bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When Abstract Becomes Concrete: Naturalistic Encoding of Concepts in the Brain
Authors: Kewenig Viktor , Vigliocco Gabriella , Skipper Jeremy I
Published: January 2024

Language is acquired and processed in complex and dynamic naturalistic contexts, involving simultaneous processing of connected speech, faces, bodies, objects, etc.. How words and their associated concepts are encoded in the brain during real-world processing is still unknown. Here, the representational structure of concrete and abstract concepts was investigated during movie watching to address the extent to which brain responses dynamically change depending on contextual information. First, across contexts, concrete and abstract concepts are shown to encode different experience-based information in separable sets of brain regions. However, these differences are reduced when multimodal context is considered. Specifically, the response profile of abstract words becomes more concrete-like when these are processed in visual scenes highly related to their meaning. Conversely, when the visual context is unrelated to a given concrete word, the activation pattern resembles more that of abstract conceptual processing. These results suggest that while concepts generally encode habitual experiences, the underlying neurobiological organisation is not fixed but depends dynamically on available contextual information.
Lesions in a songbird vocal circuit increase variability in song syntax
Authors: Koparkar Avani , Warren Timothy L. , Charlesworth Jonathan D. , Shin Sooyoon , Brainard Michael S. , Veit Lena
Published: January 2024

Complex motor skills like speech and dance are composed of ordered sequences of simpler elements, but the neuronal basis for syntactic ordering of individual actions into sequences is poorly understood. Birdsong is a learned vocal behavior composed of syntactically ordered sequences of individual syllables. Activity in song premotor nucleus HVC (proper name) has been linked to the control of syllable sequencing, but sequencing may also be affected by its recurrent inputs. We here test the contribution of one of HVC’s inputs, mMAN (
medial magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium
), to the variable songs of adult male Bengalese finches (
Lonchura striata domestica
). The syntax of Bengalese song includes several patterns: 1)
chunks
, where syllables follow stereotypical order 2)
branch points
, where a given syllable can be followed by two or more different syllables in a probabilistic manner and 3)
repeat phrases
, where an individual syllable is repeated a variable number of times. We found that after bilateral lesions of mMAN, the acoustic structure of syllables remained largely intact, but sequencing became more variable for each of these patterns, seen by ‘breaks’ in previously stereotyped chunks, increased uncertainty at branch points and increased variability of repeat numbers. This increase in sequencing variability highlights the potential importance of regions projecting to HVC in the ordering of vocal elements. Previous studies on zebra finches found little effect of mMAN lesions on their relatively stereotyped adult song. In contrast, our results suggest that mMAN contributes to sequencing the variable songs of Bengalese finches and highlight the utility of species with more complex song syntax in investigating neuronal control of ordered motor sequences.
Aberrant hippocampal Ca2+ micro-waves following synapsin-dependent adenoviral expression of Ca2+ indicators
Authors: Masala Nicola , Mittag Manuel , Ambrad Giovannetti Eleonora , O’Neil Darik A. , Distler Fabian , Rupprecht Peter , Helmchen Fritjof , Yuste Rafael , Fuhrmann Martin , Beck Heinz , Wenzel Michael , Kelly Tony
Published: January 2024

Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) such as GCaMP are an invaluable tool in neuroscience to monitor neuronal activity using optical imaging. The viral transduction of GECIs is commonly used to target expression to specific brain regions, can be conveniently used with any mouse strain of interest without the need for prior crossing with a GECI mouse line and avoids potential hazards due to the chronic expression of GECIs during development. A key requirement for monitoring neuronal activity with an indicator is that the indicator itself minimally affects activity. Here, using common adenoviral transduction procedures, we describe spatially confined aberrant Ca
2+
micro-waves slowly travelling through the hippocampus following expression of GCaMP6, GCaMP7 or R-CaMP1.07 driven by the synapsin promoter with AAV-dependent gene transfer. Ca
2+
micro-waves developed in hippocampal CA1 and CA3, but not dentate gyrus (DG) nor neocortex, were typically first observed at 4 weeks after viral transduction, and persisted up to at least 8 weeks. The phenomenon was robust, observed across laboratories with various experimenters and setups. Our results indicate that aberrant hippocampal Ca
2+
micro-waves depend on the viral titre of the GECI under the synapsin promoter. Further, neuronal subtype, and density of GECI expression may play a role. We used an alternative viral transduction method of GCaMP which avoids this artifact. The results show that commonly used syn-Ca
2+
-indicator AAV transduction procedures can produce artefactual Ca
2+
responses. Our aim is to raise awareness in the field of these artefactual transduction-induced Ca
2+
micro-waves and we provide a potential solution for this problem.Impact statement: Common adenoviral transduction procedures induce artefactual spatially confined Ca
2+
waves in the hippocampus.
Flexible Learning in Higher Education Institution: Experiences of Instructors in a Private Higher Institution
Authors: Cachero–Paderog Jane
Published: January 2024

This research investigates instructors' experiences at Agusan del Sur College concerning Flexible Learning in the New Normal. The study adopts a mixed-method approach integrating quantitative and qualitative components. Participants are 30 full-time instructors across nine departments. The findings reveal that instructors need more training and technical competencies to conduct online courses, affecting the effectiveness of hybrid classes. Technical problems, including slow internet connections and unannounced power interruptions, despite these challenges, instructors value the flexibility inherent in Flexible Learning, spanning modalities, assessment methods, and instructional delivery, promoting greater student responsibility and time management, ultimately enhancing engagement and attentiveness. Moreover, smartphones and mobile applications serve as prevalent educational tools and eLearning resources, and there remains a preference for face-to-face classes over online learning. The study also underscores the positive impact of Flexible Learning, encompassing synchronous and asynchronous platforms, in enhancing digital and technological competencies, with 45.4% of students and 48.8% of instructors reporting its benefits. Additionally, instructors with 0-5 years of teaching experience exhibit excellent proficiency in Flexible Learning modalities and assessment methods. In conclusion, this research suggests that Flexible Learning could constitute a sustainable mode of delivery in higher education institutions, contingent on instructors receiving adequate training and support to navigate the challenges the New Normal poses effectively.
Moral and Spiritual Recovery Program (MSRP): A Gender-Responsive Action Addressing the Different Challenges Faced by the Students
Authors: Palanas Victorina , Palanas Dexter
Published: January 2024

The current youth landscape in the Philippines is marked by moral ambiguity and apathy towards spiritual and developmental issues. This study delves into the impact of moral and spiritual recovery programs on students at School A. The objective is to address their unique challenges and to identify how the Moral and Spiritual Recovery Program (MSRP) affects individual behavior in terms of Maka-Diyos (Godly), Makatao (Humane), Makakalikasan (Nature Lover), and Makabansa (Patrioticas perceived by teachers, to determine the themes that emerge from the challenges students face, identify the MSRP contribution to their personal growth, and to determine the program that influences the students' moral and spiritual aspects. Employing a Mixed-Method Research Design utilizing semi-structured interviews with 11 participants and surveys 1,350 participants to explore the role of MSRP in Values Formation at School A. The program transformed the classroom into a space for nurturing self-regulated learners who actively participate, comply with rules, and respect regulations. Three themes drove students’ changing priorities. These are family-centeredness, engagement in various activities, and perception of related factors. Key challenges included time management, depression, and self-analysis issues, with coping strategies like faith and religiosity. Students' transformative strategies centered on respect and integrity. Moreover, positive behavioral outcomes were observed not only during the MSRP but also during regular class hours. In conclusion, the study highlights the need to update the MSRP and align it with sustainability goals, addressing criticisms and making it more transparent in its current application.
Multidimensional Assessment of the Delivery of Grade 1 Classes under Modular Instruction
Authors: Capilitan Christa
Published: January 2024

This research delves into the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly on educational institutions, necessitating the temporary closure of schools, which are primary learning environments for a vast number of students worldwide. In response to this challenge, the Department of Education (DepEd) in the Philippines implemented the Modular Distance Learning Modality (MDL), with a preference for this approach in many public schools across the country. MDL relies on printed and digital modules for instructional delivery. The primary objective of this research is to comprehensively assess the implementation of MDL for Grade 1 classes in selected public elementary schools in Santiago, Agusan del Norte. Specific goals include investigating stakeholder perspectives, identifying pedagogical needs for teacher support, measuring pupil competency in reading, writing, and numeracy, and formulating evidence-based recommendations for targeted catching-up programs. These programs aim to better prepare Grade 1 learners to transition to face-to-face classes, contributing valuable insights to educational policies and practices. Utilizing a descriptive research design incorporating both qualitative and quantitative techniques, this study investigates the lived experiences of teachers, tutors, and parents through interviews and focus group discussions. The findings reveal that a majority of Grade 1 pupils exhibit low or very low competencies in reading and numeracy while demonstrating above-average and excellent skills in writing.
Revalidation of the Developed Learning Material in Analytic Geometry and Trigonometry in IDEA Format
Authors: Saavedra Joan , Palanas Victorina , Canceran Jeruel
Published: January 2024

Elective mathematics has been an extra mathematics subject for pilot students of Eduardo Barretto Sr. National High School for quite some time now. Through this, many alumni testified how this helped them understand senior high school and college math. However, the teachers have also been struggling with the resources for specific areas of mathematics, such as Business Math, Statistics, Analytic Geometry, Trigonometry, and Calculus. When the pandemic hit the Philippines, contextualized learning material aligned with the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) helped elective mathematics teachers. The contextualized learning material was developed from April to August 2020 and was first validated in February 2021 by the students who participated in the pilot testing. However, following the due process, it was suggested that I revalidate the IDEA-formatted Analytic Geometry and Trigonometry instructional material. It examines Eduardo Barretto Sr. National High School mathematics teachers and SDO Calamba City experts' evaluation of the content's topics, objectives, concepts, directions, and activities and the format's prints, illustrations, design, and layout. Participants' perceptions of learning material were assessed using a 4-point Likert Scale survey. Hence, descriptive quantitative design. Participants were surveyed using a 4-point Likert Scale to assess their learning content impression. The findings reveal that the participants found the format and content of the developed learning material to be very satisfactory. The indicators "localized" and "can be done independently" were viewed as Fair and Satisfactory, respectively. The learning material was enhanced by localizing the activities and giving directions that could facilitate self-learning.
Use of Video-Based Instruction With Code-Switching To Improve Students’ Attitudes And Performance
Authors: Deparon Rose Ann
Published: January 2024

In a world of extraordinary technological progress, teachers use a variety of ways to provide effective physical education classes. It demanded a transition from traditional to advanced digital learning. This study examined the effect of video-based instruction with code-switching on students' performance and attitudes in Physical Education. The research utilized a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with two groups of 78 senior high school students in Bukidnon, Philippines. The data were analyzed using the mean, standard deviation, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The data showed that the performance of the experimental group, who received video-based instruction with code-switching, improved significantly more than the control group from the pre-test to the post-test. However, there was no significant difference in post-test scores in students' attitudes towards the subject between those who received Video-Based Instruction with Code-Switching and those who did not. Consequently, the language used (code-switching) is an effective tool for instruction for improving student performance and attitudes. This paper may serve as a wake-up call for the Department of Education to advocate using local language in all K–-12 programs, not just at the primary levels, given that education is essential for building a better nation. PE teachers should take note of these consequences while creating lessons that support learning and cater to the requirements and interests of diverse students.
Restoration of Ecological Management Practices among Keys Attractions in 2nd District of Albay: A Basis for Sustainable Tourism Operations
Authors: Longaza Justin
Published: January 2024

Restoration of Ecological Management Practices involves activities for the accessibility and protection of Tourist Attraction sites and the benefits of stakeholders for sustainability and development. This study dealt with restoring the environment and health safety, restoring increasing problems concerning natural calamities in the Tourist Attraction sites in the Second District of Albay, particularly in Manito, Daraga, Legazpi City, and Camalig. The data gathered were analyzed and interpreted employing the mixed method of research. Descriptive quantitative was used to analyze the data collected through the use of a questionnaire, constructed interviews to validate gathered data, and analysis of reports and documents. The study revealed the relevance and benefits of Eco-Tourism Management and Sustainability as they proposed Eco-Tourism Plans and activities to address the issue. Analyzed data revealed an Average level of awareness using given variables as proven and identified. Furthermore, there was a Moderate Impact on Indicator: Eco-Tourism Management Sustainability of Ecotourism with fully practiced and practiced. Tourist Sports owners and people in the community demand environmental awareness to protect Tourism Destinations in Albay, particularly in the Second District, as well as the other forms of maintaining Tourist Attractions. Tourism activities vary depending on stakeholders and government officials managing the activities.
Digital Competence, Attitude, and Technology Utilization in Physical Education: Implication to Instructional Strategy
Authors: Belisario Oman
Published: January 2024

The digital revolution in education presents formidable challenges for teachers and students, particularly in regions with limited access to comprehensive training and reliable internet connections. This study examined the teachers' level of digital competence, attitude toward digital instruction, and utilization of digital technology as an instructional strategy. It also investigated the relationships between these variables and whether they predict teachers' preparedness for using digital technology in physical education. This descriptive correlational and causal-predictive research was gathered from the randomly selected 300 students in a public senior high school in Bukidnon, Philippines. The results revealed that teachers generally demonstrated a high level of preparedness, positive attitudes, and extensive technology utilization in physical education. Moreover, the study established significant relationships among digital competence, attitude, and technology use, further revealing attitude as the most influential predictor of teachers' utilization of digital technology as a physical educational instructional strategy. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the crucial role of nurturing positive attitudes and enhancing digital literacy among teachers to facilitate effective technology integration in physical education. It underscores the ongoing need for continuous teacher training and support to improve competence and attitude.
Ensino Religioso na Base Nacional Curricular Comum
Authors: Ferreira de Souza Lidyane María
Published: January 2024

O Ensino religioso é a única disciplina escolar prevista na Constituição Federal de 1988. Por influência cristã, este componente curricular tem estado presente em todas as Constituições brasileiras, desde 1934, e sua regulamentação na LDB, menos de uma década após a Constituição de 1988, passou por importantes alterações. Em 2010, o Conselho Nacional de Educação definiu o Ensino Religioso como uma das cinco áreas de conhecimento do Ensino Fundamental e, em 2018, o então Ministério da Educação publicou o documento da Base Curricular Comum, cuja revogação tem sido reivindicada por movimentos de grupos representativos de profissionais da educação. O artigo analisa a área de Ensino Religioso deste documento, verificando se a concepção de religião adotada e a descrição de unidades temáticas, objetos de conhecimento e habilidades contemplam as religiões de matrizes africanas. Conclui-se que a concepção de religião presente na BNCC, assim como o desrespeito à Lei 10.639/2003, tornam o Ensino Religioso pouco receptivo a religiões de matrizes africanas e inadequado ao combate ao racismo religioso.
A Comprehensive Review on Aminochelates: Advances and Applications in Plant Nutrition
Authors: Ram Keval , Ninama A. R. , Choudhary Raghuveer , Solanki B. P.
Published: January 2024

This comprehensive review explores the advances and applications of aminochelates in plant nutrition, shedding light on their significance and impact in modern agricultural practices. Aminochelates, which consist of metal ions chelated with amino acids, have gained substantial attention for their role in enhancing nutrient uptake and addressing deficiencies in various plant species. The review begins by delving into the fundamental principles of aminochelation and the unique properties that make these compounds highly effective in facilitating nutrient absorption by plants. The interaction between aminochelates and different nutrient elements is examined, providing insights into the mechanisms that contribute to improved nutrient availability in the soil and subsequent uptake by plant roots. Furthermore, the paper discusses the role of aminochelates in mitigating nutrient stress and enhancing plant growth and development. The review incorporates a comprehensive analysis of research findings, including studies on diverse crops, soil types, and environmental conditions. Special attention is given to the safety of aminochelates for plants and the environment, ensuring a balanced evaluation of their overall impact on sustainable agriculture. Additionally, the review explores recent technological advancements and innovations related to the synthesis and application of aminochelates, highlighting emerging trends and potential future developments in the field of plant nutrition.The synthesis methods, application strategies, and their efficacy in different agricultural  settings are critically assessed. In conclusion, this review provides a thorough understanding of aminochelates, emphasizing their significance as a promising tool for improving plant  nutrition. The insights presented in this paper contribute to the existing knowledge base, guiding future research directions and applications in the realm of sustainable and efficient agricultural practices.
Effect of Irrigation Scheduling and Different Sowing Dates on Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Kumar Pravesh , Dheer Vineet , Kumar Pradeep , Singh Jaykar , Singh Krishna Kumar , Kumar Yogesh , Singh Anil Kumar
Published: January 2024

The study was conducted at Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Ayodhya (U.P.) Agronomy Research Farm in rabi season 2021-22. Twelve main plot treatments included 15th November, 25th November, and 5th December sowing dates, while four sub plot treatments included irrigation at 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 IW/CPE ratios. Split plot design was used for three replications. Under 15th November sowing, all growth, yield, and characteristics rose dramatically. Irrigating at 1.0 IW/CPE ratio increased wheat shoot m-2, plant height (cm), dry matter accumulation (g m-2), yield characteristics, grain and straw yield (q ha-1) considerably. Wheat yields were highest when sown on November 15. Under 15th November planting, water use efficiency was highest (9.85 kg ha-1mm-1). Out of all treatments, 15th Nov planting had the highest biological (128.21 q ha-1) and seed yield (51.43 q ha-1) and irrigation on 1.0 IW/CPE had the highest biological (127.18 q ha-1) and seed yield (50.83 Maximum Harvest Index was 40.11 percent with 15th November planting and 1.0 IW/CPE ratio irrigation (39.96%).
Formulation and in vitro Evaluation of a Novel Gastroretentive Gas-Generating Floating Matrix Tablets of Domperidone
Authors: Mustafa Muhammad Abid , Shahzad Seerat , Tariq Zuha , Asghar Obeda , Ali Umar , Zaka Rabia , Suffyan Muhammad , Yaqoob Muhammad Junaid , Riaz Rimsha , Ali Kaif , Ahmed Umair , Safdar Aneeza , Aamir Muhammad , Iqbal Muhammad Zahid
Published: January 2024

Aim and Objective: Domperidone floating matrix tablets were developed to increase the drug's bioavailability by prolonging its stomach residence time. These systems aim to provide controlled release, enhanced bioavailability, and improved patient compliance compared to conventional systems, especially for drugs with prolonged gastric residence.

Methodology: The wet granulation method was employed in formulating the tablets, utilizing polymers such as carboxymethylcellulose and carbopol. Various physical attributes of the tablets, including hardness, thickness, friability, weight variation, FTIR, XRD, drug content, and floating properties, were evaluated. Furthermore, the 12-hour in vitro drug release properties of the tablets were examined.

Results: As the tablets floated in the dissolving medium, they exhibited extended and sustained drug release characteristics. It was established that the drug release mechanism from these tablets followed Fickian diffusion, highlighting the crucial roles played by polymer rearrangement and water diffusion in the process of drug release. The choice of the optimal formulation (F3) was based on its in vitro characteristics.

Conclusion: The investigations conducted affirmed that the tablets are poised to deliver the intended therapeutic effects while maintaining an optimal residence time in the stomach, coupled with prolonged drug release.
The Application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) In the Computational Optimization of Sustained Release (SR) For Phenothiazine Derivative Matrix Tablet
Authors: Thakur Shiva Kant , Pal Rahul , Jha Devanand , Dutta Prottay , Pandey Prachi , Tripathi Bhuneshwar Dutta , Rizwan Mohammad , Ojha Shradha , Divya  , Singh Ravindra Pal
Published: January 2024

Introduction: This study explores the use of Response Surface Methodology (RSM), a statistical optimization technique, to optimize the SR properties of prochlorperazine maleate (PCM) matrix tablets. PCM is a phenothiazine derivative used for treating schizophrenia, nausea, and vomiting. Sustained-release formulations offer extended drug delivery, potentially improving patient compliance and reducing side effects. RSM helps identify optimal combinations of critical formulation factors influencing drug release, such as polymer type and concentration, filler type, and drug/polymer ratio. The study likely involves designing experiments based on chosen RSM designs (e.g., Box-Behnken) with varying factor levels. Formulate SR tablets with different factor combinations. Evaluating the drug release profiles of each tablet formulation. Analyzing data using RSM software to build mathematical models relating factors to drug release and identifying optimal factor combinations that maximize desired release characteristics.
Objective: The ongoing research purpose to improve the advancement of a sustained release tablet containing Phenothiazine derivative PCM loaded matrix. This is achieved by utilizing DoE as a computational method to statistically validate the formulation.
Methodology: Basically two methods involved in the formulation using direct compression; a simple and efficient method where all dry ingredients are blended and directly compressed into tablets.
Results: The obtained outcomes closely matched the anticipated values derived from the experimental setup. The enhanced PCM matrix tablets demonstrated a prolonged and uniform discharge of PCM over a span of 6 hours.
Conclusion: This study Based on a 23 FD, response surface methodology was used to successfully develop the current research of PCM matrix tablets for sustained release application. The corresponding contour plots and 3D response methodology represent the important variables for the optimisation process.
Use of protective equipment among California farmers
Authors: Schenker Marc B. , Orenstein Marla R. , Samuels Steven J.
Published: October 2002

Background

Agriculture is a hazardous industry associated with many occupational injuries and illnesses. We describe California farmers' self‐reported exposure to five agricultural hazards and their use of protective equipment.

Methods

A telephone survey of 1,947 California farmers recorded information on occupational exposure, health outcomes and use of protective equipment to lessen risk from exposure to dust, sun, noise, pesticides and tractors.

Results

Over 93% of respondents reported using personal protection around pesticides; however, fewer than 1/3 used consistent protection against other hazards. Younger age and male sex were associated with better use of protection from dust, noise, pesticide and tractors, but negatively associated with sun protection. There was no consistent relationship of protective behaviors with cigarette smoking, living on the farm, marital status, or time in non‐administrative farmwork. Risk perception was strongly associated with behavior; farmers concerned about specific health problems were much more likely to use protective equipment.

Conclusions

Some farmer characteristics are associated with more safe behaviors, but efforts to encourage protective behaviors on farms should be broadly based in view of a lack of a single risk‐taking profile among California farmers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 42:455–464, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How did cells get their size?
Authors: Morris Catherine E.
Published: October 2002

Cells exercise size homeostasis, and the origins of their ability to do so is the topic of this essay. Before there were cells, there were protocells. The most basic questions about protocells as objects are: What were they made of, and how big were they? Asking how big they were implies that the answer to the first part includes a boundary. The best candidate for that boundary is a self‐assembling lipid bilayer. Therefore, protocells are defined here as Darwinian liposomes—bilayer vesicles with mutable on‐board replicases linked to phenotypes. Because liposomes undergo spontaneous fission and fusion, and are subject to osmotic forces, size regulation in the earliest protocells would essentially have been liposome physics. For successful protocells, averting osmotic lysis would have been the first order of business. However, from the outset size mattered too, because of sex and reproduction (i.e., genome mixing and genome copying in entities with phenotypes). Protocell fission and fusion would have blended seamlessly into protocell sex and reproduction, making any gene product that furnished control over protocell size changes doubly adaptive. A recurrent theme is the feedback role of bilayer tension in protocell size control. Ways in which primitive peptides and their aggregates (e.g., channels) might have allowed liposomes to gain improved volume and surface area homeostasis are suggested. Domain‐swapped proteins that polymerize as filaments are discussed as the origin of cytoskeleton structures that diversify and stabilize liposome shapes and sizes. Throughout, attention is paid to the question of set points for cell size. Anat Rec 268:239–251, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolution of glycosaminoglycans and their glycosyltransferases: Implications for the extracellular matrices of animals and the capsules of pathogenic bacteria
Authors: DeAngelis Paul L.
Published: October 2002

Glycosaminoglycans (linear polysaccharides with a repeating disaccharide backbone containing an amino sugar) are essential components of extracellular matrices of animals. These complex molecules play important structural, adhesion, and signaling roles in mammals. Direct detection of glycosaminoglycans has been reported in a variety of organisms, but perhaps more definitive tests for the glycosyltransferase genes should be utilized to clarify the distribution of glycosaminoglycans in metazoans. Recently, glycosyltransferases that form the hyaluronan, heparin/heparan, or chondroitin backbone were identified at the molecular level. The three types of glycosyltransferases appear to have evolved independently based on sequence comparisons and other characteristics. All metazoans appear to possess heparin/heparan. Chondroitin is found in some worms, arthropods, and higher animals. Hyaluronan is found only in two of the three main branches of chordates. The presence of several types of glycosaminoglycans in the body allows multiple communication channels and adhesion systems to operate simultaneously. Certain pathogenic bacteria produce extracellular coatings, called capsules, which are composed of glycosaminoglycans that increase their virulence during infection. The capsule helps shield the microbe from the host defenses and/or modulates host physiology. The bacterial and animal polysaccharides are chemically identical or at least very similar. Therefore, no immune response is generated, in contrast to the vast majority of capsular polymers from other bacteria. In microbial systems, it appears that in most cases functional convergent evolution of glycosaminoglycan glycosyltransferases occurred, rather than direct horizontal gene transfer from their vertebrate hosts. Anat Rec 268:317–326, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A randomized comparison of care provided by a clinical nurse specialist, an inpatient team, and a day patient team in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Tijhuis Gerhardus J. , Zwinderman Aeilko H. , Hazes Johanna M. W. , Van Den Hout Wilbert B. , Breedveld Ferdinand C. , Vliet Vlieland Theodora P. M.
Published: October 2002

Objectives

To compare in a randomized, controlled trial the clinical effectiveness of care delivered by a clinical nurse specialist, inpatient team care, and day patient team care in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who have increasing functional limitations.

Methods

Between December 1996 and January 1999, 210 patients with RA were recruited in the outpatient clinic of the rheumatology department of 6 academic and nonacademic hospitals. Clinical assessments recorded on study entry and weeks 6, 12, 26, and 52 included the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and the McMaster Toronto Arthritis Patient Preference Disability Questionnaire as primary outcome measures, and the RAND‐36 Item Health Survey, the Rheumatoid Arthritis Quality of Life questionnaire, the Health Utility Rating Scale, and the Disease Activity Score as secondary outcome measures. Patient satisfaction with care was measured on a visual analog scale in week 6 in all 3 groups and again in week 12 in the nurse specialist group.

Results

Within all 3 groups, functional status, quality of life, health utility, and disease activity improved significantly over time (P < 0.05). However, a comparison of clinical outcome among the 3 groups and a comparison between the nurse specialist group and the inpatient and day patient care groups together did not show any sustained significant differences. Subgroup analysis showed that age had a significant impact on differences between the 3 treatment groups with respect to functional outcome as measured with the HAQ (P < 0.001). With increasing age, the most favorable outcome shifted from care provided by a clinical nurse specialist and inpatient care to day patient care. Patients' satisfaction with care was significantly lower in the nurse specialist group than in the inpatient and day patient care groups (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Care provided by a clinical nurse specialist appears to have a similar clinical outcome in comparison with inpatient and day patient team care. Although all patients were highly satisfied with multidisciplinary care, patients who received care provided by a clinical nurse specialist were slightly less satisfied than those who received inpatient or day patient team care. Age appeared to be the only factor related to differences in functional outcome between the 3 treatment groups. The choice of management strategy may, apart from age, further be dependent on the availability of facilities, the preferences of patients and health care providers, and economic considerations.
Putative neurohemal release zones in the stomatogastric nervous system of decapod crustaceans
Authors: Skiebe Petra , Wollenschläger Tina
Published: October 2002

The stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) of decapod crustaceans has long been used to study the modulation of small neural circuits. Profiles in the sheath of the nerves and ganglia of the STNS, which contain only dense‐core vesicles, have been described in electron microscopical studies (Friend [1976] Cell Tissue Res. 175:369–380; Kilman and Marder [1997] Soc Neurosci Abstr. 23:477; Skiebe and Ganeshina [2000] J Comp Neurol 420:373–397). These profiles resemble those found in neurohemal organs and suggest the presence of neurohemal release zones in the STNS. To map these putative neurohemal release zones, a combination of two antibodies was used in the present study. A synapsin antibody recognizing vesicle proteins of clear vesicles was combined with a synaptotagmin antibody recognizing vesicle proteins of clear and dense‐core vesicles. Exclusive synaptotagmin‐like staining, therefore, indicated the regions with only dense‐core vesicles. Such a staining was found in a mesh in the perineural sheath of nerves in the STNS of all three species investigated. In the crayfish Cherax destructor and the lobster Homarus americanus, the stained mesh was located in the sheath of nerves connecting all four ganglia of the STNS, whereas in the crab Cancer pagurus it was found on different nerves, which are more directly exposed to the hemolymph in this species. Exclusive synaptotagmin‐like staining was also found in a putative neurohemal release zone in the sheath of the circumoesophageal connectives and the postoesophageal commissure in C. destructor. These data suggest that an important source of modulation of the networks and the muscles of the stomach is a compartmentalized release of neurohormones from zones in the STNS. J. Comp. Neurol. 453:280–291, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nogo‐receptor gene activity: Cellular localization and developmental regulation of mRNA in mice and humans
Authors: Josephson Anna , Trifunovski Alexandra , Widmer Hans Ruedi , Widenfalk Johan , Olson Lars , Spenger Christian
Published: October 2002

Nogo (reticulon‐4) is a myelin‐associated protein that is expressed in three different splice variants, Nogo‐A, Nogo‐B, and Nogo‐C. Nogo‐A inhibits neurite regeneration in the central nervous system. Messenger RNA encoding Nogo is expressed in oligodendrocytes and central and peripheral neurons, but not in astrocytes or Schwann cells. Nogo is a transmembraneous protein; the extracellular domain is termed Nogo‐66, and a Nogo‐66‐receptor (Nogo‐R) has been identified. We performed in situ hybridization in human and mouse nervous tissues to map the cellular distribution of Nogo‐R gene activity patterns in fetal and adult human spinal cord and sensory ganglia, adult human brain, and the nervous systems of developing and adult mice. In the human fetus Nogo‐R was transcribed in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and in dorsal root ganglia. In adult human tissues Nogo‐R gene activity was found in neocortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and a subset of large and medium‐sized neurons of the dorsal root ganglia. Nogo‐R mRNA was not expressed in the adult human spinal cord at detectable levels. In the fetal mouse, Nogo‐R was diffusely expressed in brain, brainstem, trigeminal ganglion, spinal cord, and dorsal root ganglia at all stages. In the adult mouse strong Nogo‐R mRNA expression was found in neurons in neocortex, hippocampus, amygdala, habenula, thalamic nuclei, brainstem, the granular cell layer of cerebellum, and the mitral cell layer of the olfactory bulb. Neurons in the adult mouse striatum, the medial septal nucleus, and spinal cord did not express Nogo‐R mRNA at detectable levels. In summary, Nogo‐66‐R mRNA expression in humans and mice was observed in neurons of the developing nervous system Expression was downregulated in the adult spinal cord of both species, and specific expression patterns were seen in the adult brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 453:292–304, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The synthesis and characterization of 2‐Trideuteriomethyl and 2,2‐Di(trideuteriomethyl) Aryl Ketones
Authors: Coumbarides Gregory S. , Eames Jason , Weerasooriya Neluka
Published: October 2002

Results are reported on the synthesis and characterization of a variety of trideuteriomethyl aryl ketones. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and synthesis of fluorine‐18 labeled matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors for cancer imaging
Authors: Furumoto Shozo , Iwata Ren , Ido Tatsuo
Published: October 2002

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are key enzymes involved in cancer invasion and metastasis. New 18F‐labeled MMP inhibitors (1a–c) has been designed and synthesized for cancer imaging by positron emmision tomography. The precursors were synthesized in four steps starting from D‐form of amino acids. Radiosynthesis of 1a–c were carried out by simple one‐pot synthesis. The resulting radiofluorinated MMP inhibitors were obtained in overall radiochemical yields of 13–43% (EOB, decay corrected) within 60–70 min (including final preparative HPLC separation). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
tRNA discrimination by T. thermophilus phenylalanyl–tRNA synthetase at the binding step
Authors: Vasil'eva Inna A. , Ankilova Valentina N. , Lavrik Olga I. , Moor Nina A.
Published: October 2002

The extent of tRNA recognition at the level of binding by Thermus thermophilus phenylalanyl‐tRNA synthetase (PheRS), one of the most complex class II synthetases, has been studied by independent measurements of the enzyme association with wild‐type and mutant tRNAPhes as well as with non‐cognate tRNAs. The data obtained, combined with kinetic data on aminoacylation, clearly show that PheRS exhibits more tRNA selectivity at the level of binding than at the level of catalysis. The anticodon nucleotides involved in base‐specific interactions with the enzyme prevail both in the initial binding recognition and in favouring aminoacylation catalysis. Tertiary nucleotides of base pair G19‐C56 and base triple U45‐G10‐C25 contribute primarily to stabilization of the correctly folded tRNAPhe structure, which is important for binding. Other nucleotides of the central core (U20, U16 and of the A26‐G44 tertiary base pair) are involved in conformational adjustment of the tRNA upon its interaction with the enzyme. The specificity of nucleotide A73, mutation of which slightly reduces the catalytic rate of aminoacylation, is not displayed at the binding step. A few backbone‐mediated contacts of PheRS with the acceptor and anticodon stems revealed in the crystal structure do not contribute to tRNAPhe discrimination, their role being limited to stabilization of the complex. The highest affinity of T. thermophilus PheRS for cognate tRNA, observed for synthetase–tRNA complexes, results in 100–3000‐fold binding discrimination against non‐cognate tRNAs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DAPI binding to the DNA minor groove: a continuum solvent analysis
Authors: De Castro L. F. Pineda , Zacharias M.
Published: October 2002

A continuum solvent model based on the generalized Born (GB) or finite‐difference Poisson–Boltzmann (FDPB) approaches has been employed to compare the binding of 4′‐6‐diamidine‐2‐phenyl indole (DAPI) to the minor groove of various DNA sequences. Qualitative agreement between the results of GB and FDPB approaches as well as between calculated and experimentally observed trends regarding the sequence specificity of DAPI binding to B‐DNA was obtained. Calculated binding energies were decomposed into various contributions to solvation and DNA–ligand interaction. DNA conformational adaptation was found to make a favorable contribution to the calculated total interaction energy but did not change the DAPI binding affinity ranking of different DNA sequences. The calculations indicate that closed complex formation is mainly driven by nonpolar contributions and was found to be disfavored electrostatically due to a desolvation penalty that outbalances the attractive Coulomb interaction. The calculated penalty was larger for DAPI binding to GC‐rich sequences compared with AT‐rich target sequences and generally larger for the FDPB vs the GB continuum model. A radial interaction profile for DAPI at different distances from the DNA minor groove revealed an electrostatic energy minimum a few Angstroms farther away from the closed binding geometry. The calculated electrostatic interaction up to this distance is attractive and it may stabilize a nonspecific binding arrangement. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methylester, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, diminishes apoptosis induced by ischemia‐reperfusion in the rat bladder
Authors: Saito Motoaki , Miyagawa Ikuo
Published: October 2002

Aims.

To evaluated the effects of NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methylester (L‐NAME), a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, on apoptosis induced by ischemia‐reperfusion injury in the rat through a muscle bath and TUNEL staining.

Methods.

The rat abdominal aorta was clamped to induce ischemia‐reperfusion (I‐R) injury in the rat bladder dome with or without L‐NAME (30 mg/kg, i.p. 30 minutes before the ischemia) according to our previous reports [Saito et al., 1998 Life Sci. 62:PL149–56; Saito and Miyagawa, 1999 J. Urol. 162:1490–5]. Some rats were exposed to 30 minutes of ischemia only, whereas others also received 30 minutes, 3 days, or 7 days of reperfusion after the ischemia. Muscle bath studies with carbachol and 100 mM KCl were performed to confirm the bladder function. TUNEL and hematoxylin and eosin staining were performed in the experimental rat bladders to detect apoptosis.

Results.

The contractile responses of the rat bladder dome after 30 minutes of ischemia differed slightly, not significantly, from those of controls. Reperfusion (30 minutes) produced significant reductions in the contractile responses to carbachol and KCl in the rat bladders. The treatment with L‐NAME significantly reduced the extent of reperfusion injury, as judged by pharmacologic experiments. At 3 and 7 days after the induction of ischemia‐reperfusion, the contractile responses were improved compared with the 30‐minute reperfusion group. For each duration group, treatment with L‐NAME significantly increased the contractile responses compared with the I‐R group without L‐NAME. Ischemia‐reperfusion induced apoptosis, and the peak in TUNEL‐positive cells was observed 3 days after the insult. Preteatment with L‐NAME reduced the induction of apoptosis.

Conclusion.

Our data indicated treatment with L‐NAME can reduce apoptosis induced by ischemia‐reperfusion in the bladder. Neurourol. Urodynam. 21:566–571, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urodynamic evaluation of the human bladder response tgo an increase in outlet resistance
Authors: Engel Jason D. , Jacobs Dan , Konsur Bogdan , Megaridis Constantine M. , Bushman Wade
Published: October 2002

Aim.

We prospectively evaluated the response of the human bladder to a chronic increase in urethral resistance according to the indices of pressure, volume flow rate, total (external) bladder work, and maximum and average detrusor power.

Methods.

Six men with incontinence after radical prostatectomy were evaluated urodynamically before and 3–6 months after undergoing a bulbourethral sling procedure.

Results.

None of the men suffered from significant obstructive or irritative voiding symptoms preoperatively. Urodynamic evaluation showed postoperative increases in both average detrusor pressure and pressure at maximum flow, but there were no significant changes in voided volume, void time, or postvoid residual urine volume. Maximum detrusor power, average detrusor power, and total (external) bladder work were all significantly increased.

Conclusion.

These data confirm that the human bladder possesses a functional reserve, which is elicited by an increase in urethral resistance. Neurourol. Urodynam. 21:524–528, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zebrafish as a model for hearing and deafness
Authors: Whitfield Tanya T.
Published: October 2002

The zebrafish is an especially attractive model for the study of the development and function of the vertebrate inner ear. It combines rapid and accessible embryogenesis with a host of genetic and genomic tools for systematic gene discovery and analysis. A large collection of mutations affecting development and function of the ear and a related sensory system, the lateral line, have been isolated; several of these have now been cloned, and at least five provide models for human deafness disorders. Disruption of multiple genes, using both forward and reverse genetic approaches, has established key players—both signaling molecules and autonomous factors—responsible for induction and specification of the otic placode. Vestibular and auditory defects have been detected in adult animals, making the zebrafish a useful system in which to tackle the genetic causes of late onset deafness and vestibular disease. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 53: 157–171, 2002