bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Motivasi Meksiko Melakukan Penetapan Tarif Terhadap Distribusi Produk As Ke Meksiko Dalam Hubungan Perdagangan Antara Dua Negara
Authors: Fachrie Muhammad
Published: November 2021

This research discusses the analysis of Mexican motivation in determining tariffs on the distribution of US products to Mexico. In international law, Mexico and the US build a strong free trade cooperation in the North American Free Trade Zone (NAFTA) agreement. They agreed to implement the agreement that is built in that agreement, particularly for the exemption of tariff inthe distribution of products between two countries. In fact, the US could not complete the tariff exemption agreement in the distribution of Mexican products that has been agreed in NAFTA. It delays the implementation of this agreement by complicating the distribution of goods from Mexico to the US with unilateral regulations. Eventually, this research found that Mexico motivation is to respond US regulations on its products for several years. That US action, particularly the logistics distribution cooperation, has caused Mexico experiencing difficulties in gaining profits.
Cara Mengajukan Pinjaman
Authors: Ramadhona Indah
Published: November 2021

Modal merupakan salah satu factor penting dalam dalam menjalankan danmengembangkan usaha banyak orang merasa bingung dan tidak tahu caramendapatkan modal usaha saat membutuhkan. Selama ini banyak orang beranggapan bahwa modal hanya didapatkan melalui perbankkan. Padahal, modalusaha bias didapat dengan berbagai cara dan dari berbagai tempat.Meskipun modal sangat penting, namun bukanlah penentu keberhasilan darisebuah usaha . banyak factor maupun unsure lain yang takkalah pentingnya turut berperan didalamnya. Seperti besarnya pasar yang ada, strategi pemasaran, bahan baku, dan sebagainya.Yang juga takkalah penting semangat kewirausahaan kitadalam mengembangkan usaha dan mengatasi berbagai tantangan dan kendalausaha yang ada. Lantas bagaimana mendapatkan modal usaha. Oleh karena itu penulis tertarik untuk membuat makalah tentang “ Cara Mendapatkan Modal”.
Demokrasi Liberal
Authors: fauzi Defa nur ifada
Published: November 2021

Demokrasi liberal (atau demokrasi konstitusional) adalah sistem politik yang menganut kebebasan individu.Secara konstitusional, ini dapat diartikan sebagai hak-hak individu dari kekuasaan pemerintah.[1] Dalam demokrasi liberal, keputusan-keputusan mayoritas (dari proses perwakilan atau langsung) diberlakukan pada sebagian besar bidang-bidang kebijakan pemerintah yang tunduk pada pembatasan-pembatasan agar keputusan pemerintah tidak melanggar kemerdekaan dan hak-hak individu seperti tercantum dalam konstitusi.[2][3]Demokrasi liberal pertama kali dikemukakan pada Abad Pencerahan oleh penggagas teori kontrak sosial seperti Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, dan Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Semasa Perang Dingin, istilah demokrasi liberal bertolak belakang dengan komunisme ala Republik Rakyat. Pada zaman sekarang demokrasi konstitusional umumnya dibanding-bandingkan dengan demokrasi langsung atau demokrasi partisipasi
pengaruh merokok bagi remaja dan pergaulan sehari hari
Authors: Daha Maria Kaka
Published: November 2021

Pada kehidupan remaja saat ini, merokok merupakan suatu pemandangan yang sangat tidak asing. Kebiasaan merokok dianggap dapat memberikan kenikmatan bagi perokok, namun di lain pihak dapat menimbulkan dampak buruk bagi perokok sendiri maupun orang-orang disekitarnya. Berbagai kandungan zat yang terdapat di dalam rokok memberikan dampak negatif pada tubuh penghisapnya. Sekarang ini kegiatan merokok juga banyak dilakukan oleh remaja yang biasanya dilakukan di depan orang lain, terutama dilakukan di depan kelompoknya karena mereka sangat tertatik kepada kelompok sebayanya atau dengan kata lain terikat dengan kelompoknya. Hal ini sebenarnya telah diketahui oleh remaja khususnya dan umumnya masyarakat dunia, bahwa merokok itu mengganggu kesehatan. Masalah rokok pada hakekatnya sudah menjadi masalah nasional,bahkan internasional. Pemerintah tentunya juga tidak tinggal diam atas fenomena banyaknya kebiasaan merokok pada kalangan masyarakat,khususnya kalangan remaja yang masih berstatus pelajar. Selain kebijakan-kebijakan pemerintah akan larangan merokok diberbagai tempat umum seperti rumah sakit, di kantor-kantor, lingkungan sekolahan, serta tempat umum lainnya tentunya pemerintah juga mengeluarkan peraturan yang sah seperti 3HUDWXUDQ 3HPHULQWDK 5, 1RPRU 7DKXQ WHQWDQJ ³3HQJDPDQDQ 5RNRN %DJL.HVHKDWDQ¥\DQJGLNeluarkan resmi oleh Presiden. Masalah perilaku mengkonsumsi rokok tidak hanya terjadi pada kalangan remaja ataupun kalangan pelajar pada masyarakat kota metropolis saja, akan tetapi sehubungan dengan berbagai pengaruh dan perilaku remaja karena pergaulan, maka pemuda atau remaja bahkan pelajar di pedesaan saja juga telah banyak yang melakukan kegiatan merokok. Termasuk dalam hal ini para pelajar SMA Negeri 2 Karanganyar. Dari kondisi itulah maka dalam penelitian ini akan mengangkat topik dan masalah penelitian tentang perilaku merokok pada kalangan pelajar di SMA Negeri 2 Karanganyar. Penulis merasa tertarik untuk melaksanakan penelitian ini karena kehidupan remaja khususnya para pelajar di SMA Negeri 2 Karanganyar sebagian besar merokok. Bahkan tidak hanya dilingkungan Sekolahan tempat penelitian saja tetapi secara umum merebak keseluruh penjuru pelosok desa di sekitar tempat penelitian. Adapun rumusan masalah yang menjadi dasar penilitian mengenai perilaku merokok pada kalangan pelajar,yaitu; (1)Apa yang mendorong seorang pelajar di SMA Negeri 2 Karanganyar, memiliki perilaku merokok?(2)Apa dampak yang ditimbulkan
Pentingnya Pendidikan Demokrasi Bagi Generasi Muda
Authors: Ambardewi Rossana Rhisky
Published: November 2021

Negara Indonesia adalah Negara yang Demokratis. Seharusnya setiap generasi muda memiliki hak dan kewajiban serta perlakuan yang sama dalam proses pendidikan. Setiap anak harus memiliki kesempatan yang sama untuk mendapat pendidikan sesuai dengan kemampuannya. Dengan demikian pendidikan sangat penting bagi seluruh bangsa. Pendidikan demokrasi pada hakekatnya membimbing generasi muda agar semakin dewasa dalam berdemokrasi dengan cara mensosialkan nilai-nilai demokrasi, agar perilakunya mencerminkan kehidupan yang demokratis. Dengan adanya pendidikan demokrasi diharapkan generasi muda mampu berperilaku dan bertindak demokratis, memberikan jalan keluar dari beragam masalah mengenai bangsa dan bernegara, serta memperlihatkan keaktifan generasi muda dalam berpatisipasi secara nyata demi terlaksananya demokrasi yang sesuai dengan apa yang diharapkan.
Konsepsi implementasi demokrasi pancasila dalam sistem perpolitikan di indonesia
Authors: kaka felisitas gloria hendrika
Published: November 2021

AbstrakDemokrasi Barat yang dilahirkan oleh Revolusi Prancis tiada membawa kemerdekaan rakyat yang sebenarnya, melainkan menimbulkan kekuasaan kapitalisme, sebab itu demokrasi politik saja tidaklah cukup untuk mencapai demokrasi yang sebenarnya yaitu kedaulatan rakyat. Haruslah ada pula kedaulatan ekonomi, yang memakai dasar, bahwa segala penghasilan yang mengenal penghidupan orang banyak harus berlaku dibawah tanggungan orang banyak juga. Mengapa demokrasi selalu menjadi tema dan pilihan moral dalam perjuangan politik? Karena manusia menyadari dirinya memiliki kelemahan moral berupa kecenderungan untuk berkuasa dan menguasai orang lain. Jika kecenderungan ini melekat pada seseorang yang kebetulan tengah menggenggam kekuasaan dan disitu tidak ada mekanisme kontrol yang bisa memperingatkan dan mengendalikannya, maka biasanya rakyat yang akan menjadi korban. Kata Kunci : Konsepsi, Implementasi, Demokrasi, Politik Indonesia
Clinical Predictors of Coccidioidomycosis from a Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Ramadan Ferris Alaa , Ellingson Katherine , Canales Robert , Bedrick Edward , Galgiani John , Donovan Fariba
Published: November 2021

Demographic and clinical indicators have been described to support identification of coccidioidomycosis (CM); however, the interplay of these conditions has not been explored in a clinical setting. In 2019, we enrolled 392 participants in a cross-sectional study for suspected CM in emergency room and inpatient units within Coccidioides endemic regions. We aimed to develop a predictive CM model among participants presenting with suspected CM. We applied LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) to select predictors of CM and report results from univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. Univariable models identified elevated eosinophil count as a significant predictive feature of CM in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Our multivariable outpatient model identified rash (OR=9.74, p= 0.047, 95%CI=1.03–92.24) as a predictor of CM. Our results suggest preliminary support for the development of a CM prediction model for use in the clinical setting.
DESAIN DAN STRUKTUR ORGANISASI
Authors: AMELIA RESKI
Published: November 2021

desain dan struktur organisasi adalah bagaimana pekerjaan di bagi, dikelompokkan, dan di kordinasikan secara formal, yang merupakan suatu wadah berkumpulnya minimal dua orang untuk mencapai tujuan.
Tanggung Jawab Negara Hukum Demokrasi dalam Penyelenggaraan Pelayanan Kesehatan
Authors: WATUWAYA EUNIKE RAMBU PULLANG
Published: November 2021

Abstrak Peningkatan jumlah penduduk berakibat semakin tinggi pula tekanan terhadap lingkungan. Hal ini disebabkan oleh aktivitas penduduk yang berdampak langsung atau tidak langsung terhadap lingkungan seperti limbah padat ataupun limbah cair. Hal ini memberi konsekuensi terhadap kesehatan lingkungan masyarakat yang pada akhirnya akan berdampak pula kepada kesehatan masyarakat itu sendiri. Metode penelitian dalam artikel ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif. Kesehatan merupakan pelayanan publik yang bersifat mutlak dan erat kaitannya dengan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Untuk semua pelayanan yang bersifat mutlak, negara dan aparaturnya berkewajiban untuk menyediakan layanan yang bermutu dan mudah didapatkan setiap saat. Pelayanan di bidang kesehatan merupakan salah satu bentuk pelayanan yang paling banyak dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat. Pelayanan kesehatan merupakan langkah peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat dan hal ini sangat penting dalam rangka meningkatkan kualitas Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM). Salah satu usaha peningkatan kesehatan pada masyarakat tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan cara menyediakan fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan yang merata dan sesuai dengan keinginan masyarakat yang dilayani. Pemenuhan hak kesehatan bagi masyarakat diselenggarakan dengan upaya pembangunan kesehatan secara menyeluruh dan berkesinambungan. Pembangunan kesehatan masyarakat sangat erat kaitannya dengan ketersediaan sarana dan prasarana penunjang kesehatan itu sendiri.
World Scientists' Warnings Into Action, Local to Global
Authors: Barnard Phoebe E , Moomaw William R , Fioramonti Lorenzo , Laurance William F , Mahmoud Mahmoud Ibrahim , O'Sullivan Jane , Rapley Christopher , Rees William , Ripple William , Rhodes Christopher J , Semiletov Igor , Talberth John , Tucker Christopher , Wysham Daphne , Ziervogel Gina
Published: November 2021

For leaders, planners and people around the world facing uncertainty about actions to resolve our planetary crises, we offer a concrete framework for action. We take the six core areas identified for urgent action by humanity from our 2019 paper in BioScience, World Scientists Warning of a Climate Emergency, and convert these into a framework for concrete solutions at six scales (household; community; city; state/province/district; nation; global) and on three timelines (2022-2026; by 2030; by 2050). Humanity is nearly out of road, and our challenges are now less technical or scientific than social, behavioral, political and economic. Leaders' challenges will also be to steer the ship of humanity into a steady future on a vanishingly short timeline. All we know and love is at stake.
Makalah Cara Mengajukan Pinjaman
Authors: khasanah uswatun
Published: November 2021

Lembaga keuangan berfungsi sebagai intermediasi atau perantara yang menawarkan berbagai fasilitas layanan yang berazaskan trust (kepercayaan). Sebagai lembaga keuangan yang berfungsi menyimpan dana dari masyarakat dalam bentuk simpanan dan menyalurkan dana dalam bentuk pinjaman serta jasa lainnya, bank memberikan kemudahan dalam layanan pemberian kredit. Masyarakat pada umumnya masih merasa kesulitan dan menganggap terlalu sulit dengan syarat-syarat yang ditetapkan pihak bank dalam pemberian kredit. Selain itu, karena banyak permintaan kredit dari masyarakat maka permasalahan kredit macet juga banyak terjadi. Permasalahan di atas dapat diselesaikan dengan adanya penelitian ini, yaitu bagaimana prosedur yang dilakukan dalam pemberian kredit, apa saja penyebab kredit macet serta bagaimana penanganan kredit macet. Tujuan dari penulisan Tugas Akhir ini adalah untuk mengetahui prosedur pemberian kredit serta penanganan kredit macet. Metode pengumpulan data pada Tugas Akhir ini menggunakan metode observasi, metode wawancara dan metode dokumentasi. Sedangkan analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Lokasi penelitian ada pada PT. Bank Perkreditan Rakyat Restu Klaten Makmur. Objek kajian dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana prosedur pemberian kredit dan penanganan kredit macet pada PT. Bank Perkreditan Rakyat Restu Klaten Makmur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prosedur pemberian kredit pada PT. Bank Perkreditan Rakyat Restu Klaten Makmur semakin terus berkembang, keberanian untuk membuka kantor cabang semakin menambah pemasukan pendapatan bagi bank. Dengan berkembangnya pengajuan kredit maka setiap bank tidak lepas dengan permasalahan kredit macet. Maka dari itu, untuk meningkatkan perkembangan kinerja PT. BPR Restu Klaten Makmur diperlukan sumber daya manusia yang berkualitas dalam hal strategi menawarkan kredit pada masyarakat, meningkatkan efektifitas dan efisiensi operasional BPR, melakukan evaluasi apa saja yang perlu ditingkatkan untuk kemajuan BPR, serta dapat menangani permasalahan kredit macet. Kata kunci:prosedur pemberian kredit, penanganan kredit macet.
Aspek Hukum
Authors: solihin Della citra
Published: November 2021

Aspek hukum adalah aspek yang mengkaji ketentuan hukum yang harus dipenuhi sebelum menjalankan usaha. Ketentuan hukum untuk setiap jenis usaha berbeda-beda, tergantung pada kompleksitas bisnis tersebut. Adanya otonomi daerah menyebabkan ketentuan hukum dan perizinan antara daerah yang satu dengan daerah yang lain berbeda-beda. Oleh karena itu, pemahaman mengenai ketentuan hukum dan perizinan investasi untuk setiap daerah merupakan hal yang sangat penting untuk melakukan analisis kelayakan aspek hukum.
Differential expression of activin A receptor type 1C in cancers of the breast.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: November 2021

Breast cancer affects women at relatively high frequency (1). We mined published microarray datasets (2, 3) to determine in an unbiased fashion and at the systems level genes most differentially expressed in the primary tumors of patients with breast cancer. We report here significant differential expression of the gene encoding activin A receptor type 1C, ACVR1C, when comparing primary tumors of the breast to the tissue of origin, the normal breast. ACVR1C was also differentially expressed in the tumor cells of patients with triple negative breast cancer. ACVR1C mRNA was present at significantly lower quantities in tumors of the breast as compared to normal breast tissue. Analysis of human survival data revealed that expression of ACVR1C in primary tumors of the breast was correlated with overall survival in patients with luminal A subtype cancer, demonstrating a relationship between primary tumor expression of a differentially expressed gene and patient survival outcomes influenced by PAM50 molecular subtype. ACVR1C may be of relevance to initiation, maintenance or progression of cancers of the female breast.
Demokrasi Dan Budaya Politik Indonesia
Authors: Kodi Dedimus
Published: November 2021

Demokrasi adalah bentuk atau mekanisme sistem pemerintahan suatu Negara sebagai upaya untuk mewujudkan kedaulatan rakyat (kekuasaan warga Negara) atas negara untuk di jalankan oleh pemerintahan Negara tersebut. Budaya politik sangat berpengaruh untuk melihat tingkat kehidupan demokratis suatu Negara. Budaya politik merupakan variabel determinan atau berpengaruh terhadap sistem politik. Demokratisasi tidak berjalan baik apabila tidak di tunjang oleh terbangunnya budaya politik yang sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip demokrasi. Indonesia adalah sebuah wilayah dengan karasteristik budaya masyarakat yang unik dan kompleks. Dilihat dari segi asal-usulnya, masyarakat indonesia merupakan produk sejarah dari campuran berbagai macam ras, yang membangun kehidupan bersama dan bersebaran, dari banyak pulau/kepulauan, dengan identitas religus yang di pengaruhi oleh terutama empat corak agama besar (Hindu, Budha, Islam, dan Kristen), dan terdiri dari ratusan jumlah etnik dengan bahasa yang berlainan, dan sebagainya. Demokrasi tidak hanya merupakan bentuk pemerintahan, tetapi tetapi menjadi sistem politik.
Media Pembelajaran Algoritma Pemrograman di Tengah Pandemi Berbasis Aplikasi dan Web
Authors: Andini Fadhila
Published: November 2021

Penelitian ini menjelaskan pemanfaatan media pembelajaran berbasis aplikasi dan web pada masa pandemi (daring) yang memiliki dampak positif yang dilihat dari hasil belajar siswa melalui tugas rutin dan kuis yang sering dilakukan melalui aplikasi dan web yang dapat memudahkan untuk mengakses segala sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan pembelajaran. Namun media pembelajaran aplikasi dan web ini tidak jarang pula ditemukan kendala. Hilang nya koneksi jaringan,eror saat mengakses file,serta beberapa kendala lain nya merupakan kekurangan dari aplikasi dan web ini.Namun hal itu bukan menjadi masalah besar yang perlu ditakuti,justru seiring berjalannya waktu pengguna sudah bisa meminimalisir kendala tersebut.
Pengaruh merokok bagi remaja dan pergaulan sehari hari
Authors: daha Maria Kaka
Published: November 2021

Pada kehidupan remaja saat ini, merokok merupakan suatu pemandangan yang sangat tidak asing. Kebiasaan merokok dianggap dapat memberikan kenikmatan bagi perokok, namun di lain pihak dapat menimbulkan dampak buruk bagi perokok sendiri maupun orang-orang disekitarnya. Berbagai kandungan zat yang terdapat di dalam rokok memberikan dampak negatif pada tubuh penghisapnya. Sekarang ini kegiatan merokok juga banyak dilakukan oleh remaja yang biasanya dilakukan di depan orang lain, terutama dilakukan di depan kelompoknya karena mereka sangat tertatik kepada kelompok sebayanya atau dengan kata lain terikat dengan kelompoknya. Hal ini sebenarnya telah diketahui oleh remaja khususnya dan umumnya masyarakat dunia, bahwa merokok itu mengganggu kesehatan. Masalah rokok pada hakekatnya sudah menjadi masalah nasional,bahkan internasional. Pemerintah tentunya juga tidak tinggal diam atas fenomena banyaknya kebiasaan merokok pada kalangan masyarakat,khususnya kalangan remaja yang masih berstatus pelajar. Selain kebijakan-kebijakan pemerintah akan larangan merokok diberbagai tempat umum seperti rumah sakit, di kantor-kantor, lingkungan sekolahan, serta tempat umum lainnya tentunya pemerintah juga mengeluarkan peraturan yang sah seperti 3HUDWXUDQ 3HPHULQWDK 5, 1RPRU 7DKXQ WHQWDQJ ³3HQJDPDQDQ 5RNRN %DJL.HVHKDWDQ¥\DQJGLNeluarkan resmi oleh Presiden. Masalah perilaku mengkonsumsi rokok tidak hanya terjadi pada kalangan remaja ataupun kalangan pelajar pada masyarakat kota metropolis saja, akan tetapi sehubungan dengan berbagai pengaruh dan perilaku remaja karena pergaulan, maka pemuda atau remaja bahkan pelajar di pedesaan saja juga telah banyak yang melakukan kegiatan merokok. Termasuk dalam hal ini para pelajar SMA Negeri 2 Karanganyar. Dari kondisi itulah maka dalam penelitian ini akan mengangkat topik dan masalah penelitian tentang perilaku merokok pada kalangan pelajar di SMA Negeri 2 Karanganyar. Penulis merasa tertarik untuk melaksanakan penelitian ini karena kehidupan remaja khususnya para pelajar di SMA Negeri 2 Karanganyar sebagian besar merokok. Bahkan tidak hanya dilingkungan Sekolahan tempat penelitian saja tetapi secara umum merebak keseluruh penjuru pelosok desa di sekitar tempat penelitian. Adapun rumusan masalah yang menjadi dasar penilitian mengenai perilaku merokok pada kalangan pelajar,yaitu; (1)Apa yang mendorong seorang pelajar di SMA Negeri 2 Karanganyar, memiliki perilaku merokok?(2)Apa dampak yang ditimbulkan
LITERATURE REVIEW EFEKTIFITAS TERAPI KOMPRES HANGAT JAHE UNTUK PENANGANAN NYERI PADA PASIEN GOUT ARTRITIS
Authors: Puspitasari Indah , L Meria Woro
Published: November 2021

Riskesdas 2018 menyatakan bahwa prevalensi penderita gout artritis di Indonesia saat ini sebanyak 7.3%sedangkan di provinsi Jawa Barat populasi penderita gout artritis sebanyak 8,86% dengan jumlah penderitaberjenis kelamin perempuan lebih banyak yaitu 8,46% dan pada penderita berjenis kelamin laki-laiki yaitusebanyak 6,13%. Telaah literatur review ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh terapi kompres hangat jaheterhadap skala nyeri pada pasien gout artritis. Desain dalam Karya Tulis Ilmiah ini adalah literatur reviewdengan menggunakan metode pencarian electronic data base dan sumber pencarian google scholar. Kata kunciyang digunakan yaitu Gout artritis, kompres hangat jahe, dan skala nyeri, dalam pencarian artikel internasionalyaitu dengan menggunakan kata kunci : Gout arthritis, ginger warm compress, dan pain scale Kriteria inklusiyang digunakan yaitu artikel yang dapat diakses full text yang tersedia berbahasa Inggris dan Indonesia. Hasilditemukan 5 artikel di google scholar yang membahas tentang keefektifan kompres hangat jahe pada pasiengout artritis berdasarkan klasifikasi intervensi dan outcome yang sesuai dengan kriteria penelitian. Hasilliteratur review dari kelima artikel menunjukkan bahwa kompres hangat jahe efektif untuk menangani nyeripada pasien gout artritis.
A Military Logistics Network Planning System
Authors: Rogers Matthew B , McConnell Brandon M , Hodgson Thom J , Kay Michael G , King Russell E , Parlier Greg , Thoney-Barletta Kristin
Published: November 2021

This paper presents a proof of concept for a Military Logistics Network Planning System (MLNPS) to be used during mission planning to quickly identify a robust logistical footprint that can adequately sustain units deployed in an expeditionary environment. The logistical network is modeled using an efficient form of goal-seeking deterministic discrete event simulation to process supply requisitions through the logistical network. The queuing information obtained from the simulation informs capacity adjustments to the network to maximize efficiency. This process of simulation and network tuning continues interactively until an adequate and robust logistical footprint is found. During the planning stages, the MLNPS can be used to identify and mitigate logistical problems instead of waiting to react to backlogs when the military's operations would have already been affected. Designed to run as an app on the Army's enterprise resource planning (ERP) system (Global Combat Support System-Army), the MLNPS can also be used during operations to inform commanders of expected operational impacts on logistics. Contingency operation scenarios are used to demonstrate the MLNPS' capabilities.
The scientific study of consciousness cannot, and should not, be morally neutral
Authors: Mazor Matan , Brown Simon , Ciaunica Anna , Demertzi Athena , Fahrenfort Johannes Jacobus , Faivre Nathan , Francken Jolien , Lamy Dominique , Lenggenhager Bigna , Moutoussis Michael , Nizzi Marie-Christine , Salomon Roy , Soto David , Stein Timo , Lubianker Nitzan
Published: November 2021

A target question for the scientific study of consciousness is how dimensions of consciousness, such as the ability to feel pain and pleasure or reflect on one’s own experience, vary in different states and animal species. Considering the tight link between consciousness and moral status, answers to these questions have implications for law and ethics. Here we point out that given this link, the scientific community studying consciousness may face implicit pressure to carry out certain research programmes or interpret results in ways that justify current norms rather than challenge them. We show that since consciousness largely determines moral status, the use of non-human animals in the scientific study of consciousness introduces a direct conflict between scientific relevance and ethics – the more scientifically valuable an animal model is for studying consciousness, the more difficult it becomes to ethically justify compromises to its well-being for consciousness research. Lastly, in light of these considerations, we call for a discussion of the immediate ethical corollaries of the body of knowledge that has accumulated, and for a more explicit consideration of the role of ideology and ethics in the scientific study of consciousness.
Social disappointment and partner presence affect long-tailed macaque refusal behaviour in an "inequity aversion" experiment
Authors: Titchener Rowan , Thiriau Constance , Hüser Timo , Scherberger Hansjörg , Fischer Julia , Keupp Stefanie
Published: November 2021

Inequity aversion plays a central role in human cooperation. Some animals similarly show frustration and become demotivated when rewarded more poorly than a conspecific, which has been taken as evidence of inequity aversion. An alternative explanation - social disappointment - shifts the cause of frustration from the unequal reward to the human experimenter who could – but elects not to – treat subject and partner equally. This study investigates whether social disappointment could explain frustration patterns in long-tailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis. We tested twelve monkeys in a novel inequity aversion paradigm. Subjects had to pull a lever and were rewarded with low-value food; in half of the trials a partner worked alongside the subjects receiving high-value food. Rewards were distributed either by a human or a machine. In line with the social disappointment hypothesis monkeys rewarded by the human refused food more often than monkeys rewarded by the machine. Our study extends previous findings in chimpanzees and suggests that both social disappointment and food competition drive refusal patterns.
Emotion Dynamics as Predictors of Drinking Behavior: Idiographic and Pooled Approaches
Authors: Ashlock Leighann , Soyster Peter D. , Fisher Aaron Jason
Published: November 2021

The specific factors driving alcohol-related behavior and cognition likely vary from person to person. Many theories suggest emotions are pertinent to alcohol use. Emotions and how they change over time may provide an opportunity for more precise prediction of alcohol consumption. The present study applied statistical classification methods to idiographic time series data of emotions and emotion dynamics in order to identify person-specific and between-subjects predictors of future drinking-relevant behavior, affect, and cognition (N = 33). Participants were sent eight mobile phone surveys per day for 15 days. Each survey assessed the number of drinks consumed since the previous survey, as well as emotions, alcohol craving, and the desire to drink. Each participant’s EMA data were prepared for analysis separately. To estimate emotion dynamics, we utilized the Generalized Local Linear Approximation. The data collected from each individual were split into training and testing sets for out-of-sample, person-specific validation. Elastic net regularization was used to select a subset of emotion and emotion dynamic variables to be used in models that predicted either alcohol consumption, craving, or wanting to drink roughly two hours in the future. To compare predictive performance, we tested both person-specific and between-subject prediction models. Averaging across participants, out-of-sample predictions of future drinking using idiographic models were 69% accurate. For craving, the mean out-of-sample R² value was .13. For wanting to drink, the mean out-of-sample R² value was .16. Idiographic prediction models exceeded nomothetic models in prediction accuracy. Using person-specific emotion and emotion dynamics can help predict future drinking behaviors.
Ecological systems contributors to internalizing symptoms in a national sample of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Thorpe Daneele , Mirhashem Rebecca , Shen Jenny , Roulston Chantelle A , Fox Kathryn , Schleider Jessica L.
Published: November 2021

Internalizing problems are common in adolescence and increased substantially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Leveraging data from a U.S. nationally diverse sample of 2,954 adolescents (ages 13-16), we examined the associations between factors at multiple levels of youths’ ecologies – spanning indicators of threat and deprivation – and their depression and anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, we examined how these associations differed by adolescents’ racial/ethnic groups. Consistent with socio-ecological models, we found that indicators of threat and deprivation at the adolescents’ immediate home, and more distal neighborhood environments were associated with their depression and anxiety symptoms. The patterns of associations were similar across racial/ethnic groups in multigroup structural equation models. Additionally, we found that mean levels of internalizing symptoms and socio-ecological predictors significantly differed across racial/ethnic groups. These findings have important implications for understanding multi-level contributors to mental health among adolescents which may inform research, practice, and policy.
Individual differences in resilience to stress are associated with affective flexibility
Authors: Rademacher Lena , Kraft Dominik , Eckart Cindy , Fiebach Christian
Published: November 2021

Cognitive flexibility, the capacity to adjust behavior to changing situational demands, is frequently linked to resilience because of its important contribution to stress regulation. In this context, particularly affective flexibility, defined as the ability to flexibly attend and disengage from affective information, may play a significant role. However, there are so far only very few empirical investigations that directly explore the link between flexibility and resilience to stress. In the present study, the relationship of cognitive and affective flexibility and resilience was examined in 100 healthy participants. Resilience was measured with three self-report questionnaires, two defining resilience as a personality trait and one focusing on resilience as an outcome in the sense of stress coping abilities. Cognitive and affective flexibility were assessed in two experimental task switching paradigms with non-affective and affective materials and tasks, respectively. The cognitive flexibility paradigm additionally included measures of cognitive stability and dispositional cognitive flexibility. In the affective flexibility paradigm, we explicitly considered the affective valence of the stimuli before and during task switching. Response time switch costs in the affective flexibility paradigm were significantly correlated to all three self-report measures of resilience. Regarding the valence of the stimuli, the correlation with resilience was not specific to costs when switching from negative to positive information or vice versa. For cognitive (i.e., non-affective) flexibility, a significant correlation of response time switch costs was found with only one of the three resilience measures. A regression analysis including both affective and cognitive switch costs as predictors of resilience indicated that only affective, but not cognitive switch costs, explained unique variance components. Furthermore, the experimental measures of cognitive stability and dispositional cognitive flexibility did not correlate with resilience scores. These findings suggest that specifically the efficiency of flexibly switching between affective and non-affective information is related to resilience.
Unfamiliar Contexts Compared to Familiar Contexts Impair Learning in Humans
Authors: Asfestani Marjan Alizadeh , Tkotz Juli , Beer Sina , Nikpourian Ghazaleh , Born Jan , Feld Gordon
Published: November 2021

Context plays a key role in learning and memory processes. Re-exposure to the context that information was learned in facilitates memory retrieval of this information. However, it is currently unclear whether context changes also influence the ability to learn new information, which the present work investigated in two experiments with healthy participants (n = 40 per experiment; 20 female). In experiment 1, participants learned a list of word-pairs (A-B) in the morning and a second non-overlapping list (C-D) in the evening, either in the same context or in a different context than the first list (between-subjects). We confirmed that new learning is enhanced if it takes place in the same context, putatively driven by context-dependent retrieval of meta-learning processes. In addition, new learning in the other context was significantly decreased compared to baseline. In experiment 2, participants were exposed to both contexts in the morning, but only learned word-pairs in one of them. Familiarity with the other context abolished differences between the same and other context group. These data point to the novelty of the context interfering with new learning rather than the familiarity of the context enhancing it. Importantly, the reduction of new learning in the other context in the first experiment, where the context was unfamiliar in both learning sessions, suggests mechanisms beyond attention processes that are bound by the novelty of the other context. Rather, the old context impairs the processing of the new context, possibly by biasing pattern completion and pattern separation trade-offs within the hippocampus.
The limits of automatic sensorimotor processing during word processing: Investigations with repeated linguistic experience, memory consolidation during sleep, and rich linguistic learning contexts
Authors: Guenther Fritz , Press Sophia Antonia , Dudschig Carolin , Kaup Barbara
Published: November 2021

While a number of studies have repeatedly demonstrated an automatic activation of sensorimotor experience during language processing in the form of action-congruency effects, as predicted by theories of grounded cognition, more recent research has not found these effects for words that were just learned from linguistic input alone, without sensorimotor experience with their referents. In the present study, we investigate whether this absence of effects can be attributed to a lack of repeated experience and consolidation of the associations between words and sensorimotor experience in memory. To address these issues, we conducted four experiments in which (1 and 2) participants engaged in two separate learning phases in which they learned novel words from language alone, with an intervening period of memory-consolidating sleep, and (3 and 4) we employed familiar words whose referents speakers have no direct experience with (such as plankton). However, we again did not observe action-congruency effects in subsequent test phases in any of the experiments. This indicates that direct sensorimotor experience with word referents is a necessary requirement for automatic sensorimotor activation during word processing.
Restoring Culture and Capital to Cultural Capital: Origin–Destination Cultural Distance and Immigrant Earnings in the United States
Authors: He Qian , Gerber Theodore P. , Xie Yu
Published: November 2021

An extensive sociological literature maintains that cultural capital plays a pivotal role in perpetuating social inequalities. However, empirical tests of cultural capital theory focus on how culture influences educational outcomes, not earnings, and they mainly look for cultural differences across social classes within societies. We propose a direct test of economic returns to cultural capital by capitalizing instead on differences in national cultures across countries. Using the American Community Survey and the National Survey of College Graduates, we analyze the relationship between immigrants’ lack of U.S.-specific cultural capital, proxied by cultural distance between the origin country and the U.S., and their earnings. Findings consistently indicate that origin–U.S. cultural distance is linked to immigrants’ lower earnings after controlling for various other factors, supporting cultural capital theory. The earnings penalties vary systematically across cultural distances, and such systematic variations are more pronounced for immigrants with at least a bachelor’s degree, those who arrive in adulthood, and with foreign highest degrees. Moreover, county-level analysis reveals more sizeable cultural distance penalties in more competitive and unequal labor markets, highlighting how subnational receiving contexts shape disparities in immigrants’ economic incorporation at their destinations.
Instrumented Indentation Test
Authors: Ullner C.
Published: November 2021

Instrumented indentation hardness testing significantly expands on the capabilities of traditional hardness testing. It employs high-resolution instrumentation to continuously control and monitor the loads and displacements of an indenter as it is driven into and withdrawn from a material. The scope of application comprises displacements even smaller than 200 nm (nano range) and forces even up to 30 kN . Mechanical properties are derived from the indentation load-displacement data obtained in simple tests. The chapter presents the elements of contact mechanics that are important for the application of the instrumented indentation test. The test method according to the international standard (ISO 14577) is discussed, and this information is supplemented by information about the testing technique and some example applications. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the extensions of the standard that are expected in the future (estimation of the measurement uncertainty and procedures for the determination of true stress-strain curves).
Problems and Prospects of Decentralization in Pakistan: A Study of Musharraf Devolution Plan
Authors: Sanaullah  , Sarwat Tasneem , Rehman Hina
Published: November 2021

Pakistan has had a long history devolution plan since independence. However, every local government has been masterminded and implemented by the military dictator. Musharraf, after taking over the affairs of the government, introduced a system of local selfgovernment whose elections were to be held on a non-party basis. Although this was one good initiative as the system transferred powers to the gross root level by empowering the local population, tried to ensure the financial autonomy of the local government institutions, and provided for the civilian supremacy of the elected representatives over the more powerful bureaucracy. However, despite all these good points, the system came under hot criticism for many of the loopholes that the authorities filed to address. Perhaps, the most important was the election on a non-party basis. Furthermore, a continuous tussle between the elected representative and district administration hampered the smooth running of the affairs of the district. What this paper concludes is that there is plenty of room for improvement in the system.
Neo-Colonialist critique of Hamid's The Reluctant Fundamentalist and Kincaid's A Small Place: A Comparative Postcolonial Study
Authors: Nawaz Arshad , Ali Ahmad , Saddique Kalsoom
Published: November 2021

With a specific focus on two different novels from different continents, the study analyzes the current American neocolonialist hegemonic behavior, which is causing developing countries to remain in a doldrum. The data is based upon the comparative analysis of selected textual paragraphs taken from Hamid's The Reluctant Fundamentalist and Kincaid's A Small Place. Both Mohsin Hamid and Jamaica Kincaid assert that due to the American neo-colonialist regime, indigenous cultures of so many countries of the African and Asian continent have suffered a lot. Theoretical insights for this research have been drawn from Kwame Nkrumah's concept of neo-colonialism. Nkrumah defined neocolonialism as the exploitation of former colonial subjects by European conquerors for political, economic, cultural, ideological, and military gain. The research concludes that although with the inception of the United Nations Organization the colonialism has formally come to an end still the American neo-colonial supremacy is disturbing the people of once colonized countries through various economic, political, and ideological maneuverings.
Women in pediatric neurosurgery
Authors: Ocal Eylem , Kim Eliana E. , Niquen-Jimenez Milagros , Salibe de Oliveira Gleice , Bakhti Souad , Bhattacharjee Suchanda , Coelho Giselle , Maixner Wirginia , Messing-Jünger Martina , Taghlit Nabila , Zanon Nelci
Published: November 2021

Pediatric neurosurgery is an ever-evolving field, and at the heart of it are talented and hardworking neurosurgeons who harness technology and research to enhance the standard of neurosurgical care for children. Recent studies have found that female neurosurgeons tend to choose a career focused on pediatric neurosurgery more than other subspecialties. However, the achievements and contributions of women in pediatric neurosurgery are not well known. To address this, an international working group of pediatric neurosurgeons was established from the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) Women in Neurosurgery (WINS) group and Pediatric Neurosurgery Committee. The working group reviewed the current literature and collected information through personal communications with the global WINS network. Despite the increasing number of women entering neurosurgical training, the number of female pediatric neurosurgeons is still a mere handful worldwide. In this article, the authors summarize the current status of female pediatric neurosurgeons across the globe, highlighting their achievements as well as the gender bias and challenges that they face at every level of progression of their career. A better organized pediatric neurosurgery workforce, with more female representation and mentorship, would encourage future generations of diverse genders toward a career in this field.
The nexus between tourism and international service trade in the coronavirus pandemic: Evidence from Turkey
Authors: ŞEKER Ayberk
Published: November 2021

Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has affected all economic processes as well as the tourism industry and service exports. COVID-19 pandemic affects negatively not only in the production and manufacturing industry, but also has caused important problems in the service and tourism sector. The paper aims to determine the effects of tourism revenues, international tourist arrivals and COVID-19 pandemic on service exports and the tourism industry. In line with the results, there is a long-term relationship among tourism revenues, international tourist arrivals, exchange rates, and service exports. According to FMOLS and DOLS results, an increase in the tourism revenues, international tourist arrivals and exchange rates ensure raising service exports of Turkey. However, it is determined that COVID-19 pandemic lead to decreasing service exports of Turkey. In addition, Granger causality analysis revealed that there is a unidirectional causality relationship from exchange rates to international tourist arrivals in Turkey. On the other hand, it is determined that there are bidirectional causality relationships between tourism revenues and service exports, international tourist arrivals and service exports, international tourist arrivals and tourism revenues. Results of the analysis indicate that service exports of Turkey follows a rising trend and it can be reduced the effects of COVID-19 pandemic when development of tourism infrastructure and quality raises.
A long future? Some remarks on the history of Argentine left in recent times
Authors: Hernan Camarero
Published: November 2021

This essay explores the evolution of the main currents of the Argentine left in last times. Born at the end of the 19th century, the left experienced a powerful development and have a notable influence on Argentine political, social and cultural life, but it never held positions of government, unlike with similar parties in neighboring countries. Indeed, populism meant a major challenge to their strategies and programs. The great crisis that the country will experience in 2001—2002 has led to new challenges such as the exercise of power at the provincial level or a lasting alliance of Trotskyist parties with a certain electoral weight.
Evolution of political and ideological foundations of Cuban socialism and its reflection in the Constitutions of the country
Authors: Arabadzhyan Alexandra
Published: November 2021

The paper investigates contemporary political and ideological shifts of Cuban socialism paying specific attention to the period of actualization of Cuban socio-economic model of development implemented since the VI Congress of the Communist party of Cuba. The analysis is based on the different variants of Cuban Constitutions and proposes three historical models of Cuban socialism (Marxist-Leninist, the model of transition and the actualization period model). Comparing the texts of the Constitutions, the study sheds light on several key aspects: the role and functions of the State and the Party, ideological problems of socialism, communism and Marxism, the evolution of the exploitation and oppression concepts, issues of equity and equality, and appeal to the figure of J. Marti. Using historical method, comparative analysis and Marxist theory, as the latter has been the base for the first model of Cuban socialism under investigation, the paper reveals the role of Marxism within the three models. The study uncovers the contradiction between postulating a significant role of Marxism within the actualization model and revision of several core Marxist principles as well as the turn towards national issues in the contemporary Cuban socialism.
Разработка метода ультразвукового контроля качества пластиковых изделий, полученных методом ротационного формования
Authors: Гайсин Р.С. , Тюканько В.Ю. , Демьяненко А.В.
Published: November 2021

At present, the technology of rotational molding of plastics is rapidly developing in the world. However, with this method of processing, it is possible for "microbubbles" to appear in the walls of the products, which significantly impair their quality. In this work, to assess the quality of plastic products, the method of ultrasonic testing (UT) was applied. Using the echo method at an operating frequency of 2.5 MHz, samples of various degrees of quality were analyzed. It was found that the propagation speed of the ultrasonic signal does not depend on the degree of product quality and is 2330 ± 10 m / s. It was found that the larger the parameter of the surface roughness Rz of the products (from 2.5 to 20 μm), the smaller the amplitude of the background signal Аа becomes. An unfinished sample is determined by the Aa parameters (from -6.0 to -15.0 MHz). A reference sample (ρ = 0.942 g / cm3) has been determined with which it is possible to calibrate the flaw detector, its Aa = 0 dB at an operating frequency of 2.5 MHz. Revealed the relationship between the density / baking of products and the amplitude of the bottom signal. The possibility of detecting internal defects of products by the ultrasonic inspection method has been proved. A new method is proposed for identifying suitable products in production, with the help of which it is possible to determine the degree of product quality.