bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digital parenting in the 21st century: Development and validation of a new digital parenting scale
Authors: Ferguson Amanda M , Richards Matthew , Gunschera Lukas , Mutak Augustin , Goldberg Rachel , Modecki Kathryn , Orben Amy
Published: February 2025

Around the world, adolescents are more digitally connected than ever, and access to digital devices has become a lightning rod of conflict in many homes. To date, research on best practices in digital parenting has been hampered by the absence of a well validated measure that reflects the realities of parenting in the contemporary digital age. Here, we developed a digital parenting scale across three separate samples (N = 1,050). The digital parenting scale (DPS) was shown to be a reliable and valid measure of six distinct types of digital parenting strategies, aligning with six analytic factors: regulation (i.e., using rules and restriction to regulate adolescent use of technology), boundary negotiation (i.e., balancing adolescent and parent needs and goals with respect to adolescent technology use), co-use (i.e., parents and adolescents using digital devices together), mediation (i.e., teaching and offering guidance related to safe use of technology), monitoring by proxy (i.e., using friends and family to monitor adolescent technology use), and technological monitoring (i.e., using technology to assist parents in monitoring adolescent technology use). We found broad associations between each of the six factors of the digital parenting scale and well-established measures of general parenting practices, suggesting that digital parenting is an extension of one’s general parenting strategies.
Partisan biases in social information use
Authors: Molleman Lucas , Gradassi Andrea , Sultan Mubashir , van den Bos Wouter
Published: February 2025

Preferential learning from like-minded others can help individuals acquire adaptive knowledge and socially appropriate behaviour, but it can also reinforce echo chambers and fuel polarization. Ingroup bias is well-documented in the social transmission of opinions, attitudes, and values. However, important questions about its role in the integration of social information when forming factual beliefs are outstanding. We present a naturalistic yet controlled experiment showing that social information is most impactful when provided by ingroup rather than outgroup sources. Participants predicted the 2020 US elections by state and could adjust their predictions after observing the prediction of a Democrat or a Republican. Adjustments were largest when observing fellow-partisans, and when social information favoured the participants’ party. Exploratory analyses reveal that these partisan biases are driven by Republican participants. Our findings help understand the variation of social information use along political orientations and its consequences for belief polarization in increasingly fragmented populations.
Lonely people with high self-efficacy are more resistant to depression: Cross-sectional study of the adult population
Authors: Meier Zdenek , Mečkovský Filip , Licka Patrik , Novák Lukas , Furstova Jana , Malinakova Klara , Tavel Petr
Published: February 2025

BackgroundLoneliness is considered to be a global public health problem with significant consequences for physical and mental well-being. It is associated with an increased risk of depression, anxiety and other adverse health outcomes. Although previous research has examined the relationship between loneliness and mental health, the role of self-efficacy as a potential moderating factor remains under-researched. The aim of this study is to examine the associations between loneliness, self-efficacy, depression and anxiety in a large representative sample of the general adult population in the Czech Republic.MethodsThe data (n = 1193; 50.3±15.5; 57% males) were collected in April 2021 through a cross-sectional study design, with an adult population, using an online survey. We measured anxiety (The Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale; OASIS), depression (The Overall Depression Severity and Impairment Scale; ODSIS), loneliness (The Three-Item Loneliness Scale; TILS) and self-efficacy (General Self-Efficacy Scale; GSES). Statistical analysis was performed using binary logistic regression, Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), Wilcoxon rank-sum and the Kruskal-Wallis test. ResultsPeople with higher loneliness were more likely to experience anxiety (odds ratio [OR] = 1.79, p < 0.001) and depression (OR = 1.77, p < 0.001); self-efficacy was associated with lower likelihood of these symptoms by 9% (OR = 0.91, p < 0.001). The SEM analysis revealed that loneliness was significantly associated with both anxiety and depression; higher self-efficacy significantly moderated the loneliness–depression relationship (β = -0.08, p = 0.03) by weakening this association.ConclusionLoneliness is associated with higher depressive and anxiety symptoms, while self-efficacy is the opposite. High self-efficacy is associated with a reduction in the negative mental health impacts of loneliness, which can be used in intervention programmes for vulnerable groups. The causal relationship should be tested in future studies.Keywordsloneliness, anxiety, depression, self-efficacy, OASIS, ODSIS
Structural hypocrisy in humanitarian aid: a justice-oriented counter-story of how donors fund both relief and destruction in Gaza
Authors: Pathak Pathik , Jacob Chandni , Espejo Irene Ruiz , Bastable Emily , Boxall Jessica , Norton Frankie
Published: February 2025

Background: The latest military assault on Gaza by Israel, which began after 7 October 2023, has led to an unprecedented humanitarian catastrophe, with tens of thousands killed, nearly two million displaced, and famine officially declared in 2024. The near-total siege cut off food, water, electricity, and medical supplies, while relentless bombardments destroyed critical infrastructure, rendering Gaza unliveable. Many donor nations have simultaneously provided humanitarian aid to Gaza while supplying military assistance to Israel, underscoring the structural hypocrisy in international responses to the catastrophe in Gaza. Methods: In this article, we introduce and develop the concept of justice-oriented counter-stories (JOCS) to critically examine how quantitative datasets on humanitarian aid flows can distort reality and obscure key disparities. Using aid to Gaza in 2023–2024 as a case study, we apply JOCS to identify biases in official reporting and make statistical adjustments to offer an alternative perspective. Results: Our justice-oriented analytical lens shows how the countries humanitarian aid rankings shift significantly when we factor in donor nations’ GDP, and the structural hypocrisy of offering humanitarian aid while simultaneously providing significant military assistance to Israel. Our paper also identifies some of the key methodological challenges in making such adjustments.Conclusion: We conclude by emphasising the broader implications of “justice-oriented counter-stories” for understanding not only aid flows, but social justice and the representation of social and environmental issues.
Critical Pedagogy in Higher Education: EFL Teachers' Perceptions and Classroom Applications
Authors: Adhikari Devi Prasad , Pandey Gopal Prasad
Published: February 2025

Critical Pedagogy (CP) is a radical approach in education that transforms English as Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms into a discursive, interactive, and dialogic platform for raising students' voices. The practice of CP in the classroom helps teachers to patronize their students’ oppressive voices. This study explored the perceptions and practices of critical pedagogy among higher-level EFL teachers. This is a qualitative study. It comprises a small sample; representing each university-level EFL teacher from different five colleges in Dhading district in Nepal. We used semi-structured interviews to collect information. The findings indicate that EFL teachers teaching at higher levels in Nepal are aware of students' voices. They are practicing CP in their classrooms although they do not sound principally knowledgeable on CP. The practices of CP have fostered classroom environments supportive of hearing students' suppressive voices. The teachers exhibited a positive stance on the importance of students' voices within the classroom, actively listening to students’ interactions and encouraging their critical involvement in classroom dialogues. More broadly, classroom attentions by teachers to individual students are required to better practice CP.
Emerging Trends and Geographical Influences on Yoga: A Study of Yogic Practices
Authors: Shrestha Suman Kumar , Adhikari Sapana , Karky Jant Raj , Timsina Saroj Kumar
Published: February 2025

This study explores the complex interplay between geography and yoga, highlighting how geographical factors such as location, climate, and time of day influence yogic practices, and discusses the various ways in which these elements of place, climate, and time interlink with and impact the practice of yoga. The idea of yoga evolved from the very roots of Indus Saraswati Valley Civilization in order to integrate body, mind, and spirit into the environment to ensure well-being. The Sanskrit word "Yuj" means "to unite" and shows yoga's goal of balancing mind and body. Employing qualitative descriptive methods, including interviews, in Kerabari Municipality, Nepal, the research highlights the influence of geographical contexts on the practice and benefits of yoga. The concept of Yoga-Geography underscores yoga's adaptability across time and space, enhancing physical fitness, mental clarity, emotional stability, and educational harmony. The reviews of the history of yoga throughout five key periods: the Vedic period, which focused on spirituality around 3000–4000 BCE; the Pre-Classical period, which spoke of philosophical ideas in the Upanishads from 2000–1000 BCE; the Classical era, when Patanjali organized yoga into a system from 184–148 BCE; the Post-Classical period, which introduced practices like Tantra and Hatha Yoga from 800–1700 AD; and the Modern era, which saw yoga spread throughout the world from 1700 AD to the present. A blend of ancient tradition and the present world, yoga continues to foster personal and collective growth, environmental awareness, and well-being in general. The practice of yoga is influenced by the environment, with climates shaping whether people practice more active or relaxing postures, and time affecting whether sessions focus on energy or relaxation. Nepal’s spiritual traditions draw people looking for a traditional yoga experience. The research highlights how the climate influences different yoga asanas and how time of day affects the focus of yoga sessions. It also contrasts global yoga trends with Nepal's spiritual heritage, showing how yoga practices are interconnected with both cultural and environmental factors.
Contribution of Social Media to the Growth of Small and Medium Enterprises in Chitwan
Authors: Dahal Chhetri Ashmita
Published: February 2025

This study's primary goal is to investigate how social media affects the expansion of small businesses and medium enterprises, with a particular emphasis on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Chitwan. A descriptive and causal-comparative analysis was used in this study. The study's demographic consists of all Chitwan SME owners who use social media to market their goods and services. A total of 160 responders were chosen through the application of the purposive sampling technique. A standardized questionnaire that was individually presented was used to conduct a survey and gather the primary data needed for the investigation. In this study, statistical methods such as regressions, correlation, mean, and standard deviation were employed. The reliability has been tested using Cronbach’s alpha. Social media marketing, social media personalization, and social media customer service are the independent variables. Social media-driven business growth is a dependent variable. The respondents most strongly agreed that social media is one of the most crucial components of business growth. Pearson’s correlation coefficient indicates a positive correlation between the independent variable of social media marketing and the dependent variable of small and medium-sized business growth. The dependent variable of small and medium-sized business growth and social media customer service suggest a positive correlation. The results indicate that social media customer service and the expansion of SMEs are significantly correlated.
आलोचनात्मक शिक्षण कार्यान्वयनका सन्दर्भमा शिक्षकको अनुभूति तथा धारणाहरू
Authors: शाह राजेन्द्रकुमार
Published: February 2025

शिक्षक केन्द्रित शिक्षण विधिले विद्यार्थीहरूले पाठ्यक्रमको विषयवस्तु जस्ताको त्यस्तै ग्रहण गरी पुनःउत्पादन गर्नुपर्ने कुरामा जोड दिन्छ । यसले विषयवस्तु र शिक्षकलाई केन्द्रमा राख्दछ । यद्यपि सिकारु केन्द्रित शिक्षण विधिले विषयवस्तुभन्दा पनि सिकाइ कसरी प्रभावकारी हुन्छ भन्ने कुरामा जोड दिन्छ र सिकारुलाई केन्द्रबिन्दु मान्दछ तर आलोचनात्मक शिक्षणले समाजको रूपान्तरणलाई केन्द्रबिन्दु मान्छ । यसले सिकारु केन्द्रित शिक्षण विधिलाई नै आधार मानेको हुन्छ तर यसको मुख्य उद्देश्य सामाजिक न्याय स्थापना गरी समाज रूपान्तरण गर्नु हो । यसर्थ आलोचनात्मक शिक्षणले समाजमा रहेको असमानतालाई हटाउन समाजलाई रूपान्तरण गर्ने लक्ष्य राखेको हुन्छ । यस अध्ययनको मुख्य उद्देश्य आलोचनात्मक शिक्षण विधिबाट बालबालिकाहरूलाई शिक्षण गरी उनीहरूको व्यवहार र सिकाइ प्रक्रियामा रूपान्तरण गर्नु हो । यस अध्ययनमा कैलाली जिल्लामा सञ्चालित गैरसरकारी परियोजनामा आपूm कार्यरत रहँदा बालबालिकाहरूलाई आलोचनात्मक शिक्षण विधि प्रयोग गरी शिक्षण गर्दा सामना गर्नुपरेको चुनौती र जिज्ञासाहरूलाई कथाका रूपमा प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । यसका साथै आलोचनात्मक शिक्षणको कार्यान्वयनका अनुभव, धारणा र सुझाव पनि प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनमा कथा विधि (Narrative Inquiry) को प्रयोग गरिएको छ र मैले उक्त मेरो कथाका बारेमा आफ्ना दुई जना सहकर्मीहरूसँग संवाद (Dialogue) गरी त्यसका बारेमा आलोचनात्मक विश्लेषण पनि गरेको छु । यस अध्ययनले नेपालजस्तो गरिब मुलुकमा थुप्रै आर्थिक, सामाजिक, शैक्षिक र राजनीतिक विभेद र असन्तुलनहरू भएकाले नेपालको विद्यालय तहका विभिन्न विषयहरूमा विभिन्न विषयवस्तुहरू शिक्षणका लागि आलोचनात्मक शिक्षण प्रभावकारी विधि बन्न सक्छ र यस विधिबाट नेपाली समाजलाई रूपान्तरण गर्न सकिन्छ भन्ने कुरा देखाएको छ ।
खस मातृभाषी विद्यार्थीले नेपाली भाषा सिकाइमा गरेका त्रुटिको विश्लेषण
Authors: खत्री प्रकाश
Published: February 2025

सिकारुले भाषा सिकाइका क्रममा विभिन्न त्रुटि गर्दछन् । त्रुटि भाषाका चारओटै सिप सुनाइ, बोलाइ, पढाइ र लेखाइमा हुन्छन् । त्रुटि मातृभाषामा मात्र होइन, दोस्रो वा अन्य भाषा सिकाइका क्रममा पनि हुन्छन् । सिकारुले कुन प्रकृतिका त्रुटि गर्दछन् ? ती त्रुटि के कारणले वा कसरी हुन्छन् ? तिनीहरूको निराकरणका उपाय के–के हुन् भनी अध्ययन विश्लेषण गर्ने पद्धतिलाई त्रुटिविश्लेषण भनिन्छ । त्रुटिको अध्ययनबाट ज्ञानको स्तर र सिक्न बाँकी रहेका कुरा पत्ता लगाउन सकिन्छ । सिकारुले गरेका त्रुटि सङ्कलन, वर्गीकरण, व्याख्या र वर्णन गरी सिकाइमा रहेका खास–खास समस्याका आधारमा समाधान निकाल्न सकिन्छ । प्रस्तुत लेख खस मातृभाषी विद्यार्थीले नेपाली उच्चारण र लेखाइमा गर्ने त्रुटिको अध्ययनमा केन्द्रित छ । यसको मुख्य उद्देश्य खस मातृभाषी विद्यार्थीले नेपाली उच्चारण र लेखाइमा गर्ने त्रुटि पत्ता लगाउनु रहेको छ । तथ्याङ्क सङ्कलन गर्दा अन्तर्वार्ता, मौखिक उच्चारण तथा लिखित प्रश्नहरूको उत्तर लेख्न लगाइएको छ । विद्यार्थीहरूलाई शीर्षक दिएर लिखित रूपमा निबन्ध लेख्न लगाउनुको साथै स्वतन्त्र रूपमा वक्तृता र संवाद गराइएको छ । खस मातृभाषाका बारेमा पूर्वप्रकाशित पुस्तक, लेख र पत्रपत्रिकाको समीक्षा गरिएको छ । तथ्याङ्क विश्लेषण गर्दा वर्णनात्मक, तुलनात्मक र विश्लेषणात्मक विधि प्रयोग गरिएको छ । व्याख्या विश्लेषणको मूल आधार पाठविश्लेषण पद्धतिलाई बनाइएको छ । आफ्नो मातृभाषा भाषीहरूको अर्को भाषाप्रतिको अस्वीकृत रूप नै त्रुटिको मुख्य कारण हो । त्रुटि भनेको सामान्य स्वीकृत भाषाको रूपबाट पर जानु वा विचलन हुनु हो । यस लेखमा विषय परिचय, त्रुटिविश्लेषणको सैद्धान्तिक पर्याधार, अनुसन्धानको समस्या, उद्देश्य, विधि र प्रक्रिया, खस मातृभाषी विद्यार्थीका नेपाली भाषाको उच्चारण र लेखाइगत त्रुटिको विश्लेषण गरी अन्त्यमा निष्कर्ष प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । खस मातृभाषी विद्यार्थीलाई नेपाली उच्चारण र लेखाइमा निकै कठिनाइ भएको, शब्दभण्डार, शब्दोच्चारणका तरिका र लबज भिन्न भएकाले नेपाली भाषाका सुनाइ, बोलाइ, पढाइ तथा लेखाइमा त्रुटि हुने गरेको निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।
Preparing TVET Instructors in Nepal: Challenges and Way Forward
Authors: Kunwar Pratima , Odjo Zinsou Cosme , Baral Durga Prasad
Published: February 2025

Instructors of the Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) play a crucial role in developing skilled human resource for the country by transferring market relevant skills. However, some instructors face challenges to give best in their roles. Therefore, removing the barriers before instructors and keeping them motivated with a conducive environment is imperative. The purpose of this research article is to investigate the challenges and considerations in preparing TVET instructors in Nepal. This study was conducted using a qualitative research methodology. It focused on four provinces of Nepal with Human Development Index (HDI) values. Both primary and secondary sources of information were collected. A total of ten participants, including TVET instructors and principals and managers from both public and private institutions, were purposefully selected.Qualitative information was collected by using online Google form, and thematic analysis was used to assess the information.The findings of this study uncovered several significant challenges in preparation of TVET instructors in Nepal. The challenges include lack of industry relevant curriculum to address the need of real world scenario, absence of instructors' contribution in curriculum designing, inadequate professional development opportunities to the instructors, particularly beyond the constituent schools, insufficiency of practical knowledge of emerging technologies, lack of proper training need assessment of instructors, dearth of industry experience, absence of systematic performance management system and low motivation to instructors.The findings demonstrate the strong need to address the challenges and increase motivation to the instructors.
Role of Training in Women for Employment: A Thematic Study
Authors: Pandit Asmita
Published: February 2025

The vocational training is a crucial approach for empowering women, encouraging economic independence, and building social equality, particularly in the settings where conventional gender norms restrict women's access to formal labor markets. This study indicates that vocational training has developed a good level of self-esteem in women along with decision-making skills and participation in household and community decisions. The study uses a qualitative approach with thematic analysis to explore the complex relationships among vocational training, women's empowerment, and labor market outcomes. After reviewing recent national and international researches, the findings reveal that vocational training not only improves technical abilities but also increases confidence, decision-making capacity, and social recognition within families and communities. Furthermore, these efforts encourage entrepreneurial desires and economic independence. However, the ultimate goals of such initiatives are hampered by challenges such as inadequate market alignment, lack of post-training support, and limited access to funding. These findings highlight the importance of quality instruction, closer alignment with industry, and improved support mechanisms to guarantee that such projects are long-term and effective. It is advised that follow-up mentorship, financial literacy, and networking platforms are necessary to assist women in transitioning from training to stable job or self-employment. This study focuses on comprehensive, market-relevant vocational training programs as critical interventions for bridging gender gaps in the workforce and promoting women's social and economic empowerment in Nepal. Thus, the research provides an important understanding for policymakers and program developers in constructing sustainable and impactful training programs for women.
Lessons on International Coordination from the Nepal Earthquake of 2015
Authors: Thapa Anup Jung
Published: February 2025

The International Community generally coordinate Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) operations relatively well between themselves, when working in failed state or intervention scenarios. However, the model for working through a functional, if temporarily degraded host nation, is less clear. The experience of the 2015 Nepal Earthquake, demonstrates the need for a more nuanced model for coordination in such scenarios. This paper highlights that related doctrine is currently suboptimal, and does not adequately consider that the host nation may well be in a stronger position to shoulder the burden of early operations. The analysis also indicates that assisting contingents may be unduly limited by their own governing policies. Importantly, most internationals tend to depart before alternate arrangements are fully in place, potentially leaving gaps for the host nation to fill. While the Nepal disaster is used to examine these issues, the lessons have implications for future HADR operations worldwide. Recommended measures include closer coordination to work with and through the host nation, a multinational military coordination center (MNMCC) framework, increased flexibility of deploying contingents, and the need for foreign contingents to help minimize any gaps when withdrawing, by working to enable the host nation from the outset.
Artificial Intelligence in Armed Conflict: Perspectives from International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Ojha Yatish
Published: February 2025

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in armed conflict gives rise to unprecedented challenges in international humanitarian law (IHL). This article examines the complex relationship between AI and IHL. It focuses on the application of autonomous weapons systems (AWS), cyber warfare, surveillance, and precision targeting. The use of AI has been believed to enhance precision and reduce collateral damage. However, there are some challenges, like the loss of human control over decision-making, the potential for algorithmic bias, and the questions of attribution. These issues threaten the core principles of IHL, that is, distinction, proportionality, and humanity. This article fi nds that AWS, constituting a ‘third revolution in military affairs, consists of a risk of violating the principle of distinction by misidentifying targets because of inherent biases in their programming. Similarly, the research discovers that the use of AI in cyber operations raises concerns about the proportionality of attacks and the difficulties in  attributing responsibility for such operations. This article analyzes these challenges, including insights from case studies and comparative analyses of AI usage in military operations. The study follows a qualitative research methodology and analyzes data collected from primary and secondary sources. By exploring particular events, this research highlights the pressing need for a reconsideration of existing legal frameworks that address the peculiar challenges presented by evolving  technology. Ultimately, this article seeks to contribute to the ongoing discourse on developing ethical and legal frameworks necessary to govern AI’s use in warfare, ensuring compliance with IHL while respecting state sovereignty and national security.
Internal Migration in Nepal and Its Implications on Social Harmony
Authors: Thapa Madhav
Published: February 2025

The internal migration in Nepal has changed the socio-cultural structure as well as the political demography of Nepal, which has affected communal harmony in Nepali society. The internal migration has diversified Nepali society, and the people of different communities have been sharing common social and cultural values among each other. On the other hand, there are also some implications for social harmony because of internal migration in Nepal. The article is particularly focused on analyzing the implication on social harmony due to internal migration and demographic change. The National Census 2021 indicates that the people of the hills have been continuously migrating towards the Terai region, which has increased the population in Terai, and the population of the hills is rapidly vacating. This internal migration from Hill to Terai has brought regional imbalances and increased the vulnerability of social division in Nepali society. The study follows quantitative as well as qualitative methodology. The primary data were collected from the field study in Ramban and Nagaul villages of the Bara district. The paper analyzes the data of the national census of 2011 and 2021 to study the internal migration from Hill to Terai. The study has found that internal migration has increased population imbalance and criminal activities. It also found that a diversified society is more vulnerable to political exploitation and ethnic and communal clashes, which ultimately threaten social harmony. This article alerts the policymakers regarding the continuous migration from the hill to the Terai region and its implications on social harmony. The demographic change in Nepal due to internal migration has added to the challenge of maintaining social harmony between migrated hill-origin people and Madhesi natives.
Foreign Policy and National Security of Small State Nepal
Authors: Giri Sarad
Published: February 2025

Any nation-state's primary responsibility is to protect its citizens, the state, and the national interest. Nepal, a small state sandwiched between China and India, must always be watchful to protect its people, the state, and the interests of the country. The objective of the article is to analyze whether Nepal’s Defense and Foreign Ministry work together on national security issues. For the aforementioned security of the state and the people, the defense and foreign ministry should go hand in glove, which is not the case as of now as only issues related to Defense is dealt with by the National Security Council of Nepal. Therefore, as in Mongolia and the United States, National Security Council of Nepal ought to be empowered to make decisions pertaining to both foreign policy and national security; in our foreign policy, policies and strategies should be included for our neighbors and for great powers, as in Mongolia; follow objective neutrality in issues relating to the two neighbors, as by Switzerland; the defense and Foreign ministries should work in tandem, like in Mongolia and Denmark. The methodology used for research is qualitative, as a thorough investigation is required to answer the question raised.
Multi-Dimensional Strategy for Combating Non-Traditional Security Threats in Nepal
Authors: Budhathoki Ishwor
Published: February 2025

Nepal, strategically located at the crossroads of South Asia, confronts a complex array of nontraditional security threats that extend beyond conventional military concerns, thereby posing profound risks to national stability and sustainable development. This article undertakes a critical examination of these threats, ranging from environmental degradation and cybersecurity vulnerabilities to pandemics and transnational crime, arguing that traditional military-centric approaches are inadequate for effective mitigation. The central proposition contends that a multi-dimensional strategy integrating human security, technological resilience, and regional cooperation is indispensable for addressing these multifaceted challenges. The objectives are threefold: first, to systematically identify and categorize the principal non-traditional security threats facing Nepal; second, to critically assess the existing policy frameworks and institutional responses, identifying their limitations and gaps; and third, to propose a comprehensive and adaptive strategy for effectively addressing these threats. Employing a qualitative research methodology, extensive primary data was gathered through formal and informal interactions with subject matter experts, security analysts, and practitioners, as well as secondary data drawn from government publications, academic literature, and international best practices. The findings reveal gaps in coherence and implementation. This article underscores the necessity of adopting a holistic security paradigm that encompasses human security, technological resilience, and regional cooperation. The key recommendations include the establishment of a dedicated task force, the strengthening of public-private partnerships, and the integration of non-traditional security considerations into national security policies and frameworks.
The Conquest of Nuwakot: A Study in Military Excellence (1744 AD)
Authors: Lamichhane Udaya Bahadur
Published: February 2025

The victory over Nuwakot marked the first significant step in the unifi cation campaign of Nepal. Strategy is a policy or plan utilized during wartime to get success in operations. Throughout history, kings and warriors have employed various strategies to get victory in warfare. In this context, King Prithvi Narayan Shah implemented several strategies to get victory over Nuwakot. Under his leadership, multiple strategies were executed to achieve this significant milestone. So, the problem statement of this paper is to analyze the military strategies adopted by Gorkhali Forces to ensure success in Nuwakot. Key strategies used during the attack on Nuwakot included launching assaults from multiple directions to disrupt and weaken the Malla forces. The soldiers disguised themselves as farmers to launch a surprise attack, which was strategically timed at first light during the rainy season. Prithvi Narayan Shah persuaded local fishermen to build boats by offering them land to cross the Trishuli River. After the first setback, the Gorkhali forces retreated, destroying the bridge and boats to hinder any subsequent counterattack. The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the military strategies employed in the conquest of Nuwakot and to evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies in achieving the intended goal. The study also aims to assess the impact of these strategies on the overall unification campaign of Nepal. Methodologically, this study employs a qualitative research approach. Primary and secondary sources are used to provide context and support the findings.
Application of International Humanitarian Law in Changing Dimensions of Armed Conflict vis-à-vis Cyber Warfare
Authors: Pandey Ashutosh
Published: February 2025

Transcending the traditional methods of warfare, which were fought on land, sea, and airspace, the dazzling scientific progress of recent decades has given rise to unprecedented means and methods of warfare. The conventional weapons are being replaced by combat robots, drones, cyberweapons, nanotechnologies, and artificial intelligence, among others. While the purpose of the old-school conflicts model was to weaken the opponent’s military power through physical use of force, the modern-day conflicts model, be it international or non-international, deviates in methods of warfare by weakening enemy forces through the use of advanced science and technologies. Cyberwarfare, under IHL, is a relatively new concept that relies on digital infrastructure to conduct hostilities on enemy forces, leading to the triggering of the definition of "attack" under Additional Protocol I and initiating the execution of humanitarian law. While there are numerous complex, unsolved, and unanswered questions, this paper aims to examine the applicability of existing IHL-related legal frameworks and principles to the cyber domain, elucidate the complexities involved in  regulating such cyber operations under the purview of IHL, and identify the unique challenges that cyber warfare poses to the application of IHL in this digital realm, especially with regard to the non-kinetic nature of its attacking mechanism. While it is true that states have no common consensus regarding the regulation of war in the cyber domain, the assessment of primary and secondary sources like laws of war, textbooks, journal articles, commentaries, and notable cases ensures that IHL adjusts to the quickly evolving character of contemporary armed conflicts, such as cyber warfare.
Revitalizing Nepal’s National Security Council and its Secretariat in a Changing Geo-Political Context
Authors: Khanal Bharat
Published: February 2025

Security has evolved to become multidimensional and comprehensive in a competitive geopolitical scenario, demanding an effective institutional setup. Nepal’s National Security Council is mandated to recommend the Government of Nepal for formulating policy in the overall national interest. Since its inception, there has been much debate on the work of the Council and its Secretariat. However, a prominent gap exists in Nepali literature regarding the effectiveness of the work of the council and secretariat. This article advocates for a strong NSC architecture as an oversight agency for policy implementation in the defense and security sector in Nepal. Thus, the research topic is worth examining in a rapidly changing global and regional security milieu. This paper aims to explore the current setup of the Council and Secretariat by analyzing its importance for Nepal, which has many security sensitivities. The paper employs a qualitative research approach, and analytical methods are used. Identifying different geostrategic challenges Nepal has faced in recent times, this article also argues that there is a need for urgent revitalization of this body through legislative reforms and a determined will to fulfill the constitutional mandate. This important body needs to be reinvigorated because of geopolitical challenges that are rapidly increasing in a complex and volatile world whose impacts can be seen in Nepal.
युवालाई राष्ट्रप्रति समर्पित बनाउन राष्ट्रिय सेवा दल : ऐतिहासिक सिंहावलोकन
Authors: मरासिनी गोविन्द
Published: February 2025

गौरवमय इतिहास बोकेको नेपाली सेना सदैव नेपाल र नेपाली जनताको रक्षक बनेर उभिएको छ । नेपालको संविधानप्रदत्त अधिकारलाई आत्मसात् गर्दै सुरक्षा, विपद् व्यवस्थापन, विकास निर्माण, प्राकृतिक सम्पदा संरक्षण, खेलकुदको विकास, विश्वशान्ति स्थापना र विविध कल्याणकारी कार्यमा आफ्नो जिम्मेवारी इमान्दारितापूर्वक पूरा गर्दै आएको छ । यसका अतिरिक्त अनुशासित, बफादार र देशको भावी नेतृत्व लिन सक्ने युवापिंढीलाई देशभक्त र राष्ट्रप्रति समर्पित बनाउनका लागि दक्ष जनशक्ति तयार गर्ने कार्यमा नेपाली सेनाले राष्ट्रिय सेवा दल (रा.से.द.) मार्फत् अतुलनीय योगदान पुर्‍याइरहेको छ । राष्ट्रको पहरेदारका रूपमा रहेका युवा वर्गमा राष्ट्रिय एकता तथा वफादारिताको भावना जागृत गराई अनुशासित, कर्तव्यपरायण, तालिम प्राप्त जनशक्ति तयार गरी राष्ट्रको सर्वाङ्गीण विकासमा सहयोग पुर्‍याउने कार्यमा राष्ट्रिय सेवा दल सदैव तल्लीन रहेको छ । यस लेखमा राष्ट्रिय सेवा दलले राष्ट्रप्रति समर्पित युवालाई दिएको तालिमबारे विस्तृतमा जानकारी दिँदै युवालाई अनुशासित, संस्कारी र नैतिकवान बनाउन सेवा दलले गरेको लगानी, राष्ट्रिय तथा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय स्तरमा पुर्‍याएको योगदान र भूमिकाबारे चर्चा गरिएको छ । यो लेख राष्ट्रिय सेवा दलमा आवद्ध भई तालिम लिनुभएका युवापिंढीलाई राष्ट्रप्रति बफादार बनाउन र सेवा दलले इतिहासदेखि आजसम्म गरेका सबै कार्यको खोज अनुसन्धानमा केन्द्रित रहेको छ । रा.से.द.ले आफ्नो कार्य सम्पन्न गर्नका लागि के–कस्ता समस्या र चुनौतीहरू भोग्नुपरेको छ ? ती र त्यस्ता समस्या, चुनौतीहरूको उजागर गर्दै समाधानका उपायहरुका बारेमा सुझाव दिने प्रयास यस लेखको रहेको छ । लेख तयार पार्नका लागि नेपाली सेना, राष्ट्रिय सेवा दलका आधिकारिक वेबसाइट, सम्बन्धित विभिन्न पुस्तक, बुकलेट र लेखरचनाको पर्याप्त अध्ययन गरी परिमाणात्मक र गुणात्मक (मिश्रित) विधिको अवलम्बन गरिएको छ । यसका साथै लेखको विषयवस्तुसँग सम्बन्धित दिग्गज व्यक्तित्व, सेवा  दलका पूर्व निर्देशक, सेनाका अधिकृतहरू, प्रवक्ता र सूचना अधिकारीहरूसँग सम्बन्धित विषयमा आवश्यक जानकारी र तथ्याङ्क संकलन एवं अध्ययन पश्चात् यो लेख तयार पारिएको छ ।
Autopsias clínicas SARS-COV-2 negativas durante el aislamiento obligatorio por COVID-19
Authors: Polo Nieto José Fernando , Benavides María Alejandra , Sánchez Lozano Lisseth , Castañeda González Juan Pablo , Mogollón Silvia , Parra Medina Rafael
Published: February 2025

Introduction: non- COVID-19 deaths were registered during the mandatory isolation period in the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia. A preventive isolation of 162 days, beginning March 24, 2020, was implemented in the country, during which clinical autopsies were restricted. Objective: to show our experience on non- COVID-19 deaths, in two institutions in Bogotá. Methods: a case series report in two high-complexity hospitals in Bogotá, Colombia, during the mandatory lockdown period. SARS-COV-2 infection was ruled out by standardized tests in autopsy studies. Medical records were examined, collecting clinical variables, and determining the cause of death. Results: there was a higher prevalence of females in the included 101 autopsies. The most common population were fetuses with no physical abnormalities. The predominant cause of death among adults, was death of cardiac origin. Cases of pneumonia, central nervous system diseases, hypovolemic shock, acute pancreatitis, abdominal sepsis and hydro electrolytic disorders, were registered. Conclusions: many people died during the COVID-19 pandemic, but not all deaths were attributable to the virus. Fear of seeking medical care, and the uncertainty about coronavirus transmission during the pandemic, impacted negatively on chronic diseases healthcare adherence and prenatal check-ups.
Muślinowa rebelia. Kobiecy libertynizm erudycyjny oświeceniowej Francji i jego tropy w tradycji feministycznej
Authors: Budzanowska Anna
Published: February 2025

Eighteenth-century France was an era of intense social and intellectual upheaval. Courtly culture, characterised by ceremony and elegance, collided with the spontaneous emergence of philosophical currents that challenged the existing political and religious authorities. It was a time when the idea of liberty became a central topic of discussion, and women, particularly those who created the phenomenon of libertinage érudit, began to play a significant role in the development of new theories.
The book analyses the long-underestimated theories of French women freethinkers and represents an original contribution to the libertinage érudit.
The reflections of these intellectuals are still relevant today for discussions on the role of the state in shaping the status and rights of women in society. Their critical perspective on the Catholic church, religion, the public sphere and education is one of the lesser-known aspects, but it was an essential source for the emancipatory demands that emerged during the Revolution of 1789 and formed the intellectual legacy for later well-founded waves of French feminism.
This book makes an important contribution to understanding the intellectual foundations of emancipation and the important role that women played in formulating theories of liberty and equality in Enlightenment France.
Practitioners’ Attitudes and Intentions to Use Information Systems Research: A Mixed Method Study of the Research Format
Authors: Mirkovski Kristijan , Doyle Cathal , Gaskin James
Published: February 2025

Balancing research relevance and rigour has been a long-standing concern in the Information Systems (IS) discipline, crucial for advancing academic understanding and disseminating knowledge to practitioners. This paper addresses the need for effective knowledge product translation and dissemination by proposing the use of animated research briefs with visual storytelling cues. Grounded in the cognitive theory of multimedia learning and critical narrative theory, these briefs aim to make research more accessible and engaging for IS practitioners. A mixed-method approach is deployed: (1) a survey-based experiment to assess how research format influences practitioners' attitudes, which in turn affect their intentions to use academic research to solve work-related problems in the near term, and (2) in-depth interviews to explore practitioners’ perceptions of different research formats and their impact on the intention to use academic research in the near term. The paper offers new insights into the effectiveness of multimedia formats in enhancing practitioner engagement and understanding, thereby fostering a more effective dissemination and translation of research knowledge for practitioner audiences.
Peran Konseling Individu Dalam Pembentukan Konsep Diri Siswa Kelas X SMK Negeri 6 Kupang
Authors: Lopo Ferdinan Leonardus
Published: February 2025

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran layanan konseling individu dalam pembentukan konsep diri siswa kelas X SMK Negeri 6 Kupang T.A. 2022/2023. Penelitian ini Berlokasi di SMK Negeri 6 Kupang, Kecamatan Kelapa Lima,  Kota Kupang, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur, dengan menggunakan teknik observasi, dokumentasi, dan wawancara. Informan dalam penelitian ini adalah seorang guru dan lima orang siswa. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan teknik analisis reduksi data, penyajian data, dan verifikasi data, sedangkan pengecekan keabsahan data dengan menggunakan triangulasi sumber dan metode. Berdasarkan temuan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan peneliti dapat disimpulkan bahwa konsep diri negatif dapat diminimalisir dengan layanan konseling individu. Dengan adanya layanan konseling individu membuat siswa lebih menjadi memahami diri, menerima kelebihan dan kekurangannya, dan mengembalikan rasa percara diri siswa.
                                                                                       
Kata kunci: Peran Konseling Individu, Konsep Diri Siswa
Hubungan Antara Religiusitas Dan Dukungan Sosial Terhadap Psychological Well Being Pada Santriwati
Authors: Bunga Fitri Rizkiyanti Ghozali  , Hazim
Published: February 2025

Psychological well being merupakan seberapa jauh individu dapat menerima kelebihan dan kekurangan yang ia miliki, mampu membangun hubungan baik dengan individu lainnya, mempunyai kemandirian untuk menentang tuntutan sosial, dapat mengendalikan keadaan sekitar, memiliki tujuan hidup dan mampu meningkatkan kapasitas secara terus menerus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara Religiusitas dan Dukungan Sosial terhadap Psychological Well Being pada santriwati. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif korelasional.  Populasi dan sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 70 santriwati yang berada di Pondok Pesantren X dengan menggunakan total sampling. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: (1) Terdapat hubungan antara religiusitas dan psychological well being dengan nilai p<0,001. (2) Terdapat hubungan antara dukungan sosial dan psychological well being dengan nilai p<0,001. (3) Hasil Uji F hitung (23,058) dengan signifikansi p<0,05, maka dapat disimpulkan jika variabel religiusitas dan dukungan sosial secara simultan mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap psychological well being.
Kata kunci: religiusitas, dukungan sosial, psychological well being
Cross-sectional study of resident physician knowledge and perceptions regarding MASLD in Canada
Authors: Zhu Kai , Jogendran Manisha , Zhang Yanru , Hussaini Trana , Chahal Daljeet , Yoshida Eric M
Published: February 2025

Background:

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) affects approximately 25% of Canadians. As its prevalence grows, it is crucial for future primary care physicians to have a thorough understanding of MASLD to improve patient care.

Methods:

We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional survey among resident physicians in primary care specialties to assess their knowledge and perceptions of MASLD. “Reasonable knowledge” was defined as correctly answering over 50% of the questions. Associations were analyzed using χ2 testing and multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results:

We received 413 responses, with 252 (61%) from Family Medicine residents and 161 (39%) from Internal Medicine residents. Among the respondents, 91% considered MASLD an important public health issue; however, only 11% felt they had adequate exposure to the condition and 94% endorsed a need for more teaching. Overall, 35% of the respondents displayed a reasonable knowledge of MASLD. In univariate analysis, factors associated with greater MASLD knowledge included Internal Medicine residency ( p = 0.001), higher post-graduate year ( p = 0.003), prior GI or hepatology rotations ( p = 0.003), previous MASLD lectures ( p = 0.021), and higher subjective familiarity with MASLD ( p <0.001). However, only moderate (odds ratio (OR) 5.7, 95% CI 1.1–26.3, p = 0.026) and high (OR 10.1, CI 1.6–65.3, p = 0.015) subjective familiarity with MASLD, and three or more prior MASLD lectures (OR 3.4, CI:1.1–10.4, p = 0.031) remained statistically significant in multivariate analysis.

Conclusions:

Resident physicians recognize MASLD as an important health issue but lack adequate exposure and knowledge about the condition. Further emphasis and education are required to bridge these knowledge gaps and improve patient outcomes.
The Pond Sliders Trachemys scripta (Thunberg in Schoepff, 1792) (Reptilia Emydidae) are pets or toys?
Authors: Grano Mauro , Galmuzzi Christian
Published: February 2025

The Pond Slider Trachemys scripta (Thunberg in Schoepff, 1792) (Reptilia Emydidae) is a major invasive species in freshwater habitats across the world. For decades, the main cause of individuals’ occurrences in the wild was the illegal release of pet animals. Unfortunately, the small size and ease of breeding have encouraged the trade of this species. The new trend of Thai traders has made this animal a real toy, with even greater risks for the environment.
The rates of communal hygiene in some regions of Karaganda and positive and negative directions of them to human body
Authors: Yeleupaeva Sh.K. , Zhumagalieva Zh.Zh. , Korchyn V.I.
Published: February 2025

The rates of regional soil, air, water of communal hygiene according to Karaganda region are analyzed, reasons of deviation from allowed concentration in some regions and research methods of them are considered in this article. For example, percentage rates of communal hygiene in Karaganda city and regions are analyzed. Negative factors influencing on human body are researched in laboratories by means of special researches and through special order. We have taken a lot of physical-chemical rates together with sanitary-epidemio-logical station. The aim of work is the condition of communal hygiene in regions and some information which influence on human body are given. Except the structure of harmful substances in evaluation tendency of alteration of atmospheric air in hygienic point, influence of them to human health, knowing their concentration, defining this or that ingredients are the influence of intensity. The concentration of atmospheric polluters relates to these factors: volume of extraction, length of extraction, distance of extraction, meteorological terms (direction, speed of wind, humidity, atmospheric pressure, temperature pressure, according to solar radiation). Defining the pollution of atmospheric air through laboratory observations was conducted in regional SES according to state order. Analysis was taken from 5101 research objects and regions to research. The highness of harmful substances from permitted concentration comprises 6.3 %, it has been proved that it is lower than the analysis in 2016 (2016 — 8.1 %).
On the methоds fоr preventiоn by aminоaсids оf develоping оf diabetes induсed by chelat aсtive chemiсals
Authors: Meyramov G.G. , Shaybek A.S.
Published: February 2025

In article are presented data on methods оf preventiоn develоping оf experimental diabetes сaused by сhemiсal diabetоgeniсzinсbinding substanсes (DZS) as abоut оf pоssibilities fоr соntaсt with whiсh оf human fоr the last years gradually inсrease. Amоng them the main attentiоn is fixed оn ability оf aminоaсid оf glutathiоne tоprevent diabetоgeniсaсtiоn оf this grоup оf substanсes. It is shоwed that the high affinity оf glutathiоne fоr zinсdetermined by presence in struсture оf its mоleсule оf SH-radiсal whiсh prоteсt by blосking оf atоm оf zinсin B-сells оf interaсtiоn оf it with DZS aссоmpanied by fоrmatiоn оf соmplexes DZS that result destruсtiоn and death оf panсreatiс B-сells within 15–30 min. Alsоare presented data abоut ability оf twо оther aminоaсids соntains sulfhydryl grоups in struсture оf a mоleсule tоprevent develоpment оf diabetes сaused by DZS as data оn the some drugs possess high affinity and сhelat prоperties fоr zinс.