bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bargaining under polarization: The case of the Colombian armed conflict
Authors: Laengle Sigifredo , Loyola Gino , Tobón-Orozco David
Published: April 2020

A bargaining framework and a measure of conflict polarization are developed from two elements: (i) hatred-based negative externalities experienced by the parties to the conflict, and (ii) penalties the parties impose on their delegated negotiators when concessions are made in the bargaining process. The framework establishes agreement and disagreement regions and it is shown that a necessary condition for a negotiated solution is the adoption of a dual policy that combines dissociative political and military strategies. This analytical approach is applied first to polarized conflicts generally and then to the specific case of the internal conflict in Colombia between that country’s government and the FARC guerrilla group. The model provides a rationale for the complex dynamic of Colombia’s current peace process, which has involved a preliminary agreement and its subsequent rejection in a national referendum. Our analysis highlights the successful dissociative political-military strategy followed by the negotiators that enabled them to reach the agreement and the negotiators’ underestimation of the hatred levels that led the majority of the Colombian society represented in the referendum to vote the agreement down because they considered the concessions made by the government too generous to be acceptable.
Trust in the aftermath of genocide: Insights from Rwandan life histories
Authors: Ingelaere Bert , Verpoorten Marijke
Published: April 2020

We study changes in inter- and intra-ethnic trust in Rwanda. We focus on the impact of the 1994 genocide against Tutsi, which is a case of group-selective violence marked by a clear perpetrator-group and victim-group as well as within-group variation with respect to exposure to violence. In our empirical analysis, we rely on more than 400 individual life histories in which intra- and inter-ethnic trust were systematically ranked for all life history years. Overall, we find that, while intra-ethnic trust remains largely unchanged, inter-ethnic trust decreases with the onset of violence and sharply so for those targeted in the genocide. Inter-ethnic trust gradually recovers over time. Only members of a subset of the victim-group, namely those with the highest probability of individual physical exposure to violence, portray signs of continued out-group mistrust, 17 years after the genocide. Our results suggest that taking into account the element of time, establishing a fine-grained differentiation of the relevant in- and out-groups in the conflict, and identifying the level of exposure to violence, are necessary steps to better understand the impact of political violence on trust. Regarding theory, our findings further qualify what is known about the twofold theoretical foundation of trust relationships, namely that changes in interpersonal trust reside in altered personal predispositions due to traumatic experiences and/or evolving experiences of trustworthiness in social interaction.
Action or inaction: United Nations Security Council activity, 1994–2013
Authors: Allen Susan Hannah , Yuen Amy T
Published: April 2020

This article presents new data on the behavior of the United Nations Security Council from 1994 to 2013. Which international issues does the United Nations Security Council act upon? Which issues are ignored, languishing for years on the Council’s agenda? What are the characteristics of the issues that are considered by the Council and what are the characteristics of those that are overlooked? Beginning with the annual Summary Statements on matters of which the Security Council is seized, information was gathered for every agenda item that appears on the Security Council’s agenda during this period. Daily data are recorded for the number of public meetings and private informal consultations held, as well as the number of resolutions (which are voted on), presidential statements (which are a product of consensus), and vetoes that occur. These data offer scholars new opportunities for testing theories of legislative behavior in international institutions, particularly on issues of peace and security, that have not been available heretofore. In this article, we introduce the data and coding processes, present trends, illustrate prospects for research that could benefit from these data and provide an empirical application.
Look Back: Kappan authors on play and learning
Authors: Preston Teresa
Published: April 2020

In this monthly column, Teresa Preston looks back at how Phi Delta Kappan has covered the topic of play in schools. Although Kappan authors have generally agreed that having fun and playing are important, articles dedicated to the topic of play are relatively rare. Most such articles appeared in the 1980s and later and focused on how play is imperiled in schools, despite its value for learning. Some authors advocated a fully play-based structure in which students are able to direct their own learning. Others, however, advocated for more guidance from teachers.
Jailbreak your PD
Authors: Porosoff Lauren
Published: April 2020

Educator Lauren Porosoff discovered the value of contextual behavioral science by accident, when accompanying her psychologist husband at a professional conference. Additional study of the subject convinced her of its benefits to educators and students — and showed her the value of study outside her field. She encourages educators to seek out professional learning opportunities in fields other than education and suggests how educators can make the most of such learning.
IMF = I’M Fired! IMF Program Participation, Political Systems, and Workers’ Rights
Authors: Lee Su-Hyun , Woo Byungwon
Published: April 2020

How do International Monetary Fund programs and conditions affect labor rights? Recognizing the diversity of International Monetary Fund conditionality, we argue that the more stringent International Monetary Fund labor market conditionality is, the worse labor rights become. However, this negative effect can be mitigated if there exist domestic political institutions that have incentives and abilities to provide protections over workers: one such case is a closed-list proportional representation system; another case is a leftist government that relies on political supports of workers. Our empirical analysis demonstrates that the more labor conditionality a program includes, the worse labor rights the country sustains. In addition, we report that the negative effect is partially mitigated when domestic political circumstances are favorable to the political representation of workers under a proportional representation system or under a leftist government.
Second-Order Political Thinking: Compromise versus Populism
Authors: Rostbøll Christian F
Published: April 2020

The literature often mentions that populism is in conflict with the politics of compromise. However, the opposition remains vague and undertheorized. This article confronts populism and compromise in a novel way by analyzing them as types of second-order political thinking and ideologies of democracy. Second-order political thinking provides a set of ideas and concepts that frames and regulates how we relate to others in politics, and how we make political decisions for, with, or against them. By contrasting populism and compromise as types of second-order political thinking, we will better be able to understand each and normatively compare them. Thus, we see that (1) compromise is inherently most attractive as second-order political thinking, and (2) populism fails as an ideology of democracy, because it cannot explain the meaning and value of the democratic system as a set of authoritative institutions and procedures.
The Summer Before College: A Case Study of First-Generation, Urban High School Graduates
Authors: Tichavakunda Antar , Galan Carlos
Published: April 2020

Often without guidance in completing college-related tasks, first-generation students face unique challenges during the summer before college. This case study investigates this critical time period by studying a cohort of 33 newly graduated students from the same urban, public high school. Guided by social capital, college readiness, and nepantla frameworks, results shed light on students’ barriers and pathways to transitioning to postsecondary education. The authors call for an extension of college readiness frameworks to the summer before college and also problematize the notion of a college-ready student.
Black Parents’ Perspectives on Instruction: Racial Realism at a Predominantly White, Independent, Urban Elementary School
Authors: Bolgatz Jane
Published: April 2020

What do Black parents say about the curriculum in a predominantly White independent elementary school in a large urban area? This study explores tensions around topics such as slavery and immigration. While parents did not say they wanted a critical multicultural curriculum, many valued attention to racial diversity. Because parents did not want their children to be hurt or marginalized, however, they used racial realism to navigate the dangers of the environment. There were some differences among parents based on their families’ identity. This article uses critical race theory to analyze the parents’ perceptions and explores implications for schools.
Book review: Sheila Zurbrigg, Epidemic Malaria and Hunger in Colonial Punjab: Weakened by Want—The Social History of Health and Medicine in South Asia
Authors: Qadeer Imrana
Published: April 2020

Sheila Zurbrigg, Epidemic Malaria and Hunger in Colonial Punjab: Weakened by Want—The Social History of Health and Medicine in South Asia, Taylor and Francis Books, Routledge, Abingdon, NY, 2019, 470 pp, ₹1,337, ISBN 9780367247300
The Debt/Energy Nexus behind Puerto Rico’s Long Blackout: From Fossil Colonialism to New Energy Poverty
Authors: Smith-Nonini Sandy
Published: April 2020

After Hurricane Maria wiped out Puerto Rico’s electrical grid in 2017, its citizens endured the longest blackout in U.S. history, some not regaining power until nearly a year later. An analysis of the profound social impacts and health costs and the delays in power restoration with a focus on the relationship between the U.S. territory’s debt crisis and its “fossil colonial” past offers insights into patterns of manipulation by politicians, bankers, and fossil-fuel companies that led to excess borrowing by the Puerto Rican public electrical utility, contributing to a neglect of infrastructure and high rates for citizens during a time period when tax incentives for corporate manufacturing were being phased out just as oil prices rose to record levels.

Después de que el huracán María destruyera la red eléctrica de Puerto Rico en 2017, sus ciudadanos sufrieron el apagón más largo en la historia de los EE. UU., Algunos no recuperaron la luz hasta casi un año después. Un análisis de los profundos impactos sociales y los costos de salud y los retrasos en la restauración del poder eléctrico, con un enfoque en la relación entre la crisis de deuda de este territorio estadounidense y su pasado “colonial fósil“, revela nuevas percepciones sobre los patrones de manipulación por parte de políticos, banqueros y empresas de combustibles fósiles que condujeron a préstamos excesivos por parte de la empresa eléctrica pública puertorriqueña, lo que contribuyó a la negligencia de la infraestructura y las altas tasas para los ciudadanos durante un período de tiempo cuando los incentivos fiscales para la fabricación corporativa se estaban eliminando gradualmente justo cuando los precios del petróleo subieron a niveles récord.
Earth pressure balance control for shield tunneling machine based on adaptive dynamic programming
Authors: Liu Xuanyu , Xu Sheng , Zhang Kaiju
Published: April 2020

In order to avoid the safety accidents caused by earth pressure imbalance during shield machine tunneling process, the earth pressure between excavation face and that in chamber must be maintained balance, but it is difficult for practical engineering. Therefore, a data-driven multi-variable optimization method based on dual heuristic programming (DHP) is proposed. First, a cost function with respect to the chamber’s earth pressure is given in light of Bellman’s principle. Then, based on back propagation neural networks (BPNN), the action network, model network and critic network are established that compose the DHP controller. The networks’ weights are updated through the gradient descent algorithm. By minimizing the cost function, the action network utilizes the critic network’s error to optimize the control variables, so that the optimal advance speed, cutter head torque, cutter head speed, total thrust and screw conveyor speed are obtained. Finally, the simulation experiments are carried out, and the results indicate that the method can effectively control the earth pressure balance in chamber and has strong anti-interference ability.
The Effect of External Auditory Canal Packing Duration on Healing After Endoscopic Cartilage Myringoplasty
Authors: Lou Zhengcai
Published: April 2020

Introduction:

The external auditory canal (EAC) packing is widely used in otosurgery and is considered to promote hemostasis and to support tympanic membrane grafts. However, few studies have investigated the effects of packing removal time on healing.

Objective:

We investigated the effect of EAC packing duration on healing after endoscopic cartilage myringoplasty in patients with chronic tympanic membrane perforations (TMPs).

Materials and Methods:

Patients with chronic TMPs who underwent endoscopic “push-through” cartilage myringoplasty were divided into early and late groups based on the length of time before EAC packing was removed. The graft success rate, eardrum appearance, and hearing gain were assessed 3 months after surgery.

Results:

The study included 137 patients. Three months after surgery, the graft success rate was 83.5% (66/79) in the early group and 94.8% (55/58) in the late group ( P = .042). The graft was displaced in 8 (10.1%) patients in the early group and in 1 (1.7%) patient in the late group ( P = .050). No epithelialization was found on the surface of the grafts in the early group, whereas epithelialization was nearly complete 4 weeks after surgery in the late group.

Conclusions:

Delaying removal of the EAC packing after endoscopic cartilage myringoplasty may promote tympanic membrane better healing and cartilage graft epithelialization and improve the appearance of the eardrum.
Network Brokerage: An Integrative Review and Future Research Agenda
Authors: Kwon Seok-Woo , Rondi Emanuela , Levin Daniel Z. , De Massis Alfredo , Brass Daniel J.
Published: April 2020

Network brokerage research has grown rapidly in recent decades, spanning the boundaries of multiple social science disciplines as well as diverse research areas within management. Accordingly, we take stock of the literature on network brokerage and provide guidance on ways to move this burgeoning research area forward. We provide a comprehensive review of this literature, including crucial dimensions of the concept itself in terms of brokerage structure and behavior, a set of key categories of factors surrounding the brokerage concept (antecedents, outcomes, and moderators), and an overview of brokerage dynamics over time. We use these dimensions and categories to depict network brokerage’s theoretical and empirical underpinnings as well as evaluate prior research efforts. In so doing, we offer a means to summarize and synthesize this large, interdisciplinary literature, identify important research gaps, and offer promising directions for future research.
Resourcing Under Tensions: How frontline employees create resources to balance paradoxical tensions
Authors: Schneider Anna , Bullinger Bernadette , Brandl Julia
Published: April 2020

Managing resources and tensions at the front line is crucial for organizational success. To advance our understanding of how frontline employees turn assets into useful resources under tensions, we draw on research on resourcing and practices of responding to paradoxical tensions. Our ethnographic study of employees in a multinational retail fashion company finds three resourcing practices – situational reframing, organizational preframing and institutional deframing – that enable frontline employees to balance tensions. We contribute to both the resourcing perspective and to research on individuals’ responses to paradoxical tensions, first, by identifying the varying scopes of meaning (situational, organizational or institutional) that employees infuse potential resources with; second, by extending the notion of framing to understand how resourcing is accomplished interactively in tension-laden situations; and third, by explaining how employees’ construction of tensions is related to their dynamic moves between resourcing practices.
How does student activism drive cultural campus change in the UK and US regarding sexual violence on campus?
Authors: Bovill Helen , Mcmahon Sarah , Demers Jennifer , Banyard Victoria , Carrasco Vlad , Keep Louise
Published: April 2020

Using policy frameworks and author expertise to identify relevant literature, four academics and two student-activist-authors, critically review literature upon student activist responses to sexual violence on campus. We conclude, student activism is pivotal to campus cultural change. In the UK, we review how student activism challenges outdated policy; in the US, how this has elevated the issue to national policy agendas. We apply theoretical frameworks of policy windows, policy entrepreneurs, campus readiness models and embodied intersectional citizenship. This article recommends universities work collaboratively with student activists, rather than viewing collaboration as a reputational risk. Further, we recommend developing Campus Community Readiness Models to include measures of collaboration. We contend, student activism can incur costs. Connecting activists online may help manage the transience of student activism. Collaboration and connection with and between student activists may represent a cultural shift toward sustainability stages of readiness characterised by community ownership.
Female Employers and their Maids in New Delhi: ‘This is Our Culture’
Authors: Basnet Chudamani , Sandhya A. S.
Published: April 2020

The domestic labour market in India reflects how various classes of women manage their daily lives, whether as employers of domestic workers or as employees. The cultural underpinnings of various intersecting relationships implicated in this scenario have remained underresearched in India. Based on a qualitative study in a specific neighbourhood of New Delhi, this article shows that certain cultural strategies pursued by female employers explain their differential behaviour towards specific groups of maids. Observing that these female employers in Delhi prefer Nepali maids over native Indians, even if the latter are willing to work for lower wages, we set out to analyse why and how these employers evaluate immigrant Nepali maids as sharing ‘our’ culture, while native Indians are classified as the cultural ‘other’.
The relation between sensory loss and communicative and cognitive development in children with congenital deafblindness
Authors: Larsen Flemming , Dammeyer Jesper
Published: April 2020

People with congenital deafblindness (CDB) are a heterogenic group, and CDB is defined in a variety of ways in the scientific literature. In this study, we aim to examine whether some of the heterogeneity may be more easily resolved from the perspective of ability than from the perspective of impairment. In order to do this, we take as a starting point for our investigations the communication systems that are used and the different sense modalities they require. Information about almost the entire known population of children with CDB in Denmark (age = 3–18 years, N = 71) was collected using a questionnaire form, covering degree of visual and hearing impairments, intellectual disability, level of expressive communication and use of communication systems. No correlation was found between severity of CDB based on degree of sensory impairment and level of intellectual and communicative disability within the population. However, whether or not the child with CDB was able to make use of residual senses to access a linguistic culture (spoken or signed) correlated significantly with both cognitive and communicative ability. In addition, the two groups had inverse correlations between number of systems used for communication and communicative ability. The actual systems used for communication may be useful for categorizing people with CDB into severity subgroups for scientific study and for intervention planning. In addition, the acquisition of a tactile language for the subgroup of people with CDB who do not utilize a visual or auditory linguistic culture should be given special attention in research and practice.
Multitiered Systems of Support in Preschool Settings: A Review and Meta-Analysis of Single-Case Research
Authors: Shepley Collin , Grisham-Brown Jennifer , Lane Justin D.
Published: April 2020

Multitiered systems of support provide a framework for matching the needs of a struggling student with an appropriate intervention. Experimental evaluations of tiered support systems in grade schools have been conducted for decades but have been less frequently examined in early childhood contexts. A recent meta-analysis of multitiered systems of support in preschool settings exclusively synthesized outcomes from group design studies. Our current review extends this review by synthesizing single-case research examining interventions implemented within tiered support system frameworks in preschool settings. Our data indicate that single-case evaluations of tiered support systems do not frequently meet contemporary standards for rigor or consistently identify functional relations. Recommendations and considerations for future research are discussed.
Congruence and Incongruence in Father, Mother, and Adolescent Reports of Parental Monitoring: Examining the Links With Antisocial Behaviors
Authors: Tremblay Pouliot Marie-Agnès , Poulin François
Published: April 2020

This study examined the level of congruence and incongruence between fathers’, mothers’, and adolescents’ perceptions of parental monitoring in relation to the adolescents’ antisocial behaviors. A sample of 163 father-mother-adolescent triads (59.5% girls; [Formula: see text] age = 12.35) filled out separate questionnaires assessing the dimensions of parental monitoring (i.e., parental knowledge, adolescent self-disclosure, parental control, and parental solicitation) and the adolescents also reported on the frequency of their antisocial behaviors. Polynomial regression analyses revealed that the higher the level of congruence between the father’s and/or mother’s and adolescent’s perceptions, the less the adolescent tended to present antisocial behaviors. Some results differed according to the parents’ gender. Incongruence between mothers’ and adolescents’ perceptions of parental knowledge was associated with higher levels of antisocial behaviors, whereas congruence between fathers’ and adolescents’ perceptions of parental knowledge showed a nonlinear relationship with these behaviors. These results shed light on how parental monitoring contributes to adolescent functioning.
Vision and Wi-Fi fusion in probabilistic appearance-based localization
Authors: Nowakowski Mathieu , Joly Cyril , Dalibard Sébastien , Garcia Nicolas , Moutarde Fabien
Published: April 2020

This article introduces an indoor topological localization algorithm that uses vision and Wi-Fi signals. Its main contribution is a novel way of merging data from these sensors. The designed system does not require knowledge of the building plan or the positions of the Wi-Fi access points. By making the Wi-Fi signature suited to the FABMAP algorithm, this work develops an early fusion framework that solves global localization and kidnapped robot problems. The resulting algorithm has been tested and compared with FABMAP visual localization, over data acquired by a Pepper robot in three different environments: an office building, a middle school, and a private apartment. Numerous runs of different robots have been realized over several months for a total covered distance of 6.4 km. Constraints were applied during acquisitions to make the experiments fitted to real use cases of Pepper robots. Without any tuning, our early fusion framework outperforms visual localization in all testing situations and with a significant margin in environments where vision faces problems such as moving objects or perceptual aliasing. In such conditions, 90.6% of estimated localizations are less than 5 m away from ground truth with our early fusion framework compared with 77.6% with visual localization. Furthermore, compared with other classical fusion strategies, the early fusion framework produces the best localization results because in all tested situations, it improves visual localization results without damaging them where Wi-Fi signals carry little information.
Outcomes and prognostic factors of tigecycline treatment for hospital-acquired pneumonia involving multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Liu Ben , Li Sha , Li Hai-tao , Wang Xiaokai , Tan Hong-yi , Liu Shuai , Pan Pin-hua , Li Xiao-gang , Li Xiang-min
Published: April 2020

Objective: To compare outcomes and prognostic factors of tigecycline (TC)-based treatment with those of other antibiotic-based treatments in the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAB).

Methods: A retrospective analysis of data was performed from all patients ≥18 years who were treated in the ICU at Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China (January 2016 to June 2017) with hospital-acquired pneumonia involving monomicrobial MDRAB. Patients were separated into TC and non-TC groups.

Results: Of 86 MDRAB-positive patients, 59 were in the TC group and 27 were in the non-TC group. The 28-day death rates were not significantly different between the two groups, but the TC group had significantly more patients with a good clinical prognosis than the non-TC group. Although prognostic markers for a poor clinical response were sepsis, procalcitonin concentration and APACHE II scores, TC therapy was found to be a protective factor.

Conclusions: TC based therapy was associated with a positive clinical response in the treatment of MDRAB caused hospital-acquired pneumonia. Further studies are required to confirm our results.
Independent risk factors and the potential predictors of bladder cancer-related ischemic stroke
Authors: Quan Xuemei , Qin Qixiong , Chen Ya , Wei Yunfei , Xie Xianlong , Wang Dacheng , Li Haihua , Li Shengyu , Cheng Daobin , Liang Zhijian
Published: April 2020

Objective

To investigate the independent risk factors and potential predictors of bladder cancer-related ischemic stroke (BCRIS).

Methods

This was a multi-center retrospective study including patients with active bladder cancer and acute ischemic stroke without traditional stroke risk factors (BCRIS group), and sex- and age-matched patients with active bladder cancer alone (control group). Data were collected between January 2006 and December 2018. Uni- and multivariate analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors for BCRIS. The predictive performance of these risk factors was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.

Results

Records were retrospectively reviewed from 60 BCRIS patients and 120 bladder cancer controls. Univariate analysis revealed that serum D-dimer and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels and the platelet and neutrophil counts were significantly higher in BCRIS patients compared with controls. Multivariate analysis identified the three above-mentioned variables as independent risk factors for BCRIS. The product of all three factors gave the largest area under the ROC curve.

Conclusions

Elevated serum D-dimer and CEA levels and increased platelet count were independent risk factors for BCRIS, and the cut-off value based on the product of the three independent risk factors (≥2,640,745.29) could serve as a potential predictor of BCRIS.
Oral chemical burn due to accidental ingestion of calcium oxide food desiccant in a patient with dementia
Authors: Hagiwara Yoshiyuki , Seki Keisuke , Takahashi Yuwa
Published: April 2020

Oral chemical burns occur when a chemical accidentally enters the mouth, causing burns and ulcers in the oral mucosa, esophagus, stomach, and upper digestive tract if swallowed. Oral chemical burns primarily occur in children because of accidental ingestion. However, a few reports have described advanced-age patients with dementia who developed oral chemical burns. Patients with dementia often exhibit impaired judgment and irregular eating behaviors, at times leading them to ingest nonfood substances. We herein describe a case of an advanced-age patient with dementia who ingested a calcium oxide food desiccant at home and developed chemical burns that were exacerbated by an improperly placed implant-supported complete fixed prosthesis. This case report emphasizes the need for families and nurses who care for patients with dementia to renew their understanding of the danger of accidental ingestion of nonfood substances. Knowledge of the appropriate response to calcium oxide food desiccant ingestion is also important to prevent the occurrence of severe chemical burns.
Mapping the changing Internet attention to the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 in China
Authors: Zhang Hong , Chen Yanyu , Gao Peichao , Wu Zhiwei
Published: April 2020

The incessant spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a great threat to human health. By 17 March 2020, the number of laboratory-confirmed cases had exceeded 179,000, with more than 7000 deaths across at least 150 countries. Due to the extremely contagious nature of COVID-19, the Chinese government has made broad and aggressive responses to restrict movement, transportation, and business for six to eleven weeks. Wuhan, a city in Hubei province from which COVID-19 emanated, has been quarantined since 12 January 2020, and many other cities have been placed under travel restrictions. Citizens have been strongly encouraged to stay home and limit face-to-face contact; as a result, people’s daily lives are dominated by the Internet as never before. Here, we visualize the spread of COVID-19 and people’s Internet attention in China in the form of cartograms using the diffusion-based method.
Clinic-based characterization of continuous headache in children and adolescents: Comparing youth with chronic migraine to those with new daily persistent headache
Authors: Reidy Brooke L , Riddle Emily J , Powers Scott W , Slater Shalonda K , Kacperski Joanne , Kabbouche Marielle A , Hershey Andrew D
Published: April 2020

Objective

To describe the headache characteristics and functional disability of a large sample of treatment-seeking youth with continuous headache and compare these factors across diagnostic subgroups of chronic migraine and new daily persistent headache.

Methods

This retrospective study utilized clinical information (e.g. diagnosis, headache features, medication overuse, functional disability) from a large data repository of patients initially presenting to a multidisciplinary headache center with continuous headache. Patient inclusion in subgroup analyses for chronic migraine and new daily persistent headache was based on clinician diagnosis using International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) criteria.

Results

The current sample included 1170 youth (mean age = 13.95 years, 78.8% female) with continuous headache. The overwhelming majority of these youth had headaches with migrainous features, regardless of their clinical diagnosis. Youth with chronic migraine reported a longer history of continuous headache symptoms and earlier age of headache onset than youth with new daily persistent headache and were more likely to have medication overuse. Most youth with continuous headache experienced severe migraine-related functional disability, regardless of diagnostic subgroup.

Conclusions

Overall, youth with continuous chronic migraine and new daily persistent headache did not have clinically meaningful differences in headache features and associated disability. Findings suggest that chronic migraine and new daily persistent headache may be variants of the same underlying disease.
Bloodstream infections and patient survival with tunneled-cuffed catheters for hemodialysis: A single-center observational study
Authors: Donati Gabriele , Spazzoli Alessandra , Croci Chiocchini Anna Laura , Scrivo Anna , Bruno Paolo , Conte Diletta , Ruggeri Marco , Cappuccilli Maria , La Manna Gaetano
Published: April 2020

Background:

In hemodialysis patients, a tunneled-cuffed permanent catheter is mandatory when the arteriovenous fistula is not feasible. The major risks of the use of tunneled-cuffed permanent catheter are bloodstream infections. The aim of this study is to analyze bloodstream infections from tunneled-cuffed permanent catheter in hemodialysis patients.

Methods:

An observational prospective study was carried out and 79 hemodialysis patients with tunneled-cuffed permanent catheter were enrolled. Patients were divided into those with bloodstream infections from tunneled-cuffed permanent catheter and those without. Their clinical and laboratory characteristics were compared. An original tunneled-cuffed permanent catheter lock therapy sequence was carried out combined with systemic antibiotic therapy. In case of antibiotic resistance, the tunneled-cuffed permanent catheter was removed.

Results:

The patients affected by bloodstream infections from tunneled-cuffed permanent catheter were 16/79 (20.3%). The bloodstream infection from tunneled-cuffed permanent catheter’s incidence rate was 0.52 per 1000 catheter days. Twenty-three bloodstream infections from tunneled-cuffed permanent catheter were found in 16/79 patients who used tunneled-cuffed permanent catheter. Staphylococcus aureus was the cause of bloodstream infection from tunneled-cuffed permanent catheter in 35% of the cases and Staphylococcus epidermidis in 30% of the cases. Risk factors were infection located in other organs and the presence of peripheral obstructive arterial disease.

Conclusion:

The enrolled cohort showed a reduced bloodstream infection from tunneled-cuffed permanent catheter incidence rate in comparison with the reference value (1 per 1000 catheter days). To reduce the number of bloodstream infections from tunneled-cuffed permanent catheter, hand hygiene and asepsis management of the tunneled-cuffed permanent catheter during the connection to the extracorporeal circuit and an original tunneled-cuffed permanent catheter lock therapy sequence seem to be the most efficient measures. Infections of other organs and the presence of peripheral obstructive arterial disease are the most important risk factors for bloodstream infections from tunneled-cuffed permanent catheter.
Contextualized Autonomy in Transitional Care for Youth With Neurologic Conditions: The Role of the Pediatric Neurologist
Authors: Bogossian Aline , Majnemer Annette , Racine Eric
Published: April 2020

Youth with neurologic conditions experience multiple life transitions. The transfer from pediatric to adult health care systems exemplifies one such complex and multifaceted transition that occurs in parallel with developmental, legal, and social changes that may influence the roles and responsibilities of youth and their caregivers. As a result, ethical situations, questions, and challenges may surface in transition care to which pediatric neurologists may be confronted. In this article, we focus on the topic of autonomy and situations that may arise in transition care in the context of pediatric neurology. Building from a clinical case, we present the concept of contextualized autonomy to work through the questions that arise in the case and propose ways of thinking through those challenging situations in transition care.
Synthesis, and antimicrobial and anticancer activities of sodium acrylate copolymers
Authors: Torğut Gülben , Pıhtılı Güzin , Erecevit Sönmez Pınar , Erden Yavuz , Kırbağ Sevda
Published: April 2020

This study was designed to synthesize poly(sodium acrylate-co-N-isopropylacrylamide) via aqueous free-radical polymerization using the 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile initiator system at 60°C. The structural characterization of the copolymer was determined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The polymer was synthesized in two different ratios, namely, poly(NaAc-co-NIPA1:1) and poly(NaAc-co-NIPA2:1), to investigate whether it affects their antibacterial–antifungal activities and anti-tumour effects. When the antimicrobial activities of different proportions of the copolymer extracts prepared with pure water were examined using the agar disc diffusion sensitivity test (at 120 μL: 10.8 mg/µL), it was observed that they had effect at increasing rates against all the bacteria, yeasts and dermatophyte fungi such as Staphylococcus aureus COWAN 1, Staphylococcus cohnii ATCC 29974, Bacillus megaterium DSM 32, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae FMC 5, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DMS 50071 SCOTTA, Candida albicans FMC 17, Candida glabrata ATCC 66032, Trichophyton sp. and Epidermophyton sp. The results of this study revealed that the obtained copolymers have significant effects on the treatment of diseases. In addition, the anti-tumour activities of the poly(NaAc-co-NIPA1:1) copolymer on human breast (MCF-7) and ovarian cancer (A-2780) cell line were specified and it was determined that high doses of the copolymer showed anti-tumour effects on both types of cancer cell lines. Also, this article reviews its antimicrobial and anticancer activities that will be of help for future scientists.
Thermosensitive injectable decellularized nucleus pulposus hydrogel as an ideal biomaterial for nucleus pulposus regeneration
Authors: Yu Lei , Sun Zi-Jie , Tan Quan-Chang , Wang Shuang , Wang Wei-Heng , Yang Xiang-Qun , Ye Xiao-Jian
Published: April 2020

Extracellular matrix loss is one of the early manifestations of intervertebral disc degeneration. Stem cell-based tissue engineering creates an appropriate microenvironment for long term cell survival, promising for NP regeneration. We created a decellularized nucleus pulposus hydrogel (DNPH) from fresh bovine nucleus pulposus. Decellularization removed NP cells effectively, while highly preserving their structures and major biochemical components, such as glycosaminoglycan and collagen II. DNPH could be gelled as a uniform grid structure in situ at 37°C for 30 min. Adding adipose marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells into the hydrogel for three-dimensional culture resulted in good bioactivity and biocompatibility in vitro. Meanwhile, NP-related gene expression significantly increased without the addition of exogenous biological factors. In summary, the thermosensitive and injectable hydrogel, which has low toxicity and inducible differentiation, could serve as a bio-scaffold, bio-carrier, and three-dimensional culture system. Therefore, DNPH has an outstanding potential for intervertebral disc regeneration.
Biomineralizaion of hydroxyapatite on polyethylene terephthalate artificial ligaments promotes graft-bone healing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: An in vitro and in vivo study
Authors: Cai Jiangyu , Ai Chengchong , Chen Jun , Chen Shiyi
Published: April 2020

The purpose of the present study is to modify the polyethylene terephthalate ligament with hydroxyapatite via biomineralization and to investigate its effect on graft-bone healing. After biomineralization of hydroxyapatite, the surface characterization of polyethylene terephthalate ligament was examined by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and water contact angle measurements. The compatibility and osteoinduction, along with the underlying signaling pathway involved of hydroxyapatite-polyethylene terephthalate ligament, were evaluated in vitro. Moreover, a rabbit anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction model was established, and the polyethylene terephthalate or hydroxyapatite-polyethylene terephthalate artificial ligament was implanted into the knee. The micro-computed tomography analysis, histological, and immunohistochemical examination as well as biomechanical test were performed to investigate the effect of hydroxyapatite coating in vivo. The results of scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction showed that the hydroxyapatite was successfully deposited on the polyethylene terephthalate ligament. Water contact angle of the hydroxyapatite-polyethylene terephthalate group was significantly smaller than that of the polyethylene terephthalate group. The in vitro study showed that hydroxyapatite coating significantly improved adhesion and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells. The osteogenic differentiation of cells was also enhanced through the activation of ERK1/2 pathway. The micro-computed tomography, histological, and immunohistochemical results showed that biomineralization of hydroxyapatite significantly promoted new bone and fibrocartilage tissue formation at 12 weeks postoperatively. Moreover, the failure load and stiffness in the hydroxyapatite-polyethylene terephthalate group were higher than that in the polyethylene terephthalate group. Therefore, biomineralizaion of hydroxyapatite enhances the biocompatibility and osseointegration of the polyethylene terephthalate artificial ligament, thus promoting graft-bone healing for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction through the activation of ERK1/2 pathway.
Interventions to Improve Mental Health, Well-Being, Physical Health, and Lifestyle Behaviors in Physicians and Nurses: A Systematic Review
Authors: Melnyk Bernadette Mazurek , Kelly Stephanie A. , Stephens Janna , Dhakal Kerry , McGovern Colleen , Tucker Sharon , Hoying Jacqueline , McRae Kenya , Ault Samantha , Spurlock Elizabeth , Bird Steven B.
Published: April 2020

Objective:

This systematic review focused on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with physicians and nurses that tested interventions designed to improve their mental health, well-being, physical health, and lifestyle behaviors.

Data Source:

A systematic search of electronic databases from 2008 to May 2018 included PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, and the Cochrane Library.

Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria:

Inclusion criteria included an RCT design, samples of physicians and/or nurses, and publication year 2008 or later with outcomes targeting mental health, well-being/resiliency, healthy lifestyle behaviors, and/or physical health. Exclusion criteria included studies with a focus on burnout without measures of mood, resiliency, mindfulness, or stress; primary focus on an area other than health promotion; and non-English papers.

Data Extraction:

Quantitative and qualitative data were extracted from each study by 2 independent researchers using a standardized template created in Covidence.

Data Synthesis:

Although meta-analytic pooling across all studies was desired, a wide array of outcome measures made quantitative pooling unsuitable. Therefore, effect sizes were calculated and a mini meta-analysis was completed.

Results:

Twenty-nine studies (N = 2708 participants) met the inclusion criteria. Results indicated that mindfulness and cognitive-behavioral therapy-based interventions are effective in reducing stress, anxiety, and depression. Brief interventions that incorporate deep breathing and gratitude may be beneficial. Visual triggers, pedometers, and health coaching with texting increased physical activity.

Conclusion:

Healthcare systems must promote the health and well-being of physicians and nurses with evidence-based interventions to improve population health and enhance the quality and safety of the care that is delivered.
Piezoelectric energy harvesting using macro fiber composite patches
Authors: Mallouli Marwa , Chouchane Mnaouar
Published: April 2020

Over the last decade, vibration energy harvesting has received substantial attention of many researchers. Piezoelectric materials are able to capture energy from ambient vibration and convert it into electricity which can be stored in batteries or utilized to power small electronic devices. In order to benefit from the 33-mode of the piezoelectric effect, interdigitated electrodes have been utilized in the design of macro fiber composites which are made of piezoelectric fibers of square cross sections embedded into an epoxy matrix material. This paper presents an analytical model of a macro fiber composite bimorph energy harvester using the 33-mode. The mixing rule is applied to determine the equivalent and homogenized properties of the macro fiber composite structures. The electromechanical properties of a representative volume element composed of piezoelectric fibers and an epoxy matrix between two successive interdigitated electrodes are coupled with the overall electro-elastodynamics of the harvester utilizing the Euler–Bernoulli theory. Macro fiber composite bimorph cantilevers with diverse widths are simulated for power generation when a resistive shunt loading is applied. Stress components in the Kapton layers, which are typically a part of any macro fiber composite patch, and in the bonding layers have been included in the model contrary to previously published studies. Variable tip mass, attached at the free end of the beam, is utilized in this paper to tune the resonance frequency of the harvester. The generated power at the fundamental short circuit and open circuit resonance frequencies of harvesters having three different widths is analyzed. It has been observed that higher electrical outputs are produced by the wider macro fiber composite bimorph using (M8528-P1 patches).
Making It Harder to “See” Meaning: The More You See Something, the More Its Conceptual Representation Is Susceptible to Visual Interference
Authors: Davis Charles P. , Joergensen Gitte H. , Boddy Peter , Dowling Caitlin , Yee Eiling
Published: April 2020

Does the perceptual system for looking at the world overlap with the conceptual system for thinking about it? We conducted two experiments ( N = 403) to investigate this question. Experiment 1 showed that when people make simple semantic judgments on words, interference from a concurrent visual task scales in proportion to how much visual experience they have with the things the words refer to. Experiment 2 showed that when people make the same judgments on the very same words, interference from a concurrent manual task scales in proportion to how much manual (but critically, not visual) experience people have with those same things. These results suggest that the meanings of frequently visually experienced things are represented (in part) in the visual system used for actually seeing them, that this visually represented information is a functional part of conceptual knowledge, and that the extent of these visual representations is influenced by visual experience.
Terrorism, environmental pollution, foreign direct investment (FDI), energy consumption, and economic growth: Evidences from China, India, Israel, and Turkey
Authors: Bildirici Melike E
Published: April 2020

In this paper, it was aimed to investigate the relation between economic growth, terrorism, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow, environmental pollution, and energy consumption in China, India, Israel, and Turkey for a time span of 43 years from 1975 to 2017. Three different panel cointegration methods to determine the cointegration relation and two different causality methods to find the direction of causality were simultaneously used, since the presence of cointegration and direction of causality are fundamental to design economic policy and strategy. After similar results from panel cointegration tests were obtained, the causality tests were applied. Panel causality tests determined the evidence of uni-directional causality from terrorism, FDI, and energy usage to CO2 emission.