc Systems for Emulsification Processes
Authors: Urban K. , Wagner G. , Schaffner D. , Röglin D. , Ulrich J.
Published: January 2006

Emulsions now find a wide range of applications in industry and daily life. In the pharmaceutical industry lipophilic active ingredients as well as many nutritional products such as vitamins are often formulated in the dispersed phase of oil‐in‐water emulsions. Emulsions can be produced with different mechanical emulsification techniques. In the following review, the process of rotor‐stator systems and disc systems are compared to other popular mechanical emulsification systems. On the basis of experimental results from the authors' laboratory, a discontinuous gear‐rim dispersing system, discontinuous disc system, and a continuous high pressure system are compared with regard to their attainable mean droplet diameter and drop size distribution in an oil‐in‐water emulsion. It can be shown that dissolver discs with a very simple geometry attain very small mean droplet diameters and a very narrow droplet size distribution, comparable to the emulsions obtained with established rotor‐stator systems such as gear‐rim dispersers.
Clustering multivariate time‐series data
Authors: Singhal Ashish , Seborg Dale E.
Published: January 2006

A new methodology for clustering multivariate time‐series data is proposed. The new methodology is based on calculating the degree of similarity between multivariate time‐series datasets using two similarity factors. One similarity factor is based on principal component analysis and the angles between the principal component subspaces while the other is based on the Mahalanobis distance between the datasets. The standardK‐means clustering algorithm is modified to cluster multivariate time‐series datasets using similarity factors. Simulation data from two nonlinear dynamic systems: a batch fermentation and a continuous exothermic chemical reactor, are clustered to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique. Comparisons with existing clustering methods show several advantages of the proposed method. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cover Picture: Exploring and Exploiting the Therapeutic Potential of Glycoconjugates (Chem. Eur. J. 3/2006)
Authors: Doores Katie J. , Gamblin David. P. , Davis Benjamin G.
Published: January 2006

Life is sweet when one considers the recent potential uses of glycoconjugates as therapeutics. Particular reference to the applications of glycopeptides, glycoproteins, glycodendrimers, and glycoarrays is made in the Concept article by B. G. Davis et al. on p. 656 ff. The diverse utility of these compounds has long suggested the power of carbohydrates in therapeutic approaches, which is also discussed.
Cover Picture: Molecular Design and Chemical Synthesis of a Highly Potent Epothilone (ChemMedChem 1/2006)
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. , Pratt Benjamin A. , Arseniyadis Stellios , Wartmann Markus , O'Brate Aurora , Giannakakou Paraskevi
Published: January 2006

The cover picture shows a potent epothilone derivative with a schematized tubulin microtubule in the background. Epothilones exert their antitumor activity through the stabilization of microtubules by binding with tubulin; cell division stops if microtubules cannot disassemble properly. The structure shown here is the most potent epothilone reported to date. It is more potent than epothilone B in a wide range of cancer cell types, and shows excellent promise against taxol‐ and epothilone A‐resistant cell lines. For more details, see the communication by K. C. Nicolaou et al. on p. 41 ff.
Role of X‐Delta‐2 in the early neural development of Xenopus laevis
Authors: Peres João N. , Durston Antony J.
Published: January 2006

The Drosophila Delta gene and its vertebrate homologues are ligands for the Notch receptor and are involved in a variety of developmental processes, including neurogenesis, boundary formation, and axon guidance. This study deals with the ectodermal expression and function of X‐Delta‐2 during early Xenopus laevis development. X‐Delta‐2 is expressed, from early neurula stages on, throughout the central nervous system (CNS; forebrain, eyes, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord) and in the majority of the cranial placodes. Loss of function experiments using a morpholino knockdown approach revealed that X‐Delta‐2 is necessary for hindbrain segmentation and the correct specification of the anterior CNS. X‐Delta‐2 also seems to be important in the determination of the size of the eyes. Furthermore, our results suggest that X‐Delta‐2 is involved in the migration of the cranial placodes cells, as well the migration of the cranial neural crest cells. Developmental Dynamics 235:802–810, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stabilized finite elements for 3D reactive flows
Authors: Braack M. , Richter Th.
Published: December 2005

Objective of this work is the numerical solution of chemically reacting flows in three dimensions described by detailed reaction mechanism. The contemplated problems include, e.g. burners with 3D geometry. Contrary to the usual operator splitting method the equations are treated fully coupled with a Newton solver. This leads to the necessity of the solution of large linear non‐symmetric, indefinite systems. Due to the complexity of the regarded problems we combine a variety of numerical methods, as there are goal‐oriented adaptive mesh refinement, a parallel multigrid solver for the linear systems and economical stabilization techniques for the stiff problems.

By blocking the solution components for every ansatz function and applying special matrix structures for each block of degrees of freedom, we can significantly reduce the required memory effort without worsening the convergence. Considering the Galerkin formulation of the regarded problems this is established by using lumping of the mass matrix and the chemical source terms. However, this technique is not longer feasible for ‘standard’ stabilized finite elements as for instance Galerkin least squares techniques or streamline diffusion. Those stabilized schemes are well established for Navier–Stokes flows but for reactive flows, they introduce many further couplings into the system compared to Galerkin formulations. In this work, we discuss this issue in connection with combustion in more detail and propose the local projection stabilization technique for reactive flows. Beside the robustness of the arising linear systems we are able to maintain the problem‐adapted matrix structures presented above. Finally, we will present numerical results for the proposed methods. In particular, we simulate a methane burner with a detailed reaction system involving 15 chemical species and 84 elementary reactions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of a new cancer/testis gene family, CT47, among expressed multicopy genes on the human X chromosome
Authors: Chen Yao‐Tseng , Iseli Christian , Venditti Charis A. , Old Lloyd J. , Simpson Andrew J. G. , Jongeneel C. Victor
Published: December 2005

Cancer/testis (CT) genes are normally expressed in germ cells only, yet are reactivated and expressed in some tumors. Of the approximately 40 CT genes or gene families identified to date, 20 are on the X chromosome and are present as multigene families, many with highly conserved members. This indicates that novel CT gene families may be identified by detecting duplicated expressed genes on chromosome X. By searching for transcript clusters that map to multiple locations on the chromosome, followed by in silico analysis of their gene expression profiles, we identified five novel gene families with testis‐specific expression and >98% sequence identity among family members. The expression of these genes in normal tissues and various tumor cell lines and specimens was evaluated by qualitative and quantitative RT‐PCR, and a novel CT gene family with at least 13 copies was identified on Xq24, designated as CT47. mRNA expression of CT47 was found mainly in the testes, with weak expression in the placenta. Brain tissue was the only positive somatic tissue tested, with an estimated CT47 transcript level 0.09% of that found in testis. Among the tumor specimens tested, CT47 expression was found in ∼15% of lung cancer and esophageal cancer specimens, but not in colorectal cancer or breast cancer. The putative CT47 protein consists of 288 amino acid residues, with a C‐terminus rich in alanine and glutamic acid. The only species other than human in which a gene homologous to CT47 has been detected is the chimpanzee, with the predicted protein showing ∼80% identity in its carboxy terminal region. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generation of new Notch2 mutant alleles
Authors: McCright Brent , Lozier Julie , Gridley Thomas
Published: January 2006

The Notch signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved intercellular signaling mechanism, and mutations in its components disrupt embryonic development in many organisms and cause inherited diseases in humans. We previously described construction and analysis of a hypomorphic allele of the Notch2 gene. Homozygosity for this allele leads to embryonic and perinatal lethality due to cardiovascular and kidney defects. We report here novel Notch2 mutant alleles generated by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells, including a conditional null allele in which exon 3 of the Notch2 gene is flanked by loxP sequences. These new Notch2 mutant alleles expand the set of tools available for studying the myriad roles of the Notch pathway during mammalian development and will enable analysis of Notch2 function at additional stages of embryogenesis and in adult mice. genesis 44:29–33, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interaction of OGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism with cigarette smoking in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Hashimoto Tomoko , Uchida Kenichiro , Okayama Naoko , Imate Yuji , Suehiro Yutaka , Hamanaka Yuichiro , Ueyama Yoshiya , Yamashita Hiroshi , Hinoda Yuji
Published: December 2005

Recent molecular epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the human oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (OGG1) gene polymorphism may be associated with various cancers. To determine whether the OGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism interacts with clinicopathological parameters including smoking and alcohol intake in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), DNA samples from 192 patients with primary HNSCC were genotyped and studied by the case‐only design. We observed an association between the Cys/Cys genotype and HNSCC with cigarette smoking of more than 40 pack‐years by a multivariate logistic regression analysis (OR = 8.10, 95% CI = 1.06–61.73). No significant association of this genotype with alcohol intake was observed. Our present data suggest a possible interaction between the OGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism and smoking in HNSCC. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
‘Magic blue’ — subtle reagent for EPR studies on H‐abstraction from various substrates
Authors: Dou Hong‐Yan , Ni Hong‐Bo , Lin Zheng‐Huan , Zhao Cheng‐Xue
Published: January 2006

This paper is an EPR study on the generation of new ‘magic blue’ (MB) reagent containing bis{perfluoro[1‐(2‐fluorosulfonyl)ethoxy]ethyl}nitroxide 2 and perfluoro[1‐nitroso‐1‐(2‐fluorosulfonyl)ethoxy]ethane 3, both bearing chemically convertible terminal ω‐fluorosulfonyl group SO2F, and its H‐abstraction reactions from arylalkanes, alcohols, aldehydes and polymers, leading to a large number of new fluorinated nitroxides (FN). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 1H, 13C and 15N NMR study in solution and in the solid state of six N‐substituted pyrazoles and indazoles
Authors: Claramunt Rosa M. , Santa María M. Dolores , Sanz Dionisia , Alkorta Ibon , Elguero José
Published: January 2006

Three N‐substituted pyrazoles and three N‐substituted indazoles [1‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐3,5‐dimethylpyrazole (1), 1‐(2,4‐dinitrophenyl)‐3,5‐dimethylpyrazole (2), 1‐tosyl‐pyrazole (3), 1‐p‐chlorobenzoylindazole (4), 1‐tosylinda‐zole (5) and 2‐(2‐hydroxy‐2‐phenylethyl)‐indazole (6)] have been studied by NMR spectroscopy in solution (1H, 13C, 15N) and in the solid state (13C, 15N). The chemical shifts have been compared with GIAO/DFT calculated absolute shieldings. Some discrepancies have been analyzed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of three algorithms for multi‐motor unit detection and waveform marking
Authors: Brownell Alexander A. , Ni Oliver , Bromberg Mark B.
Published: December 2005

Quantitative EMG (QEMG) techniques include automated motor unit action potential (MUAP) detection and marking of clinically useful waveform metrics. Different computer algorithms are available on modern EMG machines to perform these operations rapidly. However, the efficiency and accuracy of available algorithms are rarely directly compared. We have assessed three commercially available algorithms using both synthesized and biologic interference patterns and found differences among algorithms, some of which are clinically significant. Our results point out the importance of assessing for duplicate MUAPs (same waveform detected as two separate waveforms) and accuracy of markings used to determine MUAP metrics. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Particle motion in a spatially periodic flow
Authors: Domesi Stefano , Kuhlmann Hendrik C.
Published: December 2005

The motion of small spherical particles in two‐dimensional Taylor–Green flow is investigated assuming one‐way coupling. The particle dynamics is modeled by a modified Maxey–Riley equation. Trajectories are computed numerically using a Cash–Karp Runge–Kutta scheme which provides an adaptive time‐step control. Depending on the Stokes number and the fluid‐to‐particle density ratio the particle trajectories can either be periodic or chaotic. To clarify the nature of this dynamical system further investigations are carried out by computing the Feigenbaum scenario. It is expected that the particle dynamics in this idealized flow will provide useful informations for an explanation of particle accumulation phenomena in more realistic periodic three‐dimensional viscous flows. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Qℒ,q‐Scales in a Hyperbolic Setting
Authors: Cerejeiras P.
Published: December 2005

Qp ‐scales arise in complex analysis as an interpolation scale between BMO, Bloch and Dirichlet spaces. They were generalized to the n‐dimensional case by means of the conformal group of the unit ball and a modified fundamental solution of the Laplacian; however, this operator is no longer invariant under the action of group in consideration. In this talk we propose an approach to Q ℒ,q‐scales for homogeneous hyperbolic manifolds using a fundamental solution for the (α ‐homogeneous) hyperbolic Dirac operator based on a spherical Radon transform. We present also some properties of this scales. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ill‐posedness and multi‐parameter regularization in an identification problem for jump diffusion processes
Authors: Düvelmeyer Dana
Published: December 2005

In many financial applications jump diffusion processes are used to describe price dynamics of assets. Therefore, methods to estimate the parameters of this stochastic process from some market data are required. Here we briefly discuss the unique and stable solvability of this specific inverse problem. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Macroscopic dynamics in microscopic nonlinear oscillator chains
Authors: Giannoulis Johannes , Mielke Alexander
Published: December 2005

We consider an exactly periodic oscillator chain as a microscopic model for a one‐dimensional continuum. In the linearized model there exist space‐time harmonic solutions. Our aim is to investigate the macroscopic modulation of these microscopic patterns in the regime of small amplitudes. To this end, depending on the fixed wave number and frequency, we derive the associated macroscopic continuum model under suitable non‐resonance conditions. For non‐zero wave numbers the macroscopic model consists of a system of nonlinear Schrödinger equations. Moreover, we justify this formal derivation by showing that the approximation through the macroscopic model stays in the proximity of the solution of the oscillator chain over time intervals with a positive macroscopic length. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Clifford analysis and the Navier‐Stokes equations over unbounded domains
Authors: Kähler Uwe
Published: December 2005

We consider parabolic Dirac operators which do not involve fractional derivatives and use them to show the solvability of the in‐stationary Navier‐Stokes equations over time‐varying domains. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An Energy Conserving Lagrangian Approximation for the Stationary Nonlinear Navier‐Stokes‐Equations
Authors: Varnhorn Werner
Published: December 2005

It is the aim of the present note to develop a new approximation method for the velocity of flow by coupling both the Lagrangian and the Eulerian approach. The method avoids fixpoint considerations and leads to a sequence of approximate systems, whose solution is unique and has a high degree of regularity, important at least for numerical purposes. Moreover, we show that our method allows the construction of weak solutions of the Navier‐Stokes equations. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modeling and Numerical Simulation of Fiber Dynamics
Authors: Hietel Dietmar , Marheineke Nicole
Published: December 2005

This work deals with the mathematical modeling and numerical simulation of fiber dynamics as it occurs in the practical application of melt‐spinning processes of nonwoven materials. The description of the fiber‐flow interactions is based on the usage of standard models and commercial packages for the air flow, specific asymptotic approaches for the fiber dynamics and the inclusion of momentum and heat exchange between fibers and fluid flow. Promising simulation results are shown for an industrial situation. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Architectures of novel fluorinated block copolymers fuelled by a poor radical polymerizable characteristic of 1,3‐divinyltetramethyldisiloxane
Authors: Sawada Hideo , Suzuki Masaru , Mugisawa Masaki
Published: January 2006

Fluoroalkanoyl peroxide was reacted with 1,3‐divinyltetramethyldisiloxane under very mild conditions to afford the fluoroalkyl end‐capped vinylsilane oligomer containing vinyldimethylsiloxane segments. This fluoroalkyl end‐capped vinylsilane oligomer was applied to the preparation of novel fluorinated block copolymers by the copolymerizations with traditional radical polymerizable monomers. It was demonstrated that these fluorinated block copolymers thus obtained can form the dendritic‐type unimolecular micelles in aqueous solutions, and these fluorinated block copolymers were able to provide suitable host moieties to interact with fullerenes as guest molecules. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intercalation and exfoliation behaviour of clay layers in branched polyol and polyurethane/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Xia Hesheng , Song Mo
Published: January 2006

The exfoliation of clay layers was realized in a tri‐hydroxyl branched polyether polyol by direct mixing and the corresponding exfoliated polyurethane/clay nanocomposite was prepared by further in situ curing. The effects of various surface‐modified organoclays and various polyol types on the intercalation and exfoliation behaviour of clay layers were investigated. The interaction between the polyol and clay and the mixing temperature plays an important role in the occurrence of exfoliation and intercalation. The relationship between rheological data of polyol/clay dispersion and the intercalation or exfoliation state of the clay was established. This provides a convenient and efficient way to evaluate the dispersion state of the clay. Based on the experimental results, a possible layer‐by‐layer exfoliation mechanism is proposed. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
A grid‐connected home PV installation in Madrid: the user's perspective
Authors: Algora Carlos
Published: January 2006

This paper describes the experience of a grid connected PV home installation in Madrid, Spain. Several aspects from the user's point of view are described. Among them is the required administrative procedure, including all the steps for obtaining a public subsidy, for legalizing the installation and finally, for drawing up the contract with the utility company for the sale of the electricity. The technical description of the installation is also presented in detail, including drawings and pictures.

After more than two years of PV installation and contributing electricity to the grid, the data on electricity generation month after month as well as a comparison with the domestic electricity consumption of the whole house are presented. Finally, economic aspects considering all the costs and revenues are described as well as a forecast of the return of the investment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical and electrical properties of laser texturing for high‐efficiency solar cells
Authors: Abbott Malcolm , Cotter Jeffrey
Published: January 2006

A process using laser‐ablated pits to texture the front surface of monocrystalline and multicrystalline silicon solar cells is described. Optical and electrical characterization demonstrates that the technique performs as well as upright random pyramid texturing and causes no laser‐induced defects or laser shunting. Double‐sided buried contact solar cells fabricated with laser texture performed as well as those fabricated with upright random pyramid textures on 1 Ω cm,ptype float‐zoned wafers. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Pressure Support Ventilation Plus Volume Guarantee vs. High‐frequency Oscillatory Ventilation on Lung Inflammation in Preterm Infants
Authors: Dani Carlo , Bertini Giovanna , Pezzati Marco , Filippi Luca , Pratesi Simone , Caviglioli Cosimo , Rubaltelli Firmino F.
Published: January 2006

The aim of the present study was to evaluate if high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) might reduce lung inflammation in preterm infants with infant respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in comparison with the early application of another potentially lung‐protective ventilation strategy, such as pressure support ventilation plus volume guarantee (PSV + VG). Infants at less than 30 weeks of gestation with RDS were enrolled consecutively in the study if they required mechanical ventilation, and were randomly allocated to receive HFOV or PSV + VG. Bronchial aspirate samples for the measurement of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐8, and IL‐10 were obtained before surfactant treatment (T1), after 6–18 hr of ventilation (T2), after 24–48 hr of ventilation (T3), and before extubation (T4). Thirteen patients were enrolled in the HFOV group, and 12 in the PSV + VG group. The mean values of IL‐1β, IL‐8, and IL‐10 at T4 were lower in the HFOV group than in the PSV + VG group. The present study demonstrates that early treatment with HFOV is associated with a reduction of lung inflammation in comparison with PSV + VG in preterm infants with RDS. Pediatr Pulmonol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Similarities of the band structure of In4Se3 and InSe under pressure and peculiarities of the creation of the band gap
Authors: Sznajder M. , Rushchanskii K. Z. , Kharkhalis L. Yu. , Bercha D. M.
Published: January 2006

The existence of the physical elementary energy bands describing the Davydov splitting was demonstrated in the energy spectra of the layered orthorhombic In4Se3 crystal. It was confirmed that the physical elementary energy bands are related to the exactly determined Wyckoff position in the unit cell, where the maximum of the valence electron density is localized. By means of ab initio calculations, the dispersion laws with the low‐energy non‐parabolicity were obtained for electrons and holes of the In4Se3 crystal. The reasons for such a dispersion law to occur in In4Se3 are discussed as well as its similarity to the dispersion law for holes in the β ‐InSe crystal under pressure. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Weak universality, bicritical points and reentrant transitions in the critical behaviour of a mixed spin‐1/2 and spin‐3/2 Ising model on the Union Jack (centered square) lattice
Authors: Strečka Jozef
Published: January 2006

The mixed spin‐1/2 and spin‐3/2 Ising model on the Union Jack lattice is solved by establishing a mapping correspondence with the eight‐vertex model. It is shown that the model under investigation becomes exactly soluble as a free‐fermion eight‐vertex model when the parameter of uniaxial single‐ion anisotropy tends to infinity. Under this restriction, the critical points are characterized by critical exponents from the standard Ising universality class. In a certain subspace of interaction parameters, which corresponds to a coexistence surface between two ordered phases, the model becomes exactly soluble as a symmetric zero‐field eight‐vertex model. This surface is bounded by a line of bicritical points having interaction‐dependent critical exponents that satisfy a weak universality hypothesis. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
2D model of H+ and H(1s) collision: Application to charge transfer
Authors: Deineka G. B.
Published: January 2006

A two‐dimensional (2D) model for calculation of a time‐dependent process at a collision of the H+ and H in the ground state with various impact parameters is introduced. A numerical method uses the finite basis set of Hermitian B‐splines. The 1D analogy of space resonance effect of electron density polarization oscillations during propagation of a projectile is considered. The charge transfer dependence on the oscillation phase of polarization is presented. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Electron ionization mass spectra of phosphorus‐containing heterocycles. I. 1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a‐octahydro‐2H‐3,1,2‐benzoxazaphosphinine 2‐oxides
Authors: Juhász Márta , Martiskainen Olli , Zalán Zita , Fülöp Ferenc , Pihlaja Kalevi
Published: January 2006

The electron ionization mass spectra of 27 cis‐ and trans‐annelated 1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a‐octahydro‐2H‐3,1,2‐benzoxazaphosphinine 2‐oxides were recorded to clarify the effects of the ring heteroatom (O or N), ring annelation, the P configuration and the substituents attached to the ring or to the N and P atoms. For compounds 1–12 different alkyl radical and alkene losses and the cleavage of the P–heteroatom bonds, instead of the P–C bonds, were representative and dependent mainly on the substitution on the N and P atoms. The replacement of Ph and OPh by N(CH2CH2Cl)2 on the P atom had a dramatic influence on the fragmentation process: new fragment ions were obtained and very little M+. (1–3%) was formed. Only slight differences were found between some of the corresponding isomers, but interestingly the compounds formed clear groups on the basis of the differences in their fragmentation, depending on the ring‐N and ring‐P substituents. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of benzopyrene‐deoxyguanosine adducts by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Qiao Zhuanhong , Udeochu Uche , Jimerson Toiya , Fletcher Melissa , Bakare Oladapo , Hosten Charles M.
Published: January 2006

A method for the detection of BPDE‐d guanosine adducts using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOFMS) is described and illustrated. The results indicate that MALDI is capable of detecting two other DNA benzopyrene adducts, which are trace products formed during the synthesis of BPDE‐d guanosine. This MALDI‐TOFMS method offers the potential for the detection of DNA adducts in human tissue using very limited sample purification and preparation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a virtual needle biopsy simulation system for the virtual prostate
Authors: Deguchi Daisuke , Mori Kensaku , Mekada Yoshito , Hasegawa Jun‐ichi , Toriwaki Jun‐ichiro , Noguchi Masanori
Published: December 2005

This paper discusses the virtual prostate needle biopsy system and the construction of the virtual prostate model, considering the actual distribution of prostate abnormalities. A needle biopsy simulation is performed for the constructed virtual prostate, and the actual biopsy procedure in the clinical situation is evaluated. The prostate needle biopsy is a histologic diagnosis procedure in which a sample is acquired from the prostate tissue by needle biopsy and is inspected under a microscope. In order to achieve reliable prostate needle biopsy, it is necessary to consider systematically and numerically the number of needles required, and their locations and insertion angles. For such a purpose, a system is developed in which a virtual prostate is constructed on a computer and the biopsy procedure is evaluated quantitatively by performing virtually the prostate needle biopsy. Furthermore, two different models are constructed, for the prostate with and without hypertrophy, based on the actual statistical distribution data for prostate abnormalities. Each model is partitioned into the peripheral zone and the transition zone. The constructed virtual prostate is input into the virtual needle biopsy simulation system, and three different systematic biopsy procedures actually used at clinical sites, and four different needle biopsy procedures, are experimentally evaluated. The experiments show that the insertion angle that maximizes the hit probability is not always the same as the insertion angle that maximizes cancer sample acquisition. It is evident that the proposed method can indicate a biopsy procedure which realizes a high hit probability with a small number of needles. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(1): 93–104, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20181
Evaluation of disk‐retry methods for continuous media data
Authors: Toda Seiji , Ishida Manabu , Yokota Haruo
Published: December 2005

Conventionally, hard disks had been used mainly to store programs or data to be used for calculations. However, as the disk capacities and transfer speeds increased, hard disks began to be used in a wider variety of ways including the storage and playing of continuous media data such as movies or music. When an error occurs while reading a hard disk, a retry is executed. However, this causes an extremely long delay. Although for computational data, the delay should be ignored and the maximum number of retries should be executed to guarantee reliability, when playing continuous media, an increase in continuity may be demanded even if the data reliability decreases. Therefore, in this paper, the authors consider methods of dynamically controlling the number of retries to increase the data reliability as much as possible while maintaining continuity. First, they investigate single disk‐retry techniques. Then, they assume a disk array configuration and propose a technique that combines dynamic retry count control and RAID5 parity calculations. Also, to verify the effectiveness of the proposed technique, they propose several evaluation indices and perform simulations to evaluate the single disk‐retry techniques and retry techniques that include switching between retries and parity calculations for a disk array. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(1): 47–60, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20333
Getting more from digital SNP data
Authors: Karoui Noureddine El , Zhou Wei , Whittemore Alice S.
Published: January 2006

The digital SNP method has been proposed for identifying loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in tumour tissue and correlating it with patients' clinical characteristics. The method evaluates a tumour's allelic count at a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) for which the patient's normal tissue is heterozygous. The count is used to classify the tumour as positive or negative for LOH, using the sequential probability ratio test (SPRT). However, the SPRT was not developed for analysing digital SNP experiments. When applied to digital SNP data, the SPRT has several anomalies that can result in both loss of data and tumour misclassification. The anomalies are caused by discrepancies between the design of digital SNP experiments and the setting for which SPRT was developed. We propose an alternative classification scheme based on the false discovery rate, and show that it outperforms the SPRT when applied to Digital SNP data. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving the quality of patient care using reliability measures: a classification tree approach
Authors: Graham P. L. , Kuhnert P. M. , Cook D. A. , Mengersen K.
Published: January 2006

This paper considers the application and interpretation of new reliability measures for a classification tree‐based medical risk assessment tool. Following the construction of a classification tree reliability measures may then be used to provide an estimate of the precision of the classification and the probability in each terminal node of the classification tree. Identification of unreliable nodes (those that have low precision) in this application may indicate patient groups requiring closer monitoring or scenarios in which further information about the patient is required, thereby providing medical practitioners with an avenue for more informed decision making. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.