bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emotional Landscapes: Observing and Capturing the Emotionality of Experience
Authors: MONAHAN BRIDGET
Published: January 2018

This Pecha Kucha details how the imperative to employ visual thinking in doing ethnographic research work led to a fascination with capturing, through photography, the unguarded, natural emotions people express in their daily lives. It explores the differences in meaning behind these displays and the forcefulness of expressions captured in everyday lived situations. We, as researchers, pay attention to and interpret the words people say but often leave these emotional traces and visceral reactions undisturbed. An ongoing study of and immersion in these visible emotions formed a body of work around “emotional” landscape photography.
The Double‐Edged Sword of Personalized Marketing
Authors: KINNEY MEG , PHILLIPS HAL
Published: January 2018

For young adult “digital natives”, the smartphone is a reliable source of utility and personal growth. On the flipside, this cohort is increasingly troubled by trance‐inducing distraction and very aware of the never ending attempts to manipulate their behavior through UX and marketing. What is the future of advertising if, or when, this cohort rejects the current paradigm of personalized marketing and attention thievery? This film urges brand advertisers to establish ethical boundaries now while they are developing new ways to reach, engage, and drive transactions at this pivotal point in the evolution of persuasion and the emerging forms advertising will take with AI and machine learning.
Threatened species conservation of invertebrates in Australia: an overview
Authors: Braby Michael F
Published: January 2018

Invertebrates make up about 80% of all species, yet they rarely attract conservation attention compared to the more ‘charismatic’ vertebrates such as birds and mammals. Threatened species conservation, a field of conservation biology in which individual species are targeted for protection and conservation management, complements the landscape approach to biodiversity conservation and could be used more effectively to promote the plight of threatened or imperilled invertebrates given the global biodiversity crisis and estimated rates of anthropogenic species extinction. In this overview, steps in the species‐oriented conservation process are outlined, including conservation status evaluation, listing under legislation, preparation of Action and Recovery Plans, recovery actions, recovery teams and monitoring, in order to prevent extinction or minimise risk of extinction. The process is not without its challenges, but it does provide valuable information that is not always obtainable with the protection and management of threatened ecological communities and habitats. However, to be most effective, a more strategic approach to listing species is required. It is recommended that more national Action Plans, either of higher taxonomic groups or of ‘indicator’ species – suites of species indicative of threatened ecological communities, habitats, biomes, key threatening processes, co‐dependent threatened host species or short‐range endemics – are needed. These plans would provide a national overview of threatened and imperilled invertebrates in conservation need that is far more comprehensive than presently available. A detailed national list of threatened invertebrate species could then be promoted (and nominated for listing under the EPBC Act) for greater conservation advocacy.
Evaluation of bowel function in healthy children: untreated constipation is common
Authors: Lindgren Helena , Nejstgaard Malin Carvalho , Salö Martin , Stenström Pernilla
Published: January 2018

Aim

We evaluated bowel function in healthy children with regard to gender and age.

Methods

The study was carried out in 2016 at a tertiary children's hospital. Healthy children aged 3.5 years to 15 years who were admitted to the hospital, siblings to patients or offspring of staff members were included. Validated self‐report questionnaires and internally developed questions regarding obstructive outlet‐ and gas‐related symptoms were used.

Results

A total of 310 participants (50% girls) were included, which corresponded to a 94% answer frequency. Respondents were divided into a younger age group (3.5 years to seven years), consisting of 135 children, and an older age group (eight years to 15 years), consisting of 175 children. Younger children reported more foul odours than older children (50% vs. 29%, p = 0.001) and more obstructive symptoms (21% vs. 10%, p = 0.01). There was no difference between the age groups regarding constipation (19% vs 16%, NS). Overall, 55% of those with constipation had no treatment for the condition, although they reported abdominal pain (51%) and problems with foul odours (57%).

Conclusion

Healthy children frequently reported constipation, abdominal pain and gas‐related problems, but treatment was rare. Overall, bowel function seemed to improve during childhood, although constipation remained largely untreated.
Programmed death‐ligand 1 is a promising blood marker for predicting tumor progression and prognosis in patients with gastric cancer
Authors: Amatatsu Masahiko , Arigami Takaaki , Uenosono Yoshikazu , Yanagita Shigehiro , Uchikado Yasuto , Kijima Yuko , Kurahara Hiroshi , Kita Yoshiaki , Mori Shinichiro , Sasaki Ken , Omoto Itaru , Maemura Kosei , Ishigami Sumiya , Natsugoe Shoji
Published: January 2018

Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy has been clinically introduced for several malignancies, and its effectiveness has been confirmed by clinical trials. In particular, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) and programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) are widely known as important immune checkpoint molecules associated with the mechanisms of immune escape by malignant tumor cells. In addition, liquid biopsy of blood specimens has the clinical benefit of providing a simple, repeatable sampling tool. Non‐invasive liquid biopsy has recently been spotlighted as a promising approach to predicting tumor progression and prognosis. This study assessed the clinical significance of PD‐L1 mRNA expression in blood specimens obtained from patients with gastric cancer. Peripheral blood specimens were collected before treatment from 124 patients with gastric cancer. The PD‐L1 mRNA expression was evaluated by quantitative RT‐PCR. Programmed death‐ligand 1 mRNA expression was significantly higher in patients with advanced gastric cancer than in patients with early gastric cancer (P = .002). Moreover, PD‐L1 expression correlated significantly with depth of tumor invasion, distant metastasis, and stage (P = .001, P < .001, and P < .001, respectively). Patients with high PD‐L1 expression showed significantly poorer prognosis than those with low PD‐L1 expression (P < .0001). Multivariate analysis indicated PD‐L1 expression as an independent prognostic factor. Expression of PD‐L1 in peripheral blood may offer an immunological predictor of tumor progression and disease outcome in patients with gastric cancer.
Clustered or scattered? The impact of habitat quality clustering on establishment and early spread
Authors: Morel‐Journel Thibaut , Hautier Maud , Vercken Elodie , Mailleret Ludovic
Published: January 2018

The match between the environmental conditions of an introduction area and the preferences of an introduced species is the first prerequisite for establishment. Yet, introduction areas are usually landscapes, i.e. heterogeneous sets of habitats that are more or less favourable to the introduced species. Because individuals are able to disperse after their introduction, the quality of the habitat surrounding the introduction site is as critical to the persistence of introduced populations as the quality of the introduction site itself. Moreover, demographic mechanisms such as Allee effects or dispersal mortality can hamper dispersal and affect spread across the landscape, in interaction with the spatial distribution of favourable habitat patches. In this study, we investigate the impact of the spatial distribution of heterogeneous quality habitats on establishment and early spread. First, we simulated introductions in one‐dimensional landscapes for different dispersal rates and either dispersal mortality or Allee effects. The landscapes differed by the distribution of favourable and less favourable habitats, which were either clustered into few large aggregates of the same quality or scattered into multiple smaller ones. Second, we tested the predictions of simulations by performing experimental introductions of hymenopteran parasitoids (Trichogramma chilonis) in ‘clustered’ and ‘scattered’ microcosm landscapes. Results highlighted two impacts of the clustering of favourable habitat: by decreasing the risks of dispersal from the introduction site to unfavourable habitat early during the invasion, it increased establishment success. However, by increasing the distance between favourable habitat patches, it also hindered the subsequent spread of introduced species over larger areas.
Sublethal pesticide exposure improves resistance to infection in the Asian corn borer
Authors: YU GUOZHI , ZHENG LIXIA , QUAN YUDONG , WEI HONGYI
Published: January 2018

1. Diverse environmental factors contribute to the evolution of host immunity and host–parasite interactions. However, the effect of insecticides on the insect immune system is less well understood.

2. This study investigated the variation in haemocyte density, phenoloxidase (PO), and total PO activities in the Ostrinia furnacalis larvae following sublethal treatment of tebufenozede and their susceptibility to Escherichia coli infection.

3. Surprisingly, it was found that O. furnacalis larvae exposed to the insecticide have significantly higher haemocyte density, and active and total PO activities than those not exposed. Moreover, when infected with E. coli, O. furnacalis larvae treated with tebufenozide survive much better with lower bacterial load than those not treated.

4. This study demonstrates that insecticide may change the immunity of insects and potentially have an impact on their interactions with parasites.
A climosequence of chronosequences in southwestern Australia
Authors: Turner B. L. , Hayes P. E. , Laliberté E.
Published: January 2018

To examine how climate affects soil development and nutrient availability over long timescales, we studied a series of four long‐term chronosequences along a climate gradient in southwestern Australia. Annual rainfall ranged from 533 to 1185 mm (water balance from −900 to +52 mm) and each chronosequence included Holocene (≤ 6.5 ka), Middle Pleistocene (120–500 ka) and Early Pleistocene (∼2000 ka) dunes. Vegetation changed markedly along the climosequence, from shrubland at the driest site to Eucalyptus forest at the wettest. Soil pH was similar in the youngest soil of each chronosequence, although the carbonate and P contents of the parent sand declined from dry to wet along the climosequence, presumably linked to variation in offshore productivity. Despite this, soil development and associated nutrient status followed remarkably consistent patterns along the four chronosequences. Pedogenesis involved decalcification and secondary carbonate precipitation in Holocene soils and leaching of iron oxides from Middle Pleistocene soils, leading ultimately to bleached quartz sands in the oldest soils. Along all chronosequences soil pH and total P declined, whereas C:P and N:P ratios increased, which is consistent with the predicted change from N to P limitation of vegetation during ecosystem development. The expected unimodal pattern of leaf area index was most pronounced along wetter chronosequences, suggesting an effect of climate on the expression of retrogression. The four chronosequences do not appear to span a pedogenic climate threshold, defined as an abrupt change in soil properties across a relatively small change in climate, because exchangeable phosphate and base cations declined consistently during long‐term pedogenesis. However, the proportion of total P in organic form was greater along wetter chronosequences. We conclude that soil and nutrient availability on the coastal sand plains of southwestern Australia change consistently during long‐term pedogenesis, despite marked variation in modern vegetation and climate. The four chronosequences provide a rare soil‐age × climate framework within which to study long‐term ecosystem development.

Highlights

We describe four long‐term coastal dune chronosequences spanning a climate gradient in a global biodiversity hotspot.

Pedogenesis involves depletion of phosphorus and cations linked to decalcification and subsequent podsolization.

Climate has relatively little effect on patterns of nutrient availability during ecosystem development along the climosequence.

The age by climate framework enables study of effect of edaphic change on above‐ and below‐ground communities.
Male–male aggression is unlikely to stabilize a poison frog polymorphism
Authors: Yang Y. , Dugas M. B. , Sudekum H. J. , Murphy S. N. , Richards‐Zawacki C. L.
Published: January 2018

Phenotypic polymorphism is common in animals, and the maintenance of multiple phenotypes in a population requires forces that act against homogenizing drift and selection. Male–male competition can contribute to the stability of a polymorphism when males compete primarily with males of the same phenotype. In and around a contact zone between red and blue lineages of the poison frog Oophaga pumilio, we used simulated territorial intrusions to test the nonexclusive predictions that males would direct more aggression towards males of (i) their own phenotype and/or (ii) the phenotype that is most common in their population. Males in the monomorphic red and blue populations that flank the contact zone were more aggressive towards simulated intruders that matched the local coloration. However, males in the two polymorphic populations biased aggression towards neither their own colour nor the colour most common in their population. In sympatry, the rarer colour morph gains no advantage via reduced male–male aggression from territorial males in these O. pumilio populations, and so male aggression seems unlikely to stabilize colour polymorphism on its own. More broadly, these results suggest that the potential for divergent male aggression biases to maintain phenotypic diversity depends on the mechanism(s) that generate the biases and the degree to which these mechanisms persist in sympatry.
Introduction to methodology of dose–response meta‐analysis for binary outcome: With application on software
Authors: Zhang Chao , Jia Pengli , Yu Liu , Xu Chang
Published: January 2018

Objective

Dose‐response meta‐analysis (DRMA) is widely applied to investigate the dose‐specific relationship between independent and dependent variables. Such methods have been in use for over 30 years and are increasingly employed in healthcare and clinical decision‐making. In this article, we give an overview of the methodology used in DRMA.

Methods

We summarize the commonly used regression model and the pooled method in DRMA. We also use an example to illustrate how to employ a DRMA by these methods.

Results

Five regression models, linear regression, piecewise regression, natural polynomial regression, fractional polynomial regression, and restricted cubic spline regression, were illustrated in this article to fit the dose‐response relationship. And two types of pooling approaches, that is, one‐stage approach and two‐stage approach are illustrated to pool the dose‐response relationship across studies. The example showed similar results among these models.

Conclusion

Several dose‐response meta‐analysis methods can be used for investigating the relationship between exposure level and the risk of an outcome. However the methodology of DRMA still needs to be improved.
Effects of maternal heart sounds on pain and comfort during aspiration in preterm infants
Authors: Küçük Alemdar Dilek , Güdücü Tüfekcİ Fatma
Published: January 2018

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of providing prerecorded maternal heart sounds on the level of pain and comfort that are experienced by preterm infants during aspiration.

Methods

This was a randomized controlled trial. Preterm infants (N = 62) who were receiving care or treatment at a neonatal intensive care unit were eligible for participation in this study. Infants in the intervention group (n = 32) were provided with prerecorded maternal heart sounds before, during, and after aspiration, whereas the infants in the control group (n = 30) received routine care. For the collection of the data, the “Preterm Infant Information Form” was used to record natal and postnatal information of the preterm infant, the “Premature Infant Pain Profile,” assessed the level of pain, and the “Premature Infant Comfort Scale,” assessed the level of comfort.

Results

There was a significant difference observed between the groups’ pain levels during aspiration; however, the difference was not significant before and after aspiration. Furthermore, there was a significant difference observed between the groups’ comfort levels prior to aspiration before and during aspiration; however, the difference was not significant after aspiration.

Conclusion

Intervention with maternal heart sounds during aspiration effectively reduced pain and provided comfort to the premature infants.
National study of the nutritional status of Korean older adults with dementia who are living in long‐term care settings
Authors: Park Myonghwa , Song Jun‐Ah , Lee Mihyun , Jeong Hyun , Lim Soyeun , Lee Haejung , Kim Chun‐Gill , Kim Jeong S. , Kim Kyung S. , Lee Young W. , Lim Young M. , Park Young S. , Yoon Jong C. , Kim Ki W. , Hong Gwi‐Ryung S.
Published: January 2018

Aim

To evaluate the nutritional status of older adults with dementia who were living in long‐term care settings.

Methods

As a secondary analysis, this study used the data from the Nationwide Survey on Dementia Care in Korea that was conducted between December 1, 2010, and August 31, 2011, which surveyed 3472 older adults with dementia, aged ≥60 years (mean age: 81.24 years), who were residing in 248 randomly selected long‐term care settings in South Korea. Twenty‐three different variables that related to the participants’ demographics, diseases, and functional and nutritional characteristics were selected. The nutritional status was assessed by using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA). Descriptive statistics, an ANOVA, and a chi‐squared test were used to analyze the data.

Results

The mean MNA score of the participants was 17.90. The malnutrition rate was 38.4% (n = 1333), with 54.7% (n = 1900) of the participants at risk for malnutrition. The largest population with malnutrition resided in long‐term care hospitals (47.9%), followed by nursing homes (34.1%), and group homes (25.9%). Being older and female, while exhibiting higher cognitive impairment, more neuropsychiatric symptoms, higher functional dependency, and a higher number of disabilities, were associated with poor nutritional status.

Conclusion

The nutritional status of older adults with dementia who were living in long‐term care settings in South Korea was poor and associated with multiple factors. Paying special attention to recognizing, assessing, preventing, and treating malnutrition in this population is necessary.
Development of a Value Co‐Creation Wellness Model: The Role of Physicians and Digital Information Seeking on Health Behaviors and Health Outcomes
Authors: Dahl Andrew J. , Peltier James W. , Milne George R.
Published: January 2018

The US health care system lags behind other developed nations in health advances for chronic diseases. Thus, decreasing the prevalence of preventable chronic diseases has significant implications for individuals and society. Using service‐dominant logic and value co‐creation theory, the authors develop and test a health co‐creation framework that investigates how access to primary care and patient information seeking affect pro‐health behavioral changes and other mutually valued health outcomes. The findings provide evidence that access to primary care increases digital information seeking, which in turn leads to behavioral changes and increased overall physical health among a primarily Caucasian sample. The authors also show that certain health behaviors and health outcomes are affected independently and jointly through physician–patient co‐creation that involves both parties participating in decision making as part of the service exchange.
Caring or Compulsion? The Effects of Consumer Attributions of Risk Information Disclosure in Direct‐to‐Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising
Authors: Ball Jennifer Gerard
Published: January 2018

Direct‐to‐consumer prescription drug advertising (DTCA) is mandated to provide information about drug risks in addition to promoting drug benefits. The disclosure of drug risks is intended to provide consumers with a balanced view of the advertised drugs. However, unintended consequences of the disclosure have been observed in previous DTCA research including an influence on trust toward the ad and manufacturer. To better understand this, an experiment was conducted across two health conditions (seasonal allergies and diabetes) to examine the role of the amount of side effect information and attribution of side effects disclosure in judgments of positive advertiser motives, trustworthiness, brand attitude, and behavioral intentions. Results indicated brand attitude and behavioral intentions differed by amount of side effect information mediated by advertiser trust. Attribution of side effects information to regulations provided a limited moderation of this effect. Suggested implications include more explicit identification of mandated information within the ads.
Validity of Self‐Reported Height and Weight to Derive BMI in Adults Participating in Special Olympics
Authors: Dobranowski Kristin , Lloyd Meghann , Côté Pierre , Balogh Robert
Published: January 2018

Individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) experience high rates of overweight and obesity. Accurate height and weight data is needed to determine overweight and obesity, but direct measurement is not always feasible in large samples. In the general population, overweight and obesity prevalence studies have validated adult self‐reported height and weight, but this has not been done for adults with ID. The objectives of this study were to determine the validity of self‐reported height, weight, and derived body mass index (BMI), and to determine the diagnostic accuracy of derived BMI to identify overweight and obesity. Self‐reported height and weight were collected from 40 adult Special Olympics participants. The validity of self‐reported height and weight was determined by comparing them to measured height and weight. The differences between self‐reported and measured height, weight, and derived BMI were not significantly different; however, these findings were derived from results with wide confidence intervals. A high percentage of study participants correctly classified themselves as overweight/obese (sensitivity = 92.9%). This exploratory study encourages self‐reports and inclusion of individuals with ID in epidemiological studies, but requires further examination with a larger sample.
Differences between the floras of the North and South Moluccas (Indonesia)
Authors: Rutgrink Anne L. J. , Visser Michaël , van Welzen Peter C.
Published: January 2018

The north and south Moluccas (Indonesia) have very different geotectonic origins and, due to that, a difference in flora is to be expected. The north Moluccas moved westwards along the north coast of New Guinea to their present position, the south Moluccas moved north from Australia. On the other hand, a comparable climate in both areas and (partial) submergence during tectonic movement may have equalized both floras. Collection data from Naturalis Biodiversity Center on 1559 species in 121 families treated in Flora Malesiana were collected for the Moluccas, Sulawesi, and Western New Guinea (latitudes 9.2°S and 5.6°N and longitudes 118.8°E and 141°E) and georeferenced. Species Distribution Models (SDMs) were made, based on least correlated climate and edaphic variables, using only those species that were present in 5 or more grid cells of 5‐arc minutes and models were tested for deviation from random. Both areas differ significantly and share only 50%–65% of their species. The 348 significant SDMs differ much less, though still significantly, sharing 91% of the species. Despite strong climatic and edaphic similarities between the North and South Moluccas, they differ greatly in species composition, which is in support of geotectonic reconstructions. The differences between the North and South Moluccas suggest that the continuous dispersal barriers and tectonic backgrounds have influenced their current flora.
High prevalence and functional effects of serum antineuronal antibodies in patients with gastrointestinal disorders
Authors: Lütt A. , Michel K. , Krüger D. , Volz M. S. , Nassir M. , Schulz E. , Poralla L. , Tangermann P. , Bojarski C. , Höltje M. , Teegen B. , Stöcker W. , Schemann M. , Siegmund B. , Prüss H.
Published: January 2018

Background

Antineuronal antibodies can be associated with both gastrointestinal (GI) and brain disorders. For example, antibodies against the potassium channel subunit dipeptidyl‐peptidase‐like protein‐6 (DPPX) bind to neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and myenteric plexus and cause encephalitis, commonly preceded by severe unspecific GI symptoms. We therefore investigated the prevalence of antineuronal antibodies indicative of treatable autoimmune CNS etiologies in GI patients.

Methods

Serum samples of 107 patients (Crohn's disease n = 42, ulcerative colitis n = 16, irritable bowel syndrome n = 13, others n = 36) and 44 healthy controls were screened for anti‐DPPX and further antineuronal antibodies using immunofluorescence on rat brain and intestine and cell‐based assays. Functional effects of high‐titer reactive sera were assessed in organ bath and Ussing chamber experiments and compared to non‐reactive patient sera.

Key Results

Twenty‐one of 107 patients (19.6%) had antibodies against the enteric nervous system, and 22 (20.6%) had anti‐CNS antibodies, thus significantly exceeding frequencies in healthy controls (4.5% each). Screening on cell‐based assays excluded established antienteric antibodies. Antibody‐positive sera were not associated with motility effects in organ bath experiments. However, they induced significant, tetrodotoxin (TTX)‐insensitive secretion in Ussing chambers compared to antibody‐negative sera.

Conclusions & Inferences

Antineuronal antibodies were significantly more frequent in GI patients and associated with functional effects on bowel secretion. Future studies will determine whether such antibodies indicate patients who might benefit from additional antibody‐directed therapies. However, well‐characterized encephalitis‐related autoantibodies such as against DPPX were not detected, underlining their rarity in routine cohorts.
A qualitative study: experiences of stigma by people with mental health problems
Authors: Huggett Charlotte , Birtel Michèle D. , Awenat Yvonne F. , Fleming Paul , Wilkes Sophie , Williams Shirley , Haddock Gillian
Published: January 2018

Objectives

Prior research has examined various components involved in the impact of public and internalized stigma on people with mental health problems. However, studies have not previously investigated the subjective experiences of mental health stigma by those affected in a non‐statutory treatment‐seeking population.

Design

An in‐depth qualitative study was conducted using thematic analysis to investigate the experiences of stigma in people with mental health problems.

Methods

Eligible participants were recruited through a local mental health charity in the North West of England. The topic of stigma was examined using two focus groups of thirteen people with experience of mental health problems and stigma.

Results

Two main themes and five subthemes were identified. Participants believed that (1) the ‘hierarchy of labels’ has a profound cyclical impact on several levels of society: people who experience mental health problems, their friends and family, and institutional stigma. Furthermore, participants suggested (2) ways in which they have developed psychological resilience towards mental health stigma.

Conclusions

It is essential to utilize the views and experiences gained in this study to aid understanding and, therefore, develop ways to reduce the negative impact of public and internal stigma.

Practitioner points

People referred to their mental health diagnosis as a label and associated that label with stigmatizing views.

Promote awareness and develop improved strategies (e.g., training) to tackle the cyclical impact of the ‘hierarchy of labels’ on people with mental health problems, their friends and family, and institutional stigma.

Ensure the implementation of clinical guidelines in providing peer support to help people to combat feeling stigmatized.

Talking about mental health in psychological therapy or health care professional training helped people to take control and develop psychological resilience.
Individual psychological therapy in an acute inpatient setting: Service user and psychologist perspectives
Authors: Small Catherine , Pistrang Nancy , Huddy Vyv , Williams Claire
Published: January 2018

Objectives

The acute inpatient setting poses potential challenges to delivering one‐to‐one psychological therapy; however, there is little research on the experiences of both receiving and delivering therapies in this environment. This qualitative study aimed to explore service users’ and psychologists’ experiences of undertaking individual therapy in acute inpatient units. It focused on the relationship between service users and psychologists, what service users found helpful or unhelpful, and how psychologists attempted to overcome any challenges in delivering therapy.

Design

The study used a qualitative, interview‐based design.

Methods

Eight service users and the six psychologists they worked with were recruited from four acute inpatient wards. They participated in individual semi‐structured interviews eliciting their perspectives on the therapy. Service users’ and psychologists’ transcripts were analysed together using Braun and Clarke's (2006, Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77) method of thematic analysis.

Results

The accounts highlighted the importance of forming a ‘human’ relationship – particularly within the context of the inpatient environment – as a basis for therapeutic work. Psychological therapy provided valued opportunities for meaning‐making. To overcome the challenges of acute mental health crisis and environmental constraints, psychologists needed to work flexibly and creatively; the therapeutic work also extended to the wider context of the inpatient unit, in efforts to promote a shared understanding of service users’ difficulties.

Conclusions

Therapeutic relationships between service users and clinicians need to be promoted more broadly within acute inpatient care. Psychological formulation can help both service users and ward staff in understanding crisis and working collaboratively. Practice‐based evidence is needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of adapted psychological therapy models.

Practitioner Points

Developing ‘human’ relationships at all levels of acute inpatient care continues to be an important challenge for clinical practice.

Due to the distress of individuals and the constraints of the acute inpatient environment, psychologists need to be flexible and adaptable in delivering individual therapy.

Making meaning and psychological formulation can give service users a sense of hope and empowerment, and can contribute to a shared understanding within the ward team of service users’ difficulties.
Failure process and mechanism of sandstone under combined equal biaxial static compression and impact loading
Authors: Peng J. Y. , Li Y. H. , Zhang F. P. , Qiu Z. G.
Published: January 2018

The process and mechanism of impact fractures in sandstone were investigated under equal biaxial static compression. The cracking process was captured by a high‐speed video camera. The results indicate that the main crack propagates along the circumference and finally forms a crater‐shaped failure zone. The size of the crater‐shaped failure zone increases as the static stress and impact velocity increase. In addition, microscopic features of the fracture surface were observed using a scanning electron microscope. It was found that the microcracks expand after combination loading, making the rock more susceptible to damage. Finally, the influence mechanism of static loading on dynamic failure of the rock was revealed by theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.
Exchange rate effects: A case study of the export performance of the Swiss agriculture and food sector
Authors: Kohler Andreas , Ferjani Ali
Published: January 2018

The Swiss franc appreciated strongly against the currencies of Switzerland's most important trading partners after the global financial crisis in 2008. This has raised the question of how sensitive Swiss exports are with respect to exchange rate movements. We analyse this question for exports of the Swiss agriculture and food sector, using both time series and dynamic panel data models based on data from 1999 to 2012. We find that in the long run a one per cent appreciation of the Swiss franc leads on average to a decrease in exports of agricultural and food products between 0.8 and 0.9 per cent. Our results suggest that on average, producers in the Swiss agriculture and food sector are able to successfully avoid price competition by differentiating their products, producing high‐quality products for niche markets.
Innovative metallic solutions for alpine ski bases
Authors: Ripamonti Francesco , Furlan Valentina , Demir Ali G. , Previtali Barbara , Derai Michele , Cheli Federico , Ossi Paolo M.
Published: January 2018

Ski manufacturers are interested in improving ski performance in terms of rapid sliding, excellent trajectory control, and reduced maintenance. A possible approach to achieve this goal is based on substitution of the base material, moving from the standard ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene to metallic solutions. Despite their elevated mechanical properties, however, metallic materials exhibit a poor sliding behavior, at least in their original manufacture condition. Although the interaction between the ski base and snow is still an open field, the authors investigated the relationship between ice friction and material hydrophobicity. The wettability behavior of surfaces can be managed by surface patterning techniques, among which laser surface texturing (LST) is a promising method, permitting surface feature modification from the micrometer- to millimeter-scale, and attractive for industrial applications. Herein, the tribological properties of two metallic materials are investigated and a process to reduce the sliding friction against snow is proposed. The LST is used to realize dimple patterning on the metallic surfaces, where the laser parameters are used to control the dimple geometry and surface wettability using untreated substrates as a reference condition. Finally, characterization using a prototype snow tribometer was performed to determine the friction coefficient and sliding performance of the laser-treated metallic surfaces.
An optical levitation system for a physics teaching laboratory
Authors: Isaksson Oscar , Karlsteen Magnus , Rostedt Mats , Hanstorp Dag
Published: January 2018

We describe an experimental system based on optical levitation of an oil droplet. When combined with an applied electric field and a source of ionizing radiation, the setup permits the investigation of physical phenomena such as radiation pressure, light diffraction, the motion of a charged particle in an oscillating electric field, and the interaction of ionizing radiation with matter. The trapping occurs by creating an equilibrium between a radiation pressure force and the force of gravity. We have found that an oil droplet can be trapped for at least nine hours. The system can be used to measure the size and total electric charge on the trapped droplet. The intensity of the light from the trapping laser that is scattered by the droplet is sufficient to allow the droplet to be easily seen with the naked eye, covered by laser alignment goggles. When oscillating under the influence of an ac electric field, the motion of the droplet can be described as that of a driven, damped harmonic oscillator. The magnitude and polarity of the charge can be altered by exposing the droplet to ionizing radiation from a low-activity radioactive source. Our goal was to design a hands-on setup that allows undergraduate and graduate students to observe and better understand fundamental physical processes.
A comparison between directly measured and inferred wave speeds from an acoustic propagation experiment in Currituck Sound
Authors: Ballard Megan S. , Costley R. Daniel , Sagers Jason D. , Lee Kevin M. , McNeese Andrew R. , Hathaway Kent K. , Wilson Preston S. , Smith Eric W.
Published: January 2018

An acoustic propagation experiment was conducted in Currituck Sound to characterize low-frequency propagation in a very-shallow-water estuarine environment. The water column properties were homogeneous over the study area, and the emphasis of this work is on understanding the propagation effects induced by the estuarine bed. During the experiment, low-frequency sound propagation measurements of waterborne sound and interface waves were acquired, and direct measurements of the compressional and shear wave properties were obtained at high frequencies. The propagation data consist of signals from a Combustive Sound Source recorded on bottom mounted geophones and a vertical line array of hydrophones. A statistical inference method was applied to obtain an estimate of the sediment compressional and shear wave speed profiles as a function of depth within the estuarine bed. The direct measurements were obtained in situ by inserting probes 30 cm into the sediment. Sediment acoustics models were fit to the high-frequency in situ data to enable comparison with the inferred low-frequency wave speeds. Overall, good agreement was found between the directly measured and inferred wave speeds for both the compressional and shear wave data.
The Preparation Period in Basketball: Training Load and Neuromuscular Adaptations
Authors: Ferioli Davide , Bosio Andrea , Bilsborough Johann C. , La Torre Antonio , Tornaghi Michele , Rampinini Ermanno
Published: January 2018

Purpose: To investigate the effect of the preparation period on neuromuscular characteristics of 12 professional (PRO) and 16 semiprofessional (SEMIPRO) basketball players and relationships between training-load indices and changes in neuromuscular physical performance. Methods: Before and after the preparation period, players underwent a countermovement jump (CMJ) test followed by a repeated change-of-direction (COD) test consisting of 4 levels with increasing intensities. The peripheral neuromuscular functions of the knee extensors (peak torque [PT]) were measured using electrical stimulations after each level (PT1, PT2, PT3, and PT4). Furthermore, PT Max (the highest value of PT) and PT Dec (PT decrement from PT Max to PT4) were calculated. Results: Trivial to small (effect size [ES] = −0.17 to 0.46) improvements were found in CMJ variables, regardless of competitive level. After the preparation period, peripheral fatigue induced by a COD test was similarly reduced in both PRO (PT Dec: from 27.8% [21.3%] to 11.4% [13.7%]; ES = −0.71; 90% confidence interval [CI], ±0.30) and SEMIPRO (PT Dec: from 26.1% [21.9%] to 10.2% [8.2%]; ES = −0.69; 90% CI, ±0.32). Moderate to large relationships were found between session rating of perceived exertion training load and changes in peak power output (PPO) measured during the CMJs (rs [90% confidence interval]: PPOabs, −.46 [±.26]; PPOrel, −.53 [±.23]) and in some PTs measured during the COD test (PT1, −.45 [±.26]; PT2, −.44 [±.26]; PT3, −.40 [±.27]; and PT Max, −.38 [±.28]). Conclusions: The preparation period induced minimal changes in the CMJ, while the ability to sustain repeated COD efforts was improved. Reaching high session rating of perceived exertion training loads might partially and negatively affect the ability to produce strength and power.
Decisive Moment: A Metric to Determine Success in Elite Karate Bouts
Authors: Tabben Montassar , Miarka Bianca , Chamari Karim , Beneke Ralph
Published: January 2018

Purpose: To evaluate the concept of decisive moment (DM) as a novel analysis approach providing insights into factors leading to successful high-performance kumite karate outcomes using time–motion variables. DM represents the moment from which 1 of the 2 opponents uninterruptedly dominates the other until the end of the fight. Methods: A total of 120 elite seniors (60 men and 60 women) World Karate Federation combats were analyzed during 2 World Championships (2012 and 2014). Specific characteristics of karate combat (strategy, technique, tactic, target, and effectiveness) were evaluated and classified in 3 sections: at, before, and after DM. Results: DM occurred at about 49% (32.8%) of bout duration. Up to DM no clearly identifiable differences in performance characteristics were found between winners and losers. At and after DM, an offensive strategy with focus on upper-limb techniques, attack and counterattack, targeting the head showed highest potential to achieve and maintain dominance and to win. After DM, losers showed increasingly reactive techniques, mainly timed attacks and combinatory techniques. Conclusion: The DM concept presents a novel approach to time–motion analysis, which for the first time allowed identification of clear discriminating factors of success and defeat in kumite karate at the highest performance level.
Effects of Late-Night Training on “Slow-Wave Sleep Episode” and Hour-by-Hour-Derived Nocturnal Cardiac Autonomic Activity in Female Soccer Players
Authors: Costa Júlio A. , Brito João , Nakamura Fábio Y. , Oliveira Eduardo M. , Rebelo António N.
Published: January 2018

Purpose:To assess the sensitivity of nocturnal heart-rate-variability-monitoring methods to the effects of late-night soccer training sessions in female athletes.Methods:Eleven female soccer players competing in the first division of the Portuguese soccer league wore heart-rate monitors during sleep at night throughout a 1-wk competitive in-season microcycle, after late-night training sessions (n = 3) and rest days (n = 3). Heart rate variability was analyzed through “slow-wave sleep episode” (10-min duration) and “hour by hour” (all the RR intervals recorded throughout the hours of sleep). Training load was quantified by session rating of perceived exertion (281.8 [117.9] to 369.0 [111.7] arbitrary units [a.u.]) and training impulse (77.5 [36.5] to 110.8 [31.6] a.u.), added to subjective well-being ratings (Hopper index = 11.6 [4.4] to 12.8 [3.2] a.u.). These variables were compared between training and rest days using repeated-measures analysis of variance.Results:The log-transformed slow-wave sleep-episode cardiac autonomic activity (lnRMSSD [natural logarithm of the square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent normal RR intervals] varying between 3.92 [0.57] and 4.20 [0.60] ms;; 95% confidence interval, .01–.26), lnHF (natural logarithm of high frequency), lnLF (natural logarithm of low frequency), lnSD1(natural logarithm of short-term beat-to-beat variability), and lnSD2(natural logarithm of long-term beat-to-beat variability), and the nontransformed LF/HF were not different among night-training session days and rest days (P > .05). Considering the hour-by-hour method (lnRMSSD varying between 4.05 [0.35] and 4.33 [0.32] ms;; 95% confidence interval, .26–.52), lnHF, lnLF, lnSD1, and lnSD2and the nontransformed LF/HF were not different among night-training session days and rest days (P > .05).Conclusion:Late-night soccer training does not seem to affect nocturnal slow-wave sleep-episode and hour-by-hour heart-rate-variability indices in highly trained athletes.
Postmatch Perceived Exertion, Feeling, and Wellness in Professional Soccer Players
Authors: Fessi Mohamed Saifeddin , Moalla Wassim
Published: January 2018

Purpose: To assess postmatch perceived exertion, feeling, and wellness according to the match outcome (winning, drawing, or losing) in professional soccer players. Methods: In total, 12 outfield players were followed during 52 official matches where the outcomes (win, draw, or lose) were noted. Following each match, players completed both a 10-point Borg scale modified by Foster and an 11-point Hardy and Rejeski scale rating of perceived feeling. Rating of perceived sleep quality, stress, fatigue, and muscle soreness was collected separately on a 7-point scale the day following each match. Results: Player rating of perceived exertion was higher by a very large magnitude following a loss compared with a draw or a win and higher by a small magnitude after a draw compared with a win. Players felt more pleasure after a win compared with a draw or loss and more displeasure after a loss compared with draw. The players reported a largely and moderately better perceived sleep quality, less stress, and fatigue following a win compared with a draw or a loss and a moderately bad perceived sleep quality, higher stress, and fatigue following a draw compared with a loss. In contrast, only a trivial-small change was observed in perceived muscle soreness between all outcomes. Conclusion: Match outcomes moderately to largely affect rating of perceived exertion, feeling, sleep quality, stress, and fatigue, whereas perceived muscle soreness remains high regardless of the match outcome. However, winning a match decreases the strain and improves both pleasure and wellness in professional soccer players.
“I Just Roll Over, Pick Myself Up, and Carry On!” Exploring the Fall-Risk Experience of Canadian Masters Athletes
Authors: Brennan Dylan , Zecevic Aleksandra A. , Sibbald Shannon L. , Nolte Volker
Published: January 2018

Objectives: The risk of falling increases in adults aged 65 years and older. A common barrier to take up physical activity in sedentary older adults is the fear of falls and injury. Experiences of master athletes can provide insights into management of the risk of falling. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the fall-risk experience of masters athletes actively competing in sport. Methods: Masters athletes aged 55 years and older (N = 22) described their experiences in semistructured interviews. Data were analyzed through an interpretive–constructivist paradigm using inductive content analysis. Results: Five dominant themes emerged: acceptance, learning, awareness, resilience, and self-fulfillment. Participants of this study reported an acceptance of the risk they take in sport for falls and injuries in their pursuits for self-fulfillment. Discussion: Findings indicate that master athletes accept the risk for falls and injuries in sport, find ways to adapt, and continue to compete because it is self-fulfilling. Sharing their experiences might inspire other older adults to get active as a rewarding means of remaining independent.
Late formation of silicon carbide in type II supernovae
Authors: Liu Nan , Nittler Larry R. , Alexander Conel M. O’D. , Wang Jianhua
Published: January 2018

Isotopic study of presolar grains shows supernova SiC dust condenses out of ejecta more than 2 years after the explosion.